Louis R. Lowery (July 24, 1916 – April 15, 1987) was a United States Marine Corps captain. He was the only Marine Corps combat photographer to cover six major campaigns during World War II. He is best known for taking the first photographs of the first American flag that was raised on top of Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima on the morning of February 23, 1945.

Lowery was the founder and president of the United States Marine Corps Combat Correspondents Association (USMCCCA). He also was a photographic director of Leatherneck Magazine, a publication of the Marine Corps. He died on April 15, 1987, at age 70 from aplastic anemia and is buried in Quantico National Cemetery in Prince William County, Virginia near the Marine Corps War Memorial. In 2006, Lowery was portrayed by actor David Hornsby in film Flags of Our Fathers.

Biography
Lowery was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on July 24, 1916. He attended Boyd Business College and the National School of Photography in Pennsylvania. He was a newspaper photographer in Pittsburgh before World War II. In 1967, he served as president of the Marine Corps Combat Correspondents Association. He received the Brigadier General Robert L. Denig Memorial Award in 1983 for distinguished service.

U.S. Marine Corps
Lowery covered fighting on Peleliu, Saipan, Tinian, Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa during World War II. He was awarded two Purple Hearts. He remained in the Marine Corps Reserve after the war and obtained the rank of captain.

Battle of Iwo Jima

U.S. Flag raisings

On February 23, 1945, Lowery, then a staff sergeant, accompanied the 40-man combat patrol (which included two Navy corpsmen) that climbed Mount Suribachi to seize and occupy the crest and raise the Second Battalion's U.S. flag if possible to signal that it was captured. The patrol led by First Lieutenant Harold Schrier, captured and secured the mountaintop and raised the flag attached to a Japanese steel water pipe approximately 10:30 A.M. Immediately after the flag was raised, a short firefight took place after Japanese soldiers came out of a cave. An enemy grenade was tossed, and Lowery fell with his camera several feet down the side of the crater from the blast. Lowery was unhurt, and though his camera was damaged, the film was intact.

The actual flag raising (not in Lowery's photographs) was done by Lt. Schrier (a former Marine Raider), Platoon Sgt. Ernest Thomas (a former drill instructor), and Sgt. Henry Hansen (a former Paramarine), according to Sgt. Thomas who did a CBS news interview aboard the flagship  after meeting with Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner and Lieutenant General Holland Smith on February 25, 1945. Most of the patrol members were from Third Platoon, Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, 5th Marine Division; Pfc. Raymond Jacobs was the radioman (photographed by Lowery) reassigned from F Company for the patrol. Hansen was killed in action on Iwo Jima on March 1 and Thomas on March 3, 1945.

The flag was determined to be too small to be easily seen north of Mount Suribachi where most of the Japanese soldiers were located and heavy fighting would occur in the coming days. A second (and larger) American flag attached to another Japanese steel pipe, was raised and planted by a group of six different Marines approximately 1 P.M. the same day which resulted in the world-famous photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal of the Associated Press who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Photography later that year. At Schrier's command, one flag went up and the other flag came down. Rosenthal, whose photos were processed days before Lowery's photos were, went up Mount Suribachi with Marine photographers Sgt. Bill Genaust (killed in action on March 4) and Pvt. Robert R. Campbell after the first flag was raised. While Lowery was coming down Suribachi, he met Rosenthal and the two Marine photographers, and he informed them about the first flag raising.

On March 14, by orders of General Holland Smith, another U.S. flag was officially raised during a ceremony at V Amphibious Corps headquarters near the base of Mount Suribachi which signaled the island was occupied by U.S. Forces and the flag flying on Mount Suribachi was taken down; the battle of Iwo Jima was officially over on March 26.

Lowery headstone
Lowery was buried at the Quantico National Cemetery in 1987, followed by his wife Doris in 2004.

Louis R. Lowery Award
The "Louis R. Lowery Award", sponsored by Leatherneck magazine and the Marine Corps Association, is presented for photo of the year appearing in Leatherneck or as its cover.

Military awards
Lowery's military decorations and awards include:

Marine Corps War Memorial

The Marine Corps War Memorial (also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial) in Arlington, Virginia which was inspired by Rosenthal's photograph of the second flag-raising by six Marines atop Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945, was dedicated on November 10, 1954. Lowery, who was present at the first flag-raising on Mount Suribachi and took the first photographs of the American flag, attended the dedication.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower sat upfront with Vice President Richard Nixon, Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Anderson, and General Lemuel C. Shepherd, the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps during the dedication ceremony. Two of the three surviving flag-raisers depicted on the monument, Ira Hayes and Rene Gagnon, were seated together with John Bradley (a Navy corpsman who was incorrectly identified as being a flag-raiser) in the front rows of seats along with relatives of those who were killed in action on the island. Speeches were given by Richard Nixon, Robert Anderson who dedicated the memorial, and General Shepherd who presented the memorial to the American people. Inscribed on the memorial are the following words:

In Honor And Memory Of The Men of The United States Marine Corps Who Have Given Their Lives To Their Country Since 10 November 1775

On June 23, 2016, the Marine Corps announced that former Navy corpsman John Bradley (deceased) who was depicted as the third bronze statue from the bottom of the flagstaff on the monument, was not in the Rosenthal photograph and former Marine Harold Schultz (deceased) was. Franklin Sousley and Schultz are depicted as the third and fifth bronze statues from the bottom of the flagstaff with the 32 foot (9.8 M) bronze statues of Harlon Block, Rene Gagnon, Michael Strank, and Ira Hayes on the monument.

See also

Battle of Iwo Jima
War photographer
Embedded journalism
National Museum of the Marine Corps

References

1916 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American photographers
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
Battle of Iwo Jima
United States Marine Corps officers
World War II photographers
Burials at Quantico National Cemetery

Louis R. Lowery


Thomas Nickleson Jeffery (1782 – October 21, 1847) was a colonial official and politician in Nova Scotia.

He was born in Dorset, England. In 1798 he became an audit clerk in London and was, due to assistance from William Pitt the Younger, appointed collector of customs in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Though the salary was small Jefferey benefitted from lucrative fees.

In 1805 he married Martha Maria Uniacke, daughter of Richard John Uniacke who was one of the wealthiest men and influential figures in the province. In 1810, Jeffery was appointed to the Nova Scotia Council and supported Uniacke's high church Toryism.

In 1828 and again in 1834, Jeffrey was Acting Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia pending the arrival of permanent viceroys. Joseph Howe praised Jeffrey's administration in 1834 writing that "Mr. Jeffery's administration has been highly acceptable to all classes," and stating that Jeffrey had attempted "on all occasions . . . to preserve the peace and promote the welfare of the country."

When the Legislative and Executive Council of Nova Scotia were split into separate bodies in 1838, Jeffery was appointed to the latter institution. He resigned in 1840 to make room for the appointment of members of the Reform party.

In 1815, Jeffrey was given responsibility for the settlement of Black refugees following the War of 1812 and settled some families on his lands by the Shubenacadie River.

References

1782 births
1847 deaths
Governors of the Colony of Nova Scotia
Members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia

Thomas Nickleson Jeffery


Million Dollar Password is a television game show that aired on CBS. It is an updated version of the game show Password. It aired from June 1, 2008 to June 14, 2009. It was hosted by Regis Philbin.

Gameplay
The game is played in two parts. The first part of the game has two contestants and two celebrities. Both contestants play 30-second rounds where they try to get five words from clues given by their celebrity partner. Clues have to be one word. The celebrity can give as many clues as they want for each word. They must wait for a response from the contestant before giving a new clue. Only one clue can be given at a time. After each contestant plays, they switch partners. The contestant who gets the most words after four rounds wins and moves on to the Million Dollar Password round. If the contestants are tied after four rounds, a tie-breaking word is given to both teams, starting with the team who won a coin toss. The contestant who gets the word wins.

