"Rise up, Ukraine!" (, Russian: "Вставай, Украина!") was a nationwide series of political protests by opposition parties All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland", UDAR and All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" against the government of the former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych that commenced on 14 March 2013. It was intended as a two-month campaign to end on 18 May 2013 in Kyiv. But the provisional final date was initially from May 2013 postponed to 24 August 2013, Independence Day of Ukraine. In June 2013 the organisers claimed that no final end of the protest had been set.

Kyiv protest
A campaign against the government of president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych took place on May 18, 2013. The event was initially prepared by the country's political opposition parties and number of civil movements as a culmination point to depose the president of Ukraine. Since then the protest in Kyiv however transformed into a preliminary final, while the new provisional final date was postponed to August 24, 2013, the Independence Day.

The Kyiv protest grew into a mass national scandal between a number of journalists and the parliamentary opposition deputies who tried to prove that authorities provoked disorder in the capital using armored military vehicles and sports athletes and the country's ruling party that denied any allegations and blaming everything on the opposition.

The marches were estimated to have 20,000 to 30,000 participants.

Preparations
The Kyiv events of May 18, the Europe Day in Ukraine, should have been a conclusion of the ongoing national campaign "Rise up, Ukraine!" that started on March 14, 2013. During the demonstrations the parliamentary opposition was supposed to announce the joint candidate to the 2015 presidential elections.

On May 16, 2013 the Kyiv City State Administration approved to hold both rallies, one led by the Party of Regions as "Into Europe without fascism" and another led by a coalition of opposition parliamentary parties as part of "Rise up, Ukraine!" campaign. As the start of the event drew close the members of parliamentary opposition were complaining that the authorities were impeding arrival of the event willing participants that were coming to Kyiv.

Along with the main political demonstrations that day in Kyiv were scheduled a lot of other public events. For example, the Social-Patriotic Assembly of Slavs planned to conduct a march "Ukraine - above all else" before noon, the Kyiv City State Administration authorities planned the opening of the European Village with participation of the Ambassador of the European Union Jan Tombiński and Minister of Foreign Affairs Leonid Kozhara. Also that day were supposed to take place Ice Cream Festival, cycling and motor trials with participation of sports vehicles, the International football festival "Great Ball" and many more.

"Rise up, Ukraine!" route
The demonstration "Rise up, Ukraine!" was scheduled to take place from 10:00 in the morning to 19:00 in the evening starting at the European Square. The Kyiv City Administration managed to find agreement with the All-Ukrainian Union Fatherland to leave the European Square by 12:15 in the afternoon and asked the Party of Regions not to start any events at the same square before 13:00.

"A group of athletic men in tracksuits" assaulted attendees of the "Rise up, Ukraine!" march and journalists.

"In Europe without fascism" route
The demonstration of Party of Regions which the party had called "anti-fascist demonstration" was planned to take place from 9:00 to 15:00 o'clock starting at the Memorial Complex "Museum of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" and finishing at the European Square. Participants of the rally 'To Europe Without Fascists' received compensation from Party of Regions "for the bus and daily expenses".

Earlier that spring more "Joining Europe without Fascists!" marches and "gathering" under the auspices of the Party of Regions were held. The 18 May 2013 march was meant as "final anti-fascist rally" of a "nationwide four-day meeting". According to press reports public employees had been ordered to attend the marches and gatherings.

The Jewish organisations Congress of the National Communities of Ukraine and the Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities have spoken out against the "Joining Europe without Fascists!" marches; calling them "aimed primarily to discredit the political opposition".

Demonstrations and rallies
Both rallies started to gather at the European Square on 18 May 2013 at 11:30. The rally of opposition eventually was supposed to march onto the Sofia Square (Sofiiska Ploshcha).

Highlights
Military vehicle blocked
Participation of hostile civilians (athletes) in cooperation with militsiya
Passive actions from militsiya on demands of demonstrators to stop violence, allowing a civil disorder

Legacy
The term Titushky (unofficial pro-government mercenaries), much used during the 2013-2014 Euromaidan, derived from an attack by Vadym Titushko on Channel Five journalists in Kyiv on 18 May 2013.

See also
Ukraine without Kuchma
Orange Revolution
Euromaidan
 List of protests in the 21st century

References

External links

Photos from both the demonstrations. Ministry of Interior website. May 18, 2013

2010s in Kyiv
Social movements in Ukraine
Protests in Ukraine
Politics of Ukraine
2013 in Ukraine
Political scandals in Ukraine
2013 protests
Ukrainian democracy movements
Riots and civil disorder in Ukraine
Viktor Yanukovych
Klitschko brothers

Rise up, Ukraine!


The Secret Bench of Knowledge (formerly Secret Bench, Lost Paradise) is a sculpture created by Canadian artist Lea Vivot and produced in multiple castings.  A prominent one is located at the entrance to the Wellington Street Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa, where it was initially placed in 1989 on the artist's own initiative. One year later Vivot removed it and it was replaced four years later by Eugene Boccia from Toronto. The sculpture was unveiled at about 9 AM on the morning of May 1, 1994 in front of a crowd of about 3000 people. The sculpture has many messages inscribed on it, written by school children, about the importance and pleasure of reading.

Other locations for the sculpture include various cities in Ontario (including Sarnia), as well as Montreal (June 1989) and New York City.

The unveiling of the new statue was done by Vivot, assisted by a young blind boy named Gabriel McBride, from Spruce View, Alberta, who inscribed his message in Braille.

External links
Lea Vivot

References

Monuments and memorials in Ottawa
Outdoor sculptures in Canada
1989 sculptures

The Secret Bench of Knowledge


John II Dodderidge (1610–1659) of Bremridge in the parish of South Molton, Devon, was a lawyer who was elected MP for Barnstaple in 1646 and 1654, for Bristol in 1656 and for Devon also in 1656, and chose to sit for Devon, but was prevented by Oliver Cromwell from taking his seat.

Origins
Dodderidge was the son of Pentecost Dodderidge (died ) of Barnstaple in North Devon, thrice Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1621, 1624 and 1625, by his wife Elizabeth Wescombe. Pentecost Dodderidge was the brother and heir of Sir John I Doddridge (1555–1628), a Justice of the King's Bench, who had purchased for his seat the estate of Bremridge, near South Molton, Devon.

Career
Dodderidge entered Middle Temple on 26 June 1629 and was called to the bar on 19 May 1637. In 1646, he was elected Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in the Long Parliament. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Devon on 26 July 1647. He was re-elected MP for Barnstaple in 1654 in the First Protectorate Parliament. In 1655 he was appointed Recorder of Bristol. Subsequently, he became Recorder of Barnstaple, a position of significant honour, having left pieces of plate to the corporation of Bristol. In 1656 he was elected MP for both Bristol and for Devon in the Second Protectorate Parliament and chose to sit for Devon. He was however prevented by Oliver Cromwell from taking his seat. He became a bencher of his Inn in 1658 and published The Opinions of Sundry Antiquaries ... Touching the Antiquity, Power, Order, State, Manner, Persons and Proceedings of the High-Court of Parliament in England.

Marriages and progeny
Dodderidge married three times, but his only son John predeceased him. His wives included:
Martha Dacres (died 1655), the youngest daughter of  Sir Thomas Dacres of Cheshunt, Hertfordshire.
Jane, of unknown family.
Judith Gurdon, 3rd and last wife, daughter of John Gurdon (alias Richard Gurdon) of Assington Hall, Sudbury, Suffolk. She survived him and in 1665 remarried (as his 3rd wife) to John Gould (1616-1679) of Clapham, Surrey, a Levant Merchant, 3rd son of William Gould of Hayes, near Exeter, Devon.

Death
Dodderidge died in 1659 (his will was proved 20 June 1659) at Cheshunt at the age of about 49.

Dodderidgian Library
His library became the Dodderidgian Library. He bequeathed his library to his wife Judith in the following passage of his will dated 20 January 1658: "Alsoe I leave the disposing of my library of bookes (unto) my said deare wife whome I make and ordaine sole executrix of this my last will and testament not doubting of her care in the due executing thereof...". In 1664 she gave or bequeathed the library to the Corporation of Barnstaple. The bequest was of 112 volumes, many of which were originally from the library of his uncle Sir John Dodderidge, as evidenced by his signature in several of them. The collection became known as the Bibliotheca Doddridgiana ("Dodderidgian Library"). A special building was erected to house the books at the north-east corner of the chancel of St Peter's Church, Barnstaple. The books were chiefly in Latin on the subject of theology, and include most notably a 1610 edition of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, containing a very well preserved illustration of scenes of Protestant martyrdom. The collection was later expanded.  The Dodderidge collection was removed to the North Devon Athaneum in 1888 and from there in 1957 on permanent loan to Exeter University Library. It represents one of the earliest town libraries in England which continues in existence since its foundation.

Heirs

As his only son predeceased him, his heirs were his two sisters, one of whom was Dorcas Doddridge, the wife of John Lovering (died 1675) "The Elder", of Weare Giffard, a merchant based at Barnstaple who served as one of his executors. John Lovering's son was John Lovering "The Younger" (died 1686) who married Elizabeth Venner daughter of William Venner of Hudscott, Chittlehampton. They made their home at Hudscott, as is evidenced by the heraldic overmantel showing the arms of Lovering impaling Doddridge.

