Kim Voss (born 1952) is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley whose main field of research is social movements and the American labor movement.

Education and career
Voss received her bachelor's degree from Catawba College in Salisbury, North Carolina in 1974.

She obtained a master's of science degree in sociology from Cornell University in 1977, and a doctorate in sociology from Stanford University in 1986.

Since the fall of 1986, Voss has taught at the University of California, Berkeley.

In 1988, she was a visiting scholar at the Center for Studies of Social Change at the New School for Social Research.

Voss served as the chair of the Sociology Department at the University of California, Berkeley, from 2004-2007. She was the first female chair of the department.

Research focus
Voss' research focus is the American labor movement, the nature and culture of work, social movements, and comparative sociology.

Much of Voss' early work analyzed why American labor unions were conservative and weak vis-a-vis their European counterparts. In The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century, Voss argued that the formative period for the American labor movement was the 1870s and 1880s, and that the creation and collapse of the Knights of Labor was a critical factor in determining the future of the American labor movement.  Voss examined whether American exceptionalism was the cause of or an outcome of the collapse of the Knights.  She concluded the latter, and argued that strong business resistance to unions, weak government and legal protections for worker rights (two sides of the same coin) explained the subsequent politics and culture of unions in America.  Voss also argued, however, that the Knights had adopted an ideology which was not resilient in the face of organizational collapse.

More recently, Voss has explored the factors which cause the rise of transnational social movements. She is also studying the power of story-telling and narrative song in social movements.

Memberships and awards
Voss has been the recipient of a number of awards and honors.  Her article "Formal Organization and the Fate of Social Movements," which appeared in the American Sociological Review in 1990 was named Best Recent Article by the Comparative Historical Section of the American Sociological Association (ASA) in 1991.

The Political Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association gave her its Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship Award for a First Book honor in 1995 for her book, The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century.

The book Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth, which she co-authored, won the Myers Center Award for the Study of Human Rights in North America in 1997.

Her article "Breaking the Iron Law of Oligarchy," which she co-authored Rachel Sherman and which appeared in the American Journal of Sociology in September 2000 won the Distinguished Article Award from the Labor Studies Division of the Society for the Study of Social Problems in 2001.

Voss has served in a wide variety of capacities in several professional organizations as well.  She was chair of the prize committee of the Comparative Historical Section of the ASA from 1991 to 1992 and again from 1996 to 1999; council representative for the Collective Behavior and Social Movements Section of the ASA from 1994 to 1997; chair of the Labor and Labor Movements Section of the ASA from 2002 to 2003; and secretary-treasurer of the Political Sociology Section of the ASA from 2002 to 2005.

She serves or has served on the editorial board of the Rose Monograph Series, Contexts and the American Sociological Review. She is also a reviewer form many journals, including the American Journal of Sociology, American Sociological Review, Industrial Relations, Mobilization, Perspectives on Politics, and Theory and Society.

She is a member of the American Sociological Association and the Social Science History Association.

Published works

Solely authored books
The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Co-authored books
Fischer, Claude; Hout, Michael; Jankowski, Martin Sanchez; Lucas, Samuel R.; Swidler, Ann; and Voss, Kim. Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Voss, Kim and Fantasia, Rick. Hard Work: Remaking the American Labor Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.

Co-edited books
Milkman, Ruth and Kim Voss, eds. Rebuilding Labor: Organizing and Organizers in the New Union Movement. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004.

Solely authored book chapters
"Claim-Making and the Interpretation of Defeats: The Interpretation of Losses by American and British Labor Activists, 1886-1895." In Challenging Authority: The Historical Study of Contentious Politics. Michael Hanagan, Leslie Page Moon and Wayne Te Brake, eds. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998.
"The Collapse of a Social Movement: The Interplay of Mobilizing Structures, Framing, and Political Opportunities in the Knights of Labor." In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Doug McAdam, John McCarthy, and Mayer Zald, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
"Sombart, the Knights of Labor, and Class Formation in America." In Werner Sombart and 'American Exceptionalism. Mark R. Thompson, ed. Berlin: Lit Verlag, 2004.

Co-authored book chapters
Carter, Bob; Fairbrother, Peter; Voss, Kim; and Sherman, Rachel. "Made in the USA: The TUC, the Organising Model and the Limits of Transferability." In Research in the Sociology of Work.  Vol. 11: Labor Revitalization: Global Perspectives and New Initiatives. Amsterdam: JAI Press, 2003.
Ganz, Marshall; Voss, Kim; Sharpe, Teresa; Somers, Carl and Strauss, George. "Against the Tide: Projects and Pathways of the New Generation of Union Leaders, 1984 2001." In Rebuilding Labor: Organizing and Organizers in the New Union Movement. Ruth Milkman and Kim Voss, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Voss, Kim and Sherman, Rachel. "Organize or Die: Labor's New Tactics and Immigrant Workers." In Organizing Immigrants: The Challenge for Unions in Contemporary California. Ruth Milkman, ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000.
Voss, Kim and Sherman, Rachel. "You Can't Just Do it Automatically: The Transition to Social Movement Unionism in the United States." In Trade Unions in Renewal: A Comparative Study. Peter Fairbrother and Charlotte A.B. Yates, eds. London: Continuum, 2003.

Solely authored articles
"Disposition Is Not Action: The Rise and Demise of the Knights of Labor." Studies in American Political Development. 6 (Fall 1992).
"Labor Organization and Class Alliance: Industries, Communities, and the Knights of Labor." Theory and Society. 17 (1988).

Co-authored articles
Voss, Kim and Conell, Carol. "Formal Organization and the Fate of Social Movements." American Sociological Review. 55 (1990).
Voss, Kim and Fantasia, Rick. "The Future of American Labor: Reinventing Unions." Contexts. 3 (Spring 2004).
Voss, Kim and Sherman, Rachel. "Breaking the Iron Law of Oligarchy: Tactical Innovation and the Revitalization of the American Labor Movement." American Journal of Sociology. 106 (September 2000).

References
Kim Voss, professor and chair, Dept. of Sociology, UC-Berkeley
Kim Voss C.V.

External links
Dept. of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley

Writers from Berkeley, California
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Cornell University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Labor historians
21st-century American historians
Historians of the United States
American sociologists
American women sociologists
1952 births
Living people
Catawba College alumni
American women historians
21st-century American women writers
Historians from California

Kim Voss


is a common ingredient (or stuff) in Japanese cooking.

The term "Mirin" is a general name that resembles a close taste for cooking purpose. But there are two types. One is a traditional type called "本みりん", which was developed a hundred years ago. It is produced almost all from rice,  kōji and alcohol. During brewing process, about 14 % of alcohol is included, so that it protects mirin from going bad or spoiling. In fact sugar is not added to it. Mirin is a kind of rice wine similar to sake. Sweetness comes from its brewing process.

The other is a fake of 本みりん, often called "みりん風調味料", which hardly contains alcohol and adds sugar and broth instead. It is 40%–50% sugar. Thus, new type is usually sold much cheaper in market. This kind of Mirin contain less  alcohol.

In Kansai style cooking, mirin is boiled  for a short time. This removes some of the alcohol.  Kansai-style boiled mirin is called nikiri mirin (煮切り味醂).But usually it is boiled enough to take alcohl away in cooking.

Mirin is used in teriyaki sauce, too.Mirin is popular and widely used for Japanese dishes.

References
〈シ リーズ ・醸造 の基本技術 〉み りん(1) by Japan Science and Technology Agency
日本調理科学会誌 Vol. 42,No. 1,44~48(2009)み り ん by Japan Science and Technology Agency

Japanese food

Mirin


is a retired Japanese professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball from 2008 to 2012, primarily with the Chicago Cubs and had a long spanning career in the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Chunichi Dragons and Hanshin Tigers.

Prior to arriving in MLB, Fukudome played nine seasons for the Chunichi Dragons of the Nippon Professional Baseball. He was also a member of the Japan national baseball team, winning a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics, a bronze medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics, and placing first in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2009 World Baseball Classic. He won the Central League MVP in 2006.

Early career
Fukudome entered the PL Gakuen High School, and was quickly targeted by professional scouts as a potential first round draft pick.  Seven teams chose Fukudome in the first round of the 1995 draft, the Kintetsu Buffaloes won the right to negotiate with Fukudome by winning the lottery.  However, Fukudome had already decided that he would not turn pro unless he could play with the Chunichi Dragons or Yomiuri Giants, and joined Nihon Seimei, whose baseball team belonged to the industrial leagues.  In 1996, at the age of 19, he became the youngest player to ever be chosen for an Olympic baseball team, and his team won a silver medal in the Atlanta Olympics.

Professional career

Chunichi Dragons
The Chunichi Dragons drafted Fukudome in  in the first round as a shortstop. Fukudome had grown up a fan of Dragons infielder Kazuyoshi Tatsunami, and received an autograph from Tatsunami, who would be his teammate when he joined the Dragons.

Manager Senichi Hoshino used Fukudome in 132 games in his rookie year, and Fukudome batted .284 with 16 home runs, and contributing to his team's league championship.  However, he also led the league in strikeouts.  While Fukudome was fast and had a strong throwing arm, he simply could not field ground balls well at shortstop.  He made several errors which led to his team's loss in the Japan Series, and was often taken out of games in later innings.

He was converted to third base in his second year, but his fielding improved little, and his hitting dropped as well.  The next year, he was moved to the outfield.  While he played poorly at first, he gradually improved to become the everyday right fielder.  His natural speed and strong arm has since led to his winning four Golden Glove awards in the outfield.

His hitting also improved dramatically.  He stopped Hideki Matsui in his run for the triple crown in , by leading the league in batting average (.343). He hit .313 with 34 homers the next year, establishing himself as one of the best hitters in the league.

In 2004, he joined the Japanese Olympic baseball team for the second time, winning a bronze medal in the Athens Olympics.  He was chosen for the 2006 World Baseball Classic team, and pinch-hit with a two-run home run off Byung-hyun Kim in the semi-finals against Korea.  He pinch-hit again in the finals for a two-run hit against Cuba.

