David Michael Davis  (born 23 December 1948) is a British politician who served as Shadow Home Secretary from 2003 to 2008 and Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union from 2016 to 2018. A member of the Conservative Party, he has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Haltemprice and Howden, formerly Boothferry, since 1987. Davis was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1997 New Year Honours, having previously been Minister of State for Europe from 1994 to 1997.

He was brought up on the Aboyne Estate, a council estate in Tooting, South West London. After attending Bec Grammar School in Tooting he gained an MBA at the age of 25 and went into a career with Tate & Lyle. Having entered Parliament in 1987 at the age of 38 he was appointed Europe Minister by Prime Minister John Major in July 1994. He held that position until the 1997 general election. He was subsequently Chairman of the Conservative Party and Shadow Secretary of State for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister under Iain Duncan Smith.

Between 2003 and 2008 he was the Shadow Home Secretary in the Shadow Cabinets of both Michael Howard and David Cameron. Davis had previously been a candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party in 2001 and 2005, coming fourth and second respectively. On 12 June 2008 Davis unexpectedly announced his intention to resign as an MP and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary; this was in order to force a by-election in his seat, for which he intended to seek reelection by mounting a specific campaign designed to provoke wider public debate about the erosion of civil liberties in the United Kingdom. Following his formal resignation as an MP he became the Conservative candidate in the resulting by-election, which he won a month later.

In July 2016, following a referendum in which a majority of over 1 million of those voting, supported leaving the European Union, Davis was appointed by the new Prime Minister, Theresa May, to the new Department for Exiting the European Union (DExEU) as Secretary of State, with responsibility for negotiating the UK's prospective exit from the EU. He was sidelined mid-way through the talks, with the Prime Minister's Europe Adviser Olly Robbins taking charge of negotiations. Davis resigned from his government position on 8 July 2018 over May's Brexit strategy and the Chequers plan. Following his resignation, the DExEU junior minister Steve Baker and the Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson also resigned.

Early life
Born to a single mother, Betty Brown, in York on 23 December 1948, Davis was initially raised by his grandparents there. His maternal grandfather, Walter Harrison, was the son of a wealthy trawlerman but was disinherited after joining the Communist Party; he led a 'hunger march' to London shortly after the more famous Jarrow March, which did not allow Communists to participate. His father, whom he met once after his mother's death, is Welsh. After his mother married Ronald Davis the family moved to London, where they lived initially in a flat in Wandsworth, which Davis has described as "a terrible little slum". Later, after his half-sister was born, the family moved to a council estate in Tooting, his stepfather being a shop steward at Battersea Power Station.

When he left Bec Grammar School in Tooting, his A Level results were not good enough to secure a university place so Davis worked as an insurance clerk and became a soldier in the Territorial Army's 21 SAS (Artists) Regiment to earn the money to retake his examinations. After doing so he won a place at the University of Warwick (BSc Joint Hons Molecular Science/Computer Science 1968–1971). While at Warwick he was one of the founding members of the student radio station, University Radio Warwick. He went straight from there to London Business School, where he earned a master's degree in business (1971–1973), and later attended Harvard Business School's non-degree executive Advanced Management Program  (1984–85).

Davis worked for Tate & Lyle for 17 years, rising to become a senior executive, including restructuring its troubled Canadian subsidiary, Redpath Sugar. He wrote about his business experiences in the 1988 book How to Turn Round a Company.

Political career
While a student Davis was active in the Federation of Conservative Students, becoming national chairman in 1973.

Davis was first elected to Parliament in the 1987 general election as the MP for Boothferry, which in 1997 became the constituency of Haltemprice and Howden. He was a government whip when parliament voted on the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, angering many of the Maastricht Rebels on his own right wing of the party. Davis's progression through the Conservative ranks eventually led to his becoming a Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (1994–1997).

He rejected a shadow ministerial position under William Hague, opting instead to chair the Public Accounts Committee.

In 1999, Davis presented the Parliamentary Control of the Executive Bill to the House of Commons, in which he proposed to transfer ministerial exercise of the Royal Prerogative to the Commons in the following areas: the signing of treaties; the diplomatic recognition of foreign governments; European Union legislation; the appointment of ministers, peers and ambassadors; the establishment of Royal Commissions; the proclamation of Orders in Council unless subject to resolutions of the Commons; the exercise of the powers of the executive not made by statute; the declarations of states of emergency; the dissolution of Parliament.

Davis used his first interview as Shadow Home Secretary in November 2003 to state his personal support for a reintroduction of the death penalty for people convicted of multiple murder "where there is clear evidence and no doubt" surrounding the offender's guilt, citing the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe and Moors Murderer Ian Brady as examples of offenders who would fall into that category. This interview came almost 40 years after the abolition of the death penalty for murder.

As Shadow Home Secretary, Davis turned the Conservatives away from the Labour Party's plan to reintroduce identity cards, citing spiralling costs and libertarian issues.

He turned initial Conservative support into one of concern and abstention, making the final change to one of opposition much easier. Davis believed that once the true cost and unreliability of the ID card scheme was explained to the general public they would turn against it. He was also credited by some commentators with "claiming the scalps" of two Labour ministers, David Blunkett and Beverley Hughes, after both were forced to resign.

2005 leadership contest
At the time of the 2005 Conservative leadership contest, David Davis was Shadow Secretary of State for the Home Department. His campaign manager in the contest was Conservative MP and Davis' deputy as Shadow Home Secretary, Andrew Mitchell (who in 2010 became Secretary of State for International Development in Prime Minister David Cameron's cabinet).

Davis was initially the front runner in the contest, but after a poorly received speech at that year's Conservative Party Conference his campaign was seen to lose momentum.

However, referring to a Conference speech by the party's former leader, campaign manager Andrew Mitchell said: "William Hague made a great speech which many people will judge to be better than all the other leadership candidates put together. What that tells you is that being absolutely brilliant at being able to make a speech at conference is not the be-all-and-end-all of leadership. There are other things as well." He was photographed at the conference alongside two women wearing T-shirts emblazoned with "It's DD for me" which was viewed by some women as being patronising to them.

In the first ballot of Conservative MPs on 18 October 2005, Davis came top with 62 votes. As this was less than the number of his declared supporters, it became clear that the Davis bid was losing momentum. The elimination of former Chancellor Kenneth Clarke left the bookmakers' favourite, David Cameron, without a rival in the centre of the party. In the second ballot, held two days later on 20 October 2005, Cameron polled 90 votes, Davis 57 votes and Liam Fox was eliminated with 51 votes, so Davis went through to the next stage with David Cameron.

Despite a strong performance in a BBC Question Time head-to-head debate in the final stage of the leadership contest, Davis could not match his rival's general popularity. Conservative Party members voted to elect Cameron the new Conservative leader, Davis losing with 64,398 votes against Cameron's 134,446 votes. Cameron chose to re-appoint his rival as Shadow Home Secretary following his victory.

Alleged role in leaking of government documents

Davis is alleged to have played a role in the leaking of sensitive government documents when he was Shadow Home Secretary in 2007. According to a police statement, under interview after arrest, civil servant Christopher Galley said Davis was his first contact and that he (Davis) introduced him to Damien Green, the Shadow Immigration spokesman.  Christopher Galley initially approached Davis stating he had access to government immigration details which he was willing to leak to help the Conservative Party. Under questioning by police Galley said that Green told him "do not mention Davis". In April 2009, following a disciplinary hearing, Galley was dismissed from his job as a junior Home Office official for leaking information to Green.

Civil liberties

On 12 June 2008, Davis resigned from the Shadow Cabinet and announced his resignation as an MP, in order to force a by-election, and cause a wider debate on the single issue of what he believed to be the erosion of civil liberties. On 18 June 2008, he resigned from the House of Commons. He stood as the Conservative Party candidate for his current seat in the subsequent by-election. The announcement came a day after the narrow passing of a parliamentary vote on the Counter-Terrorism Bill, which would extend the limit on the period of detention of terror suspects without charge in England and Wales, from 28 to 42 days.

He won re-election with 72% of the vote, breaking several voting records in the UK, but neither the Labour Party nor the Liberal Democrats put up a candidate. As is common at by-elections, voter turnout declined significantly from the previous general election to 34%.

At the time of Davis's resignation, the Labour MP Andy Burnham made a speech which was widely interpreted as falsely implying an inappropriate relationship between Davis and the then Director of Liberty, Shami Chakrabarti. Burnham was forced to issue a public apology under threat of legal action.

As a backbench MP, Davis continued campaigning for civil liberties. He participated in the Convention on Modern Liberty, where he gave the keynote speech on the convention's final day. He also spoke at the 2009 Guardian Hay Festival, where he criticised Labour's "illusory pursuit of an unobtainable security", and was well received by an overwhelmingly non-Conservative audience. On 15 June 2009, Davis gave the 2009 Magna Carta Lecture at Royal Holloway, University of London, in association with the Magna Carta Trust.

Davis has also supported civil liberties campaign group Big Brother Watch and in January 2010 he spoke with Tony Benn at the official launch. In 2012 he helped lead the opposition to Coalition plans to allow police and security services to extend their monitoring of the public's email and social media communications. He expressed concern with the findings of a VICE News investigation into the deployment of IMSI-catchers in London.

In 2014, along with Labour MP Tom Watson he challenged the government's introduction of the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014 in the courts. Although Davis is a staunch Eurosceptic and has criticised the record of the European Court of Human Rights, he has also argued against withdrawal from the court's jurisdiction, on the basis it might encourage countries with far worse civil liberties to do likewise.

Davis has been outspoken over UK government data deals, particularly those with Palantir Technologies. In 2021 Davis said of Palantir's involvement with the NHS, "Patient trust is vital to our NHS, so foreign tech companies such as Palantir, with their history of supporting mass surveillance, assisting in drone strikes, immigration raids and predictive policing, must not be placed at the heart of our NHS." Davis again criticised Palantir's involvement with the NHS in 2023 during the procurement process for a £480 million contract for a company to create a Federated Data Platform for NHS England.

