An L-plan castle is a castle or tower house in the shape of an L, typically built from the 13th to the 17th century. This design is found quite frequently in Scotland, but is also seen in England, Ireland, Romania, Sardinia, and other locations. The evolution of its design was an expansion of the blockhouse or simple square tower from the Early Middle Ages. As building techniques improved, it became possible to construct a larger building footprint and a more complex shape than the simple blockhouse tower. A more compelling motivation for the L plan was the ability to defend the entrance door by providing covering fire from the adjacent walls. This stratagem was particularly driven by the advent of cannon used by attackers.

It was common for the union of the two wings to have very thick wall construction to support a major defensive tower in the union area.  For example, the stone walls of Muchalls Castle in Scotland are over 14 feet thick at the ground level.  Built in the 13th century, these walls are thought to have supported a substantial defensive tower. A 17th-century reconstruction consisted of a probably equally tall structure, but one suited toward 17th century living and whose upper storey footprints mimicked the lower course.

Other examples of Scottish L-plan castles are Culzean Castle built in the late 16th century in Ayrshire; Dalhousie Castle built as a 15th-century towerhouse near Dalkeith in the Lothian region; Dunnottar Castle a partially ruined castle perched on a cliff by the North Sea near Stonehaven; Erchless Castle, a 14th-century castle in Inverness-shire; Fernie Castle constructed in the 16th century in Fife; and Neidpath Castle built by Clan Fraser in the 13th century near Peebles.

In Cagliari, Sardinia are two surviving structures known as the Torre dell'Elefante and Torre di San Pancrazio. Each of these towers, as well as a third structure destroyed by English and Spanish naval power, is an L-plan design. The structures date from the year 1300 and are each 30 metres in height. The towers served as important lookouts over the sea and toward the island interior.

See also
Z-plan castle

References
 Tranter, Nigel, The History of the Fortified House in Scotland, Six Volumes, Oliver and Boyd, (1962 to 1971)
The Castles of Scotland, Martin Coventry, 2nd edition (1997),

External links

Late Middle Ages
Castles by type
Early modern period

L-plan castle


Charles Angélique François Huchet, Comte de la Bédoyère (17 April 1786 – 19 August 1815) was a French General during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. He was executed in 1815.

Biography
Descended from an old Breton family, he entered the army in late 1806 as a Second Lieutenant, serving as an aide-de-camp to Marshal Lannes and then Prince Eugene. Comte de la Bédoyère saw active service in Spain, Italy, Germany, Russia and France, and was awarded the Legion of Honour and the Iron Crown. He was a Colonel commanding the 7th Regiment of the Line at Grenoble when Napoleon returned from exile in Elba and marched north to Paris. On 8 March, Bédoyère and his regiment went over to Napoleon en masse.

During the Waterloo campaign Bédoyère, now promoted to General de Brigade and an aide-de-camp of the Emperor, was probably the officer sent with a message to d'Erlon's I Corps, then marching west to join Ney at Quatre Bras, to turn east to support the Emperor at Ligny. Ney was furious when he learned the corps was marching away from his battle and sent another order for it to return immediately to Quatre-Bras. As a result of these orders and counter-orders, d'Erlon's 20,000 men, which could have sealed the fate of the Anglo-Dutch at Quatre-Bras or the Prussians at Ligny, spent the entire day marching back and forth without firing a shot.

Two days later at the Battle of Waterloo, Bédoyère was one of the last to leave the battlefield. Afterward, finding that he was not eligible for amnesty as he believed, he secretly travelled to Paris in order to see his wife before heading to Switzerland and exile, but was recognized and arrested. La Bédoyère was tried by a military court and condemned to death by firing squad, and this was confirmed and carried out at the plain of Grenelle on 19 August 1815.

Charles Huchet de la Bédoyère rests in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Napoleon's will of 1815 left money for his children, later added to by a codicil.

See also
Michael de la Bédoyère
Guy de la Bédoyère

References

External links
 French Generals

1786 births
1815 deaths
Military personnel from Paris
French generals
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
People executed by France by firing squad
People executed by the Bourbon dynasty of the Kingdom of France
People of the Battle of Waterloo
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the Hundred Days
Executed people from Île-de-France

Charles de la Bédoyère


The Saint Lawrence River (; Tuscarora: Kahnawá'kye; Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning "big waterway") is a big river in eastern North America. It flows between the Canadian province of Quebec & Ontario and the American state of New York, and through the major Canadian city of Montreal. It is the third largest river in Canada.

The river drains water from the Great Lakes into the Atlantic Ocean. It is more than three thousand kilometres long. The river meets the Atlantic Ocean in a big "estuary" or bay, the biggest in the world; this is called the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

The Canadian cities of Kingston, Montreal, Trois-Rivières and Quebec City are on this river. The Saint Lawrence Seaway allows ships to go up the river and through the Great Lakes right into the middle of North America.

References

Other websites

 Regional Geography of the St. Lawrence River
 Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System
 Safe Passage: Aids to Navigation on the St. Lawrence  – Historical essay, illustrated with drawings and photographs
 Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region.
 International Saint Lawrence River Board of Control
 Saint Lawrence River from The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary, St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea
 The Steamboats "Sir James Kemp" and "Lord Dalhousie" on the River St. Lawrence, Upper Canada in 1833 by D.J. Kennedy, Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Lawrence, Saint

Saint Lawrence River


Umpatampa is the second studio album by Israeli singer Dana International, released on the IMP Dance label in 1994 with the catalogue number is IMP 2012-2. There are four slightly different editions of this album, all confusingly with the same catalogue number:

 The first edition of the album contained only 12 tracks as it was released before "Layla Tov, Eropa" ("Good Evening, Europe") was recorded.
 The second edition does not include "Layla Tov, Eropa" in the track listing - but a yellow sticker in Hebrew on the cover misguidingly claims that it does.
 Two 13 track re-releases do include "Layla Tov, Eropa", the only difference being that one cover has a yellow horizontal line through Dana's hair on the front cover.

The Umpatampa album includes songs sung in four languages; Hebrew, Arabic, English and French.

Track listing
Note: The Hebrew language titles appear in Hebrew script only along with the time length.  Additional details such as English translations of the song titles are given here for informational purposes on each track only.

"Layla T'ov, Eiropa" (Hebrew; "Good Night, Europe") (Original Version) - 3:00
"Petrance" (Hebrew) - 3:49
"Ani Lo Yekhola Bil'adeikha" (Hebrew; "I Can't Live Without You") (Radio Edit) - 4:14
"Yeshnan Banot" (Hebrew; "Some Girls") (Radio Edit) - 2:33
"Umpatampa" (English) - 3:49
"Qu'Est-Ce Que C'est?" (French; "What Is It?") - 4:16
"Right Now" (English) - 4:37
"Mea Akhuz Gever" (Hebrew; "One Hundred Percent Man") - 3:21
"Betula" (Hebrew; "Virgin") (Radio Edit) - 3:10
"Zomba" (Arabic) - 4:02
"Dror Yikra" (Hebrew; "Freedom Will Come") - 3:28
"Nosa'at LePet'ra" (Hebrew; "Going to Petra") - 3:39
"Ani Lo Yekhola Bil'adeikha" (Hebrew; "I Can't Live Without You") (Power Dance Version) - 3:31

External links
Official Dana International site with discography details
Unofficial Dana International site with discography details

Dana International albums
1994 albums

Umpatampa


Megan Ann Moroney (born October 9, 1997) is an American country music singer. She charted her first single, "Tennessee Orange", in 2022.

Biography
Moroney was born October 9, 1997, in Savannah, Georgia.

She began listening to country music in her childhood and learned to play piano. While attending the University of Georgia, she opened at a concert for Chase Rice, as well as interned for Kristian Bush of Sugarland. At the university, she was in Kappa Delta sorority. After completing her degree, she moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 2020 to begin a music career. She kept in contact with Bush, which led to him introducing her to other songwriters. She released her first single "Wonder" in 2021, which in turn led to her releasing an extended play titled Pistol Made of Roses. Her next single release was "Tennessee Orange" in 2022, a track on which Bush served as producer.

After the song's release, Moroney received attention on social media for wearing a Tennessee Volunteers shirt belonging to Morgan Wallen; it led to rumors that she was dating him, but Moroney remained neutral when asked if the two were in a relationship. After the song became popular through online streaming, Moroney signed with Arista Nashville.

In late 2022, "Tennessee Orange" debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Moroney her first chart entry. At the time, the song also charted on Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay. Arista Nashville closed while the song was climbing the charts, and as a result, Moroney was transferred to Columbia Records Nashville.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Concert tours
Pistol Made of Roses Tour (2023)
The Lucky Tour (2023)

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

Living people
1997 births
American women country singers
Columbia Records artists
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Musicians from Savannah, Georgia
21st-century American singers
Arista Nashville artists

Megan Moroney


The Western Canada Concept was a Western Canadian federal political party founded in 1980 to promote the separation of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, and the Yukon and Northwest Territories (which included present-day Nunavut) from Canada in order to create a new nation.