In 2006, he batted .351 with 31 home runs and 104 RBIs, winning the Central League MVP award.

When asked whether he had any interest in the Major Leagues on a television show in the 2006 off-season, Fukudome answered, "It would be a lie to say I didn't. Playing in the World Baseball Classic increased my desire to play in the majors."

Fukudome became a free agent in November 2007.

Chicago Cubs

On December 11, 2007, the Chicago Cubs signed Fukudome to a four-year, $48 million contract. Fukudome said in an interview that one of the main reasons he chose the Chicago Cubs over the other three teams trying to sign him to their roster was because he wanted to be the first Japanese player to play for the team. He also thought Chicago had a great Japanese community, and that it was a great place to raise his children.

Fukudome made his Major League debut on March 31, 2008, against the Milwaukee Brewers at Wrigley Field. He went 3-for-3 with a walk, including a double on his first Major League pitch, and a three-run game-tying home run off Brewers' closer Éric Gagné in the bottom of the ninth inning. The Brewers went on to win 4–3 in extra innings.

In April 2008, a souvenir stand selling unlicensed Cubs apparel sold a t-shirt bearing the Cubs cartoon bear wearing oversized Harry Caray-style glasses encircled by the phrase "Horry Kow" (an Engrish play on Caray's "Holy Cow!" catchphrase) in cartoonish Asian script below. Mark Kolbusz, the souvenir stand operator, said the shirt was his top seller so far that season, and that 1 in 10 customers complained that it was offensive. After he was shown the shirt, Fukudome said through his interpreter, "I don't know what the creator of the shirt meant this to be, but they should make it right. Maybe the creator created it because he thought it was funny, or maybe he made it to condescend the race.  I don't know."  After a story on the t-shirt appeared in the Chicago Sun-Times, the Cubs ordered Kolbusz to pull the shirt off the stand and to stop production.

After a fast start, Fukudome's 2008 MLB performance faded.  After a .327 batting average in April, each successive month reflected less success as Fukudome batted .293 in May, .264 in June, .236 in July, .193 in August, and .178 in September, followed by .100 in the postseason. He ended the year with a .257 average, and a .370 slugging percentage. He hit .251 against right-handers, and .137 when there were 2 outs and runners in scoring position.  Fukudome's slide was detailed in a New York Times article.

Nonetheless, on July 7, 2008, Fukudome was voted a starter in the 2008 MLB All-Star Game. Cubs manager Lou Piniella defended him from criticism, and said, "[Fukudome] does such a good job in right field we hate to take him out of the lineup", and further stated the team would continue to give him more opportunities.

After the Game 2 loss to the Dodgers in the NLDS, a reporter asked Piniella, enraged about the loss, about starting Fukudome. Piniella responded, "I'm going to play [Mike] Fontenot or Reed Johnson or somebody else, and that's the end of that story. The kid is struggling, and there's no sense sending him out there anymore."  Fukudome managed only one single in 10 at-bats in the postseason.

In 2009, the Cubs switched Fukudome to center field, after acquiring right fielder Milton Bradley. In July, Fukudome became the Cubs' leadoff hitter. He replaced Alfonso Soriano, who had been performing poorly in May and June. He had the lowest range factor of all starting major league center fielders (2.29). Fukudome walked 93 times, hit 38 doubles, and stole six bases. His .375 on-base percentage was second on the team.

During his time in Chicago, Fukudome quickly endeared himself to supporters and became a fan favorite. His #1 Jersey was one of the League's best sellers during his tenure with the Cubs.

Cleveland Indians
On July 28, 2011, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians for 2 minor league prospects. In 59 games in Cleveland, he hit only .249. On August 12, right fielder Shin-Soo Choo was activated from the 15-day disabled list, moving Fukudome to Center field. But on August 27, Choo suffered another injury that would put him on the 15-day disabled list again on September 1, and that moved Fukudome back to right.

Chicago White Sox

Fukudome signed a 1-year $1 million contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 14, 2012. On June 22, Fukudome was designated for assignment after hitting .171, 0 home runs and 4 RBI in 24 games played and 41 at-bats. Fukudome was released June 26.

New York Yankees
The New York Yankees signed Fukudome to a minor league contract on July 13, 2012. Fukudome was released by the Yankees September 3, 2012 after hitting .264 in 43 games for New York's AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre team.

Hanshin Tigers
After the  MLB season, Fukodome returned to the NPB and sign with the Hanshin Tigers.  After playing just 63 games in 2013 and 104 in 2014 with limited offensive production, Fukudome experienced a resurgence in 2015 at the age of 38.  In playing all but three of the season's 143 games, he batted .281 with 20 home runs, 24 doubles, and 76 RBI.  The home run and RBI totals were Fukudome's highest since his second to last year with the Chunichi Dragons of the Central League in 2006.

At the end of the 2015 season, Fukudome was named to an NPB Best Nine lineup for a fourth time and was awarded his fifth career Golden Glove as an outfielder.  The nine years between his last Golden Glove and 2015 is a Central League record.  He will return to the Tigers' outfield in 2016 for his 18th professional season at age 39.

On 30 July 2016, Fukudome became the 4th player in NPB history to register multiple cycle hits as he helped lead the Tigers to an 8–3 victory over his former team, the Chunichi Dragons.

On December 2, 2020, he become a free agent.

Second stint with the Dragons
On December 18, 2020, Fukudome signed a contract to return to the Dragons and held a press conference. On September 23, 2022, he retired after 24 years. Fukodome was last active NPB player to have played in the 20th century.

World Baseball Classic
Fukudome was a part of the 2006 World Baseball Classic and 2009 World Baseball Classic champion Japanese teams.

References

External links

 NPB statistics

1977 births
Living people
Baseball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Baseball people from Kagoshima Prefecture
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox players
Chunichi Dragons players
Cleveland Indians players
Hanshin Tigers players
Japanese expatriate baseball players in the United States
Major League Baseball players from Japan
Major League Baseball right fielders
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
National baseball team players
National League All-Stars
Nippon Professional Baseball outfielders
Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners
Olympic baseball players for Japan
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Olympic silver medalists for Japan
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players

Kosuke Fukudome


John Adam Quackenbush (October 15, 1828 – May 11, 1908) was a U.S. Republican politician from New York.

Biography
John A. Quackenbush was born in Schaghticoke, New York on October 15, 1828.  He was educated locally, graduated from Stillwater Academy and became a farmer, also becoming active in other ventures including a lumber business.

A Republican, he was Schaghticoke's Town Supervisor from 1860 to 1862, also serving as Chairman of the Rensselaer County Board of Supervisors.  Quackenbush was a member of the New York State Assembly (Rensselaer Co., 2nd D.) in 1863.  From 1873 to 1876 Quackenbush was Sheriff of Rensselaer County.

Quackenbush was elected as a United States Representative in 1888 and again in 1890, serving from March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1892, afterwards living in retirement in Schaghticoke.

He died in Schaghticoke on May 11, 1908, and was buried in Schaghticoke's Elmwood Cemetery.

References

Sources

 Hudson Valley Times, Obituary, John A. Quackenbush, May 13, 1908

1828 births
1908 deaths
Town supervisors in New York (state)
Sheriffs of Rensselaer County, New York
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Schaghticoke, New York
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American legislators

John A. Quackenbush


David Lockhart-Mure Renton, Baron Renton,  (12 August 1908 – 24 May 2007) was a British politician who served for over 60 years in Parliament, 34 in the House of Commons and then 28 in the House of Lords.

Renton was Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire from 1945 to 1979, initially as a Liberal National and then in accordance with the party's successive mergers with the Conservatives, as a "National Liberal and Conservative", then in 1968 he was one of the final three National Liberal MPs who opted to wind up the party and become a full part of the Conservatives. He became a life peer in 1979, and was the oldest member of the House of Lords from 2004 until his death.

Early life
Renton was born in Dartford, the son of a surgeon and a nurse.  He was educated at Stubbington, Oundle, and University College, Oxford, of which he was made an honorary fellow in 1990. Going up to read medicine, he switched to law.  He was president of the Oxford University Liberal Club.  He played Rugby fives for the University of Oxford and also played cricket and rugby union for his college. He then entered the Inns of Court to study law.

Early career
Renton was called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn in 1933.  He practised as a barrister on the South-east Circuit, with a mixed caseload of civil and criminal law.  He was elected as a member of the General Council of the Bar in 1939, and was Treasurer of Lincoln's Inn in 1979, the year he retired from the House of Commons.

Renton joined the Territorial Army in 1938 and was commissioned into the Royal Engineers. He transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1940, and volunteered to serve overseas in 1942. He was posted to the Middle East for three years.  Promoted to Major, he served as a legal adviser at GHQ Cairo, before becoming president of the British Military Court of Tripolitania, based in Tripoli, in 1944.

Career
He returned to England in 1945, and was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdonshire in the 1945 general election, as a Liberal National. During his time in the Commons the party merged with the Conservatives at constituency level (and changed their name to "National Liberal", with Renton using the label "National Liberal and Conservative" in elections from 1950 onwards). In 1968 he was one of the final three National Liberal MPs who opted to wind up the party and become a full part of the Conservatives. He continued to practise law throughout his political career, and became a QC in 1954. He befriended Margaret Roberts (later Thatcher) when she was a student at Lincoln's Inn in 1950. He became a bencher in 1962, and served as Treasurer in 1979. He was Recorder of Rochester from 1963 to 1968 and Recorder of Guildford from 1968 to 1973. He was vice-chairman of the Council of Legal Education from 1968 to 1973, and served as a member of the Senate of Inns of Court.

