Giorgio Armani (; born 11 July 1934) is an Italian fashion designer. He first gained renown working for Cerruti and then for many others, including Allegri, Bagutta, and Hilton. He formed his company, Armani, in 1975, which eventually expanded into music, sport, and luxury hotels. By 2001, Armani was acclaimed as the most successful designer of Italian origin, and is credited with pioneering red-carpet fashion. In 2010, he opened the Armani Hotel in Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building. He is also the wealthiest openly bisexual person in the world. According to Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as of 2021, Armani had an estimated net worth of US$9.53 billion.

Early years
Armani was born in the northern Italian town of Piacenza, where he was raised with his older brother Sergio and younger sister Rosanna by his mother Maria Raimondi and father Ugo Armani (an accountant for a transport company).

While at secondary school at the Liceo Scientifico Leonardo da Vinci in Milan, Armani aspired to follow a career in medicine, particularly after reading A. J. Cronin's The Citadel. He enrolled in the department of medicine at the University of Milan, but in 1953 after attending for three years, he left and joined the army. Due to his medical educational background, he was assigned to the Military Hospital in Verona, where he would attend shows at the Arena. He eventually decided to look for a different career path.

Design career
After serving in the military for two years, Armani became a window dresser and sales clerk at La Rinascente, a department store in Milan in 1957. In that same year at the store, he was responsible for showcasing the earliest garments of the innovative Finnish textiles, clothing, and home furnishings company, Marimekko. He went on to become a seller for the menswear department. In that capacity, he gained valuable experience in the marketing aspect of the fashion industry. In the mid-1960s, Armani moved to the Nino Cerruti company, where he designed menswear. His skills were in demand, and for the next decade, while continuing to work for Cerutti, Armani also freelanced, contributing designs to as many as ten manufacturers at a time.

In the late 1960s, Armani met Sergio Galeotti, an architectural draftsman, which marked the beginning of a personal and professional relationship that lasted for many years. In 1973, Galeotti persuaded him to open a design office in Milan, at 37 Corso Venezia. This led to a period of extensive collaboration, during which Armani worked as a freelance designer for several fashion houses, including Allegri, Bagutta, Hilton, Sicons, Gibò, Montedoro, and Tendresse. The international press was quick to acknowledge Armani's importance following the runway shows at the Sala Bianca in the Pitti Palace in Florence. The experience allowed Armani to develop his style in new ways. He was now ready to devote his energy to his own label, and on 24 July 1975, he founded Giorgio Armani S.p.A. in Milan, with his friend Galeotti. In October of that same year, he presented his first collection of men's ready-to-wear for Spring and Summer of 1976 under his own name. He also produced a women's line for the same season.

Italian manufacturers had begun to invest in local designers and did so on unusually favourable terms. They financed production and marketing and paid the designers a percentage of the profits. New designers such as Armani could begin their businesses free from debt, with ambitious fashion shows and advertising campaigns.

Over the years the designer has made it very evident that he chooses not only to support the fashion industry, but to add to the art field as well. The information provided by The Museum of Modern Art gives an example of how in 1990 Armani supported the New York show, Pier Paolo Pasolini: The Eyes of a Poet. This show was an exhibition taking an inside look into artist Pasolini, specifically, it presented people twenty-two films. Although, Pasolini was known for a plethora of things, knowing that he created works mostly in the form of film or writing shows another side of Armani demonstrating an example of his appreciation of the arts.

 Armani established an innovative relationship with the fashion industry, characterized by the 1978 agreement with Gruppo Finanzario Tessile (GFT), which made it possible to produce luxury ready-to-wear in a manufacturing environment under the attentive supervision of the company's designer. In 1979, after founding the Giorgio Armani Corporation, Armani began producing for the United States and introduced the Main line for men and women. The label became one of the leading names in international fashion with the introduction of several new product lines, including G. A. Le Collezioni, Giorgio Armani Underwear and Swimwear, and Giorgio Armani Accessories. In the early 1980s, the company signed an important agreement with L'Oréal to create perfumes and cosmetics Armani Beauty and introduced the Armani Junior, Armani Jeans, and Emporio Armani lines, followed in 1982 by the introduction of Emporio Underwear, Swimwear, and Accessories. A new store was opened in Milan for the Emporio line, followed by the first Giorgio Armani boutique. Armani's concern for the end user culminated in the development of a more youthful product with the same level of stylistic quality as his high-end line, but at a more accessible price. Because of the nature of the Emporio line, Armani felt that he had to make use of new and unconventional advertising methods. These included television spots and enormous street ads, together with a house magazine that was sent out by mail to consumers, and faithful Armani Eagle wearers.

Armani also felt that a relationship with the cinema was essential, both for promotional reasons and for the stimulus to creativity. Armani had the honour to produce his work for the infamous film American Gigolo, specifically for the actor Richard Gere who played the character Julian Kaye. The production of his work through film really helped publicize Armani's talents. It also heavily publicized his name, Gere wrenching open a drawer of Armani shirts, perfectly folded, labels exposed, before composing four entirely Armani outfits in what ultimately amounted to cinema's best advertising campaign for a fashion brand ever. It projected Armani's name and style to an audience far broader than any fashion magazine could reach. The film made Gere a star, and Armani too. Armani designed costumes for more than one hundred films, one of the most important of which was The Untouchables (1987).

In 1983, the designer modified his agreement with GFT. They began to produce both the Mani line for the United States and his high-end ready-to-wear line, rechristened Borgonuovo 21, after the address of the company headquarters. During the late 1980s, despite Galeotti's death in 1985, Armani continued to expand commercial horizons and licensing agreements. He opened Armani Japan and introduced a line of eyeglasses (1988), socks (1987), a gift collection (1989), and a new "basic" men's and women's line for America known as A/X Armani Exchange (1991). After the frenetic expansion of the 1990s (sportswear, watches, eyeglasses, cosmetics, home, and new accessories collections), 2000, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the brand, saw a flurry of investment activity, including stock sales and the acquisition of new manufacturing capacity intended to increase Armani's control over the quality and distribution of his products.

Armani's men's and women's skiwear and ski casualwear line was developed in 1995. His 1991 project, A/X: Armani Exchange, represented Armani's attempt to break into the American mass market, offering lower prices for relaxed chic clothes.

In 1996 his long-time friend Eric Clapton composed songs for Armani's fashion shows and has since dressed in Armani. Later that year Clapton opened two Emporio Armani stores in New York City. In 1998 Armani hosted a party for Clapton's Crossroads guitar auction.

The Oxford Art Journal made note in their article, "Hermes in Asia: Haute Couture, High Art and The Marketplace", that the designer took influences from other cultures as inspiration for some of his works and cited his Japanese designs as examples. Armani also prepared to break into the Chinese market by opening up his first store in that country in 1998. A small shop in Beijing was followed by a flagship store in Shanghai in 2004 and plans for 40 by 2011. In 2000, Giorgio Armani SpA was introducing new lines of cosmetics and home furnishings, and expanding its line of accessories.

Armani has had a broad level of influence internationally because his work has reached far beyond just clothes and accessories of haute couture. His work can be referenced with many infamous artists of the past who created other types of art. Because of how valuable and detailed his job is, it often forms a bridge from fashion to art. An example is the Guggenheim Museum in New York hosted an exhibition of Armani's work – a first for a living designer – with an average attendance of 29,000 a week. This is referenced in the periodical The Aesthetics of Smelly Art, inside the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.

In 2008, Armani designed a bullfighting costume entitled the "Goyesco" that was worn by Spanish bullfighter Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez at the "Corrida Goyesca" in Ronda, Spain. They have also collaborated on several fashion shows and other events.

In 2011, Armani became the first luxury designer to accept Livia Firth's Green Carpet Challenge to highlight sustainable fashion created out of recycled plastics and fabrics. His designs for the challenge were a dress for her and a tuxedo for her then-husband, actor Colin Firth.

As of 2009, Armani had a retail network of 60 Giorgio Armani boutiques, 11 Collezioni, 122 Emporio Armani, 94 A/X Armani Exchange, 1 Giorgio Armani Accessori, and 13 Armani Junior stores spread over 37 countries. As of 2017, he had an annual turnover of $1.6 billion and a personal fortune of $8.1 billion.

In 2015, Giorgio Armani was an artist who was a part of the Paris Photography Public Programme. This event helped showcase a variety of special exhibitions. As an official partner, Armani's ACQUA #6, represented works that focus on the theme of water in photography.

In 2001, Armani was acclaimed as the most successful designer of Italian origin.

Innovations
Armani is credited with pioneering red-carpet fashion.

Armani was the first designer to ban models with a body mass index (BMI) under 18, after model Ana Carolina Reston starved herself to death due to anorexia nervosa.

Armani broadcast his collection live on the Internet, the first in the world of haute couture, on 24 January 2007. The Armani Privé Spring/Summer 2007 fashion show was broadcast via MSN and Cingular cellular phones.

Armani has designed many stage outfits for pop superstar Lady Gaga, including those worn on her record-breaking Monster Ball Tour and Born This Way Ball Tour. He has also designed for many high-profile award shows, such as the 52nd Grammy Awards and the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards.

Armani Hotel Collection
Giorgio Armani and Emaar Properties PJSC signed an agreement in 2005 for Emaar Properties PJSC to build and operate at least seven luxury hotels and three vacation resorts under the Giorgio Armani name. Giorgio Armani would be responsible for overseeing all aspects of the interior design and style of the hotels.

