Angel Mounds State Historic Site (12 VG 1), an expression of the Mississippian culture, is an archaeological site managed by the Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites that includes more than  of land about  southeast of present-day Evansville, in Vanderburgh and Warrick counties in Indiana. The large residential and agricultural community was constructed and inhabited from AD 1100 to AD 1450, and served as the political, cultural, and economic center of the Angel chiefdom. It extended within  of the Ohio River valley to the Green River in present-day Kentucky. The town had as many as 1,000 inhabitants inside the walls at its peak, and included a complex of thirteen earthen mounds, hundreds of home sites, a palisade (stockade), and other structures.

Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, the property also includes an interpretive center, recreations of Mississippian structures, a replica of a 1939 Works Projects Administration archaeology laboratory, and a  area away from the archaeological site that is a nature preserve. The historic site continues to preserve and relate the story of pre-contact Middle Mississippian indigenous culture on the Ohio River.

The site is named after the Angel family, who in 1852 began purchasing the farmland on which the archaeological site is located. In 1938, the Indiana Historical Society, with funding from Eli Lilly, purchased  of property to preserve it and to use it for long-term archaeological research. From 1939 to 1942, the Works Progress Administration employed more than 250 workers to excavate  of the site, which resulted in the recording and processing of 2.3 million archaeological items. After excavation was temporarily halted during World War II, work resumed in 1945 as part of the Indiana University Archaeology Field School during the summer months. In 1946, the Indiana Historical Society transferred ownership of the site to the State of Indiana. It manages the site through the Indiana State Museum. Archaeological research on Angel Mounds, once conducted through the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, is now overseen by the IU Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at Indiana University Bloomington.

History

Origins
For thousands of years, the area that was later organized as the eastern United States was home to a succession of native groups who settled near the rivers and used them for travel and trade. The widespread Mississippian culture, which is named in reference to its geographical origins along the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries, developed around AD 900. This culture eventually extended as far west as Oklahoma, as far north as the present-day suburbs of Saint Louis, Missouri, in southwestern Illinois, and ranging east into the Southeastern Woodlands, to present-day North Carolina and as far south as present-day Mississippi.

Site development and decline

The people of the Middle Mississippian culture built and lived in a community (in what became southwestern Indiana around AD 1100 and remained there until AD 1450, a period that Marjory Honerkamp defined in the 1970s as the Angel phase. The Angel phase and the Mississippian culture town are named after the Angel family, who in 1852 began purchasing farmland that included the archaeological site.

Archeologist Sherri Hilgeman and others have used the distinctive pottery produced at the Angel site and in other satellite communities in this section of the Ohio River valley to define the Angel phase as the middle period between the Emergent Mississippian Yankeetown phase (AD 750 to AD 1000) and the Terminal Mississippian Caborn-Wellborn phase (AD 1400 to AD 1700).

The Angel chiefdom (a simple hierarchy led by a chief) was the regional trading center in a group of communities within  of the Ohio River valley; it extended as far as the Green River in present-day Kentucky. The large residential and agricultural community was also the political, cultural, and economic center of the chiefdom, whose residents traded with other chiefdoms and peoples along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The Angel community primarily inhabited an area bounded by the Ohio River to the south, the White River and its East Fork to the north, the Wabash River to the west, and the Anderson River to the east. Archaeologists have inferred that the smaller communities (villages, hamlets, farmsteads and camp sites) were politically subordinate to the main Angel site. Continuing excavations at the site have revealed new elements of the complex society.

Laborers built the main Angel site sometime after AD 1000. They also established the surrounding villages and farming areas along the Ohio River and engaged in hunting and farming on the rich bottom lands. In addition, the Mississippian culture is known for its
earthen mounds, designed in shapes including platform, conical, and ridgetop (as also seen at the largest center, Cahokia in present-day southern Illinois). Working with a variety of soils to create a stable mass, the Mississippian people built major earthworks at the Angel site. The community eventually covered about  and included thirteen mounds near the Ohio River. Some of these mounds were built for ceremonial and cosmological purposes. In addition to the mounds, the Mississippians constructed structures and a defensive palisade (stockade) made of wattle and daub with  walls and punctuated with bastions. This settlement was the largest-known town of its time in what became present-day Indiana. Scholars believe the town may have had as many as 1,000 inhabitants at its peak, which Indiana archeologist Glenn Albert Black estimated to be about 200 households.

Archaeologists believe that the Angel community existed from around AD 1100 to around AD 1450, although estimates for the site vary from AD 1000 to AD 1600. Carbon dating of the community indicate it was developed as early as AD 1200 and as late as AD 1500.

The Mississippian people abandoned the Angel site long before European contact; however, it is not known for certain why the Angel civilization declined. Scholars have speculated that it was potentially due to environmental factors, such as an extended regional drought that reduced the maize (corn) surpluses, and resulted in increasingly scarce natural resources that had once enabled the concentration of population. In addition, the people may have been overhunting, and reducing forests through the consumption of wood for constructing buildings and making fires. Archaeologists also theorize that with the collapse of the Angel chiefdom by AD 1450, many of the site's inhabitants relocated downriver to the confluence of the Ohio and Wabash rivers. A separate Late Mississippian cultural group subsequently emerged that archeologists named the Terminal Mississippian Caborn-Welborn phase (AD 1400 to AD 1700).

Subsequent settlement
Angel Mounds scholars believe that the Mississippians abandoned the site by AD 1400, and the Ohio River valley by AD 1650. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, groups of other native peoples, such as the Shawnee, the Miami, and other historical tribes moved into the Ohio River valley from the east over the next 150 years. European explorers and traders subsequently arrived in the area. Anglo-American settlers who migrated to the area from the east and south remained to farm the land. Both the Native Americans and other settlers were attracted by the rich soil and temperate growing season.

Mathias Angel (1819–1899)  was among these settlers. In 1852 he began purchasing farmland that also included the archaeological site. The Angel Mounds Historic Site is named after the Angel family and their descendants.

Site acquisition
In May 1931, Warren K. Moorehead, a nationally known archaeologist from Ohio State University and the Peabody Foundation; Eli Lilly, who became president of Eli Lilly and Company in 1932 and served as the president of the Indiana Historical Society from 1932 to 1947; and Glenn A. Black and E. Y. Guernsey, Society employees and archaeologists, visited the Angel site as part of a tour to assess Indiana's archaeological sites. Black, who served as the Society's director of archaeology and from 1939 to 1964 supervised excavation and field schools at the Angel site, thought that the mounds would provide an opportunity to conduct a long-term study of a single archaeological site. Although individuals had been surveying the area and digging at the Angel site prior to the beginning of its official excavation in 1939, the archaeological findings were not properly documented. Some individuals also came to the site simply to collect relics.

In 1938, the Indiana Historical Society purchased  of property from the Angel family descendants and others to protect the archaeological site from destruction. The mounds were in danger of being destroyed due to construction of a planned levee and real estate development. Eli Lilly in his role as a philanthropist interested in Indiana's prehistory, provided the funds for the purchase.

Early excavation
Initial efforts in 1938–39 focused on surveying and clearing the main archaeological site and an outlying camp. From 1939 to 1942, as a project financed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, the Works Projects Administration employed more than 250 workers under the direction of Indiana archeologist Glenn A. Black to excavate  of the site. These efforts resulted in the recording and processing of 2.3 million archaeological items. Excavation was temporarily halted during World War II, but resumed in 1945 as part of the Indiana University Archaeology Field School during the summer months.

In 1946, the Indiana Historical Society transferred ownership of the property to the State of Indiana,  but retained the rights to excavate the site. Black remained on the property as its caretaker. Between 1958 and 1962, two National Science Foundation grants provided financial support to assess geophysical applications at the site, including use of a proton magnetometer to trace segments of the site's palisade (stockade) walls that were not visible from the surface. This project, which extended the work begun by the University of Oxford's Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, was one of the "first comprehensive tests in the Americas" to assess the instrument's potential on a New World site.

State historic site
Angel Mounds was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964, the same year that the Indiana Historical Society transferred its archeological excavation rights to Indiana University. The site's original purchase was later augmented by Elda Clayton Herts's donation of  containing an early Woodland period mound.

The Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites is the present-day manager of the site. Research on Angel Mounds is conducted through the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, founded in 1965 at Indiana University Bloomington and named in honor of Glenn Albert Black, the archaeologist who conducted excavations at Angel Mounds from 1939 to 1964, and brought the site to national attention. Since 1945, Indiana University has continued to conduct an archaeology field school at the site during the summer months.

The Angel Mounds State Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark, is recognized as one of the best-preserved prehistoric sites in the United States for understanding Middle Mississippian culture along the Ohio River, and Native American culture before contact with Europeans. The site occupies more than  of land and includes an interpretive center (opened to the public in 1972), recreations of Mississippian structures, and a replica of a 1939 WPA archaeology laboratory. A  area of the property, which does not include the archaeological site, has a nature preserve and recreational trails. Archaeological excavations at Angel Mounds State Historic Site continue through Indiana University's field school.

Setting

The Angel site was the regional trading center in a group of associated settlements and hamlets within a  radius. The town overlooks the Ohio River, which borders the town's south side, and includes terraced land and earthen mounds built above the river's flood plain. The main site is close to agricultural fields and is shielded from the river by what is known in the present-day as Three Mile Island. The community faces south across a narrow channel toward the island and what is present-day Kentucky. The channel and slough, which existed during the time that the archaeological site was inhabited, created a quiet backwater that surrounded the town on the north, east, and west sides. The slough and channel to the Ohio River provided easy transit for canoes, as well as a source for freshwater fishing, potable water, and bathing.

