The Battle of Beaver Dams took place on 24 June 1813, during the War of 1812. A column of troops from the United States Army marched from Fort George and attempted to surprise a British outpost at Beaver Dams, billeting themselves overnight in the village of Queenston, Ontario. Laura Secord, a resident of Queenston, had earlier learned of the American plans from several Americans billeted at her house and had struck out on a long and difficult trek to warn the British at Decou's stone house near present-day Brock University. When the Americans resumed their march, they were ambushed by Kahnawake and other native warriors and eventually surrendered to a small British detachment led by Lieutenant James FitzGibbon. About 600 U.S. troops, including their wounded commander, were taken prisoner.

Background
On 25 May 1813, the United States had won the Battle of Fort George, capturing the fort. The British fell back to a position at Burlington Heights near the western end of Lake Ontario, briefly abandoning the entire Niagara Peninsula to the invading force. The Americans attempted to pursue the British, but their advance was checked at the Battle of Stoney Creek by a British counter-attack. At the same time, the flotilla of warships of the United States Navy which had been supporting their army on the Niagara Peninsula was hastily withdrawn to face a threat to their own base, and a British flotilla threatened the American line of communications. The Americans fell back to Fort George. The British followed up and established an outpost at DeCou's house in the present-day city of Thorold, Ontario, from which natives and militia harassed the U.S. outposts.

The U.S. Army commander at Fort George, Brigadier General John Parker Boyd, decided to clear the threat posed by enemy raiders and to restore his men's morale by making a surprise attack on the outpost at DeCou's.

U.S. plan
The force assigned to the attack was led by the recently promoted Colonel Charles Boerstler of the 14th U.S. Infantry and consisted of Boerstler's own 14th U.S. Regiment of Infantry, with detachments of the 6th, 13th and 23rd U.S. Regiments of Infantry, a company of artillery with one 12-pounder and one 6-pounder field guns, and twenty U.S. Dragoons. An irregular corps of forty mounted volunteers from the New York Militia under Cyrenius Chapin led the way. The force was accompanied by two large supply wagons. At dusk on 23 June, Boerstler's force moved in secret from Fort George to the village of Queenston, where they quartered themselves in the houses and other buildings.

Several American officers had earlier billeted themselves in the house of Canadian Militia Captain James Secord, who had been severely wounded the previous year at the Battle of Queenston Heights. His wife, Laura Secord, overheard the officers discussing their scheme. Very early on 22 June, she set out to warn the British at DeCou's house, walking about  through the woods until she came upon a native encampment on the Twelve Mile Creek. The warriors took her to Lieutenant James FitzGibbon, who commanded the British outpost. The information she conveyed to FitzGibbon confirmed what natives had reported since they first observed the U.S. column near St. David's.

Battle
The main contingent of natives were 300 Kahnawake, also referred to as Caughnawaga in contemporary accounts, Mohawk people  who had earlier been converted to Christianity by Jesuit missionaries. They were nominally commanded by Captain Dominique Ducharme of the Indian Department, with Lieutenants Isaac LeClair and J.B. de Lorimier. There were also 100 Mohawks under Captain William Johnson Kerr. They set up ambushes in a thickly wooded area  east of Beaver Dams. FitzGibbon with 46 men of the 49th Regiment of Foot was in reserve.

Early on 24 June, U.S. forces set out for DeCou's stone house.  At St. David's they proceeded along a trail at the base of the escarpment until they reached another trail leading up the "mountain".  Reaching the top, they became aware of natives closing in on their flanks and rear, but Boerstler did not change his plans. When the natives opened fire, Boerstler was wounded and placed in one of the wagons. According to U.S. accounts, they caused the Mohawks to flee and fought their way out of the woods into open fields where they could use their artillery, and the natives were not at such an advantage. This account is not supported by other witnesses.

At this point, FitzGibbon intervened. Addressing Boerstler under a flag of truce, he claimed that the Americans were outnumbered and surrounded, and that if they did not surrender he would be unable to restrain the natives from slaughtering them. The wounded Boerstler capitulated to Major de Haren of the Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry, who had just arrived on the field with another detachment of British regulars (mainly from the 104th Regiment) from Twelve Mile Creek.

The U.S. force surrendered in a field just south of the Thorold Tunnel, east of the present-day Welland Canal.  The prisoners were escorted first to DeCou's, then to the British base at Ball's Falls..

Casualties
The natives admitted to a total of five chiefs and warriors killed, and 20 wounded, although Ducharme stated that 15 were killed and 25 wounded.

The U.S. casualty report stated 25 killed and 50 wounded; all of the wounded being among the prisoners, who numbered 23 officers and 489 enlisted men. It was later claimed that many of the wounded U.S. troops were killed by Mohawks.

Results
The loss of Boerstler's detachment demoralized the U.S. force at Fort George. From then until they abandoned the fort on 10 December, they rarely dared send any patrols more than a mile from the fort. To reinforce their fear of the Native people, there was another minor disaster on 8 July when a party from the 8th (King's) Regiment and Merritt's Troop of Provincial Dragoons, accompanied by Ottawas under Captain Matthew Elliott and other Indigenous warriors under Mohawk chief John Norton, went to retrieve a chest of medicines which had been hastily buried at Ball's Farm near Two Mile Creek when the British had evacuated Fort George in May. A party from the 13th U.S. Infantry under Lieutenant Joseph Eldridge attempted to pursue the British detachment but was ambushed at the Battle of Ball's Farm, losing 28 men, several of whom were scalped despite the efforts of officers of the Indian Department to prevent it.

Most of the U.S. regular soldiers and Boyd himself were transferred from Fort George to Sackett's Harbor in September, leaving the fort in the hands of New York Militia.

Legends and folk tales
Referring to the respective parts played by the various Native Americans and the British, local legend (perhaps started by Mohawk leader John Norton, who was present) had it that, "The Caughnawaga got the victory, the Mohawks got the plunder and FitzGibbon got the credit".

In 1818, FitzGibbon made a report to Captain Kerr which read in part:
With respect to the affair with Captain  Boerstler, not a shot was fired on our side by any but the Indians. They beat the American detachment into a state of terror, and the only share I claim is taking advantage of a favorable moment to offer them protection from the tomahawk and scalping knife. The Indian Department did the rest.

Captain Ducharme claimed that he himself did not demand the U.S. surrender because as a French Canadian by birth who had spent most of his life among the Indians, he spoke no English.

Laura Secord

Much later, in 1827, FitzGibbon wrote:
I do hereby Certify that on the 22d. day of June 1813, Mrs. Secord, Wife of James Secord, Esqr. then of St. David's, came to me at the Beaver Dam after Sun Set, having come from her house at St. David's by a circuitous route a distance of twelve miles, and informed me that her Husband had learnt from an American officer the preceding night that a Detachment from the American Army then in Fort George would be sent out on the following morning (the 23d.) for the purpose of Surprising and capturing a Detachment of the 49th Regt. then at Beaver Dam under my Command. In Consequence of this information, I placed the Indians under Norton together with my own Detachment in a Situation to intercept the American Detachment and we occupied it during the night of the 22d. – but the Enemy did not come until the morning of the 24th when his Detachment was captured. Colonel Boerstler, their commander, in a conversation with me confirmed fully the information communicated to me by Mrs. Secord and accounted for the attempt not having been made on the 23rd. as at first intended.

By this account, Laura Secord learned of the U.S. plans and made her exit from St. David's (near Queenston) on June 22, before the main body of U.S. troops had set out from Fort George.

National Historic Site

Beaver Dams represents one of the earliest attempts to create a national historical park. In 1914, a convention of Ontario historical and patriotic groups resolved to ask the Department of the Interior "to develop a 40-acre site near Thorold as a national battlefield park commemorating the Battle of Beaver Dams."

Although Beaver Dams was not made a national park, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board was created in 1919 to develop a heritage policy at the federal level for historic sites. In 1921, soon after the Board's formation, the Board recommended the designation of the Battle of Beaver Dams site as a National Historic Site, one of its earliest selections.

A monument commemorating the battle was dedicated in 1923 and situated on the original site of the event (near the southeast corner of the intersection of Davis Road and Old Thorold Stone Road, approximately  southeast of present-day Thorold), where it was located for several decades. In 1976, this monument (as well as one marking the site where in 1876, during construction of the 3rd Welland Canal, the remains of 16 U.S. soldiers from the battle were uncovered) was subsequently relocated several kilometres to the west when the Battle of Beaverdams [sic] Park was opened and there was talk of constructing a 5th Welland Canal near the battlefield. The original site of the battlefield was unmarked from 1976 until 2013, the Battle of Beaverdams Committee discussed marking the site with a "historic boulder" for the bicentennial and this was achieved on June 23, 2013.

Related to the National Historic Site, the Laura Secord Legacy Trail was dedicated in June 2013, recreating the route of her journey from her homestead in Queenston to DeCew House in Thorold, where she delivered her message to Lt. Fitzgibbon on June 22, 1813. The trail is divided into five stages and encompasses ancient forested Indian trails and modern city sidewalks. The trail is linked to the Trans-Canada Trail and is 32 kilometers.

Notes

References

 Stanley, G.F.G. "The Significance of the Six Nations Participation in the War of 1812." Ontario History LV(4), 1963.

External links

 . The Canadian Encyclopedia.
 Poems of the Battle of Beaverdams from the Niagara Falls Poetry Project

Conflicts in 1813
Battles of the War of 1812 in Ontario
Battles on the Niagara Frontier
National Historic Sites in Ontario
War of 1812 National Historic Sites of Canada
June 1813 events
Canada in the War of 1812

Battle of Beaver Dams


Iris Davies (1935 – 20 July 2010), pen name Iris Gower, was a British novelist from Swansea, Wales, noted for historical romances. They are set mainly in the seaport of Swansea and adjacent Gower Peninsula, from which she took her pseudonym.

Biography
Iris Richardson was born in 1935 in Swansea, the sister of Billy, Jean, John and Christine. Her family lived in Swansea city centre, but afterwards moved to Mayhill, where Iris met pattern-maker, William Tudor Davies. She and Davies married on Iris's 21st birthday. They settled in Manselton, Swansea and had four children: Tudor Jr, Angela, Susan and Paul.

As a young woman Iris Gower worked as a nursery teacher and took other part-time jobs. She began writing in her twenties and had several stories published in magazines such as Woman's Own and Jackie. She published her first novel, Tudor Tapestry, in 1974, but success came with her novel, Copper Kingdom (1983). It was one of many of her novels set in the copper, pottery and other industries of Swansea or in the rural life of Gower.

Iris Gower was awarded an MA in Creative Writing by Cardiff University, and an Honorary Fellowship at Swansea University (1999). Altogether she wrote about 40 published books, including 26 novels.

In the latter part of her career she and her husband settled at Derwen Fawr, Swansea. But on 15 April 2002 her husband of 48 years died after a stroke. Later Iris lived with a partner, Peter Snadden, and continued writing. She remained interested in fostering the work of other writers. She became a patron of the Year of Literature in Swansea, and at the Swansea Writers' Circle welcomed and encouraged the novelist Catrin Collier.

Gower is quoted as saying in 2009, "You can learn technicalities but not creativity. There were no lessons when I started. So I just put my four children to bed at 7 pm and wrote. I wouldn't pay for a course. If people are so damn good at writing, why are they teaching and not writing? I research a lot and talk to people. People's anecdotes are like gold nuggets."

Iris Gower died at Singleton Hospital, Swansea, on 20 July 2010. She was 75 years old.

Bibliography

Burn Bright Shadow (1975)
The Copper Cloud (1976)
Return to Tip Row (1977)
Beloved Captive (1981)
Copper Kingdom (1983)
Proud Mary (1984)
Spinners' Wharf (1985)
Morgan's Woman (1986)
Fiddler's Ferry (1987)
The Loves of Catrin (1987)
Black Gold (1988)
Beloved Traitor (1981)
Beloved Rebel (1981)
The Sins of Eden (1990)
The Shoemaker's Daughter (1991)
The Oyster Catchers (1992)
Honey's Farm (1993)
Arian (1994)
Sea Mistress (1995)
The Wild Seed (1996)
Firebird (1997)
Emerald (1998)
Dream Catcher (1998)
Destiny's Child (1998)
Sea Witch (1998)
A Royal Ambition (1999)
Sweet Rosie (1999)
Daughters of Rebecca (2000)
Heart on Fire (2000)
When Night Closes In (2000)
Heart in Ice (2000)
Kingdom's Dream (2001)
Heart of Stone (2001)
Paradise Park (2002)
The Rowan Tree (2003)
Halfpenny Field (2004)
The Other Woman (2005)
Act of Love (2006)
Bargain Bride (2007)

References

External links
Iris Gower Welsh Literature and Modern Media

1935 births
2010 deaths
Welsh historical novelists
Welsh romantic fiction writers
Writers from Swansea
Alumni of Cardiff University
People associated with Swansea University
20th-century Welsh novelists
21st-century Welsh novelists
Pseudonymous women writers
21st-century Welsh women writers
21st-century Welsh writers
20th-century Welsh women writers
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers

Iris Gower


Ivan Fyodorovich Gorbunov (, 22 September 1831 — 5 January 1896) was a Russian writer and stage actor, considered to be a forefather for  the "literary theatre" subgenre in his county.

Career
Born in Ivanteyevka in the Moscow Governorate of the Russian Empire, as a writer, Gorbunov started out in 1853, as a contributor of stories and sketches to Moskvityanin, and later Otechestvennye Zapiski. In 1854 he debuted on stage the Moscow Maly Theatre in Moscow. Two years later he moved north to the Alexandrinka with which he stayed till the end of his life. In the course of forty years he played 54 parts, most of them in plays by Alexander Ostrovsky (most memorably, Kudryash in The Storm, Pyotr in The Forest and Afonya in Sin and Sorrow Are Common to All), his friend for whom he occasionally worked as a secretary.

In the 1850s Gorbunov started to introduce the audiences to his own original repertoire of dramatized short stories under the heading of Scenes from the People's Life (Сцены из народного быта), satirizing all strata of the Russian society, particularly petty state officials. They earned him praise from Dostoyevsky, who found there "...a lot of astute observations and the deep understanding of the nature of Russian people."

Famous across Russia, Gorbunov was equally loved by peasants and the last of the three Russian Tsars. The humour of his stories "spread all through the country in the form of proverbs, and folk jokes," according to Alexey Pleshcheyev. Later in his life Gorbunov acquired the reputation of a credible Russian theatre historian. He was the founder of the first ever museum of theatre in his country.

Gorbunov, who attended art college and Moscow University (which he never graduated) and had the profound knowledge of Russian history, culture and folklore, was a self-taught folklore scholar. It was him who introduced Modest Musorgsky to the folk song "Iskhodila mladyuoshenka" (Исходила младёшенька) which the latter used in his Khovanshchina opera, as "Marfa's Song".

Gorbunov died in Saint Petersburg on 5 January 1896.

The Collected Works by I.F. Gorbunov in three volumes came out in 1902–1907.

References

Further reading
 The Works by Ivan Gorbunov at Lib.ru (The Moshkow Library)
 Иван Федорович Горбунов by A.F. Koni. 1898. (PDF)
 Sheremetev, P. И. Ф. Горбунов. «О некотором зайце» // Russkaya Starina / Русская старина, 1898. — Т. 93. — № 3. — С. 537—541.

1831 births
1896 deaths
People from Ivanteyevka
People from Moskovsky Uyezd
Russian male stage actors
19th-century male actors from the Russian Empire
19th-century writers from the Russian Empire
Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery

Ivan Gorbunov


Yvette Lewis (born March 16, 1985) is a German-born American track and field athlete who competes for Panama in the 100 meter hurdles and the triple jump. She represented the United States in international competition until October 2012 when switched to compete for Panama. Her best time in the hurdles is 12.76 seconds while her best triple jump is 13.84 meters. She won the gold medal in the hurdles at the 2011 Pan American Games

She represented Hampton University collegiately and was the NCAA triple jump champion indoors in 2006 and outdoors in 2007. She has represented the United States twice at the Pan American Games (2007 and 2011) as was a silver medalist in the 4×100 meter relay in 2011.

Career
Lewis was born in Flensburg, Germany, as her family was based there due to her father Donnie Lewis placement in the army. Her mother, Lorna Dowlin, had competed athletically, but had given up pursuing sports in order to focus on her family. Raised in Newport News, Virginia, Lewis initially competed in a variety of events, but made her international debut as a triple jumper at the 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics.

She went on to compete in NCAA Division I for Hampton University's Lady Pirates. While there, she represented the university in a variety of events, including triple jump, hurdles, long jump and the short sprints. At the 2005 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships she came eight in the long jump and seventh in the triple jump. In 2006, she became the NCAA Indoor Champion in the triple jump with a personal record mark of 13.75 meters. At the NCAA Outdoor Championship later that year she came fourth with a jump of 13.59 m and was a 100 m hurdles semi-finalist. She made her debut at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and claimed the triple jump bronze medal, as well as setting a hurdles personal record of 13.14 seconds in the semi-finals of that event. She represented her country in the triple jump at the 2006 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics and finished in fourth place.

At the 2007 NCAA Indoors, Lewis was the runner-up in the triple jump and had minor placings in the hurdles and long jump. Greater success came outdoors as she became the 2007 NCAA triple jump champion with a jump of 13.73 m and reached the 100 m hurdles final with a new best run of 13.06 seconds. A jump of 13.59 m at the USA Nationals brought her second place behind Shani Marks and she was yet again a hurdles semi-finalist. Despite her high national placing, she could not compete at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics as she had not achieved the necessary qualifying standard. However, she was selected to compete in both events for the American team for the 2007 Pan American Games. At that competition, she came sixth in the triple jump and last in the hurdles final.

Having graduated from Hampton in 2007, she turned to professional competitions in 2008. She dipped under 13 seconds for the hurdles for the first time that year and ran a personal record of 12.87 seconds in the United States Olympic Trials semi-finals. She was a triple jump finalist at the event, but finished just outside the top three in spite of a new best jump of 13.84 m. Having missed qualification for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, she competed on the European track circuit and ran a 100 m hurdles best of 12.85 seconds at the Herculis meeting. She ended her year at the DAK Leichtathletik-Gala, coming sixth in the triple jump and third in the hurdles.

Her 2009 season began at European indoor meets: she won the 60 meter hurdles at the PSD Bank Meeting then ran a new best time of 8.05 seconds at the BW-Bank Meeting. The Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix saw her compete in a three-event challenge, where she won the hurdles and set new indoor bests in the long jump (6.29 m) and 400 metres (56.63 seconds) to finish in second place overall. She returned to the United States for the outdoor season and made her impact at the Mt. SAC Relays, winning the 100 m hurdles and coming second in the triple jump behind Shakeema Welsch. She came close to a new personal best at the adidas Track Classic, where she won the triple jump in a meet record of 13.82 m. Following wins in the hurdles at the Primo Nebiolo and Josef Odložil Memorial meetings in Europe, she competed at the 2009 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and reached the hurdles semi-finals and triple jumped a windy 13.88 m for fourth place in that event. Having missed out on the major championships again, she returned to hurdling in Europe and equalled her best time to win at the International Leichtathletik-Sportfest in Cuxhaven.

Lewis focused on hurdling for the 2010 season and ran well in Europe, achieving a new 60 m hurdles best of 7.90 seconds and finishing as runner-up at the PSD Bank, BW-Bank, and Sparkassen Cup meets. She competed sparingly in the outdoor season due to a serious injury to her right ankle. After running on the European indoor circuit in early 2011, she came third in the hurdles at the USA Indoor Championships. At the 2011 USA Outdoor Championships, she was fifth in the triple jump and reached the hurdles final, although she was disqualified for a false start. She competed in the hurdles at a number of 2011 IAAF Diamond League meets that year, including a second-place finish at the Memorial Van Damme final. A new personal record of 12.76 seconds came at the inaugural István Gyulai Memorial in Budapest and she broke the meeting record at the Palio Citta della Quercia with a run of 12.87 seconds into a headwind. She helped the United States top the table at the DécaNation with a hurdles win and was then selected for the national team at the 2011 Pan American Games. She excelled at the continental competition by taking the hurdles gold medal in a time of 12.82 seconds in the altitude of Guadalajara. This made her the first American medalist in the hurdles event in twelve years and the first American winner since LaVonna Martin 24 years previously. She won a second medal for her country in the 4×100 meter relay race, where the American team took the silver, and she also managed seventh place in the triple jump.

Personal bests

Outdoor
100 m: 11.56 (wind: +1.9 m/s) –  New York City, 13 July 2007
200 m: 23.50 (wind: +0.3 m/s) –  Greensboro, North Carolina, 5 May 2006
100 m hurdles: 12.67 (wind: +1.5 m/s) –  Lahti, 17 July 2013
Triple jump: 13.84 m (wind: +0.5 m/s) –  Eugene, Oregon, 17 July 2013
Heptathlon: 5378 pts –  Chula Vista, California, 9 June 2012

Achievements

References

External links
Yvette Lewis at All-Athletics.com

Living people
1985 births
Sportspeople from Newport News, Virginia
American female hurdlers
Panamanian female hurdlers
American female triple jumpers
Panamanian triple jumpers
African-American female track and field athletes
Hampton Pirates and Lady Pirates athletes
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Panama
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Panama
South American Games gold medalists for Panama
South American Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 2014 South American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Yvette Lewis (athlete)


Toukoto is a small town and commune near the confluence of the Bakoy and Baloué rivers in the Cercle of Kita in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali. As well as the town of Toukoto, the commune includes 5 other villages. In the 2009 census the commune had a population of 10,020.

References

External links
.

Communes of Kayes Region

Toukoto


AGROVOC is a multilingual controlled vocabulary covering all areas of interest of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), including food, nutrition, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and the environment. By November 2021, the vocabulary consisted of over 39,600 concepts with up to 924,000 terms in up to 41 different languages (see ). It is a collaborative effort, edited by a community of experts and coordinated by FAO. AGROVOC is made available by FAO as an RDF/SKOS-XL concept scheme and published as a linked data set aligned to 20 other vocabularies.

History
AGROVOC was first published at the beginning of the 1980s by FAO in English, Spanish and French to serve as a controlled vocabulary to index publications in agricultural science and technology, especially for the International System for Agricultural Science and Technology (AGRIS). In the 1990s, AGROVOC abandoned paper printing and went digital with data storage handled by a relational database. In 2004, preliminary experiments with expressing AGROVOC into the Web Ontology Language (OWL) took place. At the same time a web based editing tool was developed, then called WorkBench, nowadays VocBench. In 2009 AGROVOC became an SKOS resource.

Usage
Today, AGROVOC is available in different languages as an SKOS-XL concept scheme and published as a Linked Open Data (LOD) . It is used for or organizing knowledge for subsequent data retrieval, tagging content in websites, facilitating search engine discovery, standardizing agricultural information data and as reference for translations, and in fields such as data mining, big data, or artificial intelligence. Updated AGROVOC content is released once a month and is available for public use.

Access
AGROVOC is accessible in various ways:

 Browse online: Search and browse AGROVOC concepts via the SKOSMOS interface.
 Download: RDF-SKOS (AGROVOC only or AGROVOC LOD).
 Live: SPARQL endpoint
 AGROVOC Web services.

Maintenance
FAO coordinates the editorial activities related to the maintenance of AGROVOC. Content curation is carried out by a community of editors and institutions for each of the language versions. The tool used by the community to edit and maintain AGROVOC is VocBench, which was designed to meet the needs of the Semantic Web and linked data environments. FAO also facilitates the technical maintenance of AGROVOC, including its publication as a LOD resource. Technical support and infrastructure is provided by the University of Tor Vergata (Rome, Italy) which leads the technical development of VocBench.

Copyright and license
Copyright for AGROVOC content in FAO languages - English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese - is with FAO, while content in other languages rests with the institutions that authored it. AGROVOC thesaurus content in English, Russian, French, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese is licensed under the international Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY IGO 3.0).

See also / Related links

External links
 AGRIS
 AGROVOC
 AIMS
 FAO
 VocBench/Agricultural Ontology Server

Further reading
 AGROVOC Publications

References

Agricultural databases
Knowledge representation
Ontology (information science)
Food and Agriculture Organization
Thesauri

AGROVOC


Philip Desmond "Chic" Bates (born 28 November 1949) is an English former football player and manager.

Bates played non-league football with Stourbridge before becoming a professional with Shrewsbury Town in 1974. He had a fine debut season scoring 17 goals as the "Shrews" gained promotion to the Third Division. He continued to perform well and in 1977 he joined Swindon Town where he spent two years before joining Bristol Rovers. After a year at Rovers he re-joined Shrewsbury Town and in 1984 he became player manager.

He left in 1987 to become assistant manager to Lou Macari at Swindon Town and followed Macari to Stoke City and Celtic and back to Stoke. After Macari left Stoke in May 1997 Bates was appointed as manager and despite a decent start Stoke's form fell away and with the side destined for relegation he was sacked in January 1998. He returned to Shrewsbury and had two spells as caretaker manager.

Playing career
Bates was born in West Bromwich began his career with non-league Stourbridge before joining Shrewsbury Town in 1974. He became a useful forward for the "Shrews" and in his first season as a professional he scored 17 goals helping the team gain promotion. He continued to impress for Shrewsbury and caught the eye of a number of larger clubs and eventually left for Swindon Town in 1978. He spent two years at Swindon and had a short spell at Bristol Rovers before returning to Shrewsbury Town where became player manager.

Managerial career
Bates was appointed player manager of Shrewsbury Town in 1984 and retired from playing in 1985 taking up full-time management a position he would keep until November 1987. He again left Shrewsbury for Swindon Town becoming assistant manager to Lou Macari and Osvaldo Ardiles. When Macari was appointed manager of Stoke City in 1991 he appointed Bates as his assistant and the pair worked together at Stoke until October 1993 when they joined Celtic. A year later they returned to Stoke and after Macari left again in May 1997 Bates was surprisingly given the vacancy in the club's first season at the Britannia Stadium.

Whilst Bates was a useful and popular coach he was not thought to be a successful manager. Regardless to Bates' credit Stoke made a steady start to the 1997–98 season and by the end of October Stoke were in a play-off position. But results started to go wrong which hit rock bottom in January 1998 with a 7–0 defeat at home to Birmingham City. The result prompted ugly scenes at the final whistle as around 2,000 fans invaded the pitch and entered the directors box. Bates was sacked a week later. He moved back to Shrewsbury and became assistant manager filling in as caretaker on two occasions firstly in November 1999 and 22 October 2004 to 15 November 2004.

Dementia

In 2013 Bates was diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimers.

Career statistics

Managerial statistics

References

External links

Living people
Stoke City F.C. managers
Shrewsbury Town F.C. managers
English Football League managers
1949 births
Stourbridge F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players
English men's footballers
Swindon Town F.C. non-playing staff
Celtic F.C. non-playing staff
Men's association football forwards
English football managers
Footballers from West Bromwich

Chic Bates


The Timoleague and Courtmacsherry Light Railway, opened in April 1891, was originally operated by two locomotives, both from the Leeds works of the Hunslet Engine Company, named Slaney and St. Molaga. These two were joined by a third locomotive, again from Hunslet in 1894. This third locomotive carried the name Argadeen and under the classification adopted by the Great Southern Railways on amalgamation in 1925 became the sole representative of Class K5.

History
When delivered in 1894, the locomotive, works number 611, was typical of a type used on unfenced lines, particularly in an area where livestock is reared and the horse and cart or even the packhorse the main mode of local goods transportation.
The locomotive, built with a round-topped firebox and dome was also fitted with a bell, mounted on the boiler between the chimney and the dome. To aid its progress around the tight track work on the line it had a rigid wheelbase of just  band the centre driving wheel was without flange. As part of the line ran alongside the road cowcatchers front and rear and side-skirts, to prevent the scaring of animals by the motion of the coupling rods and the seeping of steam from the cylinders, were also fitted. The locomotive was basically an  but the axle load was lightened by the addition of a leading truck and to accommodate this the frames and footplate were extended forward by a couple of feet or so. It was, to the eye, a Tram-type locomotive. In due time the side-skirting was removed, only the deep, almost enclosed cab steps and the fixing points giving a clue as to it ever being there.

The locomotive was subsequently rebuilt, the cab was enlarged and fitted with new steps, a Belpaire firebox and a flat-topped dome fitted.

The TCLR locomotives did not carry numbers, all were named, these being carried on cast plates fitted to the side tank. The makers plate was fitted to the coal bunker. Hunslet No. 611 was named Argadeen.

This locomotive, along with  St. Molaga, passed to the GSR on amalgamation in 1925. It was scrapped in 1957.

Livery
Argadeen was originally black with cast brass makers plate raised letters against vermilion background. After the 1925 amalgamation, she received the standard GSR unlined grey livery which she wore for the rest of her days.

References

Steam locomotives of Ireland
2-6-0T locomotives
Hunslet locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1894
5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Individual locomotives of Ireland

TCLR Argadeen


Ocoee Dam Number 2 is a hydroelectric dam on the Ocoee River in Polk County in the U.S. state of Tennessee.  The dam impounds the Ocoee No. 2 Reservoir and is one of three dams on the Toccoa/Ocoee River owned and operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority. It was completed in 1913.

Ocoee Dam No. 2 utilizes a wooden flume that carries water from the reservoir down the side of the Ocoee Gorge to the dam's powerhouse  downstream. It is situated at the center of one of the nation's top whitewater rafting locations, and the dam's releases help to maintain consistent rapids on the river during warmer months.

Location

Ocoee Dam No. 2 is located  above the mouth of the Ocoee River, near the center of the Ocoee Gorge, a steep-sided valley sliced as the Ocoee winds its way westward through the Appalachian Mountains.  Ocoee No. 2 is  upstream from Ocoee Dam No. 1 and  downstream from Ocoee Dam No. 3.  The flume connecting Ocoee Dam No. 2 to its powerhouse winds its way along the cliffs overlooking the south side of the gorge before dropping the water to the powerhouse  downstream from the dam.  The dam and reservoir are surrounded by the Cherokee National Forest, and the only major road access is provided via the Ocoee Scenic Byway, a section of U.S. Route 64.

Capacity

Ocoee Dam No. 2 is a rock-filled crib-type dam  high and  long.  The two units at the powerhouse downstream from the dam have a generating capacity of 23,100 kilowatts.  The dam typically schedules major recreational releases on weekends in spring and fall and five days per week in summer months.

The dam's flume consists of a wooden trough situated upon a shelf carved out of the cliffside.  The trough carries the water to a point just above the powerhouse where it drops the water  through two large steel pipes to the powerhouse below.  Without this flume system, the dam (at just 30 feet high) would be practically useless as a power plant.

There is also a funicular railway at the powerhouse site that is used for transport from the powerhouse to the flume.

History
The growth of industry in Chattanooga some  west of the Ocoee River in the latter part of the 19th and early 20th centuries required large amounts of electric power.  Several private entities attempted to meet this demand by building dams that could produce hydroelectricity.  In 1910, a group of financiers formed the Eastern Tennessee Power Company to use the Ocoee's hydro-power potential.  ETPC completed Ocoee Dam No. 1 in late 1911, and work began on Ocoee Dam No. 2 the following year.

To build the dam, ETPC constructed a wooden "crib" made of  by  timbers, and filled the crib with stone.  ETPC engineers realized that if the dam were built at the ideal powerhouse site, it would be unable to utilize the potential energy from the five-mile stretch immediately upstream in which the river drops  in elevation.  Engineers solved this dilemma by constructing the  flume on the cliffs above the river gorge, which allows just a  drop in the water level from the point at which it exits the reservoir to the point at which it spills through the pipes into the powerhouse below.  At  by , the flume was unusually large for its day.  The dam was completed in 1913, and its two generators went online in October of that year.

TVA

In 1922, Eastern Tennessee Power merged with several other entities to form the Tennessee Electric Power Company (TEPCO).  TEPCO maintained Ocoee Dam No. 2 until 1939, when a U.S. Supreme Court decision forced the company to sell its assets to the Tennessee Valley Authority, which had been established to oversee flood control and development in the greater Tennessee River valley.  The $78 million (equivalent to $ in ) TVA paid for TEPCO included $2.59 million (equivalent to $ in ) for Ocoee Dam No. 2.

TVA made several improvements to the dam in the 1940s which increased the dam's generating capacity by 15%.  The dam's basic diversion design was used by TVA in the construction of Ocoee Dam No. 3 several miles upstream in 1942.  By 1976, Ocoee No. 2's flume had deteriorated, and TVA decided to shut it down.  To prevent it from being dismantled, several preservationist groups had the dam and flume placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  TVA renovated the flume with treated wood, and placed it back in operation in 1983.

References

External links

Ocoee No. 2 Reservoir — official TVA site
Ocoee No. 2 Recreational Release Schedule

Dams on the Hiwassee River
Buildings and structures in Polk County, Tennessee
Tennessee Valley Authority dams
Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Hydroelectric power plants in Tennessee
Dams in Tennessee
Dams completed in 1913
Energy infrastructure completed in 1913
1913 establishments in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Tennessee

Ocoee Dam No. 2


A Dance of the Forests is one of the most recognized of Wole Soyinka's plays. It was "presented at the Nigerian Independence celebrations in 1960, it ... denigrated the glorious African past and warned Nigerians and all Africans that their energies henceforth should be spent trying to avoid repeating the mistakes that have already been made." At the time of its release, it was an iconoclastic work that angered many of the elite in Soyinka's native Nigeria. Politicians were particularly incensed at Soyinka's prescient portrayal of post-colonial Nigerian politics as aimless and corrupt. Despite the deluge of criticism, the play remains an influential work. In it, Soyinka espouses a unique vision for a new Africa, one that is able to forge a new identity free from the influence of European imperialism.

A Dance of the Forests is regarded as Soyinka's theatrical debut and has been considered the most complex and difficult to understand of his plays. In it, Soyinka unveils the rotten aspects of society and demonstrates that the past is no better than the present when it comes to the seamy side of life. He lays bare the fabric of Nigerian society and warns people that they are on the brink of a new stage in their history: independence.

The play was published in London and New York in 1963 by Oxford University Press (Three Crowns Books).

References

1960 plays
Plays by Wole Soyinka
Plays set in Nigeria
Nigerian plays

A Dance of the Forests


The Oscar C. Woods House is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984.

Oscar C. Woods
Oscar Woods was born in Passumpsic, Vermont in 1835, the son of Riley and Lydia (White) Woods. He was educated in the local public schools and attended St. Johnsbury Academy. He first moved to Chicago and then to La Moille, Illinois where he married Qeora Holbrooke in 1864. They had one child who died young and adopted a daughter. Woods was involved in the dry-goods business with his brother while he was in Illinois and then raised livestock. After he settled in Davenport in 1883 he purchased, with others, a wholesale fruit business, which he organized as The Martin Woods Company. Woods would build a larger house on East Locust Street in 1900. It is a contributing property in the Oak Lane Historic District.

Architecture
The two-story, frame house built on a stone foundation is an example of a popular 19th-century Vernacular house style in Davenport known as the McClelland. It features a front gable, a three-bay facade with an entrance to one side, and a projecting polygonal window bay on the south side. Some of the embellishments that gave this house interest have either been covered with vinyl siding or have been removed entirely. One of the removed elements was an Adamesque-style porch from around the turn of the 20th-century. It was decorated with swags and ribbon motif in the pediment, and columns in the Tuscan order. It also featured ornamental shingling of the gable ends on the front and on the south side window bay. At one time the window surrounds had small bracketed cornices and heads with incised decorations.

References

Houses completed in 1880
Vernacular architecture in Iowa
Houses in Davenport, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa

Oscar C. Woods House


Edward Chamier (3 September 1840, Weymouth – 12 August 1892, Paris) was a French chess master.

He was born into an English branch of a French Huguenot family (his ancestors emigrated from France to England and Prussia). Chamier won at Paris 1874 (Café de la Régence) and at Paris 1881 (the second French National Tournament, unofficial French Chess Championship). He played in a correspondence match Paris vs. Vienna in 1884.

References

1840 births
1892 deaths
French chess players
19th-century chess players

Edward Chamier


Toxteth is an inner-city area of Liverpool in the historic county of Lancashire and the ceremonial county of Merseyside.

Toxteth is located to the south of Liverpool city centre, bordered by Aigburth, Canning, Dingle, and Edge Hill.

The area was originally part of a royal park and known as Toxteth Park. It remained predominantly rural up until the 18th century. Toxteth was then developed during this time and into the 19th century, mainly as a residential area to accommodate the increasing working-class community centred on Liverpool following the Industrial Revolution. The Welsh Streets in Toxteth were constructed in the mid-19th century to accommodate this demand. Immigration continued into the 20th century, resulting in a significant number of ethnic minority communities in the area.

Toxteth was badly hit by economic stagnation and unemployment in the late 1970s, culminating in riots in July 1981. Although attempts have been made to regenerate the area and improve living standards, significant problems with unemployment and crime remain into the 21st century. Many Victorian properties in the area continue to lie derelict awaiting redevelopment.

Description
The district lies within the borders of the ancient township of Toxteth Park. Industry and commerce are confined to the docks on its western border and a few streets running off Parliament Street. Toxteth is primarily residential, with a mixture of old terraced housing, post-World War II social housing and a legacy of large Victorian houses.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, as Liverpool expanded the ancient park of Toxteth was gradually urbanised. Large Georgian houses were built in the Canning area, followed in the Victorian era by more grand houses, especially along the tree-lined Prince's Road/Avenue boulevard and around Prince's Park. The district quickly became home to the wealthy merchants of Liverpool, alongside a much larger poor population in modest Victorian terraces. Now, some of these streets of terraces are boarded up, awaiting demolition.

Two of the city's largest parks, Sefton Park and Princes Park, are located in or around Toxteth. The earlier Princes Park was laid out by Richard Vaughan Yates around 1840, intending it to be used as open space, funded by the grand houses to be constructed around its edge, as would later happen with Sefton Park. Sefton Park was created by the Corporation of Liverpool in 1872, inspired partly by Birkenhead Park, across the River Mersey. Sefton Park has a large glass Palm House, which contains a statue of William Rathbone V unveiled in 1887, and originally had many other features including an aviary and an open-air theatre.

History

Toponymy
There is some ambiguity as to the origin of the name. One theory is that the etymology is "Toki's landing-place". However, Toxteth is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, and at this time, it appears as "Stochestede", i.e. "the stockaded or enclosed place", from the Anglo-Saxon stocc "stake" and Anglo-Saxon stede "place" (found in many English placenames, usually spelled stead).

The manor
Before the time of the Norman conquest, Toxteth was divided into two manors of equal size. One was owned by Bernulf and the other by Stainulf. After the conquest, part was granted by Count Roger of Poitou to the ancestor of the Earl of Sefton. From this time to about 1604, the land formed part of West Derby forest. The boundaries of the manor are described in the perambulation of 1228 as follows, "'Where Oskell's brook falls into the Mersey; up this brook to Haghou meadow, from this to Brummesho, following the syke to Brumlausie, and across by the old turbaries upon two meres as far as Lombethorn; from this point going down to the 'waterfall' of the head of Otter pool, and down this pool into the Mersey." In 1327, Toxteth was granted to Henry, Earl of Lancaster.

Over the years, various leases and grants were made and the park was owned by Adam, son of William de Liverpool, in 1338. In 1385, William de Liverpool had licence "to take two cartloads of gorse weekly from the park for 12d. a year rent." In 1383 a grant was made to William Bolton and Robert Baxter, in 1394 the lease was resigned and handed over to Richard de Molyneux. The park finally came into the hands of Sir Thomas Stanley in 1447. The parkland descended within the Stanley family until 1596, when it was sold by William Stanley, Earl of Derby, to Edmund Smolte and Edward Aspinwall. In 1604, the Earl sold it to Richard Molyneux of Sefton at a cost of £1,100. The estate descended from this time until 1972 with the death of the 7th Earl.

Toxteth Park

The ancient township of Toxteth contains the village of Smeedon or Smithdown. It stretches over an area of three miles along the River Mersey and two miles inland, the highest point being on the corner of Smithdown Lane and Lodge Lane. A brook ran from the northern end of the area, near the boundary of Parliament Street, where it was used to power a water wheel before it ran into the river. Along the river are two creeks; the one near the middle is known as Knot's Hole, and another further south, called Dickinson's Dingle, received a brook which ran past the east end of St Michael's Church, Aigburth.

At some time in history the creeks were filled in. The Dingle is now in the area where the old northern creek was situated, and St Michael's Hamlet is situated around the southern creek. Outside the southern boundary of the area lies the creek known as Otterspool, which formed the boundary between Wavertree and West Derby. The major road through the area was Park Lane, now Park Place and Park Road. The road ran from the Coffee House, which stood near Fairview Place, down towards the Dingle, and the "Ancient Chapel of Toxteth".

Toward the end of the 16th century, the royal park ceased to be and Puritan farmers from Bolton settled in the area. Setting up 25 farms on land outside Church of England control, which became Toxteth Village, these Dissenters worshipped at the "Ancient Chapel" on Park Road, now known as the Toxteth Unitarian Chapel (not to be confused with Ullet Road Unitarian Church, in Toxteth, south Liverpool). In 1611, they built a school at the Dingle, appointing Richard Mather as schoolmaster. Some years later, he began preaching to the local farmers in the chapel. Toxteth Town Hall, which as "Toxteth Park Public Offices" was the municipal centre of Toxteth Park, was completed in 1866.

In 1796, the Herculaneum Pottery was established on the site of an old copper works. The site later became Herculaneum Dock, which was filled in during the 1980s.

The Pavilion Theatre opened on Lodge Lane in 1908, and hosted a Beatles concert in 1962. It later became a bingo hall and then a supermarket.

Smithdown
Smithdown, referred to as Esmedune in the Domesday Book, and variously as Smededon, Smeddon, Smethesdune, Smethedon, Smethdon, Smethden, has been merged into Toxteth Park since the granting of the Liverpool Charter in 1207. The definite boundaries of Smithdown have never been fully recorded, but the name continued in use from 1207 until the 16th century, although it is thought to have reached from Lodge Lane to the eastern boundary of Toxteth Park. In 1066, Smithdown was held as a separate manor, by Ethelmund. During the reign of King John the Manor of Smithdown was taken from its owner, and the king gave him Thingwall instead.

Second World War
During the Second World War, the Free French 13th Demi Brigade of the French Foreign Legion were stationed in Toxteth. On 30 August 1940, the Demi Brigade departed Liverpool for operations against Vichy forces that would include the abortive Battle of Dakar and the storming of Libreville.

Places of worship

As the area began to develop and become more urbanised, several places of worship were built to serve the growing community. The first church was St James's, in 1774. Other churches built during the 19th century include St Patrick's, 1827; St John the Baptist's, 1832; St Thomas's, 1840; St Barnabas's, 1841; St Clement's Windsor, 1841; St Matthew's, 1847; St Paul's, 1848; Holy Trinity, 1858; St Silas's, 1865; St Cleopas's, 1866; St Margaret's, 1869; Christ Church, 1870; St Philemon's, 1874; Our Lady of Mount Carmel, 1878; All Saints', 1884; St Gabriel's, 1884; St Agnes's, 1884; St Bede's, 1886; and St Andrew's, 1893;.

In addition, the following may be considered landmarks: the Welsh Presbyterian Church, nicknamed "Toxteth Cathedral", 1868; the Ullet Road Unitarian Church, 1899, "one of the most elaborate Non-conformist ensembles in the country"; the Church of St. Agnes and St. Pancras, also in Ullet Road; the Church of St Clare on the corner of Arundel Avenue and York Avenue, and the Princes Road Synagogue, 1874, "impressively combining Gothic revival and Moorish revival architecture". The Al-Rahma Mosque on Hatherley Street opened in 2008.

Politics
Politically, Toxteth is within the parliamentary constituency of Liverpool Riverside. In the 2019 United Kingdom general election, Kim Johnson of the Labour Party, was elected the Member of Parliament. The council ward is Princes Park, and has three Labour councillors.

Demographics
Immigration to Toxteth has taken place from the 19th century with the arrival of African and Chinese sailors and thousands of Irish Catholic and Welsh migrants, to the present day, most recently from the Caribbean, Yemen and Somalia with relatively few from the Indian sub-continent. The area has a very large community of mixed ethnicity as a result.

Unrest and crime

After the end of World War II, Toxteth became a popular destination for Commonwealth immigrants who arrived in Liverpool from the West Indies and the Indian subcontinent.

The economic decline of Britain during the 1970s and early 1980s hit Toxteth and most of the rest of Liverpool particularly hard, leaving it with some of the highest unemployment rates in the country. Crime increased as a result. The standard of housing in both the public and private sector also declined, which would lead to eventual widespread demolition and refurbishment.

July 1981 saw riots in which dozens of young males clashed with police, resulting in numerous injuries on both sides as well as extensive damage to properties and vehicles. Poverty, unemployment, racial tension, racism and hostility towards the police were largely blamed for the disturbances, which were among the worst scenes of unrest seen during peacetime in Britain. Hundreds of people were injured, one man was killed by a police Land Rover, and numerous buildings and vehicles were damaged. This wave of rioting was perhaps the most prominent of a series of riots which other inner city areas during the spring and summer of 1981, with Brixton in London being the scene of another similarly violent riot.

A second, less serious riot occurred in Toxteth on 1 October 1985. This was largely overshadowed by the riots which occurred that autumn in the Handsworth area of Birmingham and the Tottenham area of London.

Vehicle crime has also blighted Toxteth since around 1980. A notable tragedy occurred on 30 October 1991, when two children (nine-year-old Daniel Davies and 12-year-old Adele Thompson) were fatally injured by a speeding sportscar driven by 18-year-old joyrider Christopher Lewin in Granby Street. Lewin was found guilty on a double manslaughter charge at Liverpool Crown Court on 24 September 1992 and sentenced to seven and a half years in prison, as well as being banned from driving for seven years. At the end of his trial, relatives and friends of the two victims pelted him with missiles and threatened to attack him. Five of them were ejected from the court.

With Toxteth still fresh in the mind of British people a decade after the 1981 riots, it was reported in the international media during December 1991 that the area still suffered from many of the problems that were said to have triggered the original riots, and some local residents claimed that things had gone from bad to worse. Despite the efforts of community groups and other services to help train young people for jobs, youth unemployment in the area was reported to be above 50%.
In April 1994, The Independent newspaper highlighted that Toxteth was still one of the most deprived areas in Britain, with unemployment in some districts exceeding 40%, and theft, drug abuse and violent crime abundant.

A third wave of rioting broke out in Toxteth on the evening of 8 August 2011 at a time when riots flared across England. This was again overshadowed by worse riots happening in Birmingham and London. Vehicles and wheelie bins were set alight in the district, as well as in nearby Dingle and Wavertree, and a number of shops were looted. Two police officers suffered minor injuries as a result of the rioting. It was brought under control in the early hours of the following morning.
Individuals arrested and charged were from addresses all across the city, with Toxteth residents being a clear minority.
Just like in 1991, once again at a time when unemployment and social unrest were high as a result of a recession, various districts of London were even more affected by this wave of national rioting than Liverpool.

Regeneration

Much of the area continues to suffer from poverty and urban degradation. House prices reflect this; in summer 2003, the average property price was just £45,929 (compared to the national average of £160,625).

Despite government-led efforts to regenerate Toxteth after the 1981 riots, few of the area's problems appeared to have improved by 1991, by which time joyriding had also become a serious problem; on 30 October that year, a 12-year-old was killed by a speeding stolen car on Granby Street, seriously injuring a nine-year-old who died in hospital from his injuries six days later.

By the time of the riot's 20th anniversary in July 2001, it was reported that many of the issues which contributed to the riots were still rife; not least unemployment and racial tension, as well as a decline in the sense of community in some neighbourhoods. Urban dereliction and gun crime remained a significant problem. However, there had already been some significant improvements by this stage, including the rebuilding of the Rialto complex (which was destroyed in the 1981 riot) as a mix of retail, residential and commercial properties.

Housing in Toxteth tends to be in terraces but there is a growing number of flats available as larger Victorian properties are broken up into separate dwellings. This is particularly the case in Canning, and around Princes Park.

Extensive regeneration has taken place in Toxteth over the last few years, including demolition of many of the Victorian terraces in the area. This has created much new development but also scarred the area with cleared sites and derelict streets. There has been strong local opposition to demolition of the Granby Triangle and the Welsh Streets, attracting extensive coverage in the national media and ultimately the Granby Four Streets were removed from the clearance plans. In 2015 a community regeneration initiative which involved a collaboration between a Community Land Trust, Steinbeck Studios and the artists collective Assemble was nominated for the Turner Prize.  The prize was awarded to Assemble in December 2015.

Welsh Streets

By 1850, over 20,000 Welsh builders worked in Liverpool who required housing and land in Toxteth was leased for housing development. The Welsh Streets were designed by Richard Owens and built by David Roberts, Son and Co. Through this collaboration, Owens designed over 10,000 terraced houses in the city of Liverpool, particularly those in the surrounding Toxteth area where the Welsh Streets are located. The streets were named after Welsh towns, valleys and villages and were built for Welsh migrants, by Welsh builders. Musician Ringo Starr was born in 9 Madryn Street, where he lived until the age of 4 before moving to 10 Admiral Grove.

Council survey data published in 2005 showed the Welsh Streets were broadly popular with residents and in better than average condition, but were condemned for demolition because of a perceived 'over-supply' of 'obsolete' terraced houses in Liverpool. The proposals have divided the local community. Following unsuccessful demolition plans in 2013, Voelas Street was the first in 2017 to be fully refurbished and offered for rent to tenants. Popularity of the scheme would determine whether further regeneration of the other streets would be undertaken.

Parks

Toxteth has two parks within its borders:
 Sefton Park, one of the last remnants of the royal hunting park. The park was designed by French landscape architect Édouard André.
 Princes Park, first major park created by Joseph Paxton.

Landmarks
Al Rahma Mosque
Belvedere Academy
Church of St. Agnes and St. Pancras, Toxteth Park also in Ullet Road
Church of St Clare on the corner of Arundel Avenue and York Avenue
Church of St James, Liverpool
Florence Institute
High Park Reservoir
Princes Road Synagogue
Toxteth Unitarian Chapel
Welsh Streets

Demolished/former landmarks
 Royal Park Hotel

Transport

Rail
The local railway station is Brunswick, located on Sefton Street in the south-western extremity of the district. The station is on the Northern Line of the Merseyrail network with trains departing to Southport via Liverpool city centre and to Hunts Cross.

St. James Station is a disused railway station in Toxteth. It was located at the corner of St. James Place and Parliament Street, on the Merseyrail Northern Line. This station is in a deep cutting, cut into the Northern Line tunnel, being in effect an underground station with no roof. It was closed in 1917 as being too near to the terminus at Liverpool Central High Level railway station. Liverpool City Region Combined Authority announced in August 2019 that they were planning to use part of a £172m funding package to reopen the station, subject to the plans being approved. The station is well located to serve the Liverpool Echo Arena at King's Dock and Liverpool Cathedral.

Sefton Park railway station, another disused station, was located at Smithdown Road and Garmoyle Road in nearby Wavertree. The station was closed to passengers in 1960. The station is on the West Coast Main Line Spur with Merseyrail trains running through from Liverpool South Parkway and Lime Street stations.

Buses
Toxteth is well served with bus routes.

Notable residents

Public service
Robert Morris (financier) (1734-1806), signatory to the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution.
James Yates (1789–1871), Unitarian minister, scholar and antiquary.
William Connolly (VC) (ca.1816–1891), recipient of the Victoria Cross
Catherine Walters (1839–1920), courtesan, known as "Skittles"
Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel GCB, OM, GBE, PC (1870–1963), politician
James Larkin (1874–1947), trade union leader and activist
Delia Larkin (1878–1949), a trade union organiser, journalist and actress
Major Sir Brunel Cohen KBE (1886–1965), MP for Liverpool Fairfield, 1918 to 1931.
Ronald Stuart VC, DSO, RD, RNR (1886–1954), recipient of the Victoria Cross
Stanley Boughey VC (1896–1917), recipient of the Victoria Cross
Margaret Simey (1906–2004), political and social campaigner
Reginald Bevins (1908–1996), Member of Parliament for Liverpool Toxteth, 1950–1964.
Alan Reid (1914–1987), Australian journalist.
Lilian Bader (1918–2015) one of the first Black women to join the British armed forces.
Laurence Westgaph (born 1975), social historian and activist

Science & business
Jeremiah Horrocks (1618–1641), astronomer.
George William Christian (1872–1924), a Black British merchant in colonial West Africa
William John Dakin (1883–1950), zoologist
Brian Day FRCS (born 1947) orthopedic surgeon and health researcher in Canada

The Arts
Hetty Spiers (1881–1973), screenwriter and author
Tommy Handley (1892–1949), comedian and broadcaster
Arthur Askey CBE (1900–1982), comedian and actor
Yankel Feather (1920–2009), an expressionist painter.
Ken Hughes (1922–2001), co-writer and director of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
Jean Alexander (1926–2016), TV actress
George Melly (1926–2007), jazz and blues singer, critic and writer
Eddie Braben (1930–2013), comedy writer and performer
Billy Fury (1940–1983), rock and roll singer
Ringo Starr (born 1940), musician and Beatle
Gerry Marsden MBE (1942–2021), musician.
Willy Russell (born 1946), writer and playwright
Paul Barber (born 1951), actor
Alex Cox (born 1954),  film director, screenwriter, actor and non-fiction author.
Fred Lawless, writer and playwright
Holly Johnson (born 1960), artist, musician and writer.
Tina Malone (born 1963), actress
Mark Moraghan (born 1963), actor and singer.
Niall Griffiths (born 1966), author of novels and short stories, set predominantly in Wales
Alicya Eyo (born 1975), actress

Sport

Charles Eyre (1883–1915), first-class cricketer and WWI Army officer.
Allan Ivo Steel (1892–1917), cricketer, played two 1st class matched for the MCC in 1912
Ian Callaghan MBE (born 1942), footballer, played 762 games and 4 for England
Howard Gayle (born 1958), football player with 247 club caps
Robbie Fowler (born 1975), footballer with 460 club caps and 26 for England
Lee Peltier (born 1985), footballer with over 475 games
Victor Anichebe (born 1988), footballer with 215 club caps and 11 for Nigeria
Nikita Parris (born 1994), footballer with over 200 games and 71 for England women
Curtis Jones (born 2001), footballer with 49 club caps so far

Other
William Stuart-Houston (1911–1987), half-nephew of Adolf Hitler
Michael Showers (born 1945), gangster
Akinwale Arobieke (born 1961), body-builder and muscle-feeler
Curtis Warren (born 1963), criminal
Ben Evans (born 1986), legend

References

Bibliography
Liverpool District Placenames, Henry Harrison 1898
Liverpool 8, John Cornelius 2001

External links

 Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 8
 Jeremiah Horrocks and the Transit of Venus
 A series of accounts of the Toxteth riots
 History of the Sefton Park

Areas of Liverpool

Toxteth


Trifurcula stoechadella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in the western Mediterranean region, from France and the Iberian Peninsula to Corsica and Italy.

The larvae feed on Lavandula stoechas. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a fine, upper-surface corridor. The mine fully circles the leaf margin, then descends through the petiole and stem to the leaf below. This is repeated two more times. Only in the third and latest leaf, the mine has become full depth. Initially, the frass is deposited in an extremely narrow line that fills the entire gallery, later in a broad black central line that leaves a broad clear margin at either side.

External links
bladmineerders.nl
Fauna Europaea

Nepticulidae
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1975

Trifurcula stoechadella


Christiane Tammer (née Gerstewitz, also published as Christiane Gerth) is a German mathematician known for her work on mathematical optimization. She is a professor in the Institute of Mathematics of Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, and editor-in-chief of Optimization: A Journal of Mathematical Programming and Operations Research.

Tammer is the namesake of the Gerstewitz functions or Gerstewitz functionals in vector optimization and its generalizations.

Education
Tammer earned a doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) in 1984 at the Technical University Leuna-Merseburg. Her dissertation, Beiträge zur Dualitätstheorie der nichtlinearen Vektoroptimierung, was supervised by . She earned a habilitation at Halle in 1991.

Books
Tammer is the author of books including:
Variational Methods in Partially Ordered Spaces (with Alfred Göpfert, Hassan Riahi, and Constantin Zălinescu, Springer, 2003)
Set-valued Optimization: An Introduction with Applications (with Akhtar A. Khan and Constantin Zălinescu, Springer, 2014)
Scalarization and Separation by Translation Invariant Functions (with Petra Weidner, Springer, 2020)

She is the co-editor, with Frank Heyde, of Festschrift in celebration of Prof. Dr. Wilfried Grecksch's 60th birthday (Shaker, 2008).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century German mathematicians
German women mathematicians
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
21st-century German mathematicians
20th-century German women
21st-century German women

Christiane Tammer


William Alison Anders (born 17 October 1933) is a retired United States Air Force (USAF) major general, former electrical engineer, nuclear engineer, NASA astronaut, and businessman. In December 1968, he was a member of the crew of Apollo 8, the first three people to leave low Earth orbit and travel to the Moon. Along with fellow astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, Anders circled the Moon ten times, and broadcast live images and commentary back to Earth. During one of the mission's lunar orbits, he took the iconic Earthrise photograph.

A graduate of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Anders was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force (USAF) in 1955, and became a fighter pilot flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions equipped with MB-1 nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles. He hoped to study aeronautical engineering through the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, but the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program was ongoing, and he had to study nuclear engineering instead. He graduated from the AFIT in 1962 with a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering, and was sent to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico, where he managed the technical aspects of the USAF nuclear power reactor programs.

Anders was the executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council from 1969 to 1973, a commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1973 to 1975, and chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission from 1975 to 1976. He then became the Ambassador to Norway from 1976 to 1977. In September 1977, he joined General Electric (GE) as the vice president and general manager of its Nuclear Products Division and became the general manager of the GE Aircraft Equipment Division in 1980. He left GE to join Textron as executive vice president for aerospace, and two years later became senior executive vice president for operations. During his time in the Civil Service, Anders had remained in the USAF as a reserve officer and had retained his active flight status. He retired from the reserve as a major general in 1988. In 1990, he became vice chairman of General Dynamics, and on 1 January 1991 its chairman and CEO. He retired as CEO in 1993, and as chairman in May 1994.

Early life
William Alison Anders was born in Hong Kong on 17 October 1933, the son of Arthur F. Anders, a United States Navy lieutenant, and his wife Muriel . The family relocated from Hong Kong to Annapolis, Maryland, where his father taught mathematics at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. They were then posted to China. In June 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted and Japan invaded China. In December, his father was serving as the executive officer of the river gunboat  when it was attacked and sunk by Japanese bombers and was wounded in the attack. Anders and his mother fled Nanjing before the advancing Japanese forces, taking a train to Canton.

From the porch of the hotel they were staying in they could see Japanese aircraft bombing ships on the Pearl River  away. This was ominous, as the river was their only means of escape. In addition to the threat of Japanese aircraft, the river was mined, and there was the danger of being boarded by bandits. Foreigners had to be separated from Chinese people on the boat by barbed wire. They eventually reached the Philippines, where they awaited news of his father. Arthur Anders was rescued by the British and sent to San Diego Naval Hospital to recover from his wounds and a staph infection. He was awarded the Purple Heart and the Navy Cross but was discharged from the Navy due to his wounds. He was recalled to active duty during World War II.

The family returned to the United States, where Anders was active in the Boy Scouts, achieving the organization's second-highest rank, Life Scout. As a teen, Anders attended St. Martin's Academy and Grossmont High School in El Cajon, California. To improve his grades where he could be accepted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Anders was sent to the Boyden School, a military academy prep school in downtown San Diego. He commuted to Boyden by bus from La Mesa, California. The school lay under the flight path into Lindbergh Field and aircraft like the huge Convair B-36 Peacemaker would fly low over the school. He was fascinated with flight and built model aircraft. He graduated from Boyden in 1951.

United States Air Force
Anders received an appointment to Annapolis, following in the footsteps of his father, who graduated with the Class of 1927. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering in 1955. Part of the course was orientation cruises during which midshipmen could experience life at sea. A cruise on board an aircraft carrier convinced him that he did not want to become a naval aviator; there were too many fatal accidents. Upon graduation in 1955, he chose to be commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force (USAF). While at Annapolis he met Valerie Elizabeth Hoard on a blind date. Midshipmen were not allowed to marry, but they were married soon after he graduated. Together, they had six children: Alan (born in 1957), Glen (born in 1958), Gayle (born in 1960), Gregory (born in 1962), Eric (born in 1964), and Diana (born in 1972).

After graduation, Anders reported for flight training, which was conducted in the piston-engine Beechcraft T-34 Mentor and North American T-28 Trojan and then in the jet Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star. After receiving his pilot wings in 1956, he became a fighter pilot with the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, an all-weather interceptor squadron of the Air Defense Command based at Hamilton Air Force Base in California, flying Northrop F-89 Scorpions equipped with MB-1 nuclear-tipped air-to-air missiles. He then served with the 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron in Iceland, where he participated in intercepts of Soviet heavy bombers who at the time were challenging America's air defense borders. After a year there, he returned to the 84th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Hamilton, which was now flying the McDonnell F-101 Voodoo.

Anders set his sights on becoming a test pilot. He spoke to Chuck Yeager, who recommended that he first obtain an advanced degree. Anders submitted an application to the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, hoping to study aeronautical engineering, but the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program was ongoing, and the AFIT had him study nuclear engineering instead. While there he took a school course in aeronautical engineering at Ohio State University. He graduated from the AFIT with a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering in 1962. By this time the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program had been canceled, so he was assigned to the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico, where he was responsible for the technical management of the nuclear power reactor programs.

NASA

Selection and training
Anders now applied to the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School (ARPS) for test pilot training. But on 5 June 1963, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that it would be recruiting ten to fifteen new astronauts for Project Gemini and Project Apollo, and Anders decided to apply for that too. In two previous astronaut selections, applicants had to be test pilots, but this time it was preferred but not required, making Anders eligible. He was one of the 34 finalists chosen for interviews, and on his birthday, 17 October 1963, he was informed by Mercury Seven astronaut Deke Slayton that he had been accepted as a member of the third group of NASA astronauts. Three days later, Yeager informed him that he had failed to make the cut for the ARPS, but recommended that he apply again the following year.

While at NASA, he became involved in dosimetry, radiation effects, and environmental controls. In September 1966, he was the backup pilot for the Gemini 11 mission, with Neil Armstrong as the backup commander. This would have put him in line to fly a Gemini 13 mission, but no such mission was flown; Project Gemini ended with Gemini 12. Armstrong and Anders then became the first astronauts to fly the Lunar Landing Training Vehicle. The astronauts in his group without test pilot training—Anders, Roger Chaffee, Walter Cunningham, Rusty Schweickart, Gene Cernan and Buzz Aldrin—were assigned to Apollo crews as the lunar module pilot (LMP), the lowest-ranking crew member.

Apollo 8
On 22 December 1966, Anders was assigned to the third Apollo mission, which was to be commanded by Frank Borman, with command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins; Neil Armstrong, Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were assigned as their backup crew the following year. Collins was replaced by Lovell in July 1968, after suffering a cervical disc herniation that required surgery to repair. The mission, scheduled for December 1968, was intended to be a second test of the lunar module (LM) in medium Earth orbit, but the delivery of the LM fell behind schedule, and when it arrived at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in June 1968, more than a hundred significant defects were discovered. There was no prospect of it being ready to fly in 1968. In August 1968, there were reports, including one from the CIA, that the Soviet Union was planning a crewed lunar orbit mission before the end of the year.

Although the LM would not be ready to fly in December 1968, the Apollo command and service module (CSM) would be, so a CSM-only mission could be flown. It could be sent to the Moon, entering lunar orbit before returning to Earth. Slayton asked James McDivitt, the designated commander of the second mission, if he still wanted to fly it. McDivitt turned it down; his crew had spent a great deal of time preparing to test the LM, and that was what he still wanted to do. When Borman was asked the same question, he answered "yes" without any hesitation. Slayton then decided to swap the crews and spacecraft, so Borman, Lovell and Anders' mission became Apollo 8. Anders was less enthusiastic about being the lunar module pilot of a mission without a lunar module.

According to Borman:

Earthrise

In December 1968, Anders flew on the Apollo 8 mission, the first mission where humans traveled beyond low Earth orbit, and the first crewed flight to reach and orbit the Moon. When the spacecraft came out from behind the Moon for its fourth pass across the front, the crew witnessed an "Earthrise" for the first time in human history. NASA's Lunar Orbiter 1 had taken the first picture of an Earthrise from the vicinity of the Moon, on 23 August 1966.

Anders saw the Earth emerging from behind the lunar horizon and called in excitement to the others, taking a black-and-white photograph as he did so. Anders asked Lovell for color film and then took Earthrise, which was later picked by Life magazine as one of its hundred photos of the century. Anders stated that the Earthrise photograph "really undercut my religious beliefs. The idea that things rotate around the pope and up there is a big supercomputer wondering whether Billy was a good boy yesterday? It doesn't make any sense. I became a big buddy of Richard Dawkins."
According to Anders:

On conservation of the planet, he said:

The Apollo 8 command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on 27 December after a flight lasting 147 hours and 42 seconds and a voyage of . It landed just  from the recovery ship, the aircraft carrier . Due to time dilation, he had aged about 300 microseconds more than people back on Earth.

Apollo 11
The Apollo 11 mission was commanded by Armstrong, with Collins as the CMP and Aldrin as the LMP. The Apollo 8 crew became its backup, but without Borman. Lovell stepped up to become the backup commander, and Anders became the backup CMP, with rookie astronaut Fred Haise as the backup LMP.

Post-NASA career

Government service
Anders could see that Project Apollo was coming to a close, and felt that his chances of commanding a Moon mission were slim. On 16 May 1969, President Richard M. Nixon nominated him to become the executive secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC). This was the highest government post ever offered to an astronaut up to that time. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on 19 June. The Space Council consisted of the Administrator of NASA, the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), and the Secretaries of State, Defense, and Transportation, and was chaired by the Vice President. Due to his commitment to the Apollo 11 backup crew, Anders was unable to assume the position until August.

In his new role, Anders was responsible for developing aeronautical and space policy. He worked closely with the Office of Science and Technology (OST) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and became a personal advisor to the OMB director, Caspar Weinberger. Anders worked hard to bridge the gap between OMB and OST on the one hand and NASA on the other. He became increasingly pessimistic about the future of the NASC and the space program generally. He opposed the development of the Space Shuttle, urging instead that NASA concentrate on developing the Skylab space station. He argued that a small Space Shuttle would be a better option than a large one, but the large one was approved because it would involve more jobs in California. Frustrated with the NASC's lack of influence, he recommended in 1972 that it be abolished. This was done on 30 June 1973.

Nixon was impressed by Anders, and wanted to retain him in the administration. On 6 August 1973, he appointed Anders to the five-member AEC. Nixon felt that the commission was dominated by lawyers and he wanted an engineer on it. The chairman of the AEC, Dixie Lee Ray, made Anders the lead commissioner for nuclear and non-nuclear power research and development. He also served as the US chairman of the joint US-Soviet Union nuclear fission and fusion power technology exchange program. He spent much of his time dealing with the AEC's problematic research and development programs, particularly the troubled breeder reactor program.

One issue that had dogged the AEC since its inception was its dual role in both developing nuclear energy and regulating it. The perception that there was a conflict of interest between the two roles became acute with the growth of the nuclear power industry. On 19 January 1975, the commission was split in two, with its research and development responsibilities assumed by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), and its regulatory ones by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Some 1,970 former employees of the AEC joined the NRC. President Gerald R. Ford appointed Anders as the first chairman of the NRC. He was the only one of the five AEC commissioners to transition to one of the new organizations. Anders made the decision process of the commissioners of the NRC more transparent than that of the AEC. The NRC inherited nuclear safety and environmental compatibility functions from the AEC, but unlike the AEC's regulatory branch, the NRC had its own safety and security research capability, so it was not reliant on the ERDA.

At the completion of his term as NRC chairman, Anders was asked if he would be interested in an ambassadorship. He did not want to, but asked his wife Valerie. She expressed an interest in Norway, based on their trip there during the Apollo 8 world publicity tour. So Anders asked if Norway was available. Lawrence Eagleburger submitted his name for the position. Anders was appointed Ambassador to Norway on 13 April 1976, and held that post until 18 June 1977.

Private sector
Anders served briefly as a fellow of the American Enterprise Institute. In September 1977, he joined General Electric (GE) as its vice president and general manager of its Nuclear Products Division. Based in San Jose, California, Anders was responsible for the fuel, equipment, and instrumentation used in its boiling-water reactors in San Jose and Wilmington, North Carolina. He also oversaw GE's partnership with Chicago Bridge and Iron, which manufactured large steel pressure vessels in Memphis, Tennessee. In August 1979, GE sent him to Harvard Business School to attend its six-week Advanced Management Program. On 1 January 1980, he became the general manager of the GE Aircraft Equipment Division. From its headquarters in Utica, New York, the division controlled more than 8,500 employees in five locations in northeastern United States. Its products included aircraft flight and weapon control systems, cockpit instruments, aircraft electrical generating systems, airborne radars and data processing systems, electronic countermeasures, space command systems, and aircraft/surface multi-barrel armament systems.

In 1984, Anders left GE to join Textron as its executive vice president for aerospace. Two years later he became senior executive vice president for operations, but Anders did not get along well with the CEO. A perk of the job was that he got to fly Bell helicopters, as Bell was a subsidiary of Textron. During his time in the civil service, Anders had remained in the Air Force as a reservist and had retained his active flight status flying NASA Northrop T-38 Talon aircraft and helicopters, retiring from the reserves as a major general in 1988. He was also a consultant to the US Office of Science and Technology Policy, and a member of the Defense Science Board and the NASA Advisory Council.

Anders became vice chairman of General Dynamics in 1990, and on 1 January 1991, its chairman and CEO. As chairman, he appointed himself as an assistant test pilot for the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. He moved corporate headquarters from St. Louis, Missouri, to Falls Church, Virginia, to be closer to its military customers at The Pentagon but then reduced the staff there from 250 to 50. He negotiated a $1 billion settlement over the canceled McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II program, and sold off nearly $3 billion in assets, including the missile systems and Cessna, and sold the military aircraft division to the Lockheed Corporation for $1.5 billion. This reduced the number of employees from 98,600 to around 35,000, and the company's debt from $430 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to $183 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Value was returned to the shareholders in the form of $600 million in dividends. Although annual sales dropped from $10 to $3.5 billion, the value of the company's share price quadrupled. Anders earned over $40 million. He retired as CEO in 1993, and as chairman in May 1994.

In retirement, Anders bought a house on the waterfront in the San Juan Islands. He disliked the winter there so he bought a second dwelling in Point Loma, California. He established the William A. Anders Foundation, a philanthropic organization for educational and environmental issues. He also founded the Heritage Flight Museum in 1996 in Bellingham, Washington, which moved to Skagit Regional Airport in Burlington, Washington, in 2014. The museum was run by his family, with Anders as president, his wife Valerie as secretary, son Greg as vice president, executive director and webmaster, and son Alan as vice president and director of maintenance. Anders was the president and, until 2008, participated in its air shows. From his Air Force career onward, he logged over 8,000 hours of flight time.

Publications

Awards and honors
 Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
 Air Force Commendation Medal
 NASA Distinguished Service Medal
 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Distinguished Service Medal
 National Geographic Society's Hubbard Medal for Exploration
 Collier, Harmon, Dr. Robert H. Goddard and General Thomas D. White USAF Trophies
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1969)
 American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award
 American Defense Preparedness Association's Industry Leadership Award (May 1993)
 In October 2018, the International Astronomical Union named a crater seen in the Anders' photo as "Anders' Earthrise".
 Along with his Apollo 8 crewmembers, Anders received AIAA's Haley Astronautics Award in 1970.
 In March 2023, Bill Anders was awarded the 2023 Michael Collins Trophy for Lifetime Achievement; by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

Anders was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983, the International Air & Space Hall of Fame in 1990, the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997, and the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2004. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi National Engineering Honor Society, American Nuclear Society, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Academy of Engineering and Society of Experimental Test Pilots.

In popular culture

Robert John Burke played Anders in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. Anders appeared as himself in the 2005 documentary Race to the Moon, which was shown as part of the PBS American Experience television series. The film, renamed Earthrise: The First Lunar Voyage in 2013, was about the events that led up to the Apollo 8 mission. He was interviewed in a chapter of the 2015 book No More Worlds to Conquer by Chris Wright. The chapter is roughly evenly split between his life in the Apollo program and his later corporate life. The book's front cover is the Earthrise image. He appeared with fellow astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell on the C-SPAN channel book review, Rocket Men. He confirmed the story that he had fallen asleep while awaiting the Apollo 8 launch.

See also
 List of spaceflight records
 The Astronaut Monument

Footnotes

Notes

References

External links

 American Experience, Race to the Moon
 Astronauts Reflect on Historic Moon Voyage 50 Years Later

William Anders
1933 births
Living people
1968 in spaceflight
Apollo 8
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Aviators from California
American people of Norwegian descent
Ambassadors of the United States to Norway
Apollo program astronauts
Collier Trophy recipients
General Electric people
General Dynamics
Engineers from California
American nuclear engineers
American business executives
Harmon Trophy winners
Hong Kong emigrants to the United States
Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials
People from La Mesa, California
Military personnel from California
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal
United States Air Force astronauts
United States Air Force generals
United States Astronaut Hall of Fame inductees
United States Naval Academy alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American businesspeople
American expatriates in Hong Kong
Grossmont High School alumni

William Anders