Hillsdale College is a private, conservative, Christian liberal arts college in Hillsdale, Michigan. It was founded in 1844 by members of the Free Will Baptists. Hillsdale's required core curriculum includes courses on the Great Books, the U.S. Constitution, biology, chemistry, and physics.

Since the late 20th century, in order to opt out of the US government's Title IX nondiscrimination requirements, Hillsdale has declined government financial support. Instead, Hillsdale depends entirely on private donations to supplement students' tuition.

History

Founding

Members of the Free Will Baptist sect founded their denomination's first collegiate institution in 1844. They established Michigan Central College in Spring Arbor, Michigan,  The state of Michigan incorporated the college in the following year, during which the college enrolled 25 undergraduates. The college was officially non-sectarian. Its first president was Daniel McBride Graham, who held the office from 1844 to 1848.

Edmund Burke Fairfield assumed the school's presidency in 1848, and in 1850 the college was chartered to confer degrees. Black students were admitted immediately after the college's founding, and the college became the second school in the nation to grant four-year liberal arts degrees to women.

Outgrowing its space, in 1853 the school moved to Hillsdale, Michigan, in part to have access to the railroad that served the city. It received financial support from residents who wanted to develop the 20-year-old town.  Construction was completed and the school reopened as Hillsdale College in 1855.

Fairfield led Hillsdale from 1848 to 1869. In 1854, he attended the first convention of the new Republican Party with Ransom Dunn in neighboring Jackson, Michigan. Fairfield was elected lieutenant governor of Michigan. Hillsdale's early anti-slavery reputation and pivotal role in founding the Republican Party led to the invitation of several notable speakers on the campus, including Frederick Douglass (who visited the school on two separate occasions) and Edward Everett, the orator preceding Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg. On August 8, 1860, Hillsdale conferred its first degrees. On March 20, 1863, the Michigan legislature formally legalized Hillsdale's change of name and location.

Hillsdale no longer has any denominational affiliation but, according to its website, "the moral tenets of Christianity as commonly understood in the Christian tradition have been essential to the mission of the College". It has always been open to black and female students.

19th century

In 1861, many Hillsdale students joined the ranks of the Union Army during the American Civil War; a higher percentage of Hillsdale students enlisted than from any other Michigan college.

In 1869, James Calder succeeded Fairfield as president. Calder served through 1871. During his administration, the commercial school opened, a theological department was established, and the college enrolled around 750 students. He resigned to become president of Pennsylvania State University.

Hillsdale's first president, Daniel McBride Graham, returned for a brief second term in 1871, notably rebuilding the campus after the catastrophic "Great Fire" of March 6, 1874. DeWitt Clinton Durgin, a Union College alumnus, was president from 1874 to 1884. In 1878, the Hillsdale Herald was published, becoming the second oldest college newspaper in Michigan, behind Kalamazoo College's The Index. This paper later merged with another college paper to become The Collegian. During Durgin's presidency, Hillsdale's Kappa Kappa Gamma and Sigma Chi chapters were chartered.

After Ransom Dunn's brief turn as acting president, George F. Mosher served as president of Hillsdale from 1886 to 1901. During this time, the college grew in size and prestige. In 1884, Spencer O. Fisher became the first Hillsdale alumnus elected to Congress. Pi Beta Phi and Alpha Tau Omega were chartered. In 1891, the Chicago Herald reported, "Hillsdale has a college second in standing to no denominational college in the country." Four years later, when the University of Chicago offered to affiliate with Hillsdale, the college rejected the proposal.

20th century

thumb|left|Central Hall in 1908
In 1900, Hillsdale ceased grazing livestock and removed the agrarian fence circling the campus. It began an era of institutional growth and professionalization. In 1902, Joseph William Mauck became the college's sixth president, the first Hillsdale graduate to return as president of his alma mater. Beloved by the college community and an early and outspoken advocate for women's suffrage, Mauck served for two decades. One of the women's dormitories is named after Mauck.

In 1907, the college amended its Articles of Association, no longer requiring the president and trustees to be Free Will Baptists. This led to a decline in the theological department's prestige but an increase in the number of Christian denominations represented on campus.

William Gear Spencer succeeded Mauck as president, serving from 1922 to 1932, when he departed to lead Franklin College. Under Spencer, Hillsdale acquired its 14-acre Slayton Arboretum, built new dormitories, constructed a new field house for its developing athletic programs, and, in 1924, chartered its chapter of Chi Omega.

During the Great Depression, Willfred Otto Mauck, Joseph Mauck's son and also an alumnus, was selected as the eighth president, serving from 1933 to 1942. Throughout this era, the college struggled financially, was forced to cancel its new construction projects, and cut the pay of its faculty and staff by nearly 20%. Succeeding Mauck, Harvey L. Turner became Hillsdale's ninth president, serving from 1942 to 1952. Despite its financial difficulties, the college built a new library, had an undefeated and untied football team in 1938, and celebrated its centennial in 1944, when more than 1,000 alumni returned to campus for the commencement ceremony.

J. Donald Phillips next assumed the presidency, holding the position from 1952 to 1971. During his administration, Hillsdale constructed the Simpson and McIntyre Student Residences in 1966. In these years, Hillsdale began to resist federal civil rights regulations, particularly concerning affirmative action, enacted in the 1960's. In 1962, the college's trustees adopted its own "Declaration of Independence". It affirmed Hillsdale's stance against what it called governmental control.

A marker designating the college as a Michigan Historic Site was erected by the Michigan Historical Commission in 1968.

George Roche III became the 11th president of Hillsdale College in 1971. During the Roche years, Hillsdale became nationally known, in part because of its withdrawal from federal and state-assisted loan programs and grants. Colleges that receive federal funding are required by law to report data on racial integration as part of the US affirmative action student loan program. Hillsdale announced that it refused to do so, and the college's trustees instead stated that the institution would follow its own non-discrimination policy and "with the help of God, resist, by all legal means, any encroachments on its independence."

During Roche's presidency, the college dramatically increased its endowment, established the Center for Constructive Alternatives, and hosted prominent national speakers, including Ronald Reagan. It also began publishing Imprimis, a monthly speech digest. Russell Kirk taught at Hillsdale for one semester per year beginning in 1973.

Roche resigned his position at Hillsdale in late 1999 following a scandal surrounding the death of his son's wife, Lissa Jackson Roche, who committed suicide in the Slayton Arboretum on October 17, 1999. Hours prior to her suicide, Ms. Roche stated that she and her father-in-law had engaged in an on-and-off 19-year sexual affair. Married to Roche's son, Hillsdale Professor of History George Roche IV, Jackson Roche had been employed as managing editor of Hillsdale College Press for 14 years. President Roche denied the alleged affair, but was suspended by the College on November 1 and resigned his post on November 10. Due to Jackson Roche's suicide and the ensuing scandal, the college's reputation suffered.

21st century
Larry P. Arnn has served as president of the college since 2000. Hillsdale's K–12 Initiative developed a full liberal arts K–12 curriculum for use in the charter schools and its private school in Michigan, Hillsdale Academy. In 2021, Hillsdale K–12 released a Civics "1776 Curriculum." In 2022, Hillsdale had schools following its K–12 liberal arts curriculum across 19 states and Barney Charter Schools in 9 states.

After several decades of maintaining a semester program in Washington D.C., Hillsdale established a permanent presence with the establishment of the Allan P. Kirby, Jr. Center for Constitutional Studies and Citizenship on Massachusetts Avenue. The facility was dedicated on Constitution Day 2010. Ginni Thomas, wife of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, ran the Washington center's speaker series at this time. In 2015, the Boyle Radio Studio at the Kirby Center was dedicated.

In 2012, Hillsdale founded the Van Andel Graduate School for Statesmanship on its Michigan campus offering both an M.A. and PhD in Politics. Its first M.A. students graduated in 2014, and its first PhD students graduated in 2018. In 2020, Hillsdale founded the Van Andel Graduate School of Government on its DC campus offering an M.A. in Government. In 2022, Hillsdale founded its Graduate School of Classical Education offering an M.A. in Classical Education.

In 2013, Arnn was criticized for remarks about ethnic minorities he made while testifying before the Michigan legislature against the Common Core curriculum standards. Expressing concern about government interference with educational institutions, he noted having received a letter from the state Department of Education early in his presidency that said his college "violated the standards for diversity." He added, "because we didn't have enough dark ones, I guess, is what they meant." After being criticized for calling minorities "dark ones," Arnn explained that he was referring to "dark faces". He stated: "The State of Michigan sent a group of people down to my campus, with clipboards ... to look at the colors of people's faces and write down what they saw. We don't keep records of that information. What were they looking for besides dark ones?" Michigan House Democratic Leader Tim Greimel condemned Arnn's comments, calling them "offensive", "inflammatory and bigoted", and asked for an apology. In response, the college issued a statement apologizing for Arnn's remark, while reiterating his concern about "state-endorsed racism", as Arnn called affirmative action.

In 2019, S. Prestley Blake donated his former home, an exact replica of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, in Somers, Connecticut to Hillsdale College. In May 2021, Hillsdale dedicated the property as the Blake Center for Faith and Freedom. In November 2021, Hillsdale purchased land in Placer County, California for nearly $6M with plans for a new educational center.

The college is at the center of a political dispute about the K12 education, since it regards "history as politics by other means."