Million Dollar Password

This round has a six-step prize ladder with a top prize of $1,000,000. The contestant's celebrity partner is the one who they got the most words with. If they got the same amount of words with both celebrities, their partner is the one that they last played with. The contestant can give or receive the clues for this round. For each step of the ladder, the clue giver has to get their partner to say five words in 90 seconds. Up to three clues can be given for each word. The clue giver can pass on a word, but cannot come back to it.

If the clue giver is successful in getting their partner to say five words, the contestant wins the amount on the level that they are on. They can then decide if they want to take the money they have or go on to the next level. Each level has one less word than the last one. If a contestant fails on a level, the game ends. Failing on the first two levels means that the contestant leaves with nothing. Failing on the $50,000, $100,000 or $250,000 levels means that the contestant leaves with $25,000. If the contestant gets to the $250,000 level, they can play the $1,000,000 level with no risk of losing the $250,000.

If the contestant is giving the clues, starting at the $250,000 level, they are shown the words for that level before they decide if they want to take the money they have or go on to the next level.

References

Other websites

Television game shows
CBS network shows
2008 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
English-language television programs

Million Dollar Password


Shapwick Heath is a 394.0-hectare (973.6 acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest and national nature reserve between Shapwick and Westhay  in Somerset, notified in 1967. It is part of the Brue Valley Living Landscape conservation project. The project commenced in January 2009 and aims to restore, recreate and reconnect habitat. It aims to ensure that wildlife is enhanced and capable of sustaining itself in the face of climate change while guaranteeing farmers and other landowners can continue to use their land profitably. It is one of an increasing number of landscape scale conservation projects in the UK.

Shapwick Heath, part of the Avalon Marshes in the Somerset Levels Wetlands, and managed as a national nature reserve by Natural England, is a former raised bog lying in the basin of the River Brue. The site supports a diverse community of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. National rarities are the Greater Silver Diving Beetle (Hydrophilus piceus) and the
Lesser Silver Diving Beetle (Hydrochara caraboides) which is now confined nationally to the Brue Basin Peat Moors.

The Sweet Track, an ancient causeway crosses the site.  It is one of the oldest engineered roads known and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe.

The adjoining Shapwick Moor has been purchased by the Hawk and Owl Trust as a reserve. Ham Wall nature reserve is to the east.

References

External links

YouTube video - pictures and commentary on the Peat Moor visitors centre.
BBC Somerset: Shapwick Heath gallery
Shapwick Heath Trackway at Digital Digging

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1967
Somerset Levels
National nature reserves in Somerset
Wetland Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Shapwick Heath


Émile Léger (1795–1838) was a French mathematician.

Life and work
Leger studied at Lycée de Mayence (now Mainz in Germany, capital of the French department of Mont-Tonnerre during the French First Republic), where his father Claude was professor of rhetoric. In 1813 he entered the École Polytechnique. With other students, he helped defend Paris during the Hundred Days of Napoleon in March 1815, and was decorated for bravery. In 1816, he left school to go to Montmorency where his father founded an institution to prepare young people for the entrance exams to Paris universities. After his father retired, he managed the institution.

Léger only published four papers on mathematics, but one of them seems to be the first to recognize the worst case in the euclidean algorithm: when the inputs are proportional to consecutive Fibonacci numbers.

References

Bibliography

External links

1795 births
1838 deaths
19th-century French mathematicians

Émile Léger


Cameron Gordon (born 1945) is a Professor and Sid W. Richardson Foundation Regents Chair in the Department of Mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin, known for his work in knot theory.  Among his notable results is his work with Marc Culler, John Luecke, and Peter Shalen on the cyclic surgery theorem.  This was an important ingredient in his work with Luecke showing that knots were determined by their complement. Gordon was also involved in the resolution of the Smith conjecture.

Andrew Casson  and Gordon defined and proved basic theorems regarding strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings, an important concept in the modernization of Heegaard splitting theory. They also worked on the slice-ribbon conjecture, inventing the Casson-Gordon invariants in the process.

Gordon was a 1999 Guggenheim Fellow.
In 2005 Gordon was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

References

External links
Cameron Gordon's personal webpage, University of Texas at Austin
Cameron McAllan Gordon, Mathematics Genealogy Project

1945 births
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century  American mathematicians
Topologists
Living people
University of Texas at Austin faculty

Cameron Gordon (mathematician)


The Doom Patrol are a fictional team of heroes known as freaks, outcasts, and social misfits appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. They dedicate their lives to protecting the society that will not accept them. Their leader is a ruthless and manipulative genius known as The Chief, who is possibly responsible for the accidents that gave them powers. The original members included Beast Boy, Elasti-Girl, Mento, Negative Man, and Robotman. The Doom Patrol were created by Arnold Drake, Bruno Premiani, Murray Boltinoff, and Bob Haney, first appearing in My Greatest Adventure #80 (1963).

The superhero team has appeared in different forms of media, including animated television series, as well as in live-action adaptations. The 2019 self-titled television series, Doom Patrol was released for HBO Max.

Source
  Some text was copied from Doom Patrol (disambiguation) at DC Database, which is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license.

DC Comics characters

Doom Patrol


The Mirani (Urdu: میرانی)  is a sub-branch of Dodai, which was influential in Derajat between the 15th and 18th centuries. The dynasty was founded by Kamal Khan, a descendant of Sohrab Khan Dodai, the founder of Dera Ghazi Khan. From 1550, the dynasty became stronger and more authoritative in Derajat and held it till 1787.

History
In 1476 Nawab Ghazi Khan Mirani, son of Malik Sohrab Khan, a Dodai chieftain, who had declared independence from the Langah dynasty Sultans of Multan. Haji, gave his name to the city which he founded before the end of the fifteenth century. The Derajat owes its existence as an historical area to the Baloch immigration in the fifteenth century. Sultan Husain, the Langah sovereign of Multan, being unable to hold his trans-Indus possessions, called in Baloch mercenaries, and assigned these territories to Haji Khan in his jagir. His sons, Ghazi Khan, Ismail Khan and Fateh Khan, founded the three Deras or 'settlements' named after them. Captain Hector Mackenzie said that rather more than three centuries ago the Derajat was under the government of some Baloch families. To the north, including Dera Ismail Khan, the Hot family, and to the south, with head -quarters at Dera Ghazi Khan, the Mirhani branch of the tribe ruled large sections of the country. Ghazi Khan Mirhani sent four of his sons across the indus to colonize the Sindh Sagar Doab. Beginning from the south, Udo Khan founded Kot Udo, Sultan Khan, Kot Sultan, Kamal Khan, Leis, and Muhammad Khan, Nowshera. They were also accompanied by a miscellaneous body of emigrants to till the ground Kamal was the most powerful of the four brothers, and assumed a supremacy over the other three. His influence extended from Kot Udo to Bhadkal, now a deserted village in the Jharkal property, some 25 miles north of Layyah, thus including the Koraishi colony. Further north the Jaskani Baloch clan, rulers of Dera Ismail Khan, held possession of the country.

References

History of Punjab, Pakistan
Sindhi people
Sindhi tribes
Dynasties of Pakistan

Mirani (clan)


The Lochaber axe (Gaelic: tuagh-chatha) is a type of poleaxe that was used almost exclusively in Scotland. It was usually mounted on a staff about five feet long.

Design

The Lochaber axe is first recorded in 1501, as an "old Scottish batale ax of Lochaber fasoun".

The weapon is very similar to the Jedburgh axe, although the crescent blade of the former is larger and heavier than that of the latter. The Lochaber axe took many incarnations, all of them having a few elements in common. It was a heavy weapon, used by infantry for a defense against cavalry and as a pike against infantry.