The Armani Hotel was opened in Burj Khalifa on 27 April 2010, comprising the bottom 39 floors of the supertall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; it has 160 guest rooms and suites, and 144 residences. Giorgio Armani is also designing the interiors of the Armani Residences, also within the skyscraper, and its specially designed line of products from the Armani/Casa home furnishings collection.

Music
Armani Musica presents Emporio Armani Caffè compilations, a series of special CD compilations curated by Giorgio Armani with DJ-sound designer Matteo Ceccarini, offering an eclectic mix of conceptual sounds and underground rhythms.

Sport

Giorgio Armani has a keen interest in sports. He is the president of the Olimpia Milano basketball team, and an Inter Milan fan.

He has twice designed suits for the England national football team. He has since designed suits worn by players of the London club Chelsea since August 2007.

He designed the Italian flag bearers' outfits at the opening ceremony at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, and also designed Italy's Olympic uniforms for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Armani also designed and introduced the EA7 range, a brand inspired by Ukrainian footballer Andriy Shevchenko, who at the time played for A.C. Milan and wore the number 7 jersey. As regards sports, Armani owns Italian basketball club Olimpia Milano and has designed uniforms for the Italian Olympic and Paralympic teams.

Chelsea commissioned Armani to create a new look for its Directors' Suite at Stamford Bridge.

Beginning in 2021, Giorgio Armani entered into a multi-year sponsorship agreement as an official supplier to Scuderia Ferrari. Armani will provide official and travel ensembles to members of the team in return for brand exposure and association with the world's number-one brand and most popular motorsport team.

Personal life
Armani is an intensely private man, but has publicly identified as bisexual. He had a longstanding relationship with his business partner, the fashion designer Sergio Galeotti, who died of a heart attack in 1985. He has some relatives in the United States as well. Giorgio Armani spends much of his time according to family on his over 200 ft yacht and loves sailing.

Honours
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (14 July 2021)

See also
List of fashion designers
Italian fashion

References

Bibliography

Sources

 Giorgio Armani, Spring-Summer Couture
 Giorgio Armani – The Businessman, the Designer and the Brand

External links

 www.giorgioarmani.com — Company website
 Giorgio Armani, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador
 Giorgio Armani interview with Harper's Bazaar
 Giorgio Armani costume design drawings for AMERICAN GIGOLO, 1980, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
 Giorgio Armani at The Fashion Styles

1934 births
Living people
Belgian Royal Warrant holders
Bisexual male artists
Fashion designers from Milan
Italian billionaires
Italian fashion designers
LGBT fashion designers
Italian bisexual people
People from Piacenza
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Goodwill Ambassadors
Menswear designers
Window dressers
Compasso d'Oro Award recipients
Armani
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

Giorgio Armani


Michaela Anne "Dr. Mike" Quinn, M.D. is a fictional character from the American television show Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. CBS introduced the series in 1993, and Dr. Quinn was played by Jane Seymour. The series ran for six seasons, ending in 1998. Seymour reprised the role in two made for TV movies, Dr. Quinn: Revolutions (1999) and Dr. Quinn: The Heart Within (2001), following the series cancellation.

Jane Seymour's portrayal of Dr. Michaela Quinn has been widely viewed as an iconic western character, earning Seymour a Golden Globe award.

Background
Michaela Quinn was born into a wealthy family in Boston. With the encouragement of Josef Quinn, her father and a doctor in his own right, she attends the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and becomes licensed herself. Unable to find respect as a female physician in a practice of her own, she works with her father in his clinic until his death. Once again faced with discrimination as an independent, female doctor, she pursues employment outside of Boston. After being mistaken for "Michael A. Quinn", (a man) she is offered a job via telegraph in the Colorado Territory. Upon her arrival, the townsfolk discover the error and attempt to withdraw the offer of employment. Michaela insists, however, that she is up to the challenge, and she is reluctantly offered the job as town doctor in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

There she starts her own medical clinic in the town, in lieu of being employed by the town directly, giving her autonomy in her medical practice. She also begins actively trying to change the townfolks attitudes toward modern medicine, the Cheyenne and other Native American peoples, and a host of other, more progressive attitudes not entirely shared by the frontier-minded residents. She adopts three children after her friend and their mother, Charlotte Cooper, was bitten by a rattlesnake and succumbs to the venom.

Quinn is a very independent woman who often clashes with the townsfolk, but more often than not she is successful in changing or at the least softening their attitudes. Soon after her arrival she falls in love with a man named Byron Sully, played by Joe Lando, who is very interested in Indian culture and spends most of his time with the Indians.

Her mother is devastated that her daughter has decided to leave and live in Colorado Springs, but after a visit she changes her mind and to a certain extent accepts Michaela's decision. Later, her mother again travels to Colorado to attend her wedding, giving her blessing for Michaela to marry Sully. The elder Mrs. Quinn warms to the family, even sending young Brian a poodle after his pet wolf, Pup, is killed by rabies. Her mother, Elizabeth, travels to Colorado Springs a third time, with Michaela's sisters in tow, to witness the birth of her daughter, Katherine Elizabeth Sully, who they nickname Katie.

Social issues

Dr. Mike often used her position as a doctor and care giver to seize the moral high ground and challenge the townspeople on their often narrow, conservative views of the time. Some examples include:

Racism, anti-semitism and other bigotry
After regular series characters, blacksmith Robert E. (portrayed by Henry G. Sanders) and his restaurateur wife, Grace, (Jonelle Allen) a freed-slave couple, buy a home in downtown Colorado Springs, they are immediately challenged by the banker, Jedediah Bancroft (portrayed by George Furth, Season 2, Episode 19, "The First Circle"). Bancroft responds to the sale of a prominent home in the town to a black couple by forming a local Ku Klux Klan chapter, for which it is revealed that Bancroft is a grand wizard. The townsfolk are tricked into joining, since they were only told they were joining a men's club. However, it soon becomes clear what Bancroft's true intentions are, and Quinn intervenes as some members of the town are about to hang Robert E. Chastising them for their racism while wearing their "ridiculous costumes", she pulls the hood off of Bancroft, exposing him undeniably as their leader. Shamed as a violent racist and trouble maker, Bancroft is never seen in Colorado Springs again.

Michaela Quinn and her family also warmly befriend the local Cheyenne people, including Chief Black Kettle (played by Nick Ramus), and his right-hand man, Cloud Dancing (Larry Sellers). Dr. Quinn and her adopted family, followed shortly after by Sully, travel to Washington D.C. (Season 3, Episodes 7 and 8, "The Washington Affair", Part 1 and 2) to lobby the government on behalf of the Cheyenne. They meet with Congressional leaders, testify before hearings and even meet with President Ulysses S. Grant (Dennis Lipscomb). They are given mostly platitudes and empty promises, although Grant seems the most accommodating. After a fictional portrayal of the real-life Battle of Washita River (Season 3, Episodes 24 and 25, "Washita"), in which Black Kettle and most of his clan are killed, Quinn has an emotional break down. Cloud Dancing is not at Washita, and therefore survives, although his wife is killed. Cloud Dancing remains a close friend of the Sully/Quinn family throughout the series.

Dr. Quinn also fights for the rights of Chinese immigrants, a Jewish salesman who visits the town, and other racial and religious minorities.

Censorship
The issue of censorship is dealt with on the series when Michaela Quinn's mother sends her late father's extensive book collection to Colorado Springs. Rather than keep them for herself, Dr. Quinn convinces the town to open a public library, which is named the Josef Quinn Memorial Library. Trouble soon brews, however, when the town realizes that many of the titles' subject matter stray from their traditionally conservative, Christian beliefs. Events escalate until an attempted book burning ensues. Stopped by Dr. Mike, Sully and the children, the town realizes they have gone too far and help restore the books. (Season 3, Episode 5, "The Library")

Evolution
While espousing a genuine belief in God along with most of the town, Dr. Quinn nonetheless differs with most of the town on Darwinism.

References

External links

Fictional characters from Colorado
Fictional characters from Boston
Television characters introduced in 1993
Fictional female doctors
Fictional surgeons
Fictional epidemiologists
Fictional obstetricians and gynaecologists
Fictional ophthalmologists
Fictional pediatricians
Drama television characters
Western (genre) heroes and heroines

Michaela Quinn


Mandangad Fort (also called Chitradurga Fort)
is about 2 km from Mandangad town in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra. This fort is said to be constructed by King Bhoj. After the Mughals lost the Battle of Umberkhind , This fort was captured by Shivaji in the battle with Adil Shah. A 400-year-old cannon is the major feature of the fort. The fort constitutes a Ganapati Temple and a tank called Thorla Talav.

It consists of three separate fortifications - Mandangad proper to the south, Parkot in the middle while Jamba in the north. The Jamba water reservoir is now dry. Even though they are believed be much older, local legend attributes Mandangad to Shivaji, Parkot to Habshi of the Siddis and Jamba to Kanhoji Angre(also called Angria). All three forts were captured in 1818 by Col. Kennedy.

References

Tourist attractions in Ratnagiri district
Forts in Ratnagiri district
Ratnagiri district

Mandangad fort


The Lowcountry (sometimes Low Country or just low country) is a geographic and cultural region along South Carolina's coast, including the Sea Islands. The region includes significant salt marshes and other coastal waterways, making it an important source of biodiversity in South Carolina.

Once known for its slave-based agricultural wealth in rice and indigo, crops that flourished in the hot subtropical climate, the Lowcountry today is known for its historic cities and communities, natural environment, cultural heritage, and tourism industry. Demographically, the Lowcountry is still heavily dominated by African American communities, such as the Gullah/Geechee people.