Academics
Hillsdale was ranked 46th in the 2022 U.S. News & World Report listing of "National Liberal Arts Colleges". The Princeton Reviews The Best 384 Colleges 2023 ranked Hillsdale as first for "most engaged in community service," seventh for "students love these colleges," eighth for "professors get high marks," and thirteenth for "students study the most." The most popular undergraduate majors, based on 2021 graduates, were:
Economics (31)
Political Science & Government (31)
English Language & Literature (26)
History (26)
Finance (23)
Biochemistry (20)
Biology/Biological Sciences (20)

As of 2022, the college offers three graduate programs: the Van Andel Graduate School of Statesmanship, offering both an M.A. and a Ph.D. program in Politics; the Steve and Amy Van Andel Graduate School of Government, based in Washington, D.C., and offering an M.A. in Government; and the Graduate School of Classical Education, offering an M.A. in classical education.

Campus

Hillsdale's  campus contains multiple instructional and office buildings, 13 residence halls, seven fraternity and sorority houses, an athletic complex, a library, a music hall, an arts center, a conference center, a hotel, and a preschool. Hillsdale College also operates Hillsdale Academy, a private K–12 liberal arts school. The college opened the classical-style Christ Chapel in 2019, in a dedication ceremony led by Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas.

The campus features the Liberty Walk, a walkway lined with bronze depictions of famous politicians including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, Winston Churchill, Margaret Thatcher, and Ronald Reagan.

Policies
In the early 1980s a controversy over the school's admissions practices threatened federal student loans to 200 Hillsdale students. Title IX prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money. The federal government required colleges where students received federal funding to document their compliance with Title IX, but Hillsdale refused, arguing that the government could not deny federal funds to its students because the college received no direct federal funding and there was no allegation of actual sex discrimination. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) sought to terminate federal financial assistance to Hillsdale's students; an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) denied HEW's request in 1978, and both HEW and Hillsdale appealed to HEW's Civil Rights Reviewing Authority.

In October 1979, the Reviewing Authority rejected Hillsdale's arguments and the ALJ's decision, ruling that HEW could require Hillsdale to sign the Assurance of Compliance as a condition of its students receiving federal financial assistance. The college appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; in 1982, the Sixth Circuit ruled that government aid to individual students could be terminated without a finding that a college actually discriminated, but nevertheless upheld Hillsdale's refusal to sign the compliance forms because only its student loan and grant program is subject to Title IX regulation, not the entire college.

In the related 1984 case Grove City College v. Bell, the Supreme Court required every college or university to fulfill federal requirementspast and future requirementsif its students received federal aid. As a result of the decision, Hillsdale withdrew from all federal assistance beginning with the 1984–1985 academic year; Grove City College, the plaintiff in that case, followed Hillsdale's lead four years later. Beginning in the 2007–2008 academic year, Hillsdale stopped accepting Michigan state assistance, instead matching with its own aid any funds that a student would have received from the state. Since 2007, Hillsdale's entire operating budget, including scholarships, has come from private funding and endowments.

Programs

The Blake Center for Faith and Freedom
In 2019, S. Prestley Blake donated his estate in Somers, Connecticut, to the college. Following a lengthy battle over zoning issues, the college has turned the estate into The Blake Center for Faith and Freedom. The center includes a replica of Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.

Academy for Science and Freedom
In December 2021, Hillsdale launched the Academy for Science and Freedom in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The academy's stated goal is to "educate the American people about the free exchange of scientific ideas and the proper relationship between freedom and science in the pursuit of truth." The academy called the United States' response to the COVID-19 pandemic "the worst public health fiasco in history" that "has unveiled serious issues with how science is administered". Scott Atlas, Jay Bhattacharya, and Martin Kulldorff, who helped found the academy, have ties to the Great Barrington Declaration.

Campus life

Athletics

In 2018, Hillsdale College was named one of the best schools in the U.S. for student-athletes by Next College Student Athlete's 2018 NCSA Power Rankings. Hillsdale was the fourth ranked school among all NCAA Division II colleges and universities in the U.S. The NCSA Power Rankings, which recognize the best colleges and universities in the U.S. for student-athletes, ranked Hillsdale within the top 10 among all Division II schools for several sports including football, baseball, softball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's tennis, men's and women's track and field, women's swimming and women's volleyball. Hillsdale men's track and field also ranked 97th overall (among all divisions).

Alma mater
Hillsdale's alma mater is "White and Blue". The words and melody were composed by Bess Hagaman Tefft, Class of 1937.

Notable people

Alumni:

Politics and law
 E. Ross Adair (1929), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana
 Chester Hardy Aldrich (1888), Governor of Nebraska and justice on the Nebraska Supreme Court
 Joseph Cella (1991), United States Ambassador to Fiji
 Chris Chocola (1984), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana's 2nd congressional district and President of the Club for Growth
 Cyrus Cline (1876), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana
 David L. Cornwell (1964), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana
 Dan Crane (1958), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 22nd and 19th congressional districts
 Phil Crane (1952), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 8th congressional district
 Robert William Davis (1952), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 11th congressional district
 Solomon Robert Dresser (1865), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and founder and president of S.R. Dresser Manufacturing Co., now Dresser Industries
 Spencer O. Fisher (c. 1865), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 10th congressional district
 Albert J. Hopkins (1870), U.S. Senator from Illinois
 Henry M. Kimball (c. 1900), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 3rd congressional district
 Verner Main (1907), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan
 Spencer G. Millard (1877), Lieutenant Governor of California
 Joseph B. Moore (1879), justice on the Michigan Supreme Court
 Thomas Morrison (1997), representative for the 54th District in the Illinois General Assembly
 Aric Nesbitt (2001), member of Michigan House of Representatives (2011–2017), 66th district and House Majority Floor Leader; President Pro Tempore of the Michigan State Senate (2019–present)
 Walter H. North (1896), justice on the Michigan Supreme Court
 Jasper Packard (c. 1853), newspaper editor and U.S. Representative from Indiana
 Paul J. Ray, Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
 David Viviano (1994), justice on the Michigan Supreme Court
 Beth Walker (1987), justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals
 Betsy Woodruff Swan (2012), reporter
 Hans Zeiger (2007), author and representative for the 25th Legislative District of Washington

Military and public service
 Clinton B. Fisk (c. 1844), Civil War soldier and statesman, namesake of Fisk University and Prohibition Party candidate for president in 1888; first inductee into the Hillsdale County, Michigan Veteran's Hall of Fame in 2001
 Mary Hannah Fulton (1874), medical missionary in China
 Washington Gardner (1870), Civil War soldier and statesman
 Charles Vernon Gridley (c. 1860), Civil War sailor and Spanish–American War Naval captain
 Moses A. Luce (1866), lawyer and Medal of Honor recipient for service in the Civil War
 Erik Prince (1992), Navy SEAL and founder of Blackwater

Science and engineering
 Bion J. Arnold, pioneer in electrical engineering and mass transportation

Professional sports and athletics
 Andre Holmes (2011), wide receiver for the Denver Broncos
 Jared Veldheer (2010), offensive lineman for the Green Bay Packers
 Tom Heckert (1990), former general manager for the Cleveland Browns
 Spanky McFarland (1976), college baseball coach at Northern Illinois and James Madison
 Ron Tripp (c. 1975), expert in sambo and judo and current general secretary of USA Judo
 Chester Marcol (1972), placekicker for the Green Bay Packers and Houston Oilers
 Chuck Liebrock (1967), offensive lineman in the Canadian Football League for the Toronto Argonauts and Winnipeg Blue Bombers
 Bruce McLenna (1966), halfback for the Detroit Lions and Kansas City Chiefs
 Bud Acton (c. 1964), NBA player with the San Diego Rockets
 Howard Mudd (1963), offensive lineman for the San Francisco 49ers and Chicago Bears and offensive line coach for the Philadelphia Eagles
 Wayne Schurr (1959), relief pitcher for the Chicago Cubs
 Mike Lude (1948), head football coach at Colorado State University and athletic director at Kent State University, University of Washington, and Auburn University
 Fred Knorr (1937), radio executive and part-owner of the Detroit Tigers
 Lynn Bell (1906), minor-league professional baseball player and college football coach
 Amanda Eccleston (2012), retired professional mid-distance runner for Brooks.

Academia and scholarship
 Manuel Ayau (1973), Guatemalan-born politician, humanitarian, and founder of the "Universidad Francisco Marroquín"
 Clara Kern Bayliss (1871, 1874), first woman to graduate from Hillsdale, became writer, educator
 Elizebeth Friedman (1915), pioneer in cryptology
 Jason E. Hammond, Michigan Superintendent of Public Instruction
 Peter Leeson (2001), economist
 Robert P. Murphy (1998), economist and author
 Gennady Stolyarov II (2008), libertarian and transhumanist writer
 Robert Page Sims (1897), college president, civil rights activist
 Kat Timpf (2010), Fox News contributor

Faculty:

Active faculty
 Michael Anton, former senior national security official in the Trump administration
 Larry P. Arnn, educator and political scientist
 Bradley J. Birzer, history professor and holder of the Russell Amos Kirk Chair in American Studies
 Ronald J. Pestritto, graduate dean and professor of politics
 Paul A. Rahe, historian
 Wilfred McClay, historian and author
 Gary L. Wolfram, economist and public policy analyst
 D. G. Hart, religious and social historian
 Mollie Hemingway, journalist

Visiting faculty and fellows
 Victor Davis Hanson, classicist and war historian
 Mark Helprin, novelist and intelligence expert
 Carl F.H. Henry, theologian
 David McCullough, historian
 Madsen Pirie, British researcher, author, and educator
 Mark Steyn, journalist
 Clarence Thomas, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Former faculty
 Michael Bauman, theologian
 John Jay Butler, Free Will Baptist theologian
 Allan C. Carlson, historian
 Ransom Dunn, dean and professor emeritus
 Clark Durant, educator, Senate candidate, co-founder of Cornerstone Schools (Michigan) and Imprimis
 Richard Ebeling, Austrian School economist
 Burton Folsom, economic historian
 Sir Martin Gilbert, official biographer of Winston Churchill and twentieth-century historian
 Daniel McBride Graham, abolitionist, inventor
 Russell Kirk, conservative writer
 Madsen Pirie, British researcher and former visitor in philosophy and logic
 Frank "Muddy" Waters, College Football Hall of Fame inductee

Trustees:
 Pat Sajak, Wheel of Fortune host, President of the Hillsdale College Board of Trustees

References

External links

 The Hillsdale Collegian, the campus newspaper

Liberal arts colleges in Michigan
Educational institutions established in 1844
Education in Hillsdale County, Michigan
Buildings and structures in Hillsdale County, Michigan
Conservatism in the United States
1844 establishments in Michigan
Nondenominational Christian universities and colleges in the United States
Private universities and colleges in Michigan
Free Will Baptist schools
Michigan State Historic Sites

Hillsdale College


Samuel Phillips Savage (November 9, 1940 – January 17, 2019) was an American novelist and poet, best known for his 2006 novel Firmin: Adventures of a Metropolitan Lowlife. Other published works are The Cry of the Sloth, The Criminal Life of Effie O, and Glass.

Life and work

Samuel Phillips Savage was born in 1940 in Camden, South Carolina. His father, Henry Savage Jr., a lawyer by profession, was also an author, publishing several books of history and natural history. Savage graduated from Yale University in 1968 and was awarded the Warren Memorial High Scholarship Prize for "the B.A. candidate with highest scholastic rank."  He subsequently studied philosophy at Yale and at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, receiving a Ph.D. from Yale University, with a dissertation on the political thought of Thomas Hobbes. He also taught at Yale, in his words "briefly and unhappily."

Prior to attending Yale he was poetry editor of Reflections, a small literary magazine published in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, in the early 1960s, and was active in the Civil Rights Movement. After leaving Yale, Savage spent several years in France. He returned to South Carolina in 1980, settling in the small coastal village of McClellanville. In 2004 he moved to Madison, Wisconsin. Before writing, he worked as a bicycle mechanic, carpenter, crab fisherman, and letterpress printer.

He married Nora Manheim, daughter of the noted literary translator Ralph Manheim. They had two children. Savage also had a son by a previous marriage.

Savage was the author of six novels. The first was a novel in verse, The Criminal Life of Effie O., published in 2005 and described as a "children's book for adults". It was illustrated by Virginia Beverley (Savage). In 2006, Savage published Firmin: Adventures of a Metropolitan Lowlife, a darkly humorous story about a bookstore rat in difficult times. In 2007 the Spanish publishing house Seix Barral purchased the world rights to Firmin, including English-language rights. The novel subsequently became a bestseller in Europe and has been translated into more than a dozen languages.

The Cry of the Sloth, published in 2009, is a tragic-comic novel that recounts the downhill slide of a failed literary man. The novel is composed of every word the protagonist writes over a period of four months, including letters, novel drafts, newspaper advertisements, and grocery lists.

Glass, published in 2011, is the fictional memoir of Edna, the wife of a deceased author. Edna has been asked to write a preface to her late husband's novel. Instead, however, Edna defiantly endeavors to write a separate book "not just about Clarence but also about my life, as one could not pretend to understand Clarence without that." Day by day pages of seemingly random thoughts fall from her typewriter. Gradually taking shape within the mosaic of memory is the story of a remarkable marriage and of a mind pushed to its limits.

The Way of the Dog, published in 2013, is a novel that follows Harold Nivenson, a decrepit, aging man who was once a painter and arts patron. The death of Peter Meinienger, his friend turned romantic and intellectual rival, prompts him to ruminate on his own career as a minor artist and collector and make sense of a lifetime of gnawing doubt. Over time, his bitterness toward his family, his gentrifying neighborhood, and the decline of intelligent artistic discourse gives way to a kind of peace within himself, as he emerges from the shadow of the past and finds a reason to live, every day, in "the now".

His last novel, It Will End with Us, published in 2014, is a first person narrative by an aging upper class woman from the American South who is trying to discover the truth about her past from a collection of fragmentary, perhaps uncertain, memories. In 2016 the online literary journal Numero Cinq published "Zero Gravity", a collection of poems dating from 1981 to 2015.

Bibliography
The Criminal Life of Effie O. (2005)
Firmin: Adventures of a Metropolitan Lowlife (2006)
The Cry of the Sloth: The Mostly Tragic Story of Andrew Whittaker, Being his Collected, Final, and Absolutely Complete Works (2009)
Glass (2011)
The Way of the Dog (2013)
It Will End with Us (2014)Zero Gravity - Poem collection (1981–2015)An Orphanage of Dreams'' (2019) - Short stories

Acclaim
Savage was a finalist for the 2007 Awards for books published in 2006 from the Society of Midland Authors, a 2006 Litblog Co-op Read This choice, as well as a Barnes & Noble Great New Writers pick.

References

1940 births
2019 deaths
People from Camden, South Carolina
People from McClellanville, South Carolina
Novelists from South Carolina
Novelists from Wisconsin
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Yale University alumni
Yale University faculty

Sam Savage


A New Romance of Celluloid: The Miracle of Sound is a 1940 short documentary film, presented and directed by MGM sound engineer Douglas Shearer and narrated by Frank Whitbeck, which goes behind the scenes to look at how the sound portion of a talking picture is created. The film, which was produced as part of the studio's Romance of Celluloid series, is available as a bonus on the Warner DVD of The Shop Around the Corner.

Synopsis
The film starts with a brief introduction to the work of Thomas A. Edison and a clip from William K.L. Dickson's  The Dickson Experimental Sound Film (c. 1894). Douglas Shearer then presents a behind the scenes look at the filming of W.S. Van Dyke's Bitter Sweet (1940) featuring Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy to explain how the sound is recorded. A scene from King Vidor's Comrade X (1940) featuring Clark Gable and Hedy Lamarr is used to demonstrate the final result. The film concludes with a montage from trailers for coming MGM pictures and a Technicolor screen test of Greer Garson for Mervyn LeRoy's Blossoms in the Dust (1941).

Production
The film was shot on location at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City, California.

References

External links

1940 films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer short films
Documentary films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
American black-and-white films
American short documentary films
1940s short documentary films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language documentary films

The Miracle of Sound


is a Japanese AV idol and pink film actress. She has appeared in award-winning pink films, and was herself given a "Best Supporting Actress" award in two successive years for her work in this genre in 2006 and 2007.

Life and career
Kyōko Kazama was born in Tokyo on January 12, 1974. She first became known in the mid-1990s as an AV idol. In AV profiles, her birthday is reported as February 20, 1977, and the kanji used to spell her name is "". In the shift from focus on AV work to pink film theatrical releases she uses "". Both versions of her name are pronounced "Kazama Kyōko". Among the prominent AV studios at which Kazama has performed are Alice Japan, Dogma, and, more recently, the -specialist Madonna studio. Kazama was one of the early AV idols associated with the Attackers studio, and has continued to appear in videos for the studio throughout her career. In September 2005 she appeared in the Attacker's AV Slave Island which won the Attackers Award at the 2005 Moodyz Awards.

Kazama made her pink film debut in 1997, and has appeared in films directed by the most prominent filmmakers in the genre, including Satoru Kobayashi, the director of Flesh Market (1962), the first pink film. She often plays "bad girl" roles in films, but the Shintōhō Eiga studio site describes her, in life, as "a shy, kind, and friendly woman." Besides several films with Kobayashi, Kazama has also worked with directors Yutaka Ikejima, Tarō Araki, Tetsuya Takehora, and Toshiki Satō. In Satō's satire of the pink film profession, Woman of the House: Going to the Class Reunion aka Tokyo Booty Nights (2004), pink veterans Yōta Kawase and Yumeka Sasaki were cast as a married couple of pink film performers. Kazama played the role of a sex-film actress, with director Mitsuru Meike in a cameo as her henpecked husband. During filming, Yōta Kawase's director demands that he perform "honban"—actual sex—with Kazama for a more realistic scene. Kawase demands to know why Kazama should be paid more than himself for the performance, and the director replies, "Because no one is looking at the guy."

By 2002, known as a leading actress in the pink film, the main feature of issue #93 of the pink film journal P*G was an interview with Kazama. Since 1994 P*G has been the leading journal on the pink film, and is the host of the Pink Grand Prix, the major awards ceremony for the genre.

Kazama has also acted in films by female directors in the pink film genre, Sachi Hamano, Yumi Yoshiyuki, and Kyōko Aizome. For the Shintōhō Eiga studio, she appeared in Whore Hospital, the first in a series of films also known as "Pink Salon Hospital", directed by Hamano credited as "Chise Matoba". The film was given Honorable Mention at the 1997 Pink Grand Prix awards. Kazama returned for the fourth film in the series, also directed by Hamano. In 2001 she appeared in director Hamano's Lily Festival (2001), a film about sexuality among senior citizens. The film was given the Best Feature Film award at the Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival in 2003. Known for her prominent bustline, Kazama co-starred with the buxom Sakurako Kaoru in Yoshikawa's Big Tit Sisters: Blow Through the Valley (2006). The film was named the seventh best pink release of the year at the Pink Grand Prix, and the sixth best by walkerplus.com.
At the Kansai region Pinky Ribbon Awards, Kazama was named Best Supporting Actress for her work in the pink film in 2006 and 2007.

