Peter Douglas Molyneux  (; born 5 May 1959) is an English video game designer and programmer. He created the god games Populous, Dungeon Keeper, and Black & White, as well as Theme Park, the Fable series, Curiosity: What's Inside the Cube?, and Godus. He currently works at 22cans.

Career

Early career
Peter Molyneux began his career in 1982 by distributing and selling floppy disks which contained video games for Atari and the Commodore 64. He believed that including games on the disks would improve sales, and later concluded that the games were the main selling point.

He created The Entrepreneur, a text-based business simulation game about running a fledgling company. "In those days you could literally call a game 'Space Blob Attacks Mars' and sell about 50 million copies. So what did I do? I did a business simulation", Molyneux later said. Molyneux published the game himself in 1984 by duplicating hundreds of tapes on two Tandy Corporation recorders. After taking an advertising space in a game magazine, he prepared for the game's success; he later stated in an interview, "I was utterly convinced that this game would sell tons. I thought, 'You know, this letter box is just not big enough. It's just not going to fit all the envelopes.' So I cut – and this is no joke – I cut a bigger letter box". However, the game received only two orders, one of which Molyneux speculated was from his mother. In 2007, a GameSpy reviewer commented that the economic gameplay mechanics in Molyneux's Fable II may have been a descendant of The Entrepreneur, stating, "I'm a little concerned that it's Molyneux sneaking in a remix of his first game, Entrepreneur".

Due to the game's failure, Molyneux retreated from game design, and started Taurus Impex Limited—a company that exported baked beans to the Middle East—with his business partner Les Edgar. Commodore International mistook it for Torus, a more established company that produced networking software, and offered to provide Molyneux with ten free Amiga systems to help in porting "his" networking software.  Molyneux later said "it suddenly dawned on me that this guy didn't know who we were. I suddenly had this crisis of conscience. I thought, 'If this guy finds out, there go my free computers down the drain.' So I just shook his hand and ran out of that office." Taurus designed a database system for the Amiga called Acquisition – The Ultimate Database for The Amiga and, after clearing up the misunderstanding with Commodore, released the program to moderate success.

Bullfrog-Productions and Electronic Arts

Using money earned from the database program, Molyneux and Les Edgar founded Bullfrog Productions in 1987. The company's first game was a conversion of Druid II: Enlightenment. Molyneux recalled, "I got in touch with a software company called Firebird and told them that I could program games. Of course I was bullshitting, but they gave me Druid 2 to convert to the Amiga. You're very unlikely to get that kind of break today." Molyneux provided the original concept for Populous, the first god game for the personal computer. Released in 1989, Populous was a major success for Bullfrog and went on to sell over 4 million copies.

Electronic Arts (EA), Bullfrog's publisher, acquired the studio in January 1995. Molyneux had become an Electronic Arts vice-president and consultant in 1994, after EA purchased a significant share of Bullfrog.

Molyneux left Bullfrog in July 1997 to found Lionhead Studios, shortly after the release of Dungeon Keeper. According to Molyneux, his choice to leave the company was a result of a chain of events from a night of drinking with his friend Tim Rance (who would later co-found Lionhead) around 1997. Molyneux had already been contemplating his departure (in 1996 the gaming news media reported "rumors" that he was unhappy at EA and would be leaving once Dungeon Keeper was completed), and, while discussing this with Rance, Rance suggested he write out his resignation letter to EA. Molyneux typed out an email to EA's CEO Larry Probst, and before Molyneux could stop him, Rance had sent the email. Though he quickly explained the situation to EA, the event caused tension in his relationship with EA, with EA asking him not to come into the office any more; according to Molyneux, EA feared that he would pull many of the other developers at Bullfrog along with him should he be present. EA threatened to pull support for Dungeon Keeper, which was still in progress, but Molyneux insisted they allow him to complete it, most which he did from his own home. A significant innovation of the game was its unique combination of first- and third-person perspectives, in the ability to "possess" any one of the creatures (or "minions") in the game world, yielding a first-person experience reproducing the physical characteristics, visual perspective, gait, and voice of the minion.

Bullfrog continued to develop games through 2001, and in 2004 EA merged Bullfrog Productions into EA UK.

Lionhead-Studios and Microsoft

Molyneux came up with the concept for Lionhead's first game, Black & White, and convinced his small staff to take on the task in late 1997. He paid the $6 million in development costs himself. Despite his acrimonious departure from Electronic Arts, he opted to give them the publishing rights, explaining that EA were more reliable and had better worldwide distribution than any other publisher. After three years, in 2001, the game was finally released.

In April 2006, Lionhead Studios was acquired by Microsoft Game Studios. At E3 2006, Peter Molyneux gave several interviews in the press, in one of which he stated that "I think you're going to see a lot more fantastic games from Lionhead because of that relationship [with Microsoft]." On 4 June 2009, he was promoted to Creative Director of Microsoft Game Studios, Europe, although he continued to produce video games with Lionhead Studios.

On 7 March 2012, Molyneux announced that he would be leaving Lionhead and Microsoft—after the completion of Fable: The Journey—to begin work at a company founded by former Lionhead Studios CTO Tim Rance called 22cans.

22cans

To date, 22cans has sold early access on multiple titles including Godus, Godus Wars, and The Trail. As yet, despite years of quoted development and a large Kickstarter for Godus, it has not left early access.

In October 2023, Molyneux announced he is starting work on a new game called Moat which is set in Albion, the setting of the Fable games.

In the media

As one of the industry's leading and best-known figures, Molyneux has appeared on many television shows and video gaming news discussion or documentaries. He has been repeatedly interviewed for shows that include GamesMaster, Games Wars, Gamezville, Bad Influence!, Gamer.tv, and Games World. He also made an appearance in the Scottish web series Consolevania. More recently, Molyneux was featured within an episode of Godus alongside The Yogscast.

An episode of G4's games retrospective series Icons was devoted to him, during its third season. More recently, a comprehensive two part interview was filmed of him during the 2006 Brighton Games Developer Conference by leading UK website Eurogamer. He was also featured in the fourth episode of the Discovery Channel mini-series Rise of the Video Game alongside Will Wright and Sid Meier, fellow developers of simulation titles. Molyneux was accredited in the  "Top Ten Game Creators" Countdown by GameTrailers. He has given keynote addresses and spoke extensively at worldwide conferences, including Games Convention, Games Convention Asia, Develop, and the Game Developers Conference.

Despite the success of his games, both critical and financial, Molyneux has acquired a reputation for issuing over-enthusiastic descriptions of games under development, which then struggle to meet expectations. This goes back to Black & White, though the most well-known case of this was with Fable, released in 2004 without many of the features talked about by Molyneux in press interviews during development. After the release, Molyneux publicly apologized for overhyping the game. In February 2014, he was quoted as being "ashamed of the final product Fable 3 and I never want to work with Microsoft again." In February 2015, Peter Molyneux stated during interviews in gaming blog Rock, Paper, Shotgun and British newspaper The Guardian that he will "never speak to the press again", after being personally attacked for not fulfilling all game promises, which ended in Molyneux announcing that he will not conduct further interviews. At the same time, gamers and game developer veterans began to question the intentions of those publications, such as Tim Schafer calling it "out of proportion" and a media hunt, saying "I'm not saying that developers like Peter and I shouldn't be responsible and accountable to deadlines. I'm just saying the reaction to recent events and the tone of that reaction is really way out of proportion to the seriousness of the events themselves." Molyneux announced a new game in April 2017 titled "The Legacy" that is in pre-production state and supposed to be "very different".

Awards and recognition
Molyneux received an honorary doctorate from Abertay University in 2003. He was inducted into the AIAS Hall of Fame in 2004 and was honoured with an OBE in the New Year's Honors list announced on 31 December 2004. He was awarded the title of Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in March 2007. In July 2007, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Southampton and that same year an honorary doctorate by the University of Surrey. In March 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Game Developers Choice Awards and has received a BAFTA Fellowship at the 2011 British Academy Video Games Awards.

Games

Pre-Bullfrog
The Entrepreneur (1984) (designer/programmer)

Bullfrog Productions
 Druid II: Enlightenment (1988, Amiga port) (programmer)
 Populous (1989) (designer/programmer)
 Flood (1990) (designer)
 Powermonger (1990) (designer/programmer)
 Populous II: Trials of the Olympian Gods (1991) (designer/programmer)
 Syndicate (1993) (producer)
 Magic Carpet (1994) (executive producer)
 Theme Park (1994) (project leader/lead programmer)
 Hi-Octane (1995) (executive producer)
 Magic Carpet 2 (1995) (designer)
 Dungeon Keeper (1997) (project leader/designer)

Lionhead Studios
 Black & White (2001) (concept/lead designer/programmer)
 Fable (2004) (designer)
 Fable: The Lost Chapters (2005) (designer)
 Black & White 2 (2005) (lead designer)
 The Movies (2005) (executive designer)
 Black & White 2: Battle of the Gods (2006) (lead designer)
 The Movies: Stunts & Effects (2006) (executive designer)
 Fable II (2008) (lead designer)
 Project Milo (2009) (lead designer)
 Fable III (2010) (lead designer)
 Fable: The Journey (2012) (creative consultant)

22cans
 Curiosity: What's Inside the Cube? (2012)
 Godus (2014)
 Godus Wars (2016)
 The Trail: Frontier Challenge (2017)
 Moat (announced 2023)

See also

 Peter Molydeux, a parody Twitter account

References

External links

 The Worlds of Peter Molyneux from Wired.com

1959 births
BAFTA fellows
English video game designers
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
English computer programmers
English people of French descent
Lionhead Studios
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Guildford
British video game programmers
Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame inductees
Bullfrog Productions
Game Developers Conference Lifetime Achievement Award recipients

Peter Molyneux


The Metropole Theatre started as the Scotia and was built in 1862 at 116, Stockwell Street, Glasgow, Scotland.
Built to the designs of architect Robert Black for James Baylis, who later built the Theatre Royal in the Cowcaddens area of the city, it opened as the Scotia Hall, holding over 3000 people, with stalls and two galleries, reputed to be the first purpose built commercial music-hall in Scotland. Due to fire in 1875 it was rebuilt to the designs of architects Campbell Douglas and James Sellars and renamed The Scotia Variety Theatre, claiming to be the largest and best variety company in Scotland.

The Baylis family headed by Christina Baylis continued to run it until 1892, selling it on her retiral to Moss Empires who ran it until 1897 when they opened their new Empire Palace in Sauchiehall Street. At this point Edward Moss leased the theatre to HH Morrell and F Mouillot who named it The Metropole and presented plays, usually melodramas. Successive lessees included Arthur Jefferson who reintroduced variety. In 1926 it was sold to Bernard Frutin whose family continued to present variety, summer shows and winter shows for four decades, until fire destroyed the building on 28 October 1961.

Thereafter the Frutins bought the former Empress Theatre in St George's Cross in the West End of the city which in 1960 had been renamed The Falcon Theatre run by the Falcon Trust who staged plays and hoped to extend the building. The funding was not available for an extension and proposed performing Arts Centre and instead it was purchased by Alec Frutin in 1962 as a replacement for his former theatre in Stockwell Street. The St George's Cross building now opened as the New Metropole.

In 1964 Jimmy Logan, by agreement with Alec Frutin, bought the theatre, renaming it Jimmy Logan's Metropole. It prospered with variety, comedy plays, winter shows, and a Royal Variety Gala jointly with Scottish Television but found itself in an area which Glasgow Corporation was depopulating to peripheral housing schemes. The musical Hair opened in 1970 and ran for 10 months, its first outing outside London. Despite this success the theatre now drained money and closed in 1972. It lay derelict for many years before finally being demolished for a new housing development in 1990.

Stan Laurel
When Arthur Jefferson took over the management of the Metropole in 1906 he employed his son Arthur Stanley Jefferson (then aged 15 or 16) to collect tickets at the box office. In 1917, Arthur Stanley changed his name to Stan Laurel, going on to become one half of the famous double act, Laurel and Hardy.

References

Further reading
 The Theatre Royal: Entertaining a Nation by Graeme Smith published 2008

Former theatres in Scotland
Theatres in Glasgow
1862 establishments in Scotland
Theatres completed in 1862

The Metropole Theatre


Sir Edward Neville (died 8 December 1538) was an English courtier. He was born at Abergavenny, Monmouthshire. He was the son of George Neville, 4th Baron Bergavenny and his wife Margaret, daughter of Hugh Fenn. He married Eleanor Windsor, daughter of Andrew Windsor, 1st Baron Windsor and Elizabeth Blount, before 6 April 1529.  He was the brother of George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny and the two of them became close to King Henry VIII (their distant cousin) and the Queen, Catherine of Aragon.

Edward Neville was Esquire of the Body, and Sewer Keeper (official overseeing service to Henry VIII's household). He lived at Addington Park, Surrey, England. On 25 September 1513 he was invested as a Knight and in 1516 held the offices of Master of the Hounds and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber.

The Nevilles and their cousins the Courtenays supported Catherine of Aragon's marriage and for the Pope's authority in England, which alienated King Henry. But Edward seems to have kept the King's favour as late as 1535. He was Henry's Standard Bearer in 1531, and in 1534 he was Constable of Leeds Castle in Kent.

But a few years later Henry turned against him. Early in 1538, Henry's chief minister Thomas Cromwell was warned that Edward Neville was secretly trying to obtain the estates of Moatenden Priory, which had been recently dissolved. However, Cromwell had already marked these lands as his own and made a payment of £3,500.

Cromwell, after the death of the Earl of Northumberland in 1537, had marked its property for his own. After the Pilgrimage of Grace, many conservative nobles were accused of treason. Neville was arrested on 3 November 1538, for conspiracy, along with his cousin Henry Pole. They were charged with high treason for conspiracy with Henry's exiled brother, Cardinal Reginald Pole: "devising to maintain, promote, and advance [Cardinal Pole], late Dean of Exeter, enemy of the King, beyond the sea, and to deprive the King." Neville was sent to the Tower, tried at Westminster, and beheaded on 8 December at Tower Hill.

A patent was issued to Cromwell confirming his estate, possession and interest in the site of the late priory, of Mottenden, and the manors of Mottenden, Plushenden, Plomford, and Delmynden in Kent; the rectory of Lancing, Sussex, and all tithes thereto belonging; the advowson of the parish church of Lancing and the vicarage of the same church; a saltmarsh in Canwynden alias Derwishop, Essex; and all lands, &c., in the counties of Kent, Sussex, and Essex, late of John Gregory alias John Harietsham, late minister of the Trinitarian priory of Mottenden. While it looked as if Cromwell had planned to end Neville for the lands, payments for the area predate any conspiracy theory.

Children of Sir Edward Neville and Eleanor.
 Edward Nevill, 7th Baron Bergavenny (d. 10 Feb 1588/1589)
 Sir Henry Neville d. 1593
 Katherine Neville, married Clement Throckmorton. Had issue.
 Elizabeth Neville
 Mary Neville
 Frances Neville, (b. 1519, d. 18 Oct 1599)

Notes

References

1471 births
1538 deaths
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
Executed Welsh people
Edward
People from Abergavenny
Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
15th-century Welsh politicians
16th-century Welsh politicians
People from Surrey (before 1889)
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
People executed under Henry VIII
Esquires of the Body
Younger sons of barons

Edward Neville (courtier)


City of the Dead (also known as George A. Romero's City of the Dead and The Living Dead: City of the Dead) is a canceled first-person shooter video game, based on George A. Romero's Living Dead series of zombie films. The game was intended for release on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and PC platforms. Originally announced in December 2004, it was due for release in March 2006. No further details or announcements have been made about the game since its showing at E3 2005.  It is presumed cancelled due to the financial constraints of publisher Hip Interactive.

Story
City of the Dead was set on a fictional island called "Ningún Futuro" ("No Future" in Spanish).  A zombie outbreak occurs on the island after a series of secret military tests on cadavers backfires.

Reports had said there would be no reference in the game to Dawn of the Dead (because the 2004 version ends with the survivors winding up in a zombie-ridden island), one of the more popular films in the Dead Series due to copyright issues with the MKR Group who hold the rights to the film.

Development
Hip Interactive announced on December 15, 2004 that they had made an agreement with Living Dead Productions to produce a series of games based on Romero's films, with City of the Dead being the first to be developed and released.  The company also expected to develop games based directly on the movies Night of the Living Dead and Dawn of the Dead.

Before the cancellation, it was announced that Tom Savini, make-up artist and regular actor in the Dead Series, would be providing the voice and likeness of a character in the game.  The character would have been William "Red" McLean, a supporting character that later becomes playable himself.

A trailer was released to publications, and actual gameplay was shown at E3 2005 (but was not playable by those attending). Those that saw the presentation have commented that City of the Dead contained high levels of violence, blood and gore, to the point of excess.

References

Cancelled PlayStation 2 games
Cancelled Windows games
Cancelled Xbox games
First-person shooters
Hip Interactive games
Kuju games
Video games about zombies

City of the Dead (video game)


James Hugh Faulkner,  (March 9, 1933 – April 18, 2016) was a Canadian politician. He completed his BA at McGill University and his MBA at the International Management Institute (IMI) in Geneva, Switzerland.

