Guillaume Apollinaire (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist and art critic of Polish descent.

Apollinaire is considered one of the foremost poets of the early 20th century, as well as one of the most impassioned defenders of Cubism and a forefather of Surrealism. He is credited with coining the term "Cubism" in 1911 to describe the emerging art movement, the term Orphism in 1912, and the term "Surrealism" in 1917 to describe the works of Erik Satie. He wrote poems without punctuation attempting to be resolutely modern in both form and subject.  Apollinaire wrote one of the earliest Surrealist literary works, the play The Breasts of Tiresias (1917), which became the basis for Francis Poulenc's 1947 opera Les mamelles de Tirésias.

Influenced by Symbolist poetry in his youth, he was admired during his lifetime by the young poets who later formed the nucleus of the Surrealist group (Breton, Aragon, Soupault). He revealed very early on an originality that freed him from any school of influence and made him one of the precursors of the literary revolution of the first half of the 20th century. His art is not based on any theory, but on a simple principle: the act of creating must come from the imagination, from intuition, because it must be as close as possible to life, to nature, to the environment, and to the human being.

Apollinaire was also active as a journalist and art critic for Le Matin, L'Intransigeant, L'Esprit nouveau, Mercure de France, and Paris Journal. In 1912 Apollinaire cofounded Les Soirées de Paris, an artistic and literary magazine.

Two years after being wounded in World War I, Apollinaire died during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 and was recognized as "Fallen for France" (Mort pour la France) because of his commitment during the war.

Life

Family and early life

Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki was born in Rome, Italy, and was raised speaking French, Italian, and Polish. He emigrated to France in his late teens and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire.  His mother, born Angelika Kostrowicka, was a Polish-Lithuanian noblewoman born near Navahrudak, Grodno Governorate (former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, present-day Belarus). His maternal grandfather participated in the 1863 uprising against occupying Russia and had to emigrate when the uprising failed. Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Costantino Camillo Flugi d'Aspermont (born 1835), a Graubünden aristocrat who disappeared early from Apollinaire's life. Francesco Flugi von Aspermont was a nephew of Conradin Flugi d'Aspermont (1787–1874), a poet who wrote in Ladin Putèr (an official language dialect of Switzerland spoken in Upper Engadin), and perhaps also of the Minnesänger Oswald von Wolkenstein (born c. 1377, died 2 August 1445; see Les ancêtres Grisons du poète Guillaume Apollinaire at Geneanet).

Paris
Apollinaire eventually moved from Rome to Paris in 1900 and became one of the most popular members of the artistic community of Paris (both in Montmartre and Montparnasse).  His friends and collaborators in that period included Pablo Picasso, Henri Rousseau, Gertrude Stein, Max Jacob, André Salmon, André Breton, André Derain, Faik Konitza, Blaise Cendrars, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Pierre Reverdy, Alexandra Exter, Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Ossip Zadkine, Marc Chagall, Marcel Duchamp and Jean Metzinger.  He became romantically involved with Marie Laurencin, who is often identified as his muse. While there, he dabbled in anarchism and spoke out as a Dreyfusard in defense of Dreyfus's innocence.

Metzinger painted the first Cubist portrait of Apollinaire. In his Vie anecdotique (16 October 1911), the poet proudly writes: "I am honoured to be the first model of a Cubist painter, Jean Metzinger, for a portrait exhibited in 1910 at the Salon des Indépendants." It was not only the first Cubist portrait, according to Apollinaire, but it was also the first great portrait of the poet exhibited in public, prior to others by Louis Marcoussis, Amedeo Modigliani, Mikhail Larionov and Picasso.

In 1911 he joined the Puteaux Group, a branch of the Cubist movement soon to be known as the Section d'Or.  The opening address of the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or—the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition—was given by Apollinaire.

On 7 September 1911, police arrested and jailed him on suspicion of aiding and abetting the theft of the Mona Lisa and a number of Egyptian statuettes from the Louvre, but released him a week later. The theft of the statues had been committed in 1907 by a former secretary of Apollinaire, Honoré Joseph Géry Pieret, who had recently returned one of the stolen statues to the French newspaper the Paris-Journal. Apollinaire implicated his friend Picasso, who had bought Iberian statues from Pieret, and who was also brought in for questioning in the theft of the Mona Lisa, but he was also exonerated. The theft of the Mona Lisa was perpetrated by Vincenzo Peruggia, an Italian house painter who acted alone and was only caught two years later when he tried to sell the painting in Florence.

Cubism

Apollinaire wrote the preface for the first Cubist exposition outside of Paris; VIII Salon des Indépendants, Brussels, 1911. In an open-handed preface to the catalogue of the Brussels Indépendants show, Apollinaire stated that these 'new painters' accepted the name of Cubists which has been given to them. He described Cubism as a new manifestation and high art [manifestation nouvelle et très élevée de l'art], not a system that constrains talent [non-point un système contraignant les talents], and the differences which characterize not only the talents but even the styles of these artists are an obvious proof of this. The artists involved with this new movement, according to Apollinaire, included Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger, and Henri Le Fauconnier. By 1912 others had joined the Cubists: Jacques Villon, Marcel Duchamp, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Francis Picabia, Juan Gris, and Roger de La Fresnaye, among them.

Orphism
The term Orphism was coined by Apollinaire at the Salon de la Section d'Or in 1912, referring to the works of Robert Delaunay and František Kupka. During his lecture at the Section d'Or exhibit Apollinaire presented three of Kupka's abstract works as perfect examples of pure painting, as anti-figurative as music.

In Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques (1913) Apollinaire described Orphism as "the art of painting new totalities with elements that the artist does not take from visual reality, but creates entirely by himself. [...] An Orphic painter's works should convey an untroubled aesthetic pleasure, but at the same time a meaningful structure and sublime significance. According to Apollinaire Orphism represented a move towards a completely new art-form, much as music was to literature.

Surrealism
The term Surrealism was first used by Apollinaire concerning the ballet Parade in 1917. The poet Arthur Rimbaud wanted to be a visionary, to perceive the hidden side of things within the realm of another reality. In continuity with Rimbaud, Apollinaire went in search of a hidden and mysterious reality. The term "surrealism" appeared for the first time in March 1917 (Chronologie de Dada et du surréalisme, 1917) in a letter by Apollinaire to Paul Dermée: "All things considered, I think in fact it is better to adopt surrealism than supernaturalism, which I first used" [Tout bien examiné, je crois en effet qu'il vaut mieux adopter surréalisme que surnaturalisme que j'avais d'abord employé].

He described Parade as "a kind of surrealism" (une sorte de surréalisme) when he wrote the program note the following week, thus coining the word three years before Surrealism emerged as an art movement in Paris.

World War I and death
Apollinaire served as an infantry officer in World War I and, in 1916, received a serious shrapnel wound to the temple, from which he would never fully recover. He wrote Les Mamelles de Tirésias while recovering from this wound. During this period he coined the word "Surrealism" in the programme notes for Jean Cocteau's and Erik Satie's ballet Parade, first performed on 18 May 1917. He also published an artistic manifesto, L'Esprit nouveau et les poètes. Apollinaire's status as a literary critic is most famous and influential in his recognition of the Marquis de Sade, whose works were for a long time obscure , yet arising in popularity as an influence upon the Dada and Surrealist art movements going on in Montparnasse at the beginning of the twentieth century as, "The freest spirit that ever existed."

The war-weakened Apollinaire died at the age of 38 on 9 November 1918 of influenza during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 ravaging Europe at the time, two years after being wounded in World War I. Due to his military service for the duration of the war, he was declared "Dead for France" (Mort pour la France) by the French government. He was interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris.

Works
In 1900 he wrote his first novel Mirely, ou le petit trou pas cher (pornographic), which was eventually lost. Apollinaire's first collection of poetry was L'enchanteur pourrissant (1909), but Alcools (1913) established his reputation. The poems, influenced in part by the Symbolists, juxtapose the old and the new, combining traditional poetic forms with modern imagery. In 1913, Apollinaire published the essay Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques on the Cubist painters, a movement which he helped to define. He also coined the term orphism to describe a tendency towards absolute abstraction in the paintings of Robert Delaunay and others. In 1917, Apollinaire produced Peintures de Léopold Survage; Dessins et aquarelles d'Irène Lagut (Paintings by Léopold Survage; Drawings and Watercolors by Irène Lagut), which is included in the permanent collection of Pérez Art Museum Miami, in the United States.

In 1907 Apollinaire published the well-known erotic novel, The Eleven Thousand Rods (Les Onze Mille Verges). Officially banned in France until 1970, various printings of it circulated widely for many years. Apollinaire never publicly acknowledged authorship of the novel. Another erotic novel attributed to him was The Exploits of a Young Don Juan (Les exploits d'un jeune Don Juan), in which the 15-year-old hero fathers three children with various members of his entourage, including his aunt. Apollinaire's gift to Picasso of the original 1907 manuscript was one of the artist's most prized possessions. The book was made into a movie in 1987.

Shortly after his death, Mercure de France published Calligrammes, a collection of his concrete poetry (poetry in which typography and layout adds to the overall effect), and more orthodox, though still modernist poems informed by Apollinaire's experiences in the First World War and in which he often used the technique of automatic writing.

In his youth Apollinaire lived for a short while in Belgium, mastering the Walloon dialect sufficiently to write poetry, some of which has survived.

