Fray Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa (born in Jerez de la Frontera and died Seville, 1630) was a Spanish friar of the Discalced Carmelites originally from Jerez de la Frontera whose Compendio y Descripcion de las Indias Occidentales has become a source of detail for the history of South America, since the manuscript's discovery in the Vatican Library in 1929.

Travelling in Mexico and Peru where he proselytized among the Native Americans, he returned to Spain in 1622, where he continued to move about, in Málaga, Madrid, Seville and other places.

He was the author of the following printed works:
 Confessionario general, luz y guía del cielo y método para poderse confesar
Viaje y Navegación del año de 1622 que hizo la flota de Nueva España y Honduras (Málaga, 1624)
Sumario de Indulgencias (Málaga 1623)
Circunstancias para los tratos y contratos de las Indias del Perú y Nueva España (Málaga, 1624)
Indiæ Descriptionem

The work he is now remembered for, he never published. The manuscript was discovered in the Barberini archives of the Vatican Library in 1929 by Dr Charles Upson Clark, who edited it for the series Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections in English (1942) and Spanish (1944). It was reprinted in 1948.

External links
Bio-bibliographical note

Year of birth missing
1630 deaths
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
17th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests
Spanish male writers
People from Jerez de la Frontera
Discalced Carmelites
Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain
Roman Catholic missionaries in Peru
Spanish expatriates in Mexico
Spanish expatriates in Peru

Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa


Colonel Guy Johnson and Karonghyontye (Captain David Hill) is a 1776 portrait by Benjamin West, an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence. Benjamin West was among the founders of the Royal Academy in London, serving its president from 1792 to 1805 and 1806 to 1820.

The portrait depicts the military officer and diplomat Guy Johnson and the Mohawk chief Karonghyontye (who also went by the English name of David Hill). Johnson was the British superintendent of northeastern America's six Indian nations and commissioned the portrait in 1776 while in London to secure that royal appointment. Sailing from Canada, Johnson must have been accompanied by his close friend Karonghyontye. The alliance between British forces and several Indian tribes seriously threatened the rebel colonists' chances of victory during the Revolutionary War.

In the portrait Benjamin West signifies Johnson's role as ambassador to the Indians by equipping him in a red-coated uniform with moccasins, wampum belt, Indian blanket, and Mohawk cap. Karonghyontye is shown pointing to a peace pipe, while Johnson grasps a musket. This could suggest that harmony between Europeans and Indians will be maintained at all costs. The concept of cooperation extends to the background, where an Indian family gathers peacefully before a British military tent.

References

1776 in art
Collections of the National Gallery of Art
Paintings by Benjamin West


Louis Joseph Daily (31 January 1911 – 29 August 1974) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood and Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL) as well as Subiaco in the West Australian National Football League (WANFL).

Collingwood recruited Daily from Subiaco, who he had played with from 1931 and he made his VFL debut in the 1933 season. He spent just one season with Collingwood before crossing to Geelong for the following season. In his first game for Geelong, in round one against St Kilda, Daily kicked ten goals. He however played most of his football throughout his career in defence, often at fullback.

In 1935 he returned to Subiaco and he won both a Sandover Medal and Subiaco best and fairest award that year. He was also a best and fairest again in 1936 and 1937. When he left the WANFL in 1938 he had played 92 games and appeared seven times for Western Australia at interstate level. He finished his career as captain-coach of the Mines Rovers in the Goldfields.

References

1911 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Geelong Football Club players
Subiaco Football Club players
Sandover Medal winners
Mines Rovers Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
1974 deaths

Lou Daily


Cryptocheilus notatus is the largest species of spider wasps (Pompilidae) to be found in Great Britain reaching up to 18 mm in length.

Biology
Cryptocheilus notatus constructs multi-celled nests and they require quite substantial pre-existing cavities, the wasp does very little digging herself. Nesting sites have included mammal burrows, notably those of the European Mole (Talpa europaea), but it will utilise disused invertebrate nest sites, which it will expand.

Prey recorded in Britain includes Drassodes cupreus, a large nocturnal ground spider from the Gnaphosidae.

Habitat
Associated with woodland edges. In Britain, it is associated with warm lowland heaths.

Distribution
Europe and the Middle East. In Britain, it is only found in the southern heathlands from Kent west to Cornwall, with concentrations in Surrey and Hampshire.  In Europe has been recorded in Spain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Germany and Poland.  It has also been found in Turkey, east to Iran and Central Asia.

References

External links
Images representing Cryptocheilus notatus at Barcodes of Life

Pepsinae
Hymenoptera of Asia
Hymenoptera of Europe
Insects described in 1792
Taxa named by Pietro Rossi

Cryptocheilus notatus


Zbigniew Rybczyński (; born 27 January 1949) is a Polish filmmaker, director, cinematographer, screenwriter, creator of experimental animated films, and multimedia artist who has won numerous prestigious industry awards both in the United States and internationally including the 1982 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for Tango.

He has taught cinematography and digital cinematography, and has worked as a researcher of blue and greenscreen compositing technology at Ultimatte Corporation. He is renowned for his innovative audiovisual techniques and for his pioneering experimentation in the field of new image technology.

In March 2009, Rybczyński returned to Poland, taking up residence in Wrocław, where he set up the Center for Audiovisual Technologies (CeTA) at the site of the city's historic Feature Film Studio. The center, which officially opened in January 2013, includes a state-of-the-art studio designed by Rybczyński for the production of multi-layer film images, and an institute for research into images and visual technologies.

After Rybczyński discovered and publicized corruption in CeTA, he was fired and subsequently declared the renunciation of his Polish citizenship.

Early life and career
Rybczyński was born in Łódź, Poland. He grew up in Warsaw, where he attended a secondary-level art school and then worked briefly at the |Studio Miniatur Filmowych (1968-1969). He studied cinematography at the Łódź Film School (1969-1973); his thesis films were Take Five and Plamuz. During his studies, he became a founding member of the Film Form Workshop (Warsztat Formy Filmowej), the most important Polish neo avant-garde group. He also honed his film-making skills working as a cinematographer for young directors like Andrzej Barański, Piotr Andrejew, Wojciech Wiszniewski, and Filip Bajon on shorts, documentaries and educational films, and on Grzegorz Królikiewicz's feature-length The Dancing Hawk (Tańczący Jastrząb). His films from the period include: The Talk (Rozmowa, TV) and Gropingly (Po Omacku) by Andrejew, Videocassette (Wideokaseta) by Bajon, and Wanda Gościmińska. Włókniarka by Wiszniewski. From 1973 to 1980, Rybczyński made his own films at the Se-Ma-For Studio in Łódź. He established the Dr. Stanzl special effects studio in Vienna for the Austrian public TV station ORF, and worked there from 1977 to 1980. During the political unrest in Poland in 1980, he was the head of the founders' committee of the Se-Ma-For studio branch of Solidarity.

Emigration to the United States
In 1982, during the martial law period, he managed to arrange a job contract that enabled him to leave Poland for Vienna, where he applied for political asylum. The following year, he and his family emigrated to the US, where they lived in Los Angeles and then New York. The first works he made in the US were the short experimental videos "The Day Before" and "The Discreet Charm of the Diplomacy", both made in 1984 on a commission from NBC's The New Show. In 1985, he launched his own studio – ZBIG VISION – in New York, which he subsequently outfitted with the latest video, computer and HDTV technology. It was in this studio that he made his most important American films, including Steps (1987), The Fourth Dimension (1988), The Orchestra (1990), Manhattan (1991), and Kafka (1992), which were showered with enthusiastic critical acclaim and numerous awards. In the, US he also made short music-based pieces that added to his popularity and acclaim. Between 1984 and 1989, he made more than 30 music videos for such artists as Mick Jagger, Yoko Ono, Lou Reed, Simple Minds, Cameo, Art of Noise, Chuck Mangione, Pet Shop Boys, Lady Pank, The Alan Parsons Project, Supertramp, and Rush. One of them – "Imagine" (1986), made for John Lennon's composition – was the first music video ever made using high-definition technology.

In 1994, Rybczyński moved to Germany, where he co-founded the Centrum Für Neue Bildgestaltung, an experimental film center in Berlin, and later worked in Cologne. He returned to Los Angeles in 2001, where he worked for the Ultimatte Corporation and continued his research in the area where art, science, and digital technology intersect working out new standards for moving images. Among the results of Rybczyński's long-term research and experimentation are his inventions in the field of electronic-image technology, for which he holds several US patents, and which are widely used in the film and TV industries.

In March 2009, Rybczyński returned to Poland, taking up residence in Wrocław, where he set up the Center for Audiovisual Technologies (CeTa) at the site of the city's historic Feature Film Studio. The center, which officially opened in January 2013, includes a state-of-the-art studio designed by Rybczyński for the production of multi-layer film images, and an institute for research into images and visual technologies.

Rybczyński was a professor at the Academy of Media Arts Cologne (1998-2001), and has also taught at many other art and film schools, including the National Film School in Łódź, Columbia University in New York, and Yoshiba University of Art and Design in Tokyo.

In 2014, Rybczyński settled on a two acre ranch near Tucson, Arizona. Together with his wife, Dorota Zglobicka who is also a filmmaker, Zbig created Gila Monster Studios. Currently, they are in pre-production for their upcoming feature film, The Designer.

Awards

Rybczyński has won numerous prestigious awards at international film festivals including Oberhausen (1981), Tampere (1982), Kraków (1981), and the Golden Gate Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival (1993). He won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1983 for his film Tango was the first-ever Oscar awarded to a Polish artist. (The awards ceremony was notable for Rybczyński, as after he left the ceremony to step outside for a smoke, he was barred entry by a security guard even though he was holding an Oscar statuette. A scuffle ensued, and Rybczyński was arrested. His summation of the event was that "success and failure are quite intertwined.")

He has also received three MTV Video Music Awards, three American Video Awards, three Monitor Awards (1984-1987), an MTV Video Vanguard Award for "being visionary in the field of music video" (1985–86), a Billboard Music Video Award (1986), a Silver Lion at the Cannes Advertising Film Festival (1987), an Emmy Award (1990), a Prix Italia (1990), and the Grand Prize at the International Electronic Cinema Festival, Tokyo-Montreux (1990 and 1992). In 2010, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award for his contributions to the development of international cinematic art at the Batumi International Art-House Film Festival (BIAFF) in Georgia.

In 1999, Rybczyński was honored with a star in the Łódź Walk of Fame. In 2008, the Łódź Film School awarded him an honorary doctorate "for outstanding artistic skill and innovation in the cinematic arts and for the creative use of the potentials of art, technology and science". In the same year, Poland's Minister of Culture and National Heritage awarded him the Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis for Cultural Achievements, and he also received the prestigious Katarzyna Kobro Award for artistic achievement.

Rybczyński's first solo exhibition – "A Treatise on the Visual Image", shown in 2009 at Art Stations in Poznań, the WRO Art Center in Wrocław, and the Center of Contemporary Art Znaki Czasu in Toruń – focused attention on his unique artistic and scientific achievements, presenting his work in the context not only of film, but of contemporary fine arts.

Rybczyński was also active in an avant-garde group "Warsztat Formy Filmowej", and had cooperated with Se-Ma-For Studios in Łódź, where he authored a series of short films, including: Plamuz (1973), Zupa (1974), Nowa książka (1975), and Tango (1981).
Tango was his big success, winning the Oscar Award for Best Animated Short in 1983.

After winning the Academy Award, Rybczyński moved to New York and embarked on a career directing music videos in the early years of MTV. Rybczyński created dozens of music videos for artists including Art of Noise, Mick Jagger, Simple Minds, Pet Shop Boys, Chuck Mangione, The Alan Parsons Project, Yoko Ono, Lou Reed, Supertramp, Rush, Propaganda, and Lady Pank. His clip for John Lennon's Imagine was created as a showpiece for HDTV technology. Rybczyński won several MTV Awards, including the coveted Video Vanguard Award for his radical contributions to the form.

Rybczyński is a recognized pioneer in HDTV technology. In 1990, he produced the HDTV program The Orchestra for the Japanese market. This suite of classical music videos won many awards (including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects). The program, created in HDTV, was broadcast in standard resolution by PBS as part of their Great Performances series in the US, as HDTV was not widely available to viewers until a decade later. Segments of this program are regularly featured on the Classic Arts Showcase channel in the U.S.

Frustrated with the quality of available chroma key technology — the process of removing a specific color frequency from film and video that had become essential to his work — Rybczyński began to author his own chromakey software in the 1990s. This led to an R&D position with the Los Angeles Ultimatte Corporation, longtime industry leaders in chromakey technology.

Filmography

Poland period

Later works

1983
Angst - Austrian serial killer film starring Erwin Leder

1984
 "Sign of the Times" - music video for Grandmaster Flash from They Said It Couldn't Be Done, 4:25, Elektra/Asylum Records
 "The Real End" - music video for Rickie Lee Jones from The Magazine, 4:47, Warner Bros.
 "All That I Wanted" - music video for Belfegore from their eponymous album, 4:15, Elektra Records
 "Diana D" - music video for Chuck Mangione, 4 min, CBS Records
 "Close (To the Edit)" - music video for Art of Noise, 4:30, Island Records
 "The Discreet Charm of the Diplomacy" - experimental short video, 2:56, The New Show NBC TV
 "The Day Before" - experimental short video, 1:38, The New Show NBC TV

1985
 "Lose Your Love" - music video for Blancmange, 3:54, Warner Bros.
 "Alive and Kicking" - music video for Simple Minds, 5:25, A&M Records
 "Ultimo Ballo" - music video for Angel and Maimone, 4:50, Virgin Records
 "Midnight Mover" - music video for Accept, 3:10, Epic Records
 "Minus Zero" - music video for Lady Pank, 3:55, MCA Records
 "She Went Pop" - music video for I Am Siam, 4:10, Columbia Records
 "Hot Shot" - music video for Jimmy Cliff, 3:55, CBS Records
 "P-Machinery" - music video for Propaganda, 3:45, Island Records
 "Who Do You Love" - music video for Bernard Wright, 4:15, Capitol Records

1986
 "Imagine" - experimental HDTV film, 4:20, music by John Lennon, Rebo/Rybczynski Productions
 "Candy" - HDTV music video for Cameo, 4:20, Polygram Records, Rebo Productions
 "The Original Wrapper" - music video for Lou Reed, 4:40, RCA Records
 "I Can't Think About Dancing" - music video for Missing Persons, 4 min, Capitol Records
 "Sex Machine" - music video for Fat Boys, 4 min, Tin Pan Apple/Sutra Records
 "All the Things She Said" - music video for Simple Minds, 4:15, Virgin Records
 "Hell in Paradise" - music video for Yoko Ono, 3:30, OnoVideo/Polygram Records
 "Stereotomy" - music video for The Alan Parsons Project, 4:10, Arista Records
 "OPPORTUNITIES" - music video for Pet Shop Boys, 3:40, EMI Records

1987
 "Let's Work" - HDTV music video for Mick Jagger, 4:05, CBS Records
 "Why Should I Cry?" - HDTV music video for Nona Hendryx, 4 min, EMI Records, Rebo Productions
 "Keep Your Eye On Me" - HDTV music video for Herb Alpert, 5:15, A&M RECORDS, Rebo Productions
 Steps - experimental video/35mm film, 26 min, Zbig Vision, KCTA-TV (PBS), Channel Four
 "I'm Beggin' You" - music video for Supertramp, 4 min, A&M Records
 "Time Stand Still" - music video for Rush, 3:30, Polygram Records
 "Something Real" - music video for Mr. Mister, 4:10, BMG Music
 "Dragnet 1987" - music video for Art of Noise, 3 min, Chrysalis Records

1988
 Fluff - opening sequence video, 1:47, HDTV, RAI
 The Duel - a tribute to G.Melies, 4:08, HDTV, Telegraph
 Blue Like You - HDTV music video for Étienne Daho, 3:41, Virgin Records
 The Fourth Dimension - experimental 35 mm film, 27 min, Zbig Vision, Rai 3, Canal+, and KTCA-TV (PBS)

1989
 Capriccio no.24 - experimental HDTV film, 6:18, TVE's The Art of Video
 You Better Dance - HDTV music video for The Jets, 3:34, MCA Records
 Cowbell - HDTV music video for Takeshi Itoh, 4 min, CBS Records
 GMF Groupe - promo, 2:03, HDTV, Zbig Vision and Ex Nihilo

1990
 The Orchestra - HDTV long film, 57:11, Zbig Vision and Ex Nihilo, coproduced by NHK, Canal+, and PBS Great Performances.
 Video Hits One - 17 network IDs for VH1

1991
 Manhattan - experimental HDTV film, 28 min, Zbig Vision and NHK Enterprises USA, Inc.
 Washington - experimental HDTV film, 28 min, Zbig Vision and NHK Enterprises USA, Inc.

1992
 Kafka - HDTV long film, 52:16, Télémax, Les Editions Audiovisuelles
 Curtains - opening sequence for Tonight Show, 0:34, HDTV, NBC TV

2004
 Une odyssée Tunisian movie

2011
 The Vision, 2011, co-director Dorota Zgłobicka, Zbig Vision, Polska

See also
List of Poles
Cinema of Poland
List of Polish Academy Award winners and nominees

References

External links

 Homepage
 Ultimatte | Blackmagic Design
 Classic Arts Showcase

Zbigniew Rybczyński at culture.pl
Zbig Vision

Polish film directors
Polish emigrants to the United States
Living people
1949 births
Łódź Film School alumni
Polish music video directors
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Producers who won the Best Animated Short Academy Award
Primetime Emmy Award winners

Zbigniew Rybczyński


Pornochanchada () is the name given to a genre of sex comedy films produced in Brazil that was popular from the late 1960s after popularity of commedia sexy all'italiana. By the 1980s, with the wide availability of hardcore pornography through clandestine video cassettes, the genre suffered a considerable decline. The name, combined pornô (porn) and chanchada (light comedy), which itself combined comedy and erotica.

