Montagu Burrows (27 October 1819 – 10 July 1905) was a British historian. Following a career as an officer in the Royal Navy, he was the first Chichele Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, holding the Chair from 1862 until his death. He was probably the first academic to lecture on naval history at Oxford or at any university in Britain.

Early life and naval career
Born in Hadley, England, the son of a Lieutenant-General Montagu Burrows (1775–1848) of the British Army and his wife, Mary Ann Pafford, daughter of Captain Joseph Larcom, Royal Navy, Montagu Burrows attended Kingsmills' Boys School in Southampton and entered the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth in 1832. In 1834, he joined HMS Andromache as a midshipman, and then returned to the college as a mate in 1842. He served on anti-piracy patrols on the East Indies Station under Henry Ducie Chads and was decorated for his service at the bombardment of Acre in 1840. Burrows became an instructor in gunnery in HMS Excellent for six years from 1846. Promoted to Commander in 1852, he decided to study at Oxford and was placed on half-pay.

Academic career
While on half pay, Burrows matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and read for the final school of literae humaniores. Obtaining first-class honours in 1856, he continued his studies and in 1857 obtained another "first" in the newly established School of Law and History.  He is believed to have been the first person, as well as the oldest, to obtain a "double first" at Oxford in these subjects. For the following five years, he tutored students preparing for their examinations and published a popular guide to Oxford undergraduate examinations called Pass and Class.

In 1862, All Souls College, Oxford established the post of Chichele Professor of Modern History. Burrows competed for it and was selected as its first occupant over younger competitors, including William Stubbs, Edward Freeman, and James Anthony Froude. From 1862 until his retirement in 1900, Burrows regularly lectured on the history of the Royal Navy. His most important books on naval history were his biography of Admiral Edward Hawke (1886). His other works included his memoir of his former commander, Sir Henry Ducie Chads (1869), a study of the Cinque Ports (1883), and a contribution to the Memoirs of Sir Astley Cooper Key by Vice-Admiral Philip Howard Colomb (1898).

Burrows was active in Oxford church affairs as chairman of the Oxford branch of the English Church Union until 1866, secretary of the Universities' Mission to Central Africa, a founder of the Church of Sts Philip and James in North Oxford, president of the Church Schools Managers and Teachers Association, and a member of the group that founded Keble College, Oxford. He contributed often to the Church and State Review, The Churchman, and The Guardian.

Burrows was chairman of the school of modern history from 1889 to 1893. Due to increasing deafness, he retired from active lecturing in 1900, but remained active in Oxford faculty, city, and church affairs.

Personal life
Burrows married Mary Anna, third daughter of Sir James Whalley Smythe Gardiner, 3rd Baronet, of Roche Court, Fareham, on 13 September 1849. They had three sons: Edward Henry (b.1851), Stephen Montagu (b.1856) and Alfred (b.1860).

Death
Burrows died on 10 July 1905 in Oxford, aged 85. He was given a university funeral with the distinction of having his naval sword displayed on his coffin, while naval flags at Portsmouth were dipped for a Fellow of All Souls.

Charles Oman, who had been appointed Deputy Chichele Professor of Modern History in 1900, was elected Burrows' successor in the Chair in December 1905.

Published works

 Pitcairn's Island: a Lecture (1853)
 Pass and Class, an Oxford Guide-Book through the Courses of Literæ Humaniores [&c.] (1860, 1866)
 The Manchester Church Congress and its Probable Results: a Lecture (1863)
 The Relations of Church and State Historically Considered: 2 Lectures (1866)
 Memoir of Admiral Sir Henry Ducie Chads, by an Old Follower (M.B.) (1869)
 Constitutional Progress, 7 lectures (1869)
 Worthies of All Souls: Four Centuries of English History illustrated from the College Archives (1874)
 Parliament and the Church of England (1874)
 History of the Family of Burrows of Sydenham and Long Crendon (1877)
 Imperial England (1880)
 The Register of the Visitors of the University of Oxford, from ... 1647 to ... 1658, with some account of the state of the University during the Commonwealth (1881)
 Wiclif's Place in History: 3 lectures (1882)
 History of the Families of Larcom, Hollis, and McKinley (1883)
 The Life of Edward, Lord Hawke (1883, 1886, 1904)
 Cinque Ports (1888)
 Antiquarianism and History: a Lecture (1895)
 The Family of Brocas of Beaurepaire and Roche court (1886)
 The Publication of the Gascon Rolls by the British and French Governments: a Paper (1892)
 Commentaries on the History of England ... to 1865 (1892)
 The History of the Foreign Policy of Great Britain (1895, revised 1897)
 King Henry VIII and the Reformation: an Address (1898)
 King Alfred the Great. (1898)
 Biblical Criticism, by William Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford, with preface by Montagu Burrows. (1905)
 Autobiography, ed. by Stephen Montagu Burrows (1908)

References

External links

English naval historians
Royal Navy officers
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
1819 births
1905 deaths
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford
Chichele Professors of Modern History

Montagu Burrows


William White (16 February 1606 – c. 1661) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1645 and 1660.

White was the son of William White of Duffield, Derbyshire and his second wife Sarah Cradock, daughter of Matthew Cradock of Stafford. He was a student at Inner Temple in 1646.

White was a colonel in the service of the commonwealth. In 1645 he was elected  Member of Parliament for Pontefract as a recruiter to the Long Parliament.

In April 1660, White was elected MP for Clitheroe in the Convention Parliament but was unseated on petition on 16 July.

White died between 6 September 1660 when he made his will and 3 September 1662 when it was proved.

White married firstly  Margaret Talbot, daughter of Thomas Talbot of Bashall in about 1629 but they had no children. He married secondly on 14 August 1649 Frances Barkham, daughter of Sir Edward Barkham, 1st Baronet of Tottenham, Middlesex.

References

Members of the Inner Temple
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1660
1606 births
1660s deaths
Year of death uncertain

William White (MP for Clitheroe)


Johann Gottlieb Tielke (2 July 1731, Tautenburg near Jena – 6 November 1787, Freiberg) was an army officer and an internationally recognized military writer.

Military career
Tielke fell into poverty and an uncertain future through the sudden death of his father. Consequently, in 1751 he enlisted in the army of Saxony in the infantry regiment Herzog von Sachsen-Weißenfels as a common soldier. Because of his small stature and unprepossessing appearance, his military career was not without problems. However, his skills, especially in drawing, and his enthusiastic service impressed his military superiors. Thus, he was in 1753 transferred to Dresden in the Hausartilleriecompagnie, and the royal authorities authorized his preparation for the artillery qualification test. Additionally, he was enabled to attend lectures in the engineering academy.

In 1756 he became a prisoner of war with the entire army in Prussia. Because of his small stature, he succeeded in escaping, disguised as a milkmaid. He went to Warsaw, where he could present to the military commander cartographic military information based upon his prison-of-war experiences. Tielke was promoted from lance-bombardier to bombardier and transferred to Silesia, where he took part in the siege of Schweidnitz. In 1758 he participated in the shelling of Küstrin. When the Austrians took Dresden, he communicated the news to Prince Xavier. This resulted in Tielke's promotion to Stückjunker (lowest commissioned officer rank).

In 1760 he was a participant in the Battle of Torgau. He was lightly wounded and his horse was killed. The Prince of Saxony's intercession led to Tielke's promotion to Souslieutenant (second lieutenant). In 1761 he belonged to the army of Prince Albrecht of Saxony. In 1762 Tielke's unit was stationed in Silesia. After the Seven Years' War, the Saxon troops were redeployed. Tielke was promoted to Premierlieutenant and then Stabscapitän. During the War of the Bavarian Succession, he commanded an artillery battery as Compagniechef. During the remainder of his career, he was garrisoned mainly at Freiberg, where he died on 6 November 1787.

Promotions
 1753: Konstabler (lance-bombardier, lowest non-commissioned officer rank)
 1756: Feuerwerker (bombardier)
 1759: Stückjunker (lowest commissioned officer rank)
 1760: Souslieutenant (second lieutenant)
 1762: Premierlieutenant (first lieutenant)
 1769: Stabscapitän (rank between first lieutenant and captain )

Writing career
Although, because of his parents' poverty, Tielke had not received any academic training, he became a world-class expert on military fortifications, intelligence, artillery, tactics, and strategy. On these subjects he published several treatises, which were republished numerous times and translated into English and French. His writings were acknowledged in other German principalities and by Frederick the Great of Prussia. Tielke declined offers of military service several times from the Russian Tsar and from the Prussian King because he felt bound to Saxony.

In Tielke's Nachlass there is a volume of poems composed by him.

Family
Tielke's first wife was part of the French colony in Leipzig; they had two sons and five daughters. After the death of his first wife, he remarried but there were no children from his second marriage.

Selected publications
 Eigenschaften und Pflichten eines Soldaten zur Prüfung derer, die es sind, und derer, die in diesen Stand treten wollen, nebst einem Anhang aus Xenophons Rückzug der zehntausend Griechen. Von einem Officiere. Dresden und Leipzig, 1773
 Unterricht für Officiere, die sich zu Feldingenieurs ausbilden wollen, durch Beispiele aus dem 7jähr. Kriege erläutert. Mit 29 Pl.. Dresden und Leipzig, 1774.
 French translation: Instruction pour les officiers qui se destinent au génie militaire, de Jean Gottlieb Tielke, Capitaine d'artillerie au service de l'électeur de Saxe.
 Beyträge zur Kriegs-Kunst und Geschichte des Krieges von 1756 bis 1763. Mit ca. 50 Krtn. u. Plän. Barthel, Freiberg, 1777, 1. bis 6. Stück (Band 1-6). Reprint durch Archiv-Verlag Braunschweig
 English translation by Charles Gregan Craufurd & Robert Craufurd: An account of some of the most remarkable events of the war between the Prussians, Austrians, and Russians, from 1756 to 1763; and a treatise on several branches of the military art. 1787
 English translation by Edwin Hewgill: The field engineer: or instructions upon every branch of field fortification: Demonstrated by examples which occurred in the Seven Years War between the Prussians, the Austrians, and the Russians; with plans and explanatory notes. Translated from the fourth edition of the German original of J.G. Tielke, Late Captain of Artillery in the service of H.S.H. the Elector of Saxony. 2 vols., London, 1789
 Vol. 1: Das Treffen von Maxen
 French translation: Mémoires pour servir à l'art et l'histoire de la guerre de 1756 jusqu'à 1763, avec les plans et les cartes requises. 1. L'affaire de Maxen, avec un traité de l'attaque et de la défense des hauteurs et montagnes non retranchéesaus, Freyberg, 1777 Vol. 2: Der Feldzug der Kayserlich-Rußischen und Königlich-Preußischen Völker im Jahre 1758. Barthel, Freiberg, 1776. Reprint durch Archiv-Verlag, Braunschweig
 Vol. 3: Über den Feldzug von 1761 Vol. 4: Die drey Belagerungen und Loudonsche Ersteigung der Festung Schweidnitz in den Feldzügen von 1757 bis 1762. Barthel, Freiberg, 1781, Reprint durch Archiv-Verlag, Braunschweig
 Vol. 5: Über den Feldzug von 1761 des Herzogs von Württemberg in Pommern mit Betrachtungen über die Feldbefestigungskunst Vol. 6: Betrachtungen über die Feldbefestigungskunst Gebete und Psalmen für Kriegsleute. Von einem Offizier. Dresden, 1779
 Unterricht für die Officiers, die sich zu Feld-Ingenieurs bilden, oder doch den Feldzügen mit Nutzen beywohnen wollen, durch Beyspiele aus dem letzten Kriege erläutert, und mit nötigen Plans versehen''. Dresden 1769, 2., mit vielen Zusätzen und einigen Plans verm. Aufl. 1774; Gerlach, Dresden und Leipzig, 1779; 4. Aufl., Wien 1785. Reprint Marcus von Salisch (ed.), Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt Potsdam, BoD Norderstedt, 2010,