As of the 2020 census, the population of the Lowcountry was 1,167,139.

Geography

The term "Low Country" originally referred to all of the state below the Fall Line, or the Sandhills, which run the width of the state from Aiken County to Chesterfield County. The Sandhills, or Carolina Sandhills, is a 15–60 km wide region within the Atlantic Coastal Plain province, along the inland margin of this province. The Carolina Sandhills are interpreted as eolian (wind-blown) sand sheets and dunes that were mobilized episodically approximately 75,000 to 6,000 years ago. Most of the published luminescence ages from the sand are coincident with the last glaciation, a time when the southeastern United States had colder air temperatures and stronger winds. The area above the Sandhills is known as "Upstate" or "Upcountry". These areas are different in geology, geography, and culture.

There are several variations on the geographic extent of the "Lowcountry" area. The most commonly accepted definition includes Charleston, Dorchester, Beaufort, Georgetown, Colleton, Hampton, Berkeley, Jasper, and Williamsburg Counties, often described as the area encompassing the basins of Cooper River, Santee River, ACE (Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto), Winyah Bay, and Savannah River. Some include Marion and Horry Counties. Dillon County is included in the Lowcounty by the largest group of healthcare executives in the state.

Four counties are covered by the Lowcountry Council of Governments, a regional governmental entity charged with regional and transportation planning, and are the ones included in the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism's "Lowcountry and Resort Islands" area. The area includes the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Technically, the Lowcountry is synonymous with the areas with a large population of Gullah Geechee peoples of the region. Gullah Geechee people have traditionally resided in the coastal areas and the sea islands of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida—from Pender County, North Carolina, to St. Johns County, Florida.

Tourism
The tourism industry has been a vibrant part of the region's economy since the beginning of the 20th century. The tourism commission advertises both nature-based tourism and historic sites. The pressure of the tourism industry on the coast both encroaches on marshland and places pressure on African American communities.

The industry tends to emphasize the Gullah Geechee cultural tradition as part of the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. Important to this cultural tradition are traditional sweetgrass baskets. But harvesting natural sweetgrass is under pressure from both development and overharvesting. Mary Jackson was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for her work making sweetgrass baskets.

See also
 History of South Carolina
 Bibliography of South Carolina history

References

Regions of South Carolina
Gullah country

South Carolina Lowcountry


Earl Cochrane is a Canadian soccer executive, who has previously worked the Canadian Soccer Association, D.C. United, and Toronto FC.

Playing career
Cochrane played university soccer at Carleton University. He was a four-time OUA All-star and a two time all-Canadian defender. Cochrane also played professionally in Asia.

Management
Cochrane worked for the Canadian Soccer Association as the National Teams Manager from January 2001 before becoming Director of Communications in 2005. He was also Director of Communications of D.C. United for two years before returning to Canada. Cochrane was an original member of Toronto FC, joining in July 2006 as the club's Manager of Team Operations. Cochrane was named TFC Academy Director in April 2007. He was appointed interim general manager of Toronto FC on Sept 14, 2010, following Mo Johnston's removal. He became Director of Team and Player Operations following the appointment of Toronto FC's new management team in January, 2011. Shortly after the firing of general manager Kevin Payne, Cochrane was also fired.

References

External links
 Toronto FC Academy staff

Toronto FC
Canadian men's soccer players
Canadian expatriate men's soccer players
Living people
Penang F.C. players
Men's association football defenders
Year of birth missing (living people)
Carleton Ravens men's soccer players
20th-century Canadian people

Earl Cochrane


Auditory fatigue is defined as a temporary loss of hearing after exposure to sound. This results in a temporary shift of the auditory threshold known as a temporary threshold shift (TTS). The damage can become permanent (permanent threshold shift, PTS) if sufficient recovery time is not allowed before continued sound exposure. When the hearing loss is rooted from a traumatic occurrence, it may be classified as noise-induced hearing loss, or NIHL.

There are two main types of auditory fatigue, short-term and long-term. These are distinguished from each other by several characteristics listed individually below.

Short-term fatigue
 full recovery from TTS can be achieved in approximately two minutes
 the TTS is relatively independent of exposure duration
 TTS is maximal at the exposure frequency of the sound

Long-term fatigue
 recovery requires a minimum of several minutes but can take up to several days
 dependent on exposure duration and noise level

Physiology

Affected anatomy

Note: The complete anatomy of the human ear is extensive, and can be divided into the inner ear and outer ear. The remainder of this article mainly references the cochlea, outer hair cells, and organ of Corti.

In general, structural damages to any anatomical part of the human ear can cause hearing-related problems. Usually, minor bending of the stereocilia of the inner ear is associated with temporary hearing loss and is involved in auditory fatigue. Complete loss of the stereocilia causes permanent hearing damage and is more associated with noise-induced hearing loss and other auditory diseases.

The outer hair cells, or OHCs, can be thought of as microamplifiers that provide stimulation to the inner hair cells. The OHCs are the most fragile of the hair cells, hence their involvement in auditory fatigue and other hearing impairments.

The hearing organ in fish is called an otolith, which is sensitive to particle motion, not sound pressure. Some fish also have a lateral line.

Affected mechanisms

Traveling wave theory
Temporary threshold shifts related to auditory fatigue are related to the amplitude of a stimulus-driven traveling wave. This is believed to be true because the vibration propagated by the active process is not usually at the center of the maximum amplitude of this wave. Instead, it is located much further down and the differences associated between them explain the shift in threshold. The TTS that is experienced is the exhaustion of the active system located at the locus of the traveling wave driven by the cochlear amplifier described below. Auditory fatigue can be explained by the relative activity of the active process at low-level stimulation (<30 dB).

Classical passive system
There are two different systems associated with the mechanics of the cochlea: the classical passive system and an active process. The passive system works to stimulate the inner hair cells directly and works at levels above 40 dB. At stimulation levels that prevent the excitation of the passive system, prolonged noise exposure results in a decrease in the loudness heard over time, even when the actual intensity of the noise has not changed. This is caused by the exhaustion of the active process.

Active process
The active process is also known as the cochlear amplifier. This amplification increases vibrations of the basilar membrane through energy obtained from the Organ of Corti. As the stimulation increases, it is assumed that basilar membrane displacement, caused by the traveling wave, becomes continually more basal in regards to the cochlea. A sustained low-level stimulus can cause an energetic exhaustion of the active system which in turn prevents the passive system from activating.

Excessive vibrations
Currently it is believed that auditory fatigue and NIHL are related to excessive vibrations of the inner ear which may cause structural damages. Metabolic activity is required in order to maintain the electrochemical gradients used in mechano-electrical and electro-mechanical transduction during noise exposure and sound recognition. The metabolic activity is associated with active displacements which are components of the sound-induced vibration involving prestin, a motor protein that causes OHC motility. Excess vibrations require increased metabolic energy.

In addition, these extra vibrations can cause the formation of free radicals known as reactive oxygen species or ROS. Elevated levels of ROS continue to increase the metabolic demands of the system. These increasing demands fatigue the system and eventually lead to structural damages to the Organ of Corti.

Recovery
In all cases of auditory fatigue, sufficient recovery time should allow full correction of the hearing impairment and return threshold levels to their baseline values. There is currently no way to estimate the amount of time needed to recover from auditory fatigue because it is not usually detectable until after the injury has already occurred. Studies that measured recovery time have noted that the time required is related to the magnitude of the initial hearing loss. The most significant recovery was found to occur during the first 15 minutes following cessation of the noise exposure. When sufficient recovery time is not allotted, the effects become permanent, resulting in acquired noise-induced hearing loss. Up to 120 minutes of recovery time can be required of noises of only 95 dB. For comparison, common items that can produce noise at this level are motorcycles and subways.

Protective measures

Toughening and energy spread
Two protective measures have been investigated related to the amount of noise exposure and the duration of that exposure. Although these would be hard to regulate in spontaneous occurrences, they could have a positive effect on work conditions if guidelines could be set for machining times or for other systems that produce loud noises over a long period of time. The toughening effect is put in place by increasing the system's resistance to noise over time. Currently, the specific mechanisms that cause the cochlear toughening are not known. However, the OHCs and related processes are known to play a role. The other toughening measure is to spread a given amount of energy to the system over a longer amount of time. This would allow recovery processes to take place during the quiet interludes that are gained by increasing the exposure duration. So far, studies have not shown a direct correlation between the amount of toughening and the amount of threshold shift experienced. This suggests that even a toughened cochlea may not be completely protected.

Substances
Both furosemide and salicylic acid are considered ototoxic at certain doses. Research has been done to determine their ability to protect against auditory fatigue and permanent damage through toughening phenomena, a state described by reduced active cochlear displacements. Although limited research has been done with these two substances in terms of protective drug regimes because of their associated risks, both have shown positive results in reducing auditory fatigue by the decrease in ROS formation through individual mechanisms described below.

Furosemide
Furosemide injections prior to noise exposure have been shown to decrease the endocochlear potential. This decrease results in a reduction of active cochlear displacements and it is believed that the protection by furosemide stems from the limitation of excessive vibrations while the cochlear amplifier is depressed.

Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid competitively interferes with anion binding to OHC prestin which thereby reduces motility. This reduction in active displacement is again associated with depression of the cochlear amplifier which decreases the excessive vibrations experienced during noise-exposure.

Antioxidants
Vitamins A, C and E have been shown to be 'free radical scavengers' by studies looking for protective tendencies of antioxidants. In addition, NAC, or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (acetylcysteine), has been shown to reduce ROS formation associated with the excessive vibrations induced by the noise exposure.

