Harike Wetland also known as "Hari-ke-Pattan", with the Harike Lake in the deeper part of it, is the largest wetland in northern India in the border of Tarn Taran Sahib district and Ferozepur district  of the Punjab state in India.

The wetland and the lake were formed by constructing the headworks across the Sutlej river in 1953. The headworks is located downstream of the confluence of the Beas and Sutlej rivers just south of Harike village. The rich biodiversity of the wetland which plays a vital role in maintaining the precious  hydrological balance in the catchment with its vast concentration of migratory fauna of waterfowls including a number of globally threatened species (stated to be next only to the Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur) has been responsible for the recognition accorded to this wetland in 1990, by the Ramsar Convention, as one of the Ramasar sites in India, for conservation, development and preservation of the ecosystem.

This man-made, riverine, lacustrine wetland spreads into the three districts of Tarn Taran Sahib, Ferozepur and Kapurthala in Punjab and covers an area of 4100 ha. Conservation of this wetland has been given due importance, since 1987–88, both by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India and the Punjab State Government (through its several agencies), and over the years several studies and management programmes have been implemented.

Access

Harike or Hari-ke-Pattan as it is popularly called, is the nearest town to the wetland is Makhu (Ferozepur) Railway Station and Bus Stand is situated 10 km south of the Harike town, which connects to Ferozpur, Faridkot and Bhatinda by  the National Highway.

Hydrology and engineering aspects
Monsoon climate dominates the catchment draining into the wetland. The headworks built on the Sutlej River downstream of its confluence with Beas River and the reservoir created, which form the Harike lake and the enlarged wetland, is a purposeful project, which acts as the headworks for irrigation and drinking water supplies, through the Ferozepur, Rajasthan and Makku feeder canals with total carrying capacity of , to supply to the command areas located in the states of Punjab and Rajasthan. The grand Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan is fed from this source. The lake is triangular, with its apex in the west, bounded by a bund called the Dhussi Bund forming one side, a canal in the second and a major road on the third. The periphery of the lake is surrounded by agricultural land and the wetland is reported to be rich in ground water resources.

Water quality
The Punjab State Council for Science & Technology has reported that the water quality of the lake is mostly of 'A' Class as per the designated best use criteria even though large volumes of polluted water discharge into the wetland from industries and urban centres.

Biodiversity
The rich biodiversity of the wetland, with several species of birds, turtles, snakes, amphibians, fishes and invertebrates, is reportedly unique.

Bird sanctuary
The wetland was declared a bird sanctuary in 1982 and named as Harike Pattan Bird Sanctuary with an extended area of 8600 ha. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) carried out research and a bird ringing programme during the period 1980–85. An ornithological field laboratory was proposed to be established by BNHS.

200 species of birds visit the wetland  during winter season of which some of the well known species (some are pictured in the gallery) are the cotton pygmy goose (Nettapus coromandelianus), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), yellow-crowned woodpecker (Dendrocopos mahrattensis), yellow-eyed pigeon (Columba eversmanni), water cock (Gallicrex cinerea), Pallas's gull (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus), brown-headed gull (Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus), black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), yellow-footed gull (Larus michahellis), Indian skimmer (Rynchops albicollis), white-winged tern (Chlidonias leucopterus), white-rumped vulture (Gyps bengalensis), hen harrier (Circus cyaneus), Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), hawk (subfamily Accipitrinae), Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo), horned grebe (Podiceps auritus), black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), white-browed fantail (Rhipidura aureola), brown shrike (Lanius cristatus), common woodshrike (Tephrodornis pondicerianus), white-tailed stonechat (Saxicola leucurus), white-crowned penduline tit (Remiz coronatus), rufous-vented grass babbler (Laticilla burnesii), striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris), Cetti's warbler (Cettia cetti), sulphur-bellied warbler (Phylloscopus griseolus) and diving duck.

Vegetation

The wetland's rich floating vegetation comprises the following:

 Eichhornia crassipes dominates in 50% of the area.
 Azolla sp. are sparsely seen in open water areas.
 Nelumbo nucifera, the lotus, is the prominent rooted floating vegetation.
 Ipomoea aquatica, is at the lake periphery in the shallower regions.
 Najas, Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum, Potamogeton, Vallisneria (eelgrass, tape grass vallis) and Charales are the species of submerged vegetation
 Typha sp. str the dominant emergent marsh vegetation.
 Tiny floating islets are formed by Eichhornia crassipes and other grass species in the mud and root zone all over the wetland.

Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Zizyphus sp., Ficus sp., alien Prosopis juliflora in large clumps and other trees are planted along the embankment. The State Wildlife Department has constructed earthen mounds in the marsh area with trees planted on it to increase nesting sites for the birds.

Aqua fauna
Endangered turtles and smooth-coated otters, listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, are found in the wetland.

26 species of fish are recorded which include rohu, catla, Puntius, Cirrhina, Channa, Mystus, Chitala chitala, Cyprinus, and Ambassis ranga.

Invertebrates recorded are: molluscs (39 & 4 taxa), insects (6 & 32 taxa), crustaceans (27 taxa), annelids (7 taxa), nematodes (7 & 4 taxa), rotifers (59 & 13 taxa), and protozoans (5 & 21 taxa).

Indus dolphins

The Indus dolphin (Platanista gangetica minor) supposed to have become extinct in India after 1930, but largely found in the Indus River system in Pakistan, was recently sighted in the Beas River in Harike wetland area. This aquatic mammal classified as an endangered species in the Red Data Book of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources is considered a significant find. The dolphins were discovered by Basanta Rajkumar, IFS who was the officer in charge of the area while touring the area on a motorboat on the morning of 14 December 2007. Freshwater dolphin conservationist of the World Wildlife Fund India team, who were called in to help in surveying the area after the discovery, sighted a family of half a dozen dolphins at two different places along the 25-km stretch upstream of the Beas and thus confirmed the veracity of the claim made by the forest officials of the state government. An authority on freshwater dolphins with the endangered species management wing of the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun has also confirmed this finding. Discovering it in 2007, which was declared by the United Nations as Dolphin Year, was considered a special event. However, in the same Beas River, about 140 km downstream of the Harike Barrage in Pakistan territory, Indus dolphins are commonly found.

Gharials
The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) was once found in great numbers in the Indus River system before its population dwindled and it is now classified as critically endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. The Punjab Government is now planning to release 10 gharials in the Harike Wetlands as the first step to increase their numbers and to attract more tourists.