The party argued that Western Canada could not receive fair treatment while the interests of Quebec and Ontario dominated Canadian politics. The party gained popularity in Alberta when western alienation was at its height following the federal Liberal government announcement of the National Energy Program in October 1980.

The most prominent leader of the party was Doug Christie, a British Columbia lawyer best known for having represented neo-Nazis James Keegstra, Ernst Zündel and Wolfgang Droege. To distance itself from Christie, the national party expelled him from the leadership in 1981 and denied him a membership in the party's Alberta branch.  He later became leader of British Columbia's provincial branch of the party and ran for the party at the national and provincial levels several times. In 2005, he announced the creation of the Western Block Party which would be a western version of the Bloc Québécois.

At the time of his death in 2013 Christie maintained a website with the "Western Canada Concept" name, but Western Canada Concept was no longer a registered political party.

Party program

 Independence for Western Canada, chosen by the people of each of the four Western provinces and northern territories in a referendum.
 A citizen's constitutionally established right of reasonably accessible referendum, initiative and recall.
 Protection for the sanctity and safety of human life, property and security of the person and their fundamental freedoms.
 Equal rights for all, with no special status for any race, or ethnic origin.
 A federal republic with a two-house legislature, one elected by population the other by region, both with original legislative jurisdiction and both required to approve before a law was enacted.
 One official language of Western Canada.
 The establishment of a balanced budget by law under the constitution so no future debts can be incurred by government.

Provincial wings

Alberta
The Alberta wing first ran for office in by-elections to the 19th Alberta Legislature. One member of the party, Gordon Kesler, was elected in a 1982 provincial by-election in Olds-Didsbury riding that drew national attention. Kesler became leader of the Alberta WCC with his election to the legislature. The best showing for the party came later in the same year in the 1982 Alberta general election, where they ran almost a full slate of candidates and took 11.8 per cent of the vote. But the party did not elect any MLAs, and Kesler lost his own seat.

In 1984, Kesler was replaced by Jack Ramsay, later a federal Reform Member of Parliament. Some of the more doctrinaire figures in the party opposed Ramsay's leadership, claiming that he was not genuinely committed to western independence. The party ran 20 candidates in the 1986 Alberta general election, but won less than one percent of the popular vote.

In 1987, a group of Alberta members who were dissatisfied with the party's leadership and direction left the party to establish the Western Independence Party.

British Columbia
In British Columbia, the party continued to exist far longer than in other provinces. It ran candidates from the early 1980s until the mid-2000s, under the leadership of Doug Christie. It never won a seat.

Manitoba
The Manitoba branch of the party only ran in the 1986 Manitoba general election and some by-elections, never winning a substantial portion of the votes.

Saskatchewan
The Saskatchewan branch of the party attracted two sitting members of the Legislative Assembly who represented the party for a few months in 1986 before being kicked out of the party.

See also
List of political parties in Canada
Secessionist movements of Canada

Maverick Party

External links
Western Canada Concept
Western Canada Concept – Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups – Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries

Federal political parties in Canada
Defunct secessionist organizations in Canada
Defunct political parties in Canada
Politics of Western Canada
Political parties established in 1980
1980 establishments in Canada
1980 in Canadian politics

Western Canada Concept


Grantia compressa is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the family Grantiidae. It is a very common species of rocky shores along the Atlantic coasts of Europe from France northwards.

It appears as flattened, purse-shaped vases up to 5 cm long with slit-like oscula at the ends, hanging downwards attached by a stalk to rocky overhangs, often in groups among seaweed. This is a pale sponge ranging in color from grey to yellow. The body of sponge looks like a branching tree with slender. Vaselike cylinder of 5to6 mm in diameter. The entire body of the sponge is pierced by numerous holes, the inhalent pores or ostia. The free end of each cylinder communicates outside by large osculum. The osculum is encircled by oscular fringe. Asexual reproduction by regeneration and budding . Development Is indirect with free swimming amphiblastula larva

References
North East Atlantic Taxa

Animals described in 1780
Leucosolenida

Grantia compressa


John Walton (23 July 1784, Knaresborough, Yorkshire- 3 January 1862, Knaresborough) was an English entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera especially Curculionidae.
His collection is held by the Natural History Museum, London
John Walton was educated in first in Knaresborough then in London where he  studied Chemistry at the Mathematical Society of Spitalfields , then applying his science to sugar refining in his uncles refinery based in Whitechapel whom he succeeded in that lucrative business. By then wealthy he retired in 1832 to devote himself to entomology. He corresponded with Carl Johan Schönherr, Ernst Friedrich Germar and Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat exchanging specimens with all three.

He was a fellow of the Entomological Society and the Linnaean Society.

Works
partial list
Walton J., 1838. Notes upon the genera Sitona, Polydrosus, Phyllobius, and Apion Entomological Magazine, 5: 1–21, 254–257
Walton, J. 1844 Notes on the Synonymy of the Genus Apion, with Descriptions of Five new Species Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 1 Volume 13, 1844 - Issue 8
Walton J., 1856: List of British Curculionidae, with synonyma. Catalogue of British Rhynchophora. 46 pp

References
Anonym 1863: [Walton, J.] Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, London, pp. XLIV-XLVI
Smith, F. 1862: [Walton, J.] (The) Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Third Series, Journal of Proceedings, London 1 pp. 125–127
Walther Horn & Sigmund Schenkling: Index Litteraturae Entomologicae. Serie I: Die Welt-Literatur über die gesamte Entomologie bis inklusive 1863. Berlin 1928.

English entomologists
1862 deaths
1784 births
Coleopterists

John Walton (entomologist)


Milo O'Shea (2 June 1926 – 2 April 2013) was an Irish-American actor and personality. He was known for his role as Leopold Bloom in Ulysses.

Early life
O'Shea was born on 2 June 1926 in Dublin, Irish Free State. He studied at Synge Street. O'Shea was married to Maureen Toal from 1952 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Kitty Sullivan until his death in 2013.

Career
O'Shea starred as Leopold Bloom in Joseph Strick's 1967 movie version of Ulysses. Among his other well-known movie roles in the 1960s were as the well-intentioned Friar Laurence in Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet and as the villainous Dr. Durand Durand (who tries to kill Jane Fonda's character by making her literally die of pleasure) in Roger Vadim's classic Barbarella (both movies were released in 1968). In 1984, O'Shea reprised his role as Dr. Durand Durand (credited as Dr. Duran Duran) for the Duran Duran concert movie Arena, since his character inspired the band's name. He played Inspector Boot in the 1973 Vincent Price horror movie Theatre of Blood.

Later career
He was active in American movies and TV shows, such as his memorable supporting role as the trial judge in the Sidney Lumet's The Verdict with Paul Newman, an episode of The Golden Girls in 1987, and portraying Chief Justice of the United States Roy Ashland in the TV series The West Wing. In 1992, O'Shea guest starred in the Season 10 finale of the sitcom Cheers, and, in 1995, in an episode of the show's spin-off Frasier. He appeared in the pilot episode of Early Edition as Sherman.

Personal life and death
He had two sons with Toal, Colm and Steven. He lived in New York City, New York and became a United States citizen. O'Shea died on 2 April 2013 from an short-illness in Manhattan, New York, aged 86.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2013 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish stage actors
Irish radio actors
Irish voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Actors from Dublin

Milo O'Shea


Commemorations are a type of religious observance in the many Churches of the Anglican Communion, including the Church of England. They are the least significant type of observance, the others being Principal Feasts, Principal Holy Days, Festivals, and Lesser Festivals. Whereas Principal Feasts must be celebrated, it is not obligatory to observe Commemorations. They are always attached to a calendar date, and are not observed if they fall on a Sunday, in Holy Week, or in Easter Week. In Common Worship Commemorations are not provided with collects or indications of liturgical colour. However, they may be celebrated as Lesser Festivals if local pastoral conditions suggest it.

Examples of Commemorations in the Church of England
10 January: William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury 1633- 1645
18 January: Amy Carmichael, Founder of the Dohnavur Fellowship, spiritual writer, 1951
20 January: Richard Rolle of Hampole, Spiritual Writer, 1349
10 February: Scholastica, sister of Benedict, Abbess, c 543
8 March: Felix, Bishop, Apostle to the East Angles, 647
24 April: Mellitus, Bishop of London, first Bishop of St Paul's, 624
16 May: Caroline Chisholm, Social Reformer, 1877
3 June: The Martyrs of Uganda, 1885–1887 and 1977
20 July: Margaret of Antioch, Martyr, 4th century
11 August: John Henry Newman, Priest, Tractarian, 1890
1 September: Giles of Provence, Hermit, c 710
12 October: Edith Cavell, b.4 December 1865 d.12 October 1915, British nurse and patriot
25 October: Crispin and Crispinian, Martyrs at Rome, c 287
14 November: Samuel Seabury, first Anglican Bishop in North America, 1796
1 December: Charles de Foucauld, Hermit in the Sahara, 1916

See also

List of Anglican Church calendars

Church of England festivals

Commemoration (Anglicanism)


Jack Denham (24 August 1924 – 14 December 2009) was a leading Australian horse trainer and businessman.

