An axion () is a hypothetical elementary particle originally postulated by the Peccei–Quinn theory in 1977 to resolve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.

History

Strong CP problem
As shown by Gerard 't Hooft, strong interactions of the standard model, QCD, possess a non-trivial vacuum structure that in principle permits violation of the combined symmetries of charge conjugation and parity, collectively known as CP. Together with effects generated by weak interactions, the effective periodic strong CP-violating term, , appears as a Standard Model input – its value is not predicted by the theory, but must be measured. However, large CP-violating interactions originating from QCD would induce a large electric dipole moment (EDM) for the neutron. Experimental constraints on the currently unobserved EDM implies CP violation from QCD must be extremely tiny and thus  must itself be extremely small. Since  could have any value between 0 and 2, this presents a "naturalness" problem for the standard model. Why should this parameter find itself so close to zero? (Or, why should QCD find itself CP-preserving?) This question constitutes what is known as the strong CP problem.

Prediction
In 1977, Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn postulated a more elegant solution to the strong CP problem, the Peccei–Quinn mechanism. The idea is to effectively promote  to a field. This is accomplished by adding a new global symmetry (called a Peccei–Quinn (PQ) symmetry) that becomes spontaneously broken. This results in a new particle, as shown independently by Frank Wilczek and Steven Weinberg, that fills the role of , naturally relaxing the CP-violation parameter to zero. Wilczek named this new hypothesized particle the "axion" after a brand of laundry detergent because it "cleaned up" a problem, while Weinberg called it "the higglet." Weinberg later agreed to adopt Wilczek's name for the particle. Because it has a non-zero mass, the axion is a pseudo-Nambu–Goldstone boson.

Axion dark matter
QCD effects produce an effective periodic potential in which the axion field moves. The oscillations of the axion field about the minimum of the effective potential, the so-called misalignment mechanism, generate a cosmological population of cold axions with an abundance depending on the mass of the axion. With a mass above 5 µeV/² ( times the electron mass) axions could account for dark matter, and thus be both a dark-matter candidate and a solution to the strong CP problem. If inflation occurs at a low scale and lasts sufficiently long, the axion mass can be as low as 1 peV/².

There are two distinct scenarios in which the axion field begins its evolution, depending on the following two conditions:

Broadly speaking, one of the two possible scenarios outlined in the two following subsections occurs:

Pre-inflationary scenario
If both (a) and (b) are satisfied, cosmic inflation selects one patch of the Universe within which the spontaneous breaking of the PQ symmetry leads to a homogeneous value of the initial value of the axion field. In this "pre-inflationary" scenario, topological defects are inflated away and do not contribute to the axion energy density. However, other bounds that come from isocurvature modes severely constrain this scenario, which require a relatively low-energy scale of inflation to be viable.

Post-inflationary scenario
If at least one of the conditions (a) or (b) is violated, the axion field takes different values within patches that are initially out of causal contact, but that today populate the volume enclosed by our Hubble horizon. In this scenario, isocurvature fluctuations in the PQ field randomise the axion field, with no preferred value in the power spectrum.

The proper treatment in this scenario is to solve numerically the equation of motion of the PQ field in an expanding Universe, in order to capture all features coming from the misalignment mechanism, including the contribution from topological defects like "axionic" strings and domain walls. An axion mass estimate between 0.05–1.50 meV was reported by Borsanyi et al. (2016). The result was calculated by simulating the formation of axions during the post-inflation period on a supercomputer.

Recent progresses in determining the present abundance of a KSVZ-type axion using numerical simulations lead to values between 0.02 and 0.1 meV, although these results have been challenged by the details on the power spectrum of emitted axions from strings.

Phenomenology of the axion field

Searches
Axion models carefully choose coupling strengths that are too weak to have been detected in prior experiments. It had been thought that these "invisible axions" solved the strong CP problem while still being too small to have been observed before. Current literature discusses "invisible axion" mechanisms in two forms, called  (Kim–Shifman–Vainshtein– and  (Dine–Fischler––

The very weakly coupled axion is also very light, because axion couplings and mass are proportional. Satisfaction with "invisible axions" changed when it was shown that any very light axion would have been overproduced in the early universe and therefore must be excluded.

Maxwell's equations with axion modifications
Pierre Sikivie computed how Maxwell's equations are modified in the presence of an axion in 1983. He showed that these axions could be detected on Earth by converting them to photons, using a strong magnetic field, motivating a number of experiments. For example, the Axion Dark Matter Experiment converts axion dark matter to microwave photons, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope converts axions produced in the Sun's core to X-rays, and other experiments search for axions produced in laser light. Currently, there are dozens of proposed or ongoing experiments searching for axion dark matter.

The equations of axion electrodynamics are typically written in "natural units", where the reduced Planck's constant , speed of light , and permittivity of free space  are all set to unity. In this unit system, they are:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Name
! scope="col" |  Equations
|-
! scope="row" | Gauss's law
|
|-
! scope="row" | Gauss's law for magnetism
|
|-
! scope="row" | Faraday's law
|
|-
! scope="row" | Ampère–Maxwell law
|
|-
! scope="row" | Axion field's equation of motion
|
|}

Above, a dot denotes a time derivative and the axion-photon coupling is .

Alternative forms of these equations have been proposed, which imply completely different physical signatures. For example, Visinelli wrote a set of equations that imposed duality symmetry, assuming the existence of magnetic monopoles. However, these alternative formulations are less theoretically motivated, and in many cases cannot even be derived from an action.

Analogous effect for topological insulators
A term analogous to the one that would be added to Maxwell's equations to account for axions also appears in recent (2008) theoretical models for topological insulators giving an effective axion description of the electrodynamics of these materials.

This term leads to several interesting predicted properties including a quantized magnetoelectric effect. Evidence for this effect has been given in THz spectroscopy experiments performed at the Johns Hopkins University on quantum regime thin film topological insulators developed at Rutgers University.

In 2019, a team at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids published their detection of axion insulators within a Weyl semimetal. An axion insulator is a quasiparticle – an excitation of electrons that behave together as an axion – and its discovery is consistent with the existence of the axion as an elementary particle.

Experiments
Despite not yet having been found, axion models have been well studied for over 40 years, giving time for physicists to develop insight into axion effects that might be detected. Several experimental searches for axions are presently underway; most exploit axions' expected slight interaction with photons in strong magnetic fields. Axions are also one of the few remaining plausible candidates for dark matter particles, and might be discovered in some dark matter experiments.

Direct conversion in a magnetic field
Several experiments search for astrophysical axions by the Primakoff effect, which converts axions to photons and vice versa in electromagnetic fields.

The Axion Dark Matter Experiment (ADMX) at the University of Washington uses a strong magnetic field to detect the possible weak conversion of axions to microwaves.
ADMX searches the galactic dark matter halo for axions resonant with a cold microwave cavity. ADMX has excluded optimistic axion models in the 1.9–3.53 μeV range. From 2013–2018 a series of upgrades were done and it is taking new data, including at 4.9–6.2 µeV. In December 2021 it excluded the 3.3–4.2 μeV range for the KSVZ model.

Other experiments of this type include DMRadio, HAYSTAC, CULTASK, and ORGAN. HAYSTAC recently completed the first scanning run of a haloscope above 20 µeV.

Polarized light in a magnetic field
The Italian PVLAS experiment searches for polarization changes of light propagating in a magnetic field. The concept was first put forward in 1986 by Luciano Maiani, Roberto Petronzio and Emilio Zavattini. A rotation claim in 2006 was excluded by an upgraded setup. An optimized search began in 2014.

Light shining through walls
Another technique is so called "light shining through walls", where light passes through an intense magnetic field to convert photons into axions, which then pass through metal and are reconstituted as photons by another magnetic field on the other side of the barrier. Experiments by BFRS and a team led by Rizzo ruled out an axion cause. GammeV saw no events, reported in a 2008 Physics Review Letter. ALPS I conducted similar runs, setting new constraints in 2010; ALPS II is currently being built in 2022. OSQAR found no signal, limiting coupling and will continue.

Astrophysical axion searches
Axion-like bosons could have a signature in astrophysical settings. In particular, several recent works have proposed axion-like particles as a solution to the apparent transparency of the Universe to TeV photons. It has also been demonstrated that, in the large magnetic fields threading the atmospheres of compact astrophysical objects (e.g., magnetars), photons will convert much more efficiently. This would in turn give rise to distinct absorption-like features in the spectra detectable by current telescopes. A new promising means is looking for quasi-particle refraction in systems with strong magnetic gradients. In particular, the refraction will lead to beam splitting in the radio light curves of highly magnetized pulsars and allow much greater sensitivities than currently achievable. The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a proposed fourth generation helioscope.

Axions can resonantly convert into photons in the magnetospheres of neutron stars. The emerging photons lie in the GHz frequency range and can be potentially picked up in radio detectors, leading to a sensitive probe of the axion parameter space. This strategy has been used to constrain the axion-photon coupling in the 5–11 μeV mass range, by re-analyzing existing data from the Green Bank Telescope and the Effelsberg 100 m Telescope. A novel, alternative strategy consists in detecting the transient signal from the encounter between a neutron star and an axion minicluster in the Milky Way.

Axions can be produced in the Sun's core when X-rays scatter in strong electric fields. The CAST solar telescope is underway, and has set limits on coupling to photons and electrons.
Axions may be produced within neutron stars, by nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung. The subsequent decay of axions to gamma rays allows constraints on the axion mass to be placed from observations of neutron stars in gamma-rays using the Fermi LAT. From an analysis of four neutron stars, Berenji et al. (2016) obtained a 95% confidence interval upper limit on the axion mass of 0.079 eV. In 2021 it has been also suggested that a reported excess of hard X-ray emission from a system of neutron stars known as the magnificent seven could be explained as axion emission.

In 2016, a theoretical team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology devised a possible way of detecting axions using a strong magnetic field that need be no stronger than that produced in an MRI scanning machine. It would show variation, a slight wavering, that is linked to the mass of the axion. As of 2019, the experiment is being implemented by experimentalists at the university.

In 2022 the polarized light measurements of Messier 87* by the EHT were used to constrain the mass of the axion assuming that hypothetical clouds of axions could form around a black hole rejecting the ~ eV/c^2 range of mass values.

Searches for resonance effects
Resonance effects may be evident in Josephson junctions from a supposed high flux of axions from the galactic halo with mass of 110 µeV and density  compared to the implied dark matter density , indicating said axions would not have enough mass to be the sole component of dark matter. The ORGAN experiment plans to conduct a direct test of this result via the haloscope method.

Dark matter recoil searches
Dark matter cryogenic detectors have searched for electron recoils that would indicate axions. CDMS published in 2009 and EDELWEISS set coupling and mass limits in 2013. UORE and XMASS also set limits on solar axions in 2013. XENON100 used a 225 day run to set the best coupling limits to date and exclude some parameters.

