Li Hanzhi (; 842 – July 26, 899), formally the Prince of Longxi (), nickname Li Moyun (), was a Chinese Buddhist monk, military general, politician, and warlord of the late medieval Tang dynasty.  He was initially a follower of the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao, and later became a Tang general, mostly known for his service under Li Keyong.  He was known for ferocity in carrying out raids.

Background
Li Hanzhi was born in 842, during the reign of Emperor Wuzong.  He was from Xiangcheng (項城, in modern Zhoukou, Henan).  His father Li Wen () was, and his family had been, farmers for generations.  It was said that in his youth, Li Hanzhi was strong and dextrous, and he was capable of fighting several people at the same time.  He initially studied Confucian doctrines, but could not achieve much in doing so, and thereafter became a Buddhist monk.  However, because his behavior was not proper, wherever he went, he found no acceptance; in particular, when he begged for food at Suanzao (酸棗, in modern Xinxiang, Henan), no one would give him any food.  In anger, he abandoned his monk clothing and became a bandit in the region.  At that time, as Huang Chao had risen in rebellion against then-reigning Emperor Xizong, Li joined Huang and became a key general in Huang's army.  In 879, however, when Gao Pian the Tang military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) sent his officers Zhang Lin () and Liang Zuan () to attack Huang, the Huainan army initially prevailed, and Li surrendered to the Huainan army, along with Qin Yan, Bi Shiduo, and Xu Qing ().  (It was after this defeat that Huang took his army south to the Lingnan region.)

Initial service under Gao Pian and Zhuge Shuang
Gao Pian made Li Hanzhi an officer in his army, and later commissioned as the prefect of Guang Prefecture (光州, in modern Xinyang, Henan).  At a later point, when Qin Zongquan the military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) rebelled against Tang and seized nearby territory, Li was pressured by the Fengguo army and abandoned Guang Prefecture.  He returned home to Xiangcheng and gathered his forces there, and submitted to Zhuge Shuang the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan).  Zhuge made him the prefect of Huai Prefecture (懷州, in modern Luoyang, Henan).

In 883, Han Jian the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), who had captured Heyang at one point but then lost it to Zhuge, attacked Heyang again.  Zhuge sent Li to engage Han, and Li defeated Han at Wuzhi (武陟, in modern Jiaozuo, Henan) and repelled his attack.  (As a result of the defeat, Han was subsequently overthrown by his officer Le Xingda, and was killed shortly after.)  Subsequently, when Emperor Xizong commissioned Zhuge as one of the commanders of the forces against Qin, Zhuge commissioned Li as his deputy, as well as the defender of the Tang eastern capital Luoyang.  As Luoyang had been laid waste by the wars by that point, Li made Shengshan Temple () his headquarters.  Meanwhile, when Li Keyong, the ethnically Shatuo military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), went through Luoyang on the way back to Hedong after a campaign against Huang, Li welcomed him and formed a friendship with him.

In 885, Qin sent his general Sun Ru to attack Luoyang.  Li battled Sun for several months, but eventually ran out of food supplies, so he abandoned Luoyang and set up his headquarters at Mianchi (澠池, in modern Sanmenxia, Henan), allowing Sun to seize Luoyang.  However, Sun abandoned Luoyang after a month (after burning the palaces at Luoyang), and Li was able to take his army and return to Luoyang.

In 886, Zhuge died, and initially the officers Liu Jing () and Zhang Quanyi supported Zhuge's son Zhuge Zhongfang () as the acting military governor, but Liu held the actual authorities.  He feared that Li would not easily be controllable, so he entered Luoyang himself and attacked Li at Mianchi.  Li defeated him and slaughtered most of his army.  Li then prepared to give chase across the Yellow River (as Heyang's capital, the city of Heyang, was just north of the Yellow River).  Liu sent Zhang to resist Li, but by this point, Zhang was also alienated by Liu's domination of the circuit, and then instead joined Li in attacking Heyang.  They were, however, defeated by Liu, and withdrew to Huai Prefecture.

However, Sun soon returned to the region and captured Heyang, forcing Zhuge Zhongfang to flee to Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan).  Sun himself claimed the title of military governor of Heyang, but Zhang, who was then still at Huai Prefecture, and Li, who by that point was at Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern Jincheng, Shanxi), held out and refused to submit to Sun.  In 887, after Xuanwu's military governor Zhu Quanzhong defeated Qin when Qin attacked him, the generals that Qin sent out to the surrounding territory, including Sun, all abandoned their campaigns.  After Sun abandoned Heyang, Li and Zhang entered Heyang, and jointly sought aid from Li Keyong.  Li Keyong sent his officer An Jinjun () to aid them and commissioned An the prefect of Ze, Li the military governor of Heyang, and Zhang the mayor of Luoyang.

Loss of Heyang Circuit
Li Hanzhi and Zhang Quanyi had a close friendship initially, but the friendship gradually waned over Li's lack of respect for Zhang's campaign to rebuild Luoyang.  Further, even though Zhang tried to supply Li's army well, Li often seized Zhang's subordinates and tortured them if they could not satisfy Li's demands.  In 888, while Li was preparing a campaign against Wang Chongying the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), Wang secretly persuaded Zhang to turn against Li.  Zhang thus took his forces and attacked Heyang, capturing it and taking Li's family captive.  Zhang then claimed the title of military governor of Heyang.  Li fled to Ze Prefecture and sought aid from Li Keyong.

Li Keyong sent his officer Kang Junli to assist Li Hanzhi to try to recapture Heyang, with Li Cunxiao, Xue Atan (), Shi Yan (), An Jinjun, and An Xiuxiu () assisting Kang.  Zhang defended against the siege, but soon ran out of food.  He thus sought aid from Zhu Quanzhong.  Zhu sent Ding Hui, Ge Congzhou, and Niu Cunjie () to aid Zhang.  They inflicted losses on the Hedong army, causing An Xiuxiu to desert (as he feared punishment for the defeat).  When the Xuanwu forces next acted as if they were going to cut off Hedong forces' escape path through the Taihang Mountains, Kang took the Hedong forces and withdrew.  Zhu commissioned Ding as the acting military governor of Heyang, while returning Zhang to Luoyang as its mayor.  Li Hanzhi, meanwhile, withdrew to Ze Prefecture and continued to claim the title of military governor of Heyang; he also sent his son Li Qi () to Hedong to serve under Li Keyong.  It was said that he spent his days raiding the region as far east as Huai and Meng (孟州, in modern Luoyang) Prefectures and as far west as Jin (晉州, in modern Jincheng) and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng) Prefectures, such that the region became completely depopulated.  In particular, there was a fort built by the people on Mount Moyun (摩雲山, in modern Yuncheng) to defend themselves during the wars.  In the past, no army was able to come close to the fort, but Li Hanzhi captured it, earning him the nickname of Li Moyun.  When he subsequently tried to again join forces with Hedong troops later that year to recapture Heyang, however, he was repelled by Ding.

Service under Li Keyong
Li Hanzhi thereafter often served under Li Keyong in Li Keyong's campaigns.  In 889, for example, Li Keyong sent him and Li Cunxiao to attack Meng Fangli the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, long headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi, although Meng was then having his headquarters at Xing Prefecture (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei)).  They defeated Meng's forces, and Meng committed suicide.  Meng Fangli's brother Meng Qian tried to hold out against the Hedong forces with aid from Xuanwu, but soon was forced to surrender.

In 890, when Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong, at the instigation of the chancellor Zhang Jun, as well as Zhu Quanzhong, Li Kuangchou the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), and Helian Duo the military governor of Datong Circuit (大同, headquartered in modern Datong, Shanxi), announced a general campaign against Li Keyong, one of the prongs of the imperial/Xuanwu/Lulong joint attacks at Heyong was aimed at Li Hanzhi at Ze Prefecture, and as part of the announcement, Emperor Zhaozong stripped Li Hanzhi, as well as Li Keyong, of all offices and titles.  Li Keyong sent Li Cunxiao to aid Li Hanzhi; Li Cunxiao, after capturing Zhang Jun's deputy Sun Kui () in a surprise attack, defeated the Xuanwu forces sieging Ze Prefecture, forcing them to withdraw.  After Li Keyong subsequently defeated Zhang's main forces, Emperor Zhaozong was forced to exile Zhang and fellow chancellor Kong Wei in 891 and restore Li Keyong's and Li Hanzhi's offices.

In 895, when Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), and Han Jian (not the same Han Jian who had been the military governor of Weibo) the military governor of Zhenguo Circuit (鎮國, headquartered in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) attacked the imperial capital Chang'an and executed two former chancellors whom they had perceived to be against them (Wei Zhaodu and Li Xi) against Emperor Zhaozong's orders, Li Keyong, assisted by Li Hanzhi, went to the Chang'an region to aid the emperor.  They subsequently attacked Jingnan, and Li Hanzhi defeated the forces Li Maozhen sent to aid Wang, causing Wang to flee and be killed by his subordinates in flight, allowing the imperial government to temporary resume control of Jingnan Circuit.  For his accomplishments, Li Hanzhi was given the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ().  Emperor Zhaozong also created him the Prince of Longxi.

Submission to Zhu Quanzhong
However, the Jingnan campaign also sowed the seed of Li Hanzhi's dissatisfaction toward Li Keyong.  After Jingnan fell to Li Keyong, Li Hanzhi requested that he be given the circuit, which Li Keyong refused — citing the fact that he had promised to turn the circuit to the imperial government and had already recommended the imperial general Su Wenjian () as the new military governor.  Li Hanzhi complained bitterly to Li Keyong's strategist Gai Yu, claiming that all he wanted was a small circuit at which he and his army could rest.  Gai tried to speak on his behalf, to no avail — and, over the next few years, whenever Li Keyong conquered a circuit or one of the circuits under his control needed a military governor, Li Keyong would refuse to consider Li Hanzhi.  Gai feared that Li Hanzhi would be resentful, but when he spoke with Li Keyong, Li Keyong stated that the reason why he did not want to give a circuit to Li Hanzhi was that he feared that if Li Hanzhi had a circuit, he would no longer follow Li Keyong's orders.

Around the new year 899, one of Li Keyong's subordinates, Xue Zhiqin () the military governor of Zhaoyi, died.  A replacement was not quickly announced.  Li Hanzhi decided to preempt Li Keyong; he entered Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture (), taking it over, and then submitted a report to Li Keyong asking to be made military governor.  Li Keyong, in anger, sent messengers to rebuke him.  Li Hanzhi then turned against Li Keyong, arresting the Hedong officers at Lu Prefecture and delivering them, with his son Li Hao (), to Zhu Quanzhong, asking for aid.  Li Keyong launched an attack on Li Hanzhi, with his nephew Li Sizhao quickly capturing Ze Prefecture and taking Li Hanzhi's family members prisoner.  (Li Keyong also wanted to put Li Qi to death, but Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu, who was friendly with Li Qi, gave Li Qi a horse to escape on.)  Zhu thereafter commissioned Li Hanzhi as the military governor of Zhaoyi.

Li Keyong then sent Li Junqing () to siege Lu Prefecture.  Zhu himself headed to Heyang to prepare further operations, but sent Zhang Cunjing () to give immediate aid to Li Hanzhi.  Zhang defeated Li Junqing and forced him to withdraw.  Li Keyong put Li Junqing to death, and replaced him with Li Sizhao.  At that time, Li Hanzhi fell ill, and Zhu decided to swap his and Ding Hui's circuits, making him the military governor of Heyang and Ding the military governor of Zhaoyi.  Li Hanzhi thus headed south to Heyang Circuit, and he died after reaching Huai Prefecture.

Notes and references

 New Book of Tang, vol. 187.
 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 15.
 New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 42.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261.

842 births
899 deaths
Chinese warlords
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Heyang Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhaoyi Circuit
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
Politicians from Zhoukou
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
Tang dynasty generals from Henan

Li Hanzhi


Hans Baumgartner (born 30 May 1949 in Stühlingen, Baden-Württemberg) is a retired West German long jumper.

He won the silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich with a jump of 8.18 meters. Baumgartner again took part in the 1976 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal.  He also competed in the 1971 and 1974 European Championships, with the same result.

At the European Indoor Championships he won gold medals in 1971, 1973 and 1977 and silver medals in 1972 and 1974. He also won a bronze medal at the 1973 Summer Universiade and a silver medal at the 1977 IAAF World Cup. 8.18 metres remained his career best jump.

Hans Baumgartner competed for TV Heppenheim and trained under Hansjörg Holzamer. He became West German champion in 1980, 1971, 1972 and 1973. During his active career he measured 1.87 meters and weighed 75 kg.

References

1949 births
Living people
People from Waldshut (district)
Sportspeople from Freiburg (region)
West German male long jumpers
Olympic silver medalists for West Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for West Germany
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for West Germany
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade

Hans Baumgartner


An orator is someone who pleads a case in public. Originally, it meant speaking in a public place for or against a person or a proposal. In ancient Greek, Latin, French and English, an orator spoke for and against the accused in courts, and for or against big political decisions, such as whether to go to war. Gradually, it came to mean someone who spoke in public on formal occasions.

Oratory, or rhetoric, is the skill of argument or persuasion used by orators. The invention of printing allowed books to be multiplied and produced cheaply. This has made it possible for orators to do their persuasion in print as well as speaking. Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill are good examples of how orators in the 20th century used media such as radio and movies where once they could only use speech. Both wrote books which sold in large numbers, though Churchill's books were about more than politics. Today television and newspapers play a vital role in deciding elections; the web less so.

Other types of orator are those who wish to change beliefs. Religious preachers like Martin Luther and John Knox changed religion in western Europe; William Wilberforce and Sojourner Truth led the fight against the evil of slavery. Emmeline Pankhurst, Martin Luther King Jr and others fought to get equal rights for all citizens.

We have orators today as much as the ancient Greeks did. The main difference is that the Greeks could see and listen to them face to face, but we rarely do today.

Rhetoric
The study of how persuasion is done by orators is called rhetoric. It has been studied for 2,500 years at least, and there are a huge number of books about it.

References

Saunders A.N.W. 1970. Greek political oratory. Penguin. Translations of some important examples.

Public speaking
Politics

Orator


In computer science and data management, a commit is the making of a set of tentative changes permanent, marking the end of a transaction and providing Durability to ACID transactions. A commit is an act of committing. The record of commits is called the commit log.

In terms of transactions, the opposite of commit is to discard the tentative changes of a transaction, a rollback.

The transaction, commit and rollback concepts are key to the ACID property of databases.

A COMMIT statement in SQL ends a transaction within a relational database management system (RDBMS) and makes all changes visible to other users. The general format is to issue a BEGIN WORK (or BEGIN TRANSACTION, depending on the database vendor) statement, one or more SQL statements, and then the COMMIT statement. Alternatively, a ROLLBACK statement can be issued, which undoes all the work performed since BEGIN WORK was issued. A COMMIT statement will also release any existing savepoints that may be in use.

References

See also
 Atomic commit
 Two-phase commit protocol
 Three-phase commit protocol

Data management
SQL
Transaction processing

Commit (data management)


Harold Dewolf Kantner (February 23, 1886 – December 11, 1973) was a pioneer aviator.

Biography
He was born on February 23, 1886, in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He attended the John Bevins Moisant aviation school and was taught to fly by Andre Haupert. Kantner and Etienne Dormoy built a Bleriot monoplane with a 50 horsepower Gnome et Rhône engine in which Kantner soloed on June 30, 1911, and was given Fédération Aéronautique Internationale certificate number 65 on October 14, 1911, in Mineola, New York. He was instructor at the Yale group in Buffalo, New York. After World War I he worked as designer and test pilot for Continental motors, Aeromarine, Fairchild and Convair. He retired from Convair in 1961. He died on December 11, 1973.

References

External links
 Kantner at Flickr Commons via San Diego Air and Space Museum

1886 births
1973 deaths
Aviators from Pennsylvania
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation

Harold D. Kantner


The cinema of Libya has had an uneven history. Though there was little local film production in Italian Libya and the Kingdom of Libya, cinema-going became a popular entertainment activity. From 1973 onwards, Muammar Gaddafi tried to exercise control over cinema. Though he encouraged some local filmmaking, his obstruction of foreign film consumption resulted in the closing of cinemas. In the post-2011 instability in Libya, hopes for a resurgence of Libyan cinema combine with a lack of infrastructure.

Pre-1967 cinema

The earliest recorded film to be made in Libya was a 1910 French-made documentary, Les habitants du desert de Lybie. Italy, as a colonial power, made some short documentaries about Libya. Libyan battles during World War II were covered in British, German and Italian newsreels. After the war, oil companies and international agencies made occasional documentaries. After independence in 1951, the Kingdom of Libya made some short films about Leptis Magna to encourage tourism. Yet Libya was poor and there was relatively little filmmaking in the country. In 1959 the Ministry of News and Guildance established a cinema division, touring the country with 16mm documentaries and newsreels, and the Ministry of Education and Learning produced some educational films.

Despite the relative lack of cinematic production, film consumption was extremely popular as entertainment. The country's first cinema had been established as early as 1908, though it was reportedly demolished after the Italian invasion of Libya in 1911. The Italians established cinemas, mostly but not exclusively for Italian audiences, in Libya's major cities. From the 1940s until the mid-1960s, Libya boasted a large number of cinemas: around 14 or 20 in Tripoli, and around 10 in Benghazi. Cinemas in Tripoli included the outdoor Arena Giardino and the opulent Royal Cinema, which Gaddafi would rename Al-Shaab (The People).

Cinema under Gaddafi
Gaddafi came to power in 1969. He regarded foreign films with suspicion, regarding them as American cultural imperialism. Previously the only feature films shot in Libya had been by foreign filmmakers – films like Albert Herman's 1942 A Yank in Libya or Guy Green's 1958 Sea of Sand. The first Libyan feature film, Abdella Zarok's black-and-white When Fate Hardens / Destiny is Hard appeared in 1972. In 1973 the General Council for Cinema was founded, to take control of filmmaking and cinema building in Libya. Foreign films were dubbed into Arabic, and needed to comply with the government's cultural policy, a mix of religious law and nationalism. Most home-made films were documentaries, and social realism was promoted as an ideal for fiction films. The General Council for Cinema continued to operate until 2010. It made documentaries, around 20-25 short films, and helped support the few feature films that were made in the 1970s and 1980s.

Gaddafi exercised direct personal control over film production. For example, he censored the release of a film by Kasem Hwel, Searching for Layla al-'Amiriya. Gaddafi established a production company to make Egyptian films. In the mid-1970s the government took increasingly direct control of all cinemas, blocking the importation of films, and cinemas began to close.

Alongside Kuwait and Morocco, Gadaffi's government-sponsored Mustafa Akkad's controversial 1976 filmic account of the birth of Islam, The Message. However, many Arab countries would not screen the film, and it triggered a Nation of Islam siege of three office buildings in Washington, D.C. Akkad's Lion of the Desert (1981), funded by Gadaffi's government, was a historical action movie portraying the Bedouin leader Omar Mukhtar resistance against the Italian colonization of Libya. The film was censored in Italy until 2009.

In 2009 it was announced that Gaddafi's son al-Saadi Gaddafi was financing private-equity production company involved in financing Hollywood films like The Experiment (2010) and Isolation (2011). In 2009–2010 foreign companies agreed to refurbish and re-open Libyan cinemas and theatres. However, the 2011 revolution resulted in this work coming to a halt, and much of the equipment was stolen.

Cinema since 2011
After the fall of Gaddafi, there was widespread desire for Libyan film to re-assert itself. However, cinema's resurgence has been obstructed by fighting and Islamist objections. Young Libyan filmmakers started to make short films, with support from the British Council and the Scottish Documentary Institute. Film festivals in Tripoli and Benghazi were popular but targeted by Islamist militants. The International Mediterranean Film Festival for Documentary and Short Films was established in 2012. In 2013 a cinema club was discreetly established in the basement of a Tripoli art gallery. By 2015 only a single movie house remained in Tripoli, a men-only venue serving action movies to the militias controlling the city.

In December 2017 Erato Festival, a film festival for human rights films was launched in Tripoli. It opened with Almohannad Kalthoum's docudrama Jasmine.

See also

 Arab cinema

References

Cinema of Libya


The term autopoiesis () refers to a system capable of producing and maintaining itself by creating its own parts.
The term was introduced in the 1972 publication Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living  by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela to define the self-maintaining chemistry of living cells.

The concept has since been applied to the fields of cognition, systems theory, architecture and sociology. Niklas Luhmann briefly introduced the concept of autopoiesis to organizational theory.

Overview
In their 1972 book Autopoiesis and Cognition, Chilean biologists Maturana and Varela described how they invented the word autopoiesis.

They explained that,

They described the "space defined by an autopoietic system" as "self-contained", a space that "cannot be described by using dimensions that define another space. When we refer to our interactions with a concrete autopoietic system, however, we project this system on the space of our manipulations and make a description of this projection."

Meaning

Autopoiesis was originally presented as a system description that was said to define and explain the nature of living systems. A canonical example of an autopoietic system is the biological cell. The eukaryotic cell, for example, is made of various biochemical components such as nucleic acids and proteins, and is organized into bounded structures such as the cell nucleus, various organelles, a cell membrane and cytoskeleton. These structures, based on an internal flow of molecules and energy, produce the components which, in turn, continue to maintain the organized bounded structure that gives rise to these components.

An autopoietic system is to be contrasted with an allopoietic system, such as a car factory, which uses raw materials (components) to generate a car (an organized structure) which is something other than itself (the factory). However, if the system is extended from the factory to include components in the factory's "environment", such as supply chains, plant / equipment, workers, dealerships, customers, contracts, competitors, cars, spare parts, and so on, then as a total viable system it could be considered to be autopoietic.

Of course, cells also require raw materials (nutrients), and produce numerous products -waste products, the extracellular matrix, intracellular messaging molecules, etc.

Autopoiesis in biological systems can be viewed as a network of constraints that work to maintain themselves. This concept has been called organizational closure or constraint closure and is closely related to the study of autocatalytic chemical networks where constraints are reactions required to sustain life.

Though others have often used the term as a synonym for self-organization, Maturana himself stated he would "[n]ever use the notion of self-organization ... Operationally it is impossible. That is, if the organization of a thing changes, the thing changes". Moreover, an autopoietic system is autonomous and operationally closed, in the sense that there are sufficient processes within it to maintain the whole. Autopoietic systems are "structurally coupled" with their medium, embedded in a dynamic of changes that can be recalled as sensory-motor coupling. This continuous dynamic is considered as a rudimentary form of knowledge or cognition and can be observed throughout life-forms.

An application of the concept of autopoiesis to sociology can be found in Niklas Luhmann's Systems Theory, which was subsequently adapted by Bob Jessop in his studies of the capitalist state system. Marjatta Maula adapted the concept of autopoiesis in a business context. The theory of autopoiesis has also been applied in the context of legal systems by not only Niklas Luhmann, but also Gunther Teubner. Patrik Schumacher has applied the term to refer to the 'discursive self-referential making of architecture.'

In the context of textual studies, Jerome McGann argues that texts are "autopoietic mechanisms operating as self-generating feedback systems that cannot be separated from those who manipulate and use them". Citing Maturana and Varela, he defines an autopoietic system as "a closed topological space that 'continuously generates and specifies its own organization through its operation as a system of production of its own components, and does this in an endless turnover of components, concluding that "Autopoietic systems are thus distinguished from allopoietic systems, which are Cartesian and which 'have as the product of their functioning something different from themselves. Coding and markup appear allopoietic", McGann argues, but are generative parts of the system they serve to maintain, and thus language and print or electronic technology are autopoietic systems.

The philosopher Slavoj Žižek, in his discussion of Hegel, argues:

Relation to complexity
Autopoiesis can be defined as the ratio between the complexity of a system and the complexity of its environment.

Autopoiesis has been proposed as a potential mechanism of abiogenesis, by which molecules evolved into more complex cells that could support the development of life.

Comparison with other theories of life

Autopoiesis is just one of several current theories of life, including the chemoton of Tibor Gánti, the hypercycle of Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster,

 the  (M,R) systems of Robert Rosen, and the autocatalytic sets of Stuart Kauffman, similar to an earlier proposal by Freeman Dyson.
All of these (including autopoiesis) found their original inspiration in Erwin Schrödinger's book What is Life? but at first they appear to have little in common with one another, largely because the authors did not communicate with one another, and none of them made any reference in their principal publications to any of the other theories.  Nonetheless, there are more similarities than may be obvious at first sight, for example between Gánti and Rosen. Until recently there have been almost no attempts to compare the different theories and discuss them together.

Relation to cognition
An extensive discussion of the connection of autopoiesis to cognition is provided by Evan Thompson in his 2007 publication, Mind in Life. The basic notion of autopoiesis as involving constructive interaction with the environment is extended to include cognition. Initially, Maturana defined cognition as behavior of an organism "with relevance to the maintenance of itself". However, computer models that are self-maintaining but non-cognitive have been devised, so some additional restrictions are needed, and the suggestion is that the maintenance process, to be cognitive, involves readjustment of the internal workings of the system in some metabolic process. On this basis it is claimed that autopoiesis is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for cognition. Thompson wrote that this distinction may or may not be fruitful, but what matters is that living systems involve autopoiesis and (if it is necessary to add this point) cognition as well. It can be noted that this definition of 'cognition' is restricted, and does not necessarily entail any awareness or consciousness by the living system.

Relation to consciousness
The connection of autopoiesis to cognition, or if necessary, of living systems to cognition, is an objective assessment ascertainable by observation of a living system.

One question that arises is about the connection between cognition seen in this manner and consciousness. The separation of cognition and consciousness recognizes that the organism may be unaware of the substratum where decisions are made. What is the connection between these realms? Thompson refers to this issue as the "explanatory gap", and one aspect of it is the hard problem of consciousness, how and why we have qualia.

A second question is whether autopoiesis can provide a bridge between these concepts. Thompson discusses this issue from the standpoint of enactivism. An autopoietic cell actively relates to its environment. Its sensory responses trigger motor behavior governed by autopoiesis, and this behavior (it is claimed) is a simplified version of a nervous system behavior. The further claim is that real-time interactions like this require attention, and an implication of attention is awareness.

Criticism

There are multiple criticisms of the use of the term in both its original context, as an attempt to define and explain the living, and its various expanded usages, such as applying it to self-organizing systems in general or social systems in particular. Critics have argued that the concept and its theory fail to define or explain living systems and that, because of the extreme language of self-referentiality it uses without any external reference, it is really an attempt to give substantiation to Maturana's radical constructivist or solipsistic epistemology, or what Danilo Zolo has called instead a "desolate theology". An example is the assertion by Maturana and Varela that "We do not see what we do not see and what we do not see does not exist".

According to Razeto-Barry, the influence of Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living in mainstream biology has proven to be limited. Razeto-Barry believes that autopoiesis is not commonly used as the criterion for life.

Zoologist and philosopher Donna Haraway also criticizes the usage of the term, arguing that "nothing makes itself; nothing is really autopoietic or self-organizing", and suggests the use of sympoiesis, meaning "making-with", instead.

See also

References

Further reading

  – general introduction to the ideas behind autopoiesis

  —an adaptation of autopoiesis to language.
  —Luhmann's adaptation of autopoiesis to social systems
  —biologist view of autopoiesis

  —the main published reference on autopoiesis
  —a book on the autopoiesis concept in many different areas

  — draws on systems theory and cognitive science to introduce autopoiesis to literary studies
  —one of the original papers on the concept of autopoiesis.

  —cognitive systems perspective on autopoiesis

External links

 The Observer Web: Autopoiesis and Enaction: a website with more explanations
 Several papers on autopoietic theory are available through archonic.net
 A mindmap-collection of links and papers visualized by Ragnar Heil
 Autopoiesis and knowledge in the organization by Aquiles Limone, Luis E. Bastias

Cybernetics
Systems theory
Enactive cognition
Consciousness
Self-replication
Organizational cybernetics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Biological hypotheses

Autopoiesis


A rotten or pocket borough, also known as a nomination borough or proprietorial borough, was a parliamentary borough or constituency in England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom before the Reform Act 1832, which had a very small electorate and could be used by a patron to gain unrepresentative influence within the unreformed House of Commons. The same terms were used for similar boroughs represented in the 18th-century Parliament of Ireland. The Reform Act 1832 abolished the majority of these rotten and pocket boroughs.

Background
A parliamentary borough was a town or former town that had been incorporated under a royal charter, giving it the right to send two elected burgesses as Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons. It was not unusual for the physical boundary of the settlement to change as the town developed or contracted over time, for example due to changes in its trade and industry, so that the boundaries of the parliamentary borough and of the physical settlement were no longer the same.

For centuries, constituencies electing members to the House of Commons did not change to reflect population shifts, and in some places the number of electors became so few that they could be bribed or otherwise influenced by a single wealthy patron. In the early 19th century, reformists scornfully called these boroughs "rotten boroughs" because they had so few inhabitants left, or "pocket boroughs", because their MPs were elected by the whim of the patron, thereby being "in his pocket"; the actual votes of the electors were a mere formality since all or most of them voted as the patron instructed them, with or without bribery. As voting was by show of hands at a single polling station at a single time, few would vote contrary to the declared wishes of the patron. Often only one candidate would be nominated (or two for a two-seat constituency) so that the election was uncontested, because other candidates saw it as futile to stand.

Thus an MP might be elected by only a few voters (although the number of constituents would usually be higher), while at the same time many new towns, which had grown due to increased trade and industry, were inadequately represented. For example, before 1832 the town of Manchester, which expanded rapidly during the Industrial Revolution from a small settlement into a large city, was merely part of the larger county constituency of Lancashire and did not elect its own MPs.

Many of these ancient boroughs elected two MPs. By the time of the 1831 general election, out of 406 elected members, 152 were chosen by fewer than 100 voters each, and 88 by fewer than fifty voters.

By the early 19th century moves were made towards reform, with eventual success when the Reform Act 1832 abolished the rotten boroughs and redistributed representation in Parliament to new major population centres. The Ballot Act 1872 introduced the secret ballot, which greatly hindered patrons from controlling elections by preventing them from knowing how an elector had voted. At the same time, the practice of paying or entertaining voters ("treating") was outlawed, and election expenses fell dramatically.

Rotten boroughs
The term rotten borough came into use in the 18th century; it meant a parliamentary borough with a tiny electorate, so small that voters were susceptible to control in a variety of ways, as it had declined in population and importance since its early days. The word rotten had the connotation of corruption as well as long-term decline. In such boroughs most or all of the few electors could not vote as they pleased, due to the lack of a secret ballot and their dependency on the "owner" of the borough. Only rarely were the views or personal character of a candidate taken into consideration, except by the minority of voters who were not beholden to a particular interest.

Typically, rotten boroughs had gained their representation in Parliament when they were more flourishing centres, but the borough's boundaries had never been updated, or else they had become depopulated or even deserted over the centuries. Some had once been important places or had played a major role in England's history, but had fallen into insignificance as for example when industry moved away. For example, in the 12th century Old Sarum had been a busy cathedral city, reliant on the wealth expended by its own Sarum Cathedral within its city precincts, but it was abandoned when the cathedral was moved to create the present Salisbury Cathedral, built on a new site nearby ("New Sarum").  The new site immediately attracted merchants and workers who built up a new town around it. Despite this dramatic loss of population, the constituency of Old Sarum retained its right to elect two MPs, effectively putting the election of two MPs under control by a single landowning family.

Many such rotten boroughs were controlled by landowners and peers who might give the seats in Parliament to their like-minded friends or relations, or who went to Parliament themselves, if they were not already members of the House of Lords. They also commonly sold them for money or other favours; the peers who controlled such boroughs had a double influence in Parliament as they themselves held seats in the House of Lords. This patronage was based on property rights which could be inherited and passed on to heirs, or else sold, like any other form of property.

Despite the small number of voters in each district listed below, for all or much of the time of their existence the boroughs had not just one MP, which would already have been disproportionate, but rather, had two MPs.

Before being awarded a peerage, Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington, served in the Irish House of Commons as a Member for the rotten borough of Trim. Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh served as a Member for the rotten borough of Plympton Erle.

Pocket boroughs
Pocket boroughs were boroughs which could effectively be controlled by a single person who owned at least half of the "burgage tenements", the occupants of which had the right to vote in the borough's parliamentary elections. A wealthy patron therefore had merely to buy up these specially qualified houses and install in them his own tenants, selected for their willingness to do their landlord's bidding, or given such precarious forms of tenure that they dared not displease him. As there was no secret ballot until 1872, the landowner could evict electors who did not vote for the two men he wanted. A common expression referring to such a situation was that "Mr A had been elected on Lord B's interest".

There were also boroughs which were controlled not by a particular patron but rather by the Crown, specifically by the departments of state of the Treasury or Admiralty, and which thus returned the candidates nominated by the ministers in charge of those departments.

Some rich individuals controlled several boroughs; for example, the Duke of Newcastle is said to have had seven boroughs "in his pocket". One of the representatives of a pocket borough was often the man who controlled it, and for this reason they were also referred to as proprietorial boroughs.

Pocket boroughs were seen by their 19th-century owners as a valuable method of ensuring the representation of the landed interest in the House of Commons.

Significantly diminished by the Reform Act 1832, pocket boroughs were for all practical purposes abolished by the Reform Act of 1867. This considerably extended the borough franchise and established the principle that each parliamentary constituency should hold roughly the same number of electors. Boundary commissions were set up by subsequent Acts of Parliament to maintain this principle as population movements continued.

Reform
In the late 18th century, many political societies, such as the London Corresponding Society and the Society of the Friends of the People, called for parliamentary reform. Specifically, they thought that the rotten borough system was unfair and they called for a more equal distribution of representatives that reflected the population of Britain. However, legislation enacted by William Pitt the Younger caused these societies to disband by making it illegal for them to meet or publish information.

In the 19th century, there were moves toward reform, which broadly meant ending the over-representation of boroughs with few electors. The culmination of the process of Catholic Emancipation in 1829 finally brought the reform issue to a head. The reform movement had a major success in the Reform Act 1832, which disfranchised the 56 boroughs listed below, most of them in the south and west of England. This redistributed representation in Parliament to new major population centres and places with significant industries, which tended to be farther north.

Buckinghamshire
 Wendover
 Amersham

Cornwall
 Bossiney
 Callington
 Camelford
 East Looe
 Fowey
 Lostwithiel
 Mitchell or St Michael's
 Newport
 Saltash
 St Germans
 St Mawes
 Tregony
 West Looe

Devon
 Beeralston
 Okehampton
 Plympton Erle

Hampshire
 Newtown, Isle of Wight
 Stockbridge
 Whitchurch
 Yarmouth, Isle of Wight

Kent
 New Romney
 Queenborough

Northamptonshire
 Brackley
 Higham Ferrers

Suffolk
 Aldeburgh
 Dunwich
 Orford

Somerset
 Ilchester
 Milborne Port
 Minehead

Surrey
 Bletchingley
 Gatton
 Haslemere

Sussex
 Bramber
 East Grinstead
 Seaford
 Steyning
 Winchelsea

Wiltshire
 Downton
 Great Bedwyn
 Heytesbury
 Hindon
 Ludgershall
 Old Sarum
 Wootton Bassett

Yorkshire
 Aldborough, West Riding
 Boroughbridge, North Riding
 Hedon, East Riding

Other counties
 Appleby, Westmorland
 Bishop's Castle, Shropshire
 Castle Rising, Norfolk
 Corfe Castle, Dorset
 Newton, Lancashire
 Weobley, Herefordshire

Contemporary defences
A substantial number of Tory constituencies were rotten and pocket boroughs, and their right to representation was defended by the successive Tory governments in office between 1807 and 1830. During this period they came under criticism from figures such as Thomas Paine and William Cobbett.

It was argued in defence of such boroughs that they provided stability and were also a means for promising young politicians to enter Parliament, with William Pitt the Elder being cited as a key example. Some MPs claimed that the boroughs should be retained, as Britain had enjoyed periods of prosperity while they were part of the constitution of Parliament.

Because British colonists in the West Indies and British North America, and those in the Indian subcontinent, had no representation of their own at Westminster, representatives of these groups often claimed that rotten boroughs provided opportunities for virtual representation in Parliament for colonial interest groups.

The Tory politician Spencer Perceval asked the nation to look at the system as a whole, saying that if pocket boroughs were disenfranchised, the whole system was liable to collapse.

Later usage

The magazine Private Eye has a column entitled "Rotten Boroughs", which lists stories of municipal wrongdoing. In this instance, "boroughs" refers to local government districts rather than parliamentary constituencies.

In his book The Age of Consent (2003), George Monbiot compared small island states with one vote in the United Nations General Assembly to "rotten boroughs".

The term "rotten borough" is sometimes used to disparage electorates used to gain political leverage. In Hong Kong and Macau, functional constituencies (with small voter bases attached to special interests) are often referred to as "rotten boroughs" by long-time columnist Jake van der Kamp. In New Zealand, the term has been used to refer to electorates which, by dint of an agreement for a larger party, have been won by a minor party, enabling that party to gain more seats under the country's proportional representation system. The Spectator has described the London Borough of Tower Hamlets as a "rotten borough", and in 2015 The Independent reported that Tower Hamlets was to be the subject of an investigation into electoral fraud.

The Electoral Reform Society produced a list of "Rotten Boroughs" for the 2019 United Kingdom local elections, with Fenland District Council at the top.

The Corporation of the City of London has been referred to as the UK's Last Rotten Borough due to the fact that only four of its 25 electoral wards hold elections where voting by residents decides the result. The other wards are decided on votes cast by business leaders, not residents, making this the only local government authority in the UK that now lacks a popular franchise.

In popular culture

Literature
In the satirical novel Melincourt, or Sir Oran Haut-Ton (1817) by Thomas Love Peacock, an orang-utan named Sir Oran Haut-Ton is elected to parliament by the "ancient and honourable borough of Onevote". The election of Sir Oran forms part of the hero's plan to persuade civilisation to share his belief that orang-utans are a race of human beings who merely lack the power of speech. "The borough of Onevote stood in the middle of a heath, and consisted of a solitary farm, of which the land was so poor and intractable, that it would not have been worth the while of any human being to cultivate it, had not the Duke of Rottenburgh found it very well worth his while to pay his tenant for living there, to keep the honourable borough in existence." The single voter of the borough, Mr Christopher Corporate, elects two MPs, each of whom "can only be considered as the representative of half of him".
In the parliamentary novels of Anthony Trollope rotten boroughs are a recurring theme. John Grey, Phineas Finn, and Lord Silverbridge are all elected by rotten boroughs.
In Chapter 7 of the novel Vanity Fair (published 1847–1848), author William Makepeace Thackeray introduces the fictitious borough of "Queen's Crawley", so named in honour of a stopover in the small Hampshire town of Crawley by Queen Elizabeth I, who, delighted by the quality of the local beer, instantly raised the small town of Crawley into a borough, giving it two members in Parliament. At the time of the story, set in the early 19th century, the place had lost population, so that it was "come down to that condition of borough which used to be denominated rotten". Queen's Crawley re-appears in Thackeray's The Virginians (published in 1857–1859).
In Charles Dickens' novel Our Mutual Friend (1864–1865), a borough called "Pocket-Breaches" elects Mr. Veneering as its MP.
The novel Rotten Borough was a controversial story published by Oliver Anderson under the pen name Julian Pine in 1937, republished in 1989.
In Diana Wynne Jones' 2003 book The Merlin Conspiracy, Old Sarum features as a character, with one line being "I'm a rotten borough, I am."
In the Aubrey–Maturin series of sea-faring tales, the pocket borough of Milport (also known as Milford) is initially held by General Aubrey, the father of protagonist Jack Aubrey. In the twelfth novel in the series, The Letter of Marque (1988), Jack's father dies and the seat is offered to Jack himself by his cousin Edward Norton, the "owner" of the borough. The borough has just seventeen electors, all of whom are tenants of Mr Norton.
In the 1969 first novel of George MacDonald Fraser's The Flashman Papers series, the eponymous antihero, Harry Flashman, mentions that his father, Sir Buckley Flashman, had been in Parliament, but "they did for him at Reform" – implying that the elder Flashman had sat for a rotten or pocket borough.

Television
In the episode "Dish and Dishonesty" of the BBC television comedy Blackadder the Third, Edmund Blackadder attempts to bolster support for the Prince Regent in Parliament by getting the incompetent Baldrick elected to the fictional rotten borough of Dunny-on-the-Wold (presumably a reference to Dunwich). He easily accomplished this with a result of 16,472 to nil, even though the constituency had only one voter (Blackadder himself).

Video games
The video game Assassin's Creed III briefly mentions pocket and rotten boroughs in a database entry entitled "Pocket Boroughs", with Old Sarum identified as one of the worst examples of a pocket borough. In the game, shortly before the Boston Massacre, a non-player character (NPC) can be heard speaking to a group of people on the colonies' lack of representation in Parliament and listing several rotten boroughs, including Old Sarum.

Quotations

See also
 Apportionment (politics)
 Functional constituencies in Hong Kong and Macau
 Gerrymandering

References

Notes

Further reading
 Namier, Lewis (1957) [1929] The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III
 Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2003) Western Civilization – Volume II: Since 1500 p. 493

Apportionment by country
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Corruption in the United Kingdom
Electoral fraud
Political history of the United Kingdom

Rotten and pocket boroughs


The black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons) is a tropical fish belonging to the ghost knifefish family (Apteronotidae). They originate in freshwater habitats in South America where they range from Venezuela to the Paraguay–Paraná River, including the Amazon Basin. They are popular in aquaria. The fish is all black except for two white rings on its tail, and a white blaze on its nose, which can occasionally extend into a stripe down its back.  It moves mainly by undulating a long fin on its underside. It will grow to a length of 18"-20". Only a fish for those with large aquariums, minimum 100 gallons.

Black ghost knifefish are nocturnal. They are a weakly electric fish which use an electric organ and receptors distributed over the length of their body in order to locate prey, including insect larvae.

The black ghost knifefish natively lives in sandy bottom creeks in South America. Natives believe that the ghosts of the departed take up residence in these fish, hence the name.

The black ghost knifefish is a weakly electric fish as a result of the electromotor and electrosensory systems it possesses. While some fish can only receive electric signals, the black ghost knifefish can both produce and sense the electrical impulses. Electrogenesis occurs when a specialized electric organ found in the tail of the fish generates electrical signals, which are thus called electric organ discharges (EODs). Then, for these EODs to be sensed by the fish, electroreception occurs when groups of sensory cells embedded in the skin, known as electroreceptor organs, detect the electrical change. The EODs are used for two major purposes: electrolocation and communication.

The kind of EOD produced can be used to distinguish between two types of weakly electric fish: the pulse-type and the wave-type. The black ghost knifefish are considered to be the latter type, because they can continuously generate EODs in small intervals. Wave-type EODs have a narrow power spectra, and can be heard as a tonal sound, where the discharge rate establishes the fundamental frequency. By emitting its own continuous sinusoidal train of EODs, the fish can determine the presence of nearby objects by sensing perturbations in timing and amplitude of electric fields, an ability known as active electrolocation. The particular organs used to sense the self-generated high-frequency EODs are tuberous electroreceptor organs. On the other hand, when low-frequency electric fields are generated by external sources instead of the fish itself, a different class of electroreceptor organs is used for this passive electrolocation, called ampullary organs. Therefore, the black ghost knifefish uses an active and a passive electrosystem, each with its own corresponding receptor organs. The fish can also use a mechanosensory lateral line system, which detects water disturbances created by the motion of the fish's body. As nocturnal hunters, the fish can rely on all three systems to navigate through dark environments and detect their prey.

Each species has a characteristic EOD baseline frequency range, which varies with sex and age within the species, as well. The baseline frequency is maintained to be almost constant at stable temperature, but will usually be changed due to the presence of others of the same species. Such changes in frequency relevant to social interaction are called frequency modulations (FMs). The role these FMs have in communication is significant, as black ghost knifefish have developed jamming avoidance responses, which are behavioral responses that avoid the overlapping of EOD frequencies between conspecific individuals to prevent sensory confusion. Moreover, a study was conducted that focused on sexual dimorphism in electrocommunication signals. Female black ghost knifefish generate EODs at a higher frequency than the males, an FM which can be used for gender recognition. A study found the subordinate black ghost knifefish exhibited noticeable gradual frequency rises (GFRs) in their EODs whereas the dominant fish did not, supporting the researchers' hypothesis that GFRs during communication are indicative of submissive signals.

It is possible to use a device to convert a captive fish's electrical signals into audible sound, allowing listeners to hear the fish "talk". The Bakken Museum in Minneapolis has a display with such a device and a black ghost knifefish.

References
.

Further reading
 MacIver M. A., Patankar N. A. & Shirgaonkar A. A. (2010). "Energy-Information Trade-Offs between Movement and Sensing". PLoS Computational Biology 6(5): e1000769.

External links

 Ikan Black Ghost

 The MacIver Lab Homepage
 Black Ghost Knife Fish, Apteronotus albifrons (Linnaeus, 1766).BdFISH

black ghost knifefish
Fish of Venezuela
Fish of the Amazon basin
black ghost knifefish
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Weakly electric fish

Black ghost knifefish


AME Church of New Haven is a historic African Methodist Episcopal church located at 225 Selma Street in New Haven, Missouri. The church was built in 1893 for New Haven's AME congregation; founded in 1865, it was one of the first black churches in the city. Church member Anna Bell campaigned heavily for donations to build the new church building; Bell was also one of the new church's original trustees. After her death, the building was named the Anna Bell Chapel in her honor. The church, located in a predominantly African-American section of New Haven, maintained a congregation of roughly 20 people until 1960; during this time, it also served as a community center for the city's African-American community. After 1960, the church's congregation declined, and by the early 1990s the church had only four members.

The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

References

African Methodist Episcopal churches in Missouri
Churches completed in 1893
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Buildings and structures in Franklin County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Missouri

AME Church of New Haven


Deryk Mendel (1920 – 28 May 2013) was a British ballet dancer, choreographer, actor and director.

He was a friend of Samuel Beckett, who wrote the one-act mime Act Without Words I for him in 1956. Music was by his cousin John S. Beckett. Mendel performed the premiere on 3 April 1957 at the Royal Court Theatre in London.

On 14 June 1963, Mendel directed the premiere of Becket's Play (as Spiel) at the Ulmer Theatre in Ulm-Donau, Germany.

On 13 April 1966, Beckett's sixtieth birthday, Mendel appeared as Joe in the premiere of  Eh Joe by Süddeutscher Rundfunk, Stuttgart, the first time that Beckett himself had directed.

In 1968, Mendel directed one of the first English performances of Beckett's Come and Go at the Royal Festival Hall, with Adrienne Corri, Marie Kean and Billie Whitelaw in the roles of Flo, Vi, and Ru.

He died in Saint-Ouen, France on 28 May 2013.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
British male actors
British male ballet dancers
British theatre directors

Deryk Mendel


Phantasia is the name of an ancient Egyptian woman who was said to have been the author of the immediate sources of the two ancient Greek epics, Iliad and Odyssey, attributed to Homer.

According to a fiction retold by the Byzantine scholar Eustathius of Thessalonica and attributed by him to "a certain Naucrates", Phantasia, daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, an inspired poet, wrote poems about the war in the plains of Troy and the wanderings of Odysseus, and deposited these books in the temple of Hephaestus at Memphis. Homer afterwards visited the shrine, persuaded the priests to make copies of the books for him, and afterwards wrote the Iliad and Odyssey. "Some say" [Eustathius adds] "that Homer himself was Egyptian; others, that he visited the country and was taught by Egyptians."

The story is one of the least known of the biographical fictions about Homer; it is mentioned neither by Samuel Butler nor by Andrew Dalby, both of whom have developed the argument that a woman poet was responsible for the Odyssey.

Note: An earlier author, Photius of Constantinople, attributes this to Ptolemy Chennus (a Greek mythographer active 1st to 2nd century AD?).

Phantasia, a woman of Memphis, daughter of Nicarchus, composed before Homer a tale of the Trojan War and of the adventures of Odysseus.  The books were deposited, it is said, at Memphis; Homer went there and obtained copies from Phanites, the temple scribe, and he composed under their inspiration.

See also
Eustathius of Thessalonica, Commentary on the Odyssey 1.2.

Sources
Photius biblioteca 190

External links
"Wherefore art thou Homer? and not, say, Phantasia?"

Fictional poets
Biographies of Homer
Homeric scholarship

Phantasia (poet)


Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV) is a feature of Failover Clustering first introduced in Windows Server 2008 R2 for use with the Hyper-V role. A Cluster Shared Volume is a shared disk containing an NTFS or ReFS (ReFS: Windows Server 2012 R2 or newer) volume that is made accessible for read and write operations by all nodes within a Windows Server Failover Cluster.

Benefits
This enables a virtual machine (VM) complete mobility throughout the cluster as any node can access the VHD files on the shared volume.  Cluster Shared Volumes simplifies storage management by allowing large numbers of VMs to be accessed off a common shared disk.  CSV also increases the resiliency of the cluster by having I/O fault detection and recovery over alternate communication paths between the nodes in the cluster.

While CSV is not required for Live Migration of VMs, it reduces the potential disconnection period at the end of the migration since the NTFS file system does not have to be unmounted/mounted as is the case with a traditional cluster disk.  This helps ensure seamless live migration since the physical disk resource does not need to be moved between nodes.  CSV increases the chance that a live migration will complete within the TCP reconnect window and ensure a seamless operation to clients.

Requirements
To use CSV, a Hyper-V VM is configured and the associated virtual hard disk(s) are created on or copied to a CSV disk. Multiple VHDs can be placed on a CSV that in turn are associated with multiple VMs which can be running on different nodes in the cluster.

Technical Details
Cluster Shared Volumes operates by orchestrating metadata I/O operations between the nodes in the cluster via the Server Message Block protocol. The node with ownership of the LUN orchestrating metadata updates to the NTFS volume is referred to as the Coordinator Node. Read / Write operations are passed directly to the Serial attached SCSI, iSCSI, Fibre Channel, or Fibre Channel over Ethernet shared storage via block based protocols.

CSV builds a common global namespace across the cluster using NTFS reparse point.  Volumes are accessible under the %SystemDrive%\ClusterStorage root directory from any node in the cluster.

The Cluster will automatically prioritize the most favorable network to route I/O operations by selecting the cluster shared network with the lowest cluster network metric value, this can also be manually configured. Public networks (i.e. networks that connect to users) are assigned higher cluster network metric values by default; this favors I/O operations from using the public network which may already be saturated with user requests.

CSV can be enabled in the Failover Cluster Manager MMC snap-in by selecting 'Enable Shared Volumes' from the information pane after creating a cluster.  Additionally, CSV can be enabled using PowerShell:

 Import-Module FailoverClusters
 (Get-Cluster [-Name <cluster Name>]).EnableSharedVolume="Enabled"

References

Windows Server

Cluster Shared Volumes


Bassettia pallida is a species of gall wasp found in the Southern United States. This species was described by American entomologist William Harris Ashmead in 1896. B. pallida reproduces asexually in galls it induces on oak trees. The parasite Euderus set, a eulophid wasp, has B. pallida as a host and manipulates its behavior.

Taxonomy
William Harris Ashmead described this species in 1896 based on a female specimen in the National Museum of Natural History. The holotype was collected in 1884 in Georgia.

Distribution
This species has been found in the American states of Georgia, Florida, Missouri, Louisiana, and Texas. Its type location is Savannah, Georgia.

Description

Adult female
The female is  long. The antennae have thirteen joints. The head, antennae, thorax and legs are a brownish yellow color, while the posterior tibiae and eyes are dark brown and the abdomen is a polished black. A grooved line goes around the base of the scutellum.

Biology

Reproduction
The females can reproduce asexually in galls of the oaks Quercus geminata, Quercus virginiana, and Quercus minima. These oak species are all in the Virentes section (or subsection) of Quercus. Galls are formed on the oaks' stem underneath the bark. Mature B. pallida come out of the galls in March or April, coinciding with the production of new leaves on the oak. Sexual reproduction is thought to happen afterwards in galls formed on the midvein of new leaves.

Parasites

The chalcid wasp Euderus set parasitizes B. pallida. This is a rare example of hypermanipulation, i.e., where one parasite which manipulates its host's phenotype has its own phenotype manipulated by a different parasite. In this case, B. pallida causes the oak to form a gall, and E. set alters the behavior of B. pallida to create a hole in the gall and plug the hole with their head and die; E. set later emerges through a hole in its host's head.

Only the asexual reproductive stage is targeted by E. set.

References

Cynipidae
Oak galls
Insects described in 1896
Hymenoptera of North America
Endemic insects of the United States
Taxa named by William Harris Ashmead

Bassettia pallida


Angoss Software Corporation, headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, with offices in the United States and UK, acquired by Datawatch and now owned by Altair, was a provider of predictive analytics systems through software licensing and services. Angoss' customers represent industries including finance, insurance, mutual funds, retail, health sciences, telecom and technology. The company was founded in 1984, and publicly traded on the TSX Venture Exchange from 2008-2013 under the ticker symbol ANC.

In June 2013, the private equity firm Peterson Partners acquired Angoss for $8.4 million.

Software
 KnowledgeREADER is an integrated customer intelligence product combining visual text discovery and predictive analytics for customer experience management.
 KnowledgeSEEKER is a data mining product. Its features include data profiling, data visualization and decision tree analysis. It was first released in 1990.
 KnowledgeSTUDIO is a data mining and predictive analytics suite for the model development and deployment cycle. Its features include data profiling, data visualization, decision tree analysis, predictive modeling, implementation, scoring, validation, monitoring and scorecard development.
 KnowledgeEXCELERATOR is a visual data discovery software and prediction tool for business analysts and knowledge workers.
 StrategyBUILDER is an add-on module for KnowledgeSEEKER and KnowledgeSTUDIO and is a product to design, verify, and deploy predictive and business rules.

Services
 FundGUARD is software as a service for marketing, sales targeting and predictive leads for mutual funds and wealth management companies.
 ClaimGUARD is a fraud and abuse detection service.
 Cloud on demand Software is offered for KnowledgeSEEKER, KnowledgeSTUDIO and its text analytics module.
 KnowledgeSCORE for Salesforce.com customer relationship management is a forecasting and predictive sales analytics system for Salesforce users.

See also
 List of statistical packages
 Predictive analytics

See also
FICO

References

External links

Companies formerly listed on the TSX Venture Exchange
Software companies of Canada
Companies established in 1993
Data mining and machine learning software
1993 establishments in Canada
Software companies established in 1993

Angoss


Fiona Armstrong, Lady MacGregor (born 28 November 1956), is a British television journalist and is Lord Lieutenant of Dumfries. She is also the author of several books and has written for newspapers and made television programmes on Scottish topics including fishing and Scottish clans.

Early life
Armstrong was born in Preston, Lancashire. As a child she lived for ten years in Nigeria, where her father was in the colonial service. She became Lady MacGregor of MacGregor when she married clan chief Sir Malcolm Gregor Charles MacGregor, 7th Baronet (born 1959) in 2005. She has a daughter, Natasha (born 1992), from her first marriage to Rodney Potts.

She studied German Literature at University College, London; at university, she edited the London Student newspaper.

Career
She started her career in local radio, before joining the BBC news team in Manchester in 1983. She then moved to Border Television as a news reporter, before becoming a regular newsreader and presenter for the nightly regional news programme Lookaround. In March 1987, she switched to ITN as a reporter/newscaster on News at Ten, News at 5:45 (later News at 5:40) and other bulletins. On the reporting side, she covered the Lockerbie air disaster and produced a series on AIDS orphans in Africa. In 1993, she was one of the launch team on the ITV breakfast station GMTV, but left after only a few months.

She presented the breakfast news programme on BBC World, before rejoining ITV Border as a presenter of Lookaround, as well as a presenter and producer on a number of regional programmes for the station, including "Eagle's Eye" and Fiona on Fishing. She has fronted antiques, political, cooking and lifestyle programmes for the ITV regions. As one of the UK's best known female anglers, she has written two fishing books and made fishing films for Sky TV's 'Tight Lines' programme. Her series, River Journeys, was shown on the Discovery Channel.

In February 2009, ITV Tyne Tees & Border was launched, replacing ITV Tyne Tees and ITV Border. Armstrong was announced as Features Correspondent for the service on a freelance basis. Her work took her to Cambodia to report on the work of land mine  charities and to West Africa to cover the work of the Mercy Ships. Armstrong returned to network television news on 15 February 2010 as a presenter for the BBC News Channel. She went on to present Border Life, a current affairs programme for ITV Border. Whilst working as a journalist for the BBC News Channel, Armstrong interviewed the civil rights activist and writer, Darcus Howe, on the subject of the street disturbances in England in the summer of 2011. During the interview on 9 August 2011, studio-based Armstrong asserted: "You are not a stranger to riots yourself I understand, are you? You have taken part in them yourself." Howe denied that he had ever taken part in riots and was clearly offended. The BBC later issued a qualified apology to Darcus Howe for Armstrong's accusation.

Armstrong specialises in Scottish clan history. She has made more than 20 films on Scottish families, and in 2006, set up the first Border Reiver Trail in the south of Scotland. She is a columnist for magazines and newspapers, including Scottish Field magazine, the "Courier" newspaper, and the American-based Scotbanner newspaper.

She is on the board of the University of Central Lancashire as well as being a fellow there. She is Chairman of the Clan Armstrong Trust and a judge of Cumbria Book of the Year. She is also patron of the 'Bookmark' book festival and a deputy lieutenant of Dumfriesshire.  She is currently writing a book on Queen Victoria and a family connection to Scotland.

Her appointment as Lord Lieutenant of Dumfries was announced on 26 January 2016.

References

External links

1956 births
Alumni of University College London
BBC newsreaders and journalists
British reporters and correspondents
British student newspaper editors
British television presenters
British television journalists
GMTV presenters and reporters
ITV regional newsreaders and journalists
Living people
Lord-Lieutenants of Dumfries
Wives of baronets
English people of Scottish descent
Mass media people from Preston, Lancashire
British women journalists
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British women television presenters

Fiona Armstrong


Hupmobile was an automobile built from 1909 through 1939 by the Hupp Motor Car Company of Detroit.  The prototype was developed in 1908.

History

Founding

In 1909, Bobby Hupp co-founded Hupp Motor Car Company, with Charles Hastings, formerly of Oldsmobile, who put up the first US$8,500 toward manufacturing Hupp's car.  They were joined by investors J. Walter Drake, Joseph Drake, John Baker, and Edwin Denby. Drake was elected president; Hupp was vice president and general manager. Emil Nelson, formerly of Oldsmobile and Packard, joined the company as chief engineer. Hastings was named assistant general manager.  In late 1909 Bobby's brother, Louis Gorham Hupp left his job with the Michigan Central Railroad in Grand Rapids and joined the company.

Model 20

Hupp Motors obtained $25,000 (equal to $ today) in cash deposits at the 1909 automobile show (the lowest capitalization of Detroit's eight major car makers) to begin manufacturing the Hupp 20.  The first cars were built in a small building at 345 (now 1161) Bellevue Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. The company immediately outgrew this space and began construction of a factory a few blocks away at E. Jefferson Avenue and Concord, next to the former Oldsmobile plant.  The company produced 500 vehicles by the end of the 1909 model year (the fall of 1909). Production increased to more than 5,000 in the 1910 model year.

The Model 20's pricing was set at $900. The touring automobile was built on the same principles as the roadster. The Touring was nearly identical to the runabout aside from a longer wheelbase, a stronger frame, a stronger rear axle, and other critical pieces.

The four-cylinder engine had a bore of 3 1/4 inches and a stroke of 3 3/8 inches and was rated at 16 to 20 horsepower. The valves were on the motor's left side, with spark plugs over the inlets and relief cocks over the exhaust. The flywheel also served as a fan, and cars delivered to hot areas were equipped with an extra belt-driven fan. The engine was lubricated with a unique Hupp system oil good for a 250 to 300-mile trip.
The car had a 110-inch wheelbase and was fitted with 30 × 3 1/2-inch tires in front and 31 × 3 1/2-inch tires in the rear. This model never became popular partly because of the low power and only a two-speed transmission with very wide-spaced ratios. The low-speed ratio was 2.7 to one, and the high speed was direct reverse had the same ratio as the low, which meant that the car moved pretty fast when it went backward .
It had a distinct selling value in that the car was guaranteed to be free of material and workmanship problems. Furthermore, the manufacturer would replace any damaged material at no cost except for the tires.

The "All-Steel" Hupp 32
In 1911 Hupp became one of two automakers pioneering the use of all-steel bodies, joining BSA in the U.K.

Nelson approached Hale & Kilburn Company in Philadelphia looking for help with developing an all-metal body for the Hupp 32. Hale & Kilburn had pioneered the replacement of cast iron with pressed steel for many parts for the interiors of railway carriages. According to Nelson, "None of the Detroit plants would contract" to make an all-steel body for the Hupp 32. Edward Budd and Joseph Ledwinka were employed at Hale & Kilburn at the time, Budd as the general manager and Ledwinka as engineer.  Budd was interested in the project.  Hale & Kilburn had built some body panels for King and Paige but Budd had grander aspirations the Hupp project would permit him to pursue.

Budd and Ledwinka worked with Nelson to develop means to manufacture Nelson's design for this body. They devised a system where the body's numerous steel stampings were welded together by hand and supported by a crude system of angle iron supports that held the welded subassemblies together. The disassembled bodies were shipped by rail to Detroit where they were put back together, painted and trimmed in the Hupmobile factory. Both the touring car and a coupe were made by this process and even one Hupmobile limousine. In 1911 no one, not Nelson, Ledwinka or Budd, thought to patent the process to manufacture all-steel bodies.

While the Hupp 32 bodies were in production, Budd and Ledwinka left and formed the Edward G. Budd Manufacturing Company.  In 1914, Ledwinka filed for and received a patent for the process of making all-steel bodies.  However, Budd later lost a patent infringement litigation it brought against C.R. Wilson Body Company when the court held that the Ledwinka patent was invalid. "[A]fter the art had developed...Ledwinka has endeavored to go back and cover by a patent that which had become public property.... [H]e is endeavoring to bring under his patent those things which belong to the public." The court relied on the production of the Hupp 32 in 1911 as a major example of the prior art.  The opinion does provide insight as to what was or was not novel about the process to manufacture the Hupp 32's body.

When Hupp left Hupp Motors in 1913, he informed the company his supplier companies would devote their full capacity to make parts for RCH.  Facing the loss of manufactured parts from Hupp Corporation and increasing demand for the Hupmobile, Hupp Motors acquired seven acres for a new factory at Mt. Elliott and Milwaukee.  It moved into the new plant in late April 1912.  (This factory was demolished as part of site clearance for General Motors' "Poletown" assembly plant in the early 1980s.)  Hupp Motors sold the Jefferson Avenue plant to the King Motor Car Company.

Several thousand all-steel touring cars were made before Nelson resigned as Chief Engineer in 1912. Hupmobile's commitment to this leading-edge approach did not survive his departure. The rest of the Hupp 32 production used conventional body assembly processes.

Expansion
Carl Wickman, a car dealer in Hibbing, Minnesota, used an unsold 7-passenger model as the first vehicle for what became Greyhound. In 1913 Frank E. Watts was hired as a designer.

Hupp Motor Car Company continued to grow after its founder left. Hupp competed strongly against Ford and Chevrolet. DuBois Young became company president in 1924, advancing from vice-president of manufacturing.  By 1928 sales had reached over 65,000 units. To increase production and handle sales growth, Hupp purchased the Chandler-Cleveland Motors Corporation (Chandler Motor Car) for its manufacturing facilities.

Decline
Sales and production began to fall even before the depression in 1930. A strategy to make the Hupmobile a larger, more expensive car began with the 1925 introduction of an 8-cylinder model, followed by the elimination of the 4-cylinder Hupmobile after 1925.  (Hupmobile made only 4-cylinder cars from 1909 to 1925.) While aiming for a more lucrative market segment, Hupp turned its back on its established clientele. This was the same mistake that many other medium-priced carmakers made at the same time. In an attempt to capture every possible sale, they offered many different models. With Hupmobile's low production volume, the result was that no model could be produced in sufficient quantity to achieve economy of scale.

Newer models

Hupp abandoned its more conservatively styled product line and turned to Raymond Loewy to design its 1932 Hupp cyclefender, a flashy roadster that did well at the track, but sales continued to decline. 1934 saw the introduction of a striking restyle called the "Aerodynamic" by Loewy, as well as the lower-priced series 417-W using Murray-built slightly-modified Ford bodies.

Despite technical innovations, squabbles among stockholders and an attempted hostile takeover in 1935 took their toll on the company. By 1936 the company was forced to sell some of its plants and assets and in 1937 Hupmobile suspended manufacturing.

A new line of six- and eight-cylinder cars was fielded for 1938, but by this time Hupp had very few dealers, and sales were disappointingly low.

Desperate for a return to market strength, on February 8, 1938, Hupmobile acquired the production dies of the Gordon Buehrig-designed Cord 810, paying US$900,000 for the tooling. Hupmobile hoped using the striking Cord design in a lower-priced conventional car, called the Skylark, would return the company to financial health. Enthusiastic orders came in by the thousands, but production delays soured customer support.

Joint venture

Lacking adequate production facilities, Hupmobile partnered with the ailing Graham-Paige Motor Co. to share the Cord dies. Hupmobile and Graham both sold similar models, all to be built at Graham-Paige's facilities. While each marque used its own power train, the Graham edition, called the Hollywood, differed from the Skylark in a few minor details.

Closure
In 1939, deliveries of the Hupmobile Skylark finally began. Unfortunately, it had taken too many years to produce and most of the orders had been canceled. Production lasted only a couple of months, and only 319 Skylarks were produced. Hupmobile ceased production in late summer. Graham-Paige suspended production shortly after the last Hupmobile rolled off the line.

Technical innovations
In a constant effort to remain competitive, Hupp introduced a number of new features. They were one of the first U.S. automakers to equip their cars with "free wheeling", a device that enjoyed immense, but brief, popularity in automobiles in the 1930s. Hupmobile also pioneered fresh-air car heaters with the Evanair-Conditioner.

Legacy
In 1914, Eric Wickman tried to establish a Hupmobile dealership but could not sell them so he started transporting miners in one of the vehicles and founded Greyhound Lines. The National Football League was created at Ralph Hay's Hupmobile dealership in Canton, Ohio, in 1920.

The Skylark's grille later inspired the grilles used on Lincoln Continental models in the 1940s. Their heater technology became widely adopted in the industry. Buick picked up the Skylark name for its own convertible and one-off coupe models in 1953; the nameplate was subsequently used on a midsize model from 1961 to 1973, then on a compact model from 1975 to 1998. The Hupmobile dealership in Omaha, Nebraska, is a prominent historic landmark. The dealership building in Washington, D.C., is now the H Street Playhouse.

Models
For specifications on various Hupmobile models:
 Hupmobile Club Sedan – R
 Hupmobile Touring – E

Gallery

References

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Brass Era vehicles
Vintage vehicles
Cars introduced in 1909
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1909
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1940
1909 establishments in Michigan
1940 disestablishments in Michigan

Hupmobile


This is a list of rivers in Assam, India:

A
Aagrong
Aie Nadi - Starts in Bhutan and flows south. Crosses the NH 31 few Kilometers west of Bijni town and drains into the Brahmaputra.
Akashi Ganga (Akaxi Gonga) - A small river which crosses NH 36 Near Parakhuwa and Haldiati in Karbi Anglong.
Amlong
Amreng

B
Balijaan
Balisera
Barapani
Bar Dikharu - Starts near Parkup pahar in Karbi Anglong district and flows south. Crosses the NH 36 near parokhuwa town.
Barak (borak) - Starts in the Hills of Manipur and flows through the Barak valley in South Assam.The Barak River is a river of Surma-Meghna River System. From source in Manipur it enters Mizoram then into Assam and thereafter Bangladesh where the Surma and Kushiyara rivers begin after splitting. The river gets a water from small streams like Gumti, Howrah, Kagni, Senai Buri, Hari Mangal, Kakrai, Kurulia, Balujhuri, Shonaichhari and Durduria and Madhura River. The important tributaries of the Barak are Jiri, the Dhaleshwari (Tlawng), the Singla, the Longai, the Madhura, the Sonai (Tuirial), the Rukni and the Katakhal.
Bashistha (Boxistho)
Belsiri - A north bank tributary of the Brahmaputra river. Flows in a North-South direction from source to mouth. It runs parallel to the Gabhoru in the east and Pachnoi in the west
Beki - The river Manas is known as the Beki in its lower reaches.
Bihali - A small river flows near the Bihali Township in sonitpur District (Now Under Bishwanath District).
Boginadi -  A north bank river which flows through the Boginadi town and finally drains into the Brahmaputra.
Bornoi - A north bank river, Starts in the Bhutan and drains into the Brahmaputra. The river crosses NH 15 at Dumunichoki.
Bordikorai
Borgang - A north bank river which flows through the Borgang town before reaching the Brahmaputra.
Borlangpher - Starts from the hills of Karbi Anglong and flows in a northerly direction and crosses the railway track between Lumding - Diphu section.
Borolia - A north bank river which flows through the Rangia town before reaching the Brahmaputra.
Bhogdoi - A meandering south bank river which flows through the Jorhat town before meeting the Brahmaputra.
Bhorolu—River that goes through Guwahati city and finally drains into the Brahmaputra at Bhorolumukh.
Brahmaputra River—The largest amongst all the rivers flowing through or flowing in Assam. Near Sadiya, rivers Siang (Dihang), Sikang (Dibong) and Lohit meets to  form the River Brahmaputra. In Assam, the Brahmaputra is also known as Luit.
Burhadiya
Burhi Dihing - A large south bank tributary of the Brahmaputra and about 380 kilometers long. It is formed by the confluence of the Namphuk and the Namchik, which rises from the Patkai ranges and the Maganton river which is the southern branch of the Noadehing. The Namphuk is considered as the principal source of the Buridehing. The river drains into the Brahmaputra at Dihingmukh in Dibrugarh district of Assam. River Disam is a tributary of the Burhi Dihing.
Burhigang
Burhi Ganga - A small riverlet which crosses NH 36 near Doboka and drains into the Jamuna. This river is the western border of Doboka Reserve Forest.
Buri Suti - A westerly-bifurcated branch of Dihang is formed by small river-lets like Debing, Yagalong, Rayang, Je as known in Arunachal joins to form the Buri Suti.
Buroi - A north bank river which flows through the Buroighat before reaching the Brahmaputra. It Runs parallel to the borgang river.
Brahmajan -
Bhur noi

C
Charikaria - This river flows through Dhakuakhana and Machkhowa in Dhemaji district of Assam. It is also known as Laipulia River. This river receives water from small river-lets, tributaries and dis-tributaries like Harhi River (right bank), Enduria (left bank), Marasuti, Dhakuakhana Jan, Hapotia Jan (tributary of Dhakuakhana Jan) , Singia Jan (tributary of Hapotia Jan), Kharjan, Jogijan, Juria Jan (tributary of Jogijan) and thereafter meets Korha.
Chompaboti - Starts from the Bhutan hills and enters Assam in the Kokrajhar district. It crosses the NH 31 west of Basugaon before meeting the Brahmaputra.

D
Dangori
Dangdhora
Dehangi - Starts from north of the Borail range and flows through Dima Hasao.
Dekapam -
Deopani - An east flowing river in Karbi Anglong district and drains into the Dhansiri. Famous Temple "Deopani" is near the banks of this river.
Deopani - Near Burhapahar
Deoxila
Dhaleshwari - Starts from the hills of Mizoram and enters Assam via Hailakandi district before draining into the Barak from the south.
Dhansiri (dhonxiri) - Starts from Nagaland forming the border between Assam and Nagaland. A very highly meandering river flows through Dimapur town of Nagaland bordering Assam. Joins the Brahmaputra on its south bank after flowing through Golaghat town.
Dhola
Dholaani - goes through Bijni town in lower Assam and drains into the Brahmaputra.
Dhol noi
Dhunaxuti
Dibong - Starts near Keya pass on the Indo-Chinese border in the Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh. After travelling for approximately 200 kilometers the river finally enters the Lohit near Sadiya from the north. It is one of the Chief contributors to the Brahmaputra.
Dibru - A south bank tributary of the Brahmaputra. Both the river form the boundary of Dibru-saikhowa national park.
Digaru
Diju -  Starts in the Hills of Karbi Anglong and flows northward and crosses NH 37 near Amoni and drains into the Kolong from the south. Presently Diju is the main source of water to the kolong.
Dikari - Sidha Korong as known in Arunachal flows in Assam as Dikari. Dikari receives water from small streams like Chipkai, Doge, Pere Korong, Tepong, Yungpi and Pote. After that Dikari joins the Dekapam River, it is then known as Jamjing River. This river splits into two channels: the eastern channel joins the Buri suti and the western channel is known as Narod.
Dikijal Pani
Dikharu
Dikhow - Starts from the hills of Nagaland as Dikhu river. Enters Assam through Sibsagar where ii is known as Dikhow river. It flows through Amguri, Nazira and Sibsagar towns and drains into the Brahmaputra at Dikhowmukh.
Dikorai -
Dikring noi
Dikrong - Starts from Dafla hills near the borders of Lower Subansiri District and East Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh. Par, Nirochi and Pachin are its main tributaries.
Dikrut -  A small hilly river which crosses the National Highway near Dokmoka town in Karbi Anglong District. It drains into the jamuna near Kamrupia Gaon in Karbi Anglong.
Dorika
Dimoru
Dimow - A tributary of the Disang river in the south bank of the Brahmaputra. Drains into the Disang few kilometers short of Disangmukh.
Dipholu
Dipila
Diroi
Diyung - Starts from north of the Borail range and flows through Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong districts and finally drains into the Kopili at Diyungmukh.
Doigurung
Doyang - A tributary of the Dhansiri and Starts on the southern border of Nagaland. Longest river of Nagaland. Its tributaries and sub tributaries are Chubi, Nzhu,Tsui, Tishi and Tullo. It joins the Dhansiri from its eastern side.
Diphalu (Dipholu) - A rivulet that Starts from the Karbi Anglong hills, Assam and goes through the Kaziranga National Park and joins the River Brahmaputra on its south bank
Diphu - River that goes through Diphu town, the District Head Quarter of Karbi Anglong District.
Dipota - River that goes through Rangapara town and few kilometers west of Tezpur town and drains into the Brahmaputra.
Disam
Disang
Dorika
Dudhhnoi

G
Gabhoru
Gai
Gelabill
Godadhar
Gorango
Ghiladhari
Ghiladhari
Ghuna suti

H
Harhariajan
Hel
Horgati (Horina) - A small river Starts near Parkup Pahar and goes through Dengaon town of Karbi Anglong District.The river drains into the Dikrut river from the north.
Horulangpher (Xorulangpher)

J
Jalkati
Jamuna - The river Jamuna is one of the longest rivers of Karbi Anglong district. Diphu river and Dillai (Manja river) joins near Manja town and flows westward and meets  the Longnit river (Siloni river) and Megongdisa river. These combine waters then flow west northwestward and come to known as Jamuna in the plains. Famous picnic spot Sylveta is over this river in the hills on the side of NH 36 near Disobai.
Jatinga
Jenam
Jia Bhoroli - Starts in the Hills of Arunachal Pradesh as Kameng river and enters Assam near bhalukpong (Assam-Arunachal border) and flows the Bhoroli river. It falls into the Brahmaputra east of the Koliabhumura bridge (near Tezpur).
Jia Dhansiri (Jia dhonxiri)- This river Starts from the hills of Bhutan and Arunachal bordering Assam. Famous picnic spot Bhairabkunda is located on the banks of this river.
Jia dhol/kumotia
Jinari
Jinjiram
Jiri

Jhanji
Jonai Korong - Initially this river is known as the Rukshing in Arunachal and near Jonai town the river gets is name as the Jonai Korong. This river also drains into the Dihang.

K
Kakodonga
Kaldia
Kanibil
Kanmakora
Karbi Langpi - The diverted channel of barapani flows in the karbi Anglong district and is known as the Karbi Langpi river.
Katakhal
Khabolu xuti
Kherkotia
Kharoi
Killing
Kolioni - Starts from the Hills of Karbi Anglong and flows near Numaligarh refinery and drains into the Dhansiri.
Kolong - A pure tributary of the Brahmaputra. Starts from the Brahmaputra near Jakhalabandha and flows through Koliabor and Nogaon towns. It meets the river Kopili and falls into the Brahmaputra at kajolimukh.
Kopili - It starts in the Saipong Reserve Forest in south east of Meghalaya. It has many hydel project over it and the famous being the Khangdong Hydel project at Umrangso.
Korha/Sila
Korkangti - A small river that crosses Langhin town in  Karbi Anglong. Korkangthi together with Dikrut and Horina falls into the Jamuna.
Krishnai
Kumotiya
Kulsi
Kundil - A north bank tributary of the Lohit river. It is in the Sadiya sub-division of Tinisukia district.
Kushiyara - A branch of the Barak River, when the Barak splits into the Kushiyara and Surma. Originate in the state of Nagaland in India and pick up tributaries from Manipur, Mizoram and Assam. It forms one of the boundaries between Assam, India, and the Sylhet District of Bangladesh

L
Lahorijan - A riverlet which borders Assam and Nagaland at Dimapur.
Langpher
Langai
Langting
Leku river - River Leku flows in Arunachal as the chileng river and drains into Dihang in Assam approximately 7 Km downstream from the confluence of Silley and Dihang river.
Letekujaan
Lohit
Lokhaitora
Longring
Luit - Another name for the Mighty Brahmaputra in Assamese language. Present day the world famous majuli island is surrounded by the Luit towards north and by the main channel of Brahmaputra in the south. However, historically the Luit xuti {(northern channel) (much larger than present day Luit which can be seen in Majuli)) and Burhi xuti {(southern channel) (present day Burhi dihing river)} were the two main bifurcated rivers to form the Majuli Island.
Lumding

M
Mahur
Manas (manox) - In Bhutan Mangde Chu meets Dangme Chu and finally joins the Kirung River to form the Manas river in Assam. Famous Manas National Park is on the banks of the Manas river. At Mathanguri, this river bifurcates into two branches, the eastern branch is known as Beki and western branch is known as Manas.
Mangaldoi
Missa
Mitong
Modhura
Mora Dhansiri
Mora Manah
Mora pagladia
Mori dhol

N
Nambor—It flows through the Nambor habi (Nambor forest) in Karbi Anglong and Golaghat districts.
Namdang - In Sibsagar. Famous single stone bridge is over this river.
Nanadi- In Dhemaji District of Assam
Noa Dihing - Starts in the hills of Arunachal and flows through Namdhapa, Miao and Namsi and finally drains into the Lohit from the south.
Nokhuwa
Nonoi - In Nogaon
Nonoi - In Udalguri
Nuna noi
Nuwa noi

P
Pach noi
Pagladia
Palla noi
Pokoria
Pohumara
Puthimari

R
Ranganadi - It Starts in the hills of Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Yazhali Village, Kimin village and finally drains into the Brahmaputra in  Lakhimpur District of Assam. A hydel project over the river by NEEPCO is located at Yazhali.
Rengma
Rowta Noi
Rukoni
Rupai

S
Saktola river
Sampara Xuti
Sapmora noi
Saphrai
Saralbhaga (xorolbhaga)
saulkhuwa
Sessa
Sibia
Silley - Small river-lets Remi along with its tributary Penang and Miku Korong in Arunachal Pradesh joins to form the Silley river. Silley river forms the eastern most boundary of Dhemaji district of Assam. The Silley river drains into the Dihang.
Siloni—One of hill rivers in the district of Karbi Anglong. It is famous for its picnic spots Siloni and Sylbheta. It falls into the Jamuna river (not to confused with Yamuna of North India or Jamuna of Bangladesh).
Silonijan
Simen
Singla
Singra noi (Xingra)
Sissi
Somkhong
Sonkosh
Soroldanga (Xorol dong'aa)
Subansiri (xuwonxiri)
Sungajaan noi
Suklai (xukulai)
Sunai (xunai)
Sunai

T
Talap
Taukak
Teok
Tihu
Tiphuk
Tingrai
Tirap
Tuni
Torang
Tengapani
Tongani

Assam

Rivers of Assam

List of rivers of Assam


The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society. Its goal is to support excellence in American literature, music, and art. It is in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is in Audubon Terrace on Broadway between West 155th and 156th Streets, with the Hispanic Society of America and Boricua College.

The academy's galleries are open to the public. Exhibits include paintings, sculptures, photographs and works on paper from contemporary artists chosen by its members. Also works by newly elected members and award winners are shown. A permanent exhibit of the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives was opened in 2014.

Musicians and engineers like to record live there because the acoustics are among the city's finest. Hundreds of commercial recordings have been made there.

Membership
Members are chosen for life. They have been some of the leading people in American art. Members are in committees that give annual prizes to help new artists.

Women were not elected to membership in the early years. In 1908, poet Julia Ward Howe was elected to the AAA, becoming the first female member.

This is a list of some past members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Institute and Academy of Arts and Letters:

 Henry Brooks Adams
 Herbert Adams
 Henry Mills Alden
 Nelson Algren
 Hannah Arendt
 Newton Arvin
 Wystan Hugh Auden
 Paul Wayland Bartlett
 Chester Beach
 Stephen Vincent Benét
 William Rose Benét
 Edwin Howland Blashfield
 William Brownell
 George de Forest Brush
 John Burroughs
 William S. Burroughs
 Nicholas Murray Butler
 George Washington Cable
 Hortense Calisher
 Joseph Campbell
 George Whitefield Chadwick
 William Merritt Chase
 Chou Wen-chung
 Timothy Cole
 Kenyon Cox
 John Dos Passos
 Bob Dylan
 Thomas Harlan Ellett
 Stanley Elkin
 Duke Ellington
 Ralph Ellison
 Daniel Chester French
 William Gaddis
 Hamlin Garland
 Charles Dana Gibson
 Cass Gilbert
 Richard Watson Gilder
 Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve
 Brendan Gill
 William Gillette
 Daniel Coit Gilman
 Allen Ginsberg
 Bertram G. Goodhue
 Robert Grant
 William Elliot Griffis
 Arthur Twining Hadley
 Childe Hassam
 Thomas Hastings
 David Jayne Hill
 Ripley Hitchcock
 Cecil de Blaquiere Howard
 Julia Ward Howe
 William Henry Howe
 William Dean Howells
 Archer Milton Huntington
 Charles Ives
 Henry James
 Robert Underwood Johnson
 Louis I. Kahn
 Kenneth Koch
 Maxine Kumin
 Sinclair Lewis
 Roy Lichtenstein
 Henry Cabot Lodge
 Abbott Lawrence Lowell
 Mary McCarthy
 Hamilton Wright Mabie
 Archibald MacLeish
 Frederick William MacMonnies
 Brander Matthews
 William Keepers Maxwell Jr.
 William Rutherford Mead
 Gari Melchers
 Willard Metcalf
 Edna St. Vincent Millay
 Charles Moore
 Douglas Moore
 Paul Elmer More
 Robert Motherwell
 Georgia O'Keeffe
 Thomas N. Page
 Horatio Parker
 Joseph Pennell
 Bliss Perry
 William Lyon Phelps
 Charles Adams Platt
 Ezra Pound
 James Ford Rhodes
 James Whitcomb Riley
 George Lockhart Rives
 Elihu Root
 Theodore Roosevelt
 Mark Rothko
 Eero Saarinen
 Carl Sandburg
 John Singer Sargent
 Meyer Schapiro
 Arnold Schoenberg
 Harry Rowe Shelley
 Stuart Sherman
 Robert E. Sherwood
 Paul Shorey
 William Milligan Sloane
 Wallace Stevens
 Meryl Streep
 Lorado Taft
 Josef Tal
 Booth Tarkington
 Abbott Handerson Thayer
 William Roscoe Thayer
 Augustus Thomas
 Virgil Thomson
 Lionel Trilling
 Henry van Dyke
 John Charles Van Dyke
 Elihu Vedder
 Kurt Vonnegut
 Julian Alden Weir
 Barrett Wendell
 Edith Wharton
 Andrew Dickson White
 Thornton Wilder
 Brand Whitlock
 William Carlos Williams
 Woodrow Wilson
 Owen Wister
 George Edward Woodberry
 Frank Lloyd Wright
 James A. Wright

References
Notes

Sources

Other websites

 American Academy of Arts & Letters — official website
 Cornell Legal Institute: Title 36 > Subtitle II > Part B > Chapter 203 > § 20301 et seq. — easiest to read
 United States House of Representatives:
 United States Government Publishing Office (GPO):  — revised §4701 et seq. (1916–1998)
 American Academy of Arts and Letters records, 1864–1942 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

Manhattan
1904 establishments
American writers' organizations
Museums in New York City
Organizations in New York City

American Academy of Arts and Letters