The Cambridge Apostles (also known as Conversazione Society) was an intellectual society at the University of Cambridge founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a Cambridge student who became the first Bishop of Gibraltar.

The origin of the Apostles' nickname dates from the number, 12, of their founders. Membership consisted largely of undergraduates, but there have been graduate students and members who already have held university and college posts. The society traditionally drew most of its members from Christ's, St John's, Jesus, Trinity and King's Colleges.

Activities and membership

The society was essentially a discussion group. Meetings were held once per week, traditionally on Saturday evenings, during which one member gave a prepared talk on a topic, which was later thrown open for discussion.

The usual procedure was for members to meet at the rooms of those whose turn it was to present the topic. The host would provide refreshments consisting of coffee and sardines on toast, called "whales". Women first gained acceptance into the society in the 1970s.

The Apostles retained a leather diary of their membership ("the book") stretching back to its founder, which includes handwritten notes about the topics on which each member has spoken. It was included in the so-called Ark, a cedar chest containing collection of papers with some handwritten notes from the group's early days, about the topics members have discussed, and the results of the division in which those present voted on the debate. It was a point of honour that the question voted on should bear only a tangential relationship to the matter debated. The members referred to as the Apostles are the active, usually undergraduate members; former members are called angels. Undergraduates applied to become angels after graduating or being awarded a fellowship. Every few years, amid great secrecy, all the angels were invited to an Apostles' dinner at a Cambridge college. There used to be an annual dinner, usually held in London.

Undergraduates being considered for membership were called embryos and are invited to embryo parties, where members judged whether the student should be invited to join. The embryos attended these parties without knowing they are being considered for membership. Becoming an Apostle involved taking an oath of secrecy and listening to the reading of a curse, originally written by Apostle Fenton John Anthony Hort, the theologian, in or around 1851.

Former members spoke of the lifelong bond they feel toward one another. Henry Sidgwick, the philosopher, wrote of the Apostles in his memoirs that "the tie of attachment to this society is much the strongest corporate bond which I have known in my life."

Alfred Tennyson joined the Apostles in 1829, probably through the invitation of his friend Arthur Hallam. Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore joined as students, as did John Maynard Keynes, who invited Ludwig Wittgenstein to join. Russell had been worried that Wittgenstein would not appreciate the group's unseriousness and style of humour. He was admitted in 1912 but resigned almost immediately because he could not tolerate the level of the discussion on the Hearth Rug (the matter for debate at any given meeting, so called because the speaker stands with the moderator on a hearth rug when speaking, should such a rug be present); he also had trouble tolerating the discussions in the Moral Sciences Club. He rejoined in the 1920s when he returned to Cambridge.

Soviet spies Anthony Blunt, Guy Burgess and John Cairncross, three of the Cambridge Five, and Michael Straight were all members of the Apostles in the early 1930s.

References

Bibliography

1820 establishments in England
Apostles
Collegiate secret societies
Student organizations established in 1820

Cambridge Apostles


Rolling Loud is an international hip hop music festival which has been held in Asia, North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. Established in 2015, it is "one of the biggest festivals in the world" according to Complex, while Billboard called it "the be-all of hip-hop festivals". In 2019, an estimated 210,000 people attended the event in Miami.

History
The festival was founded in 2015 by Matt Zingler and Tariq Cherif, who met in elementary school in Hollywood, Florida. Once in high school, the pair began organizing and promoting parties which "leaned heavily on a mix of Southern and Midwestern rap". They moved on to professional live music events in 2010, beginning with an after-party headlined by Rick Ross. By the summer of 2013, they were hosting monthly events in Miami featuring up-and-coming artists like Travis Scott and Kendrick Lamar. The pair also promoted artists from Florida's burgeoning SoundCloud rap scene under the brand name Dope Entertainment before noticing the need for a genre-specific music festival.

The first Rolling Loud took place in Miami, Florida in February 2015 and featured artists such as Schoolboy Q, Juicy J, Currensy, and Action Bronson in the one-day event. It took place at Soho Studios in the Wynwood district of the city, though the venue was temporarily flooded during the event due to rain.

In 2016, Rolling Loud was held at the larger Mana Wynwood convention center and featured Ty Dolla $ign, Young Thug, and Future as the headlining acts.

In 2017, Rolling Loud moved to Bayfront Park in Downtown Miami. Since 2018, it has been hosted at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. 2017 was also the year the festival expanded to other cities with the inaugural editions of Rolling Loud Bay Area and Rolling Loud Southern California.

In 2019 Rolling Loud added Rolling Loud Australia in Sydney, Australia and Rolling Loud NYC to their list of host cities. In the same year, they announced Rolling Loud's first European festival would take place in Portugal and would be held in July, 2020.

However, the 2020 festival originally scheduled to take place from May 8 to May 10 in the US was rescheduled for July 23 to July 25, 2021, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The first European edition also had to be rescheduled for 2021 due to similar circumstances in Portugal.

In 2021, Rolling Loud hosted a post-pandemic festival in Miami, with more than 200,000 attendees. The festival included a collaboration with WWE, and featured a Friday Night Smackdown.

In 2022, Rolling Loud continued to expand to other countries. Rolling Loud's first partnership with a European festival was announced in 2021 as a collaboration with the 2022 edition of WOO HAH! held in Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands from July 1–3, 2022.

After being postponed in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,  Rolling Loud Portugal took place on July 6–8, 2022. In Canada, Rolling Loud Toronto took place on September 9–11, 2022. The festival's California edition took place at Inglewood's SoFi Stadium for the first time on March 3–5, 2023. On October 25, 2022, the festival announced its first edition in Thailand, which took place from April 13–15.

In 2023, after a successful partnership for the production of Woo Hah! 2022 in the Netherlands, Rolling Loud Rotterdam was launched on June 30–July 1, 2023. A third location of Rolling Loud in Europe was announced to take place in Germany, making its debut in Munich from July 7–9, 2023.

Festival summary by year

Miami

California

New York

Australia

Global

Portugal

Toronto

Rotterdam

Germany

Thailand

Notable events and incidents at festivals
In 2017, Lil Uzi Vert stage-dived into the crowd from a two-story scaffolding at Rolling Loud Miami.

In 2017, at Rolling Loud in Mountain View, California, rapper Lil B was allegedly assaulted by rapper A Boogie wit da Hoodie and his crew. B's performance was cancelled, allegedly due to his equipment having been stolen by the assailants.

In 2018, at Rolling Loud in Miami, Meek Mill made his second live performance after being released from prison with a surprise set at the festival.

In 2018, Offset publicly apologized to Cardi B on Stage during her headlining set at Rolling Loud Los Angeles.

In 2018, Young Dolph flew out Duke University Baristas who were fired for playing his music and gifted them $20,000 on stage at Rolling Loud Miami.

NPR described Rolling Loud as a "hotbed for arrests", and according to The New York Times, "Rolling Loud events have been connected to arrests and violence in the past." The 2019 edition of the Miami festival has been described as "plagued by chaos".

In 2019, at Rolling Loud in Los Angeles, a 23-year-old attendee named Kalvin Sanchez was assaulted and rushed to the hospital after suffering serious head injuries. He died four days later; his death was deemed a homicide.

In 2021, before entering the festival grounds of Rolling Loud New York, rapper Fetty Wap was arrested on federal drug charges at New York's Citi Field for conspiracy to distribute hard drugs such as heroin, cocaine and fentanyl.

In 2022, rapper Travis Scott came out for Future's headliner set at Rolling Loud Miami. In 2022, Travis Scott was sued for allegedly causing a stampede during his performance at Rolling Loud in Miami three years prior, in 2019. The lawsuit claimed that Scott was being negligent by encouraging the crowd to become more aggressive while people were "being injured, suffocating, losing consciousness, fighting and being trampled".

In July 2022, during the first day of Rolling Loud in Miami, multiple objects were thrown at rapper and singer Kid Cudi from the crowd during his set, including a water bottle thrown at his face. In response, Cudi gave the crowd an ultimatum to curtail its unruly behavior, but after another object was thrown at him, he cut off his performance and left the stage. (Shortly after Cudi's set ended, rapper Lil Durk began his set and brought out Kanye West to perform their single "Hot Shit". Ironically, West had previously left the festival lineup after being scheduled to perform, and had been replaced by Cudi.)

In 2022, Lil Tjay returned to the stage for Rolling Loud NY after being shot In June. The Rolling Loud appearance was the rapper's first gig since being shot seven times.

In 2022, Nicki Minaj became the first solo female rapper to headline Rolling Loud at Rolling Loud New York.

In 2023, Don Toliver brought out surprise guests Kali Uchis, James Blake, and Justin Bieber during his set at Rolling Loud California. This was Justin Bieber's first performance since the cancellation of his Justice World Tour.

Other events
In 2020, virtual live performances called "Loud Streams" were streamed on Twitch. The first event was held on September 12–13, and the second on October 30–31. In 2021, archived performances from the Miami and Bay Area festivals from 2017 were streamed on the festival's official YouTube channel. Each festival is annually livestreamed. Usually simulcast on the YouTube and Twitch channels, however Revolt broadcast it in 2017, LiveXLive in 2018, and Be At TV in 2019. Rolling Loud presented a two night showcase at the Stubb's Bar-B-Q venue during South by Southwest in Austin, Texas in 2022.

Outside of festivals, Rolling Loud also promotes and sponsors several concert tours.

On December 9, 2022, Rolling Loud released its first single titled "Finger Food" featuring Rae Sremmurd and Duke Deuce.

Philanthropy
In 2021, the Black Music Action Coalition and Rolling Loud partnered for Social Justice Initiatives. The collaboration highlighted activism and community through panel discussions and fundraising efforts throughout the three-days of Rolling Loud California.

In 2021, rapper Zoey Dollaz and Rolling Loud Co-Founder, Tariq Cherif, chartered several jets to Haiti to provide supplies to people in the wake of a massive earthquake.

In 2022, The Miami Jr. HEAT teamed up with Rolling Loud to host 50 local children from After-School All-Stars for a basketball clinic at the festival.

In 2023, Rolling Loud partnered with DGK to host a skateboard giveback on the grounds of SoFi Stadium. Rolling Loud Co-Founder, Tariq Cherif, Inglewood city officials, and professional skateboarder Don Cooley, gifted 40 students from Kelso Elementary with DGK skateboards and helmets.

In 2023, Rolling Loud teamed up with the City of Miami Gardens and Rick Ross to gift eight students with scholarships to graduating high school seniors from Miami Norland and Miami Carol City Senior High Schools.

In 2023, Rolling Loud hosted a panel discussion with the Black Music Action Coalition (BMAC) in support of their Restoring Artistic Protections (RAP) Act initiative on the first day of Rolling Loud Miami. The panel included Rolling Loud co-Founder Tariq Cherif, BMAC co-founder and chair Willie "Prophet" Stiggers, Congressman Hank Johnson, and Congressman Jamaal Bowman. The act was introduced as a way to protect artists' creative expression, which has been used against them as evidence in court.

References

External links
 Official website

Hip hop music festivals
Music festivals established in 2015
Music festivals in Miami
Festivals in Rotterdam

Rolling Loud


Thomas Gregory Michael Hnatiw (pronounced "Na-chew"; December 13, 1958 – 30 July 2012, in Oakville, Ontario, Canada) was a Canadian motor journalist and live motor race announcer.

Tom Hnatiw was best known as co-presenter of the TV show Dream Car Garage on Speed Channel alongside Peter Klutt from 2000 to 2008. There he was famous for the phrase "Do you need a car like this? No. Do you want a car like this???" Further he was involved with the programmes Hard Drive and Sports Car Revolution. He was the founder and owner of the Internal Combustion Group, a television production company based around automotive programming. Altogether he was involved in the production of over 500 shows related to the automotive world and co-owner of a 5000 square-foot race shop.

He wrote several widely read automotive columns and was featured in newspapers such as the Toronto Star.

He also was a well known live race announcer, e.g., for the SRT Viper Cup series of the North American Road Racing Association, for which he also was a spokesperson. Hnatiw himself, raced for 15 years and was Canadian GT3 co-champion in 1998.

On 30 July 2012 he died in a hospital in Oakville, Ontario from kidney failure, aged 53. He left behind his wife of 23 years Debbie and his two sons Nick and Wyatt. "His genuine passion for racing, concern for the well-being of drivers, and the way he made every competitor feel as welcome," said  NARRA President Tom Antonelli in a farewell note. "His beaming smile, and that unmistakable voice, will be truly missed."

References

 SCCA: Longtime Announcer Tom Hnatiw Passes Away,  Speed TV, 5 August 2012.
 NARRA President Tom Antonelli:  NARRA community mourns the loss of motorsport identity Tom Hnatiw (ca. 2012)

Canadian journalists
Canadian television hosts
1958 births
2012 deaths

Tom Hnatiw


Open-Architecture-System (OAS) is the main User interface and synthesizer software of the Wersi keyboard line. OAS improves on prior organ interfaces by allowing the user to add sounds, rhythms, third party programs and future software enhancements without changing hardware. Compared to previous organs which relied on buttons, OAS uses a touch screen to make programming easier.  OAS can host up to 4 separate VST software instruments, allowing for an expandable system similar to the Korg OASYS. OAS can support dynamic touch and aftertouch, but cannot support horizontal touch like the Yamaha Stagea Electone.

OAS Version 7

OAS Version 7 expands on previous versions by adding a new effects section. Separate effects are available for the accompaniment section, sequencer and drums.  Added effects include delay, reverb, phasing, wah wah, distortion, compressor, and flanger. In addition, version 7 includes 300 new sounds, 700 sounds in total.

Version 7 adds the Wersi Open Art Arranger. This software enables the Wersi to use all Yamaha styles,  including those from the Tyros 2.

References

External links
Wersi USA home page
Wersi international home

Global OAS Users Group

Electric and electronic keyboard instruments
Software synthesizers

Open-Architecture-System


Max Alfred Buri (24 July 1868, in Burgdorf – 21 May 1915, in Interlaken) was a Swiss painter. He specialized in portraits of the local peasantry and genre scenes.

Biography

While still engaged in his basic education, he received art lessons from the landscape painter Paul Volmar (1832-1906), in Bern. After that he attended classes given by Fritz Schider at the vocational school in Basel. In 1886, he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, but was dismissed on the recommendation of Professor Karl Raupp, for laziness and lack of talent. As a result, he took private lessons from Simon Hollósy until 1889.

From there, he went to Paris and became a student at the Académie Julian. He then travelled abroad and briefly had a studio in Munich. In 1898, he returned to Switzerland, initially living in Langnau im Emmental, then settling in Brienz. For many years, he was a devoted follower of the Munich School and only developed a truly personal style around 1900, under the influence of Ferdinand Hodler.

In 1909, he was the organizer of the "First International Art Exhibition of Switzerland" at the Kursaal in Interlaken. In 1911, he was awarded the "State Prize" at the International Exhibition. The following year, an arsonist attacked his works and those by Cuno Amiet at the Kunsthaus Zürich. The case was never solved.

In 1913, he served on the art jury at the "XI Internationalen Kunstausstellung" in the Glaspalast, Munich. The following year, he was also a judge at the " held in Bern.

In 1915, he fell from a jetty into the Aare River in Interlaken. Although he was rescued, after a long struggle, he died from heart failure at the Hotel du Lac. A memorial exhibition was held at the Kunsthaus Zürich later that year. His painting "Woman with a Basket" sold for the unheard-of price of 15,000 Swiss Francs.

References

Sources

 Hans Graber: Max Buri. Sein Leben und Werk. Schwabe, Basel 1916.
 Max Huggler: Max Buri. Der Maler von Brienz. Wyss, Bern 1981.
 Hermann Röthlisberger: Max Buri. In: Blätter für bernische Geschichte, Kunst- und Altertumskunde. Vol. 12 (1916), pg.161 ff. (Digitalisat)
 Ulrich Gerster: Max Buri und seine Zeitgenossen. Cuno Amiet, Giovanni Giacometti, Ferdinand Hodler, Edouard Vallet. Benteli, Wabern/Bern 2002, . (exhibition catalog).

External links

 More works by Buri @ ArtNet

19th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
20th-century Swiss painters
1868 births
1915 deaths
Swiss portrait painters
19th-century Swiss male artists
20th-century Swiss male artists

Max Buri


bimetallic strip;_used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement(consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated).
     Usually steel and copper, or steel and brass are the metals used..
     The different expansions cause one of the strips to bend one way if heated, and the other strip to bend in the opposite direction if cooled.
Ex;(when bimetallic strip is heated the brass strip expands more than the steel.)
      Bimetallic strips are used in such things as thermostats and heat engines.
      Bending of a bi-metal strip due to change in the temperature can be calculated as

s = α L2 dt / t                                 (1)

where

s = bending (m)
α = 13-19 x 10-6 K-1

L = length of bimetallic strip (m)

dt = temperature difference (oC)

t = thickness of bimetallic strip (m)

Bending of Bi-metal strip:
      A bi-metal strip with α = 13-19x10-6 K-1, length 50 mm and thickness 2 mm is heated 100 oC. The accurate calculation for this is;

s = (13-19 x 10-6 K-1) ((50 mm) 1/1000 m/mm)2 (100 oC) / ((2 mm) (1/1000 m/mm))

Resources
(enWP,https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com
Bimetallic Strips - The Engineering ToolBox
and, http://physics.bu.edu › exp_bimetal
Bimetallic Strip)

Engineering

Bimetallic strip


Russo-Turkish wars () or Russo-Ottoman wars () were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European history. Except for the war of 1710–11, as well as the Crimean War which is often treated as a separate event, the conflicts ended disastrously for the Ottoman Empire; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of Peter the Great in the early 18th century.

History

Conflict begins (1568–1739)

Before Peter the Great

The first Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) occurred after the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan by the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible. The Ottoman Sultan Selim II tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower Volga by sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569. The Turkish expedition ended in disaster for the Ottoman army, which could not take Astrakhan and almost completely perished in the steppes, while the Ottoman fleet was wrecked in the Sea of Azov. The peace treaty between the two sides cemented Russia's rule on the Volga, but allowed the Ottoman Empire to obtain a number of commercial benefits. The Crimean Khanate, an Ottoman vassal, continued its expansion against the Tsardom of Russia, but was defeated at the Battle of Molodi in 1572.

The next conflict between Russia and Turkey began 100 years later as part of the struggle for the territory of Ukraine. While Russia conquered Left-bank Ukraine after the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), the Ottoman Empire, in the course of the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676), spread its rule over all of Right-bank Ukraine with the support of its vassal, Petro Doroshenko (1665–1672). The latter's pro-Ottoman policy caused disapproval among many Ukrainian Cossacks, who would elect Ivan Samoilovich as sole Hetman of all Ukraine in 1674. In 1676, Russian troops captured Chigirin and overthrew Doroshenko, who was exiled to Russia. In 1677, the Ottoman army tried to retake Chigirin, but was defeated. In 1678, the Ottoman army was finally able to take Chigirin after a bloody assault, but here the Ottoman expansion to the northeast was stopped. In 1679–80, the Russians repelled the attacks of the Crimean Tatars and signed the Treaty of Bakhchisarai in 1681, which established the Russo-Turkish border on the Dnieper River.

Peter the Great and further
Russia joined the European Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice) in 1686. During the war, the Russian army organized the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 and the Azov campaigns (1695–96). In the light of Russia's preparations for the war with Sweden and other countries' signing the Treaty of Karlowitz with Turkey in 1699, the Russian government signed the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire in 1700. Following the results of peace, Russia managed to annex Azov and get access to the Sea of Azov.

After the Russians had defeated the Swedes and the pro-Swedish Empire Ukrainian Cossacks led by Ivan Mazepa in the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Charles XII of Sweden managed to persuade the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia on November 20, 1710. The Prut campaign of Peter the Great ended very unsuccessfully for Russia. The Russian army, led by the tsar, was surrounded by a superior Turkish-Tatar army and was forced to agree to unfavorable peace conditions, according to which it returned the previously captured Azov to the Ottoman Empire.

By the late 17th century, Safavid Iran, which neighbored both empires and had been one of the greatest rivals for Turkey for centuries (16th–19th centuries), had been heavily declining. Taking advantage of the situation, Russia and the Ottoman Empire conquered swaths of its territory comprising contemporary Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Northern Iran, which was taken by Peter I in the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723); the Ottomans took the territory to the west, comprising modern day Armenia, parts of Eastern Anatolia, as well as western Iran. The gains by both were confirmed in the Treaty of Constantinople (1724). For a few years, they bordered each other along a large territory in the Caucasus, which caused further frictions.

Russia managed to secure a favourable international situation by signing treaties with Persia in 1732 and 1735. These returned all Iranian territories gained since 1722 in the North and South Caucasus and Northern Iran, and avoided war with the emerging leader of Persia, Nader Shah. The treaties had other diplomatically favourable aspects as they established a Russo-Iranian alliance against Turkey, as Persia was at war with the Ottoman Empire. In the meantime Russia was also supporting the accession to the Polish throne of Augustus III in the War of the Polish Succession (1733–35), over the French-nominated Stanisław Leszczyński. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726.

Russia entered into another war with the Ottoman Empire in 1736, prompted by raids on Ukraine by Crimean Tatars and the military campaign of the Crimean khan in the Caucasus. In May 1736, the Russian army launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula and burned the capital of the Crimean Khanate, Bakhchysarai. On June 19, the Russian Don army under the command of General Peter Lacy captured Azov. In July 1737, the Münnich army took by storm the Ottoman fortress of Ochakov. The Lacy army (now 40,000 strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting some defeats on the army of the Crimean Khan and capturing Karasubazar. Lacy and his soldiers had to leave the Crimea, however, due to lack of supplies.

Austria entered the war against Turkey in July 1737 but was defeated a number of times. In August, Russia, Austria and Turkey began negotiations in Nemirov, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to a plague outbreak. In 1739, the Münnich army crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Ottoman Empire at Stavuchany, and occupied the fortress of Khotin and Iaşi. However, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a separate peace treaty on August 21. This, coupled with the imminent threat of Swedish invasion, forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Niš with Turkey on September 18, ending the war.

Gradual defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1768–1878)

Catherine the Great
Following a border incident at Balta, Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia on September 25, 1768. The Turks formed an alliance with the Polish opposition forces of the Bar Confederation, while Russia was supported by Great Britain, which offered naval advisers to the Imperial Russian Navy.

The Polish opposition was defeated by Alexander Suvorov, who was then transferred to the Ottoman theatre of operations, where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev at Larga and Kagul.

Naval operations of the Russian Baltic Fleet in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of Aleksei Orlov. In 1771, Egypt and Syria rebelled against Ottoman rule, while the Russian fleet totally destroyed the Ottoman Navy at the Battle of Chesma.

On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which formally granted independence to the Crimean Khanate, but in reality it became dependent on Russia. Russia received 4.5 million rubles and two key seaports allowing the direct access to the Black Sea. It also marked the first time that a foreign power directly interfered in the affairs of the Sublime Porte, as the treaty gave Russia protector status over Turkey's Orthodox Christian subjects.

In 1783, Russia annexed the Crimean Khanate. In the same year, Russia established its protectorate over the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti according to the Treaty of Georgievsk. In 1787, Empress Catherine II made a triumphant trip across the Crimea, accompanied by representatives of foreign courts and her ally, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in Constantinople, and the British ambassador lent his support to the war party.

In 1787 the Ottomans demanded that Russia vacate the Crimea. Russia declared war, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance, a fact that came to light only after events were already in motion. The Turks drove back the Austrians from Mehadia and overran the Banat (1789); but in Moldavia Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev was successful and captured Iaşi and Khotyn. Ottoman generals were incompetent, and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of Bender and Akkerman failed, Belgrade was taken by the Austrians, The Russian army under the command of Alexander Suvorov defeated the Turks in the Battle of Rymnik and captured Izmail. The fall of Anapa completed the series of Ottoman disasters. The Russian Black Sea Fleet, created just a few years earlier, under the command of Admiral Ushakov, inflicted a series of defeats on the Turkish Fleet and seized the initiative in the Black Sea.

Sultan Selim III was anxious to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his military rendered this hope unavailing. Turkey signed an assistance pact with Prussia on 31 January 1790, but received no help during the war. Accordingly, the Treaty of Jassy was signed with Russia on 9 January 1792, by which the Crimea and Ochakov were left to Russia, the Dniester was made the frontier in Europe, and the Asiatic frontier remained unchanged.

Conflicts in the 19th century

Gábor Ágoston attributes the decline of Ottoman power relative to Russia to the reactionary Janissaries:
Despite all these treatises and efforts at modernization, the Janissaries and their allies managed to derail Sultan Selim III's Western-style military, bureaucratic, and financial reforms through a coup, even killing the "infidel sultan" himself. It was not until the 1830s that fundamental reforms could be started under Mahmud II, who destroyed the Janissaries in 1826, a century and a quarter after Peter the Great's liquidation of the strel'tsy.

In 1806, the Ottoman Empire incited by Napoleonic France started a new war. The long six-year war for Russia took place in parallel with the Russo-Persian War, the Russo-Swedish War and the War of the Fourth Coalition. Despite this, in the decisive campaign of 1811, the Russian army of Kutuzov defeated the Ottoman army on the Danube, which made it possible to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia, according to which Russia get Bessarabia.

The Ottoman Empire had maintained military parity with Russia until the second half of the eighteenth century, but by the 1820s the Ottoman armies were unable to put down the Greek War of Independence in southern Greece. The great powers of Europe intervened, and assisted Greece with its independence. After the Battle of Navarino and the Russo-Turkish War (1828–29), in which the Russian army first crossed the Balkan Mountains and took Adrianople, Turkey recognized the independence of Greece and the transition of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus to Russia. Thus Greece became the first independent country created out of a section of the Ottoman Empire. Russian Empire aspirations for a section of the empire and bases on Russia's southern flank provoked British fears over naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to the Indian Subcontinent.

When in 1853 Russia destroyed the entire Ottoman fleet at Sinop, Britain and France concluded that armed intervention on the side of the Ottomans was the only way to halt a massive Russian expansion. Even though the Ottomans and Russians were on opposing sides, the roots of the ensuing Crimean War lay in the rivalry between the British and the Russians. The war ended unfavorably for the Russians, with the Paris peace of 1856.

The wars declined Ottoman morale and turned it helpless, illustrating that modern technology and superior weaponry were the most important part of a modern army, and a part that the Ottoman Empire was sorely lacking. While fighting alongside the British, French, and even the Piedmontese, the Ottomans could see how far they had fallen behind. Things began to change after the Crimean War.

One of these changes arose as Europeans began to see commercial opportunity in the empire and the money entering via trade dramatically increased. The government also received a great deal of extra money from a uniform tax system with little corruption. The Sultan got a tighter grip on the provincial beys and increased the tribute they had to pay. However, Sultan Abdülaziz, used much of this money on furnishing and creating great palaces to rival the ones in England and France, which he had visited. The empire was undergoing a revolution, and throughout Anatolia a new Ottoman nationalism was appearing. It seemed as though it might be possible for the empire to turn its decline around.

The monetary and governmental collapse combined with a new threat from Russia began the final stages of the Empire's collapse. Russia had been forced by the Crimean War to give up its ambitions of conquering the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and taking control of the Bosphorus. Instead it decided to focus on gaining power in the Balkans. The population of much of the Balkans were Slavs, as were the Russians. They also mainly followed the Eastern Orthodox Church, as did the Russians. When new movements in Russia, such as that of the Slavophiles, started to enter the region, it became agitated and prone to revolution. When the government in Constantinople tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire, it touched off a revolt in Herzegovina in 1875. The revolt in Herzegovina quickly spread to Bosnia and then Bulgaria. Soon Serbia also entered the war against the Turks. These revolts were the first test of the new Modern Ottoman Army. Even though they were not up to Western European standards, the army fought effectively and brutally; during the war, the Ottomans carried out the Batak massacre in 1876. Januarius MacGahan, a journalist of the New York Herald and the London The Daily News wrote of the terrible happenings after his visit to Batak with Eugene Schuyler. According to most sources, around 5,000 people were massacred in Batak alone. The total number of victims in the April uprising according to most estimates around 15,000, which is supported by Eugene Schuyler's report, published in The Daily News, according to which at least 15,000 persons were killed during the April Uprising in addition to 36 villages in three districts being buried. According to Donald Quataert around 1,000 Muslims were killed by Christian Bulgarians and consequently 3,700 Christians were killed by Muslims.

Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter. In Europe, papers were filled with reports of Ottoman soldiers killing thousands of Slavs. Even in Great Britain William Ewart Gladstone published his account of Ottoman atrocities in his Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. The uprisings raised a chance for Russia, and (Prince Gorchakov) and Austria-Hungary (Count Andrássy), who made the secret Reichstadt Agreement on July 8 1876, on partitioning the Balkan peninsula depending on the outcome.

The following year a new Russo-Turkish war had begun. Despite fighting better than they ever had before, the modernised Ottoman armies still were not equal to the Imperial Russian Army. This time there was no help from abroad; in truth, many European nations supported the Russian war, as long as it did not get too close to Constantinople. Ten and a half months later when the war had ended, the age of Ottoman domination over the Balkans was over. In the Balkans, the Russian army, having crossed the Danube, captured the Shipka Pass. The Turkish army of Osman Nuri Pasha, after a stubborn struggle, surrendered to Plevna. After that, the Russian army crossed the Balkan Mountains, defeated the remaining Turkish troops and reached the approaches to Constantinople. In the Caucasus, the Turkish army held back the Russian offensive, but after a defeat at the Battle of Aladzha, retreated to Erzurum, after which the Russians took Kars. On the Black Sea, the Ottoman fleet had a colossal advantage, since the Russian Black Sea Fleet fleet had not recovered from the Crimean War. Despite this, the hostilities on the Black Sea in this war were not important.

In response to the Russian proximity to the straits the British, against the wishes of the new Sultan Abdul Hamid II, intervened in the war. A large task force representing British naval supremacy entered the straits of Marmara and anchored in view of both the Dolmabahçe Palace and the Russian army. Looking at the prospect of a British entry into the war the Russians decided to settle the dispute. The Treaty of San Stefano gave Romania and Montenegro their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, Austria-Hungary was given control over Bosnia, and Bulgaria was given almost complete autonomy. The hope of the Sultan was that the other great powers would oppose such a one-sided resolution and a conference would be held to revise it. His hope became reality and in 1878 the Congress of Berlin was held where Germany promised to be an "honest broker" in the treaty's revision. In the new treaty Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled. The conference also again hurt Anglo-Ottoman relations by giving the British the island of Cyprus. While annoyed at British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, the Sultan had nothing but praise for Otto von Bismarck who forced many of the major concessions upon Russia. These close Germano-Ottoman relations would persist until both empires' very end.

The Russian extension in this century developed with the main theme of supporting independence of Ottomans' former provinces and then bringing all of the Slav peoples of the Balkans under Bulgaria or using Armenians in the east sets the stage. At the end of the century from Russian perspective; Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria was achieved. That alarmed the Great Powers. After the Congress of Berlin the Russian expansion was controlled through stopping the expansion of Bulgaria. The Russian public felt that at the end of Congress of Berlin thousands of Russian soldiers had died for nothing.

The Caucasus
During the Greek uprising, the Russian Empire reached the Ottoman borders in the Caucasus, which were located in the southwest of the region, as well as northeastern Anatolia. Under the terms of the Treaty of Adrianople, the Ottoman Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over western Georgia, which was formerly under Ottoman suzerainty, and recognized Russian domination of present-day Armenia, which had been conquered a year earlier (1828) by the Russians from Qajar Iran through the Treaty of Turkmenchay. After the war of 1877-78, Russia also received Kars and Ardahan.

End of the Ottoman and Russian Empires (1914–23)

During the early months of World War I, Kars was a key military objective for the Ottoman army. Enver Pasha who pushed the Ottoman Empire into World War I, needed a victory against the Russians to defend his position. He collected an army on the eastern border. The army was badly defeated under Enver's command at the Battle of Sarikamish January 2, 1915, against Nikolai Yudenich. This defeat was more due to the winter weather and bad planning, given the fact that Russians were actually preparing to evacuate Kars. With the loss of the eastern army, Ottoman defenses crumbled with further small battles and the Russian army succeeded in advancing as far west as Erzincan. The Ottoman army suffered the next heavy defeat in the Battle of Erzurum in 1916, after which the Russian army captured the whole of Western Armenia. After the 1916 campaign, the front remained stable until the Russian Revolution.

The collapse of the Russian army after the 1917 revolution left only thinly spread Armenian units to resist the inevitable Ottoman counter-attack. The newly declared First Republic of Armenia took over Kars in April 1918. That same year in March, the Baku Commune was established in the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The commune later became the Centrocaspian Dictatorship, in turn conquered by the Ottoman Islamic Army of the Caucasus, then shortly by the Triple Entente and finally the Bolsheviks. Defeat on other fronts caused the Ottoman Empire to surrender and withdraw forces. Both the Armenian and Azerbaijani Republics ended up being part of the Soviet Union in 1920. The Soviet-Turkish border was established under the Treaty of Moscow (1921).

List of conflicts

See also
 Ottoman wars in Europe
 Battle of Sarikamish
 Caucasian War
 Crimean Khanate
 Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
 Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
 List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts
 Russia–Turkey relations
 Russian conquest of the Caucasus
 Russo-Crimean Wars
 Russo-Persian Wars

Notes

References

Sources

Lewitter, Lucjan Ryszard. "The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and Its Antecedents." Polish Review (1964): 5-29 online.

Further reading

 Ágoston, Gábor "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 12.2 (2011): 281-319 online.
 Allen, William and Paul Muratoff. Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921 (2011) ,

 Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (1986 and other editions), passim and 1461–1464.

 Jelavich, Barbara. St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974 (1974)
 Kagan, Frederick, and Robin Higham, eds. The Military History of Tsarist Russia (2008)
 Topal, Ali E. "The effects of German Military Commission and Balkan wars on the reorganization and modernization of the Ottoman Army" (Naval Postgraduate School 2013) online

Geopolitical rivalry
Wars involving the Russian Empire
Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
Military history of Ukraine
History of Moldavia
Bessarabia Governorate
History of Wallachia
Kingdom of Romania
Modern history of Bulgaria
Early Modern history of Georgia (country)
Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
Invasions of Europe

History of the Russo-Turkish wars


In big organizations, shadow IT refers to information technology (IT) systems deployed by departments other than the central IT department, to bypass limitations and restrictions that have been imposed by central information systems. While it can promote innovation and productivity, shadow IT introduces security risks and compliance concerns, especially when such systems are not aligned with corporate governance.

Origins
Information systems in large organizations can be a source of frustration for their users. In order to bypass limitations of solutions provided by a centralized IT department, as well as restrictions that are deemed detrimental to individual productivity, non-IT departments might develop independent IT resources and for the specific or urgent need or requirements. In some cases, IT specialists could be recruited or software solutions procured outside of the centralized IT department, sometimes without the knowledge, or approval of corporate governance channels.

Modern Shadow IT
Shadow IT has traditionally occurred through various sources of Hardware, such as employees bringing in USB drives or spinning up their own servers in offices. Recently Shadow IT has grown due to businesses adopting the cloud. The result has meant that more and more employees are signing up to Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) products to help them complete their jobs and be more productive. As a result, Shadow IT and SaaS Sprawl are now closely aligned and organisations can end up with 100s of SaaS applications that are not visible or centrally managed by the IT department.

Combatting Modern Shadow IT
There are several approaches that can be taken to mitigate the risks of Shadow IT. One of the main ways is to start creating a security culture and making employees responsible for their departments tooling. In a distributed world the Heads of Departments are often responsible for managing data in SaaS applications as well as which employees have access to those systems. SaaS Security Posture Management is a modern category cybersecurity that aims to help business specifically address security risks associated with SaaS applications. Some focus on identifying sensitive data such as DLP, some are CASB focused and other specifically address the risks of Shadow IT. The first step to tackling shadow IT is to identify the approved and unapproved applications being used throughout your business.

Benefits
Although often perceived as attempts to undermine corporate governance, the existence of shadow IT often is an indicator of needs from individual departments not being satisfied from a centrally managed information ecosystem. Thus the immediate benefits of shadow IT are as follows:

 Innovation: Shadow IT could be seen as sandbox for potential or prototype solutions in response to evolution of changing business requirements. Also, alignment between departments can be avoided or enhanced dependent on the constraints within the broader business.
 Individual productivity: Shadow solutions are customized to the needs of the individual departments and thus allows the individuals involve to be more effectively. A study confirms that 35% of employees feel they need to work around a security measure or protocol to work efficiently.
 Reduced internal costs: Some shadow policies, such as BYOD, reduces direct hardware and software costs, while allowing localized support decreases overhead for IT departments.

Drawbacks
In addition information security risks, some of the implications of Shadow IT are:

 Costs: Additional time and investment could incurred at a corporate level on additional integration and validation and compliance of discovered shadow IT infrastructures. On the other hand, department choosing the solutions with the lowest price-tag for their shadow solutions might not have considered costs for deployment and maintenance. This also results in diminished return on investment in case of insufficient buy-in.
 Consistency: As shadowed technical solutions might beyond centralized version control, they might deviate from standardized methodologies or calculations. Multiple, coexisting shadow infrastructures also introduces a heavily fragmented application landscape. This also makes centralized configuration management more difficult.
 Operating inefficiencies: Established shadow solutions might prevent overall implementation of more efficient processes due to widespread use or inadequate documentation. The shadow system might also be beyond the capacity of the centralized IT department for integration and maintenance, especially when it becomes "too big to fail".

Compliance
Shadow IT increases the likelihood of uncontrolled data flows, making it more difficult to comply with various legislations or regulations, these include, but not limited to:

 Sarbanes-Oxley Act (US)
 Basel II (International Standards for Banking)
 GLBA (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act),
 COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology)
 FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002)
 DFARS (Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement)
 GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)
 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
 IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)
 ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library)
 PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard)
 GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation),
 CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act)
 NYDFS (New York Department of Financial Services)

Prevalence
Within an organization, the amount of shadow IT activity is by definition unknown, especially since departments often hide their shadow IT activities as a preventive measure to ensure their ongoing operations. Even when figures are known, organizations are reluctant to voluntarily admit their existence. As a notable exception, The Boeing Company has published an experience report describing the alarming numbers of shadow applications which various departments have introduced to work around the limitations of their official information system.

According to Gartner, by 2015, 35 percent of enterprise IT expenditures for most organizations will be managed outside the central IT department's budget.

A 2012 French survey  of 129 IT managers revealed some examples of shadow IT :
 Excel macro 19%
 software  17%
 cloud solutions 16%
 ERP 12%
 BI systems 9%
 Websites 8%
 hardware 6%
 VoIP 5%
 shadow IT support 5%
 shadow IT project 3%
 BYOD 3%.

Examples
Examples of these unofficial data flows include USB flash drives or other portable data storage devices, instant messaging software, Gmail or other online e-mail services, Google Docs or other online document sharing and Skype or other online VOIP software—and other less straightforward products: self-developed Access databases and self-developed Excel spreadsheets and macros. Security risks arise when data or applications move outside protected systems, networks, physical location, or security domains.

References

External links
  Discussion on Tech Republic
  Industry's First Cloud Adoption and Risk Report
  Shadow IT in the New IT Management Triangle

Information systems

Shadow IT


Akhiyaan To Door Jayeen Na is an Indian Punjabi language TV series broadcast on ETC Punjabi (Zee Punjabi in the United States). The show premiered on 6 September 2010 and lasted for a six-month period, concluding on 30 March 2011. Gurbir Singh Grewal was responsible for writing, producing and directing the episodes. This show was celebrated television actress Surbhi Jyoti's (who is currently the lead of Qubool Hai acting debut after doing over three years of theatre.

Plot
The main story revolves around the lead couple Ravjot, known by her nickname Jot (played by Vandana Singh (actress)), and Sukhjit, better known as Sukhi (played by Vikram Sidhu), who love each other but are not allowed to do so by their families and the plotting of Karnail (Navdeep Kaler), who wants to marry Jot.

Because of a fallout between them, Karnail has sworn to ruin Jot's life by marrying her; while Jot is aware of his intentions and does not want to. But Jot's family do not approve of her lover Sukhi's family status and want to marry her off to Karnail. Sukhi's family does approve of this relationship, but Sukhi is advised to forget Jot because her parents shall not marry her to him.

Karnail's actions fail a plan by Jot's friends Sona (Surbhi Jyoti) and Vijay to help them elope and marry, which later on caused Jot's father to have a heart attack. He also has Sukhi beaten up by goons. On the other hand, his girlfriend of two years, Aman is pregnant, and he wishes to have her aborted. She refuses and her father tries to talk with Karnail's father Wasaka Singh, who also refuses to have his son married to Aman. He instead has her aborted and then later killed when she threatened to reveal everything to Jot's family.

Karnail and Jot now get engaged and meanwhile Sukhi, trying to follow Jot's advice to forget her, also gets engaged to his partner in his new music career, Deep. But Deep also is aware that Sukhi still loves Jot and shall only marry her. Meanwhile, Jot's family keep getting random calls and suggestions from unrelated people not to marry their daughter to Karnail, whose father brushes it off saying that they are jealous.

Cast
Vandana Singh (actress)-Ravjot (Jot)
 Vikram Sidhu-Sukhjit Sidhu (Sukhi)
 Navdeep Kaler-Karnail
 Surbhi Jyoti-Sona (Jot's Best Friend)
 Nancy Mittal (Jot's Friend)
 Kavya Singh-Deep
 Gurpreet Singh-Vijay (Sukhi's Best Friend)
 Sanjeev Mohammed-Jagtar
 Surinder Singh Bath-Makhan Doabia
 Kavita Sharma-Paalo
 Anita Shabdeesh-Raj Kaur (Jot's Mother)
 Malkeet Rauni-Sajjan Singh (Jot's father)
 Parminder Gill Barnala-(Sukhi's Tayi)
 Tarsinder Singh Soni-Wasaka Singh (Karnail's father)
 Anita Meet-Satnam Kaur (Karnail's mother)
 Ikktar Singh-Bhaiyya from UP (Wasakha's Employee)
 Rajesh Sharma-Bapu Ji (Karnail's Grandfather)
 Charan Saini-Charan (dead, Sukhi's cousin)
 Ajay Kumar-Sandhu
 Vikas Dhawan - lawyer
 Roopi Maan- doctor

2010 Indian television series debuts
2011 Indian television series endings
Indian drama television series

Akhiyaan Toh Door Jayen Naa


The Al-Atassi Mosque () is a mosque in Homs, Syria.
It is situated in a public park on the site of a former graveyard at the foot of the mound on which the remains of the citadel stand. The mosque is named after Hashim al-Atassi, three-time Syrian President from the Al-Atassi family, a prominent landowning and politically active family from Homs.

References

External links
  Al-Atassi mosque

Architecture in Syria
Mosques in Homs

Al-Atassi Mosque