Happy End is a 1967 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Oldřich Lipský. Theodor Pištěk designed the costumes for the film. The film is told backwards, beginning with the protagonist's death (which he describes as his birth) and ending with his birth (described as his death).

Plot
Happy end tells the life story of a butcher named Bedřich Frydrych; however, it is told entirely in reverse, giving rise to a different story than the one a forward-flowing narrative would depict. It thus begins with Bedřich's "birth" (his execution by guillotine), followed by a "childhood" spent in school (prison), whereupon he sets out into the world and soon marries, although he has to assemble his wife-to-be from various parts (killing and dismembering her, after finding out she is having an affair).

The reversed chronology also applies to dialogue: lines are read in an ostensibly reversed order, variously resulting in sheer situational comedy and dada.

Cast
 Vladimír Menšík - Butcher Bedřich Frydrych
 Jaroslava Obermaierová - Julie
 Josef Abrhám - Ptáček
 Bohuš Záhorský - Father-in-law
 Stella Zázvorková - Mother-in-law
 Jaroslav Štercl - Constable
 Helena Růžičková - Brunette
 Josef Hlinomaz - Commissioner
 Martin Růžek - Prosecutor
 Jiří Steimar
 Bedřich Prokos - Priest
 Mirko Musil - Warden

External links

1966 comedy films
1966 films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films directed by Oldřich Lipský
Nonlinear narrative films
Czech comedy films
1960s Czech-language films
1960s Czech films

Happy End (1967 film)


WebGL (short for Web Graphics Library) is a JavaScript API for rendering interactive 2D and 3D graphics within any compatible web browser without the use of plug-ins. WebGL is fully integrated with other web standards, allowing GPU-accelerated usage of physics, image processing, and effects in the HTML canvas. WebGL elements can be mixed with other HTML elements and composited with other parts of the page or page background.

WebGL programs consist of control code written in JavaScript, and shader code written in OpenGL ES Shading Language (GLSL ES), a language similar to C or C++. WebGL code is executed on a computer's GPU.

WebGL is designed and maintained by the non-profit Khronos Group. On February 9, 2022, Khronos Group announced WebGL 2.0 support from all major browsers.

Design
WebGL 1.0 is based on OpenGL ES 2.0 and provides an API for 3D graphics. It uses the HTML5 canvas element and is accessed using Document Object Model (DOM) interfaces.

WebGL 2.0 is based on OpenGL ES 3.0. It guarantees the availability of many optional extensions of WebGL 1.0, and exposes new APIs. Automatic memory management is provided implicitly by JavaScript.

Like OpenGL ES 2.0, WebGL lacks the fixed-function APIs introduced in OpenGL 1.0 and deprecated in OpenGL 3.0. This functionality, if required, has to be implemented by the developer using shader code and JavaScript.

Shaders in WebGL are written in GLSL and passed to the WebGL API as text strings. The WebGL implementation compiles these strings to GPU code. This code is executed for each vertex sent through the API and for each pixel rasterized to the screen.

History
WebGL evolved out of the Canvas 3D experiments started by Vladimir Vukićević at Mozilla. Vukićević first demonstrated a Canvas 3D prototype in 2006. By the end of 2007, both Mozilla and Opera had made their own separate implementations.

In early 2009, the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group started the WebGL Working Group, with initial participation from Apple, Google, Mozilla, Opera, and others. Version 1.0 of the WebGL specification was released March 2011. As of March 2012, the chair of the working group is Ken Russell.

An early application of WebGL was Zygote Body. In November 2012 Autodesk announced that they ported most of their applications to the cloud running on local WebGL clients. These applications included Fusion 360 and AutoCAD 360.

Development of the WebGL 2 specification started in 2013 and finished in January 2017. The specification is based on OpenGL ES 3.0.
First implementations are in Firefox 51, Chrome 56 and Opera 43.

Implementations

Almost Native Graphics Layer Engine

Almost Native Graphics Layer Engine (ANGLE) is an open source graphic engine which implements WebGL 1.0 (2.0 which closely conforms to ES 3.0) and OpenGL ES 2.0 and 3.0 standards. It is a default backend for both Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox on Windows platforms and works by translating WebGL and OpenGL calls to available platform-specific APIs. ANGLE currently provides access to OpenGL ES 2.0 and 3.0 to desktop OpenGL, OpenGL ES, Direct3D 9, and Direct3D 11 APIs. ″[Google] Chrome uses ANGLE for all graphics rendering on Windows, including the accelerated Canvas2D implementation and the Native Client sandbox environment.″

Software

WebGL is widely supported by modern browsers. However, its availability depends on other factors, too, like whether the GPU supports it. The official WebGL website offers a simple test page. More detailed information (like what renderer the browser uses, and what extensions are available) can be found at third-party websites.

Desktop browsers
 Google Chrome – WebGL 1.0 has been enabled on all platforms that have a capable graphics card with updated drivers since version 9, released in February 2011. By default on Windows, Chrome uses the ANGLE (Almost Native Graphics Layer Engine) renderer to translate OpenGL ES to Direct X 9.0c or 11.0, which have better driver support.However, on Linux and Mac OS X, the default renderer is OpenGL. It is also possible to force OpenGL as the renderer on Windows. Since September 2013, Chrome also has a newer Direct3D 11 renderer, which requires a newer graphics card. Chrome 56+ supports WebGL 2.0.
 Firefox – WebGL 1.0 has been enabled on all platforms that have a capable graphics card with updated drivers since version 4.0. Since 2013 Firefox also uses DirectX on the Windows platform via ANGLE. Firefox 51+ supports WebGL 2.0.
 Safari – Safari 6.0 and newer versions installed on OS X Mountain Lion, Mac OS X Lion and Safari 5.1 on Mac OS X Snow Leopard implemented support for WebGL 1.0, which was disabled by default before Safari 8.0. Safari version 12 (available in MacOS Mojave) has available support for WebGL 2.0 as an "Experimental" feature. Safari 15 enables WebGL 2.0 for all users.
 Opera – WebGL 1.0 has been implemented in Opera 11 and 12, but was disabled by default in 2014. Opera 43+ supports WebGL 2.0.
 Internet Explorer – WebGL 1.0 is partially supported in Internet Explorer 11. Internet Explorer initially failed most of the official WebGL conformance tests, but Microsoft later released several updates. The latest 0.94 WebGL engine currently passes ~97% of Khronos tests. WebGL support can also be manually added to earlier versions of Internet Explorer using third-party plugins such as IEWebGL.
 Microsoft Edge – For Microsoft Edge Legacy, the initial stable release supports WebGL version 0.95 (context name: "experimental-webgl") with an open source GLSL to HLSL transpiler. Version 10240+ supports WebGL 1.0 as prefixed. Latest Chromium-based Edge supports WebGL 2.0.

Mobile browsers
 Android Browser – WebGL 1.0 is supported on Android as of Chrome 25. WebGL 2.0 is supported on Android as of Chrome 114. Chrome is used for the Android system webview as of Android 5.
 BlackBerry 10 – WebGL 1.0 is available for BlackBerry devices since OS version 10.00
 BlackBerry PlayBook – WebGL 1.0 is available via WebWorks and browser in PlayBook OS 2.00
 Internet Explorer – Prefixed WebGL 1.0 is available on Windows Phone 8.x (11+)
 Firefox for mobile – WebGL 1.0 is available for Android and MeeGo devices since Firefox 4.
 Firefox OS
 Google Chrome – WebGL 1.0 is available for Android devices since Google Chrome 25 and enabled by default since version 30.
 Maemo – In Nokia N900, WebGL 1.0 is available in the stock microB browser from the PR1.2 firmware update onwards.
 MeeGo – WebGL 1.0 is unsupported in the stock browser "Web." However, it is available through Firefox.
 Microsoft Edge – Prefixed WebGL 1.0 is available on Windows 10 Mobile.
 Opera Mobile – Opera Mobile 12 supports WebGL 1.0 (on Android only).
 Safari on iOS – WebGL 1.0 is available for mobile Safari in iOS 8. WebGL 2.0 is available for mobile Safari in iOS 15.
 Sailfish OS – WebGL 1.0 is supported in the default Sailfish browser.
 Tizen – WebGL 1.0 is supported

Tools and ecosystem

Utilities
The low-level nature of the WebGL API, which provides little on its own to quickly create desirable 3D graphics, motivated the creation of higher-level libraries that abstract common operations (e.g. loading scene graphs  and 3D objects in certain formats; applying linear transformations to shaders or view frustums). Some such libraries were ported to JavaScript from other languages. Examples of libraries that provide high-level features include A-Frame (VR), BabylonJS, PlayCanvas, three.js, OSG.JS, Google's model-viewer and CopperLicht. Web3D also made a project called X3DOM to make X3D and VRML content run on WebGL.

Games
There has been an emergence of 2D and 3D game engines for WebGL,  such as Unreal Engine 4 and Unity. The Stage3D/Flash-based Away3D high-level library also has a port to WebGL via TypeScript. A more light-weight utility library that provides just the vector and matrix math utilities for shaders is sylvester.js. It is sometimes used in conjunction with a WebGL specific extension called glUtils.js.

There are also some 2D libraries built atop WebGL, like Cocos2d-x or Pixi.js, which were implemented this way for performance reasons in a move that parallels what happened with the Starling Framework over Stage3D in the Flash world. The WebGL-based 2D libraries fall back to HTML5 canvas when WebGL is not available. Removing the rendering bottleneck by giving almost direct access to the GPU has exposed performance limitations in the JavaScript implementations. Some were addressed by asm.js and WebAssembly (similarly, the introduction of Stage3D exposed performance problems within ActionScript, which were addressed by projects like CrossBridge).

Content creation
As with any other graphics API, creating content for WebGL scenes requires using a 3D content creation tool and exporting the scene to a format that is readable by the viewer or helper library. Desktop 3D authoring software such as Blender, Autodesk Maya or SimLab Composer can be used for this purpose. In particular, Blend4Web allows a WebGL scene to be authored entirely in Blender and exported to a browser with a single click, even as a standalone web page. There are also some WebGL-specific software such as CopperCube and the online WebGL-based editor Clara.io. Online platforms such as Sketchfab and Clara.io allow users to directly upload their 3D models and display them using a hosted WebGL viewer.