Due to a confluence of economic and cultural factors, particularly with the liberation of customs, it produced a new trend in the film field, questioning customs and exploring erotica. As a typical cultural product of Brazil, pornochanchada achieved great commercial success in the country throughout the 1970s, despite the low cost of its productions, mainly made in Boca do Lixo.

The genre was heavily influenced by popular Italian comedies, especially those of an erotic nature, as well as the reinterpretation of the Rio de Janeiro tradition of popular urban comedy and the insinuating eroticism of São Paulo films from the late 1960s. Although the label was used indiscriminately, whether for poorly finished or well-crafted works, pornochanchada was characterized by the development of scripts emphasizing erotic situations, innuendos, jokes, and a priority focus on female anatomy, a film formula that quickly captured large segments of the Brazilian market. Combining titles with double meanings, the plots often revolved around themes such as virginity, romantic conquest, and adultery, among others.

For many of its critics, pornochanchada films were considered vulgar and crude, taking advantage of the strict control over cultural production and information during the Brazilian military dictatorship. More conservative and moralistic sectors of society even organized campaigns against the screening of these films, and hundreds of them were heavily censored by federal censors. Others argued that the genre led a significant market phase for Brazilian cinema in the mid-1970s. One notable film of the genre is A Dama do Lotação, which is the fourth highest-grossing film in the history of Brazilian cinema, with 6.5 million viewers. This genre (alongside erotic drama) is responsible for the phrase "Brazilian cinema is just about sex."

The decline of pornochanchada came in the early next decade, due to both its thematic exhaustion and the rise of hardcore pornography, which put an end to the genre's roughly 15-year existence as a genuinely Brazilian popular genre.

History

Early days
According to the Enciclopédia do Cinema Brasileiro (Encyclopedia of Brazilian Cinema), pornochanchada began with the films Os paqueras (directed by Reginaldo Faria), Memórias de um gigolô (directed by Alberto Pieralisi), and Adultério à brasileira (directed by Pedro Carlos Rovai), which were produced in Rio de Janeiro. Between 1969 and 1972, in what can be considered the genre's first production phase, pornochanchada featured experienced producers and directors who made erotic comedies focusing on the cast, efficient direction, and script conception (including authors such as Lauro César Muniz and Oduvaldo Viana Filho).

Rise and peak

However, it was in a second phase that the genre gained fertile ground and consolidated itself, starting in the region of Luz and more specifically in an area that became known as Boca do Lixo. With the emergence of new directors and an increasingly diverse and considerable film production, including some works that displayed recognized qualities, pornochanchada represented a golden age in terms of the Brazilian film market between 1972 and 1978. Among the top 25 box office hits from 1970 to 1975, nine were pornochanchada films, led by the record-breaking A Viúva Virgem (directed by Pedro Carlos Rovai).

During this phase, several subgenres emerged within the pornochanchada, with titles exploring drama, crime, horror, western, and even experimental, in addition to those that intensified their comedic or erotic sides. Directors such as Carlos Reichenbach, Ody Fraga, Roberto Mauro, Fauzi Mansur, Jean Garret, Cláudio Cunha, José Miziara, and Silvio de Abreu, among others, emerged, as well as filmmakers like cinematographers Cláudio Portioli and Antônio Meliande, editor Eder Mazzini, and screenwriter Rajá de Aragão, in addition to the production companies Servicine (owned by Alfredo Palácios and A. P. Galante) and Cinedistri (owned by Osvaldo Massaini).

Thanks to its ability to maintain a sufficiently large audience to sustain the genre's continuity at the box office, pornochanchada fostered a harmonious relationship between producers, distributors, and exhibitor groups (many of which were associated with the producers), which differed from previous periods in Brazilian cinema, except for the chanchada era in the 1950s. It achieved various commercial successes in the Brazilian film market, despite the objections of moralistic segments of society and critics of censorship, who were scandalized by its impolite manners and dubious taste. There were numerous reasons for loud campaigns in civil society and the National Congress, in addition to the Federal Censorship having banned scenes from hundreds of pornochanchada films.

Other entities bothered by pornochanchada were large American distributors, unhappy with the large number of national titles and the successful acquisition of a share of the domestic market. In terms of occupying the national market, Brazilian films accounted for 30% of tickets sold in the country, which corresponded to around 120 million tickets.

Led by Boca do Lixo, which was responsible for producing about two-thirds of Brazilian films on average annually in the 1970s, pornochanchada managed to create a kind of modest yet dynamic Brazilian star system, even without the support of advertising schemes and television networks. It launched actresses such as Nicole Puzzi, Zaira Bueno, Vera Fischer, Matilde Mastrangi, Helena Ramos, Aldine Muller, Sandra Barsotti, Meire Vieira, Arlete Moreira, Adele Fátima, Monique Lafond, Zilda Mayo, and Alba Valéria, or it seduced already known actresses such as Sandra Brea, Sônia Braga, Rossana Ghessa, Kate Lyra, Selma Egrei, Márcia Rodrigues, Maria Lúcia Dahl, Adriana Prieto, Lucélia Santos, Nádia Lippi, Christiane Torloni, Lídia Brondi, and even Ira de Furstenberg. Among the actors, the biggest name in the genre was David Cardoso, who was also a competent producer.

Decline and end
In the early 1980s, pornochanchada was already showing signs of aesthetic and economic exhaustion. Its decline as a film genre coincided with the economic crisis that hit Brazil during that period, drastically affecting the decline in audience attendance for both national and foreign films in the country's cinemas.

Simultaneously, with the dominance of hardcore pornography from the United States in the Brazilian market, which previously belonged to pornochanchada films. Facing foreign competition, Brazilian producers hesitated but eventually embraced the production of explicit sex films, with the milestone being Coisas eróticas (directed by Raffaele Rossi). The success of the first Brazilian pornographic film, with an audience of over 4 million viewers in Brazil, gave impetus to the production of new domestic films. Some professionals from Boca do Lixo associated themselves with the Brazilian hardcore wave, albeit under pseudonyms, such as Alfredo Sternheim, Álvaro Moya, Antônio Meliande, David Cardoso, Fauzi Mansur, José Mojica Marins, Ody Fraga, among others. Most of the well-known pornochanchada actresses declined to participate in hardcore films, and the few who agreed were "doubled" in explicit sex scenes.

With lower production costs and poorer quality than pornochanchada, explicit sex films dominated a significant portion of the market, with considerable production by national standards. In 1984 alone, 69 out of 105 Brazilian films shown in São Paulo cinemas were hardcore pornographic films. This marked the last stage of film production in Boca do Lixo and the melancholic end of pornochanchada.

Bibliography
 . Enciclopédia do Cinema Brasileiro (organizers: Fernão Ramos and Luiz Felipe Miranda). 2nd ed. São Paulo: Senac, 2004, pp. 431–433. ISBN 85-7359-093-9
 . Sexo à brasileira (in Portuguese). Revista Alceu. v.8 n.15. PUC-RJ, July-December 2007, pp. 185-195.
 . Nos 30 anos do pornô brasileiro, 'Coisas eróticas' ganha livros e filme (in Portuguese). O Globo. Rio de Janeiro, September 2, 2012.
 'Coisas Eróticas' desafiou a censura durante o regime militar (in Portuguese). Folha.com. São Paulo, January 15, 2014.
 Cinema: a influência negada (in Portuguese). O Estado de S.Paulo. São Paulo, July 1, 1979.

References

External links
 Entrevista a Cláudio Cunha, Cineasta
 Pornochanchada, Guia dos Curiosos

Cinema of Brazil
Brazilian films by genre
Film genres
Sexuality and society

Pornochanchada


Little Dee is a webcomic by Christopher Baldwin about a little girl lost in the woods who is befriended by three animals. The animals talk; Dee doesn't.

Publication history
Begun on June 7, 2004, Little Dee is the last of several strips completed by Baldwin in hopes of syndication. His popular and long-running strip Bruno was never intended to be syndicated, but Baldwin turned to creating more family-friendly and accessible comics.

On May 30, 2006, Little Dee began appearing on Comics.com, beginning with two weeks of "reruns" to initiate new readers. (Comics.com was a service of United Media.) On his website on June 13, 2006, Chris Baldwin stated that the deal is a developmental deal, for "a year, give or take, possibly leaning towards syndication depending on how things go." As of August 8 (possibly earlier) the strip was no longer available on Comics.com.

Each strip was accompanied by a "Buy This Artwork!" link. The art is offered for sale in its original form, without its final shading, usually in two rows (which were combined into one on the web version), 7.75"x10.75" on vellum  Bristol paper sized 9" x 12". Once purchased, the name of the buyer replaced the "Buy" link, accompanied by the date and time of purchase.

Little Dee's final strip appeared on Tuesday April 6, 2010. To mark the occasion Baldwin offered a limited edition print of the characters for sale, incorporating a customized sketch and signature for each customer. The edition quickly sold out.

In late May 2010 Baldwin announced that the strip would begin a complete re-run on its original site, "larger and with more annotations", commencing June 7, 2010, the strip's sixth anniversary.

Characters and general plot
The strip starts with Dee lost in the woods. Lonely, she hugs the first thing she can find, a bear called Ted. Ted can't find it in his heart to eat such a cute girl, so he adopts her, much to the chagrin of his friend Vachel, a vulture. Blake, a domesticated dog who has become feral, convinces the others that they should look for Dee's parents, which they do periodically.  The four live together in a cave inexplicably equipped with furniture, running water, and electricity.

Dee's real name is not known; it is the name Ted has given her.  Some of their time is spent searching for Dee's parents; much of the rest is spent in the cave or on other adventures.

Dee is an archetypal child: young, cute, innocent, and fearless.  She represents all that is simple and cheerfully adventurous. She does not speak, which adds to her childlikeness and seeming naïvete, yet she often is the boldest of all the characters.
Ted is sensible, a parent, a mediator.  Dee is most often seen hugging him.  He is fiercely protective of her.  The only thing that rattles Ted is Dee's misadventures.  Ted is very fond of chocolate.
Blake is the link for the other animals to the human world as he is domesticated, yet now lives in the woods.  He is good-natured and somewhat naive and gullible — not the brightest of the characters. He considers the group his "pack" and Ted the "alpha."
Vachel is the cynic and the curmudgeon of the group.  He is the most likely to make snide remarks or see the dark side of things.  Initially the least affectionate toward Dee, he was eventually won over.  Atypically, one of his hobbies is knitting. He occasionally recounts events in his earlier life, such as when he lived with several other animals in a library and when he was part of a monastery of roller-skating monks.
Kendra is a young rabbit who approaches most subjects with an intense enthusiasm that the main characters find less than endearing. She and Dee are sometimes playmates.
Pudú is a pudú, who lives in Chile and is constantly visiting Dee and her friends in the United States. Pudú has an easygoing, naïve personality. He is also highly energetic (as if hyped up by caffeine), and is quite a pushover. Series concerning Pudú's visits usually result in him offering to go home and fetch something to help with the current situation, only to return three to six months later and find that the object he has fetched now has nothing to do with what's currently happening.
The Alligator is an alligator who has a very strong crush on Blake and seems totally unaware that Blake does not love him in return. Ted often kicks him out of the cave when he visits Blake (due to his fear that he will eat one of his friends), so he has taken to visiting in secret, despite the fact that Blake is agitated by this.
Alida is an elephant who has a crush on Vachel. In contrast to Blake's relationship with the Alligator, Vachel somewhat returns Alida's affection.
A couple of fish appear from time to time, usually chattering away while one of the main characters is about to drown. They eventually end up saving whoever is in trouble at the last possible second, by such methods as "poking him in the bum with a pin".
The Terranauts are a pair of fish (possibly the same ones) who spend some time exploring dry land and its inhabitants. They wear diving suits full of water, walk on their tail flukes and use their front fins like arms. The suits are supplied with fresh water by hoses from somewhere underwater.

Books
Cartoon compilations published to date
Little Dee (Volume 1)
Little Dee (Volume 2)
Little Dee (Volume 3)
Little Dee (Volume 4)

Reception
The Washington Post termed Little Dee "charming," while others called it "innocent and funny" and "age appropriate".

References

External links

2000s webcomics
American comedy webcomics
2004 webcomic debuts

Little Dee


A soil block is a block (rectangular lump) of soil, with or without additional modifying ingredients. Soil blocking is the act of making such blocks. There are two kinds:

 Compressed earth block, a medium-sized or large soil block (earth block) used for building construction
 Smaller soil blocks (typically 3 to 10 cm per side), used instead of pots or flats in growing seedlings for transplant

Soil block


The Haiti national football team (, Haitian Creole: Ekip foutbòl Ayiti) represents Haiti in international football. Haiti is administered by the Fédération Haïtienne de Football (FHF), the governing body for football in Haiti. They have been a member of FIFA since 1934, a member of CONCACAF since 1961 and a member of the Caribbean Football Union (CFU) since 1978. Haiti's home ground is Stade Sylvio Cator in Port-au-Prince and the team's manager is Gabriel Calderón Pellegrino.

Haiti has one of the longest football traditions in the region and were the second Caribbean team to make the World Cup, after qualifying from winning the 1973 CONCACAF Championship. It was their only appearance in 1974, where they were beaten in the opening group stage by its other three teams, who were all pre-tournament favorites; Italy, Poland, and Argentina.

In 2016, Haiti qualified for the 100th anniversary of the Copa América, by defeating Trinidad and Tobago.

History

Early years

Following the affiliation of the Haitian Football Federation with FIFA in 1933, Haiti was able to register for the qualifiers for the 1934 World Cup in Italy. Les Grenadiers led by coach Édouard Baker, played three games against Cuba, all at the Parc Leconte in Port-au-Prince, having lost twice (1–3, 0–6) and one resulting in a 1–1 draw.

Haiti would then reappear on the international scene almost twenty years later, since the Federation did not enter the national team for the World Cup qualifiers of the 1938 and 1950. For the 1954 edition held in Switzerland, the team under Frenchman Baron Paul found themselves in a qualification pool with the United States and Mexico. Haiti finished in last place, losing all of its matches, with a very heavy defeat conceded to Mexico 8–0. They would again withdraw from the qualifiers for the World Cup until 1970. Regionally, Haiti won in 1957 in their first participation in the CCCF Championship including a blowout victory against Cuba 6–1 and debuted in the 1959 Pan American Games. The selection is defeated heavily by the United States 7–2, and Brazil 9–1, and refused to resume play against Argentina after an arbitration decision. Victorious against Cuba 8–2, the team finished fourth in the competition. After a 1960 season without international meetings, Haiti led by Antoine Tassy, made its second appearance in CCCF Cup in 1961. Second in their group stage behind the host country, Costa Rica, the team finished last the final stage with three defeats in three games and twelve goals conceded to zero goals scored and finished fourth. The team suffered a crushing defeat in its last match to Costa Rica 8–0.

In 1961, Haiti joined the CONCACAF, born from the merger of the NAFC and the CCCF. In 1965, Haiti took part in the second edition of the CONCACAF Championship, after being eliminated in qualifying for the inaugural edition (1963 CONCACAF Championship). This continental meeting resulted in a last place finish, losing all five of its matches played; coach Antoine Tassy then resigns. However, he returned the following year again as the team's head coach, and won the Coupe Duvalier. During the 1967 Qualifiers, Haiti finished first and was undefeated atop of its group, ahead of Trinidad and Tobago. On 16 January 1967, marked its first victory in a competitive match against the Trinidadians, beating them 4–2. However, Haiti in the final round consisting of six teams, finished in fifth place, defeating Nicaragua 2–1 to avoid last place.

As part of the qualifiers for the 1970 World Cup hosted by Mexico, Haiti are engaged in group 2, in the company of Guatemala and Trinidad and Tobago. Directed by Antoine Tassy, Haiti was relevant for the first time in qualifying for the World Cup on 23 November 1968, in Port of Spain against Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti will reach rank at the top of the pool with wins against Trinidad and Tobago 4–0 and Guatemala 2–0, one draw against Guatemala 1–1, and one defeat conceded at home against Trinidad and Tobago 2–4 which enabled them to qualify to the second round. They then eliminated the United States before heading to the final round against El Salvador. Haiti lost the opening match at home 1–2, but managed to rebound and win 3–0 in San Salvador before losing again on neutral ground in Kingston in Jamaica, 1–0 in overtime.

At the CONCACAF Championship in 1969, Haiti was disqualified from the final round, when it had qualified in the field by beating the United States (the qualifying round is coupled with the qualifications for the World Cup 1970). Instead, the Federation was unable to register its team for the final round on time to the CONCACAF and therefore could not participate in the final round.

The Golden Age

The 1970s could be considered a golden age for Haitian football. Its status in the region remained very strong, being considered the third strongest team in the CONCACAF after Mexico and arguably Costa Rica. With Antoine Tassy as coach for much of this period, Haiti emerged as one of the strongest teams in the CONCACAF zone, being pooled with other regionally strong football nations such as Mexico and Costa Rica. By 1965, players like Henri Francillon, Philippe Vorbe, Guy Renold Jean François and Guy Saint-Vil were already playing in the team and would be stalwarts of the side in the coming years.

The team reached the final round of the qualifiers for the 1970 World Cup, where they faced El Salvador. After losing the first leg 2–1 at home, the team pulled off a 3–0 win at El Salvador. With each team having one win, the rules of the day dictated a play-off on neutral ground which El Salvador won to secure a place in the 1970 World Cup.

In the 1974 World Cup qualifiers, Haiti once again reached the final round in a qualifying tournament completely played at home. This time, they topped the group and qualified for their first appearance at the 1974 World Cup. In West Germany, they drew a tough group consisting of Italy, Argentina and Poland. The first half of their debut game against Italy ended in a scoreless draw, but the team surprised the football world when star forward Emmanuel Sanon scored shortly after the break to give Haiti a 1–0 lead. Although the Italians eventually came back to win the game 3–1, Sanon's goal ended goal keeper Dino Zoff's record run of 1143 minutes without conceding a goal in international matches. The team went on to lose to Poland (0–7) and Argentina (1–4) to finish last in their group.

