Tyler Roehl (born January 29, 1986) is an American football coach and former running back.  He was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football for North Dakota State University. In June 2009, he was placed on the Waived/Injured list. In May 2010, he participated in the Minnesota Vikings rookie mini-camp.  Roehl tried out for the United Football League Las Vegas Locomotives. Roehl was hired as the tight ends and fullbacks coach at his alma mater, North Dakota State, for 2014 season.

Early years
Roehl was born and raised in West Fargo, North Dakota where he played high school football for the West Fargo Packers as a running back and linebacker. One of the most productive players in North Dakota high school history, he was a two-time first team All-State, two-time first team All-EDC and two-time team MVP. Tyler was a big reason why the Packers won back to back state championships in 2002 and 2003 as he was the game MVP in both title games.

Roehl ran for 1,269 yards, 25 touchdowns, and averaged 8.7 yards per carry on offense and also had 51 tackles and three interceptions on defense as a senior. This led to Tyler becoming the Class AAA Player of the Year in North Dakota in 2003. He also holds the team record for total points scored with 290.

Roehl also excelled in baseball where he was a four-time letter winner and an All-EDC performer in 2004.

College career
Roehl received a scholarship to play college football at North Dakota State University, as a running back.

As a freshman, Roehl played in all 11 games during his first year at NDSU. However, he was primarily used as a blocking back. Roehl only carried the ball twice for 14 yards that season.

Roehl was redshirted the following year because he broke his leg during a spring practice in 2005.

As a sophomore, Roehl started in 10 of 11 games. Roehl became more of a threat out of the backfield with 22 receptions for 259 yards and one touchdown and averaged 11.8 yards per reception. Roehl made a season-high five receptions for 70 yards in 31–7 win at Southern Utah on October 28, 2006. Roehl also reeled off a 41-yard catch in the 29–24 win over Ball State on September 23, 2006. Roehl made his first touchdown catch against Mississippi Valley State on October 14, 2006. However, Roehl only rushed seven times for 14 yards and one touchdown.

Roehl's junior year was huge success for him. Roehl started in 10 games played and racked up 1,431 yards and 21 touchdowns on 207 carries and averaged 6.9 yards per carry. Roehl also had 20 receptions for 180 yards. Roehl became just the third NDSU football player to earn CoSIDA Academic All-America first team honors and was also named to the Associated Press, The Sports Network and Dopke College Sports Report.com FCS All-America second teams. Roehl was an All-Great West Football Conference first team selection by coaches and media and was also a four-time GWFC Offensive Player of the Week. Tyler led the Great West in rushing, scoring and all-purpose yards that year. Roehl's biggest achievement was his three games with 200-plus yards including 238 yards and 3 touchdowns on 27 carries in the season opener against Stephen F. Austin on September 8, 2007, 263 yards on 22 carries against Minnesota on October 20, 2007 including 77 yard touchdown run to earn an ESPN College Gameday helmet sticker and USA Today Player of the Week, and 257 yards and four touchdowns vs. Illinois State. Tyler also recorded six games with 100-yards rushing and scored at least two touchdowns in six games that year.

Roehl's senior year was just as productive as the previous year. He was Sporting News' College Football preseason All-American Team. He finished the season with 1,053 yards and 13 touchdowns on 171 carries and averaged 6.2 yards per carry. He also caught 13 passes for 101 yards.

College statistics
In the 2005 season, Roehl was redshirted because of a broken leg suffered during a spring practice his freshman year.

Professional career

Seattle Seahawks

Roehl was signed by the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent on April 26, 2009.  During an offseason workout on June 1, 2009, Roehl suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament on his left knee which subsequently ended his season.  His was placed on the Injured/Waived list for that season. He was released by the Seahawks on March 15, 2010.

Minnesota Vikings
Roehl attended the Minnesota Vikings rookie mini-camp from April 28, 2010 to May 2, 2010. He left unsigned.

Las Vegas Locomotives
On May 16, 2010, Roehl was at the open tryouts for the Las Vegas Locomotives of the United Football League (UFL).

Coaching career
Roehl spent the 2010 season as the running backs coach and junior varsity offensive coordinator at Concordia College in Moorhead. He was NDSU's offensive graduate assistant in 2011. Roehl spent two years on the Moorhead High School football staff. He returned to his alma mater as the tight ends and fullbacks coach in January 2014.

References

External links
 North Dakota State profile

1986 births
Living people
American football running backs
Concordia Cobbers football coaches
North Dakota State Bison football coaches
North Dakota State Bison football players
Seattle Seahawks players
High school football coaches in Minnesota
People from West Fargo, North Dakota
Coaches of American football from North Dakota
Players of American football from North Dakota

Tyler Roehl


The Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN) is a system for distributing a live stream of weather information in the United States.  The backbone of the system is operated via satellite by the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), but data are transmitted over radio repeaters by the NWS, citizens, and other organizations in many regions, and information can also be downloaded via the Internet.  Local VHF/UHF radio rebroadcasts and older-generation EMWIN satellite systems operate at the speeds of 1200 and 9600 baud.  EMWIN data consists of textual observational and forecast information, including a limited number of cloud and radar images. The new EMWIN, labeled EMWIN-N, began being upgraded in 2009.  The upgrade continues through 2011 to ready older GOES satellites to provide a higher speed of 19.2 kbit/s. The data broadcasts are monetarily free with both local rebroadcasts and satellite feeds. EMWIN via Twitter may be done by anyone to spread information on all types of emergencies to virtually unlimited numbers of people in real time also.

EMWIN weather data is primarily transmitted over GOES satellites that observe the United States.  The new satellites are the GOES-R series, and are designated GOES 16 and GOES 17.

On February 13, 2017 it suffered a service disruption.

References

External links
 EMWIN homepage
 EMWIN-N (new system)

Meteorological data and networks
Disaster preparedness in the United States

EMWIN


Favia is a genus of reef-building stony corals in the family Mussidae. Members of the genus are massive or thickly encrusting colonial corals, either dome-shaped or flat, and a few are foliaceous. There is a great diversity of form even among individuals of the same species. The corallites project slightly above the surface of the coral and each has its own wall. In most species, the corallites are plocoid and in some, monocentric. The septa and costae linked to the corallite wall are well developed and covered by fine teeth. The polyps only extend and feed during the night. Each one has a small number of tapering tentacles which often have a darker coloured tip; these are called stinger tentacles, or sweeper tentacles. They use these to sweep the water to see if any other coral is in its area; if so, then they begin to sting the other coral. This is commonly known as coral war. Each coral is trying to make sure it has enough room around it so it can continue to grow and have more surface area for its offspring. The columella is parietal and spongy, and there are vesicles on both the endotheca and exotheca. Members of this genus are widespread in both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indo-Pacific.

Species

The following species are included in the genus according to the World Register of Marine Species:

Favia favus (Forskål, 1775)
Favia fragum (Esper, 1795)
Favia gravida (Verrill, 1868)

References

Faviinae
Scleractinia genera
Taxa named by Lorenz Oken

Favia


Ernst Friedrich Theodor Lindner (29 May 1843, in Breslau – 24 November 1919, in Halle an der Saale) was a German historian.

He studied history, ancient philology and Sanskrit at the University of Breslau, and at the same time worked as an assistant at the municipal library. He continued his education at the University of Berlin as a student of Johann Gustav Droysen and Leopold von Ranke, and graduated with a dissertation on the Council of Mantua of 1064. In 1868 he qualified as a lecturer at Breslau, and six years later became an associate professor. In 1876 he was named a full professor at the Academy in Münster, where in 1883/84 he served as academic rector. In 1888 he relocated to the University of Halle as successor to Ernst Dümmler.

Selected works
 Anno II. der heilige, Erzbischof von Köln, 1056-–1075, (1869) – Anno II the Holy, Archbishop of Cologne, 1056-1075.
 Geschichte des deutschen Reiches unter König Wenzel (2 volumes, 1875–80) – History of the German Empire under King Wenceslas.
 Die Veme, 1888 – The Vehmic court.
 Deutsche Geschichte unter den Habsburgern und Luxemburgern, 1273–1437, (2 volumes, 1890–93) – German history under the Habsburgs and Luxembourgers, 1273–1437.
 Die deutschen Königswahlen und die Entstehung des Kurfürstenthums, 1893 – The German royal elections and the emergence of the Electorate.
 Geschichte des Deutschen Volkes, (2 volumes, 1894) – History of the German people.
 Die sogenannten Schenkungen Pippins, Karls des Grossen, und Ottos I. an die Päpste, 1896 – The so-called donations of Pepin, Charlemagne and Otto I to the Papacy.
 Zur Fabel von der Bestattung Karls des Grossen, 1896 – On the fable of the funeral of Charlemagne.
 Der Hergang bei den deutschen Königswahlen, 1899 – The course of the German royal elections.
 Geschichtsphilosophie : Einleitung zu einer Weltgeschichte seit der Völkerwanderung, 1901 – Philosophy of history: Introduction to a world history since the Migration Period.
 Die deutsche Hanse. Ihre Geschichte und Bedeutung, 1901 – The German Hanseatic League: Its history and significance.
 Weltgeschichte seit der Völkerwanderung (10 volumes, 1901–21) – World history since the Migration Period.
He was also the author of numerous biographies in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.

References

1843 births
1919 deaths
Writers from Wrocław
University of Breslau alumni
Academic staff of the University of Breslau
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Halle
Academic staff of the University of Münster
19th-century German historians
20th-century German historians

Theodor Lindner


DMAX is a thematic network television owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The Italian version of the channel began its broadcasting at 6:45 pm on 10 November 2011 with the show Destroyed in Seconds. DMAX is available on channel 52 of digital television, on Sky Italia at channel 136 in HD and on Tivù Sat at channel 28 in HD. It is the first factual-entertainment channel for a male audience in Italy.

