Champsosaurus is an extinct genus of crocodile-like choristodere reptile, known from the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods of North America and Europe (Campanian–Paleocene). The name Champsosaurus is thought to come from , () said in an Ancient Greek source to be an Egyptian word for "crocodiles", and , () Greek for "lizard". The morphology of Champsosaurus resembles that of gharials, with a long, elongated snout. It was native to freshwater environments where it likely preyed on fish, similar to living gharials.

History of research
Champsosaurus was the first member of the Choristodera to be described. Champsosaurus was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, from isolated vertebrae found in Late Cretaceous strata of the Judith River Formation on the banks of the Judith River in Fergus County, Montana. Cope designated C. annectens as the type species rather than the first named C. profundus due to the larger number of vertebrae he attributed to the species. C. annectens was based on 9 isolated vertebral centra (AMNH FR 5696) that were not figured in the paper of which two are now lost. Cope named several other species between 1876 and 1882, also based on isolated vertebrae. Barnum Brown in 1905 described the first complete remains of Champsosaurus, and noted that one of the species attributed to Champsosaurus by Cope in 1876, C. vaccinsulensis actually represented indeterminate plesiosaur remains, and that the vertebrae that Cope used to diagnose his species of Champsosaurus were heavily eroded and the diagnostic features varied substantially along the spinal column, and were not diagnostic to species level, including the remains that Cope attributed to the type species C. annectens. The conclusion that C. annectens was undiagnostic was supported by William Parks in 1933.

Brown in 1905 named two species of Champsosaurus. One was C. ambulator, named from the specimen AMNH 983, a fragmentary skeleton with a partial skull found in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. The other was C. laramiensis, named from AMNH 982, a nearly complete skeleton and skull, also found in the Hell Creek Formation. Parks in 1927 named C. albertensis from ROM 806, a partial skeleton lacking the skull, found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Alberta, Canada. Parks in 1933 named the species C. natator from an incomplete skeleton with a fragmentary skull (TMP 81.47.1) found in the Belly River Group in the Red Deer River valley in Alberta. In 1979, Denise Sigogneau-Russell named the species C. dolloi from remains found in the Paleocene of Belgium. In 1972, Bruce Erickson named the species C. gigas from SMM P71.2.1, a partial skeleton and skull found in the Sentinel Butte Formation, Golden Valley County, North Dakota. Erickson subsequently in 1981 named the species C. tenuis from SMM P79.14.1, a partial skeleton and skull found in the Bullion Creek Formation, North Dakota. In 1998 K. Q. Gao and Richard Carr Fox described the species C. lindoei from UALVP 931, a nearly complete skeleton with skull and jaws from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. The publication also thoroughly reviewed Champsosaurus, rediagnosing most species except for C. ambulator and C. laramiensis.

Fossils of Champsosaurus have been found in North America (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and Wyoming) and Europe (Belgium and France), dating from the Upper Cretaceous to the late Paleocene. Remains tentatively referred to Champsosaurus are known from the high Canadian Arctic, dating to the Coniacian–Turonian, a time of extreme warmth.

Taxonomy
Sixteen species of Champsosaurus have been named, of which seven are presently considered valid. The type species Champsosaurus annectens Cope, 1876 is considered to be dubious. The only named European species C. dolloi Sigogneau-Russell 1979 was considered to be too fragmentary to warrant a new species by Gao and Fox in 1998.

Description

Most species grew to about 1.50 m (5 ft) long, though Champsosaurus gigas, the largest species, reached 3–3.5 m (10–12 ft) in length.

Anatomy

The skull of Champsosaurus is dorsoventrally flattened, while the temporal arches are expanded posteriorly (towards the back of the skull) and laterally (away from the midline), giving the skull a heart shaped appearance when viewed from above. The snout is greatly elongated and gharial-like, making up around half the length of the skull, and at least four times as long as it is wide, with the opening of the nostrils at the end of the snout. The openings of the ears are located on the underside of the skull. The body is flat and streamlined, with heavy gastralia (rib-like bones situated in the belly). Compared to other choristoderes, the lacrimal bone is reduced in size to a small triangle, the postorbital bone does not form part of the orbit (eye socket), there is no contact between the premaxilla and the vomer bones, an internarial bone is present, the choanae are located posteriorly in correlation to the elongation of the vomer, the interpterygoid vacuity is small and completely enclosed by the pterygoid bones and located near the posterior margin of the suborbital fenestra, the shape of the suborbital fenestra is shortened and kidney like, the articulation between the pterygoid and the parasphenoid is fused, the joint between the skull and the lower jaws is anterior to level of the occipital condyles, the neomorphic bone forms most of the border of the posttemporal fenestra, the paroccipital process is strongly deflected downwards, the basal tubera of the basisphenoid are wing-like in shape and expanded backwards and downwards, the mandibular symphysis (connection of the two halves of the lower jaw) is elongated to over half the length of the tooth row, and the splenial bone strongly intervenes in the mandibular symphysis.

Internal cranial anatomy

The braincase of Champsosaurus is poorly ossified at the front of the skull (anterior), but is well ossified in the rear (posterior) similar to other diapsids. The cranial endocast (space occupied by the brain in the cranial vault) is similar to that of basal archosauromorphs, being proportionally narrow in both dorsoventral and lateral axes, with an enlarged pineal body and olfactory bulbs. The optic lobes and flocculi are small in size, indicating only average vision ability at best. The olfactory chambers of the nasal passages and olfactory stalks of the braincase are reasonably large, indicating that Champsosaurus probably had good olfactory capabilities (sense of smell). The nasal passages lack bony turbinates. The semicircular canals are most similar to those of other aquatic reptiles. The expansion of the sacculus indicates that Champsosaurus likely had an increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds and vibrations. The absence of an otic notch indicates that Champsosaurus lacked a tympanum, and probably had a poor ability to detect airborne sounds.

Teeth
Champsosaurus, like many of its fellow neochoristoderes, features teeth with striated enamel of the tooth crown with enamel infolding at the base. Anterior teeth are typically sharper and more slender than posterior teeth. Like other choristoderes, Champsosaurus possessed palatal teeth (teeth present on the bones of the roof of the mouth), with longitudinal rows present on the pterygoid, palatine and vomer, alongside a small row on the flange of the pterygoid. The palatine teeth of Champsosaurus are located on raised platforms of bone, though the wideness of the platforms, the sharpness and orientation of teeth vary between species. The orientation of the teeth varies in the jaw, with the posterior teeth being orientated backward. The palatal teeth, likely in combination with a fleshy tongue probably aided in gripping and swallowing prey.

Skin
Skin impressions of Champsosaurus have been reported. They consist of small (0.6-0.1 mm) pustulate and rhomboid scales, with the largest scales being located on the lateral sides of the body, decreasing in size dorsally, no osteoderms were present.

Classification
Champsosaurus belongs to the Neochoristodera, a clade within Choristodera, the members of which are characterised by elongated snouts and expanded temporal arches. The group first appeared during the Early Cretaceous in Asia, and are suggested to have evolved in the regional absence of aquatic crocodyliformes. While Neochoristodera is a well supported grouping, the relationships of the members of the group to each other are uncertain, with the clade having been recovered as a polytomy in recent analyses.

Phylogeny of Choristodera after Dong and colleagues (2020).

Paleobiology

Champsosaurus is thought to have been highly specialised for aquatic life. Erickson 1985 suggested that the expanded temporal arches, which likely anchored powerful jaw muscles, and elongated snout allowed Champsosaurus to prey on fish akin to modern gharials, with these adaptions allowing rapid movement of the head and jaws for prey capture. A study in 2021 found that the middle and posterior neck vertebrae of Champsosaurus were adapted for lateral movement, and that Champsosaurus may have fed by laterally sweeping its head, using its slender jaws to grab individual fish from shoals, akin to how modern gharials feed. The mechanism of head movement is different from that of gharials, where the lateral movement occurs at the head-neck joint. It is unlikely that Champsosaurus fed by inertial feeding (where the prey is temporarily let go and the head moved forwards in order to force the prey deeper into the throat), but that the prey was moved down the throat by the tongue in combination with the palatal dentition. Erickston 1985 proposed that the position of the nostrils at the front of the snout allowed Champsosaurus to spend large amounts of time at the bottom of water bodies, with the head being angled upwards to allow the snout to act like a snorkel when the animal needed to breathe. However, later studies suggested that the neck vertebrae of Champsosaurus only had a limited ability to flex upwards. Champsosaurus co-existed with similarly sized aquatic crocodilians and at some Paleocene localities with fellow neochoristodere Simoedosaurus, though in assemblages where Champsosaurus occurs longirostrine (long snouted) gharial-like crocodilians are absent, suggesting that there was niche differentiation. Previously, two species of Champsosaurus were identified from the Tullock Formation in Montana. However, these differences are now thought to be sexually dimorphic, with presumed females possessing robust limb bones. Non-deformation related fusion of the sacral vertebrae is also observed in specimens with robust limb bones. These are hypothesised to be related to breeding behaviour, with the more robust limb bones and fused sacrals of the females allowing them to move themselves onto land to lay eggs.

See also
 Tullock Formation
 Hell Creek Formation
 Paleontology in Montana

References

Paleontology in Alberta
Fossils of Canada
Choristodera
Prehistoric marine reptiles
Prehistoric reptile genera
Maastrichtian genera
Campanian genus first appearances
Late Cretaceous reptiles of Europe
Paleocene reptiles of Europe
Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America
Paleocene reptiles of North America
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Fossil taxa described in 1877

Champsosaurus


Topmaking mills make wool top, a semi-processed product from raw wool. The process requires that the wool be scoured (washed) and combed and sorted. The longer fibers resulting from the process are called tops, and are in a form ready for spinning. To be closer to customers, much of the industry has moved from Australia, Europe and the US to China. Many British companies produce high quality wool top in Britain from British wool and fibre; most work with the fleece from cleaning it to hand dying.

A topmaker is an old term for a person engaged in the process.

Spinning
Wool industry

Wool top


MarketPulse is a continuous monthly tracking survey of household purchases in urban and rural India. Established in 1974, it is India's only household panel study that collects information about household purchases. Conducted by IMRB International's Media and Panel Group, it surveys over 70,000 households, 56,000 in urban India, and 14,000 in rural India and collects a variety of information on purchases in fast-moving consumer goods, finance and telecom.

One of the largest continuous tracking studies of its kind anywhere in the world, MarketPulse takes over 1200 field staff to administer the survey, and data is collected primarily through journal placements. As a cross-sectional study that covers a variety of households across the SEC spectrum, with specialised panels for more affluent households. It tracks purchase behavior across 60 different categories such as foods, beverages, personal care products and home care products.

The data from the tracking survey is widely used by companies such as GlaxoSmithKline, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, ITC, Marico, and Dabur and serves as an industry-wide benchmark of marketing performance, and helps companies estimate market share and future trends.

References

Economic data
Economic planning in India
Social statistics data
Panel data
Market research companies of India

MarketPulse


During World War I, the Kingdom of Romania was a source of various types of military equipment. Either directly, or indirectly through Romanian-born people designing military equipment abroad.

Munitions and related equipment

Between 1914 and 1916, 59 Romanian factories along with numerous private contractors produced a total of 400,000 artillery rounds and 45 million small-arms cartridges. Added to these completed projectiles there were cartridge components (70 million bullets and 110 million primers) and artillery shell components (250,000 fuzes). Three Romanian factories produced 1.5 tons of explosives daily, and grenades were also manufactured. Daily production of ammunition amounted to one cartridge for every rifle and two shells for every gun. When it joined the Great War in August 1916, Romania had a total of 600,000 shells. The Romanian Army had enough ammunition for its rifles to last five months, but the country needed 500,000 shells per month to avoid being overwhelmed. From France, 400,000 more shells were awaiting delivery. The entire Romanian production of artillery rounds amounted to 400,000.

At the beginning of the war, the Romanian factories in Bucharest were producing small quantities of ammunition, mostly for training purposes. Made of cast iron, these old models had low striking power. After the start of the war, following the huge amount of ammunition usage observed on the Western Front, production was focused on  and  quick-fire shells, but production remained limited and shells remained of poor quality. Such was the quality of Romanian-manufactured shells that during the Battle of Nagyszeben (Sibiu) – a Romanian defeat – percussion fuzes exploded inside gun barrels, killing and wounding gunners, or would not explode on the target.

Artillery elements

As elsewhere, in order to create new artillery units, the Romanians resorted to disarming their fortifications, a decision prompted in part by the quick German destruction of Belgian forts in 1914. By August 1916, part of the 1,400 guns and howitzers from the Romanian forts ( to ) had been mounted on Romanian-produced carriages and assigned to field service. Some were converted to anti-aircraft guns. For instance, the Romanian officer Ștefan Burileanu invented an effective anti-aircraft system for the Hotchkiss  rapid-fire gun. Up until Romania's entry into the war, the focus was on light and medium guns. Between 1914 and 1916, 332 gun carriages were produced for guns up to 75 mm. During the same time period, 1,500 caissons were also produced. After Romania entered the war, however, the heavy pieces were also turned into field guns. The 150 mm Krupp M1891/16 L/25 is one example. According to one photography dated October 1916, at least five such guns were converted for field use. Seven new heavy artillery regiments were formed. By 1918, the heaviest Romanian fortress guns had been converted for field use, as exemplified by the Iași (Krupp) Model 1888/1918 210 mm howitzer.

The Ghenea gun sight

The first artillery panoramic field lenses, later adopted by all the armies of the world, were invented by the Romanian General Toma Ghenea. Ghenea patented his "sighting attachment for ordnance" on 13 December 1902. Beginning with 1902, the panoramic sight began to gain ground very rapidly. But by 1907, Ghenea's was still "one of the most perfect yet devised". It had compensating gear for drift-caused lateral deviations and level of wheels. Ghenea's gun sight enabled sighting adjustments to be made rapidly, even for extreme alterations. The vertical angle which the sight made with the axis of the gun could be read on a quadrant scale. The Ghenea sight was peculiar because the pedestal itself was mounted on a transverse horizontal pivot to which the drum on which the elevation was set was attached. The pedestal itself was always perpendicular with the line of sight. The longitudinal level was just over the eyepiece of the panorama sight. In the Romanian Army, Ghenea's sight was fitted to the 75 mm Krupp L/30 field gun, being used for both direct and indirect laying. The Ghenea sight allowed the gun layer to adjust the range during the return of the piece in battery, by lightly turning the elevation screw which was just in front of him, without having to take his eye off the level. The bubble of the level was brought to its central position as soon as the forward movement of the gun was finished. With an ordinary sight, changing the range elevation while the gun was in motion was impossible.

Vehicle assembly

Between 1907 and 1908, Romania assembled and launched four river monitors at the Galați shipyard. The monitors were built in sections by STT in Austria-Hungary, then transported to Galați and assembled there. The four vessels were named Ion C. Brătianu, Lascăr Catargiu, Mihail Kogălniceanu and Alexandru Lahovary. Each vessel displaced 680 tons, had a top speed of 13 knots and a crew of 110. Armament consisted of three 120 mm (4.7 inches) L/35 naval guns, two 120 mm (4.7 inches) L/10 naval howitzers, four 47 mm guns and two 6.5 mm machine-guns. Armor thickness amounted to 75 mm (almost 3 inches) on the sides, deck and turrets and 50 mm (almost two inches) on the conning tower. All but Alexandru Lahovary were launched in 1907, the latter being launched in 1908. The first monitor to be launched at Galați was Lascăr Catargiu. The four monitors first saw action during the Battle of Turtucaia. On 2 September 1916, after the German formation known as Abteilung Kaufmann penetrated into the western edge of the defences of Turtucaia, the artillery fire of the Romanian monitors brought the Germans to a halt. The Abteilung attempted again on the following day, 3 September. It divided into three columns and attempted to seize high ground which dominated the Romanian defences. All three columns were brought to a halt by defensive fire, however, and then forced to withdraw, leaving behind around 300 dead and wounded. The third and final attack of Abteilung Kaufmann, on 4 September, was successful, the valuable high ground being captured. Subsequently, the monitors proceeded to evacuate Turtucaia. Alexandru Lahovary evacuated General Teodorescu and his staff, while the other three monitors - organised as the 2nd Monitor Division - safely evacuated the 9th Romanian Infantry Division. During the following year, the monitors joined the army artillery in holding the line against the Germans in Moldavia throughout the summer and autumn of 1917. In early 1918, the monitors were primarily engaged in sweeping mines from channels, rivers and ports.

During the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Romania was the only country in the region to have developed its own aircraft. Bulgaria, Serbia and even the Ottoman Empire lacked native aircraft at the time, but Romania had two machines designed by Aurel Vlaicu – A Vlaicu I and A Vlaicu II – in service with its army. Vlaicu's design had a chain-driven propeller at either end of the wing, the rudder at the front of the aircraft, a triangular tail and a 50 hp Gnome et Rhône engine. At an Austro-Hungarian aircraft contest in the summer of 1912, Vlaicu's "strange-looking monoplane", a "refreshing oddity", took the first prizes for landing in the smallest circle and for accurate "bomb dropping". Vlaicu's aircraft was nicknamed "La Folle Mouche" ("The Crazy Fly"). Although the model was subsequently purchased by the Romanian Army, Vlaicu was killed in a crash during September 1913, which also destroyed his second aircraft. Before Romania's entry into World War I, a Romanian factory started manufacturing Farman aircraft under licence. Six Farmans were ordered and served in the Romanian Air Corps. On the eve of its entry into the war in 1916, the Romanian Air Corps had 24 aircraft and another 20 from the flight schools. During the war, a number of 242-292 aircraft and 545 engines were assembled at RGA. During late 1917, limited assembly of Nieuport 17 fighters also took place at the Romanian port town of Sulina. The aircraft assembled there arrived in crates at Chilia. On 7 October, two assembled fighters were already in service at Sulina, and by the end of the year, four more operational and two non-operational aircraft were added. It is not known for certain if the Sulina air unit was involved in any combat.

Armored car production

WW1
In 1915, an armored car was designed at the CFR workshops in Bucharest. It used the chassis of a truck that was being repaired at the workshops. The armored car could mount a single machine gun.

During the war, when the workshops were located at Iași, another armored car was built. This armored car was larger and it was equipped with a machine gun, as well as with a Burileanu anti-aircraft gun. No photos exist of this armored car.

Automobil blindat M1919
During the Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919, the Romanian Army used an armored car of native design and construction. The car used the chassis of a commercial truck, possibly from one of the Renault trucks received in 1916. Presumably, the design and construction of this machine took place at the end of 1918 and were finished in 1919.

