Jonathan Hardy (20 September 1940 – 30 July 2012) was a New Zealand-Australian film and television actor, writer and director.

Early career
Hardy was born in Wellington and began his training at the New Zealand Players' Drama School. He traveled to Britain, where he studied at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art and was a gold medal student. This brought interest from the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre where he secured contracts.

He returned to his home of New Zealand in a touring production of The Comedy of Errors with the Royal Shakespeare Company (1966) and remained to help expand the country's theatre industry. He immigrated to Australia in 1972.

Career
Hardy had a career for over 40 years (1972 –2012).  He appeared in over 20 films, guested in over 26 television series, and acted in many television movies and mini-series.

His preference was to work on stage and had long engagements with major theatre companies in both Melbourne and Sydney.

His roles ranged from a Christmas pantomime of Cinderella, Shakespeare, topical plays such as And in the End: The Life and Death of John Lennon and roles in operas. Throughout his career, he worked across these media at the same time.

Theatre
Hardy was part of the cast in the first public performance of Kenneth G. Ross's Australian play Breaker Morant, presented by the Melbourne Theatre Company at the Athenaeum theatre, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, on Thursday, 2 February 1978.

In his obituary, he is quoted by Mark Juddery as saying, "The actor is in control in the theatre... so the theatre is much more an actor's medium." and "Television is not anything but an actor's image... If my image happens to fit, then I do the job. Whereas on stage you can create an illusion, on television … it's pretty cliched."

Film
Hardy's film work included The Devil's Playground (1976) which he was nominated for an Australian Film Institute award, Mad Max, Mr. Reliable and Moulin Rouge!.

Along with David Stevens and Bruce Beresford he co-wrote the screenplay for the film Breaker Morant: for which he received an Australian Film Institute award (1980), and was nominated for an Academy Award (1981).

At , he was the co-winner of Best Artistic Contribution for Scarecrow (1982). He also won a New Zealand Film and TV Award in 2001 for Best Short Film Performance for Camping with Camus.

Hardy directed and wrote the movie Backstage starring the Grammy nominated pop vocalist Laura Branigan.

He is best known to international audiences for providing the voice of Dominar Rygel XVI in the science fiction series Farscape. Farscape was filmed in Australia but was a United States production and although it was unsuccessful in Australia, Hardy developed a cult following.

Awards
1993 Matilda Award Winner for performance - Romeo and Juliet, The Shaughraun

Personal life and death
Hardy's partner for over 40 years was actor-director David Letch. They worked on many projects together. Hardy had a successful heart transplant.

Hardy died, aged 71, at his home in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales on 30 July 2012.

Selected filmography

Film
 Moving On (1947) - Anne's Boyfriend
 The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972) - Groove Courtenay
 The Devil's Playground (1976) - Brother Arnold
 The Mango Tree (1977) - Joe Speight
 The Trial of Ned Kelly (TV movie)
 Mad Max (1979) - Police Commissioner Labatouche
 The John Sullivan Story (1979) TV movie
 Klynham Summer aka The Scarecrow (1982) - Charlie Dabney
 Lonely Hearts (1982) - Bruce
 Nearly No Christmas (1983) TV movie
 Constance (1984) - Randolf Grieve
 Death Warmed Up (1984) - Ranji Gandhi
 Wills & Burke (1985) - John Macadam
 My Letter to George (aka Mesmerized) (1985) - Burley
 Lie of the Land (1985) - Doctor Max Steiner
 The Delinquents (1989) - Magistrate
 Bloodmoon (1989) - Mayor
 Terrain (1994)
 Tunnel Vision (1995) - Henry Adams
 The Thorn Birds: The Missing Years (TV movie)
 Mr. Reliable (1996) - Reverend McIntyre
 Terrain (1997, TV movie)
 Ned Kelly (2003) - The Great Orlando
 Wishbone (2006) - Homeless Man
 Moulin Rouge! (2001) - Man In The Moon
 Severance (2015) - Therapy Group

Television
 Mandog (1972, TV series) 5 episodes
 Rush (1974, TV series) 1 episode
 Andra (1976, TV series) 8 episodes
 Power Without Glory (1976, TV series) 3 episodes
 Bluey (1977, TV series) 1 episode
 Young Ramsay (1977, TV series) 1 episode
 The Truckies (1978, TV series) 1 episode
 Against the Wind (1978, TV miniseries)
 Prisoner: Cell Block H (1980-81 TV series) 3 episodes
 Under the Mountain (1981, TV series) 1 episode
 Heroes (1984, TV series) 2 episodes
 Butterfly Island (1985, TV series)
 Mission: Impossible (1989, TV series) 1 episode
 The Flying Doctors (1990, TV series) 1 episode
 A Country Practice (TV series) 1 episode
 The Adventures of Skippy (1991, TV series) 2 episodes
 G.P. (1995, TV series) 1 episode
 Mission Top Secret (1995, TV series) 1 episode
 Twisted (1996, TV series) 1 episode
 Snowy River: The McGregor Saga (TV series) 1 episode
 Medivac (TV series)  1 episode
 All Saints (1988, TV series) 1 episode
 State Coroner (TV series) 1 episode
 Above the Law (2000, TV series) 1 episode
 Farscape (1999-03, TV series) - Voice of Dominar Rygel XVI - 86 episodes
 The Secret Life of Us (2003, TV series) 1 episode
 Stingers (TV series) 1 episode
 MDA (TV series) 2 episodes
 Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars (2004. TV miniseries) - Voice of Dominar Rygel XVI
 Magical Tales (2012, TV series) 1 episode (final television appearance)

Stage performances (selected)

1966 The Comedy of Errors (Royal Shakespeare Company)

1972 Flash Jim Vaux (Nimrod Theatre Company); The Last Supper Show (Nimrod Theatre Company)

1973 Jumpers (Melbourne Theatre Company); The Prisoner of Second Avenue (Melbourne Theatre Company); The Plough and the Stars (Melbourne Theatre Company); Batman's Beach-Head (Melbourne Theatre Company); Paying the Piper (Melbourne Theatre Company); The Last of the Knucklemen (Melbourne Theatre Company); Flash Jim Vaux (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1974 The Last of the Knucklemen touring production (Melbourne Theatre Company); Coralie Lansdowne Says No (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1977 The Merchant of Venice (Melbourne Theatre Company); Cop Out (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1978 Breaker Morant (Melbourne Theatre Company); Richard III (Melbourne Theatre Company); The Beaux' Stratagem (Melbourne Theatre Company); Fools' Shoe Hotel (Australian Performing Group)

1979 The Immoralist (Hoopla Theatre Foundation); The Alchemist (Melbourne Theatre Company); Hamlet (Melbourne Theatre Company); Cinderella (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1980 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Melbourne Theatre Company); Hamlet (Melbourne Theatre Company); Comedians (Mercury Theatre, Auckland)

1991 The Crucible (Royal Queensland Theatre Company)

1992 Shadow and Splendour (Royal Queensland Theatre Company); Twelfth Night; Hotel Sorrento (Royal Queensland Theatre Company)

1993 The Beaux Stratagem (Royal Queensland Theatre Company); Romeo and Juliet (Queensland Theatre Company); The Shaughraun or The Loveable Rascal (Queensland Theatre Company); A Christmas Carol (Oxford Productions International); And a Nightingale Sang (Queensland Theatre Company)

1994 Hysteria, or Fragments of an Analysis of an Obsessional Mind (Melbourne Theatre Company); The Shaughraun (The Lovable Rascal) (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1995 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Pork Chop Productions);  The Shaughraun (The Lovable Rascal) (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1996 The Surgical Table (Renegade Theatre); Simpatico (Sydney Theatre Company); Life of Galileo (Sydney Theatre Company); Coriolanus touring production (Bell Shakespeare Company)

1997 Pygmalion (Sydney Theatre Company); QTC Oz Shorts 1 (Queensland Theatre Company)

2002 Great Expectations(Melbourne Theatre Company)

2003 A Tree, Falling (Chapel off Chapel)

2004 Twelfth Night touring production  (Bell Shakespeare Company); One Flea Spare (Queensize Productions)

2005 Treemonisha narrator (The Queensland Choir); The Department Store (Parnassus' Den)

2006 And in the End: The Life and Death of John Lennon (The Walrius Group); Renaissance (Parnassus' Den)

2007 Paul (Company B Belvoir)

Singing performances (selected)

1975 The Double Dealer  (Melbourne Theatre Company)

1976 Don Pasquale (Victorian Opera Company)

1998 Tannhauser (Opera Australia)

Director/producer (selected)

1974 The Importance of Being Earnest (Melbourne Theatre Company) - Director

1976 The Italian Girl in Algiers (Victoria State Opera) - Director

1979 The Marriage of Figaro (Canberra Opera Society) - Producer

1980 Nine Little Australians! Season Two (Melbourne Theatre Company) - Director

Playwright/adaptor (selected)

1976 The Diary of a Madman (Melbourne Theatre Company) - Adaptor (also appeared as actor)

1997 Jungfrau (Playbox Theatre Company) - Writer

References

1940 births
2012 deaths
Australian male television actors
Australian male film actors
Heart transplant recipients
New Zealand male television actors
New Zealand male film actors
New Zealand emigrants to Australia

Jonathan Hardy


The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight viruses in the herpes family. It is one of the most common viruses in humans.

EBV is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). It is also associated with some forms of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). EBV may be associated with a higher risk of certain autoimmune diseases.  Some 200,000 cancer cases per year may be caused by (or associated with) EBV.

Infection with EBV occurs by the transfer by mouth (oral transfer) of saliva and genital secretions.

Most people become infected with EBV and gain adaptive immunity. In the United States, about half of all five-year-old children and about 90 percent of adults have evidence of previous infection. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are just mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and other developed countries, many people are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence, it causes glandular fever 35 to 50 percent of the time.

EBV infects B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. Once EBV's initial infection is brought under control, non-active EBV stays in the person's B cells for the rest of their life.

References

Viruses
Diseases caused by viruses

Epstein–Barr virus


Superintendent of Police (SP), also known as Deputy Commissioner in a Police Department, is a senior rank in the Indian Police Service (IPS) and of respective States' State Police Service (SPS), and a senior level post of the police service. They wear a star and an Ashoka emblem on their epaulettes with 'IPS' or 'SPS'(as in 'MPS' for Mizoram Police Service, 'KPS' for Kerala Police Service) below. The larger and more important districts in India are headed by a senior superintendent of police (SSP), while smaller districts are headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP). The administration of a Police district is vested upon the SP.

It may be noted that Superintendent of Police is both a rank of the police service in India and a post of a police officer of this rank or higher. As such, even officers at the SSP rank are sometimes posted as Superintendent of Police of a District. In the state of Kerala, the Superintendent of Police (SP) who is in charge of a police district is referred to as the District Police Chief (DPC). However, in certain other states, the title District Superintendent of Police (SP) is more frequently used. In Kerala, the term District Police Chief is more prevalent.

Below the SP, there are Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP) and Deputy Superintendent of Police (Dy. SP/DSP). A Dy. SP who is in-charge of a sub-division is also called Sub-Divisional Police Officer (SDPO). Above the SP, there are the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) also known as Superintendent of Police (Selection Grade), Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG), Inspector General of Police (IG), Additional Director General of Police (ADG) and Director General of Police (DG).

Term of Office
Superintendent of Police posted as a District SP has a term of a minimum of two years and a maximum of three years subject to other circumstances.

Deputy Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) is a post in the Police Commissionerate, a police system existing in major cities of India.  The Commissioner of Police (CP) is the head of the city police force. In the hierarchy DCP is below Joint Commissioner of Police (Joint CP) and above Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police (Addl.DCP). The Deputy Commissioner of Police has the rank of Superintendent of Police (selection grade) or Superintendent of Police (SP). The Deputy Commissioner of Police is equivalent to Superintendent of Police in the district.

The Deputy Commissioner of Police heads a division or a unit in the police commissionerate. The DCP has executive magisterial power in their jurisdiction, while a superintendent of police who is the District Police Chief has no executive magisterial power.

Roles and Responsibilities
The Superintendent of Police in India may be assigned various roles and responsibilities other than being the district police chief. They need to use their skills and expertise to ensure that law and order is maintained, and public safety is ensured in their assigned role. An SP may be appointed as the head of a unit or specialised wing in the police department.  Such as head of telecommunication, motor transport, administration, special operations group, special investigation team, special cells, intelligence detachment, crime branch unit,etc. Commandants of various armed police battalions are officers of the rank of Superintendent of Police.

The post of the Superintendent of Police is the head of the police district of a State and the head of the District Executive Force (DEF). Each district of a State is a DEF. A Police District is an area within the state that is declared by notification by the State Government, after consulting with the Director General. The Superintendent of Police is in charge of the police administration in such district and may have the assistance of any number of Additional, Assistant or Deputy Superintendents, as notified and necessary. The District Executive Force is administratively under the overall supervision of District Superintendent of Police who works under the direct supervision of Dy. Inspector General of Police in charge of the Police range under which the district lies. There may be several sub-divisions under this which are headed by the Sub-Divisional Police Officer who is typically a relatively junior rank of the SPS and a probationary post among IPS officers. Sub-divisions may have a number of police stations and beat posts which are headed by an officer of the rank of Inspector of Police.

A typical small district may have the following establishments under the overall supervision of the SP -

 Establishment & Account Branch
 Reserve & Clothing Branch
 Crime Branch
 Motor Transport Branch
 Prosecution Branch
 Traffic Branch

Each DEF may have Welfare measures under the direct supervision and chairmanship of the SP. The welfare committee is typically structured as such -

 Chairman – District SP
 Vice Chairman – Addl. SP
 Secretary – Head Assistant, SP Office
 Asst. Secretary – Accountant, SP Office
 Treasurer – Cashier, SP Office
 Committee Members – Dy.SP (Hqrs), SDPO of the district, all Branch Head of SP Office, Prosecuting Inspector (PI)CJM Court of the district, O.C's of PS/OP under the district DEF.
 Member – All personnel under the district DEF.

The Superintendent of Police or any officer, specially empowered in this behalf by the State Government, can, at any time by a written order issued under the hand and seal of such officer, appoint, for a period as specified in the appointment order, any able-bodied and willing person between the age of 18 and 50 years, whom he considers fit to be a Special Police Officer to assist the Police Service.

The SP also heads and directly supervises District Armed Reserve and Armed battalions while not occluding with the Commandant of the Battalion who is also a SP ranked officer.

The SP also has power to constitute a group of local respectable persons for each village for the purpose of carrying out preventive patrolling, promoting crime reduction measures and generally assisting the police in their functioning. This group of local respectable persons are referred to as Village Defense Parties. The SP also has power to constitute a Community Liaison Group for each police station.

The SP is also entrusted with awarding any of the following punishments to any non-gazetted police officer subordinate to him if the subordinate officers under his command:

 reduction in pay;
 withholding of increment
 withholding of promotion;
 fine not exceeding one month's pay; or
 reprimand or censure.

The SP can also suspend his subordinates if required.

The SP can also regulate public assemblies and processions where necessary and direct the conduct of all assemblies and processions on any public road, street or thoroughfare, and prescribe the routes by which and the time at which such a procession may pass. The SP can also regulate the use of mike and other sound systems in public places and issue directions to the public to keep order on public roads.

Coordination with District Magistrates
The police manuals state -

For the purpose of efficiency in the general administration of the district, it shall be lawful for the District Magistrate, in addition to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and other relevant Acts, to coordinate the functioning of the police with other agencies of district administration in respect of matters relating to the following:

 the promotion of land reforms and the settlement of land disputes;
 extensive disturbance of the public peace and tranquility in the district;
 the conduct of elections to any public body;
 the handling of natural calamities and rehabilitation of the persons affected thereby;
 situations arising out of any external aggression or internal disturbances;
 any similar matter, not within the purview of any one department and affecting the general welfare of the public of the district; and
 removal of any persistent public grievance.

In terms of seniority and general power-of-the-post level in State Civil Services (SCS) and State Police Services (SPS) between the DC and Superintendent of Police (SP) in a District, the DC is equivalent to SP as it is evidenced by their grade pay - Junior Administrative Grade, Selection Grade and Supertime Grade B officers.

Entitlement
Superintendent of Police officers (the post) are entitled to various benefits -

Vehicles

The standard entitlement and issue of vehicles of a DC is two vehicles which is typically a sedan and an SUV and range typically from Renault Duster to Toyota Innova, and a sedan typically of Maruti Suzuki Ciaz to Hyundai Accent. These vehicles may be fitted with triangular half red and half blue flags with text reading "SP" in their center or on their right side (driver side) like some states as Mizoram, or may have only black covered, arrowhead flag posts. These vehicles may also be fitted with red and blue lights or a blue beacon and/or be fitted with two-way radio systems depending upon the states. Almost all states' vehicles will have a designation plate that reads "SP" or "SP (district)" or similar in front of their vehicles.

Security
SPs of districts are typically given a Government bungalow with proper fencing and a barrack of 5 personnel guarding the residence 24/7. SPs are also given at least one Personal Security Officer (PSO) for protection.

In Commissionerate system

Many important cities in India have the commissionerate system of police rather than an SP-led police system. In this system, the head of the police department is called the commissioner of police (CP). While the superintendent of police (SP) is called a deputy commissioner of police (DCP).

Senior superintendent of police
Senior Superintendent of Police or Superintendent of Police (Selection Grade), commonly known as SSP are senior to Superintendent of Police (Junior Management Grade). In here, Selection Grade and Junior Management Grade denotes to their seniority and pay scale.  In some states, there is SSP rank, which is a selection grade scale, while some states doesn't use the term and they are simply known as SP (Selection Grade). After a working experience of 13 years, an IPS officer is promoted to the Selection Grade. In this rank, the officer will be appointed as Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) at the district level. In city police commissionerate, they holds the position of Deputy Commissioner of Police (Selection Grade). The Grade Selection Officer also enjoys higher pay scales. The insignia or rank badge of a Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) or Superintendent of Police (Selection Grade) typically consists of two stars and a ashoka emblem on the shoulder epaulets or shoulder boards.

References

Police ranks of India

Superintendent of police (India)


Bin Chen is a Chinese-born American materials scientist who works at the NASA Ames Research Center. She is an adjunct professor at University of California, Santa Cruz. She earned a B.S. from Nanjing University and a Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University.

Biography
Bin Chen was born in China. After graduating from Nanjing University with a B.S. in Chemistry, she moved to the United States for graduate school. After briefly studying at both Boston University and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, she moved to Pennsylvania State University and earned a Ph.D. in Chemistry. She then moved to Palo Alto, where she was hired by University of California, Santa Cruz and NASA Ames Research Center.

Research
Chen has worked on materials synthesis and applications for both sustainable energy and ultra-sensitive detection techniques. She has conducted over $3 million worth of federal projects (NASA, DARPA, and DTRA) on materials studies and device fabrication in the past five years. Her current interest is energy harvesting and storage devices based on hybrid nanocomposite materials. The Chen group conducts multidisciplinary research projects involving electrical engineers, physicists, material scientists, chemists, and planetary scientists ranging from undergraduates to postdoctoral researchers. Bin Chen has been profiled in both the Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Marquis Who's Who in America. Her work has been highlighted at Technology Review by MIT (2007) and IEEE Nanotechnology Initiative recognition. Chen is a NASA TGER award recipient. Bin Chen's journal articles include Molecular Fiber Sensors Based on Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and Renewable Energy: Solar Fuels GRC and GRS.

References

External links
 Bin Chen's Article in the Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Second Edition

Chinese materials scientists
Living people
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Women materials scientists and engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Boston University alumni
Nanjing University alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty

Bin Chen


The 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak was a deadly tornado outbreak which affected the Southern United States and the lower Ohio Valley on February 5 and 6, 2008. The event began on Super Tuesday, while 24 states in the United States were holding primary elections and caucuses to select the presidential candidates for the upcoming presidential election. Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas, Alabama, and Tennessee were among the affected regions in which primaries were being held. Some voting locations were forced to close early due to the approaching severe weather.

The outbreak generated 87 tornadoes over 15 hours from the afternoon of February 5 until the early morning of February 6. The storm system produced several destructive tornadoes in heavily populated areas, most notably in the Memphis metropolitan area, in Jackson, Tennessee, and the northeastern end of the Nashville metropolitan area.

A total of 57 people were killed across four states and 18 counties, with hundreds of others injured. The outbreak, at the time, was the deadliest in the era of modern NEXRAD doppler radar, which was fully implemented in 1997. The event was the second deadliest in February since 1950 behind the Tornado outbreak of February 21–22, 1971, which killed 123, the deadliest outbreak in both Tennessee and Kentucky since the 1974 Super Outbreak, and was at the time the deadliest tornado outbreak in the US overall since the 1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak which killed 76 people. This record would not be surpassed until the 2011 Super Outbreak which killed 324 people. Damage from tornadoes was estimated at over $500 million (2008 USD).

The weather system which produced the tornadoes caused significant straight-line wind damage, hail as large as softballs –  in diameter – major flooding, significant freezing rain, and heavy snow across many areas of eastern North America. The total damage from the entire weather system reached $1.2 billion.

Meteorological synopsis

A series of strong low pressure systems formed across the southern Great Plains on February 4, contributing to record warmth on February 4 and 5 in the southern Plains and lower Mississippi River Valley. High temperatures across many areas reached the 70s°F (21–26 °C), and in Alabama temperatures reached the low 80s°F (27 °C) with dew points in the middle 60s° (17–20 °C). Dewpoints in the mid 60s°F were recorded as far north as Memphis. A strong cold front trailing the low-pressure area approached the region from the west.

As the surface low progressed northeast, a strong jet streak was positioned over the warm sector, with winds moving East which was perpendicular to the direction of the surface winds, which were out at the southeast. This sharp change in winds resulted in much wind shear and wind profiles favoring rotating supercells capable of producing significant tornadoes. The strong jet streak also provided tons of lift, favoring supercells to form in the open warm sector. instability across the outbreak area. CAPE values, a measurement of the level of tropospheric instability, was well over 1000 J/kg, and Storm Relative Helicity, a measurement of the potential for rotating winds, reached over 200 m2/s².

On February 5 at 6:39 am CST (1239 UTC), the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a high risk of severe storms for most of Arkansas, the first in February since 1998. At 10:16 am CST (1616 UTC), the high risk area was extended farther northeast to include western Kentucky, northwestern Mississippi, the Missouri Bootheel, West Tennessee, and Southern Illinois. A moderate risk of severe weather was issued for northwestern Alabama, the rest of Arkansas, the rest of southern Illinois, southern Indiana, most of the rest of Kentucky, northern Louisiana, central Mississippi, parts of southeastern Missouri, southwestern Ohio, eastern Oklahoma, middle Tennessee and northeastern Texas. A total of fifteen watches were issued by the SPC during the outbreak, including thirteen tornado watches (two of which were PDS watches) and two severe thunderstorm watches.

Early on the morning of February 5, a squall line developed across eastern Texas northward into Missouri and moved east towards the high risk area. Ahead of the squall line, the cap took longer than expected to break, but when it finally did in the late afternoon hours, numerous supercell thunderstorms quickly formed across Arkansas and southern Missouri. The first tornadoes touched down around 3:30 pm CST (2130 UTC). A cap is a layer of relatively warm air aloft (usually several thousand feet above the ground) which suppresses or delays the development of thunderstorms; the cap often prevents or delays thunderstorm development even in the presence of extreme instability. However, if the cap is removed or weakened, then explosive thunderstorm development can occur. Some of the most powerful tornado-producing supercells were situated across the Memphis and Jackson areas, as well as central Arkansas (one producing a tornado that tracked  and lasted about two hours) between 5:00 and 7:30 pm CST (2300 to 0130 UTC) while numerous other tornadoes were reported across northern Mississippi northwest of Tupelo, Mississippi, early in the evening. As the evening progressed, one of these supercells traveled across Middle Tennessee including the Nashville metropolitan area and south-central Kentucky, where several deadly tornadoes were reported during the evening hours between 7:30 pm and 11:00 pm CST (0130 to 0500 UTC)
Meanwhile, the squall line that developed from near Dallas to Kansas City moved eastward throughout the late evening and overnight hours causing numerous reports of damaging wind along with many spin-up tornadoes from Louisiana to Ohio and Indiana. It then moved through the southeast U.S. during the early morning hours. Additional strong thunderstorms developed ahead of the front across the southeast during the overnight and early morning hours. A record (at the time) of five tornado emergency declarations were issued on February 5; four for Tennessee, and one in Alabama.

On February 6, a slight risk of severe weather was issued for much of the eastern United States from Pennsylvania to the Florida Panhandle as the squall line raced eastward ahead of the cold front. After several additional tornadoes touched down in Alabama during the early morning hours just before dawn, the primary severe weather threat became damaging wind across the Mid-Atlantic States. No additional tornadoes were reported during the late morning and afternoon as the cold front exited into the Atlantic Ocean, although wind damage was reported across eastern Kentucky, eastern Pennsylvania and most of Georgia.  Farther north, snow and freezing rain, at times heavy, continued from Iowa to Quebec until February 7 as the center of the system moved slowly out of the area.

Confirmed tornadoes

Atkins–Clinton–Mountain View–Highland, Arkansas

The first long-lived supercell, which spawned the tornado with the longest continuous track of any single tornado to occur during this outbreak, developed around 4:50 p.m. CST (2250 UTC) southeast of Centerville in Yell County, Arkansas. The tornado touched down to the southwest of New Neely, causing minor damage to two structures and downing trees at EF0 to EF1 strength. The tornado tracked into Pope County, rapidly intensifying to EF3 strength as it slammed into Lucky Landing, a marina at Lake Atkins where multiple vehicles, boats, and mobile homes were destroyed, and one woman was killed. Continuing northeast, the tornado struck the southern and eastern outskirts of Atkins, killing three people. In the Atkins area, 65 homes were heavily damaged or destroyed, and 39 others were damaged to a lesser degree. Several vehicles were blown off of Interstate 40, and six mobile homes were destroyed as well, with five others damaged. Northeast of Atkins, the tornado toppled metal truss towers, destroyed chicken houses, and heavily damaged a large church and gym. In the Happy Bend area, another fatality occurred as a man abandoned his mobile home and sought shelter in a large metal shipping container, which was tossed hundreds of yards into a wooded area. The tornado continued on and crossed into Conway County at EF3 intensity, passing near the town of Cleveland. In this area, 36 homes and mobile homes were destroyed, six sustained major damage, and eight sustained minor damage along this segment of the path. Several chicken houses were completely destroyed, killing 80,000 chickens, and an elderly couple was killed when their mobile home was swept completely away.

The tornado intensified to EF4 strength as it entered Van Buren County and tore through the south edge of Clinton, killing three people in the vicinity. One of these deaths occurred at a boat manufacturing plant in town which was destroyed. The plant was completely leveled to the ground, with its metal beam frame severely mangled. Homes in this area were leveled and swept from their foundations, vehicles were wrapped around trees and rendered nearly unrecognizable, a dentists office was obliterated, and trees were debarked. A church and several businesses were damaged as well. Here, 62 homes and mobile homes were destroyed, 30 were severely damaged, and 31 sustained minor damage. The tornado maintained EF4 intensity as it continued into Stone County, slamming into the town of Mountain View. The local hospital sustained heavy roof and wall damage, and several doctors offices were destroyed, along with a paint shop, a body shop, and a car parts store. A car dealership was completely flattened, with vehicles being tossed from the sales lot and across the highway. One vehicle was lofted a considerable distance through the air and over a building before being dropped into a ravine. Surveyors observed a utility pole in this area that was pulled up and jammed back into the ground with wires still attached. The town's fire station was heavily damaged, and one fatality occurred when a house was swept from its foundation. In the Mountain View area, 38 homes and mobile homes were destroyed, 15 sustained major damage, and 15 sustained minor damage. The tornado weakened slightly to high-end EF3 strength as it crossed into Izard County and impacted the rural community of Zion, killing two people, destroying 43 homes and mobile homes, severely damaging 14, and lightly damaging 36 more. Hundreds of cattle were killed in this area, and a Jeep was stripped down to its frame and tires and found wrapped around the stump of a large tree that was snapped. An unanchored home in the area was swept clean from its foundation as well, leaving only the slab behind. Maintaining EF3 intensity, the tornado then struck the town of Highland in Sharp County, resulting in severe damage. At least 40 businesses along U.S. Route 412 in Highland were damaged or destroyed, including a strip mall, a restaurant, a church, and a car dealership. The local fire station was destroyed along with much of the equipment inside, and multiple vehicles were overturned along the highway. In the Highland area 40 homes and mobile homes were destroyed, eight sustained major damage, and 19 sustained minor damage. Highland High School and two apartment buildings sustained minor damage as well. To the northeast of Highland, the tornado rapidly weakened and dissipated.

An aerial survey later determined that the damage across the seven counties was caused by one continuous tornado, with a track estimated at  in length. This was the longest single tornado track recorded in Arkansas since detailed record keeping began in 1950. In all, 13 people were killed and 140 were injured. At least 200 homes and businesses were destroyed along the tornado's path. Damage from this tornado was estimated at nearly $120 million across the seven counties.

Southaven, Mississippi/Memphis, Tennessee

At 5:32 p.m. CST (2332 UTC), a supercell thunderstorm produced a multiple-vortex tornado in Southaven, Mississippi. The tornado first struck Southaven High School, where 30 windows were broken, minor roof damage occurred, and damage was rated EF0. In the nearby Carriage Hill subdivision, several homes sustained minor damage as well. The tornado rapidly intensified to EF2 strength as it crossed the intersection of Stateline Road and Airways Boulevard, destroying three warehouse buildings. One of the buildings destroyed was the Cooper Lighting Plant, and a gas station in this area was damaged as well. Numerous trees and power poles were also downed in Southaven.

The tornado maintained EF2 intensity as it quickly tracked across the Mississippi – Tennessee state line and into southeastern portions of Memphis, where WREG tower cameras broadcast live footage of the tornado moving through the southeastern parts of Memphis, producing multiple bright blue power flashes along the way. By this point, the National Weather Service issued a Tornado Emergency (the first of five to be issued during the outbreak) for most of the Memphis metropolitan area. The tornado produced an extensive swath of damage as it moved through residential and commercial areas. Considerable damage was reported at Memphis International Airport, where a hangar lost its roof, the FedEx freight terminal's fire station suffered roof damage, airstair trucks were thrown , and aircraft were moved around, including a Boeing 737 that was moved one foot. FedEx service was disrupted due to flight delays and closed roads, all because of the tornado damage in surrounding areas. The airport weather station's reporting equipment recorded a wind gust of . In the Clarke Road area, tractor trailers were tossed around, a power substation was severely damaged, and several warehouse structures sustained heavy damage. This included a DSC warehouse that was destroyed, killing three people inside. Numerous windows were shattered at the Willow Lake Business Park, and utility poles and trees were snapped in the area. Multiple homes along Maple Tree Drive and Pinbranch Court were damaged, five of which sustained major damage. The Hardy Bottling Company facility was also damaged, which released  of anhydrous ammonia into the atmosphere, although no public health impacts were reported. Continuing northeast, the tornado weakened to EF1 strength and struck the Hickory Ridge Mall, resulting in total collapse of a large wall and much of the roof at the Sears department store. Damage surveyors noted very poor construction at this location, and six people in the mall were injured. Cars and semi-trailers near the mall were flipped and damaged as well. A Taco Bell and a few other businesses were damaged along Winchester Road before the tornado dissipated. Numerous trees and power poles were snapped along much of the tornado's path through Southaven and Memphis, and electricity supply to about 65,000 customers was briefly cut.

The National Weather Service office in Memphis rated the tornado as an EF2. Three people were killed and 13 others were injured. Shelby County Election Commission administrator James Johnson stated the weather did not interfere with Super Tuesday primary voting.

Jackson, Tennessee tornado family

Northeast of Memphis in Fayette County, another powerful tornado touched down near the rural community of Yum Yum and quickly reached EF3 intensity. This tornado was spawned by the same supercell that had affected Memphis about an hour earlier. Near the beginning of the path, a shed was obliterated and a pickup truck parked inside was thrown  and mangled, killing a man inside the vehicle. Several other vehicles were tossed, and significant damage to large trees was observed before the tornado crossed into Haywood County. Weakening to EF2 strength, the tornado struck the town of Dancyville, destroying a house, severely damaging another house and a church, and uprooting numerous large trees. The tornado then struck the rural community of Hillville, where two mobile homes were completely destroyed, a frame home was heavily damaged, and a convenience store sustained roof damage. Numerous large trees in this area were snapped, and an outbuilding was flattened. Several other homes along this segment of the path sustained minor damage. Regaining EF3 strength, the tornado crossed into Madison County, striking the Huntersville community. Numerous homes were damaged or destroyed in Huntersville, and two people were killed. A church in town sustained major damage, and a nearby church bus was tossed several hundred feet and flipped upside down. The tornado then exited Huntersville and headed towards the city of Jackson. Several cars and at least 13 tractor trailers were blown off of Interstate 40 by the tornado in this area. One car was tossed  into a farm field. A rest area along the interstate was severely damaged before the tornado began to weaken and lifted as it approached U.S. Route 412, dissipating just before it would have entered densely populated areas of western and northern Jackson.

Shortly after the initial tornado dissipated, a new circulation rapidly developed to the east of the old one. This new circulation produced a tornado that touched down at the Union University campus in Jackson, almost immediately intensifying into a violent EF4 and causing tremendous damage. Several large, brick, two-story dormitory buildings sustained major structural damage, two of which completely collapsed. In total, 80% of the dormitory buildings on campus were damaged or destroyed, and hundreds of vehicles were damaged or destroyed in the parking lots around campus. Twelve students at the university were trapped in damaged buildings but all were eventually rescued. Due to the damage, the university was closed until February 18. Past Union University, the tornado weakened slightly and maintained EF3 strength along the remainder of the path. It tracked across U.S. Route 45, heavily damaging several banks, businesses, a hospital, and several doctors offices. The tornado then moved through the northern part of Jackson, inflicting significant damage to many subdivisions and businesses. The Chapel Creek, Indian Hills, and Wyndhurst subdivisions were all struck by the tornado. Numerous homes were damaged in this area, some of which sustained loss of roofs and exterior walls. Additional damage was noted at Northside High School, at the Jackson Oaks Senior Living Complex, and in the Walnut Trace subdivision as well. Continuing northeast, the tornado caused major damage to multiple additional homes as it crossed near the intersection of Christmasville Road and Ashport Road. The Madison County Fire Station #11 was destroyed in this area as well, with the station's fire engine and pumper, along with its water and brush trucks all being damaged. Beyond this point, the tornado weakened and dissipated. Overall, 70 structures in Jackson were destroyed and more than 500 more damaged. Despite causing EF4 damage after dark in a densely populated area, the tornado did not cause any deaths in Jackson, though 51 people were injured, and the initial EF3 tornado caused three fatalities and 14 injuries. The second of the two tornadoes was the third violent tornado to hit Jackson in 10 years. Two others, both rated F4, had devastated the community on January 17, 1999 and May 4, 2003.
Over 60 people in the city of Jackson were treated for injuries as a result of the severe weather, 50 of whom were released immediately. Estimates indicate that the tornadoes caused about $47 million worth of damages in Madison County, with $40 million of that total occurring at Union University alone.

Castalian Springs–Lafayette, Tennessee/Tompkinsville, Kentucky

Just after 9:00 p.m. CST (0300 UTC), a supercell that had spawned tornadoes over northern Mississippi as well as a deadly EF4 in Hardin County, Tennessee, moved to the northeast over Nashville. Fortunately, no tornadoes were reported there and no significant damage was reported in Nashville or Davidson County, though funnel clouds were sighted during the storm's passage. At the time the supercell moved over Nashville, a National Hockey League game between the Nashville Predators and the Carolina Hurricanes, which was nationally televised on Versus, was being played at the Sommet Center. With just over nine minutes left in the third period, Predators head coach Barry Trotz was told that the game may have to be stopped. Although the game continued to completion, at the game's end fans were not allowed to leave the arena until the storm had passed. National Weather Service Meteorologist Bobby Boyd theorized that cold air downbursts impinged on the development of a strong, low-level circulation as the storm moved through the Nashville area, forcing the area of rotation to remain aloft as it crossed over Davidson County and downtown Nashville.

After the supercell moved through Nashville and the environment became favorable again, a tornado touched down to the southwest of Castalian Springs in Sumner County, Tennessee, just after 10:00 p.m. CST (0400 UTC). This was the beginning of a devastating, long-track EF3 tornado that would go on to kill 22 people and become the deadliest of the outbreak. At the beginning of the path, damage was relatively minor and limited to snapped trees and damaged roofs. However, the tornado rapidly intensified to EF3 strength as it tore directly through Castalian Springs, destroying numerous homes and businesses. The town's post office was completely leveled, mobile homes were obliterated, and several block-foundation homes were leveled or swept away. The 19th century Wynnewood Inn, a national historical landmark and stagecoach stop, suffered major damage to its second floor and grounds during the storm. 11-month old Castalian Springs resident Kyson Stowell survived being thrown from his family's home and carried through the air by the tornado as the structure was completely destroyed. Kyson was found unharmed in an open field, nearly 500 feet away from where he originated. Kyson's mother, Kerri Stowell, was killed in the tornado. A total of 85 homes were destroyed along this portion of the tornado's path. Seven fatalities were confirmed in Castalian Springs, and 14 other people were injured.

The tornado then tracked into Trousdale County and passed through rural areas to the northwest of Hartsville, weakening slightly to high-end EF2 strength. Frame homes were damaged or destroyed, vehicles were tossed and damaged, numerous trees were snapped and denuded, and mobile homes were obliterated with debris and insulation strewn long distances downwind. Ten homes were destroyed, and 23 homes had major damage along this segment of the path. As a result of the tornado, a major fire occurred as a natural gas plant was ripped apart by the tornado in the southwestern portion of the county. The area was evacuated and no one was injured at the plant. Two people were killed at a home along U.S. Route 231, and five other people were injured in the county. Crossing into Macon County, the tornado regained EF3 intensity as it struck the western and northern sections of Lafayette, resulting in widespread, major destruction in the area. Numerous homes and several churches were destroyed in Lafayette, with several leveled to the ground. An auto sales business in town sustained heavy damage as well. Surveyors observed major damage to a large, expensive brick home that was built unanchored on a very weak, unreinforced cinder block foundation. The house shifted off the foundation during the tornado, causing walls to buckle and collapse. 170 homes were destroyed, and 9 homes had major damage in the Lafayette area. Thirteen people were killed in and around town, and 44 others were injured. President George W. Bush toured the Macon County destruction on February 8 and promised relief to individuals. The logging industry in Macon County was hit hard, with about a million dollars worth of trees destroyed. Debris from Lafayette was found as far north as Sano, Kentucky, in Adair County, approximately  to the northeast. Sixteen thousand TVA electricity customers in Macon and Trousdale Counties lost power, some of whom did not have their service restored for a week. Macon County schools were closed until February 19. In total, roughly 260 houses in the three Tennessee counties were destroyed, and damage amounts were estimated at $78 million in Macon County alone.

The tornado continued across the state boundary into Monroe County, Kentucky as an EF3, where two frame homes and two mobile homes near Gamaliel were destroyed, and several other structures suffered extensive damage. Thirteen people from an adjacent trailer park took shelter in the basement of one of the frame homes that was destroyed, and were trapped by debris for up to 30 minutes before being rescued. Past Gamaliel, the tornado struck a subdivision and damaged several homes at that location before moving through rural areas towards Tompkinsville, snapping and uprooting numerous large trees along the way. The tornado maintained EF3 strength as it clipped the north edge of Tompkinsville, where a large wood frame warehouse was destroyed, a metal frame industrial building was twisted off of its foundation, and a large, well-built brick home was left with only interior walls remaining. A three car detached garage was completely destroyed as well. Continuing northeast past Tompkinsville, the tornado began to weaken, and eventually lifted as it crossed into Cumberland County. The tornado caused no injuries or fatalities in Kentucky. Extensive damage surveys by the National Weather Service office in Nashville confirmed that all 22 deaths along the path (which was revised downward from 24 due to double-counting) were caused by a single long-track EF3 tornado. The tornado path was  long and up to  wide at times. The devastation was described by Governor Phil Bredesen as "It looks like the Lord took a Brillo pad and scrubbed the ground" while surveying by helicopter. This tornado was the deadliest single tornado to strike Middle Tennessee in over 75 years and the deadliest tornado in the United States since the Evansville tornado of November 2005, which killed 24 people.

Moulton–Decatur, Alabama

At approximately 1:00 a.m. CST (0700 UTC), the broken squall line that had affected Oklahoma and Missouri entered the state of Alabama. Individual supercell storms began to develop ahead of the squall line along the Alabama–Mississippi border due to the strengthening of the upper-level jet stream. A supercell that developed over Starkville, Mississippi, and tracked over Lamar, Marion and Fayette Counties in Alabama spawned a tornado in Lawrence County, Alabama, at 3:02 a.m. CST (0902 UTC). The tornado touched down south of Moulton near the William B. Bankhead National Forest. Many houses were damaged or destroyed, and a church was leveled. Three fatalities, all from a single family, were reported north of Aldridge Grove. A large, brick, two story home was completely leveled to the ground at one location, and a truck was thrown more than 100 yards into a field. Fence posts anchored in concrete were ripped out of the ground and thrown up to 100 feet away in different directions. Numerous large trees were snapped, uprooted, and denuded along the path as well. In addition to the other three fatalities, an elderly woman was also killed in the destruction of her mobile home, and 23 others were injured. The tornado was initially classified as an EF3, although it was upgraded to EF4 in later analysis. The hardest hit communities were the rural communities of Wren, Speake, Pin Hook and Five Points. The tornado moved into Morgan County and threatened the Decatur area, leading the NWS in Huntsville to issue a tornado emergency (the fifth for the outbreak) for Morgan County and southern Limestone County.  The tornado lifted off the ground before reaching Decatur. The same supercell moved over the Huntsville Metro area, though no tornadoes were reported.

Non-tornadic events
Numerous reports of damaging winds were associated with the passage of the cold front. Wind gusts from Arkansas to Indiana exceeded , bringing down numerous trees and power lines, and causing widespread power outages. A  wind gust was recorded during the passage of a squall line at Little Rock National Airport.  The highest recorded wind gust associated with the passage of the squall line was  in Terre Haute, Indiana. Hail as large as softballs ( in diameter) was reported in several communities. In Canada, unseasonably early thunderstorms brought bouts of heavy rainfall to parts of southern Ontario late on February 4.

Flooding
Heavy rains in association with thunderstorms on February 4 to February 6, combined with the melting of snow, caused flooding across parts of Illinois, New York, Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. Among the areas hardest hit by the flooding rivers and streams were the Miami Valley, areas along the Blanchard River in Findlay and parts of northern Indiana between Indianapolis and north of Fort Wayne along the Tippecanoe, St. Marys and Wabash Rivers. Several streets in Fort Wayne were under water, and flooding also occurred between Lafayette and Terre Haute.

Winter storm

The same low pressure systems that caused the tornado outbreak also spawned a significant snowstorm from the Central Plains to the western Great Lakes where winter storm warnings were issued. Between  of snow fell from eastern Iowa to southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, with local amounts ranging from  in southeastern Wisconsin.  In Michigan, up to  of snow fell north of Grand Rapids. Environment Canada also issued freezing rain and winter storm warnings for Southern Ontario, where some areas north of Lake Erie received close to  of freezing rain. In Toronto, two waves of moderate to heavy snow accompanied by thunder and lightning, along with ice pellets, brought up to  of accumulated winter precipitation on February 6 and 7. Other areas from Windsor to Ottawa, as well as southwestern Nova Scotia, received from  of snow.

Over 1,000 flight cancellations were reported at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, and numerous flight cancellations also occurred at Toronto's Pearson International Airport. In Milwaukee, whiteout conditions and  of snow briefly shut down the General Mitchell International Airport. Near Madison, Wisconsin, about 1,000 vehicles were stranded on Interstate 90 due to the snow. Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle declared a state of emergency for the area and activated the Wisconsin National Guard. On February 6, numerous schools, colleges, government buildings, churches, businesses, and shopping malls were forced to close throughout southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois due to the inclement weather. The winter storm was responsible for at least four deaths: one each in Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and Quebec.

Aftermath

On February 7 a federal disaster declaration was made by President George W. Bush for 11 counties in Arkansas and five counties in Tennessee. Sixteen additional counties in Tennessee requested federal aid, and on February 12, Tennessee Governor Bredesen announced that eight counties in Tennessee became eligible. President Bush also visited Tennessee to tour the devastated areas on February 8.

The American Red Cross, the Salvation Army, the United Way and other charitable groups also quickly mobilized volunteers to assist survivors in the aftermath across the regions affected. In the three hardest hit Middle Tennessee counties alone, the Red Cross sent out over 100 volunteers to deliver meals and supplies. Emergency assistance was also offered by the Tennessee Department of Human Services for low income victims in the counties affected by the tornadoes. In addition, the Nashville Predators announced that for their game on February 7 against the Tampa Bay Lightning, half the ticket sales revenue would be donated to the American Red Cross to help with their efforts, and that fans could make additional donations to Red Cross volunteers at the arena's main entrances. The National Football League's Tennessee Titans along with the Mayor's Office of Emergency Management of Nashville organized a donation drive during the weekend of February 9 at LP Field.

See also
 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
 Tornadoes of 2008
 Winter storms of 2007–08
 Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2020, which also occurred during Super Tuesday

References

External links

NWS Paducah, KY storm summary
NWS Huntsville, AL storm summary
NWS Birmingham, AL storm summary
NWS Louisville, KY storm summary
NWS Shreveport, LA storm summary
NWS Nashville, TN storm summary
NWS Memphis, TN storm summary
NWS Little Rock, AR storm summary
WMC-TV (Memphis, TN) storm damage gallery
NOAA Service Assessment
My Way storm damage gallery
WFIE-TV, Evansville, IN, report regarding storm damage to Muhlenberg County, Kentucky
Stories from the storm, The Unionite, Union University
Map of storm locations, with HTML drilldowns to Google satellite maps
Storm Chaser Tony Laubach's Account

F4 tornadoes
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Tornadoes in Arkansas
Tornadoes in Kentucky
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in Tennessee
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2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak


Technical death metal (also referred to as  tech-death) is a musical subgenre of death metal that began and developed in the early- to mid-1990s, with particular focus on challenging, demanding instrumental skill and complex songwriting.

Technical experimentation in death metal began in the late 1980s and early 1990s by four bands that are often grouped together as "technical death metal's Big Four" – Death, Pestilence, Atheist, and Cynic – as well as Nocturnus; all but Pestilence being part of the Florida death metal scene.

Some of the distinct features of this genre include dynamic song structures, complex and atypical rhythmic structures, abundant use of diminished chords and arpeggios, frequent employment of odd time chord progressions, and consistent use of string skipping on the guitars. Bass lines are usually complex, and drumming is complex including techniques such as blast beats, odd time signatures and double kicks. The technical death metal genre has also been influenced by mostly jazz fusion, as well as thrash metal and progressive/technical-inspired heavy metal bands like Death, Megadeth, Slayer, Voivod, Kreator, Dark Angel, Coroner, Sadus, and Watchtower, the latter of whose second album Control and Resistance (1989) is often considered to be one of the sources of inspiration for the genre.

The 1990 album The Key by Nocturnus has been cited as the first progressive death metal album. One of the key works that cemented the subgenre was Atheist's debut album Piece of Time, also released in 1990, which took death metal into a more intricate level while incorporating influences ranging from jazz fusion to progressive metal. In 1991, New York death metal group Suffocation released their debut album Effigy of the Forgotten, which focused on pairing speed and brutality with a "sophisticated" sense of songwriting. Atheist's second album Unquestionable Presence, Pestilence's third album Testimony of the Ancients, and Death's fourth album Human were all released the same year, forging a path for more intricate and refined releases within the death metal genre.

See also

 List of technical death metal bands

Notes

Death metal
Extreme metal

Technical death metal


Gochujang () is a savory, fermented Korean food. It is made from red chili, glutinous rice, fermented soybeans and salt. It is used to add flavour to a variety of Korean foods such as bibmbab (), bulgogi (), and tteokbokki ().

Ingredients
The main ingredients of gochujang are red chili powder, glutinous rice powder mixed with powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. Each serving contains 8.9% of protein, 4.1% lipid, 15.9% of carbohydrate, and 3.5% of fibre. It has more Vitamin B than doenjang and ganjang. It contains 5mg of Vitamin C per gram and 2,445mg of carotene per 100 gram.

One peculiar ingredient is capsaicin which is main cause of hot taste. Some people put salted fish or meat into gochujang.

History
Gochujang (hot pepper paste) has been made since chili was introduced from Japan in 1592, during the middle period of the Chosun Dynasty (). According to Jung-Bo-Sal-Lim-Kyung-Jae (), written in 1766, it was made from beans, sweet from glutinous rice, hot from red peppers, and salty. Since that time, making gochujang became rapidly popular. In Nong-Ga-Wol-Lyung-Ga (), there is content regarding making it.

Types
Different types of gochujang are made by adding different ingredients in the production process. Recipes are slightly different depending on the parts of Korea it comes from. The most common types of gochujang are listed below.

 Glutinous rice Gochujang

Made by mixing glutinous rice powder with powdered fermented soybeans red peppers, which are the basic ingredients of Gochujang.

 Kaoliang Gochujang

made by adding kaoliang.

 Barley Gochujang

made by adding barley. Popularly used as Ssam-Jang (쌈장) in summer.

 Wheat Gochujang

made by adding wheat. Used for making Jji-Gaes (찌개, stews), and Jang-A-Jji (장아찌, Pickled Vegetables)

 Red-bean Gochujang

made by adding red-beans. Used in Cho-Gochujang (초고추장) thanks to the beautiful red color.

References
 이춘자, Lee Chun-Ja/ 장 醬/ 대원사, Dae Won Sa/ 2003/ pp. 89 – 107
 김찬곤, Kim Chan-Gon, 한국문화관광부, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ 우리 민족 문화 상징 100/한솔수북, Han Sol Su Book/ 2006/ pp. 67 - 69

Korean food

Gochujang


is a 2017 Japanese science fiction film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa. It is based on a stage play by Tomohiro Maekawa's Ikiume Theatre Company and the novel adaptation written by Maekawa. It stars Masami Nagasawa, Ryuhei Matsuda, Mahiro Takasugi, Yuri Tsunematsu, and Hiroki Hasegawa.

Before We Vanish earned two nominations at the 41st Japanese Academy Film Prize. The film had its world premiere in competition at the Un Certain Regard section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2017. The film also received an award at the Sitges Film Festival – Official Selection.

Plot
An alien in the form of a schoolgirl named Akira (Yuri Tsunematsu) apparently kills her family, then walks carelessly down the middle of a street, causing an evading semi to overturn. A second alien has taken over the body of a man, Shinji (Ryuhei Matsuda), whose wife Narumi (Masami Nagasawa) is flustered by the profound changes to his personality. He asks her to guide him.

A third alien has taken over the body of a teenage boy, Amano (Mahiro Takasugi). He connects with a freelance journalist, Sakurai (Hiroki Hasegawa), who becomes his guide. Amano admits to Sakurai that he is an alien, and Sakurai eventually believes and assists him. The aliens do not threaten their guides. Amano and Sakurai ultimately track down Akira. The three travel together, although Sakurai is disturbed by Akira's violence.

The aliens are advanced scouts for a mass invasion of Earth. To learn how humans live and think, they steal themes or philosophical concepts  from humans, who then can no longer understand them. Thus, alien Amano takes "freedom" from human Amano's parents and they become servile. Shinji takes "family" from Narumi's sister, who leaves while telling Narumi to back off. He later takes "possession" from a young shut-in, who proceeds to go out in the world as an advocate against materialism. Alien Shinji becomes, in many respects, a better husband to Narumi. "Shinji is broken," he says to Narumi, "I'll rebuild him."

Government authorities are working to locate Akira, who they view as being at the center of a release of a dangerous virus. A state of emergency is declared, with the SDF becoming involved. Meanwhile, Amano and Akira must meet with Shinji to trigger the start of the invasion. Sakurai initially works to prevent this, but after the human forms of the two young aliens are killed, he tries to initiate the invasion himself.

Narumi invites Shinji to take "love" from her, and he does. He is overwhelmed by the feeling; he is surprised by how complicated "love" is. Meanwhile, Narumi no longer can feel emotion. The invasion is called off. Sakurai is dead after the attack from war plane. At the same time, Narumi and Shinji arrive at the hill where they can see the ocean. Suddenly, Aliens start invading to the earth, and attack Narumi and Shinji, but they survive.

Two months later, Aliens stop invading the Earth, and many humans survived. However, many people lost the concept of who they are and have lasting physical and mental damage that has no clear way to cure.

Shinji was found to be working for the relief effort at the film's end while Narumi was hospitalized because she had lost the concept of love and all related emotions. Shinji said that the invasion stopped because the aliens learned from the humans. The relief doctor noted that at the time of the invasion humans faced many serious problems of their own making that no longer as a positive result of the Alien invasion.

Cast

Production
The production was conducted from the end of July to August 2016.   Filming took place in Ibaraki Prefecture, Tochigi Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Shizuoka Prefecture, and Kanagawa Prefecture.

In Tochigi Prefecture, they used an abandoned factory as the survival game field appearing at the end of film. Additionally, in the end of August 2016, they used Kirin Beer factory as the wasteland.

The home where Narumi and Shinji lived was shot on location. Famous production designer, Ataka Norifumi, said that he put many diagonal lines or shapes on the inside of the house on purpose so that it could imply the awkwardness between Narumi and Shinji.  Also, he mentioned that he took away warmer tone colors so that audience can see the low energy of the couple.

Variety mentions that Nagasawas Masami, the protagonist, changed her acting style from earlier in her career. The transformation showed in her strong presence in the film.

Because of trust that Kurosawa puts in his crew, he develops great core team of crew members; Akiko Ashizawa for camera and Yusuke Hayashi for score.

Akiko Ashizawa, Director of Photography, chose to shoot on Arri Alexa XT Plus with anamorphic lens.  The beautiful image coming out from the camera helped push the narrative effectively.

Music
The original soundtrack album was released on 6 September 2017 from Pony Canyon label. The soundtrack has 26 songs.

Release
The film had its world premiere in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2017. It was released in Japan on 9 September 2017.

Reception

Box office
In Japan, the film made $448,829 in its opening weekend.

Critics
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79%, based on 48 reviews, and an average rating of 6.48/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Before We Vanish finds Kiyoshi Kurosawa working within well-established genre guidelines to take a poignant, surprisingly sincere look at the human condition." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 64 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter said, "Perpetually shifting gear between playful sci-fi pastiche, quirky rom-com and apocalyptic thriller, Before We Vanish might have worked better as a single dedicated genre, but it becomes a little scrambled trying to cover several at once." Hollywood Reporter gave a harsh critique on this film. He also pointed out its running time. He said it could have been shorter based on the plot events of the film. Its long duration created by director Kurosawa just led the audience to be impatient, and lost the suspense. Inconsistent elements can be seen in the film, he wrote; lack of explanation about Sakurai's motivation for offering his body to the alien, or Narumi's motivation for taking care of her situation with her husband rather than saving the Earth. Lastly, he mentioned that last action sequences are too late to show though their visuals were spectacular. After all, they sum up the review with this sentence  "With the tonally incontinent Kurosawa at the helm, it is hard to tell which."

Meanwhile, Maggie Lee of Variety said, "Playing frequently like an absurdist political satire with only flashes of violence, this low-tension, drawn-out work won't gratify the chills or adrenaline rushes fanboys crave, but the ending strikes a romantic chord so pure that all but the most jaded cynics will be moved."

Simon Abrams wrote a review on Roger Ebert.com. He started off saying that 130 minutes running time is too long considering the amount of character development and plots of Alien invasion drama. He also mentioned that there is not much reasoning for the character's behavior. For example, towards the end of the film, human guides start building deeper connections with invaders, but sometimes clear reasons are not shown in the film.  However, he acclaimed Kurosawa's direction for actors He pointed out that some people do not like the emotional flow happening in the movie, unnatural dialogue, lack of character development. After all, he recommends this film because of its unique concept that aliens try to steal concepts from humans. RogerEbert.com gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, commenting that "its naive hopefulness is infectious, and its big ideas are captivating."

Based on the review done by Film Inquiry, Before We Vanish gave a good impression. They gave high acclaims for the way Kurosawa directed the science fiction film. Specifics mentioned were the uniqueness of the young girl covered by blood, and violent visual images that  referred to 1950s Science Fiction.They said "This extraterrestrial attempt at understanding human emotion through a series of concepts is a clever idea." The plot of the film went over the expectations that viewers have towards standard science fiction films featuring aliens. However they pointed out that some critics thought the film duration could  have been cut shorter, though it is 130 minutes long; they thought some plot points were "needlessly drawn out".

Accolades

Legacy
Foreboding was created as a spin-off of Before We Vanish. It was released in theaters in Japan on 11 November 2017.

References

External links

2017 films
2017 science fiction films
Japanese science fiction films
2010s Japanese-language films
Films directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa
Films shot in Japan
2010s Japanese films

Before We Vanish


Trio Esperança is a Brazilian vocal trio, formed in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1958, by the siblings Mário, Regina and Evinha Correia José Maria. They had several hits in Brazil, such as "Festa do Bolinha" and "Filme Triste" - a version of the pop song Sad Movies (Make Me Cry), released as a single in 1962 - and released albums through Polygram Records, EMI, Universal Music and Philips Records.

After releasing 4 albums in France, the Trio Esperança took a break from the music business in 2002. The band returned on stage in 2008. In 2010, the Trio Esperança, composed by Evinha, Regina and Mariza, released a new album De Bach a Jobim on French label Dreyfus Jazz.  The disc featured covers of music by The Beatles, Bach, Antonio Carlos Jobim, in addition to original material.

In 2013, almost 20 years after the release of "A Capela do Brasil", the first album they released in France, the Trio Esperança decided to pay tribute to French music, with their personal take on 14 songs by emblematic French artists, releasing a new album "Doce França"

References

Brazilian rock music groups
Música popular brasileira musical groups
Jovem Guarda
Musical groups established in 1958
Universal Music Group artists
Brazilian musical trios
1958 establishments in Brazil
Brazilian soul musical groups
Sibling musical trios

Trio Esperança


Tambi is a village in the far east of Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Sorobango, Bondoukou Department, Gontougo Region, Zanzan District. Eight kilometres east of the village is a border crossing with Ghana.

Tambi was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Notes

Former communes of Ivory Coast
Populated places in Zanzan District
Ghana–Ivory Coast border crossings
Populated places in Gontougo

Tambi


Kuba textiles are a type of raffia cloth unique to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire, and noted for their elaboration and complexity of design and surface decoration. Most textiles are a variation on rectangular or square pieces of woven palm leaf fiber enhanced by geometric designs executed in linear embroidery and other stitches, which are cut to form pile surfaces resembling velvet. Traditionally, men weave the raffia cloth, and women are responsible for transforming it into various forms of textiles, including ceremonial skirts, 'velvet' tribute cloths, headdresses and basketry.

Raffia cloth

In Kuba culture, men are responsible for raffia palm cultivation and the weaving of raffia cloth. Several types of raffia cloth are produced for different purposes, the most common form of which is a plain woven cloth that is used as the foundation for decorated textile production. Men produce the cloth on inclined, single-heddle looms and then use it to make their clothing and to supply foundation cloth to female members of their clan section. Only men and boys participate in or even watch the weaving process.

The squares are approximately 26x28 inches. Each square takes about 2 to 3 hours to create, although some skilled weavers can create 10 to 15 squares a day. The cloth is coarse when it is first cut from the loom, so it is then pounded in a mortar, which softens it and renders it ready for the application of surface decoration, for which women are responsible. The cloth is dyed before embroidering.

The embroidery

The intricate designs are of cultural significance and the embroidery is admired in the art world. Thats why it is regarded as one of the most significant forms of African textile art. Kuba cloth can be found in private collections as well as museums all over the world. Women, typically pregnant women, are responsible for the embroidery. Using a variety of stitches on a raffia base creates the intricate geometric patterns that are characteristic of kuba cloth.

The Kuba are inspired by imagination and the environment. They believe in spells, witchcraft, the presence of the dead, and a variety of supernatural powers. Humanity and life lie at the intersection of the natural and the supernatural, according to the underlying Kuba myth. As a result, rectilinear lines in Kuba art depict natural patterns. Both in art and nature, these lines occasionally disrupt what we take to be geometric order.

The improvised patterns are mostly made using three methods:

Cut Pile:
After anchoring a small fiber to the base cloth, the raffia is cut. The texture of cut-pile stitching resembles velvet and is dense and plush.

Stiches:
A long fiber strand is used in these stitches. The stem stitch, with its looped spiral effect, is the most common of these stitches. The stitches create bold lines and outline areas filled with cut-pile embroidery.

Appliqué:
Patterns are created by sewing a different color of raffia cloth to the base cloth.

Twool
Many prestige weavings are dyed with twool, a deep red substance obtained from the heartwood of the tropical trees Pterocarpus sp. and Baphia pubescens. The Kuba believe that twool is imbued with magical and protective properties. When mixed with palm oil, it creates a pomade that is applied to the face, hair and body in a ritual context. According to oral tradition, the Pende were responsible for teaching the Kuba how to weave textiles; the Pende used twool to die their prestige clothes for death rituals.

"Bambala" fabrics
Early 20th Century ethnographer Emil Torday acquired the oldest group of extant textiles from the Kuba tradition from the reigning king, Kot aPe. He called these textiles "Bambala" after the ruling clan. According to Joseph Cornet, these cloths were embroidered by Bushong women who were pregnant with the King's heirs for use in rituals surrounding the birth of the children. They were also used as funerary regalia for noble women. The slight sculptural relief, elaborate geometric designs and technical cohesiveness of the textiles indicate that they were created by highly skilled elders. According to art historian Vanessa Drake Moraga, "That Kuba embroiderers represented textile structures in their compositions underscores both the value of weaving to the culture and the prestige attached to women art."

Women's ceremonial overskirts

Kuba women traditionally wore overskirts during burial displays, but the overskirt was later adopted as part of many ceremonial ensembles worn during ritual dances, celebrations and masked performances. The wraparound skirt was secured with a belt and worn over a typically monochrome red or white embroidered skirt. These skirts exhibit a variety of design components; some skirts employ flat linear embroidery exclusively, while others employ this technique exclusive on the borders of the fabric, in which case the interior is executed with cut-pile embroidery, which lends the surface a "plush" appearance and feel.  In the cut-pile embroidery technique, short raffia strands are individually inserted with a needle under one or more warps or wefts of a plain-woven raffia panel, then cut close to the surface at each end to produce the raised "pile." Textile weaving boasts a variety of motifs, such as guilloche interlace, which embroidery artists employed along with color, line and texture to yield varied compositions and visual effects. The embroidery design is chosen by the female head of the clan, and she assigns different blocks to women based on their skill level. Because the skirt is assembled from blocks embroidered from by multiple women, each assembled skirt is unique. Each block can take months or even years to complete and multiple blocks are combined to the desired length of the skirt, which is usually 25 feet long.

The skirts represent the Kuba value of community. Each skirt is the result of many creators. Men of the clan weave the cloth, and each of the raffia squares that make up the skirt are decorated by separate women, each of who creates an independent design. The clan takes communal responsibility for maintaining the supply of skirts and all adults in the clan are expected to contribute to the creation of cloth. There are multiple Bushoong proverbs that speak of collective ownership of the cloth and the responsibility of everyone participating in the process.

Pattern and repetition: Kuba textiles as they relate to mathematics and music

Kuba textiles demonstrate a taste for interrupting the expected line; they compose through juxtapositions of sharply differing units and abrupt shifts of form.

Mathematician Donald Crowe has analyzed, in particular, the two-dimensional designs of Benin, Yoruba and Kuba arts and has shown the extent of the Africans' explorations into the formal possibilities of geometric variation. In their art, the Kuba have developed all the geometric possibilities of repetitive variations of border patterns, and of the seventeen ways that a design can be repetitively varied on a surface, the Kuba have exploited twelve. This exploration does not mean that they confine themselves to repetitive patterning in confronting a surface to be decorated.

The character of Kuba design accords with Robert Thompson's observation that some African music and art forms are enlivened by off-beat phrasing of accents, by breaking the expected continuum of surface, by staggering and suspending the pattern. In textile design, the Africans of the Kasai-Sankuru region do not project a composition as an integrated repetition of elements. Until recently, Euro-American attitudes on this point were so fixed that they called a textile design a "repeat," and expected to find a unit of identical imagery repeated over the surface. This kind of integration is not typical for African two-dimensional arts.

See also
Kuba art
Kuba Kingdom

References

External links

Kuba Cloth: Playing with Geometry, africanconservancy.org

Kuba art
African clothing
Democratic Republic of the Congo culture
Embroidery
Textile arts of Africa

Kuba textiles


Dorothy Schwieder (November 28, 1933 – August 13, 2014) was an American historian, biographer, and academic.  She joined the faculty of Iowa State University in 1966, becoming the first woman to be appointed as a professor in the Department of History. Schwieder authored a memoir and biography the late U.S. Senator George McGovern, her former college professor. A native of South Dakota, much of her research and writings focused on the history of Iowa, including the state's Amish communities.

Biography
Schwieder was born Dorothy Hubbard on November 28, 1933, in Presho, South Dakota, where she was also raised. She was the ninth of her family's ten children. She married the late Elmer Schwieder (September 6, 1925 – December 25, 2005) in 1955, with whom she had two children, Diane Schwieder Risius and David Schwieder. Elmer Schwieder was a professor of sociology at Iowa State University.

In 1954, she received her B.A. in psychology and history from Dakota Wesleyan University, where she studied under then-professor, George McGovern. She began her graduate studies in 1964 at Iowa State University, where she obtained her M.A. in history in 1968. Scwieder completed her doctorate in history from the University of Iowa in 1981.

Schwieder joined Dakota Wesleyan University in 1960 as a part-time instructor. She then became a part-time professor at Iowa State University in 1966. Dorothy Schwieder became the first female appointed professor within the Department of History. She was also the history department's only, full-time female professor for nearly twenty years. She retired in 2001.

Schwieder died on August 13, 2014, in Ames, Iowa, at the age of 80. Her funeral was held at the Collegiate United Methodist Church at Iowa State University.

Publications
Schwieder books and papers, much of which focused on the history of Iowa included Iowa's Coal Mining Heritage (1973), A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish (1975), Black Diamonds: Life and Work in Iowa's Coal Mining Community (1983), Seventy-five Years of Service: Cooperative Extension in Iowa (1992), Iowa: the Middle Land (1996), and Growing Up With the Town: Family and Community on the Great Plains (2002). She and Gretchen Van Houten co-edited Sesquicentennial History of Iowa State University: Tradition and Transformation, a history of ISU published in 2007.

Awards and honors
In the fall of 2013, Schwieder was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award from the College of Leadership and Public Service by Dakota Wesleyan University.

References

Further reading
 Fink, Deborah. "Dorothy Hubbard Schwieder (1933–2014)." Agricultural History 89.1 (2015): 103-106. in JSTOR

1933 births
2014 deaths
Historians of Iowa
American historians
American biographers
American women biographers
American women historians
Iowa State University faculty
Dakota Wesleyan University alumni
People from Presho, South Dakota
Dakota Wesleyan University faculty
University of Iowa alumni
Iowa State University alumni
21st-century American women

Dorothy Schwieder


Stephanie Hope Flanders (born 5 August 1968) is a British economist and journalist, currently the head of Bloomberg News Economics. She was previously chief market strategist for Britain and Europe for J.P. Morgan Asset Management, and before that was the BBC News economics editor for five years. Flanders is the daughter of British actor and comic singer Michael Flanders and disability campaigner Claudia Cockburn.

Early life
Flanders was born on 5 August 1968. Her father, Michael Flanders, died in 1975 when she was six years old. She attended St Paul's Girls' School and Balliol College, Oxford, where she obtained a first class degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. She then attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University as a Kennedy Scholar, receiving a Masters of Public Administration.

Early career
Flanders began her career as an economist at the London Business School and the Institute for Fiscal Studies. She then became a leader writer and columnist at the Financial Times from 1994. She became a speechwriter and advisor to U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers in 1997, and joined The New York Times in 2001.

Newsnight
Flanders joined the BBC's Newsnight in 2002. A keen cyclist, in 2005 she presented a review of Britain's economic status for Panorama from her bicycle, travelling the length of the country. She also contributed (with reference to her father's song "A Transport Of Delight") to the BBC News coverage of the last of the AEC Routemaster buses. In 2006 and 2007 she presented some relief shifts for BBC News between 2 pm and 5 pm. She has anchored editions of Newsnight with an economic focus.

On a Newsnight programme in August 2007, Flanders interrogated Conservative Party leader David Cameron about his proposed policy of tax breaks for married couples while questioning him with other journalists, asking him whether he had ever met anyone who would get married for an extra £20 per week. As an unmarried mother, she also asked Cameron whether the Conservative Party would like her to be married.

BBC economics editor

In February 2008 it was announced that she would replace Evan Davis as BBC economics editor, since he was moving to present Radio 4's Today programme. She took up this position on 17 March, although from June of that year until January 2009, deputy economics editor Hugh Pym temporarily replaced her as the main economics editor whilst she was on maternity leave.

She presented a programme called "Stephanomics" on BBC Radio Four during July 2012. This programme asked questions about the world's economy, such as whether China or the United States would be the more important economic power. Another series of this programme began to be broadcast on Radio Four in April 2013.  In 2012, Flanders presented Masters of Money, a BBC Two documentary series exploring the lives of Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, and Friedrich Hayek. In August 2012 Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Iain Duncan Smith made a formal complaint to the BBC claiming that there was a pro-Labour bias in her coverage of unemployment figures. The BBC stated in response that they were satisfied that their coverage was impartial.

Aside from her work as economic editor, Flanders presented The Andrew Marr Show during August 2009 to cover for Andrew Marr, and was an occasional relief presenter of Newsnight until she left the BBC. In 2009, Flanders played herself in a BBC Radio production of the Julian Gough short story The Great Hargeisa Goat Bubble. Set in Somaliland in the 1980s, the story is an allegorical analysis of certain aspects of modern economics, such as automatic trading, and complex financial derivatives.

On 26 September 2013 it was announced that Flanders would leave the BBC to join J.P. Morgan Asset Management where she would be chief market strategist for Europe and the UK. Referring to her departure from the BBC, Guardian columnist Peter Preston wrote: "She wasn't a simple reporter, talking to people and reading the runes: she was an intellectual player in a vital, but often arcane, area." She was replaced as economics editor by the BBC's business editor, Robert Peston. She still occasionally appears as an expert and presents programmes for the BBC.

In September 2017 Flanders co-presented two editions of BBC Radio 4's Today programme with Justin Webb. She subsequently joined Bloomberg News as Senior Executive Editor for Economics and head of Bloomberg Economics.

Academia
Since 2008 she has been a visiting fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. On 28 February 2013, she presented the 2013 Bob Friend Memorial Lecture at the Pilkington Lecture Theatre at the University of Kent's Medway Campus in Chatham. The University of Kent's Centre for Journalism has had since 2009, the Sky News Bob Friend Memorial Scholarship.

Family and personal life
She is a granddaughter of British journalist Claud Cockburn and his first wife, American writer Hope Hale Davis. Claud Cockburn's three sons (with third wife, Patricia Byron (née Patricia Evangeline Anne Arbuthnot)), the journalists Alexander Cockburn, Andrew Cockburn and Patrick Cockburn are/were her uncles. The US-based journalist Laura Flanders is her sister, and the film and television actor Olivia Wilde is a cousin. The writer and translator Lydia Davis is an aunt. She is distantly related to the novelist Evelyn Waugh. She is a daughter of Claudia Cockburn Flanders, who worked to improve access to public transport for people with disabilities.

Flanders and her husband John Arlidge (another journalist who has written for The Guardian, The Observer and other newspapers) have a son (born in 2006) and a daughter (born in 2008).

In June 2007, Flanders presented an edition of BBC Radio 4's Archive Hour about her father's career, titled Flanders on Flanders.

References

External links
 Stephanomics blog at the BBC.

1968 births
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
Online journalists
English people of Scottish descent
British bloggers
British business and financial journalists
Cockburn family
BBC radio presenters

Stephanie Flanders


Dito Tsintsadze (; born 2 March 1957) is a Georgian film director and screenwriter. He has directed thirteen films since 1988. His film Lost Killers was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. In 2007 he was a member of the jury at the 29th Moscow International Film Festival. Starting from the year 1996 he lives and works in Berlin.

Biography
From 1975 to 1981 he studied film directing at the Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University under Eldar Shengelaia and Otar Iosseliani. Until 1989 he worked as an assistant director in the Kartuli Pilmi film studio. In 1990 he made his first feature film Guests, then worked for the private film production company Shvidkatsa. In 1993 for the film Zgvardze, which paraphrases the civil war in Georgia he received the Silver Leopard at the Locarno Film Festival  and the Golden Eagle at the International Black Sea Nations Film Festival in Tbilisi.

Between 1993 and 1996 Tsintsadze worked for an Italian film production. In 1996 he got a Nipkow film fellowship to Berlin, then lived with his family in Georgia and Germany. These personal experiences influenced the plot of  Lost Killers (2000), a film about five migrants who spend their lives in a red-light district of Mannheim. He received a special jury award – the Silver Alexander at the Thessaloniki Film Festival and the main prize at the Cottbus Film Festival. For the film Gun-Shy, a story about a young amorous man who loses his grip on reality leading up to a murder, in 2003 he was awarded at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in Spain with the Golden Shell and at the Tbilisi International Film Festival with the Golden Prometheus.

Since then he lives entirely in Berlin. In 2005 Dito Tsinstadze authored together with the Georgian writer and director Zaza Rusadze the screenplay for the film The Man from the Embassy and directed it in Georgia. The Man from the Embassy portrays the connection of a German embassy official to a local. Lead actor Burghart Klaußner was awarded the best male actor with the Golden Leopard at the Locarno Film Festival. Dito Tsintsadze and Zaza Rusadze won at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival the Silver Astor Award for Best Screenplay.Argentine Film Critics Association reviewed The Man from the Embassy as the best film of the festival. In 2007 he did the TV movie Reverse in Georgia. In 2008 his feature film Mediator was selected as the official Georgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film nomination at the 2009 Academy Awards.

In 2011 Dito Tsintsadze gave the CineMerit Award at the Munich International Film Festival to his former mentor Otar Iosseliani.

His film Invasion was released theatrically in German cinemas in 2012. The same year Invasion won the Special Grand Prix of the jury of the Montreal World Film Festival.

In 2015 Tsintsadze's film God of Happiness won the grand prize of Biberach Film Festival – the Golden Beaver. In the year 2016 he was a jury member of the Sofia International Film Festival. Tsintsadze´s latest movie Shindisi was screened at the 2019 Shanghai International Film Festival. It was selected as the Georgian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards. It won the Grand Prix at the 35th Warsaw International Film Festival in 2019, where Tsintsadze also won in the category of Best Director.

Tsintsadze is married to actress Marika Giorgobiani. They have one son, Nicolos Tsintsadze. From a previous marriage, he has one daughter, Nutsa Tsintsadze.

Filmography

 The Drawn Circle (1988)
 Guests (1990)
 The Return (1990)
 House (1991)
 Zgvarze (1993)
 Lost Killers (2000)
 An Erotic Tale (2002)
 Gun-Shy (2003)
 The Man from the Embassy (2006)
 Reverse (TV film) (2006)
 Mediator (2008)
 Invasion (2012)
 God of Happiness (2015)
 Shindisi (2019)

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Film people from Tbilisi
German film directors
Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Germany
Film directors from Georgia (country)

Dito Tsintsadze