Like most other polearms of the time, it consisted of two parts: shaft and blade. The shaft was usually some  long. The blade was about  in length which usually resembled a bardiche or voulge in form. The blade might be attached in two places and often had a sharp point coming off the top. In addition a hook (or cleek) was attached to the back of the blade. A butt spike was included as a counterweight to the heavy axe head. Langets were incorporated down each side of the shaft to prevent the head from being cut off.

The Lochaber axe had the virtue of being a cheap weapon that could be easily made by a blacksmith. They could be used to arm men who lacked a broadsword or a firearm. Hundreds were hastily made to equip the Earl of Mar's levie troops during the Jacobite rising of 1715. A few were carried by Jacobite troops during the early part of the Jacobite rising of 1745. Although by the end of the rising, almost all Jacobites were armed with muskets and bayonets.

Use

In hand-to-hand combat, the axe, in common with other polearms such as the halberd, has a spike on the end, to be used on close combat in a thrusting motion. The axe on the side, coupled with the long pole, delivered a powerful blow to infantry or dismounted cavalry.. The example in the Edinburgh Great Hall Museum shows a substantial rear-facing hook, for catching/pulling.

For lochaber axes used by the city guards of Edinburgh, the hook is almost level with the top of the staff, making them useless as a means to catch a moving object. These hooks, however, may have been used to hang the weapons in the guard room.

See also

 Bardiche

Notes

References

Polearms
Blade weapons
Axes
Weapons of Scotland
Medieval polearms

Lochaber axe


The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) is the world's largest trade union federation.

History
The federation was formed on 1 November 2006 out of the merger of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the World Confederation of Labour (WCL). The Founding Congress of the ITUC was held in Vienna and was preceded by the dissolution congresses of both the ICFTU and the WCL. The ITUC has three main regional organizations: the Asia-Pacific Regional Organization, the Trade Union Confederation of the Americas, and the African Regional Organisation. The Trade Union Development Cooperation Network (TUDCN) is an initiative of the ITUC whose main objective is to bring the trade union perspective into international development policy debates and improve the coordination and effectiveness of trade union development cooperation activities.

The ITUC represents 207 million workers through its 331 affiliated organizations within 163 countries and territories. Luc Triangle is the current acting General Secretary.

The ITUC traces its origins back to the First International (also known as the International Workingmen's Association) and in 2014 commemorated the 150th anniversary of the founding of the International Working Men's Association at its own world congress held in Berlin. Also in 2014, the ITUC debuted the Global Rights Index, which ranks nations on 97 metrics pertaining to workers' rights, such as freedom from violent conditions and the right to strike and unionize. According to the 2020 update of the Index, there has been a significant increase in violations of workers' rights around the world.

Inaugural congress 2006
The founding congress of the ITUC was held from 1 to 3 November 2006 in Vienna, Austria.

The first day of the congress saw the formal creation of the ITUC followed by an address by Juan Somavia, the Director-General of the International Labour Organization (ILO).

Day two included Pascal Lamy, the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) responding to panel discussions on the impact of globalisation, including the topics "Cohesion and chaos - the global institutions" and "Global unions - global companies". Technical difficulties limited Lamy's satellite video link participation.

Leadership and officers were elected on the final day of the congress. Guy Ryder, the former general secretary of the ICFTU, was elected to the same position in the new organisation. Sharan Burrow was elected president. A Governing Council was established, with 70 elected members, and 8 additional seats reserved for youth and women's representatives.

A Council of Global Unions was also formed on the final day of the congress. It was established jointly with ten global union federations and the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC).

Second congress 2010
The second congress of the ITUC was held from 21 to 25 June 2010 in Vancouver, Canada.

On 25 June 2010, at the conclusion of the congress, Sharan Burrow (then ITUC President) was elected General Secretary, succeeding Guy Ryder (who had been elected as Deputy Director General of the International Labour Organization).  In anticipation of her election, Burrow had resigned from her position as President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions effective 1 July 2010.

Speaking to the Congress after her election, Burrow paid tribute to her predecessor and emphasized the continuing role of organized labour in the world's emergence from the Global Financial Crisis.  She also made special mention of the significance of her election as the first female leader of the world's largest trade union (against a background of high workforce participation by women and a Congress 50 per cent of whose delegates were women):
I am a warrior for woman and we still have work to ensure the inclusion of women in the work place and in our unions. The struggles for women are multiple – too often within their families for independence, then in the workplace for rights and equal opportunity, in their unions for access and representation and then as union leaders. But the investment in and participation of women is not only a moral mandate it is an investment in democracy and a bulwark against fundamentalism and oppression. Organising woman is and must continue to be a priority for the ITUC.

Organisation

The Pan-European Regional Council (PERC), a European trade union organisation within the ITUC was formed 19 March 2007. It consists of 87 national trade union centres and a total membership of 87 million. It works closely with the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC). The ITUC raises capital through charging dues to its member organisations.

Leadership

General Secretaries
2006: Guy Ryder
2010: Sharan Burrow
2022: Luca Visentini
2023: Luc Triangle

Presidents
2006: Sharan Burrow
2010: Michael Sommer
2014: João Antonio Felicio
2018: Ayuba Wabba
2022: Akiko Gono

See also

 Decent work
 General Confederation of Trade Unions
 Global Rights Index
 Global union federation
 List of federations of trade unions
 World Federation of Trade Unions

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Fabio Bertini (2011), Gilliatt e la piovra. Il sindacalismo internazionale dalle origini ad oggi (1776-2006), Roma, Aracne
 Ed Mustill (2013), The Global Labour Movement: An Introduction, a short guide to the global union federations, the ITUC, and other international bodies

External links

 ITUC Global Rights Index 2020

International organisations based in Belgium
Trade unions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Austria
International and regional union federations

International Trade Union Confederation


The Illusionist () is a 2010 animated film written and directed by Sylvain Chomet. The film is based on an unproduced script written by French mime, director and actor Jacques Tati in 1956. Controversy surrounds Tati's motivation for the script, which was written as a personal letter to his estranged eldest daughter, Helga Marie-Jeanne Schiel, in collaboration with his long-term writing partner Henri Marquet, between writing for the films Mon Oncle and Play Time.

The main character is an elderly version of Tati, with hints of his character Monsieur Hulot. The plot revolves around a struggling illusionist who visits an isolated community and meets a young lady who is convinced that he is a real magician. Chomet relocated the film, originally intended by Tati to be set in Czechoslovakia, to Scotland in the late 1950s. According to the director, "It's not a romance, it's more the relationship between a dad and a daughter." Sony's US press kit declares that the "script for The Illusionist was originally written by French comedy genius and cinema legend Jacques Tati as a love letter from a father to his daughter, but never produced". The film received acclaim from critics, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, losing to Pixar's Toy Story 3.

The Illusionist was the last film to be distributed by Pathé theatrically in the United Kingdom before being shut down in 2009 and focusing as a solo production company on British films starting in 2013.

Plot
In 1959 Paris, an out-of-work illusionist packs his belongings, including an ill-tempered rabbit, and moves to London. Unable to compete with modern entertainment, such as rock and roll, he plies his trade at smaller gatherings in bars, cafés, and parties. He accepts the invitation of a drunken party patron to visit a remote Scottish island, where he entertains the locals. Staying in a room above the pub, he meets a girl, Alice, who is captivated by his illusions and kindness, including a gift of red shoes.

Alice believes the downtrodden performer possesses genuine magical powers, and follows him to Edinburgh, where he performs at a modest theatre. They share a room in a run-down guest house favoured by other fading performers. The illusionist sleeps on a couch, and the girl keeps busy by cleaning and cooking food that she shares with the neighbours. The girl's affections even tame the rabbit, but the illusionist's increasingly meagre wages, spent on gifts for Alice, lead him to pawn his magic kit and secretly take on demeaning jobs.

Alice attracts the affection of a handsome young man. After the illusionist sees them walking together, he leaves her with money and a note stating "Magicians are not real". He also releases the rabbit on Arthur's Seat, where it soon meets other rabbits. As Alice moves in with her boyfriend, the illusionist departs on a train hauled by a locomotive bearing the number 4472.  On the train he declines an opportunity to perform a magic trick for a child.

Production
According to the 2006 reading of the script at the London Film School introduced by Chomet, "The great French comic Jacques Tati wrote the script of The Illusionist and intended to make it as a live action film with his daughter". Catalogued in the Centre National de la Cinématographie archives under the impersonal moniker "Film Tati Nº 4", the script was passed to Chomet by the caretakers of Tati's oeuvre, Jérôme Deschamps and Macha Makeïeff after Chomet's previous film The Triplets of Belleville was premiered at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. Chomet has said that Tati's youngest daughter, Sophie Tatischeff, had suggested an animated film when Chomet was seeking permission to use a clip from Tati's 1949 film Jour de fête as she did not want an actor to play her father. Sophie Tatischeff died on 27 October 2001, almost two years before the 11 June 2003 French release of The Triplets of Belleville.

Animation
The film was made at Chomet's Edinburgh film studio, Django Films, by an international group of animators directed by Paul Dutton, including Sydney Padua, Greg Manwaring and Jacques Muller. It was estimated to cost around £10 million and was funded by Pathé Pictures, but in a February 2010 press conference, Chomet said that it had ended up costing only $17 million (£8.5 million in early 2008). The Herald says 180 creatives were involved, 80 of whom had previously worked on The Triplets of Belleville. In The Scotsman, Chomet cites 300 people and 80 animators. The film was primarily animated in Scottish Studios in Edinburgh (Django Films) and Dundee (ink.digital), with further animation done in Paris and London. The 2D part of animation sent in Paris has been executed at Neomis Animation studio, where the animation department was directed by Antoine Antin and the clean-up department by Grégory Lecocq. Around 5% of the work (mainly inbetweening and clean-up) was completed in South Korea.

Django Films was originally established with the intention to establish itself in the filmmaking scene with both animation and live action, however, the company is being dismantled. Django was beset with production difficulties, first losing funding for its first animated feature, Barbacoa. It then failed to secure funding for a BBC project that had been labelled "The Scottish Simpsons". Chomet was then fired from the directorial duties of The Tale of Despereaux by Gary Ross. Django Films were very far from employing the 250 artists that it would have been required for the project, an estimated figure reported by Scotland on Sunday in 2005.

Motives for the script
Controversy has dogged The Illusionist, with it being reported that "Tati was inspired to write the story in an attempt to reconcile with his eldest daughter, Helga Marie-Jeanne Schiel, whom he had abandoned when she was a baby. And although she's still alive today and may in fact be his only direct living relative, she is nowhere mentioned in the dedications, which has seriously annoyed some".

In January 2010, The Guardian published the article "Jacques Tati's lost film reveals family's pain" stating, "In 2000, the screenplay was handed over to Chomet by Tati's daughter, Sophie Tatischeff, two years before her death. Now, however, the family of Tati's illegitimate and estranged eldest child, Helga Marie-Jeanne Schiel, who lives in the north-east of England, are calling for the French director to give her credit as the true inspiration for the film. The script of L'illusionniste, they say, was Tati's response to the shame of having abandoned his first child [Schiel] and it remains the only public recognition of her existence. They accuse Chomet of attempting to airbrush out their painful family legacy again."

On 26 May 2010, renowned film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times published a lengthy letter from Jacques Tati's middle grandson, Richard McDonald, that pinpointed historical events in the private life of Jacques Tati that the family believe were his remorseful, melancholy inspiration to write, yet never make, L'Illusionniste.

Chomet has a different opinion about the film's origins, although acknowledging: "I never got to meet Sophie, or even speak to her about the script." Chomet said, "I think Tati wrote the script for Sophie Tatischeff. I think he felt guilty that he spent too long away from his daughter when he was working."

In a June 2010 interview for The National, Chomet gave his personal reasons for his attraction to the script: "I have two young children, a four-year-old and a two-year-old. But I also have a daughter who is 17 whom I don't live with because I separated from her mother. She was 12 when I started the project and you can feel things changing." This appears to mirror the regret of a broken paternal relationship that Tati had with his own daughter Helga Marie-Jeanne Schiel. Of the story, Chomet commented that he "fully understood why [Tati] had not brought [The Illusionist] to the screen. It was too close to him, and spoke of things he knew only too well, preferring to hide behind the figure of Monsieur Hulot".

Having corresponded with Tati's grandson, former Tati colleague and Chicago Reader film reviewer Jonathan Rosenbaum published an article entitled "Why I can't write about The Illusionist" in which he wrote, "Even after acknowledging that Chomet does have a poetic flair for composing in long shot that's somewhat Tatiesque, I remain skeptical about the sentimental watering-down of his art that Chomet is clearly involved with, which invariably gives short shrift to the more radical aspects of his vision". With McDonald being quoted saying, "My grandmother and all his stage acquaintances during the 1930s/40s always maintained that [Tati] was a great colleague as a friend and artist; he unfortunately just made a massive mistake that because of the time and circumstances he was never able to correctly address. I am sure his remorse hung heavy within him and it is for this reason that I believe Chomet's adaptation of l'Illusionniste does a great discredit to the artist that was Tati."

Release
The first footage from the film was shown at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival. The film premiered at the Berlinale festival in February 2010. The film opened the 2010 Edinburgh International Film Festival on 16 June.

Pathé Distribution managed distribution for France and the UK, and distribution deals were secured for Lithuania (ACME Film), Japan (Klockworx), Italy (Cinema 11), Greece (Nutopia), the United States (Sony Pictures Classics), Benelux (Paradiso), Russia and the Middle East (Phars Film). The first official trailer for the film was in Russian and was released on 13 March 2010. The film was released in France on 16 May 2010.

The Illusionist was then released on DVD by Pathé through 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in 2011. As of 2021, Warner Bros. Home Entertainment UK is currently re-printing under licence from Pathé. It was also then released on Japanese home media by Walt Disney Studios Japan through the Ghibli Museum Library.

Reception

Box office
The film opened in 84 French cinemas. According to Box Office Mojo, the film released in France on 16 June 2010 entered the box office chart at #8, with a revenue of €485,030 ($600,099) in the first weekend.

The Illusionist opened in the United Kingdom in 42 cinemas (August 2010). It entered the UK box office at #15, with revenue of £161,900 one place behind Disney's Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue, the chart dominated by Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables which grossed £3,910,596 in revenue in its first weekend of release.

Critical response
, the film holds  approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on  reviews with an average rating of . Its critical consensus states: "An engrossing love letter to fans of adult animation, The Illusionist offers a fine antidote to garish mainstream fare." It also has a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

In Télérama, Cécile Mury gave the film a rating of four stars out of five. Mury compared it to the director's previous feature film: "This Illusionist is as tender and contemplative as the Triplets were farcical and uneasy. But we find the oblique look, the talent that is particular of Sylvain Chomet. ... This world of yesterday fleets between realism and poetry." Christophe Carrière of L'Express was not fully convinced by Chomet's directing, finding the story clever, but "blunted when Chomet lets himself be submerged by Tati's melancholy, delivering more of a homage to a master than a personal adaption. Nevertheless, it is otherwise a beautiful work, with impeccable graphics and provides some stunning sequences (based on carnivorous rabbit stew ...). One would have liked a little bit more, that's all."

