OLGA is a modelling tool for transportation of oil, natural gas and water in the same pipeline, so-called multiphase transportation. The name is short for "oil and gas simulator". The main challenge with multiphase fluid flow is the formation of slugs (plugs of oil and water) in the pipelines, which causes large problems at the receiving end at the platform or the onshore plant. The modelling tool makes it possible to calculate the fluid flow and safely bring the flow to the receiving destination on shore, on a platform or a production ship through the pipes.

History

The idea for the tool was conceived in 1979 by two researchers at IFE, Norway: Dag Malnes and Kjell Bendiksen. The first version of OLGA was financed by Statoil and was ready in 1980. The tool was developed further by IFE in collaboration with SINTEF in the 1980s.

January 1, 1984 a joint industry agreement was signed by Statoil, IFE and SINTEF on the continued development of OLGA. IFE had the main responsibility for developing the model, while the technical experiments were performed in SINTEF's laboratory at Tiller.

Until 2012 the SPT Group owned the rights to OLGA. In March 2012, Schlumberger announced an agreement with Altor Fund II for the acquisition of SPT Group.  The acquisition was completed in Q2.  SPT Group, founded in 1971, was headquartered in Norway employing approximately 280 people in 11 countries at the time of the acquisition.  The tool has been under continuous and still ongoing development, among others in the HORIZON II project where IFE and SPT Group are partners. OLGA has a global market share of about 90%. The technology is regarded as a central success for Norwegian petroleum research.

OLGA has enabled the development of oil and gas fields at deeper seas and farther from shore than would otherwise be possible without this technology, for example the fields Troll, Ormen Lange and Snøhvit.

References

 The history of OLGA
 Go with the Flow - article 03 Sep 2008
 A Transient Multiphase Temperature Prediction Program (Erickson, D.D., Mai, M.C., Conoco Inc)
 Schlumberger Announces Agreement to Acquire SPT Group

External links
 OLGA

Petroleum technology
Multiphase flow
Computational science
Applied mathematics
Research and development in Norway

OLGA (technology)


The Negro is a book by W. E. B. Du Bois published in 1915 and released in electronic form by Project Gutenberg in 2011.  It is an overview of African-American history, tracing it as far back as the sub-Saharan cultures, including Great Zimbabwe, Ghana and Songhai, as well as covering the history of the slave trade and the history of Africans in the United States and the Caribbean.

Historians John Parker and Richard Rathbone call the book the "first serious attempt at a continent-wide history [of Africa]".

See also
Negro

References

1915 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
Works by W. E. B. Du Bois
History of slavery
Non-fiction books about slavery

The Negro


El conejo de la suerte (Spanish for Lucky Rabbit) is a child singing game, recommended for age of 6–8 years, and the song the game is based upon.

Game
Children sit in a circle with palms connected and sing the song El Conejo de la suerte. The child who starts the game claps the right palm of the person to his left with the right palm and reconnects the circle. The child who was clapped repeats the same action and so on, with the claps traveling along the circle to the left, usually matching the rhythm of the song, until the song ends. The child who was clapped with the last syllable of the song must stand up and kiss (or hug) the player you like the most (as the song suggests). The latter player restarts the next round of the game.

The song lyrics may vary in detail, but generally follows the pattern seen in the example below:

El conejo de la suerte
Ha salido esta mañana
A la hora de dormir.
Pum, ya está aquí
Haciendo reverencia
Con cara de vergüenza
Tú besarás a quien
te guste más.

The lucky rabbit
Went out this morning
During the sleeping time.
Boom! It's here
Bowing
With ashamed face.
You will kiss the boy or girl
That you like best.

References

Singing games
Contact games
Culture of Spain

El conejo de la suerte


The Mytilenean Debate (also spelled "Mytilenaean Debate") was an Athenian Assembly concerning reprisals against the city-state of Mytilene, which had attempted unsuccessfully to revolt against Athenian hegemony and gain control over Lesbos during the Peloponnesian War. The debate occurred in 427 BC. In the immediate aftermath of the revolt, the Athenians had decided to execute all Mytilenean men and enslave the women and children, but gathered the next day to reconsider. Thucydides reports the revolt and the resultant debate in book three of his History of the Peloponnesian War, and the opposing viewpoints concerning the warranted retributive justice are reflected in two speeches given by prominent Athenians. The events and speeches serve as an opportunity to explore the political and ideological impact of the war, and provide reflections on democracy and imperial policy.

Causes for the revolt
Mytilene had joined in alliance with Athens as a member of the Delian League, which began as a voluntary coalition of Greek city-states against Persia, during the Greco-Persian Wars. Most members of the Delian League had been effectively reduced to tributary status under Athenian hegemony, in which member states paid dues in cash, which were then used to supplement the Athenian fleet of warships. Mytilene was one of the last non-tributary members of the Delian League which sent its own warships manned with Mytileneans to fight alongside the Athenian fleet. Mytilene was also distinguished from other Athenian allies because it was ruled by an oligarchy, not a democracy.

Mytilene had sought to end its alliance with Athens prior to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, and appealed to Sparta for support, but this appeal was rejected. The Mytileneans took advantage of the hostility between Sparta and Athens as the Pelopponesian War broke out to seek assistance from the Spartans once more in resisting Athenian rule. The Mytileneans sent an envoy to Olympia in 428 BC, whose speech given to the Spartans was recorded by Thucydides, and explains the reasons for the Mytilenean revolt against the Athenians.

According to the envoy, the Mytileneans feared tributary democracy and did not want to be reduced the status of other Athenian allies. The Mytileneans believed that Athens had taken advantage of the Delian League and used it as a mechanism for "enslaving" and exploiting other Greeks; that it was only a matter of time before they set their sights on Mytilene's prosperous and autonomous island of Lesbos and forced it into their system of oppression; and that the Mytileneans could not wait for this and should preemptively break away before Athens forced its will upon them.

This speech does not, however, reflect the motivations which drove the oligarchs to rebellion. According to the informants who supplied the Athenians with intelligence concerning preparations for the revolt, the Mytilenean oligarchs sought to forcibly unify the five city-states of Lesbos under their sovereign leadership. Athenian policy aimed to break up larger units within the confederacy and did not support consolidation of Mytilenean power.

The Mytilenean revolt
The Mytileneans, with the support of the oligarchic Lesbian city-states of Antissa, Eresus, and Pyrrha, began preparing for the revolt during the Summer of 428. They began building moles for their harbors, erecting fortifications, and building additional warships. They had also sent for archers and grain from the Pontus. Athens was informed of these preparations by inhabitants of the nearby island of Tenedos; by members of democratic Methymna, the only city-state on the island of Lesbos which did not revolt against Athens nor support a unified Lesbos under Mytilene; and by those dissident Mytileneans who were proxenoi of Athens. Proxenoi were a small faction of political opponents, whose temperaments were compatible with Athenian democracy. Athens selected these officials to strengthen her position internally and prepare for the eventual removal of the oligarchies.

The Athenians responded to the news by sending an embassy to persuade the Mytileneans to give up their preparations, and when this effort failed, they sent a fleet of ships to the island of Lesbos. The Athenians planned to surprise the Mytileneans during the celebration of an upcoming festival in honor of the Malean Apollo. The Mytileneans, however, were informed of the Athenian expedition and did not engage in festivities; instead, they barricaded and guarded the island. Upon arrival, Athens delivered an ultimatum, which ordered the Mytileneans to surrender and tear down their fortifications, but they refused and the rebellion ensued. However, due to the intelligence given to Athens by the informants, the Mytileneans were forced into revolt before they were militarily prepared. As a result, the Mytileneans quickly retreated and had to implement negotiating tactics to stall for time. After the Mytileneans and Athenians reached an armistice, the Mytileneans sent representatives to Athens for negotiations. With little hope that the Athenians would recall the fleet, the Mytileneans also secretly sent envoys to Sparta. The Mytilenean representatives called for the removal of the Athenian fleet, which the Athenians promptly denied, and fighting continued. All of Lesbos, other than Methymna, took arms against Athens, but Lesbos lost ground upon the arrival of more Athenian troops. Mytilene became surrounded by Athenian fortifications and were isolated by land and sea. In Olympia, the Mytileneans asked the Spartans for direct help in Mytilene, but also for an invasion of Attica, pointing out that since Athens had recently been devastated by a plague it would have financial difficulties fighting on two fronts. The Peloponnesian League agreed to aid Mytilene.

During the winter, Salatheus the Spartan was sent to deliver an announcement to the Mytileneans and arrived, undetected by the Athenians, in Mytilene. He assured the Mytileneans that the Peloponnesians planned to invade Attica, in order to distract the Athenians from attacking a fleet of forty ships sent by the Spartans, which he promised would soon arrive with supplies. The arrival of this news encouraged the Mytilenenas to reject any ideas of negotiating with the Athenians. As promised, Attica was invaded, but the Peloponnesians were forced to retreat due to lack of provisions, and the fleet sent to Mytilene took too long on its journey.

Salaethus gave up hope that the fleet would arrive and armed the Mytilenean people in a final effort to launch a defensive attack against the Athenians. The people soon refused to follow orders, however, and demaded that the oligarchs bring all the reserves of food to the public or else they would surrender. The oligarchs could not meet these demands and agreed to join the people in surrendering Mytilene to Paches and his troops. The Mytileneans arranged for terms of capitulation; the Athenians were admitted into Mytilene as long as the Mytileneans were allowed to send an embassy to Athens to plead for compassion, and Paches agreed that no punitive actions would be taken until the Athenians agreed upon a conclusion. After finding Salaethus in hiding, Paches sent him, along with those most prominent in drafting the terms of negotiation and leading the revolt, to Athens.

Debate
Once the Mytileneans sent by Paches arrived in Athens, Salaethus was immediately executed, and the assembly gathered to deliberate what punitive actions should be taken. The Athenians were furious that the Mytileneans, who had enjoyed the privilege of non-tributary status, had not only revolted against their allies but sought the support from the Peloponnesian enemies. This latter action, in the eyes of the Athenians, also served as proof that the rebellion had been long premeditated. It was within the context of this reactionary anger that the Assembly that same day voted to sentence all of the male Mytilenean citizens to death, while the women and children would be sold into slavery. A trireme was dispatched to Mytilene so that Paches could receive and carry out the decree.

The next day, the Athenians reflected upon the brutality of their actions and questioned the merit of a decree which executed the whole population for the crimes of the few. The Mytilenean ambassadors at Athens pushed for a second vote, and an assembly was called in order to reassess the course of action to be taken. The debate as presented by Thucydides is framed as a series of two speeches which represent the two opposing sides of the debate.

Cleon's speech
The first speech was given by Cleon. Cleon, who carried the reputation as "the most violent man at Athens," spoke to defend the previous decision against any doubts with had arisen. Cleon began his speech by questioning the compatibility of democratic and imperial goals, asserting that "a democracy is incapable of empire," and that the reconsideration of the first decision regarding the fate of the Mytileneans is further evidence of this incapability. He argued that the "constant change of measures" was a threat to the stability of the empire, and that "bad laws which are never changed are better for a city than good ones that have no authority." Cleon then critiqued of one of the fundamental elements of Athenian democracy: the contests of "elaborate sophistic arguments." He placed the blame upon all Athenians for instituting this process of argumentation, who he called "victims of newfangled arguments" and "slaves to the pleasure of the ear." He believed that these contests were a distraction which caused a delay that only benefited the guilty.

Cleon then sought to prevent this distraction by asserting the guilt of the Mytileneans. According to Cleon, because Mytilene was not oppressed by Athens but rather an independent city-state with its own fleet and fortifications, their uprising was not a revolt but a "deliberate and wanton aggression; an attempt to ruin [Athens] by siding with our bitterest enemies; a worse offense than war undertaken on their own account in the acquisition of power." He argued that it was this distinguished status of Mytilene over the other allies of Athens which made them arrogant and predisposed to rebellion. He urged the Athenians to impose the same punishment on all Mytileneans, not just the aristocracy, because the people were complacent in the plans of the aristocracy and because failing to do so would encourage revolt among other allies of the Athenians. His speech concludes by urging the Athenians to channel their initial anger towards the Mytileneans in order to pay them back for their malicious actions and intentions.

Diodotus's speech
After Cleon's speech, Diodotus spoke in defense of his sustained opposition to the death sentence. The structure of his speech responded to that of Cleon, as Diodotus began by arguing that "the two things most opposed to good counsel are haste and passion," and defended the process of debating important questions. Instead of challenging Cleon's assertion of the guilt of the Mytileneans, however, Diodotus argued that it was not their guilt which was the matter of importance, but instead the interest of Athens. Even if the Mytileneans were guilty, according to Diodotus, they should only have been put to death if the penalty was expedient for the future of Athens. He urged the Athenians to remember that they were "not in a court of justice" and therefore Cleon's argument, while it may have seemed more just, was not appropriate for the setting.

Diodotus then argued that there is no law or punishment that can prevent states or individuals from rebelling. He proposed two options; either the Athenians must employ "some means of terror more terrible" than the death penalty or recognize its ineffectiveness. With the argument that rebellion is impossible to prevent, even with the death penalty, Diodotus rejected Cleon's appeal to set a precedent with the punishment of the Mytileneans. Diodotus then proceeded to consider how sparing the people of Mytilene would be most expedient for the future of Athens. He argued that, by imposing the same punishment upon all Mytileneans, rebels would be shown there was no point in repenting or surrendering. This was concerning to the future of Athens, according to Diodotus, because subjected states were an important source of revenue. If they knew there was no mercy shown, no matter when they surrendered, they would fight until the city was in ruins. Athens would then be left with no tribute and no strength to fight against their common enemies in the Peloponnesian League. This moderate approach, therefore, was not one based on justice, but rather on the benefit of preserving the revenue from tributary allies. Diodotus concluded his speech by imploring the Athenians to consider the most useful approach for preserving the Athenian Empire; that is, calmly trying the prisoners sent by Paches and leaving the rest of the Mytileneans alone.

Results of the debate

With the conclusion of Diodotus' speech, the assembly recast their votes. The rational argument of expediency developed by Diodotus prevailed and the assembly was persuaded to not massacre the Mytileneans. As a result, the votes, which were originally unanimous, were narrowly passed in favor of Diodotus.

Another trireme, double-manned to row overnight and provisioned by the Mytilenean ambassadors, was immediately sent to Lesbos in order to prevent the previous orders from being carried out. Favorable weather and diligence of the rowers ensured that the second trireme arrived just in time; Paches had only just read the decree brought by the first trireme but had not yet carried out the sentence. The massacre was prevented and the people of Mytilene were spared. The architects of the rebellion, who had been sent to Athens by Paches, were put to death by the Athenians. The Athenians demolished the city walls of Mytilene, seized their ships, and divided their land into allotments which were distributed amongst Athenian shareholders.

The debate as recorded by Thucydides provides important insight into Athenian democracy and imperial policy, and reflections upon their development and role in the Peloponnesian War. Cleon's speech reflects the critiques of Athenian democracy which would continue to develop and be employed against Athens by its enemies. These critiques also provide an opportunity for Diodotus to defend the centrality of rhetoric and sophist discourse within the Athenian Assembly and elevate the importance of orators as political figures. The argument developed by Diodotus further serves to distinguish the role of the Assembly as one that is political and not concerned with justice; this distinction would continue to develop within the context of Athenian democracy.

The discussions of expediency and the future of the Athenian Empire in the debate likewise reflect the more general pattern of Athenian imperial policy developed throughout the Peloponnesian War. The importance of Mytilene, and all of the other allies in the Delian League, as a source of revenue for Athens to exploit in order to maintain its fleet is clear in the argument given by Diodotus and reflective of the imperial strategy developed by Pericles that emphasized the importance of the tributary relationship. This imperial policy would develop after the death of Pericles with Cleon, and the more aggressive and offensive approach that he would take is reflected in his argument for punishing all of the people of Mytilene.

The results of the Mytilenean Debate may be contrasted with the later Melian Dialogue—where Athens killed all the men and sold the women and children into slavery. This difference in outcomes serves as one example of how the treatment of Athens' allies in the Delian League would develop as the Peloponnesian War progressed.

See also
Peloponnesian War
Delian League
Melian dialogue

References

Citations

Sources

 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Richard Crawley, 1874, 3.2.

Peloponnesian War
427 BC
Ancient Lesbos
Athenian democracy
Criticism of democracy

Mytilenean Debate


Da Nang is the biggest city in Central Vietnam and the fourth largest city in Vietnam. It has about 870,000 people (2010). The city is built by the Han River (Vietnam) and Vietnam's central coast.

Nearby is Hoi An, a popular tourist town, and Hue, Vietnam's former capital. It is connected to Hue by the Hai Van Pass, a well-known national highway and popular tourist spot.

It is a popular city for tourism, both in-country and international, because of its beaches.

Its airport, Da Nang International Airport, used to also be used as airbase to fight against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

The city was a part of Quang Nam province until 1997, when the Vietnamese government decided to make the city its own municipality, or an area directly ruled by the central government. Today, it is one of Vietnam's five municipalities. The other municipalities are Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Haiphong, and Can Tho.

Da Nang Port is Vietnam's third largest port and the largest port in Central Vietnam. Since it is close to the ocean and since there is little farmland, the city's economy makes much more money from fishing than from farming.

Popular tourist attractions include the Ba Na Hills, the Golden Bridge, the Da Nang Sun Wheel, the Marble Mountains, and the Dragon Bridge.

Special food and drinks include mì Quảng noodles, bánh xèo, bún chả cá, snails, avocado ice cream, and coconut coffee. Food from Hue and Hoi An are also popular in Danang.

Cities in Vietnam

Da Nang


Cooley High is a 1975 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film that follows the narrative of high school seniors and best friends, Leroy "Preach" Jackson (Glynn Turman) and Richard "Cochise" Morris (Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs). Written by Eric Monte and directed by Michael Schultz, the film, primarily shot in Chicago, was a major hit at the box office, grossing over $13 million (USD). The light-hearted-turned-tragic storyline was complemented by a soundtrack featuring many Motown hits.

In a 40th-year retrospective by NPR in 2015, Cooley High was called a "classic of black cinema" and "a touchstone for filmmakers like John Singleton and Spike Lee."   In 2021, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

In 1964 on Chicago's Near-North Side, Preach – an aspiring playwright – and Cochise – an all-city basketball champion – are best friends who are both celebrating the final weeks of their senior year with their classmates at Edwin G. Cooley Vocational High School. While sitting in class, Cochise sleeps while Preach comes up with the idea that Pooter, another classmate and friend, should fake a nosebleed so they can get out of class. As Preach and Pooter leave with the teacher's permission, Cochise, who is now awake, sneaks out the classroom's back door.

After getting out of class, the trio meet up with another classmate who is sitting outside the school. The group then hitch a ride from school by hanging on the back of a city bus. The group end up at Lincoln Park Zoo, where they spend the day stealing snacks from the concession stand and antagonizing animals.

After spending a few hours at the zoo, the group heads back to the neighborhood via train. Once back, the group shoots a few basketball hoops with some locals before Pooter states he needs to return to school before closing to retrieve his books. The group ends up at Martha's, a local hangout, where they run into another classmate on their way inside (Dorothy, who is giving a "Quarter" party at her house later that evening). While inside, Preach is shooting dice with two guys from the neighborhood, Stone and Robert.

During the dice game, they encounter one of Preach's classmates, Brenda, in whom Preach shows an immediate interest. After Preach is chased out of the hangout by the owner for gambling, the group splits up. Cochise arrives home, where he learns via mail that he has received a basketball scholarship to attend Grambling State University. The group meets up and binges on alcohol, celebrating Cochise's scholarship before heading off to Dorothy's house party.

Once at the party, Preach encounters Brenda again, who has no interest in him. While the party is going on, Preach retreats to a bedroom where Brenda is and the two discuss love poems. The party ends abruptly when another classmate named Damon shows up and spots Cochise dancing with his girlfriend, Loretta. This leads to a fight between the two.

Having trashed the house during the fight, the group retreats back to Martha's. The group, which consists of Cochise, Preach, Pooter and Tyrone, encounters Stone and Robert. The pair ride up in a Cadillac and convince Cochise and Preach to go for a joyride with them, driving through the neighborhood, downtown Chicago and the Gold Coast area with Stone at the wheel.

Preach convinces Stone to let him drive, which leads to attention from the police due to his bad driving. A chase leads from downtown into a garage at Navy Pier, in which they get away from the police, only to end up hitting a parked car with occupants inside. After the accident, they flee the vehicle, with Preach and Cochise running in one direction and Stone and Robert in another.

The next day, Cochise, Preach, Pooter, Tyrone, and Willie all decide to go the movies. However, the group is short on cash. Preach and Cochise approach two prostitutes, pretending to want countless sexual services. Later, they are both stating they are actually cops. While searching and threatening to arrest them, one of the women pays $10 to Preach to be let go. The other one notices that the police badge is a fake. After realizing their scam is blown, the two run off with the money.

The group then ends up at the movie theater where they watch Mothra vs. Godzilla. Cochise, Tyrone, and Preach are with their girlfriends, while Pooter is left venturing around the theater by himself. Upon finding a seat, he bumps into a man who gets confrontational. Another man intervenes on Pooter's behalf, which leads to a brawl between the Disciples and the Counts street gangs in the theater. The following day, Preach and Brenda spend a day together which leads to their having sex back at Preach's house. After learning that Cochise and Preach had an inside cash bet on Preach hooking up with her, Brenda leaves the house upset.

The following day at school, Cochise and Preach are arrested for being in the stolen car and are charged with Grand Theft Auto. While at the station, the pair are reunited with Stone and Robert, who are also being questioned. Mr. Mason, the boys' history teacher, persuades the police to release Preach and Cochise because of their clean records. Both Stone and Robert remain imprisoned due to their being repeat offenders.

Confused as to how they were let off the hook early, Preach and Cochise leave the holding area. Thinking that Preach and Cochise placed all the blame on them, Stone and Robert immediately hunt for both of them after being released from jail a few days later. While in school, Preach learns that Mr. Mason actually got them out of jail. He sets off to look for Cochise to tell him the information. In his pursuit of looking for Cochise, Preach runs into Cochise's cousin Jimmy Lee who takes him to his apartment. Once there, Preach finds him with his ex-girlfriend. Preach becomes angry and leaves.

Preach then retreats to Martha's. Spotted by Damon, he walks over to a table where Brenda is sitting and begins to apologize. While talking to Brenda, Preach overhears Damon speaking to Stone and Robert who have just walked into the hangout. As he sends Brenda out of the restaurant, urging her to meet him at the train station in 15 minutes, he tries to sneak out the back.

Preach's presence is then made known by Damon. Stone and Robert began taunting and chasing Preach around the restaurant. After spotting the confrontation, the hangout's owner intervenes. She forces both Stone and Robert out of her place with a meat cleaver while Preach is hiding in the restroom. Preach tries to sneak out the side door but is spotted by the pair who are waiting for him outside.

After evading them, Preach meets up with Brenda, where he learns from her that Cochise went to Martha's looking for him. Stone, Robert, and Damon ultimately find and catch Cochise on a side street. Together, the vengeful trio corner him and beat him severely, leaving him to die. Having been notified of the attack on Cochise, Preach frantically searches the streets. He finds his best friend's lifeless body lying face-down under an overpass. Using Cochise's untimely death as motivation and inspiration, Preach runs off after the funeral to pursue his dream of becoming a renowned Hollywood poet and writer. This ultimately makes both him and his newfound guardian angel proud.

Cast
 Glynn Turman as Leroy "Preach" Jackson
 Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs as Richard "Cochise" Morris
 Garrett Morris as Mr. Mason
 Cynthia Davis as Brenda
 Sherman Smith as Stone
 Norman Gibson as Robert
 Corin Rogers as Pooter
 Joseph Carter Wilson as Tyrone
 Maurice Marshall as Damon
 Steven Williams as Jimmy Lee
 Christine Jones as Sandra
 Jackie Taylor as Johnny Mae
 Juanita McConnell as Martha

Background
Monte based the film on his experiences attending the real-life Cooley Vocational High School (which closed in 1979) that served students from the Cabrini–Green public housing project on Chicago's north side. While the film was set in and around Cabrini–Green, it was primarily filmed at another Chicago-area housing project. Monte has said that he wrote the film to dispel myths about growing up in the projects: "I grew up in the Cabrini–Green housing project and I had one of the best times of my life, the most fun you can have while inhaling and exhaling".

Production
The movie was filmed from October through November 1974 in Chicago, Illinois. Some scenes include other areas of Chicago such as Navy Pier and the Gold Coast area but primarily in and around the Cabrini-Green housing project on the near-north side. Interior school scenes were shot at Chicago's Providence St. Mel High School.

Influence
Cooley High is seen as "changing the landscape" for black people in film, with its humane focus on the dreams of young inner-city black men, according to actor and film director Robert Townsend, who got his start in film with a one-line walk-on role in Cooley High.  Screenwriter and producer Larry Karaszewski holds that the film is also one of the great movies about real friendship, with outstanding performances by the male leads.  Boyz II Men named their debut album Cooleyhighharmony which featured a version of the song "It's So Hard to Say Goodbye to Yesterday" from the Cooley High soundtrack. The 1991 movie Boyz in the Hood was influenced by Cooley High. During the 40th anniversary of the film's release, nationally syndicated news station NPR published a story that discussed some of the fondest memories that the cast and crew shared of the film's production. Actor Sherman Smith (now using the professional name Rick Stone), who played the character of Stone in the film, recalled how he was approached by producers of the film while playing basketball one day. The crew members were looking for realistic gang members to be a part of the cast, so after being tipped off by police, producers offered Stone and his sidekick Norman Gibson, who played the character of Robert in the film, a role in the movie.

During this interview, screenwriter Eric Monte revealed that Cochise's untimely death in the film was inspired by a childhood friend of his who had been killed in a similar manner. Furthermore, just as Preach headed to Hollywood after the death of Cochise, Monte reveals that after his friend was murdered he hitchhiked his way to the west coast where he began working for shows such as Good Times and The Jeffersons. Unfortunately, not everyone from the film went on to live a life of success. Nearly two years after the film's release, Norman Gibson was gunned down outside of his neighborhood.

Reception
Cooley High was a critical and commercial success. Produced on a $750,000 budget, the film grossed $13 million at the domestic box office, making it one of the top 30 highest-grossing films of 1975.

Jack Slater of The New York Times was positive, writing, "To be black and to watch 'Cooley High' is to see one's vanished innocence—and beauty." Slater acknowledged that the movie was being hailed as "a black American Graffiti" but he thought Cooley High had "far more vitality and variety" than that film. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 and wrote that the opening 10 minutes "leave you with the impression that 'Cooley High' is going to be nothing more than a series of routine and unfunny gags. But then the film's magic begins to work, and 'Cooley High' turns into a beguiling story that's affecting, lasting, and worth seeing more than once."

Arthur D. Murphy of Variety called it "a heartening comedy drama" with "a fine cast of young players" that were "well directed by Michael Schultz", adding that "you don't have to be black to enjoy it immensely." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it "a landmark movie, one of the year's most important and heartening pictures, that shows what the black film can be when creative talents are given an opportunity free of the strong sex and violence requirements of the exploitation formulae."