Environment-based tools
Starting from Firefox Version 27, Mozilla has given Firefox built-in WebGL tools that allow the editing of vertices and fragment shaders. A number of other debugging and profiling tools have also emerged.

See also
 List of WebGL frameworks
 Experience Curiosity – WebGL simulation of the Mars rover Curiosity
 glTF – originally known as WebGL Transmissions Format or WebGL TF
 WebXR
 Java OpenGL – OpenGL library for the Java programming language
 WebGPU

References

External links

 WebGL  at the Mozilla Developer Network

3D graphics APIs
Cross-platform software
Graphics libraries
Graphics standards
OpenGL
Web development

WebGL


In mathematics, Green's relations are five equivalence relations that characterise the elements of a semigroup in terms of the principal ideals they generate. The relations are named for James Alexander Green, who introduced them in a paper of 1951. John Mackintosh Howie, a prominent semigroup theorist, described this work as "so all-pervading that, on encountering a new semigroup, almost the first question one asks is 'What are the Green relations like?'" (Howie 2002). The relations are useful for understanding the nature of divisibility in a semigroup; they are also valid for groups, but in this case tell us nothing useful, because groups always have divisibility.

Instead of working directly with a semigroup S, it is convenient to define Green's relations over the monoid S1. (S1 is "S with an identity adjoined if necessary"; if S is not already a monoid, a new element is adjoined and defined to be an identity.) This ensures that principal ideals generated by some semigroup element do indeed contain that element. For an element a of S, the relevant ideals are:
 The principal left ideal generated by a: . This is the same as , which is .
 The principal right ideal generated by a: , or equivalently .
 The principal two-sided ideal generated by a: , or .

The L, R, and J relations

For elements a and b of S, Green's relations L, R and J are defined by
 a L b if and only if S1 a = S1 b.
 a R b if and only if a S1 = b S1.
 a J b if and only if S1 a S1 = S1 b S1.
That is, a and b are L-related if they generate the same left ideal; R-related if they generate the same right ideal; and J-related if they generate the same two-sided ideal. These are equivalence relations on S, so each of them yields a partition of S into equivalence classes. The L-class of a is denoted La (and similarly for the other relations). The L-classes and R-classes can be equivalently understood as the strongly connected components of the left and right Cayley graphs of S1. Further, the L, R, and J relations define three preorders ≤L, ≤R, and ≤J, where a ≤J b holds for two elements a and b of S if the ideal generated by a is included in that of b, i.e., S1 a S1 ⊆ S1 b S1, and ≤L and ≤R are defined analogously.

Green used the lowercase blackletter ,  and  for these relations, and wrote  for a L b (and likewise for R and J). Mathematicians today tend to use script letters such as  instead, and replace Green's modular arithmetic-style notation with the infix style used here. Ordinary letters are used for the equivalence classes.

The L and R relations are left-right dual to one another; theorems concerning one can be translated into similar statements about the other. For example, L is right-compatible: if a L b and c is another element of S, then ac L bc. Dually, R is left-compatible: if a R b, then ca R cb.

If S is commutative, then L, R and J coincide.

The H and D relations

The remaining relations are derived from L and R. Their intersection is H:
a H b if and only if a L b and a R b.
This is also an equivalence relation on S. The class Ha is the intersection of La and Ra. More generally, the intersection of any L-class with any R-class is either an H-class or the empty set.

Green's Theorem states that for any -class H of a semigroup S either (i)  or (ii)  and H is a subgroup of S. An important corollary is that the equivalence class He, where e is an idempotent, is a subgroup of S (its identity is e, and all elements have inverses), and indeed is the largest subgroup of S containing e. No -class can contain more than one idempotent, thus  is idempotent separating. In a monoid M, the class H1 is traditionally called the group of units. (Beware that unit does not mean identity in this context, i.e. in general there are non-identity elements in H1. The "unit" terminology comes from ring theory.) For example, in the transformation monoid on n elements, Tn, the group of units is the symmetric group Sn.

Finally, D is defined: a D b if and only if there exists a c in S such that a L c and c R b. In the language of lattices, D is the join of L and R. (The join for equivalence relations is normally more difficult to define, but is simplified in this case by the fact that a L c and c R b for some c if and only if a R d and d L b for some d.)

As D is the smallest equivalence relation containing both L and R, we know that a D b implies a J b—so J contains D. In a finite semigroup, D and J are the same, as also in a rational monoid.  Furthermore they also coincide in any epigroup.

There is also a formulation of D in terms of equivalence classes, derived directly from the above definition:
 a D b if and only if the intersection of Ra and Lb is not empty.
Consequently, the D-classes of a semigroup can be seen as unions of L-classes, as unions of R-classes, or as unions of H-classes. Clifford and Preston (1961) suggest thinking of this situation in terms of an "egg-box":

Each row of eggs represents an R-class, and each column an L-class; the eggs themselves are the H-classes. For a group, there is only one egg, because all five of Green's relations coincide, and make all group elements equivalent. The opposite case, found for example in the bicyclic semigroup, is where each element is in an H-class of its own. The egg-box for this semigroup would contain infinitely many eggs, but all eggs are in the same box because there is only one D-class. (A semigroup for which all elements are D-related is called bisimple.)

It can be shown that within a D-class, all H-classes are the same size. For example, the transformation semigroup T4 contains four D-classes, within which the H-classes have 1, 2, 6, and 24 elements respectively.

Recent advances in the combinatorics of semigroups have used Green's relations to help enumerate semigroups with certain properties. A typical result (Satoh, Yama, and Tokizawa 1994) shows that there are exactly 1,843,120,128 non-equivalent semigroups of order 8, including 221,805 that are commutative; their work is based on a systematic exploration of possible D-classes. (By contrast, there are only five groups of order 8.)

Example

The full transformation semigroup T3 consists of all functions from the set {1, 2, 3} to itself; there are 27 of these. Write (a b c) for the function that sends 1 to a,  2 to b, and 3 to c. Since T3 contains the identity map, (1 2 3), there is no need to adjoin an identity.

The egg-box diagram for T3 has three D-classes. They are also J-classes, because these relations coincide for a finite semigroup.

In T3, two functions are L-related if and only if they have the same image. Such functions appear in the same column of the table above. Likewise, the functions f and g are R-related if and only if
 f(x) = f(y) ⇔ g(x) = g(y)
for x and y in {1, 2, 3}; such functions are in the same table row. Consequently, two functions are D-related if and only if their images are the same size.

The elements in bold are the idempotents. Any H-class containing one of these is a (maximal) subgroup. In particular, the third D-class is isomorphic to the symmetric group S3. There are also six subgroups of order 2, and three of order 1 (as well as subgroups of these subgroups). Six elements of T3 are not in any subgroup.

Generalisations

There are essentially two ways of generalising an algebraic theory. One is to change its definitions so that it covers more or different objects; the other, more subtle way, is to find some desirable outcome of the theory and consider alternative ways of reaching that conclusion.

Following the first route, analogous versions of Green's relations have been defined for semirings (Grillet 1970) and rings (Petro 2002). Some, but not all, of the properties associated with the relations in semigroups carry over to these cases. Staying within the world of semigroups, Green's relations can be extended to cover relative ideals, which are subsets that are only ideals with respect to a subsemigroup (Wallace 1963).

For the second kind of generalisation, researchers have concentrated on properties of bijections between L- and R- classes. If x R y, then it is always possible to find bijections between Lx and Ly that are R-class-preserving. (That is, if two elements of an L-class are in the same R-class, then their images under a bijection will still be in the same R-class.) The dual statement for x L y also holds. These bijections are right and left translations, restricted to the appropriate equivalence classes. The question that arises is: how else could there be such bijections?

Suppose that Λ and Ρ are semigroups of partial transformations of some semigroup S. Under certain conditions, it can be shown that if x Ρ = y Ρ, with x ρ1 = y and y ρ2 = x, then the restrictions
 ρ1 : Λ x → Λ y
 ρ2 : Λ y → Λ x
are mutually inverse bijections. (Conventionally, arguments are written on the right for Λ, and on the left for Ρ.) Then the L and R relations can be defined by
 x L y if and only if Λ x = Λ y
 x R y if and only if x Ρ = y Ρ
and D and H follow as usual. Generalisation of J is not part of this system, as it plays no part in the desired property.

We call (Λ, Ρ) a Green's pair. There are several choices of partial transformation semigroup that yield the original relations. One example would be to take Λ to be the semigroup of all left translations on S1, restricted to S, and Ρ the corresponding semigroup of restricted right translations.

These definitions are due to Clark and Carruth (1980). They subsume Wallace's work, as well as various other generalised definitions proposed in the mid-1970s. The full axioms are fairly lengthy to state; informally, the most important requirements are that both Λ and Ρ should contain the identity transformation, and that elements of Λ should commute with elements of Ρ.

See also
Schutzenberger group

References

 C. E. Clark and J. H. Carruth (1980) Generalized Green's theories, Semigroup Forum 20(2);  95–127.
 A. H. Clifford and G. B. Preston (1961) The Algebraic Theory of Semigroups, volume 1, (1967) volume 2, American Mathematical Society, Green's relations are introduced in Chapter 2 of the first volume.
 J. A. Green (July 1951) "On the structure of semigroups", Annals of Mathematics (second series) 54(1): 163–172.

 John M. Howie (1976) An introduction to Semigroup Theory, Academic Press . An updated version is available as Fundamentals of Semigroup Theory, Oxford University Press, 1995. .
 John M. Howie (2002) "Semigroups, Past, Present and Future", Proceedings of the International Conference on Algebra and its Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

 Petraq Petro (2002) Green's relations and minimal quasi-ideals in rings, Communications in Algebra 30(10): 4677–4686.
 S. Satoh, K. Yama, and M. Tokizawa (1994) "Semigroups of order 8", Semigroup Forum 49: 7–29.

Semigroup theory

Green's relations


Trevor John Story (born November 15, 1992) is an American professional baseball second baseman and shortstop for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Colorado Rockies.

Story made his MLB debut in 2016. On April 8, 2016, Story set an MLB record for a rookie by hitting home runs in each of his first four games, and tied the MLB rookie record for home runs in the month of April. Story was named the National League's Rookie of the Month for April 2016. He led the NL in strikeouts in 2017, and in power-speed number, extra base hits, and longest home run of the season in 2018. After six seasons with the Rockies, he entered free agency and signed a six-year contract with the Red Sox.