Limitations
Although auditory fatigue and NIHL protective measures would be helpful for those who are constantly exposed to long and loud noises, current research is limited due to the negative associations with the substances. Furosemide is used in congestive heart failure treatments because of its diuretic properties. Salicylic acid is a compound most frequently used in anti-acne washes, but is also an anticoagulant. Further uses of these substances would need to be personalized to the individual and only under close monitoring. Antioxidants do not have these negative effects and therefore are the most commonly researched substance for the purpose of protecting against auditory fatigue. However, at this time there has been no marketed application. In addition, no synergistic relationships between the drugs  on the degree of reduction of auditory fatigue have been discovered at this time.

Risk increasing factors
 Physical exercise
 Heat exposure
 Workload
 Ototoxic chemicals

There are several factors that may not be harmful to the auditory system by themselves, but when paired with an extended noise exposure duration have been shown to increase the risk of auditory fatigue. This is important because humans will remove themselves from a noisy environment if it passes their pain threshold. However, when paired with other factors that may not physically recognizable as damaging, TTS may be greater even with less noise exposure. One such factor is physical exercise. Although this is generally good for the body, combined noise exposure during highly physical activities was shown to produce a greater TTS than just the noise exposure alone. This could be related to the amount of ROS being produced by the excessive vibrations further increasing the metabolic activity required, which is already increased during physical exercise.  However, a person can decrease their susceptibility to TTS by improving their cardiovascular fitness overall.

Heat exposure is another risk factor. As blood temperature rises, TTS increases when paired with high-frequency noise exposure. It is hypothesized that hair cells for high-frequency transduction require a greater oxygen supply than others, and the two simultaneous metabolic processes can deplete any oxygen reserves of the cochlea. In this case, the auditory system undergoes temporary changes caused by a decrease in the oxygen tension of the cochlear endolymph that leads to vasoconstriction of the local vessels. Further research could be done to see if this is a reason for the increased TTS during physical exercise that is during continued noise-exposure as well.

Another factor that may not show signs of being harmful is the current workload of a person. Exposure to noise greater than 95 dB in individuals with heavy workloads was shown to cause severe TTS. In addition, the workload was a driving factor in the amount of recovery time required to return threshold levels to their baselines.

There are some factors that are known to directly affect the auditory system. Contact with ototoxic chemicals such as styrene, toluene and carbon disulfide heighten the risk of auditory damages. Those individuals in work environments are more likely to experience the noise and chemical combination that can increase the likelihood of auditory fatigue. Individually, styrene is known to cause structural damages of the cochlea without actually interfering with functional capabilities. This explains the synergistic interaction between noise and styrene because the cochlea will be increasingly damaged with the excessive vibrations of the noise plus the damage caused by the chemical itself. Specifically, noise damage typically damages the first layer of the outer hair cells. The combined effects of styrene and noise exposure shows damages to all three rows instead, reinforcing previous results. Also, the combined effects of these chemicals and the noise produce greater auditory fatigue than when an individual is exposed to one factor immediately followed by the next.

It is important to understand that noise exposure itself is the main influential factor in threshold shifts and auditory fatigue, but that individuals may be at greater risk when synergistic effects take place during interactions with the above factors.

Experimental studies

Studies have been carried out in humans, marine mammals (dolphins, harbour porpoises and harbour seals) rodents (mice, rats, guinea pigs and chinchillas) and fish.

References

See also

 Hearing loss
 Noise-induced hearing loss
 Tinnitus
 Hearing protection device
 Safe listening

Hearing
Audiology
Occupational hazards
Otology

Auditory fatigue


McKinley Burnett (January 9, 1897 – July 24, 1968) played a pivotal role in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka school desegregation case as President of the Topeka NAACP by recruiting 13 Topeka families to participate in the court action.

Early life
McKinley Langford Burnett was born in Oskaloosa, Kansas in 1897. In his years of growing up he encountered many acts of discrimination. In school he was not allowed to participate in plays unless he was dancer, in the Army as a soldier he was discriminated against, and as a supply clerk for the Veterans Administration he had many limits because of his skin color. He wanted to do something about this, to end discrimination against African Americans.

In 1948 Burnett became President of the Topeka chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). His focus as president settled on desegregating public schools in Topeka, Kansas. For two years he held meetings and wrote letters, trying to convince the school board to integrate schools. They kept refusing.

Brown v. Board
In 1950 Burnett took his efforts to the next level. He informed the school board if they did not desegregate the schools, he along with the NAACP would go to court. The school board ignored the threat. So then the NAACP took the Topeka school board to court.

Burnett personally recruited thirteen African American families to attempt enrolling their children in Topeka Public Schools' all-white schools for the fall semester of 1950. All 20 children were denied enrollment. In February, 1951 the NAACP filed a lawsuit. Eleven attempts had been made before to end segregation in Kansas.

Three years after the suit was filed, the Supreme Court reviewed the case.  The case was named Brown v. Board of Education. Throughout all the hearings and debates, Burnett was in attendance for it all. Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the ruling of the Supreme Court: "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

McKinley Burnett was quoted as saying, "I say, 'thank God for the Supreme Court.'"

Later life
Burnett continued his duty as the president of the NAACP chapter until 1963.  He died in 1968. On October 4, 2001, the Topeka Public Schools Administrative Center was renamed in his honor. This act created a named monument in the community where his leadership spawned the school desegregation case that is often credited with starting the civil rights movement of the late 20th century.

References

 "About McKinley Burnett." Topeka Public Schools. 2005. Topeka Public Schools. 5 Nov. 2006.
 Davis, Maurita. "McKinley Burnett: Fired by a Dream." Kansas Collection Articles. 5 Nov. 2006.
 Mills, Abby. "McKinley Burnett." Brown V. Board of Education Profiles. 2004. 5 Nov. 2006.

School desegregation pioneers
NAACP activists
1897 births
1968 deaths
People from Oskaloosa, Kansas

McKinley Burnett


Adventure into Fear was a set of American television series planned for the streaming service Hulu, based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics. Produced by Marvel Television and ABC Signature Studios, they were to be standalone series sharing the "same universe" as Marvel's other series but would not cross over with the films and television series of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

Following the cancellation of all Marvel's Netflix television series, Hulu ordered a set of interconnected new series from Marvel based on fear-focused Marvel properties in May 2019. Labelled "Adventure into Fear", the series included Ghost Rider—starring Gabriel Luna, reprising his role from ABC's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.—and Helstrom, though Ghost Rider was dropped during development. Helstrom stars Tom Austen and Sydney Lemmon, and debuted in October 2020, ultimately being disconnected from the MCU. Several more series were in development for the banner, but Marvel Television stopped work on these when it was folded into Marvel Studios in December 2019. Helstrom was canceled a year later in December 2020.

Development
In May 2019, after all of Marvel's Netflix television series were cancelled by that service, Marvel Television announced that two new series based on Ghost Rider and the siblings Daimon and Ana Helstrom had been ordered straight-to-series by Hulu, which had recently become majority-controlled by Marvel's parent company Disney. The intention was to build an interconnected universe between the two series in a similar fashion to the world created for Marvel's Netflix shows, telling standalone stories that would not cross over with the Marvel Cinematic Universe. A series based on Ghost Rider had been rumored at Marvel Television since the character appeared on their ABC series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., but the company did not want to make a spin-off series for the character at ABC because they wanted the series to be more mature than that network would allow; Hulu's series Castle Rock is closer to the tone that Marvel intended for Ghost Rider, so the studio began discussions with Hulu about expanding their slate at the service beyond the young adult series Runaways. Marvel initially referred to the two series as the cornerstone of the "Spirits of Vengeance", with Loeb adding that they were moving into a new, "chilling" corner of the Marvel Universe. Luna's Ghost Rider was initially reported to be a "completely new iteration of the character in no way connected to the 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' storyline", though Jeph Loeb would later say that the series would "acknowledge what has happened in the past", however it would not be a spin-off of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D..

Loeb said in August that he saw the Hulu series as Marvel Television "arising again" after the Netflix cancellations. He explained that discussions with Hulu regarding Ghost Rider had expanded to "three or four shows" that could be put together in a similar model to the Netflix series, and Marvel was now referring to these collectively as "Adventure into Fear". Loeb said this was not another name for "Marvel Horror" as Marvel was not interested in making horror series in the vein of the Saw franchise, instead wanting to focus on heroes who were feared by others. He added that further series under this banner beyond Ghost Rider and Helstrom were in development. At least two additional series were in development, with the plan to have the four series crossover in a Defenders-style event, with Lilith, Mother of All Demons serving as the antagonist.

A month later, Hulu decided to no longer move forward with Ghost Rider due to creative differences, though Helstrom was still planned to go ahead. When production began on Helstrom in October, Loeb reiterated that it was just the first series of the "Adventure into Fear" franchise. However, Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios in December 2019 and stopped development on all new projects. Some Marvel Television executives moved to Marvel Studios to oversee the completion of Helstrom and other series that were already in production. By July 2020, "Marvel's" was removed from Helstroms title in order to distance the Marvel brand from the series' horror-based content, not wanting viewers to "stumble upon the show while looking for something in the tone" of the Marvel Cinematic Universe films. The Marvel logo is also not featured before each episode as was the case with Marvel Television's other series, with showrunner Paul Zbyszewski saying this was "a way of telling the audience that this is something different" from the other Marvel series.

Helstrom (2020)

Daimon and Ana Helstrom, the children of a powerful serial killer, hunt down the worst of humanity.