Will
John Dodderidge's will, dated 20 January 1658 and proved 20 June 1659, may be summarised thus:
"John Doddridge of Bremeridge, Devon, Esq. 20 January 1658, proved 20 June 1659. If I happen to die within thirty miles of Cheshunt, Herts, my body may be carried thither and there interred in the Vault of my honored father in law Sir Thomas Dacres of Cheshunt, knight, as near the body of my very dear virtuous and truly loving wife Martha, the youngest daughter of the said Sir Thomas Dacres, as conveniently may be, who hath promised me a burying place there according to my great desire. But if I happen to die within thirty miles of the town of Barnastaple, Devon, then I very much desire that my body may be carried to Barnstaple and buried as near the body of my dear virtuous and loving wife Jane as may be. Bequests to the town of Barnstaple, for the poor there, to the aldermen of Bristol (forty pounds) for a piece of plate with my coat of arms engraven upon it and this inscription "Ex Dono Johanni Doddridge Recordatoris Civitatis Bristoll" [i.e., "From the gift of John Dodderidge Recorder of the City of Bristol"]. To the poor of Ilfracombe, Fremington, and South Molton. My most dear wife Judith. My dear sisters Mistress Elizabeth Crossing, Mistress Dorothy Lowring [i.e., Lovering] and my nephew Master John Martin. My father in law John Gurdon Esq. and my loving brothers John Hele Esq., Thomas Dacres Esq., Robert Gurdon Esq., Master John Martin, Master Richard Crossing, Master John Lowring, Master Joseph Jackson and my friends Master Robert Aldworth, Master Edward Watts and Master Richard Sherbrook. I give and bequeath unto the College in New England towards the maintenance of scholars there the yearly sum of ten pounds forever, issuing and going forth out of my Rectory of Fremington in the County of Devon. I also give and bequeath unto the Trustees for the maintenance of select scholars at the University, according to the model drawn up by Master Poole and other godly ministers, the like yearly sum of ten pounds &c. My cousin Dorothy Watts wife of Master Edward Watts, Sarah Walker daughter of Thomas Walker minister of Assington, Suffolk. Cousin Roger Hill one of the Barons of the Exchequer. My manor of Abbotts Bury in Porbury, in the County of Somerset. My niece Jane Martin".

Wife's monument at Cheshunt
A monument exists in Cheshunt Church, Hertfordshire, inscribed as follows: "To the memory of Martha Doddridge, wife of John Doddridge, of Branbridge, in the county of Devon, Esq., youngest daughter of Sir Thomas Dacres, of Hertford, Knt., who died in 1655. Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them all. (Prov. xxx. 29) This is the pillar of Rachel's grave unto this day. (Gen. xxxv. 19, 80)."

Sources
Dodderidge, Rev. Sidney E.,  Pedigree of Dudderigge alias Dodderidge, of Dotheridge, South Molton, and Barnstaple, Co. Devon, Devon & Cornwall Notes & Queries, vol. 3, no. 5, (1905) pp.166-169

References

1658 deaths
1610 births
John
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Barnstaple

John Dodderidge (died 1659)


Vivlos (, foaled 9 April 2013) is a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She showed some promise as a juvenile in 2015 when she won a minor race on the second of her two starts. In the following year she was moved up in class and made steady progress, ending her season with a win in the Grade 1 Shuka Sho. As a four-year-old she defeated an international field to take the Dubai Turf and won the JRA Award for Best Older Filly or Mare. In 2018 she failed to win a race but finished second in both the Dubai Turf and the Hong Kong Mile. On her final racecourse appearance she finished second in the 2019 Dubai Turf.

Background
Vivlos is a black mare bred in Japan by Northern Farm. During her racing career she was owned by the baseball star Kazuhiro Sasaki and trained by Yasuo Tomomichi.

She was from the sixth crop of foals sired by Deep Impact, who was the Japanese Horse of the Year in 2005 and 2006, winning races including the Tokyo Yushun, Tenno Sho, Arima Kinen and Japan Cup. Deep Impact's other progeny include Gentildonna, Harp Star, Kizuna, A Shin Hikari, Marialite and Saxon Warrior. Vivlos' dam Halwa Sweet showed some racing ability, winning five minor races from 22 starts, but became an outstanding broodmare whose previous foals included Verxina and Cheval Grand. Her granddam Morn of Song was a full-sister to Rahy and a half-sister to Singspiel.

Racing career

2015: two-year-old season
Vivlos began her racing career by finishing a close second to Classic Lydia in an event for previously unraced juveniles over 1600 metres at Kyoto Racecourse on 24 October. At the same track four weeks later she was stepped up in distance for a maiden race over 1800 metres and recorded her first success as she won from Ribbon Flower and nine others.

2016: three-year-old season
In March 2016 Vivlos was moved up to Grade 3 class but made no impact in her first two starts as she finished towards the rear in both the Tulip Sho at Hanshin Racecourse and the Flower Cup at Nakayama Racecourse. After three-month break she returned to winning form as she took a minor race over 2000 metres at Chukyo Racecourse in July.

On 10 September at Nakayama Vivlos started at odds of 4.8/1 for the Grade 3 Shion Stakes (a trial race for the Shuka Sho) and finished second of the eighteen runners, beaten two and a half lengths by the favourite Biche. In the Grade 1 Shuka Sho over 2000 metres at Kyoto on 16 October Vivlos, ridden by Yuichi Fukunaga, started the 5.3/1 third choice in the betting behind Biche and Jeweler. After racing in mid-division she produced a strong late run, took the lead in the closing stages and won by half a length from Pearl Code, with Kaiserball and Jeweler close behind. After the race Fukunaga said "We were in a perfect position and the trip was smooth and in good rhythm. I was aware of Biche behind me at the third corner but we were able to pick our own timing for the move. Her sister (Verxina) had a lot of speed and staying power but this filly has a tremendous burst of speed".

In the JRA Awards for 2016 Vivlos finished third behind Sinhalite and Jeweler in the voting for the JRA Award for Best Three-Year-Old Filly.

2017: four-year-old season

On her 2017 debut Vivlos was matched against male opposition in the Grade 2 Nakayama Kinen over 1800 metres on 26 February in which she stayed on well from the rear of the field to finish fifth of the eleven runners, two lengths behind the six-year-old winner Neorealism. The filly was then sent to the United Arab Emirates to contest the Dubai Turf over 1800 metres at Meydan Racecourse on 25 March in which she was ridden by the Hong Kong-based Brazilian jockey João Moreira and started at odds of 14/1. The French colt Zarak started favourite ahead of the British-trained Ribchester while the other ten runners included Decorated Knight (Irish Champion Stakes), Deauville (Belmont Derby) and Mondialiste (Arlington Million). After racing towards the rear of the field as Ribchester set the pace Vivlos began to make progress and moved up to make her challenge on the outside in the straight. The outsider Heshem gained the advantage from Ribchester inside the final furlong but Vivlos took the lead in the closing stages to win by half a length. Moreira commented "She was brilliant. From the time that I sat on top of her on Friday, she gave me the feel that she was going to be very competitive... She made the job very easy for me today. We were travelling nice and when I took her out and she had daylight, she was strong to the line." Her trainer Yasuo Tomomichi said "She travelled very well from Japan and she was very relaxed in Dubai. She relaxed again in the back of the field and quickened very well. It kept raining but the ground wasn't too soft, which suited her."

After an absence of over six months Vivlos returned in the Grade 2 Fuchu Himba Stakes at Tokyo Racecourse on 14 October. She started the 2.2/1 favourite against thirteen other fillies and mares but despite finishing strongly she was failed by a neck to overhaul Crocosmia. Four weeks later the filly was stepped up in distance and started 1.8/1 favourite for the Grade 1 Queen Elizabeth II Cup over 2200 metres at Kyoto in which she was partnered by Christophe Lemaire. She was in contention throughout the race but was unable to make any significant progress in the closing stages and came home fifth behind the three-year-old Mozu Katchan.

In January 2018 she topped the poll to take the JRA Award for Best Older Filly or Mare for 2017 with 194 of the 290 votes.

In the 2017 World's Best Racehorse Rankings, Vivlos given a rating of 117 making her the 129th-best horse in the world and the fifth-best four-year-old filly behind Minding, Marsha, Persuasive and Songbird.

2018 & 2019: five and six-year-old seasons
In 2018 Vivlos again began her campaign in the Nakayama Kinen. On this occasion she started at odds of 5.4/1 and finished eighth of the ten runners behind the four-year-old colt Win Bright, beaten three and a half lengths by the winner. On 31 March the mare returned to Meydan Racecourse in an attempt to repeat her 2017 success in the Dubai Turf. Despite never looking likely to trouble the winner Benbatl she stayed on strongly in the straight to take second place ahead of her fellow Japanese challengers Deirdre and Real Steel. Almost three months later she was one of sixteen horses invited to contest the Takarazuka Kinen over 2200 metres at Hanshin Racecourse and kept on well in the closing stages to come home fourth behind Mikki Rocket.

After a summer break of over four months Vivlos returned for the autumn edition of the Tenno Sho over 2000 metres at Tokyo on 28 October. She started at odds of 16.4/1 and came home eighth of the twelve runners behind Rey de Oro. For her final tart of the year the mare was sent to Sha Tin Racecourse for the Hong Kong Mile on 9 December. Starting a 57/1 outsider she exceeded expectations as she came from well off the pace to take second place behind the local champion Beauty Generation.

Despite expectations that she would be retired at the end of 2018, Vivlos returned for a final run in the 2019 edition of the Dubai Turf on 30 March. As in the previous year she came with a strong late run to take second place, beaten one and a quarter lengths by Almond Eye. After the race Tomomichi said "everything went right. It was her third time here and she clearly seems to really like Dubai and we're really grateful of all that she achieved at this place. She's calling it a career now but I hope to be back in Dubai with her kid one day."

Pedigree

Vivlos was inbred 3 × 4 to Halo, meaning that this stallion appeared in both the third and fourth generations of her pedigree.

References

2013 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Japan
Racehorses trained in Japan
Thoroughbred family 12-c

Vivlos


My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla is a book compiled and edited by Ben Johnston detailing the work of Nikola Tesla. The content was largely drawn from a series of articles that Nikola Tesla had written for Electrical Experimenter magazine in 1919, when he was 63 years old. Tesla's personal account is divided into six chapters covering different periods of his life: My Early Life, My First Efforts At Invention, My Later Endeavors, The Discovery of the Rotating Magnetic Field, The Discovery of the Tesla Coil and Transformer, The Magnifying Transmitter, and The Art of Telautomatics.

Publication history
Tesla's autobiography was first published as a six-part 1919 series in the Electrical Experimenter magazine, in the February – June, and October issues.  The series was republished as Moji Pronalasci – My Inventions, Školska Knjiga, Zagreb, 1977, on the occasion of Tesla's 120th anniversary, with side-by-side English and Serbo-Croatian translations by Tomo Bosanac and Vanja Aljinović, Branimira Valić, ed.  It is presently available in book form, My Inventions : The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Hart Brothers, Williston, Vermont, 1982,
giovanni Herran. Figures with an 18-page introduction by Ben Johnston.
Hugo Gernsback also wrote his own introduction to the series which was published in the January 1919 issue.