A member of a Sydney training dynasty, Denham first rode as a jockey for his brother, and then took out his own training licence in 1948.

Denham's training career took off when he became a trainer for Stan Fox at Nebo Lodge, a position he held for 10 years, training over 1,000 winners. For six successive years, from 1971 to 1976, he was runner-up in the Sydney trainers' premiership table. He was to win the premiership later in 1990–91 and 1992–93.

From 1980 onwards Denham was closely associated with owners Geoff and Beryl White, for whom he won a Golden Slipper with Marscay, an Epsom Handicap, Yalumba Stakes and other group races with Filante, and an Australian Guineas and AJC Oaks with Triscay. His greatest triumphs came in 1997 and 1998 when the Denham trained Might and Power took out the Melbourne Cup, Caulfield Cup and Cox Plate.

On 14 December 2009, Jack Denham died at the age of 85 after a long illness.

References

Australian jockeys
Australian racehorse trainers
1924 births
2009 deaths
Australian Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
People from Sydney

Jack Denham


The A3 Highway is an A-Grade trunk road in Sri Lanka. It connects the Peliyagoda with Negombo-Puttalam.

The highway A3 passes through Peliyagoda, Wattala, Mahabage, Kandana, Ja-Ela, Seeduwa, Katunayake, Negombo, Negombo Kochchikade, Bolawatte, Wennapuwa, Katuneriya, Marawila, Mahawewa, Madampe, Kakkapalliya, Chilaw, Arachchikattu, Battuluoya,  Mundel, Madurankuliya and Palavi to reach Puttalam.

A03 highway

A3 road (Sri Lanka)


A tristimulus colorimeter, colloquially shortened to colorimeter, is used in digital imaging to profile and calibrate output devices.
It takes a limited number of wideband spectral energy readings along the visible spectrum by using filtered photodetectors; e.g. silicon photodiodes.

A colorimeter with the known value of absolute error allows measuring (x,y)-chromaticity coordinates in red, green, blue and white colors. Measured values are used for calculation of LCD profile coefficients.

Originally, three glass filters whose transmittance spectra mimicked the CIE color matching functions (shown below) were employed. A filter bank may be used to decompose the individual color matching functions if more accuracy is desired.

A camera or colorimeter is said to be colorimetric if it satisfies the  by  (1868–1945) (also called the "Maxwell–Ives criterion"), reducing observer metamerism color errors, if the product of the spectral responsivity of the photoreceptor and the spectral transmittance of the filters is a linear combination of the CMFs.

A colorimeter or a digital camera with a color filter array can, under certain conditions, be used as an alternative to a spectrophotometer.

The illuminant and observer conditions should be specified when citing a measurement (e.g. D65/10°).

The quality of a colorimeter may be assessed using the means in CIE publication 179:2007.

There are various calibration methods for tristimulus colorimeters.

References

Color
Spectrometers
Laboratory equipment

Tristimulus colorimeter


Susanna Hirzel, known as Susette (1769–1858) was a Swiss painter.

Born in Zürich, Hirzel was the niece of painter Heinrich Hirzel, and studied briefly with August Friedrich Oelenhainz and a member of the Füssli family; she was, however, mainly self-taught. She married Ratsherr Hans Conrad Ott in 1801. Her brother Caspar was a soldier in the service of France, active as an amateur artist as well. Hirzel produced portraits in oil and pastel, and her work is represented in numerous collections in her native city.

References

1769 births
1858 deaths
Swiss women painters
18th-century Swiss painters
18th-century Swiss women artists
19th-century Swiss painters
19th-century Swiss women artists
Swiss portrait painters
Pastel artists
Artists from Zürich

Susette Hirzel


Peter Julian Millett, Baron Millett, ,  (23 June 1932 – 27 May 2021) was a British barrister and judge. He was a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1998 to 2004.

Biography

Early life
The son of Denis and Adele Millett, he was educated at Harrow School, London, and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he received a Master of Arts in Classics and Law in 1954, graduating with a Double First. From 1955 to 1957 he served as a Flying Officer in the Royal Air Force.  He was awarded an honorary fellowship by Queen Mary, University of London in 2012.

Legal career
Millett was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1955. In 1959, he joined Lincoln's Inn, where he was appointed a bencher in 1980. From 1958 to 1986 he practised at the Chancery Bar and was examiner and lecturer in practical conveyancing at the Council of Legal Education from 1962 to 1976. Between 1967 and 1973, Millett was junior counsel at the Department of Trade and Industry in chancery matters, and between 1971 and 1975 member of the General Council of the Bar.

He was a member of the Law Commission working party on co-ownership of the matrimonial home in 1972 and 1973 and appointed a Queen's Counsel in the following year. From 1977 to 1982, Millett was member of the Department of Trade Insolvency Law Review Committee. In 1982 he acted for the Inland Revenue in the leading tax avoidance case, Ramsay v IRC, creating a principle that ended and prevented many tax avoidance schemes.

Judicial career
In 1986, he became a judge of the High Court of Justice and was knighted. He was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal and a member of the Privy Council in 1994. On 1 October 1998, he was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, receiving additionally a life peerage with the title Baron Millett, of St Marylebone in the City of Westminster. He retired as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary in January 2004.

He was a Non-permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal between 2000 and 2021. In 2015, Millett was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

He retired from the membership of the House of Lords on 4 May 2017.

Personal life
Millett was married to Ann Mireille Harris from 1959. They had two sons and five grandchildren.

From 1991 to 1995, he was President of the West London Synagogue.

He was an active Freemason, and served for five years as Metropolitan Grand Master of London from the inception of the new Metropolitan Grand Lodge in 2003. In this capacity he supervised more than 1,200 Masonic Lodges in London, and more than 600 associated Chapters of Royal Arch Masons.

Judgments
Millett was well known for his judgment in the House of Lords in the wrongful birth case of McFarlane v Tayside Health Board where a couple were denied recovery of damages for the cost of bringing up an unwanted child, born as a result of a negligently performed vasectomy. He concluded that "the law must take the birth of a normal, healthy baby to be a blessing, not a detriment." In addition, in a dissenting opinion, he concluded that damages could not be awarded for the pain and distress of pregnancy and delivery but rather that a small sum should be awarded to reflect that the parents had "lost the freedom to limit the size of their family" and thus had been "denied an important aspect of their personal autonomy."

Millett was also notable for his contribution to the law of equity and trusts. He wrote the leading judgment in Foskett v McKeown, a landmark case on the English law of trusts, concerning tracing and the availability of proprietary relief following a breach of trust.  He also decided Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew, a leading English fiduciary law and professional negligence case, concerning a solicitor's duty of care and skill, and the nature of fiduciary duties. The case is globally cited for its definition of a fiduciary and the circumstances in which a fiduciary relationship arises.

List of judgments by Lord Millett
 Re Charnley Davies Ltd [1990] BCLC 760
 Armitage v Nurse [1997] EWCA Civ 1279
 Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1
 Foskett v McKeown [2000] UKHL 29, [2001] 1 AC 102
 Re Brumark Investments Ltd [2001] UKPC 28
 Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley [2002] UKHL 12
 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson [2004] 1 AC 919
 Collector of Stamp Revenue v Arrowtown Assets Ltd [2003] HKCFA 52, [2004] 1 HKLRD 77, (2003) 6 HKCFAR 517, FACV 4/2003
 Re Cosslett (Contractors) Ltd [1998] Ch 495 (CA)

Arms

References

Sources

1932 births
2021 deaths
Law lords
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
20th-century English judges
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Royal Air Force officers
Chancery Division judges
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Justices of the Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)
Hong Kong judges
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
Knights Bachelor
Jewish British politicians
Lords Justices of Appeal
21st-century English judges
Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014

Peter Millett, Baron Millett


Donald Nixon Ross, FRCS (4 October 1922 – 7 July 2014) was a South African-born British thoracic surgeon who was a pioneer of cardiac surgery and led the team that carried out the first heart transplantation in the United Kingdom in 1968. He developed the pulmonary autograft, known as the Ross procedure, for treatment of aortic valve disease.

Early life and education
Donald Ross was born in Kimberley, South Africa, on 4 October 1922. His parents were Scottish. He matriculated from Kimberley Boys' High School in 1939.

Early career
He began his medical career enrolling as a student at the University of Cape Town, training first as a dedicated scientist and subsequently as a doctor. He graduated (BSc, MB, ChB) in 1946 with first-class honours and the university gold medal. He had also received a two-year overseas scholarship which allowed him to further his studies in the United Kingdom.