Life and career
Faulkner was born in Montreal. A businessman by profession, Faulkner entered politics as the Liberal candidate in Peterborough, Ontario in the 1962 federal election. He came in third behind Progressive Conservative candidate Fred Stenson, and incumbent Walter Pitman of the New Democratic Party.

Faulkner again placed third behind Fred Stenson and Pitman in the 1963 federal election before prevailing in the 1965 election. In 1967 he represented Canada to the 22nd UN General Assembly and chaired the Labour and employment Committee of the House of Commons. He was re-elected in the 1968 election and was appointed Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada. In 1970, he was made parliamentary secretary to the Secretary of State for Canada.

Following the 1972 election, Faulkner was appointed to the Cabinet of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau as Secretary of State.  Faulkner surprised political observers by handily defeating former Premier of Manitoba Dufferin Roblin who ran in Peterborough as a "star candidate" for the Progressive Conservative Party in the 1974 election.

In 1976, he was appointed to Minister of State for Science and Technology before becoming Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1977. Faulkner continued in that position until his defeat in the 1979 election at the hands of Progressive Conservative Bill Domm.

After leaving politics, Faulkner joined Alcan as Vice President. In 1983 he was appointed Managing Director of all Alcan operations in India and Sri Lanka. In 1987 he was appointed President Alcan SA Europe. In 1990 he joined Swiss industrialist Stephan Schmiheiny to form the Business Council for Sustainable Development, Geneva. In 1995 he formed the development NGO Sustainable Project Management to undertake urban infrastructure projects in the developing world. In 1990 he bought the vineyard Domaine de Grand Cros, Provence, France which he and his family operate. He died in Chateau d'Oex, Switzerland after complications from surgery on April 18, 2016.

References

External links

1933 births
2016 deaths
Canadian Ministers of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
McGill University alumni
Politicians from Montreal
Anglophone Quebec people

Hugh Faulkner (politician)


A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus is a novel by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, published in 1899 by Grant Richards in the UK and D. Appleton in the US. The novel features the story of a happily married couple which is threatened by a previous lover of the husband. Conan Doyle hoped that this would be his most successful novel to date, but the novel was widely panned for being banal and inane.

References

1899 British novels
Novels by Arthur Conan Doyle

A Duet, with an Occasional Chorus


Goldburger is a white Austrian wine grape grown primarily in the Burgenland region. The grape is a crossing of Orangetraube and Welschriesling and was created in 1922 by Fritz Zweigelt at the Höhere Bundeslehranstalt und Bundesamt für Wein- und Obstbau (HBLAuBA) in Klosterneuburg.

Synonyms
Goldburger is also known under the synonyms Klosterneuburg 16-8 and Orangeriesling.

References

White wine grape varieties
Austrian wine

Goldburger


A Bergmagazin is a building that served as a granary for miners and the population of mining towns in German-speaking Europe.

History (Saxony)
The construction of Bergmagazins in the Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony grew rapidly from 1806 at the suggestion of senior mining official (Oberberghauptmann), Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von Trebra. As a result of the great famines in the upper Ore Mountains at the end of the 18th century caused by several poor harvests, Trebra recommended the construction of multi-storey, stone Bermagazin buildings where grain could be deposited after harvesting and stored for several months or even years.

Locations (a selection)
 Marienberg: built 1806-1809, from 1858 it had many other uses e.g. as a military storage facility, chocolate factory, glider school, war refugee accommodation and fruit store. Following its conversion and redesign it has been used as a museum since 2006.
 Annaberg
 Schneeberg
 Freiberg: 1784-1805 converted from Freudenstein Castle into the Bergmagazin. Used as a granary until 1979
 Johanngeorgenstadt: built 1806-1812, used as a grain store until 1847. After a fire in 1899 it was converted into a residence. Demolished in 2005
 Osterode am Harz: 1719-1722 built as a corn store. Used as the town council building since 1989

Gallery

References

External links
 History of the Bergmagazin in Marienberg

Mining culture and traditions
History of mining in Germany
Agricultural buildings in Germany

Bergmagazin


Cyanea grimesiana is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name splitleaf cyanea. It is native to Oahu and Molokai, where it is known from 12 occurrences. It is a federally listed endangered species. Like other Cyanea it is known as haha in Hawaiian.

This is generally considered a species complex made up of at least three subtaxa. One, var. cylindrocalyx (sometimes treated as a separate species called C. cylindrocalyx), is thought to be extinct. The other two are divided into twelve occurrences on two islands, for a total of fewer than 50 plants. The ssp. grimesiana was formerly found on Oahu and Molokai, but has not been observed on Molokai since 1991, while ssp. obatae is limited to the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. The latter subspecies may only be composed of five individual plants today, and all are located on private, unprotected land.

This Hawaiian lobelioid is a shrub which can exceed three meters in height. The stem and herbage are prickly. The tubular flowers are up to 8 centimeters long and may be purple, green, or yellow with reddish stripes. The fruit is an orange berry.

References

External links
USDA Plants Profile

grimesiana
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Biota of Oahu
Biota of Molokai

Cyanea grimesiana


Ignacio Astarloa Huarte-Mendicoa (Madrid, Spain, 10 September 1955) is a Spanish politician and University Professor who belongs to the People's Party (PP).

Married with three children, Astarloa graduated in Law and Economic and Business Sciences. After working as a lawyer, he became Under-Secretary of state for Justice under Angel Acebes in 2000 serving until 2002 when he became Secretary of State for Security. Although the PP lost the 2004 General Election to the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Vizcaya Province. For the 2008 election he headed the PP list and was re-elected, although the PP lost one of their two seats at that election. During the campaign, he criticised the rival PSOE stating that negotiations with the armed separatist group ETA and moves towards an independent Basque state were more likely under a PSOE government. After the 2004 election he had been appointed Secretary for Liberty, Security and Justice within the PP. However on 21 June 2008 he resigned his offices within the PP citing dissatisfaction with the leadership of Mariano Rajoy but retained his seat in the Congress.

References

Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 9th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
1955 births
Living people
Politicians from Madrid
People's Party (Spain) politicians
Members of the 10th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Comillas Pontifical University alumni
Academic staff of the Charles III University of Madrid
20th-century Spanish lawyers
Interior ministers of Spain
Spanish people of Basque descent
Secretaries of State of Spain

Ignacio Astarloa


Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL), sold under the brand names Aptiom and Zebinix among others, is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe and the United States as monotherapy or as additional therapy for partial-onset seizures epilepsy.

Similarly to oxcarbazepine, ESL behaves as a prodrug to (S)-(+)-licarbazepine. As such, their mechanisms of action are identical.

Contraindications
Eslicarbazepine acetate is contraindicated in people with second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, a type of heart block, and in people who are hypersensitive to eslicarbazepine, oxcarbazepine or carbamazepine.

Adverse effects
Adverse effects are similar to oxcarbazepine. The most common ones (more than 10% of patients) are tiredness and dizziness. Other fairly common side effects (1 to 10%) include impaired coordination, gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, rash (1.1%), and hyponatremia (low sodium blood levels, 1.2%). There may also be an increased risk of suicidal thoughts.

Overdose
Symptoms of overdosing are similar to adverse effects of standard doses - severe hyponatraemia, somnolence, uncoordinated/unsteady gait, hemiparesis (weakness of one side of the body), along with visual and gastrointestinal disturbances. No specific antidote is available. Eslicarbazepine and metabolites can be dialyzed.

Interactions

Like oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine can reduce plasma levels of drugs that are metabolized by the liver enzymes CYP3A4 (verified in studies for simvastatin and the oral contraceptive levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and increase plasma levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.

Interaction studies have been conducted with a number of common anticonvulsants. Carbamazepine reduces blood plasma concentrations of eslicarbazepine, probably because it induces glucuronidation. This drug combination also increased the risk for diplopia, impaired coordination and dizziness in a clinical study. Phenytoin also reduces eslicarbazepine plasma concentrations, which may be due to increased glucuronidation of eslicarbazepine; and concomitant administration results in an increase in phenytoin serum concentrations, which is probably due to inhibition of CYP2C19. Combinations with lamotrigine, topiramate, valproic acid or levetiracetam showed no significant interactions in studies, although eslicarbazepine has been shown to cause a minor reduction in lamotrigine levels.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
The active component, eslicarbazepine, has the same mechanism of action as oxcarbazepine (which is a prodrug for licarbazepine, the racemate of eslicarbazepine) and most likely the closely related carbamazepine. It stabilises the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing for less sodium to enter neural cells, which leaves them less excitable. According to some sources, it has not been shown conclusively that this is the actual mechanism.