Poetry
 L'enchanteur pourrissant (1909). The Enchanter Rotting
 Le Bestiaire ou Cortège d'Orphée (1911)
 Alcools (1913)
 Vitam impendere amori (1917)
 Calligrammes, poèmes de la paix et de la guerre 1913–1916 (1918) (published shortly after Apollinaire's death)
 Il y a... (1925) Albert Messein
 Julie ou la rose (1927)
 Ombre de mon amour (1947). Poems addressed to Louise de Coligny-Châtillon
 Poèmes secrets à Madeleine (1949). Pirated edition
 Le Guetteur mélancolique (1952). Previously unpublished works
 Poèmes à Lou (1955)
 Soldes (1985). Previously unpublished works
 Et moi aussi je suis peintre (2006). Album of drawings for Calligrammes, from a private collection

Novels
 Mirely ou le Petit Trou pas cher (1900). Mirely, or The Cheap Little Hole (unpublished)
 Que faire ? (1900). What to Do?
 Les Onze Mille Verges ou les Amours d'un hospodar (1907). The Eleven Thousand Rods; The Debauched Hospodar
 Les Exploits d'un jeune Don Juan (1911). The Amorous Exploits of a Young Rakehell, trans. Reaves Tessor (1959)
 La Rome des Borgia (1914). The Rome of the Borgias
 La Fin de Babylone (1914). The Fall of Babylon
 Les Trois Don Juan (1915). The Three Don Juans
 La Femme assise (1920). The Sitting Woman

Short story collections

 L'Hérèsiarque et Cie (1910). The Heresiarch and Co., trans. Rémy Inglis Hall (1965)
 Le Poète assassiné (1916). The Poet Assassinated, trans. Matthew Josephson (1923, title story); trans. Ron Padgett (1968, unabridged)
 Les Épingles (1928). The Pins

Plays
 Les Mamelles de Tirésias (1917). The Breasts of Tiresias
 La Bréhatine (1917). Screenplay (collaboration with André Billy)
 Couleurs du temps (1918)
 Casanova (published 1952)

Articles
 Le Théâtre italien, illustrated encyclopedia, 1910
 Preface, Catalogue of 8th Salon annuel du Cercle d'art Les Indépendants, Musée moderne de Bruxelles, 10 June – 3 July 1911.
 La Vie anecdotique, Chroniques dans Le Mercure de France, 1911–1918
 Pages d'histoire, chronique des grands siècles de France, chronicles, 1912
 Les Peintres Cubistes, Méditations Esthétiques, 1913
 La Peinture moderne, 1913
 L'Antitradition futuriste, manifeste synthèse, 1913
 Jean Metzinger à la Galerie Weill, Chroniques d'art de Guillaume Apollinaire, L'Intransigeant, Paris Journal, 27 May 1914
 Case d'Armons, 1915
 L'esprit nouveau et les poètes, 1918
 Le Flâneur des Deux Rives, chronicles, 1918

Translations into English

 The Poet Assassinated, trans. Matthew Josephson (The Broom Publishing, 1923)
 Selected Writings, trans. Roger Shattuck (New Directions, 1948)
Alcools: Poems 1898–1913, trans. Walter Meredith (Doubleday, 1964)
Alcools, trans. Anne Hyde Greet (University of California Press, 1965)
 Selected Poems, trans. Oliver Bernard (Penguin, 1965; expanded, bilingual edition, Anvil Press, 1986)
 The Heresiarch and Co., trans. Rémy Inglis Hall (1965), published in the UK as The Wandering Jew and Other Stories (1967)
 The Poet Assassinated, trans. Ron Padgett (Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968)
 Calligrams, trans. Anne Hyde Greet (Unicorn Press, 1970)
 Apollinaire on Art: Essays and Reviews, 1902-1918, trans. Susan Suleiman (1972)
 Zone, trans. Samuel Beckett (Dolmen Press, 1972)
 The Self-Dismembered Man: Selected Later Poems, trans. Donald Revell (Wesleyan University Press, 2004)
 Alcools: Poems, trans. Donald Revell (Wesleyan University Press, 2011)
 The Little Auto, trans. Beverley Bie Brahic (CB editions, 2012)
"Zone", trans. David Lehman, in Virginia Quarterly Review (2013)
 Zone: Selected Poems, trans. Ron Padgett (New York Review Books, 2015)
 Selected Poems, trans. Martin Sorrell (Oxford University Press, 2015)

In popular culture
Apollinaire is played by Seth Gabel in the 2018 television series Genius, which focuses on the life and work of Pablo Picasso.

Dutch composer Marjo Tal set some of Apollinaire's poetry to music.

See also
 La Chanson du mal-aimé, oratorio by Léo Ferré on Apollinaire's eponymous poem (from Alcools)
 Monostich
 Prix Guillaume Apollinaire

Notes

References and sources
References

Sources
 Apollinaire, Marcel Adéma, 1954
 Apollinaire, Poet among the Painters, Francis Steegmuller, 1963, 1971, 1973
 Apollinaire, M. Davies, 1964
 Guillaume Apollinaire, S. Bates, 1967
 Guillaume Apollinaire, P. Adéma, 1968
 The Banquet Years, Roger Shattuck, 1968
 Apollinaire, R. Couffignal, 1975
 Guillaume Apollinaire, L.C. Breuning, 1980
 Reading Apollinaire, T. Mathews, 1987
 Guillaume Apollinaire, J. Grimm, 1993

External links

 Reading Apollinaire's 'Vendémiaire',  Cordite Poetry Review 2014
 "Official" site hosted by Western Illinois University
 Becker, Annette: Apollinaire, Guillaume, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
 Audio recordings of Apollinaire reading his poems "Le Pont Mirabeau", "Marie" and "Le Voyageur"
 English verse translation of Le Pont Mirabeau

 Guillaume Apollinaire (poems in French and English)
 Les onze mille verges an e-book (in French)
 A digital rendition of Apollinaire's best known poem, "Il Pleut"

1880 births
1918 deaths
19th-century French novelists
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French poets
20th-century short story writers
Articles containing video clips
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Cubist artists
Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in France
French art critics
French erotica writers
French male dramatists and playwrights
French male poets
French military personnel killed in World War I
French people of Polish descent
French surrealist writers
French World War I poets
Modernist theatre
Modernist writers
Orphism (art)
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People of Montmartre
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20th-century pseudonymous writers

Guillaume Apollinaire


One of the six founding members of the modern Northern League in 1993, the Thunder Bay Whiskey Jacks were league members from 1993 to 1998. They played their home games at Port Arthur Stadium in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

1993 season

The Whiskey Jacks went 36-35 in the first year of the league. Former Chicago Cubs first-round pick Ty Griffin hit .274 and tied for the league lead with 11 home runs. OF Rodney McCray (.242, .341 SLG) led the loop with 35 steals. OF Dennis Hood was eighth in average (.322), but also led the league in strikeouts (75). Yoshi Seo (4-4, 2.37) was third in the league in ERA. The team drew just over 4,000 fans per game, finishing second in league attendance behind St. Paul.

1994 season

In 1994, Thunder Bay had a 22-18 first half under manager Dan Shwam but fell to 13-27 in the second half. C/3B Pete Kuld (.279, .608 SLG) led the league in home runs (27) and strikeouts (81). Rod Steph (8-1, 2.45) was fourth in ERA and threw the first no-hitter in team history.

1995 season

New manager Doug Ault's club was last in the first half (14-28) but finished 24-18 in the second half, three games behind the St. Paul Saints. Pat Tilmon (4-4, 3.27) was third in the league in ERA while OF Sean Hearn hit .303, slugged .529, hit 19 home runs and stole 20 bases. Kuld homered 13 times in 164 games before being traded to the Duluth-Superior Dukes  - he led the league in homers that year with 24. Two ex-MLB players filled the DH role: Francisco Cabrera (.360, .500 SLG) and Daryl Boston (.280, .391 SLG). After the 1995 season the team was sold by original owner Ricky May to a group led by Bill Terlecky for $340,000.

1996 season

In 1996, the club finished last in the eastern division in both halves, going a total 33-51 under new manager Jason Felice. The Jacks' attendance of 50,429 was last in the league by over 25,000. Chad Poeck (5-8, 1 Sv, 3.21) was third in ERA, while the club boasted two All-Stars this time, Hearn (.322, .628 SLG, 20 HR) and 2B Casey Waller (.300, .461 SLG). Tilmon had a 5-3 record, 3.05 ERA.

1997 season

Thunder Bay was 36-48 under Jay Ward in 1997 and attendance picked up but remained last (62,496). DH Danny Lewis (.358, .663 SLG) was second in the league in average and hit 24 homers, while 37-year-old 1B Larry See (.282, .502 SLG) smacked 19 round-trippers. Jim Boynewicz (9-4, 3.83 ERA) was third in innings pitched with 141.

1998 season

Thunder Bay, managed by Ward again, went 22-21 in the first half of 1998 to take the eastern division over three sub-.500 teams and secure their first playoff berth. The Jacks' fell to 18-24 in the second half. In the playoffs, they lost 3 games to 2 to St. Paul. Attendance continued to trail other teams with 54,566. Boynewicz (7-5, 3.40) was 4th in the league in ERA and Poeck (4-4, 3.47) was fifth. Poeck also threw the second no-hitter in team history. Lewis slipped to .316 with 17 HR and a .563 slugging, while See fell to .235 with 10 HR and a .406 slugging percentage.

Franchise move

A city union strike in Thunder Bay forced the Whiskey Jacks to play the first month of the 1998 season on the road, costing an estimated $200,000 in lost ticket, food, and beverage sales. That, combined with perennially low attendance, caused the franchise to be sold and moved to Schaumburg, Illinois after the season, becoming the Schaumburg Flyers in 1999.

References

All stats from Baseball-Reference.com

Sport in Thunder Bay
Baseball teams in Ontario
Defunct baseball teams in Canada
Defunct independent baseball league teams

Thunder Bay Whiskey Jacks


The Peruvian Corporation Ltd. (alternate: Peruvian Corporation of London) was registered under the Companies Act in London on 20 March 1890. Its board of directors included ten members led by Sir Alfred Dent  G A Ollard, of Smiles and Co Solicitors, was Manager in London, T E Webb was Secretary, with Clinton Dawkins and William Davies (Grace Brothers - Callao) as the first representatives in Peru. The company was formed with the purpose of canceling Peru's external debt and to release its government from loans it had taken out through bondholders at three times (in 1869, 1870, 1872), in order to finance the construction of railways. The main purpose of the incorporation included acquiring the rights and undertaking the liabilities of bondholders.

History
After winning independence from Spain in 1826, Peru was financially strapped. Over the decades financial problems worsened, and Peru needed money. In 1865 then 1866, bonds were issued that were retired with new bonds in 1869. More bonds were issued in 1870 but the 1869 bonds were not addressed. New bonds were again issued in 1872 and again previous bonds were not addressed.

A major problem, that would take many years to resolve, was that the rich guano deposits were used as security on all the bonds. Peru struggled to make bond interest payments but on  December 18, 1875, Peru defaulted.  The War of the Pacific (1879–1883) made matters far worse for the country and its creditors, and by 1889 something had to be done about the situation.

In London a group formed the Peruvian Corporation to try to resolve the issues and recoup invested money. The objectives of the company were extensive. They included the acquisition of real or personal property in Peru or elsewhere, dealing in land, produce, and property of all kinds, constructing and managing railways, roads, and telegraphs, and carrying on the business usually carried on by railway companies, canal companies, and telegraph companies. It also was involved in constructing and managing docks and harbours, ships, mines, beds of nitrates, managing the State domains, and acting as agents of the Peruvian Government.

Grace Contract
William Russell Grace and Michael P. Grace had formed the Grace Brothers & Co. (later the W.R. Grace and Company) in 1865, and had a vast business empire with interests in Lima, and Callo in Peru; as well as Valparaiso, Santiago, and Concepcion in Chile. By 1889 these interests included a large guano trade as well as Grace Line shipping. Moves to address the Peruvian financial crisis included the Elias-Castellon and Irigoyen-Delgado-Donoughmore protocols, that were formalized by 1890. Michael Grace and Lord Donoughmore were able to get the Grace Contract (originating in 1886) ratified in 1890 also.