Career in surgery in England
Ross has recalled eagerly accepting the scholarship: once in England he took up a career in surgery and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons (1949) within two years instead of the usual three. Working initially in Bristol he focused on chest and oesophageal surgery, and then began to include early cardiac surgery, such as on the ductus arteriosus. He was appointed Senior Registrar in Thoracic Surgery, Bristol, in 1952.

Ross acknowledges the particular influence on his career of two key figures: Ronald Belsey, MD, and Russell Claude Brock, FRCS, FRCP (later Lord Brock). Ross has recorded how Belsey, the oesophageal surgeon in Bristol with whom he was working, took him to Guy's Hospital in London to see Sir Russell Brock attempt to split open a calcified aortic valve. "There was no open-heart surgery in those days, and the operation was a dramatic failure. But the drama involved convinced me that I had to study new developments in cardiac surgery."

Ross had been a fellow student of Christiaan Barnard at the University of Cape Town, the man who carried out the world's first heart transplantation at Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital. Throughout his early training, moreover, he had felt a lure toward chest surgery and cardiology because they seemed to be the most active specialities in an era when very little could be done for a patient with heart disease of any type.

Dr Brock, in charge of surgery at Guy's Hospital, took on Mr Ross as a cardiovascular Research Fellow (1953) and later as Senior Thoracic Registrar (1954). Four years later, in 1958, Ross was appointed Consultant Cardiothoracic Surgeon, and subsequently Consultant Surgeon, National Heart Hospital in London (1963), and Senior Surgeon there (1967). In 1970, he was made Director of the Department of Surgery at the Institute of Cardiology, London.

Ross retired in 1997.

First heart transplantation in the United Kingdom
It was in 1968 that Donald Ross led the team of doctors (including Keith Ross (no relation) and Donald Longmore and the anaesthetist Alan Gilston.) and nurses at the National Heart Hospital in London in the United Kingdom's first heart transplantation. The operation, on a 45-year-old man, lasted 7 hours. The patient survived for another 46 days before dying from what was described at the time as an "overwhelming infection."

Looking back, Ross observed that it was almost logical that he should lead the team for the United Kingdom's first transplantation. "Operations on the open heart introduced the need to be able to deal with a quiescent heart action, so like most cardiac surgeons, I was involved in operating on an arrested heart and, as an extension of that, a quiescent transplanted heart…We felt that transplantation was a natural evolution."

There had been a surge of media attention around the heart transplantation, but the team had not considered the surgery itself particularly unique or challenging. The greatest issue faced was overcoming rejection of the newly transplanted heart. "We did not feel we had achieved any particular advances in transplantation at that time," Ross has said, "and we stopped after the third transplantation because the problem of rejection had not been overcome."

The Ross procedure
Ross's greater achievement was the development, in 1967, of what has been termed the Ross procedure, or pulmonary autograft for aortic valve disease.

He has said that his interest had lain "particularly with the valves—especially the aortic valve—but, in general, anything that was related to the function of the heart." Initially he was involved in developing a bypass machine and the use of hypothermia to facilitate open heart surgery.

In 1962 Ross introduced the use of homografts to replace diseased aortic valves.  He used a technique of subcoronary implantation developed in the laboratory by Carlos Duran and Alfred Gunning in Oxford.

Despite early promise, homografts had a limited life span of around 8 years. The pulmonary autograft, now widely known as the Ross procedure, first performed in 1967, was the logical development of the homograft: it involves replacing a patient's damaged aortic valve with his or her own pulmonary valve.

Ross believed that, "with care, the patient's own living pulmonary valve could be transplanted to replace the diseased aortic valve in that critical and vulnerable position and that it could persist there permanently." The benefits of the procedure were that it did not require lifelong anticoagulation with its attendant risks, and it could grow proportionately with the patient, making it suitable for use in children.

Honours and awards

Ross is recipient of the following honours and awards:
 Honorary FRCSI, 1984
 Honorary FRCS Thailand, 1987.
 Honorary DSc CNAA, 1982.
 Clement Price Thomas Award, Royal College of Surgeons, 1983.
 Order of Cedar of Lebanon, 1975;
 Order of Merit (1st class) (West Germany), 1981;
 Royal Order (Thailand), 1994.

Publications
 A Surgeon's Guide to Cardiac Diagnosis, 1962;
 Co-authored Medical and Surgical Cardiology, 1968;
 Co-authored Biological Tissue in Heart Valve Replacement, 1972;
 He has also contributed to the British Medical Journal, The Lancet and other journals.

On future prospects in cardiac surgery
In retirement, Mr Ross anticipated much in the future of cardiac surgery, for example, with respect to the burgeoning role of radiology in both the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. He was an advocate for tissue engineering to address the worldwide shortage of human organs and tissues for transplantation procedures.

Extramural interests
Outside of his medical pursuits, Ross bred Arabian horses, and he had been a devotee of the theatre, opera, and, particularly, chamber music at the Wigmore Hall.

Death
He died in London on 7 July 2014.

References

External links
1968: Surgeons conduct UK's first heart transplant

1922 births
2014 deaths
University of Cape Town alumni
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Scottish surgeons
British cardiac surgeons
20th-century Scottish medical doctors
South African people of Scottish descent
People from Kimberley, Northern Cape
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
British transplant surgeons
20th-century surgeons
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom

Donald Ross (surgeon)


Nokia 1610 is a mobile phone model manufactured by Nokia. It complemented the Nokia 2110 business model, but had significantly fewer features. It was introduced in April 1996 and released in May and became highly popular at the time.

The phone had a monochromatic display which could show two rows of text at a time. The operating manual did not mention a possibility to send text messages, but at least units sold from 1996 and onwards included the function. The SMS capable version was called 1610 Plus. The phone used an external rigid antenna, but had a groove on the inside of the battery to accommodate a pull-out type antenna. The 1610 used a credit card size SIM-card, and was powered by a NiMH type battery with a capacity of 600 mAh.

1610

Nokia 1610


Pussy willow is a name given to many of the smaller species of the genus Salix (willows and sallows) when their furry catkins are young in early spring.  These species include (among many others):
 Goat willow or goat sallow (Salix caprea), a small tree native to northern Europe and northwest Asia.
 Grey willow or grey sallow (Salix cinerea), a small tree native to northern Europe.
 American pussy willow (Salix discolor), native to northern North America.

Before the male catkins of these species come into full flower they are covered in fine, greyish fur, leading to a fancied likeness to tiny cats, also known as "pussies". The catkins appear long before the leaves, and are one of the earliest signs of spring.  At other times of year trees of most of these species are usually known by their ordinary names.

Cultural traditions

Asia
The many buds of the pussy willow make it a favourite flower for Lunar New Year. The fluffy white blossoms of the pussy willow resemble silk, and they soon give forth young shoots the colour of green jade. In Chinese tradition, this represents the coming of prosperity. Towards the Lunar New Year period in spring, stalks of the plant may be bought from wet market vendors or supermarkets.

Once unbundled within one's residence, the stalks are frequently decorated with gold and red ornaments—ornaments with colours and textures that signify prosperity and happiness. Felt pieces of red, pink, and yellow are also a common decoration in Southeast Asia.

Xie Daoyun's comparison of snow and willow catkins is a famous line of poetry and is used to refer to precocious young female poets.

Europe
The flowering shoots of pussy willow are used both in Europe and America for spring religious decoration on Palm Sunday, as a replacement for palm branches, which do not grow that far north.

Ukrainian and Russian Orthodox; Ruthenian, Polish, Romanian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Bavarian, and Austrian Roman Catholics; Finnish and Baltic Lutherans and Orthodox; and various other Eastern European peoples carry pussy willows on Palm Sunday instead of palm branches. This custom has continued to this day among Ukrainian Orthodox Church, Romanian Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Ruthenian Catholic, Ukrainian Catholic, Kashubian Catholic and Polish Catholic émigrés to North America. Sometimes, on Palm Sunday they will bless both palms and pussy willows in church. The branches will often be preserved throughout the year in the family's icon corner.

Pussy willow also plays a prominent role in Polish Dyngus Day (Easter Monday) observances, continued also among Polish-Americans, especially in the Buffalo, New York, area.

Middle East
In Greater Iran it may be part of the decoration on the Haft-Seen table during the new year celebration of Nowruz on the first day of spring, and its distilled flower is used in traditional medicine.

In popular culture

Pussy Willow, a children's book by Margaret Wise Brown (1951), tells the story of a grey "pussycat not much bigger than a pussywillow", who names himself Pussy Willow after the catkins he finds around him in Spring. When the catkins disappear with the passing of the season, he goes in search of them, asking each different kind of animal he encounters where he might find them. The animals all answer from their own perspective. Up in the air, says the butterfly; under a leaf, says the squirrel. Pussy Willow finally finds them a year later when Spring comes around again. The original edition was illustrated by Leonard Weisgard.