Kazama joined with actresses Akiho Yoshizawa, Mihiro and Lemon Hanazawa for the Edo period historical costume drama, The Inner Palace: Indecent War, in July 2006. A sequel The Inner Palace: Flower of War came out in August of the same year. Both videos were released by the AV studio Max-A in hardcore versions under their DoraMax label and also as shorter softcore R-15 rated versions for the Pure Max label.

Bibliography

English

Japanese

External links
 Kyoko Kazama at Tokyo Topless

Notes

|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Pinky Ribbon Awards
|-

|-

1974 births
Actresses from Tokyo
Japanese pornographic film actresses
Japanese female adult models
Pink film actors
Living people

Kyōko Kazama


Ian Harvie is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He is a trans man and often references being one in his performances. He is best known for his appearance on the television show Transparent. In 2017, transgender actors and actresses including Harvie (with the help of GLAAD and ScreenCrush) were part of a filmed letter to Hollywood written by Jen Richards, asking for more and improved roles for transgender people.

Early life
Harvie knew he was transgender at a very early age, but did not have a language for his gender identity at the time. Harvie came out as gay at nineteen and as transgender at age thirty-two. Harvie grew up on Beaver Pond in the rural mountain town of Bridgton, Maine, until the age of twelve. He has two older brothers, Rob and Jeff. Early comedy influences he has cited include The Carol Burnett Show, Flip Wilson, Rich Little, Hee Haw, Laugh-In, Dean Martin Celebrity Roast, and Saturday Night Live.

Comedy career
Harvie began his stand-up comedy career in January 2002 at a small comedy club in Portland, Maine. Three months later he began performing at a sister club in Boston, Massachusetts. Harvie moved to Los Angeles, California, in June 2006. By November 2006 he began touring with comedian Margaret Cho as her opening act. Cho cast Harvie as a permanent member of her off-Broadway burlesque comedy revue,  Margaret Cho's The Sensuous Woman.

In April 2007, Harvie began producing and hosting his own self-titled comedy/talk show, The Ian Harvie Show, at Los Angeles music and comedy club Largo. The show is similar in format to other late-night talk shows but with guests who are all LGBT or connected to the LGBT community. Previous guests of the show include Margaret Cho, Leslie Jordan, Jane Lynch, Alan Cumming, Jorja Fox, Suzanne Westenhoefer, Kimberly Peirce, Rex Lee, Selene Luna, Jenny Shimizu, Buck Angel, Garrison Starr, Sabrina Matthews, and Erin Foley.

From October 2006 through October 2009, Harvie toured comedy clubs and theaters around the world with Margaret Cho. In 2007, he appeared on Logo as part of the Wisecrack Outlaugh Festival on Wisecrack. He performed on Logo again in 2009 on One Night Stand Up Episode 6 and on ABC's late night television series, Comics Unleashed with Byron Allen, in the 2009 season.

In November 2009, Harvie began his solo headlining career. His one-man show Parts Sold Separately, which features humor about sex and gender, played the Melbourne International Comedy Arts Festival in Melbourne, Australia, in April 2010. In January 2011, Harvie performed his new solo show Balls OUT with Ian Harvie at SF SketchFest in San Francisco, California.

In September 2010, Harvie and fellow sober comedians Felon O'Reilly and Amy Dresner began a three-person comedy group.  They traveled around the US with their collective recovery-based standup comedy show, Laughs Without Liquor: the We Are Not Saints tour. The road show and tour were filmed by filmmaker and director Bobby R. Poirier with a planned release date of summer 2011.

Filmography
 Young & Hungry (2016) as Uncle Chris
 Mistresses (U.S. TV series) (2016) as Michael Hester
 Transparent (2014) episodes "The Symbolic Exemplar" and "The Wilderness" as Dale
 Roadtrip Nation (2014) episode "Know Who You Are" as himself
 Comics Unleashed (2014) June 3 episode as himself
 Ian Harvie Superhero (2013) as himself
 Sexing the Transman (2011) as himself
 Gaze (2010) as himself
 One Night Stand Up (2009) episode "Hollywood" as himself
 James Lipton Is Dead (2007) as God
 Wisecrack (2005) episode "Outlaugh Festival on Wisecrack: Episode 7" as himself

References

External links

American stand-up comedians
Living people
Transgender comedians
Transgender male actors
American transgender actors
LGBT people from Maine
21st-century American comedians
Year of birth missing (living people)
American LGBT comedians

Ian Harvie


The National Salvation Junta (, ) was a group of military officers designated to maintain the government of Portugal in April 1974 after the Carnation Revolution had overthrown the Estado Novo dictatorial regime. This junta assumed power following a communiqué of its president, António de Spínola, at 1:30 a.m. on 26 April 1974. The National Salvation Junta was the de jure governing body of Portugal following the Carnation Revolution.

Purpose
The Junta was a pre-planned part of the national reform program envisioned by the Movimento das Forças Armadas (Movement of the Armed Forces; MFA), which aimed to exercise political power after the revolution and prior to the formation of a civilian government in order to prevent the collapse of the Presidency of the Republic (then held by Rear-Admiral Américo Tomás) and of the government. It entailed the dissolution of the National Assembly and of the Council of State. The Constitutional Law 1/74 of 25 April 1974 was promulgated in order to set this process in motion. The Junta assumed upon itself the power to choose the President and Vice-President.

On an interim basis, the Junta also exercised the functions of the Presidency of the Republic (from 26 April to 15 May, when it designated as Head of State the president of the Junta, António de Spínola) and of President of the Council (from 26 April to 16 May, when the MFA-chosen First Provisional Government of Portugal took power, headed by Adelino da Palma Carlos).

Members

The Junta was composed of:
 General António Ribeiro de Spínola (President),
 General Francisco da Costa Gomes (Army),
 Brigadier Jaime Silvério Marques (Army),
 General Diogo Neto (Air Force - absent in Portuguese Mozambique),
 Colonel Carlos Galvão de Melo (Air Force),
 Naval Captain José Baptista Pinheiro de Azevedo (Navy),
 Naval Commander António Alva Rosa Coutinho (Navy).

On 30 September 1974 the staff was reorganized:
 General Francisco da Costa Gomes (president, Army),
 Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Alberto Idães Soares Fabião (former governor of Portuguese Guinea, Army).
 Lieutenant-Colonel Nuno Fisher Lopes Pires (Army).
 Vice-Admiral José Pinheiro de Azevedo (Navy).
 Naval Captain Silvano Alves Ribeiro (Navy), during the absence of Naval Commander António Rosa Coutinho, who was appointed the governor of Portuguese Angola.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Narciso Mendes Dias (Air Force),
 Lieutenant-Colonel Aníbal Pinho Freire (Air Force).

Abolition
Constitutional Law 5/75 of 14 March 1975 abolished the National Salvation Junta and established the Revolutionary Council of Portugal (Conselho da Revolução de Portugal), which included former members of the Junta.

Carnation Revolution
1974 in Portugal
1975 in Portugal
Military history of Portugal
Political history of Portugal
Presidents of Portugal
Prime Ministers of Portugal
1974 establishments in Portugal
1975 disestablishments in Portugal
1970s in Portugal
Provisional governments

National Salvation Junta


Sir Frederick George Augustus Butler  (5 April 1873 – 30 March 1961) was a British civil servant.

Butler was educated at Bradford Grammar School and Trinity College, Oxford, where he obtained firsts in Classical Moderations and greats. In 1896 he joined the Civil Service as a clerk in the Admiralty, but transferred to the West Africa Department of the Colonial Office in 1897. In 1899 he was appointed secretary to the West African Currency Committee. In 1904 he became private secretary to the Duke of Marlborough, then Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and remained in office when Marlborough was succeeded by Winston Churchill in 1905. From 1912 to 1916, he was private secretary to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, serving Lewis Harcourt and then Bonar Law.

In 1916, he was promoted to principal clerk and in 1917, was appointed director of the overseas division of the Foreign Office, Department of Overseas Trade, a post he held until 1933, when he was promoted to assistant under-secretary of state for foreign affairs. He retired in 1938, although he returned to the Foreign Office during the Second World War from September 1939 to September 1940.

Butler was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1915, Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1917, and Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours.

Footnotes

References
Obituary, The Times, 1 April 1961

1873 births
1961 deaths
People educated at Bradford Grammar School
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Civil servants in the Admiralty
Civil servants in the Colonial Office
Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath

Frederick Butler


Tahri (also tapahri) is a yellow rice dish in North Indian cuisine. Spices are added to plain cooked rice for flavor and colour. In one version of Tahri, potatoes are added to the rice. In other variants soyabean chunks, vegetables, onions, tomatoes and many different spices are also added.

Etymology
As per Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, the Hindi word Tahri is derived from Sanskrit word Tāpaharī, which is a dish prepared from rice, dal chunks (badi), vegetables, cooked in ghee with spices especially turmeric.

Origin
The recipe for Tahari is mentioned with name Tapahari in ancient Ayurvedic treatise written in Sanskrit language, which was a preparation of rice cooked with vegetables and other ingredients.  The recipe for Tahari also finds mention in Pakadarpana (1200 CE) cookbook, which uses meat of hen. Bhojanakutūhala (1675 CE) Sanskrit book on cookery and culinary traditions mentions taharī rice dish and it was eaten with side-dish of fried lentil fitters known as "vaṭakas". The ingredients for cooking tāpaharī in both text varies but are similar in technique; It was made with rice seasoned with spice-blend called "Trikatu" and "Trijataka" along with ghee, turmeric, wet ginger, asafoetida, water and salt. Pakadarpana cookbook adds meat of hen to this before cooking. In Bhojanakuthuhala, this rice dish was eaten with fried fritters known as Vaṭakas prepared from black-gram flour, rice flour and mixed with turmeric and fried in ghee. This preparation was called taharī or tāpaharī. Recipe also finds mentioned in Bhāvaprakāśa Nighaṇṭu, a 16th century medical treatise.

Popularity
Tahari became more popular during the Second World War when  meat prices increased substantially and potato became the popular substitute in biryani.

References

Pakistani rice dishes
North Indian cuisine
Indian rice dishes
Kashmiri cuisine
Street food

Tahri (dish)


Math Blaster Episode I: In Search of Spot is an edutainment game in the Blaster Learning System line of educational products created by Davidson & Associates. It is a remake of their earlier New Math Blaster Plus! from 1991. Versions of the game were released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis, simply titled Math Blaster: Episode 1. The program was translated to Spanish and was published as Mates Blaster: En Busca de Positrón. A remake titled Mega Math Blaster was released in 1996. When Knowledge Adventure merged with Davidson & Associates in 1997, the game was rereleased in the following year under the title Math Blaster: Ages 6-9. It was later repackaged as Math Blaster: 3rd Grade in 1999.

A sequel called Math Blaster Episode II: Secret of the Lost City was released in 1994.

Plot
Spot and Blasternaut are preparing for a journey aboard their spaceship, only to find that the ship is not functional. Blasternaut, jumping to conclusions, sends Spot to repair a mechanism known as the "polytronic combustion regulator" and the latter reluctantly begins repairs, while the former goes below deck. As Spot works, the Trash Alien flies by, captures Spot and departs, leaving garbage everywhere. Blasternaut, upon discovering this, contacts his superior officer, Galactic Commander, and notifies her of the situation. Galactic Commander immediately identifies the criminal and sends Blasternaut on a mission of four objectives.

Games

Trash Zapper
Blasternaut uses math to generate the tractor beams needed to collect the trash. For every problem answered, a tractor beam is added and, after five problems, a noneducational firing session begins, in which the user tries to collect as much of the trash as possible. Once the firing session ends, the user is presented with more math problems and the process repeats until all the garbage has been collected. The setting of this level can be changed to one where the trash constantly floats in front of the spacecraft, and the user has to quickly solve the equation in order to capture the trash before it disappears from the screen. Notably, the mini-game uses the "Door Swoosh" sound effect from Star Trek: The Original Series as the sound effect for successfully collecting a piece of trash.

Number Recycler

Blasternaut goes down to the fuel chamber to recycle the trash. Here, the player completes equations, at which the machinery of the Number Recycler melts the garbage, freshens it to maximize energy and loads it into the fuel tanks. The player can adjust the numbers and symbols as needed.

Cave Runner
Having fueled the tanks, Blasternaut tracks the Trash Alien to a series of caves. By means of a jetpack, he must fly to the surface of the planet in order to reach the villain. Every level of the cave contains a gap with a number or a mathematical expression on both sides, which form a barrier that Blasternaut can only pass through if he bears a number that comes between the two numbers or the numbers that would be formed by solving the expressions (example: if the gap has "3" on one side and "6 + 3" on the other, Blasternaut's number would have to be between three and nine for him to pass through).

Large drops of water, which contain an operation followed by a number, form on stalactites that will allow Blasternaut to change his number by implementing the drop's number, through the drop's operation, on his number (example: if the drop reads "+2" than his number will be increased by two). Unless the user is on level one, the caves also contain additional obstacles in the form of bats, spider webs, boulders, and large cave-dwelling aliens. In the corners of each such cave is a treasure chest. The user must answer a problem to open the chest and acquire a weapon to drive off the obstacle (example: a flashlight drives off the bat, scissors cut the spider-web, etc.). A hammer breaks the boulder and bug spray makes the cave alien cough and disappear.

Math Blaster
Finally, it is Blasternaut's task to enter the Trash Alien's flying saucer and rescue Spot. In order to do this, he must fly through one of four openings in the flying saucer, which contain the answer to a particular problem. He must choose the right answer and reach it before being shot by the Trash Alien's weapons or being struck by flying garbage. In addition, he has only a limited time before the problem changes. If he is successful, Spot is freed and the Trash Alien's craft is destroyed, though the Trash Alien escapes.

Subjects and leveling
The game features eight different subjects, which are chosen at the start the game. All the problems encountered in the game, except in the "Cave Runner" exercise, will fall into the chosen subject. The subjects are as follows:
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 Number patterns - instead of featuring traditional equations, "number patterns" provides the user with a series of numbers with one of the numbers missing. The user must identify the pattern to find the missing number (for example, if the problem presented is "5, 10, 15, _, 25", then the missing number is 20).
 Estimation - the user must round numbers to estimate the answer.
 Fractions/decimals/percents - the user must solve problems that involve fractions, decimals and percentages.
 Review features a mix of problems from all the various subjects.

There are also six levels of difficulty, which adjust how hard the problems of the chosen subject are. If the user attempts to change subjects or leveling during the course of a mission, then the game will restart the mission. The various games are available outside the mission for study purposes. However, when choosing a game for play outside the mission, the user cannot advance through the mission and, if the chosen game is "Math Blaster", then the user will not see Spot's rescue.

Reception
Math Blaster Episode I: In Search of Spot was rated as one of the top 100 CD-ROM games of 1994 in PC Magazine.

References

External links

 Official Math Blaster website

1993 video games
1996 video games
1998 video games
1999 video games
DOS games
Windows games
Classic Mac OS games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Sega Genesis games
Mathematical education video games
North America-exclusive video games
Video games scored by Mark Cooksey
Video games developed in the United States
Single-player video games
Davidson & Associates games
Children's educational video games


Project Chariot was a 1958 United States Atomic Energy Commission proposal to construct an artificial harbor at Cape Thompson on the North Slope of the U.S. state of Alaska by burying and detonating a string of nuclear devices.
 The project originated as part of Operation Plowshare, a research project to find peaceful uses for nuclear explosives. Substantial local opposition, objections from environmental scientists, and the absence of any credible economic  benefit caused the plan to be quietly shelved.

History
A 1957 meeting at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (LRL) proposed a program to use nuclear explosives for industrial development projects. This proposal became the basis for Project Plowshare, administered by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Chariot was to be the first Plowshare project, and was imagined as a way to show how larger projects, such as a widened Panama Canal, or a sea-level Nicaragua Canal, might be accomplished.

The plan was championed by LRL director and nuclear scientist Edward Teller, who traveled throughout Alaska touting the harbor as an important economic development for America's newest state. Teller promoted a study by the LRL that proposed development of coal deposits in the area. Despite being blocked by ice for nine months of the year, Teller and the LRL proposed the harbor as a port for coal shipment. The mines themselves would have been on the far side of the Brooks Range, requiring a railroad and storage facilities for the coal waiting to be shipped.

As the plan developed, nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site indicated that smaller explosions could accomplish much to the publicly-stated goals of the project with less risk of radioactive releases or contamination. At the same time, as it became apparent that there could be little economic justification for the project, the program shifted to a more clearly avowed program for testing nuclear excavation in a remote location.

Alaskan political leaders, newspaper editors, the state university's president, even church groups all rallied in support of the massive detonation. Congress had passed the Alaska Statehood Act just a few weeks before. An editorial in the July 24, 1960 Fairbanks News-Miner said, "We think the holding of a huge nuclear blast in Alaska would be a fitting overture to the new era which is opening for our state."

Opposition and abandonment
Opposition came from the Inupiaq Alaska Native village of Point Hope, a few scientists engaged in environmental studies under AEC contract, and a handful of conservationists. The grassroots protest soon was picked up by organizations with national reach, such as The Wilderness Society, the Sierra Club, and Barry Commoner's Committee for Nuclear Information. Repeated visits to the community by AEC officials failed to sway local and Native residents, who opposed land transfers by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to the AEC. Activism opposing the project contributed to Native organization and Native rights activism, which contributed to the establishment of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971.

Internationally, the project drew objections from the Soviet Union, which viewed such projects as a way of circumventing the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, at the time in negotiation.

In 1962, facing increased public uneasiness over the environmental risk and the potential to disrupt the lives of the Alaska Native peoples, the AEC announced that Project Chariot would be "held in abeyance." It has never been formally canceled.

In addition to the objections of the local population, no practical use of such a harbor was ever identified. The environmental studies commissioned by the AEC suggested that radioactive contamination from the proposed blast could adversely affect the health and safety of the local people, whose livelihoods were based on hunting animals. The investigations noted that radiation from worldwide fallout was moving with unusual efficiency up the food chain in the Arctic, from lichen, to caribou (which fed on lichen), to humans (for whom caribou was a primary food source). Studies also showed that the blasts would thaw the permafrost, making the slopes surrounding the harbor unstable, and negating any experimental value to be gained from using the project as a basis for extrapolation to other, warmer locations. While the AEC publicly touted prevailing winds from the north for dispersing radioactivity over the sea, the AEC privately desired to study landward distribution. The consistent wind patterns would prevent northward fallout patterns over land.

In the meantime, test shots in Nevada provided the data that the AEC sought for radiation release modeling. The very small 430-ton equivalent Danny Boy test in March 1962 encouraged the AEC to stage much larger 104-kiloton Sedan test in July 1962. Gerald Johnson, the director of Project Plowshare, described the Sedan test as "an alternative to Chariot" arising from frustration at recommendations for Chariot's cancellation. Fallout from Sedan turned out to be the second-highest of any test in Nevada.

Plan
The project initially envisioned the use of four 100 kiloton devices to excavate a channel, and two one-megaton devices to excavate a turning basin, for a total of 2.4 megatons of explosive equivalent, displacing  of earth. Later iterations reduced the explosive total to 480 kilotons, and subsequently proposed a 280 kiloton test or demonstration. The latter plan proposed two or three 20 kiloton explosions and two more of approximately 200 kilotons each, for a correspondingly smaller basin.

Contamination
Although the detonation never occurred, the site was radioactively contaminated by an experiment to estimate the effect on water sources of radioactive ejecta, landing on tundra plants, and subsequently washed down and carried away by rains. Material from a 1962 nuclear explosion at the Nevada Test Site was transported to the Chariot site in August 1962, used in several experiments, then buried. The site comprised a mound of about , about  tall. Thirty years later, the disposal was discovered in archival documents by a University of Alaska researcher. State officials immediately traveled to the site and found low levels of radioactivity at a depth of two feet (60 cm) in the burial mound. Outraged residents of the Inupiat village of Point Hope, who had experienced an unusually high rate of cancer deaths, demanded the removal of the contaminated soil, which the government did at its expense in 1993.

The sites for test boreholes drilled for Project Chariot were remediated in 2014. The five boreholes, drilled in the early 1960s, had used refrigerated diesel fuel as a drilling fluid, contaminating the surrounding area.

See also
 Project Carryall
 Project Gnome

References

Further reading

 </ref>
 Coates, Peter. 'Project Chariot: Alaskan roots of environmentalism'. Alaska History 4/2 (1989), 1-31

 Vandegraft, Douglas L Project Chariot: Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson. Proceedings of the U.S. Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee Workshop on Arctic Contamination, Session A: Native People's Concerns about Arctic Contamination II: Ecological Impacts, May 6, 1993, Anchorage, Alaska
 Wedman. William, and Charles Diters. The legacy of project Chariot. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Alaska Region regional archaeology report under the National Historic Preservation Act. Undated, circa 2007.

External links

1958 in Alaska
Chariot
Pre-statehood history of Alaska
Chariot
Chariot

Project Chariot


The Big Fix is a 1947 American crime drama film starring James Brown, Sheila Ryan, Noreen Nash, and Regis Toomey. Directed by James Flood, the story concerns the efforts of a crooked gambling ring to fix college basketball games.  This film was the final production of Producers Releasing Corporation.

Plot
After retiring from the service, Ken Williams goes back to his old school, Norton University, where he used to be an appreciated student with an expected future as a basketball player. Together with fellow veteran Andy Rawlins, Ken registers to continue and complete his studies. They are welcomed back by the student liaison for veterans, Ann Taylor, and Andy is a bit surprised by the warm welcome, since he is in the dark about Ken's previous accolades. Ken also refuses to join the basketball team, which confuses Andy even more.

Soon Ken is romantically involved with Ann, but he can't be persuaded even by her to reveal his reasons for not participating in the university basketball. He claims he has to focus on his engineering studies, and this disappoints coach Ambrose, who is eager to have him back on the team.

One night a woman turns up at the house where Ken resides, and demand to see him. Ken interrupts his date with Ann to talk to the woman, who turn out to be his kid sister Lillian. She is involved with gangster Del Cassini, who is responsible for making Ken fix basketball games before the war. That is the reason why he quit the basketball team in the first place and also interrupted his education.

Lillian convinces Ken that she is no longer involved with Del Cassini, and that Ken can safely return to the team. It turns out she is lying, and after her meeting with Ken she goes directly to Del Cassini to inform him that their plan worked out fine.

Unaware of this, Ken rejoins the basketball team and is very happy with his decision. Soon one of Del Cassini's goons approaches him and tells him to lose the opening game of the season. Ken is furious and hits the man, but is threatened that Lillian will go to jail if he doesn't comply. Apparently she was involved in a hit-and-run car accident a while ago, and got saved by Del Cassini from the law. Ken still refuses to cooperate.

Ken doesn't know that the real leader of Del Cassini's operation is police lieutenant Brenner. When Brenner hears that Ken refuses to cooperate, he instead tricks Ken into participating in an undercover operation to uncover the organized crime in the area, focusing on illegal gambling in college sports.

Brenner asks Ken to pretend to cooperate with Del Cassini to get inside the gangster ring and find evidence. Ken agrees to this and becomes Del Cassini's marionette. He tells Ann about the operation, and seeing how unhappy Ken is with the current situation, she decides to help him out as best she can.

Ann finds out that there was no accident where Lillian was involved. She meets with Lillian in a club, and Lillian confesses everything was made up to get Ken to fix the games. Ann in turn tells Ken what she has found out, and Ken quits his undercover duty with immediate effect.

Brenner has put a lot of money on Norton losing their next game and is quite worried with Ken's decision. He also punishes Lillian for squealing, and shoots her. Then he goes on to capture Ken. Lillian dies from her wounds, but before she does she manages to reveal to Andy that Brenner is the real crook and runs the crime syndicate.

Andy gathers the basketball team and brings them to Ken's rescue. Ken is held hostage at a hotel. When Del Cassini arrives at the hotel and finds out Brenner has killed Lillian, he is furious and shoots Brenner as revenge. The basketball team then runs into the hotel and rescues Ken. The others explain to Ken that it was Lillian who saved him in the end. Ken plays with the Norton team and they win the championship tournament. After the win, he and Ann are married.

Cast
 James Brown as Ken Williams
 Sheila Ryan as Lillian
 Noreen Nash as Ann Taylor
 Regis Toomey as Lieutenant Brenner
 Tommy Noonan as Andy Rawlins
 John Shelton as Del Cassini
 Charles McGraw as Armiston
 Grantland Rice as himself

See also
 List of basketball films

References

External links

1947 films
1947 crime drama films
1940s American films
1940s English-language films
American basketball films
American black-and-white films
American crime films
American films about gambling
Film noir
Films about corruption in the United States
Films about police corruption
Films directed by James Flood
Films set in universities and colleges
Films with screenplays by Aubrey Wisberg
Producers Releasing Corporation films

The Big Fix (1947 film)


Fred Gustus Johnson (October 16, 1876 – April 30, 1951) was a Nebraska Republican politician.

Born on a farm near Dorchester, Nebraska on October 16, 1876, his father was a native of Sweden. Graduated from Dorchester High School in 1893 and from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law in 1903 and admitted to the bar in the same year. He set up practice in his home town Dorchester, also doing a little farming on the side. He moved to Oxford, Nebraska in 1909, and to Hastings, Nebraska in 1911 still practicing law.

He was a delegate to the Republican State convention from 1900 to 1938.  He was elected a member of the Nebraska state house of representatives from 1907 to 1909 and again from 1917 to 1919.  He was a member of the state senate in 1919 to 1920. He became the 17th lieutenant governor of Nebraska from 1923 to 1925 serving under Governor Charles W. Bryan. He was then elected to the represent Nebraska's 5th district to the Seventy-first Congress (March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931). He ran in 1930 and 1932, but failed to be reelected.

From 1931 to 1933 he sold homes and engaged in law, and in 1934 to 1938 he ran an agricultural-industrial enterprise in Hastings, moving the business to Charleston, Mississippi from 1941 to 1943. He was elected one last time to become a judge of  Adams County, Nebraska from 1945, being reelected in 1948 and serving until his death in Hastings on April 30, 1951.  Buried in Parkview Cemetery, in Hastings.

References

External links

1876 births
1951 deaths
American people of Swedish descent
People from Saline County, Nebraska
People from Hastings, Nebraska
People from Oxford, Nebraska
University of Nebraska College of Law alumni
Republican Party Nebraska state senators
Republican Party members of the Nebraska House of Representatives
Lieutenant Governors of Nebraska
Nebraska state court judges
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska

Fred Gustus Johnson


Kenneth Carroll Guinn (August 24, 1936 – July 22, 2010), was an American businessman, academic administrator, and politician who served as the 27th Governor of Nevada from 1999 to 2007. He previously served as interim president of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) from 1994 until 1995. Originally a Democrat, he joined the Republican Party before running for governor.

Early life and career

Guinn was born in Garland, Arkansas and reared in Exeter, California. He married his wife, Dema, in Reno on July 7, 1956. They had two sons, Jeff and Steve. He earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in physical education from California State University, Fresno. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1957. In 1970, Guinn earned an Ed.D. from Utah State University in Logan.

Governor of Nevada
Guinn was first elected governor in 1998, defeating Democratic nominee Las Vegas Mayor Jan Laverty Jones, with 52% of the vote; Guinn became the first Republican elected governor of Nevada since 1978. When Guinn ran for re-election in 2002, he received 68% of the vote, defeating Democratic nominee state Senator Joe Neal, who received only 22%. In November 2005, Time magazine named him one of the five best governors in the U.S.

As Governor of Nevada, Guinn developed a reputation as a moderate Republican who was not motivated by partisan ideology. During his first term as governor, Guinn used the national tobacco settlement money, and pushed for the creation of the Millennium Scholarship program to provide all Nevada High School graduates with a 3.25 GPA, a scholarship to attend a Nevada university. He also championed a state run prescription drug benefit program for Nevada senior citizens called Senior RX. Guinn, who prided himself on his detailed knowledge of the state budget, believed Nevada's tax structure was inherently flawed with its dependence on growth and tourism—Nevada has no income tax and relies heavily on gaming and sales tax.

Guinn proposed a tax restructuring during the 2003 legislative session that was met with opposition from anti-tax business groups and many anti-tax Republicans. After a divisive session that divided the Republicans and ended in a Nevada Supreme Court decision upholding the passage of the bill very little of Guinn's original proposal was enacted. As Guinn had predicted the state was plunged into a serious budget deficit as soon as the 2008 recession hit the gaming and construction industry causing sales and gaming tax revenues to plummet. In percentage terms, Guinn's 2003 tax hike was the largest tax increase ever by one of the 50 states, but it was praised as "a controversial but realistic step to shore up the overstretched budget of the nation's fastest-growing state."

In 2006, Guinn declined to endorse Jim Gibbons, the Republican nominee for Governor of Nevada, due to bitter disagreements between the two politicians. Gibbons was one of the more vocal critics of Guinn's tax plan during the 2003 legislative session. Guinn said only that he hoped a Republican would succeed him as governor. Gibbons defeated the Democratic nominee, Dina Titus. Guinn's second term as governor ended on January 1, 2007, due to lifetime term limits established by the Nevada Constitution. His official portrait was painted by artist Michele Rushworth and hangs in the state capitol in Carson City, Nevada.

Guinn served as a board member of MGM Resorts International (formerly MGM Mirage) from May 22, 2007, until his untimely death on July 22, 2010, under chairman and CEO Terrence Lanni (1995–2008) and James Murren (2008–present).

Death
After leaving the governorship, Guinn became a board member of MGM Resorts International (formerly MGM Mirage) on May 22, 2007, serving under chairman and CEO Terrence Lanni (1995–2008) and James Murren (2008–present). Guinn died on July 22, 2010, at the age of 73, of complications from injuries sustained after falling from the roof of his Las Vegas home and possibly following a heart attack. He was pronounced dead at the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada in Las Vegas.

Guinn is interred at the Exeter District Cemetery in Exeter, California.

References

External links

 State biographies (October 2006, via archive.org)

 A list of quotes by Guinn
 On the Issues
 The Anointed One, huntingtonpress.com

|-

|-

1936 births
2010 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Nevada
School superintendents in Nevada
California State University, Fresno alumni
Governors of Nevada
Nevada Democrats
Nevada Republicans
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
Politicians from the Las Vegas Valley
People from Exeter, California
Presidents of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Republican Party governors of Nevada
Utah State University alumni
20th-century American Episcopalians

Kenny Guinn


Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), [1999] 1 SCR 497 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The ruling is notable because the court created the Law test, a significant new tool that has since been used by Canadian courts for determining the validity of equality rights claims under section 15. However, the Law test has since been discredited by the Supreme Court.

Background
The case involved Nancy Law, a 30-year-old seeking survivor benefits under the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) which are limited only to people over age 35, disabled or with dependants at the time of the deceased's death. Otherwise, the survivor claimant is not entitled to benefits until he or she reaches age 65.

She appealed to the Pension Plan Review Tribunal on the basis the age requirement was in violation of her equality rights under section 15(1) of the Charter (which specifically names age as a grounds on which one has rights against discrimination). The tribunal held that the legislation did not violate Law's rights. The majority held that even if it did it would be justified under section 1 of the Charter. However, the dissenting opinion found that the age distinction was arbitrary and Parliament could have targeted those in need better. The Federal Court of Appeal upheld the tribunal's decision.

The question before the Supreme Court was "whether ss. 44(1)(d) and 58 of the Canada Pension Plan infringe s. 15(1) of the Charter on the ground that they discriminate on the basis of age against widows and widowers under the age of 35, and if so, whether this infringement is demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society under s. 1".

Prior to Law, there had been a sharp divide in the Court in the interpretation of the section 15 test established in Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia. The dispute culminated in this case where the test was reformulated to reflect both sides of the dispute.

Reasons of the court
The unanimous court, in a judgement written by Iacobucci J, held that the Canada Pension Plan did not violate section 15(1).

Iacobucci examines the past cases on section 15, noting the ongoing dispute between the justices. However, there remains a consensus on the purpose and approach, which he enumerates.

First, the approach must not be mechanical, rather it should be flexible, purposive and contextual. The steps in the test must function as a point of reference, not strict guidelines, and must allow for expansion and modification by cases in the future. The analysis must be remedy oriented in order to properly identify and solve situation of discrimination.

Second, the analysis generally should focus on three issues.
whether a law imposes differential treatment between the claimant and others, in purpose or effect;
whether one or more enumerated or analogous grounds of discrimination are the basis for the differential treatment; and
whether the law in question has a purpose or effect that is discriminatory within the meaning of the equality guarantee.

Analysis of the issues should establish whether the law causes differential treatment, and then whether the differential treatment constitutes discrimination. From this Iacobucci formulates a new test to establish a discrimination claim.

Test
The test must make three broad inquiries.

(A) Does the impugned law (a) draw a formal distinction between the claimant and others on the basis of one or more personal characteristics, or (b) fail to take into account the claimant's already disadvantaged position within Canadian society resulting in substantively differential treatment between the claimant and others on the basis of one or more personal characteristics?

(B) Is the claimant subject to differential treatment based on one or more enumerated and analogous grounds? and

(C) Does the differential treatment discriminate, by imposing a burden upon or withholding a benefit from the claimant in a manner which reflects the stereotypical application of presumed group or personal characteristics, or which otherwise has the effect of perpetuating or promoting the view that the individual is less capable or worthy of recognition or value as a human being or as a member of Canadian society, equally deserving of concern, respect, and consideration?

The entire analysis must focus on the purpose of section 15 which is:
to prevent the violation of essential human dignity and freedom through the imposition of disadvantage, stereotyping, or political or social prejudice, and to promote a society in which all persons enjoy equal recognition at law as human beings or as members of Canadian society, equally capable and equally deserving of concern, respect and consideration.

To successfully make a claim, it must be established that the law, in purpose or effect, conflicts with the purpose of section 15.

Contextual factors
On the third stage of analysis, Iaccobucci enumerates four factors that should be considered. Their purpose are to establish if the law demeans their dignity. This must be done from a hybrid, subjective/objective, point of view. Namely, "that of the reasonable person, in circumstances similar to those of the claimant, who takes into account the contextual factors relevant to the claim".

The four factors are as follows:
Pre-existing disadvantage, stereotyping, prejudice, or vulnerability experienced by the individual or group at issue. The effects of a law as they relate to the important purpose of s. 15(1) in protecting individuals or groups who are vulnerable, disadvantaged, or members of "discrete and insular minorities" should always be a central consideration. Although the claimant's association with a historically more advantaged or disadvantaged group or groups is not per se determinative of an infringement, the existence of these pre-existing factors will favour a finding that s. 15(1) has been infringed.
The correspondence, or lack thereof, between the ground or grounds on which the claim is based and the actual need, capacity, or circumstances of the claimant or others. Although the mere fact that the impugned legislation takes into account the claimant's traits or circumstances will not necessarily be sufficient to defeat a s. 15(1) claim, it will generally be more difficult to establish discrimination to the extent that the law takes into account the claimant's actual situation in a manner that respects his or her value as a human being or member of Canadian society, and less difficult to do so where the law fails to take into account the claimant's actual situation.
The ameliorative purpose or effects of the impugned law upon a more disadvantaged person or group in society. An ameliorative purpose or effect which accords with the purpose of s. 15(1) of the Charter will likely not violate the human dignity of more advantaged individuals where the exclusion of these more advantaged individuals largely corresponds to the greater need or the different circumstances experienced by the disadvantaged group being targeted by the legislation. This factor is more relevant where the s. 15(1) claim is brought by a more advantaged member of society.
The nature and scope of the interest affected by the impugned law. The more severe and localized the consequences of the legislation for the affected group, the more likely that the differential treatment responsible for these consequences is discriminatory within the meaning of s. 15(1).

Commentary
This case in some respects contradicted the earlier section 15 case Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia, in which it was ruled that differential, detrimental treatment directly affecting an enumerated or analogous ground constituted a violation of section 15, and that any discussion about the law's purpose or reasonableness should then take place in the section 1 analysis. As constitutional legal scholar Peter Hogg has written, by examining whether the challenged law undermines dignity while still looking at section 15, and not yet section 1, Law moved much of the analysis of the law's purpose and reasonableness from the traditional section 1 test, and into section 15. This means that a person who claims his section 15 rights are violated must himself prove his dignity was undermined.

Reactions to Law have been varied, but responses for the most part have been negative. The decision provoked many criticisms by legal scholars centered around the third stage of the section 15 analysis: the elusive concept of human dignity. In an attempt to move towards an understanding of equality as substantive rather than formal, the Court in Law replaced its earlier focus on analogous grounds in Andrews with one focused around the idea of human dignity. This has been criticized on a variety of grounds: it is a vague and abstract term, lacks coherence, is subjective, conflates multiple concepts, is a circular argument that begs the question of equality and has been imbued with undue importance and centrality in equality claims.

The human dignity test has notably been criticized for being a vague, abstract, and general term. The concept of human dignity has been characterized as being fundamentally inimical to equality claims analyses and has been deemed "…too abstract and general to demarcate the specific province of section 15 or to assist in resolving equality litigation." Similarly, criticisms have been levelled against the Court on the ground that the human dignity test is muddled and is not sufficiently coherent a concept so as to effectively address concerns of equality claimants. This confusion may be due to the circularity of the concept of human dignity as a factor to consider in equality claims. For example, the Court in Eldridge v British Columbia (AG) wrote that the purpose of section 15(1) was to express "a commitment … to the equal worth and human dignity of all persons". Human dignity cannot be both a factor in and a definition of equality. "Dignity requires respect, and respect is acknowledgment of human dignity." Another scholar identifies the same problem, arguing that harm to dignity is itself a type of harm, so it cannot be a factor in determining whether there has indeed been harm.

Many criticisms levelled against the focus on human dignity point to inconsistencies in the Supreme Court's own definition of the term. Iacobucci J has variously characterized the term as referring to "personal autonomy and self-determination", "physical and psychological integrity and empowerment", as well as "self-respect and self-worth", indicating a conflation of different understandings of equality. One scholar notes that this confusion "[forms] a haphazard amalgamation and intermingling of dignity", and that it is a disservice to our understanding of equality by failing to distinguish between human dignity and human interest. Similarly, the Court has at times linked the concept of dignity with the imposition of disadvantage and prejudice while at other times linked it with the redress of discrimination.

Substantially, the human dignity test has been widely criticized on the grounds that it sets a dangerous precedent for section 15 equality claims because its vague nature does not lend itself well to consistent and comprehensible application by the Court in the future, and because it puts forth a conception of equality that is formal rather than substantive. One scholar writes that "[t]he Courts' muddled and inconsistent application of human dignity suggests that it should be excised from Charter discourse altogether".

In attempting to address these concerns and on the heels of the controversial Law decision, scholars proposed various alternatives to the human dignity test. It was widely accepted that the section 15 claims were inadequately addressed using the previous formulations following Andrews, yet the Court's decision in Law was seen as inadequately addressing these concerns. One writer argued the Court should replace the human dignity test with a "reformulated grounds approach focused on human vulnerability and concrete human interests" that would be focused on individual and group vulnerability and which would take into account of a variety of factors, including the four enumerated contextual factors of the human dignity test. Another proposed an increased focus on the concept of accommodation, as this should, in any case, be the central focus of any section 15 claim. Yet another critic of the human dignity test proposed an understanding of human dignity reformulated as a concept of personal autonomy, an approach more favourable to empirical analyses and thus more coherent, and which is substantiated in part by the Supreme Court's own definition of human dignity.

Lastly, an analysis of case law reveals that the six section 15 claims to reach the Supreme Court immediately following the Law decision were all denied on the ground they did not fulfill the human dignity requirement. However, another analysis of section 15 claims reports that the success rate of claimants under Law was greater than the success rate under Andrews. One scholar has explained this phenomenon by suggesting Law did not create a new test of human dignity, but rather that the court crystallized a pre-existing yet implicit criterion into law. That said, a disproportionately high number of section 15 claims under Law fail at this third stage of the test (63.6%).

Supreme Court response to criticisms of Law
In R v Kapp, the Supreme Court addressed these widespread criticisms of the human dignity test:

But as critics have pointed out, human dignity is an abstract and subjective notion that, even with the guidance of the four contextual factors, cannot only become confusing and difficult to apply; it has also proven to be an additional burden on equality claimants, rather than the philosophical enhancement it was intended to be. Criticism has also accrued for the way Law has allowed formalism of some of the Court's post-Andrews jurisprudence to resurface in the form of an artificial comparator analysis focussing on treating likes alike.
While the Supreme Court noted these criticisms, it did not explicitly reject human dignity as a factor in equality claims. It noted the centrality of the concept but read down the Law decision by noting that the human dignity test should not be seen as a separate and straightforward criterion or test. Rather, the Court implied that the concept of human dignity should instead be considered generally as an important factor in deciding s. 15 equality claims and that it should remain a central idea.

Moreover, despite many claims that Law furthered a formalistic understanding of equality at the expense of substantive equality, the Supreme Court in Kapp explicitly noted that the human dignity test and the Law decision in general confirmed "Andrews' interpretation of s. 15 as a guarantee of substantive, and not just formal equality. Moreover, Law made an important contribution to our understanding of the conceptual underpinnings of substantive equality."

See also
 List of Supreme Court of Canada cases

References

External links

Section Fifteen Charter case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1999 in Canadian case law


Carl Compton Bell (October 28, 1947 – August 2, 2019) was an American professor of psychiatry and public health at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Bell was a National Institute of Mental Health international researcher, an author of more than 575 books, chapters, and articles addressing issues of violence prevention, HIV prevention, isolated sleep paralysis, misdiagnosis of Manic depressive illness, and children exposed to violence.

Bell was the President/C.E.O. of the Community Mental Health Council, Inc.  a large not-for-profit community mental health centers in the U.S. He was also the Director of the Institute for Juvenile Research (Birthplace of Child Psychiatry) at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He was a staff psychiatrist at Jackson Park Hospital and Medical Center on Chicago's Southside.

Biography
Bell was born in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood, and graduated from Hyde Park High School in 1965. After graduating from the University of Illinois in 1967 with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology, he went on to Meharry Medical College where he graduated with an M.D.  His postgraduate training in psychiatry was at the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute in Chicago. After his residency he went to the United States Navy from 1974 to 1976 after which he began his career as a community psychiatrist on Chicago's Southside, working in health facilities including Jackson Park Hospital and the Community Mental Health Council, which he helped to build up to a large, comprehensive mental health center, which also advises other nonprofit and public entities focused on mental health through their Institute for Managerial and Clinical Consultation.

During his 35 year long career, Bell has published over 575 articles on mental health and written a book, "Sanity of Survival." He was editor of Psychiatric Perspectives on Violence: Understanding Causes and Issues in Prevention and Treatment; author of Getting Rid of Rats: Perspectives of a Black Community Psychiatrist; co-author of Suicide and Homicide Among Adolescents and chapters on: "Black Psychiatry" in Mental Health and People of Color; "Black-on-Black Homicide" in Mental Health and Mental Illness Among Black Americans; "Isolated Sleep Paralysis" & "Violence Exposure, Psychological Distress and High Risk Behaviors Among Inner-City High School Students" in Anxiety Disorders in African-Americans; "Is psychoanalytic therapy relevant for public mental health programs" in Controversial Issues in Mental Health; and "Prevention of Black Homicide" in The State of Black America 1995. He's the subject of countless interviews in Ebony; Jet; Essence; Emerge; New York Times; Chicago Tribune Magazine; People Magazine; and Chicago Reporter. TV shows, such as "Nightline", "CBS Sunday Morning", "The News Hour with Jim Lehrer," and the "Today Show" have utilized his expert opinion. He's also lectured internationally on various topics.

Bell was a member and Former Chairman of the National Medical Association's Section on Psychiatry; a Fellow of the American College of Psychiatrists; a Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, a Founding Member and Past Board Chairman of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care. Bell was the E.Y. Williams Distinguished Senior Clinical Scholar Award of the Section on Psychiatry of the National Medical Association in 1992. He received the American Psychiatric Association President's Commendation - Violence in 1997. He was appointed to the Violence Against Women Advisory Council by Janet Reno the Attorney General Department of Justice and Donna Shalala Secretary Department of Health and Human Services - 1995-2000, and was a participant - White House's Strategy Session on Children, Violence, and Responsibility. He was appointed to the working group for Dr. Satcher's Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health - Culture, Race, and Ethnicity and appointed to the Planning Board for the Surgeon General's Report on Youth Violence.

Memberships
Member, National Medical Association. Former Chairman, Section on Psychiatry.
Member, Black Psychiatrists of America.
Former vice-president, former newsletter editor.
Fellow: American College of Psychiatrists - 1998, Board of Regents - 2006 to 2009. -  & American Psychiatric Association - 1985.
Founding Member and Past Board Chairman, National Commission on Correctional Health Care.
Member and Former Director, American Association of Community Psychiatrists.
American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology - 1976; Board Examiner since 1978.

Awards and recognition
 October 2011: The American Psychiatric Association's annual Solomon Carter Fuller Award at APA's 2011 Institute on Psychiatric Services in San Francisco. The award honors "a black citizen who pioneered an area which has significantly benefited the quality of life for black people."
 May 2012: The American Psychiatric Association's annual Agnes Purcell McGavin Award for Prevention in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and its Special Presidential Commendation in recognition of his outstanding advocacy for mental illness prevention and for person-centered mental health wellness and recovery
 May 2014: The American Psychiatric Association's Distinguished Service Award
 May 2014: the American Association of Social Psychiatry's Abraham Halpern Humanitarian Award
Honored by The Online Museum of African American Addictions and Recovery Hall of Fame Committee as a 2017 Hall of Fame Recipient, December 30, 2016.

Honored by Marquis Who's Who for Excellence in Mental Health Care, December 9, 2016.

Presented the Distinguished Andrea Delgado, M.D. Memorial Lecture and Honoree at the Black Psychiatrists of America 37th Transcultural Psychiatry Conference – Trans-Generational Outcomes of Marginalization and Racism on Black Mental Health, Nassau, Bahamas, November 11, 2016

Presented Award for Excellence in Community Involvement – Program for Research on Black Americans, 40th Annual Reunion, Ann Arbor, MI, June 24, 2016

Presented National Commission on Correctional Healthcare's highest honor - the Bernard P Harrison Award of Merit - in November 2018. This award is presented to an individual or group that has demonstrated excellence and service that has advanced the correctional health care field, either through an individual project or a history of service.

Presented with the American Psychiatric Association's Adolph Meyer Award for Lifetime Achievement in Psychiatric Research, May 2019.

The Carl C. Bell Community Wellness Scholarship and Award was named after Dr. Bell and given to North Lawndale residents who are addressing trauma and showing their commitment to the community by the Trauma Response and Intervention Movement, June 2019.

Presented with the National Medical Association's Scroll of Merit (NMA's Highest Honor), July 2019.

References

External links
UIC
Gift From Within
Cyper Psych
Vocalo Interview on Youth Violence

1947 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Chicago
Military personnel from Illinois
Physicians from Illinois
University of Illinois Chicago alumni
Meharry Medical College alumni
21st-century African-American physicians
21st-century American physicians
American psychiatrists
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni
20th-century African-American physicians
20th-century American physicians
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics

Carl Bell (physician)