Original terms
Terms of the Grace Contract were that the Peruvian Corporation took over the depreciated bonds of the Peruvian Government on the condition that the Government-owned railroads and the guano exportation be under their control for a period of years. The bonds were exchanged for stock in the Peruvian Corporation. William Davies of Argentina and Peru, ran the Peruvian Corporation for W.r. Grace and Company. The corporation later surrendered the bonds to the Peruvian Government in exchange for the following concessions: the use for 66 years of all the railroad properties of the Peruvian Government, most important of which were the Southern Railway of Peru and the Central Railway of Peru; assignment of the guano existing in Peruvian territory, especially on certain adjacent islands, up to the amount of 2,000,000 tons; certain other claims on guano deposits, especially in the Lobos and other islands; 33 annual payments by the Peruvian Government, each of $400,000.

Modifications
In 1907, this arrangement was modified by an extension of the leases of the railways from 1956 to 1973, by a reduction in the number of annual payments from 33 to 30, and by a further agreement on the part of the Peruvian Corporation to construct certain railroad extensions to Cuzco and to Huancayo. The bonds of this corporation were largely held by English, French, and Dutch subjects. Consequently, the diplomatic representatives of these countries in Peru sought proper interest in the welfare of their nationals, the bondholders.

A new arrangement was created in 1955, whereby a Canadian company,  the Peruvian Transport Corporation Ltd., acquired and held the outstanding share capital of the Peruvian Corporation. Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru (ENAFER) was formed in 1972, and was taken over by the Government at the end of that year. The company's archives for the period of 1849-1967 are held at University College London.

References

Holding companies of the United Kingdom
Economic history of Peru
Financial services companies of Peru
Transport companies of Peru
Defunct companies based in London
British companies established in 1890
Railway companies established in 1890
Companies disestablished in 1972
1890 establishments in England
1958 disestablishments in England
1890 establishments in Peru
1958 in Peru
British companies disestablished in 1958

Peruvian Corporation


Banco Pan, is a Brazilian midsize commercial bank headquartered in São Paulo.  The bank main focus is granting consumer loans to individuals of lower to medium income brackets, such as consumer loans, payroll deduction loans, credit cards branded as Visa or MasterCard, insurance products, leasing, and group financial activities.

History
Banco Pan was founded in 1969 when Grupo Silvio Santos, owned by billionaire media-man Silvio Santos purchased the Banco Real Sul and renamed to PanAmericano.

The bank has operated as a multi-service bank since 1991, having started its credit card operations in 1994 and leasing operations in 1998 through a subsidiary, Panamericano Arrendamento Mercantil. In 1999, the insurance company, Panamericano de Seguros was incorporated into the bank. Banco Pan has been operating with payroll deduction loans since 2002.

In 2005 it came to public attention for large bonuses. In 2009 the second largest Brazilian state-owned bank Caixa Econômica Federal, bought part of the bank's shares of Grupo Silvio Santos to become the second largest shareholder of the institution.

Crisis of 2010

On November 8, 2010, Silvio Santos, announces loan of 2.5 billion reais (1.4 billion dollars) to cover an accounting fraud at cash Banco Pan. Loan by the Credit Guarantee Fund and secured by assets of the business assets of Grupo Silvio Santos, it was necessary to restore full balance sheet because the bank continued to accounting for credit portfolios have been sold to other financial institutions, thus falsifying assets.

Sale to BTG Pactual

On January 29, 2010, the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo, announced that the shortfall of the bank was of 4.0 billion reals (2.3 billion dollars). In response Silvio Santos sold the shares that Grupo Silvio Santos had in the bank to BTG Pactual. The businessman did not receive any value in return, as the BTG Pactual and Caixa Economica Federal assumed all the accumulated debt.

Operations

Currently the bank headquartered in São Paulo is one of the largest midsize banks in Brazil, and has many competitors, as Daycoval, BicBanco and others.

External links
 Official Website

References

Banks of Brazil
Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)

Banco Pan


The Moon and the Sledgehammer is a British 1971 cult documentary film directed by Philip Trevelyan and produced by Jimmy Vaughan which documents the eccentric lives of the Page family, consisting of the elderly Mr Page and his adult children Jim, Pete, Nancy and Kath, who live in a wood in Swanbrook, near Chiddingly, Sussex without mains gas, mains electricity or running water. The sons find employment by fixing mechanical things as odd jobs and maintain two traction engines.

The film, which is 65 minutes long, consists of interviews with the Page family, interspersed with footage of them going about their lives in the forest. It was shot using natural light on 16mm colour film. The sound is mono and there is no voice-over narration.

The film was previewed at the 1971 Berlin International Film Festival, and the first reviews were in the West German press.  The British press subsequently picked it up resulting in short positive reviews by John Russell Taylor, David Robinson, George Melly, Dilys Powell.  After its distribution it was also positively reviewed by Philip Oakes.

In 2009 the film was released on DVD for the first time. To coincide with this it had showings at various cinemas. A reunion of the director and crew and a question and answer session was held at the London showing. This forms the basis for a companion DVD, Behind the Moon and the Sledgehammer, directed by Katy MacMillan—a documentary film about a documentary film. This also features film directors Nick Broomfield, Molly Dineen, Andrew Kotting and Ben Rivers and film historian John Russell Taylor discussing the film and its influence.

As part of the re-release, it also had other reviews written of it.

Recording under the name Wyrdstone, Clive Murrell uses a sample of audio from the documentary as the intro to his track Pucelancyrcan, an Anglo-Saxon name for Purchase Wood in the Parish of Brightlington East Sussex. The track first appeared on the compilation album Wierdlore: Notes from the folk underground, released by Folk Police Recordings, and subsequently on Potemkin Village Fayre, a Wyrdstone album.

References

External links

1971 films
British documentary films
1971 documentary films
Documentary films about families
Simple living
Films shot in 16 mm film
1970s English-language films
1970s British films

The Moon and the Sledgehammer


The Sylvester Dresser House is a historic house at 29 Summer Street in Southbridge, Massachusetts.  Built sometime between 1865 and 1870, it is a distinctive local example of Italianate architecture with some Gothic features.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Description and history
The Sylvester Dresser House is located in a residential area just south of downtown Southbridge, on the north side of Summer Street.  It is a 2-1/2 brick structure in a strong Italianate form, with a truncated hip roof.  The blocky form with three bays, with the rounded arch entry and heavy balcony, are typical Italianate features, but the steeply pitched roof lines and Stick style decorative elements are more distinctly Gothic.  The choice of brick as a building material is locally somewhat unusual, but not unexpected given that its builder owned brickyards at the time of its construction.

The house was built between 1865 and 1870 for Sylvester Dresser, a leading businessman in Southbridge during the second half of the 19th century.  Dresser began his career as a schoolteacher, but operated a variety of businesses between the 1840s and 1860s.   In 1865 he began operating a brickyard, eventually owning three in Southbridge and neighboring Dudley.  He was notable for making the first shipment (a load of bricks) when the railroad arrived in Southbridge in 1866.  He was also active in civic affairs, serving in a variety of public posts for the city.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southbridge, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Southbridge, Massachusetts
Gothic Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1870
National Register of Historic Places in Southbridge, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts

Sylvester Dresser House


Herbert M. Woolf (October 11, 1880 – September 22, 1964) was an American businessman and Thoroughbred racehorse owner.

Herbert Morris Woolf was born on October 11, 1880, and graduated from Central High School in 1898. He was the president of Woolf Brothers, the Kansas City based luxury goods department store founded in 1865 by his father, Alfred Woolf and his uncle, Samuel Woolf. Woolf was also the owner of Woolford Farm, which produced the only ever Kansas bred Kentucky Derby winner, Lawrin of 1938 along with several other champion race horses. Woolf is also a cousin of British political theorist Leonard Woolf, husband of Virginia Woolf.

Woolf Brothers

Samuel and Alfred Woolf came to Leavenworth, Kansas in 1865, after the Civil War, from their native New York. There, they established a store where fine men's shirts were made and sold. By June 1879, Kansas City had become the region's urban commercial center and the business was accordingly relocated there, where it prospered. Herbert Woolf began working for the business in 1912 and was president three years later. He worked his way up from collector to window decorator to buyer, and junior partner in his twenties. For over thirty years, Woolf Brothers expanded and thrived under Herbert to become one of the largest and most revered luxury goods department stores in the Midwest, with branches in five other major cities. Alfred Lighton assumed control of the business in 1962 and remained there until 1992 when major changes in the retail clothing industry and other economic factors caused Woolf Brothers to permanently close its doors.

Woolford Farm
Herbert Woolf was a passionate horseman and his greatest accomplishments lay in horse racing which he pursued at his  Woolford Farm in eastern Kansas. In addition to being a Thoroughbred horse farm, it was a country retreat where Woolf threw extravagant parties whose guests included Theodore Roosevelt and the infamous Tom Pendergast.

In 1933, Woolf paid $500 for Insco (1928–1939), a son of the great sire Sir Gallahad III. Insco would sire a number of successful stakes winners including two by the mare, Margaret Lawrence. Their first was the 1938 Kentucky Derby winner, Lawrin, and the second the 1940 Kentucky Oaks winner, Inscolassie. Lawrin won the 64th running of the Kentucky Derby, beating C. V. Whitney's colt,  Dauber. Lawrin's jockey was U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, Eddie Arcaro. His trainer was another Hall of Fame inductee, Ben A. Jones. Lawrin is buried next to his sire at the former Woolford Farm, now Prairie Village, Kansas.

Woolf had hired Ben Jones after he had established a reputation of training and breeding horses at the family ranch in Parnell, Missouri.  Ben was accompanied by his son Jimmy Jones.  After Lawrin won the Kentucky Derby the two trainers went to work for Warren Wright, Sr. at Calumet Farm.  At Calumet the two trained seven horses that won the Kentucky Derby including two Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners.

References

External links
Kansas City Library - Herbert Woolf
Kentucky Derby 1938
Woolf Brothers Company Records
Woolford Farm at Thoroughbred heritage

1880 births
1964 deaths
American racehorse owners and breeders
American Jews
Businesspeople from New York (state)
People from Leavenworth, Kansas
20th-century American businesspeople

Herbert M. Woolf


The Archdeacon of Buckingham is the senior ecclesiastical officer in charge of the Church of England in Buckinghamshire.