In the 1971 book The Best Christmas Pageant Ever by Barbara Robinson, the character Imogene Herdman argues with a girl named Alice over which of them will play the Virgin Mary in their school's upcoming Christmas pageant. Imogene threatens to stick a pussy willow down Alice's ear where no one would be able to reach it, and says: "And it'll sit there and grow and grow and grow. So for the rest of your life, there'll be a pussy willow bush growing out of your ear."

References

Easter traditions
Plant common names
Salix

de:Weidenkätzchen
ru:Верба

Pussy willow


"Over the Rainbow" is episode 20 of season 2 in the television show Angel, originally broadcast on the WB network. This episode begins immediately where the previous ends: Cordelia has been inadvertently sucked into a dimensional portal. She ends up as a slave in an alternate world called Pylea, until her owners learn of her precognitive visions. Back in Los Angeles, Angel, Wesley and the Host attempt to rescue Cordelia, while Gunn discovers he has alienated his old street gang.

Plot
The group realizes Cordelia has been sucked into Lorne's home dimension of Pylea, which Lorne says he was glad to leave. Caritas, the bar he runs, was once the abandoned building where the portal from Pylea opened up. Angel reads from the book to reopen the portal, but it fails to open; Wesley's researching discovers that the portal can only open in hot spots and Caritas is currently cold. Lorne seeks help from a psychic friend in order to find a hot spot, but she won't provide the information until he agrees to go with the others to finish his business in Pylea. Two lawyers from Wolfram & Hart appear at Angel's hotel, informing Angel that the law firm plans to buy the hotel when the current lease expires. Angel vamps out and lawyers take their leave, but not before threatening to make Angel's life difficult. Angel leaves a message on an answering machine with information about saving the hotel in case they don't make it back from Pylea.

Cordelia finds herself in a new dimension, where she is chased down and captured by a demon who declares her a "cow", or human slave. Her demon owner forces her into a collar that can be used to shock her when she doesn't obey. As she later mucks out the stables, wondering aloud if she can remove the collar, a runaway slave warns her through a hole in a wall that she shouldn't bother fighting. Cordelia is unable to see that the woman is Fred from her vision, crazy after all her years in Pylea. Before any more information can be exchanged, Fred is caught and taken away. Later, Cordelia follows her owner, carrying purchases from the market, until a vision causes her to fall and drop everything. She reveals she saw a villager being attacked by a Drokken in her vision, and a crowd draws, declaring her cursed. Cordelia is brought before Constable Narwek and explains she has precognitive visions.

Angel pulls his car up to the gate of a movie studio lot, following Lorne's information that it is a psychic hot spot. Although Gunn had earlier stated that George's death made him realize he's needed in this dimension, Angel's depressing phone message persuades him to join the mission. Wesley reads from the book, and with final good-byes to L.A., Angel drives his car through the portal. The book falls onto the sidewalk as the car vanishes. As the car arrives in daytime Pylea, Angel rushes to cover himself before realizing the two suns are not fatal to vampires. Happy and amazed, Angel goes off to gather branches to hide the car while enjoying the rare opportunity to be in sunlight. After covering the car, the guys realize that the book is gone and that they'll have to find another way to get back home. In town, Lorne advises that they stay to the shadows, as humans are treated as slaves. The Host tries to get help from an old friend but is met with bad reception. Chased by villagers, the gang is eventually caught and tied up in the middle of town.

After the Constable arrives, Lorne is taken away for questioning while the rest are chained in a dungeon until they are sentenced. In the dungeon, the guys brainstorm for escape plans and then with his vampire hearing, Angel overhears a conversation about Cordelia and her "sight." Guards bring Angel, Gunn, and Wesley to the Constable, who announces they will all be killed. For their death sentence, they are brought before the Princess of Pylea... Cordelia.

Production details
Production designer Stuart Blatt says the Angel location department had found a movie ranch with a standing set for a "Tijuana town," which they dressed for the Boxer Rebellion scenes of "Darla" and used again for the village of Pylea. He says, "it just so happens that the Chinese province town which looked a lot like Mexico also happens to look a lot like England, or Pylea or any other medieval pseudo Euro-space, alternative dimension with two suns kind of world". The set designers added timbers to the existing clay buildings, put thatching on the roofs, and created stalls for merchants and vendors. Blatt says their animal wranglers brought in "medieval chickens and goats and pigs and yaks" and old chariots were reconstructed to  create the vehicles.

The scene in which Angel opens the portal to Pylea was shot outside Paramount Pictures, where the series is filmed.

Alternate version

The opening scene for this episode is missing on the Region 1 DVD release: The "Previously On Angel" segment led directly into the teaser for this episode, and featured Angel, Wesley and The Host surprised to find Cordelia has vanished into the portal with Landok. They immediately begin searching for her, and the scene cuts to Cordelia's current location on Pylea. This scene is missing because the Region 1 DVD release of season 2 does not feature any of the "Previously On Angel" segments, but the scene and segments are intact on the Region 2 and Region 4 DVD releases.

Writing
Despite fan speculation that the Pylea episodes were due to Julie Benz being unavailable for the conclusion of the Darla storyline, writer Tim Minear says the writers decided they were "weary of the Darla drama" and wanted the finale to be something "totally unexpected" instead. Julie Benz confirmed that she left because the writers had "played out the storyline as much as possible."

Acting
This episode is the first appearance of eventual Lost actor Daniel Dae Kim as Gavin Park, who became a recurring character in the third and fourth seasons.

Cultural references
 Over the Rainbow: The episode's title is a reference to the famous song written for The Wizard of Oz.
 After arriving in Pylea, Cordelia taps the heels of her shoes together three times, which is what Dorothy did when she was sent home, in the movie,  The Wizard of Oz
Among the things he lists as things he'd rather have to do instead of return to his home dimension, Lorne says "I'd rather sit through a junior high school production of Cats." Lorne's dislike for the works of Andrew Lloyd Webber was made known in Reprise.

Reception and reviews
The "Pylea" arc, which begins with this episode and concludes with the season finale, "There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb", appears ninth on Slayage.com's list of the top 10 episodes of Angel. Charisma Carpenter was praised for demonstrating "true strength as a comedic actress." However, UGO Networks felt that the episodes were "something of a disappointment" because the "Dungeons & Dragons style world" of Pylea broke the dark tone that had been established.

References

Further reading
John Kenneth Muir. The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television (2nd edn), p. 62 (McFarland; 2008)

External links

Angel (season 2) episodes
2001 American television episodes
Television episodes about slavery

Over the Rainbow (Angel)


Odd Hours is the fourth novel in the Odd Thomas series by Dean Koontz. It was released on May 20, 2008.

Plot summary

After leaving the monastery in the previous book, Odd found a place to stay in Magic Beach with a retired actor. While out for a walk one morning, he finds a woman whom he had been seeing in his dreams; a young, pregnant woman who calls herself Annamaria. After being assaulted and nearly killed by a large man with two henchmen in tow, Odd is separated from Annamaria, though he uses his psychic magnetism to find her. Once he finds her they decide they need to leave immediately, but while making preparations to do so they hear a car door slam. They manage to find a spot to hide until after the men who had been chasing them leave. With the men now gone, Odd and Annamaria set out walking. On their walk, they encounter a large pack of coyotes that Annamaria somehow persuades to leave. After leaving Annamaria with a trusted friend, Odd flees to a local church where he is subsequently turned over to the sheriff of Magic Beach, but not before he hides his ID in a church pew. The sheriff, a man who seems to have many personalities, believes Odd is a government agent who has come to spy on his operation: the delivery and shipment of multiple nuclear weapons to terrorist groups inside the US via the Magic Beach harbor. Odd manages to convince the Sheriff that he is a government experiment gone wrong and that he is willing to be bribed in order to look the other way. While the sheriff is setting up a transaction to buy his loyalty Odd manages to enrage the spirit of Frank Sinatra, who began accompanying him after the departure of Elvis. The rage caused by his spirit creates a violent whirlwind, and in the confusion Odd is able to escape from the police department.

He quickly makes his way down to the harbor and is able to board the craft that is carrying the nukes. Though he does not want to, he is forced to kill everyone on board, as there is no other way to secure the ship and its dangerous cargo. Odd manages to run the boat aground in a nearby cove and ensures that the Coast Guard, DHS, and FBI are all aware of what the boat contains.  Odd returns to the church to retrieve his ID, but is surprised by the sheriff when leaving.  While attempting to escape, he runs into the priest and his wife. Odd learns that both the priest and his wife were also involved with the plan to sell nuclear weapons through Magic Beach. The priest kills his wife and is then killed by the sheriff, who is in turn killed by one of his henchmen. The henchman, identified primarily as 'Meth Mouth' talks to Odd, still believing him to be a psychic government agent. While laughing over a joke of Meth Mouth's, Odd shoots him under the table with the wife's gun.

The story ends with Odd and Annamaria leaving Magic Beach. Odd is sobbing over the murder of so many people, almost all at his hands. Annamaria comforts him with the knowledge that while he may have ended a few lives, he saved millions more. She then pulls the car over and asks Odd to show her the constellation Cassiopeia. Odd and Stormy would often point out Cassiopeia together as that was Stormy's mother's name, so Annamaria's request startles him, but he points the constellation out to her.

Webisodes
A four-part series debuting in April 2008, Odd Passenger detailed events between Brother Odd and Odd Hours. They were produced by Escape Goat Pictures (www.rungoatrun.com) and were directed by Jack Paccione Jr., with Odd being played by Anthony Marks.

Connections to Koontz's other works
At the start of the book, Odd is wearing a sweatshirt with the words MYSTERY TRAIN on it. Later, he changes to a T-shirt with WYVERN on the front. These are references to the Moonlight Bay Trilogy and suggest a possible link between the two series.

Notes

External links

 Episode 1 of the Odd Passenger
 Episode 2 of the Odd Passenger
 Episode 3 of the Odd Passenger
 Episode 4 of the Odd Passenger

2008 American novels
Novels by Dean Koontz
Novels about precognition

Odd Hours


In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is a position which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic. The term was first articulated by British philosopher Michael Dummett in an argument against a form of realism Dummett saw as 'colorless reductionism'.

In anti-realism, the truth of a statement rests on its demonstrability through internal logic mechanisms, such as the context principle or intuitionistic logic, in direct opposition to the realist notion that the truth of a statement rests on its correspondence to an external, independent reality. In anti-realism, this external reality is hypothetical and is not assumed.

Anti-realism in its most general sense can be understood as being in contrast to a generic realism, which holds that distinctive objects of a subject-matter exist and have properties independent of one's beliefs and conceptual schemes. The ways in which anti-realism rejects these type of claims can vary dramatically. Because this encompasses statements containing abstract ideal objects (i.e. mathematical objects), anti-realism may apply to a wide range of philosophical topics, from material objects to the theoretical entities of science, mathematical statements, mental states, events and processes, the past and the future.

One of the major problems faced by almost all proponents of anti-realism is the postulate of self-consistency. Since neither language nor logic can ever be a completely self-consistent domain, due to Gödel's incompleteness theorems, the truth of a proposition becomes either indemonstrable or unattainable.

Varieties

Metaphysical anti-realism

One kind of metaphysical anti-realism maintains a skepticism about the physical world, arguing either: 1) that nothing exists outside the mind, or 2) that we would have no access to a mind-independent reality, even if it exists. The latter case often takes the form of a denial of the idea that we can have 'unconceptualised' experiences (see Myth of the Given).  Conversely, most realists (specifically, indirect realists) hold that perceptions or sense data are caused by mind-independent objects. But this introduces the possibility of another kind of skepticism: since our understanding of causality is that the same effect can be produced by multiple causes, there is a lack of determinacy about what one is really perceiving, as in the brain in a vat scenario. The main alternative to this sort of metaphysical anti-realism is metaphysical realism.

On a more abstract level, model-theoretic anti-realist arguments hold that a given set of symbols in a theory can be mapped onto any number of sets of real-world objects—each set being a "model" of the theory—provided the relationship between the objects is the same (compare with symbol grounding.)

In ancient Greek philosophy, nominalist (anti-realist) doctrines about universals were proposed by the Stoics, especially Chrysippus. In early modern philosophy, conceptualist anti-realist doctrines about universals were proposed by thinkers like René Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, George Berkeley, and David Hume. In late modern philosophy, anti-realist doctrines about knowledge were proposed by the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Hegel was a proponent of what is now called inferentialism: he believed that the ground for the axioms and the foundation for the validity of the inferences are the right consequences and that the axioms do not explain the consequence. Kant and Hegel held conceptualist views about universals. In contemporary philosophy, anti-realism was revived in the form of empirio-criticism, logical positivism, semantic anti-realism and scientific instrumentalism (see below).

Mathematical anti-realism

In the philosophy of mathematics, realism is the claim that mathematical entities such as 'number' have an observer-independent existence. Empiricism, which associates numbers with concrete physical objects, and Platonism, in which numbers are abstract, non-physical entities, are the preeminent forms of mathematical realism.

The "epistemic argument" against Platonism has been made by Paul Benacerraf and Hartry Field. Platonism posits that mathematical objects are abstract entities. By general agreement, abstract entities cannot interact causally with physical entities ("the truth-values of our mathematical assertions depend on facts involving platonic entities that reside in a realm outside of space-time") Whilst our knowledge of physical objects is based on our ability to perceive them, and therefore to causally interact with them, there is no parallel account of how mathematicians come to have knowledge of abstract objects.

Field developed his views into fictionalism. Benacerraf also developed the philosophy of mathematical structuralism, according to which there are no mathematical objects. Nonetheless, some versions of structuralism are compatible with some versions of realism.

Counterarguments
Anti-realist arguments hinge on the idea that a satisfactory, naturalistic account of thought processes can be given for mathematical reasoning. One line of defense is to maintain that this is false, so that mathematical reasoning uses some special intuition that involves contact with the Platonic realm, as in the argument given by Sir Roger Penrose.

Another line of defense is to maintain that abstract objects are relevant to mathematical reasoning in a way that is non causal, and not analogous to perception. This argument is developed by Jerrold Katz in his 2000 book Realistic Rationalism. In this book, he put forward a position called realistic rationalism, which combines metaphysical realism and rationalism.

A more radical defense is to deny the separation of physical world and the platonic world, i.e. the mathematical universe hypothesis (a variety of mathematicism). In that case, a mathematician's knowledge of mathematics is one mathematical object making contact with another.

Semantic anti-realism

The term "anti-realism" was introduced by Michael Dummett in his 1982 paper "Realism" in order to re-examine a number of classical philosophical disputes, involving such doctrines as nominalism, Platonic realism, idealism and phenomenalism. The novelty of Dummett's approach consisted in portraying these disputes as analogous to the dispute between intuitionism and Platonism in the philosophy of mathematics.

According to intuitionists (anti-realists with respect to mathematical objects), the truth of a mathematical statement consists in our ability to prove it. According to Platonic realists, the truth of a statement is proven in its correspondence to objective reality. Thus, intuitionists are ready to accept a statement of the form "P or Q" as true only if we can prove P or if we can prove Q. In particular, we cannot in general claim that "P or not P" is true (the law of excluded middle), since in some cases we may not be able to prove the statement "P" nor prove the statement "not P". Similarly, intuitionists object to the existence property for classical logic, where one can prove , without being able to produce any term  of which  holds.

Dummett argues that this notion of truth lies at the bottom of various classical forms of anti-realism, and uses it to re-interpret phenomenalism, claiming that it need not take the form of reductionism.

Dummett's writings on anti-realism draw heavily on the later writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein, concerning meaning and rule following, and can be seen as an attempt to integrate central ideas from the Philosophical Investigations into the constructive tradition of analytic philosophy deriving from Gottlob Frege.

Scientific anti-realism

In philosophy of science, anti-realism applies chiefly to claims about the non-reality of "unobservable" entities such as electrons or genes, which are not detectable with human senses.

One prominent variety of scientific anti-realism is instrumentalism, which takes a purely agnostic view towards the existence of unobservable entities, in which the unobservable entity X serves as an instrument to aid in the success of theory Y and does not require proof for the existence or non-existence of X.

Moral anti-realism
In the philosophy of ethics, moral anti-realism (or moral irrealism) is a meta-ethical doctrine that there are no objective moral values or normative facts. It is usually defined in opposition to moral realism, which holds that there are objective moral values, such that a moral claim may be either true or false. Specifically the moral anti-realist is committed to denying at least one of the following three statements:

 The Semantic Thesis: Moral statements have meaning, they express propositions, or are the kind of things that can be true or false.
 The Alethic Thesis: Some moral propositions are true.
 The Metaphysical Thesis: The metaphysical status of moral facts is robust and ordinary, not importantly different from other facts about the world.

Different version of moral anti-realism deny different statements: specifically, non-cognitivism denies the first claim, arguing that moral statements have no meaning or truth content, error theory denies the second claim, arguing that all moral statements are false, and ethical subjectivism denies the third claim, arguing that the truth of moral statements is mind dependent.

Examples of anti-realist moral theories might be:

Ethical subjectivism
Non-cognitivism
Emotivism
Prescriptivism
Quasi-realism
Projectivism
Moral fictionalism
Moral nihilism
Moral skepticism

There is a debate as to whether moral relativism is actually an anti-realist position. While many versions deny the metaphysical thesis, some do not, as one could imagine a system of morality which requires you to obey the written laws in your country. Such a system would be a version of moral relativism, as different individuals would be required to follow different laws, but the moral facts are physical facts about the world, not mental facts, so they are metaphysically ordinary. Thus, different versions of moral relativism might be considered anti-realist or realist.