Post 1970s
Haiti would reach the final rounds of the 1978 and 1982 qualifiers, but failed to make the cut. The years since have seen Haiti's footballing status decline markedly. In recent years, the political situation in the country has led to numerous defections from members of the football team. The team has rebuilt somewhat through the Haitian diaspora in Miami, Florida, and some Haitian home games have been played in Miami in recent years. Haiti as of recently has been rising once again as a footballing power in the CONCACAF. In a January 2010 earthquake at least 30 people with ties to Haitian football perished, including players, coaches, referees and administrative and medical representatives. Twenty others with ties to Haitian football were feared to be buried in the ruins.

Post Earthquake
In November 2011, Haiti was knocked out of the qualifiers for the 2014 World Cup by Antigua and Barbuda under the leadership of Brazilian coach Edson Tavares. In 2012, Tavares was replaced by Cuban coach Israel Blake Cantero who led the national team through the 2012 Caribbean Championship. Haiti finished third in the Caribbean Championship warranting a spot in the 2013 Gold Cup. The following year, Haiti would have a bad string of defeats against Chile, Bolivia, Oman and the Dominican Republic. In June 2013, Haiti bounced back from these shortcomings with a close 2–1 loss to reigning world champions Spain and an impressive 2–2 draw with footballing powerhouse Italy, with goals in both games scored by Wilde-Donald Guerrier, Olrish Saurel and Jean-Philippe Peguero respectively. The 2018 World Cup qualifiers had Haiti beating Grenada to reach the fourth round, where they fell off with only four points - one for a goalless draw with Panama, three for beating Jamaica in Kingston. In 2019, they made the farthest they ever had in the CONCACAF Gold Cup by going 3–0 in the group stages including a last-minute goal against Costa Rica and coming back from a 2–0 deficit against Canada in the Quarter-finals, winning the game 3–2. However, it all stopped after Mexico got away with a controversial foul which gave Mexico a penalty shot. They would lose the game 1–0.

Team image

Colours
The Haiti national team utilizes a two-colour system, composed of red and blue. The team's two colours originate from the national flag of Haiti, known as the bicolore. Although, during the Duvalier administration in Haiti, the country undergone a color change to its flag, swapping out the blue for black and it reflected in its 1974 World Cup kit and federation crest.

Since the team's inception, Haiti's kit has undergone numerous color pattern variations. The home kit has traditionally been either all blue or a variation of predominately blue shirts, with red shorts and blue socks, while the away kit has traditionally been inversely worn that is either all red or a variation of predominately red shirts, with blue shorts and red socks. Haiti has occasionally had a third kit, which has traditionally been all white, which the current kit features, along with its all blue colours at home and all red colours away. Haiti also wears the crest of the Federation on its shirt and at times on its shorts as well.

Haiti has been provided kits by a number of manufacturers, some of which have been from a few local and lesser known suppliers. The first known kit manufacturer was Adidas for the 1974 World Cup. In 2013, a five-year contract was reached with Colombian manufacturer, Saeta for $1 million. After 8 years, the Haitian Federation and Saeta are terminating their agreement. The details of the end date of their contract and the reason for the termination has not yet been released to the general public.

Kit suppliers

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

2023

Coaching staff

Current staff

Coaching history

Caretaker managers are listed in italics.

 Édouard Baker (1934)
 Antoine Champagne (1951)
 Paul Baron (fr) (1953–1954)
 Dan Georgiádis (1956–1957)
 Lucien Barozy (1957)
 Alfredo Obertello (1959)
 Antoine Tassy (1959) 1961; 1965–1973

 Ettore Trevisan (it) (1973)
 Antoine Tassy (1973–1974)
 Mladen Kashanine (1975)
 Antoine Tassy (1976?)
 Sepp Piontek (1976–1978)
 René Vertus (fr) (1978–1979)−1980?)
 Antoine Tassy (1980–1981)

 Claude Barthélemy (1984–1985)

 Ernst Jean-Baptiste (fr) (1991–1992) 1994
 Hervé Calixte (1996–1997)

 Jean-Michel Vaval (1997–1999)
 Ernst Jean-Baptiste (1999)
 Bernard Souilliez (1999)
 Emmanuel Sanon (1999–2000)
 Elie Jean & Sonche Pierre (fr) (2001)
 Jorge Castelli (es) (2001–2002)
 Vicente Cayetano Rodríguez (es) (2002–2003)
 Andrés Cruciani (2002–2003)
 Caetano Rodrigues (2003)
 Maxime Augusto (2003)
 Carlo Marcelin (fr) (2003)
 Fernando Clavijo (2003–2004)
 Carlo Marcelin (2004–2006)
 Luis Armelio García (es) (2006–2008)
 Sonche Pierre, Carlo Marcelin & Wilner Étienne (2008)
 Wagneau Eloip (2008)
 Wilner Étienne & Sonche Pierre (2008)
 Jairo Ríos (es) (2008–2010)
 Edson Tavares (2010–2011)
 Carlo Marcelin (2011)
 Israel Blake Cantero (2012–2013)
 Pierre Roland Saint-Jean (fr) (2013)
 Marc Collat (2014–2015)
 Patrice Neveu (2015–2016)
 Jean-Claude Josaphat (fr) (2016–2017)
 Marc Collat (2017–2019)
 Jean-Jacques Pierre (2021–2023)
 Gabriel Calderón Pellegrino (2023–present)

Notes
p Denotes a player-manager

Players

Current squad
The following players were called up for the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

Caps and goals correct as of 2 July 2023, after the match against

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up within the last twelve months.

INJ Withdrew due to an injury.
PRE Preliminary squad.
WD Withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issues.

Player records

The FHF's archives have been displaced by earthquakes and civil unrest; data on early Haitian players is still being investigated.
Players in bold are still active with Haiti.

Most appearances

Most goals

Competitive record

FIFA World Cup

CONCACAF Gold Cup

CONCACAF Nations League

Copa América

1 Ecuador 1993 was the first time nations from outside the CONMEBOL were invited.
2 United States 2016 was the first time nations from outside the CONMEBOL could qualify and host.

Caribbean Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

CCCF Championship

Pan American Games

Honours
Major competitions
CONCACAF Championship / Gold Cup
  Winners (1): 1973
  Runners-up (2): 1971, 1977
  Third place (1): 2019

Minor competitions
CCCF Championship
  Winners (1): 1957
CFU Championship / Caribbean Cup
  Winners (2): 1979, 2007
  Runners-up (1): 2001
  Third place (5): 1978, 1998, 1999, 2012, 2014
 Fair play (1): 2014
Pan American Games
 Fourth place (1): 1959

Friendly competitions
Saint Kitts and Nevis Football Festival
  Winners (1): 2003
Haiti International Tournament
  Winners (1): 1997
Coupe Duvalier
  Winners (1): 1966
Triangular Tournament
  Winners (1): 1956
Paul Magloire President Cup
  Winners (1): 1956

See also

 Haiti national under-23 football team
 Haiti national under-20 football team
 Haiti national under-17 football team
 Haiti national under-15 football team
 Haiti at the FIFA World Cup

References

External links

 Haiti FIFA profile
 Haiti National Football Team Profile, Stats and Analytics at Footballdatabase
 National Football Teams: Haiti
 Haiti National Football Team (The Red & Blue) at 11v11
 Haiti Football Kit History

Caribbean national association football teams

Haiti national football team


William III of Weimar (Wilhelmi Thuringorum praetor; died 16 April 1039) was count of Weimar from 1003 and of the Eichsfeld from 1022.

He was the youngest son of Count William II of Weimar.

Family
 His first marriage was to Bertha.
 His second marriage was to Oda (probably the daughter of Thietmar, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark). They had children:
 William IV (died  1062), Margrave of Meissen from 1046
 Otto I (died 1067), count of Orlamünde
 Poppo (died after 1046)
 Aribo (murdered 1070)

After his death, Oda married Dedi I, Margrave of Lusatia.

1039 deaths
Year of birth unknown
House of Weimar

William III of Weimar


Timothy Alan Patrick Rose (September 23, 1940 – September 24, 2002) was an American singer and songwriter who spent much of his life in London, England, and had more success in Europe than in his native country.

Biography

Early years
Rose was born in Washington, D.C., and raised by his mother Mary, who worked for the Army Corps of Engineers, his aunt, and his grandmother in an area known as South Fairlington Historic District, in Arlington, Virginia, where he was to meet Scott McKenzie, who lived nearby. Rose learned to play the banjo and guitar, and won the top music award in high school. Rose graduated from Gonzaga College Prep School, a noted Jesuit institution in DC, class of 1958. From there he joined the United States Air Force (in the Strategic Air Command), in the pre-Vietnam era, and was stationed in Kansas. He later worked as a merchant seaman on the S.S. Atlantic and in a bank, before becoming involved in the music industry.

His first band was The Singing Strings, which included his friend McKenzie, who later joined with John Phillips (eventually of The Mamas & the Papas) in a local group called The Abstracts, later The Smoothies and eventually The Journeymen. Other members of the Strings were Buck Hunnicutt, Speery Romig and Alan Stubbs. In 1962, Rose teamed up with ex-Smoothie Michael Boran as Michael and Timothy. Jake Holmes, Rich Husson and Rose formed a group called The Feldmans, later known as Tim Rose and the Thorns.

The Big 3

In 1962 Rose met singer Cass Elliot (also eventually of The Mamas & the Papas) at a party in Georgetown and formed a folk trio with her and singer John Brown called The Triumvirate.  Later, after Brown was replaced by James (Jim) Hendricks, they changed the name to The Big 3. They soon landed a job at The Bitter End, a folk club in New York City's Greenwich Village.

Their success grew, with appearances on national television programs, and they recorded two albums: The Big 3 (1963) and The Big 3 Live at the Recording Studio (1964). Songs included "Grandfather's Clock", and an anti-war dirge written by Fred Hellerman and Fran Minkoff, "Come Away Melinda", a re-recorded version of which was one of Rose's most successful solo singles several years later, and Rose's composition "The Banjo Song," which sets the lyrics of "Oh! Susanna" to a completely new melody. Rose's melody was then used for Shocking Blue's 1969 hit "Venus". Neil Young and Crazy Horse covered Rose's version on their 2012 album Americana.

Rose and Elliot had musical differences – both were inclined to want things done their way – and the band fell apart after Elliot and Hendricks secretly married. They had appeared on a number of national television programs, including Hootenanny (1963), The Danny Kaye Show (1963), and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962).

Solo career
After The Big 3, Rose went solo, and by 1966, his prospects had improved. In November of that year, he played two gigs at the Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco; headlining were the Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane. CBS Records signed Rose to a multi-album record deal; the first album, Tim Rose, came out in 1967. It featured a new version of "Come Away Melinda" and "Long Time Man" (a version of the traditional "It Makes a Long Time Man Feel Bad", which was also previously recorded with The Big 3) as well as his versions of two songs that would become standards: Billy Roberts' "Hey Joe" and Bonnie Dobson's "Morning Dew". Both were released as singles, and would be further covered by many artists, from the Grateful Dead to Clannad. Backed up by a trio that included William Lewis Wexler on keyboards and flute, he played at such clubs as Basin Street West in San Francisco and Le Hibou in Ottawa, Ontario. He also played on numerous recording sessions, including backing up, with William Lewis Wexler (on  Keyboard), Eric Weissberg.

"Hey Joe"

In 1966, he was getting a lot of airplay with his version of "Hey Joe". It was written and had been copyrighted in 1962 by singer Billy Roberts, but Rose claimed he heard it sung as a child in Florida, and as of 2009, Rose's official website still claims the song is "traditional". As of 2009 no documentary evidence from US archives or elsewhere has been provided to support the claim that the song is "traditional" (though Country singer Carl Smith did have a hit in 1953 with a song of the same title written by Boudleaux Bryant). Prior to Rose's recording, The Leaves, The Surfaris, Love and The Byrds had all recorded fast-paced versions of the song. Rose's version (crediting himself as author), unlike the others, was a slow, angry ballad, which received US radio airplay and became a regional hit in the San Francisco area in 1966, as well as upstate New York cities like Buffalo and Albany. Jimi Hendrix had seen Rose performing at Cafe Wha? in New York City, and released a similarly slow version in 1966 which became a huge hit, first in the UK, then worldwide. It was Linda Keith, Keith Richards' girlfriend at the time that played Rose's recording of "Hey Joe" to Chas Chandler (Hendrix's manager and former bass player for The Animals).

Rose re-recorded "Hey Joe" in the 1990s, re-titling it "Blue Steel .44", again claiming songwriting credit.

"Morning Dew"

"Morning Dew" was to go on to become a rock standard. Rose heard Fred Neil's recording of the song penned by Canadian folk singer Bonnie Dobson, arranged it with a harder, rock feel and added his name to the songwriting credit, although Dobson consistently questioned his right to a credit. Fred Neil, signed to Elektra, was the first person to record the song after her. Jac Holzman of Elektra contacted her for permission, knowing she had written it, and that was how it came to be published by the Nina Music Co., the music publishing company set up by Holzman's wife Nina. Subsequently, the Nina Music Co. was bought by Warner/Chappell Music.

Follow-up works
Another CBS album, Through Rose Colored Glasses, followed in 1969. It met with critical disappointment and did not sell well. Love: A Kind of Hate Story was recorded at Island Studios in London and released in 1970. In addition to his musical career, by now Rose had moved to London and would spend much of his life there. Other albums followed in the decade: Another, different album titled Tim Rose (1972), The Musician (1975), and the bootleg Unfinished Song (1976).

In 1968, while his song "Roanoke" was getting some airplay in the UK, Rose was considered while replacements were being selected for Brian Jones's place in The Rolling Stones.

Rose worked in the late 1960s and 1970s with sidemen Bob Bowers, Felix Pappalardi, Alan Seidler, Tina Charles, Pierre Tubbs, B. J. Cole, Colin Winston-Fletcher, Micky Wynne, John Bonham, Les Podraza, Aynsley Dunbar, Alex Damovsky, John McVie, Andy Summers, Eric Weissberg, Russ Kunkel, Randall Elliot, Pete Sears.

In the late 1960s, Shel Talmy worked with Rose, producing his album Love – A Kind of Hate Story.

In 1972, he put together his short-lived LA band featuring: Michael 'Papabax' Baxter on keyboards, Shelly Scott on drums, Bob Zinner on guitar and Larry "Fuzzy" Knight on bass, to play the 'California concert halls and 'nite' spots'.

He appeared on bills with Traffic, The Staple Singers, Stevie Wonder, Simon and Garfunkel, The Doors, Uriah Heep, Johnny Mathis, Frank Zappa, Jimi Hendrix, Jeff Beck, Rod Stewart, Procol Harum, the Grateful Dead, Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, The Band of Joy, and Tim Hardin.

The lost years
By the mid-1970s, his career had stalled. In an attempted comeback Los Angeles music publisher/songwriter Richard D. Kaye, acting as Tim's manager in 1976, arranged studio time for Tim to record the album Unfinished Song featuring seven new Rose compositions and the title track "Unfinished Song" written by Kaye. He recorded The Gambler in 1977, with a group that included guitarist Andy Summers, only to find that the record company refused to release it. He returned to New York for a number of years, living in Hell's Kitchen on Restaurant Row, and then much later Lincoln Square near Central Park. Having lost his contacts in the music industry, he was forced to work as a construction laborer until an opportunity arose to sing jingles for TV commercials in early 1980. Rose sang on many jingles, including Big Red gum and Wrangler Jeans, and voiced ads for the Big Apple Circus. This work funded his much-delayed college education, which he began at the age of 40. Rose graduated in 1984 from Fordham University at Lincoln Center in Manhattan, with a degree in history. He became a Wall Street stockbroker and a teacher, got married, and eventually divorced. While working on Wall Street, he met Dennis Lepri, former lead guitarist for the folk rock group, Gunhill Road. They became friends and together collaborated on new material, performing in clubs throughout New York. After the 1987 stock market crash, the two parted ways and Tim got out of the business. He continued writing and performing at select venues, such as The Bitter End. He also battled with alcoholism.

Return
By the late 1980s, Rose had reached the lowest point in his career. After his marriage broke up, he gave up drinking. In 1986, Nick Cave included "Long Time Man", a version very close to Rose's, on the album Your Funeral, My Trial. Cave went on to assist Rose in recovering his career, and encouraged him to play live shows again.

In 1991, The Gambler was finally released. In 1996, encouraged by Cave and by Dutch film makers Suzan IJzermans and Jacques Laureys, he returned to Europe. Rose performed at the Guildford, and Glastonbury Festivals. He went on to perform at the Royal Albert Hall opening for Cave, and at the Shepherds Bush Empire and Queen Elizabeth Hall in London with co-writer and guitarist Mickey Wynne. A new album, Haunted, was released with recordings from these performances as well new studio material produced by Cave. He also appeared on the BBC Television show Later with Jools Holland, and performed with Robert Plant's folk-rock band, Priory of Brion.  By the late 1990s to early 2000s, most of his back catalog had been re-released (some as double albums), and were available both in record stores and from Rose's own web site, Tim-Rose.co.uk.

In April 2001, the Tim Rose Band was the opening act at the Bergen Blues and Jazz Festival in Norway. Jacques Laurey's biographical film about Rose, Where Was I?, was premiered at the Rotterdam Film Festival in the same year. His final solo album, American Son, was released in February 2002.

Not Goin' Anywhere by Norwegian band Headwaiter, featuring four songs with lyrics by Rose and a duet with the lead singer Per Jorgenson, was released in Norway in September 2002.

Death

In 2002, Rose had completed a successful tour of Ireland with co-writer and guitarist Mickey Wynne and had a number of gigs planned around the UK. He died at Middlesex Hospital, London of a heart attack during a second operation for a lower bowel problem on September 24, 2002, at the age of 62. He is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

He had no children.  A number of posthumous recordings featuring Rose have since been released.

He was the subject of BBC programme Heir Hunters in November 2011, where investigators look for descendants of deceased people who did not leave a will.

Discography

Albums
 The Big 3, 1963 – with The Big 3
 The Big 3 Live at the Recording Studio, 1964 – with The Big 3
 Tim Rose, 1967
 Through Rose Colored Glasses, 1969
 Love – A Kind of Hate Story, 1970 (Produced by Shel Talmy)
 Tim Rose, 1972
 The Musician, 1975
 Unfinished Song, 1976
 The Gambler, 1991
 I've Got to Get a Message to You, 1987
 Haunted, 1997
 American Son, 2002
 Not Goin' Anywhere, 2002 – with Headwaiter
 Snowed In (The Last Recordings), 2003
 The London Sessions 1978 – 1998, 2004
 Mirage, 2004

Singles
 1966 – "I'm Bringing It Home" / "Mother, Father, Where are You?"
 1966 – "Hey Joe" / "King Lonely the Blue"
 1966 – "I Gotta Do Things My Way" / "Where Was I?"
 1966 – "I'm Gonna Be Strong" / "I Got a Loneliness"
 1967 – "Morning Dew" / "You're Slipping Away from Me"
 1967 – "Long Time Man" / "I Got a Loneliness"
 1967 – "Come Away Melinda" / "Long Time Man"
 1968 – "Long Haired Boy" / "Looking at My Baby"
 1968 – "I Guess it's Over" / "Hello Sunshine"
 1969 – "Roanoke" / "Baby You Turn Me On"
 1970 – "I Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Ode to an Old Ball"
 1972 – "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" / "If I Were a Carpenter"
 1973 – "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" / "It Takes a Little Longer"
 1975 – "The Musician" / "7:30 Song"
 1975 – "The Musician" / "It's Not My Life That's Been Changin'"
 1975 – "Morning Dew" / "7:30 Song"
 1979 - Rose guested on the single "Boys on the Dole" by Neville Wanker and the Punters

References

External links
Official Tim Rose website (archived)
Detailed fan site

1940 births
2002 deaths
Singers from New York City
American male singer-songwriters
American rock songwriters
American rock guitarists
American blues guitarists
American folk guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
American blues singers
American folk singers
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Dawn Records artists
Columbia Records artists
Capitol Records artists
Atlantic Records artists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.
Guitarists from New York City
Fordham University alumni
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singer-songwriters from Washington, D.C.

Tim Rose


Alpine is an unincorporated rural community and census-designated place in Benton County, Oregon, United States. It is west of Monroe off Oregon Route 99W. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 171.

History
Alpine was so named because it is on the top of one of the foothills of the Central Oregon Coast Range. It is noted that the "situation is not particularly alpine in character". Alpine School operated for several years before there was a settlement in the location, thus the community took its name from the school. In 1908, the Corvallis and Alsea River Railway Company began construction of a line that ended in the settlement of Alpine when funding ran out. The community has burned three times since its heyday in the early 1900s. A post office was established in 1912 and operated until 1976. Alpine now has a Monroe mailing address. Alpine Elementary School closed in 2003. When the Alpine Market closed in 2004, the Alpine Tavern (built in 1936) started selling groceries. In 2005, a vintage photograph of the tavern was featured in a Miller Beer advertisement, and the market was due to be razed.

As of November 2019, the Alpine Tavern was still  a thriving business in the community, preserving area history.

Museums and other points of interest
Alpine is on the Benton County Scenic Loop, a scenic driving route.

To the west of Alpine is the Woodhall Vineyard, a research vineyard operated by Oregon State University.

References

External links
1961 photo of Alpine from Salem Public Library
Photographs from Alpine Tavern: Photographs of a Social Gathering Place, James Cloutier's 1977 book
South Benton Community Center

Unincorporated communities in Benton County, Oregon
Census-designated places in Oregon
1912 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Alpine, Oregon


Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (, also ,  or ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist and aristocrat who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave–particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics.

De Broglie won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.

The 1925 pilot-wave model, and the wave-like behaviour of particles discovered by de Broglie was used by Erwin Schrödinger in his formulation of wave mechanics. The pilot-wave model and interpretation was then abandoned, in favor of the quantum formalism, until 1952 when it was rediscovered and enhanced by David Bohm.

Louis de Broglie was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 1 of the Académie française in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the French Academy of Sciences. De Broglie became the first high-level scientist to call for establishment of a multi-national laboratory, a proposal that led to the establishment of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).

Biography

Origin and education

Louis de Broglie belonged to the famous aristocratic family of Broglie, whose representatives for several centuries occupied important military and political posts in France. The father of the future physicist, Louis-Alphonse-Victor, 5th duc de Broglie, was married to Pauline d'Armaille, the granddaughter of the Napoleonic General Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur and his wife, the biographer, Marie Célestine Amélie d'Armaillé. They had five children; in addition to Louis, these were: Albertina (1872–1946), subsequently the Marquise de Luppé; Maurice (1875–1960), subsequently a famous experimental physicist; Philip (1881–1890), who died two years before the birth of Louis, and Pauline, Comtesse de Pange (1888–1972), subsequently a famous writer. Louis was born in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime. As the youngest child in the family, Louis grew up in relative loneliness, read a lot, and was fond of history, especially political. From early childhood, he had a good memory and could accurately read an excerpt from a theatrical production or give a complete list of ministers of the Third Republic of France. For this, he was predicted to become a great statesman in the future.

De Broglie had intended a career in humanities, and received his first degree in history. Afterwards he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree in physics.  With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.

Military service

After graduation, Louis de Broglie joined the engineering forces to undergo compulsory service. It began at Fort Mont Valérien, but soon, on the initiative of his brother, he was seconded to the Wireless Communications Service and worked on the Eiffel Tower, where the radio transmitter was located. Louis de Broglie remained in military service throughout the First World War, dealing with purely technical issues. In particular, together with Léon Brillouin and brother Maurice, he participated in establishing wireless communications with submarines. Prince Louis was demobilized in August 1919 with the rank of adjudant. Later, the scientist regretted that he had to spend about six years away from the fundamental problems of science that interested him.

Scientific and pedagogical career
His 1924 thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced his theory of electron waves. This included the wave–particle duality theory of matter, based on the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein on light. This research culminated in the de Broglie hypothesis stating that any moving particle or object had an associated wave. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the mécanique ondulatoire, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929 "for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons".

In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a causal explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly probabilistic models which dominate quantum mechanical theory; it was refined by David Bohm in the 1950s. The theory has since been known as the De Broglie–Bohm theory.

In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the philosophy of science, including the value of modern scientific discoveries. In 1930 he founded the book series Actualités scientifiques et industrielles published by Éditions Hermann.

De Broglie became a member of the Académie des sciences in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. He was asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais, but declined because he was non-religious.
In 1941, he was made a member of the National Council of Vichy France. On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the Académie Française, replacing mathematician Émile Picard. Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934. UNESCO awarded him the first Kalinga Prize in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society on 23 April 1953.

Louis became the 7th duc de Broglie in 1960 upon the death without heir of his elder brother, Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist.

In 1961, he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the Légion d'honneur. De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the Henri Poincaré Institute, where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and was an early member.

Louis never married. When he died on 19 March 1987 in Louveciennes at the age of 94, he was succeeded as duke by a distant cousin, Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie. His funeral was held 23 March 1987 at the Church of Saint-Pierre-de-Neuilly.

Scientific activity

Physics of X-ray and photoelectric effect
The first works of Louis de Broglie (early 1920s) were performed in the laboratory of his older brother Maurice and dealt with the features of the photoelectric effect and the properties of x-rays. These publications examined the absorption of X-rays and described this phenomenon using the Bohr theory, applied quantum principles to the interpretation of photoelectron spectra, and gave a systematic classification of X-ray spectra. The studies of X-ray spectra were important for elucidating the structure of the internal electron shells of atoms (optical spectra are determined by the outer shells). Thus, the results of experiments conducted together with Alexandre Dauvillier, revealed the shortcomings of the existing schemes for the distribution of electrons in atoms; these difficulties were eliminated by Edmund Stoner. Another result was the elucidation of the insufficiency of the Sommerfeld formula for determining the position of lines in X-ray spectra; this discrepancy was eliminated after the discovery of the electron spin. In 1925 and 1926, Leningrad physicist Orest Khvolson nominated the de Broglie brothers for the Nobel Prize for their work in the field of X-rays.

Matter and wave–particle duality

Studying the nature of X-ray radiation and discussing its properties with his brother Maurice, who considered these rays to be some kind of combination of waves and particles, contributed to Louis de Broglie's awareness of the need to build a theory linking particle and wave representations. In addition, he was familiar with the works (1919–1922) of Marcel Brillouin, which proposed a hydrodynamic model of an atom and attempted to relate it to the results of Bohr's theory. The starting point in the work of Louis de Broglie was the idea of A. Einstein about the quanta of light. In his first article on this subject, published in 1922, the French scientist considered blackbody radiation as a gas of light quanta and, using classical statistical mechanics, derived the Wien radiation law in the framework of such a representation. In his next publication, he tried to reconcile the concept of light quanta with the phenomena of interference and diffraction and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to associate a certain periodicity with quanta. In this case, light quanta were interpreted by him as relativistic particles of very small mass.

It remained to extend the wave considerations to any massive particles, and in the summer of 1923 a decisive breakthrough occurred. De Broglie outlined his ideas in a short note "Waves and quanta" (, presented at a meeting of the Paris Academy of Sciences on September 10, 1923), which marked the beginning of the creation of wave mechanics. In this paper and his subsequent PhD thesis, the scientist suggested that a moving particle with energy E and velocity v is characterized by some internal periodic process with a frequency  (later known as Compton frequency), where  is Planck's constant. To reconcile these considerations, based on the quantum principle, with the ideas of special relativity, de Broglie associated wave he called a "phase wave" with a moving body, which propagates with the phase velocity . Such a wave, which later received the name matter wave, or de Broglie wave, in the process of body movement remains in phase with the internal periodic process. Having then examined the motion of an electron in a closed orbit, the scientist showed that the requirement for phase matching directly leads to the quantum Bohr-Sommerfeld condition, that is, to quantize the angular momentum. In the next two notes (reported at the meetings on September 24 and October 8, respectively), de Broglie came to the conclusion that the particle velocity is equal to the group velocity of phase waves, and the particle moves along the normal to surfaces of equal phase. In the general case, the trajectory of a particle can be determined using Fermat's principle (for waves) or the principle of least action (for particles), which indicates a connection between geometric optics and classical mechanics.

This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the electron diffraction experiments of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of Schrödinger.

From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a wavefunction defined by the Schrödinger equation, which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work of David Bohm.

Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron
In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a pilot wave guides a particle. Subsequently, David Hestenes has proposed a link to the zitterbewegung that was suggested by Erwin Schrödinger.

While attempts at verifying the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock frequency are so far not conclusive, recent experimental data is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.

Non-nullity and variability of mass
According to de Broglie, the neutrino and the photon have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.

In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a thermodynamic machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.

Generalization of the principle of least action
In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with Fermat's optical principle: "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to Maupertuis' principle applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave." This equivalence had been pointed out by Hamilton a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, in an era where no experience gave proof of the fundamental principles of physics being involved in the description of atomic phenomena.

Up to his final work, he appeared to be the physicist who most sought that dimension of action which Max Planck, at the beginning of the 20th century, had shown to be the only universal unity (with his dimension of entropy).

Duality of the laws of nature
Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which Max Born thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the laws of nature.

His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:

That idea seems to match the continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of Leibniz, who posited the necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the system of mechanical laws.

However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other) and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics:

Neutrino theory of light

This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two Dirac neutrinos. It is not currently accepted by the majority of physicists.

Hidden thermodynamics
De Broglie's final idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and Carnot.

In this work, action becomes a sort of opposite to entropy, through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form:

As a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the uncertainty principle to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to reductions in entropy.

Honors and awards
 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics
 1929 Henri Poincaré Medal
 1932 Albert I of Monaco Prize
 1938 Max Planck Medal
 1938 Fellow, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
 1939 International Member, American Philosophical Society
 1944 Fellow, Académie française
 1948 International Member, United States National Academy of Sciences
 1952 Kalinga Prize
 1953 Fellow, Royal Society
 1958 International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Publications

 Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).
 Introduction à la physique des rayons X et gamma (Introduction to physics of X-rays and Gamma-rays), with Maurice de Broglie, Gauthier-Villars, 1928.

 Rapport au 5ème Conseil de Physique Solvay (Report for the 5th Solvay Physics Congress), Brussels, 1927.

 Matière et lumière (Matter and Light), Paris: Albin Michel, 1937.
 La Physique nouvelle et les quanta (New Physics and Quanta), Flammarion, 1937.
 Continu et discontinu en physique moderne (Continuous and discontinuous in Modern Physics), Paris: Albin Michel, 1941.
 Ondes, corpuscules, mécanique ondulatoire (Waves, Corpuscles, Wave Mechanics), Paris: Albin Michel, 1945.
 Physique et microphysique (Physics and Microphysics), Albin Michel, 1947.
 Vie et œuvre de Paul Langevin (The life and works of Paul Langevin), French Academy of Sciences, 1947.
 Optique électronique et corpusculaire (Electronic and Corpuscular Optics), Herman, 1950.
 Savants et découvertes (Scientists and discoveries), Paris, Albin Michel, 1951.
 Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956.
 English translation: Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960.
 Nouvelles perspectives en microphysique (New prospects in Microphysics), Albin Michel, 1956.
 Sur les sentiers de la science (On the Paths of Science), Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
 Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de M. Jean-Pierre Vigier et de ses collaborateurs, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
 English translation: Introduction to the Vigier Theory of elementary particles, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1963.
 Étude critique des bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963.
 English translation: The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964.
 Certitudes et incertitudes de la science (Certitudes and Incertitudes of Science). Paris: Albin Michel, 1966.
 with Louis Armand, Pierre Henri Simon and others. Albert Einstein. Paris: Hachette, 1966.
 English translation: Einstein. Peebles Press, 1979.
 Recherches d'un demi-siècle (Research of a half-century), Albin Michel, 1976.
 Les incertitudes d'Heisenberg et l'interprétation probabiliste de la mécanique ondulatoire (Heisenberg uncertainty and wave mechanics probabilistic interpretation), Gauthier-Villars, 1982.

References

External links

 Les Immortels: Louis de BROGLIE", Académie française

 Fondation Louis de Broglie

  English translation of his book on hidden thermodynamics by D. H. Delphenich
 The Theory of measurement in wave mechanics (English translation of his book on the subject)
 "A new conception of light" (English translation)
 Louis de Broglie Interview, on Ina.fr

1892 births
1987 deaths
People from Dieppe, Seine-Maritime
Louis
Louis
Members of the National Council of Vichy France
20th-century French physicists
Quantum physicists
Theoretical physicists
People associated with CERN
Presidents of the Société Française de Physique
Members of the American Philosophical Society
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
French military personnel of World War I
Nobel laureates in Physics
French Nobel laureates
Kalinga Prize recipients
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Winners of the Max Planck Medal

Louis de Broglie


HMS Utmost was a British U class submarine, of the second group of that class, built by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow-in-Furness. She was laid down on 2 November 1939 and was commissioned on 17 August 1940.  So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name Utmost.

Career

Utmost spent most of her career operating in the Mediterranean, where she sank the Italian merchants Capo Vita, Enrico Costa, and Frederico C., and the German tanker Languste and also damaged the Italian merchant Manfredo Camperio. Utmost also attacked a convoy of five German merchants and three Italian destroyers and torpedoed and sunk the German merchant Heraklea and torpedoed and damaged Ruhr.  An attack on another convoy made up of the German merchant Tilly L.M. Russ and the Italian merchant Cadamosto, escorted by the Italian torpedo boats  and , was less successful. All torpedoes fired missed their targets.

Utmost went on to destroy the (already grounded and damaged) Italian merchant Marigola, and together with her sister, since transferred to the Poles, ORP Sokół, sank the Italian merchant Balilla.  Utmost later unsuccessfully attacked the Italian merchants Fabio Filzi and Siculo, as well as the Italian auxiliary minelayer Barletta.  She also torpedoed and damaged the Italian cruiser .

The Commanding Officer received a Distinguished Service Order for a mission, which is believed to have been the landing of agents behind enemy lines.

Sinking

Utmost left Malta for a patrol in the Mediterranean in November 1942.  On the 23rd she sank an enemy ship, but on 25 November 1942, during her return journey to Malta, she was located, attacked and sunk south west off Sicily by depth charges from the Italian torpedo boat .

Citations

References

External links
 IWM Interview with John Eaden, who commanded HMS Utmost in 1940

British U-class submarines
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
1940 ships
World War II submarines of the United Kingdom
Lost submarines of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in November 1942
Submarines sunk by Italian warships

HMS Utmost


The John C. Pace Library is the academic library of the University of West Florida and is the largest library in Northwest Florida. In addition to the main library on the main campus north of Pensacola, Florida, there is a branch library in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. It has 752,000 printed volumes, 1.2 million microfilms and microfiches, 5,100 serial subscriptions and nearly 2,000 online journal subscriptions.

Subject areas best covered by the library include history, geography, genealogy, environmental studies, art and architecture, health and medicine, biography, technology, legal history, archaeology, and other subjects pertinent to West Florida, its people, organizations, and institutions

In addition, it is a regional depository for publications of the United States government and the state of Florida, and has a well-known Special Collections department that houses over one million items, including 920 individual manuscripts and archival collections, 80,000 photographs, 2,000 maps, and 10,000 items relating to the history of West Florida.

The Pace Library holds the archives of the British Indian-trading firm Panton, Leslie & Company, headquarter in Pensacola, and of the firm's attorney, John Innerarity.

References

External links
 John C. Pace Library website

University of West Florida
University and college academic libraries in the United States
Libraries in Florida
Federal depository libraries
Buildings and structures in Pensacola, Florida

John C. Pace Library


Midnight Oil is an New Zealand rock band. They formed in Auckland in 1976. The band became famous for its soft-rock sound and calming live performances. The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes.

1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from Sydney
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in Australia
1970s establishments in Australia

Midnight Oil