(Until nearly the end of the nineteenth century, the Ohio River was clear and potable. In the mid-twentieth century, the channel was known as an excellent fishing area.) When the site was first settled, the slough was deeper and the Mississippian people kept it cleared of brush and trees; however, by 1939, when official excavation of the Angel site began, the stream had dried-up and the channel had eroded, providing a land surface that was often stable enough to walk across.

The Mississippians found the site along the Ohio River ideal for agricultural purposes. Annual spring floods regularly replenished the nutrients in the soil and allowed cultivation of crops that included maize (corn), beans, and squash. The fertile soil enabled production of surplus crops, which the Mississippian people used for trade and to support a higher density population that developed artisan and craft specialties such as pottery.

Mounds

The site includes six large platform mounds (Mounds A through F), five smaller mounds (Mounds H through L), and at least one large plaza. Mound G, which is older than the others, may not have been part of the Angel phase group. A defensive palisade with bastions nearly surrounded the approximately  town.  Mounds A (Central Mound), E, and F (Temple Mound), the largest mounds at the site, are truncate pyramidal earthen structures with either a square or rectangular base. Mound A and Mound F, constructed about AD 1050 to 1100, were used until the Mississippians abandoned the site about AD 1400, and then burned. Mounds I and K may have been constructed over older mound structures.

Mound A (Central Mound)
Mound A, also called the Central Mound, is the largest and highest () in the complex. It also among the largest prehistoric structures in the eastern United States. Central Mound contains three levels with a smaller conical mound in the southeast corner of the upper level. The base mound is  long and  wide.

Laborers carried  of dirt in baskets from the chute (a waterway along the south side of the town) to create the mound. The lower terrace, measuring  by , is on the south side of the mound. The upper terrace is  above the surrounding area. Based on reports from early European explorers in the southeastern United States who encountered active Mississippian culture villages, this mound was likely the residence of the hereditary chief of the town and the surrounding communities. (It is generally believed that upper-class members of society would live on the highest mounds, while lower-class members inhabited smaller living spaces.) The State of Indiana constructed a modern stairway ascending the mound to protect it from erosion of pedestrian traffic. Archeological evidence suggests there may have been a log stairway in prehistoric times.

Mound F (Temple Mound)

Mound F, the only mound that is completed excavated, was a platform mound measuring  by  and  in height. Excavations showed that the mound was built in several construction phases with different occupation episodes on the different levels. The episodes of occupation include a structure at the original ground layer, followed by another structure on what is known as "occupational layer 2". This was then covered by the "inner mound surface", a layer of mound fill and more structures. The structures on this level seemed to have been domestic in nature. The next layer of mound fill is known as the "primary mound surface" and was surmounted by a large rectangular structure with at least two rooms and anterooms, or porticoes, appended to it. The final layer of mound fill is the "secondary mound surface". Due to the amount of historic period soil disturbance on the summit it is unclear if any structures sat atop this phase. Mound F was destroyed during the process of its excavation and subsequently re-constructed to show its original appearance. The reconstruction features a temple structure surrounded by a palisade and stairs leading to the summit.

Mound E
Mound E, the third largest mound, measures  by . Its upper platform is  by . Because this earthen mound was never cultivated, it is considered to be the site's best example of a truncate mound.

Palisade

Archaeological excavation revealed a set of two palisade (stockade) walls. The outer palisade surrounded the perimeter of the town with the Ohio River acting as a barrier on the south side. An inner palisade bisected the interior of the site. An entrance to the town was believed to have been on southwest corner of the palisade, based on archaeological findings at that location. Parallel to the stockade walls, another barrier (similar to a picket fence) was set  outside the stockade. It was designed to slow attackers as they came into range.

A reconstruction of part of the stockade, based on archeological evidence, was made in 1972. The reconstructed walls are  high and have wooden posts set  deep into a narrow trench. The walls and posts are covered with wattle and daub (a loose weaving of sticks covered with a mud-and-grass plaster). Defensive bastions along the stockade walls were also reconstructed. The original inhabitants set the bastions about  apart and projecting  to  from the wall. The distance between each bastion allowed defenders using arrows or lances to protect the walls from direct attack.

Other structural features
When residences were no longer "serviceable," the Mississippians burned the structures and constructed a new one over the ashes. Indiana archaeologist Glenn A. Black posited that walls were covered in cane and plastered with mud and straw. Roof composition is uncertain, but Black thought they were grass thatch. Two construction methods were used, one for summer and another for winter. Two circular structures uncovered at the site are likely to have been sweat lodges (similar in use to present-day saunas). Or, they may have been used for meetings. The Mississippians also constructed what is believed to have been a public plaza between Mound A and Mound  F.

Artifacts

About 2.4 million artifacts were collected during excavations conducted by WPA workers from 1939 to 1942. One of the most significant artifacts uncovered at the Angel site was a carved Mississippian culture stone statue of a seated man, which was found at Mound F in November 1940. The fluorite artifact is  tall and weighs .  Similar rare fluorite statues have been found at the Obion Mounds site in Henry County, Tennessee and the Ware Mounds site in Union County, Illinois.

Mississippian tools and weapons found at the site were made of igneous rock, sedimentary rock (sandstone), slate, shale, diorite, or cannel coal. Metalwork objects were very rare. Based on research and artifacts discovered at the Angel site, it is believed that the Mississippians used bone fishhooks and nets made of cord to catch mollusks and freshwater fish (catfish and drumfish). Spears with projectile points were used to hunt small game. Antler, animal and bird bone, shells, and animal teeth were also found.

Of the nearly 2 million sherds of pottery found at the site, 4,569 of them were of the negative-painted type. Textile patterns made inside of the pottery are a trait unique to the Angel site. In May 2006, researchers discovered a probable pottery-making workshop at the site. This discovery further revealed the artistic skills of the Mississippian culture people. Pottery tools and masses of prepared, slightly-fired clay pieces were also found during the season's excavation. It appeared to be a type of production-line process, with the works awaiting finishing and firing as bowls, jars or figures.

The archaeological objects and associated records from Angel Mounds are curated and cared for at the IU Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Bloomington, Indiana. The most recent preservation effort came through a three-year Save America's Treasures grant administered by the National Park Service and the Institute of Museum and Library Services to rehouse the Angel Mounds collections.

Kincaid Focus

In the lower Ohio River valley in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana, the Mississippian-culture towns of Kincaid, Wickliffe, Tolu, and Angel Mounds have been grouped together into a "Kincaid Focus" set, due to similarities in pottery assemblages and site plans. Most striking are the comparisons between the Kincaid and Angel sites, which include analogous site plans, stylistic similarities in artifacts, and geographic proximity. These connections have led some scholars to hypothesize that the builders and residents were of the same society.

The 300- to 400-year span in which these types of artifacts and sites are found is called the "Angel phase". It is divided into three subphases:

Rare painted and incised sherds of Mississippian culture pottery have been found at all four sites, ranging from less than one percent near Kincaid to about three or four percent of the assemblage at Wickliffe. Some common pottery styles found in these sites include: Angel Negative Painted, Kincaid Negative Painted, and Matthews Incised. This pottery is shell-tempered and ranges from the smoothed surface and coarser temper of Mississippi Ware to the more polished surface and finer temper of Bell Ware.

Burials
During the WPA excavation of the site (1939 to 1942), more than 300 burials were uncovered, most of them in the site's east village. Other burials were found on the sides of Mound F, at Mound I, or near the palisade walls. Although there are grave sites found throughout the Angel site, the remains of infant children were "occasionally found beneath the floors of homes."

See also
 Angel phase
 Mississippian culture
 Caborn-Welborn culture
 Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
 Mississippian stone statuary
 List of Mississippian sites
 List of archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana

Notes

References
 and

 (2 volumes)

 and

Further reading
 2 volumes.

External links

Angel Mounds State Historic Site , official website
Friends of Angel Mounds (website is closed as of August 2019)
Kincaid Mounds website
"Angel Mounds Hiking and Biking ", Southern Indiana Trails

Middle Mississippian culture
Mounds in Indiana
Native American history of Indiana
Native American museums in Indiana
Museums in Evansville, Indiana
Museums in Warrick County, Indiana
Archaeological sites in Indiana
Indiana Historical Society
Indiana State Historic Sites
National Historic Landmarks in Indiana
Geography of Evansville, Indiana
Protected areas of Vanderburgh County, Indiana
Protected areas of Warrick County, Indiana
12th-century establishments in North America
1450s disestablishments in North America
National Register of Historic Places in Warrick County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Vanderburgh County, Indiana
Archaeological type sites

Angel Mounds


Earl Richmond (Real name John Dienn), was a broadcaster born in Highgate, London in 1928, he died in May 2001.

Earl first worked in radio on British Forces Radio in Trieste. He was also heard in Cyprus before moving to America to study Television.

His first job in Television was as Transmission Controller for Rediffusion in the 1950s. He then moved back into radio when Radio London started in 1964 to present the 9:00 A.M - 12:00 P.M slot, he was also the administrator on board the MV Galaxy radio ship that the station broadcast from. Earl stayed with the pirate station until the spring of 1966.

Earl then became a familiar voice on Yorkshire Television in the late 1960s and 1970s as a continuity announcer .

Incidentally, Yorkshire Television also hired Richmond's fellow Radio London DJs John Crosse and Paul Kaye as announcers, as well as Keith Martin from Radio Caroline and Terry Davis from Radio North Sea.

After leaving Yorkshire Television, he moved to Thailand to set up a production company and work on English-language radio in Bangkok. He was also involved in the Hotel trade and ran a restaurant called 'The Beefeater' before dying after a  heart attack  .

External links
radiolondon.co.uk - Obituary.
radiolondon.co.uk - The Radio London/Yorkshire Television connection?
offshoreradio.co.uk - Biog on Pirate Radio Hall Of Fame.
bbc.co.uk - Mention in a BBC article about pirate radio.
soundsforce5.com - A band Earl Richmond once played on a Radio London roadshow.

1928 births
2001 deaths
Offshore radio broadcasters
Pirate radio personalities
English radio DJs
English television presenters
People from Highgate

Earl Richmond (broadcaster)


Ken Marlon Charles a.k.a. KMC (born 5 January 1971) is a soca artist from Trinidad. Famous for hits like "Soul on Fire", "Soca Bashment" and "Bashment to Carnival" KMC is signed to the US-based record label Sequence Records. Considered to be one of Trinidad's top soca artists, KMC has over sixteen years experience in the music industry. He has made a name for himself as a solo artist, songwriter, producer and frontman of the band Red, White & Black.

Early years
KMC is one of nine children. He was born and raised in the village of Rio Claro and then moved to Chaguanas.

Career
KMC always had a passion for music. As a young child he used to sneak about and listen to the bands in his village. "At the age of seven, I used to go under the house by the band and when they weren't around I would play the drum set." As time marched on, the same energy and precociousness that brought the young KMC to the drum set also brought him to teach himself how to play music. "Music is something I was never taught. I was never taught to play the keyboard. I learned to do everything on my own. Love is what made me master it. Everything I do is by ear and not by reading," he proclaims.

KMC started his musical career as a dance-hall artist, recording and releasing a total if sixteen records. In 1998, he decided to test his skills in the Soca genre, bursting onto the scene with songs like "Kaya", "Bashment to Carnival" and "Soca Bashment". These were well received by his fans and helped to establish KMC as a leading Soca artist.

With over ten independently released Soca albums and compilations to his name, KMC is responsible for the Voodoo, Drunk Man, Concubine, Party Alliance, Thunderbirds, X-Out, Stinging Nettle, and Tear Drop Riddims, amongst others. He has also produced songs for some of the leading Soca artists, including Machel Montano, Bunji Garlin, Maximus Dan, Destra Garcia, Denise Belfon, and Jungle. KMC is known for songs like "Doh Want to Know", "Carnival Rags", "Rough Wine", "First Experience", "Flopping Up", "Cyah X Me Out" and "Animal".

In April 2005, KMC was signed to the American music label Sequence Records. His debut album on the label was entitled Soul on Fire after the album's first single. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 84 and has sold approximately 285,000 copies worldwide.

"Soul on Fire", the single, was the first track released from the album in June 2005. The song's remix, featured Jamaican dancehall star Beenie Man and American disc jockey Fat Man Scoop. The video for the Soul on Fire single was filmed in Tobago and featured the Tobagonian born, Trinidadian model Teri Bovell.

In October 2005, KMC joined Beenie Man on his US "King of the Dancehall" tour.

Discography

Albums
2005: Soul on Fire

References

External links
 The Trinidad Guardian -Online Edition Ver 2.0

1971 births
Living people
Soca musicians
20th-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers
20th-century Trinidad and Tobago singers
21st-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers
21st-century Trinidad and Tobago singers

KMC (musician)


Satanic verses is a name given to a number of verses of the Qur'an. These verses became famous because they were introduced into a version of the book. In a later version, they were taken out again. Different groups of people have different views about these verses. According to the first biography of Muhammad, Sīrat Rasul Allah, Life of the Apostle of God, by Islamic authors Ṭabarī (839-923) and al-Wāqidī (745-822), Muhammad, who struggled to convert the inhabitants of Mecca, was tempted by Satan (Iblis) while he was reciting the sūra al-Najm (considered - like all the Islamic sacred text - a divine revelation transmitted to him through the archangel Gabriel) who suggested a phrase (v. 21) after verses 19 and 20.

Other websites
 Those are the High Flying Claims
 Story of the Cranes or "Satanic Verses"
 The Satanic Verses in Qur'an

Quran

Satanic verses


The Mediterranean Agreements (German Mittelmeerentente; French Entente de la Méditerranée) were a series of treaties signed in 1887 by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with Italy on 12 February (through the mediation of Germany), with Austria-Hungary on March 24 and with Spain on May 4. Further notes were exchanged between Britain, Italy and Austria-Hungary on 12 December.

On the face of it the treaties recognised the status quo in the Mediterranean Sea. In fact, one of the objectives was to halt the expansion of the Russian Empire in the Balkans and her wish to control the straits of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. From that perspective it also assured the survival of the Ottoman Empire. It also protected Italian interests against France. Thus it united forces hostile to Russia in the Balkans and to France in North Africa.

From the point of view of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the benefit of these agreements to which Germany was not a party, was in bringing Britain closer to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary.

The treaty potentially conflicted with the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887, between Germany and Russia. In the secret protocol to the Reinsurance Treaty, Bismarck lent support to Russia's expansion efforts. Thus the Mediterranean Agreement, while not a de jure contradiction of the Reinsurance Treaty was at least contrary to its spirit.

Bibliography
 W. N. Medlicott. The Mediterranean Agreements 1887. The Slavonic Review Vol. 5, No. 13 (Jun., 1926), pp. 66-88
 Pribram, Alfred, ed. (1921) The Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 47-57, 71-78 (Text of Agreements)
 Gregor Schöllgen, Imperialismus und Gleichgewicht. Deutschland, England und die orientalische Frage 1871–1914, Munich, Oldenbourg, 2000 (), p. 23
 Die Grosse Politik der Europäischen Kabinette

1887 in the United Kingdom
1887 treaties
February 1887 events
March 1887 events
May 1887 events
Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
History of the Mediterranean
19th-century military alliances
Italy–United Kingdom relations
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Austria-Hungary
Otto von Bismarck

Mediterranean Agreements (1887)


Papianilla (floruit 455) was an aristocrat of Roman Gaul.

She was the daughter of Eparchius Avitus, who rose from the Gallo-Roman senatorial aristocracy to become Western Roman Emperor from 455 to 456. Papianilla had two brothers, Agricola and Ecdicius, and possibly some sisters; she was related to another Papianilla (wife of the prefect Tonantius Ferreolus).

Before her father's rise to the throne (455), she married Sidonius Apollinaris, another aristocrat, with whom she had three or four children: Apollinaris, Severiana, Roscia and Alcima (the latter, mentioned only in Gregory of Tours and not in Sidonius letters, being possibly another name for Severiana or Roscia).

Papianilla brought her husband the estate called Avitacum in Auvergne. Her husband gave away silver vessels from their home to the poor, but she criticised him so he bought them back.

Notes

Sources
 "Papianilla 2", Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume 2, p. 830.

5th-century Roman women
5th-century Romans
Daughters of Roman emperors

Papianilla (wife of Sidonius Apollinaris)


The family name Regan, along with its cognates O'Regan, O Regan, Reagan, and O'Reagan, is an Anglicized form of the Irish surname Ó Riagáin or Ó Ríogáin, from Ua Riagáin. The meaning is likely to have originated in ancient Gaelic ri "sovereign, king" and the diminutive suffix -in; thus "the king's child" or "big king". The name was borne by two distinct families: one seated in Meath, the other in Thomond.

The O'Regans of Meath were a branch of the southern Ui Neill and one of the four Tribes of Tara. Before the Anglo-Norman invasion, they were lords of south Breagh and the north of present-day County Dublin. They took a leading part in the wars against the Danes. In the year 1029, Mathghamhain Ó Riagáin, king of Breagh, captured the king of Dublin, Amhlaoibh son of Sitric, releasing him only upon payment of an enormous ransom, which included the celebrated Sword of Carlus. The O'Regans were dispossessed soon after the invasion and dispersed through Ireland.

The O'Regans of Thomond are a Dalcassian family said to be descended from Riagán, son of Donncuan, brother of Brian Boru, and now numerous throughout Ireland.

The unisex forename Regan is likely to have derived sometime later from the Latin Regina "queen", the feminine form of Rex (stem reg-) "king", which is also the source of the name Reginald.

Persons with the surname
 Ash Regan (born 1974), Scottish politician
 Bill Regan (disambiguation), several people
 Bob Regan (born 1947), American country music songwriter
 Brian Regan (disambiguation), several people
 Bridget Regan (born 1982), American actress
 Charles Tate Regan (1878–1943), British ichthyologist
 Charlotte Regan, British director of 2023 film Scrapper
 Daithí Regan (born 1968), Irish hurler
 David M. Regan (born 1935), Canadian psychologist
 Donald Regan (1918–2003), U.S. Treasury Secretary and Chief of Staff to President Ronald Reagan
 Edward Regan (1930–2014), American politician and government bureaucrat
 Erin Regan (born 1980), retired American soccer player
 Eugene Regan (born 1952), Irish barrister and politician
 Fionn Regan (born 1981), Irish folk musician
 Frank S. Regan (1862–1944), American politician and businessman
 Geoff Regan (born 1959), Canadian politician and federal cabinet minister, son of Gerald Regan
 Gerald Regan (1928–2019), 19th premier of Nova Scotia, father of Geoff, Laura and Nancy Regan
 Jack Regan (1912–1988), Australian rules footballer
 James Regan (disambiguation), several people
 Jayne Regan (1909–2000), American actress
 Jessica Regan (born 1982), Irish actress
 Joan Regan (1928–2013), English singer
 John Regan (disambiguation), several people
 Judith Regan (born 1953), book publisher
 Julianne Regan (born 1962), English singer, songwriter and musician, lead singer of the band All About Eve
 Kelly Regan (born 1961), Canadian politician, wife of Geoff Regan
 Kenneth M. Regan (1891–1959), American politician
 Larry Regan (1930–2009), Canadian National Hockey League player, coach, manager and executive
 Laura Regan (born 1977), Canadian actress, daughter of Gerald Regan
 Linda Regan (born 1949), English actress who appeared in the British TV show Hi-de-Hi!
 Mark Regan (born 1972), English rugby union player
 Mike Regan (disambiguation), several people
 Nancy Regan (born 1966), Canadian news anchor, journalist and TV personality, daughter of Gerald Regan
 Natasha Regan (born 1971), English chess player
 Patrick Regan (disambiguation), several people
 Phil Regan (actor) (1906–1996)
 Phil Regan (baseball) (born 1937), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 Robert P. Regan (1936–1995), American businessman and politician
Seamus O'Regan (born 1971), Canadian politician and former television personality
 Terry Regan (born 1958), Australian former rugby league footballer
 Tim O'Regan, American musician
 Tom Regan (1938–2017), American philosopher, animal rights activist and academic
 Tony Óg Regan (born 1983), Irish hurler
 Trish Regan (born 1972), American broadcast journalist and author
 Vincent Regan (born 1965), British actor

Persons with the given name
 Regan Hagar, American rock drummer
 Regan Harrison (born 1977), Australian retired swimmer
 Regan King (born 1980), New Zealand rugby union footballer
 Regan Lamble (born 1991), Australian racewalker
 Regan Lauscher (born 1980), Canadian luger
 Regan Mizrahi (born 2000), American child actor
 Regan Poole (born 1998), Welsh footballer
 Regan Russell (1955–2020), Canadian animal rights activist
 Regan Smith (born 1983), American stock car racing driver
 Regan Upshaw (born 1975), American retired National Football League player[

Fictional characters
 Regan, a daughter of King Lear in Shakespeare's play King Lear
 Regan Abbott, character in the movie A Quiet Place
 Regan Hamleigh, character in The Pillars of the Earth novel and miniseries
 Regan MacNeil, the central character of the novel The Exorcist
 Regan O'Neill, the narrator and viewpoint character of the novel Luna by Julie Anne Peters
 Regan Wyngarde, also known as Lady Mastermind, a Marvel Comics villain
 Jack Regan, protagonist of the British television police drama The Sweeney
 Rory Regan in the DC Universe
 Rusty Regan, a character in the Raymond Chandler novel The Big Sleep

See also
 Reagan (disambiguation)

References

Surnames of Irish origin
Surnames of Scottish origin
English-language surnames
Surnames from given names

Regan


John Andrew Rice Jr. (February 1, 1888, to November 16, 1968) was the founder and first rector of Black Mountain College, located near Asheville, North Carolina. During his time there, he introduced many unique methods of education which had not been implemented in any other experimental institution, attracting many important artists as contributing lecturers and mentors, including John Cage, Robert Creeley, Willem de Kooning, Robert Rauschenberg, and Franz Kline. During World War II, he made it a haven for refugee European artists, including Josef Albers and Anni Albers, who arrived from the Bauhaus in Germany. Later, Black Mountain College became the platform for the work of Buckminster Fuller, who made the college the site of the first geodesic dome. Because of his strong ideas and unusual educational philosophy, Rice became involved in many debates in the socially conservative 1930s, '40s and '50s, becoming known as a very outspoken critic of the standard model of higher education in the United States.

Early and family life
Rice was the son of Methodist minister John Andrew Rice Sr. and Annabelle Smith, who was from a prominent South Carolina family. He was born at Tanglewood Plantation, near Lynchburg, South Carolina, and attended The Webb School, a highly regarded boarding school located in Bell Buckle, Tennessee, where he met the teacher he would revere all his life, John Webb. Rice then attended Tulane University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree, then won a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University.

After graduating from Oxford, he married Nell Aydelotte and began teaching at Webb School, but left after a year to pursue doctoral studies at the University of Chicago, which he never completed. He had three children with Nell Aydelotte before their divorce, of which one son died as an infant and daughter Mary A. R. Marshall and son Frank survived.

Career
Rice secured a faculty position at the University of Nebraska, where he proved himself brilliant in the classroom and in counseling students. His teaching methods were aimed at accelerating the students' emotional and intellectual maturity, rather than encouraging a reliance on a store of subject knowledge.

From the University of Nebraska, Rice took his unique teaching strategies to the New Jersey College for Women. He was forced to resign after two years amid a faculty controversy which was not resolved. He then landed a faculty position at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. At Rollins, he found himself again in a controversial position, as faculty and students found him to be either brilliant and charismatic, or divisive and argumentative. Rice also spoke out against fraternities and sororities and objected to various policies of the president of Rollins, Hamilton Holt, who asked him to resign.

Rice then began planning for the learning community that became Black Mountain College, which opened in 1933 with twenty-one students and three other faculty from Rollins, dismissed for refusing to sign a "loyalty pledge" to Holt. It eventually grew to nearly one hundred. His new ideas included:
 (1) the centrality of artistic experience to support learning in all disciplines;
 (2) the value of experiential learning;
 (3) the practice of democratic shared governance by faculty and students;
 (4) the value of social and cultural endeavors outside the classroom; and
 (5) elimination of oversight from outside trustees.
He also enjoyed bringing in diverse visitors. His innovations soon gained the college national recognition.

He resigned in 1940 at the request of his faculty, who found his personality polarizing. Financial difficulties led to the school's closure in 1956.

After a divorce from his first wife, Rice married librarian Dikka Moen in 1942 and had two children, Peter A. (1942-2018) and Elisabeth McKellar. He then began another career as a writer, contributing many short stories to such publications as Collier's, The Saturday Evening Post, Harper's and the New Yorker. He also published a book of short stories entitled Local Color (1957), and a classic memoir, I Came Out of the Eighteenth Century (1942), which explains his methods and criticizes grades based on memorization, over-reliance on Great Books and classroom attendance.

Death and legacy
Rice died in Lanham, Maryland in 1968 and is buried at Monocacy Cemetery in Beallsville, Maryland. His daughter Mary A. R. Marshall moved to the Washington D.C. area during World War II, became a leading local opponent of Massive Resistance and represented Arlington, Virginia in the Virginia General Assembly part time for 24 years. His grandson William Craig Rice became Director of the Division of Education Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities.

References

 Adamic, Louis. 1936. "Education on a Mountain." Harper's 172:516 - 530.
 Duberman, Martin. 1972. Black Mountain: An Exploration in Community. New York: Dutton.
 Harris, Mary Emma. 1987. The Arts at Black Mountain College. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
 Lane, Mervin, ed. 1990. Black Mountain College, Sprouted Seeds: An Anthology of Personal Accounts. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
 Reynolds, Katherine Chaddock. 1998. Visions and Vanities: John Andrew Rice of Black Mountain College. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
 "John A. Rice (1888-1968) - Black Mountain College, Life as a Writer". State University.com, 2008
 "John Andrew Rice: Black Mountain College's Provocative Patriarch". Blackmountaincollege.org.
 Ritholz, Robert E. A. P. 1999. History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999), pp. 349–350. Blackwell.

1888 births
1968 deaths
Black Mountain College faculty
Rollins College faculty
University of Nebraska faculty
Tulane University alumni
Educators from South Carolina
Writers from South Carolina
People from Lee County, South Carolina
Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee) alumni
American Rhodes Scholars
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American memoirists
People from Asheville, North Carolina

John Andrew Rice


Gabbin is a small town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia.

The townsite originally served as a railway station for the Wyalkatchem to Mount Marshall line that was constructed through the area in 1913.
The townsite was gazetted in 1918 and was named after the railway station.

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding. Work on the bulk handling depot commenced late in 1933.

References

Wheatbelt (Western Australia)

Gabbin, Western Australia


On July 21, 2000, Foothill Conservancy, a nonprofit organization based in Amador County, California, was among the parties signing the historic settlement agreement with PG&E that formed the basis for a new 30-year operating license for the Mokelumne River Project. Every nonfederal hydroelectric project in the country operates under license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). As a project's license expires, the licensee begins a relicensing process that generally leads to a new license with updated terms. The new license lasts 30 to 50 years.

The relicensing of PG&E's Mokelumne River Project (Project 137), which began in 1972, was the longest such process in FERC history. Meanwhile, PG&E had been running its project, which stretches from Blue Lakes west to Electra Powerhouse, on annual licenses with few requirements for protecting the health of the river or providing river recreation.

The 101-page settlement addresses the ecological and recreation effects of stream flows in all of the river reaches and creeks affected by the project. It balances the needs of the environment, recreation, and power generation. Other parties to the settlement are the California Department of Fish and Game, California Department of Boating and Waterways, US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Forest Service, Friends of the River, Bureau of Land Management, Natural Heritage Institute, and American Whitewater.

The settlement led to the first removal of a PG&E dam in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) in modern history.

The Foothill Conservancy successfully secured California Wild and Scenic River designation for 37 miles of the North Fork and main Mokelumne River with the passage of Senate Bill 854 in 2018. The designation bars new dams and major diversions on the river from just below Salt Springs Reservoir to just upstream of Pardee Reservoir. Earlier, the Conservancy laid the groundwork for that designation by working for the passage of Assembly Bill 142 in 2015. That legislation mandated a state wild and scenic river study of the Mokelumne River and provided interim protections from new dams and diversions.

References

 "Managing Watersheds in the New Century," Proceedings of the Eight Biennial Watershed Management Conference 2000
 "Collaboration and Adaptive Management for the Mokelumne River Hydroelectric Project"
 Tim Holt, "Persistence Frees the Mokelumne: River Advocate Pete Bell," High Country News, March 15, 2004
 Matt Brown, "Saving the Sierra for Future Generations," Lodi News Sentinel, August 29, 2007
 Dana Nichols, "New promise for trout streams; Dam removal helps Sierra sites recover," The (Stockton) Record,December 18, 2006,
 Environmental Defense, Power Play: The Sale of PG&E's Hydropwer System and the Future of California Rivers
 Robin Mejia, "From Source to Sink: A River Divided," Terrain Magazine

External links
 Foothill Conservancy

Environmental organizations based in California
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Mokelumne River
Non-profit organizations based in California
Water in California

Foothill Conservancy