Epistemic anti-realism

Just as moral anti-realism asserts the nonexistence of normative facts, epistemic anti-realism asserts the nonexistence of facts in the domain of epistemology. Thus, the two are now sometimes grouped together as "metanormative anti-realism". Prominent defenders of epistemic anti-realism include Hartry Field, Simon Blackburn, Matthew Chrisman, and Allan Gibbard, among others.

See also

 Arend Heyting
 Constructivist epistemology
 Crispin Wright
 Critical realism (philosophy of perception)
 Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer
 Metaepistemology
 Münchhausen trilemma
 Neil Tennant (philosopher)
 Philosophical realism
 Quasi-realism

References

Bibliography

 . reprinted, pp. 1–24.
 . reprinted, pp. 145–165.
 . reprinted, pp. 202–214.
 Lee Braver (2007). A Thing of This World: a History of Continental Anti-Realism, Northwestern University Press: 2007.
 Ian Hacking (1999). The Social Construction of What?. Harvard University Press: 2001.
 Samir Okasha (2002). Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.

External links

 Semantic challenges to realism in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Philosophical realism
Idealism
Metaphysics of science
Metatheory of science
Epistemology of science

Anti-realism


Edwin Dampier Brickwood (1 December 1837 – 1906) was a British rower who won the Wingfield Sculls in 1861 and the  Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta  in 1859 and 1862. He also wrote about rowing.

Brickwood was born in Luton, Bedfordshire, the son of Edwin Latham Brickwood and his wife Elizabeth Ann Dampier. He became a civil servant.  Brickwood rowed for London Rowing Club and in 1859 won the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley.  In 1861 Brickwood won the Wingfield Sculls, and in 1862, the Diamond Challenge Sculls again. He lost the Wingfield Sculls in 1862 to W. B. Woodgate.

Brickwood was aquatic correspondent for The Field magazine and in 1866 published, under the name "Argonaut", The Arts of Rowing and Training. For many years he produced the Rowing Almanack and Oarsman's Companion. His definition of the difference between amateurs and professionals became the standard.

Brickwood contributed the article "Yachting" to the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Brickwood died at the age of 68.

References

External links

  "Yachting", from Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th Edition, Volume XXIV (1888).

1837 births
1906 deaths
English male rowers
British male rowers

Edwin Brickwood


Thomas Murphy (1821 – August 17, 1901) was an Irish-American businessman and politician from New York City, serving as a New York state senator for a total of three terms, 1866 through 1867, and in 1879. He had joined the Republican Party and made his fortune selling equipment to the Union Army during the American Civil War. Afterward, he became part of the political machine run by US Senator from New York Roscoe Conkling, and was appointed as the Collector of the Port of New York from 1870 to 1871.

Life
Murphy was born in Ireland in 1821.  He emigrated to the United States as a young man and entered the fur business.  He became interested in politics, joining first the Whig party and later the Republicans.

In 1848, he married Mary Gibbs (died 1897), and they had five children.  Their son, Edgar Gibbs Murphy, became well known as a champion pigeon-shooter. Another son, Thomas Vinton Murphy, married Cora Howarth. They had a business running munitions and a gambling house in the 1880s.

Murphy made his fortune selling equipment to the Union Army during the American Civil War, and soon thereafter became involved with the Republican political machine run by Roscoe Conkling. He was a member of the New York State Senate (7th D.) in 1866 and 1867.  In 1870, Conkling asked President Ulysses S. Grant to appoint Murphy to the office of Collector.  Murphy antagonized other New York Republican factions by firing their members from Custom House jobs and replacing them with men loyal to Conkling. Murphy became sufficiently unpopular so that Grant was forced to replace him, appointing Murphy's friend, Chester A. Arthur, to the post in his place.

After his removal, Murphy ran for Congress from New York's 9th congressional district, but was defeated. He was elected again as a member of the State Senate in 1879.

He eventually owned a horse farm in Deal, New Jersey. He died at his home in 1901 of kidney disease. His funeral was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York.  He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

Footnotes

1821 births
1901 deaths
Politicians from New York City
Collectors of the Port of New York
Irish emigrants to the United States
New York (state) Whigs
19th-century American politicians
New York (state) Republicans
Deaths from kidney disease
People from Deal, New Jersey

Thomas Murphy (Collector)


MileHiCon  is an annual science fiction/fantasy convention held in Denver, Colorado in October. It is primarily literary, although it also has an art show, vendors' room, the Critter Crunch (similar to Robot Wars), the Critter Float-illa (robotic competition in the hotel pool), a video room, anime room, masquerade, gaming, bat'leth tournament, and programming on science, writing, literary, media and fannish topics. It runs its own track of kid-friendly, interactive programming and also hosts the Avistrum Academy of Sorcery. It is run by MileHiCon, Inc., a Colorado not-for-profit corporation, and donates money each year to local literacy programs.

History
MileHiCon was started by the Denver Area Science Fiction Association (DASFA). Following the monthly meeting in September 1969, several DASFAns discussed their recent experiences at the St. Louis WorldCon and it was decided to hold an SF (science fiction) Mini-Convention for the next meeting. However, due to some planning hitches and the inability of some key people to attend, it was postponed until November.

The name of the evening-long event was shortened to Minicon. It was held in the basement meeting room of the Columbia Savings Bank, where DASFA met at that time. DASFA soon discovered that another convention called Minicon had been started the previous year in Minneapolis. Since that name was taken, DASFA decided to rename it Octocon, since (after the first one) it was held in October. After a couple of years holding Octocon, they discovered there was a convention in Ireland called Octocon. DASFA then renamed the convention again. Two final proposals for the title were:
 "MileHiCon," which plays off Denver being "the Mile-High City", and would be unlikely to be duplicated;
 "LungfishGranolaCon," which refers to an ancient DASFA tradition of lungfish jokes, a type of word game.
"MileHiCon" was chosen, after a close vote.

Around 1980, MileHiCon was incorporated as an entity separate from DASFA (which still meets, but is not incorporated). For the last several years, attendance has generally hovered around a thousand.

MileHiCon 43 was held 21–23 October 2011. Guests included authors Vernor Vinge and Glen Cook, and editor Gardner Dozois with artist guest Theresa Mather. Denver author Mario Acevedo was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 44 was held 19–21 October 2012. Guests included authors Cherie Priest and C. J. Henderson, with artist guest Stephen Hickman. Colorado author Stephen Graham Jones was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 45 was held 18–20 October 2013. Guests included authors Seanan McGuire and Catherynne Valente, and artist Aaron B. Miller. New Mexico author Ian Tregillis was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 46 was held 24–26 October 2014. Guests included authors Daniel Abraham and Ty Franck (who also write together as James S. A. Corey) and Michael Swanwick. Artist guests were Phil Foglio and Kaja Foglio. Denver author Jeanne C. Stein was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 47 was held 23–25 October 2015. Guests included authors Kevin Hearne and Kristine Kathryn Rusch. Artist guest was Ursula Vernon. James Van Pelt was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 48 Was held 28–30 October 2016. Guests included authors John Varley and Kelley Armstrong. Artist guest was Julie Dillon. Chaz Kemp was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 49 was 28–30 October 2017. Guests included authors Eric Flint and Jane Lindskold. Artist guest was Carrie Ann Baade. Author Jason Heller was the toastmaster.

MileHiCon 50 was 19-21 October 2018. All past guests of honor have been invited back for the semi-centennial celebration.

MileHiCon 51 was 18-20 October 2019. Guest included authors Angela Roquet and Marie Brennan. Artist guest was Elizabeth Leggett. Author Carol Berg was the toastmaster.

References

Science fiction conventions in the United States
Festivals in Denver
Organizations based in Denver
Recurring events established in 1969
Fantasy conventions
Tourist attractions in Denver
1969 establishments in Colorado

MileHiCon


Alfréd Meissner (April 10, 1871 – September 29, 1950) was a Czechoslovak politician and member of the Social Democratic Party in the First Czechoslovak Republic. He was elected to the National Assembly and served twice as Minister of Justice and twice as Minister of Social Welfare of the republic. Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia during the Second World War, he was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp. He survived the Holocaust, and after the war he returned to Prague where he died at the age of 79.

Life
Alfréd Meissner was born in Mladá Boleslav, a city about 50 kilometres (31 miles) northeast of Prag, on April 10, 1871, in what was then the Kingdom of Bohemia, a crown-land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He studied law at the University of Vienna and the University of Prague. After obtaining the degree of Doctor of Law, he worked as a lawyer in Prague. In 1898 he joined the Social Democratic Party (a forerunner of today's Czech Social Democratic Party), of which he became an influential member. He married Rosa Sommer (born 1887), and together they had three children.

When the First Czechoslovak Republic was formed in 1918, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of the National Assembly. Meissner made important contributions to statutes and the constitution of the new republic. He served as Minister of Justice of the Czechoslovak Republic from May 25, 1920, until September 15, 1920; and from July 12, 1929, until February 14, 1934. Subsequently, he was made Minister of Social Welfare in 1934. An office he held until June 4, 1935, when he was replaced by Jaromír Nečas. He then briefly held the same post again, from November 5 to December 18, at the end of 1935. In 1930 Meissner was made honorary president of the conference of the International Association of Penal Law in Prague. He was also the managing director of a factory. By reelection (in 1925, 1929 and 1935) he remained a member of the National Assembly until the German invasion and subsequent occupation in 1939.

Due to his Jewish origins, the Germans deported Meissner and his wife to the Theresienstadt concentration camp; they arrived there on January 30, 1942. In Theresienstadt, Meissner was one of the elders of the Jewish Council led by Benjamin Murmelstein. At the end of the war on May 1, 1945, control of the camp was transferred from the Germans to the Red Cross.
The Commandant of the camp and the SS subsequently fled a few days later, and on May 8 Theresienstadt was liberated by Soviet troops. Meissner returned to Prague in the summer of 1945, where he lived until his death in 1950,  at the age of 79.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Alfred Meissner on www.ghetto-theresienstadt.info
 Bratři Emil a Alfréd Meissnerovi

1871 births
1950 deaths
People from Mladá Boleslav
19th-century Czech lawyers
Jewish Czech politicians
Czechoslovak Jews
Czech Social Democratic Party MPs
National Labour Party (1938) politicians
Government ministers of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Revolutionary National Assembly of Czechoslovakia
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1920–1925)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1925–1929)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1929–1935)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia (1935–1939)
20th-century Czech lawyers
Theresienstadt Ghetto survivors
University of Vienna alumni
Charles University alumni
People from Austria-Hungary

Alfréd Meissner


Iğdır Province (, , , ) is a province in eastern Turkey, located along the borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan (the area of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic), and Iran. Its adjacent provinces are Kars to the northwest and Ağrı to the west and south. Its area is 3,664 km2, and its population is 203,594 (2022). Its population was 168,634 in 2000 and 142,601 in 1990. The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority with a pretty close Azerbaijani minority.

The province was created in 1992 from the southeastern part of Kars Province. The current Governor of the province is Ercan Turan. Being the highest mountain in Armenian Highlands, Mount Ararat (Ağrı Dağı) is at present in Turkey's Iğdır province, but much of the land is a wide plain far below the mountain. The climate is the warmest in this part of Turkey; cotton can be grown in Iğdır. The closed border with Armenia follows the Aras River.

The provincial capital is the city of Iğdır.

Districts

Iğdır province is divided into four districts (capital district in bold):
 Aralık
 Iğdır
 Karakoyunlu
 Tuzluca

History

Archaeological research has uncovered Hurrian settlements in the Iğdır region going back to 4000 BC. The area was part of the Urartu kingdom circa 800 BC. There is a Urartu statuary in the area. It remained under Urartian control until its transition to the Median Empire, Persian Empire, Alexander The Great, Orontid dynasty of the Kingdom of Armenia. Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, Sassanid and Byzantine forces were prominent from the 4th century BC, followed by the Arab armies of Islam in 646. Turks, Georgians and Mongols fought through here for 400 years from 1064 onwards until the area was settled by Kara Koyunlu and then Ak Koyunlu Turkic tribes in the early 15th century.

For centuries, constant warfare ensued between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire and the Persian Empire from 1534 until 1746. The region, most of the time remaining in Persian hands, was officially ceded once again in 1746, when subsequently most of its land within the province of Iğdır today became part of the Erivan khanate, a Muslim principality in Persia. The northern part of the province remained in Persian hands until after the Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828 when it became part of the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Under Russian administration, the area became the Surmalu uezd (with its capital at the city of Iğdır) of the Armenian Oblast and later the Erivan Governorate. The southern half of the province remained in Ottoman hands through most of the 19th century but was incorporated into the Russian Empire as a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.

Towards the end of World War I, the whole area came under the administration of the First Republic of Armenia as part of Ararat province. After an attack into the territory by the Turkish army, Iğdır was ceded to Turkey by the Soviet government under the Treaty of Kars. A substantial Armenian population remained in the area throughout this history of struggle between great powers. Armenians formed the ethnic majority in the city of Iğdır itself until 1919–1920 when most either died or fled due to starvation during the Turkish–Armenian War. It was part of the former Province of Beyazıt between 1922 and 1927, part of Ağrı Province between 1927 and 1934, and finally part of Kars Province between 1934 and 1993, before becoming a separate province.

Demographics

Within the Russian Empire

Estimate of 1886
The area of the present-day Iğdır Province was administered by the Russian Empire as part of the Surmalu Uezd between 1828 and 1918. According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the districts 34,351 were Azerbaijanis (48.3%, mentioned as 'Tatars' in the source), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%) and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%).

Russian Empire census (1897)
According to the Russian Empire census in 1897, the town of Iğdır had a population of 4,680, of which 3,934 (84%) were Armenians, and 559 (12%) were Russians. The district had a population of 89,055 in 1897 of which Tatars (later known as Azerbaijanis) constituted  of the population, followed by  Armenians,  Kurds and  Slavs. Iğdır city had a population of 4,680 in the same census of which  were Armenians,  Slavic,  Azerbaijani and  Kurdish.

Caucasian Calendar (1917)
According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, the Surmalu Uezd had 104,791 residents in 1916, including 55,364 men and 49,427 women, 98,212 of whom were the permanent population, and 6,579 were temporary residents. The statistics indicated Shia Muslims to be the plurality of the population of the uezd, followed closely by Armenians, Kurds and Yazidis:

Within the Republic of Turkey

Turkish census of 1927
In the 1927 Turkish census, the district was part of Kars Province and had a population of 25,209, of which  spoke Turkish as first language followed by Kurdish at . The whole population adhered to Islam.

From comparing the statistics available in 1916 and 1927, it is evident the population of the Iğdir Province lessened by 79,582, a decline of 76% over eleven years, which is indicative of the constant state of warfare, famine and turmoil in the district between 1918 and 1920.

By 2018, the population of the district reached 197,456, nearing double what it was a century prior.

Places of interest

 The caravanserai of Zor, believed to have been built by an Armenian architect in the 13th or 14th century, is located 35 km south-west of the city of Iğdır, and is named after the nearby village of Zor. It was one of halting places along the trade route between northern Persia and Georgia. Caravans used to stay over-here before passing over the Çilli pass. Restoration works have begun on the structure, which has been put under protection since 1988. The ruins of an Armenian church was once located in the same area, but today nothing remains of it.
 Surmari castle, 25 km west of the city of Iğdır, on the road to Tuzluca, in the village of , is the site of the medieval Armenian town of Surmari. However, it is currently inaccessible due to border restrictions.
 Statues with Ram Heads, Cementer stones with ram heads existing almost in all old cementers in Iğdır Plain are remnants from Kara Koyunlu period. These cementers of brave, heroic persons and young persons who had died in youth age.
 Aras Bird Research and Education Center, One of only four active bird research and banding (ringing) stations in Turkey. 204 bird species have been recorded so far in the wetlands along Aras River, Yukari Ciyrikli, Tuzluca. Bird enthusiasts can volunteer or visit to experience the diverse birdlife and traditional village life. From Kars to Igdir, turn immediately right 10 meter before the Aras bridge and drive 4 km to Yukari Ciyrikli village.

See also
List of populated places in Iğdır Province
Ararat Plain

References

States and territories established in 1992
Turkish Kurdistan

Iğdır Province


Jean-François Ducos (26 October 1765, in Bordeaux – 31 October 1793) was a French député for the Gironde to the Legislative Assembly then the National Convention.

Life
The son of a merchant in Bordeaux, he was sent to Nantes to learn his trade but there became interested in politics and philosophy, joining several such circles, in which he gained a reputation for patriotism. This allowed him to be elected as a député for Gironde to the Legislative Assembly then the Convention. There he sat with the Girondins (but tended to favour the opinions of the Montagnards) and took up marked positions, such as in the issues surrounding Louis XVI, the abolition of the monarchy and the question of the refractory priests. He was virulently opposed to La Fayette.

Protection from Marat meant he escaped a purge on 2 June 1793, but he fell under suspicion due to his protests against the arrests and summary 'disappearances'. He was mentioned in the report by Amar on 3 October 1793 and condemned to death on 30 October. He was guillotined on 31 October alongside other Girondins, including his friend and brother-in-law Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède. Noted for his caustic wit, Ducos reputedly remarked, while awaiting his turn at the guillotine, "The Convention has forgotten one thing: a decree on the unity and indivisibility of heads and bodies."

In popular culture
Ducos, together with his friend Boyer-Fonfrède, appears in a supporting role in the historical mystery novel Palace of Justice (2010) by Susanne Alleyn.

1765 births
1793 deaths
Politicians from Bordeaux
Deputies to the French National Convention
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution

Jean-François Ducos