Abraham Bogardus (November 29, 1822 – March 22, 1908) was an American daguerreotypist and photographer who made some 200,000 daguerreotypes during his career.

He was trained in the daguerreotype process by New Yorker George W. Prosch, who in 1839 had made a camera for Samuel F.B. Morse. Bogardus opened a studio and gallery at 363 Broadway in New York in 1846, becoming very successful. In 1868, he helped in the founding of the National Photographic Association of which he was president for five years. He worked as a clerk in a dry goods store in the late 1830s, and exhibited a painting at the American Institute in 1845.

From 1847 to 1852, he was listed as a daguerreotypist at 217 Greenwich Street. His residence was in Newark, New Jersey, from 1849 to 1851, returning to Grove Street, New York City, between 1851 and 1852. His success enabled a branch gallery at 126 Washington Street, Newark, in 1849, which moved to 8 Clinton Street, Newark, in 1850. His New York City gallery was moved to 229 Greenwich Street in 1851 and the old Root Gallery at 363 Broadway refitted in 1862. He opened a new studio at 1153 Broadway in 1869, maintaining the 363 Broadway address.

That same year he became an important witness at the trial of William H. Mumler, a spirit photographer who had been accused of fraud by, among others, P. T. Barnum. Barnum hired Bogardus to fabricate a photograph of him with the supposed "ghost" of Abraham Lincoln; this photograph was then tendered in evidence at Mumler's trial to demonstrate to the court how easy it was to conjure fake images of ghosts.

In 1871 to 1873, he was in partnership with Daniel and David Bendann, brothers from Baltimore, Maryland, at 1153 Broadway in New York. In 1873, Bogardus produced daguerreotypes of bank note designs for the American Bank Note Co.

Wanting to retire in 1884, Bogardus advertised in the Philadelphia Photographer: "Wishing to retire from the photographic business, I now offer my well-known establishment for sale, after thirty-eight years' continuous existence in this city. The reputation of the gallery is too well known to require one word of comment. The stock of registered negatives is very valuable, containing a large line of regular customers, and also very many of our prominent men, Presidents, Senators, etc., and for which orders are constantly received. They include Blaine and Logan. Entire apparatus first-class; Dallmeyer lens, etc. For further information, address Abraham Bogardus & Co., 872 Broadway cor. 18th St., New York."

References

External links

The Daguerreotype - Abraham Bogardus
The Lost Art of the Daguerreotype - Abraham Bogardus
Leaves From the Diary of a Photographer - Abraham Bogardus

American portrait photographers
1822 births
1908 deaths
19th-century American photographers

Abraham Bogardus


Sky Lovers ()
is a 2002 film based on the novel "Life Without Language" by Xi Dong which won the first Lu Xun Literature Award.  It was directed by Jiang Qinmin.

Cast
 Liu Ye- Jia Kuan, an incredibly deaf villager who also suggests an air of being slightly mentally challenged
 Dong Jie- Yu Chen, a mute girl
 Feng Enhe (冯恩鹤) - Jia Kuan's father
 Tao Hong- Zhu Ling

Plot
The story is based in a remote village in the mountainous area of Guangxi. The story begins after the takeover of the Communists with Jia Kuan's father (Feng Enhe) accidentally triggering his gun, thus blinding himself permanently. The village boys see a stranger, Yu Chen (Dong Jie), and they believe she is the one who caused his injury, so they raise an alarm and pursue her. She runs through the fields of barley, and finds herself face to face with Jia Kuan (Liu Ye). Jia Kuan's demeanor is friendly and he smiles at her. The village boys catch up and start yelling to Jia Kuan that this girl harmed his father. Yu Chen cannot defend herself, as she is a mute. Luckily Jia Kuan doesn't believe them, so they all go to Jia Kuan's house to confirm it with Jia Kuan's father, who inevitably confirms that he had hurt himself by accident.

From this incident, Yu Chen begins to live with Jia Kuan and his father. She cooks for them, and takes on a small maternal role in their family. Because Jia Kuan's father is blind and Yu Chen is mute, she communicates to him by writing words onto Jia Kuan's father's hand. It is by these small interactions that Jia Kuan's father discovers that Yu Chen was in the area because she was looking for her brother, as her parents had died.

From here the story carries on without further exploring Yu Chen's background. Jia Kuan is in love with Zhu Ling, the village beauty, and in his childish manner aims to gain her love, however Zhu Ling is not interested in Jia Kuan. Instead she carries an affair with the only educated man living in the district.

Awards
Best Artistic Contribution Award at the 15th Tokyo International Film Festival

Notes

External links

Sky Lovers at the Chinese Movie Database

2002 films
2002 drama films
2000s Mandarin-language films
Films based on Chinese novels
Films set in Guangxi
Chinese drama films
2000s Chinese films

Sky Lovers (film)


Alistair Reid MacLeod (26 February 1931 – 1 February 2004) was a Scottish professional football player and manager. He is perhaps best known for his time as the Scotland national football team manager, including their appearance at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. MacLeod played as a left winger for Third Lanark (two spells), St Mirren, Blackburn Rovers, Hibernian and Ayr United. He then managed Ayr United (three spells), Aberdeen, Scotland, Motherwell, Airdrieonians and Queen of the South.

Early years
Alistair Reid MacLeod was born in the south side of Glasgow on 26 February 1931. His family lived in Clydebank for a while but the house was bombed during the Second World War. At length they settled in Mount Florida, near to Hampden Park and Cathkin Park. MacLeod signed provisionally for Third Lanark when he was still a schoolboy. He made swift dashes up the left wing. His distinctive running action earned him the nickname "Noddy".

Playing career
MacLeod started his playing career at Third Lanark as a provisional signing as a schoolboy in 1947. He made his first-team debut against Stirling Albion at Cathkin Park on 6 November 1949.

In 1953, MacLeod was in the Thirds side that trounced Alloa Athletic in the League Cup opener, 10–0. Sitting 8–0 up, MacLeod's teammates' main objective was to get him on the scoresheet. He had set up five goals but had missed several sitters himself. A left-foot rocket shot, and a simple tap in took Thirds' tally to 10. He joined the Royal Scots for National Service but was still able to turn out for the Thirds.

MacLeod was reluctant to move to St Mirren in 1956, but having secured a guarantee that the reported £8,000 fee would tremendously help Third Lanark's survival, he moved on. He spent only six weeks at St Mirren before moving to English team Blackburn Rovers.

Managed by fellow Scot Dally Duncan, MacLeod was man of the match in the 1960 FA Cup Final, but the game was lost 3–0 to Wolves. While at Blackburn he made strenuous efforts along with the PFA steward Jimmy Hill to help abolish the maximum wage, but when subsequently his promised wage increase was not forthcoming, while other players in the team were raised from £20 to £25 per week, he entered into discussions with Hibernian. When Blackburn realised that they were going to lose him to Hibs they matched their offer with an increase from £20 to £25. MacLeod, having already accepted Hibs' offer, felt he could not go back on his word, so left Blackburn to go back to Scotland.

He played with Hibs until 1963, when he returned to Third Lanark. In 1964 he signed for Ayr United, where he finished his playing career, with no major honours won.

Coaching career

Ayr United
He started his managerial career in 1966 when he took charge of Ayr United. He took Ayr back to Scotland's top division and turned them into a well respected side. He took them to a Scottish and a League Cup semi-final and also set their attendance record with 25,225 watching a 2–1 success over Rangers F.C. In 1973, MacLeod was named Ayr's "Citizen of the Year".

Aberdeen
In November 1975, after nine years at Ayr, he moved to Aberdeen where he guided them to a League Cup final success over Celtic.

Scotland

1978 World Cup qualification and preparation
After success with Ayr and Aberdeen, in May 1977 the Scottish Football Association appointed him manager of the Scotland national team. He introduced himself to the squad with the blunt statement: "My name is Ally MacLeod and I am a winner." In his first months in charge, Scotland beat England at Wembley and qualified for the 1978 World Cup from a group containing Czechoslovakia, who had won the 1976 European Championship, and Wales. Scotland's World Cup expectations gathered momentum with MacLeod happy with the wave of massive optimism, saying to the press his team would return with "at least a medal". Scottish comedian Andy Cameron recorded a version of "Ally's Tartan Army", which reached number 6 in the UK charts just before the World Cup.

Qualification was particularly sweet for Scotland since, for the second World Cup in succession, Scotland had achieved what their traditional rivals England had not. Defeat against England in the 1977–78 British Home Championship was taken to mean little. Spirits remained sky-high as 25,000 people came to Hampden Park to watch the squad circle the ground in an open-top bus prior to their departure for Argentina. Prestwick Airport was packed with supporters seeing the team off. When a journalist asked him "What do you plan to do after the World Cup?" MacLeod replied: "Retain it." This anecdote, though, is denied in some accounts of the Scottish saga at the 1978 World Cup and has been cited as one of the most popular hoaxes in British football.

1978 World Cup finals
Some observers were worried by the absence through injury of full-back Danny McGrain. Opponents Peru's impressive credentials went overlooked and were not expected to provide many problems in the first match. Peru, however, won the game 3–1. Scotland took the lead but Don Masson missed a penalty and in general failed to play to their potential. Before the match journalist James McKillop had written in The Glasgow Herald that "The suggestion that we might not win is unthinkable and can be dismissed out of hand." As MacLeod himself put it, the performance against Peru was "rank bad". Plentiful excuses emerged: there had been a dispute concerning bonuses, the hotel swimming pool had no water in it, there was nothing for the players to do. It was then revealed that the winger Willie Johnston had taken a cold tablet which contained a banned stimulant fencamfamine (Reactivan). He was sent home. MacLeod, at a press conference, saw a mongrel dog approach: "I think he is the only friend I have got left", he said, stretching out a hand.

The game with Iran finished a 1–1 draw, after a poor display by the Scots. They then needed to beat the Netherlands, one of the tournament favourites, by three clear goals, to qualify. The next day's The Glasgow Herald ran the result of the Iran game as their main story under the headline "Ally's night of shame". Herald reporter James McKillop described the match as "Ally's Alamo" and said Scotland had "turned disgrace into humiliation". Adding that at full-time the Scotland players "were lucky not to be lynched" he not he had "never seen Scotland supporters more angry". McKillop's report also stated that in response to the result MacLeod offered "excuses in not reasons", with MacLeod stated that "the team had been under tremendous pressure in Argentina".

For the Netherlands match MacLeod gave Graeme Souness his first game of the World Cup and was rewarded with a much-improved team performance. When Archie Gemmill scored what is widely thought to be one of the greatest World Cup goals ever (it was officially ranked seventh best by FIFA), to make the score 3–1 to Scotland, qualification to the next phase looked possible. Three minutes later, though, the Dutch pulled a goal back; the game ended 3–2 and Scotland were eliminated on goal difference. The Netherlands proceeded to the final, where they lost to Argentina.

Aftermath and resignation
Following the squads return to Scotland, Macleod's future was discussed by the SFA's  International Committee at a meeting in July to consider the team's failure in Argentina. Macleod was present at this four and half hour meeting where a motion to remove him was proposed. The six-man committee agreed to keep Macleod in place as the motion was defeated, but The Glasgow Herald reported that it was understood that the motion for dismissal had only been defeated on the casting vote of the Committee's chairman, Tom Laughlan of Kilmarnock F.C. An editorial in the same newspaper noted that "the football public expected more from Mr MacLeod in the Scotland job than he was able to deliver. He emerges from a chastening experience a wiser man."

Although MacLeod had survived this immediate inquest by the sport's authorities, he resigned after one more game in charge, only 17 matches and about 500 days after his appointment. His old club Ayr United had been given permission by the Scottish Football Association to talk to MacLeod about him returning as Ayr manager. MacLeod accepted the offer although Ayr were in the second tier and the job was thought to pay around £12,000 per year, £3,000 less than he received as Scotland manager. MacLeod admitted that the World Cup failure, and the fallout which followed it, "had taken a lot out of him", but said he was now relaxed and wanted "to prove myself again." His decision to resign and return to club management echoed that of his predecessor in the Scotland job, Willie Ormond. MacLeod's departure left Scotland needing to quickly appoint a manager ahead of their next UEFA Euro 1980 qualifying match against Norway. The Glasgow Herald sports reporter Jim Reynolds dismissed the idea that MacLeod might be asked to stay on in a part-time basis until after this match, saying that "Too many people inside Park Gardens", which was the SFA's headquarters, would "breath a sigh of relief" at MacLeod's departure.

The Scottish Football Association's annual report, issued in May 1979, stated that, "regardless of the depressing aspects of Mr MacLeod's latter days in the Association's employ, it would be quite unfair not to comment that he was largely responsible for kindling an enthusiasm for the Scottish team that far exceeded anything which had gone before. The Association benefited considerably from that enthusiasm and should not forget it".

In his autobiography, The Ally MacLeod Story (1979), he wondered whether he had "generated just too much excitement. Had I raised the level of national optimism just too high?" But he was able to console himself: "Would the Scottish fans have tolerated anything less from me than whole-hearted conviction?" MacLeod also reassured the reader that he, for one, never thought that Scotland were invincible, and claimed to be perfectly at peace with himself. "I am a very good manager who just happened to have a few disastrous days, once upon a time, in Argentina."

Later career
His subsequent managerial career included spells at Motherwell (1979–1981), Airdrie (1984–1985) and a third spell at Ayr (1986–1989) when he won a Second Division (third tier) title in 1988. His last job in football was with Dumfries club Queen of the South. In 1992, he played in a game for Queens' reserve team, scoring a goal from a penalty at the age of 61.

Death and tributes
Increasingly again treated with affection by the Scottish footballing public, in July 2003, at Hampden Park, he was presented with a crystal decanter in appreciation of his services to the national team and to Scottish football.

He died in 2004, aged 72, after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease. MacLeod was posthumously inducted to the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in 2015.

Honours

Player
Third Lanark
Glasgow Charity Cup: 1955–56

Hibernian
East of Scotland Shield: 1960–61

Blackburn Rovers
Second Division promotion: 1957–58
 FA Cup runner-up: 1959–60

Manager
Ayr United
Scottish Division Two (second tier) champions: 1965–66
Scottish Division Two (second tier) promotion: 1968–69
Scottish Second Division (third tier) champions: 1987–88
Ayrshire Cup winners: 1969; 1970; 1971; 1975; 1988

Aberdeen
Scottish League Cup: 1976–77

Scotland
British Home Championship: 1976–77

Motherwell
Lanarkshire Cup winners: 1981

Airdrieonians
Lanarkshire Cup winners: 1984

Managerial statistics

References

Further reading
 Ronnie McDevitt and Andy MacLeod. More Than Argentina: The Biography of Ally MacLeod (2014)
 Ronnie McDevitt. Scotland in the 60s: The Definitive Account of the Scottish National Football Side During the 1960s (2016)
 Dominic Sandbrook. Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979 (2012) pp. 527–35.

1931 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from dementia in Scotland
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Aberdeen F.C. managers
Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) managers
Ayr United F.C. managers
Queen of the South F.C. managers
Ayr United F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Footballers from Glasgow
Third Lanark A.C. players
Hibernian F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. managers
Scotland national football team managers
1978 FIFA World Cup managers
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish football managers
St Mirren F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees
Men's association football wingers
People educated at Queen's Park Secondary School
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Scots soldiers

Ally MacLeod


Cebeci is a Turkish word. It may refer to:

 Cebeci (corps), a part of Ottoman artillery corps
 Cebeci Asri Cemetery, a cemetery located in the Cebeci quarter of Ankara, Turkey
 Cebeci İnönü Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Ankara, Turkey .
 Cebeci–Smith model, a viscosity model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis

Cebeci


Tamy Ben-Tor (born 1975) is an Israeli visual artist.

Biography
Ben-Tor is one of a number of prominent female artists inventing characters and playing them herself, her work combines performance with photography and/or video.  Included in this lineage of artists are Claude Cahun, Eleanor Antin, Martha Wilson and Cindy Sherman.  Her themes draw on the social observation of daily life and gender roles, but dig with more risky commentary into issues relating to Jewishness and Israel, her country of origin where she graduated from the School of Visual Theatre.  Graduating then from Columbia University's MFA Program in 2006, she lives and works in New York and shows with Zach Feuer Gallery.

She has had solo shows at the Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Atlanta Contemporary Art Center; Kunsthalle Winterthur; and Cubitt Artists, London.  Ben-Tor has also participated in a large number of group exhibitions including; The Global Contemporary Art Worlds After 1989 at ZKM, Karlsruhe;Video Art: Replay, Part IIIInstitute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia;Revolutions - Forms That Turn Biennale of Sydney; Manifesta 7; All About Humor Mori Art Museum, Tokyo; Combine Platter Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; ...but i was only acting! Museo Reina Sofía; as well as the PERFORMA 05 and PERFORMA 07 Biennials, New York.

Ben-Tor's work belongs to a generation of artists that use absurdity and humor to comment on serious ideas.  Underlying her outlandish caricatures and purposefully lowtech artifice of minimal make-up and settings, is a fusion of illusion and a stupid-smart whiplash arriving at unexpected views into the complexity of the human condition. At the same time, Ben-Tor believes herself to be ahistorical in her own thinking. When asked about feminism's role in her work at a 2006 conference on the very topic, she claimed that she "doesn't think about feminism at all." She said "It is problematic to associate myself with any ideology," and referred to feminist positions as "weak."

Press
She has been profiled and reviewed by a range of major news outlets including Art Forum, The New York Times, and The New Yorker. In one such article Ken Johnson of The New York Times describes Ben-Tor as the, "George Orwell of today's video art." The critic Roberta Smith has likened her work to the similarly shapeshifting works of Cindy Sherman.

Collections and awards
Tamy Ben-Tor has work in many public collections including The Pérez Art Museum Miami, The Tel Aviv Museum of Art, The Israel Museum, and The Whitney Museum of American Art.

She has won numerous awards for her work including the Foundation for Contemporary Art Grants to Artists award (2008), New York and Art Matters Foundation.

References

External links
 Tamy Ben-Tor at the Zach Feuer Gallery

1975 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli women artists
Israeli contemporary artists
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni

Tamy Ben-Tor


The Virgil Hickox House is a historic house located at 518 East Capitol Avenue in Springfield, Illinois. The house, the only one remaining in downtown Springfield, was built in 1839 for Virgil Hickox and his family. Hickox was a prominent Springfield businessman who helped bring the city its first rail line, an extension of the Chicago and Alton Railroad. In addition, Hickox was a successful attorney and political figure; he chaired the Democratic State Committee for twenty years and was an associate of both Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas. The Hickox family remodeled their house several times; when they moved out in 1880, it had largely taken its present form, with an Italianate design featuring bracketed eaves and long arched windows.

The Sangamo Club, a private men's club, opened in the building in 1895 and remained there for over fifteen years. The building became a speakeasy during Prohibition and continued to serve alcohol afterwards as The Norb Andy's Tabarin. The tavern became and remains popular with state legislators; in the 1980s, it was reported to be one of the few remaining bars regularly frequented by politicians.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1982.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Italianate architecture in Illinois
Houses completed in 1839
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Illinois
Houses in Springfield, Illinois

Virgil Hickox House


A rubber washer is a ring made of rubber used in mechanical devices. It is used to prevent vibration from spreading from one part to another, reducing the noise levels.

Typical uses are mounting computer parts, like fans and hard disk drives. By decoupling the motor from the computer case it prevents the resonance chamber effect from amplifying the noise.

Hardware (mechanical)
Rubber products

Rubber washer


Richard Cox (c. 1766 – 20 May 1845) was an English brewer and horticulturist who bred the apple varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Cox's Pomona.

Cox operated the Black Eagle Brewery located at 27 White's Grounds, Bermondsey, London until 1820, when he retired with his wife Ann to The Lawns (later Colnbrook Lawn) in Colnbrook, Slough, Buckinghamshire (now Berkshire), England, to pursue his hobby of horticulture. The house sat on two acres of land in the vicinity of Rodney Way and Daventry Close on the north side of the old Bath Road (now the High Street), about a mile west of the modern-day boundary of Heathrow Airport.

In 1830 he planted pips in his orchard Satisfied with the quality of the fruit produced by two of his seedlings, in 1836 he supplied grafts to E. Small & Son, the local nurseryman who offered the first trees for sale in 1840. The two varieties, Cox's Orange Pippin and Cox's Pomona, remained mostly unknown until Charles Turner of the Royal Nurseries in Slough, impressed by their quality, began to offer them in his catalog in 1850. Other English nurserymen began to graft and sell Cox's Orange Pippin trees, and by 1883 it was one of the most popular apples in the country.

Cox died in 1845 without seeing the success of the apple varieties to which he gave his name.

