Lutsk (, ; , ; ) is a city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of Lutsk Raion within the oblast. Lutsk has a population of  Historically it was a cultural and religious center in Volhynia.

Etymology
Lutsk is an ancient Slavic town, mentioned in the Hypatian Chronicle as Luchesk in the records of 1085. The etymology of the name is unclear. There are three hypotheses: the name may have been derived from the Old Slavic word luka (an arc or bend in a river), or the name may have originated from Luka (the chieftain of the Dulebs), an ancient Slavic tribe living in this area. The name may also have been created after Luchanii (Luchans), an ancient branch of the tribe mentioned above. Its historical name in Ukrainian is "Луцьк".

History
According to the legend, Luchesk dates from the 7th century. The first known documentary reference dates were from the year 1085. The town served as the capital of the Principality of Halych-Volynia (founded in 1199) until the rise of Volodymyr. The town grew around a wooden stronghold built by a local branch of the Rurik Dynasty. At certain times the location functioned as the capital of the principality, but the town did not become an important centre of commerce or culture.

Grand Duchy of Lithuania
In 1240, Tatars seized and looted the nearby town but left the castle unharmed. In 1321, George, son of  Lev, the last prospective heir of Halych-Volynia, died in a battle with the forces of Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Lithuanian forces seized the castle. In 1349, the forces of King Casimir III of Poland captured the town, but Lithuania soon retook it.

The town began to prosper during the period of Lithuanian rule. Prince Lubart (died 1384), son of Gediminas, erected Lubart's Castle as part of his fortification programme. Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1392 to 1430, founded the town itself by importing colonists (mostly Jews, Tatars, and Karaims). In 1427 he transferred the Catholic bishopric from Volodymyr to Luchesk. Vytautas was the last monarch to use the title of "Duke of Volhynia" and to reside in Lubart's Castle.

The town grew rapidly, and by the end of the 15th century, there were 19 Orthodox and two Catholic churches. It was the seat of two Christian bishops, one Catholic and one Orthodox. Because of that, the town was sometimes nicknamed "the Volhynian Rome." The cross symbol of Lutsk features the highest Lithuanian Presidential award, the Order of Vytautas the Great.

In 1429 Lutsk was the meeting place selected for a conference of monarchs hosted by Jogaila and Sophia of Halshany to deal with the Tatar threat. Those invited to attend included Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor; Vasili II of Russia, the king of Denmark; Eric of Pomerania, the Grand Master of the Livonian Order; Zisse von Rutenberg, the Duke of Szczecin Kazimierz V; Dan II, the Hospodar of Wallachia; and Prince-electors of most of the countries of Germany.

Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

In 1432, Volhynia became a fief of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Lutsk became the seat of the governors, and later the Marshalls of the Land of Volhynia. That same year, the city was granted Magdeburg rights. In 1569, Volhynia was fully incorporated into the Polish kingdom and the town became the capital of the Volhynian Voivodeship and the Łuck powiat (Polish administrative unit). After the Union of Lublin, the local Orthodox bishop converted to Eastern Catholicism.

The town continued to prosper as an important economic centre of the region. By the mid-17th century, Łuck had approximately 50,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest towns in the area. During the Khmelnytskyi Uprising, the town was seized by the forces of Colonel Kolodko. Up to 4,000 people were slaughtered, approximately 35,000 fled, and the town was looted and partially burnt. It never fully recovered. In 1781, the city was struck by a fire which destroyed 440 houses, both cathedrals, and several other churches.

Russian Empire
In 1795, as a result of the Partitions of Poland, the Russian Empire annexed Lutsk. The Voivodeship was liquidated and the town lost its significance as the capital of the province (which was moved to Zhytomyr). After the November Uprising (1830–1831), efforts increased to remove Polish influence. Russian became the dominant language in official circles. Though, the population continued to speak Ukrainian; the Polish population spoke Polish; and the Jewish population spoke Yiddish (only in private circles). The Greek Catholic churches was turned into Orthodox Christian ones, which led to the self-liquidation of the Uniates here. In 1845, another great fire struck the city, resulting in further depopulation.

In 1850, three major forts were built around Lutsk, and the town became a small fortress called Mikhailogorod. During the First World War, the town was seized by Austria-Hungary on 29 August 1915. The town sustained a small amount of damage. During more than a year of Austro-Hungarian occupation, Lutsk became an important military centre with the headquarters of the IV Army under Archduke Josef Ferdinand stationed there. A plague of epidemic typhus decimated the city's inhabitants.

On 4 June 1916, four Russian armies under general Aleksei Brusilov started what later became known as the Brusilov Offensive. After up to three days of heavy artillery barrage, the Battle of Lutsk began. On 7 June 1916 the Russian forces reconquered the city. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1917, the city was seized by Germany on 7 February 1918. On 22 February 1918 the town was transferred by the withdrawing German army to the forces loyal to Symon Petlura.

Second Polish Republic
During the Polish-Bolshevik War, on 16 May 1919, Lutsk was taken over by the forces of Poland's Blue Army after a heavy battle with the Red Army. The city was devastated and largely depopulated. It witnessed the Soviet counter-offensive of 1920 and was taken on 12 July 1920. It was recaptured by Poland's 45th Rifles regiment and field artillery on 15 September 1920. According to American sociologist Alexander Gella "the Polish victory [over the Red Army] had gained twenty years of independence not only for Poland but at least for an entire central part of Europe. Łuck was designated by the newly-reborn nation of Poland as the capital of the Wołyń Voivodeship.

The city was connected by railroad to Lviv (then Lwów) and Przemyśl. Several brand new factories were built both in Łuck and on its outskirts producing farming equipment, wood, and leather products among other consumer goods. New mills and breweries opened. An orphanage was built, and a big new bursary. The first high school was soon inaugurated. In 1937, an airport was established in Łuck with an area of .

The 13th Kresowy Light Artillery Regiment was stationed in the city, together with a Łuck National Defense (Poland) Battalion. In 1938, construction of a large modern radio transmitter began in the city (see Polish Radio Łuck). As of 1 January 1939 Łuck had 39,000 inhabitants (approximately 17,500 Jews and 13,500 Poles). The powiat formed around the town had 316,970 inhabitants, including 59% Ukrainians, 19.5% Poles, 14% Jews and approximately 23,000 Czechs and Germans.

World War II
On Thursday 7 September 1939, at about 5 p.m., the Polish government, which had left Warsaw the day before, arrived at Łuck. German intelligence quickly found out about it, and the city was twice bombed by the Luftwaffe, on 11 and 14 September. After panzer units of the Wehrmacht had crossed the Bug river, on 14 September the government of Poland left Łuck and headed southwards, to Kosow Huculski, which at that time was located near the Polish–Romanian border.

As a result of the invasion of Poland from both sides and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Łuck, along with the rest of western Volyn, was annexed by the Soviet Union. Most of the factories (including the almost-finished radio station) were dismantled and sent east to Russia. Approximately 10,000 of the city's Polish inhabitants (chiefly ethnic Poles, but also Polish Jews) were deported in cattle trucks to Kazakhstan and 1,550 were arrested by the NKVD.

After the start of Operation Barbarossa the city was captured by the Wehrmacht on 25 June 1941. Thousands of Polish and Ukrainian prisoners were shot by the retreating NKVD responsible for political prisons. The inmates were offered amnesty and in the morning of  ordered to exit the building en masse. They were gunned down by Soviet tanks. Some 4,000 captives including Poles, Jews and Ukrainians were massacred.

Upon Nazi occupation, most of the Jewish inhabitants of the city were forced into a new Łuck Ghetto () and then murdered at the execution site on Górka Połonka hill not far from the city. In total, more than 25,000 Jews were executed there at point-blank range, men, women and children. The Łuck Ghetto was liquidated entirely through the Holocaust by bullets. During the massacres of Poles in Volhynia approximately 10,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the area. It was captured by the Red Army on 2 February 1944.

Postwar
After the end of the war, the remaining Polish inhabitants of the city were expelled, mostly to the areas that are sometimes referred to as the Polish Regained Territories. The city became an industrial centre in the Ukrainian SSR. The major changes in the city's demographics had the final result that by the end of the war, the city was almost entirely Ukrainian. During the Cold War, the city hosted the Lutsk air base.

As one of the largest cities in Western Ukraine, Lutsk became the seat of the General Consulate of Poland in 2003.

On 21 July 2020, a hostage crisis took place, involving a man armed with a firearm and explosives who stormed a bus and took 16 people hostage at about 9:25 a.m. Police said that they had identified the hostage-taker and that he had expressed dissatisfaction with "Ukraine's system" on social media. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that shots gas had been heard and that the bus had been damaged. The incident led to police blocking off the city centre. The standoff was eventually resolved after several hours, with all of the hostages being freed and the hostage taker being arrested.

Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 11 March 2022, as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian army fired four missiles at Lutsk military airfield killing two Ukrainian servicemen and wounding six. On 28 March, Lutsk was struck by another Russian missile.

Population
As of 1 January 2022, the population of the Lutsk city territorial community was 244,678 people, and 215,986 people in the city of Lutsk.

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 98 % of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 1 % spoke Russian.

Geography

Climate
Lutsk has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Industry and commerce
Lutsk is an important centre of industry. Factories producing cars, shoes, bearings, furniture, machines and electronics, as well as weaveries, steel mills and a chemical plant are located in the area.
 VGP JSC – manufacture of sanitary and hygienic products
 LuAZ – automobile-manufacturing plant, part of Bogdan group
 SKF – manufacture of bearings, seals, lubrication and lubrication systems, maintenance products, mechatronics products, power transmission products and related services globally
 Modern-Expo Group – one of the largest manufacturers and suppliers of equipment (metal shelving, high racks systems, checkouts, catering equipment, refrigeration equipment, POS-equipment and guidance systems) for retail and warehouse use in Central and Eastern Europe.
 Lutsk is the capital of the Drupal web development

Places of interest

Lubart's Castle. The Upper Castle from the 13th century and the Lower Castle from the 14th century
Saint Peter and Paul Cathedral. A Catholic cathedral built 1610 as a Jesuit church, reconstructed in 1781
Great Synagogue built in 1626–1629
Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral built 1755 as a church and monastery of Bernardines
Lutheran Church
Complex of Lutsk Orthodox Fellowship
Market square
Lesya Ukrainka street
Monasteries, both Catholic and Orthodox: Basilians (17th century), Dominicans (17th century), Trinitarians (18th century) and Charites (18th century)
Two 16th century Greek-Catholic churches
Lutsk compact overhead powerline, a powerline of an unusual type.
One of the longest buildings in the world: Apartment house on Sobornosti av. and Molodi st. (50.761219°N, 25.368719°E)   Length: 1750 m.

Theatres and museums

Drama Theatre, built in 1939 (uk)
Children's Puppet Theater
Museum of Regional Studies. Address: Shopena St. 20
Museum of Ukrainian army and ammunition opened in 1999. Address: Lutsk, vul. Taborishi 4
Museum of Volyn Icon was opened in August 1993. A relatively small museum in the centre of the town. Has some interesting and very old icons. Address: vul. Yaroshchuka 5. (behind the Lesia Ukrainka Volyn State University)
THE KORSAKS' MUSEUM OF THE CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN ART". Address: vul. Karbysheva 1

Religion
The city was the episcopal seat of the Eparchy of Lutsk–Ostroh in the Ruthenian Uniate Church. The city was also the centre of the short-lived Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia. Currently, it is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk and of the Exarchate of Lutsk in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. In the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, the former Catholic cathedral of the Holy Trinity is the seat of the Eparchy of Volhynia.

Notable people

Shlomo Ben-Yosef (1913-1938) a member of Revisionist Zionist underground group Irgun.
Volodymyr Bondar (born 1968), politician, Governor of Volyn Oblast 2005-2007
Benedykt Chmielowski (1700–1763), a Polish priest, author of the encyclopedia, Nowe Ateny
Count Włodzimierz Czacki (1834–1888) a Polish Cardinal (Catholic Church) from 1882
Alojzy Feliński (1771-1820), Polish scientist and writer
Abraham Firkovich (1786–1874) a Karaite writer and Hakham and collector of ancient manuscripts
Shlomo Flam (died 1813), Hasidic rabbi and maggid in Lutsk
Kateryna Gornostai (born 1989) is a Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and film editor.
Bolesław Kontrym (1898-1953), a Polish Army officer, a participant in the Warsaw Uprising
Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851-1887), a Polish linguist, co-inventor of the concept of phonemes
Dinora Pines (1918–2002), British physician and psychoanalyst, especially feminine psychology
Volodymyr Runchak (born 1960) a Ukrainian accordionist, conductor and composer
Shmuel Shilo (1929–2011), an Israeli actor, director and producer
Florian Siwicki (1925-2013), a Polish military officer, diplomat and communist politician.
Zalman Sorotzkin (1881-1966), an Orthodox rabbi who served as the rabbi of Lutsk and author
Mordecai Sultansky (ca. 1772-1862), Karaite Jewish hakham and scholar
Tartak (founded 1994), music band; all members were born in Lutsk
Shimshon Unichman (1907–1961), Israeli politician and member of the Knesset
Svitlana Winnikow (1919 -1981), engineer, first woman professor of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics at Michigan Technological University
Oksana Zabuzhko (born 1960), contemporary Ukrainian poet, writer and essayist
Svetlana Zakharova (born 1979), a Ukrainian prima ballerina with the Bolshoi Ballet
Joseph Zinker (born 1934), Gestalt psychology therapist, painter and sculptor.

Sport
Peter Bondra (born 1968), Ukrainian-born Slovak ice hockey player
Oleksandr Chyzhevskyi (born 1971) football coach and former player with 513 club caps.
Iurii Kostiuk (born 1977) a Ukrainian biathlete and gold medallist at the Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics
Volodymyr Mozolyuk (born 1964) is a Ukrainian retired footballer with over 540 club caps.
Anzhelika Savrayuk (born 1989), Italian rhythmic gymnast, team bronze medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Vyacheslav Shevchuk (born 1979) is a retired footballer with 34 club caps and 56 with Ukraine
Anatoliy Tymoshchuk (born 1979), a footballer with 533 club caps and 144 for Ukraine

In popular culture
The NKVD and Nazi massacres are mentioned in the Prix Goncourt awarded novel The Kindly Ones by Jonathan Littell.

Lutsk is a location taken over by post-apocalyptic slavers in the sci-fi/adventure novel The Crisis Pendant by Charlie Patterson.

Twin towns – sister cities

Lutsk is twinned with:

 Bandırma, Turkey
 Białystok, Poland
 Brest, Belarus
 Chełm, Poland
 Kaunas, Lithuania
 Kyjov, Czech Republic
 Lippe (district), Germany
 Lublin, Poland
 Olsztyn, Poland
 Rzeszów, Poland
 Toruń, Poland
 Trakai, Lithuania
 Xiangtan, China
 Zamość, Poland

Gallery

References

External links

Official tourist website
Lutsk - historical description (in Ukrainian)
Orthodox Lutsk (in Ukrainian)
Historic images of Lutsk
Lutsk, Ukraine

Magdeburg rights
Cities in Volyn Oblast
Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)
Lutsky Uyezd
Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Cities of regional significance in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine
Oblast centers in Ukraine

Lutsk


Charles Hubbard Judd (February 20, 1873 – July 18, 1946) was an American educational psychologist who played an influential role in the formation of the discipline. Part of the larger scientific movement of this period, Judd pushed for the use of scientific methods to the understanding of education and, thus, wanted to limit the use of theory in the field. Judd who was known for applying scientific methods to the study of educational issues.

Born in Bareilly, India of American missionary parents, he moved to the United States with his parents Charles Wesley Judd and Sarah Hubbard Judd in 1879. Judd obtained a PhD at the University of Leipzig under the tutelage of Wilhelm Wundt. Judd was director of the Department of Education at the University of Chicago from 1909 to 1938.  His works include Genetic Psychology for Teachers, Psychology of Social Institutions and Psychology of High-School Subjects (Boston, 1915).

Education
Judd attended Wesleyan University in Connecticut, receiving his degree in 1894. During his time at Wesleyan he took classes with Andrew Campbell Armstrong who introduced Judd to psychology. He next entered graduate work at the University of Leipzig in Germany, where he studied psychology under the renowned Wilhelm Wundt. Judd got his Ph.D. degree in 1896. Wundt's scientific study of psychology made a lasting impression on Judd.  Judd later translated Wundt's Outlines of Psychology into English.

Profession
Charles Hubbard Judd was an educational psychologist. He wrote "Genetic Psychology for Teachers" in 1903, launching his career as an analyst of the psychology of school curriculums. From 1907- 1909 Judd was the director of the psychological laboratory at Yale University; from 1909-1938 Judd was a professor and head of the Department of Education at the University of Chicago from which he retired. Throughout his career Judd published many of his ideas, helping further the field of social psychology. Some of his published work is "Psychology of Social Institutions" in 1926, and "Education as Cultivation of the Higher Mental Processes" in 1936. He worked at New York University in 1898, then went to University of Cincinnati in Ohio in 1900–1901. Then went to Yale in 1901 to teach psychology courses. In 1909 he became the director in the University of Chicago.

Selected publications
 Judd, Charles Hubbard. Psychology of high-school subjects. Ginn and Company, 1915.
 Judd, Charles Hubbard, and Leon Carroll Marshall. Lessons in community and national life. Series B, for the first class of the high school and the upper grades of the elementary school. United States. Bureau of  Education; United States. Food and Drug Administration, 1918.
 Judd, Charles Hubbard, and Guy Thomas Buswell. Silent reading: A study of the various types. No. 23. University of Chicago, 1922.
 Judd, Charles Hubbard. The psychology of social institutions. (1926).

References

External links

 Guide to the Charles Hubbard Judd Papers 1925-1927

1873 births
1946 deaths
University of Chicago faculty
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
American educational psychologists
American expatriates in British India

Charles Hubbard Judd


Portals Nous is a neighborhood in the municipality of Calvià on the island of Mallorca, part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It includes the residential neighborhood of Bendinat, and it is adjacent to El Toro to the west, La Porrassa the east, Son Ferrer north, and the sea to the south. It had its start in the 1930s, and now has a population of approximately 2,650 residents.

The town is a meeting place for businessmen, celebrities, high society figures and members of the Spanish royal family during their summer stays in the Marivent Palace.

Festivals are celebrated from 12 to 15 August. The marina is called Puerto Portals.

References

Populated places in Calvià
Neighbourhoods in Spain

Portals Nous


John Cipollina (August 24, 1943 – May 29, 1989) was a guitarist best known for his role as a founder and the lead guitarist of the prominent San Francisco rock band Quicksilver Messenger Service.  After leaving Quicksilver he formed the band Copperhead, was a member of the San Francisco All Stars and later played with numerous other bands.

Early years
John and his twin sister Manuela were born in Berkeley, California, on August 24, 1943.  Cipollina attended Tamalpais High School, in Mill Valley, California, as did his brother, Mario (born 1954), and sister, Antonia (born 1952). Their father, Gino, was of Italian ancestry (Genovese and Piemontese origins).
He was a realtor, and their mother, Evelyn, and godfather, José Iturbi, were concert pianists.

John showed great promise as a classical pianist in his youth, but his father gave him a guitar when he was 12 and this quickly became his primary instrument.

Equipment and technique
Cipollina had a unique guitar sound, mixing solid state and valve amplifiers as early as 1965. He is considered one of the fathers of the San Francisco sound, a form of psychedelic rock.

I like the rapid punch of solid-state for the bottom, and the rodent-gnawing distortion of the tubes on top.

To create his distinctive guitar sound, Cipollina developed a one-of-a-kind amplifier stack. His Gibson SG guitars had two pickups, one for bass and one for treble. The bass pickup fed into two Standel bass amps on the bottom of the stack, each equipped with two 15-inch speakers. The treble pickups fed two Fender amps: a Fender Twin Reverb and a Fender Dual Showman that drove six Wurlitzer horns.

Copperhead and Career after Quicksilver Messenger Service
After leaving Quicksilver in 1971, Cipollina formed the band Copperhead with early Quicksilver member Jim Murray (who was soon to leave for Maui, Hawaii), former Stained Glass member Jim McPherson, drummer David Weber, Gary Phillipet (AKA Gary Phillips (keyboardist), later a member of Bay Area bands Earthquake and The Greg Kihn Band), and Pete Sears. Sears was shortly thereafter replaced by current and longtime Bonnie Raitt bassist James "Hutch" Hutchinson who played on the Copperhead LP and stayed with the band for its duration. Copperhead disbanded in mid 1974 after becoming a staple in the SF Bay Area and touring the West Coast, Hawaii (Sunshine Crater Fest on New Years Day of 1973 with Santana), the South (opening dates for Steely Dan) and the Midwest.

In May 1974 Cipollina and Link Wray, whose playing and style had influenced John as a young musician and who he had met through bassist Hutch Hutchinson, performed a series of shows together along the West Coast (with Copperhead rhythm section Hutchinson & Weber and keyboardist David Bloom) culminating at The Whiskey in LA where they performed for four nights (May 15–19) on a bill with Lighthouse (band). Cipollina continued to occasionally perform with Wray for the next couple of years.

During the 1980s, Cipollina performed with a number of bands, including Fish & Chips, Thunder and Lightning, the Dinosaurs and Problem Child.  He was a founding member of Zero and its rhythm guitarist until his death.  Most often these bands played club gigs in the San Francisco Bay Area, where Cipollina was well-known.

Experience with Man
In 1975, the Welsh psychedelic band Man toured the United States, towards the end of which, they played two gigs at the San Francisco Winterland (March 21 and 22), which were such a success that promoter Bill Graham paid them a bonus and rebooked them. While waiting for the additional gigs, the band met and rehearsed with Cipollina, who played with them at Winterland in April 1975. After this, Cipollina agreed to play a UK tour which took place in May 1975, during which their "Roundhouse gig" was recorded.

Rumors that Micky Jones had to overdub Cipollina's parts, as his guitar was out of tune, before their Maximum Darkness album could be released are exaggerated; only one track, "Bananas", was to have his track replaced, per Deke Leonard. "Everything ... which sounds like Cipollina is Cipollina."

The album eventually reached #25 in the UK album charts.

Death and legacy
Cipollina died on May 29, 1989, at age 45. His cause of death was alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which he suffered from most of his life and which is exacerbated by smoking.

Quicksilver Messenger Service fans paid tribute to him the following month in San Francisco at an all-star concert at the Fillmore Auditorium which featured Nicky Hopkins, Pete Sears, David Freiberg, and John's brother Mario, an original member of Huey Lewis and the News. Cipollina's one of a kind massive amplifier stack was donated, along with one of his customized Gibson SG guitars, and effects pedals, for display in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in 1995.

In 2003, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked Cipollina 32nd on their list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.

Discography

Quicksilver Messenger Service
 1968: Quicksilver Messenger Service
 1969: Happy Trails
 1969: Shady Grove
 1970: Just for Love
 1970: What About Me
 1975: Solid Silver

with Brewer and Shipley

 1971: Shake off the Demon (Kama Sutra)

with Papa John Creach

 1971: Papa John Creach (Grunt Records)

with Mickey Hart
 1972: Rolling Thunder

Copperhead
 1973: Copperhead (Columbia)

with Man

 1975: Maximum Darkness

Maximum Darkness LP (1975) United Artists: CD (1991) BGO CD 43: CD Re-mix (2008) Esoteric ECLEC 2061
Micky Jones, Deke Leonard, Martin Ace, Terry Williams, John Cipollina
Recorded at The Roundhouse, Chalk Farm, 26 May 1975

Freelight
 1977: unreleased demos

Terry and the Pirates
 1979  Too Close For Comfort (Wild Bunch)
 1980  Doubtful Handshake (Line Records)
 1981  Wind Dancer (Rag Baby, Line Records)
 1982  Rising of the Moon (Rag Baby, Line Records)
 1987  Acoustic Rangers (Sawdust Records)
 1990  Silverado Trail (Big Beat Records)

Solo album

 1980: John Cipollina's Raven (Line Records)
re-released in 2006 as Raven (Acadia) with 7 additional tracks

Re-release Tracklist
1. Rock & Roll Nurse
2. True Golden Touch
3. Do What You Do
4. Unvicious Circle
5. True Reward
6. Grass Is Always Greener
7. Clouds
8. All Worth The price
9. Ride (Highway Song)
10. Burning Corte Madera
11. The Truth
12. Bad News
13. Razor Blade4 & Rattlesnake
14. Prayers

with Nick Gravenites

 1980: Blue Star (Line Records)

The Nick Gravenites - John Cipollina Band

 1982: Monkey Medicine (Line Records)
 1991: Live At Rodon "Nick Gravenites and John Cipollina"; recorded 12/31/1987; (Music Box)

The Dinosaurs
 1988: Dinosaurs

with Merrell Fankhauser
 1986: Dr. Fankhauser

Zero
 1987: Here Goes Nothin (Relix Records)
 1990: Nothin Goes Here] (Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab)
 1991: Go Hear Nothin (Live) (Whirled Records)

Videos
  Dino's Song

References

External links
 JohnCipollina.com - Memorial website
 John Cipollina MySpace
 Bay-Area-Bands.com - 'John Cipollina:  The Life And Death Of San Francisco's Most Prolific Guitarist', William Ruhlmann
 [ allmusic.com] - All-Music Guide Entry
 John Cipollina collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

 John Cipollina Electric GuitarSlinger - Movie Trailer

1943 births
1989 deaths
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Deaths from emphysema
People from Mill Valley, California
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
Quicksilver Messenger Service members
Art rock musicians
Tamalpais High School alumni
Lead guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Man (band) members
Copperhead (band) members
Guitarists from California
20th-century American male musicians
The Dinosaurs members

John Cipollina


Lori Mann Bruce currently serves as Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs and holds the title of Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Tennessee Technological University.  As the Provost, she provides leadership to and oversight of eight colleges and schools, offering bachelors, masters, and doctoral programs.  Prior to joining Tennessee Tech University, Bruce served as Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the Graduate School at Mississippi State University. While at Mississippi State University, Bruce was awarded the university's highest academic honor, being named a William L. Giles Distinguished Professor. As a faculty member in electrical and computer engineering, she has served as the Principal Investigator or Co-PI on more than 20 funded research grants and contracts, totaling approximately $20 million from federal agencies.  Through her research in the areas of hyperspectral remote sensing, pattern recognition, automated target recognition, and precision agriculture, Bruce has served as major professor or graduate committee member for approximately 75 Masters and PhD students and has over 130 refereed publications.

References

Mississippi State University faculty
21st-century American engineers
University of Alabama alumni
Living people
Georgia Tech alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Lori Mann Bruce


The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations.  Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction.

In late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001.

References

1996 in the United States
1990s in China

1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal


Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 86 (P. Oxy. 86) is a complaint of a pilot of a public boat, written in Greek. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The document was written on 28 March 338. Currently it is housed in the Cambridge University Library (Add. Ms. 4040) in Cambridge.

Description
The letter contains a petition, addressed to Flavius Eusebius, a logistes (the same as in P. Oxy. 85). It was submitted on behalf of Aurelius Papnouthis by his wife Helena. Papnouthis complains that Eustochius, who was required by a leitourgia to either serve as a sailor on the boat or to pay the salary of a substitute, had failed to do so. The complaint was written out and signed by Aurelius Theon because, as he states regarding Helena, "she is illiterate." The measurements of the fragment are 253 by 100 mm.

It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

See also
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 85
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 87

References

External links
 P. Oxy. I 86 – Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis der griechischen Papyrusurkunden Ägyptens

086
4th-century manuscripts
Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 86


Butterfly gardening is a way to create, improve, and maintain habitat for lepidopterans including butterflies, skippers, and moths. Butterflies have four distinct life stages—egg, larva, chrysalis, and adult. In order to support and sustain butterfly populations, an ideal butterfly garden contains habitat for each life stage.

Butterfly larvae, with some exceptions such as the carnivorous harvester (Feniseca tarquinius), consume plant matter and can be generalists or specialists. While butterflies like the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) are known to consume over 200 plants as caterpillars, other species like the monarch (Danaus plexippus), and the regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia) only consume plants in one genus, milkweed and violets, respectively.

As adults, butterflies feed mainly on nectar, but they have also evolved to consume rotting fruit, tree sap, and even carrion. Supporting nectarivorous adult butterflies involves planting nectar plants of different heights, color, and bloom times. Butterfly bait stations can easily be made to provide a food source for species that prefer fruit and sap. In addition to food sources, windbreaks in the form of trees and shrubs shelter butterflies and can provide larval food and overwintering grounds. "Puddling" is a behavior generally done by male butterflies in which they gather to drink nutrients and water and incorporating a puddling ground for butterflies will enhance a butterfly garden. While butterflies are not the only pollinator, creating butterfly habitat also creates habitat for bees, beetles, flies, and other pollinators

Reasoning

Butterfly gardening provides a recreational activity to view butterflies interacting with the environment. Besides anthropocentric values of butterfly gardening, creating habitat reduces the impacts of habitat fragmentation and degradation. Habitat degradation is a multivariate issue; development, increased use of pesticides and herbicides, woody encroachment, and non-native plants are contributing factors to the decline in butterfly and pollinator habitat. Pollination is one ecological service butterflies provide; about 90% of flowering plants and 35% of crops rely on animal pollination. Butterfly gardens and monarch waystations, even in developed urban areas, provide habitat that increases the diversity of butterflies and other pollinators, including bees, flies, and beetles.

Ground-truthing

Before buying plants and digging into the soil, "ground-truthing" is a necessary first step, Ground-truthing involves surveying a property in order to assess the current resources available. Some aspects to keep in mind are the following:

 south-facing slopes
 natural wind breaks
 present plant species
 present butterfly species

Butterflies are ectothermic and rely on solar radiation for their metabolism. South-facing slopes are an ideal location for a butterfly garden, as they provide the most solar radiation (in the Northern Hemisphere; the opposite is true in the Southern Hemisphere). Shrubs and trees provide wind breaks for butterflies, and can also be host plants, such as spicebush (Lindera benzoin) or pawpaw (Asimina triloba)

Plants

The types of plants used in a butterfly garden will determine which species of butterflies will visit a garden. Lepidoptera societies and the Department of Natural Resources often provide state and county distribution maps of local butterflies. There are lists of butterfly species and their host plants which are informative to the plant species needed in the garden (see: Larval food plants of Lepidoptera). While non-native plants do provide flora resources later in the season, they can have an overall negative effect on butterflies and other pollinators. Therefore, it is often recommended to use native plants.

Depending on the zone, some butterfly attracting plants include: purple cone flower (Echinacea purpurea), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), yellow cone flowers, sunflowers, marigolds, poppies, cosmos, salvias, some lilies, asters, coreopsis, daisies, Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium), verbenas, Blue Mist Shrub (Caryopteris × clandonensis), lantanas, liastris, milkweed (especially for the monarch butterfly, whose caterpillars feed solely on this plant), zinnias, pentas, porterweeds, and others. Avoid cultivars of plants that have "double flowers" as their reproductive parts have been converted into extra petals and therefore do not produce floral rewards for butterflies and other pollinators. Care should also be taken to research a species to assure that it is not invasive in a given region.

Buddleja davidii, which is often called "butterfly-bush", attracts many butterflies. As it originated in China, it is presently planted in many parts of the world in which it is non-native. In such settings, the plant feeds many native butterflies and other adult pollinators, but not many of their larvae. As B. davidii is invasive in some areas, plantings of the species are controversial. To prevent seeding and to promote further flowering, its blossoms need to be removed ("deadheaded")  as soon as they are spent.

A number of Buddleja cultivars have become available that have a variety of sizes and blossom colors. University studies have suggested that nectaring butterflies have greater preferences for some of these than for others, with Lo & Behold 'Blue Chip' and 'Pink Delight' heading a list of eleven.

Some Buddleja cultivars are either sterile or produce less than 2% viable seed (see Non-invasive Buddleja cultivars). The state of Oregon, which designates B. davidii as a "noxious weed" and initially prohibited entry, transport, purchase, sale or propagation of all of its varieties, amended its quarantine in 2009 to permit those cultivars when approved or when proven to be interspecific hybrids. Monarch Watch recommends planting only male-sterile "Flutterby" cultivars.

It is important to avoid purchasing plants and seeds treated with insecticides such as neonicotinoids. Although not yet conclusive, there is increasing evidence that neonicotinoids can have negative effects on pollinating insects, including butterflies.

Puddling

"Puddling" refers to the behavior of male butterflies congregating on wet soil, dung, and carrion to feed on nutrients, specifically sodium. Nectar is low in sodium, and sodium is a limiting nutrient for Lepidoptera. Male butterflies are able to transfer sodium to females during copulation. The sodium is passed onto offspring and increases reproductive success. To create a simple puddling habitat, fill a shallow dish (like a draining tray for a pot) with wet sand. To increase the nutrients, mix compost with the sand. Add footholds for butterflies by adding different sized rocks.

Baiting
There are numerous recipes for creating butterfly bait, but they have common ingredients. Fermentation is the key to a good bait, as it mimics the fermentation of rotting fruit and sap in the natural environment. Recipes include blending rotten fruit (i.e. bananas) with beer, maple syrup, molasses, or sugar. Often yeast is added as well to the mixture and left to ferment for a week. Urine is also known to attract fruit-feeding butterflies. The bait can be laid on stumps, rocks, and tree limbs.

Problems

There are diseases that afflict butterflies, such as bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, which only infects queen butterflies and monarch butterflies.

In the absence of pesticides, aphids and true bugs may infest plants. Some gardeners may wish to release ladybugs (ladybirds) and other biological pest control agents that do not harm butterflies in order to control aphids. However, the release of ladybugs is not a good idea in places such as the United States where the species that is released is generally the invasive Chinese ladybug.

An alternative to this is to wait for local predatory insects to find the aphids. One technique some use to quicken this process if the infestation is particularly high is to spray the bushes with a mix of sugar and water, simulating aphid honeydew. This is known to attract lacewings whose larva eat aphids.

Another method of control is by spraying the plants with water, or rinsing plants with a mild dish detergent/water solution (although caterpillars should be relocated before suds are applied). Scented detergents are fine; those containing OxiClean should be avoided. The aphids will turn black within a day, and eventually fall off. One last technique is to plant a variety of different flowers, including ones that attract hoverflies and parasitic Braconid wasps, whose larvae kill pest species. Still, it is not advisable to kill all aphids, just to control them so that they are not detrimental to plants. Aphids still play a role in the environment by providing food for predators. There are even some caterpillars such as the harvester which only eat certain aphid species instead of plants.

With small home butterfly gardens, it is common for the larvae to exhaust the food source before metamorphosis occurs. Gardeners of monarch butterflies can replace the expended milkweed with a slice of pumpkin or cucumber, which can serve as a substitute source of food for monarch caterpillars in their final (fifth)  instar. Planting multiple plants in clumps can help lower the chances of running out of leaves.

Monarch Watch provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants. Efforts to restore falling butterfly populations by establishing butterfly gardens and migrating monarch "waystations" require particular attention to the target species' food preferences and population cycles, as well to the conditions needed to propagate and maintain their food plants.

For instance, it has been suggested that the commonly sold, popular Brazilian (or tropical) milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) is problematic; although it successfully beckons the butterflies to lay their eggs, with gardeners often finding a veritable caterpillar "nursery" on their plants, the particular species in question is native to South America. This can be potentially altering to the butterflies' natural migratory instinct, to fly and breed south of the United States; they become "spoiled" on garden tropical milkweed, stay where they are, and potentially avoid breeding.

Awareness of different milkweed species is of vital importance. In the Washington, D.C. area (and elsewhere in the northeastern United States), monarch butterflies prefer to reproduce on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), especially when its foliage is soft and fresh.  As monarch reproduction in that area peaks in late summer, when most A. syriaca leaves are old and tough, the plant needs to be cut back in June, July, or August, to assure that it will be regrowing rapidly, when monarch reproduction reaches its peak. Similar conditions exist for showy milkweed (A. speciosa) in Michigan and for green antelopehorn milkweed (A. viridis) where it grows in the southern Great Plains and the western United States. In addition, the seeds of A. syriaca and some other milkweeds need periods of cold treatment (cold stratification) before they will germinate.

To protect seeds from washing away during heavy rains and from seed–eating birds, one can cover the seeds with a light fabric or with an  layer of straw mulch.  However, mulch acts as an insulator. Thicker layers of mulch can prevent seeds from germinating if they prevent soil temperatures from rising enough when winter ends. Further, few seedlings can push through a thick layer of mulch.

Many species of milkweed contain toxic cardiac glycosides (cardenolides). Monarch caterpillars deter predators by incorporating these chemical compounds into their bodies, where the toxins remain throughout the insect's lifetime. Although monarch caterpillars will feed on butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), the plant contains only low levels of cardiac glycosides. This may make A. tuberosa unattractive to egg-laying monarchs. Some other milkweeds have similar characteristics.

In addition to its low levels of cardiac glycosides, A. tuberosa has rough leaves, which are also unattractive to egg-laying monarchs. As a result of these factors, reproducing monarchs do not typically use A. tuberosa as a host plant for their offspring. Although the plant's colorful flowers provide nectar for many adult butterflies, A. tuberosa may therefore be less suitable for use in butterfly gardens than are other milkweed species.

Breeding monarchs prefer to lay eggs on swamp milkweed (A. incarnata). A. incarnata is therefore often planted in butterfly gardens and "Monarch Waystations" to help sustain the butterfly's populations.

However, A. incarnata is an early successional plant that usually grows at the margins of wetlands and in seasonally flooded areas. The plant is slow to spread via seeds, does not spread by runners and tends to disappear as vegetative densities increase and habitats dry out. Although A. incarnata plants can survive for up to 20 years, most live only two-five years in gardens. The species is not shade-tolerant and is not a good vegetative competitor.

Butterflies and moths at typical nectar-foodplants

Books

See also

 Butterfly house (conservatory)
 Category: Lists of Lepidoptera by food
 Category: Lists of butterflies

Notes

References

External links
 Plants To Attract Butterflies
 Butterfly Gardening Habitat Program, NABA
 Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation

Types of garden
Butterflies
Lepidoptera and humans
Sustainable gardening
Organic gardening

Butterfly gardening


Tucker's Luck is a British television series made by the BBC between 1983 and 1985.

The series is a spin-off from the school drama Grange Hill and capitalised on the popularity of one of the series' original characters – Peter "Tucker" Jenkins, played by Todd Carty.

Tucker's Luck followed the exploits of Tucker and his friends, Alan Humphries (George Armstrong) and Tommy Watson (Paul McCarthy), after they had left school and their attempts to find employment and cope out there in the "real world". Three series were made (although by Series Three, Tommy was gone – his absence explained by his having decided to join the Navy), with several former Grange Hill cast members reprising their roles for the spin-off (such as Linda Slater as Susi MacMahon, Alan's former school girlfriend, in Series One; Michelle Herbert as Tucker's old class enemy Trisha Yates in the final episode of Series Three) and Peter McNamara as Tucker's nemesis (and subsequently friend) Ralph Passmore (in Series One and Two), although the programme never came close to matching the popularity of Grange Hill.

The third and final series saw the first appearances of Tucker's younger sister, eight-year-old Rhona (who had never been seen nor referred to previously), and Tucker's elder brother Barry (frequently mentioned by Tucker, albeit only as "our kid", in Grange Hill).

Series and episode guide
 Series 1 consisted of nine episodes, broadcast from 10 March 1983
 Series 2 consisted of nine episodes, broadcast from 13 March 1984
 Series 3 consisted of nine episodes, broadcast from 22 October 1985

As of 2020, the series has not been released on DVD and according to the BBC Genome Project has not been rebroadcast since its original airing.

Books
Two annuals and three novels associated with the series were published between 1983 and 1985. The annuals were simply called the 1984 Tucker's Luck Annual and 1985 Tucker's Luck Annual. The novels were:

 Forty Days of Tucker J., by Robert Leeson. Published by Fontana Lions in 1983.
 Tucker's Luck, by Jan Needle. Published by Fontana Lions in 1984.
 Tucker in Control, by Jan Needle. Published by Magnet in 1985.

References

External links

Tucker's Luck fan site archived at the Wayback Machine

BBC children's television shows
British television spin-offs
1983 British television series debuts
1985 British television series endings
Grange Hill

Tucker's Luck


Life or Something Like It is a 2002 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek. The film focuses on television reporter Lanie Kerrigan (Angelina Jolie) and her quest to find meaning in her life. The original music score was composed by David Newman.

Plot
Lanie Kerrigan, a successful reporter for a Seattle television station, interviews a self-proclaimed prophet, Jack, to find out if he really can predict football scores. Instead, Prophet Jack not only predicts the football score, and that it will hail the next day, but also that Lanie will die in seven days, on the following Thursday. When his first two prophecies come true, Lanie panics and again meets with Jack to ask for another prophecy to test him again. Jack tells her that there will be a relatively significant earthquake in San Francisco at 9:06 am, which also happens. Now Lanie is convinced that she is going to die and is forced to reevaluate her life.

Lanie tries to find consolation in her famous baseball player boyfriend Cal Cooper and in her family, but there is little there. Her lifelong ambition of appearing on network television begins to look like a distant dream. In her desperation, she commits professional blunders but ends up finding support in an unlikely source: her archenemy, the cameraman Pete Scanlon, with whom she once had casual sex. He introduces her to a new approach to life: to live every moment of her life to the fullest and to do whatever she had always wanted to do. Lanie moves in with Pete for a day, and he introduces her to his son Tommy, who lives with his mother. They spend a whole day together with Tommy. That night Lanie and Pete sleep together for the second time. The next day Lanie receives an opportunity for a job she always dreamed of in New York. She asks Pete to come with her, but he declines, telling her that her appetite for success and fame will never end. Sadly, Lanie leaves for New York.

Pete meets Jack and tells him how wrong he is, as Lanie got the job which Jack foretold she would not get. However, Jack explains that he was right, as Lanie will never be able to get the job because she'll die before it begins. He also gives a prophecy of the death of a famous former baseball player in a plane crash. When Pete receives the news of the death of the baseball player, as foretold by Jack, he tries to call Lanie to warn her. He can't reach her, so he flies to New York.

Lanie - unconcerned with Jack's prophecy - interviews her idol, famous media personality Deborah Connors. Lanie realizes how petty the opening questions are and shares a heartfelt moment with Deborah live on air. The interview receives huge ratings. The network immediately offers her a position, but Lanie declines, realizing that she wants a life with Pete in Seattle.

As she leaves the studio, a police officer gets into a conflict with a man, who shoots a bullet into the air. Pete tries to warn Lanie from across the street, but she is shot in the crossfire. Lanie dies in the operating theatre but is revived. When she wakes up, Pete tells her that he has loved her since the first time he saw her, and Lanie tells him that she loves him too. Later, Pete, Lanie, and Tommy watch Cal's baseball game, while Lanie (in a voiceover) says that one part of her has died — the part that didn't know how to live a life.

Cast
 Angelina Jolie as Lanie Kerrigan
 Amy Esterle as 15-years-old Lanie Kerrigan (uncredited)
 Marika Anuik as 10-years-old Lanie Kerrigan
 Ashlyn Morgan Williams as 5-years-old Lanie Kerrigan
 Edward Burns as Pete Scanlon
 Tony Shalhoub as Prophet Jack
 Christian Kane as Cal Cooper
 James Gammon as Pat Kerrigan
 Melissa Errico as Andrea
 Stockard Channing as Deborah Connors
 Lisa Thornhill as Gwen
 Kasey Stevens as 5-years-old Gwen
 Gregory Itzin as Dennis
 Veena Sood as Doctor
 Jesse James Rutherford as Tommy

KOMO-TV
The majority of the movie was shot on location in Seattle, Washington, although portions were also filmed in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia. The TV station in the movie, KQMO, was actually real-life Seattle TV station KOMO-TV (the KOMO logo was altered on the set of KOMO 4 News and on several of KOMO's news vehicles, in addition to a few mic flags).

Several KOMO personalities make cameo appearances; among them are longtime anchors Dan Lewis and Margo Myers (the latter moved to KIRO-TV in January 2005), weather anchor and Front Runners host Steve Pool, and weekend weather anchor Theron Zahn. Other KOMO personalities who made brief cameo appearances include People Helper John Sharify and reporter Michelle Esteban.

Additionally, Vancouver news anchors Pamela Martin and Jill Krop, at the time both employed with BCTV, appeared briefly in scenes shot in the BCTV studios.

Reception
The film received generally unfavorable reviews. As of October 3, 2022, based on 121 reviews collected by the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Life or Something Like It has received an overall rating average of 27%, with an average score of 4.5 out of 10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Jolie's performance in the film earned her a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress.

Box office
The film was a commercial and financial loss, grossing only $16,872,671 against its $40,000,000 budget.

References

External links

2002 films
2002 romantic comedy-drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
20th Century Fox films
American romantic comedy-drama films
Davis Entertainment films
Films about journalists
Films directed by Stephen Herek
Films produced by Arnon Milchan
Films produced by John Davis
Films scored by David Newman
Films set in Seattle
Films shot in Vancouver
Films shot in Washington (state)
Regency Enterprises films

Life or Something Like It


Alcove is a small community in Quebec, Canada, part of the Municipality of La Pêche. It is located along Highway 105 and the Gatineau River approximately 35 minutes north of Ottawa, immediately north of Wakefield and south of Farrellton.

The main features of Alcove are a gas station, church, graveyard and aged buildings. There is road access to the Gatineau River for boat launching. Alcove is also the building/launching site of the famous Wakefield Canada Day raft, constructed by the local youth yearly and floated down the Gatineau river to Wakefield.

The last remaining attraction in Alcove is the secluded graveyard in the centre of the village. It was created by the Pritchard family, the founding family of the area. It is on private property and has not been in use for more than half a century.

Communities in Outaouais

Alcove, Quebec


Roger Preston Chew (April 9, 1843 – March 16, 1921) was a noted horse artillery commander in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War for General Turner Ashby. After the war, he was a prominent West Virginia businessman and railroad executive, as well as a West Virginia legislator.

Early life
Chew was born into a prominent family in Loudoun County, Virginia. His father was Roger Chew and his mother the former Sarah Aldridge. The family moved to Charles Town, West Virginia (then Virginia) when Roger was three years old, and he attended the Charles Town Academy, and later the Virginia Military Institute.  The Chew family owned The Hermitage, one of the oldest houses in western Virginia.

American Civil War
With the outbreak of the Civil War, young Chew raised a battery of horse artillery, "Chew's Battery," which eventually became part of the famous Laurel Brigade under General Turner Ashby, the cavalry commander for Stonewall Jackson's command. He and his brother John A. Chew participated in all Jackson's campaigns until Jackson's death in May 1863. Chew also led raids into Union-occupied Middleway, West Virginia in February 1863, and Charles Town on May 12, 1863. Despite his youth, Roger Chew was promoted to the chief of the cavalry's guns under J.E.B. Stuart. He then served through the Gettysburg Campaign, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, the Siege of Petersburg, and the Appomattox Campaign.

After the war, Roger Chew and his brother Robert rebuilt the family farm. In 1871, Roger married Louise Fontaine Washington, daughter of the last owner of Mount Vernon at Blakeley, and the couple would eventually have 6 children. Her father John Augustine Washington had served on General Lee's staff until killed in action in late 1861.  Louise Chew purchased Blakeley from her financially struggling uncle in 1875, and maintained it until its sale in 1892.

Roger Chew engaged in numerous business ventures, including as the president of the Eagle Manufacturing Company. From 1882 until 1888, he also served in the House of Delegates. In 1883, the Shenandoah Valley Railroad constructed what became known as Chew's Siding, a private spur that led from the main line to Chew's business. In 1890, Chew and several business partners formed the Charles Town Mining, Manufacturing, and Improvement Company and Chew became its first president.

Death and legacy

Chew died in Charles Town in 1921 and is buried in the Zion Episcopal Church graveyard, as are his wife (who died in 1927) and brother (who died in 1898).

Notes

References
 Longacre, Edward G., Lee's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of Northern Virginia, Stackpole Books, 2002, .

External links

1843 births
1921 deaths
Military personnel from West Virginia
American railroad executives
Businesspeople from West Virginia
Confederate States Army officers
People from Charles Town, West Virginia
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
Washington family
Burials at Zion Episcopal Churchyard (Charles Town, West Virginia)

R. Preston Chew


Timothy Conway (born 27 October 1942)  is an Irish former politician from Naas in County Kildare. An accountant and long-serving local councillor, he served for six years as a senator in the 1980s and later contested two general elections. In the course of his political career he switched party twice, moving from the Labour Party to the Progressive Democrats and then to Fine Gael.

Political career
Conway joined the Labour Party as a trainee accountant in the 1970s, and was later elected as a member of Kildare County Council. He was Labour's director of elections in the Kildare constituency at the 1981 general election, after which he was nominated by the Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald, as a member of the 15th Seanad Éireann. The appointment was explained by the Labour Party's secretary, Seamus Scally, as an organisational one: Conway would be responsible for organising and improving the finances of the party in the Leinster area.

The following year he was elected to the 16th Seanad, topping the poll on the Industrial and Commercial Panel.
 He was re-elected in 1983 to the 17th Seanad, this time coming second in the first-preference votes behind Fianna Fáil's Eoin Ryan.

He left the Labour Party in 1986 to become a founder member of the new Progressive Democrats party (PDs). He did not contest the 1987 elections to the 18th Seanad because the Progressive Democrats policy at the time called for the abolition of the Seanad. At the 1989 general election he stood unsuccessfully as a Progressive Democrats candidate in the Kildare constituency, and he was unsuccessful again when he stood in the new Kildare North constituency in 1997.

Conway remained a member of Kildare County Council and of Naas Town Council, where he initiated the town's twinning with the American city of Omaha, Nebraska. He was one of three of the town's nine councillors whose council-funded trip to Omaha was described by another councillor as a "gravy train". He was twice chairman of the county council, and served as Mayor of Naas from 2002 to 2003. However, in June 2003 he left the Progressive Democrats to join Fine Gael, and in the 2004 local elections he lost his seats on both the Town Council and the County Council.

References

1942 births
Living people
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
Progressive Democrats candidates in Dáil elections
Fine Gael local councillors
Members of Kildare County Council
Mayors of places in the Republic of Ireland
Members of the 15th Seanad
Members of the 16th Seanad
Members of the 17th Seanad
People from Naas
Politicians from County Kildare
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
Progressive Democrats local councillors
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators

Timmy Conway


Vanity Fair (stylized in all caps) is an American monthly magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States.

The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936. The imprint was revived in 1983 after Conde Nast took over and currently includes five international editions of the magazine. As of 2018, the Editor-in-Chief is Radhika Jones. Vanity Fair is most recognized for its celebrity pictures and the occasional controversy that surrounds its more risqué images. Furthermore, the publication is known for its energetic writing, in-depth reporting, and social commentary.

History

Dress and Vanity Fair

Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the men's fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913. It continued to thrive into the 1920s. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues. Nonetheless, its circulation at 90,000 copies was at its peak. Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue (circulation 156,000) as of the March 1936 issue. Vanity Fair celebrates its 95th anniversary in 2008, as well as its 25th anniversary as a relaunched publication. The National Portrait Gallery in London has mounted an exhibition called "Vanity Fair Portraits, 1913–2008," which will travel to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra, Australia, to celebrate the magazine's photographic heritage. Vanity Fair: The Portraits, a special jubilee issue and hardback book, will be published in the fall of 2008.

Vanity Fair is notably a fictitious place ruled by Beelzebub in the book Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan. Later use of the name was influenced by the well-known 1847–48 novel of the same name by William Makepeace Thackeray.

Modern revival
Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S.I. Newhouse, announced in June 1981 that it was reviving the magazine. The first issue was released in February 1983 (cover date March), edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue. He was followed by editors Tina Brown (1984–1992), Graydon Carter (1992–2017) and Radhika Jones (2017 to present). Regular writers and columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Famous contributing photographers for the magazine include Bruce Weber, Annie Leibovitz, Mario Testino and Herb Ritts, who have all provided the magazine with a string of lavish covers and full-page portraits of current celebrities. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, an image entitled More Demi Moore that to this day holds a spot in pop culture.

In addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled "The Man Who Knew Too Much". The article was later adapted into a movie The Insider (1999), which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. Most famously, after more than thirty years of mystery, an article in the May 2005 edition revealed the identity of Deep Throat (W. Mark Felt), one of the sources for The Washington Post articles on Watergate, which led to the 1974 resignation of U.S. President Richard Nixon. The magazine also features candid interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. Other notable interviews have included: Teri Hatcher, who revealed in the magazine that she was sexually abused as a child; Jennifer Aniston's first interview after her divorce from Brad Pitt; Anderson Cooper, who talked about his brother's death; and Martha Stewart's first interview after her release from prison.

Some of the pictorials in Vanity Fair have attracted criticism. The April 1999 issue featured an image of actor Mike Myers dressed as a Hindu deity for a photo spread by David LaChapelle: after criticism, both the photographer and the magazine apologized.

The magazine was the subject of Toby Young's book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success in New York City while working for Graydon Carter's Vanity Fair. The book was made into a movie in 2008, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter.

In 2013, Condé Nast Entertainment struck a deal with Discovery Communications-owned cable channel Investigation Discovery for Vanity Fair Confidential, a crime and mystery documentary TV series based on stories from Vanity Fair magazine. Condé Nast Entertainment launched a Vanity Fair YouTube channel in July 2013. In anticipation of its 100th anniversary that year, Vanity Fair co-produced 10 short films, one to celebrate each decade, from well-known documentary filmmakers like Barbara Kopple and including the film producer Judd Apatow, and actors Don Cheadle and Bryce Dallas Howard.

Vanity Fair launched The Hive in June 2016, its online business, politics and technology news vertical. In January 2017, Vanity Fair'''s Hive and Condé Nast Entertainment partnered with Cheddar online TV channel to create a live weekly series called VF Hive on Cheddar. Editor Graydon Carter called the series a "representation of how people are consuming more voraciously than ever".

In 2017 former editor Tina Brown published "The Vanity Fair Diaries". It was announced in November 2017 that Radhika Jones, editorial director of The New York Times books section, would succeed Carter as Editor-in-Chief on December 11, 2017.

In 2018, Vanity Fair received accolades for removing actor James Franco from a cover shoot following sexual harassment allegations.

In 2020, Dario Calmese became the first Black photographer to shoot the cover of a Vanity Fair issue; his subject was Viola Davis. Vanity Fair employees unionized in 2022.

International editions
In 1991 Vanity Fair began publishing an international edition. The current five international editions of Vanity Fair being published; namely in the United Kingdom (since 1991), Italy (since 2003, ISSN 1723-6673), Spain (since 2008), France (since 2013), and Mexico (since 2015), with the Italian version published weekly. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013.Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million (euros) , then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nast's biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, the German edition was shut down in 2009.

Events
As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, the first Vanity Fair Oscar Party took place in 1994. During its first years, the magazine's Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Morton's in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, at around 120 for dinner. In 2008, in sympathy with a Writers Guild of America strike, Vanity Fair canceled its annual party. Between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower. The 2014 edition took place in a temporary, 12,000-square-foot glass-walled structure at 8680 Sunset Boulevard. Vanity Fair makes a limited number of invitations available each year for charity.Vanity Fair llega a México  GQ. October 29, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2015.

In recent years, Vanity Fair and Bloomberg have hosted an after-party at the French ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. following the White House Correspondents' Association dinner.

Controversy
Roman Polanski lawsuit
In 2005, Vanity Fair was found liable in a lawsuit brought in the UK by film director Roman Polanski, who claimed the magazine had libelled him in an article by A. E. Hotchner published in 2002. The article recounted a claim by Lewis H. Lapham, editor of Harper's, that Polanski had made sexual advances towards a young model as he was traveling to the funeral of his wife, Sharon Tate, in August 1969, claiming that he could make her "the next Sharon Tate". The court permitted Polanski to testify via a video link, after he expressed fears that he might be extradited were he to enter the United Kingdom.

The trial began on July 18, 2005, and Polanski made English legal history as the first claimant to give evidence by video link. During the trial, which included the testimonies of Mia Farrow and others, it was proved that the alleged scene at the famous New York restaurant Elaine's could not possibly have taken place on the date given, because Polanski only dined at this restaurant three weeks later. Also, the Norwegian then-model disputed the accounts that he had claimed to be able to make her "the next Sharon Tate".

Polanski was awarded damages by the High Court in London. The case was notable because Polanski was living in France as a fugitive from U.S. justice, and never appeared in the London court for fear he would be extradited to the U.S. Graydon Carter, editor of Vanity Fair, responded, "I find it amazing that a man who lives in France can sue a magazine that is published in America in a British courtroom."

Miley Cyrus photos
On April 25, 2008, the televised entertainment program Entertainment Tonight reported that 15-year-old Miley Cyrus had posed topless for a photo shoot with Vanity Fair. The photo, and subsequently released behind-the-scenes photos, show Cyrus without a top, her bare back exposed but her front covered with a bedsheet. The photo shoot was taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz. The full photograph was published with an accompanying story on The New York Times website on April 27, 2008. On April 29, 2008, The New York Times clarified that though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless. Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a Disney spokesperson described as "a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old to sell magazines".

In response to the internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, Miley Cyrus released a statement of apology on April 27: "I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be 'artistic' and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about." Nearly ten years later to the day, Cyrus took back the Disney apology statement in an Instagram story showing a New York Post front page regarding the story, simply stating "IM NOT SORRY Fuck YOU #10YearsAgo".

Modified photos
In January 2014, Vanity Fair was under fire for allegedly altering the appearance of a celebrity featured in its pages for its February issue, Lupita Nyong'o, an actress known for her role in 12 Years A Slave. In Nyong'o's case, the magazine tweeted the photo and it began with fans accusing the company of altering her complexion. However, some believe that the Vanity Fair images are simply a product of bright set lighting, rather than deliberate skin lightening. Nyong'o was pleased with the work and saw no harm done to herself; she did not hold Vanity Fair or the photographer liable.

Shortly before the Nyong'o case, Vogue magazine, a partner and buyer of Vanity Fair in 1936, was accused of altering actress Lena Dunham's photos. Dunham considered the modified photos to be offensive.

Richard Engel story
In 2015, Vanity Fair had to update the account it had published by the NBC News correspondent Richard Engel about the disputed circumstances of his 2012 kidnapping in Syria, stating that he had misidentified his captors.

Jeffrey Epstein story
In 2019, former contributing editor Vicky Ward said her 2003 profile of Jeffrey Epstein in Vanity Fair'' had included on-the-record accounts of Annie and Maria Farmer (who filed the earliest known criminal complaints about Epstein), but that they were later stricken from Ward's article after Epstein pressured the magazine's editor Graydon Carter.

References

External links

 Vanity Fair homepage
 Vanity Fair Mobile Blog Reader
 Vanity Fair homepage (UK)
 Vanity Fair homepage (Italy)
 Vanity Fair homepage (Spain)

Fashion magazines published in the United States
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Condé Nast magazines
Cultural magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1983
Magazines published in London
Magazines published in Milan
Magazines published in Paris
Magazines published in Madrid
Magazines published in Mexico

Vanity Fair (magazine)


Castell y Bere is a Welsh castle near Llanfihangel-y-pennant in Gwynedd, Wales. Constructed by Llywelyn the Great in the 1220s, the stone castle was intended to maintain his authority over the local people and to defend the south-west part of the princedom of Gwynedd. In 1282, war with Edward I of England resulted in the death of Llywelyn's grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and Castell y Bere fell to English forces. Edward I expanded the castle further and established a small town beside it. In 1294 the Welsh leader Madog ap Llywelyn mounted a major revolt and the castle was besieged and apparently burnt. Edward did not repair it and it became ruined. Today it is in the hands of Cadw and operated as a tourist attraction.

History

1220–40
Castell y Bere was built in the 1220s by Llywelyn the Great on a rocky hillock overlooking the Dysynni Valley, near Llanfihangel-y-pennant. Traditionally the Welsh princes had not constructed castles, instead using undefended palaces called llysoedd, or courts. From the late 11th century onwards, the Normans had advanced into Wales, taking lands in the north and establishing a band of occupied territory in the south called the Welsh Marches. During the 12th century some timber and earthwork castles began to be built, but in small numbers.

Llywelyn the Great initially controlled the princedom of Gwynedd, but grew more powerful over the course of his reign, extending his influence over much of Wales during the early years of the 13th century. Llywelyn was faced by several challenges, including dealing with the threat from the kings of England, and maintaining his authority over the native Welsh.

In 1221 Llywelyn took control of neighbouring Meirionnydd from his son, Gruffydd; Llywelyn had previously placed Gruffydd in power there, but the father and son had fallen out. The prince then began to build the castle of Castell y Bere with the intent of controlling the local population and securing his new south-west border, which included the mountain trade routes between Gwynedd, Powys Wenwynwyn and Deheubarth. Castell y Bere was the first of several stone castles built by Llywelyn and the initial castle consisted of several towers positioned around a courtyard, situated on a rocky hillock in the Dysynni Valley near Cadair Idris.

1240–1300

Following Llywelyn's death in 1240, Gwynedd's power declined and many of its eastern lands were taken by Henry III of England in 1247. Llywelyn's grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, took power in 1255 and imprisoned his brother Owain ap Gruffudd before extending his power across Wales. Llywelyn extended the castle with an additional tower to the south, similar to that built at Dolforwyn, probably in order to provide additional accommodation.

The conflict between the Welsh princes and the English kings continued in the reign of Edward I. In 1282 Llywelyn fought a final campaign against Edward, ending in the prince's death near Builth that December. His brother, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, assumed power but during 1283 was forced south into Snowdonia. Meanwhile, forces under the command of Roger Lestrange and William de Valence marched from south Wales and Shropshire, placing Castell y Bere under siege and taking it on 25 April. Edward deployed 7,000 troops to detain Dafydd who was finally captured and executed in October. A team of five masons and five carpenters, under the command of Master Bertram the Engineer, were left at Castell y Bere "to carry out various works" after the English army had left. The precise nature of these works are unknown, but historian A. J. Taylor interprets them as being repairs to the castle following the siege.

Edward continued to invest money and time in Castell y Bere; he visited three times in 1284, establishing a small town alongside the castle, possibly just to the east. Walter of Huntercombe was appointed the constable of the castle by Edward in 1284 and spent £47 building a new chamber there, potentially for the king to use during visits.
 Another £262 was spent between 1286 and 1290, most of this in the year following the revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd. A pair of linking walls to the south tower was probably built around this time, and the external barbican and gate towers may also have been built at this time.

In 1294, however, the Welsh leader Madoc ap Llywelyn mounted a major revolt across Wales. Richard Fitzalan, the Earl of Arundel, was ordered in mid-October to ensure that the castle was secure, but by late October the castle was under siege from Madoc's forces. Robert FitzWalter, the castle's constable, was sent to lead a relief expedition. The final fate of Castell y Bere is uncertain, but it was probably taken by Welsh forces in late 1294 and subsequently burnt.

14th–21st century

Following the revolt Castell de Bere and the new English town were both abandoned. While the castle was well situated, unlike the other new coastal castles built by Edward I it could not be provisioned by sea and as a result did not fit well into his plan for controlling North Wales. By the 16th century the castle had lapsed into a state of decay, and the Welsh poet Gruffydd Hiraethog observed that "on the banks of the river Dysynni is Castell-y-Bere, where stood a large strong building but which is now destroyed and cast to the ground".

After many years, the site was finally cleared of undergrowth in the 1850s, revealing more of the castle's remains, and William Wynne, the owner of the site, carried out the first archaeological investigations. In 1949 Charles Corbett, the last private owner of the ruins, placed them into the guardianship of the state. In the 21st century the site is in the care of Cadw and is protected as a scheduled monument and maintained as a tourist attraction. In the light of Welsh devolution and other political changes, the history of Castell y Bere and similar Welsh castles has become increasingly prominent. In response, Cadw have noted that they intend to give an increased priority to communicating the history of these castles and the Welsh princes.

Architecture

Today the ruins of Castell y Bere still stand on a rocky outcrop, with protective ditches cut into the stone on the south and east sides. The entrance to the castle lies on the west side, where the barbican, probably built by Edward I, contains two gatetowers, overlooking the stone steps approaching the inner gate. Through the barbican is the castle courtyard, containing a large well and the remains of several internal buildings of uncertain date.

The north tower is an apsidal, or "D-shaped", design that is characteristic of Welsh castles of the early 13th century. Originally it may have contained either a hall or a chapel. What is today the middle tower was originally the southernmost part of the defences, but now leads through the Edwardian ditch yard to the south tower, another apsidal design that once contained spacious accommodation. Both the apsidal towers lacked fireplaces in the main chambers, instead using central heaths to heat the rooms.

Unusually for an early Welsh castle, there is evidence of decorative sculpture, including statues of soldiers, having been built into the castle, along with decorative floor tiles. Castell y Bere is the only castle, other than Criccieth, to display such features. Historian Lawrence Butler considers that the castle has delivered some of "some of the finest stone carving from thirteenth-century Wales".

Cultural references
"Castell y Bere", with words by Myrddin ap Dafydd set to a tune by Brian Warfield, is the first track on the album Rhown Garreg ar Garreg (1981) by the Welsh folk group Plethyn.

Castell y Bere was visited by legendary rock singers Brian Johnson of AC/DC and Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin. This was for Johnson's Life on the Road series. The Castle is not far from Bron-Yr-Aur.

See also
 Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
 List of castles in Wales

Notes

References

Bibliography

Avent, Richard. (2010) Dolwyddelan Castle, Dolbadarn Castle, Castell y Bere. Cardiff: Cadw. .
Butler, Lawrence and Dunning, G. C. (1974) "Medieval finds from Castell-y-Bere, Merioneth," Archaeologia Cambrensis Vol. 1974 pp. 78–112.
Butler, Lawrence. (2010) "The Castles of the Princes of Gwynedd," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
Davis, Paul R. (2007) Castles of the Welsh Princes. Talybont, UK: Y Lolfa Cyf. .
Jones, Alan Ffred. (2010) "King Edward' I's Castles in North Wales – Now and Tomorrow," in Williams and Kenyon (eds) (2010).
King, D. J. Cathcart. (1991) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. London: Routledge. .
Taylor, Arnold Joseph. (1986) The Welsh Castles of Edward I. London: Hambledon Press. .
Williams, Diane M. and John R. Kenyon. (eds) (2010) The Impact of the Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. .
Wynne, W. W. E. (1861) "Castell y Bere, Merionethshire," Archaeologia Cambrensis Vol. 16 pp. 105–110.

External links
Cadw site for visitors

Bere Castle
Cadw
Castles of Llywelyn the Great
Bere Castle
Hill castles
Llanfihangel-y-Pennant
Former populated places in Wales

Castell y Bere


Francesco Uguccione (or François Hugotion de Aguzzoni) (died 14 July 1412) was the Archbishop of Bordeaux from 1384 until his death. He was a lawyer from Urbino and a staunch supporter of the King of England in the Hundred Years' War.

In his early years Uguccione was a legate at Barcelona before he was appointed to the vacant see of Bordeaux.

In 1400, Uguccione, along with the Bishop of Bath and Wells, as well as Hugh le Despenser, were appointed proctors for Gascony.

By 1406, the French had gained a strong upper hand in the region. Uguccione was by then a cardinal. In spring and summer of that year he began a long string of desperate letters to the English king, Henry Bolingbroke.

He implored His Majesty for aid and assured him of the gravity of the situation, including the death of the lord of Mussidan, a Gascon loyal to the English, who had been commanding the fortress at Blaye and had left only a daughter. On 30 June, he wrote: "I have written to you so many times and so lengthily concerning the state of your land, and I have cried so much that my voice has become hoarse."

As an influential diplomat and cardinal, Uguccione travelled extensively in the early 15th century. In Autumn 1408 he went to England, where he sought to persuade the English as per the summons of the College of Cardinals to send a delegation to the Council of Pisa then struggling to put an end to the Western Schism. He convinced the English, but the council did nothing but exacerbate the schism.

From England, Uguccione, accompanied by his secretary Pey Berland went to Italy and in 1410 the archbishop rewarded Berland with one of the canonries of Bordeaux Cathedral. In 1412 the two were in Florence when Uguccione died. Berland supervised his burial and then went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land before returning once more to Bordeaux.

In 1413, Berland was rewarded post mortem by his old master when Pope John XXIII, fulfilling a request by Uguccione that "his beloved servant" Berland not be forgotten, granted the canon a prebend. Uguccione was succeeded as archbishop by David de Montferrand.

Sources
Labarge, Margaret Wade. Gascony, England's First Colony 1204–1453. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980.

1412 deaths
Archbishops of Bordeaux
People of the Hundred Years' War
15th-century Italian cardinals
Religious leaders from Urbino
14th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
15th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
1327 births

Francesco Uguccione


Ratchet & Clank Collection (known as The Ratchet & Clank Trilogy in Europe and Ratchet & Clank 1+2+3 in Japan) is a high-definition remastered collection. The collection includes the original 3 PlayStation 2 games: the first game, Going Commando/Locked and Loaded, and Up Your Arsenal, all at 720p in 60 frames per second, and includes stereoscopic 3D support at 30 frames per second. It also includes the multiplayer of Up Your Arsenal over the PlayStation Network. The PlayStation 3 Multiplayer Servers were terminated on February 15, 2018. It includes a Trophy set for each game. All of the games in this collection have been re-rated E10+ by the ESRB; they were originally rated T since the E10+ rating didn't exist at the time these games were released on the PlayStation 2.

Originally leaked by Amazon France on March 2, 2012, it was announced by Insomniac Games and Sony Computer Entertainment on March 15, 2012. It was developed by Insomniac Games in conjunction with Idol Minds. In North America, the game, along with the God of War Saga and the inFamous Collection, are the first in Sony's new line of PlayStation Collections released on August 28, 2012.

A PlayStation Vita port of the Collection was officially announced on May 29, 2014, and released on July 2 in Europe. The Vita version is ported by Insomniac Games in conjunction with Mass Media Inc. It was released in North America on July 29, 2014.

The original release of the Ratchet & Clank Collection received generally positive reviews. The collection was praised for the quality of the stereoscopic 3D modes, but was criticized for its dated graphics and lack of new content, particularly the unchanged difficulty level. The Vita version received mixed reviews. While the port's smooth framerate was complimented, the technical issues were heavily criticized.

Development
The core game and story for all games from the original trilogy remains unchanged with the remastered versions. For the remastering, all three games run at 720p with optional stereoscopic 3D support. All three games feature a fixed frame rate of 60 frames per second in normal mode, while in 3D mode the games run at 30 frames per second. It also includes the multiplayer of Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal (up to eight players) over the PlayStation Network, and included, full trophy support.

A HD collection for the Ratchet & Clank series was first spotted on March 2, 2012, after Amazon France listed Ratchet & Clank HD Collection on its website, and it was officially confirmed by Sony on March 15.

A demo for Sly Cooper: Thieves in Time is included in the North American version of the game.

Reception

Ratchet & Clank Collection received generally positive reviews. IGN rated the game as an 8.5 out of 10, giving particular credit to the gameplay. The majority of praise for the game came from the impressive use of stereoscopic 3D that provided a more dynamic gaming experience. It did draw some criticism for its aged and poor graphic quality, and for not offering anything new. Metacritic scored the game at 83 out of 100 from 40 critics, with mostly positive reviews.

The PlayStation Official Magazine - UK gave the game an 8 out of 10 and praised the inclusion of multiplayer that many PlayStation 2 players may have missed out on the first time around. However, it criticised the quality of the cut-scenes and game play for being in their original format and resolution.

The Guardian.co.uk praised the game, stating that they had aged well and offered great value to gamers. Gaming Bolt was one of the few sites to mention the 3D options of the game in a review. They claimed that it was a stable experience but did not add anything to the collection and questioned why it was added to the game.

Digital Spy gave the game four out of five stars stating that the gameplay hadn't aged and that, thanks to Idol Minds, the graphics were equally good. It also stated that they would've liked to see more bonus content for Ratchet & Clank fans.

Eurogamer rated the collection as 9/10 and stated that criticisms were "hard to find and even harder to make stick." Game Informer awarded the collection a 9.25 out of ten, particularly praising Up Your Arsenal's control system.

The Vita version however, received mixed to positive reviews, garnering an average review score of 76 on Metacritic from 23 critic reviews.

References

2012 video games
Insomniac Games games
Platformers
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Vita games
Ratchet & Clank
Sony Interactive Entertainment game compilations
Video game remasters
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with stereoscopic 3D graphics
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Deck Nine games
Mass Media (company) games

Ratchet & Clank Collection


Sylvain Marveaux (born 15 April 1986) is a French professional footballer. He can play a variety of positions in midfield, but is mostly utilized as a right-sided midfielder or an attacking midfielder or as a forward. He is the younger brother of Joris Marveaux, who currently plays for Gazélec Ajaccio.

Club career

Early career
Marveaux was born in Vannes, located on the west coast of the Brittany region, and began his career at local club AS Ménimur at age six. He starred for the club at various youth levels before departing for the biggest club in the city, Vannes OC. In his first year at Vannes, Marveaux was selected to attend the Pôle Espoirs Football de Ploufragan, a smaller regional version of the Clairefontaine academy. While training at Ploufragan during the weekdays, he played at Vannes on the weekends. Marveaux also trained alongside future Rennes teammates Yoann Gourcuff, Virgile Reset and William Stanger while attending Ploufragan.

Rennes
In 2001, after leaving Ploufragan, Marveaux signed an aspirant (youth) contract with Stade Rennais and joined the club's aspiring youth academy. Marveaux spent four years in the club's academy before earning a call up to the club's Championnat de France amateur team for the 2005–06 season. He was an undisputed started in the team making 21 appearances and scoring seven goals. Following the season, Marveaux signed his first professional contract agreeing to a three-year deal until June 2009. He was officially promoted to the senior team and assigned the number 26 shirt for the 2006–07 season.

Marveaux made his professional debut on 5 August 2006 in a league match against Lille playing the entire match in a 2–1 defeat. Despite starting his first professional match, he was relegated to appearing as a substitute for the majority of the season by manager Guy Lacombe. Marveaux scored his first professional goal for the team on 14 October after appearing as a first-half substitute in a 3–1 win over Auxerre. Two weeks later, he scored an extra time goal in the Coupe de la Ligue against Lille after appearing as a second-half substitute. Rennes won the match 2–0. On 18 November, Marveaux converted a late equalizing goal in a 1–1 draw against Le Mans. He finished the campaign with 32 total appearances and six goals. Of the 32 appearances, Marveaux only made nine starts.

Marveaux began the 2007–08 season alternating between the bench and the first 11 as the player struggled to adapt to new manager Guy Lacombe. He finished the season with 24 appearances in the league and no goals. Marveaux scored his only goal of the season against Bulgarian club Lokomotiv Sofia in the first round of the UEFA Cup. His transition to Lacombe was further hampered during the 2008–09 season when, while playing with the France under-21 team, he suffered a torn hamstring injury. The initial diagnosis of the injury required no surgery, however, in October, it was discovered that the injury was severe after club doctors revealed that a hematoma had formed around the hamstring. Marveaux underwent surgery and, subsequently, missed five months. He returned to the team in May 2009 and appeared in the final three matches of the season.

For the 2009–10 season, under new manager Frédéric Antonetti, a healthy Marveaux thrived having his best season to date. Marveaux posted career-highs in all statistical categories. He scored his first goal of the season on 13 September 2009 in a 1–0 win against Saint-Étienne. The following week, Marveaux netted the second goal in a 4–0 thrashing of Grenoble. In the return leg against Grenoble in 2010, he scored a double in another 4–0 win. The following week, Marveaux was instrumental in the team's 4–2 victory over the defending champions Bordeaux. He scored the opening goal in the 7th minute and assisted on the final goal scored by Asamoah Gyan. In the Coupe de France, Marveaux scored two goals, both of which came in a 4–0 victory over amateur club Saumur in the Round of 32. He finished the campaign by scoring in a 2–1 defeat to Sochaux and a 2–2 draw against Nice. Marveaux successful individual season of 38 total appearances and 12 goals was overshadowed by the team's collective display as Rennes finished mid-table and failed to qualify for Europe after appearing in the UEFA Cup in back-to-back seasons.

Due to having one year left on his contract, Marveaux was the subject of transfer speculation in the 2010 summer transfer window with English clubs Chelsea and Manchester United being the first to scout the player. In June 2010, West Ham offered £3 million for the player, however Rennes' general manager Pierre Dreossi denied the bid stating that Marveaux "will be with Rennes next season" and "I do not usually change my mind, I've demonstrated that in the past." Marveaux, indeed, began the 2010–11 season with Rennes starting in the team's opening match of the season against Lille. On 3 October, he scored his first goal of the season in a 3–1 win over Toulouse. The following month, in a match against Derby Breton rivals Brest, Marveaux aggravated a groin injury that had been plaguing him during the campaign. The following day, it was reported that Marveaux would not return to action until 2011.

Newcastle United
On 18 June 2011, Marveaux agreed and signed a five-year deal with Premier League club Newcastle United. He had reportedly been very close to joining Liverpool under the management of Kenny Dalglish. Marveaux rubbished claims he failed a medical at Anfield, confirming he could not agree terms.

He made his first competitive start in the Football League Cup second round in an away win at Scunthorpe United playing the full 120 minutes that included extra time. He started all Newcastle's other League Cup games until their elimination in the 4th round. Having only made a handful of substitute appearances in the league due to Newcastle's unbeaten stance in November, he got his opportunity in a 2–1 home win against Everton on 5 November 2011. However, he came off injured in the second half with a recurring problem with his groin.

It was confirmed on 18 November 2011 that he would require hip surgery, scheduled to be undertaken by Dr Marc Phillipon at the clinic of Dr Richard Steadman in Colorado.

He scored his first goal for Newcastle in a 1–1 UEFA Europa League draw with C.S. Marítimo on 22 November 2012. He scored his first ever Premier League goal in the Magpies' fixture at Emirates Stadium against Arsenal on 29 December 2012, which Newcastle lost 7–3. The goal was a simple tap in after a good piece of work from teammate Gabriel Obertan. He then set up Demba Ba for his 2nd goal of the game with a sublime cross using the outside of his foot.

On 5 May 2016, Newcastle United announced that Marveaux and teammate Gabriel Obertan had been released.

Guingamp (loan)
On 22 July 2014, Guingamp announced the loan of Marveaux on a season-long loan with an option to buy. Marveaux made his competitive debut as a 69th-minute substitute for Christophe Mandanne in the Trophée des Champions on 2 August, which his team lost 0–2 against Paris Saint-Germain at the Workers Stadium in Beijing. He scored his first goals in a 2–0 Europa League victory over PAOK on 2 October, netting in the 47th and 50th minutes.

Lorient
On 15 July 2016, it was announced that Marveaux had joined Ligue 1-club FC Lorient.

He was loaned to AS Nancy in January 2019 until the end of the season.

Charlotte Independence
On 29 June 2021, it was announced Marveaux had signed for USL Championship side Charlotte Independence.

International career
Marveaux was born in France to a Martiniquais father and a French mother. Marveaux is a former French under-21 international having earned caps with the team from 2006 to 2008.

Career statistics

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Vannes
Footballers from Morbihan
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in the United States
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
French people of Martiniquais descent
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Premier League players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
En Avant Guingamp players
FC Lorient players
AS Nancy Lorraine players
Charlotte Independence players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Black French sportspeople

Sylvain Marveaux