Hulu ordered Helstrom, based on the characters Daimon and Satana Hellstrom, for a 10-episode series in May 2019. Paul Zbyszewski was set as showrunner and executive producer alongside Loeb. The series stars Tom Austen and Sydney Lemmon respectively as Daimon and Ana Helstrom, along with Elizabeth Marvel as Victoria Helstrom, Robert Wisdom as Henry / Caretaker, Ariana Guerra as Gabriella Rossetti, June Carryl as Louise Hastings, and Alain Uy as Chris Yen. Filming began in early October 2019 in Vancouver, and wrapped in March 2020. Helstrom was released on October 16, 2020, and canceled on December 14, 2020. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 27% based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10, while Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 40 out of 100 based on 9 critics.

Roxxon Corporation, a company that has been featured in the comics and the MCU, is referenced in the series. Regarding the series' place relative to the MCU, Zbyszewski explained that Helstrom is "siloed off" in part because of it being a "darker-themed show", further adding that the series was "not tied to the MCU" and "our own separate thing". Zbyszewski called it "freeing" not being a part of the MCU or its canon, instead "hav[ing] just this little pocket of the universe".

Abandoned projects

Ghost Rider
On the Texas–Mexico border, Robbie Reyes avenges the innocent by unleashing the demonic Ghost Rider.

During development on the fourth season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Marvel suggested that the series introduce Ghost Rider, after the character's film rights had returned to Marvel from Sony Pictures in May 2013. The Robbie Reyes version of the character was chosen over other versions from the comics due to his family values, and to help the series distance itself from Sony's Ghost Rider films that starred Nicolas Cage as the Johnny Blaze version of the character. Gabriel Luna was announced to be playing Reyes at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con. A month later, Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb said the character "could venture into other sections" of the MCU, depending on the audience's response to his appearance in S.H.I.E.L.D. Luna expressed interest in reprising his role outside of the series, adding that he "signed on the line to do all the work necessary". That October, Luna said there had been "rumblings" about a spin-off for the character, but reiterated that it would depend on audience response, though Marvel Television had been keen on a spin-off "almost instantly after the character debuted", executing the hold clause in Luna's contract then to ensure he would be available for any such project.

Hulu ordered Ghost Rider to series in May 2019, with Ingrid Escajeda set as showrunner and executive producer alongside Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Paul Zbyszewski and Loeb, and Luna reprising his role. Luna reiterated how the series had been in development for some time and he had remained contracted for almost three years with the promise that it would eventually be made. Luna also believed that the announced acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney helped provide momentum to finally announce the series. Rather than being a traditional spin-off from S.H.I.E.L.D., Hulu described the series as a new story that "lives unto its own" but is about the same character. The series was set to be a co-production between Marvel Television and ABC Signature Studios. Escajeda was drawn to the series' conflicted characters and horror tone, and said that she would be targeting both existing fans of the property and general audiences with the series. In July, Loeb said the series would reference Reyes's role in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Luna said he had a "really awesome idea" for the series that would have kept Reyes in Los Angeles, and he hoped to include traditional Ghost Rider comic book villains such as Lilith, Mother of All Demons. She would have been introduced before her appearance in the Adventure into Fear crossover event. Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. visual effects supervisor Mark Kolpack was approached to serve in the same role on Ghost Rider, but ultimately passed because of the series' budgetary restraints. In September, Hulu chose not to move forward with the project due to creative differences. Luna said this news was surprising and he had been "ready to rock" on the series, with pre-production underway including sets being built and scripts being written; Ken Kristensen had been working as a writer and consulting producer on the series, and Dave Blass was set as production designer. Luna said the cancelation was "the nature of this business" and he had "the time of [his] life" playing the character already.

Other
Loeb stated in August 2019 that there were several "Adventure into Fear" series being developed for Hulu that had not yet been announced, and reiterated this in October. At least two additional series were in development, with the plan to have the four series crossover in a Defenders-style event, with Lilith, Mother of All Demons serving as the antagonist. Marvel had registered trademarks for "Glyph" and "Spirits of Vengeance" by this time. However, by December 2019 Marvel Television was no longer developing new series.

See also
 Marvel's ABC television series
 Marvel's Netflix television series
 Marvel's young adult television series

Notes

References

Hulu original programming
Marvel Cinematic Universe television franchises

Adventure into Fear (franchise)


Alycia Jasmin Debnam-Carey (born 20 July 1993) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her portrayals of the characters Lexa on the dystopian science fiction series The 100 (2014–2016; 2020) and Alicia Clark on the horror drama series Fear the Walking Dead (2015–2022). She made her film debut in 2003 in Rachel Ward's Australian short drama Martha's New Coat, and her feature film debut in the American disaster film Into the Storm (2014). In 2022, she made her directorial debut with the episode "Ofelia" on the seventh season of Fear the Walking Dead.

Early life and education
Debnam-Carey was born on 20 July 1993, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Her mother, Leone Carey, worked as a children's television writer, and her father was a musician. As children, Debnam-Carey and her brother would help their mother act out the program segments she wrote. Debnam-Carey began acting at age eight, and also studied classical percussion for ten years.

She attended Newtown High School of the Performing Arts, where she was a percussionist. In 2010, in partnership with the Berlin Philharmonic, Debnam-Carey and around 40 other musicians composed a piece in a two-week program and performed it at the Sydney Opera House. In her last year of school, she was listed as a distinguished achiever by the NSW Government for achieving the top band of six Higher School Certificate courses. She received the Premier's Award for earning a score of 90+ in over 10 units, as well as an OnStage nomination for achievement in drama and an HSC Encore nomination for achievement in music. Graduating from Newtown in 2011, she almost attended the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, but decided she wanted to pursue acting.

Career

2003–2013: Career beginnings
Debnam-Carey made her film debut at age ten in Rachel Ward's award-winning short-feature film Martha's New Coat (2003). In 2006, she guest-starred in the Australian drama series McLeod's Daughters, and voiced Lee in the Australian animated short film, The Safe House, based on the Petrov Affair. In 2008, she appeared in television film Dream Life and the short drama film Jigsaw Girl. Debnam-Carey also played supporting roles in the short films At the Tattooist (2010) and The Branch (2011). In 2010, she was cast in the unsold pilot Resistance, and guest-starred in an episode of the Australian drama series, Dance Academy.

In her last year of high school, Debnam-Carey decided on traveling to the U.S. after graduating to pursue acting. She began to work in Hollywood at the age of 18. She appeared in Next Stop Hollywood (2013), a six-part documentary that followed six Australian actors as they competed for roles during the U.S. TV pilot season. After two weeks in Los Angeles, Debnam-Carey auditioned for the role of a young Carrie Bradshaw for the CW series The Carrie Diaries, and was asked to audition for an independent thriller film set in the Amish community. She landed on the shortlist for The Carrie Diaries and tested for the network, but the network said she looked too young for the role. She was offered the lead role in the thriller film, later titled The Devil's Hand, which she began filming in North Carolina during the final week of the documentary. While staying in LA, Debnam-Carey became a Heath Ledger Scholarship Finalist in November 2012.

2014–2022: The 100 and Fear the Walking Dead

In 2014, Debnam-Carey played a supporting role in the American disaster film Into the Storm. Following The Devil's Hand, she was cast in a series pilot called Galyntine for AMC, starring Peter Fonda and co-executive-produced by Ridley Scott, Greg Nicotero and Jason Cahill, though AMC ultimately opted not to take the pilot to series.

Debnam-Carey guest-starred in the second season of The CW's dystopian series The 100, debuting in episode six (aired 3 December 2014) as Lexa. Lexa soon became a fan favorite, and Debnam-Carey's breakout role. On 1 December 2014, the four lead roles of AMC's Fear the Walking Dead were announced, with Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark. At San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2015, The 100s showrunner Jason Rothenberg announced that Debnam-Carey would be returning to the show's third season. AMC had agreed to two blocks of filming schedules for her to film for both shows.

Fear the Walking Dead premiered on 23 August 2015. On 27 August, Debnam-Carey made her first talk show appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live! while promoting the series. In December, The Wrap featured Debnam-Carey as one of the 15 breakout TV stars of 2015 for The 100 and Fear the Walking Dead. In 2016, she won the MTV Fandom Award for Fan Freakout of the Year for Lexa on The 100, and E! Online TV Scoop Awards for Best Guest Star (as Lexa) and Female Breakout Star (for Lexa and Alicia Clark).

Debnam-Carey received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Lexa on The 100. Considered a breakout star of Fear the Walking Dead as well, she also received critical praise for her work in the series, with Erik Kain of Forbes writing, "Debnam-Carey is a fantastic actor. She was great in The 100 but she's even better in Fear", crediting her performance in the third-season episode "This Land is Your Land" for "elevating the show". Vanity Fair Laura Bradley said Debnam-Carey "delivered one of her best performances yet" in the season four episode "Close Your Eyes", and David Zapanta of Den of Geek deemed it "arguably a career-defining performance".

Debnam-Carey appeared in the lead role of Laura in the German thriller Friend Request, released in Germany on 7 January 2016. In October 2017, she was cast in the crime drama A Violent Separation (2019) as Frances Campbell, younger sister of the victim. In 2017 and 2018, she was nominated for the Saturn Awards for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series for her work in Fear the Walking Dead. In 2020, she made an appearance in the series finale of The 100, portraying a being known as a judge who assumed Lexa's form to communicate.

