Vanessa Lee Carlton (born August 16, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter and pianist. Her debut album, Be Not Nobody (2002) released by A&M Records, received a platinum certification in the United States, and her debut single "A Thousand Miles" spent 41 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 and earned three Grammy nominations. The album also spawned the singles "Ordinary Day" and "Pretty Baby". Her next album, Harmonium (2004) debuted at number 33 on the Billboard 200. The album marked a stalwart divergence from pressure from record label executives who wanted to influence the recording. After departing from A&M in 2005, Carlton released Heroes & Thieves in 2007. Despite minimal chart success, the album was a critical success, receiving praise from Metacritic, Allmusic, PopMatters, and USA Today.

Carlton independently produced her next two albums, Rabbits on the Run (2011) and Liberman (2015), which were acclaimed by critics for both its personal subject matter and departure from her previous musical style. She released her sixth studio album Love Is an Art in 2020, and has additionally released the EPs Hear The Bells (2012) and Blue Pool (2015). She made her Broadway debut with a leading role in the Carole King musical Beautiful in 2019.

Early life
Carlton was born on August 16, 1980, in Milford, Pennsylvania, the first of three children of Edmund "Ed" Carlton, a pilot, and Heidi Lee, a pianist and school music teacher. She has a sister, Gwen, and a brother, Edmund. Carlton's mother comes from a Jewish family in Queens, New York. Her interest in music began at an early age. At the age of two she visited Disneyland, and played "It's a Small World" on the piano when she came home. Her mother began to tutor her, she was introduced to classical music. By the age of 9 she had become passionate about ballet, and in 1994, aged 14, she enrolled at the School of American Ballet.

Carlton has experienced depression and bouts of bulimia and used her platform to open up the discussion of these often taboo subjects.

After graduating, she sang in nightclubs and began to feel comfortable on stage. She later moved to New York City, where she attended Columbia University for one year before dropping out and had a stint as a waitress in Hell's Kitchen.

Career

2002–2003: Be Not Nobody
Carlton met songwriter/producer Peter Zizzo at a singer-songwriter circle and was invited to his studio to record a demo. Three months later she was signed by Jimmy Iovine to A&M Records and began work on an album of her songs, to be titled Rinse. This album was never released, but a few tracks were reworked for Be Not Nobody. One song, "Carnival", was re-recorded as "Dark Carnival" for the video game SpyHunter 2. Other tracks from Rinse were "Interlude" (later known as "A Thousand Miles"), "Rinse", "Ordinary Days" (later known as "Ordinary Day"), "Twilight", "Pretty Baby", "All I Ask", and "Superhero". The first five of these were included in her first album, Be Not Nobody, together with a cover of the Jagger/Richards song "Paint It Black". Other unreleased tracks from her early demo tapes include "Faces", "Meggie Sue", "Little Mary", "Burden", "Wonder", "Devil Dance", and "Last Fall".

After hearing Carlton's demo of "A Thousand Miles", A&M president Ron Fair  organized recording sessions  and produced and arranged the song himself. "A Thousand Miles" became a hit, peaking in the top five on the Billboard Hot 100, and went on to become the sixth-most-played song of the year. It garnered Grammy Award nominations for "Record of the Year", "Song of the Year", and "Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)." Fair produced the rest of the album. The tracks were recorded in Los Angeles at IGA Studios, Santa Monica; Henson Studios, Hollywood; and Royaltone Studios, Burbank. Carlton played piano and sang vocals; other instrumentation included a backing band, a 60-piece orchestra and sitar on "Paint It Black".

Be Not Nobody was released in April 2002 and appeared at number five on the Billboard 200 albums chart with 102,000 units sold. It went on to sell more than two million copies worldwide. Two more singles, "Ordinary Day" and "Pretty Baby", were released. Carlton toured the US in 2002 to promote the album, opening for the Goo Goo Dolls and Third Eye Blind, before headlining her own tour at the end of 2002 and touring Europe in 2003.

Carlton collaborated with other artists before the release of her second album. She provided the descant vocals for the Counting Crows version of the Joni Mitchell song "Big Yellow Taxi", played piano for Italian singer Zucchero, along with Haylie Ecker on violin for the song "Indaco Dagli Occhi Del Cielo", and provided backing vocals for "Moving On" by Kimya Dawson for her album Hidden Vagenda.

2004–2005: Harmonium
Carlton's second album, Harmonium was released in November 2004. Harmonium debuted at number 33 on the Billboard 200 and descended quickly after, selling fewer than 150,000 copies by February 2006, which was considered a disappointment after her successful debut. The album was produced by Stephan Jenkins from rock band Third Eye Blind, and included darker themes than those on her debut album. Carlton and Jenkins had met and begun a relationship in mid-2002, when she and Third Eye Blind, of which Jenkins was lead singer, were on tour together. After seeing Carlton perform live Jenkins offered to produce her music, and according to Carlton they decided very quickly that they had the same vision for the album. Carlton credited Jenkins with helping her to withstand pressure from record label executives who wanted to influence the recording. She said later that her label "wasn't very happy" about the decisions she made during the making of the album.

Carlton stated that Harmonium contained more of her own aesthetic than Be Not Nobody. A single, "White Houses", released to radio in late August 2004, peaked at number 86 on the Billboard Hot 100. MTV censored and later banned the single's music video because of a controversial lyric in the song that refers to sexual intercourse. Carlton attributed the censoring of the song to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy involving Janet Jackson which had occurred earlier that year. She embarked on a four-week North American concert tour in October and November 2004, with an opening act of Low Millions, and performed a second tour in March and April the following year, with Cary Brothers and Ari Hest as supporting acts.

Carlton left A&M Records in mid-2005, feeling that her nonconformist attitude would create problems for her at the label. A&M Records had sent Carlton into the recording studio because they wanted to re-release Harmonium, whereas Carlton felt the album should be promoted as it was. She decided to leave the label to find another record deal once promotion for Harmonium had ended. While in the studio she wrote songs with Linda Perry and The Matrix. In the same period she collaborated with the Italian singer Zucchero Fornaciari featuring his song Indaco Dagli Occhi Del Cielo (cover of the well known Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime), together with the violinist Haylie Ecker, in the album Zu & Co.

2006–2008: Heroes and Thieves

In August 2005, Carlton said she was to enter the recording studio the following month with producer Linda Perry, with whom she had previously collaborated after executives at A&M Records sent her into the studio to record a re-release single for Harmonium. The album was influenced by Carlton's breakup with its co-producer, Stephan Jenkins, and Carlton said that one of the reasons they remained friends was that "nothing took precedence over the music ... No matter what was going on in the emotional realm, all we cared about was the album. It created this kinetic environment that was kind of like Fleetwood Mac. It made for better music."

Heroes & Thieves was released and greeted with generally positive reviews. It debuted at number 44 on the U.S. Billboard 200, "Nolita Fairytale" was the first single and peaked at number 26 on Billboard Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. To promote the album, Carlton embarked on the Haunted Club Tour, from November 2 to 24, 2007. Second single "Hands on Me" was sent out to radio in February 2008 and reached number 30 on Billboard Adult Top 40 Tracks chart. One song on the album was "Spring Street", based on Spring Street in SoHo in Manhattan. Carlton parted amicably with The Inc. once her promotional commitments to Heroes & Thieves had passed.

She contributed a stripped-down version of the song "More than This" to Songs for Tibet, an album compiled in support of Tibet to draw attention to its human rights situation. On September 25, 2008, Carlton and several other musicians and scientists departed on a nine-day trip to the Arctic Circle. On behalf of the charity Cape Farewell, they worked alongside researchers for the purpose of studying climate change. Carlton had been a part for PETA's Animal Birth Control Campaign; she owns a long haired dachshund named Lord Victor.

2009–2012: Rabbits on the Run and Hear the Bells

Carlton's fourth studio album Rabbits on the Run was released on July 26, 2011 under Razor & Tie, the third record label she signed with, and received praise from music critics who particularly noted its "strikingly personal" subject material. Before recording the album, Carlton was unsure whether she wanted to make another record or pursue film scoring instead. After deciding to try again, she decided that she needed to record in the ideal environment, choosing to record at Real World Studios Box, England. She chose the title for the symbolism often depicted by rabbits—'time slipping, mind floating'—which is something she has been relating to for the past few years. The album was further inspired by Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time and Richard Adams's Watership Down. The dreamy, fantastical sound of the album was achieved by recording direct to tape and features production by Steve Osborne.

The album's first single, "Carousel" was released on May 3. On September 19, a tweet on Carlton's account made by her management stated that "I Don't Want to Be a Bride" would be the next single off the record. Via Twitter, Carlton announced that her label would not produce a video for "I Don't Want to Be a Bride", instead producing one for "Hear the Bells". The music video, which Carlton describes as her most revealing to date, was released on June 7, 2012.

On November 10, a tweet made by Carlton's management announced the upcoming release of her holiday EP titled Hear the Bells on November 21. The EP consists of four tracks, two of which are acoustic versions of Carlton's songs Hear the Bells and A Thousand Miles.

2012–2016: Liberman and Blue Pool

Carlton announced in late 2012 that she had returned to Real World Studios to commence work on a new album with a theme of euphoria. She clarified on Twitter that "Euphoria" was not the name of the album, nor was it to be straightforward electronically fabricated. On a small tour in late 2013, Carlton teased new songs "Willows", "House Of Seven Swords", "A Matter Of Time", "Take It Easy" and "Unlock The Lock".

On February 28, 2014, Carlton announced that she had finished recording the ten-track album, which was to be titled Liberman, and on April 11, 2014 she reported that Liberman was being mastered. Carlton's 2014 summer tour supported the Barefoot Wine Beach Project, which encouraged people to clean the beach and keep it safe for wildlife. She performed a track titled "Willows" to promote the events for Fox New York TV, which she said was about the trees she had loved when she was growing up, and she revealed that Liberman would be released in 2015. In an interview with CBS News published on June 11, 2014, Carlton described the album as "kind of lush, trippy and beautiful...You really feel like you're falling into a rabbit hole of sounds." She said: "It's pretty short, it's 10 songs. It's meant to be listened to through your headphones."

Liberman was positively received, and like its preceding album, was also praised for touching on personal subjects for the singer. Writing for The Boston Globe, Ken Capobianco said the material "finds her a long way from 'A Thousand Miles' – and in a better place, artistically." Matthew Schnipper of Pitchfork wrote that "Carlton's voice is the key attraction on songs [from Liberman] that register between low-key pop, rock, and folk."

On April 20, 2015, it was announced that Carlton had signed with Dine Alone Records to release Liberman in October 2015. Esquire premiered "Young Heart", a song not expected to be included on the album, which was released as a "pre-release single". On June 15, 2015, Carlton released the song "Blue Pool" through Nylon magazine's website. The song was included on the Blue Pool EP, released digitally on July 24, 2015. The songs on the EP were part of a deluxe version of the Liberman album. On August 3, 2015, Southern Living premiered the official music video for "Blue Pool". On August 27, 2015, USA Today premiered the official lyric video for "Willows". The album artwork for Liberman was revealed, along with its release date of October 23, 2015.

Carlton released Liberman Live on October 21, 2016. The album consisted of eight live tracks recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, while on tour.

2017–present: Love Is an Art and Broadway debut

On February 17, 2017, Carlton released another live album titled Earlier Things Live via her own Victor Music label. It included six songs from albums that were released pre-Liberman and were played live throughout 2015–2016 on the Liberman tour. Carlton performed a song titled "Love Is An Art" throughout 2017, and stated that this might be the title of her next album. She began writing songs for the album, her sixth, in June 2017.

On December 25, 2018 Carlton posted on Instagram saying that she would start recording the album on January 23, 2019. In March 2018, she began to release one cover song a month while she worked on the album. The first of six songs, a cover of "Call Your Girlfriend" by Robyn, was released digitally March 23, 2018. The second, a cover of Fleetwood Mac's "Dreams" was released April 20, 2018. The third, a cover of Neil Young's "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" was released May 18, 2018. The fourth cover, Fred Neil's "Little Bit of Rain" was released on June 15, 2018. The fifth cover, "Needle in the Hay" by Elliott Smith was released on July 20, 2018. The sixth and final cover song, "Lonely Girls" by Lucinda Williams was released on August 10, 2018. She released the covers EP as a triple vinyl collection, along with the Liberman Live and Earlier Things Live EPs, on November 23, 2018.

In May 2019, Carlton was announced to be making her Broadway debut with a lead role in the Carole King musical Beautiful, performing for a limited season from June 27. Speaking of her first time performing on Broadway, Carlton said: "It was emotional for me to get through the show the first time, it's a lot of work. And it was so exhilarating. And it just kind of worked out. I just cried at the end. 'I did it! Now I have to do it 79 more times. How is this going to happen?'" Mark Kennedy of The Seattle Times believed that the role marked "another fascinating turn" in Carlton's career.

On May 27, 2019, Carlton announced via Instagram that her sixth album, produced by Dave Fridmann, was to be titled Love is an Art. The album was mastered the same day. Love is an Art was released on March 27, 2020. Carlton revealed via Twitter in January 2021 that she planned to re-release the album in March 2021 with new songs and demo recordings from the album's studio sessions.

Personal life
In 2005, Carlton completed the New York City Marathon and donated the pledge money she collected to Musicians on Call, a nonprofit organization that brings live and recorded music to patients' bedsides.

On June 19, 2010, Carlton came out as bisexual while headlining Nashville Pride. She stated to the attending audience, "I've never said this before, but I am a proud bisexual woman."

On October 9, 2013, at a live performance in Bay Shore, New York, Carlton announced that she was expecting her first child with her fiancé John McCauley (of the band Deer Tick). In November, she announced she had experienced an ectopic pregnancy, in which she later suffered a ruptured tube and internal bleeding. After surgery, her entire right fallopian tube was removed. On December 27, 2013, Carlton and McCauley married in a ceremony officiated by Stevie Nicks. On June 26, 2014, Carlton announced via Facebook that the release of Liberman would be delayed until the summer of 2015 because she was expecting a child with McCauley. On January 13, 2015, Carlton gave birth to their daughter.

Carlton lived in Nashville with her family until 2021. She currently lives in Pawtuxet Village, Rhode Island.

Discography

Studio albums
 Be Not Nobody (2002)
 Harmonium (2004)
 Heroes & Thieves (2007)
 Rabbits on the Run (2011)
 Liberman (2015)
 Love is an Art (2020)

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American pop pianists
Bisexual songwriters
Bisexual singers
Bisexual women musicians
Columbia University alumni
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
LGBT people from Tennessee
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American songwriters
Jewish singers
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
School of American Ballet alumni
People from Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
People from Milford, Pennsylvania
Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from Pennsylvania
A&M Records artists
Murder Inc. Records artists
Razor & Tie artists
Universal Motown Records artists
1980 births
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American bisexual writers

Vanessa Carlton


In physics, mirror matter, also called shadow matter or Alice matter, is a hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter.

Overview
Modern physics deals with three basic types of spatial symmetry: reflection, rotation, and translation. The known elementary particles respect rotation and translation symmetry but do not respect mirror reflection symmetry (also called P-symmetry or parity). Of the four fundamental interactions—electromagnetism, the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravity—only the weak interaction breaks parity.

Parity violation in weak interactions was first postulated by Tsung Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang in 1956 as a solution to the τ-θ puzzle. In consultation with the experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu a number of possibilities were proposed to test whether the weak interaction was in fact invariant under parity. One of the group's suggestions involved monitoring the decay of Cobalt-60, to determine whether the electrons it emitted were radiated isotopically, like the two gamma rays. Wu performed this experiment in at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. after nine months of work. Contrary to most expectations, in December of 1956 she and her team observed anisotropic electron radiation, proving that the weak interactions of the known particles violate parity.

However, parity symmetry can be restored as a fundamental symmetry of nature if the particle content is enlarged so that every particle has a mirror partner. The theory in its modern form was described in 1991, although the basic idea dates back further. Mirror particles interact amongst themselves in the same way as ordinary particles, except where ordinary particles have left-handed interactions, mirror particles have right-handed interactions. In this way, it turns out that mirror reflection symmetry can exist as an exact symmetry of nature, provided that a "mirror" particle exists for every ordinary particle. Parity can also be spontaneously broken depending on the Higgs potential. While in the case of unbroken parity symmetry the masses of particles are the same as their mirror partners, in case of broken parity symmetry the mirror partners are lighter or heavier.

Mirror matter, if it exists, would interact weakly in strength with ordinary matter. This is because the forces between mirror particles are mediated by mirror bosons. With the exception of the graviton, none of the known bosons can be identical to their mirror partners. The only way mirror matter can interact with ordinary matter via forces other than gravity is via kinetic mixing of mirror bosons with ordinary bosons. These interactions can only be very weak. Mirror particles have therefore been suggested as candidates for the inferred dark matter in the universe.

In another context, mirror matter has been proposed to give rise to an effective Higgs mechanism responsible for the electroweak symmetry breaking. In such a scenario, mirror fermions have masses on the order of 1 TeV since they interact with an additional interaction, while some of the mirror bosons are identical to the ordinary gauge bosons. In order to emphasize the distinction of this model from the ones above, these mirror particles are usually called katoptrons.

Observational effects

Abundance
Mirror matter could have been diluted to unobservably low densities during the inflation epoch. Sheldon Glashow has shown that if at some high energy scale particles exist which interact strongly with both ordinary and mirror particles, radiative corrections will lead to a mixing between photons and mirror photons. This mixing has the effect of giving mirror electric charges a very small ordinary electric charge. Another effect of photon–mirror photon mixing is that it induces oscillations between positronium and mirror positronium. Positronium could then turn into mirror positronium and then decay into mirror photons.

The mixing between photons and mirror photons could be present in tree-level Feynman diagrams or arise as a consequence of quantum corrections due to the presence of particles that carry both ordinary and mirror charges. In the latter case, the quantum corrections have to vanish at the one and two loop-level Feynman diagrams, otherwise the predicted value of the kinetic mixing parameter would be larger than experimentally allowed.

An experiment to measure this effect was being planned in November 2003.

Dark matter
If mirror matter does exist in large abundances in the universe and if it interacts with ordinary matter via photon—mirror photon mixing, then this could be detected in dark matter direct detection experiments such as DAMA/NaI and its successor DAMA/LIBRA. In fact, it is one of the few dark matter candidates which can explain the positive DAMA/NaI dark matter signal whilst still being consistent with the null results of other dark matter experiments.

Electromagnetic effects
Mirror matter may also be detected in electromagnetic field penetration experiments and there would also be consequences for planetary science and astrophysics.

GZK puzzle
Mirror matter could also be responsible for the GZK puzzle. Topological defects in the mirror sector could produce mirror neutrinos which can oscillate to ordinary neutrinos. Another possible way to evade the GZK bound is via neutron–mirror neutron oscillations.

Gravitational effects
If mirror matter is present in the universe with sufficient abundance then its gravitational effects can be detected. Because mirror matter is analogous to ordinary matter, it is then to be expected that a fraction of the mirror matter exists in the form of mirror galaxies, mirror stars, mirror planets etc. These objects can be detected using gravitational microlensing. One would also expect that some fraction of stars have mirror objects as their companion. In such cases one should be able to detect periodic Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the star. There are some hints that such effects may already have been observed.

Neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations
Neutrons which are electrically neutral particles of ordinary matter could oscillate into its mirror partner, the mirror neutron. Recently experiments  looked for neutrons vanishing into the mirror world. Most experiments found no signal and hence gave limits on transition rates to the mirror state, one paper claimed signals. Current research looks for signals where an applied magnetic field adjust the energy level of the neutron to the mirror world. This energy difference can be interpreted due to a mirror magnetic field present in the mirror world or a mass difference of the neutron and its mirror partner. Such a transition to the mirror world could also solve the neutron lifetime puzzle. Experiments searching for mirror neutron oscillation are ongoing at the Paul Scherrer Institute's UCN source, Switzerland, Institut Laue-Langevin, France and Spallation Neutron Source, USA.

See also

References

External links
 A collection of scientific articles on various aspects of mirror matter theory
 Mirror matter article on h2g2

Physics beyond the Standard Model
Astroparticle physics
Dark matter
Hypothetical particles

Mirror matter


Keri Collins (born 1978) is a BAFTA winning director and writer for film and television. He has written and directed for the BBC, Sky TV, Netflix, The Sunday Times and PBS.

Collins was born in Pontypool, Wales. He was selected for the prestigious Guiding Lights scheme in 2008 and, as a result, was mentored by Sir Kenneth Branagh.

Collins' short film 'FUNDAY' was an official selection at the Raindance Film Festival 2011. It was acquired for distribution by Shorts International, nominated for a BAFTA Cymru award for Best Short film and described by Tony Grisoni (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas) as "Deliciously melancholic".

His debut feature comedy, the Raindance 2013 official selection, Convenience starred Vicky McClure (This is England), Ray Panthaki (Ali G In da House), Adeel Akhtar (Four Lions) and Verne Troyer (Austin Powers). It received multiple 4 star reviews, including from EMPIRE magazine and won the Breakthrough Award at the 2014 BAFTA Cymru Awards.

In 2018, Collins directed Tourist Trap, a BBC One Wales comedy series set in a fictional version of the Welsh tourist board. The show stars Sally Phillips and has run for two series and two specials. He directed the second and third series of Soft Border Patrol for BBC Northern Ireland and four episodes of Trollied for Sky One.

References

External links

Living people
1978 births
People from Pontypool
Welsh screenwriters
Welsh film directors

Keri Collins


The Rothmans Medal was the premier individual award in the New South Wales Rugby League and Brisbane Rugby League competitions, and later in the Australian Rugby League, which was given to the player voted by referees as the best and fairest in those competitions for the season, first awarded in 1968. With the establishment of the National Rugby League in 1998, the Rothmans Medal was replaced by the Dally M Medal as the official Player of the Year award.

History
The Rothmans Medal was the first official player-of-the-year award to be established in rugby league in Australia. The medal was sponsored by Rothmans International, a tobacco production company. There were two Rothmans Medals awarded each year: one for the best player in the New South Wales Rugby League, and one for the best player in the Brisbane Rugby League.

The voting for the Rothmans Medal was done by the match-day referee. After each match, he awarded three votes to the best player, two votes to the second-best player, and one vote to the third-best player. This is the same basic format as the modern day Dally M, except that the votes are now determined by the media.

The two Rothmans Medals were first awarded in 1968, and were awarded each year until 1996. In 1997, the Rothmans Medal in New South Wales became known as the Provan-Summons medal, because all tobacco advertising and sponsorship was prohibited in Australia in 1992, under the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992; the medal then disappeared altogether in 1998 with the merger of the Australian Rugby League and the Australian Super League. The Queensland Rothmans Medal was also last awarded in 1996, as the Queensland Cup superseded the Brisbane Rugby League as Queensland's premier rugby league competition in 1997.

Rothmans Medal winners

New South Wales

Note: includes Provan-Summons Medal winner in 1997.

Queensland

References

External links
Rothmans Medal at qrl.com.au

Rugby league trophies and awards
Awards established in 1968
Australian sports trophies and awards
1968 establishments in Australia

Rothmans Medal


New Minas is a village located in the eastern part of Kings County in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley. As of 2011, the population was 5,135.

Geography
New Minas borders the town of Kentville to the west and the unincorporated community of Greenwich to the east.  The town of Wolfville is further east on the other side of Greenwich. New Minas is approximately 100 km northwest of Halifax. The village is located along the south bank of the Cornwallis River occupying the lower slopes of the South Mountain. Nova Scotia's Highway No. 1 runs through the village forming the main street.

History
New Minas was founded in 1682 by Acadians from the Grand Pré area, the largest of the settlements known as Les Mines or Minas after the French copper mines explored at Cape d'Or at the entrance to the Minas Basin in the 1600s. As the Minas settlement grew, families moved westward up the Cornwallis River led by Pierre Terriot and founded a new settlement which came to be known to English surveyors as "New Minas". The Acadians knew their settlement as St. Antoine. It was built beside a tidal island in the bend of the river, later known as Oak Island. They repeated the pattern of the Grand Pré settlement by connecting dykes to Oak Island to turn tidal marshland into productive farmland. The settlement grew to include a mill, chapel and burial ground at Oak Island. However the Acadians were expelled and the settlement was destroyed during the Bay of Fundy Campaign of the Acadian Expulsion in 1755. New England Planters resettled the area in 1760s as part of Horton Township but built their farms further from the river along the Old Post Road, later Nova Scotia's Highway No. 1.

New Minas was the site of one of the first accounts of a UFO sighting in North America on October 12, 1796. The diary of a merchant in Liverpool, Nova Scotia named Simeon Perkins reported that stories were circulating of ships flying in the air which "were said to be seen at one Mr. Ratchfords in New Minas" by a young woman and two men who at sunrise saw as many as fifteen "ships in the air ... and a man forward with his hand stretched out." Perkins continued, "the story did not obtain universal credit but some people believed it."

New Minas remained a predominantly farming and agricultural community between the towns of Kentville and Wolfville. The Dominion Atlantic Railway operated a gravel quarry at Oak Island in New Minas and served a growing number of food and bulk feed plants at New Minas in the mid 19th Century.  However development increased with the construction of the Highway 101 expressway in the 1970s.  With the village's low tax rate and the location between the population centres of Kentville and Wolfville, New Minas soon saw a shopping centre and numerous big box retail outlets and fast food shops established to make the village the retail centre for the eastern Annapolis Valley.

Recent history
The village has been a major shopping mall destination since the early 1970's.  The County Fair Mall since 1974.

Over the past ten years, New Minas has been witness to a commercial boom which has seen many large retail outlets set up shop, while pre-existing retailers and many others have rebuilt into larger venues. One of the woes of the village is its heavy concentration of minimum-wage, service industry jobs. Other similarly sized communities nearby have a much wider range of income opportunities: Wolfville is an area supported by higher-education jobs with Acadia University, and Kentville is an area which supports itself with an industrial park, hospital and an orientation toward professional centers. Due to New Minas having no hospital of its own, citizens must travel to Kentville by way of public transit or by use of their own vehicles to go to the hospital.

In recent years, New Minas has been lampooned by many of its citizens and tourists as having notoriously poor side-roads. However, in the last 2–3 years, the Village of New Minas has been working on coercing the Province of Nova Scotia to focus on repairing these roads.

New Minas played host to the film crew of the popular television show Call Me Fitz. Where the filming took place used to be the old home of the local Kia Motors, but the local branch had moved to the other end of the town, so the showroom was converted into Fitzpatrick Motors.

Recently, a rotary was installed in the middle of New Minas to accommodate the increasing number of businesses and the new highway off-ramp from the nearby Highway 101 which has since finished construction as of 2018.

References

External links

Communities in Kings County, Nova Scotia
Villages in Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia

New Minas


Port Davis is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia on the east coast of Spencer Gulf about  to the west of the city of Port Pirie and about  north of the state capital of Adelaide.

The locality was established in June 1995 in respect to "the long established name."

Port Davis occupies land on the west and north side of a promontory known as Jarrold Point which itself forms part of the southern side of Germein Bay.  The locality includes the mouth of the Broughton River which is also known as Port Davis Creek.

Land use within the locality consists of conservation along the coastline where built development will be minimal and will be  limited to "low-intensity recreational uses" and where provided, will complement the environment of the locality, and agriculture on its southeastern side.

Port Davis is located within the federal Division of Grey, the state electoral district of Frome and  the local government area of the Port Pirie Regional Council.

References
Notes

Citations

Towns in South Australia
Spencer Gulf
Port Pirie

Port Davis, South Australia


The carboxypenicillins are a group of antibiotics. They belong to the penicillin family and comprise the members carbenicillin and ticarcillin.

Chemical structure

The carboxypenicillins feature the beta-lactam backbone of all penicillins but also feature a carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid ester group in the variable side-chain.

Spectrum

The carboxypenicillins exhibit activity against Gram negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus species. They are inactive against certain Gram positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and L. monocytogenes. The carboxypenicillins are beta-lactamase sensitive.

See also
 Aminopenicillin
 Temocillin

References

Penicillins

Carboxypenicillin


Blackball Museum of Working Class History (Mahi Tupuna) is a museum in Blackball, a small town on the West Coast of New Zealand, that opened in May 2010. The collection celebrates the role of working people in creating the nation and its wealth.

History
The Blackball Museum of Working Class History Charitable Trust received funding in 2002 from the New Zealand Lottery Grants Board, the Blackball Residents' Association and the West Coast Development Trust to investigate the feasibility of a museum. The feasibility study was launched in 2003. While the project was under development, the trust engaged in historical work such as recording oral histories of local residents. In February 2010, the museum sponsored a memorial to the 1908 coal miners' strike. The museum opened on May Day (International Workers' Day; 1 May) 2010.

Collection
The museum's exhibits describe the 1908 miners' strike, which led to the formation of a federation of miners, which became the Federation of Labour in 1909. There is a permanent exhibition on Blackball's coal mining history and a changing exhibition on an issue related to the area, or on a political issue. The museum also includes a memorial wheel dedicated to those who have died at work in New Zealand, with a special section for the 29 miners who died in the Pike River Mine disaster of 19 November 2010. The memorial is the site of an annual ceremony to commemorate the disaster. The museum also hosts an annual Mayday Ceremony and forum.

References

External links

2010 establishments in New Zealand
Local museums in New Zealand
History museums in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in the West Coast, New Zealand
Grey District


Wen Zhong () (died 472 BC) was an advisor in the state of Yue in the Spring and Autumn period. He was a native of Ying in the State of Chu.

After Yue was defeated by the state of Wu in 494 BC, Wen Zhong bribed Bo Pi, the advisor to the leader of Wu, King Fuchai, in order to make peace. During King Goujian of Yue's captivity in Wu as a hostage, Wen Zhong governed Yue. After his release, Goujian slowly rebuilt Yue with advice from Wen and Fan Li. In the meantime, Wu began to weaken after Wu Zixu's death, as Fuchai refused to listen to good counsel. A decade after returning to Yue, Goujian started a new war with Wu, and defeated Fuchai, who committed suicide. Wu was annexed by Yue.

After the defeat of Wu, Fan Li left Goujian's services and sent Wen Zhong a letter from Qi, advising Wen Zhong to leave Goujian as well. Upon receiving the letter, Wen Zhong declined to go to court, citing an illness. After defamation by others, he was forced to commit suicide by King Goujian.

References
Records of the Grand Historian, volume 41

Zhou dynasty generals
Zhou dynasty government officials
Forced suicides of Chinese people
Suicides by sharp instrument in China
Politicians from Jingzhou
Generals from Hubei
5th-century BC Chinese people
Chu state people
Yue (state)
470s BC deaths
Suicides in China
Ancient suicides

Wen Zhong


Douglass Rupert Dumbrille (October 13, 1889 – April 2, 1974) was a Canadian actor who appeared regularly in films from the early 1930s.

Life and career
Douglass Dumbrille ( ) was born in Hamilton, Ontario. As a young man, he was employed as a bank clerk in Hamilton while pursuing an interest in acting. He eventually left banking for the theatre, finding work with a stock company that led him to Chicago, Illinois, and another that toured the United States.

In 1913, the East Coast film industry was flourishing and that year he appeared in the film What Eighty Million Women Want, but it would be another 11 years before he appeared on screen again. In 1924, he made his Broadway debut and worked off and on in the theatre for several years while supplementing his income by selling such products as car accessories, tea, insurance, real estate, and books.

During the Great Depression, Dumbrille resumed his screen career in Hollywood, where he specialized in playing secondary character roles alongside the great stars of the day. His physical appearance and suave voice equipped him for roles as slick politician, corrupt businessman, crooked sheriff, or unscrupulous lawyer. He was highly regarded by the studios, and was sought out by Cecil B. DeMille, Frank Capra, Hal Roach and other prominent Hollywood filmmakers.

He played similar roles in Capra's film Broadway Bill (1934) (and the 1950 remake, Riding High), and DeMille's version of The Buccaneer (1938, and the 1958 remake). A friend of fellow Canadian-born director Allan Dwan, Dumbrille played Athos in Dwan's adaptation of The Three Musketeers (1939).

Dumbrille had roles in more than 200 motion pictures. He also played villainous roles in comedies, projecting a balance of menace and pomposity opposite the Marx Brothers, Abbott and Costello, and The Bowery Boys.

He portrayed the Egyptian priest and magician Jannes in DeMille's final film, The Ten Commandments (1956).

With the advent of television, Dumbrille made numerous appearances in the 1950s and 1960s. He played a flustered tycoon driven to distraction by Gracie Allen on the Burns and Allen episode "Company for Christmas" (1955). He was cast in six episodes of the religion anthology series, Crossroads. He portrayed Senator Bates in "Thanksgiving Prayer" (1956) with Ron Hagerthy of Sky King. Dumbrille then portrayed Mr. Willoughby in "Big Sombrero" (1957). He guest-starred in the 1957 episode "The Fighter" of the CBS situation comedy Mr. Adams and Eve. In 1958, he was cast as Mayor John Geary in three episodes of the NBC western series, The Californians. He subsequently guest-starred in Frank Aletter's CBS sitcom, Bringing Up Buddy. He portrayed Mr. Osborne in six episodes of the 1963–1964 situation comedy The New Phil Silvers Show.

Dumbrille made two guest appearances as a judge on CBS's Perry Mason; in 1964 he played Judge Robert Adler in "The Case of the Latent Lover", and in 1965 he played an unnamed judge in "The Case of the Duplicate Case". In his final television role, he portrayed a doctor in episode 10 of Batman in February 1966.

Personal life
Dumbrille's wife Jessie Lawson, mother of their son John and daughter Douglass (Dougie), died in 1957 after 47 years of marriage. In 1960, at the age of 70, Dumbrille married Patricia Mowbray, the 28-year-old daughter of his friend and fellow actor, Alan Mowbray. In response to criticism of the May–December marriage, Dumbrille rebuffed: "Age doesn't mean a blasted thing. The important thing is whether two people can be happy together. Pat and I agreed that I had some years left and we could best share them together. We don't give a continental damn what other people think."

Dumbrille died of a heart attack on April 2, 1974, at the Motion Picture Country Home and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California.

Selected filmography

What 80 Million Women Want (1913, silent film) as Minor Role
The Declaration of Independence (1924, Short) as Thomas Paine
His Woman (1931) as Alisandroe (uncredited)
The Wiser Sex (1932) as Chauffeur - aka The Wop
Blondie of the Follies (1932) as Murchenson
That's My Boy (1932) as Coach 'Daisy' Adams
 The Pride of the Legion (1932) as McMahon
I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) as District Attorney (uncredited)
Laughter in Hell (1933) as Ed Perkins
Hard to Handle (1933) as District Attorney (uncredited)
Smoke Lightning (1933) as Sam Edson
King of the Jungle (1933) as Ed Peters
Rustlers' Roundup (1933) as Bill Brett
The Working Man (1933) as Hammersmith - Lawyer (uncredited)
Elmer, the Great (1933) as Stillman (uncredited)
The Silk Express (1933) as Myton Associate (uncredited)
Heroes for Sale (1933) as Jim - Chief Engineer (uncredited)
The Man Who Dared (1933) as Judge Collier
Baby Face (1933) as Brody
Voltaire (1933) as Actor - Oriental King in Play (uncredited)
The Big Brain (1933) as Dan Thomas
I Loved a Woman (1933) as U.S. Attorney Brandt (uncredited)
The Way to Love (1933) as Agent Chapusard
Female (1933) as George Mumford
The World Changes (1933) as Buffalo Bill Cody
Lady Killer (1933) as Spade Maddock
Convention City (1933)
Massacre (1934) as Sen. Emory - Chairman (uncredited)
Hi, Nellie! (1934) as Dawes
Journal of a Crime (1934) as Germaine Cartier
Harold Teen (1934) as H.H. Snatcher
Fog Over Frisco (1934) as Mayard
Operator 13 (1934) as Gen. Stuart
Treasure Island (1934) as Israel Hands
Hide-Out (1934) as DeSalle - Nightclub Owner
Broadway Bill (1934) as Eddie Morgan
The Secret Bride (1934) as Breeden
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) as Mohammed Khan
Naughty Marietta (1935) as Uncle
Cardinal Richelieu (1935) as Count Baradas
Air Hawks (1935) as Victor Arnold
 Unknown Woman (1935) as Phil Gardner
Love Me Forever (1935) as Miller
The Public Menace (1935) as Mario Tonelli
Peter Ibbetson (1935) as Col. Forsythe
Crime and Punishment (1935) as Grilov
The Calling of Dan Matthews (1935) as Jeff Hardy
The Lone Wolf Returns (1935) as Morphew
You May Be Next (1936) as Beau Gardner
The Music Goes 'Round (1936) as Bishop
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) as John Cedar
The Witness Chair (1936) as Stanley Whittaker
The Princess Comes Across (1936) as Detective Lorel
M'Liss (1936) as Lou Ellis
End of the Trail (1936) as Bill Mason
Counterfeit Lady (1936) as August Marino
Woman in Distress (1937) as Jerome Culver
A Day at the Races (1937) as J.D. Morgan
The Emperor's Candlesticks (1937) as Mr. Korum - a Conspirator
The Firefly (1937) as Marquis de Melito
Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937) as Prince Musah
The Buccaneer (1938) as Governor William C.C. Claiborne
Stolen Heaven (1938) as Klingman
Fast Company (1938) as Arnold Stamper
The Mysterious Rider (1938) as Pecos Bill - aka Ben Wade
Crime Takes a Holiday (1938) as J.J. Grant
Storm Over Bengal (1938) as Ramin Khan
Sharpshooters (1938) as Count Maxim
Kentucky (1938) as John Dillon - 1861
The Three Musketeers (1939) as Athos
Mr. Moto in Danger Island (1939) as La Costa
Tell No Tales (1939) as Matt Cooper
Captain Fury (1939) as Preston
Charlie Chan at Treasure Island (1939) as Thomas Gregory
Thunder Afloat (1939) as District Commander
Rovin' Tumbleweeds (1939) as Stephen Holloway
Charlie Chan in City in Darkness (1939) as Petroff
Slightly Honorable (1939) as George Taylor
Virginia City (1940) as Major Drewery
South of Pago Pago (1940) as Williams
Michael Shayne, Private Detective (1940) as Gordon
Murder Among Friends (1941) as Carter Stevenson
The Round Up (1941) as Capt. Bob Lane
Road to Zanzibar (1941) as Slave Trader
Washington Melodrama (1941) as Donnelly
The Big Store (1941) as Mr. Grover
Ellery Queen and the Perfect Crime (1941) as John Matthews
Castle in the Desert (1942) as Paul Manderley
Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942) as Jake Rainwater
A Gentleman After Dark (1942) as Enzo Calibra
Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) as Gen. William Henry Harrison
I Married an Angel (1942) as Baron Szigethy
King of the Mounties (1942) as Harper
Stand By for Action (1942) as Capt. Ludlow
DuBarry Was a Lady (1943) as Willie / Duc de Rigor
False Colors (1943) as Mark Foster
Uncertain Glory (1944) as Police Commissioner LaFarge
Lumberjack (1944) as Daniel J. Keefer
Jungle Woman (1944) as District Attorney
Forty Thieves (1944) as Tad Hammond
Gypsy Wildcat (1944) as Baron Tovar
Lost in a Harem (1944) as Nimativ
Jungle Queen (1945) as Lang
A Medal for Benny (1945) as General
The Frozen Ghost (1945) as Inspector Brant
 Flame of the West (1945) as Marshal Tom Nightlander
The Daltons Ride Again (1945) as Sheriff Hoskins
Road to Utopia (1945) as Ace Larson
Pardon My Past (1945) as Uncle Wills
The Catman of Paris (1946) as Henry Borchard
Night in Paradise (1946) as High Priest
The Cat Creeps (1946) as Tom McGalvey
Spook Busters (1946) as Dr. Coslow
Under Nevada Skies (1946) as Courtney
Monsieur Beaucaire (1946) as George Washington
It's a Joke, Son! (1947) as Big Dan Healey
Dishonored Lady (1947) as District Attorney O'Brien
Dragnet (1947) as Frank Farrington
Blonde Savage (1947) as Mark Harper
Christmas Eve (1947) as Dr. Bunyan
The Fabulous Texan (1947) as Luke Roland
Beyond Our Own (1947) as E.W. Osborne
Last of the Wild Horses (1948) as Charlie Cooper
Dynamite (1949) as Hank Gibbons
Riders of the Whistling Pines (1949) as Henry Mitchell
The Lone Wolf and His Lady (1949) as John J. Murdock
Addio Mimí! (1949) as Rouchard
Alimony (1949) as Burton (Burt) Crail
Joe Palooka in the Counterpunch (1949) as Capt. Lance
Tell It to the Judge (1949) as George Ellerby
Buccaneer's Girl (1950) as Capt. Martos
Riding High (1950, remake of Broadway Bill) as Eddie Howard
The Savage Horde (1950) as Col. Price
Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion (1950) as Sheik Hamud El Khalid
The Kangaroo Kid (1950) as Vincent Moller
Rapture (1950) as W.C. Hutton
A Millionaire for Christy (1951) as J.C. Thompson
Scaramouche (1952) as Assembly President (uncredited)
Son of Paleface (1952) as Sheriff McIntyre
Apache War Smoke (1952) as Maj. Dekker
Sky Full of Moon (1952) as Rodeo Official
Julius Caesar (1953) as Lepidus
Plunder of the Sun (1953) as Consul
Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953) as Chief Powhatan
World for Ransom (1954) as Insp. McCollum
The Lawless Rider (1954) as Marshal Brady
Jupiter's Darling (1955) as Scipio
A Life at Stake (1954) as Gus Hillman
Davy Crockett and the River Pirates (1956) as Saloon owner (uncredited) (archive footage)
Shake, Rattle & Rock! (1956) as Eustace Fentwick III
The Ten Commandments (1956) as Jannes
 The Go-Getter (1956) as Dr. Baker
The Buccaneer (1958) as Collector of the Port
High Time (1960) as Judge Carter (uncredited)
Air Patrol (1962) as Millard Nolan
Johnny Cool (1963) as Corrupt City Council Member
What a Way to Go! (1964) as Minor Role (uncredited)
Shock Treatment (1964) as Judge (uncredited)

References

External links

1889 births
1974 deaths
Canadian male silent film actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian expatriate male actors in the United States
Male actors from Hamilton, Ontario
20th-century Canadian male actors

Douglass Dumbrille


Lady Shri Ram College for Women (LSR) is a constituent women's college, affiliated with the University of Delhi.

History
Established in 1956 in New Delhi by the late Lala Shri Ram in memory of his wife Phoolan Devi (Lady Shri Ram), the college began in a school building in Daryaganj, Central Delhi with 299 students, nine faculty, and four support staff. The college is now located in a  campus in Lajpat Nagar in South Delhi.

LSR's infrastructure includes a library with internet access, 1200 books, 50 online journals and 12798 in-house journals and periodicals. Its Board of Governors is chaired by industrialist and philanthropist Bharat Ram. The new principal of the college is Ms. Suman Sharma.

Academics

Academic programmes
B.A. (H): Economics,  English, Hindi, History, Philosophy, Political Science, Sanskrit, Sociology, Psychology
B.Com. (H)
B.A. Programme
BSc. (H): Mathematics, Statistics
B.El.Ed
Postgraduate Diploma in  Conflict Transformation and Peace-building (CTPB)
Journalism and Mass Communication (H)

Rankings

LSR College ranked first by leading publications and second among colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2020.
Ranking_NAAC_2022_A/>

Student life

Cultural festivals
Tarang is the annual cultural festival of Lady Shri Ram College in fields of music, dance, dramatics, debating, fine arts, quiz, and film.

Student clubs
LSR also has 20 other clubs for extra-curricular activities such as Hive for art enthusiasts, a Debating Society for debates, and Dramatics Society for drama. Other clubs include the LSR's choreography group, the Western Music Society and the classical music society. In addition to this, there is also compulsory enrollment in National Service Scheme, National Sports Organisation or National Cadet Corps.

Notable alumni

 Sanjana Sanghi, Bollywood actress
 Aditi Rao Hydari, Bollywood actress
 Priyamvada Kant, Actress
 Anasuya Sengupta, Senior Director of Grantmaking, Wikimedia Foundation
 Tillotama Shome, Actress
 Anjali Gopalan, honoured with Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur; founder of Naz Foundation (India) Trust
 Anshula Kant, Chief Financial Officer and Managing Director, The World Bank
 Anupriya Patel, Member of Parliament and Former Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare
 Archana Puran Singh, television host, Bollywood actress, anchor and celebrity judge
 Aung San Suu Kyi, pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma; Nobel Peace Prize laureate
 Baisali Mohanty, classical dancer and choreographer; columnist
 Chitra Subramaniam, India's first woman investigative journalist
 Chhavi Rajawat, Sarpanch of village Soda
 Deepa Mehta, filmmaker
 Divya Dwivedi, philosopher
 Gauri Khan, film producer, interior designer
 Geeta Luthra, Senior Advocate
 Geetanjali Shree, acclaimed Hindi writer and International Booker Prize winner
 Gita Mittal, Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.), Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court
 Gita Gopinath, Chief Economist, International Monetary Fund
 Gurmehar Kaur, Young Activist, Writer, Leader
 Indu Malhotra, Judge, Supreme Court of India
 Jaishree Misra, popular fiction author
 Jasmine Kaur Roy, filmmaker
 Kiran Walia, Politician, Former Minister of Health and Family Welfare Department, Women & Child Development and Languages, Delhi Government.
 Maneka Sanjay Gandhi, MP, Former Minister of Women and Child Development, animal rights activist, and environmentalist
 Meenakshi Gopinath, educationist, former principal and Padma Shri awardee
 Meenakshi Reddy Madhavan, author
 Mridula Mukherjee, Director, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, Delhi.
 Naina Lal Kidwai, Chief Executive Officer, HSBC India
 Nabila Jamshed, author
 Nidhi Razdan, Anchor - NDTV
 Niharika Acharya, editorial director, National Journal
 Pariva Pranati, popular TV actress
 Poile Sengupta, writer
 Prajna Paramita, Diplomat from the Indian Foreign Service; the first girl from Lady Shri Ram College to win the Rector's Prize for the Best Undergraduate in Delhi University (1970)
 Priya Prakash, businesswoman
 Preeti Saran, Diplomat from the Indian Foreign Service
 Raashi Khanna, Indian actress
 Rasika Dugal, Indian film actress
 Sakshi Tanwar, television actress
 Sandhya Mridul, Indian actress
 Sayani Gupta, Indian film actress
 Shikha Sharma, CEO Axis Bank India
 Shriya Saran, Indian film actress
 Sujatha Singh, former Indian Foreign Secretary
 Uma Sharma, Kathak dancer
 Usha Thorat, Former Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India
 Vinita Bali, Managing Director, Britannia Industries
 Sunita Kohli, Interior Designer who restored Rashtrapati Bhawan
 Vasundhara Sirnate, Indian political scientist and journalist.
 Kavita Singh, Professor and Infosys Prize winner
 Anjana Sinha, IPS officer
Parampara Tandon, music composer, singer
 Namgay Zam, Bhutanese journalist

See also
 St. Stephen's College, Delhi
 Hans Raj College, Delhi
 Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi
 Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi
 Loyola College, Chennai, University of Madras
 Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai
 St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, University of Mumbai, Mumbai
 Education in India
 List of institutions of higher education in Delhi
 Kirori Mal College

References

Educational institutions established in 1956
Delhi University
Women's universities and colleges in Delhi
1956 establishments in Delhi

Lady Shri Ram College


Charilaos Trikoupis (; 11 July 1832 – 30 March 1896) was a Greek politician who served as a Prime Minister of Greece seven times from 1875 until 1895.

He is best remembered for introducing the vote of confidence in the Greek constitution, proposing and funding such ambitious and modern projects as the construction of the Corinth Canal, but also eventually leading the country to bankruptcy. Nowadays, he is commonly considered one of the greatest Greek Prime Ministers to ever have served.

Background
Born in Nauplion in 1832, with family ties to Messolonghi, he was the son of Spiridon Trikoupis, a politician who was Prime Minister of Greece briefly in 1833, and Ekaterini Mavrokordatou, sister of Alexandros Mavrokordatos, who also served as a Prime Minister.

After studying law and literature in University of Athens and in Paris, where he obtained his doctorate, he was sent to London in 1852 as an attaché of the Greek legation. By 1863, he had risen to be chargé d'affaires, but he aimed rather at a political not a diplomatic career. Trikoupis' family had been original supporters of the English Party; that and his reserved nature bestowed on him the nickname "Ο Άγγλος, the Englishman."

In 1865, after he had concluded the negotiations for the cession by United Kingdom to Greece of the Ionian Islands, he returned to Athens and in 1865 he was elected to the Hellenic Parliament, and in the following year was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the young age of thirty-four.

"Who's to Blame?"
In 1872 he created his own party, called the Fifth Party (Πέμπτο Κόμμα) on a reformist agenda. On June 29, 1874 (Julian calendar) he published a manifesto in the Athens daily Kairoi entitled "Who's to blame?" () for people's lack of trust in the system, naming George I of Greece as the answer. Specifically, he criticized George for bypassing public opinion expressed in elections in his selection of Prime Ministers. Trikoupis wrote that the political instability, which characterized public life was due to the privilege of the Crown, as far as the appointment and ousting of governments was concerned. This privilege may have derived from the Greek Constitution of 1864, but it resulted in the formation of weak minority governments, which were based exclusively on the royal favor.

Moreover, the manifesto underlined that if "remedy is not applied", the country will revolt. In order to prevent this, the writer suggested the restriction of the royal privileges with the introduction of the principle of "declared confidence" (confidence vote) which, as he supported, would bring about the harmonization of the political life via the formation of a basically two-party parliamentary system: "As long as the King offers power [...] to the parliamentary minority, the suitors of the authority will multiply indefinitely. However, if he sincerely decides to invite to power only the majority, [...] the minorities will agree making concessions and will merge into a majority. [...] Therefore, it is not the fault of the regime, it is not the fault of the representatives of the Nation, it is not the fault of the Nation, if the Parliament is divided in many parties and has no majority when demanded. [...] The vice lies elsewhere and it is there that a remedy should be sought".

The article landed him briefly in jail but also boosted his popularity significantly. A year later, on May 8, 1875 he mustered a parliamentary majority and King George I reluctantly named him as Prime Minister as the leader of a new Reformist party called the New (or Modernist) Party (Νεωτεριστικόν Κόμμα).

Political power and struggles

Among his first acts was the reform of election law and the establishment of the "dedilomeni principle" (αρχή της δεδηλωμένης), the "principle of declared confidence", or confidence vote, obliging the King to appoint the leader of the party with the majority of parliamentary votes as the Prime Minister. The dedilomeni principle may have contributed to Greece quickly becoming a two-party state as smaller parties merged in an effort to form majorities. Initially observed by convention, the dedilomeni has been incorporated into all subsequent Greek constitutions and ushered Greece into modern parliamentary politics. The opposing party to Trikoupis' Modernist Party was the conservative Nationalist Party led by Alexandros Koumoundouros.

With ever-changing alliances in parliament and fluctuating election results, Greece changed twelve prime ministers in the next six years. Trikoupis headed three of these short-lived governments. The 1875 general election on October 4 was considered the most honest election held to that date in Greece: Trikoupis lost. His short period in office meant he had no opportunity to begin carrying out the aggressive reform program which he had in mind. His foreign policy was to develop the resources of his country so as to create an army and a fleet and thus to give Greece the power to acquire a leading place among the nations of Southeastern Europe.

It was not until 1882 that he was able to take measures to this end. On March 15, 1882, he became prime minister for the third time (his second period of office, two years earlier, had lasted only for a few months), and at once set about the task of putting Greek finance upon a firmer basis, and of increasing the prosperity of the country by making roads, railways and harbours. Despite his vision of a progressive nation with modern infrastructure, Greece was a poor and backwards country in the latter part of the 19th century.

His government was relatively stable and lasted for more than three years. During that time, he was able to push through an aggressive program of reforms. Trikoupis was a strong believer in the need to create an infrastructure to support the economy, and to attract foreign investment. A progressive program of road and railroad construction significantly improved internal communications. The most important of the works he campaigned for was the digging of the Corinth Canal. Another project that Trikoupis envisioned during that period was a bridge to connect the cities of Rio and Antirrio across the Gulf of Corinth. The bridge was beyond the technical and financial abilities of the young Kingdom at that time; construction began more than a century later. The bridge, officially named the Charilaos Trikoupis Bridge in his honour, was completed in 2004.

His difficulties, however, were now increased by the large expenditure that had been incurred for military preparations while he had been out of office as the result of the union effected between Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Greeks had demanded a compensation for this shifting of the balance of power from the Ottoman Empire and had prepared to enforce their demand by an appeal to arms. The Great Powers, however, interfered blockading the Piraeus to make Greece remain quiet. Trikoupis nevertheless believed that he could raise the value of Greek paper currency to par in a short time, and all his calculations were based upon that assumption which he was not able to make happen.

He was defeated at the 1885 general election, but in the following year he resumed office and again took up the cause of economic and financial reform.

Anti-athletic Olympic Games
Despite the Greek government receiving more than generous funding from Evangelis Zappas, back in 1856, for Athens to host athletic Olympic Games at the Panathinaiko Stadium, in perpetuity, members of the Greek government, notably Trikoupis and Stephanos Dragoumis, were resoundingly against them being athletic games. Trikoupis preferred an agro-industrial Olympics instead. The Zappeion, built to honor Zappas, was intended, by Trikoupis, to host agro-industrial competitions. Despite Trikoupis' anti-athletic politics, the Zappeion not only was the first indoor Olympic arena, hosting fencing in 1896, it also became the first Olympic Village in 1906. Coincidentally, Trikoupis died during the first week of the Athens 1896 Olympics.

"Unfortunately, we are bankrupt"

His sixth turn in office (June 22, 1892 – May 15, 1893) was a dramatic one. The country's treasury had been depleted by overspending and systemic corruption often caused by political campaigns in which parties promised massive spending programs. Trikoupis stood before parliament and made the most famous statement of his career: "Unfortunately, we are bankrupt" (). The servicing of foreign loans was suspended, and all non-essential spending was cut.

Trikoupis was again in power from November 11, 1893 until January 24, 1895. It was during that time that the planning for the 1896 Summer Olympics was begun. Trikoupis was skeptical about the games as he feared that the country could not shoulder the cost. He was convinced, eventually, to host them and made the needed arrangements. This would be his last term in office.

Resignation and death
Trikoupis tried to make terms with the creditors of his nation, but he failed in that too. The taxation measures he proposed to combat the country's bankruptcy aroused great hostility, and in January, 1895 he resigned. At the general election, four months later, he and his Modernist Party were astoundingly defeated by his main political rival, Theodoros Deligiannis, and Trikoupis did not even manage to win a seat in the parliament. This led to him resigning from politics and moving to Cannes.
In the 17 March 1896 elections, he was involuntarily nominated as an MP, and was elected back into Parliament, but Trikoupis never returned to Greece to assume his seat; he died in Cannes on 30 March 1896. He was buried in Athens.

Legacy
Trikoupis is considered one of the greatest modern Greek politicians for his reformist and modernising programs as well as for the introduction of the dedilomeni principle. Roads in all major Greek cities, as well as the Rio–Antirrio Bridge, have been named after him.

References

Sources

 Tsokapoulos, Βιογραφία Χαριλάου Τρικούπη, Athens, 1896.

Notes

1832 births
1896 deaths
People from Nafplion
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
New Party (Greece) politicians
Prime Ministers of Greece
Foreign ministers of Greece
Members of the Hellenic Parliament
19th-century prime ministers of Greece
History of Greece (1863–1909)
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
Greek prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Greece
Children of prime ministers of Greece

Charilaos Trikoupis


Byte pair encoding (also known as digram coding) is an algorithm, first described in 1994 by Philip Gage. Its modification is notable as the large language model tokenizer with an ability to combine both tokens that encode single characters (including single digits or single punctuation marks) and those that encode whole words (even the longest compound words). This modification, in the first step, assumes all unique characters to be an initial set of 1-character long n-grams (i.e.  initial "tokens"). Then, successively the most frequent pair of adjacent characters is merged into a new, 2-characters long n-gram and all instances of the pair are replaced by this new token. This is repeated until a vocabulary of prescribed size is obtained. Note that new words can always be constructed from final vocabulary tokens and initial-set characters.

All the unique tokens found in a corpus are listed in a token vocabulary, the size of which, in the case of GPT-3, is 50257.

The difference between the modified and the original algorithm is that the original algorithm does not merge the most frequent pair of bytes of data, but replaces them by a new byte that was not contained in the initial dataset. A lookup table of the replacements is required to rebuild the initial dataset. The algorithm is effective for the tokenization because it does not require large computational overheads and remains consistent and reliable.

Original algorithm
The original algorithm operates by iteratively replacing the most common contiguous sequences of characters in a target piece of text with unused 'placeholder' bytes. The iteration ends when no sequences can be found, leaving the target text effectively compressed. Decompression can be performed by reversing this process, querying known placeholder terms against their corresponding denoted sequence, per a lookup table. In the original paper, this lookup table is encoded and stored alongside the compressed text.

Example
Suppose the data to be encoded is

 aaabdaaabac

The byte pair "aa" occurs most often, so it will be replaced by a byte that is not used in the data, such as "Z". Now there is the following data and replacement table:

 ZabdZabac
 Z=aa

Then the process is repeated with byte pair "ab", replacing it with "Y":

 ZYdZYac
 Y=ab
 Z=aa

The only literal byte pair left occurs only once, and the encoding might stop here. Alternatively, the process could continue with recursive byte pair encoding, replacing "ZY" with "X":

 XdXac
 X=ZY
 Y=ab
 Z=aa

This data cannot be compressed further by byte pair encoding because there are no pairs of bytes that occur more than once.

To decompress the data, simply perform the replacements in the reverse order.

See also
 Re-Pair
 Sequitur algorithm

References

Lossless compression algorithms

Byte pair encoding


Smoky Point is a point of land in the U.S. state of Alaska, located at , where Ugashik Bay joins the much larger Bristol Bay.  The most easily distinguishable landmark is the United States Coast Guard lighthouse which is visible to mariners on the eastern shore of Bristol Bay and all of Ugashik Bay.

The long beaches, shoals, and sandbars of lower Ugashik Bay and the eastern shore of Bristol Bay make navigation through the area particularly troublesome. Shipwrecks, even of smaller vessels, are not unusual. Deaths arising from vessels in distress and from drowning are also commonplace. The combination of extremely rough sea conditions—surf arising in Bristol Bay is commonly 1–5 m (3–16 ft) high—and cold water make survival rates extremely low.

On a single day in July 2006, to illustrate, two vessels of the Bristol Bay fishing fleet were lost on the shoals of Smoky Point.  The crew of the fishing vessels Kaos and Silver Tide were rescued by heroic efforts of the M/V Farwest Leader in extreme weather conditions in the dark.

Demographics
Besides the lighthouse, the area also hosts several homes and beach cabins belonging to the  salmon gillnet families who fish the nearby waters, dotting the coastline from Dago Creek, approximately  east of the lighthouse to Cape Greig, approximately  to the north.

The area population typically exceeds 30 in summer, dropping to just a single resident in winter.

Flora and fauna
The terrain consists of a series of long ridges which once comprised the ancient coastline of the Bering Sea punctuated by numerous long, narrow lakes and marshland which provide food and shelter for any number of nesting seabirds and annual migrations of the emperor goose, lesser Canada goose, Arctic tern, cormorant, mallard duck, fish duck, and others.  The land is also host to the American bald eagle, sandhill crane, willow ptarmigan, barrenground caribou, brown bear, foxes, porcupines, ground squirrels, and wolves, to name but a few.

Although treeless, some stands of willow and alder grow in the more protected valleys between the ridges; the region is mostly covered with low shrubbery, mosses, and lichen, which comprise the tundra of the plain. The area is frequently buffeted by strong winds off the Bering Sea which keep the growing season short and cool, and undermines vegetation growing on the unstable sand dune ridges.

Headlands of Alaska
Landforms of Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska

Smoky Point


Hamar stadion is a former athletics, speed skating and bandy stadium in Hamar, Norway. The home ground of Hamar IL, it was owned by Hamar Municipality. It has held seven international speed skating events: the European Speed Skating Championships in 1934, 1948 and 1953, the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men in 1952 and 1985, and the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women in 1980 and 1991. The stadium has held 13 Norwegian Championships and 11 world records have been set at the venue.

History

In 1921, the stadium was leased to Oplandenes Turn- og Idrettspark. After maintenance was diminished and there broke out disagreement between the sports clubs about the use of the stadium, the municipality had to cancel the lease in 1928 and management was transferred to Hamar IL. Until 1936, when Briskeby gressbane opened, Hamar stadion was one of several venues used for the football team Briskeby FL. Because the stadium lacked proper drainage, a new stadium was considered by the politicians at Kvitmyra. A committee was established by the municipal council in 1945, but it concluded that it was better to upgrade the existing stadium, as Hamar had been awarded the 1948 European Speed Skating Championships. The event was seen by 26,000 spectators. During the summer of 1948, grass was laid on the stadium. The stadium also received two change rooms. For a long time during winter, there were regular flood light practices for the public on Wednesdays and Sundays. The inner field was used for bandy, while the running track was used for speed skating.

The record attendance dates from 1952, when 30,000 people watches Hjalmar Andersen set a new world record on the 10,000 meter: 16:32.6, which remained until the 1960 Winter Olympics. The European Speed Skating Championships were held again in 1953, and Dutchman Kees Broekmann characterized the venue as "the Mecca of speed skating". This was in part because of the good quality of the ice. Alf Ingvaldsen was responsible for icing for thirty years from the mid-1940s, and created a vehicle which was able to spread warm water on the top of the surface to polish the ice. The venue has hosted the Norwegian Athletics Championships in 1959 and 1971.

With the opening of Vikingskipet, an indoor speed skating venue, in 1993 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, Hamar stadion no longer was used for international and major speed skating tournaments. In 2007, the city sold the stadium to Sentrumsgården for 320 million Norwegian krone. They will build a combined commercial, shopping and residential complex with  of real estate.

References

Bibliography

Speed skating venues in Norway
Bandy venues in Norway
Sports venues in Hamar
Defunct athletics (track and field) venues in Norway
Hamarkameratene

Hamar stadion


Gilbert Malcolm Sproat (19 April 1834 – 4 June 1913) was a Scottish-born Canadian businessman, office holder, and author.

Biography
Born in Brighouse Farm Borgue near Kirkcudbright, Scotland, he arrived on Vancouver Island in 1860, where he helped to found the first sawmill in Port Alberni, British Columbia. On 24 July. 1863 he was made a justice of the peace for the Colony of Vancouver Island. When the sawmill burnt down in 1865, Sproat returned to England, but maintained his interest in the affairs of the colony, which was united with the mainland in 1866. Sproat's fascination with the First Nations people he encountered on Vancouver Island, led to his best remembered book, The Nootka:Scenes and studies of savage life, which appeared in 1868. In 1870 he wrote Education of the Rural Poor which argued for the extension of elementary education to all, including agricultural laborers. Following British Columbia's entry into Canadian Confederation in 1871, Sproat became the new province's agent general in London, a position he held from 1872 until his return to the province in 1876. Beginning in 1883, Sproat began travelling to the Interior of British Columbia, especially to the Kootenay region, where he held several regional offices. After 1898, Sproat returned to Victoria, where he spent the majority of his time writing. He died there on 4 June 1913.

Legacy
Sproat Lake and Sproat Lake Provincial Park on Vancouver Island are named in his honour by Robert Brown.

Further reading

References

1834 births
1913 deaths
People from Dumfries and Galloway
Canadian businesspeople
Canadian non-fiction writers
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation British Columbia

Gilbert Malcolm Sproat


Juan Fernández de Heredia (in Aragonese Johan Ferrández d'Heredia, pronounced ;  – 1396) was a Spanish knight of Aragon who served as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 24 September 1377 to his death. His tenure was occupied by the "affair of Achaea", the persistent, but ultimately fruitless, efforts by the Knights to acquire the Principality of Achaea in southern Greece. He was also a great patron of the translation and composition of historiographical works in the Aragonese language and a counsellor to two Kings of Aragon.

Early life
Heredia was born in Munebrega, Kingdom of Aragon. As a knight of the Hospitaller order (from 1328), Heredia was the commander of the castles of Villel, Aliaga, and Alfambra. He was originally patronised by Peter IV of Aragon and Pope Innocent VI. Through the aid of the latter, he was appointed to govern the grand priories of the kingdoms of Castile and León, and of the abbey of Saint-Gilles in southern France, the richest priory of the order. He supported Peter IV against the Union of Aragon and fought on his side in the successful Battle of Epila (1348).

In 1346, with the king of Aragon's support, he gained the castellany of Amposta (which was the priory of Aragon). Heredia made himself and his family (and illegitimate children) enormously wealthy at the expense of the order. His power and influence was greatly circumscribed by the Grand Master Raymond Berengar, but in 1371 he entered the favour of Pope Urban V and was elevated as the master's lieutenant in Western Europe.

Campaigns in Greece
In 1376, Heredia conducted the fleet bearing Pope Gregory XI back to Rome, presaging the end of the Avignon Papacy. The next year, on September 24, Gregory formally appointed Heredia grand master, following the death of Robert of Juilly on July 27. Heredia embarked from Naples for Romania late in 1377, arriving in Vonitsa in April 1378. Heredia immediately set about to take Arta but was captured by Ghin Boua Spata, lord of Aetolia and Acarnania, and sold to the Ottoman Turks. He was quickly ransomed, for he was in Glarentsa on 20 May 1379, though during his absence, his commandant, Gaucher of La Bastide, hired the Navarrese Company of mercenaries and brought them to the Principality of Achaea for eight months.

After his release, Heredia went to Rhodes, the headquarters of the order, in July. Power was readily ceded to him, as he was an adherent of the Avignonese Pope Clement VII. Heredia tried to make a deal to have the Navarrese turn over the castles they were holding in the name of the prince to the military order. The Navarrese' preponderant demands, however, quickly sunk any possible agreement. Heredia ignored the powerful company and instead dealt directly with Marie of Blois, who claimed the principality on behalf of her son Louis II of Naples. Marie signed over her son's rights to the order on 24 January 1387, with the consent of Clement VII. The transaction cost the order 20,000 gold florins. Later, the pope reversed his endorsement at the request of the Achaean claimant Amadeus, Lord of Pinerolo.

Despite these failures with the Navarrese, Heredia had continued to use them in his war. Though Peter IV had forbid any Hospitallers of his realm to travel with Heredia east, he himself had claimed the rights to the Duchy of Athens. The Navarrese, under Juan de Urtubia, attacked Thebes, the capital of the duchy, and Heredia, though friendly with the king, was warned in a letter to stop abetting his enemies (10 September 1380).

Life in Avignon
Heredia spent most of his life in Avignon after 9 April 1382, when he embarked for the West with his powers diminished some by the untrusting convent in Rhodes. In April 1383, the Roman Pope Urban VI appointed Riccardo Caracciolo, prior of Capua, anti-master in opposition to Heredia. Caracciolo had the support of some Italian priories, of the England and other Urbanist regions, but his power was insignificant by his death in 1395, after which no one was elected to replace him. Heredia did not long survive him and was succeeded by Philibert of Naillac.

Heredia was wealthy and learned, a patron of historiography and translation. It was he who ordered the Chronicle of Morea translated into Aragonese sometime before 1393, though it does not contain any mention of his term of service in the Morea. The medieval stonework of his fortified castles in Mora de Rubielos and Rubielos de Mora has been much studied in the last few years. He was buried in Caspe. His tomb was destroyed by anarchist soldiers during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), although some photographs remain.

Sources
Setton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380. Revised edition. London: Variorum, 1975.

 Luttrell, Anthony. Juan Fernandez de Heredia, Castellan of Amposta (1346–1377), Master of the Order of St. John at Rhodes (1377–1396). PhD diss., University of Oxford (1959).
 Luttrell, Anthony. "Juan Fernandez de Heredia's History of Greece," Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 34,1 (2010), 30–37.
 Ciprés Palacín, María Ángeles.  "Elementos lingüísticos galorrománicos en el texto aragonés Flor de las ystorias de Orient, del scriptorium de Juan Fernández de Heredia", Alazet, 23 (2011), 29–39.

1310 births
1396 deaths
Viceroys of Catalonia
Christians of the Crusades
Aragonese-language writers
Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
Rhodes under the Knights Hospitaller
Captains General of the Church

Juan Fernández de Heredia


Marie Françoise Sophie Gay (born Nichault de la Valette; 1 July 1776 – 2 March 1852) was a French author who was born in Paris.

Biography
Marie Françoise Sophie Nichault de la Vallette was the child of Francesca Peretti, an Italian woman and of Auguste Antoine Nichault de la Vallette, an entrepreneur who worked for Louis XVIII of France.

Sophie was married in 1794 to Gaspard Liottier (or Gaspar Liottier). She divorced in 1799 to marry another, Jean Sigismond Gay (1768–1822), the mayor of Lupigny, originally from Aix-les-Bains and with a close association to the French treasury, under the French First Empire. He was the contrôleur-général for the Ruhr.

This marriage, some may say a marriage of convenience, allowed both Sophie and her husband to mix in high society. They spent most of their lives around those of the upper class in Aix-la-Chapelle, with those who were trying to establish the town of Spa, Belgium, and particularly with Pauline Bonaparte. Sophie's , women of the chattering classes, was often supplemented by artists, musicians, writers and drawers, and painters, who loved her for her wit, beauty, and largesse.

Sophie published her first written work in 1802, defending the art of the novel. Delphine by Germaine de Staël, wrote an open letter to the Journal de Paris which is still on record.

The same year, her first novel, her first published work, Laure d'Estell, was anonymously published, on the advice of her publisher Sir Stanislas de Boufflers and Joseph-Alexandre Pierre de Ségur, Viscount of Ségur.

Ten years later, Sophie published Léonie de Montbreuse, which was critically acclaimed by Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve as her best novel, but Anatole of 1815, a story of lost romance, may be the most famous of her works.

After Sophie's first successful novel and several others, acclaimed for their style and sweet sincerity, she wrote many others such as Salons célèbres in 1837, which was critically acclaimed.

Sophie also worked in the theatre, she was the writer of several theatrical comedies and libretti for opera.

Legacy

Sophie Gay was the mother of the writer Delphine de Girardin, and her son-in-law married the chanteuse Sophie Gail.

In 1818, Sophie wrote the libretto for the opéra comique  by Regnard, which Sophie Gail set to music. In 1821, she was working on  by Alexandre Duval, and a comic opera entitled le Maitre de Chapelle ("Master of the House", not to be confused with Master of the House from Les Misérables (musical)).

In the meantime, Sophie was also writing many others comedies and dramas. The comedy  ("The widow of the tanner"), was a huge success at the Castellane, but the Duchesse de Châteauroux bombed at the Théâtre de l'Odéon.

Sophie also wrote several "novel novels", , as penny dreadfuls, for La Presse. As an acclaimed musician, she also published numerous romantic songs, accompanied on the piano, for which she wrote both the words and music: Maris is perhaps a best example, although she would also write in the elegiac style.

After being widowed,  between 1826 and 1827 Sophie took a grand tour to Italy with son.

In the later years of her life, Sophie lived at Versailles during the "season". One of Sophie's daughters became the Countess O'Donnell, the other, was more famously known by the name of Delphine de Girardin, the wife of Émile de Girardin.

In her first marriage, Sophie had another sister, who was the Countess of Canclaux.

Some say Sophie also had another brother, who died in the Siege of Constantine of 1830, but others say he survived, continued his education in England, and then returned to France.

 Works
 Laure d'Estell, par Mme *** ; Paris, 1802, 3 vol. in-12 ;
 Léonie de Montbreuse, Paris, 1813 et 1823, 2 vol. in-12 ; La seconde édition n'est pas anonyme.
 Anatole, Paris, 1815 et 1822, 2 vol. in-12 ;
 Les Malheurs d'un Amant heureux, ouvrage traduit de l'anglais, par M***, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages connus ; Paris, 1818 ; reproduit sous le titre : les Malheurs d'un Amant heureux, ou mémoires d'un aide-de-camp de Napoléon écrits par son valet de chambre, Paris, 1823, 3 vol. in-8° ; Le Marquis de Pomenars, comédie en un acte et en prose, Paris, Ladvocat, 1820, in-8° ;
 Une Aventure du chevalier de Grammont, comédie en trois actes et en vers, Paris, 1822, in-8° ;
 Marie, ou la pauvre fille, drame en trois actes et en prose, Paris, 1824, in-8° ;
 Théobald, épisode de la guerre de Russie, Paris, 1828, 4 vol. in-12 ;
 Le Moqueur amoureux, Paris , 1830, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Un Mariage sous l'empire, Paris, 1832, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Scènes du jeune âge, Paris, 1833, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 la Physiologie du Ridicule, Paris, 1833, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Souvenirs d'une vieille femme, Paris, Michel Lévy frères, 1834, in-8°: extrait des Mémoires de l'auteur ;
 La Duchesse de. Châteauroux, Paris, 1834 et 1839, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Le Chevalier de Canolle, opéra comique en trois actes, music by Hippolyte-Honoré-Joseph Court de Fontmichel; Paris, 1836, in-8° ;
 la Comtesse d'Egmont, Paris, 1836, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Les Salons célèbres, Paris, Dumont, 1837, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Marie de Mancini, Paris, 1840, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Marie-Louise d'Orléans, Paris, 1842, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 la Duchesse de Chateauroux, drame en quatre actes, joué sur le second Théâtre-Français, le 25 ; Paris, 1844, grand in-8° ;
 Ellénore, Paris, 1844–1846, 4 vol. in-8° ;
 Le joui Frère, Paris, 1845, 3 vol. in 8" ;
 Le Comte de Guiche, Paris, 1845, 3 vol. in-8° ;
 Le Mari confident, Paris, 1849, 2 vol. in-8° ;
 Société du Travail à domicile, discours suivi d'une pétition en vers en faveur de cette œuvre, Versailles, 1849, in-8°.
 Œuvres complètes de Sophie Gay, Paris, M. Lévy, 1864–1885

See also

 Anatole, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1815
 Ellénore, Paris, M. Lévy frères, 1864
 La Duchesse de Chateauroux, Paris, Michel Lévy frères, 1873
 Laure d'Estell, Paris, C. Pougens ; Henrichs, an X
 Léonie de Montbreuse, Paris, M. Lévy frères, 1864
 Les Malheurs d'un amant heureux, ou Mémoires d'un jeune aide-de-camp de Napoléon Bonaparte, écrits par son valet de chambre, Paris, Boulland et Tardieu, 1823
 Marie-Louise d'Orléans, Paris, M. Lévy frères, 1876
 Théobald, Paris, P. Dupont, 1828

References

 Paul Lafond, L'Aube romantique : Jules de Rességuier et ses amis, Chateaubriand – Émile Deschamps – Sophie Gay – Madame de Girardin – Victor Hugo – Lamartine – H.T. de Latouche – Sainte-Beuve – A. Soumet – Eugène Sue – Alfred de Vigny et autres, Paris, Mercure de France, 1910
 Henri Malo, Une muse et sa mère : Delphine Gay de Girardin, Paris, Émile-Paul Frères, 1924
 Jules Manecy, Une famille de Savoie : celle de Delphine Gay, Aix-les-Bains, E. Gérente, 1904
 Jules Marsan, La Muse française, 1823–1824, Paris, É. Cornély et Cie, 1907–1909

 Sources
 Ferdinand Hoefer, Nouvelle Biographie générale, t. 19, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1857, pp. 751–3.
 7 S : Fonds Gay, archives municipales d'Aix-les-Bains, Savoie

Autobiography
For an account of her daughter, Delphine Gay, her mother's work of 1834, Souvenirs d'une vieille femme ("memoirs from an old woman. See also Théophile Gautier's Portraits contemporains and Sainte-Beuve's, Causeries du lundi'' (Monday's chats, essentially).

Her niece was the writer Hortense Allart.

References

External links

19th-century French writers
French opera librettists
1776 births
1852 deaths
Writers from Paris
French women novelists
19th-century French women writers
French salon-holders

Sophie Gay


(historically wono, をの) or masakari  is the Japanese word for "axe", and is used to describe various tools of similar structure. As with axes in other cultures, ono are sometimes employed as weapons. Many existing examples of this particular weapon are associated with the sōhei (warrior monks) or yamabushi, who also adapt other agricultural tools as weapons, although samurai are also pictured as using ono in woodblock prints. Ono that were specifically designed for military use are of extreme rarity. The weapon version of the ono is described as having "a very large head with a very convex cutting edge and a large scroll-shaped peen opposite it. It has a sheath covering only the edge of the blade. The entire length is nearly ".

References

Axes
Weapons of Japan
Japanese words and phrases
Samurai weapons and equipment

bg:Оно
ja:斧

Ono (axe)


The origin of the brachiopods is uncertain; they either arose from reduction of a multi-plated tubular organism, or from the folding of a slug-like organism with a protective shell on either end.  Since their Cambrian origin, the phylum rose to a Palaeozoic dominance, but dwindled during the Mesozoic.

Origins

Brachiopod fold hypothesis

The long-standing hypothesis of brachiopod origins, which has recently come under fire, suggests that the brachiopods arose by the folding of a Halkieria-like organism, which bore two protective shells at either end of a scaled body.  The tannuolinids were thought to represent an intermediate form, although the fact that they do not, as thought, possess a scleritome means that this is now considered unlikely. Under this hypothesis, the Phoronid worms share a similar evolutionary history; molecular data also appear to indicate their membership of Brachiopoda.

Under the Brachiopod Fold Hypothesis, the "dorsal" and "ventral" valves would in fact represent an anterior and posterior shell. This would make the axes of symmetry consistent with that of other bilaterian phyla and appears to be consistent with the embryological development, in which the body axis folds to bring the shells from the dorsal surface to their mature position.  Further support has been identified from the gene expression pattern during development, but on balance, developmental evidence speaks against the BFH.

More recent developmental studies have cast doubt on the BFH.  Most significantly, the dorsal and ventral valves have significantly different origins; the dorsal (branchial) valve is secreted by dorsal epithelia, whereas the ventral (pedicle) valve corresponds to the cuticle of the pedicle, which becomes mineralized during development.  Moreover, the dorsal and ventral valves of Lingula do not display the Hox gene expression patterns that would be expected if they were ancestrally 'anterior' and 'posterior'.

Tommotiids

The 'tommotiids' are an informal group of animals thought to be lophotrochozoans. Their remains are usually found as microfossils, entombed in carbonate as phosphatic sclerites(armor plates). While the sclerites are disarticulated in their fossil state, in life a huge number of them would have articulated and attached onto a soft-bodied animal. The taxonomical affinities of such animal have long been uncertain - they had been compared to other fossils known from armor plates/scales, such as Halkieria and the machaeridian worms.

Continuing research in the current century has brought on a new exciting perspective on the affinities of tommotiids: they are now being regarded as stem-group brachiopods. One crucial fossil linking the tommotiids with brachiopods is Micrina. Analysis on the microscopic inner structure of the phosphatic shell has shown similarities to the organophosphatic brachiopods, one of them being tubes - that must have housed setae in life - perforating the shell layers. Setigerous tubes have also been found in early brachiopods, like the Paterinates for example. A later publication (Holmer et al. 2008) asserted that Micrina was a bivalved animal not unlike a brachiopod, having only two armor plates in life. Tommotiid sclerites can be classified by their shape, and most had two types of them: the sellate sclerite and the mitral sclerite. In this model Micrina had one of each. The sellate and mitral sclerites of tommotiids would end up becoming dorsal(brachial) and ventral(pedicle) valves respectively.

Another crucial find would be the discovery of (partially) articulated tommotiids. The first of these is Eccentrotheca, and the second Paterimitra. Unlike the traditional view of them being slug-like animals comparable to Halkieria, the articulated exoskeleton suggest that they were sessile filter feeders, just like the brachiopods and their sister-group phoronids. Their shell microstructure, again, show similarity to the Paterinate brachiopods, especially in their primary mineralised layer.

Appearance of the brachiopod crown-group
The earliest unequivocal brachiopod fossils appeared in the early Cambrian Period. The oldest known brachiopod is Aldanotreta sunnaginensis from the lowest Tommotian Stage, early Cambrian of the Siberia was confidently identified as a paterinid linguliforms.

The question of Paterinata
The brachiopod class Paterinata is an organophosphatic-shelled group that includes some of the oldest brachiopods known. They are usually considered as members of Linguliformea, being sister-groups with the similarly organophosphatic lingulates. However, paterinates possess a number of traits that resemble the 'articulate' brachiopods more than lingulates. Their adductor muscle scars are oriented postero-medially like the rhynchonelliforms. They have a strophic(straight) hinge line, which resemble early articulate groups like the orthids. Their mantle canal system houses gonads(like the craniiforms) and have exclusively marginal vascula terminalia. This mosaic of traits lead to a repeated suggestion of the possibility that paterinates(or at least a few of them) could be very early diverging members separate from the lingulates. Their shell microstructure also seems to be closer to the stem-brachiopod tommotiids, though this is something that was brought up later down the line.

Palaeozoic dominance
Brachiopods are extremely common fossils throughout the Palaeozoic.
During the Ordovician and Silurian periods, brachiopods became adapted to life in most marine environments and became particularly numerous in shallow water habitats, in some cases forming whole banks in much the same way as bivalves (such as mussels) do today. In some places, large sections of limestone strata and reef deposits are composed largely of their shells.

The major shift came with the Permian extinction, as a result of the Mesozoic marine revolution. Before the extinction event, brachiopods were more numerous and diverse than bivalve mollusks. Afterwards, in the Mesozoic, their diversity and numbers were drastically reduced and they were largely replaced by bivalve molluscs. Molluscs continue to dominate today, and the remaining orders of brachiopods survive largely in fringe environments.

Mesozoic decline
Throughout their long geological history, the brachiopods have gone through several major proliferations and diversifications, and have also suffered from major extinctions as well.

It has been suggested that the slow decline of the brachiopods over the last 100 million years or so is a direct result of the rise in diversity of filter-feeding bivalves, which have ousted the brachiopods from their former habitats; however, the bivalves have undergone a steady rise in diversity from the mid-Paleozoic onwards, and their abundance is unrelated to that of the brachiopods; further, many bivalves occupy niches (e.g. burrowing) which brachiopods never inhabited.

Alternative possibilities for their demise include the increasing disturbance of sediments by roving deposit feeders (including many burrowing bivalves); the increased intensity and variety of shell-crushing predation; or even chance demise – they were hard hit in the End-Permian extinction and may simply never have recovered.

See also
 Taxonomy of the Brachiopoda

References

Brachiopods

Evolution of brachiopods