Francis Rous, also spelled Rouse (c. 1581 to 1659), was an English politician and Puritan religious author, who was Provost of Eton from 1644 to 1659, and briefly Speaker of the House of Commons in 1653.

Stepbrother of Parliamentary leader John Pym, he joined him in opposing Arminianism in the Church of England, and played a leading role in the impeachment of Archbishop Laud. When the First English Civil War began in 1642, he supported the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant, and was appointed to the Westminster Assembly.

Under the Protectorate, he moved away from his Presbyterian colleagues, becoming closer to the religious Independents, and Oliver Cromwell. He died in January 1659, and was buried in Eton College Chapel.

Biography
Francis Rous was born at Dittisham in Devon around 1581, fourth son of Sir Anthony Rous (ca 1555-1620), and his first wife, Elizabeth Southcote (1547-1585). His father remarried Philippa Colles (died 1620), mother of John Pym; his stepbrother became a close friend and political ally.

At some point after 1601, he married Philippa, 1575 to 1657; their son Francis, (1615–1643), became a distinguished classicist and doctor, but was disinherited by his father for marrying without his approval.

Career

Sir Anthony Rous was a devout Puritan, who instilled the same values in his children. Francis was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, then known as Broadgates, and known for its "advanced Protestantism". In 1598, he moved to the University of Leiden, an important centre of study for Scots and English Calvinists.

As legal training was then considered part of an education, he attended the Middle Temple for a short period in 1601, but moved to Landrake, in Cornwall. There are few details of his life prior to 1626, although he produced several books, and Rous claimed in 1641 that he spent some of 1609 travelling in Europe with Sir Thomas Overbury, victim in one of the most famous murder cases of the period.

Understanding individuals from this period requires an appreciation of the centrality of religious belief in daily life, and politics. With the exception of Independents, who opposed any state church, most people believed in a 'universal' church, where everyone belonged to the same structure, and used the same practices; where Charles I, William Laud, Rous and others disagreed was the form it took, particularly within the Church of England. It was taken for granted good government depended on 'true religion', and as many also believed the Second Coming was imminent, it gave debates on what that meant a real urgency and importance.

"Puritan" was a term for anyone who wanted to reform, or 'purify', the Church of England, the most prominent being Presbyterians. Most of these factions considered themselves part of the national church; those who were expelled by the 1662 Act of Uniformity became Nonconformists. Like John Pym, Rous was a passionate opponent of Arminianism; between 1619 and 1623, he published three works focusing on idolatry and 'carnal gloriations' among the priesthood.

In 1626, he was elected Member of Parliament for Truro, then Tregony in 1628. Rous and Pym led the attack on Roger Maynwaring and Robert Sibthorpe, two clergymen who published sermons supporting divine right of kings, and passive obedience. Essentially political arguments, they were seen as undermining the role of Parliament, and condemned as such. In a speech made in January 1629, Rous argued if Arminianism continued to spread, 'true religion' was doomed; this inspired much of the subsequent opposition to Archbishop Laud. Charles responded by dissolving Parliament, initiating the period of Personal Rule that continued until 1640.

Returned for Truro in the elections of April and November 1640 Long Parliament, Rous opened the debate on the legality of Laud's reforms in December 1640, and presented articles of impeachment against John Cosin in 1641. He sat in the Westminster Assembly, took the Solemn League and Covenant, and in 1644, became Provost of Eton College, a position he retained until his death in 1659.

In 1643, Rous published his metrical paraphrases of the Book of Psalms, The Psalms of David set forth in English meeter, to be used in the Churches of England and Scotland. His text was heavily edited by a committee of translators, and in 1650 his Psalms were approved for use by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Despite the extent of the revisions, Rous's text for Psalm 23 is generally considered to be the basis of the popular Christian hymn, "The Lord's my Shepherd".

After 1647, Rous moved closer to the Independents like Oliver Cromwell, and supported Charles' execution in 1649; since Presbyterians believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated, The Protectorate presented a problem. In April 1649, he published a pamphlet titled The Lawfulness of Obeying the Present Government; claiming to be written by a 'true Presbyterian', this argued scripture required obedience to authority, regardless of who wielded it.

In early 1652, he served on the Committee for Propagation of the Gospel; led by Congregationalist minister John Owen, Parliament was dissolved before any of its suggested reforms were enacted. He was appointed Speaker of the House of Commons in 1653, although he proved incapable of managing the violent factionalism of Barebone's Parliament. Along with Charles Worsley and John Lambert, Rous was increasingly disturbed by the radicalism of many MPs. In a pre-planned move, on the morning of 12 December 1653, he led moderate members to Cromwell's office, where they resigned 'their powers unto his Excellency', effectively dissolving Parliament.

He was MP for Cornwall in 1656, along with Pym's nephew, Anthony Nicholl, but rejected a seat in the newly created Upper House. His wife Philippa was terminally ill, and died in December 1657; Rous followed in January 1659. His will left £50 to his grandson, 'so long as he shall be in preparation towards a profession', and funded three scholarships for Etonians to attend Pembroke College. He was buried in Eton College Chapel.

Bibliography; significant works
 1616; Meditations of Instruction, of Exhortation, of Reprofe: indeavouring the Edification and Reparation of the House of God
 1619; The Arte of Happines, consisting of three Parts, whereof the first searcheth out the Happinesse of Man, the second particularly discovers and approves it, the third sheweth the Meanes to attayne and increase it;
 1622; Diseases of the Time attended by their Remedies;
 1623; Oyl of Scorpions;
 1626; Testis Veritatis; a reply to Richard Montagu's Appello Caesarem;
 1641; Catholicke Charity; originally written in response to a 1630 work of the Catholic Tobie Matthew, but could not be printed in the Laudian 1630s.
 1643; The Psalmes of David in English Meeter; used by the Church of Scotland until mid 19th century;
 1649; The Lawfulness of Obeying the Present Government;

References

Sources

External links

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1580s births
1659 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Speakers of the House of Commons of England
People from South Hams (district)
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Devon
Roundheads
English subscribers to the Solemn League and Covenant 1643
Lay members of the Westminster Assembly
Alumni of Broadgates Hall, Oxford
Leiden University alumni
Members of the Middle Temple
Provosts of Eton College
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1653 (Barebones)
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1656–1658
Members of Cromwell's Other House
Southcott family
Members of the Parliament of England for Truro
Members of the Parliament of England for Tregony
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Cornwall

Francis Rous


Kool-Aid is an American brand of flavored drink mix. The product is owned by Kraft Foods.

History
Kool-Aid was invented by Edwin Perkins in Hastings, Nebraska. Before Kool-Aid, there was a liquid drink called Fruit Smack. To cut down shipping costs, Perkins found a way to remove the liquid from Fruit Smack and leave only a powder. The powder was called "Kool-Aid".

Perkins moved his production to Chicago in 1931. Kool-Aid was sold to General Foods in 1953.

Kool-Aid is usually sold in powder form, in packets and small tubs. The actual beverage is made by mixing the substance with water and sugar. But there are some sugar-free varieties. The drink is usually served with ice or refrigerated and then served chilled.

The Kool-Aid Man is associated with Kool-Aid. He was created in the 1950s. He was made over in 2013.

References

Soft drinks
History of Chicago

Kool-Aid


Akkad  or the Akkadian Empire (Sumerian: Agade, Bible: Accad) was the oldest empire in history.  It was located in Mesopotamia. The Akkadian empire reached its peak during the rule of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th and 22nd centuries BCE, and it eventually collapsed in 2154 BCE. The ruins have not been found, but it is believed to be on the River Euphrates. The empire comes after a long relationship with Sumer, and before the ethnic Akkadian empires of Babylonia and Assyria.

According to the Sumerian king list, Akkad (Agade) was built by Sargon of Akkad, 23th century BC, and is often called the first empire in history. Even so, it is known from older cuneiform writings that the city was already there before Sargon, in the time of the kings of Uruk. According to the Bible (Genesis 10:10), it was one of the cities started by Nimrod. Also, in the earliest records, when Mesopotamian kings started calling themselves "lord of the four quarters" around Sumer, these were listed as: Martu, Shubar, Elam, and Uri-ki.

As the capital city of the Akkadian Empire beginning with Sargon, the city ruled from around 2300 to 2215 BC, when it was destroyed by the Gutians who invaded from the mountains.

Sargon
Sargon conquered many of the surrounding regions. He created an empire which reached as far as the Mediterranean Sea and Anatolia, and extended his rule to Elam, and as far south as Oman. He ruled over this area for 56 years. Trade extended from the silver mines of Anatolia to the lapis lazuli mines in Afghanistan, the cedars of Lebanon and the copper of Oman. This consolidation of the city-states of Sumer and Akkad reflected the growing economic and political power of Mesopotamia. The empire's breadbasket was the rain-fed agricultural system of northern Mesopotamia and a chain of fortresses was built to control the imperial wheat production.

Images of Sargon were erected on the shores of the Mediterranean, in token of his victories, and cities and palaces were built at home with the spoils of the conquered lands. Elam and the northern part of Mesopotamia (Subartu)  were also subjugated and rebellions in Sumer were put down. Contract tablets have been found dated in the years of the campaigns against Canaan and against Sarlak, king of Gutium.

Akkadian language
The Akkadian language was one of the Semitic languages, and at the time of the Akkadian Empire it was made official in both Mesopotamia and Elam. Akkadian remained the main diplomatic language of Mesopotamia for centuries.

During the 3rd millennium BC, an intimate cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

Collapse of the Empire
The fall of the empire established by Sargon seems to have been as sudden as its rise, and little is known about the Gutian period. From the fall of Akkad ca. 2083 BC until the Sumerian renaissance ca. 2050 BC, there is much that is still dark. It has recently been suggested that the regional decline at the end of the Akkadian period (and also in the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom) was associated with rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region of the Ancient Near East.