In July 2021, it was announced that Debnam-Carey would make her directorial debut in 2022 for a season seven episode of Fear the Walking Dead. She directed the eleventh episode of the season, "Ofelia". Debnam-Carey said she had always been interested in directing ever since she took a film class in school, where she made a short film. In May 2022, she announced that the seventh season episode "Amina" was her final on the series.

2022–present: Upcoming projects
Debnam-Carey portrayed Alice Hart in The Lost Flowers of Alice Hart, co-starring with Sigourney Weaver in the seven-episode Amazon original series based on Holly Ringland's best-selling novel. She will also star as Emily in the eight-part Hulu series Saint X, a psychological drama told through multiple timelines and perspectives, based on Alexis Schaitkin's novel of the same name. Debnam-Carey is reported to appear in the independent sci-thriller film It's What's Inside, co-produced by former Fear the Walking Dead co-star Colman Domingo and written and directed by Greg Jardin.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Living people
1993 births
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Sydney
Australian child actresses
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian video game actresses
Australian voice actresses
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Motion capture actresses
People educated at Newtown High School of the Performing Arts

Alycia Debnam-Carey


Chaumont Volley-Ball 52 is a professional volleyball team  based in Chaumont, in France. And have played in Ligue A since the 2012-2013 season. It won the 2017 French League and the French Supercup in 2017 and 2021. The club finished second in the same year of the CEV Cup.

Volleyball clubs
Sports organizations of France
1990 establishments in Europe
Chaumont, Haute-Marne

Chaumont Volley-Ball 52


Acrophony (; Greek: ἄκρος akros uppermost + φωνή phone sound) is the naming of letters of an alphabetic writing system so that a letter's name begins with the letter itself. For example, Greek letter names are acrophonic: the names of the letters α, β, γ, δ, are spelled with the respective letters:  (alpha),  (beta),  (gamma),  (delta).

The paradigm for acrophonic alphabets is the Proto-Sinaitic script and the succeeding Phoenician alphabet, in which the letter A, representing the sound , is thought to have derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph representing an ox, and is called "ox", ʾalp, which starts with the glottal stop sound the letter represents. The second letter of the Phoenician alphabet is bet (which means "house" and looks a bit like a shelter) representing the sound [b], and from ālep-bēt came the word "alphabet"another case where the beginning of a thing gives the name to the whole, which was in fact common practice in the ancient Near East.

The Glagolitic and early Cyrillic alphabets, although not consisting of ideograms, also have letters named acrophonically.  The letters representing /a, b, v, g, d, e/ are named Az, Buky, Vedi, Glagol, Dobro, Est.  Naming the letters in order, one recites a poem, a mnemonic which helps students and scholars learn the alphabet: Az buky vedi, glagol' dobro est' means "I know letters, [the] word is good" in Old Church Slavonic.

In Irish and Ogham, letters were formerly named after trees, for example A was ailm (white fir), B was beith (birch) and C was coll (hazel). The rune alphabets used by the Germanic peoples were also named acrophonically; for example, the first three letters, which represented the sounds /f, u, þ/, were named fé, ur, þurs in Norse (wealth, slag/rain, giant) and feoh, ur, þorn in Old English (wealth, ox, thorn). Both sets of names probably stemmed from Proto-Germanic *fehu, *uruz, *thurisaz.

The Thai alphabet is learned acrophonically, each letter being represented pictorially in school-books (chicken, egg, buffalo, snake, bell, etc.).

Rudyard Kipling gives a fictional description of the process in one of his Just So Stories, "How the Alphabet was Made".

Modern radiotelephony and aviation uses spelling alphabets (the best-known of which is the NATO Phonetic Alphabet, which begins with Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta...) in which the letters of the English alphabet are arbitrarily assigned words and names in an acrophonic manner to avoid misunderstanding.

Most notes of the solfege scalenamely re, mi, fa, sol, and laderive their names from the first syllable of the lines of Ut queant laxis, a Latin hymn.

See also
Alphabet effect
History of the alphabet
Logogram

References

Onomastics
Alphabets

Acrophony


The Kwikwetlem (), whose name is on the modern map as that of the City of Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada, are a Coast Salish indigenous people whose traditional territories and modern reserves are located in that city and its neighbours Port Coquitlam and Port Moody. Speakers of Hunquminum, the Downriver dialect of Halkomelem, they were organized into the Kwikwetlem First Nation band government, formerly the Coquitlam Indian Band. They are related to the neighbouring Kwantlen and Katzie.

Lower Mainland
Coast Salish
First Nations in British Columbia

Kwikwetlem


Lysis of Taras (; ; fl. c. 5th-century BC) was a Greek philosopher. His life is obscure. He was said to have been a friend and disciple of Pythagoras. After the persecution of the Pythagoreans at Croton and Metapontum in Magna Graecia he escaped and went to Thebes, where he became the teacher of Epaminondas, by whom he was held in the highest esteem. There are, however, serious chronological difficulties with his being both a disciple of Pythagoras and the teacher of Epaminondas. Some of the commentators and doxographers have failed to distinguish between the two different anti-pythagorean revolutions: the first one around ~500, when Pythagoras himself died, and the second one fifty years later. This could clarify the source of the chronological incoherence.

Lysis was credited as the actual author of a work which was attributed to Pythagoras himself. Diogenes Laërtius quotes from an undoubtedly spurious letter from Lysis to Hippasus as an authority for some statements concerning Damo.

References

5th-century BC Greek philosophers
Classical Greek philosophers
Ancient Greek political refugees
Ancient Tarantines
Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)
Pythagoreans of Magna Graecia

Lysis of Taras


Dunavski Venac () is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Palilula, geographically located in Banat.

Location & neighborhood

Dunavski Venac is located north of the Kotež and Krnjača's Blok Sutjeska neighborhoods. On the west it borders the Mokri Sebeš canal while on the east and north it stretched along the Zrenjanski put road which connects Belgrade and Zrenjanin. Given its position, Dunavski Venac is the northernmost urban neighborhood of Belgrade.

Dunavski Venac is entirely residential area. It has no industrial facilities while commerce has begun developing only recently as the neighborhood stretched along the Zrenjaninski put. The name of the neighborhood is descriptive, patterned after the name of Belgrade's municipality of Savski Venac and means the Danube's rim (even though it is not on the Danube's bank).

Municipality

Dunavski Venac is also the proposed name for the future municipality of Belgrade. At the moment, it is the name of the local community which comprises most of Krnjača, with a population of 13,414 in 2002. Since the late 1990s a notion of the area on the left bank of the Danube splitting from the municipality of Palilula began gaining a momentum. In 2003 a petition signed by 17,000 inhabitants from the area was handed to the Belgrade City Assembly which, at the time, judged that conditions for creation of new municipality were not fulfilled. In 2005 Municipal assembly of Palilula finally accepted to support the move but later decided the opposite so the Organization of the establishment of the municipality of Dunavski Venac announced it will sue the municipality of Palilula. The Supreme Court of Serbia denied jurisdiction in this case. Area had its own municipality 1955-1965 (prior to 1955 it had four municipalities: Borča, Ovča, Padinska Skela and Krnjača which merged into one municipality, Krnjača, in 1955 which in turn was annexed to Palilula in 1965). The proposed new municipality, if accepted and confirmed by the Belgrade City assembly, will have an area of 407 km² and a population of 86,841 (2011).

See also
 List of Belgrade neighborhoods
 List of former and proposed municipalities of Belgrade

References

Map sources
 Beograd - plan grada; M@gic M@p, 2006;
 Beograd - plan i vodič; Geokarta, 1999;

Neighborhoods of Belgrade
Former and proposed municipalities of Belgrade
Palilula, Belgrade

Dunavski Venac


The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).  It was fought on 24 September (Julian calendar) or 4 October (Gregorian calendar) 1636.  A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.

Leslie and Banér commanded two distinct armies: Banér commanded the Swedish main army (huvudarmén), and Leslie commanded the Army of the Weser. Their subordinate officers included the Swedish Count and Major General Lennart Torstenson, Lieutenant General James King (later first Lord Eythin), and Major General John Ruthven. The latter is sometimes erroneously conflated with his uncle Patrick Ruthven who was also a Lieutenant General in the Swedish army, but not present at Wittstock.

Context
The Holy Roman Emperor, with his Saxon and Roman Catholic allies, was fighting for the control of northern Germany against the Swedes and an alliance of Protestant princes opposed to Habsburg hegemony. The Swedes were also allied to the French, but the latter played no part in the battle. The Imperial main army was screening the Swedish army behind the Elbe while a smaller army under General Klitzing was overrunning Brandenburg. Field Marshal Johan Banér commanding the main Swedish army was joined by Field Marshal Alexander Leslie commanding the Army of the Weser which comprised German, Scottish and (at least one) English regiments. Together they crossed the Elbe with a surprise march and met their opponents in the forested hilly landscape slightly south of Wittstock.

The Imperial army was larger in strength than the Swedish army, but at least one-third of it was composed of Saxon units of questionable quality. The Swedish artillery was considerably stronger, leading the Imperial commanders to maintain a largely defensive position on the hill tops.

The battle
The Imperial forces decided to wait for the Swedes on a range of sandy hills, the Scharfenberg. A part of the Imperial front was further defended with six ditches and a wall of linked wagons. Their commanders waited for some time for the Swedish troops to appear on the open fields to their front. Instead, the Swedish army was turning the Imperial left flank, moving behind the cover of a series of linked hills. The Imperial troops were forced to redeploy their lines to set up a new front.

The battle was begun by small forces detached in detail to secure the hills. The Swedes, under Banér had problems moving up reinforcements through marshy ground, but battle was eventually joined along a wide front.