Davis has taken more conservative stances on some other civil liberties issues, having repeatedly voted to restrict abortion, fertility treatment and embryo research. He also repeatedly voted against the furthering of LGBT rights, including supporting the controversial Section 28, which banned teachers from "promoting homosexuality" or "teaching ... the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship", and opposing the legalisation of same-sex marriage saying it was "not an issue of rights but a clash of beliefs".

Allegations of torture
During a House of Commons debate on 7 July 2009, Davis accused the UK government of outsourcing torture, by allowing Rangzieb Ahmed to leave the country (even though the government had evidence against Ahmed, upon which Ahmed was later convicted for terrorism) to Pakistan, where it is said the Inter-Services Intelligence was given the go-ahead by the British intelligence agencies to torture Ahmed. Davis further accused the government of trying to gag Ahmed, stopping him coming forward with his accusations after he had been imprisoned back in the UK.

He said, there was "an alleged request to drop his allegations of torture: if he did that, they could get his sentence cut and possibly give him some money. If this request to drop the torture case is true, it is frankly monstrous. It would at the very least be a criminal misuse of the powers and funds under the Government's Contest strategy, and at worst a conspiracy to pervert the course of justice."

Davis was amongst the signatories of a letter in 2012 to The Guardian condemning the Coalition's efforts to hide the UK's involvement in rendition and torture behind secret trials.

Coalition government (2010–2015)
In May 2010, after the 2010 general election which resulted in a hung parliament, it was reported that David Cameron wanted to invite Davis and other right-wingers such as Michael Howard and Iain Duncan Smith into his Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition cabinet. However, Davis declined and remained a critic of the government on its stance on tuition fees. In January 2011, along with Jack Straw, he secured a vote in the Commons to challenge a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that prisoners should be allowed to vote and MPs subsequently chose to ignore the ruling. He offered critical commentary on the coalition in a BBC interview in March 2012.

In 2012, together with Liam Fox, Davis founded Conservative pressure group Conservative Voice to amplify the voice of grassroots members, which Davis thought was getting lost in the party.

In a November 2012 speech, he urged David Cameron to hold a referendum on the UK's membership of the EU by 2014. He suggested to hold two votes, the first where voters would be asked whether they wanted to renegotiate current EU arrangements, and a second where they would be asked to either accept a renegotiated deal or leave the EU altogether.

In 2015, he was one of seven Conservative MPs to defy the whip and vote against bombing Syria.

Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (2016–2018)
Following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister, Davis was appointed Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union (Brexit Secretary) on 13 July 2016. He published in ConservativeHome his initial thoughts on the way Brexit might proceed. In his role as Brexit Secretary, Davis announced that Parliament will take action on translating EU laws into British laws as part of the process of Withdrawal from the European Union. Davis stated that the Brexit timetable discussion would be the "row of the summer" during a TV interview with Robert Peston on Peston on Sunday. The timetable was set on the first day of negotiations and it was dictated by the EU.

On 7 September 2017, the European commission published the minutes of a meeting in July at which Michel Barnier, the EU's chief Brexit negotiator, briefed the commission on the outcome of his first round of talks with Davis. Barnier expressed concern about Davis's commitment to the talks (he had been going to Brussels for the start and end of each round of talks, but had not been staying there for the duration).

In November 2017, Davis acknowledged that the negotiations with the EU were difficult, but appealed to European countries not to "put politics above prosperity", implying that by doing so, countries like Germany would harm their own economies. He blamed Germany and France for blocking trade negotiations. Davis also argued that the UK and the EU should agree a free trade deal more comprehensive in scope than "any the EU has agreed before".

Some politicians were angry because reports about the potential effect of Brexit on 58 economic sectors were severely edited before Davis gave them to the Exiting the European Union Select Committee. They maintained Davis – and by implication Theresa May's government – chose to disregard a binding and unanimous vote from MPs requiring the information to be provided in full. Davis later appeared to contradict his earlier assurances that impact analyses had been carried out when he said the government had not produced any economic forecasts of what would happen after the UK leaves the EU.

David was sidelined in December 2017, mid-way through the negotiations, with the Prime Minister's Europe Adviser Olly Robbins taking charge of negotiations.

In January 2018, former Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern said Davis did not understand the implications of Brexit for Ireland's border with Northern Ireland.

On 8 July 2018, Davis resigned as Brexit Secretary as he did not "believe" in the Prime Minister's Chequers plan for Brexit. Following Davis' resignation, Steve Baker and Boris Johnson also resigned.

Since 2018
On 20 November 2018, Davis was criticised by the Liberal Democrat MP Layla Moran, of the pro-EU group Best for Britain, for suggesting that the UK could negotiate a free trade agreement during a post-Brexit "transition period" without first having successfully negotiated a withdrawal agreement with the European Union.

Following Theresa May's resignation in May 2019, Davis supported Dominic Raab as the next leader of the Conservative Party.

Davis was re-elected in Haltemprice and Howden at the 2019 general election, increasing his majority by 5,000 votes. He has opposed the proposed extradition of Julian Assange to the United States.

Davis has also been prominent in opposing the plans of the Johnson administration to privatise NHS data, advocating more transparency in the management of patient data.

During Prime Minister's Questions on 19 January 2022, Davis asked Prime Minister Boris Johnson to resign, after expressing dissatisfaction with his response to Partygate. He quoted what Leo Amery (alluding to Oliver Cromwell) had said to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1940: "You have sat there too long for all the good you have done. In the name of God, go."

On 2 October 2022, Davis wrote an article in The Daily Telegraph which advocated for reform of the National Health Service and the adoption of a social insurance-based system. He wrote that the NHS was "plagued by ineffective bureaucracy" and that structural reform did not mean that the principles of the NHS being universal and free at the point of delivery needed to be abandoned.

Personal life
Davis met his wife, Doreen Cook, at Warwick. They married on 28 July 1973 and have three children.

References

External links

 David Davis MP  official Conservative Party profile

 Open Rights Group – David Davis MP
 BBC News – Profile: David Davis 17 October 2002
 BBC News – Profile: David Davis 23 July 2002
 Full text of 2005 conference speech
 David Davis | Politics | The Guardian

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1948 births
Alumni of London Business School
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Artists' Rifles soldiers
Brexit
Chairmen of the Conservative Party (UK)
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English people of Welsh descent
Living people
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People from Tooting
People from Wandsworth
Politicians from York
Secretaries of State for Exiting the European Union
Special Air Service soldiers
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
British libertarians
British Eurosceptics

David Davis (British politician)


Anton Westermann (18 June 1806, Leipzig – 24 November 1869, Leipzig) was a German classical philologist.

From 1825 to 1830, he studied philology at the University of Leipzig, where in 1833 he became an associate professor of classical philology. From 1834 to 1865, he was a full professor of Greek and Roman literature at Leipzig. On four separate occasions he was dean to the faculty of philosophy.

He is known for his edition and critical examination of Demosthenes, for his edition of works by ancient authors such as Plutarch, Lysias, Callistratus and Philostratus, and for his scholarly treatment of Greek mythography ("Mythographoi"), biography ("Biographoi") and paradoxography ("Paradoxographoi"). His edition of Heraclitus' epistles, Heracliti Epistolae quae feruntur (1857), later appeared in Rudolf Hercher's Epistolographi Graeci.

Published works
 Quaestiones Demosthenicae,  4 volumes, Leipzig 1830–37.
 Plutarchi Vitae decem oratorum, Quedlinburg and Leipzig 1833.
 Geschichte der Beredtsamkeit in Griechenland und Rom, 2 volumes, Leipzig 1833-1835 – History of eloquence in Greece and Rome.
 Paradoxographoi, scriptores rerum mirabilium graeci, Braunschweig 1839.
 Stephani Byzantii Ethnikon quae supersunt, 1839; (edition of Stephanus of Byzantium).
 Diogenis Laertii De clarorum philosophorum : vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus libri decem, 1842; (part of series:  Bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum editore A. Firmin-Didot, with other authors).
 Mythographoi. Scriptores poeticae historiae Graeci, Braunschweig 1843.
 Biographoi. Vitarum scriptores Graeci minores, Braunschweig 1845.
 Philostratorum et Callistrati opera, 1849 (with other authors)
 Ausgewählte Reden des Demosthenes, 2 volumes, Leipzig 1850-1851 – Selected speeches of Demosthenes.
 Die Modalität der Athenischen Gesetzgebung, geprüft an den in die Rede des Demosthenes gegen Timokrates §§ 20 - 23, 27, 33, 39, 40, 59 (Untersuchungen über die in die Attischen Redner eingelegten Urkunden, Tl. 1), Leipzig 1850 – The modality of Athenian legislation examined in the speech of Demosthenes against Timocrates. Investigations on proceedings in the Attic orators' documents.
 Lysiae Orationes : recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit Carolus Hude, 1854.

References

1806 births
1869 deaths
German classical philologists
Leipzig University alumni
Academic staff of Leipzig University

Anton Westermann


Rodney David (19 June 1907 — 2 July 1969) was a Welsh cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played for Glamorgan. He was born in Cardiff and died in Hellingly.

David, who played his club cricket for Margam, made his first-class debut against a team captained and assembled by HDG Leveson-Gower, against whom he scored 17 runs in the only innings in which he batted.

David would not make another first-class appearance for four seasons, when he played against Cambridge University. David's only County Championship game came later in the same week against Northamptonshire, against whom he scored a duck in the first innings in which he batted and a single run in the second.

External links
Rodney David at CricketArchive

1907 births
1969 deaths
Welsh cricketers
Glamorgan cricketers
Cricketers from Cardiff
People from Hellingly

Rodney David


Sir William Cheyne (died 1443) was an English lawyer, and Chief Justice of the King's Bench from 1424 until 1438. He has been described as "one of the most obscure chief justices of the late medieval period".

Life
Though he is assumed to have been born between 1370 and 1380, his parentage is not known. The situation is complicated by the roughly contemporary existence of at least two other men by the name of William Cheyne: Sir William Cheyne of Brooke, Wiltshire (d. 1420), and William Cheyne of Shurland, Kent (d. 1441) This William Cheyne came from Sussex, and it is here that he makes his first appearance in the record, as a Justice and the Peace and commissioner of that county from 1406 onwards. His career was advanced through the patronage of Thomas FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel; he was one of the executors of the earl's will in 1415.

In 1412 he was created a serjeant-at-law. At the time this was an unpopular position, due to the high cost of the creations ceremony, and the Crown had to admonish the nominees to take up the position, on pain of being debarred. Cheyne was appointed justice of the King's Bench on 16 June 1415, and was reappointed in 1422, on the accession of Henry VI. Two years later, on 23 January 1424, he was promoted to Chief Justice, on the death of the incumbent William Hankford. He retired in 1438, probably due to poor health.

William Cheyne was married twice; possibly three times. His first wife, of whom there is no certainty, was supposedly a Margaret who died in 1419. In 1420 he married Joan, with whom he had two children, John and Margaret. Joan died in 1434. His last wife was another Margaret, who survived him by a few months. He died in 1443 and left his possessions£400 and lands in Sussex and Dorset valued at £80 per annumto his son John. Cheyne was buried in the church of St Benet Paul's Wharf in London.

References

Sources

14th-century births
1443 deaths
Justices of the King's Bench
Lord chief justices of England and Wales
Recorders of London
Serjeants-at-law (England)

William Cheyne (judge)


Parchís is a Spanish board game of the  original from the Dominican and republic Cross and Circle family.  It is an adaptation of the Indian game Pachisi.
Parchís was a very popular game in Spain at one point as well as in Europe and north Morocco - specifically Tangiers and Tetouan, and it is still popular especially among adults and seniors. Since it uses dice, Parchís is not usually regarded as an abstract strategy game like checkers or chess. It does not depend entirely on luck either, since the four pawns under a player's command demand some sort of strategy.

Parchís is license-free in Spain, so in stores it is just as easy to find as a deck of cards, and is usually cheaper. Although the original game allows up to four players (that is, the board counts four colors: yellow, blue, red and green), six-player versions are not hard to find (adding orange and purple, in that order), and eight-player boards can be found in big toy stores.

Traditionally, each player has a cubilete (dice cup) to shake and toss the dice. This does not affect the course of the game itself, but most habitual players find it imperative.

On the reverse of the board it is usual to find a board for the Game of the Goose.

The game can now be played on mobile. Certain apps offer real time multiplayer gameplay where you can play with real opponents across the world.

Rules

This game is played with one six-sided die and four pawns per player. Dice cups are optional, but most game sets include them. The players compete on leading their four pawns out of their nest, around the whole board, into the color track and up to the center of the board, chasing and "eating" each other in the process.

A roll of five forces the player to release one pawn from the nest (if there are any left), and a roll of six gives the player an extra turn. When the player has four pawns in the game (outside the nest), whenever he gets a six, he can move 7 squares. The rule gets cancelled if a pawn reaches the end and gets out of the board.

If ever three 6s are rolled in a row, the last piece moved is killed and returned to the nest. If the last piece moved was in the final colored ramp, it is only moved to the bottom of it. And if the final move is in a secured square it remains there, and the turn is cancelled and passed to the next player.

When a pawn "eats" an opponent's pawn (by landing on the same square, if it is not a safe square), it "kills" it, sending it back to the nest, and advances 20 squares. If a player doesn't notice a kill and moves another pawn, that pawn gets back to the nest. When a pawn reaches the end, one of the other pawns of the same color can advance ten squares.

When one or two pawns of any other color are in the starting square and the player rolls a five, it eats the opposing pawn or pawns, in case it kills two opposing pawns, player can advance with 40 squares.

Blockades can also be made with two pawns. In some variants, a blockade can be formed in any square, if both pawns belong to the same player—otherwise the last to arrive would kill the first. Pawns cannot jump over blockades, which causes "jams", making it easy for players to "eat" each other. A player must open a blockade if he tosses a six with the dice.

References

Cross and circle games

Parchís


Sherman is an unincorporated community semi ghost town in Elko County, Nevada in the United States.

History
The history of Sherman is linked with Valentine Walter family's history. Valentine and his wife came from Eureka and had homesteaded in Sherman Creek by 1876. The couple had twelve children. Because he had so many children, Walter had the permission to open and to create his own school district on May 9, 1886. Sherma was a stagecoach stop. The Walthers provided food and lodging. Walther had the finest grove in Nevada at that time. In this orchard he raised cherries, plums, apricots, apples (250 apple trees). Unhappily, Mrs Walther died in June 1895 and Valentine was left alone to raise 11 children (one child had died at two months of age). In 1902, he and a friend began to build a huge nine-room log home which took 2 years to finish. In 1922, Walther sold his ranch and retired to Elko, where he died in 1933. Nowadays, Sherman is a private property behind a gate and should not be entered without permission, but many of the buildings of early times remain, such as a blacksmith shop and the school.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Nevada
Ghost towns in Elko County, Nevada
Elko, Nevada micropolitan area
Ghost towns in Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Elko County, Nevada

Sherman, Nevada


Elizabeth Anne Pelton (born November 26, 1993) is an American former competitive swimmer and multi FINA world champion.

Personal

Pelton is an American swimmer and multiple FINA World Champion. She has been competing against at the world's best since 2009, at the age of 15. Pelton grew up in Fairfield, CT and swam for the Wilton Wahoos before moving to swim at Badger Swim Club in Larchmont, NY under esteemed coach John Collins. In 2006, Pelton moved to Baltimore, MD to swim with North Baltimore Aquatic Club, one of the most elite swim programs in the world. She trained with Paul Yetter, as well as Bob Bowman, coaches who produced Michael Phelps and Katie Hoff, among the other multiple Olympians from that site. Pelton trained at the T2 Aquatics Swim Club in 2012 in Naples, FL, under Paul Yetter. After 2012, Pelton began her college career at the University of California Berkeley, swimming under the 2012 head London Olympic Swimming Team Women's coach, Teri McKeever. McKeever has produced multiple olympians, in particular, the most decorated female Olympian in history, Natalie Coughlin. Some others included are Dana Vollmer, Emily Silver, Caitlin Leverenz, Rachel Bootsma, Kathleen Baker, and Sara Isokovic. Pelton recently announced her official retirement from the sport at the 2016 Swimming Olympic Trials in Omaha, Nebraska. Pelton is a current student at UC Berkeley. Elizabeth comes from a swimming family with her older brother Gregory swimming for Harvard, sister Mary who swims for University of Virginia, and younger brother William swimming for North Baltimore Aquatic Club. Her father also swam for Pittsburgh and is an MD at Columbia Medicine School.

High school

At the 2009 U.S. Nationals and World Championship Trials, Pelton placed second in the 100-meter backstroke, 200-meter backstroke, and 200-meter individual medley, earning berths on the U.S. national team for the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome.  Pelton opted not to compete in the 200-meter individual medley in Rome because of a scheduling conflict with the 100-meter backstroke, and was replaced by Ariana Kukors for the event.  Pelton also opted to swim the 50-meter backstroke at the World Championships.

At the 2009 FINA World Championships, Pelton placed sixth in the 200-meter backstroke (2:08.04), 13th in the 100-meter backstroke (1:00.51), and 22nd in the 50-meter backstroke (28.86).  Additionally, Pelton swam the backstroke leg of the 4x100-meter medley relay preliminaries, but the U.S. team did not advance to the final.

College

Pelton attends the University of California, Berkeley, where she joined the California Golden Bears swimming team in 2012. In her first season at Cal, she set the American record in the 200-yard backstroke, then bested her own record again at 2013 Pac-12 Conference championships (1:48.39), then breaking the national, U.S. open record at the 2013 NCAAs with 1:47.84. Elizabeth had an outstanding freshman season for the Bears, earning 2013 NCAA Swimmer of the Year, NCAA Swimmer of the Meet, Pac-12 Swimmer of the Year, Pac-12 Freshman of the Year and Pac-12 Swimmer of the Meet honors. In 2014, at the Pac-12 meet, earned conference titles in the 200 back (1:52.18) and on the 800 free relay; also third in the 200 IM (1:55.65) and sixth in the 200 free (1:45.12). At 2014 NCAA Championships, she was a member of Cal's NCAA champion 800 free relay at the 2014 meet; also was the NCAA runner-up in the 200 back (1:50.55), fourth in the 200 IM (1:54.80) and 12th in the 200 free (1:44.59). In 2015, her junior year, placed second in the 200 IM (1:53.80), fifth in the 200 free (1:43.44) and second in the 200 back (1:50.27). At the NCAA Championships meet, she helped the 800 free relay set an American record at the 2015 Pac-12 Championships with a time of 6:50.18, and was 2015 NCAA runner-up to Missy Franklin in the 200 IM (1:52.80); tied for fifth in the 100 back (51.67) and placed seventh in the 200 back (1:52.08). In 2016, her senior year, Pelton served as Team Captain, helping the Bears place 3rd overall at the NCAA Championships in Atlanta, GA.

A CSCAA Scholar All-American in 2014 and an honorable mention Pac-12 All-Academic choice in 2014 and 2015

School record-holder in the 200 back (1:47.84); top 10 in Cal Berkeley history in: 200 free (3rd, 1:42.13), 200 IM (3rd, 1:52.80), 400 IM (6th, 4:09.89), 100 back (4th, 51.26) and 100 free (6th, 47.78)

National success

At the 2014 Phillips 66 National Championships, placed third in the 100m back (1:00.76), fifth in the 200 back (2:11.99) and fifth in the 50m back (28.85), qualifying for the Pan Pacific team.
Finished second to Cal teammate Missy Franklin in both the 100 back (59.27) and 200 back (2:06.29) at the 2013 U.S. National Championships; also placed sixth in the 100m free in 54.65.
At the 2011 ConocoPhillips National Championships, won a silver in the 200m backstroke and a silver in the 800m freestyle relay.

International success
Earned a silver medal in the 100m back at the 2015 World University Games in South Korea (1:00.65); also swam on the finals relay for the U.S. 400m medley relay, which took the bronze; in addition, was ninth in the 50m back. Competed in two individual events at the 2014 Pan Pacific Championships in Australia, taking seventh in the 100m back (1:01.37) and ninth in the 200m back (2:09.95).
Pelton captured gold medals as a member of the 400m medley relay and 400m free relay at the 2013 World Championships in Barcelona; also took fourth in the 100 back (59.45) and fifth in the 200 back (2:08.98). Pelton won a gold medal in the 400m medley relay at the 2011 World Championships, swimming the backstroke lead off leg. At the 2009 World Championships, placed sixth in the 200 back (2:08.04), 13th in the 100 back (1:00.51) and 22nd in the 50 back. Qualified to compete in the 200 IM but opted out due to a scheduling conflict with the 100 back. At the 2011 Pan American Games, won a silver in the 100m back and gold in the 200m back. Pelton won a silver in the 200m back in the 2010 Pan Pacific Championships. Pelton was on the USA's 2009 and 2011 Duel in the Pool teams.

Personal bests (long course)
.

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
American female backstroke swimmers
American female freestyle swimmers
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2011 Pan American Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Sportspeople from Fairfield, Connecticut
Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
21st-century American women
California Golden Bears women's swimmers

Elizabeth Pelton


Roman Kirn was the ambassador of the Republic of Slovenia to the United States, Mexico and The Netherlands. He was appointed Ambassador of Slovenia to the United States of America on May 26, 2009 and to the United  Mexican States on January 20, 2011. From 22 July 2002 until December 2006, he was permanent Representative (or ambassador) of Slovenia to the United Nations. Prior to that appointment, at Slovenia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he served as State Undersecretary and Head of the Multilateral Relations Department. He was Ambassador of Slovenia to the Kingdom of The Netherlands from 16 October 2013 until June 2017.

References

  "CURRICULUM VITAE Mr. Roman Kirn ", The Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Washington. URL last accessed 2 May 2011.
  "Chapter VIII of the UN Charter Needed A More Open-minded Interpretation", The United Nations Chronicle. URL last accessed 25 March 2006.

Living people
Slovenian diplomats
Permanent Representatives of Slovenia to the United Nations
Ambassadors of Slovenia to the United States
Ambassadors of Slovenia to Mexico
1952 births

Roman Kirn


The Furka Steam Railway () is a largely volunteer-operated heritage railway which operates a partially rack and pinion-operated line across the Furka Pass, between Realp in Uri and Oberwald in Valais. Culminating at , above sea level, it is an old mountainous section of the Furka Oberalp Bahn (FO) that was abandoned after the construction of the Furka Tunnel. It has been gradually brought back into service by the Verein Furka-Bergstrecke with the use of only steam locomotives, with the entire line completed in 2010. As a result, the nearly 18 kilometre-long Furka Railway is the longest operated unelectrified line in Switzerland. It is also the second highest rail crossing in Europe, after the Bernina Railway. The Uri side of the line also constitutes the highest railway in Central Switzerland.

The section of line was always a severe operational difficulty for the FO as its high altitude rendered it impassable due to snow and ice for much of the winter season, hence its being abandoned and a tunnel constructed. This has remained a headache for the DFB, as every year it must be closed down and then reopened, an expensive process which involves the removal and replacement of a specially folding transportable bridge that would otherwise be damaged by the snow every year.

The rebuilding of the line has also not been without new difficulties. Requiring to cross a busy main road on a rack operated section, the rack over the road is retractable, actuated to raise at the same time as the level crossing barriers by radios fitted to the line's locomotives. Another section, running through a forested nature reserve, has had to be fitted with a sprinkler system that operates before and after trains pass, again actuated by the radios aboard. Relays allow the system to cascade up or down the section in line with the train, to save water which is supplied by natural water supplies near the summit of the line.

Current and future plans

The organisation is currently  restoring 2 HG 4/4 "D" Steam Locomotives. These 0-8-0 locos were built in Switzerland for use in Vietnam, and were repatriated along with locomotives from the Furka Oberalp Bahn that had been exported to Vietnam after their use in Switzerland.  The organisation is currently endeavouring to raise approximately  Swiss Fr. 1,700,000, or  1,200,000 Euro or  1,200,000 US Dollars for the work required.  The test runs of one of the locomotives are planned for 2013, to assess their suitability for the Furka line. The cost of a new firebox, one of the components the HG 4/4s require, is about Swiss Fr. 110,000, or 80,000 Euro.

Another current project is the restoration of a steam-powered rotary snowplough to deal with the heavy snowfall that needs to be cleared from the route before services can commence each year. This may provide a lucrative opportunity as photographers and film-makers from across Europe and the world will be keen to capture such clearances on camera.

The fundraising foundation Stiftung Furka - Bergstrecke (Furka Mountain Line Foundation), which is separate to the operating company, is providing for the reconstruction of the 2 HG 4/4 locomotives and to develop the line's depot at Realp. The foundation provides investment for equipment and construction on the line generally.

There are videos on YouTube of the line running, with the snowplough.

See also
List of heritage railways and funiculars in Switzerland
List of mountain railways in Switzerland

References

External links

 Official Website

Heritage railways in Switzerland
Metre gauge railways in Switzerland
Mountain railways
Rack railways in Switzerland
Railway lines in Switzerland
Tourist attractions in Switzerland
Railway lines opened in 1925

Furka Steam Railway


The Vaca Mountains are a mountain range in Napa and Solano Counties, California that is one of the California Coast Ranges. They represent the easternmost of the Inner Coast Ranges in north−central California, and divide the Suisun Valley on their west, from the Sacramento Valley on their east.

Geography
The Vaca Mountains are one of the most prominent landmarks of Solano County, with a steep ridge on the east side that rises abruptly  or more above the foothills below. The range begins at Suisun Marsh in a broad, low-elevation saddle that also contains the city of Fairfield and Travis Air Force Base, and separates the mountains to the northwest from an outlier of low hills called the Montezuma Hills. The Vaca Mountains then trend  to the north and end at Putah Creek Canyon. The average width of the range is about , with an area of  that is mostly undeveloped. Mt. Vaca at an elevation  is the highest summit, and the high point of Solano County, but the backbone of the range is the Blue Ridge, a prominent ridgetop that maintains an elevation of over  for several miles.

Where the Blue Ridge seemingly ends abruptly at Putah Creek Canyon, the mountains continue on the north side of the canyon as the Blue Ridge Range, which is topographically and geologically similar to the Vaca Mountains. Because the canyon is difficult to distinguish from most vantage points on the east side, the Vaca and Blue Ridge Mountains present what appears to be a nearly continuous ridge line that defines the west margin of the Sacramento Valley, which is the northern half of the -long Central Valley of California.

Climate, ecology and agriculture
The Vaca Mountains have a typical California climate with a cool wet season lasting from November to April, followed by a warm dry season. Because the Vacas are the easternmost of the Coast Ranges, they are subject to the "rain shadow" effect and rainfall is considerably less than in ranges to the west, such as the Mayacamas Mountains, which are closer to the Pacific Ocean. Mean rainfall averages  a year, with nearly all rain falling during the wet season. Snow does fall on Mt. Vaca and Blue Ridge during unusually cold winters, but very seldom on the lower slopes. Temperatures range from lows of  during the wet season, to highs of over  during the dry season. Because almost all rain falls during the wet season, fire danger is particularly high during the hot summers and early fall.

The reasonably abundant winter rainfall results in a diverse assemblage of plants, with chaparral stands of chamise (Adenostoma), buckbrush (Ceanothus) and manzanita (Arctostaphylos) on the ridgetops, grasslands with oak trees (Quercus) and poison oak (Toxicodendron) on the slopes, and riparian habitats in canyons with year-round streams.  Because of steep topography, the land is largely undeveloped and the native plants undisturbed. However, there is some agriculture in the lower foothills, with wine grapes on the west (Solano County) slopes, and fruit and nut orchards on the east (Yolo County) slopes.  Illicit marijuana growing operations are common on the Solano County side of the mountains.

Geology
Bedrock throughout most of the Vaca Mountains are sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley Sequence that are Cretaceous in age (65-145 ma). These rocks are represented by shale and interbedded sandstone that are thought to have been deposited in a deep-marine setting as submarine fans, sourced by sediment shed during uplift of the ancestral Sierra Nevada. There is also minor conglomerate that may represent the fill of ancient submarine canyons developed at the heads of these fans.  Because the sedimentary layers that make up the Vaca Mountains strike parallel to the crest of the range and dip down to east, these strata have eroded to create a steep escarpment on the west side with a much more gentle slope on the east side.

There are also isolated outcrops of prominent black basaltic rocks, the Putnam Peak Basalt, in particular near Vacaville in the southern part of the range, at Putnam Peak in the middle part, and in Putah Creek Canyon at the northern terminus. This basalt dates at 15-16 ma, which makes it Miocene in age, so it is much younger than the Great Valley Sequence. It is thought to represent remnants from an ancient volcanic eruption on the east side of the Sierra Nevada of an especially fluid flow of lava that spread across a large part of central California.

Water resources

The Vaca Mountains contain several perennial streams, the most important being Suisun Creek on the west side, and Putah Creek on the east. The city of Vallejo, California built a dam at the northern end of Suisun Creek in 1926 to create the  Lake Curry reservoir, which served as a municipal water supply until 1992 when measured selenium concentrations in the lake exceeded federal standards.  The controversial Monticello Dam, Lake Berryessa reservoir, and Putah South Canal - an integrated  project with more than 100 times the water storage capacity of Lake Curry - were completed in 1957-1958 on Putah Creek and currently provide irrigation water to many farms, vineyards and orchards.

History
The original inhabitants of the Vaca Mountains were the Patwin people. The range is named for the Vaca family, after whom the city of Vacaville is also named. The Vacas, along with their partners the Pena family, were among the earliest European settlers in the area, being the original holders of the 1843 Rancho Los Putos land grant from Mexico of  that includes most of the southern part of the range.

In August 2020, the Hennessey Fire started in the Vaca Mountains near Lake Hennessey. The fire destroyed over  in five counties.

References

See also
Mount Vaca
Montezuma Hills

External links

California Coast Ranges
Mountain ranges of Napa County, California
Mountain ranges of Solano County, California
Mountain ranges of Yolo County, California
Geography of the Sacramento Valley
Mountain ranges of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mountain ranges of Northern California

Vaca Mountains


"Caretaker" is the first episode in the TV series Star Trek: Voyager. When it was first broadcast on TV, it was shown as a double-length episode (meaning it lasted for double the time a normal episode would last), however it has been split into two separate episodes so that it can be shown as a repeat.

This episode was first broadcast on January 16, 1995 and takes place on stardate 48315.6, in the year 2371.

Star Trek: Voyager
1995 television episodes

Caretaker (Star Trek: Voyager)


Georgemas is an area in the county of Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland, about  south of the town of Thurso and about two kilometres (one mile) east of the village of Halkirk.

The area is served also by the A9, A882 and B874 roads. The A9 has a junction with the A882 in the area and forms a crossroads with the B874.

The name Georgemas is that of a now historic St George's Day agricultural fair which was held in the area, on Sordale Hill. Georgemas Junction, the station name, dates from 1874.

Rail transport
Georgemas has no real town or village centre of its own but it does have an unstaffed railway station called Georgemas Junction. The station is on the picturesque Far North Line and is the junction for the Wick and Thurso lines. It is located east of Scotscalder, west of Wick and south of Thurso. The station is managed by ScotRail.

External links
 Caithness Community Website information about Georgemas Junction
 Ordnance Survey grid references:
 For Georgemas Junction:
 For A9-A882 junction:
 For Sordale Hill:

Caithness
Geography of Highland (council area)

Georgemas


The Government College of Engineering, Kannur (GCEK) is a public engineering institute affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in Kerala, India. The institute was established in October 1986 by Directorate of Technical Education under the Government of Kerala. In 2012, Careers360, a magazine promoted by Outlook Group, ranked it among the best engineering institutes in Kerala with AA+ rating.

GCEK has grown into a sprawling  campus in Mangattuparamba, just off National Highway NH-17,  north from the district headquarters, Kannur and  south of Taliparamba.

The institute has an annual intake of 330 students (under five four-year graduate courses), on merit basis through the All Kerala Common Entrance Examination. The B.Tech. courses offered are mechanical engineering (60 seats), civil engineering (60 seats), electrical and electronics engineering (60 seats), electronics and communication engineering (90 seats) and computer science and engineering (60 seats).

M.Tech. courses in electrical and electronics engineering (power electronics and drives) and mechanical engineering (advanced manufacturing and mechanical systems) were started from 2011 to 2012 onward and electronics and communication engineering (signal processing and embedded systems) and civil engineering (computer-aided structural engineering) with an annual intake of 72 students.

Courses
The institute was previously affiliated to Kannur University. Since 2015, the institute is affiliated to KTU.

The GCEK offers an M.Tech. degree in engineering in four subjects:

 Advanced manufacturing and mechanical systems design
 Power electronics and drives
 Signal processing and embedded systems
 Computer aided structural engineering

The institute offers B.Tech. Degree in Engineering in five subjects:
 Mechanical
 Civil
 Electrical and electronics
 Electronics and communication
 Computer science

The intake is 335 students per year.

The institute offers PhD.

Departments

Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering

Non-engineering
 Department of Mathematics
 Department of Physics
 Department of Chemistry
 Department of Economics
 Department of Geology
 Department of Physical Education

Facilities
The institute has seven buses for the conveyance of the staff and students, hostels for men and women, accommodating staff hostel and quarters, a co-operative store, a canteen and recreational facilities. GCEK has a training placement cell for campus recruitment and a Parent-Teacher Association.

Forums, clubs and associations include the Sports and Health club, NSS unit, Guidance and Counselling cell, Nature club, Cultural Center, Alumni association, science forum and IEEE Students Chapter.

Each department has computer labs and a library, besides the central computer lab and library. The institute website and 24-hour high-speed internet connection were inaugurated on 3 October 2002. The ECE department has an electronics fabrication laboratory consisting of laser cutters, 3d printers and accessories where students can do their projects.

History
The foundation stone of the main building was laid by Sri. K. Karunakaran, Chief Minister of Kerala on 7 January 1987 at a function presided over by Sri. T.M. Jacob, Minister for Education. The first building constructed was the science block, inaugurated by Sri. Pacheni Kunhiraman.

The construction of the workshops and department blocks for engineering was completed in 1990. The complex was inaugurated by Sri. E.K. Nayanar (Chief Minister of Kerala) on 17 November 1990.

The main block was inaugurated on 1 June 1999 by Sri. P.J. Joseph, Minister for Education. All the classes were shifted to the new building. The new block has badminton courts and an open-air theatre.

Silver Jubilee
GCEK celebrates its 25th anniversary during the year 2011–12. Silver Jubilee celebrations started with Xplore 2011, a national-level technical and cultural festival. On 22 January 2012, Sri James Mathew MLA laid the foundation stone of Silver Jubilee Gate sponsored by the Alumni association and PTA and is expected to finish by March 2012. The closing ceremony of Silver Jubilee was held in March 2012.

Notable alumni
 Byju Raveendran, Founder & CEO, Byju's The Learning App

See also
 College of Engineering, Thalassery
 Government Engineering College, Trivandrum
 List of colleges in Kerala
 APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

References

External links

Silver Jubilee
Alumni

Universities and colleges in Kannur district
Education in Kannur
Colleges affiliated to Kannur University
Dharmashala, Kannur
Educational institutions established in 1986
1986 establishments in Kerala
Engineering colleges in Kannur district


The Alfa Romeo P3, P3 monoposto or Tipo B was a classic Grand Prix car designed by Vittorio Jano, one of the Alfa Romeo 8C models. The P3 was first genuine single-seat Grand Prix racing car and Alfa Romeo's second monoposto after Tipo A monoposto (1931). It was based on the earlier successful Alfa Romeo P2. Taking lessons learned from that car, Jano went back to the drawing board to design a car that could last longer race distances.

Description
The P3 was the first genuine single seater racing car, and was powered by a supercharged eight-cylinder engine. The car was very light for the period, weighing just over 1,500 lb (680 kg) despite using a cast iron engine block.

The P3 was introduced in June, halfway through the 1932 Grand Prix season in Europe, winning its first race at the hands of Tazio Nuvolari, and going on to win 6 races that year driven by both Nuvolari and Rudolf Caracciola, including all 3 major Grands Prix in Italy, France and Germany.

The 1933 Grand Prix season brought financial difficulties to Alfa Corse so the cars were simply locked away and Alfa attempted to rest on their laurels.  Enzo Ferrari had to run his breakaway 'works' Alfa team as Scuderia Ferrari, using the older, less effective Alfa Monzas. Alfa procrastinated until August and missed the first 25 events, and only after much wrangling was the P3 finally handed over to Scuderia Ferrari.  P3s then won six of the final 11 events of the season including the final 2 major Grands Prix in Italy and Spain.

The regulations for the 1934 Grand Prix season brought larger bodywork requirements, so to counteract this the engine was bored out to 2.9 litres. Louis Chiron won the French Grand Prix at Montlhery, whilst the German Silver Arrows dominated the other four rounds of the European Championship.  However the P3s won 18 of all the 35 Grands Prix held throughout Europe.

By the 1935 Grand Prix season the P3 was hopelessly uncompetitive against the superior German cars in 6 rounds of the European Championship, but that didn't stop one final, legendary works victory. The P3 was bored out to 3.2 litres for Nuvolari for the 1935 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, in the heartland of the Mercedes and Auto-Union empire. In the race, Nuvolari punctured a tyre early on while leading, but after the pitstop he carved through the field until the last lap when Manfred von Brauchitsch, driving the more powerful Mercedes Benz W25 suffered a puncture, leaving Nuvolari to win the race in front of 300,000 stunned Germans.

The P3's agility and versatility enabled it to win 16 of the 39 Grands Prix in 1935. The P3 had earned its place as a truly great racing car.

Technical data

Drivers
 1932: Tazio Nuvolari, Rudolf Caracciola, Giuseppe Campari, Baconin Borzacchini
 1933: Louis Chiron, Luigi Fagioli, Giuseppe Campari
 1934: Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, Guy Moll, Brian E. Lewis, Carlo Felice Trossi, Gianfranco Comotti
 1935: Tazio Nuvolari, Raymond Sommer, Louis Chiron, Comte George de Montbressieux, Richard Shuttleworth, René Dreyfus, Vittorio Belmondo, Mario Tadini, Antonio Brivio, Guido Barbieri, Pietro Ghersi, Renato Balestrero
 1936: Raymond Sommer, "Charlie" Martin, José Padierna de Villapadierna, Giovanni Battaglia, Clemente Biondetti, Austin Dobson

Notes

References
Profile of P3 at Grand Prix History
The Golden Age by Leif Snellman

External links
 Results Tables by Quintin Cloud

Grand Prix cars
P3 1932-35 Grand Prix racer
Cars introduced in 1932
1930s cars

de:Alfa Romeo P1/P2/P3

Alfa Romeo P3


Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21 1921 – December 14 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

Life
Sakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.

The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.  He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.  The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.

Persecution only made him speak out more.  He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.  "Do you want to kill us?" cried Sakharov's wife. "We can do worse things than kill you," they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.

The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).

Sakharov kept on asking for glasnost (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be glasnost, let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .

References

1921 births
1989 deaths
Soviet dissidents
Russian human rights activists
Nuclear physicists
Russian physicists

Andrei Sakharov


TradeStation Group, Inc. is the parent company of online securities and futures brokerage firms and trading technology companies. It is headquartered in Plantation, Florida, and has offices in New York; Chicago; Richardson, Texas; London; Sydney; and Costa Rica. TradeStation is best known for the technical analysis software and electronic trading platform it provides to active traders and certain institutional trader markets. TradeStation Group was a Nasdaq GS-listed company from 1997 to 2011, until it was acquired by Monex Group, a Tokyo Stock Exchange-listed parent company of one of Japan's leading online securities brokerage firms.

History
TradeStation was founded by Cuban-born brothers William (Bill) and Rafael (Ralph) Cruz, who sought to create a way to design, test, optimize, and automate their own custom trading strategies. Bill started studying trading at the age of 16, and two years later, the brothers pooled $2,400 to open a futures trading account. They gathered trading data to create charts, which were used to test trading ideas. Bill began to test strategies himself without the benefit of formal coding knowledge, a process that resulted in the development of EasyLanguage, the company's proprietary coding language for non-specialists.

Bill and Ralph decided to start their own company, then known as Omega Research. The brothers focused on selling tools that would give clients without a technical or computer programming background the ability to program and test their own trading strategies. In 1987, they released System Writer, a software product that enabled users to develop and "back-test" their own trading ideas using historical market data. In 1989, System Writer Plus was released with new and innovative charting features, which the publication Commodity Trader Consumer Reports likened to "the system trading software equivalent of putting a man on the moon."

In 1991, Omega Research released TradeStation and, three years later, struck a licensing deal with Dow Jones Telerate to offer TradeStation as a premium service to Telerate's institutional clients worldwide. In 1997, Omega Research conducted an IPO and became listed on the Nasdaq National Market. The company launched an online version of its product in 1999. In 2001, the company converted itself from a trading software company to an online securities brokerage and renamed itself "TradeStation". The software's back-testing, order-generation and trade execution capabilities were fully integrated for both securities and futures markets in 2003. In 2004 and 2005, TradeStation became a self-clearing equities and options firm. An entire industry eventually grew up around TradeStation's software, including seminars, publications, and user networks.

 1982 - company is formed under the name Omega Research, Inc.
 1991 - TradeStation, the company's flagship product, is launched.
 1996 - OptionStation, an options trading analytics product that enables traders to explore complex options trading strategies, is launched.
 1997 - The company launches an initial public offering (IPO) and is listed on the Nasdaq National Market.
 1999 - RadarScreen, a software application that enables traders to scan hundreds of symbols to identify buy and sell opportunities based on the user's custom criteria, is launched; the company also acquires Window On WallStreet and in 2000 launches WindowOnWallStreet.com, the company's first Internet-based charting and analytics service.
 2000 - TradeStation 6, the Internet-based trading platform that serves as the foundation of the company's direct-access brokerage service, is launched; the company also acquires a direct-access securities brokerage, Onlinetrading.com, which is subsequently renamed TradeStation Securities, Inc.
 2001 - TradeStation Group replaces Omega Research as publicly-traded Nasdaq company as a parent of two operating subsidiaries – TradeStation Securities, Inc. (formerly onlinetrading.com) and TradeStation Technologies, Inc. (formerly Omega Research); trading symbol on Nasdaq is changed from OMGA to TRAD.
 2006 - TradeStation Europe Limited (now TradeStation International Ltd) receives approval from the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as an introducing broker.
 2011 - TradeStation Group is acquired by Japan's Monex Group;

Corporate structure
TradeStation Group, Inc.'s principal operating subsidiaries are TradeStation Securities, Inc. and TradeStation Technologies, Inc. TradeStation Group is a wholly owned subsidiary of Monex Group, Inc., one of Japan's largest online financial services providers.

TradeStation Securities, Inc. is a member of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC), Options Clearing Corporation (OCC) and the National Futures Association (NFA). It is a licensed securities broker-dealer and a registered futures commission merchant, and is also a member of the Boston Options Exchange, Chicago Board Options Exchange, Chicago Stock Exchange, International Securities Exchange and NASDAQ OMX. The company's technology subsidiary, TradeStation Technologies, Inc., develops and offers strategy trading software tools and subscription services. Its London-based subsidiary, TradeStation International Ltd., a Financial Services Authority-authorized brokerage firm, introduces the UK and other European accounts to TradeStation Securities, Inc.

Monex Group, Inc. provides online investment and trading services for retail and institutional customers around the world through its subsidiaries, including Monex, Inc. in Japan, TradeStation in the U.S, and Europe, and Monex Boom in Hong Kong.

Its main subsidiary, Monex Inc., one of Japan's largest online securities brokerages, provides financial services to its nearly one million individual investors. Monex Group's services also cover M&A advisory, debt and equity underwriting, asset management focusing on alternative investments, investment education, and other investment banking functions in Japan.

TradeStation analysis and trading platform
The TradeStation analysis and trading platform is a professional electronic trading platform for financial market traders. It provides extensive functionality for receiving real-time data, displaying charts, entering orders, and managing outstanding orders and market positions. Although it comes with a large number of pre-defined indicators, strategy components, and analysis tools, individuals can modify and customize existing indicators and strategies, as well as create their own indicators and strategies using TradeStation's proprietary object-oriented EasyLanguage programming language. Traders can also access hundreds of TradeStation-compatible products created by independent third-party developers through the TradeStation TradingApp Store, as well as access strategy trading ideas submitted by the TradeStation community in the EasyLanguage Library.

TradeStation supports the development, testing, optimizing, and automation of all aspects of trading. Trading strategies can be back-tested and refined against historical data in simulated trading before being traded "live". TradeStation can be used either as a research and testing tool or as a trading platform with TradeStation Securities or IBFX acting as the broker.

Add-on products
A large number of third-party developers develop TradeStation-compatible products. Since Tradestation is a development platform, a custom trading program can be developed called a trading system or trading strategy. If any trader has an analysis technique or potentially profitable strategy he would like to have developed, he can either write his own strategy in EasyLanguage or have his trading system developed by third-party developers. Traders can also take advantage of the TradeStation TradingApp Store, an online marketplace of ready-to-use add-on products built to run on the TradeStation platform by independent developers.

References

External links

Technical analysis software
Online brokerages
Foreign exchange companies
Electronic trading platforms
American companies established in 1982
Financial services companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Florida
Companies based in Broward County, Florida
Plantation, Florida
1997 initial public offerings
2011 mergers and acquisitions
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
Online financial services companies of the United States

TradeStation


Desperation pies are pies in American cuisine made using staple ingredients like butter, sugar, eggs and flour, and making use of other ingredients that cooks had on hand to substitute for ingredients that were out of season or too expensive. These pies were more common before refrigeration and canned pie fillings, and during times of hardship like the Great Depression and rationing of World War II.

History

Before refrigeration, homemakers could only cook with ingredients that were in season or that were preserved or stored, and so could not make fruit pies, like peach pie, when the fruits were not available or prices too high. Green tomato pie was commonly made as a mock apple pie or mock mincemeat pie in the 19th century.

Vinegar pies evolved in the cuisine of the Midwestern United States as a substitute for lemons, to balance the sweetness of custard pie filling. Shoofly pie, chess pie and sugar pie were also common pies of the 19th century made with pantry staples. Buttermilk pie is also a type of desperation pie.

References

American pies
Historical foods in American cuisine
Sweet pies
Great Depression in the United States

Desperation pies


"Tidewater" is a term for the north Atlantic Plain region of the United States.

Definition
Culturally, the Tidewater region usually includes the low-lying plains of southeast Virginia, northeastern North Carolina, southern Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay. Speaking geographically, however, it covers about 50,000 square miles, from New York's Long Island in the north to the southernmost edge of North Carolina in the south, an area that includes the state of Delaware and the Delmarva Peninsula.

The cultural Tidewater region got its name from the effects of the changing tides on local rivers, sounds, and the ocean. The area has a centuries-old cultural heritage that sets the Tidewater region apart from the adjacent inland parts of the United States, especially with respect to its distinctive dialects of English, which are gradually disappearing, along with its islands and its receding shoreline.

Geography

The tidewater region developed when sea level rose after the last ice age, resulting in the flooding of river valleys in the coastal plain. Such flooded river valleys now make up the tidewater since tides continue to affect water levels far inland, in some cases all the way west to the Fall Line. It is generally flat and low, with large expanses near the tidal shorelines composed of tidal marsh and swamp. Much of the area is covered with pocosin and the higher areas are used for agricultural farmlands. Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the Tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean. In Maryland the Tidewater area is the flooded river areas below the Fall Line.  The Hampton Roads area of Virginia is considered to be  a Tidewater region.  Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, parts of Delaware round out the northern part of the region on the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays.

The term tidewater may be correctly applied to all portions of any area, including Virginia, where the water level is affected by the tides (more specifically, where the water level rises when the tide comes in). In the case of Virginia, the Tidewater region includes the land east of the Fall Line, the natural border with the Piedmont Region. It includes Hampton Roads, the rest of the Virginia Peninsula, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, and the Eastern Shore.

Planters in the early American colonies extended their tobacco and peanut productions above the Fall Line, where waterfalls or rapids mark the end of the Tidewater and the beginning of the foothill region known as the Piedmont.

Tidewater is host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in southeastern Virginia.

Regional accents
A distinctive non-rhotic accent of the Old South was spoken in the Tidewater coastal region of Virginia. Known as a Tidewater accent, it is best associated with upper-class white speakers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the actual islands of the Chesapeake themselves, a separate, rhotic accent survives among the locals, sometimes known as "Hoi Toider".

See also
 Hampton Roads
 Inner Banks
 Southern Maryland
 Eastern Shore (Maryland)
 Eastern Shore (Virginia)

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Colin Woodard: American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures in North America. 2011.

Geography of Maryland
Geography of North Carolina
Geography of Virginia
Regions of Maryland
Regions of North Carolina
Regions of Virginia

Tidewater (region)


San Diego Academy is a private, coeducational K-12 Christian school in National City, California.

It is a part of the Seventh-day Adventist education system, the world's second largest Christian school system. As set forth in its constitution and bylaws, San Diego Academy is governed by a board of trustees composed of pastors and elected lay people of the constituent Seventh-day Adventist churches, parents, and alumni. The school operates under the auspices of the Southeastern California Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Office of Education.

San Diego Academy provides Christian education for K-12 young people in the Seventh-day Adventist churches located in the greater San Diego metropolitan area. The churches represented on the board of trustees are constituent members of the school and support it by giving an amount equal to 10.5% of their tithe income each year. Churches encourage each child in their church to attend. Some churches give added assistance to worthy families to make it financially possible for their students to attend.

History
San Diego Academy had its beginnings in 1899 when W. M. Healey, pastor of the Adventist church, rented a store at 17th and K Streets. Seventeen students began their Christian education with Robert Sanders and his wife serving as teachers. The school functioned as an elementary school and then a junior academy until 1930 when it became a full 12-grade school.

After a series of moves, the school was located adjacent to the then-church owned Paradise Valley Hospital in 1947.

Construction on the new site, just east of the old one, began in 2002. The new facility was completed and classes began in 2800 East 4th Street facility during August 2005.

Academics
The required curriculum includes classes in the following subject areas: Religion, English, Oral Communications, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, Physical Education, Health, Computer Applications, Fine Arts, and electives. Advanced classes include AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP Calculus and AP English.

The school's musical program includes instrumental and vocal courses such as 5-6 grade band, 7-8 grade band, and high school concert band. The choral program includes a 7-8 grade choir, a high school choir, and a select choral ensemble. Additionally, there is a handbell choir with at least 14 members.

Spiritual aspects
All students take religion classes each year that they are enrolled. These classes cover topics in biblical history and Christian and denominational doctrines. Instructors in other disciplines also begin each class period with prayer or a short devotional thought, many which encourage student input. Weekly, the entire student body gathers together in the auditorium for an hour-long chapel service.
Outside the classrooms there is year-round spiritually oriented programming that relies on student involvement.

Elementary
San Diego Academy Elementary, includes kindergarten through sixth grade.

Junior high school
San Diego Academy Junior High comprises seventh and eighth grades.

High school
San Diego Academy High School, includes ninth through twelfth grades.

Sports
All students in K-12 are required to take physical education. In the high school level, students are required to play sports or take a PE class until they have two years worth of PE credits.

The high school sports program has teams on both the men's and women's junior varsity and varsity level. The varsity program includes men's and women's basketball, men's and women's volleyball, and co-ed soccer. The junior varsity program includes, men's and women's flag football, men's basketball, and men's volleyball. These teams play in the CIF Southern Section, with the exception of flag football, which is played in a league of other Adventist schools.

In the junior high level, the sports program includes, boys' flag football, boys' soccer, girls' volleyball, and boys' and girls' basketball.

See also

 List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools
 Seventh-day Adventist education

References

External links

Christian schools in California
Private elementary schools in California
Private middle schools in California
Educational institutions established in 1899
High schools in San Diego County, California
Adventist secondary schools in the United States
Private high schools in California
1899 establishments in California

San Diego Academy


A soldering iron is a device used for attaching wires and electronic components together with solder (usually a mixture of tin and lead). This action is called soldering. They can also be used for other tasks such as fixing jewelry. There are several different kinds of soldering irons, such as ones that make use of transformers, or ones that heat up to higher temperatures than others. Some even use natural gas.

A soldering iron stand can be used to hold the iron. It is usually a flat metal stand with a coil that holds the iron.

Electronics
tools

Soldering iron


John White ( – January 4, 1800) was a lawyer and politician in Upper Canada. He was the first Attorney General for Upper Canada.  He wrote and was responsible for the legislation of the new Province, which stemmed from the partition of Quebec in the Constitutional Act of 1791.  His Act to limit slavery, which relied on Christian argument, was the first such enactment ever in the world.

Early life and journey to Upper Canada

He was born at Hicks Hall, Middlesex, England the son of John White.

He studied at the Inner Temple in London and was called to the bar in 1785. He was recommended to William Osgoode by his friend and brother-in-law Samuel Shepherd as a possible attorney general for Upper Canada and was appointed in 1791. Samuel Shepherd had married his sister, Elizabeth White in 1783.

He arrived in 1792 at Kingston, where he was elected to the 1st Parliament of Upper Canada as the member for Leeds & Frontenac. He moved to Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake), where the government was located in September of the same year.

Later life and death

As attorney general for the province, he wrote the bill in 1793 which barred the introduction of additional slaves, and the legislation which established trial by jury, district courts and Court of the King's Bench.  White played an important role in founding the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1797 and was its first treasurer.

The introduction and passage of the 1793 act against slavery was not without opposition.  Four of the original sixteen members of the Legislative Assembly were slave owners: John McDonell, Hazelton Spencer, Peter Van Alstine and David William Smith, and a significant number of landowners.  Nine members of the Legislative Council, some of whom were also Executive Councillors, were slave owners or members of slave-owning families.  White wrote that there was "much opposition but little argument" to his bill.

As a result of an affair with the wife of John Small, the clerk of the Executive Council of Upper Canada, White was challenged by Small to a duel in York on January 2, 1800. He was shot and died 2 days later. He lived beyond his means and was often in debt, and his estate went unsettled for 37 years.

Legislation
Legislation passed during the first four years of his tenure includes:
 "An Act to establish Trials by Jury" (1792, c.2)
 "An Act to establish Winchester Measure etc." (1792, c.3)
 "An Act to establish... [Small Claims] Courts..." (1792, c.4)
 "An Act for the more early and speedy recovery of small debts" (1792, c.6)
 "An act to regulate the Toll taken in Mills" (1792, c.7)
 "An Act for building a Gaol and Court House in every district throughout this Province" (1792, c.8)
 "An Act for the better regulation of the Militia in this Province" (1793, c.1)
 "An Act ... for the Nomination ... of Town Officers..." (1793, c.2)
 "An Act ... to collect Rates, ... and for the Payment of Wages to the Members of the House of Assembly" (1793, c.3)
 "An Act to regulate... the Public Highways and Roads..." (1793, c.4)
 "An act... for the Solemnisation of Marriages..." (1793, c.5)
 "An act to fix the times... of holding the Courts of Quarter Sessions..." (1793, c.6)
 "An act to prevent the further introduction of Slaves, and to limit the Terms of contracts for Servitude within this Province" (1793, c.7)
 "An act to encourage the destroying of Wolves and Bears in different parts of the Province" (1793, c.9)
 "An act to provide for the Appointment of Returning Officers..." (1793, c.10)
 "An act for the regulation of Juries" (1794, c.1)
 "An act to establish the Superior Court of Civil and Criminal Justice..." (1794, c.2)
 "An act to authorise the Governor... to licence Practitioners in the Law" (1794, c.4)
 "An act for the further Regulation of the Militia..." (1794, c.7)
 "An act to restrain... Horned Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Swine to run at large" (1794, c.8)
 "An act to lay and collect a Duty upon Stills" (1794, c.11)
 "An act for ... licencing of Public Houses..." (1794, c.12)
 "An act to regulate the Practice of Physic and Surgery" (1795, c.1)
 "An act to ascertain the Eligibility ... [for] the House of Assembly" (1795, c.2)
 "An act for the public registering of Deeds, Conveyances, Wills and other..." (1795, c.5)

References

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 Law Society's First Treasurer Killed in Duel - Jan. 1800 Web article produced by the Law Society of Upper Canada Archives

1760s births
1800 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
People from Clerkenwell
English barristers
Politicians killed in duels
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada
Deaths by firearm in Ontario
People murdered in Ontario
Attorneys-General of Upper Canada
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Canadian duellists

John White (Frontenac County)


Ezra Seymour Gosney (November 6, 1855 – September 14, 1942) was an American philanthropist and eugenicist.  In 1928 he founded the Human Betterment Foundation (HBF) in Pasadena, California, with the stated aim "to foster and aid constructive and educational forces for the protection and betterment of the human family in body, mind, character, and citizenship," primarily through the advocacy of compulsory sterilization of people who are mentally ill or intellectually disabled.

Biography
Gosney was born in Kenton County, Kentucky, in 1855, and received a degree in law from the Saint Louis University School of Law in 1880. He settled in Flagstaff, Arizona, where he was involved in the establishment of a Wool Grower's Association. Around 1905 he relocated to Southern California, eager to escape the "wild west" environment still present in Arizona while raising two daughters. There he became an active participant in the business community in Pasadena, California, especially in the cultivation of citrus and other crops. Around this time he also helped establish the first California council of the Boy Scouts of America. He also donated $12,500 to found Polytechnic School in 1907. By the 1920s he had built up a considerable fortune, owned one of the largest lemon groves in the state, and served as the director of numerous banks, trusts companies, and corporations.

While working in Pasadena he became acquainted with the biologist and eugenicist Paul B. Popenoe, and in 1925 Gosney financed Popenoe's collection of data on the implementation of California's eugenic compulsory sterilization laws. At the time, compulsory sterilization was seen by many as a way to reduce the incidence of mental illness and intellectual disability in the population over time. Many states had legislation requiring the sterilization of patients at state-run psychiatric facilities, though only California executed the laws in earnest, as most other state officials were wary about the legal status of compulsory sterilization.

The result of Gosney and Popenoe's research was a co-authored volume, Sterilization for Human Betterment: A Summary of Results of 6,000 Operations in California, 1909–1929, completed and published in 1929. The book sought to argue that eugenic sterilization was scientifically supported, caused no harm to patients, and was legally sound. The book, distributed widely by Gosney, was used to promote compulsory sterilization legislation in other states and countries, and along with work by Harry H. Laughlin was one of the most influential texts on sterilization in the United States. Gosney and Popenoe's book was specifically referenced by officials in Nazi Germany in the creation of their own sterilization legislation in 1933 as having provided them with proof that sterilization programs could be safe and effective. According to a U.S. health official at the time who had just returned from a trip to Germany, "the leaders in the German sterilization movement state repeatedly that their legislation was formulated only after careful study of the California experiment." (quoted in Kühl 1994, p. 42-43) Gosney and Popenoe believed the population of mentally ill in the United States could be reduced by half in "three or four generations." The Sacramento philanthropist/eugenicist Charles Goethe wrote to Gosney in a letter from 1934:

You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought and particularly by the work of the Human Betterment Foundation. I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people. (quoted in Black 2003)

A follow-up study, Twenty-eight Years of Sterilization in California, was published by the pair in 1938 (the American Journal of Sociology reviewed it with a single sentence: "An awkward attempt to popularize the practice of sterilizing defectives"). The state of California would eventually sterilize over 20,000 patients in state-run hospitals under its eugenic laws; Nazi Germany would sterilize over 400,000.

In 1926, Gosney first began to organize what would by 1928 become chartered as the Human Betterment Foundation as a philanthropic foundation to promote research and advocacy of eugenics, especially by means of sterilization. As Gosney put it, the Foundation would work for:
the advancement and betterment of human life, character, and citizenship, particularly in the United States of America, in such manner as shall make for human progress in life. It is not the primary intention of to engage in the care of the unfortunate or in any form of relief work, but rather to foster and aid constructive and educational efforts for the protection and betterment of human family in body, mind, character, and citizenship in life. (Gosney and Popenoe 1929, p.192)
The initial board of trustees was Gosney, Henry M. Robinson (a Los Angeles banker), George Dock (a Pasadena physician), David Starr Jordan (chancellor of Stanford University), Justin Miller (dean of the college of law at the University of Southern California), Otis Castle (a Los Angeles attorney), Joe G. Crick (a Pasadena horticulturist), Goethe, and Popenoe. Later members included Lewis Terman (a Stanford psychologist best known for creating the Stanford-Binet test of IQ), William B. Munro (a Harvard professor of political science), and University of California, Berkeley professors Herbert M. Evans (anatomy) and Samuel J. Holmes (zoology).

The Foundation also established links with the California Institute of Technology, with Nobel Prize-winning Caltech physicist Robert Millikan joining the board of the HBF in 1937. The Foundation published a number of pamphlets and financed continued studies of the California sterilization program through the 1930s, and sent thousands of letters to teachers, libraries, and physicians advocating eugenic sterilization. It also underwrote a column in the Los Angeles Times on "social eugenics" and financed a radio program as well as hundreds of popular lectures around the country. Along with the American Eugenics Society, it was the most active and influential eugenics advocacy group in the country.

Upon Gosney's death in 1942, his daughter liquidated the Foundation and donated its remaining assets to Caltech, which in 1943 established a Gosney research fund for biological research using the money. The archives of the Human Betterment Foundation are in Special Collections at Caltech in Pasadena.

Because of changes in public attitudes towards Gosney's work and eugenics in general, in January 2021 the Caltech Board of Trustees authorized removal of Gosney's name (and the names of five other historical figures affiliated with the Human Betterment Foundation), from Caltech campus buildings and other memorials.

See also
 Eugenics in the United States

References
"The Human Betterment Foundation," editorial reprinted from Eugenics, Vol. 3, No. 3: 110–113, in Collected papers on eugenic sterilization in California (Pasadena: Human Betterment Foundation, 1930).
Edwin Black, "Eugenics and the Nazis -- the California connection", San Francisco Chronicle (9 November 2003). For the full Goethe quote, go here.
E.S. Gosney and Paul B. Popenoe, Sterilization for human betterment: A summary of results of 6,000 operations in California, 1909–1929 (New York: Macmillan, 1929).

Rosenbaum, Thomas F. Statement from the President. California Institute of Technology, Accessed January 15, 2021.

External links
 Information about Gosney and the HBF papers collection in Caltech
 Another picture of Gosney (Caltech Archives)
HBF Collection at Caltech
Eugenics Archive images relating to compulsory sterilization (contains picture of and letters from Gosney)

1855 births
1942 deaths
American eugenicists
Nazi eugenics
American philanthropists
People from Pasadena, California
People from Flagstaff, Arizona
People from Kenton County, Kentucky

E. S. Gosney


William Farrell, RIAI, (died 1851) was a prominent Dublin-based Irish architect active throughout early to mid-nineteenth century Ireland, during the Georgian and early Victorian period, known particularly for his church and institutional designs.

Career
Succeeding John Bowden, Farrell was a Board of First Fruits architect for the Church of Ireland ecclesiastical Province of Armagh from 1823 to 1843 and as such designed a number of Church of Ireland churches for the Board of First Fruits and its successor (from 1839) the Board of Ecclesiastical Commissioners.

He was "a freeman of the City of Dublin as a member of the Guild of Carpenters at Michaelmas in 1816." He was president of the Aged and Infirm Carpenters' Asylum in 1842. He was a council member for the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland from 1842 to 1849, and vice president from 1849 until his death.

Differing views of his designs and success of his practice were raised. Farrell "was one of several architects to be attacked in the satirical poem, 'An Essay on the Rise and Progress of Architectural Taste in Dublin…by Nicolson Numskull, Esq.' which was published in 1832: 'With rosy gills - round as a little barrel, A first fruits architect - see Billy F-rr-ll, Who thrives and fattens on anothers brains, He toils and labours - Billy counts the gains.'"

His sons joined his practice around 1833 or 1834 and his practice's name was changed in 1839 to "William Farrell & Son." Only one son remained in partnership and continued the practice after Farrell's death at the end of 1851, Francis James Farrell. Arthur Thomas Farrell, another son, attended  Trinity College, Dublin in 1830.

Influence on other architects
A number of prominent Irish architects received their early training in his offices. In the 1830s, it is thought that James Joseph McCarthy (1817–1882), architect of among other works the Roman Catholic St. Macartan's Cathedral, Monaghan (1861–1892), apprenticed at Farrell's office. Other apprentices included Sinclair Bates in 1809, John Louch in 1813, Parke Neville, and Sandham Symes.

Works
Kirwan House Female Orphanage Chapel, (1818-1970)
St Patrick's Church of Ireland Church, Monaghan, (1836)
Tyrone and Fermanagh Hospital, Omagh, County Tyrone.
Cavan Courthouse
Killeshandra Church of Ireland 1840
 Kilmore diocese See House, Cavan

References

1851 deaths
19th-century Irish architects
Irish ecclesiastical architects
Architects from Dublin (city)
Year of birth missing

William Farrell (architect)


Crystal Creek (also known as Saltwater Creek) is a creek in the City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It runs for 17.5 km, beginning just below Paluma, flowing through the township of Mutarnee and emptying into the Coral Sea. It forms part of the Paluma Range National Park and is known for its division into two tourist destinations, namely Little Crystal Creek and Big Crystal Creek.

Little Crystal Creek is situated approximately two thirds of the way along Mt Spec Road, heading towards the village of Paluma.  This location consists of a number of small swimming holes and waterfalls, as well as the Little Crystal Creek Bridge, an historical arch bridge of which construction began in 1932.  Facilities here include a wheelchair accessible picnic area, barbecues and toilets.

Big Crystal Creek is located a few kilometres downstream from Little Crystal Creek, at the end of Spiegelhauer Road.  Facilities at Big Crystal Creek also include a wheelchair accessible picnic area, barbecues, toilets, as well as a designated camping ground.  The most popular of the swimming holes at Big Crystal Creek is Paradise Waterhole, which is substantially larger than that of the Little Crystal Creek waterholes, and can be accessed by a short walk from the picnic area along a bush track.  Further down the road from the picnic area, the Big Crystal Creek Rockslides can be found, which is another swimming destination known for its natural waterslide formed by mossy rocks.

Heritage listings
Crystal Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Mt Spec Road: Mount Spec Road and Little Crystal Creek Bridge

See also

List of rivers of Queensland

References

Waterfalls of Far North Queensland
Rivers of Far North Queensland

Crystal Creek (Mutarnee)


Paul Gregory Fisher (born 7 September 1958) is a British economist, who left the Bank of England in July 2016 after 26 years service.  In September 2016 he was appointed chair of the London Bullion Market Association and in December 2016, he became a non-executive director at the UK Debt Management Office.  Fisher has been a visiting professor at Richmond, The American International University in London since 2012; and is a senior research fellow in the new DAFM Centre of the Business School at King's College London.  He was chair of the board of trustees at the London Institute of Banking and Finance, from 2011 to 2017.

Since July 2016, he has also been a Senior Associate/Fellow at the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL), where he works on issues around climate change and the financial sector in a pro bono capacity.  CISL  successfully nominated him to be a member of the EU High-Level Experts Group on Sustainable Finance from January 2017 to January 2018; the UK Green Finance Task Force from September 2017 to March 2018; and also as vice-chair of the CISL-supported Banking Environment Initiative.

Previously executive director of the Bank of England's Markets Directorate, he was appointed to the Bank of England's interest rate-setting Monetary Policy Committee from March 2009 to July 2014. Following a reorganisation at the bank, Fisher relinquished his membership of the MPC with effect from 1 August 2014, replaced by Nemat Shafik. He was appointed as Deputy Head of the Prudential Regulation Authority at the Bank of England in July 2014 and to its board from September 2015.

Fisher holds a BSc in economics with statistics from the University of Bristol, an MA in economics from the University of Warwick and a PhD in macroeconomic modelling, also from the University of Warwick.

References

External links
 Bank Of England Biography Page

Living people
British economists
1958 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol

Paul Fisher (economist)