Johannes Alfred Hultman (July 6, 1861 – August 7, 1942) was a Swedish evangelist, singer, musician, composer and publisher. In 1885 he was one of the founding members of the Evangelical Mission Covenant Church.

Biography
J. A. Hultman was born in 1861 on a farm in Jönköping County in the province of Småland. His family immigrated to America in 1869 and settled on a farm near Essex, Iowa.

His religious faith and interest in music began at early age.  As a young man he studied for two years at the Chicago Athenaeum while leading a choir at the present-day Douglass Park Covenant Church. He later served as pastor at Covenant churches in Nebraska and Massachusetts.

A revivalist preacher while still in his teens, Hultman did not become an ordained minister until 1900.  After six years as an assistant pastor in Worcester, Massachusetts, he resigned his post to allow more time for his concert tours and business activities.  One of his ventures was the Hultman Conservatory of Music, which he and his son operated in Worcester, Massachusetts and later moved to Chicago.

His warm personality and uplifting songs earned Hultman the title of "The Sunshine Singer". In 1889 he joined the Swedish theologian P. P. Waldenström on a preaching tour of the United States, for which he provided the music. He toured extensively, becoming well known in Swedish-American communities and in Sweden, which from 1909 onwards he visited frequently. Wherever he went, he brought along his trademark portable organ.  When suspected of being a bootlegger during Prohibition, he was asked if he carried any "moonshine".  He replied that he only smuggled "sunshine".

Typically, a third of the proceeds from his concerts went to the sponsoring church while another third went to charity.  Hultman was quite generous with the third that he received.  The 1925 construction of Caroline Hall at North Park University, for instance, was partially funded by his concert earnings.  His connection to the school went back to the years 1896-1897 when he had served on the music faculty there.

J. A. Hultman was married twice.  He and his first wife, Carolina, had four children.  The couple met in Chicago, raised a family and for many years collaborated in his musical ministry. Carolina Hultman died in 1919 during a visit to Sweden. Hultman met his second wife, Margaret, while on one of his American tours. He continued working as an evangelist until his death in 1942.

Songbooks
Hultman published three collections of hymns: Cymbalen (The Cymbal), Jubelklangen (The Sound of Jubilation)  and Solskenssånger (Sunshine Songs). He also contributed to Sions Basun (Zion's Trumpet), the first official hymnal of Covenant Church.

He composed the music for countless hymns, including Tack min Gud, för vad som varit (Thanks my God for all that has been), which in one English version begins:

Thanks my God for all that has been,
Thanks for all that you bestow.
Thanks for all the years that have been,
Thanks for minutes as they flow.
Thanks for spring days, warm with sunshine,
Thanks for fall days, dark and drear.
Thanks for tears, forgotten oft time,
Thanks for peace, my heart to cheer.

Selected melodies
J. A. Hultman was among the composers, who set these lyrics to music.
Klara stjärna, lys och värna (Bright star, shine and protect) by Nils Frykman
Låt det ljuva solsken in (Let the sunshine in) by Ada Blenkhorn
När hela jorden sover (When all the world is sleeping) by Lina Sandell
Stjärnor i kronan (Will there be any stars) by  Eliza E. Hewitt
Tack min Gud, för vad som varit (Thanks my God for all that has been) by August L. Storm
Tro på vår Herre, älska varandra (Believe in the Lord, love one another) by Nils Frykman
Världen ta men ge mig Jesus (Take the world but give me Jesus) by Fanny Crosby

Recordings
J. A. Hultman made numerous recordings on both sides of the Atlantic. A few of them can be found on video-sharing websites or at digital download services.  One of them was on the album "From Sweden to America", which was released as an LP in 1981 and as a CD in 1996. Recorded in Sweden and the United States between 1917 and 1980, the twenty-three tracks on the CD have been available at iTunes and Amazon mp3 since 2011. The song Mitt Barndomshem (My Childhood Home), with words and music by Hultman, was recorded by Kjell Hansson in 1980.
Hultman also made some acoustically-recorded 10" 78 RPM "Personal Records" on the Columbia Graphophone label sometime after 1908:

Columbia 33079/33174 "Han är likadan i dag" & "När hela jorden sover"

Columbia 33157/33161 "Det Brister en Sträng" & "Sag har du i dag ej en blomma"

Columbia 33164/33165 "O, Sköna Vår" & "O, Att Jag Kunde"

Columbia 61878/61885 "Mitt Barndomshem"
& "Glom Aldrig Bort de Kära"

Columbia 61882/61887 "Sa Älskade Gud Världen" & "Härliga Dag"

Columbia 91031 "Var ar ditt hem?"
& "Ett Hem om an sa Ringa"

All these records also read "Komponerad och sjungen av J. A. Hultman" and "J. A. Hultman & Sons Co. Worcester, Mass."

References

External links

Photos
J. A. Hultman at North Park University.
J. A. Hultman at the National Archives of Sweden.
J. A. Hultman at the Minnesota Historical Society.
Swedish and English lyrics
J. A. Hultman at HymnTime
J. A. Hultman at the Hymnary
Discography
J. A. Hultman at the National Library of Sweden
J. A. Hultman on Victor Records
J. A. Hultman on Columbia Records
Streaming audio
J. A. Hultman at the Internet Archive 01
J. A. Hultman at the Internet Archive 02
Swedish hymns at the Internet Archive
J. A. Hultman at Gustavus Adolphus College

1861 births
1942 deaths
Columbia Records artists
People from Småland
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Swedish evangelicals
Swedish Protestant hymnwriters

Johannes Alfred Hultman


The Codman House (also known as The Grange) is a historic house set on a  estate at 36 Codman Road, Lincoln, Massachusetts. Thanks to a gift by Dorothy Codman, it has been owned by Historic New England since 1969 and is open to the public June 1–October 15 on the second and fourth Saturdays of the month. An admission fee is charged.

The main house was originally Georgian in style and was built in approximately 1735 by Chambers Russell, the de facto founder of Lincoln, Massachusetts. It was enlarged in the 1790s to its current three-story Federal style by John Codman, brother-in-law of Chambers Russell III and executor of his estate. This was perhaps with some involvement of noted American architect Charles Bulfinch. The interior is extensively furnished with portraits, memorabilia, and art works collected in Europe. Various rooms preserve the decorative schemes of every era, including those of noted interior designer Ogden Codman, Jr.

The former carriage house, built c. 1870 to a design by Snell & Gregerson, is also located on the property. Until the 1980s, it was original to its use as a stable and an early auto garage and contained many artifacts of both. A few of those artifacts continue to be on display in the carriage house including an early gas pump and a large machine powered lathe.

The grounds have been farmed almost continuously since 1735 and now also include an Italian garden, circa 1899, with perennial beds, statuary, and a reflecting pool filled with waterlilies, as well as an English cottage garden, circa 1930.

The Codman Estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places as "The Grange" in 1974.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

External links

 Codman Estate information at Historic New England's web site
 Codman Estate rental information

Houses completed in 1741
Historic house museums in Massachusetts
Federal architecture in Massachusetts
Museums in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Houses in Lincoln, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic New England
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

Codman House


A slot machine (American English), called also fruit machine (British English), the slots (Canadian English), poker machine or "pokies" (slang) (Australian English and New Zealand English) or simply slot (American English), is a casino gambling machine with set of numbers or pictures that after putting money in it and pressing button will randomly spin. The game is popular in casinos as it is easy and hassle free way to gamble money. Display of a slot machine have a reels, which have symbols and when player go to play, build in random number generator generates result in different symbols. If same numbers or pictures line up the player will win their bet or multiplier of it.

Slot machines include a currency detector that detects if coins and notes are real ones and what values they have. The machine pays the winning or issue a coupon that will entitle to collecting reward in cash or prizes.
In some countries where money gambling in casinos is illegal the slot machines can issue free prizes, coupons or vouchers. Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and make up about 70 percent of the US casino's income.

The first slot machine was invented by Charles Fey of San Francisco, California, U.S in 1894. The following year Fey built the 4-11-44 in his basement; it proved so successful at a local saloon that he soon quit his job and opened a factory to produce more units. In 1898 Fey built the Card Bell, the first three-reel slot machine with automatic cash payouts. The Card Bell had a handle that set the reels in motion when it was pushed down and playing card suitmarks that lined up to form poker hands. His next slot machine, the Liberty Bell, was built in 1899 and used horseshoes and bells as well as playing card suitmarks on the reels. Three bells lined up in a row meant the top payout. Chiefly because of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, only 4 of more than 100 Liberty Bell machines built by Fey survive. The Liberty Bell proved immensely popular among saloon patrons in San Francisco and was quickly copied by Fey's competitors, such as the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago.

Variants

 Progressive Jackpot Slots
 Multiple Pay-Line
 Multiplier Slots
 Bonus Multiplier Slots
 Megaways Slots
 Classic Slots
 3D Slots
 Video Slots

References

Gambling
Machines

Slot machine


The Buick Riviera is a personal luxury car that was marketed by Buick from 1963 to 1999, with the exception of the 1994 model year.

As General Motors' first entry into the personal luxury car market segment, the Riviera was highly praised by automotive journalists upon its high-profile debut. It was a ground-up design on a new GM E platform debuting for the 1963 model year and was also Buick's first unique Riviera model.

Unlike its subsequent GM E platform stablemates, the Oldsmobile Toronado and Cadillac Eldorado, the Riviera was initially a front engine/rear-wheel drive platform, switching to front-wheel drive starting with the 1979 model year.

While the early models stayed close to their original form, eight subsequent generations varied substantially in size and styling. A total of 1,127,261 Rivieras were produced.

The Riviera name was resurrected for two concept cars that were displayed at auto shows in 2007 and in 2013.