Banér and Leslie had detached one-fourth of the army under Lieutenant-General James King and Major-General Torsten Stålhandske to take a long detour around the Imperial right flank. They found the traverse difficult and slow, leading Banér's troops to take heavy casualties and begin to retreat. Alexander Leslie moved five of his regiments to his relief taking heavy casualties in the process with the Scottish and English regiments being particularly badly mauled. Nonetheless they were able to relieve Banér in time for King's cavalry to finally outflank the Imperial troops causing a rout. With Major General Vitzthum in the reserve refusing to engage the Imperials, his role was taken by Major-General John Ruthven (Leslie's son-in-law) who had been so deployed for just such an emergency. Now attacked on two fronts and with the reserve brigades engaged, the Imperial forces, having lost all their artillery, retreated under the cover of dusk in full rout.

Conclusion
In the accounts of the battle preserved in National Archives of Sweden, Johan Banér accredits the victory to Field Marshal Leslie. Leslie, in his personal correspondence to the Swedish Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna, was clearly horrified at the losses sustained by his army and implies that there had been disagreement about the wisdom of Banér's tactics before the battle. A third report, by James King conforms with Leslie's, but also contains additional information. All three have been transcribed, translated and published in English. Nevertheless, Wittstock was a resounding victory for the Swedish forces and corrected any delusions harboured by the Imperials that they were a spent force after the earlier battle of Nördlingen.

Maps

References

Sources

. –  originally published in the Independent under the byline of "Allen Hall in Berlin" on p. 29.

Wittstock
1636 in Europe
Wittstock 1637
Wittstock 1636
Wittstock 1636
Wittstock 1636
Wittstock
Wittstock

Battle of Wittstock


WSAJ-FM (91.1 MHz) is a non-commercial college radio station located in Grove City, Pennsylvania. The station is owned and operated by Grove City College and carries syndicated classical and jazz music, as well as student programming and local sports coverage. The station is managed by an employee of the college, and its day-to-day operations are overseen by a staff of student volunteers when school is in session.

History

Beginnings

Physics Professor Dr. Herbert W. Harmon conducted radio experimentation at Grove City College beginning in 1914, first over amateur radio station 8CO, and later Technical and Training School station 8YV. All civilian radio stations were shut down during World War One, however 8YV was restarted after the war. In late March 1920, Dr. Harmon began broadcasting a series of entertainment broadcasts. On April 26, 1920, college president Weir C. Ketler transmitted a speech from the college to the New Castle Rotary Club, and this has traditionally been recognized as the anniversary date for the beginning of organized broadcasting by Grove City College. However, the College did not officially hold a broadcasting license until November 29, 1922, when it was granted one for a new AM station, which was given the sequentially assigned callsign WSAJ.

WSAJ-FM
The original WSAJ AM station was low-powered and was only permitted to broadcast a few hours per week. Thus, in 1968 an FM sister, WSAJ-FM, was established, initially on 89.5 MHz, and later moving to 91.1 MHz during the 1990s. Student programming was a mainstay on WSAJ from its inception, with off-site satellite-delivered programming during non-student programs, until a power increase in 1995 resulted in the FM station's coverage area being significantly enlarged. At that time, student broadcasting on the FM station ceased and was moved to a current-carrier AM station on 530 kHz, which could only be heard in the immediate vicinity of the college campus.

Student programming subsequently moved to a carrier-current station and later to an intranet streaming format, calling itself WGCC, even though this was not a legitimately-issued call sign. In 2004, newly installed college president Richard G. Jewell and chairman of the board David Rathburn, himself a WSAJ alumnus, instituted policy changes which allowed student broadcasting to return to the more powerful FM station. At that time the student programming rebranded itself as 91.1 The One and adopted a primarily indie rock format. With the AM station limited to just three hours of operation per week, and merely rebroadcasting the FM station's programming during that time, the College allowed the original WSAJ's license to expire in early 2006.

Addition of HD radio and signal increase
In 2007 WSAJ-FM applied for a construction permit to increase its signal across more of western Pennsylvania through a move to a new tower and a power increase from 1,600 to 2,700 watts. WSAJ-FM moved to its new tower in the southwest corner of Venango County and filed its license to cover in March 2011. The new transmitter broadcasts in HD Radio, and its analog signal area has greatly improved to the north and east especially, including areas such as Franklin, Pennsylvania, Oil City, Pennsylvania and portions of Clarion County.

Programming
In March 2007 WSAJ-FM made significant changes to its syndicated programming lineup. For years, the station had carried classical music programming during the daytime from the Beethoven Satellite Network, originating at WFMT in Chicago. It was decided to switch to classical music offerings from Public Radio International, which also enabled the station to add news programming from the British Broadcasting Corporation. The station also added a variety of specialty classical, jazz, bluegrass, and folk music shows throughout the week. The WFMT syndicated program "Jazz with Bob Parlocha" continues to air as well.

During the school year, students from a recognized campus organization fill each evening of the week with programming under the moniker "91-1 The One", featuring a main format of independent/alternative rock. Under this format, the station reports its spin counts to the College Media Journal. Some students also air specialty shows during the week. The organization appoints its executive staff that governs the student programming. The students also do regular remote broadcasts at the college's Homecoming and Parents' Weekend events.

WSAJ-FM also airs Grove City College football and road basketball games and some area high school football games.

WSAJ-FM has future plans to add more local programming and news coverage to benefit the citizens of Grove City and the surrounding areas.  Already, WSAJ-FM has aired brief reports from Grove City Borough Council meetings.

References

External links
WSAJ official website

Coverage area map
Grove City College web site

SAJ-FM
SAJ-FM
Grove City College
SAJ-FM
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Pennsylvania

WSAJ-FM


Calea ternifolia (syn. Calea zacatechichi) is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is native to Mexico and Central America. Its English language common names include bitter-grass, Mexican calea, and dream herb.

It is used in traditional medicine and ritual in its native range.

Uses
In Mexico the plant is used as a herbal remedy for dysentery and fever. The Zoque Popoluca people call the plant tam huñi ("bitter gum") and use it to treat diarrhea and asthma, and the Mixe people know it as poop taam ujts ("white bitter herb") and use it for stomachache and fever.

The Chontal people of Oaxaca reportedly use the plant, known locally as thle-pela-kano, during divination. Isolated reports describe rituals that involve smoking a plant believed to be this species, drinking it as a tea, and placing it under a pillow to induce divinatory or lucid dreams due to its properties as an oneirogen. Zacatechichi, the former species name, is a Hispanicized form of the Nahuatl word "zacatl chichic" meaning "bitter grass". Users take the plant to help them remember their dreams; known side effects include nausea and vomiting related to the taste and mild-to-severe allergic reaction.

While quite bitter if brewed in hot water, the bitterness can be considerably masked by brewing with Osmanthus flowers, which have a compatible scent profile.

Chemical composition

Chemical compounds isolated from this species include flavones such as acacetin and sesquiterpene lactones such as germacranolides. The sesquiterpenes known as caleicines and caleochromenes may be active in its effects on sleep.

Legal status
While it is not a controlled substance under federal law in the United States, some states have considered it individually. Louisiana State Act 159 specifies that it is illegal to possess if it is intended for human consumption, but not if they are intended for ornamental or landscaping use. Tennessee proposed a bill that would have made this and many other plants classified as hallucinogenic illegal, but when the bill was passed only Salvia divinorum was banned.

This plant was banned in Poland in March 2009.

Nephrotoxicity
One study suggest that the herb may have some toxic properties towards kidneys (nephrotoxicity).

In popular culture
American composer David Woodard, who cultivated Calea ternifolia on his San Francisco estate, composed a motet entitled "Calea Zacatechichi", which he recorded with a Hispanic choir.

See also
Oneirogen

References

ternifolia
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Central America
Entheogens
Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
Medicinal plants of North America
Oneirogens

Calea ternifolia


Mannargudi is a town in Thiruvarur district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the headquarters of the Mannargudi Taluk. The town is located at a distance of 20km from the district headquarters Tiruvarur and 310 km from the state capital Chennai. Mannargudi is known for the Rajagopalaswamy temple, a prominent Vaishnavite shrine.Mannargudi is administered by a municipality established in 1866. As of 2011, the municipality covered an area of  and had a population of 66,999. Mannargudi comes under the Mannargudi assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Nagappattinam constituency which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town and it also has rail connectivity. The nearest seaport, Nagapattinam Port, is located 52 km (32 mi) from Mannargudi, while the nearest airport, Tiruchirappalli International Airport, is located 97 km (60 mi) from the town.

Reference

Thiruvarur district

Mannargudi


Carlos Wizard Martins (born 1956) is a Brazilian entrepreneur and founder of Grupo Multi, a company that offers franchises for English courses. Grupo Multi was bought out by Pearson in 2013.

Biography
He was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. When he was thirteen he and his parents joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  It was through interactions with missionaries of the church that he learned English.  At age 18 Martins went to the United States where he worked in Newark, New Jersey for a time.

Martins served a mission for the church in Portugal and later served as a bishop.  In the early 1980s he went back to the United States with his wife and young family to study at Brigham Young University, where he received a degree in Computer Science and Statistics.

He then worked as a computer systems analyst in Brazil.  He soon realized he was earning more by teaching his colleagues English, so he formed Wizard by Pearson.

Martins and his wife, the former Vania Pimentel, are the parents of six children.

From 2001 to 2005 Martins served as president of the Brazil João Pessoa Mission.  Prior to this Martins had served for several years as president of the Campinas Brazil Castelo Stake.

