Radoald (also Raduald) (died 647) was the duke of Benevento (the southernmost Lombard duchy in medieval Italy) from 642 to his death in 647. His elder brother, Aiulf, was mentally unstable and Radoald and their younger brother Grimoald served as regents. Radoald and Grimoald were brothers and younger sons of Gisulf II of Friuli and Romilda of Friuli. They were adopted sons of Arechis I of Benevento, of whom Aiulf was a natural son.

In 642, Slavic plunderers landed near Siponto on the Adriatic. Aiulf personally led his forces against the intruders, but his horse fell into a pit dug by the Slavs around their camp and he was surrounded and killed. Radoald knew the Slavic language and having conversed with them, they lowered their guard; whereupon his forces fell on them with great slaughter, causing them to depart. With the support of King Rothari, Radoald succeeded Aiulf.

The Romans of Salernum negotiated a truce with Beneventum.

Radoald was succeeded by Grimoald.

References

651 deaths
Dukes of Benevento
Lombard warriors
7th-century Lombard people
7th-century dukes in Europe
Year of birth unknown

Radoald of Benevento


Percy Isenia (born 25 December 1976 in Zwijndrecht) is a Dutch former baseball player who played for SV ADO and the Dutch national team.

Isenia batted .304/.385/.478 in the 1999 World Port Tournament to help the Netherlands to the title. He was 3 for 9 with a double, triple and 5 walks in the 1999 European Championship, also won by the Dutch. In the 1999 Intercontinental Cup, he hit .320/.370/.360 as the best Dutch hitter in a disappointing tournament for the team. eIn 2000, the 23-year-old Neptunus player tied for 4th in Hoofdklasse with 35 runs, tied for 8th with 3 home runs and tied for fifth with 29 RBI. He had as many RBI as long-time Dutch star Marcel Joost and one ahead of two other Dutch legends, Rikkert Faneyte and Dirk van 't Klooster. In the 2000 Haarlem Baseball Week, Isenia was 4 for 15 with a double, two walks, two RBI and a run.

He then hit .250/.280/.333 as the Dutch first baseman in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney in which the Netherlands finished fifth. In 2001, Isenia helped the Netherlands win the European Championship, batting fifth and playing first base in the gold medal game. His 39 RBI for Neptunus in 2001 were second in Hoofdklasse to Michael Crouwel. He helped Neptunus to the title. In the 2001 World Port Tournament, he hit .231/.302/.436 with a couple home runs for the silver medalists.

In the 2001 Baseball World Cup, Isenia batted .250/.308/.417, playing all 10 games at first for the Orange. In the 2001 European Championship, he batted .250/.324/.375 but led the Gold Medal winners with 9 RBI. In the 2002 Intercontinental Cup, Isenia produced at a .182/.308/.455 clip; he hit one of only two homers for the Netherlands, with Hensley Meulens providing the other. In the Dutch league that year, Isenia was a top star. He hit .340 (4th in Hoofdklasse), had 67 hits (second to van 't Klooster), scored 29 runs (10th), smacked 16 doubles (leading the league, one ahead of Reily Legito), hit 3 homers (tied for 8th) and drove in 43 (second-best, one behind leader Sidney de Jong. During 2002 Haarlem Baseball Week, he went 2 for 16 with a walk, run and a RBI.

Neptunus won another title in 2003 thanks to Isenia. He tied Norbert Lokhorst for the lead with 11 doubles and his 4 homers were one behind leader Evert-Jan 't Hoen. He tied van 't Klooster for 5th in RBI (26). In the 2003 Baseball World Cup, Isenia played DH so that Sharnol Adriana could be used at first. Isenia batted .333/.360/.583 with five RBI in six games. During the 2003 European Championship, Isenia was 3 for 6 in two games for the champion Dutch entry. In the 2003 World Port Tournament, Percy hit .243/~.282/.378 with 7 RBI to tie Fausto Álvarez for third in the event. He hit one of the two homers in the WPT that year; Tjerk Smeets had the other.

In 2004, the 27-year-old did not finish among the Hoofdklasse leaders in anything for the first time in five years. Isenia did not make the Dutch team for the 2004 Summer Olympics as Yurendell de Caster was chosen at first base instead with de Jong as the backup. During 2004 Haarlem Baseball Week, Isenia went 2 for 11 with a double, walk, run and 3 RBI. Isenia hit .271/.347/.349 for Neptunus in 2005 as they won their sixth straight title. In the 2005 Baseball World Cup, he batted .289/.400/.632 to help the Dutch finish 4th, their best finish to that point. He had 7 doubles, 11 runs and 8 RBI in 10 games. He made the All-Tournament team at first base. Isenia also did well in the 2005 European Championship, tying Ivanon Coffie for third in hits (14), finishing 4th in slugging (.710) and tying for third in RBI (10); Jairo Ramos Gizzi beat him out for All-Star honors at first base.

In the 2006 World Baseball Classic, Isenia struck out against J.C. Romero as a pinch-hitter for Adriana in the 8th inning of game one. In game three, he was 2 for 4 with a walk as the #5 hitter and DH in a rout of Panama. Overall, his .400/.500/.400 line produced a better OPS than the team's other 1B/DH options, major leaguer Randall Simon and AAA veteran Adriana. Isenia hit .273/.385/.273 in the 2006 Haarlem Baseball Week and scored the tying run in the finale against Cuba. In 2006, he moved to SV ADO and produced at a .240/.308/.331 clip, a shadow of his former self. He tied Harvey Monte for fifth in doubles. He hit .226/.294/.516 with 7 runs and 8 RBI in 8 games in the 2006 Intercontinental Cup to help the Dutch to a silver medal. Isenia batted .282/.331/.444 in 2007. He was 4 for 19 with a double in the 2007 World Port Tournament.

Isenia was selected by coach Robert Eenhoorn in the team that represents the Netherlands at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

References

External links
Isenia's profile at honkbalsite.com

Dutch baseball players
Olympic baseball players for the Netherlands
Baseball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Zwijndrecht, Netherlands
1976 births
Living people

Percy Isenia


Hans Hermann Strupp (August 25, 1921 – October 5, 2006) was born in Frankfurt, Germany and died in the U.S. He moved from Nazi Germany to the U.S. and he pursued a PhD in Psychology at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. where the Department of Psychiatry granted him with a Certificate in Applied Psychiatry for Psychologists. One of the founders of this school was Harry Stack Sullivan whose work had a large impact on Strupp's academic career and thinking. Hans became a Full Professor at Vanderbilt University's Department of Psychology in 1966 and was named Distinguished Professor in 1976.

Contributions to research in psychotherapy

Strupp's work in the field of psychotherapy research is considered to be pioneering because he was the first to introduce the use of actual therapy session material, such as audio and videotapes from the therapy sessions, as methodologically significant tools for testing theories of psychotherapeutic change, something that was considered to be controversial up to that time. During the studies that he followed on the practise of psychotherapy these methods were widely used.

As a prolific scholar and researcher, he published 16 books and over 300 papers. He was a member of the American Psychological Association and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Furthermore, he has contributed to one third to the foundation of Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR). From 1972 to 1973, he was the SPR's president.

Contributions to psychoanalysis

One of his most important works was the development of Time-Limited Psychotherapy, which is described in a treatment manual called Psychotherapy in a New Key: Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (1984) co-written by Strupp and his colleague Jeffrey Binder. In Time-Limited Psychotherapy, an integration of classical and interpersonal psychoanalytic theory is attempted, with a major result of this being the emphasis on the analysis of transference even when the external conditions, such as lesser frequency and the training of the therapist, are not those of psychoanalysis proper. Furthermore, in this manual's theory, the psychological reality is not dichotomized into veridical and distorted, with transference defined as a distortion, but it is viewed as multiple and contributed to by both participants in the interaction.

Views on efficient psychotherapy

Strupp, much like Carl Rogers, focused much of his attention on the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and patient and not on the techniques used. He noted that the attitude of the therapist toward the patient was the most significant ingredient for a successful psychotherapy; therapists who were supportive and empathetic were the most likely to have success. His many publications include Psychotherapy: Clinical, Research and theoretical issues (1973) and (with others) Psychotherapy for better or worse (1977).

Notes

References

 Strupp, H. & Binder, J. (1984): Psychotherapy in a New Key, A Guide to Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy. Ed : Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York.
 http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/1117 Vanderbilt University's on-line student community; retrieved from the web 22 April 2008
 Admirers, Colleagues, and Mentees of Hans Strupp / http://www.psychotherapyresearch.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=104 Society for Psychotherapy research; retrieved from the web 22 April 2008
 Richard Niolon (1999) / http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/counseling/ingredthx.html Resources for students and professionals, www.psychpage.com; retrieved from the web 20 May 2008

1921 births
2006 deaths
German psychotherapists
Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
George Washington University alumni

Hans Herrman Strupp


Royal Diamond (foaled 9 February 2006) is an Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse. A slow maturing stayer who was gelded before he appeared on a racecourse, he passed through the hands of five different trainers in a track career which lasted from September 2008 until November 2014. He won several minor races as a three-year-old in 2009 but then lost his form and failed to win in the next two seasons, including and unsuccessful stint as a National Hunt horse. He finally emerged as a top-class performer at the age of six when he rebounded from an unlucky defeat in the Ebor Handicap to record an upset victory in the Irish St. Leger. He was at least as good in the following season when he won the Challenge Stakes, Irish St. Leger Trial Stakes and British Champions Long Distance Cup. He was retired from racing after failing to win in 2014.

Background
Royal Diamond is a bay gelding with two small white facial markings bred in Ireland by the Moyglare Stud. As a yearling he was consigned to the Goffs sale in October 2007 and was bought for €70,000 by the trainer Mark Prescott. He entered the ownership of E B Rimmer-Osborne House and was taken into training by Prescott as his Heath House Stable in Newmarket, Suffolk.

He was from the fifth crop of foals sired by King's Best who won the 2000 Guineas in 2000. His other progeny included Workforce, Creachadoir, Proclamation, Eishin Flash (Tokyo Yushun, Tenno Sho), Sajjhaa (Dubai Duty Free Stakes) and King's Apostle (Prix Maurice de Gheest). His dam Irresistible Jewel was a top-class racemare who won the Ribblesdale Stakes in 2002 and went on to become a very successful broodmare whose other foals have included Princess Highway (Ribblesdale Stakes) and Mad About You (Gladness Stakes). She was descended from the British broodmare Fictitious (foaled 1957) whose other descendants included Blushing John.

Royal Diamond was gelded in February 2008, before the start of his racing career.

Racing career

2008 – 2011: early career
Royal Diamond showed little promise as two-year-old. After finishing fourth in a maiden race at Yarmouth Racecourse on 17 September he ran unplaced in similar events at Warwick and Lingfield.

After finishing last of nine on his three-year-old debut, the gelding was moved up in distance and produced a much better effort when finishing second in a handicap over fourteen furlongs at Haydock Park. On 29 July at Sandown Park Racecourse Royal Diamond was assigned a weight of 123 pounds in a handicap and recorded his first success as he won by two and a half lengths at odds of 6/1. The gelding remained unbeaten for the rest of the 2009 season, although his campaign was restricted to minor handicaps over extended distances: he won at Yarmouth in August, Ffos Las in September and Wolverhampton in October. At the end of October Royal Diamond was put up for auction at Tattersalls and was sold for 400,000 guineas to the trainer Michael Dods. The horse passed into the ownership of Andrew Tinkler and joined Dods' stable at Denton, County Durham.

Royal Diamond's time at Dods' stable in 2010 proved to be extremely disappointing as he finished unplaced in all four of his races. In 2011 the gelding was transferred to the stable of Jonjo O'Neill who prepared the horse for a National Hunt campaign. After recording one third place from three runs on the flat in the early part of 2011 Royal Diamond was switched to Hurdling but appeared to show little aptitude for the sport. He fell on his jumping debut at Huntingdon Racecourse and was well beaten in two subsequent appearances over obstacles.

2012: six-year-old season
For the 2012 Flat season, Royal Diamond was moved to Ireland and joined the stable of the former steeplechase jockey Tommy Carmody at the Curragh in County Kildare. After finishing third in a minor race at Dundalk he recorded his first win in two and a half years when he was ridden to victory by Johnny Murtagh in a handicap at Leopardstown on 15 April. He was then moved up in class, finishing second in a valuable handicap at the Curragh in May and third in the Ulster Derby in June. In August the gelding was sent to England for the Ebor Handicap at York Racecourse in which he carried a weight of 126 pounds and started at odds of 16/1. After disputing the lead for most of the way he was beaten a neck by the Godolphin representative Willing Foe after being badly hampered as the winner hung to the left in the closing stages.

Royal Diamond made his first appearance in a Group race on 15 September  when he started a 16/1 outsider for the Group One Irish St. Leger over fourteen furlongs on yielding ground at the Curragh. Fame and Glory started favourite ahead of Brown Panther while the other runners included Hartani (Curragh Cup), Aiken (Grand Prix de Chantilly), Massiyn (second in the Ballyroan Stakes) and Simenon (Queen Alexandra Stakes). Fame and Glory set a steady pace with Royal Diamond, partnered by Niall McCullagh, settled in fourth place in the early stages before moving into contention approaching the final turn. Fame and Glory went clear of the field in the straight but then began to struggle as Massiyn, Brown Panther, Aiken and Royal Diamond all stayed on strongly. In a "blanket finish" Royal Diamond gained the advantage in the final stride and won by a head, a short head and a neck from Massiyn, Brown Panther and Aiken.

2013: seven-year-old season
In early 2013, Royal Diamond was sent to the United Arab Emirates and ran twice at Meydan Racecourse in March, making little impact as he ran unplaced in the Nad Al Sheba Trophy and the Sheema Classic. On his returen to Europe in May he produced a slightly better effort as he came home third behind Glen's Diamond and Top Trip in the Yorkshire Cup. A week after his run at York, Royal Diamond changed trainers yet again, moving to the recently established stable of Johnny Murtagh at Coolaghknock Glebe, County Kildare. Murtagh both trained and rode the horse in his remaining six races that year.

Royal Diamond was beaten five lengths into second by the Aidan O'Brien-trained Ernest Hemingway in the Curragh Cup in June and was then dropped in class for the Listed Challenge Stakes at Leopardstown Racecourse in July. Starting the 5/4 favourite he took the lead from the start, opened up a clear lead, and won by three and three quarter lengths from Sir Ector despite being eased down by Murtagh in the closing stages. On 8 August in the Ballyroan Stakes he was again beaten by Ernest Hemingway but on this occasion he finished only half a length behind the O'Brien colt. In the Irish St. Leger Trial Stakes sixteen days later he faced Ernest Hemingway yet again in a five-runner field which also included Sir Ector and the improving four-year-old filly Voleuse de Coeurs. Murtagh sent the gelding into the lead from the start and Royal Diamond held off a sustained challenge from Voleuse de Coeurs to win by half a length, with Ernest Hemingway finishing five and a half lengths back in third place. Johnny Murtagh commented "He's really come on from the last day. I tried to be a bit clever last time by going quick but not too quick in front. He comes good at this time of year. Hopefully in three weeks' time he'll come back here and defend his title. He's a wonderful horse for us to have".

On 15 September Royal Diamond attempted to reproduce his 2012 success in the Irish St. Leger and started at odds of 9/2 in a ten-runner field. He led for most of the way but was outpaced in the straight and finished fifth behind Voleuse de Coeurs. The gelding ended his season with a run in the British Champions Long Distance Cup at Ascot Racecourse on 19 October in which he started a 20/1 outsider. The field was headed by the Ascot Gold Cup winner Estimate and included several other top stayers including Saddler's Rock (Goodwood Cup, Doncaster Cup), Harris Tweed (John Porter Stakes) Ahzeemah (Lonsdale Cup) and Times Up (Doncaster Cup). In a tactical change, Murtagh restrained the horse in seventh place before making a forward move in the straight. He stayed on strongly in the closing stages, caught the leader Harris Tweed on the line and won by a nose. After the race Johnny Murtagh said "It's the best day of my life. I can't thank everyone enough for giving me the horses and trusting me. I don't know what to say – I'm stuck for words. He's been a brilliant horse from day one."

2014: eight-year-old season
Royal Diamond remained in training as an eight-year-old but failed to win in five races. He finished second to Leading Light in the Vintage Crop Stakes and then ran unplaced behind the same horse in the Ascot Gold Cup. He was then beaten by Leading Light yet again when finishing second in the Irish St. Leger Stakes. Royal Diamond made a third appearance in the Irish St. Leger, finishing sixth to Brown Panther and was then sent to Australia for a run in the Melbourne Cup. He was made a 100/1 outsider and finished tailed off at the rear of the field.

Pedigree

 Through his dam, Irresistible Jewel, Royal Diamond was inbred 4 × 4 to Northern Dancer, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree.

References

2006 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in Ireland
Thoroughbred family 1-l
Irish Classic Race winners

Royal Diamond


Robert Gerhard i Ottenwaelder (; 25 September 1896 – 5 January 1970) was a Spanish Catalan  composer and musical scholar and writer, generally known outside Catalonia as Roberto Gerhard.

Life
Gerhard was born in Valls, near Tarragona, Spain, the son of a German-Swiss father and an Alsatian mother. He was predisposed to an international, multilingual outlook. He studied piano with Enrique Granados and composition with scholar-composer Felip Pedrell, teacher of Isaac Albéniz, Granados and Manuel de Falla. Gerhard visited Falla in Granada, but dismissed him as a possible teacher and decided to shut himself away in a Catalan farmhouse to reflect on his professional future and concentrate on his work. Seeking systematicity, he turned his gaze to German avant-garde music and decided to send a long letter to the then famous Viennese composer Arnold Schönberg, enclosing his compositions, on 21 October 1923, begging to be accepted as his pupil. After the latter's agreement, Gerhard immediately left for Vienna and settled there to receive his teachings, thus becoming the only Spanish pupil of the Viennese master and becoming part of the so-called Second Viennese School. Gerhard studied with Arnold Schönberg in Vienna and Berlin between 1923 and 1928, and the teacher-pupil relationship became a true friendship with the Viennese master until his death, as is shown in the complete correspondence published between the two composers.

Returning to Barcelona in 1928, he devoted his energies to new music through concerts and journalism, in conjunction with the flourishing literary and artistic avant-garde of Catalonia. He befriended Joan Miró and Pablo Casals, brought Schoenberg and Anton Webern to Barcelona, and was the principal organizer of the 1936 ISCM Festival there. He also collected, edited and performed folksongs and old Spanish music from the Renaissance to the eighteenth century.

Identified with the Republican cause throughout the Spanish Civil War (as musical adviser to the Minister of Fine Arts in the Catalan Government and a member of the Republican Government's Social Music Council), Gerhard was forced to flee to France in 1939 and later that year settled in Cambridge, England. Until the death of Francisco Franco, his music was virtually proscribed in Spain, to which he never returned except for holidays. Apart from copious work for the BBC and in the theatre, Gerhard's compositions of the 1940s were explicitly related to aspects of Spanish and Catalan culture, beginning in 1940 with a Symphony in memory of Pedrell and the first version of the ballet Don Quixote. They culminated in a masterpiece as The Duenna (a Spanish opera on an English play by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, which is set in Spain). The Covent Garden production of Don Quixote and the BBC broadcasts of The Duenna popularized Gerhard's reputation in the UK though not in Spain.

During the 1950s, the legacy of Schoenbergian serialism, a background presence in these overtly national works, engendered an increasingly radical approach to composition which, by the 1960s, placed Gerhard firmly in the ranks of the avant-garde. From the early 1950s Gerhard suffered from a heart condition which eventually ended his life. He died in Cambridge in 1970 and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his wife Leopoldina 'Poldi' Feichtegger Gerhard (1903–1994).

His archive is kept at Cambridge University Library. Other personal papers of Gerhard are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya. The vast majority of the correspondence between Gerhard and Schönberg can be found at the Arnold Schoenberg Center.

Music

Stylistic evolution
For twenty years – first in Barcelona and then in exile in England – Gerhard cultivated, and enormously enriched, a modern tonal idiom with a pronounced Spanish-folkloric orientation that descended on the one hand from Pedrell and Falla, and on the other from such contemporary masters as Bartók and Stravinsky. This was the idiom whose major achievements included the ballets Soirées de Barcelone and Don Quixote, the Violin Concerto and the opera The Duenna.

Gerhard often said that he stood by the sound of his music: 'in music the sense is in the sound'. Yet dazzling as their scoring is, his last works are in no sense a mere succession of sonic events. Their forms are meticulously organized and several make use of his special development of serialism where a twelve-tone pitch series, governing intervallic relations, interacts with a twelvefold time series governing the music's duration and proportions.

Selected list of works

Gerhard's most significant works, apart from those already mentioned, include four symphonies (the Third, Collages, for orchestra and tape), the Concerto for Orchestra, concertos for violin, piano and harpsichord, the cantata The Plague (after Albert Camus), the ballets Pandora and Ariel, and pieces for a wide variety of chamber ensembles, including Sardanas for the indigenous Catalan street band, the cobla. He was perhaps the first important composer of electronic music in Britain; his incidental music for the 1955 Stratford-on-Avon King Lear – one of many such commissions for the Royal Shakespeare Company – was the first electronic score for the British stage.

Symphonies
 Symphony Homenaje a Pedrell (1941)
 Symphony No. 1 (1952–53)
 Symphony No. 2 (1957–59); recomposition as Metamorphosis, unfinished (1967–68)
 Symphony No. 3 Collages (for orchestra and tape) (1960)
 Symphony No. 4 New York (1967)
 Symphony No. 5 (fragment only) (1969)
 (for Chamber Symphony Leo see "Chamber music")

Stage works
 Ariel, ballet (1934)
 Soirées de Barcelone, ballet in three tableaux (1937–39; edited and orchestration completed by Malcolm MacDonald, 1996)
 Don Quixote, ballet (original version 1940–41, rev. 1947–49)
 Alegrias, Divertissement flamenco (1942)
 Pandora, ballet (1943–44, orch. 1944–45)
 The Duenna, English opera after Sheridan (1947–49). Radio performance was in 1949, at BBC; its first scenic performance was in 1992 at Teatro de la Zarzuela, Madrid, and Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona. The Bielefeld Opera and conductor Geoffrey Moull performed The Duenna in a new production in 1994. The Wiener Zeitung at the time remarked that the work is "a rediscovered stroke of genius".
 El barberillo de Lavapies, arrangement and orchestration of the zarzuela (1874) by Francisco Barbieri (1954)
 Lamparilla, German-language Singspiel loosely based on El barberillo de Lavapies with additional music and original overture by Gerhard (1955–56)

Concertos
 Concertino for string orchestra (1929)
 Violin Concerto (1942–43)
 Concerto for Piano and String Orchestra (1951)
 Concerto for Harpsichord, String Orchestra and Percussion (1955–56)
 Concerto for Orchestra (1965)

Orchestral works
 Albada, Interludi i Dansa (1936)
 Epithalamion (1966)
 Various suites from Soirées de Barcelone, Don Quixote, Alegrias, Pandora

Chamber and instrumental music
 Sonatine a Carlos, piano (1914)
 Trio in B major for violin, cello and piano (1918)
 Trio No. 2 for violin, cello and piano (1918)
 Dos Apunts, piano (1921–22)
 3 string quartets composed up to 1928 (all lost; No. 3 (1928) was reworked as the Concertino for strings)
 Sonata, clarinet and piano (1928; also version for bass clarinet and piano)
 Wind Quintet (1928, his first serial work)
 Andantino, clarinet, violin and piano (period 1928–29)
 String Quartet No. 1 (1950–55)
 Sonata, viola and piano (1948; recomposed 1956 as sonata for cello and piano)
 Capriccio, solo flute (1949)
 3 Impromptus, piano (1950)
 Secret People (study for the film score) for clarinet, violin and piano (1951–52)
 Nonet (1956–57)
 Fantasia, guitar (1957)
 String Quartet No. 2 (1961–62)
 Concert for 8 (1962)
 Chaconne, violin solo (1959)
 Hymnody for large wind ensemble, two pianos and percussion (1963)
 Gemini, Duo for violin and piano (1966)
 Libra, sextet (1968)
 Leo, Chamber Symphony (1969)

Vocal works
 L'infantament meravellós de Shahrazada Song-cycle for voice and piano, Op. 1 (1916–18)
 Verger de les galanies for voice and piano (1917–18)
 7 Haiku for voice and ensemble (1922 rev. 1958)
 14 Cançons populars catalanes for voice and piano (1928–29; six numbers orchestrated 1931 as 6 Cançons Populars Catalanes)
 L'alta naixenca del Rei en Jaume, cantata for soprano, baritone, chorus and orchestra (1932)
 Cancionero de Pedrell for voice and piano or chamber orchestra (1941)
 3 Canciones Toreras for voice and orchestra (c. 1943) [composed under pseudonym "Juan Serralonga"]
 6 Chansons populaires françaises for voice and piano (1944)
 The Akond of Swat for voice and percussion (1954)
 Cantares for voice and guitar (1962; incorporates Fantasia for guitar)
 The Plague, cantata for narrator, chorus and orchestra, after Camus (1963–64)

Electronic music
 Audiomobiles I-IV (1958–59)
 Lament for the death of Bullfighter for speaker and tape (1959)
 Caligula (1960–61)
 10 Pieces for tape (c. 1961)
 Sculptures I-V (1963)
 DNA in Reflection (1963)
 Anger of Achilles (1964) with Delia Derbyshire
 also tape component in Symphony No.3 and in many film, radio and theatre scores

Fantasias on themes from Zarzuelas
(for light orchestra; composed c. 1943 under the pseudonym "Juan Serralonga")
 Cadiz, after Chuca & Valverde (1943)
 Gigantes y Cabezudos, after Caballero (c. 1943)
 La Viejecita, after Caballero (c. 1943)

Film music
 Secret People (1952)
 This Sporting Life (1963)

Articles and broadcasts by Gerhard

 'Roberto Gerhard's Symphony': Radio Times, Oct 23, 1959, p. 9 (An introduction to the Second Symphony, which was commissioned by the BBC and first performed and broadcast on Oct 28, 1959. Gerhard also contributed an item on the work to 'Music Magazine' on the BBC Home Service, Oct 25, 1959.)
 Gerhard worked with Lionel Salter on a radio series, The Heritage of Spain, broadcast on the BBC Third Programme in 26 parts from January 1954.

Sources
 Monty Adkins, Michael Russ. The Roberto Gerhard Companion, Ashgate (2013)
 Gerhard, Roberto, and Meirion Bowen. 2000. Gerhard on Music: Selected Writings, edited by Meirion Bowen. Aldershot [Hants, UK] and Burlington [Vermont]: Ashgate.
 Joaquim Homs. Robert Gerhard y su obra. (Ethos-Musica; 16). Universidad de Oviedo, 1987.
 Homs, Joaquim. 1991. Robert Gerhard i la seva obra. Barcelona: Biblioteca de Catalunya.
 Proceedings of the 1st International Roberto Gerhard Conference : May 27–28th 2010. England: Centre for Research in New Music, University of Huddersfield, 2010.
 London Sinfonietta. 1974. Programme book for The complete Instrumental and Chamber Music of Arnold Schoenberg and Roberto Gerhard. London: London Sinfonietta.
 Paloma Ortiz-de-Urbina. Arnold Schönberg und Roberto Gerhard. Briefwechsel. Kritische Ausgabe. Peter Lang, Berna, 2019. ISBN 978-3-0343-3754-0), DOI: 10.3726/b15301I. Open Access: https://www.peterlang.com/document/1110910
 Paloma Ortiz-de-Urbina. Arnold Schoenberg and Roberto Gerhard. Correspondence. Critical Edition, Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Cultura, Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2020. ISBN 9788418199073.
 The Score, September 1956. On the occasion of Gerhard's birthday, with articles by Donald Mitchell, Norman Del Mar, John Gardner, Roman Vlad, David Drew, Laurence Picken and Gerhard himself.
 Routh, Francis. Contemporary British Music (1972), pp. 175-187.

References

Further reading
Nash, Peter Paul. 1981. "The Wind Quintet". Tempo, new series, no. 139 (December): 5–11.
 Diego Alonso. "Un hito de la modernidad musical española: el primer Apunt para piano de Roberto Gerhard", Acta musicologica, Vol. 89, Nº 2, 2017, págs. 171-194
 Diego Alonso. ""A Heretic in the Schoenberg Circle: Roberto Gerhard's First Engagement with Twelve-Tone Procedures in Andantino", Twentieth-Century Music 16 / 3 (2019): 557-588. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478572219000306
 Diego Alonso. "Homage to Schoenberg and Bartók: Symmetry, Transpositional Combination and Octatonicism in the First Movement of Roberto Gerhard's Quartetto No. 3." Music Analysis 39 / 2 (2020), 190–213.  https://doi.org/10.1111/musa.12156
 List of émigré composers in Britain

External links

Roberto Gerhard at Boosey & Hawkes
Personal papers of Robert Gerhard in the Biblioteca de Catalunya

1896 births
1970 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Twelve-tone and serial composers
Second Viennese School
Composers from Catalonia
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish opera composers
Male opera composers
Opera composers from Catalonia
Ballet composers
Spanish people of German descent
Pupils of Arnold Schoenberg
20th-century Spanish musicians
People from Valls
20th-century Spanish male musicians

Robert Gerhard


Horkelia clevelandii is a species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common name Cleveland's horkelia. It is native to the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and northern Baja California. This is a perennial herb forming clumps of long, fernlike leaves and erect stems. The leaves are up to 18 centimeters long and are made up of triangular to rounded leaflets, each toothed or lobed and covered in thin hairs. The narrow stems reach 10 to 50 centimeters in height and bear inflorescences of several flowers. Each flower has hairy, lance-shaped bractlets and pointed sepals. The narrow oval petals are white. The center of the flower contains ten stamens and up to 50 pistils.