References

External links

1731 births
1787 deaths
German military officers
German military writers
German prisoners of war
German male non-fiction writers
Military personnel of Saxony
Military personnel from Thuringia

Johann Gottlieb Tielke


The Golden Gloves Of America is an organization that promotes annual competitions of amateur boxing in the United States, in which winners are awarded a belt and a ring, and the title of national champion. The organization currently owns 30 franchises. Hundreds of administrators, coaches, trainers and counselors participate, involving gyms and programs in local and regional tournaments throughout the United States and in a National Tournament of Champions each year. The Golden Gloves is a term used to refer to the National Golden Gloves competition, but can also represent several other amateur tournaments, including regional and state tournaments, such as the Chicago Golden Gloves, and the New York Golden Gloves, and the Rocky Mountain Golden Gloves.

History
Arch Ward, sports editor of the Chicago Tribune, came up with the idea of a citywide, Chicago amateur boxing tournament in 1923, and gained sponsorship from the Tribune in 1927. An annual tournament was held between Chicago and New York. In later years the idea was taken up by other cities, and a national tournament was held. Along with the New York Golden Gloves, the Chicago tournament was viewed as one of the two elite Golden Gloves Championships in the United States. Winners from selected states and regions headed to Chicago to meet in the Chicago Golden Gloves, while winners from other sections of the U.S. faced each other in the New York Golden Gloves tournaments. Champions from the Chicago tournament went on to face champions from the New York tournament in the Intercity Golden Gloves tournament, and thus the Intercity Golden Gloves served as the National Tournament of Champions held in the Square Garden Chicago and Chicago Stadium. The Intercity Golden Gloves tournament ran from 1928 to 1961, with the event being held at famed venues including the Chicago Coliseum.

The National Golden Gloves contest began in 1962 and continues to be the most highly regarded amateur boxing tournament in the United States. It is sponsored and controlled by the Golden Gloves Association of America, Inc. Winners from 32 regional Golden Gloves competitions, coming up in regional teams of all weight classes, compete in the national competition, called the Golden Gloves Tournament of Champions. This is held once a year, and a new tournament site is selected annually. The U.S. Golden Gloves program is currently organized on a territorial basis to give all sections of the country representation. All tournaments are planned, promoted and directed by the Golden Gloves Charities and within the limits of the amateur boxing code. Many amateur Golden Gloves participants went on to become professional boxers, including Joe Louis, Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, Barney Ross and Iran Barkley.

The Golden Gloves are open to all non-professional boxers aged 19–40. Citizens and non-citizens alike may compete in the tournament series. There is also a Silver Gloves amateur tournament, for amateur boxers aged 10 to 15.

Hierarchy
To compete nationally, a contender must pass through the following levels:
Sub-Franchise (Local/State) Golden Gloves
Franchise (Regional) Golden Gloves
National Golden Gloves

Golden Gloves amateur competition began in 1923 prior to the formation of Golden Gloves of America as a corporation. No unification had been undertook for a long time, as part of a tradition, different states historically had various weight class margins (171 to 178 for light heavyweight upper limit, 200 to 201 for heavyweight limit).

USA franchises
Buffalo Golden Gloves
Chicago Golden Gloves
Cincinnati Golden Gloves
Cleveland Golden Gloves
Colorado-New Mexico Golden Gloves
Detroit Golden Gloves
Florida Golden Gloves
Hawaii Golden Gloves
Indiana Golden Gloves
Iowa Golden Gloves
Kansas City Golden Gloves
Kansas-Oklahoma Golden Gloves
Michigan Golden Gloves
Mid-South Golden Gloves
Nevada Golden Gloves
New England Golden Gloves
New Jersey Golden Gloves
New York Metro Golden Gloves
Omaha Golden Gloves
Pennsylvania Golden Gloves
Rocky Mountain Golden Gloves
Southeast Golden Gloves
St. Louis Golden Gloves
Texas Golden Gloves
Toledo Golden Gloves
Tri-State Golden Gloves
Upper Midwest Golden Gloves
Washington, D.C. Golden Gloves
Wisconsin Golden Gloves
California Golden Gloves

Around the world
Other countries have similar amateur boxing awards, such as Mexico's Guantes De Oro (literally "Gloves of Gold" in Spanish).

Diamond Belt
In the past, certain amateur tournaments would award the victor with a Diamond Belt as recognition of their amateur championship status. These tournaments were sponsored by various organizations and newspapers in the United States, with The Philadelphia Inquirer being one of the more notable. Notable Diamond Belt winners include George Foreman, Bobby Chacon, Jimmy McCarter, Logan McElroy, and Lou Brooks.

BC Golden Gloves

The annual  Golden Gloves tournament in British Columbia, Canada, has been a regular event since 1939.
The first BC Golden Gloves champions were Alan Dunn, Bob Hickey, Travis Lepine, Eric Burnell, Henry Devine, Kenny Lindsay, Phil Vickery and Wayne Morris.

Regional and special tournaments
From time to time, there have been special tournaments or regional Golden Gloves tournaments. One that operated from 1954 to the early Sixties was the Vancouver Island Golden Gloves. The first Vancouver Island Golden Boy was Victoria's  Bert Wilkinson in 1954. Some of the history was documented in various issues of the Vancouver Island Boxing News in 1983, and the BC Amateur Boxing News between November 1983 and January 1986. A poster of the 1954 tournament and a photo of Bert Wilkinson were recently used in a video for the induction ceremony of the Greater Victoria Hall of Fame.

See also
Amateur boxing
NCAA Boxing Championship
Spanish Golden Gloves
USA Boxing

Lists of former Golden Gloves champions, by division:
List of US national Golden Gloves super heavyweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves heavyweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves light heavyweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves middleweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves light middleweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves welterweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves light welterweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves lightweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves featherweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves bantamweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves flyweight champions
List of US national Golden Gloves light flyweight champions

References

External links
Official website
Women's Golden Gloves
Cradle of Champions: 80 Years of the New York Daily News Golden Gloves by Bill Farrell
Times Daily - Google News Archive Search
Official Turkey website

Amateur boxing organizations
Boxing in the United States
1928 establishments in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1928

Golden Gloves


URL shortening is a technique on the World Wide Web in which a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be made substantially shorter in length and still direct to the required page. This is achieved by  using an HTTP Redirect on a domain name that is short, which links to the web page that has a long URL. For example, the URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening can be shortened to https://goo.by/GvR7j. This is especially convenient for messaging technologies such as Twitter and Identi.ca, which severely limit the number of characters that may be used in a message. Short URLs allow otherwise long web addresses to be referred to in a tweet. In November 2009, the shortened links on one URL shortening service were accessed 2.1 billion times.

Problems
URL shortening also has problems:

 A long URL contains different parts, which allow a user to judge if the site or url is trustworthy. When shortening an URL this information is lost. The user will be redirected to a site which he or she does not want to visit, and perhaps isn't alllowed to visit.
 Companies who provide url shortening services ar open to attack, like regular sites.When this happens, all the shortened URL may suddenly point to another site, which contains Malware, for example.
 URl shortening is usually offered free of charge. If a provider decides to change its conditions, or goes out of business, all the URLs of this provider will become unusable. As they are shortened, the real domain they pointed to cannot be seen either.
 The sites forwarding the urls can create statistics and profiles on how they are used
 Usenet newsgroups contain messages that will stay up for a very long time. In such contexts, url shorteneing shouldn't be used, as the provider of the shortening service may not be up that long
 There are special sites that allow to check where a shortened url points to, without ctually visiting it.

References

URL shortening


Sten Hjalmar Lindroth (28 December 1914, in Lund – 1 September 1980) was a Swedish historian of learning and science.

Lindroth was born in the university town of Lund in Southern Sweden, but grew up and went to school in Gothenburg after his father Hjalmar Lindroth had been appointed to the Chair of Nordic languages at Gothenburg University. After finishing school in Gothenburg at Göteborgs högre latinläroverk, he matriculated at Uppsala University in 1933 and eventually became a student of Johan Nordström, holder of the Emilia and Gustaf Carlberg Chair of the history of ideas and learning, the first of its kind at Uppsala. Lindroth eventually completed a monumental, 500-page dissertation on the history of paracelsianism in Sweden until the middle of the 17th century, defended in 1943. During his student years he was also active in the Juvenalorden and the liberal student society Verdandi, for he which he also served as president.

He spent the next decade on a history of the mining and copper production at Stora Kopparberget and a biography of the physicist and inventor Christopher Polhem, and several shorter publications on various scientific-historical topics. In 1957 he succeeded Nordström as Carlberg Professor. His later publications included a book on the early history of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1967), of which he became a member in 1966, a history of Swedish learning from the Middle Ages until the Gustavian period (the fourth and last volume was left unfinished but completed and edited by his former student Gunnar Eriksson) and an overview of the history of Uppsala University (1976), published on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the university.

Sten Lindroth was elected a Member of the Swedish Academy in 1968. His brother Carl H. Lindroth was a noted entomologist.

References
Gunnar Eriksson, "Lindroth, Sten Hjalmar", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 23, p. 581–587.