In 2002 Martins wrote a self-help book entitled Vencendo a Própria Crise (Overcoming Personal Crisis).

His 2012 book Desperte o milionário que há em você (Awake the Millionaire Inside of You) was a Brazilian bestseller.

In his recent interview for the Creating Emerging Markets project at the Harvard Business School, he discusses in detail how he segmented the English language teaching market by developing a customized methodology which motivated executives and other students.

Notes

References

article about plans for expansion by Language Wizard

1956 births
Brazilian leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brazilian Mormon missionaries
Brigham Young University alumni
Living people
Mission presidents (LDS Church)
Mormon missionaries in Brazil
Mormon missionaries in Portugal
People from Campinas
People from Curitiba
Brazilian expatriates in Portugal

Carlos Wizard Martins


A stage box is an interface device used in sound reinforcement and recording studios to connect equipment to a mixing console. It provides a central location to connect microphones, instruments, and speakers to a multicore cable (snake), which allows the sound desk to be further from the stage and simplifies setup.

Stage boxes typically consist of a rugged metal enclosure, with XLR connectors on the front whose signals are routed through a snake. In the traditional sense, a stage box is effectively a simple termination box at the end of an analog multicore cable. However, many modern stage boxes convert between analog and digital, using a single twisted pair cable instead of an analog multicore.

Design

Stage boxes typically house 16–32 female XLR connectors and 4–8 male connectors, but occasionally  phone connectors are used instead. These connections to the mixer are often called sends (inputs) and returns (outputs). The connector configuration depends on the number of conductors in the multicore cable (for analog signals), or the bandwidth (for digital signals). Some stage boxes are rack-mountable which allows them to be mounted in either a road case or equipment rack. Smaller stage boxes use compact metal cases which may sit on a stage inconspicuously. Labels on the stage box make it easier to identify cables for troubleshooting and setup.

Many stage boxes, especially digital ones, include microphone preamps. This is intended to amplify the signal as early as possible in the signal flow in order to minimize interference in the cabling. However, this is unfavorable for some sound engineers who prefer the tone of a specific preamp. Another feature of some stage boxes is integrated DI interfaces for direct connection of instruments.

Digital stage boxes

Digital mixing consoles inherently introduce conversion between analog and digital signals. Since digital signals are practically immune to noise, it is preferable to use them for long cable runs. As a result, many modern stage boxes contain an array of DACs and ADCs. This allows all the signals to be transmitted over a single twisted pair cable rather than a bulkier and more expensive analog multicore. Digital stage boxes are typically easier to set up and more reliable than their analog counterparts, and their cables are much more compact. Some digital stage boxes are designed for use with analog mixers, and this type include a corresponding converter box which is located at the mixing console. This converts the input signals back to analog to feed in the mixer. Others are intended for use with a digital mixer, and a cable can be connected directly from the stage box to the mixer, or through an Ethernet switch in some cases.

One of the main disadvantages of digital stage boxes, and digital audio systems in general, is their latency which is introduced in the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion processes. Latency is cumulative through all devices in the signal flow, so more complex networks, especially Ethernet-based ones, can experience latency significant enough to cause an audible delay. This was originally a major drawback of digital stage boxes, but recent systems have lowered latency to insignificant levelstypically 2–3 ms.

Common cables used for digital stage boxes are Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 7, and fiber optic cable. The EtherCON locking connector is commonly used for twisted pair cables. Whilst these cables may be informally referred to as "ethernet", they do not necessarily use the Ethernet protocol, merely the same cables. Many manufacturers use proprietary standards for the transmission of digital audio, for example Behringer's ULTRANET, Digigram's EtherSound or Allen & Heath's dSNAKE. Open standards such as AES10 (used by DiGiCo, Soundcraft, Yamaha etc.) and AES50 (used by Midas, Behringer, Klark Teknik) also exist.

Usage
In a live setting, all of the microphones and musical instruments on stage connect to the stage box, which then connects to the mixing console with a single cable. This is usually more practical than running many individual cables between the stage and the mixer, especially for touring systems. Stage boxes are sometimes also used to connect speakers to a mixereither foldbacks or front-of-house speakers. Some sound engineers connect wireless microphone receivers to the stage box and position them in the same rack next to the stage.

In recording studios, stage boxes are used to connect the control room and the live room. They are commonly rack-mounted or mounted on walls in studios, in contrast to the portable method of installation used for live sound.

Drop boxes

Smaller stage boxes (typically with 2 or 4 connectors) with shorter multicore cables are called drop boxes. These are typically used to carry microphone signals from one side of the stage to the other, or as an extension cable for a few channels on a larger stage box. The multicore cable attached to a drop box is often called a subsnake, although this may also refer to the entire assembly of drop box and multicore cable.

References

Audio engineering
Audiovisual connectors

Stage box


The Institute for Sustainable Communities (ISC) is an independent, tax-exempt, nonprofit organization whose primary work includes finding community-based solutions to reducing climate pollution in the U.S. and China, building the capacity of civil society in the Balkans, and helping communities along the U.S. Gulf Coast and China recover from disasters. ISC provides training, technical assistance and financial support to communities, nonprofits/nongovernmental organizations, businesses and local governments.

Founded in 1991 by Madeleine Kunin and George Hamilton, ISC's early work connected civic participation with environmental management in the countries of the former Soviet Union. ISC has since managed 99 projects in 30 countries, and is funded by private foundations, corporations, individuals and government agencies. Major current programs include the Guangdong Environmental partnership and U.S.-China Partnership for Climate Action in China, the Climate Leadership Academy and Gulf Coast Sustainable Communities Network in the U.S., the Civil Society Advocacy Initiative in Serbia, and the Civil Society Strengthening Program in Kosovo.

Based in Montpelier, Vermont, ISC has offices in Washington, DC, in China (Beijing), Bangladesh (Dhaka), and India (Mumbai). ISC works with local partners to design and implement projects that mobilize communities to bring clean air, water, and land to their communities; adopt energy efficiency measures and conserve resources; reduce the causes and adapt to the local effects of climate disruption; strengthen their civil society institutions to become influential partners alongside business and government; or rebuild sustainably after disasters.

ISC has founded and/or mentored organizations in the countries in which it has worked, including the Fund for Sustainable Development in Russia, the Successful Communities Institute in Ukraine, and FOCUS, a new grassroots organization based in Mississippi.

ISC's Impact
The founding mission of ISC is to help communities around the world address environmental, economic, and social challenges to build a better future shaped and shared by all.

ISC has led community-driven projects across the globe. The organization's approach to addressing these challenges ensures solutions that emerge from within the communities they are working with, rather than being imposed from the outside. They combine technical expertise and leadership training with strategic investments in local organizations in order to create lasting change.

References

Charities based in Washington, D.C.
Montpelier, Vermont

Institute for Sustainable Communities


Claire Louise Evans (born 11 January 1983) is a former Welsh beauty pageant titleholder, Miss Wales 2005.

Born the eldest child of parents Geraint and Michelle in the seaside town of Aberystwyth in Wales, she was educated at St Padarns Roman Catholic primary School and then Penglais Comprehensive School.

Evans was a Welsh International athlete, winning many Welsh championship titles over the distances of 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m, 10,000 m and cross country, and represented Wales at International for several years. A competitive swimmer at county level, she also holds a qualification in sports therapy. Evans's younger brother Daniel Evans, also a competitive runner, represented Wales at International level in athletics and captained his county Dyfed Schools in football. The youngest of the three siblings, Rhian Evans, did not follow the athletics path, instead opting for amateur dramatics.

In 2005, Evans was crowned Miss Wales and represented the country at Miss World in China. She was the first Miss Wales from Aberystwyth and Ceredigion. During her year-long reign, she attended many events and was appointed an Ambassador for the 2006 Heineken Cup Rugby alongside Ieuan Evans and Rob Howley. Evans and Ieuan took the Heineken Cup to the summit of Snowdon in Wales.

In 2007 she was placed 6th in the Miss Great Britain contest. She has appeared in several magazines and music videos and did a TV show for Sky's Living TV hosted by Tara Palmer-Tomkinson. Evans had a six-page modelling cover shoot in women's glossy fashion magazine Citta Bella in Malaysia.

In 2009, Evans won the title of Miss UK Hawaiian Tropic and represented the UK at the 2009 international finals in the autumn. In that same year, Evans successfully completed a course in London for a career as a freelance fashion, photographic and creative media makeup artist and has worked on many high-fashion shoots and for Yes London brand at London Fashion week. TV work includes BBC series Elizabeth's Wales, makeup artist for BBC's presenter Sian williams and the coverage of the Queens Jubilee Celebrations, X-Factor Rhydian Roberts show and celebrity guests, Andrew Lloyd Webber 'Finding Dorothy' West End Wizard of Oz star Sophie Evans, Jonathan show, Bryn Terfel Ysgoloriaeth and many more. Her talent for makeup artistry saw her commissioned by Universal France for the filming of French artist Garou. Travelling internationally, her recent commission was for two leading fashion brands in the Bahamas. Evans was a makeup artist for Miss England Alize Lily Mounter Miss World portfolio. From 2008 to 2009, Evans was the girlfriend of Wales scrum-half and British Lion Mike Phillips; they lived together in Penarth until their split.

References

Living people
People from Aberystwyth
1983 births
Welsh female models
Miss United Kingdom winners
Welsh beauty pageant winners
People educated at Ysgol Penglais School
Miss World 2005 delegates

Claire Evans