Jonathan Meville of The Scotsman wrote: "Edinburgh's skyline has never looked so good, and if the city didn't exist it would be hard to believe somewhere so beautiful was real: if locals aren't inspired to take a walk up North Bridge or down Victoria Street after this, they never will be." Whilst also in The Scotsman Alistair Harkness commented that "Once you strip away the overwhelming wow factor of the film's design, the absence of strong characterisation ensures the end result is bleaker and less affecting than was probably intended".

Tati's biographer, David Bellos, reviewing The Illusionist in Senses of Cinema was highly critical of Chomet's adaptation stating "the film is a disaster". "The great disappointment for me and I think for all viewers is that what Chomet does with the material is… well, nothing. The story he tells is no more than the sketchily sentimental plotline of L'Illusionniste. It's really very sad. All that artistry, all that effort, and all that money… for this".

Reviewing The Illusionist in The New Yorker, Richard Brody commented "Sylvain Chomet (The Triplets of Belleville) has directed an animated adaptation of Jacques Tati's 1956 screenplay, with none of Tati's visual wit or wild invention". "Chomet reduces Tati's vast and bilious comic vision to cloying sentimentality. The result is a cliché-riddled nostalgia trip. In French, English, and Gaelic".

Roger Ebert in his review wrote, "However much it conceals the real-life events that inspired it, it lives and breathes on its own, and as an extension of the mysterious whimsy of Tati". Calling it the "magically melancholy final act of Jacques Tati's career", he gave it four stars out of four.

Accolades
The film won the 2010 European Film Awards and was nominated at the 68th Golden Globe Awards for Best Animated Feature Film. On 25 February 2011, The Illusionist won the first César Award for Best Animated Feature.

It was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film in the 83rd Academy Awards, but lost to Toy Story 3; and an Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, losing to How to Train Your Dragon.

See also

 List of animated feature films

References

External links
  (US)
  (Pathé)

 Press conference with Chomet from Berlinale (main content starts at 5:35 in video)

2010 films
2010 comedy-drama films
2010s French animated films
2010 animated films
European Film Awards winners (films)
Animated coming-of-age films
French animated drama films
British comedy-drama films
British coming-of-age films
2010s French-language films
Films about magic and magicians
Films directed by Sylvain Chomet
Films set in 1959
Films set in Edinburgh
Films set in hotels
French animated comedy films
French comedy-drama films
French coming-of-age films
Jacques Tati
Film controversies
Pathé films
Scottish Gaelic-language films
Warner Bros. films
Warner Bros. animated films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s British films
British animated comedy films
Animated films set in Scotland
Animated films set in the 1950s
British animated drama films

The Illusionist (2010 film)


Only is a free Canadian bi-monthly news and entertainment magazine published in Vancouver, British Columbia by the Only Trust - who also organize Vancouver's Music Waste Festival and Victory Square Block Party. The paper has a circulation of 10,000 in the Vancouver area. Its first issue ran on October 8, 2004.

Only Magazine was founded just days before its inaugural issue after the publisher-editor Darren Atwater was fired from the Vancouver weekly Terminal City that he had started over a decade before. In solidarity, many of the Terminal City staff walked out and formed Only Magazine. In an editorial about the takeover that appeared in issue 1, the Only staff writes:

Only Magazine focuses heavily on covering the fringes of Vancouver's creative communities, but often runs interviews with touring bands such as Deerhoof, Wolf Eyes, Black Dice, and Erase Errata. Most articles are written with a sense of irreverence and poignant satire that is often criticized as overly critical which has caused a number of controversies in the magazine's short life.

In February 2007, after 60 issues the print magazine was put on hiatus for restructuring. The magazine continues all of its editorial online at onlymagazine.ca.

In March 2007, Only Magazine launched its first all-Vancouver music podcast and a widget to count down the days until the supposed 2010 Olympic riot.

The magazine's cover is often done by Vancouver artists and students from Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design.

Contents
Random Interview An interview with anyone by Chuck Ansbacher

Mental Health Pop Culture/Social Analysis Editorial by Amil Niazi

News Editorial covering civic and local issues by Sean Condon

Credit Check Short comments on civic politics and changes to the city by the Only

Science Interesting developments in the world of science by Alan Hindle (who had previously been writing Theatre)

Rap Interviews and articles on local and touring rap artists by Rhek

Film/Film School Interviews and articles on Canadian and international films by Adam O. Thomas

Music/Discotext Interviews and reviews of local and touring bands by the music editor and contributors

Killer Deadly A local music roundup of live reviews and upcoming events. Often updates on new venues and those recently defunct by the music editor and contributors

Art/Art Fag Interviews with emerging artists and articles on happenings in the local art community by contributing art writers

Dozen Things Five photos and seven listings with write ups of upcoming events by the Only

Last Stand An editorial of varied local and national issues ranging from endings of local hotspots to beginnings of foreign wars by the Only.

Comics
 Maakies by Tony Millionaire
 Bad, Mad Bad by Liane Morrissette
 Total Jeopardy by Mark Delong
 Overheard by Finnigan Muddville (no longer running)

Contributors (past and present)
Publisher Darren Atwater (October '04 - present)

Editor
 Amil Niazi (October '04 - May '06)
 Sarah Cordingley (May '06 - May '07)
 Chuck Ansbacher (May '07 - May '08)

Arts Editor Alan Hindle (October '04 - present)

Film Editor Adam O. Thomas (October '04 - present)

Managing Editor
 Chuck Ansbacher (September '06 - May '07)
 Adam O. Thomas (May '07 - present)

Copy Editor Mayana C. Slobodian (March '06 - July '07)

Rap Editor Rhek (October '04 - present)

Music Editor
John Cow (October '04 - January '05)
Sarah Cordingley (January '05 - May '06)
Cameron Reed (September '06 - present)

Food and Drink Editor David Look (October '06 - May '08)

Production
 Naomi MacDougall
 Tome Jozic

Web Production
 Darren Atwater
 David Look

Contributors Sarah Albertson, Chris-a-riffic, Curtis Grahauer, Sean Condon, Sean Arden, Kayla Guthrie, Asher Penn, Kevin Spenst, Phil Oats, David Look, Brynna Childs, Martin Thacker, Ben Lai, Charles Demers and photographs by Dan Siney.

External links

2004 establishments in British Columbia
Alternative magazines
Bi-monthly magazines published in Canada
Online magazines published in Canada
Defunct magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines disestablished in 2007
Magazines published in Vancouver
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Free magazines

Only (magazine)


The burgonet helmet (sometimes called a burgundian sallet) was a Renaissance-era and early modern combat helmet. It was the successor of the sallet.

Characteristics

The burgonet helmet is characterised by a skull with a large fixed or hinged peak projecting above the face-opening, and usually an integral, keel-like, crest or comb running from front to rear. Attached to the skull are substantial hinged cheekpieces which usually do not meet at the chin or throat. A flange projects from the lower parts of the skull and cheekpieces to protect the back and sides of the neck. Though typically a relatively light helmet and open faced, a falling buffe, a sort of visor that was closed by being drawn up rather than down, was sometimes used. Some helmets, often termed "close burgonets", were made which took elements, such as the peak, crest and falling buffe, of the burgonet and combined them with the hinged bevor of the close helmet.

Use
Commonplace throughout Europe, it first came into use early in the 16th century and had attained its classic form by c. 1550.  Accompanied by plate armour, burgonets were mostly worn by cavalry: cuirassiers, demi-lancers and hussars (Polish hussars).
The Border Reivers, of the English-Scottish borderlands, were very fond of burgonets and the morion in Elizabethan times, and as a result reivers were often called steil (steel) bonnets. Burgonets were also a popular helmet type among the Polish winged hussars, where they merged with types of lobster-tailed pot helmets (Zischägge), often featuring a nasal bar or facial guard.