Nuclear spin precession
While Schiff's theorem states that a static nuclear electric dipole moment (EDM) does not produce atomic and molecular EDMs, the axion induces an oscillating nuclear EDM which oscillates at the Larmor frequency. If this nuclear EDM oscillation frequency is in resonance with an external electric field, a precession in the nuclear spin rotation occurs. This precession can be measured using precession magnetometry and if detected, would be evidence for Axions.

An experiment using this technique is the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr).

Searches at particle colliders
Axions can also be produced at colliders, in particular in electron positron collisions as well as in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions at the LHC, reinterpreting the light-by-light scattering process. Those searches are sensitive for rather large axion masses between 100 MeV/c² and hundreds of GeV/c². Assuming a coupling of axions to the Higgs Boson, searches for anomalous Higgs boson decays into two axions can provide even stronger limits.

Possible detections
It was reported in 2014 that evidence for axions may have been detected as a seasonal variation in observed X-ray emission that would be expected from conversion in the Earth's magnetic field of axions streaming from the Sun. Studying 15 years of data by the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton observatory, a research group at Leicester University noticed a seasonal variation for which no conventional explanation could be found. One potential explanation for the variation, described as "plausible" by the senior author of the paper, is the known seasonal variation in visibility to XMM-Newton of the sunward magnetosphere in which X-rays may be produced by axions from the Sun's core.

This interpretation of the seasonal variation is disputed by two Italian researchers, who identify flaws in the arguments of the Leicester group that are said to rule out an interpretation in terms of axions. Most importantly, the scattering in angle assumed by the Leicester group to be caused by magnetic field gradients during the photon production, necessary to allow the X-rays to enter the detector that cannot point directly at the sun, would dissipate the flux so much that the probability of detection would be negligible.

In 2013, Christian Beck suggested that axions might be detectable in Josephson junctions; and in 2014, he argued that a signature, consistent with a mass ≈110 μeV, had in fact been observed in several preexisting experiments.

In 2020, the XENON1T experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy reported a result suggesting the discovery of solar axions. The results are not yet significant at the 5-sigma level required for confirmation, and other explanations of the data are possible though less likely.  New observations made in July 2022, after the observatory upgrade to XENONnT, discarded the excess.

Properties

Predictions
One theory of axions relevant to cosmology had predicted that they would have no electric charge, a very small mass in the range from 1 µeV/c² to 1 eV/c², and very low interaction cross-sections for strong and weak forces. Because of their properties, axions would interact only minimally with ordinary matter. Axions would also change to and from photons in magnetic fields.

Cosmological implications
Inflation suggests that if they exist, axions would be created abundantly during the Big Bang. Because of a unique coupling to the instanton field of the primordial universe (the "misalignment mechanism"), an effective dynamical friction is created during the acquisition of mass, following cosmic inflation. This robs all such primordial axions of their kinetic energy.

Ultralight axion (ULA) with  is a kind of scalar field dark matter which seems to solve the small scale problems of CDM. A single ULA with a GUT scale decay constant provides the correct relic density without fine-tuning.

Axions would also have stopped interaction with normal matter at a different moment after the Big Bang than other more massive dark particles. The lingering effects of this difference could perhaps be calculated and observed astronomically.

If axions have low mass, thus preventing other decay modes (since there are no lighter particles to decay into), theories predict that the universe would be filled with a very cold Bose–Einstein condensate of primordial axions. Hence, axions could plausibly explain the dark matter problem of physical cosmology. Observational studies are underway, but they are not yet sufficiently sensitive to probe the mass regions if they are the solution to the dark matter problem with the fuzzy dark matter region starting to be probed via superradiance. High mass axions of the kind searched for by Jain and Singh (2007) would not persist in the modern universe. Moreover, if axions exist, scatterings with other particles in the thermal bath of the early universe unavoidably produce a population of hot axions.

Low mass axions could have additional structure at the galactic scale. If they continuously fall into galaxies from the intergalactic medium, they would be denser in "caustic" rings, just as the stream of water in a continuously-flowing fountain is thicker at its peak. The gravitational effects of these rings on galactic structure and rotation might then be observable. Other cold dark matter theoretical candidates, such as WIMPs and MACHOs, could also form such rings, but because such candidates are fermionic and thus experience friction or scattering among themselves, the rings would be less sharply defined.

João G. Rosa and Thomas W. Kephart suggested that axion clouds formed around unstable primordial black holes might initiate a chain of reactions that radiate electromagnetic waves, allowing their detection. When adjusting the mass of the axions to explain dark matter, the pair discovered that the value would also explain the luminosity and wavelength of fast radio bursts, being a possible origin for both phenomena. In 2022 a similar hypothesis was used to constrain the mass of the axion from data of M87*.

Supersymmetry
In supersymmetric theories the axion has both a scalar and a fermionic superpartner. The fermionic superpartner of the axion is called the axino, the scalar superpartner is called the saxion or dilaton.
They are all bundled up in a chiral superfield.

The axino has been predicted to be the lightest supersymmetric particle in such a model.  In part due to this property, it is considered a candidate for dark matter.

See also

 List of hypothetical particles
 Weakly Interacting Slender Particle
 Dark photon

Footnotes

References

Sources

External links

Bosons
Dark matter
Astroparticle physics
Hypothetical elementary particles
Subatomic particles with spin 0
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Astrophysics
Quantum chromodynamics

Axion


Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones, also called The Mad Messiah, is a 1980 television miniseries about the Peoples Temple led by Jim Jones, and their 1978 mass suicide at Jonestown. Based on the book by Charles A. Krause, entitled Guyana Massacre: The Eyewitness Account, the film was originally shown on television on April 15, 1980.

Synopsis
The film draws on Guyana Massacre: The Eyewitness Account and reports from The Washington Post at the time, to describe the life of Jim Jones from a 1960s idealist to the November 1978 mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple in Jonestown, Guyana. In the beginning of the film, Jim Jones is seen helping minorities and working against racism. Later, after a move to San Francisco and increased power and attention, Jones becomes focused on his belief in nuclear holocaust, and moves hundreds of his followers to Guyana. Congressman Leo J. Ryan is notified that some individuals are being held against their will, and after going to investigate, the Guyana tragedy itself is depicted.

Cast

Characters
Jones's family members in the movie are based directly on his own family. The characters of Clayton and Jean Richie are based on Timothy and Grace Stoen (he was a primary Temple attorney and Jones's former right-hand man, she a main organizer for the Temple's "Planning Commission"), and David Langtree on Larry Schacht (the sole doctor at Jonestown), though elements of other Temple members are added to each, and details are changed. Many of the other characters are composites of one or more persons.

The character of Larry King has been likened to Larry Layton, a Peoples Temple member who took part in the assassination of Congressman Leo Ryan.

Production
Though not a documentary in its own right, the film takes the style of a "true life" portrayal of the events. James Earl Jones appears in the film, as spiritual leader Father Divine. The final scenes of the film, with dialog taken from the infamous "Jonestown death tape" (FBI Number Q 042), were produced in a documentary cinematic style, and shot in Puerto Rico and Georgia instead of Guyana. The film was originally broadcast in two parts by CBS Television, on April 15 and 16.

Reception and awards

A 1980 Time magazine review was mostly positive, but criticized the film for spending too much time on earlier parts of Jones' life, stating: "There really is no point in recounting the minutiae of a madman's life if, after four hours, it is still impossible to understand how Jones became a sex-and-drug-crazed megalomaniac or why his misfit followers so easily accepted his larcenous and sadistic behavior." The Time review went on to also note the way Boothe captured the minutiae of the Jim Jones character, and lamented that the film's writer had not made the role more complex for Boothe to portray.

Actor Powers Boothe, who played the role of Jim Jones, won the 1980 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Special for his portrayal in the film. Boothe was the only nominated actor in any category to attend the awards ceremony, since the Screen Actors Guild was boycotting the event during a strike. The film was also nominated for Emmy Awards in three other categories, including Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Mixing, Outstanding Directing in a Limited Series or a Special, and Outstanding Drama or Comedy Special. The film was also nominated for an Eddie Award, for Best Edited Episode from a Television Mini-Series, by the American Cinema Editors.

References

External links

Guyana Tragedy, Yahoo! Movies
Overview page, Rotten Tomatoes

1980 films
1980 drama films
1980s American television miniseries
1980 television films
American biographical drama films
CBS network films
1980s English-language films
Films about cults
Films set in 1978
Films set in Guyana
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films shot in Puerto Rico
Works about Jonestown
Drama films based on actual events
American nonlinear narrative films
Films directed by William Graham (director)
Cultural depictions of Jim Jones
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
American drama television films
1980s American films

Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones


Sāmarrā () is a town in Iraq. It is on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad Din Governorate, 125 km north of Baghdad. In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 348,700 people.

Samarra is a city of culture and heritage. Samarra is home to the Malwiya Mosque Minerat. In 836 CE, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim founded a new capital at the banks of the Tigris. Here he built extensive palace complexes surrounded by garrison settlements for his guards, mostly drawn from Central Asia and Iran (most famously the Turks).

Cities in Iraq

Samarra


Edmund Raymond "Zeke" Bratkowski (October 20, 1931 − November 11, 2019) was an American football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons with the Chicago Bears, Los Angeles Rams, and Green Bay Packers.

He was an All-American playing college football with the Georgia Bulldogs, and later was an assistant coach in the NFL for over two decades. He was the father of former Jacksonville Jaguars offensive coordinator Bob Bratkowski.

Early years
Born and raised in Westville, Illinois, Bratkowski played high school football at Schlarman Academy in Danville and graduated in 1949. He came to national prominence in his sophomore season at the University of Georgia in Athens in 1951, and was twice the SEC passing leader under head coach Wally Butts. During his three-year career with the Bulldogs, he completed 360 passes for 4,863 yards.

Bratkowski was considered one of college football's greatest quarterbacks of his day and was the NCAA's all-time leading passer until 1961.  Today, he still ranks eighth  on Georgia's list of career passing leaders. Bratkowski also led the NCAA in punting his senior year in 1953 with a 42.6 yard average. He was selected for the North–South All-Star Game in Miami, Florida in December, and led the South to a 20–0 victory.

Playing career
Bratkowski was selected 17th overall in the second round of the 1953 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears as a "future choice" after his redshirt junior season, then played his fifth-year senior season at Georgia in 1953. He joined the Bears as a rookie in 1954. He started the first game of the season with a 64-yard touchdown pass, but was benched after completing just one of his next 11 passes with four interceptions. After George Blanda was lost for the season with a separated shoulder in mid-November, Bratkowski entered the game and threw three more interceptions in the loss. However, he started and won the last four games of the season, despite ten interceptions in those games for a franchise rookie record 17 on the season.

Bratkowski then served in the U.S. Air Force for two years, missing the 1955 and 1956 seasons. He returned in 1957 and shared time at quarterback with Ed Brown, and played five seasons in Chicago, through 1960. His seven interceptions in an October 2, 1960, loss to Baltimore remains a franchise record.