There is no description of its construction. Presumably, a wooden (or steel) frame was installed on a 4x2 truck chassis, on which sheets of steel armor were attached with rivets and bolts. The thickness of the armor could have been from 6 to 8 mm. A hexagonal turret in which a machine gun could be mounted was installed on the roof of the hull. It is known for sure that this armored car participated in the entry of the Romanian troops into Budapest in August 1919.

Foreign-produced military equipment of Romanian design

Henri Coandă

The Romanian-born inventor Henri Coandă designed several models of aircraft for the British Bristol Aeroplane Company. In January 1912, he was formally appointed Bristol's leading technician. His first design was the Bristol-Coandă monoplane. This aircraft was tested for the first time at Larkhill in March 1912. It was manufactured in both tandem and two-seater modes. Powered by an 80 hp Gnome et Rhône engine, the aircraft had a four-wheeled undercarriage and incorporated wing-warping for lateral control. This Romanian design gained Bristol the third prize during a flying competition. Italy ordered up to 14, while Romania itself ordered 10. In October 1914, Coandă left Bristol and returned to Romania. Despite a subsequent ban on monoplanes, Coandă's design was still much talked about, being rated as one of the leading machines of the day. Still, it was the influence of Coandă's father - General Constantin Coandă -  that was decisive in the adoption of the model by Romania. The Bristol T.B.8 biplane was developed from the Coandă monoplane. A total of 53 were produced, including conversions from Coandă monoplanes. Coandă invented a new bomb-dropping device for these biplanes, containing twelve bombs which could be released by a hand lever in the observer's seat. The Coandă biplanes, made using the same fuselage as the Coandă monoplanes, were much better than the latter, but still had a glaring flaw: they were tail-heavy. Coandă obstinately refused to address this issue, being adamant that his calculations were correct. The planes were, in fact, "a bit tail heavy". The "Bristol-Coandă Bomb Rack One", as it was called, was put to use solely on the Bristol-Coandă T.B.8 biplane. Throughout the summer of 1913, the structurally suspect Coandă monoplane was modified and converted to this tractor-biplane configuration, known thereafter as T.B.8. The design proved moderately successful, a manufacturing licence for it being subsequently acquired by the French firm Bréguet. The T.B.8 was used as a bomber only once, on 25 November 1914, when one made a bombing attack on German artillery batteries at Middelkerke, Belgium. Romania itself acquired 7 Bristol-Coandă monoplanes and 10 Bristol-Coandă T.B.8 biplanes. Given that, on the eve of its entry into the war in 1916, the Romanian Air Force had 44 aircraft, this means that a significant part of Romania's air power was Romanian-designed: the 17 aforementioned Coandă aircraft plus the remaining airplanes designed and built by Aurel Vlaicu.

George Constantinescu

The Romanian engineer George Constantinescu, working with Vickers in the United Kingdom during the war, invented what would become the main synchronizing device for the Royal Air Force. Constantinescu's men constructed the synchronizing gear within 9 days. It was such a simple but so completely effective device, that hundreds of thousands were made with no modifications needed. Although initially designed to fire only one machine gun, the Constantinescu gear was soon adapted to operate two, mounted parallel to each other. The Romanian design made the Vickers machine gun a superb aircraft weapon, given that it was a reliable synchronizing gear. A brilliant achievement of the Romanian engineer. The Constantinescu gear began being used starting with early 1917, when production aircraft started being delivered armed with a forward-firing Vickers gun synchronized with the Constantinescu gear. Among the aircraft fitted with the Constantinescu synchronized forward-firing equipment was the Sopwith Pup. In August 1917, American representatives sent to Europe by the War Department acquired two Vickers aircraft machine guns equipped with the Constantinescu synchronizing gears.

See also
 Arms industry in Romania
 List of Romanian military equipment of World War II
 Romanian armored fighting vehicle production during World War II

References

Military equipment of World War I
Military equipment of Romania
Science and technology during World War I
Equipment


"All Alone" is a popular waltz ballad composed by Irving Berlin in 1924. It was interpolated into the Broadway show The Music Box Revue of 1924 where it was sung by Grace Moore and Oscar Shaw. Moore sat at one end of the stage under a tightly focused spotlight, singing it into a telephone, while Oscar Shaw sat at the other, doing the same.

There were many successful recordings of it in 1925, including those by Al Jolson, John McCormack, Paul Whiteman, Cliff Edwards, Abe Lyman, Ben Selvin and Lewis James. The song became a standard and has been recorded many times and performed by Lucie Arnaz in the "Here's Lucy" episode "Mod, Mod Lucy" and Miss Piggy in an episode of "The Muppet Show".

Film appearances
 The Plastic Age (1925) - Donald Keith sings the song as part of a hazing ritual at the behest of Clara Bow. As a silent film, it includes lyrics and sheet music.
Alexander's Ragtime Band (1938) - Alice Faye sings the chorus ('wond'ring where you are, and how you are, and if you are all alone too")

Other recordings include
Connee Boswell (1938)
June Winters (1942, Continental Records)
Wayne King's Orchestra (vocal by Nancy Evans), recorded on March 4, 1946. The recording was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-1897.
Carmen Cavallaro's Orchestra (vocal by Dick Haymes), recorded on December 28, 1947. The recording was released by Decca Records as catalog number 24423.
Julie London, for  her 1956 album Lonely Girl.
Thelonious Monk recorded the tune for his 1957 album Thelonious Himself.
Connee Boswell - for her album Connee Boswell Sings Irving Berlin - A Golden Anniversary Tribute (1958)
Pat Boone - included in his album Pat Boone Sings Irving Berlin (1958)
Burl Ives - for his album Burl Ives Sings Irving Berlin (1960)
Alma Cogan (1961)
Frank Sinatra for his album All Alone (1962)
Rosemary Clooney - for her album Thanks for Nothing (1963)
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album On the Sentimental Side (1962) and he also recorded it for his 1965 album Bing Crosby's Treasury - The Songs I Love
Doris Day, recorded on June 6, 1967, not issued on a single, but included in her album, The Love Album.Sarah Vaughan, for her 1967 album Sassy Swings Again''.

References

Songs written by Irving Berlin
1924 songs
1925 singles
Wayne King songs
The Muppets songs
Songs about loneliness

All Alone (Irving Berlin song)


Count François de Menthon (8 January 1900 – 2 June 1984) was a French politician and professor of law.

Early and private life
Menthon was born in Montmirey-la-Ville in Jura. He was a son of an old noble family from Menthon-Saint-Bernard. He studied law in Dijon, where he joined Action catholique de la Jeunesse française (ACJF). He also studied in Paris. He was president of ACJF from 1927 to 1930, and was also the founder of the Jeunesse ouvrière chrétienne (JOC, a Christian working youth movement). He became a professor of political economy at the University of Nancy. He and his wife Nicole had six sons.

Second World War
He was mobilised at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, becoming a captain in the French Army. He was severely wounded and captured in June 1940. He spent three months in a hospital in Saint-Dié, but escaped and joined the French Resistance in Haute Savoie in September 1940.

Menthon received Jean Moulin several times at his family's seat at the Château de Menthon-Saint-Bernard. He founded the first resistance cell of the Liberté Resistance movement in Annecy in November 1940, and a second one in Lyons shortly afterwards. He also edited the Liberté underground newspaper, with the first two editions printed in Annecy and later ones in Marseilles. He was a leader in the Combat Resistance movement, created by the merger of Liberté with Henri Frenay's Mouvement de Libération Nationale towards the end of 1941. Menthon was captured returning from a meeting with Frenay, and interrogated at Baumettes prison in Marseilles, but he was released.

He left France in July 1943 to join General Charles de Gaulle in London, and followed him to Algiers where Menthon served as Commissioner of Justice in the Comité Français de Libération Nationale (CFLNC) from September 1943 to September 1944. He later became a Companion of the Ordre de la Libération, and was also an Officier of the Légion d'Honneur and received the Croix de Guerre.

Political career
After the Liberation of France, Menthon was Minister of Justice in de Gaulle's Provisional Government of the French Republic from 10 September 1944 to 8 May 1945, and then became Attorney General of France. He led the Commission d'Épuration to root out collaborators, and oversaw the trials of Marshal Philippe Pétain and other members of the Vichy regime. He came under attack for the zeal with which the purge was prosecuted, and resigned.

De Gaulle nominated him as the French lead prosecutor at the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal. He gave his opening speech, defining a crime against humanity as: "crime contre le statut d'être humain motivé par une idéologie qui est un crime contre l'esprit visant à rejeter l'humanité dans la barbarie" ("crime against human laws, motivated by an ideology that is a crime against the spirit, returning humanity to barbarism"). He resigned in January 1946 to take up active politics and was replaced by Auguste Champetier de Ribes.

Menthon was a founding member of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire (MRP). His political convictions were founded on humanistic and Christian principles.  He served as a député for Savoy in the French Assemblée Nationale from 1946 to 1958.  He was Minister for the National Economy in Georges Bidault's first ministry, from 24 June to 16 December 1946. He was also involved in European politics, and was president of Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1952 to 1954 (known as the Consultative Assembly until 1974) and was involved in the discussions to choose the design for the Flag of Europe. His promising political career was shortened by disagreements with de Gaulle and he returned to his university career at the University of Nancy in 1958.