From 17 December 2012, it broadcasts on Tivùsat at LCN 28 and moves to LCN 808 of Sky Italia. From 9 April 2014 it moved to LCN 136 of Sky Italia, with the official launch of the +1 version at LCN 137. From 7 November of the same year DMAX also broadcasts in HD on the Sky Italia platform.

From 1 March 2019 DMAX HD and DMAX +1 become visible also on Tivùsat at LCN 28 and 128, replacing the SD version. On 13 March 2019 definitively closes the SD version on the satellite, also disappearing from Sky Italia. From 9 April DMAX, together with the other free channels of the group, is also available in high definition streaming on Dplay.

On 1 December 2020, DMAX +1 was shut down. It will cover all Six Nations matches until 2021.

Programming

Original programs
 Affari a quattro ruote Italia
 Campioni sempre
 DMAX su Quattroruote
 Due rugbisti e una meta
 Football Hooligans – con Michele Dalai
 I re della griglia
 Il cacciatore di tifosi
 La salumeria dei pugni
 Lady Ferro
 Milano City Tattoo
 Unti e bisunti

Imported programs

 1000 modi per morire (1000 Ways to Die)
 A caccia di veleni (Wild Recon)
 Affare fatto (Auction Hunters)
 Affari a quattro ruote (Wheeler Dealers)
 Affari in valigia (Baggage Battles)
 Airport Security (Border Security: Australia's Front Line)
 Airport Security: Canada (Border Security: Canada's Front Line)
 Airport Security: Nuova Zelanda (Border Patrol)
 American Chopper
 American Hot Rod
 Anatomia di un disastro (Anatomy of a Disaster)
 Animal Cops
 Armi del futuro (Future Weapons)
 Bear Grylls – Celebrity Edition (Running Wild with Bear Grylls)
 Bear Grylls – Giungla urbana (Worst Case Scenario)
 Bear Grylls – L'ultimo sopravvissuto (Man vs. Wild)
 Bellator MMA
 Bizarre ER
 Brutti, sporchi e affamati (Hairy Bikers)
 Cacciatori di fantasmi (Ghost Adventures)
 Cacciatori di tesori (American Digger)
 Carcere duro (Behind Bars)
 Cattivissimi amici (Impractical Jokers)
 Ci sei o ci fai? (World's Craziest Fools)
 Come è fatto (How It's Made)
 Come è fatto il cibo (Food Factory)
 Destroyed in Seconds
 Dual Survival
 Due macchine da soldi (Lords of the Car Hoards)
 Dynamo – Magie impossibili (Dynamo: Magician Impossible)
 È nata una... (Is Born series)
 Effetto rallenty (Time Warp)
 Elite Police
 I maghi delle auto (Classic Car Rescue)
 Il banco dei pugni (Hardcore Pawn)
 Il laboratorio del cibo (Jimmy's Farm)
 Il signore degli insetti (Wild Things with Dominic Monaghan)
 Ink Master
 Jurassic Wars (Jurassic Fight Club)
 Killer Karaoke
 LA Ink
 La prova del diavolo (Cutthroat Kitchen)
 Le meraviglie dell'Universo (Wonders of the Universe)
 Lavori sporchi (Dirty Jobs)
 London Garage (Chop Shop: London Garage)
 London Ink
 Man v. Food
 Matto da pescare (Off the Hook: Extreme Catches)
 Miami Ink
 Megacostruzioni (Build it Bigger and Mega Builders)
 Moonshiners
 Most Shocking
 MythBusters
 Nudi e crudi (Naked and Afraid)
 NY Ink
 Oro degli abissi (Bering Sea Gold)
 Orrori da gustare (Bizarre Foods with Andrew Zimmern)
 Recupero crediti (Lizard Lick Towing)
 Rimozione forzata (South Beach Tow)
 River Monsters
 Scemo di viaggio (An Idiot Abroad)
 Stan Lee's Superhumans
 Storage Wars: Canada
 Street Customs (West Coast Customs)
 Survivorman
 Te l'avevo detto (You Have Been Warned)
 Texas Tarzan (Lone Star Legend)
 The Vanilla Ice Project
 Top Gear
 Turtleman (Call of the Wildman)
 Ultima fermata: Alaska (Railroad Alaska)
 Video del tubo (Rude Tube)
 Wild Frank
 WWE

References

External links
 Official Websites: dmax.it
 DMAX channel on YouTube

Television channels in Italy
Television stations in Switzerland
Television channels and stations established in 2011
Men's interest channels
Italy
Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA

DMAX (Italian TV channel)


Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is the tenth-largest city in Poland, second in terms of population density, and thirteenth in area.

Białystok is located in the Białystok Uplands of the Podlachian Plain on the banks of the Biała River, 200 km (124 mi) by road northeast of Warsaw. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the nearby border with Belarus also being the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a warm summer continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character and occupy around  (18% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth-most forested city in Poland.

The first settlers arrived in the 14th century. A town grew up and received its municipal charter in 1692. Białystok has traditionally been one of the leading centers of academic, cultural, and artistic life in Podlachia, and the most important economic center in northeastern Poland. Białystok was once an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The city continues to reshape itself into a modern middle-sized city. Białystok, in 2010, was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.

Etymology
Although nowadays "stok" is translated as "slope", the initial name of the settlement came from the river flowing through it. In old Polish, biały stok was a clean, swift river (biały - clean, stok - stream; river that "slides" down the slope). So inconspicuous today, the Biała River (usually called Białka), flowing through the city center, gave it its name.

Due to changing borders and demographics over the centuries, the city has been known as  (Byelastok?, Biełastok? ),  (Byalistok, Bjalistok), , and  (Belostok, Byelostok).

History

Archaeological discoveries show that the first settlements in the area of present-day Białystok occurred during the Stone Age. Tombs of ancient settlers can be found in the district of Dojlidy. In the early Iron Age, people settled in the area producing kurgans, the tombs of the chiefs in the area located in the current village of Rostołty. Since then, the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures. Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics.

The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries and during this time the fate of the city has been affected by various political and economic forces.

Surviving documents attest that around 1437 a representative of the Raczków family, Jakub Tabutowicz of the coat of arms Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Duke of Lithuania, a wilderness area along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement. Białystok administratively was part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, after 1569 also part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.

From 1547, the settlement was owned by the Wiesiołowski family, which founded the first school. The first brick church and a castle were built between 1617 and 1826. The two-floor castle, designed on a rectangular plan in the Gothic-Renaissance style, was the work of . Extension of the castle was continued by Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, starost of Tykocin, Grand Marshal of Lithuania since 1635, and husband of Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska. In 1637 he died childless, and as a result, Białystok came under the management of his widow. After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowski estate, including Białystok, passed to the Crown to cover the costs of maintaining Tykocin Castle. In the years 1645–1659 Białystok was managed by the starosts of Tykocin.

In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes during the Deluge. Four years later, it was given as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra, who married Marshal of the Crown Court Jan Klemens Branicki, thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family. In 1692, , the son of Jan Klemens Branicki, obtained city rights for Białystok from King John III Sobieski. He constructed the Branicki Palace on the foundations of the castle of the Wiesiołowski family. In the first half of the eighteenth century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki. It was he who transformed the palace built by his father into a magnificent residence of a great noble, which was frequently visited by Polish kings and poets. In 1745 the first military technical school in Poland was founded in Białystok, and in 1748, one of the oldest theaters in Poland, the Komedialnia, was founded in the city. New schools were established, including a ballet school in connection with the foundation of the theater. In 1749, King Augustus III of Poland extended the city limits. In 1770, under the auspices of Izabella Poniatowska, a midwifery school was founded, based on which the Institute of Obstetrics was established in 1805.

The end of the eighteenth century saw the division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in three steps, among the neighboring states. The Kingdom of Prussia acquired Białystok and the surrounding region during the third partition. The city became the capital of the New East Prussia province in 1795. Prussia lost the territory following Napoleon Bonaparte's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition as the resultant 1807 Treaties of Tilsit awarded the area to the Russian Empire, which organized the region into the Belostok Oblast, with the city as the regional center. Schooling and higher learning in Białystok, which was intensively developed in the 18th century, was stopped as a result of partitions. Białystok received city rights at the latest from all the cities of Podlasie, but at the end of the 19th century it outgrown all the surrounding cities. The rapid development in the nineteenth century is related to two historical events: the creation of a customs border between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Poland, and the opening in 1862 of the Warsaw Saint Petersburg railway line, connecting Białystok with Warsaw, Grodno, Wilno and Saint Petersburg. Very convenient communication conditions influenced the development and concentration of Białystok's production plants at that time. Along with the administrative function, Białystok received many economic institutions. In the second half of the 19th century, Białystok grew into a significant center of the textile industry, the largest after Łódź in then-partitioned Poland. After the failed November and January uprisings, Russification policies and anti-Polish repressions intensified, and after 1870 a ban on the use of Polish in public places was introduced. In 1912, a Tsarist prison was built, which also served as a transit prison for Poles deported to Siberia.

At the end of the nineteenth century, as a result of the influx due to Russian discriminatory regulations, the majority of the city's population was Jewish. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (so around 63% percent). This heritage can be seen on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Białystok. The Białystok pogrom occurred between 14 and 16 June 1906 in the city. During the pogrom between 81 and 88 Jews were killed by the Russians, and about 80 people were wounded.

The first anarchist groups to attract a significant following of Russian workers or peasants were the anarcho-communist Chernoe-Znamia groups, founded in Białystok in 1903.

During World War I the Bialystok-Grodno District was the administrative division of German-controlled territory of Ober-Ost. It comprised the city, as the capital, and the surrounding Podlaskie region, roughly corresponding to the territory of the earlier Belostok Oblast. At the end of World War I the city became part of the newly independent Second Polish Republic, as the capital of the Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939). During the 1919–1920 Polish–Soviet War, possession of the city by the Red Army and the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee occurred during the lead up to the Battle of Warsaw. During the resultant counteroffensive, the city returned to Polish control after the Battle of Białystok.

After the wars and the reestablishment of independent Poland, Polish education in Białystok was restored and the textile industry was revived. A municipal public library was established, sports clubs were founded, including Jagiellonia Białystok, and in the 1930s a drama theater was built.

With the beginning of World War II, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Initially Białystok was briefly occupied by Germany, and the German Einsatzgruppe IV entered the city on September 20–21, 1939 to commit crimes against the population. Afterwards, the Germans handed the city over to the Soviet Union, as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Under Soviet occupation, it was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 as the capital of Belastok Region. Polish people were subject to deportations deep into the USSR (Siberia, Kazakhstan, Far North). Pre-war mayor Seweryn Nowakowski was arrested by the NKVD in October 1939 and probably also deported to the USSR, however his fate remains unknown. The NKVD took over the local prison. The Polish resistance movement was active in the city, which was the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Toruń and Lwów). Białystok native and future President of Poland in exile Ryszard Kaczorowski was a member of the local Polish resistance and was arrested in the city by the NKVD in 1940. Initially the Soviets sentenced him to death, but eventually he was sentenced to 10 years in forced labor camps and deported to Kolyma, from where he was released in 1942, when he joined the Anders' Army.

In the course of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Białystok was occupied by the German Army on 27 June 1941, during the Battle of Białystok–Minsk, and the city became the capital of Bezirk Białystok, a separate region in German occupied Poland, until 1944. The Great Synagogue was burnt down by Germans on June 27, 1941, with an estimated number of 2,000 Jews inside. From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non-German population. The Germans operated a Nazi prison in the city, and a forced labour camp for Jewish men. Since 1943, the Sicherheitspolizei carried out deportations of Poles including teenage boys from the local prison to the Stutthof concentration camp. The 56,000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto. On August 15, 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation () started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto with deportations to the Treblinka extermination camp.

The city fell under the control of the Red Army on 27 July 1944. The Soviets carried out mass arrests of Polish resistance members in the city and region, and imprisoned them in Białystok. On 20 September 1944 the city was transferred back to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s, and the Soviet NKVD and SMERSH continued the persecution of the Polish resistance in the following months. From November 1944 to January 1945, the Russians deported nearly 5,000 Poles from the local prison to the Soviet Union. Later on, the Soviet-appointed communists held political prisoners and other members of the Polish resistance in the local prison, and until 1956, they also carried out burials of executed Polish resistance members there.

After the war, the city became capital of the initial Białystok Voivodeship (1945–1975) of the People's Republic of Poland. After the 1975 administrative reorganization, the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship (1975–1998). Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Republic of Poland.

Geography

Białystok is situated in the Białystok Uplands () of the Podlaskie Plain (), part of what is known collectively as the Green Lungs of Poland. It is situated  by road northeast of Warsaw. It is the biggest Polish city close to Belarus and Lithuania. The Biała River, a left tributary of the Supraśl River, passes through the city. The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse, with high moraine hills and kame in excess of  above sea level. Vast areas of outwash, a glacial plain formed of sediments deposited by meltwater at the terminus of a glacier, are covered by forests.

The highest point of the city lies at a height of  on the Pietrasze Forest. The lowest point lies at a height of  on the river valley of the Biała. A characteristic element of the relief of the city area are clear depressions in the surface of the moraine plateau, which are used by the rivers Biała, Horodnianka, and Czaplinianka.

Forests are an important part of the city character, they currently occupy approximately  (18% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland; behind Katowice (38%), Bydgoszcz (30%), Toruń (22.9%) and Gdańsk (17.6%).

There are a total of 9 parks in the city (on municipal plots), of which 5 are historic parks with a total area of about 59.06 ha, entered into the municipal register of monuments, and 4 are city parks with an area of about 21.68 ha.

Part of Knyszyn Forest is preserved within the city limits by two nature reserves—a total area of . The Zwierzyniecki Forest Nature Reserve (), which is contained within the city limits, is a fragment, , of the riparian forest with a dominant assemblage of oak and hornbeam. The Antoniuk Nature Reserve () is a  park in the city that preserves the natural state of a forest fragment characteristic of the Białystok Upland, with a dominant mixed forest of hazel and spruce.

The  of forests lying in the vicinity of the Dojlidy Ponds are administered by the Białystok Central Sports and Recreation Center( – BOSiR). The Dojlidy Ponds recreation area includes a public beach, walking trails, birdwatching and fishing.

Climate
The city has a warm-summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system under the  isotherm for the average temperature of the coldest month, or an oceanic climate (Cfb) if the  isotherm is used. The city would have been classified as being in the Dfb zone regardless of the accepted isotherm for climatological normals as recent as 1981–2010, but as a consequence of climate change, the winters have warmed up so that the climate in the city may be classified as oceanic. Białystok is one of the coldest cities in Poland by annual temperature and one with the climate having the most continental characteristics, as is the case for much of north-eastern Poland, with the mean yearly temperature of  and the length of the growing season amounting to 205 days, shorter than elsewhere in Poland.

While winters are rather mild compared to other cities on the similar latitude, such as Samara, Barnaul, or Edmonton, they are colder than in Western Europe (in cities like Bremen and Dublin). Winters usually have little sunshine, with weather patterns changing from those influenced by the low-pressure systems generated by the Icelandic Low (when the weather is often cloudy, cool, damp, rainy and/or snowy) to the occasional intrusions of cold air masses from Siberia or the Arctic (Siberian High), which, due to the city's northeasterly location, are more frequent than in other parts of Poland. Winters thus tend to be several degrees colder than elsewhere in Poland. Freezing conditions below  are possible in winter but are rare. Snow cover is present on the ground for more than half of winter. Summers tend to be warm, sunny and pleasant and are occasionally hot, but they are still a little cooler than in most of Poland. More rain falls in summer months than in any other period of the year.

The centre of Białystok, as most urban areas, experiences the urban heat island effect, therefore for most of the time, the city is warmer than the surrounding countryside. The temperatures in the city centre are, on average,  higher than in the surrounding villages, with greater differences at night and during the warmer half of the year, particularly in spring.

Urban layout

Bialystok is roughly circular, centered around the Central market square and Branicki Palace. Originally, the city's territory was about 50 hectares. Originally, Białystok was located at the intersection of two local roads and had two most important monuments: a church (with the current brick church from 1626) with an accompanying market square and a Gothic castle owned by the noble Wiesiołowski family, the former owners of the town. The current layout of the market square is the result of an urban design carried out by two members of the noble Branicki family, Stefan Mikołaj and his son Jan Klemens. The project which was aimed at rebuilding the layout of the city was initiated by Stefan Mikołaj Branicki at the end of the 17th and early 18th centuries. He established a new market () (part of the western side of Kosciuszki Square with the town hall, located on the western side of Sienkiewicza Street). The route leading towards Suraż was moved to a new location (today's Suraska Street) forming straight road section ending in the southern corner of the market square and creating a new viewing corridor. This design decision made it possible to erect new buildings so that the old part of the settlement and the Jewish quarter were no longer visible. The second viewing corridor was created by shifting the existing route leading towards Choroszcz to the northern corner of the market square.

The communication system serving the entire city was made of streets radiating out from the central market square. An inventory plan made by Becker in 1799 was needed by the Prussian authorities in connection with the negotiations on the acquisition of Białystok for a royal residence. The plan is of fundamental importance as it shows the development of the city in the first period of its creation. The area of the city did not exceed 1.5 km2, and the population was approx. 3.5 thousand. The entire urban area was closed with 6 loose-fitting gates and buildings situated on regular plots. Compact buildings were found only in the market square, the frontages of which were 1- 2-storey buildings with brick front elevations. Choroska and Zamkowa Streets were built up with only brick houses. The city was dominated by the palace complex, which, together with the park, covered an area equal to the city's investment areas. The residence palace was designed on a European scale and created new development opportunities for Białystok.

After the First World War, the first attempts were made to organize the city, which had so far developed without plans - between the palace grounds and arable land. At the request of the Association of Polish Cities, in the years 1938-1939 a general urban concept of the city was created by Ignacy Tłoczek. The plan called for the creation of new communication routes, relieve the center, demolish the Chanajki district, create a housing estate and connect with it the unique green areas around the city with new tree plantings. The Second World War prevented the comprehensive implementation of this plan. As a result of war damage, many buildings partially or completely destroyed, especially at the city center. The reconstruction of the town began with the restoration of the activity of textile factories. It was conditioned by the desire to improve the economic situation of the city as quickly as possible.

The average height of buildings in the city is not high. The center is dominated by buildings not exceeding 25 meters in height, and the outskirts of the city are mainly occupied by low-rise single-family houses. Taller buildings dominate in two residential districts. They are the districts of Piasta (located to the south of the city center) and the Dziesięciny estate (located to the northwest of the city center). Dominants in Białystok are located mainly in the center and they are also there
located two most important city icons: the Church of St. Roch and the Parish Church, which are on one axis. Each of the districts also has its dominant, which is usually a church or an Orthodox church. The most important space in the city is Kościuszko Square - the main square in the shape of a triangle. The space is delimited by two axes, one is part of the axis connecting the two largest churches, and the other runs towards the west of the Center district along Suraska Street and ends at Młynowa Street. An important spatial arrangement in Białystok is the Branicki Palace complex. The baroque layout of the palace complex is symmetrically shaped according to one compositional axis with a coherent garden layout.