Pharmacokinetics
Eslicarbazepine acetate is absorbed to at least 90% from the gut, independently of food intake. It is quickly metabolised to eslicarbazepine, so that the original substance cannot be detected in the bloodstream. Peak plasma levels of eslicarbazepine are reached after 2–3 (1–4) hours, and plasma protein binding is somewhat less than 40%. Biological half-life is 10 to 20 hours, and steady-state concentrations are reached after four to five days after start of the treatment. Oxcarbazepine, for comparison, is also nearly completely absorbed from the gut, and peak plasma concentrations of licarbazepine are reached after 4.5 hours on average after oxcarbazepine intake. Plasma protein binding and half-life are of course the same.

Other metabolites of ESL are the less active (R)-(−)-licarbazepine (5%; the stereoisomer of eslicarbazepine), the pharmacologically active oxcarbazepine (1%), and inactive glucuronides of all of these substances. The drug is excreted mainly via the urine, of which two thirds are in the form of eslicarbazepine and one third in the form of eslicarbazepine glucuronide. The other metabolites only account for a few percent of the excreted drug.

Pharmacogenomics
Persons with certain genetic variations in human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are under increased risk of developing skin reactions such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), but also severe ones such as Stevens–Johnson and DRESS syndrome, under treatment with carbamazepine and drugs with related chemical structures. This is true for the HLA-A*3101 allele, which occurs in 2 to 5% of Europeans and 10% of Japanese people, and the HLA-B*1502 allele, which is mainly found in people of Asian descent. Theoretically, this may also apply to ESL.

Chemistry
As the name suggests, eslicarbazepine acetate is the acetate ester prodrug of eslicarbazepine. Eslicarbazepine itself is the pharmacologically more active of the two stereoisomers of licarbazepine. More specifically, it is (S)-(+)-licarbazepine.

Related drugs and active metabolites for comparison

History
Eslicarbazepine acetate was developed by the Portuguese pharmaceutical company Bial. In early 2009, Bial sold the marketing rights in Europe to the Japanese company Eisai. The drug was approved in the European Union in April 2009 under the trade names Zebinix and Exalief, but was marketed only under the first name. In the US it is marketed by Sunovion (formerly Sepracor) and was approved in November 2013.

Research
Studies for the use of ESL as an anticonvulsant for children are under way .

Like oxcarbazepine, ESL has potential uses for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder. A 2015 assessment showed no statistical difference to placebo for the latter disorder.

References

External links

Acetate esters
Anticonvulsants
CYP3A4 inducers
Dibenzazepines
Enantiopure drugs
Portuguese inventions
Ureas

Eslicarbazepine acetate


Ca' Tron is a palace in Venice, northern Italy, facing the Canal Grande. Part of the sestiere (quarter) of Santa Croce,  it is situated between the Palazzo Belloni Battagia and Palazzo Duodo, near the church of San Stae. It is owned by the Università Iuav di Venezia and houses the Department of Design and Planning in Complex Environments.

The palace was rebuilt in the late 16th century to the design of an unknown architect influenced by Jacopo Sansovino as the residence of the Tron family, who lived here until their extinction in the 19th century. The Tron had lived in this parish from the time of the start of the Patriciate. The family produced one Doge, Niccolo Tron in 1471, and nearly a half dozen procurators, and many other Venetian statesmen and generals. Maximilian, Elector of Bavaria, stayed here in 1684; and in 1775 Andrea Tron entertained the Emperor Joseph II with a magnificent ball. Senator Francesco Tron, grandson of Andrea, died here in 1793. In the 19th century the palace nearly fell into ruin.

It has been owned by the Università Iuav di Venezia since 1972.

Description

The building is an L-shaped plan, with a ground floor,  a  mezzanine and two piani nobili. The latter, differently from the others, have a façade in Istrian stone. The left side of the façade is shorter, and thus the portal and the central openings of the floors are asymmetrically placed.

The floors have eight windows, the four central ones joined to form a quadruple mullioned window. The small rear façade, which faces a small garden with a well at the center, features two quintuple mullioned windows with parapets in correspondence of the piani nobili, while at the ground floor there is a single opening  divided by two columns.

The interior has somewhat dilapidated frescoes by Louis Dorigny, a Diana and Endymion by Jacopo Guarana, and stucco decorations.

References

Sources

Houses completed in the 16th century
Tron
Tron
Renaissance architecture in Venice
House of Tron

Ca' Tron


Wincenty Pol (20 April 1807 – 2 December 1872) was a Polish poet and geographer.

Life

Pol was born in Lublin (then in Galicia), to Franz Pohl (or Poll), a German in the Austrian service, and his wife Eleonora Longchamps de Berier, from a French family living in Poland. Pol fought in the Polish army in the November 1830 Uprising and participated in the 1848 revolution. In spite of his mixed family background, he considered himself a Pole, so much so that he changed his surname to Pol.

He was interned in Königsberg after the fall of the November Uprising in Russian partition of Poland. He enrolled at the University but soon became embroiled in controversy, for his anti-Tsarist agitation. While Pol was defended by German speaking professors, Peter von Bohlen and Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert, he left Prussia and continued his exile in France. While in exile Pol worked on his first poems in tribute to the heroism of the insurgents, issued later in the set of "Songs of Janusz".

Although he had no formal education in geography, during his travels in Polish lands he wrote several books on this subject, and in 1849 was appointed professor at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow.

He wrote a fine descriptive work, Obrazy z życia i podróży (Pictures of Life and Travel), and also a poem Pieśń o ziemi naszej (Song of our Land). In 1855 he published Mohort, a poem relating to the times of Stanisław August Poniatowski. His earlier Songs of Janusz (1836) inspired Frédéric Chopin to write a number of Polish songs, but only one survives.

Pol was probably first to introduce into Polish literature the term "Kresy" to describe the territories lying near the eastern frontiers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

He died in Kraków. Pol was interred in Kraków's historic Skałka Church, a mini-pantheon of Polish scholars, writers and artists, especially from the Kraków area.

See also
Gawęda
List of Poles

References

External links
 A selection of Wincenty Pol's poems, in English, German and Polish
 A Poet from Lublin

1807 births
1872 deaths
Writers from Lublin
Polish male poets
Romantic poets
Recipients of the Virtuti Militari
19th-century poets
Polish people of German descent
November Uprising participants

Wincenty Pol


Byng Inlet is a body of water on the eastern shore of Georgian Bay, between Parry Sound and the mouth of the French River. It is a widening of the Magnetawan River, near its mouth. The name of the river "Magnetawan", meaning "long open channel" in the Ojibwe language, refers to this section of the river.

History

Naming of the Inlet
Byng Inlet was named in the honor former British Naval officer John Byng. It was named by Captain Henry Wolsey Bayfield, who charted the Canadian shores of lakes Huron and Superior, formerly involved with Admiral William Fitzwilliam Owen, while surveying the lower Great Lakes Erie and Ontario. For surveying of this region, Bayfield made his headquarters at the Naval Establishment at Penetanguishene in 1819. In 1825, Bayfield returned to England to prepare his charts for the engraver.

Wreck of the Northern Belle
The steamship Northern Belle was suddenly engulfed in a devastating fire in Byng Inlet, on November 10, 1898.  The wreck is a popular site for recreational divers.

See also
 Byng Inlet, Ontario, the village on the south shore
 Britt, Ontario, on the north shore.

References

Bays of Ontario
Georgian Bay
Magnetawan River

Byng Inlet (Ontario)


Paul Kornfeld (11 December 1889 – 25 April 1942) was a Prague-born German-language Jewish writer whose expressionist plays and scholarly treatises on the theory of drama earned him a specialized niche in influencing contemporary intellectual discourse.

Writing career before and after World War I
Paul Kornfeld came to adulthood in the city of his birth which, as the capital of Bohemia was, at the time, a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and a major center of culture and learning.  In 1913, at the age of 23, he formulated a thesis elucidating his philosophy of dramaturgy, Der beseelte und der psychologische Mensch [The Spiritual and the Psychological Person, also translated as The Inspired and the Psychological Being] and wrote the first draft of his most-renowned play, Die Verführung [The Seduction].  His circle of young friends and compatriots included some of the most renowned German-speaking Jewish literary figures of the era, Oskar Baum, Max Brod, Rudolf Fuchs, Willy Haas, Franz Janowitz, Franz Kafka,  Egon Erwin Kisch, Otto Pick, Hermann Ungar, Johannes Urzidil and Franz Werfel.