Renton joined the British delegation to draft the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950.  He became a junior minister in the governments of Sir Anthony Eden and Harold Macmillan in the 1950s, serving as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Fuel and Power under Aubrey Jones from 1955 to 1957, and then at the Minister of Power from 1957 to 1958, where he assisted to pass the Clean Air Act.  He moved to the Home Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State from 1958 to 1961 and then as Minister of State from 1961 to 1962.  Serving under Home Secretary Rab Butler, he pushed through acts including the Life Peerages Act 1958, the Street Offences Act 1958 and the Commonwealth Immigration Act 1962.   He was sacked in the Night of the Long Knives in July 1962, but received the consolation of being sworn of the Privy Council.  He later sat on a number of House of Commons committees.  He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1964, and won an RSPCA bronze medal the same year for rescuing horses and pigs from a fire hear his home.

He supported Britain joining the European Community, but later supported the Save the Pound campaign.  In 1971, he was a member of the Kilbrandon Commission, the Royal Commission on the Constitution which rejected complete self-government for Scotland and Wales, suggesting instead a limited form of devolution.  At the invitation of Ted Heath, he chaired the Committee on Preparation of Legislation which reviewed the methods for drafting Acts of Parliament.  The Renton Report was published in 1975, recommending drafting which was more based on principles than specific details to address every possible situation.

He served as Deputy Lieutenant for Huntingdonshire in 1962, for Huntingdon and Peterborough in 1964, and for Cambridgeshire in 1974.

He stood down from his Huntingdonshire seat at the 1979 general election, and was created a life peer on 11 July 1979, taking his seat in the House of Lords as Baron Renton, of Huntingdon in the County of Cambridgeshire. His successor as MP for Huntingdonshire was the future Conservative Prime Minister John Major. He was a deputy speaker in the House of Lords from 1982 to 1988.

Later career
He was elected president of the Association of Conservative Peers in 1998, unopposed, and became life president in 2003. Renton was the oldest peer in the House of Lords from 4 April 2004 until his death.

He played cricket for the Lords and Commons Cricket Club until he was 66, and hunted until he was 70.  He continued to shoot until he was 91, when a heart valve was replaced.

He was a leader in the movement to preserve the traditions of the House of Lords, including lifelong membership for members of the Peerage. According to The Washington Post in 2005, Renton maintained that "the genius of the upper house is that it includes world-renowned experts in law, science and the arts who would never run for election", and that "Democracy has its limitations."  His memoirs, The Spice of Life, were published in 2006.

Personal life
In July 2003, just short of his 95th birthday, he passed his driving test for the first time.   He was a regular driver since 1934, at a time when there was no formal driving test in the United Kingdom, although he stopped driving some time before he died. In passing his driving test, he became the oldest person to pass the driving test in the United Kingdom.

He married Claire Cicely ("Paddy") Duncan in 1947.  They had three daughters.  His wife died of cancer in 1986.  His youngest daughter, Davina, inherited Rett syndrome which left her severely mentally and physically disabled.  She died in October 2006.  He was chairman of Mencap from 1978, and president from 1982 to 1988.  He and his wife established the charity Demand (Design and Manufacture for Disability) to provide adapted furniture to the disabled.

Death
He died in Abbots Ripton in Cambridgeshire.  He was survived by two daughters, Caroline and Clare.

Arms

References

Pomp, Tradition of House of Lords Comfort Some, Alienate Others, The Washington Post, 4 December 2005
UK's oldest peer dies at age 98, BBC News, 24 May 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 25 May 2007
Obituary, The Independent, 25 May 2007
Obituary, The Times, 25 May 2007
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 25 May 2007

External links

David Renton & Banning Firearms - UK Parliamentary Living Heritage
Parliamentary Archives, Papers of David Lockhart-Mure Renton, 1908-2007

1908 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Deputy Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Huntingdon and Peterborough
Deputy Lieutenants of Huntingdonshire
English barristers
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Eden government, 1955–1957
Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964
National Liberal Party (UK, 1931) politicians
People educated at Oundle School
People educated at Stubbington House School
People from Dartford
Royal Artillery officers
Royal Engineers officers
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
20th-century English lawyers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

David Renton


The mayor of New York City, officially Mayor of the City of New York, is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within New York City.

The budget, overseen by New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget, is the largest municipal budget in the United States, totaling $100.7 billion in fiscal year 2021. The City employs 325,000 people, spends about $21 billion to educate more than 1.1 million students (the largest public school system in the United States), and levies $27 billion in taxes. It receives $14 billion from the state and federal governments.

The mayor's office is located in New York City Hall; it has jurisdiction over all five boroughs of New York City: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island and Queens. The mayor appoints numerous officials, including deputy mayors and the commissioners who head city agencies and departments. The mayor's regulations are compiled in title 43 of the New York City Rules. According to current law, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms in office but may run again after a four-year break. The limit on consecutive terms was changed from two to three on October 23, 2008, when the New York City Council voted 29–22 in favor of passing the term limit extension into law. However, in 2010, a referendum reverting the limit to two terms passed overwhelmingly.

The current mayor is Eric Adams, who was elected on November 2, 2021, and took office shortly after midnight on January 1, 2022.

History

In 1665, Governor Richard Nicolls appointed Thomas Willett as the first mayor of New York. For 156 years, the mayor was appointed and had limited power. Between 1783 and 1821 the mayor was appointed by the Council of Appointment in which the state's governor had the loudest voice. In 1821 the Common Council, which included elected members, gained the authority to choose the mayor. An amendment to the New York State Constitution in 1834 provided for the direct popular election of the mayor. Cornelius W. Lawrence, a Democrat, was elected that year.

Gracie Mansion has been the official residence of the mayor since Fiorello La Guardia's administration in 1942. Its main floor is open to the public and serves as a small museum.

The mayor is entitled to a salary of $258,750 a year. Michael Bloomberg, mayor of the city from 2002 to 2013 and one of the richest people in the world, declined the salary and instead was paid $1 yearly.

In 2000 direct control of the city's public school system was transferred to the mayor's office. In 2003 the reorganization established the New York City Department of Education.

Tammany Hall

Tammany Hall, which evolved from an organization of craftsmen into a Democratic political machine, gained control of Democratic Party nominations in the state and city in 1861. It played a major role in New York City politics into the 1960s and was a dominant player from the mayoral victory of Fernando Wood in 1854 through the era of Robert Wagner (1954–1965). Its last political leader was an African American man named J. Raymond Jones.

Deputies
The mayor of New York City may appoint several deputy mayors to help oversee major offices within the executive branch of the city government. The powers and duties, and even the number of deputy mayors, are not defined by the City Charter.

The post was created by Fiorello La Guardia (who appointed Grover Whalen as deputy mayor) to handle ceremonial events that the mayor was too busy to attend. Since then, deputy mayors have been appointed with their areas of responsibility defined by the appointing mayor. There are currently five deputy mayors, all of whom report directly to the mayor. The majority of agency commissioners and department heads report to one of the deputy mayors, giving the role a great deal of power within a mayoral administration.

Deputy mayors do not have any right to succeed to the mayoralty in the case of vacancy or incapacity of the mayor. (The order of succession is the Public Advocate of the City of New York, then the Comptroller of the City of New York.)

Current deputy mayors
 Sheena Wright, First Deputy Mayor
 Advises the mayor on citywide administrative, operational and policy matters.

 Maria Torres-Springer, Deputy Mayor for Housing and Economic Development
 Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Economic Development Corporation, the Department of City Planning, Department of Housing Preservation and Development, Department of Small Business Services, Department of Cultural Affairs, New York City Housing Development Corporation and related agencies.

 Anne Williams-Isom, Deputy Mayor for Health and Human Services
 Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Human Resources Administration, Department of Homeless Services, the Administration for Children's Services, New York City Health and Hospitals, and related agencies.

 Meera Joshi, Deputy Mayor for Operations
 Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Department of Environmental Protection, Department of Sanitation, Department of       Transportation, Department of Parks and Recreation, Department of Design and Construction, School Construction Authority, Department of Buildings, Taxi and Limousine Commission, and related agencies.
Phil Banks, Deputy Mayor for Public Safety
 Oversees and coordinates the operations of the Fire Department, Department of Correction, Department of Probation, New York City Emergency Management, Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice and related agencies.
Ana Almanzar, Deputy Mayor for Strategic Initiatives
Fabien Levy, Deputy Mayor for Communications

Notable former deputy mayors

Under Bill de Blasio

 Emma Wolfe 2020–2021 Chief of Staff/Government Operations
 Dean Fuleihan 2018–2021 First Deputy Mayor
 Anthony Shorris 2014–2017 First Deputy Mayor
 Vicki Been 2019–2021 Housing and Economic Development
 Alicia Glen 2014-2019 Housing and Economic Development
 Herminia Palacio 2016–2019 Health and Human Services
 Lilliam Barrios-Paoli 2014–2016 Health and Human Services

Under Michael Bloomberg

 Patricia Harris 2001–2013
 Stephen Goldsmith 2010–2011
 Daniel L. Doctoroff 2002–2008
 Robert K. Steel 2010–2013
 Dennis M. Walcott
 Howard Wolfson

Previous administrations
 Joe Lhota—under Rudy Giuliani
Kenneth Lipper—under Ed Koch
 William Lynch 1990–1992—under David Dinkins
 Randy Daniels 1992  under David Dinkins
Barry F. Sullivan 1992–1994—under David Dinkins
 Basil Paterson 1978—under Ed Koch
 Herman Badillo 1977–1979—under Ed Koch
 Robert W. Sweet 1966–1969—under John Lindsay
Charles Henry Tenney 1962-1965 Robert F. Wagner Jr

Offices appointed

"The mayor has the power to appoint and remove the commissioners of more than 40 city agencies and members of City boards and commissions." These include:

New York City Police Commissioner
New York City Fire Commissioner
New York City Criminal Court judges
New York City Marshals
New York City Schools Chancellor (as of 2002)
New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget
Commissioner of Health of the City of New York

Board member
The mayor of New York City is an ex-officio board member of the following organizations:

American Museum of Natural History
Brooklyn Academy of Music
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Brooklyn Children's Museum
Brooklyn Museum of Art
Brooklyn Public Library
Carnegie Hall
El Museo del Barrio
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Museum of Jewish Heritage
Museum of the City of New York
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
New York Botanical Garden
New York Hall of Science
New York Public Library
New York Shakespeare Festival
Public Design Commission
Queens Borough Public Library
Queens Botanical Garden
Queens Museum of Art
Snug Harbor Cultural Center
Staten Island Botanical Garden
Staten Island Children's Museum
Staten Island Historical Society
Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences
Staten Island Zoo
Wave Hill
Wildlife Conservation Society

Commentary

The New York City mayoralty has become known as the "second toughest job in America." It has been observed that politicians are rarely elected to any higher office after serving as mayor of New York City; the last mayor who later achieved higher office was John T. Hoffman, who became governor of New York in 1869. Former mayor Ed Koch said that the post was jinxed due to divine intervention, whereas Michael Bloomberg has called the supposed curse "a statistical fluke."

