John Strickland Gibson (January 3, 1893 – October 19, 1960) was a U.S. Representative from Georgia.

Early years and education
Gibson was born near Folkston, Georgia in Charlton County on January 3, 1893, to William Owen Gibson and Julia Ann Vickery Gibson. He attended the common schools of his county. Upon graduation, he moved to Douglas, Georgia and subsequently attended Georgia State Normal College. Upon graduation, he married Bessie Thomas in April, 1917. Gibson began his legal studies at the office of George Mingledorff, while he finished a correspondence course from LaSalle Extension University of Chicago, Illinois in preparation for the bar exam. He was admitted to the bar in 1922 and commenced practice in Douglas in 1923. He was an aggressive courtroom lawyer who specialized in cross-examination and was known for his innate ability to sense the mood of the jury and for his colorful and frequently caustic methods of argument. He became one of Georgia's most feared and admired attorneys, and his excellence as a trial lawyer led to service as solicitor of the city court of Douglas from 1928 to 1934.

Political career
In 1934 Gibson was elected as solicitor general of the Waycross judicial circuit, a position equivalent to today's district attorney. He retained that position until 1940.

Gibson's popularity continued to grow, and he was elected as a Democrat to the United States Congress from Georgia's Eighth District, when incumbent W. Ben Gibbs died in office in 1940. Gibson's first term was in the 77th United States Congress. He was re-elected two more times. His congressional career spanned the period January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1947. Congressman Gibson served the public tirelessly through the difficult years of World War II, and he is credited with playing a decisive role in the passing of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, better known as the G.I. Bill. During the week of the D-Day invasion of Normandy, a House and Senate conference committee was deadlocked on the bill which would provide housing, education, and job benefits to returning veterans. Congressman Gibson received word that the bill was in jeopardy while he was at home in Douglas, Georgia, recovering from an illness, and in a spectacular overnight journey, he rushed to Washington to remind his peers that American soldiers needed their full support.

Later years
When he was unable to secure renomination in 1946. he returned to Douglas, to resumed the practice of law. He died in Douglas, Georgia on October 19, 1960, and was interred in City Cemetery.

References

External links
 Congressional Biography

1893 births
1960 deaths
People from Charlton County, Georgia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American politicians
University of Georgia alumni
La Salle Extension University alumni

John S. Gibson


The 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash was an accident that occurred near Goldsboro, North Carolina, United States, on 24 January 1961. A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress carrying two 3.8-megaton Mark 39 nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process. The pilot in command, Walter Scott Tulloch, ordered the crew to eject at . Five crewmen successfully ejected or bailed out of the aircraft and landed safely; another ejected, but did not survive the landing, and two died in the crash. Information declassified since 2013 has showed that one of the bombs was judged by nuclear weapons engineers at the time to have been only one safety switch away from detonation, and it being "credible" to imagine conditions under which it could have detonated.

Accident

The aircraft, a B-52G, was based at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in Goldsboro, and part of the Strategic Air Command's airborne alert mission known as "Cover All" (a predecessor to Operation Chrome Dome), which involved a continuous flow of staggered, nuclear-armed bombers on a "ladder" route into the Canadian Arctic and back.

Around midnight on 23–24 January 1961, the bomber had a rendezvous with a tanker for aerial refueling. During the hook-up, the tanker crew advised the B-52 aircraft commander, Major Walter Scott Tulloch (grandfather of actress Elizabeth Tulloch), that his B-52 had a fuel leak in the right wing. The refueling was aborted, and ground control was notified of the problem. The B-52 was directed to assume a holding pattern off the coast until the majority of fuel was consumed. However, when it reached its assigned position, the pilot reported that the leak had worsened and that  of fuel had been lost in three minutes. The aircraft was immediately directed to return and land at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.

As the aircraft descended through  on its approach to the airfield, the pilots were no longer able to keep it in stable descent and lost control. An entire wing of the aircraft apparently was lost. The pilot in command ordered the crew to abandon the aircraft, which they did at . Five men landed safely after ejecting or bailing out through a hatch, one did not survive his parachute landing, and two died in the crash. The third pilot of the bomber, Lt. Adam Mattocks, is the only person known to have successfully bailed out of the top hatch of a B-52 without an ejection seat. The crew's final view of the aircraft was in an intact state with its payload of two Mark 39 thermonuclear bombs still on board, each with yields of 3.8 megatons. Sometime between the crew ejecting and the aircraft crashing, the two bombs separated from the aircraft.

The pilotless aircraft broke up in the air shortly after the crew ejected. Witnesses reported seeing two flashes of red light, suggesting that fuel explosions contributed to the breakup of the plane. At 12:35 a.m. EST on January 24, the remaining pieces of the B-52 impacted with the ground. The aircraft wreckage covered a  area of tobacco and cotton farmland at Faro, about  north of Goldsboro. The arrangement of the aircraft pieces suggested that several pieces of the B-52 were upside down when they struck the ground.

Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams from Seymour Johnson and other bases arrived on the scene quickly, disarming the one bomb that was easily accessible. Representatives from the Albuquerque Operations Office of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission were alerted to the accident on the morning of January 24. A team of scientists and engineers from the AEC, Sandia National Laboratories, and Los Alamos National Laboratory assembled at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico. They were joined by representatives from the Department of Defense Nuclear Safety Research Directorate. They flew to Seymour Johnson AFB on a C-47 cargo plane, arriving at approximately 10:15 p.m. EST on the night of January 24.

The weapons

Mark 39 Mod 2 nuclear bombs

The two bombs involved in the Goldsboro accident were Mark 39 Mod 2 thermonuclear weapons with a maximum predicted yield of 3.8 megatons of TNT equivalent. Like all Teller-Ulam design thermonuclear weapons, its warhead consists of two distinct parts ("stages"), the "primary" (a mostly-fission weapon which initiates the detonation) and the "secondary" (the portion of the weapon that, under the influence of the energy released by the "primary," undergoes a nuclear fusion reaction and also produces additional nuclear fission reactions). In the case of the Mark 39 Mod 2, the "primary" was also boosted, meaning that at the moment of detonation a gaseous mix of deuterium and tritium was injected into its core, and was a sealed-pit weapon, meaning that it was fully-assembled at all times. This results in some fusion reactions which in turn produce neutrons that increase the efficiency of the "primary"'s fission reaction. The Mark 39 Mod 2 warhead was itself enclosed in a gravity bomb casing. The pit of the primary was entirely composed of enriched uranium ("all-oralloy"), with no plutonium. The fully-loaded bomb weight was between 9,000 and 10,000 lbs, and contained a drogue parachute that both allowed the aircraft dropping it to move to a safe distance, and allowed it to be detonated on the surface by a contact fuze without risk of the weapon breaking.

Immediately after the Goldsboro accident, technicians from Sandia National Laboratories, the national laboratory which has the primary responsibility of nuclear warhead safety engineering, subjected the recovered weapons to careful analysis to determine how close they were to a possible nuclear detonation. Various accounts of their conclusions have circulated over the years, with some emphasizing the closeness of the detonation, and some emphasizing the success of the various safety features of the nuclear warheads. To make sense of their analysis and the controversies, it is first necessary to understand what the normal firing sequence of a Mark 39 Mod 2 used in combat conditions would be.

The Mark 39 would be suspended in the bomb bay of the B-52 plane carrying it. "Arming rods" were extended out of the weapon, and the action of dropping the bomb would cause these rods to retract into the bomb and begin the firing sequence. Prior to this, "safing pins" would need to be removed from the rods by pulling a lanyard, accessible from the crew compartment, longitudinally. Additionally, prior dropping the bomb, the pilot would need to operate a switch inside the cockpit (the T-380 Readiness Switch) that would operate the MC-722 Arm/Safe Switch inside the Mark 39 bomb itself. The Arm/Safe Switch was a low-voltage, solenoid-operated electro-mechanical switch that was kept in the "Safe" position until a deliberate choice was made to cause a nuclear detonation, but could be switched from "Safe" to "Arm" by a 28-volt electrical signal. The pilot would also use a T-249 Aircraft Monitor and Control Unit to tell the bomb whether it was to be detonated as an airburst or a surface burst. The bomb bay also had a solenoid-operated lock system which would deploy the parachute automatically upon release if operated, using an MC-834 Explosive Actuator, as opposed to a free-fall release.

Once the bomb cleared the bomb bay and the arming rods retract, they would trigger a MC-845 Bisch generator. This was a single-pulse generator that began the overall firing sequence. The Bisch generator would send an initiation signal to the MC-640 low-voltage thermal battery back, as well as the MC-543 Timer. The timer would begin to count down. A pullout-valve assembly would also be triggered that would seals a reference chamber in the MC-832 Differential Pressure Switch, a barometric fuze for detecting the bomb's altitude, used for an airburst detonation setting.

After the weapon had fallen a required vertical distance, the differential pressure switch would close contacts which passed battery current through the MC-772 Arm/Safe Switch and from there to the MC-788 High Voltage Safing System, which is armed by continual current being applied to it. Upon receiving this current, the MC-788 would then connect the (not yet-charged) high-voltage thermal battery to the X-Unit, the electrical device that provides a high voltage signal to the detonators used in the "primary" stage of the weapon. After the timing circuit completed its countdown of 42 seconds, it would then deliver initiation power to the MC-641 High Voltage Thermal Battery pack. This would begin to generate its full voltage of 2500 volts within 1-2 seconds, which would be applied directly to the trigger circuit and, through the MC-788 High Voltage Safing System, to the capacitor bank of the X-Unit. Once the bomb impacted the ground, a crush switch on the nose of the bomb would be closed and trigger the X-Unit to discharge its capacitors and initiate the high-explosive system in the "primary" stage of the weapon.

At some point in the above sequence, not indicated in declassified documents (possibly because of its classified nature), "squibs" on the Los Alamos Laboratory 1A Valve Mechanism would fire and cause the gas from the boost reservoir to be injected into the "primary" of the bomb.

For a parachute delivery, the Mark 39 would need to be released between  and  above the target. For a free-fall delivery, it would need to be released at least  above the target, or else it would hit the ground prior to the timer circuit completing its countdown and the X-Unit being charged.

The two Mark 39 Mod 2 nuclear bombs involved in the Goldsboro crash had distinctly different outcomes. Official reports identified them as weapon no. 1 (or bomb no. 1) and weapon no. 2 (or bomb no. 2), with the first's parachute having deployed and the second having crashed into the ground in free-fall without any decrease in its speed. Weapon no. 1 was kept in the forward bomb bay of the aircraft, while weapon no. 2 was in the aft bomb bay.

Weapon No. 1: Serial No. 434909 (parachute)

Weapon no. 1, identified as serial number 434909, was flung out of the aircraft at an altitude of around  above the ground. It apparently twisted from its rack in a way that caused the "safing pins" on its arming rods to pull out longitudinally and without any sign of damage, despite not having been pulled from the crew compartment. Once it left its rack, the bomb dropped in such a way that its arming rods were pulled out in much the same manner as an intentional drop sequence would be. This caused its MC-845 Bisch generator to be actuated, initiating the MC-640 low-voltage thermal battery pack and the MC-543 timer. The explosive actuators triggered the deployment of the bomb's parachute as in normal functioning.

The MC-832 Differential Pressure Switch operated as normal, and passed the battery current to the MC-722 Arm/Safe switch. This switch was found by the initial explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) team on the scene to be in the "Safe" position, and did not pass its current on further. The MC-543 safe-separation timer ran its full length (42 seconds), and initiated the MC-641 High-Voltage Thermal Battery Pack. Upon impact with the ground, the crush-switch closed, which would under normal circumstances fire the weapon. But as the MC-722 Arm/Safe Switch had not activated the MC-788 High-Voltage Safing Switch, the X-Unit was not charged, and no detonation occurred. The "squibs" that would inject the boost gas into the weapon did not release and the tritium reservoir was found intact.

The weapon was found in an upright position, with its parachute hanging on adjacent trees, about  behind where the main wreckage of the aircraft impacted.  On January 24, the EOD team from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base disassembled and "safed" the weapon (by disconnecting the tritium reservoir from the primary), and returned it to Seymour Johnson AFB. The weapon was described as having only sustained "negligible damage."

There have been differing interpretations offered as to how close this particular weapon was to having a nuclear detonation. An initial report by Sandia in February 1961 concluded that weapon no. 1 "underwent a normal release sequence in which the parachute opened and the components of the weapon which were given an opportunity to actuate by the pulling of the Bisch rods did behave in the manner expected. Full operation of this weapon was prevented by the MC-772 Arm/Safe Switch, the primary safing device." Other measures meant to provide additional safing, such as the "safing pins," failed.

Parker F. Jones, a supervisor at Sandia, concluded in a reassessment of the accident in 1969 that "one simple, dynamo-technology, low voltage switch stood between the United States and a major catastrophe." He further suggested that it would be "credible" to imagine that in the process of such an accident, an electrical short could cause the Arm/Safe Switch to switch into the "Arm" mode, which, had it happened during the Goldsboro accident, could have resulted in a multi-megaton detonation. A Sandia study on the US nuclear weapons safety program by R.N. Brodie written in 1987 noted that the ready/safe switches of the sort used in this era of weapon design, which required only a 28-volt direct current to operate, had been observed many times to inadvertently be set to "arm" when a stray current was applied to the system. "Since any 28-volt DC source could cause the motor to run, how could one argue that in severe environments 28 volts DC would never be applied to that wire, which might be tens of feet long?" He concluded that "if [weapon no. 1] in the Goldsboro accident had experienced inadvertent operation of its ready-safe switch prior to breakup of the aircraft, a nuclear detonation would have resulted."

Bill Stevens, a nuclear weapon safety engineer at Sandia, gave the following assessment in an internal documentary film produced by Sandia in 2010: "Some people can say, 'hey, the bomb worked exactly like designed.' Others can say, 'all but one switch operated, and that one switch prevented the nuclear detonation.'"

Charlie Burks, another nuclear weapons systems engineer for Sandia, also added: "Unfortunately, there have been thirty-some incidents where the ready/safe switch was operated inadvertently. We're fortunate that the weapons involved at Goldsboro were not suffering from that same malady."

Weapon No. 2: Serial No. 359943 (free-fall)

Weapon no. 2 separated from the B-52 later than weapon no. 1, when it was between  and  above the ground. It was discovered about  away from the crew compartment and wing sections of the aircraft wreckage, along the line of flight  As with weapon no. 1, its "safing pins" were pulled, and its arming rods to withdraw. As before, this initiated the MC-845 Bisch generator, which activated the low-voltage thermal batteries and started the MC-543 Timer. However, because the weapon had been released at such a low altitude, and its parachute had not opened, it collided with the ground at around , which caused it to disintegrate. Its timer circuit had run only 12 to 15 seconds when it impacted, and consequently, the high-voltage thermal battery did not activate. For unknown reasons, its parachute did not deploy, despite the parachute deployment mechanism having been activated. As the impact of the weapon had resulted in a crater of significant size —  deep and  in diameter — it was initially assumed that the high-explosives in the weapon's "primary" stage had detonated. However, it was later confirmed that there had not been any HE detonation of this or the other weapon, and there had been no contamination of the site with fissile material.

The EOD team found that the bomb had apparently left the airplane still attached to its rack, and that its timer circuit could not start until it had left its rack. (The rack was found a mile east of the bomb itself.) The bomb had become deeply buried in mud, and it required three days of excavation to recover its MC-772 Arm/Safe Switch. In 2013, Lt. Jack ReVelle, an EOD officer on the scene, recalled the moment: "Until my death I will never forget hearing my sergeant say, 'Lieutenant, we found the arm/safe switch.' And I said, 'Great.' He said, 'Not great. It's on arm.'"

A report from 1961, a representative of the Atomic Energy Commission noted that after the discovery of it in the "armed" position: "At this point, we wondered why bomb No. 2 had been a dud." An immediate analysis showed that its switches were "electrically... neither in armed nor safe position."  The switch and other components were shipped to Sandia for further "post-mortem" analysis, and it was determined that while the switch's indicator drum had rotated to the "Arm" position, it had disconnected from its contacts, and the contacts were still in the "Safe" position. They concluded that this was damage caused by the impact shock of the bomb hitting the ground, which also damaged the switch to such an extent that the circuit could not have closed even if it were in the "Arm" position.

As with weapon no. 1, the tritium reservoir in weapon no. 2 was recovered intact and without any loss of tritium. The MC-788 High Voltage Safety Switch was destroyed on impact.

Weapon no. 2 had broken into pieces on its impact, and the EOD technicians spent several days attempting to recover its pieces from the deep mud. The "primary" of the weapon was recovered on January 30, six days after the accident, at a depth of some  in the mud. Its high-explosives had not detonated, and some had crumbled out of the warhead sphere. By February 16, the excavation had gotten down to , and had not located the "secondary" component of the weapon.

Excavation of the second bomb, including its fusion "secondary" was eventually abandoned as a result of uncontrollable ground-water flooding. The United States Army Corps of Engineers purchased a  diameter circular easement over the buried component.

An analysis by Sandia in February 1961 concluded that:

The site of the easement, at , is clearly visible as a circle of trees in the middle of a plowed field on Google Earth. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill determined the buried depth of the secondary component to be .

Another analysis by Sandia engineers in 1961 concluded that that while in both weapons the MC-772 Arm/Safe Switch operated "as it was designed to do," the lanyard-controlled safing-pins "cannot be relied upon to prevent initiation of the fuzing sequence" in this kind of accident, and recommended implementing a modification to the weapons be implemented "as rapidly as possible" that would prevent the fuze power supply from activating except when live release was intended.

A 1969 analysis by Sandia supervisor Parker F. Jones concluded that the Goldsboro accident illustrated that "the Mk 39 Mod 2 bomb did not possess adequate safety for the airborne alert role in the B-52."

Consequences to B-52 design
Wet wings with integral fuel tanks considerably increased the fuel capacity of B-52G and H models, but were found to be experiencing 60% more stress during flight than did the wings of older models. Wings and other areas susceptible to fatigue were modified in 1964 under Boeing engineering change proposal ECP 1050. This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement (ECP 1185) in 1966, and the B-52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program (ECP 1195) in 1967.

Legacy

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, in a Top Secret January 1963 meeting with representatives from the Departments of Defense and State, as well as the White House, used the Goldsboro accident to argue against the delegation of authority to use nuclear weapons to SACEUR, citing the possibility of accidental nuclear war. According to declassified meeting notes, McNamara "went on to describe crashes of US aircraft, one in North Carolina and one in Texas, where, by the slightest margin of chance, literally the failure of two wires to cross, a nuclear explosion was averted. He concluded that despite our best efforts, the possibility of an accidental nuclear explosion still existed."

In July 2012, the State of North Carolina erected a historical road marker in the town of Eureka,  north of the crash site, commemorating the crash under the title "Nuclear Mishap".

See also
 1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash
 List of military nuclear accidents
 RAF Lakenheath near nuclear disasters – involved another US military nuclear accident 8 days before the Goldsboro crash
 Special Weapons Emergency Separation System

Citations

General and cited references

 (report begins on page 81 of the PDF)

Further reading

External links
 C-SPAN Video book Goldsboro Brokenarrow
 The Guardian Newspaper  - Account of hydrogen bomb near-disaster over North Carolina – declassified document.
 BBC News Article – US plane in 1961 'nuclear bomb near-miss'
 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) show from 2014-07-27 describing the incident
 The Night Hydrogen Bombs Fell over North Carolina
 Simulation illustrating the fallout and blast radius had the bomb actually exploded
 Audio interview with response team leader

1961 in military history
1961 in North Carolina
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
Aviation accidents and incidents in North Carolina
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1961
Aviation accidents and incidents involving nuclear weapons
January 1961 events in the United States
Nuclear accidents and incidents in the United States
Nuclear weapon safety
Wayne County, North Carolina

1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash


The Oconaluftee River drains the south-central Oconaluftee valley of the Great Smoky Mountains in Western North Carolina before emptying into the Tuckasegee River.  The river flows through the Qualla Boundary, a federal land trust that serves as a reserve for the Eastern Band of the Cherokee (EBCI), the only federally recognized tribe in the state of North Carolina. They bought the land back from the federal government in the 1870s, after having been pushed off and forced to cede it earlier in the nineteenth century. Several historic Cherokee towns are known to have been located along this river.

Geology
Beech Flats Prong is a stream formed by the convergence of several spring outlets high in the Appalachians near Newfound Gap, a mountain pass that straddles the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the center of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.  The creek flows about  south where it merges with Smith Branch, Kepharts Prong, and the Kanati Fork to form the Oconaluftee River.  The river continues south, where it is joined by the Bradley Fork, which greatly strengthens its flow.  A large, flat bottomland is created by the river's confluence with the Raven Fork at Cherokee, where the river turns westward, flowing to its mouth on the Tuckasegee River.

Present-day Bryson City in Swain County, North Carolina developed just upriver of this confluence.

The Oconaluftee passes through the settlements of Smokemount, the Oconaluftee Village and Hospital, the town of Cherokee, base of the EBCI; Indian Hills, and Birdtown before emptying into the Tuckasegee.

History
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples occupied this region, generally living near the waterways. The historic Cherokee people occupied this region as their traditional homelands long before European encounter. They considered the Ocona Luftee waters to be sacred.  The name, "Ocona Luftee" was derived from the name of the Cherokee village, Egwanulti, which was developed on its banks prior to the area's colonization by European frontiersmen. The name translates to "by the river" in English. The river and the village were named by the Cherokee prior to the arrival in this area of John Bartram, an English colonial explorer from Philadelphia.

During the 1830s and the time of Indian removals from the Southeast, the Cherokee were allowed the chance to purchase plots of land for individual households, if they agreed to leave the tribe. They were then considered US and state citizens, not subject to removal.

About 500 Cherokee led by Yonaguska lived on land along the Oconaluftee, which was owned by William Holland Thomas, a white man who held it in trust for the Cherokee, to protect it for them.  They were originally prohibited from buying land where the European Americans were settling. He had been adopted by the Cherokee as a boy, and he enabled this band of Cherokee to remain, safe from removal.  They were joined by a smaller band of about 150 people, who lived along the Nantahala River and were led by Utsala.  Other groups living in Snowbird and along the Cheoah River (in Tomotley) also stayed in the region. If needed, they could all gather on the land held in trust by Thomas, and be protected. Today their descendants comprise most of the Eastern Band of Cherokee, numbering approximately 2000 people. In the 1870s, the Cherokee people expanded their lands in North Carolina with the purchase of the Qualla Boundary.

Research
Since the late 20th century, archeological remains have been found in the eleven westernmost counties of North Carolina, especially in the flat bottomlands about the mouth of Mingus Creek, Toe String Creek, Bradley Fork, and Collins Creek.

Notes

Rivers of North Carolina
Rivers of Swain County, North Carolina
Rivers of Jackson County, North Carolina
Rivers of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
North Carolina placenames of Native American origin

Oconaluftee River


Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a cytokine. It is a cardiac hypertrophic factor of 21.5 kDa and a protein member of the IL-6 cytokine family.

Pathology
CT-1 is associated with the pathophysiology of heart diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, and congestive heart failure.

Mode of action
The protein exerts its cellular effects by interacting with the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta (LIFR) heterodimer. In addition, CT-1 activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase) in cardiac myocytes and enhances transcription factor NF-κB DNA -binding activities.

CT-1 is highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, prostate and ovary and to lower levels in lung, kidney, pancreas, thymus, testis and small intestine.

References

External links

Cardiotrophin 1


Colonel Stuart William Hughes Rawlins,  (11 May 1880 – 16 December 1927) was a British Army officer who led interwar experiments in chemical warfare at Porton Down.

Early life and family
Rawlins was born on 11 May 1880, the son of William Donaldson Rawlins QC and Elizabeth Margaret King. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was the cousin of Major General Stuart Blundell Rawlins, and the father of Vice Admiral Sir John Rawlins.

Military career
Rawlins was commissioned into the Royal Marine Artillery on 1 January 1898 and transferred to the Royal Field Artillery on 3 May 1900. He served in the Second Boer War, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 3 April 1901. Following the end of the war in South Africa, he was in October 1902 posted with the 14th Battery at Cawnpore in British India. He was later attached to the 5th (Uganda) Battalion of the King's African Rifles where he saw action against the Yobos tribe. Rawlins was promoted to captain on 1 April 1910 and passed the Staff College, Camberley.

He was promoted to major on 10 October 1914, two months after the British entry into World War I, and brevet lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1916, serving as the brigade major of the artillery of the 7th Division between 1914 and 1915. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1915. He was awarded the Croix de guerre in 1916. He became a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1918. He was mentioned in despatches ten times over the course of the First World War. He was promoted to colonel in 1919 and was the Commandant of the Chemical Warfare Experimental Station at Porton Down from the same year until 1925. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in June 1924 in recognition for his work at Porton Down. At the time of his death he was the Commander of the 2nd Division in Aldershot.

References

1880 births
1927 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Royal Artillery officers
Royal Marines officers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
19th-century Royal Marines personnel
20th-century Royal Marines personnel
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley

Stuart Rawlins (British Army officer, born 1880)


The School of Toronto Dance Theatre is a dance school located in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1968, the School today runs under the Artistic Direction of Sasha Ivanochko and is a national leader for performing arts education, at the forefront of training in contemporary dance.

History
The School was established in 1968 by the founders of Toronto Dance Theatre: Patricia Beatty, David Earle, and Peter Randazzo, disciples of Martha Graham.  In January 1978, after a decade of growth, the School incorporated separately from the company.  In 1979 the Professional Training Program was established by David Earle, and together the company and School moved into the studios and offices of their current home in Cabbagetown. Today the School maintains its affiliation with Toronto Dance Theatre, currently under the artistic direction of Christopher House.

Programs offered
The School of Toronto Dance Theatre comprises four divisions:

Professional Training Program (PTP)
The School offers a full-time, three-year program in contemporary dance. The professional program is a post-secondary course of study aimed at training aspiring dancers in the skills and experience to succeed in a theatrical dance career. This program is uniquely linked to the York University dance department, giving students the opportunity to apply for admission to the York Bachelor of Fine Arts (Hons) Dance program.

Summer School in Contemporary Dance
The Summer School is an intensive 2-week program of classes in contemporary dance designed for professionals, pre-professionals, and students with a strong background in dance.

Young Dancers' Program (YDP)
A non-competitive program designed to introduce children and young people (up to the age of 17) to creative movement and contemporary dance.

Contemporary Dance Classes
The School also runs an adult recreational program of contemporary dance classes, offered for different experience levels, held on Tuesday evenings.

Faculty and affiliations
The School's artistic director is Sasha Ivanochko, and the faculty are all practising artists.

The School is affiliated with Toronto Dance Theatre, whose artistic director is Christopher House, and many graduates of the school have become members of that company.

A number of graduates of the School have gone on to join major Canadian and international companies, whilst others have initiated their own dance collectives, festivals and schools.

The School is also affiliated with York University, in Toronto, and graduates may apply credits from their courses at the school towards a BFA in dance.

Notable alumni
 Emily St. John Mandel studied contemporary dance at STDT from the age of 18.

References

External links
The School of Toronto Dance Theatre

Dance schools in Canada
Education in Toronto
Educational institutions established in 1968
1968 establishments in Ontario

School of Toronto Dance Theatre


UK Records was a music label launched in 1972 by Jonathan King to distribute his own releases and those by some other artists. The abbreviation UK stands for "United King". The label was distributed at first by Decca Records and, after 1976, by PolyGram (which later bought out Decca in 1980).

When the label was established, its UK operations were first run by Chris Denning, then by former DJ Don Wardell and by John Peel's Dandelion Records chief, Clive Selwood.  Its releases included UK singles chart hits for Terry Dactyl and the Dinosaurs (fronted by Jona Lewie), 10cc, and Shag, a pseudonym used by King himself.  The label's only UK no.1 record was 10cc's "Rubber Bullets"; eight of the band's singles were released by the label.  The UK label also released successful singles by the First Class, Carl Malcolm, Kevin Johnson, Roy C, Lobo, and by Jonathan King himself, as well as recording Freddie Garrity and the Kursaal Flyers among others.  Successful albums included two by 10cc (10cc and Sheet Music), as well as the King-produced Original London Stage Soundtrack of The Rocky Horror Show.

The label was dissolved in the 1970s.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Singles discography

Defunct record labels of the United Kingdom
Pop record labels
Record labels established in 1972
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom

UK Records


Atropates (c. 370 BC – after 321 BC) was a Persian nobleman who served Darius III and then Alexander III of Macedon.  He made an independent kingdom.  A dynasty was named after him. Diodorus Siculus calls him 'Atrapes'. Quintus Curtius wrongly names him 'Arsaces'.

Biography
At the end of the Achaemenid Empire, Atropates was governor (satrap) of the Achaemenid province of Media. In the Battle of Gaugamela (October 331 BCE) between Darius and Alexander, Atropates was in charge of the Achaemenid troops of Media.

When Darius lost he went to the Median capital of Ecbatana. Atropates helped him. Darius tried to get a new army but could not.  He left Ecbatana in June 330 BCE. After Darius' death a month later at the hands of Bessus, Atropates surrendered to Alexander. Alexander first chose Oxydates as satrap of Media.  In 328-327 BCE Alexander did not trust in Oxydates' loyalty.  Atropates was made satrap again. In 325-324, Atropates gave Baryaxes (a rebel of the area) to Alexander. Alexander thought highly of Atropates.

Alexander died on June 10, 323 BCE. Atropates' new son-in-law Perdiccas was named regent of Alexander's half-brother Philip III. After the "Partition of Babylon" in 323 BCE, Media was divided into two parts. The greater portion in the south-east was governed by Peithon, a general of Perdiccas. The smaller portion in the north west was given to Atropates. At some point, Atropates made his part of Media an independent kingdom. His son-in-law Perdiccas was murdered by Peithon in the summer of 320 BCE.

Legacy
The dynasty Atropates made would rule the kingdom for several centuries. They became vassals of the Seleucids, then as vassals of the Arsacids.

The area of Atropates' kingdom was known to the Greeks as "Media Atropatene" after Atropates.  Then as simply "Atropatene". The Arsacids called it 'Aturpatakan' in Parthian, as did also the Sassanids. Eventually Middle Iranian 'Aturpatakan' became 'Azerbaijan'.  This is where the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Iranian province of Azerbaijan get their name.

References

Ancient history of Azerbaijan
History of Iran
Achaemenid Empire
370s BC births
320s BC deaths
Kings and queens

Atropates


The Welsh language is written in a version of the Latin alphabet. It traditionally has of 28 letters, of which eight are digraphs treated as single letters for collation:

 a, b, c, ch, d, dd, e, f, ff, g, ng, h, i, (j), l, ll, m, n, o, p, ph, r, rh, s, t, th, u, w, y

The letter "j" is now often included in the alphabet, between "i" and "l", due to its use in several loanwords from English (especially the common surname Jones ). The letters "k", "v", "x" and "z" are used in some technical terms, like kilogram , volt , xeroser and zero , but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters: cilogram , folt , seroser and sero. The letter "k" was in common use until the 16th century, but was dropped at the time of the publication of the New Testament in Welsh, William Salesbury responding to critics: "C for K, because the printers have not so many as the Welsh requireth". This change was not popular at the time

The most common diacritic is the circumflex, which is used in some cases to mark a long vowel.

Welsh language
Alphabets

Welsh orthography


Bobbie Deen Owens (also known as B. D. Owens) (born January 17, 1935) was a university president, serving as head of the University of Tampa, Northwest Missouri State University and St. Matthew's University.

Early life
Owens is a 1959 graduate of Northwest Missouri ( the only alumnus to become president).  He received a PhD from the University of Pennsylvania.  He taught at Bowling Green University. Working on an American Council on Education grant. He trained one year under President Elvis Stahr at the University of Indiana.

University of Tampa
Owens was the youngest president of the University of Tampa when he was appointed in 1971.  Adding to the celebrity expectations, journalist David Brinkley, then of NBC News, attended his inauguration in Oct. 2, 1972.

Closing the football program
Tampa had just attempted to elevate its program to championship level.  Tampa Stadium, later home of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, was then newly built.  The team, in the preliminary stages of joining Division I, defeated the Miami Hurricanes in 1970 31–14, prompting the Hurricanes to hire away coach Fran Curci in 1971.  The team was formally accepted into Division I in 1971.  In 1972 the team beat Miami again 7-0 and won the Tangerine Bowl.

The 1973 NFL Draft included team members John Matuszak, Paul Orndorff and Wilbur Grooms.

However, attendance did not pick up with the success.  Owens reported that $755,000 from the university endowment had been spent on the program from 1972 to 1974 and that by spending at that rate the program would soon bankrupt the university. The Trustees cancelled the program at the end of the 1974 season.  Reports at the time said Owens had to carry a weapon because of threats on his life following the program's termination.

Other accomplishments
In other developments, Owens launched an ROTC program in 1971 at a time when other schools were dropping them.

The school's landmark Plant Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

In 1972 the school launched a dual degree program with the Georgia Institute of Technology.

During Owens' tenure as president, the school acquired the former Florida State Fairgrounds, increasing the
campus size to  from

In 1973 University began its first graduate program, the Master of Business Administration.

Northwest Missouri
Owens became president of Northwest Missouri State in 1977.  He instituted a recycling project where recycled material was burned to provide power for the school.

His most significant involvement was dealing with the fire at the school's Administration Building (July 24, 1979).

In the wake of the fire, the building was totally renovated except for the north wing which contained a theatre.  The Mary Linn Theatre opened on the west side of the campus (with the music relocated from the Administration Building).  The school's Wells Library was renovated to for academic offices and radio station KXCV that had been housed in the Administration Building.  The B. D. Owens Library opened just northwest of the building.

Owens left the school in 1984.

St. Matthew's University
After serving as a consultant to the Belize-based school, in 2001 he became interim president and Chief Financial Officer.  Owens only briefly served as president as the school moved to the Cayman Islands.

References

1935 births
Presidents of Northwest Missouri State University
Northwest Missouri State University alumni
Presidents of St. Matthew's University
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Bowling Green State University faculty
Living people

B. D. Owens


Cornelius W. Wiebe,  (February 18, 1893 – July 12, 1999) was a Canadian physician and politician.

Early life & education
Wiebe was born to a Mennonite family in Altona, Manitoba. He was educated at Wesley College, the University of Manitoba and the Manitoba Medical College, receiving his MD in 1925.

Career
Wiebe practiced family medicine in Winkler, Manitoba from 1925 to 1978, and, according to local tradition, continued to practice on an informal basis after his retirement. Over the course of 53 years, he delivered over 6,000 babies.

A member of the Liberal Party, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1932 provincial election, defeating Conservative incumbent Hugh McGavin by 447 votes in the Morden and Rhineland constituency. A coalition of Liberals and Progressives won this election, and Wiebe served as a backbench supporter of John Bracken's coalition government for the next four years.

Wiebe was the first Mennonite to serve in the Manitoba legislature. He did not seek re-election in 1936. Though his own political career was brief, he remained a lifetime supporter of the merged Liberal-Progressive Party and its successor, the Manitoba Liberal Party.

Wiebe served as president of the Manitoba College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1945-46, and of the Manitoba Medical Association in 1952-53. He played a prominent role in establishing Winkler's Bethel Hospital in 1935, and the Valley Rehabilitation Centre in 1969. Along with four other doctors, he established the Winkler Medical Clinic in 1974. Wiebe also served on the Winkler school board from 1929 to 1953.

At age 105, Wiebe became the oldest person in Canadian history to be granted the Order of Canada. He died at Winkler in 1999, at age 106. The Manitoba legislature paid tribute to his life and held a moment of silence in his honour on December 13, 1999.

In 1983, Mavis Reimer published a biography entitled Cornelius W. Wiebe: A Beloved Physician. As of 1999, Reimer's work was still available through Mennonite Books in Manitoba.

References

Further reading
 Order of Canada citation
 University of Manitoba alumni Citation

1893 births
1999 deaths
University of Manitoba alumni
Canadian general practitioners
Canadian centenarians
Men centenarians
Manitoba Liberal Party MLAs
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian Mennonites
People from Winkler, Manitoba
Physicians from Manitoba

Cornelius Wiebe


Benn is a surname and given name, derived from the given name Benedict. The surname originated separately in England and Germany. It may refer to:

Surname
 A. W. Benn (1843–1915), British rationalist/humanist writer
 Aluf Benn (born 1965), Israeli journalist, author and editor-in-chief of the Israeli national daily newspaper Haaretz
 Anthony Benn (disambiguation), several people
 Arrelious Benn (born 1988), American football player
 Arthur Shirley Benn, 1st Baron Glenravel (1858–1937), British politician
 Brindley Benn (1923–2009), Guyanese politician
 Brittany Benn (born 1989), Canadian rugby union player
 Caroline Benn (1926–2000), British writer, wife of Tony Benn
 Concetta Benn (1926–2011), Australian social worker
 Conor Benn (born 1996), British boxer, son of Nigel Benn
 Emily Benn (born 1989), British politician, granddaughter of Tony Benn
 Sir Ernest Benn, 2nd Baronet (1875–1954), British publisher
 Gottfried Benn (1886–1956), German poet
 Hilary Benn (born 1953), British politician, son of Tony Benn
 James R. Benn (born 1949), American mystery writer
 Jamie Benn (born 1989), Canadian NHL hockey player, brother of Jordie
 Sir John Benn, 1st Baronet (1850–1922), British politician, father of Ernest Benn and William Wedgwood Benn
 Jonathon Benn (born 1967), English retired cricketer
 Jon T. Benn (1935–2018), American businessman, entrepreneur, and actor
 Jordie Benn (born 1987), Canadian NHL hockey player for the Dallas Stars, brother of Jamie Benn
 Margaret Wedgwood Benn (née Holmes) (1897–1991), British theologian and women's rights advocate, wife of William Wedgwood Benn and mother of Tony Benn
 Martin Benn (born ?), Australian chef and restaurateur
 Melissa Benn (born 1957), British writer, daughter of Tony and Caroline Benn
 Mitch Benn (born 1970), British musician and stand-up comedian
 Nigel Benn (born 1964), British boxer
 Piers Benn (born 1962), British philosopher
 Sissela Benn (born 1980), Swedish actress and comedian
 Sulieman Benn (born 1981), Barbadian spin bowler
 Tony Benn (1925–2014), British politician, son of William and Margaret Wedgwood Benn
 Wallace Benn (born 1947), English retired Anglican bishop
 Wayne Benn (born 1976), English football manager/coach and former footballer
 William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate (1877–1960), British politician
 William Benn (divine) (1600–1680), English ejected puritan minister

Given name
 Benn Ferriero (born 1987), American ice hockey player
 Benn Jordan (born 1978), American modern jazz and electronic musician
 Benn Levy (1900–1973), British politician and playwright
 Benn Robinson (born 1984), Australian former rugby union footballer
 Benn Steil, American economist and writer

Nickname or pseudonym
 Benn (Bencjon Rabinowicz; painter) (1905–1989), Polish painter
 Benn Fraker (born 1989), American slalom canoeist

Fictional characters
 Mr Benn, created by David McKee

See also
 Behn (disambiguation)
 Ernest Benn Limited, publishing house

Masculine given names
English-language surnames
German-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names

Benn


Kamer Genç (February 23, 1940 – January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician, elected a member of parliament for the Republican People's Party in the 1987 and 1991 elections, for the True Path Party in the 1995 and 1999 elections, as an independent candidate in the 2007 elections, returning to the Republican People's Party on 1 June 2010, for which he was reelected in the 2011 elections.

Life
Genç was born in 1940 in Ramazanköy, a village in Nazımiye in Tunceli Province. Raised in an Alevi family, as a young man he spent summers with his father, Ali Genç, in Silahtarağa, Istanbul doing manual labor.

He was a successful student, and in 1960 he was accepted as a boarder at the Financial School in Ankara.  However, when the school was closed for repairs, he had to continue his education at Tunceli High School for a time.  Afterward he returned to the Financial School.

When his brother Hıdır was dying of measles, Kamer went to work with his father.  In 1966, he graduated from Ankara Financial and Commercial Science Academy (now the Economic and Managerial Sciences branch of Gazi University). When he finished school, he began an internship at the Ministry of Finance and was appointed as a tax official in Bingöl.

Political career
In 1966 he was the only candidate to pass the State Council(citation required) (the highest Turkish administrative court) Exam. He lived in Paris from 1974-1976. He served in the State Council Enquiry Judgeship and the Office of the Attorney General. After the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, he left the State Council and was elected to the Tunceli City Council.

In 1983 the newly returned Genç participated actively in party life and, deciding to go into politics, chose to run as an independent candidate from Tunceli. However, his candidacy was rejected by the city council. From 1983-87 he served as a public accountant. After he was elected a member of parliament for four terms. From 1993-99 and between 2001-02 he served as deputy speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly.  Afterward, in the 2002 Turkish general election, he ran under the True Path Party, and thus was not reelected to parliament. He joined the 2007 elections as an independent and was elected. On June first, 2010, he returned to his former party, the Republican People's Party, for which he was reelected in 2011. He served as a member of parliament until the 2015 elections.

Personal life
In 1966, when he returned to his village after passing the State Council exam, he requested permission to marry Sevim Genç, whom he'd known since primary school and studied with in Tunceli High School, from her family. However, her wealthy landlord father didn't think even the new judge was worthy of his daughter. Sevim was studying in Solfasol village, and opposed her father to accept the proposal. Kamer and Sevim have two children, Seçkin and Seçil. He died in İstanbul in 2016.

References

External links

1940 births
2016 deaths
People from Nazımiye
Social Democratic Populist Party (Turkey) politicians
Contemporary Republican People's Party (Turkey) politicians
Deputies of Tunceli
Members of the 24th Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 23rd Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 21st Parliament of Turkey
Members of the 20th Parliament of Turkey
Deaths from cancer in Turkey
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deputy Speakers of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey

Kamer Genç


Andrew Dousa Hepburn (November 14, 1830 – February 14, 1921) was a Presbyterian pastor, professor and President of Miami University and Davidson College.

Hepburn was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to Samuel Hepburn, a lawyer and judge, and Rebecca Williamson.  Hepburn grew up in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, before attending Jefferson College, Canonsburg; the University of Virginia; and Princeton University, from where he graduated with a degree in theology in 1857, the same year in which he married Henrietta McGuffey, daughter of William Holmes McGuffey.  Together, they had two children: Henrietta Williamson Hepburn and Charles McGuffey Hepburn, an attorney who became dean of the Indiana University School of Law.

Hepburn became an ordained minister in the Presbyterian church the following year, 1858 before becoming a professor of metaphysics, logic, and rhetoric at the University of North Carolina in 1860.  He sided with the Confederacy during the American Civil War, and in his capacity as pastor to the First Presbyterian Church in Wilmington he led the delegation that surrendered the city to Union forces.  In his address at this event, many citizens of Wilmington considered that he was too conciliatory in attitude towards the Union side, but he seemed to emerge from this without too heavy criticism.

In 1865 he left the United States to study at the University of Berlin.  Upon his return to America he took up a post firstly at Miami University in Ohio rising to the post of President in 1871 before moving to Davidson College back in North Carolina upon the closure of Miami University in 1873.  In 1875 his work Manual of English Rhetoric was published, and two years later in 1877, he became Davidson's president. While president, he initiated curricular reforms, particularly in languages and Bible courses. He also taught courses in Latin and French and in Mental Philosophy and English Literature. He was the last Davidson College president to serve as the minister at Davidson College Presbyterian Church. In 1885 Miami University reopened and Hepburn accepted a post as Professor of English Literature there, which he held until his retirement in 1908.

Two different Hepburn Halls at Miami University have been named in his honor and three times in his life he received honorary degrees, once from Jefferson College in 1860, once from Hampden-Sydney College in 1876 and once from the University of North Carolina in 1881.  Hepburn died on February 14, 1921, in Oxford, Ohio.

External links

Photo from The Miami Years

1830 births
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
1921 deaths
Presidents of Miami University
American Presbyterians
Davidson College
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Miami University faculty
Burials at Oxford Cemetery, Oxford, Ohio
Presidents of Davidson College

Andrew Dousa Hepburn


Jennifer Marie "Jenna" Dolan (born 1974) is a colonel in the United States Marine Corps Reserve and former fighter pilot. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, she became the first woman to fly the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II aircraft in combat. The First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, recognized Dolan's transition from the military to civilian workforce as an example for others to follow. Dolan plans to join a small group of civilian pilots that fly the Harrier at air shows.

Early life
Dolan grew up near Saint Paul, Minnesota with three older siblings. Her father and oldest brother were both pilots in the U.S. Marine Corps which Dolan credits for sparking her interest in aviation. She was active in athletics including gymnastics, waterskiing, and snow skiing. Dolan attended the Convent of the Visitation School, an independent, all-girls, Roman Catholic, college-preparatory school in Mendota Heights, Minnesota.

Military career
Dolan attended the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland and graduated in 1996 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics. As with her father and brother before her, Dolan chose the U.S. Marine Corps and was commissioned a second lieutenant. She attended The Basic School in Quantico, Virginia followed by flight training in the T-34C Turbo-Mentor at Naval Air Station (NAS) Pensacola in Florida. Dolan transitioned to jets, training in the T-2 Buckeye and the T-45 Goshawk at NAS Meridian near Meridian, Mississippi. She performed carrier qualification aboard the  and earned her wings in September 1999. She transitioned to the AV-8B Harrier at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point near Havelock, North Carolina and was assigned to the "Tigers" of VMA-542.

Dolan's first tour of duty took place from January to May during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. She deployed with VMA-542 aboard the —the only woman in her squadron. Dolan became the first woman to fly the AV-8B Harrier in combat on the evening of March 19, 2003 in support of the shock and awe campaign that utilized overwhelming power and displays of force to quickly end the military effectiveness of Iraqi forces. She flew close air support missions destroying targets in designated kill boxes and protecting troops engaged with the enemy. Upon returning home, she was selected to attend the Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course at MCAS Yuma in Arizona. WTI is a prestigious seven-week course that trains marine aviators in advanced air-to-air and air-to-ground tactics in order to return them to their squadrons to train other pilots.

Dolan's second tour occurred from May to November 2004 during the Iraq War. On this deployment, VMA-542 was stationed at Al Asad Airbase in the Al Anbar Governorate. She was assigned as the weapons and tactics instructor for the squadron and led combat missions in multiple battles including Operation Phantom Fury—the Second Battle of Fallujah. Dolan returned home and served as the group's safety officer. She attended school with Training and Education Command in Quantico, Virginia but ultimately decided to leave active duty for the Marine Corps Reserve and a civilian position at General Electric. During her 12 years of active duty service, Dolan flew 121 combat missions in the AV-8B.

Civilian career
In 2009, Dolan joined General Electric where she participated in a leadership program that sent former junior military officers on rotation through GE businesses. She worked as a product development program manager at GE Aviation responsible for the production and sale of helicopter engines.

In August 2012, Dolan was a host at a memorial dedication ceremony for Lieutenant Colonel Alfred A. Cunningham. Cunningham was the first Marine Corps aviator and the first Director of Marine Corps Aviation. The event was held at William L. Hammond Park in Marblehead, Massachusetts near the location where Cunningham learned to fly one hundred years prior at the Burgess Aviation Company.

First Lady Michelle Obama and Jill Biden created the Joining Forces initiative to support military families and demonstrate the unique capabilities veterans bring to the civilian workplace. In March 2013, Obama paid tribute to Dolan's successful transition from military to civilian life at the Business Roundtable quarterly meeting. Dolan was interviewed for the 2015 book, Light It Up: The Marine Eye for Battle in the War for Iraq, where she described the attack and surveillance capabilities of the LITENING targeting pod that was used on the AV-8B Harrier. Dolan recounted her wartime experience using the pod to provide detailed imagery at high altitude, identify and designate targets using a built-in laser, and perform intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions using the pod to record video.

An opportunity to fly the Harrier again came in 2014, when Dolan began training with Nalls Aviation, a company that operates a civilian-owned Sea Harrier in air shows in the eastern United States. According to owner, Art Nalls, she completed training in both the Czech Aero Vodochody L-39 Albatros jet trainer, the Sea Harrier, and plans to fly in the 2016 air show season. During the 2016 MCAS Cherry Point air show, Dolan took members of the media for rides in an L-39 Albatros.

In 2017, Dolan was featured in AARP Studios "Badass Pilot" series. The nine-part series, hosted on YouTube, follows Art Nalls and his team as they perform at air shows. Episode 4 showed Dolan training with Nalls as she prepared for her first air show season flying the Sea Harrier. Dolan was promoted to colonel in the USMC Reserve in November 2018.

Dolan expanded her management experience by working with control system projects for two years at GE Energy Connections before returning to military engine programs including the F414  turbofan that powers the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. , she remains active as a civilian pilot flying the L-39 Albatros and BD-5 microjet.

Personal life
Dolan is married to husband Matt with whom she has two children, Sean and Lara. , the family lives in Marblehead, Massachusetts.

See also

 List of firsts in aviation
 List of United States Marines
 Martha McSally—first female U.S. combat aviator
 Sarah Deal—first female U.S. Marine Corps aviator
 Vernice Armour—first African-American female U.S. Marine Corps aviator

Notes

References

External links

1974 births
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War
Living people
Women aviators
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps reservists
Women in the Iraq War
Female United States Marine Corps personnel
Women United States Naval Aviators
21st-century American women

Jenna Dolan


Chinese Australians (, ) are Chinese people living in Australia.  They mainly speak Mandarin, English, Cantonese and Hokkien. Most Chinese Australians were born in Australia or China (including Hong Kong and Macau), but many were born in Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Australia has more Chinese people than any non-Asian country per capita, the largest population in Oceania and one of the largest in the world, with over 1.2 million Australians claiming Chinese ancestry in 2016 (5.6% of all Australians). They are the largest single non-Anglo-Celtic ethnic group in Australia. While most cities and large towns have Chinese Australian communities, cities with the largest numbers of Chinese people include Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Newcastle, Canberra and the Gold Coast. Chinese people are also the main ethnic group on Christmas Island.

Related pages
Chinese New Zealanders

References

Australia
Australian people

Chinese Australians


Odilon is a given name of French origin. The name refers to:
Odilo of Cluny, sometimes referred to as St. Odilon
Odilon Barrot (1791–1873), French politician
Odilon Lannelongue (1840–1911), French physician and surgeon
Odilon Polleunis (b. 1943), Belgian football player, winner of the Belgian Golden Shoe
Odilon Redon (1840–1916), French painter and printmaker

French masculine given names
Masculine given names

Odilon


Events from the year 1751 in France.

Incumbents
 Monarch: Louis XV

Events
 28 June – The first volume of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie (Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers) is published, notably including a map of their figurative system of human knowledge.
 3 December – Battle of Arnee in India (Second Carnatic War): A British East India Company-led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army under the command of Raza Sahib at Arni.

Births
 1 March – Amand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur, mesmerist (d. 1825)

Deaths
 5 February – Henri François d'Aguesseau, Chancellor of France (b. 1668)

See also

References

1750s in France

1751 in France


Chushkopek (Bulgarian: Чушкопек, literally: pepper-roaster) is a uniquely Bulgarian kitchen appliance for roasting peppers, aubergines or potatoes, generally used in salads.

A chushkopek is a cylindrical oven with an opening on the top. Long sweet peppers are placed inside, the lid is replaced, and within several minutes the pepper is ready. Due to the appliance's design, the pepper is evenly roasted across all its surface, leaving a blackened skin which is then easily removed.

The chushkopek was voted "Bulgaria's Household Revolution of the 20th Century" in a 2009 campaign by Bulgarian National Television.

Usage
There are several dishes and dips that are prepared from roasted peppers or eggplants.
 Ljutenica
 Ajvar
 Kyopolou
 İmam bayıldı

References

Bulgarian cuisine
Food preparation utensils

Chushkopek


Ghar Sansar  () is a 1986 Indian Hindi-language drama film, produced by Vimal Kumar under the Shivam Chitrya banner and directed by K. Bapayya. It stars Jeetendra, Sridevi  and music composed by Rajesh Roshan. The film is remake of the Telugu movie Maga Maharaju (1983), starring Chiranjeevi, Suhasini in the pivotal roles.

Plot
Prakash, educated yet an unemployed youth, struggles to find a job, his father Satya Narain is a head clerk, has a large family consisting of two sons, two daughters, wife and old mother. The dream child of this family is the eldest son Prakash, but in this era of rampant corruption, Prakash fails to get a respectable job, joins an ironsmith and starts believing in the indignity of labor. His younger brother Chandan proves to be a black sheep and joins a gang of rowdies. Satya Narain manages a further loan to marry the eldest daughter, which is stolen by his brother-in-law, who had come to live like a parasite and demanded his balance dowry. Satya Narain dies of a heart attack, the burden of the family falls on Prakash's shoulders and now he is given a chance to pay off his father's debts by selling their only possession, their house. The maidservant Radhika always stood by this family through thick and thin, who is in love with Prakash. The elder daughter runs away from the house, though she is the sole cause of the untold misery which had befallen the family. Prakash anyway, searches her and marries her. Then it is suddenly revealed that Radhika is the daughter of a very rich man and had left her house due to an ego problem with her father. Chandan, the black sheep, makes all attempts to destroy his own family. Prakash faces these onslaughts bravely. And one day, when Chandan's own rowdy friends want to kill him and his elder brother Prakash, saves him, then his eyes open.
             END

Cast
 Jeetendra as Prakash
 Sridevi as Radha
 Kader Khan as Girdharilal / Bankelal (Double Role)
 Ranjeet as David
 Shakti Kapoor as Ringo
 Shreeram Lagoo as Satyanarayan
 Sulochana Latkar as Laxmi
 Gulshan Grover as Chandan "Munna"
 Kaajal Kiran as Savitri
 Lalita Pawar as Satyanarayan's Mother
 Ravi Baswani as Banwari
 Padma Khanna as Banwari's Wife
 Aruna Irani as Saudamani
 Bharat Bhushan as Rahim Chacha
 Yunus Parvez as Kishanlal
 Pinchoo Kapoor as Interviewer
 Vikas Anand as Savitri's Husband
 Rajendra Nath as Inspector Sharma
 Anjana Mumtaz as Mrs. Girdharilal
 Rajesh Puri as David's Henchmen
 Tej Sapru as Ringo's Friend

Soundtrack
Lyrics: Indeevar

References

External links

1980s Hindi-language films
1986 films
Films directed by K. Bapayya
Films scored by Rajesh Roshan
Hindi remakes of Telugu films
Indian family films
Indian drama films
1986 drama films
Hindi-language drama films

Ghar Sansar


The Upper and Lower Fezouata formations of Morocco are Burgess Shale type deposits dating to the Lower Ordovician. In the fossilized fauna were numerous organisms previously thought to have died out after the mid-Cambrian. The discovery proves conclusively that the Burgess Shale biota did not go extinct in the Cambrian.

Biota
Over 1500 non-mineralized Burgess Shale types, representing 50 taxa, have been recovered from the formations. There are also a less abundant shelly fauna.  The make-up of the community varies significantly through the stratigraphic sequence, with both abundances and faunal composition changing as time progresses. Small (1–3 mm wide) burrows are present in the sediment, but major burrowing is absent; this may suggest a paucity of oxygen in the water or sediment.

Particularly notable is the presence of bryozoa and graptolites, forms that are absent in the Cambrian period. Various echinoderms indicate a normal range of salinity, and the overall shelly assemblage is not significantly different from the normal shelly fauna expected in open Ordovician waters.

The non-mineralized (soft-bodied)  fossils contains a range of forms familiar from the Burgess Shale. Other Ordovician oddballs are also present, including cheloniellids and horseshoe crabs in abundance.

Geology

Depositional setting
The fossiliferous strata were deposited in quiet, deep waters, below the influence of wave action in all but the fiercest of storms.  Such storms, or similar high-energy events, would have mobilized sediment that could be quickly deposited, trapping animals and leading to their preservation.  Consequently, the assemblage is dominated by benthic organisms.

Preservation
Fossils of the Fezouata formation, which are usually squashed flat (although some do retain some degree of their original three-dimensionality) are often coated with a dusting of pyrite, and tin; this aspect of the fossil preservation is very similar to that at Chengjiang.  Non-mineralized appendages are often preserved.

Location
The fossils a span an area of 500 km2, in southeast Morocco's Draa Valley, north of Zagora.  Fossils are found are found through a 1.1 km-thick column of rock that spans the two lowest epochs of the Ordovician.

History
The lagerstätten were first identified in the late 1990s when a local fossil collector, Ben Moula, showed some of the finds to a PhD student who was then working in the area.

References

Lagerstätten
Geography of Morocco

Fezouata Formation


Pyrrhus III, king of Epirus in 234 BC, was a son of Ptolemy and a grandson of Alexander II. He ascended to the throne in 234 BC.  Pyrrhus III was assassinated, and he was then succeeded by his cousin Laodamia, or Deidamia (daughter of Pyrrhus II) who was the last of the
Pyrrhus line.  With his death, the male line of the royal family of Epirus became extinct.

See also
List of the kings of Ancient Epirus

References

Sources
Humphreys, Henry. The Coin Collector's Manual Or Guide to the Numismatic Student in the Formation of a Cabinet of Coins: Volume 1.

3rd-century BC Greek people

Pyrrhus III of Epirus


The Finger Lakes AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Upstate New York, south of Lake Ontario. It was established in 1982 and encompasses the eleven Finger Lakes, but the area around Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca, and Cayuga Lakes contain the vast majority of vineyard plantings in the AVA. Cayuga and Seneca Lakes each have their own American Viticultural Areas completely contained within the Finger Lakes AVA (Cayuga Lake AVA and Seneca Lake AVA).  The Finger Lakes AVA includes  of vineyards and is the largest wine-producing region in New York State.

Climate

The Finger Lakes AVA wine region is often compared to the German wine regions along the Rhine river. Riesling, one of the most important commercial  wine grape varieties grown in Germany, is also one of the most successful grape varieties grown in the Finger Lakes AVA.  Viticulturists in the Finger Lakes region grow a wide variety of grapes besides Riesling, including other European Vitis vinifera grapes, native American grapes, as well as French-American hybrid varieties.

The deep lakes in the region help to moderate the local microclimate.  Stored heat is released from the deep lakes during the winter, keeping the local climate mild relative to surrounding areas and preventing early season frost. Most vineyards are planted on steep hillsides overlooking the lakes, which help provide the vines with good drainage, better sun exposure, and a reduced risk of frost.

The region averages over  of precipitation a year.  The soil in the region is generally deep, providing good drainage,  however there are some areas, such as on the west side of Seneca Lake, where the bedrock is close to the surface. The region is located in hardiness zones 6a and 5b.

History

The first record of wine making in the Finger Lakes is in 1829, when William Warner Bostwick, an Episcopal minister in Hammondsport, planted Vitis labrusca shoots in his rectory garden.  Commercial viticulture officially began in 1862, when the Hammondsport and Pleasant Valley Wine Companies were founded. Two more companies were formed three years later. The region became famous for its sparkling wines, with the Pleasant Valley Wine Company winning European awards in 1867 and 1873. These successes spurred growth in commercial plantings in the area, and by the end of the century there was  planted.

A number of factors, including phylloxera, competition from California, and prohibition, combined to cause a decline in commercial viticulture production in the early 20th century.  Production resumed on a smaller scale after Prohibition was repealed.  After World War II, soldiers returning from Europe had developed a taste for drier wines from Vitis vinifera varieties, as opposed to the sweeter wines produced from native American grape varieties.  Unlike in California, winemakers in the Finger Lakes were unable to grow Vitis vinifera in the harsh winters. They experimented with French-American hybrid varieties with limited success.

A major change in Finger Lakes viticulture occurred when Dr. Konstantin Frank, a Ukrainian immigrant with a PhD in Plant Science, came to work for the Cornell University Geneva Experiment station in 1951. Commercial growers and researchers at the Geneva Experiment Station were convinced that European Vitis vinifera varieties could not grow in the cold Finger Lakes climate. After years of planting Vitis vinifera in the colder climate of the Ukraine, Dr. Frank was sure that it could be grown in the Finger Lakes if grafted onto the proper, cold-hardy native rootstock.  He proved this in 1962 when he started Vinifera Wine Cellars, in Hammondsport.  Dr. Frank successfully grew and produced wine from Vitis vinifera grapes such as Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Gewürztraminer, and Cabernet Sauvignon, grafted onto native rootstock.  Plantings of Vitis vinifera varieties spread throughout the region, reinvigorating the Finger Lakes wine region's growth and popularity.

As of 2008, there are nearly one hundred wineries in operation in the Finger Lakes AVA.

As of 2020 the Finger Lakes wine region is at risk due to the arrival of the spotted lanternfly from neighboring states. New York's annual yield from orchards and vineyards has a value of $358.4 million, which could be devastated if the spotted lanternfly is not contained. Control measures, trapping and research are being conducted in high-risk areas of the state. Inspections of transport and plant material is occurring to prevent spread of populations. The DEC has put into place protective zones in areas in close contact with neighboring quarantine areas of other states. The DEC also encourages the public to be on the look out for the spotted lanternfly.

References

External links
Survey of Finger Lakes Rieslings
 Finger Lakes Wine Country
 Winemaker interview touching upon viticultural specifics of the region

American Viticultural Areas of New York (state)
New York (state) wine
1862 establishments in New York (state)
Finger Lakes

Finger Lakes AVA


Eric Michael Heenan  is a former justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia, the highest ranking court in the Australian state of Western Australia.

Education
He was educated at Aquinas College (class of 1962), and the University of Western Australia from which he graduated in 1966. He left his father's firm E.M. Heenan & Co in 1983 to practise as a barrister. He was appointed King's Counsel in 1985.

Career
He served as president of the WA Bar Association from 1990 to 1992, and as vice-president of the Australian bar association in 1992. He also served as a Commissioner of the Western Australian Supreme Court in 1990 and 1994.

From 1988 to 1994 he served as the deputy chairman of the Aquinas College Board.

He was appointed to the Supreme Court on 4 April 2002. He retired in 2015.

References

People educated at Aquinas College, Perth
Australian King's Counsel
Judges of the Supreme Court of Western Australia
1945 births
Living people

Eric Heenan


Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley, in which he gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor.

It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution, and discussed much of the anatomical and other evidence. Backed by this evidence, the book said that evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life.

Precursors of the idea
In the 18th century Linnaeus and others had classified man as a primate, but without drawing evolutionary conclusions.

It was Lamarck, the first to develop a coherent theory of evolution, who discussed human evolution in this context.

Robert Chambers in his anonymous Vestiges also clearly made the point.

The book came five years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced their theory of evolution by means of natural selection, and four years after the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species. In the Origin Darwin had deliberately avoided tackling human evolution, except for a sentence: "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". Darwin's sequel came eight years later, with The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex (1871).

Content and structure of the book

Chapters
I.   On the natural history of the man-like Apes p1–56. This contains a summary of what was known of the great apes at that time.

II.  On the relations of Man to the lower animals p57–112. This chapter and its addendum contained most of the controversial material, and is still important today.
Addendum: A succinct history of the controversy respecting the cerebral structure of Man and the apes p113–118.

III. On some fossil remains of Man p119–159. A neanderthal skull-cap and other bones had been found, and various remains of early Homo sapiens. Huxley compares these remains with existing human races.

References

Biology books
1863 books
Evolutionary biology

Man's Place in Nature


Alex Bilmes is a British journalist. He is the editor of the British edition of Esquire magazine.

Formerly features director at British GQ and contributing editor at British Vogue, he has also written for newspapers and magazines including The Observer, The Spectator, The Sunday Times and The Independent. He has made numerous appearances on TV and radio.

In 2006 Bilmes was named PPA Consumer Magazine Writer of the Year and MJA Interviewer of the Year.

In 2007 he was Highly Commended by the PPA, again in the Writer of the Year category.

Bilmes writes mostly about the arts, books, the entertainment industry, travel and fashion, though he has also been published on sport, politics, technology and more. He began his journalism career as a reporter on the Richmond and Twickenham Times newspaper group in west London in 1994.

Bilmes was born on 19 January 1973. He lives in London. He attended Rokeby followed by Epsom College. He then gained a BA in English from Goldsmiths College in London.

References

External links
Alex Bilmes interview on personal style

English male journalists
1973 births
Living people

Alex Bilmes


Shellshock, also known as Bashdoor, is a family of security bugs in the Unix Bash shell, the first of which was disclosed on 24 September 2014. Shellshock could enable an attacker to cause Bash to execute arbitrary commands and gain unauthorized access to many Internet-facing services, such as web servers, that use Bash to process requests.

On 12 September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas informed Bash's maintainer Chet Ramey of his discovery of the original bug, which he called "Bashdoor". Working with security experts, Mr. Chazelas developed a patch (fix) for the issue, which by then had been assigned the vulnerability identifier . The existence of the bug was announced to the public on 2014-09-24, when Bash updates with the fix were ready for distribution.

The bug Chazelas discovered caused Bash to unintentionally execute commands when the commands are concatenated to the end of function definitions stored in the values of environment variables. Within days of its publication, a variety of related vulnerabilities were discovered (). Ramey addressed these with a series of further patches.

Attackers exploited Shellshock within hours of the initial disclosure by creating botnets of compromised computers to perform distributed denial-of-service attacks and vulnerability scanning. Security companies recorded millions of attacks and probes related to the bug in the days following the disclosure.

Because of the potential to compromise millions of unpatched systems, Shellshock was compared to the Heartbleed bug in its severity.

Background
The Shellshock bug affects Bash, a program that various Unix-based systems use to execute command lines and command scripts. It is often installed as the system's default command-line interface. Analysis of the source code history of Bash shows the bug was introduced on 5 August 1989, and released in Bash version 1.03 on 1 September 1989.

Shellshock is an arbitrary code execution vulnerability that offers a way for users of a system to execute commands that should be unavailable to them. This happens through Bash's "function export" feature, whereby one Bash process can share command scripts with other Bash processes that it executes. This feature is implemented by encoding the scripts in a table that is shared between the processes, known as the environment variable list. Each new Bash process scans this table for encoded scripts, assembles each one into a command that defines that script in the new process, and executes that command. The new process assumes that the scripts found in the list come from another Bash process, but it cannot verify this, nor can it verify that the command that it has built is a properly formed script definition. Therefore, an attacker can execute arbitrary commands on the system or exploit other bugs that may exist in Bash's command interpreter, if the attacker has a way to manipulate the environment variable list and then cause Bash to run. At the time the bug was discovered, Bash was installed on macOS and many Linux operating systems as the main command interpreter, so that any program that used the system function to run any other program would use Bash to do so.

The presence of the bug was announced to the public on 2014-09-24, when Bash updates with the fix were ready for distribution, though it took some time for computers to be updated to close the potential security issue.

Reports of attacks
Within an hour of the announcement of the Bash vulnerability, there were reports of machines being compromised by the bug. By 25 September 2014, botnets based on computers compromised with exploits based on the bug were being used by attackers for distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and vulnerability scanning. Kaspersky Labs reported that machines compromised in an attack, dubbed "Thanks-Rob", were conducting DDoS attacks against three targets, which they did not identify. On 26 September 2014, a Shellshock-related botnet dubbed "wopbot" was reported, which was being used for a DDoS attack against Akamai Technologies and to scan the United States Department of Defense.

On 26 September, the security firm Incapsula noted 17,400 attacks on more than 1,800 web domains, originating from 400 unique IP addresses, in the previous 24 hours; 55% of the attacks were coming from China and the United States. By 30 September, the website performance firm CloudFlare said it was tracking approximately 1.5 million attacks and probes per day related to the bug.

On 6 October, it was widely reported that Yahoo! servers had been compromised in an attack related to the Shellshock issue.
Yet the next day, it was denied that it had been Shellshock that specifically had allowed these attacks.

Specific exploitation vectors
 CGI-based web server
 When a web server uses the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) to handle a document request, it copies certain information from the request into the environment variable list and then delegates the request to a handler program. If the handler is a Bash script, or if it executes Bash, then Bash will receive the environment variables passed by the server and will process them as described above. This provides a means for an attacker to trigger the Shellshock vulnerability with a specially crafted document request.
 Security documentation for the widely used Apache web server states: "CGI scripts can ... be extremely dangerous if they are not carefully checked," and other methods of handling web server requests are typically used instead. There are a number of online services which attempt to test the vulnerability against web servers exposed to the Internet.
 OpenSSH server
 OpenSSH has a "ForceCommand" feature, where a fixed command is executed when the user logs in, instead of just running an unrestricted command shell. The fixed command is executed even if the user specified that another command should be run; in that case the original command is put into the environment variable "SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND". When the forced command is run in a Bash shell (if the user's shell is set to Bash), the Bash shell will parse the SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND environment variable on start-up, and run the commands embedded in it. The user has used their restricted shell access to gain unrestricted shell access, using the Shellshock bug.
 DHCP clients
 Some DHCP clients can also pass commands to Bash; a vulnerable system could be attacked when connecting to an open Wi-Fi network. A DHCP client typically requests and gets an IP address from a DHCP server, but it can also be provided a series of additional options. A malicious DHCP server could provide, in one of these options, a string crafted to execute code on a vulnerable workstation or laptop.
 Qmail server
 When using Bash to process email messages (e.g. through .forward or qmail-alias piping), the qmail mail server passes external input through in a way that can exploit a vulnerable version of Bash.
 IBM HMC restricted shell
 The bug can be exploited to gain access to Bash from the restricted shell of the IBM Hardware Management Console, a tiny Linux variant for system administrators. IBM released a patch to resolve this.

Reported vulnerabilities

Overview
The maintainer of Bash was warned about the first discovery of the bug on 2014-09-12; a fix followed soon. A few companies and distributors were informed before the matter was publicly disclosed on 2014-09-24 with CVE identifier . However, after the release of the patch there were subsequent reports of different, yet related vulnerabilities.

On 26 September 2014, two open-source contributors, David A. Wheeler and Norihiro Tanaka, noted that there were additional issues, even after patching systems using the most recently available patches.  In an email addressed to the oss-sec and bash-bug mailing lists, Wheeler wrote: "This patch just continues the 'whack-a-mole' job of fixing parsing errors that began with the first patch. Bash's parser is certain [to] have many many many other vulnerabilities".

On 27 September 2014, Michał Zalewski from Google Inc. announced his discovery of other Bash vulnerabilities, one based upon the fact that Bash is typically compiled without address space layout randomization. On 1 October, Zalewski released details of the final bugs and confirmed that a patch by Florian Weimer from Red Hat posted on 25 September does indeed prevent them. He has done that using a fuzzing technique with the aid of software utility known as american fuzzy lop.

Initial report (CVE-2014-6271)
This original form of the vulnerability () involves a specially crafted environment variable containing an exported function definition, followed by arbitrary commands. Bash incorrectly executes the trailing commands when it imports the function. The vulnerability can be tested with the following command:

env x='() { :;}; echo vulnerable' bash -c "echo this is a test"

In systems affected by the vulnerability, the above commands will display the word "vulnerable" as a result of Bash executing the command "echo vulnerable", which was embedded into the specially crafted environment variable named "x".

CVE-2014-6277
Discovered by Michał Zalewski, the vulnerability , which relates to the parsing of function definitions in environment variables by Bash, can cause a segfault.

CVE-2014-6278
Also discovered by Michał Zalewski, this bug () relates to the parsing of function definitions in environment variables by Bash.

CVE-2014-7169
On the same day the original vulnerability was published, Tavis Ormandy discovered this related bug (), which is
demonstrated in the following code:

env X='() { (a)=>\' bash -c "echo date"; cat echo

On a vulnerable system, this would execute the command "date" unintentionally.

Here is an example of a system that has a patch for CVE-2014-6271 but not CVE-2014-7169:
$ X='() { (a)=>\' bash -c "echo date"
bash: X: line 1: syntax error near unexpected token `='
bash: X: line 1: `'
bash: error importing function definition for `X'
$ cat echo
Fri Sep 26 01:37:16 UTC 2014

The system displays syntax errors, notifying the user that CVE-2014-6271 has been prevented, but still writes a file named 'echo', into the working directory, containing the result of the 'date' call.

A system patched for both CVE-2014-6271 and CVE-2014-7169 will simply echo the word "date" and the file "echo" will not be created, as shown below:

$ X='() { (a)=>\' bash -c "echo date"
date
$ cat echo
cat: echo: No such file or directory

CVE-2014-7186
Florian Weimer and Todd Sabin found this bug (), which relates to an out-of-bounds memory access error in the Bash parser code.

An example of the vulnerability, which leverages the use of multiple "<<EOF" declarations (nested "here documents"):
bash -c 'true <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF <<EOF' ||
echo "CVE-2014-7186 vulnerable, redir_stack"
A vulnerable system will echo the text "CVE-2014-7186 vulnerable, redir_stack".

CVE-2014-7187
Also found by Florian Weimer,  is an off-by-one error in the Bash parser code, allowing out-of-bounds memory access.

An example of the vulnerability, which leverages the use of multiple "done" declarations:
(for x in {1..200} ; do echo "for x$x in ; do :"; done; for x in {1..200} ; do echo done ; done) | bash ||
echo "CVE-2014-7187 vulnerable, word_lineno"

A vulnerable system will echo the text "CVE-2014-7187 vulnerable, word_lineno".  This test requires a shell that supports brace expansion.

Patches
Until 24 September 2014, Bash maintainer Chet Ramey provided a patch version bash43-025 of Bash 4.3 addressing CVE-2014-6271, which was already packaged by distribution maintainers. On 24 September, bash43-026 followed, addressing CVE-2014-7169.
Then CVE-2014-7186 was discovered. Florian Weimer from Red Hat posted some patch code for this "unofficially" on 25 September,
which Ramey incorporated into Bash as bash43-027.—These patches provided source code only, helpful only for those who know how to compile ("rebuild") a new Bash binary executable file from the patch file and remaining source code files. The patches added a variable name prefix when functions are exported; this prevented arbitrary variables from triggering the vulnerability and enabled other programs to remove Bash functions from the environment.

The next day, Red Hat officially presented according updates for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, after another day for Fedora 21.
Canonical Ltd. presented updates for its Ubuntu Long Term Support versions on Saturday, 27 September;
on Sunday, there were updates for SUSE Linux Enterprise.
The following Monday and Tuesday at the end of the month, Mac OS X updates appeared.

On 1 October 2014, Michał Zalewski from Google Inc. finally stated that Weimer's code and bash43-027 had fixed not only the first three bugs but even the remaining three that were published after bash43-027, including his own two discoveries. This means that after the earlier distribution updates, no other updates have been required to cover all the six issues.

All of them have also been covered for the IBM Hardware Management Console.

References

External links

 NIST National Vulnerability Database  & CVE Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
 CVE-2014-6271 - 20140924nist & 20140909cve (first bug)
 CVE-2014-6277 - 20140927nist & 20140909cve
 CVE-2014-6278 - 20140930nist & 20140909cve
 CVE-2014-7169 - 20140924nist & 20140924cve (second bug)
 CVE-2014-7186 - 20140929nist & 20140925cve
 CVE-2014-7187 - 20140929nist & 20140925cve
 Bash source code from the GNU Project, includes patches for known vulnerabilities (28 September 2014)
 "Shellshock in the Wild", Malware droppers, Reverse shells & backdoors, Data exfiltration, and DDoS at FireEye, Inc.
 Collection of attacks seen in the wild (29 September 2014) at SANS Institute
 Security Alert for CVE-2014-7169 at Oracle
 "VMware remediation of Bash Code Injection Vulnerability via Specially Crafted Environment Variables" at VMware
 Cyberwatch Vulnerabilities Database
 CVE-2014-6271
 CVE-2014-6277
 CVE-2014-6278
 CVE-2014-7169
 CVE-2014-7186
 CVE-2014-7187
 ShellShock Exploitation with Metasploit Framework

2014 in computing
Injection exploits
Internet security
Software bugs

Shellshock (software bug)


"On Leather Wings" is the first episode of Batman: The Animated Series. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 6, 1992. It was written by Mitch Brian and directed by Kevin Altieri. This was the first episode of the series to feature the villain Man-Bat, and was also Man-Bat's first screen appearance. In comics, Man-Bat first appeared in 1970. Although "On Leather Wings" was the first episode of the series to be produced, it was the second to be broadcast, following "The Cat and the Claw, Part 1", which premiered just the day before.

Plot
When something resembling a giant bat is seen in the skies over Gotham City, and later attacks a guard at Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Batman is considered the culprit. Detective Harvey Bullock asks Mayor Hamilton Hill for permission to form a tactical squad to capture Batman, which was denied by Commissioner Gordon, who does not believe Batman is responsible. Hill authorizes the strike force with District Attorney Harvey Dent promising to put Batman in jail if Bullock catches him.

Believing he was set up, Batman investigates and finds out there were two similar robberies at other pharmaceutical companies. Batman infiltrates Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, unknowingly alerting the security guards, who call the police. As he investigates Bullock's strike force arrive at the scene, just as Gordon tells him another pharmaceutical company was just robbed across town, proving Batman's innocence. Batman escapes the squad with the only recovered clues: a recording of the guard's attack and a fur sample.

The next day, Bruce Wayne visits the Gotham Zoo to ask bat expert Dr. March about the mysterious fur and recording, but he is reluctant to help. March's daughter and assistant, Francine, and her husband, Dr. Kirk Langstrom, promise Bruce to analyze them both for him.
Later March calls to give results of the analysis: the sound is a combination of starlings and brown bats, where the fur sample is also from. When the Batcomputer rules both creatures out, Batman becomes suspicious and heads to the zoo to further investigate. There he finds Kirk Langstrom working late, he confesses to stealing the chemicals in order to complete a formula that can transform him into a new species, something neither man nor bat.

Kirk transforms into a giant bat-like creature, known as the Man-Bat, horrifying both Batman and Francine. Man-Bat escapes the zoo but Batman grapples on to him and the two engage in a fierce struggle over Gotham. Batman eventually overpowers Man-Bat and takes him back to the Batcave, where he creates a chemical to reverse the effects of Kirk's serum. Batman returns to the zoo with the restored Kirk to Francine, who is told by Batman the chemical is out of his system but the Man-Bat may not truly be gone.

Cast

Production
Bruce Timm states he wanted this series to focus on "mystery, mood, drama as well as super hero action sequences" and that Man-Bat fit into those categories perfectly. In an interview, he says, "Man-Bat was chosen specifically [for the first episode] because he wasn't familiar to very many people outside of comic book fans. Nobody had any preconceived notions about him. It wasn't like the Joker, where you had to deal with people expecting him to be Jack Nicholson or Cesar Romero."

Reception
Lon Grahnke of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the episode two stars, but added that his six-year-old son thought the premiere was "awesome". Jim Bullard of the St. Petersburg Times wrote: "The episode is extremely well-written and drawn — an unusual combination in cartoons. The result is a unique, memorable style".

References

External links

1992 American television episodes
Batman: The Animated Series episodes
American television series premieres
Bats in popular culture

On Leather Wings