Sarah Bear Elizabeth Wishnevsky (born September 22, 1971) is an American author who works primarily in speculative fiction genres, writing under the name Elizabeth Bear. She won the 2005 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer, the 2008 Hugo Award for Best Short Story for "Tideline", and the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "Shoggoths in Bloom". She is one of a small number of writers who have gone on to win multiple Hugo Awards for fiction after winning the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer (the others include C. J. Cherryh, Orson Scott Card, Spider Robinson, Ted Chiang and Mary Robinette Kowal).

Life and career

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Bear studied English and anthropology at the University of Connecticut but did not graduate. She worked as a technical writer, stable hand, reporter and held various office jobs. She sold a few stories in the 1990s and began writing seriously in 2001.

Bear's first novel, Hammered, was published in January 2005 and was followed by Scardown in July and Worldwired in November of the same year. The trilogy features Canadian Master Warrant Officer Jenny Casey, who is also the main character in the short story "Gone to Flowers". Hammered won the Locus Award for Best First Novel in 2006.

The Chains That You Refuse, a collection of her short fiction, was published May 2006 by Night Shade Books. Blood and Iron, the first book in the fantasy series entitled "The Promethean Age", debuted June 27, 2006. She is also a coauthor of the ongoing Shadow Unit website/pseudo-TV series.

In 2008, she donated her archive to the department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Northern Illinois University.

She is an instructor at the Viable Paradise writer's workshop and has taught at Clarion West Writers Workshop.

The opening quote in Criminal Minds episode "Lauren" (6.18) was a direct quote of the second and third lines of Bear's book Seven for a Secret: "The secret to lying is to believe with all your heart. That goes for lying to yourself even more than lying to another."

She is one of the regular panelists on podcast SF Squeecast, which won the 2012 and 2013 Hugo Awards for "Best Fancast".

Bear married novelist Scott Lynch in October 2016.

In 2021, Bear announced that she had been diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer.

Bibliography

Novels

 Carnival (November 2006, Bantam Spectra)
 Undertow (August 2007, Bantam Spectra)
 Bone and Jewel Creatures (novella) (2010, Subterranean Press)

The Jenny Casey trilogy
 Hammered (January 2005, Bantam Spectra)
 Scardown (July 2005, Bantam Spectra)
 Worldwired (November 2005, Bantam Spectra)

The Promethean Age
 Blood and Iron (June 2006, ROC)
 Whiskey and Water (July 2007, ROC)
 The Stratford Man:
 Volume I: Ink and Steel (July 2008, ROC)
 Volume II: Hell and Earth (August 2008, ROC)
 One Eyed Jack (November 2013, Prime Books)

Jacob's Ladder trilogy
 Dust (December 2007, Spectra)
 Chill (February 2010, Spectra)
 Grail (February 2011, Spectra)

The Edda of Burdens
 All the Windwracked Stars (November 2008, Tor)
 By the Mountain Bound (November 2009, Tor)
 The Sea thy Mistress (February 2011, Tor)

The Iskryne series
 A Companion to Wolves, co-written with Sarah Monette (October 2007, Tor)
 The Tempering of Men, co-written with Sarah Monette (August 2011, Tor)
 An Apprentice to Elves, co-written with Sarah Monette (June 25, 2015, Tor)

New Amsterdam series
 New Amsterdam (May 2007, Subterranean Press)
 Seven for a Secret (novella; March 2009, Subterranean Press)
 The White City (novella; 2011, Subterranean Press)
 Ad Eternum (novella; February 2012, Subterranean Press)
 Garrett Investigates (November 2012, Subterranean Press)

Eternal Sky Trilogy
 Range of Ghosts (March 2012, Tor Books)
 Shattered Pillars (2013, Tor Books)
 Steles of the Sky (2014, Tor Books)

The Lotus Kingdoms
 The Stone in the Skull (2017, Tor Books)
The Red-Stained Wings (2019, Tor Books)
The Origin of Storms (2022, Tor Books)

Karen Memory
 Karen Memory (2015, Tor-Forge)
 Stone Mad (2018, Tor-Forge)

White Space
 Ancestral Night (2018, Gallery / Saga Press)
 Machine (2020, Gallery / Saga Press)

Short fiction
Collections
 The Chains That You Refuse (May 2006, Night Shade Books)
 Shoggoths in Bloom (October 2012, Prime Books)
Short stories

 "Okay, Glory" in Twelve Tomorrows (2018, MIT Press).
  Reprinted in Mash Up: Stories Inspired by Famous First Lines, 2016
 "The Heart's Filthy Lesson" in Old Venus (2015, Bantam Books).
 "This Chance Planet" at Tor.com, October, 2014.
"In the House of Aryaman, a Lonely Signal Burns" in Asimov's Science Fiction, January 2012. Reprinted in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Thirtieth Annual Collection. Copy online
 "King Pole, Gallows Pole, Bottle Tree" in Naked City: New Tales of Urban Fantasy (2010, St. Martin's Press).
 "The Horrid Glory of Its Wings" at Tor.com, December 2009.
 "Swell" in Eclipse Three (2009, Night Shade Books).
 "Mongoose" (with Sarah Monette) in Lovecraft Unbound (2009, Dark Horse Comics. Reprinted in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Twenty-Seventh Annual Collection)
 "The Red in the Sky Is Our Blood" in METAtropolis (2009, Subterranean Press).
 "Snow Dragons" in Subterranean Magazine, Summer 2009.
 "Two Dreams on a Train" reprinted in Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology, 2009.
 "Inelastic Collisions" in Inferno (2009, Tor Books).
 "The Girl Who Sang Rose Madder" at Tor.com, September 2008.
 "Boojum" (with Sarah Monette) in Fast Ships, Black Sails (2008, Night Shade Books).
 "Shoggoths in Bloom" in Asimov's Science Fiction, March 2008.
 "Sonny Liston Takes the Fall" in The Del Rey Book of Science Fiction and Fantasy (2008, Del Rey).
 "Your Collar" in Subterranean Magazine, 2008.
 "Annie Webber" in Nature, 2008.
 "Hobnoblin Blues" in Realms of Fantasy, February 2008.
 "The Ladies" in Coyote Wild, December 2007.
 "Black Is the Color" in Subterranean Magazine, Summer 2007.
 "Matte" in Fictitious Force, 2007.
 "The Rest of Your Life in a Day" in Jim Baen's Universe, October 2007.
 "Cryptic Coloration" in Jim Baen's Universe, June 2007.
 "Tideline" in Asimov's Science Fiction, June 2007.
 "Limerant" in Subterranean Magazine #6 (2007, Subterranean Press)
 "Abjure the Realm" in Coyote Wild, Winter 2007.
 "War Stories" in Jim Baen's Universe, February 2007.
 "Something Dreaming Game" in Fast Forward 1 (2007, Prometheus Books)
 "Orm the Beautiful" in Clarkesworld Magazine, January 2007.
 "Love Among the Talus" in Strange Horizons, December 11, 2006.
 "Lucifugous" in Subterranean Magazine #5 (2006, Subterranean Press).
 "Follow Me Light" reprinted in Best New Paranormal Romance (November 2006) and Year's Best Fantasy and Horror (September 2006)
 "Sounding" in Strange Horizons, September 18, 2006.
 "Two Dreams on Trains" reprinted in Year's Best Science Fiction #23 (July 2006).
 "Wax" reprinted in Fantasy: The Best of the Year 2006 edition (June 2006)
 "Ile of Dogges" (with Sarah Monette) in Aeon 7, 2006
 "Dos Sueños con Trenes" ["Two Dreams on Trains", Spanish-language version] in Cuasar #42, Marzo 2006
 "The Inevitable Heat Death of the Universe" in Subterranean Magazine #4 (2006, Subterranean Press)
 "The Cold Blacksmith" in Jim Baen's Universe, June 2006
 "Gone to Flowers" (2006) in Eidolon I (ed. Jonathan Strahan, Jeremy G. Byrne)
 "Los Empujadores Furioso" On Spec, Winter 2006
 "Wane" in Interzone #203 Mar/Apr 2006
 "Wax" in Interzone #201 Nov/Dec 2005
 "Long Cold Day" in Sci Fiction, September 21, 2005
 "House of the Rising Sun" in The Third Alternative #42, Summer 2005
 "And the Deep Blue Sea" in Sci Fiction, May 4, 2005
 "One-Eyed Jack and the Suicide King" in Lenox Avenue, March–April 2005
 "Botticelli" at The Agony Column, February 2005
 "Two Dreams on Trains" in Strange Horizons, January 3, 2005
 "Follow Me Light" in Sci Fiction, January 12, 2005
 "When You Visit the Magoebaskloof Hotel, Be Certain Not to Miss the Samango Monkeys" in Interzone 195, Nov/Dec 2004
 "Seven Dragons Mountains" in All-Star Zeppelin Adventure Stories, Wheatland Press, October 2004 (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
 "Sleeping Dogs Lie" in Flytrap, November 2004
 "Ice (Lod)" (Polish-language version) in Nowa Fantastyka #7 (Summer 2004)
 "Old Leatherwings" in Lenox Avenue, July 2004
 "This Tragic Glass" in Sci Fiction, April 7, 2004 (YBSF Honorable Mention, James Tiptree, Jr. Award long list)
 "The Chains That You Refuse" in Chiaroscuro, April 2004
 "Speak!" in On Spec, Winter 2003
 "Tiger! Tiger!" in the anthology Shadows Over Baker Street (Del Rey, September 2003)
 "Ice" in the April 2003 issue of Ideomancer
 "The Dying of the Light" (with Amber van Dyk) in the April 2003 issue of the Fortean Bureau (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
 An excerpt from "Hammered" appeared in the Summer 2003 issue of Harpur Palate
 "The Company of Four" in Scheherazade issue #20
 "The Devil You Don't" in Amberzine 11

Poetry
 "Li Bai Drowns While Embracing the Moon" in Not One of Us, Issue 42.
 "Seven Steeds" in Lone Star Stories, Issue 29, Oct. 2008.
 "e.e. 'doc' cummings" in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, March 2003.

Essays
 "We'll Make Great Pets" in Chicks Dig Time Lords (2010, Mad Norwegian Press)

Reception
Annalee Newitz of io9 wrote that Bear "is famous for combining high-octane military/spy tales with eccentric and subversive subplots".

Awards
 2005 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer
 2006 Locus Award for Best First Novel for Hammered/Scardown/Worldwired
 2008 Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for Best Short Science Fiction for "Tideline"
 2008 Hugo Award for Best Short Story for "Tideline"
 2009 Hugo Award for Best Novelette for "Shoggoths in Bloom"
 2009 Gaylactic Spectrum Award for Best Novel for The Stratford Man (Ink and Steel and Hell and Earth)
 2012 Audie Award for Best Original Work for "Metatropolis: Cascadia"
 2012 Hugo Award for Best Fancast for SF Squeecast
 2013 Hugo Award for Best Fancast for SF Squeecast
 2013 Locus Award for Best Collection for Shoggoths in Bloom
 2021 Neffy Award for Best Novel (tie) for Machine

References

External links

 Interview at Clarkesworld Magazine, May 2010
 Interview at SFRevu.com, April 2019

 Elizabeth Bear at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Elizabeth Bear stories available free online

1971 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American women writers
American LGBT novelists
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
American women short story writers
Asimov's Science Fiction people
Hugo Award-winning writers
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer winners
Novelists from Connecticut
University of Connecticut alumni
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut

Elizabeth Bear


Uthralikkavu Pooram (ഉത്രാളിക്കാവ്) is a festival held at Shri Rudhiramahakalikav (ശ്രീ രുധിരമഹാകാളികാവ്) temple situated at Wadakkanchery in Thalappilly taluk of Thrissur district in Kerala, South India. The temple is famed for its Pooram festival held during February / March every year. It is considered as the second highest crowded pooram after Thrissur Pooram

The temple
Uthralikkavu Temple is some two kilometres north of Wadakkanchery on the Kodungallore-Shoranur state highway. Just aside the Thrissur - Shoranur Railway line, amidst the paddy fields and surrounded by a chain of highlands and hills, the temple compound forms a rather arena-like stage where the Pooram and its associated features such as elephant procession, fireworks, percussion orchestra etc. would be held. Despite the fact that the temple is rather small in size compared to its counterparts in Kerala and that it is located at an isolated rural part of the district, during the festival season, the temple and the village raises to media attraction and news fame.

The festival

The Uthralikkavu festival is conducted during early summer every year. The festival flag-hoisting (kodiyettam കൊടിയേറ്റം) takes place on the second Tuesday of Kumbha (കുംഭമാസം), the month of the Malayalam Kollam era. (This is the same day that another important local festival, Machad Mamangam(മച്ചാട് മാമാങ്കം), takes place. Towards the end of following seven days, on next Tuesday, as part of the valedictory functions, the actual Pooram is conducted.

Pooram is a Kerala Hindu ritual festival in which generally caparisoned elephants are led in a controlled and organized procession. At Uthralikkavu Pooram, three teams, each from neighboring village temples Enkakkad, Kumaranellur and Wadakanchery participate. Each team normally presents seven to eleven elephants, all decorated with traditional trunk masks (netippaTTam നെറ്റിപ്പട്ടം), shields (aalavaTTamആലവട്ടം) and fans(veNchaamaram വെൺചാമരം). The elephant positioned at the middle will also have a large plaque (thiTamp തിടമ്പ് or kOlam കോലം)on its top which represents the deity. There are many festivals in kerala used to celebrate like this. Some of them are Thrissur Pooram, Nenmara Vallangi Vela, Arattupuzha pooram, chinakathur pooram etc.

Apart from the elephant procession, at Uthralikkavu, there also held are Kuthira Vela (a procession with wooden horse) and a variety of such other events dedicated by various communities.
One of the crucial components of pooram is the set of percussion orchestra (Panchavadyam, Melam etc.). Particularly, 'naTappura' (നടപ്പുര) panchavadyam is a noteworthy session of percussion performance by the leading Panchavadyam artists of Central Kerala.

Fireworks
It is the second biggest fireworks after Nenmara Vallangi Vela. The most spectacular show during the Pooram is the magnificent and thunderous fireworks that takes place twice. One during the evening 4 pm on the pooram day and the other during the early morning hours of succeeding day (typically at 4:00 am). The fireworks is of a class of its own among such fireworks shows of Kerala temple festivals. The peculiar landscape (of being a low valley surrounded by many hills) adds extra reverberation and reinforcement to the already well-engineered explosive sounds produced. The show is enjoyed by tens of thousands of people gathered from various parts of the state. Nenmara Vallangi Vela is also celebrated like poorams and it is famous for the fireworks (Vedikkettu).

References

Festivals in Thrissur district
Elephant festivals in Kerala

Uthralikavu Pooram


Light Soup is a local indigenous soup of the Akan people  of Ghana. Originally formulated as a 'Tomatoes-Base Sea Fish Light Soup' called 'Nkra Nkra(or Aklor)' for fishermen at the coast of Accra, but over the course of time it evolved into a soup prepared with both 'fish and goat-meat', or 'fish and lamb-meat', or 'fish and beef', or 'exclusively the meat of the livestock of choice', and of which the GaDangmes(or Gas) call 'Toolo Wonu', but their neighbouring 'Akans' call 'Aponkye Nkrakra'. The delicious local indigenous 'Light Soup' of the GaDangme(or Ga) people paved the way for the formulation of GaDangme(or Ga) MEALS such as: (1) 'Komi Ke Aklo(or Aklor), Garnished With Cooked Blended Okro', (2) 'Banku Ke Aklo(or Aklor), Garnished With Cooked Blended Okro', (3) 'Yele(Chops of Boiled-Yam) Ke Aklo(or Aklor)', (4) etc., and similar meals of the 'Toolo Wonu' version, and to name a few: (1) 'Yele(Chops of Boiled-Yam) Ke Toolo Wonu', (2) 'Atomo(Chops of Boiled-Potatoes) Ke Toolo Wonu', (3) etc.