In 1916, amidst the chaos of World War I and, with the ultimate birth of the future republic of Czechoslovakia only two years away, Kornfeld moved from Prague to Berlin where, during the Weimar period, he was to experience his most intense period of creativity.  In 1918, during the final months of the war, he published a revised version of his thesis and oversaw the first production of Die Verführung.  An expressionist work, which put forth abstract and revisionist ideas, it attempted to encapsulate the universality of human aspiration. Character development and plot details were eschewed in favor of an atmosphere of hopeless inability to cope, which defeated the play's tragic protagonist.  A subsequent expressionist drama, Himmel und Holle [Heaven and Hell] presented even more abstract ideas, but in a vein that was, to a greater degree, lyrical and ecstatic.

Kornfeld also wrote satirical comedies which did not utilize expressionism and showed him in possession of a highly developed sense of humor. Der ewige Traum [The Eternal Dream] (1922), which held up a jaundiced mirror to reflect upon monogamous and polygamous relationships, Palme, oder Der Gekränkte [Palme, or The Offended One] (1924), which spotlighted a character of comically extreme sensitivity and Kilian, oder Die gelbe Rose [Kilian, or The Yellow Rose] (1926), all enjoyed audience approval as did his collaboration with Max Reinhardt on a 1925 Berlin theatrical production.  Written in 1929 and staged in 1930, his final Berlin play, Jud Süß [Suss, the Jew, generally known under its literal translation, Jew Suss], presented a highly nuanced and objective portrayal of the controversial 18th century Jewish financier Joseph Süß Oppenheimer whose story had already been depicted a century earlier in Wilhelm Hauff's 1827 novella and, again, only four years before his own work, in Lion Feuchtwanger's 1925 historical novel.  Within a decade, it also became the subject of a 1934 British film starring Conrad Veidt, and a notorious 1940 German antisemitic propaganda film with Ferdinand Marian in the title role.

Hitler era and death
Hitler's coming to power in 1933 put an end to Kornfeld's Berlin odyssey and forced him back to Prague, no longer a gathering hub of German-language culture but, since October 1918, the capital of the new republic of Czechoslovakia.  His subsequent literary output greatly decreased and he began work on what turned out to be his only novel, Blanche oder Das Atelier im Garten [Blanche or The Studio in the Garden], which was not published until 1957, fifteen years after its author's death.  Shortly after completing it in 1941, he was taken into custody by the German authorities administering occupied Prague and transported to Ghetto Litzmannstadt, the name given during the German occupation to a section of Łódź, Poland's then-second-largest city.  Between 1939 and 1944, over 200,000 Jews and a small number of Romani passed through the ghetto, an area of 4 sq. kilometers, of which only 2.4 kilometers were developed and habitable.  Fuel supplies were extremely limited, and the inhabitants burned whatever they could to survive the harsh winter. Some 18,000 died during a famine in 1942, one of them Paul Kornfeld. He was 52 years old.

Through the passing decades, his literary output has remained, for the most part, neglected, although a critical edition, Paul Kornfeld: Revolution mit Flötenmusik und andere kritische Prosa [Paul Kornfeld: Revolution with Flute Music and Other Critical Prose], was issued in 1977.

Sources
Johnston, William M. (1972). The Austrian Mind  An Intellectual and Social History 1848–1938. University of California Press.
Drain, Richard (1995). Twentieth-century Theatre: A Sourcebook. Routledge ,  [includes an excerpt from The Inspired and the Psychological Being]

References

External links
 Paul Kornfeld biographical entry in the Dictionary of Literary Biography
 English-language website of German publisher Schöffling & Co. providing brief digests of positive critical notices engendered by its republication of Paul Kornfeld's novel, Blanche oder Das Atelier im Garten {Blanche or The Studio in the Garden}; a brief biographical paragraph is also included

20th-century Czech dramatists and playwrights
Czech male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Austrian dramatists and playwrights
German male dramatists and playwrights
Austrian male dramatists and playwrights
Weimar culture
Jewish dramatists and playwrights
Jewish novelists
Czech Jews
People who died in the Łódź Ghetto
Writers from Prague
1889 births
1942 deaths
Czechoslovak civilians killed in World War II
German male novelists
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German male writers
20th-century Austrian male writers

Paul Kornfeld (playwright)


Catoferia is a small genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae composed of only four different species. First described in full by George Bentham in 1876, said species are native to southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Peru. Amongst all four species, only Catoferia chiapensis are known to grow across a wide area, their growth recorded in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Peru and Belize. Growth of the other three variants is believed to be limited to Southern Mexico. The beginning of the genus Catoferia is thought trace back to the Cretaceous era, making it around 55 to 65 million years old.

Description
The shrub can usually be identified by its flower's exaggerated, protruding stamens and very large, circular sepals (the outer layer surrounding the petal). Petals belonging to plants of this genome typically curve inwards, the species are very similar to the genus Orthosiphon. Shrubs in this group are  usually 0.5 and 2 meters tall, with a stem thickness of approximately 3mm. They may also carry spikes ranging from 1.5 to 5.5 centimeters.

Taxonomy

Species
As of 2023, Plants of the World Online accepts four species of Catoferia.
 Catoferia capitata (Benth.) Hemsl. - Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala, Peru
 Catoferia chiapensis A.Gray ex Benth. - Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
 Catoferia martinezii Ramamoorthy - Guerrero
 Catoferia spicata (Benth.) Benth. - Colombia, Peru

References

Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae genera

Catoferia


Jure uxoris (a Latin phrase meaning "by right of (his) wife") describes a title of nobility used by a man because his wife holds the office or title suo jure ("in her own right"). Similarly, the husband of an heiress could become the legal possessor of her lands. For example, married women in England and Wales were legally incapable of owning real estate until the Married Women's Property Act 1882.

Kings who ruled jure uxoris were regarded as co-rulers with their wives and are not to be confused with kings consort, who were merely consorts of their wives.

Middle Ages
During the feudal era, the husband's control over his wife's real property, including titles, was substantial. On marriage, the husband gained the right to possess his wife's land during the marriage, including any acquired after the marriage. Whilst he did not gain the formal legal title to the lands, he was able to spend the rents and profits of the land and sell his right, even if the wife protested.

The concept of jure uxoris was standard in the Middle Ages even for queens regnant. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Fulk, King of Jerusalem; Guy of Lusignan; Conrad of Montferrat; Henry II, Count of Champagne; and Amalric II of Jerusalem all received their titles as a result of marriage. Another famous instance of jure uxoris occurring was in the case of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who gained said title via his marriage to Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick, herself a daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick.

Sigismund of Luxembourg married Queen Mary of Hungary and obtained the crown through her, retaining it after her death in 1395. After the death of Sigismund, Albert II of Austria inherited the throne of Hungary by marrying the king's daughter Elizabeth of Luxembourg.

A man who held a title jure uxoris could retain it even after the death or divorce of his wife. When the marriage of Marie I of Boulogne and Matthew of Boulogne was annulled in 1170, Marie ceased to be countess, while Matthew I continued to reign until 1173. In some cases, the kingdom could pass to the husband's heirs, even when they were not issue of the wife in question (e.g. Jogaila, who became king by marrying Jadwiga and passed on the kingdom to his children with Sophia of Halshany).

Kings jure uxoris in the medieval era include:
Rudolph of France, whose wife Emma was daughter of King Robert I of France
Philip I of Navarre, who was married to Joan I of Navarre
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was named King of Jerusalem by virtue of his marriage to Isabella II of Jerusalem
Louis I of Naples, whose wife was Joanna I of Naples
Philip III of Navarre, who was married to Joan II of Navarre
John I of Castile, who was a claimant to the throne of Portugal by virtue of his marriage to Beatrice of Portugal
Guy of Lusignan, who ruled as King of Jerusalem by right of marriage to Sibylla of Jerusalem
Philip II of Spain, who ruled as King of England by right of his marriage to Mary I of England
Władysław II Jagiełło, who ruled as King of Poland by right of his marriage to Jadwiga of Poland

Renaissance
By the time of the Renaissance, laws and customs had changed in some countries: a woman sometimes remained monarch, with only part of her power transferred to her husband. This was usually the case when multiple kingdoms were consolidated, such as when Isabella and Ferdinand shared crowns.

The precedent of jure uxoris complicated the lives of Henry VIII's daughters, both of whom inherited the throne in their own right. The marriage of Mary I to King Philip in 1554 was seen as a political act, as an attempt to bring England and Ireland under the influence of Catholic Spain. Parliament passed the Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain specifically to prevent Philip from seizing power on the basis of jure uxoris. As it turned out, the marriage produced no children, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's jure uxoris claims in England and Ireland, as envisaged by the Act, and was followed by the accession of Elizabeth I, who never married.

In Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret had married Antoine of Navarre in 1548, and she became queen regnant at her father's death in 1555. Antoine was crowned co-ruler jure uxoris with Jeanne in August.

Partial transference of power
In Great Britain, husbands acted on their wives' behalf in the House of Lords, from which women were once barred. These offices were exercised jure uxoris.

When Lady Priscilla Bertie inherited the title Baroness Willougby de Eresby in 1780, she also held the position of Lord Great Chamberlain. However, her husband Sir Peter Gwydyr acted on her behalf in that office instead.

Conditions
In Portugal, a male consort could not become a king jure uxoris until the queen regnant had a child and royal heir. Although Queen Maria II married her second husband in 1836, Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha did not become King Ferdinand II until 1837, when their first child was born. Queen Maria's first husband, Auguste of Beauharnais, never became monarch, because he died before he could father an heir. The queen's child did not have to be born after her accession. For example, Queen Maria I already had children by her husband when she acceded, so he became King Peter III at the moment of his wife's accession.

 although he is not technically entitled to it under the law. For example, Jaime de Marichalar was often referred to as the Duke of Lugo during his marriage to Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo. After their divorce, he ceased to use the title. His brother-in-law Iñaki Urdangarin was referred to as the Duke of Palma before corruption allegations prompted the King to take action. Since 12 June  2015, he is no longer referred to as the Duke of Palma de Mallorca, following the removal of that title from his wife, Infanta Cristina.

See also
 Jure matris
 List of Latin phrases

References

Latin legal terminology

Nobility
Genealogy
Inheritance

Jure uxoris


Sir Hugh Luttrell (about 1364 – 24 March 1428), of Dunster Castle in Somerset, feudal baron of Dunster, was an English nobleman and politician, who was an important military officer during the Hundred Years' War. He was a close associate of his cousin, King Richard II of England, and was one of his most valuable advisors. He was also an esquire of John of Gaunt, and an extremely close friend to Queen Anne of Bohemia.

He was an MP for Somerset and Devon.

Biography

Sir Hugh Luttrell was born in Dunster, a son of Elizabeth Courtenay (d. 7 August 1395), great-granddaughter of Edward I of England, and her second husband Sir Andrew Lutrell of Chilton. Sir Andrew was a direct descendant of an Irish noble family: the Luttrells, who were the original Earls of Carhampton. The family had strong ties with the Plantagenets, to which they were related. Given her loyal servitude to the royal family, Elizabeth received £200 from her close cousin, Richard II of England. Courtenay used this loan to buy large properties of land, which increased the family's wealth by leaps and bounds. This act would make Sir Hugh famous throughout England.

In 1378, Hugh's father died abruptly, and, in 1379, he began his own career. When he was about 16, he became an esquire to John of Gaunt. He served Gaunt for about 12 years, and switched his services to the English Queen, Anne of Bohemia. They became very close, and Anne granted him numerous plots of land for his servitude and good nature, which boosted his social standing among the English nobility. Hugh again switched his services, this time to his cousin, Richard II. Hugh soon became the bearer of numerous titles.

Sir Hugh's loyalty to Richard II was unbreakable, right up to his imprisonment. After all, he was one of the King's closest retainers and advisors. After the monarch's murder, Hugh felt sorrow for his cousin. However, his switching sides to the new king, Henry IV of England (also known as Henry of Bolingbroke), doubled his fortunes drastically. He flourished during Henry's reign, mostly because of his family's prominence, and usefulness to the king. In 1400, he sailed to Calais, in the company of his uncle, Sir Peter, who had become the commander of the English garrison there. Luttrell spent three years being the deputy Lieutenant of Calais (1400–1403), and devoted his time in that job to politics. He discussed numerous peace talks with French officials, and numerous other governmental matters.

In 1403, he was assigned with Sir Thomas Swineburn and John Urban to renew a peace treaty with Flanders. The talks were harsh, as surviving documents say, and the three Englishmen left Flanders, with an impression that the Flemings were not to be trusted.

When he arrived back in England in 1404, he was elected to the English Parliament for the first time, and faced a serious dilemma. On 6 October 1404, Lady Mohun, a noblewoman that had sold vast plots of land to Hugh's late mother, Elizabeth, had died at Canterbury. This was a serious blow to Luttrell, who had inherited Mohun's estates from his mother. After Lady Mohun's death, her heirs and Luttrell began a fierce legal battle over who would own the estates. The battle went in Hugh's favor for a period of time, when copies of Mohun's will were handed over to him. The crown gave him full seisin over the properties, and the legal battle quieted down for a while. However, the legal battle had to be resolved, and in May 1405 Parliament intervened. A year passed with no clear victor, and the House of Commons of England stepped in, this time on Luttrell's side. The debating went on for two more years, and in 1408 Luttrell prevailed, paying 100 marks for his succession to the barony.

Through 1406–1414, little was known of Hugh's activities. It is known that he was present at Glastonbury Abbey in 1408, with scores of other influential noblemen. It was then and there that Archbishop Thomas Arundel made a visit to them, and discussed important political and religious matters with the noblemen. In 1410, the Queen of England, Joan of Navarre, made Luttrell her steward, a task which he enjoyed.

When Henry V of England ascended to the throne in 1415, Sir Hugh's popularity increased. He traveled to France with the English army, to re-incite the 100 Years' War. He proved to be a daring leader, and was one of the key commanders at the Siege of Harfleur, and at the Siege of Rouen. After the siege, he returned home to England, and in 1417, he entered the service of Henry V, becoming one of his most loyal retainers. Throughout the rest of his life, he would have a splendid relationship with the king.

In February 1417, he was appointed Lieutenant of Harfleur and embarked to France, where the war was still being fought, in the retinue of Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury. Luttrell had his own private battalion, consisting of 20 men-at-arms and 60 archers. After assuming command over the city of Harfleur in 1418, he was given orders by his superiors to manage the English garrison there, and hang any deserters.

During that same year, Sir Hugh negotiated the surrender of the French Captains of Montivilliers and Fécamp. In 1419, he also negotiated the surrender of the town of Montreuil, and many others. In July 1419, Luttrell was appointed the Royal Seneschal of Normandy by Henry V, a position he held for two years (1419–1421).

Sir Hugh thus became the ruler of one of the most important places in medieval France. Luttrell was thrilled with governing his new domain, describing himself as the "gret Seneschal of Normandie." Sir Hugh kept Normandy under the mighty fist of the English, which Henry V of England benefited from greatly. In 1420, Luttrell corresponded with the king many times, praising Henry's marriage to Catherine of Valois, saying in a letter that it caused him: "the gretest gladnesse and consolation that ever came unto my herte." He also reported to King Henry about the state of the country, saying: "ther ys no steryng of none evyl doers (there is no stirring of none evil-doers)", and also informed the king of the poverty of the country.

In 1421, he was relieved of his duties as Seneschal of Normandy and Lieutenant of Harfleur, and was ordered to return to England. Upon arriving in England, Hugh met with many members of English nobility, and royal officials. He was also occupied with many royal assignments, which continued up to his death.

Death
On 24 March 1428, Sir Hugh Luttrell fell gravely ill and died on a visit to his daughter, Joan, a nun at Shaftesbury. A large funeral procession followed his coffin on the way to Dunster. After he was buried, a monument was built in his memory at the Dunster church. At that moment, one of the most influential figures in medieval England, a man who had lived through three reigns, was put to rest.

Marriage and progeny

In 1384, Sir Hugh Luttrell married Catherine Beaumont (d. 28 August 1435), a daughter of Sir John Beaumont (d.1379/80) of Shirwell and Saunton in North Devon, MP for Devon 1376–80, a substantial landowner in Devon, by his second wife Joan Crawthorne, granddaughter and heiress of Sir Robert Stockey, MP in 1318, of Crawthorne and Cranstone. Alabaster effigies survive in Dunster Church of himself and his wife, badly mutilated. The arms of Beaumont (Barry of six vair and gules) appear in Dunster Church and on the Luttrell Table Carpet, c.1520, now in the collection of the Burrell Collection in Glasgow, probably made in about 1520 to record the marriage of his descendant Sir Andrew Luttrell (1484–1538) of Dunster and his wife Margaret Wyndham (d.1580). By his wife he had six children:
Sir John Luttrell (c.1394-1430), eldest son and heir, of Dunster, who in about 1422 married Margaret Tuchet (d.1438), daughter of John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley (1371-1408). He was buried probably at Bruton Priory.
William Luttrell, rector of Birch Parva in Essex from 1441 to 1443.
Margaret Luttrell, married John Cotes, esquire.
Elizabeth Luttrell, married, firstly about 1406, William Harleston (d. 1416) and secondly, after 1423, John Stratton, esq. of Lye Hall, Weston, Norfolk.
Anne Luttrell, married William Godwyn the younger.
Joan Luttrell, a nun of Shaftesbury.

