Dienoycus is a genus of dinosaur.  Dienocus is a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur.  There are one known species in this genus: Deinonychus antirrhopus.

Appearance

This dinosaur could be up to 3.4 meters (11 ft) long. It lived during the early Cretaceous Period, about 115–108 million years ago (from the mid-Aptian to early Albian stages). Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Oklahoma, in rocks of the Cloverly Formation, Cedar Mountain Formation, and Antlers Formation.  It had a large claw on its foot.

History of paleontology

Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of Deinonychus in the late 1960s changed the way scientists thought about dinosaurs. It caused the "dinosaur renaissance" and made scientists argue whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Before this, most people thought dinosaurs were big, slow, and looked and acted like modern reptiles. Ostrom told other scientists that Dienocus had a small body, sleek, horizontal posture, the same kind of spine that flightless birds have, and the large claws on its feet.  All this, said Ostrom, meant Deinonychus was probably very fast and caught its food like a predator.

Etymology

The name "Deinonychus" means "terrible claw."

"Terrible claw" refers to the unusually large, sickle-shaped talon on the second toe of each hindfoot. The fossil YPM 5205 preserves a large, strongly curved ungual. In life, archosaurs have a horny sheath over this bone, which extends the length. Ostrom looked at crocodile and bird claws and reconstructed the claw for YPM 5205 as over 120 millimeters (4.7 in) long. The species name antirrhopus means "counterbalance", which refers to Ostrom's idea about the function of the tail. As in other dromaeosaurids, the tail vertebrae have a series of ossified tendons and super-elongated bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance. Still, a fossil of the very closely related Velociraptor mongoliensis (IGM 100/986) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved laterally in a long S-shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could bend to the sides with a high degree of flexibility. In both the Cloverly and Antlers formations, Deinonychus remains have been found closely associated with those of the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Teeth discovered associated with Tenontosaurus specimens imply they were hunted, or at least scavenged upon, by Deinonychus.

Discovery and naming

Fossilized remains of Deinonychus have been recovered from the Cloverly Formation of Montana and Wyoming and in the roughly contemporary Antlers Formation of Oklahoma in North America. The Cloverly formation has been dated to the late Aptian through early Albian stages of the early Cretaceous, about 115 to 108 Ma. Additionally, teeth found in the Arundel Clay Facies (mid-Aptian), of the Potomac Formation on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland may be assigned to the genus. The first remains were uncovered in 1931 in southern Montana near the town of Billings. The team leader, paleontologist Barnum Brown, was primarily concerned with excavating and preparing the remains of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus, but in his field report from the dig site to the American Museum of Natural History, he reported the discovery of a small carnivorous dinosaur close to a Tenontosaurus skeleton, "but encased in lime difficult to prepare." He informally called the animal "Daptosaurus agilis" and made preparations for describing it and having the skeleton, specimen AMNH 3015, put on display but never finished this work. Brown brought back from the Cloverly Formation the skeleton of a smaller theropod with seemingly oversized teeth that he informally named "Megadontosaurus". John Ostrom, reviewing this material decades later, realized that the teeth came from Deinonychus, but the skeleton came from a completely different animal. He named this skeleton Microvenator.

Dienoycus


Veterans Park Amphitheater is a 2,500-seat amphitheater located in Albany, Georgia.  It is part of a sports, entertainment and convention complex that also includes the Albany Civic Center and Albany Municipal Auditorium. From its opening in the mid 1980s into the mid 1990s, the amphitheater was an anchor for two major annual events in Albany; River Days in the spring and Fall on the Flint. It is now primarily used for concerts and Memorial Day, Independence Day and Veterans Day celebrations.

Vietnam War Memorial
In 1989, The Veterans of the Vietnam War Memorial was built and placed at the entrance of Veterans Park. John Griffin, a Vietnam veteran and Purple Heart recipient, came up with the idea for the structure and constructed the design. The monument was carved from a 24,000-pound block of Georgia granite and lists the 42 soldiers from Dougherty and Lee County who died in that conflict. John Griffin says everything from the drafting and designs, to the materials, and all the labor was done by Georgia veterans who served in the Vietnam War.

World War II Memorial

On November 11, 2013, a large Veterans Day crowd overflowed Veterans Park Amphitheater for the unveiling of The World War II Memorial. The Albany American Legion Post 30 and the SOWEGA Veterans Coalition worked over two years on the project and decided not to put names on the memorial because they were afraid they would forget someone, so instead they listed all the significant battles of the war. Charles Nicholson, Post 30 Financial Officer & Project Officer, said the $19,000 massive granite monument (19 feet long, 11 feet tall and weighing 11 tons) was paid for with donations. "America has celebrated Veterans Day since 1919," Albany Mayor Dorothy Hubbard said during the dedication ceremony. "But we are here to celebrate the men and women who served, fought and died for our freedoms in World War II. This monument will stand as a reminder to the people of Southwest Georgia that the sacrifices of the men and women who served will not be forgotten."

References

External links
Albany Convention & Visitors Bureau
dtownAlbany.com
albanygeorgia.biz
exploregeorgia.org

Amphitheaters in the United States
Tourist attractions in Albany, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Albany, Georgia

Veterans Park Amphitheater


Heinrich Finkelstein (31 July 1865 in Leipzig, Germany – 28 January 1942 in Santiago de Chile), was a German Jewish pediatrician and a pioneer in pediatric nutrition.

Life
His father was a businessman and the head of the local Jewish community in Leipzig. Heinrich studied first Natural Sciences in Munich and Leipzig, and eventually awarded a Ph.D. in Geology. Only then he began the study of Medicine, graduating in 1893.

Career
He chose to specialize in Pediatrics under Prof. Otto Heubner, following him from Leipzig to Berlin, where Heubner had been appointed as the first professor of Pediatrics at the Charité. From 1901 to 1918 Finkelstein was the assistant medical director of the Berlin Asylum Kürassierstraße for Children and the Municipal Orphanage, where he combined medical skills with social commitment.

In 1910 Finkelstein, together with Langstein, von Pfaundler, von Pirquet, and Salge, founded the Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde.

In 1918, after the death of Adolf Aron Baginsky, he was appointed Medical Director of the Emperor and Empress Frederick Children's Hospital in Berlin. His scientific work was mainly on eating disorders, skin diseases and birth-related damage to the newborn.

As medical director of the Emperor and Empress Frederick Children's Hospital, Finkelstein reduced the infant mortality rate to 4.3%, a value not to be exceeded in Germany until many decades later. His idea of a comprehensive public infant care was ahead of time, some of which was not realized until decades later. In 1905 he called for inter alia the extension of the statutory care for working pregnant women and new mothers, the introduction of an appropriate rest period before and after delivery, the free distribution of a "perfect" baby milk to the poor and the establishment of infant homes. Together with Ludwig Ferdinand Meyer, he developed the first artificial milk protein milk, thus saving the life of thousands  of infants who suffered from eating disorders.
Although respected and honored internationally as a pediatrician, being a Jew, he never received an Ordinary professorship and was only a lecturer at the Berlin University.
On 1 March 1933, shortly before the Nazis gained power, he retired. But in 1935, he lost his teaching position and license to practice medicine. In 1936 he was invited as visiting professor to Chicago but soon returned to Berlin to be near his sister, his only family (he never married).

The November pogrom of 1938 led him to leave Germany for good. Heinrich Finkelstein immigrated to Chile, but he was too old and too sick to start again from scratch. Salvador Allende, who later became Chile's president, was then the health minister, and put him an honorary pension which was withdrawn shortly after the fall of the government. Colleagues from the University of Santiago procured him a pro forma appointment as doorman to the Hospital, which secured him his daily bread. Nevertheless, in difficult cases, he kept being called as a consultant.

Finkelstein's wrote a book on infant diseases (Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten) that was printed both in German and Spanish, in which he summarized his experience and his vision of a holistic medicine. This work became a standard reference textbook for generations of pediatricians in Europe and Latin America, well into the postwar period.

On 28 January 1942 Heinrich Finkelstein died in Santiago de Chile.

Works
Heinrich Finkelstein: Der Laubenstein bei Hohen-Aschau. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Brachiopodenfacies des unteren alpinen Doggers. Dissertation, München 1888. (Auch in: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie. Beilageband VI)
Heinrich Finkelstein: Die durch Geburtstraumen hervorgerufenen Krankheiten des Säuglings. Fischers Medizinische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1902 (Berliner Klinik, Heft 168)
Heinrich Finkelstein: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten. Privatdruck, Fischers Medizinische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1903–1912
Louis Ballin, Heinrich Finkelstein: Die Waisensäuglinge Berlins und ihre Verpflegung im Städtischen Kinderasyl. Ein Beitrag zu Fragen der Anstaltsbehandlung von Säuglingen. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin, Wien 1904
Heinrich Finkelstein: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten. Verlag H. Kornfeld, Berlin 1905–1912
Heinrich Finkelstein, Ludwig F. Meyer: Über Eiweißmilch. Ein Beitrag zum Problem der künstlichen Ernährung. Karger, Berlin 1910 in  Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde. Bd. 71, der dritten Folge 21. Bd.)
Heinrich Finkelstein; Eugen Emanuel Galewsky; Ludwig Halberstaedter (Hrsg.): Hautkrankheiten und Syphilis im Säuglings- und Kindesalter. Ein Atlas. J. Springer, Berlin, 1922
Heinrich Finkelstein; Ferdinand Rohr: Die Behandlung der tuberkulösen Bauchfellerkrankungen im Kindesalter. Halle a. S. 1922–1923 (Sammlung zwangloser Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten. Band 8,1)
Heinrich Finkelstein: Lehrbuch der Säuglingskrankheiten. 3., vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage, Julius Springer, Berlin 1924
Heinrich Finkelstein: Der gesunde Säugling. Safari Verlag, Berlin o.J. [um 1930]
Heinrich Finkelstein: Säuglingskrankheiten. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1938
Heinrich Finkelstein: Tratado de las enfermedades del lactante. Ed. Labor, Barcelona; Madrid; Buenos Aires; Rio de Janeiro 1941

Sources
 Wunderlich P.: Heinrich Finkelstein (1865–1942)--pediatrician and pioneer in social pediatrics. A biographical sketch]. Kinderarztl Prax. 1990 Nov;58(11):587-92.Article in German
 Robert J. Karp, MD; Sabine Chlosta, MD: Failure to Thrive: Recalling Milton Levine and Heinrich Finkelstein Pediatric Annals November 2008
 I. A. A.: HEINRICH FINKELSTEIN, M.D. 1865–1942 Obituaries | March 1942 Am J Dis Child. 1942;63(3):582.
 Biography in the website of the Charite Hospital

Reflist

External links

1865 births
1942 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Chile
German pediatricians
Jewish scientists
19th-century German Jews

Heinrich Finkelstein


Alex Kipchirchir Rono (born 26 November 1984 in Sergoit, Uasin Gishu District) is a  middle distance runner from Kenya.