References

Mesopotamia
Former empires
Former countries in the Middle East
3rd millennium BC

Akkad


Shirley Barbara de la Hunty AO, MBE (née Strickland; 18 July 1925 – 11 February 2004), known as Shirley Strickland during her early career, was an Australian athlete. She won more Olympic medals than any other Australian in running sports.

Family
Strickland was the only daughter, the second of five children.  She grew up on the family farm east of the wheatbelt town of Pithara, Western Australia.

Her father, Dave Strickland, while working at Menzies in the goldfields of Western Australia, was also an athlete. He was unable to compete in the 1900 Summer Olympics because he lacked the money for a trip to Paris. Instead, in 1900, he directed his efforts to the Stawell Gift 130-yard (120-m) foot-race, winning in 12 seconds off a handicap of 10 yards. His performance was considered to be as good as those of Stan Rowley, who won the Australian amateur sprint titles that season. (Rowley went on to win three bronze medals in the sprints at the 1900 Paris Olympics).  Dave Strickland subsequently went on to play one senior game of Australian rules football with Melbourne-based VFL team St Kilda in 1900 and six with WAFL club West Perth spread across the 1901 and 1909 seasons.

Her mother, Violet Edith Merry, was American-born with a British mining engineer father and a Norwegian mother.

Education
Strickland's early education was by correspondence. From 1934 to 1937 she attended the newly established local East Pithara School, winning a scholarship to attend Northam High School, where, in 1939, she won 47 out of 49 events as a schoolgirl athlete. After high school, she entered the University of Western Australia from where in 1946 she graduated with a Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Physics. In her spare time she lectured in mathematics and physics to returned servicemen at Perth Technical College, played wing in the university hockey team and gained a reputation as an extremely gifted sprinter and hurdler.

Athletic career
The Second World War was disruptive to women's athletics in Australia. Some runners, including Strickland, enlisted to help the war effort.

While teaching at Perth Technical College, she was coached by Austin Robertson, a former world professional sprint champion and South Melbourne footballer. She improved her 100 yards time from 11.8 to 11.0 flat. At the 1947 Western Australia state titles, she won the 100 yards, 220 yards, 440 yards, the 90 m yards hurdles and the shot put.

The following year, she took up running seriously, with great success. She won the national title in the 80 m hurdles in 1948 and was part of the Australian delegation to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. There, Strickland finished third in both the 100 m and 80 m hurdles and won a silver medal in the 4×100 m relay. Despite being awarded 4th place in the 200 m final, a photo finish of the race that was not consulted at the time, when examined in 1975, showed that she had beaten American Audrey Patterson into third place, a discrepancy that has been recognised by many reputable Olympic historians.

After winning three gold medals in the 1950 British Empire Games, she won her first Olympic title at the 1952 Games in Helsinki. She won the 80 m hurdles in world record time (10.9 s). A baton mix-up cost her a second gold medal in the 4×100 m relay. In the 100 m, she again won a bronze medal.

She set a new world record of 11.3 s for the 100 m in Poland in 1955, and in the 1956 Olympics, she won again in the 80 m hurdles and with the Australian 4×100 m relay team.

Post-athletics

De la Hunty maintained her Olympic involvement in athlete administration, with the Australian teams during the 1968 and 1976 Olympics in Mexico City and Montreal. She also coached sprinter Raelene Boyle for the 1976 Olympic season.

Along with her husband, de la Hunty had a longstanding involvement with the Australian Democrats. She was a founding member, and later served as president of the party's branch in Western Australia. From the early 1970s through to the mid-1990s, de la Hunty was a perennial candidate for state and federal political office, although never elected. She stood in six state elections – in 1971, and then in five consecutive from 1983 to 1996. In 1983, 1986, and 1996, she stood for the Australian Democrats, while in the remaining years she stood as an independent candidate. She ran for the Legislative Assembly in 1983 and 1993 (in East Melville and Melville, respectively), and for the Legislative Council in 1971, 1986, 1989, and 1996.

At federal level, all but one of de la Hunty's runs for office were made as a Democrats candidate. In total, she contested seven federal elections—four consecutive from 1977 to 1984, as well as the 1981 by-election in Curtin, and then in 1993 and 1996. She ran for the House of Representatives in 1981 (Curtin), 1984 (Fremantle), and 1993 (Canning), with the latter being her only independent candidacy at federal level. At all other elections she contested the Senate, where she was generally placed second or third on the Democrats' group voting ticket. Although never elected to parliament, de la Hunty served two periods as a City of Melville councillor, from 1988 to 1996 and from 1999 to 2003. This political affiliation contrasted with the background of her first coach, Betty Judge, who was the wife of Kim Beazley Sr. and mother of Kim Beazley, both prominent Labor politicians.

De la Hunty was one of several female Australian Olympians who carried the Olympic Flame at the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Games. In 2001, she attracted media attention by auctioning her sporting memorabilia including her Olympic gold medals. She was criticised by some for that but asserted she had a right to do so and the income generated would help pay for her grandchildren's education and allow a sizeable donation to assist in securing old-growth forests from use by developers.  Her memorabilia were eventually acquired for the National Sports Museum in Melbourne by a group of anonymous businessmen who shared her wish that the memorabilia would stay in Australia.

Personal life

In 1950, she married geologist Lawrence Edmund de la Hunty, who had been one of her students at Perth Technical College. They had four children: Phillip (1953), Barbara (1957), Matthew (1960) and David (1963).  Matthew was the lead singer in Australian rock band Tall Tales and True. Barbara graduated in Science.  Phillip's intended medical career was destroyed by heroin addiction though he later graduated with honours in Science.  David is an ophthalmologist practising in Rockingham. Lawrence died of a heart attack in 1980, aged 56.

De la Hunty was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) on 26 January 2001 for service to the community, particularly in the areas of conservation, the environment and local government, and to athletics as an athlete, coach and administrator. She had been appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) (MBE) for services to athletics on 1 January 1957.

Her body was found on 16 February 2004 on her kitchen floor, but the coroner determined that she died on the evening of 11 February.  There was no full autopsy and the coroner said the cause of death was "unascertainable", though not inconsistent with natural causes.

The Western Australian government honoured her with a state funeral, the first ever for a private citizen.

In 2005, some members of her family approached the coroner regarding the circumstances of her death. In 2006 an investigation was conducted by detectives from the major crime squad. In 2008 probate was granted after a dispute over her will was resolved in the state Supreme Court.

Shirley Strickland Reserve in Ardross, a suburb of Perth, is named in her honour.

In 2011, Shirley was posthumously inducted into the WA Women's Hall of Fame, and in 2014, Strickland de la Hunty was inducted into the International Association of Athletics Federations' Hall of Fame

See also

References

External links

 National Film and Sound Archive: Oral biography with video clips

1925 births
2004 deaths
Australian female hurdlers
Australian female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Australian people of American descent
Australian people of British descent
Australian people of Norwegian descent
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia
Olympic athletes for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
People from Northam, Western Australia
Track and field athletes from Western Australia
University of Western Australia alumni
Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners
Recipients of the Olympic Order
Australian Democrats politicians
Western Australian local councillors
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
20th-century Australian politicians
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
20th-century Australian women politicians
Women local councillors in Australia
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Sportswomen from Western Australia
Medallists at the 1950 British Empire Games

Shirley Strickland


Philip II (5 February 1438 – 7 November 1497), surnamed the Landless, was the Duke of Savoy for a brief reign from 1496 to 1497.

Biography

Philip was the granduncle of the previous duke Charles II, and the youngest surviving son of Duke Louis of Savoy and Anne of Cyprus. However, he was not the heir general of the previous duke, there being several females before him in the line of succession. To ensure male inheritance to the Savoy line, his eldest son Philibert was married to his cousin, the only sister of the deceased young Duke. However, the plan did not succeed: the girl died at age twelve. (Philip had already died in the meantime.) The children of the daughters of Philip's eldest brother Duke Amedeo IX of Savoy were next in line, and were entitled to the inheritance of the line of heirs-general, including Cyprus and Jerusalem. Despite the fact that Cyprus and Jerusalem did not bar succession in female line, Philip took those claims and used those titles as well. His male successors in Savoy also continued to do so, thus giving their ducal title a higher, royal titulary.

He spent most of his life as a junior member of the ducal family. His original apanage was the district of Bresse, close to the French and Burgundian border, but it was lost and therefore Philip received his sobriquet "the Landless", or "Lackland".

Family

First marriage
He married Margaret of Bourbon (5 February 1438 – 1483) and had:
 Louise (1476–1531), married Charles d'Orléans, Count of Angoulême, had children including:
Francis I of France whose daughter Margaret of Valois married to Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy.
Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549); Queen consort of King Henry II of Navarre
 Girolamo (1478)
 Philibert II (1480–1504)

Second marriage
He married Claudine de Brosse of Brittany (1450–1513), daughter of Jean II de Brosse and Nicole de Châtillon, and they had:
 Charles III (1486–1553) who succeeded his half-brother as Duke of Savoy
 Louis (1488–1502)
 Philip (1490–1533), duke of Nemours
 Assolone (1494)
 Giovanni Amedeo (1495)
 Philiberta (1498–1524), married Julian II di Medici (1479–1516), duke of Nemours

Illegitimate issue
He also had eight illegitimate children by two mistresses.

With Libera Portoneri:
René of Savoy (1468-31 March 1525), served as Governor of Nice and Provence, known as the Grand Bastard of Savoy and father-in-law of Anne, 1st Duc de Montmorency
Antonia of Savoy, married Jean II, Lord of Monaco
Peter of Savoy, Bishop of Geneva

With Bona di Romagnano:
Claudina (Claudia) of Savoy (d. 2 May 1528),  married to Jacob III, Count of Horne (d. 15 August 1531).
Margherita (Margaret) of Savoy
Giovanna (Johanna) of Savoy
Michele (Michael) of Savoy, a priest

Philip is an ancestor, through an illegitimate daughter of Honorat II of Savoy,  of Joséphine de Beauharnais, first wife of Napoleon.

Ancestry

References

Sources

1438 births
1497 deaths
15th-century Dukes of Savoy
People from Chambéry
Princes of Savoy
Counts of Geneva
Claimant kings of Jerusalem
Savoy, Philip II, Duke of
Italian people of Cypriot descent
Grand Masters of France
Burials at Hautecombe Abbey

Philip II, Duke of Savoy


Øyvind Alsaker (born 16 August 1965) is a sports journalist and television personality from Florø, Sogn og Fjordane. He has been a football commentator for TV2 and Canal +. He has commented on games from the English Premier League for years.

Alsaker was involved in controversy when he and co-commentator Lars Bohinen were revealed to be making derogatory and racist remarks during the pre-match warm-up between sides Rosenborg BK and Hønefoss BK in Norwegian Premier League on 17 October 2010.

He was also TV2's main commentator in Germany during the FIFA World Cup in 2006, and commentated on the majority of the games that were played. He has openly stated that he is a Liverpool F.C. supporter.

Alsaker worked for several years as a journalist, newsreader and presenter at NRK's regional office in Hordaland, before joining TV2 at the start of 1992. In his first year with the channel Alsaker fulfilled many roles including sports anchor and skiing commentator next to his main job as a football commentator. He was employed by Canal + in 1998, but returned to  TV2 in 2006. He has continued to commentate on English football on Canal + after his return to TV2.

Alsaker also commented on Euro 2008 in Switzerland and Austria together with Nils Johan Semb and Tore André Dahlum.

References

1965 births
Norwegian sports broadcasters
Norwegian sports journalists
Norwegian association football commentators
Living people

Øyvind Alsaker


Rclone is an open source, multi threaded, command line computer program to manage or migrate content on cloud and other high latency storage. Its capabilities include sync, transfer, crypt, cache, union, compress and mount. The rclone website lists supported backends including S3 and Google Drive.

Descriptions of rclone often carry the strapline Rclone syncs your files to cloud storage. Those prior to 2020 include the alternative Rsync for Cloud Storage.

Rclone is well known for its rclone sync and rclone mount commands. It provides further management functions analogous to those ordinarily used for files on local disks, but which tolerate some intermittent and unreliable service. Rclone is commonly used with media servers such as Plex, Emby or Jellyfin to stream content direct from consumer file storage services.

Official Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Arch, Brew, Chocolatey, and other package managers include rclone.

Rclone may also refer to an R library used to analyse individual and population genetics of partially clonal species.

History
Nick Craig-Wood was inspired by rsync. Concerns about the noise and power costs arising from home computer servers prompted him to embrace cloud storage and he began developing rclone as open source software in 2012 under the name swiftsync.

Rclone was promoted to stable version 1.00 in July 2014.

In May 2017, Amazon Drive barred new users of rclone and other upload utilities, citing security concerns. Amazon Drive had been advertised as offering unlimited storage for £55 per year. Amazon's AWS S3 service continues to support new rclone users.

The original rclone logo was updated in September 2018.

In March 2020, Nick Craig-Wood resigned from Memset Ltd, a cloud hosting company he founded, to focus on open source software.

Amazon's AWS April 2020 public sector blog explained how the Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center were using rclone in their Motuz tool to migrate very large biomedical research datasets in and out of AWS S3 object stores.

In November 2020, rclone was updated to correct a weakness in the way it generated passwords. Passwords for encrypted remotes can be generated randomly by rclone or supplied by the user. In all versions of rclone from 1.49.0 to 1.53.2 the seed value for generated passwords was based on the number of seconds elapsed in the day, and therefore not truly random. CVE-2020-28924 recommended users upgrade to the latest version of rclone and check the passwords protecting their encrypted remotes.

Release 1.55 of rclone in March 2021 included features sponsored by CERN and their CS3MESH4EOSC project. The work was EU funded to promote vendor-neutral application programming interfaces and protocols for synchronisation and sharing of academic data on cloud storage.

Backends and Commands

Rclone supports the following services as backends. There are others, built on standard protocols such as WebDAV or S3, that work. WebDAV backends do not support rclone functionality dependent on server side checksum or modtime.

:

Remotes are usually defined interactively from these backends, local disk, or memory (as S3), with rclone config. Rclone can further wrap those remotes with one or more of alias, chunk, compress, crypt or union, remotes.

Once defined, the remotes are referenced by other rclone commands interchangeably with the local drive. Remote names are followed by a colon to distinguish them from local drives. For example, a remote example_remote containing a folder, or pseudofolder, myfolder is referred to within a command as a path example_remote:/myfolder.

Rclone commands directly apply to remotes, or mount them for file access or streaming. With appropriate cache options the mount can be addressed as if a conventional, block level disk. Commands are provided to serve remotes over SFTP, HTTP, WebDAV, FTP and DLNA. Commands can have sub-commands and flags. Filters determine which files on a remote that rclone commands are applied to.

rclone rc passes commands or new parameters to existing rclone sessions and has an experimental web browser interface.

Crypt remotes

Rclone's crypt implements encryption of files at rest in cloud storage. It layers an encrypted remote over a pre-existing, cloud or other remote. Crypt is commonly used to encrypt / decrypt media, for streaming, on consumer storage services such as Google Drive.

Rclone's configuration file contains the crypt password. The password can be lightly obfuscated, or the whole rclone.conf file can be encrypted.

Crypt can either encrypt file content and name, or additionally full paths. In the latter case there is a potential clash with encryption for cloud backends, such as Microsoft OneDrive, having limited path lengths. Crypt remotes do not encrypt object modification time or size. The encryption mechanism for content, name and path is available, for scrutiny, on the rclone website. Key derivation is with scrypt.

Example syntax (Linux)

These examples describe paths and file names but object keys behave similarly.

To recursively copy files from directory remote_stuff, at the remote xmpl, to directory stuff in the home folder:-
$ rclone copy -v -P xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff

-v enables logging and -P, progress information. By default rclone checks the file integrity (hash) after copy; can retry each file up to three times if the operation is interrupted; uses up to four parallel transfer threads, and does not apply bandwidth throttling.

Running the above command again copies any new or changed files at the remote to the local folder but, like default rsync behaviour, will not delete from the local directory, files which have been removed from the remote.

To additionally delete files from the local folder which have been removed from the remote - more like the behaviour of rsync with a --delete flag:-
$ rclone sync xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff

And to delete files from the source after they have been transferred to the local directory - more like the behaviour of rsync with a --remove-source-file flag:-
$ rclone move xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff

To mount the remote directory at a mountpoint in the pre-existing, empty stuff directory in the home directory (the ampersand at the end makes the mount command run as a background process):-
$ rclone mount xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff &

Default rclone syntax can be modified. Alternative transfer, filter, conflict and backend specific flags are available. Performance choices include number of concurrent transfer threads; chunk size; bandwidth limit profiling, and cache aggression.

Academic evaluation
In 2018, University of Kentucky researchers published a conference paper comparing use of rclone and other command line, cloud data transfer agents for big data. The paper was published as a result of funding by the National Science Foundation.

Later that year, University of Utah's Center for High Performance Computing examined the impact of rclone options on data transfer rates.

Rclone use at HPC research sites

Examples are University of Maryland, Iowa State University, Trinity College Dublin, NYU, BYU, Indiana University, CSC Finland, Utrecht University, University of Nebraska, University of Utah, North Carolina State University, Stony Brook, Tulane University, Washington State University, Georgia Tech, National Institutes of Health, Wharton, Yale, Harvard, Minnesota, Michigan State, Case Western Reserve University, University of South Dakota, Northern Arizona University, University of Pennsylvania, Stanford, University of Southern California, UC Santa Barbara, UC Irvine, UC Berkeley, and SURFnet.

Rclone and cybercrime

May 2020 reports stated rclone had been used by hackers to exploit Diebold Nixdorf ATMs with ProLock ransomware. The FBI issued a Flash Alert MI-000125-MW on May 4, 2020, in relation to the compromise. They issued a further, related alert 20200901–001 in September 2020. Attackers had exfiltrated / encrypted data from organisations involved in healthcare, construction, finance, and legal services. Multiple US government agencies, and industrial entities were affected. Researchers established the hackers spent about a month exploring the breached networks, using rclone to archive stolen data to cloud storage, before encrypting the target system. Reported targets included LaSalle County, and the city of Novi Sad.

The FBI warned January 2021, in Private Industry Notification 20210106–001, of extortion activity using Egregor ransomware and rclone. Organisations worldwide had been threatened with public release of exfiltrated data. In some cases rclone had been disguised under the name svchost. Bookseller Barnes & Noble, US retailer Kmart, games developer Ubisoft and the Vancouver metro system have been reported as victims.

An April 2021, cybersecurity investigation into SonicWall VPN zero-day vulnerability SNWLID-2021-0001 by FireEye's Mandiant team established attackers UNC2447 used rclone for reconnaissance and exfiltration of victims' files. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency Analysis Report AR21-126A confirmed this use of rclone in FiveHands ransomware attacks.

A June 2021, Microsoft Security Intelligence Twitter post identified use of rclone in BazaCall cyber attacks. The miscreants sent emails encouraging recipients to contact a bogus call centre to cancel a paid for service. The call centre team then instructed victims to download a hostile file that installed malware on the target network, ultimately allowing use of rclone for covert extraction of potentially sensitive data.

Rclone Wars

In a 2021, Star Wars Day blog article, Managed Security Service Provider Red Canary announced Rclone Wars, an allusion to Clone Wars. The post notes illicit use of other legitimate file transfer utilities in exfiltrate and extort schemes but focuses on MEGAsync, MEGAcmd and rclone. To identify use of renamed rclone executables on compromised devices the authors suggest monitoring for distinctive rclone top level commands and command line flag strings such as remote: and \\.

Rclone or rsync
Rsync transfers files with other computers that have rsync installed. It operates at the block, rather than file, level and has a delta algorithm so that it only needs to transfer changes in files. Rsync preserves file attributes and permissions. Rclone has a wider range of content management capabilities, and types of backend it can address, but only works at a whole file / object level. It does not currently preserve permissions and attributes. Rclone is designed to have some tolerance of intermittent and unreliable connections or remote services. Its transfers are optimised for high latency networks. Rclone decides which of those whole files / objects to transfer after obtaining checksums, to compare, from the remote server. Where checksums are not available, rclone can use object size and timestamp.

Rsync is single threaded. Rclone is multi threaded with a user definable number of simultaneous transfers.

Rclone can pipe data between two completely remote locations, sometimes without local download. During an rsync transfer, one side must be a local drive.

Rclone ignores trailing slashes. Rsync requires their correct use. Rclone filters require the use of ** to refer to the contents of a directory. Rsync does not.

Eponymous cloud storage service rsync.net provides remote unix filesystems so that customers can run rsync and other standard Unix tools. They also offer rclone only accounts.

In 2016, a poster on Hacker News summarised rclone's relationship to rsync as:- (rclone) exists to give you rsync to things that aren't rsync. If you want to rsync to things that are rsync, use rsync.

See also

 Rsync
 Comparison of file synchronization software

References

External links

2012 software
Cloud storage
Network file systems
Data synchronization
Free backup software
Backup software for Linux
Free network-related software
Network file transfer protocols
Unix network-related software
Free file transfer software
Cloud storage gateways

File transfer software
Software using the MIT license
SSH File Transfer Protocol clients
FTP clients
Free FTP clients
MacOS Internet software
Free file sharing software
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in Go
Free storage software
Object storage
Distributed file systems
Userspace file systems
File copy utilities
Disk usage analysis software
Disk encryption
Special-purpose file systems
Cryptographic software
Free special-purpose file systems
Cloud computing
Cloud infrastructure
Free software for cloud computing
Backup software for Windows
Backup software for macOS
Cloud clients
Cloud applications

Rclone


Wah is a village in Attock District of North Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Pleasure Gardens there dating from the Mughal Empire, and for being the birthplace of a former Governor and Chief Minister of the Punjab during British Indian times, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.

Wah Cantonment is a large military garrison and township nearby.

Attock District
Villages in Punjab (Pakistan)

Wah


Teodora Gheorghiu (born 8 May 1978 in Brașov) is a Romanian soprano who has performed in opera, concert and recital across Europe.

Early life and training
Gheorghiu was born in Brașov, where she studied the flute before focussing on singing. She pursued vocal studies at the Academia de Muzică Gheorghe Dima in Cluj-Napoca and went on to participate in several competitions, including the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition and the Julián Gayarre International Singing Competition. Upon hearing Gheorghiu sing, the Spanish tenor José Carreras offered her a personal scholarship to continue with her studies.

Career
Gheorghiu made her debut in 2003 at the Romanian National Opera, Bucharest, singing the role of the Queen of the Night in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. Soon after, she was invited to appear at several European opera houses, such as La Monnaie in Brussels, the Opéra national de Lorraine in Nancy, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, and various Swiss theatres, including the , the Grand Théâtre de Genève and the Opéra de Lausanne.

In 2007, Gheorghiu was engaged as a member of the ensemble of the Wiener Staatsoper, and continued to sing there regularly until 2010. Her roles in Vienna included Adele in Die Fledermaus, Nanetta in Falstaff, Fiakermilli in Arabella, Adina in L'elisir d'amore, Elvira in L'italiana in Algeri, Sophie in Werther and Eudoxie in La Juive.

Gheorghiu recorded her first album, Arias for Anna de Amicis, in 2011. Her second, of Lieder was released in 2012. Gheorghiu made her UK debut at Glyndebourne in 2014, singing the role of Sophie in Der Rosenkavalier.

References

Living people
1978 births
People from Brașov
Romanian operatic sopranos
21st-century Romanian singers
21st-century Romanian women singers
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition

Teodora Gheorghiu


Artemisa () is a municipality and city in Cuba, formerly part of La Habana Province.
According to a law approved by the Cuban National Assembly in August 2010, Artemisa became the capital city of the newly formed Artemisa Province, which comprises eight municipalities of the former La Habana Province and three from Pinar del Río. It has an area of 642.0 square kilometers and a population of over 85,000 inhabitants (2017).

Due to its coffee crops in the past and the bucolic local landscape, it has received the nickname "Jardín de Cuba" (Garden of Cuba) and is also known as the "Villa Roja" (Red Village) due to the color of its soils.

The municipality is home to the University of Artemisa, which trains professionals in agricultural sciences, high school and higher education teachers, business sciences, among others. There is also the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Artemisa, which trains doctors, dentists and other health professionals.

History
The town was founded in 1818. It arose as a result of a fire that occurred on April 25, 1802, in the Jesús María and Guadalupe neighborhoods in the city of Havana, which left many families homeless and pressured the Royal Consulate of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce to approve the creation of populations in extramural areas.  In 1818, thanks to the donation of Don Francisco de Arango y Peñalver, the construction of the church began, which was inaugurated on December 22, 1825. The origin of the name of Artemisa is uncertain. It has been argued to have originated from the Greek goddess Artemis (Diana, in the Roman version) or that it refers to the name of Ragweed in Spanish, Artemisia (Ambrosia artemisifolia), abundant at the time.

The municipality is founded on June 9, 1878, by royal decree in which this city is assigned as the head.  On January 1, 1879, the first meeting of the City Council is held.

Although Artemisa did not participate in the first War of Liberation against Spain in 1868–78 (Guerra de los Diez Años), since it did not reach the West of the country, it did in the one of 95 in which more than 200 children of that region joined the Mambi forces, of which 135 survivors were discharged.  Among them, important figures stand out such as Manuel Valdés (the first Artemiseño martyr, messenger of the Mambi forces), Colonel Federico Nuñez, General Alberto Nodarse Bacallao (who was part of General Antonio Maceo's staff when he fell in San Pedro) and the parish priest of the Church of Artemisa, Guillermo González Arocha.

The territory of Artemisa suffered in that period from the "Reconcentration" policy of Captain General Valeriano Weyler, a direct precedent of the Nazi concentration camps, who in an attempt to cut off the support of the liberating troops among the Cuban rural population, forced it to concentrate in urban places.

Artemisa was an important source of fighters supporting Fidel Castro's Revolution during the attack on "Cuartel Moncada" in Santiago de Cuba (1953) and Sierra Maestra Guerrilla (1956–1959). Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Vice President of the Council of State of Cuba, who was also a combatant alongside Che, is a native of Artemisa.  Two other Artemiseños also stood out in the Revolution as members of the leadership of two other organizations: Eduardo García Lavandero of the Revolutionary Directorate March 13 and Carlos Rodríguez Careaga of the Popular Socialist Party. The Martyrs Mausoleum (Mausoleo de los Mártires) in Artemisa is a National Monument of Cuba.

Artemisa belonged to Pinar del Río Province until 1970.

Geography
The Artemisa municipality is located in the center of the Artemisa Province, bordering to the north with the Mariel and Guanajay municipalities;  to the east with the municipalities Caimito and Alquízar;  to the south with the Ensenada de Majana and to the west with the municipality of Candelaria.

Wards (consejos populares) of the municipality include Cayajabo, Centro, Corojal, La Matilde, Las Cañas, Lavandero, Lincoln, Reparto Nuevo, and Todelo.

Demographics
In 2004, the municipality of Artemisa had a population of 81,209. With a total area of , it has a population density of .

Economy
During the 19th century, the town evolved with great economic prosperity based on the boom in coffee first and tobacco and sugar later.

Artemisa came to have approximately 47 coffee plantations.  The most renowned was "Angerona", considered the second largest coffee plantation in Cuba.  El Pilar and Andorra, both, have been closed at the beginning of the 21st century.  The sugar industry has ceased to have a leading role in the municipality.

Economic development was favored by the arrival of the railway in 1864 and, later, the construction of the Central Highway of Cuba, these were decisive factors in the rise of the municipality, which became an important destination between Pinar del Río and Havana.

The current economy of Artemisa is based on agriculture (fruits, various crops, rice, sugar cane), pig farming, the cement industry and other construction materials, tobacco manufacturing, textile manufacturing, and pesticides.

Main sights

Places of historical importance include the Cafetal Angerona (named after Angerona, the goddess of silence and fertility, and protector of Rome), which is currently in ruins. Its remains evoke a period of great abundance, business development, love affairs, and slavery. The cafetal belonged to the German entrepreneur Cornelio Souchay who fell in love with the black Haitian, Úrsula Lambert. The couple lived their romance in secret due to the taboos of the period.

The Hotel Campoamor, built by Asturiano Fernando González-Campoamor, has played an important role since it was finished in 1911. Many important figures visited the place, including Rita Longa, Ernest Hemingway, Juan Marinello, Gabriela Mistral, and Ignacio Villa "Bola de Nieve." Centrales azucareros (Sugar mills) Pilar and Lavandero are landmarks of the city, as well as the mansion of sugar magnate, Julio Lobo.

Artemisa's patron saint is Saint Mark the Evangelist. The church of Artemisa is located in The Park (el Parque). The building was renovated due to efforts made by Father Antonio Rodriguez Dias, the hard work and cooperation of many Artemiseños, and generous monetary donations from German brethren.

Other sites include the Artemisa Municipal Museum.

Personalities
Important personalities in the history of Cuba were born or lived in Artemisa. Among them Magdalena Peñaredonda, a poet and journalist, appointed as captain of rebel forces during the war of independence, Father Guillermo González Arocha, born in Regla, but whose significant contribution to the independence of Cuba was carried out while a priest in Artemisa, is considered an adopted son of the city. This priest also founded a school and had the cemetery of the city built.
Legendary trumpet star Arturo Sandoval was also from Artemisa before his defection to the U.S in 1990

See also
Municipalities of Cuba
List of cities in Cuba

References

External links

Cities in Cuba
Populated places in Artemisa Province
Populated places established in 1818
1818 establishments in New Spain
1810s establishments in the Spanish West Indies
1810s in Cuba

Artemisa


Karachi Safari Park (), opened in 1970, is a public funded 'family-only' safari park covering an area of , located in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It has a zoo, geared with viewing facilities like a chairlift and safari tracks, as well as two natural lakes. A privately funded amusement park, Go Aish, is located in the Safari Park's vicinity.

History
Karachi Safari Park was inaugurated in 1970 by Lieutenant General Atiq-ur-Rehman. It was an independent project of the then Karachi Municipal Corporation. The creation of an independent zoo, safari and aquarium department followed in 1995. Karachi Safari Park is now an independent wing of the Community Development Department of City District Government of Karachi (defunct) and has been designated as a 'family park'.

Attractions

 Swan lake: A natural lake is located inside the safari park featuring a pagoda style sitting place.

 Chairlift: The 10 minutes long chairlift ride was set up at a cost of US$ 2 million and was inaugurated by the Karachi City Nazim Syed Mustafa Kamal on March 8, 2006.

 Go Aish: A private theme park featuring ropes course, paintball, quad biking, indoor climbing and a mini golf course.
 Elephant enclave: An enclave of about 65,000 square including a bathing space and resting area for the elephants has been constructed in the park for the joy of visitors and the elephants.
Kashmir Point: Kashmir Point is one of the newly built picnic spots in Safari Park. It was inaugurated by the Mayor of Karachi, Mr. Wasim Akhter. The scenic view from this picnic spot looks similar to the valleys of Kashmir, which is a rare sight in Karachi.

Future projects
 Aviary: In June 2012, administrator of KMC, Muhammad Hussain Syed, told The Nation (Pakistani newspaper) that the country's biggest aviary was being constructed speedily inside the safari park.
 Boating: In September 2012, it was announced that pedalo boating would be introduced in the lake.
 Camping site: A 300 acres of scouting land and camping area was also reported to be under development in October 2012.
 Museum: A 3,000 yards expanse will be used by Karachi Municipal Corporation to develop a unique museum for the endangered birds in Safari Park in accordance with the International Standards. This move will help raise awareness about the ongoing extinction alert for rare bird species.

See also
 Lahore Zoo Safari
 List of parks and gardens in Pakistan
 List of parks and gardens in Lahore
 List of parks and gardens in Karachi

References

External links

1970 establishments in Pakistan
Zoos in Pakistan
Parks in Karachi
Amusement parks in Pakistan
Parks in Pakistan
Gulshan Town
Tourist attractions in Karachi
Wildlife parks in Pakistan

Karachi Safari Park


Magnus Magnusson,  (born Magnús Sigursteinsson; 12 October 1929 – 7 January 2007) was an Icelandic-born British-based journalist, translator, writer and television presenter. Born in Reykjavík, he lived in Scotland for almost all his life, although he never took British citizenship. He came to prominence as a BBC television journalist and was the presenter of the BBC television quiz programme Mastermind for 25 years. His catchphrase "I've started, so I'll finish" was said whenever the time for questioning a contestant ran out while he was reading a question on the show.

Early life
Magnús Sigursteinsson was born in Reykjavík on 12 October 1929, but grew up in Edinburgh, where his father, Sigursteinn Magnússon, was the Icelandic consul. In Scotland his family adopted a British naming convention, and from childhood Magnus used his father's patronymic as a surname.

Magnusson lived with his family in John Street, Portobello, an eastern suburb of Edinburgh. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, where he was in the school's marching brass band, and at Jesus College, Oxford.

Career

Journalism and television
After graduating from Oxford he became a reporter with the Scottish Daily Express and The Scotsman. Between 1962 and 1964 he edited the Saltire Society's magazine New Saltire. He went freelance in 1967, then joined the BBC. In 1968 he appeared as a storyteller in five episodes of the BBC children's programme Jackanory, narrating English translations of 'Stories from Iceland'. He presented programmes on history and archaeology including Chronicle and BC The Archaeology of the Bible Lands, and appeared in news programmes. In later years Magnusson wrote for the New Statesman.

Mastermind
Magnusson presented the long-running quiz show Mastermind from 1972 to 1997 on BBC1. His catchphrase, which one of his successors John Humphrys continued to use, was "I've started, so I'll finish". Magnusson made cameo appearances as himself, hosting Mastermind in Morecambe and Wise as well as the children's series Dizzy Heights and as Magnus Magnesium in The Goodies episode "Frankenfido".

Magnusson ended his 25-year run hosting Mastermind in September 1997, and the original black chair was given to him at the end of the production, passing to his daughter Sally Magnusson after his death.

Magnusson later returned to present a one-off celebrity special, originally broadcast on 30 December 2002 on BBC Two, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first ever Mastermind final. This was a precursor to the main show returning to the BBC with Humphrys as host. Shortly before his death, Magnusson returned to the regular Mastermind series to present the trophy to the 2006 champion Geoff Thomas. Sally Magnusson presented the trophy to the next series winner, David Clark, while also paying tribute to her father and his legacy to the show.

Books
 Scotland: The Story of a Nation
 Introducing Archaeology
 Viking Expansion Westwards
 The Clacken and the Slate (The Edinburgh Academy, 1824 – 1974)
 Viking Hammer of the North
 BC: The Archaeology of the Bible Lands
 Landlord or Tenant?: A View of Irish History
 Iceland
 Vikings!
 Magnus on the Move
 Treasures of Scotland
 Lindisfarne: The Cradle Island
 Reader's Digest Book of Facts (ed.)
 Iceland Saga
 Chambers Biographical Dictionary (ed., 5th edition)
 The Nature of Scotland (ed.)
 I've Started, So I'll Finish
 Rum: Nature's Island
 Magnus Magnusson's Quiz Book
 Fakers, Forgers and Phoneys: Famous Scams and Scamps

Translator
Magnusson translated or co-translated a variety of books from modern Icelandic and Old Norse into English. Among these are several works by Halldór Laxness, the Nobel prize-winning novelist from Iceland, as well as a number of Norse sagas, which he co-translated (with Hermann Pálsson) for Penguin Classics: Njal's Saga (1960), The Vinland Sagas (1965), King Harald's Saga (1966) and Laxdæla Saga (1969).

Awards and charity positions
Magnusson was given the honorary award of Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1989.

He was elected President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds at its 94th annual general meeting in October 1995, succeeding Max Nicholson, and held the office until 2000. He was founder chairman of Scottish Natural Heritage from 1992 and founder chairman of the Scottish Churches Architectural Heritage Trust in 1978 (it became Scotland's Churches Trust in 2012).

He was Lord Rector of Edinburgh University from 1975 to 1978 and in 2002 he became Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University. The Magnus Magnusson Fellowship, an intellectual group based at the Glasgow Caledonian University, was named in his honour.

Death

On 12 October 2006, his 77th birthday, Magnusson was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Magnusson mordantly noted that "This has to be one of my worst birthdays ever." His condition forced him to cancel a string of public appearances. He died on 7 January 2007. The Aigas Field Centre has a building named the Magnus House in his honour.

Family
Magnusson was married to Mamie Baird from 1954 until his death. They had five children. Their eldest son, Siggi, died in a traffic accident in 1973, when he was struck by a vehicle close to the Glasgow Academy playing fields at Anniesland in the city's West End. Their daughter Sally is a journalist, writer and TV presenter, and youngest son Jon is a TV producer, writer and director.

Bibliography
Viking Expansion Westwards (1973),
The Clacken and the Slate (1974),
Viking, Hammer of the North (1976),
BC The Archaeology of the Bible Lands (1977),
The Vikings (1980, revised 2000),
Lindisfarne, The Cradle Island (1984),
Chambers Biographical Dictionary (1990), as General Editor,  Hardback
Scotland Since Prehistory: Natural Change and Human Impact (1993),
I've Started So I'll Finish (1998),
Scotland: The Story of a Nation (2000),
Lindisfarne (2004),
Iceland Saga (2005),
Keeping Your Words: An Anthology of Quotations (2005),
Fakers, Forgers and Phoneys: Famous Scams and Scamps (2006),

References

External links
Magnus Magnusson Fund, Glasgow Caledonian University
The Magnus Magnusson Fellowship
Magnus Magnusson quotations

1929 births
2007 deaths
20th-century Icelandic people
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
BBC television presenters
Deaths from cancer in Scotland
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Icelandic expatriates in Scotland
Icelandic television personalities
Icelandic non-fiction writers
Icelandic–English translators
Television personalities from Edinburgh
Rutherglen
People associated with Glasgow Caledonian University
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds people
People from Reykjavík
Rectors of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century British translators
Icelandic emigrants to Scotland
Scottish television presenters
Scottish non-fiction writers
Icelandic translators
Scottish translators
Scottish magazine editors

Magnus Magnusson


In theoretical physics, the eikonal approximation (Greek εἰκών for likeness, icon or image) is an approximative method useful in wave scattering equations which occur in optics, seismology, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and partial wave expansion.

Informal description
The main advantage that the eikonal approximation offers is that the equations reduce to a differential equation in a single variable. This reduction into a single variable is the result of the straight line approximation or the eikonal approximation which allows us to choose the straight line as a special direction.

Relation to the WKB approximation
The early steps involved in the eikonal approximation in quantum mechanics are very closely related to the WKB approximation for one-dimensional waves. The WKB method, like the eikonal approximation, reduces the equations into a differential equation in a single variable. But the difficulty with the WKB approximation is that this variable is described by the trajectory of the particle which, in general, is complicated.

Formal description

Making use of WKB approximation we can write the wave function of the scattered system in terms of action S:

Inserting the wavefunction Ψ in the Schrödinger equation without the presence of a magnetic field we obtain

We write S as a power series in ħ

For the zero-th order:

If we consider the one-dimensional case then .

We obtain a differential equation with the boundary condition:

for , .

See also
 Eikonal equation
 Correspondence principle
 Principle of least action

References

Notes
 Eikonal Approximation K. V. Shajesh Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma

Further reading

Theoretical physics
Mathematical analysis

Eikonal approximation


Mustafa () is one of the names of Prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world.

Given name

Moustafa
 Moustafa Amar, Egyptian musician and actor
 Moustafa Bayoumi, American writer
 Moustafa Chousein-Oglou, English actor
 Moustafa Farroukh, Lebanese painter
 Moustafa Madbouly, Prime Minister of Egypt
 Moustafa Al-Qazwini, an Islamic Scholar and religious leader
 Moustafa Reyadh, Egyptian football player
 Moustafa Shakosh, Syrian football player
 Moustafa Ahmed Shebto, Qatari athlete

Moustapha
 Moustapha Akkad, Syrian American film producer
 Moustapha Alassane, Nigerien filmmaker
 Moustapha Agnidé, Beninese footballer
 Moustapha Bokoum, Belgian footballer
 Moustapha Lamrabat (born 1983), Moroccan-Flemish photographer
 Moustapha Niasse, Senegalese politician and diplomat
 Abdul Moustapha Ouedraogo, Ivorian footballer
 Moustapha Bayal Sall, Senegalese footballer
 Moustapha Salifou, Togolese footballer
 Mustapha Cassiem, South African field hockey player

Mostafa
Mostafa Kamal (Bir Sreshtho), freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation War, awarded the highest recognition of bravery of Bangladesh, Bir Sreshtho.
 Mostafa Matar (born 1995), Lebanese footballer

Mustafa
 Mustafa I, Mustafa II, Mustafa III, and Mustafa IV, Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
 Mustafa Abdul-Hamid, American basketball player
 Mustafa Abi, Turkish basketball player
 Mustafa Ali, American wrestler
 Mustafa Abubakar (born 1949), Indonesian politician
 Mustafa Adrisi, vice-president of Uganda from 1978 to 1979
 Mustafa Afridi, a Pakistani television screenwriter
 Mustafa Ahmed, spoken word poet from Canada
 Mustafa Amini, Australian association footballer of Afghani descent
 Mustafa Kamal (politician), Bangladeshi politician, cricket official, and businessman
 Mustafa Altıoklar, Turkish film director
 Mustafa Akaydın, Turkish politician
 Mustafa Ali, Pakistani wrestler who joined WWE
 Mustafa Arslanović, Bosnian footballer
 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern Turkey
 Mustafa Aydın, Turkish academic
 Mustafa Badreddine, Hezbollah militant
 Mustafa Barzani, Kurdish nationalist
 Mustafa Cengiz (1949–2021), Turkish businessman and former president of the sports club Galatasaray S.K.
 Mustafa Cevahir, Turkish footballer
 Mustafa Chokaev, nationalist from Turkestan
 Mustafa Çağrıcı, Turkish civil servant
 Mustafa Çakır (born 1986), Turkish yacht racer
 Mustafa Denizli, Turkish football coach
 Mustafa Erdik (born 1948), Turkish earthquake engineer
 Mustafa Fahmi Pasha, Egyptian politician
 Mustafa Güzelgöz (1921–2005), Turkish librarian
 Mustafa Hadid, Afghan footballer
 Mustafa Hassan, Iraqi footballer
 Mustafa al-Hawsawi, Saudi financer of the September 11 attacks
 Mustafa Hukić, Bosnian footballer
 Mustafa İsmet İnönü, Turkish Army general, Prime Minister, President
 Mustafa Abdul Jalil (born 1952), Libyan politician
 Mustafa al-Kadhimi, Iraqi Prime Minister
 Ghulam Mustafa Khan, scholar
 Mustafa Kamal (mayor) (born 1971), District City Nazim (Mayor) of Karachi
 Mustafa Kamal (judge), Chief Justice of Bangladesh
 Mustafa Karim, Iraqi footballer
 Mustafa Kocabey, Turkish footballer
 Mustafa Korkmaz (born 1988), Dutch wheelchair basketball player of Turkish descent
 Mustafa Kučuković, German footballer
 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Pakistani statesman
 Mustafa Mahmud, Egyptian scientist
 Mustafa Malayekah, Saudi Arabian footballer
 Mustafa Nadarević, Bosnian actor
 Mustafa Nayyem, Afghan-Ukrainian journalist
 Mustafa Özkan, Turkish footballer
 Mustafa Pasha, Georgian noble
 Mustafa Pektemek, Turkish footballer
 Mustafa Qureshi, Pakistani actor
 Mustafa Rahi, Pakistani poet
 Mustafa Sandal, Europe-known Turkish singer-composer
 Mustafa Sarp, Turkish footballer
 Mustafa Shahabi, Syrian agronomist
 Mustafa Shaikh, Indian cricketer
 Mustafa Shokay, Kazakhstani political activist
 Mustafa Tuna (born 1957), Turkish environmental engineer, politician and Mayor of Ankara
 Mustafa Yılmaz (chess player) (born 1992), Turkish Grand Master of chess
 Mustafa Yumlu, Turkish footballer
 Mustafa Wahba, Saudi politician
 Mustafa Zahid, Pakistani singer
 Mustafa Zaidi, Pakistani poet
 Nur Mustafa Gülen (born 1960), Turkish footballer and coach
 Mustafa Pasha (disambiguation), various people

Mustafah
 Mustafah Muhammad, American footballer

Mustapa
 Mustapa Mohamed, Malaysian politician

Mustapha
 Mustapha Aga, Ottoman Empire ambassador to the Swedish Court
 Mustapha Chadili, Moroccan football goalkeeper
 Mustapha Dahleb, Algerian footballer
 Mustapha Djazaïri, Algerian resistant
 Mustapha Hadji, Moroccan footballer
 Mustapha Harun, Sabahan 1st governor and 3rd chief minister
 Mustapha Ishak Boushaki, Algerian cosmologist
 Mustapha Karkouti, Syrian journalist
 Mustapha Kartali, Islamist guerrilla leader
 Mustapha Khalfi, Moroccan basketball player
 Mustapha Labsi, Algerian arrested on terrorism charges
 Mustapha Larfaoui, Algerian athlete
 Mustapha Matura, Trinidadian playwright
 Mustapha Sama, Sierra Leonean soccer player

Surname

Mostafa
 Amr Mostafa, Egyptian singer and composer
 Ahmed Mostafa (footballer, born 1987), Egyptian footballer
 Ahmed Mostafa (footballer, born 1940), Egyptian footballer
 Hassan Mostafa, Egyptian footballer
 Tarek Mostafa, Egyptian footballer

Moustafa
 Hisham Talaat Moustafa, Egyptian businessman
 Ibrahim Moustafa, Egyptian wrestler
 Tamer Moustafa, Egyptian basketball player

Moustapha
 Baba Moustapha, Chadian playwright
 Hamadou Moustapha, Cameroonian politician

Mustafa
 Nawshirwan Mustafa, Kurdish politician
 Abu Mustafa (1925–1966), Pakistani cricketer
 Abu Ali Mustafa, Palestinian politician
 Allan Mustafa (born 1985), British actor and comedian
 Domenico Mustafà, Italian singer and composer
 Erkan Mustafa (born 1970), British actor
 Fazil Mustafa (born 1965), Azerbaijani politician
 Herro Mustafa (born 1973), American diplomat
 Isaiah Mustafa (born 1974), American actor
 Ismail Isa Mustafa, Bulgarian footballer
 Kara Mustafa, Ottoman Albanian military leader and Vizier in the 17th century, led the 1683 siege of Vienna
 Melton Mustafa, American jazz musician and educator
Mohamed Mustafa (born 1996), Sudanese footballer
 Mustafa Mustafa, Greek politician
 Rahma El Siddig Mustafa, Sudanese disability rights activist
 Şehzade Mustafa (1515–1553), Turkish şehzade (prince)
 Shukri Mustafa, Egyptian Islamist
 Shkodran Mustafi, German footballer

Mustapha
 Boss Mustapha, Nigerian lawyer and politician
 J. F. O. Mustapha, Ghanaian physician and academic
 Joseph Mustapha, Sierra Leonean politician and lawyer
 Riga Mustapha, Ghanaian-born Dutch footballer
 Shettima Mustapha, Nigerian academic and politician

See also
Mustapha (song)
Mustafayev
Mustafa (disambiguation)
Mustafa Prize
Arabic name
Azerbaijani name
 Turkish name
 Pakistani name

Arabic-language surnames
Arabic-language masculine given names
Bosniak masculine given names
Bosnian masculine given names
Iranian masculine given names
Surnames
Turkish-language surnames
Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names
Azerbaijani masculine given names
Azerbaijani-language surnames
Pakistani masculine given names

de:Mustafa
es:Mustafá
fr:Moustapha
la:Mustapha
sq:Mustafa
tr:Mustafa

Mustafa


The New Zealand Esperanto Association (NZEA; ; Māori: Te Rōpū o Aotearoa mō te Reo o te Ao) is the national Esperanto association of New Zealand. It is an incorporated society and affiliated with the Universal Esperanto Association.

History

NZEA was founded in Auckland on 1 February 1910. The first president of the Association was Mr George Aldridge of Auckland.  Dr L. L. Zamenhof agreed to be the Honorary President. The then Prime Minister of New Zealand, Sir Joseph Ward and George Fowler M.P. became patrons of the Association.

During the First World War, the association ceased to exist. It was revived in 1928 under a new President Mr (later Professor) C. John Adcock.

As at 2009 the Association's president was David Ryan.

In 1983, the Inland Revenue Department granted NZEA the status of charitable organisation.

Annual congress
The New Zealand Esperanto Association generally arranges an annual Esperanto congress. The congress is usually of 3 to 5 days duration and occurs usually in January or February. About every fourth year NZEA has a combined congress with the Australian Esperanto Association, either in New Zealand or Australia. In January 2008, Oceanea Congress took place in Auckland with many Esperantists from Australia and other countries. There were classes in the Esperanto language for beginners, learners and fluent speakers. There were also sessions about the language, entertainment and the annual meeting of the Association.

Publications
The official journal of NZEA is called Esperanto sub la Suda Kruco. It is published jointly with the Australian Esperanto Association. NZEA publishes a member newsletter called Arĝenta Filiko, usually twice a year. It aims principally to inform members about congress arrangements.

References

Further reading

 King, William H.,  A history of the introduction and spread of the international, auxilary language, Esperanto in New Zealand (during 1904-1963), New Zealand Esperanto Association. Wellington. 1973.

External links
New Zealand Esperanto Association

National Esperanto organizations
Clubs and societies in New Zealand

New Zealand Esperanto Association


My California is the fifth studio album by Beth Hart, released in 2010. Hart worked with Danish producer Rune Westberg, who had already worked on Beth's previous albums 37 Days and Leave the Light On. Westberg challenged Hart not to "scream with animal savagery", not to rely on the power of her voice but rather on the power of emotions. This makes My California a unique album in Hart's discography, with a constancy throughout the tracks that the fans were not used to with the previous albums.

Track listing

The European limited edition features an additional acoustic bonus track, "Oh Me Oh My".

Personnel

 Beth Hart - Lyrics, Keyboards, Piano, Strings, Vocals
 Rune Westberg - Bass, Lyrics, Engineer, Guitar, Producer
 David Wolff - Executive Producer, Management
 Stephen Galfas - Guitar, Keyboards, Mixing
 Frederik Bokkenheuser - Drums
 Tim Fagan - Lyrics (Happiness... Any Day Now)
 Jon Nichols - Lyrics (Everybody Is Sober)
 Brian Nielsen - Booking
 Arnold Wegner - Booking
 Peggy Seagren - Hair Stylist, Make-Up
 Bory Tan - Stylist
 Greg Watermann - Photography
 Lucy Watermann - Design
 Scott Guetzkow - Tour Manager
 Slash - Guitar (Sister Heroine)

References

2010 albums
Beth Hart albums

My California


A barrier pipe is a type of plastic water pipe used in domestic heating systems. The pipe is manufactured with a barrier that prevents oxygen from penetrating the material and entering the water system, reducing the risk of corrosion.
The 'barrier' is usually a resin material bonded between the outer and inner layer of the pipe itself. The pipe being either a cross linked polyethylene or polybutylene.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Barrier pipe


Laughology is a 2009 documentary film about the contagiousness of human laughter by Canadian filmmaker and Laughologist Albert Nerenberg.  It is the first feature-length documentary about laughter. The documentary makes the case that laughter is the original peace signal and the human ability to share and transmit laughter may have been key to the rise of human civilization. The film chronicles unusual laughter phenomenon such as Holy Laughter, Laughter Parties and the Tanzanian Laughter Epidemic. The film is produced by Elevator Films which operates out of Lac Brome, Quebec, and Cache Film and Television. The film made its world premiere at HotDocs Film Festival in Toronto.

Inspiration
Nerenberg is reported to have conceived the project after a personal tragedy, his then-pregnant partner lost her father to leukemia, leaving them gripped with sadness. They started the Laughology project because they didn't want to pass along their depression to their baby.

Synopsis
Laughology tells the story of how Nerenberg became a Laughologist following a family tragedy and reveals new information about the nature of laughter. Nerenberg travels from Canada to the United States, India, London, and Tanzania in search of his laugh. Some of the elements of the film were chronicled in Nerenberg's popular series in the Montreal Gazette on Positivity. The film also claims to have found the man with the world's most contagious laugh, Doug Collins. In the film, Collins travels with Nerenberg to London England where the science behind his laugh is tested by the neuroscientific team responsible for proving that laughter is contagious.

Laughology makes the case that the laughter fitness trend has scientific basis. The film features the development of Laughter Yoga and traces the development of laughter culture to the Inuit of the far north.

Reception
The National Post wrote: "Laughter has never been so thoroughly explored in a film as it is here."

Screenings of the film have been notable as fits of uncontrollable laughter have broken out following the film. Gabor Pertic writing in A&E Vibe described a packed screening at HotDocs International Film Festival in Toronto Canada. "The screening had some of the loudest collective laughs I have ever heard in a movie theatre."

References

External links

Elevator Films
Positivity
Cache Film and Television
HotDocs International Film Festival

2009 films
Canadian documentary films
2009 documentary films
Laughter
Documentary films about mental health
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Albert Nerenberg
2000s Canadian films

Laughology


Belton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the Killeen-Temple metropolitan area. The city is on the Interstate 35 corridor between Austin and Waco. It is the seat of Bell County.

The population was 20,547 in 2015 according to a US Census Estimate. As of 2015 the metro region had a population of 450,051.

References

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas

Belton, Texas


Abraham Watkins Venable (October 17, 1799 – February 24, 1876) was a 19th-century US politician and lawyer from North Carolina. He was a slaveholder. He was the nephew of congressman and senator Abraham Bedford Venable.

Biography
Born in Springfield, Virginia, he graduated from Hampden–Sydney College in 1816. He studied medicine for two years before turning to law. He later graduated from Princeton University in 1819 and was admitted to the bar in 1821.

He practiced law in Virginia in both Prince Edward and Mecklenburg counties until 1829 when he moved to North Carolina. He later got involved in politics and served as a presidential elector in the elections of 1832, 1836 and 1844 and was elected to the 30th Congress as a Democrat, serving from 1847 to 1853. He ran unsuccessfully for reelection in 1852.

Venable was a presidential elector in the 1860 presidential election on the Democratic ticket for John C. Breckinridge and Joseph Lane. He delivered a number of addresses to colleges, including at Princeton in 1851 and at Wake Forest in 1858.

When his state seceded from the Union, he went with it to the Confederacy and was elected to the Provisional Confederate Congress. He was later elected to the first Confederate congress, serving from 1862 to 1864. He died in Oxford, North Carolina in 1876 and was interred at Shiloh Presbyterian Churchyard in Granville County, North Carolina. Like many other members of the Venable, Watkins, and Daniel families (including Nathaniel Venable and Elizabeth Venable,) he was an ancestor of Isabelle Daniel Hall Fiske (Barbara Hall), the cartoonist, artist, and co-creator of Quarry Hill Creative Center in Vermont (founded 1946 and still extant).

References

External links

  Retrieved on 2009-03-21
 Abraham W. Venable at The Political Graveyard

1799 births
1876 deaths
1832 United States presidential electors
1836 United States presidential electors
1860 United States presidential electors
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from North Carolina
Princeton University alumni
Virginia lawyers
North Carolina lawyers
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
Activists from North Carolina
People from Granville County, North Carolina

Abraham Watkins Venable


Coronaviruses are a group of RNA viruses. They cause diseases in birds and mammals, including humans. These diseases can be mild, or they can be fatal. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, for example rhinoviruses). More lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.

They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome. The genome size of coronaviruses is about 26 to 32 kilobases, which is extraordinarily large for an RNA virus. There are four major groups of coronaviruses, called alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

The most famous coronavirus is one of the betas, the kind that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans.

The name "coronavirus" comes from the Latin word corona, meaning "crown" or "halo", and refers to how virions look under an electron microscopy (E.M.). They have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections looking like a crown. This morphology is created by the viral spike (S) peplomer, which are proteins on the surface of the virus. They decide which cells the virus can infect.

Proteins of coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N).

Diseases
Coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of mammals and birds. Six different strains of coronaviruses infect humans. These include:

MERS-CoV
SARS-CoV
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes the disease coronavirus disease 2019 and is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic (formerly referred as the "2019–20 coronavirus outbreak")

Coronaviruses are believed to cause many common colds in human adults. The significance and economic impact of coronaviruses is hard to assess. Unlike rhinoviruses (another common cold virus), human coronaviruses are easy to grow in the laboratory.

Structure

Coronaviruses are large, spherical particles with unique surface projections. Their size is variable, averageing 80 to 120 nms. The total molecular weight is on average 40,000 kDa. They are enclosed in an envelope studded with projecting protein molecules. These layers protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.

The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. The ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300. The E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size. S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But human coronavirus NL63 is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein. The diameter of the envelope is 85 nm.

History
The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens happened in North America. Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota. It was not realized at the time that three related viruses were involved.

Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960's using two different methods. E.C. Kendall, Malcolm Bynoe, and David Tyrrel, working at the Common Cold Unit of the British Medical Research Council, collected a unique common cold virus B814 in 1961. The virus could not be cultivated using the techniques which had successfully cultivated rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and other known common cold viruses. Eventually, this was solved. The new cultivating method was introduced to the lab by Bertil Hoorn. The isolated virus, when put into the noses of volunteers, caused a cold. The virus was inactivated by ether which showed it had a lipid envelope. The novel virus caused a cold in volunteers and, like B814, was inactivated by ether.

Scottish virologist June Almeida at St Thomas' Hospital, London, compared the structures of IBV, B814, and 229E in 1967. Using transmission electron microscopy,the three viruses were shown to be similar in shape and have club-like spikes. A research group at the National Institute of Health the same year isolated another member of this group of viruses. Like B814, 229E, and IBV, the novel cold virus OC43 had distinctive club-like spikes when observed with the electron microscope.

The IBV-like novel cold viruses looked like the mouse hepatitis virus. This new group of viruses were called "coronaviruses" from their crown-like appearance. The coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2003, HCoV HKU1 in 2004, MERS-CoV in 2013, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. There have been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s.

Related pages
Zoonosis

References

Coronavirus


is a concert hall complex consisting of the main "Ark Hall", with a pipe organ, and other facilities, located in Tokorozawa, Saitama, west of Tokyo, Japan. It opened in 1993, and is operated by the Tokorozawa Cultural Foundation. It is also called "Tokorozawa Muse", or sometimes just "Muse" for short.

Facilities
Ark Hall (large-sized main hall), Marquee Hall (medium-sized hall), Cube Hall (small-sized hall), and The Square (exhibition gallery space), and some other facilities

The Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra and Montreal Symphony Orchestra have performed here.

Ark Hall
2,002-seat symphony hall with a pipe organ, for classical music

Pipe organ
5,563 pipes / 75 stops, manufactured by Rieger Orgelbau of Austria

Marquee Hall
798-seat horseshoe-shaped theatre

Cube Hall
318-seat hall designed for chamber music performances

The Square
Exhibition gallery space

History

Access

 8 minutes' walk, or one stop one coin(100yen) ride by bus, from East exit of Kōkū-kōen Station on the Seibu Shinjuku Line, approximately 30 to 45 minutes from central Tokyo.

Surrounding area
"Muse" is located next to Kōkū-kōen Park, and Tokorozawa Aviation Museum
 Tokorozawa City Library
 Tokorozawa City Office
 Tokorozawa Central Post office
 Tokorozawa Police Station
 Tokorozawa Transmitter Site

Other uses
Concert halls, or sometimes the route to Kōkū-kōen Station, can be seen in some Japanese TV dramas and movies, as they are often used as filming locations.

See also
List of concert halls

External links

 Official website

Buildings and structures in Tokorozawa, Saitama
Concert halls in Japan
Theatres in Japan
Arts centres in Japan
Tourist attractions in Saitama Prefecture
Music venues completed in 1993
1993 establishments in Japan

Tokorozawa Civic Cultural Centre Muse


Earl of Granard is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1684 for Arthur Forbes, 1st Viscount Granard. He was a lieutenant-general in the army and served as Marshal of the Army in Ireland after the Restoration and was later Lord Justice of Ireland. He had already succeeded his father as second Baronet of Castle Forbes and been created Baron Clanehugh and Viscount Granard in 1675, also in the Peerage of Ireland. The baronetcy, of Castle Forbes in county Longford, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 29 September 1628 for his father, Arthur Forbes.

The first Earl's grandson, the third Earl, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. He was summoned to the Irish House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Lord Forbes in his father's lifetime. He was succeeded by his son, the fourth Earl. He was a lieutenant-general in the Army. His grandson, the sixth Earl, was a general in the Army. In 1806 he was created Baron Granard, of Castle Donington in the County of Leicester, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. This title gave the Earls an automatic seat in the House of Lords until the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. On his death the titles passed to his grandson, the seventh Earl. He notably served as Lord Lieutenant of County Leitrim from 1856 to 1872. His son, the eighth Earl, was a soldier and Liberal politician. Lord Granard held junior office in the Liberal administrations of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and H. H. Asquith and was also a member of the Senate of Southern Ireland and of the Senate of the Irish Free State.  the titles are held by his grandson, the tenth Earl, who succeeded his uncle in 1992.

The invented title of Viscount Forbes is used as a courtesy title for the Earl's heir apparent.

The family seat is Castle Forbes, near Newtownforbes, County Longford.

Forbes baronets, of Castle Forbes (1628)
Sir Arthur Forbes, 1st Baronet (died 1632)
Sir Arthur Forbes, 2nd Baronet (1623–1695) (created Baron Clanehugh and Viscount Granard in 1675)

Viscount Granard (1675)
Sir Arthur Forbes, 1st Viscount Granard (1623–1695) (created Earl of Granard in 1684)

Earl of Granard (1684)

Arthur Forbes, 1st Earl of Granard (1623–1695)
Arthur Forbes, 2nd Earl of Granard (c. 1656 – 1734)
George Forbes, 3rd Earl of Granard (1685–1765)
George Forbes, 4th Earl of Granard (1710–1769)
George Forbes, 5th Earl of Granard (1740–1780)
George Forbes, 6th Earl of Granard (1760–1837) (created Baron Granard in 1806)
George Forbes, Viscount Forbes (1785–1836)
George Arthur Hastings Forbes, 7th Earl of Granard (1833–1889)
Bernard Arthur William Patrick Hastings Forbes, 8th Earl of Granard (1874–1948)
Arthur Patrick Hastings Forbes, 9th Earl of Granard (1915–1992)
Peter Arthur Edward Hastings Forbes, 10th Earl of Granard (born 1957)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Jonathan Peter Hastings Forbes, Viscount Forbes (born 1981).

Male-line family tree

See also
Lord Forbes
Forbes baronets

References

External links

Earldoms in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1684

Earl of Granard


Adolf Frederick "Swede" Youngstrom (May 24, 1897 – August 5, 1968) was a professional football player. Over the span of his career in the National Football League (NFL), Youngstrom played with the Buffalo All-Americans, Canton Bulldogs, Buffalo Bisons, Cleveland Bulldogs and the Frankford Yellow Jackets. He also served as a player-coach for the Yellow Jackets in 1927. Outside of the NFL, Youngstrom played pro football for the Millville Big Blue and the Haven-Villa of Winter Haven.

The Professional Football Researchers Association notes of Youngstrom's career that "He was, quite possibly, the best guard of his era, considering that the only guards in the Pro Football Hall of Fame who played during the 1920s—Mike Michalske and Walt Kiesling—actually played the majority of their careers in the 1930s."

Early career
Swede's first exposure to football came during his time at Waltham High School. The school's football team practiced after classes.  Youngstrom then sought his parents' permission to go out for the football team. However his parents refused to let him play. Swede's father feared that his son, who weighed just 140 pounds, would be susceptible to injury.

However, during his senior year at Waltham, Swedejoined the team without his parents' consent or knowledge. However, when a local paper included some highlights involving Swede's on-field performance the secret was revealed. Youngstrom's father however did not let on that he knew of his son's involvement with the team. Instead, he sneaked to a Waltham practice session and watched his boy in action. After being impressed by his son's performance, Swede's father permitted him to stay with the team.

College
After high school, Swede entered Dartmouth College in 1914. At Dartmouth, he played every position on the offensive line, however he was best known for playing the guard position. However, he also played on defense as well. Swede's defensive play was also outstanding. He was credited with blocking nine punts in his senior year, three of those blocks came in the 1919 title game against Colgate University. His stellar play earned him a spot on Walter Camp's All-American team.

The NFL

Buffalo
After graduating, Swede was operating a candy store in Hanover, New Hampshire, with Dartmouth teammate Ed Healey when he was approached by representatives from Buffalo with an offer to play for their 1920 team in the new American Professional Football Association (renamed the National Football League in 1922). During his first season with the All-Americans, Youngstrom is reported to have blocked nine punts, the same number of blocks he attained during his senior year at Dartmouth. Three of those blocks were returned for touchdowns.

In 1922, Youngstrom's play began to attract All-Pro mention. In 1923 the All-Americans went 5–4–3, but Youngstrom's stellar play earned him a spot on the Green Bay Press-Gazette All-Pro team. A year later, Swede ended up being the only bright spot for the Buffalo franchise (now called the Bisons) during terrible season, receiving All-Pro honors for the third consecutive year.

Frankford Yellow Jackets
In 1926, Youngstrom accepted an offer to play for the Frankford Yellow Jackets. In addition to his duties on the field, Swede was asked to coach the linemen. He spent two seasons with the Jackets, and played a major role in helping the team win the 1926 NFL title. He would then serve as the team's player-coach for the 1927 season.

Independent football
In 1921 the rules governing players in the AFPA were somewhat lax and many players took advantage of this situation by playing for teams in other leagues to make a little extra money between games. Eight members of the Buffalo squad, including Youngstrom) played for a non-league team called the Union Quakers of Philadelphia on Saturdays, then hopped the train for Buffalo and the next day's game. The Quakers played their games on Saturdays because Philadelphia blue laws prohibited professional sports being played on Sunday.

Youngstrom also played for the Millville Big Blue, a professional football team based in Millville, New Jersey from 1921 until around 1928. The team won the mythical "Pro Football Championship of New Jersey" in 1923 and again in 1925. He also played for the Haven-Villa of Winter Haven, a barnstorming team, made up of several Big Blue members.

Legacy
In 2012, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Youngstrom to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2012, an honor bestowed upon outstanding NFL players not in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

References

External links

1897 births
1968 deaths
American football centers
Buffalo All-Americans players
Buffalo Bisons (NFL) players
Canton Bulldogs players
Cleveland Bulldogs players
Frankford Yellow Jackets players
Frankford Yellow Jackets coaches
Dartmouth College alumni
Dartmouth Big Green football players
Millville Football & Athletic Club players
Union Club of Phoenixville players
All-American college football players
American football guards
American people of Swedish descent
Sportspeople from Waltham, Massachusetts
Players of American football from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Burials in Massachusetts
Waltham High School alumni

Swede Youngstrom