James Bowie ( ) (April 10, 1796 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th-century American pioneer, slave smuggler and trader, and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He was among the Americans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history and a folk hero of American culture.

Bowie was born on April 10, 1796, in Logan County, Kentucky. He spent most of his life in Louisiana, where he was raised and where he later worked as a land speculator. His rise to fame began in 1827 on reports of the Sandbar Fight near present-day Vidalia, Louisiana. What began as a duel between two other men deteriorated into a mêlée in which Bowie, having been shot and stabbed, killed the sheriff of Rapides Parish with a large knife. This, and other stories of Bowie's prowess with a knife, led to the widespread popularity of the Bowie knife.

Bowie enlarged his reputation during the Texas Revolution.  After moving to Texas in 1830, Bowie became a Mexican citizen and married Ursula Veramendi, the daughter of Juan Martín de Veramendi, the Mexican vice-governor of the province. Bowie led an expedition to find the lost San Saba mine, during which his small party repelled an attack by a large Native American raiding party. This enhanced his reputation, although they didn't find the mine.

At the outbreak of the Texas Revolution, Bowie joined the Texas militia, leading forces at the Battle of Concepción and the Grass Fight. In January 1836, he arrived at the Alamo, where he commanded the volunteer forces until an illness left him bedridden. Bowie died on March 6, 1836, with the other Alamo defenders. Despite conflicting accounts of his death, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate" accounts maintain that he died in his bed while defending himself against Mexican soldiers.

Early years
According to his older brother, John, James Bowie was born in Logan County, Kentucky, on April 10, 1796 (Historical marker: 36° 46' 25"N 86° 42' 10"W). In his 1948 book, Bowie Knife, historian Raymond Thorp gives Bowie's birth date as April 10 but does not support it with any documentation. Bowie's surname was pronounced  . (Some reference works refer to an incorrect alternate pronunciation  ).

Bowie was the ninth of ten children born to Reason (or Rezin) and Elve Ap-Catesby (née Jones, or Johns) Bowie. His father was wounded while fighting in the American Revolutionary War, and in 1782 he married Elve, the young woman who nursed him back to health. The Bowies first settled in Georgia and then moved to Kentucky. At the time of Bowie's birth, his father owned eight enslaved African Americans, eleven head of cattle, seven horses, and one stud horse. The following year, the family acquired  along the Red River. They sold that property in 1800 and relocated to what is now Missouri. In 1802, they moved south to Spanish Louisiana, where they settled on Bushley Bayou in what soon became Rapides Parish.

The family moved again in 1809, settling on Bayou Teche in Louisiana before finding a permanent home in Opelousas in 1812. Raised on the frontier, the Bowie children worked from a young age, helping to clear the land and plant and cultivate crops. All the children learned to read and write in English, but James and his elder brother Rezin could also read, write, and speak Spanish and French fluently. The children learned to survive on the frontier, learning how to fish, butcher meat, and run a farm and plantation. James Bowie became proficient with pistol, rifle, and knife, and had a reputation for fearlessness. When he was a boy, one of his Native American friends taught him to rope alligators.

In late 1814, in response to General Andrew Jackson's plea for volunteers to fight the British in the War of 1812, James and Rezin enlisted in the Louisiana militia. The Bowie brothers arrived in New Orleans too late to participate in the fighting. After mustering out of the militia, Bowie settled in Rapides Parish. He supported himself by sawing planks and lumber, and floating them down the bayou for sale. In June 1819, he joined the Long Expedition, an effort to liberate Texas from Spanish rule. The group encountered little resistance and, after capturing Nacogdoches, declared Texas an independent republic. The extent of Bowie's participation is unclear, but he returned to Louisiana before the invasion was repelled by Spanish troops.

Land speculator and slave smuggler
Shortly before the senior Bowie died, circa 1820, he gave ten slaves and horses and cattle to both James and Rezin. For the next seven years, the brothers worked together to develop several large estates in Lafourche Parish and Opelousas. Louisiana's population was growing rapidly, and the brothers hoped to take advantage of its rising land prices through speculation. Lacking the capital required to buy large tracts, in 1818 they entered into a partnership with pirate Jean Lafitte. By then, the United States had outlawed the importation of slaves from Africa. Most Southern states gave incentives for informing on an illegal slave trader: Informers could receive half of what the imported slaves would earn at auction, as a reward.

Bowie made three trips to Lafitte's compound on Galveston Island. On each occasion, he bought smuggled slaves and took them directly to a customhouse to inform on his own actions. When the customs officers offered the slaves for auction, Bowie purchased them and received back half the price he had paid, as allowed by the state laws. He could legally transport the slaves and resell them at a greater market value in New Orleans or areas farther up the Mississippi River. Using this scheme, the brothers collected $65,000 to use for their land speculation.

In 1825, the two brothers joined with their younger brother, Stephen, to buy Acadia Plantation near Thibodaux. Within two years, they had established there the first steam mill in Louisiana for grinding sugar cane. The plantation became known as a model operation, but on February 12, 1831, they sold it and 65 slaves for $90,000 (~$ in ). With their profits, James and Rezin bought a plantation in Arkansas.

In the late 1820s, Bowie and his brother John were involved in a major Arkansas court case over land speculation. When the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803, it promised to honor all former land grant claims made to French and Spanish colonists. For the next 20 years, efforts were made to establish who owned what land. In May 1824, Congress authorized the superior courts of each territory to hear suits from those who claimed they had been overlooked.

In late 1827, the Arkansas Superior Court received 126 claims from residents who claimed to have purchased land in former Spanish grants from the Bowie brothers. Although the Superior Court originally confirmed most of those claims, the decisions were reversed in February 1831, after further research showed that the land had never belonged to the Bowies and that the original land grant documentation had been forged. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the reversal in 1833. When the disgruntled purchasers considered suing the Bowies, they discovered that the documents in the case had been removed from the court. Left without evidence, they declined to pursue the lawsuit.

Bowie knife

Bowie became internationally famous as a result of a feud with Norris Wright, the sheriff of Rapides Parish. Bowie had supported Wright's opponent in the race for sheriff, and Wright, a bank director, had been instrumental in turning down a Bowie loan application. After a confrontation in Alexandria one afternoon, Wright fired a shot at Bowie, after which Bowie resolved to carry his hunting knife at all times. The knife he carried had a blade that was  long and  wide.

The following year, on September 19, 1827, Bowie and Wright attended a duel on a sandbar outside of Natchez, Mississippi. Bowie supported duelist Samuel Levi Wells III, while Wright supported Wells's opponent, Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox. The duelists each fired two shots and, because neither man had been injured, resolved their duel with a handshake. Other members of the groups, who had various reasons for disliking each other, began fighting. Bowie was shot in the hip, and, after regaining his feet, he drew a knife, described as a butcher knife, and charged his attacker. The man hit Bowie over the head with his empty pistol, breaking the pistol and knocking Bowie to the ground. Wright shot at and missed the prone Bowie, who returned fire and possibly hit Wright. Wright drew his sword cane and impaled Bowie. When Wright attempted to retrieve his blade by placing his foot on Bowie's chest and tugging, Bowie pulled him down and disemboweled Wright with his large knife. Wright died instantly. Bowie, with Wright's sword still protruding from his chest, was shot again and stabbed by another member of the group. The doctors who had been present for the duel removed the bullets and patched Bowie's other wounds.

Newspapers picked up the story and named it the Sandbar Fight, describing in detail Bowie's fighting prowess and his unusual knife. Witness accounts agreed that Bowie did not attack first, and the other combatants had focused their attack on Bowie because "they considered him the most dangerous man among their opposition." Bowie's reputation as a superb knife fighter was set across the South.

Scholars disagree as to whether the knife Bowie used in this fight was the same design as the blade, now known as a Bowie knife, fabricated by a knifemaker in Arkansas who created another renowned large blade known as the Arkansas toothpick. There are multiple accounts of the design and fabrication of the first Bowie knife. Some claim that Bowie designed it, while others attribute the design to noted knife makers of the time. In a letter to The Planter's Advocate, his brother Rezin claimed to have designed the knife. Many Bowie family members, as well as "most authorities on the Bowie knife tend to believe it was invented by" Rezin. However, Rezin Bowie's grandchildren said that Rezin only supervised his blacksmith, who was the designer of the knife.

After the Sandbar Fight and subsequent battles in which Bowie used his knife in self-defense, the Bowie knife became very popular. Many craftsmen and manufacturers made their own versions, and major cities of the Old Southwest had "Bowie knife schools" that taught "the art of cut, thrust, and parry." Bowie's fame, and that of his knife, spread to Great Britain, and by the early 1830s, many British manufacturers were producing Bowie knives for shipment to the United States. The design of the knife continued to evolve, but a Bowie knife is now generally considered to have a blade  long and  wide, with a curved point, a "sharp false edge cut from both sides", and a cross-guard to protect the user's hands.

Establishment in Texas
In 1828, after recovering from the wounds he received in the Sandbar Fight, Bowie decided to move to Coahuila y Texas, at that time a state in the Mexican federation. The 1824 Constitution of Mexico banned religions other than Roman Catholicism and gave preference to Mexican citizens in receiving land. Bowie was baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in San Antonio on April 28, 1828, sponsored by the alcalde (chief administrator) of the town, Juan Martín de Veramendi, and his wife, Josefa Navarro. For the next 18 months, Bowie traveled through Louisiana and Mississippi. In 1829, he became engaged to Cecilia Wells, but she died in Alexandria on September 29, two weeks before they were to be married.

On January 1, 1830, Bowie left Louisiana to live in Texas, permanently. He stopped at Nacogdoches, at Jared E. Groce's farm on the Brazos River, and in San Felipe, where he presented a letter of introduction from Thomas F. McKinney, one of the Old Three Hundred colonists, to Stephen F. Austin. On February 20, Bowie swore an oath of allegiance to Mexico and proceeded to San Antonio de Bexar. At the time, the city was known as Bexar and had a population of 2500, mostly of Mexican descent. Bowie's fluency in Spanish helped him to get established in the area.

Bowie was elected a commander of the Texas Rangers later that year, with the rank of colonel. Although the Rangers would not be organized officially until 1835, Austin had founded the group by hiring 30 men to keep the peace and protect the colonists from attacks by hostile Native Americans. Other areas assembled similar volunteer militias. Bowie commanded a group of volunteers.

Bowie renounced his American citizenship and became a Mexican citizen on September 30, 1830, after promising to establish textile mills in the state of Coahuila y Tejas. To fulfill his promise, Bowie entered into partnership with Veramendi to build cotton and wool mills in Saltillo. With his citizenship assured, Bowie had the right to buy up to 11 leagues of public land. He convinced 14 or 15 other citizens to apply for land and transfer it to him, giving him 700,000 acres (280,000 ha) for speculation. Bowie may have been the first to induce settlers to apply for empresario grants, which could be sold in bulk to speculators, as Bowie had. The Mexican government passed laws in 1834 and 1835 that stopped much of the land speculation.

On April 25, 1831, Bowie married nineteen-year-old Maria Ursula de Veramendi, the daughter of his business partner, who had become the vice governor of the province. Several days before the ceremony, he signed a dowry contract promising to pay his new bride 15,000 pesos (approximately $15,000 then, or $ today) in cash or property within two years of the marriage. At the time, Bowie claimed to have a net worth of $223,000 ($ today), mostly in land of questionable title. Bowie also lied about his age, claiming to be 30 rather than 35.

The couple built a house in San Antonio, on land Veramendi had given them near the San José Mission. After a short time, however, they moved into the Veramendi Palace to live with Ursula's parents, who supplied them with spending money. The couple had two children, Marie Elve (b. March 20, 1832) and James Veramendi Bowie (b. July 18, 1833).

Maria Ursula, her parents, and both children died in September 1833 during a cholera epidemic that swept through the South and along major waterways.

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Los Almagres Mine

Shortly after his marriage, Bowie became fascinated with the story of the "lost" Los Almagres Mine (also known as the lost San Saba Mine and the lost Bowie Mine), said to be northwest of San Antonio, near the ruin of the Spanish Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba. According to legend, the mine had been operated by local Native Americans before being seized by the Spanish. After Mexico won independence from Spain, government interest in mining waned. A number of native groups roamed the area, including Comanche, Lipan Apache, Tawakoni, and Tonkawa. Without government troops to keep hostile natives at bay, mining and mineral exploration were impossible. Some believed that the Lipan took over the mine after the Mexican citizens left the area.of

After obtaining permission from the Mexican government to mount an expedition into Indian territory to search for the legendary silver mine, Bowie, his brother Rezin, and ten others set out for San Saba on November 2, 1831. Six miles (10 km) from their goal, the group stopped to negotiate with a large raiding party—reportedly more than 120 Tawakoni and Waco, plus another 40 Caddo. The attempts at parley failed, and Bowie and his group fought for their lives for the next 13 hours. When the raiding party finally retreated, Bowie reportedly had lost only one man, while more than 40 Indians had been killed and 30 were wounded. In the meantime, a party of friendly Comanche rode into San Antonio bringing word of the raiding party, which outnumbered the Bowie expedition by 14 to 1. The citizens of San Antonio believed the members of the Bowie expedition must have perished, and Ursula Bowie began wearing widow's weeds.

To the town's surprise, the surviving members of the group returned to San Antonio on December 6. Bowie's report of the expedition, written in Spanish, was printed in several newspapers, further establishing his reputation. He set out again the following month, with a larger force, but returned home empty-handed after  months of searching.

Bowie never talked about his exploits, despite his increasing fame. Captain William Y. Lacey, who spent eight months living in the wilderness with Bowie, described him as a humble man who never used profanity or vulgarities.

Texas Revolution

Texan rumblings
Between 1830 and 1832, the Mexican Congress passed a series of laws that seemed to discriminate against Anglo colonists in the province of Coahuila y Tejas, increasing tension between the Anglo citizenry and Mexican officials. In response to the rumblings, Mexican troops established military posts in several locations within the province, including San Antonio de Béxar. Although much of the military supported the administration of President Anastasio Bustamante, Antonio López de Santa Anna led an insurrection against him in 1832. Anglo colonists in Texas supported Santa Anna and General José Antonio Mexía, who led soldiers into Texas to oust commanders loyal to Bustamante.

In July 1832, after hearing that the Mexican army commander in Nacogdoches, José de las Piedras, had demanded that all residents in his area surrender their arms, Bowie cut short a visit to Natchez to return to Texas. On August 2, 1832, he joined a group of other Texans and marched into Nacogdoches to "present their demands" to Piedras. Before the group reached the building housing the town officials, they were attacked by a force of 100 Mexican cavalry. The Texans returned fire and the Battle of Nacogdoches began. After the cavalry retreated, they laid siege to the garrison. After a second battle, in which Piedras lost 33 men, the Mexican army evacuated during the night. Bowie and 18 companions ambushed the fleeing army and, after Piedras fled, marched the soldiers back to Nacogdoches. Bowie later served as a delegate to the Convention of 1833, which formally requested that Texas become its own state within the Mexican federation.

Several months later, a cholera epidemic struck Texas. Fearing the disease would reach San Antonio, Bowie sent his pregnant wife and their daughter to the family estate in Monclova, in the company of her parents and brother. The cholera epidemic struck Monclova, and between September 6 and September 14, Ursula, their children, her brother, and her parents all died of the disease. Bowie, on business in Natchez, did not hear of his family's deaths until November. From then on, he drank heavily and became "careless in his dress."

The following year, the Mexican government passed new laws allowing sale of land in Texas, and Bowie returned to land speculation. He was appointed a land commissioner and was tasked with promoting settlement in the area purchased by John T. Mason. His appointment ended in May 1835, when President Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the Coahuila y Tejas government and ordered the arrest of all Texans (including Bowie) doing business in Monclova. Bowie was forced to flee Monclova and return to the Anglo areas of Texas.

The Anglos in Texas began agitating for war against Santa Anna, and Bowie worked with William B. Travis, the leader of the War Party, to gain support. Bowie visited several Native American villages in East Texas in an attempt to persuade the reluctant tribes to fight against the Mexican government. Santa Anna responded to the rumblings by ordering large numbers of Mexican troops to Texas.

Battle of Concepción
The Texas Revolution began on October 2, 1835, with the Battle of Gonzales. Stephen F. Austin formed an army of 500 men to march on the Mexican forces in San Antonio with the cannon that had precipitated the fight. The name "Texian Army" is sometimes applied to this militia. On October 22, Austin asked James W. Fannin and Bowie, now a colonel in the volunteer militia, to scout the area around the missions of San Francisco de la Espada and San José y San Miguel de Aguayo and find supplies for the volunteer forces. The scouting party left with 92 men, many of them members of the New Orleans Grays, who had just arrived in Texas. After discovering a good defensive position near Mission Concepción, the group requested that Austin's army join them.

On the foggy morning of October 28, Mexican General Domingo Ugartechea led a force of 300 infantry and cavalry soldiers and two small cannons against the Texian forces. Although the Mexican army was able to get within 200 yards (183 m), the Texian defensive position protected them from fire. When the Mexicans stopped to reload their cannon, the Texians climbed a bluff and picked off some of the soldiers. The stalemate ended shortly after Bowie led a charge to seize one of the Mexican cannons, at that time only 80 yards (73 m) away. Ugartechea retreated with his troops, ending the Battle of Concepción. One Texian and ten Mexican troops had been killed. One of the men under Bowie's command during the battle later praised him "as a born leader, never needlessly spending a bullet or imperiling a life, who repeatedly admonished... Keep under cover boys, and reserve your fire; we haven't a man to spare."

Grass Fight and commission difficulties
An hour after the battle ended, Austin arrived with the rest of the Texian army to begin a siege of San Antonio de Béxar, where General Martín Perfecto de Cós, the overall commander of Mexican forces in Texas, and his troops were garrisoned. Two days later, Bowie resigned from Austin's army because he did not have an official commission in the army, and he disliked the "minor tasks of scouting and spying".

On November 3, 1835, Texas declared itself an independent state, and a provisional government was formed, with Henry Smith of Brazoria elected provisional governor. Austin asked to be relieved of his command of the army, and Sam Houston was named army chief. Edward Burleson was chosen as temporary commander of the troops in San Antonio. At some point, Bowie appeared before the council and spoke for an hour, asking for a commission. The council refused his request, probably because of lingering animosity over his land dealings.

Houston offered Bowie a commission as an officer on his staff, but Bowie rejected the opportunity, explaining that he wanted to be in the midst of the fighting. Instead, Bowie enlisted in the army as a private under Fannin. He distinguished himself again in the Grass Fight on November 26. Cós had sent approximately 187 men to cut grass for his horses. As they returned to San Antonio, Bowie took 60 mounted men to intercept the party, which they believed carried valuable cargo. The Mexican troops quickened their pace in hopes of reaching the safety of the city, but Bowie and his cavalry chased them. At the end of the fight, the Texians had two wounded men but had captured many horses and mules.

Shortly after Bowie left San Antonio, Ben Milam led an assault on the city. In the ensuing fighting, the Texians suffered only a few casualties, including Milam, while the Mexican army lost many troops to death and desertion. Cós surrendered and returned to Mexico, taking with him the last Mexican troops in Texas. Believing the war was over, many of the Texian volunteers left the army and returned to their families. In early January 1836, Bowie went to San Felipe and asked the council to allow him to recruit a regiment. He was turned down again, because he "was not an officer of the government nor army."

Battle of the Alamo

After Houston received word that Santa Anna was leading a large force to San Antonio, Bowie offered to lead volunteers to defend the Alamo from the expected attack. He arrived with 30 men on January 19. They found a force of 104 men with a few weapons and a few cannons, but not many supplies and little gunpowder. Houston knew that there were not enough men to hold the fort in an attack, and he gave Bowie authority to remove the artillery and blow up the fortification. Bowie and the Alamo commander, James C. Neill, decided they did not have enough oxen to move the artillery, and they did not want to destroy the fortress. On January 26, one of Bowie's men, James Bonham, organized a rally that passed a resolution in favor of holding the Alamo. Bonham signed the resolution first; Bowie's signature came second.

Because of Bowie's fluency in Spanish and his connections through his marriage, the predominantly Mexican population of San Antonio often furnished him with information about the movements of the Mexican army. After learning that Santa Anna had 4,500 troops and was heading for the city, Bowie wrote several letters to the provisional government asking for help in defending the Alamo, especially "men, money, rifles, and cannon powder". In another letter, to Governor Smith, he reiterated his view that "the salvation of Texas depends in great measure on keeping Béxar out of the hands of the enemy. It serves as the frontier picquet guard, and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna, there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march toward the Sabine." The letter to Smith ended, "Colonel Neill and myself have come to the solemn resolution that we will rather die in these ditches than give it up to the enemy."

On February 3, Davy Crockett appeared with thirty Tennesseans. Neill went on furlough on February 11 to visit his sick family, leaving Travis, a member of the regular army, in command. Bowie was older than Travis, had a better reputation and considered himself a colonel, thus outranking Travis, who was a lieutenant colonel. Bowie refused to answer to Travis, who called an election for the men to choose their own commander. They chose Bowie, infuriating Travis. Bowie celebrated his appointment by getting very drunk and causing havoc in San Antonio, releasing all prisoners in the local jails and harassing citizens. Travis was disgusted, but two days later the men agreed to a joint command: Bowie would command the volunteers, and Travis would command the regular army and the volunteer cavalry.

On February 23, the bells of San Fernando sounded the alarm for the approach of the Mexicans. Travis ordered all the Texan forces into the Alamo. Bowie hurried to gather provisions and herd cattle into the Alamo compound.
Fearing for the safety of his wife's relatives in San Antonio, Bowie invited her cousins, Getrudis Navarro and Juana Navarro Alsbury, as well as Alsbury's 18-month-old son, Alijo Perez Jr., to stay inside the walls of the Alamo. Bowie also brought several black servants, some of whom worked at the Veramendi Palace, into the security of the Alamo fortress. Bowie had been ill, and two doctors, including the fort surgeon, were unable to diagnose his illness. Travis became the sole commander of the forces when Bowie was confined to bed. Santa Anna and his army began a siege of the Alamo on February 24. The Mexican army raised a red flag to warn the defenders that no quarter would be given.

Bowie and Travis began sending out couriers with pleas for provisions and assistance. On February 25, Travis sent Juan Seguin, on Bowie's horse, to recruit reinforcements, and  arrived. On February 26, Crockett reported that Bowie, though suffering from his condition, continued to crawl from his bed around noon every day and present himself to the Alamo's inhabitants, which much boosted the morale of his comrades.
Thirty-five years after the Alamo fell, a reporter identified Louis "Moses" Rose as the only man to have "deserted" the Texian forces at the Alamo. According to the reporter's version of Rose's account, when Travis realized that the Mexican army would likely prevail, he drew a line in the sand and asked those willing to die for the cause to cross the line. At Bowie's request, Crockett and several others carried his cot over the line, leaving Rose alone on the other side. After this article appeared, several other eyewitnesses confirmed the account, but because Rose was deceased the story can only be authenticated by the word of the reporter, who admitted to embellishing other articles, "and thus many historians refuse to believe it."

Bowie perished with the rest of the Alamo defenders when the Mexicans attacked on March 6. Most of the noncombatants in the fort, including Bowie's relatives, survived. Santa Anna ordered the alcalde of San Antonio, Francisco Antonio Ruiz, to confirm the identities of Bowie, Travis, and Crockett. After first ordering that Bowie be buried, as he was too brave a man to be burned like a dog, Santa Anna later had Bowie's body placed with those of the other Texians on the funeral pyre.

When Bowie's mother was informed of his death, she calmly stated, "I'll wager no wounds were found in his back." Various eyewitnesses to the battle gave conflicting accounts of Bowie's death. A newspaper article claimed that a Mexican soldier saw Bowie carried from his room on his cot, alive, after the conclusion of the battle. The soldier maintained that Bowie castigated a Mexican officer in fluent Spanish, and the officer ordered Bowie's tongue cut out and his still-breathing body thrown onto the funeral pyre. This account has been disputed by numerous other witnesses, and it is thought to have been invented by the reporter. Other witnesses maintained that they saw several Mexican soldiers enter Bowie's room, bayonet him, and carry him, alive, from the room. Various other stories circulated. Some witnesses claimed that Bowie shot himself. Others said he was killed by soldiers while too weak to lift his head. Alcalde Ruiz said that Bowie was found "dead in his bed." According to Wallace O Chariton, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate" version is that Bowie died on his cot, "back braced against the wall, and using his pistols and his famous knife." One year after the battle, Juan Seguin returned to the Alamo and gathered the remaining ashes from the funeral pyre. He placed these in a coffin inscribed with the names of Bowie, Travis, and Crockett. The ashes were interred at the Cathedral of San Fernando.

Legacy

Despite his continual claims of wealth, Bowie's estate was found to be very small. His possessions were auctioned for only $99.50. His larger legacy is his position as "one of the legendary characters of the American frontier." Bowie left a "frustratingly sparse paper trail" of his life, and for many "where history failed, the legends prevailed." Although Bowie's name and knife were well known during his lifetime, his legend grew after October 1852, when DeBow's Review published an article written by his brother, John Jones Bowie, called, "Early Life in the Southwest—The Bowies." The article focused primarily on the exploits of Jim Bowie. Beginning with that article, "romanticized stories" about Bowie began appearing in national press. In many cases, "these stories were pure melodrama, with Bowie rescuing some naïve planter's son or damsel in distress."

Jim Bowie was inducted posthumously into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1988 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia, in recognition of the impact that his eponymous design had upon generations of knife makers and cutlery companies.

A number of films have depicted the events of the Battle of the Alamo, and Bowie has appeared as a character in each.

From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, The Adventures of Jim Bowie, which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel Tempered Blade.

Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He chose the Bowie eponym because he admired James Bowie and the Bowie knife, although his pronunciation uses the  () variant.

Bowie County in northeast Texas, and the city of Bowie in Montague County, Texas, were both named in honor of James Bowie. James Bowie Elementary in Corsicana, Texas was also named in his honor.

Notes

Informational notes

Citations

References

1796 births
1836 deaths
19th-century American people
People of the Texas Revolution
Army of the Republic of Texas officers killed in the Texas Revolution
Alamo defenders
Texas Consultation delegates
Deaths by firearm in Texas
American folklore
Converts to Roman Catholicism
People from Logan County, Kentucky
People from Opelousas, Louisiana
19th-century American slave traders
American slave owners killed in war

James Bowie


The New Daughter is a 2009 American horror film and the feature directorial debut of Spanish screenwriter Luis Berdejo. It stars Kevin Costner, Ivana Baquero and Samantha Mathis. Based on the short story of the same name by John Connolly, it tells the story of a novelist and his two children who encounter a malevolent presence when they move to a house in the country adjacent to a burial mound.

Plot

John James (Kevin Costner), a recently divorced novelist, moves into an old house in rural South Carolina with his teenage daughter, Louisa (Ivana Baquero), and young son, Sam (Gattlin Griffith). John and Louisa's relationship is strained; she accuses him of having never loved her mother and ruining everything.
On the family's first night in the house, Louisa hears strange noises outside her bedroom window. Unseen by her is a humanoid creature lurking outside on the roof.
The following day, while exploring the surrounding fields and forest, the children come across a large mound. Louisa is instantly attracted to it, but Sam is reluctant to go near it.
In town, John learns that his house is locally infamous for the disappearance of a woman who lived there. Upon returning home, he finds Louisa's pet cat mutilated near the house.

Louisa returns to the mound after school and, while relaxing in the sunshine, hears strange noises. As Louisa hears what sounds like approaching animal growls, the film jump-cuts to John cutting his hand while washing dishes. That night John finds a trail of muddy footprints leading from the open front door to the bathroom. Louisa is inside with the door locked, sitting in the tub as the shower washes her extremely muddied body. The muddy water is shown turning red with blood as it reaches the drain. Later that night, John finds Louisa sleepwalking. When he takes her back to bed, he finds a strange doll made from straw, inside which is a dark ball containing a live spider. The next morning Louisa comes down for breakfast wearing a short black dress and make-up. When John asks her about the doll, she claims not to have seen it.

Louisa is bullied by a preppy girl in the staircase of their school. Meanwhile, at home, John comes across a pile of muddy clothes in her bedroom. While investigating outside the house, he finds the head of Louisa's doll at the mound, and the bloody remains of a blackbird.
John is called to come to pick up Louisa, who says she does not feel well. In the infirmary he passes the preppy girl, who had apparently "fallen" down the stairs and injured her arm. Sam's teacher, Cassandra (Samantha Mathis), gives John her phone number, offering her friendship.
He is later startled to find a nest of spiders in the kitchen drawer where he'd placed the straw doll. That night John sees Louisa emerging from the woods, even though he had previously ordered her to be home by dark. He calls attention to scarring visible on the skin around her neck, but Louisa storms off without explanation. At dinner she eats in an animal-like manner, as if starved.

John contacts Cassandra one night, and they meet socially. While John is away, Louisa hears noises outside the house and exits.
As John is returning home in his car, he sees a shadowy figure, which vaguely looks like Louisa, running through the woods in front of the house.
He exits his car and follows sounds of animal growls, but growing fearful, he rushes back to his car. A stone hits his window and he speeds back to the house.
Asking Louisa if she'd been outside, she says no. He orders her not to go near the mound any more.

The next day, John's agent drives up to the house and they talk about the house.
Inside, Sam is directed by Louisa to climb the ladder to the attic. Sam falls when frightened by animal noises there. He requires stitches, and John berates Louisa for not caring for her younger brother.
That night, John searches the internet, finding an article about burial mounds.
He telephones an expert on the subject, Professor White (Noah Taylor), but is ignored. He then researches the previous owner of the house, Sarah Wayne; she disappeared one day without a trace, after having locked her teenage daughter Emily in her bedroom from the outside. Emily was eventually found alive and went to live with her grandfather, Roger Wayne (James Gammon).

John leaves the children with a babysitter, Mrs. Amworth and goes to find Roger Wayne. As Louisa watches him drive away from her window, scarring can be seen on the nape of her neck. She then returns to the mound. John arrives at Roger Wayne's empty house, but lets himself in and looks around. In the girl's room he finds a strange nest made from twigs and straw, and a depiction of the burial mound drawn onto a wall with the word "home" below it. Roger arrives and confronts John with explanations of what had occurred with Emily, that he burned down his house with her inside, insisting that it wasn't his granddaughter anymore.

While John is away, Mrs. Amworth is locked out of the house, and animal growls are heard approaching. Sam hides in his room as he hears the babysitter's cries for help.
John arrives home, comforts a frightened Sam, and rushes to Louisa to ask what happened to the babysitter. She says she does not know. After reporting the babysitter's disappearance to police, John takes an ill Louisa to bed. She tearfully asks if he's going to leave her as her mother did. He tells her he never will.
That night, John dreams of a doorway on top of the burial mound and Louisa transforming into a creature who announces "I'm your new daughter".
The next day he finds a nest in Louisa's closet similar to the one at Roger's house. John calls a contractor to destroy the mound that day. Professor White, having called back to ask about the mound, suddenly arrives and pleads with John to wait. He tells John of an ancient civilization who worshiped the burial mounds, believing them to be the homes of ancient Gods, or "mound-walkers".
He mentions a ritual exchange of gifts — including small straw dolls, as John had found — and the mound-walkers' search for a young girl with whom to mate and give birth to a new generation of deities to reclaim the earth.
Horrified by this, John instructs the bulldozer to start. When it digs into the mound, the body of Mrs. Amworth is uncovered. Louisa, meanwhile, in the schoolyard, is scraping the ground with her fingers. John is taken to the police station for questioning while Cassandra looks after the kids.

That night, as officer Ed Lowry (Erik Palladino) drives John home, they are attacked and Lowry is dragged from the patrol car by a creature.
John continues home, discovering it in disarray and finding Cassandra with her throat slit. She dies while motioning toward Louisa standing in the doorway.
John gathers the children to leave, but Louisa refuses. Mound-walkers begin attacking the house, and John kills three.
After the attack, Louisa is missing. Her screams can be heard coming from the mound. John leaves Sam in his room, tells him to wait for the police, and tells him "be a big boy".
John goes to the mound to rescue Louisa and finds a tunnel leading into it. He pierces a can of gasoline, sets explosives left from the postponed demolition by the tunnel entrance, sparks a flare for light and crawls inside. Louisa is found unconscious and covered in mud. As he carries her out, angered creatures howl and give chase. Meanwhile, Sam has exited the house, clutching a framed family portrait and looking into the dark toward sounds coming from the mound.

John escapes the mound with Louisa and blocks the tunnel with the leaking fuel canister, but another mound-walker is already there outside. Louisa collapses and begs her father not to leave her. John looks down at her and sees her beginning to transform into one of the creatures. He drops a flare into the leaking diesel fuel and the mound goes up in a huge explosion. As Sam watches, the flames are reflected on the glass of the frame. A figure is seen emerging, although its identity is unclear. Sam asks, "Daddy?", as shadows can also be seen moving in the trees and house behind him. A growling creature emerges directly behind him as the screen goes black.

Cast

Production
The film is based partially on the short story of same name by Irish author John Connolly.

Filming
Filming took place primarily at the Wedge Plantation along the Santee River just north of McClellanville, South Carolina.  Secondary filming was done in McClellanville and on the College of Charleston campus. The exterior of the house in which John James finds Roger Wayne was shot at 67 Moultrie St., Charleston, South Carolina. The school used in filming is West Ashley Middle School, about 3 miles from the original 1670 Charleston Town settlement (The school was formerly Middleton High School, the alma mater of Darius Rucker, and before that it was St. Andrews Jr. High School).  School remained in session during filming, with teachers peeking out the windows at Kevin Costner, and film crews and vehicles crowded in between cars in the teachers' parking lot. The side entrance of the building was used as the "front" of the school in the movie.  Air conditioning units were hidden by temporary evergreen trees which were removed after filming.

Release
The New Daughter was given a limited theatrical released on December 19, 2009 by Anchor Bay. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 18, 2010.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 33% based on reviews from 9 critics.

Andrew Barker of Variety wrote: "Nowhere near as bad as its invisible marketing strategy might suggest. But that's not to imply that it's worth seeking out."

See also
 List of ghost films

References

External links

2009 films
2009 horror films
2000s horror thriller films
2009 independent films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
Films about families
Films about writers
Films based on short fiction
Films shot in South Carolina
Gold Circle Films films
Films scored by Javier Navarrete
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The New Daughter


The Watlala are a group of Chinookan-speaking Native Americans.  They inhabited the meadows of Sams Walker Day Use Site, near Skamania, Washington, and St. Cloud Ranch Day Use Site.  An interpretive sign at Sams Walker states that the Watlata lived in earth-sheltered cedar plank homes.  Another reports that they used willow branches to construct temporary structures.

Also called the Cascade Indians, they were a Chinookian tribe who lived at the Cascades of the Columbia River and the Willamette River in Oregon. They fished and hunted the animals in the Cascade. In 1805-06 Lewis and Clark estimated that they numbered about 2,800 and in 1870, along with the Wasco, they had an estimated population of about 3,200. As there were also other tribes lived at or near the cascades and the people were  very changeable due to the location being a popular fishing spot, it was impossible to identify them with certainty. Several other known bands, which may have been the Watlala or later have been included under them, included the Cathlakaheckit, Cathlathlala, Cathlayackty, Clahclellah, Katlagakya, Yehuh.

In 1829, the Native Americans of the region suffered an epidemic which was called "ague fever," of unknown nature, which killed in a single summer, some four-fifths of the population. Whole villages disappeared and those that were left were consolidated. After the epidemic, the Watlala seemed to have been the only remaining tribe, the remnants of the others having probably united under that name, though they were commonly called Cascade Indians by the whites. In 1854 they were reported to number only 80 people, and in 1855 they joined in the Wasco Treaty under the name of the "Ki-gal-twal-la band of the Wascoes" and the "Dog River band of the Wasco," and were removed to the Warm Springs Reservation in Oregon. Afterwards, they were no longer enumerated separately and of those that didn't join the Wasco, were thought to have joined the Wishram tribe.

External links and references

Sams Walker Day Use Site
St. Cloud Ranch Day Use Site

Native American tribes in Washington (state)

Watlala


George Strange Boulton (September 11, 1797 – February 13, 1869) was a lawyer and political figure in Upper Canada.

Life and career
He was born near Albany, New York, in 1797, the son of D'Arcy Boulton, and came to Upper Canada with his family around 1800. He studied at John Strachan's school in Cornwall. He served during the War of 1812. In 1818, he was called to the bar and began work as a lawyer in Port Hope.

In 1824, he was appointed registrar for Northumberland County and he moved to Cobourg, the county seat. At the start of the 1837 rebellion, he became a member of the militia.

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Durham in 1824; his election was declared invalid in 1825. In 1830, he was elected in Durham and represented it in the legislative assembly until 1841. He was a loyal Conservative and supported the expulsion of William Lyon Mackenzie from the assembly. In 1847, he was appointed to the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada.

He died in Cobourg, Ontario, in 1869. His brother, Henry John Boulton, was Attorney General in Upper Canada.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1797 births
1869 deaths
Politicians from Albany, New York
American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Canadian people of English descent
Lawyers in Ontario
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Members of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada
People from Cobourg
Politicians from Toronto
Immigrants to Upper Canada

George Strange Boulton


Frank Edward Boland (July 31, 1873 – January 3, 1913), James Paul Boland (August 20, 1882 – December 19, 1967) and Joseph John Boland (May 27, 1879 – September 12, 1964) were early aircraft designers from Rahway, New Jersey who started the Boland Airplane and Motor Company.

Biographies
They were the children of James Francis Boland (1834–1913) and Catherine Julia Kavanaugh (1843–1925).

They had set records for bicycle racing in 1898.
In 1904, Frank and Joseph, started a business servicing bicycles, motorcycles, and automobiles in Rahway.

Frank Boland was killed in on January 23, 1913, during an exhibition flight in Trinidad. They worked with tailless aircraft that were early predecessors of flying wings. A scale model of their plane is in the Smithsonian.

In 1914, the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company of Avondale, New Jersey, took over the manufacturing rights of all Boland airplanes and engines.

Legacy
E.T. Wooldridge writes: "The Boland brothers were a relatively small, but extraordinary, part of early aviation history in the United States. Frank supplied the enthusiasm, ingenuity, and self-taught flying ability; Joseph provided the mechanical genius to transform ideas into some tangible, workable form; and James had the business sense so often lacking in ventures of that sort."

During the 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 contest years, the Boland Brothers team, composed of a great-grand-nephew and great-great-grandnephew of the Boland brothers, competed in the National Association of Rocketry at the regional and national levels, setting no fewer than two US model rocket performance records, and finishing in third place overall for the 1998-1999 season.

In Popular Culture
Frank Boland's ill-fated flight in Port-of-Spain is referenced in Bruce Geddes' historical novel, Chasing the Black Eagle.

Aircraft
 Boland 1911 Tailless Biplane
 Boland 1911 Conventional Biplane
 Boland 1912 Tailless Biplane
 Boland 1913 Tailless Flying Boat
 Boland 1914 Monoplane Flying Boat
 Boland 1914 Biplane Flying Boat
 Boland 1914 Military Scout

Engines
 Boland V-8

See also
Wright brothers
Wittemann brothers
Voisin brothers

References

People from Rahway, New Jersey
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation

Boland brothers


A beta helix is a tandem protein repeat structure formed by the association of parallel beta sheet in a helical pattern with either two or three faces. The beta helix is a type of solenoid protein domain. The structure is stabilized by inter-strand hydrogen bonds, protein-protein interactions, and sometimes bound metal ions. Both left- and right-handed beta helices have been identified. These structures are distinct from jelly-roll folds, a different protein structure sometimes known as a "double-stranded beta helix".

The first beta-helix was observed in the enzyme pectate lyase, which contains a seven-turn helix that reaches 34 Å (3.4 nm) long. The P22 phage tail spike protein, a component of the P22 bacteriophage, has 13 turns and in its assembled homotrimer is 200 Å (20 nm) in length. Its interior is close-packed with no central pore and contains both hydrophobic residues and charged residues neutralized by salt bridges.

Both pectate lyase and P22 tailspike protein contain right-handed helices; left-handed versions have been observed in enzymes such as UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase and archaeal carbonic anhydrase. Other proteins that contain beta helices include the antifreeze proteins from the beetle Tenebrio molitor (right-handed) and from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (left-handed), where regularly spaced threonines on the β-helices bind to the surface of ice crystals and inhibit their growth.

Beta helices can associate with each other effectively, either face-to-face (mating the faces of their triangular prisms) or end-to-end (forming hydrogen bonds).  Hence, β-helices can be used as "tags" to induce other proteins to associate, similar to coiled coil segments.

Members of the pentapeptide repeat family have been shown to possess a quadrilateral beta-helix structure.

References

External links
 SCOP family of right-handed β-helices
 SCOP family of left-handed β-helices
 CATH β-helix protein family

Protein folds
Helices

Beta helix


Visut Watanasin or วิสุทธิ์ วัฒนสิน (born 20 November 1964) is a former Thai sprinter who competed in the men's 100m competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He recorded a 10.72, not enough to qualify for the next round past the heats. His personal best is 10.53, set in 1987. In 1988, in the same discipline, he recorded a 10.88. In both Olympiads, he ran for the Thai 4 × 100 m relay team.

References

1964 births
Living people
Visut Watanasin
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Visut Watanasin
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games
Visut Watanasin
Visut Watanasin
Visut Watanasin
Visut Watanasin

Visut Watanasin


Carlos García is a Colombian professional soccer player formerly of the Baltimore Blast in the MISL.

Career

Youth
García was born and raised in Colombia.  He learned to play soccer at the Academia Tucamán in his hometown of Cali, Valle del Cauca.  The club played at a very high level by local youth soccer standards.  His long-time teammate and friend at Tucamán, Daniel Cruz, left the academy at 17 to join AFC Ajax in Amsterdam and now plays in the Belgian Pro league.

College
García came to the United States in 1999 via a soccer scholarship to The College of William and Mary.  He was identified by William and Mary head coach Al Albert when his high school soccer team attended Albert's Tidewater Soccer Camp in Virginia.  Carlos's physical style of play was well-suited for NCAA soccer.

García was a First-Team All-South Atlantic Region selection his last season playing for the William and Mary Tribe.  He recorded nine goals and 11 assists his final year to lead the Tribe to the third round of the NCAA Tournament.  Carlos recorded 121 points throughout his William & Mary career and graduated in 2003.

A-League
García spent the 2003 and 2004 seasons with the professional outdoor team the Virginia Beach Mariners.  He recorded five goals and nine assists in 25 games in 2004 and was named A-League Player of the Week on August 10.  He ranked second in the A-League that season with nine assists to teammates.

Baltimore Blast
García is one of the most accomplished team players in the history of American professional indoor soccer.

On November 14, 2003, García scored a goal on the first shift of his first professional indoor soccer game.  For the following eight seasons Carlos was an integral part of the highly successful Baltimore Blast indoor soccer team, which competed in the MISL.  A rough player with an eye for goal, in the 2006–07 season, García ranked third among Blast players in points (42) and led the entire league in penalty minutes (27).  He played in his 100th game for the Blast against the New Jersey Ironmen on February 16, 2008.  Carlos was an integral part of the club's championship squads in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2009.

Personal
García is known to friends and family simply as "Charlie".

References

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Cali
Men's association football defenders
Baltimore Blast (2001–2008 MISL) players
Baltimore Blast (2008–2014 MISL) players
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Colombian men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Soccer players from Maryland
William & Mary Tribe men's soccer players
Virginia Beach Mariners players
Montreal Impact (1992–2011) players
A-League (1995–2004) players
USL First Division players

es:Carlos Garcia

Carlos García (footballer, born 1981)


Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century English Dialect Dictionary notes snorker as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word snork, to grunt or snore.

Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned herrings in tomato sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few days aboard submarines so nearly everything was tinned.

Snorkers are mentioned in Nicholas Monsarrat's novel The Cruel Sea as the favourite food of Lieutenant James Bennett, RNVR. Bennett is described as Australian, and the snorkers references attributed to him alone, which suggests a possible antipodean derivation of the word.

Terry Wogan often referred with relish to snorkers, a welcome part of the culinary delights (sometimes) served up for Sir Terry and his "team" on the BBC Radio 2 breakfast show.

References

External links
 Domestics in a Submarine - description of RN submariner's food

British sausages
Royal Navy traditions

Snorkers


Josef Seger (born Josef Ferdinand Norbert Segert, last name also Seeger or Seegr) (21 March 1716 – 22 April 1782) was a Czech organist, composer, and educator. After graduating in philosophy from the Charles University in Prague and studying music under Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, Jan Zach, and others, Seger became organist of two churches in Prague and remained there until his death.

An extremely prolific composer, Seger became one of the most important representatives of the Czech organ school of the 18th century. He was also an influential teacher: his pupils included Jan Antonín Koželuh and Josef Mysliveček, and his figured bass exercises served many generations of teachers.

Life
Seger was born in Řepín, near Mělník, in Bohemia. He studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium in Prague and later graduated in philosophy at the Charles University. He also studied organ playing with Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, counterpoint with Jan Zach and František Tůma, and, according to Dlabacž, figured bass with Felix Benda. Around 1741 Seger became organist to the Church of Our Lady in front of Týn and in 1745 he acquired a similar post at the Crusaders' church in Prague. He held both positions until his death. In 1781 Emperor Joseph II was sufficiently impressed with Seger's playing and offered the composer a court appointment, but Seger died in Prague in 1782 before the confirming document arrived.

None of Seger's compositions were published during his lifetime, but he was an important teacher and educator. His pupils included Karel Blažej Kopřiva, Jan Antonín Koželuh, Jan Křtitel Kuchař, Josef Mysliveček, and many other distinguished Bohemian composers and musicians. A few of Seger's pieces appeared in print in the 1790s; a selection of eight organ fugues was published by D. G. Türk in 1793. In 1803, J. Polt published Seger's ten preludes for organ, and a few more works followed in the next few decades. Particularly important was the publication of a portion of his figured bass exercises, which were used by teachers for decades after his death.

Works
Seger was the most prolific Czech organ composer of the 18th century. Hundreds of preludes, fugues, toccatas and other organ pieces survive in manuscript copies, although the attribution to Seger of some of these works is problematic. Generally speaking, his preludes and fugues are short works (their length probably dictated by the limitations imposed by the Catholic liturgy), but they exhibit a fertile harmonic imagination and a perfect grasp of late Baroque counterpoint practice. He also composed masses, motets and psalm settings; all also dominated by archaic counterpoint.

Selected works

Keyboard
 8 Toccaten und Fugen, ed. D.G. Türk (Leipzig, 1793)
 2 preludes, in Sammlung von Präludien, Fugen, ausgeführten Chorälen … von berühmten ältern Meistern, i (Leipzig, 1795)
 [10] Praeludien, ed. J. Polt (Prague, c. 1803)
 4 preludes, 2 fugues, Toccata, Fughetta, in Fugen und Praeludien von älteren vaterländischen Compositoren, ed. Verein der Kunstfreunde für Kirchenmusik in Böhmen, i–ii (Prague, 1832)
 c. 70 pieces attributed to Seger in Museum für Orgel-Spieler, ed. [C.F. Pitsch] (Prague, 1832–1834)
 Numerous works in manuscript copies from the 18th and 19th century, 20th century publications, etc.

Vocal

Masses
 Missa quadragesimalis [in F major], for 4vv and organ
 Mass in D minor, for 4vv, 2 violins, 2 trombones, and organ
 Mass in D minor, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
 Missa choralis [in E-flat major], for 4vv, organ concertante (doubtful)

Other works
 Alma Redemptoris, for 4vv, string instrument ("violetta"), viola, and organ
 Audi filia, for 4vv and organ
 Ave regina, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
 Christus nobis natus est, for 4vv, strings, and organ
 Compieta (comprising Cum invocarem, In te Domine, Qui habitat, Ecce nunc, and Nunc dimittis), for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ
 Litaniae de sanctissimo sacramento, for 4vv, 2 violins, and organ

Other
 Around 200 figured bass lessons, known as Fundamenta pro organo, Generalbass-Übungsstücke, Orgel-Übungsstücke, etc.

Editions
 Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composizioni per organo - Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger, in: Musica antiqua Bohemica; 51, Band: 1 Preludi, toccate e fughe I-XXXVI. 1961, 111 p.
 Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger: Composizioni per organo - Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger, in: Musica antiqua Bohemica; 56, Band: 2 Preludi e fughe I-XXI. 1962. 126 p.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Hora, J. 2000. Josef Ferdinand Norbert Seger - Organist der Teynkirche in den Jahren 1741-1782, in: Cerný, Jaromír, and Koch, Klaus-Peter. Mitteleuropäische Aspekte des Orgelbaus und der geistlichen Musik in Prag und den böhmischen Ländern, Konferenzbericht Prag 17.-22. September 2000,

External links

1716 births
1782 deaths
People from Mělník District
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
German male classical composers
Czech classical organists
Male classical organists
German people of Czech descent
German people of German Bohemian descent
Austrian classical composers
Austrian people of Czech descent
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
German Baroque composers
German Classical-period composers
Charles University alumni
18th-century classical composers
18th-century keyboardists
18th-century German composers
18th-century male musicians

Josef Seger


Boronia tetragona is a species of plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae, and is endemic to a small area of the southwest of Western Australia. It is an erect, glabrous, perennial herb with simple, sessile leaves and pink, four-petalled flowers.

Description
Boronia tetragona is an erect, glabrous, perennial herb that grows to a height of . Its stems are more or less square in cross-section with a smooth, sharp rib on each corner. The leaves are sessile, elliptic to egg-shaped or triangular, up to  long and have warty edges. The flowers are borne in umbels on the ends of the branches on a thin peduncle up to  long, the individual flowers on a thin pedicel up to  long. There are smooth, dark red bracts at the base of the flowers. The four sepals are dark red and about  long. The four petals are pink with a darker midline, egg-shaped and about  long with a rounded tip. The eight stamens have warty glands near the tip. Flowering occurs from October to December.

Taxonomy and naming
Boronia tetragona was first formally described in 1998 by Paul Wilson and the description was published in Nuytsia from a specimen collected by Gregory John Keighery near Busselton. Wilson derived the specific epithet (tetragona) from the Greek words tetra meaning "four" and gona meaning "angle", referring to the four-sided branches. Other sources give tessares (τέσσαρες) and gōnia (γωνία) as the Greek words for
"four" and "angle".

Distribution and habitat
This boronia grows in open woodland sometimes with sedges, between Capel and the Whicher Range in the Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions.

Conservation
Boronia tetragona is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

References

tetragona
Flora of Western Australia
Plants described in 1998
Taxa named by Paul G. Wilson

Boronia tetragona


Dalvin Tomlinson (born February 28, 1994) is an American football nose tackle for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Alabama. He was selected by the New York Giants in the second round of the 2017 NFL Draft, and played for the team from 2017 to 2020.

High school career
Tomlinson attended Henry County High School in McDonough, Georgia. He played football and was a wrestler in high school, winning three state titles.

College career

Redshirt freshman
Tomlinson began attending Alabama in 2012 and redshirted his first season while still recovering from a torn ACL he suffered playing for his soccer team in high school.

Freshman
Throughout Alabama's fall camp in 2013, Tomlinson competed with Ed Stinson, Jeoffrey Pagan, and A'Shawn Robinson for the starting defensive end position. Head coach Nick Saban named him the backup right defensive end behind Jeoffrey Pagan to begin his freshman season. On August 31, 2013, Tomlinson made his collegiate debut during Alabama's 35-10 victory over Virginia Tech. He recorded four combined tackles, but left after suffering a knee injury that caused him to miss the entire 2013 season. He had a surgery to repair the knee injury and was due to miss 5–6 months.

Sophomore
He returned to fall camp in 2014 and competed with Jonathan Allen and D. J. Pettway for the job as the starting defensive end. On August 30, 2014, Tomlinson recorded five combined tackles during Alabama's season-opening 33-23 victory over West Virginia. On October 25, 2014, he recorded two solo tackles and sacked Tennessee's quarterback Joshua Dobbs for the first one of his career during a 34-20 victory. On November 15, 2014, he recorded a season-high seven combined tackles, two tackles Mississippi, and made the second sack of his career, as Alabama defeated Mississippi State. He finished his sophomore season in 2014 with 22 combined tackles (8 solo), two sacks, and 5.5 tackles for a loss in 14 games.

Junior
Tomlinson returned to fall camp in 2015, competing for the starting defensive end position with A'Shawn Robinson, Jarran Reed, Jonathan Allen, and Da'Shawn Hand. He was named the backup right defensive end behind Jarran Reed to begin his third season. In Alabama's season-opener against Wisconsin, Tomlinson made two solo tackles and a career-high three pass deflections during Alabama's 35-17 victory. On September 26, 2015,  Tomlinson recorded a season-high five combined tackles in a 35-0 defeat over Louisiana-Monroe. During a Week 8 contest against LSU, he collected four combined tackles and was credited for half a sack on Brandon Harris in a 30-16 victory. Tomlinson completed the 2015 season with 34 combined tackles (22 solo), a half a sack, and led the Crimson Tide with five pass deflections in 14 games. He was a part of a highly touted defensive front in 2015, that consisted of four future NFL players that would all be taken in the first two rounds of the 2016 and 2017 NFL Draft. Along with him and nose tackle Daron Payne, the defensive line included A'Shawn Robinson (46th overall, 2016), Jarran Reed (49th overall, 2016), and Jonathan Allen (17th overall, 2017).

Senior
Tomlinson competed with Jonathan Allen, Dakota Ball, and Da'Shawn Hand for the vacant defensive end positions throughout fall camp. Head coach Nick Saban named him the right defensive end opposite Jonathan Allen, to begin the 2016 season. He made his first career start during Alabama's season-opener against USC and helped hold the Trojans to 64 rushing yards and recorded one tackle during the 52-6 victory. He played both defensive tackle and defensive end throughout the game. The following week against Western Kentucky, he recorded three combined tackles, a tackle for a loss, and his first sack of the season, as the Crimson Tide defeated the Hilltoppers 38-10. On November 19, 2016, Tomlinson collected a career-high eight combined tackle and was credited with an assist for a tackle for a loss during a 31-3 win against Chattanooga. He finished his senior season a total of 62 combined tackles (45 solo), 5.5 tackles for a loss, three sacks, and a forced fumble in 14 games and 14 starts.

During his career he had 122 tackles and four sacks.

Professional career
Tomlinson received an invitation to the Senior Bowl and helped the South defeat the North 16-15 with four combined tackles. The Cleveland Browns, Houston Texans, Philadelphia Eagles, and San Diego Chargers all met and interviewed Tomlinson during the week of the Senior Bowl. He attended the NFL Combine and performed all of the combine and positional drills except for the bench. He also participated at Alabama's Pro Day and opted to only run positional drills and perform the bench press for scouts and team representatives. The majority of NFL draft experts and analysts projected him to be selected anywhere from the second to fourth round. He was ranked the fifth best defensive tackle in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and NFL media analyst Mike Mayock, ranked the sixth best defensive tackle by ESPN, and was ranked the ninth best defensive tackle by Sports Illustrated.

New York Giants
The New York Giants selected Tomlinson in the second round with the 55th overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft.

On May 10, 2017, the New York Giants signed Tomlinson to a four-year, $4.57 Million contract that includes $2.13 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.46 million.

He competed with Robert Thomas, Jay Bromley, Jarron Jones, Jordan Williams , and Corbin Bryant throughout training camp for the role as the starting defensive tackle. Head coach Ben McAdoo named Tomlinson the right defensive tackle, along with Damon Harrison, to begin the regular season.

He made his professional regular season debut during the Giants' season-opener against the Dallas Cowboys and made four combined tackles in the Giant's 3-19 loss.

He originally began the 2018 season at defensive end. After Damon Harrison was traded to the Detroit Lions, Tomlinson was named starting nose tackle.

Minnesota Vikings
On March 17, 2021, Tomlinson signed a two-year, $22 million contract with the Minnesota Vikings.

Cleveland Browns
On March 15, 2023, Tomlinson signed a four-year, $57 million contract with the Cleveland Browns.

References

External links

Minnesota Vikings bio
Alabama Crimson Tide bio

1994 births
Living people
People from McDonough, Georgia
Players of American football from Henry County, Georgia
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
New York Giants players
Minnesota Vikings players
Cleveland Browns players

Dalvin Tomlinson


Kulturfabrik Moabit is a cultural co-operative in Moabit, Berlin, Germany located in a former factory and warehouse building, which contains a cinema, theatre and concert hall.

History

The building located on Lehrter Straße (Lehrter Street) in the Moabit quarter, a part of the town center district, was built in 1911 by Ernst Scharnke for Wertheim and was originally a meat factory, a biscuit factory and a home for many other aspects of Berlin industry besides. Between 1976 and 1991 the former factory was vacant and neglected due to its marginal location close to the Berlin Wall.

After reunification with consent of the Senate of Berlin, the building was reopened in 1991 and the Kulturfabrik Moabit (Culture Factory Moabit) was born. Artists, locals and students together founded a co-operative of non-profit clubs or associations, Fabriktheater (theatre), Filmrauschpalast e. V. (cinema), Slaughterhouse e. V. (concerts) and Kunsthalle Moabit e. V. (art, this latter one existed until 1996). Kulturfabrik Lehrter Str. 35 e. V. or short Kulturfabrik Moabit serves not only as the governing body of the entire site and an umbrella organization for its composite associations, it also runs an own program of events.

Activities

The Kulturfabrik Moabit features as associate members, the Slaughterhouse club, a live concert and party venue preferably for rock, punk, SKA, gothic and wave music, the Fabriktheater club, an off mainstream playhouse and concert hall mainly for jazz and folk artists, the Filmrauschpalast club, an art house movie theater which also runs an Open Air program in Summer in the backyard and a café or pub which operates also as an art gallery on a regular basis and runs a monthly tabletop soccer tournament. Besides the club Kulturfabrik Moabit also provides social and family work by way of offering childcare on the neighboring playground and a scheduled sports, arts and play courses and annual festivities. Also the Kulturfabrik Moabit runs a program on its own account such as the annual Lange Nacht des Tauchens (The Long Night of Diving), the Sommerfest (Summer Fest), Kneipengolf (pub golf tournament) and takes part in the community's Fête de la Musique.

References

External links
 Official website
  Entry in the list of Berlin monuments

Music in Berlin
Theatres in Berlin
Industrial buildings completed in 1911
1911 establishments in Germany
Moabit
Buildings and structures in Mitte

Kulturfabrik Moabit


Làng Cả (Việt Trì) is an archaeological site in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. Excavations there yielded a number of coffins containing relics of the Bronze Age Dong Son culture.

The site is located just upstream from the merging of the Red River and the Black River near Việt Trì.

A single radiocarbon dating sample from coffin wood that was exhumed from the site suggested that the artefacts were from the second phase of the Dong Son culture, estimated to be between 382 BCE and 195 BCE.

309 graves were described in Vietnamese archaeological records, but no cemetery plans or a list of graves and contents was recorded. The Vietnamese archaeologists Trinh Sinh and Ngo Si Hong did refer to recorded evidence of the presence of comparatively wealthy graves in certain parts of the cemetery. The graves in the eastern sector had a paucity of material goods enclosed in the coffins, while those in the west were much wealthier and accounted for 85.8% of the bronze that was recovered from the burial site.

One exhumed grave was postulated to belong to a specialist bronze worker, since he was buried with the tools of a metal worker: a spearhead, sword hilt, bell and ceramic moulds used in casting axes. The mould had a capacity of holding up to 12 kg of molten metal.

The record of the excavation recorded that 217 different types of grave goods were observed, predominantly of bronze. The bronze items were mostly weapons, with there being 62 spearheads, 36 axes, three knives and six daggers. Some of the weapons were decorated with geometric patterns and pictorial scenes of deer, dogs and people travelling on water transport. There were also bronze vessels, including four thap and four au, six bells and a miniature drum.

The excavation yielded only twenty ceramic vessels, and no iron was found, similar to the lack of iron reported at Viet Khe and Chau Can. One of the moulds was designed to cast a sword hilt, and it was postulated that iron might have been used to cast the blade, although the excavations showed that iron was likely to have been in short supply during the time.

Notes

References

Archaeological sites in Vietnam
Đông Sơn culture

Làng Cả


Susan Morton Blaustein (born 22 March 1953) is an American feminist, international development practitioner, professor, and philanthropist. She is the founder and executive director at WomenStrong International which invests in local women's organizations worldwide, brings them together to learn and share, and amplifies their solutions to improve the lives of urban women and families and to advance progress toward gender equality. Blaustein, who also teaches at Columbia University, was previously a journalist and foreign policy analyst focused on international human rights issues, and a prizewinning American composer, with awards from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Library of Congress, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Guggenheim Foundation.

Early life and education
Susan Blaustein was born in Palo Alto, California, and was raised in Baltimore, Maryland.

Her grandfather, Jacob Blaustein, and great-grandfather, Louis Blaustein, developed the formula for a lead-free, "no-knock" gasoline in 1911 and founded the American Oil Company (AMOCO) to refine and market the product. Her grandfather also was a human rights leader who served as president of the American Jewish Committee, and advised numerous presidents, including Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson on Jewish affairs, lobbied for human rights commitments to be enshrined in the UN charter, and as co-chair of the Jewish Claims Conference Against Germany, helped lead the apportionment of reparations after the Holocaust.

Blaustein attended The Park School, an independent K-12 school in Baltimore, Maryland.

She went on to study music composition at Pomona College with Vienna-born composer Karl Kohn, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in piano and music composition in 1975. She continued her studies in composition with composer Henri Pousseur, at the Conservatoire Royale de Musique in Liège, Belgium; with Seymour Shifrin at Brandeis University; and at the Yale School of Music with Jacob Druckman, Betsy Jolas, and David Lewin, where she earned a DMA in composition in 1986.

While at the Yale School of Music, Blaustein received a number of awards and commissions, including from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Serge Koussevitsky Foundation and the Fromm Foundation at the Library of Congress, the American Composers Orchestra, and several chamber groups and musicians.

She then served as a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows, where she fulfilled a number of commissioned works, including a cantata on the Song of Songs for mezzo-soprano, tenor, and chamber orchestra, a cello concerto, and a sextet for the New York New Music Ensemble.

Career
Blaustein's career began in music while at Yale University, where she composed her Fantasie for Piano Solo and other chamber works with the help of a grant in 1981 from the National Endowment for the Arts. During her Harvard Junior Fellowship, she completed her Song of Songs, which was premiered by the American Composers Orchestra in 1985; a cello concerto, premiered in 1984 at the Library of Congress by Juilliard Quartet cellist Joel Krosnick with a chamber orchestra conducted by Paul Zukofsky; and several additional solo and chamber pieces.

She served as assistant professor of music at Columbia University from 1985 to 1989, during which time she completed her DMA from the Yale School of Music, composed numerous works, and continued to learn from her senior colleagues, Mario Davidovsky, Jacques-Louis Monod, and George Edwards.

Blaustein said she was "jolted from my ivory tower" in 1988 by her immersion in the challenges facing so many of her neighbors in Manila, Philippines, where she had gone in 1988 to fulfill her Guggenheim Fellowship when her journalist boyfriend-now-husband Alan Berlow opened National Public Radio's first Asia bureau there. It was there, she added, in addition to writing a lot of music, that "she spent time reporting in low-income urban communities and discovered her passion for telling the stories of those battling extreme poverty and injustice."

Blaustein reported on conflict, politics, economics, and social injustice from the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Mongolia; she continued to report on policy and injustice from Washington, DC, Huntsville, Texas, and the Balkans, with articles featured in such publications as The New Yorker, Harper's, The Asia Wall Street Journal, Far East Economic Review, The Nation, The New Republic, The Philadelphia Inquirer, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post.

In 1998 she began to work with the International Crisis Group, first on Bosnia and then, as a senior consultant, on Kosovo and Serbia, where she worked in coalition with other human rights and humanitarian organizations, and then on the conflict in East Timor. Blaustein moved to the Coalition for International Justice to continue her reporting, together with veteran humanitarian and investigator John Fawcett, on the gross human rights abuses and financial misdeeds perpetrated by alleged war criminals Slobodan Milošević and Saddam Hussein.

In 2006, Blaustein co-founded and then led The Millennium Cities Initiative, a decade-long Earth Institute project devoted to helping selected sub-Saharan cities practice sustainable urban development by attaining the Millennium Development Goals. In the course of that work, Blaustein and colleagues observed that across the Millennium Cities, the local women always understood the challenges facing their communities and had solutions to offer, but were rarely heeded and lacked the resources to put their ideas to the test.

In 2014–15, Blaustein and several colleagues used this knowledge to found WomenStrong International, which provides grants and technical assistance to organizations that work to improve the wellbeing of women and girls in urban communities worldwide. The organization has awarded almost $10 million in grants since its founding and currently includes 18 partners across 15 countries.

Other activities
Blaustein has served on the boards of a number of non-profit organizations, including Physicians for Human Rights, Partners for Dignity and Rights (formerly National Economic and Social Rights Initiative), the School for Ethics and Global Leadership, Millennium Promise, Sidwell Friends School, the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights at the American Jewish Committee, and two family foundations.

Recognition
Blaustein received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1988, a Harvard Junior Fellowship from the Harvard Society of Fellows (1982–85), and has received numerous awards, including from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, BMI (1978), Brandeis University, The Serge Koussevitzsky Foundation at the Library of Congress (1984), and the National Endowment for the Arts (1981).

She has composed works commissioned by numerous artists, including by the American Composers Orchestra, New York New Music Ensemble, Speculum Musicae, cellist Joel Krosnick, and flautist Jayn Rosenfeld, and her music has been premiered by these artists, as well as by the Kronos Quartet, the Contemporary Chamber Ensemble conducted by Arthur Weisberg, baritone Elwood Peterson, mezzo-soprano Janet Steele, and the pianists Alan Feinberg, Martin Goldray and Sally Pinkas.

Blaustein was honored in 2019, as one of the "21 Leaders for the 21st Century" by Women's eNews, and with the Ban Ki-moon Award for Women's Empowerment, awarded by Asia Initiatives in 2018.

Works
Selected works include:
To Orpheus for mixed a cappella chorus, text: 4 sonnets of Rilke, 1922
Ricercate: String Quartet No. 1, 1981

She has written professional articles including: "The Survival of Aesthetics: Books by Boulez, Delio, Rochberg". Perspectives of New Music 27, no. 1 (Winter 1989): 272–303.

References

1953 births
Living people
Pomona College alumni
Brandeis University alumni
Yale School of Music alumni
Columbia University faculty
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American music educators
American women music educators
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American women musicians
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers

Susan Morton Blaustein


Jan Jakub Quirin Jahn (4 June 1739 – 18 August 1802, both in Prague) was a Czech painter and art historian.

Jahn studied painting from an early age, under his father until 1758 and later under established painters Jan Ferdinand Schor and František Xaver Palko. From 1761 he studied art at the Academy in Vienna. Jahn was the last leader of the Prague guild of painters, before the guild was dissolved as part of reforms of Joseph II. Jahn was also very well-travelled.

While Jahn was merely a competent artist, if not outstanding, he had a highly developed education in history and theory of arts. The majority of his customers were churches and religious orders, and their decline towards the end of 18th century caused Jahn to fall into financial difficulty. He unwillingly turned his attention to business, selling textiles, while continuing painting as a leisure activity. His most famous work was a history of painting in Bohemia.

References
 Novák L.: Jan Quirin Jahn a portrét raného klasicismu, Umění 8, 1960; Dějiny českého výtvarného umění II/2, Praha 1989

External links
 Biography (in Czech)

1739 births
1802 deaths
Czech painters
Czech male painters

Jan Jahn


WSKG-TV (channel 46) is a PBS member television station in Binghamton, New York, United States. It is owned by the WSKG Public Telecommunications Council alongside NPR members WSKG-FM (89.3) and WSQX-FM (91.5). The three stations share studios on Gates Road in Vestal, New York; WSKG-TV's transmitter is located on Ingraham Hill in the town of Binghamton.

WSKA (channel 30) in Corning operates as a full-time satellite of WSKG-TV; this station's transmitter is located on Higman Hill. WSKA covers areas of south-central New York and north-central Pennsylvania that receive a marginal to non-existent over-the-air signal from WSKG, although there is significant overlap between the two stations' contours otherwise. WSKA is a straight simulcast of WSKG; on-air references to WSKA are limited to Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-mandated hourly station identifications during programming. Aside from the transmitter, WSKA does not maintain any physical presence in Corning or Elmira. WSKA had begun broadcasting as of fall 2006 as a repeater station of WSKG.

Overview

The station was named for Stanley Kiehl Gambell, a prominent local clergyman who was active in children's television programming.

In popular culture
The station was featured in the Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? episode "WSKGone", where the station was stolen by the character Wonder Rat. Mike Zeigler (the president of WSKG at the time) recorded a message for the gumshoes involving Mexican television network Televisa.

Technical information

Subchannels
The stations' digital signals are multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WSKG-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 46, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 46.

Former repeaters
WSKG-TV once had many analog translators in operation across New York's Southern Tier. However, due to high operating costs, WSKG ceased the broadcasts, and surrendered the licenses of almost all of their television translators. W60AD (channel 60) in Savona, New York was their only TV translator remaining in recent years, until the repeater license was cancelled on January 13, 2012. It had an ERP of 650 watts.

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in New York (state)
SKG-TV
PBS member stations

WSKG-TV


Craig J. Fennie () is an American scientist. He is currently a professor at the School of Applied and Engineering Physics at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Fennie is a physicist and materials scientist. He is best known for winning a MacArthur Award in 2013.

Early life
Craig Óg grew up in working-class neighborhoods of Philadelphia (Olney and NE) and attended Archdiocese primary (Incarnation of our Lord, known as "Inky") and high school (Archbishop Ryan High School). He took nearly a decade off before going to graduate school. During this time he was in an Irish-American punk band and worked several jobs including being a bouncer.

His family came from Tír Eoghain, Tuaisceart Éireann, near Loch Neagh. His father (Craig Mór) was a steamfitter, originally from Lackawanna, NY. His mother is from Minersville PA.

Work
Fennie's work combines elements of physics and chemistry in order to invent new materials with desirable properties.

From Throwing Rocks and Punk Rock, to Designing Rocks atom-by-atom
"Throwing Rocks ..." is the title of the general audience, public talk that Craig has been giving ever since his unusual path to where he is today was revealed after being named a MacArthur Fellow. It is a play on the fact that as a kid in Olney, throwing rocks was what Craig did for fun, then as a teenager & young adult moving onto punk rock, to the fact that today he works mostly on complex oxide materials (most geological rocks are such materials).

The main message of the talk is that there are real obstacles to learning STEM fields, but these obstacles aren't what most people think. Craig discusses both external obstacles (particularly for those from backgrounds where the realities of daily life itself presents challenges to learning) and internal obstacles (not believing you can "do it"). He points out that physics/math/etc is difficult, it is supposed to be, and it is hard for everyone at first (some people are just better at hiding this fact).  He asks a question, "Why is it that no one questions the fact that to excel at sports it takes practice, practice, practice; Yet when it comes to education, students and their parents (and too many educators) have an attitude that if you "get a bad grade" in a subject you must not be good at it and you should study something else? Too often in such cases this external obstacle, this interpretation of a bad grade, conditions our internal response to the point of wanting to avoid the subject, i.e., developing a dislike of the subject, or creating the internal obstacle of not believing one can do it."

Craig's key point is that in learning a STEM field it is exactly the failures, and how we respond to them, in which we truly learn. He argues this is exactly the same as in sports. To make his point explicit,  Craig calls upon the words of skateboarding legend Rodney Mullen from his TED Talk entitled "On getting up again: Rodney Mullen at TEDxOrangeCoast",.  Craig wonders out loud how is it that a skateboarder knows better how to excel at STEM fields than most STEM educators and tells the audience that everyone needs to watch Rodney's talk.

Quoting Rodney Mullen, in skateboarding "... we fall and get back up, ... every fiber in him, tells him don't do it again ... this act of getting up again shapes us."

Craig argues that the feeling that overcomes us when we get a bad grade on a test is the same biological response as the skateboarder who fell, i.e., don't do it again, this hurts! But if we get back up and try again (and if we fail again, try again), puts one on a path towards breaking our internal obstacles to learning STEM. Quoting Rodney, "... the biggest obstacle to creativity is breaking through the barriers of disbelief."

References

21st-century American physicists
MacArthur Fellows
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Cornell University College of Engineering faculty
American materials scientists
Villanova University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Craig Fennie


In the wake of the 1999–2002 Argentine political and economic crisis, many Argentine Jews emigrated to Israel. The 1992 attack on the Israeli embassy and the 1994 bombing of the Jewish Community Center in Buenos Aires also helped create an impetus for Jews to emigrate.

More than 10,000 Jews from Argentina immigrated to Israel since 2000, joining the thousands of previous olim already there. The crisis in Argentina also affected its neighboring country Uruguay. Between 1998 and 2003, more than half of that country's 40,000 Jews made aliyah. During 2002 and 2003 the Jewish Agency launched an intensive public campaign to promote aliyah from the region, and offered additional economic aid for immigrants from Argentina and Uruguay. Although the Argentine economy improved, Jews continue to immigrate to Israel, albeit in smaller numbers than before.  Some of those immigrants returned to Argentina in the wake of Argentine economic growth from 2003 onwards.

Olim from other Latin American countries, such as Uruguay, Peru, Venezuela and Brazil, are also making aliyah in smaller numbers.

References

External links
 Jewish Agency for Israel Aliyah from all over the world since 1948

Latin America
Argentine-Jewish culture in Israel
Chilean diaspora in Israel
Jews and Judaism in Argentina
Jewish Uruguayan history
South American-Jewish culture in Israel
Uruguayan diaspora in Israel
Venezuelan diaspora in Israel

Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s


Polyamory is the practice of being in a romantic or sexual relationship with more than one partner at once. People who are polyamorous may be in an open relationship (where everyone involved can have romance and sex with whoever they want) or may be in a closed group where the partners are expected to be romantic and sexual only with each other. Being in a closed polyamorous group is also known as polyfidelity. The word polyamory can be used as an umbrella term for relationships that are not monogamous, have multiple partners, or are non-exclusive.

Practice of polyamory
Polyamory can take many different forms, depending on the preferences of the people consenting.

Relationships

Polyamory


Breakbeat Kaos is a British independent record label based in London, UK that specialises in drum and bass. It is jointly owned by Fresh and Adam F, who founded the label in 2003 by merging Fresh's Breakbeat Punk with Adam F's Kaos Recordings. The label's first release was a 12" double A-side single by Fresh titled "Dalicks / Temple of Doom". The following year the label released the single "Another Planet / Voyager" by Pendulum, which peaked at number one in the UK Dance Chart. They also produced their first full-length release with the compilation album Jungle Sound: The Bassline Strikes Back!.

Starting in 2005, Breakbeat Kaos has released studio album debuts from Pendulum, Fresh and J Majik & Wickaman. The first of these, the Pendulum album Hold Your Colour, was later certified gold, exceeding 225,000 sales in the UK alone. The label has also released singles by artists including Baron, who has gone on to score action sports films in the United States, Chase & Status, D.Kay and Future Prophecies. Since its foundation, Breakbeat Kaos has released 31 singles and four albums from more than thirteen artists, in addition to fourteen singles released through its sublabels, Under Construction and Dogs on Acid.

The label has also spawned a thriving online community of fans and producers through the medium of the Dogs on Acid forums. These forums have been used by various people associated with the label, including Pendulum and Adam F, in order to communicate with their target audience.

Breakbeat Kaos stopped releasing music in 2012, but in 2018 the label was brought back into operation.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Sublabels

Dogs on Acid

Under Construction

External links
 Breakbeat Kaos
 Dogs on Acid

References

General
Breakbeat Kaos discography. rolldabeats. Retrieved on 7 May 2009.
Dogs on Acid discography. rolldabeats. Retrieved on 7 May 2009.
Under Construction discography. rolldabeats. Retrieved on 7 May 2009.
Specific

Drum and bass record labels

Breakbeat Kaos


John Louis O'Sullivan (November 15, 1813 – March 24, 1895) was an American columnist, editor, and diplomat who coined the term "manifest destiny" in 1845 to promote the annexation of Texas and the Oregon Country to the United States. O'Sullivan was an influential political writer and advocate for the Democratic Party at that time and served as U.S. minister to Portugal during the administration of President Franklin Pierce (1853–1857).

Early life and education
John Louis O'Sullivan, born on November 15, 1813, was the son of Irishman John Thomas O'Sullivan, an American diplomat and sea captain, and Mary Rowly, a genteel Englishwoman. According to legend, he was born at sea on a British warship off the coast of Gibraltar. O'Sullivan's father was a naturalized US citizen and had served as US Consul to the Barbary States.

O'Sullivan enrolled at Columbia College in New York at the age of 14. He graduated in 1831. In 1834, he received a Masters of Arts and became a lawyer.

Career
In 1837, he founded and edited The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, based in Washington. It espoused the more radical forms of Jacksonian Democracy and the cause of a democratic, American literature. It published some of the most prominent American writers, including Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John Greenleaf Whittier, William Cullen Bryant, and Walt Whitman. O'Sullivan was an aggressive reformer in the New York State Legislature, where he led the unsuccessful movement to abolish capital punishment. By 1846, investors were dissatisfied with his poor management, and he lost control of his magazine.

O'Sullivan opposed the coming of the American Civil War, hoping that a peaceful solution, or a peaceful separation of North and South, could be resolved. In Europe when the war began, O'Sullivan became an active supporter of the Confederate States of America; he may have been on the Confederate payroll at some point. O'Sullivan wrote a number of pamphlets promoting the Confederate cause, arguing that the presidency had become too powerful and that states' rights needed to be protected against encroachment by the central government. Although he had earlier supported the "free soil" movement, he now defended the institution of slavery, writing that blacks and whites could not live together in harmony. His activities greatly disappointed some of his old friends, including Hawthorne. Towards the end of the Civil War, O'Sullivan appealed to his southern "comrades in arms" to burn Richmond, stating "let every man set fire to his own house".

See also

Young America Movement

References

Further reading
 Sampson, Robert D. "O'Sullivan, John Louis" American National Biography Online Feb. 2000. Access Oct 12 2015
 Sampson, Robert D. John L. O'Sullivan and His Times. (Kent State University Press, 2003) online
 Scholnick, Robert J, "Extermination and Democracy: O'Sullivan, the Democratic Review, and Empire, 1837—1840." American Periodicals (2005) 15#2: 123–141.online
Widmer, Edward L. Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. (excerpt)
Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden – Volume 1 – Edited by John Bigelow

External links

"The Democratic Principle" , mission statement from the first issue (1837) of the Democratic Review, called by Robert D. Sampson "a classic statement of romantic Jacksonian Democracy"
"The Great Nation of Futurity": November 1839 editorial in which O'Sullivan touched upon many themes of manifest destiny.
"Annexation" : The July–August 1845 editorial in which the phrase "Manifest Destiny" first appeared

1813 births
1895 deaths
People born at sea
American columnists
American newspaper editors
Columbia College (New York) alumni
American people of Irish descent
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
19th-century American diplomats
Deaths from influenza
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American politicians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Ambassadors of the United States to Portugal

John L. O'Sullivan