Early career
Story attended Irving High School in Irving, Texas. He played for the Tigers baseball team as a shortstop and pitcher, reaching  with his fastball. He also played for the football team as a quarterback, but stopped playing football after his sophomore year of high school so that he could focus more on baseball. He committed to attend Louisiana State University (LSU) on a college baseball scholarship.

Professional career

Minor leagues
The Colorado Rockies of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected Story as a shortstop in the first round, with the 45th overall selection, of the 2011 MLB draft. Story signed with the Rockies, receiving a $915,000 signing bonus, rather than attending LSU. After he signed, he played for the Casper Ghosts of the Rookie-level Pioneer League, where he batted .268. In 2012, Story played for the Asheville Tourists of the Class A South Atlantic League (SAL), and was named a SAL Postseason All-Star after batting .277 with 18 home runs, 63 runs batted in (RBIs), and 43 doubles, which led all SAL players. Prior to the 2013 season, Story was ranked as the 99th-best prospect in baseball by MLB.com. Story played for the Modesto Nuts of the Class A-Advanced California League in 2013, and he struggled, recording a .233 batting average with 12 home runs and 65 RBIs. In 2014, after spending a short time with the Class A Short Season Tri-City Dust Devils and excelling in Modesto, with a .322 batting average and 20 stolen bases, the Rockies promoted Story to the Tulsa Drillers of the Class AA Texas League in June. He struggled with Tulsa, batting .205.

With Troy Tulowitzki playing shortstop for the Rockies, Story began to gain experience as a second baseman and third baseman. He began the 2015 season with the New Britain Rock Cats of the Class AA Eastern League, and had a .281 batting average in 300 plate appearances before was promoted to the Albuquerque Isotopes of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League on July 1. During the 2015 season, the Rockies traded Tulowitzki, and Story appeared in the All-Star Futures Game. He finished the 2015 season with a .350 on-base percentage and 20 home runs for New Britain and Albuquerque. The Rockies added Story to their 40-man roster after the 2015 season.

Colorado Rockies

2016

With José Reyes suspended for the beginning of the 2016 season, Story competed with Cristhian Adames to become the Rockies' starting shortstop during spring training in 2016. He had a .340 batting average during spring training and made the Rockies' Opening Day roster.

Making his major league debut on Opening Day, April 4, as the Rockies' starting shortstop against the Arizona Diamondbacks, Story recorded his first career hit, a three-run home run off Zack Greinke, in his second major league at bat. He hit another home run in his next plate appearance, becoming the seventh player to hit two home runs in one game against Greinke, the first National League player to hit two home runs in his debut and the first Major League Baseball player to hit two home runs in his debut on Opening Day. The following day, Story hit another home run, becoming only the third player ever to hit three home runs in his first two games, following Charlie Reilly and Joe Cunningham. On his third day in the major leagues, he hit a two-run home run off Arizona's Patrick Corbin, becoming the first player in MLB history to hit a home run in each of his first three games and a home run in each of his first four hits.

In his fourth game, Story hit two home runs against the San Diego Padres, becoming the first rookie to hit home runs in his first four games, and the first player in major league history to hit six home runs in the first four games of any season. He hit another home run in his sixth game, off Brandon Maurer, setting the MLB record for the most home runs (7) in a team's first six games, eclipsing the previous record of six home runs in six games set by Larry Walker, Mike Schmidt and Willie Mays. Story won the National League Player of the Week Award for the first week of the season. With ten home runs in April, Story tied the MLB rookie record, previously set by José Abreu of the Chicago White Sox. After finishing the month leading all MLB rookies with 10 home runs, 19 runs scored, 20 runs batted in and three triples, Story won the National League Rookie of the Month Award for April.

Story was selected as one of the five choices for the All-Star Final Vote. On August 2, Story was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a torn ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb. He had surgery on the thumb and missed the rest of the season. He finished his rookie season with 101 hits, 67 runs scored, 27 home runs, and 72 RBI.

2017
Story's 2017 season became somewhat less consistent as he finished the year with a .239 batting average, 32 doubles, 24 home runs, and 82 RBI. He also struck out an NL-leading 191 times.

2018

Batting .284 with 17 home runs and 62 RBIs, Story was named to the 2018 MLB All-Star Game. At the end of the 2018 season, Story was first in the NL in power-speed number (31.2) and had a .276 BA, with 42 doubles (4th), 37 home runs (2nd in the NL), 168 strikeouts (4th), 108 RBIs (4th), and 27 stolen bases (6th). On September 5, Story hit three home runs, the second of which was initially measured at , but was later measured at .

2019
On May 24, 2019, Story hit his 100th and 101st home runs, the 101st being a walk off to propel the Rockies to an 8–6 win over the Baltimore Orioles. He became the fastest shortstop to reach this mark, surpassing Alex Rodriguez, doing so in his 448th game. For the 2019 season, Story batted .294 with 35 home runs and 85 RBIs, and was again named to the All-Star team.

2020
In 2020, Story made more defensive errors at shortstop (10) than any other major league shortstop. In 59 games, Story led the team with 11 home runs and finished second on the team with 28 RBIs. Story also led the National League with 15 stolen bases and four triples, and finished 11th in NL MVP voting.

2021
Story's production declined slightly in 2021, though not by much. In 142 games played, he had a .251/.329/.471 slash line with 24 home runs, including a walk-off homer against the Diamondbacks on May 23.

On November 17, Story declined an $18.4 million qualifying offer from the Rockies, rendering him a free agent within a stacked shortstop market that included Carlos Correa, Corey Seager and Javier Baez. Later that week, he met with the Texas Rangers, his hometown team. Overall in six seasons with the Rockies, Story appeared in 745 games while batting .272 with 158 home runs and 450 RBIs.

Boston Red Sox
On March 23, 2022, Story signed a six-year, $140 million contract with the Boston Red Sox. He began the season as the team's regular second baseman. On May 19, Story had three home runs and seven RBIs in a 12–6 win over the Mariners. On July 16, he was placed on the injured list due to a contusion to his right hand sustained on July 12 when he was hit by a pitch in a game against the Tampa Bay Rays. He remained on the injured list until being activated on August 27. Story returned to the injured list on September 22 due to a left heel contusion. In 94 games with Boston, Story batted .238 with 16 home runs and 66 RBIs.

On January 10, 2023, the team announced that Story underwent surgery on his right ulnar collateral ligament, and that he would miss at least part of the 2023 season. He was placed on the 60-day injured list on February 16. After extended time on the injured list, In July, Story began a 13-game rehabilitation stint. The Red Sox activated Story on August 8.

Personal life
On November 16, 2018, Story married his high school sweetheart, Mallie Crow, in Grapevine, Texas. Two days after he signed for the Red Sox, Story and Crow welcomed their first child. Story is a Christian.

Story's father, Ken, is a retired fireman and paramedic, and his mother, Teddie, was the chief executive officer of a local food pantry. His older brother, Tyler, played baseball at Irving and for the University of Texas at Austin.

Story grew up a Texas Rangers fan.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
People from Irving, Texas
Baseball players from Texas
Major League Baseball shortstops
Colorado Rockies players
Boston Red Sox players
Casper Ghosts players
Asheville Tourists players
Modesto Nuts players
Tri-City Dust Devils players
Tulsa Drillers players
Salt River Rafters players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Portland Sea Dogs players
Worcester Red Sox players
National League All-Stars
National League stolen base champions
Silver Slugger Award winners

Trevor Story


The ambiguity effect is a cognitive bias where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or "ambiguity". The effect implies that people tend to select options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is known, over an option for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown. The effect was first described by Daniel Ellsberg in 1961.

Example
As an example, consider a bucket containing 30 balls. The balls are either red, black or white. Ten of the balls are red, and the remaining 20 are either black or white, with all combinations of black and white being equally likely. In option X, drawing a red ball wins a person $100, and in option Y, drawing a black ball wins them $100. The probability of picking a winning ball is the same for both options X and Y. In option X, the probability of selecting a winning ball is 1 in 3 (10 red balls out of 30 total balls). In option Y, despite the fact that the number of black balls is uncertain, the probability of selecting a winning ball is also 1 in 3. This is because the number of black balls is equally distributed among all possibilities between 0 and 20. The difference between the two options is that in option X, the probability of a favorable outcome is known, but in option Y, the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown ("ambiguous").

In spite of the equal probability of a favorable outcome, people have a greater tendency to select a ball under option X, where the probability of selecting a winning ball is perceived to be more certain. The uncertainty as to the number of black balls means that option Y tends to be viewed less favorably. Despite the fact that there could possibly be twice as many black balls as red balls, people tend not to want to take the opposing risk that there may be fewer than 10 black balls. The "ambiguity" behind option Y means that people tend to favor option X, even when the probability is the same.

Explanation
One possible explanation of the effect is that people have a rule of thumb (heuristic) to avoid options where information is missing. This will often lead them to seek out the missing information. In many cases, though, the information cannot be obtained. The effect is often the result of calling some particular missing piece of information to the person's attention.

See also
 Ambiguity aversion
 Black swan theory
 Choice under uncertainty
 Ellsberg paradox
 Prospect theory
 Risk aversion

References

Cognitive biases

Ambiguity effect


Wang Ying (王郢) (died 877) was a rebel military officer of the Chinese Tang Dynasty who, from 875 to 877, roamed and pillaged the modern Zhejiang and Fujian region.

Genesis of Wang Ying's rebellion
Wang Ying's date of birth and origin are unknown. As of 875, he was serving as the defender of Langshan (狼山, in modern Nantong, Jiangsu), serving under Zhao Yin the military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). That year, he and 68 other officers had accomplishments in battle, but Zhao refused to give them material rewards, rewarding them only with titles.  When Wang and the others sought material rewards with no success, they mutinied with Wang as their leader, seizing weapons from the armory and then pillaging the nearby areas, quickly expanding their army to almost 10,000 in size. Wang's army captured Su (蘇州, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu) and Chang (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu) Prefectures, and further established a fleet that allowed them to go up and down the Yangtze River and the East China Sea coast without obstruction. They thus were able to easily pillage the regions of Zhenhai, Zhedong (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and Fujian (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian).

Wang's campaigns
In 876, then-reigning Emperor Xizong commissioned the general Gao Jie (高傑) to lead a fleet against Wang Ying, but there was no indication that Gao had any real success against Wang.  However, Wang soon tried to negotiate with Lu Shi (魯寔) the prefect of Wen Prefecture (溫州, in modern Wenzhou, Zhejiang), seeking resubmission to and recommission from the imperial government.  Lu supported Wang's suggestion, and the imperial government initially accepted.  However, it ordered that Wang give up his army and go to the imperial capital Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor, before he could be given a commission. Wang did not immediately turn down the proposal but tried to delay his departure for half a year.  He then requested to be the defender of Wanghai (望海, in modern Ningbo, Zhejiang). The imperial government refused the request, and instead commissioned him as an officer of the imperial guards, and further stated that Wang would be allowed to keep all the treasures that he had pillaged.

In spring 877, Wang decided to turn on Lu. He enticed Lu to come onto his ship and seized Lu, and Lu's soldiers fled. Upon hearing that Lu had been captured, the imperial government commissioned the general Song Hao (宋皓) to be the commander of some 15,000 men against Wang. Meanwhile, though, Wang captured Wanghai, and then pillaged Ming (明州, in modern Ningbo) and Tai (台州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang) Prefectures.  He captured Tai Prefecture, forcing the prefect of Tai, Wang Bao (王葆), to withdraw to Tangxing (唐興, in modern Taizhou).  In reaction, Emperor Xizong further ordered Zhenhai, Zhedong, and Fujian Circuits to contribute ships in the operations against Wang.

Death
However, as Wang Ying returned to Zhenhai to pillage it, the new military governor Pei Qu (裴璩) gathered his forces and initially refused to engage Wang. Instead, Pei enticed Wang's subordinate Zhu Shi (朱實) to surrender and had Zhu made a general of the imperial guards. Zhu surrendered with some 6,000 to 7,000 men, causing Wang's forces to begin to disperse. Wang took his remaining forces and returned to Ming Prefecture.  As he did, Liu Jurong (劉巨容) the defender of Yongqiao (甬橋, in modern Suzhou, Anhui) used compact arrows — fired from a bamboo trunk — to shoot Wang to death, ending his rebellion.

Notes and references

9th-century births
877 deaths
Tang dynasty generals
Tang dynasty rebels
Tang dynasty people killed in battle

Wang Ying (Tang dynasty)


Édouard Henri Jean Bonnefous (24 August 1907 – 24 February 2007) was a French politician. Before World War II (1939–45) he was active in the study of international affairs.
After the war he was elected a deputy on the Rally of Left Republicans platform in 1946, and remained a deputy until 1958. He served as a minister in several cabinets, and was also active in the Council of Europe. He was a strong advocate of greater European integration. From 1959 to 1986 he was a member of the Senate, where he became a critic of General de Gaulle, and an advocate of protection of the environment.

Early years

Édouard Henri Jean Bonnefous was born in Paris on 24 August 1907.
He was the son of Georges Bonnefous, a former minister.
He was educated in Paris at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and the École Fontanes.
He obtained diplomas from the École libre des sciences politiques (Free School of Political Sciences) and the Institut des hautes études internationales (Institute of Advanced International Studies).

Before World War II (1939–45) Bonnefous was involved in political economy and foreign policy, and made various trips abroad for study purposes.
He and Jean Sarrailh founded the Institut des hautes études d'Amérique latine (Institute of Advanced Latin American Studies). He was also a journalist and theater critic.
In 1937 he contributed economic studies to La Journée industrielle and Le National. He was mobilized in the infantry at the start of World War II.
In 1941 he joined the French Resistance. In 1944 he was a member of the departmental committee for the liberation of Seine-et-Oise.
He was co-founder, with André Siegfried and Roger Seydoux, of the journal Année politique.
He became a professor at the Institut des hautes études internationales.

Deputy

Post-war Europe: 1945–48
Bonnefous was a candidate for election to the National Constituent Assembly on 21 October 1945 on the "Republican Concentration" platform, but did poorly.
After this he was one of the founders of the Rally of Left Republicans (Rassemblement des gauches républicaines, RGR), and was elected Deputy for Seine-et-Oise on this platform on 10 November 1946.
Bonnefous was a member of the parliamentary commission of inquiry into the French zone of post-war Germany.
He was not in favor of quickly returning independent power to the Germans.
He wrote, "France fortunately shows more distrust towards the vanquished, even towards the repentant ones, then its allies, believing that caution is a more important consideration than the desire for a democratic reeducation of Germany."

European unity debates: 1948–51

Bonnefous was president of the parliamentary Foreign Affairs Commission from 1948 to 1952.
He was the main author of a 19 March 1948 motion calling for the government to "work for the early convening of a European Constituent Assembly". This was partly in response to signs that the Soviet Union was following an expansionist policy. Similar motions were presented in the British and Dutch parliaments.
In 1948 he was French delegate to the United Nations.
Bonnefous became a member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.
He played an important role in the formative period of the Council of Europe.

In the opening session of the Council of Europe in August 1949 Bonnefous called for the European countries to "agree to pool their natural resources under a joint international administration."
Bonnefous said, "A basic industry must be chosen as an example of how to break away from the old concepts of national borders and state sovereignty. The coal industry must obviously be selected."
He also warned, "if the German revival is not integrated in the economic organization of Europe, it will be carried out against the other European countries."
Bonnefous published L'Idée européenne et sa réalisation in 1950, a book on European issues.

In October 1950 Bonnefous stated, "if one does not wish German rearmament to be carried out against Europe, it is essential to integrate it in a European organization worthy of the name, for, without this, we are going to allow Germany to be reconstructed at the same time as we despair of creating Europe.
He was opposed to the European Defence Community proposed in 1950 by René Pleven, the French Prime Minister. He thought it was "a threat to the very idea of Europe" and would be dominated by Germany.
He said there were two opposing concepts of Europe:

In August 1950 Bonnefous proposed to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe that a European Transport Authority should be established, following a similar model to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
The new authority would be a supranational body authorized and funded to undertake projects at a European level that would lead to a common European transport system, and to finance works such as tunnels under the Strait of Gibraltar and the English Channel.
The initial response was positive. He submitted a plan for the authority on 24 January 1951. This ran into resistance from Britain and the Scandinavian countries, and a much less ambititious European Transport Office was eventually proposed.

French politics: 1951–55
Bonnefous was reelected on 17 June 1951 under a system of proportional representation in which the Communists won three seats in the 2nd district of Seine-et-Oise, the Rally of the French People won two seats, and Bonnefous's RGR was one of four parties that won a single seat.
Bonnefous was president of the Foreign Affairs Committee.
He was appointed deputy member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe on 10 August 1951.
Between 20 January 1952 and 8 March 1952 he was Minister of Commerce in the government of Edgar Faure.
He published a second book on Europe in 1952, L'Europe face à son destin.
From 8 January 1953 to 28 June 1953 he was Minister of State in the government of René Mayer.
From 1953 to 1955 he was president of the parliamentary group of the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance (Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance,  UDSR).
He was made honorary president of the Société d'économie politique.

Minister of Posts, Telegraphs and Telecommunications: 1955–56
On 23 February 1955 Bonnefous was appointed Minister of Posts, Telegraphs and Telecommunications in the government of Edgar Faure, holding office until 1 February 1956.
On 9 July 1955 Bonnefous gave an outline to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe of the plan for a European Posts and Telecommunications organization.
The plan covered exchange of information, simplification of cross-border postal arrangements, technical cooperation, European television, stamps with a common figure of Europe and shared investments.
Bonnefous argued at the Quai d'Orsay and then at the Council of Europe that the scope should include the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, Finland, Spain and Yugoslavia.
The largest possible scope would gain the greatest economies of scale.
At the first meetings of the ECSC subcommittee on posts and telecommunications in August–September 1955 it became clear that Belgium wanted to limit close cooperation to the six ECSC countries. The subcommittee rejected the larger membership on the grounds that it would infringe on the authority of the national governments,
On 20 January 1956 the PTT ministers of the six members of the ECSC met in Paris to discuss  the common arrangements.
Great Britain was represented by an observer.
In the end the Treaty of Rome signed on 25 March 1957 did not discuss PTT issues at all.

Later positions: 1956–58
Bonnefous was reelected to the Chamber of Deputies on 2 January 1956 on the RGR platform, and on 2 February was again elected president of the UDSR parliamentary group.
On 23 February 1956 Bonnerfous was reelected a deputy member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe.
In May 1957 he was appointed vice-president of the Assembly of the European Union.
On 13 June 1957 Bonnefous was appointed Minister of Public Works, Transport and Tourism in the government of Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, and retained this post during the subsequent governments of Félix Gaillard and Pierre Pflimlin.
During the crisis of May 1958 Bonnefous supported the return to power of General Charles de Gaulle.
He left office when the government was dissolved on 1 June 1958.
In the legislative elections of 23/30 November 1958 Bonnefous was defeated by the Gaullist candidate. He continued to head the management committee of L'année politique, and gave courses on Economic Geography at the Institut des hautes études internationales.

Senator

Bonnefous was elected Senator for Seine-et-Oise on 28 April 1959.
He was elected Senator for Yvelines on 22 September 1968, and was reelected for this seat on 25 September 1977.
As senator he chaired the committee on Finance, Budgetary Control and National Economic Accounts.
He moved toward opposition to Gaullism, criticizing de Gaulle for lack of commitment to the European Union and excessive distrust of the United States.
By the 1960s he had become involved in environmental issues.
His mandate in the Senate ended on 1 October 1986, when he did not run for reelection.

Édouard Bonnefous was president of the Fondation Singer-Polignac from 1985 to 2006.
He died in Paris on 24 February 2007 at the age of 99.

Publications

Notes

Sources

1907 births
2007 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance politicians
French Ministers of Commerce
State ministers of France
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Seine-et-Oise
Senators of Yvelines
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Burials at Passy Cemetery

Édouard Bonnefous


Ancuța Bobocel (born 3 October 1987, in Drobeta-Turnu Severin) is a Romanian middle-distance runner who specializes in the 3000 metres steeplechase. She represented Romania at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics and is a three-time participant at the World Championships in Athletics (2007, 2009 and 2013). In 2009, she won the European U23 and Jeux de la Francophonie steeplechase titles, as well as a silver at the Summer Universiade.

Career
Bobocel rose to prominence as a junior athlete competing in the steeplechase and in cross country running. She was the silver medallist in the steeplechase at the 2003 European Athletics Junior Championships, then repeated that finish at the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics. She was also the junior runner-up at the 2004 European Cross Country Championships that year. In 2005, she was twentieth in the junior race at the World Cross Country Championships and won the junior title at the 2005 European Cross Country Championships. She also retained her silver medal in the steeplechase at the 2005 European Athletics Junior Championships. She set a European junior record of 9:37.45 to take another steeplechase silver at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but managed only third in the junior race at the 2006 European Cross Country Championships.

Her senior debut came over 3000 metres at the 2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships, where she was eleventh in the final. At the 2007 European Athletics U23 Championships she was runner-up to Katarzyna Kowalska, then represented Romania in the discipline at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics, being eliminated in the heats stage. The same fate beset her on her Olympic debut at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She set a 3000 m best to finish eighth at the 2009 European Athletics Indoor Championships and reached the top of the podium in the steeplechase at the 2009 European Athletics U23 Championships. She was again eliminated in the heats of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, but won medals at smaller competitions: she was the silver medallist behind Sara Moreira at the 2009 Summer Universiade and the gold medallist at the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie.

Bobocel did not progress beyond the heats of the 3000 m at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships, but was ninth in the final at the 2010 European Athletics Championships. She did not compete in the steeplechase in 2011, but instead entered the 1500 metres at the 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships (although she was knocked out in the heats). She won the senior title at the 2012 World University Cross Country Championships and also led Romania to second in the team rankings.

Achievements

Personal bests
800 metres – 2:02.72 min (2008)
1500 metres – 4:13.20 min (2010)
1500 metres (indoor) – 4:08.13 min (2011)
3000 metres – 9:10.58 min (2007)
3000 metres (indoor) – 8:52.86 (2013)
3000 metres steeplechase – 9:25.70 (2012)

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Romanian female long-distance runners
Romanian female steeplechase runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Romania
Universiade silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 2009 Summer Universiade
Sportspeople from Mehedinți County

Ancuța Bobocel


Liden is a locality situated in Sundsvall Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 254 inhabitants in 2010.

It is located near the river Indalsälven, 50 km (road 86) north west of the city of Sundsvall.

The name Liden (Swedish; meaning "a long slope", down to the river) was first recorded as De Lidh in a letter from 1344,
Liden's Old Church was built in the 1480s by the Dominican friar Josefhus.

The Swedish noble family Lidströmer originates from Liden.

The New Church, which was consecrated  in 1858, is situated a few hundred meters above the Old Church.

References

Populated places in Sundsvall Municipality
Medelpad

Liden


The Seventh Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who. He is portrayed by Scottish actor Sylvester McCoy.

Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates; as a result, the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes.

McCoy portrays the Seventh Doctor as a whimsical, thoughtful character who quickly becomes more layered, secretive, and manipulative. His first companion was Melanie Bush (Bonnie Langford), a computer programmer who had travelled with his previous incarnation, and who is soon succeeded by troubled teenager and explosives expert Ace (Sophie Aldred), who becomes his protégée.

The Seventh Doctor first appeared on television in 1987. After the programme was cancelled at the end of 1989, his adventures continued in novels until the late 1990s. The Seventh Doctor made an appearance at the start of the 1996 film before the character regenerated into the Eighth Doctor (Paul McGann).

Overview
In his first season, the Seventh Doctor started out as a comical character, engaging in dundrearyisms ("Time and tide melt the snowman," or when partner Mel is kidnapped, "A bird in the hand keeps the Doctor away"), playing the spoons, and making pratfalls, but later started to develop a darker nature. The Seventh Doctor era is noted for the cancellation of Doctor Who after 26 years. It is also noted for the Virgin New Adventures, a range of original novels published from 1992 to 1997, taking the series beyond the television serials.

The Seventh Doctor's final appearance on television was in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, where he regenerated into the Eighth Doctor, played by Paul McGann. A sketch of him is later seen in John Smith's A Journal of Impossible Things in the new series 2007 episode "Human Nature". Brief archive clips of the Seventh Doctor appeared as holographic representations in "The Next Doctor" (2008), "The Eleventh Hour" (2010), the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) and "Twice Upon a Time" (2017), and as flashbacks in "The Name of the Doctor" (2013). The aged Seventh Doctor also appeared in two forms in "The Power of the Doctor" (2022).

Biography
When the TARDIS was attacked by the Rani, the Sixth Doctor was injured and forced to regenerate.  After a brief period of post-regenerative confusion and amnesia (chemically induced by the Rani), the Seventh Doctor thwarted the Rani's plans, and rejoined his companion Mel for whimsical adventures in an odd tower block and a Welsh holiday camp in the 1950s.

On the planet Svartos, Mel decided to leave the Doctor's company for that of intergalactic rogue Sabalom Glitz. Also at this time, the Doctor was joined by time-stranded teenager Ace.  Although he did not mention it at the time, the Doctor soon recognised that an old enemy from a past adventure, the ancient entity known as Fenric, was responsible for the Time Storm which transported Ace from 1980s Perivale to Svartos in the distant future.  Growing more secretive and driven from this point on, the Doctor took Ace under his wing and began teaching her about the universe, all the while keeping an eye out for Fenric's plot.

The Doctor began taking a more scheming and proactive approach to defeating evil, using the Gallifreyan stellar manipulator named the Hand of Omega as part of an elaborate trap for the Daleks which resulted in the destruction of their home planet, Skaro.  Soon afterwards, the Doctor used a similar tactic and another Time Lord relic to destroy a Cyberman fleet. He engineered the fall of the oppressive government of a future human colony in a single night and encountered the Gods of Ragnarok at a circus on the planet Segonax, whom he had apparently fought throughout time. Later, he was reunited with his old friend, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart while battling the forces of an alternate dimension on Earth.

The Seventh Doctor's manipulations were not reserved for his rivals.  With the goal of helping Ace confront her past, he took her to a Victorian house in her home town of Perivale in 1883 which she had burned down in 1983.  Eventually, the Doctor confronted and defeated Fenric at a British naval base during World War II, revealing Fenric's part in Ace's history.  The Doctor continued to act as Ace's mentor, returning her to Perivale; however, she chose to continue travelling with him.  The circumstances of her parting from the Doctor were not shown on television.

Near the end of his incarnation, the Seventh Doctor was given the responsibility of transporting the remains of his former enemy the Master from Skaro to Gallifrey. This proved to be a huge mistake; despite having a limited physical form, the Master was able to take control of the Doctor's TARDIS and cause it to land in 1999 San Francisco, where the Doctor was shot in the middle of a gang shoot-out. He was taken to a hospital, where surgeons removed the bullets but mistook the Doctor's double heartbeat for fibrillation; their attempt to save his life instead caused the Doctor to "die" with one last shocking scream. He is thus the only Doctor to have died at the (unwitting) hand of one of his own companions. Perhaps due to the anaesthesia, the Doctor did not regenerate immediately after death, unlike all previous occasions; he finally did so several hours later, while lying in the hospital's morgue.

An aged Seventh Doctor appeared as one of the "Guardians of the Edge" in an afterlife, inside the Doctor's mind in the final Thirteenth Doctor special, to the Thirteenth Doctor as well as being a hologram programmed by the Doctor herself in ("The Power of the Doctor"). He also appeared as a hologram to an older Ace and she forgave him for everything that happened.

In Tales of the TARDIS, he reunited with an older Ace and discussed their adventures. They also discussed the meeting with Fenric and both apologised to each other falling out. He also told her she had to leave to become who she is.

In Time and the Rani (1987), the Seventh Doctor gives his age soon after his regeneration as "exactly" 953 years, indicating that some two centuries of subjective time has passed since his fourth incarnation was revealed to be 756 in The Ribos Operation (1978), and approximately half a century since Revelation of the Daleks (1985) in which the Sixth Doctor stated he was 900 years old. The later revival of the series, however, contradicts earlier episodes by establishing the Ninth Doctor as being 900 years old in "Aliens of London" (2005).

Personality
The Seventh Doctor has the most profound change in attitude of any of the Doctor's incarnations, beginning as someone bumbling (to the extent of putting himself in danger but not at the cost of his overall great intelligence and benevolent intentions) and progressing into a driven, dark gamemaster whose plans to defeat his adversaries, both old and new, would play out across space and time. He generally displayed an affable, curious, knowledgeable, easygoing, excitable, and charming air. However, as he began to choose his battles and keep a tighter grip on his secrets – from his plans to his very identity – he also presented more serious, contemplative, secretive, wistful, and manipulative sides with undercurrents of mischief and authority (constantly giving the impression that there was more to him than met the eye).

As something of a showman, the Doctor would sometimes act like a buffoon, usually preferring to manipulate events from behind the scenes; much like his second incarnation, he was prepared to play the fool to trick his foes into underestimating him, inevitably leading to their defeat at his hands. He was an adept physical performer and deployed a repertoire of magic tricks, illusions and escape artistry to this effect as part of his plans. Although his more obvious whimsical tendencies disappeared over time (particularly his spoons-playing), he maintained a fondness for idiosyncratic speeches that occasionally referred to literature, ordinary places and even food and drink amidst the weightier concerns on his mind. He was empathetic to his friends (and even his enemies, such as Helen A) and somewhat melancholic at times (such as during Mel's departure and before his decision to eradicate the Daleks) but now placed greater burdens upon himself in the name of protecting the universe. This may have led him to shroud his true intentions in mystery and the use of sleight of hand as befit his fondness for performance, in effect, subverting his more lighthearted qualities to complement and enhance his heroic and darker ones.

Given the Seventh Doctor's appearance and stature, he was surprisingly capable of both directly and indirectly taking control of situations involving strangers, using his greater intelligence to assess and direct events.  Concerned with the bigger picture, he would sometimes overlook the finer details and his planning (both prepared and improvised) would sometimes have fatal results and consequences. When he acted to end threats, it was usually a ruthless, destructive and final manoeuvre. He was also not above hiding the truth from his friends and allies and using them to complete his schemes and gambits.

His tendency to reveal only select information to his companion Ace – as well as anyone else around them – was used both in her education and in their adventures, as if he were the only one who should know all the answers and others should come to their own conclusions. At two points he even abused Ace's trust in him, once to develop her as a person and again to keep her alive (on both occasions, freeing her from the evil influences that had haunted her during her life), while on one of these adventures, he showed great difficulty in admitting his foreknowledge of the situation's severity to her when she finally confronted him. In spite of his immense fondness for her, and hers for him, he often frustrated her with his secretive nature as his alien behaviour, the great importance of his objectives (especially his focus on obliterating enemies from his past) and his strong desire to both educate and protect her would lead him to keep even her in the dark and would even subordinate her feelings towards him to succeed in their battles. Their close, almost familial bond was likely what helped Ace in moving past the feelings of betrayal she sometimes felt towards the Doctor, particularly as he genuinely had her best interests at heart. In fact, while he appeared to be an unassuming figure, fond of performing magic tricks and displaying notable showmanship, the Seventh Doctor was actually quite powerful and calculating, for he would use his friends and foes alike as pawns in his elaborate chess game against "evil". As Ace herself put it, he was "well devious".

In direct contrast to his third incarnation, this Doctor was absolutely opposed to violence of any sort (as demonstrated in stories such as Battlefield, where he stops a battle merely by ordering the warriors to desist) and he was totally against the use of firearms (to the extent of 'talking down' a soldier ordered to execute him in The Happiness Patrol by emphasising the easiness of the kill versus the enormity of ending a life), although he also proved capable of rendering a man unconscious with a touch (Battlefield, Survival). In keeping with his established habits, he would use gadgetry of his own invention when the situation called for it, but never as his final gambit. Instead, he almost always managed to talk his enemies into submission, often into suicide – perhaps most memorably in Remembrance of the Daleks, where he taunts the seemingly last Dalek in existence until it self-destructs, or in Ghost Light, where he defeats the dangerously unstable Light by ramming home the folly of trying to prevent evolution (he employs variations of this 'talk to death' tactic in Dragonfire, Silver Nemesis and The Curse of Fenric, although primarily to manipulate opponents to guarantee the outcome in his favour).

This Doctor also displays strange and 'alien' characteristics playing with the perception of his senses, as he smells an apple and listens to cheese in Survival, and listens to an apple briefly in Delta and the Bannermen. He also displayed a talent for hypnosis on various occasions that appeared to be much stronger than in past incarnations (Battlefield). The Greatest Show in the Galaxy shows him to be a capable entertainer, performing a variety of well known magic tricks. In Ghost Light, he reveals his pet peeves to be burnt toast, bus stations, unrequited love, tyranny, and cruelty.

Costume
The Doctor's outfit in this incarnation was calmer than his previous attire, but as idiosyncratic as any other. It consisted of an ivory safari jacket with a crimson paisley scarf worn under its lapels and a matching handkerchief in the left pocket, a fob watch chained to the left lapel, a plain white shirt, a scarlet paisley tie, a yellow-brown fair isle-themed pullover adorned with cherry question marks and turquoise zigzag patterns, sand-beige tweed plaid trousers, beige brogued spectator shoes, an ivory colonial-styled Panama cap with a scarlet paisley hatband, an upturned brim and a black umbrella with a cherry question mark-shaped handle.  As with the three other Doctors costumed during the John Nathan-Turner era, the above-mentioned question marks on the Doctor's pullover and his umbrella handle continued the cherry-question-marked clothing motif that was introduced in the Fourth Doctor's final season and ended before the Seventh Doctor's regeneration.

Although a seemingly casual outfit that reflected the Seventh Doctor's initially easy and whimsical manner, it took on a new light when he became more scheming and prepared in his missions – to reflect the emergence of his personality's more mysterious and darker aspects, his jacket, hatband, handkerchief, scarf and tie became more muted and darker in colour, now in shades of burgundy and brown. In the New Adventures novels, images of the Doctor on the covers usually omitted the pullover and eventually depicted him in a cream single breasted suit. On a DVD featurette ("Light in Dark Places") for Ghost Light, when drawing attention to the stylistic choice of performing in most of the serial without his hat and umbrella, Sylvester McCoy expresses some disdain for the garment, feeling it detracts somewhat from the mood of the story. The changes in colours make the Seventh the only Doctor under Nathan-Turner's tenure to greatly alter his costume; the changes to the outfits worn by his three previous selves during this production period tended to be more subtle and less noteworthy. The Seventh's own attire was repeatedly revised during his first season, initially including a crimson/black tartan scarf and burgundy braces, along with the whangee bamboo-handle umbrella.

In the TV movie the Doctor's costume changed again, with a return to a lighter jacket, now a light brown tweed. Gone were the question mark pullover, paisley tie and question mark umbrella, replaced by a scarlet brocade waistcoat and a brown/black zig zag pattern tie; joined by a maroon scarf. However, the Doctor retained his Panama hat.

The Doctor enjoyed using his hat, umbrella and the TARDIS key, amongst other items, as physical props, usually as showy affectations or to command attention, while the umbrella could also be used to disarm and trip foes (Paradise Towers, Battlefield, Ghost Light, Survival). Like most of his previous selves, the Seventh carried any number of random items in his pockets, including technological devices and books (Dragonfire, Ghost Light). In a break from his past however, he spoke with a mild Scottish accent with rolled Rs, rather than in his past selves' Received Pronunciation speaking patterns.

Story style
In Season 24, the Seventh Doctor era began with a light-hearted approach, with stories like Delta and the Bannermen clearly aimed at a younger audience. However, in the final two seasons with Andrew Cartmel as script editor, the stories soon explored the true nature of the Doctor, hinting at dark secrets in his past. In Silver Nemesis, Lady Peinforte hints she knows the Doctor's secret of being more than just a Time Lord (deleted scenes in Remembrance of the Daleks and Survival also refer to this). Remembrance has the Doctor use "we" when referring to early Gallifreyan time travel experiments. Ace also became the focus of a dedicated character arc that was seeded from her introduction onwards and prominently played out during Season 26.

With the cancellation of the series, these developments were never fully played out in the television series, but some of them were revealed in the New Adventures.

Marc Platt's novel Lungbarrow is usually considered to be the conclusion of the "Cartmel Masterplan". In that novel, the Doctor is revealed to be the reincarnation of "the Other", a shadowy figure and contemporary of Rassilon and Omega from Ancient Gallifrey. Lungbarrow was originally intended for Season 26, but producer John Nathan-Turner felt that it revealed too much of the Doctor's origins. It was reworked to become Ghost Light instead.

According to McCoy and Cartmel, a number of Seventh Doctor stories were intended to satirise or protest the rule of then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. McCoy told the Sunday Times in 2010, "The idea of bringing politics into Doctor Who was deliberate, but we had to do it very quietly and certainly didn't shout about it...We were a group of politically motivated people and it seemed the right thing to do. At the time Doctor Who used satire to put political messages out there in the way they used to do in places like Czechoslovakia. Our feeling was that Margaret Thatcher was far more terrifying than any monster the Doctor had encountered. Those who wanted to see the messages saw them; others, including one producer, didn't." One story mentioned as having an anti-Thatcher theme was The Happiness Patrol in which the tyrannical Helen A outlawed unhappiness and remarked "I like your initiative, your enterprise" as her secret police rounded up dissidents. The Doctor persuaded "the drones", who toiled in the factories and mines, to down tools and rise up in revolt, an echo of the miners' strikes and printers' disputes during Thatcher's first two terms in office. Cartmel assembled several  "angry young writers" such as Ben Aaronovitch and Rona Munro to produce storylines that they hoped would foment anti-Thatcher dissent.

Other appearances

Television
The Seventh Doctor and Ace appeared twice on television between the time Doctor Who was cancelled and the 1996 television movie. The first was in 1990, in a special episode of the BBC2 educational programme Search Out Science.  In this episode, the Doctor acted as a quiz show host, asking questions about astronomy; Ace, K-9 and "Cedric, from the planet Glurk" were the contestants.  The Seventh Doctor then appeared in the 1993 charity special Dimensions in Time. A picture of the Seventh Doctor appears briefly in the Tenth Doctor story "Human Nature" (2007), in John Smith's A Journal of Impossible Things, and visions of him appear briefly in "The Next Doctor" (2008), "The Eleventh Hour" (2010), "Nightmare in Silver" and "The Name of the Doctor" (both 2013). He also appeared in the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" (2013) helping his past and future incarnations save Gallifrey from the Time War, and an image of an aged Seventh Doctor appeared in a transitional quasi-afterlife to the Thirteenth Doctor as well as being mimicked in an AI hologram programmed by the Doctor herself in "The Power of the Doctor" (2022).

Novels
Following the end of the TV series, the adventures of Doctor Who were continued in the Virgin New Adventures. The Seventh Doctor was the subject of 60 of these between 1991 and 1997. The Virgin novels pit the Seventh Doctor against the powerful Timewyrm, a complex plan to change history by his old enemy the Monk, facing the renegade time traveler Kadiatu Lethbridge-Stewart, a mysterious psychic brotherhood and their role in Earth's history, and culminates in a return to his family home on Gallifrey that reveals details about how the Doctor left Gallifrey in the first place. These novels also introduce original companions Professor Bernice Summerfield (who proves so popular that she acquires her own spin-off series), Roslyn Forrester, and Chris Cwej.

His adventures also appeared in the BBC Past Doctor Adventures novels. Some of these are stand-alone stories, but authors Robert Perry and Mike Tucker created a miniseries that explores the Doctor's discovery that Ace is destined to die in her immediate future and the Doctor's attempts to prevent it (as well as a confrontation with his foe the Valeyard), setting up a complex confrontation with the twisted psychopath George Limb as Limb abuses time-travel to avoid his fate of becoming a Cyberman.

Audio
The Seventh Doctor has featured in dozens of audio dramas. Storylines in these audios include his travels with Ace and nurse Thomas Hector 'Hex' Schofield (the son of a young woman that the Sixth Doctor failed to save, who was particularly close to his then-companion Evelyn Smythe); his attempts to reform Elizabeth Klein, a Nazi officer from an alternate timeline, and his later interaction with her other self from this reality; and the return of Mel as she travels with him and Ace.

Online
Sylvester McCoy reprised the role of the Seventh Doctor in 2021 for a trailer promoting the Season 24 blu-ray release alongside Bonnie Langford as Mel.

Reception
McCoy's first season as the Doctor, Season 24, received poor reviews at the time from a faction of the series' fans, though this was a consequence of the bitterness and division in the fan culture about the series' treatment by the BBC since the 1985 hiatus and McCoy's predecessor, Colin Baker, being unfairly dismissed. Furthermore, the BBC choosing to schedule the series opposite Coronation Street throughout McCoy's tenure gave the impression that the corporation had "lost interest in Doctor Who [and] deliberately scheduled it in a slot where it was almost bound to fail to attract a significant audience, with a view to cancelling it at the first opportunity. In this context, the fact that the series survived as long as it did represents a considerable achievement in its own right." Many acclaimed the series finding a fresh style and abandoning its obsession with its existing continuity and returning foes. Mainstream reviews at the time tended to be positive: Minette Marrin, television critic for the Daily Telegraph, responded favourably to McCoy's debut, Time and the Rani: "The new script is self-consciously whimsical, almost self-parodying: perhaps this odd little genre, like all art forms, is pushing in its late maturity against its own boundaries." Alan Coren, writing for the Mail on Sunday in November 1988, wrote of Silver Nemesis: "Not only is the Doctor a modern mega-Merlin ... but the scrapes into which he gets himself are the scrapes of the imminent now. They could just happen, and the fringe of believability is where magic is most potent. If you can bend relativity and set once-upon-a-time in a time that has not yet happened then the possibilities are, literally, endless."

By the end of the twenty-fifth season, The Scotsman remarked of The Greatest Show in the Galaxy, "Who has gone imaginative and very stylish and there is a lot of galactic go in the old police box yet." The Independent called Ghost Light the best Doctor Who story of the decade.  Paul Cornell, a writer for the New Adventures range of novels and the BBC Wales series, named the eras of Peter Davison and McCoy his two favourites in Doctor Who Magazine, saying of the latter: "Sylvester, from about Delta and the Bannermen, being beautiful and shy and sweet and kind again really dragged me back into Doctor Who and I loved the fact that somebody was taking the Doctor back into a different direction. So those are my two defining eras really, Davison and Sylvester."  Seasons 25 and 26 were regarded as two of the best seasons in the series' run, with Remembrance of the Daleks, The Greatest Show in the Galaxy, Ghost Light, The Curse of Fenric, and Survival particularly commended. Lance Parkin wrote in 2003, "Very few Doctor Who fans needed Sounds magazine to tell us Remembrance of the Daleks was the best Doctor Who story in a long, long time ... It reminded people just how good Doctor Who had been, and just how good it could be again."

In 1990, readers of Doctor Who Magazine voted McCoy's Doctor "Best Doctor", over perennial favourite Tom Baker. A 1998 35th anniversary poll ranked Remembrance of the Daleks the sixth best TV story. In 2003 for the 40th anniversary The Curse of Fenric and Remembrance of the Daleks were both in the top ten, and in the most recent DWM poll of the entire series, Remembrance of the Daleks ranked tenth.

See also

 History of Doctor Who – the 1980s

References

External links

 The Seventh Doctor on the BBC's Doctor Who website
 Seventh Doctor Gallery
 Seventh Doctor theme music  QuickTime file
 Seventh Doctor title sequence

Television characters introduced in 1987
07
07
Male characters in television

Seventh Doctor


General Service Code is a code that was used during the American Civil War. The code uses one flag or two torches.

The flags come in three color schemes: a red square in the middle of a white background, white on black, or black on white. The flag that is used at any time depends on the visibility.

The flags come in three sizes: two feet by two feet, four by four, and six by six. The 2x2 flags are used in battle to send messages back to headquarters and to send back commands, sometimes by more than one signaler. The 4x4 flags are used for almost everything else. The 6x6 flags are for sending messages that can't wait until night so they could use the torches. These flags are so heavy that no one really wanted to use them.

One torch is put on a pole and waved around and is called the action torch. The other was stuck on a stake and called the foot torch. The purpose of the foot torch is to decipher if the message is meant for you or for the guy on the other side of the sender.

The torches run on turpentine. Turpentine is used in the torches because it burns brighter than kerosene. People don't use turpentine in lamps because it is far too volatile to be used in that manner.

The code uses three positions. Position one is to the left. Position two is to the right. Position three is forward. The following is the code and shortcuts.

 A 11    B 1221  C 212   D 111   E 21    F 1112  G 1122  H 211   I 2     J 2211
 K 1212  L 112   M 2112  N 22    O 12    P 2121  Q 2122  R 122   S 121   T 1
 U 221   V 2111  W 2212  X 1211  Y 222   Z 1111

 1 12221 2 21112 3 11211 4 11121 5 11112 6 21111 7 22111 8 22221 9 22122 0 11111

 & 2222  -tion 2221   -ing 1121  -ed 1222

 121212          Error
 3               End of word
 33              End of sentence
 333             End of message
 11, 11, 11, 3   Message received or understood
 11, 11, 11, 333 Cease signaling

 1 Wait a moment.                 2   Are you ready?                3 I am ready.
 4 Use short pole and small flag. 5   Use long pole and large flag. 6 Work faster.
 7 Did you understand?            8   Use white flag.               9 Use black flag.
 0 Use red flag.                  A   After                         B Before
 C Can                            Imy Immediately                   N Not
 Q Quiet                          R   Are                           U You
 Y Why

[[Media:Signal Corps Association 1860 ~ 1861]]

See also
For a slightly different version of the code using four different signals, as documented in 1896, see Signal Corps in the American Civil War – Wig-wag signaling.

References
Richard Dees of the Idaho Civil War Volunteers. He is one of the communications officers.

Encodings

General Service Code


The Crown Buildings (), which are also known as the Cathays Park Buildings, are the Welsh Government's main offices in Cardiff, Wales. The buildings were formerly used by the Welsh Office and are situated in Cathays Park. The complex consists of two buildings, Cathays Park 1 (a Grade II-listed building) and Cathays Park 2, joined by two skybridges.

In 1914 foundations were laid for an imposing neoclassical building on this site housing Welsh Government Offices, to a design by R. J. Allison, architect to the Office of Works. Work soon stopped and did not resume for twenty years. In 1934–8, the block now known as Cathays Park 1 (a.k.a. CP1 or old Crown Building) was built by P. E. Hanton, as offices for the Welsh Board of Health. It is a three-storey building in the Stripped Classical style, with  of floorspace. It also has an attic and a basement.

Cathays Park 2 (a.k.a. CP2 or new Crown Building) is a five-storey office building with  of floorspace, including an underground car park and a central atrium housing a cafe for the office staff. The Encyclopaedia of Wales describes CP2, completed in 1979, as conveying an impression of "bureaucracy under siege". The historian John Davies, however, regarded the complex as being "splendid".

The sky bridge between Cathays Park 1 and 2 'the link' has been the subject of some discussion amongst staff based in the building. People have reported an eerie feeling, a general sense of something "unworldly" with people catching fleeting glimpses out of the corner of their eye which had led to rumours of the area being haunted.

In 1968, Cathays Park 1 was damaged by a bomb explosion, the second in the area in under 12 months following a previous attack on the nearby Temple of Peace.

Notes

External links
 Aerial photograph of Cathays Park (the Crown Buildings are in the middle foreground)
 The National Assembly for Wales – A Home For the Assembly

Government buildings in Wales
Grade II listed buildings in Cardiff
Politics of Cardiff
Neoclassical architecture in Wales
Cathays Park
Terrorist incidents in Cardiff
Stripped Classical architecture

Crown Buildings, Cathays Park


Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma (fl. 1835–1836) was a 19th-century general for the Republic of Mexico.

Sesma commanded the brigade sent in advance of the main body of Antonio López de Santa Anna's main body of troops that were heading to put down the rebellion in the Mexican state of Texas. His orders were to relieve Gen. Martín Perfecto de Cos in San Antonio, but news of Cos's surrender (December 1835) and retreat to Laredo (Mexico) reached Mexican authorities shortly after Ramírez's departure. Ramírez joined Cos at Laredo with 1,000 infantry and 500 cavalry.

Santa Anna linked up with them at the Rio Grande. Together the troops advanced to San Antonio, where they seized the Alamo on March 6, 1836, after a thirteen-day siege. On March 11, Sesma was ordered to go with Gen. Adrián Woll to San Felipe de Austin and then to Anahuac. On March 24, his orders were changed, and he was instructed to support the left wing of José de Urrea's forces, but the resistance encountered at Beeson's Ford on the Colorado River caused Sesma and Woll to camp on the south bank of the river about two miles from the Texas forces on the opposite side. Santa Anna then proceeded with an advance detachment, and Ramírez followed at a distance.

He began crossing his troops over the Brazos River at Thompson's Ferry on April 13 with orders to continue toward Harrisburg. At the time of the Battle of San Jacinto, Sesma was encamped on the right bank of the Brazos near the Old Fort settlement. He joined Vicente Filisola and the other Mexican generals on April 25 and accompanied the troops in the general Mexican retreat.

See also
Timeline of the Texas Revolution

References

People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution
History of Laredo, Texas
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Mexican generals

Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma


Sir Francis Pile, 2nd Baronet (c. 1617 – 1649) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  between 1645 and 1649.

Pile was the son of Sir Francis Pile, 1st Baronet of Compton-Beauchamp and his wife Elizabeth Popham, daughter of Sir Francis Popham. He inherited the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1635.

In 1645, Pile was elected Member of Parliament for Berkshire in the Long Parliament. He sat until his death before February 1649.

Pile married firstly Mary Dunch, daughter of Samuel Dunch of Pusey, Berkshire, and secondly on 18th July 1639 Jane daughter of Rt Rev. John Still, Bishop of Bath and Wells. His son died young and with daughters remaining the baronetcy passed to his brother Seymour.

References

1649 deaths
English MPs 1640–1648
People from Vale of White Horse (district)
Year of birth uncertain
Baronets in the Baronetage of England

Francis Pile


Derek Watson was the Dean of Salisbury in the Church of England from 1996 to his retirement in 2002.

Born on 18 February 1938 and educated at Uppingham School and Selwyn College, Cambridge, he was ordained into the priesthood in 1965 after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon. His first post was as a Curate at All Saints, New Eltham, after which he was Chaplain of Christ's College, Cambridge. He was then Domestic Chaplain to the Bishop of Southwark and then, in March 1977, the first Vicar of the reunited benefice of St Andrew's and St Mark's, Surbiton. Promotion to be Canon Treasurer of Southwark Cathedral followed and, after a spell as Rector of St Luke's and Christ Church, Chelsea, he was elevated to the Deanery. He is now Preacher of Lincoln's Inn.

Personal life
He is married to Sheila Watson (née Atkinson). She is also a Church of England priest and the current Archdeacon of Canterbury. They are both keen cyclists.

References

1938 births
Living people
People educated at Uppingham School
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
Deans of Salisbury

Derek Watson (priest)


Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley, KG (c. 1354 – 24 September 1416) was a baron in the Peerage of England, Lord of Morley, Hingham, Hockering, &c., in Norfolk, de jure Lord Marshall, hereditary Earl Marshal of Ireland, and a Privy Councillor. He was summoned to parliament from 20 October 1379 to 3 September 1416.

Thomas Morley was the second but eldest surviving son and heir of Sir William de Morley, 3rd Baron Morley (d. 30 April 1379) by his spouse Lady Cecily Bardolf (d. 23 November 1386), daughter of Thomas Bardolf, 2nd Baron Bardolf.

In 1375 he was a Knight serving in Brittany in the expedition of the Duke of Brittany and Earl of Cambridge. In 1386, upon rumours of an intended invasion, he was, as Lord Morley, the Chief Commissioner ordered to survey Great Yarmouth and make provisions for its defence.

In 1391 Lord Morley received permission to go on crusade in Prussia.

In 1399 he accompanied King Richard II on his disastrous journey to Ireland. In July 1415 he set out with King Henry V on the expedition which culminated in the great victory of the Battle of Agincourt, but it does not appear, however, that he fought in the battle. In 1416 he was Lieutenant and Captain-General of forces assembled to proceed to France.

Lord Morley died later that year at Calais, where he was lodging at the house of a merchant, After a service at the Church of Notre Dame in Calais, at which both King Henry V and Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, were present, his body was returned to England and buried in the Austin Friars Church at Norwich, Norfolk.

Lord Morley married three times:
 (1) before 3 April 1374, Joan de Hastings (Norfolk, 1357 - before 1380), daughter of Sir Hugh de Hastings, Knt. (died c. 1369), by Margaret de Everingham, daughter of Adam de Everingham 2nd Baron Everingham, by whom Lord Morley had one son, Sir Robert de Morley, Knt. (circa 1375 - before 12 November 1403), d.v.p., who married before August 1394 Isabel de Molines and had Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley. She is buried in the Church of the White Friars, Norwich, Norfolk.
 (2) before 10 June 1380, Elizabeth (surname unknown).
 (3) before 21 October 1390 (date of Papal dispensation), Anne le Despencer, daughter of Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer and Lady Elizabeth Burghersh and widow of Sir Hugh de Hastings, Knt., (d.1386), of Elsing, Norfolk. She died 30 October 1426, and was buried in the Church of the Austin friars, Norwich. By Lord Morley, she had no issue.

References

 Burke, Sir Bernard, Ulster King of Arms, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire, London, 1883, p. 382.
 Dictionary of National Biography, Compact Edition, Oxford University Press, 1975.
 Richardson, Douglas, Plantagenet Ancestry, Baltimore, Md., 2004, pps: 288 and 517.
 Petition to exercise the office of Earl Marshal of Ireland by deputy, Rotuli Parliamentorum vol iii, P 130, no16 - 1381 & 1382, 5 Richard III

1354 births
1416 deaths
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
Members of the Privy Council of England
Burials at Austin Friars, Norwich
Barons Morley

Thomas Morley, 4th Baron Morley


The Last of Us is a third person survival horror action-adventure video game made by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It released for the PlayStation 3 on June 14, 2013 and a version of the game with updated graphics called The Last of Us: Remastered was released for the PlayStation 4 on July 29, 2014. This version also has a downloadable content called Left Behind. The story is about two people named Joel and Ellie trying to survive different dangers.

Story
In 2013, there is an outbreak of a mutated Cordyceps fungus, which ruins the United States and the rest of the world. The fungus transforms its human hosts into aggressive, zombie-like creatures called the Infected. In the suburbs of Austin, Texas, a man named Joel escapes the city with his brother Tommy and daughter Sarah. However, just as they escape, Sarah is shot by a soldier and dies in Joel's arms.

Twenty years later, society has fallen apart because of the infection. Survivors live in quarantine zones, independent settlements, and nomadic groups, leaving buildings and homes deserted. Joel now works as a smuggler with his partner Tess in the quarantine zone in Boston, Massachusetts. They hunt down Robert, a black-market dealer, to recover a stolen weapons cache. Upon finding Robert, he tells Joel and Tess that he sold the weapons to a militia called the Fireflies, who are opposing the authorities. Tess then kills him.

The leader of the Fireflies, Marlene, arrives. She then promises to double Joel and Tess's weapons in return for smuggling a teenage girl named Ellie to Fireflies hiding in the Massachusetts State House, which is located outside of the quarantine zone. As the night comes, Joel, Tess, and Ellie sneak out of the quarantine zone but are caught by a government patrol, which they defeat. It is here they learn that Ellie is infected, but she says she is immune because she became infected three weeks ago, while signs a person is infected take two days to appear. The three continue to head to their destination, fighting many infected along the way. When they arrive to the State House, they find that the Fireflies there have been killed. Tess reveals she has been bitten by an Infected, but sacrifices herself so Joel and Ellie could escape from soldiers. Joel decides to find Tommy, a former Firefly, in the hope that he can find the remaining Fireflies.

Joel and Ellie seek the help of Bill, a smuggler and survivalist who owes Joel a favor. Through Bill, they are able to get a car. Joel and Ellie then head to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where they are then attacked by bandits who destroy their car. Getting through the city, they meet two brothers named Henry and Sam, and the four escape the city. During the escape, Sam is bitten by an Infected, but keeps it hidden. Sam then transforms into an Infected, tries to attack Ellie, and is then shot by his brother Henry, only for him to take his own life afterwards.

Later, in the fall, Joel and Ellie finally find Tommy in Jackson, Wyoming. Here, Tommy had built a settlement near a hydroelectric dam with his wife Maria. Joel decides to give Ellie with Tommy, but she finds out about this and talks to him about Sarah, which makes Joel change his mind and lets her stay with him. Tommy tells the two that the Fireflies are at the University of Eastern Colorado. When they arrive, there is nobody at the university, for the Fireflies have moved to Salt Lake City, Utah. However, when they try to leave, bandits attack the two, and Joel is badly hurt in the escape.

During the winter, Ellie and Joel take shelter in the mountains. Joel is still wounded and is close to death, while Ellie take care of him. While looking for food, she meets David and James, two scavengers who offer medicine for food. David reveals the men that Joel and Ellie had killed at the university were part of his group, making her hostile against him. Later, she keeps David's men away from Joel, but is captured by them, where she is imprisoned. David offers to let her join his group, but she refuses and escapes, killing James. Joel, in the meanwhile, recovers from his injuries and looks for Ellie. However, she is trapped by David in a burning restaurant. David is then killed by Ellie with a machete just as Joel finds her, calming her before they escape.

Joel and Ellie finally arrive in Salt Lake City in the spring. While heading to the hospital where the Fireflies are, Ellie nearly drowns, and the two are captured by a Firefly soldier. Now in the hospital, Marlene tells Joel that Ellie is being prepared for surgery in the hope of getting a vaccine for the infection. However, since the infected part of Ellie's brain will needed to be removed, Ellie will die in the operation. Not wanting Ellie to die, Joel makes his way to the operating room, kills the head surgeon and escapes with Ellie. Just as he reaches the parking garage, Marlene stops him, but Joel kills her in order to prevent the Fireflies from following them. They drive back to Tommy's place, where Ellie awakens in the car. Joel tells Ellie the Fireflies had found people like her, in that they were immune, but did not create a cure and gave up. Just before they enter the settlement, Ellie reveals to Joel her survivor's guilt and asks Joel if what he told her was true, which he tells her it is.

Reception
The game got great reception, getting over 120 awards and receiving the title of 2013's game of the year. IGN rated the game 10 out of 10, along with many other national game raters, that all rated the game highest any game has ever received. During the first week, the game sold over 3.4 million copies, second only to Grand Theft Auto in sales records.
The Last of Us is the most awarded game of all time, winning over 200 game of the year awards. This game has applauded by the critics and took over than 50 complete numbers and the average of the numbers is 95 from 100.

Gameplay
The Last of Us is a third-person perspective game. The first characters of the game are Joel and Ellie. For most of the game, players control Joel, and Ellie is controlled by the game's Artificial Intelligence. Players also control Ellie and Sarah in a few parts of the game. In this game you can use different guns and other things which you find in the environment like knives to kill your enemies.

Multiplayer
The game includes a multiplayer side, where the player can choose to be a Hunter or a Firefly, with the objective of completing twelve weeks (84 days/games) on each side. It comes with multiple different modes and maps.

Modes
Supply Raid: A team game, where the objective is to eliminate all twenty people on the opposite team. The first side to complete that objective wins.
Survivors: A game mode where each team has four players that have only one life each, making players use strategy and stealth to win over their opponents.
Interrogation: In this game, the objective is to interrogate the enemy team, by killing the enemy players, and then walking over to their bodies and getting information about the location of their lock box, before they die. Once all the interrogations are complete, the team then can locate the opposing teams lockbox and open it, thus winning the game.

Maps
Lakeside
Bill's Town
Downtown
Checkpoint
University
Highschool

References
www.IGN/The_Last_of_Us/review.com
www.NaughtyDog.com
www.GameInformer/The_Last_of_Us.com

2013 video games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation 3 games

Action-adventure games

The Last of Us