Famous descendants
Sir Hugh Luttrell's famous descendants include:
Robert Carter I: A wealthy Virginia colonist and slave-owner, one of the richest men in Virginia at his time.
Benjamin Harrison V: A famed American revolutionary and founding father of the United States of America.
William Henry Harrison: 9th President of the United States, American General during the War of 1812.
Benjamin Harrison: 23rd President of the United States.

References

1360s births
Date of birth unknown
1428 deaths
14th-century English nobility
English MPs October 1404
Hugh
English knights
English MPs 1406
English MPs 1407
English MPs April 1414
English MPs November 1414
English MPs 1415
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Devon
15th-century English nobility

Hugh Luttrell (MP, died 1428)


Laureano Barrau Buñol (1863, Barcelona –1957, Santa Eulària des Riu) was a Spanish impressionist painter.

Education
Barrau began his education in Barcelona, his native city. Later, he studied in Madrid, finding the Spanish old masters. At 20, Barrau went to Paris and enrolled at the Académie des Beaux-Arts where Gerome was his tutor. Two years later, Barrau won the Prix de Rome in Barcelona. This afforded him the opportunity to study the great Italian masters for three years.

Career
When he was 28, Barrau was given the title of Societaire (Member) of the Salon de la Nationales des Beaux-Arts de Paris. He earned medals in the principal cities in Europe and today his paintings hang in museums in Spain, Paris, Brussels, Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro.

At age 47, Barrau moved to picturesque Ibiza. He settled with his wife in the town of Santa Eulalia del Rio, where he painted what is considered his best work.

End of life
He remained in Santa Eulalia for the rest of his life.  He died in 1957 at the age of 94 and is buried in the cemetery in Santa Eulalia.

Legacy
Réalisation cover for French magazine Figaro Illustré August 1897
In 1963, Barrau's wife opened a museum which houses approximately two hundred of his paintings. It is located at Puig da Missa on Santa Eulalia beside the 400-year-old church. The museum was later donated to the village but its ownership is debated.

19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish Impressionist painters
1863 births
1957 deaths
People from Ibiza

Laureano Barrau


Robert Charles Halpin , Master Mariner, 16 February 1836 – 20 January 1894 at Tinakilly, Wicklow. He captained the Brunel-designed steamship SS Great Eastern which laid transoceanic telegraph cables. A successful pioneer of this work, he earned the nickname "Mr Cable".

Early life

He was the son of James and Anne Halpin (née Halbert), the youngest of 13 children. His father, James, was the proprietor of a small tavern and the family were reasonably well off. From an early age Robert showed a fondness for the sea. He received his early education at a nearby private school. Halpin appears to have shown little interest in formal education and with his imagination fueled by tales of faraway lands recounted by mariners in his father's tavern, he left home at age ten to become a seafarer.

Nautical career
He joined the brig Briton that was engaged in the Cumberland coal trade and was shipwrecked off Bude, Cornwall in 1851 with many lives lost, but Halpin managed to reach the shore.

He joined the crew of the 388-ton barque Henry Tanner, later that same year. Henry Tanner plied the Britain – Australia run and Halpin's first voyage to Australia coincided with the Australian Gold Rush of 1852. Over half the crew jumped ship to seek their fortunes in the gold fields. Unable to muster a crew, Henry Tanner was forced to remain in port until the absent crewmen returned to their posts.

Halpin then joined the ship Boomerang as a third mate. Boomerang worked on the Liverpool to Melbourne to Kio (Ecuador) route, returning with cargo of guano, bird-droppings used as fertiliser.

Halpin was promoted to second mate of Salem, a wool clipper on the Australia run, before he transferred over from sail to steam ships. Halpin believed steam was the future of shipping and became first officer in Khersonese.

At 22 years of age, he was given command of the S.S.Propellor, later joining Circassian, both steamships belonging to the Atlantic Royal Company. In 1858 Halpin became involved in a new sea route that had started from Galway, Ireland to St. John's, Newfoundland, giving a quicker, shorter Atlantic crossing. Emigration from Europe to North America was the new large shipping trade and operated from major ports such as Liverpool, Hamburg and Galway. By 1859 the Galway line was prospering and the popular S.S.Argo was commanded by Halpin, then aged 24. Disaster struck in August 1859 while in thick fog at the Newfoundland fishing banks when Argo struck an iceberg and sank. At subsequent enquiry, Halpin lost his master's ticket. Despite this setback in 1860 the Spanish Government commissioned him to deliver two troop ships, Isla de Cuba and Isla de Puerto Rica, to South America.

At the break out of the American Civil War, Halpin ran the Union blockade bringing supplies to the Confederate States and returning with cotton to Europe. In 1864 he was forced to run his ship aground to evade capture but was then detained by the Northern Union forces. The case against him was unproven and he was released after the Battle of Mobile Bay.

It was then that Halpin began his association with the steam ship Great Eastern. In his book The Great Iron Ship, author James Dugan states, "the first and in some ways the most interesting of the ocean liners was the Great Eastern, brainchild of the legendary Isambard Kingdom Brunel."

Great Eastern
Launched at the Isle of Dogs, Kent, 31 January 1858, she was 693 feet in length (over 200 metres), 22,500 tons dead weight, and had accommodations for over 3,000 passengers. Five times larger than any other ship then built, she had six masts, five funnels, 6,500 yards of sail, two 58 ft paddle wheels, a 24 ft screw (which remains the biggest ever built) and a coal carrying capacity of 15,000 tons.

Great Eastern had a career dogged by misfortune. She was designed for the longer Britain to Australia run and proved uneconomical when used on the shorter Atlantic routes. Her maiden voyage was to the United States, leaving Southampton on 16 June 1860 with 418 crew, but only 35 paying passengers, and arriving on 28 June. Never filled to capacity and losing money, the vessel was sold from company to company and in 1867 was chartered by a French syndicate to bring American visitors to the Paris World Exhibition. She attracted only 191 passengers including Jules Verne who later wrote a book about her called A Floating City (Une ville flottante, 1871).

Telegraphy
Before the 1860s there was great interest in Telegraphy and the linking of Europe to North America by telegraphic cable. The first successful cable was laid in August 1858. Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom exchanged congratulations briefly with the American President James Buchanan. This first success proved the telegraph could be done underwater, but it didn't last a week after a workman applied too much voltage and overheated the cable.

Pioneered by Cyrus Field, mainland Europe had been connected by telegraphy, as had Europe to Britain and Britain to Ireland. A company was formed that converted Great Eastern into a cable layer and Halpin was given the post of First Engineer. Their task was to lay a submarine transatlantic telegraph cable from Valentia Island, County Kerry to Heart's Content, Newfoundland. The cable, 2,600 miles long was stored in the ship's tanks and weighed 6,000 tons.

1,862 miles from Valentia, the cable broke and Great Eastern returned to Europe. In 1866, with Halpin at the helm, the ship returned to the exact spot, recovered and repaired the broken cable. In July that year, Great Eastern arrived at Heart's Content, Newfoundland and completed the connection between the continents which has never been interrupted since.

Later, as captain, Halpin laid an estimated  of cable (more than enough to circle the globe). The cable routes included the French Transatlantic Cable from Brest to St. Pierre and Miquelon in 1866 (under the patronage of Paul Julius Reuter), the 1869 Bombay-Aden-Suez cable, and the Australia-New Zealand-East Indies, Madras-Singapore-Penang, and Madeira-Brazil.

For Halpin's services, Brazilian Emperor Pedro II made him Knight of the Order of the Rose. He was also awarded the Legion d'honeur and elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1889 he was appointed an honorary Commander in the Royal Naval Reserve. His circle included Lord Kelvin, who had been aboard Great Eastern overseeing the cable laying, Admiral Sherard Osborn, who proposed him for Fellowship of the Royal Geographical Society, the American oceanographer Matthew Fontaine Maury, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Ferdinand de Lesseps, and Edmund Dickens, nephew of Charles Dickens amongst other notables of the day.

Later career
On returning to Wicklow c.1875 after a brief residence near London, Halpin became chairman of the Wicklow Gas Company, Wicklow Harbour Master and Secretary of Wicklow Harbour Commissioners. He was Secretary of the Wicklow Harbour Commissioners in 1880 when the East Breakwater was built – arguably the most important built structure in the small maritime port's history. He ran for Member of Parliament for East Wicklow as a Unionist in July 1892, losing to John Sweetman, the Anti-Parnell Home Rule candidate.

He was married to Jessica Munn of Heart's Content, Newfoundland. They had three daughters, Ethel, Belle and Edith. The last daughter, Belle, died in 1952.

Tinakilly House

Halpin was rewarded by the British Government for his contribution to improving world communications and thereby world trade. In 1876 Halpin purchased a site on elevated ground two miles north of Wicklow Town, overlooking the Irish Sea. Here he built a house, named Tinakilly, the name derived from the townland of Tinakilly on which the house is built.

He recruited the fashionable Irish architect James Franklin Fuller to design the house. It had many opulent features and cost £40,000 to build, (), its 400 acres including an extensive rose garden. The house is now a hotel and retains many of its original features.

At Tinakilly on 20 January 1894 Robert Halpin, aged 57, died of gangrene resulting from a minor cut while trimming his toenails. He is buried, as are others in his family, at the Wicklow Parish Church with a Celtic Cross headstone marking the grave.

Memorials
Many artifacts from his life were donated by his daughters to the Maritime Institute of Ireland. There is a display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland, Dún Laoghaire.

Obelisk

A granite obelisk, erected in 1897, in the centre of Wicklow town commemorates his life and career. The land for the obelisk was donated by William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 6th Earl Fitzwilliam and has since been called Fitzwilliam Square.

Halpin Memorial Medal

After the fund closed for the Wicklow obelisk, a further £397 and 13 shillings came from London. Not being required for the obelisk, this sum funded the Halpin Memorial Medal, an annual prize for the best boy and girl swimmer at the Merchant Seamen's Orphan Asylum (Royal Merchant Seamen's Orphanage from 1922, and later the Royal Merchant Navy School and then Bearwood College). The annual award continued for about seventy years until the 1960s.

The award was a silver medal,  in diameter, bearing on the obverse the image of Halpin in Royal Naval Reserve uniform with the inscription 'IN MEMORIAM. ROBERT C HALPIN, DL, JP, RNR.' The reverse design varied over time, but included the current name of the institution.

See also
List of people on stamps of Ireland

References

Sources

External links
Halpin biography Maritime Institute of Ireland
Tinakilly House, once owned by Robert Halpin
Halpin video biography visitwicklow.ie
Halpin Centre for Research & Innovation at the National Maritime College of Ireland named in honour of Robert Halpin
History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications: Captain Robert Charles Halpin, by Bill Glover

1836 births
1894 deaths
People from Wicklow (town)
19th-century Irish people
Irish sailors
19th-century sailors
Sea captains
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Submarine communications cables
Deaths from gangrene
Royal Naval Reserve personnel

Robert Halpin


The Anton Bruckner Private University (in German Anton Bruckner Privatuniversität, common short form is Bruckner University) is one of five Austrian Universities for Music, Drama and Dance, and one of four universities in Linz, the European Capital of Culture 2009. 850 students from all parts of the
world study here. They are taught by 200 professors and teaching staff,
who are internationally recognised artists, academics and teachers. More than 30% of the students and instructors come from abroad. The university was granted accredited private university status in 2004, as part of the Austrian Private Universities Conference, (its name from 1932 to 2004 was Bruckner Conservatory Linz, but the roots of the institution go back to 1823 or even to 1799).

The cultural landscape of Upper Austria sets an example in music
education all over Europe. The Upper Austrian Provincial Government
gives particular support to artistic education, which is why – compared
with similar institutions – tuition fees here are extremely moderate.

The university is named after the Austrian composer Anton Bruckner (1824-1896).

The ABPU is a university for music, drama and dance. The artistic work
of the university is focussed on performing, pedagogy and research in
each of these fields, with an equal emphasis on artistic communication,
development and outreach.

History
Even though the Anton Bruckner Private University has only been
known under this name for a short time, musical education in Linz has a
tradition stretching back more than 200 years. As early as 1799 the city
musical director Franz Xaver Glöggl, a close friend of Michael Haydn,
Mozart and Beethoven, founded the first music school in Linz. Then in
1823 the newly founded Linz Musical Society set up a singing school –
the real precursor of the Anton Bruckner Private University.

The attempt to persuade Anton Bruckner to become director
of the Music School in 1863 was unsuccessful. But another important name
– the Bruckner biographer and former secretary to Franz Liszt, August Göllerich,
- was in charge of the newly strengthened institute from 1896 to 1923.
And in 1923 the name of Bruckner was finally established with the
upgrading of the Music School to the Bruckner Conservatory Linz – now
renamed the Anton Bruckner Private University.

The original main function of the forerunner institute, which was
to raise the quality of musical life in Linz by improving the training
of amateur musicians, was taken over by the Linz Music School in 1950.
From that time on the Bruckner Conservatory established itself
progressively as a training ground for professional musicians. This
development was carried through by the directors Carl Steiner (1945-1958), Wilhelm Jerger (1958-1973), Gerhard Dallinger (1973-1990), Hans Maria Kneihs (1990-1995) und Reinhart von Gutzeit (from 1995 to 2006), Univ. Prof. Anton Voigt (acting rector from 2006 to 2007), and Dr. Marianne Betz (2007-2012). In autumn 2012 the rectorship of the university was taken over by Ursula Brandstätter.

The Anton Bruckner Private
University now offers twenty two separate branches of study and three
university courses in the fields of classical music, jazz, drama and
contemporary dance. Students may study for the degrees Bachelor of Arts
or Master of Arts, which are on a par with those of other European
universities and Arts Academies.

Computer music studio
The Computer Music Studio offers lectures and courses in the field of
music and media technology, media composition and computer music, and
the range of subjects it offers is closely integrated with those of the
Institute DKM – Composition, Conducting and the Theory of Music – and
JIM, the Institute for Jazz and improvised Music.

History:

The Computer Music Studio was founded in 1995
as the SAMT by DI Adelhard Roidinger and the Rector of the Bruckner
Conservatory, Hans Maria Kneihs in the buildings of the Software Park
Hagenberg. Since 2008 the University Studio, as it became, has been
under the direction of Weixler, Andreas
· Ao.Univ.Prof. Mag.
At the same time an institute directive changed the name of the studio to the CMS -Computer Music Studio.

There are currently co-operations with and connections to the following institutions (among others):

Internally:

 Institute for Composition, Conducting and the Theory of Music (DKM)
 Institute for Jazz and improvised Music (JIM)
 Institute for Theatre and Drama (ACT)
 Institute for Keyboard instruments (TAS)

Regionally:

 AEC - Ars Electronic Center
 Art University of Linz
 InterfaceCulture
 JKU - Johannes Kepler University
 ElisabethInnen Hospital
 SCCH Software Park Hagenberg
 Klanglandschaften (Soundscapes), Musik der Jugend (Youth Music), Province of OÖ
 DorfTV
 Klavierhaus Merta

Nationally:

 ELAK - Institute for Composition and Electroacoustics, Vienna
 MDW - University for Music and Drama, Vienna
 Prima la Musica, Salzburg
 Bösendorfer

Internationally:

 JSEM - Japanese Society for Electro Acoustic Music
 TU Studio - Berlin
 SARC - Sonic Arts Research Center Belfast, Queens University, Northern Ireland
 UEA - University of East Anglia
 BEAST - Birmingham Electroacoustic Sound Theatre, University of Birmingham
 NOVARS - Manchester, UK
 Hope University Liverpool, UK
 Northeastern University, College of Arts, Media and Design, Boston/USA

Sonic Lab
Sonic Lab is an intermedia computer music concert hall with a 24 audio channel surround dome and double video projection, initiated by Andreas Weixler.

Erasmus
In the course of setting up the new generation programme Erasmus+ the ABPU was awarded the so-called Erasmus Charter in 2014.

References

Private University
Anton Bruckner Private University
Buildings and structures in Linz
Music schools in Austria
1823 establishments in the Austrian Empire
Private universities and colleges in Austria
Educational institutions established in 1823

Anton Bruckner Private University


Sheila Rena Ingram (March 23, 1957 – September 1, 2020) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres.

Born in Washington, D.C., she competed for United States in the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the 4 x 400 metres where she won the silver medal with her teammates Debra Sapenter, Pamela Jiles and Rosalyn Bryant. She was the 1976 National Champion, behind Lorna Forde a guest participant from Barbados.

References

1957 births
2020 deaths
Track and field athletes from Washington, D.C.
American female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic female sprinters
20th-century American sportswomen

Sheila Ingram