In popular culture

Local tabloid newspapers often refer to the mayor as "Hizzoner", a corruption of the honorific style His Honor.

Spin City, a 1990s TV sitcom, starred Michael J. Fox as a deputy mayor of New York under Barry Bostwick's fictional Mayor Randall Winston.

Several mayors have appeared in television and movies, as well as on Broadway, most notably in The Will Rogers Follies. In the 1980s and 1990s, mayors Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani appeared on Saturday Night Live on several occasions, sometimes mocking themselves in sketches. Giuliani and Mayor Michael Bloomberg have both appeared, as themselves in their mayoral capacities, on episodes of Law & Order. Giuliani also appeared as himself in an episode of Seinfeld, titled "The Non-Fat Yogurt". Giuliani has made cameos in films such as The Out-of-Towners and Anger Management. Bloomberg has appeared on 30 Rock, Gossip Girl, Curb Your Enthusiasm and Horace and Pete.

See also

 List of mayors of New York City
 New York City mayoral elections (since 1897)
 Borough president
 Government of New York City
 History of New York City
 New York City Council
 New York City Public Advocate
 New York City Comptroller
 New York City Board of Estimate (1897–1990)
 New York City Civil Court
 New York City Criminal Court
 New York City: the 51st State

References

Further reading
 Arnold, R. Douglas, and Nicholas Carnes. "Holding mayors accountable: New York's executives from Koch to Bloomberg." American Journal of Political Science 56.4 (2012): 949-963 online.

 Fine, Elizabeth, and James Caras. "Twenty-Five Years of the Council-Mayor Governance of New York City: A History of the Council's Powers, the Separation of Powers, and Issues for Future Resolution" New York Law School Review (2013) 58#1 pp. 119-136 online

 Fuchs, Ester R. Mayors and money: Fiscal policy in New York and Chicago (University of Chicago Press, 1992) online.
 Hoffman, David C., Tiffany Lewis, and Don Waisanen. "The language of political genres: inaugural and state speeches of New York City Mayors and US Presidents." Proceedings of the New York State Communication Association 2017.1 (2021): 9+ online.
 Holli, Melvin G., and  Peter d'A. Jones, eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors 1820-1980 (Greenwood, 1981) Short scholarly biographies of all NYC mayors 1820-1980; see list p. 410.
 Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed. Yale University Press, 2010). online
 McNickle, Chris. To be mayor of New York: Ethnic politics in the city (Columbia University Press, 1993) online; covers 1881-1989.

 McNickle, Chris. Bloomberg: A Billionaire's Ambition (Simon and Schuster, 2017), scholarly study of mayoralty. 2002–2013 online.
 Reitano, Joanne. The Restless City: A short history of New York from colonial times to the present (Routledge, 2010).

 Rogers, David. Mayoral control of the New York City schools (Springer, 2009). online

 Weikart, Lynne A. Follow the Money: Who Controls New York City Mayors? (SUNY Press, 2009).

External links

 Mayor in the Rules of the City of New York

1665 establishments in the Province of New York

Mayor of New York City


The long-billed pipit or brown rock pipit (Anthus similis) is a passerine bird which has a wide distribution. A number of subspecies have been created for the populations in Africa, through the Arabian peninsula and South Asia. The systematics of this complex is yet to be clarified. Most birds are residents or short distance migrants.

Taxonomy and systematics
This is a complex group with several similar looking birds with very disjunct distributions and the exact patterns of phylogeny are yet to be determined. Several subspecies that were formerly placed within this species have been raised to full species status.

The wood pipit (Anthus nyassae), an inhabitant of miombo woodland in south-central Africa, was formerly treated as a subspecies of this bird but is now usually regarded as a separate species. Some authorities also split Bannerman's pipit (Anthus (similis) bannermani), a bird of mountain grassland in West Africa. The Nicholson's pipit is a recently split non-migratory species from southern Africa.

The nominate race was described by Thomas C. Jerdon in 1840 from peninsular India. This form occurs along the Western Ghats and into the Nilgiris and Palni Hills. A darker race travancoriensis was described by Sidney Dillon Ripley in 1953 for the form possibly restricted south of the Palghat Gap. Subspecies decaptus described by Richard Meinertzhagen is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of northwestern India, while jerdoni is found along the Himalayan foothills east to Nepal. The population yamethini is somewhat disjunct and found in Myanmar. Several other races are described in the West Asian region and from Africa.

Description
This is a medium-large pipit, 16–17.5 cm long, but is an undistinguished looking species on the ground, mainly sandy grey above and whitish or pale buff below. It is very similar to the tawny pipit, but is slightly larger, has a longer tail and a longer dark bill.

The long-billed pipit's flight is strong and direct, and it gives a characteristic chupp call, similar to desert lark. Its song is like that of the tawny pipit, but slower and more varied, sri...churr...sri...churr…sri..churr. Like its relatives, long-billed pipit eats seeds and insects.

The long-billed pipit's breeding habitat is dry open slopes with rocks and low vegetation. The nest is on the ground, with 2-4 eggs being laid.

Gallery

References

External links
 The Internet Bird Collection
 Long-billed pipit - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.

Anthus
Birds of the Middle East
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
Birds described in 1960

Long-billed pipit


The Brisbane River (Turrbal: ) is the longest river in South East Queensland, Australia, and flows through the city of Brisbane, before emptying into Moreton Bay on the Coral Sea. John Oxley, the first European to explore the river, named it after the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane in 1823. The penal colony of Moreton Bay later adopted the same name, eventually becoming the present city of Brisbane. The river is a tidal estuary and the water is brackish from its mouth through the majority of the Brisbane metropolitan area westward to the Mount Crosby Weir. The river is wide and navigable throughout the Brisbane metropolitan area.

The river travels  from Mount Stanley. The river is dammed by the Wivenhoe Dam, forming Lake Wivenhoe, the main water supply for Brisbane. The waterway is a habitat for the rare Queensland lungfish, Brisbane River cod (extinct), and bull sharks.

Early travellers along the waterway admired the natural beauty, abundant fish and rich vegetation along its banks. From 1862 the Brisbane River has been dredged for navigation purposes. The river served as an important carriageway between Brisbane and Ipswich before a railway linking the towns was built in 1875. By the late 1920s, water quality in the river had significantly deteriorated.

Multiple major floods occurred in 1893. In 1974, the most damaging flood on record occurred, causing the 66,000-tonne vessel Robert Miller (largest ship ever built on the river) to break free from its mooring. Other major floods occurred in January 2011 and February 2022.

Extensive port facilities have been constructed on the Fisherman Islands, now known as the Port of Brisbane, located at the mouth of the river on Moreton Bay. There are 16 major bridges that cross the river. The Clem Jones Tunnel, opened in 2010, is the river's first underground crossing for road transport. The CityCat ferry service delivers passengers along the inner-city reaches of the river.

Name
In 1823 John Oxley named the river after the Governor Thomas Brisbane while surveying the area to locate a new penal settlement. The name is of Scottish origin, dating from at least 1643, from their family lands at Rothiebrisbane, Aberdeenshire. This is the name now used by the Queensland Government.

Maiwar is the name of the river in the Turrbal language (the language of an Aboriginal group native to the Brisbane area). The name is also used for the inner-western state electorate of Maiwar.

According to Archibald Meston and Tom Petrie in 1901, the Aboriginal people of the Brisbane area did not have a single name for the river, but rather they named individual reaches and bends.

Course

The Brisbane River East and West branches traditionally have their headwaters in the ranges east of Kingaroy. The two branches merge into a single watercourse south of Mount Stanley. Using an alternative modern definition, the source is located at the top of Fig Tree Gully in the Bunya Mountains, which are the headwaters of the river's longest tributary Cooyar Creek. Water from the highest point in the catchment has fallen on the Bunya Mountains, 992m above sea level.

The junction of Cooyar Creek and Brisbane River is south of Avoca Vale, and the river then makes its way south past townships including Linville, Moore and Toogoolawah before being joined by the Stanley River, just south of Somerset Dam.

The river runs from there into Lake Wivenhoe, created by the Wivenhoe Dam. Beyond the dam, the river meanders eastward, meeting the Bremer River near Ipswich, then making its way through Brisbane's western suburbs, including Jindalee, Indooroopilly and Toowong.

The Brisbane River then flows past wharves including Pinkenba Wharf and Portside Wharf, past Bulwer Island and Luggage Point through the Port of Brisbane and into southern Bramble Bay an embayment of Moreton Bay.

Kangaroo Point Cliffs
On the southern side of the river, opposite Gardens Point, are the Kangaroo Point Cliffs; made from Triassic aged volcanic rock of rhyolite composition called Brisbane tuff. The Kangaroo Point Cliffs were created by a quarrying operation that, according to Allan Cunninghams' Field Book, was underway prior to 1829 when he observed a "stone wharf presumably used for landing the blocks of stone ferried across the river for the construction of buildings in the settlement". This was in the vicinity of Edward Street ferry terminal. Quarrying this volcanic rock formed part of the hard labour undertaken by the convicts of the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement, which not only provided the convicts with the punishment of hard labour but also provided the settlement with a useful building material. Many of the early buildings including the Commissariat Store, Brisbane were built by convicts using tuff from this quarry. After the penal settlement was closed, the Petrie family leased the cliffs and quarried the tuff for use in their construction projects, but ultimately quarrying this material became uneconomic without the free labour of the convicts.

The volcanic rock Ignimbrite which formed the cliffs was deposited in the Triassic period about 220 million years ago. They currently form the banks of the Brisbane River.

Reaches
A number of the reaches of the Brisbane River are named, including the following listed below (from upstream to downstream), together with their location relative to tributaries of the river and river crossings:

Tributaries
The following major tributaries flow into the Brisbane River from the north; Breakfast Creek, Moggill Creek and the Stanley River. On the southside Bulimba Creek, Norman Creek, Oxley Creek, Bremer River and Lockyer Creek waterways enter the Brisbane River. The following smaller creeks also flow into the river; Cressbrook Creek, Cooyar Creek, Cubberla Creek, Black Snake Creek, Wolston Creek, Woogaroo Creek, Goodna Creek, Six Mile Creek, Pullen Pullen Creek and Kholo Creek.

History

Before European settlement, the Brisbane River was spiritually important and a vital food source for the Aboriginal people of the Turrbal people, primarily through fishing in the tidal sections downstream. Additionally, fishing and fire-stick farming took place in the upper reaches of the river where there was freshwater, in some seasons.

Four European navigators, namely James Cook, Matthew Flinders, John Bingle and William Edwardson, all visited Moreton Bay but failed to discover the river. The exploration by Flinders took place during his expedition from Port Jackson north to Hervey Bay in 1799. He spent a total of 15 days in the area, touching down at Woody Point and several other spots, but failed to discover the mouth of the river although there were suspicions of its existence. This is consistent with accounts of many other rivers along the east coast of Australia, which could not be found by seaward exploration but were discovered by inland travellers.

On 21 March 1823, four ticket-of-leave convicts sailing south from Sydney on a timber getting mission to Illawarra, Thomas Pamphlett, John Finnegan, Richard Parsons and John Thompson  were blown north by a storm. They went 21 days without water, continuing north in the belief they had been blown south, during which time Thompson died. They landed on Moreton Island on 16 April and made it to the mainland on the south of the Brisbane River. They immediately began trekking north in order to return to Sydney, still believing themselves to be somewhere south of Jervis Bay. Subsequently, they became the first known Europeans to discover the river, stumbling across it somewhere near the entrance. They walked upstream along its banks for nearly a month before making their first crossing at Canoe Reach, the junction of Oxley Creek. It was here they stole a small canoe left by the Turrbal people of the region.

John Oxley was Surveyor General of New South Wales when, in the same year and under orders from Governor Brisbane, he sailed into Moreton Bay looking for a suitable new site for a convict settlement to be established. An entry in Oxley's diary on 19 November 1823 describes his surprise meeting with one of the shipwrecked men:
"We rounded the Point Skirmish about 5 o'clock and observed a number of natives running along the beach towards the vessel, the foremost much lighter in colour than the rest. We were to the last degree astonished when he came abreast the vessel to hear him hail us in good English."
By that time Pamphlett and Finnegan were living with natives near Bribie Island. Parsons, who had continued to travel north in search of Sydney, was picked up by Oxley on 11 September 1824.

On 2 December 1823, Oxley and Stirling, with Finnegan as a somewhat reluctant guide, entered the river and sailed upstream as far as present-day Goodna. Oxley noted the abundant fish and tall pine trees. Early European explorers marvelled at the sheer natural beauty they witnessed while travelling up the lower reaches.

Reports by early European explorers such as Allan Cunningham and Oxley indicate rainforest once fringed the Brisbane River and its major tributaries, especially on the broader floodplains such as St Lucia and Seventeen Mile Rocks. The coastal lowlands were extensively vegetated with Melaleuca woodlands in low lying, poorly drained coastal areas. When first described by Europeans, the lower reaches of the Brisbane River were fringed by a mosaic of open forest, closed forest and rainforest.

In the same year of 1823, the river was named after Sir Thomas Brisbane, the then Governor of New South Wales. Upon the establishment of a local settlement in 1824, other explorers such as Allan Cunningham, Patrick Logan and Major Edmund Lockyer made expeditions and surveys further upstream, and, in May 1825, the Moreton Bay penal colony at Redcliffe under the command of Heny Miller relocated to North Quay.

The entrance to the Brisbane River was surveyed and marked with buoys in May 1825 by Pilot John M Gray sent from Sydney for the purpose by Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane. Gray also transferred the soldiers and convicts from the First Settlement at Redcliffe at this time. The first small private wharves were built on the river in about 1848. and the once popular, shark-proof river baths were first built in 1857 at Kangaroo Point.  By 1850, nearly all the prime alluvial lands in the Brisbane River valley had been taken up by settlers.

From 1862 the Brisbane River has been dredged for navigation purposes. Throughout much of the 20th century large quantities of sand and gravel were extracted from the estuary of the river. Since the rate of materials being deposited is not as high as that which was removed, the river has acted as a subaqueous mine.

In 1865, water police were stationed on board Proserpine, a hulk moored at the mouth of the Brisbane River.

In 1866, there was a breakwater built at the junction of the Bremer and Brisbane rivers that was designed to stop shingle from blocking the access to the Bremer's boat channel. The first pile light using kerosene was built in 1882. The steel framed light also served as an early port signal station.

In February 1896, one of the river's worst disasters occurred with the capsize of the ferry Pearl (which struck the anchor chain of the government yacht Lucinda) with the loss of around 40 lives.

20th century

By 1928, due to the early settlement of Brisbane, the water quality had deteriorated to the point where several public baths had to cease sourcing water from the river. Yet even up to the 1930s, the water was said to be very clear, with reports of people seeing the river bed  below the surface. Swimming was once popular at Oxley Point under the Walter Taylor Bridge. In the middle tidal reaches in more recent times, visibility has been about . As Brisbane grew, the condition of the river worsened until at its worst it was no more than an open sewer and waste dump. The banks were cleared of timber and introduced animals and plants rapidly changed the river's ecology to its detriment.

On 25 March 1941, a USA goodwill flotilla arrived in the city docking at wharves along the River and built Naval Base Brisbane. The largest ship built on the river was the Robert Miller. Construction was near complete when the 66,000 tonne vessel became un-moored in the 1974 Brisbane flood.  In 1977, Queen Elizabeth II switched on the Jubilee Fountain positioned in front of the proposed Queensland Cultural Centre. The jets pushed the floodlit river water up to  in the air.  The floating fountain sank late on the 31 December 1984. 1987 was proclaimed the "Year of the River" by the Lord Mayor of Brisbane at the time, Sallyanne Atkinson.

Over the 20th century, enough obstacles, sand and gravel had been removed from the river that its channel depth increased the tidal flow and tidal range upstream.

21st century
On 9 August 2020, it was discovered that Google Maps accidentally changed the Brisbane River name to Ithaca Creek after a complaint that Ithaca Creek was incorrectly named Brisbane River.

Floods

The Brisbane River floods frequently, although the occurrence and magnitude of flooding has diminished following the construction of the Wivenhoe Dam on the upper reaches of the River.

Past floods have resulted in both deepening and reduction in river depth, creation of new sand banks and shoals as well as increased transport of suspended sediment from upstream. Before the invention of modern dredging techniques the sediment deposited by flooding created hazards to ships navigating the river. Even medium-sized vessels no longer travel up the Brisbane River beyond the city reach, and dredging of the upper reaches has ceased, allowing the river to recover substantially from the fine silt dislodged by gravel and sand extraction.

Significant floods have occurred several times since the European settlement of Brisbane. There have been 12 Major flood peaks (over 3.5m) recorded at the Brisbane gauge since records began in 1841, including:
 14 January 1841, with a maximum river level of 8.43m at the gauge, the highest flood level recorded to date
10 January 1844, 7.1m flood peak at Brisbane.
February 1863, 3.8m flood peak
January 1887, 3.8m flood peak
July 1889, 3.8m flood peak
March 1890, 5.3m flood peak
 February 1893, a sequence of flood peaks (8.35 metres and 8.09 metres) over two weeks saw the highest recorded flood level in the Brisbane central business district. Seven lives were lost in the Eclipse Colliery at North Ipswich as a direct result of the flooding. Several other people drowned as well.
 June 1897, 5.0m flood peak
 February 1907, 3.6m flood peak
 27 January 1974, the largest flood to affect Brisbane City in the 20th Century, with a level of 5.45 metres
Post construction of Wivenhoe Dam
 11 January 2011 with a level of 4.45 metres
 28 February 2022, 4.0m flood peak

Flooding along the Brisbane River has the potential to be devastating, as documented in 1974, 2011 and 2022. For much of the river's length its banks are relatively high, but topped by a broad plain. The river's meandering course means that flood waters from upstream cannot be quickly discharged into Moreton Bay. Thus higher than normal flows cause river levels to rise rapidly and once the top of the banks are breached the floodwaters can spread over wide areas of the city.

Navigation

There has been much dredging and widening work done over the years to allow ships to transport cargo to and from Brisbane the river is no longer dredged. The river served as an important carriageway between Brisbane and Ipswich before a railway linking the towns was built in 1875. By early 1825 buoys were being laid along the South Passage and shortly after that the first pilots were commissioned to guide ships entering from Moreton Bay and another service for those travelling upstream. Flying boats used the waters of the river in Pinkenba, to take-off for domestic and international destinations in the 1930s.

The river depth was progressively increased and narrow points widened to allow larger vessels into the river and further upstream. For navigation and safety reasons the Seventeen Mile Rocks were completely removed in 1965 after numerous partially successful attempts in the past. The northern river bank at the mouth of the river has undergone reclamation projects over the years, especially in the suburbs of Hamilton and Pinkenba. More recently, extensive facilities for the Port of Brisbane have been constructed on Fisherman's Island which has also seen significant land reclamation into the bay.

Early rivers crossings were made using small oared boat ferries, beginning in 1843, followed by steam ferries. In 1865 the first Victoria Bridge, later destroyed in a flood, was built across the river. Professor Hawken of the University of Queensland undertook a study in 1914 to identify the future crossing points for the river.

Historically, the Brisbane River contained upstream bars and shallows and had a natural tidal limit of only . The current tidal limit now extends  upstream due to continual channel dredging.

Crossings

The first bridge built across the Brisbane River was the original timber Victoria Bridge, opened in 1865 between Brisbane and South Brisbane. The current concrete Victoria Bridge is the 4th to be built on the site, the original bridge collapsed after marine borers weakened its timber piles, and the second was destroyed in the 1893 flood.

 the Brisbane River is crossed by 16 major bridges (counting the new second Gateway, now Sir Leo Hielscher Bridge), including the historic 1940 Story Bridge and the tolled Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges. There are two other major bridges upstream (west) of Brisbane, on the D'Aguilar Highway and the Brisbane Valley Highway. The Clem Jones Tunnel, opened in 2010, is the river's first underground crossing for road transport.

The Moggill Ferry continues to provide a crossing for vehicles northeast of Ipswich.

The Albert Bridge was the first railway crossing of the Brisbane River, opened in 1876. It was destroyed in the 1893 flood and replaced by a 2 span design that is flood tolerant. A second bridge was built adjacent to it, opened in 1957 in conjunction with the quadruplication of the railway between Roma Street and Corinda. The Merivale Bridge, opened in 1978, connects the South Brisbane railway system to the City.

Four bridges have been built that cater for pedestrians and bicycles, being the Goodwill Bridge and Kurilpa Bridge in the City area, the Eleanor Schonell Bridge between Dutton Park and St Lucia (which also caters for public buses to the University of Queensland St Lucia campus), and the Jack Pesch Bridge between Indooroopilly and Chelmer. The Brisbane City Council has announced plans for a pedestrian and cycle only bridge between Kangaroo Point and the city.

Brisbane Riverwalk

The Brisbane City Council has developed a network of riverwalk pavements along the banks of the Brisbane River. The Riverwalk runs along much of the Brisbane River foreshore throughout the inner-city area, with the longest span running between Newstead and Toowong. Another popular stretch runs beneath the Kangaroo Point Cliffs between South Brisbane and Kangaroo Point. Several spans of the Riverwalk are built out over the Brisbane River.

An interesting section is the floating walkway between the Story Bridge and Merthyr Road New Farm. Brisbane City planners require many developers of formerly private riverfront blocks to create new sections of the Brisbane Riverwalk that are accessible to the public.

During the 2011 floods, the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Campbell Newman authorised the destruction of the Brisbane Riverwalk to prevent it floating away and becoming a hazard downstream. The proposed demolition of the Riverwalk was later cancelled.

Early in the morning of 13 January 2011 a several hundred metre long section of the Riverwalk broke away from the main structure and floated downstream. Queensland Police temporarily closed the Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges (commonly known as the Gateway Bridge) several times as there were fears that sections of Riverwalk could collide with and damage the bridge. The largest part of the floating boardwalk was safely guided under the bridge by a tugboat and past other infrastructure before being safely secured. Other tugs and Water Police guided other Riverwalk sections under the bridge. The damaged Riverwalk was rebuilt as a fixed structure by the Brisbane City Council. The 18-month construction commenced in early 2013 and was completed in September 2014.

Cross river tunnel
The Clem Jones Tunnel is currently the only cross river tunnel built in Brisbane. It opened on 16 March 2010.  The Cross River Rail tunnel is currently under construction and is expected to be complete in 2024.

Environmental concerns
During the 19th century and early 20th century, the river's surface was periodically choked by large swathes of the noxious weed known as water hyacinth. The plant was originally imported from South America.

Environmentally, the river is in a poor condition and has been so for many years. In 2000, the Brisbane River estuary did not meet the national guidelines for environmental standards. The lower reaches received a very poor rating in the 2008 Healthy Waterways report, an annual assessment of river water quality. The major causes of pollution are excess nutrients, hydrocarbons, pesticides and bacteria which become concentrated in the river and its sediment after flowing off surrounding lands. The river is also considered too murky and it is not recommended to swim in its waters.

Beginning in the 1950s, the river was dredged for the purpose of extracting sand and gravel. The considerable impacts of that activity include increased turbidity and bank erosion. The effect of the artificial sediment load in Moreton Bay grew to concern environmentalists worried that sediment was choking sea grass paddocks which were grazing territory for dugong. Public outcry led to all commercial dredging being stopped by 1998.
 Non-extractive dredging continues in the Brisbane River in order to maintain its navigability.

In 2018, the water quality in the Brisbane River failed to meet many Queensland Government standards. Nitrogen and phosphorus exceeded the maximum levels in all tests conducted in the mid-Brisbane River catchment. Results in the lower- and upper- catchments found maximum levels exceeded for the majority of tests for nitrogen and nearly all tests for phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus primarily enter the river as they are washed in from agriculture areas on the banks upstream.

In 2019, research at the University of Queensland indicated that the river's turbidity cycle (and murky brown colour) is principally driven by exchanges of mud between the channel and mudbanks. However, by planting Crinum pedunculatum in a line parallel to the channel and below the mean water level, the turbidity would reduce to such a degree that the river would appear clear and blue. To date, this has not been attempted
by Brisbane City Council.

Flora
The river has several important ecological areas where remnant populations of mangroves exist; these include areas around drainage culverts, in Breakfast Creek, New Farm, a small preserve at the city bend, near the Queensland University of Technology and around the shipping terminals at the river's terminus into Moreton Bay. These mangroves have recently become classified as protected nature reserves. The noxious water hyacinth weed is still growing in stretches between Fernvale and the Mount Crosby Weir but only poses a minimal risk to drinking water supplies.

Fauna

Queensland lungfish

In 1895–1896, the Queensland lungfish was only found in the Mary and Burnett river systems. Concerned about the species survival, it was introduced into other Queensland waterways with varying success. Self-sustaining populations of lungfish were successfully established in the Brisbane River, the Enoggera Reservoir and the North Pine River.

Brisbane River cod
The freshwater reaches of the Brisbane River once supported a unique species of cod, the Brisbane River cod, which was similar to Murray cod and closely related to eastern freshwater cod and Mary River cod. This unique native fish became extinct somewhere between the 1930s and 1950s due to habitat degradation and overfishing. The river has been restocked with cod from the Mary River.

Bull sharks
The Brisbane River is home to a very large population of bull sharks, thus swimming is not advised due to the dangers imposed by this predatory fish. Ipswich City Council warns against swimming as far up as Colleges Crossing. There have been four recorded shark attack deaths in the river (1862, 1880, 1901 and 1921), and numerous other fatal attacks in surrounding rivers and estuaries. There have also been numerous attacks on family pets, such as dogs. Bull sharks can grow up to between 7–11.5 feet (2.1–3.5 m) in length and be very aggressively territorial, which are unusual for a shark species because they can inhabit brackish water (containing less than 50% seawater) and are known to tolerate freshwater.

Water Transport
The river is traversed by CityCats and other ferries in Brisbane, as it winds its way through the city centre.

Events

The Brisbane River hosts numerous events including the Brisbane Festival, Riverfire, and the Brisbane River Classic fishing competition. Many schools and clubs use the river to conduct rowing regattas on Milton Reach. Sailing regattas are also held on this reach as well as the Hamilton reach.

Riverfire, which began in 1998, was a festival held in September each year at South Bank Parklands and surrounding areas  (including the Victoria Bridge), to celebrate the Brisbane River.  In 2009, the festival merged with Brisbane Festival. Riverfire, which was held at the end of the Brisbane Festival until 2022 when it will be held at the start of the festival, includes a fireworks display. The final dump-and-burn of Riverfire 2010 was able to be seen as far as the Gold Coast and Toowoomba as the F-111 climbed from  to a higher altitude of about .  The 20th Riverfire attracted nearly 500,000 people to the river.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Riverfire was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an "Events and festivals".

Named in its honour
The electoral district of Maiwar created in the 2017 Queensland state electoral redistribution was named after the river's indigenous name.

See also

Bridges over the Brisbane River
Riverstage
List of Brisbane ferry wharves

References

Citations

Sources

 Department of Harbours and Marine (1986). "Harbours and Marine" Port and Harbour Development in Queensland from 1824 to 1985, p. 25. Queensland Government Department of Harbours and Marine.

Further reading

  — Report (97 pages) and accompanying maps and diagrams (16 pages)

External links

 Historical Brisbane River Map
 History of Brisbane flooding — Bureau of Meteorology official website
 Humbug Boats — Boats of Humbug Reach, Brisbane River official website
 Brisbane River and Southbank Photographs 2006, State Library of Queensland

Geography of Brisbane
History of Brisbane
Rivers of Brisbane
Pre-Separation Queensland

Brisbane River


Scale could mean:
Weighing scale Weighing scale used for measurement of weight (mass or force)
Scale (map)
Scale (ratio)
Scale factor
Scalability in computing
Scale (zoology)
Zoology: Scale insect, plant parasites which resemble animal scales
Scale parameter, probability and statistics
Logarithmic scale, mathematics
Order of magnitude
Architect's scale — (or draughtsman's scale) is a ruler-like device, which facilitates the production of technical drawings.
Engineer's scale
Zadok scale cereal development
Screen Actors Guild wage standards
Mizan or Balance is a comprehensive treatise on the contents of Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar.

Astronomy
Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale
Torino Scale
Solar flare energy intensity
The constellation Libra (constellation) (Latin for scale) and the zodiac sign Libra (astrology)

Chemistry and physics

Electronegativity
Allred-Rochow scale
Mulliken scale
Pauling scale

Radiodensity
The Hounsfield Scale is a linear transformation of the original linear attenuation coefficient measurement into one in which the radio-density of distilled water at standard pressure and temperature (STP) is defined as zero Hounsfield units (HU), while the radiodensity of air at STP is defined as -1000 HU.

Relative density or specific gravity
The Baumé scale measures specific gravity or relative density.
Brix scale / Degrees Brix (symbol °Bx) is the sugar content of an aqueous solution. One degree Brix is 1 gram of sucrose in 100 grams of solution and represents the strength of the solution as percentage by mass.
Plato scale
Twaddell scale

Temperature

Celsius
Fahrenheit
Réaumur scale

Earth science

 Beaufort scale (wind)
 Fujita scale (tornadoes)
 Mohs scale of mineral hardness
 Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
Okta (cloud cover) - a unit of measurement used to describe the amount of cloud cover at any given location such as a weather station. Sky conditions are estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 oktas (completely clear sky) through to 8 oktas (completely overcast).

Economics
Scale (economics)
Resource-Based Relative Value Scale, returns to scale

Music
Scale (music)
Bohlen-Pierce scale
Chromatic scale
Deutsch's scale illusion
Diminished scale
Mathematics of musical scales
Major scale
Minor scale
Scale (string instruments)
Scale (album), an album by electronic artist Matthew Herbert

Scale models
Scale model
2 mm scale
HO scale
O scale

Social science
Kinsey scale, sexual orientation
Likert scale, questionnaire format
Phrase completions, questionnaire format

Miscellaneous
The Goldberg scale measures mania and depression.
The Liebowitz social anxiety scale measures the severity of social anxiety disorder.
The Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik scale and the Mercalli scale measure the intensity of earthquakes.
The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals.
The Richter scale, a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes.
The Scoville Scale measures the hotness of peppers.
The Apgar score is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five simple criteria on a scale from zero to two, then summing up the five values thus obtained. The resulting Apgar score ranges from zero to 10. The five criteria are summarized using words chosen to form a backronym (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration).

Scale


Ian Paul Terry (born 11 February 1966) is an English computer game designer and artist. He was responsible for designing a variety of games from the early ZX Spectrum through to PC. He has co-designed successful games such as Rebelstar and Lords of Chaos, and was the lead designer in the creation of Magic and Mayhem.

Early career
Ian Terry began his career in 1984 when he set up Target Games after he received a royalty cheque from a book publisher, who had just shipped the first print run of a supplementary rule book that he had written just after leaving school.

Ian drew his inspiration at this time from the video movie genre and began to design board games based on popular movies. The first of these came into fruition when he acquired the games rights to John Carpenter's "Halloween" movie.

Work on Target games was prematurely halted in 1986 when legal and contractual problems with the Maxwell-owned Fleetway Publications forced a standstill with other developments, and a subsequent lack of funding. In an effort to move away from these problems, he sought entry into the emerging computer games market and was introduced to Julian Gollop, a local games programmer. Together, they redirected Target Games, making it a limited company, with efforts concentrated solely on computer games.

Target Games Ltd
In 1987, Target Games was established. In this newly founded company, Ian and Julian Gollop designed Rebelstar and Laser Squad before working on the early design for Lords of Chaos.

Laser Squad formed the basis of what Mythos Games would later develop as UFO: Enemy Unknown (also known as X-Com), which later went on to become an international best-seller and a franchise in its own right.

Ian left Target Games in 1990 to set up Dimension Designs.

Dimension Designs
Established in 1991, Dimension Designs was a small, local co-operative made up of wargames enthusiasts who created scenery and accessories for miniature-based games. Ian Terry was given the opportunity of designing and creating for them a scenery system made entirely out of cards which would prove both economical and flexible for the end user. This formed the basis of what was called the "Microscape" system, which achieved worldwide sales.

During his time at Dimension Designs, Terry learned silicon mould making skills and miniature sculpture techniques, which subsequently enabled him to create master sculptures for various manufacturers on a freelance basis as a result.

Bullfrog Productions
Ian joined Bullfrog Productions in 1993. He acquired the job due to his previous design work, and his first task under this company was to assist in the output of graphics for Theme Park and Syndicate: American Revolt under Peter Molyneux.

During this time, Ian worked with four other artists, and contributed visuals from his own designs for Theme Park, as well as terrain for American Revolt (a Syndicate mission disc). Before leaving Bullfrog, Ian also supplied the initial graphics and animations that were required for Dungeon Keeper in its infancy, to showcase to the publishers (Electronic Arts).

Trip Partners
In January 1994, Ian Terry created Trip Partners along with a senior programmer. With this company, he created Doods, a turn-based strategy sci-fi game, originally intended to showcase their talents. However, it soon became a full-time project once they acquired publisher involvement.

Mythos Games
In April 1995, Ian Terry joined Mythos Games, which put him working alongside Julian Gollop once again in his already well-established company.

The first project Ian worked on was the design of the game Magic and Mayhem. This was by far his highest profile project, as it received a lot of funding. He was involved with the initial project proposal, through to the final delivery. Acting as Lead Artist and assisting in setting up a new team, he took on a much greater role. Severe financial limitations with the publisher (Virgin Interactive) on the month of release badly affected initial shipout, in spite of very positive press and universally high review scores. The product fared better under publication of Bethesda in America, and was a surprise hit in less recognisable territories, such as China and Italy.

Ian Terry then worked on X-COM: Apocalypse as a graphic designer. He designed the game interiors and environment, and after the game was finished, he left Mythos Games in May 1999.

Freelance Work
After his work at Mythos Games, Ian Terry went on to become a freelance artist for a variety of companies, making games for the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance and the Nintendo DS.

After 2004, he became a freelance artist for many non-game related projects, pursuing his own talent in sculpting, painting and writing. He is still doing this presently.

Games
Rebelstar (1986) (designer)
Rebelstar II (1988) (designer)
Laser Squad (1988) (designer)
Lords of Chaos (1990) (designer on initial development)
Syndicate: American Revolt (1993) (artist)
Theme Park (1994) (artist)
Doods (1995) (designer, artist)
Dungeon Keeper (1997) (initial artist)
X-Com: Apocalypse (1997) (artist)
Magic and Mayhem (1998) (lead designer, lead artist)
Gex: Deep Pocket Gecko (1999) (artist)
Sydney 2000 (2000) (Cancelled due to manufacturing problems) (artist)
Men in Black 2: The Series (2000) (artist)
Commander Keen (2001) (artist)
Doom (2001) (artist)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) (artist)
Need for Speed: Underground 2 (2005) (artist)
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012) (artist)

References

1966 births
English video game designers
English artists
Living people

Ian Terry (game designer)


Sudhindra Tirtha (1596 - 1623) was a Dvaita philosopher of aesthetics, dramatist and the pontiff of the matha at Kumbakonam. Unlike his predecessors who mainly dealt with polemics and theology, most of his written works deal with Kavya (poetry), Alankara (figure of speech) and Nataka (drama), which is considered unique in history of Dvaita literature. He is also notable as a disciple of Vijayendra Tirtha, engaging in scholarly debates across the subcontinent  and for mentoring Raghavendra Tirtha who succeeded him as the pontiff of the matha at Kumbakonam. Regarding his oeuvre in the context of Dvaita literature, Sharma notes "he was left us works of real merit, which stand out like oases in the dreary desert of theological writings".  His works are characterised by alliterations, elegance and simplicity.

Life
Information about his life mainly comes from Raghavendra Vijaya by Narayanacharya. Nothing is known about his early life. He served as a disciple of Vijayendra Tirtha whom he later succeeded as the pontiff of the matha at Kumbakonam in 1596. The text speaks of Sudhindra receiving patronage by the rulers Venkatapati Raya of Vijayanagara  and Raghunatha Nayaka of Tanjavur  indicating his influence and respectability as a holy man.  There are records of him inducting Goud Saraswat Brahmin families of Cochin to the precepts of Dvaita and installing an idol of Venkateswara for their utility, implying his popularity among the people of that particular sect.  Raghavendra Vijaya speaks of Sudhindra mentoring and grooming the young Venkatanatha (known later as Raghavendra Tirtha) to take up the mantle of sannyasa and succeed him as the pontiff.  Sudhindra died in 1623 and his mortal remains are enshrined in Navabrindavana in Hampi.

Works
Among his non-extant works is a commentary on  Vyasatirtha's Tarkatandava called Sadyuktiratnakara, a commentary on Bhagavata Purana and a work on aesthetics entitled Madhudhara.  Alamkara Manjari is a manual of figures of speech and metaphors. In the context of Indian poetics, alamkara can be translated to "literary ornamentation". Sudhindra demonstrates the aspects of alamkara by making his guru, Vijayendra, the subject of ornamentation and praise. His Alamkara Nikasa is a work of similar nature of enumerating and expanding upon different alamkaras.  Views of different philosophers on the elements of Indian aesthetics such as rasa and kavya are consolidated and expanded upon. Sahitya Samrajya is a commentary on the original by Krsna Yajvan, who was a philosopher of poetics in the Tanjore court. The work is unique in the history of Dvaita literature in that, Sharma notes, "a Madhva ascetic and pontiff of Sudhindra's standing, should have come forward to comment on the work of a layman and a Smartha, laying aside all considerations of pontifical prestige and religious difference".  Damaged fragments of a drama entitled Subhadra Dhananjya has been ascribed to him.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Dvaita Vedanta
Madhva religious leaders
Dvaitin philosophers
Bhakti movement
Scholars from Karnataka
17th-century Indian scholars
Indian Hindu monks

Sudhindra Tirtha


Myatt's Fields South is a social housing estate located between Brixton Road and Camberwell New Road in South London. It is on land that once formed part of the Lambeth Wick estate.

Myatt's Fields North and South estates were built between 1970 and 1984 with 470 homes on the North and 324 on the South.

In recent years it has been the subject of a dispute between residents and Lambeth Council, who have tried to replace the boiler system that serves Myatt's Field South, and Myatt's Field North estate, which has since been redeveloped as Oval Quarter.

History
The area to the West of Myatt's Fields Park suffered considerable bomb damage during the Second World War, with the area of Mostyn road being extensively damaged and a V2 rocket levelling buildings on Lothian Road where it meets Calais Street.

The estate was designed by Lambeth Council by a team of architects led by Roger Westman and Ted Hollamby. Hollamby had been employed as senior architect at the London County Council from 1949 to 1962, where he led the design of the Brandon Estate in Kennington. He then left to work at London borough of Lambeth, where he was director of architecture, planning and development from 1969 to 1981, and for whom he designed Myatt's Fields South and North. Hollamby also designed Cressingham Gardens and Central Hill Estate, both of which are currently proposed for redevelopment.

Description
The estate is built of slate and brick blocks over parking undercrofts. It is formed of 354 dwellings, including 8 designed for severely disabled people, and 15 refurbished Victorian houses on Loughborough Road. The new build houses cater for a mixture of housing types, with a ring of apartments above garages at the perimeter of the estate, and town houses and terraces arranged around pedestrian footpaths inside. These are a maximum of 3 storeys high, with living rooms and bedrooms facing away from the noise of the surrounding roads. The green spaces within the estate were intended to form part of a "parkway" of public open space parallel to Brixton Road.

Ted Hollamby contracted Edmund Happold from Ove Arup & Partners to advise on structural engineering, contributing to the development of Central Hill estate, West Norwood Library and the subterranean boiler house at Myatt's Fields which was designed to heat both North and South Myatt's Fields estates. The boiler house has a design that led to it being called 'HMS Hollamby', and more recently, 'The Submarine'. The North part of Myatt's Fields estate was redeveloped in 2013–15, as its design was believed to contribute to anti-social behaviour, and the garage space was underused as a result of car ownership being less than predicted in the 1970s.

See also
Myatt's Fields Park

Notes

External links
Lambeth Tenants and Residents Association Newsletter

Housing estates in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Public housing in the United Kingdom

Myatt's Fields South Estate


Los Angeles Tofu Festival, usually known as Tofu Festival or Tofu Fest, was a weekend matsuri held every August in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles from 1995 to 2007. Due to ongoing redevelopment in Little Tokyo there is no longer enough space to hold a festival of the size of Tofu Fest, and it has been canceled indefinitely, the last festival being held in 2007.

Tofu is the primary ingredient of dishes and the cultural icon of the festival, which focuses on innovative Japanese and American cuisine within an obon-like atmosphere. Due to Tofu Fest's wider cultural and commercial appeal, and larger funds to work with (Tofu Fest charges admission into its area), it has outgrown Nisei Week's Street Arts Fair in booths — Tofu Fest's first fair had over 8,000 visitors  and over 26,000 visitors by 2004.

History and tradition

Invented by several Little Tokyo Service Center (LTSC) board members as a theme for a food festival, Tofu Fest was approved by the LTSC in 1995 and added as a subcommittee to the Nisei Week Foundation with support from the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center (JACCC) and sponsorship from Hinochi (now House Foods). Tofu Fest became the first festival in honor of tofu worldwide in 1996. All proceeds go to the LTSC.

Tofu Festival used annual themes to both enhance the atmosphere and promote certain goals. A tofu block is Tofu Festival's mascot, which changes appearance and nickname depending on the year's theme. The theme for 2006 was "It's Hip to Be Square!", featuring the tofu block mascot wearing sunglasses and earrings.

The festival was the focus of an episode of Visiting... with Huell Howser that originally aired in Southern California on KCET. The episode featured a visit to the third annual festival, showcasing the variety of dishes available and reactions from tofu devotees and first-timers alike. https://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2016/12/07/tofu-festival-visiting-620/

Attractions

Beer, Wine & Sake Garden
A selection of sake and beer was served in a sectioned off portion of Tofu Fest, supplementing Little Tokyo's own beer gardens and Nisei Week's attractions. The sale of alcohol was under debate by the festival's committee in 1994 in regards to making the festival more family friendly.

Celebrity Chefs
Famous chefs exhibit their craft on a cooking platform, with fair goers getting the chance to taste dishes from the demonstrations. Masaharu Morimoto of Iron Chef was a recurring guest, appearing in the 2006 festival.

Children's Pavilion
Children were previously given an additional area to enjoy the festival, as  parts of the festival, like the alcohol garden, were unsuitable. After 2006, Children's Pavilion was no longer a featured event.

Entertainment Stage
Bands and artists appear live at the festival, ranging from instrumental groups, such as taiko and orchestra, to hip hop groups like Blackalicious.

Tofu Eating Contest
The tofu eating contest was a race to eat a 14-ounce block of tofu in the shortest amount of time. Several elimination rounds are held before the final battle and winner's ceremony, where a prize is given to the winner on the entertainment stage.

See also
 Japanese American
 Nikkei people
 Japanese American Citizens League

References

External links
 Little Tokyo Service Center official website
 Nisei Week's official website

 Alt URL

Japanese-American cuisine
Festivals in Los Angeles
Tofu
Japanese-American history
Japanese-American culture in Los Angeles
Recurring events established in 1996
Food and drink festivals in the United States
Recurring events disestablished in 2007

Los Angeles Tofu Festival


Diana Iljine (born September 13, 1964 in Frankfurt) is the director of Filmfest München, Munich's international film festival, and the Munich International Festival of Filmschools. She has held this post since August 2011 when she took over from Andreas Ströhl.

Life and career
Born in Frankfurt, Iljine majored in communications at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, then went on to work in film and TV for 25 years, mainly in sales and acquisitions. She has worked for ZDF, a public-service German television broadcaster and one of the biggest broadcasting organizations in Europe, as well as for Sky Deutschland (previously called "PREMIERE").
Iljine co-wrote a book on film production, "Der Produzent" (English: The producer), which became a standard reference work. In 2008, she went freelance as consultant for international licensing, co-productions and video on demand. She completed her MBA in 2011 at Berlin's Steinbeis Business Academy and became head of FILMFEST MÜNCHEN in August 2011.

She had gathered experience at the festival in advance, having worked there for ten years as a student.

Aside from that, Diana Iljine sits on the board of the Kuratorium junger deutscher Film.

References

Film festival directors
Living people
1964 births
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

Diana Iljine


David M. Goldschmidt (born 21 May 1942, New York City) is an American mathematician specializing in group theory.

Goldschmidt received in 1969 from the University of Chicago a Ph.D. under John Griggs Thompson with thesis On the 2-exponent of a finite group. From 1969 to 1971 he was a Gibbs Instructor at Yale University. From 1971 to 1989 he was on the faculty of the mathematics department at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1989–1991 he was Deputy Director and in 1991 he became Director of the Institute for Defense Analyses's Center for Communication Research in Princeton, New Jersey.

Goldschmidt published his amalgam method for finite groups in 1980. In the 1980s this method was important for new developments in the local structure theory of finite groups. In addition to his work on the amalgam method, Goldschmidt has done research on the representation theory of finite groups and has written a book on algebraic curves without the sophisticated approach of modern algebraic geometry.

In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society. His doctoral students include Jeffrey Shallit.

Selected publications
Algebraic functions and projective curves, Springer 2002
Group characters, symmetric functions and the Hecke Algebra, American Mathematical Society 1993
with Alberto Delgado and Bernd Stellmacher: Groups and graphs: new results and methods, Birkhäuser 1985
Lectures on character theory, Publish or Perish 1980

References

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Group theorists
American cryptographers
University of Chicago alumni
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
1942 births
Living people
Mathematicians from New York (state)
Scientists from New York City

David M. Goldschmidt


Barbara Ann Scott (May 9, 1928 – September 30, 2012) was a Canadian figure skater. Scott was born in Ottawa, Ontario. She was a champion in the 1948 Winter Olympics, a two-time World Champion and a four time Canadian national champion. She was known as "Canada's Sweetheart" when she returned. Admirers greeted her as she returned from the 1948 Olympic games, and March 9th was then declared Barbara Ann Scott Day. In that very same skating season, she dominated North American, European, and World championships, and did this all at a young age.

She was the only Canadian to win the Olympic ladies' singles gold medal, the first North American to win three major titles in one year and the only Canadian to win a European Championship. Long after her victory, sixty-one years later, Scott carried the Olympic torch into the chamber before the 2010 Vancouver Olympic games. Two months later, she carried the Olympic flag along with seven other Canadians into the Opening Ceremonies.

Barbara was a great figure skater. It is an honor to be able to carry both the Olympic torch and the Olympic flag. She was known well by all of the people in Ottawa, Ontario, where she was born. Barbara was truly a wonderful figure skater for Canada in ladies' singles (skating by themselves).

Scott died on September 30, 2012 at her home in Fernandina Beach, Amelia Island, Florida at age 84. A local arena was named after her in Nepean, Ontario, as part of the Pinecrest Recreation Centre.

Notes

References
 "Barbara Ann Scott." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
 "A shared history." Maclean's. 10 Mar. 2014: n/a. eLibrary. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.*

Canadian figure skaters
1928 births
2012 deaths
Sportspeople from Ottawa

Barbara Ann Scott


In music, a breedsma is an interval between pitches with the ratio of 2401:2400, which is the difference between the septimal diesis (49:48, also known as Slendro diesis) and the septimal sixth-tone (50:49, also known as jubilisma). It is about 0.72 cents ().

 2401/2400 = 128/75 / (8/7)4
 2401/2400 = (7/6)4 / 50/27

It is therefore the difference between one kind of classic diminished seventh and four septimal major seconds, or four septimal minor thirds and one kind of classic major seventh.

The equal temperaments with 27, 31, 41, 58, and 72 steps per octave all temper out the breedsma. Tempering out the breedsma divides the tempered chromatic semitone (representing 25:24) in half and therefore guarantees the presence of a neutral third which represents 60:49.

References

7-limit tuning and intervals
Commas (music)
2401:2400

Breedsma