Career

He graduated from Litein High School. He played football and basketball when still at school and did not take up athletics until December 2001, when he met Moses Tanui who persuaded him to become runner. Only seven months later he became World Junior Champion, in his first race outside Kenya. Before becoming a full-time athlete, he served as a waiter at his uncle's food cafe in Chepkanga, Uasing Gishu District.

In 2002, Kipchirchir won the 800 metres at the World Junior Championships in Kingston, Jamaica. In 2003 set a new one mile Junior World Record of 3:50.25 in Rieti, Italy. The record was broken by William Biwott Tanui in 2009. Kipchirchir finished fourth in Kenyan trials for 2003 World Championships  2004 Olympics, missing both events narrowly. On the other hand, both year he finished second at the IAAF World Athletics Final. He represented Kenya at the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland where he finished seventh in the 1500 metres final.

His breakthrough year was 2006, in which he won several titles. On 23 March, he won the men's 800 metres event at the 2006 Commonwealth Games with a time of 1 minute, 45.88  seconds.
On 26 April, he was part of the world record squad in the distance medley relay, running a 3:52.8 final (1600m) leg.
In August, he completed an 800 and 1500 metres double at the 2006 African Championships in Athletics in Bambous, Mauritius.

Kipchirchir was awarded the 2006 Kenyan Sportsman of the Year award.

After 2006 he has been unable to match his earlier performances. In May 2010 he returned to competition after a nearly two-year break caused by a hamstring injury.

He is managed by Federico Rosa and coached by David Leting and John Cook.

References

External links

 IAAF, September 20, 2006: Focus on Africa - Alex Kipchirchir
 Rosa & Associati profile
 The Standard, August 27, 2006: Kipchirchir's rise to millionaire at 22

1984 births
Living people
Kenyan male middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Kenya
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games

Alex Kipchirchir


Piazza Piave is a square on the viali di Circonvallazione in Florence, Italy. It marks the eastern boundary of the historic city centre on the north bank of the river Arno. At its centre is the Torre della Zecca Vecchia. It marks the junction between five traffic arteries - the Lungarno della Zecca Vecchia, the Lungarno Pecori Giraldi, the viale della Giovine Italia, via dei Malcontenti and via Tripoli. Inside the city wall, at the junction between via Tripoli and via dei Malcontenti, the square widens - this space is recorded on the carta del Buonsignori (1565) as the "Sepolture dei Giudei" or Jewish Cemetery. It was known as the Piazza della Zecca Vecchia until 1919, when it was renamed in honour of the Battle of Piave River.

Piave

Piazza Piave


Elbow Pass is the mountain pass between the Highwood and Elbow areas in Kananaskis Country, Alberta, Canada.  It contains Elbow Lake which is the headwaters of the Elbow River.

The pass is formed between Mount Rae of the Misty Range and Gap Mountain of the South Banff Ranges.

Good hiking and mountain biking routes connect the Little Elbow recreation area at the end of Highway 66 to the Highwood Pass area on Bighorn Highway.

External links
Peakfinder. Elbow Pass

Kananaskis Improvement District
Mountain passes of Alberta

Elbow Pass


The Best of Sammy Hagar is a Sammy Hagar compilation album.

Song information
This compilation marks the first CD release of Sammy's 1979 cover of Otis Redding's "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay". That recording was released as a single and not included on Sammy's 1980 follow up album Danger Zone. Producer John Carter had the track recorded in May 1979 with guitarist Steve Cropper, bassist Leland Sklar, and drummer Alvin Taylor. Later, he added Sammy's vocals with background harmonies by three then-members of Boston, with whom Sammy had just toured.

Track listing
 "Red" (John Carter/Sammy Hagar) - 4:57 (from the January 1977-released Sammy Hagar album)
 "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" (Steve Cropper/Otis Redding) - 3:02 (released as a 1979 non-album single)
 "I've Done Everything for You" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:25 (first appeared on the 1982 Rematch album)
 "Rock 'N' Roll Weekend" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:43 (from Sammy Hagar)
 "Cruisin' & Boozin'" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:07 (from Sammy Hagar)
 "Turn Up the Music" (John Carter/Sammy Hagar) - 5:46 (from the October 1977-released Musical Chairs album)
 "Reckless" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:34 (from Musical Chairs)
 "Trans Am (Highway Wonderland)" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:31 (from the 1979 Street Machine album)
 "Love or Money" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:57 (from the 1980 Danger Zone album)
 "This Planet's on Fire (Burn in Hell)" (Sammy Hagar) - 4:36 (from Street Machine)
 "Plain Jane" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:48 (from Street Machine)
 "Bad Reputation" (Sammy Hagar) - 3:32 (from Danger Zone)
 "Bad Motor Scooter" (Sammy Hagar) - 7:07 (from the 1978 All Night Long live album)
 "You Make Me Crazy" (Sammy Hagar) - 2:45 (from Musical Chairs)

External links
Lyrics from Sammy's official site. link
 www.redrockerdiscography.com

References

Sammy Hagar albums
1992 compilation albums

The Best of Sammy Hagar (1992 album)


The Theatre Nuovo Teatro Giuseppe Verdi of Brindisi, Italy was inaugurated on December 20, 2006, with a concert directed by Maestro Riccardo Muti. Since 2022 Maestro Stefano Miceli is the chairman of the theatre foundation.

Structure
The theatre is located in the city center of Brindisi, and has a surface area of 4500 square meters, and a volume of 40 thousand cubic meters. Along the bottom of the main hall (738 seats) are two tunnels (respectively 351 and 83 admissions). The total capacity is 1172 seats. The whole theatre is adapted to the needs of people with disabilities. The stage is one of the largest in Italy, being 25.50 m wide, 18 m high and 20 m deep.

References

Theatres in Apulia
Teatro Verdi
Teatro Verdi
Theatres completed in 2006

Teatro Verdi (Brindisi)


The Nokia Lumia 730 is a smartphone developed by Microsoft Mobile and branded as "Nokia" that initially runs Microsoft's Windows Phone 8.1 operating system. It was announced on September 4, 2014 at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin and released in October 2014. It is a successor to the 2013 Nokia Lumia 720 and marketed as a selfie phone.

Display
The phone has a 4.7-inch OLED capacitive touchscreen with a 66.0% screen-to-body ratio and a resolution of 720x1280 pixels (~316 ppi pixel density). The display features Nokia's ClearBlack polarisation filters and is protected by curved Gorilla Glass 3.

Operating Software
The Lumia 730 ships with Microsoft's Windows Phone 8.1 operating system coupled with the Lumia Denim firmware update. It is upgradable to Windows 10 Mobile.

Platform
The Lumia 730 has a Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 MSM8926 SoC with a 1.2 GHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU and a Qualcomm Adreno 305 GPU. There is 1 GB of RAM and 8 GB of internal storage; the latter can be expanded with MicroSD cards up to 128 GB in size.

Camera
The Lumia 730 has a 6.7 MP PureView-branded rear camera, sporting a 1/3.4-inch BSI sensor with 1.12 μm pixels and an Carl Zeiss 6-element lens with an f/1.9 aperture. The camera supports 1080p video capture and is complemented by an LED flash. The front camera has a 5 MP sensor with a wide-angle f/2.4 lens and supports 1080p video recording.

Many users reported that after upgrading to Windows 10, the front camera stopped being able to properly focus at normal distances, only focusing properly at very near distances. The problem was not fixed if one downgraded the unit back to Windows Phone 8.1. Newer builds did not solve the problem either once it appeared.

Connectivity
Wireless connectivity options include dual-band Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n, Wi-Fi hotspot, NFC, Bluetooth 4.0 and wireless screen projection via Miracast. Physical connectors include a Micro-USB 2.0 connector for charging and data transfer, as well as a 3.5 mm audio jack. The phone supports two SIM cards.

Other Features
The Lumia 730 includes a variety of sensors, including proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, magnetometer, gyroscope and accelerometer, as well as Microsoft's Motion Data activity tracker based on Qualcomm's SensorCore technology. Due to chipset limitations, however, it does not support passive voice activation for the Cortana digital assistant.

See also
 Microsoft Lumia
 Nokia Lumia 735
 Cortana
 Windows 10 Mobile
 UWP apps

References

External links
 Nokia Lumia 730
 Nokia Lumia 730 specification

Lumia 730
Microsoft Lumia
Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery

Nokia Lumia 730


Sir Walter James Womersley, 1st Baronet (5 February 1878 – 15 March 1961) was a British Conservative Party politician who served as Minister of Pensions during the Second World War.

He was born in Marley Street, Bradford, Yorkshire, the son of a carter. His working life started in mill as a 10-year-old, working half-time. He became a senior partner in a Grimsby firm of jewellers and merchants. He became Mayor of the town in 1922.

At the 1924 general election Womersley was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Grimsby constituency.  He served as a Junior Lord of the Treasury and Parliamentary Private Secretary to Sir Kingsley Wood. He was Assistant Postmaster General from 1935 until 1939. He was known as "Fish Womersley" for his championing of fishermen.

As Minister of Pensions from 1939, he was the only government minister to hold the same office throughout World War II, but lost his seat in the 1945 general election and was the last Conservative MP for the constituency of Grimsby constituency, until the General Election of 12 December 2019, when Lia Nici was elected as a Conservative. He was knighted in 1934 and received a baronetcy in the 1945 resignation honours. In 1946 he was awarded the Order of the Dannebrog for services to the Danish fishing industry and fishermen, especially during the War.

His daughter, Dorothy Moseley (1911–2003), was also active in politics, at a local government level in Market Harborough, Leicestershire.

References

External links

1878 births
1961 deaths
Womersley, Walter, 1st Baronet
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Mayors of Grimsby
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Great Grimsby
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
Politicians from Bradford
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939

Walter Womersley


Yair Auron (, Ya'ir Oron; 30 Nisan 1945) Holokost, soykırım, ırkçılık, modern Yahudilik alanlarında çalışmalar yürüten İsrailli tarihçi. 2005'ten beri Open University of Israel'da sosyoloji bölüm başkanı olarak görevini yürütmektedir.

Eserler
Jewish-Israeli Identity, Sifriat Poalim (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1993, 204 pp. (Hebrew).
The Banality of Indifference: The Attitude of the Yishuv and the Zionist Movement to the Armenian Genocide, Dvir (with Kibutzim College of Education), Tel-Aviv, 1995, 395 pp. (Hebrew).
Les Juifs d'Extrême Gauche en Mai 68, Éditions Albin Michel, Paris, 1998, 335 pp.
We are all German Jews: Jewish Radicals in France During the Sixties and Seventies, Am Oved (with Tel-Aviv University and Ben-Gurion University), Tel-Aviv, 1999, 288 pp. (Hebrew, translation of the French edition, with revisions).
The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2000, 405 pp. (translation of the Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations). Second Edition, Transaction Publishers, 2001; Third Edition, 2003.
The Banality of Denial, Transaction, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, 2003, 338 pp.
Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide, Maba, Tel Aviv, 2005 (Hebrew edition, with revisions and adaptations).
The Pain of Knowledge - Holocaust and Genocide issues in Education, Transaction, New Brunswick, 2005. A German edition was published by Der Schmerz des Wissens, Lich/Hessen, 2005.

1945 doğumlular
İsrailli tarihçiler
İsrailli akademisyenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

Yair Auron


Robert Ward Duggan (January 27, 1926 – March 5, 1974) served as Allegheny County District Attorney in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for a decade, from January 1964 until his shooting death under mysterious circumstances in March 1974. He had been under investigation by then-United States District Attorney Richard Thornburgh for corruption.

Early life and family
Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Duggan was the son of Blanche and Frank L. Duggan. His father was the president of Consolidated Ice Company and at one time was the president of the Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce. He had two brothers, Frank Jr. and John.

He was educated at the Shady Side Academy. After graduating from high school in 1944, he enlisted in the Air Force and spent the remainder of World War II in the aviation cadet training program. Following the war, he attended the University of Pennsylvania for an undergraduate degree and earned his law degree from the University of Pittsburgh.

He married his longtime partner, socialite Cordelia Scaife May, an heiress to the Mellon fortune, on August 23, 1973 in Las Vegas.

Career
Duggan was elected Allegheny County District Attorney in 1964, and re-elected in 1967 and 1971. During Duggan's 10-year tenure as DA there were few prosecutions for gambling. Duggan's predecessor in the DA's office was Democrat Edward "Easy Going Eddie" Boyle. Unlike his predecessor, Duggan was born to an affluent family, with an estate in nearby Ligonier Township, Westmoreland County.

Indictment
In Duggan's third term as D.A., the Internal Revenue Service and Richard Thornburgh, then-United States Attorney for Western Pennsylvania (and later Governor of Pennsylvania and United States Attorney General), opened investigations into Duggan's sources of income and relations with criminal elements.

Thornburgh obtained an indictment on March 5, 1974. That same day, Duggan was found shot to death on his family estate in Ligonier Township, victim of a shotgun blast. The body was found on the grounds of the estate; the shotgun was seven to ten feet from the body. Duggan, authorities said, apparently had been hunting before accidentally or purposefully turning the shotgun on himself. The Pittsburgh Press asked, "Was the law closing in on Robert W. Duggan so inexorably that his only escape was suicide?"

Upon hearing the news of Duggan's death Thornburgh told a reporter, "The terrible personal tragedy overshadows every aspect of this case. Anytime a guy perceives himself to be in a position that he thinks he has to take his own life, it's very sad. I've known tragedy in my own life. I know what it is."

Doubts emerged over whether Duggan had committed suicide given the distance of the shotgun from the corpse. "You don't shoot yourself with a shotgun with your shoes on," one investigator told me, pointing out that the barrel was so long only a bare toe could have fired the trigger.

References

1926 births
1974 deaths
Lawyers from Pittsburgh
Deaths by firearm in Pennsylvania
County district attorneys in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
20th-century American politicians
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pittsburgh School of Law alumni
Shady Side Academy alumni
20th-century American lawyers

Robert Duggan (attorney)


Danzig (February 12, 1977 – January 4, 2006) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who is best known as a leading sire. He was purchased for $310,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) by Henryk de Kwiatkowski at the 1978 Saratoga Yearling Sale. The son of Hall of Famer Northern Dancer and the most commercially successful sire of the second half of the 20th century, he won all three of his races before knee problems ended his racing career.

Stud record

Danzig was retired to stand at stud at Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky, where he became one of the world's most important sires.  He led the U.S. sires list from 1991 to 1993 and topped the sire list in Spain and the United Arab Emirates.

Danzig sired 188 graded stakes race winners and 10 champions.  His foals have earned more than $100 million in purse money and include Breeders' Cup winners Chief's Crown, Lure, Dance Smartly, and War Chant as well as European champions Dayjur and Anabaa. Danzig also sired 1992 Preakness Stakes winner Pine Bluff and is the sire of Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame inductee Langfuhr, who in turn sired Canadian Triple Crown winner and Horse of the Year Wando.

A leading sire of sires, Danzig sired Danehill, the first Thoroughbred in history to sire 300 stakes winners, while another son, Green Desert, has champions Oasis Dream, Ouija Board, Sea The Stars, and Kingman amongst his descendants. Danzig was also the damsire of Fusaichi Pegasus and Dancethruthedawn and was the grandsire of 2008 Kentucky Derby and Preakness winner Big Brown.  His son Hard Spun finished second in the 2007 Kentucky Derby behind Street Sense.

Danzig and his son Danehill were dominant bay sires along with another 17 of Danzig's sons: they would not produce chestnut progeny and only a grey if the foal's dam was grey.

Danzig was pensioned at 27 in 2004 and on January 3, 2006, was humanely euthanized due to the infirmities of old age. He was buried at Claiborne Farm's equine cemetery.

At maturity, he reached  high.

Pedigree

See also
Claiborne Farm
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
Northern Dancer
Northern Dancer sire line
Thoroughbred breeding theories

References

1977 racehorse births
2006 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Pennsylvania
Racehorses trained in the United States
Undefeated racehorses
United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires
Thoroughbred family 7-a
Chefs-de-Race

Danzig (horse)


A tent city is used to describe a variety of temporary housing facilities made using tents. Informal tent cities may be set up without authorization by homeless people or protesters. As well, state governments or military organizations set up tent cities to house refugees, evacuees, or soldiers. Tent cities set up by homeless people may be similar to shanty towns, which are informal settlements in which the buildings are made from of scrap building materials.

Environmental disasters and homeless people
Since Hurricane Katrina made landfall in August of 2005, the term has been used to describe temporary housing sites set up for Gulf Coast residents who were left homeless by the storm. Some of the tents that were built by Seabees and funded by FEMA are wooden structures covered by tents. With the exception of indoor plumbing, most of the tents have heat, air, and lights. The tent city can hold as many as 250 occupants. Displaced residents are only expected to stay for three to six months. In late December 2006, the St. Vincent de Paul Society in Saint Petersburg, Florida established an encampment on their property when dozens of homeless moved off of public land across the street from the society. In early January 2007, city officials noted city codes that prohibit living in tents and gave the society one week to evict the occupants of the tent city.

For travelers on The Hajj to Mecca
Every year, the Saudi Arabian government's Ministry of Hajj sets up a tent city to support Muslim pilgrims in the village of Mina, where the ritual Stoning of the Devil takes place as part of the overall Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. A tent city is also established annually at Mount Arafat, another essential stop during the Hajj . Because up to four million pilgrims may be performing the Hajj annually, the tent cities are densely inhabited with 20-40 people per tent. As such, fire and disease outbreaks are constant concerns. Since the late 1990s, Saudi authorities have started using fireproof tents to reduce the risks of a major fire.

Military uses
In the military, the term "tent city" usually refers to temporary living quarters erected on deployed military bases, such as those found in Bosnia or Iraq. Depending on the branch of service and the length the tent city has been in place, the living space may have most modern amenities. For sanitary reasons, military tent cities place toilet, shower, and laundry facilities at least 50 feet (15m) from living quarters. Also, tents are typically divided into clusters of 8-10 to prevent the rapid spread of fire, which is of utmost concern because of the tent and bedding materials.

References

Accommodations

Tent city


Playlist Live is an annual convention held in Orlando, Florida, and Washington D.C., primarily for YouTube and TikTok  content creators. The convention has been held annually since 2010. The convention has also been held in the New York tri-state area as well as Orlando and Washington. With its latest event in 2022, the 2023 Orlando event was cancelled due to "logistical factors" and it is unclear if the event will continue annually as scheduled. Notable content creators that have attended the event include Tana Mongeau, David Dobrik, Rebecca Black and Ricky Dillon. Content creators who are part of the Fullscreen multi-channel network, including MaxNoSleeves and Kristina Urribarres have also attended.

The program
Playlist Live's programming is divided into three different tracks: the Community Track, the Insight Track and the Industry Track. These track ensure that all attendees, whether they be fans, creator, or managers and agents, have something to look forward to.

The Community Track is best suited for fans of YouTube creators. The panels on this track consist of creators talking about various lifestyle topics. These topics include mental health, staying motivated and LGBTQ life.

The Insight Track is created for current and aspiring YouTube content creators. The panels are geared toward teaching guests how to make a living from making Youtube videos.

The Industry Track is for guests who currently work in the media industry. This track benefits marketers, managers, agents, producers, etc. This track goes in depth of the technicalities of the business realm.

References

2011 establishments in the United States
Recurring events established in 2011
Web-related conferences
Web-related events
YouTube

Playlist Live


Baron le Despencer is a title that has been created several times by writ in the Peerage of England.

Creation
Sir Hugh le Despenser I was a large landowner in Leicestershire, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, and Rutland.  He was appointed High Sheriff of Staffordshire and Shropshire in 1222 and High Sheriff of Berkshire in 1226 and 1238.

The first creation was in 1295, when Hugh the elder Despenser was summoned to the Model Parliament. He was the eldest son of the sometime Justiciar Hugh Despenser (d. 1265), son of Sir Hugh le Despenser I (above). The sometime Justiciar was summoned in 1264 to Simon de Montfort's Parliament and is sometimes considered the first baron. Hugh the younger Despenser, son of Hugh the elder, was also summoned to Parliament in 1314, during his father's lifetime, the second creation of the title. Both elder and younger Despensers were attainted and executed in 1326, extinguishing the two creations.