Its specific epithet clevelandii honors 19th-century San Diego-based plant collector and lawyer Daniel Cleveland.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

clevelandii
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California

Horkelia clevelandii


Dagmar Metzger (born 10 December 1958 in Berlin) is a German lawyer and politician, and a former member of the Parliament of Hesse for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

She has been a member of the SPD since 1990, and was elected to the city council of Darmstadt in 1997. In the council, she headed the committee for culture and science from 2001 to 2006. Dagmar Metzer is the daughter-in-law of former Darmstadt mayor Günther Metzger.

In the 2008 Hesse state election, she was elected to the Parliament of Hesse.

She became known to a broader audience in March 2008, when she declared that she would not support Andrea Ypsilanti as Prime Minister of Hesse in the forthcoming election. Ypsilanti, chair of SPD in Hesse, intended to form a government with support of the far left party Die Linke, the successor of the East German communist party. The SPD party had vowed before the election not to cooperate with Die Linke under any circumstances. Her father-in-law also told journalists that Dagmar Metzger's father, a social democrat from Berlin, under threat of life had opposed the forced unification of SPD and the Communist Party of Germany to form the East German communist party.

In November 2008, Andrea Ypsilanti once again tried to form a government with support of Die Linke, but Metzger and her fellow SPD MPs Silke Tesch, Jürgen Walter and Carmen Everts declared they would not support Ypsilanti as Prime Minister if she formed a government with support of Die Linke, and the election of Ypsilanti as Prime Minister was canceled.
This led to the 2009 Hesse state election in which Dagmar Metzger did not stand as a candidate.

External links
 Short article in stern.de

References

1958 births
Living people
Politicians from Berlin
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Landtag of Hesse
Women members of State Parliaments in Germany
German city councillors
Local politicians in Germany
20th-century German women politicians
21st-century German women politicians

Dagmar Metzger


Hedda Strand Gardsjord (born 28 June 1982) is a Norwegian footballer who plays as a right-back for Toppserien club Røa IL and the Norway national team.

In January 2009 Gardsjord debuted for the Norway women's national football team in a 5–1 defeat by rivals Sweden in Marbella. She was 26 years old and had never played for Norway's youth teams. Her national team chance came about when five club mates quit international football, following a furious bust-up with coach Bjarne Berntsen.

She was picked for Norway's UEFA Women's Euro 2009 squad and continued to be selected by Berntsen's replacement Eli Landsem. This included a place at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, where Gardsjord played twice as Norway crashed out in the first round. She took an indefinite break from the national team in early 2012, after struggling to balance the demands of travel and training with her other career as a landscape architect.

References

External links

 Profile at Røa IL

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Bærum
Norwegian women's footballers
Norway women's international footballers
Toppserien players
Røa IL players
Women's association football fullbacks
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players

Hedda Strand Gardsjord


Fabio Civitelli (born 9 April 1955, Lucignano) is an Italian comic artist best known for illustrating stories for Tex Willer, a popular comic in Italy. Civitelli is often remarked as being highly skilled with ink drawings, which allows him to draw clean strips. His own interpretation of the character, Tex, respects the old tradition set by Aurelio Galleppini while being modern and pleasant. He often stated, in the past, that Marvel Comics authors, Gian Luigi Bonelli and Alex Raymond influenced his style of drawing.

Civitelli is skilled in drawing faces, often inspired by famous actors and celebrities, whose likeness he uses to represent some minor characters in the strips.

External links
  Short biography of Fabio Civitelli

1955 births
Living people
People from Arezzo
Italian comics artists

Fabio Civitelli


Yuri Nikolayevich Bogdanovich () (1849–1888) wis a Roushie revolutionary an Narodnik. His cadre name wis Kobozev ()

Revolutionary beginnins
Bogdanovich wis born on 1 Aprile 1849 in Nikolskoye, in the Toropetzkaya destrict o Pskov Province, intae a noble faimily.

In 1869 Bogdanovich began wirk as coonty surveyor in the Velikiye Luki coonty o Pskov province. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy but left in 1873 athoot being graduatit, tae concentrate on poleetical activities. He began, wi Vera Figner, tae agitate amang the peasants in the Volsky Destrict o Saratov province.

In 1876 Bogdanovich joined the new Land an Liberty organisation. On 6 December 1876, he pairticipatit in the "Kazan demonstration" in Saunt Petersburg.

Narodnik
In 1879, Land an Liberty split intae twa factions. Ane faction (the "veelagers") supportit continued agitation an propaganda in the kintraside, the ither faction (the "politicals") supportit adoptin mair direct methods: terrorism. Bogdanovich supportit the latter position an when Land an Liberty broke in twa, he joined the resultin splinter organisation, the Fowk Will.

In 1880 Bogdanovich became a memmer o the executive committee o the Narodnaya Volya an wis an active pairticipant in organisin the assassination o Tsar Alexander II on March 1, 1881.

Unner his  o Kobozeva, Bogdanovich haed opened a cheese shop on Malaya Sadovaya Street in St. Petersburg, frae which a tunnel wis dug tae the middle o the street for layin mines. On the day afore the assassination (Februar 28) the shop wis raidit, but the tunnel wis no discovered. The tunnel wis no uised in the 1 Mairch assassination an Bogdanovich escapit the ensuin dragnet.

Bogdanovich wirked tae help recover the Fowk Will frae its ideological an organisational crisis that follaeed the assassination. He wis active in the Red Cross o the Fowk Will, a preesoner relief organisation, an helpit organise escapes as well as legal appeals for the release o preesoners.

In 1881, Bogdanovich went tae Siberie tae prepare the Krasnoyarsk - Kazan section o the route for escapin preesoners an exiles. For a while he wis hidden bi Nadezhda Golovin while preparin the escape o Sophia Bardeen.

Arrest, trial, an daith
On 15 Mey 1882, Bogdanovich wis arrestit in Moscow an tried on chairges o co-sponsorin the Fowk Will, conspiracy tae commit terrorist acts, operatin a bomb factory, an ither chairges. Efter a trial lastin frae 28 Mairch tae 3 April he wis sentencit tae daith.

On 28 Mey the sentence wis commutit tae life impreesonment, an Bogdanovich dee'd in Shlisselburg Fortress o tuberculosis on 18 Julie 1888.

Freemit airtins
 Bogdanovich's entry at People's Will history

Sources
 Прибылев А. Процесс 17 народовольцев. — «Былое», № 10, 1906.