The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla
The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla is the renamed Part One, The Life of Tesla by Tesla. The Strange Life of Nikola Tesla was published by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Publishing, and subsequently became the first online version of Nikola Tesla's Autobiography. It was transcribed by John Rolad Penner in 1994  from a small typed booklet, then photocopied and stapled. The booklet includes no means of contacting the publisher, although the name 'Kolmogorov-Smirnov Publishing' appears after the title page. The only form of date identification is the hand-written purchase date: April 29, 1978. The text was first made available on GEnie in 1995 under the GNU General Public License, and from there, soon began to propagate onto the Internet.

Although it is the first electronic version of Tesla's autobiography available online it contains many significant errors carried over from the original photocopied text.  Online Internet scrutiny has subsequently revealed numerous omissions and additions that did not appear in the original serial text published in Electrical Experimenter magazine.

The original six-part series published in Electrical Experimenter Magazine in 1919 has been republished in book form as: My Inventions, The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (Hart Brothers, Williston, 1983).  A nearly unabridged version of My Inventions in various file formats is also freely available in electronic form at www.tfcbooks.com/special/mi_link.htm.  It supersedes the earlier corrupted text.

References

External links
 My Inventions : The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
 My Inventions on the World Wide Web

1919 non-fiction books
1982 non-fiction books
Science autobiographies
Books about Nikola Tesla


Graph theory is a field of mathematics about graphs. A graph is an abstract representation of: a number of points that are connected by lines. Each point is usually called a vertex (more than one are called vertices), and the lines are called edges. Graphs are a tool for modelling relationships. They are used to find answers to a number of problems.

Some of these questions are:
 What is the best way for a mailman to get to all of the houses in the area in the least amount of time? The points could represent street corners and lines could represent the houses along the street. (see Chinese postman problem)
 A salesman has to visit different customers, but wants to keep the distance traveled as small as possible. The problem is to find a way so they can do it. This problem is known as Travelling Salesman Problem (and often abbreviated TSP). It is among the hardest problems to solve. If a commonly believed conjecture is true (described as P ≠ NP), then an exact solution requires one to try all possible routes to find which is shortest.
 How many colors would be needed to color a map, if countries sharing a border are colored differently? The points could represent the different areas and the lines could represent that two areas are neighboring. (look at the Four color theorem)
 Can a sketch be drawn in one closed line? The lines of the drawing are the lines of the graph and when two or more lines collide, there is a point in the graph. The task is now to find a way through the graph using each line one time. (look at Seven Bridges of Königsberg)

Different kinds of graphs

 Graph theory has many aspects. Graphs can be directed or undirected. An example of a directed graph would be the system of roads in a city. Some streets in the city are one way streets. This means, that on those parts there is only one direction to follow.
 Graphs can be weighted. An example would be a road network, with distances, or with tolls (for roads).
 The nodes (the circles in the schematic) of a graph are called vertices. The lines connecting the nodes are called edges. There can be no line between two nodes, there can be one line, or there can be multiple lines.
 In graph theory, Trees structures are widely used, they represent hierarchical structures. A Tree is a directed or undirected graph where there is no cycle, meaning: no way of going from one vertex (for example a town) to the same one using each edge you use only once (walking only once on each road you take).

History
 →
 →

A visualization of the Seven Bridges of Königberg. Leonhard Euler solved this problem in 1736, which led to the development of topology, and modern graph theory.

A graph is an abstract data structure. It holds nodes that are usually related to each other. A node is a dataset, typically in the form of ordered pairs. Nodes are either connected or not connected to another node. The relation between nodes is usually defined as an Edge. Graphs are useful for their ability to associate nodes with other nodes.
There are a few representations of Graphs in practice.

Leonhard Euler used to live in a town called Königsberg. (Its name changed to Kaliningrad in 1946). The town is on the river Pregel. There is an island in the river. There are some bridges across the river. Euler wanted to walk around and use each of the bridges once. He asked if he could do this. In 1736, he published a scientific article where he showed that this was not possible. Today, this problem is known as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. The article is seen as the first paper in the history of graph theory.

This article, as well as the one written by Vandermonde on the knight problem, carried on with the analysis situs initiated by Leibniz. Euler's formula was about the number of edges, vertices, and faces of a convex polyhedron was studied and generalized by Cauchy and L'Huillier, and is at the origin of topology.

The fusion of the ideas coming from mathematics with those coming from chemistry is at the origin of a part of the standard terminology of graph theory. In particular, the term "graph" was introduced by Sylvester in an article published in 1878 in Nature.

One of the most famous and productive problems of graph theory is the four color problem: "Is it true that any map drawn in the plane may have its regions colored with four colors, in such a way that any two regions having a common border have different colors?"

Graph theory in perspective
Graph theory is an important part of mathematics and computer science. To many such problems, exact solutions do exist. Many times however, they are very hard to calculate. Therefore, very often, approximations are used. There are two kinds of such approximations, Monte-Carlo algorithms and Las-Vegas algorithms.

References

Related pages
Data structure

Graph theory


Richard, Duke of Burgundy (858–921), also known as Richard of Autun or Richard the Justiciar, was Count of Autun from 880 and the first Margrave and Duke of Burgundy. He eventually attained suzerainty over all the counties of Burgundy save Mâcon and by 890 he was referred to as dux (duke) and by 900 as marchio (margrave). By 918 he was being called dux Burgundionem or dux Burgundiae, which probably signified less the existence of a unified Burgundian dukedom than feudal suzerainty over a multiplicity of counties in a specific region.

Life
Richard was a Bosonid, the son of Bivin of Gorze and Richildis. His elder brother was Boso of Provence and his younger sister was Richildis, second wife of Charles the Bald.

In 875, after the death of the Emperor Louis II, Richard and Boso accompanied Charles to Italy for his imperial coronation. In February 876, in Pavia, while preparing for his return journey, Charles nominated Boso "Duke and Viceroy of Italy and Duke of Provence". In 877, on Charles's death, Boso returned to France and confided the realm of Italy and the Duchy of Provence to Richard and Hugh the Abbot as missi dominici.

In 879, Boso declared himself "King of Provence" following the death of Louis the Stammerer, but Richard defected from Boso and took Boso's county of Autun, which Carloman II confirmed to him in 880. The two joined battle on the Saône and Richard captured Mâcon and garrisoned it in the name of Carloman and Louis III under the command of Bernard Plantapilosa, a relative of the hereditary counts of Mâcon. After taking Lyon, he besieged his brother's capital of Vienne, where he was joined by Louis, Carloman, and the emperor Charles the Fat. Richard eventually drove Boso out in 882 and captured his wife Ermengard and children Engelberga and Louis, sending them as prisoners to Autun. Boso went into hiding in Provence.

After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, Richard supported the claim of Duke Rudolph to be King of Upper Burgundy and married his sister Adelaide, daughter of Conrad II of Auxerre. Richard also supported the coronation of his nephew Louis as King of Provence in 890.

Richard died and was buried at Sens. He was exhorted by a bishop at his deathbed to beg a pardon for shedding so much blood in his life. He responded:

Family
By his wife Adelaide (married 888), daughter of Conrad II, Count of Auxerre, and Waldrada of Worms, he had several sons and daughters:
 Rudolph, successor and later King of Francia
 Hugh the Black, later Duke of Burgundy
 Boso, married Bertha, daughter of Boso, Margrave of Tuscany
 Ermengard, married Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy
 Adelaide, married Reginar II, Count of Hainaut
 Richilda, married Litaud I, Count of Mâcon

See also
 Dukes of Burgundy family tree

Notes

Sources
 Bouchard, Constance B. "The Bosonids or Rising to Power in the Late Carolingian Age." French Historical Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3. (Spring, 1988), pp 407–431.

858 births
921 deaths
Bosonids
Dukes of Burgundy
Counts of Burgundy
10th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown

Richard, Duke of Burgundy


Toni Kinshofer (16 February 1934 – 24 October 1964) was a German mountaineer.

In 1961, on an expedition led by Toni Hiebeler, he undertook the first winter ascent of the Eiger North Face with Walter Almberger and Anderl Mannhardt. At 27, Kinshofer was the senior climber of the team (Mannhardt the youngest at 21). Kinshofer did most of the leading throughout during their epic, six-day (6–12 March) climb.

On 23 June 1962 Kinshofer was one of three climbers on the German team to reach the summit of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan, (via the very steep Diamir Face) for its second ascent, with Sigi Löw and Anderl Mannhardt. They had to bivy above 8,000 m on the way down. His climbing partner Loew fell to his death, and Mannhardt and Kinshofer had to have toes and/or feet amputated. The route is named the Kinshofer route and is still a major undertaking.

Kinshofer died in a fall in the climbing area of Battert near Baden-Baden in the Black Forest in 1964.

References

 Hiebeler, Toni, North Face in Winter by Toni Hiebeler, Lippincott 1963.

1931 births
1964 deaths
German mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths
Sport deaths in Germany
Deaths from falls
German amputees

Toni Kinshofer


The Mitsubishi ESR (Ecological Science Research) is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) concept exhibited by Mitsubishi Motors at the 30th Tokyo Motor Show in 1993. It was designed to demonstrate the company's technological developments in alternative energy, and used a 70 kW AC induction motor to drive the front wheels. 28 alkaline batteries housed under the passenger compartment, and a rear-mounted 1.5-litre gasoline engine powered an onboard electrical generator system. It also recycled its own kinetic energy, and absorbed solar power through roof-mounted cells.

The car was estimated to have a range of  on hybrid power at a constant , or  using only the batteries. A Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver could automatically switch the vehicle from hybrid to battery-only operation when entering an urban area. Mitsubishi claimed a maximum speed of , thanks in part to a drag coefficient of 0.25.

References

ESR

Mitsubishi ESR


The Family Coalition Party of Ontario is a socially conservative party in Ontario, Canada.  The party ran fifty-one candidates in the 2003 Ontario provincial election, none of whom were elected.

This page also includes information about FCP candidates in subsequent by-elections.

List
Ancaster—Dundas—Flamborough—Aldershot: Michael Trolly
Barrie—Simcoe—Bradford: Roberto Sales
Brampton West—Mississauga: Paul Micelli
Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound: Linda Freiburger
Burlington: Vic Corvaro
Cambridge: Al Smith
Don Valley East: Ryan Kidd
Dufferin—Peel—Wellington—Grey: Dave Davies
Erie—Lincoln: Steve Elgersma
Etobicoke—Lakeshore: Ted Kupiec
Etobicoke North: Teresa Ceolin
Guelph—Wellington: Alan John McDonald
Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant: Barra Gots
Haliburton—Victoria—Brock: Paul Gordon
Halton: Giuseppe Gori
Hamilton East: Michael Izzotti
Hamilton Mountain: Eleanor Johnson
Hamilton West: Lynne Scime
Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington: John-Henry Westen
Huron—Bruce: Dave Joslin
Kingston and the Islands: Chris Beneteau
Kitchener—Waterloo: Lou Reitzel
Lanark—Carleton: Jim Gardiner
Leeds—Grenville: Melody Trolly
London North Centre: Craig Smith
Markham: Patrick Redmond
Mississauga Centre: John R. Lyall
Mississauga East: Gary Nail
Mississauga South: Alfred Zawadzki
Mississauga West: Charles Montano
Oakville: Theresa Tritt
Oshawa: Dave Chilvers
Ottawa South: John Pacheco
Oxford: Andre de Decker
Parkdale—High Park: Stan Grzywna
Parry Sound—Muskoka: Charlene Phinney
Perth—Middlesex: Pat Bannon
Peterborough: Max Murray
Sault Ste. Marie: Allan Walker
Scarborough—Agincourt: Tony Ieraci
Scarborough Centre: Joseph Internicola
Scarborough—Rouge River: Mitchell Persaud
Scarborough Southwest: Ray Scott
Simcoe—Grey: Steven J. Taylor
Simcoe North: Blaine Matthew Scott
St. Catharines: Linda Klassen
Toronto—Danforth: Masood Atchekzai
Waterloo—Wellington: Gord Truscott
Willowdale: Rina Morra
York North: Simone Williams
York South—Weston: Mariangela Sanabria

By-elections
Whitby—Ajax, March 30, 2006: Victor Carvalho

References

2003
Conservatism-related lists

Family Coalition Party of Ontario candidates in the 2003 Ontario provincial election


Dollman's tree mouse (Prionomys batesi) is a poorly understood climbing mouse from central Africa. It is unique enough that it has been placed in a genus of its own, Prionomys, since its discovery in 1910.

Distribution and habitat
Dollman's tree mouse has only been recorded in four localities in three countries. These are Bitye and Obala in Cameroon, La Maboké in Central African Republic, and Odzala in Republic of the Congo.  In total only 23 specimens are known to be present in museums throughout the world (Denys et al., 2006).

Denys et al. (2006) indicate that Prionomys has a unique association with forest-savannah mosaics in central Africa. During interglacial periods, this region has undergone varying degrees of wet and dry periods. Savannah expands during dry periods and forest expands during wet periods, but there are small scale shifts in which regions are dry or wet. Prionomys appears to be associated with forest habitat on the edge of savannah patches. In particular, the species occurs as forest is recolonizing areas that were once savannah. Thus it is thought to be associated with younger, earlier successional forest but is no longer present in mature, late successional forest.

Description and natural history
This is a rather small (head and body = ) mouse with a fairly long (~100 mm) tail. The hair is short, soft, brown, and generally shrew-like. Ears are small and round. The upper incisors are narrow, ungrooved, orange, and short. The lower incisors project forward (proodont) and are sharply pointed (Denys et al., 2006; Nowak, 1999).

Denys et al. (2006) note that the coronoid process on the mandible is reduced and that the animal appears to have the ability to push its lower jaw (and thereby its incisors) strongly forward. They suggest that Dollman's Tree Mouse uses this feature to dig its burrow with its lower incisors.

Prionomys appears to feed almost exclusively on certain species of ants, particularly Tetramorium aculeatum (Denys et al., 2006). Denys et al. (2006) suggest that this unusual diet may be part of the reason that so few individuals have been captured for study. Sherman live traps baited with vegetable-derived matter may not attract this species to the same degree that it does other small rodents. In many ways Prionomys is more shrew-like in its habits. Individuals have only been obtained in pitfall traps, captured by hand, or obtained from local hunters.

Dollman's tree mouse is nocturnal and arboreal.  Nowak (1999) suggests that the naked tip of its tail might be prehensile.

Relationships
As with many other mice historically referred to as the "dendromurines", the phylogenetic position of Prionomys is somewhat uncertain.  Denys et al. (1995) demonstrated a close association between Prionomys and Dendroprionomys on the basis of molar structure.  This association has been widely noted elsewhere.  Musser and Carleton (2005) suggest that the two are related may warrant a distinct tribe within the Dendromurinae.  They also noted the retention of these two genera in the Dendromurinae seems reasonable but requires further testing.  Denys et al. (2006) note the similarities between Prionomys and the deomyine Deomys, but suggest this is due to convergence due to similar diet and habits.

References

Denys, C., M. Colyn, and V. Nicolas. 2006. First record of the Dollman's tree mouse (Prionomys batesi; Mammalia: Nesomyidae) in the Republic of Congo and additional description of this rare Central African rodent. Zootaxa, 1318:59-68.
Denys, C., J. Michaux, F. Catzeflis, S. Ducrocq, and P. Chevret. 1995. Morphological and molecular data against the monophyly of Dendromurinae (Muridae: Rodentia). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 45:173-190.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dendromurinae
tree mouse, Dollman's
Mammals described in 1910

Dollman's tree mouse


Édouard Kodjovi "Edem" Kodjo (May 23, 1938 – April 11, 2020), was a Togolese politician and diplomat. He was Secretary-General of the Organisation of African Unity from 1978 to 1983; later, in Togo, he was a prominent opposition leader after the introduction of multi-party politics. He served as Prime Minister from 1994 to 1996 and again from 2005 to 2006. Kodjo was President of the Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP). Kodjo died on April 11, 2020, in Paris.

Early life
Kodjo was born in Sokodé, Tchaoudjo Prefecture, French Togoland on May 23, 1938. He had his secondary school education at West Africa Secondary School in Ghana.

Career

Early career
After completing his studies in France, he was an administrator at the Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française from November 1964 to June 1967. He then returned to Togo and was appointed by President Gnassingbé Eyadéma as Secretary-General of the Ministry of Finance in July 1967. Kodjo participated in the creation of the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) ruling party in late 1969 and became the new party's Secretary-General. He also wrote the "Green Book", which served as the ideological basis for the establishment of the RPT's single-party rule. He was removed from his position as RPT Secretary-General in 1971.

Kodjo served in Eyadéma's government as Minister of Finance from 1973 to 1977, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1978. He was elected as the Secretary-General of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) at its summit in Khartoum on July 18–22, 1978. One of the key issues facing the OAU during Kodjo's five-year tenure was the status of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), which claimed independence for the former colony of Spanish Sahara, at that time partly occupied by Morocco. Kodjo controversially allowed the SADR to be seated as a member of the OAU on February 28, 1982, over the objections of Morocco and various other African countries that supported the Moroccan position. According to Kodjo, that decision was based simply on the fact that a majority of OAU member states had recognized the SADR, but it led to a serious crisis within the OAU, with a number of member states boycotting OAU meetings. Senegalese President Abdou Diouf accused Kodjo of "mischief-making".

After leaving his post as OAU Secretary-General in 1983, Kodjo lived in France, where he taught at the Sorbonne, wrote for Jeune Afrique, and founded a magazine, Afrique 2000. In 1985 he published Africa Tomorrow in France, which was later translated into English by E. B. Khan and published in the United States in 1987.

1990s
In 1991, a few months before the National Conference, Kodjo returned to Togo and founded a new opposition political party, the Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD). On July 20, 1993, he was designated by the Collective of Democratic Opposition (COD II) as its sole candidate for the presidential election of August 25, 1993, although Gilchrist Olympio of the Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) did not accept this decision. Along with fellow opposition leaders Yawovi Agboyibo and Djobo Boukari, Kodjo announced on August 22 that he was withdrawing his candidacy and boycotting the election due to the number of registered voters being considered too high—a possible sign of preparations to rig the election.

Along with other opposition leaders, Kodjo pressured Eyadéma to hold a free and fair parliamentary election in 1994. In this election, the Action Committee for Renewal (CAR) and the UTD together won an initial majority in the National Assembly, the CAR with 36 seats and the UTD with seven; Kodjo himself won a seat from Lomé. The CAR and UTD initially agreed to nominate CAR President Yawovi Agboyibo as Prime Minister. However, after the election in three constituencies was cancelled, the two parties lost their narrow majority, and Eyadéma invited Kodjo to form a government, announcing his appointment as Prime Minister on April 22, 1994; he took office on April 25. The CAR regarded Kodjo's appointment as a violation of the parties' agreement and refused to participate in his government. His acceptance of the position of Prime Minister, in addition to his earlier role in the establishment of the RPT regime, discredited him in the eyes of many opposition supporters. His government was announced on May 25, 1994; it included the RPT, the UTD, and some smaller parties not represented in the National Assembly. Although headed by Kodjo, the composition of the government was strongly dominated by the RPT.

Kodjo served as Prime Minister of Togo until August 20, 1996. He resigned as Prime Minister after the RPT won the elections that were held over again in the constituencies where the results had been annulled, giving the RPT and its allies a parliamentary majority; a new government under Kwassi Klutse of the RPT was formed.

On the night of August 13, 1997, tear gas canisters were thrown at Kodjo's house while he was exiting it with guests. The UTD alleged that the canisters were thrown from a police vehicle. Kodjo announced on May 4, 1998 that he would not be a candidate in the June 1998 presidential election, stressing the need for opposition unity. He backed the leading opposition candidate, UFC President Gilchrist Olympio.

2000–2020
Kodjo subsequently became the leader of a new party, the Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP), which was created in August 1999 through the merger of four parties, including the UTD. Kodjo ran as the CPP's candidate in the June 2003 presidential election. Kodjo criticized Eyadéma for not honoring his pledge to step down in the 2003 election and again called for the opposition to put forward a single candidate. During the campaign, the CPP called for a debate on television between Kodjo and Eyadéma after the RPT engaged in what the CPP considered personal attacks on Kodjo. In the election, Kodjo received 0.96% of the vote according to official results and took fifth place; he denounced the results as fraudulent.

Following the disputed April 2005 presidential election, which occurred shortly after Eyadema's death, Eyadema's son and successor Faure Gnassingbé named Kodjo, a representative of the moderate opposition, as Prime Minister again on June 8, 2005, choosing him instead of a candidate from the radical opposition. He took office on June 9, succeeding Koffi Sama.

In an announcement on September 16, 2006, Gnassingbé accepted Kodjo's resignation and named Yawovi Agboyibo as Prime Minister. On September 25, Gnassingbé appointed Kodjo by decree as Minister of State to the Presidency.

In the October 2007 parliamentary election, Kodjo ran for a seat in the National Assembly as a candidate of the CPP in Avé Prefecture, where he was the first name on the party's candidate list. The CPP did not win any seats in the election.

At a CPP congress in late April 2009, Kodjo announced that he was retiring from day-to-day politics in order to make way for younger leadership. He also said that he would not be a candidate in the 2010 presidential election. Acting as the Special Envoy of La Francophonie, he arrived in Madagascar to help mediate in that country's political crisis on May 8, 2009. In an interview with Jeune Afrique, published in May 2009, he said that he had served his country in all possible capacities, except that of President: "I have made my contribution to the construction of my country". According to Kodjo, he had lost interest in "internal politics" and preferred to devote himself to Pan-Africanism by working to facilitate a cooperative approach to finding solutions to African problems.

In 2016 he acted as the African Union's mediator during the dispute between the government and the opposition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo regarding the timing of the next election.

Death
Kodjo died of COVID-19 on April 11, 2020, in Paris, France. The Togolese Foreign Minister Robert Dussey paid tribute to him, calling him "a brilliant academic".

References

Prime Ministers of Togo
1938 births
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Members of the National Assembly (Togo)
2020 deaths
École nationale d'administration alumni
Pan-African Patriotic Convergence politicians
People from Sokodé
Government ministers of Togo
Foreign ministers of Togo
Finance ministers of Togo
21st-century Togolese people
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in France

Edem Kodjo


The Chautauqua Auditorium is a wooden building constructed for the first season of the Colorado Chautauqua in 1898, and through the years has been a venue for many lectures, musical performances, and motion pictures both primitive and modern.

Located at the Colorado Chautauqua in Boulder, Colorado, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It then stood "almost as it was built and as it was dedicated on July 4, 1898."

History

Construction and renovation
On May 12, 1898, construction of the Chautauqua Auditorium commenced; it was completed in time for the opening of the first Texas-Colorado Chautauqua season on July 4, 1898.  The wooden building had dirt floors, covered with sawdust, and simple pine benches.

The center section of the dirt and sawdust floor was replaced with a concrete floor in 1918, and at the same time some of the original pine benches were replaced with 586 "opera chairs".

In the 1970s, about the time the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, it was in a dilapidated condition.  A combination of two factors—the NRHP designation and the decision of the Colorado Music Festival to call the Chautauqua Auditorium its home—provided the impetus for a general renovation of the structure.  Broken seats were replaced, the roof was repaired, and loose boards were reattached or replaced.  The overall design of the building, however, remained unchanged.  The acoustics of this wooden building remain as they have been.

As of 2006, it is still possible to see daylight through the cracks in the walls of the Auditorium.  However, it is no longer possible to see the moon and stars through cracks in the roof.

Notable early speeches and lectures
Henry Watterson of Kentucky spoke on opening day, July 4, 1898.
William Jennings Bryan first appeared at the Auditorium on July 12, 1899.  He would return, with evangelist Samuel Porter Jones, for Jones/Bryan Day in 1905.
Republican and Democratic orators were invited to give campaign speeches for their respective presidential candidates, William McKinley and William Jennings Bryan, in 1900.  Jonathan P. Dolliver spoke on August 20, 1900 and Champ Clark the following week.
Senators Robert M. La Follette and Benjamin Tillman appeared in 1907.
The famed evangelist Billy Sunday spoke to large crowds at the Auditorium in 1909, 1924, 1925, and 1931.

Notable early musical performances
The Kansas City Orchestra gave a number of evening concerts in the first year, 1898.
Louis Richar's Band, from Chicago, played a number of concerts each year from 1903 to 1906.
John Philip Sousa and his band appeared in the fall of 1904, after the Chautauqua season was over for that year.
The 1910 program featured "costumed recitals from grand opera" presented by the Chicago Operatic Company on July 4.
The Williams Jubilee Singers, called "the best troupe of colored singers in the world", gave very well received performances at the Auditorium every year from 1911 to 1917, then returned in 1922, 1924, 1926, and 1931.
Madame Marie Rappold of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City drew the largest crowd of the 1917 season.
Miss Frances Ingram, operatic contralto, was very well received in 1917 and 1920.
Ernest Davis, tenor of the Boston Grand Opera Company, performed in 1920.
Alberto Salvi, described as "the world's greatest harpist", performed every year from 1926 through 1932 except 1929.

Motion pictures
Although the Auditorium was mostly intended for lectures, sermons, dramatic readings, live musical performances, and variety acts similar to vaudeville, it was also a venue for motion pictures right from the beginning.  In 1898, the film industry was in its experimental infancy.  The evening Chautauqua program for July 21, 1898, was "Edison's Genuine Projectoscope, Colorscopic Diorama and Wargraph, with Music, reproducing scenes of the war with Spain."  The exhibitor traveled with his own projection equipment, a practice that would persist at the Chautauqua Auditorium until 1918.

From the beginning, two or three motion pictures were presented at the Chautauqua Auditorium each year.  The 1913 Chautauqua season was notable for the first use in Boulder of the Edison Kinetophone, an early attempt at a motion picture with synchronized sound.

In 1918, the Chautauqua Auditorium acquired its own motion picture projection equipment for silent film.  The film industry had matured to the point that the investment in standardized projection equipment was deemed justified.  The year 1918 also saw an abrupt increase in the number of movies shown at the Auditorium.  Since the Chautauqua lacked the financial resources to compete for first run films with the commercial movie theaters, second-run movies suitable for family viewing were selected.

Talkies began in 1926, and all-talking pictures in 1929.  In this regard the Colorado Chautauqua was a year or two behind the times because of its practice of scheduling second-run movies.  The Auditorium upgraded its projection equipment to accommodate the new standard of motion pictures with sound.  The number of movies shown at the Chautauqua Auditorium each summer was increasing.

Projection equipment at the Chautauqua Auditorium was once again updated in 1937, as Technicolor movies began to be shown.  In 1948 a new movie screen was installed, twice the size of the previous screen.  The new screen measured 16.5 feet by 22 feet.

By the early 1970s, projection and sound equipment at the Chautauqua Auditorium was seriously out of date.  The equipment was upgraded in 1979, providing an improved viewing experience, but with the advent of home VCRs the second-run family films were discontinued in 1995.

In 2006, the only remaining motion pictures at the Colorado Chautauqua are the silent film series that started in 1986.

Acoustical characteristics
As early as the Chautauqua Auditorium's first season in 1898, the acoustics of the all-wood building were being compared favorably to other venues such as the Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City.  Over the years, a variety of performers found the acoustics to their liking.  In 1977, Giora Bernstein selected the Chautauqua Auditorium as his preferred venue for the Colorado Music Festival, even though it was in a poor state of repair, because he was enthusiastic about the reverberation offered by the wood structure.

Michelle Shocked is quoted as having described the wooden interior of the building by saying, "Now I know what my pick feels like when it falls in my guitar."

References

 Galey, Mary (1981): The Grand Assembly, The Story of Life at the Colorado Chautauqua.   Boulder, Colorado: First Flatiron Press, .
 Pettem, Silvia (1998): Chautauqua Centennial, a Hundred Years of Programs. http://www.silviapettem.com/books.html
 Colorado Chautauqua Association

External links
 Map of Colorado Chautauqua grounds

Culture of Boulder, Colorado
Colorado Chautauqua
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Music venues in Colorado
Bell towers in the United States
Buildings and structures in Boulder, Colorado
Music venues completed in 1898
Tourist attractions in Boulder, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Boulder County, Colorado
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado

Chautauqua Auditorium (Boulder, Colorado)


Macroecology is a subfield in ecology that uses a methodological approach that investigates the empirical patterns and mechanistic processes by which the particulate components of complex ecological systems generate emergent structures and dynamics   Unlike traditional ecology, which focuses on local and small-scale interactions, macroecology seeks to identify general emergent patterns within and across spatial and temporal scales.

One of the main tenets of macroecology is that, despite the apparent complexity and randomness of ecological systems, they exhibit a significant degree of order. This order is particularly evident in statistical patterns related to organism interactions, their relationships with the environment, and the emergent structures and dynamics of ecological systems. As put by Brown (1999), "Despite their complexity, ecological systems are not haphazard collections of organisms interacting randomly. Instead, they exhibit a great deal of order: in the kinds of organisms that make up the system, like their interactions with each other and their nonliving environment, and especially in the emergent structure and dynamics of the system. This order is perhaps best revealed in certain statistical patterns." Lawton aptly captures the essence of macroecology: "Macroecology ... seeks to get above the mind‐boggling details of local community assembly to find a bigger picture, whereby a kind of statistical order emerges from the scrum." Thus, macroecology often aims to elucidate statistical patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity across different biological scales.

The term "macroecology" was first introduced by Venezuelan researchers Guillermo Sarmiento and Maximina Monasterio in 1971 and was later adopted by James Brown and Brian Maurer in their 1989 paper in Science.

Macroecology is not just a large-scale study; a macroecological approach can also be taken at small scales to study emergent behavior. In essence, macroecology adopts a "top-down" approach, focusing on understanding the properties of entire systems (populations, communities, assemblages etc.) rather than individual components. It is akin to seeing the entire forest instead of individual trees, as Kevin Gaston and Tim Blackburn suggested. Some critical areas of interest within macroecology include the study of species richness, latitudinal gradients in species diversity, the species-area curve, range size, body size, and species abundance. Specifically, the relationship between abundance and range size—exploring why some species are widespread and abundant while others are restricted and less common—has been a focal area of macroecological research.

References

External links
Scientific journals covering macroecology:
 Nature Ecology and Evolution
 Ecology Letters
 Global Ecology and Biogeography
 Ecography
 Diversity and Distribution
 Evolutionary Ecology Research

Biosphere
Subfields of ecology
Systems ecology

Macroecology


Vladislav Felitsianovich Khodasevich (; 16 May 1886 – 14 June 1939) was an influential Russian poet and literary critic who presided over the Berlin circle of Russian emigre litterateurs.

Life and career
Khodasevich was born in Moscow into a family of Felitsian Khodasevich (Polish: Felicjan Chodasiewicz), a Polish nobleman, and Sofiia Iakovlevna (née Brafman), a woman of Jewish descent whose family had converted to Christianity. His grandfather Jacob Brafman was famous as a Jewish convert to Russian Orthodoxy who authored The Book of the Kahal (1869), a polemical forerunner of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. He left Moscow University after understanding that poetry was his true vocation. Khodasevich's first collections of poems, Youth (1907) and A Happy Little House (1914), were subsequently discarded by him as immature.

In the year 1917, Khodasevich gained wider renown by writing a superb short piece The Way of Corn, a reflection on the biblical image of wheat as a plant that cannot live if it does not first die. This poem is eponymous with Khodasevich's best known collection of verse, first published in 1920 and revised in 1922.

Patronized by Maxim Gorky, Khodasevich and his wife Nina Berberova (herself a distinguished littérateur, 1901–1993) left Russia for Gorky's villa in Sorrento, Italy. Later they moved to Berlin, where they took up with Andrei Bely. Khodasevich's complicated relationship with this maverick genius ended with a scandalous rupture, followed by the latter's return to Moscow. In his memoirs, Bely presented an unforgettable, expressionistic, and very partial portrayal of Khodasevich.

During his first years in Berlin, Khodasevich wrote his two last and most metaphysical collections of verse, Heavy Lyre (1923) and European Night (1927). The former contained the most important rendition of the Orpheus theme in Russian poetry, the esoteric Ballad. Khodasevich did not align himself with any of the aesthetic movements of the day, claiming Alexander Pushkin to be his only model. He even penned several scholarly articles exploring the master-stroke of the great Russian poet.

In the mid-1920s, Khodasevich switched his literary activities from poetry to criticism. He joined Mark Aldanov and Alexander Kerensky as the co-editor of the Berlin periodical Days, in which he would publish his penetrating analyses of the contemporary Soviet literature. He also indulged in a prolonged controversy with the Parisian emigre pundits, such as Georgy Adamovich and Georgy Ivanov, on various issues of literary theory. As an influential critic, Khodasevich did his best to encourage the career of Vladimir Nabokov, who would always cherish his memory.

Despite a physical infirmity that gradually took hold of him, Khodasevich worked relentlessly during the last decade of his life. Most notably, he wrote an important biography of Gavrila Derzhavin (translated into English and published by University of Wisconsin Press in 2007) in 1931, which he attempted to style in the language of Pushkin's epoch. Several weeks before Khodasevich's death, his brilliant book of memoirs, Necropolis, was published. Although severely partisan, the book is invaluable for its ingenious and detailed characterizations of Maxim Gorky, Andrei Bely, and Mikhail Gershenzon. He died from cancer of the liver in 1939.

English translations
 Necropolis, Columbia University Press, 2019 (The Russian Library). Translated by Sarah Vitali.
 Khodasevich, Vladislav. 2014. Selected Poems, 1st Edition. Peter Daniels (Translator), Michael Wachtel (Introduction). The Overlook Press. 2014.  (Parallel text in Russian and English)
 Khodasevich, Vladislav. Derzhavin: A Biography. Angela Brintlinger (Translator). University of Wisconsin Press. 2007.

See  also
 Viktor Strazhev
 Georgy Chulkov

References

External links
 English translations of 4 blank verse poems, "November the 2nd," "Midday," "Encounter," and "House" in The Hopkins Review
  The Poems by Vladislav Khodasevich

1886 births
1939 deaths
Russian people of Jewish descent
Russian male poets
Russian people of Polish descent
20th-century Russian poets
20th-century Russian male writers
20th-century Russian journalists
Russian memoirists
Russian expatriates in Germany

Vladislav Khodasevich


KWQC-TV (channel 6) is a television station licensed to Davenport, Iowa, United States, serving the Quad Cities area as an affiliate of NBC. Owned by Gray Television, the station maintains studios on Brady Street in downtown Davenport, and its transmitter is located near Orion, Illinois.

History
KWQC first signed on the air on October 31, 1949, as WOC-TV. The station was founded by B. J. Palmer, founder of the Palmer College of Chiropractic (located directly across the street from the station's studios) along with WOC radio (1420 AM and 103.7 FM, now WLLR-FM). The WOC stations were also sister stations to WHO-AM/FM/TV in Des Moines. According to local legend, the WOC calls stood for "Wonders of Chiropractic", though the Palmer family never acknowledged the phrase in print or otherwise. WOC-TV has the distinction of being considered both Iowa's and the Quad Cities' first television station, carrying programming from all four networks at the time: (NBC, CBS, ABC and DuMont). However, it has always been a primary NBC affiliate owing to WOC radio's long-standing affiliation with the NBC Radio Network. Originally on channel 5, WOC-TV moved to channel 6 in 1952 because of interference with both Iowa State University's WOI-TV in Ames, and WNBQ-TV (now WMAQ-TV) in Chicago. During its early years, original programming on WOC-TV included the daily Show Boat children's show hosted by Cap'n Ernie from 1964 to 1974.

WOC-TV lost CBS when Rock Island–based WHBF-TV (channel 4) was launched in 1950. The two stations shared ABC until WQAD-TV (channel 8) signed on from Moline in 1963, and has since served as an exclusive NBC station. The station was also affiliated with the short-lived Paramount Television Network; in fact, it was one of that network's strongest affiliates, carrying programs such as Dixie Showboat, Hollywood Reel, and Hollywood Wrestling.

Channel 6 remained with the Palmer family's broadcasting division after Dr. Palmer's death in 1961. In 1986, Palmer Communications sold its Quad Cities radio properties to Vickie Anne Palmer and her then-husband J. Douglas Miller. Due to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules at the time, channel 6 changed its calls to the current KWQC-TV on December 8 so as not to confuse the two properties. KWQC was sold to Broad Street Television in 1989 and to Young Broadcasting in 1995.

On June 6, 2013, Media General announced they would acquire Young Broadcasting in an all-stock deal. The merger was completed on November 12. The addition of KWQC to Media General's portfolio marked a return to Iowa for Media General, who had owned KIMT in Mason City from 2000 to 2006, though they would regain ownership of that station upon acquiring LIN Media in 2014. In September 2015, Media General announced the acquisition of Meredith Corporation in a cash and stock deal valued at $2.4 billion. If the deal was completed, KWQC and KIMT would have become Meredith's first television stations in its home state of Iowa.

Media General announced on January 27, 2016, that it was terminating the Meredith deal, and also announced that it was being acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group with the new company named Nexstar Media Group. As Nexstar already owns WHBF-TV, and since both WHBF and KWQC rank among the top four stations by daily ratings in the market, in order to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as planned changes to rules regarding same-market television stations which would prohibit future joint sales agreements, the company was required to sell either KWQC or WHBF to another company. WHBF's sister station KGCW was not affected, and could have either remained in its duopoly with WHBF or created a new duopoly with KWQC, as its ratings are below the top-four threshold. On June 3, 2016, it was announced that Nexstar would keep its existing assets and sell KWQC to Gray Television for $270 million. It represents a reunion of sorts as Gray previously managed the station when Young was encountering financial difficulties, but this time Gray acquired the station outright. That makes KWQC a sister station to KCRG-TV in Cedar Rapids, WIFR in Rockford and fellow NBC affiliate WMTV in Madison. The sale was completed on January 17, 2017.

On February 1, 2021, Gray Television announced its intent to purchase Quincy, Illinois–based Quincy Media for $925 million. The deal was completed on August 2, 2021, placing KWQC under common ownership with fellow NBC affiliates in several Illinois and Iowa markets, including WEEK-TV in Peoria, KTIV in Sioux City, KTTC in Rochester, Minnesota–Mason City, and WGEM-TV in Quincy (the long-time flagship television station of Quincy Media). Only KWWL in Waterloo–Cedar Rapids needed to be divested to a third party, as Gray Television already owns that market's ABC affiliate KCRG-TV, and had elected to keep KCRG-TV and sell KWWL due to the ownership conflict in that market. On April 29, Gray announced that it would divest KWWL, along with fellow NBC affiliate and Quincy Media sister station WREX in Rockford, to Allen Media Broadcasting, a subsidiary of Los Angeles based Entertainment Studios, for $380 million. WREX's divestiture was optional as FCC regulations would permit common ownership of WREX and WIFR-LD as WIFR-LD is a low-power station but the sale of KWWL was required as KWWL and KCRG-TV are both full-power stations.

Subchannel history

KWQC-DT2
KWQC-DT2 is the Ion Television–affiliated second digital subchannel of KWQC-TV, broadcasting in standard definition on channel 6.2.

On August 13, 2007, KWQC launched a local digital weather service called the "KWQC 24/7 Weather Channel" on over-the-air digital subchannel 6.2 and on Mediacom digital channel 247 in the Quad Cities and surrounding areas.  The subchannel's display was similar in format to Young Broadcasting's other digital weather subchannel offerings on sister stations WBAY-TV and WTEN: Radar feeds from the station's computer system, local weather conditions (also from the computers) on the right side of the screen, a seven-day forecast below the radio/video window, and a news ticker at the bottom of the screen. Forecasts and weather maps were played on a 10-minute loop, with public service announcements and some local advertising a part of the subchannel. Per FCC guidelines requiring three hours of E/I programming per week on digital subchannels, KWQC-DT2 ran children's oriented programming Mondays thru Saturdays at 5:00 p.m. The subchannel also featured same-day rebroadcasts of Paula Sands Live at 7:00 p.m. Subchannel 6.2 initially broadcast programming in a 4:3 aspect ratio before converting to a 16:9 widescreen format (to match that of modern widescreen television receivers) in Fall 2011.

On November 1, 2015, the KWQC 24/7 Weather Channel was discontinued and replaced with entertainment programming from Ion Television. The switch made KWQC the earliest of several Media General-owned stations to affiliate a subchannel with Ion in markets where Ion does not have an owned-and-operated station. KWQC also moved subchannel 6.2 back to its original 4:3 aspect ratio. Ion Television programming and network promos are seen in a 16:9 letterbox while commercials and infomercials are center-cut to match the 4:3 aspect ratio of the subchannel.

KWQC-DT3
KWQC-DT3 is the Cozi TV–affiliated third digital subchannel of KWQC-TV, broadcasting in 16:9 widescreen standard definition on UHF channel 6.3.

In June 2013, KWQC began testing a third digital subchannel (6.3) with an ID still. The still was replaced on Labor Day of that year with programming from NBCUniversal-owned classic television network Cozi TV. The channel is also available on Mediacom cable channel 106.

Heroes & Icons (6.4) and Start TV (6.5)
On February 1, 2019, the station added Weigel Broadcasting's Heroes & Icons and Start TV to their subchannel lineup on channels 6.4 and 6.5, respectively.

Programming
In January 2008, KWQC began broadcasting syndicated programs, and NBC network programs in high definition. The first two programs aired in the format, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, are recorded and broadcast in high definition every weekday. The Saturday evening reruns of Wheel of Fortune are also broadcast in high definition. KWQC's local programs soon followed, converting their broadcasts to HD on October 27, 2010.

The station also produces a half-hour daytime talk/discussion program called Paula Sands Live at 3:00 p.m. weekdays. Hosted by weeknight 6:00 p.m. news anchor Paula Sands, the program focuses on current events in the Quad Cities area, along with a variety of other segments.

On December 2, 2020, KWQC chose not to air a rare Wednesday late afternoon Baltimore Ravens vs. Pittsburgh Steelers game, which had been originally been a Thanksgiving night matchup for NBC Sunday Night Football that was postponed three times in one week due to COVID-19 issues. Instead, Sands' daytime show and local newscasts aired as usual, with the station justifying the decision to provide local news and a platform for local businesses during the pandemic that would have been delayed due to a game without any overall regional interest.

News operation
KWQC is known by Quad Cities residents for the Highlight Zone, an Emmy award-winning Friday night sports segment (which airs during the station's 10:00 p.m. newscast from roughly late August through early March, with a break in December), showcasing highlights from area high school football and basketball games. The segment debuted in 1989, and its format has since been copied by many stations around the United States. Each member of the news anchor staff, along with the meteorologist who does weather forecasts on that particular evening, take turns recapping a featured game. The camera crews invite fans from each of the games they cover to participate in a skit related to the night's theme. The theme usually centers on a holiday (e.g., Valentine's Day) or local promotion (e.g., The Student Food Drive, an initiative by area high schools to collect food for the needy).

On July 31, 2007, KWQC debuted drastic changes to its graphics and newscast music, dumping Frank Gari's "Hello News" package that had been in use since 1990. KWQC added a "cube" ID graphic (similar to the on-screen logo bug used by Fox News Channel), which stirred up some controversy among viewers. Eventually, KWQC slowed the cube down as a result of a vote by nearly 2,000 people on its website. KWQC began using "U-Phonix", a syndicated music package composed by Stephen Arnold Music. Just eight weeks later on September 24, KWQC switched back to the "Hello News" package, making KWQC the first station to use a syndicated music package for the least amount of time. KWQC was the only station that continued to use the original "Hello News" package, but on January 16, 2012, it was dropped once again and was replaced by "Breakthrough" by 360 Music as the music package for its newscasts. On October 31, 2023, ahead of the station's 75th anniversary, the "Hello News" package and the classic "Hello Quad Cities" advertising campaign were reinstated.

On September 25, 2008, KWQC introduced a new graphics package during its 5:00 p.m. broadcast, which also brought significant changes to its weather forecast presentation. The station introduced a new graphics system that allows the First Alert Weather team to provide more interactive weather forecasts and severe weather coverage, through animation, touch-movement and wireless transition of graphics. KWQC also introduced a revised station logo, the first change to its on-air logo since 1990. While it was similar to the one previously used, the "-TV" suffix was replaced with a "-DT" suffix (for digital television), though KWQC-TV remained as the station's official call sign.

On October 27, 2010, beginning with the 5:00 p.m. newscast, KWQC became the first television station in the Quad Cities market and the first station owned by Young Broadcasting to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition. A high definition-ready news set was constructed for the newscasts (a "compact" news desk was temporarily placed in the newsroom during the construction phase so that only three on-air staffers could be seen at a given time). Logos, call signs and on-air graphics were changed as well to refer to its newscasts as KWQC-HD News. The station returned to their original KWQC-TV 6 News branding in 2012 after all the market's stations converted to high definition news operations.

On November 4, 2013, KWQC introduced brand new weather graphics. The whole Young Broadcasting Association had been working on the new graphics for over six months. The change brought a new banner to the top of the screen, entitled "KWQC Weather", not "First Alert", though "First Alert" is still the official name of the weather on KWQC. The radar, 7 Day Forecast, Current Temperatures, and Watches/Warnings were all given a new look. Some new features include being able to put pictures from Facebook right on the screen and being able to put LIVE video of the meteorologists right over the radar or other image. On December 12, 2013, KWQC took away the KWQC Weather logo and replaced it again with the First Alert logo.

Starting on September 6, 2014, KWQC introduced Quad Cities Today: Weekend Edition. It runs before NBC's Today Show at 6:00 a.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. A half-hour newscast follows at 8:30 a.m. Saturdays, and a 60-minute newscast airs at 8:00 a.m. Sundays. Meet the Press has been moved to 9:00 a.m. Sundays; and This Week in Agribusiness and U.S. Farm Report airs at 5:00 a.m. Saturdays and Sundays. KWQC had canceled its Saturday morning newscasts in 2008 due to financial struggles.

In July 2017, KWQC reinstated the longtime slogan "The Station that Cares for You" for KWQC special coverage of the Quad Cities Times Bix 7 Road Race. The slogan was used from the early 1990s until being phased out during the station's HD switch in 2010. The slogan was featured on news team T-shirts and was introduced in different promos and station commercials.

KWQC radio content
KWQC has news and weather updates broadcast for iHeartMedia's Quad Cities stations, among them KMXG, WLLR-FM, and its former sister station WOC (AM). The news updates are mostly heard in the morning, from Quad Cities Today anchor David Nelson and Morgan Ottier.  KMXG morning personalities McFadden & Evans also present the entertainment-themed "Showbiz Buzz" segment daily during KWQC-TV6 News at 4.

The audio of the Monday through Friday 5:00 p.m. News is rebroadcast on WOC 1420 at 5:30 p.m.

KWQC/KLJB partnership
On September 29, 2012, KWQC announced they would be partnering with Fox affiliate KLJB to produce a 9:00 p.m. newscast starting New Year's Eve and planned to expand the news staff to accommodate the move. The fate of this partnership was unknown with the June 2014 announcement that KLJB would be purchased by Marshall Broadcasting Group; competitor station WHBF from Citadel Communications was acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group, which universally operates Marshall Broadcasting Group stations through LMA and JSA agreements. On December 30, 2015, KWQC announced that its contract to produce KLJB's newscast had expired and that KLJB chose not to renew it. On December 31, 2015, WHBF took over production of KLJB's Fox 18 News at Nine and expanded the newscast to a full hour. Nearly 13 months earlier, the sale of KLJB to Marshall Broadcasting Group was completed, and Nexstar (which already owned WHBF and KGCW at the time) entered into its existing SSA with KLJB.

Ratings
KWQC has been the ratings leader in the Quad Cities for most of its history. It briefly lost the lead to WHBF in the mid-1970s but regained it in 1980, and its newscasts have been the highest-rated in the market ever since. According to the Des Moines Register in the November 2007 books, KWQC had the third highest-rated newscast among all stations in the top 100 media markets. In 2015, KWQC's newscasts remained number one in total viewers in every time slot. As of 2013–2014, Nielsen's DMA rank for the Quad Cities was 100.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
After the shutdown of the KWQC-TV analog nightlight signal on June 26, 2009, the KWQC-TV call sign was legally transferred from the now-defunct analog channel 6 to the new digital channel 36 and the KWQC-DT call sign was officially discontinued. However, until mid-November 2009, the PSIP identifier continued to identify the main channel 6.1 as KWQC-DT. This finally changed before Thanksgiving Day in late November and the PSIP now identifies the main channel on 6.1 as the station's legal callsign, KWQC-TV.

KWQC-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, at 11:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date when full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station shut off its pre-transition digital signal on channel 56 just after midnight on June 11–12. The station returned to the air on channel 36 around 1:00 a.m. on Friday, June 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. Most of the station's programming on the broadcast day of June 12, 2009, was actually broadcast both on analog channel 6 and the new digital channel 36, until 11:59 p.m. when KWQC used analog channel 6 to provide a Nightlight service to those remaining analog-only television viewers without a digital TV set or digital converter box for the two weeks following the digital transition.

KWQC's audio signal transmitted on a frequency of 87.76 MHz (+10 kHz shift) and was picked up on the lower end of the dial on most FM radios in most of the Quad Cities until 11:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009. As of 11:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the station's main programming is no longer heard on 87.75 MHz on FM radios.

Analog nightlight service
After June 12, KWQC continued using its analog channel 6 for Nightlighting for the next two weeks strictly for the purpose of informing the public about the need to switch over to digital. This included the details on purchasing and installation of DTV converter boxes and television sets, as well as how digital TV works. This service is known as "Nightlighting."  The national PSAs, produced by the National Association of Broadcasters, as well as a locally produced version by the station itself, was a joint effort between KWQC and the other broadcasters in the Quad Cities, including WHBF-TV, WQAD-TV, WQPT-TV, and KLJB, to inform the remaining unprepared TV viewers about the need to take action to continue receiving over- the-air television broadcasting.  The transmitter for KWQC analog channel 6 was shut down permanently at 11:59 p.m. on June 26, 2009. Being broadcast as it was in analog on VHF channel 6, the KWQC Nightlight Service was being heard on FM 87.76 MHz on FM radios during the two week Nightlight period instead of the KWQC main programming. Today, there is nothing but static on 87.7 FM on radios as well as snow on VHF channel 6 on analog TV sets.

Transmitter

The KWQC-TV Tower is a  high guy-wired aerial mast for the transmission of FM radio and television programs in Bettendorf, west of the Scott Community College campus. (Geographical coordinates: ). It was built in 1982. In addition to the former KWQC analog signal, WHBF-TV and radio stations WOC (AM), and WLLR-FM, both former sister stations of KWQC-TV (as WOC-TV), as well as religious WDLM-FM, and NPR member station WVIK, transmit their signals from this site.

KWQC's digital transmission tower is located in Orion, Illinois. KWQC no longer transmits a signal from Bettendorf, as Orion is now its new permanent home for transmission facilities, as of June 12. KWQC's analog transmitter in Bettendorf was broadcasting the Quad City Market's "Nightlight" service around the clock until June 26, 2009. During the two-week "nightlight" period, none of the station's regular programming was broadcast on the analog signal. The aforementioned radio stations in the top paragraph of this section, as well as WHBF-TV, are continuing to transmit from Bettendorf. WHBF is the only Quad Cities television station to transmit from Bettendorf, while KWQC and the market's other stations are transmitting from Orion, with the exception of KGCW. This means many viewers in and around the Quad Cities market need either a rotor or two separate antennas to receive all their local TV stations.

July 2015 carriage dispute with Mediacom
On July 14, 2015, KWQC-TV and its digital subchannels were pulled from Mediacom cable systems in the Quad Cities region because of a carriage dispute over retransmission consent fees between Mediacom and KWQC's owner at the time, Media General. This carriage dispute was part of an ongoing disagreement nationwide between Mediacom and Media General, which saw Media General stations in 14 television markets in the United States pulled from Mediacom cable systems. Three Fox affiliates owned by Media General were lost to Mediacom subscribers in Hampton Roads, Virginia, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Topeka, Kansas, just before the start of the 2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. On July 30, 2015, Mediacom and Media General reached a new agreement, thereby restoring KWQC and its digital subchannels to Quad City area Mediacom subscribers.

References

Further reading

 KWQC On-Air accessed 2007-04-03

External links
 KWQC.com - Official KWQC TV-6 Website

 WOC's Captain Ernie's Cartoon Showboat website
 The Unofficial WOC Broadcast Center Website

Television stations in the Quad Cities
NBC network affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Heroes & Icons affiliates
Start TV affiliates
Circle (TV network) affiliates
Scripps News affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Iowa
Davenport, Iowa
Gray Television

KWQC-TV


The carpenter's chimaera (Chimaera lignaria), also known as the giant chimaera or the giant purple chimaera, is a species of fish in the family Chimaeridae.

Description
The carpenter's chimaera grows to  in length; the largest specimen recorded, a male, had a total length of , although some specimens may grow up to roughly . It has been described as a "distinctly large and robust chimaera" and is purple in color, with a very large head. The claspers of males are colored purple at their intersection with the species' body while their tips are white. 1/3 of the area at the end of claspers is divided.

Biology and habitat
The carpenter's chimaera exhibits oviparity, with egg shells containing "horns" on them. Males mature at a body length (BDL) of roughly , while females mature at  BDL, generally equaling a total length of roughly . Little is known about the species' biology.

The chimaera is a marine species, typically found on slanted and flat areas of deep oceans at the continental slope, sometimes extending into the bathyal zone. It has a broad depth range, occurring in waters  –  in depth, typically in the deeper part of this range. It is a benthic fish, meaning that it is denser than water and lives at the bottom of the sea floor.

Distribution and conservation
The carpenter's chimaera is found in the southwest Pacific Ocean and the eastern Indian Ocean, particularly in Tasmania, Australia and New Zealand. Its exact population is unknown; however, a large number of specimens have been found in deep waters from fishing and scientific research. Due to this, it is thought that the species is common in the parts of oceans it lives in.

The species is threatened by trawls, which, when searching for other species that live in deep waters in the same area as the carpenter's chimaera, will sometimes catch this species incidentally. Aside from this, there are no major threats; the species is not targeted for commercial purposes. Studies have shown that the amount of the species caught as a bycatch by trawls in New Zealand has increased from 1990 – 2011; however, in Australia, it is currently caught infrequently, partially due to the Australian South Tasman Rise Trawl Fishery's shutting down in 2007. It also has some protection against fisheries due to the depths of the waters it lives in. No conservation actions are taking place for the species currently, although part of its range extends into protected areas. In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the carpenter's chimaera as "Not Threatened" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as Least Concern, as of 18 February 2015.

References

Chimaera
Taxa named by Dominique A. Didier Dagit
Fish described in 2002
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Marine fish of New Zealand
Marine fish of Tasmania

Carpenter's chimaera


Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion is a turn-based strategy video game developed and published by Singaporean studio Witching Hour Studios. Released on November 11, 2011 for the iOS, Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion is presented in top-down isometric view and backed by hand-painted 2D maps. Set in the world of Eclisse, the game has expanded to encompass four complete mission campaigns, excluding the prelude campaign available on the free downloadable app. Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion is seen as a "comprehensive turn-based strategy game" and is a recommended title for the iOS strategy gamer. The game currently features an average score of 85/100 on Metacritic.

Plot
The story of Ravenmark delves into the tribulations suffered by the dominant Empire of Estellion following the death of its beloved Emperor, Sergius Corvius. Faced with a power struggle stirring from within, the Empire is quickly engulfed in chaos when the vengeful mystics of Kaysan invade the territories of Estellion and its neighboring nations within the world of Eclisse.

Through the different story campaigns, players follow the perspectives of commanders from each nation involved in the conflict. The campaigns of Estellion follow the bookish, mild-mannered Calius Septim and his mentor, the great general Vidius Harper, while the Kaysani campaign features the maniacal machinations of Alejo de Porres.

Gameplay
Players issue commands to units on a map grid in order to achieve the mission objective, usually in the form of defeating the opposition. They also control commanders – typically the portrayed protagonists – who are attached to the player's given units, and may provide these units with special attacks, auras and healing spells. Emphasis is placed on strategic movement, often requiring players to make use of formations: a mechanic allowing players to combine similar units together for bonus effects.

While the game resembles typical strategy role-playing games comparable to the likes of Fire Emblem or Super Robot Wars, units and heroes do not gain experience points to level up or gain new talents and superior combat. Players experience the game's plot via scripted cutscenes and dialogue.

Combat
Each turn in the game is divided into two distinct phases. Players issue up to six command points during the Command Phase. In missions where the player controls multiple factions, six more command points are granted per additional faction. Once all commands have been issued, the Battle Phase occurs. During this phase, all units and formations make their moves as assigned by the player and the AI. The order in which units move is decided by their initiative value. a higher Initiative awards the unit's action with higher priority during the Battle Phase. Faster units, such as cavalry, move first on the table of units. A tiebreaker roll decides which of similar units move first.

When all units have completed their commands, the turn ends and the next Command Phase commences.

Units
Units in Ravenmark are also known as Elements. All elements are classified into one of five types - infantry, ranged, cavalry, polearms and support. Each element type has a damage advantage on another type, less support elements who are neutral to all other element types. Infantry deals more damage to polearm elements, while polearm elements deal more damage to cavalry. Cavalry deals more damage to ranged elements and ranged elements deal more damage to infantry. Certain units such as mounted archers are classified as ranged elements and not cavalry.

In addition to element advantage, each element type often features abilities that significantly boosts its presumptive role. Earthbound Swordsmen for example, gain the passive Lock Shields ability when in a deuce, allowing them to mitigate damage taken.

Formations
Similar elements standing to each other may optionally combine into Formations. A single element is referred to as a Dagger, while a formation consisting of two elements is called a Deuce. The largest formation possible, a Trine, consists of three elements of the same type. Elements such as the Cardani Dartelves occupy a two-by-two grid-space and are referred to as Swarms. Naturally, swarms are not allowed to break or form formations.

Deuce and trine formations often gain formation bonuses and additional abilities over daggers. However, this come at the cost of having reduced maneuverability and increased vulnerability to flanking. As such, players must break and create formations based on circumstance. Breaking and creating formations do not cost command points.

Reception

Upon its release, Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion received acclaim from the strategy communities, in particular, the turn-based strategy community. Tap! UK Magazine praised the depth of the world of Eclisse where Ravenmark is set, citing how "[Witching Hour] have crafted their own epic world" and referenced it to "deep, Middle Earthy stuff". Pocket Gamer lauded the developers for "aiming to compete with the big boys - Fire Emblem, Final Fantasy Tactics - and not falling too far short".

Ravenmark's gameplay is almost universally commended, albeit being regarded as having a steep learning curve. Kotaku reviewed that the strategy title is "deep and well-rounded". Many reviews also highlighted the game's pedigree of challenge. Andrew Nesvadba of AppSpy noted how "the game's difficulty is... firmly in the region of that suited to genre veterans".

References

External links

Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion Official Wiki
Ravenmark Official Facebook Page
Ravenmark Official Twitter Page
Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion on iTunes
Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion at TouchArcade
Witching Hour Studios Official Website
Google Play Store

2011 video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Turn-based tactics video games
Video games developed in Singapore
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games

Ravenmark: Scourge of Estellion