In 1338, Hugh le Despenser, son of Hugh the younger, was summoned to Parliament, the third creation of the title. He died without issue in 1349, and the title became extinct.

In 1357, this Hugh's nephew, Edward Despenser, 1st Baron Despenser was summoned to Parliament, the fourth creation. His son Thomas inherited the title in 1375. Thomas was created Earl of Gloucester in 1397, and in 1398, the attainders of the elder and younger Despensers were reversed, making him (in modern law) heir to the first and second creations as well. Thomas himself was attainted in 1400 for his part in the Epiphany Rising. Upon the death of Anne de Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick in 1449, claims to his baronies passed into abeyance, so that the reversal of his attainder in 1461 had no immediate effect. In 1604, the first creation of the barony was called out of abeyance for Mary Fane, the first barony by writ of summons to so be revived. When calling it out of abeyance, the House of Lords gave it precedence as if it had been created in 1264. Her successor in the barony was the first Earl of Westmorland, and the next six earls held the barony and the earldom together. At the death of the seventh earl, the barony again fell into abeyance. The abeyance was terminated for Sir Francis Dashwood, but at his death the barony again went into abeyance. Once again, the Sovereign had to terminate the abeyance, and the same was done in favour of Sir Thomas Stapleton, Baronet. The fourteenth baron succeeded to the title of Viscount Falmouth, and the two titles have remained united since.

The fifth creation of the title was made in 1387 for Philip le Despencer, great-grandson of Hugh the elder Despenser. The title became dormant on the death of his son Philip, the second baron, in 1424. One of his heirs was created Baron Wentworth, and the dormant title became abeyant with that barony in 1815, until its termination in 1856.

Parliament of 1264
The first of the family summoned to Parliament was called in 1264 by the rebel Simon de Montfort.  This is generally not held to have created a hereditary barony.
Hugh Despenser (justiciar) (1223–1265)

Barons le Despencer, first creation (1295)
In 1295, Hugh Despenser was summoned to Parliament.  This is held to have created a hereditary barony.
Hugh Despenser, 1st/2nd Baron le Despencer (1262–1326) (created Earl of Winchester, 1322)(attainted 1326)
Attainder reversed 1398; see creation of 1357 below

Barons le Despencer, second creation (1314)
In 1314, both Hugh the elder and his son, Hugh the younger, were summoned.  This is held by modern usage to have created a novel second barony for the son.
Hugh Despenser the Younger (1286–1326) (attainted 1326)
Attainder reversed 1398; see creation of 1357 below

Barons le Despencer, third creation (1338)
Without the attainder of his father or grandfather being reversed, the next generation was summoned in 1338.  By modern usage, this is held to have created a new title.  Any barony thus created became extinct on his death without issue.
Hugh le Despenser, Baron le Despenser (1338) 1308–1349

Barons le Despencer, fourth creation (1357)
Again without the reversal of the previous attainders, another descendant was summoned in 1357, by modern usage creating a fourth barony.  With the reversal of the attainders of Lord Hugh the elder (first creation) and Lord Hugh the younger (second creation) in 1398, the hereditary right to these earlier baronies vested in the holder of this fourth barony.
Edward Despenser, 1st Baron Despenser (1336–1375)
Thomas Despenser, 2nd Baron le Despencer (1373–1400) (created Earl of Gloucester, 1397)(beneficiary of the reversal of the attainder of first and second creations in 1398; attainted 1400)

The first, second, and fourth creations lay under attainder from 1400. The attainder was reversed in 1461, but the hereditary right had fallen into abeyance from 1449.  This abeyance was settled in 1604 in favor of Mary Fane, with precedence dating from the Parliament of 1264.

Barons le Despencer (precedence from 1264)
When the abeyance of the Barony le Despenser was terminated in 1604, Mary Fane was confirmed with precedence dating from 1264, though modern scholars do not accept that summons to the Parliament of that year created hereditary baronies.
Mary Fane, 3rd Baroness le Despencer (1554–1626) (abeyance terminated 1604)
Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, 4th Baron le Despencer (1580–1629)
Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, 5th Baron le Despencer (1602–1666)
Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, 6th Baron le Despencer (1635–1691)
Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland, 7th Baron le Despencer (1645–1693)
Vere Fane, 5th Earl of Westmorland, 8th Baron le Despencer (1678–1699)
Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland, 9th Baron le Despencer (1683–1736)
John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland, 10th Baron le Despencer (1685–1762) (abeyant 1762)
Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer (1708–1781) (abeyance terminated 1763; abeyant 1781)
Thomas Stapleton, 12th Baron le Despencer (1766–1831) (abeyance terminated 1788) (see Stapleton baronets)
Mary Frances Elizabeth Boscawen, 13th Baroness le Despencer (née Stapleton) (1822–1891)
Evelyn Edward Thomas Boscawen, 7th Viscount Falmouth, 14th Baron le Despencer (1847–1918)
See Viscount Falmouth for further Barons le Despencer.

Barons le Despencer, fifth creation (1387)
In 1387, Philip le Despencer was summoned to Parliament, by modern usage held to have created a hereditary title though none of his heirs were again summoned until 1529, when a descendant was called as Baron Wentworth.  Any barony thus created would have the same co-heirs as the subsequent Barons Wentworth.

Philip le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (1342–1401)
Philip le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer (1365–1424)
The barony became dormant after his death
Margery le Despencer (d. 1478)
Sir Henry Wentworth (c. 1447–1499/1500)
Sir Richard Wentworth (c. 1458–1528)
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Baron Wentworth (1501–1551) (created Baron Wentworth in 1529)
For further heirs, see Baron Wentworth; abeyant 1815.

Tree

Footnotes

Baronies in the Peerage of England
Extinct baronies in the Peerage of England
1264 establishments in England
1295 establishments in England
1326 disestablishments in England
1314 establishments in England
1338 establishments in England
1349 disestablishments in England
1357 establishments in England
1400 disestablishments in England
1387 establishments in England
Baron
Baronies by writ
Noble titles created in 1264
Noble titles created in 1295
Noble titles created in 1314
Noble titles created in 1338
Noble titles created in 1357
Noble titles created in 1387
le Despencer

Baron le Despencer


The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is a  wilderness area located east of Bend in Deschutes and Crook counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. The wilderness is managed by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Landscape Conservation System and was created by the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on 30 March 2009.

The area is known for igneous castle-like rock formations, harsh terrain, ancient Juniper trees, sagebrush, and extensive arid land.  Desert wildflowers, dry river canyons, and Native American pictographs can be found.
The blind iditarod racer Rachel Scdoris trained in the area, and the wilderness is home to the western terminus of the Oregon Desert Trail.

Geology

The wilderness is situated on high desert terrain and is associated with a volcanic rootless shield. This broad  volcanic shield issued lava from a rootless vent. The lava flow dates to about 80,000 years old and comes from a main vent further up the slopes of Newberry Volcano. This main vent was located near Lava Top Butte and the lava that came out of this vent travelled through the Arnold Lava Tube System to arrive at the current location of the Badlands. An irregularly-shaped pit crater at the top of the shield marks the site where lava flowed in all directions to create the Badlands. Lava tubes acted as conduits for the lava in some instances and are evidenced on the surface by tumuli, also known as pressure ridges. Soils in the Badlands were largely formed from ash associated with the eruption of Mount Mazama some 7,700 years ago.

It is the northwesternmost part of the Northern Basin and Range ecoregion, described as Pluvial Lake Basin, and shares many characteristics of the Great Basin.

Ecology

Native vegetation in the Oregon Badlands Wilderness have adapted to the less than  of annual rainfall.  Western juniper can live to be over 1,000 years old in the region. The oldest dated tree in Oregon – estimated to be over 1,600 years old – grows near the wilderness.

Other common plants found in the Badlands wilderness include big sagebrush, rabbitbrush, and various bunchgrasses, including Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass.  In the spring, the area blooms with a variety of wildflowers, including Oregon sunshine, dwarf monkeyflower, sulfur buckwheat, Indian paintbrush, and mariposa lily.

The wilderness is home to a variety of wildlife, including black-tailed jackrabbit, mule deer, elk, pronghorn, cottontail rabbit, coyote, bats and six species of lizard.  More than 100 species of bird live in the area, including golden eagle, sage grouse, and prairie falcon.

Administration and stewardship
The Oregon Badlands Wilderness is administered by the Bureau of Land Management, and is situated within the agency's Prineville District. Before the wilderness designation, the Prineville District's BLM Liaison partnered with outside volunteers to develop physical restoration projects. These volunteers later incorporated as Friends of Oregon Badlands Wilderness after having donated over 1,200 hours of work mapping the area, repairing trailheads, installing kiosks and signs, and removing obsolete fencing that was a hazard to wildlife. As of 2010, Friends of the Oregon Badlands Wilderness had used social media tools to organize over 200 Bend-area residents to execute these projects.

In 2010, the BLM approved the retirement of a grazing permit called the Lynch Allotment, which allowed cattle grazing on a  parcel adjoining the wilderness. The parcel is part of a region called the  Juniper Woodlands Special Management Area, and contains old-growth juniper home to deer and elk. The Oregon Natural Desert Foundation paid the value of the permit, roughly $10,000, to the compensate the rancher who previously grazed the parcel. The move was supported by adjoining landowners and the unanimous Deschutes County Commission. Because the grazing permit had limited demand and presented significant social and environmental conflicts, the Upper Deschutes Resource Management Plan  did not require the BLM to initiate a burdensome retirement process. According to ONDA, conflicts with hikers and equestrians contributed to the ranchers interest in retiring the permit.

The Prineville District of the Bureau of Land Management is currently developing a management plan for the area. The plan is intended to provide guidance for "preserving and enhancing wilderness values while offering opportunities for solitude and primitive recreation, as well as managing other land uses and activities".

Wilderness designation
The BLM designated the Oregon Badlands a wilderness study area in 1980, and proposed federal wilderness designation for the Oregon Badlands in 1989. Although there was popular local support for wilderness status in the years that followed, issues such as grazing rights and off-highway vehicle (OHV) access were subjects of contention.

Wilderness designation was opposed by the Oregon Cattleman's Association and a non-profit group devoted to trail access for OHVs. Among the groups that supported wilderness designation were the Oregon Natural Desert Association (ONDA), the Bend city commissioners, and a rancher named Ray Clarno, who held a grazing permit within the proposed wilderness area. Clarno, alleging that off-road riders cut his fences and left cattle gates open, promised to retire his grazing rights if OHVs were barred from the area. He followed through on this promise in 2005, when the BLM banned OHVs from the Badlands. ONDA estimated the cost of buying out grazing permits from a total of four affected ranchers at about $100,000.

The proposed and final legislation designating the wilderness area included provisions for land swaps between private and public holders. The Central Oregon Irrigation District, which was neutral on the matter of the wilderness itself, supported the proposed legislation because it would benefit from the land swap.

As of 1999, Oregon Senator Ron Wyden supported wilderness designation, and Oregon Senator Gordon H. Smith opposed it. Because the Deschutes County commissioners disagreed about wilderness designation, the Deschutes County Commission ultimately took no official position on the issue. The County Commission received 1,572 comments on the subject, with 75% of them favoring wilderness designation.

Polls of Deschutes County residents conducted in 2002 and 2004 showed an increasing majority support for wilderness designation. In the 2004 poll, 57% of respondents favored the creation of a wilderness area, and 28% were opposed. Wilderness designation was officially granted on 30 March 2009, with the passage of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009.

See also
 List of Oregon Wildernesses
 List of U.S. Wilderness Areas

References

External links
 Hiking the Badlands
 Badlands petroglyphs page 1 and page 2
 BLM Brochure and Trail Map (PDF)
 Oregon Badlands Wilderness Area - BLM page

Wilderness areas of Oregon
Badlands of the United States
Protected areas of Crook County, Oregon
Protected areas of Deschutes County, Oregon
Bureau of Land Management wilderness areas in Oregon
Protected areas established in 2009
2009 establishments in Oregon
Units of the National Landscape Conservation System

Oregon Badlands Wilderness


Hārītī (Sanskrit), also known as , , is both a revered goddess and demon, depending on the Buddhist tradition. She is one of the Twenty-Four Protective Deities of Mahayana Buddhism.

In her positive aspects, she is regarded for the protection of children, easy delivery and happy child rearing, while her negative aspects include the belief of her terror towards irresponsible parents and unruly children.

In both Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, she is venerated as a protector deity, but in many folk traditions is often recognized as a female demon of misery and unhappiness towards children and parents.

Iconography

The iconography of Hārītī shows similarities to the Greek goddess Tyche and may have been transmitted to east Asia through the influence of Greco-Buddhism. In Greek art, Tyche was depicted in the presence of children, carrying a cornucopia (horn of plenty), an emblematic gubernaculum (ship's rudder), and the wheel of fortune; she may stand on the wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate.

In Chinese Buddhism, Hārītī is also known as Hēlìdì (訶利帝) or Hēlìdìmǔ (訶梨帝母). In Chinese tradition, she is one of the Twenty-Four Protective Devas (二十四諸天 Èrshísì zhūtiān), a group of Dharmapalas who are venerated as protectors of Buddhists and the Dharma. Statues of this group (and Hārītī) are often enshrined within the Mahavira Hall in Chinese temples and monasteries.
Hārītī is a figure of the 26th chapter of the Lotus Sutra, and is especially important to Nichiren Buddhism. In Shingon Buddhism, she is named  or . Her iconography is based mostly on the .

In Japanese tradition, Kishimojin is an aspect of Kannon, the goddess of mercy, and she bears the epithets  and .

Narrative

According to a Thervada oral story popular in southeast asia, Abhiriti or Hariti was a yakshani woman born in times of Buddha Vesabhu. She is considered to be daughter of Mother Dhamma. Once in city of human realm, a Yaksha child was crying. None of humans were willing to get him stop because his brutal appearance. The innocent prayed to Mother Dharma. Mother Dharma looked at him with infinite compassion. From that compassion, Hariti was born. She came to the earth and lactating. One he stopped crying, she went to realm of Yaksha and gave the child to his parents. The king of Yakshas was very impressed with her. He proposed her for marriage and becoming mother of all asuras. She agreed with the permission of Mother Dharma. There are hundreds of stories about Hariti and her dedication to her devotee and respon for prayers.

Yakshas are usually live more than humans even for many kalpas. Hariti is considered as the possesser of mysterious wealth of the earth. She was steadfast in ethics, mindfulness, and wisdom. Her husband was the king of yaksha, the kubera. She had no children. Once she was dwelling in the city of rajgir where Buddha Shakyamuni was staying. In search of experience of motherhood, she started bringing unhappy human babies in her abode from Rajgir city where the Buddha Shakyamuni was staying. Consequently, victim mothers from Rajgir pleaded to the Buddha. Buddha went to the abode of Hariti and brought one of her kidnapped beloved children with him in his vihara. Hariti was devastated when she found out. After futilely searching for that little, she finally appealed to the Buddha. The Buddha revealed how she was suffering in the absence of one child, similarly, many of other mothers and families were still suffering from the loss of their beloved children. Hariti acknowledged that their suffering is bigger than her. She returned all the kidnapped babies to their mothers and again became steadfast in the Dhamma. Buddha taught her Dhamma rituals associated with upbringing of a child. Hariti started practicing universal friendship and compassion to all beings. Hariti declared that she is no longer a woman with no children, she is now the mother of all beings. Hariti promised the Buddha that she would protect and love children of all realms. She practices and teaches the four Brahma viharas to all worldly beings, for benefits of her children. Buddha hailed her as the Jagatmata or the mother of all realms. In Theravada, she is the supreme mother of all humans as well as non humans who hari(eliminates or destroys)(-ti) obstacles from their life.

According to another Mahayana myth, Hārītī was originally a rākṣasī of Rajgir at the same time that Gautama Buddha also lived there. She had hundreds of children of her own, whom she loved and doted upon, but to feed them, she abducted and killed the children of others. The bereaved mothers of her victims pleaded to the Buddha to save them. So, the Buddha stole the youngest of her sons, Piṅgala (in a variant version, the youngest daughter), and hid him under his rice bowl. After having desperately searched for her missing son throughout the universe, Hārītī finally appealed to the Buddha for help.

The Buddha pointed out that she was suffering because she lost one of hundreds of children, and asked if she could imagine the suffering of parents whose only child had been devoured. She replied contritely that their suffering must be many times greater than hers. She then vowed to protect all children, and in lieu of children's flesh, she would henceforth only eat pomegranates. Henceforth Hārītī became the protector of children and women in childbirth. In exchange, the Buddha gave her bodhi, which enabled her to withstand black magic and evil powers, and gave her the facility to cure the sick.

In the Japanese version of the tale, Kishimojin enlisted the aid of the  to abduct and murder the children of other families. In some variants of the myth, the Ten Rākṣasī Women are themselves daughters (or daughters' daughters) of Kishimojin. When Kishimojin accepted the Buddha's teachings, the Ten Demon Daughters did likewise.

References

Bibliography
 Langenberg,  Amy Paris (2013). Pregnant Words: South Asian Buddhist Tales of Fertility and Child protection, History of Religions 52 (4), 340-369
 Lesbre, E. (2000). La conversion de Hārītī au Buddha: origine du thème iconographique et interprétations picturales chinoises, Arts asiatiques 55 (1), 98-119

External links

Buddhism and children
Buddhist goddesses
Childhood goddesses
Chinese goddesses
Japanese goddesses
Rakshasa
Tutelary goddesses
Twenty-Four Protective Deities
Yakshas

Hariti


The masked ringtail possum (Pseudochirulus larvatus) is a marsupial possum of the family Pseudocheiridae. It is found in northeastern New Guinea in the Star Mountains. the eastern Central Cordillera, the Huon Peninsula and the northern coast ranges. Masked ringtails are arboreal residents of various forest ecosystems. They are sexually dimorphic and locally common. This species is sometimes classified as a subpopulation of P. forbesi; however, it has a separate range.

References

Possums
Mammals of Papua New Guinea
Mammals of Western New Guinea
Mammals described in 1911
Marsupials of New Guinea

Masked ringtail possum


Petrona Rosende (1797–1863) was the first female journalist in Argentina. She was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, but during Montevideo's occupation by Brazil she moved to Buenos Aires. She edited the feminist Buenos Aires periodical La Aljaba (which ran from 1830 to 1831). Its motto was "We will be free of men's injustice only when we no longer live among them." All of its 18 issues are now held at the Museo Mitre.

In 1835 she went back to Montevideo. On June 20 of that year she published a patriotic sonnet titled Al arribo de mi patria in the newspaper El Nacional. That year she also opened the Casa de la Educación para Señoritas.

In 1861 she was granted a state pension for her services to Uruguay.

On March 8, 2011, Uruguay issued a stamp with her picture on it as part of its Bicentennial Women Series.

See also
Feminism in Argentina

References

1797 births
1863 deaths
Argentine feminists
Argentine newspaper editors
Argentine women journalists
Uruguayan emigrants to Argentina
Writers from Montevideo
19th-century Argentine women writers
19th-century Argentine writers
Women newspaper editors

Petrona Rosende


Bełżyce  is a town in eastern Poland, in the Lublin Voivodeship, in Lublin County, and about  to the west of the city of Lublin. Bełżyce belongs to the historical region of Lesser Poland. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 6,290.

History

Middle Ages

Presumably, in the early 13th century, a minor royal castle was in the area of the present city. The building was transferred to local magnates, who provided ability to settle a town according to Magdeburg Rights in 1349. In 1416 town settlement process began and next year king Władysław Jagiełło gave an official document, allowing Bełżyce to improve. First, town was populated by farmers, craftsmen, merchants and alcohol producers. A wooden church was built and a Catholic parish of St. Paul's conversion was created. Since 1432, while two new privileges were acquired, major growth has been noticeable – representatives of four religions lived here together. Catholics and Eastern Christians as farmers, Protestant craftsmen, and Jewish merchants. Bełżyce was a private town located in the Lublin Voivodeship, later also in the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown.

Protestant domination
The 16th and 17th centuries were a period of Protestant influence in the area. Bełżyce became a Protestant, Polish Brethren centre of Lesser Poland. In 1558 a Catholic church was given away and transferred into a Protestant one by Andrzej Bzicki, the town mayor. The Protestant "regime" was so well developed that the mayor issued a directive to residents to take part in services under the punishment of fine or even imprisonment. In 1575, an intellectual religious exchange took place between Rabbi Jacob Nachman of Belzyce and Martin Czechowic of Lublin. The next two centuries were a period of permanent religious riot (with Catholic attempt to retake the church in about 1630), the Cossacks assaults while Khmelnytsky's uprising (massacre of Jews), fires and plagues of cholera and typhoid fever. A new Catholic church was built in 1670 (the old one was given back in 1654) and 113 years later there are no more Protestants in the town, as their church burned in 1783.

Partition period
In 1795, as a result of the Partitions of Poland, Bełżyce was annexed by the Austrian Empire, it became part of the newly established administrative region of West Galicia. Since 1809 it had been in borders of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw and since 1815 of Congress Poland, later forcibly integrated into Imperial Russia. The 19th century was a period of changes, as a castle was transformed into a distillery. In 1860 the city occupied nearly 950 ha with about 150 buildings. After the January Uprising, as part of anti-Polish repressions Bełżyce was stripped of its town rights, as it later turned out for nearly 100 years. Two major fires affected the city – first, in 1866, which destroyed 25 buildings, second, in 1913. The whole town was almost destroyed; residents formed a fire brigade. In 1917, 3666 people populated the town, mostly Jewish, as a result of the Russian discriminatory regulations.

Interwar Poland
Bełżyce became again part of Poland after the country regained independence in 1918. Administratively it was part of the Lublin Voivodeship.

World War II

During the invasion of Poland in 1939 the town was captured by the Nazi German Army. The Jews from Bełżyce and nearby towns (including Bychawa and Piotrowice) were resettled into a dozen or so houses on Południowa Street (now Tysiąclecia Street) in December 1940. Between 1940 and 1943 there was a ghetto, consisting of Jews from around Poland and abroad. It was called a transit ghetto. The Jews kept in the crowded area of the ghetto were decimated
by typhus and the terrible sanitary conditions. On May 22, 1942, 3,000 Jews from the Bełżyce ghetto were sent to Majdanek and Sobibor, where they were put into the gas chambers. Of the 2,100 Jews from the town, only around 35 survived the war. A Torah scroll from 1730 as well as both synagogues were destroyed by the Germans. The Jewish community ceased to exist.

Post-1945
The second half of the 20th century brought little improvements to Bełżyce city. In 1958 town rights were restored. In 1971 "Warmasz" (Warsaw Groceries Machines' Factory) company opened their branch factory in Bełżyce, later substituted by a creamery equipment factory "Spomasz".

Historic sites
 A castle that was built by the owners of Bełżyce in 1417, captured by the Cossack forces of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648, and, since Second World War, has been used as a dairy farm.
 A late Renaissance Catholic Church of the Conversion of Saint Paul with a Catholic cemetery
 Jewish cemetery established in the 19th century.
 The manor of Brzeziński family, built in the 1840s together with the park complex.

References

External links

 Official website
 Jewish community of Bełżyce on Virtual Shtetl

Cities and towns in Lublin Voivodeship
Lublin County
Lesser Poland
Lublin Governorate
Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Holocaust locations in Poland

Bełżyce


Barwick in Elmet and Scholes is a civil parish in the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It contains 23 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, three are listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, four are at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish contains the villages of Barwick-in-Elmet, Potterton and Scholes, and the surrounding countryside. Part of Bramham Park is in the parish, and in the grounds are listed buildings. The largest house in the parish is Potterton Hall, which is listed together with associated structures. The other listed buildings include a medieval cross base surmounted by a war memorial, a church and its former rectory, other houses, farmhouses and farm buildings, a road bridge, and a milestone.

Key

Buildings

References

Citations

Sources

Lists of listed buildings in West Yorkshire

Listed buildings in Barwick in Elmet and Scholes


The Doit W. McClellan Lustron House is a historic enameled steel prefabricated house in Jackson, Alabama.  Designed and constructed by the Lustron Corporation, this example is one of two in Jackson.  The other, the J. P. McKee Lustron House, is just around the corner from the McClellan Lustron.

Lustron houses were only produced during a two-year period, with 2,495 known to have been made.  Only roughly 2,000 of these are still in existence.  Many of those that do remain have been altered significantly.  Twenty Lustron houses are known to have been ordered in Alabama, although it is not clear if twenty were erected.  Only eleven remained in 2000.  Architectural historians with the Alabama Historical Commission believe that the two in Jackson may have been the first erected in the state.

The house forms part of the National Register of Historic Places' Lustron Houses in Alabama MPS.  It was placed on the National Register on February 24, 2000, due to its architectural significance.

History
Both of the Lustron houses in Jackson were erected in 1949 by a local Lustron dealer, J. P. McKee of McKee Construction Company.  An open house for both Lustrons was held beginning on April 16, 1949.  As of 2000, the exteriors of both houses were in near–to–original condition.  Both were being utilized as rental properties.

Architecture
The J. P. McKee Lustron House is an example of Lustron's "Westchester" 2-bedroom model.  It retains the original enameled steel roof, wall panels, and "zig-zag" support column.  Lustron houses came in four exterior colors, the McClellan Lustron is in the company's "Dove Gray" color.  The panels have since been painted over and changed to white.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Clarke County, Alabama
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses completed in 1949
Lustron houses in Alabama
Houses in Clarke County, Alabama

Doit W. McClellan Lustron House


KHMX (96.5 FM) – branded Mix 96.5 – is a commercial hot adult contemporary radio station in Houston, Texas. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and serves the Greater Houston metropolitan area. The KHMX studios are located in Houston's Greenway Plaza district, while the station transmitter is located in the Houston suburb of Missouri City. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KHMX broadcasts using HD Radio technology, and is available online via Audacy.

History

Early years
KXYZ-FM first signed on February 1, 1948, under the ownership of Shamrock Broadcasting. As typical of FM radio stations in the mid-20th century, KXYZ-FM was a simulcast of its AM parent, KXYZ. The station would stay on the air for five years and six months before being silent for about eight years, resuming operations in 1961, again as a simulcast of KXYZ's beautiful music format.

In 1968, KXYZ and KXYZ-FM were acquired by ABC; the new ownership subsequently changed KXYZ-FM's format to automated progressive rock, branded as "Love  FM". "Love" was formulated by ABC Radio for its FM stations around the U.S., including WABC-FM in New York City, KABC-FM in Los Angeles, WLS-FM in Chicago, KGO-FM in San Francisco, WXYZ-FM in Detroit and KQV-FM in Pittsburgh. All seven FM stations switch call signs to distinguish from their AM counterparts on  switched to KAUM in January 1971. When the national "Love" format was discontinued later in 1971, the progressive rock music continued, but with local disc jockeys, changing its moniker to "KAUM  FM". In the late 1970s, KAUM shifted from album-oriented rock (AOR) to Top 40 hits to compete against KRBE and KILT.

From July 24, 1980, through late 1986, the station operated as KSRR, first as "97 Star FM", and then again as "97 Rock."  It had an AOR format, using the infamous slogan "Kick Ass Rock 'N' Roll!", and a logo similar to WABB in Mobile. The new station featured morning radio host and KEGL alum James Paul "Moby" Carney and Matthew, with Hannah Storm as the sports announcer.  The station competed against the album rock format of KLOL and for a short period, KILT-FM.

In mid-1985, due to the merger of ABC Radio and Capital Cities Communications, KSRR was spun off to Malrite Communications in order to meet the FCC's ownership limits at the time. On October 15, 1986, the station changed call letters to KKHT, and the AOR format was replaced by a Top 40 format known as "Hit 96.5 KKHT". By mid-1987, heavy competition from Top 40 powerhouses KKBQ-FM and KRBE prompted the station to morph to adult contemporary. The station rebranded as "96.5 KKHT". In late 1988, Emmis Broadcasting bought the station.

On February 10, 1989, at 6 p.m., the station flipped to a new Rhythmic Contemporary format, with a focus on dance-oriented music, branded as "Energy 96.5". The station adopted the new KNRJ call letters on September 4. This format was a competitive response to two other local stations, KKBQ and KRBE, whose Top 40 formats reflected the increasing presence of dance club-oriented tracks (catering to a then-lucrative target audience drawn to the flourishing night club scenes along Richmond Avenue and inner Westheimer Road).  These competitors featured late-night, weekend live broadcasts from local dance clubs (e.g., Club 6400, The Ocean Club), where in-house DJs drew heavily from libraries of imported and small-label, extended-length modern tracks (which otherwise were seldom heard on most commercial stations).  By early 1990, KNRJ had partnered with the Tower Theater's Decadance to host its own weekend, late-night live broadcast.

In May 1990, Nationwide Communications bought the station. The station's ratings during this time were low and the new owners wanted to improve the numbers. In the station's latter months, KNRJ began adding more new wave tracks to improve ratings.

Mix 96.5
On June 25, 1990, at 7:15 a.m., in the middle of "Tonight" by New Kids on the Block, DJ Jeff Scott, in a bit, abruptly cut off the song and announced his discontent for the format, with he and some fellow DJs playing brief music clips to complain about before being heard throwing the tapes away. After that, KNRJ flipped to an alternative rock format.  The station kicked off with "I Eat Cannibals" by Toto Coelo, starting off a "Top 100 Best Alternative Songs of All Time" countdown.  The Alternative 96.5 re-brand was a transitional format, lasting roughly five weeks, and was promoted while a forthcoming format was under preparation.  A weekly playlist, under a makeshift Alternative 96.5 letterhead, was distributed to local retail and media outlets.

Then, on July 18, KNRJ began stunting with a 48-hour ticking clock countdown sequence.  A series of disjointed song samples were eventually interspersed into the sequence within the last 12 hours, most famously the opening to the song "Let It Whip" by The Dazz Band played first normally, then again in reverse. After the countdown concluded at 7 a.m. on July 20, a fictitious "teacher" conducted a "roll call" calling out the names of program directors from competing radio stations, asking the "class" to start their tape recorders and take notes as this "lecture" was to begin. At that moment, KNRJ's call letters switched to KHMX as the station changed formats to hot adult contemporary, branded as "Mix 96.5."  The first two songs on "Mix" were Steve Winwood's "Roll With It" and Taylor Dayne's "I'll Be Your Shelter".

General Manager Clancy Woods and Nationwide National Program Director Guy Zapoleon used the roll out at KHMX to launch other new Hot AC stations, branded as the "Mix" format.  The Mix brand tagline, "More Music, More Variety, A Better Mix", was commercially successful.  The formula for the "Mix" format was replicated through the 1990s and early 2000s in several other radio markets across North America and in cities as far away as Sydney, Australia by KHMX consultant Alan Burns. Around the same time, research expert John Parikhal, who also worked with KHMX, was helping PD Greg Strassell of Steve Dodge's American Radio Systems in Boston launch another Mix station known as "Mix 98.5", WBMX. WBMX was more of a Rhythmic AC and an early example of today's MOViN' format.  Another Mix station was launched a few months earlier in the Summer of 1989 at WOMX in Orlando by Nationwide Communications GM Rick Weinkoff and PD Brian Thomas, with help from Guy Zapoleon.

Nationwide sold all of its radio stations, including KHMX, to Jacor in October 1997. After a series of mergers, Clear Channel Communications acquired KHMX in early 1999. KHMX was broadcast nationwide on XM Satellite Radio from 2001 to the end of 2003, when a unique-to-XM Mix channel debuted.

On December 15, 2008, Clear Channel and CBS Radio announced a multi-station swap: KHMX and sister station KLOL would go to CBS Radio, while CBS Radio-owned stations WQSR in Baltimore, KBKS in Seattle, KLTH and KXJM in Portland, Oregon and KQJK in Sacramento would go to Clear Channel. The sale was approved on March 31, 2009, and was consummated on April 1.  After the sale of the station to CBS in 2009, KHMX tweaked its sound to include more Top 40/CHR currents.

On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and was consummated on November 17.

Morning shows
During its tenure as "Mix", the station has rotated through several morning shows, including Roula & Ryan (now on KRBE) from 2003-2005, Sam Malone (formerly of KRBE) 2005-2007, Maria Todd (also formerly of KRBE) 2009-2011, The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show 2011-2012, Atom Smasher (also a KRBE alum) 2013-2015, and Dave, Mahoney & DK (formerly of sister KXTE/Las Vegas) 2015-2016.

Dave, Mahoney & DK were let go from the station in December 2016. On April 5, 2017, it was announced that "The Morning Mix" would become the new morning show on KHMX consisting of former KKHH host Sarah Pepper, along with afternoon host Lauren Kelly and Geoff Sheen, formerly of KTKR in San Antonio, which began on April 10, 2017. Lauren Kelly, however, left the station in 2019. Mornings are currently hosted by Pepper and Jessie Watt.

HD radio
KHMX signed on HD Radio operations in 2006. 96.5 HD2 first carried a rhythmic contemporary - dance music format, known as "Energy 96.5."  Energy 96.5 was the moniker KHMX used prior to becoming "Mix" in 1990. After the sale of the station to CBS in April 2009, KHMX 96.5 HD2 and KKHH 95.7 HD2 swapped formats, with KHMX-HD2 becoming smooth jazz "The Wave", while KKHH-HD2 taking on the dance format and "Energy 95.7" moniker. "The Wave" would eventually evolve into a Smooth AC (a hybrid of Smooth Jazz and R&B music) format with an emphasis on Smooth Jazz.

In December 2016, "The Wave" moved to KHMX-HD3.  After a brief run with an album adult alternative (AAA) format as "Third Rock Radio", and nearly a year of airing a message redirecting Smooth Jazz listeners to KHMX HD-3, the HD-2 re-launched as Hard Rock-formatted "HarD Rock Radio 96-5 HD-2" on November 20, 2017.

The HD subchannels have since been turned off.

References
houstonpress.com | News | Mix Master

External links

1948 establishments in Texas
Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Nationwide Communications
Radio stations established in 1948
HMX
Audacy, Inc. radio stations

KHMX


Stephen Ivan Portman (born 1 January 1935 in Mount Vernon, New York) is an American conductor and pianist, educated also in Italy and Finland.

Portman studied the piano with Paul Wittgenstein in New York, in Rome at the Academy of St. Cecilia with Carlo Zecchi and then at Juilliard School with Sascha Gorodnitzki in the 1950s, and conducting at Mannes School of Music. He studied with Pierre Monteux and subsequently on a fellowship with George Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra. He moved to Finland and continued his studies at the Sibelius Academy with conductor Jussi Jalas in 1962–1964.

He held the post of Musical Director of the Opera Studio at the Sibelius Academy between 1965-1970 and then Conductor at the Finnish National Opera in 1969–1970, and at Oulu Symphony Orchestra 1970–1975. After which, he conducted opera in Gothenburg and Malmö among others. He's also conducted in Italy, Denmark, USSR, Czechoslovakia, South Africa and the USA.

In 1977, he moved the England and has conducted the BBC Singers and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra with Birgit Nilsson at The Proms. Portman is currently Honorary Patron of the Kent-based Caritas Chamber Choir.

He retired from active conducting in 1985.

References

Sources
 Otavan Iso Musiikkitietosanakirja 4, pp. 624–625. Helsinki 1978.

1935 births
American male conductors (music)
Musicians from Mount Vernon, New York
Living people
20th-century American pianists
American expatriates in Finland
American male pianists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Stephen Portman


James W. Hartzell (December 25, 1931 – September 11, 2010) was an American advertising copywriter. He created many successful advertising campaigns. He is principally recalled for originating the 1974 "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Chevrolet" campaign that Car and Driver and other publications have ranked as the best automobile commercial of all time. Car and Driver explained its pick of Hartzell's ad: "This was the game changer. It was to national television what the electric starter was to automobiles. It changed car commercials forever. It was the beginning of brand advertising as we know it and remains the best of it." Advertising legend David Ogilvy went even further, calling Hartzell's Chevrolet spot "his favorite commercial of all time, not merely his top car spot." In the 1960s, he also originated the "Ask the kid who owns one" campaign for the Camaro.

References

1931 births
2010 deaths
Writers from Pittsburgh
People from Grosse Pointe, Michigan
American copywriters

James Hartzell


Chiloglottis trilabra, commonly known as the long-clubbed wasp orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has two dark green leaves and a single greenish brown or pinkish flower with a dark red to black, ant-like callus covering most of the upper surface of the labellum. It is similar to both C. seminuda and C. reflexa.

Description
Chiloglottis trilabra is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with two dark green, oblong to egg-shaped leaves  long and  wide. A single greenish brown or pinkish flower  long and  wide is borne on a flowering stem  high. The dorsal sepal is spatula-shaped,  long and  wide. The lateral sepals are linear,  long, less than  wide and curve downwards. There is a glandular tip  long on the dorsal sepal, dark red and  long on the lateral sepals. The petals are oblong to lance-shaped,  long, about  wide and turned downwards towards the ovary. The labellum is more or less horizontal, diamond-shaped,  long and  wide with a black, ant-like callus surrounded by many stalked and stalkless glands occupying most of its upper surface. The column has narrow wings. Flowering occurs from December to March.

This wasp orchid is similar to C. seminuda which has a callus covering only about two-thirds of the labellum. It is also similar to C. reflexa but has longer lateral sepals and a smaller "head" on the ant-like callus.

Taxonomy and naming
Chiloglottis trilabra was first formally described in 1883 by Robert D. FitzGerald and the description was published in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign from a specimen "obtained on Mount York in the Blue Mountains". The specific epithet (trilabra) is derived from the Latin prefix tri- meaning "three" and labra meaning "lip". The type specimen happened to be an aberrant form having two extra labellums in place of two lateral sepals.

Distribution and habitat
The long-clubbed wasp orchid is widespread in moist parts of forest, mainly on the ranges in New South Wales. In Victoria it is only known from a few areas in the east, but may be more widespread because it has been confused with C. seminuda and C. reflexa.

References

External links

trilabra
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of Victoria (state)
Plants described in 1883

Chiloglottis trilabra


Hawthorn is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,  east of Melbourne's central business district, located within the City of Boroondara local government area. Hawthorn recorded a population of 22,322 at the 2021 census.

Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn, is designated as one of 82 Major Activity Centres in the Melbourne 2030 Metropolitan Strategy.

History
The name Hawthorn, gazetted in 1840 as "Hawthorne", is thought to have originated from a conversation involving Charles La Trobe, who commented that the native shrubs looked like flowering Hawthorn bushes. Alternatively the name may originate with the bluestone house, so named, and built by James Denham St Pinnock), which stands to this day.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 23,511 people in Hawthorn. 60.5% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were India 4.6%, China 4.0%, England 3.0%, Malaysia 1.9% and New Zealand 1.8%. 68.5% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 5.1%, Vietnamese 1.7%, Hindi 1.4%, Cantonese 1.4% and Arabic 1.3%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 38.9% and Catholic 18.8%. The median age recorded during this census period was 32.

Educational institutions

Hawthorn is the home of Swinburne University of Technology, which offers university and TAFE courses.

The suburb is also the home of a number of private schools, such as Erasmus Primary School, Saint Joseph's Primary School, Rossbourne School and Scotch College, founded in 1851.

The area gives good geographical access to private schools in Camberwell, Malvern and Hawthorn East, including Alia College, De La Salle College and Bialik College, as well as those in Kew and Canterbury, such as Xavier College, Carey Baptist Grammar School, Methodist Ladies' College, Ruyton Girls' School, Genazzano FCJ College, Camberwell Grammar School, Camberwell Girls Grammar School and Trinity Grammar School.

The suburb also contains good state-run schools, such as Glenferrie Primary School, Hawthorn West Primary School and Auburn High School. The area also gives access to state schools in nearby Hawthorn East; Hawthorn Secondary College, Auburn Primary School and Auburn South Primary School. Just west of Hawthorn (in Richmond) is the Melbourne Girls' College.

Economy

Glenferrie Road is a major shopping strip, with two supermarkets, all major banks and many chain and specialty stores. There are also shopping centres at the corner of Burwood Road and Power Street, in Church Street, in Auburn Road (the western side of which is within the Hawthorn postcode, while the eastern side is in Hawthorn East), the corner of Glenferrie Road and Riversdale Road and the corner of Auburn Road and Riversdale Road.

Hawthorn is particularly noted for the number, range and quality of its restaurants, many of which reflect the strong ethnic diversity of the region. There are also many nightclubs and hotels in the suburb.

Although mainly noted as a residential region, there is some industry in the area, particularly in Burwood Road, between Power Street and Auburn Road.

In the 12-month period to January 2020 Hawthorn reported a median house price of A$1.76 million for a three bedroom house.

Amcor and Orora are among the companies based in Hawthorn.

Public facilities

The City of Boroondara retains offices in the former Hawthorn Town Hall, in Burwood Road (near the corner of Glenferrie Road). This building is noted as a good example of late 19th Century public-building architecture. Boroondara City Council, Swinburne University and many other organisations maintain many important facilities within the city. These include sports grounds and other sporting facilities, public barbecues, infant welfare centres, youth clubs (including the Hawthorn Citizens' Youth Club, scouts and guides), churches of most denominations, etc. Hawthorn citizens also have access to nearby synagogues in Kew, East Kew and Doncaster and a mosque in Doncaster. The Bahá'í Faith also has a presence in the suburb.

Swinburne University hosts a makeshift musalla for Muslims, which is used on Fridays for Juma prayers, for both students and common people.

The suburb also has a number of public recreation areas and the suburb is noted for the number, size and quality of its parks, many of which still retain layouts that were first made in the 19th century. Hawthorn was originally a brick-making area and many of its parks are on the sites of former quarries, which were filled-in by them becoming tips and then parkland.

Transport
Hawthorn is serviced by two railway stations; Hawthorn and Glenferrie. It is also served by tram routes 16, 48, 70, 72, 75 and 109.

Sport
The suburb is the spiritual home of the Hawthorn Football Club of the AFL. It is also home to the Hawthorn Citizens, a junior Australian rules football team who compete in the Yarra Junior Football League.

Old Scotch Soccer Club are located at HA Smith Reserve and compete in the Victorian State League Division 2.

There is a Cricket Club, the Hawthorn Cricket Club and as well as a Hockey Club, the Hawthorn Hockey Club in the suburb.

The suburb also contains two tennis clubs, the Grace Park Tennis Club and the Hawthorn Tennis Club.

Architecture
Hawthorn expanded rapidly during the 1880s land boom when grand Victorian houses built in subdivisions like the Grace Park Estate spoke of an upper class suburb. High rates of home ownership, a plethora of noteworthy independent schools (including, from 1916, Scotch College), grand churches, and prominent sporting clubs such as the Grace Park Tennis Club, consolidated Hawthorn's status as an affluent area. Yet the outstanding opulence of residences like John Beswicke's Rotha in Harcourt Street was still the preserve of a minority. By the 1880s working-class families lived in single-fronted, wood-blocked cottages on low-lying subdivisions like those forming Melville, Smart, Barton and Connell streets. Many worked in Hawthorn's clay brickworks found principally in Auburn, east of the village and around the lower parts of Gardiners Creek. Hawthorn bricks referred to as 'pinks', 'blacks' and 'browns' adorned the polychromatic façades of many local houses. During the depression, residential sections of Hawthorn were equally as run-down as those in determinedly working-class Richmond across the Yarra River.

Grace Park Estate
Grace Park Estate, Hawthorn is located on a gently-sloping site in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne and contains a residential subdivision to the north and public gardens and sporting facilities to the south. The residential portion of the estate contains three curved crescents, intersecting streets and Mary Street as the northern boundary. Streets are tree-lined and contain a fine collection of Victorian and Edwardian houses. A curved portion of open land runs through the estate, once the site of the Kew railway line.
Grace Park Estate, Hawthorn, consists of the roadways and public open space within the boundaries of Glenferrie Road, the Melbourne-Lilydale railway reserve, Power Street and the laneway between Mary Street and Kinkora Road; excluding land associated with the Glenferrie Oval Grandstand which is already listed in the Victorian Heritage Register as H0890. This site is part of the traditional land of the Kulin nation.

The 1884 Grace Park subdivision, which forms the boundaries of this nomination, was not completely realised. Instead areas to the south were unsold and acquired by the Hawthorn City Council and developed for public purposes in the twentieth century. The residential section to the north of the precinct retains the main pattern of gently curving crescents and perpendicular roads. Bluestone laneways remain largely intact and street trees have generally been replanted from the 1920s onwards. The bisecting of the residential estate by the Kew railway line had a large impact on development, necessitating the insertion of a cutting and the construction of bridges to enable the continuation of the crescents. The subsequent removal of this has left a wide reserve and altered the crescent pattern with the continuation of Hilda Crescent along the former railway reserve.

Invergowrie – originally Burwood or Burwood Hill (1850)
Built by James Palmer (later Sir) in 1850 and the original source of the name of the current Burwood Road. Mayor of Melbourne in 1846, he established the first punt to cross the eastern Yarra around the current Bridge Road area in 1842. The cost was said to be around the equivalent of 45 cents (expensive for the time) but it was very successful and assisted the development and sale of the original Hawthorn allotments. The house was sold after Palmers death in 1871 and subdivided by entrepreneur George Coppin to create the landmark Saint James Estate.

The Hawthorns – originally The Falls (1845)
Probably Hawthorn's oldest and most famous house, built of bluestone in 1845 for James Denham Pinnock (1810–1875), Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court, before there was a bridge across the river. His property stretched from Church Street to the river, between Denham Street and Lawes Street and was subdivided circa 1850. The homestead block, west of Calvin Street was acquired by pioneer squatter Henry Creswick, whose family remained there for 70 years. Its view was altered by the subsequent development along Creswick Street and Osbourne Court. In the 1856 electoral roll, Creswick's address was given as Hawthorne House. Both Pinnock and Creswick were leading members of the Anglican Church.

Governor Hotham Hotel, Burwood Road (1855)
One of Hawthorn's first hotels, it was constructed in 1855 and has been continuously operating for 157 years. Operated and owned by John Conran, the hotel was the site for many significant meetings that were instrumental in the development of Hawthorn. Important organisations such as the Boroondara District Road Board used it as a meeting place as they were responsible for the development of roads in an area of 5180 hectares (20 square miles). Now known as "The Hawthorn".

Grace Park House, Chrystobel Crescent (1858)
One of the most significant properties in Hawthorn, the house was constructed by Michael Lynch in 1858 on a massive parcel of 38 hectares (95 acres) bounded by Power Street to the west, Barkers Road to the north, Glenferrie Road to the east and down to Burwood Road in the south (where the original entrance drive was located). The house originally comprised 8 rooms but had grown to 18 by 1870 and after Lynch's death was occupied by Mrs Robert Colvin Clark's Ladies College in 1874. The Estate was subdivided in 1884 into the magnificent Grace Park Estate and lots were sold into the early twentieth century giving rise to its superb Victorian and Edwardian character. The old Kew railway line originally cut through the Estate in 1887 and the Barker railway station was on the northern boundary. The old train route is still easily discernible by the tract of parkland that gently curves through the streets.

Hawthorn Arts Centre
The Hawthorn Town Hall building was designed by John Beswicke, and opened with a grand ball in October 1889. In 1911, architect John Koch designed extensions and renovations, with a balcony in the hall, new decorations and a clock in the tower. In 1930 Stuart Calder designed additions–a new Council chamber, new upper foyer and entrance portico. Weekly dances (Saturday nights), debutante balls, concerts, wedding receptions, soup kitchens, immunisation programmes and more recently craft markets are just some of the activities which have taken place in the beautiful ballroom of Hawthorn Town Hall. Over 2012–2013 the Hawthorn Town Hall underwent a $17.9 million refurbishment as a key Boroondara Arts and Cultural facility, with new amenities, including meeting rooms, new art galleries, a gallery commercial area, exhibition and workshop spaces and a café. It was reopened in late 2013 as the Hawthorn Arts Centre.

Kawarau
The house was built as Warrington for Robert Robinson in 1891 and 1892. It had 12 rooms and 22 acres of land in 1893. Frederick John Cato (of Moran & Cato fame) bought the house and moved in with his family in 1895. The name Kawarau comes from the name of a New Zealand river. Much later it became "Stephanie's Restaurant" for some years. It is now occupied by Alia College. Frederick Cato's daughter wrote a book about the family. She contacted the historical society about names of Hawthorn streets. With the possibility of a brickworks on the north part of the original Tooronga estate, her father bought the property. It was partly subdivided as Tooronga Heights before World War I, with street names for family, friends and New Zealand place names, beginning with "B" for streets lying east and west and "L" for those lying north and south. In 1934, the present Cato Park was donated to Hawthorn.

Tay Creggan
Tay Creggan, 30 Yarra Street on the banks of the Yarra River, was built in 1892 and was perhaps intended by architect Guyon Purchas to be his own home. However, it was tenanted during the 1890s depression, then the McKean family before World War I and then by the Mortell family. Later, it was owned by the Roman Catholic Church and occupied by the "Ladies of the Grail" from 1939 until 1969. Now owned by Strathcona Baptist Girls Grammar School, it is used as a Year 9 campus. The roof and detailed chimneys were restored in 1993 and boatsheds built near the river. It is frequently rented out by the school to use the original hall for functions.

Christ Church
Christ Church Hawthorn, designed by Charles Vickers, is heritage listed by the National Trust of Australia. It is one of the earliest surviving suburban churches. The foundation stone of the church was laid on 19 November 1853, by Governor Charles La Trobe, who also donated the font in 1854. The organ and bell were presented to the church by prominent Melbourne businessman Sir James Palmer, MLA, who lived nearby. The church is noted for its elaborate wooden chancel screen and many fine historic stained glass windows including those by local craftsmen Ferguson, Urie and Lyon. The bluestone Gothic-style Anglican church is situated picturesquely on the hill at the corner of Denham and Church Streets.

Notable people
Notable people from or who have lived in Hawthorn include:
 Kenneth Grant Jamieson (1925–1976), a neuroscientist with particular interest in head injuries, was influential in bringing about state legislation in limiting drivers' blood alcohol and requiring motorcyclists to wear helmets.
 Joseph Fowler (1888–1972), established his eponymous company 'Fowlers Vacola Manufacturing Co. Ltd' at the corner of Power Street and Burwood Road in Hawthorn in 1920.
 Daniel Francis Murphy, grew up in Hawthorn prior to opening the chain liquor store Dan Murphy's in 1952.
 Harry Wyatt Wunderly (1892–1971), instrumental in the management and reduction of tuberculosis in Australia.
 Tom Gleisner – television host.
 Tom Allsop – VFL Footballer, grew up in and played for Hawthorn Football Club
 Noah Anderson – AFL Footballer, grew up in Hawthorn
 Simon Holmes à Court – Entrepreneur and founder of Climate 200
 John Gardiner (1798–1878) – Pastoralist
 James Frederick Palmer (1803–1871) – first President of the Victorian Legislative Council and Mayor of Melbourne.
 George Swinburne (1861–1928) – engineer, politician and philanthropist, founder of Swinburne University of Technology
 Percy Grainger (1882–1961) – composer
 Fred Williams (1927–1982) – artist
 Michael O'Grady (politician) (1824–1876) – Former Member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
 Hugh Trumble (1867 – 1938) - cricketer

Gallery

See also
 City of Hawthorn – Hawthorn was previously within this former local government area.

References
  (via Internet Archive)

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Boroondara

Hawthorn, Victoria