By 2007, Cox's Orange Pippin, grown worldwide, was Britain's most popular apple, accounting for over 50% of UK orchard acreage, and 48% of sales. Ownership of the brewery passed to Noakes & Company after Cox's death and would continue operation under different owners, ultimately Courage, until 1930.
The original Cox's Orange Pippin tree in Colnbrook was blown down in a storm in 1911, but two trees, grafted from the original, were still standing in the orchard as of 1933. The site is currently occupied by a block of low-rise flats also called The Lawns.

Richard Cox outlived his wife by eight years and died in 1845, aged 79; both are buried in the churchyard at St.Mary's in Harmondsworth. A memorial orchard stands near the site of The Lawns in Colnbrook, consisting of Cox's Orange Pippin, Cox's Pomona, Ribston Pippin, and Blenheim Orange with metallic benches in the shapes of the letters C, O and X.

References

1766 births
1845 deaths
English horticulturists
English brewers

Richard Cox (horticulturist)


Guido Mantega (; born 7 April 1949) is an Italian Brazilian economist,  and politician who was Brazil's Finance Minister. Mr Mantega served as Brazil's Finance Minister for more than eight years, being the longest-serving Finance Minister in the history of Brazil.

Life and career
Mantega was born in Genoa, Italy. He graduated in Economics from the School of Economics, Business and Accounting of the University of São Paulo, he holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of São Paulo and is a professor of economics at several leading universities of São Paulo.

He has long been associated with the left wing Workers' Party and was a key member in the successful presidential campaign of the party's founder and leader, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Upon Lula's access to power in 2003, Mantega was appointed Minister of Planning, and later chairman to BNDES (National Bank for Economical and Social Development).

On March 27, 2006 he was named Brazil's Finance Minister, replacing Antonio Palocci, who resigned in the wake of corruption charges. Mr Mantega left office in December 2014, when he was replaced by the Chicago-trained economist Joaquim Levy.

In mid-2013, financial-markets commentator David Marsh wrote:
 Developing-nation economic leaders such as Guido Mantega, Brazil's outspoken finance minister — who two years ago accused the U.S. of launching "currency wars" through QE and a lower dollar, allegedly to steal a growth advantage —, have had to change their tune.
Marsh's comments came as the Federal Reserve's Ben Bernanke was beginning to explore the end of QE and one impact was a "withdrawal of liquidity" from markets such as Brazil's.

Bibliography

Notes and citations

|-

|-

1949 births
Living people
Italian emigrants to Brazil
Brazilian economists
Workers' Party (Brazil) politicians
University of São Paulo alumni
Finance Ministers of Brazil
Government ministers of Brazil
Brazilian columnists

Guido Mantega


The Woodward–Hoffmann rules are a set of organic chemistry rules to predict the stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions where the molecule is a ring (e.g. benzene ring).  They were written by Robert Burns Woodward (a chemistry professor at Harvard University) and Roald Hoffmann (a chemistry professor at Cornell University). Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model. Woodward did not share the prize because he died two years before. Generally, the Nobel Prize is awarded only to living people. Woodward had already won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for a different discovery.

A recent paper in the journal Nature describes how mechanical stress can be used to reshape chemical reaction pathways to lead to products that apparently violate Woodward–Hoffman rules.<ref>Biasing reaction pathways with mechanical force. Nature 2007 446:423-427  (See also the corresponding "News and Views" in the same issue of Nature)</ref>

 Related pages
 Woodward's rules for calculating UV absorptions
 Torquoselectivity

 References

 Other websites
 Symmetry rules!'', Sophie Wilkinson Chemical & Engineering News January 27, 2003 Volume 81, Number 04 CENEAR 81 04 pp. 59 ISSN 0009-2347 Article
 "SHMO calculator", Simple Huckel molecular orbital theory calculator Link

Organic chemistry
Theoretical chemistry

Woodward–Hoffmann rules


The Seckford Trust (or Seckford Foundation) is a charitable trust founded in the 16th century by Thomas Seckford that remains active to this day. The trust is based in and operates in the area of Woodbridge, Suffolk.

The trust operates the Woodbridge School, a co-educational boarding school founded in 1577 with 725 students of ages four through eighteen.

It also operates Seckford Almshouses, the Deben Family Centre, and other facilities, and gives grants to needy individuals and deserving organizations.

In 2006, it opened a theatre within the grounds of Woodbridge school, called the Seckford Theatre.

References

External links
Secford Foundation web site

Woodbridge, Suffolk
Charities based in Suffolk
Charitable trusts

Seckford Trust


Michael Riley is an English film producer. He is CEO of Bristol and London-based production company Sterling Pictures.

Biography
Born in Nottingham, Michael Riley grew up in Edwalton. He attended the University of Ulster in Coleraine, Northern Ireland, studying English, Media and Theatre studies.

His factual work includes documentaries in China about the Uyghurs in Xinjiang; Kenya where he produced the Turner Prize nominated short film Waiting for artist Zarina Bhimji; and India where he interviewed the 14th Dalai Lama at his palace in Dharamshala. He produced In A Land Of Plenty, a ten-part drama series for the BBC by Sterling Pictures (with TalkBack Productions). He continues to produce mainly feature films in the UK and many of his films have won awards at international film festivals.

He lives in South Gloucestershire and has a daughter, Evelyn Martha Riley and two sons, Edward Maxwell Riley and Elliott Alec Riley.

Filmography
1992: Mother's Day directed by Michael Riley for Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television
1995: Boston Kickout directed by Paul Hills
1996: Hard Men directed by J.K. Amalou
1997: Loop directed by Allan Niblo
2000: Out Of Depth directed by Simon Marshall
2001: In A Land Of Plenty directed by Hettie MacDonald and David Moore
2001: Lava (2001 film) directed by Joe Tucker
2007: Vampire Diary directed by Mark James and Phil O'Shea
2007: A Girl and a Gun directed by David L G Hughes
2007: Sugarhouse directed by Gary Love
2007: Outlanders directed by Dominic Lees
2007: The Man Who Would Be Queen directed by J.K. Amalou
2008: China's Wild West directed by Urszula Pontikos
2008: French Film directed by Jackie Oudney
2009: The Good Times Are Killing Me directed by John L'Ecuyer
2010: Deviation directed by J.K. Amalou
2011: Zero directed by David Barrouk
2011: Hard Boiled Sweets directed by David L.G. Hughes
2012: The Seasoning House directed by Paul Hyett
2012: Scar Tissue (2012 film) directed by Scott Michell
2013: Soulmate directed by Axelle Carolyn
2016: 'Chosen (2016 film)' directed by Jasmin Dizdar
2017: Crowhurst directed by Simon Rumley
2017: Heretiks directed by Paul Hyett
2019: Sideshow directed by Adam Oldroyd
2020: The Ballad of Billy McCrae directed by Chris Crow
2021: Fear The Invisible Man directed by Paul Dudbridge
2022: Can You Hear Me? directed by Simon Hunter
2023: Jagged Honeycomb (2023 film) directed by Lev Prudkin
2023: Frankenstein: Legacy (2023 film) directed by Paul Dudbridge
2023: Land of Legend (2023 film) directed by Niall Johnson

Awards
 Milan International Film Festival - Best Film for Vampire Diary
 Cologne Conference - Top Ten for In A Land Of Plenty
 Mile High Horror Film Festival - Best Film for The Seasoning House
 Gibara International Film Festival - Best Film for Outlanders

Nominations
 Sundance Film Festival - Best Short Film for China's Wild West

External links
Sterling Pictures

1966 births
Living people
English film producers

Michael Riley (film producer)


Tarini Prasad Koirala (; 30 April 1922 – 1974) was a Nepalese politician, journalist, writer belonging to the Nepali Congress Party and the Koirala family.

Koirala was born into a politically powerful family, the son of Krishna Prasad Koirala and brother of Prime Ministers of Nepal Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Matrika Prasad Koirala and Girija Prasad Koirala.

Koirala was active in politics and was a pioneer of the Nepalese labor movement along with his brothers in Srinagar. Later his brother B. P. Koirala and the Nepali Congress party were swept into power in the country's first democratic election. He was in the forefront of the leaders who took part in 1947 Srinagar jute mill strike along with Girija Prasad Koirala, Yuvaraj Adhikari Man Mohan Adhikari.

He was among the six National Congress leaders i.e. Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Girija Prasad Koirala, Yuvaraj Adhikar, Gehendrahari Sharma, Manmohan Adhikari who were taken to Kathmandu as the prisoners of conscience from Biratnagar via the land routes. It took 24 days for them to reach Kathmandu on foot, and was jailed at a Sundarijal-based prison after completing the walk. He was in an active role in and after abolition of Rana rule.

See also
Yuvaraj Adhikari
Biratnagar jute mill strike

References

Date of death missing
T
1922 births
People from Biratnagar
1974 deaths
Nepali Congress politicians from Koshi Province

Tarini Prasad Koirala


Maha Al Muneef (Arabic:  مها عبدالله المنيف) is a pediatrician from Saudi Arabia. She specializing in infectious diseases in children. Al-Muneef won an International Women of Courage Award in 2014.

Work

Shura Council

From 2009 to 2013, Al Muneef was a member of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council.

The National Family Safety Program

 Maha Al Muneef is the executive director of the National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in Saudi Arabia.  Al Muneef worked to spread knowledge about domestic violence and child abuse. The NFSP was created in 2005 in order to combat domestic violence and child abuse in Saudi Arabia. The NFSP started support programs, gave information about the numbers of attacks on women and children in Saudi Arabia, and worked to help people who were attacked or hurt.

The "Protection from Abuse" law

In August 2013, the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia passed a new law to protect people who are attacked or hurt by members of their own family. Al Muneef and the NFSP helped to write the "Protection from Abuse" law. The law describes and explains the meaning of domestic violence and makes it illegal in Saudi Arabia for the first time.

Awards

In 2014, Maha Al Muneef received the International Women of Courage Award.

U.S. President Obama presents award in Riyadh

The US President Barack Obama presented the award to Al Muneef during his visit to Riyadh on March 29, 2014.  Al-Muneer could not be at the March 4 ceremony in the United States for family health reasons. She received the award in a private ceremony at the Ritz Carlton hotel, where Obama stayed. Obama spoke about the importance of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, and the importance of helping the Saudi king understand this importance.  Obama told Al-Muneef he was "so very, very proud of you and grateful for all the work you're doing here." He added, "I'm looking forward to seeing you do even more wonderful things in the future."

References

Other websites

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Living people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Saudi Arabian physicians
1960 births
King Saud University alumni
Saudi Arabian women's rights activists

Maha Al Muneef


The O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation ()  is a First Nations band government with over 1,500 Cree registered members centred in the settlement of South Indian Lake in Manitoba, Canada. South Indian Lake is located on the southeast shores of Southern Indian Lake, about  (by air) north of the city of Thompson.

The O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Nation's reserve lands include about  of land.

History

Created in December 2005, the O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation was formerly part of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation which includes the Cree community of Nelson House. The South Indian Lake community, which was founded in 1875, was historically the second largest community of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation, with about a quarter of the total population. In 1995, after many decades of discussions, a memorandum of understanding was signed between the federal and provincial governments and First Nation representatives to formalize a process to have the Southern Indian Lake community recognized as a separate Cree Nation.

Demographics
As of March 2015, O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation had a registered membership of 1,586 with 1,124 members living on-reserve and 462 members living off-reserve.

References

External links
Announcement of the creation of the O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation
History of the movement to create the O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation (PDF)
Map of South Indian Lake at Statcan

First Nations governments in Manitoba
First Nations in Northern Region, Manitoba
Cree governments

O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation


Longan wine is a Southeast Asian fermented drink made of the fruit of Dimocarpus longan, more commonly called longan or dark-skinned dragon's eye. While originating in China, it has also become a speciality in a number of locations in Southeast Asia such as the province of Bac Lieu.

History
The longan fruit has long been grown and produced as wine along the Great Wall of China and in the far west, especially in the provinces of Xinjiang, Gansu, Shanxi and Hebei. It gained popularity in the later half of the 20th century. Thus, the white wine of dried longan from China's Greatwall Wine Co. was a silver medal winner at the 14th International Wine-Tasting Meeting in London in 1983. Since then, production of longan wine has spread to Southeast Asia. Thus, since 2015, it has been developed commercially on a small-scale in Thailand and in Cambodia.

Preparation

Longan liqueur is made by macerating the longan flesh in alcohol.

In Southeast Asia, particularly in Northern Thailand, longan fruit is overabundant when in season and therefore it is dried and processed into various products, among which longan wine. This research was thus aimed to develop the high antioxidant wine from dried longan seed.

Fermentation temperature is suggested at 30°C due to the shorter time of production.

Health
Longan wine is much sweeter than other varieties and could therefore be discouraged in the case of diabetes. However, longan seed is a great source of Antioxidants and it is naturally extracted during fermentation. As a traditional drink, it is even recommended for men's health by Government of Bac Lieu province in Vietnam.

References

Fermented drinks
Tropical agriculture
Cambodian alcoholic drinks
Malaysian alcoholic drinks
Non-timber forest products

Drinking culture

Longan wine


Corium (also called fuel containing material (FCM) or lava-like fuel containing material (LFCM)) is a lava-like fuel containing nuclear fuel, fission products, control rods, structural materials from the affected parts of the reactor, products of their chemical reaction with air, water and steam, and, in the event that the reactor vessel is breached, molten concrete from the floor of the reactor room. It is created in a nuclear reactor's core while a nuclear meltdown occurs.

Nuclear fuel, fission products, and control rods are what consists of Corium.

Nuclear physics

Corium (nuclear reactor)


Leopold Mordkhelovich Godowsky Sr. (13 February 1870 – 21 November 1938) was a Lithuanian-born American virtuoso pianist, composer and teacher. He was one of the most highly regarded performers of his time, known for his theories concerning the application of relaxed weight and economy of motion within pianistic technique – principles later propagated by his pupils, such as Heinrich Neuhaus.

He was heralded among musical giants as the "Buddha of the Piano". Ferruccio Busoni claimed that he and Godowsky were "the only composers to have added anything of significance to keyboard writing since Franz Liszt."

As a composer, Godowsky is best known for his Java Suite, Triakontameron, Passacaglia and Walzermasken, alongside his transcriptions of works by other composers: best known work in the field is 53 Studies on Chopin's Études (1894–1914).

Life

Leopold Godowsky was born in Žasliai (then Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire, now Lithuania) to parents of Jewish ancestry, Mordkhel Godowsky (1848—1872), from Merkinė, and Khana-Sheyna Godowsky ( Levin, 1848—1918), from Gelvonai. His parents were married on 4 December 1868 in Širvintos. Godowsky's father, a respected feldsher, died in a cholera epidemic only eighteen months after his son's birth, and Leopold was raised by his mother and foster-parents, Louis and Minna Passinock, in Vilnius.

His talent manifested itself very early, and by age five Godowsky was already composing and becoming proficient on both piano and violin. He gave his first concert at age nine, and toured throughout Lithuania and East Prussia soon afterwards. Although he received a few lessons in his childhood, Godowsky was almost completely self-taught. Godowsky wrote in his autobiographical fragment, Retrospect:

After briefly studying under Ernst Rudorff at the Königliche Hochschule für Musik in Berlin he left for the United States, where he made his first concert appearance in Boston in 1884. In 1885–86 Godowsky continued his American career, first playing at the New York Casino, and then, in 1886, embarking on a large tour of north-eastern USA and Canada with violinist Ovide Musin. In 1887 he returned to Europe and gave numerous recitals in Paris and London, eventually becoming a protégé and friend of Camille Saint-Saëns.

In 1890 he returned to the United States and began a pedagogical career by joining the staff of the New York College of Music. On 30 April 1891 Godowsky married Frieda Saxe, a childhood friend, and the day after his marriage became a citizen of the United States. In 1891–93 he held a teaching position at the Gilbert Raynolds Combs's Broad Street Conservatory in Philadelphia, and then settled in Chicago, where he taught at the Chicago Conservatory. By the late 1890s Godowsky was extremely well known in North America.

Together with Teresa Carreño, Godowsky was the first pianist to teach the principle of weight release as distinct from purely muscular momentum; also during the same decade, the first of Godowsky's studies on Chopin études were composed and published, later to become part of a large series, one of Godowsky's most famous works. In 1897–98 Godowsky further cemented his fame by giving a series of eight concerts surveying the entire 19th century repertoire.

A particularly successful concert at the Beethoven Hall (Beethoven-Saal) in Berlin, on 6 December 1900, enhanced Godowsky's reputation greatly. He moved to Berlin, again dividing his time between performing and teaching and giving a concert tour every year. In 1909 he took over Ferruccio Busoni's master classes at the Vienna Academy of Music, where he continued to teach until 1914. Between 1912 and 1914 Godowsky gave several concerts in the United States and also made his first gramophone records there.

In 1914 the outbreak of World War I drove him away from Europe and he went back to the United States, where he lived in New York (1914–16), Los Angeles (1916–19), and Seattle (1919–22), before returning to New York. Much of the 1920s was spent touring around the world; apart from concert appearances in Europe and the United States, Godowsky also gave extensive tours of South America and East Asia.

Also during the 1920s he recorded many rolls for the Duo-Art reproducing pianos, the only reproducing piano mechanism that was available in concert grand Steinways. Godowsky also recorded a large number of piano rolls for the American Piano Company.

However, while Godowsky's career prospered, his personal life slowly started falling apart. His wife Frieda fell seriously ill in 1924 and her health continued to deteriorate. In 1928 Godowsky's son Gordon abandoned his studies and married a vaudeville dancer, causing his father to disown him.

After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 Godowsky's financial situation worsened. A string of recordings the pianist began in London in 1928, as well as public concerts, would have remedied the problem; however, both activities were cut short by an unexpected disaster: during a recording session on 17 June 1930, just after completing Chopin's E major Scherzo, the pianist suffered a severe stroke which left him partially paralysed. Godowsky's remaining years were overshadowed by the event, leaving him deeply depressed.

In December 1932 Gordon Godowsky died by suicide, and a year later Godowsky's wife died of a heart attack. The pianist eventually moved to another apartment in New York together with his daughter Dagmar; he continued playing piano for friends and admirers, but never again gave public performances.

In his last years, Godowsky put much effort into organizing a World Synod of Music and Musicians and an International Council of Music and Musicians, but neither project materialized. After spending much of 1937 and 1938 suffering from various health problems, Godowsky died of stomach cancer on 21 November 1938, at the age of 68. He is buried in the Temple Israel Cemetery in Westchester county, New York.

His son Leopold Godowsky Jr. was the co-inventor (with Leopold Mannes) of Kodachrome photo transparency film, as well as a violinist. Leopold Jr. married George Gershwin's younger sister, Frances, thus continuing the musical line.

His daughter, the actress Dagmar Godowsky (1897–1975), appeared as a co-lead in various Hollywood silent movies, including some with Rudolph Valentino. She was a popular socialite and wrote an autobiography titled First Person Plural (New York, 1958).

Compositions

As a composer, Godowsky has been best known for his paraphrases of piano pieces by other composers, which he enhanced with ingenious contrapuntal devices and rich chromatic harmonies. His most famous work in this genre is the 53 Studies on Chopin's Études (1894–1914), in which he varies the (already challenging) original études using various methods: introducing countermelodies, transferring the technically difficult passages from the right hand to the left, transcribing an entire piece for left hand solo, or even interweaving two études, with the left hand playing one and the right hand the other.

The pieces are among the most difficult piano works ever written, and only a few pianists have ventured to perform any of them. Among such pianists are Marc-André Hamelin, who recorded the entire set and garnered a number of prestigious awards, and Francesco Libetta, who performed the complete set in concert (the only pianist to do so from memory) and made a video recording of the set (live in Milan, March 2006). Other pianists who frequently perform Godowsky are Boris Berezovsky and Konstantin Scherbakov.

Other important transcriptions by Godowsky include Renaissance (1906–09), a collection which includes arrangements of music by Rameau and Lully, 12 Schubert Songs (1927), and six transcriptions of Bach's music for solo cello and solo violin, arranged for piano, but with complementary voices, etc.

Although his transcriptions are much more well known, Godowsky also composed a number of substantial original works. He considered the Passacaglia (1927) and a collection of pieces for left hand alone (1930–31) to be his most mature creations; both, however, employ traditional approach to harmony and counterpoint. A more experimental work was the Java Suite (Phonoramas) (1925), composed after a visit to Java, under the influence of gamelan music. Godowsky was equally comfortable writing large-scale works like the Passacaglia or the five-movement Piano Sonata in E minor (1911) as he was creating collections of smaller pieces, such as the 46 Miniatures for piano four hands and the Triakontameron (1920; subtitled "30 moods and scenes in triple measure").

Quite a number of Godowsky's original works are considerably difficult to perform; the Passacaglia (which consists of 44 variations, cadenza and fugue on the opening theme of Franz Schubert's "Unfinished" Symphony) was declared to be unplayable even by Vladimir Horowitz, who claimed it would require six hands to perform. Nevertheless, the work has had a number of recordings.

Despite their traditionalism, Godowsky's compositions may have influenced Maurice Ravel and Sergei Prokofiev.

Reception and influence

Godowsky was one of the most highly regarded pianists of his time, praised by listeners, colleagues, and critics alike. Arthur Rubinstein remarked that it would take him "five hundred years to get a mechanism like [Godowsky's]", while Ferruccio Busoni considered himself and Godowsky to be the only composers to have made substantial contributions to keyboard writing and performance since Liszt.

Godowsky's phenomenally difficult transcriptions and impeccable technique prompted some critics to describe him as "a pianist for pianists", as James Huneker has done. Among Godowsky's admirers were such distinguished pianists as Vladimir de Pachmann and Sergei Rachmaninoff, who, according to Godowsky's daughter Dagmar, idolized her father's music and performances.

Even those who disliked Godowsky's interpretations usually acknowledged his tremendous technical gifts: Claudio Arrau, for example, declared Godowsky "one of the greatest technicians", even though he considered his playing "boring" and complained that Godowsky "never played above mezzo-forte."

Godowsky's vast repertoire spanned more than two centuries of music, from contemporary music to that of Rameau and Lully, whose music he transcribed. Although he regularly played public concerts until 1930, Godowsky was plagued by stage fright, and particularly disliked the recording studio, like many performers of his time. On one occasion, he described the recording process thus:
The fear of doing a trifling wrong augmented while playing; the better one succeeded in playing the foregoing, the greater the fear became while playing. It was a dreadful ordeal, increasingly so the more sensitive the artist, I broke down in my health in London in the Spring of 1930, owing to these nerve-killing tortures. How can one think of emotion!
Consequently, it was acknowledged that Godowsky's best work was not in public or in the recording studio, but at home. After leaving Godowsky's home one night, Josef Hofmann told Abram Chasins: "Never forget what you heard tonight; never lose the memory of that sound. There is nothing like it in the world. It is tragic that the world has never heard Popsy as only he can play."

Godowsky's pupils included Paul Wells, Apolinary Szeluto, Jan Smeterlin, Issay Dobrowen, Tina Lerner, Fannie Charles Dillon, Alice Frisca, Leonard Liebling, Abbey Simon, Hanna Vollenhoven, Myrtle Elvyn, and most importantly, Heinrich Neuhaus, who taught Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, and Radu Lupu, among others.

Notes

References

External links

List of major Godowsky compositions and arrangements

Official Godowsky page
Official Godowsky Institute page created by The International Master Institute of Music "Leopold Godowsky"
Leopold Godowsky Collection - Manuscripts at the Eastman School of Music

Leopold Godowsky Collection at the International Piano Archives at Maryland. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
The New International Godowsky Society - Site dedicated to the works and writings of Leopold Godowsky and Paul Howard. Contains Paul Howard's news letters and early dispatches from The International Godowsky Society.
 Leopold Godowsky recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

Recordings
Kunst der Fuge: Leopold Godowsky - MIDI files
The Buddha of the Piano: Leopold Godowsky: Director: Antonio Iturrioz

1870 births
1938 deaths
American male classical composers
American Romantic composers
19th-century American composers
19th-century classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century classical composers
Composers for piano
American classical pianists
American male classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
20th-century American male musicians
Child classical musicians
American music educators
People from Kaišiadorys District Municipality
People from Troksky Uyezd
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Lithuanian classical composers
Lithuanian classical pianists
Lithuanian Jews
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Jewish American classical composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish classical pianists
Academic staff of the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna
New York College of Music faculty
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

Leopold Godowsky


Avenue des Ternes is an avenue in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, between Place des Ternes and boulevard Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. It is  long and  wide and was given its present name in 1863. It is on both sides of place Tristan-Bernard.

Description
Avenue des Ternes begins at the intersection of number 1, Place des Ternes and number 49, avenue de Wagram. It ends at number 59, boulevard Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. It passes through the Quartier des Ternes, after which it was named on 23 May 1863.

Ternes
17th arrondissement of Paris

Avenue des Ternes


Brian Dale (31 August 1951) is a British reproductive scientist living in Sorrento, Italy. He is currently owner and Director of the Centre for Assisted Fertilization, which has offices in Naples and Rome and Director of London Fertility Associates Ltd in London. He is also founder and partner in the Swiss-based company, International Fertility Associates.

While working for the Stazione Zoologica, Naples,  and on leave at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda in 1983,  he was attributed with the discovery of a soluble sperm factor in spermatozoa that is responsible for the activation of oocytes. His studies span animals and humans, from the identification of novel ion channels specific to fertilization, the fertilization channels, to processes leading to blastocyst formation in the human embryo
Dr Dale has developed and patented with Jacques Cohen equipment that filter and regulate air quality in IVF laboratories( CODA) used worldwide today to improve the success rates in human in vitro reproductive technologies.

He is founder and Editor in Chief of the International peer review journal of embryology, Zygote, published by Cambridge University Press and was visiting professor and visiting scientist at the University of Western Australia and NIH respectively.

Early career and education
Dale was born in Stockport UK, where he attended Burnage Grammar School. He received a B.Sc. from the University of Manchester in zoology in 1972 with a First Class Honours. An M.Sc. in 1973 and then finally a Ph.D. in cell biology from the same university. For his contribution to the understanding of basic processes in the mechanism of fertilization he was awarded the D.Sc. in 1990(Manchester University).

Reproductive science
In 1977, Dale joined the Stazione Zoologica in Naples as a post-doctoral fellow of the Royal Society of Pathology, London where he joined the team of Alberto Monroy to study mechanisms of fertilization. One of his first discoveries, with Louis J De Felice from the US, was a novel non specific ion channel, the fertilization channel, that was gated by the spermatozoon, and later led to the hypothesis of a soluble sperm borne activating factor, that is now known to be ubiquitous. Using invertebrate and vertebrate gametes, the next two decades led to unifying concepts in the mechanism and kinetics of fertilization across the animal kingdom(8). In the early 1990s, thanks to the availability of human gametes and embryos for basic research, Dale launched research projects that led to the identification of the first activation event in the human oocyte(9) and the role of cell-cell interactions in the human embryo(6). His latest research is dedicated to the study of mitochondrial activity in human oocytes and DNA damage in human embryos.

Dale has published over 130 peer review papers and 7 books on fertilization and embryology. His first book Fertilization in Animals published in 1983 in the Studies in Biology Series is still considered a standard for scholars, while his latest In Vitro Fertilization translated also into Russian and Turkish, with co-author Kay Elder is used for University courses and by ESHRE for their embryology accreditation course.

Honours and awards
 Italian Advisory Committee  for European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) 1996 -1998.
 Fellow of the Society of Biology, London, 1998.
 Fellow of the Royal College of Pathology, London, 2010.

Notes

Links
http://www.ivfpodcasts.com/IVF_Podcasts/Podcasts.php?Fertilization-and-Early-Embryos-23
http://www.ivfpodcasts.com/IVF_Podcasts/Podcasts.php?Oocyte-Activation-24

1951 births
Living people
English biologists
People from Sorrento
English editors
British embryologists
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People from Stockport

Brian Dale


Galium angustifolium is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common name narrowleaf bedstraw. It is native to California (including the Channel Islands) and Baja California, where it is most commonly found at low elevations in the mountains.

Galium angustifolium is a stocky perennial herb or small shrub growing from a woody base and producing sprawling stems from a few centimeters to nearly a meter in length. Leaves grow in whorls of four about the stem at intervals, and the stem may branch at these points. The inflorescence is a panicle containing several flowers. The plant is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, similar in appearance with greenish-yellow flower parts. The fruit is a nutlet covered in long bristly white or yellowish hairs.

Subspecies
Eight subspecies are currently recognized (May 2014):

Galium angustifolium subsp. angustifolium - California + Baja California
Galium angustifolium subsp. borregoense Dempster & Stebbins - San Diego County
Galium angustifolium subsp. foliosum (Hilend & J.T.Howell) Dempster & Stebbins - northern Channel Islands
Galium angustifolium subsp. gabrielense (Munz & I.M.Johnst.) Dempster & Stebbins - Los Angeles + San Bernardino Counties
Galium angustifolium subsp. gracillimum Dempster & Stebbins - San Bernardino + Riverside Counties
Galium angustifolium subsp. jacinticum Dempster & Stebbins - San Jacinto Mountains
Galium angustifolium subsp. nudicaule Dempster & Stebbins - San Gabriel +  San Bernardino Mountains
Galium angustifolium subsp. onycense (Dempster) Dempster & Stebbins - Kern County

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

angustifolium
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California
Plants described in 1876
Dioecious plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Galium angustifolium


The Union of Russian Composers (formerly the Union of Soviet Composers, Order of Lenin Union of Composers of USSR () (1932- ), and Union of Soviet Composers of the USSR) is a state-created organization for musicians and musicologists created in 1932 by Joseph Stalin in the last year of the Cultural Revolution and first Five-Year Plan. It became the official replacement for the various artistic associations which were present before like the Association for Contemporary Music and the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians, two of the independently directed, music committees. According to Richard Taruskin, the Union had fully materialized into its full-form well before 1948 and in time for the delivery of Zhdanov's Doctrine.

During the First Constituent Congress of post-Stalin Union of Soviet Composers, held in Moscow, in April 1960, the composer Dmitri Shostakovich was unanimously elected General Secretary.

Priorities of the organization
Their mission, as stated in 2021, is to contribute to "the moral and ethical education of a modern person." They also stipulate key tenants that the Union are focused on addressing, such as:
 Development and strengthening of the composer organizations in all regions;
 Stimulation and creation of ample opportunities for composer creativity;
 Advance of musical culture and compositions of the Russian composers in Russia and abroad;
 Development and support of youth composer creativity;
 Protection of copyright of composers;
 Edition of notes and record of discs, and distribution of pieces of music;
 Creation of positive image of the organization for expansion of opportunities and strengthening of the authority on musical space of the Russian Federation.

History

Stalin era
The Union of Soviet Composers was originally founded in 1932 at the behest of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the final year of the Cultural Revolution, known as the Josef Stalin's first Five-Year Plan. The official memorandum entitled "On the Restructuring of Literary and Artistic Organizations," published on April 23 of 1932 notes that while there has been significant progress towards in the fields of literature and art to develop and further Socialist ideals, there was still more work that had to be done in order to fully render these two disciplines Socialist oriented. The reasoning for dissolving the disparate Associations and organizations that had existed prior to 1932 such as the Association for Contemporary Music, the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians, the [[All-Union Org. of Associations of Proletarian Writers], and the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers] was that these groups, with their distinct goals and aspirations, were stifling collective progress. This was dangerous, as the development of a socialist nation could only be facilitated if the arts and literature were focused on furthering party messaging. Such splinter groups were charged with "group insulation" and "isolation from political tasks," meaning that their focus was not enough of political education of the Proletariat. Thus, in effort to reign in their influence and centralize control over the arts and literature, they were disbanded and replaced with swift measure.

What emerged was the Union of Soviet Composers.

In 1939, the Union created its first leadership council called the Organizing Committee of the Union of Soviet Composers. This newly instated administrative body, originally created by two composers, the Soviet Ukrainian R.M. Glier and Armenian A.I. Khachaturian, was created as a way to consolidate management of all the separate branches of the Union of Soviet Composers. The original Board included musical luminaries from various musical distinctions, both literarily and performance-based, like M. Arkadiev, composer A. Goldenweiser, V. Gorodinsky, Boyarsky, composer N. Myaskovsky, S. Vasilenko, A. Alexandrov, A. Kerin, composer M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, composer V.  Shebalin, B. Shekhter, V. Bely, B. Pshibyshevsky, composer A.F. Gedike, and pianist K. Igumnov.

From April 19 to 25, 1948, the first Constituent Congress was held where, during the proceedings, the governing bodies such as Secretariats and Chairmen were decided and the Charter was officially christened. Elected during the proceedings was the Inaugural Chairman of the Union, that being the Soviet Musicologist Boris Asafiev (1948-1949), along with the first General Secretary, a title belonging to the composer T.N. Khrennikov. During the year, the Board would hold 1-2 plenary sessions, where a Secretariat would be elected who would collectively guide the Union in between sessions and act as the leading force of the Union's affairs. Following the First Congress, they would be held every five years until 1991.

Post-Stalin era
In the late 1950s (1957 to be exact), there was a ubiquitous decision to create a Union of Soviet Composers that was not tied to the political party and was operated as an independent organization, equivalent in freedoms to their pre-1932 form.  Ergo, the previous name was changed to the Union of Composers of the RSFSR and local organizations were then allowed to operate as satellite organizations of the main body, however retaining the localized independence. At the first Constituent Conference of the new Union in 1960, D. Shostakovich was elected as the General Secretary.

Under the leadership of Shostakovich, the musical and compositional directive of the organization reoriented towards prioritizing contemporary musicians and their works for public display and publishing. Due to his failing health, however, he left the leadership position after only eight years of service during the Second Constituent Congress in 1968. It was during the Second Constituent Conference that a couple new leaders would be elected, General Secretary being Stanislav Stempnevsky, while the chairman of the board would be Georgy Sviridov.

In 1974, during the Third Constituent Conference, that all-together new leadership would be elected. Rodion Shchedrin would become the chairman of the board and hold this position for the next 17 years of his life, while Andrey Eshapi would become the Deputy Secretary, Vladislav Kazenin the General Secretary and Deputy Chairman, and Jan Frenkel the second Deputy Chairman.

Post-Soviet era
From 1990 to 2014, the Russian composer Vladislav Kazenin held the position as Chairman of the Union.

There is "The International Prokofiev Competition" in honor of S. Prokofiev, the A. Petrov "All-Russia Prize for Young Composers" otherwise known as "Crystal Tuning Fork" Competition, the "International Competition for Young Composers" in honor of P.I. Yurgenson ", and "The Governor's International Youth Competition" or "The Youth Gavrilin Contest" in honor of V. Gavrilin.

In 2015, the Eleventh Constituent Congress was held where contemporary composer Rashid Kalimullin was elected as Chairman of the Union.

IN 2017, the Twelfth Constituent Congress was held and it was attended by some of Russia's contemporary composers. Attendees included A. Kroll, Vladimir Matetsky, Alexander Klevitsky, Vsevolod Zaderatsky, Alexey Rybnikov, Alexander Tchaikovsky, film composer Yuri Poteenko, and sculptor Alexander Sokolov.

Festivals
Starting in/around the early 1970s, music festivals began to be held by the Union in various regional territories of the USSR including Omsk, Saratov Oblast, Ufa, Sverdlovsk Oblast, the Tyumen Oblast, Vilnius, Suzdal, Vladimir Oblast, Gorky Oblast (currently Nizhny Novgorod), and cities within the North Caucasus. Early festivals started a long-lasting tradition of annual gatherings of musical professionals and enthusiasts, some of the events being "Panorama of the Music of Siberia" (Novosibirsk), "Don Spring" (Rostov-on-Don), and "Festival in the Kuban."

Once the Soviet Union began to collapse, the music festivals around the early 1990s took on their own traditions and unique features. More and more were foreign composers being featured on concert programming and several festivals are seminal to note during this time.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, much emphasis has been placed on children's repertoire. In the late 2000s, several festivals in Smolensk Oblast, Tver Oblast, Kirov Oblast and Saratov were dedicated to promulgating its public appeal. In recent years, new contemporary music festivals have emerged across Russia, including places such as Astrakhan Oblast, Krasnoyarsk, the "International Festival of New Music" in Kazan, "Musical Summer in Tuva" in Kyzyl and  other events in the cities of Tuva.

In 2015, after 48 years of absence The Red Carnation International Festival-Competition of Patriotic Songs was reinstated as an annual tribute to the popularizing and legacy of Russian Patriotic repertoire.

Leadership
1941-1942: Vissarion Shebalin (Chairman of the Board)
1948-1991  - Tikhon Khrennikov (General Secretary)
1948-1949: Boris Asafiev (First Chairman of the Union)
1960-1968 - Dmitri Shostakovich (General Secretary)
1968-? - Georgy Sviridov (Chairman of the Board)
1968-?: Stanislav Stempnevsky (Executive Secretary)
1978-1995:  Vissarion Shebalin (Chairman of the Board)
1978-?: Andrey Eshpai (First Secretary)
1978-?: Vladislav Kazenin (Executive Secretary then Deputy Chairman)
1978-?: Jan Frenkel (Second Deputy Chairman)
1990-2014: Vladislav Kazenin (Chairman of the Board)
2010-2015: Rashid Kalimullin (Deputy Chairman)
2015-: Rashid Kalimullin (Chairman)

Members
According to M. Yakovlev, as of 1978 the total membership had totalled over 2,098.

Awards and honors
1968: The Order of Lenin

References

External links
Official website of the Union of Russian Composers

Music organizations based in Russia
Music-related professional associations
Music organizations based in the Soviet Union
Civic and political organizations based in the Soviet Union
Entertainment industry unions
Trade unions in the Soviet Union

Union of Russian Composers


Closing Time: The True Story of the "Goodbar" Murder is a 1977 book by Lacey Fosburgh about the murder of Roseann Quinn, a young New York City schoolteacher who reportedly led a "double life" and was murdered in 1973. Fosburgh appropriated the title of Judith Rossner's Looking for Mr. Goodbar, the acclaimed best-selling novel which had been published two years earlier, and subsequently made into a 1977 film, and whose events were followed by a 1983 made-for-TV semi-sequel, Trackdown: Finding the Goodbar Killer, which was largely based on fact.

Closing Time was nominated for the 1978 Edgar Award as Best Fact Crime book, despite Fosburgh's mixing of fact and fiction in a controversial technique she referred to as "interpretive biography." In 1980, she admitted to The New York Times that she had "created scenes or dialogue I think it reasonable and fair to assume could have taken place, perhaps even did."

References

1977 non-fiction books
Non-fiction books about murders in the United States
English-language books
Delacorte Press books

Closing Time: The True Story of the Goodbar Murder


A cell is a small room used by a hermit, monk, nun or anchorite to live and as a devotional space. Cells are often part of larger cenobitic monastic communities such as Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and Orthodox Christian monasteries, as well as Buddhist vihara, but may also form stand-alone structures in remote locations. The word cell comes from the Old French celle meaning a monastic cell, itself from the Latin meaning "room", "store room" or "chamber".

Usually, a cell is small and contains a minimum of furnishings. It may be an individual living space in a building or a hermit's primitive solitary living space, possibly a cave or hut in a remote location. A small dependent or daughter house of a major monastery, sometimes housing just one or two monks or nuns, may also be termed a cell.

The first cells were in the Nitrian Desert in Egypt following the ministry of Paul of Thebes, Serapion, and Anthony the Great.<ref>Chryssavgis, John; Ware, Kallistos; Ward, Benedicta, In the Heart of the Desert: Revised Edition  The Spirituality of the Desert Fathers and Mothers (World Wisdom Bloomington, Ind., 2008) p15.</ref> in the mid 3rd century.

In some orders, such as the Trappists, the monks or nuns do not have cells but sleep in a large room called a dormitory. In eremitic orders like the Carthusians, the room called cell'' usually has the size and look of a small house with a separate garden.

Buddhism

In Buddhism, a vihara was a living arrangement similar to a Christian monastery.

See also
 Kathisma
 Skete
 Poustinia in Orthodox Christianity
 Therapeutae in Judaism
 Lavra

References

External links

Asceticism
Religious places
Rooms

Monastic cell


Elaine Stritch (February 2, 1925 – July 17, 2014) was an American actress, known for her work on Broadway and later, television. She made her professional stage debut in 1944 and appeared in numerous stage plays, musicals, feature films and television series. Stritch was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1995.

Stritch made her Broadway debut in the 1946 comedy Loco and went on to receive four Tony Award nominations: for the William Inge play Bus Stop (1956); the  Noël Coward musical Sail Away (1962); the Stephen Sondheim musical Company (1970), which included her performance of the song "The Ladies Who Lunch"; and for the revival of the Edward Albee play A Delicate Balance (1996). Her one-woman show Elaine Stritch at Liberty won the 2002 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event.

Stritch relocated to London in the 1970s and starred in several West End productions, including Tennessee Williams' Small Craft Warnings (1973) and Neil Simon's The Gingerbread Lady (1974). She also starred with Donald Sinden in the ITV sitcom Two's Company (1975–79), which earned her a 1979 BAFTA TV Award nomination. She won an Emmy Award in 1993 for her guest role on Law & Order and another for the 2004 television documentary of her one-woman show Elaine Stritch at Liberty. From 2007 to 2012, she had a recurring role as Colleen Donaghy on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, a role that won her a third Emmy in 2007.

Early life
Stritch was born on February 2, 1925, in Detroit, Michigan, the youngest daughter of Mildred (née Jobe), a homemaker, and George Joseph Stritch, an executive with B.F. Goodrich. She had two older sisters, Georgene and Sally. Her Catholic family was well-off. Her father was of Irish descent, while her mother had Welsh ancestry. Cardinal Samuel Stritch, Archbishop of Chicago from 1940 to 1958, was one of her cousins. She trained at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School for Social Research in New York City under Erwin Piscator, alongside Marlon Brando, Bea Arthur, and Harry Belafonte.

Career

Early stage career
Stritch made her stage debut in 1944. However, her Broadway debut was in Loco in 1946, directed by Jed Harris, followed soon after by Made in Heaven (as a replacement)  and then Angel in the Wings (1947), a revue in which she performed comedy sketches and the song "Civilization".

Stritch understudied Ethel Merman for Call Me Madam, and, at the same time, appeared in the 1952 revival of Pal Joey, singing "Zip". Stritch later starred in the national tour of Call Me Madam, and appeared in a supporting role in the original Broadway production of William Inge's play Bus Stop. In 1958 she originated the leading role of Maggie Harris in the musical Goldilocks.

She starred in Noël Coward's Sail Away on Broadway in 1961. Stritch started in the show in a "relatively minor role and was only promoted over the title and given virtually all the best songs when it was reckoned that the leading lady...although excellent, was rather too operatic for a musical comedy". During out-of-town tryouts in Boston, Coward was "unsure about the dramatic talents" of one of the leads, opera singer Jean Fenn.

Joe Layton suggested "What would happen if...we just eliminated [Fenn's] role and gave everything to Stritch?  The show was very old-fashioned, and the thing that was working was Elaine Stritch.  Every time she went on stage [she] was a sensation." The reconstructed 'Sail Away' opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on October 3, 1961", with Stritch giving what Howard Taubman of The New York Times said "must be the performance of her career."

In 1966, she played Ruth Sherwood in the musical Wonderful Town at New York's City Center, and appeared in an Off Broadway revival of Private Lives in 1968.

She was the original performer cast in the role of Joanne in Stephen Sondheim's Company (1970) on Broadway. After over a decade of successful runs in shows in New York, Stritch moved in 1972 to London, where she starred in the West End production of Company. On tour and in stock, Stritch appeared in such musicals as No, No, Nanette, The King and I, I Married an Angel, and in Mame as both Vera Charles (opposite Janet Blair) and Mame Dennis.

Television
Strich's earliest television appearances were in The Growing Paynes (1949) and the Goodyear Television Playhouse (1953–55). She also appeared on episodes of The Ed Sullivan Show in 1954. She was the first and original Trixie Norton in a Honeymooners sketch with Jackie Gleason, Art Carney and Pert Kelton. The character was originally a burlesque dancer, but the role was rewritten and recast after just one episode with the more wholesome looking Joyce Randolph playing the character as a housewife.

Stritch's other television credits included a number of dramatic programs in the 1950s and 1960s, including Studio One. In the 1960 television season, Stritch appeared in the role of writer Ruth Sherwood in the CBS sitcom My Sister Eileen, opposite Shirley Bonne as her younger sister, Eileen Sherwood, an aspiring actress. The sisters, natives of Ohio, live in a brownstone apartment in Greenwich Village. The one-season series aired opposite Hawaiian Eye on ABC and Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall on NBC.

In 1975, Stritch starred in the British LWT comedy series Two's Company opposite Donald Sinden. She played Dorothy McNab, an American writer living in London who was known for her lurid and sensationalist thriller novels. Sinden played Robert, her English butler, who disapproved of practically everything Dorothy did and the series derived its comedy from the inevitable culture clash between Robert's very British stiff-upper-lip attitude and Dorothy's devil-may-care New York view of life. Two's Company was exceptionally well received in Britain and ran for four series until 1979. In 1979, both Stritch and Sinden were nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for Two's Company, in the category "Best Light Entertainment Performance", losing out to Ronnie Barker.

In 1980, Stritch starred in another series for LWT, Nobody's Perfect (the British version of Maude—not to be confused with the 1980 American series of the same name, which aired in the UK as Hart of the Yard) playing Bill Hooper alongside Richard Griffiths as her husband Sam. Unsatisfied with the Anglicised scripts, Stritch herself adapted the original American scripts for all but one of the fourteen episodes (Griffiths handled the remaining one).

Other British television appearances by Strich included Roald Dahl's Tales of the Unexpected. Although she appeared several times in different roles, perhaps her most memorable appearance was in the story "William and Mary", in which she played the wife of a man who has cheated death by having his brain preserved. She appeared on BBC 1's children's series, Jackanory, reading, among other stories, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl.

After returning to the United States, she appeared on The Edge of Night as vinegary nanny Mrs. DeGroot, then was cast as a regular on the short-lived The Ellen Burstyn Show in 1986. She appeared as the stern schoolteacher Mrs. McGee on three episodes of The Cosby Show (1989–90). She had a recurring role in Law & Order (1992, 1997) as Lanie Stieglitz. Other roles included Judge Grace Lema on Oz (1998); and Martha Albright (mother of Jane Curtin's character) on two episodes of 3rd Rock From the Sun (1997, 2001), alongside her Broadway co-star George Grizzard, who played George Albright. On April 26, 2007, she began guest appearances on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock as Colleen, the fearsome mother of Alec Baldwin's lead character, Jack Donaghy.

Stritch was reportedly considered for the role of Dorothy Zbornak on The Golden Girls but, as she related in her show Elaine Stritch at Liberty, she "blew her audition". The role was cast with Beatrice Arthur. She was seen on One Life to Live (1993), replacing fellow stage legend Eileen Heckart as Wilma Bern. In 1996, she appeared on an episode of Late Show with David Letterman as a woman who believes host David Letterman is her pool boy.

Film roles
Stritch appeared in more films in her later years than the early part of her career. In an interview in 1988, it was noted that "Making movies is challenging to Stritch since she considers herself a novice." She said: "I'm fascinated with it. And I want to do more of them." She was asked why she waited so long to make movies since she apparently enjoys it so much. "You do a movie for, like, three months and then you're finished. You do a part in a play and it's like going into a roomful of audiences for a year."

Early in her career, she appeared in Three Violent People (1956) starring Charlton Heston, as the hotel proprietor pal of Anne Baxter, and then co-starred opposite Rock Hudson and Jennifer Jones in the David O. Selznick remake of A Farewell to Arms (1957) as Hudson's nurse. In The Perfect Furlough, she co-starred opposite Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh. She had a showy role as the lesbian proprietor of a bar in the cult film Who Killed Teddy Bear? (1965), which starred Sal Mineo. She played a "tough-as-nails" nurse in the remake of The Spiral Staircase (1975) and was praised for her performance in Providence (1977).

When she returned to the United States in the mid-1980s from London, Woody Allen cast her as the former movie star mother in his drama September (1987). People magazine called her performance "acclaimed" and wrote "Though the movie has received mixed reviews, Stritch's roaring presence, like Godzilla in a stalled elevator, can't be ignored." Allen later cast her in his comedy Small Time Crooks (2000) in which she played a "snobby socialite". Rex Reed wrote of her performance: "Elaine Stritch can still stop you in your tracks with a meaningless, drop-dead one-liner (which is all she gets here)."

She joined the ensemble of Cocoon: The Return (1988) as an apartment manager who helps widowed Jack Gilford get over his wife's death. Among her co-stars were former Goldilocks co-star Don Ameche and Gwen Verdon. She appeared in Out to Sea (1997) as Dyan Cannon's wise-cracking mother and "danced up a storm" with the other characters.  She played Winona Ryder's loving grandmother in the film Autumn in New York (2000).

Stritch had a rare co-starring role in the comedy Screwed (2000), playing Miss Crock, who becomes the intended victim of a kidnapping by her disgruntled butler (Norm Macdonald). She appeared in the comedy Monster in Law (2005) starring Jennifer Lopez and Jane Fonda, playing Fonda's mother-in-law.

BBC Radio
In 1982, Stritch appeared on an edition of the long-running BBC Radio comedy series Just a Minute alongside Kenneth Williams, Clement Freud and Barry Cryer. The show was described by long-time chairman Nicholas Parsons as being among the most memorable because of the way Stritch stretched the show's rules. She described Kenneth Williams as capable of making "one word into a three-act play".

Later stage work
After her husband, John Bay, died from brain cancer in 1982, Stritch returned to America, and after a further lull in her career and struggles with alcoholism, Stritch began performing again. She appeared in a one-night only concert of Company in 1993 and as Parthy in a Broadway revival of the musical Show Boat in 1994.

In 1996 she played Claire in a revival of Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance, with Variety writing: "Equally marvelous is Stritch, with a meatier role than her recent foray as Parthy in 'Show Boat.' To watch her succumb to the vast amounts of alcohol Claire ingests, folding and refolding her legs, slipping – no, oozing – onto the floor, her face crumpling like a paper bag, is to witness a different but equally winning kind of thespian expertise. It's a master class up there."

Elaine Stritch at Liberty

Her one-woman show Elaine Stritch at Liberty, a summation of her life and career, premiered at New York's Public Theater, running from November 7 to December 30, 2001. It then ran on Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre from February 21 to May 27, 2002, and then, also in 2002, at London's Old Vic Theatre.
Newsweek noted:

A Little Night Music
Stritch appeared in the Broadway revival of the Sondheim-Wheeler musical A Little Night Music from July 2010 to January 2011, succeeding Angela Lansbury in the role of Madame Armfeldt, the mother who remembers her life as a courtesan in the song "Liaisons". The AP reviewer of the musical (with the two new leads) wrote "Devotees of Stritch, who earned her Sondheim stripes singing, memorably, 'The Ladies Who Lunch' in Company 40 years ago, will revel in how the actress, who earned a huge ovation before her very first line at a recent preview, brings her famously salty, acerbic style to the role of Madame Armfeldt."

The theatre critic for The Toronto Star wrote:

Cabaret
Stritch performed a cabaret act in New York City at the Cafe Carlyle in the Carlyle Hotel, where she was a resident from 2005 until she left New York in 2013. Her first show at the Carlyle was titled "At Home at the Carlyle". The New York Times reviewer wrote:

Between musical numbers, Stritch told stories from the world of stage and screen, tales from her everyday life and personal glimpses of her private tragedies and triumphs. She performed at the Cafe Carlyle in early 2010 and in fall 2011 in At Home at the Carlyle: Elaine Stritch Singin' Sondheim...One Song at a Time.

Personal life
Strich was married to the actor John Bay from 1973 until his death in 1982. He was part of the family that owns the Bay's English Muffins company, and Stritch sent English muffins as gifts to friends. Said John Kenley: "Every Christmas, she still sends me English muffins." When she was based in London, Stritch and her husband lived at the Savoy Hotel.

She was good friends with gossip columnist Liz Smith, with whom she shared a birthday (February 2).

In March 2013, Stritch announced she was leaving New York and relocating to Birmingham, Michigan, close to where she grew up.

Stritch was candid about her alcoholism. She took her first drink at 14 and began using it as a crutch before performances to vanquish her stage fright and insecurities. Her drinking worsened after Bay's death, and she sought help after experiencing problems with the effects of alcoholism, including the onset of diabetes. Elaine Stritch at Liberty discusses the topic at length.

Death
Stritch died in her sleep at the age of 89 at her home in Birmingham, Michigan, on July 17, 2014. She suffered from diabetes and had stomach cancer. At the time of her death, only three months after having had surgery for the disease, cancer was not cited as an immediate cause of her death. She is buried at Memorial Park Cemetery in Skokie, Illinois.

Acting credits

Theatre
Sources: FilmReference.com; Internet Broadway Database; TCM

 Bobino (1944) (The New School)
 The Private Life of the Master Race (1945) (City College of New York)
 Woman Bites Dog (1946) (Philadelphia)
 What Every Woman Knows (1946) (Westport Country Playhouse)
 Loco (1946) (Broadway)
 Made in Heaven (1947) (Broadway) (replacement for Jane Middleton)
 Angel in the Wings (1947) (Broadway)
 The Shape of Things (1947) (East Hampton, New York)
 The Little Foxes (1947) (Off-Broadway)
 Three Indelicate Ladies (1947) (New Haven, Connecticut)
 Texas Li'l Darling (1949) (Westport Country Playhouse)
 Yes, M'Lord (1949) (Broadway)
 Call Me Madam (1950) (Broadway standby for Ethel Merman and as the leading lady on the US National Tour)
 Anything Goes (1950) (Lambertville, New Jersey)
 Pal Joey (1952) (Broadway)
 Once Married, Twice Shy (1953) (Westport Country Playhouse)
 Panama Hattie (1954) (Louisville, Kentucky)
 Call Me Madam (1954) (The Muny)
 On Your Toes (1954) (Broadway)
 Bus Stop (1955) (Broadway)
 The Sin of Pat Muldoon (1957) (Broadway)
 Goldilocks (1958) (Broadway)
 Sail Away (1961) (Broadway and London)
 The Time of the Barracudas (1963) (closed on the road)
 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1963) (Broadway) (replacement for Uta Hagen)
 I Married an Angel (1964) (US regional tour)
 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1965) (US national tour)
 The King and I (1965) (US regional tour)
 The Grass Harp (1966) (Providence, Rhode Island)
 Wonderful Town (1967) (New York City Center)
 Any Wednesday (1967) (US national tour)
 Private Lives (1968) (Off-Broadway)
 Mame (1968) (US national tour)
 Mame (1969) (US regional tour)
 Company (1970) (Broadway, US national tour and London)
 Small Craft Warnings (1973) (London)
 The Gingerbread Lady (1974) (London)
 Suite in Two Keys (1982) (Paper Mill Playhouse)
 Dancing in the End Zone (1984) (Coconut Grove, Florida)
 Follies In Concert (1985) (Lincoln Center)
 Happy Birthday, Mr. Abbott! or Night of 100 Years (1987) (Broadway) (benefit concert)
 Broadway at the Bowl (1988) (Hollywood Bowl)
 Love Letters  (1990) (Broadway) (replacement for Kate Nelligan)
 The Rodgers & Hart Revue (1991) (New York City)
 Cakewalk by Peter Feibleman (1993) (American Repertory Theater)
 Company (1993) (Terrace Theater and Vivian Beaumont Theater)
 Show Boat (1993) (Toronto and Broadway)
 A Delicate Balance (1996) (Broadway)
 Angela Lansbury – A Celebration (1996) (Broadway) (benefit concert)
 Sail Away (1999) In Concert (Carnegie Hall)
 Elaine Stritch at Liberty (2002) (Broadway, London, US national tour, and UK tour)
 Endgame (2008) (Brooklyn Academy of Music) as "Nell"
 The Full Monty (2009) (Paper Mill Playhouse)
 A Little Night Music (2010) (Broadway) (replacement for Angela Lansbury)

Filmography
The Scarlet Hour (1956) - Phyllis Rycker
Three Violent People (1956) - Ruby LaSalle
A Farewell to Arms (1957) - Helen Ferguson
The Perfect Furlough (1958) - Liz Baker
Kiss Her Goodbye (1959) - Marge Carson
Who Killed Teddy Bear (1965) - Marian Freeman
Too Many Thieves (1966) - Miss G
The Sidelong Glances of a Pigeon Kicker (1970) - Tough Lady
Original Cast Album: Company (1970, Documentary) - Herself (Joanne)
Pollyanna (1973, TV Mini-Series, BBC) - Aunt Polly
The Spiral Staircase (1975) - Nurse Baker
Providence (1977) - Helen Wiener
September (1987) - Diane
Cocoon: The Return (1988) - Ruby Feinberg
Cadillac Man (1990) - Widow
Out to Sea (1997) - Mavis LaBreche
Krippendorf's Tribe (1998) - Irene Hargrove
Screwed (2000) - Virginia Crock
Small Time Crooks (2000) - Chi Chi Potter
Autumn in New York (2000) - Dolores "Dolly" Talbot
Broadway: The Golden Age, by the Legends Who Were There (2003, Documentary) - Herself
Elaine Stritch at Liberty (2004, Documentary) - Herself
The Needs of Kim Stanley (2005, Documentary) - Herself
Monster-in-Law (2005) - Gertrude Fields
Romance & Cigarettes (2005) - Grace Murder
ParaNorman (2012) - Grandma Babcock (voice)
Elaine Stritch: Shoot Me (2013, Documentary) - Herself
River of Fundament (2014) - Eulogist
Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja (2014) - Ruth (voice)
Broadway: Beyond the Golden Age (2018, Documentary) - Herself

Television

 Wagon Train (1960, guest star)
 Two's Company (1975 - 1979) - Dorothy McNab
 Tales of the Unexpected S2 E8 My Lady Love, My Dove  (19 April 1980) - Pamela Beauchamp
 Christmas Spirits (1981) - Julia Myerson
 3rd Rock from the Sun (1997 - 2001) - Martha Albright
 30 Rock (2007 - 2012) - Colleen Donaghy

Awards and honors

The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was awarded to the producers of Elaine Stritch at Liberty. However, Stritch enthusiastically accepted the award at the 56th Tony Awards, later complaining that her acceptance speech was cut off by the strains of the orchestra, which left her feeling angry.

The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special for The HBO special of Elaine Stritch at Liberty, was awarded to its producers.

Stritch was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1995.

In popular culture
Stritch's voice and vocal delivery are spoofed in the Forbidden Broadway songs "The Ladies Who Screech" and "Stritch", parodies of "The Ladies Who Lunch" and "Zip", songs she performed in the musicals Company and Pal Joey.

In 2009, a parody by Bats Langley entitled "How the Stritch Stole Christmas" (loosely based on "How the Grinch Stole Christmas") appeared on YouTube.

On The Big Gay Sketch Show in 2007, she was spoofed (portrayed by Nicol Paone) as a Wal-Mart greeter who is still a theater gal at heart. In a later episode, Stritch is spoofed as an airport security guard, who's still "on" and isn't able to tone down her over-the-top antics. In yet another episode, "Stritch" is promoting her self-titled perfume "Stritchy" in dramatic fashion when she is confronted by the real-life Elaine Stritch, who makes a cameo appearance.

References

External links

Elaine Stritch papers, 1925-2012 (bulk 1943-2011), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

Father Beck interviews Elaine Stritch
The night Elton John told Elaine Stritch, "This is 'Your Song'"— and she kept it

1925 births
2014 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Detroit
People from Birmingham, Michigan
American women singers
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Irish descent
American people of Welsh descent
Schools of the Sacred Heart alumni
Catholics from Michigan
Catholics from New York (state)
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Drama Desk Award winners
Nightlife in New York City
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Singers from Detroit

Elaine Stritch


Denali, also formerly known as Mount McKinley, is the highest mountain peak in both the United States and North America. It is exactly 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m) high. It is in the highest part of the Alaska Range. Denali means "the high one" in the Athabaskan language.

Location
Denali is in the middle of the Alaska Range. It is about 130 miles (209 km) north-northwest of Anchorage and 155 miles (249 km) southwest of Fairbanks. The summit is about 35 miles (56 km) from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway.

References

Mountains of the United States
Geography of Alaska

Denali


Andrija Lompar (Serbian Cyrillic: Андрија Ломпар; born 26 November 1956 in Cetinje, SR Montenegro, Yugoslavia) is a Montenegrin politician and the former Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transportation and Telecommunications in the Government of Montenegro. He is also a member of the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro

He finished elementary and high school in Kotor and  graduated from the School of Mechanical Engineering, in Shipbuilding. In 1981, he received a Master degree from the World Nautical University in Sweden, and in 1988, he received a doctorate from the University of Montenegro. He also holds the "Luča" diploma.

Prior to becoming Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transportation and Telecommunications, he was a dean at the Faculty of Marine Studies of the University of Montenegro. He was appointed Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transportation and Telecommunication in January 2003, under Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, but stepped down in January 2006. When Željko Šturanović was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Montenegro, Šturanović appointed Lompar as Minister of Maritime Affairs, Transportation and Telecommunications.

As an author and/or co-author, Lompar published a number of studies, and as a permanent or hired consultant, he was working with a number of enterprises mostly from the field of maritime affairs and transport. He leads a team which made it possible for Montenegrin seafarers to be at the IMO "White list" and represents Montenegro on relevant conferences.

Lompar is also representative of the University of Montenegro in various integration programmes and reforms of the universities of Southeast Europe in the European educational area.

Lompar can fluently speak and write in English and Serbian.

External links
 Montenegrin government site (in English)

1956 births
Living people
Politicians from Cetinje
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro politicians
Government ministers of Montenegro

Andrija Lompar