Throughout the years it expanded to include nearby villages: In the mid-eighteenth century Bojary which was located on the right bank of the Biala River was incorporated to it. On May 10, 1919, in accordance with the decision of the Sejm, Bialostoczek, Horodniany, Zwierzyniec-Letnisko, Starosielce, Słoboda (which was founded at the end of the 17th century, between the current Pogodna and Świerkowa Streets), Ogrodniki, Pieczurki, Wysoki Stoczek were incorporated also, as well as two mill villages Marczuk and Antoniuk. By the onset of World War II the city's territory amounted to 40 km2. The reconstruction of the city following the end of World War II and establishment of the People's Republic of Poland saw further expansion: the villages Bacieczki, Bacieczki Kolonia, Korycin and part of the village Klepacze, Krupniki, Fasty, Zaścianki and Zawady were incorporated into the city. The 70s saw another wave of expansion with the villages of Bagnówka, area of Zakłady Silikatowe, areas of state forests, Dojlidy ponds and the orthodox cemetery at Dojlidy. At the onset of the millennium, in 2002, the village Zawady was included in the city's limits and at the last enlargement, in 2006, the villages Dojlidy Górne, Zagórki and Kolonia Halickie were incorporated and the city reached its current territory of 102 km2.

Districts

The city of Białystok is divided into 29 administrative units, known in Polish as osiedla. The first 27 of these were created on October 25, 2004. The 28th, Dojlidy Górne, was created by on October 23, 2006, out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city: Dojlidy Górne, Kolonia Halickie, and Zagórki. A new district called Bagnówka was created at the beginning of 2021.

The center of the city, Osiedle Centrum, surrounds Lipowa Street, the main street of the city. Lipowa Street extends from Rynek Kościuszki (the corner of Spółdzielcza Street) to Plac Niepodległości im. Romana Dmowskiego (the corner of Krakowska Street). Over the centuries the name of this street has taken on a number of different names; Choroska, Nowolipie, Lipowa, Józef Piłsudski, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin, once again, to return, after the end of World War II, to its original name – Lipowa Street.

The city covers  of which  is agricultural land,  is urbanized areas,  is surface waters and  is wasteland. The composition of the districts vary from residential near the city center, with a combination of multi-story apartment buildings and individual houses on small parcels, to industrial and agricultural at the city edges.

Metropolitan Białystok

Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52/05 of 16 May 2005  to help develop the region economically. In 2006, the metropolitan area population was 450,254 inhabitants. The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character, becoming residential suburban neighborhoods with single-family housing and small businesses.

Demographics

In June 2020, the population of the city was 296,958. Among the cities of Poland, Białystok is second in terms of population density, tenth in population, and thirteenth in area.
Historically, Białystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration, especially from Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to the Polish minority, there was formerly a Jewish majority in Białystok. The Jewish share in the population of Białystok grew from 22.4% (761) in 1765 to 66.6% (6,000) in 1808 and 76% (47,783) in 1895. According to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (around 63% percent). According to the German census of 1916, Jews comprised about 72% of the inhabitants (no less than 40,000). The demographic situation changed due to the influx of Polish repatriants, intelligentsia and civil servants, the outflow of Jews, and the enlargement of the city after the World War I. According to the 1931 census, the population of Białystok totalled 91,101: 45.5% (41,493) Roman Catholics, 43% (39,165) Jews (by religion), and 8.2% (7,502) Eastern Orthodox believers.

In 1936, Białystok had a population of 99,722, of whom: 50.9% (50,758) were Poles, 42.6% (42,482) Jews, 2.1% (2,094) Germans and 0.4% (359) Russians; 46.6% (45,474) adhered to the Catholic religion, 43% (42,880) to Judaism, 8.2% (8,177) to Eastern Orthodoxy and 2.9% (2,892) to Evangelicalism. World War II changed all of this: in 1939, around 107,000 people lived in Białystok, but by 1946, the population had dropped to 56,759, with much less ethnic diversity than it had had previously. Currently the city's population is 97% Polish, 2.5% Belarusian and 0.5% of a number of minorities including Russians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians. Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration within Poland and urbanization of surrounding areas.

Politics

City government
Białystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a city county (). The Legislative power in the city is vested in the unicameral Białystok City Council (), which has 28 members. Council members are elected directly every four years, one of whom is the mayor, or President of Białystok (). Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor, who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote. The current President of Białystok, elected for his first term in 2006, is Tadeusz Truskolaski won the elections as the Civic Platform's candidate, however, he has no official connection with the party. In the first round of the elections he received 49% of the votes (42,889 votes altogether). In the later runoff he defeated his rival candidate Marek Kozlowski from Law and Justice (), receiving 67% of the votes cast (53,018 votes).

For the 2010–2011 fiscal year the city received revenue (taxes levied + investments) of 1,409,565,525 zł, expended 1,676,459,102 zł leaving a budget deficit of 266,893,577 zł. The deficit was covered by short-term borrowing of 166,893,577 zł and the issuance of 100 million zł in municipal bonds.

Other levels of governmental representation
It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament (Sejm and Senat) from the Białystok constituency. Białystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian constituency of the European Parliament.

International relations
There are nine consulates in Białystok, a Consulate General of Belarus and Honorary Consulates of Romania, Finland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Luxembourg and Malta. The City of Białystok is a member of several organizations such as Union of Polish Metropolises (), Euroregion Niemen, Polish Green Lungs Foundation, and Eurocities.

Białystok is twinned with:

  Eindhoven, Netherlands
  Kaunas, Lithuania
  Milwaukee, United States
  Dijon, France
  Yehud, Israel
  Jelgava, Latvia
  Mazara del Vallo, Italy
  Lusaka, Zambia
  Bornova, Turkey
  Chongzuo, China
  Sliema, Malta
  Dobrich, Bulgaria
  Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Former twin towns:

  Irkutsk, Russia
  Kaliningrad, Russia
  Pskov, Russia
  Tomsk, Russia

On 3 March 2022, Białystok ended its partnership with the Russian cities of Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Pskov and Tomsk, and also with the Belarusian city of Grodno as a reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Eastern Partnership cities:

  Lutsk, Ukraine
  Gori, Georgia
  Bălți, Moldova
  Gyumri, Armenia
  Sumgait, Azerbaijan

Former partnership:
  Grodno, Belarus

Military units

The construction of the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway which passed through the city and was the strategic nerve of the
Russian Empire, resulted in the rising of the military importance of the city: In 1879, construction of the barracks of the Włodzimierski Infantry Regiment began (currently it is the area of the Voivodeship hospital between Wojskowa, Skłodowskiej-Curie and Wołodyjowskiego Streets). In 1884, barracks of the Kazan Infantry Regiment were established at Traugutta Street in Wygoda. In 1887, barracks of the Mariampole Dragon Regiment were erected at 100 Bema Street. In 1890, the barracks of Kharkov Uhlans Regiment were built at Kawaleryjska Street.

Throughout the interwar period and the existence of the Second Polish Republic, the city enjoyed the presence of the 42nd Infantry Regiment (barracks at Wygoda), 10th Lithuanian Uhlan Regiment (Kawaleryjska Street) and the 14th Horse Artillery Squadron () (Bema Street), the command of the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade and spare center (Skladowej-Curie Street, then Piwna), units of the Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic.

The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment () of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok. The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion () and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade. December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, 18th Mechanized Brigade () was disbanded and in its place created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion ().

The Cavalry Brigade "Białystok" (BK "Białystok") of the Polish Army Second Republic was formed in February 1929. On April 1, 1937, BK "Białystok" was renamed the Podlaska Cavalry Brigade(). Its headquarters was located in Białystok and operated as part of Independent Operational Group Narew. It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade "Białystok", which existed between February 1929, and March 30, 1937. After the Soviet invasion of Poland, remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops, capitulating on October 6, 1939.

During December 1993 an order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces created the 18th Mechanized Brigade () at the garrison in Białystok. The unit was formed from the 3rd Mechanized Regiment () and was subordinated to the commander of the 1st Warsaw Mechanized Division (). On December 31, 2001, as a result of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, the 18th Mechanized Brigade was disbanded and in its place was created the 18th Territorial Defense Battalion.

Economy

In the nineteenth century, Białystok was an important center for light industry, which was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the twentieth century, such as Fasty in the district of Bacieczki. However, after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down.

The unemployment rate for November 2020 in Białystok was 6.8%.
The 2009 average household had a monthly per capita income of 1018.77 zł  and monthly per capita expenses of 823.56 zł

The city has a number of nearby border crossings. The border with Belarus is only  away, the nearest border crossings are located in; Bobrowniki (road crossing located about  from the city limits), Kuźnica Białostocka (road and rail crossing located  from the city limits), Siemianówka (railway – freight traffic), Połowce (road) and Czeremcha (railway). Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area the city is a center for trade in mainly from the east.

The leading industries in the city's economy are food processing (production of meat products, fruit and vegetable products, the production of spirits, the production of frozen food, grain processing), electrical engineering (production tools and equipment for machine tools, production of electric heaters, manufacture and production mixers household appliances). There is also a developed machine industry (electronics, machinery and metal), plastic processing (production of household appliances), textiles (textiles and upholstery, manufacture of underwear, clothing accessories, footwear and backpacks), Wood (production plywood and furniture) building materials.

Some major employers who are based in Białystok include:
 Dojlidy Brewery in the district of Dojlidy produces the second most popular beer in Poland, Żubr.
 Polmos Białystok, the biggest vodka manufacturer in Poland, is located in the city district of Starosielce. The company produces Absolwent and Żubrówka (bison grass vodka) – both major exports abroad.
 Standard Motor Products Poland Ltd. headquartered in Białystok began manufacturing ignition coils for original equipment manufacturers 30 years ago.
 "Supon" Białystok is the leading Polish producer of fire fighting equipment.
 SavaPol, Sp.z o.o. is a manufacturer of stationary and mobile concrete mixing equipment based in Białystok.
 Biazet S.A. is a large manufacture of household appliances, including vacuum cleaners, coffee makers, and LED lighting located in Białystok.
 Agnella, a major Polish producer of carpets and similar products is in Białystok, located in the district of Białostoczek.
 Rosti Poland Sp. z o.o., has provided for more than 60 years precision injection molded products for some of the world's leading brands.
 Biaglass Huta Szkla Białystok Sp. z o.o., established in 1929, produces mouth blown glass lampshades and related products. Biaglass belongs to elite group of Glass Works in Europe, where 100% of the lighting glass is mouth-blown.
 Chłodnia Białystok S.A (Cold Store Białystok S.A.), established in 1952, is one of the largest Polish producers of frozen vegetables, fruits and ready-to-heat meals.
 Podlaskie Zakłady Zbożowe S.A. was established on 1 July 2000 as a result of privatizing The Regional Establishment of Corn and Milling Industry 'PZZ' in Białystok. It is one of the leading firms in Podlaskie region in the department of preservation and processing of grain with elevators in Białystok, Grajewo and Suwałki.

Innovations
In order to increase the attractiveness of the city of Białystok for investments based on modern technologies, the Bialystok Science and Technology Park was opened in 2014, which is to initiate the development of infrastructure conducive to increasing innovation among local and regional enterprises.

Amongst companies based in the Park are the Institute of Innovative Technologies EMAG, the Department of Prevention of Metabolic Diseases Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and a biometric photographs company PhotoAid.

Public utilities
In 2015, the length of the active water supply network in Białystok was 540.7 km. Compared to 2010, this length increased by 72.6 km, and compared to the previous year by 13.3 km. At the end of 2015, there were 20,508 residential buildings in the city connected to the water supply system. In the years 2010 - 2015, this number was constantly increasing. For comparison, at the end of 2010, there were 18,654 residential buildings connected to the water supply network, 19,307 at the end of 2012, and 20,171 at the end of 2014.

Culture and tourism

Białystok is one of the largest cultural centers in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The attractions include performing arts groups, art museums, historical museums, walking tours of architectural/cultural aspects and a wide variety of parks and green spaces. Białystok in 2010 was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition, to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.

Performing arts
The city has a number of performing arts facilities including:

The Białystok Puppet Theatre (), established in 1953, is one of the oldest Polish puppet theaters. The facility is located at Kalinowskiego 1 in Białystok. The repertoire includes performances for both children and puppet adaptations of world literature for adults. Because of the high artistic level of productions, the theater has been recognized as one of the best puppetry arts centers in Poland.

The Aleksandra Węgierki Drama Theatre, housed in a building designed by Jarosław Girina, was built in the years 1933–1938.

The Podlasie Opera and Philharmonic – European Art Centre in Białystok is the largest institute of arts in Northeastern Poland and the most modern cultural center in this region of Europe. In its amphitheatre every year at the end of June Halfway Festival takes place.

Museums

There are a number of museums in the city including:

The Historical Museum in Białystok () is part of the Podlaskie Museum. The facility has a rich collection of archival materials and iconography illustrating the history of Białystok and Podlasie, and a number of middle-class cultural relics, especially in the field of craft utility. There are also the Numismatic Cabinet of the collection of 16 000 coins, medals and securities. The museum is in possession of the only collections in the country memorabilia connected with the Tatar settlement in the Polish–Lithuanian–Belarusian region.

The Army Museum in Białystok () was established in September 1968 as a branch of the Podlaskie Museum to house the research and collections of many people connected with the military history of north-eastern Poland.

The Ludwik Zamenhof Centre () has a permanent exhibition, "Bialystok of Young Ludwik Zamenhof", and various temporary exhibitions, concerts, film projections, and theatre performances. The Centre has a branch of Lukasz Gornicki's Podlaska Library dedicated to the Esperanto language.

The Sybir Memorial Museum () is a historical museum opened in 2021 and dedicated to the memory of Poles as well as people from other nationalities who were the victims of forced deportations to Siberia perpetrated by Russia and the Soviet Union.

The Alfons Karny Sculpture Museum contains a collection of sculptures by Białystok native Alfons Karny.

Parks and green spaces

Around 32% of the city is occupied by parks, squares and forest preserves which creates a unique and healthy climate. The green spaces include:

Branicki Palace () is a historical edifice and  park in Białystok. It was developed on the site of an earlier building in the first half of the eighteenth century by Jan Klemens Branicki, wealthy Polish Crown Hetman (highest military leader of Poland), into a residence suitable for a man whose ambition was to be elected king of Poland. The palace complex with gardens, pavillons, sculptures, outbuildings and other structures and the city with churches, city hall and monastery, all built almost at the same time according to French models was the reason why the city was known in the eighteenth century as Versailles of Podlaskie ().

Planty is a  park created between 1930 and 1938, under the auspices of the then voivode Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski in the areas adjacent to Branicki Palace. The modernist composition of the park was designed by Stanislav Gralla.

Architecture

The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city. Most other Polish cities have suffered similarly, but the processes in Białystok, have had a particularly intense course. Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist, while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration. Very few historic buildings of the city have been preserved – the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Białystok.

Main sights include:
 Palaces: Branicki Palace, Branicki Guest Palace, Lubomirski Palace, Hasbach Palace, Nowik Palace
 Townhall
 Catholic Cathedral
 St. Roch Church
 St. Adalbert Church
 Orthodox Cathedral of St. Nicholas
 Daughters of Charity Monastery
 Former Arsenal
 Former Masonic Lodge

Sports

The city has both professional and amateur sports teams, and a number of venues where they are based. Jagiellonia Białystok is a Polish football club, based in Białystok, in the Ekstraklasa (Poland's top division) that plays at the Białystok City Stadium. Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010. A new 22,500-seat stadium was completed at the beginning of 2015. There is also a futsal team Słoneczny Stok Jagiellonia Białystok, which plays in the Futsal Ekstraklasa, Poland's top division (as of 2022–23).

 is one of the top athletics clubs in Poland, multiple times Polish Team Champions, most recently in 2022.

Lowlanders Białystok is an American football club, that plays in the Polish American Football League () PLFA I Conference. The Lowlanders were the champions of the PLFA II Conference in 2010 with a perfect season (8 wins in eight meetings). Because of the win, they were advanced to the upper conference (PLFA I) in 2011.

Other notable clubs include men's football team Hetman Białystok (with additional boxing and contract bridge sections), basketball club , and football club Włókniarz Białystok with both men's and women's sections, however, all of the aforementioned teams play in the lower leagues as of 2022–23.

Media

Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published daily newspapers, Gazeta Współczesna (36.3% market share)  and Kurier Poranny (20.3% market share). In addition two national papers have local bureaus. There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over-the-air from the nearby RTCN Białystok (Krynice) Mast, the seventh highest structure in Poland, in addition to transmitter sites within the city. TVP Białystok is one of the locally produced, regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. There is also a cable television system available within the city. The city has two campus radio stations; Radiosupeł at the Medical University of Białystok and Radio Akadera at Białystok Technical University.

Religion

In the early 1900s, Białystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world. In 1931, 40,000 Jews lived in the city, nearly half the city's inhabitants.
The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok. Pope John Paul II on 5 June 1991, during a visit to Białystok, announced the establishment of the Archdiocese of Białystok which ended the period of the temporary church administration of the portion of the Archdiocese of Vilnius that had, after World War II, remained within the Polish borders. The city is also the seat of the Białystok-Gdansk Diocese of the Autocephalous Polish Orthodox Church. Białystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland. In Białystok, the following Protestant churches exist: a Lutheran parish, two Pentecostal churches, Baptist church, a congregation of the Church of God in Christ and a Seventh Day Adventist church.

Białystok is home to more than two thousand Muslims (mainly Tatars). There is an Islamic Centre, a House of Prayer, and various organisations. There is a magazine issued – "" ("Memory and persistence").

The city is the site of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary with the main relics of Michał Sopoćko.

Transport

The city is and has been for centuries, the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland. It is a major city on the European Union roadways (Via Baltica) and railways (Rail Baltica) to the Baltic Republics and Finland. It is also a main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Grodno, Belarus.

A traffic management system has been operating in Białystok since 2015. At 120 intersections, traffic lights are coordinated in such a way that cars and buses covered the route as quickly as possible. Special cameras record traffic, travel time. Drivers receive this information on 19 boards set among others at the intersections on Wasilkowska Street, Antoniuk-Fabryczny Street and Kleeberga Street.

Railways
Passenger trains connect from Suwałki, Grodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network. Passenger services are provided by two rail service providers, PKP Intercity that provides intercity passengers trains (express, intercity, eurocity, hotel and TLK) and Przewozy Regionalne that operates only regional passenger trains financed by the voivodeship. Passenger trains are mostly run using electrical multiple units (on electrified lines) or rail buses.

Buses

There is an extensive bus network that covers the entire city by three bus services, but no tram or subway exists. The three bus operators (KPKM, KPK and KZK) are owned by the city and each shares approximately a third of the lines and the bus fleet.

Roads and highways
The National Roads () running through Białystok:
  / : Budzisko (Lithuania–Poland border) – Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław – Kudowa-Zdrój (Czech–Polish border)
 : Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuźnica (Belarus–Poland border)
 : Gołdap (Poland–Russia border)-Ełk-Białystok-Bobrowniki (Belarus–Poland border)
The expressways () near Białystok:
  / : Białystok – Warsaw – Wrocław
  (projected): Rzeszów – Lublin – Bielsk Podlaski – Białystok – Kuźnica (Belarus–Polish border)
The Voivodeship roads () running through Białystok::
 : Trasa Niepodległości (Narodowych Sił Zbrojnych Street, Niepodległości Avenue, Padarewskiego Avenue)
 : Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Avenue ()
 : Porosły - Białystok - Supraśl - Krynki
 : Białystok - Wysokie Mazowieckie

In Białystok Country () there are also Poviat roads () which connect Białystok with other towns in the area:

Bicycle
By 2020, there were already over 158 km of bicycle paths in Bialystok.
The municipal bicycle renting system is called BiKeR and was opened in 2014. The system initially based on 30 stations equipped with 300 bikes. The city has four public bicycle repair stations, in which one can fix their private bikes. The stations are located in places where the highest traffic of city bikes was observed.

Airports
A civil airport, Białystok-Krywlany Airport, lies within the city limits, but does not provide regularly scheduled service. There were plans in 2011 to build a new regional airport, Białystok-Saniki Airport, that would have provided flights within Europe.

Education

Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the eighteenth century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki. As a patron of the arts and sciences, Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage. In 1745 Branicki established Poland's first military college, the School of Civil and Military Engineering, in the city.

Since the fall of communism many privately funded institutions of higher educations have been founded and their number is still increasing. Currently Białystok is home to one principal public university (University of Białystok) and two other public specialist universities (Białystok Technical University and Medical University of Białystok). Some institutions, such as Musical Academy in Białystok, are branches of their parent institutions in other cities, usually in Warsaw.

Notable residents

Over the centuries, a number of people from Białystok have been prominent in the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. This environment was created in the mid-eighteenth century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences. These include Ryszard Kaczorowski, last émigré President of the Republic of Poland, L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, Albert Sabin, co-developer of the polio vaccine, Izabella Scorupco, actress, Max Weber, painter. Tomasz Bagiński illustrator, animator and director Oscar nominee in 2002 for The Cathedral.

References

Notes

Further reading
 Łukasz Kaźmierczak, Trzy procent odmienności (Three percent of different) – article describing results of Polish census 2002 and minorities in Poland, citing census data
 Janusz Żarnowski, "Społeczeństwo Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej 1918–1939", Warszawa 1973
 Eugeniusz Mironowicz, "Białoruś", Trio, Warszawa, 1999,
 Yvette Walczak, "Let Her Go!", Naomi Roth Publishing, London, 2012,

External links

 Osiedla.Białystok.pl
 VisitBiałystok.com

 Official Site Białystok City Transport
 Google Transit in Białystok

 Białystok at the B&F Compendium of Jewish Genealogy

Cities and towns in Podlaskie Voivodeship
City counties of Poland
Cities with powiat rights
Podlachian Voivodeship
Belostoksky Uyezd
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region
Holocaust locations in Poland
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust

Białystok


In forestry, a widowmaker or fool killer is a detached or broken limb or tree top. The name indicates that such objects can kill forest workers by falling on them, thus "making widows" of their wives. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration describes widowmakers as "broken off limbs that are hanging freely in the tree to be felled or in the trees close by."

Causes
Widowmakers are often caused by fungal growth over a sustained period. Other causes include damage from other falling trees or stress on a branch.

Hazards
Widowmakers may pose a risk to equipment or personnel working under or around the tree. They can become dislodged by wind or during tree felling, and are responsible for 11% of all fatal chainsaw accidents. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) offers ways to eliminate risks by avoiding working beneath widowmakers, knocking them down, or pulling them down with a machine.

See also
 Snag

References

Logging

Widowmaker (forestry)


Georges Van Vrekhem (Wakken, 28 March 1935 – Auroville, 31 August 2012) was a Flemish (i.e. Dutch-speaking) Belgian journalist, poet and playwright, who was the artistic manager of a professional theater company, the "Nederlands Toneel te Gent".  He became acquainted with the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother in 1964.  In 1970, he joined the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry, and eight years later, in 1978 he moved to Auroville.  He has translated as selected writings from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and several books of Sri Aurobindo, The Mother, Peter Heehs, and Satprem into Dutch. Van Vrekhem died during sleep in his Auroville home in Shakti on 31 August 2012.

Works
His book on the life and work of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother, Voorbij de mens has been published in The Netherlands in 1995, and translated into English as Beyond Man, published in India in 1997, and also translated into French, German, Italian, Spanish and Russian.  The American edition, published by Paragon House, is called Beyond the Human Species: The Life and Work of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother.
Since then Van Vrekhem has published The Mother - The Story of Her Life (2000), Overman - The Transitional Being between the Human and the Supramental (2000), Patterns of the Present - in the Light of Sri Aurobindo (2002),  Hitler and His God - The Background to the Nazi Phenomenon (2006), Evolution, Religion and the Unknown God (2011), Preparing for the Miraculous (2012), and The New Spirituality (2013).

See also
List of Adolf Hitler books

External links
Personal home page
AUM Presenter 1998: Georges Van Vrekhem
biography
van Vrekhem on Satprem
Profile at www.auroville.org

Sri Aurobindo
Historians of Nazism
Converts to Hinduism
Belgian Hindus
1935 births
2012 deaths

Georges van Vrekhem


Meagher Electronics was a Monterey, California, company which was founded in 1947 by Jim Meagher. It included a recording studio which recorded early demos for Joan Baez, her sister, Mimi Farina and her sister's husband, Richard Farina.  The company also repaired all sorts of home entertainment equipment, focusing on professional and semi professional sound equipment and high end home systems.  It had a huge, high warehouse space in which literally hundreds of old wooden console radios and phonographs dating back to the 1920s were stacked to the rafters. Meagher used to explain that these had been left by customers who chose not to pick them up instead of paying the repair estimate charges.

The firm was also a commercial sound installation company and one of the first Altec Lansing dealers in the country, with catalogues and equipment going back to 1947. It provided the sound system for most of the concerts and live events in the Monterey area in the 1950s through the 1970s, from folk to jazz to Roger Williams  It also recorded the first gold jazz album, Erroll Garner's Concert by the Sea in the mid-1950s on a portable mono Ampex 601 tape recorder which remained a prize possession for many years.

The Monterey Jazz Festival contracted Meagher to provide their sound reinforcement system from the beginning of its existence in 1958 and the firm was extremely conscientious about providing the best quality sound possible, often using recording quality condenser microphones and custom designed loudspeaker arrays.  The company supplied sound reinforcement systems for the Big Sur Folk Festivals and assisted Harry McCune Sound from San Francisco and their sound designer Abe Jacob, who was contracted to provide the sound system for the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967.

References

Audio engineering
Companies based in Monterey County, California
Electronics companies established in 1947
1947 establishments in California

Meagher Electronics


Svatopluk Čech (21 February 1846 – 23 February 1908) was a Czech writer, journalist and poet.

Biography
Čech was born in Ostředek. He studied at gymnasium in Prague, then studied law, and later worked in the journals Květy, Lumír and Světozor.

His first poem, Husita na Baltu, was published in the almanac Ruch in 1868. Similarly to his work Adamité, it is inspired by history (Hussite Wars). His poem Evropa (1878) takes its cue from revolutionary movements of the time, his poem Slávie (1882) propagates ideals of Slavic unity, the poem Václav z Michalovic (1880) depicts religious oppression by the Jesuits, his poem Lešetínský kovář (1883 confiscated, 1899) social problems of industrialization. The books of lyrical poetry Jitřní písně (1887) and Nové písně (1888) reflect the national rebirth of the Czech people, and his poetry cycle Písně otroka reflects social problems.

His best known work today is a series of satirical novels, Výlety pana Broučka (1888, 1889), two of which were used as the basis for Janáček's opera The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century (Výlet pana Broučka do Měsíce/Výlet pana Broučka do XV. století). Čech himself appears as an apparition in Act Three of the opera.

A bridge in Prague bears the name Svatopluk Čech Bridge (Most Svatopluka Čecha) in his honor. Also multiple streets in various Czech cities are named after him.

Svatopluk Čech died in Prague on 23 February 1908 at the age of 62. He was buried at the Vyšehrad Cemetery in Prague.

External links

 Short biography

Czech journalists
Czech poets
Czech male poets
1846 births
1908 deaths
19th-century poets
19th-century male writers
People from Benešov District
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery

Svatopluk Čech


Street Hacker is a hacking simulator game developed by VirtuWeb Interactive. Unlike other hacking simulation games, the in-game engine is made to appear more like an actual computer system similar to the Linux OS/Shell.

Plot
In Street Hacker, the player assumes the role of a hacker who is approached by a crude executive and entrepreneur, Demetrius Mordecai. He sees you as a person with a strong analytical mind, keen intuition and a desire for power. Having no money at your disposal, he hires you as a hacker to do his dirty work. Vince, his chief of operations, helps you get started and accustomed to the game. Being as successful as he is, Demetrius has made quite a few enemies in the corporate world. This is evident by the first few missions he assigns you to, missions in which you are required to disrupt these corporations by sabotaging their servers. Once these missions are completed, Demetrius decides to "retire" you by calling in an anonymous tip to the FBI about who was behind the attacks. Quickly responding, the FBI surrounds your apartment and finds enough evidence to put you away for 4 years.

Two years later, you are freed from prison to serve your remaining two years on parole. Vince, your mentor from the beginning, helps you get back on your feet by hooking you up with a laptop and some cash. He and many of the others who still work for Demetrius are all hoping that you can find enough dirt on him to put him away for life. Too afraid to directly betray him, they all put their support behind you.

Style
Street Hacker focuses primarily on actual forms of hacking (viruses, worms, etc.). The user is given a program with which to order these different programs so that they can perform the various missions assigned to them. Another feature to the game is the infiltration feature, where the user is required to infiltrate a building in order to hack internet access so they can accomplish the different missions that are assigned to them. Similarly to games such as Uplink, Street Hacker is heavily mission-driven, the entire main storyline being propelled by the different missions assigned. For the most part, the in-game dynamics mimic that of an actual operating system (down to the ability to execute programs and view folders). Hacking takes place in a DOS-style command prompt, using commands familiar to computer aficionado (commands such as WHOIS, CONNECT, etc.). It also allows for downloading files from the respective servers which you must connect to for missions (and in some cases for software downloads).

See also
 Hacking
Uplink
System 15000
Hacker
Neuromancer

References

External links
 Street Hacker Official Website

2004 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Hacking video games

Street Hacker


Mark James Williams MBE (b. 21 March 1975) is a commonly portrayed alias for a special individual, who is active in the snooker industry and performs a wide variety of professions, most notably regarded highly as a Welsh Potting Machine, and has an emblem to denote his much deserved significance, typically presented to the public at the annual non-ranking snooker invitational proceeding, the Masters tournament and features a collage and visual schematic summarizing his previous feats, the pictogram also representing various cogs and cues, symbolizing his nickname and contribution the the sport likewise.

The Welsh Potting Machine initially turned professional in 1992 at the youthful age of 17, highly renowned as an energetic and conventional prospect which catalyzed snooker's popularity around the same duration, the similar decisions of multi-time snooker world champions and number ones Ronnie O'Sullivan and John Higgins to also turn professional that same year enable the Welsh Potting Machine and the aforementioned to be collectively referred to as the prestigious and greatly decorated, respected and sublime Class of 92.

Trivia

Mark Williams also works as a part-time concessioner Welsh Potting Machine. A Welsh Potting Machine who also resembles a three-time world champion of snooker, having most recently won the world title in the year 2018. He has produced 589 century breaks, with 3 comprising of maximum breaks, an impressive feat in itself, upheaving snooker for a prolonged time and making it interesting conclusively.

References

British snooker players
Welsh sportspeople

Mark Williams (snooker player)


Altair, also called α Aquilae, α Aql, is the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila.

It is the twelfth brightest star in the night sky. It is in the G-cloud—a fog of gas and dust known as an interstellar cloud. Altair is an A-type main sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.77. It is one of the vertices of the  Summer Triangle (the other two vertices are Deneb and Vega). It is 16.7 light-years (5.13 parsecs) from the Sun and is one of the closest stars visible to the naked eye.

Altair spins rapidly, with a velocity at its equator of about 286 km/s. This is a significant fraction of the star's estimated breakup speed of 400 km/s. A study with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer showed that Altair is not spherical, but is flattened at the poles due to its high rate of rotation. Other interferometric studies with multiple telescopes, operating in the infrared, have confirmed this.

References

Stars

Altair


Avneet Kaur Sidhu (Bathinda, 30 October 1981) is an Indian sport shooter. She won the gold medal in the Women's 10m Air Rifle (Pairs) with Tejaswini Sawant at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. She contested in the 10 m air rifle and 50 m rifle three positions at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Her various achievements in national and international events are:

Awards and achievements
 Commonwealth Games 2006, Melbourne - Gold medal Team
 Commonwealth Games 2006, Melbourne - Silver Medal Individual*
 Asian Games, Doha 2006 - Bronze medal
 11th Asian Shooting Championship, Kuwait, 2007 - Bronze medal
 33rd National Games, Guwahati, 2007 - two silver medals
 51st National Shooting Championship, Ahmedabad - Gold medal
 2008: Received the Arjuna Award
 2013- Received the Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award
 2008: Australia Cup, Sydney - Gold medal
2010 - InterShoot, Netherlands - Individual Silver and Team Gold medal
 2011- Team Gold medal- National Championship
 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 - Gold medals in all four All India Police Shooting Championships
 2017 - World Police Games, Los Angeles, USA - one Gold, one Silver and two Bronze medals

Has won more than 100 medals in different national and international competitions

In August 2006, winning an Olympic quota for India in the 49th World Shooting Championship held at Zagreb (Croatia), she became the sixth sportsperson (shooting) of the country to book a quota place in the Olympic Games 2008 Beijing, China.
Among the long tally of her achievements, a bronze medal that she won in the 15th Asian Games held at Doha (Qatar) in 2006, a bronze in the 11th Asian Shooting Championship held in Kuwait and a gold medal in AISL Australia Cup II held at Sydney in March 2008 are the major ones.
Speaking to The Tribune, the elated shooter informed that she had won more than a dozen gold medals and many silver and bronze medals in various competitions she participated in at the international and national levels.
Besides this, she has represented India in 12 World Cups. She scored 397 out of 400 in the World Championship, 2006 and earned an Olympic quota place for India.
She is the first woman shooter from Punjab to represent India in the Beijing Olympic Games, 2008 and the first woman shooter from Punjab to win the Commonwealth and Asian Games medals.
Recipient of Punjab State Award, she was conferred with the Arjuna Award by President Mrs. Pratibha Patil on 29 August 2008.

Biography
Born in 1981, Avneet did her schooling from St. Joseph's Convent School in Bathinda.
She started her shooting career in 2001 from the Dasmesh Girls' College, Badal. Impressing all with her calibre, in a short span of six years, she reached the top and secured a gold and a silver medal in the 18th Commonwealth Games—2006, held at Melbourne (Australia).
She started her shooting career in 2001 while pursuing her Bachelor in Computer Applications degree from Dasmesh Girls College, Badal, the native village of S. Parkash Singh Badal. She completed her master's degree in English literature in 2005.
She has won around 60 medals in various national and international events.
She worked as Assistant Manager in Air India. Acknowledging the glory that renowned shooter Avneet Kaur Sidhu of Bathinda has brought to her home state, the Punjab government has decided to honour her by offering the post of deputy superintendent of police (DSP).

Personal life
She is married to the former Indian hockey captain Rajpal Singh and the couple have one child.

References

Indian female sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Living people
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Shooters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Olympic shooters for India
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Asian Games medalists in shooting
1981 births
Shooters at the 2006 Asian Games
Sportswomen from Punjab, India
Commonwealth Games medallists in shooting
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Avneet Sidhu


Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one mental state with its successor states. It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete psychological elements and their combinations, which are believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings. In philosophy, this idea is viewed as the outcome of empiricism and sensationism. The concept encompasses a psychological theory as well as comprehensive philosophical foundation and scientific methodology.

History

Early history
The idea is first recorded in Plato and Aristotle, especially with regard to the succession of memories. Particularly, the model is traced back to the Aristotelian notion that human memory encompasses all mental phenomena. The model was discussed in detail in the philosopher's work, Memory and Reminiscence. This view was widely embraced until the emergence of British associationism, which began with Thomas Hobbes.

Associationist School
Members of the Associationist School, including John Locke, David Hume, David Hartley, Joseph Priestley, James Mill, John Stuart Mill, Alexander Bain, and Ivan Pavlov, asserted that the principle applied to all or most mental processes.

John Locke
The phrase association of ideas was first used by John Locke in 1689 in Chapter 33 of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding entitled "Of the Association of Ideas″, he describes the ways that ideas can be connected to each other. He writes "Some of our ideas have a natural correspondence and connection with one another". Although he believed that some associations were natural and justified, he believed that others were illogical, causing errors in judgment. He also explains that one can associate some ideas together based on their education and culture, saying, "there is another connection of ideas wholly owing to chance or custom". The term associationism later became more prominent in psychology and the psychologists that subscribed to the idea became known as the associationists. Locke's view that the mind and body are two aspects of the same unified phenomenon can be traced back to Aristotle's ideas on the subject.

David Hume
In his 1740 book Treatise on Human Nature David Hume outlines three principles for ideas to be connected to each other: resemblance, continuity in time or place, and cause or effect. He argues that the mind uses these principles, rather than reason, to traverse from idea to idea. He writes "When the mind, therefore, passes from the idea or impression of one object to the idea or belief of another, it is not determined by reason, but by certain principles, which associate together the ideas of these objects, and unite them in the imagination." These connections are formed in the mind by observation and experience. Hume does not believe that any of these associations are "necessary' in a sense that ideas or object are truly connected, instead he sees them as mental tools used for creating a useful mental representation of the world.

Later members
Later members of the school developed very specific principles elaborating how associations worked and even a physiological mechanism bearing no resemblance to modern neurophysiology.  For a fuller explanation of the intellectual history of associationism and the "Associationist School", see Association of Ideas.

Applications
Associationism is often concerned with middle-level to higher-level mental processes such as learning. For instance, the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis are linked in one's mind through repetition so that they become inextricably associated with one another. Among the earliest experiments that tested the applications of associationism, involve Hermann Ebbinghaus' work. He was considered the first experimenter to apply the associationist principles systematically, and used himself as subject to study and quantify the relationship between rehearsal and recollection of material.

Some of the ideas of the Associationist School also anticipated the principles of conditioning and its use in behavioral psychology. Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning use positive and negative associations as means of conditioning.

See also
 Calculus of relations
 Connectionism
 Family resemblance
 Prototype theory

References

Further reading

 Pre-History of Cognitive Science.

Metaphysics of mind
Psychological theories
History of psychology
Socialism

ca:Ateneu Suecà del Socors

Associationism


Father John Redmond Catholic Secondary School and Regional Arts Centre (also known as Father John Redmond, Father John Redmond CSS and RAC, FJRCSS, FJR, or Redmond in short) is a Catholic high school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the New Toronto area of Etobicoke. It is operated by the Toronto Catholic District School Board (previously the Metropolitan Separate School Board) as a regional art school for grades 9-12.

Redmond was founded in the spring of 1985 as the south campus of Etobicoke's first Catholic high school, Michael Power/St. Joseph High School, merged in 1982 and then became a separate, standard high school in 1986. The Regional Arts Program has since started in 2006. The school was named after Father John Redmond C.S.B. (1934-September 21, 1981), a teacher, coach, educator, priest, and principal of Michael Power.

History

Origins
Father John Redmond C.S.B. was born in Weston, Ontario in 1934 and aspired to helping others all his life. He was a faithful priest, dedicated teacher and accomplished coach. Educated in Toronto at St. Michael's College School and later University of Windsor, Father Redmond was ordained a Basilian priest in 1963.

His entire professional teaching career, which spanned from 1963 to his death on September 21, 1981, revolved around Michael Power Catholic High School. He was the school's athletic director for thirteen years, principal from 1976 to 1981, and nineteen years as a teacher.  He helped develop thousands of Etobicoke teenagers into responsible adults through his example of a Christian life and through the discipline of sport.

Under Redmond's tutelage, Power won fifteen Toronto and District College School Athletic Association Track Championships and, provincially, nine out of ten Ontario Federation of Secondary Schools Association Crowns.  In 1976, an American reporter wrote that the Power track team won a US invitational meet over 243 schools "handily".

Redmond was inducted into the Etobicoke Sports Hall of Fame in 1999.

Background

During a period of reorganization by public school boards across Ontario following a decision by the Ontario Government to extend funding of Catholic schools to include secondary school grades 10 to 13 (OAC) in the 1980s, many public schools of the Etobicoke Board of Education  in southern Etobicoke with low enrolment were ceded to the Metropolitan Separate School Board (later the Toronto Catholic District School Board).

Originally offered the former Mimico High School (now John English Junior Middle School), the MSSB preferred the newer, designed buildings of Kingsmill Secondary School (later Bishop Allen Academy), which were already nearby, requested the former Alderwood Collegiate Institute in Alderwood (which was closed in June 1983) to serve the rest of southern Etobicoke; Alderwood reopened as the South campus outlet of Etobicoke's first Catholic high school, Michael Power/St. Joseph High School. The school's namesake, Father John Redmond was named in his honor after serving as a Basilian priest, a principal, an educator, and prominent national track and field coach. The roots clearly relied on the Basilian motto of "Teach me Goodness, Discipline and Knowledge."

The South campus of MPSJ opened its doors in spring 1985 with 17 staff and 300 students under vice-principal Jack Smith. On September 2, 1986, the Father John Redmond community was established with the motto of Cursum Consumavi Fidem Servavi ("I Have Finished The Race, I Have Kept The Faith"). Jack Smith is the founding principal of the new school. In its first year, Father Redmond Catholic Secondary School had an enrolment of 427 students in grades 9, 10 and 11. By September 1987 grades 12 and OAC had been added and the student population reached 1140 students.

The 1960s school buildings were in a very bad state of repair forced Father John Redmond to relocate to newly constructed buildings in New Toronto (St. Teresa's parish), on the Lakeshore Psychiatric Hospital grounds beside the historic 19th century buildings of the Mimico Lunatic Asylum, which are now the site of Humber College's Lakeshore Campus, in September 2006. As the Toronto Catholic District School Board does not operate an arts school in Etobicoke, Father John Redmond was chosen as the Catholic board's Regional Arts Centre on June 12, 2005. The school serves Catholic students from the former Lakeshore Municipalities (Mimico, New Toronto, Long Branch) in southern Etobicoke.

Feeder Schools
St. Leo Catholic Elementary School, Mimico
Holy Trinity Catholic Elementary School
St. Ambrose Catholic Elementary School
 St. Josaphat Catholic Elementary School (Ukrainian Catholic)

Notable alumni

 Brendan Frederick Shanahan - Former NHL player, current president of Toronto Maple Leafs
 Dave Bolland - Former NHL hockey player
 Brendan Smith - NHL hockey player
 Rory Smith - NLL lacrosse player
 Reilly Smith - NHL hockey player

See also
List of high schools in Ontario
Alderwood Collegiate Institute - The original site of Father John Redmond from 1986 to 2006.

References

External links
 Father John Redmond Catholic Secondary School and Regional Arts Centre
 TCDSB Portal

Toronto Catholic District School Board
High schools in Toronto
Education in Etobicoke
Catholic secondary schools in Ontario
Art schools in Canada
Educational institutions established in 1986
1986 establishments in Ontario
Basilian schools
Relocated schools


Tessellation of a flat surface refers to the repeated placement of shapes with no overlaps and no gaps. These shapes are also called tiles. In mathematics, tessellations can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries.

Geometry

Tessellation


Phillis Wheatley (May 8, 1753 – December 5, 1784) was a poet. She was the first African-American woman to have a book published. She was born in West Africa, probably in Gambia. She was captured and made a slave in the United States when she was about seven years old on a slave ship called The Phillis.

Her master and his wife taught her how to read and write. Wheatley wrote her first published poem when she was 13. She wrote over 100 poems in her life.

Although she was an African slave, Phillis Wheatley was one of the best-known poets in America. In 1770 Wheatley wrote a poetic tribute to the evangelist George Whitefield. A lot of people said good things about the poem. In 1773 a collection of 39 poems Wheatley had written, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral by Phillis Wheatley was published. It was the first book by an African American woman to be published. The book made her famous in England and the American colonies. There was a poem in the book about a slave trader who brought people from Africa to America. Wheatley's mistress, Mrs. Wheatley, died on October 18, 1773. At this point Wheatley did not have to do household chores anymore. Yet, it was not until 1778 that she was set free when her master, John Wheatley, died. That year she married John Peters. Peters was a free black grocer. They had two children. Both of them died when they were babies. Her husband got put in prison in 1784 for debt. After this Wheatley became very poor. Wheatley died of illness in 1784 in Boston. She was 31 years old.

Early life
Phillis Wheatley was born around 1753 in Gambia, Africa. She was captured by slave trader and brought to America in 1761, which she was only a seven or eight years old young girl. When she arrived America, she got sold to the Wheatley family in Boston, Massachusetts. The reason John Wheatley purchased her was that he needed some young girls to serve his wife, who had weak body. In addition, the Wheatley family educated her. After sixteen months, she could read the Bible, and other books in different three languages. The Wheatley family saw her talent, so they allowed her to focus on her studies. When she was fourteen years old, she began writing poem and published her first poem in 1767.

Her marriage and life after marriage
On April 1, 1778, Wheatley married John Peters, a handsome and well-mannered free black. They knew each others for five years,then they married. He likes to call himself Dr. Peters, practicing law and keeping a grocery store at the court. But, his business did not work well and match his dream. Soon after their marriage, they moved to Wilmington, Massachusetts. Shortly returning to Boston they set up their home in the run-down section of the city. Since John Peter could not find a job and that made them became very poor. She had three children with John Peter but they all died when they were still a baby. The debt from John Peter makes Wheatley go to work as a charwoman.

Her writing style

Her writing style came from different places. Her writing style also embraced the elegy, likely from her African roots. It was the role of girls to sing and perform funeral dirges. Religion was also a key influence, and it led Protestants in America and England to enjoy her work. Wheatley's poems reflected several influences on her life. She is strongly against slavery, she strongly says that all people should have their freedom.

For example, she said America should be set free from England, and African Americans should be set free from slavery. She wrote several letters to ministers and others on liberty and freedom. That shows she put her beliefs in her letters and her poems to tell the people what she thinks is right.

Legacy
Two of Wheatley's writings were printed after she died. Vincent Carretta wrote a book about Wheatley's life called Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage. It was published in 2011. In 2012, Robert Morris University named the new building for their School of Communications and Information Sciences after Phillis Wheatley. A statue of Wheatley is part of the Boston Women's Memorial on Commonwealth Ave in Boston.

References

1753 births
1784 deaths
African American writers

Phillis Wheatley


Coin slab is a type of holder for a coin. Slabbed coins are typically from one of the coin grading companies. The practice of sending coins to third-party grading companies and then "slabbing" them began in 1986.

When a grading company grades the coin it is sealed in a tamper proof slab with a barcode and a hologram. To prevent counterfeiting, holograms were attached to the graded coin slabs beginning in 1989. The early coin slabs did not have a hologram.

History

Slabbing coins is a practice which began in 1986. It was a way to remove coin grading controversies by having a third party certify the coin's condition. There are major coin certification companies that encapsulate coins in an acrylic case after grading the coin. Companies like ANACS, Numismatic Guaranty Company (NGC), Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS), International Coin Certification Service and CAC accept coins which they grade, certify and then slab. Collectors rely on these third party grading companies to certify coins. After the coins are reviewed and certified a holographic label is attached to the slab. The earliest coins that were slabbed by the major coin grading companies did not have holograms. PCGS began adding a hologram to the reverse of their holders in 1989. NGC began adding a hologram to their coin slabs in 1990.

Counterfeit slabs
Counterfeiters have duplicated some slabs from major grading companies, and in 2023 CoinWeek reported Counterfeit 1881-CC Morgans "PCGS" slabs. In 2018 Coin World numismatic magazine reported that counterfeit PCGS slabs complete with Holograms were being sold on the website AliExpress. They reported that the real slabs are "sonically sealed" but fake slabs snap together. The magazine also reported the discovery of a fake South African gold Krugerrand which was in a Counterfeit NGC slab with a hologram.

References

Coin collecting
Computer storage systems

Coin slab