1849 births
1888 daiths
Fowk frae Pskov Oblast
Narodniks
Roushie preesoners sentencit tae life impreesonment
Prisoners sentencit tae life impreesonment bi Roushie
Roushie fowk who dee'd in preeson custody
Preesoners who dee'd in Roushie detention

Yuri Bogdanovich


John Dickson "Dick" McBride (June 14, 1847January 20, 1916) was an American Major League Baseball player from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who was the star pitcher and the player-manager for the Philadelphia Athletics of the National Association from 1871 through most of 1875 until Cap Anson took over as player-manager for the remaining eight games of the season.  He had a pitching record of 149 wins and 74 losses during that period.  In 1871, he went 18-5 and led Philadelphia to the NA championship.  McBride finished his major league career in 1876 when he was signed by the Boston Red Stockings of the National League after the Association failed.  He had a record of 0-4 before his career came to an end.  McBride died in Philadelphia at the age of 70, and is interred at Lawnview Cemetery in Rockledge, Pennsylvania.

In 1864, while serving in the Union Army during the Civil War, he was allowed to take a 3-day furlough to participate in a series of baseball exhibitions between clubs from Brooklyn and the local Philadelphia clubs.  It was during this time that the north's attention had turned to military defense, not baseball, so Brooklyn strategically scheduled these events hoping to take advantage of the situation to get some well sought after wins in "enemy" territory.  The presence of McBride didn't do much, as all Philly teams were beaten soundly.

See also
List of Major League Baseball career ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders

References

External links

1847 births
1916 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball player-managers
Philadelphia Athletics (NABBP) players
Philadelphia Athletics (NA) players
Philadelphia Athletics (NA) managers
Boston Red Caps players
Baseball players from Philadelphia
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
Burials at Lawnview Memorial Park

Dick McBride (baseball)


Joséf Pagés, who was born circa 1740 and died after 1822, was a notable Spanish guitar maker of the Cádiz school.

Life and work
Joséf Pagés was probably born in Ecija, Sevilla around 1740. His brother Juan Pagés also became a notable guitar maker. It is thought that Joséf was the first of the brothers to go to Cádiz around 1760. He established his workshop in "Calle de la Amargura, nº 13", by 1809. A leading member of the Cádiz school,  Joséf, followed very closely all the innovations that Francisco Sanguino had introduced, but with the additional development of doming the soundboard with the struts, an approach that later makers such as Jose Recio, Antonio de Torres, and Francisco Gonzales also adopted. Pagés started with systems of three braces, like the early guitars of Sanguino and Benedid; his later instruments used five.

His guitars greatly influenced Louis Panormo, who used similar fan strutting designs and similar proportions for the  body of the guitar.

The great Spanish composer and guitarist Fernando Sor thought highly of Pagés's guitars, stating 'The guitars to which I have always given preference are those of Alonso of Madrid, Pagés and Benediz of Cádiz, Joseph and Manuel Martinez of Malaga...' The composer Dionisio Aguado also mentions the Pagés brothers as among the makers he would recommend. Joséf Pagés's known surviving guitars date from the 1790s to 1822.

Guitars
This is an incomplete list of guitars made by Joséf Pagés.

 1791 - A six course Juan Pages instrument in the Granary-Guitars museum, UK.
 1805 - In the collection of the Royal Academy of Music, London.
 1809 - (no. 70) Plucked, struck and fretted guitar labeled "Josef Pages Me Hizo En Cadiz Ano de 1809 Calle de la Amargura N.70". Length of back 455mm (17 15/16in), the soundhole surrounded by concentric circular dotted wood, with 16 nickel frets to soundhole, with later tied bridge, with some inked manuscript lining on the inner back and ribs, the head cut down with machines added for 6 strings, in lined and fitted mahogany brass mounted case. Sold 15 December 2009 for £8,160, inclusive of Buyer's Premium, at Bonhams.
 1810 - (no.30) In the private collection of Timothy Lawrence Williams (MA).
 1811 - In the collection of Ringve Museum, Trondhjem, Norway. (images , technical drawing / construction plan)
 1813 - The University of Edinburgh Collection of Historic Musical Instruments Item #282 is a 6-course: (6 x 2) strings, 12 strings guitar.
 1818 - Mentioned in Romanillos, J.L., Bream, J. Antonio de Torres: Guitar Maker, His Life and Work (Bold Strummer, 1997) p. 94

 1822 - (no.177) Spanish Six-course guitar, labeled "Josef Pages Me Hizo En Cadiz ano de 1822" and inserted over top of label in script Calle del Sacramento in print no. 70 and inscribed over no 177. Length of back 455mm (17 15/16in); Upper bouts 217mm; Middle bouts 177mm; Lower bouts 281mm. The soundhole is surrounded by a band of inlaid white circles on a black ground with further concentric circles surrounding the sound hole. The six course head has 12 pegs, with 10 brass frets to the body with later bridge with an inlaid cartouche under the bridge. The back and ribs is made of various coloured wood and shows some slight wear and tear due to use and age. The guitar has a soft black case. The guitar previously belonged to Antonio Maria Galliano (1841–1903) of the Galliano Bank. The guitar passed from Antonio Maria Galliano to his eldest son, Andrew (1875–1939). When Andrew died in 1939, the guitar passed to his only son, Jacinto, who died in 1967 without issue. Andrew's widow, Ana Bonell de Galliano (1880–1969) gave the guitar to her nephew Francis (Paco) Galliano OBE, ex-Chairman of A.L. Galliano Bankers Ltd. On 10 March 2008, Francis Galliano sold the guitar for £6,600 at auction via Bonhams.

See also
 Classical guitar making

Citations

References

External links
 Restoration of a Pagés by Rohan Lowe

Spanish luthiers
Classical guitar makers
People from Cádiz
1740 births

Joséf Pagés


Lamian () is a type of Chinese noodle. It is made by stretching and folding the dough into strands. The twisting and later stretching of the strips of dough happens because of the weight of the dough. The strands can be made in many lengths and thicknesses depending on how many times it is stretched and folded. The Songshi yangsheng bu (宋氏養生部), which was written by Song Xu around 1504, has the earliest description of how to make lamian.

Literally, lamian means "pulled noodles" (the Chinese word la (拉) means to pull, which is how the dough is made into long thin noodles, mian (面)). Lamian dishes are usually served in beef or mutton soup. Sometimes the noodles can be stir-fried (chaomian (炒面)) and served with a tomato-like sauce.

References

Chinese food
Noodles

Lamian


In mathematics, two things are equal if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this. This defines a binary relation, equality. The statement "x = y" means that x and y are equal.

Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation. In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols  or .

A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality). Equations are equal. Inequalities are unequal.

An equality is also a transitive relation. This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.

Since a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not equal as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.

In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent. They are called similar instead. The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol , while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol .

In computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written == (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as =, or :=). In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and a == b will be false in this case.

For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called equals). This operator compares the actual values of the objects—not where the variables that reference them point to.

In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. For example. two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.

Related pages
Equals sign
Equation
Inequality
Logical equality
Congruence

References

Mathematics
Geometry
Arithmetics
Algebra

Equality (mathematics)


Mared (, also Romanized as Māred, Mārad, Mārd, and Mārid) is a village in Howmeh-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramshahr County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 9 families. Iraqi army personnel crossed the Karun river at Mared on October 9, 1980 as part of an attempted flanking operation during the Iran–Iraq War.

References

Populated places in Khorramshahr County

Mared (village)


Mistralazhdarcho is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur from the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian stage) of France. The type and only species is Mistralazhdarcho maggii.