He was mayor of Menthon-Saint-Bernard from 1945 to 1977, and served as chairman of the Association des maires et conseiller général for 22 years.

Menthon died in Menthon-Saint-Bernard, in Haute-Savoie.

References

External links
http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/672.html

1900 births
1984 deaths
People from Jura (department)
French nobility
French Roman Catholics
Popular Republican Movement politicians
French Ministers of Justice
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1945)
Members of the Constituent Assembly of France (1946)
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Members of Parliament for Haute-Savoie
Mayors of places in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Prosecutors of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg
20th-century French lawyers
Academic staff of Nancy-Université
French Army officers
French military personnel of World War II
French Resistance members
Companions of the Liberation

François de Menthon


Virtual racing is an offering from the "Big Four" bookmakers in the United Kingdom, along with some smaller firms. They offer punters the opportunity to place a wager on racing even after the day's race coverage, then watch the race on a TV screen. The races include virtual dog racing and virtual horse racing.

Virtual Racing tracks include Portman Park, Steepledowns, Sprintvalley, Lucksin' Downs, Race Of Champions(exclusive to Ladbrokes), Hope Park, Canterbury Hills, Sandy Lanes and Home Straights (all four exclusive to William Hill) for the virtual horse enthusiast, whilst virtual greyhounds have tracks called Brushwood, Millersfield, Trapton Park and Mutleigh Cross amongst others.

Odds
This opportunity to bet through does go with an edge to the house. Many betting shop punters  have described these races as 'animal roulette' since the bookmaker knows exactly the chance of each dog winning. Most races have an overround (bookmakers margin) of 2% a runner, sometimes less in races with many runners. When these races can be as little as three minutes apart this results in very unfavourable conditions for the gambler.

Virtual Racing is a visual representation of a computerised random number draw. The odds of the different horses (or dogs) are created by having the horses with the lower odds have more numbers in the draw than horses with higher odds. However, each number can only be drawn once and therefore the same selection cannot come first and second.

Online virtual racing
With the growth of bookmakers' share of the online market, they also offer online virtual racing. These are often included in the 'games' section of the website. Other providers such as SkyBet, William Hill and Betfair let viewers watch it as an event. SkyBet has also used their parent company's position of a TV provider and used virtual racing to fill time slots on their Sky Vegas channel (Channel 845).

A new category of virtual racing games has also emerged since 2006 with Newturf.com and Horseracingpark.com, among a growing number of others. These are online multiplayer strategy games where people can breed, train, buy, sell and race virtual horses or dogs against each other with real money involved. These games simulate the management of a virtual stable or kennel based on pure logical mathematical equations (skill games). Each online horse or greyhound disposes of unique genetic information, which has a direct influence on its physical and mental potential.

References

Sports betting

Virtual racing


Saint Margaret of England  (died 1192) was born in Hungary to an Englishwoman who was related to Thomas Becket, the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury.

When she was grown, Margaret took her mother with her on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and they then settled in Bethlehem, where they lived austere lives of penance. Her mother died there in the Holy Land. After that Margaret made pilgrimages to the Virgin of Montserrat in Spain, and then to Our Lady of Le Puy in Le Puy-en-Velay, in the Auvergne region of France.

She then became a Cistercian nun at the Abbey of Sauvebénite near Le Puy, where she died. Miracles were reported at her tomb and it became a pilgrimage site. Margaret's feast day is observed on 3 February.

References
Farmer, David Hugh. (1978). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links
St. Margaret of England - Catholic Online

1192 deaths
12th-century Christian saints
12th-century Hungarian nuns
12th-century French nuns
Cistercian nuns
Cistercian saints
Hungarian Cistercians
Hungarian emigrants to France
Hungarian people of British descent
Medieval Hungarian saints
Medieval French saints
Miracle workers
Year of birth unknown
Female saints of medieval Hungary
Female saints of medieval France

Saint Margaret of England


Robin D. Laws (born October 14, 1964 in Orillia, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian writer and game designer who lives in Toronto, Canada. He is the author of a number of novels and role-playing games as well as an anthologist.

Career
Robin D. Laws has been a professional game designer and an author since the early 1990s.

Game designer
Robin D. Laws has been playing role-playing games since he was a teenager and has worked as a game designer since the early 1990s. John Nephew of Atlas Games convinced Jonathan Tweet to publish a game which he had been writing about in Alarums & Excursions; Laws corresponded with Tweet about the game in A&E and when the game was being works on for publication Laws made contributions to the game as well, the result of which was Over the Edge (1992). Daedalus Games got its start when Laws came to Jose Garcia in 1993 with an idea for a role-playing game based on Hong Kong action cinema; while Garcia liked the idea, his first priority was Nexus: The Infinite City which was published in 1994 with Garcia as the primary designer and developer, and Laws, Bruce Baugh, and Rob Heinsoo as additional authors. Daedalus Games was then incorporated as Daedalus Entertainment in advance of publishing the Hong Kong action setting Laws had envisioned, but beginning with a collectible-card game to take advantage of that then-booming market. Laws therefore designed the collectible card game Shadowfist (1995). With the income generated from Shadowfist, Daedalus Entertainment published the role-playing game by Laws as Feng Shui (1996), which utilized a variation of game rules from Nexus, and began to publish supplements. However, Daedalus had to file for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1997 when the CCG market crashed; when the company sold some of its properties a few years later, Laws re-acquired Feng Shui. Nephew told Laws that he like to reprint Feng Shui, so when Laws got the rights back he brought the game to Atlas Games, in a deal announced on March 22, 1999.

Meanwhile, Laws was active throughout the 1990s as a freelance writer for games including GURPS, Underground, Talislanta, Earthdawn, and Vampire: The Dark Ages, and later for supplements to the third edition of Dungeons & Dragons. In 1998, Greg Stafford asked Laws to create a new role-playing game based on his world of Glorantha, which became known at first as Hero Wars, published in 2000 as the first fully professional product for Issaries, and later expanded and re-published in 2003 as HeroQuest. A second edition was published in 2009; Laws was then able to provide additional scaffolding for players to construct setting-appropriate narratives with the rules provided. At the same time, Laws was engaged in some more experimental RPG design. Hogshead Publishing published his Pantheon and Other Roleplaying Games (2000) as one of the company's "New Style" RPGs, while Atlas Games contracted with Laws to design the Rune (2001) role-playing game, based on the Rune computer game. Laws determined that for Rune, "the game would need to have a big point of difference to distinguish it from the many other fantasy games available"; in this case, the game would allow players to swap roles with the Game Master (GM): "You can win! And when you're not the GM, it's not boring because the GM can win!"

Pelgrane Press revealed on January 20, 2000 that Laws was going to be the primary author for their licensed role-playing game based on the Jack Vance stories in the Dying Earth setting. Laws was the senior designer for The Dying Earth Roleplaying Game. As Pelgrane Press expanded, they launched the GUMSHOE system, designed by Laws based on the claim that investigative gaming had been introduced to RPGs under the mistaken assumption that acquiring clues should be treated as a contingent reward; the new system ensured that players would learn the clues needed in order to proceed with their investigations. The Esoterrorists (2006) by Laws was the first release with this system, supported by his sourcebook The Esoterror Factbook (2006); the next year, Pelgrane released Fear Itself (2007) by Laws. Laws has also contributed supplements to Ken Hite's Trail of Cthulhu line, notably the randomized Armitage Files resource and the Dreamhounds of Paris campaign frame, in which players take on the roles of actual surrealist artists as they confront horror in the Dreamlands. Laws also designed Mutant City Blues (2009) and Ashen Stars (2011) as investigative games in the superhero and space opera genres.  His RPG Skulduggery (2010) extrapolated the treatment of conflict, especially interpersonal conflict, from the Dying Earth setting to a variety of other contexts, and the Gaean Reach RPG (2012) cross-fertilized Dying Earth and GUMSHOE rules in Vance's sci-fi setting.

In 2012, Laws also ran a Kickstarter for his game Hillfolk, featuring his new Dramasystem. The goal was $3,000, but raised over $93,000, and it went on to win the 2014 Diana Jones Award. After another successful Kickstarter by Atlas Games, Laws released a second edition of Feng Shui twenty years after its original release, removing obstructive rules and marking a "critical shift" in the game's background. Laws has since published the specialized Cthulhu Confidential (2017), offering a modified GUMSHOE system for roleplaying with one player and the GM, and the Yellow King RPG inspired by Robert W. Chambers (2020), also for Pelgrane Press.

Author
Robin D. Laws published his first novel Pierced Heart in 1996, set in the world of Over the Edge; it was released as an e-book in 2014. His subsequent novels included the original The Rough and the Smooth as well as novels set in the game settings of Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay, City of Heroes and Pathfinder. Laws also had stories published in Synister Creative's pulp magazine, and in the fiction anthology The Book of All Flesh for the All Flesh Must Be Eaten RPG: "The first is a light-hearted adventure, and the other is really, really dark". Laws wrote Robin's Laws of Good Game Mastering (2002) for Steve Jackson Games and edited 40 Years of Gen Con (2007), a book of interviews and photographs, published by Atlas. Laws also wrote Hamlet's Hit Points (2010), published by small press company Gameplaywright, and is currently working on a second volume, applying the same approach to narrative structure with a focus on fiction and screenplay writing. Laws is also the editor of the Stone Skin Press fiction imprint from Pelgrane Press.

In other media, he contributed to the King of Dragon Pass and Six Ages computer games and wrote for Marvel's Iron Man with Mike Grell in 2003. He writes an irregular advice column for role-players called See Page XX, and releases a weekly podcast with Ken Hite for Pelgrane Press, Ken and Robin talk about stuff.

Conventions
Robin Laws is frequently invited to be a guest speaker at conventions around the world, having made appearances at Gen Con Australia and Ropecon in Finland.

Laws attends Gen Con Indy and the Toronto International Film Festival every year. He has stated that he often cannot attend Fan Expo Canada because that convention often takes place too soon after Gen Con and too soon before TIFF, but he likes to attend it whenever he can. He was Fan Expo's gaming guest of honor in 2005 and 2010.

Since 2010, Laws has participated in Dragonmeet in London as a guest of Pelgrane Press.

Works
A partial list of works by Robin D Laws:

Role-playing games and related supplements
For 13th Age:

 13 True Ways

Ashen Stars

Cthulhu Confidential

For Deadlands: Hell on Earth
 Monsters, Muties and Misfits (et al.)

For Dungeons & Dragons:
 Dungeon Master's Guide II (et al.)
 Seven Strongholds (Atlas Games Penumbra)

For the Earthdawn RPG:
 Throal: The Dwarf Kingdom
 Infected
 Horrors
 Denizens of Earthdawn (Volume 2)
 The Theran Empire
 Parlainth Adventures (et al.)

The Esoterrorists
 The Esoterror Factbook
Fear Itself

Feng Shui: Action Movie Roleplaying
 Four Bastards
 Burning Shaolin

For the Firefly Role-Playing Game:
 Ghosts In the Black

Gaean Reach RPG

For Greg Stafford's Glorantha setting

 Glorantha: the Second Age and associated supplements
 HeroQuest first and second editions
 Hero Wars and associated supplements

For GURPS:
 Fantasy 2: Adventures in the Mad Lands

Hillfolk

Jack Vance's The Dying Earth Roleplaying Game
 Kaiin Player's Guide
 Turjan's Tome of Beauty and Horror (with Ian Thompson)
 Cugel's Compendium of Indispensable Advantages (et al.)
 The Excellent Prismatic Spray 2-5 (et al.)

Mutant City Blues
 Hard Helix

Nexus: The Infinite City (et al.)

OG: Unearthed Edition

For Over the Edge:
 Unauthorized Broadcast
 Weather the Cuckoo Likes
 Wildest Dreams
 Over the Edge, 2nd Edition (with Jonathan Tweet)

Pandemonium!: Adventures in Tabloid World (Contributor)
 Stranger Than Truth: Further Adventures in Tabloid World (Contributor)

Pantheon and Other Roleplaying Games

Robin's Laws of Good Game Mastering ()

Rune

Shadowfist Players' Guide (Volume 1) (with Rob Heinsoo)

Star Trek RPG (et al.)

Star Trek: The Next Generation RPG (et al.)
 Raiders, Renegades, & Rogues (et al.)

For Talislanta:
 Sub-men Rising

For Trail of Cthulhu
 The Armitage Files
 Out of Space Scenario: Repairer of Reputations
 Stunning Eldritch Tales
 Dreamhounds of Paris

For the Underground RPG:
 Ways and Means

For Vampire: The Dark Ages:
 House of Tremere

For Vampire: the Masquerade:
 Blood Magic: Secrets of Thaumaturgy

For Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay
 Heart of Chaos (Doomstones Campaign Volume 3)

Novels
 Pierced Heart
 The Rough and the Smooth
 Honour of the Grave
 Sacred Flesh
 Liar's Peak
 Freedom Phalanx
 Pathfinder Tales: The Worldwound Gambit
 Pathfinder Tales: Blood of the City
 The Missing and the Lost

References

External links
Robin Laws' Blogspot journal

See Page XX RPG advice column
RPGnet Index Entry
Interview on Flames Rising (March 2011)

1964 births
Atlas Games people
Canadian game designers
Canadian podcasters
Chaosium game designers
Dungeons & Dragons game designers
GURPS writers
Living people
People from Orillia
Role-playing game designers
Role-playing game writers
Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay game designers
White Wolf game designers

Robin Laws


The 1790 State of the Union Address was the inaugural State of the Union address delivered by President George Washington to the United States Congress on January 8, 1790, at the Senate Chamber of Federal Hall in New York City.

In this first address, Washington set the example for what would be expected of presidents after him. Even at the time, issues such as his choice of clothing, who stood beside him, and the delivery of his message were discussed. It remains the shortest State of the Union Address, containing only 1,089 words.

Speech
In his speech, Washington explained some of the challenges that America would face, and he addressed what he expected for the future.

Washington began his address by congratulating Congress for the accession of North Carolina and highlighting the country's progress: "Plenty, with which we are blessed, are circumstances auspicious in an eminent degree to our national prosperity." While Washington celebrated with the people, he also cautioned them about the work required to secure America's future. He emphasized, "To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace,"  and called upon his country to create a sufficient army and gather the necessary resources for its maintenance. In his speech, Washington addressed the formation of the army, as well as its funding, supplies, and structure, ensuring that the matter was promptly addressed.

Washington believed that foreign policy should be handled by the President, and he made a promise to fulfill his "duty in that respect in the manner which circumstances may render most public good."  Additionally, he addressed the necessity of establishing a naturalization process for immigrants that would showcase their value to the new country. Moreover, Washington urged natural-born citizens to actively participate in the growth and progress of their nation.

Washington then transitioned from addressing official needs to focusing on citizens' everyday lives. The speech highlighted the significance of agriculture, commerce, manufacturing, science, and literature. He emphasized the importance of they knowledge, enabling people to "know and to value their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions of them, etc.". Lastly, he reminded the Senate and the House of Representatives of their duty to the country and stressed the necessity for cooperation to uphold a functioning republic.

Congressional response
In response to the portion of Washington's speech calling for "the promotion of 'science and literature,'" Congress began drafting the Patent Act of 1790 and the Copyright Act of 1790. However, Washington's further suggestion that the United States establish a national university was questioned in the House of Representatives. Representative Michael Jenifer Stone was concerned that this would be unconstitutional because there was no authorization for Congress to find such a business, and a national university was never established.

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of George Washington
Speeches by George Washington
1st United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address

1790 State of the Union Address


The 1986 Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament was played from February 25 to March 3, 1986. The tournament was played at the Brendan Bryne Arena in East Rutherford, NJ.  The winner was named champion of the Atlantic 10 Conference and received an automatic bid to the 1986 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Saint Joseph's University won the tournament. Greg Mullee of Saint Joseph's was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. Saint Joseph's, Temple, and West Virginia earned bids to the NCAA Tournament in 1986.

Bracket

External links
  Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament History

Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament
Tournament
Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament
Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament
Atlantic 10 men's basketball tournament


The Frederick Squire House is a historic house at 185 North Street in Bennington, Vermont.  Built about 1887, it is one of the town's finest examples of Queen Anne Victorian architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Description and history
The Squire House is located north of downtown Bennington, at the southeast corner of North Street (United States Route 7) and Gage Street.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a cross-gabled roof, an exterior clad in clapboards and decoratively cut shingles, and a foundation of brick, stone, and concrete.  It has a projecting front porch, now enclosed in glass, extending across the front, with a smaller second-story porch above.  A band of cut shingles extends around the building between the first and second floors, with more such shingling in the gables above the second-floor windows.  Small oval keystoned windows make decorative accents on the side facades.  The interior retains original high-quality woodwork, including the staircase, builtin cabinetry, and spindlework transom screens on some of the windows.  The dining room has a pressed metal ceiling.

The house was built about 1887 by Frederick Squire, a jeweler who was prominent in the local business community.  The front porches and other Colonial Revival details were probably added by the house's second owner, who purchased it in 1904.  For most of the 20th century it saw a variety of uses, including as a convent for an adjacent school, and as a real estate office.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bennington County, Vermont

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Queen Anne architecture in Vermont
Houses completed in 1887
Houses in Bennington County, Vermont
Buildings and structures in Bennington, Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Bennington County, Vermont

Frederick Squire House


Nurul Huda Abdullah @ Ch'ng Su-Lin AMN (born 31 July 1972) is a former Malaysian competitive swimmer.

She holds the record of the most number of gold medals won at the Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games) for a Malaysian athlete, having won a total of 22 gold medals in the swimming events at three SEA Games (from 1985 to 1989).

She was the first Malaysian swimmer to win a medal at the Asian Games and remains the only Malaysian female swimmer to have won medals at the Asian Games and Asian Swimming Championships, with a total of 2 silver and 2 bronze medals at the 10th Asian Games 1986 Seoul, and a total of 2 silver and 1 bronze medal at the 3rd Asian Swimming Championship (1988) in Guangzhou.

References

1972 births
Living people
Malaysian sportspeople
Swimmers

Nurul Huda Abdullah


The Tree of Life, Stoclet Frieze (French: L'Arbre de Vie, Stoclet Frieze) is a painting by the Austrian symbolist painter Gustav Klimt. It was completed in 1909 and is based on the Art Nouveau (Modern) style in a symbolic painting genre. The dimensions of the painting are , and it is housed at the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria.

The painting is a study for a series of three mosaics created by Klimt for a 1905-1911 commissioned work at the Palais Stoclet in Brussels, Belgium. The mosaics were created in the artist's Late Works period and depict swirling Trees of Life, a standing female figure, and an embracing couple. The mosaics are spread across three walls of the Palais' dining room, along with two figural sections set opposite each other.

The iconic painting later inspired the external facade of the "New Residence Hall" (also called the "Tree House"), a colorful 21-story student residence hall at Massachusetts College of Art and Design in Boston, Massachusetts.

See also
 Tree of Life
 Stoclet Frieze

References

1909 paintings
Paintings by Gustav Klimt
Paintings in Vienna

The Tree of Life, Stoclet Frieze


Duduka Da Fonseca, born Eduardo Moreira Da Fonseca (Rio de Janeiro, March 31, 1951) is a Brazilian jazz drummer who is a founding member of Trio da Paz with Romero Lubambo and Nilson Matta. He leads the Duduka da Fonseca Trio, with David Feldman and Guto Wirtti.

Biography
Born in Rio de Janeiro, Da Fonseca started playing drums when he was thirteen. He moved to New York City in 1975 and was the founder and leader of Brazilian All Stars, Brazilian Express, and the New York Samba Band. He was a teacher at the Drummers Collective and wrote an instructional book, Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset. Since 1986, he has been a founding member and co-leader of Trio da Paz, a band he started with bassist Nilson Matta and guitarist Romero Lubambo.

At fourteen, while living in Rio, Duduka formed his first Samba Jazz Trio, Bossa Trio, with his brother Miguel playing bass. In his 20s, Duduka co-founded Mandengo, a Samba Jazz Sextet featuring Raul Mascarenhas (tenor sax), Mauro Senise (alto sax), Barrozinho (trumpet), Tony Botelho (acoustic bass), and Tomás Improta (piano). Mandengo performed together for many years until Duduka moved to New York in 1975.

In New York, Duduka followed his dream of playing with American jazz musicians where he could blend musical cultures. To date, he has recorded and performed with Gerry Mulligan, Phil Woods, Kenny Barron, Lee Konitz, Eddie Gomez, Joanne Brackeen, Herbie Mann, Sadao Watanabe, Joe Henderson, David Amram, George Mraz, Emily Remler, Nancy Wilson, Slide Hampton, Rufus Reid, Steve Allee, John Scofield, Wayne Shorter, John Patitucci, Martin Wind, Wolfgang Lackerschmid, Tom Harrell, Joe Lovano, Jorge Dalto, Paquito D'Rivera, Dick Oatts, Dennis Irwin, Billy Drewes, Kenny Werner, David Sanchez, Marc Copland, Renee Rosnes, Bill Charlap, Harry Allen, Larry Goldings, Jessica Molaskey, John Pizzarelli, and others.

In addition to the artists listed above, Duduka has played and recorded with many Brazilian artists: Antonio Carlos Jobim, Dom Salvador, Sergio Barrozo, Rio 65 Trio, Haroldo Mauro Jr., Astrud Gilberto, Toninho Horta, Airto Moreira, Raul de Souza, Claudio Roditi, Ion Muniz, Edson Lobo, Alfredo Cardim, Nico Assumpção, Tenório Jr., Cesarius Alvim, Ricardo Santos, Edison Maciel, Naná Vasconcelos, Carlos Barbosa-Lima, Paulo Jobim, Daniel Jobim, Jaques Morelenbaum, Mario Adnet, Maucha Adnet, Chico Adnet, Elza Soares, OSESP (São Paulo Symphony Orchestra, "Jobim Sinfônico"), Milton Nascimento, Dori Caymmi, Oscar Castro-Neves, and others.

Duduka is also a 4-time Grammy nominee. In 2002 his first solo album, Samba Jazz Fantasia, was nominated for an American Grammy Award. He is one of the very few Brazilians and the only Brazilian drummer thus far to be nominated. In 2009, he was nominated for a Latin Grammy as the co-leader of The Brazilian Trio for their album Forests.

Duduka has established numerous Brazilian Jazz groups among them Brasilian Express, which appeared on PBS in 1981. Duduka's New York Samba Band performed at many jazz venues including the Blue Note, Fat Tuesdays and the Village Gate. In 1986 he formed The Brazilian Jazz All Stars, featuring artists Bob Mintzer, Randy Brecker, Eliane Elias, Romero Lubambo, Nilson Matta and Guilherme Franco.

Duduka was a founding member and co-leader of Trio da Paz, nominated for an Indie Award as Best Latin Jazz Group in 1993 and their recording Partido Out won the Jazz Journalists Association Awards for best Brazilian Jazz Album of 2002. In 2016, the trio also won the Hot House NYC Award for the best group for their most recent album 30. The album was also nominated for a Grammy in the Best Latin Jazz category.

In 2002 he formed the Duduka Da Fonseca Quintet featuring Anat Cohen, Guilherme Monteiro, Helio Alves, and Leonardo Cioglia.

The Quintet recorded two critically acclaimed albums. Their second album, Samba Jazz-Jazz Samba, was among the ten best albums of the year in Jazziz Magazine. The Quintet has performed in the Umbria Jazz Festival and Tudo é Jazz Festival in Ouro Prêto.

Since 2007, Duduka Da Fonseca has had a project with pianist Helio Alves, featuring vocalist Maucha Adnet, called "Samba Jazz & The Music of Jobim". This show has been presented annually at Dizzy's Club Coca Cola (JALC), as well as other venues and festivals around the globe.

In 2009 Duduka formed the Duduka Da Fonseca Trio featuring David Feldman on piano and Guto Wirtti on acoustic bass. The Trio has recorded four albums which were acclaimed by critics worldwide.

In 2020 Duduka was nominated for the American Grammy® Award with the album "Sorte!": Music by John Finbury, Thalma de Freitas with Victor Gonçalves, John Patitucci, Chico Pinheiro, Airto Moreira, Rogério Boccato & Duduka Da Fonseca.

Discography

As leader/co-leader

 Samba Jazz Fantasia (Anzic, 2002)
 Transition with Dom Salvador (Lua Discos, 2003)
 Samba Jazz in Black and White with Duduka Da Fonseca Quintet (Zoho Music, 2006)
 Samba Jazz - Jazz Samba (Anzic, 2012)

With Duduka Da Fonseca Trio
 Plays Toninho Horta (Zoho Music, 2011)
 New Samba Jazz Directions (Zoho Music, 2013)
 Jive Samba (Zoho Music, 2015)
 Plays Dom Salvador (Sunnyside, 2018)

With Trio da Paz
 Brasil from the Inside (Concord Picante, 1992)
 Black Orpheus (Kokopelli, 1994)
 Partido Out (Malandro, 1998)
 Café (Malandro, 2002)
 Somewhere (Blue Toucan, 2006)
 Live at JazzBaltica (MAXJAZZ, 2008)
 30 (Zoho Music, 2011)

With The Brazilian Trio
 Forests (Zoho Music, 2008)
 Constelação (Motema, 2013)

With others
 HD2, Songs from the Last Century (Blue Toucan, 2005)
 DNA Bossa Trio, DNA Bossa Trio (CID, 2007)
 Our Thing, Manhattan Style (JazzHeads, 2017)
 Duduka Da Fonseca & Helio Alves featuring Maucha Adnet, Samba Jazz and Tom Jobim (Sunnyside, 2019)

As sideman
With Joanne Brackeen
Breath of Brazil (Concord Picante, 1991)
Take a Chance (Concord Picante, 1993)

With Astrud Gilberto
 Astrud Gilberto Plus the James Last Orchestra (Polydor, 1986)
 Temperance (Pony Canyon, 1997)
 Live in New York (Pony Canyon, 1999)

With Antônio Carlos Jobim
 Antonio Brasileiro ( Columbia, 1994)
 Jobim Sinfônico (Biscoito Fino, 2004)

With Lee Konitz
 Brazilian Rhapsody (Venus, 1995)
 Brazilian Serenade (Venus, 1996)

With Wolfgang Lackerschmid
 Samba Gostoso (Hipjazz, 2016)
 Studio Konzert (Neuklang, 2018)

With Mario Adnet
 Pedra Bonita (Biscoito Fino, 1998)
 Para Gershwin E Jobim (Universal, 2004)

With Herbie Mann
 Jasil Brazz (RBI, 1987)
 65th Birthday Celebration (WEA, 1997)
 America/Brasil (WEA, 1997)

With John Pizzarelli
 Midnight McCartney (MPL, 2015)
 Sinatra & Jobim @ 50 (Concord Jazz, 2017)

With Rufus Reid
 Hues of a Different Blue (Motema, 2011)
 Out Front (Motema, 2011)
 Terrestrial Dance (Newvelle, 2017)

With Claudio Roditi
 Two of Swords (Candid, 1991)
 Double Standards (Reservoir, 1997)
 Brazilliance (Resonance, 2009)
 Simpatico (Resonance, 2010)

With others
 Toshiko Akiyoshi, Yes I Have No 4BEAT Today (Ninety-One, 1995)
 Harry Allen, Eu Nao Quero Dancar (I Won't Dance) (RCA Victor, 1998)
 Helio Alves, Trios (Reservoir, 1998)
 David Amram, Latin-Jazz Celebration (Elektra Musician, 1983)
 Kenny Barron, Canta Brasil (Sunnyside, 2002)
 Charlie Byrd, My Inspiration (Concord Picante, 1999)
 Cameo, Word Up! (Atlanta Artists 1986)
 Ana Caram, Maracana (Chesky, 1993)
 Beastie Boys, Hello Nasty (Capitol, 1998)
 Anat Cohen, Noir (Anzic, 2007)
 Alexis Cole, Close Your Eyes (Venus, 2014)
 Jacob Fischer, Black Orpheus (Venus, 2013)
 Joel Frahm, Caminhos Cruzados (Venus, 2010)
 George Garzone & Trio Da Paz, Night of My Beloved (Venus, 2008)
 Ken Hatfield, Dyad Arthur (Circle, 2000)
 Vincent Herring, Jobim for Lovers (MusicMasters, 1999)
 Joyce, Language and Love (Verve, 1991)
 Susannah McCorkle, Sabia (Concord Jazz, 1990)
 Jessica Molaskey, Portraits of Joni (Ghostlight, 2017)
 Othello Molineaux, It's About Time (Big World 1993)
 Gerry Mulligan, Paraiso (First Impression, 2015)
 New York Voices, What's Inside (GRP, 1993)
 John Patitucci, Communion (Concord Jazz, 2001)
 Ivo Perelman, Man of the Forest (GM, 1994)
 Dave Pietro, Embrace: Impressions of Brazil (A- 2004)
Nate Najar, Aquarela Do Brasil (Candid, 2014); I'm All Smiles (Blue Line 2006)
 Emily Remler, This Is Me (Justice, 1990)
 Renee Rosnes, Life on Earth (Blue Note, 2001)
 Dom Salvador, Dom Salvador Trio (Biscoito Fino 2007)
 John Scofield, Quiet (Verve, 1996)
 Steve Turre, Woody's Delight (HighNote, 2012)
 The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra, Can I Persuade You? (Planet Arts 2001)
 Nancy Wilson, A Nancy Wilson Christmas (MCG, 2001)
 John Zorn, The Big Gundown (Nonesuch, 1985)
 Thalma de Freitas, John Finbury (composer), Sorte! (Green Flash Music 2019)

References

External links
 Duduka da Fonseca Trio: New Samba Jazz Directions (2013)

Brazilian jazz drummers
1951 births
Living people
Male drummers
Trio da Paz members
Zoho Music artists

Duduka Da Fonseca


The Mackintosh raincoat (abbreviated as mac) is a form of waterproof raincoat, first sold in 1824, made of rubberised fabric.

The Mackintosh is named after its Scottish inventor Charles Macintosh, although many writers added a letter k. The variant spelling of "Mackintosh" is now standard.

Although the Mackintosh coat style has become generic, a genuine Mackintosh coat is made from rubberised or rubber laminated material.

History

It has been claimed that the material was invented by the surgeon James Syme, but then copied and patented by Charles Macintosh; Syme's method of creating the solvent from coal tar was published in Thomson's Annals of Philosophy in 1818; this paper also describes the dissolution of natural rubber in naphtha.

However, a detailed history of the invention of the Mackintosh was published by Schurer. The essence of Macintosh's process was the sandwiching of an impermeable layer of a solution of rubber in naphtha between two layers of fabric. The naphtha was distilled from coal tar, with the Bonnington Chemical Works being a major supplier. Syme did not propose the sandwich idea, and his paper did not mention waterproofing. Waterproofing garments with rubber was an old idea and was practised in pre-Columbian times by the Aztecs, who impregnated fabric with latex. Later French scientists made balloons gas-tight (and incidentally, impermeable) by impregnating fabric with rubber dissolved in turpentine, but this solvent was not satisfactory for making apparel.

In 1830 Macintosh's company merged with the clothing company of Thomas Hancock in Manchester. Hancock had also been experimenting with rubber coated fabrics since 1819. Production of rubberised coats soon spread across the UK. All kinds of coats were produced with rubberized material, including riding coats and coats supplied to the British Army, British railways, and UK police forces.

Early coats had problems with poor smell, stiffness, and a tendency to melt in hot weather. Hancock improved his waterproof fabrics, patenting a method for vulcanising rubber in 1843, solving many of the problems.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the company continued to make waterproof clothing. In 1925 the company was taken over by Dunlop Rubber.

Revival
In the mid-1990s the Mackintosh brand owner, Traditional Weatherwear, was on the verge of closing its factory in Blairlinn, Cumbernauld near Glasgow. Around the turn of the 21st century, senior staff members acquired the company and established the traditional rubberised Mackintosh coat as an upmarket brand in its own right. The company collaborated with leading fashion houses such as Gucci, Hermès, Louis Vuitton, and Liberty. The coats became particularly popular with Japanese women, and the company won a Queen's Award for Enterprise in 2000 for its success in international trade. In December 2003 the company name was formally changed to Mackintosh.

In 2007, Mackintosh was bought by Tokyo firm Yagi Tsusho. With the backing of its parent company Mackintosh has continued to expand its reputation and marketing operations. In January 2011, the company opened its first fashion store in London.

In 2017, Mackintosh expanded to include a premium fashion-oriented line headed by Bulgarian designer Kiko Kostadinov, titled Mackintosh 0001. These new lines of fashion both included male and female lines of clothing. The label has collaborated with several other brands, including with Vetements (2016); with Porter on a unisex capsule collection of bags and accessories (2017); with Maison Margiela on creating two exclusive trenchcoat designs for its spring men's wear collection (2018); and with luxury essentials British label The Workers Club on a fall capsule collection (2020).

References

Bibliography

External links

 Excerpts from "The Macintosh: the Paternity of an Invention"
 The Macintosh Factory in Manchester – Outline history
 Mackintosh Rainwear
  Timeline of rubber development

Coats (clothing)
Clothing companies of Scotland
Scottish clothing
Scottish inventions
Scottish brands
Clothing companies of the United Kingdom

Mackintosh


The Suru valley is a valley in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, which is drained by the Suru River (Indus), a tributary of the Indus River. It is at a height of . The towns of Kargil and Rangdum are here. The Penzella Pass at Panikhar, a hill resort in Zanskar, divides the Suru valley with Zanskar. Willow and poplar are grown in the Suru valley.

Suru valley has 25,000 by people of Dard and Tibetan descent. The majority of the people are followers of Shi'a Islam, having converted from Tibetan Buddhism in the 16th century under the direction of Thi-Namgyal. Buddhists in the Suru valley live throughout the valley, but are mainly in Rangdum.

Valleys of Pakistan

Suru Valley


Turkish-German Cinema historians and theoreticians of film sometimes call movies out of Germany directed by German-Turkish filmmakers. These films often raise transcultural issues and have some other specific similarities.

Fatih Akın is the most important Director of Turkish-German Movies. Others are for example Yüksel Yavuz, Sinan Akkuş, Buket Alakuş, Thomas Arslan, Hussi Kutlucan, Seyhan Derin, Sülbiye Günar, Neco Çelik, Züli Aladağ, Mennan Yapo, Adnan G. Köse and Özgür Yıldırım.

The first Turk in Germany who did a movie was Tevfik Başer (40 m2 Deutschland).

External links
 Sowohl als auch: Das "deutsch-türkische" Kino heute

Cinema of Germany
Turkish diaspora in Germany

Turkish-German cinema


The Walther PP is a pistol, which was originally developed for police officers. The PP stands for "Polizeipistole", "Police pistol". It was developed in 1929, and produced until 1996. The pistol is a blowback semi-automatic. The weapons manufacturer Carl Walther GmbH built it.

Pistols

Walther PP


Serenade is a 1937 German drama film directed by Willi Forst and starring Hilde Krahl, Albert Matterstock and Igo Sym. The film was based on a novel by Theodor Storm, which was adapted again in 1958 as I'll Carry You in My Arms by Veit Harlan.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Kurt Herlth and Werner Schlichting.

Plot summary

Cast
 Hilde Krahl as Irene - Burgstallers Nichte
 Albert Matterstock as Gustl Hollmann
 Igo Sym as Ferdinand Lohner - 1st Violin
 Walter Janssen as Alfred Ritter, 2nd Violin
 Fritz Odemar as P.M. Dörffner, Bratsche
 Hans Junkermann as Johann Burgstaller, Cello
 Lina Lossen as Frau Leuthoff
 Klaus Detlef Sierck as Heinz, Lohners Sohn
 Eduard von Winterstein as Der Dorfarzt
 Josef Eichheim as Gruber, Orchesterdiener
 Paul Rehkopf as Franz, Kutscher
 Erich Dunskus as Der Künsthändler
 Toni Tetzlaff as Die Vermieterin
 Toni Staffner as Anna, the maid
 Margarete Henning-Roth as Eine Kellnerin
 Lily Rodien as Das Gemälde zeigt
 Schorchl Holl as Loisl - Jagdgehilfe
 Hilde Seipp as Singer
 Valerie Borstel as Gast bei Irene
 Hans Hanauer as Feuerwehrhauptmann
 Karl Jüstel as Zuhörer beim Konzert
 Susi Lembach as Gast bei Irene
 Theodor Thony as Pariser Hotelportier

References

Bibliography
 Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopaedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.

External links

1937 films
Films of Nazi Germany
German drama films
1937 drama films
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Willi Forst
Films based on works by Theodor Storm
Films based on short fiction
Films about remarriage
Films about widowhood
Tobis Film films
German black-and-white films
1930s German films

Serenade (1937 film)


In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics.
Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods.
It represents an important dimension of analysis and verification in electronic design automation and is one approach to software verification. The use of formal verification enables the highest Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL7) in the framework of common criteria for computer security certification.

Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code in a programming language.  Prominent examples of verified software systems include the CompCert verified C compiler and the seL4 high-assurance operating system kernel.

The verification of these systems is done by ensuring the existence of a formal proof of a mathematical model of the system. Examples of mathematical objects used to model systems are: finite-state machines, labelled transition systems, Horn clauses, Petri nets, vector addition systems, timed automata, hybrid automata, process algebra, formal semantics of programming languages such as operational semantics, denotational semantics, axiomatic semantics and Hoare logic.

Approaches

One approach and formation is model checking, which consists of a systematically exhaustive exploration of the mathematical model (this is possible for finite models, but also for some infinite models where infinite sets of states can be effectively represented finitely by using abstraction or taking advantage of symmetry). Usually, this consists of exploring all states and transitions in the model, by using smart and domain-specific abstraction techniques to consider whole groups of states in a single operation and reduce computing time. Implementation techniques include state space enumeration, symbolic state space enumeration, abstract interpretation, symbolic simulation, abstraction refinement.  The properties to be verified are often described in temporal logics, such as linear temporal logic (LTL), Property Specification Language (PSL), SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA), or computational tree logic (CTL). The great advantage of model checking is that it is often fully automatic; its primary disadvantage is that it does not in general scale to large systems; symbolic models are typically limited to a few hundred bits of state, while explicit state enumeration requires the state space being explored to be relatively small.

Another approach is deductive verification.  It consists of generating from the system and its specifications (and possibly other annotations) a collection of mathematical proof obligations, the truth of which imply conformance of the system to its specification, and discharging these obligations using either proof assistants (interactive theorem provers) (such as HOL, ACL2, Isabelle, Coq or PVS), or automatic theorem provers, including in particular satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers. This approach has the disadvantage that it may require the user to understand in detail why the system works correctly, and to convey this information to the verification system, either in the form of a sequence of theorems to be proved or in the form of specifications (invariants, preconditions, postconditions) of system components (e.g. functions or procedures) and perhaps subcomponents (such as loops or data structures).

Software

Formal verification of software programs involves proving that a program satisfies a formal specification of its behavior. Subareas of formal verification include deductive verification (see above), abstract interpretation, automated theorem proving, type systems, and lightweight formal methods. A promising type-based verification approach is dependently typed programming, in which the types of functions include (at least part of) those functions' specifications, and type-checking the code establishes its correctness against those specifications. Fully featured dependently typed languages support deductive verification as a special case.

Another complementary approach is program derivation, in which efficient code is produced from functional specifications by a series of correctness-preserving steps. An example of this approach is the Bird–Meertens formalism, and this approach can be seen as another form of correctness by construction.

These techniques can be sound, meaning that the verified properties can be logically deduced from the semantics, or unsound, meaning that there is no such guarantee. A sound technique yields a result only once it has covered the entire space of possibilities. An example of an unsound technique is one that covers only a subset of the possibilities, for instance only integers up to a certain number, and give a "good-enough" result. Techniques can also be decidable, meaning that their algorithmic implementations are guaranteed to terminate with an answer, or undecidable, meaning that they may never terminate. By bounding the scope of possibilities, unsound techniques that are decidable might be able to be constructed when no decidable sound techniques are available.

Verification and validation

Verification is one aspect of testing a product's fitness for purpose. Validation is the complementary aspect. Often one refers to the overall checking process as V & V.

 Validation: "Are we trying to make the right thing?", i.e., is the product specified to the user's actual needs?
 Verification: "Have we made what we were trying to make?", i.e., does the product conform to the specifications?

The verification process consists of static/structural and dynamic/behavioral aspects. E.g., for a software product one can inspect the source code (static) and run against specific test cases (dynamic). Validation usually can be done only dynamically, i.e., the product is tested by putting it through typical and atypical usages ("Does it satisfactorily meet all use cases?").

Automated program repair

Program repair is performed with respect to an oracle, encompassing the desired functionality of the program which is used for validation of the generated fix. A simple example is a test-suite—the input/output pairs specify the functionality of the program. A variety of techniques are employed, most notably using satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers, and genetic programming, using evolutionary computing to generate and evaluate possible candidates for fixes. The former method is deterministic, while the latter is randomized.

Program repair combines techniques from formal verification and program synthesis. Fault-localization techniques in formal verification are used to compute program points which might be possible bug-locations, which can be targeted by the synthesis modules. Repair systems often focus on a small pre-defined class of bugs in order to reduce the search space. Industrial use is limited owing to the computational cost of existing techniques.

Industry use

The growth in complexity of designs increases the importance of formal verification techniques in the hardware industry. At present, formal verification is used by most or all leading hardware companies, but its use in the software industry is still languishing. This could be attributed to the greater need in the hardware industry, where errors have greater commercial significance. Because of the potential subtle interactions between components, it is increasingly difficult to exercise a realistic set of possibilities by simulation. Important aspects of hardware design are amenable to automated proof methods, making formal verification easier to introduce and more productive.

, several operating systems have been formally verified:
NICTA's Secure Embedded L4 microkernel, sold commercially as seL4 by OK Labs; OSEK/VDX based real-time operating system ORIENTAIS by East China Normal University; Green Hills Software's Integrity operating system; and SYSGO's PikeOS.
In 2016, a team led by Zhong Shao at Yale developed a formally verified operating system kernel called CertiKOS.

As of 2017, formal verification has been applied to the design of large computer networks through a mathematical model of the network, and as part of a new network technology category, intent-based networking. Network software vendors that offer formal verification solutions include Cisco Forward Networks and Veriflow Systems.

The SPARK programming language provides a toolset which enables software development with formal verification and is used in several high-integrity systems.

The CompCert C compiler is a formally verified C compiler implementing the majority of ISO C.

See also

 Automated theorem proving
 Model checking
 List of model checking tools
 Formal equivalence checking
 Proof checker
 Property Specification Language
 Static code analysis
 Temporal logic in finite-state verification
 Post-silicon validation
 Intelligent verification
 Runtime verification

References

Electronic circuit verification
Formal methods
Logic in computer science
Theoretical computer science

Formal verification


Yverdon-les-Bains Castle is a castle in the municipality of Yverdon-les-Bains of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland.  It is a Swiss heritage site of national significance.

History

In 1260 Peter II, Count of Savoy acquired the rights to what became the site of the town and castle of Yverdon. Peter had previosuly been responsible for the building of walls and towers at Pevensey Castle in Sussex, England and wasted no time in building a new castle at Yverdon. He appointed a Master John and his son Master James to build the castle that remains to this day.

The imposing main walls and their four towers follow the geometric characteristics used for lowland castles. It was planned out by the young mason and architect James of St. George as apprentice to his father Master John. He would later travel to England where he would become the master castle builder for King Edward I. James would be responsible for building a series of castles (known as the "Iron Ring") in North Wales following its conquest by the English Crown. As such the castle is the first known work of the architect later responsible for what historian Marc Morris called "the most magnificent chain of castles ever created."

Yverdon's castle used to be the residence of the castellans of the Savoy dynasty, until 1536, followed by the bailiffs of Bern state. In 1798, the Département du Léman became the castle's owner. The Département had been set up by the short-lived Helvetic Republic (1798–1803), imposed by Napoleon I.

A few years later, Yverdon acquired the castle, to entrust it to Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and his institute.  After 1838, the castle housed a public school. New classrooms were created, especially on the second floor: dividing walls were erected, additional windows changed the severe look of the castle's façade.
After 1950, these classrooms were gradually abandoned; the last classes left in 1974. The original medieval structure was then restored. The castle is today a multi-purpose cultural centre, housing a regional museum, a theatre, various conference rooms and the oldest public library of French-speaking Switzerland, founded already in 1763. The library is now part of the castle museum, existing since 1830.

See also
 List of castles in Switzerland
 Château

References

Castles in Vaud
Yverdon-les-Bains
Museums in the canton of Vaud
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Vaud
Tourist attractions in the canton of Vaud
Gothic architecture in Switzerland

Yverdon-les-Bains Castle


Charles Abomeli (born in London, England) is a British actor, known for playing Colonel Oduya in the third series of British science fiction drama Torchwood: Children of Earth.

Career
A Shakespearean actor, Abomeli has played Coriolanus, Othello, Hotspur in Henry IV, and Angelo, for the National Theatre in their touring production of Measure for Measure in 2002.

For the Royal Shakespeare Company, he has appeared in Greg Doran's production of Othello in 2004  and the premiere stage adaptation of Malorie Blackman's Noughts & Crosses series in 2008.

At the West Yorkshire Playhouse he played Orsino opposite Hattie Morahan's critically acclaimed portrayal of Viola in Twelfth Night and prior to that, appeared in Who's Boss? by Ansell Broderick.

Abomeli also played opposite Susannah York in one of her last theatre appearances, playing in Sara Mason's The Kindness Of Strangers at The Croydon Warehouse.

Abomeli's screen roles have also included appearances in The Bill, Wire In The Blood  and ShakespeaRe-Told: Macbeth, with film roles in Anxiety and the award-winning short film Hypnotized by Marcia Green. In 2017, he played Joe Jackson in Man in the Mirror, a docudrama about Michael Jackson.

References

External links

British people of Nigerian descent
British male television actors
British male stage actors
Black British male actors
Male actors from London
British male Shakespearean actors
21st-century English male actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Charles Abomeli