, also known as ASTRO-H and New X-ray Telescope (NeXT), was an X-ray astronomy satellite commissioned by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for studying extremely energetic processes in the Universe. The space observatory was designed to extend the research conducted by the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA) by investigating the hard X-ray band above 10 keV. The satellite was originally called New X-ray Telescope; at the time of launch it was called ASTRO-H. After it was placed in orbit and its solar panels deployed, it was renamed Hitomi. The spacecraft was launched on 17 February 2016 and contact was lost on 26 March 2016, due to multiple incidents with the attitude control system leading to an uncontrolled spin rate and breakup of structurally weak elements.

Name
The new name refers to the pupil of an eye, and to a legend of a painting of four dragons. The word Hitomi generally means "eye", and specifically the pupil, or entrance window of the eye – the aperture. There is also an ancient legend that inspires the name Hitomi. "One day, many years ago, a painter was drawing four white dragons on a street. He finished drawing the dragons, but without "Hitomi". People who looked at the painting said "why don't you paint Hitomi, it is not complete. The painter hesitated, but people pressured him. The painter then drew Hitomi on two of the four dragons. Immediately, these dragons came to life and flew up into the sky. The two dragons without Hitomi remained still". The inspiration of this story is that Hitomi is regarded as the "One last, but most important part", and so we wish ASTRO-H to be the essential mission to solve mysteries of the universe in X-rays. Hitomi refers to the aperture of the eye, the part where incoming light is absorbed. From this, Hitomi reminds us of a black hole. We will observe Hitomi in the Universe using the Hitomi satellite.

Objectives
Hitomi objectives were to explore the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe, as well as the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters  and how the galaxy clusters evolve over time; how matter behaves in strong gravitational fields  (such as matter inspiraling into black holes), to explore the physical conditions in regions where cosmic rays are accelerated, as well as observing supernovae. In order to achieve this, it was designed to be capable of:
 Imaging and spectroscopic measurements with a hard X-ray telescope;
 Spectroscopic observations with an extremely high energy resolution using the micro-calorimeter;
 Sensitive wideband observations over the energy range 0.3-600 keV.

It was the sixth of a series of JAXA X-ray satellites, which started in 1979, and it was designed to observe sources that are an order of magnitude fainter than its predecessor, Suzaku. Its planned mission length was three years. At the time of launch, two other large X-ray satellites were carrying out observations in orbit: the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton, both of which were launched in 1999.

Instruments
The probe carried four instruments and six detectors to observe photons with energies ranging from soft X-rays to gamma rays, with a high energy resolution. Hitomi was built by an international collaboration led by JAXA with over 70 contributing institutions in Japan, the United States, Canada, and Europe, and over 160 scientists. With a mass of , At launch, Hitomi was the heaviest Japanese X-ray mission. The satellite is about  in length.

Two soft X-ray telescopes (SXT-S, SXT-I), with focal lengths of , focus light onto a soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), provided by NASA, with an energy range of 0.4–12 keV for high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, and a soft X-ray imager (SXI), with an energy range of 0.3–12 keV.

Two hard X-ray telescopes (HXT), with a focus length of , focus light onto two hard X-ray imagers (HXI), with energy range 5-80 keV, which are mounted on a plate placed at the end of the  extendable optical bench (EOB) that is deployed once the satellite is in orbit. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) provided the Canadian ASTRO-H Metrology System (CAMS), which is a laser alignment system that will be used to measure the distortions in the extendible optical bench.

Two soft Gamma-ray detectors (SGD), each containing three units, were mounted on two sides of the satellite, using non-focusing detectors to observe soft gamma-ray emission with energies from 60 to 600 KeV.

The Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON) in collaboration with the University of Geneva provided the filter-wheel and calibration source for the spectrometer.

Launch
The launch of the satellite was planned for 2013 as of 2008, later revised to 2015 as of 2013. As of early February 2016, it was planned for 12 February, but was delayed due to poor weather forecasts.

Hitomi launched on 17 February 2016 at 08:45 UTC into a low Earth orbit of approximately . The circular orbit had an orbital period of around 96 minutes, and an orbital inclination of 31.01°. It was launched from the Tanegashima Space Center on board an H-IIA launch vehicle. 14 minutes after launch, the satellite separated from the launch vehicle. The solar arrays later deployed according to plan, and it began its on-orbit checkout.

Operations
Measurements by Hitomi have allowed scientists to track the motion of X-ray-emitting gas at the heart of the Perseus cluster of galaxies for the first time. Using the Soft X-ray Spectrometer, astronomers have mapped the motion of X-ray-emitting gas in a cluster of galaxies and shown it moves at cosmically modest speeds. The total range of gas velocities directed toward or away from Earth within the area observed by Hitomi was found to be about 365,000 miles an hour (590,000 kilometers per hour). The observed velocity range indicates that turbulence is responsible for only about 4 percent of the total gas pressure.

Loss of spacecraft
On 27 March 2016, JAXA reported that communication with Hitomi had "failed from the start of its operation" on 26 March 2016 at 07:40 UTC. On the same day, the U.S. Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) announced on Twitter that it had observed a breakup of the satellite into 5 pieces at 08:20 UTC on 26 March 2016, and its orbit also suddenly changed on the same day. Later analysis by the JSpOC found that the fragmentation likely took place around 01:42 UTC, but that there was no evidence the spacecraft had been struck by debris. Between 26 and 28 March 2016, JAXA reported receiving three brief signals from Hitomi; while the signals were offset by 200 kHz from what was expected from Hitomi, their direction of origin and time of reception suggested they were legitimate. Later analysis, however, determined that the signals were not from Hitomi but from an unknown radio source not registered with the International Telecommunication Union.

JAXA stated they were working to recover communication and control over the spacecraft, but that "the recovery will require months, not days". Initially suggested possibilities for the communication loss is that a helium gas leak, battery explosion, or stuck-open thruster caused the satellite to start rotating, rather than a catastrophic failure. JAXA announced on 1 April 2016 that Hitomi had lost attitude control at around 19:10 UTC on 25 March 2016. After analysing engineering data from just before the communication loss, however, no problems were noted with either the helium tank or batteries.

The same day, JSpOC released orbital data for ten detected pieces of debris, five more than originally reported, including one piece that was large enough to initially be confused with the main body of the spacecraft. Amateur trackers observed what was believed to be Hitomi tumbling in orbit, with reports of the main spacecraft body (Object A) rotating once every 1.3 or 2.6 seconds, and the next largest piece (Object L) rotating every 10 seconds.

JAXA ceased efforts to recover the satellite on 28 April 2016, switching focus to anomaly investigation. It was determined that the chain of events that led to the spacecraft's loss began with its inertial reference unit (IRU) reporting a rotation of 21.7° per hour at 19:10 UTC on 25 March 2016, though the vehicle was actually stable. The attitude control system attempted to use Hitomi reaction wheels to counteract the non-existent spin, which caused the spacecraft to rotate in the opposite direction. Because the IRU continued to report faulty data, the reaction wheels began to accumulate excessive momentum, tripping the spacecraft's computer into taking the vehicle into "safe hold" mode. Attitude control then tried to use its thrusters to stabilise the spacecraft; the Sun sensor was unable to lock on to the Sun's position, and continued thruster firings caused Hitomi to rotate even faster due to an incorrect software setting. Because of this excessive rotation rate, early on 26 March 2016 several parts of the spacecraft broke away, likely including both solar arrays and the extended optical bench.

Replacement
Reports of a Hitomi replacement mission first surfaced on 21 June 2016. According to an article from Kyodo News, JAXA was considering a launch of "Hitomi 2" in the early 2020s aboard Japan's new H3 launch vehicle. The spacecraft would be a near-copy of Hitomi. However, a 27 June 2016 article from The Nikkei stated that some within the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology believed it was too early to grant funding for a Hitomi replacement. The article also noted that NASA had expressed support for a replacement mission led by Japan.

On 14 July 2016, JAXA published a press release regarding the ongoing study of a successor. According to the press release, the spacecraft would be a remanufacture but with countermeasures reflecting Hitomi loss, and would be launched in 2020 on a H-IIA launch vehicle. The scientific mission of the "ASTRO-H Successor" would be based around the SXS instrument. The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Hiroshi Hase, stated during a press conference on 15 July 2016 that funding for Hitomi successor will be allocated in the fiscal year 2017 budget request, and that he intends to accept the successor mission on the condition that the investigation of Hitomi destruction is completed and measures to prevent recurrence are done accordingly. The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) was approved by JAXA and NASA in April 2017, and successfully launched in September 2023.

See also

 List of X-ray space telescopes
 X-ray astronomy
 List of software bugs

References

External links

 Hitomi website by JAXA
 Hitomi website by JAXA's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
 Hitomi website by NASA

Space telescopes
Satellites of Japan
X-ray telescopes
Spacecraft launched in 2016
2016 in Japan
Spacecraft launched by H-II rockets
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth

Hitomi (satellite)


Calendar Girls is a 2003 British comedy film directed by Nigel Cole. Produced by Touchstone Pictures, it features a screenplay by Tim Firth and Juliette Towhidi, based on a true story of a group of middle-aged Yorkshire women who produced a nude calendar to raise money for Leukaemia Research (now Blood Cancer UK) under the auspices of the Women's Institutes in April 1999 after the husband of one of their members dies from cancer. The film stars an ensemble cast headed by Helen Mirren and Julie Walters, with Linda Bassett, Annette Crosbie, Celia Imrie, Penelope Wilton, Geraldine James, Harriet Thorpe and Philip Glenister playing key supporting roles.

Calendar Girls premiered at the Locarno Film Festival and was later shown at Filmfest Hamburg, the Dinard Festival of British Cinema in France, the Warsaw Film Festival, the Tokyo International Film Festival and the UK Film Festival in Hong Kong. It garnered generally positive reactions by film critics, who compared it with another British comedy film The Full Monty (1997). At a budget of $10 million it also became a major commercial success, eventually grossing $93.4 million worldwide following its theatrical release in the U.S. In addition, the picture was awarded the British Comedy Award for Best Comedy Film, and received ALFS Award, Empire Award and Satellite Award nominations for Mirren and Walters, and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Mirren.

Plot
Annie Clarke and Chris Harper live in the Yorkshire village of Knapely, where they spend much time at the local Women's Institute and with each other. When Annie's husband, John, is diagnosed with terminal leukaemia, Chris regularly visits them at the hospital.

Chris complains about the uncomfortable couch in the waiting room. After noticing a "girlie" calendar in a local mechanics shop, she hits upon an idea to raise funds to buy a new sofa. She proposes producing a calendar featuring members of the Knapely branch of the Women's Institute discreetly posing nude while engaged in traditional WI activities, such as baking and knitting.

Chris's proposal initially is met with skepticism, but she eventually convinces nine additional women to participate in the project with her and Annie. They enlist Lawrence, a hospital worker and amateur photographer, to help with the project. The women are all quite shy, but they support each other, overcoming their fears.

The head of the local Women's Institute branch refuses to sanction the calendar, so Chris and Annie plead their case to the national congress of the Women's Institute in London. They are told the final decision rests with the local leader, who grudgingly agrees to the calendar's sale.

The initial printing of 500 quickly sells out and gains national and international media attention. The women are invited, all expenses paid, to appear on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in Los Angeles. Initially Chris is convinced to not go, to watch after her troubled teen by Annie, but a scandalous story about her in a gossip rag by a paparazzi-journalist causes her to follow them to L.A.

The publicity surrounding the calendar eventually takes a toll on their personal lives and, during a photo shoot, tension boils over, Chris and Annie angrily clash. Annie accuses Chris of ignoring her husband and son and the demands of the family business in favour of newfound celebrity; Chris believes Annie revels in her Mother Teresa-like status of catering to the ill and bereaved who have bombarded her with fan mail.

All is resolved eventually, and the women resume their normal, pre-calendar lives.

Before the credits, it is shown that they made over half a million pounds with the calendars and with the proceeds built a special leukemia wing on their local hospital.

Cast
 Helen Mirren as Chris Harper, the driving force behind the idea of stripping off for the local Women's Institute calendar.
 Julie Walters as Annie Clarke, Chris's best friend whose husband John's leukemia death serves as the basis for her friend's idea to purchase a sofa for hospital visitors in remembrance of him.
 Linda Bassett as Cora, a shop owner and divorced single mother. She is the official pianist of the Knapely WI.
 Annette Crosbie as Jessie, a retired teacher.
 Celia Imrie as Celia, a major's wife.
 Penelope Wilton as Ruth Reynoldson, a carpet dealer's housewife. Wilton initially rejected the offer to join the project as she refused to be filmed semi-naked.
 Geraldine James as Marie, chairwoman of the Knapely WI group.
 Philip Glenister as Lawrence Sertain, John Clarke's nurse and photographer of the calendar, based on photographer Terry Logan.
 Ciarán Hinds as Rod Harper, Chris's husband, a florist.
 John Alderton as John Clarke, Annie's husband, who dies from leukaemia.
 George Costigan as Eddie Reynoldson, Ruth's husband. He generally shows little affection for Ruth and ultimately bashes her participation in the calendar. Ruth later leaves him when he has an affair with a woman whom he introduced himself to as a widower.
 John-Paul Macleod as Jem Harper, Chris and Rod's son.

The film's fellow calendar girls include Georgie Glen, Angela Curran, Rosalind March, Lesley Staples and Janet Howd as Kathy, May, Truday, Julia and Jenny respectively. Calendar Girls also cast Graham Crowden as Jessie's husband Richard, Belinda Everett as Cora's daughter Maya, Marc Pickering as Jem Harper's friend Gaz and Harriet Thorpe as WI president Brenda Mooney. Gillian Wright appears as Eddie Reynoldson's lover, while John Sharian plays an American commercial director named Danny. In addition actors and actresses Richard Braine, Ted Robbins, Alison Pargeter, Angus Barnett, John Sparkes, Elizabeth Bennett, Christa Ackroyd, Matt Malloy, Patton Oswalt and John Fortune appear in short roles. American television host Jay Leno appears as himself in the film during the ladies' visit to California; they also encounter the American heavy metal band Anthrax while relaxing by the pool.

Production

Inspiration
The fundraising phenomenon of the Calendar Girls was inspired by the death of Angela Baker's husband John Richard Baker, an Assistant National Park Officer for the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority, who died from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a form of blood cancer at the age of 54 in 1998. During his illness, Baker's friends began to raise money, initially with the aim of purchasing a sofa for the visitors' lounge in the hospital where John was treated. Nothing could have prepared them for the way their original calendar took off. To date, they have raised over £3 million for Leukaemia & Lymphoma Research (now Blood Cancer UK), the UK's leading blood cancer charity.

The photos for the 2000 Alternative WI Calendar, as it was named, were taken by Terry Logan, a former professional photographer who was married to one of the models. It was released on 12 April 1999 and became a runaway success, selling out in the first week. 10,000 additional copies were printed, all of which were sold within three weeks. Nine months after its launch, the calendar had sold 88,000 copies. It then was adapted for a US version covering June 2000 – December 2001. The ladies were invited to appear with Jay Leno and Rosie O'Donnell on their respective talk shows. That year the calendar sold 202,000 copies, with its proceeds being used to fund lymphoma and leukaemia research in new laboratories at the University of Leeds.

Since 2000, the Calendar Girls have produced calendars for 2004, 2005, 2007 and a recipe calendar for 2008 with their favourite Yorkshire recipes on the back of each month. Ten years on, they launched a 2010 calendar with a new set of full colour images and the aim of raising £2 million for Leukaemia & Lymphoma Research. In addition, they have released a range of merchandise in aid of the charity throughout the years.

Development
Six of the eleven women who were pictured in the original calendar sold the rights to their stories, including Angela Baker, Tricia Stewart, Beryl Bamforth, Lynda Logan, Christine Clancy and Ros Fawcett. Screenwriter Juliette Towhidi first came across the story when she was shown an article in The Guardian, and she straight away took the idea to producer Suzanne Mackie. The two of them had been discussing ideas for a female-driven film for a while, and this struck them as the perfect project. They travelled up to Yorkshire together to meet the women, and were able to secure life story rights in the face of fierce competition, including from Hollywood. Towhidi then worked on multiple drafts of the screenplay, getting to know the women and developing the script over several years. In this time the film's working title switched from 'Calendar Girls' to 'Jam and Jerusalem' and back again. A first director was attached, but when he dropped out, so Nigel Cole, known for his screen debut Saving Grace starring Brenda Blethyn, was brought on board, quickly followed by screenwriter Tim Firth, who took over writing duties from Towhidi and worked on rewrites of the script up until production.

Cole reached out to Julie Walters and Helen Mirren to play the lead roles in the film. Both actresses had been aware of the WI calendar backstory. Based on Baker, Walters was Cole's first choice to play the "more quiet and sensitive" role of Annie. Known for her comedic roles, Walters initially thought Cole had accidentally offered her the wrong part, and although pleased to have been cast against stereotype, she considered the role "a difficult path to trap" while striking a balance between Annie's grief and humorous moments. As a result, she was heavily involved in the modification of several scenes. Mirren was initially hesitant to sign on to the project because she considered it "too English" and disliked the idea of a "poor woman's Full Monty." Upon learning that Walters and other colleagues had signed on, however, she rethought her original decision and accepted the offer. Modelled after Stewart, Mirren has described Chris as a "dash in"—character who shared similarities with Stewart but was actually not based on her real persona. Anne Reid was also offered a major role in Calendar Girls, but choose to do Roger Michell's The Mother (2003) instead. With Calendar Girls being rare for a film to focus on middle-aged women, while not just portraying them as mothers or aunts, Cole experienced difficulties with casting the male roles: "several actors disliked the idea of being subsidiary to women."

Filming
 Filming took place in the summer of 2002. Whereas the actual Calendar Girls were members of the Rylstone Women's Institute, much of the film was shot in and around the village of Kettlewell in North Yorkshire, some ten miles away, which stood in for the fictional village of Knapely. Additional locations include Buckden, Burnsall, Conistone, Ilkley, Settle, Linton, Malham, Skipton, Westminster and Ealing in London, and the beach in Santa Monica, USA. The penultimate shot of lead characters Chris and Annie walking down a street was filmed in Turville. Interiors were filmed in the Shepperton Studios in Surrey.

The pictures in the film-version calendar were taken by professional stills photographer Jaap Buitendijk. Filming of the nude scenes took a week. According to Cole, the actors were struck by group spirit when they met their real-life counterparts from the Women's Institute and experienced the supportive atmosphere that had got them all through the embarrassment of taking their clothes off to make a calendar. That same spirit started to show on set, with the cast becoming determined to be nude, even when it was not requested for filming, including face shots. While Cole and his team placed vegetables strategically for shooting, bits kept showing through and they had to reshoot several scenes. However, a young man from digital remastering had to spend four weeks removing all the private parts in post-production. The actors were very supportive of each other, with a bottle of champagne waiting whenever anyone finished their nude scene.

Music
Hollywood Records was announced as the distributor of the soundtrack album for Calendar Girls which featured sixteen songs, including "You Upset Me Baby" performed by B.B. King, "Sloop John B" by the Beach Boys, "The Way You Do the Things You Do" by The Temptations, and "Comin' Home Baby" by Roland Kirk and Quincy Jones. It was released on 9 December 2003 in the United Kingdom.

Reception
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 74% of critics gave the film a positive rating, based on 126 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10. Its consensus states "A charming, but clichéd comedy reminiscent of The Full Monty." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on reviews from 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A-" on scale of A to F.

Ruthe Stein, writing for The San Francisco Chronicle, said it is "A charming movie [that] should appeal to fans of The Full Monty and Waking Ned Devine – and not just because they also featured nudity that made you smile instead of smirk. The films share a wonderfully British wry humor. They're not laugh-out-loud funny, but there's quite a bit to amuse you when thinking about the scenes later." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said, "It's the kind of sweet, good-humored comedy that used to star Margaret Rutherford, although Helen Mirren and Julie Walters, its daring top-liners, would have curled Dame Margaret's eyebrows [...] That the movie works, and it does, is mostly because of the charm of Mirren and Walters, who show their characters having so much fun that it becomes infectious."

In his review for The New York Times, Elvis Mitchell called "minty-cool" Helen Mirren and "deft" Julie Walters "a graceful pair of troupers" and "a sunny, amusing team." He described the film as "yet another professionally acted and staged wry-crisp comedy about British modesty [...] that gets its laughs, but seems increasingly out of date [...] When the biggest compliment you can pay a picture is that it is professional and not smug, there's a little something missing, like invention." Manohla Dargis of the Los Angeles Times said the film "is closer in texture and consistency to individually wrapped American cheese than good, tangy English Cheddar. But even humble plastic-wrapped cheese has its virtues and so does this film [...] Chief among those graces are Helen Mirren and Julie Walters, two well-matched and criminally underused actresses [...] Although they have little to do but grin and bare it, Mirren and Walters are delightful company."

In Entertainment Weekly, Lisa Schwarzbaum, who graded the film B+, compared Calendar Girls with other British comedy films such as Billy Elliot and Saving Grace. She commented that "[It] is the first export from the light-comedy-steamroller division of the British film industry that avoids, for the most part, the kind of queasy class condescension such hell-bent charmers have relied on since unemployed steel-mill workers shook their groove thangs in The Full Monty." Variety critic Derek Elley wrote that the film "delivers very likable, if sometimes dramatically wobbly, results". He found that "though the film is never dull, and playing by the cast is spirited, it's actually a surprisingly gentle movie [...] The humor has a typically British, offhanded flavor, and the essentially simple story plays more as a multi-character rondo on a single idea. For every laugh-out-loud moment, or eccentric touch, there are equal moments of reflection and pause [...] Despite an uncertain start in establishing a consistent comic tone, pic builds into an engaging, light character comedy, played somewhere between the Ealing tradition and contempo regional comedy."

In The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw rated the film three out of a possible five stars and added, "This genial comedy, directed by Nigel Cole, with an excellent, tightly constructed script by Tim Firth and Juliette Towhidi, accentuates the positive. There's lots of wit and pluck and not much heartbreak," and Mark Kermode of The Observer said, "When the film succeeds, as it does magnificently in the first two-thirds, one can only marvel at the miracle of a world in which such plotlines could literally land on a producer's doorstep with the morning papers. When it fails, it is the film's acknowledgment of its own big-screen inevitability that is to blame. The result is half a great British screen comedy, twice as much as one usually expects from the genre nowadays ... Ultimately, however, this remains an immensely likeable and often impressive romp."

Accolades

Stage adaptations
Calendar Girls is a 2008 stage play based on the film that was part of the Chichester Theatre Festival. It subsequently transferred to the West End.

The Girls is a 2015 musical based on the story of the film, written by Tim Firth and Gary Barlow. It premiered in Leeds and then transferred to the West End, opening at the Phoenix Theatre in February 2017.

References

External links

 Interview with the women of Calendar Girls
 Calendar Girls: 10 Years On at True North Productions

2003 films
2003 comedy-drama films
British female buddy films
British comedy-drama films
2000s female buddy films
Films scored by Patrick Doyle
British films based on actual events
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Yorkshire
Touchstone Pictures films
Films directed by Nigel Cole
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

Calendar Girls


Sabotage is a fixed shooter video game for the Apple II series of computers, written by Mark Allen and published by On-Line Systems in 1981.

Gameplay

The player controls a gun turret at the bottom of the screen by either keyboard, paddle control, or a single axis of a joystick.  The turret can swivel to cover a large area of the screen, but cannot move from its base.  Helicopters fly across the screen at varying heights, progressively lower over time, dropping paratroopers. Waves consist of helicopters coming at progressively lower altitudes, a brief rest, then a wave of jets.

The player earns points by shooting helicopters (5 points), paratroopers (2 points), jets (5 points), and bombs (25 points).  Firing a shell costs the player one point, so if one is playing for score, there is an incentive to conserve ammo.  The score never drops below zero.

The game ends when the player's turret is hit by a bomb, when a single paratrooper lands directly on the turret base, when three paratroopers safely land atop each other immediately adjacent to the turret base (allowing the third to jump onto the base), or when four paratroopers safely land on either the left or right of the turret (that is four on one side, not four total).  If four land on a side, they are able to build a human pyramid and climb up to the turret and blow it up once the sky is clear.

Legacy
The Sabotage concept has been cloned a number of times:

 Commando Raid (Atari 2600, 1982)
 M.A.D. (Atari 2600, 1982) "Missile Attack and Defense"
 Paratrooper (IBM PC, 1982)
 Incoming! (Atari 8-bit, 1986) by Conrad Tatge in ANALOG Computing magazine
 ParaShooter! (Apple IIGS, 1989) by Lane Roathe
 Parachute, (preloaded on the third-generation) iPod and later models.

References

Apple II games
Apple II-only games
Fixed shooters
1981 video games
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games

Sabotage (video game)


KASW (channel 61) is a television station in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, affiliated with The CW. It is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company alongside ABC affiliate KNXV-TV (channel 15). Both stations share studios on North 44th Street on the city's east side, while KASW's primary transmitter is located on South Mountain.

KASW went on the air in 1995 as the Phoenix affiliate of The WB. Its first owner contracted with KTVK (channel 3) for programming and support services, and KTVK bought the station in 1999. In addition to being an affiliate of The WB and later The CW, the station also broadcast several secondary local sports teams at various times. KASW was split from KTVK in 2014 as the result of KTVK's sale. Scripps acquired it in 2019 and has added local newscasts from KNXV. KASW is the high-power ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) station for the Phoenix area and provides the ATSC 3.0 broadcasts of six major Phoenix commercial stations.

History

Prior history of UHF channel 61 in Phoenix
Prior to KASW's sign-on, the UHF channel 61 frequency in the Phoenix market was originally occupied by low-power station K61CA; that station carried a locally programmed music video format known as "Music Channel" and operated from March 15, 1983, until November 12, 1984, closing due to mounting debts and lack of cash to continue operating.

The construction permit for K61CA remained active for several more years; by 1988, it was owned by Channel 61 Development Corporation and was planned as a satellite-fed relay of KSTS, a Telemundo affiliate in San Jose, California.

In November 1987, the FCC allocated channel 61 for full-power use in Phoenix. KUSK-TV applied alongside four other groups; the field was narrowed to three, and Brooks Broadcasting, owned by Chandler farmer Gregory R. Brooks, was granted the permit in February 1991 by the FCC review board.

WB affiliation

Little activity occurred on the permit, with the call sign KAIK; Brooks considered running home shopping on the station, and he was approached by KPHO-TV about potentially splitting rights to a new major league baseball team with the station.

In December 1994, Brooks entered into a local marketing agreement with Media America Corporation, then owners of KTVK (channel 3). KTVK, in the concluding phase of losing its ABC affiliation, had acquired a large inventory of children's programs, including Fox Kids, and The WB affiliation that did not fit with its planned programming as an independent. Brooks, who was wanting to run a station catering to Phoenix's youth audience but had not been able to get the station going, was surprised when KTVK approached him; Delbert Lewis, the owner, owned a farm adjacent to one of Brooks's properties in Florence but had never met him.

KASW signed on September 23, 1995, as the first new full-power Phoenix television station since KUTP started up in December 1985. In addition to WB, Fox Kids and syndicated shows, as well as old movies on the nights when The WB did not air programming, it also aired a 30-minute newscast, known as NewsNight, produced by KTVK; the logo fit the station's youth appeal and was described by Dave Walker of The Arizona Republic as "reminiscent of an amoeba-shaped 1960s coffee table". Brooks, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also aired the twice-yearly LDS General Conference on channel 61. KTVK and KASW also split over-the-air coverage rights to the Phoenix Coyotes hockey team when it moved to Phoenix in 1996, with 20 of the 25 games in the package airing on channel 61.

In July 1999, MAC America (the former Media America) announced it would sell KTVK to the Belo Corporation. Later that year, Belo announced that it would purchase KASW from Gregory Brooks, forming the first television duopoly in the Phoenix market just as they were being legalized.

From The WB to The CW
On January 24, 2006, the Warner Bros. unit of Time Warner and CBS Corporation (which had been created as a result of the split of Viacom at the start of the year) announced that the two companies would shut down The WB and UPN and combine the networks' respective programming to create a new "fifth" network called The CW. The local UPN affiliate was KUTP, owned by Fox Television Stations. None of Fox's UPN stations, some of which were in the same market as charter network outlets owned by CBS and Tribune Broadcasting, were selected for the new network, and in late February, Fox announced it would start MyNetworkTV to serve its ex-UPN portfolio (including KUTP) and other stations that would not join The CW. On March 8, Belo signed an affiliation agreement with for KASW to become The CW's affiliate in Phoenix.

On June 13, 2013, Belo announced that KTVK and KASW would be acquired by the Gannett Company, owner of local NBC affiliate KPNX and the Arizona Republic. Since this would have given Gannett control of three stations in the Phoenix market, Gannett announced that it would spin off KTVK and KASW to Sander Media, LLC (operated by former Belo executive Jack Sander). While Gannett intended to provide services to the stations through a shared services agreement, KTVK and KASW's operations would have remained largely separate from KPNX and the Republic. On December 23, 2013, shortly after the approval and completion of the Gannett/Belo deal, the Meredith Corporation announced that it would purchase KTVK and the non-license assets of KASW from Sander Media and Gannett in a $407.5 million transaction. As Meredith already owned CBS affiliate KPHO-TV (channel 5), the KASW license was instead sold to SagamoreHill Broadcasting, with Meredith operating the station under a shared services agreement.

Sale to Nexstar and separation from KTVK
The FCC approved the sale of KASW and KTVK to SagamoreHill and Meredith on June 17, 2014, and the deal closed two days later. The two companies also agreed to voluntarily divest KASW to an independent buyer within 90 days of the deal's closure; on October 23, 2014, Meredith and SagamoreHill announced that it would sell KASW to Nexstar Broadcasting Group for $68 million, giving the company its first station in the Phoenix market. The FCC approved the sale to Nexstar on December 19, and the sale was consummated on January 30, 2015, ending the nearly 20-year partnership between KASW and KTVK. The station began migrating out of KTVK's facilities in September 2015.

Sale to Scripps
In March 2019, Nexstar announced it would purchase Tribune Media. This acquisition required divestitures of several overlapping stations; however, in addition to stations in markets where divestiture was necessary, Nexstar opted to also sell KASW to the E. W. Scripps Company, owner of local ABC affiliate KNXV-TV (channel 15), creating Phoenix's third TV duopoly. Although other stations acquired from the Nexstar/Tribune divestitures came from the Tribune portfolio, KASW was the only Nexstar station to be bought out by Scripps. The sale was approved by the FCC on September 16 and was completed on September 19. Scripps added newscasts from KNXV and also upgraded the station's syndicated programming inventory.

Programming

Local newscasts

From 1995 to 1997, KTVK produced a half-hour 9 p.m. newscast for KASW.

After the station was sold to Scripps, KNXV-TV began producing two local newscasts for KASW; both of them debuted in a gradual basis over the course of 2020. The first of these newscasts debuted on March 30, when KASW debuted a two-hour extension of KNXV's morning newscast, anchored by a separate team of anchors from the existing morning newscast; a noon news hour followed as daytime news viewership spiked during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was followed on August 30 by a half-hour long 9 p.m. newscast, anchored by the station's evening team.

Sports programming
KASW served as the former over-the-air broadcast home of the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes, airing the team's games from the time that the franchise moved to Phoenix in 1996 until 2006, when the Coyotes announced the move of their over-the-air telecasts to KAZT-TV. From 1997 to 2004 and again in 2019, KASW broadcast Arizona Rattlers arena football, and KASW also aired games of the Phoenix Mercury from 1997 through 1999. Phoenix Rising FC soccer was seen on KASW from 2019 through 2021.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's ATSC 1.0 channels are carried on the multiplexed digital signals of other Phoenix television stations:

Analog-to-digital conversion
KASW shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 61, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts. The station's digital signal continued to broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 49, using virtual channel 61. The station was then repacked to channel 27 in 2019.

ATSC 3.0

On March 27, 2020, this station was launched as a high-power ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) transmitter for Phoenix, operating alongside KFPH-CD and carrying the main program streams of KASW, KNXV, KSAZ and KUTP. It also is being used in the testing of single-frequency networks, with a second transmitter atop Shaw Butte.

On July 8, 2021, KPHO and KPNX were added to KASW from KFPH-CD, placing all four major network affiliates on the same ATSC 3.0 multiplex.

Translators

At the time of ATSC 3.0 conversion, KASW had three dedicated translators: K34EF-D in Kingman, K21EA-D in Lake Havasu City, and K34EE-D in Cottonwood.

Since conversion, programming from KASW has been seen through the translators of its ATSC 1.0 hosts. K34EE-D in Cottonwood was switched to rebroadcast KNXV-TV in June 2021. Mohave County also surrendered the licenses of its two translators carrying KASW in July 2022.

See also
Channel 27 digital TV stations in the United States
Channel 61 virtual TV stations in the United States

References

External links

1995 establishments in Arizona
The CW affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
Television channels and stations established in 1995
ASW
ATSC 3.0 television stations

KASW


The Dark Horse is a 1932 American pre-Code political comedy film, starring Warren William and Bette Davis. The movie was directed by Alfred E. Green.

Plot
The Progressive Party convention is deadlocked for governor, and so both sides nominate the dark horse Zachary Hicks (Guy Kibbee). Kay Russell (Bette Davis) suggests they hire Hal Blake as campaign manager; but first they have to get him out of jail for not paying alimony. Blake (Warren William) organizes the office and coaches Hicks to answer every question by pausing and then saying, "Well yes, but then again no." Blake will sell Hicks as dumb but honest. Russell refuses to marry Blake, while Joe (Frank McHugh) keeps people away from Blake's office. Blake teaches Hicks a speech by Lincoln. At the debate when the conservative candidate Underwood recites the same speech, Blake exposes him as a plagiarist. Hicks is presented for photo opportunities and gives his yes-and-no answer to any question, including whether he expects to win.

When Blake's ex-wife Maybelle (Vivienne Osborne) arrives at the office demanding to see him about another missed alimony payment, Joe wards her off by claiming Blake's aunt died and that he is away settling a big inheritance; but as she is leaving, Hicks makes eyes at her and takes her in to see Blake. She demands money or will send Blake back to jail. Blake asks Kay for $400 and pays Maybelle. Discovering its purpose, Kay angrily grabs the money back but returns it to Maybelle after receiving in the morning mail a necklace from Blake with a sentimental message. With Hicks heavily favored,  Blake is expecting a $50,000 bonus for winning the election and gets Kay to agree to marry.

Underwood's manager Black secretly meets with Maybelle, who has been seeing Hicks, and plans a set-up to disgrace Hicks on the eve of the election. Maybelle lures Hicks out of town after he slips away from Joe, who is supposed to be watching over him. They go to a cabin where Maybelle initiates a game of strip poker with the candidate. Black brings the sheriff; but Blake and Joe get there first to remove Hicks, who has been reduced to a union suit.  As Joe and Hicks escape out the back, the sheriff tries to arrest Blake for crossing a state line for immoral purposes. Blake claims they are married but has to wed Maybelle again to satisfy the sheriff. Kay walks out on Blake; but after Hicks wins the election, Blake gets Kay arrested for abandoning a child- him. They decide to head for Nevada to manage another campaign, while arranging another divorce and marriage.

Cast
Warren William as Hal Samson Blake
Bette Davis as Kay Russell
Guy Kibbee as Zachary Hicks
Vivienne Osborne as Maybelle Blake, Hal's Ex-Wife
Frank McHugh as Joe
Sam Hardy as Mr Black
Harry Holman as Mr Jones
Charles Sellon as Mr Green
Robert Emmett O'Connor as Sheriff
Berton Churchill as William A. Underwood
Robert Warwick as Mr Clark
Jim Thorpe as Blackfeet Chief (uncredited)

External links

1932 drama films
1932 films
American black-and-white films
American political comedy films
American political drama films
Films about elections
Films directed by Alfred E. Green
Films produced by Samuel Bischoff
First National Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

The Dark Horse (1932 film)


Poranek TVN24 (English TVN24 Morning), since 2009 known as Wstajesz i Wiesz (eng. You Get Up and You Know), is a Polish morning news show broadcast on TVN24. It was first aired on 10 August 2001 and since 6 January 2007 it airs also at weekends. The programme is currently presented by Jarosław Kuźniar, who hosts it from Monday to Thursday and Marcin Żebrowski who is on air from Friday to Sunday. The news is presented every 30 minutes by Marta Kuligowska or Anna Seremak.

The team

Hosts

Current hosts
Jarosław Kuźniar (Monday - Friday)
Marcin Żebrowski (Saturday & Sunday)

Former hosts
Anita Werner
Jakub Porada

Guest hosts
Piotr Jacoń
Krzysztof Górlicki
Katarzyna Werner
Michał Cholewiński
Igor Sokołowski
Marta Kuligowska

News presenters

Current news presenters
Marta Kuligowska (Monday - Friday)
Anna Seremak (Saturday & Sunday)

Former news presenters
Anna Kalczyńska
Aneta Dawidzińska
Krzysztof Górlicki
Katarzyna Kozłowska
Agata Tomaszewska
Beata Tadla
Katarzyna Werner

2009 Changes

On Saturday, 24 January 2009 Poranek TVN24 has been renewed. It featured new graphics, music and cropping. Now the programme is also known as Wstajesz i Wiesz (eng. You Get Up and You Know) as it became a new slogan of the show. Since then it is called morning programme Wstajesz i Wiesz rather than Poranek TVN24. The presenter's desk has been made over and has become the most important point of the studio. The host sits at the desk during the whole show unlike before when the programme was presented from different places in the studio. The new 3D graphics are used when presenting weather forecast or the press. Since that day viewers can interact with the host by a new email address and by using the platform Contact24.

2011 Changes

On 3 January 2011 TVN24 made some changes in the programme. Jakub Porada who had been the host from Friday to Sunday has been replaced by Marcin Żebrowski. Katarzyna Werner has become permanent news presenter from Monday to Thursday. Now she is on air with Jarosław Kuźniar. From Friday to Sunday Marcin Żebrowski is joined by Joanna Kryńska who has become the new news presenter. As a result, Marta Kuligowska and Beata Tadla have left the programme. The former has become the new host of Day Live and the latter continues to host The Facts on TVN and The Facts after The Facts at weekends as well as The Facts in the Afternoon on weekdays on TVN24.

However the team change was not the only one. The news bulletins quarter past and quarter to every hour are now read by the main host, not by the news presenter as it was before. The news presenter still presents the news every hour and on the half-hour beginning from 6:00 on weekdays and 7:00 at weekends. Jarosław Kuźniar has also announced some changes in the studio scenery in the nearest future.

On 3 October 2011 the team will change again. Katarzyna Werner will leave the programme as she will become the new hostess of Polska i świat|Poland and The World, where she will replace Dagmara Kaczmarek-Szałkow who will go on a maternity leave. Werner appeared on Poranek for the last time on 29 September. Jarosław Kuźniar will present the show from Monday to Friday. At weekends Marcin Żebrowski will be joined by Cracow reporter, Anna Seremak. On weekdays the programme will end at 10:00.

Holiday editions
During the holidays of 2011, the show begins at 6:30 on weekdays. All editions from Monday to Sunday lasts until noon. In July 2011, Michał Cholewiński substituted for Jarosław Kuźniar who was on leave. The news was presented by various former news presenters, such as Marta Kuligowska, Beata Tadla and Krzysztof Górlicki. In June and July 2011, some editions were hosted by Katarzyna Werner.

References

Polish television news shows
2001 Polish television series debuts
2000s Polish television series
2010s Polish television series
2020s Polish television series
TVN24 original programming

Poranek TVN24


Mary Christine Hamilton (née Holman; born 10 November 1949) is an English media personality and author. She is married to Neil Hamilton, the former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton.

Hamilton and her husband have become prominent supporters of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), with Neil standing for a local council seat in the 2014 local elections. Neil Hamilton's application to become a European Parliamentary candidate for UKIP was rejected in 2013, though he had been elected to UKIP's National Executive Committee in 2011.

Early life
Hamilton's father was a GP in Ringwood, Hampshire and she grew up in the New Forest area. She attended Wentworth College, an independent boarding school for girls in Bournemouth and a co-educational Grammar School in Christchurch, Hampshire. She then studied sociology at the University of York and first met Neil Hamilton when they both attended a student political conference. In 2006, they released a song coinciding with the World Cup, "England Are Jolly Dee".

Career

MP's secretary
Hamilton spent many years working as secretary to various Conservative MPs, first Wilfred Proudfoot MP for Brighouse and Spenborough, then Gerald Nabarro, MP for South Worcestershire. She stood behind Nabarro as he spoke on the steps of Winchester Court after being cleared on appeal of a motoring offence. Hamilton worked as her husband's secretary following their 1983 marriage. Neil Hamilton eventually reached the post of Minister for Corporate Affairs between 1992 and 1994 in Prime Minister John Major's government. Neil Hamilton became embroiled in the Cash-for-questions affair, and the former BBC broadcaster Martin Bell stood against him for the Tatton seat at the 1997 general election. Bell campaigned as an 'anti-sleaze' candidate, and Christine Hamilton confronted him during a televised press conference on Knutsford Heath, which brought her to public prominence. Hamilton later described the confrontation with Bell as "...the making of me." The journalist John Sweeney later published Purple Homicide, an account of the campaign for the Tatton seat. Neil Hamilton's later failure in a libel case against the Egyptian businessman, Mohamed Al-Fayed, would lead to her husband's bankruptcy. Their home in Nether Alderley, Cheshire was sold to the market for £1.25 million.

Entertainment personality
After Hamilton's electoral defeat, Christine and her husband appeared together on the satirical BBC quiz show Have I Got News for You, on 9 May 1997, an appearance that established her as a chat-show personality and she subsequently appeared on programmes including her own Christine Hamilton Show on BBC Choice where she interviewed celebrities who suffered some form of adversity, including Jonathan Aitken, James Hewitt, Bernard Manning, Ivana Trump, Paul Merson and John Fashanu. The Hamiltons were the subjects of an episode of Louis Theroux's 2001 documentary series When Louis Met....

Hamilton has described herself as a "media butterfly" and has appeared on a variety of television shows since her husband's electoral defeat. Hamilton came third in the first series of the reality television programme, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2002, and reached the final of Celebrity Masterchef in 2010. Hamilton appeared on Have I Got News for You in 2002 and taunted presenter Angus Deayton over recent tabloid revelations about his personal life.

In the theatre, Hamilton has appeared in pantomime in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford in 2002, as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Kettering Lighthouse Theatre in 2011 and has taken the role of the narrator for The Rocky Horror Show musical. Hamilton toured her one-woman show, Share an Evening with Christine Hamilton, in 2003, and has appeared several times in Eve Ensler's play The Vagina Monologues, including its 2005 West End run at Wyndhams Theatre, where she appeared alongside Jenny Eclair and Heather Small. The Hamiltons appeared at the Edinburgh Festival in 2006 with their show, Lunch with the Hamiltons, at the Pleasance Dome in 2006.

Hamilton was the face of 'British Sausage Week' in 2005 and the judge of 'Mr Gay Torbay' in 2009. Hamilton legally changed her name by deed poll to 'Mrs British Battleaxe' in February 2009 as a promotion for an online deed service company. She later regretted the decision.

Media commentator, presenter and writer
Hamilton has appeared on numerous topical television programmes including GMTV, Loose Women, This Week, The Alan Titchmarsh Show, This Morning and The Wright Stuff. Hamilton has also been a dictionary corner guest on Countdown.

Hamilton also interviewed successful women in business for the digital channel Simply Money, has presented programmes on Sky Digital's Destination Lunch, and stood in for Gloria Hunniford and Fern Britton on Open House and This Morning.

As a writer Hamilton published The Book of British Battleaxes in 1999, and an autobiography, For Better For Worse: Her Own Story, in 2005. Hamilton has also written columns for Western Daily Press and the gay magazine Refresh.

False allegation
Along with her husband, she was arrested in May 2001 by police investigating an alleged rape that was found to be false. Their accuser, Nadine Milroy-Sloan, was charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice, and in 2002 sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for making the false accusations.

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of York
English autobiographers
English journalists
English non-fiction writers
English television personalities
Writers from Bournemouth
Spouses of British politicians
UK Independence Party people
Mass media people from Bournemouth

Christine Hamilton


The Walls of Seville (Spanish: Murallas de Sevilla) are a series of defensive walls surrounding the Old Town of Seville. The city has been surrounded by walls since the Roman period, and they were maintained and modified throughout the subsequent Visigoth, Islamic and finally Castilian periods. The walls remained intact until the 19th century, when they were partially demolished after the revolution of 1868. Some parts of the walls still exist, especially around the Alcázar of Seville and some curtain walls in the barrio de la Macarena.

The walls originally had eighteen gates or points of access, four of which survive today: Puerta de la Macarena, Puerta de Córdoba, Postigo del Aceite and Postigo del Alcázar. The extant parts of the walls maintain an Almohad appearance, mixed with Classicist air resulting from restorations carried out in the 18th century.

History

Construction during the Roman Empire
The defensive walls were built in times of Julius Caesar, approximately between the years 68 and 65 BC, when he was quaestor of the city. This new fortification was aimed at replacing the old Carthaginian stockade of logs and mud. The walls were expanded and refined during the rule of his son Augustus due to the growth of the city; these were protected by cyclopean towers.

The remains of the materials this stage are only recognizable in the material reused in Caliphate period in the new Walls of the Alcázar of Seville.

In late 2021, for the first time, the remains of a section of the Roman wall of Seville were discovered. Today, these remnants are part of the dividing wall of a building facing Álvarez Quintero Street and another overlooking Plaza de San Francisco. The wall segment is 4.8 meters wide and has two different heights, dating back to around the 3rd century AD.

Expansion in the Islamic period: 9th-12th centuries

During the Islamic rule, particularly in the year 844, the city was razed by the Vikings, and the walls were burned down. After that the emir Abderramán II, fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba (822–852) rebuilt the walls, which were again destroyed by his great grandson Abd-ar-Rahman III, eighth independent emir (912–929) and first Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (929–961).

In 1023, Abu al-Qasim first King Taifa of Seville (1023–1042), ordered the walls to be raised again to protect the city from Christian troops, and between the 11th century and 12th century a major expansion that doubled the walled enclosure took place. The defense of the city was extended, widened and strengthened, expanding the space protected by the walls in almost twice its old surface. His successors, aware of the progress achieved over the northern Christian kingdoms in the stage of the reconquista, devoted themselves to strengthening their defenses, resulting in the final enclosure of the walls.

The gates of al-Andalusian cities were not built with the road axis but were angled to make it as difficult as possible the siege. Thus, the attackers had to cross several gates and courtyards before entering the city. From the heights defenders fired arrows and poured boiling oil on the attackers.

The Walls after the reconquista: 13th-16th centuries

After the Christian reconquest of the city by Ferdinand III of Castile in 1248, the Crown of Castile kept the physiognomy of the walls that had been imposed by the Arabs during its construction, and as was usual in the Kingdom of Castile, the successive monarchs swore the privileges of the city at take possession of it in some of its gates, always those of greater social or strategic importance, as symbol of power. In the Puerta de la Macarena swore Isabella I of Castile (1477), Ferdinand II of Aragon (1508), Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and his fiancée Isabella of Portugal (1526), and finally Philip IV (1624), while the Puerta de Goles did Philip II (1570), why it was renamed Puerta Real.

During the reign of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor carried out a major refurbishment of the public or royal gates of the Walls to integrate them into the widening promoted by the monarch in the cities and towns, in order to facilitate the transit of such common carriages in the period. These renovations affected the Puerta de Carmona, that the Puerta de la Carne, the Puerta Real, the Puerta del Arenal, the Postigo del Aceite, where Benvenuto Tortello made works in 1572, and Postigo del Carbón, which was moved from the beginning from the calle Santander until the end of it, as happened with the Puerta de Triana, originally on calle Zaragoza, which was transferred in 1585 farther north, at the confluence of that calle with de San Pablo.

Last period before being partially torn down: 17th-19th centuries

Eventually the military importance of the walls declined, and they were instead valued for the protection they offered against the flooding of the Guadalquivir river. They also had a commercial function, enabling the regulation of traffic passing in and out of the city. This facilitated the collection of taxes attendant on the movement of people and goods, notably the portazgo and the alcabala; it also became a sanitary barrier, used in the control of disease.

In the 18th century the gates were remodelled. The Puerta del Arenal was rebuilt, and a small chapel was opened on the right side of the Postigo del Aceite, where  a baroque altarpiece with the image of the Immaculate Conception (patron of barrio del Arenal) was placed, designed by Pedro Roldán; finally the Puerta de San Fernando was raised to the height of the Royal Tobacco Factory.

In 1836, during the invasion of Andalusia by Carlist forces, a moat with a drawbridge was dug near the Puerta de la Macarena in order to strengthen it; at this point the Walls were still intact. From the 1868 revolution onwards, the walls were demolished, primarily due to the growth of the city; a stretch of the wall of the wall from the Macarena to the Puerta de Córdoba survived, including seven square towers and one octagonal one, as well as some sections in the Jardines del Valle and near the Alcazar. Furthermore, the towers Torre Abd el Aziz, Torre de la Plata, Torre del Oro and Torre Blanca, once part of the walled enclosure, remain.

Gates and porticoes of access to the city

The access to the city was mainly performed by the called postigos and gates, which were of two types: royals or public, and private. The gates had its layered access, as seen on the Puerta de Córdoba, and lacked decoration. Between gates (puertas) and postigos counted the city with 19 accesses:

 Wall city gates

 Puerta de la Almenilla, of Almoravid origin was constantly reformed; also called Puerta de la Barqueta, it was in the calle Calatrava, in the plazoleta del Blanquillo.
 Puerta del Arenal, of Almoravid origin and rebuilt in the 16th century and in the 18th century; It was located at the calle Castelar with the calle García de Vinuesa.
 Puerta de Carmona, of Almoravid origin, completely renovated in the 16th century and demolished in 1868; was located at the corner of the calles de San Esteban with Menéndez Pelayo.
 Puerta de la Carne, of Almoravid origin and completely renovated in the 16th century; it was in the calle Menéndez Pelayo, up to calle Santa María la Blanca.
 Puerta de Córdoba, of Almoravid origin and reformed in the 16th century; located opposite the Convento de los Capuchinos, it is one that best preserved the original arrangement.
 Puerta de Jerez, of Caliphate origin; It was located at the west end of the calle de San Gregorio, towards the river. It had engraved some allusive verses to the history of the city.
 Puerta de la Macarena, of Almoravid origin and renovated in the 18th century; located opposite the Basílica de La Macarena.
 Puerta Osario, of Almoravid origin, it was located between calles Valle and Puñonrostro.
 Puerta Real, of Almoravid origin and rebuilt in the 16th century, also called Puerta de Goles; It was in the corner of the calle Goles with the calle Alfonso XII.
 Puerta de San Fernando, built in the 18th century it was the most modern; It was located at the height of the Royal Tobacco Factory.
 Puerta de San Juan, of Almoravid origin; It was located on the calle Guadalquivir, between the calle San Vicente and Torneo.
 Puerta del Sol, of Almoravid origin and reformed in the 16th century; it was located at the end of the calle Sol, and its name comes from the sun that had engraved on the lintel.
 Puerta de Triana, of Almoravid origin and rebuilt in 1585 further north, was torn down in 1868; It was in the current calle Zaragoza, at the confluence with the calle Moratín, where today is indicated.

Postigos (secondaries wall city gates)
 Postigo del Aceite, of Almoravid origin and very reformed; well known for being the place where it entered the oil; It is near the Correos building.
 Postigo del Alcázar, of Almohad origin, replaced the Caliphate tower-gate; It was also known as  postigo de la Torre del Agua, del callejón de la Judería or de la huerta del Retiro. It is located in the calle Judería.
 Postigo del Carbón, of Almoravid origin, it moved in the 16th century from beginning to end of the calle Santander,  formerly known as del Carbón, that took the name .
 Postigo de la Feria, also called postigo de la Basura, it was at the end of the calle Feria, corner of calle Bécquer.
 Postigo del Jabón, located in the vicinity of the calle Tintes.

Preserved sections of the walls
 Section from Puerta de la Macarena to the Puerta de Córdoba
This is the most extensive and best preserved section (with the exception of two postigo), includes the puertas de la Macarena and de Córdoba, the latter attached to the iglesia de San Hermenegildo, being this gate the best preserved of the Caliphate period; also it includes several towers, among which the Torre Blanca.
 Section of the Jardines del Valle
It is the second section of greater length, was hidden from view in the inside of the Convento del Valle, belonging to the order of the Franciscans, which was confiscated in the 19th century, being acquired by the Marquise of Villanueva who donated for the establishment of a school of religious of the sacred heart; that college disappeared in the middle of the 20th century, becoming some time later in the current Jardines del Valle (Gardens of the Valley).

Walls of the alcázar
It must distinguish three types of walls in the alcázar;
 • Of ashlar, probably recovered from the early Roman walls, visible near puerta del León area.
 • The areas of mud made by the Almohads, some visible, as in the calle Judería, and calle Agua and others that are not visible because these are hidden by buildings of Calle San Fernando -except in some that are public-. Parallel to the walls of the alcázar, was the walls of the city, whose remains were found during works of the Metro, leaving again buried.
 • Other rear walls, which close the gardens of the alcázar regarding the jardines de Murillo (gardens of Murillo).
 Curtain wall attached to the Torre Abd el Aziz
It is a small curtain wall, visible inside the shop of the building that stands next to the tower.
Postigo del Aceite
The third of the exterior gates of the walls that remains today.
 Section in the Plaza del Cabildo
It is a small section of about 50 meters, visible from the plaza del cabildo, as well as from the back street, includes a tower.
Section attached to the Torre de la Plata
This section includes the startup of the Postigo del Carbón, and part of the walls that joined the Torre de la Plata with the Torre del Oro. In this area, were discovered in 2012 the remains of a new tower, dating from the late 11th or early 12th century.
 Start of the Puerta Real
It is a small curtain wall at the confluence of the calles Alfonso XIII and Goles.

References

See also

 List of Bien de Interés Cultural in the Province of Seville

Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Seville
Seville
Buildings and structures in Seville
Roman walls in Spain
Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC
Buildings and structures completed in the 9th century
Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
1st-century BC fortifications
9th-century fortifications
12th-century fortifications
Moorish architecture in Spain

Walls of Seville


Puss in Boots is a main character in the Shrek franchise, also being portrayed as the title character and protagonist of the movie Puss in Boots (2011). He made his first appearance in the movie Shrek 2 (2004), soon becoming Shrek's partner and helper (alongside Donkey). In the movie Shrek the Third (2007), Puss helps Shrek find the heir to the throne of the Far Far Away Kingdom. The movie Shrek Forever After (2010) is primarily set in an alternate universe, where Puss is Princess Fiona's pet and has gained weight after his retirement. In the spin-off and prequel Puss in Boots, his origins are described. Puss also appears in the Netflix television series centered on him, The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015–2018).

Puss was inspired by the title character of the fairy tale "Puss in Boots". His design, created by Tom Hester, was based on real cats. Several characters were used as inspirations for Puss's characterization, such as Zorro and Indiana Jones. The idea of Puss as the protagonist of a film was explored after his debut appearance. Antonio Banderas voices Puss in the English, Spanish, and Italian dubs of the Shrek franchise. While he initially tried a high-pitched voice for the character, he and the Shrek 2 filmmakers decided on a tone that was deeper than his normal voice. Banderas said that voicing Puss was an important part of his career. Eric Bauza provides Puss's voice in The Adventures of Puss in Boots.

The character is well liked, with critics praising his depiction and considering him a source of comic relief. Reviewers have regarded Puss as a popular Shrek character. Banderas's voice acting has also been praised. Merchandise inspired by the character has been produced.

Development

Concept and creation
Puss in Boots is inspired by the title character of the fairy tale with the same name.

Voice

Antonio Banderas voiced Puss in the Shrek franchise. Banderas said that his initial motivation to voice Puss was that he enjoyed the movie Shrek (2001). According to the actor, he was chosen for the role of Puss because of his Spanish accent.

Reception

Critical response
Critical reception of Puss has been well liked, with reviewers praising him in the movies and describing him as "cute", "suave", "lovable", "charismatic", "feisty", "engaging", "legendary", "an instant charmer", "a natural-born star", "a notorious adventurer", the "suavest of swashbuckling cats", and "the world's greatest feline swordfighter". He was also regarded as "smooth-talking", "heroic", "honorable", self-confident, "passionate", loyal, with "humble" origins. Colliders Christina Radish described Puss as "charming and unforgettable", adding that he "was a cat destined for great things". Radish said that Puss getting his own movie was no surprise, commenting that the character has a "tremendous heart", and is a "much-loved fighter". Fantasy Magazines Andrew Penn Romine called Puss "equal parts rogue and hero", but Stephen Holden of The New York Times described the character as "this vain, spoiled, swashbuckler". According to Holden, Puss is not "as clear-cut a personality [in Puss in Boots] as he was" in the Shrek movies. IndieLondons Rob Carnevale called him a "cheeky feline swashbuckler" and Puss in Bootss "enigmatic central character". Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter described Puss as a "dashing little kitty centerstage", "ever-bold", and "a self-deprecating, sometimes bumbling but ultimately dashing swordsman". McCarthy enjoyed Puss's "vigorous physicality" in Puss in Boots. Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times called Puss "endearing", "dashing and fearless but also a tad reckless". Chrissy Iley of The Telegraph described him as "the world's most seductive animated cat". IGNs Andy Patrizio enjoyed Puss in Shrek 2, and Scott Collura of the same website said that Puss "remains dignified and cool" in Shrek Forever After despite his weight gain. The character has been regarded as a source of comic relief.

References

Fictional cats
Fictional characters introduced in 2004
Shrek characters

Puss in Boots (Shrek)


The International Association of students in Agricultural and related Sciences (IAAS) is an international non-profit and non-governmental student society headquartered in Leuven, Belgium. It was founded in 1957 in Tunis by 8 countries. At the moment it is one of the world's biggest student organizations and one of the leading agricultural student associations.  IAAS gathers students studying, majoring or researching in agriculture and related areas like environmental sciences, forestry, food science, landscape architecture etc. Its committees are spread in universities in over 50 countries worldwide.

Activities
The principal aim of IAAS is to promote the exchange of knowledge, information, and ideas among students, and to improve the mutual understanding between countries and cultures. To do this it organizes activities like seminars, working camps, international meetings, exchange weeks, an international exchange program, small-scale development projects.

Every year in July, a member country organizes the Annual Congress, which consists of sessions of the General Assembly and a seminar. During the General Assembly, all decisions affecting the association are discussed during working groups and subsequently voted upon. Furthermore, the participants take the chance of having such an international group to discuss in forums about (agricultural) hot topics together with their fellow students from all over the world. The seminar usually deals with a specific (agricultural) topic and includes excursions, visits, lectures, social activities, and a tour of an area in the organizing country.

Leadership
The main element of IAAS is the National Committees (NC) and Local Committees (LC), groups, and associations of students in universities all over the world working for the association. They organize and run activities like Seminars, Working Camps, Village Concept Projects.

The General Assembly (GA) is the supreme governing authority of the association. It gathers once a year during the Annual Congress and consists of delegates from all the member countries, which are appointed by the National Committees (a). Decisions are taken by voting, with each member country having one vote.

Major positions
President
The task of the President is to represent the Association to its external partners and to ensure that the whole EB functions properly.

Vice President of Finance
The VP of Finances takes care of the finances, grant application and bookkeeping.

Vice President of Communication
The VP of Communication keeps in contact with the members and takes care of communication matters within the association.

Vice President of External Relations
VP of Finances and VP of External Relations work closely together.

Vice President of Exchange
The VP of Exchange is responsible for the coordination of the IAAS Exchange Program. Since 2006 the Exchange Quality Board helps with the task of improving this important activity.

Membership
There are currently members of IAAS in the following countries:  Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d' Ivoire, Croatia, DRC, Ecuador, Finland France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Indonesia, Italy, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, United States, India, Zimbabwe and Panama.

Partner organizations

Professional partners
Interfaculty Committee Agraria (ICA), Partner
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Liaison Status
UNESCO, Consultative Status
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Operational Status

Student organization partners
In the frame of the Informal Forum of International Student Organisations (IFISO), IAAS cooperates with other student organizations in the field of project development, fundraising, and strategic planning.

History

IAAS was established in a decade in which nations all over the world were still recovering from the harsh devastation and suffering resulting from the Second World War. However, young people strongly fostered hope for progress, peace and stability. Students in the field of agriculture decided to come together and create a new international student platform by establishing IAAS more than half a century ago 1957 in Tunis, the same year when the Treaty of Rome has been signed to establish the European Community.

In this decade, students from all disciplines started to acknowledge their role as agents of change in society and decided to come together to share values. They realized that only by sharing diversity, they could really cooperate to build a better world, a world in peace, harmony, and freedom. Thus AIESEC, IAESTE, IFMSA, IVSA and IAAS have been established in less than one decade.

The early beginning
1954 The International Union of Students and the Romania Union sent invitations to students in agriculture all over the world for a meeting in Bucharest. It is the first attempt known of international cooperation between students in agriculture.
1956 In Paris an international week of study on agriculture took place. Students decided that UGET, the Tunis student union, would organize an international seminar on agriculture in summer 1957. The same year an international seminar for agricultural students was held in Norway.

Year of establishment
1957 was the real beginning of the IAAS, which was then called AIEA (Association Internationale des Etudiants en Agriculture) and had French as the working language.

Independent from the decisions made during the international meeting in Paris, the Students council from the Netherlands (NSR) also planned to organize an international seminar on agriculture from 22 till 29 June 1957. Around December 1956, NSR (Netherlands) and UGET (Tunis) got to know about each other's plans and this caused a conflict. UGET did not like the idea of having two international seminars so close to each other. However, several careful and diplomatic dialogues per mail, and a meeting in Leiden (the Netherlands) on 15–16 March 1957, resulted in cooperation and a tight friendship between Tahar Belkhodja (president of UGET) and R. van den Berg (president of NSR). The NSR decided to cancel its congress in Wageningen in favor of the one in Tunis and to cooperate intensively with UGET. It seems to be just an anecdote, but there are reasons to believe that this cooperation between The Netherlands and Tunisia was crucial for the continuity of IAAS in the first years. When the Dutch canceled their seminar, they asked all participants to come to the seminar in Tunis instead. This seminar turned out to be the founding World Congress of IAAS and Germany, Finland, The Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and of course Tunisia were the participating countries. A few other countries attended the congress as observers. Mr. Tahar Belkhodge (Tunisia) was elected as President and Mr. Fehr (France) was elected as Secretary General.

Also, the Dutch students were well prepared to organize a seminar in the Netherlands in 1958, which became the second world congress of IAAS.

Chronology of the annual World Congresses
1957 First International Congress in Tunis (Tunisia), foundation of IAAS (then AIEA) by Germany, Finland, The Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and Tunisia
1958 2nd Congress in Wageningen (The Netherlands), First to mention the exchange program.
New members: Belgium, Denmark, France and Sweden

Special event: The exchange did exist in two parts: The exchange weeks and training that were organized by IAESTE.
1959 3rd Congress in Vollebek (Norway)
1960 4th Congress in Rehovot (Israel); Topic: Intensive Agriculture
New member country: Israel
1961 5th Congress in Bern (Switzerland)
New member countries: Austria, Great Britain, Nigeria, Portugal
1962 6th Congress in Uppsala (Sweden); Topic: Agriculture and Cooperation
New member country: Yugoslavia

Special event: Executive committee of the association formed by the president, vice president and secretary general, working in headquarters in Leuven (Belgium), also Control Committee formed by four members and national representatives elected
1963 7th Congress in Brussels (Belgium); Topic: Belgian Agriculture

New member countries: Italy and Spain

Special event: the first issue of the JOINT, an IAAS Magazine edited by the Secretary General and a board; few issues every year
1964 8th Congress in Italy; didn't take place due to difficulties in the Italian Student Union
1965 9th Congress in Leeds (England)
1966 10th Congress in Vienna (Austria); Topic: Austrian Agriculture
1967 11th Congress in Rehovot (Israel); Topic: Agriculture in Israel
1968 12th Congress in Helsinki (Finland); Topic: Farming and Forestry in cooperation in Finland
New member country: Ireland
1969 13th Congress in Zurich (Switzerland); Topic: Special Problems in Swiss Agriculture
Special Event: first time a Responsible Meeting held at half term in Wageningen

1970 14th Congress in Denmark; Topic: Pollution Problems
1971 15th Congress in Stuttgart and Kiel (Germany); Topic: Higher Education in Agriculture
1972 16th Congress Oxford (Great Britain); Topic: The changing role of Agriculture in the developed countries
New members: Hungary and Poland
1973 17th Congress in Ghent (Belgium); Theme: Social aspects of Agriculture
New country: India
1974 18th Congress in Uppsala (Sweden); Topic: Underemployment - The Challenge for Rural development
1975 19th Congress in Langnau (Switzerland); Topic: Langnau in the Emmental Switzerland
1976 20th Congress in Rehovot (Israel); Topic: Agriculture in the Desert
Special event: Development fund created to assist member with fewer opportunities to attend our meetings, originally with support of the FAO
1977 21st Congress in Norway; Topic: Agriculture and Pollution
New member: Uganda
1978 22nd Congress in Helsinki (Finland); Topic: The Changing role of Rural Population
New member: Sudan
1979 23rd Congress in Nairobi (Kenya); Topic: The Role of Agricultural Institutes in adapting education for Rural Development
New members: Kenya and Togo
1980 24th Congress in Galicia (Spain); Topic: The Agrarian Extension and Training in Rural Development
New member countries: Liberia
1981 25th Congress in Warsaw (Poland); Theme: Agriculture and Food Production Today and Tomorrow
New member country: Zambia
1982 26th Congress in Copenhagen (Denmark); Topic: Farming as a way of living
1983 27th Congress in The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg; Topic: Intensifying Agriculture meets National and International Responsibilities
1984 28th Congress in Wageningen (The Netherlands); Topic: Wageningen, an International Centre of Agricultural Research and Education
New members: Ghana and Tanzania
1985 29th Congress in Austria and Switzerland; Topic: The agriculture in two Alpine countries and their International Relations
New member country: Egypt
1986  Congress in Egypt; was cancelled by Egypt
1987 30th Congress in Lille (France); Topic: French Agriculture
Special event: First time to mention the formation of permanent working groups
1988 31st Congress in Perugia (Italy); Topic: Mediterranean Agriculture: Marginal Areas, Typical Production and its Transformation
New member: Benin
1989 32nd Congress in Nairobi (Kenya); Topic: Agriculture, Underproduction and its Future Prospects in Developing Countries
New Member: Thailand
1990 33rd Congress in Gödöllő, Hungary; Topic: Cooperatives have the Future
Special event: WOCAs created as Working Camps aiming at linking the theoretical aspect of our academic education with more practical experience
1991* 34th Congress in Thailand; Topic: South-Asian Agricultural System: its problems and future prospects
New member: Indonesia (Candidate Member).
Special event: first WOCAs took place in Hungary and Portugal
1992 35th Congress in Belgium. Seminar in Belgium and The Netherlands.
New member: Indonesia (Full member)
1993 36th Congress in Brazil
1994 37th Congress in Slovenia and Switzerland; Topic: Challenges of Marginal Areas
New members: Guatemala, Armenia, Latvia, Croatia, Sri Lanka
1995 38th Congress in Denmark; Topic: Cooperatives in Agriculture-The Danish Way
New Members: Angola and Sierra Leone (Candidate Members)
1996 39th Congress in Indonesia; Topic: Tropical Agriculture in the Global Market
1997 40th Congress in Croatia; Topic: Food Security
New Members: Uruguay, Benin, United States, Ukraine, Belarus (Candidate members), Bulgaria, Paraguay, Yugoslavia (Full Members)
1998 41st Congress in Togo; Topic: Cash Crops and Agricultural dynamics
New Members: Zimbabwe, Senegal (Candidate members), Benin, Liberia, Mexico, Zambia (full members)
1999 42nd Congress in Norway and Sweden; Topic: Food and Health
New members: Belarus, Zimbabwe, Senegal (full members)
2000 43rd Congress in Mexico; Topic: The Water Issue
2001 44th Congress in Portugal; Topic: Sustainable Development
New members: Russia, Algeria, South Africa, Sri Lanka (Candidate Members)
2002 45th congress in Indonesia; Topic: Agribusiness now and then
2003 46th Congress in Belgium; Topic: Food Quality, a Challenge for North and South, in cooperation with the FAO
2004 47th Congress in Croatia and Italy; Topic: Culture, Tradition and Typical food: The Journey Through Mediterranean Agriculture, in cooperation with the FAO
2005 48th Congress in Togo and Ghana; Topic: Combating Hunger in developing countries: the role of Agricultural Research
2006 49th Congress in Malaysia (organized by IAAS Denmark); Topic: Sustainable Development – Environmental Protection and Agricultural Innovation
2007 50th Congress in Germany and Switzerland; Topic: Food Quality and Food Security – the challenge is ours!
2008 51st Congress in Belarus; Topic: Rural tourism as solution for employment, local development and environment: principles to practices
2009 52nd Congress in Mexico; Topic: Biodiversity now, Food for tomorrow
2010 53rd Congress in Indonesia; Topic: "The power of local resources to support food, energy and trade:food security, renewable resources, free trade"
2011 54th Congress in Macedonia; Topic: "Food identity"
2012 55th Congress in Belgium and Germany; Topic: "Face the Future! Agriculture from a Different Point of View"
2013 56th Congress in Chile; Topic: "Producing Food for the World"
2014 57th Congress in United States; Topic: "Farming for the Future"
2015 58th Congress in The Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy; Topic: "How to feed the planet?"
2016 59th Congress in Indonesia; Topic: "Plant your future"
2017 60th Congress in Mexico; Topic : "Mexico 360"
2018 61st Congress in Croatia (Zagreb, Istria and Dalmatia); Topic : "Croatia, a Tale of Land and Water"
2019 62nd Congress in Côte d'Ivoire; Topic: "Flying towards Agricultural Transformation"
2020 63rd Congress ONLINE; Topic: "Evolving in times of crisis: Stepping up our IAAS community"
2021 64th Congress Hybrid in Turkey; Topic: "From Soils to the Spoon"
 2022 65th Congress in Morocco; Topic: "Water Scarcity and its Effects on Food Security"

Former Executive Boards

Executive Board of 2021/22

 President: Festus Septian Yosafat
 Vice President of Finance: Abdullah Al Maruf
 Vice President of External Relations: Thomas Westhof
 Vice President of Communication: Eurike Junisa
 Vice President of Exchange: Andrea Calderon

References

Agricultural organisations based in Belgium
International student organizations
International forestry organizations
Scientific organizations established in 1957
1957 establishments in Tunisia

International Association of Students in Agricultural and Related Sciences