Theodorus ( 505–523) was an Italian politician during the reign of Theodoric the Great. He held the consulship with Sabinianus as his colleague in 505.

Theodorus was son of Caecina Decius Maximus Basilius (consul in 480), and brother of Albinus (consul in 493), Avienus (consul in 501), and Inportunus (consul in 509).

While helping his brother Inportunus organize the games to celebrate Inportunus' consulate, the two of them were accused by the Greens of attacking them and killing one of their members. A surviving letter of Theodoric commands both of them to provide answers to these allegations before the tribunal of the inlustrius Caelianus and Agapitus.

John Moorhead identifies Theodorus as the recipient of a surviving letter from bishop Fulgentius of Ruspe, written in 520. While Fulgentius admits they do not know each other, he is writing Theodorus on account of a number of mutual friends, providing him a good deal of spiritual advice, and ends by asking Theodorus to pass his greetings to his mother and wife. "The letter," Moorhead notes, "providing as it does scarcely any concrete information about Theodorus, is doubtless chiefly of interest to the historian of spirituality, but it does enable us to locate Theodorus within another context, that of the circle of Fulgentius' correspondents."

In 523, he was part of the entourage of Pope John I, who had been ordered by King Theodoric to proceed to Constantinople and obtain a moderation of Emperor Justin's decree of 523 against the Arians. Theodoric threatened that if John should fail in his mission, there would be reprisals against the orthodox Catholics in the West. Other Senators accompanying Pope John included his brother Inportunus, Agapitus, and the patrician Agapitus.

References

6th-century Italo-Roman people
6th-century Roman consuls
Decii
Imperial Roman consuls
Patricii

Theodorus (consul 505)


Seasoning is the process of coating the surface of cookware with fat which is heated in order to produce a corrosion resistant layer of polymerized fat. It is required for raw cast-iron cookware and carbon steel, which otherwise rust rapidly in use, but is also used for many other types of cookware, as an advantage of seasoning is that it helps prevent food sticking.

Some cast-iron and carbon steel cookware is pre-seasoned by manufacturers to protect the pan from oxidation (rust), but will need to be further seasoned by the end-users for the cookware to become ready for best nonstick cooking results. To form a strong seasoning, the raw iron item is thoroughly cleaned, coated in a very thin layer of unsaturated fat or oil, and then heated until the bioplastic layer forms, and left to completely cool. Multiple layers are required for the best long-term results.

Stainless steel and aluminium cookware do not require protection from corrosion, but seasoning reduces sticking, and can help with browning as the seasoning coating has high thermal emissivity. Other cookware surfaces are generally not seasoned.

A seasoned surface is hydrophobic and highly attractive to oils and fats used for cooking. These form a layer that prevents foods, which typically contain water, from touching and cooking onto the hydrophilic metallic cooking surface underneath. These properties are useful when frying, roasting and baking.

Methods of seasoning
Food sticks easily to a bare metal cooking surface; it must either be oiled or seasoned before use. The coating known as seasoning is formed by a process of repeatedly layering extremely thin coats of oil on the cookware and oxidizing each layer with medium-high heat for a time. This process is known as "seasoning"; the color of the coating is commonly known as its "patina" - the base coat will darken with use.

To season cookware (e.g., to season a new pan, or to replace damaged seasoning on an old pan), the following is a typical process:
First the cookware is thoroughly cleaned to remove old seasoning, manufacturing residues or a possible manufacturer-applied anti corrosion coating and to expose the bare metal. If it is not pre-seasoned, a new cast iron skillet or dutch oven typically comes from the manufacturer with a protective coating of wax or shellac; otherwise it would rust. This needs to be removed before the cookware is used. An initial scouring with hot soapy water will usually remove the protective coating. Alternatively, for woks, it is common to burn off the coating over high heat (outside or under a vent hood) to expose the bare metal surface. For already-used cookware that are to be re-seasoned, the cleaning process can be more complex, involving rust removal and deep cleaning (with strong soap or lye, or by burning in a campfire or self-cleaning oven) to remove existing seasoning and build-up.

Then several times the following is performed:
 Applying a very thin layer of animal fat or cooking oil (ranging from vegetable oil to lard, including many common food-grade oils).
 Polishing most of it off so that barely any remains or alternatively use a seasoning paste
 Heat the cookware to just below or just above the smoke point to generate a layer of seasoning.

The precise details of the seasoning process differ from one source to another, and there is much disagreement regarding the correct oil to use.  There is also no clear consensus about the best temperature and duration. Lodge Manufacturing uses a proprietary soybean blend in their base coats as stated on their website, but states that all oils and fats can be used. The temperature recommended for seasoning varies from high temperatures above  to temperatures below .

Seasoning a cast iron or carbon steel wok is a common process in Asia and Asian-American culture.  While the vegetable oil method of seasoning is also used in Asia, a traditional process for seasoning includes the use of Chinese chives or scallions as part of the process.

Surface chemistry

In conventional seasoning, the oil or fat is converted into a hard surface at or above the high temperatures used for cooking, analogous to the reaction of drying oils. When oils or fats are heated, multiple degradation reactions occur, including decomposition, autoxidation, thermal oxidation, polymerization, and cyclization.

Often cookware's seasoning is uneven, and over time it will spread to the whole item.  Heating the cookware (such as in a hot oven or on a stovetop) facilitates the oxidation of the iron; the fats and/or oils protect the metal from contact with the air during the reaction, which would otherwise cause rust to form. Some cast iron users advocate heating the cookware slightly before applying the fat or oil to ensure it is completely dry.

The seasoned surface is hydrophobic and highly attractive to oils and fats used for cooking (oleophilic). These form a layer that prevents foods, which typically contain water, from touching and cooking on to the hydrophilic metallic cooking surface underneath.

The seasoned surface will deteriorate at the temperature where the coating breaks down. This is typically higher than the smoke point of the original oils and fats used to season the cookware. Thus old seasoning can be removed at a sufficiently high temperature (~500 °C), as found in oven self-cleaning cycles.

High-temperature seasoning
Some Chinese cookware is seasoned at a much higher temperature than conventional seasoning at 450 °C. More akin to bluing, this type of seasoning mainly involves a chemical change of the iron pan itself and not the oil. When beef tallow is heated at this temperature, it evaporates on the iron surface and increases the partial pressure of O2 (oxygen gas) on the pot surface. This transport of oxygen encourages the formation of Fe3O4 nanoballs. The surface formed is broadly speaking hydrophobic and oleophilic, but is more versatile in that it temporarily turns hydrophilic on contact with high-water ingredients.

Care
Some food writers advise against using seasoned pans and Dutch ovens to cook foods containing tomatoes, vinegar, or other acidic ingredients because these foods would eventually remove the protective layer created during the seasoning process. Tests conducted by America's Test Kitchen found that, while cooking a highly acidic tomato sauce for over 30 minutes produced a metallic taste, cooking acidic food in a well-seasoned pan for a short time is unlikely to have negative consequences.

Cast iron pots are best suited to cook food high in oil or fat, such as chicken, bacon, or sausage, or used for deep frying. Cleaning (except prior to seasoning) is often carried out without the use of detergent. Some cookbook authors recommend only wiping seasoned cookware clean after each use or using other cleaning methods such as a salt scrub or boiling water. The protective layer itself is not very susceptible to soaps, and many users do briefly use detergents and soaps. However, cast iron is very prone to rust, and the protective layer may have pinholes, so soaking for long periods is contraindicated as the layer may start to flake off.

Unlike commercial non-stick coatings such as Teflon, with which metal cooking utensils are not used because they damage the surface, seasoned surfaces tend to be self-reforming, so they allow the use of such utensils. These are of course much more effective in scraping off food than the softer utensils used with non-stick pans.

Bluing
In the process of bluing, an oxidizing chemical reaction on an iron surface selectively forms magnetite (Fe3O4), the black oxide of iron (as opposed to rust, the red oxide of iron (Fe2O3)). Black oxide provides some protection against corrosion if also treated with a water-displacing oil to reduce wetting and galvanic action. Bluing is often used with carbon steel and cast iron pans in conjunction with seasoning.

See also
 Non-stick pan

References

Works cited

Cookware and bakeware
Polymer chemistry

Seasoning (cookware)


Ashintully Gardens is a 120 acre (0.5 km²) estate in Tyringham, Massachusetts that is maintained by The Trustees of Reservations land trust. The gardens, and the adjoining 594 acres (2.4 km²) McLennan Reservation, were the gift of John Stewart McLennan Jr., and his wife Katharine. The name Ashintully comes from Gaelic Eas an Tulaich and means "cascade of the hillock".

Description
The gardens blend several natural features into an ordered arrangement with both formal and informal beauty.  These include a rushing stream, native deciduous trees, a rounded knoll, and flanking meadows.

Garden features include the Fountain Pond, Pine Park, Rams Head Terrace, Bowling Green, Regency Bridge, and Trellis Triptych. Urns, columns, and statuary provide ornamentation.  Footpaths, bridges, stone stairs, and grassy terraces connect various parts of the garden.

In 1997, Ashintully Gardens received the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's H. Hollis Hunnewell Medal', a prize established to recognize gardens embellished with rare and desirable ornamental trees and shrubs.

History
Ashintully Gardens came about through the efforts of two men: Robb de Peyster Tytus and John S. McLennan Jr.

Robb de Peyster Tytus

In the early 20th century, Egyptologist and politician Robb de Peyster Tytus assembled the estate from the merger of three farms in Tyringham and additional land in Otis. The land holdings of the estate with the three farms grew to almost 1,000 acres (4 km²).

On a hill overlooking the southern end of Tyringham Valley, Tytus built between 1910 - 1912 a white, Georgian-style mansion which came to be known as the Marble Palace.  The mansion's main façade featured four Doric columns and was spanned by thirteen bay windows.  Its interior contained thirty-five rooms, ten baths, and fifteen fireplaces.  Though the Marble Palace was destroyed by fire in 1952, the front terrace, foundation, and four Doric columns remain today.

In 1913, Tytus died at Saranac Lake, New York, leaving his wife, Grace Henoys Tytus, and two daughters, Mildred and Victoria.

John Stewart McLennan Jr.

A year after Tytus' death, his widow married John Stewart McLennan, a Canadian industrialist and newspaper owner, and later Senator. She gave birth, in 1915, to John Jr., before subsequently being divorced.

John S. McLennan Jr. spent all his childhood summers at the Tytus estate, and acquired the property in 1937, following the death of his mother. He later moved into the farmhouse at the bottom of the hill, and renovated the nearby barn into a music studio. McLennan was an accomplished composer of contemporary classical music, including chamber and orchestral music and pieces for piano and organ. (In 1985 he won an American Academy of Arts and Letters music award.) He designed the elegant gardens as a parallel creative effort to his musical work,. In 1977 John began donating sections of the Ashintully estate to The Trustees of Reservations, although, he continued to live at the estate for the rest of his life.

Shortly before his death, in 1996, John and his wife Katharine donated additional land to the Trustees. The land, including the Marble Palace ruins, the farmhouse, and Ashintully Gardens, was donated with a reserved life estate for Katharine McLennan. Initially,  were reserved for Katharine; she donated  to the Trustees in 2003, retaining  with garden access, upon which her cottage resides.

After her death in 2017,  the title for the remaining land was turned over to the Trustees.

The Gardens and John McLennan's life were profiled in a 2007 episode of the GardenStory series, presented by Community Idea Stations of Virginia, and broadcast nationally on American Public Television.

McLennan Reservation

Adjoining the Ashintully Gardens are parts of the remnants of the vast 1,000 acres (4 km²) assembled by Robb de Peyster Tytus.

John McLennan Jr. in 1977, in addition to his garden donation to the Trustees, donated 446 acres (1.8 km²) of the estate in Otis and Tyringham to establish the McLennan Reservation. The reservation was expanded in 1978, 1991 and 1995 by a total of 148 acres (0.6 km²), bringing the McLennan Reservation to 594 acres (2.4 km²).

References

External links
Ashintully Gardens
 McLennan Reservation

The Trustees of Reservations
Gardens in Massachusetts
Parks in Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Tyringham, Massachusetts
1977 establishments in Massachusetts
Protected areas established in 1977

Ashintully Gardens


James Redding Ware (1832  c. 1909, pseudonym Andrew Forrester) was a British writer, novelist and playwright, creator of one of the first female detectives in fiction. His last known work was a dictionary.

Early life

James Redding Ware was born in Southwark, South London, in 1832, the son of James Ware, a grocer, and Elizabeth, née Redding. By 1851, his father had died, and his mother, according to the census, was a grocer and tea-dealer, and James Redding Ware was her assistant. By 1861, the household was no longer in place, and J. R. Ware was not readily identifiable in the census. But in 1865, James Redding Ware became a Freemason, at the Westbourne Lodge No. 733, and he was living in Peckham. He became a Junior Warden at the Urban Lodge, no. 1196, and by 1872 a Worshipful Master (WM).

Literary career

His detective works include: The Female Detective (c. 1863/1864), 'edited by A.F.'; Secret Service, or, Recollections of a City Detective (1864?); The Private Detective and Revelations of the Private Detective (both c. 1868).

"Forrester" was for many years known to be a pseudonym, but who he was actually was unknown. However, one of his stories, "A Child Found Dead: Murder or No Murder?", was discovered, reprinted as a pamphlet and published under the name of J. Redding Ware, as "The Road Murder", an analysis of the Constance Kent case. With this as a clue, Forrester/Ware's first stories of the female detective can be found in a journal entitled Grave and Gay in summer 1862. The character predates the 1863/1864 appearance of W. S. Hayward's The Revelations of a Lady Detective although not that of Ruth Trail.

In 1860 a novel, The Fortunes of the House of Pennyl. A Romance of England in the Last Century (Blackwood's London Library) was published, with illustrations by Phiz, under the name J. Redding Ware. By 1868, he was a contributor to the Boy's Own Paper, the series of penny-bloods owned by Edwin Brett, although no particular work has been attributed to him. He also contributed to Bow Bells Magazine.

Ware wrote The Death Trap, a play staged at the Grecian Saloon, City Road, Shoreditch, with George Conquest, the theatre manager, as the villain. He had now become a jobbing writer for hire, producing books on chess; a book on the Isle of Wight with photographs by William Russell Sedgefield and Frank Mason Good; a volume of The Life and Speeches of His Royal Highness Prince Leopold; Mistaken Identities. Celebrated Cases of Undeserved Suffering, Self-Deception, and Wilful Imposture; as well as writing extensively for magazines. His only seeming connection to his early days as a writer of detective stories was with the publication, possibly in 1880, of Before the Bench: Sketches of Police Court Life (London, Diprose & Bateman). Posthumously, he was most famous for Passing English of the Victorian Era. A Dictionary of Heterodox English Slang and Phrase (London, Routledge, 1909), published shortly after his death.

Works
The Fortunes of the House of Pennyl: A Romance of England in the Last Century (1860 as JR Ware)
A Nice Quiet Cottage. A One-act Farce (1863)
The Revelations of a Private Detective (1863)
The female detective: [the original lady detective, 1864], London: British Library, 2012.  Reprint of the 1864 edition.
The Road Murder. Analysis of this Persistent Mystery (1865)
Tales by a Female Detective (1868)
Opera Comique (1870)
The Death Trap; Or a Cat's-Paw. A Drama in Four Acts (1870)
The Modern Hoyle; Or, How to Play Whist - Chess - Cribbage - Dominoes - Draughts - Backgammon, and Besique (1870)
The Isle of Wight (1871)
Bothwell: A Drama in Four Acts (1871)
Pipermans' Predicaments. A Farce, in One Act (1871)
Bothwell. A Drama, in Four Acts (1871)
The Meadows of St. Gervais. A Farce-comedy, in Two Acts (1871)
One Snowy Night. A Comedy, in One Act (1871)
In Quarantine. A Comedy, in One Act (1871)
The Polish Jew: a drama in three acts (Emile Erckmann, Alexandre Chatrian, trans JR Ware 1872?)
Before the Bench: Sketches of Police Court Life (1880)
Some Social Science. A Satirical Comedy, in Three Acts (1880)
Alpine Betrothals. A Swiss Eclogue, for Music (1880)
Constant Woman: A Drawing-room Drama for Two and a Parlourmaid (1881)
A Woman Will be a Woman. An Original Duologue (1883)
Twenty and Forty. An Original Comedy (1883)
Life and Speeches of His Royal Highness Prince Leopold (1884)
Wonderful Dreams of Remarkable Men and Women (1884)
Famous Centenarians (1886)
Mistaken Identities: Celebrated Cases of Undeserved Suffering, Self-deception, and Wilful Imposture (1886)
The Life and Times of Colonel Fred Burnaby (with RK Mann, 1886)
Passing English of the Victorian Era: A Dictionary of Heterodox English Slang and Phrase (1909)

See also
 Got the morbs

References

External links

1832 births
1900s deaths
19th-century English novelists
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English male writers
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English non-fiction writers
20th-century lexicographers
People from Southwark
British detective fiction writers
English crime fiction writers
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male novelists
Writers from London

James Redding Ware


A voluntary association or union is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to work together for a purpose.

In most of the cases no formalities are necessary to start an association. But in some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association, in others the association must register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence. This is not necessarily a tool of political control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud.

Legal status
An unincorporated association has been defined as existing:

"...where two or more persons are bound together for one or more common purposes by mutual undertakings, each having mutual duties and obligations, in an organisation which has rules identifying in whom control of the organisation and its funds is vested, and which can be joined or left at will."

In most countries, an unincorporated association does not have separate legal personality, and nor do members of the association usually enjoy limited liability.  However, in some countries they are treated as having separate legal personality for tax purposes.

Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships.  A special kind of partnership is a co-operative which is usually founded on one man–one vote principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by the member. Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be not-for-profit corporations; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested. Most associations have some kind of document or documents that regulate the way in which the body meets and operates. Such an instrument is often called the organization's bylaws, regulations, or agreement of association.

Freedom of association
The freedom of association stands in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Article 20
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Related pages
 Society

Footnotes

Other websites
Law relating to unincorporated associations
French Association of Epargne and Retraite
Non-profit organizations

Voluntary association


Sam Clancy (born May 29, 1958) is a former defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Seattle Seahawks, Cleveland Browns, and Indianapolis Colts. He also played for the Pittsburgh Maulers and the Memphis Showboats of the United States Football League (USFL).

Prior to his professional football career, he was a standout college basketball player for the University of Pittsburgh and member of the Gold Medal winning 1979 U.S. Pan American Games Mens Basketball team; he played a season in the Continental Basketball Association for the Billings Volcanos in 1981–82, averaging 11.5 points and 8.3 rebounds per game.  He did not play football in college.

He has been an assistant coach for the Barcelona Dragons of NFL Europe, as well as the New Orleans Saints and Oakland Raiders.

Family
He has 2 sons, Sam Clancy Jr., who is a professional basketball player, Samario Clancy, who was a collegiate basketball player, and a daughter, Samantha Clancy.

References

External links
Raiders bio

1958 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe) coaches
Basketball players at the 1979 Pan American Games
Basketball players from Pittsburgh
Billings Volcanos players
Cleveland Browns players
Indianapolis Colts players
Memphis Showboats players
New Orleans Saints coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Phoenix Suns draft picks
Pittsburgh Maulers players
Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball players
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
Seattle Seahawks players
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
American men's basketball players
Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games

Sam Clancy


Cape Sata (佐多岬, Sata Misaki) is a cape at the southern tip of the Ōsumi Peninsula of Kyūshū island, Japan, and is the southernmost point of the island, just south of 31 degrees latitude. It belongs to the town of Minamiōsumi, Kagoshima Prefecture.

Cape Sata is home to a lighthouse built in 1871, designed by the Scotsman Richard Henry Brunton.

Prior to 2013, the land was under the jurisdiction of a private company, and cost 300 yen to enter with open hours between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m.

However, Sata is now free to enter, and its abandoned restaurant and observation deck have since been torn down.

Alan Booth's 1986 book The Roads to Sata details his walk from Cape Sōya at the northern tip of Hokkaidō south to Cape Sata.

Gallery

See also

 Extreme points of Japan

References

Sata
Landforms of Kagoshima Prefecture
Extreme points of Japan
Tourist attractions in Kagoshima Prefecture
Minamiōsumi, Kagoshima

Cape Sata


Anthropogenic hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other organisms, biomes, and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk analysis methodologies. Hazards may also be described in relation to the impact that they have. A hazard only exists if there is a pathway to exposure.

Anthropogenic hazards can be grouped into societal hazards (criminality, civil disorder, terrorism, war, industrial hazards, engineering hazards, power outage, fire), hazards caused by transportation and environmental hazards.

Concept
A hazard only exists if there is a pathway to exposure. As an example, the center of the Earth consists of molten material at very high temperatures which would be a severe hazard if contact was made with the core. However, there is no feasible way of making contact with the core, therefore the center of the Earth currently poses no hazard.

An example of the distinction between a hazard and a disaster is that an earthquake is the hazard which caused the 1906 San Francisco earthquake disaster. Natural hazards can be amplified by anthropogenic processes, e.g. land-use change, drainage and construction.

Sociological hazards
There are certain societal hazards that can occur by inadvertently overlooking a hazard, a failure to notice or by purposeful intent by human inaction or neglect, consequences as a result of little or no preemptive actions to prevent a hazard from occurring. Although not everything is within the scope of human control, there is anti-social behaviour and crimes committed by individuals or groups that can be prevented by reasonable apprehension of injury or death. People commonly report dangerous circumstances, suspicious behaviour or criminal intentions to the police and for the authorities to investigate or intervene.

Riot
A riot is defined as a noisy, violent public disturbance caused by  a group or a crowd (three or more people) usually protesting against another group or government policy in the streets. The UK London riot in August 2011, for example, was started due to the shooting of Mark Duggan by the London police. The rioters came together destroying neighbourhoods and streets violently damaging property to protest the police's actions that happened a few days prior. Riots increase expenses to repair costly damages putting the city in distress.

Terrorism

Terrorism is defined as acts of violence and threats by a group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons. Terrorism occurs with an unexpected attack on non-combatants to create fear and panic having a detrimental consequence. Terrorist attacks create a massive, costly impact on the society. Not only is there large amount of property damage that may not be able to be repaired, there is also a large impact on citizens. People lose loved ones and suffer from their own health being impacted. The 9/11 terrorist attack on the twin towers in New York City marks one of the largest attacks on the United States. The Twin Towers were completely destroyed, damaging the surrounding buildings as well as causing the loss of many lives. People suffered from health problems from inhaling the sediments from the crumbling towers. The financial and social impact is still present thirteen years later in today's society. It is concluded that New York City still suffers from a post-disaster decline in financial services. New York City is a Disaster area due to the sociological hazard of terrorism.

War

War defined as a period where conflict is carried out as an act of hostility by armed forces between two or more nations or within a nation. Wars are a sociological hazard causing disaster areas.

Crime

Behavior that puts others at risk of injury or death is universally regarded as criminal and is a breach of the law for which the appropriate legal authority may impose some form of penalty, such as imprisonment, a fine, or even execution. Understanding what makes individuals act in ways that put others at risk has been the subject of much research in many developed countries. Mitigating the hazard of criminality is very dependent on time and place with some areas and times of day posing a greater risk than others.

Civil disorder

Civil disorder is a broad term that typically is used by law enforcement to describe forms of disturbance when many people are involved and are set upon a common aim. Civil disorder has many causes, including large-scale criminal conspiracy, socio-economic factors (unemployment, poverty), hostility between racial and ethnic groups, and outrage over perceived moral and legal transgressions. Examples of well-known civil disorders and riots are the poll tax riots in the United Kingdom in 1990; the 1992 Los Angeles riots in which 53 people died; the 2008 Greek riots after a 15-year-old boy was fatally shot by police; and the 2010 Thai political protests in Bangkok during which 91 people died. Such behavior is only hazardous for those directly involved as participants, those controlling the disturbance, or those indirectly involved as passers-by or shopkeepers for example. For the great majority, staying out of the way of the disturbance avoids the hazard.

Terrorism

The common definition of terrorism is the use or threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. Targets of terrorist acts can be anyone, including private citizens, government officials, military personnel, law enforcement officers, firefighters, or people serving in the interests of governments.

Definitions of terrorism may also vary geographically. In Australia, the Security Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002, defines terrorism as "an action to advance a political, religious or ideological cause and with the intention of coercing the government or intimidating the public", while the United States Department of State operationally describes it as "premeditated, motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience".

Technological hazards

Industrial hazards
Industrial accidents resulting in releases of hazardous materials usually occur in a commercial context, such as mining accidents. They often have an environmental impact, but also can be hazardous for people living in proximity. The Bhopal disaster saw the release of methyl isocyanate into the neighbouring environment seriously affecting large numbers of people. It is probably the world's worst industrial accident to date.

Engineering and technical hazards
Engineering hazards occur when structures used by people fail or the materials used in their construction prove to be hazardous. This history of construction has many examples of hazards associated with structures including bridge failures such as the Tay Bridge disaster caused by under-design, the Silver Bridge collapse caused by corrosion attack, or the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge caused by aerodynamic flutter of the deck. Failure of dams was not infrequent during the Victorian era, such as the Dale Dyke dam failure in Sheffield, England in 1864, causing the Great Sheffield Flood, which killed at least 240 people. In 1889, the failure of the South Fork Dam on the Little Conemaugh River near Johnstown, Pennsylvania, produced the Johnstown Flood, which killed over 2,200. Other failures include balcony collapses, aerial walkway collapses such as the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in Kansas City in 1981, and building collapses such as that of the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001 during the September 11 attacks.

There are several technical hazards one should be aware of as they pose a threat humans and their values. These hazards are measured in terms of the risk they pose to the community using them. Technical hazards are classified by a source, specifically speaking; they can fall under automotive emissions, medical radiation, explosions and air pollution (environmental) hazards. The quality of the hazard determines the safety precautions that are taken. For example, hazards can be a risk to an individual or a risk to the population. If the population is at risk with the hazard, there will be more priorities for the management of the hazardous material. These hazardous materials can cause illness or even death to an individual if they are not address accordingly, so it is crucial for them to inform the public about these technical hazards.

Power outage

A power outage is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-term power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor adverse effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them. Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical emergencies. Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder, as in the New York City blackout of 1977. Only very rarely do power outages escalate to disaster proportions, however, they often accompany other types of disasters, such as hurricanes and floods, which hampers relief efforts.

Electromagnetic pulses and voltage spikes from whatever cause can also damage electricity infrastructure and electrical devices.

Recent notable power outages include the 2005 Java–Bali Blackout which affected 100 million people, 2012 India blackouts which affected 600 million and the 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout which affected 60 million people.

Fire

Bush fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and "weather", it will form into a firestorm. A good example of a mine fire is the one near Centralia, Pennsylvania. Started in 1962, it ruined the town and continues to burn today. Some of the biggest city-related fires are The Great Chicago Fire, the Peshtigo Fire (both of 1871) and the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Casualties resulting from fires, regardless of their source or initial cause, can be aggravated by inadequate emergency preparedness. Such hazards as a lack of accessible emergency exits, poorly marked escape routes, or improperly maintained fire extinguishers or sprinkler systems may result in many more deaths and injuries than might occur with such protections.

Arson is the setting a fire with intent to cause damage. The definition of arson was originally limited to setting fire to buildings, but was later expanded to include other objects, such as bridges, vehicles, and private property. Some human-induced fires are accidental: failing machinery such as a kitchen stove is a major cause of accidental fires.

Nuclear and radiation (accidents/incidents)
There are several thoughts that come to mind when one thinks of the word "nuclear", whether it be basic chemistry or highly complex explosives; nuclear accidents, nuclear incidences or nuclear terrorism are definitely a threat to the community or the world in that matter. But what is nuclear terrorism exactly? A "nuclear accident, incident, or act of terrorism is an unpredictable, unusual and unwanted event involving radiation and/or radioactive materials." To specifically distinguish between the three, nuclear accidents are not deliberate and viewed as acts of nature. Nuclear incidents on the other hand are causes that include deliberate actions but these are "generally non-malicious and non-violent; may be due to poor judgement [or] wrong information."

Nuclear accident
Nuclear accidents are not deliberate and viewed as acts of nature. There are several examples of these nuclear accidents taken place around the world. To start off, a prime example of a nuclear accident would be Palo mares B-52 Accident. On January 17, 1966, a U.S. Air Force B-52 bomber collided with a mid-tanker airplane that was being refueled at 31000 feet. When the two airplanes collided, the tanker airplane exploded completely killing all crew members, while the B-52 bomber split in half killing a small proportion of the crew. When the airplane split in half, four bombs dropped from the sky. Two of them detonated, causing 2 kilometers of land to be contaminated by radioactive plutonium. The fourth explosive was recovered when it was discovered that it landed on the sea. The soil on the contaminated area had to be removed and placed in barrels, to reduce the amount of pollution having been caused by the nuclear explosive.

Nuclear incident
Nuclear incidents are causes that include deliberate actions but these are "generally non-malicious and non-violent; may be due to poor judgement [or] wrong information."  A Secondary example would be the Johnston Atoll Incident that occurred on July 25, 1962. They decided to conduct the experiment at Christmas Island on Johnson Atoll, where they set off 36 nuclear explosions. One of the missile launches went wrong as it malfunctioned when trying to launch. The leaders decided to detonate the missile before it launched. When it detonated, the entire island was covered with radioactive plutonium. The witnesses claimed that 85% of the people suffered from radioactive contamination that created cancer and other radioactive related diseases. Plus those who were present at the site of the explosion suffered from infertility, and other body deformations.

Transportation

Aviation

An aviation incident is an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations, passengers, or pilots. The category of the vehicle can range from a helicopter, an airliner, or a Space Shuttle.

Rail

The special hazards of traveling by rail include the possibility of a train crash which can result in substantial loss of life. Incidents involving freight traffic generally pose a greater hazardous risk to the environment. Less common hazards include geophysical hazards such as tsunami such as that which struck in 2004 in Sri Lanka when 1,700 people died in the Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster.

See also the list of train accidents by death toll.

Road
Traffic collisions are the leading cause of death, and road-based pollution creates a substantial health hazard, especially in major conurbations.

Space

Space travel presents significant hazards, mostly to the direct participants (astronauts or cosmonauts and ground support personnel), but also carry the potential of disaster to the public at large. Accidents related to space travel have killed 22 astronauts and cosmonauts, and a larger number of people on the ground.

Accidents can occur on the ground during launch, preparation, or in flight, due to equipment malfunction or the naturally hostile environment of space itself. An additional risk is posed by (unmanned) low-orbiting satellites whose orbits eventually decay due to friction with the extremely thin atmosphere. If they are large enough, massive pieces traveling at great speed can fall to the Earth before burning up, with the potential to do damage.

One of the worst human-piloted space accidents involved the Space Shuttle Challenger which disintegrated in 1986, claiming all seven lives on board. The shuttle disintegrated 73 seconds after taking off from the launch pad in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Another example is the Space Shuttle Columbia, which disintegrated during a landing attempt over Texas in 2003, with a loss of all seven astronauts on board. The debris field extended from New Mexico to Mississippi.

Sea travel

Ships can sink, capsize or crash in disasters. Perhaps the most infamous sinking was that of the Titanic which hit an iceberg and sank, resulting in one of the worst maritime disasters in history. Other notable incidents include the capsizing of the Costa Concordia, which killed at least 32 people; and is the largest passenger ship to sink, and the sinking of the MV Doña Paz, which claimed the lives of up to 4,375 people in the worst peacetime maritime disaster in history.

Environmental hazards

Environmental hazards are those hazards where the effects are seen in biomes or ecosystems rather than directly on living organisms. Well known examples include oil spills, water pollution, slash and burn de-forestation, air pollution, and ground fissures.

Waste disposal

In managing waste many hazardous materials are put in the domestic and commercial waste stream. In part this is because modern technological living uses certain toxic or poisonous materials in the electronics and chemical industries. Which, when they are in use or transported, are usually safely contained or encapsulated and packaged to avoid any exposure. In the waste stream, the waste products exterior or encapsulation breaks or degrades and there is a release and exposure to hazardous materials into the environment, for people working in the waste disposal industry, those living around sites used for waste disposal or landfill and the general environment surrounding such sites.

Hazardous materials

Organohalogens
Organohalogens are a family of synthetic organic molecules which all contain atoms of one of the halogens. Such materials include PCBs, Dioxins, DDT, Freon and many others. Although considered harmless when first produced, many of these compounds are now known to have profound physiological effects on many organisms including man. Many are also fat soluble and become concentrated through the food chain.

Toxic metals
Many metals and their salts can exhibit toxicity to humans and many other organisms. Such metals include, Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Silver, Mercury and many of the transuranic metals.

Radioactive materials

Radioactive materials produce ionizing radiation which may be very harmful to living organisms. Damage from even a short exposure to radioactivity may have long term adverse health consequences.

Exposure may occur from nuclear fallout when nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment systems are compromised. During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to extensive contamination of food, land, and water. In the Soviet Union, the Mayak industrial complex (otherwise known as Chelyabinsk-40 or Chelyabinsk-65) exploded in 1957. The Kyshtym disaster was kept secret for several decades. It is the third most serious nuclear accident ever recorded. At least 22 villages were exposed to radiation and resulted in at least 10,000 displaced persons. In 1992, the former Soviet Union officially acknowledged the accident. Other Soviet republics of Ukraine and Belarus suffered also when a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant had a meltdown in 1986. To this day, several small towns and the city of Chernobyl remain abandoned and uninhabitable due to fallout.

The Hanford Site is a decommissioned nuclear production complex that produced plutonium for most of the 60,000 weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal. There are environmental concerns about radioactivity released from Hanford.

A number of military accidents involving nuclear weapons have also resulted in radioactive contamination, for example the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash and the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash.

See also

References

Hazards

Anthropogenic hazard


The word American is used to mean a person or a thing from the United States or any country in the Americas - North America, Central America, and South America. In English, the most common use of this word is to mean a person or a thing from the United States.

Even though the islands in the Caribbean Sea are close to the Americas, people who speak English do not usually use the word "American" for people or things from these islands.

Due to the ambiguity of the word, some languages avoid using the word to refer to someone and/or thing from the United States and use more specific demonyms instead, such as Spanish estadounidense, Esperanto usonano, Finnish yhdysvaltalainen and German US-Amerikaner, for example. Yankee is sometimes used within the English language too (though the word historically refers specifically to an inhabitant of New England). Usonian (from Usonia) is an alternative demonym to "American" proposed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

A Native American is someone who is mostly descended from the people who lived in the Americas before the Europeans arrived. Native Americans are also called First Nations and Indians.

There is no language "American." Some important languages used in the Americas are English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish. Some people still use Native American languages. Quechua is the largest.

North America
South America

American (word)


Rhodhiss is a town in Caldwell and Burke counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The population was 1,070 at the 2010 census, up from 366 in 2000. It is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The name "Rhodhiss" comes from John M. Rhodes and George B. Hiss. They joined to build a cotton mill on the upper Catawba River in Caldwell County. With a $500,000 investment, they helped construct the village of Rhodhiss, which included a horseshoe-shaped dam, electric generator, mill, general store, and worker houses. Rhodhiss Manufacturing Company opened in 1902, with Rhodhiss incorporating as a town in 1903. Within the next decade, the Town of Rhodhiss would expand into Burke County, with a new steel bridge spanning the Catawba River to connect the town together.

The material of the U.S. flag that astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin erected on the first visit to the Moon in 1969, was woven at Burlington Mills Plant 2 in Rhodhiss. Glen Price, a lifelong Rhodhiss resident, was manager at the time.

Geography
Rhodhiss is located in eastern Burke County and southern Caldwell County. It is bordered to the north by the town of Granite Falls. The Catawba River runs through the center of the town, which is located just east (downstream) of Rhodhiss Dam. One bridge crosses the river in the town, leading north on Caldwell Street to Granite Falls, and leading south on Burke Street towards Icard and Connelly Springs. The small town has only one traffic light, a cautionary flashing yellow light, not a stop light.  There is only one police officer, as the town has the lowest crime rate in Caldwell County. In the 1980s, there was a beach, that was located on Strawberry Hill (the first road on the right, just after crossing the bridge into Burke county). There was also a Boys Scout club house at the top of that same road; however, it closed in either the late 1970s or early 1980s.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 5.85%, is water.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 997 people, 366 households, and 218 families residing in the town.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 366 people, 170 households, and 112 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 188 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 99.18% White, 0.55% African American, 0.27% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.

There were 170 households, out of which 21.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.62.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.5% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,875, and the median income for a family was $41,875. Males had a median income of $27,614 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,165. About 5.6% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 28.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person
Jack Curtis, former MLB player for the Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Braves, and Cleveland Indians

References

External links
 Town website

Towns in Caldwell County, North Carolina
Towns in Burke County, North Carolina
North Carolina populated places on the Catawba River

Rhodhiss, North Carolina


The House of York was a cadet branch of the English royal House of Plantagenet. Three of its members became kings of England in the late 15th century. The House of York descended in the male line from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III. In time, it also represented Edward III's senior line, when an heir of York married the heiress-descendant of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward III's second surviving son. It is based on these descents that they claimed the English crown. Compared with its rival, the House of Lancaster, it had a superior claim to the throne of England according to cognatic primogeniture, but an inferior claim according to agnatic primogeniture. The reign of this dynasty ended with the death of Richard III of England at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It became extinct in the male line with the death of Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, in 1499.

Descent from Edward III

The fourth surviving legitimate son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault, Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, was created earl of Cambridge in 1362 and the first duke of York in 1385. Edmund's first marriage was to Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York, daughter of Peter of Castile and María de Padilla, and sister of Constance of Castile, second wife of Edmund's older brother John of Gaunt. Through this marriage Edmund had two sons, Edward, 2nd duke of York and the younger Richard of Conisburgh. His second marriage was to Joan Holland, whose sister Alianore Holland was mother to Anne Mortimer, the great-great-granddaughter of Edward III via Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, second surviving son of Edward III, and the elder brother of John of Gaunt. Richard of Conisburgh married Anne Mortimer, the marriage producing two children, Isabel of Cambridge and Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York.  It was through Anne Mortimer's lineage that the Yorkists derived their main claim to the throne.

Following Edmund of Langley's death in 1402, his son Edward succeeded to the dukedom but had no issue before he was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.  His other son Richard had been executed for treason earlier in the same year following his involvement in the Southampton Plot to depose Henry V in favour of Edmund Mortimer, Richard's brother-in-law. The dukedom therefore passed to Richard's son, who became Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York. Being descended from Edward III in both the maternal and the paternal line gave Richard a significant claim to the throne if the Lancastrian line should fail, and by cognatic primogeniture arguably a superior claim. He emphasised the point by being the first to assume the Plantagenet surname in 1448. Having inherited the March and Ulster titles, he became the wealthiest and most powerful noble in England, second only to the king himself. Richard married Cecily Neville, a granddaughter of John of Gaunt, and had thirteen or possibly fifteen children:

 Anne of York (1439–1476)(Mitochondrial DNA taken from a descendant of her second daughter, Anne St Leger, Baroness de Ros, was used in the identification of the remains of Richard III, which were found in 2012.)
 Henry (b. 1441; died as a child)
 Edward (1442–1483)
 Edmund (1443–1460)
 Elizabeth (1444–1503)married John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk; she was the mother of several claimants to the throne.
 Margaret (1446–1503)married Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
 William (b. 1447; died as a child)
 John (b. 1448; died as a child)
 George (1449–1478)
 Thomas (b. 1450/51; died as a child)
 Richard (1452–1485)
 Ursula (b. 1455; died as a child)
 In her will, Cecily stated that Katherine and Humphrey were her children, but they may have been her grandchildren through de la Pole.

Wars of the Roses

Despite his elevated status, Richard Plantagenet was denied a position in government by the advisers of the weak Henry VI, particularly John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, and the queen consort, Margaret of Anjou. Although he served as Protector of the Realm during Henry VI's period of incapacity in 1453–54, his reforms were reversed by Somerset's party once the king had recovered.

The Wars of the Roses began the following year, with the First Battle of St Albans. Initially, Richard aimed only to purge his Lancastrian political opponents from positions of influence over the king. It was not until October 1460 that he claimed the throne for the House of York. In that year the Yorkists had captured the king at the battle of Northampton, but victory was short-lived. Richard and his second son Edmund were killed at the battle of Wakefield on 30 December.

Richard's claim to the throne was inherited by his son Edward. With the support of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick ("The Kingmaker"), Edward, already showing great promise as a leader of men, defeated the Lancastrians in a succession of battles. While Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou were campaigning in the north, Warwick gained control of the capital and had Edward declared king in London in 1461. Edward strengthened his claim with a decisive victory at the Battle of Towton in the same year, in the course of which the Lancastrian army was virtually wiped out.

Reigns of the Yorkist Kings

The early reign of Edward IV was marred by Lancastrian plotting and uprisings in favour of Henry VI. Warwick himself changed sides, and supported Margaret of Anjou and the king's jealous brother George, Duke of Clarence, in briefly restoring Henry in 1470–71. However, Edward regained his throne, and the House of Lancaster was wiped out with the death of Henry VI himself, in the Tower of London in 1471. In 1478, the continued trouble caused by Clarence led to his execution in the Tower of London; popularly he is thought to have been drowned in a butt of malmsey wine.

On Edward's death in 1483, the crown passed to his twelve-year-old son Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was appointed Protector, and the young king, and his brother Richard, were accommodated into the Tower of London. The famous Princes in the Tower's fate remains a mystery. As today it is unknown whether they were killed or who might have killed them. Parliament declared, in the document Titulus Regius, that the two boys were illegitimate, on the grounds that Edward IV's marriage was invalid, and as such Richard was heir to the throne. He was crowned Richard III in July 1483.

Defeat of the House of York

Though the House of Lancaster's claimants were now the Royal Houses of Portugal and Castile through the Duke of Lancaster's two legitimate daughters, who had married into those houses, Henry Tudor, a descendant of the Beauforts, a legitimized branch of the House of Lancaster put forward his claim. Furthermore, some Edwardian loyalists were undeniably opposed to Richard, dividing his Yorkist power base. A coup attempt failed in late 1483, but in 1485 Richard met Henry Tudor at the battle of Bosworth Field. During the battle, some of Richard's important supporters switched sides or withheld their retainers from the field. Richard himself was killed. He was the last of the Plantagenet kings, as well as the last English king to die in battle.

Henry Tudor declared himself king, took Elizabeth of York, eldest child of Edward IV, as his wife, claiming to have united the surviving houses of York and Lancaster, and acceded to the throne as Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty which reigned until 1603.

Later claimants
At the point Henry VII of England seized the throne there were eighteen Plantagenet descendants who might today be thought to have a stronger hereditary claim. By 1510 this number increased with the birth of sixteen Yorkist children. However, Henry VII married Elizabeth of York the eldest daughter of Edward IV. This made their children his cognatic heirs. Margaret of York, Duchess of BurgundyEdward's sister and Elizabeth's auntand members of the de la Pole familychildren of Edward's sister Elizabeth and John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk continued in attempts to restore a Yorkist line. Margaret's nephew Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of her brother George, was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but in 1487 Margaret financed a rebellion led by Lambert Simnel pretending to be Warwick, or "Edward VI". John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln, joined the revolt and was killed in the suppression of the uprising at the Battle of Stoke Field in 1487. Warwick was implicated in further failed invasions supported by Margaret by Perkin Warbeck claiming to be Edward IV's son Richard of Shrewsbury and executed on 28 November 1499. With this both the houses of Plantagenet and York went extinct in the legitimate male line.

Family tree

 –  House of York
 – King of England
 – Duke/House of Lancaster

 – Duke of York
 – House of Tudor

Dukes of York

| Edmund of Langley(House of York founder)1385–1402 ||  || 5 June 1341Kings Langleyson of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault|| Isabella of Castile13723 childrenJoan de Hollandno children ||1 August 1402Kings Langleyage 61

|-
| Edward of Norwich1402–1415 ||  || 1373Norwichson of Edmund of Langley and Isabella of Castile||Philippa de Mohunno children||25 October 1415Agincourtage 42

|-
| Richard Plantagenet1415–1460 ||  || 21 September 1411son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge and Anne de Mortimer||Cecily Neville143712 children||30 December 1460Wakefieldage 49

|-
| Edward Plantagenet1460–1461 ||  || 28 April 1442Rouenson of Richard Plantagenet and Cecily Neville||Elizabeth Woodville1 May 146410 children||9 April 1483Westminsterage 40

|-
|}
Edward Plantagenet became Edward IV in 1461, thus merging the title of Duke of York with the crown.

Yorkist Kings of England

| Edward IV4 March 1461 –3 October 147011 April1471–1483 ||  || 28 April 1442Rouenson of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville{ || Elizabeth WoodvilleGrafton Regis1 May 146410 children || 9 April 1483Westminster Palaceage 40
|-
| Edward V9 April–25 June 1483 ||  || 2 November 1470Westminsterson of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville< || unmarried || Londonage about 12 (presumed murdered)

|-
| Richard III26 June1483–1485 ||  || 2 October 1452Fotheringhay Castleson of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York and Cecily Neville || Anne NevilleWestminster Abbey12 July 14721 son || 22 August 1485Bosworth Fieldage 32 (killed in battle)
|}

See also
 Quia Emptores
 Pretenders
 Alternative successions to the English and British Crown

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 The Plantagenets on the official website of the British monarchy.
 The Yorkists on the official website of the British monarchy.

Royal houses of England
York, House of
1385 establishments in England
1499 disestablishments in England

House of York


or  (; ALA-LC: ) is an Arabic word that means 'original disposition', 'natural constitution' or 'innate nature'. In Islam,  is the innate human nature that recognizes the oneness of God (). It may entail either the state of purity and innocence in which Muslims believe all humans to be born, or the ability to choose or reject God's guidance. The Quran states that humans were created in the most perfect form (95:4), and were endowed with a primordial nature (30:30). Furthermore, God took a covenant from all children of Adam, even before they were sent to Earth's worldly realm, regarding his Lordship (7:172–173). This covenant is considered to have left an everlasting imprint on the human soul, with the Quran emphasizing that on the Day of Judgment no one will be able to plead ignorance of this event (7:172–173).

 is also associated with the divine spirit that God, according to the Quran, breathed into Adam (15:29, 32:9, 38:72). This means that the  represents the true essence of Adam, who was taught all the names by God (2:31). In the Quran, fitra is linked to the concept of  (30:30); a term that is often associated with Abraham but it also includes individuals who turn away from erroneous beliefs and instead embrace faith in the unity of God.

This teaching is echoed in prophetic traditions that reiterate the existence of intrinsic human nature at birth. Hence, in Islamic belief, humans are deemed blessed to have the ability to comprehend and affirm the existence of God. However, over time, people tend to disregard and overlook their innate nature, causing it to become obscured and deeply buried within them. In that vein, Islam is perceived as a means to assist individuals in rediscovering and reconnecting with their original nature, ultimately re-establishing their primordial relationship with God.

According to the Maturidi scholar Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi, jinn are also endowed with , and thus mandated to observe God's law.

Etymology
Fitra is an Arabic word that is usually translated as "original disposition", "natural constitution", or "innate nature". The root verb F-Ṭ-R means to split or cleave, also found in Iftar (breaking the fast), Eid al-Fitr, and in the 82nd chapter of the Quran (Surah Al-Infitar - The Splitting). Arabic lexicographers also relate it to create.  Fatir is usually translated as originator or creator, and thus fitra is also considered to refer to the "state of creation".

Quranic narratives and interpretations
According to The Study Quran, the fiṭrah or primordial nature mentioned in the Quran (30:30) refers to the inherent and natural recognition of the oneness of God that exists within every human being. This recognition represents the essence of what it means to be human in the Islamic tradition.

In surah 30 of the Quran, the word fitra is used in the context of the following verse:

The above verse (30:30) links fitra to the concept of Hanif, which "is understood by most to mean in a straight and upstanding manner, neither inclining nor adhering to past religions that have been altered or abrogated". In the Quran, the term "Hanif" is often used in relation to Abraham, but in a broader sense, it refers to someone who turns away from misguidance and instead embraces faith in the unity of God. If the term "fitra" is understood to mean "divide", it might signify that God separates his creation into believers and unbelievers by means of the "true religion".

According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islam views humans as inherently possessing a primordial nature known as al-fitrah. Despite its existence, this nature can become obscured and deeply buried within individuals as a result of neglect and forgetfulness. The Quran recognizes that humans were created in the best possible form (ahsan altaqwim) (95:4), with the intelligence necessary to recognize and know God. Islamic message is thus directed towards this fundamental nature of humanity, ultimately seeking to revive and rejuvenate it.

According to Quran 7:172-173, God called upon all souls to witness His lordship before being sent to the world so that no one could plead ignorance on the Day of Judgment. ""Lest you say on the Day of Resurrection, "As for us, we were heedless of this," or lest you say, "Our fathers associated others with God before us, and we were their offspring after them. What, wilt Thou destroy us for what the vain-doers did?"". Some commentators, including al Razi, have argued that the inability of humans to recall the pretemporal covenant mentioned in Quran 7:172-173 implies that it is symbolic and therefore cannot be the basis of human responsibility. However, The Study Quran suggests that this event should be viewed within the wider context of the Quran and its prophetic history. According to the Study Quran, "this pretemporal recognition of God's Lordship can be understood as creating an innate disposition in human beings toward recognizing and worshipping God during earthly life and toward accepting the prophets and the messages they bring as "reminders" of what human beings already know inwardly, but have merely forgotten."

According to this perspective, those who reject the prophets are doing so out of willful ignorance, and are denying truths that "should, in any sincere and morally uncorrupted soul, resonate with a deep but forgotten knowledge of God that nevertheless still exists within them". Even though humans have forgotten it, they still possess an innate knowledge of God that is often covered up by their disbelief. This is reflected in the term "kuffār," which means "disbelievers" but which also etymologically refers to the idea of covering up the truth. The pretemporal covenant, along with God sending messengers to all people, is said to serve as a "proof" against those who reject the prophetic messages. This is because they are denying something that they already know to be true deep within themselves, and are therefore acting in a capricious or cynical manner.

According to William Chittick, "Fitra is the divine form that God bestowed upon Adam when He created him; or, it is the divine spirit that, according to the Koran, God blew into the clay of Adam in order to bring him to life". In the Qur'an, the spirit that was breathed into Adam by God is referred to with the pronouns "His" (32:9) and "My" (15:29, 38:72). This spirit is known as the "attributed spirit" (al-ruh al-idafi), which implies that it has both divine and human characteristics. The spirit that God blew into Adam possesses spiritual and angelic attributes such as luminosity, subtlety, awareness, and oneness. The fitra thus constitutes "the very self of Adam to whom God "taught all the names" (2:31)". It is considered to be the foundation of human wisdom and knowledge, as it inclines naturally towards the belief in the oneness of God, which is the essence of tawhid. This belief is the basis for true understanding of God, the universe, and the self.

In prophetic traditions
In the prophetic traditions (hadith), the term gets new attention: "There is not a newborn child who is not born in a state of fitrah. His parents then make him a Jew, a Christian or a Magian, just as an animal is born intact. Do you observe any among them that are maimed (at birth)." According to a hadith qudsi, God says: "I created my servants Hunafa (i.e., monotheists), then the Shayatin misled them from their religion." In another tradition, the Prophet is reported to have said: "The fitrah is five things, or five things are part of the fitrah: circumcision, shaving the pubic hairs, plucking the armpit hairs, clipping the nails and trimming the moustache."

In theology
The Mu'tazilites argue that Islamic law is rational and given to every born child, thus fitra is identified with Islam. This viewpoint was also adapted by several canonical traditions. In others however, fitra refers to the pre-Islamic religion, originating in Adam, before any religious obligations have been revealed.

Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi
According to the Maturidi scholar (ʿĀlim) Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi, humans and jinn are created with fitra, and thus obligated (taklīf) to follow God's law. It encompasses the ideas that humans are born pure and innocent, and that they possess an innate capacity to choose or reject God's guidance.

Revival of fitra
According to William Chittick, the Koran and the Hadith suggest that humans possess an innate capacity to understand reality as it is, but their environment obscures this ability. Prophets' role is to remind (dhikr) people of the knowledge they already have, while humans just need to remember (dhikr) it. Once they recall this knowledge, they return to their innate capacity, which has always been a part of them and never truly separate.

See also
 Rūḥ
 Qalb
 Nafs
 'Aql
 Natural law
 Ritual purity in Islam
 Shuddhi

References

Sources

Further reading

 J.M. Cowan (1994), The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
 John Esposito (2003), The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
 M. Masud (1996), Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas
 Imam Ali, Nahjul Balagha: Sermons, Letters & Sayings of Imam Ali
 Al-Kulayni, al-Usul mina 'l-Kãfi, vol. 2, p. 13; al-Bukhãri, Sahih, vol. 2 (Beirut: Dãr al-Fikr, 1401) p. 104

Islamic terminology
Arabic words and phrases

Fitra


Faustino Fudut Imbali (born 1 May 1956) is a Bissau-Guinean politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 21 March 2001 to 9 December 2001, and again from 29 October 2019 to 8 November 2019. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2012 to 2013.

Biography
Imbali was born in Ilondé, Portuguese Guinea in May 1956. He studied at the University of Bordeaux in France, graduating with a master's degree in political sociology and development in 1988. He subsequently worked as a researcher at the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa in Bissau. During the Guinea-Bissau Civil War of 1998–1999 he was an advisor to Prime Minister Francisco Fadul.

Imbali ran as an independent candidate in the November 1999 presidential elections and placed third, winning 8.22% of the vote. After the victory of Kumba Ialá of the Party for Social Renewal (PRS) in that election, Imbali was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Economic and Social Reconstruction in the government named on 19 February 2000, under Prime Minister Caetano Intchama. Subsequently, in the government named on 25 January 2001, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs. When Intchama was dismissed by Ialá in March 2001, Ialá nominated Imbali as his successor, despite the objections of the opposition, which held a majority in parliament. The opposition filed a no-confidence motion against Imbali but subsequently conditionally dropped the motion. In December, Imbali was dismissed by Ialá, who criticized him strongly. Accusing Imbali of diverting money from the armed forces (which Imbali denied), Ialá warned Imbali in April 2002 that he would go to jail unless he returned the money.

In 2003, Imbali founded the Manifest Party of the People (PMP) and ran as its presidential candidate in the 19 June 2005 presidential election, winning 0.52% of the vote.

Imbali was reportedly beaten and taken into custody by security forces on 5 June 2009 in violence directed against alleged coup plotters, including Baciro Dabo and Helder Proenca.

References

1956 births
Living people
Foreign Ministers of Guinea-Bissau
Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau
Manifest Party of the People politicians
Heads of government who were later imprisoned

Faustino Imbali


The Periplus of the Euxine Sea (, , modern Greek transliteration , ) is a periplus or guidebook detailing the destinations visitors encounter when traveling about the shore of the Black Sea. It was written by Arrian of Nicomedia from AD 130–131.

Background
It is in the form of a letter, from Arrian to the Emperor Hadrian in Rome, who was particularly attached to geographical research and had visited in person a large portion of his extensive dominions. It contains an accurate topographical survey of the coasts of the Euxine (Black Sea), from Trapezus to Byzantium, and was written probably while Arrian held his office of legate of Cappadocia, a short time before war broke out against the Alani; and it was doubtless at the same time that he drew up his instructions for the march of the Roman army against the barbarians, which are found in a short but imperfect fragment annexed to the Techne Taktika, written, as he states himself, in the twentieth year of the reign of the emperor, and containing, after a brief account of former writers on the same subject, a description of the order and arrangement of an army in general.

Its purpose was to inform the emperor of the "lay of the land" and provide him with necessary information such as the distances between cities and the locations that would provide safe harbor for ships in a storm in the eventuality that Hadrian should mount a military expedition to the region.

The Periplus contains, according to Gibbon's epigrammatic expression in his 42nd chapter, "whatever the governor of Cappadocia had seen from Trebizond to Dioscurias; whatever he had heard, from Dioscurias to the Danube; and whatever he knew, from the Danube to Trebizond." Thus, while Arrian gives much information upon the south and east side of the Euxine, in going round the north shore his intervals become greater, and his measurements less precise.

Notes

References

 .

See also
Bithynia and Pontus
Cappadocia (Roman province)
Roman Armenia
Roman Crimea
Moesia
Thracia

External links

Hecataei Milesii fragmenta. Scylacis caryandensis periplus, Rudolf Heinrich Klausen (ed.), Berolini, impensis G. Reimeri, 1831, pp. 133-167.
Geographi graeci minores, Karl Müller, Paris, editoribus Firmin-Didot et sociis, 1882, vol. 1 pp. 370-401.
Text in Greek with French translation

History of navigation
2nd-century books
Travel guide books
Geography books
Works by Arrian
Ancient Greek military books
Roman-era Greek historiography
Ancient Roman geography
Correspondences
Foreign relations of ancient Rome
Roman itineraries
Texts in Koine Greek
2nd century in international relations
Ancient international relations
Peripluses in Greek
Black Sea

Periplus of the Euxine Sea


The lieutenant governor of Arizona is a position that currently does not exist yet. The lieutenant governor will be the first in line to replace the governor of Arizona when the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office. This office will be higher ranking than the current second highest state ranked office of secretary of State.

In November 2022, the office was created after voters approved proposition 131.

References

Lieutenant Governor of Arizona


The F Queens Boulevard Express/Sixth Avenue Local''' are two rapid transit services in the B division of the New York City Subway . Their route bullets are colored orange , since they use and are part of the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan.

Operations
The F operates at all times between 179 Street in Jamaica , Queens and Stillwell Avenue in Coney Island , Brooklyn , making all stops except for an express section in Queens between Forest Hills - 71st Avenue and 21st Street - Queensbridge . Some trains terminate at Church Avenue or Kings Highway. Two scheduled rush hour trips in the peak direction run express in Brooklyn between Jay Street - Metrotech and Church Avenue , making one stop in between at Seventh Avenue. This express service was introduced in September 2019. In Brooklyn , local service is denoted as (F) in a circle shaped bullet while express service is donated as <F> in a diamond-shaped bullet.

Equipments
The F trains equipment is the R160A-2 , R160B-1 as the R160B Alstom and R160B-2 as the R160B Siemens , the F train had R46s in the past but they got removed and the F train has R160s now .

New York City Subway

F (New York City Subway service)


Colin Conrad Adams (born October 13, 1956) is a mathematician primarily working in the areas of hyperbolic 3-manifolds and knot theory.  His book, The Knot Book, has been praised for its accessible approach to advanced topics in knot theory.  He is currently Francis Christopher Oakley Third Century Professor of Mathematics at Williams College, where he has been since 1985. He writes "Mathematically Bent", a column of math  for the Mathematical Intelligencer. His nephew is popular American singer Still Woozy.

Academic career
Adams received a B.Sc. from MIT in 1978 and a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1983.  His dissertation was entitled "Hyperbolic Structures on Link Complements" and supervised by James Cannon.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Work
Among his earliest contributions is his theorem that the Gieseking manifold is the unique cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold of smallest volume.  The proof utilizes horoball-packing arguments.  Adams is known for his clever use of such arguments utilizing horoball patterns and his work would be used in the later proof by Chun Cao and G. Robert Meyerhoff that the smallest cusped orientable hyperbolic 3-manifolds are precisely the figure-eight knot complement and its sibling manifold.

Adams has investigated and defined a variety of geometric invariants of hyperbolic links and hyperbolic 3-manifolds in general.  He developed techniques for working with volumes of special classes of hyperbolic links.  He proved augmented alternating links, which he defined, were hyperbolic.  In addition, he has defined almost alternating and toroidally alternating links.  He has often collaborated and published this research with students from SMALL, an undergraduate summer research program at Williams.

Books
 C. Adams, The Tiling Book: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Tilings. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2022.
 C. Adams, The Math Museum: A Survival Story", MAA Press, 2022.
 C. Adams, The Knot Book: An elementary introduction to the mathematical theory of knots. Revised reprint of the 1994 original. American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2004. xiv+307 pp.
 C. Adams, J. Hass, A. Thompson, How to Ace Calculus: The Streetwise Guide. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1998.
 C. Adams, J. Hass, A. Thompson, How to Ace the Rest of Calculus: The Streetwise Guide. W. H. Freeman and Company, 2001.
 C. Adams, Why Knot?: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Knots.  Key College, 2004.
 C. Adams, R. Franzosa, "Introduction to Topology: Pure and Applied." Prentice Hall, 2007.
 C. Adams, "Riot at the Calc Exam and Other Mathematically Bent Stories." American Mathematical Society, 2009.
 C. Adams,"Zombies & Calculus." Princeton University Press, 2014.
 C. Adams, J. Rogawski, "Calculus." W. H. Freeman, 2015.

 Selected publications
 C. Adams, Thrice-punctured spheres in hyperbolic $3$-manifolds.  Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 287 (1985), no. 2, 645—656.
 C. Adams, Augmented alternating link complements are hyperbolic.  Low-dimensional topology and Kleinian groups (Coventry/Durham, 1984), 115—130,  London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., 112, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1986.
 C. Adams, The noncompact hyperbolic $3$-manifold of minimal volume.  Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 100  (1987),  no. 4, 601—606.
 C. Adams and A. Reid, Systoles of hyperbolic $3$-manifolds. Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 128 (2000), no. 1, 103—110.
 C. Adams; A. Colestock; J. Fowler; W. Gillam; E. Katerman. Cusp size bounds from singular surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds.  Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 358 (2006), no. 2, 727—741
 C. Adams; O. Capovilla-Searle, J. Freeman, D. Irvine, S. Petti, D.Vitek, A. Weber, S. Zhang. Bounds on Ubercrossing and Petal Number for Knots.'' Journal of Knot Theory and its Ramifications, vol. 24, no. 2 (2015) 1550012 (16 pages).

References

 Math Prof. Wins Distinguished Teaching Award

External links
 Faculty page at Williams
 Mathematical genealogy
 MSRI talk by Slugbate
 A typical announcement for a Slugbate talk with a photo

1956 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Topologists
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Williams College faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

Colin Adams (mathematician)


Roy J. Adams is an American-Canadian academic, author, adventurer, labour rights activist and poet.

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he received his B.A. degree from Pennsylvania State University (summa cum laude) in 1967 and his Ph.D. degree in Industrial Relations from the University of Wisconsin in 1973. From then until 1997 he was a professor at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and has also been a visiting professor at 14 other institutions in 11 countries. He has published widely on comparative industrial relations, labour policy. industrial relations theory and human rights in employment, especially on the topic of collective bargaining as a human right. He has given invited talks at over 140 institutions in 20 countries and has served on the editorial boards of twelve professional journals located in seven countries. He headed a Canadian federal government commission on training, educational leave and productivity, published a comparative industrial relations newsletter for 10 years, served as president of the Canadian Industrial Relations Association and was honored with that associations Gérard Dion Award for outstanding contributions to Canadian and international industrial relations.

After serving as Director of McMaster's Theme School on International Justice and Human Rights in 1996-1997, he founded the Society for the Promotion of Human Rights in Employment and became very active promoting human rights and especially the rights to organize and bargain collectively. From 2003 to 2015 the Supreme Court of Canada
"constitutionalized" those rights and in doing so extensively cited Adams's work. For his human rights scholarship and activism, he was appointed Ariel F. Sallows Chair of Human Rights on the Faculty of Law at the University of Saskatchewan for 2009-2010.

In 2015 Adams was named a Fellow of the U.S.-based Labor and Employment Relations Association for "contributions of unusual distinction to the field and profession." In 2016 he initiated the Canadian Freedom of Association Award, to be granted annually to a person or organization for promoting knowledge and compliance with international standards regarding the rights to organize and bargain collectively.

In addition to his research and activism in labour and human rights, Adams was a candidate for a seat in the Ontario legislature, served as Executive Director of the Hamilton Civic Coalition, and was a columnist for the Hamilton Spectator, Straight Goods and International Union Rights. He is also a scuba diver, parachutist,  mountaineer, amateur magician, memoirist and holds a black belt in Tae Kwan Do.

Roy J. Adams is also a poet with work published in literary magazines in Canada, the U.S.A., the U.K., Singapore and Australia. He is the author of a poetry chapbook and a full book of poetry, both of which are listed below. In 2019, Adams became a full member of the League of Canadian Poets.

Because of his penchant for venturing to dangerous parts of the world, his family nicknamed him "Indiana Dad."

Books
Adams, Roy J. Critical Mass, a book of poetry / by Roy J. Adams—Silver Bow publishing, 2019, 64pp.
Adams, Roy J. Bebop From Beau's Caboose, a poetry chapbook / by Roy J. Adams—The Ontario Poetry Society, 2018, 24pp.
Adams, Roy J. Labour left out : Canada's failure to protect and promote collective bargaining as a human right / by Roy J. Adams. -- Ottawa : Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, [2006]. 152 p. ; 22 cm.
Adams, Roy J. Good job, bad jobs, no jobs : tough choices for Canadian labor law / Roy J. Adams, Gordon Betcherman, Beth Bilson ; with comments by Roger Phillips and John O'Grady.  -- Toronto : C.D. Howe Institute, 1995. vii, 198 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Adams, Roy J. The growth of white-collar unionism in Britain and Sweden : a comparative investigation / Roy J. Adams.  -- Madison : Industrial Relations Research Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1975.
Adams, Roy J. Towards a more competent labour force : a training levy scheme for Canada / by Roy J. Adams. -- Hamilton, Ont. : Faculty of Business, McMaster University, 1979.
Adams, Roy J. Dunlop after two decades : systems theory as a framework for organizing the field of industrial relations / by Roy J. Adams. -- Hamilton, Ont. : Faculty of Business, McMaster University, 1977.
Adams, Roy J. Two policy approaches to labour-management decision-making at the level of the enterprise : a comparison of the Wagner model and statutory works councils / by R.J. Adams. -- Hamilton, Ont. : Faculty of Business, McMaster University, 1984.
Adams, Roy J. Employment standards as industrial relations sub-system : the Ontario case / by Roy J. Adams. -- Hamilton, Ont. : Faculty of Business, McMaster University, 1986.
Adams, Roy J. The role of management in a political conception of the employment relationship / by Roy J. Adams. -- Hamilton, Ont. : Faculty of Business, McMaster University, 1986.
Adams, Roy J. Labour-management dispute resolution in Canadian heavy industry : the Hilton Works case / by Roy J. Adams and Isik Zeytinoglu. -- Hamilton, Ont. : Faculty of Business, McMaster University, [1986].
Comparative industrial relations : contemporary research and theory / edited by Roy J. Adams. -- London : HarperCollinsAcademic, 1991.
Industrial relations theory : its nature, scope, and pedagogy / edited by Roy J. Adams and Noah M. Meltz. -- Metuchen, N.J. : IMLR Press/Rutgers University, 1993.
Adams, Roy J. Industrial relations under liberal democracy : North America in comparative perspective / Roy J. Adams. -- Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press, c1995. xi, 219 p. ; 24 cm.

Canadian columnists
Canadian non-fiction writers
American emigrants to Canada
Labor studies scholars
Academic staff of McMaster University
Ontario New Democratic Party candidates in Ontario provincial elections
Politicians from Hamilton, Ontario
Politicians from Philadelphia
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario
Writers from Philadelphia
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Roy Adams (writer)


Edward Harrison DeArmond (July 4, 1878 – October 21, 1948) was a United States Army officer in the early 20th century who was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

Biography
DeArmond was born in Greenfield, Missouri, on July 4, 1878. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1901 and was commissioned in the Artillery Corps, choosing to serve in the Field Artillery Corps when the former split in two. DeArmond served in the Philippines, participating in the U.S. Army's response to the Moro Rebellion in 1904. Between 1909 and 1912, he served in the Tactics Department of the U.S. Military Academy.

In World War I, DeArmond served as chief of staff of the 32nd Infantry Division during its training period and while in France between August 26, 1917, and May 1, 1918. After this, he became the chief of staff for the American Expeditionary Forces and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on August 8, 1918. DeArmond was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal due to his performance as general.

From 1924 to 1928, DeArmond served at the Office of the Chief of Field Artillery, and later served in the Second United States Army as an artillery officer. Retiring from the Army at the rank of brigadier general in 1942, DeArmond died on October 21, 1948, in Lexington, Virginia.

References

Bibliography

1878 births
1948 deaths
People from Greenfield, Missouri
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Missouri

Edward Harrison DeArmond


Gale Herbert Gillingham (February 3, 1944 – October 20, 2011) was a professional football player, a guard for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Green Bay Packers (1966–1974, 1976).

Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Gillingham grew up on a farm in nearby Stoughton. His family moved to Little Falls, Minnesota, when he was in high school and he played college football at the University of Minnesota, where he was a teammate of future Kansas City Chiefs defensive end Aaron Brown, whom he faced in Super Bowl I.

Gillingham was the thirteenth overall selection of the 1966 NFL Draft, and in his rookie season, he alternated as the starter at left guard with veteran Fuzzy Thurston. During the 1967 season, he took Thurston's spot full-time, opposite perennial All-Pro Jerry Kramer. He started the Ice Bowl and Super Bowl II, coach Vince Lombardi's final games after nine seasons with the team.

Gillingham was the last member of the Lombardi-era Packers to be active with the franchise. By time he retired, Bart Starr, whom he blocked for in the first two Super Bowl wins, was the team's head coach. Gillingham was a five-time Pro Bowler (1969, '70, '71, '73 and '74), six-time All Pro (1968, '69, '70, '71, '73, '74, and a two-time AP NFL First-team All Pro (1969 and '70).  Gillingham was selected as the inaugural winner of the Forrest Gregg Award for the NFL Offensive Lineman of the Year following the 1970 season.  He was the NFC choice as the NFLPA/Coca-Cola Offensive Lineman of the Year for 1971. He retired a few months after the 1976 season, was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1982.

The only season he was not on offense was 1972 when head coach Dan Devine inexplicably shifted him to the defensive line after the pre-season, even though Gillingham was the team's best offensive lineman. During that campaign, the success of the Packers' offense heavily depended on a strong running attack led by MacArthur Lane and John Brockington. Devine's move failed when Gillingham sustained a season-ending knee injury two games into the regular season, and he was criticized for eventually being a factor in diminishing the team's playoff run.

After his playing days, Gillingham was in the real estate business in Minnesota and retired in 2010. Noted for his brute strength, he was one of the first players in the NFL to use weight training to stay in playing shape during the offseason. His oldest son, Karl, is a Professional Strongman and has competed in two Worlds Strongest Man competitions. Middle son, Brad, is a 6 time World Champion powerlifter with several National and World Records. Youngest son, Wade, is a former Professional Strongman and is widely regarded as having one of the best grips in the world.

Gillingham died at age 67 in 2011 in Little Falls.

In 2016, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Gillingham to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2016

References

External links

1944 births
2011 deaths
American football offensive guards
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Green Bay Packers players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Little Falls, Minnesota
Players of American football from Wisconsin
Players of American football from Minnesota
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Gale Gillingham


The Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) is a liberal conservative political party in Queensland, Australia. It is the merger of the Liberal and  National parties in Queensland. It was formed in 2008.

It is currently in Opposition to the centre-left Labor Party. Its current leader is David Crisafulli, the deputy leader is Jarrod Bleijie and the president is Lawrence Springborg.

Since the Liberals and Nationals merged in 2008, the LNP has only ever formed the state government once, when Campbell Newman defeated the incumbent Labor government of Anna Bligh at the 2012 state election in a landslide. He won a record 78 seats in Parliament (which had 89 seats at the time, but now has 93), therefore making Newman the first LNP Premier of Queensland. In 2015, the Labor Party under Annastacia Palaszczuk defeated the LNP and formed a minority government (which has since become a majority government). Despite this, Queensland is a conservative state on the federal level (Labor has only won the two-party-preferred vote in Queensland three times since 1949) and the LNP also holds the majority of wards on the Brisbane City Council.

References

Liberal parties
Political parties in Queensland
Liberal Party of Australia
National Party of Australia

Liberal National Party of Queensland


Henry Clifford Allison (8 February 1932 – 7 April 2005) was a British racing driver from England, who participated in Formula One during seasons  to  for the Lotus, Scuderia Centro Sud, Ferrari and UDT Laystall teams.  He was born and died in Brough, Westmorland (now Cumbria).

Formula Three and Sports Cars
Cliff Allison started his racing career in a Formula Three Cooper 500 in 1953 before being spotted by Colin Chapman.  Allison won the performance prize driving a 744cc Lotus in the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Lotus of Allison and Colin Chapman finished sixth in the 1958 12 Hours of Sebring endurance race for sports cars. Allison came in fourth with his Lotus in the 1958 Grand Prix of Europe at Spa-Francorchamps, more than four minutes behind victor Tony Brooks.

Allison and Dan Gurney shared one of three team Ferrari cars that competed in the June 1959 1000 km Nürburgring race. Seventy-five cars entered the 1000 kilometre race which was a world championship event for sports cars.

Allison was paired with Jean Behra in a Ferrari which finished second in the 1959 12 Hours of Sebring. The drivers received $1,500 in prize money. Allison was credited with the fastest lap of the Sebring race in the No. 9 Ferrari. He was clocked at 3 minutes 21.6 seconds on the 97th lap of the 5.2-mile course.

In May 1960 Allison skidded off the road during practice for the Targa Florio in Palermo, Sicily. His Ferrari had reached a speed of 100 miles per hour when a tyre burst, or so the driver believed. The car crashed into a scrub forest, destroying itself and most of what it touched. When the mishap occurred the Ferrari was nearing the end of a five-mile straight by the sea. This was the only very fast stretch of road in the event. Allison escaped from the wreck without a scratch, but his face was ashen and his mouth hung open with an expression of fear.

Formula One Lotus (1958, 1961), Ferrari (1959–60)
Allison was forced to make numerous pit stops during the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix. His Lotus finished sixth, 12 laps behind race winner Maurice Trintignant. However this marked the first World Championship point for Team Lotus.

Ferrari's stable of drivers for 1959 were Olivier Gendebien, Phil Hill, Brooks, Behra, Gurney, and Allison.

For the 1959 Monaco Grand Prix the Ferrari factory team fielded truncated versions of the cars they ran in future grand prix races. At Monte Carlo the Ferraris' long sleek snouts (air scoops) were cut away to allow more air into the cooling systems. Wolfgang von Trips lost control of his Porsche in a bend where the street was steeply inclined to Casino. Allison's Formula 2 Ferrari crashed into him as he spun. The Lotus of Bruce Halford came next into the blind curve and became part of the wreck. Allison and his Ferrari suffered the least damage while von Trips sustained a gashed face, and Halford had a cut to his arm. None of the three cars could continue.

He suffered a major crash behind the wheel of his Ferrari while practising for the 1960 Monaco Grand Prix, and it took him almost the rest of the year to recover from his injuries. Allison was hurt when his Ferrari slammed into a straw barrier. He was unconscious when he was taken to a hospital. Allison sustained a broken left arm, rib fractures, facial cuts, and a concussion. He was listed in serious condition.

The following year he suffered another crash at the wheel of his Lotus in practice for the 1961 Belgian Grand Prix. He broke both his knees and fractured his pelvis when his car careened off the course and overturned in a field.

Post-Formula One career
This marked the end of his career in motor sport. He kept in touch with the sport through reunions and was always a popular visitor to the paddock.

Allison owned and managed Allison's Garage in Brough. The business had been started by his father and he returned to it after his racing career ended. Allisons also provided the village and school bus services, which Cliff Allison would drive.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

References

External links
 Cliff Allison profile at The 500 Owners Association

1932 births
2005 deaths
English racing drivers
English Formula One drivers
Ferrari Formula One drivers
Scuderia Centro Sud Formula One drivers
Team Lotus Formula One drivers
British Racing Partnership Formula One drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers

Cliff Allison