1914 births
1980 deaths
People from Lund
20th-century Swedish historians
Historians of science
Members of the Swedish Academy
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Uppsala University alumni
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala

Sten Lindroth


Heinrich Schmidt (December 18, 1874  – May 2, 1935) was a German archivist, naturalist, philosopher, professor and a student of Ernst Haeckel.

Early life and education
Schmidt was born in Heubach in the German State of Thuringia. From 1890 to 1894 he attended a teacher training school in Hildburghausen and then worked as an elementary school teacher. In 1897 he moved on to scientific training in Jena. He studied there under the financial support of Ernst Haeckel and in 1900 became his private secretary. Since Schmidt lacked formal college training, Haeckel sent him the University of Zurich to study under his former student, Arnold Lang. There Schmidt earned his Doctorate in 1904. By 1912 he was an archivist in the Phyletic Institute and in 1916 he became head of the Haeckel Archive. Schmidt was awarded the title of full Professor in 1919.

After Haeckel's death in 1920, Schmidt became his executor and director of the Ernst Haeckel House at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena. Schmidt, as Haeckel before him, was also a member of the Deutsche Monistenbund, a society of Monists. In 1920 he became its chairman and remained so until his death in 1935. Schmidt was a staunch representative of "Haeckelism" and its theories of evolutionary development. He was also editor of the journal Monistische Monatshefte. After this publication was abolished in 1933 for political reasons, Schmidt founded the journal Nature and Spirit.

Works
The management and archiving of Haeckel's vast legacy in the years following his death formed the bulk of Heinrich Schmidt's work. By 1933, however, ideological and political issues increasingly became a priority. Schmidt's predominantly social democratic thinking gave way to a radical nationalism then being espoused by the Nazis. In this context he took up some racist views which, while extreme by today's standards, were far exceeded by the opinions of his colleagues Ludwig Plate and Hans F.K. Günther.

In its later editions, Schmidt's journal "Nature and Spirit" took a detour from its monistic tradition and published works on eugenics and racial hygiene by Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz. However, their attempts to reinterpret the legacy of Ernst Haeckel into a National Socialist meaning ultimately failed.

Selected publications

 Haeckels Embryonenbilder. (Haeckel's Embryo Photographs), Frankfurt a. M. 1909
 Fruchtbarkeit und Vermehrung (Fertility and Reproduction), Urania 1927
 Der Kampf ums Dasein (Fight for Survival), Urania 1930
 Mensch und Affe (Man and Monkey), Urania 1932
 Philosophisches Wörterbuch (Philosophical Dictionary)
 Ernst Haeckel. Denkmal eines großen Lebens (Ernst Haeckel. Monument to a Great Life), Jena 1934

References

External links
 Literature by and about Heinrich Schmidt at the German National Library.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060111082614/http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/personal/uhossfeld/Haeckels_Eckermann.pdf
Ernst Haeckel Haus and Ernst Haeckel Museum in Jena

20th-century German philosophers
1935 deaths
1874 births
German male writers

Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)


Heinz Weis (born 14 July 1963) is a male former hammer thrower from Germany. He competed for West Germany until 1990.

Weis was born in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, and at club level represented TV 1863 Germania Trier. He was coached initially by Ernst Klement and later by LG Bayer Leverkusen coaches Rudolf Hars and Bernhard Rieder. He competed in four Olympic Games. His personal best throw was 83.04 metres, achieved in June 1997 in Frankfurt. This ranks him second among German hammer throwers, only behind Ralf Haber.

While he was active he was 1.93 m and 125 kg. He has one daughter (Theresa).

International competitions

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Trier
Athletes from Rhineland-Palatinate
German male hammer throwers
West German male hammer throwers
Olympic athletes for West Germany
Olympic athletes for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for West Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for Germany
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for West Germany
Universiade silver medalists for West Germany
Universiade bronze medalists for Germany
World Athletics Championships winners
Medalists at the 1987 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1991 Summer Universiade

Heinz Weis


Daylight harvesting systems use daylight to offset the amount of electric lighting needed to properly light a space, in order to reduce energy consumption.  This is accomplished using lighting control systems that are able to dim or switch electric lighting in response to changing daylight availability.  The term Daylight Harvesting has become the standard in the fields of lighting, sustainable architecture, and active daylighting industries.

System design and components
Daylight harvesting systems are typically designed to maintain a minimum recommended light level. This light level will vary according to the needs and use of the space; for example, the commonly recommended light level for offices is 500 Lux (or around 50 foot-candles) on the desktop.

Photosensors
All daylight harvesting systems use a light level sensor, a photosensor, to detect the prevailing light level, luminance or brightness, in open-loop or closed-loop systems. Photosensors are used to adjust electric lighting based on the available daylight in the space. In an open-loop system, the photosensor detects the amount of available daylight only, and can be positioned on the building's exterior wall or roof, or inside the building facing the window or skylight. In a closed-loop system, the photosensor detects the total photometric amount of light, from both daylight and electric sources in the space. For example, in an office a closed-loop photosensor can be positioned on the ceiling facing the desktops in order to detect the amount of light on the work surface, as placing the sensor on the desktop itself would be impractical. When sensors were placed on desktops in an office building, an penalty of 24% on energy saving occurred. In both the open- and closed-loop configurations, the signal from the photosensor must be carefully calibrated to accurately indicate the effect of exterior daylight variations on the light level on 'important function' areas in the space.

Control modules and dimming
The signal from the photosensor is interpreted by a lighting control system module, an automated light switching device, in the electric lighting system which can reduce the electric lighting, by shutting off or dimming fixtures as appropriate. If the electric lighting is dimmable, then the artificial lighting may be continuously adjusted in proportion to the amount of daylight available. If the electric lighting is on-off only, then an electric lighting fixture or lamp must remain on at full output until daylight can meet the entire recommended light level for the space. Non-dimming variants include having multiple non-adjacent light fixtures such as alternate units in the ceiling 'grid layout,' or daylight source adjacent fixtures near windows or skylights, linked for module on-off switching. Another variant of on-off switching is step switching (sometimes referred to as "bi-level switching"), in which multiple lamps in a single light fixture can be switched on and off independent of each other. This allows for typically one or two steps between full output and zero.

Dimming systems are generally more expensive than on-off systems. They have the potential to save more energy, because they can reduce electric light output when daylight can only partially meet the needs of the space. However, dimming systems may also require a little more energy for their basic operation. If a dimming system is well-calibrated, the occupants of the space will not notice changes in electric lighting due to daylight harvesting, whereas they are very likely to notice the changes due to on-off or step switching.

Energy savings
Several studies have recorded the energy savings due to daylight harvesting.  Energy savings for electric lighting in the range of 20-60% are common.

Savings are very dependent on the type of space the light harvesting control system is deployed in, and its usage. Clearly, savings can only accrue in spaces with substantial daylight where electric lighting would have been otherwise used.  Therefore, daylight harvesting works best in spaces with access to conventional or clerestory windows, skylights, light tube groups, glass block walls, and other passive daylighting sources from sunlight; and where electric lighting would otherwise be left on for long periods.  Such spaces have included offices, atria, interior public multistory plazas and shopping mall courts, and schools.

It is too simplistic to try to increase energy savings by increasing the size of windows. Daylight over-illumination may cause glare for occupants, causing them to deploy blinds or other window shading devices, and compromising the daylight harvesting system. Even partially deployed venetian blinds can cut energy savings in half.

Impressive energy savings estimates may not be realized in practice due to poor system design, calibration, or commissioning.  Systems that dim or switch electric lighting in a distracting manner, or that produce overall light levels that are perceived as too low, can be sabotaged by occupants.

(For example, simply taping over a sensor will create constant electric lighting at maximum output.)

The adoption of daylight harvesting technologies has been hampered by high costs and imperfect performance of the technologies. However, studies have shown that by using daylight harvesting technologies, owners can see an average annual energy savings of 24%.

One method of predicting energy savings is to use commercially available software programs, such as TRACE 700 or (freeware) DOE-2, which considers thermal loads.

Payback, and drivers for adoption
There is an incremental cost to daylight harvesting systems.  Dividing this cost by the annual energy savings provides a "simple payback", the number of years for the system to pay for itself. The shorter the calculated payback period, the more likely it is that a building owner will invest in the system.  Costs vary for a whole host of local factors, but generally if energy costs rise, or the cost of the control hardware and installation falls, the payback period will be reduced.

Sustainability
The green building-sustainable building movement encourages sustainable architecture design and building practices.  Various green building ecolabel certification marks exist around the world, such as LEED, BOMA Best, BREEAM, HKBeam, and Green Star.  All of these programs offer points for various building design features that promote sustainability, and certification at various levels is awarded for reaching a given number of points.  One of the principal ways to gain points is through energy saving measures.

Therefore, daylight harvesting is a common feature of green buildings.

Thus green building practices are increasing the production of daylight harvesting components, leading to lower prices.

Many electric utilities provide financial incentives for their customers to save energy. One such incentive is rebates on daylight harvesting systems

, which also reduces payback periods.

In addition, energy codes and standards are beginning to address daylight harvesting. For example, the California Energy Code Title 24-2008 recognizes primary and secondary daylight zones. At least 50% of the general lighting in primary zones must be controlled separately from other lighting, with automatic control required for larger zones. The code encourages automatic daylight harvesting in secondary zones by awarding power adjustment factor credits that can be applied to the lighting design. The 2009 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) recognizes daylight zones around vertical fenestration and skylights, and requires that the lighting in these zones be controlled separately from the general lighting in the space. The 2010 ASHRAE 90.1 energy standard, expected to be published in the fall 2010, is also expected to address daylight harvesting. Meanwhile, ASHRAE 189.1, the first of a generation of sustainable construction codes, defines daylight zones and requires daylight harvesting control.

See also

 Daylighting
 Passive daylighting
 Active daylighting
 Illuminance
 Brightness
 Sustainability
 Sustainable architecture
 Sustainable design

References

External links
 Cost Effective Simplified Controls for Daylight Harvesting California Lighting Technology Center, University of California, Davis
 Daylight Harvesting Made Simple  California Energy Commission
 Daylighting Whole Building Design Guide
 Daylight Harvesting Implementation by Rainbow Grocery Co-op
 National Research Council Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) Lighting Research
 Harvest Daylight and Reap Rewards by Daintree Networks
 Dayswitch technology
  Daylight Dividends, a research organization
 Welch Allyn Headquarters Renovations a renovation project utilizing daylight harvesting technology

Lighting
Architectural lighting design
Energy-saving lighting
Building engineering
Sustainable building
Solar-powered devices

Daylight harvesting


Camp Caves was a US Army training camp north of the city of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. It was built during World War Two. The army used the camp from September 1943 until early in 1944. It was one of several US training camps in the area including Camp Nerimbera, Camp Thompson's Point, Camp Keppel Sands, Camp Yeppoon and Camp Wallaroo.

Camp Caves was the camp for the 24th Infantry Division. The division was also called the Hawaiian Division. It was called Camp Caves after the small town, The Caves, which was close to the campsite. The camp was along the side of the Bruce Highway. It included medical services, warehouses, ammunition dumps, landing strips, and a small arms firing range. Work on building the camp began in November 1942 but was soon stopped. It started again in July 1943. The camp was not used after March 1944.

References

Settlements in Queensland
United States Army

Camp Caves, Queensland


Gargano (, is a historical and geographical sub-region in the province of Foggia, Apulia, southeast Italy, consisting of a wide isolated mountain massif made of highland and several peaks and forming the backbone of the Gargano Promontory projecting into the Adriatic Sea, the "spur" on the Italian "boot".

Monte Calvo

The high point is Monte Calvo at . Most of the upland area, about , is part of the Gargano National Park, founded in 1991.

The Gargano peninsula is partly covered by the remains of an ancient forest, Foresta Umbra, the only remaining part in Italy of the ancient oak and beech forest that once covered much of Central Europe as well as the Apennine deciduous montane forests ecoregion. The Latin poet Horace spoke of the oaks of Garganus in Ode II, ix.

In this region since 1978 a feud has been fought between the clans of the Società foggiana.

Tourism

The coast of Gargano houses numerous beaches and tourist facilities, including resorts such as Vieste, Peschici and Mattinata. The two major salt lakes of Lesina and Varano are located in the northern part of the peninsula. Gargano is the site of the oldest shrine in Western Europe dedicated to the archangel Michael, Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano.

Other tourist attractions include San Giovanni Rotondo, the Abbey of Santa Maria of Ripalta (Lesina) and the volcanic rocks, dating back to the Triassic Period, known as "Black Stones" in Lesina, as well as the Sanctuary of San Nazario.

Annual events
St Primiano and the saint sailing-race on 15 May
St Nazario and the pilgrimage to the Sanctuary with the same name on July 28
St Rocco's Day on 15, 16 and 17 August in Rignano Garganico
Procession of the Fracchie on Good Friday in San Marco in Lamis
Saint Valentine's day in Vico del Gargano
Pilgrimages (cumpagnie) to the shrine of San Michele Arcangelo in Monte Sant'Angelo on May 8 and September 29
Gargano Running Week is held in October, the first time in 2014 and includes trail running, skyrunning, jogging, ultra distance running and speed running. The 10 K and the half marathon are supervised by FIDAL.

Gargano Peninsula fossils
Some 12 to 4 million years ago, during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, a highly endemic vertebrate fauna evolved on what was then Gargano Island due to higher sea levels than today. Several of these animals were subject to island gigantism.

The fossils are found in partially infilled paleokarst fissures across Monte Gargano. The Gargano Island fauna is known as Mikrotia fauna after an endemic rodent genus of the area. Initially named Microtia, this had to be corrected, because the genus name Microtia was already used for butterflies.

The surface features of the ancient karst developed in Mesozoic limestone. In these, sediment accumulated together with the remains of the local fauna, forming thick layers of reddish, massive or crudely stratified silty-sandy clays, known as terrae rossae ("red soils"). Through the mid-Pliocene, some of these deposits were flooded, probably due to tectonic movement of the Apulian Plate. Others were overlaid by other sediments of terrestrial or freshwater origin. In this way a buried, partially reworked paleokarst originated.

Later, as the ice ages cycle got underway, sea levels sank and the former island was continentalized. In the cool and semiarid conditions of the Early Pleistocene (some 1.8–0.8 mya) a second karstic cycle occurred, producing the neokarst which removed part of the paleokarst fill.

Fauna
The Gargano Island endemic mammals included:
 Deinogalerix - 5 species of gymnures ("hairy hedgehogs"), among them the giant D. koenigswaldi with a skull of c.20 cm length. (Freudenthal, 1972; Butler, 1980)
 Hoplitomeryx - some 5 species of "prongdeer" with five horns and sabre-like upper canine teeth. They ranged from tiny to the size of a red deer, and large and small ones apparently occurred at the same time rather than one evolving from the other. (Leinders 1984, van der Geer 2005, van der Geer 2008)
 Mikrotia - 3 or more species of murine rodent. The largest species, M. magna, had a skull 10 cm long. (Freudenthal, 1976, Parra et al., 1999)
 Paralutra garganensis - an endemic species of otter. (Willemsen, 1983)
 Prolagus imperialis and P. apricenicus - huge endemic pika species- P. imperialis was larger than any other known Prolagus.(Mazza, 1987)
 Stertomys - 5 species of dormouse, among them the giant S. laticrestatus (Daams and Freudenthal, 1985) and four smaller species (Freudenthal and Martín-Suárez, 2006)
 Hattomys - 3 species of giant hamsters, among them the giant H. gargantua. (Freudenthal, 1985)

Non-endemic mammals found on the island included:
 Apodemus gorafensis - a field mouse
 A prehistoric species of Cricetus hamster (Freudenthal, 1985)
 Megacricetodon - another hamster (Freudenthal, 1985)

Bird species occurring at Gargano included (studied by Ballmann, 1973, 1976):
 Apus wetmorei, a swift.
 Columba omnisanctorum - one of the oldest pigeon fossils known. It probably was more widespread and if so, the older name C. pisana would likely apply to it.
 Garganoaetus freudenthali and Garganoaetus murivorus - two species of falconid, the former larger than a golden eagle, the latter well-sized; endemic. The smaller species, which likely is the stratigraphically oldest, is closely related to Aquila delphinensis from La Grive-Saint-Alban, France, according to Peter Ballmann in 1973. Its closest living relatives are the small eagles (Hieraaetus, Spizaetus, Lophaetus).
 Garganornis ballmanni, an extinct flightless giant goose-like waterfowl
 "Strix" perpasta - a true owl, perhaps the same as the widespread Bubo zeylonensis lamarmorae, a paleosubspecies of the brown fish-owl (Mlíkovský 2002) but this taxon was usually known from later times.
 Tyto - 2 or 3 species of barn-owls. The largest, T. gigantea, was up to twice as massive as the living eagle-owl Bubo bubo. T. robusta was also large; this species and the former were endemic but actually seem to have been chronosubspecies. The supposed remains of the smaller T. sanctialbani found at Gargano are now placed in the widespread Tyto balearica.
 an indeterminate woodpecker.

Languages
According to Pellegrini, Gargano is home to area IIIb of Southern Italo-Romance varieties. Each town, in turn, speaks its own sub-variety. The Candeloro (or Candelaro in Italian) river defines the boundaries of the promontory as well as the borders with area IIb (that of Foggiano varieties).

See also
Daunia
Tavoliere delle Puglie
Apulia
Garganica, the local breed of goat
Trabucco, a giant fishing machine belonging to Gargano tradition
1627 Gargano earthquake

References

Sources
 Butler, M., 1980. The giant erinaceid insectivore, Deinogalerix Freudenthal, from the upper Miocene of Gargano, Italy. Scripta Geologica 57, 1-72.
 Daams, R., Freudenthal, M. (1985): "Stertomys laticrestatus, a new glirid (dormice, Rodentia) from the insular fauna of Gargano (Prov. of Foggia, Italy)." Scripta Geologica 77: 21–27.  (includes full text PDF)
 Freudenthal, M. (1972): "Deinogalerix koenigswaldi nov. gen., nov. spec., a giant insectivore from the Neogene of Italy." Scripta Geologica 14: 1-19 (includes full text PDF)
 Freudenthal, M. (1976): "Rodent stratigraphy of some Miocene fissure fillings in Gargano (prov. Foggia, Italy)". Scripta Geologica 37: 1-23  (includes full text PDF)
 Freudenthal, M. (1985) "Cricetidae (Rodentia) from the Neogene of Gargano (Prov. of Foggia, Italy)". Scripta Geologica 77: 29-76.  (includes full text PDF)
 Freudenthal, M., Martín-Suárez, E. (2006): "Gliridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene Fissure Filling Biancone 1 (Gargano, Province of Foggia, Italy)." Palaeontologia Electronica 9.2.6A: 1-23.
 Leinders, J.J.M. (1984): "Hoplitomerycidae fam. nov. (Ruminantia, Mammalia) from Neogene fissure fillings in Gargano (Italy); part 1: The cranial osteology of Hoplitomeryx gen. nov. and a discussion on the classification of pecoran families". Scripta Geologica 70: 1-51, 9 plates.

 Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe: 215. Ninox Press, Prague.  PDF fulltext
 Parra, V.; Loreau, M. & Jaeger, J.-J. (1999): "Incisor size and community structure in rodents: two tests of the role of competition". Acta Oecologica 20(2): 93-101.  (HTML abstract)

  (includes full text PDF)

External links

Parco Nazionale del Gargano
Official Tourism Information
Pictures from the Gargano and Vieste

Peninsulas of Italy
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
Mountains of Apulia
Former islands of Italy
Peaks dedicated to Michael (archangel)
Michael (archangel)

Gargano


"Lady Down on Love" is a song written by Randy Owen and recorded by American country music band Alabama. It was released in August 1983 as the third and final single from Alabama's album The Closer You Get....

About the song
"Lady Down on Love" is a song about divorce – told first from her side and, in the second verse, his side.

Songwriter Randy Owen recalled to country music journalist Tom Roland that the idea for the song came about when, during a performance at a hotel nightclub in Bowling Green, Kentucky, he learned that a group of women were celebrating a friend's divorce with a night out on the town. However, the divorcée was not having a good time, because she was mourning the end of her marriage and thinking about what should have been – that she should be at home with her husband.

Content
In the song's first verse, the unnamed woman is just divorced and is observing her first night on the town since her marriage at age 18. She is resigned to having lost time to achieve her hopes and dreams, and now with her long-lived marital ties now broken, she doesn't know how to act, much less achieve her goals. She reflects on the night her now ex-husband asked her to marry ... and now older and wiser is stunned to realize that the love in her marriage had died so soon.

The second verse, told from the first-person point of view of the husband, reflects on how the marriage used to have love and that he offered "that special touch." However, work commitments keep him away from home for days at a time, the two grow lonely for each other ... then he makes the mistake of falling for another woman. In the end, the husband admits "she just couldn't live with a man she couldn't trust."

The refrain recalls Owen's interaction with the woman in the nightclub ("She's got her freedom, but she'd rather be bound/To a man that would love her and never let her down").