Origins

The Riviera name

The name Riviera, Italian for coastline, was chosen to evoke the allure and affluence of the French Riviera. It first entered the Buick line in 1949, as the designation for the new two-door pillarless hardtop, described in advertising as "stunningly smart". The Buick Roadmaster Riviera coupe (along with the Cadillac Coupe de Ville and Oldsmobile 98 Holiday coupe) constituted the first mass production use of this body style, which was to become popular over the next 30 years. Buick added a two-door Riviera hardtop to the Super the following year, the Special in 1951, and the Century upon its return, after a 12-year absence, in 1954.

From 1951 to 1953 the Riviera designation was given to the existing long-wheelbase versions of the four-door Buick Roadmaster and Super sedans. The 1951–53 Buick Roadmaster and Super four-door Riviera sedans feature more standard features, more plush interior trim, and a wheelbase (and overall length) that is  longer than a regular Buick Roadmaster or Super four-door sedan. The 1951–52 Buick Super four-door Riviera sedan is still  shorter in wheelbase and length than the regular Buick Roadmaster and  shorter than the Roadmaster four-door Riviera sedan. In 1953, with the move from the Fireball straight-eight to the more compact Fireball V8 engine, the Roadmaster and Super four-door Riviera sedans became the same length.

In the middle of the 1955 model year, Buick and Oldsmobile introduced the world's first mass-produced four-door hardtops, with Buick offering it only on the Century and Special models, and the Riviera designation was also applied to these body styles. Four-door Riviera hardtops were added to the Roadmaster and Super lines at the beginning of the following model year. However, since it was a body style designation and not a model, the Riviera name does not usually appear on the car.

In 1959, Buick became much more selective in applying the Riviera name. From then until 1962 it only was used to denote a premium trimmed six-window hardtop style which it initially shared exclusively with Cadillac (the Oldsmobile 98 would receive it in 1961) and was available only on the Electra 225. The last usage of the term Riviera to describe a luxury trim level was 1963, as the formal designation of the #4829 Electra 225 Riviera four-door hardtop, the same year the E-body model two-door hardtop coupe Riviera made its debut.

Debut as a personal luxury car

In the late 1950s, GM lacked a personal luxury car to compete with the highly successful Ford Thunderbird—a uniquely styled, two-door that had dramatically increased in popularity when expanded from a two-seater to a four-passenger car and the Chrysler 300C. To fill this gap, an experimental Cadillac design, the XP-715, was created, dubbed the "LaSalle" after a former GM luxury marque. Its angular look was reportedly inspired by GM styling chief Bill Mitchell's visit to London during the period, when he was struck by the sight of a custom-bodied Rolls-Royce. He later said that "knife-edged" styling was what he wanted for the new model, but with a lower profile. The design itself was penned by stylist Ned Nickles.

When Cadillac passed on the venture in 1960 the project was thrown open for competition by the other GM Divisions. Buick, desperate to revive its flagging sales, won the competition by enlisting the aid of the McCann-Erickson advertising agency to create its presentation. Initially referred to as the "Buick LaSalle" and later "Buick Riviera" concept cars, the finished design was adapted to a shortened version of Buick's existing cruciform frame. It was again introduced as a concept car in 1963 called the Buick Riviera Silver Arrow.

Of the first generation Riviera, 112,544 units were produced in three years, divided into exactly 40,000 vehicles in the 1963 model year, as well as 37,658 for 1964 and the last model year 1965 with 34,586 vehicles.

First generation (1963–1965)

The production Riviera was introduced on October 4, 1962, as a 1963 model, its distinctive bodyshell was unique to the marque, unusual for a GM product. The design was substantially the same as the original, less expensively hidden headlights concealed in the fender grilles. The elegant ground-up styling sported the new "Coke bottle look" introduced the year before on the arresting Studebaker Avanti, with a tapered midsection surrounded by flaring fenders. There was no trace of the "Sweepspear" used on beltlines of earlier Buicks with the Riviera package.

It rode a cruciform frame similar to the standard Buick chassis, but shorter and narrower, with a  narrower track. Its wheelbase of  and overall length of  were  and  shorter, respectively, than a Buick LeSabre, but slightly longer than a contemporary Thunderbird. At , it was about  lighter than either. It shared the standard Buick V8 engines, with a displacement of either  or , and the unique continuously variable design twin turbine automatic transmission. Power brakes were standard, using Buick's massive "Al-Fin" (aluminum finned) drums of  diameter. Power steering was standard equipment, with an overall steering ratio of 20.5:1, giving 3.5 turns lock-to-lock.

The Riviera's suspension used Buick's standard design, with double wishbones in the front and a live axle located by trailing arms and a lateral track bar in the rear, but the roll centers were lowered to reduce body lean. Although its coil springs were actually slightly softer than other Buicks, the Riviera's lighter weight made its ride somewhat firmer. While still biased towards understeer, contemporary testers considered it one of the most driveable American cars, with an excellent balance of comfort and agility.

Buick's   "Nailhead" V-8 was initially the only available engine, fitted with dual exhaust as standard equipment, and the turbine drive the only transmission. Base price was $4,333 ($ in  dollars ), running upwards of $5,000 delivered with typical options ($ in  dollars ). Buick announced an optional   version of the Nailhead in December 1962. Total production was deliberately limited to 40,000 vehicles (in a year that Buick sold 440,000 units overall) to emphasize the Riviera's exclusivity and to increase demand; only 2,601 were delivered with the delayed availability larger engine in the 1963 model year.

With the same power as the bigger Buicks and less weight, the Riviera had improved all-around performance: Motor Trend recorded  in 8 seconds or less, the standing  in about 16 seconds, and an observed top speed of . Fuel economy was . Front leg room was .

Inside, the Riviera featured a luxurious four-place cabin with front bucket seats and bucket-style seats in the rear. A center console with a floor shifter and storage compartment built into the instrument panel divided the front. Upholstery choices included all-vinyl, cloth and vinyl, or optional leather. A deluxe interior option included real walnut inserts on the doors and below the rear side windows. Extra-cost options included a tilt steering wheel, power windows, power driver's seat, air conditioning, a remote-controlled side-view mirror, and white sidewall tires.

Minimal trim and mechanical changes were made for 1964, with the most identifiable distinguishing features being a raised stylized "R" hood emblem and "R" emblems replacing the Buick crests in the taillight lenses. The interior is distinguished by moving the heater controls from controls under the dashboard eyebrow to slide controls in the forward fairing of the center console. Leather was dropped as an option, and the Dynaflow twin-turbine transmission was replaced by a new three-speed Super Turbine 400. This was a GM Turbo Hydra-Matic. It used a two-speed "D" and 'L" selector, but could automatically downshift from third to second until the car reached a suitable speed to downshift to first. This was the first year of the stylized "R" emblem, a trademark that would continue throughout the remainder of Riviera's 36-year production run. The engine was upgraded to the previously optional   V8. A  'Super Wildcat' version was available, with dual Carter AFB four-barrel carburetors.

In 1965 the  V8 returned as the standard engine, and the "Gran Sport" version made its debut, powered by the Super Wildcat V8, a  engine equipped with two Carter 625 CFM carburetors, a distributor with different advance, and outfitted with a more aggressive 3.42 axle ratio. A heavy-duty suspension was the separate H2 option but was not part of the Gran Sport option. It offered a quicker ratio steering box and firmer rated springs. The Super Turbine 400 transmission now had a variable pitch torque converter, but was fitted with a three-speed gear selector. The Gran Sport stock dual exhaust pipes were increased from  to  inside diameter and had fewer turns to reduce backpressure. Externally, the headlamps, now vertically arranged, were hidden behind clamshell doors in the leading edges of each fender, as had been in the original design. The non-functional side scoops between the doors and rear wheel arches were removed, and the taillights moved from the body into the rear bumper. A vinyl roof became available as an option, offered only in black, and the tilt steering wheel, optional in previous years, was now standard equipment.

Total sales for the 1963 through 1965 model years was 112,244. The Riviera was well received by the motoring press and considered a great success, giving the Thunderbird its first real competition as America's preeminent personal luxury car.

It has since earned Milestone status from the Milestone Car Society. Jaguar founder and designer Sir William Lyons remarked that Mitchell had done "a very wonderful job," and Sergio Pininfarina declared it "one of the most beautiful American cars ever built; it has marked a very impressive return to simplicity of American car design." At its debut at the Paris Auto Show, Raymond Loewy said the Riviera was the most handsome American production car—apart from his own Studebaker Avanti, in his view the Riviera's only real competition for 1963. The first-generation Riviera is considered a styling landmark and has become a collectible car.

Second generation (1966–1970)

The Riviera was redesigned for the 1966 model year. It retained its cruciform X-frame, powertrain, and brakes, but its curvaceous new body was longer, wider, and  heavier. Vent windows, a feature GM had introduced in the 1930s, were absent. Headlamps remained concealed, but now pivoted behind the grille when not in use, and they were once again horizontally arranged. The car's added bulk slowed acceleration with the unchanged 425 engine. The Gran Sport package remained available as an option. Rear seat belts and AM/FM radio were optional.

The new front-wheel drive Oldsmobile Toronado shared the Riviera platform, and, a year later, the also front-wheel drive Cadillac Eldorado; however, the Riviera itself retained the rear-wheel drive layout.

Inside, the four-place cabin with front and rear bucket seats and center console were replaced by a choice of bucket seats or conventional bench seats as standard equipment, making the Riviera a full six-passenger car for the first time. Optionally available was a Strato-bench seat with armrest or Strato bucket seats with either a short consolette or a full-length operating console with a "horseshoe" shaped floor shifter and storage compartment. Both the buckets and Strato-bench seat were available with a reclining seat option for the passenger's side. Sales for 1966 rebounded to 45,308, a new record.

