Alexandru Rosetti (October 20, 1895 – February 27, 1990) was a Romanian linguist, editor, and memoirist.

Born in Bucharest, his parents were Petre Rosetti Bălănescu, a lawyer and landowner, and his wife Zoe (née Cornescu), whose father wrote the 1874 Manualul vânătorului, prefaced with Pseudo-cynegeticos by Alexandru Odobescu. He attended primary school in Câmpulung, followed by his native city's Gheorghe Lazăr High School, from which he graduated in 1914. Between 1916 and 1920, he studied at the literature faculty of the University of Bucharest. His time there was interrupted by World War I: sent to the front, he was wounded in 1917 during the Battle of Mărășești. His professors included Ovid Densusianu, Ioan Bianu, , and Dimitrie Onciul. His first published work appeared in 1920 upon graduation; titled "Colindele religioase la români", the study was published in Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile secțiunii literare. On scholarship in Paris from 1920 to 1928, he first attended the École pratique des Hautes Études, completing the program with a 1924 thesis on rhotacism in Romanian. He went on to the Sorbonne, submitting two theses in 1926: one on 16th-century Romanian phonetics, and another on Romanian letters from the late 16th and early 17th centuries in the Bistrița archives.

Upon his return home, Rosetti was named associate professor of general and experimental phonetics at Bucharest in 1928. He became full professor in 1932 and secured a tenured position in the Romanian department in 1938, upon the death of Densusianu.

A friend of King Carol II, he undertook a sustained activity within the Royal Foundations for Literature and Art, heading the foundation from 1933 to 1940, its press from 1933 to 1947 and Revista Fundațiilor Regale from 1945 to 1947. In 1944, during World War II, he was among the signers of a memorandum urging the Ion Antonescu regime to withdraw Romania from fighting alongside the Axis powers. Following a change in government later that year, he served as dean of the literature faculty (1945–1946) and university rector (1946–1949). He joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1946, and acquired the nickname of "red boyar". In 1948, under the new communist regime, he was elected a titular member of the Romanian Academy. Although an unhesitating adherent to the ruling party—indifferent to a succession of dictatorships, he was primarily concerned with using them to the advantage of his studies—his liberal Europeanism caused him to be excluded from the university between 1951 and 1954, a period of high Stalinism. In 1961, he established the Academy's Center for Phonetic and Dialectological Research, formerly a department within Iorgu Iordan's Institute of Linguistics. He was a member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, a corresponding member of the Swedish Academy, and doctor honoris causa of the universities of Montpellier and Aix-Marseille.

Rosetti promoted modern approaches to research in phonetics, phonology and general, mathematical and structural linguistics. He headed specialist publications such as Bulletin linguistique, Studii și cercetări lingvistice, Fonetică și dialectologie, Revue roumaine de linguistique and Cahiers de linguistique theorique et appliquée. He authored the monumental Istoria limbii române, which appeared in six volumes between 1938 and 1946, and was frequently re-edited; as well as other valuable linguistic works. In the field of literature, he was among the foremost editors of the interwar period and lent support to numerous authors, and also an anthologist (Cronicarii români, 1944; Schiță de istorie socială a limbii române, 1975). However, his main contribution was as a subtle memoirist: Note din Grecia (1938), Diverse (1962), Cartea albă (1968), Călătorii și portrete (1977). Other works touch on problems of a modern approach to literature: Le Mot. Esquisse d'un théorie générale (1943; published in Romanian as Filosofia cuvântului, 1946); Istoria limbii române literare, vol. I (in collaboration), 1966. In 1977, Rosetti published his correspondence with George Călinescu, revealing his role in the composition of the latter's 1941 magnum opus, Istoria literaturii române de la origini până în prezent. He was awarded the Herder Prize in 1980. A man of robust health, the 94-year-old Rosetti suffered a burn accident soon after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Taken to , he continued making plans for the future during his final days.

He married Maria Rallet, of an old boyar family; her father Ion D. Rallet was a professor of mathematics at the University of Iași. In 1944, she became vice president of the Democratic Federation of Women of Romania; from 1948, she was president of the Union of Democratic Women of Romania. Rosetti's research center was named after him in 1992. In 2002, it merged with the Iordan institute to form the Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti Institute of Linguistics.

Notes

1895 births
1990 deaths
Alexandru
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Rectors of the University of Bucharest
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian memoirists
Romanian anthologists
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian publishers (people)
Romanian writers in French
Linguists from Romania
Phoneticians
Romanian communists
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
Herder Prize recipients
20th-century linguists
20th-century memoirists
Accidental deaths in Romania

Alexandru Rosetti


The Pentax K-m (called K2000 in U.S.) is a 10.2 megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera, announced on September 22, 2008, at the 2008 photokina trade show along with the DA-L series of lightweight, inexpensive lenses.  It was discontinued in November 2009, being replaced by the more recent Pentax K-x.

The K-m is considered a compact and entry-level model.  It is significantly lighter than other Pentax DSLRs, lacks the weather sealing of the contemporaneous K200D and K20D models, and is intended to be sold with lightweight DA-L-series lenses.  It does offer some improvements over the K200D, however, notably a maximum sensitivity increased from ISO 1600 to ISO 3200 and a slightly faster burst mode.

The MSRP of the Pentax K2000 is $699 with DA-L 18-55mm 3.5-5.6 kit lens and AF200FG external flash unit.

See also
Pentax K1000
Pentax K-x

References

External links
 PENTAX K-m SPECIAL SITE, Pentax

K2000
Cameras introduced in 2008
Pentax K-mount cameras

Pentax K2000


Sky 3D was a 3D television on-demand service and a former channel on the Sky platform, that launched on 3 April 2010 with the Manchester United vs Chelsea football match being broadcast to over a thousand pubs in the UK and Ireland in 3D.

History
On 1 October 2010, Sky 3D became available to residential subscribers. The channel broadcast a mixture of movies, entertainment and sport for 16 hours a day from 09:00 to 01:00 UTC.

To promote its 3D channel, Sky broadcast a documentary programme titled Flying Monsters 3D presented by prominent naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough on Christmas Day 2010. Sky has also agreed deals with Walt Disney Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros., Paramount and DreamWorks to showcase all of the studios' new 3D films, including the 3D world premiere of Avatar. Sky also filmed a Bollywood dance routine at St Pancras railway station in 3D as part of a partnership between Sky Arts and the English National Ballet. Sky also worked with Nintendo to provide shortform content from Sky 3D to the Nintendo 3DS. In April 2011, Sky announced that Kylie Minogue's Aphrodite World Tour would be shown on Sky 3D in June 2011.

3D was also available for use by many broadcasters on the Sky platform, including A+E Networks, Discovery Communications, ESPN Inc. and MTV Networks to broadcast their own 3D programming. During the 2012 Summer Olympics, Sky 3D provided coverage from Eurosport, with the channel made available to all of Sky's HD pack subscribers for the duration of the games.

Closure
On 24 April 2015, Sky announced that the channel will become solely on demand from June 2015. The dedicated Sky 3D channel closed on 9 June 2015 but Sky continues to provide 3D as part of their On Demand services. As of 15 August 2017 there are around 50 feature films available in 3D along with a selection of arts and documentary programmes.

See also
 Sky+ HD
 Nintendo 3DS

References

External links

Sky television channels
Television channels and stations established in 2010
2010 establishments in the United Kingdom

Sky 3D


Norma Khouri is the pen name of author Norma Bagain Toliopoulos (born Norma Bagain in Jordan in 1970). She is the author of the book titled Forbidden Love (known under its original title in Australia, Britain, and Commonwealth nations and as Honor Lost in the United States). The book was published by Random House in 2003.

The book, which became a bestseller, purported to describe the honor killing of her best friend in Jordan. After criticism from Jordanian writers and groups in regards to numerous errors, the book was exposed as a literary hoax in 2004.

Early life
Khouri was born in Jordan in 1970, and moved to Chicago in the United States with her parents in 1973. She attended a Catholic school in South Chicago.

In 1993, she married John Toliopoulos, the father of her two children, Zoe and Christopher. In about 2001, Khouri, Toliopoulos and their children moved to Australia, from where she published a non-fiction account of the supposed honour killing of her best friend in Jordan. After the revelation of her literary hoax made headline news, she moved back to the United States. She is the subject of the 2007 film Forbidden Lie$.

Forbidden Love hoax
On July 24, 2004, Malcolm Knox, literary editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, revealed that Khouri was not living in Jordan during 1993-1995 (the timeframe of Forbidden Love), but was living in Chicago with her husband, John Toliopoulos, and her two children. She had not lived in Jordan since her early childhood, except for a three-week stay during which she apparently researched the background for her book. Knox further revealed accusations that Khouri had left the United States while being investigated for defrauding an elderly neighbor.

Things were further complicated for Random House Australia, because Khouri was sponsored under the category of nomination for distinguished talent in 2002. On July 28, 2004, the Australian Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs announced that Khouri was cleared of violating visa conditions, but Khouri had already left the country of her own accord.

Khouri said she would co-operate with all requests to provide documentation and was said to be preparing to publish her next book A Matter of Honour in November 2004, again by Random House. It appears that this book was not released, as on August 18, 2004, Khouri admitted publicly that she took "literary licence" with the book, claiming that she did not receive any payment or royalties for writing it.

References

External links
 Blog articles

 News stories

1970 births
Living people
Jordanian emigrants to the United States
Jordanian women writers
Literary forgeries
21st-century women writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers

Norma Khouri


The Chicago and Canada Southern Railway was a planned extension of the Canada Southern Railway west from Grosse Ile, Michigan to Chicago, Illinois. The line was only built to Fayette, Ohio, and was later split between the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railway and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway.

History

In 1873 the Canada Southern Railway reached Michigan from Buffalo, New York via a train ferry and the Canada Southern Bridge Company across Grosse Ile. To continue west to Chicago, the Chicago and Canada Southern Railway was chartered July 11, 1871. The line had only reached Fayette, Ohio (though grading was done further west) in September 1873 when the Panic of 1873 had its full effect and construction was halted.
Building the road to Chicago was suspended for the winter of 1873–74. The next spring, the railroad's management hired General John S. "Jack" Casement, who had built part of the Union Pacific, as the railroad contractor for construction from Fayette to Chicago. However, the company's financial situation never did improve and Casement did no work on the track.

Some time after the Canada Southern was reorganized, the Chicago and Canada Southern was sold on November 22, 1888, to the Detroit and Chicago Railroad, owned by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway.

The track between Grosvenor and Corbus, Michigan in the middle of the line, was abandoned in 1893. In 1897 it was abandoned from Corbus east to Dundee, and in March 1898 the line east of Dundee was sold to the Detroit and Lima Northern Railroad, which became part of the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railway. The remaining piece west of Grosvenor was operated as a branch of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern's Old Road from the Grosvenor end.

West from Montpelier, Ohio to beyond North Liberty, Indiana, the unfinished C&CS alignment was later used by the Wabash Railroad, which completed its line between Montpelier and Gary, Indiana in 1893.

See also
Michigan Air-Line Railroad, another partially built western extension of the Canada Southern Railway

References

Railroad History Database
History of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company
DT&I - The Railroad That Went No Place

Defunct Michigan railroads
Defunct Ohio railroads
Defunct Indiana railroads
Defunct Illinois railroads
Companies affiliated with the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway
Companies affiliated with the Michigan Central Railroad
Predecessors of the New York Central Railroad
Railway companies established in 1871
Railway companies disestablished in 1888

Chicago and Canada Southern Railway


Charmian Mellars (; born 7 January 1979 in Papakura, Auckland) is a New Zealand female professional basketball player. She was a member of New Zealand women's national basketball team at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She scored six points and grabbed two rebounds in the game they played against China, which they were defeated 80-63.

She played as a shooting guard for the Christchurch Sirens in the Women's National Basketball League (WNBL). In 2001 Mellars was named New Zealand's Most Valuable Player in the under 23-year-old category.

Mellars is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She is the older sister of fellow New Zealand female professional basketball player and Latter-day Saint Natalie Taylor.

References
 Mormon Times article, 13 August 2008

1979 births
Living people
New Zealand Latter Day Saints
New Zealand women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for New Zealand
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
People from Papakura
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Shooting guards
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Charmian Mellars


The Cook Inlet taiga is a taiga and boreal forests ecoregion in Alaska.

Setting
This ecoregion is located around the upper Cook Inlet on the south-central coast of Alaska, sheltered by mountains on all sides. This coast has a gentle landscape and a relatively mild climate for Alaska with 380–680 mm of rainfall per year.

Flora
The plant life here is varied for Alaska, composted of a mixture of conifers and other trees, shrubs, and herbs. The dominant trees in this region are black spruce (Picea mariana), white spruce (Picea glauca), the large Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). The spruce forest is regularly renewed following severe damage by spruce bark beetle infestations.

Fauna
This area is rich in wildlife including grey wolves, bears and Canada lynx. The Kenai River is home to five species of Pacific salmon, including the largest chinook salmon in the world. Birds include large numbers of bald eagles and wintering snow geese from Wrangell Island, who gather at the mouth of the Kenai River before their spring migration.

Threats and preservation

The Kenai River, Anchorage, Palmer and Wasilla areas are the most populated part of Alaska, and a base for both the logging and oil and gas industries on the Kenai Peninsula. There is also some clearance for farming in Palmer and Point MacKenzie. Nonetheless, natural habitats remain very well preserved, although wildlife of the Kenai Peninsula has become isolated from that of the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the west side of Cook Inlet, and therefore from the rest of Alaska. Protected areas include  Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Chugach State Park, Nancy Lake State Recreation Area and the Susitna Flats.

See also
List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)

External links

References

Taiga and boreal forests in the United States
Ecoregions of Alaska
Forests of Alaska

Nearctic ecoregions

Cook Inlet taiga


Brook Antony Bernacchi  (; 22 January 1922 – 22 September 1996) was a lawyer and politician in Hong Kong. He was the long-time chairman of the Reform Club of Hong Kong, the then quasi-opposition party in the colony and the longest serving elected officeholder in Hong Kong history, sitting on the Urban Council of Hong Kong, from 1952 to 1981, 1983 to 1986 and 1989 to 1995. He was well known for his efforts of pushing direct elections and political reform in Hong Kong.

Early life
Bernacchi was born in London in 1922 and was educated in Westminster School and Cambridge University. He was called to the Bar in 1943 and joined the Royal Marines during World War II. He arrived in Hong Kong as part of the liberation forces in 1945 and joined the Hong Kong Bar Association in 1946 and was its chairman in 1963. He also became Queen's Counsel in 1960.

Political career
In 1949, Bernacchi founded the Reform Club of Hong Kong, a political organisation consisting mostly of expatriates in the midst of the discussion on the Young Plan, a proposed constitutional reform put forward by Governor Mark Aitchison Young. He represented the club to run in the first Urban Council election in the post-war period, in 1952, and went on to hold the position for most of his public life.

The club, under Bernacchi's chairmanship, was involved in grassroots politics, calling for public housing for all, as thousands of refugees flooded into Hong Kong from the Communist uprising in China. He gained a reputation for outspokenness. For instance, he opposed Financial Secretary Sir Philip Haddon-Cave and his "positive non-interventionism", criticising him for cutting expenditure on the overdue housing programme. He also helped set up various groups including the Society for the Aid and Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers and the Discharged Prisoners Aid Society.

For his public services, he was awarded officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1965.

He and Elsie Elliott, another Reform Club Urban Councillor and a prominent social activist, were both questioned after the 1966 Kowloon Riots as they were indirectly involved in the riots by speaking for the protesters. He was also criticised for his dictatorial style of chairing the club. Elliott resigned from the club after receiving a stern rebuke from Bernacchi for her self-appointed delegation to London in May 1966.

Bernacchi showed rare support to the colonial government during the 1967 leftist riot and endorsed an outright crackdown.

Bernacchi had also been one of the leading voices for constitutional reform in Hong Kong since the 1950s. In 1978, he wrote to the Foreign Secretary David Owen that half of the Hong Kong population, 62 percent of those aged 18 to 34, "positively want a measure of elected representation" in the Legislative Council. He warned the British government that "if the voice of the people is not taken heed of now" there could be "disturbances". The warning received little attention from the government.

Seeing the increasing frustration with the limited franchise and the unwillingness of the government to introduce more elected offices, Bernacchi threatened to boycott the Urban Council elections in 1979. He later on stepped down in 1981, saying he wanted "no more to do with it" when the Government drew back from a pledge of universal suffrage. He also asked rhetorically, "how can one purport to represent nearly six million people in Hong Kong when you have been elected by only 6,000 voters?" He nevertheless led the club again in the following election, failing to win his seat, but was returned in 1983. In the 1986 election, Bernacchi again lost his seat, to Cheung Wai-ping, in Shau Kei Wan, before returning yet again in 1989.

In 1994, he became one of two foreigners appointed Hong Kong district affairs advisers to Beijing. As political reform and electoral politics developed rapidly in the last years of colonial rule, Bernacchi announced his retirement from the council in 1995, complaining that the council was becoming increasingly politicised.

Personal life and death
He married Patricia Sheelagh Heath in 1970. He had three stepchildren, Robert Whitehead, SC (formerly vice-chairman of the Hong Kong Bar Association), Dr. Ian Whitehead and Mrs. Sarah Driver (née Whitehead).

He became the first Westerner to settle on Lantau Island in 1948. Having been inspired by the tea farms he visited in Burma during the Second World War, he set up the tea plantation at Ngong Ping next to the Po Lin Monastery. In 1973, he became a chairman of New Lantao Motor Bus Company Ltd. He was also one of the original founders of the Hong Kong Sea School, in Stanley, Hong Kong, which was set up to train young disadvantaged boys for a career in the Navy.

Bernacchi developed a brain tumour in 1961 which was diagnosed as benign but which left him with impaired use of his left arm and a limp. He died on 22 September 1996, aged 74. Prior to his death, he was the longest standing and most senior member of the Bar.

References

1922 births
1996 deaths
Lawyers from London
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Barristers of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Queen's Counsel
20th-century King's Counsel
Royal Marines officers
Royal Marines personnel of World War II
Bernacchi, Brook Antony
Bernacchi, Brook Antony
District councillors of Eastern District
Deaths from brain cancer in the United Kingdom
20th-century English lawyers
British expatriates in Hong Kong

Brook Bernacchi


Humanism is a philosophy or a way of thinking about the world. Humanism is a set of ethics or ideas about how people should live and act. People who hold this set of ethics are called humanists. Humanists prefer critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

In modern times, humanism is close to secularism. It refers to a non-theistic approach to life, looking to science instead of religious dogma in order to understand the world. The term was made widely known by scientists in the mid-20th century. Many wanted to recognise human values, but without depending on religion as the main source of values.

Views held by many humanists include:
 Humans deserve respect. Every human should be treated with respect and allowed to have dignity. If all people act with respect for others, then people will live in peace and trust.
 People should all be able to decide how they want to live their lives. They should use reasoning to make decisions and solve problems.
 Humanists decide what choices are good by whether those choices will help make human life better and the world around them.

History
Humanist ideas were discussed in Ancient Greece, from Thales to Anaxagoras and Protagoras. The teachings of Zarathushtra and Lao Tzu had strong elements of humanism, and there are many other examples.

The writings of the ancient Greeks were studied in the 1400s during the Renaissance. However, in this period the term "humanism" came to mean educated in the humanities, a rather different kind of idea. Petrarch is often cited as the first modern humanist, but he pointed backwards to classical authors. The modern meaning of humanism is more to do with using science to make the world a better place.
A comment by the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead in 1925 was
"The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts".