Jacqueline Trescott of The Washington Post was not so impressed, calling the film's nostalgia "deja vu and hackneyed, antiseptic even." She found several comic scenes to be "[w]ell-executed ... But these passages still lack a distinctive look and enough fire to raise 'Cooley' above the mediocre mark." Reviewing Cooley High for The Monthly Film Bulletin in 1977, Jonathan Rosenbaum said that "Michael Schultz's first feature can be viewed with hindsight as the promising debut of a very talented director, intermittently doing what he can with an uneven and somewhat routine script."

The film holds an 88% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 17 critics. Filmmaker Spike Lee included the film on his essential film list entitled List of Films All Aspiring Filmmakers Must See. The movie also ranked #23 on Entertainment Weeklys list of the 50 Best High School Movies. Metacritic gave the film a score of 72 based in 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Television adaptation
ABC planned a television adaptation of Cooley High, but the pilot was poorly received, and Fred Silverman, the head of the network, asked the pilot's producers, TOY Productions, to redo the show as a sitcom with new characters and with a new title so as not to confuse it with Monte's film Cooley High. New writers were hired, cast changes made, and a switch from one-camera to three-camera filming delivered What's Happening!! to the network, where it ran from August 5, 1976, to April 28, 1979. The show and the production company were then purchased by Columbia Pictures Television in 1979 and ran in syndication for a number of years.

Home media release and possible remake
In 2000, Cooley High was released on DVD.  In 2010, it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD.. The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray on December 13, 2022.

On July 19, 2016, it was reported that MGM was developing a remake of 1975 film Cooley High, with DeVon Franklin, Common and Tony Krantz. Seth Rosenfeld would write the screenplay.

See also
 List of American films of 1975
 What's Happening Now!!
 List of hood films

References

External links

1975 films
1970s coming-of-age comedy-drama films
1970s teen comedy-drama films
African-American films
American coming-of-age comedy-drama films
American high school films
American International Pictures films
American teen comedy-drama films
American teen romance films
1970s English-language films
Films adapted into television shows
Films directed by Michael Schultz
Films set in 1964
Films set in Chicago
Films shot in Chicago
Films produced by Steve Krantz
Teensploitation
United States National Film Registry films
1970s American films

Cooley High


The peerage title Earl of Buckingham was created several times in the Peerage of England. It is not to be confused with the title of Earl of Buckinghamshire.

It was first created in 1097 for Walter Giffard, but became extinct in 1164 with the death of the second earl.  It may have been created again in 1164 for Richard de Clare ("Strongbow"), who died without issue in 1176.  It was created again in 1377 for Thomas of Woodstock, the youngest son of King Edward III.  He was created Duke of Gloucester in 1385.  The dukedom was forfeit on his attainder in 1397, but the earldom passed to his son, Humphrey, but became extinct on his death two years later.  The title was created a fourth time in 1618 for Mary Villiers for life only.  The title was created for a fifth time in 1617 for her son George Villiers, 1st Viscount Villiers, who was subsequently created Duke of Buckingham in 1623.  All titles became extinct on the death of the second duke in 1687.

Earls of Buckingham (1097), first creation
Walter Giffard, 1st Earl of Buckingham (d. 1102)
Walter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (d. 1164)

Earls of Buckingham (1164), second creation
Richard de Clare, 1st Earl of Buckingham (d. 1176)

Earls of Buckingham (1377), third creation
Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Buckingham (d. 1397)
Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (d. 1399)

Countesses of Buckingham (1618), fourth creation
Mary Villiers, Countess of Buckingham (1570–1632)

Earls of Buckingham (1617), fifth creation
see Duke of Buckingham, second creation

Impostor
From 1997 to 2006, Charles Stopford claimed to be the Earl of Buckingham.

References

Extinct earldoms in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1097
Noble titles created in 1164
Noble titles created in 1377
Noble titles created in 1617
Noble titles created in 1618

Earl of Buckingham


Toxiferine (C-toxiferine I) is a curare toxin.  It is a bisindole alkaloid derived from Strychnos toxifera and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. This alkaloid is the main toxic component of Calabash curare, and one of the most toxic plant alkaloids known. The lethal dose (LD50) for mice has been determined as 10 - 60 µg/kg by intravenous administration.
It is a muscle relaxant that causes paralysis of skeletal muscle, which takes approximately 2 hours to recovery for a moderate dose, and 8 hours of total paralysis with a 20-fold paralytic dose. The paralysis can be antagonized by neostigmine

References

Indole alkaloids
Nicotinic antagonists
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Neuromuscular blockers
Neurotoxins
Plant toxins

Toxiferine


Susan Jaffe (born 1962) is an American ballet dancer and arts administrator. She is currently the artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre, where she had danced for 22 years and held the rank of principal dancer. She previously served as the dean of the School of Dance at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts and the artistic director of Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre.

Career

Jaffe studied ballet at the Maryland Youth Ballet, the School of American Ballet, and the American Ballet Theatre (ABT) School.

At age 16, she became a member of ABT II and joined ABT's corps de ballet at age 18. Mikhail Baryshnikov, ABT's artistic director at the time, pulled Jaffe out of the corps de ballet to replace Gelsey Kirkland in a gala performance. With two days of rehearsal, Jaffe danced Pas d'Esclave at the Kennedy Center in Washington with the late Alexander Godunov , a Bolshoi Ballet star whose former dance partner had been Maya Plisetskaya. Jaffe remained a principal dancer with ABT for the following 22 years.

Jaffe has danced many roles: Odette/Odile (she danced her first Swan Lake at the age of 19), Kitri (Don Quixote), Nikiya & Gamzatti (La Bayadère), Aurora (The Sleeping Beauty), Juliet (Romeo and Juliet), Swanhilda (Coppélia), Tatiana (John Cranko's Onegin), Kate (Taming of the Shrew), and the title roles in Giselle, La Sylphide and  Kenneth MacMillan's Anastasia and Manon.

Jaffe has worked with and performed the repertoire of many of the 20th century's most prominent choreographers, including George Balanchine, Antony Tudor, Kenneth MacMillan, Jerome Robbins, Roland Petit, Twyla Tharp, Nacho Duato, Jiří Kylián, and James Kudelka.

While still dancing with ABT, Jaffe became an international guest artist for the Royal Opera House of Covent Garden, the Mariinsky Theatre, the English National Ballet, La Scala Ballet in Milan, Bavarian State Opera, Royal Danish Ballet, Royal Swedish Ballet, Stuttgart Ballet, and the Vienna State Opera Ballet.

Jaffe was Advisor to the Chairman of ABT's Board of Governing Trustees from 2002–2007, and was on the faculty of the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School from 2002 to 2010. Jaffe co-founded Long Island University's educational initiative for the dancers of the American Ballet Theatre. Jaffe lectures for Duke Corporate Education on "Excellence". In 2003, Jaffe co-founded and co-directed Princeton Dance & Theater Studio in Princeton, NJ. She has taught master classes throughout the United States and Japan.

Susan Jaffe is a Dance Magazine awardee, and was invited to join Dance Magazine to co-produce and host the weekly television show Dance New York. She has been featured multiple times on the PBS series Dance in America; in the movie, Angie, starring Geena Davis; and in the Frederick Wiseman documentary Ballet.

In 2002, Jaffe was a guest on the Charlie Rose Show, where she discussed her retirement from the stage. In 2003, her book for children 7 to 13, Becoming a Ballerina, was published by Universe.

Jaffe has choreographed for dance companies and universities internationally. In 2007, she joined Configuration Dance Theatre Artistic Director, Joseph Cipolla, and Resident Choreographer, Michael Shannon, as Principal Guest Choreographer and Member of the National Advisory Board. Configuration Dance Theatre has premiered three Jaffe works in New York, Velez Pas de Deux in Fall 2007, Novem Pas de Deux in Spring 2008, and Royenne Pas de Deux in Spring 2009.

In the Fall of 2008, Jaffe's work, Uncaged, was premiered in concert at the School for Classical & Contemporary Dance at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth. She created Pulse as Guest Choreographer at Princeton University in 2010. In 2011, she created two new works for the Studio Company of American Ballet Theatre, called "We Insist" and "A Tango".

In 2012, Jaffe choreographed a new pas de deux called "Blue" for American Ballet Theatre's gala for the opening night of their Metropolitan Opera House Season. The year 2013 brought a new contemporary work created for the students at  University of North Carolina's School of the Arts by Jaffe, Polovtsian Dances, which premiered in Chapel Hill's celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Rite of Spring.

In January 2014, Jaffe premiered a new work for Company C Contemporary Ballet called "Weather One", which premiered in the Lesher Center in Walnut Creek, California followed by a weekend of performances in February 2014 at the Yerba Buena Center in San Francisco.

References

Further reading

External links
Susan Jaffe papers Jerome Robbins Dance Division, The New York Public Library.

1962 births
Living people
American Ballet Theatre principal dancers
American ballerinas

Susan Jaffe


The 172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 172nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 172nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.

Service
The 172nd Ohio Infantry was organized in Cambridge, Ohio, and mustered on May 14, 1864, at Columbus, Ohio, for 100 days service under the command of Colonel John Ferguson.

The regiment spent its entire enlistment engaged in guard government stores at Gallipolis, Ohio.

The 172nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service September 3, 1864, at Gallipolis.

Ohio National Guard
Over 35,000 Ohio National Guardsmen were federalized and organized into regiments for 100 days service in May 1864. Shipped to the Eastern Theater, they were designed to be placed in "safe" rear areas to protect railroads and supply points, thereby freeing regular troops for Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's push on the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. As events transpired, many units found themselves in combat, stationed in the path of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early's veteran Army of the Valley during its famed Valley Campaigns of 1864. Ohio Guard units met the battle-tested foe head on and helped blunt the Confederate offensive thereby saving Washington, D.C. from capture. Ohio National Guard units participated in the battles of Monacacy, Fort Stevens, Harpers Ferry, and in the siege of Petersburg.

Casualties
The regiment lost 12 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.

Commanders
 Colonel John Ferguson

See also

 List of Ohio Civil War units
 Ohio in the Civil War

References
 Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA:  Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
 Ohio Roster Commission. Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War on the Rebellion, 1861–1865, Compiled Under the Direction of the Roster Commission (Akron, OH: Werner Co.), 1886–1895.
 Reid, Whitelaw. Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers (Cincinnati, OH: Moore, Wilstach, & Baldwin), 1868.
Attribution

External links
 Ohio in the Civil War: 172nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry by Larry Stevens

Military units and formations established in 1864
Military units and formations disestablished in 1864
1864 disestablishments in Ohio
Units and formations of the Union Army from Ohio
1864 establishments in Ohio

172nd Ohio Infantry Regiment


Richard Gibson (born 1 January 1954) is an English actor, best known for his role as the archetypal Gestapo Officer Herr Otto Flick in the BBC hit sitcom series, 'Allo 'Allo!.

Career
Gibson was born in Kampala, Uganda, before the country gained independence from the UK. He was a chorister at St Paul's Cathedral and educated at St Paul's Cathedral School, Radley College near Abingdon, Oxfordshire, and the Central School of Speech and Drama.

He took part in 'Allo 'Allo! during the vast majority of the series. Dressed in an ankle-length leather coat and with the obligatory stiff-legged limp and walking stick, Herr Flick spent his life suppressing peasants, seducing Helga, the German town Commandant's assistant, and vainly trying to get his hands on the original of the painting The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies by Van Klomp.

Gibson then toured with the group when Allo 'Allo! transferred to the stage and had successful tours both in the United Kingdom and abroad. The stage version of the show gave rein to his other skills, and he was able to demonstrate his mastery of the violin.

He played Sunning in the 1971 BBC1 television series Tom Brown's Schooldays. His first film role of note was in the 1971 film The Go Between, in which he played Marcus Maudsley, school friend of Leo Colston (Dominic Guard) who passed messages between Julie Christie and Alan Bates, and he also played young Tony Farrant in the 1973 film version of England Made Me. He has also played a wide variety of roles on stage and the TV screen, and in 2006 was a regular guest on The Daily Telegraph's World Cup Pubcast, where he usually took the role of Herr Flick, providing a more biased view of the proceedings. In 2003, he guest starred in the Doctor Who audio drama Flip-Flop.

He has divided his time between Ireland and the UK, and continues to work in films, television, and theatre as well as working as a sub-editor for newspaper publications.

Owing to the enduring popularity of Allo! 'Allo!, he and Kim Hartman have formed a Flick and Helga fan club and made numerous cabaret appearances, using songs and sketches in character. In 2012, as guest speakers on the Fred Olsen ships, Boudicca and Balmoral, they travelled to the Canary Islands and up the Amazon River. In 2014, they were also guest performers at the Malfest Arts Festival in Malpas, Cheshire, and appeared at the War and Peace Show at the Hop Farm in Kent. In 2014 Gibson appeared with fellow Allo, 'Allo! cast members at the Sofia International Film Festival. Gibson also works as a radio actor, scriptwriter and voiceover artist.

He has claimed that, while a chorister, he sang at the funeral service of Sir Winston Churchill in 1965, and was paid £2 10s for his work on the day.

References

External links

Interview at Den of Geek

1954 births
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
British male comedy actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
People educated at Radley College
People educated at St. Paul's Cathedral School
Actors from Kampala

Richard Gibson


Kelly Warman is a British film maker and artist based in London. Working since 2005, much of her work comprises scripted video works and staged performances that explore the translation of the interior monologue into the cinematic and architectural space. Her work is often characterised by a witty and overtly theatrical approach to the subject matter.

Education

Kelly Warman studied at Chelsea College of Art and Design and University College Falmouth (former Dartington College of Arts) and gained her MFA from the Piet Zwart Institute, Willem de Kooning Academy, Rotterdam. In 2000 she was nominated for the PIL Emerging Artist Awarded at the LUX, London and in 2006 she was awarded the Huygens Scholarship from Nuffic. Her work was also nominated for the Fair Play Film and Video Awards in Berlin and the Promotion Prize at the Piet Zwart Institute graduation exhibition Wherein Certain Person... in TENT., Rotterdam.

Career

Recently her video work featured in the Vienna Biennale and the International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam. She has also exhibited her work in Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen (Rotterdam) P.P.O.W Gallery (New York) Witte de With (Rotterdam) LUX (London) Lothringer 13 (Munich) and Catalyst Arts (Belfast). She has performed at the London International Festival of Theatre (LIFT), the Arcola Theatre and the Battersea Arts Centre (BAC) with the experimental OMSK Art Collective in London.

In a review of her collaborative piece ProgRock made with Tobias Laukemper Frieze editor Jan Verwoert wrote "...what they say and do, on one hand, is dead serious as it openly articulates a concern to produce an art that truthfully reflects the conditions of its own production. The conspicuous theatricality of their performance, on the other hand, suspends and displaces the meaning of any word or gesture...".

References

External links
 Online Portfolio on culturehall
 News on artnews
 Statistics on artfacts

1979 births
Living people
Alumni of Chelsea College of Arts
Alumni of Falmouth University
English artists
English contemporary artists
British video artists
Women video artists
People from Hatfield, Hertfordshire
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni

Kelly Warman


Stanley George Browne  (8 December 1907 – 20 January 1986), also called "Bonganga" by the community members with whom he worked, was a British medical missionary and leprologist known for his work and his many research achievements throughout the 20th century in the Belgian Congo, Nigeria, and India including his early use of Dapsone. He received numerous awards throughout his academic and professional career. He is also known as an academic for his early publications surrounding his findings of leprosy of which he published about 150 articles and five books.

Early life and education
Browne was born on 8 December 1907 in New Cross London. His father was the local post office clerk and Baptist church secretary.  Browne attended Brockley Central School where he excelled and won many awards highlighting his academic achievements; however, he dropped at age 15 in order earn his living working as clerk at the Deptford Town Hall. He took evening classes in order to pass matriculation. He then attended King's College London with scholarships for both his studies of medicine as well as theology. As a student at King's College, he received awards for his academic achievements such as the Barry, Leathes and Warneford prizes, the Warneford Gold Metal, the Jeff Medal, and later: distinctions in surgery, forensic medicine, and hygiene. He received the Murchison Scholarship for most outstanding medical graduate. After graduating with high medical honors, he went to Antwerp for another year of study to obtain a diploma in tropical medicine. During this time, he also became fluent in French. He became a member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1934 and the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1935.

Personal life
Browne met his wife Marion (Mali) Williamson on holiday in England in 1939. She was born in China as the daughter of two Baptist missionaries and her father was the General Foreign Secretary of the Baptist Mission House. She graduated from Oxford University and worked as teacher. They became engaged after their third meeting.
The onset of World War II required Browne to return to the Congo shortly after the two had met. Browne was instructed to continue to maintain the health of the Congolese, who were involved in the mining of many metals, especially Uranium, that were contributing to the Allies' war effort.
Despite their geographical separation, Browne and Williamson continued their relations until she was able to join him permanently in the Congo late in 1940.
They married at Yakusu on 15 November 1940.  Their three sons, Derek, Alastair and Christopher, were all born at Yakusu. Derek, their eldest son, was born in 1942, followed by Alastair in 1946 and Christopher in 1947. Although born in the Congo, from the age of three Derek lived in Britain and was raised by relatives. He attended boarding school at Eltham College. Alastair and Christopher were raised at Yakusu until old enough to attend boarding school at Eltham.

Browne also had a sister, Winifred, who worked as a nurse alongside him at Yakusu.

Missionary Journey
Browne accredits his interest in pursuing a medical career to the kindness and attention his mother received from doctors near the end of her life. His aspirations to become a missionary began at a young age when he heard Henry Holman Bentley, the first white child born in the Congo, speak at a London Sunday School.

Responding to "an urgent need for new recruits", Browne, "made up his mind to offer his services as a doctor to the Baptist Missionary Society". After he graduated medical school, he spent an additional year studying for a tropical medicine diploma in Belgium. Following his year in Belgium, Browne began his journey to the medical mission at Yakusu mission station in the Belgian Congo. After sailing to Matadi, he rode the then recently built Congo-Ocean Railway 228 miles to Leopoldville. Upon arrival in Leopoldville, he received further tropical medicine training and met his predecessor, Dr. Clement Chesterman and fellow missionary Dr. Raymond Holmes. After taking time to adjust to the equatorial climate and further his studies, Browne travelled by air to the mission station in Yakusu. A strong storm while in flight caused for a near plane crash, but Brown and his counterparts were ultimately able to land safely. The final part of the journey to Yakusu hospital was made by canoe. Browne arrived in what would become his new home ready to begin his experiences as a medical missionary in April 1936.

Missionary work
From 1936 to 1958, Browne dedicated himself to the mission hospital at Yakusu, Belgian Congo. At Yakusu, he performed a wide range of roles from treating disease outbreaks and researching diseases to performing operations to midwifery. Patients with a wide variety of ailments arrived from surrounding areas daily to seek care. He frequently handled outbreaks of smallpox, polio, tuberculosis, malaria, yaws and typhoid and made major breakthroughs in the treatment of leprosy and Onchocerciasis. Browne, who would later concentrate his studies on leprosy, was the one of the first doctors to use Dapsone in the treatment of leprosy. He made a major epidemiological breakthrough related to Onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness, when he discovered it was caused by a black fly that bred on crabs. After having the crabs caught and exterminated and the streams cleaned, 98% of the black fly population had disappeared. Despite being based in Yakusu, following Chesterman's network of community health centers, Browne embarked on frequent expeditions to surrounding dispensaries and mission stations, traveling by car, motor boat, canoe or on foot. The doctors of Yakusu were often called to surrounding areas to provide medical care to acutely ill or injured patients.

Browne and his coworkers created a maternity wing and prenatal clinic as part of Yakusu with the goal of reducing high infant mortality rates. Another notable accomplishment was the leprosarium he created and had constructed across the River Congo at Yalisombo. At the leprosarium, he developed a program of community care using over 50 health centers throughout the area he oversaw. This model was adopted in Africa for the control of endemic disease. His work at Yalisombo attracted the attention of  a prominent leprologist, Dr. Robert Cochrane, who encouraged him focus his studies on leprosy.
During his time at Yakusu, he served as principal of the School of Medical Auxiliaries, developing a model rural health service.

In 1958, Browne resigned from the Baptist Missionary Society. He was recruited by the government of the Eastern Region of Nigeria to succeed Dr. Frank Davey as senior leprologist. As a result of his continued contributions to the fight against leprosy, he was known as 'Mr. Leprosy' throughout West Africa. While in Nigeria, he pioneered the use of anti-leprosy drug, clofazimine.

Browne returned to England 1965 and used his vast knowledge and research of leprosy to consult for the World Health Organization, International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Association (ILEP), various Christian Medical associations, Mother Teresa's leprosy hospital in Calcutta, and the International Albert Schweitzer Fellowship.

Legacy and honours
Browne contributed over 500 learned articles to scientific journals over his career. He is most recognized for his contributions to the fields of tropical medicine and leprosy. He served as Secretary of the International Leprosy Association from 1966 to 1984, Director of the Leprosy Study Centre in London 1966 to 1980, President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1977 to 1979, and President of the Baptist Union of Great Britain 1980 to 1981. In 1978, he became one of the first three Fellows of King's College Hospital medical school. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1965, "awarded to citizens for distinguished service to the arts and sciences, public services outside the Civil Service and work with charitable and welfare organisations of all kinds". His honours in Britain were furthered when he was appointed a Commander of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (CMG) for his work as foreign servant in 1976. In addition to awards garnered in Britain, he was the recipient of three major awards from King Baudouin of Belgium, the most notable being the insignia of Commander of the Order of Leopold. This is the highest honour a civilian can receive in Belgium.

References

Bibliography

Thompson, Phyllis (1986). Mister Leprosy. London: Hodder & Stoughton Religious.

1907 births
1986 deaths
Christian medical missionaries
English surgeons
20th-century English medical doctors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
British expatriates in Nigeria
English Baptist missionaries
Baptist missionaries in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Belgian Congo people
British expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
British leprologists
Presidents of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Stanley George Browne


Fomalhaut b is an object in the vicinity of the star Fomalhaut, about 25 light years away from us. The object was first postulated in 2008. In 2012, it could be observed for the first time. The nature of the object is unknown. While it was first thought to be an exoplanet, the opinion in 2021 is that it might be a dust cloud.

Astronomy

Fomalhaut b


Snettisham RSPB reserve is a nature reserve in the care of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, situated near Snettisham in the county of Norfolk, England, north of King's Lynn, and close to Sandringham. It faces The Wash, a large estuary. In autumn and winter, the big tides of the Wash pushes up hundreds of thousands of wading birds onto the Norfolk coast. The nature reserve's bird lagoons provide a safe habitat for them.

Snettisham is unique in a couple of ways. It is rare in Norfolk that it is a beach facing West. However the unique geological nature of Snettisham is what attracts hundreds of thousands of migratory and transitory birds during the winter and autumn periods. High tides can push huge numbers of waders closer to where people can observe them.

During the year the bird population and diversity of what can be seen here will vary greatly, but species regularly seen here include little ringed plover, oystercatcher, golden plover, knot, bar-tailed godwit, sanderling, curlew, spotted redshank, pink-footed geese and peregrine falcon.

Snettisham pits were dug out during World War II in order to provide shingle that was used to build concrete runways as the American Bombers were too heavy to land on grass. The pits stretch for over 2.5 km and are split equally between the RSPB reserve and privately owned beach properties, including the Snettisham Beach Sailing Club.

Evidence of the operation is still visible today as the concrete roads made to transport the shingle are still used today by the residents to access their property. Whilst the roads are no longer used in the reserve, pieces of them line most of the length of the pits. One of the most distinctive landmarks left from the operation are the ruins of the jetty used to load the shingle on to boats so it could be transported across the country.

Public Access

There is a 2 km (approx) path to the reserve from the car park.

There is a circular walk around the reserve, with three hides. One, the Rotary Hide, was donated by the Rotary Clubs of East Anglia, and opened on 5 October 1997, by Bill Oddie.

This whole area 57.627 hectares are common land. Shingle collection rights belong to the inhabitants of Snettisham.

Pictures

References

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in England
Nature reserves in Norfolk
Coastal features of Norfolk

Snettisham RSPB reserve


Prince Senior first rank , son of Motosaki, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the late Edo period (1603–1868). He held a regent position kampaku from 1862 to 1863. His consort was Shimazu Kyoko, an adopted daughter of Shimazu Narioki, tenth head of Satsuma Domain. With her he had sons Tadafusa and Atsumaro, who was later adopted by Tadafusa as his son. He adopted a daughter of Shimazu Nariakira, named Atsuko or Atsuhime, who was a daughter of the Shimazu Imaizumi branch.  After adoption Atsuhime changed her name to Fujiwara no Fumiko, and later she became a consort of Tokugawa Iesada and took the name Tenshōin. Following the Meiji Restoration, he was granted the title of prince.

Honors
Translated from the article in the Japanese Wikipedia
Prince (1884)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (March 1885)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (26 September 1895)

Order of precedence
Senior fifth rank (26th day, second month of the 13th year of Bunka (1816))
Fourth rank (28th day, third month of the 13th year of Bunka (1816)
Senior fourth rank (28th day, 12th month of the 13th year of Bunka (1816))
Third rank (Seventh day, third month of the 14th year of Bunka (1817)
Senior third rank (11th day, eighth month of the fourth year of Bunsei (1821))
Second rank (16th day, third month of the sixth year of Bunsei (1823))
Senior second rank (Fourth day, sixth month of the seventh year of Bunsei (1824))
First rank (Fifth day, sixth month of the fifth year of Tenpo (1834), later entered Buddhist orders and was restored to the rank on the seventh day, sixth month of the second year of Bunkyu (1862))
Senior first rank (17 March 1904; posthumous)

References

1808 births
1898 deaths
Fujiwara clan
Kazoku
Konoe family

Konoe Tadahiro


Caesar's Camp is an Iron Age hill fort around 2,400 years old. It is located just in Crowthorne civil parish to the south of Bracknell in the English county of Berkshire. It falls within the Windsor Forest and is well wooded, although parts of the fort have now been cleared of some trees. The area is managed by the Forestry Commission but owned by Crown Estate, and is open and accessible to the public. The hill fort covers an area of about 17.2 acres (7 hectares) and is surrounded by a mile-long ditch, making it one of the largest in southern England.

Etymology
The origin of the name "Caesar's Camp" is unknown. However, the hill fort is close to the Roman road known as the Devil's Highway, and this may have led Medieval mapmakers to attribute the structure (wrongly) to the Romans.

History
Caesar's Camp is thought to have been established around 500–300BC. It is the only hill fort of its type that has been identified in east Berkshire. Because the area had a thick bed of sandstone beneath the top layers of soil, it was likely not suitable for farming – the community at Caesar's Camp was therefore dependent on the produce of neighbouring settlements. Caesar's Camp was therefore most likely used as an assembly point and a marketplace. Its huge outer walls and  dump rampart also suggest that it was used as a safe haven in case of attack.

Caesar's Camp appears to have fallen under the rule of Cunobelin, king of the Catuvellauni tribe in the first century AD from a coin discovered in the interior.   Soon after, the Romans invaded England; after this time, there is no evidence that Caesar's Camp continued to exist as an inhabited community.  A road from its south entrance was later built, connecting it to the Devil's Highway (Roman Britain). There is a small Roman settlement about halfway along this road, known as Wickham Bushes, which has yielded pottery and other Roman artifacts. The main Roman road connected Londinium with Calleva Atrebatum, the tribal capital of the Atrebates, about 10 miles to the west in Hampshire.

A redoubt roughly 40 m across in the fort is thought to be part of a defence line built in 1792 in preparation for the Napoleonic Wars.

Description

The layout consists of a number of steep banks and ditches in the shape of an oak leaf, enclosing a large flat area of a settlement. The main entrance is at its northern end (at the tip of the leaf) and is very well defended with multiple banks and a sinuous entrance road. The banks to the side of the entrance are very steep, guiding any entrants along the way. It is north of the Roman road known as the Devil's Highway
which connected Londinium to Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester). It is within the Crowthorne Woods part of Swinley Forest crown plantation and is located off Nine Mile Ride approximately  from the Look Out visitor centre. Much of the fort is covered by mature broadleaf and coniferous trees, although some of the spruce  plantation on the southern part of the fort has been cleared, and the ground reverted to heathland and scrub. On clear days, central Bracknell and Crowthorne, including Broadmoor hospital, are visible from its highest points. The camp falls within the Broadmoor to Bagshot Woods and Heaths Site of Special Scientific Interest, and forms part of the northern edge of the SSI. The zone protects numerous rare birds such as the woodlark and nightjar, as well as its diverse insect life and fauna.

It is an entirely hand-built complex. The camp has suffered significant erosion, both natural and man-made. Efforts have been made by Bracknell Forest Council to restore some of the natural parts.  A geophysical survey (examining the sub-structures) of 2 ha in the southern part of the fort was undertaken in 1995 before the restoration work. It found some evidence for sustained occupation and structures; the survey did find a ditch type anomaly within the western ramparts and a scatter of pit type anomalies.

1978 People's Free Festival
The site was reoccupied between 29 August and 8 September 1978, when it became the location of the last of the Windsor Free Festivals in 1978, after the forced removal of those attempting to attend the People's Free Festival, in Windsor Great Park, by police.

See also
Thames Basin Heaths

References

External links

Bracknell Forest Council
Caesar's Camp at the Digital Hillfort Project
Caesars camp at The Modern Antiquarian
Caesar's camp at The Megalithic Portal

Bracknell Forest
Hill forts in Berkshire
Counterculture festivals
Culture in Berkshire
1978 in England
Festivals in Berkshire

Caesar's Camp, Bracknell Forest


The men's 600 metre free rifle prone was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1924 Summer Olympics programme. It was the only appearance of the event. The competition was held on 27 June 1924 at the shooting ranges at Camp de Châlons, Mourmelon. 73 shooters from 19 nations competed.

Results
A maximum of four competitors per nation were allowed. Morris Fisher and Carl Osburn both set a new Olympic record with 95 rings.

References

External links
 Official Report

Shooting at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Men's 600m

Shooting at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 600 metre free rifle prone


A period 1 element is an element in the first period (row) of the periodic table. The periodic table is arranged in rows to show repeating properties of the elements. When the atomic number increases, the element have different properties. A new row begins when chemical properties repeat. It means that elements in the same group have similar properties. The first period has less elements than any other periods in the periodic table. There are only two elements in the first period: hydrogen and helium. We can explain why there is less elements in the first row in modern theories of atomic structure. This is because in quantum physics, this period fills up the 1s orbital. Period 1 elements follows the duet rule, they only need two electrons to complete their valence shell. These elements can only hold two electrons, both in the 1s orbital. Therefore, period 1 can have only two elements.

Periodic trends

As period 1 only has two elements, there are no remarkable periodic trends.

Position of period 1 elements in the periodic table
Although both hydrogen and helium are in the s-block, they do not behaves similarly to other s-block elements. There is argument over where these two elements should be placed in the periodic table.

Hydrogen
The position of hydrogen is sometimes above lithium, sometimes above carbon, sometimes above fluorine, sometimes above both lithium and fluorine (appearing two times), or float above the other elements and not belongs to any group in the periodic table.

Helium
The position of helium is almost always above neon (which is in the p-block) in the periodic table because it is a noble gas. However, sometimes the position of it is above beryllium because they have similar electron configuration.

Elements in period 1

Hydrogen

Hydrogen (symbol:H) is a chemical element. Its atomic number is 1. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen has no color, no smell and no taste. It belongs to nonmetal, and it is highly flammable. It is a diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Its atomic mass is 1.00794 amu, making hydrogen the lightest element.

Hydrogen is the most abundant of the chemical elements. The abundance of hydrogen is roughly 75%. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. However, there are less hydrogen on Earth. Therefore, hydrogen is industrially produced from hydrocarbons (e.g. methane). We use elemental hydrogen locally at the production site. The largest markets almost equally divided between fossil fuel upgrading, such as hydrocracking, and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen may be produced from water using the process of electrolysis, but this process is significantly more expensive commercially than hydrogen production from natural gas.

The most common naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, known as protium, has a single proton and no neutrons. In ionic compounds, it can take on either a positive charge, becoming a cation composed of a bare proton, or a negative charge, becoming an anion known as a hydride. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in water and most organic compounds. It plays a particularly important role in acid-base chemistry, in which many reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and spectrum of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

The interactions of hydrogen with various metals are very important in metallurgy, as many metals can suffer hydrogen embrittlement, and in developing safe ways to store it for use as a fuel. Hydrogen is highly soluble in many compounds composed of rare earth metals and transition metals and can be dissolved in both crystalline and amorphous metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the metal crystal lattice.

Helium

Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic chemical element that heads the noble gas series in the periodic table and whose atomic number is 2. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in extreme conditions.

Helium was discovered in 1868 by French astronomer Pierre Janssen, who first detected the substance as an unknown yellow spectral line signature in light from a solar eclipse. In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in the natural gas fields of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas. The substance is used in cryogenics, in deep-sea breathing systems, to cool superconducting magnets, in helium dating, for inflating balloons, for providing lift in airships, and as a protective gas for industrial uses such as arc welding and growing silicon wafers. Inhaling a small volume of the gas temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice. The behavior of liquid helium-4's two fluid phases, helium I and helium II, is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics and the phenomenon of superfluidity in particular, and to those looking at the effects that temperatures near absolute zero have on matter, such as with superconductivity.

Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most abundant in the observable universe. Most helium was formed during the Big Bang, but new helium is being created as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen in stars. On Earth, helium is relatively rare and is created by the natural decay of some radioactive elements because the alpha particles that are emitted consist of helium nuclei. This radiogenic helium is trapped with natural gas in concentrations of up to seven percent by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called fractional distillation.

References

Further reading

Periodic table

Period 1 element


Homer Norman Wallin (December 6, 1893 – March 6, 1984) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy, best known for his salvage of ships sunk in the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Biography
Wallin was born in Washburn, North Dakota. Following brief attendance at the University of North Dakota and a year in the state National Guard, he was appointed to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1913. He graduated in March 1917 and was commissioned in the rank of Ensign. During most of World War I, he served in the battleship . In September 1918, he was transferred to the navy's Construction Corps and was sent to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for postgraduate education in naval architecture.

After receiving his Master of Science degree in 1921, Wallin served for four years at the New York Navy Yard. He was assigned to the Bureau of Construction and Repair in Washington, D.C., in 1925 to 1929. Over the following decade he had successive tours at the Mare Island and Philadelphia Navy Yards and at the Bureau of Construction and Repair (redesignated the Bureau of Ships in 1940).  During this time, Wallin met and married his wife Elizabeth, and had two children, son Homer Norman, Jr. and daughter Susan Ann.

In 1941, Captain Wallin became material officer for commander, Battle Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, and was serving in that position when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Early in the following year, he was placed in charge of the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard's Salvage Division. Through most of 1942, he directed the Pearl Harbor ship salvage effort, a huge task that enabled the navy to recover the use of three sunken battleships. From November 1942 to August 1943, he was force maintenance officer for the South Pacific Force, then spent a few months at the Bureau of Ships. Rear Admiral Wallin was supervisor of shipbuilding and inspector of ordnance at Seattle and commander of the naval station at Tacoma, Washington, beginning in October 1943.

Post-World War II Career

Following World War II, Wallin commanded the Philadelphia and Norfolk Naval Shipyards. In February 1951, he became chief of the Bureau of Ships, a post he held until August 1953, when he took command of the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. He retired from active service on 1 May 1955 and was simultaneously advanced to the rank of vice admiral on the basis of his combat awards.

In 1968, retired Vice Admiral Wallin published a memoir of his service, especially the Pearl Harbor salvage operations, titled Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal.

Vice Admiral Homer N. Wallin died on 6 March 1984. He is interred at Willamette National Cemetery, Portland, Oregon.

Decorations

References

1893 births
1984 deaths
People from McLean County, North Dakota
Military personnel from North Dakota
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
University of North Dakota alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
United States Navy engineering officers
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
American people of Swedish descent
Burials at Willamette National Cemetery

Homer N. Wallin


Bhavatarini Shmashanpith Kali Temple  is a popular Hindu temple located in Balidangri, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, near Balidangri Primary School in Panskura block. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Kangsabati River, the presiding deity of the temple is Bhavatarini Kali, an aspect of Goddress Kali.

History
Once it was a cremation ground for the local Hindus. About fifty years ago Late Bhutanath Pradhan, who was the Headmaster of Balidungri Primary School, started to pray at night to Maa Bhavatarini and later Late Bishnu Rana also joined with him. At last Sri Paran Manna took initiative to organise everything to give this place a shape to gather and celebrate holy occasions.

Architecture
A temple was constructed in 1994.

Festivals
Rathyatra and Hindu weddings are celebrated in this place.

References

Hindu temples in Panskura
Kali temples
Shaktism

Bhavatarini Shmashanpith Kali Temple


Erik Morales vs. Marco Antonio Barrera, billed as Campeón vs. Campeón, was a professional boxing bout between the WBO super bantamweight champion Marco Antonio Barrera and WBC super bantamweight champion Erik Morales. It took place on February 19, 2000, at the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. Morales won the contest by split decision, with two judges scoring it 114-113 and 115-112 for Morales and the other scoring it 114-113 for Barrera. The fight was named The Ring Magazine 2000 Fight of the Year and has been regarded as the best fight ever by many.

The fight is the first match in the highly regarded Barrera vs. Morales trilogy. This is also regarded as the most technical fight out of the lot. Many people thought that Barrera should have had the victory and was a very controversial decision, which set up Érik Morales vs Marco Antonio Barrera II on June 22, 2002, which Barrera won by Unanimous decision in again, controversial fashion

The fight was televised on HBO's "Boxing after Dark" programme.

Critics have provided highly positive reviews from this fight. Barrera was the underdog at bookmakers for this fight with some pushing him as up to 5/1 to win the fight and Morales towards evens

Background
Barrera had been the WBO super bantamweight champion in the mid 1990s. Morales, from his part, was undefeated and he had won the WBC super bantamweight title, knocking out Daniel Zaragoza (being the first person to do so) in eleven rounds in 1997. Promoters soon began arrangements for a bout between the WBC and WBO super bantamweight title holders.

Morales' record was 35–0 and he had defeated big names including Junior Jones, who defeated Barrera twice in 1996 and 97. He won his title in 1997 and had made 8 defenses prior to this fight. Barrera's only 2 losses came against Junior Jones, once by DQ and the other UD. He won his title by defeating Richie Wenton by 4th round TKO on October 31, 1998 and had made 2 defenses prior to this.

The Fight
The first round began with Barrera throwing combinations, leading with his trademark left hook to the body. Morales's lanky, tall frame providing a perfect target against which to test Marco's attack. Barrera is fierce, while Morales stands his ground, throwing back punishing combos, using his killer right hand to punctuate them. After the referee cautions Morales on a seemingly low blow towards the end of the round, Barrera refuses to touch gloves to Morales's apology. Round two begins at a slightly slower pace, but soon picks it up. The combos start flowing from Barrera, while Morales deems it wise to counter Marco's violent onslaught by being even more violent himself.  A particularly impressive combo from Barrera starts with the jab, followed by the right hand cross, and then the left hand uppercut that pushes upwards and backwards Morales's head. Barrera won rounds one and two clearly, since Morales is still struggling to match his opponent's level of intensity. Great counterpunching by Barrera in round three; when Morales plunges in, he gets caught with Barrera's left hook to the body, which stops him temporarily in his tracks. However, when "El Terrible" reacts, he comes back even fiercer, throwing three punch combinations to the head, taking a step to the side, and doing it again. All the while Barrera keeps his defense up and then goes on the attack himself. In round four, Morales lands a huge right hand on Barrera, and then falls victim to his own over-enthusiasm, as he loses balance while trying to land heavy shots, and hits the floor on a slip. Barrera quickly recovers.  There's a sense that Barrera's experience is carrying him through, while Morales is still trying to adapt to being on such a big stage with such a highly skilled enemy in the ring. As they trade ripping shots after three minutes, round four goes to Morales. And then, there was round five.

This is as epic a round as any in boxing history in which neither fighter hit the canvas. Barrera hurts Morales with a flush right hand, who steps back against the ropes, and then fights Marco off.  Toward the middle of the round, it's Morales who takes the initiative, landing all sorts of hooks and uppercuts on Barrera, making him step back. Barrera looks hurt, since Morales is able to throw over 20 punches with hardly any reply, even as Barrera still has his hands held up blocking some shots. After the half-minute attack by Morales, when Barrera was almost against the ropes, something suddenly lights up in him. Marco throws a hook to the body, steps around Morales, and sends him back against the ropes after landing a monstrous right hand flush on Erik's face. He lands a series of ripping punches which hurt Morales not only by their power, but by their unexpectedness. As there's still a full minute to go in the round, the Mandalay Bay erupts.

After a little breather by both, Morales starts his attack again. Later, Barrera lands a punch after the referee had indicated a break. Marco does not even attempt an apology. The ten second warning gives new life to the fighters, as they trade shots once more. But back in the action, at the start of six, the pace slows down some. It just had to. But not for long, as Morales takes the initiative once again, and keeps punishing Barrera with his powerful right hand. The previous round seems to have taken more out of Marco than of Erik. In round seven, we again see Barrera's masterful left hook to the body, which surprises Morales and makes him step back. The commentator mentions in passing that these guys' punches probably hurt "like the kick of a mule." Uppercuts by Marco, uppercuts from Morales. The fighters are more stationary now, inside an imaginary phone booth. They may not move around as much, but there's still punches aplenty. Morales's back hits the ropes as Barrera punches him square in the face with the right, but then Terrible comes on, throwing hooks and killer uppercuts to fight Barrera off. Wow. Barrera looks more tired than Morales at this point. He is the more experienced and probably the more skilled of these two, but he is also the older one. Nevertheless, he lands at least three major punches on Morales as the round ends.

In round eight Morales seems to be more active, but both land serious blows. Barrera's edge on experience comes to light towards the end of the round, as if by reflex, when he tries to steal the round with a wild barrage of punches, the stronger of which land cleanly on Morales. Erik looks somewhat frustrated in round nine. He has thrown everything he has at Barrera, and still Marco is the one who momentarily stuns Terrible within the first minute. The rest of the round, Morales plays catch up, trying to pull ahead by overworking Barrera.  Erik tries his looping, hard right hand over the top, which he may have picked up on his win over living Mexican legend Daniel Zaragoza, in what was his biggest win at the time. Barrera may still have stolen the round in the final seconds with his violent, commonly late rally. In round ten it's more of the same, which means we get some more intense action. Barrera may be fading a little, but he remains game, always ready to punish Morales when he becomes too careless. Barrera looks weak on the legs towards the last minute, but then comes back and almost drops Morales. Terrible fights back though, punching wildly at Barrera to back him off. This is one of those fights that should go on until only one man is left standing. This kind of fight should not have to be decided by something as irrelevant as three scorecards. Round eleven is Morales's round, as he outworks Barrera, landing big right hands that stun Marco. Still, Barrera counterpunches, going strong against Morales's body, making him bend a little more noticeably in pain as he feels those hooks to the ribs. But Morales was the busier fighter in this round. In between rounds, we get a close up of Barrera's face, which shows a cut below the left eye, product of Morales's hard straight right hands.

As the final round begins, they touch gloves at the center of the ring. Barrera nods in acknowledgment of Terrible's performance so far. It's nothing but respect between these two at these point. But respect quickly turns to urgency from both fighters. As the commentators speak of the possibility, and probably the fairness, of the bout being scored a draw, Barrera and Morales trade vicious shots, as if trying to avoid the fight going the distance. They sense the scores are close, and they sense the end is near, but neither wants to leave anything to chance. They both want the knockout. It's Barrera who lands more and better punches after the initial whirlwind of activity. Morales steps back and decides to box a little all of a sudden. Marco's punches must feel even harder than they seem. Terrible gets his confidence back, goes on the offensive, and Marco plays counterpuncher. He uses his experience to win the territorial battle, trading shots when he wants to. Barrera hurts Morales with 45 seconds left. He lands one of his left hooks on Morales's chin, who backs up against the ropes. Morales holds on though, the ropes support him, and then he quickly steps to the side, trying to slip and duck while Marco is on the attack. Erik survives. He's still standing. He's still moving. Then, the referee decides to stir up controversy, as he rules a knockdown on what was mostly a slip by Morales with half a minute to go. Erik, who shows an abrasion and blood below his right eye, can't believe it. As the referee does the count, an upset Erik shakes his head. When the action resumes, Morales is on speed. Time is running out, and he just lost a point on the fake knockdown. So he throws his favorite punch, the straight right, wish lands flush on Barrera's face. He smothers Barrera with activity. Eighteen seconds left on the clock as Barrera fights Morales off with his left hand. They exchange punches mercilessly until the final bell.

Aftermath
The fighters would go on to fight twice more (Erik Morales vs Marco Antonio Barrera II on June 22, 2002 and Erik Morales vs Marco Antonio Barrera III on November 27, 2004). Barrera won them both. This exceptional fight boosted both fighters careers and they won numerous world titles. Both of them retired in 2012. The fight has been branded as the best fight ever by many.

Boxing matches
Boxing on HBO
February 2000 sports events in the United States
2000 in sports in Nevada
2000 in boxing

Erik Morales vs. Marco Antonio Barrera I