Wetland degradation
The wetland which is in existence since 1953 underwent changes over the years because of several factors, some of which are:

 Encroachments on the wetland habitat for intensive agriculture with resultant effluents of agricultural chemicals and also controversial encroachments.
 Utilization of surface and ground waters for irrigation
 Effluent discharge of untreated waste from towns and villages from industrial, urban and agricultural activities into the rivers which feed the wetland resulting in extensive weed growth (water hyacinth) in the wetland (polluted water discharged was reported to be about 700 million liters per day (mld)
 The profuse growth of water hyacinth had covered 80 per cent of the open water surface resulting in the 33 islands getting enclosed.
 Soil erosion and siltation due to deforestation of the fragile lower Shivalik hills which form the catchment of the wetland
 Illegal fishing and poaching in spite of the Wildlife (Protection) Act.
 Indiscriminate grazing in the catchments resulting in damage to the wetland ecology
 A remote sensing study of the Wetland area coupled with the analysis of rainfall, discharge and ground water level showed that the flow pattern had diminished and the size of wetland area had reduced by about 30%, over a 13 years study period.
 The ecological crisis had reached such a stage that environmentalists estimated lifespan of the wetland to be discreasing.

Restoration measures
The gravity of the degraded status of the wetland has been addressed for implementing several restoration measures by a plethora of organizations/agencies/research institutions of the central and state governments and also the Indian Army Units located in the area. The measures undertaken to conserve the wetland have covered the following actions.
The Chief Minister of the State of Punjab instituted, in 1998, the Harike Wetland Conservation Mission to:a) To prepare a Master Plan for the integrated conservation and development of the Harike wetland;

b) To undertake specific projects and programmes for the conservation of the ecosystem of the Harike region;

c) To regulate, screen and monitor all development activities which have a bearing on the Harike wetland ecosystem;

d) To evaluate all plans and proposals of all departments of the Government which concern the future of Harike

The menace of water hyacinth was addressed by the Indian Army (Western Command, Vajra Corps.) in the year 2000, in a joint effort initiated by the Chief Minister of the State. Under the pilot project named "Sahyog" the Army adopted several innovative mechanical system of weed removal. The Army General reporting on the progress of the works stated:
Through a number of innovative methods, we succeeded in making dynamic booms, and winches etc. After the operation, we have placed static and dynamic booms at strategic points in the Harike Lake to hold back the floating mats of water hyacinth so that it doesn't spread. At the end of six months of untiring labour by our team, we had opened four channels, which had got choked with silt over the years. We also planted 750 saplings of plants of two years of age on the island for birds to nest and roost in future.
 The Punjab State Council for Science and Technology evolved a management plan which involved:
 Opening of sluice gates during monsoon
 Monitoring of water quality migration period
 Fencing some of the selected portions from encroachment
 Afforestation of the catchment area
 Survey, mapping & notification
 Soil Conservation
 Education and Public awareness

World wetlands day
On 2 February 2003 the World Wetlands Day was celebrated at Harike with the watchword "No-wetlands-No Water", which also marked the "International Year of Freshwater".

Gallery

See also
 Wetland
 Kanjli Wetland
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330736963_Study_of_Toxic_Elements_in_River_Water_and_Wetland_Using_Water_Hyacinth_Eichhornia_crassipes_as_Pollution_Monitor

References

Wetlands of India
Lakes of Punjab, India
Ramsar sites in India
Tourist attractions in Amritsar

Harike Wetland


1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane is an organic chemical, an organofluoride. It is a colorless gas, usually available in the form of a liquid gas. It is used as a fire suppression agent, a foaming agent, a highly effective refrigerant, a heat transfer medium, a dielectric gas, a sterilant carrier, a polymerization medium, a carrier fluid, a displacement drying agent, a thermodynamic power cycle working fluid, etc. It is used as a cold gas rocket propellant by the Mars Cube One spacecraft.

When used as a fire suppressant, hexafluoropropane carries the Waysmos Fine Chemical trade name, MH36 or the Chemours trade name, FE-36. Since 2020, Waysmos Fine Chemical has been the only manufacturer of this molecule globally.

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane is a greenhouse gas; its global warming potential is 9810.

It is manufactured by reacting 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloropropane with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase at temperature between 250-400 °C, in presence of a catalyst in the form of trivalent chromium (e.g. chromium(III) chloride) supported on carbon with low content of specific impurities.

See also
 1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane

References

Fluoroalkanes
Fire suppression agents
Refrigerants
Dielectric gases

1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane


William Arnstein, professionally William Brice (April 23, 1921 – March 3, 2008) was an American artist known for his large-scale abstract paintings.

Biography
Born to actress Fanny Brice and her second husband, professional gambler Julius W. "Nicky" Arnstein, April 23, 1921, he spent his early years living with his mother and his sister, Frances (later the wife of producer Ray Stark), while their father was in prison on a variety of charges stemming from a history of thefts, swindles, and confidence schemes. Artists such as Clifford Odets and the Gershwin brothers were frequent visitors.

William's talent was recognized early, and even in childhood, he had the services of a private art tutor.  Important influences included then-active artists Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso (one of whose works Brice acquired at the age of fourteen).

Their mother, pursuing a career in radio, moved them to Beverly Hills. There he attended  the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles (1937–39, 1940–42), as well as the Art Students League of New York in New York City (1939–40). His first solo show of paintings and drawings was presented at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art in 1947. The early work was figural and representational. A 1950 L.A. Times review of his solo exhibition at the Frank Perls Gallery (Beverly Hills) praises the still lifes "that stress the geometrical aspects of common objects." Over time, he moved in the direction of greater abstraction, but rejected more progressive movements such as Abstract Expressionism and Action Painting. His work was characterized by expert draughtsmanship. He is particularly remembered for the "classic modernism" of his late work, in which masses reminiscent of ancient ruins figure prominently, inspired in part by an important trip to Greece in 1970.

From 1948 until 1952, he taught at the Jepson Art Institute in Los Angeles, and the following year began his long tenure at UCLA, continuing until his retirement in 1991, where he was a beloved teacher, and mentored generations of artists, for whom he "offered a connection to European Modernism."

Brice's work is part of the permanent collections of such major museums as the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City.

At age 86, he suffered injuries in a fall and never regained consciousness before dying at the UCLA Medical Center on March 3, 2008. He was survived by his wife, Shirley Bardeen, whom he had married in 1942, their son, John, and two grandsons.

References

 Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism: Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless (New York School Press, 2009.) . pp. 48–51
Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.) , pp. 50–53

External links
 Biography and images from exhibitions at LA Louver gallery
 Biographical Summary at Crown Point Press

1921 births
2008 deaths
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture faculty
American artists
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Accidental deaths in California
Accidental deaths from falls
Jewish American artists
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

William Brice


Bobby Gene Tiefenauer (October 10, 1929 – June 13, 2000) was an American professional baseball player and coach.  A knuckleball relief pitcher, he pitched for six Major League teams during a ten-year MLB career that stretched between  and : the St. Louis Cardinals (1952, 1955, 1961), Cleveland Indians (1960, 1965–67), Houston Colt .45s (1962), Milwaukee Braves (1963–65), New York Yankees (1965) and Chicago Cubs (1968). Tiefenauer was born in Desloge, Missouri; he threw and batted right-handed and was listed as  tall and .