Bratkowski was traded to the Los Angeles Rams in March 1961, and played in Los Angeles for 2½ seasons before being signed in October 1963 by Vince Lombardi for the $100 waiver fee to become the "super sub" to Bart Starr. In Green Bay, Bratkowski was nicknamed "Uncle Zekie",  and became an ideal backup and spot starter during the Lombardi championship era. In a 15-year NFL career, he passed for 10,345 yards and 65 touchdowns.

In the Western Conference playoff game versus the Baltimore Colts in 1965, Bratkowski relieved the injured Starr early in the game and led the Packers to a 13–10 overtime victory on December 26 at Lambeau Field. The Packers went on to win the NFL championship game against the Cleveland Browns on January 2, 1966. This was the first of three consecutive NFL titles for the Packers, unprecedented in the playoff era (since 1933).

After coaching under Phil Bengtson in 1969 and 1970, Bratkowski came out of retirement to play again for the Packers in 1971 under first-year head coach Dan Devine, and appeared in six games, with one start. The following year, Bratkowski became an assistant coach for the Chicago Bears, a position he would hold for three seasons (1972-74); in 1973, the Bears activated Zeke as an emergency back-up quarterback for eight games, but he did not actually appear in any of them.

A well-conditioned athlete, Bratkowski was an early advocate of aerobic training for professional football players.

Coaching career
After his playing career, Bratkowski became quarterback coach/offensive coordinator for Chicago, Baltimore / Indianapolis, Philadelphia, and New York Jets. He was also a quarterbacks coach with Cleveland and the Jets and worked two stints as a Green Bay assistant as well as the Baltimore Ravens.

While Bratkowski was coaching the Chicago Bears quarterbacks during the 1973 season, head coach Abe Gibron abruptly promoted him to offensive coordinator, then pressed him into service as a back-up quarterback (see above).

 1969–1970, Green Bay Packers: Assistant
 1972–1974, Chicago Bears: Assistant
 1975–1981, Green Bay Packers: Assistant
 1982–1984, Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts: OC/QB
 1985–1989, New York Jets: QB
 1990, Cleveland Browns: QB
 1991–1992, Philadelphia Eagles: QB
 1993–1994, Philadelphia Eagles: OC/QB
 1995, New York Jets: OC/QB

Death
Bratkowski died at his home in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida on November 11, 2019 of a heart attack at the age of 88.

Halls of Fame
Bratkowski is a member of numerous halls of fame. In 1980, he was inducted into the State of Georgia Sports Hall of Fame. Nine years later (in 1989), Bratkowski was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame. He also was elected to the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 1995. Bratkowski was inducted into the University of Georgia's Circle of Honor in 2006, and was the first member of his high school's Hall of Fame in 1974.

See also
 List of college football yearly passing leaders

References

External links

 Sports Reference – collegiate statistics – Zeke Bratkowski

1931 births
2019 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Chicago Bears players
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Green Bay Packers players
Los Angeles Rams players
New York Jets coaches
American people of Polish descent
People from Danville, Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame

Zeke Bratkowski


The grey treepie (Dendrocitta formosae), also known as the Himalayan treepie, is an Asian treepie, a medium-sized and long-tailed member of the crow family. The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1863. They are widely distributed along the foothills of the Himalayas in the Indian Subcontinent and extending into Indochina, southern mainland China and Taiwan. The populations vary in plumage and several are named as subspecies.

Grey treepies are omnivorous birds mostly thriving among dense foliage and in forests. They sometimes take part in mixed species flocks with laughingthrushes, especially the white-throated laughingthrush. They systematically work together through the hill forests, rhododendrons, oaks and other broad-leaved trees, especially in the mornings.

Description

The grey treepie is  long and weighs . It is the same size as other Dendrocitta species and is separated from them by the overall grey colour of the body. The races in the western part of the distribution have a greyish rump and some grey in tail while the eastern forms have a white rump and a black tail. The face and throat are dark and black with a diffuse mask. The body is grey on the underside becoming whiter towards the vent. The back and scapulars are brownish. The crown and nape are greyish and the black wing has a prominent white carpal patch. The vent is rufous and the outer tail feathers and tips of the central feathers are black. The beak is black, the legs are blackish-brown and the eyes are red or reddish-brown. The two sexes are similar. The juvenile bird is duller, with a browner nape, and all of its feathers have rufous tips.

The species occupies a large geographical range and has several recognised regional forms that differ slightly from one another for instance in colour and tail length. These include occidentalis of the western Himalayan foothills (identified by its slightly longer tail), himalayana from the central Himalayas east into Thailand and Vietnam. A disjunct population, said to have a smaller or narrower bill, is found in the Eastern Ghats of peninsular India, sarkari, that is sometimes subsumed into himalayana. The Southeast Asian races include assimilis, sapiens, sinica, formosae (the nominate race from Taiwan) and insulae (Hainan Island).

It has been suggested that this species forms a superspecies along with Dendrocitta occipitalis and Dendrocitta cinerascens.

Distribution and habitat
The grey treepie is largely arboreal and is found in a wide range of habitats including forest, cultivation and human habitation. The distribution range includes the foothills of the Himalayas, the Eastern Ghats (India), Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Hainan, Taiwan and northern Indochina. In the Himalayas, it is found up to  above sea level, and in southeastern China, it is found between  and .

Behaviour and ecology

This treepie is mostly an arboreal feeder but will take some food from the ground, especially in cultivated regions. It eats a wide range of insects and other invertebrates, berries, nectar, grain and other seeds, and also small reptiles, eggs and nestlings. It sometimes joins mixed-species foraging flocks.

In the foothills of the Himalayas in India, they are known to breed from 2000 to 6000 feet high mainly during the months of May to July. The nest is a shallow cup lined with hair and is built in trees and bushes or clumps of bamboo with 3-4 eggs per clutch. The eggs can be whitish, buffish or pale green, with brown or grey spots. Both the male and female build the nest and feed the young birds.

The voice is described as harsh and grating, but like other species is quite varied and includes a grating k-r-r-r-r sound as well as more melodious notes not unlike those of the rufous treepie. These include a tiddly-aye-kok, ko-ku-la and barking braap...braap...braap calls.

Status
The global population size is not known. In China, there are an estimated 10,000 to 100,000 breeding pairs, and the population size in Taiwan is estimated at 10,000 to 100,000 breeding pairs. The population in Hainan may be endangered by habitat destruction. The species has a large range, and the population decline does not appear to be very rapid, so the IUCN Red List has assessed the species to be of least concern.

References

External links

 Grey treepie

grey treepie
Birds of the Himalayas
Birds of Eastern Himalaya
Birds of South China
Birds of Hainan
Birds of Hong Kong
Birds of East India
Birds of Laos
Birds of Myanmar
Birds of Taiwan
Birds of Thailand
Birds of Yunnan
grey treepie
grey treepie

Grey treepie


Tomasa Tequiero is a Venezuelan telenovela written by Doris Seguí and produced by Venevisión between 2009 and 2010. On October 7, 2009, Venevisión began broadcasting Tomasa tequiero at 9:00 pm, replacing Un Esposo para Estela.

Gledys Ibarra stars as the main protagonist, accompanied by Carlos Montilla, Carlos Cruz, María Antonieta Duque and Emma Rabbe.

Plot
For most of her adult life, Tomasa has served the Paredes family, and she has been a cheerful, good-hearted servant towards them. Her only son, Ramón, works in Colombia. Tomasa has practically raised up the two daughters of the Paredes family, Fabiana and Miguelina, as if they are her own. Tomasa is satisfied with her simple, uncomplicated life, and she couldn't wish for more. But soon, her life is going to be turned upside down due to several events. First, her son Ramón will return from Colombia to stay in Caracas. Secondly, her employers, the Paredes, are involved in an airplane accident, and she discovers that she is the sole beneficiary of their life insurance policy worth two million dollars. Tomasa will be transformed from a simple maid to a millionaire.

However, not everything will go smoothly for Tomasa, as people will begin to view her differently once they discover that she has a lot of money. Tomasa will now have to stand by her strong principles and watch over her family and protect them from the greed of others. Her life becomes even more complicated with the introduction of Severo Bustamante, a romantic love interest who is in debt and will try to get close to Tomasa in order to obtain some of her money. Severo is a relative of the Paderes, and his compulsive gambling habits have led to his unstable financial situation. Moreover, Severo will attempt to conquer Tomasa, but he is married to Virginia who is a model of a perfect housewife. Virginia will become one of Tomasa's enemies after discovering that her husband is about to leave her in order to pursue a relationship with Tomasa. Antonio, Severo's brother will also enter Tomasa's life. At first doubtful as to why the Paredes left their money to a maid, he soon discovers that family and love are what is important – especially to Tomasa. However, their potential love will be ruined by the return of Roxana, Severo's ex-wife who abandoned him and their seven-year-old son in order to run away with her lover.

Cast

Main cast
 Gledys Ibarra as Tomasa Tequiero Montiel
 Carlos Montilla as Severo Bustamante
 Nohely Arteaga as Virginia de Bustamante
 Carlos Cruz as Antonio Bustamante
 Maria Antonieta Duque as Roxana
 Emma Rabbe as Emilia Ferrara

Also as Main
 Laureano Olivares as Ramón Tequiero Jaramillo Montiel
 Elaiza Gil as Margarita Paredes
 Rafael Romero as Agustín
 Daniela Navarro as Fabiana Paredes Bustamante
 Abril Schreiber as Miguelina Paredes Bustamante
 Rolando Padilla as Jorman de Jesús
 Beatriz Vásquez as Floritex Carrera
 Cesar Román as Oswaldo Bustamante
 Jose Manuel Suárez as Jorge Bustamante
 Patricia Schwarzgruber as Sofía Arango
 Alejandro Mata as Don Pedro

Supporting cast
 Loly Sánchez as Martirio Paredes
 Carmen Julia Álvarez as Pascualina
 Roberto Lamarca as Perucho
 Fernándo Villate as Cariaquito
 Adriana Romero as Blondinet
 Jose Luis Useche as Perfecto
 Sindy Lazo as Susana
 Rosmel Bustamante as Francisco "Chicho" Bustamante
 Claudio De La Torre as Francisco Hurtado
 Pedro Pablo Porras as Rudelio
 Marco Antonio Alcalá as Bobby Jabón
 Vanessa Di Quattro as Darling Guadalupe
 Janset Rojas as Verónica
 Susy Herrera as Sara
 Virginia Lancaster as Yamilca
 Sonia Villamizar as Katiuska Bustamante de Paredes
 Henry Soto as Rómulo Paredes
 Ligia Duarte as Greta
 Rodolfo Drago as Marlon
 Moisés Berroterán as Exenobel
 Rhandy Piñango as Augusto

References

External links

2009 telenovelas
Venevisión telenovelas
2009 Venezuelan television series debuts
2010 Venezuelan television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Caracas

Tomasa Tequiero


Sir Thomas Leigh or Legh (?1511–1545) was an English jurist and diplomat, who played a key role as agent of Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell in the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Life
The younger son of John Leigh, lord of the manor of Frizington, Cumberland, he was a cousin of Bishop Rowland Leigh (or Lee), scions of the ancient Leigh family of West Hall, High Legh, Cheshire.

