A News (originally known as A-Channel News) is the name of local newscasts on the A television system in Canada owned by CHUM Limited and CTVglobemedia. A News programming was produced in markets which were not directly served by a local CTV News or CityNews service.

The cable-only A Atlantic service in Atlantic Canada did not produce its own A News programming, but instead presently airs CTV News programming from CTV Atlantic, although the station did produce a local morning show, Breakfast Television and was subsequently re-branded to CTV Morning Live on August 29, 2011. Due to the effects of the 2009 economic crisis, the A station in Ottawa cancelled all A News programming in March 2009, but continued to produce a local morning show, A Morning which was also re-branded as CTV Morning Live on August 29, 2011.

Throughout its earlier existence, the newscasts were formatted after its long-standing station, CITY-TV in Toronto in which the anchors read the news standing up and walking around the studio since there were no news desks.

When A re-launched as CTV Two on August 29, 2011, newscasts on the A stations were re-branded as CTV News and longer have separate identities, although the stations have retained the same editorial independence.

Atlantic
As a holdover from the ASN era, A Atlantic simulcasted news programs from CTV Atlantic, and it was the only A station that does not air any A News-branded programs. It also aired a local version of Breakfast Television, a holdover from when it was owned by CHUM Limited.

Barrie
A-Channel News on CKVR-TV in Barrie was anchored by Tony Grace and Jayne Pritchard weekdays at 6 p.m., by Jayne Pritchard weekdays at 11 p.m., and anchored by Chris Lesage on weekends at 6 p.m. and 11 p.m.

A-Channel News This Week, a newscast that generally focused on the week's top local news stories formerly aired Saturday nights at 11 p.m. Ontario News This Week, a newscast that generally focused on the week's top provincial-related as well as national and international news stories also formerly aired Sunday nights at 11 p.m.

Due to the 2009 economic crisis, both Barrie's A News This Week and Ontario News This Week were cancelled along with the A Morning shows produced in Barrie, London and Vancouver Island in early March 2009.

Ottawa
A-Channel News on CHRO-TV in Ottawa was anchored by Sandra Blaikie weekdays at 6, Tony Grace weeknights at 11 and Annette Goerner on weekends. A spinoff version of A News called A News This Week aired Sunday nights at 6:30 p.m. and recapped the week's news.

These newscasts were cancelled on March 3, 2009, as a result of what CTV called severe financial issues with the A stations, although the Ottawa station continues to broadcast A-Channel Morning. CHRO was the only A station (unlike the A station in Wingham which was scheduled to shut down entirely) to have its evening newscasts cancelled; the stations in Barrie, London and Victoria kept their evening newscasts but instead lost their morning shows. Due to a fire destroying CJOH's longtime studios and newsroom in nearby Nepean, production of CJOH's newscasts was moved to CHRO's studios in downtown Ottawa's ByWard Market in February 2010.

London/Windsor
A-Channel News on CFPL-TV in London was anchored by Kathy Mueller & Dan MacLellan weekdays at 6, and Tara Overholt at 11. There was a weekend half-hour edition of the program, anchored by Sean Irvine. CHWI-TV in Windsor had a separate weekday newscast anchored by Jim Crichton, but simulcasts the London edition on weekends. A spinoff version of A News called A News This Week aired Sunday nights at 6:30 p.m. and recapped the week's top stories.

When CKNX-TV in Wingham served as a semi-satellite of CFPL, it simulcasted all of CFPL's newscasts, except for the 11 p.m. weeknight newscast, an alternate newscast focusing on the Wingham area produced at CFPL. Due to financial issues, CKNX was switched to a full-time translator of CFPL on August 31, 2009, and no longer airs a separate newscast.

Vancouver Island
A-Channel News on CIVI-TV in Victoria, British Columbia was anchored by Hudson Mack at 5 and 6 p.m., and Cheryl Bloxham at 11 p.m. A spinoff version of A News airs at 6:30 p.m. weeknights, called Vancouver Island Report, a newscast generally focused on news on Vancouver Island.

A weekend half-hour edition of A News at Six, anchored by Andrew Johnson was added to the schedule in March 2009, following the layoffs. A spinoff version of A News also aired Saturday evenings at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday mornings at 8:30 a.m. called Island Weekend, a half-hour recap on the news and events happening around Vancouver Island during the week.

References

2005 Canadian television series debuts
2011 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian television news shows
2010s Canadian television news shows
CTV 2 original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by Bell Media
Television shows filmed in London, Ontario
Television shows filmed in Ottawa
Television shows filmed in Victoria, British Columbia
Television shows filmed in Windsor, Ontario
Culture of Barrie

A News (TV program)


Smart Feller Fart Smeller: And Other Spoonerisms is a 2006 book by Jon Agee.

Book information
The book is filled with spoonerisms that are formed as questions or answers. The book starts with a brief introduction about William Archibald Spooner and closes the book with translations of each punch line. There are 28 examples with black and white illustrations.

Reception
A Publishers Weekly review says, "It's easy to imagine these precocious quips becoming part of a vocabulary ("That's a lack of pies!" a baker tells Pinocchio), and aficionados of this quiz would do well to read Shel Silverstein's Runny Babbit, another boonerific spook." A Kirkus Reviews review says, "His humor in these 28 examples is sometimes crude (see title, which answers, "What did the cowboy say to the rocket scientist?"), and, as in Shel Silverstein's Runny Babbit (2005), the joke definitely wears thin — but readers of the target mentality may be tempted to rake the tall and bun with it." Kitty Flynn, of The Horn Book Magazine, reviewed the book saying, "It makes you wonder: the next time someone calls you a 'smart feller', is that really what's meant?"

References

2006 children's books
American picture books
Comedy books

Smart Feller Fart Smeller


El Ancasti is a local daily newspaper published in San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina.

El Ancasti was founded on July 8, 1988, and like the town of the same name, was named for a Cácan term referring to the Andes that dominate Catamarca Province.

El Ancasti became Catamarca's leading news daily, eclipsing La Unión, established in 1928. The newspaper would later maintain a conflicted relationship with Governor Arnoldo Castillo and his son and successor, Oscar Castillo, whose administrations initiated numerous lawsuits against the daily and withdrew advertising.

References

External links
Online edition

1948 establishments in Argentina
Daily newspapers published in Argentina
Newspapers established in 1988
Spanish-language newspapers

El Ancasti


Typhoon Megi (called Juan in the Philippines) was a strong tropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean. It was one of the most intense tropical cyclones ever. The storm started on October 13, 2010. It became a typhoon the following day.

The storm first touched land on Luzon on October 18. Thirty-one people died. Damage was over $255 million (2010 USD).

The storm also affected Taiwan and southeastern China. Overall damage was $709 million. Almost 70 people were killed.

Megi had winds sustained at 185 mph.

2010 in weather
2010 in China
2010 in the Philippines
Pacific typhoons

Typhoon Megi (2010)


A technical defense is one used by a defendant to seek acquittal based on the technicalities of the law. It is in contrast to a political defense which seeks to use political arguments to persuade a jury to nullify. Sometimes the desire to convince a jury on political and moral grounds is so strong that political defendants will reject a potent technical defense.

References

Legal defenses

Technical defense


The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) operates two seminaries for the formation of its pastors: Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Both seminaries grant the Master of Divinity degree which is ordinarily required to be ordained in the LCMS. They also offer a "colloquy" program for pastors who were ordained in other church bodies and want to join the LCMS. Advanced degrees such as Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Sacred Theology are also offered.

The seminaries operate independently of the Concordia University System, which comprises ten undergraduate institutions of the LCMS.

External links
Concordia Seminary, St. Louis
Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne

Lutheran seminaries
Lutheran buildings and structures in North America

Seminaries of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod


Bernard Lodge (born 1933) is a British graphic designer. He worked for the BBC from 1959 to 1977 before launching a freelance career. He has been described by the Open University as a pioneer of graphic design in television.

Lodge attended the Royal College of Art and joined the BBC graphics department. He is known for his work on the science-fiction television series Doctor Who, for which he designed the first four series logos. He also designed and engineered the first five title sequences. These include the 'howlaround' versions and the 'slit-scan' time tunnel versions. In 1974, Lodge won a Royal Television Society Award for Best Graphics, becoming one of the first people involved in Doctor Who to win an award for his work. His designs were used until 1980, when Sid Sutton was appointed as the designer of a new title sequence by incoming producer John Nathan-Turner.

After leaving the BBC, he worked on films, including Ridley Scott's Alien and Blade Runner.

References

External links

1933 births
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
British graphic designers
Living people

Bernard Lodge


The First Congregational Church, also known as DeMoss–Durdan Mortuary, is a historic former church building in Corvallis, Oregon, United States. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.

History

The Congregationalists of Corvallis were formed as a splinter group from the First Presbyterian Church in 1883. Originally occupying a church building at 3rd Street & Jefferson, members of the church began to discuss their need for a new building as early as 1909. Under the direction of the new Reverend Edwin T. Sherman, a formal campaign was launched in 1912. In 1913, the church requested $10,000 from the Church Building Society and finally purchased the lot off of Madison St. & 8th in 1916. At a total cost of $15,000, construction was completed in 1917 and the church held its first service on April 5, 1918.

The First Congregational Church sponsored Boy Scout Troop One, the oldest troop in the Oregon Trails Council, who were organized at the church in October 1919, and continued to meet there until the change of ownership.

The building continued to be used by members of the Congregationalist church for 17 years, before being sold to J. B. Hollingsworth and his business partner Raymond A. DeMoss, Corvallis funeral home directors, in 1935. They renamed the building DeMoss–Durdan Mortuary, and operated the building as a mortuary until Mr. DeMoss's death in 1978.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Benton County, Oregon

References

External links

1917 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Corvallis, Oregon
Churches completed in 1917
Colonial Revival architecture in Oregon
Georgian Revival architecture in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Benton County, Oregon
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Congregational churches in Oregon

First Congregational Church (Corvallis, Oregon)


The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) is a federal law planned to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the approval of the U.S. Congress.

The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States congressional joint resolution. It says that the president can send the U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress.

References

United States federal legislation

War Powers Resolution


Congo was a chimpanzee that learned how to draw and paint. He was born in 1954, and died in 1964. Desmond Morris, who studied his behaviour, gave him materials to paint, but didn't show him how to do it. During his life, Congo made over 400 paintings. People living at the time of Congo thought his paintings resembled abstract art. Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts had done similar experiments with chimpanzees in Moscow. In 1913, Khots found that the drawings resembled those of her two year old son. At the time when they were done, people did not think highly of them. Despite this, artists such as Herbert Read, Julian Huxley and Pablo Picasso bought some of Congo's paintings.  In 2005, three of Congo's paintings were sold at an auction for  more than 14,000 pound sterling. The auction house at first thought that the paintings would not sell for more than 600 to 800 pounds.

References

1954 births
1964 deaths
Individual animals
Artists

Congo (chimpanzee)


Ding Yi (; June 1927 – 5 March 2019) was a Chinese electrical engineer and business executive. He established the state-owned Dongfang Electric Corporation in 1984 and served as its general manager for ten years.

Biography
Ding Yi was born in June 1927 as Xu Weiwen (), in Penglai, Shandong, Republic of China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he joined the Communist resistance in April 1944, and changed his name to Ding Yi.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Ding entered Tsinghua University in 1950. In 1951, he was sent to study in the Soviet Union, together with Li Peng (later Premier of China) and Zou Jiahua (later Vice Premier). After graduating from the Leningrad Institute of Technology in 1957, he worked at Harbin Turbine Factory in Northeast China, and was later promoted to deputy chief engineer.

In 1967, Ding was transferred to Sichuan as part of the Third Front Movement, and served as chief engineer, and later head of the .

During the reform and opening era, Ding was tasked with reorganizing Dongfang Turbine Factory and establishing Dongfang Electric Corporation in March 1984. He served as the first general manager and chairman of the company for the next ten years. Under his leadership, Dongfang developed into one of the world's largest electrical engineering companies. By the time of his retirement in 1994, Dongfang was ranked as the world's 120th largest engineering contractor.

During the Great Sichuan earthquake of May 2008, the original Dongfang Turbine Factory in Hanwang, Sichuan was severely damaged. The earthquake killed many Dongfang employees and caused economic damages estimated at 2.7 billion yuan. At the time, Ding was hospitalized in Beijing for medical treatment. When Dongfang Electric began rebuilding the factory in Deyang in August, Ding donated more than 200,000 yuan of his savings to the company to help with reconstruction. Over more than 10 years, he also donated over 100,000 yuan to support college students from poor families.

Ding died on 5 March 2019 at Huaxi Hospital in Chengdu at the age of 91.

References

1927 births
2019 deaths
People from Penglai, Shandong
Businesspeople from Yantai
Chinese electrical engineers
Chinese company founders
Chinese chief executives
Tsinghua University alumni
Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology alumni
Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union
Engineers from Shandong

Ding Yi (businessman)


S.P.I.T. or sometimes simply called SPIT is a methodology developed by Drs. Mark and Jane Shellhammer, is a specific way of learning musical improvisation. The letters S.P.I.T. is an acronym for Scale, Pattern, Inversion, and Triad and usually pertains to the first four chord types which include Major 7, Dominant 7, Minor 7, and Half-Diminished expressed in all twelve key signatures. The use of SPIT methodology involves matching the scale, pattern, inversion, and triad to the key signature of the song that requires improvisation. The methodology allows the musician to scan the SPIT page that matches the key signature of the song for improvisational embellishments that can be applied during rests or whole notes in the melody.

References

Music education
Musical techniques

S.P.I.T. (music)


Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

Taking a behavior informatics perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior vector.

Models

Biology

Although disagreement exists as to how to precisely define behavior in a biological context, one common interpretation based on a meta-analysis of scientific literature states that "behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli".

A broader definition of behavior, applicable to plants and other organisms, is similar to the concept of phenotypic plasticity. It describes behavior as a response to an event or environment change during the course of the lifetime of an individual, differing from other physiological or biochemical changes that occur more rapidly, and excluding changes that are a result of development (ontogeny).

Behaviors can be either innate or learned from the environment.

Behavior can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment.

Human behavior

The endocrine system and the nervous system likely influence human behavior. Complexity in the behavior of an organism may be correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior.

Animal behavior

Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions, and viewing behavior as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviorism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioral responses in a laboratory context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity.

Consumer behavior

Consumers behavior
Consumer behavior involves the processes consumers go through, and reactions they have towards products or services.  It has to do with consumption, and the processes consumers go through around purchasing and consuming goods and services. Consumers recognise needs or wants, and go through a process to satisfy these needs. Consumer behavior is the process they go through as customers, which includes types of products purchased, amount spent, frequency of purchases and what influences them to make the purchase decision or not.

Circumstances that influence consumer behavior are varied, with contributions from both internal and external factors.  Internal factors include attitudes, needs, motives, preferences and perceptual processes, whilst external factors include marketing activities, social and economic factors, and cultural aspects.  Doctor Lars Perner of the University of Southern California claims that there are also physical factors that influence consumer behavior, for example if a consumer is hungry, then this physical feeling of hunger will influence them so that they go and purchase a sandwich to satisfy the hunger.

Consumer decision making
Lars Perner presents a model that outlines the decision-making process involved in consumer behavior. The process initiates with the identification of a problem, wherein the consumer acknowledges an unsatisfied need or desire. Subsequently, the consumer proceeds to seek information, wherein for low-involvement products, the search tends to rely on internal resources, retrieving alternatives from memory. Conversely, for high-involvement products, the search is typically more extensive, involving activities like reviewing reports, reading reviews, or seeking recommendations from friends.

The consumer will then evaluate his or her alternatives, comparing price, and quality, doing trade-offs between products, and narrowing down the choice by eliminating the less appealing products until there is one left. After this has been identified, the consumer will purchase the product.

Finally, the consumer will evaluate the purchase decision, and the purchased product, bringing in factors such as value for money, quality of goods, and purchase experience. However, this logical process does not always happen this way, people are emotional and irrational creatures. People make decisions with emotion and then justify them with logic according to Robert Cialdini Ph.D. Psychology.

How the 4P's influence consumer behavior
The Marketing mix (4 P's) are a marketing tool and stand for Price, Promotion, Product, and Placement.

Due to the significant impact of business-to-consumer marketing on consumer behavior, the four elements of the marketing mix, known as the 4 P's (product, price, place, and promotion), exert a notable influence on consumer behavior. The price of a good or service is largely determined by the market, as businesses will set their prices to be similar to that of other businesses so as to remain competitive whilst making a profit.  When market prices for a product are high, it will cause consumers to purchase less and use purchased goods for longer periods of time, meaning they are purchasing the product less often. Alternatively, when market prices for a product are low, consumers are more likely to purchase more of the product, and more often.

The way that promotion influences consumer behavior has changed over time. In the past, large promotional campaigns and heavy advertising would convert into sales for a business, but nowadays businesses can have success on products with little or no advertising. This is due to the Internet and in particular social media. They rely on word of mouth from consumers using social media, and as products trend online, so sales increase as products effectively promote themselves.  Thus, promotion by businesses does not necessarily result in consumer behavior trending towards purchasing products.

The way that product influences consumer behavior is through consumer willingness to pay, and consumer preferences. This means that even if a company were to have a long history of products in the market, consumers will still pick a cheaper product over the company in question's product if it means they will pay less for something that is very similar. This is due to consumer willingness to pay, or their willingness to part with the money they have earned. The product also influences consumer behavior through customer preferences. For example, take Pepsi vs Coca-Cola, a Pepsi-drinker is less likely to purchase Coca-Cola, even if it is cheaper and more convenient. This is due to the preference of the consumer, and no matter how hard the opposing company tries they will not be able to force the customer to change their mind.

Product placement in the modern era has little influence on consumer behavior, due to the availability of goods online.  If a customer can purchase a good from the comfort of their home instead of purchasing in-store, then the placement of products is not going to influence their purchase decision.

In management

Behavior outside of psychology includes

Organizational

In management, behaviors are associated with desired or undesired focuses. Managers generally note what the desired outcome is, but behavioral patterns can take over. These patterns are the reference to how often the desired behavior actually occurs. Before a behavior actually occurs, antecedents focus on the stimuli that influence the behavior that is about to happen. After the behavior occurs, consequences fall into place. Consequences consist of rewards or punishments.

Social behavior
Social behavior is behavior among two or more organisms within the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to an interaction among those members. Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when one gives, one will receive the same. This behavior can be affected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in.