The archdeacon has statutory oversight over the ancient Archdeaconry of Buckingham, which has existed since (at latest) the 11th century and was, until 1837, in the Diocese of Lincoln. On 18 August 1837, an Order in Council transferred the archdeaconry to the Diocese of Oxford. The archdeacon has some disciplinary supervision and pastoral care of the clergy in the archdeaconry.

List of archdeacons

References

Sources
GenUKI – early Archdeacons of Sutton-cum-Buckingham

Lists of Anglicans

Archdeacon of Buckingham


Becharof Lake is a  long lake on the Alaska Peninsula. It is located  south-east of Egegik, in the Aleutian Range. It is the second largest lake in Alaska after Iliamna Lake.  It ranks eighth on list of largest lakes of the United States by volume and fourteenth on list of largest lakes of the United States by area.

History

Russian navigator Dmitry Bocharov of the Imperial Russian Navy explored at Kodiak, Alaska, in 1788, and returned to Alaska in 1791.  In late spring 1791, Alexander Andreyevich Baranov, chief manager of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company in Russian America, ordered Bocharov to explore the northwest shore of the Alaska Peninsula.  His orders directed him to seek a portage across the peninsula near Kodiak.  Twenty to thirty men crewed two  walrus-skin-covered open boats under his command. They sailed and paddled from Unalaska Island along the northwest shore of the Alaska Peninsula as far as Bristol Bay via Egegik Bay. In search of a portage, he traveled up the Egegik River into a large inland lake.  This lake now bears his name with an Americanized spelling: Becharof Lake.  He probed the lake to its most eastern extent in the summer of 1791.  After making a portage from the easternmost point of the lake to the North Pacific Ocean, he returned to Kodiak and reported his findings to Baranov.

The Russian Hydrological Department published the name "Oz(ero) Ugashek" on Chart 1455 in 1852.

The Alaska Purchase of 1867 transferred the territory from the Russian Empire to the United States of America.  Naturalist William Healey Dall of the Smithsonian Institution, later Acting Assistant to the United States Coast Survey, named the lake in 1868.

References

Lakes of Alaska
Lakes of Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
Aleutian Range

Becharof Lake


The Nóos case, also known as the Babel operation, is an ongoing case of alleged political corruption in Spain which started in 2010, derived from the Palma Arena case. The leaders of the nonprofit foundation Nóos Institute, Iñaki Urdangarin, then Duke of Palma de Mallorca, and his business partner Diego Torres have been accused of using Nóos and a corporate network of companies to embezzle about 6 million euros ($6.6 million) in public funds for sporting events, perverting the course of justice, falsification and money laundering.

The accused
In December 2011, the judge attendant of the Palma Arena case, José Castro, charged nine individuals. In 2013, after one of the accused, Diego Torres, had confessed, the list increased to 10.  the list has grown to 18. The main defendants have been:
Iñaki Urdangarín Liebaert (born on 15 January 1968), former handball player and husband of the infanta of Spain, Cristina de Borbón, daughter of King Juan Carlos I. He has been facing charges since 2012 for using his former title of Duke of Palma to embezzle about 6 million euros ($6.6 million) in public funds for sporting events. On 17 February 2017, Urdangarin was given a six-year-and-three-month prison sentence for his role in the case. In appeal the Supreme Court changed this on 12 June 2018 into a term of five years and ten months.
Diego Torres
Cristina de Borbón y Grecia, Infanta of Spain (born on 13 June 1965), then Duchess of Palma, daughter of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Charged since April 2013. with two counts of tax fraud, facing a possible eight-year sentence. She was acquitted in February 2017 of the charges.
José Luis Ballester Tuliesa, "Pepote" Ballester (born in 1968), former Olympic sailor, managing director of Sports of the Government of the Balearic Islands.
Carlos García Revenga (born in 1955), private secretary of the infantas and member of the patronate of the Queen Sofía Foundation. Licensed in Pedagogics, and Schoolteachers, former teacher of the Santa María del Camino college (Puerto del Hierro, Madrid). Charged since February 2013.
Jaume Matas i Palou (Palma de Mallorca, 1956), former Balearic president, one of the first defendants. Under his term the regional executive ordered the Nóos Institute to organize two forums about tourism and sport from which Urdangarín's company supposedly pocketed €2.3 million between 2005 and 2006.
Miguel Zorío, owner of the company Communication Lobby and collaborator of Urdangarín and Torres as from 2004, when he managed the Valencia Summit, a sports summit that Nóos organized for the Valencian government.

Timeline
In February 2006, Antoni Dieguez, a Socialist representative in the Balearic Parliament, said that the Government chaired by Jaume Matas had paid 1.2 million euros to the Nóos Institute for a 3-day forum on tourism and sport from 22 until 25 November 2005, with minimal impact.

In the summer of 2007 the Palma Arena case began, when an imbalance of more than 50 million euros in the accounts of the newly opened sports center Palma Arena became public as it  had cost 110 million with a bidding price of 43 million.

In 2010, the Nóos case was opened as derived from the Palma Arena case. in the Palma Arena records police found two collaboration agreements between the Balearic Government and the Nóos Institute. The magistrate Jose Castro found sufficient cause to open a separate case, misappropriation of public funds, embezzlement of public funds and fraudulent administration.

References

Corruption in Spain
Spanish monarchy
Scandals in Spain
Political scandals in Spain
2010 in Spain
2011 in Spain
2013 in Spain

Nóos case


An Isaac Wunder order is an order issued by an Irish court restricting the ability of a vexatious litigant to institute legal proceedings without leave from that or another court, whether for a specified period of time or indefinitely. It is named after Isaac Wunder, an Irishman who became notorious for instituting a number of actions that were subsequently deemed by the court to be frivolous or vexatious.

Origins
In the mid-1960s, the plaintiff in Keaveney v. Geraghty sought damages for libel in proceedings before the High Court. The defendant applied for a stay of proceedings on the grounds that they were, inter alia, frivolous and vexatious, and an abuse of process.  The court granted the stay, whereupon the plaintiff appealed.  The Supreme Court varied the ruling to provide that no further proceedings on the action could be taken without leave of the court.

A few years later, Isaac Wunder sued the Irish Hospitals Trust, also known as the Irish Sweepstake, for claimed sweepstakes winnings.  His claims were dismissed as frivolous and vexatious.  Wunder appealed.  Wunder had made several claims against the defendants on the matter, and in each case the claims had been ruled groundless.  In the light of this history of repeated attempts to get a more favourable ruling on the same issue, the Supreme Court issued an order similar to that issued in Keaveney, directing that Wunder could take no further proceedings on the matter at the High Court.  Although this was not the first order of its kind issued, it nonetheless became known as the "Isaac Wunder order".

The High Court subsequently described in Riordan v. Ireland (No. 5) the court's inherent jurisdiction to make an order "where the court is satisfied that a person has habitually or persistently instituted vexatious or frivolous civil proceedings". The Court of Appeal endorsed this and confirmed that an order "preserves [the subject's] constitutional right of access to the courts and merely requires that it be exercised only where [they] can satisfy the President of the High Court that [they] ought to be permitted to bring the particular intended proceedings".

Cases

 2010: John Burke, a farmer from County Tipperary, took seven sets of judicial review proceedings to the High Court, challenging proceedings against him in the District Court and the Circuit Court.  The High Court issued an Isaac Wunder order against him, preventing him from taking further such proceedings without leave from the President of the High Court.
 2010: A married woman, identified only as "LO'M", began separation proceedings in 2000 against her husband, identified only as "JO'M".  During the course of the next four years, more than a hundred days were spent on the action.  JO'M sued his wife's solicitors for 6 million euros, claiming conspiracy and extortion.  The High Court imposed an Isaac Wunder order, barring him from further proceedings against the solicitors without the court's approval.
 2017: The High Court issued an Isaac Wunder order against Ruth Moram who had taken a series of cases against the Jehovah's Witnesses and their members in relation to her ejection from the group.
 2020: In a dispute over 4 1/2 acres given by the parents of two brothers to one son in 1981 with an agreement that the parents could live in the dwelling until their death. Upon the death of the last parent in 2010, one of the sons sought to challenge his brother's legal right as the owner of the land. The complainant issued multiple proceedings in high court, circuit court, district court and appealed to the Supreme Court. With the litigation lasting over 10 years and costs exceeding the value of the land - the court issued an Isaac Wunder order to prevent further litigation on the issue. The Court of Appeal later widened the scope of the order and banned the son in question from taking any proceedings against his brother without leave of that court.

See also
 Barratry (common law)
 Frivolous litigation
 Frivolous or vexatious (formal definition)
 Vexatious litigation
 Ben Gilroy

References

Civil procedure
Supreme Court of Ireland cases
Republic of Ireland case law
Abuse of the legal system

Isaac Wunder order


Santiago Antonio Clariond Desdier (born as Jacques Antoine Clariond Desdier in France) was a Mexican businessman.

Clariond founded Industrias Monterrey (IMSA) in 1936. IMSA made steel and aluminium along with batteries. In 2007 IMSA sold its steel division to Ternium. He married Maria del Consuelo Garza Gonzalez and had 2 children and 10 grandchildren. He was the grandfather of two governors of Nuevo León: (son of Eugenio Clariond Garza) and (son of Consuelo Clariond Garza).

Wife: Maria Consuelo Garza Gonzalez;
Children: Eugenio Clariond Garza (1919-2004), Maria Consuelo Clariond Garza (1922-2016);
Grandchildren: Eugenio, Ninfa, Maria, Benjamin, Santiago, Jose.
(Clariond Reyes-Retana from Eugenio Clariond Garza). (From Consuelo Consuelo Fernando, Susana and Marcelo Canales Clariond).

External links
History  of Grupo IMSA
La economía de la frontera México-Estados Unidos en el siglo XXI  ("The economy of the Mexico-United States border in the 21st century")

French businesspeople
Mexican businesspeople
Mexican company founders
French emigrants to Mexico
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jacques Antoine Clariond


The Maritime Life Assurance Company was a Canadian insurance company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was founded in 1922 and in 2004 it became fully integrated with Manulife Financial, with the Maritime Life brand being retired. In 2004 it had 2700 employees.

The Maritime Life headquarters was located in Armdale, Nova Scotia (part of Halifax) near the head of the Northwest Arm. After the merger with Manulife Financial, the signage of the building was changed accordingly and the facility became Manulife's central Halifax office.

History
Maritime Life was co-founded in 1922 by 9 residents of Nova Scotia.  At the time of its founding, the company ranked 58th out of 60 insurance companies in Canada.

One of the company's founders was The Hon. William Anderson Black, who was later elected as the member of Parliament for Halifax, from 1923 until his death in 1934.  Incidentally, the last president of Maritime Life, prior to the amalgamation with Manulife Financial, was his great-grandson William "Bill" Black.  In his grandfather's tradition, Bill Black ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia, but lost to Rodney MacDonald.  His election bid for MLA, in the Halifax Citadel riding in 2006, was also unsuccessful.

In 1924, Maritime Life wrote its first policies and by 1933 had surpassed $1 million in assets, with that figure doubling two years later.  In 1956 the company spread outside of Atlantic Canada, with a branch opening in Kingston, Ontario.  Within three years, additional branches were opened in Toronto and Montreal, as well as in the smaller centres of Perth and Windsor in Ontario.

By the early 1960s, Maritime Life was one of the fastest growing insurance companies in Canada and it acquired The Royal Guardians insurance company of Montreal in 1961.  Total assets for the growing company were $18.8 million.

In 1969, the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company of Boston, Massachusetts purchased Maritime Life, making the company its primary Canadian subsidiary.  That same year, Maritime Life won a major contract, providing insurance services for personnel of the Canadian Forces.  In 1973, the company moved into a distinctive new headquarters in Halifax's Armdale neighbourhood.  By the end of the decade, Maritime Life had expanded across Canada, with offices in most major centres.

By 1982, the company had approximately $1 billion in assets and in 1986, it ranked 17th out of 150 insurance companies in Canada.  By 1993, it had $3.2 billion in assets, with that figure growing to $4.3 billion within two years.  In 1995, Maritime Life acquired Confederation Life. In 1997, the company celebrated its 75th anniversary, with $5.5 billion in assets.  In 1999, the company doubled in size, with the purchase of Aetna Life Insurance Company.

In 2001, Maritime Life purchased Royal & SunAlliance Life Insurance Company, with total assets for the company approaching $13.5 billion and net income exceeding $100 million.  In 2003 it acquired the insurance business of Liberty Health and in 2004, for the fifth consecutive year, it was recognized as one of "The 50 Best Employers in Canada" as ranked by The Globe and Mails Report on Business.

On September 29, 2003, Manulife announced its intent to acquire John Hancock Financial, including Maritime Life, for $15 billion.

References

Financial services companies established in 1922
Companies based in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Defunct insurance companies of Canada
1922 establishments in Nova Scotia
2004 disestablishments in Nova Scotia
Canadian companies disestablished in 2004
Financial services companies disestablished in 2004
Canadian companies established in 1922
2004 mergers and acquisitions

Maritime Life


The family Torpedinidae contains 22 species of electric rays or torpedoes, flat cartilaginous fishes that produce electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. They are slow-moving bottom-dwellers.

The largest species is the Atlantic torpedo, Tetronarce nobiliana, which can grow to a weight of  and deliver a 220-volt electric shock. Electric rays have patches of modified muscle cells called electroplaques that make up an electric organ. These generate an electric gradient, similar to the normal electric potential across most cell membranes, but amplified greatly by its concentration into a very small area. The electricity can be stored in the tissues, which act as a battery. The shock can be discharged in pulses. A ray can emit a shock into the body of a prey animal to stun it and make it easier to capture and eat, or into the body of a predator. Tissue from electric rays is often used in neurobiological research because of its unique properties.

Torpedo rays are flat like other rays, disc-shaped, with caudal fins that vary in length. Their mouths and gill slits are located on their undersides. Males have claspers near the base of the tail. Females are ovoviviparous, meaning they form eggs but do not lay them. The young emerge from the eggs within the body of the female, and she gives live birth. The young are called pups.

The naval weapon known as the torpedo was named after this genus, whose own name has the same Latin origin as the English word torpid, meaning "sluggish" or "lethargic," presumably the sensations one would feel after experiencing the ray's electric shock.

Species
There are 22 species in 2 genera:

 Genus Tetronarce T. N. Gill, 1862
Tetronarce californica Ayres, 1855 (Pacific electric ray)
Tetronarce cowleyi Ebert, D. L. Haas & M. R. de Carvalho, 2015 (Cowley's torpedo ray)
Tetronarce fairchildi F. W. Hutton, 1872 (New Zealand torpedo)
Tetronarce formosa D. L. Haas & Ebert, 2006 (Taiwan torpedo)
Tetronarce macneilli Whitley, 1932 (Shorttail torpedo)
Tetronarce nobiliana Bonaparte, 1835 (Atlantic torpedo)
Tetronarce puelcha Lahille, 1926 (Argentine torpedo)
Tetronarce tokionis S. Tanaka (I), 1908 (Trapezoid torpedo)
Tetronarce tremens F. de Buen, 1959 (Chilean torpedo)
 Genus Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764
Torpedo adenensis M. R. de Carvalho, Stehmann & Manilo, 2002 (Aden Gulf torpedo)
Torpedo alexandrinsis Mazhar, 1987 (Alexandrine torpedo)
Torpedo andersoni Bullis, 1962 (Florida torpedo)
Torpedo bauchotae Cadenat, Capapé & Desoutter, 1978 (Rosette torpedo)
Torpedo fuscomaculata W. K. H. Peters, 1855 (Black-spotted torpedo)
Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar, 1919 (Ringed torpedo)
Torpedo marmorata A. Risso, 1810 (Marbled electric ray)
Torpedo microdiscus Parin & Kotlyar, 1985 (Smalldisk torpedo)
Torpedo panthera Olfers, 1831 (Leopard torpedo)
Torpedo semipelagica Parin & Kotlyar, 1985 (Semipelagic torpedo)
Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831 (Variable torpedo or Gulf torpedo)
Torpedo suessii Steindachner, 1898
Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Common torpedo)

References

Torpediniformes
Live-bearing fish
Ray families
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Torpedinidae


Mating system is a term form biology, to describe the sexual behaviour of a group of animals. It basically describes which males and females in a group mate.

 Monogamy: One male mates with one female. There is the case, that this lasts for one season only, or the case that the pair bond (as it is called) lasts for life:
 Polygamy
 Polygyny: One male has a sexual relationship with two or more females. In vertebrates, this seems to be the most common type
 Polyandry: One female has a relationship with more than one male
 Promiscuity: A member of one sex mates with any other member of the same group, of the opposite sex

Biological reproduction

Mating system


The West Island () is the unofficial name given to the city, towns and boroughs at the western end of the Island of Montreal, in Quebec, Canada. It is generally considered to consist of the Lakeshore municipalities of Dorval, Pointe-Claire, and Beaconsfield, the municipalities of Kirkland, Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Baie-D'Urfé, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, the village of Senneville, and two North Shore boroughs of the city of Montreal: Pierrefonds-Roxboro and L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève.

Historically, there was a linguistic division of the island of Montreal into French and English 'halves', with Francophones typically inhabiting the eastern portion of the island and Anglophones typically inhabiting the western half. The West Island's population is approximately 238,000 and although the overwhelming majority of its residents are today bilingual if not multi-lingual (given the cosmopolitan nature of this vast suburban area), anglophones still make up a plurality of the West Island's population. As late as the 1960s, much of the West Island was farmland populated by French Canadians, which in turn accounts for a significant Francophone cultural influence in the region.

The region is home to the Montréal–Trudeau International Airport, John Abbott College, Cégep Gérald-Godin, the Macdonald Campus of McGill University, the Fairview Pointe-Claire and Galeries des Sources malls, as well as Montreal's largest park, the Cap-Saint-Jacques Nature Park. Hospitals include the Veteran's Hospital in Sainte-Anne's and the Lakeshore General Hospital in Pointe-Claire. Municipalities range in character from the modern bedroom communities of Kirkland or Dollard-des-Ormeaux to the former cottage-country homes of Dorval, Pointe Claire and Beaconsfield. Development and the concentration of industrial activity along highways 20, 40 and 13 over the last twenty years has made securing the region's remaining tracts of open land a priority for many West Island residents. The West Island is home to one of the last large remaining tracts of Montreal-region wilderness on island.

History

Pre-contact, colonial and agricultural eras

The history of human settlement in the West Island of Montréal likely predated European colonization which began in the early to mid 17th century, but little is known of the history of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians who inhabited the island in the pre-colonial era. Indeed, between Cartier's first contact in 1535–1536 and the arrival of Champlain in 1608, the local Iroquoians had completely disappeared, most probably from near-constant warfare with other neighbouring Iroquois tribes, particularly the Mohawk. The West Island may have had areas of regular human habitation as the history of human settlement in Montreal goes back at least as far as 8,000 years.

European colonization led to the establishment of parishes and small trading outposts along a Chemin du Roy laid out in the 17th century that corresponds more or less directly with the Gouin & Lakeshore boulevards of today. Lachine, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Sainte-Genevieve and Pointe-Claire developed in a more or less interconnected fashion as colonial outposts spread out along the edge of the island. During the Ancien Régime of the early colonial era, these communities had their own parish churches, many of which still exist. In addition to the churches and rectories, religious orders of various types had set up monasteries and convents, novitiates and the like throughout the West Island, given its proximity to Ville-Marie. Seigneurial system land divisions and the development of the 'montée & rang' main road system allowed for the development of a vast agricultural territory, protected by forts, seigneurial manor houses and the geographic advantages of being on a densely forested island. Though much of the West Island is today a vast low-density modern suburban development, most of the principal roads were developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, inasmuch as land division follows examples common to the Ancien Régime. Moreover, the West Island has a small number of critical 18th century heritage properties, in addition to parish churches, summer villas, windmills and the remnants of Fort Senneville, constituting the principle remnants from the early and middle colonial period in this area. Other important heritage properties include the numerous 19th century summer homes, farm houses and the turn of the century villages in Pointe-Claire, Saint-Anne's or Sainte-Genevieve. A key element of local architecture, as noted by author-historian Jean-Claude Marsan, is that the Habitant house-style of the 17th century proved so reliable, affordable and aesthetically pleasing it was repeated well into the 20th century with few major structural modifications. Houses of this kind can be found throughout the region.

Two seigneuries were founded on land that is now part of the West Island:
 1678, Seigneurie de l'Île-Bizard (b)
 1636, Seigneurie de l'Île-de-Montréal (c)

This led to the creation of the first three parishes:
 1703, Sainte-Anne-du-Bout-de-l'Île
 1713, Saint-Joachim-de-la-Pointe-Claire
 1741, Sainte-Geneviève-de-Pierrefonds

In 1672, the seigneurie de l'Île-Perrot was founded, which is now part of the Off-Island region.

Key early settlements leading up to the major post-war suburban developments include:

Dorval, founded between 1665–1667 as a Sulpician mission, became a village in 1892, a town in 1903 and a city in 1956. Its development came largely in 1855 when the Grand Trunk Railroad established a station at Dorval, leading the hamlet to develop into a summer retreat for wealthy early-Victorian Era Montreal elites. Later, through the start of the century until the Second World War, the village became a town well known for its beaches on Lake Saint-Louis.

Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, first explored and settled between 1663 and 1712, though widely used by Iroquois and Algonquins for hundreds if not thousands of years before contact, due to its strategic importance at the confluence of the Ottawa and Saint Lawrence rivers and at the western tip of the Island of Montreal. A mission was established at the present site of the Baie-D'Urfé Yacht Club in 1663, while Fort Senneville was developed beginning in 1671. A post office was established in 1835 while the Saint Anne Canal was established in 1843. Train service on the Grand Trunk began in 1854, and the village was first incorporated a year later. Though the village had been principally oriented on parish activities and agriculture throughout the 19th century, the early 20th century saw the development of Macdonald College in 1907, the creation of Gardenvale and the Harpell/Garden City Print Company, an important industrial cooperative, in addition to the Veterans Hospital in 1917.

Early 21st century: merger and demerger
As part of the 2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal, all individual cities on the Island of Montreal, including those in the West Island, were merged into the expanded city of Montreal on January 1, 2002.  However, following a change of government and a 2004 referendum, the residents of most West Island cities voted for demerger, and were re-constituted effective January 1, 2006. However, they remained part of a new supra-municipal structure: the urban agglomeration of Montreal.  Pierrefonds, Roxboro, Sainte-Geneviève and Île-Bizard remained in Montreal, as the boroughs of Pierrefonds-Roxboro and L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève, respectively.

One argument for amalgamation was that West Islanders enjoyed lower taxes than the old city of Montreal, but still used its theatres, concert halls, and museums. With amalgamation, tax rates were harmonized across the island. In fact, the West Island contains several wealthy neighbourhoods, parks and historical sites.

When referring to the towns that touch Lake Saint-Louis, such as Dorval, Pointe-Claire and Beaconsfield, many people called the area the Lakeshore.  Whereas in reference to towns that touch Lake of Two Mountains and Rivière-des-Prairies, such as Pierrefonds, Sainte-Geneviève and Roxboro, they called the area the North Shore.

Housing and infrastructure
The West Island has a cosmopolitan feel and at times an eclectic design (with modern buildings and classic Québécois country homes side by side). The region boasts large green spaces bordering rivers and lakes, bike trails, nature parks, museums, cross-country ski trails, ecological farms, golf courses and cultural sites. As a testimony to its 300-year-old history, residents and visitors alike will discover 18th-century buildings along the former Chemin du Roy, today Gouin Boulevard and Chemin du Bord-du-Lac, in addition to the remnants of Fort Senneville. The shores of Lake Saint-Louis offer a unique setting with café-terrasses, restaurants and boutiques filled with quaint Old World charm. The area today is largely middle and upper-middle class residential zoning along with the strip-malls and other services one might expect in a North American mega-suburb. Large tracts were developed in the period between 1955–1975 (such as Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Pierrefonds, Roxboro and Kirkland) where the majority of homes are similarly-sized variations of the basic bungalow design, though with traditional Québécois architectural influences. Lots tend to be more or less even in size without much variation across entire cities or boroughs. As such, the West Island tends to give the impression of being a somewhat homogeneous construction.

Nature

The environment and climate of the West Island is almost identical to that of Montreal, and is affected by the same ecological conditions, namely, it is a large open plain of wide plateaus and marshland. The West Island is surrounded by the other islands in the Hochelaga Archipelago as well as Lake of Two Mountains and Lac Saint-Louis and their inter-connected rivers and creeks. The territory was largely agricultural from the 17th century until the middle of the 20th century, when it was then quickly developed into a sprawling network of bedroom suburbs. The West Island has numerous large tracts of uncultivated land, some of which are protected parks while in other cases they're merely the fallow fields of former farms, waiting to be sold to residential property developers. Other portions of land have been designated for the construction of a highway to connect the 40 with the 440, through Kirkland, Pierrefonds, Île Bizard and Laval, but the plan has gone nowhere. A significant portion of the Northwestern corner of the West Island is so sparsely developed it constitutes the last portion of Montreal's pre-settlement ecosystem. Though agriculture on the island is limited to the Macdonald Experimental Farm, the remnants of farmland in Senneville and Pierrefonds are likely to be developed into low-density residential housing. Conserving the remaining segments of local island wilderness has become a focal point of West Island politics over the course of the last thirty years, and is point of common concern.

Flora and fauna

Due to the primarily residential character of the West Island and the influence of the City Beautiful and Garden City movements in residential urban-planning in older suburbs on island, the West Island is primarily composed of single-family dwellings on spacious lots organized along small winding roads leading away from large thoroughfares. The area is notable for its many parks and a general emphasis on retaining as much of the rustic, rural charm that characterized the region and led to its development as a popular summer retreat in the early part of the 20th century.

Due to these and other traits, a wide variety of flora and fauna common to the Saint Lawrence river valley can be found in a somewhat balanced natural ecosystem in the largely undeveloped Northwestern corner of the West Island, in addition to the developed low-density residential areas. Flora and fauna found in the West Island fall within the broader spectrum of the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests ecoregion. Of note is the presence of non-native, borderline hardiness trees, such as the tulip tree, which thrive in small section of Senneville near the Île aux Tourtes Bridge.

Mammalian species that inhabit the greater West Island region include white-tailed deer, coyote and cottontail rabbits. The current population of white-tailed deer is substantial, estimated at over a thousand. It is not uncommon for moose to occasionally cross the ice onto the island in winter. Other species endemic to the western portion of the island include grey squirrels, red squirrels, flying squirrels, mink, chipmunks, raccoons, beaver, skunks, porcupines, martens, woodchucks, muskrat, otters, and fox.  The number of bird species varies according to season and migration. During spring and fall many species pass through the area on their way to southern breeding grounds. During winter months, depending on climatic conditions and availability of food in the northern Quebec, many species of birds will take up temporary residence, such as great grey owls, snow buntings, snowy owls, and others.  The West Island has enough variation in suitable habitats, such as marsh, ponds, forest and field that many species of birds nest here. Various species of reptiles which can be found include garter snakes, red bellied, brown, milk and the northern water snake. Species of turtles include painted, map and snapping turtle. Amphibians include bullfrogs, green frogs, leopard frogs, spring peepers, wood frogs, and others. Salamanders such as the eastern newt, red backed salamander, blue spotted salamander are also found in the more humid habitats. In the surrounding waters of the west island, notably the Lake Saint-Louis side, large fish species such as northern pike, sturgeon, garfish, carp, catfish, muskellunge can be found. Given the Saint Lawrence's heavy traffic and years of misuse, the ecoregion is negatively effected by high pollution which in turn has resulted in diminished local populations of native fauna. That said, residential development in the greater West Island suburban region (including the Vaudreuil-Soulanges area and parts of Eastern Ontario), has resulted in occasional sightings of black bears, wolves, lynx and cougars (which are generally believed to be extinct though sightings and some physical evidence suggest otherwise) as they themselves are pushed out of their habitats.

Nature parks

The Morgan Arboretum in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue is 610 acres of protected urban forest with over 180 bird species, of which about one-hundred breed within the park. It is also home to the Ecomuseum Zoo, which features a collection of species native to the Saint Lawrence River valley.

Cap Saint Jacques is Montreal's largest park at 711 acres of protected forest, featuring 30 km of cross-country trails, a beach and a small organic farm.

There are also the L'Anse-à-l'Orme Nature Park, Angell Woods, Terra Cotta Park, Centennial Park, the Rapides du Cheval Blanc linear park, and the Bois-de-Liesse Nature Park. These constitute the major forested areas in the West Island, with remaining community green spaces typically designed in conventional park layout. Other principal large open green spaces include Macdonald Experimental Farm and remaining tracts of open land around the Morgan Arboretum in Senneville and western Pierrefonds.

Municipalities and boroughs
The West Island is an informal term for a large territory of low-density middle and upper-middle class housing, low and medium density commercial sectors and vast industrial operations roughly constituting the western third of the Island of Montreal. As such there are no precise boundaries, but rather a fundamentally similar cultural and societal identity. The West Island is not a city, but rather a collection of independent cities, towns and villages in addition to several boroughs of the City of Montreal that share an intimate relationship and identity with the citizens of Montreal, and yet have also developed a unique common identity and strong sense of local character. Again, for this reason it is difficult to say exactly which communities constitute the West Island, though it is largely understood to mean all communities, independent or otherwise, developed on the island of Montreal West of Highway 13 and 32nd Avenue.
The West Island generally consists of the following towns, cities and boroughs:

Baie-D'Urfé – a primarily residential town of 3,900 people notable for a more rural charm, established in 1910. Served by 5 bus lines and a train station.
Beaconsfield – a small residential city of 19,000 people served by 8 bus lines and 2 train stations, also established in 1910.
Dollard-des-Ormeaux – a city of about 49,000 residents with large residential, commercial and industrial sectors, established in 1924. It is the West Island's most populous city outside of the Pierrefonds-Roxboro borough of the City of Montreal.
Dorval – a city of 18,000 initially founded in 1667 and developed initially as a summer retreat for urban dwellers. Today it is largely industrial.
Kirkland – a city of 20,000 largely developed in the 1970s and 1980s with a sizeable industrial sector.
Pointe Claire – a city of 30,000 initially founded in 1698 as an important outpost along the fur-trade routes. Pointe Claire has several significant historic sites.
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue – an exceptionally unique 'college-town' of 5,200 initially founded as a parish in 1703, and home to several key West island institutions, including the last fully operational farm on the Island of Montreal, Canada's only national veterans hospital and the second largest English language college in Quebec.
Senneville – a village of almost 1,000 residents initially founded in 1679 and the former site of the Colonial French Fort Senneville. Senneville has a peculiar local microclimate which allows non-native 'borderline hardiness' plant species to thrive.

These independent communities constitute the de-merged West island municipalities. In addition, there are two City of Montreal boroughs:

L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève – with a population of 17,500 people, traces its roots back to the fur trade, and features a large nature park, a public college and an old parish church.
Pierrefonds-Roxboro – the largest West Island community, with a population in excess of 60,000 almost perfectly divided along linguistic lines and featuring the largest nature park on the island, in addition to many small businesses and over 24,000 private dwellings. This borough is served by two stations along the Deux-Montagnes Line of the Agence Métropolitain de Transport, in addition to regular express bus service to and from the City of Montreal throughout the day. This borough is particularly notable for the large number of primary and secondary schools, religious and community centres, playgrounds, sports facilities and other green spaces evenly distributed throughout the territory.

In addition to the areas listed above, the western communities located in the Vaudreuil-Soulanges Regional County Municipality, are part of what is known as the Off-Island area, which is sometimes considered as an extension of the West Island:
Vaudreuil-Dorion
Hudson
Saint-Lazare
the four communities of Île Perrot

Demographics

Population

Language spoken at home
From the Canada 2006 Census:

The West Island is home to Quebec's largest concentration of native English-speakers, most of whom are bilingual. Includes West Island municipalities only, not West-Island boroughs of Montreal. The West Island can also claim to have the highest demographic concentration of German Canadians in the province of Quebec.  With an even higher concentration located in the Town of Baie-D'Urfé, where the German language school, The Alexander von Humboldt Schule Montréal – German International School is located.

Education

Post-secondary institutions

The Macdonald Campus of McGill University, which traces its roots back to 1905, when Macdonald College was originally constructed as an agricultural college. The buildings which currently house John Abbott College are those of the original Macdonald College, which in 1972 became a satellite campus of McGill University and moved into newer buildings east of the original site. The Macdonald Campus supports McGill's Morgan Arboretum, the J. S. Marshall Radar Observatory and the last operational farm on the Island of Montreal, in addition to the  Canadian Aviation Heritage Centre.

John Abbott College was opened in the old Macdonald College buildings located in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue in 1971 and has since become one of the largest CEGEPs in Quebec, with well-over 7,000 students. The campus was initially split between two sites until the construction of the Casgrain Centre in 1981, and a new science and technology pavilion is currently being completed along with campus-wide renovations and upgrades. The site features the nearly completely abandoned Brittain Hall, the former men's dormitory. In this respect, Brittain Hall is a near identical copy of Stewart Hall (the original women's dorm), and features the same stacked 'gym-cafeteria-pool' layout, along with massive fireplaces and other features of an Edwardian-era rural college dormitory. Today it is still owned by McGill University and is almost exclusively used for film and television production. Despite a rapid increase in school population and the subsequent lack of space, there are no plans to renovate or rehabilitate Brittain Hall at the moment. Another feature of the campus is the location of steam pipes and access tunnels located directly under the sidewalks, so as to permit natural snow-removal. Moreover, there are a series of tunnels connecting all buildings on campus, designed so as to facilitate moving about the sprawling campus. A portion of the system connecting Stewart to Brittain Hall, has been closed since the 1970s and remains largely inaccessible.

Cégep Gérald-Godin was opened in a former novitiate of the Fathers of the Holy Cross in 1999 and is a prominent West Island post-modern architectural achievement. It features the Salle Pauline-Julien a performing arts venue, and is home to roughly 1,200 students. It is so far the only uniquely Francophone CEGEP in the West Island. The development of the CEGEP has had a positive impact on the development of the village of Sainte-Geneviève as a smaller primarily Francophone equivalent to Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue.

Public primary and secondary

English-language instruction in the West island is provided primarily by the Lester B. Pearson School Board while French-language instruction is provided by the Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys. The LBPSB counts some 28,000 students in 12 high schools, 40 elementary schools, 2 adult education centres and 4 vocational schools. The CSMB counts some 45,000 students across a larger territory principally focused on the western portion of the island, with 61 elementary schools, 12 high schools, 2 specialized schools, 6 vocational schools and 4 adult-education centres.

Important West Island public high schools include, but are not limited to:

 Beaconsfield High School – founded in Beaconsfield in 1958, 1130 students.
 John Rennie High School – founded in Pointe Claire in 1955 it boasts the Sports-Etudes program for student athletes as well as a highly regarded local theatre and dramatic arts program.
 Lindsay Place High School – founded in Pointe-Claire in 1962 with 1,600 students, one of the largest in the West Island.
 Pierrefonds Comprehensive High School – founded in 1971 in Pierrefonds to support Catholic francophone and anglophone students, it is an architecturally significant school given its open concept design along an axial core, not to mention industrial visual cues, such as exposed concrete walls and overhead pipes, small windows and rooms without doors. Roughly 1200 students attend PCHS, which is co-located with the LBPSB administered West Island Career Centre (WICC). PCHS offers an international baccalaureate program and shares its grounds with the George Springate community sports complex.
 Riverdale High School – once one of the largest schools in the West Island (approximately 2,600 students in the early 1970s until the early 1980s), Riverdale's population has declined significantly in the last thirty years, but it still remains a special place in the community of Pierrefonds. An adult education centre now occupies most of the first floor.
 Saint Thomas High School – public high schools in the West Island, St. Thomas is consistently ranked in the top-ten of Quebec's schools. It offers an IB program and is home to some 1,300 students.

Media

The West Island is served by several weekly newspapers including the English-language The Suburban, West Island Gazette and Montreal Times as well as Cités Nouvelles, published in French.

The North Shore News once served the communities of Pierrefonds, Roxboro & Dollard des Ormeaux when those communities were primarily focused along access routes to and from Gouin and Sources Boulevards and the Sunnybrook and Roxboro train stations. Though the publication was touted as the West Island's only independent weekly throughout the 1960s and 1970s, it died out in the 1980s. Another longtime publication was the English language West Island Chronicle, which began in 1925 and ended in 2015.

A local radio station CFOX broadcast from Pointe Claire at 1470 kHz in the AM broadcast band from 1960–1989. It offered several different program formats including country as well as top-40 music before its sale to the CKO all-news network.  Declining revenue led the station's closure in 1989.

Sports and recreation

The West Island boasts multiple public and private sports and recreation facilities, many of which are co-located at local secondary schools or gathered around municipal buildings. As with many suburban areas, residents have access to numerous community pools, parks, greens and playgrounds, in addition to soccer and football fields, rugby pitches and baseball diamonds. All West Island residents have access to amateur sports clubs and associations, and minor-level hockey, soccer, basketball and football are all quite popular. Moreover, various leagues and associations are generally very open to accepting residents from all communities. As with most Canadian communities, there is at least one hockey rink in every city or town in the West Island. These facilities have, in the past, also served as venues for rock concerts and the like. A notable example was the old Pierrefonds Arena, demolished in the late-1990s, which once attracted bands like the Eagles and Black Sabbath when it was difficult for most West Island youth to reach downtown concert venues.

DDO and Pointe Claire both boast large civic centres replete with Olympic-sized pools and appropriate diving platforms, and the West Island has a noticeable youth subculture focused on swimming, diving and life-guarding at community pools.

The world-famous Royal Golf Club of Montreal is located in Ile-Bizard and is one of eight golf greens in the West Island, the majority of which are private. Other typical West Island sports and recreation facilities include numerous tennis clubs and courts, curling clubs and the occasional bocci pitch.

Other notable West Island sports and recreation facilities include the West Island YMCA and YM/YWHA, Dollard-des-Ormeaux's Centennial Park (with hills ideally suited for tobogganing and forests inter-laced with cross-country ski trails), Cap St. Jacques (which features the only remaining beach open to the public on the island) and the facilities affiliated with John Abbott College. In addition, numerous sports leagues for children and youth utilize facilities shared with local primary and secondary schools.

The area is home to the North Shore Lions football Bantam team as well as their older team the North Shore Mustangs, which compete at a midget division 1 AAA level, which holds the most division and provincial titles in Quebec Midget Football League (QMFL) history.

Points of interest

Fritz Farm, a community cultural centre in Baie-D'Urfé located at 20477 Chemin Lakeshore on a large common green bordering picturesque Lake Saint-Louis. Fritz Farm is one of several examples of preserved heritage homes dating back to the 18th century that can be found in Baie-D'Urfé, which are a direct link to the West Island's colonial era.

Église Sainte-Geneviève, a parish church established in 1741 by Antoine Faucon and completed in its present form in 1844. It is located at the intersection of Rue St-Louis and Gouin Boulevard West in the village of Sainte-Geneviève and is part of a larger complex that includes a presbytery and cemetery and a municipal park along the banks of the scenic Rivière des Prairies.

Saint-Joachim de Pointe-Claire Church & Pointe-Claire Village, another parish church established in the mid-18th century, though completed only in 1885 in a Gothic-revival style, designed by noted local church architect Victor Bourgeau. It is located at 2 Ste-Anne Street in Pointe Claire Village. Permanent settlement in this part of the West Island dates back at least as far as 1710, when the emblematic Pointe-Claire Windmill was completed. The Village features many 19th century and early 20th century buildings and forms an important local small-business sector. There are many restaurants and boutiques in the area, in addition to the exclusive Beaconsfield Golf Club and the Pointe-Claire Curling Club. Othe sites of interest include the Pointe-Claire Windmill & Summer Retreat of the Congregation Notre Dame.

Centennial Hall, in Beaconsfield – a community cultural centre and small-scale performance venue.

Stewart Hall, in Pointe-Claire – an art gallery and community cultural centre and small-scale performance venue.

The Museum of Local History and Heritage located at 1850 Lakeshore Drive and adjacent to the large linear parks that stretch from Dorval along the edge of Lac Saint-Louis east towards Old Lachine Village where the old public beaches used to be. There are several marinas in the area and each summer the lake is filled with diverse pleasure craft. Wind-surfing here is quite popular, though public bathing is illegal and generally discouraged. Fishing is popular, though again, it is unwise to consume anything caught.

The Morgan Arboretum and Ecomuseum Zoo, a zoo dedicated to animal species endemic to the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forest, located in one of the last old growth example of the type on-island. The Ecomuseum is, along with Montréal's Biodome and Insectarium, one of the key local public zoological institutions that have found innovative solutions to the problems with 'traditional zoos'.

Old Saint-Anne's Village and the Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal, another area in the West Island where permanent settlement dates back to the mid-late 17th century, Sainte-Anne's became a focal point for local services with the development of Macdonald College and the Veterans Hospital during the early 20th century. The Village has many restaurants and bars and other services supporting the comparatively large student population. The area features a boardwalk, the old Rex Theatre and numerous specialty shops. Other features include the Gallipeault Bridge which connects Sainte-Anne's to Ile Perot.

The Canadian Aviation Heritage Centre and the Macdonald Experimental Farm, co-located at McGill's Macdonald Campus in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue.

Fort Senneville, originally built in 1671 and destroyed and re-built twice, the Fort was captured and destroyed by Benedict Arnold in 1776 during manœuvres associated with the Battle of The Cedars during the American War of Independence. A commemorative plaque located along Chemin Senneville by the Lake of Two Mountains records the location of the battle associated with the fall of the Fort. All that remains today is part of the windmill which doubled as a watch-tower and the foundations of the seigneurial house, if not some portions of the walls. The site is on private property though the proprietor has been known to allow visitors if they ask politely.

Cap-Saint-Jacques Nature Park – the largest nature park on the island also features the only remaining public beach and an organic farm.

Rapides du Cheval Blanc Listed as one of the ten Eco-territories of Montreal  The park has a view of the Whitehorse rapids and a wooded area.

Bois-de-Liesse Nature Park, the second largest nature park on-island and home to some protected heritage properties.

Notable people

 Eugenie Bouchard  Tennis player
 Evelyne Brochu  Actress
 Jason Demers  Professional ice hockey player
 Geoffrey Kelley  Provincial politician and former MNA for Jacques-Cartier
 Anthony Duclair  Professional ice hockey player
 Ann Lambert  playwright, author, and professor
 Mike Matheson  Professional ice hockey player
 Thomas Mulcair  Former NDP leader and federal politician
 Sergio Momesso  Retired professional ice hockey player
 Harley Morenstein  Internet personality and founder of Epic Meal Time
 Caroline Rhea  Actress
 Norma Shearer  Actress
 Joseph Veleno  Professional ice hockey player
 Marc-Édouard Vlasic  Professional ice hockey player
 François Legault  32nd premier of Quebec
 Vincent Lecavalier  Professional ice hockey player

See also
Lac-Saint-Louis (electoral district)
Pierrefonds—Dollard (electoral district)
Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine
Saint-Laurent
LaSalle—Émard
 Boroughs of Montreal
 List of former boroughs of Montreal
 Districts of Montreal
 Municipal reorganization in Quebec

References

External links

 Island of Montreal from ville.montreal.qc.ca Map dated 1744.
 Map of Henry Whitmer Hopkins from the year 1879 with detailed names.
 "Montreal Island and vicinity" 1907, Goad, Chas. E, (Charles Edward). St Remi(Sources), St Jean and St Charles are written on this map.
 "...The Island and City of Montreal", A.R. Pinsonault, 1907. From Université de Sherbrooke/Bibliothèque nationale du Québec
 Source geogratis.gc.ca   Island of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1916, Stansfield, J
 From www.collectionscanada.gc.ca Gordon and Gotch map of Montreal dated 1924.
 Experimental Farms Service Canada Department of Agriculture, 1952. Titled "Soil Map of Montreal-Jesus-Bizard Islands"

Landforms of Montreal
Island of Montreal municipalities
Greater Montreal

West Island


EverQuest Online Adventures (EQOA) was a 2003 3D fantasy massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) for the PlayStation 2.  The game was part of the EverQuest franchise before being shut down on March 29, 2012, after nine years of operation.

An expansion pack was launched on November 18, 2003, titled EverQuest Online Adventures: Frontiers; it added a playable race—the Ogre—and character class—Alchemist—as well as many quests and items.

Setting and gameplay
EverQuest Online Adventures was set in the fictional world of Norrath 500 years prior to the original EverQuest, in the "Age of Adventure".  The world featured many places familiar to fans of the original and most of the differences were explained in the lore of EverQuest. The gameplay focused on character advancement, environment combat, quests, exploration, grouping, and socializing. It also contained a simple PVP system that allowed two players to fight one another.

There were fifteen playable classes, and ten races.

Development

EverQuest Online Adventures was developed and published by Sony Online Entertainment (SOE), and first released on February 11, 2003, in North America. The game was developed so that it did not require a hard disk drive (HDD) like Final Fantasy XI did. Since no HDD for the system was ever released in PAL territories, EQOA remained the only MMORPG there.

EverQuest Online Adventures: Frontiers was launched on November 18, 2003. Frontiers added a playable race—the Ogre—and character class—Alchemist—as well as many quests and items.

The continued development of content after the first expansion was introduced as free content updates instead of additional expansion packs.

The end of EverQuest Online Adventures was announced on the game's site on February 29, 2012.  The shut down date was Thursday, March 29, 2012.

References

External links

2003 video games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Products and services discontinued in 2012
EverQuest
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video games developed in the United States

EverQuest Online Adventures


The Requiem in D Minor, K. 626, is a piece of music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart which he composed in 1791. This requiem (a 'requiem' is a mass (church service) to remember people who have died), was Mozart's last composition. He wrote it as he lay dying. It seems that he did not manage to finish it before he died. It was finished by Franz Xaver Süssmayr, another composer.  We do not know exactly how much of the music is by Mozart, and how much Süssmayr had to add. There have been lots of stories and ideas about how the Requiem was composed, and it is still a problem that is often discussed by musicians.

Compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Masses (music)

Requiem (Mozart)


Montréal-Dorion was a former provincial electoral district in the Montreal region of Quebec, Canada that elected members to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

It was created for the 1912 election from part of Hochelaga electoral district.  Its final election was in 1936.  It disappeared in the 1939 election and its successor electoral districts were Montréal–Jeanne-Mance and Montréal-Mercier.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

 Georges Mayrand, Liberal (1912–1919)
 Aurèle Lacombe, Parti ouvrier (1919–1923)
 Ernest Tétreau, Liberal Independent (1923–1927)
 Aldéric Blain, Conservative Party (1927–1931)
 Joseph-Achille Francoeur, Liberal (1931–1935)
 Grégoire Bélanger, Action liberale nationale – Union Nationale (1935–1939)

References
 Election results (National Assembly)
 Election results (QuebecPolitique.com)

Former provincial electoral districts of Quebec

Montréal-Dorion


Zachary Leon Andrews (born March 9, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA G League. He grew up in Rancho Cordova, California and played college basketball for Yuba College and Bradley University.

Early life and high school
Andrews lived in poverty with his mother and three siblings in Oakland, California as a young child. He later grew up in foster homes for nearly a decade before reuniting with his biological mother to public housing in Sacramento, California as a teenager. Andrews graduated from Cordova High School of Rancho Cordova, California in 2003. At Cordova, Andrews lettered in both basketball and football.

College career

Yuba (2003–2005)
Andrews enrolled at Yuba College, a junior college in Marysville, California. He helped its basketball program make the Elite Eight of the California Community College Athletic Association state tournament in 2004 with a program-best record of 24–7 and averaged 10 points and 9 rebounds as a freshman in the 2003–04 season. As a sophomore (2004–05), Andrews earned Bay Valley East All-Conference honors after leading the league with 10.5 rebounds and 2.2 blocked shots per game, finished second in the league in field goal percentage (.584), and was ninth in scoring (13.5 points). He earned the number-one spot on the "Top 10 Plays" of an edition of SportsCenter in 2005 after leaping over a player of the opposing team to slam an alley-oop.

Bradley (2005–2007)
In 2005, Andrews transferred to Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois and played two seasons on the Bradley Braves men's basketball team. Twice the Missouri Valley Conference selected Andrews as Player of the Week (December 19, 2005 and November 20, 2006). Andrews played in two 22-win seasons.

As a starter, Andrews averaged 9.3 points and 6.7 rebounds during his junior year (2005–06) and averaged 3.9 points and 4.2 rebounds as a reserve. On December 14, 2005 against Western Kentucky, Andrews had his second double-double of the season and tied a school record 11 offensive boards, 19 points, and 15 rebounds. Bradley advanced to the "Sweet 16" regional semifinal of the 2006 NCAA tournament.

On 64% field goal shooting, Andrews averaged 11.1 points and 7.0 rebounds as a senior in 2006–07. For the spring 2007 semester, Andrews made the honor roll of the Bradley athletic director. Bradley made the second round of the 2007 National Invitation Tournament.

Professional career
Andrews worked out with the Sacramento Kings in the summer of 2007 after going undrafted in the 2007 NBA draft. After an attempt to join Farho Gijón of Spanish third-tier LEB Plata fell through, Andrews signed with Costa Urbana Playas de Santa Pola of LEB Plata instead. After an injury, Santa Pola waived Andrews.

In January 2008, Andrews signed with Genc Banvitliler of Turkish Basketball Second League and played the last 14 games of the season, averaging 11.6 points, 10.8 rebounds, and 2 assists. Andrews was an honorable mention all-league pick. He was the only American on the team.

For the 2008–09 season, Andrews played for Rayet Guadalajara of Spanish fourth-tier LEB Bronce and averaged 12.1 points and 10.2 rebounds. Again, Andrews was an honorable mention all-league selection.

He played for CB Peñas Huesca of third-tier LEB Plata the next season and averaged 11.9 points and 7.4 rebounds and was a 2010 second team all-LEB Plata selection and All-Import selection.

In the 2010–11 season, Andrews played for Niigata Albirex of the Japanese Bj league and averaged 11.1 points and 10.8 rebounds.

Andrews signed with the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League after a tryout before the 2011–12 season. Andrews signed with the D-Fenders' NBA parent team Los Angeles Lakers on December 9, 2011. Four days after the Lakers waived Andrews, the D-Fenders re-acquired Andrews on December 26.  Andrews started 42 of 44 games for the D-Fenders and averaged 9.3 points on 64.7% shooting and 7.3 rebounds in 25.4 minutes per game.

Andrews began the 2012–13 season playing two games for Sutor Montegranaro of Italian Lega Basket Serie A. On January 15, 2013, Andrews was reacquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders. Later that year, he signed with Osaka Evessa of Japan for the 2013–14 season.

After a one-game stint for Fuerza Regia in November 2014, Andrews was reacquired once again by the Los Angeles D-Fenders on December 20, 2014. On October 31, 2015, he was reacquired by the D-Fenders for the 2015–16 season. On January 29, 2016, he was traded to the Iowa Energy, along with two 2016 fifth-round picks, in exchange for Michael Holyfield and a 2016 fourth-round pick. The next day, he made his debut with the Energy in an 87–83 loss to the Canton Charge, recording two points and two rebounds in eight minutes. On February 19, he was waived by Iowa.

Andrews competed for Team 23 in The Basketball Tournament. He was a center on the 2015 team who made it to the $1 million championship game, falling 67–65 to Overseas Elite.

On October 24, 2017, Andrews was called up by the Northern Arizona Suns for training camp. He made their official roster at the start of the season. However, after playing in only three regular season games, Andrews was waived on November 12, 2017 in order to acquire forward Malik Dime on their roster. He was reacquired by Northern Arizona on February 2, 2018.

References

External links
NBA D-League Profile
Bradley Braves bio

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in Lebanon
American expatriate basketball people in Mexico
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Oakland, California
Bradley Braves men's basketball players
CB Peñas Huesca players
Earth Friends Tokyo Z players
Fuerza Regia de Monterrey players
Iowa Energy players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Los Angeles D-Fenders players
Niigata Albirex BB players
Northern Arizona Suns players
Osaka Evessa players
Power forwards (basketball)
People from Marysville, California
Sportspeople from Yuba County, California
People from Rancho Cordova, California
Basketball players from Sacramento County, California
Sagesse SC (basketball) players

Zach Andrews