Leigh was educated at Eton College before entering King's College, Cambridge proceeding LLB in 1527, and LLD in 1531. He was called to the Bar 7 October 1531. In December 1532 he was appointed ambassador to the King of Denmark; Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys was unimpressed with Dr Leigh at this time. He was recalled from Denmark in March 1533, then being employed in 1533 by his cousin the bishop. He cited Catherine of Aragon to appear before Thomas Cranmer and hear the final divorce sentence in 1533, and in the same year also conducted an inquiry at Rievaulx Abbey which led to the resignation of the abbot. In January 1533-4 he was sent on another embassy to the Low Countries, passing through Antwerp and Lübeck. He returned to England in April, went again to Hamburg in May, and must have returned once more in the summer.

On 4 June 1535 Richard Layton wrote to Cromwell recommending Leigh and himself to be Visitors of the northern religious houses. Leigh, however, was first sent with Sir John Price (or ap Rice); in July 1535 they went to Worcester, and then visited, 3 July Malvern, 20 August Lacock Abbey (after Malmesbury, Bradstock, and Stanley), 23 August Bruton Abbey, 3 September Wilton, 11 September Wherwell, 24 September Witney, 25 September Reading, 29 September Haliwell, 17 October Royston, and 19 October Walden. Leigh made a large profit out of the visitation, and complaints of his conduct were numerous. Leigh was always accompanied by fourteen men in livery and his brother, all of whom had to be rewarded. His style was flamboyant, and Cromwell found fault with him. Sir John ap Rice, who thought his treatment of the monks needlessly severe, describes his insolence. To Leigh's suggestion was due the suspension of the bishops' authority during the visitation.

At Cambridge Leigh's changes were few; he ordered (22 October 1535) the charters to be sent up to London with a rental of the university possessions, tried to pacify the strife among the nations, and established a lecture in divinity. Thomas Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, wrote approvingly of his proceedings. Leigh went on to Bury, 4 November; Westacre, 11 November, after West Dereham; Norwich, 19 November; Ipswich, 27 November; and meeting Richard Layton at Lichfield at Christmas 1535 he proceeded with him to the northern visitation.

The mastership of Sherburn Hospital in Durham was granted to Leigh on 14 September 1535. He also acquired the advowson of Birmingham from Gisborough Priory in March 1536; Calder Abbey in Cumberland was granted to him in 1539, and Nostell Priory in Yorkshire, with its cell at Stowkirke, in 1539–40. A letter of May 1536 to Johannes Aepinus shows that he was acquainted with Melanchthon and Oldendorpius. In 1536 he assisted at the trial of Anne Boleyn.

During the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 he was as unpopular as his colleague Layton; they sang ballads about him and Leigh as one of the three L's (Richard Layton, dean of York and John Longland, bishop of Lincoln, were the other two) one ballad; and they hanged his cook. He meanwhile was busy taking money to the forces, and when the rebellion was over he tried the prisoners. In August 1536 he had made a tour through the Midlands archdeaconries of Coventry and Stafford, and was much distressed by the open adultery of the country gentlemen. He married in 1536, and was reprimanded by his friends for not informing them of it.

Some time in the early part of 1537 he became a master in chancery, and throughout 1538, 1539, and 1540 he was engaged in suppressing religious houses. In 1543 Leigh went from York to Canterbury to investigate the plot against Thomas Cranmer. He was knighted at Leith by the Earl of Hertford, on 11 May 1544, seemingly on the Scottish expedition.

Leigh was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hindon in 1536 and for Wilton in 1545. He died 25 November 1545, and was buried at St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, London, where a tomb with a rhyming inscription was erected in his memory.

Marriage
His widow Dame Joanna (née Cotton) remarried Sir Thomas Chaloner, and died 11 January 1557.

Their only child, Catherine Leigh, married James Blount, 6th Baron Mountjoy, and had issue including Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire.

References

Notes

16th-century births
1545 deaths
People from Cumberland
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English barristers
Canon law jurists
16th-century English diplomats
People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries
Knights Bachelor
English knights
English MPs 1536
English MPs 1545–1547

Thomas Legh (lawyer)


5-OH-DPAT is a synthetic compound that acts as a dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for the D2 receptor and D3 receptor subtypes. Only the (S)-enantiomer is active as an agonist, with the (R)-enantiomer being a weak antagonist at D2 receptors. Radiolabelled 11C-5-OH-DPAT is used as an agonist radioligand for mapping the distribution and function of D2 and D3 receptors in the brain, and the drug is also being studied in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

See also
 7-OH-DPAT
 8-OH-DPAT

References

2-Aminotetralins
Phenols
Dopamine agonists

5-OH-DPAT


Schistonchus is a genus of plant-parasitic nematodes in the family Aphelenchoididae.

Schistonchus laevigatus and Schistonchus aureus are plant-parasitic nematodes associated with the pollinator Pegoscapus assuetus and Pegoscapus mexicanus respectively and syconia of  Ficus citrifolia and Ficus aurea respectively.

Schistonchus caprifici is a nematode associated with the fig pollinator Blastophaga psenes, and its cleptoparasite Philotrypesis caricae.

Schistonchus macrophylla and Schistonchus altermacrophylla are associated with the pollinator Pleistodontes froggatti of Ficus macrophylla.

References

External links

 PESI

Aphelenchoididae
Secernentea genera

Schistonchus


David M. Lawson (born January 11, 1951) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.

Education and career

Born in Detroit, Michigan, Lawson graduated from Brother Rice High School in 1969. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Notre Dame in 1973 and a Juris Doctor from Wayne State University Law School in 1976. He was a law clerk for Justice James L. Ryan, Michigan Supreme Court from 1976 to 1977. He was in private practice from 1977 to 2000. While in private practice he worked for the law firms Lawson and Lawson, Liza Mulcahy, and Hill Lewis (which later merged and became the firm Clark Hill). During that time he also served as a Special Assistant Attorney General and Special Prosecutor for the Oakland County One-Man Grand Jury from 1978 to 1980 and as a Special Prosecuting Attorney for Livingston County from 1991 to 1993.

Federal judicial service

On August 5, 1999, Lawson was nominated by President Bill Clinton to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan vacated by Avern Cohn. Lawson was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 24, 2000, and received his commission on June 2, 2000.  From 2000 until 2006 Judge Lawson sat in Bay City as the sole judge in the Northern Division of the Eastern District of Michigan. In October 2006 Lawson moved to the Southern Division into a courtroom recently vacated by Judge Gerald Ellis Rosen. Judge Thomas Lamson Ludington then moved into Judge Lawson's courtroom in Bay City. Lawson assumed senior status on August 6, 2021.

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
American prosecutors
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Lawyers from Detroit
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
University of Notre Dame alumni
Wayne State University Law School alumni

David M. Lawson


Sir Philip Stevens Ledger, CBE, FRSE (12 December 1937 – 18 November 2012) was an English classical musician, choirmaster and academic, best remembered as Director of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge in 1974–1982 and of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama from 1982 until he retired in 2001. He also composed choral music and played the organ, piano and harpsichord.

Life
Ledger was born in Bexhill-on-Sea in 1937 and educated at King's College, Cambridge. His appointment as Master of Music at Chelmsford Cathedral in 1961 made him the youngest cathedral organist in the country. In 1965 he became Director of Music at the University of East Anglia, where he was also Dean of the School of Fine Arts and Music and responsible for establishing an award-winning building for the University's Music Centre, opened in 1973.

In 1968, Ledger became an artistic director of the Aldeburgh Festival with Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears, often conducting at the Snape Maltings, including the opening concert after its rebuilding and some first performances of works by Britten. He worked regularly with the English Chamber Orchestra during this period. He was Director of Music at King's College, Cambridge from 1974 to 1982, and conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society from 1973 to 1982. During his Cambridge years, he directed the Choir of King's College in the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, made an extensive range of recordings, and took the choir to the United States, to Australia, and to Japan for the first time. Ledger then became principal of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama from 1982 to 2001.

Ledger married the soprano Mary Erryl Wells in 1963, with Robert Tear as best man at the wedding. The couple had two children, Tim and Kate. His widow, children and granddaughter Becky survived him.

Compositions
Ledger was noted for compositions and arrangements, especially for choir. After succeeding David Willcocks as Director at King's, he wrote a number of new descants and arrangements of Christmas carols, and settings of popular texts such as "Adam lay ybounden" and "A Spotless Rose". His arrangement of "This joyful Eastertide" for mixed voices and organ has been widely performed and broadcast. Many of his works and editions were published by Oxford University Press, Encore Publications, the Lorenz Corporation (USA), and the Royal School of Church Music. His Requiem A Thanksgiving for Life is for soprano and tenor soloists with mixed choir and may be performed with an orchestra, chamber ensemble or organ.

The first recording devoted wholly to his choral works, including his Requiem, was made on 7–8 December 2008 by Christ's College Chapel Choir, Cambridge, directed by David Rowland and Ledger. An album of it was released by Regent Records on 16 November 2009.

Ledger also composed an Easter cantata with carols entitled The Risen Christ, premièred in the US at Washington National Cathedral on 7 May 2011 and in the UK at evensong in Canterbury Cathedral on 8 May 2011. In 2012, Ledger composed a further cantata, This Holy Child, which was first performed on 16 December 2012 at a morning church service at First Presbyterian Church, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Honours
Philip Ledger was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1985 New Year Honours, and knighted in the 1999 Birthday Honours for services to music. He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Strathclyde, Central England, Glasgow and St Andrews, and from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. He was President of the Royal College of Organists in 1992–1994 and of the Incorporated Society of Musicians in 1994–1995, and a patron of Bampton Classical Opera. He was awarded a fellowship by the Royal Northern College of Music in 1989. Ledger was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).

References

1937 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of East Anglia
Cathedral organists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Composers awarded knighthoods
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English classical pianists
Male classical pianists
English classical organists
British male organists
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English choral conductors
English composers
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Knights Bachelor
Musicians awarded knighthoods
People from Bexhill-on-Sea
Academics of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English musicians
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
Presidents of the Independent Society of Musicians

Philip Ledger


Confessor of the Faith is a title given by some Christian denominations. In Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Christians who professed their faith in times of Christian persecution and therefore had to suffer persecution, expulsion, torture, mutilation and imprisonment, but not directly undergo martyrdom, are called confessors (). Later, popes, bishops, abbots, kings and hermits were also counted among the confessors.

With the spread of Christianity and the decrease in persecution of Christians in the 5th century, this designation was also given to those Christians who lived a holy life, such as the English King Edward the Confessor.

Etymology
The word confessor is derived from the Latin , 'to confess; to profess'. In the early church, it was a title of honour, designating those individuals who had confessed Christ publicly in time of persecution and had been punished with imprisonment, torture, exile, or labour in the mines, remaining faithful until the end of their lives. The title thus distinguished them from the martyrs, who were those that had undergone death for their faith. Among writers, St. Cyprian is the first in whose works it occurs.

Western Christianity
In the Catholic Church, the title is given to saints and the beatified who were not martyred. Historically, the title confessor was given to those who had suffered persecution and torture for the faith but not to the point of martyrdom. As Christianity emerged as the dominant religion in Europe by the fifth century, persecutions became rare, and the title was given to male saints who lived a holy life and died in peace. Perhaps the best-known individual associated with the title is the English king St. Edward the Confessor. It is possible for Confessors to have another title or even two other titles, for example, Bishop and Confessor; Pope and Confessor; or Bishop, Confessor, and Doctor of the Church, among others: St. Jerome is known as Priest, Confessor, Theologian, Historian and Doctor of the Church.

The term confessor is also used for non-canonised Catholics who die under persecution, not being executed. For example: the Tudor bishop, Cuthbert Tunstall "became one of the eleven confessor-bishops who died prisoners for the Faith."

Eastern Christianity
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the title Confessor refers to a saint (male or female) who has witnessed to the faith and suffered for it (usually torture, but also other types of loss), but not to the point of death, and thus is distinguished from a martyr. Nikephoros I of Constantinople, who was banished to the monastery of Saint Theodore for his support of iconodules, is revered as a confessor. A confessor who is also a priest or bishop may be referred to as hiero-confessor.

See also

 Christianity in late antiquity
 Early Christianity
 List of Confessors
 List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles
 Martyr of charity, one who dies as a result of charitable acts but not from persecution.
 Passion-bearer
 Virgin (title)

References

Citations

Sources

Christian saints
Types of saints
Groups of Roman Catholic saints

Confessor of the Faith


Speedcabling is a competitive sport. Steven Schkolne devised the sport, which originated in the United States. In the standard rules, competitors are challenged to separate a mass of either six or twelve tangled Cat 5 Ethernet cables in the fastest possible time. Either two or four each of red 7-foot, blue 14-foot, and yellow 21-foot cables are tangled. According to the regulations, the cables are tangled by forming a figure-eight and placing them in a clothes dryer on high heat for three minutes. They are then allowed to cool. Schkolne says this allows them to achieve a "natural" entanglement.

First competition
The first speedcabling competition took place at the Machine Project art gallery in Los Angeles, California, which local web developer Matty Howell won. His prize was a $50 gift certificate for dinner at an Italian restaurant.

References

External links
 Concept creator's web site
 Flickr page with photos of competition held at the Machine Project

Competitions

Speedcabling


Marcello Gatti (9 February 1924 – 26 November 2013) was an Italian cinematographer.

Born in Rome, Gatti started as film operator in early 1940s, then debuted as cinematographer in 1953. In 1943 he was sentenced to five years in prison, then turned into exile, for having defaced a portrait of Benito Mussolini hung on the walls of Cinecittà.

He is probably best known for his collaboration with director Gillo Pontecorvo, especially for the experimental cinematography of The Battle of Algiers, that was inspired by the cinéma vérité theory. He won five Silver Ribbon for Best Cinematography. He also worked, among others, with Roman Polanski, Nanni Loy, Damiano Damiani, Eriprando Visconti, Luigi Zampa, George P. Cosmatos and Sergio Corbucci. Gatti has long been the president of the Italian Association of cinematographers (Aic).

References

External links

1924 births
Film people from Rome
Italian cinematographers
2013 deaths
Nastro d'Argento winners

Marcello Gatti


Mafalda is the protagonist of the comic strip with the same name. It was created by the Argentine cartoonist Quino. It appeared for the first time in 1964 in Leoplan magazine. It is about a girl who is the mirror of the Argentine middle class and progressivism. This girl cares too much about the global situation, which can be seen through her sayings and phrases. Mafalda seeks an expectation of human problems almost always inclined to nihilism. It has reached popularity throughout Latin America and in some European countries, together with Condorito, they are the highest representatives of Latin American comics.

Comics characters

Mafalda (character)


Jerry G. Rook (October 27, 1943 – August 25, 2019) was an American basketball player. He was best known for his success at Arkansas State University. He was born in Jonesboro, Arkansas. He played for the Arkansas State Red Wolves and the  New Orleans Buccaneers.

Rook died on August 25, 2019 in Jonesboro after a long-illness at the age of 75.

References

1943 births
2019 deaths
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Arkansas
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas

Jerry Rook


Miguel del Águila (born September 15, 1957) is an Uruguayan-born, American composer of contemporary classical music.

Life
American composer Miguel del Águila (also spelled Miguel del Aguila), was born in Montevideo. In 1978, del Águila moved to California, fleeing Uruguay's 1970's repressive military government. After graduating from the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, he travelled to Vienna, where he studied at the Hochschule für Musik and Konservatorium. Early premieres of his works in Vienna's Musikverein, Konzerthaus and Bösendorfer halls introduced his music and distinctive Latin sound to European audiences. In 1989, del Águila's work was performed in New York's Carnegie Recital Hall (now Weill Hall), and Lukas Foss conducted the U.S. premiere of Hexen, with the Brooklyn Philharmonic. CDs of his works were released on Albany Records and KKM-Austria by 1990, including his Clarinet Concerto, "Herbsttag", and "Hexen". Del Águila returned to the U.S. in 1992, where the Los Angeles Times described him as "one of the West Coast's most promising and enterprising young composers." He received the Kennedy Center Friedheim Award in 1995, and was music director of Ojai Camerata until 1999. He was resident composer at Chautauqua Institution Summer Festival from 2001 to 2005

Del Águila was among the first composers chosen by Meet the Composer and The American Symphony Orchestra League to receive a Music Alive Extended Residency grant. This resulted in the 2006 opera Time and Again Barelas, a partnership between the New Mexico Symphony and the National Hispanic Cultural Center in Albuquerque. Joanne Sheehy Hoover of the Albuquerque Journal wrote that the opera "displayed his command of an arresting musical vocabulary, marked by a complex yet infectious rhythmic vitality."

In 2008, del Águila received a "Magnum Opus" commission administered by Meet the Composer, for performances by the Nashville Symphony, Buffalo Philharmonic, Virginia Symphony, and Winnipeg Symphony. The resulting tone poem, "The Fall of Cuzco", was premiered by the Nashville Symphony conducted by Giancarlo Guerrero in November 2009. In 2008–09, del Águila was given the Lancaster Symphony's Composer Award. His "Choral Suite No. 2" for mixed chorus and orchestra was performed by the symphony, and conducted by Stephen Gunzenhauser, in November 2008.

In 2010, del Águila received two Latin Grammy nominations, the first for the Bridge CD Salón Buenos Aires (for Best Classical Album), and another for his work "Clocks" (Best Classical Contemporary Composition), performed by Camerata San Antonio. "Clocks" also received a Copland Foundation Recording Award in 2009. In 2015, he received a third nomination for his "Concierto en Tango" (Best Classical Contemporary Composition), commissioned, premiered and recorded by the Buffalo Philharmonic with cello soloist Roman Mekinulov, and conducted by JoAnn Falletta.

Recordings of Miguel del Águila's over 130 works have been released on 56 CD albums to date, by Naxos, Dorian, Telarc, New Albion, Albany, Centaur and Eroica, among others. Peermusic Classical, and Theodore Presser have both published his works, alongside many which have been self-published. After many years in Southern California, del Águila now lives in Seattle.

Compositions

Chamber
Chamber works without piano
 BOLIVIANA guitar and string quartet 20 HERBSTTAG (Autumn Day) fl, bn,harp 7:30 HEXEN bn,string ensemble 12 LIFE IS A DREAM string quartet 15 MALAMBO bassoon and string quartet 13 NOSTALGICA string qtet.,bassoon 19 PACIFIC SERENADE string quartet, clarinet (opt.sax) 16 PRESTO A CUATRO guitar quartet (opt.:4guit.4strgs) 6:00 PRESTO II string quartet 6 SUBMERGED – flute, viola, harp 10 THE DAY AFTER four cellos 3
 WIND QUINTET No.2 – fl,ob,cl,hn,bn 30 PROCESSION OF LUNATICS four cellos 9Chamber works with piano BROKEN RONDO English horn, pno. 13 CARIBBEAN BACCHANAL – 2 pianos/8 hands 13 CHARANGO CAPRICCIOSO string quartet,piano 14 CLARINET CONCERTO cl, pno 17 CLOCKS string quartet,pno. 17 CONGA-LINE IN HELL 1111-1111-hrp,1perc,pno. vl,va,vc,cb.11 CONGA-LINE IN HELL fl,cl,harp,piano,1perc,8 cellos. 11''
 CONGA-LINE IN HELL –  six pianos 13 HEXEN (Witches) bn,pno 12'''
 LATIN LOVE wind quintet,pno. 2005 MALAMBO bassoon and piano 13
 MIAMI FLUTE SUITE – flute and piano 23:00
 PACIFIC SERENADE clarinet and piano (opt.sax) 16
 RETURN vl,pno.15
 SALON BUENOS AIRES – fl,cl, vl,vla,vc,pno. 23:00
 SEDUCCION flute,cl,piano 9
 SEDUCCION DANCE fl,ob,pno or fl,bn,pno) 9
 SEDUCCION – vl,piano. 7'' SEXTET piano and wind quintet 8 SILENCE – violin and piano 10:00
 SILENCE – clarinet and piano 10:00
 SUMMER SONG – oboe,pno. 16
 SUNSET SONG – bassoon,pno 18
 TANGO TRIO –  vl,cello,pno. 12
 TANGO TRIO –  cl,cello,pno. (opt:ob,cello pno) 12
 TANGO TRIO –  ob,bn,pno. (opt:cl,bn,pno) 12

 Orchestral
Orchestra
 BACK IN TIME – 3222,4331, 4 perc, 9:30
 CARIBBEAN BACCHANAL – 3333–4331,hrp, pno. perc. 13
 CARIBEÑA – orch. (2222-4221-pno-timp+2, strings) 8
 CARIBEÑA – ch. orch. (1111-1110-pno-timp+1, strings) 8
 CHAUTAUQUAN SUMMER  – full orch. 13
 SALON BUENOS AIRES – orchestra 20 CONGA – 2222,3221,pno, hrp, 12 CONGA-LINE IN HELL 1111-1111-hrp,1perc,pno. vl,va,vc,cb.11 THE FALL OF CUZCO – full orch. 20 THE GIANT GUITAR  –  full orch. 7 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS OVERTURE – full orch. 9 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS CHORAL SUITE – choir,orch 17 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS SUITE 2 – orch/choir, solo tenor 33 TOCCATA – 2222–2111, large perc,pno,str. 8Solo Instrument / Voice and Orchestra BROKEN RONDO solo English horn and orch.  13 CLARINET CONCERTO solo Clarinet and orch. 25 CONCIERTO EN TANGO solo cello and orch. 18 CONCIERTO EN TANGO solo viola and orch. 18 CONCIERTO EN TANGO solo string quartet and orch. 18 IT IS SO COLD TONIGHT solo high voice and orchestra 9 ISLAMORADA solo piano and string orchestra 9:30
 HEXEN solo bassoon and string orch. 12 PIANO CONCERTO solo piano and orch. 25 RETURN TO HOMELAND solo violin and orch. 15 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS CHORAL SUITE – choir,orch 17 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS SUITE No.2 – orch. choir, solo tenor 33 ''VIOLIN CONCERTO solo violin and orch, 27

 Choral/Vocal
 AGNUS DEI – med-high voice, pno. 7
 ALBUQUERQUE – barbershop quartet 3
 AVE MARIA – treble chorus and piano (opt Hrp) 5
 COMPOSER MISSING – chamber opera: choir, S,A,T,B soli 90
 CUAUHTEMOC – full length opera: orch,choir soli 3 hrs. CUAUHTEMOC CHORAL SUITE – choir,3 soli,pno,perc 35
 CUAUHTEMOC SONGS – T,B,S soli and piano 50
 FROM DARKNESS TO LIGHT – ch choir, wind quartet, harp. 8
 IT IS SO COLD TONIGHT  – tenor (opt. sopr. and orchestra) 7
 LACRYMOSA – med-high voice,piano 7:30
 OPHELIA IN SEVILLE – sopr, tenor, fl, cl, tbn, 2 vlns, vla, vc 16
 SALVA ME – choir a cappella (opt. piano) 7
 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS – Opera in two acts: chorus, orchestra. alto, tenor and other soli. 150
 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS CHORAL SUITE – orchestra, mixed chorus. 17
 TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS CHORAL SUITE No.2. Same plus overture, solo tenor. 29
 TROUBADOURS –  mixed choir, opt. pno., 10
Chamber arrangements
 L'ENFANT ET LES SORTILEGES  (Ravel) RISE AND FALL OF THE CITY OF MAHAGONNY  (Weill) Piano and solo Instrument
 CONGA 10
 FOUR HAND ETUDE –  pno. 4-hands 4
 HALF OF ME –  pno. left hand only. 8
 MUSIC IN A BOTTLE –  10
 NOCTURNE 8 PIANO SONATA No.2 15 TOCCATA –  5'''
 VALS BRUTAL 5
Harpsichord/Organ
 BELLS WITH A MISSION – solo organ 15
 ONE OF YOU –  solo organ, 14 PICTURES FROM AMERICA – harpsichord 13'''
 TOCCATA – harpsichord 3:30
 OTHER
 TENNESSEE – guitar 11:30'''
 CUTTING LIMES – violin 4Dance, Film, TV' ACONGA-LINE IN HELL – Choreography by Annabella Gonzalez for Annabella Gonzalez Dance Theater (New York) CONVERGENCE (Silence/Seducción) – choreography by Brett Weidlich – Dance ART Ensemble/Ventura County Ballet – Focus on the Masters, Ventura, California DANSAQ – (PRESTO II) – Choreographed by Mari Fujibayashi and Olivia Rosenkrantz for Tapage Dance Ensemble (New York) TIME AND AGAIN BARELAS DANCES – Choreography by David Vega Chavez for New Mexico Ballet Dancers and New Mexico Symphony Orchestra. (Albuquerque, NM) CLOCKS – Choreography by Minou Lallemand for Onium Ballet Project and Chamber Music Hawaii.  (Honolulu, Hawaii) CAPADOCIA (Third Season)  – (SUNDIAL 2000 B.C. from CLOCKS) Co-production:  HBO Latin America and Argos Productions. Episode 36 "Taller con olor a muerto" Written by Laura Sosa, Leticia López Margalli, Guillermo Ríos Joaquín Guerrero Casasola and Carmen Madrid Directed by Javier Patrón, Carlos Carrera, Pitipol Ybarra. Starring Ana de la Reguera, Alejandro Camacho, Juan Manuel Berna, Dolores Heredia, Héctor Arredondo, Cecilia Suárez, Cristina Umaña, Marco Treviño... NATURALEZA QUIETA a documentary series produced by TV UNAM, Mexico Directed by Marcos Limenes and Carolina Kerlow Episodes: Sin aventuras no hay arte and El centro del equilibrio Recordings
 CD Miguel del Aguila Orchestral Works Albany Augusta Symphony/Dirk Meyer/Guillermo Figueroa Works: Violin Concerto, The Fall of Cuzco, Tensando, The Giant Guitar, Salon Buenos Aires
 CD Barroqueada Extreme Tango Productions CD Eroica Trio Work: Barroqueada for piano trio (violin, cello and piano)
 CD Journeys- Norwegian Radio Orchestra Naxos Norwegian Radio Orchestra/Miguel Hearth-Bedoya work: The Gian Guitar
 CD All Worlds, All Times Bright Shiny Things CD Windsync Quintet Word: Wind Quinteto No.2
 CD Canto del Paraiso Clarinete MEstizo CD Javier Vinasco/Carlos Betancur works: Milonga – for clarinet and piano, Pacific Serenade – for clarinet and piano
 CD Luces Ausentes CD Benjamin Harris Plays Miguel del Aguila  works: Malambo - for flute bass and piano, Silence - for bass and piano, Tensando - for violin bass and piano, Presto a Dos – for cello and bass, Luces Ausentes - for flute, violin and bass, Cutting Limes - for solo violin, Invisibles - for solo piano
 CD Tierras Juntas Aria Classics Cuarteto Latinoamericano/Entrequatre work: Presto a 8
 CD Salón Buenos Aires Bridge Records CD 9302 Camerata San Antonio 2010 Grammy nominated for best Classical Album, and best Contemporary Classical Composition Works: Charango Capriccioso – for piano and string quartet Presto II – for string quartet Salon Buenos Aires – for chamber ensemble Life is a Dream – for string quartet Clocks – for piano and string quartet
 CD Built for Buffalo Beau Fleuve / BPO Label Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra Roman Mekinulov, cello JoAnn Falletta, conductor 2015 Grammy nominated for Best Contemporary Classical Composition Work: Concierto en Tango for solo cello and orchestra
 CD Havana Moon Steinway & Sons Catalogue #: STNS30052 TransAtlantic Ensemble Mariam Adam, clarinet Evelyn Ulex, piano Works: Silence – for clarinet and piano Tango Trio – for violin, clarinet and piano Nocturne – for solo piano
 CD Orion Nocturne Albany Records ASIN: B07FCQRFZ8 Carlos Miguel Prieto, Conductor Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra Johanna Cox Pennington, English Horn Work: Broken Rondo (Rondó Roto) Concerto for English horn and orchestra
 Del Caribe Soy Naxos (CD 8579016) Nestor Torres, flute Miguel del Aguila, piano Work: Miami Flute Suite – for flute and piano
 CD Garden of Joys and Sorrows Bridge Records (CD 9472) Hat Trick Ensemble Work: Submerged – for flute, viola and harp
 CD Th. Berger - Miguel del Aguila Albany Records CD: TROY066 American Music Ensemble Vienna Wenzel Fuchs, clarinet Hobart Earle, conductor Judith Farmer, bassoon Works: Clarinet Concerto – for clarinet and orchestra Herbsttag –  for flute, bassoon and harp Hexen – for bassoon and string orchestra
 CD Summer Song Profil  DDD – CD: 8977712 Katsuya Watanabe / David Johnson Works: Summer Song – for oboe and piano
 CD Clocks Hoot/Wisdom Recordings, FAU Piano Quintets of the Americas Cuarteto Latinoamericano / H. Coltman Works: Charango Capriccioso Clocks – for piano and string quartet 2010 Grammy nominated for best Contemporary Classical Composition
 CD Serenata Latina Elias Duo CD: 700261477145 Released 2019 Elias Duo Carlos Elias, violin Andrea Arese-Elias, piano Works: Silence – for violin and piano
 CD Silence Miguel del Aguila/CDBaby CD: 195079615979 Javier Vinasco, clarinet Miguel del Aguila, piano Works: Silence – for clarinet and piano Pacific Serenade – for clarinet and piano Islamorada – for piano Milonga – for clarinet and piano Seducción – for clarinet and piano Estudio Rítmico – for clarinet solo Malambo – for clarinet and piano
 CD Miguel del Aguila Piano Works Miguel del Aguila/CDBaby: Miguel del Aguila, piano Works: Conga – for piano Nocturne – for piano Toccata – for piano Music in a Bottle – for piano Piano Sonata No.2 – for piano Islamorada – for piano Vals Brutal – for piano
 CD Carte Postale Naxos/Atma Classique ACD2 2502 Quatour Alcan Works: Presto II – for string quartet
 CD De Europa a las Américas EAFIT University Recording, Colombia Trio Acuarimántima Work: Disagree! – for clarinet viola and piano
 CD Latinoamericana Modica Music The Annex Quartet Work: Presto II – for string quartet
 CD Piano Dance Telarc CD: 80549 Gloria Cheng, piano Works: Conga – for solo piano
 CD Discoveries 20th Century Music for Wind Quintet Helicon Records HE1030 Borealis Wind Quintet Works: Wind Quintet No.2
 CD Refuge Albany Records (Troy CD 1484) The Divan Consort Work: Seducción – for flute clarinet and piano
 CD Conga-Line in Hell Dorian CD: DOR93230 Camerata de las Americas Joel Sachs cond. /  Duane Cochran piano Works: Conga-Line in Hell –  for chamber ensemble
 CD Crossing America Eroica Classical Recordings CD JDT 3469 TransAtlantic Ensemble Mariam Adams, clarinet / Evelyn Ulex, piano Works: Pacific Serenade – for Clarinet and Piano
 CD Eco de Violin IUMusic-LAMC Recording Colin Sorgi, violin / Jooeun Pak, piano Works: Seducción – for violin and piano
 CD 4+1 Contemporary Music for String Quartet Universidad EAFIT Recordings Javier Asdrúbal Vinasco, clarinet Cuarteto Q-Arte Works: Pacific Serenade – for clarinet and string quartet
 CD Nostalgica Centaur Records CD: CRC2564 Barrick Stees bassoon / Randall Fusco, piano The Arianna String Quartet Works: Nostalgica – for bassoon and string quartet Sunset Song  – for bassoon and piano
 CD Latin Perspective Cubafilin Records Ltd. / state 51 (UK Santiago String Quartet Works: Presto II – for string quartet
 CD Border Crossings Pacific Serenades Recordings CD: 06132-3 Gary Gray, clarinet / Pacific Serenade Ensemble Works: Pacific Serenade – for clarinet and string quartet
 CD Conga-Line in Hell Redwood Recordings Redwood Symphony Orchestra Eric Kujawsky, cond. Works: Conga –  for orchestra
 CD Seducción Albany Records (Troy CD 1727) Stephanie Jutt, flute Orlando Pimentel, Clarinet Elena Abend, piano Works: Seducción – for flute, clarinet and piano
 CD Latin American Piano Trios Bridge Records CD 9302 Centaur Records CRC3336 Arcos Trio Work: Tango Trio – for violin, cello and piano
 CD Arpassión Suisa/TrioCorda Recording TrioCorda Harp Trio Zurich Works Sumergida – for three harps
 CD Oboe on the Road Centaur Records CRC2451 Mark Weiger oboe / Robert Conway piano (older first version) Works: Summersong – for oboe and piano
 CD Esprits Nomades White Records CD: USHM81880319 – ASIN B07H3F5XJ9 Released 2018 Trio Manestri Work: Seducción – for violin, flute and piano
 CD 20th Century Dances Scotwood Music – USA James Miltenberger, piano Works: Music in a Bottle – for solo piano Conga – for solo piano
 CD Exchange Latin America New World Records CRI CD: 848 Gary Gray, clarinet Pacific Serenade Ensemble Works: Pacific Serenade – for clarinet and string quartet
 CD Permanent Transitions Metro Records CD: MCD59601 Matthew Greif, guitar Works: Tennessee – for solo guitar
 CD Piano Music of the Americas ACA Digital Recordings CD: CM20021-21 James Miltenberger, piano Works: Piano Sonata No.2 – for solo piano
 CD Four for Tango New Albion NA100CD Cuarteto Latinoamericano Works: Presto II – for string quartet
 CD El Tiempo Global Entertainment  Mexico GECDI4111 Onix Ensemble Alejandro Escuer conductor and Flute Mauricio Nader, piano Works: Clocks – for piano and string quartet 2010 Grammy nominated for best Contemporary Classical Composition
 CD From the Americas Rebeat Digital, Austria – Tango Malambo TransAtlantic Ensemble Mariam Adam, Clarinet / Evelyn Ulex, piano Works: Pacific Serenade – for clarinet and piano
 CD East Meets West Sony Austria/ORF LID19924 Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra Hobart Earle, cond. Works: Toccata – for orchestra
 CD Life is a Dream Madison String Quartet Recording Madison String Quartet Works: Life is a Dream – for string quartet Presto II – for string quartet
 CD KaleidosCoping Equilibrium Recordings CD IQ148 Michael Gordon, flute Celeste Johnson, oboe Sean Chen, piano Works: Seduction Dance – for flute, oboe and piano
 CD My Song in the Night Faye Dumont Singers Release Melbourne Women's Choir Works: Ave Maria – for chorus and piano
 CD Mi Chelada Urtext Digital Classics – Mexico Alvaro Bitran, cello Works: The Day After – for eight (or four) cellos
 CD Cello Innovations Centaur Records CD: 3623 Ashley Sandor Sidon /Erik Anderson Jesús Morales, cellos Works: Procesión de Locos  – for four cellos
 CD Batata-Coco Conaculta – Mexico Camerata de las Americas Joel Sachs, conductor / Duane Cochran piano Works: Conga-Line in Hell – for chamber ensemble
 CD Arrivals and Departures Mark Records CD ASIN: B07G1WXT63 Lyrique Quintette Works Wind Quintet No.3
 CD Soaring Solo MSR Classics Stephanie Sant'Ambrogio, violin Works: Cutting Limes – for solo violin
 CD Marinka Brecelj Harpsichord KKM  Vienna – Austria CD 3032-2 Marinka Brecelj, harpsichord Works: Toccata – for solo harpsichord Cuadros de America – for solo harpsichord
 CD Laberintos Australian National University ANCLAS Recording Duo Deconet Henry Avila, violin / Irma Enriquez, piano Works: Seducción – for violin and piano

 References

 External links
Official Web Site
Dirk Meyer, Chamber Orchestra and Ensemble Repertoire
Yew Chong Cheung. 2009. "An Introduction to the Solo Piano Works of Three Latin American Composers". D.M.A. thesis. Morgantown: West Virginia University.
 Mukhamedzyanova, Dina. "Miguel del Aguila: 'Write the music that comes from your heart without caring about what's fashionable or what the rest of the world thinks you should be writing'". Musika Rossii'' (The Music of Russia).
Frank Oteri, Sounds Heard, New Music Box – New Music USA
Peermusic Classical: Miguel del Aguila Composer's Publisher and Bio
Clariperu Magazine – Miguel del Aguila
International Double Reed Society Magazine – Miguel del Aguila – Broken Rondo
International Double Reed Society Magazine – Miguel del Aguila – Broken Rondo (Archive)

21st-century classical composers
1957 births
Uruguayan classical composers
20th-century classical composers
San Francisco Conservatory of Music alumni
Living people
Musicians from Montevideo
21st-century American composers
Male classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
Latin Grammy Award for Best Classical Album
Music of the United States
List of 21st-century classical composers

Miguel del Águila


The Perfect Storm is a 2000 American biographical disaster drama film directed by Wolfgang Petersen and based on the 1997 creative non-fiction book of the same name by Sebastian Junger. The film was adapted by William D. Wittliff, with an uncredited rewrite by Bo Goldman, and tells the story of the Andrea Gail, a commercial fishing vessel that was lost at sea with all hands after being caught in the Perfect Storm of 1991. The film stars George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Diane Lane, William Fichtner, Karen Allen, Bob Gunton, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and John C. Reilly. It was released on June 30, 2000, by Warner Bros. and grossed $328 million worldwide, despite having a mixed critical reception.

Plot

In October 1991, the commercial swordfishing boat Andrea Gail returns to port in Gloucester, Massachusetts, with a poor catch. Boat owner Bob Brown ridicules and taunts Captain Billy Tyne over his recent "cold streak". Desperate to redeem himself, Billy convinces the Andrea Gail crew to join him for one more late-season fishing expedition. The crew heads out past their usual fishing grounds on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, leaving a developing tropical storm behind them. Initially unsuccessful, they head to the Flemish Cap, where their luck greatly improves. After amassing thousands of pounds of fish, the ice machine breaks down; the only way to sell their catch before it spoils is to hurry back to shore. However, between Andrea Gail and Gloucester is a confluence of two powerful weather fronts and a hurricane, which the crew underestimates.

As the crew of Andrea Gail battles the raging sea, a strong wind breaks the ship's radio antenna just as Hurricane Grace and the northern weather front merge with each other atop them. Rookie fisherman Bobby Shatford attempts to fix it but can only watch helplessly as the antenna breaks off and disappears into the sky. Shortly after, Captain Linda Greenlaw of sister ship Hannah Boden calls in a Mayday for the Andrea Gail. A New York Air National Guard HH-60 Pave Hawk rescue helicopter responds, but after failing to perform a midair refueling with an HC-130 Hercules, the helicopter crew aborts the mission and ditches their aircraft. All but one of the Air National Guard crew members are rescued by a Coast Guard vessel, the USCGC Tamaroa.

The Andrea Gail endures various problems including  waves crashing onto the deck, a broken stabilizer ramming the side of the ship with a loose anchor, and two crew members briefly getting thrown overboard. The ship struggles to sail through pounding waves and shrieking winds, while friends and family worry and wait for news. Billy makes a successful attempt to turn the boat around. However, the storm turns its direction towards the boat, and the vessel encounters an enormous rogue wave. They attempt to drive the boat over the wave, but it crests before it can get to the top and is overturned. Billy elects to go down with his ship, the rest of the crew are trapped inside the living quarters, and only one, Bobby, manages to get out. He surfaces and watches as Andrea Gail rights herself before sinking stern-first into the depths of the Atlantic. Bobby silently says goodbye to his girlfriend and loved ones as the rapidly rising swell carries him away.

There are no survivors; Linda reads the eulogy at the memorial. Later, as she heads out to sea again, she remembers Billy soliloquizing about what it means to be a sword (fish) boat captain.

Cast
George Clooney as Frank William "Billy" Tyne, Jr., captain of Andrea Gail, a swordfishing boat. Billy is a divorced father of two daughters, who is determined to undertake one last fishing trip before the end of the season to make up for a recent string of poor catches. Petersen asked Harrison Ford to play the role but Ford declined; his second choice was Nicolas Cage, who also turned it down, and Mel Gibson was offered the role but wanted too much money.
Mark Wahlberg as Robert "Bobby" Shatford, the least experienced of the crew of Andrea Gail. Bobby is the son of Ethel Shatford, the owner of the Crow's Nest, and boyfriend to Chris Cotter. He enjoys commercial fishing, but his deepening relationship with Chris (coupled with her reluctance to let him sail again) creates conflict within himself and between the couple. Yet, he is compelled by the potential to earn more money at sea than he could make with a job on shore to sign on for one last trip.
John C. Reilly as Dale "Murph" Murphy, senior crewmember on Andrea Gail. Murph is a veteran fisherman who is divorced with a son with whom he's very involved. Murph has a rocky relationship with crewmember David "Sully" Sullivan.
Diane Lane as Christina "Chris" Cotter, girlfriend of Bobby Shatford. She does not want Bobby to go on the trip because of a bad feeling she has about it. She spends her time during the last fishing trip decorating an apartment she has rented as a surprise for Bobby to symbolize her commitment to him.
William Fichtner as David "Sully" Sullivan, crewmember on Andrea Gail. He signed on to replace crew member Douglas "Dougie" Kosco, who gave up his site after the last trip. Sully and Murph initially have an antagonistic relationship that is fueled in part by Sully's past involvement with Murph's ex-wife, although the details are not made clear in the film.
John Hawkes as Michael "Bugsy" Moran, a member of Andrea Gails crew. Bugsy's somewhat comic inability to connect with women appears to change on the eve of the trip, when he meets Irene, a divorced mother at the Crow's Nest.
Allen Payne as Alfred Pierre, one of the crew of Andrea Gail.
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Linda Greenlaw, the captain of Hannah Boden. Linda and Billy both captain ships for the same owner and maintain a friendly rivalry. She is concerned about Billy and his crew's going out in what she considers dangerous weather. Linda is the last to speak to Andrea Gail.
Karen Allen as Melissa Brown, crewmember on Mistral.
Bob Gunton as Alexander McAnally III, owner of Mistral, a yacht caught in the storm.
Christopher McDonald as Todd Gross, a Boston meteorologist working for the WNEV-TV (the present day WHDH-TV).
Dash Mihok as Sergeant Jeremy Mitchell, a pararescueman on the New York Air National Guard rescue helicopter.
Josh Hopkins as Captain Darryl Ennis.
Michael Ironside as Bob Brown, owner of Andrea Gail and Hannah Boden. Although Brown seems to harbor a deep-seated recognition of Tyne's skills at catching fish, he nevertheless pressures Tyne over the latter's recent inability to bring in larger hauls, resulting in an uneasy relationship between the two.
Cherry Jones as Edie Bailey, crewmember on Mistral.
Rusty Schwimmer as Irene "Big Red" Johnson, a divorced mother of two children.
Janet Wright as Ethel Shatford, Bobby's mother, who supports his relationship with Christina.
Todd Kimsey as Lieutenant Rob Pettit.
Other notable appearances include Joseph D. Reitman as Douglas Kosco and Sandy Ward as Quentin (The Old Timer), a retired fisherman.

 Historical accuracy

The Andrea Gail

A ship similar to Andrea Gail, Lady Grace, was used during the filming of the movie. Most of the names used were not changed for the fictional film, but in response two lawsuits were later filed by certain families of the crew members. The film only claims to be "based on a true story", and differs in many ways from the book starting with the fictionalization of the material into a "story". The events shown in the film after the Andrea Gail'''s last radio contact are pure speculation, as the boat and the bodies of the crew were never found.

Contrary to the movie's storyline, Captain Linda Greenlaw says she did not place a distress call on behalf of Andrea Gail. "Without a distress call (directly) from the imperiled vessel, the Coast Guard will not initiate a search until the vessel is five days overdue in port," Greenlaw said. She had also been 600 miles east of the Andrea Gail when she went down (not west as depicted), and stated "They never indicated they were in trouble. They just never came back." The 1993 U.S. Coast Guard's investigative report said that Andrea Gail was experiencing 30-foot waves and winds from anywhere from  around the time of the last communication. The conditions, though threatening, were probably not unfamiliar to Tyne, who had been a successful fisherman for about a decade on other vessels, taking trips to the Grand Banks and fishing off Florida, the Carolinas, and elsewhere. The investigative report did however mention a buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia recording a record wave height of 100.7 ft (30.7 m).

Hurricane Grace is exaggerated in the movie when it is referred to by a weather forecaster as a "category 5" storm, which has winds sustained at over 137 knots (≥ 157 mph). In reality, the hurricane had already peaked at category 2 intensity and ocean buoy monitors recorded wind gusts at 65 knots (75 mph) around the time Andrea Gail sank. In the movie, Tyne and his crew agreed to head into the dangerous storm in order to save their fish from spoiling. Greenlaw acknowledged that Tyne did mention having ice problems, but that was not unusual. "My one gripe about [the] movie was how Warner Brothers depicted Billy Tyne and his crew as making a very conscious decision to steam into a storm that they knew was dangerous," said Greenlaw. "That is not what happened. Andrea Gail was three days into their steam home when the storm hit. Whatever happened to Andrea Gail happened very quickly."

An Air National Guard helicopter was dispatched from Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base on Long Island, New York, but not in response to the Andrea Gail or Satori (Mistral in the movie). The helicopter departed mid-storm on a mission to help save a lone Japanese fisherman from a sinking sailboat 250 miles off the New Jersey coast. Unsuccessful and running low on fuel, the Air National Guard Sikorsky HH-60G helicopter was compelled to attempt a mid-flight refueling maneuver. The zero-visibility conditions thwarted their efforts, however, and lacking enough fuel to make the flight back to the Long Island base, the crew were forced to ditch the helicopter. After a search by Tamaroa, four of the HH-60's crew were picked up; one was never seen again.  The Japanese yachtsman was later rescued by a Romanian cargo ship.

When asked about the portrayal of "Sully" in the movie, Cathy Sullivan Mustone, an older sister of David "Sully" Sullivan, said she was disappointed. "They made my brother's character out to be a hothead," she said. "I guess every movie needs a villain, but my brother was a funny guy with a loud laugh and a big smile. He had a lot of guts and he loved fishing." In fact, Sullivan's bravery and quick thinking made headlines on a different boat—Harmony. One night during a winter fishing trip, Harmony began taking on water while tied to another boat. The crew of Harmony yelled for help, hoping to wake the nearby crew. No one woke, so Sullivan dove into the icy water, pulling himself on the ropes that tied the boats together. As a result of his bravery, Harmonys crew was saved. Mustone said, "At least in the movie, they did represent my brother's bravery in a water rescue scene. He was a good man. And I just know he is at peace in heaven, safe with our Dad."

The Satori

The crew members of Satori (renamed Mistral in the movie) were not rescued by an Air National Guard helicopter, but rather by a U.S. Coast Guard helicopter. The helicopter was changed in the film after the Air National Guard had issues consulting with the movie producers. According to the owner's son, Satori never made a 360° roll, although it had two knockdowns, during which it lay on its side for about 30 seconds. In response to requests by the crew, Captain Ray Leonard permitted the two crewmembers to make a position report over radio, during which they made an unauthorized Mayday call. One of those crewmembers reported that she was so convinced that she was going to die that she wrote her name down and put it into a plastic bag duct-taped to her stomach so her body could be identified.

There is controversy over whether the Captain was drunk, as charged by the women in the book, with Leonard objecting to this characterization. Out of compassion for the expected loss of his boat, the Coast Guard did not test his blood alcohol levels at the time. The Coast Guard declared the voyage manifestly unsafe and ordered everyone off-board, including the unwilling skipper. The Coast Guard first tried to take them on board via an inflatable boat, but after it was damaged when trying to approach Satori they sent a helicopter, which is a much riskier approach, as a rescue swimmer must jump into dangerous seas. The Coast Guard helicopter did not try to lower rescue gear onto the yacht (as shown in the movie, where it gets entangled with the mast), but rather asked the crew of Satori to jump overboard to meet a rescue swimmer in the water. Leonard eventually complied with the request.

After the storm, Leonard searched for the Satori, hoping to find her still afloat, but in spite of his attempts she was found a few days later washed ashore on a Maryland beach, a bag of personal belongings still on deck. Leonard paid for a 60-foot fishing vessel to drag her off the beach, helped by a channel dug by Park Rangers who had been guarding the boat. He continued to sail the boat until he sold her to a new owner in 2000.

 Reception
 Box office The Perfect Storm was a box office success. On its opening weekend, it debuted with $41.3 million ahead of Sony's The Patriot. At the time, The Perfect Storm scored the third-highest Fourth of July opening weekend, after Independence Day and Men in Black. The film also had the second-highest opening weekend for a George Clooney film, behind Batman & Robin. It eventually brought in over $182.6 million in the United States, and $146.1 million around the world to a total of $328.7 million worldwide.

 Critical response
The New York Times review was mixed: "This gusty oceanic epic...has lollapalooza special effects and gripping ensemble performances. But its quotient of human drama is finally too stingy for the personal stories of a group of New England fishermen battling "the storm of the century" to hit the emotional bull's-eye.... When in its final scenes the movie desperately tries to churn up some of the celestial schmaltz of Titanic, it is too little too late and feels obligatory despite the abundance of heart and chemistry that Mark Wahlberg and Diane Lane bring to their roles of a wildly-in-love young couple....Mr. Clooney conveys a darkly heroic gravity, but his lack of even a trace of New England accent makes him seem socially out of place in a cast whose other members get the regional dialect more or less right." The Perfect Storm received mixed reviews from critics, with a 46% approval rating on critic site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 137 reviews, and an average rating of 5.6/10, with a consensus of, "While the special effects are well done and quite impressive, this film suffers a lack of any actual drama or characterization. The end result is a film that offers nifty eye-candy and nothing else." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

 Accolades
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Sound (John T. Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, David E. Campbell and Keith A. Wester), and Best Visual Effects (Walt Conti, Stefen Fangmeier, John Frazier and Habib Zargarpour) but lost both to Gladiator. It was also nominated for a Stinker Award for Most Intrusive Musical Score.

FilmingThe Perfect Storm was partially filmed in Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Lawsuits

After the film was released, the families of two crew members sued the film makers for the fictionalization of events which happened prior to the loss of Andrea Gail. In May 2002, the Florida Supreme Court ruled against the family of Captain Tyne by a 6–2 vote. Some unnamed families also sued the producers in federal district court, claiming that their names were used without their permission, and that facts were changed. The district court, which is also located in Florida, dismissed the case, as in their opinion the defendants' First Amendment right to freedom of speech barred the suit. The plaintiffs appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit, which could not decide how to interpret the Florida law at issue and certified the question to the Florida Supreme Court. In the end, the Florida Supreme Court upheld the district court's interpretation of Florida law, and thereupon the 11th Circuit affirmed the prior decision to dismiss the case.

 See also
 106th Rescue Wing
 1991 Perfect Storm
 Air Force Pararescue
 The Perfect Storm (book)
 Godless Men (1920)
 Stormswept (1923)
 Code of the Sea (1924)
 Rugged Water'' (1925)
 Survival film

References

External links

 Plot and background at reelviews.net

1991 Perfect Storm
2000 films
2000s disaster films
2000 drama films
American drama films
American films based on actual events
American disaster films
BAFTA winners (films)
Disaster films based on actual events
Drama films based on actual events
Films scored by James Horner
Films about death
Films about fishing
Films about the United States Coast Guard
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Wolfgang Petersen
Films with screenplays by Bo Goldman
Films produced by Gail Katz
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in 1991
Films set in Massachusetts
Seafaring films based on actual events
Warner Bros. films
Films set on ships
Films set in the Atlantic Ocean
Films shot in Dedham, Massachusetts
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Perfect Storm (film)


Yolyn Am (, Lammergeier Valley) is a deep and narrow gorge in the Gurvan Saikhan Mountains of southern Mongolia.  The valley is named after the Lammergeier, which is called Yol in Mongolian.  The Lammergeier is an Old World vulture, hence the name is often translated to Valley of the Vultures or Valley of the Eagles.

The valley is located within Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park.

Yolyn Am is found in the Zuun Saikhanii Nuruu (the Eastern Beauty) subrange of the Gurvan Saikhan Mountains.  The area, as part of the Gobi Desert, sees little precipitation.  However, Yolyn Am is notable for a deep ice field.  The ice field reaches several meters thick by the end of winter, and is several kilometers long.  In past years it remained year round, but the modern ice field tends to disappear by September.

External links

Canyons and gorges of Mongolia

Yolyn Am


Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur was an officer in the colonial regular troops (troupes de la marine), seigneur, and member of the Legislative Council of New France.  Born on December 28, 1705, at Contrecœur, Quebec, son of Francois-Antoine Pécaudy de Contrecœur, a seigneur and officer in the colonial regulars, and Jeanne de Saint-Ours.  Died on December 13, 1775, in Montreal, Quebec.

He was active in the establishment of French power in the Ohio Country, and was the commander of Fort Duquesne (at the site of modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) in 1755 when it was threatened by Edward Braddock.  Born into a family with large landholdings in the Saint Lawrence River valley, he stayed in North America after the French and Indian War and its fall of New France to the British.  He was called "the third most influential Canadian" by the British governor of the Province of Quebec, Guy Carleton.

References
Biography of Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1705 births
1775 deaths
People of Louisiana (New France)
People of New France

Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur