USS Vermont was originally intended to be a ship of the line for the U.S. Navy when laid down in 1818, but was not commissioned until 1862, when she was too outdated to be used as anything but a stores and receiving ship.

Service history

Vermont was one of nine 74-gun warships authorized by United States Congress on 29 April 1816. She was laid down at the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts, in September 1818, finished about 1825, and kept on the stocks until finally launched on 15 September 1848 in the interest of both space and fire safety considerations. However, Vermont was not commissioned at this time. Instead the already aged ship-of-the-line remained in ordinary at Boston until the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861.

By the time Civil War broke out, the cavernous hull of the vessel was badly needed as a store and receiving ship at Port Royal, South Carolina, and she was commissioned at Boston on 30 January 1862, Commander Augustus S. Baldwin in command. She received orders to sail for Port Royal for duty with Rear Admiral Samuel F. Du Pont's South Atlantic Blockading Squadron on 17 February 1862 and left Boston on 24 February 1862 under tow by the steamer Kensington.

That evening, a violent northwest gale accompanied by snow struck the vessels while they were off Cape Cod Light, Massachusetts. Kensington let go the tow lines, but Vermont refused to obey her helm, broached, and had all her sails and most of her boats blown and torn away. The gale raged for 50 hours; and, by the morning of 26 February 1862, Vermont was drifting eastward with no rudder, her berth deck flooded, and much of the interior of the vessel destroyed. Later on 26 February, Vermont sighted the schooner Flying Mist, hailed her, put a man on board, and persuaded her captain to return to the United States East Coast and report the helpless condition of the ship to naval authorities. Rescue vessels began to reach the stricken ship on 7 March 1862 and enabled Vermont to sail into Port Royal under her own power on 12 April 1862.

Vermont remained anchored at Port Royal, where she served the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron as an ordnance, hospital, receiving, and store ship and drew praise from Rear Admiral Du Pont. On 12 December 1863, she rescued the crew of the American bark Alice Provost, which was wrecked while trying to enter port at Port Royal. United States Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles ordered Vermont to return to New York City for "public service" on 25 July 1864. She left Port Royal on 2 August 1864 and was replaced there by her sister ship-of-the-line .

Vermont remained at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn, New York, for the next 37 years, serving both as a store and receiving ship. She was condemned and struck from the Navy list on 19 December 1901 and was sold at New York on 17 April 1902.

References

Ships of the Union Navy
Ships built in Boston
Steamships of the United States Navy
Ships of the line of the United States Navy
Ammunition ships of the United States Navy
American Civil War auxiliary ships of the United States
Vermont in the American Civil War
Hospital ships of the United States Navy
Stores ships of the United States Navy
1848 ships
Victorian-era ships of the line
Maritime incidents in February 1862

USS Vermont (1848)


Gunz, Günz or Gunz Complex is a timespan in the glacial history of the Alps. It started approximately one million years ago and ended about 370 000 years ago. Some sources put the end at 480 000 years ago. Deep sea core samples have identified approximately 5 glacial cycles of varying intensity during Gunz.

History of the term
The name Gunz glaciation, Gunzian glaciation or Günz glacial stage (, also Günz-Glazial, Günz-Komplex and Günz-Eiszeit) goes back to Albrecht Penck and Eduard Brückner, who named this ice age after the River Günz in their multi-volume work, Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter ("The Alps in the Ice Age Period") which was published between 1901 and 1909. Its type region is the Iller-Lech Plateau. It is the oldest glaciation of the Pleistocene in the traditional, quadripartite glacial classification of the Alps. The Günz was thought to follow the Danube-Günz interglacial and was ended by the Günz-Haslach interglacial.

The 2016 version of the detailed stratigraphic table by the German Stratigraphic Commission puts the start of Gunz in the late Calabrian (approximately one million years ago, earlier than MIS 19) and shows a continuity of glacial cycles with the following Mindel stage, with the border arbitrarily put at the start of MIS 10 (approximately 374 000 years ago). Gunz corresponds roughly to the Cromerian stage in the glacial history of Northern Europe.

Glacial cycles
Deep sea core samples have identified approximately 10 marine isotope stages (at least MIS 21 to MIS 11) during Gunz. Thus, there have probably been about 5 glacial cycles of varying intensity during Gunz. During Gunz the 41 000 year glacial cycle of previous stages (Biber and Danube) had been replaced by a dominance of a 100,000-year cycle (Mid-Pleistocene Transition). The most intense glacials of Gunz (MIS 16 and MIS 12) reached similar extents to those of the more recent Riss and Wurm glacials. These have not been easy to identify in the geological record of the Alps, but MIS 16 has been identified with the Don Glaciation of Eastern Europe. The strong glacial MIS 12 has been problematic, and has sometimes been identified with the Mindel glaciation, which would imply an end to Gunz already after MIS 13 (480 000 years ago).

See also
 Timeline of glaciation

References

Literature

 (3 volumes)

Pleistocene events
Ice ages
Geology of the Alps

Gunz (geology)


The fictional animated singing group Alvin and the Chipmunks created by Ross Bagdasarian have appeared in eight feature-length movies since their debut.

Movies

Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007)

In a tree farm, three musically inclined chipmunks, Alvin (Justin Long), the mischievous troublemaker, Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler), the smart one in the trio, and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) the chubby sweethearted chipmunk, find their tree cut down and are transported to Los Angeles. Once there, they meet frustrated songwriter David Seville (Jason Lee), and despite a poor house-wrecking first impression, they impress him with their singing talent. Seeing the opportunity for success, both human and chipmunks make a pact for them to sing his songs. While that ambition proves a frustrating struggle with the difficult trio, the dream does come true after all. However, that success presents its own trials as their unscrupulous record executive, Ian Hawke (David Cross), plans to break up this family to exploit the boys. Can Dave and the Chipmunks discover what they really value amid the superficial glamour around them?

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)

Pop sensations Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) end up in the care of Dave Seville (Jason Lee)'s twenty-something cousin Toby (Zachary Levi). The boys must put aside music super stardom to return to school, and are tasked with saving the school's music program by winning the $25,000 prize in a battle of the bands. But the Chipmunks unexpectedly meet their match in three singing chipmunks known as The Chipettes—Brittany (Christina Applegate), Jeanette (Anna Faris) and Eleanor (Amy Poehler). Romantic and musical sparks are ignited when the Chipmunks and Chipettes square off.

Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2011)

Dave (Jason Lee), the Chipmunks, and the Chipettes enjoy fun and mischief on a luxury cruise before their seafaring vacation takes an unexpected detour to an uncharted island. Now, the harder Alvin (Justin Long) and friends search for a way back to civilization, the more obvious it becomes that they aren't alone on this secluded island paradise.

Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip (2015)

Through a series of misunderstandings, Alvin (Justin Long), Simon (Matthew Gray Gubler) and Theodore (Jesse McCartney) come to believe that Dave (Jason Lee) is going to propose to his new girlfriend in Miami...and dump them. They have three days to get to him and stop the proposal, saving themselves not only from losing Dave but possibly from gaining a terrible stepbrother.

English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies

Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie series)


Babulal Marandi (; born 11 January 1958) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was the first Chief Minister of Jharkhand and current Leader of the Opposition in the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly. He was the founder and national President of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik). He was the Member of Parliament in 12th, 13th 14th and 15th Lok Sabha from Jharkhand. He was the Union State Minister (MoS) for Forests & Environment of India in the BJP – led National Democratic Alliance Government in 1998 to 2000.  He was appointed as Jharkhand BJP president on 04 July 2023.

Early life

Babulal was born in a remote Kodia Bandh village under Tisri block of Giridih district of the now Jharkhand province. He belongs to Santal family. After passing high school, he moved to Giridih College from where he did his intermediate and graduation. It was there that he came in contact with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.

Later, he moved to Ranchi where he did his post-graduation in Geography from Ranchi University. He worked as a teacher in a village primary school for a year before giving up the job to work for the Sangh Parivar. He served as the organising secretary of the Jharkhand region of Vishva Hindu Parishad.

In 1983, he moved to Dumka and worked in the Santhal Pargana division, which he toured extensively and where he became close to Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya, his then companion and there he used to spend some time at his Jamtara Residence but mainly he used to live in the RSS office in Dumka. And after that his journey to Ranchi and then Delhi began.

Political career

In 1991, the Bharatiya Janata Party gave him the ticket to contest from the Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency), but he lost. In 1996, he lost to Shibu Soren by just 5,000 odd votes. The BJP, in the meantime, made him president of the party's Jharkhand unit.

It was under Marandi's leadership that the party won 12 out of 14 Lok Sabha seats in Jharkhand region in the 1998 election. Marandi, a Santal, led the tally by defeating Jharkhand Mukti Morcha leader Shibu Soren, another Santhal.

The victory gave an immense boost to Marandi's profile and he was included in the Union Council of Ministers, one of four ministers from Bihar.

First CM of Jharkhand

After bifurcation of Bihar in 2000 in states of Bihar and Jharkhand, NDA came to power in Jharkhand with Marandi as the 1st Chief Minister of Jharkhand. Political analysts believe that this government initiated  many developmental schemes in the state, the most visible being, improvement of the road network in the state.

He also put forward the idea to develop Greater Ranchi to reduce the crowding in the city. However, Marandi's tenure proved rather short-lived, as he had to resign and make way for Arjun Munda for the post in 2003 following pressure exerted by coalition allies primarily Janata Dal United.

Thereafter, his increasing moved away from political mainstage of Jharkhand irrespective of NDA being in power in Ranchi. In the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections, he contested from Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency as a BJP candidate. He won the seat while all the other sitting MPs of NDA from Jharkhand including union ministers Yashwant Sinha and Reeta Verma lost their respective seats. His differences with the state leadership continued to increase and he even started criticising the state government in public.

Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (JVM)

Marandi resigned from both the Kodarma seat and the primary membership of the BJP in 2006 and floated a new political outfit named Jharkhand Vikas Morcha. He was followed by 5 MLAs of the BJP. In the subsequent by-elections for the Kodarma seat, he contested as an independent candidate and emerged victoriously.

Marandi, who was the incumbent MP from Kodarma, contested the elections on Jharkhand Vikas Morcha ticket in the 2009 general election, and retained the seat. But in the Narendra Modi wave of 2014, Marandi's party failed to win any seat in the state as BJP won 12 out of 14 seats; from Koderma, BJP's Ravindra Kumar Ray was elected to Lok Sabha.

In February 2020, he merged JVM into BJP.

Bharatiya Janata Party

Marandi merged Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) with the BJP on February 17, 2020, at Jagannathpur Maidan, Ranchi in presence of Union Home Minister Amit Shah, BJP president Jagat Prakash Nadda and former Chief Ministers of Jharkhand Arjun Munda and Raghubar Das.

Personal life

Babulal Marandi is married to Shanti Murmu. His younger son Anup Marandi was killed in a Naxal attack at Chilkhari village in Jharkhand's Giridih district on 27 October 2007.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Santali people
Chief Ministers of Jharkhand
Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party
Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand
People from Giridih district
People from Koderma district
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand
Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) politicians
Vishva Hindu Parishad members
India MPs 1998–1999
India MPs 1999–2004
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 2009–2014
Jharkhand MLAs 2000–2005
Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024

Babulal Marandi


Sága is a goddess from Norse mythology. She is always associated with the island sakkavbar ("the fallen bank"). On this island, she and Odin often drank and ate together. Scholars have theorised that Sága may just be another name for Frigg. She may also be the goddess of clairvoyance or clarity.

Norse gods and goddesses

Sága (goddess)


The EU Strategy for the South Caucasus is a long term strategy which is directed to create a secure political, economical and social environment next to the eastern borders of the European Union. This is an objective of the European Neighbourhood Policy, and forthcoming Eastern Partnership Program.

Background
On 8 December 2009, the EU Foreign Affairs Council reaffirmed its intention to promote stability, co-operation, prosperity, democracy and good governance throughout the South Caucasus region, including through technical assistance programs. An extensive report was subsequently drafted and debated. The motion was adopted on 17 March 2010 by the European Parliament Committee on International Trade and was adopted on 8 April 2010 by the European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. The motion was passed by a majority vote of the European Parliament on 20 May 2010.

Strategy

Considering that the South Caucasus region is threatened with the Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh conflicts, the EU policy towards the region focuses primarily on finding lasting solutions to these conflicts and ensuring peace and stability in the region. The strategy also supports the continued economic and political integration of the three South Caucasus countries with the EU. The strategy highlights the necessity of signing Association Agreement's with DCFTA's as a way to promote economic development, enhance regional integration, increase trade and eradicate poverty. The strategy reaffirms the importance of the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly as a crucial multilateral mechanism of intensified interparliamentary dialogue between the European Parliament and the EU's Eastern partners, including Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, with the aim of bringing these countries closer to the EU. Finally, the report supports the long term engagement of the EU and other organizations like the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation in the region as a means to boost cross-border cooperation, maintain peace and respect for human rights, and achieve sustainable growth and prosperity.

Potential EU membership

The report confirmed the prospects to deepen bilateral relations with the countries of the South Caucasus by establishing new contractual relations in the form of Association Agreements. The EU expects the implementation of Association Agreements by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia to accelerate the process of economic and political integration with the EU. The strategy also highlights the geopolitical importance of the region to the EU, and that developing cooperation with the countries of the South Caucasus should be given high priority. The strategy also calls for the European Commission to establish free trade agreements with all three South Caucasus countries.

EU approach towards the Georgian conflict
The EU reiterates its unconditional support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the internationally recognized borders of Georgia, and calls on Russia to respect them; encourages the Georgian authorities to make further efforts to achieve a settlement of Georgia's internal conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

The EU is seriously concerned about the use of ethnic cleansing as a prelude to the Russian
recognition of South Ossetian and Abkhazian statehood; notes with satisfaction that the
international community remains united in its rejection of the unilateral declaration of
independence; calls on Russia to honor its commitment in the Ceasefire Agreement to
withdraw its troops to the positions held before the outbreak of the August 2008 war and
to cease its blocking of EUMM access to South Ossetia and Abkhazia; EU stresses the importance of protecting the safety and rights of the ethnic Georgians still living within the breakaway regions, promoting respect for displaced persons' right of return under safe and dignified conditions, achieving a reduction in the Iron Curtain character of the de facto borders and obtaining possibilities for the EU and other international actors to assist people within the two regions; underlines the need for more clearly identified short- and medium-term objectives in this respect.

EU approach towards the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Currently, the EU has a limited stance towards the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. However, the EU has repeatedly called for a lasting solution to the conflict.

In its Resolution on Strategy for the South Caucasus, the EU calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire.

The EU is seriously concerned that hundreds of thousands of refugees and IDPs who fled their homes during or in connection with the Nagorno-Karabakh war remain displaced and denied their rights, including the right to return, property rights and the right to personal security; calls on all parties to unambiguously and unconditionally recognize these rights, the need for their prompt realization and for a prompt solution to this problem that respects the principles of international law; demands, in this regard, the withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by deployment of international forces to be organized with respect of the UN Charter to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented.

EU Activities to Support Democratization, Good Governance and the Rule of Law
Support to good governance, the rule of law and democratization has been
constantly identified as a core priority in major policy documents in all three
countries. In the Country Reports prepared by the European Commission
in 2005, political, rule of law and human rights issues were highlighted as
areas where reforms should markedly be strengthened and where co-operation
with the EU should develop for all three Caucasus countries. They were
subsequently identified as core priorities in the Action Plans signed with
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in 2006.

The EU policy stresses that democratization, good governance, political pluralism, the rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms are of paramount importance for determining the future relations of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia with the EU; calls for renewed efforts by the countries to implement in full the ENP Action Plans and calls on the Commission to continue to assist them in such efforts; is concerned by the limited progress made by the countries in the South Caucasus region in this area, as shown in the Commission 2009 progress reports and reflected in Council of Europe recommendations; welcomes the initiation of the human rights dialogues between the EU and Georgia and Armenia and invites Azerbaijan and the EU to finalise discussions on an equivalent co-operation structure.

Recent developments
In July 2021, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell stated that the EU should be more engaged in the Caucasus region and seek to further strengthen economic and political cooperation in the area. EU Foreign Ministers from Austria, Lithuania and Romania travelled to Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia on the High Representatives behalf. The delegation, led by European Union Special Representative Toivo Klaar met with the leaders of all three South Caucasus countries. The delegation stressed that the EU would take a more active role in addressing the conflicts in the Eastern Neighbourhood. The delegates also reiterated the importance of the Eastern Partnership in bringing the three partners closer to the EU. In return, leaders from each partner country expressed appreciation for the EU's visit and stressed their readiness to cooperate with the EU on regional economic development and that they value the EU's role towards contributing to reconciliation and conflict resolution.

On 6 October 2022, Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev met at the European Political Community summit in Prague in an attempt to resolve the long running Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the recent Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis. Following the meeting, it was stated that the two parties agreed to the deployment of a European Union led mission, which would be deployed on the Armenian side of their shared border for a period of two months, starting in October 2022. The stated aim of the mission is to "build confidence and, through its reports, to contribute to the border commissions" work towards delimitation of the border between the two parties.

See also

Armenia–European Union relations
Association Trio
Azerbaijan–European Union relations
European integration
Foreign relations of the European Union
Georgia–European Union relations
Post-Soviet conflicts
Potential enlargement of the European Union

References

External links
 Report on the need for an EU Strategy for the South Caucasus on EUR-Lex

Foreign relations of the European Union
Third-country relations of the European Union
Politics of the European Union
Armenia–European Union relations
Azerbaijan–European Union relations
Georgia (country)–European Union relations
European integration
2010 in Europe

EU Strategy for the South Caucasus


Nazi Germany started a strong anti-tobacco movement and led the first public anti-smoking campaign in modern history.  In 1940, German scientists found a link between smoking tobacco, and lung cancer.

Anti-tobacco movements grew in many countries from the beginning of the 20th century. But all these had little success. The only exception was Germany where it was supported by the government after the Nazis came to power. It was the most powerful anti-smoking movement in the world in the 1930s and early 1940s. The Nazi leaders opposed smoking and some of them openly said what is wrong with tobacco consumption. Research on smoking and its effects on health got better under Nazi rule and was the most important of its type at that time. Adolf Hitler did not like tobacco and the Nazi reproductive policies were among the causes due to which the Nazis started their campaign against smoking. This campaign was linked with antisemitism and racism.

The Nazi anti-tobacco campaign used many methods like restrictions on smoking in public spaces, limiting tobacco advertising, restrictions on tobacco rations for women, restrictions on restaurants and coffeehouses, promoting health education, banning smoking in trams, buses and city trains, limiting cigarette rations in the Wehrmacht, organizing medical lectures for soldiers and increasing the tobacco tax. The anti-tobacco movement did not have much effect in the early years of the Nazi rule. Tobacco use increased between 1933 and 1939. But smoking by military personnel declined from 1939 to 1945. This anti-smoking campaign was more powerful and serious than the anti-tobacco movement in Germany at the beginning of the 21st century.

Prelude to Nazi anti-tobacco campaign

Anti-tobacco thoughts existed in Germany in the early 1900s. People who disliked smoking formed the first anti-tobacco group in the country named the Deutscher Tabakgegnerverein zum Schutze der Nichtraucher (German Tobacco Opponents' Association for the Protection of Non-smokers). Established in 1904, this organization existed for a brief period only. The next anti-tobacco organization, the Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents), was established in 1910 in Trautenau, Bohemia. Other anti-smoking organizations were established in 1912 in the cities of Hanover and Dresden. In 1920, a Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in der Tschechoslowakei (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Czechoslovakia) was formed in Prague, after Czechoslovakia was separated from Austria at the end of World War I. A Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner in Deutschösterreich (Federation of German Tobacco Opponents in Austria) was established in Graz in 1920.

These groups published journals advocating nonsmoking. The first such German language journal was Der Tabakgegner (The Tobacco Opponent), published by the Bohemian organization between 1912 and 1932. The Deutsche Tabakgegner (German Tobacco Opponents) was published in Dresden from 1919 to 1935, and was the second journal on this issue. The anti-tobacco organizations were also against drinking of alcohol.

Hitler's attitude towards smoking

Adolf Hitler was a heavy smoker in his early life, smoking 25 to 40 cigarettes daily. He gave up when he realized it was a waste of money. In later years, Hitler viewed smoking as "decadent" (meaning that it was bad for his health) and "the wrath of the Red Man against the White Man, vengeance for having been given hard liquor". He was sad that "so many excellent men have been lost to tobacco poisoning". He was unhappy because both Eva Braun and Martin Bormann were smokers and was concerned over Hermann Göring's continued smoking in public places. He was angered when a statue of Göring showed a cigar in his mouth. Hitler is often considered to be the first national leader to advocate nonsmoking.

Hitler disapproved of the military personnel's freedom to smoke, and during World War II he said on March 2, 1942, "it was a mistake, traceable to the army leadership at the time, at the beginning of the war". He also said that it was "not correct to say that a soldier cannot live without smoking". He promised to end the use of tobacco in the military after the end of the war. Hitler personally encouraged close friends not to smoke and rewarded those who quit smoking. However, Hitler's dislike for tobacco was only one of several reasons behind the anti-smoking campaign.

Reproductive policies
The Nazi reproductive policies were an important factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign. Women who smoked were considered to be more likely to age prematurely, and lose physical attractiveness; they were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party's Rassenpolitisches Amt (Office of Racial Politics) claimed smoking mothers' breast milk contained nicotine. Martin Staemmler, an important doctor during the Third Reich, said that smoking by pregnant women resulted in a higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages. This was supported by the well-known female racial hygienist Agnes Bluhm, in her book published in 1936. The Nazi leadership was concerned about this because they wanted German women to give birth. An article published in a German gynecology journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain childless compared to nonsmoking women.

Research
Research and studies on tobacco's effects on the population's health were more advanced in Germany than in any other nation by the time the Nazis came to power. The link between lung cancer and tobacco was first proved in Nazi Germany, contrary to the popular belief that American and British scientists first discovered it in the 1950s. The term "passive smoking" ("Passivrauchen") was coined in Nazi Germany. Research projects funded by the Nazis revealed many disastrous effects of smoking on health. Nazi Germany supported epidemiological research on the harmful effects of tobacco use. Hitler personally gave financial support to the Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren (Scientific Institute for the Study of Tobacco Hazards) at the University of Jena, headed by Karl Astel. Established in 1941, it was the most significant anti-tobacco institute in Nazi Germany.

Franz H. Müller in 1939 and E. Schairer in 1943 first used case-control epidemiological methods to study lung cancer among smokers. In 1939, Müller published a study report in a reputed cancer journal in Germany claiming that prevalence of lung cancer was higher among smokers. Müller, described as the "forgotten father of experimental epidemiology", was a member of the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK) and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). Müller's 1939 medical dissertation was the world's first controlled epidemiological study of the relationship between tobacco and lung cancer. Apart from mentioning the increasing incidents of lung cancer and many of the causes behind it such as dust, exhaust gas from cars, tuberculosis, X-ray and pollutants emitted from factories, Müller's paper pointed out that "the significance of tobacco smoke has been pushed more and more into the foreground".

Physicians in the Third Reich were aware that smoking is responsible for cardiac diseases, which were considered to be the most serious diseases resulting from smoking. The use of nicotine was sometimes considered to be responsible for increased reports of myocardial infarction in the country. In the later years of World War II, researchers considered nicotine a factor behind the coronary heart failures suffered by a significant number of military personnel in the Eastern Front. A pathologist of the Heer examined thirty-two young soldiers who had died from myocardial infarction at the front, and documented in a 1944 report that all of them were "enthusiastic smokers". He cited the opinion of pathologist Franz Buchner that cigarettes are "a coronary poison of the first order."

Anti-tobacco measures
The Nazis used several public relations tactics to convince the general population of Germany not to smoke. Well-known health magazines like the Gesundes Volk (Healthy People), Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundes Leben (Healthy Life) published warnings about the health consequences of smoking and posters showing the harmful effects of tobacco were displayed. Anti-smoking messages were sent to the people in their workplaces, often with the help of the Hitler-Jugend (HJ) and the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM). The anti-smoking campaign undertaken by the Nazis also included health education. In June 1939, a Bureau against the Hazards of Alcohol and Tobacco was formed and the Reichsstelle für Rauschgiftbekämpfung (Bureau for the Struggle against Addictive Drugs) also helped in the anti-tobacco campaign. Articles advocating nonsmoking were published in the magazines Die Genussgifte (The Drugs for Enjoyment), Auf der Wacht (On the Guard) and Reine Luft (Clean Air). Out of these magazines, Reine Luft was the main journal of the Nazi anti-tobacco movement.

After recognizing the harmful effects of smoking on health, several items of anti-smoking legislation were enacted. The later 1930s increasingly saw anti-tobacco laws implemented by the Nazis. In 1938, the Luftwaffe and the Reichspost imposed a ban on smoking. Smoking was also banned not only in health care institutions but also in several public offices and in rest homes. Midwives were restricted from smoking while on duty. In 1939, the Nazi Party outlawed smoking in all of its offices' premises, and Heinrich Himmler, the then chief of the Schutzstaffel (SS), restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty. Smoking was also outlawed in schools.

In 1941, tobacco smoking in trams was outlawed in sixty German cities. Smoking was also outlawed in bomb shelters; however, some shelters had separate rooms for smoking. Special care was taken to prevent women from smoking. The President of the Medical Association in Germany announced, "German women don't smoke". Pregnant women and women below the age of 25 and over the age of 55 were not given tobacco ration cards during World War II. Restrictions on selling tobacco products to women were imposed on the hospitality and food retailing industry. Anti-tobacco films aimed at women were publicly aired. Editorials discussing the issue of smoking and its effects were published in newspapers. Strict measures were taken in this regard and a district department of the National Socialist Factory Cell Organization (NSBO) announced that it would expel female members who smoked publicly. The next step in the anti-tobacco campaign came in July 1943, when public smoking for persons under the age of 18 was outlawed. In the next year, smoking in buses and city trains was made illegal, on the personal initiative of Hitler, who feared female ticket takers might be the victims of passive smoking.

Restrictions were imposed on the advertisement of tobacco products, enacted on December 7, 1941, and signed by Heinrich Hunke, the President of the Advertising Council. Advertisements trying to depict smoking as harmless or as an expression of masculinity were banned. Ridiculing anti-tobacco activists was also outlawed, as was the use of advertising posters along rail tracks, in rural regions, stadiums, and racing tracks. Advertising by loudspeakers and mail was also prohibited.

Restrictions on smoking were also introduced in the Wehrmacht. Cigarette rations in the military were limited to six per soldier per day. Extra cigarettes were often sold to the soldiers, especially when there was no military advance or retreat in the battleground, however, these were restricted to 50 for each person per month. Access to cigarettes was not allowed for the Wehrmacht's female auxiliary personnel. Medical lectures were arranged to persuade military personnel to quit smoking. An ordinance enacted on November 3, 1941, raised tobacco taxes by approximately 80–95% of the retail price. It would be the highest rise in tobacco taxes in Germany for more than 25 years after the collapse of the Nazi regime.

Effectiveness
The early anti-smoking campaign was thought to be a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in Germany. The rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring France, where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential. Between 1932 and 1939, per capita cigarette consumption in Germany increased from 570 to 900 per year, while the corresponding numbers for France were from 570 to 630.

The cigarette manufacturing companies in Germany made several attempts to weaken the anti-tobacco campaign. They made new journals and tried to show the anti-tobacco movement as "fanatic" and "unscientific". The tobacco industry also tried to counter the government campaign to prevent women from smoking and used smoking models in their advertisements. Despite government regulations, many women in Germany regularly smoked, including the wives of many high-ranking Nazi officials. For instance, Magda Goebbels smoked even while she was interviewed by a journalist. Fashion illustrations displaying women with cigarettes were often published in prominent publications such as the Beyers Mode für Alle (Beyers Fashion For All). The cover of the popular song Lili Marleen featured singer Lale Andersen holding a cigarette.

The Nazis implemented more anti-tobacco policies at the end of the 1930s and by the early years of World War II, the rate of tobacco usage declined. As a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the Wehrmacht, the total tobacco consumption by soldiers decreased between 1939 and 1945. According to a survey conducted in 1944, the number of smokers increased in the Wehrmacht, but average tobacco consumption per military personnel declined by 23.4% compared to the immediate pre-World War II years. The number of people who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day declined from 4.4% to 0.3%.

The Nazi anti-tobacco policies were not exempt of contradictions. For example, the Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundheitspflicht (Duty to be Healthy) policies were enforced in parallel with the active distribution of cigarettes to people who the Nazis saw "deserving" groups (e.g. frontline soldiers, members of the Hitler Youth). "Undeserving" and stigmatized groups (Jews, war prisoners), however, were denied access to tobacco.

Association with antisemitism and racism
Apart from public health concerns, the Nazis were heavily influenced by ideology; specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of racial hygiene and bodily purity. Nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the master race to smoke and that tobacco consumption was equal to "racial degeneracy". The Nazis viewed tobacco as a "genetic poison". Racial hygienists opposed tobacco use, fearing that it would "corrupt" the "German germ plasm". Nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a "vice" of the "degenerate" Africans.

the Nazis claimed that the Jews were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects. The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by the Jews. Johann von Leers, editor of the Nordische Welt (Nordic World), during the opening ceremony of the Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren in 1941, proclaimed that "Jewish capitalism" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across Europe. He said that the first tobacco on German soil was brought by the Jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in Amsterdam, the principal European entry point of Nicotiana.

After World War II

After the collapse of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, American cigarette manufacturers quickly entered the German market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent, and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced. In 1949, approximately 400  million cigarettes manufactured in the United States entered Germany illegally every month. In 1954, nearly two billion Swiss cigarettes were smuggled into Germany and Italy. As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States sent free tobacco to Germany; the amount of tobacco shipped into Germany in 1948 was 24,000 tons and was as high as 69,000  tons in 1949. The Federal government of the United States spent $70  million on this scheme, to the delight of cigarette manufacturing companies in the United States, who profited hugely. Per capita yearly cigarette consumption post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. The present-day anti-tobacco campaign in Germany has been unable to exceed the seriousness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research at the end of the 20th century is described by Robert N. Proctor as "muted".

Notes

References
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Further reading

Nazi Germany
Smoking

Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany


François Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier (April 16, 1755 in Clermont-Ferrand – December 9, 1838), was a notable French politician and political writer during the First French Empire, Bourbon Restoration and July Monarchy. He was the youngest of a large family belonging to the poorer nobility.

Political activity

He was elected as a stand-in diplomat from the nobility of bailiwick of Clermont-Ferrand to the Estates-General, where he was a member from September 1789. He defended the French monarchy with obstinacy and talent and helped edit the French newspaper Les Actes des Apôtres.

In September 1791, after the dissolution of the Assembly, Montlosier fled to Germany where he tried to join the counter-revolutionary Army of Condé at Coblenz. After some protest concerning the liberal leanings he had shown in the Assembly, he was finally accepted.

Exile in England

After the cannonade of Valmy, Montlosier withdrew to Hamburg, and thence to London, where he avoided English society, moving exclusively among the French exiles.

In his Courrier de Londres, published in London, he advocated moderation and the abandonment by the exiles of any idea of revenge. He was recalled to Paris in 1801, with permission to publish his paper in London. The Courrier was soon suppressed, nevertheless, its editor being compensated by a comfortable sinecure in the ministry of foreign affairs. Next year he sold his pen to the government to edit the violent anti-English Bulletin de Paris.

Historical works

At Napoleon's request he undertook an account of the ancient monarchy of France, which should serve as a justification for the empire. After four years' labor Montlosier submitted his work to a specially appointed committee, by which it was rejected because of the stress laid on the feudal limitations of the royal authority. The work De la monarchie française . . . ou recherches sur les anciennes institutions françaises . . . et sur les causes qui ont amené la revolution . . . appeared in 1814 in three volumes, a fourth and supplementary volume in the next year containing a preface hostile to Napoleon.

His views were no more acceptable to Louis XVIII than they had been to the emperor, and he devoted himself to agriculture until he was roused by the clerical and reactionary policy of Charles X. His anti-clerical Memoire à consulter sur un système religieux, politique . . . (1826) rapidly passed through eight editions.

In 1829 he published De l'origine, de la nature, et des progrés de la puissance écclesiastique en France [On the origin, nature, and progress of ecclesiastical power in France]. In this book, Montlosier claims there were 500,000 affiliated Jesuits in France in the Chamber of Paris, in the Chamber of Deputies, at the court, in the army, in the courts, etc. He had no part in the revolution of 1830, but supported Louis Philippe's government, and entered the House of Peers in 1832. He died on December 9, 1838 at Blois. Ecclesiastical burial was denied him because he had refused to abjure his anti-clerical writings.

Bibliography

Memoires sur la revolution française, le consulat, l'empire, la restoration, et les principaux evenements qui I'ont suivie (2 vols., 1829).

External links
 Full text of De la nécessité d'une contre-révolution en France : Pour rétablir les finances, la religion, les moeurs, la monarchie et la liberté, by Francois Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier, 1791.

Notes

References
Joseph Brugerette, Le Comte de Montlosier, 1931

1755 births
1838 deaths
Politicians from Clermont-Ferrand
French political writers
Peers of France
Counts of France
French counter-revolutionaries
French male writers


Shining Time Station is a children's television series jointly created by British television producer Britt Allcroft and American television producer Rick Siggelkow. The series was produced by Quality Family Entertainment (the American branch of The Britt Allcroft Company), in association with Catalyst Entertainment in seasons 2 and 3, for New York City's PBS station WNET, and was originally taped in New York City during its first season and in Toronto during the rest of its run. It incorporated sequences from the British television show Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends, which was in turn based on the books of The Railway Series written by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry. The series aired on PBS from January 29, 1989, until June 11, 1993, with four hour-long "Family Specials" premiering in primetime throughout 1995. Reruns continued to air on PBS until June 11, 1998. It aired on Fox Family from 1998 to 1999. Reruns of the show aired on Nick Jr. to promote the theatrical release of Thomas and the Magic Railroad beginning June 5, 2000, and continuing until August 11 that same year, when it was replaced by Dora the Explorer beginning the following Monday. The series also aired on Canadian television networks such as APTN and SCN. Elements from the show were incorporated into the 2000 Thomas and Friends film Thomas and the Magic Railroad.

The initial 1989 season featured a cast that included Ringo Starr as Mr. Conductor, Didi Conn as Stacy Jones, Brian O'Connor as Horace Schemer, Leonard Jackson as Harry Cupper, Jason Woliner as Matt Jones and Nicole Leach as Tanya Cupper. The show was retooled for the second (1991) and third (1993) seasons, with only Conn and O'Connor reprising their prior roles. George Carlin replaced Starr as Mr. Conductor, while Erica Luttrell, Ari Magder, Danielle Marcot, and Tom Jackson joined the primary cast in newly created roles. In addition to the three main seasons, a Christmas special featuring the original cast, aired in 1990, and four "family specials" aired in 1995 featuring the second cast. Providing the musical numbers for the show was "The Jukebox Band", a group of puppets. In 1996, only Carlin appeared in a spin-off series called Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales, which featured only six episodes with five Thomas stories and one music video each. The station interior was kept for the spin-off.

Background
After the success of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends in the United Kingdom, Britt Allcroft and her production company teamed up with PBS station WNET in New York City to produce and distribute the sitcom-esque Shining Time Station, every episode of which would include a couple of episodes of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends. The series starred Ringo Starr, George Carlin, Didi Conn, Brian O'Connor, and the Flexitoon Puppets. Ringo Starr, who had already been providing the narration for the British series, agreed to extend the role to include the on-screen character called Mr. Conductor in Shining Time Station. He left the show after its initial season to focus on his musical career and was replaced by George Carlin.

Shining Time Station received critical acclaim. In a review for Entertainment Weekly, Ken Tucker states that, compared to the faster paced Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego?, "'Shining Time Station' wants to slow things down. It's an old-fashioned show that creates a gentle, lulling atmosphere to convince children that life is fun and that trains are the way to travel." It was a ratings success as well. In its first season, the show averaged a 0.9 Nielsen rating, translating to about 1.2 million viewers on average. At the peak of its popularity, the show brought in up to 7.5 million viewers per week.

Overview
The Shining Time Station is a fictional train station on the Indian Valley Railroad in an unknown part of the United States. It is managed by Stacy Jones. Its workshop is run in the first season by Harry Cupper, and thereafter by Billy Twofeathers. A local named Horace Schemer, simply referred to as Schemer, runs the station's arcade and serves as the series' comic relief. He often comes up with tricks and schemes (hence his surname) to get his ways, although they usually backfire on him as a result of his foolishness. The narrative is driven by regular and incidental visitors to the station.

Mr. Conductor is a tiny man who lives in a signal house inside the station's mural and tells the stories taken from Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends to the kids. He also introduces songs to the kids in The Anything Tunnel. Sometimes, he may present a magic bubble to the kids that has the song inside as a way of introducing it. On occasion, the kids may look through a film viewer to see the song or film.

Cast

Series regulars (1989–1995)
 Didi Conn – Stacy Jones
 Brian O'Connor – Horace Schemer

Season 1 regulars (1989)
 Ringo Starr – Mr. Conductor
 Leonard Jackson – Henry "Harry" Cupper
 Jason Woliner – Matthew "Matt" Jones
 Nicole Leach – Tanya Cupper

Christmas Special characters (1990)
 Ringo Starr – Mr. Conductor
 Didi Conn – Stacy Jones
 Brian O'Connor – Horace Schemer
 Jason Woliner – Matthew "Matt" Jones
 Nicole Leach – Tanya Cupper
 Ardon Bess – Tucker Cooper (Harry's cousin)
 Lloyd Bridges – Mr. Nicholas
 Judy Marshak – Claire
 Rachel Miner – Vickie

Seasons 2 & 3 regulars (1991–1993)
 George Carlin – Mr. Conductor
 Erica Luttrell – Kara Cupper
 Ari Magder – Daniel "Dan" Jones
 Danielle Marcot – Becky (recurring in season 2)
 Tom Jackson – Billy Twofeathers

Recurring characters (full series; 1989–1995)
 Jerome Dempsey – Mayor Osgood Bob Flopdinger
 Mart Hulswit – Mr. J.B. King, Esq.
 Bobo Lewis – Midge Smoot

Recurring characters (Seasons 2 & 3; 1991–1993)
 Jason Woliner – Matthew "Matt" Jones (Season 2 only)
 Nicole Leach – Tanya Cupper (Season 2 only)
 Jonathan Shapiro – Schemee
 Gerard Parkes – Barton Winslow
 Barbara Hamilton – Ginny Johnson
 Aurelio Padrón – Felix Perez
 George Carlin – Mr. Conductor's Evil Twin

1995 Family Specials characters
 George Carlin – Mr. Conductor
 Didi Conn – Stacy Jones
 Tom Jackson – Billy Twofeathers (All but Queen for a Day)
 Erica Luttrell – Kara Cupper
 Ari Magder – Daniel "Dan" Jones (Once Upon a Time and Second Chances)
 Danielle Marcot – Becky
 Brian Edward O'Connor – Horace Schemer
 Barbara Hamilton – Ginny Johnson
 Bobo Lewis – Midge Smoot
 Jerome Dempsey – Mayor Osgood Bob Flopdinger (Once Upon a Time only)
 Mart Hulswit – Mr. J.B. King, Esq.
 Bucky Hill – Kit Twofeathers (All but Once Upon a Time)
 Jonathan Shapiro – Schemee (Second Chances and One of the Family)
 Aurelio Pardón – Felix Perez (Second Chances and Queen for a Day)
 Leonard Jackson – Henry "Harry" Cupper (One of the Family only)
 Teri Garr – Sister Conductor (One of the Family only)
 Jeannette Charles – The Queen (Queen for a Day only)

The Jukebox Band
 Steve Horelick – Composer and Music Producer
 Jonathan Freeman – Tito Swing The Piano Man
 Olga Marin – Didi The Drummer
 Wayne White – Tex The Guitarist (1989)
 Alan Semok – Tex The Guitarist (1990–1995)
 Craig Marin – Rex The Guitarist
 Peter Baird/Alan Semok/Vaneese Thomas – Grace The Bass Player (1989)
 Peter Baird/Kenny Miele – Grace The Bass Player (1990–1995)

The songs were arranged and performed by Steve Horelick with Larry Wolf. They featured vocal performances by Rory Dodd, Vaneese Thomas, Emily Bindinger and Jonathan Freeman.

Segments
The intro to each episode consists of the main theme song of the show, played to footage of the Union Pacific Steam Locomotive 844 and the credits of the series' characters. Only the first verse is sung for the beginning theme. The closing credits contain more shots of the Union Pacific 844, in addition to the full Shining Time Station theme song. For the Christmas special "'Tis A Gift" the footage used for the opening and closing sequences were filmed at the Grand Canyon Railway in Williams, Arizona and features their locomotive #18.
 Flexitoons Puppets & Marionettes – The Jukebox Band – the show's station band that performs a song inside the jukebox. They consist of pianist Tito Swing, drummer Didi, guitarists Tex and Rex (who control the guitar together), and bass guitarist Grace Bass. JJ Silvers is the manager of The Jukebox Band.
 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends – Storytellers, Ringo Starr and George Carlin.
 The Anything Tunnel – Inside the anything tunnel, which is the tunnel on the station mural, there is a song with a cartoon, a stop motion clip, or a live action clip. Sometimes instead of the anything tunnel, Mr. Conductor would show a magic bubble or one of the kids looks through a film viewer.

Episodes

Merchandise

VHS
The beginning of each VHS release (except for Tis a Gift, Shining Time Station Singsongs, Schemer Presents: The World According to Me, The Jukebox Band: A Day in the Life, and The Jukebox Band: Lullaby) featured a model scale of a typical 1950s drive-in movie theater called the "Shining Time Drive-In Movie Theater" with parody commercials before the episode started. Then, after the episode of Shining Time Station was shown, a short segment known as "Schemer Presents!" was shown. Each segment featured Schemer teaching the viewers how to do something, with one of the other regular characters helping him. Afterwards, the announcer wishes everyone a safe drive home. The Drive-In segments were created by Chip Lord & Mickey McGowan.
 Tis a Gift
 Sweet and Sour
 Stacy Cleans Up
 Schemer Alone
 Bully for Mr. Conductor
 Becky Makes a Wish
 Billy's Party
 Schemer's Special Club
 Mr. Conductor's Evil Twin
 Shining Time Station Singsongs
 Schemer Presents: The World According to Me
 The Jukebox Band: A Day in the Life
 The Jukebox Band: Lullaby

Books
 A book, titled This Old Band, was written by Britt Allcroft and Rick Siggelkow. It featured the Juke Box Band and was published by Quality Family Entertainment in 1994.

References

External links

See also
 Thomas & Friends
 Noddy, a similar series also created by Rick Siggelkow.

1989 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
1980s American children's television series
1990s American children's television series
1980s American anthology television series
1990s American anthology television series
1989 Canadian television series debuts
1995 Canadian television series endings
1980s Canadian children's television series
1990s Canadian children's television series
1980s Canadian anthology television series
1990s Canadian anthology television series
1980s preschool education television series
1990s preschool education television series
American preschool education television series
American television series based on British television series
American television series with live action and animation
American television shows based on children's books
American television shows featuring puppetry
Canadian preschool education television series
Canadian television series based on British television series
Canadian television series with live action and animation
Canadian television shows based on children's books
Canadian television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
Television series by WNET
Television shows filmed in New York City
Television shows filmed in Toronto
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Television series about rail transport
PBS original programming
Thomas & Friends
Television series about size change
PBS Kids shows
Television series by Mattel Television
Television series created by Britt Allcroft
Gullane Entertainment

Shining Time Station


Bowery Bugs is a 1949 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon directed by Arthur Davis, and written by Lloyd Turner and Bill Scott. It was released on June 4, 1949, and features Bugs Bunny. The cartoon tells the story of Steve Brodie, who reportedly jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge in 1886 and survived.

Plot
Bugs Bunny is standing at the base of the famous Brooklyn Bridge, (about half a mile from the southern end of the actual street called the Bowery), telling an old man a story, in carnival-barker style, about how and why Steve Brody jumped off the bridge in July 1886 in the form of pictures: Brody had a terrific run of luck...all bad. He decided he needed a good luck charm...ideally, a rabbit's foot.  But he could not find one in the city, so he tried looking in the country forest.

At this point, the story is animated. Brody cycles to Flatbush and finds Bugs' house.  Brody, holding a knife, pulls Bugs (singing "All that glitters is not gold") out of his home and tells him that he needs a good luck charm and that "he is it".  However, Bugs explains why rabbits feet are NOT all that lucky and directs Brody to "Swami Rabbitima".  Brody decides to chance it on the condition he will come back for Bugs if it does not work.

The Swami (Bugs in disguise) asks Brody to enter. Just as Brody starts explaining his bad luck, he has his palm "read" (painted red) then Bugs starts reading the bumps on his head after hitting Brody over the head with a hammer several times.  Brody angrily starts chasing Bugs who quickly deals out playing cards for cartomancy. He tells Brody that he has a meeting coming up with a man wearing a carnation (also Bugs in disguise), who will be his lucky mascot at gambling; Brody's luck does not change, though.  Bugs' craps shot of 7 suddenly turns up snake-eyes, then Brody plays a slot machine that comes up with three lemons that literally roll out of the machine and into his hat.  Furious, Brody tries to attack Bugs and is promptly kicked out of the gambling establishment by a gorilla bouncer.

Brody goes back to the Swami who realizes that the cartomancy failed.  For his second attempt, Bugs spins a zodiac wheel which lands on the sign of the wolf.  He tells Brody that it means he is lucky with love, but his flirting with a "lady" (also Bugs in disguise) only results in a multiple bonking by a policeman for being a "masher".

Brody returns to the Swami and is about to pulverize him when he is asked precisely WHY he wants his luck to change.  Taking Brody's answer literally ("So I can get me hands on some dough!"), Bugs sends him to 29 River Street, home of "Grandma's Happy Home Bakery".  When Brody arrives there and demands the "dough" at gunpoint, a baker (Bugs yet again) gladly obliges with "a mess of dough" which Brody gets stuck in and is baked into a pie.

Unmasking the baker as Bugs, Brody retraces his steps to unmask Bugs' previous disguises, leading Brody to believe that "everybody's a rabbit!".  When Brody looks into what he thinks is a mirror (but is actually a window) and sees Bugs looking back at him, he thinks HE has turned into a rabbit and snaps, hopping down the street and turning onto the Brooklyn Bridge, hysterically shouting "What's up, doc?!"

Seeing a police officer staring contemplatively at the East River from the middle of the bridge, Brody comes up behind him and begs for help.  Turning, the officer reveals himself to be Bugs, demanding (in a thick Irish accent) "What's all this about rabbits, Doc?".  That being the last straw, Brody leaps off the bridge, apparently as suicide.  The scene freezes with Brody in mid-air to a poster seen behind Bugs who apparently rushed out to save him off-screen.

Bugs ends the story there, and the impressed old man says: "That's enough, son! I'll buy it!" and hands Bugs some money. This was a reference to George C. Parker, a con artist who would often "sell" the Brooklyn Bridge to people, thus originating the phrase "Have I got a bridge to sell ya!"

Historical background
Steve Brodie (note actual spelling) was a native of the Lower East Side. He first came to the attention of the local press as a teenager in 1879, when he was reportedly an influential figure among fellow newsboys and bootblackers. By 1886, he was a professional gambler who had fallen unto debt. In 1885, daredevil Robert Emmet Odlum jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge, and was killed doing so. Brodie took a dare to successfully jump off the Bridge.

On the morning of July 23, 1886, Brodie took position on the railings of the bridge. Meanwhile, his friends boarded a rowboat to test the waters below. The jump was originally set for 10:00 am, but was called off because of a strong tide. Brodie returned c. 2:00 pm and reportedly rode in the back of a wagon until jumping off. He reportedly first took off his hat and shoes, and then fell from a height of c. 100 yards. There were accounts by eyewitnesses and extensive news reports, but his jump is still in doubt. The prevailing theory among historians is that a life-size dummy fell in his place.

Brodie capitalized on his reputation as a vaudeville performer. He died in 1901, possibly from diabetes. His reputation survived him and inspired the film The Bowery (1933). The subsequent cartoon short cast Bugs as the motivator behind the famous jump.

Production notes
It stars Bugs Bunny (voiced by Mel Blanc, who also voices the other men in the pool hall) and Steve Brody (voiced here by Billy Bletcher), who was based on the real-life Brooklyn bookmaker Steve Brodie who claimed to have jumped off the Brooklyn Bridge.

This is the first-and-only Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Arthur Davis (not counting Bugs' cameo in The Goofy Gophers).

Although Bill Scott (of Bullwinkle J. Moose fame) is credited as a co-writer, he told Keith Scott in the book The Moose That Roared that he had no recollection of working on this film. By all indications, Lloyd Turner alone was responsible for the film's story, with Scott having been moved to a brief, unsuccessful spell as Friz Freleng's story artist, though the reason why Scott was still credited on this short is not known.

Home media
Bowery Bugs is available on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3

Sources

References

External links

1949 short films
1949 animated films
1940s Warner Bros. animated short films
Merrie Melodies short films
Animated films set in New York City
Films directed by Arthur Davis
Films set in 1886
Animated films set in the 1880s
Films scored by Carl Stalling
Animated films about rabbits and hares
Bugs Bunny films
1940s English-language films
American comedy short films
American animated short films

Bowery Bugs


Alexander S. Raikhel is a distinguished professor of entomology at the University of California, Riverside, and an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Early life and education
Raikhel grew up in Siberia in the Soviet Union. Raikhel was the son of two medical professionals, and was inspired by the books he read to become a scientist. He was fixated on the stereotypical image of intellectuals wearing glasses, and at one point deliberately failed a vision test so that he could wear glasses. Raikhel applied to Leningrad State University in 1965, but was delayed by the quota system due to his Jewish heritage. As a result, he cleaned pens at Leningrad Zoo and took night courses to further his education, eventually earning his master's degree in 1970. Again delayed by the quota system for Jews, Raikhel worked for Yu. S. Balashov at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences during his studies; Raikhel defended his thesis about blood-feeding organisms in 1975.

Career
Raikhel's travels to study ticks in warmer climates influenced him and his wife, fellow Soviet scientist Natasha Raikhel, to look for a livelihood outside the USSR. With the help of visiting University of Georgia professor Jerry Paulin, the couple emigrated to the United States in 1979 as political refugees. Under Arden O. Lea at the University of Georgia, Raikhel switched from studying ticks to mosquitoes, which led him to study vector biology. Raikhel's work focused on identifying the chemical precursors to reproduction (vitellogenesis) in Drosophila, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. His lab discovered that the female mosquito, after having a blood meal, begins producing eggs. Raikhel began work at Michigan State University in 1986 as an associate professor of entomology where he received the university's Distinguished Faculty Award. While there, his work focused on the possibility of breeding mosquitoes to internally eliminate diseases they typically pass on to the animals they feed on. In January 2002, Raikhel moved from Michigan to the University of California, Riverside, in Southern California. That year, Raikhel was named a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and also awarded a MERIT award, a ten-year  grant to continue his mosquito research by the National Institutes of Health. In 2009 Raikhel was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his "groundbreaking contributions to understanding mosquito physiology". The same year he was named a fellow of the Entomological Society of America. Raikhel founded and currently leads UCR's Center for Disease Vector Research. Raikhel's recent research is on identifying how to manipulate the juvenile hormones of female mosquitos to impair their ability to reproduce healthy offspring, thus reducing vectors for yellow fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya.

References

External links
profile at UCR

Russian biologists
Living people
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
University of California, Riverside faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alexander Raikhel


Newenham Abbey (alias Newnham) was a Cistercian abbey founded in 1247 by Reginald II de Mohun (1206–1258) on land within his manor of Axminster in Devon, England. The site of the ruined abbey is a short distance south-west of the town of Axminster.

History
The manor of Axminster was one of the many Devonshire  possessions of William Brewer (died 1226), granted to him by King John (1199-1216). His only surviving son died without progeny, when his eventual heirs became his daughters, the fourth of whom, Alice Brewer, sister and co-heiress of William Brewer, feudal baron of Horsley, Derbyshire, in 1205 married (as her first husband) Reginald I de Mohun (1185–1213) feudal baron of Dunster, of Dunster Castle in Somerset. The first William Brewer had founded Torre Abbey in Devon in 1196 on his manor of Tor Brewer. Alice Brewer brought to her husband a great estate, including Tor Brewer (later renamed Tor Mohun, the site of the modern town of Torquay), and "is set down among the benefactors to the new Cathedral Church of Salisbury, having contributed thereto all the marble necessary for the building thereof for twelve years."

The son and heir of Reginald I de Mohun by Alice Brewer was Reginald II de Mohun (1206–1258) who in January 1247 granted a part of his manor of Axminster for the founding of Newnnham Abbey. The foundation charter was witnessed by Richard Blund, Bishop of Exeter. The mother house of Newenham was Beaulieu Abbey. Reginald II de Mohun bequeathed his manor and hundred of Axminster to Newnham Abbey.

It was dedicated to God and the Virgin Mary for an abbot and twelve monks of the Cistercian Order, who were directed by the charter to pray for the soul of the founder, for the souls of his kindred, his ancestors and successors. The Latin foundation charter included the following words:
Anno gratiae 1246 8 idis Januar(ii) regnant(e) Hen(rico) fil(io) Johan(nis), Reginaldus Mohun, filius Reginaldi et Alicia(e) Brewer, fundavit Abbathiam de Newnham in maner(io) de Axminster comitatu Devon(iae) ("In the year of grace 1246 on the 8 Ides of January, with (King) Henry (III) reigning, son of (King) John, Reginald de Mohun, son of Reginald and of Alice Brewer, founded the Abbey of Newnham in his manor of Axminster in the County of Devon").

The Abbey suffered greatly at the time of the Black Death in 1349, losing almost all its monks.  Knowles and Hadcock state that twenty monks and three lay brothers died, leaving only the abbot and two monks alive. In 1377 there were seven monks.

Dissolution
During the Dissolution of the Monasteries its annual income was assessed at £231 14 shillings 4 pence and it was formally dissolved on 8 March 1539. Abbot Gill and nine monks were granted pensions dating from 9 March 1539. It was purchased from the crown by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (1473-1554)
whose younger great-grandson Lord William Howard (1563-1640) (third son of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (d.1572)) sold it to John Petre, 1st Baron Petre (1549–1613) of Writtle, Essex, and it descended to his son William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre (1575–1637), the owner in the time of Pole (d.1635).

The Abbey was already in ruins at the time of the visit by Rev John Swete in 1795, as part of his "Picturesque Tours" and he made two watercolour paintings of the buildings which survive in the Devon Record Office. The remains of the abbey have now been scheduled as an Ancient Monument. Some fragments of the abbey can be found re-used in buildings in Axminster.

See also
 History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

References

Monasteries in Devon
Cistercian monasteries in England
1247 establishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
1539 disestablishments in England
Axminster

Newenham Abbey


Katherine Milhous (November 27, 1894 – December 5, 1977) was an American artist, illustrator and author. She wrote and made the art for the book The Egg Tree. In 1951, the book won the Caldecott Medal for best illustrations. Milhous mainly wrote children's books.

Early life

Katherine Milhous was born November 27, 1894 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were named Osborn and Katherine Daly Milhous. They were Quakers and printmakers. The family moved to Pitman, New Jersey when Milhous was a little girl. A lot of Quakers lived in Pitman so the family wanted to move to be close to them. Milhous moved back to Philadelphia. She went to school at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. She made art for magazines to pay for school. She also traveled outside of the United States with a fellowship she was given.

Career

Milhous worked for the Federal Art Project in Philadelphia from the year 1935 until she stopped in 1940. She made a lot of posters to advertise the state of Pennsylvania. A lot of the art showed people and things from the Pennsylvania Dutch community. Milhous met Alice Dalgliesh and the two women would write books together. Milhous would make the art for the books. Milhous went to work for Charles Scribner's & Sons where Dalgliesh worked. Milhous started to write and make art for her own books, too.

Death and legacy

She died in Philadelphia in the year 1977. The University of Minnesota and the Free Library of Philadelphia own her archives.

References

Other websites

 Rural Pennsylvania from the World Digital Library

1894 births
1977 deaths
American artists
Writers from Philadelphia
Children's writers
Quakers
American illustrators

Katherine Milhous


is a railway station on the Tobu Tojo Line in Toshima, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway.

Lines
Kita-Ikebukuro Station is served by the Tobu Tojo Line from  in Tokyo. Located between Ikebukuro and , it is 1.2 km from the Ikebukuro terminus. Only "Local" (all-stations) trains stop at this station, with eight services per hour in each direction during the daytime.

Station layout

The station consists of a single island platform serving two tracks. The platforms are connected to the station entrance located on the west side of the tracks by an underground passage.

Platforms

History
The station first opened on 1 May 1934 as . This station was destroyed by fire on 14 April 1945 during Bombing of Tokyo in World War II, forcing its use to be suspended from 20 May, and then formally closed on 19 August 1947. The station reopened as Kita-Ikebukuro Station on 1 September 1951.

From 17 March 2012, station numbering was introduced on the Tobu Tojo Line, with Kita-Ikebukuro Station becoming "TJ-02".

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 8,921 passengers daily. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

Accidents
On 22 July 2003 at 00:01, an unidentified passenger sitting between the rails was killed by a passing train.

On 21 July 2006 at around 09:30, a woman in her forties was hit and killed by a down train after attempting to cross the Tojo Line No. 2 level crossing immediately to the south of the station after the barriers had closed. Her 9-year-old daughter survived with serious injuries.

Surrounding area

 JR East Ikebukuro Depot
 Tokyo College of Transport Studies
 Showa Tetsudo High School
 Toshima Gakuin High school
 Toshima Ward Ikebukuro Library

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 Kita-Ikebukuro Station information

Tobu Tojo Main Line
Stations of Tobu Railway
Railway stations in Tokyo
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1934

Kita-Ikebukuro Station


The polycystines are a group of radiolarians. They include the vast majority of the fossil radiolaria, as their skeletons are abundant in marine sediments, making them one of the most common groups of microfossils.  These skeletons are composed of opaline silica.  In some it takes the form of relatively simple spicules, but in others it forms more elaborate lattices, such as concentric spheres with radial spines or sequences of conical chambers. Two of the orders belonging to this group are the radially-symmetrical Spumellaria, dating back to the late Cambrian period, and the bilaterally-symmetrical Nasselaria, whose origin is placed within the lower Devonian.

References

External links

 Radiolaria.org

Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

Polycystine


FLA Live Arena is a sports arena in Sunrise, Florida. It opened on October 3, 1998. It is the current home to the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

The arena was also known as the Broward County Civic Arena in 1998, the National Car Rental Center from 1998 to 2002, Office Depot Center from 2002 to 2005, BankAtlantic Center from 2005 to 2012, and BB&T Center from 2012 to 2021.

The most recent name change was in September 2021, when the naming rights contract between the arena and the financial services company BB&T ran out. By that time, BB&T had merged with SunTrust Banks to form Truist Financial Corporation. The merged company decided to not renew the naming rights agreement, and the arena now has the temporary name of FLA Live Arena until a new rights partner is found.

The arena currently seats 20,737 for basketball and 17,040 for hockey. The arena was also home to the Florida Pit Bulls of the ABA from 2005 to 2006 and the Florida Bobcats of the AFL from 1999 to 2001.

On June 27, 2018, an open casket public funeral service for rapper XXXTentacion was held at the arena. Thousands of fans showed up including rappers Lil Uzi Vert and Lil Yachty.

References

Other websites
Official website

Sports buildings in Florida
Buildings and structures in Miami
1998 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida
Florida Panthers

FLA Live Arena


Claude Fauchet (22 September 1744 – 31 October 1793) was a French bishop.

Biography
He was born at Dornes, Nièvre. He was a curate of the church of St Roch, Paris, when he was engaged as tutor to the children of the marquis of Choiseul, brother of Louis XVs minister, an appointment which proved to be the first step to fortune. He was successively grand vicar to the archbishop of Bourges, preacher to the king, and abbot of Montfort-Lacarre.

The philosophic tone of his sermons caused his dismissal from court in 1788 before he became a popular speaker in the Parisian sections. He was one of the leaders of the attack on the Bastille, and on 5 August 1789 he delivered an eloquent discourse by way of funeral sermon for the citizens slain on 14 July, taking as his text the words of St Paul, "Ye have been called to liberty".

He blessed the tricolour flag for the National Guard, and in September was elected to the Commune, from which he retired in October 1790. During the next winter he organized within the Palais Royal the Social Club of the Society of the Friends of Truth, presiding over crowded meetings under the self-assumed title of procureur general de la vérité. Nevertheless, events were marching faster than his opinions, and the last occasion on which he carried his public with him was in a sermon preached at Notre Dame on 4 February 1791.

In May he became constitutional bishop of Calvados, and was presently returned by the department to the Legislative Assembly, and afterwards to the Convention. At the king's trial he voted for the appeal to the people and for the penalty of imprisonment. He protested against the execution of Louis XVI in the Journal des amis (26 January 1793), and next month was denounced to the Convention for prohibiting married priests from the exercise of the priesthood in his diocese. He remained secretary to the Convention until, the accusation of the Girondists in May 1793.

In July he was imprisoned on the charge of supporting the federalist movement at Caen, and of complicity with Charlotte Corday, whom he had taken to see a sitting of the Convention on her arrival in Paris. Of the second of these charges he was certainly innocent.  With the Girondist deputies he was brought before the revolutionary tribunal on 30 October, and was guillotined on the following day.

Despite his role in the church, earlier authors of this entry suggest he was a member of the atheistic secret society the Illuminati, "whose Plan is to overturn all Government and all Religion, even natural; and who endeavour to eradicate every Idea of a Supreme Being, and distinguish Man from Beast by his Shape only." However, this understanding is likely based on a misreading of Snyder's letters to George Washington, which referred to a Fauchet as Illuminati. However, when the referenced letter is read contextually with the mention of Genêt, the French Envoy to America, the discussed Fauchet is likely Jean Antoine Joseph Fauchet, who actually visited the United States to arrest Genêt.

References

Sources
  This further cites:
 Mémoires . . . ou Lettres de Claude Fauchet (5th ed., 79,3)
 Notes sur Claude Fauchet (Caen, 1842)

1744 births
1793 deaths
People from Nièvre
Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Girondins
Deputies to the French National Convention
Constitutional bishops
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution

Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)


Oppenheimer is a toponymic surname, derived from the German town Oppenheim, common among Germans and Ashkenazi Jews. Most uses refer to J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967), the American physicist who headed the Manhattan Project. Other notable people with the surname include:

In arts and media
 Alan Oppenheimer (born 1930), American film actor
 Andrés Oppenheimer (born 1951), Argentine author and journalist known for his analysis of Latin American politics
 Jerry Oppenheimer, American biographer
 Jess Oppenheimer (1913–1988), American radio and television writer, producer, and director, creator of I Love Lucy
 Joel Oppenheimer (1930–1988), American writer
 Joshua Oppenheimer (born 1974), American film director
 Lillian Oppenheimer (1898–1992), American origami pioneer
 Max Oppenheimer (1885–1954), Austrian painter and graphic artist
 Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947), British paediatrician, geneticist, and writer on genetics and human prehistory

In business

Minerals
 Bernard Oppenheimer (1866–1921), South African and British diamond merchant and philanthropist, brother of Ernest
 Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur and financier; controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa, brother of Bernard
 Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (1908–2000), South African businessman of De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited, son of Ernest
 Nicky Oppenheimer (born 1945), chairman of De Beers and of The Diamond Trading Company, son of Harry

Other businesses
 Damon Oppenheimer (born 1962), Vice President and Director of Amateur Scouting for the New York Yankees
 Joseph Süß Oppenheimer (1698–1738), financial adviser to Karl Alexander, Duke of Württemberg
 Samuel Oppenheimer (1635–1703), Jewish banker
 Peter Oppenheimer, American business executive, first CFO of Apple Inc

In government and law
 Charles Cuprill Oppenheimer (1916–2011), lawyer and Rotary District Governor for Puerto Rico
 David Oppenheimer (1834–1897), second mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 Kay Oppenheimer, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
 Santiago Oppenheimer (1869 – ca. 1930), mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico, in 1906
 Suzi Oppenheimer (born 1934), New York politician

In science and academia
Clive Oppenheimer (born 1964), British volcanologist
 Daniel M. Oppenheimer, American professor of psychology at UCLA
 Frank Oppenheimer (1912–1985), American physicist, brother of J. Robert Oppenheimer, founder of the Exploratorium in San Francisco
 Franz Oppenheimer (1864–1943), German sociologist and political economist
 Hillel Oppenheimer (1899–1971), Israeli professor of botany, son of Franz
 Jane M. Oppenheimer (1911–1996), American embryologist and historian of science
 Katherine Oppenheimer (1910–1972), German-American biologist, wife of J. Robert Oppenheimer
 Melanie Oppenheimer, Australian historian
 Michael Oppenheimer, American professor of geosciences at Princeton University, authority on climate change
 Rebecca Oppenheimer (born 1972), American astrophysicist
 Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947), British popular science writer in prehistory

In other fields
 Damon Oppenheimer (born 1962), Vice President and Director of Amateur Scouting for the New York Yankees
 David Oppenheim (rabbi) (1664–1736), also called Oppenheimer, rabbi of Prague and bibliophile
 Isabel la Negra (1901–1974), also known as Isabel Luberza Oppenheimer, Puerto Rican madam
 Joseph Oppenheimer (1820–1893), German-British businessman and inventor of telegraphic equipment
 Josh Oppenheimer (born 1969), Israeli-American basketball coach, and former basketball player
 Thomas Oppenheimer (born 1988), German ice hockey player

See also
 Oppenheim (surname)

German-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin

Oppenheimer (surname)


was a daimyō in Japan during the Edo period. He was the seventh Tokugawa lord of the Owari Domain, and one of the gosanke.

Biography
Muneharu was the 20th son of Tokugawa Tsunanari by a concubine later known as Senyoin, and a great-great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. His childhood name was Bangoro (萬五郎). During his lifetime, he rose to the junior third rank in the Imperial court, and held the titular office of Gon-Chūnagon (acting middle councilor). He was posthumously awarded the junior second rank and the office of Gon-Dainagon (acting great councilor). Among his brothers were Tokugawa Yoshimichi and Tokugawa Tsugutomo (the fourth and sixth lords of Owari), and Matsudaira Yoshitaka (second lord of the Mino Takasu Domain). A sister, Matsuhime, married Maeda Yoshinori, lord of the Kaga Domain, which was the richest domain in Japan outside the Tokugawa's own holdings. Muneharu did not marry, but had numerous concubines. His fourth daughter married the kampaku Konoe Uchisaki.

Loss of power
Given to personal luxury, in 1731, Muneharu published a book, Onchiseiyō (温知政要), which criticized ruling shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune for his policy of excessive frugality. In 1739, following a long dispute with Yoshimune, Muneharu was forced into retirement and confined within the grounds of Nagoya Castle. A relative succeeded him as lord of Owari, taking the name Tokugawa Munekatsu. After the death of Yoshimune, Muneharu moved outside the palace grounds. He died in 1764, but was not forgiven, and a metal net was placed over his grave to indicate his status. When a later shōgun installed his own son as lord of Owari, 75 years after the death of Muneharu, he had the net removed as a gesture of pardon.

Family
 Father: Tokugawa Tsunanari
 Mother: Umezu later Senyoin (d.1743)
 Concubines:
 Saizu later Geshoin
 Gekkoin
 Iyo no Kata
 Children:
 Tomohime (1724-1733) by Saizu
 Hachihime (1726-1731) by Saizu
 Kunimaru (1729-1735) by Saizu
 Shohime (1726-1735) by Gekkoin
 Naohime (1730-1731) by Gekkoin
 Ryuchiyo (1737-1737) by Gekkoin
 Katsuhime (1728-1760) married Konoe Uchisaki by Iyo
 Itsuhime (1730-1731) by Iyo

In fiction

In the popular TV Asahi television series Abarenbō Shōgun, showing fictitious events in the life of the Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune, Muneharu was frequently presented as the villain, repeatedly trying to assassinate Yoshimune and take over the shogunate. Even when he did not appear, many smaller villains acted in his name, or planned to receive their reward from Muneharu when he became shōgun.  He was first played by Akira Nakao and later by Tokuma Nishioka. As with the series in general, while the setting is historical, the specific acts attributed to Muneharu are fictional.

In the book Blood Ninja, he is the father of the main character Taro and enemy to Oda Nobunaga.

References

|-

1696 births
1764 deaths
Lords of Owari
Owarirenshi-Matsudaira clan

Tokugawa Muneharu


Stevyn Colgan (born 11 August 1961) is a British writer, artist and speaker.

Colgan was a police officer in London 1980-2010. He was then a researcher and scriptwriter for the BBC TV series QI and the regular QI Annuals, and for QI's BBC Radio 4 sister show The Museum of Curiosity until 2018. He co-presents the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.

Career

Police

Colgan joined the Metropolitan Police Force in 1980. He was awarded the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal in 1993 and the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal in 2003. He retired from the police in February 2010 after completing 30 years' service.

In later service, Colgan was a member of the award-winning Met Police Problem Solving Unit that used behavioural economics and creative thinking to tackle issues that did not respond to traditional policing/enforcement methods. He sat on several Home Office working groups and is an expert on problem-oriented policing. He worked closely with the UK Home Office and the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. He has lectured and taught extensively throughout the UK and US and elsewhere and now lectures in a private capacity.

He was a judge for the 2013 Transmission Awards for Innovative Thinking.

Illustrator

Colgan's first published illustration work was for the book I Remember: Reflections on Fishing and Childhood (Summersdale 1995) by Joe Cowley, Frederick Forsyth, Roger Daltrey, Bernard Cribbins, George Melly and others. The book raised money for the NSPCC. In 2006 he was the official artist for the Autumn National Children's Book Fair organised by Scholastic Books Ltd.

He illustrated several features for the various QI Annuals and the cover for the 'E, F, G' Compilation Annual in November 2010. His artwork regularly appears on the QI TV series. The QI 'H' Annual 2011 features a two-page spread co-written by himself, Justin Pollard and John Lloyd, called HENJ in which IKEA-style instructions for building Stonehenge are seen. These pages became so popular that they can be found on hundreds of websites and have spawned/inspired many other similar illustrations.

In 2011, Colgan was invited to participate in the annual Royal College of Art Secret Auction alongside such notables as Yoko Ono, Tracey Emin and Grayson Perry. He continues to do so every year.

Writer

In October 2008, his first book, Joined-Up Thinking, was published by Pan Macmillan Books.

In 2010 the Cornish Language Fellowship (Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek) and the Cornish Language Board (Kesva an Taves Kernewek) published Henhwedhlow, a book of Cornish Faerie Stories written and illustrated by Colgan. The book was published in both English and Cornish language on facing pages to aid translation. The stories are modern interpretations of traditional tales plus several brand new stories by the author. The book contains the largest existing body of modern Cornish prose.

In 2013 he launched a new book called Constable Colgan's Connectoscope with the crowd-funding publisher Unbound.

In 2014 and 2015 respectively, he self-published a novel - The Third Condiment - and an adult colouring book called Colgeroons on the Lulu platform.

In 2016 his semi-autobiographical book about Problem Oriented Policing Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? was published by Unbound. It tells the story of his tenure with the Problem Solving Unit and carries cover quotes from Stephen J Dubner and Rory Sutherland. Later retitled as One Step Ahead: Notes From The Problem Solving Unit for paperback release in 2018.

He co-wrote Saving Bletchley Park with Dr Sue Black OBE, published in 2015.

His first novel, a comedy murder mystery novel called A Murder To Die For was published in January 2018. It was shortlisted for Penguin Books Dead Good Awards and longlisted for The Guardian Not The Booker Prize. His second novel The Diabolical Club was published in 2019 and his third, Cockerings, in 2021.

Media

In 2012 he co-wrote the pilot for a radio series called 101 People to Meet Before You (Or They) Die with Dan Schreiber. After broadcast, a live show followed featuring on-stage interviews with Marc Abrahams and Dr Jan Bondeson.

Also in 2012, he became one of the researcher/writers for BBC Radio 4's The Museum of Curiosity. He was part of the writing team that won the Rose D'or in 2016.

In May 2012 he appeared on an episode of the Do the Right Thing podcast in the 'Ask the Expert' round and on an episode of Dave Gorman's BBC2 series Genius.

He has appeared on many podcasts including Freakonomics, Level Up Human, Little Atoms and the online live panel show Ex Libris.

His artwork has been seen on episodes of the BBC TV series QI, and he was name-checked by Stephen Fry in the QIXL episode "Humans" in 2010. He made cameo appearances in the 2014 episode "Location, Location, Location" and the 2018 episode Occult.

In 2016 he made a guest appearance on the QI podcast No Such Thing as a Fish.

Since March 2019 he has co-presented with Paul Waters the We'd Like A Word books and authors podcast.

Speaking

In recent years he has been a visiting lecturer in metacognition at Barts and the London. He has also spoken at Imperial College, Central St Martin's College of Art, York University, Brasenose College, Oxford, University of Exeter, the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) and many other academic institutions.

He is currently an Associate Lecturer in Criminal and Forensic Psychology at Buckinghamshire New University.

He has also taught art and lectured on creative thinking and problem solving.

His talks are a mix of science, art, autobiography and comedy. He has performed at venues and events such as TEDx, Glasgow Science Festival, Agile Cymru, Google Huddle, Hybrid Conf Berlin, the Ig Nobel Prizes, QEDCon, Aegis Kuala Lumpur and has performed many Skeptics in the Pub and Science Showoff shows. He has also appeared at the Hay Festival, Latitude, Harrogate International Festival, Salon London and many more.

He also appeared alongside Hannah Gadsby, Eric Lampaert and Alex Edelman performing stand up at the Edinburgh Festival for a show called John Lloyd's Curious Edinburgh, hosted by Lloyd and Dan Schreiber.

Bibliography

 Joined-Up Thinking (2008)
 Henhwedhlow: The Clotted Cream Of Cornish Folktales (2010)
 Constable Colgan's Connectoscope (2012)
 The Third Condiment (2014)
 Colgeroons (2015)
 Saving Bletchley Park (with Dr Sue Black OBE) (2015)
 Why Did The Policeman Cross The Road? (2016)
 A Murder to Die For (2018)
 The Diabolical Club (2019)
 Cockerings (2021)

Notes

References

 Bucks Free Press (Midweek Edition) 23 September 2008 Throwing the book at you
 The Roy Noble Show BBC Radio Wales 6 October 2008
 Salon London Judges for 2014 Award Announced

External links
 Stevyn Colgan's Web site
 Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language fellowship)
 We'd Like A Word (books and authors podcast)

1961 births
21st-century English writers
Artists from London
Cornish-language writers
Metropolitan Police officers
English illustrators
Living people
Alumni of the University of Hertfordshire

Stevyn Colgan