The most significant change for 1967 was Buick's replacement of its venerable 425 "Nailhead" with an entirely new  V8. Its  and  of torque were a performance improvement. Gasoline mileage improved slightly, but remained low. Powerful disc brakes with Bendix four-piston calipers became optional for the front wheels but most Riviera continued to be ordered with Buick's highly capable ribbed aluminum brake drums. Cosmetically, changes were few and were limited to the addition of a wide, full-width, center-mounted horizontal chrome grille bar that stretched over the headlight doors and outboard parking lights. Sales eased to 42,799 for the 1967 model year. The Riviera had full instrumentation.

1967 saw the introduction of U.S. mandated safety equipment to improve occupant protection during a crash, including an energy-absorbing steering column, non-protruding control knobs, 4-way hazard flasher, soft interior surfaces, locking seatbacks (on 2-door models), a dual-circuit hydraulic braking system (with warning light), and shoulder belt anchors. The Rivieras complied on all counts and featured the full range of safety features.

1968 models had reshaped loop-type bumpers that surrounded both the vehicle's recessed crosshatch front grille and tail lamps. Hidden wiper arms made their debut. Federally mandated side marker lights appeared, as inverted trapezoids on the lower leading edges of the front fenders, and circular in the rear. The interior was restyled and for the first time shared its instrument panel with the other full-size Buick models. Shoulder belts for front outboard occupants were made standard on all cars built from January 1, 1968. Mechanically, the transmission lost its variable pitch torque converter. A tilt steering wheel was standard. Sales set another new record in 1968, as 49,284 units were sold.

Minor styling changes took place again in 1969, with grilles gaining a pattern of finely spaced, slim vertical bars overlaid by two wider horizontal bars, which jutted forward at their inboard edges. Front marker lights became far shorter and square. Inside, front outboard passengers received new headrests. The ignition switch was moved from the instrument panel to the steering column and locked the steering wheel and selector lever when the key was removed (a security feature that became mandatory for the 1970 model year). Chrome side trim was revised, as well. At the rear, the reverse lights moved from the rear bumper to new three-section tail-light lenses. Sales for 1969 improved again, to 52,872.

The 1970 Riviera was restyled, incorporating design cues from Bill Mitchell's 1968 "Silver Arrow II" concept car. Exposed quad headlamps were nearly flush-mounted, while the new front bumper wrapped around and over the new vertical bar grille, set between the headlamp pods. A newly optional side trim feature accented the large coupe's flowing lines. Skirted rear wheels became standard, with exposed wheels an option. At the rear, a new rear bumper/taillight motif was seen. The engine was upgraded to , the largest engine Buick offered to date, rated at  gross,  net, and over  of torque. Despite the fact that 1970 sales dropped to 37,366, the second-generation Riviera proved more successful than the first, with 227,669 units sold over five the years.

Third generation (1971–1973)

The Riviera was radically redesigned for the 1971 model year with flowing and dramatic "boat-tail" styling. Designed under Bill Mitchell's direction, it was penned by Jerry Hirshberg, future head of design for Nissan, mating the two-piece vee-butted fastback rear window, inspired by the 1963 Corvette Sting Ray coupe, to the Riviera's platform.

The design was originally intended for the smaller A-body or its related G-body, as shown by a full scale clay model of an A-body based boat-tail Riviera recently revealed. Given the late stage of the 1968-72 A/G platform evolution and accretive cost to add another version to it, GM Management decreed that the next Riviera use the full sized GM B platform body—expanded for 1971 by  in wheelbase and more than  heavier— which produced controversial looks, making for a sharp departure from those of the Toronado and Eldorado. (Collectible Automobile ran an article about 1971–76 full-sized Buicks in which one sketch design for their 2-door coupes which was rejected resembled the 1971–73 Riviera).

This generation introduced a much more visual representation of the "sweepspear", with a more faithful representation to the version that appeared on 1950s Buicks in both the side molding and beltline. Large, round wheel openings were intended to convey more of a sporty air. The only engine available was Buick's own 455 ci V8 engine producing , with  with the Gran Sport (GS) package.

The 455 engine had a lower compression ratio to meet EPA emissions requirements, together with the shift from SAE gross to SAE net ratings this reduced claimed power to , with  in the Gran Sport. Performance remained reasonably brisk, with a 0–60 mph time of 8.1 seconds for the GS, but the Riviera's sporty image was rapidly fading. One noteworthy advance was Buick's Max Trac limited-slip differential. The 1971 Riviera also features GM's "Full-Flo" ventilation system and two large deck lid louvers are prominent on the trunk lid.

Despite these features, Riviera sales for 1971 dropped to 33,810, the lowest to date. The 1972 Riviera received a new, egg-crate grille, more substantial front bumpers to prepare for the new 5-mph impact legislation, restyled taillight trim, and the louvers were removed from the trunk lid. The 1972 Riviera also featured a redesigned ventilation system, and the 455 engine switched to net power ratings,  or  in the Gran Sport, although the actual drop in net power was only . Sales remained stagnant at 33,728, a drop of 82 from the prior year.

For 1973, the Riviera underwent a number of changes. The front bumper was redesigned to be thicker and featured bumper guards as standard in order to meet 1974 impact-bumper standards, the grille was switched back to horizontal slats, and the front lamps were moved from the bumper and were now integrated into the headlights, wrapping around the corners of the car. Sluggish sales of the third generation Riviera led GM to believe that the boattail deck lid was too radical for most customers' tastes, so in 1973 it was blunted and made slightly shorter. The taillights, meanwhile, were moved down from the sheet metal and into the bumper, and the rear license plate location was moved from the left side of the bumper to the center. The  engine became standard, with  with the Stage One package. This also included a limited-slip differential and a chrome-plated air cleaner. The "Gran Sport" package was still available as a separate option package consisting of a ride-and-handling package that included a rear stabilizer bar, JR78-15 whitewall steel-belted radial tires, a specially tuned "radial roadability" suspension, additional sound insulation and special "Gran Sport" badging. The design changes however only led to a marginal increase in sales, with 34,080 being produced for the model year.

Fourth generation (1974–1976)

Although carrying over the same platform, mechanicals, and some body panels seen on the "Third Generation" Riviera, Buick replaced its distinctive 'boat tail' roofline with a more conventional-looking "Colonnade" treatment which was more in line with its LeSabre and Electra brethren than its front-wheel drive cousins. This turned the car from a hardtop coupe into a pillared coupe, as it featured wide B pillars and fixed quarter opera windows. A landau half-vinyl roof option was available. The car did retain its forward-jutting grille, albeit in a slightly modified form. Thus modified, the car looked far less distinctive than its predecessors, and even its platform mates, the Oldsmobile Toronado and Cadillac Eldorado.

The tamer-looking Riviera was no lighter, and its standard 455 V8 lost more power, dropping to  and  for standard and Stage One models respectively. Max Trac was dropped from the option list after 1974 due to a lack of buyer interest. The revised styling did not improve sales, which fell to 20,129 in 1974, although it is impossible to determine how much this was a result of the energy crisis and how much was due to the tame appearance. This generation introduced a novelty that later became federally mandated in a modified form, two high-mounted taillights above the trunk and below the rear window, which was shared on its platform twin the Toronado.

For 1975, the Riviera received an updated front fascia, which lost its forward-jutting theme through the redesign of the fiberglass front end cap. Quad rectangular headlights were mounted horizontally. The new vertical-bar grille echoed the "stand-up" theme that many GM cars of the day incorporated. Parking lights wrapped around the fender sides. The Stage One performance package was dropped for 1975, though the Gran Sport handling package would continue to be offered. The standard engine's output dipped to . Sales for 1975 were 17,306.

Minor changes greeted 1976 models, the most notable of which was a new crosshatch grille insert. The Gran Sport handling package was replaced by an 'S/R' package that had similar sporting pretensions. Sales rallied slightly to 20,082 for 1976.

Fifth generation (1977–1978)

Buick downsized the Riviera for 1977 onto the new smaller GM B platform. While the other E-bodies were front wheel drive since 1966 (1967 for Cadillac's Eldorado), the Buick E platform used a rear-wheel-drive B-body undercarriage (along with the cruciform frame of pre-1965 GMs for the 1966–70 generation). All B-bodies (including C and D platform GM RWDs) were downsized for the 1977 model year which prompted the short-lived 1977/78 generation.

It was, in most respects, a Buick LeSabre coupe with unique styling (with quarter windows mimicking the 1975–78 Cadillac Eldorado). Unlike its LeSabre counterpart, the front fascia is vertical as opposed to slanted. It was reduced to a wheelbase of , down , and an overall length of , down . Weight was reduced by approximately . The 455 engine was replaced by a  Buick V8 engine with  or an Oldsmobile-built  with . California models had a  Oldsmobile 350.

Sales were up modestly to 26,138 for 1977 and then fell to 20,535 for 1978, although this was a stopgap model until the all-new E-body cars would be ready for 1979. The 1977 and 1978 Rivieras were produced on the downsized GM B platform before the 1979 redesign on the FWD E-platform.

75th Anniversary Package
For 1978, a special "LXXV" edition was released to commemorate Buick's 75th anniversary on the market. Production total was 2,889 and included special silver & black paint with gray leather seats with black trim, four-wheel disc brakes, brushed chrome trim, deep pile carpeting, and special LXXV name plates.

Production Figures

Sixth generation (1979–1985)

The 1979 model year was the debut of the first front wheel drive Riviera, which was also the first front-drive production model in Buick history. Built on a  wheelbase, it once again shared its mechanical design and platform with the Cadillac Eldorado and Oldsmobile Toronado. The Olds 403 and Buick 350 were dropped, but the Olds 350 remained, as did a new turbocharged Buick V6 engine of  displacement with  which was installed in the Riviera S-Type, shared with the Regal Sport Coupe turbo for model year 1980. The Riviera became Motor Trend Car of the Year. Sales more than doubled, to 52,181 for 1979 and 48,621 for the similar 1980 models.

1981 saw the Turbo renamed T-Type and the demise of the 350 engine in favor of the Oldsmobile-built  with  (phased in during the 1980 MY). The standard engine was now Buick's   V6, and a new option was an Oldsmobile diesel engine with a mere  offered through 1985. 1982 also saw the first-ever Riviera convertible, although relatively few were built, owing to a high price - US$23,944 ($ in  dollars ). The Riviera convertible was available in only two color choices-white or red firemist with the only interior color of red leather. A twin-turbocharged Riviera convertible was chosen to be the pace car at the 1983 Indianapolis 500, tuned to produce . Most convertible Rivieras had the V8 engine, which saw an increase in rated SAE net HP to 150 for both convertibles and coupes fitted with it from 1982 through the 1985 model year.

In 1983 a special edition of 500 "Riviera XX" was offered, celebrating twenty years since the introduction of the first Riviera (502 were built in the end). These have a special two-tone exterior paint, real wire wheels, a leather, and walnut interior as well as 24-karat gold plated "Riviera XX" badging. The Riviera XX also received a special grille, which then became part of the 1984 model year facelift model. Overall sales made the 1980s Riviera a great success, reaching 65,305 for the 1985 model year.

Production Figures

Seventh generation (1986–1993)

The E-body coupes were converted to unibody construction and front-wheel drive — and was further downsized for 1986, to a  wheelbase. The V6 was now the only engine, rated initially at  SAE and  of torque. It used the Turbo-Hydramatic 440-T4 automatic transmission with a 2.84:1 final drive ratio.

This generation featured the Graphic Control Center (GCC), an advanced electronic instrumentation system which employed a dash-mounted  monochrome touchscreen CRT display. The GCC controlled the vehicle's climate control system and stereo, and also supplied advanced instrumentation such as a trip computer, vehicle diagnostics, and a maintenance reminder feature. Four-wheel disc brakes were standard. With a choice of three suspension packages available, up to the performance-oriented FE3 setting, handling was notably improved. The Riviera placed fourth for Motor Trends 1986 Car of the Year contest.

This generation saw the installation of Dynaride, which was an air compressor that would pressurize the rear Chapman Struts to maintain a level overall ride height. A badge was installed on the dashboard to the left of the steering column on all vehicles equipped. It was not available on vehicles equipped with Gran Touring Suspension.

Fuel economy was notably improved for the 1986 Riviera. Prices increase to $19,831 ($ in  dollars ) for the base model and $21,577 for the T-Type ($ in  dollars ). Sales declined to 22,138 for 1986, 15,223 for 1987, and 8,625 for 1988. 1988 also saw the introduction of Buick's Reatta coupe, a two-seat personal luxury car.

The Riviera was restyled for 1989, adding  to the overall length (on an unchanged wheelbase). Sales rose to 21,189 for 1989, but dropped to a low of 4,555 for 1993, the abbreviated final model year of this generation. The last 1993 Riviera was manufactured at the Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly plant line on December 10, 1992.

Production Figures:

Eighth generation (1995–1999)

After a hiatus in 1994, the Riviera returned in 1995 with radical styling that departed from the previous generations' traditional image. A  naturally aspirated 3800 V6 was standard, with a supercharged version rated at  and  available as an option. Rivieras were now built in Orion Township, Michigan, riding the same Cadillac-derived G platform as the 4-door Oldsmobile Aurora. The first of 41,422 Rivieras made in 1995 rolled off the assembly line on May 23, 1994.

In 1996, supercharged versions saw an increase in power to  and , as well as the 4T60E-HD transmission. 18,036 Rivieras were manufactured in 1996.

1997 saw suspension revisions, removing excess weight. An upgraded 4T65E-HD transmission featuring a larger  torque converter and heavy-duty gearbox were added. 18,827 were made in 1997.

For 1998, the  supercharged V6 became standard. GM's OnStar service was added as an option, along with minor interior design changes and features including passenger heated seats. A total of 10,953 units were produced for 1998.

With sales of all coupes declining in the North American market, GM decided to discontinue the Riviera. 1999 was the car's last model year with production of 1,956 cars ceasing on November 25, 1998. The final 200 cars had special silver paint and trim, and were denoted "Silver Arrow" models, a designation which hearkened back to several Silver Arrow show cars that had been built off Riviera bodies by Bill Mitchell.

Eighth-generation Rivieras received the most powerful V6 Buick engine since the Grand Nationals of the 1980s. The supercharged OHV V6 provided high torque and acceleration allowing  in under 7 seconds, and turning the standing  in 15.5 seconds. Supercharged Rivieras achieved a fuel efficiency figure of  /  (city/highway).

Production Figures:

Engines

Concept cars

2007 concept

At the 2007 Shanghai Motor Show, Buick debuted a concept coupe named Riviera, based on the GM Epsilon II platform. The concept was later shown at the 2008 North American International Auto Show.

It was designed by the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC). The design was inspired by classic Buicks, ancient Chinese artifacts, and modern electronic icons. It includes "icy green" backlighting, Shell Blue body, gull-wing doors, a 2+2 seating configuration, and 21-inch 10-spoke forged aluminum wheels.

2013 concept

Another concept Riviera was shown at the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show, again developed by the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center PATAC. It has gull-wing doors and a plug-in electric driveline as well as four wheel steering, electromagnetically controlled suspension with air springs, built in 4G LTE connection, transparent A pillar and wireless charging.

References

Works cited

External links

 Riviera Owners Association
 Riviera Performance — discussion board
 1971–1973 Buick Riviera - Boattail — pictures and information

1960s cars
1970s cars
1980s cars
1990s cars
Riviera
Coupés
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1963
Personal luxury cars

Buick Riviera


Kumkum (born Zaibunnissa; 22 April 1934 – 28 July 2020) was an Indian actress. She was born in Hussainabad, Sheikhpura district, Bihar. From 1954 to 1973, she appeared in 115 movies. Her best known roles were in Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo, Mr. X in Bombay and Gunah Aur Kanoon.

Kumkum died on 28 July 2020 at the age of 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Indian stage actors
People from Bihar

Kumkum (actress)


Mauritius Time, or MUT, is the time zone used by the Indian Ocean island nation of Mauritius. The zone is four hours ahead of UTC (UTC+04:00).

Mauritius does not use daylight saving time, however, it has been used in the past. Daylight saving time was first introduced in Mauritius in 1982, however, it was discontinued the following year. It was re-introduced in 2008, however, it was not used in 2009 or since. In 2008, the period started at 2 am UTC+5 (1 am UTC+4) on 26 October 2008 (the last Sunday in October), and ended at 2 am UTC+5 (1 am UTC+4) on 29 March 2009 (the last Sunday in March). Mauritius is in the Southern Hemisphere, so summer begins towards the end of the year.

References

Time zones
Mauritius

Mauritius Time


Hutchison 3G UK Limited, trading as Three UK, is a British telecommunications and internet service provider currently based in Reading, England. It is a subsidiary of CK Hutchison Holdings, operating under the global Three brand. Three is the fourth-largest mobile network operator in the United Kingdom, with about 10.3million subscribers .

The company launched on 3 March 2003 as the UK's first commercial 100% 3G network. It currently provides 3G, 4G and 5G services through its own network infrastructure.

In June 2023, it was proposed that Three UK will merge with Vodafone UK.

History
The Three mobile service was launched in the UK on 3 March 2003, with handsets going on sale later that year. Three was the UK's first commercial video mobile (3G) network.

Three was the first network to meet its regulatory requirement of 80% population coverage in the UK, meeting this by 9 December 2004.

Three's first retail shops, called 3Store, opened at the same time as the network launched, on Oxford Street and Kensington High Street, both in London, and at the Birmingham Mailbox. Three also sold handsets, devices and contracts through independent and online retailers at the time. In 2005, Three expanded, and stores opened in larger shopping centres throughout the UK On 24 October 2006, Three announced that it had purchased 95 high street shops from O2 and The Link.

Three launched SeeMeTV, allowing its customers to submit their own video content that other subscribers could watch. Users would make a small micropayment (the price decided by the video's creator) to watch these videos. The user who created the videos would get paid 10% of the amount of money paid by other users to watch the video. Users were paid once they had accrued £10.

In 2010, Three became the fourth network in the UK to launch the iPhone 4 after O2, Orange and Vodafone.

In July 2014, Three introduced the 3 inTouch app, allowing customers to place calls through a Wi-Fi connection. Three customers can also access the Virgin Wi-Fi network implemented at over 130 London Underground stations.

On 24 March 2015, Three's parent company Hutchison Whampoa announced it intended to acquire the UK operations of rival mobile network O2 for £10.25 billion, subject to regulatory approval. On 11 May 2016, EU commission blocked the deal on the grounds that it would affect competition in the UK market.

In November 2016, three men were arrested after a data breach at the Three mobile network allowed fraudsters to access personal data and steal phones. The company said that while names and addresses were accessed, some financial information might be compromised. Fraudsters were understood to have used authorised login information to order upgraded phones, including iPhone and Samsung handsets, to be sent to customers before intercepting them. Three, which had 9million customers, said it believed around 400 phones had been stolen.

In early 2020, CEO of Three UK, Dave Dyson, resigned after nine years at the helm. He was replaced by Three Ireland's CEO, Robert Finnegan, who now manages both companies.

Three was the main shirt sponsor of Premier League club Chelsea since the 2020–21 season. On 10 March 2022 Three announced it was ending its sponsorship deal with Chelsea immediately, and asked the club to remove the company's logo from its kits.

On 14 June 2023, it was announced that subject to regulatory approval Vodafone UK and Three UK will merge to create Britain's biggest mobile network, with Vodafone owning 51% and CK Hutchison Holdings owning 49% of the new service. The merger is expected to be finalised before the end of 2024, and would create a group with a combined 27million mobile customers.

Network
In order to provide coverage parity with other networks in the UK, Three initially maintained a national roaming agreement with an established 2G network operator. Initially O2 operated this service for Three customers. However, Orange was selected as the new national roaming partner from 10 May 2006.

In the early period of 3G network, Orange 2G (acquired by EE in 2010)  was adopted in areas as a fallback where 3G wasn't available. The 2G fallback coverage provided by Orange has since been removed as Three believes 3G and 4G technology is now sufficient for mass adoption - and as a result, older phones that support only 2G networks are not compatible with the Three network. From 2013, Three no longer provides a significant 2G fallback for most of the United Kingdom.

On 18 December 2007, T-Mobile and Three launched a 50:50 joint venture called Mobile Broadband Network Limited (MBNL) which aimed to combine both of their 3G networks and provide almost complete 3G population coverage by the end of 2008. On 12 November 2010, MBNL announced that the network had reached a total of 12,000 combined sites.

In 2022, Three announced its intention to decommission its 3G network by the end of 2024.

4G

Three began a limited rollout of 4G LTE services in December 2013 in London, Birmingham, Manchester and Reading expanding to over a further 450 locations by the end of 2014. In August 2012 Three was given permission to use part of the 1,800 MHz spectrum used by EE's 4G network. On 20 February 2013 Ofcom announced that Three had been awarded 2 x 5 MHz (10 MHz) of 800 MHz to use for 4G. Three planned to launch 4G in the second quarter of 2013, however it delayed the rollout until Q4, saying that it wanted to analyse the performance of other networks' 4G coverage first. The network provides LTE and DC-HSDPA service as a standard feature to all its subscribers using "Ultrafast" to describe both technologies, making it the cheapest price for 4G and the only unlimited 4G in the UK. On 23 April 2015, Three announced that VoLTE would be rolled out along with 800 MHz spectrum from September.

Roaming at domestic prices

Until 2009, Three subscribers in the UK, Ireland, Austria, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, Hong Kong and Australia could use their service on Three networks around the world for no extra charge with "3 Like Home". The service was relaunched on 30 August 2013 as "Feel At Home" for UK customers visiting Australia, Austria, Denmark, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy and Sweden where calls, texts and data can be consumed without roaming charges; meaning they cost the same as for communication within the UK. Additional countries were subsequently added to "Feel At Home" including Finland, France, Indonesia, Israel, Macau, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland and the United States. The service was expanded to a further 24 European countries in September 2016. Three changed the name of its roaming proposition from "Feel at Home" to "Go Roam", which now covers 59 countries and territories since 2017. Three advertises that the service covers "71 destinations" because it counts several countries more than once. For example, Three counts "Ireland" and "Republic of Ireland" as two destinations, counts Åland in addition to Finland, counts two parts of Spain in addition to Spain, counts two parts of Portugal in addition to Portugal, and counts eight parts of France in addition to France. "Go Roam" only covers roaming, and does not include non-roaming services such as international calls made from the UK. Despite promising to keep EU Roaming free of charge, Three UK changed its terms and conditions in September 2021. Customers acquiring new contracts or updates after that date will no longer have "Go Roam" free of charge. This benefit is now subject to a £2 per day for roaming in EU countries (except Ireland) and £5 per day when roaming outside the EU.

Frequency allocations

Virtual operators
The Three network is used by two mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). Dixons Carphone launched its iD Mobile network in May 2015. In June 2018, Three UK and sister company Superdrug entered an MVNO partnership to launch Superdrug Mobile, which is exclusive to members of Superdrug's Health & Beautycard loyalty scheme.

Merger proposals
In 2015, Three UK proposed a £10.2bn merger with O2 UK, which would reduce the number of networks from four to three. The deal would involve O2 owner Telefonica selling O2 UK to CK Hutchson (Three UK's owner) for £10.2bn, and would have created the largest mobile network at the time. However, the plan was quickly blocked by the European Commission as it was expected to drive up prices and reduce competition.

In 2023, Vodafone UK struck a deal with Three UK to merge their UK businesses, subject to approval by the competition regulator. The combined company would have 27million customers, which would make them the largest mobile network in the UK, surpassing O2 which currently has 24million customers and EE which has 20million. The deal would give Vodafone Group a 51% stake in the new business with CK Hutchison owning the remaining 49%. The companies claim that the deal would lead to £11bn of investment into 5G over the next 10 years. Consumer group Which? raised concerns that the merger would risk lowering the quality of service and increasing prices due to less competition being present.

Smarty
In August 2017, Three launched a no frills SIM-only brand called Smarty to compete against O2's giffgaff and Vodafone's VOXI.

Awards
In 2010, Three was voted Best Network for Mobile Broadband in a YouGov survey for the second year in a row.

References

External links

UK
British banned television advertisements
British subsidiaries of foreign companies
Telecommunications companies established in 2003
Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom
British companies established in 2003

Three UK


Bethel, Abernant is a Baptist Chapel at Abernant in the Aberdare Valley in Wales and one of the few nonconformist chapels in the area that remained open into the twenty-first century.

Foundation
Bethel was a branch of Calfaria, Aberdare and began as a Sunday School in 1846, overseen by the Rev. John Thomas. The church itself was established in 1857, largely at the instigation of Thomas Price, minister of Calfaria, Aberdare, and the leading figure in the Baptist denomination in the locality.

The original 1856 schoolroom, which cost £344 to build, proved inadequate within a short time. In 1861 it was taken down and the chapel rebuilt and re-opened a year later. On 20 May 1862, members from the mother church at Calfaria and other churches at Aberdare marched in a procession from Aberdare to Abernant, led by Thomas Price, and a foundation stone for the new chapel was laid. Within a mere seven months the building was ready, with opening services being held on 7 and 8 December 1862. 163 members were released from Calfaria to strengthen Bethel. These were amongst 927 men and women released from Calfaria during Price's ministry to establish local chapels.

Price, however, ensured that the unity of the Baptist 'family' of churches was maintained by such activities as Baptismal services in the river Cynon and annual eisteddfodau. In 1913, a local resident recalled:

"I remember that once a month on Sunday afternoons, Dr. Price, the Baptist minister, used to baptise his recent converts in the Cynon River, alongside the iron bridge at the bottom of Commercial Street. I have seen as many as 25 or 30 converts, men and women, on the same afternoon. On these occasions the whole of the Baptist community used to meet at the chapel and march in procession through the streets with the converts, the men converts being attired in long black robes and the women in white. They marched through the streets from the chapel to the place of baptism singing hymns. As a matter of course, large crowds gathered on the river banks to witness the immersions."

Price is recorded as having conducted many baptismal services in the river Cynon, both alongside the iron bridge as described above or in a pool above the original schoolroom which had been provided for the purpose by Richard Fothergill, owner of the ironworks.

Early history
William Williams became the first minister in 1864 but he remained for only a year or so before moving to Abercarn. He was followed by T.T. Jones who remained for eighteen months, but within that time conducted 159 baptisms. During Jones's brief ministry, Bethel became the focus of educational activity with the minister delivering a series of lectures on Geology. Historian Ifor Parry cites this as an example of the chapels' pivotal role in working class education before the introduction of elementary education for all and the expansion of intermediate education.

In 1867, Bethel became one of the first churches in the Aberdare Valley to install a baptismal well inside the chapel. This presumably brought the era of baptisms in the river Cynon to an end.

John Fuller-Davies was minister from 1869 until 1872. He died from smallpox an around 10,000 people attended his funeral at Aberdare cemetery. The debt of £800 incurred in the building of the chapel was cleared by 1873.

John Mills became minister at Bethel in 1876. He was previously a minister at Treuddyn and Leeswood in Flintshire and was inaugurated at services at Bethel on 23 January. Mills remained until his death in 1909.

By 1880, Bethel had 240 members. A further structural modification occurred in 1895 at a cost of £2000, with seating available for 750 people.

Twentieth century
In December 1862, Bethel held a week-long series of services to celebrate half a century since the opening of the chapel building.

Rev B. Williams was inaugurated as minister of Bethel in January 1914. In 1914, 47 young men from Bethel joined the armed forces. In 1916 membership stood at 395 and remained steady at 398 in 1925. Williams remained minister until 1932. Williams was succeeded by Alun J. Davies (1938–45), Emlyn Jones (1950–56), Glyn E. Williams (1957–59) and Idwal Wynne Owen from 1961.

Membership fell to 154 in 1955 and 137 in 1963. By 2004 only eight members attended services.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
Coflein

Chapels in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Churches completed in 1895
Baptist churches in Wales

Bethel Chapel, Abernant


J. Michael "Mickey" Haller, Junior is a fictional character created by Michael Connelly in his 2005 novel The Lincoln Lawyer. Haller, a Los Angeles-based defense attorney, is the younger paternal half-brother of Connelly's best-known character, LAPD Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch. The Mickey Haller series currently consists of six published novels. The seventh Mickey Haller novel, Resurrection Walk, is set to be published on November 7, 2023.

A film adaptation of The Lincoln Lawyer (2011) starred Matthew McConaughey as Mickey Haller.

A television series adaptation of The Lincoln Lawyer from David E. Kelley, Ted Humphrey, and A+E Studios, was released on Netflix in September 2022. The first season is based on the second book in the series, while a second season based on the fourth book was released in 2023. Mexican actor Manuel Garcia-Rulfo stars as Mickey Haller, as the series explores the character's maternal Latino heritage.

Character biography

Background
Haller is significantly younger than his half-brother, Bosch. When Bosch first met his father, Michael Haller Sr., Bosch was an adult but Mickey was only five years old. (However, in chapter 19 of The Black Ice, Bosch mentions there was one unnamed half-brother. Bosch notes that the half-brother is a defense attorney and "probably born a few years ahead of Bosch".) The elder Michael Haller was one of Los Angeles' premier criminal defense attorneys and his clients included mobster Mickey Cohen and one of the Manson girls.

J. Michael Haller Jr. was born from his father's second marriage. His parents wed less than two months after his father divorced his first wife, and the Haller son was born five months later, into a family of wealth. Haller's mother was much younger than his father and was from Mexico, where she was a famous actress. In The Fifth Witness, Haller says that he looks "more south of the border than north".  Little is known of Haller's childhood other than his father died when the boy was young (shortly after the meeting with Bosch) and his inheritance of his father's Colt Woodsman pistol, mentioned in The Lincoln Lawyer (2005), the first of the series. Haller grew up with his mother and was bilingual. He followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a defense attorney. Most of Haller's knowledge of his father comes from law books he has read and stories from judges and other lawyers who had worked with the elder Haller prior to his death.

The Mickey Haller novels are narrated almost exclusively in the first-person by Mickey Haller. The second novel featuring Mickey Haller, The Reversal (2010), could be considered a crossover novel, as it contains both Harry Bosch-centered chapters, narrated in the third person (including third-person scenes featuring Mickey Haller) and Mickey Haller-centered chapters, narrated in the first person.

All but two of the Harry Bosch novels are narrated in the third-person. (Both Lost Light (2003) and The Narrows (2004) are narrated in the first person by the temporarily retired Harry Bosch.) Although The Crossing (2015) features appearances by Mickey Haller, it is classified as a Harry Bosch novel because it is narrated entirely in the third person.

As of 2020, there are six novels in The Lincoln Lawyer series. The latest is The Law of Innocence (2020), which is narrated from Haller's point of view.

Personal life
Haller has been married and divorced twice. He was first married to Maggie McPherson, a lawyer and prosecutor, and they have a daughter Hayley. McPherson is a career prosecutor with the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office, and is nicknamed "McFierce" by defense lawyers. They divorced due to their opposite careers—Haller was defending accused criminals, while McPherson was prosecuting them.  They continue to maintain a close relationship, with periodic reconciliations.

Haller next married Lorna Taylor. She became Haller's Case Manager. She married again, to Haller's investigator, Dennis "Cisco" Wojciechowski.  Haller maintains good relationships with both of his ex-wives and has joint custody of his daughter, who grew up speaking Spanish as well as English.  In The Brass Verdict, Haller is revealed to have visitation of his daughter on Wednesday nights and alternate weekends.  By the events of The Fifth Witness, however, Haller says that is only the "official arrangement" and he sees his daughter far more frequently.

During the series Haller has used two private investigators for his trials. The first, Raul "Mish" Levin, was murdered during the events of The Lincoln Lawyer. Haller had nicknamed him "Mish" after learning of his "mish-mash" of Mexican-Jewish ancestry. His second investigator, Wojciechowski, was formerly a member of the motorcycle gang The Road Saints, whom Haller frequently represented. The gang had nicknamed him after the Cisco Kid, an outlaw-adventurer Wild West character created by O. Henry in 1907.  Cisco was introduced in The Brass Verdict.

Haller was nicknamed "the Lincoln Lawyer" because of his preference for working out of his Lincoln Town Car instead of an office.  However, during The Fifth Witness, Haller temporarily rents an office on a one-year lease.  With the influx in foreclosure clients at that time, Haller hired an associate, Jennifer "Bullocks" Aronson, a new graduate of Southwestern Law School. This is located in the former department store Bullocks Wilshire.

In Nine Dragons, Haller makes a short cameo as Harry Bosch's lawyer. He later suggests that their daughters (Mickey's Hayley and Harry's Maddie) should get together. They later meet during the events of The Reversal. The book also refers to the movie adaptation of The Lincoln Lawyer starring Matthew McConaughey.

Haller has moral qualms about representing the guilty, and his concerns are a constant theme in the series. Twice he attempted to move to the prosecution side. In The Reversal, Haller is appointed as a special prosecutor to overturn the exoneration of Jason Jessup, a convicted child-murderer who was freed after DNA evidence cleared him of wrongdoing. Haller teams up with McPherson and Bosch to retry Jessup. At the end of The Fifth Witness, Haller files to run for Los Angeles County district attorney, with McPherson's support. At the beginning of The Gods of Guilt, however, it is revealed that his campaign turned into disaster when the client whom he got acquitted for drunk driving, gets drunk, drives, and kills a mother and her daughter. The girl was a classmate of Haller's daughter and she blames her father for the death, refusing to talk to him for most of the book.

Appearances

Novels

Mickey Haller series

Harry Bosch series
 14. 9 Dragons (2009)
 18. The Crossing (2015)
 19. The Wrong Side of Goodbye (2016)
 20. Two Kinds of Truth (2017)
 22. The Night Fire (2019)

Short stories

 "The Perfect Triangle", in The Dark End of the Street (2010)
 "Burnt Matches", in "The Highway Kind: Tales of Fast Cars, Desperate Drives and Dark Roads" (Oct 2016)

Film and television

Box office performance

References

Book series introduced in 2005
Fictional characters from Los Angeles
Fictional characters from California
Fictional American lawyers
Michael Connelly characters
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Literary characters introduced in 2005
Male characters in literature
Male characters in film

Mickey Haller


The Sutton Hoo purse-lid  is one of the major objects excavated from the Anglo-Saxon royal burial-ground at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, England. The site contains a collection of burial mounds, of which much the most significant is the undisturbed ship burial in Mound 1 containing very rich grave goods including the purse-lid.  The person buried in Mound 1 is usually thought to have been Rædwald, King of East Anglia, who died around 624.  The purse-lid is considered to be "one of the most remarkable creations of the early medieval period." About seven and a half inches long, it is decorated with beautiful ornament in gold and garnet cloisonné enamel, and was undoubtedly a symbol of great wealth and status. In 2017 the purse-lid was on display at the British Museum.

Background

The Roman legions withdrew from Britain in about 410 CE, by which time there is already evidence that groups of Germanic people were living alongside the native Romano-British population, probably as auxiliary troops. Over the next 150 years, a period from which almost no records survive, they were evidently greatly added to by immigration, and began to create a new social structure and culture that spread to control most of Britain, and began to divide it into a number of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

Description
The purse-lid was the top of a leather pouch for coins. The leather has decayed but forty Frankish coins and two small ingots were found with the lid.  Each coin was from a different mint, indicating a deliberately selected collection.  The purse hung from the waist belt by the three hinges seen on top of it. The parts of the lid in other non-jewellery materials had decayed, but it probably had a plate behind the metalwork made of valuable whalebone "ivory"; the lid is now displayed with a plain replacement plate, although the original may well have had decorative carving.

The lid formed part of an ensemble of richly decorated fittings to the clothing and weapon worn by the body that were probably made as a set.  These consist of a gold belt buckle, and gold and garnet shoulder-clasps, sword harness and scabbard mounts.  In particular the purse used a combination of small and large pieces of garnet in a way comparable to the shoulder-clasps.  The burial "can be seen as a dramatic expression of the aspirations of East Anglian royalty", within which the ensemble of regalia "is a careful construct; it situates the owner in a dual inheritance of coin-distributing, sceptre-wielding late Roman consuls, and Germanic warrior culture, with its rich iconography of powerful animals, gods and victors."

The lid consists of a kidney-shaped cellwork frame enclosing a sheet of horn, on which were mounted pairs of exquisite garnet cellwork plaques depicting birds, wolves devouring men, geometric motifs and a double panel showing animals with interlaced extremities. The maker derived these images from the ornament of the Swedish-style helmets and shield-mounts also in the burial. In his work they are transferred into the cellwork medium with dazzling technical and artistic virtuosity.

On the outside of the lid there are symmetrical images of a man surrounded by two wolves, a version of the ancient Master of Animals motif. In between these images are two more symmetrical figures, this time depicting an eagle swooping down upon its prey. To the ancient Anglo-Saxons, these images probably held great significance, but to modern historians it is difficult to be sure of the symbolism in these figures. It is possible that the heraldic composition of the men and the wolves alludes to the family name of the Sutton Hoo ship burial – the Wuffingas, or Wolf's People. They could also, along with the eagle, exhibit power, heroism, and courage. Above the animal and human figures the artists inlaid abstract designs.

Excavation

Sutton Hoo is a series of 6th-7th century burial mounds found in Suffolk, England. The first and also the largest mound, originally excavated in 1939 by Basil Brown, contained a  ship, and is supposedly the burial site of Rædwald, the leader of the Wuffing dynasty. It was in this mound that archaeologists discovered the elaborately decorated purse-lid. The original excavation records of the mound were destroyed during World War II, and only pictures of the rivets in the sand remain as evidence. The excavated materials were sent to London, and restoration and documentation of the objects found did not begin until the end of the war. Decades later, starting in 1965 and ending in about 1971, the mound was excavated again, first by Rupert Bruce-Mitford, and then by Paul Ashbee. Between the years of 1986 and 1992, the Sutton Hoo Research Committee, under the leadership of Martin Carver, re-excavated Mound 2. At this time, archaeologists also excavated Mounds 5, 6, 14, 17, and 18. Here, Carver discovered thirty-nine burials. These 8th-11th century burials were, perhaps, execution burials, as the bodies that were spread around Mound 5 were in what was most likely the ship's gallows.

References
 "BM Highlights", British Museum "Highlights" page on the lid
 "BM Collection database", British Museum "Collection database" (2012 beta) page on the lid

 Webster, Leslie, Anglo-Saxon Art, 2012, British Museum Press,
 "Archaeology". The Sutton Hoo Society. The Sutton Hoo Society. Web. 2 May 2010.

Notes

External links
 Britannica- Millefiori Glass
 Britannica Cloisonne
 University of Chicago
 Sutton Hoo Archaeology

Anglo-Saxon art
Anglo-Saxon archaeology
Bags (fashion)
History of Suffolk
Medieval European objects in the British Museum
Individual items of jewellery
Medieval European metalwork objects
Sutton Hoo

Sutton Hoo purse-lid


Legendary Wars: T-Rex Rumble (known as ARC Style: Jurassic World in Japan) is a Real-Time Strategy video game released for the Nintendo DSi via DSiWare. The game was developed and published by Interplay Entertainment with the development of the game being made by just two men, Eric Caen and Rob Stevens.

Plot

The game takes place in an alternate dimension where humans and dinosaurs existed at the same time. Players attempt to finish with more food than rival tribes.

Development
When the concept of the game came up, Eric Caen first went to persuade Rob Stevens to join the development of the game. Due to Stevens wanting to make the game his way, he acted as a multi-role developer, making all of the tools, the game design, the engine, the code and supervised the art, sound effects & music. The final graphics of the game were done by MZone. The original graphics were scrapped as they were too cartoony and Stevens said that the game was a RTS and that he did not want to give people the wrong impression. For sound, music and other audio, Eric wanted somebody who could make music to match the game's visuals, for this they hired Jean-Marie Philibert. To make the music much cleaner and clearer on the DS, Interplay used streaming technology, a CRI Vibe. It took away memory but greatly improved the game's music quality. A port for iOS was initially planned, but was never released.

Reception
IGN praised the game and compared it to Interplay's first DSi game—one of familiar theme and positive reviews: Prehistorik Man.  Nintendo Life lamented the game's bugs, glitches, and lackluster artificial intelligence. Official Nintendo Magazine UK similarly criticized the game's bugs and glitches.

References

2010 video games
Video games about dinosaurs
DSiWare games
Interplay Entertainment games
IOS games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Legendary Wars: T-Rex Rumble


Blackthorn is a gothic metal baund frae Moscow, Roushie, formit on 31 October 2004 bi vocalist Aina.

History

Formation
Aina seriously decidit tae foond a baund an suin she met Lydia who wis a student at drama schuil. That meetin wis fatefu. Lydia grew up in an atmosphere o muisical theatre wi its amazin airt o actors, clessical muisic, auncient operatic arias an excitin performances. That is why she wis affered tae create somethin intertwinin drama wi metal soond. Her affer wis met wi great pleasur, as Aina already became the disciple o the muisical theatre's sangster an fell in loue wi drama an aw. Sae, the baund namit Blackthorn exists syne the 31st nicht o October 2004. Verbena jyned the ither memmers a cutty time efter as the bass-guitarist. She haes haed a friendly relationship wi Lydia syne their childhuid.

In winter 2006 piano-player Olga, an auld friend o Verbena, supplementit the Blackthorn Alliance as the keyboardist. Efterwards Lydia gae birth tae a bairn an left the baund. The new guitarist Elvira jyned Blackthorn in 2006, follaein the departure o Lydia.

Gossamer Witchcraft an Aranaeum
In the fowert quarter o 2009, the baund released their first twa albums, Gossamer Witchcraft an Aranaeum. They wur released on 30 November an 26 December respectively.

Muisical style
Blackthorn descreives their soond as "theatric metal". Their muisic haes major influences wi witchcraft sorcery, auncient tradeetions an tales, an fantasy. A croun o thorns became a seembol o the muisicians. Blackthorn haes called its awn dramatic style o symphonic metal, style combines elements o daurk metal, Gothic metal, clessical muisic an oreeginal eetems directit bi weemen an the operatic theatrical sangin tae gie a sense o bein a symphony.

Memmers

Current
Aina - lead vocals
Elvira Alchemida - guitar, keyboards, backin vocals
Greta - bass (2009-)
Varaska - drums (2009-)
Less (2010) - violin

Umwhile
Lydia - Guitar (2004-2007)
Olga - Keyboards (2005-2007)
Freya - Keyboards, backing vocals (2008-2010) (Abraxas; Chaos Alter/Atra Mustum, Corona Mortiis, *Tindomerel, Greyout, Skylord (Rus), Arcane Grail)
Verbena - Bass (2005-2009)
Max - Drums (2007-2009) (Dominions, Silver Ghost, Makkhabr, Fermata in Mystic Air)

Discografie
Demo
Prologue of Eschaton (2007)
Studio Albums
Gossamer Witchcraft (2009)
Araneum (2009)

Fremmit airtins
 Encyclopaedia Metallum
 Offeecial Baundsteid
 Blackthorn at Metaladies.com

Roushie gothic metal muisical groups

Blackthorn (Roushie baund)


The Buffalo Museum of Science is a science museum located at Martin Luther King Jr. Park in Buffalo, New York, United States, northeast of the downtown district, near the Kensington Expressway.  The historic building was designed by August Esenwein and James A. Johnson and opened on January 19, 1929. It gave a permanent home to the exhibits that started to be collected by the Buffalo Young Men's Association (founded 1836), which had passed them to its 1861 creation, the Buffalo Natural History Society, with George W. Clinton chosen as the Society's first president.

The attractions of the Buffalo Museum of Science include exhibits showcasing animals, astronomy, the science of technology, and additional science topics.

Exhibitions

Explorations
Explorations is an interactive gallery for children ages two to seven featuring new themes every month.

Explore You Science Studio
Explore You is a health systems science studio. The space was remodeled and opened in March 2012. The interactive exhibit gives a hands-on approach to health, exploring topics such as healthy choices, body systems, the heart, medical technology, genetics, and related research done in Western New York. It is sponsored by prominent local health insurance company Independent Health.

Rethink Extinct Science Studio
The Rethink Extinct Science Studio opened in March 2015 as remodel of the previous Extinction Gallery. This exhibit focuses on all aspects of extinction throughout the history of life on this planet including present-day extinctions and endangered plants and animals.

The Extinction Gallery was a collection of fossils and cultural pieces relating to organisms that have gone extinct on the planet.  Specimens include 50-million-year-old birds, feathers and flowers, the earliest known land plant, a trilobite trapped in a seashell nearly 400 million years ago, a cast of a Tyrannosaurus rex skull, a compression fossil replica of  Archaeopteryx, Triceratops horridus, Deinonychus antirrhopus, and Allosaurus fragilis. Many of the pieces in this exhibit come from the previous Dinosaurs and Co. space at the museum. In addition, a specimen of Albertosaurus sarcophagus (nicknamed "Stanley") is displayed in the first floor lobby next to admissions.

Nano
Nano is an interactive exhibition that engages family audiences in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. Hands-on exhibits present the basics of nanoscience and engineering, introduce some real world applications, and explore the societal and ethical implications of this new technology.

Other exhibitions
Additional exhibitions include the Buffalo in Space Science Studio (opened in 2017), the Artifacts Science Studio (opened in March 2014), the In Motion Science Studio (opened in 2013), the Our Marvelous Earth Science Studio (opened in 2012), and the Bug Works Science Studio (opened in 2013).

In 2010 the museum began an extensive renovation campaign, the goal of which was to convert the old diorama based exhibits into interactive Science Studios. This campaign culminated with the renovation and reopening of the Kellogg Observatory in July 2018

Previous exhibits

Whem Ankh: The Cycle of Life in Ancient Egypt
Whem Ankh was an exhibit running from 1998 to 2013 displaying artifacts from the daily life as lived on the banks of the lower Nile River 2,200 years ago. Over 250 artifacts are included in the collection, including the mummies of Nes-hor and of Nes-min, priests in the temple of the Egyptian fertility god Min, and the coffin of Djed-hor-ef-ankh.

Intended as a temporary exhibit, it was made permanent due to its initial popularity, which it enjoyed through most of its tenure. Whem Ankh closed in July 2013 to make way for construction of the Culture Science Studio which was set to open in April 2014.

Marchand Hall of Wildflowers
The Marchand Hall of Wildflowers displayed numerous wax models of species of plant life created throughout several decades by naturalists George and Paul Marchand.

Additional features
The museum also features the National Geographic 3D Cinema, Elements Cafe, and the Curiosity Shop.

See also
List of observatories
List of museums in New York (state)

References

External links
 The Buffalo Museum of Science homepage

Science museums in New York (state)
Natural history museums in New York (state)
Museums in Buffalo, New York
Dinosaur museums in the United States
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
1861 establishments in New York (state)
Museums established in 1861
Paleontology in New York (state)

Buffalo Museum of Science


The Syracuse University School of Information Studies, commonly known as the iSchool, is  one of the 13 schools and colleges of Syracuse University. It acts as a center for research and education in the policy, systems, service, and technology aspects of information management, information science, and library science. Established in 1896 as the School of Library Science, its name was changed in 1974 to reflect the growing information field. Syracuse University was the first library school to change its name in this way, hence its claim as "the original school for the information age."  Starting in the 1970s, the school began to add new programs focused on information studies that aim to merge technology and management skills with an emphasis on human needs and behavior.

History

The first library science courses were offered at Syracuse University in 1896 at the University's von Ranke library, with university librarian Henry Orrin Sibley and his wife Mary Jane O'Bryon Sibley as the first and only instructors. In 1907, the program moved to the University's Carnegie Library, and, in 1908, it received accreditation from the American Library Association. The program eventually split from the College of Liberal Arts in 1915 and began granting graduate degrees in 1934.

The School of Information Studies emerged in 1974 when Dean Robert Taylor suggested the School of Library Science adopt a name that would signal a new direction. Throughout the 1970s, he updated the library science curriculum to keep pace with the changing times. In 1977, the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC/AE) Clearinghouse was launched at the school. The country's first master's degree in information resources management (IRM) was added to the curriculum in 1980.

The 1980s marked an increase in faculty research and grants that established the School of Information Studies as a leader in the field. During this time, the undergraduate program in information management and technology was introduced. In 1983, the school moved from its old home in several large houses on the edge of campus to Huntington Hall. The school's offices and classrooms moved again in 1989 to the Center for Science and Technology, which also housed the Chemistry and Computer Science programs, among others.

The 1990s brought many innovations to the school, including the master's degree program in telecommunications and network management; AskERIC, one of the first digital reference services; and distance learning options for graduate study. Several new research centers opened, including the Convergence Center, the Center for Digital Commerce, and the Center for Natural Language Processing.

As the new millennium approached, the school had outgrown its space in the Center for Science and Technology. Dean Raymond von Dran began working toward establishing a new home for the iSchool on campus, announcing his vision for the school's permanent home on the Syracuse University Quad. In 2008, von Dran's vision was realized when the School of Information Studies celebrated the iOpening of a completely redesigned Hinds Hall. The building, with its sleek and modern design, earned the American Institute of Architects Central New York Chapter Citation Award that same year.

Curriculum
The School of Information Studies offers an undergraduate degree, four master's degrees, and two doctoral degrees, as well as several certificates of advanced study.

 The Bachelor of Science in Information Management and Technology focuses on information systems and personal services. It prepares graduates for careers in data administration, database management, systems analysis, web design and development, and consulting. After thirty years of offering only one undergraduate major, two more majors in Innovation, Society and Technology and Applied Data Analytics were offered beginning Fall 2021.
 The Master of Science in Information Management for Executives is for students with six or more years of appropriate full-time professional experience in the information management field and who demonstrate appropriate professional qualifications may apply into the Master of Science in Information Management: Executive Track. Those who are accepted into the executive track may waive the internship requirement, and reduce the number of credit hours required for the degree to 30. This M.S. in Information Management degree program can be completed on campus, online, or a combination of both options.
 The Master of Science in Information Management is an interdisciplinary program covering topics in information science, information technology, and management. An executive version of the program is offered to students who already have substantial experience. Graduates work in IT, project management, and consulting at corporations, non-profits, and government agencies. The program has been ranked fourth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.

 The Master of Science in Library and Information Science (MSLIS), ranked third in the nation by U.S. News & World Report  and accredited by the American Library Association, teaches traditional library knowledge, as well as technical and leadership skills. The school also offers an MSLIS with a concentration in school media, ranked fourth in the nation by U.S. News.

 The Master of Science in Enterprise Data Systems is designed for students who want to prepare to manage, design, support and optimize the infrastructure, both on-premises and virtualized, that supports the digital enterprise.
 The Master of Science in Applied Data Science prepares students with practical analytical and technical skills to apply analytical concepts to gain insight from small and large datasets.
 The Ph.D. in Information Science and Technology facilitates in-depth study of information in a variety of settings and incorporates theory and research from many academic disciplines. Graduates of the doctoral program go on to careers in the library, information, computer, and management sciences departments at universities and research centers.

Online options include: a Master of Science in Applied Data Science, a Master of Science in Information Management, a Master of Science in Library and Information Science, and a Master of Science in Library and Information Science: School Media.

The school also offers certificates of advanced study in the management of information security, information systems, telecommunications networks, digital libraries, school library media centers, and cultural heritage preservation.

iSchools Caucus
Syracuse's School of Information Studies formed part of the original "gang of three" that established the iSchools Caucus. Now consisting of over 65 schools around the world, the members of the iSchools Caucus foster scholarship at the intersections between information, people, and technology.

Deans

School of Library Science
 Wharton Miller, 1952-1956
 Wayne S. Yenawine, 1956-1964
 Antje Lemke (interim dean), 1964-1965
 Edward B. Montgomery, 1965-1968
 Roger C. Greer, 1968-1972
 Robert Saxton Taylor, 1972-1974

School of Information Studies
 Robert S. Taylor, 1974–1981
 Evelyn Daniel, 1981–1985
 Jeffrey Katzer, interim 1985–1987
 Donald A. Marchand, 1987–1994
 Jeffery Katzer, interim 1994–1995
 Raymond von Dran, 1995–2007
 Elizabeth Liddy, 2008–2015
 Jeffrey Stanton, interim 2015–2016
 Elizabeth Liddy, 2016–2019
 David Seaman, interim 2019
 Raj Dewan, 2020–2022
 David Seaman, interim 2022-present

References

External links

 School of Information Studies official site
 Best Graduate Schools: Library and Information Studies  rankings from U.S. News & World Report

1896 establishments in New York (state)
ischool
Information schools
American Library Association accredited library schools


The Boston accent is a local accent of Eastern New England English. It is spoken specifically in the city of Boston, its suburbs, and much of eastern Massachusetts. Eastern New England English also traditionally includes New Hampshire and Maine. The accent originated with the Puritans who came to the area from East Anglia in the 17th century. It was also influenced by 19th and 20th century immigrants from Ireland. This resulted in the distinct r-dropping (locally called "wicked natural") dialect found in modern costal Massachusetts.

Non-rhoticity
The traditional Boston accent is non-rhotic, particularly in the early 1900s. Recent studies have shown that younger speakers tend to use more of a rhotic accent than older speakers from the Boston region. The Boston accent is pronounced with a "broad A". The letter "r" is dropped only in certain words like 'car' and 'hard'. For example, a person might "pahk the cah in Hahvahd yahd."

Lexicon
Some words used in the Boston area are:
blinkers turn signals on a car (also U.K., Australia and New Zealand). The Massachusetts Department of Transportation has displayed signs reminding motorists to "Use Yah Blinkah", a phonetic representation of the phrase as spoken with a Boston accent.
bubbler (or water bubbler) drinking fountain, pronounced "bubblah".  This term is also used in Wisconsin and Australia.
frappe a beverage mixed with milk and ice cream, a.k.a. milkshake (in most other places), or if in Rhode Island (and especially if coffee flavored), called a "cabinet"
Hoodsie A small cup of ice cream, the kind that comes with a flat wooden spoon (from HP Hood, the dairy that sells them.) Also (very offensive slang), a teenage girl. Elsewhere occasionally known as a dixie cup.
jimmies Chocolate ice cream sprinkles Also common in the Philadelphia area.
packie liquor store (from "package store")
pissah means something akin to "great" either realistically or sarcastically. Also spelled 'pissa'. This is from the word "pisser" with a Boston accent, but used as an adjective. Occasionally  combined with "wicked" to yield "wicked pissah".
rotary traffic circle. These full-speed circular intersections are common in Greater Boston.
wicked  Generally means "very" or "super" and is used as an adverb. "That hockey game was wicked awesome!" It can also be used to infer tones and moods, for example, "Ugh, that guy is wicked slow."
spa A convenience store that has tonic on tap and (usually) sells sandwiches.
tonic soft drink; known elsewhere as soda
whiffle a crew cut or male haircut done with electric clippers.

References

Other websites
 Perfect Boston Accent; YouTube

American English
Pronunciation

Boston accent


Vernon Sollas (born 14 August 1954) is a Scottish former boxer, businessman and music manager, who was British featherweight champion between 1975 and 1977.

Career
From Edinburgh, Sollas fought as an amateur out of the Madison ABC, and in 1972 finished runner-up to Kirkland Laing in the ABA featherweight (51kg) final.

He turned professional in 1973 and moved base to London where he was managed by former British champion Bobby Neill, stopping John O'Rawe in his debut in February. He fought eight more times that year, including wins over Albert Amatler and Bashew Sibaca, losing only once, to George McGurk. In March 1974 he faced Jimmy Revie in a British featherweight title eliminator at the Royal Albert Hall. The fight went the full ten rounds with Revie getting the decision. He beat Sibaca again in May and in June faced British champion Evan Armstrong in a non-title fight, losing by knockout in the eighth round.

When Armstrong relinquished, Sollas was matched with Revie for the vacant title in March 1975 at the Royal Albert Hall. Sollas avenged his earlier loss, knocking Revie out in the fourth round to become British champion, at 18 years old the youngest-ever Scot to win the title.

In January 1976, Sollas won the boxing writers' 'Best Young Boxer of the Year (1975)' award.

Sollas won his next five fights, all inside the distance, and in February 1976, after being named number one challenger by the EBU, fought for Elio Cotena's European title at the York Hall, Bethnal Green. Cotena stopped him in the fourteenth round to retain the title.

Sollas won his next five, including a third round stoppage of Tommy Glencross and a win over Arnold Taylor, before being stopped in February 1977 by Les Pickett. In March that year he lost the British title in his first defence, Alan Richardson stopping him in the eighth round at Leeds Town Hall.

In July 1977, Sollas faced Dave Needham at the Wolverhampton Civic Hall. Needham knocked Sollas out in the seventh round, with Sollas unconscious for almost 15 minutes before being taken to hospital. Sollas recovered fully but announced his retirement later that night. In 33 professional fights, Sollas won 25, 21 inside the distance.

He later became a businessman based in London, including managing rock bands.

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Scottish male boxers
Featherweight boxers
Boxers from Edinburgh
Scottish businesspeople

Vernon Sollas