Mode of serving
It can be served with Fufu, Banku, kokonte, boiled rice or yam. Boiled okro can be added to it.

Ingredients
The ingredients include tomatoes, tomato paste, chili peppers, onion, salt, ginger, garden eggs, and dry or salted fish and/or meat.

Method of preparation
Lightsoup is prepared by steaming fish or meat with seasonings, onion, garlic and ginger in a saucepan. Tomato paste is then added. Chili peppers, garden eggs and tomatoes are boiled, blended and added to the saucepan. Water is added to bring the soup to its desired thickness. More onions and tomatoes are added, then blended, and the soup is left to simmer. It is then served with dishes like fufu, banku, or konkonte.

See also

 Ghanaian cuisine
 List of soups

References

External links

 Video: How to Prepare Lightsoup

Soups
Ghanaian cuisine
National dishes
Okra dishes
Spicy foods

Light Soup


Tania Khalill (stage name Tânia Calil Padis Campos, July 8, 1977 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian actress.

Biography

Emiliano is the daughter of a pediatrician and psychologist Terezinha Campos Campos Calil (the Calil's name, she turned into Khalill), São Paulo, created in the neighborhood of Partridges, is the second of three daughters, descendants of Spaniards and Lebanese.

As a teenager he studied Brazilian Baptist College. In 2000, Tania graduated in psychology at the University Mackenzie, because his family was important to go to college, but has never practiced the craft.

Tania practiced ballet for 16 years, between 6 and 22 years, danced professionally for five in the Paulista Dance Company, formed by the classical ballet dancer Paula Castro, lived for five months in Cuba to study at the National School Ballet of Cuba, one of the most respected in the world. He also starred in advertising campaigns, although part of the casting of the Elite modeling agency, has never walked the catwalks.

To improve as a dancer, sought inspiration in the theater and found a new vocation, was increasingly embarking on the path of dramatic art, leaving the dance side. Stepped in the first seven years, representing a play Juliet in the school, decided to invest in the career of actress, studied drama for seven years, graduated from Carmina Actors School and passed the courses Beto Silveira, Theatre-Macunaíma school, also attended the course in television and theater professionals in the studio for Wolf Maya and the Theatre Workshop of Interpretation for Oswaldo Boaretto for five years. The movie made the course of the Great Azevedo and Márcio Mehiel. Tania also studied speech and presentation by SENAC TV.

In 2002 premiered on television in the supporting cast of the soap opera, Sabor da Paixão. In 2004 he participated in the show Galera, TV Cultura, a history teacher making and interprets it the first character of their prominence, the samba Nalva Ferrari in the novel Senhora do Destino, of Aguinaldo Silva, a role that was rumored to Scheila Carvalho and Luma de Oliveira. In 2006, Nikki Ortega lived, a heel in Cobras & Lagartos. In 2008, participated in serious Casos e Acasos and Guerra e Paz. In 2009, around the novels, playing the passionate Duda in Caminho das Índias.

On stage, debuted in 1995 with a piece of Naum Alves. Since then he has staged works by Nelson Rodrigues, Short Comedy by Luís Fernando Veríssimo and directed by Wolf Maya, The Suitcase, by Larry Shue and directed by Isser Koriki, along with José Rubens Chachá. In 2002, he participated in SCYSD short film, a film course design at Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado (FAAP) in 2005 joined the cast of another short, The Opposite Sex, under the direction of Hudson Glauber Finally in 2009, participates in the short Innocent directed by Thiago Luciano and Bob Shultz, who was at the 13th International Film Festival Latino in Los Angeles, United States.

It was the cover of magazines: Boa Forma, Claudia, Manequim, Corpo a Corpo, among others. Sensual held for VIP magazine, with cover of the publication in September 2004, was still present in the list of one hundred sexiest women in the world in the same magazine that year was also considered one of the 25 sexiest women in the annual ranking of the journal This is People in 2004 and 2009. She refused the invitation of men's magazine Playboy to pose nude.

In 2010 Great Little attended the show, the children's musical based on the book was titled CD released by Jair Oliveira in 2009 and was nominated for a Grammy Latino in the same year. We recently debuted the piece ?, with text by Mario Viana and opposite Dalton Vigh.

In 2010 the actress involved with a children's project, launched in October, Acampamento de Férias 2 - A Arvore da Vida, where he plays Debora. In the movie, the actress will work with Murilo Rosa and Isaiah Washington in the sci-fi Area Q, a co-production between Brazil and the United States, which deals with the appearance of aliens in Quixadá and Quixeramobim, Ceará cities. She will live Valkyrie, a reporter at the service of self-interested superpower. The movie is directed by Gerson Sanginitto Halder Gomes and production of the recordings take place in Ceará and Los Angeles.

In 2011 was in the telenovela Fina Estampa, playing the teacher Letícia. In 2012 interpreted the turquoise Ayla in the telenovela Salve Jorge of Glória Perez.

Personal life
On December 10, 2005, married the singer Jair Oliveira, who in childhood was part of the group Turma do Balão Mágico, known then as Jairzinho in the church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help in São Paulo, officiating a marriage that lasted four years, she met her husband when he sang in a bar in São Paulo. Jair Before, she had three boyfriends long. The couple have two daughters, Isabella, born July 10, 2007 in São Luiz hospital, and Laura born March 5, 2011 in São Luiz hospital, as well as his sister.

References

Other websites

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian actors

Tania Khalill


Chauchilla Cemetery is a cemetery that has prehistoric remains of prehispanics. Their bodies, which are mummified, contain artifacts. The cemetery is  south of the city of Nazca in Peru.

History

The cemetery was discovered in the 1920s. However, it was last used in the 9th century. The cemetery has a lot of very important burials that happened over a period of 600 to 700 years. The cemetery was first used around the year 200. This cemetery is a very important source of archaeology to Nazca culture. Because the cemetery was damaged a long time ago, it was protected by Peruvian law in 1997. Tourists pay around seven U.S. dollars for a two-hour tour of the cemetery.

Preservation of the bodies
The bodies inside the cemetery have been preserved which is probably because of the dry climate in the Peruvian Desert. However, the funeral rites were also an important factor. The bodies had clothes on them which were made of cotton and were painted with a resin. They were bought in the cemetery, which was built from mud bricks. The resin was thought to have kept out insects and slowed bacteria from feeding on the bodies.

Estaquería, a nearby cemetery, may have given clues to show how the bodies were preserved. At Estaquería, archaeologists have found wooden pillars which was first thought to have been used for astronomical sightings. However, it is not thought that those posts were used to dry the bodies. This was a mummification process. This clue helped archaeologists to understand why these thousand-year-old bodies still had their hair and some soft tissue, like skin, still attached to them.

References

History of Peru
Cemeteries
1st millennium buildings and structures

Chauchilla Cemetery


Chasseur de primes is a Lucky Luke adventure written by Goscinny and illustrated by Morris. It is the thirty-ninth book in the series and it was originally published in French in 1972 and in English by Cinebook in 2010 as The Bounty Hunter.

Plot
Following a short introduction on the general status of bounty hunters in the Old West, we get introduced to the titular character, Elliot Belt, a notorious and unscrupulous representative of his trade.

Lucky Luke decides to find His Highness, a prime stallion belonging to wealthy horse rancher Bronco Fortworth to avoid the risk of an injustice. But Fortworth, convinced that the Cheyenne Wet Blanket (a former farmhand of his) is the thief, launches a wanted notice and a reward of 100,000 dollars to who will bring the Indian. Belt is interested in the offer ande repeatedly offers Lucky Luke to join, but the lone cowboy declines his offer.

While Luke seeks to find Wet Blanket first, fearing that this hunt could lead to an Indian war, Elliot Belt is obsessed with the reward he could receive. He brings together several other bounty hunters to attack the Cheyenne village and find Wet Blanket. This incident nearly causes an Indian war and gets Luke captured by the Cheyenne, but Wet Blanket, proclaiming his innocence, frees Luke, interrupts the war before it can begin, and willingly agrees to stand trial. A protest by Fortworth and the bounty hunters is deflected by Luke, and when Belt kidnaps the Indian to collect the bounty, Wet Blanket simply walks away when the other bounty hunters ambush Belt, and is collected by Luke.

On the way back to the town of Cheyenne Pass, where the trial is to be held, Luke and Wet Blanket discover His Highness in the wild, and bring him along to the courthouse. Another dramatic change takes place when Thelma, Fortworth's estranged wife, comes to testify at the trial and admits that it was she who released the stallion, jealous of the affection that Fortworth had for the animal. The Fortworth couple, who had separated, reconciles. Wet Blanket is exonerated, and Fortworth gives the reward to the Cheyennes.

As Luke leaves the court, Belt attempts to kill him for revenge, but his plan fails. Upon seizing him, Luke learns that Belt is wanted for "trying to cause an Indian war". Instead of delivering him to the sheriff, Luke persuades the latter to release Belt; but in turn, the federal warrant is still posted, leaving Belt to be chased by bounty hunters himself. The story ends with the Cheyenne using Fortworth's money to open an amusement park.

Notes
 Elliot Belt's appearance is an obvious nod on Lee Van Cleef, particularly his acting roles as merciless bounty hunter.
The scene where Elliot as a child denounces himself to his father (for a reward) for having chopped down a cherry tree is inspired by the myth concerning George Washington.
In one scene, the story makes a humorous pass at the Lone Ranger character Tonto.

External links
 Lucky Luke official site album index
 Goscinny website on Lucky Luke

Comics by Morris (cartoonist)
Lucky Luke albums
1972 graphic novels
Works by René Goscinny
Works about bounty hunters

Chasseur de primes


William Arundel Orchard OBE FRCM (13 April 18677 April 1961) was a British-born Australian organist, pianist, composer, conductor and music educator.

Orchard was born in London and educated privately. He attended the University of Durham, graduating Bachelor of Music (BMus) in 1893. In 1896 he left England for Perth, Western Australia, to take up a position as a choir director. He later worked in Hobart and New Zealand, before settling in Sydney in 1903. He was the founding conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in 1908 and also conducted the Sydney Madrigal and Chamber Music Society from 1908 to 1915.

In 1916, Orchard began teaching at the New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music, taking over as Director in 1923. The University of Durham made him Doctor of Music (DMus) in 1928. He retired from the Conservatorium in 1934, but in 1935 established the first music degree course at the University of Tasmania, teaching it until 1938. In 1938, he founded the Musical Association of Tasmania, becoming its first President.

Returning to Sydney, he became the Visiting Examiner for the Trinity College of Music, and constantly travelled around Australia for the next 20 years.

Orchard was returning from a trip to England, when he died on board the Dominion Monarch.  He was buried at sea, off Cape Town, South Africa.

Works
His most successful stage work, The Coquette: or, A Suicidal Policy (1905), was a light opera in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan; it tells the story of a suicide club.  It was written by W. J. Curtis and J. I. Hunt and published in 1905.

His only serious opera was Dorian Gray, a setting of Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.  It had its premiere at the New South Wales State Conservatorium on 11 September 1919, but was not published.

He also wrote a violin concerto; a dramatic poem for soprano, baritone, men's chorus and orchestra; chamber music; and various songs.

Orchard published his autobiography The Distant View (1943) and Music in Australia (1952).

Honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Music (FRCM) in 1931. In 1936, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).

External links
Papers at the National Library of Australia
AustLit entry
Australian Dictionary of Biography entry
Text of Music in Australia

1867 births
1961 deaths
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from London
Alumni of Durham University
Australian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
English classical organists
British male organists
English classical pianists
Australian conductors (music)
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Australian male composers
Australian composers
English composers
British music educators
Academic staff of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music
British male pianists
Male classical organists

W. Arundel Orchard


Kurdybań Warkowicki, or Kurdyban–Warkowicki, was a Polish village in Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939) before the joint Nazi German and Soviet invasions of Poland in 1939. It was located near the town of Warkowicze () in Dubno County, in the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic (now, in Ukraine). The village was eradicated during the Polish population transfers after World War II, when the Kresy macroregion was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union.

World War II
The village was a site of an OUN-UPA ethnic cleansing operation against the Polish civilians, led by the Ukrainian Military Group No. 02 called the "Bohun" during the wave of massacres of Poles in Volhynia between 1942 and 1945. The Polish self-defence unit managed to hold its position there until the arrival of the Red Army in 1944. The witnesses consider such survival remarkable with no German outposts and no Polish partisans in its vicinity. Unlike neighbouring settlements, Kurdybań was not surrounded by the forest; therefore, the UPA units had no place to hide against its defenders equipped with a heavy machine gun disassembled from a Soviet tank destroyed by the Germans. The Kurdybań provided refuge for Jewish families escaping the Holocaust in its vicinity. The local self-defence was made up of around 60 men including 25 Polish Jews.

Most Polish self-defence units across the province fell — unable to defend the population against the genocide. Kurdybań Warkowicki was one of the only a handful of surviving units, among them: Młynów (now Mlyniv), Lubomirka, Klewań, Rokitno (in the Pinsk Marshes), Budki Snowidowickie and Osty. The settlement no longer exists. It was liquidated likely during the Polish population transfers (1944–46).

See also
 History of Poland (1939–1945)
 Historiography of the Volyn tragedy

References

 Andrzej Mielcarek,  Strony o Wolyniu
 Władysław and Ewa Siemaszko,  Polska obrona, Zarys ogólny wydarzeń. Internet Archive.
 Krzysztof Lada, Creative Forgetting. Polish and Ukrainian Historiographies on the Campaign against the Poles in Volhynia during World WarII, Glaukopis, No. 2/3, 2005, pp. 340–75.
 Prof. dr Ryszard Szawłowski (November 2000),  "Przedmowa", Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939-1945 Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko
 Leszek Ubowski,  Organizacja i funkcjonowanie okręgu Okręg Wołyń, Wrocław 2007

Former populated places in Ukraine
History of Volyn Oblast
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
War crimes committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Kurdybań Warkowicki


The cleithrum (plural cleithra) is a membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically along the scapula. Its name is derived from Greek κλειθρον = "key (lock)", by analogy with "clavicle" from Latin clavicula = "little key".

In modern fishes, the cleithrum is a large bone that extends upwards from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills, forming the posterior edge of the gill chamber. The bone has scientific use as a means to determine the age of fishes.

The lobe-finned fishes share this arrangement. In the earliest amphibians however, the cleithrum/clavicle complex came free of the skull roof, allowing for a movable neck. The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles, and in amniotes is very small or absent.

It has been argued based on position, muscle connectivity, and developmental origin that the nuchal element of the turtle carapace is formed from fused cleithra.

See also
 Age determination in fish

References

Skeletal system
Upper limb anatomy
Shoulder

Cleithrum


The Khun Tan Range ( or, erroneously, ทิวเขาขุนตาล) is a mountain range that occupies a central position in Northern Thailand. Most of the range is located in Chiang Mai, western Chiang Rai, Lampang and Lamphun Provinces.

The geological composition of the Khun Tan mountains is different from the neighboring Thanon Thong Chai Range in the west and the Daen Lao Range in the north. Precambrian rocks are absent in this mountain chain which is thus not part of the Shan Hills system. The geology of the Khun Tan Range is homogeneous with the Phi Pan Nam Range further east and some scholarly works designate the Khun Tan as the "Western Phi Pan Nam Range", including it as part of the Phi Pan Nam Mountain System.

Geography
The Khun Tan Range begins south of the Kok River valley, at the southern end of the Daen Lao Range in Fang District. It stretches southwards in a north/south direction turning midway to a roughly NE/SW direction between the Ping River and the Wang River until Doi Tao District. The tallest peak is 2,031 m high Doi Mae Tho (ดอยแม่โถ), also known as Doi Langka Luang (ดอยลังกาหลวง); Other peaks are 2,012 m high Doi Pha Cho (ดอยผาจ้อ), 1,348 m high Doi Khun Tan (ดอยขุนตาน), 1,668 m high Doi Mon Lan and 1,816 m high Doi Saket (ดอยสะเก็ด), also known as Doi Khun On (ดอยขุนออน).

Along with the westernmost range of the Phi Pan Nam Mountains further east this range separates the intermontane basins and plateaus of Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai. Temperatures range from a maximum of 33°C in the hot season (February to July), to a minimum of 2°C during the cold season, between November and January. Snow fell in the Chai Prakan and Mae Suai District areas of the range in 1955, a very rare event in these latitudes despite the altitude.

History
Historically the Khun Tan Range was a formidable natural barrier between the Lanna Kingdom and the Central Plain of Siam.

The Khun Tan Tunnel was built in 1907 across the southern part of the range and contributed to alleviate the difficulties in communication between Bangkok and Chiang Mai. It is the longest railway tunnel in Thailand and it took eleven years to complete. Construction was disrupted owing to the arrest of the German engineers in World War I when Siam, having been neutral until July 1917, declared war on the Central Powers. Khun Tan Station, located at the northern end of the tunnel, is the highest railway station in Thailand at 758 m above sea level.

There are certain Hill tribe communities living in the Khun Tan Range, like the Yao and the Akha who have villages in the mountain sides of the northern areas of the range in Phrao District. Part of the hill people are refugees from troubled areas in Burma and some of these communities are regularly visited by organized tourist groups.

Thailand Route 118 between Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai cuts diagonally across the Khun Tan Range from SW to NE about 30 km northeast of Chiang Mai town.

Ecology
The lower altitudes are covered with dry mixed deciduous forest, while hill evergreen forest grows above 800 m, as well as in shady and narrow zones in the valleys.

Extensive wildfires are deliberately set off by local farmers in the mountain forests of the Khun Tan Range every year between February and April towards the end of the dry season. One of the purposes of this somewhat radical activity is to trigger the growth of the Astraeus odoratus mushroom (; het pho) that fetches a high price on the Thai market. Often speculators hire people to set forests on fire in order to claim land title deeds for the areas that have become "degraded forest".

Although the large trees are not too badly affected, the periodic fires negatively affect the wildlife of vast areas of the mountain chain. These yearly wildfires are the main cause of the intense air pollution in Northern Thailand and contribute to the floods in the country by completely denuding the undergrowth of the woods. The dry forest soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract when the rains arrive.

Wildlife
Many species of mammals are assumed to have disappeared in the range for lack of recent sightings, such as the Asiatic black bear, the slow loris, the white-handed gibbon, the leopard cat and the serow. Animals that have been sighted recently include civets, wild pigs, barking deer, hog badgers, flying squirrels and bats.

Among the birds, the ashy drongo, scarlet minivet, grey-headed canary-flycatcher, white-crowned forktail, brown fish owl, crested serpent eagle, shikra, velvet-fronted nuthatch, blue-throated barbet, coppersmith barbet, blue-winged leafbird, brown-cheeked fulvetta and red junglefowl deserve mention.
The Khun Tan mountains also act as a natural barrier for species west and east of the range, such as the pied bushchat.

Reptiles in the range include the green tree viper, the king cobra and the flying lizard.

Protected areas
The Mae Ta Krai National Park protecting the source of the On River (น้ำแม่ออน), a tributary of the Ping River, is located in Mae On District. Other protected areas in the Khun Tan mountain chain are:
Doi Khun Tan National Park
Chae Son National Park
Khun Chae National Park
Si Lanna National Park
Doi Wiang Pha National Park

Tourism
Tourist attractions of the Khun Tan Range include caves, waterfalls and natural hot springs.
The Thai Elephant Conservation Center is located in the southern foothills of the range. It is an institute taking care of elephants since 1993 under the patronage of the Royal Family of Thailand.

Mae On District east of Chiang Mai is a popular destination for rock climbers who wish to climb the limestone cliffs of the place nicknamed "Crazy Horse Buttress" in the Range.

See also
Western Forest Complex
Thai highlands
Environmental issues in Thailand
Deforestation in Thailand

References

External links

Google Books, The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia
Chiang Mai's Best Kept Secret - Khun Tan National Park
Chae Sawn (Chae Son) National Park
Mae Ta Krai National Park
Chiang Mai Rock Climbing Adventures
Khun Chae National Park
Railway Trip
Shrine of the Guardian of the Mountains (ศาลเจ้าพ่อขุนตาน)
Rapid 102 by ALS - 4119 On Khun Tan Mountain Range 2

Mountain ranges of Thailand
Phi Pan Nam Range
Geography of Chiang Mai province
Geography of Chiang Rai province
Geography of Lamphun province
Geography of Lampang province
Wildfire ecology

Khun Tan Range


Armazine was a type of corded silk used for women's gowns and men's waistcoats, first known from the Elizabethan era. It was also called armoisine, armozine and ermozine.

The European armazine was a plain black color. Colorful East Indian armazine was said to be "slighter than those made in Europe and of an inferior quality. Their colours, and particularly the crimson and red, are commonly false, and they have but little gloss, and no brightness at all". The European centres of manufacture were Lyon and Italy.

Ribbed armazine in the 19th century was heavier and used for coverlets, curtains and portières. The thick black corded silk ("a kind of taffeta") was used for "scholastic gowns, and for hatbands and scarves".

References

Woven fabrics
Silk
Elizabethan era
19th century

Armazine


John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609) was an English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, teacher, occultist, and alchemist. He was the court astronomer for, and advisor to, Elizabeth I, and spent much of his time on alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy. As an antiquarian, he had one of the largest libraries in England at the time. As a political advisor, he advocated the foundation of English colonies in the New World to form a "British Empire", a term he is credited with coining.

Dee eventually left Elizabeth's service and went on a quest for additional knowledge in the deeper realms of the occult and supernatural. He aligned himself with several individuals who may have been charlatans, travelled through Europe and was accused of spying for the English crown. Upon his return to England, he found his home and library vandalised. He eventually returned to the Queen's service, but was turned away when she was succeeded by James I. He died in poverty in London and his gravesite is unknown.

Biography

Early life
Dee was born in Tower Ward, London, to Rowland Dee, of Welsh descent, and Johanna, daughter of William Wild. His surname "Dee" reflects the Welsh du (). His grandfather was Bedo Ddu of Nant-y-groes, Pilleth, Radnorshire; John retained his connection with the locality. His father Roland was a mercer and gentleman courtier to Henry VIII. John Dee claimed descent from Rhodri the Great, 9th century ruler of Gwynedd, and constructed a pedigree accordingly. His family had arrived in London with Henry Tudor's coronation as Henry VII.

Dee attended Chelmsford Chantry School (now King Edward VI Grammar School) from 1535 to 1542. He entered St John's College, Cambridge in November 1542, aged 15, graduating BA in 1545 or early 1546. His abilities recognised, he became an original fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge on its foundation by Henry VIII in 1546. At Trinity, the clever stage effects he produced for a production of Aristophanes' Peace earned him lasting repute as a magician. In the late 1540s and early 1550s, he travelled in Europe, studying at Louvain (1548) and Brussels and lecturing in Paris on Euclid. He studied under Gemma Frisius and became friends with the cartographers Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius. Dee also met, worked and learnt from other continental mathematicians, such as Federico Commandino in Italy. He returned to England with a major collection of mathematical and astronomical instruments. In 1552, he met Gerolamo Cardano in London, with whom he investigated a purported perpetual motion machine and a gem supposed to have magical properties.

Rector at Upton-upon-Severn from 1553, Dee was offered a readership in mathematics at Oxford University in 1554, which he declined, citing as offensive English universities' emphasis on rhetoric and grammar (which, together with logic, formed the academic trivium) over philosophy and science (the more advanced quadrivium, composed of arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy). He was busy with writing and perhaps hoped for a better position at court. In 1555, Dee joined the Worshipful Company of Mercers, as his father had, through its system of patrimony.

In that same year Dee was arrested and charged with the crime of "calculating", because he had cast horoscopes of Queen Mary and Princess Elizabeth. The charges were raised to treason against Mary. Dee appeared in the Star Chamber and exonerated himself, but was turned over to the Catholic bishop Edmund Bonner for religious examination. His strong, lifelong penchant for secrecy may have worsened matters. The episode was the most dramatic in a series of attacks and slanders that dogged Dee throughout his life. Clearing his name yet again, he soon became a close associate of Bonner.

Dee presented Queen Mary in 1556 with a visionary plan for preserving old books, manuscripts and records and founding a national library, but it was not taken up. Instead, he expanded his personal library in Mortlake, acquiring books and manuscripts in England and on the Continent. Dee's library, a centre of learning outside the universities, became the greatest in England and attracted many scholars.

When Elizabeth succeeded to the throne in 1558, Dee became her astrological and scientific advisor. He chose her coronation date and even became a Protestant. From the 1550s to the 1570s, he served as an advisor to England's voyages of discovery, providing technical aid in navigation and political support to create a "British Empire", a term he was the first to use. Dee wrote in October 1574 to William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley seeking patronage. He claimed to have occult knowledge of treasure in the Welsh Marches and of valuable manuscripts kept at Wigmore Castle, knowing that the Lord Treasurer's ancestors came from the area.

In 1564, Dee wrote the Hermetic work Monas Hieroglyphica ("The Hieroglyphic Monad"), an exhaustive Cabalistic interpretation of a glyph of his own design, meant to express the mystical unity of all creation. Having dedicated it to Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor in an effort to gain patronage, Dee attempted to present it to him at the time of his ascension to the throne of Hungary. The work was esteemed by many of Dee's contemporaries, but cannot be interpreted today in the absence of the secret oral tradition of that era.

His 1570 "Mathematical Preface" to Henry Billingsley's English translation of Euclid's Elements argued for the importance of mathematics as an influence on the other arts and sciences. Intended for an audience outside the universities, it proved to be Dee's most widely influential and frequently reprinted work.

In 1577, Dee published , a work setting out his vision of a maritime empire and asserting English territorial claims on the New World. Dee was acquainted with Humphrey Gilbert and close to Sir Philip Sidney and his circle.

Later life

By the early 1580s, Dee was discontented with his progress in learning the secrets of nature and his diminishing influence and recognition in court circles. Failure of his ideas concerning a proposed calendar revision, colonial establishment and ambivalent results for voyages of exploration in North America had nearly brought his hopes of political patronage to an end. He subsequently began to turn energetically towards the supernatural as a means to acquire knowledge. He sought to contact spirits through the use of a "scryer" or crystal-gazer, which he thought would act as an intermediary between himself and the angels.

Dee's first attempts with several scryers were unsatisfactory, but in 1582 he met Edward Kelley (then calling himself Edward Talbot) who impressed him greatly with his abilities. Dee took Kelley into his service and began to devote all his energies to his supernatural pursuits. These "spiritual conferences" or "actions" were conducted with intense Christian piety, always after periods of purification, prayer and fasting. Dee was convinced of the benefits they could bring to mankind. The character of Kelley is harder to assess: some conclude that he acted with cynicism, but delusion or self-deception cannot be ruled out. Kelley's "output" is remarkable for its volume, intricacy and vividness. Dee records in his journals that angels dictated several books to him this way, through Kelley, some in a special angelic or Enochian language.

In 1583, Dee met the impoverished yet popular Polish nobleman Albert Łaski, who, after overstaying his welcome at court, invited Dee to accompany him back to Poland. With some prompting by the "angels" (again through Kelley) and by dint of his worsening status at court, Dee decided to do so. He, Kelley and their families left in September 1583, but Łaski proved to be bankrupt and out of favour in his own country. Dee and Kelley began a nomadic life in Central Europe, meanwhile continuing their spiritual conferences, which Dee detailed in his diaries and almanacs. They had audiences with Emperor Rudolf II in Prague Castle and King Stephen Báthory of Poland, whom they attempted to convince of the importance of angelic communication. The Bathory meeting took place at the Niepołomice Castle (near Kraków, then capital of Poland) and was later analysed by Polish historians (Ryszard Zieliński, Roman Żelewski, Roman Bugaj) and writers (Waldemar Łysiak). While Dee was generally seen as a man of deep knowledge, he was mistrusted for his connection with the English monarch, Elizabeth I, for whom some thought (and still do) that Dee was a spy. The Polish king, a devout Catholic and cautious of supernatural mediators, began their meeting(s) by affirming that prophetic revelations must match the teachings of Christ, the mission of the Holy Catholic Church, and the approval of the Pope.

In 1587, at a spiritual conference in Bohemia, Kelley told Dee that the angel Uriel had ordered the men to share all their possessions, including their wives. By this time, Kelley had gained some renown as an alchemist and was more sought-after than Dee in this regard: it was a line of work that had prospects for serious and long-term financial gain, especially among the royal families of central Europe. Dee, however, was more interested in communicating with angels, who he believed would help him solve the mysteries of the heavens through mathematics, optics, astrology, science and navigation. Perhaps Kelley in fact wished to end Dee's dependence on him as a diviner at their increasingly lengthy, frequent spiritual conferences. The order for wife-sharing caused Dee anguish, but he apparently did not doubt it was genuine and they apparently shared wives. However, Dee broke off the conferences immediately afterwards. He returned to England in 1589, while Kelley went on to be the alchemist to Emperor Rudolf II. Nine months later, on 28 February 1588, a son was born to Dee's wife, whom Dee baptised Theodorus Trebonianus Dee and raised as his own.

Final years

Dee returned to Mortlake after six years abroad to find his home vandalised, his library ruined and many of his prized books and instruments stolen. Furthermore, he found that increasing criticism of occult practices had made England still less hospitable to his magical practices and natural philosophy. He sought support from Elizabeth, who hoped he could persuade Kelley to return and ease England's economic burdens through alchemy. She finally appointed Dee Warden of Christ's College, Manchester, in 1595.

This former College of Priests had been re-established as a Protestant institution by Royal Charter in 1578. However, he could not exert much control over its fellows, who despised or cheated him. Early in his tenure, he was consulted on the demonic possession of seven children, but took little interest in the case, although he allowed those involved to consult his still extensive library.

Dee left Manchester in 1605 to return to London, but remained Warden until his death. By that time, Elizabeth was dead and James I gave him no support. Dee spent his final years in poverty at Mortlake, forced to sell off various possessions to support himself and his daughter, Katherine, who cared for him until his death in Mortlake late in 1608 or early in 1609 aged 81. Both the parish registers and Dee's gravestone are missing. In 2013 a memorial plaque to Dee was placed on the south wall of the present church.

Personal life
Dee was married three times and had eight children. He married his first wife, Katherine Constable in 1565. They had no children, and she died in 1574. He married his second wife, whose name is unknown, in 1575. She died in 1576, again with no children.

In 1578, when he was 51, he married the 23-year-old Jane Fromond (1555–1604), who had her own connection with the Elizabethan court as a lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth FitzGerald, Countess of Lincoln until she married Dee. They had 7 or 8 children, namely: Arthur Dee (1579–1651), Michael Dee (died 1594), Rowland Dee, Katherine Dee, Madinia Dee, Frances Dee, Margaret Dee and, possibly, Theodore Dee (1588–1601).

Dee referred to Thomas Jones, who is the likely loose inspiration for Welsh folkloric outlaw Twm Siôn Cati, as his cousin; the pair corresponded, and Jones visited Dee several times.

From 1577 to 1601, Dee kept a sporadic diary (also referred to as his almanac), from which most of what we know of his life in that time has been gleaned. In 1587, Kelley informed Dee of the angel's wish that they share wives. Theodore Dee, born nine months later, could have been fathered by Kelley, and not Dee.

Jane died in Manchester of bubonic plague and was buried in the Manchester Cathedral burial grounds in March 1604. Michael, born in Prague, died on his father's birthday in 1594. Theodore, born in Třeboň, died in Manchester in 1601. His sons Arthur and Rowland survived him, as did his daughter Katherine, "his companion to the end". No records exist for his youngest daughters Madinia (sometimes Madima), Frances and Margaret after 1604, so it is widely assumed they died in the epidemic that took their mother. (Dee had by this time ceased to keep a diary.)

While Arthur was a student at the Westminster School, Dee wrote to his headmaster echoing the normal worries of boarding-school parents. Arthur was an apprentice in much of his father's alchemical and scientific work and in fact often his diviner until Kelley appeared. He went on to become an alchemist and Hermetic author, whose works were published by Elias Ashmole.

The antiquary John Aubrey describes Dee as "tall and slender. He wore a gown like an artist's gown, with hanging sleeves, and a slit.... A very fair, clear sanguine complexion... a long beard as white as milk. A very handsome man."

Achievements

Thought
Dee was an intense Christian, but his religiosity was influenced by Hermetic and Platonic-Pythagorean doctrines pervasive in the Renaissance. He believed that numbers were the basis of all things and key to knowledge. From Hermeticism he drew a belief that man had the potential for divine power that could be exercised through mathematics. His goal was to help bring forth a unified world religion through the healing of the breach of the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches and the recapture of the pure theology of the ancients.

Advocating the establishment of colonies
From 1570 Dee advocated a policy of political and economic strengthening of England and establishment of colonies in the New World. His manuscript Brytannicae reipublicae synopsis (1570) outlined the state of the Elizabethan Realm and was concerned with trade, ethics and national strength.

His 1576  was the first volume in an unfinished series planned to advocate for the establishment of English colonies abroad. In a symbolic frontispiece, Dee included a figure of Britannia kneeling by the shore beseeching Elizabeth I to protect her nation by strengthening her navy. Dee used Geoffrey's inclusion of Ireland in King Arthur's conquests to argue that Arthur had established a "British empire" abroad. He argued that the establishment of new colonies would benefit England economically, with said colonies being protected by a strong navy. Dee has been credited with coining the term British Empire, but Humphrey Llwyd has also been credited with the first use in his Commentarioli Britannicae Descriptionis Fragmentum, published eight years earlier in 1568.

Dee posited a formal claim to North America on the back of a map drawn in 1577–1580; he noted that "circa 1494 Mr. Robert Thorn his father, and Mr. Eliot of Bristow, discovered Newfound Land." In his Title Royal of 1580, he invented a claim that Madog ab Owain Gwynedd had discovered America, intending thereby to boost England's claim to the New World over that of Spain's. He also asserted that Brutus of Britain and King Arthur, as well as Madog, had conquered lands in the Americas, so that their heir, Elizabeth I of England, had a prior claim there.

Reputation and significance
Some ten years after Dee's death, the antiquarian Robert Cotton bought land round Dee's house and began digging for papers and artifacts. He found several manuscripts, mainly records of Dee's angelic communications. Cotton's son gave these to the scholar Méric Casaubon, who published them in 1659, with a long introduction critical of their author, as A True & Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee (A Mathematician of Great Fame in Q. Eliz. and King James their Reignes) and some spirits. As the first public revelation of Dee's spiritual conferences, the book was popular. Casaubon, who believed in the reality of spirits, argued in his introduction that Dee was acting as the unwitting tool of evil spirits when he believed he was communicating with angels. This book is mainly responsible for the image, prevalent for the next two-and-a-half centuries, of Dee as a dupe and deluded fanatic.

About the time the True and Faithful Relation was published, members of the Rosicrucian movement claimed Dee as one of their number. There is doubt, however, that an organized Rosicrucian movement existed in Dee's lifetime, and no evidence he ever belonged to any secret fraternity. His reputation as a magician and the vivid story of his association with Edward Kelley have made him a seemingly irresistible figure to fabulists, writers of horror stories and latter-day magicians. The accretion of fanciful information about Dee often obscures the facts of his life, remarkable as they were. It also does nothing to promote his Christian leanings: Dee looked to the angels to tell him how he might heal the deep and serious rifts between the Roman Catholic Church, the Reformed Church of England and the Protestant movement in England. Queen Elizabeth I used him several times as her court astronomer, not solely because he practised Hermetic arts, but as a deeply religious and learned, trustworthy man.

A revaluation of Dee's character and significance came in the 20th century, largely through the work of the historians Charlotte Fell Smith and Dame Frances Yates. Both brought into focus the parallel roles of magic, science and religion in the Elizabethan Renaissance. Fell Smith writes: "There is perhaps no learned author in history who has been so persistently misjudged, nay, even slandered, by his posterity, and not a voice in all the three centuries uplifted even to claim for him a fair hearing. Surely it is time that the cause of all this universal condemnation should be examined in the light of reason and science; and perhaps it will be found to exist mainly in the fact that he was too far advanced in speculative thought for his own age to understand." Through this and subsequent re-evaluation, Dee is now viewed as a serious scholar and book collector, a devoted Christian (albeit at a confusing time for that faith), an able scientist, and one of the most learned men of his day. His Mortlake library was the largest in the country before it was vandalised, and created at enormous, sometimes ruinous personal expense; it was seen as one of the finest in Europe, perhaps second only to that of De Thou. As well as being an astrological and scientific advisor to Elizabeth and her court, he was an early advocate of colonisation of North America, envisioning a British Empire stretching across the North Atlantic.

Dee promoted the sciences of navigation and cartography. He studied closely with Gerardus Mercator and owned an important collection of maps, globes and astronomical instruments. He developed new instruments and special navigational techniques for use in polar regions. Dee served as an advisor to English voyages of discovery, and personally selected pilots and trained them in navigation. He believed that mathematics (which he understood mystically) was central to human learning. The centrality of mathematics to Dee's vision makes him to that extent more modern than Francis Bacon, though some scholars believe Bacon purposely downplayed mathematics in the anti-occult atmosphere of the reign of James I. Although Dee's understanding of the role of mathematics differs much from ours, its promotion outside the universities was an enduring achievement. For most of his writings, Dee chose English, rather than Latin, to make them accessible to the public. His "Mathematical Preface" to Euclid was meant to promote the study and application of mathematics by those without a university education, and was popular and influential among the "mechanicians": a growing class of technical craftsmen and artisans. Dee's preface includes demonstrations of mathematical principles that readers could perform themselves without special education or training.

In the 20th century, the Municipal Borough of Richmond (now the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames) honoured John Dee by naming a street near Mortlake "Dee Road".

Calendar
Dee was a friend of Tycho Brahe and familiar with the work (translated into English by his ward and assistant, Thomas Digges) of Nicolaus Copernicus. Many of his astronomical calculations were based on Copernican assumptions, although he never openly espoused the heliocentric theory. Dee applied Copernican theory to the problem of calendar reform. In 1583, he was asked to advise the Queen on the new Gregorian calendar promulgated by Pope Gregory XIII from October 1582. He advised that England accept it, albeit with seven specific amendments. The first was that the adjustment should not be the ten days that would restore the calendar to the time of the Council of Nicaea in 325 AD, but by eleven, which would restore it to the birth of Christ. Another proposal of Dee's was to align the civil and liturgical years and have them both start on 1 January. Perhaps predictably, England chose to spurn suggestions that had papist origins, despite any merit they may have had.

Voynich manuscript
Dee has often been associated with the Voynich manuscript. Wilfrid Michael Voynich, who bought the manuscript in 1912, suggested that Dee may have owned it and sold it to Rudolph II. Dee's contacts with Rudolph were less extensive than had been thought, however, and Dee's diaries show no evidence of a sale. However, he was known to have owned a copy of the Book of Soyga, another enciphered book.

Artefacts

The British Museum holds several items once allegedly owned by Dee and associated with the spiritual conferences:
 Dee's Speculum or Mirror (an obsidian Aztec cult object in the shape of a hand-mirror, brought to Europe in the late 1520s), which was subsequently owned by Horace Walpole. This was first attributed to Dee by Walpole. Lord Frederick Campbell had brought "a round piece of shining black marble in a leathern case" to Walpole in an attempt to ascertain its provenance. Walpole said he responded saying, "Oh, Lord, I am the only man in England that can tell you! It is Dr. Dee's black stone". However, there is no explicit reference to the mirror in any of Dee's surviving writings.
 The small wax seals used to support the legs of Dee's "table of practice" (the table at which the scrying was performed)
 The large, elaborately decorated wax "Seal of God", used to support the "shew-stone", the crystal ball used for scrying
 A gold amulet engraved with a representation of one of Kelley's visions
 A crystal globe, 6 cm in diameter. This item remained unnoticed for many years in the mineral collection; it is possibly the one owned by Dee, but the provenance is less certain than for the others.

In December 2004, both a shew stone (used for divining) formerly belonging to Dee and a mid-17th-century explanation of its use written by Nicholas Culpeper were stolen from the Science Museum in London, but recovered shortly afterwards.

Science and sorcery

To 21st-century eyes, Dee's activities straddle magic and modern science, but to apply a hard and fast distinction between these two realms or epistemological world views is anachronistic. He was invited to lecture on Euclidean geometry at the University of Paris while still in his early twenties. He was an ardent promoter of mathematics, a respected astronomer and a leading expert in navigation, who trained many who would conduct England's voyages of discovery.

Meanwhile, he immersed himself in sorcery, astrology and Hermetic philosophy. Much effort in his last 30 years went into trying to commune with angels, so as to learn the universal language of creation and achieve a pre-apocalyptic unity of mankind. A student of the Renaissance Neo-Platonism of Marsilio Ficino, he drew no distinctions between his mathematical research and his investigations of Hermetic magic, angel summoning and divination: all his activities were part of his quest for a transcendent understanding of divine forms underlying the visible world: Dee's "pure verities".

Dee amassed one of England's biggest libraries. His scholarly status also took him into Elizabethan politics as an adviser and tutor to Elizabeth I and through relations with her ministers Francis Walsingham and William Cecil. He tutored and patronised Sir Philip Sidney; his uncle Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester; Edward Dyer; and Sir Christopher Hatton.

Literary and cultural references
Dee was a popular figure in literary works by his contemporaries and he has continued to feature in popular culture, particularly in fiction or fantasy set during his lifetime or dealing with magic or the occult.

16th and 17th centuries
Edmund Spenser may be referring to Dee in The Faerie Queene (1596). William Shakespeare may have modelled the character of Prospero in The Tempest (1610–1611) on Dee.

19th century
Dee is the subject of Henry Gillard Glindoni's painting John Dee performing an experiment before Queen Elizabeth I.

20th century
Dee is a major character in John Crowley's four-volume novel, Ægypt, the first volume of which, The Solitudes, was published in 1987.

21st century

John Dee is one of the main antagonists in the book series The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel by Michael Scott. In the series, John Dee has gained immortality from the Dark Elders, his mentors.

The film Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) has two scenes in which Queen Elizabeth consults Dr. Dee, played by David Threlfall.

Phil Rickman casts Dee as the main detective, investigating the disappearance of the bones of King Arthur during the reign of Elizabeth I in the historical mystery The Bones of Avalon (2010). The play Burn Your Bookes (2010) by Richard Byrne examines the relations between Dee, Edward Kelley and Edward Dyer.

The opera Dr Dee: An English Opera (2011) by Damon Albarn, explores Dee's life and work.

Works
 Monas Hieroglyphica, 1564
 Preface to Billingsley's Euclid (Billingsley's translation of Euclid's Elements), 1570

 On the Mystical Rule of the Seven Planets, 1582–1583

  from the collected works known as Mysteriorum libri quinque
 John Dee, The Mathematicall Praeface to the Elements of Geometrie of Euclid of Megara (1570). New York: Science History Publications (1975)
 John Dee, John Dee on Astronomy: Propaedeumata Aphoristica (1558 & 1568) edited by Wayne Shumaker, Berkeley: University of California Press
 John Dee, Autobiographical tracts of John Dee, Warden of the College of Manchester, ed. James Crossley. Chetham Society Publications, Vol XXIV. Manchester, 1851
 John Dee, Diary for the years 1595–1601, ed. John E. Bailey. Privately printed, 1880

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

 John Dee reports of Dee and Kelley's conversations with Angels edited in PDF by Clay Holden: Mysteriorum Liber Primus (with Latin translations), Notes to Liber Primus by Clay Holden, Mysteriorum Liber Secundus, Mysteriorum Liber Tertius
 The J.W. Hamilton-Jones translation of Monas Hieroglyphica from Twilit Grotto: Archives of Western Esoterica
 Bibliography of John Dee's diary and Enochian manuscripts

1527 births
1600s deaths
16th-century alchemists
16th-century astrologers
16th-century English astronomers
16th-century English mathematicians
16th-century English philosophers
16th-century occultists
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Angelic visionaries
British Empire
Ceremonial magicians
Christian Kabbalists
Creators of writing systems
English alchemists
English astrologers
English geographers
English occult writers
English people of Welsh descent
English philosophers
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Hermeticists
Mortlake, London
Mystics
Old University of Leuven alumni
People from London
People of the Elizabethan era
Welsh alchemists
Welsh geographers
Welsh occult writers
Welsh philosophers

John Dee


William Satterlee "Bill" Griffiths (26 June 1922 – 27 October 2010) was a British field hockey player who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the British field hockey team, which won the silver medal. He played all five matches as forward.

Griffiths was President of Abergavenny Hockey Club from 1967 to 2007, for 40 of the club's 110 years existence. He was about 14 years of age when he started to play hockey. He was to represent Great Britain on 8 occasions and was the holder of an Olympic silver medal that he won at the 1948 London Olympic Games when Great Britain came second to gold medallists India in the final. He played in all the matches of that campaign. His GB caps were awarded against Switzerland, the United States, Pakistan, India, Holland (twice), France, and Afghanistan.

Whilst a student at Cambridge University Griffiths was awarded a hockey blue. When World War II came he joined the Royal Air Force and was posted to South Africa where he continued to play hockey and became a PT instructor. On returning to Wales and to Cardiff University to complete his medical studies he played hockey for Newport Athletic and joined Abergavenny in 1950.

By then Griffiths had already accumulated 10 Welsh international caps, the first of which was in 1947 against Ireland. In total he played 32 times for Wales and ended his international career in 1956 when he travelled to Amsterdam to play Holland. Two of those 32 international games were played at Abergavenny Cricket Club – against England in 1949 and Ireland in 1954.

Griffiths was a forward thinking player in his heyday. At the 1948 Olympic Games all teams except India played with broad English head sticks. India used short rounded head sticks similar to those that we use today. Griffiths tried to convince players that the Indian head was the only way forward but to no avail. The English head was still being used in the 1952 Olympics.

Griffith's specialty was the reverse stick cross from the left wing, which was reasonably easy to achieve with an Indian head stick but difficult with the cumbersome English head.

The club celebrated Bill's 40 years of Presidency on 21 November 2007 and the incoming President, Trevor Scott thanked Bill for his unfailing interest and support during all of that time: "We have been very, very fortunate to have had such a distinguished sportsman and gentleman to be our President. It will be a hard act to follow".

Chairman Paul Harrington, President Trevor Scott and current player Michael Potts made the presentation of an engraved sundial to Griffiths. Potts is Bill's Grandson, following the family tradition.

References

External links

 William Griffiths at databaseOlympics.com

1922 births
2010 deaths
Welsh male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Great Britain
British male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Royal Air Force Physical Training instructors
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Welsh Olympic medallists
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British expatriates in South Africa

William Griffiths (field hockey)


Stringtown House is located east of Bloomfield in rural Davis County, United States.  Stringtown was the first town established in the county.  It was originally named Harpersvilie, then it was changed to Dover, before it became Stringtown.  At one time the town had a mill, store, and hotel and other houses, but none of them are extant.  Byron Wilson built this house in 1832.  It is believed to be the oldest house still standing in the county, and the only one in its original condition.  It is a 1½-story frame Saltbox structure was used as a stagecoach stop.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

Houses completed in 1832
Saltbox architecture in Iowa
Houses in Davis County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davis County, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Stringtown House