Discovery
In 1992, Xavier Valentin at Velaux–La Bastide Neuve, in the south of France, discovered a rich fossil site. Between 2009 and 2012, pterosaur remains were excavated. The pterosaur was reported in the scientific literature in 2015.

In 2018, the type species Mistralazhdarcho maggii was named and described by Romain Vullo, Géraldine Garcia, Pascal Godefroit, Aude Cincotta and Xavier Valentin. The generic name connects the mistral, a northern wind typical for the area of discovery, with Azhdarcho, the type genus of the Azhdarchidae. The specific name honors Jean-Pierre Maggi, the mayor of Velaux, for his support of the La Bastide Neuve paleontological project.

The holotype, MMS/VBN.09.C.001, was discovered in a sandstone layer of the Aix-en-Provence basin, dating from the late Campanian, about seventy-two million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull. It contains the symphysis of the lower jaws, the atlas-axis complex of the front neck, a middle neck vertebra, the left humerus, a piece of the right humerus, the left radius, the right pteroid, the shaft of the fourth metacarpal, the proximal part of the first phalanx of the wing finger, the distal part of the same phalanx, and four bone fragments that could not be identified including some articular surface and two shafts. The skeleton was not found articulated but the bones were discovered on a limited surface of  within the total surface of  formed by the fossil layer. Therefore, it was concluded they represent a single individual. It is probably a subadult.

Description
Mistralazhdarcho is a large pterosaur. The humerus was estimated to have had an original length of . This indicates a wingspan of  using a formula devised by Alexandr Averianov. Another possible method is to extrapolate the wingspan from the known skeleton of the azhdarchid Zhejiangopterus. This results in an estimate of . Both estimates seem to corroborate the hypothesis that the holotype individual had a span of about . However, it was not yet fully grown. It was estimated that an adult exemplar could have had a  wide wingspan.

The describing authors indicated some distinguishing traits. One of these was an autapomorphy, a unique derived character. The upper surface of the symphysis of the lower jaws shows a well-developed elevation on the midline in a relatively forward position of  behind the mandible tip, compared to  with the related form Alanqa. A second trait is a possible autapomorphy only. The tip of the lower jaws is somewhat curved to below. However, its uniqueness is conditional on Aerotitan not having such a curved tip. This latter pterosaur was originally described as not having one but the authors, while studying Mistralazhdarcho, concluded that the Aerotitan description was likely mistaken and that its curved holotype did not represent the middle of the jaws but their front end.

Additionally, a unique combination was given of traits that in themselves are not unique. The upper surface of the symphysis or fusion of the lower jaws shows elevated but blunt ridges on its edges. This symphysis has a V-shaped cross-section, thus lacking a lower crest. The underside of the atlas-axis complex of the neck is flat. In the middle neck vertebrae the front articulation processes, the prezygapophyses, lightly diverge. The humerus is relatively short compared to the radius, with 66% of its length.

Classification
Mistralazhdarcho was placed in the Azhdarchidae in 2018, without an exact cladistic analysis. The elevation on the symphysis shared with Alanqa suggests a close relationship between the two genera.

Paleobiology
Mistralazhdarcho is the first pterosaur named from the Campanian to Maastrichtian of Western Europe. Mistralazhdarcho possibly represents an intermediate size-class of European azhdarchids, in-between the smaller Eurazhdarcho with a wingspan of  and the giant form Hatzegopteryx.

References

Late Cretaceous pterosaurs of Europe
Azhdarchids
Fossil taxa described in 2018

Mistralazhdarcho


A duelling pistol is a type of pistol that was manufactured in matching pairs to be used in a duel, when duels were customary. Duelling pistols are often single-shot flintlock or percussion black-powder pistols which fire a lead ball. Not all fine, antique pairs of pistols are duelling pistols, though they may be called so.

Design

Until the mid-18th century, duels were typically fought with swords. In London, the first recorded pistol duel was in 1711, but the use of pistols was unusual until the 1760s. Thereafter they quickly took over, and after 1785 it was rare for a sword duel to be fought in London. From about 1770 onwards, gunsmiths were producing pistols expressly made for duelling.

Unless precisely tuned, standard flintlock pistols can have a noticeable delay between pulling the trigger and actually firing the projectile. Purpose-built duelling pistols have various improvements to make them more reliable and accurate.

Duelling pistols have long and heavy barrels – the added weight helps steady aim and reduce recoil. The barrels on earlier guns were cylindrical, while later ones tended to be octagonal. The barrels were given a blued or browned finish to reduce glare. Spurs on the trigger guards began appearing after around 1805 to provide a rest for the middle finger to improve the shooter's grip. Other features were saw handles, platinum-lined touch-holes and hair triggers. Reliability was important because if a duellist's pistol failed to fire, he was considered to have taken his shot and was not permitted to re-cock the pistol and try again.

All component parts were manufactured, hand-finished, and then adjusted with great care and precision, which made duelling pistols much more costly than standard firearms of the period. Special care was taken when moulding the lead bullets to ensure that there were no voids which would affect accuracy. In some duels, the pistols were carefully and identically loaded, and each duellist was offered his choice of the indistinguishable loaded pistols. Although sometimes the duellists would use their own pistols so the weapons would be different.

As duels were generally fought at short distances which were paced out, typically , between stationary opponents, extreme accuracy was not required.

Duelling pistols had long barrels – typically around , and fired large, heavy bullets. Pistols with calibers of , ,  or even  were common. The bullets loaded in them could weigh  in .52 caliber, or more in larger calibers. Injuries from such bullets, coupled with the primitive state of emergency medicine at the time when duels were commonplace, meant that pistol duels frequently resulted in fatalities, often some hours or days afterwards.

Most English pistols had smooth bores, though some had scratch rifling, a subtle form of rifling which was difficult to see with the naked eye. Pistols with rifled barrels spin-stabilize the shot when it is fired, resulting in much improved accuracy. As a result, duelling pistols with rifled barrels were considered unsporting by many, although there was no unfairness so long as the pistols were identical. The rifling either consisted of a large number of very shallow groves known as scratch rifling or rifling that stopped short of the end of the pistol known as French rifling. For some in the eighteenth century, duelling with less-accurate, smooth-bore weapons was preferred as they viewed it as allowing the judgement of God to take a role in deciding the outcome of the encounter.

In continental Europe, the use of smooth-bored pistols was considered cowardly, and rifled pistols were the norm. The short range most duels took place at, combined with the accuracy of rifled pistols meant their use substantially increased the chances of a fatality during a duel. A pair of rifled pistols often included a small hammer or mallet as an accessory; they used slightly oversized bullets and a hammer was needed to drive the bullet down the barrel when loading.

Pairs of duelling pistols can be easily confused with holster pistols and travelling pistols. These types are similar to duelling pistols in that they were muzzle-loading weapons that were sometimes expensively made and sold in matched, cased pairs with a set of accessories. Travelling pistols, also known as overcoat pistols, were intended for use by travellers to protect themselves from highwaymen and footpads; unlike duelling pistols, they were commonly rifled. Holster pistols, or horse pistols were used on horseback and carried in pairs in a leather holster slung across a horse's saddle. Although best suited for military use, they were often owned by civilians. Although their purpose was combat or self-defense, holster pistols were used on occasion to fight duels.

Use
It is often stated that duelling pistols came in identical pairs to put each duellist on an equal footing. However, it was acceptable for duels to be fought with different pistols and for each duellist to use their own pair, so they could use weapons they were familiar with. Two pairs of pistols allowed for a second exchange of shots if both missed and the challenger of the duel was intent on continuing. When a duel was fought with a single pair of pistols it was because neither duellist owned their own and the pistols were supplied by a third party.

There were various forms of pistol duel. In Britain, the favoured type was for the duellists to stand still at an agreed distance and shoot when given the signal. The rules of the "French method" of duelling required the duellists to begin back-to-back, walk a set number of paces before turning and firing.

A further type of duel, known as a barrier duel or a duel à volonté (at pleasure), had the duellists walk towards each other. As the distance closed they could fire at will. But if the first to fire missed, he was required to stand still and wait for his opponent's shot. In 1837, Alexander Pushkin was fatally wounded while fighting this form of duel. The famous fictional duel between Pierre and Dolokhov in the novel War and Peace was also of this kind. For an eye-witness account of such a duel see Reynolds (1839).

Sport duelling pistols

During the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, duelling became a sport in which shooters fired at each other using non-lethal rounds. These consisted of wax bullets in a cartridge without any powder charge; the bullet was propelled only by the explosion of the cartridge's primer. Participants wore heavy, protective clothing and a metal helmet, similar to a fencing mask but with an eye-screen of thick glass. Pistol dueling was an associate (non-medal) event at the 1906 and 1908 Olympic games (see Olympic dueling).

The Fauré Le Page company of France made special pistols for sport duelling. These were break action, single-shot weapons that were fitted with a shield in front of the trigger, to protect the hand holding the pistol.

Manufacturers
The use of pistols in duels became popular in the United Kingdom, France, and colonial America during the mid-eighteenth century. Initially standard holster or travelling pistols were mainly used, but by the end of the century special-purpose duelling pistols were being made by craftsmen in England, France, Germany, Austria, and the United States.

The most famous and innovative manufacturers were London-based companies such as Wogdon & Barton, Durs Egg, Manton, Mortimer, Nock, and Purdey. The name Wogden in particular became associated with duelling pistols, to the extent that a duel was sometimes referred to by lawyers as a "Wogden Case".

Pairs of duelling pistols were often supplied in compartmentalised wooden cases along with a powder flask, rods for cleaning and loading, spare flints, spanners and other tools, and a bullet mould.

Gallery

See also

 Code duello
 List of people killed in duels

Notes

References
Citrations

Bibliography

External links
 18th and 19th French weapons
 Sir Thomas Mitchell duelling pistols, National Museum of Australia

Single-shot pistols
Black-powder pistols
Dueling
Pistols of the United Kingdom

Duelling pistol


Niall Glúndub mac Áeda (Modern Irish: Niall Glúndubh mac Aodha, "Niall Black-Knee, son of Áed"; died 14 September 919) was a 10th-century Irish king of the Cenél nEógain and High King of Ireland. Many Irish kin groups were members of the Uí Néill and traced their descent from Niall of the Nine Hostages (Niall Noígiallach).

His mother was Máel Muire, daughter of Kenneth MacAlpin, King of Scots.

Biography

Son of Áed Findliath, Niall is first recorded succeeding his brother Domnall mac Áeda as King of Ailech upon his death in 911. Extending his control to neighboring kingdoms, Niall defeated the Kings of Dál nAraidi and Ulaid at the Battles of Glarryford (in present-day County Antrim) and Ballymena before his defeat by high-king Flann Sinna mac Maíl Sechnaill of the Clann Cholmáin Uí Néill at the Battle of Crossakiel (in present-day County Meath). Following Flann's death in 916, Niall succeeded him as High King of Ireland. It was during his reign in which he would reestablish the Óenach Tailteann, a traditional gathering of Irish clans. He was married to Gormflaith ingen Flann Sinna. With the support of the clans of Leth Cuinn (Northern half of Ireland), the Uí Néill eventually acknowledged his claim to the throne.

With a surge of Northmen forces the Uí Ímair launched an invasion in the south of Ireland in the years following 914 which greatly weakened the Eoghanacht of Munster and led to the establishment of a longfort at Waterford. Intent on opposing this, and coming to the assistance of Munster, Niall's forces moved south and fought a large battle against a group of Northmen in the summer of 917, ending inconclusively but with the death of many nobles and tributary kings in his following. The army of the King of Leinster which had been called in to reinforce him however was utterly devastated near St Mullins, leaving the province in a tributary position to the Northmen.

Despite his campaigns against the Northmen they continued to settle in large numbers, re-establishing their stronghold in Dublin (after a 15-year gap) and various ports on the eastern coast putting pressure on the Midland kingdom of Midhe. In an effort to bring the war to the Northmen, Niall advanced into Leinster, supported by the Uí Néill clans, the Airgíalla and the Ulaid. However, his forces were decimated by the Northmen under Sihtric Cáech as Niall was killed, along with twelve other chieftains, at the Battle of Islandbridge on 14 September 919.

Another account in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has Sihtric Cáech slaying his brother Niall in 921. Glúndub was succeeded as High King by Donnchad Donn mac Flainn, son of Flann Sinna, and as King of Ailech by his son Muirchertach mac Néill, "the Hector of the Western World".

Family tree

     Niall Caille
   = Gormflaith ingen Donncadha
     |
     |
     |                                                                          |
     |                                                                          |
     Áed Findliath = Gormlaith Rapach = Land ingen Dúngaile  = Máel Muire      unnamed daughter = Conaing mac Flainn
                   |                                          |                                   |
    ___|                                          |                                   Flann
   |          |                                               |                                   |
   |          |      (mother's identity unknown)              |                                   Gormlaith
   Domnall  Eithne  Domnall Dabaill  Máel Dub  Máel Dúin      |                                 = Flann Sinna
                                                              |                                   |
                                                              |                                   |
                                                              Niall Glúndub, d. 919. = Gormflaith ingen Flann Sinna, c.870-948.
                                                                                |
                                                                                |
                                                                                Muirchertach mac Néill, d. 943.

References

Bibliography
Webb, Alfred. A Compendium of Irish Biography: Comprising Sketches of Distinguished Irishmen and of Eminent Persons Connected with Ireland by Office or by Their Writings, New York: Lemma Publishing Corporation, 1970.

Year of birth missing
919 deaths
People from County Tyrone
O'Neill dynasty
10th-century kings of Ailech
10th-century High Kings of Ireland
Monarchs killed in action

Niall Glúndub


The Washington Bridge is a bridge over the Harlem River in New York City.

Washington Bridge may also refer to:

 Washington Bridge (Connecticut), a drawbridge over the Housatonic River connecting Milford and Stratford, Connecticut
 Washington Bridge (Washington, Missouri), a bridge over the Missouri River at Washington, Missouri
 George Washington Bridge, a bridge over the Hudson River connecting New York City to Fort Lee, New Jersey
 George Washington Bridge Bus Station, New York City, New York
 Washington Bridge (Providence, Rhode Island), a series of three bridges over the Seekonk River connecting Providence to East Providence, Rhode Island
 Washington Crossing Bridge, a  bridge over the Delaware River connecting Titusville, New Jersey to Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania
 Washington Crossing Bridge (Pittsburgh), a bridge over the Allegheny River connecting Pittsburgh and Millvale, Pennsylvania
 George Washington Memorial Bridge or Aurora Bridge, a bridge in Seattle, Washington

See also
 Washington Avenue Bridge (disambiguation)
 George Washington Bridges (1825-1873), U.S. politician
 G. W. Bridge, a comic book character

Washington Bridge (disambiguation)