Behavior informatics
Behavior informatics also called behavior computing, explores behavior intelligence and behavior insights from the informatics and computing perspectives.

Different from applied behavior analysis from the psychological perspective, BI builds computational theories, systems and tools to qualitatively and quantitatively model, represent, analyze, and manage behaviors of individuals, groups and/or organizations.

Health

Health behavior refers to a person's beliefs and actions regarding their health and well-being. Health behaviors are direct factors in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Health behaviors are influenced by the social, cultural, and physical environments in which we live. They are shaped by individual choices and external constraints. Positive behaviors help promote health and prevent disease, while the opposite is true for risk behaviors. Health behaviors are early indicators of population health. Because of the time lag that often occurs between certain behaviors and the development of disease, these indicators may foreshadow the future burdens and benefits of health-risk and health-promoting behaviors.

Correlates
A variety of studies have examined the relationship between health behaviors and health outcomes (e.g., Blaxter 1990) and have demonstrated their role in both morbidity and mortality.

These studies have identified seven features of lifestyle which were associated with lower morbidity and higher subsequent long-term survival (Belloc and Breslow 1972):
 Avoiding snacks
 Eating breakfast regularly
 Exercising regularly
 Maintaining a desirable body weight
 Moderate alcohol intake
 Not smoking
 Sleeping 7–8hrs per night

Health behaviors impact upon individuals' quality of life, by delaying the onset of chronic disease and extending active lifespan. Smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, gaps in primary care services and low screening uptake are all significant determinants of poor health, and changing such behaviors should lead to improved health.
For example, in US, Healthy People 2000, United States Department of Health and Human Services, lists increased physical activity, changes in nutrition and reductions in tobacco, alcohol and drug use as important for health promotion and disease prevention.

Treatment approach
Any interventions done are matched with the needs of each individual in an ethical and respected manner. Health belief model encourages increasing individuals' perceived susceptibility to negative health outcomes and making individuals aware of the severity of such negative health behavior outcomes. E.g. through health promotion messages. In addition, the health belief model suggests the need to focus on the benefits of health behaviors and the fact that barriers to action are easily overcome. The theory of planned behavior suggests using persuasive messages for tackling behavioral beliefs to increase the readiness to perform a behavior, called intentions. The theory of planned behavior advocates the need to tackle normative beliefs and control beliefs in any attempt to change behavior. Challenging the normative beliefs is not enough but to follow through the intention with self-efficacy from individual's mastery in problem solving and task completion is important to bring about a positive change. Self efficacy is often cemented through standard persuasive techniques.

See also

 Applied behavior analysis
 Behavioral cusp
 Behavioral economics
 Behavioral genetics
 Behavioral sciences
 Cognitive bias
 Evolutionary physiology
 Experimental analysis of behavior
 Human sexual behavior
 Herd behavior
 Instinct
 Mere-measurement effect
 Motivation
 Normality (behavior)
 Organizational studies
 Radical behaviorism
 Reasoning
 Rebellion
 Social relation
 Theories of political behavior
 Work behavior

References

General
 Cao, L. (2014). Behavior Informatics: A New Perspective. IEEE Intelligent Systems (Trends and Controversies), 29(4): 62–80.

 Perner, L. (2008), Consumer behavior. University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business. Retrieved from http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer_Behavior.html

Further reading
 Bateson, P. (2017) behavior, Development and Evolution. Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. .

External links

 What is behavior? Baby don't ask me, don't ask me, no more at Earthling Nature.
 www.behaviorinformatics.org
 Links to review articles by Eric Turkheimer and co-authors on behavior research
 Links to IJCAI2013 tutorial on behavior informatics and computing

Behavior


Montage ( ) is a film editing technique in which a series of short shots are sequenced to condense space, time, and information.

The term has been used in various contexts. In French, the word  applied to cinema simply denotes editing. In Soviet montage theory, as originally introduced outside the USSR by Sergei Eisenstein, it was used to create symbolism. Later, the term "montage sequence", used primarily by British and American studios, became the common technique to suggest the passage of time.
A montage is a French term meaning "assembling shots" or "putting together". It is a film technique for putting together a series of short shots that create a composite picture. A montage can be described as a series of separate images, moving or still, that are edited together to create a continuous sequence. Montages enable filmmakers to communicate a large amount of information to an audience over a shorter span of time by juxtaposing different shots, compressing time through editing, or intertwining multiple storylines of a narrative.

From the 1930s to the 1950s, montage sequences often combined numerous short shots with special optical effects (fades/dissolves, split screens, double and triple exposures), dance, and music.

Development

Two common montage devices used are newsreels and railroads. In the first, as in Citizen Kane, there are multiple shots of newspapers being printed (multiple layered shots of papers moving between rollers, papers coming off the end of the press, a pressman looking at a paper) and headlines zooming on to the screen telling whatever needs to be told. In a typical railroad montage, the shots include engines racing toward the camera, giant engine wheels moving across the screen, and long trains racing past the camera as destination signs fill the screen.

"Scroll montage" is a form of multiple-screen montage developed specifically for the moving image in an internet browser. It plays with Italian theatre director Eugenio Barba's "space river" montage in which the spectators' attention is said to "[sail] on a tide of actions which their gaze [can never] fully encompass".  "Scroll montage" is usually used in online audio-visual works in which sound and the moving image are separated and can exist autonomously: audio in these works is usually streamed on internet radio and video is posted on a separate site.

Noted directors
Film critic Ezra Goodman discusses the contributions of Slavko Vorkapić, who worked at MGM and was the best-known montage specialist of the 1930s:

From 1933 to 1942, Don Siegel, later a noted feature film director, was the head of the montage department at Warner Brothers. He did montage sequences for hundreds of features, including Confessions of a Nazi Spy; Knute Rockne, All American; Blues in the Night; Yankee Doodle Dandy; Casablanca; Action in the North Atlantic; Gentleman Jim; and They Drive by Night.

Siegel told Peter Bogdanovich how his montages differed from the usual ones:

In contrast, Siegel would read the motion picture's script to find out the story and action, then take the script's one line description of the montage and write his own five page script. The directors and the studio bosses left him alone because no one could figure out what he was doing. Left alone with his own crew, he constantly experimented to find out what he could do. He also tried to make the montage match the director's style, dull for a dull director, exciting for an exciting director.

Siegel selected the montages he did for Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944), and Confessions of a Nazi Spy, as especially good ones. "I thought the montages were absolutely extraordinary in 'The Adventures of Mark Twain'—not a particularly good picture, by the way."

Sports training montage
The sports training montage is a standard explanatory montage. It originated in American cinema but has since spread to modern martial arts films from East Asia. Originally depicting a character engaging in physical or sports training, the form has been extended to other activities or themes.

Conventions and clichés
The standard elements of a sports training montage include a build-up where the potential sports hero confronts his failure to train adequately. The solution is a serious, individual training regimen. The individual is shown engaging in physical training through a series of short, cut sequences. An inspirational song (often fast-paced rock music) typically provides the only sound. At the end of the montage several weeks have elapsed in the course of just a few minutes and the hero is now prepared for the big competition. One of the best-known examples is the training sequence in the 1976 movie Rocky, which culminates in Rocky's run up the Rocky Steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.

The simplicity of the technique and its over-use in American film vocabulary has led to its status as a film cliché. A notable parody of the sports training montage appears in the South Park episode, "Asspen". When Stan Marsh must become an expert skier quickly, he begins training in a montage where the inspirational song explicitly spells out the techniques and requirements of a successful sports training montage sequence as they occur on screen. It was also spoofed in Team America: World Police in a similar sequence.

The music in these training montage scenes has garnered a cult following, with such artists as Robert Tepper, Stan Bush and Survivor appearing on several '80s soundtracks. Songs like Frank Stallone's "Far from Over," and John Farnham's "Break the Ice" are examples of high-energy rock songs that typify the music that appeared during montages in '80s action films.

See also
 Bonnie and Clyde — 1967 film notable for its montage finale edited by Dede Allen
 Collage film — similar in content
 Video essay — similar in content

References

External links
Movie Montages, Cracked.com
Top 10 "Best of..." Film Montages, The Script Lab

Film editing
Cinematic techniques
Soviet inventions
Concepts in film theory

Montage (filmmaking)


The Future of Humanity Institute (FHI) is an interdisciplinary research centre at the University of Oxford investigating big-picture questions about humanity and its prospects. It was founded in 2005 as part of the Faculty of Philosophy and the Oxford Martin School. Its director is philosopher Nick Bostrom, and its research staff include futurist Anders Sandberg and Giving What We Can founder Toby Ord.

Sharing an office and working closely with the Centre for Effective Altruism, the institute's stated objective is to focus research where it can make the greatest positive difference for humanity in the long term. It engages in a mix of academic and outreach activities, seeking to promote informed discussion and public engagement in government, businesses, universities, and other organizations. The centre's largest research funders include Amlin, Elon Musk, the European Research Council, Future of Life Institute, and Leverhulme Trust.

History
Nick Bostrom established the institute in November 2005 as part of the Oxford Martin School, then the James Martin 21st Century School. Between 2008 and 2010, FHI hosted the Global Catastrophic Risks conference, wrote 22 academic journal articles, and published 34 chapters in academic volumes. FHI researchers have been mentioned over 5,000 times in the media and have given policy advice at the World Economic Forum, to the private and non-profit sector (such as the Macarthur Foundation, and the World Health Organization), as well as to governmental bodies in Sweden, Singapore, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Bostrom and bioethicist Julian Savulescu also published the book Human Enhancement in March 2009.  Most recently, FHI has focused on the dangers of advanced artificial intelligence (AI). In 2014, its researchers published several books on AI risk, including Stuart Armstrong's Smarter Than Us and Bostrom's Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies.

In 2018, Open Philanthropy recommended a grant of up to approximately £13.4 million to FHI over three years, with a large portion conditional on successful hiring.

Existential risk

The largest topic FHI has spent time exploring is global catastrophic risk, and in particular existential risk. In a 2002 paper, Bostrom defined an "existential risk" as one "where an adverse outcome would either annihilate Earth-originating intelligent life or permanently and drastically curtail its potential". This includes scenarios where humanity is not directly harmed, but it fails to colonize space and make use of the observable universe's available resources in humanly valuable projects, as discussed in Bostrom's 2003 paper, "Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development".

Bostrom and Milan Ćirković's 2008 book Global Catastrophic Risks collects essays on a variety of such risks, both natural and anthropogenic. Possible catastrophic risks from nature include super-volcanism, impact events, and energetic astronomical events such as gamma-ray bursts, cosmic rays, solar flares, and supernovae. These dangers are characterized as relatively small and relatively well understood, though pandemics may be exceptions as a result of being more common, and of dovetailing with technological trends.

Synthetic pandemics via weaponized biological agents are given more attention by FHI. Technological outcomes the institute is particularly interested in include anthropogenic climate change, nuclear warfare and nuclear terrorism, molecular nanotechnology, and artificial general intelligence. In expecting the largest risks to stem from future technologies, and from advanced artificial intelligence in particular, FHI agrees with other existential risk reduction organizations, such as the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and the Machine Intelligence Research Institute. FHI researchers have also studied the impact of technological progress on social and institutional risks, such as totalitarianism, automation-driven unemployment, and information hazards.

In 2020, FHI Senior Research Fellow Toby Ord published his book The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, in which he argues that safeguarding humanity's future is among the most important moral issues of our time.

Anthropic reasoning

FHI devotes much of its attention to exotic threats that have been little explored by other organizations, and to methodological considerations that inform existential risk reduction and forecasting. The institute has particularly emphasized anthropic reasoning in its research, as an under-explored area with general epistemological implications.

Anthropic arguments FHI has studied include the doomsday argument, which claims that humanity is likely to go extinct soon because it is unlikely that one is observing a point in human history that is extremely early. Instead, present-day humans are likely to be near the middle of the distribution of humans that will ever live. Bostrom has also popularized the simulation argument.

A recurring theme in FHI's research is the Fermi paradox, the surprising absence of observable alien civilizations. Robin Hanson has argued that there must be a "Great Filter" preventing space colonization to account for the paradox. That filter may lie in the past, if intelligence is much more rare than current biology would predict; or it may lie in the future, if existential risks are even larger than is currently recognized.

Human enhancement and rationality
Closely linked to FHI's work on risk assessment, astronomical waste, and the dangers of future technologies is its work on the promise and risks of human enhancement. The modifications in question may be biological, digital, or sociological, and an emphasis is placed on the most radical hypothesized changes, rather than on the likeliest short-term innovations. FHI's bioethics research focuses on the potential consequences of gene therapy, life extension, brain implants and brain–computer interfaces, and mind uploading.

FHI's focus has been on methods for assessing and enhancing human intelligence and rationality, as a way of shaping the speed and direction of technological and social progress. FHI's work on human irrationality, as exemplified in cognitive heuristics and biases, includes an ongoing collaboration with Amlin to study the systemic risk arising from biases in modeling.

Selected publications
 Toby Ord: The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, 2020.
 Nick Bostrom: Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, 2014.
 Nick Bostrom and Milan Cirkovic: Global Catastrophic Risks, 2011.
 Nick Bostrom and Julian Savulescu: Human Enhancement, 2011.
 Nick Bostrom: Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy, 2010.
 Nick Bostrom and Anders Sandberg: Brain Emulation Roadmap, 2008.

See also

 Future of Life Institute
 Futures studies
 Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence
 Effective altruism

References

External links

Departments of the University of Oxford
Futures studies organizations
Research institutes in Oxford
Research institutes established in 2005
2005 establishments in England
Transhumanist organizations
Existential risk organizations
Organizations associated with effective altruism

Future of Humanity Institute


The 510 Marquette Building is a high-rise office building in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the first building for the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. It was designed by Cass Gilbert, architect of the Minnesota State Capitol building. It is located at 510 Marquette Avenue, at the corner of Marquette Avenue and 5th Street South in Minneapolis, right next to the Nicollet Mall station of the METRO Blue and Green light rail lines, and across from the Soo Line Building.

History
The building was completed and opened its doors on January 1, 1925. The original structure was built as a 4-story building with sub-basement to house the Ninth District Federal Reserve Bank, which occupied the building for approximately 50 years. The building was unusual in that there were no windows on the lower walls close to the street—from the start, large bricks filled in the spaces where windows would be expected. Only up at the top was anyone able to look out from the building. An additional nine stories were added in 1956 with the completion of floors 5 through 13. The modern superstructure clashed with the granite Roman columns on the building's facade.

After the Fed moved to its second building in 1973, the new owner, a partnership of New York developers, Peter V. Tishman and Jay Marc Schwamm, had the lower portion covered with something that was a better match to the skyscraper "hat" on top. The , windowless, lower floors were stripped of the granite and replaced with a "bird cage" limestone facade (designed by Minneapolis architect Robert Cerny) and a totally artificially sustained natural  garden of ficus trees and pools of water (designed by San Francisco landscape architectural firm of Lawrence Halprin). At the time it was the largest totally artificially sustained garden within an office building in the United States. It had been modeled after the Ford Foundation Building in New York City, which has a larger garden, but also one that relies to some extent on outside natural light. There was also the need to remove the interior, independently supported five-story vault (designed by Frederick S. Holmes) so that the building could be connected to the adjacent F&M Bank Building, and also become part of the second floor, Minneapolis Skyway System. After a three-year development, the National City Bank of Minneapolis (now part of M&I Bank) moved into the building as its principal tenant. After the renovation, the building received the Minneapolis Committee on the Urban Environment award for contributing the most to Minneapolis's urban environment.

The building was listed for sale in 2011. It was owned by Hart Advisers Inc. of Simsbury, Connecticut who bought it in December 1998 for $20.6 million. In 2011, its largest tenant was RBC Wealth Management which was shifting to nearby RBC Plaza. Opportunity Advisors of Eden Prairie, Minnesota had purchased the building in May 2012 for somewhere around $5-$6 million, about one-fourth of its 1998 selling price.

In 2013, the 510 Marquette building was sold for $6.69 million. At the time it was reported to have 198,552 square feet. It was purchased by Marquette Partners LLC, an affiliate of Minneapolis-based Swervo Development. The seller was OP2 Marquette, an affiliate of Opportunity Advisors.

See also
Marquette Plaza - The second Minneapolis Federal Reserve Bank building

References

Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
Cass Gilbert buildings
Federal Reserve Bank buildings
Government buildings in Minnesota
Government buildings completed in 1915
Skyscraper office buildings in Minneapolis
Office buildings completed in 1915

510 Marquette Building


David Bernard Crawford (October 24, 1943 – June 1988) was an American R&B musician, songwriter, radio personality and record producer.  He wrote "What a Man", originally recorded by Linda Lyndell and later reinterpreted by Salt-n-Pepa; "Precious, Precious", a hit for Jackie Moore; and "Young Hearts Run Free", an international hit for Candi Staton.

Life and career
He was born in Jacksonville, Florida, and learned piano as a child.  As a teenager, he performed with gospel musicians including Albertina Walker, Shirley Caesar, and The Caravans.  He later became a disc jockey at radio station WOBS in Jacksonville, where he was known as "The Demon", before moving on to station WTMP in Tampa.  His first success as a songwriter came with "What a Man", a minor R&B chart hit in 1968 for Linda Lyndell.  The song, re-titled "Whatta Man", became a much bigger hit in 1994 for Salt-n-Pepa.

In 1969, he and Brad Shapiro became staff producers at Atlantic Records, where they worked with Wilson Pickett and Dee Dee Warwick, and produced the debut album by The J. Geils Band.  Crawford also co-wrote, with his cousin Jackie Moore, the song "Precious, Precious" which was recorded by Moore and reached the Billboard R&B and pop chart in 1970.  He continued to work with Shapiro on Moore's subsequent records for Atlantic, and also worked as a producer with B. B. King, The Mighty Clouds of Joy, and Phyllis Hyman.

As a freelance producer in 1975, based in Atlanta, Georgia, he was paired with singer Candi Staton, and wrote "Young Hearts Run Free".  According to Staton, the song's genesis was a conversation she had with Crawford over lunch in Los Angeles. Staton said: "Dave Crawford was always asking me: 'What's happening in your life?'...and I was [then] with someone I shouldn't have been with and it was hard getting out of that...very abusive relationship. [He said], 'You know, I'm gonna write you a song. I'm gonna write you a song that's gonna last forever.'"

Crawford set up his own label, L. A. Records, in Los Angeles in 1974.  The label released several singles and an album, Here Am I, by Crawford as a solo performer, but neither they, nor other releases on the label by Judy Clay, Charles Mann and others, were successful. Crawford reportedly made substantial financial losses on the venture, and returned to Miami where he worked as a DJ on gospel radio.

He was murdered in Brooklyn, New York, in June 1988, and was buried there.

References

External links

1943 births
1988 deaths
Record producers from Florida
20th-century American pianists
American organists
20th-century American keyboardists
American murder victims
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
1988 murders in the United States

Dave Crawford (musician)


The Portuguese royal court transferred from Lisbon to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in a strategic retreat of queen Maria I of Portugal, prince regent John, the Braganza royal family, its court, and senior officials, totaling nearly 10,000 people, on 27 November 1807. The embarkment took place on the 27th, but due to weather conditions, the ships were only able to depart on 29 November. The Braganza royal family departed for Brazil just days before Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal on 1 December 1807. The Portuguese crown remained in Brazil from 1808 until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on 26 April 1821.

For thirteen years, Rio de Janeiro functioned as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in what some historians call a metropolitan reversal (i.e., a colony exercising governance over the entirety of an empire). The period in which the court was located in Rio brought significant changes to the city and its residents, and can be interpreted through several perspectives. It had profound impacts on Brazilian society, economics, infrastructure, and politics. The transfer of the king and the royal court "represented the first step toward Brazilian independence, since the king immediately opened the ports of Brazil to foreign shipping and turned the colonial capital into the seat of government."

Background

In 1807, at the outset of the Peninsular War, Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal due to the Portuguese alliance with Great Britain. The prince regent of Portugal at the time, John of Braganza, had formally governed the country on behalf of his mother, queen Maria I of Portugal, since 1799. Anticipating the French invasion, John ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed. Setting sail for Brazil on 29 November 1807, the royal party navigated under the protection of the British Royal Navy, and eight ships of the line, five frigates, and four smaller vessels of the Portuguese Navy, under the command of admiral Sir Sidney Smith. On 5 December, almost halfway between Lisbon and Madeira, Sidney Smith, along with Britain's envoy to Lisbon, Lord Strangford, returned to Europe with part of the British flotilla. Graham Moore, a British sailor and career officer in the Royal Navy, continued escorting the Portuguese royal family to Brazil with the ships Marlborough, London, Bedford, and Monarch.

Brazil was very sparsely populated, with a little over 3 million inhabitants. Around one-third of the colony's population consisted of enslaved peoples, most having been captured and shipped from Africa. The indigenous population at the time was of around 800,000 people, having been dramatically reduced and isolated during the first 300 years of exploration and colonization. Population density was concentrated along the Atlantic coastline. Rio de Janeiro, around the start of the 19th century, was experiencing a sizeable population boom. Over the 18th century, the population had increased tenfold due to the discovery of gold and diamonds and the migration of 800,000 individuals that ensued. In addition, it is estimated that 2 million enslaved Africans were brought to Brazil to work in mines and power the sugar industry. Brazilians were illiterate, poor, and lacking several basic needs, including medical care and public health services. Only 2.5% of free men were literate.

The transfer

Arrival in Brazil and first transformations
On 22 January 1808, Prince John and his court arrived in Salvador, Brazil. There, John signed a decree which opened Brazil's ports, allowing commerce between Brazil and "friendly nations". This was particularly beneficial for Great Britain and can be seen as one of many ways Prince John found to reward Britain for its assistance. This new law, however, broke the colonial pact that had forced Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations with Portugal only. This transformed the Brazilian economy, and subsequently, its demographics and society. Secret negotiations at London in 1807 by Portuguese ambassador Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho guaranteed British military protection in exchange for British access to Brazil's ports and to Madeira as a naval base. Sousa Coutinho's secret negotiations paved the way for John's law to come to fruition in 1808.

Later on, in attempts to modernize the economy and diversify the production of the colony, John allowed for the establishment of manufacturing industries in 1808 through the signing of the Alvará de Liberdade para as Indústrias. This meant that Brazil would no longer only be an agricultural producer. In this decree, John said that in an attempt to promote national wealth and recognize that manufacturing, industrial labor, and multiplication of labor promote means of subsistence for subjects, Brazil should heavily invest in those sectors effective immediately. He abolished any prohibition to industrial development; something which expanded the need for labor in the colony, along with attracting foreign investment.

The court in the colony
Between 1808 and 1821, John of Braganza, serving as prince regent until 1816 and then as king from 1816 onwards, granted 145 nobility titles. During the time that the court was located in Brazil, the Portuguese royal family collectively granted more titles of nobility than it had in its past 300 years of existence in Portugal. Much can be said about the motivations for ennobling so many people, and these titles had consequences to the political scene of Brazil, including the systematic isolation of Brazilians from politics. Between 1811 and 1821, a vast majority of noble titles were granted to those who had travelled with the court in 1807 or had fought the French in Portugal and somehow had made their way to Brazil.

As an additional way to thank Great Britain for their efforts to protect the Portuguese Empire and their expanding economic relationship with the colony, titles of nobility were also given to British individuals. Furthermore, the titles of nobility served as a means to consolidate the rule of the Portuguese court and confirm the power status of the monarchy in the colony. When John elevated the status of Brazil from colony to a co-kingdom as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves to participate in the Congress of Vienna away from Europe, there was a sharp increase in the number of titles granted. Not only did this change affect nobility titles, it also increased the power of the Portuguese in Brazilian affairs. Rio became an important center for world trade and grew immensely, having its demographics changed incessantly. The monarchy, as expected, favored the Portuguese to be in command of political offices, and with the creation of new government positions, departments, and military branches, almost every official was Portuguese.

Out of all 145 nobility titles granted, only six were granted to Brazilians. Consistently, Brazilians were given the lowest royal title, that of baron. To somewhat make up for the fact that the Portuguese not only got more titles but also got more prestigious titles that made them more influential with the nobility, Brazilians were also granted land and seats in the Conselho da Fazenda. These were surreptitious ways to keep Brazilians content with the monarchy and appease the population without jeopardizing Portuguese high society, both in Brazil and in Portugal. The first nobility title granted to a Brazilian was in 1812 to the Baroness of São Salvador de Campos dos Goytacazes. Out of the 26 titles of nobility granted in 1818, only three Brazilian men were graced: José Egídio Álvares de Almeida, Pedro Dias Paes Leme, and Paulo Fernandes Carneiro Viana.

So many nobility titles were granted in 1818 most likely because that was when John became de facto king. 17 nobility titles were granted on the day he was crowned. As it can be expected, these titles did not benefit Brazilians much and did not create tight bonds between Brazilians and the new nobility. It was a reality unknown to many, even the wealthiest Brazilians. An argument can be made of this: nobility titles were made exclusively for Europeans to preserve the contrast in power and superiority of Europeans in Brazil. By granting titles to Portuguese individuals and those with close ties with Portugal, the court guaranteed the financial support to sustain themselves halfway across the Atlantic.

Importantly, this meant an increase in the demand for slave labor. With the end of the colonial pact, the coffee industry boomed and the sugar industry continued to flourish. Now, being able to manufacture goods, the naval and steel industries started to develop. The arrival of enslaved individuals increased dramatically during the period that the court was in Brazil and then during the decade following their absence, with the arrival of approximately 328,000 enslaved individuals to Brazil. This drastically changed the demographics of Brazil and of Rio, where most of these enslaved individuals would arrive and remain. It is estimated that the enslaved population in Rio, at its height, was more than half of the total population. After the successful slave revolution that took place in Haiti a few years before, the court started to worry about the small elites regarding potential rebellion and revolution. This led to the creation of the Military Division of the Guarda Real de Polícia, or Royal Police Guard, in charge of urban policing that before the arrival of the royal family consisted of informal guards, watchmen, and sentinels. This further isolated and oppressed enslaved peoples and was the beginning of a phenomenon that proceeded in the 19th and 20th centuries of the criminalisation of poverty. It reemphasized racial discrimination on an official level and associated disorder with lack of money and social ascension. This is also when Dom João VI decreed the establishment of a mounted guard.

In addition, the penal system was used to take control of lower classes by using minor infractions considered public disorder; for example, "disrespecting curfew, playing games of luck, drinking alcohol and begging" could be punishable with prison. Furthermore, while attempts to "civilize" the city were made, it also meant that the biggest difference between the old court and the one in Brazil was that half of it now consisted of enslaved peoples. Slavery was not legal in Portugal but allowed in the New World, and continued for several decades even after Brazil achieved independence from Portugal.

Imperial relocation also meant the stratification of hierarchy. Those who were already rich, usually because of their connections to nobility, got richer (usually for the same reasons they had been rich in the first place) and the poorer got even poorer, now having to compete for resources, services, and physical space. With the Portuguese government now in Brazil, Portuguese immigration retention increased and this led to further disapproval of Cariocas (the term given to those native to the city of Rio de Janeiro). While the court and nobility wanted to portray itself as open to hearing the critiques and desires of the Brazilian population, only a select few could attend audiences with Dom João. He implemented the ceremony of beija-mão, a daily ritual where subjects got the chance to go to the royal residence, kiss the king's hand, and express their grievances. This practice to supposedly stay in touch with common people allowed for the social elites to voice their agendas, including white men, the nobility, and the clergy.

Brazil as a kingdom

On 16 December 1815, John created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves), elevating Brazil to the same rank as Portugal and increasing the administrative independence of Brazil. Brazilian representatives were elected to the Portuguese Constitutional Courts (Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas). In 1815, in the aftermath of Napoleon's defeat and the meeting of the Congress of Vienna, convened to restore European political arrangements, the Portuguese monarch declared Brazil a co-equal to Portugal to increase Portugal's bargaining power. In 1816, with the death of Queen Maria, Prince John became king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. After several delays, the ceremony of his acclamation took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1818.

Beyond having to go through infrastructural expansion to accommodate for the arrival of 15,000 people, Rio continued to be modified and upgraded in the early stages of the transferring of the court. The city lacked basic sanitation and structured sewer systems. There were very few roads. The goal was to "construct an ideal city; a city in which both mundane and monumental architecture, together with its residents' social and cultural practices projected an unequivocally powerful and virtuous image of royal authority and government." The city had to reflect the flourishing of the empire and institutions like public libraries, botanic gardens, opera houses, palaces and government buildings were created. Rio was to be modern and secure. Architecture physically changed to reflect modern times.

Furthermore, before the arrival of the royal family and court, Brazil consisted of very disconnected conglomerates of people. Vast amounts of empty land and dense tropical forest separated cities like Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Salvador, Pernambuco, Rio Grande, and Porto Alegre. Needing to create a unified way to control the state and effectively manage territory, the government put in efforts to connect city centers through road development. The monarchy also encouraged internal trade. The isolation of cities had once been used by the Portuguese Empire to keep Brazilians subordinate and unable to organize against the crown. Now, having to manage the territory directly, that was no longer useful. All of these infrastructural developments came at the cost of slaves' hard work and lives. It is estimated that between 1808 and 1822, "Rio's slave population increased by 200 percent. As a consequence, remaking Rio de Janeiro into the court meant reconciling the larger quest to metropolitanise the city with slavery and with the African and African-Brazilian residents who made up the majority of its population."

Among the important measures taken by John VI (in attempts to Europeanize the country) were creating incentives for commerce and industry, allowing newspapers and books to be printed, even though the Imprensa Régia, Brazil's first printing press was highly regulated by the government, establishing two medical schools, establishing military academies, and creating the first Bank of Brazil (Banco do Brasil). In Rio de Janeiro, he also established a powder factory, a botanical garden, an art academy, and an opera house. All these measures advanced Brazil's independence from Portugal. Less beneficial were the crown's policies continuing the African slave trade, attacks on indigenous peoples, and land grants to court favorites.  He blocked the entry of ideas of political independence expressed in the U.S. and the former Spanish American colonies, now independent republics. Britain's influence in Brazil increased, with favorable terms of trade, but also extraterritoriality for British merchants.

Owing to the absence of the king and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe political crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal on 25 April 1821; otherwise he risked loss of his Portuguese throne. The heir of John VI, Pedro I, remained in Brazil. The Portuguese Cortes demanded that Brazil return to its former status as a colony and the return of the heir to Portugal. Prince Pedro, influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Senate (Senado da Câmara), refused to return to Portugal during the Dia do Fico (9 January 1822). Brazil declared its independence on 7 September 1822, forming the Empire of Brazil and ending 322 years of colonial dominance of Portugal over Brazil. Pedro was crowned the first emperor in Rio de Janeiro on 12 October 1822, taking the name Dom Pedro I.

Aftermath

The Portuguese court's tenure in Rio de Janeiro created the conditions which led to Brazil's independence. With the court's arrival, Rio de Janeiro saw an immediate increase in its population. This, coupled with increases in trade and subsequent immigration, transformed the city into a major economic center in the New World. In 1815, this resulted in Brazil being declared a co-kingdom with Portugal, raising it from its former colonial status. This was an embodiment of Brazil's growing independence from Portugal, which intensified after the royal family's return to Europe in 1821.

The relocation of the Portuguese nobility and administrative core to Brazil in 1808 had tremendous ramifications and resulted in a multi-faceted approach to change. Brazilian politics were initiated and affected, society and demographics were altered, the economy developed, and the city of Rio de Janeiro physically changed. The impact was felt in different ways and degrees by different sections of the population: nobility, wealthy families, Brazilians, indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans. The stability and prosperity of the Brazilian state, resulting from the royal court's presence, allowed for it to declare independence from Portugal without the violence and destabilization characteristic of similar movements in neighboring countries.

This was in part because its burgeoning independent identity had had an effect on Pedro, king John's oldest son and first emperor of Brazil. Pedro was nine years old when the family fled Portugal, meaning he was raised in Rio de Janeiro. Coming of age in Brazil rather than Portugal led to Pedro identifying as a Brazilian, a sentiment which influenced his defiance of the Cortes in 1821. Due to his position as heir of the Portuguese crown, Pedro was able to prevent any serious efforts on the part of the Portuguese to retake Brazil. The relatively smooth transition into independence, along with the economic and cultural strides made since the royal court's first arrival, resulted in a thriving time for the young nation. Throughout the royal court's stay in Rio de Janeiro and during the early part of its independence, Brazil saw a huge influx of immigrants and imported slaves.

The immigrants were largely young Portuguese, the majority of whom elected to stay in Brazil permanently, rather than return to Portugal. This migration also mirrored a period of political upheaval in Portugal, wherein the loss of Brazil started a series of revolts. The retention of immigrants demonstrated the newfound economic opportunities of the newly independent Brazil, while waves of anti-Portuguese sentiment among the masses of Rio de Janeiro revealed the nation's lingering resentment towards its former rulers.

See also

 Free French Africa, a similar relocation of imperial government into a colonial territory to escape occupation.
 Timeline of the Peninsular War
 Secret Convention on the Transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil

References

Further reading

 Dias, Maria Odila da Silva, "The Establishment of the Royal Court in Brazil". In From Colony to Nation: Essays on the Independence of Brazil. A. J. R. Russell-Wood,  ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
 Haring, Clarence H. The Empire in Brazil. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958.
 Macaulay, Neill. Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834. Durham: Duke University Press 1986.
 Manchester, Alan K., "The Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil". In Conflict and Continuity in Brazilian Society, ed. Henry Keith and S.F. Edwards. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969.
 Manchester, Alan K. "The Growth of Bureaucracy in Brazil, 1808–1821". Journal of Latin American Studies 4, 1 (1972): 77–83.

1807 in politics
1807 in Portugal
1808 in Brazil
1808 in Portugal
19th century in Portugal
Colonial Brazil
History of Rio de Janeiro (city)
History of the Royal Navy
November 1807 events
Peninsular War
Portuguese monarchy
John VI of Portugal
19th century in Rio de Janeiro

Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil


Microcotyle neozealanica is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

Taxonomy
Microcotyle neozealanica was first described by Dillon & Hargis in 1965 as Microcotyle neozealanicus. Caballero y Caballero and Bravo-Hollis erected the genus Paramicrocotyle to describe Paramicrocotyle tampicensis and Paramicrocotyle atriobursata off Mexico, and placed within this genus 16 species previously assigned to the genus Microcotyle including Microcotyle neozealanica. However, Microcotyle neozealanica was returned to the genus Microcotyle and Paramicrocotyle is considered a junior subjective synonym of Microcotyle.
Microcotyle neozealanica was redescribed by Dillon et al., in 1985 from a single specimen from the gills of Chloropthalmus nigripinnis. The authors stated that additional specimens from this host were needed to verify this record.
According to the World Register of Marine Species neozealanicus is a malformed suffix. The current accepted name is Microcotyle neozealanica.

Morphology

Microcotyle neozealanica has the general morphology of all species of Microcotyle, with an elongate fusiform body provided with a thin and smooth tegument, and comprising an anterior body proper which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor is symmetrical, not well delineated from body proper, and bears 24–29 pairs of clamps. These clamps are similar in shape, but dissimilar in size. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. There are also two biloculate buccal suckers placed ventrolaterally in the buccal cavity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal mouth, a muscular pharynx, and a posterior intestine with two lateral branches provided with medial and lateral ramifications. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium armed with numerous spines, a dorsal vagina, a single tubular and folded ovary, and a number of follicular testes which are postovarian, and 11–20 in number.
The fusiform egg has filaments at both ends.

Etymology
The specific epithet neozealanica refers to New Zealand, the type-locality of this species.

Hosts and localities
The type-host of Microcotyle neozealanica is the red gurnard perch Helicolenus percoides (Sebastidae). The type-locality is New Zealand. It was also recorded from Chlorophthalmus nigripinnis (currently named Paraulopus nigripinnis)  (Chlorophthalmidae) off Australia.

References

Microcotylidae
Parasites of fish
Animals described in 1965
Worms of New Zealand

Microcotyle neozealanica


Yôichi Maeda (前田陽一, Maeda Yôichi, December 14, 1934 - May 3, 1998) is a Japanese movie director and screenwriter from Tatsuno, Hyogo Prefecture. He directed 17 movies for Shochiku and three for Toho. The best-known movie he directed is Make Way For The Jaguars from 1968, which became his well known musical comedy movie.

Biography
After graduating from Tatsuno High School and Waseda University School of Letters, Maeda joined the Shochiku Ofuna Film Studio in April 1958. He worked as an assistant director for Yoshishige Yoshida and Minoru Shibuya. In 1964, he made his first feature film debut as a director with Nippon Paradise (starring Yoshiko Kayama, along with Daisuke Katō, Mariko Kaga and Hiroyuki Nagato). Since then, he has been mainly focusing on comedy.

After the decline of theatrical movies, Maeda switches to TV, worked on many television dramas, and co-represented the script-writing office "Ragus" with screenwriter Hideichi Nagahara.

In 1998, he decided to make one last cinematic movie for the studio production "New Karajishi Co., Ltd." for the first time in a while, but he was hospitalized one week after filming it. Maeda died of liver failure on May 3, 1998. He was 63 years old. The filmed "New Karashishi Co., Ltd." was successfully completed and released by director Hideo Nanbu and screenwriter Hidetaka Nagahama, who were studying under director Maeda before. Directors Nanbu and writer Nagahama are credited as "cooperative directors", but they are still collaborated with by Yoichi Maeda.

He directed three movies for Toho with Kigeki migimuke hidari! (1970), Kigeki kinō no teki wa kyō mo teki and Okite koronde mata okite (1971).

In his 1968 musical comedy movie, Make Way For The Jaguars, Maeda used good and sounds like The Beatles vocal harmonies mixed with "Psychotic Reaction" type fuzz guitar and the screen goes trippy with psychedelic prism effects—makes you think The Jaguars must have been "experienced."

Other websites

1934 births
1998 deaths
People from Hyōgo Prefecture
Japanese movie directors
Japanese screenwriters

Yoichi Maeda (movie director)


Munmohan Singh "Moe" Sihota (born February 18, 1955) is a Canadian former broadcaster and politician. He was the first Canadian of South Asian and Indian descent to be elected to provincial parliament.

He was born in Duncan, British Columbia and attended St. George's Boys School, Vancouver, on scholarship. He earned a bachelor's degree in social work from the University of British Columbia in 1977, was awarded a scholarship to Warwick School of Economics, London, 1981 and a law degree from the University of Victoria in 1982. He was a social worker in White Rock in 1978-9 and a lawyer in Esquimalt in 1984.

Political career

His political career began during his undergraduate years at the University of British Columbia serving as the Ombudsman for the UBC student society, the Alma Mater Society, as well as serving as an elected student representative on the UBC Board of Governors. He became President of the Young New Democrats in 1978 and also served as the President of Cowichan—Malahat—The Islands Federal NDP as well as being the campaign manager for Frank Mitchell and Jim Manly who were elected to the British Columbia Legislature and the House of Commons of Canada respectively. In 1984, Sihota was elected as an Alderman for Esquimalt.

In 1986, Sihota ran as the NDP Candidate in the riding of Esquimalt-Port Renfrew to replace the retiring Frank Mitchell. He held the seat easily and became the first Indo-Canadian to be elected to any federal or provincial riding.

In 1991, Sihota ran for and won re-election in the new riding of Esquimalt-Metchosin as part of an NDP landslide victory. Subsequently, he was named by Premier Mike Harcourt in his first cabinet, the Minister of Labour and Consumer Services as well as Minister Responsible for Constitutional Affairs, becoming the first Indian-Canadian cabinet minister in a province of Canada.

He continued to serve in several cabinet posts under the Harcourt New Democratic government as well as under the subsequent governments of Glen Clark and Dan Miller, but was forced to resign from cabinet several times.

During his career, he created 200 new Provincial Parks, extended Workers Compensation Coverage to farmworkers and changed BC logging practices. He also served on the Board of Directors of BC Hydro and Power Authority, Insurance Corporation of BC, Workers Compensation Board and the BC Buildings Corporation.

Controversy

BC Law Society misconduct
Sihota resigned as Minister of Labour in 1995 after the Law Society of BC suspended his licence to practice for 18 months, due to finding him guilty of professional misconduct. He was reinstated to Cabinet in 1996, but resigned again December of the same year due to new allegations of corruption, abuse of office, and conflict of interest.  The new allegations were due to actions he performed while in office that benefited his friend and former Vancouver MP Herb Dhaliwal. In his memoirs, "A Measure of Defiance", former BC Premier Mike Harcourt commented that "Although the B.C. Law Society denied the allegation, the hint that the investigation of our outspoken environment minister was politically motivated was too strong to be dismissed that quickly. There was no public outcry over the incident and to most of his constituents, reporters and even political adversaries, Moe's credibility did not suffer seriously.

BC Hydro appointment
In 1991 Sihota helped his friend Dhaliwal become appointed to the board of B.C. Hydro in 1991, after Dhaliwal provided Sihota with a substantial mortgage guarantee.  The opposition BC Liberals then requested an investigation by Conflict Commissioner Ted Hughes. Hughes later found that Sihota had not been in a conflict of interest. However, Hughes also said at the time of the finding that had the new laws been in place during Dhaliwal's appointment in 1991, Sihota would have been found to be in a conflict of interest.

Limousine licences
In 1996 Dhaliwal had applied to the Motor Carrier Commission for several licences related to a limousine company partly owned by Dhaliwal and run by Sihota's cousin.  It was later revealed by the former Commission chairman that Sihota had made repeated calls and wrote several letters to the commission in relation to Dhaliwal's applications.  Sihota again resigned from cabinet in 1996.  A new investigation was started not by the Conflict of Interest Commissioner, but by fellow NDP party member and Glen Clark deputy minister Doug McArthur.  Although McArthur found that Sihota had "exercised poor judgment and bullied commission staff", he found that Sihota had not been in a conflict of interest. Glen Clark then reappointed Sihota back to cabinet in 1998.

Post Glen Clark era
After retiring from politics following the NDP's defeat in the, 2001 provincial election, Sihota became a television host for The New VI (formerly A-Channel now CTV2) in Victoria. He left the station in 2004 when his phone-in show, VILand Voices, was cancelled due to re-organization. He currently provides political commentary for CBC Radio's Early Edition Political Panel.

Since 2004, Sihota has pursued several business opportunities and is currently a part-owner and director of the Northern Bear Golf Club (Edmonton, AB), Four Points Sheraton (Victoria, BC) and Walton's Lakefront Resort (Osoyoos, BC).

In 2012, Vancouver Magazine named Sihota as one B.C's 50 most influential citizens

In 2015, Sihota received the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal for contributions to Canadian Society.

In 2005, the Parvasi Awards were created to honour outstanding achievements by Canadian Punjabis. Mr. Sihota was the recipient of the 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of being the first Indo Canadian elected to a Canadian Legislature and the first Indo Canadian ever to be appointed to a Cabinet.

The 100 Year Journey Project chronicles the stories of the first 100 South Asians that impacted Canadian Society, chartered new territories and broke new ground. Mr.Sihota received the 2015 Pioneers and Navigators Award for his work in Politics and Public Policy.

After the election of the New Democratic Government in Alberta, Mr.Sihota joined Edmonton's Canadian Strategy Group to provide political and policy advice to Alberta Corporations, Trade Unions and non -profits.

BC NDP president
In November 2009, Sihota was elected to the position of President of the BC New Democratic Party. In October 2010, the media revealed that Sihota was being paid a salary for his position as President, with payments from The Canadian Union of Public Employees, United Steelworkers, and the BC Federation of Labour . Sihota was elected to a second term at the 2011 party convention.

Sihota, along with party leader Adrian Dix, faced criticism for running a poor campaign following the NDP's unexpected defeat in the 2013 provincial election. On September 21, 2013, the day after Dix announced his intention to step down as leader, Sihota announced that he would be stepping down as party president at the end of his term in November 2013. He was credited with modernizing the NDP's fundraising capacity and implementing an outreach to the business community during his term.

Personal life
Sihota currently lives in Victoria, British Columbia and is married with two children, Rajan and Karina. Karina works for the Canadian Labour Congress and Rajan works in digital marketing for rock bands.

References

External links
 Moe Sihota

1955 births
Living people
British Columbia municipal councillors
British Columbia New Democratic Party MLAs
Canadian campaign managers
Canadian political party presidents
Canadian people of Indian descent
Canadian social workers
Canadian Sikhs
Canadian television hosts
Lawyers in British Columbia
Members of the Executive Council of British Columbia
People from Duncan, British Columbia
People from Esquimalt, British Columbia
University of British Columbia School of Social Work alumni
University of Victoria Faculty of Law alumni
20th-century Canadian politicians

Moe Sihota


Salduro (also Salduro Siding) is a ghost town located in Tooele County, Utah, United States.

Description
The name "Salduro" is a combination of Spanish words sal and duro and means "hard salt".

The settlement was located on the geologically significant Salduro Salt Marsh, also known as the Bonneville Salt Flats.

Bonneville Speedway is located approximately  north of Salduro.

History

Salduro formed next to the Western Pacific Railroad, which was completed in the early 1900s.  Significant salt beds were identified during the construction of the railroad, and several mining claims soon followed.  After several years of unprofitable attempts to produce salt, the claims were leased by the Capell Salt Company, which erected a small mill near Salduro.

Circa 1916, the Capell Salt Company merged into (or was transferred to) the Solvay Process Company, a potash producer.  That same year, the Solvay Process Company began extracting potash from subsurface brines of the Salduro Salt Marsh. The operation was constructed on the south side of the Western Pacific Railroad at Salduro station.

On June 23, 1924, U.S. Army test pilot Russell Maughan performed the first dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the United States, flying a Curtiss P-1 Hawk. One of his five refueling stops was in Salduro.

The settlement gained prominence in the 1930s and 1940s, when significant potash and salt were mined nearby.

Decline
In 1944, the potash plant at Salduro closed.  Shortly after, fire swept through the settlement, and it was soon abandoned.

See also

 List of ghost towns in Utah

References

External links

Ghost towns in Tooele County, Utah
Ghost towns in Utah
Great Salt Lake Desert

Salduro, Utah


James Blanding Sloan (September 19, 1886 – October 5, 1975), also known as Blanding Sloan, was an American etcher, printmaker, theatrical designer, educator, painter, and puppeteer.

Biography
J. Blanding Sloan was the first son born to Alexander C. Sloan, a physician and Alabama native, and to Henrietta O. Blanding, a Virginian.  At the age of 12 he created the sets and acted in his first play; seven years later, while a student at Austin College, he slipped hopping a freight train and lost a leg.  By 1910 he was studying at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts (today's School of the Art Institute of Chicago), where he was later made a teacher of color composition.  He worked with the renowned color printmakers George Senseney and Bror Julius Olsson Nordfeldt and exhibited for the first time in 1914 with the Chicago Society of Etchers.  In 1912 he began his secondary career in theatre scenery, lighting and costume design for The Players Workshop of Chicago, where he created sets for Maxwell Bodenheim and Ben Hecht.  Just after America entered World War I he was arrested for posting signs which urged young men not to register for the military draft, but to claim exemptions as conscientious objectors.  A year later he moved to New York City, where he worked in over a dozen Broadway productions, including the Ziegfeld Follies, as well as The Greenwich Village Follies; he also exhibited his prints and set designs to great acclaim.

In 1923 Sloan and his second wife, Mildred Taylor, left New York intending to start a grand tour of Asia by driving across the United States.  Due to his temporary illness the couple decided to settle permanently in the San Francisco Bay Area, where during the next two decades over forty major exhibitions of his work were enthusiastically received.  The public demand for his etchings and block prints was so great that a catalogue raisonné was published in 1926.  His subject matter was sometimes decorative, but he also focused on controversial social and religious issues; on one occasion a sexually explicit scene of Sloan making love to his wife was restricted to his "private portfolio."  By far his most extraordinary undertaking was the creation of a puppet theatre, where initially he intended to produce "original plays" for children, such as Rastus Plays Pirate, but by 1928 he transformed the idea into the Marionette Theatre Association for adults.  At first he and Ralph Chesse produced classic works by Shakespeare and Eugene O'Neill, but in April 1929 Sloan decided to push the boundaries of censorship and staged Heavenly Discourse by Charles Erskine Scott Wood with anatomically correct nude puppets.  In one scene God fondled a naked Eve who sits on his lap.  The "anarchist Sloan" was arrested and the production closed several times, but eventually continued to sold-out audiences.  His next production, the West Coast premiere of Sky Girl, portrayed an abstract world run by robots 50 thousand years in the future.  He also used his theater to run foreign films that had been banned elsewhere.

Beginning in 1924 the Sloans established a second residence south of the Bay Area in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, at that time the largest art colony on the Pacific Coast.  Here Blanding was hired by the University of California Extension Division to teach summer classes in etching, theatre design, and painting.  He also contributed his prints to exhibitions at the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club and staged puppet performances for the local children.  In 1929 his linoleum-cut prints were reproduced in the local literary journal, The Carmelite.  That same year he and his wife established Carmel's first international film festival and screened The Light of Asia, the story of Buddha's life with an all-Indian cast, and Hollywood Extra – 9413, a "very modern" psychological drama produced by the abstract Yugoslav painter Slavco Vorkapic.

By 1931 the Sloans had moved to Los Angeles where there were opportunities to exhibit his prints and work on theatre and puppet productions as well as in Hollywood.  In 1938 Blanding was appointed a Regional Theatre Director for the Federal Theatre Project of the WPA, but resigned eighteen months later to become Supervisor of the National Youth Administration for the American Southwest.  During World War II he and his protégée, Wah Chang, created the East-West Film Company and produced a variety of films, including an interview and performance by the legendary singer Leadbelly as well as The Way of Peace, a controversial film funded by the Lutheran Church depicting the destruction of the world by nuclear weapons.  The latter may have caused his dismissal from the Disney Studios.  By 1948 he was living in Altadena, California, and in the mid-1960s moved to Berkeley, California, and then to the nearby town of Canyon, where he died at the age of 89.

Professions

Stage set designer The Greenwich Village Follies 1922-1923, New York.
Marionette Theater Artist studio San Francisco 1928-1929

Exhibitions
Etchings and Wood Block Prints by Blanding Sloan, organized by the Isaac Delgado Museum of Art, December 31, 1926 – January 14, 1927, at New Orleans Museum of Art

References

1886 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
People from Corsicana, Texas
Artists from Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
20th-century American male artists

James Blanding Sloan


Kulajda is a Czech cuisine soup. One version is made with sour cream, potatoes, dill and quail egg. Mushrooms are also an important ingredient of the soup.

In some regions another sour mushroom based Czech soup kyselo is mistaken named as kulajda. The difference is that kyselo uses sourdough  and (most of the time) neither sour cream or milk.

References

Czech cuisine
Soups

Kulajda


Mann School No. 2, also known as Sioux Township #2, is a historic building located west of Moorhead, Iowa, United States.  Built in 1884, the building is a simple rectangular frame structure with a gable roof.  Originally three bays long, an addition in the 1920s that added a cloak room and internal stairway to the basement, extended it one more bay.  Located in the Loess Hills, this school differed from one-room schoolhouses on the prairie, in that it was located near the center of a cluster of families rather than at the center of four sections.  Parents of the students who were educated here took responsibility for the upkeep and maintenance of the building and grounds.  The building remained in use as a school until 1945 when the teacher expectantly left.  Enrollment had been low to begin with so the district sent the students to a neighboring rural school and then to Moorhead.  The building continued as a polling place after the school was formally closed in 1945.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

References

School buildings completed in 1884
One-room schoolhouses in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Monona County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Monona County, Iowa
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Mann School No. 2


Charles Arthur Smith (born March 1, 1960) is an American chef who has worked for former Florida governors Bob Graham and Jeb Bush and until 2007 was personal chef to Oprah Winfrey. His expertise is Southern cuisine.

While attending Florida State University, he completed culinary internships with The Greenbrier and the Walt Disney Magic Kingdom College Program.

Publications
Smith  has authored three award-winning cookbooks: Back to the Table; Kitchen Life: Real Food for Real Families; and Back to the Family. He contributed recipes and cooking advice to The Spectrum, the newest book by cardiologist and New York Times bestselling author Dean Ornish.  He edits a monthly article on Oprah.com and contributes articles to O, The Oprah Magazine.  His latest cookbook, (released May 2013), Art Smith's Healthy Comfort, has a focus on healthy cooking and healthy living, (published by Harper One 2013).

Projects

Common Threads
Smith founded the non-profit charity Common Threads, which focuses on teaching children about different cultures through food and art. Common Threads has served over 750 children and served 2,000 healthy meals to children in 2006. He serves on the board of directors of "Kids Café", a nutrition program, for children in Minneapolis. Smith owns and runs a highly successful restaurant in Chicago called TABLE fifty-two as well as Art and Soul in Washington, D.C. In 2009, Smith raised $10,000 for Common Threads as a participant on the television show Top Chef Masters, Season 1.

Events
Smith has cooked for many celebrities and heads of state, including former President Barack Obama and the current King of Sweden.  In addition to being chef for Florida Governor Bob Graham, he cooked for Florida Governor Jeb Bush, Romero Britto, film stars Ali Landry and Eduardo Verástegui amongst many others. He has also appeared on Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.
Smith also appeared in a cooking segment in Lady Gaga's 2011 ABC special A Very Gaga Thanksgiving in which he and Gaga prepared a Thanksgiving meal of turkey and waffles. Months later, Smith became the head chef of Joanne Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in New York City owned by Lady Gaga's parents.
He was also a celebrity judge on the second seasons of the reality shows BBQ Pitmasters and Nailed It, as well as competing in the Chopped Season 24 All-Stars Tournament, advancing to the final round.

Awards
 The 2002 James Beard Award for Back to the Table: The Reunion of Food and Family.
2001 Gourmand World Cookbook Award - Category, "For Human Values."
Humanitarian of the Year, 2007, James Beard Foundation
In 2008 Art Smith was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.

Personal
Smith lives in Jasper, Florida with his husband, Jesus Salgueiro, a painter. The two married at the Lincoln Memorial in 2011, after being together 10 years. They donate their time to many causes, from children's cooking classes to humanitarian aid. He and his husband recently (as of 2018) adopted five children.

Shortly before his 50th birthday, Smith was diagnosed with diabetes. He later went on a diet, and lost 100 pounds. Smith now tries to eat six small meals a day. He has also completed many marathons.

References

External links
Common Threads

1960 births
Living people
People from Jasper, Florida
Chefs from Chicago
American male chefs
American food writers
LGBT people from Florida
James Beard Foundation Award winners
21st-century American LGBT people
LGBT chefs

Art Smith (chef)