Thomas Lobb (1817–1894) was a British botanist and, along with his older brother, William Lobb, collected plants for the plant nursery Veitch.

Lobb worked in India, Indonesia and the Philippines.  In 1845 he discovered the first orchid species of the genus Phalaenopsis growing in the eastern Himalayas, at an altitude of ~.  This plant, Phalaenopsis lobbii, is named in his honour as was Dendrobium lobbii.

Early life
He was born and raised in Perranarworthal and Egloshayle, near Wadebridge where his father John worked as an estate carpenter at Pencarrow and gamekeeper at Carclew estate, for Sir Charles Lemon. Both brothers, despite varying accounts (neither wrote an autobiography), worked in the stovehouse. Both brothers were encouraged in study of horticulture and botany. Thomas moved to join the Veitch family at Killerton in 1830, aged 13. The Veitch Nurseries moved to Exeter in 1832 and Thomas suggested his brother William as the nursery's first plant hunter in 1840.

Plant collecting
Thomas' first collecting trip, inspired by the success of his brother William Lobb, was from 1843 to 1847, collecting in Java as well as visiting rainforests in Singapore, Penang and Malaysia.

After a rest period working back at the Veitch Nurseries and after seeing William again for the first time since 1840, a second collecting trip took place from 25 December 1848 to 1853. This visited India, Sarawak, Philippines and Burma, India and Nepal. During this visit he briefly met up with Sir Joseph Hooker who was on a collecting expedition in the Khasi Hills.

His brother William returned to America in 1854, finished working for Veitch in 1860 and died in San Francisco in 1864.

Thomas Lobb returned to Java in 1854 to 1857, his third collecting trip.

A leg injury occurred on his fourth and final collecting trip (1858 to 1860) visiting North Borneo, Burma, Sumatra and the Philippines. He retired to Cornwall in 1860 to live near family, having injured a leg, which was eventually amputated either in the Philippines or Cornwall.

Thomas Lobb appears to have  parted company with the Veitch nursery in 1860, possibly over compensation for his leg injury and amputation suffered collecting plants in the Philippines in 1860 (according to the Veitch Nursery history, Hortus Veitchii).

A later argument over a possible return to collecting in 1869 contributed to the death by heart attack of James Veitch junior.

After this, Thomas Lobb remained in quiet secluded retirement in Stanley Villa, Devoran, Cornwall, busy with gardening and painting, whilst living off his money from his herbarium collections and letting several cottages he had built.

He died in 1894 and is buried in Devoran churchyard, Cornwall where a small memorial garden and headstone can be found to himself and his brother William.

A tiny new Lobb Brothers planthunters garden was dedicated for community use off Market Street in Devoran in 2017.

Other plant introductions

Plant introductions credited to Thomas Lobb (illustrated in The Plant Hunters by Toby and Will Musgrave and Chris Gardner)  show the route of his travels. They were introduced to Britain via cultivation at the Veitch nursery include:
Phalaenopsis amabilis (1846), an epiphytic moth orchid from rainforests across Java, Philippines, New Guinea and Northern Australia;
Nepenthes sanguinea (c.1847), a blood red marked climbing pitcher plant from cloud forest in Malaysia;
Nepenthes albomarginata, a  Nepenthes pitcher plant from Borneo;
Aerides rosea (1850), a fox-brush orchid from India, Vietnam and China;
Aerides multiflora, an orchid from India;
Vanda coerulea (c.1850) a blue epiphytic orchid from Burma, Thailand and India;
Vanda tricolor (c.1846) a pink-lipped, pale yellow brown patterned  epiphytic orchid from Java;
Rhododendron veitchianum (c. 1850), from Burma, Thailand and Indo-China. This is one of many Rhododendron species he collected and introduced to Britain including Rhododendron malayanum (c.1850) with small pink flowers, Rhododendron brookeanum (c.1850) with yellow-gold flowers and Rhododendron javanicum (c.1850) with small pink flowers.

References

External links

Thomas Lobb, pp.41-43 in Hortus Veitchii (1906)
A History of British Gardening (BBC) – William and Thomas Lobb
Lobb's Cottage (BBC)
The Lobb Brothers and their Famous Plants (Caradoc Doy)

1817 births
1894 deaths
People from Wadebridge
English botanists
Botanists active in India
Botanists active in South Asia
Botanists active in the Philippines
Veitch Nurseries
Plant collectors
Explorers from Cornwall
Burials in Cornwall

Thomas Lobb


Brown Safe Manufacturing Inc, is a family owned security company that primarily manufacturers high security custom and luxury safes and vaults, operating out of Vista, California.

History

Founded in 1980 by Fredrick Brown, Brown Safe Manufacturing Inc. was created with the intention to manufacture the world's most secure safes.

Inspired by the engineering projects of his father and grandfather, Fredrick Brown set out to pursue his own work in the area of mechanical design. Brown graduated in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from San Diego State University. Soon Fredrick Brown's mechanical understanding and fascination with complex devices led him into the world of safe design.

Demand for Brown Safes remained fairly level throughout the 90's as there were numerous local manufacturers and competition was strong. Soon an influx of highly affordable and less well built safes imported primarily from China rapidly put most American safe builders out of business. The few safe builders that survived did so primarily by employing the same strategy that nearly took them down. They built low grade safes that could compete directly with the imports based on manufacturing costs. Many builders abandoned their role as manufacturers and became resellers of imported safes.

Safe sales dwindled and the family business struggled for years, relying primarily on military contracts and a dedicated employee base to weather those turbulent times.

The start of the 21st century and the rise of the internet brought tremendous opportunity for renewed growth to Brown Safe. It provided the perfect means to market high end safes to a much larger market. With the help of an internet savvy daughter and a now highly technical minded son, Brown Safe launched its first website early in 2000.

Today, Brown Safe's facilities occupy over , employing a workforce of over sixty along with contracting out to numerous external agencies. Demand for Brown Safes continues at a steady pace.

References
 The Company
 Christine Davis "In the world of home safes, quality counts", North County Times, September 2007, available at
 Amy Merrick "Bank branches may close down, but vaults are safe", The Wall Street Journal, February 2001
 Mike Freeman "Bank-vault work a safe bet", San Diego Union Tribune, February 2001
 "Leading Safe Manufacturer Issues Distressing Crime Wave Warning", Reuters
 Safe Buying Guide

External links
 Official Website

Security technology
Manufacturing companies based in California
Companies based in San Marcos, California

Brown Safe Manufacturing


Trilobites ("three lobes") are extinct arthropods. They were the first animals known to have eyes, although some were secondarily blind. They were very numerous during the early Palaeozoic era.

Their distribution was worldwide, but only in salt water environments. They disappeared in the Permian–Triassic extinction event.

Trilobites had many lifestyles. Some moved over the sea floor as predators, scavengers, or filter feeders. Some swam, feeding on plankton. Most ecological niches of modern marine arthropods are seen in trilobites.

Their bodies were divided into three parts: the head (cephalon), the thorax (chest) made of up to 30 segments, and the tail (pygidium). Underneath, and rarely preserved, are three pairs of legs for the head. There are paired legs for each pleural groove.

Trilobites are the earliest known animal to have vision. The earliest trilobites had complex, compound eyes with lenses made of calcite. Some trilobites had small eyes or no eyes at all, and probably lived in dark or muddy environments.

Trilobites ranged in length from  to , with a typical size range of . The world's largest trilobite, Isotelus rex, was found in 1998 by Canadian scientists on the shores of Hudson Bay.

Trilobites appeared some 600 million years ago during the Cambrian period. They belonged (probably) to the phylum Arthropoda. This phylum includes the most successful (78%) of all animal life forms, including crabs, centipedes, spiders, shrimps and insects. The trilobites, living in shallow seas, flourished as swimmers, crawlers and burrowers for some 350 million years. Over time, they evolved rapidly into a wide variety of strange and beautiful forms.

Discovery
They were first pictured some 25,000 years ago in a France cave. Two specimens were found in a Cro-magnon settlement, at a site called "La Grotte du Trilobite". One was found with a hole drilled into it and worn as an adornment. Others have been found in the tombs of Egypt, Greece and Rome. Trilobite fossils were sold on the street of 15th Century Europe and collected by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin.

Paleontology
Palaeozoic
Arthropods
Extinct species

Trilobite


The Plunderer is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character exists in Marvel's shared universe, known as the Marvel Universe.

Publication history
The character of the Plunderer was initially introduced in the Marvel comic book Daredevil #12 (January 1966), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. He was the brother of the character Ka-Zar, as revealed in his origin story in Daredevil #13.

He also made significant appearances in subsequent comics throughout the 60's, 70's, and early 80's, including Tales to Astonish #95-98 (September–December 1967), Marvel Super-Heroes #19 (March 1969), Astonishing Tales #11 (April 1972), and #17-20 (April–June 1973), Fantastic Four #191 (February 1978), Rom #13 (December 1980), and Ka-Zar the Savage #31-33 (April, June and August 1984). However, the character faded into obscurity for many years, until he served as a main antagonist for the first half of Ka-Zar's eponymous 1997 title by writer Mark Waid and artist Andy Kubert, from issues #1-10 (May 1997-February 1998).

The Plunderer was apparently killed by the Punisher in Punisher War Journal (vol. 2) #2 (February 2007) during Marvel's Civil War event. This led to a turning point in the storyline involving Captain America's activities during the Civil War, as he was intending to allow supervillains to join his side and the Punisher's actions prevented this.

However, the Plunderer re-appeared a short time later in Marvel Comics Presents (vol. 2) #5-6 (March–April 2008), explaining the man who had died had not been him but his "American representative."

Fictional character biography
Parnival Plunder was the younger brother of Kevin Plunder. When their father Robert discovered the Savage Land, word leaked out and he sent Kevin to live there and Parnival to live as a sailor to keep them safe. Believing Kevin had been killed, Parnival established himself as the lord of Castle Plunder as a front for his criminal activities as the Plunderer. Upon learning that his brother had survived in the Savage Land as Ka-Zar, the two clashed on several occasions, mostly over Parnival's obsession with Antarctic vibranium.

The Plunderer came into conflict with the Fantastic Four at one point, when he tried to steal Reed's lab equipment while the team had temporarily disbanded.

Parnival later allied with a clone of Thanos in a scheme to steal the equipment that maintains the Savage Land's idyllic environment. The Plunderer hires a man named Gregor to arm one Savage Land tribe with laser rifles to attack Ka-Zar, and kidnap Ka-Zar's son Matthew while Ka-Zar is occupied. Ka-Zar and his wife Shanna the She-Devil rescue the baby and discover that Parnival employed Gregor, so Ka-Zar travels to New York City to find out why his brother wanted him killed. While there, the Rhino attacks Ka-Zar on Parnival's behalf, though Ka-Zar turns the Rhino into a weapon against his brother. Shanna, who had followed Ka-Zar to New York, is then attacked by the Plunderer's men. Parnival is then able to smuggle the Savage Land's terraforming machinery into New York City, which has devastating effects on the Savage Land.

During the Civil War, the Plunderer hoped to ally himself with Captain America, but the Punisher executed him before Captain America could intervene. Plunderer later resurfaced and revealed his "American representative" had been killed and not him.

During the Infinity storyline, Plunderer and his men are stopped from stealing robot parts by Heroes for Hire. Plunderer tries to escape, but he is stopped by the Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus' mind in Peter Parker's body).

The moralities of Plunderer and three members of his gang are inverted during the events of AXIS due to them secretly being present on Genosha during the battle against Red Onslaught. Plunderer's new outlook on life prompts him to try to become a Robin Hood-like figure who donates a cut of what he steals to "starving orphans". When Plunderer tries to rob a corrupt company called Cortex Incorporated, he and his gang are stopped by Captain America.

Plunderer, somehow restored to normal, reappears during All-New, All-Different Marvel embarking on a crime spree that is halted by the New Avengers.

Other versions

What If?
Plunderer was seen in an issue of What If? where it revolved around the Savage Land terraforming toward New York. Both he and Ka-Zar sacrifice themselves to return New York to normal.

Notes

References
 Plunderer at Marvel Wiki
 Plunderer at Comic Vine

Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1966
Fictional pirates
Marvel Comics supervillains

Plunderer (comics)


is a 569,000-square-meter (6.1 million sq ft) mixed-use development in Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan. Completed in March 2007, the $3 billion (¥370 billion) project includes office, residential, commercial, hotel, and leisure space, and the new quarters of the Suntory Museum of Art. When completed, the Midtown Tower was the tallest building in Tokyo. The main building complex is surrounded by Hinokicho Park, a 10 acre public park containing green areas along with works of art.

The site takes up 78,000 square meters (19.4 acres) previously occupied by the Japan Defense Agency in Akasaka area of Minato, along Gaien Higashi and close to Roppongi Station, and less than a kilometer (half a mile) from the similarly scaled Roppongi Hills complex.

Development
The primary developer was Mitsui Fudosan, working in concert with several partners.  The project was designed by architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Nikken Sekkei is the local architect of record. Landscape architecture of the surrounding new 40,000 m² (10 acre) public park was designed by EDAW, the Suntory Museum of Art by Kengo Kuma, and the design of the retail Galleria handled by the Colorado-based CommArts.

Buildings

Midtown Tower is the second tallest building in Tokyo Prefecture at 248 meters (814 ft). It is the fifth-tallest in Japan, after Yokohama's Landmark Tower, Osaka's World Trade Center Building, Izumisano's Rinku Gate Tower Building, and the Tokyo Skytree. The building includes office space, condominiums, and, at the top floors, the Ritz-Carlton hotel. The tower was the headquarters of Hudson Soft.
Midtown East
Midtown West has the headquarters of Fujifilm and the headquarters of Fuji Xerox. The headquarters of Fuji Xerox moved to its current location on January 15, 2007.
Parkside
Midtown Front
Midtown Gardenside (formerly known as Midtown West) will feature the Oakwood Premier Tokyo Midtown luxury serviced apartments.
Galleria

Tenants

The 330,000 square meters (3.5 million square feet) of office space includes as its main tenants Fujifilm, Fuji Xerox, Yahoo! Japan, Cisco Japan, Uniqlo, Nikko Asset Management and Konami, as well as a medical clinic affiliated with the U.S.-based Johns Hopkins Hospital. The luxury 250-room Ritz-Carlton Hotel occupies the 47th through 53rd floors of Midtown Tower, their first hotel in Tokyo, under a long-term lease arrangement.  Other tenants include the international law firms Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy and Herbert Smith LLP.

The 5-floor retail Galleria, with 73,000 square meters (786,000 sq ft) of stores, restaurants and shops includes the first Terence Conran restaurants in Japan, a wine bar (Coppola's Vinoteca) showcasing the wines of Francis Ford Coppola, and an outlet of high-end American food retailer Dean & DeLuca.

21_21 Design Sight
Tokyo Midtown is also the home of 21 21 Design Sight, a design gallery/workshop created by fashion designer Issey Miyake and architect Tadao Ando. "The idea was to create not only a museum that shows exhibits," says Ando, "but also a place for researching the potentiality of design as an element that enriches our daily life, a place that fosters the public's interest in design by arousing in them different sights and perspectives on how we can view the world and the objects surrounding us." The building, designed by Ando, is on the edge of the park area, and features 1,700 square meters (18,300 sq ft) of floor space, including two galleries and an attached cafe run by chef and restaurateur Takamasa Uetake. The split-level concrete structure includes a hand-sanded steel roof (whose design was inspired by Issey Miyake's A-POC ("A Piece of Cloth") concept) and 14-meter (46 ft) long glass panels.

History

The site of Tokyo Midtown was the home of the Mōri clan during the Edo period. In 1873 the Imperial Japanese Army established a camp on the site, which became home to units of the 1st Division following the Russo-Japanese War. In 1946, the United States Army took over the site and it was re-purposed as officer housing. The site was returned to Japan in 1960 and became known as Camp Hinokicho (JGSDF parlance) and Hinokicho Air Base (JASDF parlance), housing the headquarters of the Japan Defense Agency and various other command and control functions for the Japan Self-Defense Forces for the next forty years.

In 1988, the Japanese government authorized a large-scale relocation of various government agencies in order to re-develop prime government land for commercial purposes. As part of this plan, it was decided in the 1990s to move the JDA headquarters and re-develop the site. The base was formally closed in May 2000 and its functions were relocated to Ichigaya. A consortium of developers including Mitsui Fudosan, Sekisui House, and several life insurance companies won a public tender to purchase the site, paving the way for its development as Tokyo Midtown. Construction began in 2004 and was completed in 2007.

See also

List of tallest buildings and structures in Tokyo

References

External links

Official site in English
Tyler Brûlé, "Tokyo urbanism project is hard to top", the International Herald Tribune, 13 April 2007

Akasaka, Tokyo
Buildings and structures completed in 2007
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings
Skyscrapers in Tokyo
Buildings and structures in Minato, Tokyo
Mitsui Fudosan
Redevelopment projects in Japan
2007 establishments in Japan
Mixed-use developments

Tokyo Midtown


Jay Thomas Kelly (born August 15, 1950) is an American former professional baseball player, coach and manager. As the manager of the Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball over 16 seasons from mid-September  through , he won two World Series championships. Currently, he serves as a special assistant to the general manager for the Twins.

Kelly was born in Graceville, Minnesota, and grew up in Sayreville, New Jersey, attending St. Mary's High School in nearby South Amboy.

Playing career
A first baseman and outfielder, Kelly threw and batted left-handed and was listed as  tall and . He was drafted by the Seattle Pilots in the eighth round of the 1968 Major League Baseball draft. After three unspectacular years in the Pilots/Milwaukee Brewers organization, he was given his unconditional release on April 6, 1971.

On April 28, 1971, Kelly was signed as a minor league free agent by the Twins and sent to the Double-A Charlotte Hornets in the Southern League. From 1972 through 1975, Kelly would spend most of his playing time with the Triple-A Tacoma Twins of the Pacific Coast League, splitting time between first base and the corner outfield positions.

After starting the  season again in Tacoma, Kelly was called up to the parent Twins and made his major league debut on May 11, 1975. Kelly would play in 49 games with the Twins over the 1975 season, getting into 43 games at first base and two in the outfield. In 147 plate appearances, he collected 15 bases on balls and 23 hits, with five doubles and one home run (a solo blast off Vern Ruhle at Tiger Stadium on 26 May), hitting a poor .181 with 11 runs batted in. Prior to the start of the  season, Kelly was purchased by the Baltimore Orioles and assigned to the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings; he would not return to the major leagues as an active player. In 1977, he returned to the Twins organization and Tacoma – spending part of the year as a player-manager. In 1978, Kelly appeared in 119 games for the Twins new Triple-A affiliate, the Toledo Mud Hens. It was his last year as a full-time player.

Managerial career
Following the 1978 season, Kelly was sent down to manage the Twins' Class A affiliate, the Visalia Oaks in the California League, staying there through the 1980 season. He then spent 1981 and 1982 as skipper of the Double-A Orlando Twins, winning the 1981 Southern League championship.

In , Kelly was appointed third-base coach on Minnesota manager Billy Gardner's big-league coaching staff. He retained the post when Ray Miller became skipper, and succeeded Miller as manager on September 12, 1986. Kelly was the 11th pilot of the Twins since they moved to Minneapolis–Saint Paul from Washington in 1961, and his 15-plus-year-stint as manager is the longest consecutive-season managerial term in the team's history, which began with the founding of the American League in . During his tenure, the Twins won two World Series crowns in the span of five years (1987 and 1991); however, from  to  a long sequence of retirements and injuries (including superstars Kent Hrbek and Kirby Puckett) hurt the team badly, and Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career rebuilding the Twins.

1987 World Series
A year after taking over the reins of the Twins from Miller, Kelly took the team that he had helped build through his role as one of the top people in the Twins' minor league organization and led it to a World Series championship. Though the '87 Twins were criticized for being the top team in a weak division (amassing only a .525 record in regular season play, which was the worst winning percentage for an eventual World Champion until surpassed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 2006), they easily handled the Detroit Tigers in five games, losing only Game 3 of the American League Championship Series to a heartbreaking 8th-inning two-run home run.

The World Series was a well-fought contest between the Twins and the National League champion St. Louis Cardinals, each team winning all of its home games. Games 1, 2, 4 and 6 were decidedly lopsided contests (10–1 Twins, 8–4 Twins, 7–2 Cards, 11–5 Twins), with Games 3, 5 and 7 being much closer contests, each being decided by only two runs (3–1 Cards, 4–2 Cards and 4–2 Twins).

After a 63-year drought, Tom Kelly's leadership helped propel the Twins to their second World Championship, and first since their 1961 relocation to Minneapolis.

1991 World Series
After finishing the 1990 season in last place with a 74-88 record, the Twins dominated the AL West in 1991, finishing 8 games ahead of the second-place Chicago White Sox with a 95–67 record.  During this season, the Twins set the club record of 15 consecutive wins, but this winning streak propelled them into first place. In the AL Championship, the Twins easily beat the Toronto Blue Jays in 5 games, winning the right to face the Atlanta Braves in the World Series. Marked by a series of close contests filled with dramatic plays and extra-innings, the 1991 World Series was later ranked by ESPN as the greatest World Series ever.

Following two closely contested victories at home, the Twins traveled to Atlanta where they suffered three straight defeats. Tom Kelly, prior to the Series' move to Atlanta, infamously said that managing without the designated hitter was "right up there with rocket science". Although he was being facetious, the grueling Game 3 proved Kelly prescient as a series of double switches and substitutions emptied the Twins' bench and both teams' bullpens. Kelly was forced to pinch hit Rick Aguilera in the top of the 12th and was prepared to send outfielder Dan Gladden to the mound if necessary; however, the Braves won in the bottom of the 12th when David Justice narrowly beat a throw to the plate. After a similarly close Game 4 and a dominating 14–5 Braves victory in Game 5, the Twins had to win the final two games at home.

Game 6 featured two climactic plays by Kirby Puckett who, in the top of the 3rd, made a sensational leaping catch against the center field acrylic glass to prevent a Braves' run. The Twins won 4–3 in the bottom of the 11th when Puckett blasted a home run off Charlie Leibrandt. Game 7 proved to be one of the greatest games in baseball history, as the game was scoreless for 9 innings and included a number of decisive and memorable plays. Twins starter Jack Morris argued repeatedly with Kelly to allow him to stay in the game and pitched 10 scoreless innings before the Twins won 1–0 in the bottom of the 10th, giving Minnesota its second World Series victory in five years.

Final years

In , management cleared all players earning over $1 million (except for pitcher Brad Radke) and rebuilt from the ground up; the team went 70–92 and in fourth place in the AL Central, 19 games behind the Cleveland Indians and five games ahead of the Detroit Tigers. On May 7, 2000, he won his 1,000th game as manager (having managed 2,092 games), doing so with a 4-0 victory over the Detroit Tigers at the Metrodome to become the 46th manager of the 1,000 wins club.

A run of eight straight losing seasons ended in 2001, when the Twins led the division for much of the year before fading, finishing at 85–77, second to Cleveland. He then resigned at age 51, citing burnout, and the threat of contraction.  Kelly was succeeded as manager of the Twins by Ron Gardenhire, and his rebuilding efforts paid off the year after he retired from the Twins, with a repeat of divisional championships in 2002, 2003, and 2004.

The Twins announced on January 26, 2012 that they would retire Kelly's jersey number, #10, before a September 8, 2012 game.

Managerial record

Managerial record

See also
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
 List of Knights of Columbus

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
American sportsmen
Baseball coaches from Minnesota
Baseball managers
Baseball players from Minnesota
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Clinton Pilots players
Jacksonville Suns players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball managers with retired numbers
Manager of the Year Award winners
Minnesota Twins coaches
Minnesota Twins managers
Minnesota Twins players
Minor league baseball managers
Newark Co-Pilots players
People from Graceville, Minnesota
People from Sayreville, New Jersey
Rochester Red Wings players
Tacoma Twins players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Visalia Oaks players
World Series-winning managers

Tom Kelly (baseball)


Kung Fu: The Movie is a 1986 made-for-television film and the first in a series of sequels which continued the story of the Shaolin monk, Kwai Chang Caine, first introduced in the 1972–1975 television series Kung Fu. The role of Caine is resumed by David Carradine. The role of his son, Chung Wang, is portrayed by Brandon Lee in his acting debut. The film aired on Brandon's 21st birthday on February 1, 1986. The role of Master Po is also resumed by Keye Luke and The Manchu is portrayed by Mako (Makoto Iwamatsu/岩松松村 信). In the film, the show's hero, Kwai Chang Caine (Carradine), is forced to fight his hitherto unknown son, Chung Wang (Lee).

Plot
1885 (roughly ten years after the timeline set by the series), a place between San Francisco and Sacramento. A mysterious Manchu man arrives in town, with his young companion Chung Wang, who is both his valet and, while being under a magical spell, a killer at his service. The Manchu is looking for a Shaolin priest with a price on his head: Kwai Chang Caine.

Caine, now with graying hair, is leading a quiet life working as a laborer at a warehouse, shielding his countrymen from the cruel foreman, when he gets involved in a crime investigation. The young American missionary Reverend Lawrence Perkins, back from China and apparently insane, gained entrance to a local opium den where he was murdered by the Manchu man. In the course of a general raid of Chinese people led by the vicious Deputy Wyatt, Caine is brought to the open and the missionary's body is found. Caine's knowledge of Chinese drugs and weapons that signal the death was a murder and not caused by "the poppy" attracts the attention of Sheriff Mills, who uses his expertise in the investigation, but also makes of him a suspect.

Mrs. Sarah Perkins, the missionary's widow, pleads for Caine's help in finding the real cause of her husband's death. Caine starts to investigate while helping the Asian-American family whose lodging he shares, and the Manchu's young servant stalks him wherever he goes until Caine goes outside and confronts him.

After a talk in which Chung Wang delivers him sad news about the Shaolin temple and demands to be taught kung fu, Caine invites him to share his lodging, offers him a job at the warehouse, and tries to teach the young man some humility before teaching him kung fu. This lasts until the next day when the young disciple gets into a violent fight with the warehouse's foreman and when stopped by Caine, scorns his master's pacifism. Caine dismisses him. Later, Caine sees Master Po in a vision, confirming the news from China and warning him of danger in a cemetery.

The Manchu's search has put other people on Caine's trail for the reward. Ching, the opium den's host, sets a trap for him using Mrs. Perkins as bait, which results in her flight, both Ching's accidental death and of a henchman of his in the ensuing fight, and Caine's flight. Deputy Wyatt finds on Ching's body Caine's Wanted poster. Later, Mrs. Perkins arrives at his father-in-law's trading company, where she is rendered unconscious by the Manchu man's henchmen. When Caine arrives, the Manchu identifies himself as the father of the Emperor's Nephew whom Caine killed in China, and reveals to him that Chung Wang is his son, fathered shortly before fleeing from China (Kung Fu, s3e15). Having retaken Chung Wang under his control, the Manchu commands him to kill Caine. After an epic fight, Caine escapes and rescues Mrs. Perkins from the Manchu's henchmen, only for him to get arrested by Deputy Wyatt.

At the prison, Sheriff Mills visits Caine, who puts him on the trail to discover a web of corruption related to opium trade. The Sheriff promises to do his best to free Caine if he can prove him innocent. The Manchu also visits Caine; he summons him to a final fight at the local Chinese cemetery on the same date his son died. If Caine doesn't show up, Chung Wang will pay for it with his life. When the Sheriff discovers the proof of the illegal trade, Deputy Wyatt murders him.

At the trial, Caine is accused of Ching and the henchman's deaths, Reverend Perkins' murder; and his situation as a wanted man in China is pointed at. He is found guilty and sentenced to death. Mr. John Martin Perkins III has decided to send his daughter-in-law to China to have his son buried there, and he talks with Deputy Wyatt about their mutual Manchu friend. Caine escapes from prison and takes Mrs. Perkins to a Perkins Trading Company warehouse to see the proof of the opium trade, demonstrating her father-in-law's involvement. Mrs. Perkins goes to denounce the crime to a Federal Marshall, who happens to be also involved in the plot, so, no action is taken. There is nobody else to ask for help: Caine and Mrs. Perkins (who is developing feelings for him) continue the investigation together.

That night, they are watching over a building where the Manchu is testing a flamethrower when Caine is seen on the street by some of his henchmen. A fight ensues, resulting in a henchman burnt to a crisp. Amidst the generalized panic of the passersby, Deputy Wyatt takes Mrs. Perkins, supposedly, to a safe place. In reality, it is a kidnapping to attract Caine to his demise at a warehouse rigged with Manchu spear-throwing devices. In the following fight between Caine, the flying spears, and the corrupt law officer, both the Deputy and Mrs. Perkins are killed.

The next day, at the Chinese cemetery-park where Caine has buried the noble lady, he sees Master Po in a vision admonishing him to seek his inner strength. Then, the final confrontation takes place. In the course of the battle, neither Chung Wang's martial ability nor the Manchu's flamethrower nor his swords and magical powers combined are enough to overcome Caine's kung fu mystical powers. It is revealed to Chung Wang that Caine is his father. Afterward, sitting peacefully in the park, playing his flute and watching Master Po smiling at them, Caine teaches his son to hear the grasshopper that is at his feet. Then, father and son walk together to fight against the opium trade ring.

Cast
 David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine
 Mako as The Manchu
 Brandon Lee as Chung Wang
 Roy Jenson as the Warehouse Foreman
 Paul Rudd as Reverend Lawrence Perkins
 Michael Paul Chan as Ching
 Luke Askew as Sheriff Mills
 William Lucking as Deputy Wyatt
 Kerrie Keane as Mrs. Sarah Perkins
 Martin Landau as John Martin Perkins III
 Benson Fong as the Old One
 Ellen Geer as the Old One's Wife
 Jim Haynie as the Federal Marshall
 Keye Luke as Master Po

Production
The feature-length television movie had David Carradine returning as the lead Kwai Chang Caine. The casting of Caine's son took place in 1985, while working as a script reader in Los Angeles. Brandon, the son of martial arts movie star Bruce Lee, was approached by casting director Lynn Stalmaster for the role of Chung Wang and successfully auditioned for his first credited acting role in Kung Fu: The Movie. Brandon's common collaborator Jeff Imada, who worked on the set said that due to the martial arts nature of the film it had no appeal to him, who wanted to be introduced as an actor and not Bruce Lee's son, however he was talked into doing it. Brandon later said that he felt there was some justice in being cast for this role in his first feature, since the TV show's pilot had been conceived for his father.

Kung Fu: The Movie first aired on CBS on February 1, 1986, Lee's 21st birthday.

References

Further reading

External links

Warner Bros. films
Movie
1986 television films
1986 films
American martial arts films
Television series reunion films
Films based on television series
Films scored by Lalo Schifrin
CBS network films
Television films based on television series
Films directed by Richard Lang (director)
1980s American films

Kung Fu: The Movie


The  Sleeping Ariadne, housed in the Vatican Museums in Vatican City, is a Roman Hadrianic copy of a Hellenistic sculpture of the Pergamene school of the 2nd century BC, and is one of the most renowned sculptures of Antiquity. The reclining figure in a chiton bound under her breasts half lies, half sits, her extended legs crossed at the calves, her head pillowed on her left arm, her right thrown over her head. Other Roman copies of this model exist: one, the "Wilton House Ariadne", is substantially unrestored, while another, the "Medici Ariadne" found in Rome, has been "seriously reworked in modern times", according to Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway. Two surviving statuettes attest to a Roman trade in reductions of this familiar figure. A variant Sleeping Ariadne is in the Prado Museum, Madrid. A later Roman variant found in the Villa Borghese gardens, Rome, is at the Louvre Museum.

Purchased from the Roman Angelo Maffei in 1512 by Pope Julius II, it was immediately installed in the Belvedere Courtyard, which links the Vatican Palace with the papal casina called the Belvedere; there its neighbors were the recently discovered Laocoön and the Belvedere Apollo. Once she had been initially identified as Cleopatra because of the snake bracelet on the upper left arm, which was taken for the asp by which she died, supportive narrative could easily be brought to bear: Ulisse Aldrovandi thought he detected that "she appears to have collapsed and fainted", and a sense of fitful uneasiness has been ascribed to her by the modern viewer Sheila McNally (below).

The "Cleopatra" became the main model through which a conventional pose signifying sleep, with one elbow cocked above the head, was transmitted from Antiquity to High Renaissance and later painters and sculptors.

T.B.L. Webster noted the uneasy pose of the sleeper, between sleep and wakening, a Hellenistic innovation in the sleeping Ariadne motif long known from vase-painting, which now placed greater emphasis on the stress of Ariadne herself; perhaps, Webster suggests, it was reflecting a new, literary source that has not survived. Sheila McNally detected in the sculpture a new "sense of unease that informs the whole" and "an effort to throw off some inner discomfort — a sluggish effort, restrained by a slumber that is more oppressive than relaxing. Her drapery bunches about her legs, imprisoning her loins."  Soon she may wake to threaten vengeance on Theseus, as in Catullus' description in "Peleus and Thetis".

Renaissance

Michelangelo drew from the sculpture's wrapping of the arms around the head in his Night and Dawn.

The Cleopatra, as it was then known, was set upon a Roman sarcophagus and fitted as a fountain in a niche at one end of the uppermost terrace of the Cortile del Belvidere, embodying in its setting the description of a Sleeping Nymph allegedly found by the far-off Danube, with a suitably Antique-sounding four-line Latin epigram beginning HUIUS NYMPHA LOCI... that was then making the humanist rounds. The epigram, which passed until modern times for a Roman one, was composed by Giovanni Antonio Campani, a humanist at the court of Pius II who moved in the academic circle of Julius Pomponius Laetus. But the Sleeping Nymph motif and the accompanying inscription applied to it became part and parcel of humanistic and fashionable recreations of paradisal garden spots with classical affinities— loci amoeni— right through the 18th century, all the while assimilated to the "Cleopatra", Leonard Barkan observes, "by a contagion among quite separate narratives that happen to converge in the enigmatic space of the signum/statue". The niche, if it was not a grotto from the first, was redecorated as a grotto in the 1530s, when Francisco de Holanda made a drawing of it.

In the 1550s, under the general direction of Giorgio Vasari the sculpture was reinstalled indoors in an adjoining long gallery, for which, still as a fountain in a shallow grotto niche, it served as the visual focus at one end; Danielle da Volterra provided the designs for the setting in what became known as the Stanza Cleopatra. When the Museo Pio-Clementino was established, it received its similar new setting, set on a sarcophagus that bears a frieze of the Titanomachy.

Since the Renaissance

Poems were dedicated to the sculpture during the 16th century, sometimes expressed as if in the statue's own voice, in the rhetorical device called prosopopoeia; Baldassare Castiglione wrote one of these, in the form of a dramatic monologue, which Alexander Pope Englished in the early 18th century.

The sculpture was one of a dozen selected by Primaticcio to be molded for plaster copies and then cast in bronze for Francis I at the château de Fontainebleau. In the process, the pose was slightly adjusted, and the sleeping nymph's limbs were gently lengthened, to accord better with French Mannerist canons of female beauty. From the bronze at Fontainebleau numerous copies and reductions were made. In Rome Nicolas Poussin made a small wax copy of the papal sculpture to keep by him, which has come to be preserved in the Louvre Museum. Copies in marble were commissioned by Louis XIV. Pierre Julien sculpted a marble copy during his sojourn at the French Academy in Rome, 1768 to 1773, and shipped it to France to demonstrate the progress he was making, as was the expected gesture of the king's pensionnaires. In Henry Hoare's picturesque garden at Stourhead, a lakeside temple contained John Cheere's whited-lead copy (1766) of the Vatican Ariadne with the suitably Antique-sounding verses beginning HUIUS NYMPHA LOCI.... In America, not very much later, Thomas Jefferson acquired a small marble copy of the Cleopatra, as he first knew it, for the sculpture gallery he planned at Monticello but which was never realised.  It was a gift from James Bowdoin, in 1805, and remains in Jefferson's hallway.

Napoleon's agents in Rome naturally  selected the Cleopatra to join the choicest antiquities to be taken to Paris, forming the short-lived Musée Napoléon; with Napoleon's fall, it was returned to Rome with the other treasures.

Reidentification as Ariadne
Previously, Johann Joachim Winckelmann noticed that the snake actually represented a serpentine-form bracelet, and that the sleeping figure had no reason to be called a Cleopatra; she was a sleeping nymph, he suggested, or a Venus. Ennio Quirino Visconti made the secure identification as Ariadne, based on similar motifs in carved gems and sarcophagus reliefs. By 1816, Jefferson was declaring that his "Cleopatra" was Ariadne.

Medici Sleeping Ariadne

Another version of the sculpture that was so long identified as Cleopatra was in the collections at the Villa Medici, Rome. It was not removed to Florence until 1787, and some connoisseurs disputed whether it was not in fact finer than the pope's. Today it is at the Uffizi Gallery.

Notes

External links
 Census of Antique Works of Art and Architecture Known in the Renaissance
The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Sleeping Ariadne

Tourist attractions in Vatican City
Sculptures in the Vatican Museums
Antiquities acquired by Napoleon
Hellenistic-style Roman sculptures
Ariadne

Sleeping Ariadne


The Crompton Loom Works is an historic industrial complex of the Crompton Corporation at 132-142 Green Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.  The factory manufactured looms for textile factories. With its original portion dating to 1860, the complex is one of the oldest surviving industrial sites in the city.  The facility was established by George Crompton, whose father William had invented the first power loom for weaving fancy fabrics.  The younger Crompton's business would become of the most significant employers in the city, and his innovative looms would revolutionize the textile industry.  Crompton and his successors would operate the loom manufacturing works at Green Street well into the 1960s.  The manufacturing capabilities on the site were applied to producing can packaging machines and bowling pinsetters. Capabilities at the Green Street facility included machining, drop hammer forging, a cast iron foundry (which also produced ductile and malleable iron castings), wood working . and pattern making, along with a materials testing lab.. The building has subsequently been adapted to other uses.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and included as part of the Blackstone Canal Historic District in 1995.

The Crompton Loom Works is located south of downtown Worcester, at the junction Green and Harrison Streets.  It is a complex of connected brick buildings, ranging in height from one to three stories.  The building's style is industrial Italianate, with quoined building corners and corbelling on the eave of the main tower.  Most windows are rectangular, but there are several in an older section that are set in round-arch openings.  When first built, the main building was only two stories tall, and was altered several times, with the tower and third floor added in the 1880s.

See also
 Crompton Mill Historic District
 Crompton-Shenandoah Plant
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northwestern Worcester, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures in Worcester, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts
Industrial buildings completed in 1860
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Chemtura
Weaving equipment

Crompton Loom Works


Space Station Seventh Grade is a young adult novel by Jerry Spinelli, published in 1982; it was his debut novel. It was inspired by an odd event when one of his six children ate some fried chicken that he had been saving for the next day.
The novel was intended for adults but became a young adult novel instead.

Plot summary

Seventh-grader Jason Herkimer narrates the events of his year, from school, hair, and pimples, to mothers, little brothers, and a girl. It is a story about being true to yourself, the nostalgic recollection of adolescent years, and accepting change.
Jason has a crush on a cheerleader, Debbie. He also has trouble fitting in at school. He goes through a lot of natural teenage problems and shares the experiences.

Sequel
Spinelli wrote about the same characters in Jason and Marceline (1986).

Characters

Jason - Main character, narrated from his point of view. Ate a dust-covered donut and he loves science. He is making a space station throughout the novel which will be a self-sustaining environment. He thinks about Pioneer a lot. 92-pound linebacker on the football team. He collects dinosaurs. He feels bad about possibly killing a raccoon. He has trouble fitting in at school and has to find ways to cope with his problems.

Richie Bell - Jason's best friend, another 7th grader. Member of the group which consists of Jason, Calvin, Peter, and Dugan. Gets peed on by a 9th grader while using a school urinal. Bags groceries with Jason to earn money on which they end up spending on cupcakes.

Peter Kim - One of the friends, Korean-American. Takes anything said 'just right'. Has a little brother named Kippy Kim who follows the gang around during Halloween dressed up as Fu-Machu.

Calvin Lemaine - One of the friends, African-American. Aspires to become a doctor. Has a collection of bugs and insects in his bedroom.

Dugan - One of the friends, a rascal. Attends a Catholic school, unlike the rest of the boys who all attend public school. Is unafraid of basically anything, including walking around the dance floor primarily inhabited by intimidating 9th graders. Jason refers to him as showing up and finding stuff.

Debbie Breen - A cheerleader, one of the most popular girls in school, and gorgeous. She was Jason's original crush, but he lost interest in her after finding out that she had romantic feelings for another guy.

Marceline McAllister - Misfit girl at school. Plays the trombone. Kind of tall and gawky. Rides a bike, in the end hits a cow. She knocks Jason over in a snowball fight and shoves snow in his face. Hates McDonald's. Can run the mile faster than Jason, which irks him, however, he beats her in the final mile race at the end of the book. Jason gets suspended for skipping out on Marceline's trombone performance and is forced to apologize to her. Since then, Jason could not stand her and complains every time that he has contact with her. But at the end of the book, she and Jason become sweethearts.

Kippy Kim - Peters little brother that tagged along with Peter almost everywhere he went. The group thought he's annoying. He is immature in ways and Jason played a prank on him and Jason's brother. The prank was pretending a dinosaur was in the area and Kippy got so scared, he had to go home. He Dies in a car accident near the end of the book.

Cootyhead {Mary}- Jason's little sister who often tattles on Jason.

Timmy- Jason's little brother who likes to steal his dinosaurs. Jason likes to tease him.

Ham {Hamilton}- Jason's stepfather who acts a lot and is very good at it. Jason often steals his lunch, chicken.

1982 American novels
Novels by Jerry Spinelli
American young adult novels
Novels set in elementary and primary schools
1982 children's books
1982 debut novels

Space Station Seventh Grade


The New Laws (Spanish: Leyes Nuevas), also known as the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians were issued on November 20, 1542, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (King Charles I of Spain) and regard the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Following denunciations and calls for reform from individuals such as the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas, these laws were intended to prevent the exploitation and mistreatment of the indigenous peoples of the Americas by the encomenderos, by limiting their power and dominion over groups of natives.

Blasco Núñez Vela, the first Viceroy of Peru, enforced the New Laws. He was opposed by a revolt of encomenderos and was killed in 1546 by the landowning faction led by Gonzalo Pizarro. Pizarro wanted to maintain a political structure built upon the Incan model the Spanish found in place. Although the New Laws were only partly successful, due to the opposition of colonists, they did result in the liberation of thousands of indigenous workers, who had been held in a state of semi-slavery.

Origins

The New Laws were the results of a reform movement in reaction to what were considered to be the less effective, decades-old Leyes de Burgos (Laws of Burgos), issued by King Ferdinand II of Aragon on December 27, 1512. These laws were the first intended to regulate relations between the Spanish and the recently conquered indigenous peoples of the New World. These are regarded as the first humanitarian laws in the New World. They were not fully implemented because of opposition by powerful colonists. While some encomenderos opposed the restrictions imposed by the laws as against their interests, others were opposed because they believed the laws institutionalized the system of forced Indian labor. During the reign of King Charles I, the reformers gained strength. A number of Spanish missionaries argued for stricter rules, including Bartolomé de las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria. Their goal was to protect the Indians against forced labor and expropriation, and to preserve their cultures. Some discussions challenged the very legitimacy of the conquest and colonization.
Eventually, the reformists influenced the King and his court to pass reforms that came to be known as the New Laws.

Contents

Main points
Governors had an obligation to take care of the well-being and preserve Native Americans (referred to as Indians by the law).
That there was no motive to enslave them in the future, not by war, nor due to rebellion, nor to ask for a rescue, nor for any reason or in any way.
That native Americans currently enslaved must be freed immediately, unless the owner could prove (in Spain, which implied travelling back there) the full juridical legitimacy of such a state.
That the "bad habit" of making Native Americans work as tamames against their will or without fair payment must be ended immediately.
That they must not be taken to remote regions to fish for pearls.
That only the viceroy had the right to establish encomiendas on Native Americans. The prohibition to establish encomiendas included all religious orders, hospitals, commonalities and civil servants.
That the "distribution" (of people and lands) given to the original conquerors (as a feudal lordship of sorts) should stop immediately after their death, and both land and the native people would become subject to the Crown.

Causes and goals
Some of these laws were redundant. Some established protections and rights for Native Americans that native Spaniards did not have themselves . Given the distance from the colonies and the time needed to travel between there and Spain, the Crown was unable to fully monitor compliance with the more ambiguous laws. For instance, slavery was made legal as punishment for certain crimes.

The main examples are the cases of slavery and encomiendas. The new laws included the prohibition of enslavement of the Indians and provided for gradual abolition of the encomienda system in America by forbidding it to be inherited by descendants. The New Laws stated that the natives would be considered free persons, and the encomenderos could no longer demand their labour.

The prohibition against enslaving Indians  "in any case, not even crime or war" was a right that did not apply to native Castilians themselves. The enslavement of Native Americans had been declared illegal in Castile in 1501, when Isabella I declared native Americans to be both people and subjects of the Castilian crown, and so subject to the same rights and obligations as any other subject of the queen. Under those regulations, slavery was permitted almost exclusively as a penalty for a serious crime or some exceptional circumstances. Granting extra protection for Native Americans was an attempt by the crown to address its inability to monitor, from Spain, the legitimacy of the claims regarding reasons to enslave a person in the New World, and it acknowledged that false claims could be fabricated to enslave and exploit the native peoples.

The introduction and corruption of the encomienda system is now considered to have been an alternative for outright slavery and a Castilian institution that did not work properly in America. The encomienda was a system that interchanged a person's work for military protection by a higher authority. It had been part of the Castilian legal system since the Reconquista. Given the limited size of the Crown's army, this system allowed nobles or warlords to trade protection for the labor of persons under their purview. It was a way to aid in ensuring the safety of the population of the border areas during the repopulation of the no-man's-land between Castile and the southern Muslim areas. It required either the consent of both parties or the direct intervention of the king, who was responsible for setting reasonable conditions for the parties and to intervene (militarily if required) in case of abuses.

In America, however, colonists used encomiendas  to create conditions similar to slavery in areas that did not require such protection. Authorities other than the king claimed the right to assign encomiendas and assigned the most unpleasant or dangerous jobs to the natives.

The New Laws established more specific regulations or stipulated the conditions under the Crown's authority:
The natives were required only to pay tribute to the encomenderos; if they worked, they were to be paid wages in exchange for their labor.
The laws prohibited using indigenous people to work in the mines (where many had died) unless it was absolutely necessary, and then under the same working conditions as Spanish mine workers.
Indians were to be taxed fairly and treated well.
Public officials or clergy with encomienda grants were ordered to return them immediately to the Crown.
Encomienda grants would not be passed on via inheritance, but would be cancelled at the death of the individual encomendero.

Effects

The King promulgated the New Laws in 1542. In addition to regulating encomienda and treatment of Indians, they reorganized the overseas colonial administration. Several General Captainships were established, such as the Kingdom of Guatemala, to create another level of Crown authority in the colony.

Resistance in Peru
When the New Laws were passed, every European man holding an encomienda in Peru learned that his grant of labor could be confiscated if he was guilty of having taken part in the civil disturbances of Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro. As a result, privileged Spanish colonists were disturbed about implementing the New Laws. In Peru, Gonzalo Pizarro led a revolt of protesting encomenderos, who took to arms to "maintain their rights by force" for control of Indian lands and labor.

The Supreme Court of Peru invited Pizarro to take control of the government after his forces reached Lima from Bolivia. Pizarro took over Lima and Quito (now in Ecuador). Viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela, who had attempted to impose the decrees, was overthrown. Pizarro and his army killed Núñez Vela in 1546. Pizarro's power stretched from Peru north to Panama. Charles I and the court became alarmed, and were convinced that the immediate abolition of the encomienda system would bring economic ruin to the colonies. To deal with the revolt, Charles I sent Pedro de la Gasca to the colony; a bishop and diplomat, he did not command an army but was given full powers to rule and negotiate a settlement with Pizarro and his followers. However, Pizarro declared Peru independent from the King. La Gasca provisionally suspended the New Laws. Pizarro was later captured and executed, accused of being a "traitor to the King."

Level of compliance
Although in New Spain (now Mexico), the initial reaction of encomenderos was noncompliance, they did not organize a rebellion as in Peru. New Spain's first viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, prudently refrained from enforcing the parts of the New Laws most objectionable to the encomenderos. Over time, the encomenderos complied with most aspects of the laws. Most already maintained a horse and arms in case of Indian rebellion, and had established a residence in a Spanish settlement. They hired priests to minister to the Indians whose labor was granted to them.  While they were not allowed to retain their encomiendas in perpetuity, they were permitted to bequeath the properties and labor once. They allowed Indians to fulfill obligations by payment of tribute, often in produce. The dramatic declines in Indian population due to epidemic disease, however, resulted in economic losses for the encomenderos.

Legacy
In 1545, the Crown revoked the inheritance restriction of the New Laws. By strengthening the power of the encomenderos, the encomienda system was made secure. While the New Laws were partly successful, they did result in the liberation of thousands of indigenous workers from enforced servitude.

Most of the ordinances of the New Laws were later incorporated into the general corpus of the Laws of the Indies. In some cases they were superseded by newer laws. A weaker version of the New Laws was issued in 1552.

See also
Laws of the Indies
Philip II of Spain
Spanish Empire

Sources
Kenneth J. Andrien, Andean Worlds, 2001
Joseph Pérez. Historia de España

"Pizarro, Gonzalo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Nov. 2008  <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9060257>.
"New Laws"  <https://web.archive.org/web/20100820022800/http://www.isitlegalto.com/new-laws/>.

Further reading
 Van Deusen, Nancy E. (2023). "Why Indigenous Slavery Continued in Spanish America after the New Laws of 1542". The Americas. 80 (3): 395–432.

References

Encomenderos
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Legal history of Spain
1542 in law
Latin American history
Colonial Peru
Colonial Colombia
1542 in Spain
Legal history of Peru
1542 in South America
1542 in New Spain
Human rights instruments
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

New Laws


The Database of Macromolecular Motions is a bioinformatics computer database on the Internet. It attempts to divide motions of protein and some RNA biological molecules into different types.

Description
It was originally made by Mark B. Gerstein, Werner G. Krebs and Nat Echols in the molecular biophysics and biochemistry group at Yale University. People can use an Internet page to search this computer database for a particular motion by either the protein name or Protein Data Bank number. However, many people find this computer database by just coming over from the Internet page for the protein entry at the Protein Data Bank. For proteins found in both computer databases, this different computer database often gives a link back to the Internet page for the protein on this Internet site.

The computer database includes an Internet tool or free Software as a service (the "Morph server") which lets
non-experts see certain protein motions through the generation of short motion pictures. The motion pictures are made automatically by computer software on the Internet site. When done the Internet site sends an email with the motion picture information back to the user.

The "Morph Server" tool was originally a research tool rather than a tool for making motion pictures, and thus offered
only limited user control over rendering, color, and point of view, and the original method
sometimes required a fair amount of computer time to complete. Since the site's
initial introduction in 1996, the Internet site has been made better
to try to fix some of these issues as well
as add new things.
Other people have now made alternative systems, such as MovieMaker  from the University of Alberta.

References

Other websites
The Database of Macromolecular Motions (molmovdb)
Book Chapter on Protein Motions  from website of RH Austin  at Princeton University

Proteins
Databases

Database of Molecular Motions


Yoplait ( , ) is the world's largest franchise brand of yogurt. It is jointly owned by American food conglomerate General Mills and French dairy cooperative Sodiaal.

History
In 1964, 100,000 French farmers agreed to merge six regional dairy cooperatives in order to more efficiently market their products at the national level. In 1965, the Yoplait brand was launched as a new national brand, as a portmanteau of the brands of two member cooperatives, Yola and Coplait.

The company's logo is a six-petaled flower designed by Philippe Morlighem, each petal representing one of the six main cooperatives' founders. A redesigned logo, which has been slowly rolled out since the late 2000s, uses a flower with only five petals.

On 18 May 2011, General Mills announced it had agreed to purchase a controlling 51% interest in the brand's main operating company Yoplait SAS, and a 50% interest in a related company owning the brand's intellectual property, with Sodiaal retaining the remainder. The announcement of the completion of the acquisition was made on 1 July 2011.

World franchises

Australia
In Australia, Yoplait is locally manufactured by Lion Dairy & Drinks. In November 2019, China's Mengniu Dairy announced the purchase of Lion from Japan's Kirin Holdings. However, due to rising geopolitical tensions between China and Australia, Kirin and Mengniu announced the cancellation of the sale due to approval from Australian regulators being "unlikely to" materialize. It uses the slogan "Yoplait; French for Yum!".

Canada
In Canada, General Mills markets pre-stirred Yoplait yogurt, Minigo, Tubes, Source, Creamy, Delicieux, Yop, Yoplait Basket, Yoptimal, and Asana. In 1971, the Coopérative Agricole de Granby, which went on to become the largest dairy cooperative in the country—Agropur—launched the Yoplait brand in Canada. In 1993, Agropur and Agrifoods (the two largest dairy cooperatives in Canada) combined their yogurt and fresh cheese marketing and manufacturing activities to form Ultima Foods. Ultima Foods oversaw Yoplait brand products throughout Canada until 2012, when General Mills took over the licence (Ultima Foods continues to manufacture Yoplait products in Canada as a subcontractor, but has also launched a wholly owned rival product line, iögo).

Chile
In Chile, the Yoplait brand is managed by Quillayes.

France
In France, the Yoplait brand is managed by Yoplait France.

Ireland
In Ireland, Glanbia controlled the Yoplait brand from 1973 until 2017, when its dairy processing business was offloaded to form the joint venture Glanbia Ireland, with the Glanbia Co-operative Society holding 60% ownership and Glanbia 40%.

Israel
Yoplait in Israel is managed by Tnuva, Israel's largest dairy, and products are kosher. The company's drinkable yogurt comes in a 100-gram shot-style bottle with a center opening for easy gripping. Yoplait-brand flavored yogurts account for 42–52% of the Israeli market. Tnuva and Yoplait entered into a partnership to set up production facilities in Romania in 2007. In 2009, Tnuva introduced a  family-size yogurt called Yoplait YYY that comes in resealable containers.

Italy
Yoplait entered the Italian market in 1992 through a joint-venture between Sodiaal and Kraft Foods. At the end of the following year, Yoplait achieved a market share of 2.5%. Yoplait withdrew from the Italian market in 1999.

Mexico
In Mexico, the Yoplait brand is managed by Sigma Alimentos.

Norway
The franchise in Norway is held by Fjordland, a brand of Tine, and has been since 1998. In 2014, Q-Meieriene filed suit against Fjordland for "allegedly copying a unique container for the Icelandic cultured milk product Skyr", as the latter uses a similar shape for one of its products.

Portugal
In Portugal, Yoplait was franchised to Gelgurte until 2010, when the franchising was not renewed with headquarters. It has not been made or sold in the country ever since.

Spain
In 2001, the Soldier Spanish brand from Social stopped its production and commercialization in Spain closing its Alcobendas production plant.

South Korea
In South Korea, the Yoplait brand is managed and manufactured by Binggrae.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, Yoplait UK Ltd is now 100% owned by Yoplait France. In April 2009, the joint venture between Yoplait and Dairy Crest ended. Yoplait UK Ltd is based in General Mills' European head office; Harman House in Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom. Tubed yogurts are called Frubes (portmanteau of fruit and tube) in the UK, half under the Petits Filous branding and half under the Wildlife Choobs branding. Petits Filous pots, Wildlife yogurt pots, Cal-in+ pot yogurts and yogurt drinks and Yop drinking yogurt are also sold in the UK.

United States

The Yoplait brand first entered the United States in 1974 when it was licensed by the Michigan Cottage Cheese Company.  In 1977, General Mills acquired the U.S. marketing rights to Yoplait from that company, along with a yogurt plant in Reed City, Michigan.  General Mills has been the exclusive franchisee of the Yoplait brand in the United States ever since.

General Mills opened a plant in Carson, California to manufacture Yoplait for the West Coast, where it became the best-selling yogurt brand.  In 1981, General Mills began selling Yoplait on the East Coast.

Yoplait products are available in a variety of fruit-based flavors that come in a truncated-conical container sealed with an aluminum foil top. Under the Yoplait label, General Mills also markets Trix Yogurt, based on the flavors of their breakfast cereal of the same name, and Go-Gurt, where various flavors are packaged in plastic tubes for spoonless eating; these brands are targeted to children.  A probiotic line of yogurt is marketed under the brand name Yo-Plus. As of Autumn, 2023, Original Yoplait states on the package that it contains bio-engineered ingredients, which is corroborated by a general statement on its website.

During the 2000s and 2010s, Yoplait steadily lost market share in the United States to Greek yogurt brands, especially Chobani.  General Mills' attempts to market Greek yogurt versions of Yoplait repeatedly failed.  General Mills executives carefully studied these failures, concluded that what attracted consumers to Chobani was the charming authenticity of its rags-to-riches backstory, and decided to embrace the authenticity of the Yoplait brand's French heritage.

General Mills launched the Oui by Yoplait brand on 10 July 2017, by adapting and marketing an existing 20-year-old French product line, Yoplait Saveur d'Autrefois, as French-style yogurt.  Oui's selling point is that unlike most yogurts which are fermented in bulk and then poured fully formed into separate containers, all the ingredients are poured into separate glass jars and separately fermented in each jar.  This "pot-set" process supposedly stabilizes the yogurt without the need for additional ingredients like cornstarch or gelatin.

United Arab Emirates
In the United Arab Emirates, the Yoplait brand is a subsidiary of Agthia Group.

Community involvement
In the U.S., Yoplait participates in an annual program called "Save Lids to Save Lives" to raise money for breast cancer research. Yoplait donates ten cents per pink foil lid that are mailed to the company, but they state in fine print on all promotional materials that their donations will be capped at $2,000,000 per year. This money is donated to the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. Yoplait has been the primary sponsor of Race for the Cure, a marathon held to raise additional research money, since 2001.

The American franchise of Yoplait added a rim on the bottom of the yogurt containers to keep animals such as skunks from accidentally getting their heads caught. A label was added to the container stating: "Protect Wildlife: Crush Cup Before Disposal."

Controversy
The 2011 documentary Pink Ribbons, Inc. reported that some products sold under the "Save Lids to Save Lives" campaign had previously contained milk from cows treated with bovine somatotropin, a growth hormone banned in many nations for its possible link to diseases in humans, until the company agreed to remove it.

A 2012 television advertisement for Yoplait prompted criticism from the National Eating Disorders Association due to its portrayal of a woman making difficult food choices. The company announced within a few days of the complaint that they would pull the ad, saying, "We aren't sure that everyone saw the ad that way, but if anyone did, that was not our intent and is cause for concern."

Since at least 1998, Yoplait has been the target of a campaign by animal advocates, including the Humane Society, to redesign its traditional tapered cup design because small animals can easily get their heads stuck inside and then suffocate or die from dehydration.

See also

 Danone (Dannon)

References

External links
 Yoplait USA Homepage
 Yoplait Group Homepage
 Yoplait Portugal Homepage

Brand name yogurts
General Mills brands
American companies established in 1965
French companies established in 1965
Food and drink companies established in 1965
Products introduced in 1965
1965 establishments in France
American brands
French brands
Kirin Group

Yoplait


Ernest Martin Fleischmann (December 7, 1924 – June 13, 2010) was a German-born American impresario who served for 30 years as executive director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, which he upgraded to become a top-ranked orchestra. A talented musician, he chose a career on the business aspect of music, rather than a life as a conductor.

Fleischmann was born in Frankfurt am Main on December 7, 1924, to Gustav and Toni (née Koch). His Jewish family fled Nazi Germany and emigrated to South Africa. There he learned music as a teenager and made his debut as a professional conductor in 1942, when he was only 17 years old. He earned an undergraduate degree in accounting from the University of the Witwatersrand and received a degree in music from the University of Cape Town. He organized music for the Johannesburg Festival starting in 1956, for which he commissioned William Walton to create the Johannesburg Festival Overture in honor of the city's 70th anniversary. He married Elsa Leviseur in 1953, who practiced as an Architect in South Africa, US and England.

In 1959, he took a position as general manager of  the London Symphony Orchestra, spurning an offer from the Cape Town Symphony Orchestra. In London, he arranged for the orchestra to perform an annual season at Carnegie Hall in New York City and commissioned works by Richard Rodney Bennett and Sir Arthur Bliss, in addition to exchange concerts with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. He left the LSO in 1967 and worked for a short time as the European director of CBS Masterworks Records.

When he became executive director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1969, Zubin Mehta was conductor at the distinguished Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, but the musicians in the orchestra were not paid what they were worth. During his tenure in Los Angeles, Fleischmann more than doubled the pay for musicians and added a summer season at the Hollywood Bowl. In addition to improving the orchestra's financial condition, a $50 million donation from Lillian Disney that went towards the construction of the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall meant the philharmonic played in a hall with acoustics far superior to their former venue. He brought in Carlo Maria Giulini as conductor from 1978 to 1985, who was replaced by André Previn. Previn, who had an ongoing feud with Fleischmann, left abruptly at the end of the 1989 season and would later call Fleischmann "an untrustworthy, scheming bastard". Fleischmann brought in Finn Esa-Pekka Salonen in 1992, who The Wall Street Journal credited with transforming the orchestra into a "lean, disciplined machine". Venezuelan Gustavo Dudamel was hired in 2009 to succeed Salonen. Fleischmann had identified Dudamel as a prodigy when he won the inaugural Gustav Mahler Conducting Competition in 2004, where Fleischmann and Salonen had been among the judges. Reviewer Mark Swed of the Los Angeles Times credited Fleischmann with having "transformed a provincial second-rank orchestra into one of the world's best".

Named as general administrator and artistic director of the Paris Opera in November 1985, Fleischmann turned down the post just days later.

Described by The New York Times as "a taskmaster and an office tyrant", Fleischmann was once described by an employee as "egocentric, completely unprincipled and yet incredibly brilliant monomaniac in music". Fleischmann also had a long-standing feud with Los Angeles Times music critic Martin Bernheimer, whose backbiting criticism had a negative effect on morale in the orchestra. Bernheimer, who won a Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 1982, called Fleischmann "ruthless, a manipulator, and very smart and very progressive".

Fleischmann died at age 85 on June 13, 2010, in Los Angeles. He was survived by two daughters and a son.

References

External links
This interview with Ernest Fleischmann on ThoughtCast, which was perhaps his last, was also broadcast on WGBH (FM). He will be missed!

1924 births
2010 deaths
Immigrants to the United States
Impresarios
Musicians from Frankfurt
University of Cape Town alumni
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
South African College of Music alumni
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to South Africa

Ernest Fleischmann


Antony I. Ginnane is an Australian film producer best known for his work in the exploitation field. He was head of the Screen Producers Association of Australia from 2008 to 2011.

A CD of themes from fourteen of his films was produced in 2008 by Philip Powers and released by 1M1 Records.

Biography

Early career
Ginnane studied law at Melbourne University where he was involved in the Film Society, and published a film magazine, Film Chronicle. He wrote, produced and directed a low-budget feature, Sympathy in Summer (1971).

In 1970 he established a small distribution company, Studio Films, in Melbourne which imported several art house and exploitation films, and began attending Cannes Film Festival regularly. Among the films he distributed in Australia were Wind from the East and The Vampire Happening.

Producing - Australian International Film Corp
In the mid 1970s Ginnane decided to enter the production field. He attempted to set up a Roger Corman type "nurses" film which he would produce and direct, and then a crime drama set against the background of the massage parlour business called Sexy Little Me , but was unable to find the money. However he could raise $50,000 for a sex film. For director he hired Richard Franklin, with whom Ginnane had worked with on the overseas marketing for The True Story of Eskimo Nell; Ross Dimsey wrote the script. The result, Fantasm (1976) was shot mostly in the US with a number of American actors with experience in pornographic films.

Fantasm was very profitable, and led to a sequel, Fantasm Comes Again (1977), directed by Colin Eggleston; it did less well at the box office. Ginnane also moved into family films with Blue Fire Lady (1977), directed by Ross Dimsey and starring Cathryn Harrison.

Ginnane went into thrillers with Patrick (1978), directed by Franklin from a script by Everett De Roche, starring an imported Susan Penhaligon. It was not that popular at the Australian box office but sold extremely well internationally.

Ginnane stayed in the thriller genre with Snapshot (1979), written by de Roche, the first feature directed by Simon Wincer and first leading role for Sigrid Thornton.  He went into vampire films with Thirst (1979), the directorial debut of Rod Hardy, and featuring an imported Henry Silva and David Hemmings in the cast.

Ginnane was reunited with de Roche and Winder on Harlequin (1980) a modern-day retelling of the Rasputin story featuring Robert Powell, Hemmings, and Broderick Crawford. The film was seemingly designed so as to appear it was not shot in Australian, which, along with the three imported actors, led to Ginnane receiving much criticism, especially as the film was partly financed with money from the Australian tax payer. The movie was very successful internationally.

Ginnane imported three foreign actors, Powell, Jenny Agutter and Joseph Cotten, for The Survivor (1981), directed by Hemmings, which was a commercial disappointment.

New Zealand
Ginnane wanted to make his next film, The Race for the Yankee Zephyr (1981), written by De Roche, with foreign leads. Australia's Actors Equity objected, so Ginnane decided to make it in New Zealand. It was directed by Hemmings and starred George Peppard, Ken Wahl, Donald Pleasence and Lesley Ann Downe. The Hemdale Film Corporation helped finance.

Ginnane stayed in New Zealand to make Strange Behavior (1982), directed by Michael Laughlin and co-written by Bill Condon, with American leads Michael Murphy and Louise Fletcher; Hemdale co financed this one too. He also made Prisoners (1981) with Tatum O'Neal.

Ginnane returned to Australia to produce Turkey Shoot (1982) directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith with Steve Railsback and Olivia Hussey. He went back to New Zealand to make Second Time Lucky (1984); Mesmerized (1985) from director Laughlin with Jodie Foster and John Lithgow. In Australia he produced the mini series Great Expectations: The Untold Story (1987).

Executive producer
In the late 1980s Ginnane worked mostly as an executive produce, being more involved in raising finance than organising physical production.

In 1987 his company, International Film Management Limited, combined with Hemdale to produce a number of movies to form a joint venture Hemdale Ginnane Australia. Hemdale later encountered a series of financial difficulties as did Goldfarb, another company Ginnane was associated with.

Ginnane's credits include Dark Age (1987), a killer crocodile film that was a co-production with RKO which was never released theatrically; High Tide (1987) directed by Gillian Armstrong starring Judy Davis and Claudia Karvan; Slate, Wyn & Me (1987) starring Thornton and directed by Don McLennan; The Tale of Ruby Rose (1987), shot in Tasmania; The Lighthorsemen (1987), a $10 million World War One epic about the Battle of Beersheba directed by Wincer; The Time Guardian (1987), a science fiction epic starring Tom Burlinson that was a financial disaster; Initiation (1987), a horror film; Incident at Raven's Gate (1988), directed by Rolf de Heer; The Everlasting Secret Family (1988) directed by Michael Thornhill; The Dreaming (1988), directed by Mario Andreacchio; Grievous Bodily Harm (1988), directed by Mark Joffe; Boundaries of the Heart (1988); Mull (1989) directed by McLennan, which won awards; Minnamurra (1989) ; and Fatal Sky (1990). He made another mini series Emma: Queen of the South Seas (1988).

Philippines
In the late 1980s Ginnane started making movies in the Philippines, including Killer Instinct (1987); Whiteforce (1988); Savage Justice (1988); The Siege of Firebase Gloria (1989), directed by Trenchard-Smith; A Case of Honor (1990), directed by Eddie Romero; Driving Force (1990) and Demonstone (1990), both directed by Andrew Prowse.

Canada and New Zealand
Ginnane's output was limited in the early 1990s. He relocated to Canada where his films included No Contest (1995) starring Andrew Dice Clay; Screamers (1995), one of his most highly regarded films; Men with Guns (1997); Captive (1998); The Truth About Juliet (1998); Reluctant Angel (1998); Black Light (1998); Reaper (2000), Sweet Revenge (2001), The Risen (2005),

In New Zealand he made Bonjour Timothy (1995), The Whole of the Moon (1997) and Lawless: Beyond Justice (2001), Lawless: Dead Evidence (2001),

Back in Australia he made a children's film Sally Marshall Is Not an Alien (1998) directed by Andreacchio, with Canadian money.

He helped finance a documentary about Broken Hill, The Big Red (2005).Blind Heat (2000) was a US-Mexican co production and The Hit (2001) was made in the US.

Ginnane helped finance a series of ultra low budget features including Look @ Me (2005); Ten Dead Men (2006), shot in the UK.

Later Credits
Ginnane's later credits include Screamers: The Hunting (2009); Arctic Blast (2010), shot in Australia, and directed by Trenchard-Smith; Surviving Georgia (2011); Metal Tornado (2011); and Last Dance (2012), in Australia.

He produced two remakes of his earlier films, Patrick (2013) and Turkey Shoot (2014). He helped produce the TV series Pulse (2017) and the film Bad Blood (2017).

Selected filmographySympathy in Summer (1971) - director, writerFantasm (1976) - producer, writerFantasm Comes Again (1977) - producer, actorBlue Fire Lady (1977) - producerPatrick (1978) - producerSnapshot (1979) - producerThirst (1979) - producerHarlequin (1980) - producerThe Survivor (1981) - producerStrange Behavior (1981) - producerRace for the Yankee Zephyr (1981) - producerTurkey Shoot (1982) - producerPrisoners (1982, unreleased) - producerSecond Time Lucky (1984) - producerGreat Expectations: The Untold Story (1986) (mini series) - producerDark Age (1987) - executive producerThe Lighthorsemen (1987) - executive producerThe Time Guardian (1987) - executive producerIncident at Raven's Gate (1988) - executive producerGrievous Bodily Harm (1988) - executive producerMull (1989) - executive producerMinnamurra (1989) - producerThe Siege of Firebase Gloria (1989) - executive producerFatal Sky (1990) - producerScreamers (1995) - supervising producerSally Marshall Is Not an Alien (1999) - executive producerTen Dead Men (2008) - executive producerArctic Blast (2010) - producerMetal Tornado (2011) (TV movie) - producerLast Dance (2012) - producerPatrick (2013) - producerTurkey Shoot (2014) - producer, actorBad Blood (2017) - producerNever Too Late (2020) - producerStonerunner'' (TBA) - producer

References

External links
Antony I Ginnane at Australian Screen Online

Australian film producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Melbourne Law School alumni

Antony I. Ginnane


James Bowie (c. 1789–1869) was an English botanist.

Bowie was born in London, and entered the service of the Royal Gardens, Kew, in 1810. In 1814 he was appointed botanical collector to the gardens, with Allan Cunningham. They went to Brazil for two years, making collections of plants and seeds.

In 1817 Bowie was sent to the Cape; here he made journeys into the interior, and gathered collections of living and dried plants, while making drawings for the Kew herbarium; the dried specimens went mostly to the British Museum. A vote of the House of Commons having reduced the sum granted for botanical collectors, Bowie was recalled in 1823, taking up his residence at Kew.

After four years of inactivity he set out again for the Cape, where he was for some years gardener to Baron von Ludwig. He became a correspondent of William Henry Harvey, who dedicated the genus Bowiea to him.

Bowie left his employment in or before 1841, and made journeys into the interior to collect plants for sale. He died in poverty in 1869.

References

Attribution

1780s births
1869 deaths
British botanists
Year of birth uncertain

James Bowie (botanist)


Lieutenant colonel Bernard Cruddas DSO (1 January 1882 – 23 December 1959) was a British Conservative politician.

Educated at Winchester College, Cruddas was commissioned into a volunteer battalion of the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1899, but the following year transferred to the Regular Army and the Northumberland Fusiliers. He reached the rank of Lieutenant colonel in World War I and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Wansbeck at the 1931 general election, and returned at the 1935 election. He stood down in 1940, and at the Wansbeck by-election on 29 July the Conservative candidate Donald Scott was returned unopposed.

References

People educated at Winchester College
North Staffordshire Regiment officers
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
British Army personnel of World War I
1882 births
1959 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
UK MPs 1935–1945

Bernard Cruddas


Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison is a 1951 American film noir crime film directed by Crane Wilbur and starring Steve Cochran and David Brian. Set in Folsom State Prison in California, the film was seen both in the United States and Europe.

Country singer Johnny Cash saw this movie while serving in the United States Air Force in West Germany in October 1951, and used it as an inspiration for his hit song "Folsom Prison Blues," which he recorded numerous times between 1955 and his death in 2003.

The film was featured in the 2005 biographical film Walk the Line, in which Cash (played by Joaquin Phoenix) and other Air Force personnel are depicted seeing the film.

Plot
During the 1920s, before the 1944 California prison reform, Warden Ben Rickey rules Folsom Prison with a ruthless hand. He believes that prisons should be used for punishment, rather than rehabilitation to reduce the incidence of repeated returns to jail (recidivism). His methods are violent, torturous, and intended to beat the prisoners into submission.

Chuck Daniels, one of the toughest inmates, and his group of followers are intent on escaping. However, after an attempt which is thwarted by Rickey, a riot ensues resulting in the deaths of two officers and a few prisoners. Rickey, with his iron fist, doles out severe and cruel punishments to all prisoners connected to the incident.

In response to increasing violence, and the warden's inhumane treatment, the prison's board of directors hire an assistant, Mark Benson, as captain of the guards. He believes that the inmates, despite their serious crimes, deserve to be treated better and given an opportunity to change by being educated on how to live on the outside, prior to release, in order to increase their chances of becoming productive members of society. Benson makes many changes to the regimen including serving meat, allowing inmates to talk during meal times, and promoting rehabilitation programs such as employment help. He  also changes the way the guards do their jobs as well, by expecting them to come to work clean, behave in a professional way, and discontinue the senseless beatings that cause trouble.

These changes go against the wishes of the warden and Benson eventually leaves his post as captain of the guards. With Benson gone, Warden Rickey reverts all of the reforms and the inmates retaliate with yet another escape attempt. A riot erupts in which many are fatally wounded.

Cast

 Steve Cochran as Chuck Daniels
 David Brian as Mark Benson
 Philip Carey as Red Pardue
 Ted de Corsia as Warden Ben Rickey (as Ted De Corsia)
 Scott Forbes as Jim Frazier
 Michael Tolan as Leo Daly (as Lawrence Tolan)
 Dick Wesson as Tinker
 Paul Picerni as Jeff Riordan
 William Campbell as Nick Ferretti
 Edward Norris as Sgt. Cliff Hart (as Eddie Norris)

References

External links

1951 films
1951 crime drama films
1950s prison films
Film noir
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
American prison drama films
Films directed by Crane Wilbur
Films scored by William Lava
Films set in California
Films set in the 1920s
Warner Bros. films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language crime drama films

Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison