Goodbye, Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a school teacher, Mr. Chipping, written by English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934. It has been adapted into two feature films and two television presentations.

History

The story was originally issued in 1933, as a supplement to the British Weekly, an evangelical newspaper. It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little, Brown and Company, who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934. Published during the Great Depression, Little, Brown cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate and Little, Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month. Public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month.

The first British edition went to press in October 1934. The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton, who had observed the success of the book in the United States, and they released a much larger first print run. It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication, and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public's demand for the book proved insatiable. With the huge success of this book, James Hilton became a best-selling author. In 1938, he published a sequel, To You, Mr Chips.

Plot summary

The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher, Mr Chipping, and his long tenure at Brookfield School, a fictional minor British boys' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield in the Fenlands. Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom. His views broaden, and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine, a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District. Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield's pupils. Their marriage is brief. She dies in childbirth and he never remarries or has another romantic interest.

One of the themes of the book is that Chipping so outlasts all of his peers that his brief marriage fades into myth and few people know him as anything other than a confirmed and lonely bachelor. Despite Chipping's mediocre credentials and his view that classic Greek and Latin (his academic subjects) are dead languages, he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by pupils and the school's governors—he has become a well-worn institution. In his later years, he develops an arch sense of humour that pleases everyone.  However, he also becomes somewhat of an anachronism, with an antiquated pronunciation, and is pitied for his isolation. On his deathbed, he talks of the fulfilment he felt as a teacher of boys.

Inspiration

The setting for Goodbye, Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18). Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School. Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys (1900–30), who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly (in which Hilton's first short stories and essays were published.) Over the years, old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton, a master at The Leys and a historian of the school, confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie, who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82. Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby. Like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits.

Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie's death that "Balgarnie was, I suppose, the chief model for my story. When I read so many other stories about public school life, I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did, and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie." The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name.

In Hilton's final novel, Time and Time Again (1953), protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself. Early in the novel, Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing "Chips".

Adaptations

Radio

A 50-minute adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:00 on 23 July 1936, with Richard Goolden in the title part and a cast that included Norman Shelley, Ronald Simpson, Lewis Shaw and Hermione Hannen. There was a repeat broadcast the following evening.

A radio adaptation by the Lux Radio Theatre starring Laurence Olivier and Edna Best and presented by Cecil B. DeMille was first broadcast on 20 November 1939.

A radio adaptation by Hallmark Playhouse starring Ronald Colman was broadcast on 16 September 1948. Jean Holloway wrote the adaptation, Dee Engelbach was the producer and director, and James Hilton was the host.   A second version, told from the point of view of Mrs. Chips as portrayed by Deborah Kerr, was broadcast on 1 February 1951. Whitfield Connor was Mr. Chips, Leonard St. Clair wrote the adaptation, Bill Gay was the producer and director, and James Hilton was again the host.

A radio adaptation by the NBC University Theatre was broadcast on 9 July 1949. Agnes Eckhardt wrote the adaptation, and Andrew C. Love was the director.

Theatre

Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts, which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938, with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine. It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939.

A stage musical based on the original novel, but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film, was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982. The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie. Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips, Colette Gleeson as Kathie, Nigel Stock as Max, Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles, and 20 local school boys, including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic "School Song", which features on the original cast album which was recorded on the That's Entertainment Records label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17/18 August 1982. JAY-jay Records also have a release of it.

Film

1939 film

This version stars Robert Donat, Greer Garson, Terry Kilburn, John Mills, and Paul Henreid. Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the lead role, beating Clark Gable, James Stewart, Laurence Olivier, and Mickey Rooney. While some of the incidents depicted in the various screen adaptations do not appear in the book, this film is generally faithful to the original story. The exteriors of the buildings of the fictional Brookfield School were filmed at Repton School, an independent school (at the time of filming, for boys only), located in the village of Repton, in Derbyshire, in the Midlands area of England, whilst the interiors, school courtyards and annexes, including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains, were filmed at Denham Film Studios, near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire. Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film.

1969 film

In 1969 a musical film version appeared, starring Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark, with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams. In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded, and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades, with Chips' career beginning in the early 20th century and his later career covering World War II, rather than World War I.  O'Toole and Clark's performances were widely praised. At the 42nd Academy Awards, O'Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy.

Television

1984 serial

In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC. It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half-hour episodes. Many scenes were filmed at Repton School, Derbyshire, in an effort to remain faithful to the original film.

2002 serial

A television film adaptation was produced by STV Studios (then known as "SMG TV Productions") in 2002. It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS's Masterpiece Theatre in the United States. It starred Martin Clunes and Victoria Hamilton with Henry Cavill, William Moseley, Oliver Rokison and Harry Lloyd.

Parodies

Goodbye, Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace (as Piss Off, Mr. Chips) and Big Train.

Vince Gilligan created the television show Breaking Bad with the premise that the show's protagonist Walter White would turn "From Mr. Chips to Scarface" through the series' course.

In the Marx Brothers film At the Circus, as Groucho Marx is about to walk out of a scene, he shakes hands with a nearby caged monkey and says, "Goodbye, Mister Chimps."

In 2009, the short-running ABC sitcom Better Off Ted titles its 6th episode "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" wherein the computer system misidentifies then completely deletes the account of Ted Crisp, the main character.

See also

 1934 in literature
 To Serve Them All My Days

References

External links

1934 British novels
British novels adapted into films
English novels
Little, Brown and Company books
British novels adapted into television shows
Novels by James Hilton
Novels set in boarding schools
Television series by STV Studios
Works originally published in British newspapers

Goodbye, Mr. Chips


The Lubbock Hubbers were a minor league baseball team based in Lubbock, Texas, USA that existed on-and-off from 1922 to 1956. They played in the West Texas League (1922, 1928), Panhandle-Pecos Valley League (1923), West Texas–New Mexico League (1938–1942, 1946–1955) and Big State League (1956). They were affiliated with the Chicago White Sox (1938–1941), Detroit Tigers (1946–1947), Denver Bears (1954) and Baltimore Orioles (1956).

Over the course of their existence, they won multiple league championships. Their first came in 1923 under manager Sled Allen. In 1938 and 1939, they won back-to-back championships under Hack Miller and Salty Parker, respectively. They won their final league championship in 1947 under manager Jackie Sullivan. The 1934 team was recognized as one of the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time.

The Hubbers were a proposed team for the 2013 season in the Pecos League.

References

Defunct baseball teams in Texas
Defunct minor league baseball teams
Baltimore Orioles minor league affiliates
Defunct Big State League teams
Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates
Detroit Tigers minor league affiliates
1922 establishments in Texas
1956 disestablishments in Texas
Baseball teams established in 1922
Baseball teams disestablished in 1956

Lubbock Hubbers


Torredelcampo is a city located in the province of Jaén, Spain.  The village is located 11 km northwest of Jaén, bordering the highway A-316, at 640 meters above sea level . According to the 2006 census (INE), the city has a population of 14,076 inhabitants.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Jaén (Spain)

Torredelcampo


Young Harris College is a private Methodist-affiliated liberal arts college in Young Harris, Georgia, United States.

History

Origins
The school was founded in 1886 by Artemas Lester, a circuit-riding Methodist minister who wanted to provide the residents of the Appalachian Mountains with an education. The college was funded in part by production from an agricultural program, or college farm. Students who could not afford education were allowed to work on the farm to earn tuition.

Originally known as McTyeire Institute for the small village where the school was located, the college struggled for the first year until an Athens judge, Young L.G. Harris, donated enough money to keep the school open. The school was later renamed Young Harris Institute and became Young Harris College in honor of its benefactor, as was the surrounding town in 1895. A fire destroyed the college's main classroom building in 1911, but it was rebuilt by local townspeople and named Sharp Hall in honor of the college president at the time. The Young Harris Academy was founded in the late 19th century and provided a primary education for thousands of students until it closed after World War II.

Bequest
Margaret Adger Pitts, who died in 1998, left an estate valued at $192 million, mostly in Coca-Cola stock acquired by her father in the 1920s. YHC was one of four Georgia entities named to receive the yearly dividends and trust proceeds, approximately $3 million to each of the beneficiaries. The college announced that the money would be used for scholarships, improvements to the campus, and religious programs.

Transition
Since the early 1910s, YHC was a two-year school, granting associate's degrees. In 2008, the college earned its four-year accreditation through regional accreditation organization, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, and was approved to offer bachelor's degrees in biology, business and public policy, English, and music. In February 2010, Young Harris' accreditation was expanded to include communication studies, history, outdoor leadership, theatre, and musical theatre in the list of sanctioned bachelor's programs.

Presidents

Academics
Young Harris College offers Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in more than 30 majors and 22 minors. These academic studies consist of course offerings in seven divisions and programs, including the divisions of Education, Fine Arts, Humanities, Mathematics and Science, and Social and Behavioral Sciences; and three or more programs, including Interdisciplinary, Teacher-Preparation, and Pre-Professional programs.

The ratio of students to faculty at Young Harris is 10:1.

Ranking

In the 2023 U.S. News & World Report rankings of national liberal arts colleges, Young Harris College was tied for 185 of 185.

Athletics

The Young Harris athletic teams are called the Mountain Lions. The college is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Conference Carolinas since the 2023–24 academic year. The Mountain Lions previously competed in the Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association (GCAA) of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) prior to the 2010–11 school year, as well as the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) from 2012–13 to 2022–23.

Young Harris competes in 16 intercollegiate varsity sports. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, and tennis; women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball; and co-ed sports include spirit cheerleading.

Move to NCAA Division II
On July 1, 2014, the school completed the transition from the GCAA and NJCAA to the NCAA at the Division II level. The college originally applied to the NCAA in 2010, but the application was rejected. The school re-applied in 2011 and received acceptance into the three-year process to become a full member. As of the 2011–12 academic year, Young Harris was in the first year of candidacy-membership.

Campus buildings
Note: Dates of construction given when known

Student life
The college offers various opportunities for students to engage, socialize and participate in organizations relating to academic topics, intramural and club sports, media and publications, service, special interest, spiritual and religious, student government and Greek life.

Greek system
The roots of the Young Harris Greek system began with the men's debating societies of the late 1880s. The Young Harris Debating Society (YHDS) and the Phi Chi Debating Society (PC) were academic in nature and lasted through the 1950s. Young Harris women formed the literary societies Susan B. Harris Society (EBE) and Phi Delta Society (PD), all of them local organizations.

During the 1960s, these organizations became more social than academic. YHDS was renamed as Upsilon Delta Sigma (local) fraternity in 1967 and paired up with the Susan B. Harris Society, which became known as Sigma Beta Sigma (local) sorority. Phi Chi (local) fraternity had been linked to Phi Delta (local) sorority. On January 3, 1968, Kappa Tau Omega (local) became the third fraternity on campus with nine charter members. Alpha Iota (local) was formed as the third sorority in 1973. In the fall of 1987, Zeta Pi (local) formed as the fourth fraternity on campus. The three other sororities on campus are Delta Phi Epsilon (local), Gamma Psi (local) and Phi Alpha Phi, a Christian-themed local.

On February 19, 2010, Young Harris College gained its first nationally affiliated fraternity when 28 undergraduate men formed Kappa Sigma's Rho-Pi chapter. Phi Sigma Kappa national fraternity followed with a colony in early 2014, which was installed on April 25, 2015, becoming that fraternity's Gamma Octaton chapter. The first nationally affiliated sorority at YHC was Delta Phi Epsilon's Zeta Zeta chapter in 2016.

There are thirteen Greek organizations. The Huffington Post reported in 2013 that the college had a "big hazing problem."

The college's honor societies include Alpha Iota Sigma, Alpha Chi, Kappa Pi international art society, Lambda Pi Eta communications study society, Mu Phi Epsilon professional music fraternity, Phi Alpha Theta history study society and Sigma Tau Delta English honor society. The college was approved to establish a "circle" of Omicron Delta Kappa in February 2023, which was installed on March 16, 2023.

Culture
Cultural activities available on campus to clubs and individuals include singing group performances and sponsored music events, Campus Gate Art Gallery exhibitions, and Theatre Young Harris dramatic performances. Planetarium shows are featured at the O. Wayne Rollins Planetarium. There are three student publications: the Corn Creek Revue literary magazine, the Mosaic religious-life publication, and the Enotah annual yearbook.

Alumni
One U.S. senator, one U.S. representative, two governors, a number of congressmen, state legislators, and mayors all started out at YHC.

Notable alumni and instructors
Notable graduates include former Georgia governors E. D. Rivers and U.S. Senator Zell Miller; U.S. Representatives Jack Brinkley and Buddy Carter;  entertainers Oliver Hardy, Wayland Flowers and Amanda Bearse; country music singers Ronnie Milsap and Trisha Yearwood; Major League Baseball players Nick Markakis, Charlie Blackmon, Billy Buckner and Cory Gearrin; Waffle House founder Tom Forkner; state Supreme Court Chief Justices William Henry Duckworth and Charles S. Reid; state Senator J. Ebb Duncan and state Representatives Hank Huckaby and David Ralston. Poet and novelist Byron Herbert Reece was a student and teacher at YHC; theologian and philosopher John B. Cobb taught at the college. James T. McIntyre served as director of the Office of Management and Budget and Fred S. Clinton was a frontier doctor in Oklahoma at the turn of the century. George J. Berry, Atlanta Aviation Commissioner and Georgia Commissioner of Industry, Trade, and Tourism graduated in 1957.
Bettie M. Sellers, poet laureate of Georgia taught English at YHC for over 30 years.
American correspondent Betty Hester attended YHC. as did journalist Winfield Myers.

Honors and awards
The highest honor bestowed by the college is the Young Harris Medallion. It has been presented yearly since 1969 to an alumnus, alumna or friend of the College for extraordinary contributions.

Further reading
 A History of Young L.G. Harris College, Joseph Milton Brogdon, 1938
 History of Young L.G. Harris College, Jackson Lance, 1935, 61 pages
 Young Harris College: 1886-1986, Louisa Franklin & Jeffery S. Moody, 1986
 The Miracle of Brasstown Valley, Zell Miller, 2007, 180 pages,

Notes

References

External links

 Official athletics website

Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Liberal arts colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Private universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Education in Towns County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Towns County, Georgia
Methodism in Georgia (U.S. state)
Peach Belt Conference schools
1886 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Universities and colleges established in 1886

Young Harris College


The Huangpu River (Chinese: 黄浦江), 113-kilometer-long river that flows through the heart of Shanghai, China. Its headwaters come from Dianshan Lake on the Jiangsu border, and it flows through Qingpu District, Songjiang District, Fengxian District and Minhang District before turning abruptly northwards, continuing its course through Minhang District. The Huangpu curves as it becomes the border between Pudong New District and Xuhui District, flowing then past Huangpu District, the city center of Shanghai, after which it receives its main tributary, the Suzhou River. Afterwards the river serves as the border between Pudong New District and Hongkou District, then Yangpu District, and finally Baoshan District. The Huangpu River merges into the Yangtze River at Wusongkou, after which the combined waters flow gently into the East China Sea.

Rivers of China
Shanghai

Huangpu River


Sullivan High School is a public high school located in Sullivan, Indiana. SHS is one of three high schools in Sullivan County (the other two being North Central High School in Farmersburg and Union High School in Dugger). Sullivan High School is also the only secondary institution under the administration of the Southwest School Corporation.

Demographics
The school's racial makeup is 72% Caucasian, 28% Hispanic, and 0% Multiracial. 45% of students receive free lunch, and 5% are on reduced-price lunch.

Academics
The school competes in Academic Super Bowl, Knowledge Masters Open, Quiz Bowl, Science Olympiad, and Spell Bowl competitions. Many of the teams compete in Western Indiana Conference competitions.

Fine arts
Sullivan High School's fine arts program is basic.  Classes are offered in 2-D and a class in 3-D art is available. The music program is split into two performing categories: instrumental band (which also functions as the school's marching band and winter pep band), and vocal, which includes chorus and Golden Arrow Singers, and the school's advanced chorus.

Athletics
Sullivan High School offers Baseball, Softball, Boys Basketball, Girls Basketball, Cheerleading, Boys Cross Country, Girls Cross Country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Boys Track, Girls Track, Volleyball, and Wrestling.

Clubs
Student clubs at Sullivan High School include Beta Club, National Honor Society, Spanish Club, Green Alliance, FCA (Fellowship of Christian athletes), Upward Bound, Chess Club, FCCLA, Key Club, FFA, Student Council, Tech Treck, JAG, and Super Mileage Team.

See also
 List of high schools in Indiana

References

External links
Sullivan High School's Website
School Data

Public high schools in Indiana
Former Southern Indiana Athletic Conference members
Schools in Sullivan County, Indiana
1883 establishments in Indiana

Sullivan High School


Elizabeth Ridgeway (died 24 March 1684) was an English woman convicted of poisoning her husband. While awaiting execution by burning at the stake, she confessed to previously poisoning her mother, a fellow servant, and a lover.

Ridgeway poisoned each of her victims by mixing white mercury or arsenic into her intended victim's food or drink.

Life
Elizabeth Ridgeway, née Husbands, was born in the mid-17th century on a farm outside Ibstock, Leicestershire, England. She lived at home until about age 29, poisoning her mother after an argument, about a year before she took a job in town as a household servant. She poisoned a male co-worker in her household with arsenic, reportedly after developing a grudge against this individual. Ridgeway had many suitors during this time and poisoned John King in 1682 after she had backed herself into a corner romantically, having promised too much to King. She far preferred the wealthier Thomas Ridgeway and married him on 1 February 1683 after waiting through the winter.

All was not bliss as Ridgeway's sister called in his £20 debt to her shortly after the marriage, which nearly bankrupted the couple. She contemplated suicide for a time, but ultimately stirred some arsenic that she had purchased earlier in Ashby-de-la-Zouch into her husband's broth while he was at church. He ate most of it although he complained to his apprentices that it was gritty. Thomas Ridgeway died that evening, three weeks and three days after their wedding.

The apprentices suspected poisoning and, after her attempt to feed them arsenic-laced porridge failed, she attempted to bribe them into silence. One of them reported his suspicions to Ridgeway's in-laws and the local justice of the peace ordered an inquest by the coroner. Examination of the body confirmed that he had been poisoned and Elizabeth Ridgeway was jailed in Leicester to await trial. To test her guilt, she was supposedly forced to touch her husband's body in the belief that the body of the victim would spontaneously bleed in the presence of the murderer (cruentation) and the body gushed blood at the nose and mouth. During her trial on 14 March, she pleaded not guilty, but was convicted and sentenced to burn.

Despite some protests over the severity of the sentence, the judge refused to relent, but did ask John Newton, a local clergyman, to counsel Ridgeway. She had no interest in making her peace with God and toyed with him by promising full confessions multiple times before changing her mind. She finally admitted on the morning of her execution that she had poisoned her mother, a fellow servant, John King, and her husband and confessed that she had thought of suicide around the time of her mother's death three years previously.

See also
List of serial killers by country

References

Bibliography

17th-century births
17th-century English criminals
17th-century executions by England
1684 deaths
Executed British female serial killers
English people convicted of murder
English serial killers
Executed English women
Mariticides
Matricides
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
People from Ibstock
Poisoners

Elizabeth Ridgeway


UMG Philippines Inc. is a record label based in the Philippines and served as its regional branch of the multinational music corporation, Universal Music Group. Formerly known as MCA Music, the record label previously retained the now-discontinued MCA name on legal purposes because of a trademark dispute with an unrelated label known as Universal Records, which preempted the rights to the word "Universal" for recorded music in the Philippines. However, the company adopted the moniker "MCA/Universal", much like Universal Pictures' home video unit from 1990 to 1997, to simplify identification, even though no formal "Universal" branding is exercised. Despite the naming, the label is known outside the Philippines as Universal Music Philippines.

The record label then changed to its current name on November 3, 2021.

History
PolyCosmic Records was formed in 1993 as a joint venture between PolyGram Music Group (Universal Music Group's predecessor, which has 30% of the company's stocks) and a consortium of Philippine businessmen including Dr. James G. Dy (founding chairman of Dyna Products, Inc., which was the local distributor of PolyGram) and Cosmic Records, a company founded in 1992 by Ramon Chuaying.

Universal Records — which would later be involved in a domestic trademark dispute with UMG — had the distribution rights to Polygram; and Chuaying was its first CEO.

In 1998, PolyGram N.V. was purchased by Seagram's  and was merged into MCA Inc., and PolyGram Music Group was merged with MCA Music Entertainment to become Universal Music Group. After the merger, PolyCosmic Records was reincorporated as MCA Music Inc. (Philippines). In 2006, Ricky Ilacad was named the managing director and CEO.

MCA Music has a partnership with Smart Communications, Inc. to make music downloads available to phone users via music service Spinnr.

In 2020, UMG formally appointed Sindikato Management founder and former Sony Music Philippines A&R consultant Enzo Valdez as managing director, replacing Ilacad. The same year, UMG launched Def Jam Philippines and Island Records Philippines. In 2021, UMG signed a distribution agreement with Off the Record, a local independent label owned by Ilacad.

On November 3, 2021, after 23 years as MCA Music Inc., the record label was renamed as UMG Philippines Inc. On the same day, UMG Philippines formally launched its digital consumer-facing brand known as UMUSIC Philippines (umusic.ph).

On July 8, 2022, UMG launched its third label, Republic Records Philippines.

Artists (past and present)

UMG Philippines (formerly MCA Music)

Def Jam Philippines

Island Records Philippines

Republic Records Philippines

See also
 Universal Music Group
 Universal Records (Philippines)
 Dyna Music
 PolyEast Records
 Sony Music Philippines
 Warner Music Philippines
 List of Universal Music Group labels

References

External links

Philippine record labels
Universal Music Group
Companies based in Mandaluyong
Record labels established in 1993
1993 establishments in the Philippines
Philippine companies established in 1993

UMG Philippines


The British Safety Industry Federation (BSIF) is the UK's leading trade body within the safety industry. It has over 160 members including manufacturers, distributors, test houses, certification bodies, safety professionals and service providers.

Its aim is to provide support and guidance on a wide range of occupational safety issues. It is the lead association for the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Directive and it is recognised as a Competent Authority by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The BSIF has active links with many government departments and over 130 representative Trade Bodies.  It has also been instrumental in the development of the Occupational Safety & Health Consultants Register (OSHCR) along with other bodies including the British Safety Council & the Health and Safety Executive.

The BSIF consists of some seven independent Trade Associations which are Federated together to create the British Safety Industry Federation. These are:

• The BSIF Association of Safety Professionals
• The BSIF Safety Distributor Association
• The BSIF Environmental Safety Association
• The BSIF Occupational Health Association
• The BSIF Personal Safety Manufacturers Association [PSMA]
• The BSIF Test and Certification Association
• The BSIF Trade Body Forum

Reference and external links
BSIF Website

References

Trade associations based in the United Kingdom

British Safety Industry Federation


William George Rathie (April 1, 1914 – November 26, 1994) was a Canadian accountant and politician. He was the 30th mayor of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, serving from 1963 through 1966.

Rathie was born in Vancouver and worked as a tax accountant.  He was first elected to Vancouver City Council in 1959 as a member of the Non-Partisan Association, a civic political party.  In 1962, Rathie wrested the NPA nomination from incumbent mayor Thomas Alsbury, and was elected to succeed him in that office.

Vancouver in the mid-sixties was enjoying spectacular growth in its economy and population, and was well on its way to becoming a major international city.  During his tenure, a 20-year programme for Vancouver's redevelopment, encompassing transportation, low-cost housing, and downtown revitalization was outlined.  Its scope and orientation would lead to controversy and protest following Rathie's term of office.

1914 births
1994 deaths
Canadian accountants
Mayors of Vancouver
20th-century Canadian politicians

William Rathie


Natural Chimneys, known as the Cyclopean Towers in the 19th century, is a natural rock structure located near Mt. Solon in Augusta County, Virginia in the United States, in the Shenandoah Valley. The formation is a central feature of a regional park owned and operated by Augusta County.

The formation includes seven rock "chimneys" that range in height from  above ground level. The chimneys are formed from limestone that began to accumulate and harden into stone about 500 million years ago in the Paleozoic Era, when the region was underwater. Over time, enormous upward pressures of magma and widespread geologic upheaval, which created the Appalachian Mountains, combined with erosive forces of water and destroyed weaker layers of stone. Eventually, this created the rock chimneys which can be seen today.

The park, located along the North River, has a 145-site campground with a pool, playground, and hiking trails. The park also hosts one of the largest jousting tournaments in the eastern United States. The tournament is held on the third Saturday of August, and has taken place annually since 1821. The tournament includes the historical sport of "running at the ring". Augusta County owns the property and maintains the facility.

Gallery

References

External links

Augusta County Parks & Recreation: Natural Chimneys Regional Park website

Landforms of Augusta County, Virginia
Parks in Augusta County, Virginia
Regional parks in Virginia
Rock formations of the United States
Virginia municipal and county parks
Volcanoes of Virginia

Natural Chimneys


The Gwinnett County Public Library is located in unincorporated Gwinnett County, Georgia, United States, northeast of Atlanta. The library currently has 15 branches throughout the county and employs an interlibrary loan system for those with a valid library card.

In 2000 the Gwinnett County Public Library won the Library of the Year award. In 2009 it also won the John Cotton Dana Award, which is the most prestigious of all library awards in the field of public relations and marketing. This library system has also achieved the highest amounts of material circulation out of all libraries in Georgia.

History

The first library in the Gwinnett County region was the Norcross library, established in 1907 by the Norcross Woman's Club. Following this, in 1935, the Lawrenceville PTA began the Lawrenceville Public Library in City Hall, which was renamed to the Gwinnett County Library the following year.

In 1956, in an effort to consolidate resources with nearby Forsyth County, the two library systems agreed to form a joint venture named the Gwinnett-Forsyth Regional Library. During this time Gwinnett County opened the Lake Lanier Regional Library in Buford, and libraries in Snellville and Mountain Park.

As the Atlanta metropolitan region began to fill out, Gwinnett and the surrounding counties saw a huge influx of residents, and therefore a much greater need to expand their library services. In 1986 a bond referendum allowed for each of the seven existing branches to be updated, and also allocated funds for the construction of an eighth branch at Peachtree Corners. Following suit not long after, Forsyth County received monies to refurbish their libraries and add a location of their own.

With the increasing amount of branches in the Gwinnett-Forsyth Regional Library System, Gwinnett County opted to dissolve the venture in 1996. It is at this point the Gwinnett County Public Library was formed.

In 1999, the GCPL's tenth branch opened at Collins Hill. It was also named a finalist for the Library of the Year award. In 2000 the library system was again among finalists for library of the year, and at this point won.

In 2002 the Centerville branch opened, sharing facilities with the adjacent Gwinnett County community center. A twelfth branch opened in Suwanne in 2004, and yet another in Dacula in 2006.

In 2005 the Grayson branch was opened, and in 2010 the Hamilton Mill branch opened as a LEED Gold certified building.

Censorship controversy

In 1997, Gwinnett County Public Library removed Nancy Friday's bestseller Women On Top from its collection after two patrons complained about its sexual content. Connie Cosby, one of the patrons, had requested that the book be made unavailable to children, and was "stunned" but "ecstatic" that library director Jo Ann Pinder removed it entirely. Women On Top became the fourth book Gwinnett County Public Library had removed from its shelves because of complaints about content.

The library's decision prompted many residents to write letters opposing and supporting the library's decision; one such letter from Sheila Blahnik, the other patron who had asked the library to remove Women On Top, called the reaction an "onslaught of media attention". Area booksellers reported increased sales of the book soon after the library removed it; a Waldenbooks manager said, "In two months the bookstore sold one copy, and all of a sudden last week we sold eight." One county resident called for Pinder and another librarian to be fired for describing the reasons for the book's removal as "editing errors and changes in library purchasing guidelines" rather than stating that it was censored because of its sexual content; other residents began shouting questions which the board did not answer, and the police were summoned.

As a result of the controversy, Gwinnett County Public Library created a "parental advisory" category for books deemed suitable only for adults, allowing parents to give consent for their minor children to check those items out. The library also created an advisory board to review the process for handling residents' complaints about library materials, and on the advice of county lawyers the library later opened those meetings to the public. Ultimately, the library made it easier to request removing books from the library, on the advice of the advisory board, because the old form had been "too complicated".

The current Materials Management Policy (last updated 2016), has eliminated restricted item sections or categories and instead encourages customers to make their own decisions on which materials to check out.  In line with current American Library Association guidelines on censorship, the Gwinnett County Public Library's current policy states that one customer "may not restrict access to these materials by others".  A materials reconsideration request form is available for customers who which to challenge materials held by the library.

Branches

Library systems in neighboring counties
 Forsyth County Public Library to the north
 Hall County Library System to the northeast
 Azalea Regional Library System to the east
 Conyers-Rockdale Library System to the south
 DeKalb County Public Library to the southwest
 Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System to the west

References

External links

Public libraries in Georgia (U.S. state)
Education in Gwinnett County, Georgia
Buildings and structures in Gwinnett County, Georgia
County library systems in Georgia (U.S. state)

Gwinnett County Public Library


Status epilepticus (often simply called status) is a medical emergency where the brain will not stop having seizures.  In medicine, a person who is having status epilepticus is described as being "in status."

What is Status Epilepticus?
Definitions of status epilepticus have changed over time.  It used to be that a seizure had to last 20 or 30 minutes to be thought of as status epilepticus.  (Most normal seizures last only one to two minutes.)

Today, a person is usually described as being "in status" when:
 They have a seizure that lasts more than five minutes; OR
 They have more than one seizure without recovering in between.
 "Recovering" means that the person wakes up and knows who they are; where they are; and what day, month, or year it is.

Why is Status Epilepticus a Medical Emergency?
Status epilepticus is very dangerous. About 10 - 20 % of the people who go into this status die from it.

Status Epilepticus is considered a medical emergency for many reasons:
 During a long seizure, it is very hard for the body to get oxygen to the brain and the heart.
 Without enough oxygen, the brain cannot survive.  Not having enough oxygen can cause brain damage and death.
 When the heart does not get enough oxygen, it can start to beat in ways that are not normal.  If the heart goes without enough oxygen for long enough, it can stop beating.
 Status can cause very high body temperatures (hyperthermia), which can damage the brain.
 Status can cause pulmonary edema - fluid in the lungs - which makes it hard or impossible to breathe.  This makes it even harder for oxygen to get to the brain, heart, and the rest of the body.
 The nerves in the brain can get damaged by the extra electricity in the brain that happens during long seizures.

If people in status get the right treatment quickly, they can survive with little or no brain damage.

Causes
Only about one in four people who go into status epilepticus have epilepsy. The other three out of four people who go into status have never had a seizure before.  Status epilepticus can happen for many other reasons.

Illnesses
Many different illnesses can cause status epilepticus:
 In children, the most common cause of status is an infection with a fever
 Brain infection
 Brain tumor
 Stroke
 Hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen, especially to the brain)
 Gastroenteritis (a special form of diarrhea) while taking anticonvulsants
 Problems with metabolism (the way the body makes energy from food), like problems with the liver or kidneys

Injuries
Very bad injuries can also cause status:
 Injury to the head or brain
 Hemorrhage (very bad bleeding)

Drugs and medications
Illegal drugs, alcohol, and some medications can cause status:
 Illegal drugs
 When a person stops taking certain illegal drugs suddenly
 Bad reactions to some medicines, like some antidepressants
 When a patient does not take enough of certain medicines, or stops taking them suddenly
 Drinking too much alcohol
 When a person who drinks a lot of alcohol suddenly stops drinking (alcohol withdrawal), especially if the person gets delirium tremens from alcohol withdrawal

Other causes
 Exposure to nerve gas

Treatment
People in status epilepticus are unable to end their seizures on their own.  They are often unconscious and unable to react.

The most common way to end status is to inject special medicines that can stop seizures.  If these medicines do not help, the patient must be treated in the intensive care unit at a hospital.  Sometimes patients have to be put into a coma to stop very bad status epilepticus.

References

Medical emergencies

Status epilepticus


Laroche Wines is a French-based wine company. The Laroche family has been producing wine in Chablis since 1850, but the first vintage did not come until 1860.  In 1950s and 1960s, the vineyards were hit hard by Phylloxera and spring frost, meaning there were virtually no production.  In the 2000s, the entire Laroche Wines Chablis range became fully enclosed by screw caps rather than corks, including the Chablis Grand Crus, becoming the first house in France to do so.

Wineries
Today Laroche owns four wineries:
 Domaine Laroche in Chablis, France
 Mas La Chevalière in the south of France
 Viña Punto Alto in the Casablanca valley in Chile
 L'Avenir in Stellenbosch, South Africa

References

External links
 http://www.larochewines.com/

Burgundy (historical region) wine producers
Wineries of France
Wineries of Chile

Laroche Wines


Peter James Holmes (born 18 November 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played in the Football League for Luton Town, Chesterfield, Lincoln City and Rotherham United. He is the assistant manager at  club Hayes & Yeading United.

Holmes started his career with Sheffield Wednesday and after failing to make any first-team appearances he joined Luton Town. He was released by the club due to financial reasons in the summer of 2003, but was eventually handed a new contract in November. After being loaned out to Chesterfield and Lincoln City during the 2006–07 season, Holmes left Luton, having made over 100 appearances for the club. He was signed by Rotherham United, who loaned him out to Conference Premier club York City in 2008. He was released by Rotherham in 2009 and was signed by Harrogate Town, before joining Ebbsfleet United. Following Ebbsfleet's relegation, he signed for Hayes & Yeading United.

Club career

Sheffield Wednesday and Luton Town
Born in Bishop Auckland, County Durham, Holmes graduated through The Football Association's School of Excellence. He started his career with Premier League club Sheffield Wednesday as a trainee in their youth system before signing a professional contract on 2 December 1997, and was promoted to the first team for the 1999–2000 season. After failing to appear for the team, Holmes was signed by Luton Town on 1 August 2000 on a three-year contract for a nominal fee. Luton manager Ricky Hill had been impressed by the player while working as a coach at Wednesday. Holmes made his debut for Luton after being introduced as a 58th-minute substitute in a 1–0 defeat at home to Notts County in the Second Division on 12 August 2000. He scored his first goal for Luton with their second goal in a 3–2 home victory over Peterborough United on 26 December 2000, and played his final match of 2000–01 at Oldham Athletic on 23 January 2001, where he was substituted for Liam George in the 55th minute. He was transfer listed in April 2001 by manager Joe Kinnear and completed his first season at the club with 22 appearances and one goal, after which Luton were relegated to the Third Division.

Holmes suffered from soreness in his leg after collapsing in a match against Rushden & Diamonds in December 2001. He returned to action to score from the edge of the penalty area in a 3–1 away victory against Swansea City on 30 March 2002; this goal secured Luton's promotion to the Second Division at the first attempt. Holmes' 2001–02 season was ended with 10 appearances and one goal after suffering a knee ligament injury during Luton's 4–0 victory at Hull City on 6 April 2002. He suffered a groin strain during the 2–1 home defeat to Cambridge United in the Football League Trophy on 10 December 2002. He made his return to Luton's first team in a 3–2 away defeat to Mansfield Town on 4 March 2003 after coming on as a 74th-minute substitute. He then scored in the following match against Huddersfield Town, being assisted by an Ian Hillier cross in the 71st minute to help Luton to a 3–0 victory on 8 March 2003. He finished 2002–03 with 23 appearances and two goals, but missed Luton's final match of the season after picking up a hamstring injury during a 1–1 draw with Stockport County on 26 April 2003.

Holmes was released by Luton in July 2003 after the offer of a new contract was withdrawn because of financial difficulties at the club, but he continued to train with the team and eventually signed a contract in November. His first appearance of the season came after starting in Luton's 0–0 draw at Holmes' former club Sheffield Wednesday, before scoring his first goal on 10 January 2004 with a header in a 2–2 draw with Rushden & Diamonds. Holmes was the oldest central midfielder in the team after starting in the FA Cup match against Tranmere Rovers, due to other players being injured, during which he gave away the possession for Micky Mellon to score the winner for Tranmere in the 81st minute. He finished 2003–04 with 20 appearances and scored three goals. Luton won promotion to the Championship in 2004–05 after winning the League One title, while Holmes made 20 appearances and scored three goals. Following this achievement, he signed a new one-year contract with the club in June 2005.

The winning goal for Luton in a 2–1 victory over Cardiff City in October was scored by Holmes from close range, which brought an end to the opposition' eight match unbeaten run. He suffered from a twisted knee during a match against Derby County on 26 December 2005, eventually returning to action from a hamstring injury in February 2006 by playing in a reserve match against Southend United. His competitive return was in a 3–3 draw against Cardiff, where he came on as a substitute for Dean Morgan on 82 minutes. He completed 2005–06 with 25 appearances and scored two goals, when Luton finished 10th in the Championship. Following the conclusion of the season, he signed a new one-year contract in June 2006. He joined League One club Chesterfield on a one-month loan on 12 January 2007, making his debut the following day in a 1–0 away victory over Rotherham United, in which he forced goalkeeper Neil Cutler into making a good save. Chesterfield were given the lead by Holmes in a match away to Huddersfield Town with a header from a Kyle Critchell cross, which eventually finished a 1–1 draw. The loan was extended for a second month on 8 February 2007, and Holmes said he would consider signing for the club permanently when the loan expired. He eventually finished his spell at Chesterfield with 10 appearances and scored one goal. He joined Lincoln City of League Two on loan until the end of 2006–07 on 22 March 2007. His debut came in a 3–2 home defeat to Swindon Town and he completed the loan spell with five appearances.

Rotherham United

Luton released Holmes on 8 May 2007 following their relegation to League One, after he had spent nearly seven years with the club. He eventually signed for Rotherham United of League Two on a two-year contract on 14 June 2007. His debut for Rotherham was in a 0–0 draw against Hereford United on 10 August 2007 and he scored his first goal for the team against Notts County on 22 September with a 25-yard shot into the far corner. Holmes finished 2007–08 with 27 appearances and two goals.

After making only one appearance during 2008–09, he joined York City in the Conference Premier on 22 September 2008 on a one-month loan and made his debut a day later in a 2–0 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers. He scored for the team in the following match with a six-yard shot from a Craig Farrell pass, which finished as a 3–3 draw with Stevenage Borough. He suffered from a hip injury, which resulted him in missing York's 3–1 defeat against Wrexham. His final match for York was a 2–0 victory against Rushden & Diamonds and he finished the loan spell with five appearances and one goal, before returning to Rotherham on 18 October 2008 after being recalled by the club. Weeks after returning to Rotherham, it was suggested that Holmes might be loaned out again after failing to break back into the team. It was over a month before Holmes eventually made his first appearance for Rotherham since returning, after starting in the 2–0 defeat at home to Bradford City on 21 November 2008.

Later career
He was released by Rotherham at the end of the season, after not being offered a new contract by the club, and he was signed by Conference North club Harrogate Town on 25 September 2009. Holmes made his first and only appearance for Harrogate in a 4–0 away defeat to Bradford Park Avenue in the FA Cup second qualifying round on 26 September 2009. He joined Conference Premier club Ebbsfleet United on 9 October 2009, making his debut a day later in a 4–0 defeat to Cambridge United. His first goal was with the winner in a 2–1 victory over Mansfield Town on 28 November 2009, scoring from close range from a Magno Vieira pass. He made 29 appearances and scored two goals for Ebbsfleet during the 2009–10 as they were relegated to the Conference South.

Holmes received a contract offer from Hayes & Yeading United in July 2010 and signed for the club on 2 August. He made his debut in the opening match of 2010–11, a 2–1 home victory over Bath City on 14 August 2010. His first goal for the club came a curling shot from a Jamie Hand assist in a 2–1 defeat at Kettering Town on 2 October 2010. Holmes finished the season with 47 appearances and five goals.

Holmes signed for Dunstable Town of the Spartan South Midlands League Premier Division in August 2011. He spent 2011–12 with Dunstable before signing for Southern League Premier Division club Hemel Hempstead Town in May 2012. He made 26 appearances in 2012–13 before joining the club's coaching staff. He joined newly relegated Southern League East Division club Hayes & Yeading United as assistant manager on 22 June 2017.

International career
Holmes made his debut for the England national under-16 team in a 1–0 home defeat to France on 28 September 1996. His final appearance came in a 5–1 away defeat to Scotland on 6 March 1997, meaning he finished his England under-16 career with four caps.

Style of play
Holmes was a hard-working midfielder who possessed skill and could make neat passes, although he had been criticised for lacking in physical strength and tackling. He preferred to play as a central midfielder, although was able to play on the left side of midfield and was equally comfortable playing with either foot.

Career statistics

Honours
Luton Town
Football League One: 2004–05

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Bishop Auckland
Footballers from County Durham
English men's footballers
England men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players
Dunstable Town F.C. players
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players
Association football coaches

Peter Holmes (footballer)


The Dave Brockie Experience or DBX was a rock band formed of three of the then-current members of Heavy metal band Gwar. The band was composed of David "Oderus Urungus" Brockie (vocals/bass), Brad "Jizmak Da Gusha" Roberts (drums), and Mike "Balsac the Jaws of Death" Derks (guitar).

The DBX was a pet project of Gwar and showed some of their earlier punk roots from the "Death Piggy" era. At their shows they played some original DBX songs as well as some tunes from Death Piggy, Gwar, and X-Cops. The band enjoyed a following mostly made up of Gwar fans. Dave Brockie hinted at the possibility of the band's breakup in the past due to the exhausting nature of lower-budget touring.

In February 2008, several sources reported that the band would be touring as an opening act for the reunited Green Jellÿ. Dave Brockie stated on his website that this was not the case and there were no official discussions concerning the tour.

DBX played two reunion shows in August 2009.  In a more recent interview with Dave Brockie he explained a new DBX album was "possible" but said his main priority then was Gwar.

Brockie died of a heroin overdose on March 23, 2014.

Discography
 Diarrhea of a Madman
 Live From Ground Zero
 Songs for the Wrong
 Hanging Out at the Pound (DVD)

References

Gwar
Musical groups established in 2001
Metal Blade Records artists

Dave Brockie Experience


Galeazzo Marescotti (1 October 1627 – 3 July 1726) was an Italian cardinal.

Biography
He was born in Vignanello, Italy. His father was named Sforza Marescotti and his mother was Vittoria Ruspoli, both born to prominent aristocratic families of Bologna and Modena. Galeazzo studied in seminary, and after ordination by the age of 23 years was appointed to the papal office of prothonotary apostolic.

From 1661 to 1663 he was governor of Ascoli Piceno. In 1663 he was appointed director of the Congregation of inquisitor Sancti Officii. In 1665 he was promoted to commissioner of the Holy Office of Pope Alexander VII. In 1668 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Corinth by Pope Clement IX and was sent on a diplomatic mission to Vienna. He was appointed nuncio to Poland. On 4 March 1668, he was consecrated Bishop by Pietro Vidoni, Bishop of Lodi with Giacomo de Angelis, Archbishop of Urbino, and Carlo de' Vecchi, Bishop Emeritus of Chiusi as co-consecrators.

On 13 August 1670 he was appointed apostolic nuncio in Spain by Pope Clement X, and remained at that post in Madrid till 1675. Pope Clement X elevated him to the rank of cardinal in the consistory of 27 May 1675, and assigned him the title of San Bernardo alle Terme. From 1676 to 1679 he was papal governor in Ferrara. In 1679 he was appointed Bishop of Tivoli. In the Cathedral of San Lorenzo, he built for the canons at his own expense a finely worked walnut wood choir and adorned a chapel with colored marble and other ornaments. He reformed the clergy with a new synod. Donated to the cathedral the sum of 500 scudi, with the obligation of an anniversary for the repose of his soul and erected several chapels. In 1684 resigned the bishopric in the hands of Innocent XI . The city was always in the heart, in fact in 1705 he founded the city, at its expense, a monastery for nuns of St. Elizabeth, which finally gave in 1721 the most beautiful and precious furnishings of his private chapel.

In 1681 received the title of Saints Quirico and Giuditta. In 1700 received the title of Santa Prassede. In 1708 he received the title of San Lorenzo in Lucina. On his death he was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals following Cardinal Carpegna (born 1625) who died in 1714 at the age of 88.

Episcopal succession

References

1627 births
1726 deaths
Diplomats of the Holy See
Galeazzo
18th-century Italian cardinals
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Bishops of Tivoli
Latin archbishops of Corinth
Inquisitors of Malta
People from the Province of Viterbo

Galeazzo Marescotti


Christophe Lemaitre (;  born 11 June 1990) is a French sprinter who specialises in the 100 and 200 metres. In 2010, Lemaitre became the first white athlete to break the 10-second barrier in an officially timed 100 m event. Lemaitre has run a sub-10 second 100m on seven occasions: three times in 2010 and four times in 2011. He won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2012 London Olympic Games and in the 200 metres at the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.

At the age of 20, Lemaitre won the 100 m, 200 m and the 4×100 m relay titles at the 2010 European Championships, the first French sprinter ever to achieve that triple. He was the fastest European 100 m and 200 m sprinter in 2010. He won a bronze medal in the 200 m at the 2011 World Championships. As of August 2013, Lemaitre was one of the three Frenchmen (the other two are Ronald Pognon and Jimmy Vicaut) to have broken the 10-second barrier in the 100 metres outdoor.

Due to injury and a negative reaction to his COVID-19 vaccination, Lemaitre did not compete in the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo.

Career

Growing up
Lemaitre grew up in the town of Annecy, where he took part in handball, rugby and football, before his sprinting prowess was discovered. In 2005 at the age of 15, during national sprinting events, Lemaitre ended up with the fastest 50 metres in the country. A month after his 16th birthday in 2006, and less than a year after joining an athletics club in Aix-les-Bains, Lemaitre ran 100 m in 10.96 seconds. His personal best improved to 10.53 seconds in 2007.

2008–2009
In 2008, he ran a new 100 m personal best of 10.26 seconds. At the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics, Lemaitre won the 200 m title with a time of 20.83 seconds.

At the 2009 European Athletics Junior Championships, Lemaitre won gold in the 100 m and set a new European junior record with a time of 10.04 seconds. He won the 2009 men's European Athletics Rising Star of the Year Award for his achievements in 2009.

2010: European champion in 100 m, 200 m, and 4 x 100 m

At the start of the 2010 outdoor season, he opened with a run of 10.09 seconds in Aix-les-Bains before winning in 10.24 into a headwind of −2.2 m/s in Vénissieux. He ran at the French National Interclub Championships in Franconville in May 2010 and recorded a new 100 m personal best of 10.03 seconds, although he said he was disappointed to have missed Ronald Pognon's French record of 9.99 seconds. He aimed once more at the record at the 2010 European Team Championships and, although he again missed his target, he finished as runner-up against Dwain Chambers with a personal best of 10.02 seconds.

On 9 July 2010, Lemaitre officially became the first man purely of European descent to run 100 metres in under 10 seconds, with a time of 9.98 s at the 2010 French National Championships in the city of Valence. By doing so, Lemaitre also broke the 100m French national record of 9.99 s set by Ronald Pognon on 5 July 2005 in Lausanne. Afterwards Lemaitre said, "Of course, it was my goal to break it (the 10-second barrier). One has to run under 10 seconds in order to be part of the world's best. I will be recognised as the first white man to do so, but today's achievement is mainly about making history for myself!...It is not about the color (of one's skin), it is about hard work." One day later (at the same 2010 French National Championships), Lemaitre equalled the 200m French national outdoor record with a time of 20.16 seconds. Gilles Quénéhervé had held the 200m French national outdoor record exclusively for almost 23 years - since 3 September 1987.

At the 2010 European Championships, he won the gold medal in the 100 m with a time of 10.11 s. The next day, after comfortably progressing through the heats and semi-finals of the 200 m, Lemaitre became the double European champion by storming to victory in the 200 m final in a time of 20.37 s, beating Great Britain's Christian Malcolm by 0.01 s (Malcolm clocked his season's best time of 20.38 s in the final). Lemaitre then combined with Jimmy Vicaut, Pierre-Alexis Pessonneaux, and Martial Mbandjock in the 4 × 100 m relay final to finish first ahead of Italy and Germany in a time of 38.11 s. At the IAAF World Challenge's Rieti Meeting in Rieti, Italy on 29 August 2010, Lemaitre competed in the 100 m. In that event, he equalled his personal best in his heat with a time of 9.98 s, and improved on it in the final with a time of 9.97 s (reaction time 0.199 s).

2011: World Championships 200 m bronze and 4 x 100m silver

During the 2011 European Indoor Championships in Paris, Christophe Lemaitre was the fastest during the heats of the 60 m event. He also had the fastest time in the semi-finals, but he only finished in third place in the final.

On June 7, at the first meeting of the Pro Athlé Tour in Montreuil, he broke his own national record with a time of 9.96 s. On June 18, he went on to again lower his national record, clocking a time of 9.95 s at the 2011 European Team Championships in Stockholm, Sweden. On June 30, he matched his national record with a time of 9.95 s in Lausanne. On July 29, he again lowered the French national record at the French National Championships in Albi, with a time of 9.92 s. By winning that race in 9.92 s, he became the third fastest sprinter of non-west African descent (after Frankie Fredericks and one hundred ahead of Patrick Johnson).

On 30 July, he appeared to break the 200 metres French national record, but it did not count as the wind speed was 2.3 m/s, which was 0.3 m/s over the limit. At the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, Lemaitre reached the final of the 100 m event, where he finished fourth. On September 3, he won the bronze medal in the 200 m event, with a time of 19.80 s and a wind speed of 0.8 m/s in the final. In doing so, he pulverized the previous French national record (20.16 s) that he had shared with Gilles Quénéhervé for 14 months by 0.36 second.  In that race he became the second-fastest European 200 m sprinter in history after Pietro Mennea. On September 4, Lemaitre teamed up with Jimmy Vicaut, Teddy Tinmar and Yannick Lesourd to run a season best of 38.20 s in the 4 x 100 metres relay final, finishing second behind the world record-breaking Jamaican team and thus taking the silver medal.

2012: Olympic 4 x 100 m bronze in London
Lemaitre, after consulting with his coach, opted out of competing in the 100 m in the 2012 London Olympics. Lemaitre would thus only participate in the 200 m, in which he was ranked fourth that year, and the 4 × 100 m relay.  His coach, Pierre Carraz, said: "In the results over 100m, Christophe is only ranked 10th among those who have entered. Over 200m, we can hope for a medal." Lemaitre finished sixth in the 200 m final in a time of 20.19 s. After the final, he said, "I started very well. And then I still had this problem at the bend. I did my best, but it was too difficult. I finished sixth. There is not much to say. For me, it was not the final I was hoping for." In the 4 × 100 m relay final, Lemaitre won his first Olympic medal, with his team taking the bronze behind Jamaica (gold) and Trinidad and Tobago (silver).

2013
In the 100 m final at the 2013 World Championships in Moscow, Lemaitre finished in seventh place in a time of 10.06. On 12 August, one day after the 100 m final, he withdrew from the 200 m and the 4 × 100 m relay due to an injury near the right knee sustained during the 100 m final.

2014
At the 2014 European Championships, he won three medals, with silvers in the 100 m and 200m behind the British sprinters James Dasaolu and Adam Gemili respectively, before winning bronze in the 4 × 100 m relay. He has now won a record eight medals at the European Championships.

2016: Olympic 200 m bronze in Rio de Janeiro

After a disappointing 2015 season in which he failed to reach the World Championships final in Beijing in either the 100 m or the 200 m, Lemaitre started to think about changing his coach. After months of reflection, he decided to stay and train in his hometown of Aix-les-Bains. On February 27, Lemaitre captured the indoor 200 m French national title with a personal best time of 20.43. Afterwards, he stated his desire to run a sub-20 second 200 m again, a time he had not achieved since 2012. However, an injury in June forced him to withdraw from the European Championships in Amsterdam in order to prepare for the Olympic Games.

At the Olympics, Lemaitre didn't reach the 100 m final after finishing third in his semi-final in 10.07, although it was his season's best. However, in the 200 m, he qualified for the final after clocking 20.01 in the semi-final behind America's LaShawn Merritt. In the 200 metres final, Lemaitre won the bronze medal in a 20.12 clocking, just 3 milliseconds ahead of Great Britain's Adam Gemili, with the podium spot determined in a photo finish. In the process, Lemaitre became the first French athlete to win a medal in the event since Abdoulaye Seye in 1960.

2017
Lemaitre in the 200 metres event competed at the 2017 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. There, he finished third in his heat with a time of 20.40, behind Ameer Webb, and Ramil Guliyev, who would win the final 3 days later. 2 days later, Lemaitre failed to advance to the final, finishing 4th in his semi, but clocking 20.30. His time however, was the 8th fastest, but Japanese sprinter Abdul Hakim Sani Brown qualified automatically with 20.43.

2018
During the indoor season Lemaitre came within 0.02 of his personal best with a 6.57 in the 60 m heats at a meeting in Mondeville and finished ahead of Jimmy Vicaut in the final, but during the outdoor season injured his right hamstring during the 100 m Diamond League race at the Meeting de Paris. This ruled him out of the 2018 European Athletics Championships later that year.

2019
Lemaitre was selected by the French Athletics Federation for the 200 m and 4 x 100 m relay at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. After some disappointing results at 200 m leading up to the competition, Lemaitre gave up the 200 m and decided to focus only on the relay at the World Championships. Lemaitre was assigned to run the anchor leg for France in the 4 x 100 m final in Doha, but the French team failed to pass the baton on the first exchange and did not finish the race.

2021
Lemaitre struggled with injuries in the buildup to the 2020 Summer Olympics and his preparation was further hampered by a bad reaction following a COVID-19 vaccination. As a result he withdrew from the French Athletics Championships, and was not selected to represent France at the Olympics.

Recognition
Christophe Lemaitre was the winner of the 2010 men's European Athlete of the Year Trophy. He was also named the 2010 L'Équipe Champion of Champions (France category) (ahead of Sébastien Loeb and Teddy Riner) by the French sports daily L'Équipe and the 2010 RTL Champion of Champions by the French commercial radio network RTL.

After Lemaitre had first broken the ten seconds barrier in the 100m in 2010, L'Équipe put him on the front page, even though the Tour de France was taking place. During his European Championships treble gold medal winning year of 2010, Lemaitre ran faster than the former world record-holder Asafa Powell and the former double world champion Tyson Gay did at his age.

Lemaitre took second place in the total points received that decided who was to win the 2011 men's European Athlete of the Year Trophy.

Personal life
In addition to his career in athletics, Lemaitre attends the University of Savoy, where he is studying for a professional bachelor's degree in industrial electrical engineering and computer science.

Personal bests

Key:  NR = National record

References

External links

 Christophe Lemaitre at All-Athletics.com
 Christophe Lemaitre at the French Athletics Federation
 Christophe Lemaitre at the European Athletic Association

1990 births
Living people
French male sprinters
Sportspeople from Annecy
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
Olympic bronze medalists for France
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Université Savoie Mont Blanc alumni
World Athletics Championships athletes for France
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
European Athlete of the Year winners
European Athletics Rising Star of the Year winners
IAAF Continental Cup winners

Christophe Lemaitre


Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon or New General German Aristocracy Lexicon is the title of a series of historical reference books written by Professor Dr. Ernst Heinrich Kneschke about the German aristocracy, including royalty and nobility. This series is one of the most inclusive source of the German Aristocracy.

The families are listed alphabetically by surname.  Each listing includes the origin of the family, the master seat, sometimes family coats of arms, fundamentals of family history and prominent members.

Wikisource: Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon: Volumes I - IX

Google Books: Deutsches Adels-Lexicon German Nobility Lexicon

Verlag Friedrich Voigt, Leipzig 1859 - 1870

,

Nobility in Europe

Social class in Germany

Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon


Lee Gray (born Royce Lee Darling on March 15, 1936, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma - died March 8, 1996) was a rock and roll American disc-jockey in the New York area then moving to Cleveland.

Early live
Shortly after he was born, his parents, Jack and Alma Darling, divorced and his mother moved to Chicago. Lee spent the majority of his childhood traveling back and forth from Oklahoma City to Chicago, on his own, to spend time with each parent. He also spent a lot of time with his grandmother on the Cherokee Indian Reservation when visits were inconvenient for his parents. This schedule caused him to attend many schools before graduating High School in 1953.

Army
After graduating high school, Lee joined the U.S. Army in 1953, one month before the official end of the Korean War.  While in the U.S. Army, he was stationed in Kaiserslautern, Germany, as a Military Policeman. He had a passion for singing, but was told that he didn't have a good singing voice, so he considered getting into radio. Lee requested, and was granted, to work at the A.F.N (Armed Forces Radio Network). Thirty seconds before his first air shift, his supervisor whispered in his ear "When the clock gets to the top of the hour, try to relax and not think about the 50 million Europeans that will be listening to your voice and every word you say."  He really became flustered and botched the entire broadcast while his supervisor was laughing at the radio rookie.

Career
When his tour of duty was finished, Lee decided to give radio a try as a career in the U.S., and was hired at WKRG in Mobile, Alabama.  Two years later, he moved up to WOKY in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1962. While in Milwaukee, he met one of his longtime friends Terrell Metheny (a.k.a. Mitch Michael), and began to use the radio name Lee Gray. Lee and Terrell formed a strong friendship and continued to keep in contact for the next 35 years.

He accepted a position down the road at legendary WIND (AM) in Chicago, and then on to WTRY (AM) in Albany/Troy, New York, where Lee also became known on the air as "Beatle Buddy Lee Gray".

1964 was the start of the Beatle Invasion, and New York was the perfect place to be. Lee made connections with The Beatles during the short time he was at another Albany station, WABY, and continuing as Beatle Buddy Lee Gray while traveling to England several times on station promotions. This "Beatle Buddy" status elevated his career to a national level as he was featured in magazines and made an appearances on an all Beatles episode of American Bandstand.

While in Albany–Troy, New York, Lee obtained the private pilot's license that he longed for since his days with the Armed Forces Radio Network. He later received his Instrument Flight Rating, Helicopter License and more. Lee used his license at many of the radio stations he worked at by flying listeners across the country for promotions and Beatles concerts.

Lee arranged to have the area's top psychedelic band, The Shandels, open for The Lovin' Spoonful and The Byrds. After the Byrds concert, he arranged for the band to record "Charity" on the Laurie label in 1966 under the name The Gray Things. "Charity" was a successful advance release which received a very favorable review in Billboard Magazine. "Charity" can be played via the official Lee Gray web site by clicking WTRY on the home page, then scrolling to under a picture of Lee and John Lennon, where the Laurie label appears. "Charity" and other American Garage Rock is very popular in Europe, and the song is still being played by many online stations around the world. "Charity" appears on multiple compilation albums including Mindrocker, a 13-CD "Anthology of 60s US-Punk Garage Psych", which was originally released in Germany in 1982. It was subsequently re-issued in England during 2002 in a 1 to 1,000 numbered collector's series. "Charity" is also included in Psychedelic Unknowns, Volume 5 among others. Lee was the top radio personality in the Albany/Troy area, and The Gray Things success is a testament to the impact Lee had in this market.

The psychedelic movement was in full swing, and Lee Gray moved back to the midwest to work for WHK in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1967, and then to Louisville, Kentucky, at WKLO, where he met another one of his longtime friends, Carl Wiglesworth. While in Louisville, Lee received a letter from Terrell Metheny, who was now the Program Director of WMCA in New York City. Terrell offered Lee a job replacing Gary Stevens, so Lee headed to the largest radio market in the country.

He moved back to WKLO in Louisville, where he met his wife, Mary, of 24 years. Lee and Mary had a son, David, in 1972 and Michael in 1974. Throughout the 70s and 80s there was more moving around, which is typical for broadcasters. Lee worked for stations in Arkansas, New York, Texas and Illinois, just to name a few.

On December 17, 1995, in Houston, Lee suffered a heart attack and had to have a triple bypass surgery. The years of a radio disc jockey, especially in the 1960s and 70s, did a lot of harm to his heart.  After a successful operation and a slow recovery, Lee went back on the air two months later, on February 19, 1996. He was on the air for three more weeks before suffering another heart attack on the way to his doctor's appointment; this time it was fatal. Lee Gray died on March 8, 1996, at the age of 59, one week before his 60th birthday.

References

External links
 Lee Gray Official Website.
Charity by The Gray Things (1966)

1936 births
1996 deaths

Lee Gray


Joseph Larocque (April 2, 1831 – June 9, 1908) was a New York City lawyer and president of the New York City Bar Association.

Biography
He was born in New York City in 1831 and educated at Columbia University. Several years after his admission to New York City Bar Association, he partnered with Judge William G. Choate to form the law firm of Shipman, Larocque & Choate, where he practiced until his retirement in 1899. Larocque was a director of a number of companies, including the American Cotton Oil Company, the Commonwealth Insurance Company of New York, Niagara Falls Power Company, and Plaza Bank. He also served on the boards of a number of New York City institutions, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Century Club, and Columbia University. Larocque was active in reform politics, serving as president of the New York City Bar Association from 1894 to 1895 and as chairman of the pro-Temperance Committee of Fifty in 1894.

He died on June 9, 1908, of pneumonia at age 78 in New York City. He was the grandfather of author and philanthropist Edward Larocque Tinker (1881-1968) as well as Annie Rensselaer Tinker, also a philanthropist and a suffragist. Diana Rivers is his granddaughter through his daughter, Elizabeth Larocque.

References

Further reading

 New York State Bar Association. "Joseph Larocque." Proceedings of the Thirty Second Annual Meeting. Albany, NY: The Argus Company, 1909.

1831 births
1908 deaths
Columbia University alumni
New York (state) lawyers
Presidents of the New York City Bar Association
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City

Joseph Larocque (attorney)


The incorporation of the Bill of Rights (also called incorporation for short) is how American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states. This has been done through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.  Before 1925, the Bill of Rights was held only to apply to the federal government. Under the incorporation doctrine, most provisions of the Bill of Rights now also apply to the state and local governments.

Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and what became the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court in 1833 held in Barron v. Baltimore that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government, not the states. Even years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments. However, beginning in the 1920s, a series of Supreme Court decisions interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment to "incorporate" most portions of the Bill of Rights, making these portions, for the first time, enforceable against the state governments. This process has been called selective incorporation.

References

United States Constitution

Incorporation of the Bill of Rights


Earl Kemp (November 24, 1929February 29, 2020) (Born Finis Earl Kemp.) was an American publisher, science fiction editor, critic, and fan who won a Hugo Award for Best Fanzine in 1961 for Who Killed Science Fiction, a collection of questions and answers with top writers in the field. Kemp also helped found Advent:Publishers, a small publishing house focused on science fiction criticism, history, and bibliography, and served as chairman of the 20th World Science Fiction Convention. During the 1960s and '70s, Kemp was also involved in publishing a number of erotic paperbacks, including an illustrated edition of the Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. This publication led to Kemp being sentenced to one year in prison for "conspiracy to mail obscene material," but he served only the federal minimum of three months and one day.

Background
Born Finis Earl Kemp in the Old Crossett Camp, an old lumber camp on the Chemin-a-Haut Creek, located south of present-day Crossett, Arkansas, in 1929 to Finis Watson Kemp (11 July 1904 – 20 July 1999) (a lumberjack at the time of his birth) and Ruth Magnolia Underwood (19 Sept 1906-15 Sept 2000). He later moved to Chicago, where he worked as a graphics artist.

Before Kemp left Arkansas, he discovered pulp fiction. As Kemp once wrote, "There were a number of magazines that struck my fancy for different reasons, among them were titles like Planet Stories, Weird Tales, Spicy Mystery Stories, etc. It was probably my emerging pubescence tilting me toward the spicy parts, but I had always been easy to tilt."

Science fiction editor and fan
In 1952, Kemp attended his first World Science Fiction Convention. As he later said, "It was like walking into a world I had been seeking for a very long time. I felt, instantly, that I was at home at last and among my kind of people."

In 1956 Kemp and other members of the University of Chicago Science Fiction Club founded Advent:Publishers, which publishes science fiction criticism, history, and bibliography. One of their first books was In Search of Wonder, a hardcover collection of the book reviews of Damon Knight. Critics have said the book created the "foundation for all subsequent SF criticism."

Kemp won the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine in 1961 for his publication Who Killed Science Fiction. To create the fanzine, "Earl sent the same five questions to 108 people, the elite of the science fiction world. And he printed the seventy-one responses he received." The fanzine was distributed by the Spectator Amateur Press Society (SAPS), a long-running  amateur press association. Kemp's win caused a bit of controversy because some felt that his publication had only a single issue; afterwards the award's eligibility rules for fanzines were changed to prevent single-issue publications from winning.  However, Who Killed Science Fiction was actually the first SaFari Annual, part of a series of fanzines Kemp was publishing for SAPS, and the "controversy" was largely based on misunderstanding. In 2006 Kemp published a significant updating of Who Killed Science Fiction as the 29th issue of his current fanzine e*I*.  It reprinted the entirety of the original 1961 edition and added considerable new material. In 2011 a book edition of Who Killed Science Fiction was published by The Merry Blacksmith Press.

Kemp also served as chairman of the 20th World Science Fiction Convention. In 1961, he wrote a letter to Isaac Asimov in which he stated that "based on your delightful wit, and frankly your reputation" someone had jokingly suggested that Asimov deliver a pseudo-lecture at the convention. Kemp stated, "Specifically it should be delivered at the masquerade and should be something on the theme of THE POSITIVE POWER OF POSTERIOR PINCHING. They went on to say that we would, naturally furnish some suitable posteriors for demonstration purposes." Asimov responded that, "I have no doubt I could give a stimulating talk that would stiffen the manly fiber of every one in the audience. However, I am not yet ready to give an unqualified acquiescence. It does occur to me, now and then, that there is some age at which I ought to gain a kind of minimal dignity suiting my [unintelligible] position in life. Besides the real reason is that I will have to ask the permission of various people who are (or would be) concerned in the matter. If they say 'no', it will be 'no.' Of course, I could be persuaded to do so on very short notice; even after the convention began, if the posteriors in question were of particularly compelling interest. Yours, Asimov." The suggested pseudo-lecture did not occur.

In 1963 Kemp edited The Proceedings: CHICON III, published by Advent:Publishers. The book included transcripts of lectures and panels given during the course of the convention, along with numerous photographs.

Kemp edited a number of science fiction fanzines up until 1965, including Destiny and SaFari. After a 37-year break, Kemp returned to editing fanzines with e*I*, which focuses on his memoirs of the science fiction world and is available online.

In September 2013, after a campaign mounted by his son, Earl Terry Kemp, he was named to the First Fandom Hall of Fame in a ceremony at the 71st World Science Fiction Convention.

According to his official death certificate Finis Earl Kemp died on February 29, 2020, at 12:48 at his Tecate, Mexico, residence of a pulmonary thromboembolism and was subsequently cremated. (Not as incorrectly reported by various fan-related sources on February 6, 2020, after falling at his home.)

Pornography and gay books
During the 1960s and '70s, Kemp was involved in publishing erotic paperbacks through a company, Greenleaf Classics, where he was employed by William Hamling. In an example of détournement, Kemp published an illustrated edition of the Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. The book was "replete with the sort of photographs the commission examined." Kemp eventually was sentenced to a one-year prison sentence for distributing the book (as was Hamling).  However, both served only the federal minimum of three months and one day.  The story of their arrest and prison time was covered in Gay Talese's Thy Neighbor's Wife.

Kemp also was involved in publishing gay-themed books while at Greenleaf, one of the earliest editors to do so, leading novelist Victor J. Banis to call Kemp the "Godfather of gay publishing" (even though, as Banis says, "Earl himself was resolutely heterosexual"). Among the books Kemp edited in the 1960s were Banis's novel The Why Not and a series of gay pulp fiction spy parodies called The Man from C.A.M.P. Banis says once Kemp and Greenleaf proved how much of a market there was for erotic gay fiction, other publishers soon joined in.

Hamling's company published Rogue men's magazine, a competitor of Playboy. Rogue and the Greenleaf book operation under Kemp's direction employed and/or published a number of noted figures in science fiction, including Harlan Ellison, Frank M. Robinson, Algis Budrys, Robert Silverberg and many others.

"Desert Resident"

Kemp appeared in a late 2007 segment of WIRED Science titled "Peak Water", identified only as "Earl Kemp, Desert Resident", in which he discussed the realities of water supply in his home near Kingman, Arizona.

Bibliography
 "The Science-Fiction Book Index" by Earl Kemp in
 The Best Science Fiction Stories and Novels: 1955, edited by T. E. Dikty, Fell 1955.
 The Best Science Fiction Stories and Novels: 1956, edited by T. E. Dikty, Fell 1956.
 The Best Science Fiction Stories and Novels: Ninth Series, edited by T. E. Dikty, Advent:Publishers, 1958.
 The Science Fiction Novel, edited by Earl Kemp, Advent:Publishers, 1959.
 Who Killed Science Fiction, collection of interviews with science fiction writers and others, winner of the 1961 Hugo Award for Best Fanzine.
 The Proceedings: CHICON III, edited by Earl Kemp, Advent:Publishers, 1963.
 The Illustrated Presidential Report of the Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, edited by Earl Kemp, Greenleaf Classics, Inc., 1970.
 Sin-A-Rama: Sleaze Sex Paperbacks of the Sixties edited by Brittany A. Daley, Hedi El Kholti, Earl Kemp, Miriam Linna, and Adam Parfrey. Feral House, 2004. Winner of an Independent Publisher Book Award for Best Pop Culture Book of 2006.
 The Memoirs of an Angry Man, by Earl Kemp, edited by Earl Terry Kemp, The Last Stand, 2013.

References

External links
The complete text of "Who Killed Science Fiction", winner of the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine.
Earl Kemp's science fiction fanzines.
Earl Kemp's personal website.
"Oh Them Crazy Monkeys: Me, Earl, and Robert Heinlein" by Alexei Panshin. An account of Kemp's

1929 births
2020 deaths
Hugo Award-winning fan writers
Science fiction critics
American speculative fiction critics
American speculative fiction editors

Earl Kemp


Tsidi Ibrahim (born November 26, 1976), known professionally as Jean Grae (formerly What? What?), is an American rapper. She rose in the underground hip hop scene in New York City and has built an international fanbase. Grae's unique music and lyrical style have earned the artist recognition as a favorite emcee by many rap artists such as Talib Kweli, Jay-Z, and Black Thought of the Roots.

Early life
Jean Grae was born Tsidi Ibrahim, in Cape Town, South Africa, on November 26, 1976. The child of South African jazz musicians Sathima Bea Benjamin and Abdullah Ibrahim, Jean was raised in New York City, where the family moved after Jean's birth. Grae studied Vocal Performance at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School, before studying a Major in Music Business at New York University; dropping out after three weeks of class.

Career

1996–1998: Career beginnings
In 1995, Jean was discovered by George Rithm Martinez when he recruited the artist for a five-song demo in his group Ground Zero. The demo earned "Unsigned Hype" honors in The Source in March 1996. Jean later joined a hip hop group called Natural Resource along with rapper Ocean and disc jockey James "AGGIE" Barrett. In 1996, they released two 12-inch singles on their label, Makin' Records. They appeared on singles by Pumpkinhead and Bad Seed, as well as on the O.B.S. (Original Blunted Soldiers) double 12-inch single. They produced much of the material released under pseudonym "Run Run Shaw".

1998–2004: Solo career
Natural Resource dissolved in 1998, after which Jean changed her stage name from What? What? to Jean Grae, a reference to the X-Men character Jean Grey. Jean released the LP, Attack of the Attacking Things, on August 6, 2002, and released This Week on September 21, 2004. Jean has recorded with major hip-hop artists such as Atmosphere, The Roots, Phonte, Mr. Len, Pharoahe Monch, The Herbaliser, Masta Ace and Immortal Technique.

Grae recorded an album with North Carolina producer 9th Wonder, entitled Jeanius; the unfinished recording was leaked online, and work stopped. However, at a release party for 9th Wonder's Dream Merchant Volume 2, Jean stated that Jeanius was still going to be released. It was released on June 24, 2008 on Zune Live Marketplace, then on disc on July 8, 2008. Jean's rapping was described by Robert Christgau as "remarkable for its rapidity, clarity and idiomatic cadence. The writing has a good-humored polysyllabic literacy."

2005–2008: Blacksmith Music
Previously signed to Babygrande Records, Jean signed a deal in 2005 with Talib Kweli's Blacksmith Records. On April 28, 2008, Grae posted a blog entry on MySpace saying goodbye to fans. Jean was disenchanted with the music industry and desired to start a family, but said that work on new material was ongoing. In July 2008, Talib Kweli posted a blog entry explaining Grae's album, mentioning that Grae was not retiring. He encouraged fans to purchase the album, referring to Grae as "one of the last true MCs left." Grae returned to doing live performances later that year.

2008–present: Freelance
On September 18, 2008, Grae posted a Craigslist ad offering creative services for $800/16 bars. On a blog, Jean stated, "I don't wanna complain anymore, I just wanna change some things about the way artists are treated and the way you guys are allowed to be involved, since it IS the digital age." Since then, Jean's music has been self-released through the artist's website and Bandcamp.

On June 25, 2011, Grae released a free mixtape entitled Cookies or Comas, which features guest appearances from Styles P, Talib Kweli and Pharoahe Monch; it also includes "Assassins" from Monch's W.A.R. album and "Uh Oh" From Talib Kweli's Gutter Rainbows. This was followed by the 10-track Dust Ruffle on January 2, 2013, featuring unreleased songs from 2004 to 2010. Between October and November 2013, Grae released EPs titled Gotham Down Cycle 1: Love in Infinity (Lo-Fi), Gotham Down Cycle II: Leviathan, Gotham Down Cycle 3: The Artemis Epoch. In December 2013, Jean combined them into Gotham Down Deluxe.

Grae branched out from music, releasing audiobook The State of Eh in January 2014, and writing, directing and starring in the online sitcom Life with Jeanie. In 2013, Jean had a supporting role in indie film Big Words and in 2015 appeared on the And The Crime Ring episode of CBS sitcom 2 Broke Girls. On October 2, 2016, Jean hosted the Golden Probes. On September 9, 2018, Grae and Quelle Chris released their 15 track joint album Everything's Fine, rated by Rolling Stone as the 22nd best Hip Hop Album of 2018.

Personal life and musical style
On December 3, 2017, Grae got engaged to fellow rapper and producer Quelle Chris. On August 5, 2018, they were married at the W Loft in Brooklyn. He is known for more than 15 studio albums and collaborative albums with fellow rappers.

Grae identifies as non-binary and uses she/her pronouns.

Grae's rapping style relies on a complex interplay of shifting rhythms and slanted rhymes. An analysis by Matt Daniels for The Pudding indicated that Jean uses a higher-than-average range of vocabulary in her lyrics.

Discography

Studio albums
Attack of the Attacking Things (2002)
This Week (2004)
Jeanius (with 9th Wonder) (2008)
Everything's Fine (with Quelle Chris) (2018)

Compilation albums
Dust Ruffle (2012)
Gotham Down Deluxe (2013)

EPs
The Bootleg of the Bootleg EP (2003)
Ho x 3: A Christmas Thingy (2012)
Gotham Down: Cycle 1: Love In Infinity (Lo-Fi) (2013)
Gotham Down: Cycle II: Leviathan (2013)
Gotham Down: Cycle 3: The Artemis Epoch (2013)
jeannie. (2014)
#5 (2014)
The State of Eh. A Read Along Album Book Thing. By Jean Grae. (2014)
That's Not How You Do That: An Instructional Album for Adults (2014)
That's Not How You Do That Either: Yet Another Instructional Album for Adults (2015)
iSweatergawd (2015)
Saix (2015)
Jean Grae's CHRISTMAKWHANNUVUSWALIYEARS (2015)
MERRYPOCALYPSE (with Quelle Chris) (2016)
Sevvin (2016)

Mixtapes
The Official Bootleg (2003)
The Grae Files (2004)
The Grae Mixtape (2004)
Hurricane Jean The Mixtape (2005)
Hurricane Jean: The Jeanius Strikes Again (2005)
Cookies or Comas (2011)

Other song appearances

 Immortal Technique – The Illest (ft. Jean Grae and Pumpkinhead)
 Immortal Technique – You Never Know (ft. Jean Grae)
 Akir – Tropical Fantasy (ft. Jean Grae)
 The High & Mighty – Hands On Experience (ft. What?What?, Kool Keith and Bobbito)
 Tek 9 – Keep It Hot (ft. What?What?)
 Tek 9 – Bruklon (ft. What?What?)
 Mr. Lif – Post Mortem
 Atmosphere – Insomnia 411 (ft. Roosevelt Franklin and Jean Grae)
 The Herbaliser – Blow Your Headphones – "The Blend"
 The Herbaliser – Blow Your Headphones – "New + Improved"
 The Herbaliser – Blow Your Headphones – Bring It"
 The Herbaliser – Very Mercenary – "Mission Improbable"
 The Herbaliser – Very Mercenary – "Let It Go"
 The Herbaliser – Take London – "Nah' Mean, Nah'm Sayin'"
 The Herbaliser – Take London – "Generals"
 The Herbaliser – Take London – "Close Your Eyes"
 The Herbaliser – Take London – "Twice Around"
 The Herbaliser – Take London (second edition's bonus disc) – "More Tea, More Beer"
 The Herbaliser – Take London (second edition's bonus disc) – "How To Keep A Girlfriend"
 The Herbaliser – Same As It Never Was – "Street Karma (A Cautionary Tale)"
 Masta Ace – Disposable Arts – "Hold U" (ft. Jean Grae)
 Masta Ace – Soda and Soap (ft. Jean Grae)
 Quelle Chris – Being You Is Great, I Wish I Could Be You More Often – "The Prestige" (ft. Jean Grae)
 Talib Kweli – New York Shit (ft. Jean Grae)
 Talib Kweli – Say Something
 Talib Kweli – Where You Gonna Run (ft. Jean Grae)
 Talib Kweli – Uh Oh (ft. Jean Grae)
 Talib Kweli – Black Girl Pain (ft. Jean Grae)
 Cannibal Ox – Swing Blades (ft. Jean Grae)
 Soul Daddy – No Drank (ft. Jean Grae)
 Ski Beatz – Prowler 2 (ft. Jean Grae, Jay Electronica, Joell Ortiz & Mos Def)
 Wale – Goodbye (ft. Jean Grae)
 Diverse – Under the hammer (ft. Jean Grae)
 Joell Ortiz – So Wrong (ft. Talib Kweli, Brother Ali & Jean Grae)
 Lil B – Base 4 Ya Face (ft. Jean Grae & Phonte)
 DJ Jazzy Jeff – Supa Jean (ft. Jean Grae)
 Pharoahe Monch – Assassins (ft. Jean Grae & Royce Da 5'9")
 Sharkey – Sharkey's Machine – "Summer in the City (Lovin' It)"
 Rosco P. Coldchain – It's Our World (Tryin' Times) (ft. D.P. & Jean Grae)
 Maurice "Mobetta" Brown – Back At The Ranch (ft. Jean Grae)
 Bodi – Epilogue (ft. Kristoff Krane & Jean Grae)
 Jota Mayúscula – Maybe (ft. Jean Grae)
 The Roots – Somebody's Gotta Do It (ft. Jean Grae)
 MC Frontalot - Gold Locks
 Rapsody - Blankin Out Remix (ft. Jean Grae)
 Sammus - 1080p (feat. Jean Grae)"
 Flying Pupa - Can It''

References

External links
Jean Grae Discography on Discogs
Jean Grae Lyrics

1976 births
Living people
American people of South African descent
Underground rappers
Rappers from Brooklyn
East Coast hip hop musicians
Progressive rap musicians
Songwriters from New York (state)
American hip hop record producers
South African songwriters
Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni
South African record producers
Record producers from New York (state)
21st-century American rappers
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
Crooklyn Dodgers members
American non-binary musicians
Non-binary singers
21st-century African-American people
African-American rappers
Hip hop record producers
American record producers
21st-century American musicians
American rappers

Jean Grae