Tiefenauer signed with the Cardinals in 1948, beginning his 21-year pitching career, but spent only two full seasons ( and ) on a major league roster. In 1964, with the Milwaukee Braves, he had one of his better seasons, saving 13 games (eighth best in the National League) with an earned run average of 3.21. All told, Tiefenauer worked in 179 MLB games pitched, exclusively as a relief pitcher. He posted a 9–25 won–lost mark, with 23 career saves. In 316 innings pitched, he allowed 312 hits and 87 bases on balls, with 212 strikeouts. His career ERA was 3.84.

Tiefenauer collected only one hit in 39 at-bats for a career batting average of .026. The hit occurred in the fourth inning of the game between the Houston Colt .45s and the San Francisco Giants on September 29, 1962, and it was an extra base hit, a double, struck off one of the best pitchers in baseball that year, Jack Sanford, who would win 24 games for the pennant-winning 1962 Giants.  Tiefenauer pitched six innings in relief that day, and also came up to bat in the sixth inning when he grounded out to shortstop.

After his active career, Tiefenauer joined the Philadelphia Phillies' organization as a minor league pitching coach from 1970 into the 1980s, and served one year, , as the bullpen coach on the Phils' MLB staff.

Tiefenauer enjoyed multiple brilliant seasons in the Triple-A International League during the late 1950s and early 1960s, posting a composite won–lost record of 49–15 over four seasons between 1958 and 1963. He was posthumously elected to the International League Hall of Fame in 2008.

References

External links

Bobby Tiefenauer at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1929 births
2000 deaths
Atlanta Crackers players
Baseball players from Missouri
Charleston Marlins players
Charleston Senators players
Chicago Cubs players
Cleveland Indians players
Houston Buffaloes players
Houston Colt .45s players
Knuckleball pitchers
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Braves players
New York Yankees players
Omaha Cardinals players
People from St. Francois County, Missouri
Philadelphia Phillies coaches
Portland Beavers players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Louis Cardinals players
San Juan Marlins players
Tacoma Cubs players
Tallassee Indians players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Winston-Salem Cardinals players

Bobby Tiefenauer


Paradis Station () is a railway station in Stavanger Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The station is located at Paradis in the city of Stavanger, about  from the main Stavanger Station. It is served by the Stavanger Commuter Rail operated by Go-Ahead Norge by up to four hourly trains in each direction. The station is located along the double track section of the Sørlandet Line, and was opened on 16 November 2009, replacing Hillevåg Station. It is co-located with a Kolumbus bus stop, allowing transfer to many routes.

Facilities
The station is  from Oslo Central Station and  from Stavanger Station. Paradis Station is universally accessible, unstaffed and equipped with ticket machines. The station is located underneath Strøm Bridge, which feeds onto Norwegian National Road 44. The station serves the residential areas of Storhaug, Paradis and Våland. In addition, it is located within walking distance of the County Governor and Stavanger University Hospital. There is bicycle parking at the station, but no parking for cars. However, there is a kiss and ride area where people can be dropped from cars. Access to the station is available both from the north and the south, from both Strøm Bridge and Lagårdsveien, all with elevators.

Service
The station is served by the Jæren Commuter Rail, operated by Go-Ahead. During regular operating hours on weekday, NSB operates four trains in each direction each hour. All northbound trains run to Stavanger Station, where they terminate. All four southbound trains operate to at least Sandnes Station, and two more continue to Nærbø Station and one runs to Egersund Station. Travel time to Stavanger is 2 minutes, to Sandnes Sentrum is 14 minutes, to Nærbø is 45 minutes and to Egersund is 1 hour and 5 minutes. NSB operates the line using Class 72 electric multiple units. Transfer to city bus is available  away at Strømsbrua on National Road 44, which serves Kolumbus' lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, X30, X39, X44, X60, 66, X74, 75 and E90.

History
The line past Paradis was built as part of the Jæren Line and opened in 1878. The area was originally served by Hillevåg Station. In 2006 the Norwegian National Rail Administration started rebuilding the track between Stavanger and Sandnes to double track. As part of that, Hillevåg was closed and replaced by Paradis. The reason for moving the station is the new location will be developed into a commercial center with dense office, retail and housing real estate. The new line was opened on 16 November 2009 and from 14 December, the 15-minute headway was introduced between Stavanger and Sandnes.

References

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Stavanger
Railway stations opened in 2009
2009 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 2000s

Paradis Station


Baron François du Four (Turnhout, Belgium, 1871 – 1945) was a Belgian industrialist. He married Germaine Herry in 1902, and together they had seven daughters and a son.

When his mother, Josephina Frederika Dessauer, died in 1904, he became the owner of the family business Brepols, a paper – and playing card factory. The company at that moment had about 1000 employees. From 1919 up to 1932 François du Four was mayor of Turnhout. In 1929, King Albert I of Belgium knighted him and granted him the title of baron. The heraldic motto of the du Fours is Melius esse quam vider, which means it is better to be than to seem, and their own weapon-shield represents a lion.

In Turnhout there is a street named after him: the baron François du Four street, which starts on the central market place of Turnhout. In this street the old factory buildings of Brepols were located. In 1945, Francois du Four died at the age of 74.

François du Four liked racing-horses. His thoroughbreds won a lot of races and a lot of prize money. After he died, regretfully, all his horses were sold. In 1904, he had bought a small farm in Retie with neighboring pasture. He was especially looking for a place where he could breed thoroughbreds. In 1905, he started with the construction of the park where now the castle of Retie stands. In 1906, he started the building of a castle and the stables for his horses.

Sources
 Walter Raeymakers, Baron François du Four. Een leven tussen drukpersen renpaarden en politiek, Turnhout, Brepols, 1995.

External links
 Castle of Retie

1871 births
1945 deaths
Flemish businesspeople
People from Turnhout
Barons of Belgium
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Knights of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)

François du Four


The montaña del Príncipe Pío is a hill in the western part of Madrid, Spain.

Background
It is named after prince Francisco Pío de Saboya, a member of the Italian Pio di Savoia family, whose mother Juana de Moura owned property there. Later, barracks (Cuartel de la Montaña) were constructed there. The Madrilene rebels who fought the Napoleonic invaders were executed there on the morning of 3 May 1808, as painted by Francisco de Goya.

Around the 1960s, the barracks were demolished to make room for the Parque del Oeste. The former location of the barracks is now the site of the Temple of Debod, a Nubian temple given by the Egyptian government to Spain in gratitude for Spanish help in saving antiquities during the building of the Aswan Dam.

References

Geography of Madrid
Hills of Spain
Landforms of the Community of Madrid
Moncloa-Aravaca

Príncipe Pío (hill)


Pavel Petrovich Maksutov ( April 25, 1825 – May 2, 1882) was an Imperial Russian Navy rear-admiral, prince, hero of Crimean War, 15th governor of Taganrog.

Pavel Maksutov was born in Penza into a Russian noble family of Pyotr Ivanovich Maksutov. His brothers and sisters were: Nikolay, Alexander (lieutenant, heavily wounded on August 24, 1854, during the siege of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, died on September 10 of the same year), Yekaterina, Dmitri (rear-admiral, the last governor of Alaska), Pyotr and Georgy.

He entered the Naval Cadet Corps in Saint Petersburg on March 16, 1838, was promoted to the rank of reefer in January 1840. In 1840-1841 he sailed in the Baltic Sea on frigates Alexander Nevsky and Kastor. January 1, 1841, promoted to the rank of midshipman. In 1842-1846 served on various ships in the Baltic Sea, and in early 1847 was transferred into the Black Sea Fleet.

In 1847-1848 he participated in landing operations near Abkhazia, April 11, 1848, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant for military actions against the mountaineers during Caucasian War. In 1849-1850 served on brig "Theseus", sailed from Odessa to Constantinople and further to Aegean Sea. After return to Black Sea, in 1851-1852 served on battleship Tri Sviatitelia and on brig "Andromache".

During Crimean War, Maksutov served as flag-officer by rear-admiral Fyodor Mikhailovich Novosilsky and participated in the Battle of Sinop on board the battleship Paris. For 349 days of the siege of Sevastopol (1854) he was awarded with an Order of St. Vladimir of 4th degree with ribbon, he was also promoted to the rank of captain-lieutenant and after the end of war received two Orders of St. Anna of 2nd and 3rd degrees.

1863-1876, Pavel Maksutov served as governor of Berdyansk and commander of the Berdyansk seaport. In April 1878 promoted to the rank of mayor-general of the fleet (as of January 22, 1879, renamed "rear-admiral") and served as Governor of Taganrog in 1876–1882, where he became infamous after being implicated in the so-called Valliano Affair. This worsened his state of health and precipitated his death. He died on May 2, 1882, in Taganrog and was buried in Sevastopol.

Honours and awards
 Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class (1853)
 Order of St. Anne, 3rd class (1854), 2nd class (1855)
 Gold Sword for Bravery (1855)

See also
 Dmitri Petrovich Maksutov

External links and references
 Valliano Affair
 Prince Maksutov in Berdyansk
 Нахимов П. С. Документы и материалы. М., 1954
 Скрицкий Н. В. Русские адмиралы — герои Синопа. М., 2006
 Списки титулованным родам и лицам Российской империи. Издание Департамента герольдии Правительствующего сената. СПб., 1892
 Список лицам, Главный морской штаб Его Императорского Величества составляющим, на 1866 год. СПб., 1866

1825 births
1882 deaths
People from Penza
People from Penzensky Uyezd
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Governors of Taganrog
Imperial Russian Navy admirals
Russian military personnel of the Crimean War
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Naval Cadet Corps alumni

Pavel Maksutov


Newton Abbot is a market town and civil parish on the River Teign in the Teignbridge District of Devon, England. Its 2011 population of 24,029 was estimated to reach 26,655 in 2019. It grew rapidly in the Victorian era as the home of the South Devon Railway locomotive works. This later became a major steam engine shed, retained to service British Railways diesel locomotives until 1981. It now houses the Brunel industrial estate. The town has a race course nearby, the most westerly in England, and a country park, Decoy. It is twinned with Besigheim in Germany and Ay in France.

Toponymy
Newton Abbot does not appear in the Domesday Book of 1086. It is first documented in the late 12th century in Latin as Nova Villa: "new farm". In 1201 it was recorded as Nieweton' abbatis: "New settlement belonging to the abbot". The land was granted to Torre Abbey by William de Briwere in 1196.

Robert Bussell acquired the area in the Highweek parish and Teignbridge Hundred, which was then Newton Bushel. The twin towns worked together and their markets were eventually combined. Local noted antiquarian Cecil Torr states that the town continued to be known simply as Newton or Newton Bushel to the majority of people prior to the arrival of the railway, which made the station Newton Abbot in order to distinguish it from other Newtons on the railways network.

Even following the arrival of the railway, the mononym "Newton" remained in common use, with Richard Nicholls Worth noting in 1880 that "Newton is a modern development of the ancient towns of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushell, which the railway has made into an important centre".

History

Early history
Traces of Neolithic inhabitants have been found at Berry's Wood Hill Fort near Bradley Manor. This was a contour hill fort that enclosed about . Milber Down camp was built before the 1st century BC and later occupied briefly by the Romans, whose coins have been found there.

Highweek Hill has the remains of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, known as Castle Dyke. A village grew up around the castle, first called Teignwick, and later Highweek, implying a village on the high ground. Another settlement developed on the low ground around the River Lemon and would become part of Wolborough Manor.

The markets
There has been a thriving market in Newton Abbot for over 750 years – the first market charter was granted in 1220.

The New Town of the Abbots (of Torre Abbey) was given the right some time between 1247 and 1251 to hold a weekly market on Wednesdays. By 1300 the two settlements were renamed as Newton Abbot (taking the low ground) and Newton Bushel (taking the high ground). On the strength of the market, it quickly became a successful thriving town and a good source of income for the Abbots.

Over the river, on the Highweek side another weekly market was created. This one ran on Tuesdays and because the Bushel family were the landowners this community became known as Newton Bushel. Over the next 200 years Newton Bushel ran more annual fairs, a number of mills were set up and the leather and wool trades started. Newton Bushel was also a convenient place for travellers to stay. Torre Abbey was dissolved in 1539 and ownership of Wolborough was granted to John Gaverock who built himself a new house at Forde.

The twin markets of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel continued until they were merged in 1633 as a Wednesday weekly market under the control of Bradley Manor. By 1751 it had been joined by a smaller Saturday market and three annual fairs – a cattle fair on 24 June, a cheese and onion fair in September, and a cloth fair on 6 November. The markets continued to expand, and in 1826 a new market place was built. Over the next 50 years, the buildings became dilapidated and a new corn exchange (now the Alexandra Theatre) and market hall was completed in 1871.

Wool and leather
In medieval times Devon was an important sheep-rearing county. Many towns had their own wool and cloth industries and Newton Abbot had woollen mills, fullers, dyers, spinners, weavers and tailors. In particular, fellmongering (where wool is completely removed from the sheepskin) was well established in the town. In 1724 Daniel Defoe wrote that Newton Abbot had a thriving serge industry that sent goods to Holland via Exeter. The annual cloth fair was the town's busiest fair. Over the 19th century, Vicary's mills became an important employer in the town and by the 1920s was employing over 400 men. However, by 1972 business had declined and the works closed down.

Associated with the woollen industry was the leather business. Hides left after the fell-mongering process were made into leather. Tanners, boot and shoemakers, glovers and saddlers were all in business in Newton Abbot. As with the wool industry, business flourished over 600 years until after the Second World War.

The Newfoundland trade
In 1583 Humphrey Gilbert, a local adventurer landed at St. John's in Newfoundland and claimed the area as an English colony. The fisheries quickly developed. Between 1600 and 1850 there was a steady trade between Newton Abbot and the cod fisheries off Newfoundland. Every year men from the town would gather at the Dartmouth Inn or Newfoundland Inn in East Street in the hope of being hired for a season's work. In the autumn the dried cod was stored in depots and sometimes used as payment. There was a considerable economic spin-off from this trade. Fish hooks, knives, waterproof boots and rope were all made in the town. The Rope Walk in East Street just a few yards from the Cider Bar still exists, together with the names Newfoundland Way and St John's Street.

Ball clay and the Stover Canal
Just  north-west of Newton Abbot lie the large ball clay workings of the Bovey Basin. The main workings are on the eastern outcrop of the deposits at Kingsteignton, which can lay claim to being the centre of Britain's ball-clay industry. The Bovey Basin took millions of years to fill from rivers that flowed out of Dartmoor. The sediments included clay derived from the decomposed granite. The natural deposition has resulted in clay that is purer and more refined than many others. Clay is used in a wide range of products such as bricks, tyres, porcelain, medicines and toothpaste.

Kingsteignton clay was being used to make pipes around 1680. By 1700, it was being shipped from Teignmouth, and its utilisation by the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood bred success. The clay was extracted by simply digging out the lumps on courses; rather like peat cutting. The bulky clay was transported by packhorse to Hackney Quay at Kingsteignton, then loaded onto barges for shipment down the Teign Estuary, where it was transferred to small ships bound for Liverpool and other ports.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the ball-clay industry was steadily expanding. A local landowner, James Templer, built the Stover Canal in 1792 to help ship clay along the canal and the Teign Estuary from the Bovey Basin to the port of Teignmouth. Coal, manure and agricultural produce were also shipped along the canal. James Templer's father, also called James Templer, purchased the  Stover Estate near Newton Abbot in 1765. Granite from Hay Tor was used to build Stover House which was completed by 1792. George Templer, son of James Templer (the second) and brother of Rev. John Templer, rector of Teigngrace, built the Haytor Granite Tramway, which had rails cut from granite, connecting the granite quarries of Haytor to the canal. This was completed by 1820 and enabled large quantities of granite to be transported for major works like the new London Bridge which opened in 1825. However, George Templer overspent his resources and was forced to sell Stover House, Stover Canal, the Haytor Granite Tramway and most of the rest of the family's considerable estates to Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, in 1829. The canal was extended to cope with this, and the industry fared well until 1858 when they were out-competed by the more economic Cornish coastal quarries. The Stover canal reverted to shipping ball clay, but had ceased to do so by 1939.

The ball-clay industry is now highly mechanised and successful. Most of the clay is transported by road and transferred to ships at the nearby port of Teignmouth.

The Stover Canal Society was formed after a public meeting in February 1999, with the aim of preserving and restoring the canal. Railtrack, which owned most of the canal, transferred ownership in 2005 for the sum of £1 to Teignbridge District Council for leisure use by the community. Work then continued to restore it as an amenity.

The railway

The South Devon railway reached Newton Abbot in 1846 and changed it from simply a market town with associated trades (leather and wool) into an industrial base. The South Devon Railway Company opened the station on 30 December 1846. A branch to Torquay was added on 18 December 1848, with one to Moretonhampstead on 26 June 1866, although the latter has since closed to passengers. Isambard Kingdom Brunel used the Teignmouth/Newton Abbot section to experiment with his atmospheric railway. The experiment failed, but the remains of Brunel's pumping house survive at Starcross and the old Dairy Crest milk processing factory in Totnes.

In 1876, the Great Western Railway bought up the railways and developed the repair and maintenance sheds into a substantial works that employed over 600 people to start with and by 1930 over 1,000 men. Extensive sidings were also built making a large marshalling yard. The present station was rebuilt to its current form in 1927 to designs by Chief GWR Architect P. E. Culverhouse. The large clock was a gift from the people of the town.

During the late 1980s, the number of passengers platforms was reduced from around nine down to five, only three of which still see use by scheduled trains. The remaining platforms were shortened on the southern side and the number of lines reduced to make way for a new station car park. The South Devon Railway Engineering works was decommissioned and replaced by Brunel Industrial Estate. Of the two buildings that survived into the 21st century, only one remains intact, as the old sheds burned down on 21 October 2018.

Many other industries were set up beside the railway station, including a timber yard, iron and brass foundries, and an engineering works. Newton Abbot power station was built adjacent to the line on the Moretonhampstead branch. The town's population increased from 1,623 in 1801 to 12,518 by 1901. Terraced streets were built to house the workers and attractive villas sprang up around the town for the wealthier.

Modern history
Two Royal Navy personnel from Newton Abbot were among the first British casualties in World War I, being killed after their ship was torpedoed by a German U-boat. Over the course of the two world wars, more than 250 Newtonian men gave their lives for the British Empire. They are remembered on the town's war memorial. a further eleven Commonwealth soldiers are also buried in the town. The town was bombed from the air twice during World War II, killing a total of 21 people. There was a severe flood on 27 December 1979, the latest in a long series, when the River Lemon burst its banks after prolonged rain.

Tucked into a corner of the racecourse, Newton Abbot's stock-car track flourished for nearly 30 years and attracted fans and drivers from all over the South of England. A short 300-metre oval track, it featured races for the cars of the BriSCA organization, as well as saloons and "bangers".

A new community hospital to replace the one in East Street was built at the end of Jetty Marsh Road and opened on 12 January 2009.

The Flag of Newton Abbot was adopted in 2009 by the town council. It depicts a stylised image of St Leonard's Tower defacing a modified flag of Devon. Henry Cole, of Newton Abbot Town Council, stated that the "green represents the moors, black for the granite and white for the clay" of the surrounding area. The cross of St Petroc is also used to represent a major crossroads in the town which converged on the clock tower. The arm of the cross represent the routes to Exeter and London, Bovey Tracey and the moors, Totnes and Plymouth, and Torquay and Brixham.

Governance
There are three tiers of local government covering Newton Abbot, at parish, district and county level: Newton Abbot Town Council, Teignbridge District Council and Devon County Council.

The town council is based at Newton's Place at 43 Wolborough Street, which had been built in 1835 as St Leonard's Church (replacing the nearby medieval church of the same name which was demolished shortly afterwards apart from its tower). The former church at 43 Wolborough Street was converted to a museum, community space and town council headquarters, with the first council meeting in the building being held in June 2021. The building was formally opened on 1 April 2023. Teignbridge District Council also has its offices in the town, at Forde House.

Newton Abbot was historically part of the parish of Wolborough. A local government district covering the parish was established in 1864, governed by the Wolborough Local Board. Such local boards were reconstituted as urban district councils in 1894. Ahead of that change, the outgoing local board requested a change of name from Wolborough to Newton Abbot, recognising that Newton Abbot was the main settlement in the district, and so the Wolborough Local Board was replaced by Newton Abbot Urban District Council. The urban district was enlarged in 1901 to take in the parish of Highweek (which included the town's suburb of Newton Bushel on the north bank of the River Lemon) and the Milber area east of the Aller Brook, which had previously been in the parish of Haccombe with Combe. From 1901 to 1974 the Newton Abbot Urban District covered the three civil parishes of Wolborough, Highweek and Milber. As urban parishes the three parishes did not have their own parish councils, but were administered directly by Newton Abbot Urban District Council.

Newton Abbot Urban District was abolished in 1974 with the area becoming part of the new district of Teignbridge. A successor parish called Newton Abbot was established covering the whole of the former urban district, with its council taking the name Newton Abbot Town Council.

Newton Abbot is the main town in the Newton Abbot parliamentary constituency. The constituency was created in 2010, when it was won by the Conservative Anne Marie Morris.

Newton Abbot has two seats on Devon County Council, for Newton Abbot North and Newton Abbot South.

Education
Coombeshead Academy is a comprehensive school in Coombeshead Road. It is a trust school and a specialist media and arts college for some 1,442 pupils aged 11 to 18.

Newton Abbot College, also a comprehensive school in Old Exeter Road. It came into being on 1 September 2008 as a renaming of Knowles Hill School. It is a specialist Technology College for around 1,200 pupils aged 11 to 18.

South Devon UTC is a university technical college in Kingsteignton Road, established on 1 September 2015 for pupils aged 14 to 19.

Stover School - Private School.

The local primary schools include St Joseph's Roman Catholic Primary, Highweek Community Primary and Nursery school, Decoy Primary, which has been awarded the Becta ICT Mark, Eco and Healthy School awards, as well as Bearnes Primary, Canada Hill Primary, Wolborough C of E Primary, Bradley Barton Primary, and Haytor View Primary.

Areas
The Newton Abbot civil parish has grown to include the areas of Highweek (to the north-west) and Wolborough (to the south). Other areas and suburbs include Abbotsbury, Aller Park, Broadlands, Buckland, Knowles Hill, Milber, Mile End and Newtake.

Landmarks

Alexandra Theatre
The Alexandra Theatre was originally built in 1871 as a corn exchange at the end of the market building. Before it was finished it was decided instead to use it as a meeting hall for the community. It remained as such until in 1883, when a major upgrade of the building included the addition of a stage with dressing rooms below, further dressing rooms in extensions at the side of the main building, and an orchestra pit. Many other alterations followed until it was converted into a two-screen cinema in 1996.

St Leonard's Tower

The centre of the town features the ancient tower of St Leonard: all that remains of the medieval chapel of St Leonard, founded in 1220 and first referred to in 1350 in a document of the Bishop de Grandisson of Exeter. The main chapel was demolished in 1836 to ease traffic congestion. Adjacent to the tower is a plaque marking where the first declaration of the newly arrived William III, Prince of Orange was read in 1688: The first declaration of William III, Prince of Orange, the glorious defender of the Protestant religion and the liberties of England, was read on this pedestal by the Rev. John Reynell, rector of this parish, 5th November, 1688. Although William arrived in Brixham on 5 November, he did not reach Newton Abbot until 6 November, when he stayed overnight at Forde House, as he made his way to London to take the English throne.

The tower can regularly be seen flying the Union Flag or the Flag of Newton Abbot (The Flag of Devon defaced by the silhouette of the tower).

Forde House

Forde House (now known as Old Forde House) lies in the south-east corner of the town in the parish of Wolborough. The present house was built in 1610 by Richard Reynell (who later became Sir Richard Reynell) and his wife Lucy. It was built with an E-shaped floor plan thought to be in honour of Queen Elizabeth I, who had recently died. The grounds were originally extensive, including all of what is called Decoy (as wildfowl were decoyed there to extend the house's larder),a deer park known locally as Buckland, which is now home to a housing estate, and the  trampoline park.

In 1625 King Charles I stayed at the house overnight on his way to inspect the fleet at Plymouth. He returned a few days later for a further two nights. Forde House gave shelter to Oliver Cromwell and Colonel Fairfax while on their way to besiege Royalist Dartmouth in 1646. In 1648 the estate passed to the Courtenay family through the marriage of Margaret (only daughter of Jane Reynell and Sir William Waller) to Sir William Courtenay, lord of nearby Powderham Castle. William of Orange stayed at the house in 1688 on the way to his coronation in London, having landed in Brixham. The house remained the main residence of a succession of Courtenays until 1762, when it was let to a string of occupiers.

The Courtenay family sold the house in 1936 to Stephen Simpson, who sold it two years later to Mrs M. Sellick. Teignbridge District Council bought the house in 1978 and remains the current owners. It has been refurbished for use as office and conference space, and for weddings and other social events.

Bradley Manor
At the opposite end of Newton Abbot is a National Trust property, Bradley Manor. This 15th-century (c. 1420) manor house in a secluded woodland setting has a notable great hall emblazoned with the royal coat of arms of Elizabeth I. Nearby is Bakers Park.

The Great Western Railway named a 7800 class steam locomotive after the manor, but the engine was never based in Newton Abbot (Shed Code: 83A) and was withdrawn from mainline service in the 1965. It was restored in the 1980s and passed through Newton Abbot on special runs called The Torbay Express and The Mayflower.

Passmore Edwards Public Library

John Passmore Edwards originally wanted a hospital built for the town in memory of his mother, who was born there, but as the town already had a hospital, he decided on a public library, which opened in 1904. The building, designed by the Cornish architect Silvanus Trevail, is among the most impressive in Newton Abbot. It originally housed also a Science, Art and Technical School, which the Council added. The elaborate Renaissance style includes yellow terracotta mouldings over windows and doorways. Passmore Edwards donated £2,500, and the County Council and public donations paid for the rest. Renovated in 2010–2012, it was renamed the Passmore Edwards Centre after its benefactor and to reflect its future as a multi-purpose facility. It works closely with Coombeshead Academy.

Almshouses
The several sets of almshouses in Newton Abbot include these:
Gilberd's in Exeter Road were endowed in 1538 by John Gilberd of Compton Castle to house lepers. The five houses reputedly had sloping floors to help in washing out the houses. Eight modern apartments with a common room and visitors bedroom now occupy the site, administered by the Feoffees of Highweek.
In 1576 Robert Hayman set up several houses for the poor in East Street. These were rebuilt in 1840.
Reynell's almshouses, built in 1640 beside Torquay Road, housed four clergy widows ("the relicts of preaching ministers, left poor, without a house of their own"). They were rebuilt in 1845.
Mackrell's almshouses in Wolborough Street were built in 1874 by J. W. Rowell. Mackrell was a native of Newton Abbot who made his fortune as a chemist in Barnstaple. Mackrell also funded a home in the Forde Park area for the "fallen women of Newton Abbot", housing single mothers fallen on hard times.

The workhouse
The original Newton Abbot poorhouse was in East Street. The cellar of the Devon Arms was used as the oakum picking room, where paupers were given the unpleasant job of untwisting old rope to provide oakum, used to seal the seams of wooden boats. Newton Bushel had its own poorhouse, not far from present day Newton Abbot Leisure Centre, previously known as Dyron's.

The 1834 Poor Law Act required changes and incorporation that led in 1839, to a new workhouse being built in East Street for paupers from surrounding areas. In time the workhouse became more of a hospital for the sick, infirm and aged poor.

Tucker's Maltings
Close to the railway station is the former Tucker's Maltings, long the only traditional malthouse in the UK open to the public. The malt house produced malt for over 30 breweries, and enough to brew  of beer per annum. It closed in October 2018.

Cider bar
Said to be one of only two remaining cider houses in the United Kingdom, Ye Olde Cider Bar in East Street sells only cider, perry, country wines and soft drinks. Its interior and simple wooden furniture remain relatively unchanged, but some old bar customs, such as limiting women and holidaymakers to half-pint measures and covering the floor with sawdust, have ceased.

Newton Abbot Town & GWR Museum
After a 2019 relocation, the museum is now in the Newton's Place community centre in Newfoundland Way. It displays the history of Newton Abbot and of the Great Western Railway.

Newton Abbot War Memorial
In 1922 Newton Abbot Urban District Council instructed its Borough Surveyor, Coleridge Dingley White, to design a town memorial reflecting the town's importance and the contribution of its young men to the war effort The unveiling and dedication took place on Sunday 23 July 1922.

Transport

Railway

Newton Abbot railway station stands at the east end of Queen Street. It provides both local and long-distance train services between the South West, South Wales, London, the Midlands, the North East and Scotland.

The main line service to/from London Paddington is operated by Great Western Railway and runs at least hourly for much of the day. Half-hourly local trains run from Exmouth and Exeter to Paignton.

CrossCountry services operate through Birmingham to Manchester, the north-east of England ( & ) and Scotland (,  & ).

Bus Services
The main bus operator is Stagecoach South West who run a network of regular services from Newton Abbot to places such as Exeter, Torquay, Paington and Teignmouth.
Local independent operator, County Bus also run a significant number of services from the Town.

Coach Services
Lomax Tours run coach excursions from Newton Abbot to places of interest such as Cardiff Christmas Market, Weymouth, Looe, Clarks Village ect.

Road
Newton Abbot is near the A380 dual carriageway.

Sport and leisure
Newton Abbot has two non-League football clubs: Buckland Athletic F.C., which plays at Homers Heath, and Newton Abbot Spurs A.F.C., which plays at the Recreation Ground. The headquarters of Devon County Football Association are in the town.

Newton Abbot's South Devon Cricket Club was established in 1851 and also plays at the Recreation Ground.

The town has a long-standing rugby union club, Newton Abbot RFC (established 1873), which plays home games at Rackerhayes in nearby Kingsteignton.

Two greyhound racing tracks existed; the Newton Abbot Greyhound Track lasted from 1974 to 2005 and a short-lived track was laid on the Recreation Ground, where Newton Abbot Spurs plays today. The racing was independent (unaffiliated to the sports governing body, the National Greyhound Racing Club) and so both were known as flapping tracks, a name given to independent tracks. Distances there were 250, 450 and 460 yards and racing lasted about five years.

Notable people

Freedom of the Town
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Town of Newton Abbot.

Military Units
 HMS Triumph, RN: 1 April 2023.

See also
Puritan's Pit
A380 road
A381 road
A382 road

References

Sources

External links

Market towns in Devon
Railway towns in England
Towns in Devon

Newton Abbot


Trilogy of Terror is a 1975 American made-for-television anthology horror film directed by Dan Curtis and starring Karen Black. It features three segments, each based on unrelated short stories by Richard Matheson. The first follows a college professor who seeks excitement with her students; the second is about twin sisters who have a bizarre relationship.  These two segments were adapted by William F. Nolan. The third, adapted by Matheson himself, focuses on a woman terrorized by a Zuni fetish doll in her apartment. Black stars in all three segments, and plays dual roles in the second.

The film was first aired as an ABC Movie of the Week on March 4, 1975. Black initially turned down the project, but reconsidered when her then-husband, Robert Burton, was cast in the first segment "Julie". A television film sequel titled Trilogy of Terror II, written and also directed by Dan Curtis, was released in 1996.

Plots

"Julie"
College student Chad Rogers suddenly begins lusting after his straitlaced English teacher, Julie Eldridge; he tells his friend Eddie Nells that the thought of what she is like naked just popped into his head. He asks her out, but she declines, since teachers are forbidden from dating students. Later that evening, Chad watches Julie undressing in her room through a window. The next day, he asks Julie out again, and she accepts the offer.

During the date at a drive-in theater, Chad spikes Julie's drink, rendering her unconscious, and drives her to a motel. After checking them in as husband and wife, he photographs her in a variety of sexually provocative positions. He drives her home. When she regains consciousness, he says that she fell asleep during the movie.

Chad develops the photographs and uses them to blackmail Julie into submitting to his sexual demands, even coercing her into participating in orgies. Julie's roommate Anne becomes concerned about her repeated late night outings and unusually subdued manner, but Julie refuses to confide in her.

After one last sexual escapade with Chad, Julie gives him a poisoned drink and reveals that she manipulated their affair from the beginning, telepathically implanting lust for her inside Chad. She has carried out such affairs with a number of boys to satiate her appetite for sexual thrills and danger, but inevitably gets bored, as she has now bored of Chad. Chad collapses from the poison. Julie drags him into the darkroom and sets fire to the incriminating photographs.

Chad's death is reported as a house fire. Julie adds the newspaper story to a scrapbook of articles depicting students who met similar fates. There is a knock at the door, and a male student in need of a tutor enters.

"Millicent and Therese"
Millicent, a prudish brunette, is consumed by hatred for her twin sister Therese, a seductive and mean-spirited blonde. Millicent confronts Thomas, Therese's lover, and reveals Therese told her all about an unspecified immoral event that happened during Thomas and Therese's sexual relationship. She explains that Therese does not care for Thomas and is only trying to corrupt him with her evil. Millicent confides in her friend and family therapist, Dr. Ramsey, that her sister engaged in sex with their father, poisoned their mother, and is holding her captive inside the family mansion, while gloating to Millicent about her deeds. Ramsey visits the mansion to speak with Therese, who comes on to Ramsey and furiously throws him out of the house when he refuses her advances.

Millicent writes a letter to Dr. Ramsey, explaining that she has determined that Therese is evil and that she will stop her even if that means losing her own life, and plans to use a voodoo doll to kill her. When Dr. Ramsey enters the house, he finds Therese dead on her bedroom floor with the doll next to her and no apparent cause of death. Dr. Ramsey reveals that "Therese" and "Millicent" are the same person; Therese suffered from multiple personality disorder brought on by her having slept with her father and subsequently killed her mother. "Millicent" was an alternative personality with a repressed sexuality to cope with the horror of her actions. The recent death of her father unhinged her further, and the "murder" was actually suicide.

"Amelia"
Amelia lives alone in a high-rise apartment building. When Amelia tells her overbearing mother she is cancelling their evening plans in order to see her anthropologist boyfriend on his birthday, and that she bought him a wooden fetish doll in the form of a misshapen aboriginal warrior with pointed teeth and a spear, her mother hangs up. A scroll with the doll claims that the gold chain adorning the doll keeps the spirit of a Zuni hunter named "He Who Kills" trapped within. As Amelia leaves the room, the gold chain falls off.

Later, Amelia realizes the doll is not where she left it. Amelia hears a noise in the kitchen and finds a carving knife is missing. Returning to the living room, she is attacked by the doll, which stabs at her ankles and chases her around the apartment. Amelia envelops the doll in a towel and attempts to drown it in the bathtub. She later traps it in a suitcase. The doll begins cutting a hole through the suitcase with the knife, but Amelia stabs it with a screwdriver. Thinking it might be dead, she opens the case. It leaps out and latches onto her arm. After getting it off by smashing it into a lamp, she hurls the doll into the oven. She holds the oven door while the doll howls and screams as it burns. When the howling stops, she opens the oven to ensure that the doll is dead, and emits a blood-curdling scream.

Amelia later calls her mother and invites her to come over. She then rips the bolt from her front door and crouches down in a primitive manner, carrying a large carving knife. She awaits her mother, grinning and revealing the teeth of the Zuni fetish doll, whose spirit now inhabits her body.

Cast
"Julie"
 Karen Black as Julie
 Robert Burton as Chad Rogers
 Jim Storm as Eddie Nells
 Gregory Harrison as the New Student
 Kathryn Reynolds as Anne Richards
 Orin Cannon as Motel Clerk

"Millicent and Therese"
 Karen Black as Millicent / Therese
 John Karlen as Thomas Amman
 George Gaynes as Dr. Chester Ramsey
 Tracy Curtis as Tracy

"Amelia"
 Karen Black as Amelia
 Walker Edmiston (uncredited) as the voice of the Zuni doll

Production

Concept
All three of the segments in Trilogy of Terror are based on individual stories by horror writer Richard Matheson. "Amelia" was based on the short story "Prey", which first appeared in the April 1969 issue of Playboy. "Julie" was based on "The Likeness of Julie", published in 1962 in the short story anthology Alone by Night. "Millicent and Therese" was based on "Needle in the Heart", first published in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, October 1969 issue. The segments "Julie" and "Millicent and Therese" were adapted by William F. Nolan, while Matheson adapted "Amelia" into a teleplay himself. On January 4, 1975, it was reported that Karen Black had signed on to appear in the film, portraying the three central characters.

Filming
Filming for Trilogy of Terror took place on location in Hollywood, Los Angeles in the winter of 1974–1975.

Release
Trilogy of Terror first aired on ABC in the 8:30 p.m. time slot on March 4, 1975.

Critical response
The Boston Globe praised Karen Black's "tour-de-force performance" in the film upon its original airing. Black felt the film led to genre typecasting, forcing her to accept many roles in B-grade horror films following the film's release. She stated, "I think this little movie took my life and put it on a path that it didn't even belong in."

On the internet review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on , with a weighted average rating of 7.8/10.

Jeremiah Kipp from Slant Magazine awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the film's direction, script, and Black's performance. On Black's performance, Kipp wrote, "Black plays the female protagonist in each story, and she's the kind of extreme actress who not only acts with her eyes and face, but with her neck, her fingertips, her elbows, wrists, and torso. Gusto is not the word." Writing for AXS, Octavio Ramos deemed "Julie" a "lackluster story," but added: "Let's face it, there's only one real reason to watch Trilogy of Terror: The third segment of this made-for-television anthology, which features the famous Zuni fetish doll that comes to life and torments Karen Black. This segment alone makes Trilogy of Terror a must-own product for even the most casual horror fan."

Felix Vasquez from Cinema Crazed.com felt that the first two segments were "forgettable", and stated that only the last segment was "truly entertaining and creepy". Concluding his review, Vasquez wrote, "Trilogy of Terror was an all around disappointing film with a steady focus on psychological torment and less on actual terror or scares.  I wish I could join along with the crowd and praise this film, but I would have had to be entertained to do so." TV Guide offered the film similar criticism, awarding it 2/4 stars. The reviewer criticized the first two segments as being "utterly wash out" in terms of suspense, dialogue, and storytelling. However, the reviewer commended the final segment as being " a simple, engrossing and claustrophobic set-piece of fear". Meagan Navarro from Bloody Disgusting included Trilogy of Terror in her list of "10 Scariest Made For TV Horror Movies", praising the final segment as 'keeping the film forever at the forefront of made-for-television movie memory'.

Home video
Anchor Bay Entertainment released the film on DVD on August 24, 1999, and on VHS on July 11, 2000. A special edition DVD was released by Dark Sky Films/MPI Home Video on August 29, 2006. The film was released on Blu-ray and on DVD by Kino Lorber Studio Classics on October 16, 2018. Both Blu-ray and DVD are remastered in 4K.

Legacy
Trilogy of Terror has developed a cult following over the years and earned a reputation as a cult classic. It also helped establish Karen Black a devoted cult following as a performer in horror films.

The "Amelia" segment was the inspiration for the 1997 parodical short film, "Karen Black Like Me," which featured a gay man being terrorized by a possessed sex toy.

The Zuni Doll from the segment Amelia has been called by some as being "one of the scariest dolls in movie history".

In 2011, Complex magazine named Trilogy of Terror the fourth-greatest television film of all time, while MeTV deemed it the scariest television film of all time in 2016.

Sequel
A sequel titled Trilogy of Terror II was aired on October 30, 1996. The sequel was again directed by Dan Curtis, who also co-wrote the film, and starred Lysette Anthony.

See also
 List of American films of 1975
 Killer toy
 Attack of the Beast Creatures

References

External links

1975 films
1975 horror films
1970s fantasy films
1975 television films
ABC Movie of the Week
1970s supernatural horror films
American supernatural horror films
Films based on works by Richard Matheson
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Dan Curtis
Puppet films
Films shot in Los Angeles
American horror anthology films
American horror television films
Films based on multiple works
Films with screenplays by Richard Matheson
Poisoning in film
American serial killer films
1970s serial killer films
American psychological horror films
1970s psychological horror films
American ghost films
1970s ghost films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
Films about dissociative identity disorder
Succubi in film

Trilogy of Terror