Joe Dickinson (born July 17, 1956) is an American football coach and former player. Most notably, he served as the offensive coordinator at the University of Northern Illinois from 1991 to 1995, and the University of Oklahoma in 1998. Dickinson also was an assistant coach at the University of Tulsa, Marshall University, Tulane University and the University of Central Oklahoma.  Dickinson is currently an NFL quarterback consultant for the Buffalo Bills  and is the director of coaching and lead quarterback instructor for DeBartolo Sports University, conducting both private and group training events across the United States.

High school and college
Dickinson attended Wayne High School in Wayne, Oklahoma, and was a four-sport standout. Upon graduation he attended East Central University in Ada, Oklahoma, and was a three-year letter winner as quarterback of their football team.

Coaching career
Dickinson began his coaching career as an assistant for Tecumseh High School (1978–80), as well as Edmond High School (1981–82). He used that experience to gain a head coaching position in 1983, at one of the premier football programs in Oklahoma, Davis High School.

After concluding one full season, Dickinson became a graduate assistant for the University of Oklahoma (1983–85), where he was part of the 1985 Sooner National Championship team coached by Barry Switzer. During these years at Oklahoma, Dickinson was able to coach and work with Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Troy Aikman.

From 1986–1989, Dickinson would hold the position of running backs coach for the University of Tulsa before leaving to become the offensive coordinator for Marshall University in 1990. Under his direction, Marshall scored 42 or more points in four of their contests.

At the conclusion of the season, Dickinson took his play-calling skills to Northern Illinois University where he served as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach from 1991 to 1995.  In 1993, he helped oversee the nation's leading rusher, LeShon Johnson, who carried for 1,976 yards on 327 carries while finishing 6th in the Heisman voting.

In 1996, Dickinson moved back to his native Oklahoma for a second stint with the Sooners coaching staff. He started as the running backs coach from 1996 to 1997, where he coached RB De'mond Parker who finished with 2,327 rushing yards and 16 touchdowns in two seasons. Dickinson would be promoted to offensive coordinator for the 1998 season.  That year, he helped the Sooners to their best finish since 1995, but would leave the program with the arrival of Bob Stoops in 1999.

Dickinson accepted a position with Tulane University to be their running backs coach.  In the 1999 season, he guided five Green Wave players to carry the ball at least 38 times and help four of the five backs to achieve an average yard per carry of over 4 yards.

Wanting to be close to his home, Dickinson moved back to Oklahoma where he would become the Recruiting Coordinator and Quarterback and Wide Receiver Coach for the University of Central Oklahoma (2003–06). Here, he was attributed with bringing in highly touted recruiting classes and helped the Central Oklahoma Bronco quarterbacks pass for 8,944 yards and over 40 touchdowns in his four seasons with the team.

After concluding his twenty five years in the college coaching ranks, Dickinson helped tutor young quarterbacks through the Air 7 Quarterback University that traveled throughout the United States.  The highlight of the Air 7 Quarterback University (known today as Football University) was the strong relationship with the United States Army All-American Bowl which highlights the top high school athletes around the country.

In 2007, Dickinson was hired to be the Lead Quarterback Instructor at DeBartolo Sports University which conducts quarterback camps and private training all over the country. Since 2007, over 1100 Quarterbacks have been trained by Dickinson, ranging from amateur to professional levels.

Throughout his coaching career, he has been credited to work with NFL quarterbacks Troy Aikman, J. P. Losman, Patrick Ramsey, Gus Frerotte, Rudy Carpenter, Josh Freeman, Rhett Bomar, Matt Barkley, and Chase Daniel.   He is also credited with the development of college quarterbacks Austin Brown, Conner Preston (Southern Methodist University), Dayne Crist (University of Notre Dame), Cody Keith (East Carolina University), Daxx Garman (Oklahoma State University), David Cornwell (University of Alabama), Alexander Diamont (Indiana University), Colin Feller (University of Miami), Graham Wilbert (Florida Atlantic University), and Quinn Shanbour (Oklahoma State University).  Along with his involvement in the development of top 2016 quarterback prospect Augie DeBiase and top youth quarterback prospect JD Head, Dickinson is also responsible for assisting in the development of the following 2014 and 2015 Division One quarterback commitments: Travis Smith (University of Toledo), Landon Root (Northern Illinois University), Rafe Peavey (University of Arkansas), and John Jacobs (East Carolina University).

Personal life
He has also appeared in the  Snoop Dogg television series Fatherhood, where he is shown tutoring Snoop Dogg's son who is focused on developing his quarterback skills.  He is also part of the documentary, "The Hopeful," starring East Carolina University quarterback Cody Keith.

Dickinson resides in Rosedale, Oklahoma.

References

1956 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Central Oklahoma Bronchos football coaches
Coaches of American football from Oklahoma
East Central Tigers football players
Marshall Thundering Herd football coaches
Northern Illinois Huskies football coaches
Oklahoma Sooners football coaches
Players of American football from Oklahoma
People from McClain County, Oklahoma
Tulane Green Wave football coaches
Tulsa Golden Hurricane football coaches
People from Choctaw, Oklahoma
Place of birth missing (living people)

Joe Dickinson


"Chloe (You're the One I Want)" is the debut single of American pop rock trio Emblem3 from their debut studio album, Nothing to Lose, which was released July 30, 2013. It was their first single after placing fourth on the second season of The X Factor and after signing on Simon Cowell's Syco. It was released digitally on April 15, 2013, through Syco and Columbia Records.

Background
After placing fourth on the second season of The X Factor, their mentor Simon Cowell signed the Emblem3 to his music label Syco Music, to be distributed in the United States through Columbia Records.

Speculation has surrounded the song, with claims that the song was written about Khloé Kardashian, who was a host on The X-Factor during the band's time on the show. The lyrics state "Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on" which some believe refers to Kim. The band has rejected these claims saying the line is an attention-getter and "everyone thinks it's about Khloé Kardashian but it's not". The band clarified that the song is about girls and insecurities in general, however they have admitted that they grew close to Khloé and attended the Kardashians' Christmas party the night before their recording session. Later, the band admitted that the song was inspired by the Kardashian sisters, but maintained that the song is not literally about the Kardashians.

The song received greater attention when 5 Seconds of Summer and several Vine stars such as Hayes Grier posted themselves dancing to the song on social media.

Music video
On May 8, 2013, the official lyric video was uploaded on the group's Vevo channel. A series of video countdown teasers and trailers preceded the video premiere.

The song's official music video premiered on the group's VEVO channel on May 18, 2013. The video was directed by Ray Kay.

The video starts with Keaton playing the guitar with the boys backstage. Then there are various scenes with a clique of popular girls, gossiping and mocking the less popular girls. Many of the other girls feel insecure, but their moods improve when they receive a white pin with red lettering that says "I'm a Chloe @EmblemThree".

This signifies that they are the kind of girls Emblem3 likes, and that they have been invited to a special Emblem3 concert. The pins are passed girl by girl and towards the end there are hundreds of fans holding up their Chloe pins at a concert in order to gain entry.

Meanwhile, the group of "popular girls" who did not receive pins are not let in, so they stomp off, while the girls with pins are permitted to enter the concert where Emblem3 performs on stage, singing and dancing during a performance of Chloe. The video ends with Emblem3 allowing their fans on stage to dance with them.

Chart performance
The song sold over 35,000 digital downloads in its first two weeks in the United States and has sold over 330,000 downloads as of October 20, 2013. It made them the second X Factor USA act to have a single enter the Billboard Hot 100.

Charts

Live performances
The trio performed Chloe for their summer tour. On June 7, 2013, along with Little Mix, Emblem3 performed their single on ABC's Good Morning America. On July 29, 2013, the group made a guest appearance to perform the song on ABC's The View.

Release history

References

2013 songs
2013 debut singles
Columbia Records singles
Music videos directed by Ray Kay
Song recordings produced by Savan Kotecha
Songs written by Savan Kotecha
Syco Music singles
Songs written by Kool Kojak
Song recordings produced by Kool Kojak

Chloe (You're the One I Want)


Lata Mangeshkar (; born Hema Mangeshkar; 28 September 1929 – 6 February 2022) was an Indian playback singer and occasional music composer. She is considered to be one of the greatest and most influential singers of the Indian subcontinent. Her voice was one of the unifying elements of the people of South Asia across borders. Her contribution to the Indian music industry in a career spanning eight decades gained her honorific titles such as the "Queen of Melody", "Nightingale of India", and "Voice of the Millennium".

Mangeshkar recorded songs in over thirty-six Indian languages and a few foreign languages, though primarily in Hindi, Bengali and Marathi. She received several accolades and honors throughout her career. In 1989, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award was bestowed on her by the Government of India. In 2001, in recognition of her contributions to the nation, she was awarded the Bharat Ratna, one of only three singers to receive India's highest civilian honour. In 2007, France made her an Officer of the National Order of the Legion of Honour, the country's highest civilian award.

She was the recipient of three National Film Awards, 15 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards, four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards, before declining further ones, two Filmfare Special Awards, the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award amongst others. In 1974, she became the first Indian playback singer to perform at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England.

She appeared in the Guinness World Records as the most recorded artist in history before being replaced by her sister, Asha Bhosle.

Early life

Mangeshkar was born in a Brahmin family on 28 September 1929in Indore (in the present-day Indore district of Madhya Pradesh), then the capital of the princely state of Indore which was part of the Central India Agency in British India.

Her father, Deenanath Mangeshkar was a Marathi and Konkani classical singer and theatre actor. Deenanath's father was Ganesh Bhatt Bhikoba (Bhikambhatt) Navathe Hardikar (Abhisheki), a Karhade Brahmin who served as a priest at the famous Mangeshi Temple in Goa. Deenanath's mother Yesubai Rane was his father's mistress belonging to the Devadasi community of Goa, a matrilineal community of temple artists now known as Gomantak Maratha Samaj. As a Devadasi, Yesubai was a reputed musician. Deenanath's father's surname was Hardikar. Deenanath had taken the surname Mangeshkar, based on the name of his ancestral village, Mangeshi in Goa.

Her mother, Shevanti (later renamed Shudhamati), was a Gujarati woman from Thalner, Bombay Presidency (now in northwest Maharashtra). Shevanti was Deenanath's second wife; his first wife Narmada, who had died before his marriage to Shevanti, was Shevanti's older sister. Her maternal grandfather, Seth Haridas Ramdas Lad, was from Gujarat, a prosperous businessman and landlord of Thalner. She learned Gujarati folk songs such as garbas of Pavagadh from her maternal grandmother.

Lata was named "Hema" at her birth. Her parents later renamed her Lata after a female character, Latika, in one of her father's plays.

She was the eldest child in the family. Meena, Asha, Usha and Hridaynath, in birth order, are her siblings; all are accomplished singers and musicians.

She received her first music lesson from her father. At the age of five, she started to work as an actress in her father's musical plays (Sangeet Natak in Marathi). On her first day of school, Mangeshkar left because she was not allowed to bring her sister Asha along with her.

Singing career

Early career in the 1940s

In 1942, when Mangeshkar was 13, her father died of heart disease. Master Vinayak (Vinayak Damodar Karnataki), the owner of Navyug Chitrapat movie company and a close friend of the Mangeshkar family, took care of them. He helped her get started in a career as a singer and actress.

She sang the song "Naachu Yaa Gade, Khelu Saari Mani Haus Bhaari", which was composed by Sadashivrao Nevrekar for Vasant Joglekar's Marathi movie Kiti Hasaal (1942), but the song was dropped from the final cut. Vinayak gave her a small role in Navyug Chitrapat's Marathi movie Pahili Mangalaa-gaur (1942), in which she sang "Natali Chaitraachi Navalaai" which was composed by Dada Chandekar. Her first Hindi song was "Mata Ek Sapoot Ki Duniya Badal De Tu" for the Marathi film Gajaabhaau (1943). The Bollywood industry was yet to find its feet, so Mangeshkar had to first concentrate on acting, which she did not like, as the lights and people ordering her around made her feel uncomfortable.

She moved to Mumbai in 1945 when Master Vinayak's company moved its headquarters there. She started taking lessons in Hindustani classical music from Ustad Aman Ali Khan of Bhindibazaar Gharana. She sang "Paa Lagoon Kar Jori" for Vasant Joglekar's Hindi-language movie Aap Ki Seva Mein (1946), which was composed by Datta Davjekar. The dance in the film was performed by Rohini Bhate, who later became a famous classical dancer. Lata and her sister Asha played minor roles in Vinayak's first Hindi-language movie, Badi Maa (1945). In that movie, Lata also sang a bhajan, "Maata Tere Charnon Mein." She was introduced to music director Vasant Desai during the recording of Vinayak's second Hindi-language movie, Subhadra (1946).

After Vinayak's death in 1948, music director Ghulam Haider mentored her as a singer. He introduced her to producer Sashadhar Mukherjee, who was then working on the movie Shaheed (1948), but Mukherjee dismissed her voice as "too thin". An annoyed Haider responded that in coming years producers and directors would "fall at Lata's feet" and "beg her" to sing in their movies. Haider gave her her first major break with the song "Dil Mera Toda, Mujhe Kahin Ka Na Chhora"—lyrics by Nazim Panipati—in the movie Majboor (1948), which became her first big breakthrough film hit. In an interview on her 84th birthday in 2013, she declared "Ghulam Haider is truly my Godfather. He was the first music director who showed complete faith in my talent."

Initially, she is said to have imitated the acclaimed singer Noor Jehan, but she later developed her own style of singing. She brought a new signature style of singing to Indian film music, moving away from mehfil-style performances to suit both 'modern' and 'traditional' female protagonists. A soprano range voice with less volume or amplitude, she had enough weight in her voice to give definite shape to the melody of Indian film songs. Although she had limited coloratura skills in her early career, she developed better tone and pitch as she progressed in her playback career. Lyrics of songs in Hindi movies were, in those days, primarily composed by Urdu poets and contained a higher proportion of Urdu words, including the dialogue. Actor Dilip Kumar once made a mildly disapproving remark about her accent while singing Hindi/Urdu songs; so for a period of time, she took lessons in Urdu from an Urdu teacher named Shafi. In subsequent interviews she said that Noor Jehan heard her as a child and had told her to practice a lot. The two stayed in touch with each other for many years to come.

One of her first major hits was "Aayega Aanewaala," a song in the movie Mahal (1949), composed by music director Khemchand Prakash and lip-synced on screen by actress Madhubala.  This was a defining moment for her, and a catalyst for the recognition of playback singers in India. Before this, playback singers were seen as the vocal equivalent of a stuntman and remained invisible and uncredited. This song was such a big hit, that Radio Goa revealed her identity and she became a star in her own right. This opened the door for other playback singers to achieve the recognition they deserved.

1950s
In the 1950s, Mangeshkar sang songs composed by various music directors of the period, including Anil Biswas (in films such as Tarana (1951) and Heer (1956)), Shankar Jaikishan, Naushad Ali, S. D. Burman, Sardul Singh Kwatra, Amarnath, Husanlal, and Bhagatram (in films like Bari Behen (1949), Meena Bazaar (1950), Aadhi Raat (1950), Chhoti Bhabi (1950), Afsana (1951), Aansoo (1953), and Adl-e-Jehangir (1955)), C. Ramchandra, Hemant Kumar, Salil Chowdhury, Datta Naik, Khayyam, Ravi, Sajjad Hussain, Roshan, Kalyanji-Anandji, Vasant Desai, Sudhir Phadke, Hansraj Behl, Madan Mohan, and Usha Khanna. She sang "Sri Lanka, Ma Priyadara Jaya Bhumi", a song in Sinhala, for the 1955 Sri Lankan film Seda Sulang. Lata Didi recorded her first Telugu song Nidhurapora Thammudaa in 1955 Telugu film Santhanam for music director Susarla Dakshinamurthi. She made her debut in Tamil playback singing with Vanaradham in 1956 (Uran Khotala dubbed in Tamil) with the Tamil song Enthan Kannalan for Nimmi in the dubbed version composed by Naushad.

She sang many raga-based songs for Naushad in movies such as Deedar (1951), Baiju Bawra (1952), Amar (1954), Uran Khatola (1955) and Mother India (1957). Ae Chorre Ki Jaat Badi Bewafa, a duet with G. M. Durrani, was her first song for the composer Naushad. The duo, Shankar–Jaikishan, chose Lata for Barsaat (1949), Aah (1953), Shree 420 (1955) and Chori Chori (1956). Before 1957, composer S. D. Burman chose her as the leading female singer for his musical scores in Sazaa (1951), House No. 44 (1955), and Devdas (1955). However a rift developed between her and Burman in 1957, and she did not sing his compositions again until 1962.

She won a Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for Salil Chowdhury's composition "Aaja Re Pardesi" from Madhumati (1958). Her association with C. Ramchandra produced songs in movies such as Albela (1951), Shin Shinkai Bublaa Boo (1952), Anarkali (1953), Pehli Jhhalak (1954), Azad (1955), Aasha (1957), and Amardeep (1958). For Madan Mohan, she performed for films like Baagi (1953), Railway Platform (1955), Pocketmaar (1956), Mr. Lambu (1956), Dekh Kabira Roya (1957), Adalat (1958), Jailor (1958), Mohar (1959), and Chacha Zindabad (1959).

Her song Aye Maalik Tere Bande Hum which was the original composition of Vasant Desai and used in the film Do Aankhen Barah Haath on 1957, was adapted by a Pakistani school as the school anthem.

1960s
Mangeshkar's song "Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya" from Mughal-e-Azam (1960), composed by Naushad and lip-synced by Madhubala, still remains famous. The Hawaiian-themed number "Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh", from Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960), was composed by Shankar–Jaikishan and lip-synced by Meena Kumari.

In 1961, she recorded two popular bhajans, "Allah Tero Naam" and "Prabhu Tero Naam", for Burman's assistant, Jaidev. In 1962, she was awarded her second Filmfare Award for the song "Kahin Deep Jale Kahin Dil" from Bees Saal Baad, composed by Hemant Kumar.

On 27 January 1963, against the backdrop of the Sino-Indian War, she sang the patriotic song "Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo" (literally, "Oh, People of My Country") in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru, then the Prime Minister of India. The song, composed by C. Ramchandra and written by Kavi Pradeep, is said to have brought the Prime Minister to tears.

In 1963, she returned to collaborate with S. D. Burman. She had sung in R. D. Burman's first film, Chhote Nawab (1961), and later in his films such as Bhoot Bungla (1965), Pati Patni (1966), Baharon ke Sapne (1967), and Abhilasha (1969). She also recorded several popular songs for S. D. Burman, including "Aaj Phir Jeene Ki Tamanna Hai", "Gata Rahe Mera Dil" (duet with Kishore Kumar) and "Piya Tose" from Guide (1965), "Hothon Pe Aisi Baat" from Jewel Thief (1967), and "Kitni Akeli Kitni Tanhaa" from Talash.

During the 1960s, she continued her association with Madan Mohan, which included the songs "Aap Ki Nazron Ne Samjha" from Anpadh (1962), "Lag Jaa Gale" and "Naina Barse Rim Jhim" from Woh Kaun Thi? (1964), "Woh Chup Rahen To" from Jahan Ara (1964), "Tu Jahan Jahan Chalega" from Mera Saaya (1966) and "Teri Aankho Ke Siva" from Chirag (1969), and she had a continuing association with the maestros Shankar Jaikishan, who got her to sing in various genres in the 1960s.

The 1960s also witnessed the beginning of her association with Laxmikant–Pyarelal, the music directors for whom she sang the most popular songs in her career. Starting in 1963, Laxmikant–Pyarelal's association with Lata Mangeshkar grew stronger over the years. She sang over 700 songs for the composer duo over a period of 35 years, many of which became huge hits. She sang for Parasmani (1963), Mr. X in Bombay (1964), Aaye Din Bahar Ke (1966), Milan (1967), Anita (1967), Shagird (1968), Mere Hamdam Mere Dost (1968), Intaquam (1969), Do Raaste (1969) and Jeene Ki Raah, for which she got her third Filmfare Award.

She also sang several playback songs for Marathi films, composed by Marathi music directors including Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Vasant Prabhu, Srinivas Khale, Sudhir Phadke and herself, under the pseudonym Anandghan. During the 1960s and 1970s, she also sang several Bengali songs composed by music directors like Salil Chowdhury and Hemant Kumar.

She made her Kannada debut in 1967 for the film Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna by recording two songs for the music director Lakshman Berlekar. The song "Bellane Belagayithu" was well received and appreciated.

In the 1960s, she recorded duets with Kishore Kumar, Mukesh, Manna Dey, Mahendra Kapoor and Mohammed Rafi. For a brief period during the 1960s, she was not on good terms with Mohammed Rafi over the issue of royalty payments to singers. She wanted Rafi to back her in demanding a half-share from the five percent song royalty that the film's producer conceded to select composers. But Rafi took a diametrically opposite view, and believed that a playback singer's claim on the filmmaker ended with the payment of the agreed fee for the song, leading to tensions between the two. After an argument during the recording of the song "Tasveer Teri Dil Mein", from Maya (1961), the two refused to sing with each other. The music director Shankar Jaikishan later negotiated a reconciliation between the two.

1970s
In 1972, Meena Kumari's last film, Pakeezah, was released. It featured popular songs including "Chalte Chalte" and "Inhi Logon Ne", sung by Mangeshkar, and composed by Ghulam Mohammed. She recorded many popular songs for S. D. Burman's last films, including "Rangeela Re" from Prem Pujari (1970), "Khilte Hain Gul Yahaan" from Sharmeelee (1971) and "Piya Bina" from Abhimaan (1973) and for Madan Mohan's last films, including Dastak (1970), Heer Raanjha (1970), Dil Ki Rahen (1973), Hindustan Ki Kasam (1973), Hanste Zakhm (1973), Mausam (1975) and Laila Majnu (1976).

Many of her notable songs in the 1970s were composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal and Rahul Dev Burman. Many of her songs composed by Laxmikant-Pyarelal in the 1970s were written by the lyricist Anand Bakshi. She also recorded many hit songs with Rahul Dev Burman in the films Amar Prem (1972), Caravan (1971), Kati Patang (1971), and Aandhi (1975). The two are noted for their songs with the lyricists Majrooh Sultanpuri, Anand Bakshi, and Gulzar.

In 1973, she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Beeti Na Bitai" from the film Parichay, composed by R. D. Burman, and written by Gulzar. In 1974, she sang her only Malayalam song "Kadali Chenkadali" for the film Nellu, composed by Salil Chowdhury, and written by Vayalar Ramavarma. In 1975, she again won the National Award, this time for the song "Roothe Roothe Piya" from the film Kora Kagaz, composed by Kalyanji Anandji.

From the 1970s onward, she also staged many concerts in India and abroad, including several charity concerts. She transformed the way Indian music concerts were perceived in the West. Her first concert overseas was at the Royal Albert Hall, London, in 1974. (Despite some sources claiming that she was the first Indian to do so, according to the Hall's own records, the first Indian to perform there was the late Ravi Shankar, on 21 October 1969.) Until that time, film music concerts were song-and-dance affairs held in community halls and colleges, rarely taken seriously. Mangeshkar demanded to sing in mainstream halls only, which was an honour that until then was bestowed only upon classical musicians.

She also released an album of Mirabai's bhajans, "Chala Vaahi Des", composed by her brother Hridaynath Mangeshkar. Some of the bhajans in the album include "Saanware Rang Ranchi" and "Ud Jaa Re Kaaga". In the early 1970s, she released other non-film albums, such as her collection of Ghalib ghazals, an album of Marathi folk songs (Koli-geete), an album of Ganesh aartis (all composed by her brother Hridaynath) and an album of "abhangs" of Sant Tukaram composed by Shrinivas Khale.

In the 1978 Raj Kapoor-directed Satyam Shivam Sundaram, she sang the main theme song "Satyam Shivam Sundaram," among the chart-toppers of the year. The film's story is inspired by her, according to Kapoor's daughter Ritu Nanda in her book Raj Kapoor. The book quotes Kapoor as saying, "I visualised the story of a man falling for a woman with an ordinary countenance but a golden voice and wanted to cast Lata Mangeshkar in the role."

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, she worked with the children of composers she had earlier worked with. Some of these composers included Rahul Dev Burman, son of Sachin Dev Burman, Rajesh Roshan, son of Roshan, Anu Malik, son of Sardar Malik, and Anand–Milind, sons of Chitragupta. She also sang many songs in the Assamese language and developed a very good relationship with the Assamese musician Bhupen Hazarika. She sang many songs under his direction; the song "Dil Hoom Hoom Kare" from Rudaali (1993) made the highest record sales that year.

1980s
From the 1980s onward, Mangeshkar worked with music directors such as Shiv-Hari in Silsila (1981), Faasle (1985), Vijay (1988), and Chandni (1989) and Ram Laxman in Ustadi Ustad Se (1981), Bezubaan (1982), Woh Jo Hasina (1983), Ye Kesa Farz (1985), and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989). She sang in other movies, such as Karz (1980), Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981), Silsila (1981), Prem Rog (1982), Hero (1983), Pyar Jhukta Nahin (1985), Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985), Nagina (1986), and Ram Lakhan (1989). Her song "Zu Zu Zu Yashoda" from Sanjog (1985) was a chartbuster. In the late 1980s, she made a comeback to Tamil films with two back-to-back renditions of composer Ilaiyaraaja's songs "Aaraaro Aaraaro" and "Valai Osai", for the films Anand (1987) and Sathya (1988), respectively.
Lata Didi Recorded her second Telugu Song "Thella Cheeraku" for Director K. Raghavendra Rao 1988 film Aakhari Poratam .

In the 1980s, the composer duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal had Lata sing their biggest hits—"Sheesha Ho Ya Dil Ho" in Asha (1980), "Tu Kitne Baras Ka" in Karz (1980), "Kitna Aasan Hai" in Dostana (1980), "Hum Ko Bhi Gham" in Aas Paas (1980), "Mere Naseeb Mein" in Naseeb (1980), "Zindagi Ki Na Toote" in Kranti (1981), "Solah Baras Ki" in Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981), "Ye Galiyan Ye Chaubara" in Prem Rog (1982), "Likhnewale Ne Likh Dale" in Arpan (1983), "Din Maheene Saal" in Avtaar (1983), "Pyar Karnewale" and "Nindiya Se Jagi" in Hero (1983), "Zu Zu Zu Yashoda" in Sanjog (1985), "Zindagi Har Qadam" in Meri Jung (1985), "Baith Mere Paas" in Yaadon Ki Kasam (1985), "Ungli Mein Anghoti" in Ram Avtar (1988) and "O Ramji Tere Lakhan Ne" in Ram Lakhan (1989).

Some Rahul Dev Burman compositions for Lata in these years include "Aaja Sar-e-Bazaar" in Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1980), "Bindiya Tarase" in Phir Wohi Raat (1981), "Thodi Si Zameen" in Sitara (1981), "Kya Yahi Pyar Hai" in Rocky (1981), "Dekho Maine Dekha" in Love Story (1981), "Tune O Rangeele" in Kudrat (1981), "Jaane Kaise Kab" in Shakti (1982), "Jab Hum Jawan Honge" in Betaab (1983), which became instantly popular, "Humein Aur Jeene" in Agar Tum Na Hote (1983), "Tujhse Naraaz Nahin" in Masoom (1983), "Kahin Na Ja" and "Jeevan Ke Din" in Bade Dil Wala (1983), "Jaane Kya Baat" in Sunny (1984), "Bhuri Bhuri Aankhon" in Arjun (1985), "Sagar Kinare" in Sagar (1985), "Din Pyar Ke Aayenge" in Savere Wali Gaadi (1986). "Kya Bhala Hai Kya", "Khamosh Sa Afsana" and "Seeli Hawa Chhoo" in Libaas (1988).

Rajesh Roshan's collaboration with Dev Anand in Lootmaar and Man Pasand resulted in songs such as "Paas Ho Tum Magar Qareeb" and "Sumansudha Rajni Chandha" respectively. Lata had duets with Rafi such as "Mujhe Chhoo Rahi Hain" in Swayamwar (1980), "Kabhi Kabhi Bezubaan" in Johny I Love You (1982), "Tujh Sang Preet" in Kaamchor (1982), "Angrezi Mein Khete Hai" in Khud-Daar (1982), "Ankhiyo Hi Ankhiyo Mein" in Nishaan (1983), "Dushman Na Kare" in Aakhir Kyon? (1985) and "Wada Na Tod" in Dil Tujhko Diya (1987), later featured in the soundtrack of the 2004 film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.

Bappi Lahiri composed some songs for Lata, such as "Dooriyan Sab Mita Do" in Saboot (1980), "Baithe Baithe Aaj Aayi" in Patita (1980), "Jaane Kyun Mujhe" in Agreement (1980), "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai" in Jyoti (1981), "Dard Ki Ragini" in Pyaas (1982), and "Naino Mein Sapna" (duet with Kishore Kumar) in Himmatwala (1983).

Mohammed Zahur Khayyam continued to work with her during the 80s and composed songs such as "Hazaar Rahein Mud" (duet with Kishore Kumar) in Thodisi Bewafai (1980), "Simti Huyi" from Chambal Ki Kasam (1980), "Na Jane Kya Hua" in Dard (1981), "Chandni Raat Mein" in Dil-e-Nadaan (1982), "Dikhayi Diye" in Bazaar (1982), "Chand Ke Paas" in Dil-e-Nadaan (1982), "Bhar Lein Tumhe" and "Aaja Nindiya Aaja" from Lorie (1984) and "Kiran Kiran Mein Shokhiyan" in Ek Naya Rishta (1988).

During the 80s, Lata sang hits such as "Sun Sahiba Sun" in Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) for Ravindra Jain, "Chand Apna Safar" in Shama (1981), "Shayad Meri Shaadi" and "Zindagi Pyar Ka" in Souten (1983), "Hum Bhool Gaye Re" in Souten Ki Beti (1989) for Usha Khanna. Hridaynath Mangeshkar had "Kale Kale Gehre Saye" in Chakra (1981), "Ye Ankhen Dekh Kar", and "Kuchh Log Mohabbat Ko" in Dhanwan (1981), "Mujhe Tum Yaad Karna" in Mashaal (1984), Assamese song "Jonakore Rati" (1986) with music and lyrics by Dr. Bhupen Hazarika, "Jaane Do Mujhe" in Shahenshah (1989) for Amar-Utpal, "Sajan Mera Us Paar" in Ganga Jamuna Saraswati (1988) and "Mere Pyar Ki Umar" in Waaris (1989) for Uttam Jagdish.

In June 1985, the United Way of Greater Toronto invited her to perform at Maple Leaf Gardens. At the request of Anne Murray, Lata sang her song "You Needed Me". 12,000 attended the concert, which raised $150,000 for the charity.

1990s
During the 1990s, Mangeshkar recorded with music directors including Anand–Milind, Nadeem-Shravan, Jatin–Lalit, Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen, Uttam Singh, Anu Malik, Aadesh Shrivastava and A. R. Rahman. She recorded some non-film songs, including ghazals with Jagjit Singh. She has also sung with Kumar Sanu, Amit Kumar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Udit Narayan, Hariharan, Suresh Wadkar, Mohammed Aziz, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Roop Kumar Rathod, Vinod Rathod, Gurdas Maan and Sonu Nigam. She also collaborated to Bahasa song with Rhoma Irama, the genre is called Dangdut.

In 1990 she launched her own production house for Hindi movies which produced the Gulzar-directed movie Lekin.... She won her third National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her rendition of the song "Yaara Sili Sili" from the film, which was composed by her brother Hridaynath.

In 1991, Indonesian dangdut singer, Rhoma Irama invited Mangeshkar to collaborate on several of his songs, album title "Album Khusus Soneta Volume 1 - Ratu Dangdut Dunia Lata Mangeshkar" the songs are entitled Mawar Merah, Orang Asing, Datang Untuk Pergi, Di Tepi Pantai, Musim Cinta and Wahai Pesona. Irama also called Mangeshkar as Ratu Dangdut Dunia (World Dangdut Queen).

She has sung for almost all the Yash Chopra films and films from his production house Yash Raj Films at that time, including Chandni (1989), Lamhe (1991), Darr (1993), Yeh Dillagi (1994), Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995), Dil To Pagal Hai (1997) and later in Mohabbatein (2000), Mujhse Dosti Karoge! (2002) and Veer-Zaara (2004).

During 1990 she recorded with Raamlaxman in Patthar Ke Phool (1991), 100 Days (1991), Mehboob Mere Mehboob (1992), Saatwan Aasman (1992), I Love You (1992), Dil Ki Baazi (1993), Antim Nyay (1993), The Melody of Love (1993), The Law (1994), Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994), Megha (1996), Lav Kush (1997), Manchala (1999), and Dulhan Banoo Main Teri (1999).

From 1998 to 2014, A. R. Rahman recorded a few songs with her, including "Jiya Jale" in Dil Se.. (1998), "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa" in Pukar (2000), "Pyaara Sa Gaon" in Zubeidaa (2000), "So Gaye Hain" in Zubeidaa, "Khamoshiyan Gungunane Lagin" in One 2 Ka 4 (2001), "O Paalanhaare" in Lagaan (2001), "Lukka Chuppi" in Rang De Basanti (2006) and Laadli in Raunaq (2014). She made an on-screen appearance in the film Pukar singing "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa."

In 1994, she released Shraddanjali – My Tribute to the Immortals. The special feature of the album is that Lata offers her tributes to immortal singers of the time by rendering a few of their songs in her own voice. There are songs of K. L. Saigal, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Hemant Kumar, Mukesh, Punkaj Mallick, Geeta Dutt, Zohrabai, Amirbai, Parul Ghosh and Kanan Devi.

She sang both Rahul Dev Burman's first and last songs. In 1994, she sang "Kuch Na Kaho" for Rahul Dev Burman in 1942: A Love Story.

In 1999, Lata Eau de Parfum, a perfume brand named after her, was launched.
She was also awarded Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement the same year
In 1999, she was nominated as a member of Rajya Sabha. However, she did not attend Rajya Sabha sessions regularly, inviting criticism from several members of the House, including the Deputy Chairperson Najma Heptullah, Pranab Mukherjee and Shabana Azmi. She stated the reason for her absence as ill-health; it was also reported that she had not taken a salary, allowance or a house in Delhi for being a Member of Parliament.

2000s
In 2001, Mangeshkar was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

In the same year, she established the Master Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune, managed by the Lata Mangeshkar Medical Foundation (founded by the Mangeshkar family in October 1989). In 2005, she designed a jewellery collection called Swaranjali, which was crafted by Adora, an Indian diamond export company. Five pieces from the collection raised £105,000 at a Christie's auction, and a part of the money was donated for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief. Also in 2001, she recorded her first Hindi song with the composer Ilaiyaraaja, for the film Lajja; she had earlier recorded Tamil and Telugu songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Her song "Wada Na Tod" was included in the film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) and in its soundtrack.

Her other notable songs of this decade were from Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham (2001) and Veer-Zaara (2004).

After 14 years, she recorded a song for composer Nadeem-Shravan; "Kaise Piya Se" for Bewafaa (2005). She recorded with Shamir Tandon "Kitne Ajeeb Rishte Hain Yahan Pe" for Page 3 (2005) and "Daata Sun Le" for Jail (2009).

On 21 June 2007, she released the album Saadgi, featuring eight ghazal-like songs written by Javed Akhtar and composed by Mayuresh Pai.

2010s
On 12 April 2011, Mangeshkar released the album Sarhadein: Music Beyond Boundaries, which contains the duet "Tera Milna Bahut Acha Lage" by her and Mehdi Hassan (written by Pakistan's Farhad Shahzad). The album features Usha Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar, Hariharan, Sonu Nigam, Rekha Bhardwaj and another Pakistani singer, Ghulam Ali, with compositions by Mayuresh Pai and others.

Shamir Tandon recorded a song with her ("Tere Hasne Sai Mujheko") for the film Satrangee Parachute (2011). After a hiatus she came back to playback singing and recorded at her own studio the song "Jeena kya hai, jaana maine" for Dunno Y2... Life Is a Moment (2015), the sequel to Kapil Sharma's queer love story Dunno Y... Na Jaane Kyun (2010) for which also she had lent her voice to one song.

On 28 November 2012, she launched her own music label, LM Music, with an album of bhajans, Swami Samarth Maha Mantra, composed by Mayuresh Pai. She sang with her younger sister Usha on the album.

In 2014, she recorded a Bengali album, Shurodhwani, including poetry by Salil Chowdhury, also composed by Pai. Lata Mangeshkar also recorded "Laadli" song with A.R.
Rahman for his music album Raunaq (Album) (2014).

On 30 March 2019, Mangeshkar released the song "Saugandh Mujhe Is Mitti Ki", composed by Mayuresh Pai, as a tribute to the Indian army and nation.

Bengali career

Mangeshkar has sung 185 songs in Bengali, making her debut in 1956 with the hit song "Aakash Prodeep Jwole", composed by Satinath Mukhopadhyay. The same year, she recorded "Rongila Banshite", composed by Bhupen Hazarika, which was also a hit. In the late 1950s, she recorded a string of hits such as "Jaare Ude Jare Pakhi", "Na Jeona", and "Ogo Aar Kichu To Noy", all composed by Salil Chowdhury, and which were respectively adapted into Hindi as "Ja Re Ud Ja Re Panchi" and "Tasveer Tere Dil Mein" in Maya, and "O Sajna" in Parakh. In 1960, she recorded "Akash Pradip Jole". Later in the 1960s, she sang hits like "Ekbar Biday De Ma Ghure Ashi," "Saat Bhai Champa," "Ke Pratham Kache Esechi," "Nijhum Sandhyay," "Chanchal Mon Anmona," "Asharh Srabon," "Bolchi Tomar Kaney," and "Aaj Mon Cheyeche" by composers like Sudhin Dasgupta, Hemant Kumar and Salil Chowdhury.

Collaboration with other singers
From the 1940s to the 1970s, Mangeshkar sang duets with Asha Bhosle, Suraiya, Shamshad Begum, Usha Mangeshkar, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Mukesh, Talat Mahmood, Manna Dey, Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar, G. M. Durrani, and Mahendra Kapoor. In 1964, she sang "Chanda Se Hoga" with P. B. Sreenivas from Main Bhi Ladki Hoon.

Mukesh died in 1976. The 1980s saw the deaths of Mohammed Rafi and Kishore Kumar. After their demise, she continued to sing with Shailendra Singh, Shabbir Kumar, Nitin Mukesh (Mukesh's son), Manhar Udhas, Amit Kumar (Kishore Kumar's son), Mohammed Aziz, Suresh Wadkar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, and Vinod Rathod.

In the 1990s, she began singing duets with Roop Kumar Rathod, Hariharan, Pankaj Udhas, Abhijeet, Udit Narayan, and Kumar Sanu. Her most notable work of the 90s was Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, with songs such as "Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aaye", "Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko To Pyaar Sajna", "Tujhe Dekha To Yeh Jana Sanam", and "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna".

In the 2000s, her duets were performed mainly with Udit Narayan and Sonu Nigam. 2005-06 were the years of her last well-known songs: "Kaise Piya Se" from Bewafa (2005); "Shayad Yehi To Pyaar Hai" from Lucky: No Time for Love (2005) with Adnan Sami; and "Lukka Chhupi" in Rang De Basanti (2006 film) with A. R. Rahman. She sang "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa" from Pukar (2000). Other notable songs of this decade were from Veer-Zaara (2004), sung with Udit Narayan, Sonu Nigam, Jagjit Singh, Roop Kumar Rathod, and Gurdas Mann. One of her latest songs was "Jeena Hai Kya" from Dunno Y2 (2015).

Non-singing career

Music direction
Lata Mangeshkar composed music for the first time in 1955 for the Marathi movie Ram Ram Pavhane. Later in the 1960s, she composed music for following Marathi movies under the pseudonym of Anand Ghan.
 1950 – Ram Ram Pavhana
 1963 – Maratha Tituka Melvava
 1963 – Mohityanchi Manjula
 1965 – Sadhi Manase
 1969 – Tambadi Mati

She won Maharashtra State Government's Best Music Director Award for the film Sadhi Manase. The song "Airanichya Deva Tula" from the same film received best song award.

Production
Lata Mangeshkar has produced four films:
 1953 – Vaadal (Marathi)
 1953 – Jhaanjhar (Hindi), co-produced with C. Ramchandra
 1955 – Kanchan Ganga (Hindi)
 1990 – Lekin... (Hindi)

Illness and death
On 8 January 2022, Mangeshkar tested positive for COVID-19 with mild symptoms and was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital's intensive care unit in Mumbai. She remained in the ICU with signs of "marginal improvement" in her health. The doctors treating her had taken her off the ventilator on 28 January after her health "improved marginally"; however, she was back on the ventilator on 5 February, after her health deteriorated, and was undergoing "aggressive therapy".

Mangeshkar died from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome on 6 February 2022, at the age of 92. She had undergone 28 days of constant treatment for pneumonia and COVID-19.

The Government of India announced a two-day period of national mourning and that the national flag would fly at half-mast from 6 to 7 February throughout India out of respect for her. President Ram Nath Kovind, Vice President Venkaiah Naidu, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, several Union Ministers and Chief Ministers, many members of the Indian Music Industry, Indian film industry, celebrities, fans, and netizens expressed their condolences. Indian Cricket Team players wore black arm band to mourn the loss of Mangeshkar in India vs. West Indies first ODI.  President  Of France Emmanuel Macron, Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Nepal, Sher Bahadur Deuba, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka, Mahinda Rajapaksa, former President of Afghanistan, Hamid Karzai, and Pakistani Minister Fawad Chaudhry expressed their grief on her death. Mangeshkar's last rites (performed by her brother, Hridaynath Mangeshkar) and cremation were held, with full state honours, at Mumbai's Shivaji Park on the same day. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari, Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray paid their last respects and placed floral tributes. Mangeshkar's sisters Asha Bhosle and Usha Mangeshkar, Devendra Fadnavis, Raj Thackeray, Sharad Pawar, Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan, Ranbir Kapoor, Vidya Balan, Shraddha Kapoor, Sachin Tendulkar, Javed Akhtar, Anuradha Paudwal, and several dignitaries and family members were also in attendance. In February 2022, an electronic billboard in Times Square, Manhattan, sponsored by the Binder Indian Cultural Center, featured a tribute to Mangeshkar. Another tribute to Mangeshkar by popular singers (Arnab Chakrabarty, Niharika Nath and Mandira Karmakar) was published in an Arizona US newspaper. Lata Mangeshkar died the next day after Vasant Panchami (a festival dedicated to Goddess Saraswati who represents music, knowledge, and the rest of the arts). "This is special as many considered her to be an avatar of Saraswati and the personification of music," according to actress Rani Mukerji.

On 10 February 2022, Mangeshkar's ashes were immersed in the Godavari River at Ramkund, Nashik by her sister Usha and nephew Adinath Mangeshkar.

Awards and recognition

Mangeshkar won several awards and honours, including the Bharat Ratna (2001), India's highest civilian award, Padma Bhushan (1969), Padma Vibhushan (1999), Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievements (1999), Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1989), Maharashtra Bhushan Award (1997), NTR National Award (1999), Legion of Honour (2007), ANR National Award (2009), three National Film Awards and 15 Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards. She also won four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards. In 1969, she made the unusual gesture of giving up the Filmfare Best Female Playback Award in order to promote fresh talent. She was later awarded the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993 and Filmfare Special Awards in 1994 and 2004.

In 1984, the State Government of Madhya Pradesh instituted the Lata Mangeshkar Award in her honour. The State Government of Maharashtra also instituted a similar award in 1992.

In 2009, she was awarded the title of Officer of the French Legion of Honour, France's highest order.

In 2012, she was ranked number 10 in Outlook India's poll of the Greatest Indian since independence.

Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan said "kambakht, kabhi besuri na hoti" ("[she] is never off-key"). Actor Dilip Kumar once commented, "Lata Mangeshkar ki awaaz kudrat ki takhleek ka ek karishma hain", meaning "Lata Mangeshkar's voice is a miracle from God".

Lata Mangeshkar was included in the 'In Memoriam' segment at the 2022 British Academy Film and Television Awards (BAFTA).

Lata was 84th on Rolling Stone's list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time, published on January 1, 2023.

She also received honorary doctorates from the Sangeet Natak Akademi in 1989, Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya, Khairagarh,  Shivaji University in Kolhapur, and York University in Toronto

Controversy
In 1974, Guinness World Records listed Lata Mangeshkar as the most recorded artist in history, stating that she had reportedly recorded "more than 25,000 solo, duet and chorus backed songs in 20 Indian languages" between 1948 and 1974. Her record was contested by Mohammed Rafi, who was claimed to have sung around 28,000 songs. After Rafi's death, in its 1984 edition, the Guinness Book of World Records stated her name for the "Most Recordings", but also stated Rafi's claim. The later editions of Guinness Book stated that she had sung no fewer than 30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987.

The entry was discontinued by Guinness editions in 1991 without explanation, while several sources continued to claim that she recorded thousands of songs, with estimates ranging up to figures as large as 50,000. However, even the earliest Guinness claim of 25,000 songs (between 1948 and 1974) was disputed and claimed to have been exaggerated by several others, stating that the number of songs sung by her in Hindi films to 1991 was found to be 5025. Mangeshkar stated that she did not keep a record of the number of songs she recorded, and that she did not know from where Guinness Book editors got their information. In 2011, the entry was revived by Guinness crediting the record to her sister Asha Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history, "for recording up to 11,000 solo, duet and chorus-backed songs and in over 20 Indian languages since 1947". Since 2016, current record in this category belongs to
P. Susheela, for recording at least 17,695 songs in 6 languages, not counting some lost early recordings.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

  A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952.

  A collection of articles written by Lata Mangeshkar since 1952.

External links

1929 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Indian composers
20th-century Indian singers
20th-century Indian women musicians
20th-century Indian women singers
20th-century women composers
21st-century Indian composers
21st-century Indian singers
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Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners
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Recipients of the Bharat Ratna
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Maharashtra Bhushan Award
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
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Lata Mangeshkar


"Vaya con Dios (May God Be With You)" (, literally "Go with God") is a popular song written by Larry Russell, Inez James, and Buddy Pepper, and first recorded by Anita O'Day in December 1952. Les Paul and Mary Ford had a  1 recording of the song in 1953. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

Background
The most-popular version of the song was recorded by Les Paul and Mary Ford. This recording was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 2486 with "Johnny (Is the Boy For Me)" as the flip side in May 1953. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on June 13, 1953 and lasted 31 weeks on the chart, reaching number one on August 8 and remaining at number one for a total of 11 non-consecutive weeks. The song also reached number one on the Cash Box chart where it remained at No. 1 for five weeks. The song was ranked the No. 1 top tune of 1953, and the second best selling song of the year.

The Les Paul and Mary Ford single reached No. 7 in the UK backed with the Les Paul instrumental composition "Deep in the Blues" as the flip side.

In 2005, the 1953 Les Paul and Mary Ford recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Other notable recordings

The song has been recorded by:

 Roberto Alagna
 Peter Alexander (in German)
 Desi Arnaz, who sang it in two season 3 episodes of I Love Lucy; "Lucy and Ethel Buy the Same Dress" (1953) and "Home Movies" (1954)
 Chet Atkins
 Gene Autry
 Rico Barr & the Jump 'n' Jive Review, with Kate Davis, vocals (on the soundtrack for Disney's The Finest Hours) (2016)
 Jeff Beck with Imelda May (2011)
 Rob & Gilly Bennett (1993)
 Lily Berglund (in Swedish)
 The Beverley Sisters (1953)
 Chuck Berry (1965) On album Fresh Berrys
 Roy Black (in German)
 Pat Boone (1959) On duet album Pat & Shirley Boone Side By Side
 Rocky Burnette
 Carole Carr with orchestra cond. by Hill Bowen. Recorded in London on September 13, 1953. It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10570.
 The Cats (1968 on album The Cats and in 1972 on single)
 Richard Clayderman
 Larry Clinton (1953)
 Nat King Cole (in Spanish)
 Giorgio Consolini in Italian
 Bing Crosby - recorded December 31, 1953  and included on his album Bing Sings the Hits (1954)
 Julie Daraîche (in French)
 Manu Dibango
 The Drifters (1964)
 Dyango in his 1977 album Contigo en la Distancia
 Tommy Edwards (1961)
 Chiemi Eri (in Japanese)
 Emile Ford and his band The Checkmates on his 1961 album "Emile".
 Freddy Fender (1976)
 The Fontane Sisters on their 1957 album "A Visit With The Fontane Sisters".
 Inez & Charlie Fox
 Connie Francis (Spanish: 1960, German: 1966)
 Don Gibson
 Jairo (1982)
 Harry James – Harry James & His Western Friends (Dot DLP 3735 and DLP 25735)
 Julio Iglesias – in 1976 Spanish version, in 2005 French version "C'est Votre Histoire Et La Mienne"
 Pedro Infante (1953 in Spanish)
 Joni James
 Gloria Jones
 Andrea Jürgens (1990)
 Kitty Kallen
 Ginette & Raymond Lavoie in French
 Byron Lee
 The Lennon Sisters
 Bob London (1953)
 Julie London - Latin in a Satin Mood
 Wingy Manone (1953)
 Al Martino (1978)
 The McGuire Sisters (1966)
 Miguel Aceves Mejía
 Millican & Nesbitt (1973)
 Bob Moore (1967)
 Nana Mouskouri
 Anne Murray (2002)
 Chico O'Farrill
 Tony Orlando & Dawn (1972)
 Los Panchos
 Les Paul & Mary Ford (1953)
 The Popes
 Jim Reeves
 Cliff Richard
 Semprini with Rhythm Accompaniment. Recorded in London on October 13, 1953 as the first melody of the medley "Dancing to the piano (No. 22) – Hit medley of waltzes" along with "My Love, My Love" and "The Melba Waltz". The medley was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10592.
 Hank Snow
 Sunshine Quartett
 Sylvia Syms (1968)
 Mel Tormé - ¡Olé Tormé!
 Doris Troy (1970) On Apple album Doris Troy. Song produced by Troy and Beatle George Harrison who also played guitar on it.
 Jerry Vale
 Johnny Ventura
 Slim Whitman
 Roger Whittaker

References

Sources

Jacobson, Bob. Les Paul: Guitar Wizard. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2012.
Shaughnessy, Mary. Les Paul: An American Original. New York: Morrow, 1993.
Wyckoff, Edwin Brit. Electric Guitar Man: The Genius of Les Paul. Genius at Work! Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 2008.

1953 songs
Songs about parting
The Drifters songs
Nat King Cole songs
Freddy Fender songs
Number-one singles in the United States
Spanish-language songs
Les Paul songs
Mary Ford songs
Nana Mouskouri songs
Capitol Records singles

Vaya con Dios (song)


The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE), often (but incorrectly) known as the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (ERI), was established in 1729 and is the oldest voluntary hospital in Scotland. The new buildings of 1879 were claimed to be the largest voluntary hospital in the United Kingdom, and later on, the Empire. The hospital moved to a new 900 bed site in 2003 in Little France. It is the site of clinical medicine teaching as well as a teaching hospital for the University of Edinburgh Medical School. In 1960, the first successful kidney transplant performed in the UK was at this hospital.  In 1964, the world's first coronary care unit was established at the hospital. It is the only site for liver, pancreas and pancreatic islet cell transplantation and one of two sites for kidney transplantation in Scotland. In 2012, the Emergency Department had 113,000 patient attendances, the highest number in Scotland. It is managed by NHS Lothian.

History

Foundation and early history
John Munro, President of the Incorporation of Surgeons in 1712, set in motion a project to establish a "Seminary of Medical Education" in Edinburgh, of which a General Hospital was an integral part. His son, Alexander Monro primus, by then Professor of Anatomy, circulated an anonymous pamphlet in 1721 on the necessity and advantage of erecting a hospital for the sick and poor. In 1725, the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh wrote to the stock-holders of the Fishery Company, which was about to be wound up, suggesting that they assign their shares for the purpose of such a hospital. Other donors included many wealthy citizens, most of the physicians and several surgeons, numerous Church of Scotland parishes (at the urging of their Assembly) and the Episcopal meeting houses in Edinburgh.

The committee set up by the donors leased "a house of small rent" near the college from the university for 19 years. Known, at first, as the Hospital for the Sick Poor, the Physicians' Hospital, or Little House, it was established on 6 August 1729 at the head of Robertson's Close on the site of the building on the corner of South Bridge and Infirmary Street. It is now marked with a plaque.

A "gentlewoman" was engaged as Mistress or House-keeper, and a "Nurse or Servant" was hired for the patients, both women to be resident and "free of the burden of children and the care of a separate family." The physicians, who had seen the poor gratis twice weekly at their college, arranged for one of their number to attend the hospital, to see both inpatients and outpatients. Six Surgeon-Apothecaries (Alexander Monro, John McGill, Francis Congalton, Robert Hope, John Douglas and George Cunninghame) also agreed to attend in turn, and to dispense the medicines prescribed by the physicians from their own shops, also without payment.

The first patient, a lady from Caithness, was suffering from "chlorosis." She was discharged and recovered after three months. Thirty five patients were admitted in the first year, of whom 19 were cured, 5 recovered, 5 dismissed, either as incurable or for irregularities, and one died in the hospital (of "consumption"). They came from all over Scotland, but mainly from Edinburgh and its environs. Diseases cured included pains, inflammations, agues, ulcers, cancers, palsies, flux, consumption, hysterick disorders and melancholy. A free advice and medicine service for out-patients was very popular, receiving a 1,000 patients by 1754, which presented the hospital with prohibitively high costs and demand. Fundraising began for a new hospital, driven by Monro and Drummond, and the appeal attracted funds from churches throughout Scotland, landed gentry, private individuals, and prominent professionals including physicians, surgeons, merchants and lawyers, as well as donations of labour and building materials.

Infirmary Street

The infirmary received a Royal Charter from George II in 1736 which gave it its name of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and commissioned William Adam to design a new hospital on a site close by to the original building, on what later became Infirmary Street. In 1741 the hospital moved the short distance to the not yet completed building which eventually, on its completion in 1745, had 228 beds compared to 4 beds in the Little House.

In 1750, Scottish surgeon Archibald Kerr left a slave plantation he owned in Jamaica, Red Hill Pen, to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh in his will. Kerr also left the 39 slaves which were kept as forced labourers on the plantation to the infirmary, which owned Red Hill Pen from 1750 to 1893 (with slavery being abolished in Jamaica in 1833). According to the BBC, the infirmary used the wealth generated from Red Hill Pen to "buy medicines, construct a new building, employ staff, and heal Edinburgh's "sick poor"." In 2023, the health board of NHS Lothian publicly announced that they would be providing reparations for slavery after discovering the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh's ownership of the plantation.

By the 1830s, the hospital had become short of space and, in 1832, the former Royal High School in nearby High School Yards, built by Alexander Laing in 1777, was converted to a surgical hospital with a new operating theatre built to the east. This was soon found to be inadequate and a new surgical hospital, designed by David Bryce, was built fronting Drummond Street, opening in 1853. The new building was linked to the High School Yards building by an extension to the north.

The Infirmary Street buildings were demolished in 1884 and replaced with public swimming baths and a school. The ornamental gates and gate piers now front the former surgical hospital on Drummond Street. The four attached Ionic columns on the frontispiece of the hospital were removed and incorporated as a combined column in a monument to the Covenanters who were defeated at the Battle of Rullion Green. This stands outside the entrance to Dreghorn Barracks on Redford Road in the south west of the city.

The original surgical theatre, which was on the roof of the 1741 building, was re-erected as part of stables in the grounds of Redford House, also on Redford Road. It has since been converted into a house known as Drummond Scrolls taking its name from the large attached carved bracket scrolls, also from the surgical theatre of 1741. The house is category B-listed by Historic Scotland.

The New System
Significant changes came with the introduction of the "New System" in 1873.  Four years before, Sir Joseph Lister had been appointed as Professor of Surgery to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Using antiseptics and narcotics he proved to be very successful, thus attracting patients from higher social classes to the hospital. The hospital managers felt the existing nurses were lacking both medical knowledge and appropriate behaviour. They appointed Deputy Surgeon-General Charles Hamilton Fasson as Medical Superintendent. Fasson recruited a group of 17 trained Nightingale Nurses from St. Thomas's Hospital London. In 1873 Elizabeth Barclay and Angélique Lucille Pringle started building up a system of nursing where the nurses were under the control of the Lady Superintendent of Nurses instead of individual ward doctors. They also introduced a systematic training of nurses, who were, after one year of probation, admitted to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh's Register Book. Accordingly, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh had implemented the first Scottish nursing school. Up to the movement into the new buildings 102 probationers had been entered into the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh's Registry Book.

Lauriston Place

In 1871 a new Superintendent, Charles Hamilton Fasson, was placed in overall charge of the Drummond Street infirmary but felt a new hospital was required on modern standards, and convinced Edinburgh Town council to underwrite the cost of a new infirmary on Lauriston Place. He oversaw the design and construction and remained Superintendent of the new infirmary until his death in 1892.

In 1879, at the instruction of the then Lord Provost, Thomas Jamieson Boyd, the infirmary moved to a new location, then in the fresher air of the edge of the city. The site, on Lauriston Place, had been occupied by George Watson's Hospital (a school, known then as a hospital). The school moved a short distance away to the former Merchant Maiden Hospital (another school) in Archibald Place. The original school building, by the same William Adam as the earlier infirmary, was incorporated into the new David Bryce-designed infirmary buildings and the chapel remained in use for the entirety of the infirmary's occupation of the site.

In the 1920s, the hospital needed to expand, and once again George Watson's College was asked to move. An arrangement was reached to acquire the school's site, with the school to remain there until new premises could be built elsewhere. By 1932, the school's new premises in Colinton Road were ready, and the old Archibald Place building was demolished to make way for the Simpson Memorial Pavilion, used primarily as a maternity wing. In 1948, the infirmary was incorporated into the National Health Service (NHS). The liver transplant unit opened in 1992.

In May 2001, Lothian Health Trust sold the  Lauriston Place site for £30 million to Southside Capital Ltd., a consortium comprising Taylor Woodrow, Kilmartin Property Group, and the Bank of Scotland. It has been redeveloped as the Quartermile housing, shopping, leisure and hotel development. Much of the David Bryce infirmary will remain visible, but some infirmary buildings have been demolished. In the build-up to the move to Little France, the Royal Charter awarded by George II in 1736 was rediscovered.

Little France
A new hospital, sited on a mostly green field site at Little France in the south-east of the city, was procured under a Private Finance Initiative contract in 1998. The new location reflected the need for the hospital to serve not just people living in Edinburgh, but also Midlothian and East Lothian. The new hospital is physically linked to the Chancellor's Building, the main teaching facility for the University of Edinburgh Medical School. The new building, which was designed by Keppie Design and constructed by Balfour Beatty at a cost of £184 million, opened in 2003. The building was built without air conditioning, and portable units are required for the summer months.

The Little France site initially attracted some controversy in the local media, such as the Edinburgh Evening News, not least because the city's main accident and emergency facilities are some distance from the city centre, and also because the public transport links to the site had been criticised as inadequate. Also Jim and Margaret Cuthbert, economic consultants, unveiled evidence in the Scottish Left Review outlining why the PFI scheme was a poor use of public funds whilst resulting in huge profits for private investors.

In 2012, the hospital began TAVI procedures, the first time this offered in Scotland. On 16 November 2014, the University announced the Royal Infirmary as the location of Scotland's first PET-MRI Scanner.

In 2016, the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh became one of four major trauma centres where specialist services are based as part of a new national major trauma network in Scotland. In 2021, the Royal Hospital for Children and Young People opened on the Little France site adjacent to the Infirmary, this being a replacement for the former Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Sciennes.

In 2020, the hospital saw the Department for Clinical Neurosciences move to the Little France site having previously been based at Western General Hospital; senior doctors condemned the move in the middle of the COVID-19 crisis as "incomprehensible".

Achievements
1960 - First kidney transplant in the UK by Sir Michael Woodruff
1964 - World's first Coronary Care Unit established by Desmond Julian
2000 - Scotland's first combined kidney and pancreas transplant
2008 - Scotland's first live donor liver transplant by Murat Akyol and Ernest Hidalgo
2011 - Scotland's first pancreatic islet cell transplantation
2012 - Scotland's first transcatheter aortic valve replacement performed by Neal Uren

The Infirmary in literature
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh has often been described in works of fiction, biography and history, and depicted from both the point of view of the sick and those caring for them. The English poet William Ernest Henley e.g.  stayed as a patient at the RIE for three years (1873–75). In several poems he portrayed hospital life as well as individual nurses.

Prominent nurses
1955 - Barbara Quaile OBE, Lady Superintendent

Famous patients
 Former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown had experimental eye surgery performed as a young undergraduate at the University of Edinburgh to save his right eye after suffering from retinal detachment after a rugby union accident.
 Leader of the Scottish Conservatives, Ruth Davidson gave birth to a baby boy on 26 October 2018; she and her partner, Jen, named their son Finn.

See also
 Western General Hospital
 Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh
 Longmore Hospital

References

External links

 Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh on the NHS inform website
 Healthcare Improvement Scotland inspection reports
 Engraving of Lauriston Place buildings from the Edinburgh Photographic Society
 Development of the Quartermile project

Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
1729 establishments in Scotland
NHS Scotland hospitals
Buildings and structures completed in 1741
Hospital buildings completed in the 18th century
Hospital buildings completed in 1853
Hospitals in Edinburgh
Organisations based in Edinburgh with royal patronage
Hospitals established in the 1720s
University of Edinburgh
NHS Lothian
Voluntary hospitals

Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh


Macadam is a type of road making. It was invented by the Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam, about 1820.

He put crushed stone in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly (squashed it down). Sometimes a layer of stone dust was covered with a cement or bitumin. This keeps the dust and stones together.

Macadam's ideas were built on the ideas of some earlier road engineers, like Trésaguet and Thomas Telford.

The Romans had not used a binding substance like bitumen. Their roads were nevertheless quite long-lasting.

Roads
British engineers
Scottish inventors

Macadam


Assignment in Eternity, is a collection of four science fiction and science fantasy novellas by  American writer Robert A. Heinlein, first published in hardcover by Fantasy Press in 1953. The stories, some of which were revised somewhat from their original magazine publication, were:

 "Gulf" (written and published in 1949 in Astounding Science Fiction, October–November 1949).
 "Elsewhen", (written in 1939 and first published in 1941 in Astounding Science Fiction of September 1941 as "Elsewhere" by Caleb Saunders)
 "Lost Legacy" (written in 1939 but first published in 1941 in Super Science Stories, November 1941 as "Lost Legion" by Lyle Monroe)
 "Jerry Was a Man" (written in 1946 and published in 1947 in Thrilling Wonder Stories, October 1947 as "Jerry Is a Man")

Heinlein dedicated the book "To Sprague and Catherine": L. Sprague de Camp (his friend and  science fiction author) and his wife Catherine Crook de Camp.

Assignment in Eternity was almost immediately picked up for mass market paperback publication by New American Library's Signet line and is currently (as of 2007) offered by Baen Books in trade paper format, with a republication of Heinlein's Future History chart, even though none of the stories falls into the Future History.

The four stories are loosely related as speculation on what—that we are not already aware of—makes one a human. "Jerry Is a Man" makes the most straightforward examination of the theme, a court making a legal ruling on the human rights of genetically engineered intelligent creatures. "Gulf", a story connected by its story materials to Kuttner's Baldy stories and Wilmar Shiras' In Hiding, suggests that superior individuals already living among us might become a new step in hominid evolution; "Lost Legacy" suggests that every person has unused paranormal abilities that can be awakened by esoteric training comparable to that used by the supermen of "Gulf". "Elsewhen" suggests that the human mind is not bound to our here-and-now "slum of space-time" but can go voyaging into alternative timetracks of possibility. Although written in 1939, using materials popularized by J. W. Dunne, the story has gained new currency in the wake of the Wheeler-Everett "Many Worlds" hypothesis.

The story materials of all four novellas were revisited by Heinlein in later, more expansive novels. A number of figures of "Lost Legacy", for example, are carried into Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), a book which ultimately could be said to have the same theme as the 1939 novella. Situations and individuals from both "Gulf" and "Jerry Was a Man" are examined in Friday (1982). And the "multiverse" concept first explored in "Elsewhen" gets very full treatment in Heinlein's last novels, particularly The Number of the Beast (1980), The Cat Who Walks Through Walls (1985) and To Sail Beyond the Sunset (1987).

Reception
Boucher and McComas were unenthusiastic about the collection, saying it contained "two lightweight and entertaining novelets and two pretty weak short novels." P. Schuyler Miller similarly found the stories "not up to the best in the "Future History" series or the author's recent teen-age books." The New York Times reviewer Villiers Gerson reported the collection evidenced Heinlein's status as "one of the ablest craftsmen writing science fiction."

References

External links

1953 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert A. Heinlein
Fantasy Press books

Assignment in Eternity


Patrick T. Powers (June 27, 1860 – August 29, 1925) was an American baseball executive who served as president of the Eastern League and founding president of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (NAPBL). Already president of the Eastern League, he was elected by several minor league presidents on September 5, 1901, at the Leland Hotel in Chicago.

The purpose of the NAPBL was to keep the uniting minor leagues independent of the American League and National League, who were engaged in a nasty turf war, stealing players and hurling accusations at each other. By then, the established major National League had abrogated its agreement with the minor leagues when threatened by the American side. After the American League won its equality with the National League, the two major leagues and the minor association led by Powers reestablished a National Agreement. Once again, a system was in place to protect rosters and territories and at the same time feed some players to the National and American Leagues.

Before becoming a league executive, Powers was a team manager including two seasons in the major leagues. In 1890, he led the Rochester Broncos of the American Association to a 63–63 record and a fifth-place finish. With the New York Giants in 1892, he finished 8th in the 12-team National League with a record of 71–80.

There were 35 leagues and 246 professional baseball clubs in the organization. It has continued on as the trade association of those lesser baseball leagues that make up organized baseball. It goes by the aforementioned moniker of Minor League Baseball today, which implies a universality no longer even approximately attained. Once again at the end of the 20th century as at the beginning, there were many independent professional leagues, such as the Northern League, Central League, and Golden Baseball League. Those leagues also feed players, albeit many fewer, to the major leagues.

Powers retired from the presidency of the NABPL in 1909, at a time when the Eastern League considered leaving. Michael H. Sexton was chosen to replace Powers as president at the Winter Meetings in 1909. Powers and Sexton have been considered the "fathers" of the current Minor League Baseball, as they thought alike and acted alike, and were in agreement on the path that the organization should take. As a result, Sexton extended the valuable legacy of Powers during the next 24 years.

In 1909, a group of three Eastern League owners attempted to oust Powers as league president, believing that he had not been impartial in his decision making and had made poor decisions when hiring umpires. Powers was reelected after neither his opposition's candidates - James R. Price and Ed Barrow, gained enough votes to take the presidency. In 1910, Barrow was elected president with 5 votes to Powers 3.

Powers died at the age of 65 in Belmar, New Jersey.

Sources

External links
Minor League Baseball: Presidential biography
Minor League News – Story of the rise of the second National Association
Baseball-Reference.com – Career managing record

1860 births
1925 deaths
Minor league baseball executives
Minor league baseball managers
New York Giants (NL) managers
Sportspeople from Trenton, New Jersey

Patrick T. Powers


Olidan Power Station () is a hydroelectric power station located in Trollhättan, Sweden. First opened in 1910, it was the first large scale attempt at generating electricity from water in Sweden. The construction of Olidan led to the founding of the Kungliga Vattenfallsstyrelsen (Royal Waterfall Board), which later became Vattenfall.

While the first four turbines were put into service in 1910, construction continued, and another four were put into operation by 1914. Due to increasing demand, as well as increasing capacity due to the regulation of Göta älv, another five were then built. By 1921, Olidan carried a total of 13 turbines. 10 of these are still functioning, while the other three were cannibalized for parts. However, it is currently rare for more than three to be generating at the one time. Each turbine has a capacity of 10 MW.

When Olidan were completed in 1924, planning began for Hojum Power Station, which came into service in 1938.

Images

External links

 Vattenfall

Hydroelectric power stations in Sweden
Vattenfall

Olidan Hydroelectric Power Station


Nirekha peak, Nepal, is in the same chain as the Lobuche summits, east of the Cho La Col (not to be confused with the famous Cho La pass a few hundred meters away). The peak is in the list of the new 'A' trekking peaks, for which in 2006 a peak fee of $500 had to be paid.

The normal ascent to the Nirekha Peak is a great and — depending on the conditions — difficult climb, at difficulty AD+/D-. Only experienced climbers should attempt this route, though it is partially saved with fixed ropes. The summit consists of two summit pyramids. It is unclear which one is higher. The north summit is easier but requires to cross a difficult crevasse, while the south summit requires one pitch in steep 50° ice.

The Kanchung BC is the preferable starting point, from the lake camp it is hardly doable in one day. Both ascents are scenically beautiful.

The first ascent was done by Matt Fioretti and Greg Valentine in April 2003. The second ascent was done by an all-women team in October 2003.

External links
 Detailed climbing description

Mountains of Koshi Province
Six-thousanders of the Himalayas
Mountains of the Himalayas

Nirekha


Henriette Wegner (born 1 October 1805 in Hamburg, died 25 November 1875 in Christiania), née Henriette Seyler, was a Norwegian businesswoman and philanthropist, a member of the Hanseatic Berenberg banking dynasty of Hamburg and the wife of the Norwegian industrialist Benjamin Wegner. She was briefly a co-owner of Berenberg Bank, and was also noted for her work for the homeless in Norway. During her life she was a citizen of the city-republic of Hamburg, of France during the Napoleonic Wars, and finally of Norway from 1824.

Childhood in Hamburg

Born Henriette Seyler in the city-republic of Hamburg, she was the youngest daughter of the banker L.E. Seyler and Anna Henriette Gossler, and a granddaughter of the Swiss-born theatre director Abel Seyler and of the Hamburg bankers Johann Hinrich Gossler and Elisabeth Berenberg, whose Belgian-origined family had founded Berenberg Bank in 1590. Her father L.E. Seyler was a co-owner of Berenberg Bank for 48 years as well as President of the Commerz-Deputation and a member of the Hamburg Parliament, and her family was one of Hamburg's most prominent Hanseatic families. On her father's side, she was a descendant of the Swiss Calvinist theologian Friedrich Seyler and of the Basel patrician families Burckhardt, Socin, Merian, Faesch and Meyer zum Pfeil; on her mother's side she was also descended from families like Amsinck and Welser.

The year after her birth, Hamburg was occupied by Napoleonic France and then briefly incorporated into the Bouches-de-l'Elbe département of the French Empire, before again becoming a sovereign city-republic after the Napoleonic Wars. During the French occupation, her father was held as a hostage along with a handful of the city's other prominent merchants for some time, and Berenberg Bank later moved its headquarters to their private home. Like most of Hamburg's elite, the family was fiercely Anglophile.

Life in Norway

On 15 May 1824, she married the businessman Benjamin Wegner in St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg; born in Königsberg, he had two years earlier moved to Norway as director-general and co-owner of the Blue Color Works, a mining company and the world's largest manufacturer of cobalt blue as well as Norway's largest industrial enterprise. He later also acquired several other enterprises and estates in Norway. They lived at Fossum Manor until 1836, when they acquired Frogner Manor in what is now the borough of Frogner in west end Oslo; the estate also included Frognerseteren and parts of Nordmarka. The 1820s neoclassical pavilion found in Frogner Park was a wedding gift given to her, which was moved from the family's former home Fossum Manor in the late 1830s.

As the wife of one of Norway's leading industrialists and mistress of Frogner Manor, she was one of the leading women of Norwegian high society, particularly from the 1830s, when the family moved from rural Modum to Frogner Manor outside the capital. Following the death of her father, she was a co-owner of Berenberg Bank in Hamburg until 31 December 1836, although her interests were managed by her brother-in-law. By contemporaries, she was described as a "lovable" character. She was also noted for her social commitment, and was chairwoman and board member of the Norwegian Charity for the Homeless for over twenty years. She also endowed a substantial amount to helping the homeless.

The author Willibald Alexis describes his visit to Benjamin and Henriette Wegner at Fossum Manor in the book Herbstreise durch Scandinavien ("An Autumn Journey through Scandinavia") from 1828.

She had six children, of which five survived into adulthood. Her oldest son Johann Ludwig Wegner (1830–1893) was a judge and married Blanca Bretteville, a daughter of Prime Minister Christian Zetlitz Bretteville; her second son Heinrich Benjamin Wegner (1833–1911) was a timber merchant and married Henriette Vibe, a daughter of the classical philologist Ludvig Vibe; her oldest daughter Sophie Wegner (1838–1906) married colonel and aide-de-camp to king Charles Hans Jacob Nørregaard; her youngest daughter Anna Henriette Wegner (1841–1918) married the theologian Bernhard Pauss; her youngest son George Wegner (1847–1881) was a supreme court barrister.

She was interred on 30 November 1875 at Gamle Aker Cemetery in Oslo.

References

Literature
Rolf B. Wegner (the Elder), Familien Wegner, Halden, 1963
Rolf B. Wegner (the Younger): Mine tippoldeforeldre Henriethe og Benjamin Wegner forteller, 2013

Berenberg-Gossler family
Berenberg Bank people
Norwegian humanitarians
1805 births
1875 deaths
German emigrants to Norway
Burials at Old Aker Cemetery
Seyler family

Henriette Wegner


A log flume is a watertight flume constructed to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain using flowing water. Flumes replaced horse- or oxen-drawn carriages on dangerous mountain trails in the late 19th century. Logging operations preferred flumes whenever a reliable source of water was available. Flumes were cheaper to build and operate than logging railroads. They could span long distances across chasms with more lightweight trestles.

Flumes remained in widespread use through the early 20th century. The logging truck replaced both the logging railroad and the flume after WWII.  Today, log flumes remain in the popular imagination as amusement park rides.

History
J.W. Haines built the first successful lumber flume in 1859. The v-shaped trough brought a half-million feet of lumber daily from the eastern Sierra Nevada to the Comstock Lode. The  route was between Lake Tahoe and Reno, terminating at the Virginia and Truckee Railroad terminus in Washoe Valley. Soon, log flumes spread across the mountains of the western United States as artificial rivers that brought lumber to market.

Flume heads
Log flumes need a steady supply of water. Often, a log pond or artificial reservoir serves this purpose. The head directs the flow of water into the top of the flume. Flume boxes are built tight with lumber free of knots to prevent leaks. Feeder troughs resupply water on long routes.

Logging flumes were only needed in semi-arid regions without rivers or navigable streams.  As a result, water rights were often difficult to secure. Often, flumes moved water from one drainage basin to another, with rights settled in court.

Flume construction

Flume routes were surveyed by engineers using the same methods as a railroad survey. However, flumes had several advantages to logging railroads in steep terrain. They could span gulches using much lighter trestles and they took up less space, fitting inside narrower canyons where there wasn't room for a railroad. The main disadvantage of the light construction was they were damaged more easily by fire, floods, wind, and falling timber. But they could be repaired more cheaply.

Flume sites were mostly in rough, undeveloped wilderness. Unlike railroad construction, this required lumber and supplies to be carried in by hand. Flume boxes and trestles were built onsite. Construction crews included six to eight workers. On trestles, four worked aloft continuously. One low man handled and sent up the lumber.

Working on the flume was a dangerous job. Occupational fatality statistics are unavailable. But reports suggest that falls resulted in many injuries and deaths.

Square lumber was often provided by a temporary, portable sawmill erected at the head of the flume.  Other times, round timber trestles of  to  diameter were cut and finished from along the route.

Some trestles achieved staggering heights to maintain a desirable grade. Three percent was ideal for a straight flume.  Sometimes grades of up to 75 percent were used on short stretches. The steeper the grade the more gradual the curves had to be, or else lumber would jam or go over the sides. The maximum curve was 8 degrees.

Box flumes

Early logging flumes were square wooden chutes known as box flumes. These were prone to jams that could cause damage and required constant maintenance. They were also costly to build. A square box carries much more water compared to a V-shaped flume. The greater weight of the water required a sturdier structure, especially heavier trestles.

V-flumes
In 1867, James W. Haines first built the "V"-shaped log flumes that allowed a jammed log to free itself as the rising water level in the flume pushed it up. These efficient flumes consisted of two boards,  wide and  feet long, joined perpendicularly, and came in common use in the western United States during the late 19th century.

Box flumes were not made obsolete. They continued to be built when a large volume of water was desired for a secondary use, such as irrigation. Box flumes were also more capable of handling materials uneven in size and weight simultaneously. Lumber, pulpwood, shingle bolts, and whole logs move at different speeds and were prone to double-up in a V-flume's low grades and curves. Finally, box flumes could move an unprecedented amount of material, up to a maximum capacity of , or three times as great as the maximum for a V-flume.

Flume herders
Proper operation was ensured by "flume herders" who at various locations along the flume checked the flow of lumber and water. On longer flumes, flume herders lived in permanent flume houses along the route.  Light signals, and later telephone lines, enabled communication up and down the line.

Flume boats
On occasion, despite it being exceedingly dangerous, flume herders and others would ride down the flume in small craft or boats, either for inspection or for thrills. Such rides were the precursor of the modern log-ride amusement park attractions.

Every flume boat was one of a kind, but they shared common design characteristics. They were V-shaped to fit the flume trough. An open front allowed water in for stability in the curves. A closed back allowed water to push the craft forward.  Flat boards across the top created a platform for passengers and cargo.

Top speed depended on the grade of the flume. Flume boats on the Sanger Lumber Company flume, the "fastest chute in the world," traveled at . Boats traveled over steep trestles and curves with precipitous drops on either side without brakes or other means to slow the craft. Passengers described the sensation like "rushing through space suspended between earth and sky."

Flume terminals
There are a variety of flume terminals. The kind of terminal depends on the materials the flume transports and its disposal at the end point of a flume.

An elephant terminal splits from a central trunk into many forked branches. From there, logs are diverted into open branches by closing branches not in use. Logs collect at the end of the terminal in a loose pile. Other terminals shoot logs onto rollers that move them onto loading platforms. The water from the flume drives a waterwheel that drives the rollers. This arrangement works well with heavy railroad crossties or mining timbers.

Longest flumes
In the late 19th century, three rival California lumber companies built log flumes of unprecedented and nearly identical length. Each served the same purpose: to link their logging operations in the Sierra Nevada to railroad shipping depots in the San Joaquin Valley.
 In 1877, The California Lumber Company completed a  flume to connect the mill at Nelder Grove to the shipping depot at Madera.
 In 1890, the Kings River Lumber Company completed the  Kings River Flume from the upper Kings River area to Sanger.
 In 1891, the Fresno Flume and Irrigation Company built a  flume to connect the sawmill at Shaver Lake with the planing mill and shipping depot at Clovis.

All three were purported to be "world's longest flume". However, some measurements may have been exaggerated or subject to inaccurate surveying methods. Contemporary attempts at confirmation are inconclusive.

Logging trucks started to replace flumes in the 1910s. Trucks offered mobility, lower operating costs, and did not rely on the availability of water. Many of the great flumes fell into disrepair and were salvaged for lumber. By 1984, only one lumber flume was operating in the United States. The Broughton Lumber flume was a  V-flume that transported rough-sawn lumber from Willard, Washington to a finishing mill in Hood, just west of the town of Underwood. The flume closed down on December 19, 1986.

See also
 Timber slide, similar to log flumes but used on rivers to bypass rapids and falls

External links
 History of the Broughton Flume
 Sanger Depot Museum

References

Timber rafting
Log transport
Water transport
Aqueducts

Log flume


Emanuel Hoss-Desmarais is a Canadian film director and screenwriter, who won the Claude Jutra Award in 2014 for his film Whitewash. He also won the award for Best New Narrative Director at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival, and was a shortlisted nominee, with cowriter Marc Tulin, for Best Original Screenplay at the 2nd Canadian Screen Awards.

Previously an actor, whose credits include supporting roles in The Reagans, The Day After Tomorrow and Mars and April, Hoss-Desmarais has also worked in advertising as a commercial director, and directed the short films Table 13 and Marius Borodine.

References

External links

Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male screenwriters
Canadian screenwriters in French
Male actors from Quebec
Best First Feature Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners
Living people
Film directors from Quebec
French Quebecers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
21st-century Canadian male writers

Emanuel Hoss-Desmarais


"The Persistence of Memory" is a short story by american writer Gael Baudino concerning Barbara, a pregnant housewife, who begins seeing things she had not noticed before when she starts doing special memory exercises developed by her husband, Frank, and the effects it has on her personal and family life.

In 1989 this story was adapted into a graphic story for the book The Bank Street Book of Fantasy.

The title is taken from the painting The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dalí.

1985 short stories
Fantasy short stories
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction

The Persistence of Memory (short story)


John H. Scruggs (May 1855 – 5 March 1941), known as Uncle John Scruggs, was an African American banjo player who attracted attention for his singing and playing during the 1920s and '30s.

Career
Scruggs was born to slave parents Henry and Betsey Scruggs in 1855, in Buckingham County, Virginia, where he spent almost his entire life. A film exists of him performing the folk ballad "Little Log Cabin Round the Lane" in a minstrel style. The footage was taken by the Fox Movietone News on November 8, 1928, in Powhatan, Virginia. John Scruggs played 5-string banjo in the traditional clawhammer style. There are no other known recordings of his music. He died in Macon, Virginia in 1941 at the age of 85.

Uncle John appears in a mural called "All in the Family II", which is displayed at the Sherrod Library at East Tennessee State University. John Scruggs is pictured between Bill Monroe, "the Father of bluegrass music", and Earl Scruggs, who popularized his own style the 5-string banjo picking in the 20th century. The mural displays the important role that African-American musicians have played in the evolution of American music. It shows also that racially diverse musicians are all members of the same family.

References

1855 births
Musicians from Virginia
American banjoists
1941 deaths
People from Buckingham County, Virginia
People from Powhatan County, Virginia
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American male musicians
African-American banjoists

Uncle John Scruggs


John I, Count of Oldenburg ( – ) was a ruling Count of Oldenburg from 1233 until his death.

Life
His father, Christian II, had ruled jointly with his uncle, Otto I.  After Christian II died in 1233, Otto I acted as guardian for the underage John I.  When John I came of age, he ruled jointly with Otto I.  After Otto I died in 1251, John I ruled alone.

In 1244, Otto I and John I together founded the Cistercian Rosenthal monastery in Menslage.  In 1251, the monastery moved to a fort in the Börsteler Forest, which John I already owned.

In 1258 and 1259, he fought in the Bremen Prince-Archbishopric Feud on the side of his cousin Hildebold of Wunstorf against Rüstringen, Östringen and Stedingen.  When the feud had ended, he kept the territories he had conquered.

After a dispute with the City of Bremen, he had to cede the castle in Berne.  As a replacement, John I and his uncle built a castle in Delmenhorst, which provoked a strong reaction from Stedingen.

Like his predecessors, he had many disputes with his relatives, the Counts of Oldenburg-Wildeshausen.  Ultimately, their county was divided between the bishops of Münster and Bremen.  This resulted in Oldenburg and Delmenhorst being almost completely surrounded by these territories, and led to centuries of disputes between the Counts of Oldenburg and the two Prince-Bishops.

John I was a direct patrilineal ancestor of the British King Charles III and of many Kings of Denmark and Tsars of Russia.

Marriage and issue
He married Richeza, a daughter of Count Henry II of Hoya, and had the following children:
 Heilwig, married Ekbert, Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg (d. )
 Christian III, Count of Oldenburg ( – 1285)
 Maurice (d. 1319), priest in Wildeshausen
 Otto II (d. 1304)

See also
 List of rulers of Oldenburg

References
 Hans Friedl, Wolfgang Günther, Hilke Günther-Arndt, and Heinrich Schmidt (eds.): Biographisches Handbuch zur Geschichte des Landes Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 1992,

Footnotes

Counts of Oldenburg
1200s births
1270 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
13th-century German nobility

John I, Count of Oldenburg


A Christmas Sing with Bing around the World is an album by Bing Crosby. It was released in December, 1956 by Decca Records. It was taken from a radio broadcast on CBS which was transmitted on December 24, 1955. The program was sponsored by the Insurance Company of North America. Paul Weston and his Orchestra supported by the Norman Luboff choir provided the backing to Crosby's vocals which were recorded on December 19, 1955. Other vocal contributions came from various parts of the world and had been pre-recorded and inserted into the broadcast as though they were live. The commercials for Insurance Company of North America were not included in the album.

Billboard reviewed the album commenting "one of the solidest holiday packages to come along, a prime candidate for immediate store exposure. Singer brings superb projection to nine out of 19 selected Christmas carols and hymns, with smoothest of assists from Norman Luboff choir and Paul Weston's work."

Sepia Records included the entire album in their CD "Bing Crosby Through the Years volume ten" which was released in May, 2012.

The success of the first broadcast led to a regular annual series.

Track listing

References

1956 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Bing Crosby live albums
Decca Records live albums
Pop Christmas albums
1956 live albums

A Christmas Sing with Bing Around the World


Arthropodium cirratum (rengarenga, renga lily, New Zealand rock lily, rengarenga, or maikaika) is a species of herbaceous perennial plant, endemic to New Zealand, where it may once have been farmed. It is used for medicine as well as food, and has symbolic importance in traditional Māori culture.

The Māori name rengarenga is a reduplication of Proto-Polynesian *renga which in other related languages corresponds to turmeric, especially its powdered form (see , ); this association is due to both plants' similar stem and root characteristics.

Description
The leaves are  long and  wide. The flower stalk often reaches one metre, and bears many white six-petalled flowers, in groups of two or three, each about  across. The stamens are tricoloured - purple and white, with yellow at the curled end. The roots are  wide.

Taxonomy
It was first described in 1786 as Anthericum cirrhatum by Georg Forster. In 1822, Robert Brown assigned it to the genus, Arthropodium, resulting in the name, Arthropodium cirrhatum (now A. cirratum.)

Distribution and habitat
It occurs naturally north of Greymouth and Kaikōura near the sea and, as the name suggests, usually on rocks.

Cultivation and uses
It is often grown as an ornamental plant. The rhizomes are edible when cooked and can be found throughout the year. The rhizomes were once eaten by the Māori after being cooked in a hāngi. William Colenso believed, for two reasons, that this plant was once cultivated by them: firstly, the plant grows much larger under cultivation than it usually does in the wild; and secondly it was often found near old deserted Māori homes and plantations. However, he lists it as only fourteenth in importance, in his list of eighteen kinds of wild vegetable food used by the Māori.

References

cirratum
Root vegetables
Crops originating from New Zealand

Arthropodium cirratum


Castellón () may refer to:

Places
 Castellón de la Plana, the capital city of the province of Castellón, in Valencian Community, Spain
 Province of Castellón, a province in Valencian Community, Spain
 Castelló, formerly Castelló de la Ribera
 Castelló d'Empúries
 Castelló de Farfanya
 Castelló de Rugat

Sports
 CD Castellón, a Spanish football team
 AB Castelló, a Spanish basketball team

People with the surname
 Julia Castelló (born 1990), Spanish swimmer
 Núria Castelló (born 1971), Spanish swimmer
 Pedro Álvarez Castelló (1967–2004), Cuban artist
 Blanca Castellón (born 1958), Nicaraguan poet
 Jorge Castellón (born 1969), Bolivian sprinter
 José Rizo Castellón (born 1944), Nicaraguan politician
 Facundo Hurtado Castellón (born 1950), Bolivian politician and journalist
 Federico Castellón (1914–1971), American painter and illustrator
 Francisco Castellón (1815–1855), president of "Democratic" Nicaragua during the 1854–1856 civil war
 Gabriel Castellón (born 1993), Chilean footballer
 Francisco Javier Castellón (born 1960), Mexican politician
 Ninoska Pérez Castellón (born 1950), Cuban-American media personality
 Vladimir Castellón (born 1989), Bolivian footballer

See also
 Castello (disambiguation)

Castellón