References

Humanism

Humanism


Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean discovered in 2005 in the South Pacific Ocean. This decapod, which is approximately  long, is notable for the quantity of silky blond setae (resembling fur) covering its pereiopods (thoracic legs, including claws). Its discoverers dubbed it the "yeti lobster" or "yeti crab".

Identification
K. hirsuta was discovered in March 2005 by a group organized by Robert Vrijenhoek of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Monterey, California and Michel Segonzac of the Ifremer and a Census of Marine Life scientist using the submarine DSV Alvin, operating from RV Atlantis. The discovery was announced on 7 March 2006. It was found  along the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge,  south of Easter Island at a depth of , living on hydrothermal vents. Based on both morphology and molecular data, the organism was deemed to form a new biological family (Kiwaidae); a second species, Kiwa puravida, was discovered in 2006 and described in 2011. Yeti Crabs live in hydrothermal vents, which are deep within the ocean. These vents provide hot water which makes up the environment where these crabs live. The crabs regulate their ecosystem by using their hairy arms to collect toxins released from the hydrothermal
vents.

Characteristics
The animal has strongly reduced eyes that lack pigment, and is thought to be blind. The "hairy" pincers contain filamentous bacteria, which the creature may use to detoxify poisonous minerals from the water emitted by the hydrothermal vents where it lives. This process is known as chemosynthesis. Lipid and isotope analyses provide evidence that epibiotic bacteria are the crab's main food source and K. puravida has highly modified setae (hairs) on its 3rd maxilliped (a mouth appendage) which it uses to harvest these bacteria. Yeti crabs receive most of their essential nutrients from chemosynthetic episymbiotic bacteria which grows on hairlike setae. This chemosynthetic episymbiotic bacteria can be found growing from numerous areas of their ventral surface as well as their appendages. The ε- and γ- proteobacteria that this methane-seep species farms are closely related to hydrothermal-vent decapod epibionts. Alternatively, it may be a carnivore, although it is generally thought to feed on bacteria.

Although it is often referred to as the "furry lobster" outside the scientific literature, Kiwa hirsuta is a squat lobster, more closely related to crabs and hermit crabs than true lobsters. The term "furry lobster" is more commonly used for the family Synaxidae. The "yeti crab" was found in a recently discovered family called the Kiwaidae. This family is closely associated with the two families, Epsilon and Gammaproteobacteria.

Etymology
Macpherson et al. named the genus Kiwa after "the god(dess) of the shellfish in the Polynesian mythology".  is Latin for "hairy".

Reproduction and life cycle
Kiwa hirsuta exhibits a unique reproductive strategy. Unlike many other crustaceans, the females of this species carry their eggs in a specialized brooding structure on their abdomen. The eggs are attached to setae, and the female cares for them until they hatch into larvae. This method of parental care is distinctive among deep-sea organisms.

Genomic studies
Genomic studies of Kiwa hirsuta have provided insights into its evolutionary history and adaptation to the extreme environment of hydrothermal vents. The analysis of its genome may offer clues about the genetic basis of its unique characteristics, such as the adaptation to low-light conditions and the utilization of chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrition.

Population dynamics and conservation
Studies on the population dynamics of Kiwa hirsuta are ongoing to understand factors such as population size, growth rates, and potential threats to its habitat. Conservation efforts are also being explored to mitigate the impact of deep-sea mining and other human activities on the hydrothermal vent ecosystems where these crabs reside.

Behavioral observations
Observations of Kiwa hirsuta in its natural habitat have provided valuable information about its behavior. For example, researchers have documented interactions between individuals, including potential mating behaviors and social dynamics within populations living around hydrothermal vents.

References

Further reading

External links
.

Squat lobsters
Animals living on hydrothermal vents
Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean
Crustaceans described in 2006
Taxa named by Enrique Macpherson

Kiwa hirsuta


Yuriy Mykhaylovych Romenskyi (; born 1 August 1952 in Mingachevir, Azerbaijani SSR) is a retired Soviet football player and a former FC Chornomorets Odesa goalkeeping coach.

Born in Azerbaijan Romensky settled in Ukraine since 1978 when he moved to Odessa after joining FC Chornomorets Odesa. He retired sometime in 1984 and then worked as a coach or football consultant. On the question "Who is the best Ukrainian goalkeeper?" he answered – "Yevhen Rudakov".

Honours
 Soviet Top League winner: 1980, 1981.

International career
Romensky made his debut for USSR on 19 November 1978 in a friendly against Japan. He played in a UEFA Euro 1980 qualifier (USSR did not qualify for the final tournament).

In 1979 Romensky played couple of games for Ukraine at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.

References

External links
  Profile

1952 births
Living people
People from Mingachevir
Soviet men's footballers
Soviet Union men's international footballers
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
Soviet Top League players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Neftçi PFK players

Yuriy Romenskyi


A.S.D. Città di Foligno 1928 S.r.l. is an Italian association football club, based in Foligno, Umbria. It currently plays in Serie D.

History
The club was founded in 1928, but Foligno had football teams since the early '900. Then meetings were held with the Czechoslovak military stationed in Foligno during the First World War.
The best result Foligno obtained in the Prima Divisione championship in 1933–34 was when it ended in second place in the standings and thereby gained access to the finals for the promotion among the runners-up: the outcome of this season was later overturned paradoxically by Federation that condemned the company for unlawful sport to relegation.

On 6 May 2007, with a day in advance of the end of the season 2006–2007, Foligno (led by Giovanni Pagliari) won the Serie C2 Group B and was promoted to Serie C1.

In the season 2007–2008 played in Serie C1 Group A. Pierpaolo Bisoli was chosen by the company as the technical coach. On 27 April 2008, by beating 0–2 at Penzo stadium Venezia, gained access to the play-off for promotion to Serie B. In the first game, played in Foligno, the home team beat 1–0 Cittadella. The second leg, played at Cittadella on 25 May 2008, Foligno was beaten 0–2, losing the promotion to Serie B.

In the season 2008/2009 Foligno participates in the Lega Pro Prima Divisione championship (formerly Serie C1) Group B. The conduction technique was entrusted to Roberto Cevoli, but with only two wins and a number of draws, was fired on 4 November and was replaced with Paolo Indiani; the initial impact of the new coach is bad, since the team suffers three consecutive defeats and was second from the bottom in half a season. From January, with a few new signings Foligno becomes stronger, and the team seems to catch up (gaining important victories: against league leader Gallipoli, in the derby against Ternana and Arezzo), although, because of a further decline in results, after the defeat against Virtus Lanciano, Marcello Pizzimenti became the new coach replacing Indiani. The Foligno still finished in the play-out zone and played against Pistoiese. It was beaten in Pistoia in the first leg 2–1, but obtained salvation after winning the second leg 1–0.

On 7 July 2009 Luca Fusi was officially the new coach for season 2009–2010. At the end of 2009 Fusi signed a contract extension until 30 June 2011, but on 26 April 2010 was sucked.

On 9 May 2010, the Foligno beat in "Renato Curi" Perugia with 2–0  and thus avoided the play-out. It was a very important victory and it was followed by a grand celebration in the streets of the city.

On 13 December 2010 coach Salvatore Matrecano was sacked, and Federico Giunti appointed as the new coach.

At the end of the championship, Foligno was found in the area play-out against Ternana. Foligno won the first leg at home 1–0. At the second leg of the play-out, played in Terni, the home team was preceding in the score with 1–0 in the second half, but in the extra time Foligno scored the winning goal, which result in a draw, ending the match 1–1, thus retaining its spot in the league.

On 29 April 2012 Foligno was defeated 1–0 from Carpi. The result confirmed the mathematical relegation to Lega Pro Seconda Divisione as Foligno finished last in the standings.

On 10 July 2015 the sports title was transferred from Foligno Calcio S.r.l. to A.S.D. Città di Foligno 1928 S.r.l..

Colors and badge
The team's colours are blue and white.

References

External links
Official site

Football clubs in Italy
Football clubs in Umbria
Association football clubs established in 1928
Serie C clubs
1928 establishments in Italy

ASD Città di Foligno 1928


William Maclay Awl (May 24, 1799 – November 19, 1876) was a psychiatrist, a politician and a mental health hospital administrator.

Biography
He was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to Mary (Maclay) Awl and lawyer and Senator Samuel Awl. He studied basic medical concepts under a local physician.  At age 20 he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania.  Failing to graduate, he began a temporary practice in his hometown, specializing in anatomy and surgery, but later accompanied a knapsacker to Lancaster, Ohio, in 1826.  In 1830 he married Rebecca Loughey. He then practiced his profession in many towns within Ohio, but finally settled in Columbus, Ohio, in 1833 where he stayed for the rest of his life.  He was the first surgeon west of the Allegheny Mountains to tie the left Common carotid artery.

In Columbus he quickly specialized in treating mental disorders and management of people suffering from insanity.  He was once stated that if he could fix his eyes on those of even the most violent lunatic he could control him without difficulty, an accomplishment which he succeeded in doing several times. He was a common witness in court to cases of doubtful insanity.  Both he and Marmaduke B. Wright were members of the Ohio General Assembly.  Together they promoted a bill which later became law in 1835 in which Ohio insanity cases would come under the care of the state.

William Maclay Awl then was acting superintendent of the "State Hospital", which opened in 1838.  Also in 1838 he was president of the Association of Superintendents of Asylums for the Insane of the United States and Canada. He held this position until 1851.  He headed a bill which founded schools for the education of the blind and feeble-minded in Ohio.  In addition, in 1846, he, Daniel Drake, and other leading members of his field to establish the Ohio State Medical Society.

Notes

References
 Johnson, Allen, ed.  Dictionary of American Biography.  New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.

1799 births
1876 deaths
American psychiatrists
American surgeons
Politicians from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Politicians from Columbus, Ohio
Members of the Ohio General Assembly
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
19th-century American politicians

William Maclay Awl


Juan Bautista Basset y Ramos (Alboraya,  — Segovia, January 15, 1728)  was a Valencian military man who led the revolt of the Kingdom of Valencia against Philip of Anjou during the War of the Spanish Succession as leader of the Maulets, Valencian supporters of Archduke Charles of Austria.