The burgonet was common among the mercenary Swiss infantry who were pikemen who could defend themselves against cavalry (perhaps taking helmets of this form as trophies). Following the appearance of the Stahlhelm, Adrian, and Brodie helmets during the First World War, the Swiss experimented with a "streamlined" form of the burgonet for their own national helmet, but both designs were rejected.

The factors of utility of the burgonet over older helmets include:
Cost—The main factor in the decision to wear one; burgonets were significantly cheaper than closed-face helmets due to having fewer hinges and locking mechanisms required to keep typical close helms closed.
Encumbrance—Close helmets were slightly heavier, and while mobility was roughly similar, it could be hard for the wearer to see, and breathe freely during combat while wearing one. The burgonet, however, was light and had an open face that gave an advantage in close quarters combat.
Protection—The burgonet was not as protective as heavier helms, but still protected most of the head. Having an open face could be remedied with a falling buffe.

References

Bibliography
Blair, Claude (1958), European armour circa 1066 to circa 1700. B.T. Batsford, London.
Gravett, Christopher (2006) Tudor Kight. Osprey Publishing, London.
Oakeshott, Ewart (1980) European Weapons and Armour: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution. Lutterworth Press.

Further reading

External links

Spotlight: The Burgonet (myArmoury.com article)
Burgonet for an officer, Nuremberg, circa 1570.

Early Modern helmets
English Civil War

Burgonet


The Shriver Circle Earthworks (33 RO 347) are an Ohio Hopewell culture (200 BCE to 500 CE) archaeological site located in Chillicothe in Ross County, Ohio. At  in diameter the site is one of the largest Hopewell circular enclosures in the state of Ohio.

Site description
The site is an oblong circular enclosure with an encircling ditch, located a little under  to the south of the Mound City Group and a short distance west of the Scioto River. The oblong shape is anomalous among large Hopewell circles which are usually nearly perfect circles. A low conical mound measuring  across and  high was located at the enclosures center. When first surveyed and excavated in 1846 by Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis it measured over  in diameter,  in height, and  in width. The ditch measured   in width and was  in depth.  The embankment and ditch were broken into six segments by six unevenly spaced gateways around the perimeter. An early crude map drawn sometime before 1813 by Thomas Worthington, Ohio's sixth governor whose house Adena is the namesake of the Adena culture, has notations that indicate the enclosure and conical made had lost half of their height due to plowing by 1846 and were originally at least  in height. The crude map also indicated nine gateways.

The central conical mound and the eastern gateway form a summer solstice sunrise alignment with a hill known as Sugarloaf Mountain located several miles to the east across the Scioto River valley.

Excavations

Before excavations were first done at the site in 1846 a road and part of the Ohio and Erie Canal had already been constructed during the early 1830s on the western third of the enclosure. Squier and Davis partially excavated the central mound in 1846. They found a number of artifacts made from copper and mica as well as large quantities of charred bones. The artifacts resemble those found at Adena culture sites more than they do artifacts excavated from the nearby Mound City Group. They included the site in their influential book Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley  in 1848. They named the site after Henry Shriver, who owned the site and much of the farmland in the area during the mid-1800s.

Much of the site was damaged by farming in the 1800s and early 1900s. During World War I the United States Army built a military training base, Camp Sherman, on the site. The circle was graded down and the camps parade ground was constructed in its location. After the war, the camp was razed and Ohio State Route 104, a road which runs through the site, was widened causing even more damage. Part of the site was covered by the Chillicothe Correctional Institution when it was constructed in the early 1960s. By the early 2000s when archaeologists from the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park began doing magnetic surveys the sites features were so flattened that they could not be distinguished by eye from the surrounding fields although they could be made out on old aerial photos. In 2005 a series of LIDAR investigations and field excavations were conducted at the site.

See also
 Hopeton Earthworks
 Moorehead Circle
 Newark Earthworks
 Stubbs Earthworks
 List of Hopewell sites

References

External links

 Mound City Group, National Park Service

Ohio Hopewell
Mounds in Ohio

Shriver Circle Earthworks


The Triple Crown Trophy''' is a silver trophy awarded to the winner of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. The Triple Crown trophy has come to represent the pinnacle achievement in horseracing.  Commissioned in 1950 by the Thoroughbred Racing Association, artisans at the world-famous Cartier Jewelry Company were charged with creating not just a trophy, but a true work of art.  The result was a three-sided vase, each face equally representing the three jewels of the crown, intending to capture the spirit of horseracing's most sought after, and rarest, honor. The three sides are engraved with specific information from each of the three races; the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes. Upon completion of the first trophy it was awarded to the 1948 Triple Crown Winner Citation. Each year thereafter, retroactive trophies were presented to the first eight winners of the Triple Crown in reverse order until all of the previous winners or their heirs were awarded.

Today the Triple Crown Trophy is a permanent trophy awarded to the winner with information pertaining to each race engraved on corresponding sides.  When not on tour during the live running of the royal trio of races, the trophy is on public display at the Kentucky Derby Museum in Louisville, Kentucky.

In addition to the Triple Crown Trophy, winners of the Kentucky Derby are given the Kentucky Derby Trophy, a solid gold trophy worth in excess of $90,000; winners of the Preakness Stakes are presented the Woodlawn Vase in a national TV ceremony and given a solid silver replica worth in excess of $30,000 for permanent possession; winners of the Belmont Stakes are presented the August Belmont Trophy and given a silver tray for their permanent possession. Only five colts have been awarded all four trophies in the same year: Secretariat (1973), Seattle Slew (1977), Affirmed (1978), American Pharoah (2015), and Justify (2018).

Triple Crown Trophy winners

See also
August Belmont Trophy
Kentucky Derby Trophy
Triple Crown Productions
Woodlawn Vase

References

Horse racing awards
American horse racing trophies
Kentucky Derby
Preakness Stakes
Belmont Stakes
Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing
Churchill Downs
Pimlico Race Course
Belmont Park
Kentucky culture
Horse racing in Louisville, Kentucky
Horse racing in Baltimore
Horse racing in Hempstead, New York
1950 establishments in the United States
Awards established in 1950
Vase sports trophies
Silver objects

Triple Crown Trophy


The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 objects. It includes star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by English astronomer Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.

The Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation. However, it was not compiled for that purpose. It does  not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.

So Moore compiled a list of 109 objects – to match the accepted number of Messier objects. The list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.

References

Astronomical catalogues

Caldwell catalogue


Platoon is an action game developed by Ocean Software and published by Data East for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Apple II, Atari ST, Commodore 64, PC DOS and ZX Spectrum in 1987–1988. The NES version was ported and published by Sunsoft in September 1988. It was the first video game adaptation of the 1986 war film Platoon, followed by the 2002 game.

Gameplay
In Stage 1, the player is in a jungle with a side-scrolling element. The player is able to navigate vertically and horizontally through the screens. The player must also avoid getting hit by enemies, landing on explosive mines, as well as dodge any booby traps in the way. The goal of the first stage is to find the explosives buried deep within the jungle and then navigate out and plant the explosives on the bridge. After planting the explosives, the player will be in a town and must find a torch and a map of the tunnel system for the next level.

In Stage 2, the player is now in a tunnel system and the point of view has changed to a first-person shooter. The player is able to navigate through the tunnel system using the map obtained earlier in stage 1. The player must navigate through the tunnel system and collect flares and a compass along the way. Enemies will continuously appear on the screen and the player must kill them quickly in order to advance through the tunnel system.

In Stage 3, the player is stuck in a bunker overnight that is under constant siege by enemy AI. The player must use flares obtained in the tunnel system in order to see enemy AI outside the bunker to be able to shoot them. The player is still in first-person mode and must navigate the cross-hair onto the enemy players in order to shoot at them. A skilled player could make out the silhouettes of enemies amongst the background without the need for flares. As long as the player survives the siege, the level will be successfully completed by the player.

In Stage 4, the player is now navigating through the jungle in a third-person view. The player has 4 minutes to complete this level and must navigate through the jungle while killing enemies as well as avoiding sniper fire. The compass obtained in the tunnel system is used here to help the player navigate through the jungle. At the end of the jungle is the game's boss, Sergeant Barnes, who is holed up in a brick bunker and shooting at the player. The player must be able to land five grenade shots to defeat Sergeant Barnes.

Reception

References

External links

 Platoon at World Of Spectrum
 Platoon at Lemon 64

1987 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Data East video games
DOS games
First-person shooters
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Run and gun games
Vietnam War video games
Video games set in Vietnam
Video games based on films
Video games scored by Naoki Kodaka
ZX Spectrum games
Ocean Software games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom

Platoon (1987 video game)


The Silver Stream () (sometimes written Silverstream) is a small river flowing close to the town of Mosgiel in Otago, New Zealand.

The Silver Stream rises in the Silverpeaks hills north of Dunedin, on the southern slope of Silver Peak itself, and flows initially southwards through a steep-sided forested valley which widens to become Whare Flat, before turning west at the eastern edge of the Taieri Plains at the foot of Three Mile Hill, close to Invermay Research Station. It continues in a southwesterly direction past the northern edge of Mosgiel, reaching the Taieri River two kilometres north of Allanton. Its total length is about .

Silver Stream is the site of a historic water race. The Silver Stream Water Race was built between 1877 and 1881, and consisted of nearly  of open races, sluices, tunnels, and weirs. The race began at a weir high on the river and traversed the sides of Swampy Summit and Flagstaff before emptying into a reservoir in Kaikorai Valley. Despite efforts to improve the race with the installation of a pump in 1920, it was not successful; problems with subsidence led to much of the race being enclosed in pipe, and the race was finally abandoned in the 1960s.

The river's flow is generally small (at below one cumec), but it has a history of flooding. This has been largely remedied by the artificial raising of its banks, especially close to Mosgiel. In mid-2006, after heavy rain, the Silver Stream flooded at some points, but did not flood on the part of the bank running close to the town.

Several walking routes are located close to or in the valley of the Silver Stream, most of which are aimed at more experienced trampers.

Silverstream School and Silverstream Drive in Mosgiel are named for the river.

References

Rivers of Otago
Mosgiel
Rivers of New Zealand
Taieri River

Silver Stream


Avro Lancaster PA474 is a four-engined, Second World War era, Avro Lancaster heavy bomber operated by the Royal Air Force Battle of Britain Memorial Flight as a tribute to all members of Bomber Command during the Second World War.

PA474 is one of only two Lancasters in flying condition in the world, the other being owned and flown by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.

History

PA474 was built as a B Mk 1 (B1) by Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd at its Broughton factory near Chester in 1945 and was to be part of the British Tiger Force for strategic bombing in the Far East. Following the end of the war with Japan the aircraft was not needed and PA474 entered storage. With gun turrets removed it was assigned to Photographic Reconnaissance duties with 82 Squadron in East and South Africa.

On return from squadron service PA474 was loaned to Flight Refuelling Limited to be used as a pilotless drone. Flight Refuelling used an Avro Lincoln instead and PA474 was then transferred to the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield, Bedfordshire to be used for trials on the Handley Page laminar flow wing. The test wings were mounted vertically above the rear fuselage.

In 1964 PA474 came under the control of the Air Historical Branch for possible display in the proposed RAF Museum. During this time the aircraft appeared in two films: Operation Crossbow and The Guns of Navarone. PA474 was stored first at Wroughton and then at Henlow then, after a request in 1965 from 44 Squadron, the Lancaster moved to RAF Waddington for restoration back to wartime standard including refitting the front and rear turrets.

PA474 was transferred to the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight in 1973. In 1975 a mid-upper turret was found in Argentina and fitted. During the winter of 1995 the Lancaster was fitted with a new main spar to extend the flying life.

On 7 May 2015, the aircraft suffered a fire in its starboard outer engine. A safe landing was made at RAF Coningsby. It flew again on 12 October 2015 after extensive work to fix the damage caused by the fire to number four engine. It was later announced that with the ongoing maintenance, PA474 should still be airworthy until 2065.

Minor and Major maintenance and overhauls are completed by Duxford based Aircraft Restoration Company (ARCo), most recently in 2021 where PA474 was with the historic aircraft specialists for 10 Months.

See also
 List of surviving Avro Lancasters

References

External links

 Battle Of Britain Memorial Flight page
 Lincolnshire's Lancaster Association page

History of the Royal Air Force
PA474
Individual aircraft

Avro Lancaster PA474


The Telegraph is an Indian English daily newspaper founded and continuously published in Kolkata since 7 July 1982. It is published by the ABP Group and the newspaper competes with The Times of India. The newspaper is the eighth most-widely read English language newspaper in India as per Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2019.

The Telegraph has three editions Kolkata, South Bengal and North Bengal.

History
The Telegraph was founded on 7 July 1982. The design director of London's The Sunday Times, Edwin Taylor, designed the newspaper and provided a standard in design and editing. In 31 years, it has become the largest-circulation English daily in the eastern region published from Kolkata. In 1982, M. J. Akbar used to edit and design the daily newspaper; thus it had a major impact on newspaper journalism in India.

The Telegraph is published by media group Ananda Publishers closely associated with ABP Pvt. Ltd; the group also published Anandabazar Patrika (a Bengali language newspaper) since 13 March 1922.  Apart from newspapers the group even  published Bengali and English periodicals like Anandamela, Unish-Kuri, Sananda, Anandalok, Desh magazine, The Telegraph in Schools and Career.

Businessworld, which was initially  part of the ABP group, has been sold to Anurag Batra, of Exchange4Media and Vikram Jhunjhunwala, an investment banker for an undisclosed amount.

The paper currently has three editions Calcutta, South Bengal and North Bengal. Previous editions include Northeast edition (Guwahati split), Jharkhand edition (Jamshedpur and Ranchi splits), Patna and Bhubaneshwar editions. Bhubaneshwar & Patna Editions ceased on 14 December 2018 and Northeast and Jharkhand editions on 20 May 2020.

Editorial stance
According to an analysis of the major English language newspapers in India, during the run up to the 2014 Indian general election, the political coverage of The Telegraph was found to be less aligned in favor of the Bharatiya Janata Party and less negative of the Indian National Congress relative to that of The Times of India and the Hindustan Times.

In a 2020 Newslaundry article, the paper's coverage of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic by the central government and that of the Bengal government were contrasted; according to it the paper provided more critical coverage of the former and less of the latter in its editorials and frontpage headlines. In an interview to Outlook, The Telegraph editor R. Rajagopal rejected the conception that it was harsher on the former and soft of the latter, stating that the scope of the events decide the prominence they receive in the paper which is being noticed because only a few others are providing similar coverage and that the tendency among media outlets to seek a false balance just to be able to claim neutrality was detrimental to journalism.

Criticism
In 2016, The Telegraph, in its edition took a jibe at the then HRD Minister Smriti Irani, who gave a speech on nationalism in the Lok Sabha, by calling her "Aunty National". This incident was widely criticized by many, who described the usage of such term as 'sexist' and 'misogynistic'. The News Minute wrote, "Smriti Irani deserves all the criticism we can cobble up together, but for her politics and policies. Personal attacks based on her age and gender do not bode well, and contribute to debasing the discourse on important issues. What we are perhaps forgetting is that in adopting such an acrimonious discourse against those who threaten our liberalism, and by cheering-on such headlines, we are threatening the very idea of the liberalism that we want to foster.

In 2020, The Press Council of India issued a show-cause notice to the editor of The Telegraph for its frontpage headline for the news report about former Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi's nomination to the Rajya Sabha. In its frontpage headline, The Telegraph wrote, "Kovind, not Covid, did it" – a reference to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a press release, the Press Council said "satirical comments ridiculing and denigrating the first citizen of the country is uncalled for and beyond the call of fair journalistic content".

The Telegraph's headline, comparing the president to a virus, was also called out for being 'disrespectful' to Dalits. Guru Prakash, Assistant Professor (Law), Patna University and Adviser at Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry (DICCI), said in a piece in India Today that the headline was "indicative of the deep-seated caste-based prejudice of the establishment". He added, "The establishment entails the ones who control and dominate the narrative in academia and the media."

According to Tarun Ganguly, a former bureau chief at The Telegraph, the idea behind such headlines is to be 'catchy'. Another former editor of The Telegraph states that such headlines started when Aveek Sarkar was the editor-in-chief of the newspaper. He added that Sarkar preferred a 'shock-factor' and thought these would generate more impact.

See also
 List of newspapers in India by circulation
 List of newspapers in the world by circulation

References

External links

 The Telegraph (e-paper)

ABP Group
English-language newspapers published in India
Newspapers published in Kolkata
Daily newspapers published in India
Newspapers published in Patna
Newspapers established in 1982
1982 establishments in West Bengal

The Telegraph (India)


Nosedo (Nosed in Lombard) is a district ("quartiere") of the city of Milan, Italy. It is part of the Zone 4 administrative division, located south of the city centre. Until 1870, it was an autonomous comune. The name comes from the Latin nocetum, meaning "walnut forest", as walnut trees used to be common in the area.

History
A settlement in Nosedo is reported since the middle ages, when the Goths controlled the Milanese. It is reported that Milanese bishop Onorato was buried in a church of the area in 569, and that the local population tried to seek shelter from the Goths in a church called "San Giorgio al Pozzo" (Saint George by the Pit).

The oldest reference to the name "Nosedo" (then Nosea) is found in a document dating back to 1346. When the territory around Milan was partitioned in "pieves", Nosedo was part of the Pieve di San Donato.

During Napoleonic rule (1806–1816), Nosedo was annexed to Milan, to return to its autonomy when the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia was founded.

In 1816, when Italy was unified, Nosedo had 393 inhabitants.

In 1870, Nosedo was merged with Chiaravalle Milanese, which in turn was annexed to Milan in 1923.

Nosedo today
Nosedo is an outlying district, which has partially kept its rural character. It still has several cascine (i.e., farmhouses), some of which abandoned. Some of these cascine have been illegally occupied by homeless and Romani nomads, and friction between these and the local population has occurred, especially between 2006 and 2008.

In 2003, a large water purification facility (one of the largest in Europe) has been established in Nosedo.

Landmarks

The main landmark of Nosedo is an old cascina with a 13th chapel, located in Via San Dionigi, 77. The church was built by the Cistercians coming from the nearby Chiaravalle Abbey, on the ruins of an oldest church. The church was named after Saints Philip and James.

In the following centuries, the church fell in decay, to the point of being used as a warehouse, but later returned to its original functions. In 1825, the wedding of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Isabella was celebrated in the chapel.

The chapel was restored in 1985. In 1998, an association was founded with the mission of preserving the church and the cascina and, in general, the historical and religious tradition of Nosedo.

Footnotes

Districts of Milan

Nosedo


The Australian Shepherd, or sometimes referred to as the Aussie Shepherd, is a medium-sized breed of dog which was developed in the United States, despite it's name.

It is very similar in it's appearance to the  English Shepherd and Border Collie, and indeed, studies have shown they are very similar in relation. Like many herding dogs, they show considerable drive and energy, being best at jobs such as search and rescue dogs, disaster dogs, therapy dogs, guide dogs, etc. For these reasons, they have become the 17th most popular dog breed in the United States.

Physical trait information

Size
The Australian Shepherd is usually a medium-sized breed. They can weigh from  and stand from  in height. The Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA) standard says the Australian shepherd must stand between  at the shoulders, females being  and males measuring ; however, quality is not to be sacrificed in favor of size.

Color

The known Aussie colors are solid black, solid red (liver), blue merle, and red/liver merle; and these colors may also have copper (tan) points or white markings in various combinations on the face, chest, and legs. A black or red dog with copper and white trim is called 'tricolor' or 'tri', while a black or red dog with white trim but no copper is called 'bicolor' or 'bi'. White, rather than skin color, on or around the ears is an indicator of increased risk for deafness. Too much white on the face and ears can place an individual dog at greater risk for sunburn and subsequent skin cancer.

The wide variety of color comes from the color allele, which is either black (B) dominant or red (b), and the dominant merle allele (M). Together, these provide four coat-color aspects that can appear in any combination:
 Black tri, with copper points, white markings, or both on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - solid black dogs are equally wanted as ones with copper or white.
 Red (liver) with or without copper points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - either white or copper points are required. Solid red dogs are equally wanted as ones with copper or white.
 Blue merle (a patchwork of gray and black) with or without copper points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - neither white nor copper points are required. Solid Merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with copper or white.
 Red merle (a patchwork of cream and red/liver) with or without copper points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - neither white nor copper points are required. Solid Merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with copper or white.

The merle allele, which produces a mingled or patchwork combination of dark and light areas, is the coat pattern most commonly associated with the breed. This merle (M) is dominant, so heterozygous dogs (Mm) show the pigmentation pattern; however, when two merles are bred, the statistical risk is 25% of the offspring will end up with the two copies of the merle gene (homozygous). These dogs usually have a mostly white coat and blue irises and are often deaf, blind, or both. In this case, the deafness and blindness are linked to having two copies of the merle gene, which disrupts pigmentation and produces these health defects. The tri-colored (red, black, and white) Merles will have a 1/4 chance of being blind because of the genes when breeding two Merle colored dogs for the recessive fur color.

All black and blue merle dogs have black noses, eye rims, and lips. All red and red merle dogs have liver or brown noses, eye rims, and lips.

Also, variety is seen in the Aussie's eye color, and they are often heterochromatic. An early nickname for the breed was "ghost-eye dog". Aussie eyes may be any shade of brown or blue; they may have two different colored eyes, or even have bicolored or "split eyes" (for example, a half-brown, half-blue eye), which appear to be similar to the merle coloration. Merled eyes exist where one color is mixed in and swirled with another. Any combination of eye color is fine in the breed standard, so long as the eyes are healthy. In general, however, black Aussies (self, bi-color, or tri-color) tend to have brown eyes, while red (self, bi-color, or tri-color) Aussies usually have amber eyes, though these Aussies may also carry the blue-eyed gene.

The merle type in Australian Shepherds is very similar to the coat color in Mitf mouse mutants.

Tail
Although some Aussies are born with naturally bobbed or partially bobbed (stubby) tails, the majority are born with full, long tails. Breeders have historically docked the tails when the puppies are born. In the United States and Canada, the standard calls for a natural bob or docked tail not to exceed four inches as a defining characteristic. Any natural tail length is permitted when showing in Europe, where cutting off a part of their tail has been banned in most countries, including the United Kingdom.

References

Dog breeds originating in the United States
FCI breeds

Australian Shepherd


"Freak" is a song by the Australian rock band Silverchair. It was released in January 1997 as a single, and was later released the next month on their second album, Freak Show. It reached number-one on the charts in Australia, becoming their second of three number-one singles there.

It was written by the group's lead singer and guitarist Daniel Johns, as well as the group's drummer, Ben Gillies.

1997 songs

Freak