The mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), also known as the Rocky Mountain goat, is a cloven-footed mammal that is endemic to the remote and rugged mountainous areas of western North America. A subalpine to truly alpine species, it is a sure-footed climber commonly seen on sheer rock faces, near-vertical cliffs and icy passages. Mountain goats generally avoid venturing down into lower elevations—except during seasonal food shortages or during particularly bad weather—as the extreme elevation which they inhabit is their primary defense against predators such as black and brown bears, pumas and wolves.

Despite its vernacular name and both genera being in the same subfamily (Caprinae), the mountain goat is not a member of Capra, the genus that includes all other goats (such as the wild goat (Capra aegagrus), from which the domestic goat is derived); rather, it is more closely allied with the other bovids known as "goat-antelopes", including the European chamois (Rupicapra), the gorals (Naemorhedus), the takins (Budorcas) and the serows (Capricornis), of Japan and eastern South Asia.

Classification and evolution
The mountain goat is an even-toed ungulate of the order Artiodactyla and the family Bovidae (along with antelopes, gazelles, and cattle). It belongs to the subfamily Caprinae, along with true goats, wild sheep, the chamois, the muskox and other species. The takins of the Himalayan region, while not a sister lineage of the mountain goat, are nonetheless very closely related and almost coeval to the mountain goat; they evolved in parallel from an ancestral goat. Other members of this group are the bharal, the true goats, and the Himalayan tahr. The sheep lineage is also very closely related, while the muskox lineage is somewhat more distant. The mountain goats probably diverged from their relatives in the late Tortonian, some 7.5 to 8 million years ago.

Given that all major caprine lineages emerged in the Late Miocene and contain at least one but usually several species from the eastern Himalayan region, their most likely place of origin is between today's Tibet and Mongolia or nearby. The mountain goat's ancestors thus probably crossed the Bering Strait after they split from their relatives, presumably before the Wisconsinian glaciation. No Pliocene mountain goats have been identified yet; the known fossil record is fairly recent, entirely from North America, and barely differs from the living animals. In the Pleistocene era, the small prehistoric mountain goat Oreamnos harringtoni lived in the southern Rocky Mountains. Ancient DNA studies suggest that this was the sister species of the living mountain goat, not its ancestor; consequently, the living species would also date back to the Pleistocene at least.

The mountain goat is the only living species in the genus Oreamnos. The name Oreamnos is derived from the Greek term  óros (stem ore-) meaning "mountain" (or, alternatively, oreas "mountain nymph") and the word  amnós meaning "lamb".

General appearance and characteristics

Both male and female mountain goats have beards, short tails, and long black horns,  in length, which contain yearly growth rings. They are protected from the elements by their woolly greyish white double coats. The fine, dense wool of their undercoats is covered by an outer layer of longer, hollow hairs. Mountain goats molt in spring by rubbing against rocks and trees, with the adult billies shedding their extra wool first and the pregnant nannies shedding last. Their coats help them to withstand winter temperatures as low as  and winds of up to .

A male goat stands about  at the shoulder to the waist and can weigh considerably more than the female (around 30% more in some cases). Male goats also have longer horns and longer beards than females. Male mountain goats are typically larger, stronger, and heavier than females and have a longer beard than the females. The head-and-body length can range from , with a small tail adding .

The mountain goat's feet are well-suited for climbing steep, rocky slopes with pitches exceeding 60°, with inner pads that provide traction and cloven hooves that can spread apart. The tips of their feet have sharp dewclaws that keep them from slipping. They have powerful shoulder and neck muscles that help propel them up steep slopes. Based on a field recording in the Rocky Mountains of Canada of a mountain goat climbing a 45-degree slope, researchers were able to measure the goat's whole body movement as it climbed. Researchers observed that when the goat propelled itself forward, it extended its back legs and the front legs were tucked close up to its chest during its first phase. During the second phase, the goat raised its back legs near to its chest, while the front leg's humerus stayed locked in a persistent location relative to the goat's chest, therefore allowing the elbow to be detained in close proximity to the whole body's center of balance. Extension of the elbow and carpal joints resulted in a vertical translation of the center of mass up the mountain slope.

Range and habitat

The mountain goat inhabits the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Range and other mountain regions of the Western Cordillera of North America, from Washington, Idaho and Montana through British Columbia and Alberta, into the southern Yukon and southeastern Alaska. British Columbia contains half of the world's population of mountain goats. Its northernmost range is said to be along the northern fringe of the Chugach Mountains in south-central Alaska. Introduced populations can also be found in such areas as Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Colorado, South Dakota, and the Olympic Peninsula of Washington.

Mountain goats are the largest mammals found in their high-altitude habitats, which can exceed elevations of . They sometimes descend to sea level in coastal areas although they are primarily an alpine and subalpine species. The animals usually stay above the tree line throughout the year but they will migrate seasonally to higher or lower elevations within that range. Winter migrations to low-elevation mineral licks often take them several kilometers through forested areas.

Movement patterns

Daily movements by individual mountain goats are primarily confined to areas on the same mountain face, drainage basin, or alpine opening. Daily movements reflect an individual's needs for foraging, resting, thermoregulation and security from predators or disturbance. Seasonal movements primarily reflect nutritional needs (such as movements to and from mineral licks/salt lick), reproductive needs (in other words, movement of pre-parturient females to "kidding" areas; movement to rutting areas), and climatic influences (including movement to areas in response to foraging conditions). In general, seasonal movements are likely to exhibit a strong elevational component, whereby lower, forested elevations are used during the spring-summer (security cover effects) to access lower elevation mineral licks, and during winter (thermal cover effects) to access forage. The farthest movements are expected to be by dispersing mountain goats. Such movements are likely to involve mountain goats crossing forested valleys as they move between mountain blocks.

Diet

Mountain goats are herbivores and spend most of their time grazing. Their diets include grasses, herbs, sedges, ferns, mosses, lichens, and twigs and leaves from the low-growing shrubs and conifers of their high-altitude habitat.

In captivity, the mountain goat's diet can also include grain, alfalfa, fruits, vegetables and grass.

Life cycle and mating

In the wild, mountain goats usually live 12to15 years, with their lifespans limited by the wearing down of their teeth. In zoos, however, they can live for 16-20years.

Mountain goats reach sexual maturity at about 30 months. Nannies in a herd undergo synchronized estrus in late October through early December, at which time females and males participate in a mating ritual. Mature billies stare at nannies for long periods, dig rutting pits, and fight each other in showy (though occasionally dangerous) scuffles. Nannies often ignore young billies, who try to participate but are discounted in favor of older partners.  Both females and males usually mate with multiple individuals during breeding season, although some billies try to keep other males away from certain nannies. After the breeding season is over, females and males move away from each other. Nannies form loose-knit nursery groups of up to 50 animals. The adult billies leave, often alone or with two-three other billies.

Kids are born in the spring (late May or early June) after a six-month gestation period. Nannies give birth, usually to a single offspring, after moving to an isolated ledge; post partum, they lick the kid dry and ingest the placenta. Kids weigh a little over  at birth and begin to run and climb (or attempt to do so) within hours. Although lactation is mostly finished at one month, kids follow their mothers closely for the first year of life (or until the nanny gives birth again, if this does not occur the next breeding season); nannies protect their young by leading them out of danger, standing over them when faced by predators, and positioning themselves below their kids on steep slopes to stop freefalls.

Aggressive behavior
Nannies can be very competitive and protective of their space and food sources. They fight with one another for dominance in conflicts that can ultimately include all the nannies in the herd.  In these battles, nannies circle each other with their heads lowered, displaying their horns. These conflicts can occasionally lead to injury or death, but are usually harmless. To avoid fighting, an animal may show a posture of nonaggression by stretching low to the ground.

In regions below the tree line, nannies use their fighting abilities to protect themselves and their offspring from predators. Predators, including wolves, wolverines, lynxes, and bears, attack goats of most ages given the opportunity. The cougar, or mountain lion, is perhaps the primary predator, being powerful enough to overwhelm the largest adults and uniquely nimble enough to navigate the rocky ecosystem of the goats. Though their size protects them from most potential predators in higher altitudes, nannies must sometimes defend their young from both bald and golden eagles, which can be a predatory threat to kids. Nannies have even been observed trying to dominate the more passive, but often heavier bighorn sheep that share some of their territory. In 2021, a mountain goat gored a grizzly bear to death in Yoho National Park, British Columbia.

Mountain goats introduced in the 1920s into Washington's Olympic Mountains were in time found to be a nuisance there, in particular while seeking human urine and sweat for its salt content, the park lacking natural salt licks, and even aggressively approaching human visitors. One such goat killed a hiker in 2010. Officials finally chose to eradicate them from the Olympic Peninsula, removing hundreds, mostly by capturing them and relocating them to the Cascade Mountains.

Wool

Although mountain goats have never been domesticated and commercialized for their wool, pre-Columbian indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast did incorporate their wool into their weaving by collecting spring moulted wool left by wild goats.

References

Further reading
 A. W. F. Banfield (1974). The Mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press.
 M. Festa-Bianchet and S.D. Côté (2008). "Mountain Goats: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation of an Alpine Ungulate". Island Press. . 265 p.

External links

Loyal J. Johnson (1994) Alaska Department of Fish & Game
US Forest Service – Oreamnos americanus

Mammals described in 1816
Caprids
Fauna of the Rocky Mountains
Fauna of the Western United States
Mammals of Canada
Mammals of the United States
Native American cuisine

Mountain goat


Dale Jonathan Winton (22 May 1955 – 18 April 2018) was an English radio DJ and television presenter.  He presented the shows Dale's Supermarket Sweep from 1993 until 2001 and again in 2007, the National Lottery game show In It to Win It between 2002 and 2016 and the 2008 series of Hole in the Wall. Winton also presented Pets Win Prizes (1995–96) and The Other Half (1997–2002).

Early life
Winton was born on 22 May 1955 to a Jewish father, Gary Winton, and actress Sheree Winton, a Jewish convert. Winton's father died on the day of his bar mitzvah and so he was brought up by his mother. Winton's mother died by suicide in 1976 while suffering from depression.

Career

Radio
Winton started DJing in clubs in Richmond in 1972, where he met Steve Allen, the LBC radio presenter. The two remained friends thereafter, and lived together for a period as well as going on holiday together. From there he had a selection of jobs including selling timeshares. In 1982, Winton moved to London and began his entertainment career on the London club circuit, where he DJ'd at weekends. This led him to the United Biscuits Radio Network where he did a variety of jobs working for Adrian Love, before getting his own morning show. From here he joined Radio Trent in Nottingham, where he presented a weekend show, moving to the weekday mid-morning show, before leaving in 1985, and going on to work at a number of other local radio stations including Chiltern Radio, Beacon Radio (in Wolverhampton, for 3 years) as well as Blue Danube Radio in Vienna, Austria.

In 2000, Winton took over from Alan Freeman to present Pick of the Pops on BBC Radio 2, and hosted the show until 30 October 2010, when Tony Blackburn replaced him. Winton sat in for Steve Wright and Liza Tarbuck on BBC Radio 2, covering the latter's Saturday show in September 2013 and November/December 2016.

Television
Winton began his television career in 1986 on Pet Watch, before working for Channel 4, Lifestyle Channel and ITV. From 1993 to 2000, he hosted Dale's Supermarket Sweep during the daytime TV period on ITV. In 2007, Supermarket Sweep was revived after a -year absence. Winton portrayed himself as an irritating game show presenter in Danny Boyle's 1996 film Trainspotting.

In 1995–96, Winton presented BBC's Saturday night game show Pets Win Prizes. In 1997, he presented the final of The Great British Song Contest, the UK's national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, due to a tie-in with the lottery programme. Between that year and 2002, he also presented a dating show called The Other Half. In 1999, he appeared on the sitcom Gimme Gimme Gimme with Kathy Burke in the episode Do They Take Sugar?.

In 2000 he presented Barbara Windsor - Hall Of Fame 2000 TV Special, the  induction of Barbara Windsor as the first artist to be inducted into the newly created BBC Hall of Fame.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 2000 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel. In 2001, he presented Channel 5's endurance show Touch the Truck. In 2002, Winton began presenting the National Lottery game show In It to Win It. In 2003, he appeared in the BBC Three mockumentary, Dale's Wedding, in which he supposedly married the UK celebrity Nell McAndrew.

From 2003–04, he hosted two series of Stars Reunited where the casts of popular British television series were reunited after many years. Between 2004 and 2006, he presented three series of the celebrity weight loss "boot camp" programme, Celebrity Fit Club on ITV.

Winton presented BBC One's Saturday night entertainment programme Hole In The Wall in 2008, based on the Japanese original, where contestants in skin-tight lycra costumes contorted themselves to fit through oddly-shaped holes in a moving wall. The show returned for a second series in 2009 but Anton du Beke replaced Winton as host. Winton began appearing in television advertisements for cashmygold.co.uk in 2010. Winton appeared on Matt Lucas and David Walliams' BBC comedy series Come Fly With Me. He appeared in the last episode of the series, playing himself. In 2012, he hosted one-off ITV game show Dale's Great Getaway and in February 2018, Winton hosted travelogue series Dale Winton's Florida Fly Drive aired on Channel 5.

Personal life and death
In 2002, Winton released his autobiography in which he wrote about his rise to fame and his actress mother's suicide, and came out as homosexual. Winton endorsed US Presidential candidate Donald Trump during the 2016 US Presidential election.

On 18 April 2018, Jan Kennedy, Winton's long-term agent, announced that Winton had died at his home. On 19 April a spokesman for Scotland Yard said that police were treating the death as "unexplained" but did not believe it to be suspicious. According to his friend Gloria Hunniford: "Dale had a lot of things going wrong, he had pain with arthritis, he had a heart complaint, he had a chest infection, and we all know how the winter affected that. He had asthma as well." The coroner concluded that Winton died of natural causes. Winton had recently moved from a £2.9 million apartment in Regent's Park to a property in Whetstone, North London. Winton's friends celebrated his life with a non-religious humanist funeral ceremony from Humanists UK on 22 May 2018, his birthday. His eulogy was preserved as part of a public historical archive of humanist funerals.

References

External links
 Podcast Interview with Dale Winton

 Dale Winton at the British Film Institute

1955 births
2018 deaths
English game show hosts
English humanists
English radio DJs
English television presenters
LGBT DJs
Gay Jews
English gay actors
Male actors from London
BBC Radio 2 presenters
Jewish entertainers
Jewish humanists
Mass media people from Marylebone
People educated at Aldenham School
English LGBT broadcasters
English Jews
English autobiographers
21st-century English LGBT people

Dale Winton


Martian poetry was a minor movement in British poetry in the late 1970s and early 1980s, in which everyday things and human behaviour are described in a strange way, as if by a visiting Martian who does not understand them. Poets most closely associated with it are Craig Raine and Christopher Reid.

The term Martianism has also been applied more widely to include fiction as well as to poetry. The word martianism is, coincidentally, an anagram of the name of one of its principal exponents, Martin Amis, who promoted the work of both Raine and Reid in the Times Literary Supplement and the New Statesman.

Perhaps the best-known Martian poetry is Craig Raine's "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" in which a Martian attempts to describe everyday human interactions and habits from his own point of view.

Origins
The term derives from Raine's poem "A Martian Sends a Postcard Home" in which the narrator, a Martian, uncomprehendingly observes human behaviour and tries to describe it to fellow Martians. For examples, the narrator calls books "Caxtons" and describes them as "mechanical birds with many wings" that "perch on the hand" and "cause the eyes to melt/or the body to shriek without pain."

This drive to make the familiar strange was carried into fiction by Martin Amis.  His 1981 novel Other People: A Mystery Story where the story unfolds from the point of view of a protagonist who is apparently suffering from an extreme form of amnesia which causes her to lose her memory of even basic aspects of human experience.

Martian poetry became a popular element in the teaching of poetry composition to school children.

Related to Surrealism, it arose in the context of the experimental poetry of the late 1960s; but also owes a debt to a variety of English traditions including metaphysical poetry, Anglo-Saxon riddles, and nonsense poetry (e.g.: Lewis Carroll, Edward Lear). Samuel Johnson's descriptions of the metaphysical poets' approach where  'the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together'  could aptly describe much Martian poetry; in this context what was distinctive about Martian Poetry was its focus on visual experience.

References

Citations

Poetry
 Raine, Craig, The Onion, Memory, Oxford University Press, 1978. .
 Reid, Christopher, Arcadia, Oxford University Press, 1979. .
 Raine, Craig, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home, Oxford University Press, 1979. .
 Reid, Christopher, Pea Soup, Oxford University Press, 1982. .

Anthologies
 Morrison, Blake & Motion, Andrew, The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry, Penguin, 1982. .

Commentary
 Diedrick, James, Understanding Martin Amis University of South Carolina Press, 2004. .
 O'Brien, Sean, The Deregulated Muse, Bloodaxe, 1998. .
 Robinson, Alan, Instabilities in Contemporary British Poetry, Macmillan, 1988. .

British poetry
Poetry movements
20th-century British literature
British literary movements

Martian poetry


Evidence is something that is used to support an argument.  It gives examples of why something is true.

Evidence is defined by Merriam-Webster dictionary as:
1a : an outward sign : INDICATION
1b : something that furnishes proof : TESTIMONY
specifically: something legally submitted to a tribunal to ascertain the truth of a matter
2 : one who bears witness
especially: one who voluntarily confesses a crime and testifies for the prosecution against one's accomplices

Choo states "Evidence is the information with which the matters requiring proof in a trial are proved." The study of evidence, therefore, is the study of the process by which such matters are proved in court." (Choo, 42).

Peter Achinstein defines evidence as "information that increases probability of a hypothesis" or "information on the basis of which a hypothesis has high probability." (Achinstein, 44).

The Division of Extension Research and Training at the University of Arkansas defines evidence as "the outward sign, the indication, the proof" (University of Arkansas, 1).

For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled. If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk. If a witness saw the cat spilling the milk, her testimony would also be evidence.

References
Law
Criminal investigation
Epistemology
Choo, Andrew. Evidence. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2006, https://archive.org/details/evidence0000choo/page/n9/mode/2up.

Webster, Merriam. "Evidence." Merriam Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/evidence.

Miller, Colin. Evidence: Best Evidence Rule. 1st ed., CALI, eLangdell Press, 2012,https://www.cali.org/sites/default/files/BestEvidenceRule_Miller_Dec2014.pdf.

Achinstein, Peter. The Book of Evidence. Oxford University, 2001, https://books.google.com/books?id=cZHflkcvCEUC&q=evidence.&pg=PP9

Forsyth, Stewart. "What Is Opinion and What Is Evidence?" InfoKat, 2019, https://saalck-uky.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01SAA_UKY/ija67f/cdi_webofscience_primary_000486649800003.

What Is Evidence? University of Arkansas, June 1955, https://archive.org/details/CAT10680953/mode/2up.

Evidence


Andreas Rieth Homestead is a historic home located near Pennsburg at Marlborough Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The property has two contributing buildings.  The Rieth Farmhouse is a -story, stone dwelling originally built in the Germanic style, but later modified to a Georgian plan. It has a rear kitchen addition. Also on the property is a former 1/2-story, stone bank house later converted to a bank barn.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Georgian architecture in Pennsylvania
Houses in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Andreas Rieth Homestead


Davis Creek Dam (National ID # NE82901) is a dam located at the county line between Greeley County and Valley County, in the middle part of the state of Nebraska.

The earthen dam was completed in 1991 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation with a height of 153 feet and 2900 feet long at its crest.  It impounds Davis Creek for flood control, part of the North Loup Division of the Bureau's extensive Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program.  The dam is owned by the Bureau and is operated by the local Twin Loups Irrigation District.

The reservoir it creates, Davis Creek Reservoir, has a water surface of 1,145 acres and has a capacity of 44,918 acre-feet.  Recreation includes fishing (for largemouth bass, walleye, crappie, yellow perch, etc.), hunting, boating, camping and hiking.  The northern shore borders the Davis Creek State Wildlife Recreational Area.

References

Dams in Nebraska
Reservoirs in Nebraska
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Buildings and structures in Greeley County, Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Valley County, Nebraska
Earth-filled dams
Dams completed in 1919
Bodies of water of Greeley County, Nebraska
Bodies of water of Valley County, Nebraska

Davis Creek Dam


The John R. Oughton House, commonly known as The Lodge or the Keeley Estate, is a Victorian mansion located in the village of Dwight, Illinois, United States. The grounds remain mostly unchanged since the house was moved from its original site in 1894 and remodeled a year later. John R. Oughton occupied the house until his death in 1925, and in 1930, the house became a boarding home for patients of the internationally known Keeley Institute. The Keeley Institute was founded in 1879, in part by Oughton, and utilized a new form of treatment for alcoholism. The estate grounds feature two outbuildings, a carriage house and a windmill, as well as a pond. Since 1978, the Oughton House has been occupied by a private restaurant, but the windmill is owned by the Village of Dwight, and the carriage house is a public library. The Oughton House and its outbuildings were added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Background

In 1879, Dr. Leslie Keeley announced the result of a collaboration with John R. Oughton, which was heralded as a "major discovery" by Keeley. The discovery, a new treatment for alcoholism—developed from a partnership with John Oughton, an Irish chemist, and a merchant named Curtis Judd—resulted in the founding of the Keeley Institute. The institute's work was pioneering in its field; Keeley aimed to treat alcoholism as a disease rather than as a vice. Keeley managed to amass a fortune, becoming a millionaire through the institute and its famous slogan, "Drunkenness is a disease and I can cure it." The Keeley Institute eventually had over 200 branches throughout the United States and Europe, and by 1900, the so-called Keeley Cure, injections of gold chloride, had been administered to more than 300,000 people. After 1900, the patient numbers were lower with 100,000 additional people taking the cure between 1900 and 1939.

After Keeley died in 1900, Oughton and Judd took over and continued the Keeley Institute. The institute drew criticism and with Keeley, its primary spokesman and defender, gone, the organization began to fade into national oblivion. By the late 1930s, most physicians believed "that drunkards are neurotics [sic] and cannot be cured by injections." When John R. Oughton died in 1925, his son took over the declining institute. It continued to operate until closing its doors in 1965.

History
The Oughton House, known as The Lodge, is a 20 room Victorian mansion located on the south side of the Livingston County village of Dwight, USA. The original building was constructed in 1891 on a different site and moved to the grounds of the Keeley Estate in 1894 to act as a clubhouse for the Keeley Club, an organization of Keeley Institute graduates that first met in the original building on the property and then in the Oughton House, until 1894. At the time of the move the house was known as the Scott House. It was originally constructed as a boarding house for W.T. Scott. In April 1894 the house underwent an elaborate remodeling project which transformed the clubhouse into a home for John R. Oughton. Oughton was one of the founders of the Keeley Institute. At the time of the structure's renovation, Mrs. Oughton named the house "the Manse."

Oughton lived in the home until he died in 1925, at which time his widow had a home built next door and announced that the Oughton House was to become lodging for 40–50 patients at the Keeley Institute. The conversion for the change took over a year and a half and institute patients moved into the Oughton House on December 24, 1930. Newspaper reports at the time indicated that the remodeling added 15 bedrooms to the house but left the exterior mostly unchanged. In addition, the brick barn was converted into a gymnasium at that time.

The John R. Oughton House served as patient housing for the institute until the organization folded in 1965. Following the closing, James Oughton, Jr., grandson of John R. Oughton, opened the Lodge Restaurant. The conversion into a restaurant did not make any substantial changes to the house or its grounds. In 1978 Robert Ohlendorf and his wife purchased and renamed the restaurant, and made extensive changes to the interior which were mindful of the original Victorian architecture. No substantial changes have been made to the exterior, other than to allow access for the disabled.

Architecture
The Victorian style John R. Oughton House was described as handsome and inviting in an 1895 local newspaper article. Elements found within the home include, a slate roof, large windows, colonial piazzas and interior oak, mahogany and birch finishing. The 1895 house included 20 rooms on its first two floors, a number which included servants' quarters. In its basement was a bowling alley, dance hall and three storage rooms. The periods of renovation and remodeling have substantially changed the house's interior but its exterior remains largely similar to its original appearance. The Oughton house is of wood frame and Bedford limestone construction.

Windmill

The grounds of the Oughton House also hold a  windmill tower. The windmill was originally called the Pumping Tower and was constructed by U.S. Wind, Engine and Pump Company of Batavia, Illinois. The windmill, which provided a water system for the Oughton Estate, has an  deep well. The original windmill featured an 88 barrel cypress tank at its top and the windmill head,  across, was one of the largest in the United States at the time of its construction in 1896.

Only two owners held the deed to the windmill between 1896 and 2001. The first, the Oughton family, owned the windmill from its construction until 1996. That year, ownership was transferred to Mike and Bev Hogan. The Hogans donated the windmill to the Village of Dwight with the goal of saving the then deteriorating structure.

Other outbuildings

Around the windmill area, while not precisely an outbuilding, is a pond. The grounds remain mostly unchanged, allowing visitors to stroll the area and view the restored windmill and the brick barn that was used as a gymnasium after 1930. The 50 by 80 ft (15 by 24 m) building was built as a carriage house by Oughton in 1896, and used to house horses and cattle. From 1930 to 1965 the building was used as a recreation facility for the patients at the Keeley Institute. In 1989 the Oughton family donated the structure to the Prairie Creek Library District and it has since become the home of the Prairie Creek Public Library.

Significance
The London Morning News remarked in 1892, "Dwight, Illinois is a small place. Remove Dr. Keeley from Dwight and it would be but a pin mark on the state map." The founding of the Keeley Institute in 1879 by Dr. Leslie Keeley and his associates John R. Oughton and Curtis Judd had great influence on the development of the village of Dwight. The Lodge, first as Oughton's home and then as the focal point of the internationally known institute has always been one of the most visible reminders in Dwight of the Keeley Institute. The Keeley Institute solidified its place in American culture throughout its period of prominence as several generations of Americans joked about people, especially the rich and famous, who were "taking the Keeley Cure" or had "gone to Dwight."

The Oughton House and the surrounding grounds are the only publicly accessible Keeley associated properties remaining in Dwight. Others, such as the Livingston Hotel and the Keeley Building, the latter directly across the street from The Lodge, are privately owned and inaccessible. The John R. Oughton House was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on September 23, 1980, in part, for its association with the Keeley Institute and its founders.

See also

Diana Oughton

Notes

Houses completed in 1891
Houses completed in 1895
Dwight, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Livingston County, Illinois
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Houses in Livingston County, Illinois

John R. Oughton House


Radcliffe Squires (May 5, 1917 – February 14, 1993) was an American poet, writer, critic, and academic. He published several well-regarded books of poetry, as well as biographical and critical works which focused on highly acclaimed 20th-century writers.

Biography

Radcliffe Squires was born on May 5, 1917, in Salt Lake City, Utah. The son of a barber, he earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Utah in 1940.  He served in the Navy during World War II, and completed his graduate studies after the war at the University of Chicago, where he received his master's degree and co-founded the literary magazine Chicago Review in 1946. He was awarded a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1952. After teaching at Dartmouth College, Squires joined the University of Michigan as an instructor of English language and literature in 1952, where he began a long teaching career. Following his retirement in 1982, Squires continued to teach seminars for first-year students and remained active as an essayist and reviewer. His work appeared in various magazines, such as The New Republic, The Hudson Review, Poetry, The Paris Review, and The Sewanee Review. Squires was also the author of seven books of poetry, one novel, and numerous critical books and essays. He accepted an invitation to read a number of his poems for audio recording and historical preservation at the Library of Congress on April 18, 1977, as part of the Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature, sponsored by the Gertrude Clarke Whittall Poetry and Literature Fund. He served as the editor of the Michigan Quarterly Review.

Radcliffe Squires died in 1993 of an abdominal aneurysm at Ann Arbor University Hospital in Michigan at the age of 75. He outlived his wife, the former Eileen Mulholland, who died in 1976.

Critical response

Although well esteemed in his lifetime, Squires never enjoyed literary celebrity.  His poetry was widely reviewed, but his poems were rarely anthologized.  He did not win any major awards, but his work, especially his later volumes of verse, attracted powerful advocates, including Dana Gioia, Anne Stevenson, David Mason, and Emily Grosholz.

Poet and critic Dana Gioia wrote: "Squires deserves consideration as one of the finest American poets writing today."

In a review of his early poems, the poet Anne Stevenson wrote that "all Squires' poems share common properties—wit, thought, and a philosophy of nature in which Man is a sacred, yet ruinous intrusion."

"Squires' poetry focused on the western United States, especially the area around Utah where he was born and raised, and on the world of classical Greece," said University of Michigan English Professor Laurence Goldstein. "His short lyrics favor mountain landscape and metaphysical speculation, and his long narrative poems concern the legendary figures of Beowulf, Hercules and Daedalus.  His critical books, The Loyalties of Robinson Jeffers and The Major Themes of Robert Frost, were important early evaluations of the two poets, and his critical study, Allen Tate: A Literary Biography, remains the standard survey of Tate's writings."

In the Oxford Companion to 20th Century Poetry, Poet David Mason wrote that "The mannered formality of his early verse has given way to poems that are powerfully evocative of travel as travail, a struggle for knowledge and insight in a world often mysteriously cruel...Squires has written about America, Greece, and Spain, and many of his best poems are unassumingly personal, such as the powerful sequence from Journeys (1983) in which, after the death of his wife in 1976, he faces the shattering prospect of a life without love."

When Squires's Where the Compass Spins appeared in 1951, John Holmes commented in The New York Times that in writing about "his family, a football game, the movies, a subway ride...[Mr. Squires] lifts these things to unforgettable importance"
Richard Eberhart, writing in The Kenyon Review, mentioned the poetry's "elegant sophistication... the moods of delicate and bitter poignancy, the sense of long regarded places, subtle relationships." Mr. Eberhart concluded: "He writes (one would almost say 'Keatsian' sometimes of him) with insight... and can rise... to tones reminiscent of Hart Crane."
"

Gardens of the World

Gardens of the World (1981) is generally considered to be Squires finest volume.  Reviewing it in The Hudson Review, Dana Gioia wrote : "Nothing in Radcliffe Squires's first five books of poetry will have prepared readers for Gardens of the World.  Somehow at the age of sixty-three, long after the point when most writers settle into comfortable repetition, this little-known poet has focused all of his talent into one stunning and original collection."

Poet and philosopher Emily Grosholz commented in the New England Review on the collection's poetic meditations on the landscape of the American West: "he brings us to the level, not of sentient creatures, but of rocks, dust and barren earth, finding in what is dead something fr more important than life, which is moreover the hidden spring of life.  Thus he confounds our thoughtlessly held distinctions between life and death, spirit and matter."  Writing on the volume's last nine poems, Grosholz concludes they "are extraordinarily sophisticated variations on the theme of gardens, which are...figurae for the imagination."

John Ciardi wrote in The Western Humanities Review: "I venture the guess that many of these poems must endure as long as English poems are read... I think,,, that when the time has had a chance to sift the chaff from the cliques Radcliffe Squires will come to be recognized asa one of the most valid singers of life now at work among us."

Literary criticism

Squires produced a critical study of Robert Frost, a biography of Frederic Prokosch, and a pioneering volume about Robinson Jeffers. All earlier books on Jeffers had been written by people associated with the poet.  Squires also authored one of the earliest in-depth studies of Allen Tate, Allen Tate: A Literary Biography (1971), and edited an important collection of essays, Allen Tate and His Work.

Allen Tate and His Work was first published in 1972. Squires compared the aim of Tate's diverse achievements as essayist, novelist, and poet, to a simple physics experiment in which students are taught the principles of pressure.  Squires wrote: "The synergy of Allen Tate's poetry, fiction, and essays has had the aim of applying pressure—think of the embossed, bitterly stressed lines, his textured metaphors—until it brings up before our eyes a blanched parody of the human figure, which is our evil, the world's evil, so that we begin to long for God. That has seemed to him a worthwhile task to perform for modern man threatened by such fatal narcissism, such autotelic pride that he is in danger of disappearing into a glassy fantasy of his own concoction. We shall need his help for a long time to come."

Books

Poetry
 Cornar, 1940.
 Where the Compass Spins, 1951.
 Fingers of Hermes, 1965.
 The Light Under Islands 1967.
 Daedalus, 1968.
 Waiting in the Bone, 1973. (Illustrated by Keith Achepohl)
 Gardens of the World, 1981.
 Journeys, 1983.
 Selected Poems 1950-1985, 2017. (Selected with an introduction by Donald Beagle and an afterword by Theodore Haddin)

Criticism
 The Loyalties of Robinson Jeffers, 1961.
 Frederic Prokosch (Twayne's United States Authors Series), 1964.
 Allen Tate: A Literary Biography, 1971.
 Allen Tate and His Work: Critical Evaluations, 1972.
 The Major Themes of Robert Frost, 1981.

References

External links
 Works by Radcliffe Squires
 Essay on Radcliffe Squires
 Blog on Radcliffe Squires on HuffingtonPost.com
 Poetry Talk with recitation of Squires "A Day in Salamanca'
 "Emblems of the Sacred;" Lecture by Prof. Donald Beagle, winner of the Hopwood Award, who studied with Squires as a graduate student

1917 births
1993 deaths
American male poets
American literary critics
Harvard University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
20th-century American poets
Writers from Salt Lake City
Poets from Utah
United States Navy personnel of World War II
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American male writers
University of Utah alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

James Radcliffe Squires


Édgar Antonio Méndez Ortega (born 2 January 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Liga MX club Necaxa.

He achieved La Liga figures of 153 games and 16 goals over six seasons, with Almería, Granada and Alavés. He also played professionally in Mexico, mainly in service of Cruz Azul.

Club career
Born in Arafo, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Méndez finished his apprenticeship with Real Madrid and made his senior debut in the 2008–09 season with the C team, in the Tercera División. He upgraded to Segunda División B with CF Atlético Ciudad in summer 2009, and joined Betis Deportivo Balompié also in that league for the following campaign.

Méndez signed for UD Melilla still in the third tier in July 2011, and scored seven goals in his only season. In 2012 he moved to UD Almería, being assigned to the reserves.

On 20 July 2013, Méndez joined Andalusia neighbours Real Jaén in a season-long loan deal. He made his debut as a professional on 25 August, playing the full 90 minutes in a 4–2 away defeat against CD Numancia in the Segunda División.

On 28 January 2014, Méndez moved to CD Tenerife also in a temporary deal. He scored his first goal in the second division on 23 March, closing the 5–0 home rout of SD Ponferradina.

In June 2014, Méndez returned to Almería and renewed his contract with the club on 16 August, being definitely promoted to the first-team squad in La Liga. He made his debut in the competition on 23 August, starting and assisting Fernando Soriano in a 1–1 home draw with RCD Espanyol.

Méndez scored his first goal in the Spanish top flight on 12 September 2014, opening the 1–1 home draw against Córdoba CF. On 7 October, he agreed to an extension until 2018.

On 1 July 2015, Méndez signed a four-year deal with neighbouring Granada CF after suffering relegation with Almería. In July 2016, he terminated his contract after being sparingly used, and joined fellow top-tier team Deportivo Alavés for three years.

On 8 February 2017, in the second leg of the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, Méndez scored the only goal of the tie against RC Celta de Vigo, qualifying the Basques to the decisive match for the first time in their 91-year history; he came on as a 79th-minute substitute for Gaizka Toquero, and scored just three minutes later.

Méndez moved abroad on 4 July 2017, joining Mexican side Cruz Azul. On 31 January 2020, having won three titles, he signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with his former club Alavés.

Méndez returned to the Liga MX in June 2022, agreeing to a deal at Club Necaxa.

Career statistics

Honours
Cruz Azul
Copa MX: Apertura 2018
Supercopa MX: 2019
Leagues Cup: 2019

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Tenerife
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Men's association football wingers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Real Madrid C footballers
CF Atlético Ciudad players
Betis Deportivo Balompié footballers
UD Melilla footballers
UD Almería B players
Real Jaén footballers
CD Tenerife players
UD Almería players
Granada CF footballers
Deportivo Alavés players
Liga MX players
Cruz Azul footballers
Club Necaxa footballers
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Mexico

Édgar Méndez


The Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC), known from 1956 to 1973 as the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission and from 1973 to 1988 as the Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission, was a tribunal with powers under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (and equivalent earlier legislation) that existed from 1956 until 2010. It was the central institution of Australian labour law.  The AIRC replaced a previous system of industrial courts, which broadly speaking, was engaged in the same functions, but with superior independence and powers.

History

Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration and the Boilermakers decision
The Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, a court created in 1904 to hear and arbitrate industrial disputes, and to make awards, was abolished in 1956 following the decision of the High Court in the Boilermakers' case. The High Court held that the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, as a tribunal exercising the non-judicial power of arbitration, could not also exercise judicial power as a Chapter III Court. The decision became an important demonstration of the separation of powers in Australia.

Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission
Following the decision, two new bodies were created to emulate the function of the defunct court; the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission was created to carry out the non-judicial functions, and the Commonwealth Industrial Court (which would later be subsumed into the Federal Court of Australia) was created to exercise judicial powers.

Throughout its time the Commission created Awards which covered a whole raft of industries. These Awards with Awards made by Industrial Relations Commissions of the respective six states of Australia acted as the unique system of minimum wage setting in Australia. The Commission also registered a large number of trade unions to assist in the Award formation process.

The Commission is famous for its cases on equal work and equal pay, as well as decisions on unfair dismissal, and redundancy pay.

One issue which dogged the Commission was that of what "pertained to the relationship between employer and employee". This had been a question of importance, since the Constitution required the Commission settle industrial disputes. These disputes were later categorised as a "dispute about matters which pertained to the relationship between employer and employee." The question continued to surface and in 2004 the High Court of Australia in the case of Electrolux v AWU applied the question (which had historically been applied to Awards) to Enterprise Bargaining Agreements. This led to around 6 months of industrial confusion until the Australian Industrial Relations Commission handed down the landmark decision of the Schefenacker, the Murray Bridge and the La Trobe University certified agreements ('the three certified agreements case'). It was seen by many as fitting that the last significant decision made by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission was to conclusively determine which matter did or did not pertain.

Role

From 1956 to 2006 the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (under its various names) made awards which set the minimum terms and conditions of employment for workers who worked for certain employers or within certain industries. A standard award would have approximately 20–30 conditions and would be around 40 pages in length. The Awards were reviewed periodically.

The AIRC would also certify enterprise bargaining agreements. These agreements were negotiated collective contracts commonly between a union (as representative of the employees on a site) and an employer of the site.

The AIRC also registered trade unions and dealt with demarcation disputes between unions.

Finally, the AIRC dealt with unfair dismissal applications.

WorkChoices and abolition

In 2006, under the WorkChoices laws effected at the end of 2005, the role of the AIRC was redefined. Its wage-setting powers were largely transferred to the Australian Fair Pay Commission. The AIRC's primary role instead became that of award "modernisation", with limited dispute-settling powers, and hearing of unfair dismissal applications.

Under the Rudd Labor Government the AIRC was abolished. Its functions were transferred in January 2010 to a division within Fair Work Australia (now the Fair Work Commission).

References

External links
 Official website

1956 establishments in Australia
2009 disestablishments in Australia
Arbitration courts and tribunals
Australian labour law
Labor relations boards
Industrial agreements
Industry in Australia
Former Commonwealth of Australia courts and tribunals
Courts and tribunals established in 1956
Courts and tribunals disestablished in 2009


The Black Horse Tavern is an historic tavern on Searsport Avenue in Belfast, Maine. Built in 1795, it was the city's first tavern located on the eastern side of the Passagassawakeag River, and is a well-preserved example of vernacular Federal period architecture.  The building, now a private residence, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description and history
The building known in the 19th century as the Black Horse Tavern stands on the north side of Searsport Avenue (United States Route 1), near the mouth of the Passagassawakeag River and between Old Searsport Avenue and Stephenson Lane.  It is a -story wood-frame Cape style house,  five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and stone foundation.  Its main facade faces roughly east, and the main entrance, located at the center, has no trim.  A single-story ell, a 20th-century replacement for an older ell, extends to the north, with two gabled dormers projecting from the roof.  The interior of the main house is well preserved, with wide pine wainscoting, large fireplaces in both front rooms, with simple vertical-board partitions in the rear.  Original doors and frames are still generally in use.

The house was built about 1795 by Jerome Stephenson, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War who moved to Belfast in 1784.  Stephenson was prominent in local civic affairs, serving as selectman in 1785.  Although he built the house for his family, he converted it into a tavern in 1800, a role it fulfilled under is son and grandson, until about 1852.  The sign used to identify the tavern is now stored in the house.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Waldo County, Maine

References

Buildings and structures in Belfast, Maine
Houses in Waldo County, Maine
Drinking establishments on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses completed in 1795
Taverns in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Waldo County, Maine

Black Horse Tavern (Belfast, Maine)


The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo is a 1935 American romantic comedy film made by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Stephen Roberts, and starred Ronald Colman, Joan Bennett, and Colin Clive. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and Howard Smith, based on a play by Ilya Surgutchoff and Frederick Albert Swan.  The film was inspired by the song of the same name popularised by Charles Coborn.

Plot
In Monte Carlo, Paul Gaillard, an impoverished Russian exiled aristocrat, has a fabulous run of luck, breaking the bank at the baccarat table. His winnings, ten million francs, are so vast he needs a suitcase (which he brought with him) to carry away the banknotes. The management desperately tries to entice him to stay, strewing various signs of good luck (four-leaf clovers, a horseshoe, even a hunchback) in his path, to no avail. Even worse from their viewpoint, Paul is quoted in the newspapers advising people to stay away from Monte Carlo.

On the train, Paul encounters the beautiful Helen Berkeley when they share a table in the dining car. He overhears her and her male companion talking about Switzerland. In Paris, he goes to the Cafe Russe, where he shares the money with the staff. They scrimped and saved for ten years to build up their initial stake.

The next day, Paul and his servant Ivan take the train to Interlaken, Switzerland. By chance, Helen is mistakenly placed in Paul's compartment. He takes the opportunity to try to charm her, but is rebuffed. He is delighted, however, to learn that the man with her is her brother Bertrand. Paul pursues her with great persistence, and it finally pays off. They spend time together.

Then Helen confides that she is unhappy because she is going to marry a 63-year-old for money, not for herself, but for her brother, who needs 5 million francs. Paul offers her nearly 4 million, his share of the winnings. She does not accept, but asks him to spend a week with her in Monte Carlo. He agrees. It turns out she is a back street music hall performer who was hired to lure him back, but she cannot go through with it, having fallen in love with him. Too ashamed to face Paul again, she secretly departs for Paris. When he discovers she has vanished, he makes a bargain with her brother: he will get the money Bertrand supposedly needs desperately in return for his sister's location. Bertrand lies and tells him that she went to Monte Carlo. Helen runs into Bertrand at the train station and learns what he has done. She rushes to Monte Carlo.

Paul returns to the baccarat table. When Helen enters the club to try to stop him, she is intercepted by the management and kept a virtual prisoner. Paul loses nearly all his money, but then his luck changes and he goes on another winning streak and he is on the verge of breaking the bank again. However, he loses everything on the last bet. When Paul leaves, he sees Helen and Bertrand emerge from the manager's office; he congratulates them. He returns to work driving a taxi.

By chance, he takes a fare to a nightclub where Helen is performing. He dons his black tie and tails and goes inside. He dances one dance with Helen and pretends to still be fairly well off, before driving away. Helen chases after him in another taxi, finally catching up with him at the Cafe Russe. When she discovers he is the driver, not a passenger, she is ecstatic. Now that he is poor, she can tell him that she loves him. They embrace. Then he takes her inside the closed Cafe Russe, where he and the staff, Russian nobility like him, are privately celebrating the late Czar Nicholas II's birthday in a grand manner.

Cast
 Ronald Colman as Paul Gaillard
 Joan Bennett as Helen Berkeley
 Colin Clive as Bertrand Berkeley
 Nigel Bruce as Ivan
 Montagu Love as Director
 Frank Reicher as 2nd Asst. Director
 Lionel Pape as 3rd Asst. Director
 Ferdinand Gottschalk as Office Man
 Andre Cheron as Dealer
 Lynn Bari as Flower Girl (uncredited)
 John Carradine as Despondent Casino Gambler (uncredited)
 E. E. Clive as Waiter (uncredited)
 Dennis O'Keefe as Onlooker at Casino (uncredited)

Reception
Andre Sennwald, critic for The New York Times, was unimpressed, writing, "Commonplace in its plot workings and meager in gayety, the film misuses a promising comic idea." While he appreciated the performances of Colman, Clive and Bruce, he found that "Miss Bennett, to put it politely, is pretty badly miscast, her wooden charm and vocal monotony having almost nothing to do with the lady of mystery that she is pretending to be."

Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a tepid review, describing it as "a mildly agreeable comedy", and characterizing Ronald Colman as "an excellent director's dummy" and "an almost perfect actor for the fictional screen". Green's criticism of the film came mainly from the plotline involving the White Russians. According to Green, "I can never appreciate the pathos of princes who have become taxi-drivers and drink coffee essence instead of champagne; unlike other taxi-drivers they have had their champagne".

Copyright case
After the film was released, the publisher of the song sued the studio in Francis, Day & Hunter Ltd v Twentieth Century Fox Corp in the Supreme Court of Ontario, Canada, over the copyright. After two appeals, the publisher lost on all counts.

See also
 Charles Wells, the inspiration for the song "The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo"
 Men who broke the bank at Monte Carlo

References

External links

1935 films
1935 romantic comedy films
American black-and-white films
American romantic comedy films
American films based on plays
Films based on songs
Films directed by Stephen Roberts
Films produced by Darryl F. Zanuck
Films set in Monaco
Films about gambling
Films about baccarat
Films with screenplays by Nunnally Johnson
20th Century Fox films
Twentieth Century Pictures films
1930s American films

The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo (film)


South Natuna (Indonesian: Natuna Selatan) is an archipelago off the west coast of the island of Borneo, the southernmost group of the Natuna Islands in the South China Sea. Geographically it is part of the Tudjuh Archipelago, and administratively part of the Riau Islands province of Indonesia.

The archipelago is spread out over hundreds of kilometers. Major islands include Greater Subi Island (Pulau Subi Besar), Lesser Subi Island (Pulau Subi Kecil), Bakau, Panjang and Serasan. The Api Passage separates the South Natuna group from the island of Borneo. The Selasan Strait cuts through the bottom of the cluster of islands.

Further reading

 National Geospatial-intelligence Agency (2005) "Borneo: Northwest Coast and Kepulauan Tudjuh" Sailing directions (enroute): Borneo, Jawa, Sulawesi, and Nusa Tenggara United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

Natuna Regency
Archipelagoes of Indonesia
Landforms of the Riau Islands
Islands of Sumatra
Uninhabited islands of Indonesia

South Natuna


Antoine-François Callet (1741–1823), generally known as Antoine Callet, was a French painter of portraits and allegorical works, who acted as official portraitist to Louis XVI.

He won the grand prix de Rome in 1764 with Cléobis et Biton conduisent le char de leur mère au temple de Junon (Kleobis and Biton dragging their mother's cart to the temple of Juno). He was accepted by the Académie des beaux arts in 1779, with his entry piece being a portrait of the comte d'Artois, and received with his allegory Le printemps (Spring) in 1781. He exhibited at the Salon from 1783 onwards.

He painted the centre of the ceiling of the grande galerie of the palais du Luxembourg, with a composition entitled L'Aurore (Aurora). Under the French Consulate and the First French Empire he painted several more allegories, including an Allégorie du dix-huit brumaire ou la France sauvée (Allegory of 18 Brumaire, or France saved - 1801, château de Versailles) and an Allégorie de la bataille d'Austerlitz (Allegory of the Battle of Austerlitz - 1806, château de Versailles).

Callet died in 1823 in Paris.

References
 Marc Sandoz, Antoine-François Callet, 1741-1823, Ed. Éditart - Quatre Chemins, Tours, 1985.

External links

 La Tribune de l'Art, on a document by Antoine Callet at auction , later bought by the Parisian gallery Didier Aaron.

1741 births
1823 deaths
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Antoine-François Callet


The 330mm/50 Modèle 1931 gun was a heavy naval gun of the French Navy.

The built-up gun was carried by the  fast battleships, in quadruple turrets inspired by those intended for the . They had one of the longest ranges, while firing quite powerful projectiles: APC –  and HE – . The range was over 40 km in both cases; the trajectory was flat. Dunkerques guns were affected by inaccuracy caused by their quadruple mounts (too close together), but could engage German battleships of the  with enough power to pierce their armour: at 0 metres, the shell could pierce , at  penetration capability was  and  at . Theoretically, it could pierce Scharnhorsts 320 mm belt at over 20 km. Given the flat trajectory, the deck perforation was less impressive, but still 105 mm at 23 km and 110 mm at 27.5 km.  Therefore, the armour-piercing capability was very near that of the best battleship guns, at least at medium to short range. The armour-piercing capability of Scharnhorsts guns varied from 604 to 205 mm in the same range (0-27.5 km), so they were weaker weapons. However, Dunkerque had a weaker armour belt, so the deadly range of the German battleships was not inferior. The battleship  had thicker armour (283 vs. 241 mm) and this reduced the useful range to only about 18 km. The deck perforation was always in favour of the 330 mm gun, the 280 mm gun being unable to pierce more than 76 mm at 27.5 km.

The 330 mm guns had many faults. They were complex and moved with a weak system for such  turrets (roughly the weight of an Italian 381 mm triple turret). They had two 100 hp engines (but only one was typically used). Despite the great range, elevation was only 35° (therefore the gun had a very high muzzle velocity of 870 m/s). The guns were coupled in two twin arrangement, sleeved in pairs. The turrets were heavily protected, and internally had a 25–40 mm bulkhead to separate the two twin mounts. This was important at Mers-El-Kébir, where a 381 mm shell hit  in one of her turrets: the projectile penetrated the roof and killed everyone in the semi-turret, but the other pair of guns continued to operate.

The later 380mm/45 Modèle 1935 gun essentially enlarged the design.

External links
 PIECES LOURDES : 240 et plus
 French 330 mm/50 (13") Model 1931

Naval guns of France
World War II naval weapons
330 mm artillery

330mm/50 Modèle 1931 gun


The European Committee for Banking Standards (ECBS) was formed in December 1992  by leading European banking associations to enhance the European technical banking infrastructure by developing standards.  In 2006 its functions were taken over by the European Payments Council and the committee was disbanded.

Its website is now maintained by an independent group the European Banking Resources.

References

Financial regulation
Regulation in the European Union


Bokul Kotha () is an Popular Indian Bengali television soap opera that Premiered on 4th December 2017 and airs on Zee Bangla and Telecast Monday To Saturday at 9:00 P.M. The Show Stars Ushashi Roy and Honey Bafna in Lead roles. The Show telecast Monday to Saturday at 9:00 P.M. Bokul Kotha took the timeslot of Bikele Bhorer Phool.It is one of the Most Popular Serial Running in this period. In June 2018 it had a TRP of 11.2.The Show is one of the Bengali highest ranking serial in trp ratings.

Plot
Bokul Kotha is the story of Bokul, who has been raised as a son. She grows up to be a tomboy, well versed in handling roles that are reserved for the boys. Bokul has short hair and feels comfortable wearing pants and shirts, unlike girls her age who obsess with their beauty.  Bokul doesn't want to waste her time on make –up and clothes.
She is more interested to become her father's support system. But a cruel twist in the tale comes in when her father passes away after which she is forced to take the reign of the family in her hands. Though Bokul is not interested in marriage, her mother and grandmother are always worried about what would happen in future when she would be married off.
On the other hand, is Rishi, whose family does everything only after consulting the family guru, an astrologer. Rishi was to be married only if his natal chart matched the girl's. Being a choosy person, Rishi has already rejected 40 women. As luck would have it, finally his natal charts match with Bokul's charts. After much drama and confusion, the mismatched couple is married off. But Bokul is neither cut out as an ideal housewife nor is keen to learn the ways of the world as a married woman should.

Cast
 Ushashi Roy as Bokul /Main Female Lead
 Sohini Sanyal / Sanjukta Roy Chowdhary / Sohini Sanyal as Bokul's Mother:Lajbonti
 Honey Bafna as Rishi/Main Male lead
 Sumanta Mukherjee as Shekhar
 Saswati Guhathakurata as Anjali
 Anuradha Roy as Bokul's Grandmother (Gayatri)
 Mallika Majumdar as Rishi's Aunt
 Arindam Banerjee as Samar (Rishi's Uncle)
 Amrita Debnath as Esha
 Uponita Banerjee as Barsha
 Subhrajit Dutta as Rohan (Rishi's Brother)
 Arpita Mukherjee as Aditi (Rishi's sister-in-law)
 Suvajit Kar as Kunal
 Saurav Chatterjee as Saurav (Rishi's Brother-in law)
 Pritha Chatterjee as Pritha
 Shreyasee Samanta as Roshni (Antagonist)
 Arnab Chowdhury as Deep (Rishi's friend)

References
 http://www.newstechcafe.com/2017/12/bokul-kotha-on-zee-bangla-tv-plot.html#axzz52SrbmNOy

Other websites
 Official Site

2017 Indian television series debuts

Bokul Kotha


Bakau is a town on the Atlantic coast of Gambia, west of Gambia's capital city of Banjul. It is known for its botanical gardens, its crocodile pool Bakau Kachikally and for the beaches at Cape Point. Bakau is the first major suburb outside Banjul and the most developed town in the Gambia. In 2013, 43,098 people lived there.

Cities in the Gambia

Bakau


State Shinto was a system of government policy in the Japanese Empire where the government controlled the religion of Shinto and enforced it on the population. This included non-Japanese people in their colonies. This was justified by a theory called Secular Shrine Theory where Shinto shrines were considered secular.

References

State Shinto


The 1927 Treaty of Jeddah, formally the Treaty between His Majesty and His Majesty the King of the Hejaz and of Nejd and Its Dependencies was signed between the United Kingdom and Ibn Saud. It recognised the independence of Ibn Saud and sovereignty over what was then known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd. The two regions were unified into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.  In return, Ibn Saud agreed to stop his forces from attacking and harassing neighbouring British protectorates.

The Treaty superseded the Treaty of Darin (1915).

It was published in Treaty Series No. 25 (1927), Command 2951 and was slightly modified by two further exchanges of Notes in 1936 (Treaty Series No. 10 (1937) Command 5380) and 1943 (Treaty Series No. 13 (1947), Command 7064).

References

1927 in Saudi Arabia
Jeddah (1927)
Treaties concluded in 1927
Treaties of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
History of Jeddah
Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations
Anti-slavery treaties
Slavery in Asia

Treaty of Jeddah (1927)


Primal Scream are a Scottish rock band originally formed in 1982 in Glasgow by Bobby Gillespie (vocals) and Jim Beattie. The band's current lineup consists of Gillespie, Andrew Innes (guitar), Simone Butler (bass), and Darrin Mooney (drums). Barrie Cadogan has toured and recorded with the band since 2006 as a replacement after the departure of guitarist Robert "Throb" Young.

Primal Scream had been performing live from 1982 to 1984, but their career did not take off until Gillespie left his position as drummer of The Jesus and Mary Chain. The band were a key part of the mid-1980s indie pop scene, but eventually moved away from their jangly sound, taking on more psychedelic and garage rock influences, before incorporating a dance music element to their sound with their 1991 album Screamadelica, which broke them into the mainstream. The band have continued to explore different styles on subsequent albums, experimenting with blues, trip hop and industrial rock. Their most recent album, Chaosmosis, was released on 18 March 2016.

History

Formation and early years (1982–1984)
Bobby Gillespie moved to Mount Florida in southeastern Glasgow, where he attended King's Park Secondary School, where he first met Robert Young. Another schoolfriend was Alan McGee, who took Gillespie to see his first concert, Thin Lizzy. McGee and Gillespie were heavily influenced by punk rock, and they joined a local punk band, The Drains, in 1978. The Drains' guitarist was a 15-year-old Andrew Innes. The band was short-lived, and Innes and McGee moved to London while Gillespie chose to remain in Glasgow.

After the punk movement ended, Gillespie became disenchanted with mainstream new wave music. He met another schoolfriend who shared his outlook, Jim Beattie, and they recorded "elemental noise tapes", in which Gillespie would bang two dustbin lids together and Beattie played fuzz-guitar. They soon moved on to The Velvet Underground and The Byrds cover songs before starting to write their own songs, based on Jah Wobble and Peter Hook basslines. Gillespie later said that the band "didn't really exist, but we did it every night for something to do." They named themselves Primal Scream, a term for a type of cry heard in primal therapy. Still essentially a partnership, Primal Scream first played live in 1982.

First recordings, Sonic Flower Groove and Primal Scream (1984–1989)
Their first recording session, for McGee's independent label Essential Records, produced a single track entitled "The Orchard", with Judith Boyle on vocals. Beattie later claimed that they burned the master tape. After the aborted recording, Gillespie joined The Jesus and Mary Chain as their drummer, and alternated between the two bands. While The Jesus and Mary Chain became notorious for their chaotic gigs, Gillespie and Beattie expanded Primal Scream's lineup to include schoolfriend Young on bass, rhythm guitarist Stuart May, drummer Tom McGurk, and tambourine player Martin St. John. This lineup was signed to Creation Records, an independent record label founded by Alan McGee, and recorded the group's debut single, "All Fall Down", which received positive reviews.

After the release of the single, Gillespie was told by The Jesus and Mary Chain leaders William and Jim Reid that he was to either dissolve Primal Scream to join their band full-time or resign. Gillespie chose to remain with Primal Scream. Stuart May was replaced by Paul Harte, and the group released a new single, "Crystal Crescent". Its B-side, "Velocity Girl", was released on the C86 compilation, which led to their being associated with the scene of the same name. The band strongly disliked this, Gillespie saying that other groups in that scene "can't play their instruments and they can't write songs."

The band toured throughout 1986, and Gillespie became disenchanted with the quality of their performances. He said that there "was always something missing, musically or in attitude." They switched to McGee's newly set-up Warner Bros. subsidiary Elevation Records. Before the band entered Rockfield Studios in Wales to record their debut album, McGurk was asked to leave. The group subsequently began recording using session players. They spent four weeks recording with producer Stephen Street before deciding to halt the sessions.

May was subsequently dismissed; Gillespie's former bandmate Innes was brought in as his replacement, and the band found a new drummer, Gavin Skinner. With their new lineup, the band re-entered the studio, this time in London with producer Mayo Thompson. By the time Sonic Flower Groove was completed, it had cost £100,000. The album reached number 62 on the British charts and received poor reviews, with AllMusic calling it "pristine but dull." The backlash from the album caused internal strife within the band. Beattie and Skinner subsequently resigned.

The band, now consisting of Gillespie, Innes and Young, relocated to Brighton to regroup. Young switched to guitar, and they recruited bassist Henry Olsen and drummer Phillip "Toby" Tomanov, who had both been in Nico's backing band, The Faction. They traded in their jangle pop sound for a harder rock edge, or as Gillespie said, "[w]e had found rock 'n' roll." The band re-signed to Creation Records and released their first single in two years, "Ivy, Ivy, Ivy". This was followed by a full album, Primal Scream. The band's new sound was met with poor reviews, NME called it "confused and lacking in cohesion". Fans responded as unfavourably as the critics, with many of the old fans being disappointed or simply confused by the new sound. Both Sonic Flower Groove and Primal Scream featured contributions from Felt keyboardist Martin Duffy.

Screamadelica (1990–1992)

The band were first introduced to the acid house scene by McGee in 1988. They were at first sceptical; Gillespie said: "I always remember being quite fascinated by it but not quite getting it." The band developed a taste for it and began attending raves. The band met up with DJ Andrew Weatherall at a rave, and he was given a copy of "I'm Losing More Than I'll Ever Have", a track from Primal Scream, to remix for one of his shows. Weatherall added a drum loop from an Italian bootleg mix of Edie Brickell's "What I Am", a sample of Gillespie singing a line from Robert Johnson's "Terraplane Blues" and the central introductory sample from the Peter Fonda B-movie The Wild Angels. The resulting track, "Loaded", became the band's first major hit, reaching number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. This was followed by another single, "Come Together", which reached number 26.

The band entered the studio with Weatherall, Hugo Nicolson, The Orb and Jimmy Miller producing, and Martin Duffy now full-time on keyboards after Felt disbanded. They released two more singles, "Higher Than The Sun" and "Don't Fight It, Feel It" which featured the lead vocals of Manchester singer Denise Johnson. The album Screamadelica was released in late 1991 to positive reviews. Ink Blot Magazine said that the album was "both of its time and timeless." The album was also a commercial success, reaching number eight on the UK chart. The album won the first Mercury Music Prize, beating Gillespie's former band The Jesus and Mary Chain.

The supporting tour kicked off in Amsterdam, and it included a performance at the Glastonbury festival before coming to an end in Sheffield. Throughout the tour the band and their increasingly large entourage gained notoriety for their large narcotic intake. Around this time, the band recorded the Dixie Narco EP. Some of the tracks had a more American blues rock sound than previously, and displayed a P-Funk influence.

Give Out But Don't Give Up (1992–1995)
The band began work on their fourth album in Roundhouse Studios in London in September 1992.

In March 1994, the first single from the new album, "Rocks", was released. It was the band's highest-charting single to date, reaching number seven on the UK charts. The single was not received well, with NME calling them "dance traitors". The album Give Out But Don't Give Up was released in May to mixed reviews. Whereas some praised the band's new The Rolling Stones-influenced sound, some dismissed the album as tired and drawing too heavily on their influences. Two more singles were released from the album, "Jailbird" and "(I'm Gonna) Cry Myself Blind", both of which charted progressively lower.

While touring in support of the album, relations within the band began to wear down. The band's American tour, when they supported Depeche Mode, was, in the words of manager Alex Nightingale, "the closest we've come to the band splitting up." After the completion of the tour, the band remained quiet for a long period of time. Gillespie later remarked that he was unsure if the band would continue. The only release during this period was a single, "The Big Man and the Scream Team Meet the Barmy Army Uptown", a collaboration with Irvine Welsh and On-U Sound, which caused controversy due to offensive lyrics about Rangers F.C. and their fan base.

Vanishing Point (1996–1998)
After a short hiatus, the band returned with a new lineup. Gary "Mani" Mounfield, fresh from the well-publicised break-up of his previous band, The Stone Roses, was added as the band's new bassist, and Paul Mulraney was added as their new drummer. The arrival of Mani revitalized the group, who were considering disbanding after the failure of Give Out. The album was recorded in the band's personal studio in two months, and was mixed in another month. Most of the recording was engineered by Innes, and produced by Brendan Lynch and Andrew Weatherall.

The music on the album had a complex shoegazing dance/dub rhythm, harking back to the crossover success of Screamadelica, yet sounding significantly darker. Some songs on the album were inspired by cult 1971 film Vanishing Point; Gillespie said that they wanted to create an alternative soundtrack for the film. Other lyrics were inspired by the band's past experiences with drug abuse. Gillespie described the album as "an anarcho-syndicalist speedfreak road movie record!" The first single released from the album, "Kowalski", was released in May 1997, and reached number 8 on the British charts. The album, titled Vanishing Point after the film, was released in July and revitalized the band's commercial viability. It received almost positive reviews upon release, Entertainment Weekly calling it a "swirling, hypnotic acid-trip", and Musik saying that "this group's place in the history book of late 20th Century music is assured." The inclusion on the album of the title track from the film Trainspotting also helped cement the band's place in alternative modern culture.

The band scheduled a short supporting tour to take place during July. The band had to postpone the dates. This led to speculation that there were problems within the band, and that one of the members may resign. The band's press agent issued a statement saying "[i]t's not a drugs thing and it's not a nervous breakdown." Before the tour was scheduled to begin, Mulraney left the band and they were forced to use a drum machine. The initial dates were poorly received, but they eventually hired drummer Darrin Mooney and the gigs improved. Throughout the Vanishing Point tour Primal Scream employed the up-and-coming Asian Dub Foundation as a support act, helping them to break into the mainstream.

In February 1998 the band released the "If They Move, Kill 'Em" EP. This notably featured the bands' first collaboration with Kevin Shields, on his remix of the title track. Later that year, Shields joined the band on tour and would have a major influence on their sound in the next few years. After the release of the album, a collection of alternative mixes/remixes from Vanishing Point were released as the album Echo Dek, with the bulk of mixes done by Adrian Sherwood.

XTRMNTR and Evil Heat (1999–2005)
Recording sessions for the band's sixth album went well. The band were for the most part free of drugs, and their lineup had stabilised. Despite their new-found peace, the band pursued a harsher and angrier musical direction. Many of the songs they wrote had overtly political lyrics, Gillespie said the band wished to convey "What it's like to be in Britain in this day and age." The album featured multiple guest appearances, including the Chemical Brothers, New Order's Bernard Sumner, and former My Bloody Valentine guitarist Kevin Shields, who had become a semi-permanent member.

The first single from XTRMNTR, "Swastika Eyes", was released on November 1999. The song's overtly political content, Gillespie said it was about "American international terrorism", made it controversial. Nevertheless, it was a hit, charting at No. 22 on the British charts. XTRMNTR itself fared well, reaching No. 3. The political content was well received, with Allmusic calling it a "nasty, fierce realization of an entire world that has... lost the plot.". In 2009 NME charted XTRMNTR at No. 3 in The Top 100 Greatest Albums of The Decade.

In 2000, the band began recording their seventh album, Evil Heat, released in 2002. Though the political content was not as strong as the previous album, there was a song originally slated for the album entitled "Bomb the Pentagon", which was reworked into the song "Rise" after the 11 September attacks. The album, like many of Primal Scream's previous albums, had multiple producers. Shields produced several tracks, and Andrew Weatherall produced three tracks, his first work with the band since Vanishing Point. Kate Moss sang professionally for the first time with single "Some Velvet Morning", a version of the Lee Hazlewood/Nancy Sinatra song. The album also featured another guest appearance, Led Zeppelin singer Robert Plant.  In 2003 the double CD album Dirty Hits was released containing the better known works and some previously unheard versions and remixes of those tunes.

In June 2005, Primal Scream played a controversial set at the Glastonbury Festival, throughout which Gillespie was playfully abusive to the crowd and was alleged to have made Nazi salutes during the song "Swastika Eyes". They were eventually forced off by officials after overrunning their allotted time; the festival organisers were at that point already annoyed at the band when, in response to their invitation to join other recording artists in signing a Make Poverty History poster which would be auctioned off for charity, lead singer Bobby Gillespie instead altered the poster so that it read "Make Israel History". Gillespie later said that this was to show his support for the Palestinian cause.

Riot City Blues, Beautiful Future and Screamadelica 20th anniversary (2006–2012)

In an interview with NME, Gillespie said that the band had written "euphoric rock 'n' roll songs" for their next album. They intended to capture the energy of their live performances. The band chose Youth as their producer, which led to speculation that they had fallen out with Shields. Although the band themselves admitted that they were unsure of the situation, Shields subsequently joined them on tour.

The album's first single, "Country Girl", was released on 22 May 2006, and regular airplay resulted in a chart entry of number 5, their highest ever. It was also used by the BBC in the closing credits of the Grand National 2007 and as the backing track to a video celebrating the successes of the Scottish racing driver Dario Franchitti in the 2007 Autosport Awards ceremony in London. The album Riot City Blues was released in June and reached number five on the UK Album Charts. However, it received mixed reviews: Pitchfork Media called it "flat and dead", while AllMusic called it "a refreshingly retro rock & roll album".

In support of the album, the band toured the UK, along with selected dates in Europe. The band released their first DVD, Riot City Blues Tour, in August 2007. The DVD featured clips of the band's performance in London, as well as all their music videos and an interview with Gillespie and Mani.

On 26 August 2006, bassist Mani was arrested at the Leeds music festival, after what was said to be a drunken brawl.  However, he was soon released and the band's appearance at the festival went ahead. Also around this time, Young left the band to go on sabbatical, failing to appear on their November 2006 UK tour. It was later stated by Bobby Gillespie that Young was unlikely to make a return. He was temporarily replaced by Barrie Cadogan of Little Barrie. Young died in September 2014.

After touring Screamadelica for most of 2011, on 18 October Gary Mounfield revealed he had left the band due to the reformation of his original band The Stone Roses. Debbie Googe (of My Bloody Valentine) was announced as his replacement. Simone Butler would join the band as bassist in 2012.

Primal Scream supported The Stone Roses at their Heaton Park concert in Manchester on 29 June 2012.

More Light and Chaosmosis (2013–present)

The band's tenth album, More Light, was released in May 2013 on the band's own label, First International, via Ignition Records. The new album was produced by David Holmes, who confirmed the release on his Facebook page on 11 January 2013. The first track taken from the album is "2013" with a music video directed by Rei Nadal. The first single proper is "It's Alright, It's OK", which was played in the UK by both BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music, as well as supported by leading alternative music stations XFM and Absolute Radio. It also appears on the soundtrack for Freaks of Nature (2015), playing over the final scene and end credits. The second single is "Invisible City".

Former guitarist Robert "Throb" Young died in September 2014.

Their eleventh album Chaosmosis was released on 18 March 2016.

In August 2018 it was announced that the band would release the original long-lost recordings made for Give Out But Don't Give Up for the first time, which were made when the band went to Memphis's Ardent Studios in 1993 to work on a new album with producer Tom Dowd and the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section.

On 24 May 2019 the band released a third compilation album, Maximum Rock'n'Roll : The Singles. The album contains seventeen tracks spanning the period from 1986 till 2016.

In 2022 Primal Scream played at the Victorious Festival in Portsmouth. In April, the band sold song rights of fifty percent of their back catalogue to BMG. The deal involved Gillespie, Innes and the estate of Robert Young.

Martin Duffy died in December 2022 at the age of 55. Following his death, Duffy's son, Louie, made a statement at his father's inquest. Louie claimed that despite playing with the band for over 30 years he was paid only as if session musician.

On 23 May 2023, Primal Scream announced that they would be performing as a 12-piece band for their upcoming tour dates, with the core line-up augmented by members of the House Gospel Choir on backing vocals, Alex White of Fat White Family on saxophone, and keyboards by former Go-Kart Mozart member Terry Miles who had also previously played with the band in Martin Duffy's absence.

Members
Current members
Bobby Gillespie – lead vocals (1982–present)
Andrew Innes – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (1987–present)
Darrin Mooney – drums, percussion (1997–present)
Simone Butler – bass guitar, keyboards, percussion (2012–present)

Touring members
 Terry Miles – keyboards (2023–present)
 Alex White – saxophone (2023–present)

Former members
Martin Duffy – keyboards, synths, turntables (1989–2022; died 2022)
 Denise Johnson – backing vocals, co-lead vocals (1990–1995; died 2020)
 Jim Beattie – guitar, keyboards (1982–1987)
 Stuart May – guitar (1985–1986)
 Paul Harte – guitar (1986)
 Kevin Shields  – guitar, keyboards (1998–2006)
 Barrie Cadogan – guitar, keyboards (2006–2015)
 Robert "Throb" Young – bass (1982–1988), guitar, keyboards (1988–2006; died 2014)
 Henry Olsen – bass (1988–1995)
 Mani – bass (1996–2011)
 Debbie Googe – bass (2012)
 Tom McGurk – drums (1982–1987)
 Dave Morgan – drums (1987)
 Gavin Skinner – drums (1987–1988)
 Phillip "Toby" Toman – drums (1988–1995)
 Paul Mulreany – drums, programming (1996–1997)
 Martin St. John – tambourine (1986–1987)

Timeline

Discography

Sonic Flower Groove (1987)
Primal Scream (1989)
Screamadelica (1991)
Give Out But Don't Give Up (1994)
Vanishing Point (1997)
XTRMNTR (2000)
Evil Heat (2002)
Riot City Blues (2006)
Beautiful Future (2008)
More Light (2013)
Chaosmosis (2016)

See also
 List of bands from Glasgow
 List of Scottish musicians

References

External links

 Official website

Scottish electronic music groups
Scottish alternative rock groups
Creation Records artists
Sire Records artists
Reprise Records artists
Astralwerks artists
Neo-psychedelia groups
Musical groups from Glasgow
Musical groups established in 1982
Scottish musical quintets
Alternative dance musical groups
Acid house groups
Scottish house music groups
1982 establishments in Scotland
NME Awards winners
Ignition Records artists

Primal Scream


Robert J. Wickenheiser (December 13, 1942 - November 23, 2015) served as president of Mount St. Mary's College in Maryland from 1977 to 1993 and of  St. Bonaventure University in New York from 1994 to 2003. The Maryland State Senate recognized his "exemplary leadership" of Mount St. Mary's when he retired. The first layman to hold the position at St. Bonaventure, he oversaw the university as it implemented a new core curriculum and expanded its University of Ministries, among other achievements before resigning his position during a scandal over the acceptance of an ineligible basketball player. An avid collector of the works of 17th century poet John Milton for decades, Wickenheiser sold his collection to the University of South Carolina in 2006, helping it establish what was declared at that time to be among the largest collections of Milton in the world.

Early life and education
A North Dakota native, Wickenheiser was born in Bismarck on 13 December 1942 and grew up in Strasburg. Wickenheiser was a Benedictine monk for four years, having entered a monastery in 1962. He attended St. Benedict's College in Atchison, Kansas, where he graduated summa cum laude with a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1965, and the University of Minnesota, where he earned a doctoral degree in English Literature. He attended the Assumption School of Theology and the Shakespeare Institute in England for a year.

Career
After serving as an English teacher at Princeton University, Wickenheiser was named 21st president of Mount St. Mary's College near Emmitsburg, Maryland in 1977. Following his announced intent to retire in 1993, he was celebrated by the Maryland State Senate, who passed a resolution to recognize "his exemplary leadership" of the college. The last year of his tenure had been marked by controversies which Wickenheiser indicated arose from "firm and difficult actions [that] had to be taken to place the Mount clearly on track with its mission".

Brought aboard as the 19th president of St. Bonaventure University in 1994, Wickenheiser was in tenure at the university in 1998 when it introduced its new core curriculum. He resigned from the university in 2003 after acknowledging that he had ordered subordinates to allow an ineligible student entry to the school so he could play basketball.

Collecting
Wickenheiser began collecting works related to John Milton in the late 1960s, amassing over 6,000 volumes of books about the poet which he sold to the University of South Carolina in Columbia in 2006 for one million dollars. According to the university, Wickenheiser and his wife desired to keep the collection together in one library and so accepted a conservative valuation for the sale. The Robert J. Wickenheiser Collection is housed in the William L. Richter Room, named for the philanthropist who provided the bulk of the funds. At the time of the sale, the Associated Press noted that the influx of manuscripts made the Milton collection at USC "among the largest in the world".

References

1942 births
Living people
American book and manuscript collectors
St. Bonaventure University faculty
Mount St. Mary's University faculty

Robert J. Wickenheiser


The Institute of Jewish Studies in Nanjing, China has a connection with the Department of Religious Studies at Nanjing University.

It was created in January, 1992, after friendship between Israel and the People's Republic of China started over again. It gives classes in Jewish lessons where there are over 200 students each year, and has published a Chinese kind of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, and other books or other things released. It has now created both masters and Ph.D. programs in Jewish leasons, the only Chinese school that has ever done that. It had an worldwide seminar on The Holocaust and the killing of people due to their skin color or religion in World War II on August 7–12, 2005, in Nanjing.

It was renamed the Diane and Guilford Glazer Institute of Jewish Studies  after a quarters for it from the Diane and Guilford Glazer Foundation was built in a new building at the school in 2006. It is planned that it will become part of a larger Nanjing University-Johns Hopkins University Institute for International Research.

The director of the school is professor Xu Xin.

Related pages
Institute of Jewish Studies at University College London

References

Other websites
Chinese Judaic Studies Association

Judaism


Module is the name under which Wellington-based New Zealand musician Jeramiah Ross has released his work since 2003. He composes and produces Downtempo, Ambient, and Classical music. Ross has released several albums and has contributed to soundtracks of video games such as Shatter and Robot Unicorn Attack 2.

Discography

Albums
2006 – Remarkable Engines
2009 – Shatter – The Official Video Game Soundtrack
2012 – Imagineering
2013 – PROGAMMA!
2017 – Starlight Wonders
2018 – Khemikal Reaction

References

Musicians from Wellington

Module (musician)


Asser Kuveri Kapere (born 11 June 1951) is a Namibian politician. He is a member of SWAPO and was the Chairman of the National Council of Namibia from December 2004 to December 2015.

Career
Kapere was born in the small town of Omaruru in the Erongo Region of Namibia. He worked as a teacher at St. Theresa Secondary School in Tses from 1974 to 1975 and joined SWAPO in 1975. He was Chairperson of SWAPO's Arandis Branch from 1980 to 1982 and SWAPO's Chairperson for the Western Region from 1983 to 1990. He also became a member of the SWAPO Regional Executive Committee for Erongo Region in 1983 and was President of the Mineworkers Union of Namibia from 1987 to 1991.

He has served in several political positions and offices in Namibia following independence, including Commissioner of the Western Region (1990–1992) and Governor of the Erongo Region (1992–1999); he has also been the Regional Councillor for the Arandis Constituency since 1992. He became Vice-President of the Association of Regional Councils (ARC) in 1997, then President of ARC in 1999.  He was first elected to the National Council as a member from Erongo Region in 1999, and he subsequently served in the Cabinet as Deputy Minister for Works, Transport and Communication from 2002 to 2004. He then became Chairman of the National Council on December 16, 2004.

Asser Kapere was first elected to the SWAPO Central Committee in 1997. He is a board member of the Democracy Support Center that was formed in July 2006. At the November 2007 SWAPO Party Congress, Kapere was re-elected as a member of the Politburo.

Notes

1951 births
Living people
People from Omaruru
SWAPO politicians
Chairpersons of the National Council (Namibia)

Asser Kuveri Kapere


Norman Lewis (born December 30, 1912, in Brooklyn, New York – died September 8, 2006, in Whittier, California) was an author, grammarian, lexicographer, and etymologist. Lewis was a leading authority on English-language skills, whose best-selling 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary published by Pocket Books in 1971 promised to teach readers "how to make words your slaves" in fifteen minutes a day.

Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1912, Lewis was orphaned at 5 and raised by an older sister and her husband. At eleven, he published his first article, a book report that appeared in the now-defunct New York World Telegram.

Early career
Lewis sold his first non-fiction work—a quiz on the varieties of manias—to Leisure magazine for $1 in 1939. A fifteen-year magazine writing career followed.

A self-confessed "terrible student," Lewis spent nine years dropping in and out of City College of New York before earning a master's from Columbia University. While a student at Columbia he wrote his first book: a sixth-grade textbook entitled Journeys Through Wordland in 1941.

Publishing success
In the early 1940s, Lewis wrote a monthly column for Your Life magazine that led to a contract with Funk & Wagnalls Co. -- and the promise that Funk would lend marquee value by collaborating on a book.

Eventually Funk "did two or three chapters," Lewis said. "I did the rest. I realized I was being had, but I thought it was a way to get started." With Funk's name on the cover of 30 Days and an advertising budget behind it, the book took off. It is considered one of the most widely used and popular how-to books of its kind. First published in 1942, the latest edition was published in 2003. The book was one of sixty-three that Lewis had written or edited.

Other better-known titles included Word Power Made Easy, a vocabulary builder published in 1949, and Roget's New Pocket Thesaurus in Dictionary Form, published in 1961.

Lewis told The Times in 1978 that the revised Roget's sold "like mad." At the time, more than five million copies of the pocket thesaurus had been purchased.

Despite his publishing success, Lewis often said that "writing is my job, but teaching is my recreation."

Much of Lewis's work is still in print, including Word Power Made Easy (Pocket Books, 1979); 30 Days to Better English (Signet, 1985); and 30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary (Pocket Books, 1971), written with Wilfred Funk. Lewis also edited several editions of Roget's Thesaurus, including The New Roget's Thesaurus in Dictionary Form (Berkley, 1976).

Teaching
Lewis started his teaching career at New York University and the City College of New York. From 1964 to 1995, he taught English—including grammar, etymology and vocabulary—at Rio Hondo College, a two-year community college in Whittier, California. For more than a decade, he was also the chairman of Rio Hondo's communications department.

He died in 2006 in Whittier, California at the age of 93 of natural causes.
Besides his daughter Debbie of Los Angeles, Lewis is survived by his wife, the former Mary Goldstein; another daughter, Margie of Whittier; granddaughters Holly and Sharon; and two great-grandchildren.

Works
How to Get More Out of Your Reading
How to Read Better and Faster
Word Power Made Easy
30 Days to a More Powerful Vocabulary (with Wilfred Funk)
Dictionary of Word Power
Dictionary of Correct Spelling
Speak Better, Write Better
Correct Spelling Made Easy
Better English
Instant Word Power
Instant Spelling Power
Dictionary of Pronunciation
Rapid Vocabulary Builder
R.S.V.P - Reading Spelling Vocabulary Pronunciation

References

American lexicographers
American male non-fiction writers
Etymologists
Linguists of English
Writers from Brooklyn
1912 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century lexicographers

Norman Lewis (grammarian)