Chart performance

References

Further reading
Morris, Edward, "Alabama," Contemporary Books Inc., Chicago, 1985 ()

1983 singles
1983 songs
Alabama (American band) songs
Song recordings produced by Harold Shedd
Songs written by Randy Owen
RCA Records singles

Lady Down on Love


Marguerite Porter MBE (born 30 November 1948) is an English former principal ballet dancer, turned actress and choreographer.

Biography
Born in Doncaster, Porter trained in Yorkshire and at the Royal Ballet School in London, where she was taught by Dame Ninette De Valois.

After two years training she joined The Royal Ballet, where she is now a Governor, becoming Senior Principal Ballerina in 1978. In a 20-year association, she danced all the major roles, including Princess Aurora in The Sleeping Beauty, Odette/Odile in Swan Lake alongside Rudolf Nureyev, Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, Ophelia in Hamlet, and the title role in productions of Manon, Giselle, Daphnis and Chloe among others. After leaving the Royal Ballet, she became a guest artiste for a further three years, during which time she published be autobiography Ballerina, A Dancer's Life. She has made numerous appearances with English National Ballet.

Porter made her Broadway debut as the Queen in Matthew Bourne's production of Swan Lake. She also made a video based on ballet called Balletcise. Her television and films roles have included The Magic of the Dance with Margot Fonteyn, and the British Institute film Comrade Lady, directed by Nobby Clark and choreographed by David Bintley. She has since become an accomplished choreographer, including productions of The Garden of Eros for London City Ballet and Dancing at Lughnasa.

Porter teaches at the Royal Ballet School, where in 2008 she taught Marianela Núñez the steps of The Dying Swan as Michel Fokine choreographed for Anna Pavlova in 1907. She has also taught at the Ballet Rambert, and as a guest teacher at the Hong Kong Ballet.

Porter is a Director of the Yorkshire Ballet Seminars (taking over from the retiring David Gayle), and a governor of the Royal Ballet Company, Birmingham Royal Ballet and the Royal Ballet School.

She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to ballet.

Family
Porter was married to the actor Nicky Henson until his death in December 2019. The couple have one son, Keaton.

References

External links

1948 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Doncaster
English ballerinas
Principal dancers of The Royal Ballet
Members of the Order of the British Empire

Marguerite Porter


Mother Armenia ( ) is a female personification of Armenia. Her most public visual rendering is a monumental statue in Victory Park overlooking the capital city of Yerevan, Armenia.

Mother Armenia statue in Yerevan

The current statue replaces a monumental statue of General Secretary Joseph Stalin that was created as a victory memorial for World War II. During Stalin's reign of the Soviet Union, Grigor Harutyunyan, the first secretary of the Armenian Communist Party's Central Committee, and members of the government oversaw  the construction of the monument which was completed and unveiled to the people on November 29, 1950. The statue was considered a masterpiece of the sculptor Sergey Merkurov. The pedestal was designed by architect Rafayel Israyelian. Realizing that occupying a pedestal can be a short-term honour, Israyelian designed the pedestal to resemble a three-nave basilica Armenian church, as he confessed many years later "Knowing that the glory of dictators is temporary, I have built a simple three-nave Armenian basilica". In contrast to the right-angled shapes of the external view, the interior is light and pleasing to the eye and resembled Echmiadzin's seventh-century St. Hripsime Church.

In spring 1962, the statue of Stalin was removed, with one soldier being killed and many injured during the process, and in 1967, the statue of Mother Armenia, designed by Ara Harutyunyan, was installed in its place.

The prototype of "Mother Armenia" was a 17-year-old girl Genya Muradian. Ara Harutyunyan met her at the store and persuaded her to pose for the sculpture.

"Mother Armenia" has a height of , thus making the overall height of the monument , including the pedestal. The statue is built of hammered copper while the pedestal-museum is of basalt.

Symbolism

The Mother Armenia statue symbolises peace through strength. It can remind viewers of some of the prominent female figures in Armenian history, such as Sose Mayrig and others, who took up arms to help their husbands in their clashes with Turkish troops and Kurdish irregulars. It also recalls the important status and value attributed to the older female members of an Armenian family.

Its location on a hill overlooking Yerevan makes it look like a guardian of the Armenian capital. Every year on 9 May, thousands of Armenians visit the statue of Mother Armenia and lay flowers to commemorate the Armenian martyrs of the Second World War. The pedestal hosts the Mother Armenia Military Museum of the Ministry of Defense. When first built it housed a military museum dedicated to World War II. Today, a large proportion of the exhibition space is devoted to the Nagorno-Karabakh War of 1988–1994. On display are the personal belongings, weapons, and documents of participants, and the walls are decorated with their portraits. Among other historical artifacts, there is a map on which Armenian forces worked out their campaign for the Battle of Shushi.

See also
List of tallest statues
Kartlis Deda
Mother Ukraine

References

External links
Meeting 'Mother Armenia,' The Woman Behind Yerevan's Iconic Statue

National personifications
Buildings and structures in Yerevan
Monuments and memorials in Armenia
Monuments and memorials built in the Soviet Union
Colossal statues
Sculptures in the Soviet Union
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
Tourist attractions in Yerevan
Sculptures of women in Armenia
Statues in Armenia
Sculptures of women in the Soviet Union

Mother Armenia


Rabbi Luciano Moše Prelević (born 1953 in Zagreb) is the Croatian rabbi of the Jewish community in Zagreb and chief rabbi of the Montenegro Jewish community.

Early life and family
From his mother's side of the family, he is a descendant of the Split Jewish family Levi. His great-grandfather, Mojsije Levi, was a rabbi in Split in the early 20th century. Levi came to Split from the island of Corfu, Greece, where he married a daughter of Marijo Goldstein, one of the most popular Split photographers, who arrived in Split from Poland. Prelević spent his youth in Split. He studied architecture in Split and Zagreb.

Later years
Prelevic worked at the Croatian oil and gas company INA.

His cousin introduced him to the Jewish community of Zagreb, where he became more interested in Judaism. In the Jewish community of Zagreb Prelević intensified his religious life and devoted himself to the study of the Torah. Prelević read English-language literature translated from Hebrew, and as he wanted to read the originals, he started to learn Hebrew.

In 1999 Kotel Da-Don, another Croatian rabbi, suggested that he study for one year in Jerusalem to become a teacher, after which he would return to Zagreb. Prelevic decided after this to become a rabbi. The Jewish community of Zagreb supported his studies with a scholarship. Prelevic spent eight years in the Ashkenazi Yeshiva and graduated in 2007 as the top student in his class. In the study the subjects that Prelević completed were Halakha and Jewish philosophy. His rabbinical diploma was conferred by a rabbi of the Yeshiva.

In 2008 he was commissioned into the service as a rabbi of Zagreb's Jewish community. Prelević is the first Croatian-born rabbi of Zagreb's Jewish community since rabbi Miroslav Šalom Freiberger, who was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp. In 2013 Prelević was named chief rabbi of the Montenegro Jewish community.

References

1953 births
Living people
Clergy from Split, Croatia
21st-century Croatian rabbis
20th-century Croatian rabbis
Rabbis from Zagreb
Croatian people of Greek-Jewish descent
Croatian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Montenegrin rabbis
Modern Orthodox rabbis
Croatian Orthodox rabbis

Luciano Moše Prelević


Zbigniew Jan Romaszewski (2 January 1940 – 13 February 2014) was a Polish conservative politician, senator since 1989, and human rights activist.

After the June 1976 protests he was cofounder of assurance to workers prosecuted by communist regime. He was one of the founders of the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR). He became Chief of Bureau of Intervention of the Committee for Social Self-defence KOR in 1977.
In 1979 knew  Andrej Sacharov. In 1980 he was the founder of the Helsinki Committee in Poland. In 1980-1981 he was chief of Commission of Intervention and Law-abidingness of Solidarity. During martial law in Poland he established independent Radio Solidarity. In 1982 he was arrested and jailed by the Communist regime until 1984.

In 2007 he was elected to the Senate from the electoral list of Law and Justice. From 28 November 2007 he was deputy marshal of Polish Senate.

He died at age 74 in a hospital in Warsaw, after a week of induced coma.

References

External links

 Official web site of Zbigniew Romaszewski
 Zbigniew Romaszewski Freedom Collection interview

1940 births
2014 deaths
Members of the Committee for Social Self-Defense KOR
Members of the Workers' Defence Committee
Politicians from Warsaw
Solidarity (Polish trade union) activists
Law and Justice politicians
Movement for Reconstruction of Poland politicians
Members of the Senate of Poland 1989–1991
Members of the Senate of Poland 1991–1993
Members of the Senate of Poland 1993–1997
Members of the Senate of Poland 1997–2001
Members of the Senate of Poland 2001–2005
Members of the Senate of Poland 2005–2007
University of Warsaw alumni
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Zbigniew Romaszewski


The Adjutant of His Excellency () is a Soviet television mini-series which was produced in 1969 and is set during the Russian civil war. The plot revolves around Captain Pavel Koltsov, an agent working for the Soviet secret police who is spying on the white Volunteer Army, posing as an adjutant to a chief commander, general Kovalevsky.

Plot
In the spring of 1919, Pavel Andreevitch Koltsov (Yuri Solomin), an agent of the Reds, is sent as the head of the Cheka by Martin Latsis into the Volunteer Army. On the road, he and several other White officers are captured by the "Greens" of Evgeniy Angel. Taking advantage of a right moment, Koltsov takes possession of arms, and the officers along with two Red Army commanders, also prisoners of Angel, with a fight break out of captivity. After hearing the story about the escape, Commander Vladimir Kovalevsky Zenonovich (modeled after General Vladimir May-Mayevsky) appoints Koltsov as his adjutant. Koltsov runs several covert operations while successfully passing all tests regarding his legendary status and does not give in to provocations of the counterintelligence. At the same time there is a romantic side plot in which Pavel Koltsov wins over the daughter of Colonel Shchukin Thani, chief of counterintelligence.

Another important plot line is the fate of Yuri Lvov, the son of the White colonel who was killed in battle. The boy is going through a series of tragic adventures on both sides of the front until Koltsov starts taking care of him. The observant Yura guesses that Koltsov is a spy for the Reds. In a frank discussion, Koltsov manages to convince Yura that he is acting with good and noble intentions.

At the end of the film Koltsov sacrifices himself to destroy the special train of the Whites with British tanks, which is driven to the front. Koltsov gets arrested and imminent death awaits him.

The titles before each series state "Dedicated to the first Chekists".

Cast
Yury Solomin as Pavel Andreevich Koltsov, also known as "Old Man", captain, adjutant of General Kovalevsky
Vladislav Strzhelchik as Lieutenant-General Vladimir Zenonovich Kovalevsky, commander of the Volunteer Army
Vladimir Kozel as Colonel Nikolay G. Shchukin, head of counterintelligence of the Volunteer Army (according to A. Dvigubski, real name Shuchkin )).
Tatiana Ivanitskaya as Tanya Shchukina, daughter of Colonel Shchukin
Alexander Milokostiy as Yura, son of Colonel Lvov
Anatoli Papanov as Yevgeny  Angel, gang leader of the "Greens" (a historical figure)
Victor Pavlov as Miron Osadchy, a member of Angel's gang, later an intelligence agent of the Whites
Michael Kokshenov as Pavel, a member of Angel's gang
Yevgeny Tashkov as Martin Yanovich Latsis, the head of the All-Ukrainian Cheka (a historical figure)
Nikolay Timofeev as Frolov, Red security officer
Yevgeny Shutov as Semyon Krasilnikov, Red security officer
Andrei Petrov as Sirotin, Red commander
Yuriy Nazarov as Emelyanov, Red commander
Daniel Netrebin as Red Commander
Gennady Karnovich-Valois as Colonel Lvov
Oleg Golubitskiy as gendarme captain Wolin
Vladimir Grossman as Lieutenant / Captain Duditsky
Igor Starygin as  Mickey, lieutenant, junior adjutant of Kovalevsky
Valentin Smirnitsky as Captain Rostovtsev
Gediminas Girdvainis as  Intelligence Lieutenant
German Yushko as  Timka, Angel's orderly
Yuri Medvedev as Nikita, a member of Angel's gang
Nikolai Gritsenko as  Vikentiy Pavlovich Speransky, director of the Kiev White underground movement
Sofya Pavlova as  Ksenia Andreevna, wife of Speransky
Boris Novikov  Isaac Liberson, the Kiev jeweler
Elizaveta Auerbach as  Sofa, wife of Liberson
Lev Polyakov as  Zagladin, a member of the White underground movement
Ivan Solovyov as  Reznikov, chief of staff of the Reds
Nikolai Grabbe as  Kosobrodov
Konstantin Zheldin as  Captain Viktor Zakharovich Osipov, counterintelligence officer of the Volunteer Army, assistant of Shchukin
Alexey Presnetsov as  Basov, or "Nikolai Nikolaevich", former colonel, operations chief of army staff of Reds and White spy
Sergey Zeitz as   Binsky, Kiev White underground worker,
Sergey Polezhaev as  Kiev White underground fighter, "brother" of Binsky
Lyudmila Chursina as  Oksana
Peter Dolzhanov as  Lev Fedotov, jeweler
Peter Kudlay as  mayor of Kharkov, colonel Schetinin (a historical figure)
Yevgeny Teterin as  Startsev, numismatist, courier for the Reds
Larissa Danilina as  Natasha, daughter of a coin collector, resident of the intelligence network of the Reds
Alexander Barushnoy as  English Brigadier Brix, a representative of the Allied
Gleb Plaksin as  french general
Vera Yenyutina as  false Koltsov's mother
Aleksei Smirnov as  crook
Arthur Nischenkin as  Klёnkin, security officer
Boris Yurchenko as  Chekist
Victor Uralsky as  watchman at the Kharkov station, White
Valentine Berezutskaya as  passenger
Nikolai Barmin as  the station
Vladimir Marenkov as  one-legged shoemaker, a liaison of the Whites
Valentin Grachev as  Sazonov, security officer
Yuri Leonidov as  Colonel Lebedev
Margarita Kosheleva as  Yura's mother
Margarita Krinitsyna as  lady on the stairs, whom Miron Osadchy questions about Gritsenko's lawyer
Sergei Kalinin as  Passenger (uncredited)
Konstantin Tyrtov as  prison sentry (episode)

Production
At first Mikhail Nozhkin was approved for the role of agent Koltsov and Yuri Solomin to play the supporting role of a staff officer.
But the film director Yevgeni Tashkov decided that Yuri Solomin was better suited to play the lead role.

For portraying the character of Captain Yuri Solomin Koltsov, Solomin was awarded the State Prize of the RSFSR and the title of "Honored Artist of the RSFSR".

References

External links

1969 films
Soviet black-and-white films
Mosfilm films
Russian Civil War films
1960s Russian-language films
Soviet television miniseries
1960s spy films
1960s Soviet television series
Soviet spy films
Films directed by Yevgeny Tashkov
1960s television miniseries
Russian black-and-white films
Russian spy television series
Soviet spy television series

The Adjutant of His Excellency


Ibrahim Ali Roba, commonly known as Ali Roba is the first governor of Mandera County. He  was elected on March, 4th, 2013 as the governor of Mandera on a United Republic Party (URP) ticket, a coalition member of Jubilee Party of Kenya. He was re-elected as governor for a second and final term on August 8, 2017.

Since the beginning of 2008, when Ali Roba was appointed to the position of the Chief Pilot, he has contributed exceptionally to the overall compliance levels of DAC Aviation (EA) Ltd by playing instrumental roles in the achievement of an 'A' systems and operational audit rating by DAC Aviation International.  Ali roba has played a major role in re-structuring of flight operations department and enhancing the efficiency of operational control functions to enviable levels within the general aviation industry in Kenya.

Once, Roba was attacked by militants were 4 people were killed, and he was injured; one of the deaths was in his convoy. In an interview with the Daily Nation, Mr Roba said he was on his way to the office from his home when the IED exploded.

The Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Union and the Kenya National Teachers Union have advised their members to vacate the North Eastern region over insecurity.

History

Education history

Graduated with a master's from the University of Nairobi (2009 to 2011). He graduated earlier as a Bachelor of Commerce. He also studied in Kenya Utalii College, Delta Qualiflight School of Aviation in Fort Worth, Texas, Kenya School of Flying among other institutions.

Job history

Ali Roba worked as an Operations Coordinator of Airkenya Express helping with crew coordination, ramp coordinations, line maintenance coordination, cabin crew coordination, customer relations, flight dispatch, flight operations planning.

References

Kenyan politicians
University of Nairobi alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Mandera County
County Governors of Kenya

Ali Roba


Izbica  ( Izhbitz, Izhbitze) is a town in the Krasnystaw County of the Lublin Voivodeship in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina administrative district called Gmina Izbica. It lies approximately  south of Krasnystaw and  south-east of the regional capital Lublin. It has a population of 1,933.

History
First mentioned in a church document from 1419, Izbica became a town in 1750, granted location privileges by Augustus III of Poland including the right of a Jewish settlement. Previously, the unconcluded city rights were issued in 1540 to Hetman Jan Tarnowski, who gave them back to the crown. In 1662 some 23 Catholics lived there. In 1744 the Jews of Tarnogóra were brought to Izbica by Antoni Granowski who secured the town privileges for them independently of the preexisting old settlement.

A notable centre of trade and commerce, with time the town became a shtetl inhabited almost entirely by Polish Jews. In 1760 the city charter was reaffirmed. After the partitions of Poland in 1772 Izbica was annexed by Austria-Hungary and then purchased back from the Austrian government by Ignacy Horodyski in 1808. It remained part of the Duchy of Warsaw until the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. Following the Congress of Vienna in June 1815 Izbica joined the Russian-controlled Congress Poland. The town was consumed by fire in 1825. In 1827 it had 51 houses and 407 inhabitants, all of them Jewish. By 1860 the population tripled to 1,450 Jews. In the 19th century the town was a notable centre of Hasidic Judaism, particularly thanks to the tzadik Grand Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner, who was a disciple of Mendel of Kotsk, and his son Grand Rabbi Yaacov Leiner who established the Hasidic dynasty of Ishbitz. The Grand Rabbi Yaakov Leiner was the author of Beit Ya'akov and father of the Tzadik Gershon Chanokh Leiner of Radzyn. After the January Uprising of 1863 against the Russian Empire, in which many of the local inhabitants took part, the town was stripped of its city rights in 1869 for punishment, and attached to the nearby commune of Tarnogóra.

Twentieth century

Following Poland's return to independence in the aftermath of World War I, the town grew significantly. Streets were paved and the marketplace rebuilt. According to 1921 census, Izbica had 3,085 inhabitants including 2,862 Jews, but by 1939, the total number grew to roughly 6,000 with 5,098 Jews. Izbica expanded particularly well because of the paved Lublin-Zamość thoroughfare, and a railway line to Zamość inaugurated in 1917.

Following the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939 during the opening stages of World War II the town was overrun by the Nazis. A number of prominent Polish Christians were arrested and murdered in the course of the AB Action against Polish intelligentsia. Jews were brutalized and robbed from the beginning of the occupation. The Germans resettled thousands of other Jews in Izbica beginning at the end of 1939. These included deportees from Biała Podlaska, Komarówka, Wohyń, and Czemierniki arrived. Almost the entire town was a ghetto.

In the spring of 1941 in preparation for the attack on the Soviet lines in eastern Poland the German military storage facilities were set up in Izbica, and kept under heavy guard. The first mass deportation of ghetto inmates to the Bełżec extermination camp took place in mid-March 1942 conducted by the Reserve Police Battalion 101 with the aid of Ukrainian Trawnikis. During Operation Reinhard the ghetto served as a transfer point to the extermination camps in Bełżec and Sobibór for foreign Jews deported from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and western Poland (Reichsgau Wartheland). In rounding them up in Izbica, typically the guards murdered dozens or hundreds in the town. Following the departures, Jews were hunted down and murdered in hiding places or in nearby fields. More than 20,000 Jews passed through the Izbica ghetto. Of all Jews of Izbica (over 90% of its prewar population), only 14 survived the Holocaust.

Points of interest
 Skierbieszów Landscape Park, protected area established in 1995
 Działy Grabowieckie, forested geological formation featuring deep ravines and valleys
 Jewish cemetery (kirkut) in Izbica (pictured)
 Monument to victims of independence movements from 1863, 1920, 1939 and 1940
 Historic water tower from 1911

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities
Izbica is twinned with:
 Winterlingen, Germany

See also
 Thomas Blatt, a Polish-American writer born to a Jewish family in Izbica in 1927
 Izhbitza – Radzin (Hasidic dynasty) formed in 1839
 Jan Karski, smuggled to town in 1942 in order to report on the Holocaust ghetto in Izbica

References

 IZBICA - Drehkreuz des Todes (Turnstile of death)—a German TV documentary
 An interview with Tomasz Blatt—the ghetto survivor

External links

Ruthenian Voivodeship
Lublin Governorate
Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Reserve Police Battalion 101

it:Izbica
Historic Jewish communities in Poland

Izbica


Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation as a preventive measure. Alternatively, some women can choose to have a wide local excision, also known as a lumpectomy, an operation in which a small volume of breast tissue containing the tumor and a surrounding margin of healthy tissue is removed to conserve the breast. Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are referred to as "local therapies" for breast cancer, targeting the area of the tumor, as opposed to systemic therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.

The decision to perform a mastectomy is based on various factors, including breast size, the number of lesions, biologic aggressiveness of a breast cancer, the availability of adjuvant radiation, and the willingness of the patient to accept higher rates of tumor recurrences after lumpectomy and/or radiation. Outcome studies comparing mastectomy to lumpectomy with radiation have suggested that routine radical mastectomy surgeries will not always prevent later distant secondary tumors arising from micro-metastases prior to discovery, diagnosis, and operation. In most circumstances, there is no difference in both overall survival and breast cancer recurrence rate. While there are both medical and non-medical indications for mastectomy, the clinical guidelines and patient expectations for before and after surgery remain the same.

Mastectomy indications

Breast cancer
Despite the increased ability to offer breast conservation techniques to those with breast cancer, certain groups may be better served by traditional mastectomy procedures including:
 women who have already undergone radiation therapy to the affected breast
 women with 2 or more areas of cancer in the same breast that are too far apart to be removed through 1 surgical incision
 women whose initial lumpectomy along with (one or more) re-excisions has not completely removed the cancer
 women with certain serious connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma, which make them especially sensitive to the side effects of radiation therapy
 pregnant women who would require radiation while still pregnant (risking harm to the child)
 women with a tumor larger than 5  cm (2  inches) that doesn't shrink very much with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
 women with cancer that is large relative to their breast size
 women who have tested positive for a deleterious mutation on the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene and opt for a preventive mastectomy since they are at high risk for the development of breast cancer.

Other uses

Mastectomy has non-cancer medical uses as well, including cosmetic or reconstructive surgery. Men with gynecomastia may be eligible for mastectomy, but minimally invasive surgical techniques also exist. Transgender men may undergo a mastectomy as a gender-affirming surgery.

Side effects
Aside from the post-surgical pain and the obvious change in the shape of the chest and/or breast(s), possible side effects of a mastectomy include soreness, scar tissue as the site of the incision, short-term swelling, phantom breast pain (pain in the breast or tissue that has been removed), wound infection or bleeding, hematoma (buildup of blood in the wound), and seroma (buildup of clear fluid in the wound). If the lymph nodes are also removed, additional side effects such as lymphedema (swelling of the lymph nodes) may occur.

Upper limb problems such as shoulder and arm pain, weakness and restricted movement are a common side effect after breast cancer surgery. According to research in the UK, an exercise programme started 7–10 days after surgery can reduce upper limb problems.

Types
Currently, there are several surgical approaches to mastectomy, and the type that a person decides to undergo (or whether they will decide instead to have a lumpectomy) depends on factors such as the size, location, and behavior of the tumor (if one is present), whether or not the surgery is prophylactic, and whether the person intends to undergo reconstructive surgery.
 Simple mastectomy (or "total mastectomy"):  In this procedure, the entire breast tissue is removed, but axillary contents are undisturbed. Sometimes the "sentinel lymph node"—that is, the first axillary lymph node that the metastasizing cancer cells would be expected to drain into—is removed. People who undergo a simple mastectomy can usually leave the hospital after a brief stay. Frequently, a drainage tube is inserted during surgery in their chest and attached to a small suction device to remove subcutaneous fluid. These are usually removed several days after surgery as drainage decrease to less than 20-30 ml per day. People that are more likely to have the procedure of a simple or total mastectomy are those that have large areas of ductal carcinoma in situ or even those persons that are removing the breast because of the possibility of breast cancer occurring in the future (prophylactic mastectomies).  When this procedure is done on a cancerous breast, it is sometimes also done on the healthy breast to forestall the appearance of cancer there.  The choice of this "contralateral prophylactic" option has become more typical in recent years in California, most notable in people younger than 40, climbing from just 4 percent to 33 percent from 1998 to 2011.  However, the possible benefits appear to be marginal at best in the absence of genetic indicators, according to a large-scale study published in 2014.  For healthy people known to be at high risk for breast cancer, this surgery is sometimes done bilaterally (on both breasts) as a cancer-preventive measure.
 Modified radical mastectomy:  The entire breast tissue is removed along with the axillary contents (fatty tissue and lymph nodes). In contrast to a radical mastectomy, the pectoral muscles are spared.  This type of mastectomy is used to examine the lymph nodes because this helps to identify whether the cancer cells have spread beyond the breasts.
 Radical mastectomy (or "Halsted mastectomy"): First performed in 1882, this procedure involves removing the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles behind the breast. This procedure is more disfiguring than a modified radical mastectomy and provides no survival benefit for most tumors. This operation is now reserved for tumors involving the pectoralis major muscle or recurrent breast cancer involving the chest wall. It is only recommended for breast cancer that has spread to the chest muscles. Radical mastectomies have been reserved for only those cases because they can be disfiguring and modified radical mastectomies have been proven to be just as effective.
 Skin-sparing mastectomy: In this surgery, the breast tissue is removed through a conservative incision made around the areola (the dark part surrounding the nipple). The increased amount of skin preserved as compared to traditional mastectomy resections serves to facilitate breast reconstruction procedures. People with cancers that involve the skin, such as inflammatory cancer, are not candidates for skin-sparing mastectomy. The effectiveness and safety profile of skin-sparing mastectomy procedures have also not been well studied. In a skin sparing masectomy, the skin flap may be perfused with fluids and indocyanine green angiography is sometimes suggest to help prevent the skin that has been saved from dying to improve reconstruction if there person wishes. There is no clear evidence on the effectiveness of this approach.
 Nipple-sparing/subcutaneous mastectomy: Breast tissue is removed, but the nipple-areola complex is preserved. This procedure was historically done only prophylactically or with mastectomy for the benign disease over the fear of increased cancer development in retained areolar ductal tissue. Recent series suggest that it may be an oncologically sound procedure for tumors not in the subareolar position.
 Extended Radical Mastectomy: Radical mastectomy with intrapleural en bloc resection of internal mammary lymph node by sternal splitting.
 Prophylactic mastectomy: This procedure is used as a preventive measure against breast cancer. The surgery is aimed to remove all breast tissue that could potentially develop into breast cancer. The surgery is generally considered when a woman has BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations. The tissue from just beneath the skin to the chest wall and around the borders of the breast needs to be removed from both breasts during this procedure. Because breast cancer develops in the glandular tissue, the milk ducts and milk lobules must be removed also. Because the region is so large-ranging, from the collarbone to the lower rib margin and from the middle of the chest around the side and under the arm, it is very difficult to remove all of the tissue. This genetic mutation is a high-risk factor for the development of breast cancer, family history, or atypical lobular hyperplasia (when irregular cells line the milk lobes.) This type of procedure is said to reduce the risk of breast cancer by 100%. However, other circumstances may affect the outcome. Studies have shown that pre-menopausal women have had a higher survival rate after this procedure had been done.

Before surgery
Prior to undergoing the mastectomy, it is important to meet with the surgeon to discuss the relevant risks and benefits of receiving the surgery. Depending on the indication for mastectomy, there may be other options to address the clinical condition. One important consideration to discuss with the surgeon is whether breast reconstruction will occur and when this procedure will take place. One option is to have the reconstruction immediately after the mastectomy in the same surgery, whereas other patients opt for a subsequent surgery for reconstruction. This breast reconstruction surgery will be conducted by a plastic surgeon. In addition to the surgeon, a meeting with an anesthesiologist is pertinent in order to review the patient's medical history and determine the plan of anesthesia.

Leading up to the day of the surgery, there are various considerations that patients can be cognizant of to facilitate their recovery following surgery. As with other surgeries that may lead to appreciable blood loss, it is advised not to take aspirin or aspirin-containing products for 10 days before the surgery. The reason for this is to prevent the anti-coagulative function of aspirin and other blood thinners that would make it difficult to achieve coagulation during the surgery. In addition, it is important for patients to tell the doctor about any medications, vitamins, or supplements that they are taking because some substances could interfere with the surgery. It is also pertinent for patients to not eat or drink 8 to 12 hours before surgery, however, there may be specific pre-operative instructions given by each patient's care team.

Maintaining fitness and proper nutrition is also an important measure to consider prior to receiving a surgery because it has been shown that postoperative outcomes are improved in patients that exercise and maintain a healthy diet prior to surgery. In addition to nutrition and exercise, it is advised to reduce alcohol consumption and smoking. This concept of pre-rehabilitation is beneficial in mitigating post-operative complications and decreasing length of stay in the hospital. The rationale is that increasing a patient's functional status prior to surgery will allow for a smoother and faster recovery in the postoperative setting.

Recent research has indicated that mammograms should not be done with any increased frequency than the normal procedure in women undergoing breast surgery, including breast augmentation, mastopexy, and breast reduction.

After surgery
Prior to leaving the hospital, people who have had a mastectomy will typically be given a prescription for pain medication to ameliorate any pain or discomfort at the surgery site. Recognizing signs of a surgical site infection including fever, redness, swelling, or pus is important. Any signs of infection should be reported to and assessed by a medical professional. In addition, signs of lymphedema due if lymph node removal is performed during mastectomy may be detected by the presence of heaviness, tightness, or fullness in the hand, arm, or axillary area region.

Regarding return to activity, it is advised not to engage in strenuous activity or lift objects above 5 pounds for up to six weeks after a mastectomy at the discretion of the physician. However, it is common for a member of the medical team to provide home exercises designed to maintain arm and shoulder movement and flexibility. Walking is also highly encouraged and allowed immediately after surgery. Most people who undergo a mastectomy can return to work and other regular physical activities in approximately 4 weeks after surgery.

People who have had a mastectomy will usually have a post-operative follow-up visit with their provider 1–2 weeks after surgery. The time at which a person can start to wear a bra or reconstructive breast varies and is often at the discretion of the physician.

Some people with breast cancer may require additional radiotherapy after their mastectomy procedure with the goal of reducing the risk of the cancer returning to the lymph nodes and the tissue remaining in the wall of the person's chest. The decision by the medical team for suggesting radiotherapy may differ between individual professionals. Most teams recommend radiotherapy after a masectomy for people who are at a higher risk of cancer recurrence including those with large breast tumours (5cm and larger) and people with cancer that has spread to multiple axillary lymph nodes (4 or more). The necessity and usefulness of radiotherapy on people at slightly lower risk, for example, the cancer has spread to 1-3 axillary lymph nodes, is not as clear.

Trends
Between 2005 and 2013, the overall rate of mastectomy increased 36 percent, from 66 to 90 per 100,000 adult women. The rate of hospital-based bilateral mastectomies (inpatient and outpatient combined) more than tripled, from 9.1 to 29.7 per 100,000 adult women, whereas the rate of unilateral mastectomies remained relatively stable at around 60 per 100,000 women. From 2005 to 2013, the rate of bilateral outpatient mastectomies increased more than fivefold and the inpatient rate nearly tripled. The rate of unilateral mastectomies nearly doubled in the outpatient setting but decreased 28 percent in the inpatient setting. By 2013, nearly half of all mastectomies were performed outpatient. However, there are concerns that these rising rates of mastectomies are most greatly seen in women with node-negative and noninvasive lesions, which are subsets of patients that do not require mastectomy.

Frequency
Mastectomy rates vary tremendously worldwide, as was documented by the 2004 'Intergroup Exemestane Study', an analysis of surgical techniques used in an international trial of adjuvant treatment among 4,700 females with early breast cancer in 37 countries. The mastectomy rate was highest in central and eastern Europe at 77%. The USA had the second highest rate of mastectomy with 56%, western and northern Europe averaged 46%, southern Europe 42% and Australia and New Zealand 34%.

History
Breast surgery was first described 3000 years ago. In the earliest stages, breast tumors were treated with simple cauterization. Later, alternating incision and cauterization with complete removal of tumors was suggested by Leonides, one of the first breast oncologic surgeons recorded in history. Other surgeons recommended excision and cauterization only if the tumor could be removed completely; otherwise, avoiding surgery was recommended. Ambrose Pare (b. 1510), a well-known surgeon from Paris who was well-known for his experience treating soldiers who were injured, proposed a multi-tiered approach to breast surgery. While superficial cancers could be excised, more advanced cancers were managed through compression by lead plates to reduce blood supply to the tumor.

In the 1500s, William Fabry (b.1560), a German surgeon known as the father of German surgery, created a device that compressed and fixed the base of the breast during mastectomy, which subsequently allowed for faster excision of the breast. Another technique developed during this time to improve efficiency of breast dissection was using ligatures to achieve anterior traction. Despite the development of these techniques, there were few mastectomies actually performed at the time due to lack of qualified surgeons and the high morbidity, mortality and disfigurement associated with the surgery.

During the 1700s, large contributions in mapping lymph nodes for surgery were made by Pieter Camper (b. 1722) and Paolo Mascagni (b. 1752). Lymph node removal was advocated for in managing breast cancer. At this time, surgeries were still performed without proper aseptics and without anesthesia.

In the 19th century, Seishu Hanaoka, a Japanese surgeon, performed the first surgery in the world under general anesthesia. Many more advancements in anesthesia and aseptic technique were made during this century. William Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895, which radically shifted breast cancer treatment from a solely surgical approach to the multi-pronged approach employed today, including imaging, hormonal therapy, radiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

During the 20th century, progress was made towards skin-sparing mastectomies for treatment of breast cancer. Recent literature suggests that these procedures allow for improved aesthetic outcomes while also not increasing risk for local recurrence compared to conventional mastectomies.

For example, in 1937, the Tauton State Hospital in Massachusetts reported 1 mastectomy in its operating rooms that year, listed alongside other operations including colostomy (1), enterostomy (1), herniorrhaphy (4), laparotomy (1), and circumcision (2).

See also
 Breast-conserving surgery
 Breast cancer management
 Breast reconstruction
 Flat closure after mastectomy
 List of surgeries by type
 Sex reassignment surgery (female-to-male)

References

External links
 Advice for Men with Breast Cancer at National Cancer Institute
 Mastectomy study at BBC
 Mastectomy article at eMedicine
 Mastectomy - slideshow by The New York Times

Breast surgery
Surgical oncology
Surgical removal procedures

Mastectomy


Andrew Ernest Stoddart (11 March 1863 – 4 April 1915) was an English sportsman who played international cricket for England, and rugby union for England and the British Isles. He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1893.

He has the unique distinction in captaining England in three distinct sports; cricket, rugby union and Australian rules football.

Cricket career

Born in Westoe, South Shields, County Durham, England, he was the youngest son of a wine merchant, who moved the whole family to Marylebone, London, in 1877. Stoddart made his reputation in club cricket and was playing for Middlesex by 1885. He was a flamboyant right-handed batsman and a right arm medium pace bowler. He played 16 Test matches captaining England in eight games of which he won three, lost four and drew one. His 173 at Melbourne in 1894–95 was, for 80 years, the highest score by an England captain in Test cricket in Australia. Stoddart was also the first England captain to ask Australia to bat first, and the first to declare a Test innings closed.

When he was 23, just a year after his first-class debut, he was toying with the idea of giving up his amateur career in England to join his brother in Colorado.  His plans changed when he took the record for the highest ever score in cricket at the time with an innings of 485 for Hampstead against Stoics on 4 August 1886. No declarations were allowed in the game and the Stoics, living up to their name, fielded all day without a chance to bat.  Stoddart was seventh out, having batted six hours and ten minutes and clubbed one eight, three fives, and 64 fours. The runs were scored at a rapid pace – the score was 370 for 3 at lunch after 150 minutes of play. He made 207 for Hampstead in the next match three days later and on 9 August was playing for Middlesex and made 98, a grand total of 790 runs in a week.  Stoddart was a man with a great zest for life in his younger days.  He had danced then played cards until dawn before the Stoics game, batted almost through Hampstead's innings of 813, then played tennis, went to the theatre and turned in at 3 a.m.  His next innings was against Kent when he posted his maiden first-class century in scoring 116.

Seventy years later, David Frith used My Dear Victorious Stod as the title of his acclaimed biography of Stoddart.

Rugby career

Stoddart also played ten rugby union internationals for England, and captained England four times. During his footballing career, Stoddart was at the forefront of many rugby firsts. In 1888, with fellow cricketers Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury he helped organise what became recognised as the first British Lions rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1888. The team played 55 matches, winning 27 of 35 rugby matches.  He took over the captaincy early in the tour when Robert L. Seddon drowned in a sculling accident.

In 1890, Stoddart became a founding member of the Barbarian F.C., the invitational rugby club. On 27 December that year, Stoddart was given the captaincy of the very first Barbarian team, in a game against Hartlepool Rovers.

Personal life
While on tour in Australia, Stoddart met Emily Luckham, also known as Ethel Elizabeth, a popular singer and reciter, who subsequently married Bulletin journalist and Manly, New South Wales sporting identity, Robert Adams Luckham.  In 1901, Emily left for Europe, reportedly for the good of her voice.  She did not return, and her husband divorced her on grounds of desertion in 1903. She married Stoddart in 1906.

Later life
Stoddart and his wife lived in St John's Wood, London. He worked on the London Stock Exchange, then became secretary of Queen's Club. But like many wholehearted sportsmen, including fellow England captain, Arthur Shrewsbury, with whom he had opened the batting in Australia in 1893, he found life difficult after leaving the arena. In 1915, in failing health and burdened by debt he committed suicide, by firearm, in his bedroom in London. His remains lie in an unmarked grave in Radford, Coventry. A street in South Shields is named after him.

Legacy
A portrait painted by Henry Weigall Jr, of Stoddart batting and Gregor MacGregor keeping wicket, was given to the MCC in 1927 by W.H. Patterson, a MCC committee member.  The identity of the artist of the oil painting was only reaffirmed in 2018.  The picture regularly hangs in the Pavilion at Lord's.

Notes

References

External links

1863 births
1915 deaths
1915 suicides
A. E. Stoddart's XI cricketers
A. J. Webbe's XI cricketers
A. Priestley's XI cricketers
Barbarian F.C. players
Blackheath F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers
Cricketers from South Shields
Earl De La Warr's XI cricketers
East of England cricketers
England international rugby union players
England Test cricket captains
England Test cricketers
English cricketers of 1864 to 1889
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
English cricketers
English rugby union players
Gentlemen cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Home Counties cricketers
I Zingari cricketers
Lord Londesborough's XI cricketers
Lyric Club cricketers
Married v Single cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
Middlesex cricketers
North v South cricketers
Rugby union players from South Shields
Suicides by firearm in England
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Suicides in Westminster
Burials in West Midlands (region)
Rugby union three-quarters

Andrew Stoddart


Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories is the second game in the Kingdom Hearts series, and was released in Japan on November 11, 2004 and in North America on December 7, 2004. It was made for Game Boy Advance.

Story
The game begins with Sora, Donald and Goofy arrving in Castle Oblivion, where they visit recreations of the worlds they visited before. Each world is on a different floor, and as they move to higher floors, they lose their memories. They are replaced by new ones. When Sora forgets Kairi, she is replaced in his memory by a girl named Naminé. Sora encounters a group called Organization XIII. The group built Castle Oblivion to erase Sora's memories and trick him into joining them. In the end, Naminé tells Sora she erased his memories, and gives him the choice to keep his new memories or have his old ones restored. If his memory is fixed, he will forget everything that happened in Castle Oblivion. He chooses to get his old memories back and tells Naminé he could never forget her. His story ends with him being put to sleep, because it will take Naminé one year to restore his memories. After completing Sora's story, the player can play as Riku, who travels through Castle Oblivion's basement levels. Riku encounrters other members like Sora. Riku recalls what he did about Sora and resists Ansem's power.

Re:Chain of Memories
Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories is a reissue of the game made for the PlayStation 2. It has added cutscenes and battles that were not in the Game Boy version of Chain of Memories. It was released together with Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix + in Japan on March 29, 2007, and was released as a standalone title in North America on December 2, 2008.

References

Other websites

 Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories - Square Enix's North American official website
 Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories - Square Enix's North American official website
 Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ - Square Enix's Japanese Final Mix+ official website
 Official TOKYOPOP Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories North American manga site

2004 video games
Kingdom Hearts series
Game Boy Advance games
PlayStation 2 games

Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories


Vadakkuvalliyur is a panchayat town in Tirunelveli district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Demographics
 India census, Vadakkuvalliyur had a population of 24,020. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Vadakkuvalliyur has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 73%. In Vadakkuvalliyur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

See also
Kizhavaneri

References

Cities and towns in Tirunelveli district

Vadakkuvalliyur


The Trocmii or Trocmi were one of the three ancient tribes of Galatia in central Asia Minor, together with the Tolistobogii and Tectosages, part of the possible Gallic group who moved from Macedonia into Asia Minor in the early third century BCE.
All three tribes were beaten in 189 BCE by the Roman consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso at the battles of Mt. Olympus and Mt. Magaba.

References

Ancient Galatia
Historical Celtic peoples
Gauls

Trocmi