Biography

Basset was born into a family of artisans. His father, Juan Basset, was a carpenter, sculptor and gilder of images and altarpieces. His mother was Esperanza Ramos.

He served as a professional soldier in the Austrian army of Archduke Charles of Austria, who was later crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as Emperor Charles VI with the support of Jorge de Darmstadt, the Prince of Hesse. Basset sailed with the Anglo-Dutch fleet that carried the Austrian candidate to take over as king of Spain in 1704.

After the capture of Gibraltar, the Allied troops landed in Denia on 17 August 1705.  Within weeks Basset y Ramos, serving as General of the austracistas forces, arrived in the city of Valencia, where they proclaimed the Archduke Charles of Austria as King Charles III. In February 1706, he organized the defense of Játiva, victoriously rejecting the Bourbon troops. Basset captained the Valencian revolt against the absolutist and centralizing government of Felipe V, joined the demands of the peasants against the nobles, and the merchants and artisans of the cities aligned with pro-trade elements in the Netherlands and England against the power of the French. Thus he became chief of maulets against supporters of Philip of Anjou.

Basset y Ramos was tried and imprisoned by king Charles, whom he served, in consequence of promising Valencian farmers exemption from fees and taxes. Following the defeat in the Battle of Almansa, on April 25, 1707, he was released to organize the few remaining forces loyal to the austracistas, an impossible task, and to gather troops to defend Barcelona, which delayed the fall of the city until September 11, 1714.

Ten days after the capitulation, despite the promises of James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick not to retaliate, Basset was arrested by the Bourbon troops and taken to Alicante, and from there to various prisons, such as Fuenterrabía and Segovia.  He died in Segovia January 15, 1728, being buried by charity by the Jesuits. On his deathbed he received notification from Emperor Charles VI of his rise to Fieldmarshall-Lieutenant of the imperial army.

See also
 List of viceroys of Valencia

References

External links
  Biography at www.11setembre1714.org (in Spanish)

1654 births
1728 deaths
People from Valencia
Viceroys of Valencia

Juan Bautista Basset y Ramos


In human anatomy, the third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity.  When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge.  It generally occurs bilaterally without significant side to side dimorphism.

A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17 to 72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males.  Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in other mammals, including some primates.

It is called the third trochanter in reference to the greater and lesser trochanters that are always present on the femur.

Function
Its function is to provide an attachment for the ascending tendon of the gluteus maximus muscle.  It may function as (1) a reinforcement mechanism for the proximal femoral diaphysis in response to increased ground reaction force and (2) to increase the attachment surface area for the gluteal musculature and thereby providing greater efficiency of contracture.  Mechanical load from the gluteus maximus may, on the other hand, affect the morphology of the proximal femur, similar to how quadriceps determines the size and shape of the tibial tuberosity, and thereby the shape of the third trochanter.
 However, no certain conclusions regarding the biomechaniccal role of the third trochanter can be made.

Anthropology
The third trochanter is associated with short, robust femora, and is frequently present and well developed in Neanderthals (that were shorter and more robust than anatomically modern humans) but generally absent in higher primates.

Studying fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus (a chimpanzee–human last common ancestor candidate),  noted that in this species—as well as in Proconsul, Nacholapithecus, and Dryopithecus (Miocene primates)—homologs to the third trochanter and the hypotrochanteric fossa are present while both traits are absent in extant apes.  They concluded that the hominid morphotype is primitive and the femoral shape of apes is derived contrary to what was previously thought.

See also
 Fourth trochanter

Notes

References

Bones of the lower limb
Femur

Third trochanter


The National Ballet of Uruguay is a Uruguayan ballet company that was founded in 1935 in Montevideo. It is the public body in charge of developing the professional classical ballet in Uruguay, it is under the administration of the Official Service of Broadcasting, Television and Entertainment (SODRE).

History

1935–2009
The Sodre Dance Corps was founded on August 27, 1935 and has been the public artistic body in charge of developing professional classical ballet in Uruguay. A national company was created that would include in its repertoire not only the vast spectrum of ballet, but also that would incorporate references and promote creations in the area of contemporary and modern dance. For this, the government decided to take over the classical dance company, placing it under the supervision of the Official Service of Broadcasting, Television and Entertainment and falling its first artistic direction on the Master Alberto Pouyanne, who managed to stage his first show on 23 November 1935, offering the premiere of the Nocturno Nativo with music by Vicente Ascone and choreography by Alberto Pouyanne, with the performance of the Sodre Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Lamberto Baldi.

The beginnings of this body were modest and Pouyanne provided the initial boost with students from her academy. Montevideo, during the first half of the 20th century, was the undisputed stopover of all the great figures and companies that came to the continent from the major dance production centers: Europe, the Soviet Union and the United States.

In its first decades the first members of the cast were Olga Banegas, Flor de María Rodríguez, Tola Leff, Hebe Arnoux, Lía Dell´Ara, Sunny Lorinczy, Alfredo Corvino, Miguel Therekov, Raúl Severo, Micha Dimitrievich, Eduardo Ramírez, Marina Korolkov, Olga Bérgolo, and Sara Nieto.

2009–present

Since 2009 the company, after residing in different rehearsal spaces (Nelly Goitiño Auditorium, Palacio Salvo), finally moved permanently to the National Auditorium of Sodre Adela Reta. That year, Alejandro Godoy together with Rossana Borghetti were appointed directors of the SODRE Ballet performing as "El Amor Brujo" together with the Sodre Symphony Orchestra, with Alejandro Parente as First Dancer. The dancer and teacher graduated from the National Ballet, Alejandro Godoy was incorporated as a male repertoire teacher dedicated to the training of professional dancers and from 2010 to 2012 he served as director of that institution.

In June 2010, Julio Bocca took over as the new artistic director of the company, now called the Sodre National Ballet, this process underwent the greatest transformation in its entire history. A new team takes over the management and the company is re-founded, opening a new stage. Since then, more than thirty plays have been premiered in the National Auditorium, many of them in full version, of the great classical ballets such as: Giselle, Swan Lake, La Bayadère, Le Corsaire, La Sylphide, The Nutcracker, La Viuda Alegre, Don Quixote, Coppélia, Romeo and Juliet and The Sleeping Beauty, among others.

The company has made specific presentations, in addition to national and international tours: having presentations in Spain, Italy, Oman, China, Thailand, Russia, Israel, Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil.

In February 2018, Igor Yebra took over as the new artistic director of the National Ballet, succeeding Julio Bocca. His first premiere was The Sleeping Beauty, a play that broke the historical record for spectators and ticket sales. In early June 2020, it was confirmed that it would be Yebra's last year as head of the National Ballet. The President of SODRE, Martín Inthamoussú reported that the contract, which expired on December 31, would not be renewed, he stated "There is no particular reason for him. It has nothing to do with his management. They are organizational decisions, the minister [Pablo da Silveira, Minister of Education and Culture] is doing a restructuring". On March 18, 2021, when the company inaugurated the new season, María Noel Riccetto took over as artistic director.

References

Dance in Uruguay
Performing groups established in 1935
1935 establishments in Uruguay
National Ballet of Uruguay
SODRE

National Ballet of Uruguay


Whispers Out of Time (1984) is a composition by Roger Reynolds (b. 1934) for string orchestra. He was awarded the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Music for the piece, causing Kyle Gann to quip that it was the first time it was being given to an experimental composer since Charles Ives in 1947. It premiered on December 11, 1988, at Buckley Recital Hall, Amherst College, Massachusetts, with Harvey Sollberger conducting.

The soul is a captive
A magma of interiors
Like a wave breaking on a rock
The surprise, the tension are in the concept
A chill, a blight moving outward
The portrait's will to endure

The jury selected the piece, saying: "The work is scored for string soloist and string orchestra. It is conceived on a broad scale. It is visionary, deeply felt, contemplative and singularly personal in nature." The piece is inspired by John Ashbery's extended poem, "Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror". itself named for the painting of the same name. Each movement is named with a line from the poem, and the title is the final line. Violin, viola, cello, and bass soloists are featured in front of the orchestra and quotations are used from Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Opus 81a (Les Adieux) in the first movement and from Mahler's 9th Symphony in the fourth movement.

Discography
Whispers Out of Time: Works for Orchestra by Roger Reynolds (Mode: 2007).
Roger Reynolds: Whispers Out of Time; Transfigured Wind 2 (New World: 1990).

Sources

1988 compositions
Pulitzer Prize for Music-winning works
Compositions for string orchestra

Whispers Out of Time


White Sheet Hill, also known as Whitesheet Hill, is a hill in the English county of Wiltshire. As one of the most westerly areas of downland in Britain the area is noted for its chalky farmland which contains a rich variety of rare and protected fauna and flora. The hill is also the site of a neolithic causeway camp and barrows; and an Iron Age hill fort. The Roman road which runs along the hill was at one time the main route through the Selwood Forest. The hill is part of the Stourhead estate and has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1946.

The hill is the site of the  Whitesheet Hill biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, notified in 1965.

White Sheet Hill is divided between the civil parishes of Kilmington, Mere and Stourton with Gasper. It is situated within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and has extensive views over Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire. It is home to White Sheet Radio Flying Club who use it as a slope soaring site for fun and competition flying.

Prehistoric archaeology
There are some 12 ancient burial mounds (barrows) on the hill dating from 1800 BC, and a large Iron Age hillfort called White Sheet Camp.

The site was excavated by Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet in the early 19th century:
Immediately on ascending the hill called Whitesheet, we find ourselves surrounded by British antiquities. The road intersects an ancient earthen work, of a circular form, and which, from the slightness of its vallum, appears to have been of high antiquity. Adjoining it is a large barrow, which we opened in October 1807, and found it had contained a skeleton, and had been investigated before.

On a point of land near this barrow are three others, all of which, by the defaced appearance of their summits, seemed to have attracted the notice of former antiquaries. No 1, the nearest to the edge of the hill, had certainly been opened, and appears to have contained a double interment. The primary one was an interment of burned bones deposited within a shallow cist, in an urn rudely formed, and badly baked. Above it was a skeleton with its head laid towards the south, and which from its position and perfect preservation appears not to have been disturbed. Its mouth was wide open, and it "grinn'd horribly a ghastly smile," a singularity we have never before met with.

See also
Long Knoll
Robin Hood's Ball
Cadbury Castle, Somerset
King Alfred's Tower
Brimsdown Hill
Heath Hill Farm
List of hill forts in England

References

External links

 Radio Controlled Aircraft Soaring Club
 Mere Museum: Iron Age fort, Whitesheet Hill
 Natural England website (SSSI information)

1807 archaeological discoveries
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1965
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire
Iron Age sites in England
Hill forts in Wiltshire
Stone Age sites in England
Hills of Wiltshire
Neolithic sites of Europe

White Sheet Hill


Andrew John Bower Mitchell (born 23 March 1956) is a British politician currently serving as the Minister of State for Development and Africa since 2022.  A member of the Conservative Party, he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sutton Coldfield since 2001 having previously served as the MP for Gedling from 1987 to 1997. Mitchell served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for International Development from 2010 to 2012 and then briefly as Government Chief Whip in the House of Commons in late 2012.

Mitchell studied History at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he was elected President of the Cambridge Union in 1978. He was elected to the House of Commons for Gedling in Nottinghamshire at the 1987 general election. He served in the second Major government as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1994 to 1995 and as a junior minister at the Department of Social Security from 1995 to 1997. Mitchell lost his seat to the Labour Party's Vernon Coaker at the 1997 general election. In 2001, he contested Sutton Coldfield in the West Midlands, a safe seat for the Conservatives, and was returned to Parliament.

Mitchell was appointed to the Shadow cabinet in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development. In this role, he founded Project Umubano, a Conservative Party social action project in Rwanda and Sierra Leone in central and west Africa. Under the coalition government of David Cameron, he served as Secretary of State for International Development from 2010 to 2012. In the September 2012 cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed Chief Whip. Amid public pressure due to the Plebgate scandal, Mitchell resigned from the government the following month, and returned to the backbenches. In 2022, after serving on the backbenches for 10 years, Mitchell made a return to government as Minister of State for Development and Africa following the appointment of Rishi Sunak as Prime Minister. He attends Cabinet in that role.

Early life and career
Mitchell was born at Hampstead in north London, the son of Sir David Bower Mitchell, a future Conservative MP of 33 years, and Government Minister. He was educated at Ashdown House School and Rugby School, where the self-confessed "stern disciplinarian" earned the nickname "Thrasher".

In February 1975, he joined the Royal Tank Regiment as a second lieutenant on a Short Service Limited Commission (a commission designed for teenagers applying to Oxford or Cambridge University after leaving the sixth form), spending time in Cyprus where his unit was carrying out peacekeeping duties. In October of that year, he transferred to the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve. He resigned his commission on 9 February 1977.

He went to the University of Cambridge, where he read History at Jesus College. He was Chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association in the Michaelmas Term of 1977. He served as President of the Cambridge Union 1978–79, after graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978, later proceeding Master of Arts.

Mitchell worked for Lazard, the investment bank, where he worked with British companies seeking large-scale overseas contracts.

Political career
Mitchell was the only Conservative member of Islington Health Authority (IHA) in north London during the 1980s, and in that capacity, he called for the IHA to make greater use of competitive tendering in the allocation of service contracts.

After unsuccessfully contesting Sunderland South at the 1983 general election, Mitchell entered Parliament in 1987 at the age of 31 as MP for Gedling, Nottinghamshire, serving in the House of Commons concurrently with his father. In 1988, under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, he became PPS to William Waldegrave, who was Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In 1990, he became PPS to John Wakeham, who was Secretary of State for Energy. In 1992, under John Major, he became Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party, and in the same year was appointed as an Assistant Government Whip. In 1993, he became a Government Whip. In 1995, he became Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security, a position he held until 1997.

Mitchell lost his Commons seat with Tony Blair's Labour victory at the 1997 election. He was returned to Parliament at the 2001 election as the MP for Sutton Coldfield, near Birmingham. He held no shadow ministerial or organisational position under the leadership of Iain Duncan Smith, but in November 2003, under new leader Michael Howard, he became Shadow Economic Affairs Minister. In 2004, he became Shadow Home Office Minister, primarily dealing with police matters.

Shadow International Development Secretary
In May 2005, Mitchell was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development. Following Howard's decision to stand down as leader following the Conservatives' 2005 general election defeat, Mitchell ran the unsuccessful leadership campaign of David Davis, but retained his Shadow Cabinet position under the winner of the leadership election, David Cameron.

In that role, Mitchell visited a number of countries in Africa and Asia containing some of the worst poverty in the world, such as Sierra Leone, Ghana, Ethiopia, Chad, Eritrea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Thailand, Cambodia and Burma (Myanmar). In many of these places, he created video reports detailing local conditions and some of the NGO projects aimed at ameliorating them. Whilst in Burma, Mitchell challenged its Government by raising evidence of systematic human rights abuses in the country, and its continued imprisonment of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

Project Umubano
Mitchell led groups of Conservative volunteers from the professions in social development projects in Rwanda for three consecutive summers, from 2007 to 2009, as part of Project Umubano, and kept a detailed diary of their activities and experiences. The volunteers focused on five areas: health, education, justice, the private sector, and a community centre construction project. In 2008, Mitchell himself taught English to over a thousand Rwandan primary school teachers. It was during one of these trips that Mitchell and his aides are reported to have verbally abused one of the volunteers, a student journalist who had circulated a draft newspaper article she had written stressing the positives of the project, but also pointing out some problems with its operation. The journalist, Lucy Kinder, claimed Mitchell texted her father, a friend from Mitchell's university days: "They [his aides] are threatening her with physical violence and I can't say I blame them".

Views on Gaza
Mitchell expressed support for the idea of a televised appeal for Gaza on the BBC in 2009, a subject which had aroused much controversy on both sides of the argument. He said that, while the matter was ultimately for the BBC to decide, "We believe that they should allow the broadcast to proceed so that the British public, who have proved themselves so generous during recent emergencies in the Congo and Burma, can make their own judgement on the validity of the appeal".

Following the resignation of Baroness Warsi during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Mitchell criticised repeated Israeli attacks on UN schools and called for an arms embargo, warning that the misery suffered by an "enormous number of innocent people" was poisoning attitudes.

International Development Secretary

Following the general election and formation of the Conservative – Liberal Democrat coalition in May 2010, he became Secretary of State for International Development.

Mitchell travelled to countries in need of aid. He visited Pakistan during the floods in 2010 and returned the following year. He also visited Haiti, to see the effects of the earthquake, and Somalia and Libya in 2011. He also addressed the United Nations General Assembly in 2010 to press the case for greater support for the developing world, strongly criticised the developed world for failing in its responsibilities towards it, and announced that Britain would double its aid contribution to Pakistan.Both in Opposition and Government, Mitchell asserted the need for transparency and value for money in British aid contributions to the developing world, with resources concentrated on the world's poorest and most troubled countries.
During the 2011 Battle of Tripoli, Mitchell said that the UK had learned from Iraq and had laid the groundwork for a post-Gaddafi Libya. While emphasising that the transition should be Libyan-led, he said that Libya's allies had outlined steps to ensure a smooth transition. He added, "We have made clear that there should be no revenge attacks," and, "Libyans have to work together for a new Libya. They should keep in place the sinews of security. The National Transitional Council (NTC) in Benghazi has good informal connections with security officials in Tripoli and has told them: 'You've got a job, please help us keep stability'." He added that "Divisions between the rebels groups are overstated. The way the National Transitional Council has reached out gives us some confidence."

Mitchell accepted that a smaller aid budget might have meant fewer cuts elsewhere, but insisted that development projects also helped protect Britain. "Our security is not just provided by soldiers and tanks and fighter jets, it is also provided by training the police in Afghanistan, by building up governance structures in the Middle East and by getting girls into school in the Horn of Africa," he said, "Those things are all part of what makes us safer."

Praise in debate
On 1 July 2010, at the end of a debate on global poverty in the House of Commons, the Minister of State for International Development, Alan Duncan, quoted the journalist Jon Snow as having said, "Andrew Mitchell is unquestionably the best prepared Secretary of State – nobody has waited longer in the wings and everyone in the sector knows of his commitment to the sector".

Aid transparency

Both in Opposition, and later as Secretary of State for International Development, Mitchell repeatedly asserted the need for transparency in aid donations to other countries, with contributions fully accounted for and published, and announced his intention for Britain to lead the world in this transparency. He made clear that value for money in aid donations was of critical importance and provided a guarantee that British legislation would be amended to ensure that Britain's aid contributions would be maintained at 0.7 per cent of UK GNI (Gross National Income) by 2013. He also asked former international envoy and Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown to conduct a review of the UK's response to international humanitarian disasters, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, to see whether lessons could be learned from them.

Aid to Rwanda
On his final day as International Development Secretary, Mitchell authorised the payment of £16 million of previously suspended aid to Rwanda, half of Britain's annual aid to Rwanda. The aid had been suspended in July, along with other governments' aid, over concerns about Rwanda's alleged support of the rebel March 23 Movement in east Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mitchell's successor stopped further aid payments as Rwanda had breached agreements, and following the publication of a United Nations Security Council investigators' report which provided evidence that Rwanda had supplied guns, money and recruits to the rebels contrary to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1807, and engaged directly in combat to help the rebels capture territory.

The International Development Select Committee launched an inquiry into the suspending, then subsequent authorisation, of budget support to Rwanda. On 30 November 2012 the committee published its report criticising Mitchell for restoring the funding, stating "We do not understand how [Mitchell] reached the conclusion that support for the M23 had ceased", which was one of the three conditions that the Prime Minister had set for the resumption of aid.

"Plebgate"

In September 2012, Mitchell was appointed Government Chief Whip in David Cameron's first significant Cabinet reshuffle.

On the evening of 19 September Mitchell allegedly swore when a police officer told him to dismount from a bicycle and exit Downing Street through the pedestrian gate rather than the main gate. The leaked official police log of the incident stated that Mitchell said "Best you learn your fucking place. You don't run this fucking government...You're fucking plebs". The allegations became known in the media as "Plebgate".

Mitchell's alleged comments attracted strong criticism from some branches of the Police Federation, and from police officers in general, not least because they came on the day after the murder of two police officers in Manchester.

In response to the allegations, Mitchell apologised, but disputed many of the details of the accusations, in particular that he had used the word "pleb". He later resigned on 19 October.

In December 2012, CCTV evidence was published in the media which appeared to contradict the police account of the incident, along with evidence that an email corroborating the police account and purporting to be sent by a member of the public to their MP was actually sent by an off-duty police officer who was not at the scene. Additionally, a claim by Police Federation officers from the West Midlands Police who met Mitchell that he refused to give his side of events was contradicted by a recording of the meeting, made by Mitchell himself, and subsequently released to the media. The Metropolitan Police investigation of both the leak of the police log and the discrepancies between it and other accounts was known as Operation Alice.

Mitchell strongly disputed the police account of the incident in statements to the media, and in an article in The Sunday Times alleged the police officers were involved in a "cynical smear campaign".

Operation Alice resulted in one police officer, Constable Keith Wallis, being charged with misconduct in a public office, for sending an email in which he falsely claimed to be an ordinary member of the public who had witnessed the alleged incident from the public footpath outside the Downing Street gates. On 10 January 2014, Wallis pleaded guilty to the charge. Wallis was dismissed from the police force and three other police officers who were involved in aspects of 'Plebgate' were dismissed for gross misconduct. Following Wallis' conviction, Mitchell received a public apology from the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Bernard Hogan-Howe, and fellow MPs called for him to be reappointed to the cabinet.

Mitchell launched a civil libel case against UK newspaper The Sun, which had first published reports of the affair. He was countersued by PC Toby Rowland, the officer who had been on duty at the Downing Street gate. On 27 November 2014, Mr Justice Mitting ruled against Mitchell, describing his behaviour as childish and saying: "I am satisfied at least on the balance of probabilities that Mr Mitchell did speak the words alleged or something so close to them as to amount to the same including the politically toxic word pleb". In consequence, Mitchell lost the libel cases against both The Sun and PC Rowland and became liable for both parties' costs, which were estimated at £2m. Mitchell said he was "bitterly disappointed". On 30 January 2015, court papers revealed that News Group newspapers offered a deal on 19 September 2014 which would have allowed Mitchell to avoid liability for the legal costs incurred by the media organisation up to that date. However, the offer did not include any apology from the publisher and Mitchell turned it down. The media organisation's legal costs subsequently increased by at least £500,000.

PC Rowland successfully sued Mitchell for libel and agreed to accept a payment of £80,000 in damages.

Work as an MP

Keep Justice Local campaign
In 2002, Mitchell led the successful Keep Justice Local campaign across his constituency of Sutton Coldfield to safeguard the 50-year-old Magistrates' Court from closure. He presented a petition signed by more than 5,500 constituents, protesting at plans to transfer the Courthouse's work to Birmingham.

However, its closure was again announced in December 2010 by the government in which Mitchell was by then a minister.  He said, "We must now ensure that there's a widespread local discussion about the future of the site and the building. I know that our councillors are already looking at how best we can do this".

Voting record
In 1994, as MP for Gedling, Mitchell voted in the House of Commons for the restoration of the death penalty; the motion was defeated 383–186. Between 2001 and 2010, as MP for Sutton Coldfield, his House of Commons voting record shows that he voted for limiting climate change, civil partnerships for gay couples, greater autonomy for schools, a UK referendum on the EU Lisbon Treaty, replacement of Trident, the invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq investigation, and limiting pollution from civil aviation. During the same period, he voted against ID cards, the closure of post offices, both 42 days' and 90 days' detention without charge or trial, the DNA database, closer EU integration, the relaxation of gambling laws, Section 28 (although in 1988 he had voted in favour), employment discrimination against gay people, the legalisation of recreational drugs, a fully elected House of Lords, and a ban on fox hunting.

In 2013 Mitchell voted against the legalisation of same-sex marriage and also voted for an amendment to the bill which would have allowed a government registrar to opt out of performing marriage ceremonies 'to which he had a conscientious objection'. He was ranked by the Liberal Democrat Voice (connected to, but not part of, the Liberal Democrat Party) as one of the least authoritarian members of Parliament, scoring 3 out of 100 points for his votes between 2005 and 2010. with a joint ranking of 542 out of 619.

Mitchell supported continued membership of the European Union in the 2016 referendum.

Reaction to 2017 General Election
Speaking in January 2018, to the Jesus College, Cambridge, Debating Society, Mitchell expressed the belief that the Labour would win the next general election and Jeremy Corbyn would become the next Prime Minister. Mitchell explained that this was a prospect he regarded with apprehension, and speculated that under a Labour Government borrowing and taxation would increase drastically.

Famine in Yemen
In October 2018, Mitchell said that by supporting the Saudi coalition "Britain is complicit in creating" a famine in Yemen.

Relationship with Boris Johnson
On 31 January 2022, after Boris Johnson issued a statement to the house about the interim report by Sue Gray, into the Partygate scandal, Mitchell announced that he no longer supported the Prime Minister. Mitchell had previously been one of Johnson's longest supporters. In 1993, Johnson attempted to stand as a Conservative candidate in the 1994 European Parliament elections. Mitchell convinced Prime Minister John Major, who was critical of Johnson, not to veto Johnson's candidacy, but Johnson could not find a constituency.

Allegations of lobbying on behalf of donors
An article in The Sunday Times newspaper on 30 October 2010, quoted by The Guardian newspaper the following day, claimed that Mitchell had pressured the Foreign Office and colleagues to lobby Ghana (successfully) for the lifting of a trading ban on a cocoa company, Armajaro, which had been a repeated donor to Mitchell's parliamentary office and also a donor to the Conservative Party. Ghana had imposed the ban as the company was believed to have been smuggling cocoa out of the country. However, when questioned by ITV News on 2 November about his role in the case, Mitchell said that he had a duty as a member of the government to respond to the company's requests, as it was registered as a British company, and that the government had a responsibility to promote British trade. He argued that he had seen no evidence that the Ghanaian government's suspicions about the company in question had been substantiated, and that the claim that he had acted improperly on behalf of a party donor was unreasonable, as the company had ceased to donate to both the Conservative Party and his parliamentary office several years earlier.

Allegations of tax avoidance
In 2006, Mitchell invested funds in privately owned firms implicated in a tax avoidance scheme. According to The Daily Telegraph, a subsidiary of DV3 purchased the lease on the Dickins & Jones department store building in central London for £65.1 million and sold it a month later to a partnership controlled by DV3 for £65,100, thus avoiding stamp duty. The loophole, although legal, was reported by The Times to be considered "aggressive tax avoidance" by Revenue & Customs.

Personal life
Mitchell is married to Dr Sharon Bennett, a GP, and has two children. He maintains a residence in his constituency of Sutton Coldfield and primarily lives in Islington, London.

Mitchell is a trustee of International Inspiration – a charity that promotes access to sport, play and physical exercise in low and middle income countries around the world. He sits on the Board of Trustees alongside Sebastian Coe, Katherine Grainger and David Davies.

Mitchell was previously a trustee of the E. M. Radiation Research Trust, now known as the Radiation Research Trust, which conducts research into radiation emissions, from sites such as mobile phone masts. He was also a senior strategy adviser for consultants Accenture. He is also Freeman of the City of London and a Liveryman of the Vintners' Company.

In 2010, Mitchell was sworn in as a Privy Councillor.

Mitchell is a member of the elite Burgundian bacchanalian fraternity, the Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin.

Publications

 Beyond a Fringe : Tales from a reformed Establishment lackey (Biteback Publishing, London, 2021)

References

Sources

Notes

External links

Andrew Mitchell MP official constituency website

Profile: Andrew Mitchell BBC News, 10 February 2005
Pan-African Free Trade Agreement: Helping Africa through Free Trade – Andrew Mitchell talks at the Cato Institute
Debrett's People of Today

Rishi Sunak's new blood to boost ties with Africa, Africa Intelligence, 15 September 2023 (requires free registration)

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1956 births
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
British Secretaries of State
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English male cyclists
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Ashdown House
People educated at Rugby School
Presidents of the Cambridge Union
Royal Tank Regiment officers
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present

Andrew Mitchell


The Ducal Palace in Sassuolo is a Baroque villa located in the town of Sassuolo, thirty minutes outside Modena, northern Italy.

History
The palace was built on the site of a medieval castle or rocca. Obtained by Niccolò III d'Este from the della Rosa family in the 15th century, and converted into a court residence by Borso d'Este in 1458.

The exterior facade seems to reference Tuscan villas more than those of the Veneto. In the mid-16th century, the first pleasure summer villa was built on the site. In the early 17th century, the Duke Francesco I d'Este commissioned the present building from the architect Bartolomeo Avanzini. Over the centuries, the palace has had many owners, but is now owned by the town of Sassuolo and the Gallerie Estensi, who contributed to the picture galleries the Orlando, Princess and Secchia apartments.

The exhibition
The palace is best known for its highly decorated interior frescoes (1638-1656) by the French Este court painter Jean Boulanger, as well as several perspectival ceilings by Ottavio Vivani, Giacomo Cialdieri, Angelo Michele Colonna, Agostino Mitelli, Baldassare Bianchi and Giovanni Giacomo Monti. Lattanzio Maschio and Luca Colombi were also invited by Boulanger to work on the palace stucco decoration. Giovanni Lazzoni, Nicolas Régnier, Salvator Rosa, and Ludovico Lana also contributed to the palace's art collection.

The palace is also known for its garden vistas reminiscent of Versailles and its fanciful Peschiera or fish-tank. The latter was originally designed by Avanzini and  as a large rectangular "pool" surrounded by a boundary wall in the form of a ruined amphitheatre, for which it earned its sobriquet the "Fontanazzo" (Rough Fountain). Highlights of the complex also include larger-than-life fountain sculptures based on the designs of Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Renaissance fresco fragments by Nicolò dell'Abbate recovered from the Scandiano palace in Reggio Emilia.

Restoration of the piano nobile in 2001 has allowed the palace to be equally used as a space for contemporary art exhibitions, fusing past and present. Terminating the tour of the Duke and Duchesses' private and public apartments on the first floor, the Stuccoed apartments have hosted the exhibition "MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT" since 2003. The gilded reliefs previously framing the duke's favourite artworks shall house various minimalist pieces donated by the Panza collection until 2103.

Key works
·     The Musicians of the Scandiano Room of Paradise frescoes by Nicolò dell'Abbate

·     Baptism of Christ by Luigi Anguissola

·     Portrait of Francesco II d'Este by Andrea Baratta (nicknamed "the monkey")

·     Allegory of Music; Ten Virtues by Jean Boulanger

·     Thank you; Going home; Family; Under the shadow by Lawrence Carroll

·     Religious effigies by Pierfrancesco Cittadini

·     Market scene with fish and meat seller with Christ in Martha's house attributed to Flemish school.

·     The Dead Christ Mourned, attributed to Abraham Janssens

·     Madonna of Fiorano by Ludovico Lana

·     St John the Baptist by Camillo Procaccini

·     Madonna of the Pearls by follower of Raphael

·     Francesco I with his wife Maria Farnese and their children Alfonso and Isabella by Nicolas Régnier.

Gallery

See also
 List of Baroque residences
 Gallerie Estensi
 Galleria Estense
 Pinacoteca Nazionale in Ferrara
 Estense University Library
 Estense Lapidary Museum

References

External links

Ducal Palace of Sassuolo Official website

Ducal, Sassuolo
Sassuolo
Houses completed in 1458
Houses completed in 1656
Gardens in Emilia-Romagna
Baroque architecture in Emilia-Romagna
Baroque palaces in Italy
Museums in Emilia-Romagna
Historic house museums in Italy
1656 establishments in Italy
National museums of Italy
Este residences
Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Royal residences of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio

Ducal Palace of Sassuolo


The Egyptian language was an Afroasiatic language that was spoken in Ancient Egypt. It has been written 5000 years, which makes it one of the oldest written languages known today. The Coptic language is the modern form of the Egyptian language. The Egyptian language changed into it over time. The Copts use it for religious purposes. Only a few people are still fluent in Coptic. While the modern variant is known, the older variants could only be translated when the Rosetta stone was found in 1799. The Rosetta stone contains the same text in three languages, one of which was known at the time.

The oldest records of the Egyptian language date from about 3400 BC.

Egyptian was spoken until the late 17th century AD in the form of Coptic. The national language of modern-day Egypt is Egyptian Arabic, which  replaced Coptic as the language of daily life in the centuries after the Muslim conquest of Egypt.

History
Scholars group the Egyptian language into six major chronological divisions:

Hieroglyphic writing
Archaic Egyptian language (before 2600 BC), the language of the Early Dynastic period
Old Egyptian language (2686 BC – 2181 BC), the language of the Old Kingdom
Middle Egyptian language (2055 BC – 1650 BC), the Middle Kingdom (2055 BC – 1650 BC, but lasting until the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt: Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and the Amarna period (1353 BC). It continued as a written language into the 4th century AD.
Late Egyptian language (1069 BC – 700 BC), the Third Intermediate period (1069 BC – 700 BC), but starting earlier with the Amarna period (1353 BC).
Demotic writing
Demotic (7th century BC – 5th century AD, Late period through Roman times)
Coptic (1st century AD – 17th century AD), early Roman times to early modern times

Egyptian writing in the form of labels and signs has been dated to 3200 BC. These early texts are generally called "Archaic Egyptian."

In 1999, Archaeology Magazine reported that the earliest Egyptian glyphs date back to 3400 BC which "...challenge the commonly held belief that early logographs, pictographic symbols representing a specific place, object, or quantity, first evolved into more complex phonetic symbols in Mesopotamia."

Old Egyptian was spoken for about 500 years from 2600 BC onwards.  Middle Egyptian was spoken from about 2000 BC for a further 700 years when Late Egyptian made its appearance; Middle Egyptian survived until the first few centuries AD as a written language, similar to the use of Latin during the Middle Ages and that of Classical Arabic today. Demotic Egyptian first appears about 650 BC and survived as a spoken language until the fifth century AD. Coptic Egyptian appeared in the fourth century AD and survived as a living language until the sixteenth century AD, when European scholars traveled to Egypt to learn it from native speakers during the Renaissance. It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. The Bohairic dialect of Coptic is still used by the Egyptian Christian Churches.

Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian were all written using hieroglyphs and hieratic.  Demotic was written using a script derived from hieratic; its appearance is vaguely similar to modern Arabic script and is also written from right to left. Coptic is written using the Coptic alphabet, a modified form of the Greek alphabet with a number of symbols borrowed from Demotic for sounds that did not occur in contemporary Greek.

Arabic became the language of Egypt's political administration soon after the Arab conquest in the seventh century AD. Over time, it replaced Coptic as the language spoken by the common people. Today, Coptic survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church.

The Bible contains some words, terms and names thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. An example of this is Zaphnath-Paaneah, the Egyptian name given to Joseph.

References

History of Egypt

Egyptian language


The chain pipefish (Syngnathus louisianae) is a pipefish species. It inhabits the western Atlantic from Virginia, Bermuda and northern Gulf of Mexico to Campeche and Jamaica, but is absent from the Bahamas. It is a marine subtropical reef-associated fish, up to 38 cm length.

Description
The chain pipefish is a member of the family Sygnathidae. It is an elongate fish with the body encased in bony plates. They have a moderate-sized head, a rounded caudal fin, long snout and a small terminal mouth. The dorsal fin is moderate in length, the anal fin is greatly reduced, and the pelvic fins do not exist. The abdomen is flat or concave and may have a very small keel. The inferior trunk and tail ridges are not interrupted. Males have a brood pouch along the tail. There are 33-36 dorsal rays, 2 anal rays, 14 pectoral rays, 20 trunk rings, and 35-36 tail rings.  The chain pipefish is one of the largest species of pipefishes in the western North Atlantic, with a maximum length of 381mm (15 in).  The coloration of the chain pipefish, generally has a light colored background that is white to light brown. There is a dark brown stripe along the sides that extends onto the snout. There are lighter circular bands around the body between each body ring. The circular bands do not extend onto the ventral surface in the trunk area, but are visible along the tail. The anal, pectoral, and dorsal fins are generally unpigmented, but may have some scattered melanophores. The caudal fin is dusky.

Diet
Chain pipefish feed on small crustaceans, including shrimp, mysids, and amphipods.

Habitat
Chain pipefish are common is sea grass beds or among the stems of marsh grasses and reeds near the shore along the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Juvenile chain pipefish also occur in surface water to at least 80 km offshore.

Reproduction and life cycle
There is apparently no information on larval development, though larvae are initially retained within the male brood pouch. S. louisianae males give birth to live young from eggs transferred from the female to a specialized marsupium called a brood pouch. Unlike most seahorses, pipefishes of the genus Syngnathus incubate eggs in an inverted pouch. Fertilization occurs after the female transfers the eggs, and incubation lasts until embryos develop into juveniles. Based on the occurrence of brooding males and newly hatched larvae, reproduction occurs primarily during the spring and early summer (April – July), but continues through most months in Mississippi, except December and February. Brooding males are more commonly found offshore.

Fertilized eggs are small, ranging from 0.6 and 1.4 mm in diameter, and are arranged in one to two layers and up to 10 transverse rows. A single male may brood 454-898 eggs, depending on the body size

Distribution
Chain pipefish are distributed from New Jersey and Maryland south to along the Atlantic and the Gulf Shores. They are also found in Tabasco and Campeche, Mexico.

References

Page, L. M., H. Espinosa-Perez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, N. E. Mandrak, R. L. 	Mayden, and J. S. Nelson. 2013. Common and scientific names of the fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, 7th edition. American Fisheries Society, Special 	Publication 34, Bethesda Maryland.

"Chain Pipefish." Chain Pipefish. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 May 2014.
http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Syngna_louisi.htm

Ross, Stephen T. Inland Fishes of Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 2002. Print.

External links
 Syngnathus louisianae at FishBase

chain pipefish
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Fish of the Gulf of Mexico
Fish of Jamaica
chain pipefish
chain pipefish

Chain pipefish


Borghese di Piero Borghese, also Borghese di Piero, (1397 – ) was an Italian painter of the Florentine School, active in an early Renaissance-style. He should not be confused with Piero della Francesca whose real name was Pietro Borghese.

Biography
Borghese was active in Pisa between 1420 and 1429, then in Lucca, where in 1447 he became a citizen of the city. Before attributions could be made to him, initially his works were ascribed to Master of Saints Cyrus and Juliet (Santi Quirico e Giulitta). He was identified as Piero di Borghese Borghese in 1965 by Roberto Longhi after reviewing three scenes of the predella relating Martyrdom of These Two Saints, part of 'The Story of Saints Julitta and Quiricus triptych in the Courtauld Gallery in London.

References
 M.T. Filieri, Piraeus Borghese Borghese, Somptuosa tabula picta, Lucques, 1998, pp. 370–379
 Concioni G., C. Ferri, G. Ghilarducci, Art and Painting in the Middle Ages Luchese, Lucques, 1994, p. 371

1397 births
1463 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Lucca

Borghese di Piero Borghese


The Canadian National Railway (C.N.) Yards Management Area located on Chappell Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan consists of the VIA Saskatoon railway station and the train switching yards.  These yards are a part of the Confederation Suburban Development Area (SDA).  It lies (generally) north of the outskirts of the City and the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344, west of Montgomery Place, south of 11th Street and east of Highway 7.  Highway 7 has built an overpass over C.N. tracks where they intersect.  This neighbourhood is not to be confused with the C.N. Industrial in the Nutana SDA on the east side of Saskatoon.  These two sides of Saskatoon are connected with the Grand Trunk Bridge or CN railway bridge over the South Saskatchewan River.

At the intersection of the CNR line and Highway 60 is the location of the Saskatchewan Railway Museum.

Currently there are CPR switching yards in the Central Industrial neighbourhood.  The City of Saskatoon, Canadian Pacific Railway and the CNR are under negotiations currently to remove these switching yards.  This would mean the CPR could use CNR rail lines through the city and be able to use the CN Chappell Yards for switching.  Likewise the CNR could run trains along the CPR track through the city and use the Sutherland CPR switching yards.  This would involve construction of a connecting switching yard between CP and CN rail lines near 11th Street and Dundonald which could be done as part of the new Circle Drive South Bridge extension project.

References

Business parks of Canada
Industrial parks in Canada
Neighbourhoods in Saskatoon

C.N. Yards Management Area


"I Do" is a song written and recorded by American recording artist Jewel. It was released in June 2008 as the second single her album Perfectly Clear.  The song was Jewel's second Top 40 country hit, although it was less-successful than its predecessor, reaching a peak of number 38 after a short chart run.

Content
"I Do" is a mid-tempo love song backed primarily with percussion and features steel guitar and string fills, and an electric guitar bridge. The narrator describes a love that is troublesome and with barriers that need to be overcome: "Well, our hearts are locked inside an iron box / We're both too afraid to reveal our most tender parts, oh."

Official versions
 "I Do" (Album version) - 4:04
 "I Do" (Radio edit) - 3:20

Critical reception
SFGate recommended "I Do" as one of the best tracks in a review of Perfectly Clear (alongside "Everything Reminds Me of You" and "Till It Feels Like Cheating"). "[They] have a distinct and believable point of view, and the arrangements merge modern Nashville gloss with an acoustic base that works with Jewel's idiosyncratic, breathy voice. Also, her typical lyrical slant — taking a positive yet earthy look at everyday life — fits country music as snugly as two Lego blocks locking together." Hip Online's review of the album, was less favorable, "[It is] pretty, unremarkable. It goes from a total country song like "Stronger Woman" to a folksy track like this is really startling."

Music video
A music video was released for the song, directed by Peter Zavadil. The video begins with Jewel in a car in the parking lot of a restaurant. She steps out of the car walks into the restaurant, approaching real-life husband, Ty Murray. They leave the restaurant and get into separate cars, before speeding down the highway toward each other. They crash and are then shown together in a field of flowers.

Chart performance
"I Do" debuted at number 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in July. After 9 weeks on the chart, it reached a peak of number 38.

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Jewel (singer) songs
Songs written by Jewel (singer)
Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil
Big Machine Records singles
Song recordings produced by John Rich

I Do (Jewel song)


Eleanor Percy Lee, born Eleanor Percy Ware (1819–1849), was an American writer of Mississippi who co-authored two books of poetry with her sister Catherine Anne Warfield; these were published in the 1840s.  The sisters were indirect ancestors of the famed southern writers William Alexander Percy and Walker Percy. Eleanor died in a yellow fever epidemic.

Early life and education
Eleanor Percy Ware was born in Natchez, Mississippi in 1819, the second daughter of Sarah Percy and her second husband Major Nathaniel Ware, an attorney and aide to the Mississippi territorial governor. (Sarah was the widow of Judge John Ellis, who died in 1808. They had a son Thomas and a daughter Mary Jane Ellis together.) Eleanor's older sister was Catherine Anne Ware. Sarah Percy was from a prominent Southern family with a noted vulnerability to mental illness. She was 39 when Eleanor was born and suffered from post-partum depression following the birth. She never fully recovered.

Ware moved his family from Natchez, Mississippi to Philadelphia, where Sarah could be treated. She was the highest-paying patient, and the only one accompanied by a resident slave, at the Pennsylvania Hospital, then one of the few institutions that clinically treated the mentally ill.

The girls attended the academy of Mme. Aimée Sigoigne, an émigré from Saint-Domingue, who had left during the revolution that established the republic of Haiti.  Her French-language school attracted many upper-class Southerners and Philadelphians. Ware frequently took his young daughters with him on his travels, as well.

In 1831, Ware moved Sarah back to Natchez. She was put under the care of her son Thomas George Ellis, from her first marriage. Catherine Anne and Eleanor would visit their mother every summer when home from school. She died in 1836.

Literary career
The girls showed their literary talent early, as Eleanor wrote her first poem at age eleven.  In the late 1830s in Natchez, they came under the influence of Eliza DuPuy, a contributor to various women's magazines and one of the earliest professional Southern female writers. DuPuy was the governess of the sisters' younger niece, Sarah Ellis. Under the tutelage of DuPuy, at the age of seventeen Eleanor wrote the novella Agatha in 1837, following her mother's death. It was never published.

From work the Ware sisters did together after returning to Natchez, in 1843 they published their first joint volume of poetry, The Wife of Leon, under the byline, "The Two Sisters of the West."  Their father Nathaniel Ware encouraged their writing and arranged for a printer in Cincinnati, Ohio.  Displaying a reliance on the contrived artistic formulations of the time, the book was well received enough to have a second edition in 1845. In 1846, they published their second volume of poetry, The Indian Chamber, And Other Poems, with a New York printer commissioned by their father.

Marriage and family
On May 25, 1840, Eleanor married the Virginia planter William Henry Lee, cousin of Robert E. Lee. Her father settled the couple with a large dowry from Eleanor's mother's legacy: "a large plantation in Hinds County, Mississippi, with about 85 slaves, assessed in 1838 at the value of $122,000." They frequently stayed in Natchez for its society.

According to her sister Catherine, Eleanor never wrote another poem. In 1844, their half-sister Mary Jane Ellis LaRoche died, followed by their half-brother Thomas. Eleanor had given Catherine the editing lead for their joint volumes, and had never been as prolific. In the summer of 1849, while at the resort of Mississippi Springs, she complained of melancholy. She died of yellow fever during an epidemic that summer, at the age of 30.

Percy Family writers
Sarah Dorsey
Kate Lee Ferguson
Walker Percy
William Alexander Percy
William Armstrong Percy, III
Catherine Anne Warfield

Other Percy relatives
LeRoy Percy
Thomas George Percy

References

Sources
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram.  The House of Percy:  Honor, Melancholy and Imagination in a Southern Family.  New York & Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 1994.
Wyatt-Brown, Bertram.  The Literary Percys:  Family History, Gender, & the Southern Imagination.  Athens & London:  University of Georgia Press, 1994.

1819 births
1849 deaths
People from Natchez, Mississippi
Poets from Mississippi
Deaths from yellow fever
19th-century American poets
Eleanor
Percy family of Mississippi
Infectious disease deaths in Virginia
American women poets
19th-century American women writers

Eleanor Percy Lee


Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS) is used by many universities in the United Kingdom to monitor, record and reward passage through a modular degree course and to facilitate movement between courses and institutions. One UK credit is equivalent to the learning outcomes of 10 notional hours of study, thus a university course of 150 notional study hours is worth 15 credits, and a university course of 300 notional study hours is worth 30 credits. A full academic year is worth 120 credits and a full calendar year (normally only at postgraduate level) 180 credits. CATS schemes in use in Higher Education in the UK include CATS (England & Northern Ireland), SCOTCAT (Scotland), the Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales credit framework (Wales), the Learning and Skills Development Agency credit framework and Open College Network credits.

Credits are associated with a level at which the learning took place. At universities in  England, Wales and Northern Ireland, this will be one of Levels 4 to 8 on the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications (FHEQ), representing the first, second and third year of a bachelor's degree (levels 4 – 6), master's level (level 7) and doctoral level (level 8). In Scotland this will be at one of level 7 to 12 on the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF), representing the first, second, third and fourth year of a bachelor's degree (levels 7 – 10), master's level (level 11) and doctoral level (level 12).

Typically, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a bachelor's degree with honours requires 360 credits, with at least 90 at level 6 of the FHEQ; an ordinary bachelor's degree requires 300 credits with 60 at level 6; a foundation degree requires 240 credits with 90 at level 5; an integrated master's degree requires 480 credits with 120 at level 7; a postgraduate taught master's degree requires 180 credits with 150 at level 7; and a professional doctorate requires 540 credits with 360 at level 8. Degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science are not normally credit rated, nor are PhDs or master's degrees by research. In Scotland, a bachelor's degree with honours requires 480 credits, with at least 90 at level 9 of the SCQF and 90 at level 10; an ordinary bachelor's degree requires 360 credits with 60 at level 9; an integrated master's degree requires 600 credits with 120 at level 11; apostgraduatee master's degree requires 180 credits with 150 at level 11; and a doctoral degree requires 540 credits with 420 at level 12. "Fast track" two-year bachelor's degrees at the University of Buckingham make use of the full calendar year to fit a 360 credit course into two years.

Equivalence
UK Credits are the same at a nominal 10 hours of learning per credit unit across CATS, the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (covering higher and further education, vocational education and school qualifications in Scotland), the Credit and Qualifications Framework for Wales (ditto for Wales) and the Regulated Qualifications Framework (further education and vocational education in England and Northern Ireland and school qualifications in England).

There is an official equivalence with the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) where two UK credits equals one ECTS credit, based on there being 120 UK credits and 60 ECTS credits to an academic year.

Four CATS points are equivalent to one US credit hour. Rather than award fractional credits, US universities will sometimes consider a typical British 10 credit module to be worth 3 (rather than 2.5) US credit hours, similarly rounding 15 UK credit modules to 4 US credit hours and 20 UK credit modules to 5 US credit hours.

References

Academic transfer
Higher education in the United Kingdom

Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme