George Kenner (1 November 1888 – 10 July 1971) was a German artist. He made 110 paintings and drawings during the First World War while interned as a German civilian internee in Great Britain and the Isle of Man.

Birth and background
Kenner was born Georg Kennerknecht on November 1, 1888, in the small town of Schwabsoien, near the Alps in the Weilheim-Schongau district of Bavaria, Germany. He went to art school in Germany. He moved to London in 1910. He worked at and co-owned the small "process artist" company Waddington & Kennerknecht at 73 Farringdon Street with a British partner. He also attended night school at London's Lambeth School of Art to study airbrush techniques. He was registered as an "alien enemy" on August 23, 1914, then abruptly interned five days after the RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915.

Being a trained commercial artist by profession, and wanting to stay in practice with his work, he negotiated with the PoW camp authorities to be allowed to create what became the most extensive collection of World War I internment scenes known.

History of internment

Kenner was held at three camps, and recorded scenes from each in his artwork: On May 12, 1915, he was first sent to a temporary tent camp built on Frith Hill, on an area which is now part of the Pine Ridge Golf Centre, near Frimley, in Surrey. The camp grew to hold 2,000 civilian prisoners, but was considered unsuitable for the approaching winter. On September 29, 1915, Kenner was sent to Alexandra Palace in North London. 3,000 internees were held in three sections. Conditions were better here. In June 1916, Kenner was sent to the Knockaloe internment camp near Peel on the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea. This camp held 30,000 civilian prisoners for the remainder of the war and beyond. He was finally sent back to Germany in a prisoner exchange in March 1919, four months after the Armistice.

Family and later history
Kenner married artist Margarete Bohne in Munich on September 8, 1921. Two of their first three children died in the 1920s due to bad post-war conditions in Germany. They eventually were able to emigrate to the United States in September 1927, sailing from the port of Hamburg, Germany, to Ellis Island, New York. They settled in Cheltenham, Pennsylvania. There Kenner set up a successful business working out of his home as an independent commercial artist. Kenner and his family were naturalized as American citizens in 1934. A fourth child, Christa Kenner Bedford, was born in 1937. Kenner died of natural causes at his home on July 10, 1971, at age 82.

Disposition of artwork
Many of his drawings, hand-written journal, business card, Lambeth School of Art tuition slips, immigration and "alien enemy" registration documents were accepted into the Imperial War Museum in London, in October 2005.

Three other British museums acquired the art that Kenner produced in their particular areas during the war: the Surrey Heath Museum, in Camberley, the Manx National Heritage Museum in Douglas, Isle of Man, and Bruce Castle Museum in London.

Several of Kenner's paintings from his Frith Hill PoW camp period were used in the book Reflections – A Heatherside Miscellany by Nick McCormick, published in June 2006.

Several other paintings from Kenner's Alexandra Palace PoW period were used in the book Ally Pally Prison Camp by Maggie Butt, published in June 2011.

Gallery

References

External links

George Kenner POW Art in Imperial War Museum, London Photo Album
George Kenner POW Art in Surrey Heath Museum Photo Album
George Kenner POW Art in Manx National Heritage Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man Photo Album
George Kenner POW Art in Bruce Castle Museum, London Photo Album
George Kenner Hand-Written Internment Journal Photo Album
George Kenner non-POW Art Photo Album
Kenner's work from the Imperial War Museum collection IWM website

1888 births
1971 deaths
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
German male painters
German prisoners and detainees
German prisoners of war in World War I
World War I prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States

George Kenner


Terry J. Diehl (born November 9, 1949) is an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour from 1973 to 1983.

Diehl was born and raised in Rochester, New York.  At the age of 15, he won the international long drive competition when he hit a ball 340 yards. He attended the University of Georgia from 1968 to 1971 and was a member of the golf team, an All-American in 1969.

Diehl had more than 20 top-10 finishes in PGA Tour events including a win at the 1974 San Antonio Texas Open; he shot a 19-under-par 269 and won by one stroke over Mike Hill. He finished solo second to Lee Trevino at the same tournament in 1980. Diehl finished the 1976 IVB-Bicentennial Golf Classic tied for first in regulation; however, he lost that tournament to Tom Kite on the fifth extra hole of a playoff handing Kite his first of 19 PGA Tour wins. Diehl's best finish in a major championship was a T-7 at the 1977 U.S. Open.

Diehl left the PGA Tour after the 1983 season to pursue other endeavors that included a stint in the PGA Tour's marketing department, a commentator for ESPN, a club pro, a stockbroker with Prudential Securities and a senior vice president in portfolio management at Morgan Stanley in Rochester.

Diehl decided to forgo a chance to play on the Champions Tour after reaching the age of 50, when he and wife Laura decided to adopt a daughter from China named Alexandra. He also has four grown sons named Matt, John, Colin and Graham.

Amateur wins
1967 International Junior Masters (individual medalist)
1969 Monroe Invitational, New York State Amateur
1971 Monroe Invitational

Professional wins (1)

PGA Tour wins (1)

PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships

Note: Diehl never played in The Open Championship.

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place

See also

 1973 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

References

External links

American male golfers
Georgia Bulldogs men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
1949 births
Living people

Terry Diehl


The NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship is a men's professional wrestling world heavyweight championship owned and promoted by the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), an American professional wrestling promotion. The current champion is EC3, who is in his first reign.

Although formally established in 1948, its lineage has been traditionally traced back to the first World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship, which traces its lineage to the title first awarded to George Hackenschmidt in 1905. This effectively makes it the oldest surviving wrestling championship in the world.

The title began as a governing body's world championship and has been competed for in multiple major promotions around the world, including the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (which seceded from the NWA and became World Wide Wrestling Federation, now WWE), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA, now Impact Wrestling), Ring of Honor (ROH), Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and the now-defunct American Wrestling Association (AWA), Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP, later called World Championship Wrestling, WCW), Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW, later Extreme Championship Wrestling), World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW), and many other defunct wrestling promotions.

In October 2017, the NWA governing body was purchased by Billy Corgan and gradually evolved into a stand alone wrestling promotion with the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship as its premier title.

History

Territory era (1948–1985)

With many territorial promotions appearing across the United States, the NWA was formed in 1948 as a professional wrestling governing body. The NWA World Heavyweight Championship was created that same year. Like franchises, these territories had the option of NWA membership. Member promotions had to recognize the NWA World Heavyweight Champion as world champion while retaining the ability to promote their own top championships. Every year, the NWA World Heavyweight Champion would travel to each territory and defend the title against the territories' top contender or champion. The purpose of the NWA world champion was to make the top wrestlers of each territory look good, while still upholding the credibility of the world title. The NWA's board of directors, composed mostly of territory owners, decided when the title changed hands via a vote.

By the late 1950s, however, the system began to break down. As Lou Thesz continued to hold the title, other popular wrestlers such as Verne Gagne became frustrated over the lack of change. There were also disputes over the number of appearances the champion would make in different regions.

On June 14, 1957 in Chicago, Thesz defended the world title against Canadian wrestler Édouard Carpentier in a two out of three falls match. Thesz and Carpentier split the first two falls. In the third fall, Thesz was disqualified by referee Ed Whalen who raised Carpentier's hand in victory. The NWA later voided the title change based on the disqualification. Thesz defeated Carpentier by disqualification in a Montreal rematch on July 24. It had been planned that the NWA would present Thesz and Carpentier as rival champions in different cities following a similar pattern to the successful title dispute matches between Thesz and Leo Nomellini in 1955. Carpentier would also be able to make appearances in the U.S. as champion while Thesz was on an overseas tour. However, as a result of various disputes within the NWA, Carpentier's manager, wrestling promoter Eddie Quinn, left the organization in August making Carpentier unavailable to the NWA. The organization dealt with the situation by announcing 71 days after Carpentier's win in Chicago that it did not recognize Carpentier's win and had never recognized it. Quinn started promoting Carpentier as the true NWA world champion based on the match with Thesz. In 1958, Quinn started shopping Carpentier around to promoters interested in leaving the NWA. A victory over Carpentier could give a local champion a credible claim to the world championship of wrestling.

Verne Gagne, who had been trying to become NWA World Heavyweight Champion for some time, defeated Carpentier in Omaha, Nebraska on August 9, 1958. This was recognized as a title change by NWA affiliate promotions in the state – these promotions would later evolve into the American Wrestling Association (AWA) in 1960. This disputed Nebraska version of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship was later known simply as the Omaha version of the World Heavyweight Championship. The title was unified with the AWA World Heavyweight Championship on September 7, 1963.

The Boston NWA affiliate known as the Atlantic Athletic Commission (AAC) arranged a match between Killer Kowalski and Carpentier in 1958. Kowalski's victory created what was after known as the ACC World Heavyweight Championship and later Boston's Big Time Wrestling (BTW) Heavyweight Championship.

The "Crown" version of the championship belt debuted in 1959.

The North American Wrestling Alliance (NAWA, later the Worldwide Wrestling Associates (WWA)) in Los Angeles recognized Carpentier as NWA champion in July 1959 as part of gradually splitting from the NWA. On June 12, 1961, Carpentier lost a match to Freddie Blassie which created the basis for the Los Angeles version of the WWA World Heavyweight Championship. The title ceased to exist when the WWA returned to the NWA on October 1, 1968.

The World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), which later evolved into today's WWE, was the major wrestling promotion in the northeast United States in the early 1960s. Vincent J. McMahon's Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC), the precursor to the WWWF, seceded from the NWA for a variety of reasons including the selection of the NWA World Heavyweight Champion and the number of dates wrestled by the champion in the promotion. Ostensibly, the dispute was over Buddy Rogers losing the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Lou Thesz in one fall instead of a best-of-three; the format in which NWA World Heavyweight Championship matches were traditionally decided at the time. This one fall match was sanctioned by NWA promoters, despite objections from CWC executives, who held majority control over the NWA board of directors at the time. Following Lou Thesz's World Heavyweight Championship win, CWC seceded from the NWA and became the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Rogers was then recognized as the first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion.

The "Ten Pounds of Gold" (also known as the "Domed Globe Belt") version of the championship belt debuted on July 20, 1973, having been first presented to Harley Race by then-NWA President Sam Muchnick.

When Jim Crockett Promotions wrestler Ric Flair won the NWA World title in 1981, he traveled to other NWA territories and defended the belt. He would drop the belt and regain it, as the NWA board of directors decided. On more than one occasion, however, Flair lost and regained the belt without the official sanctioning of the NWA. In most cases (such as the case of Jack Veneno's championship victory), these "switches" continue to be ignored by the NWA. However, since 2015, the NWA has occasionally recognized the unauthorized Flair-Race switches that had occurred in March 1984 in New Zealand and Singapore.

Jim Crockett Promotions (1985–1988)

By early 1985, Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) controlled many NWA territories and limited championship matches to performers under contract with JCP thus making the title exclusive to the promotion.

The "Big Gold Belt" version of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt debuted on February 14, 1986, at Battle of the Belts II, an event co-promoted by Championship Wrestling from Florida and JCP. At the event, NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair successfully defended the title against Barry Windham.

It was during this time that JCP made a failed bid to go national and almost filed for bankruptcy in an attempt to compete with the WWF. Turner Broadcasting purchased the company, because it had a high rated program airing on the WTBS cable station. Completing the deal in November 1988, Turner began changing the company to World Championship Wrestling (WCW), which maintained a partnership with the NWA and continued promoting the NWA World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair.

World Championship Wrestling (1988–1993)
WCW stayed in the NWA, but Turner slowly phased out the NWA name. The NWA organization existed only on paper at this point; on television, it was portrayed that, by early 1991, the NWA World Heavyweight Championship had become the WCW World Heavyweight Championship.

Due to a falling out with WCW Executive Vice-President Jim Herd, WCW World Heavyweight Champion Ric Flair was fired from WCW on July 1, 1991, while still being recognized as the NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Flair took the NWA belt with him because WCW and Herd had not returned the $25,000 bond Flair had paid on the belt. After Flair's departure from WCW, the company had made a new, separate WCW World title belt. A match was held for the vacated WCW World Heavyweight Championship within two weeks of the departure, but no mention was made of the NWA title. Flair was stripped of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship by NWA's board of directors shortly after he signed with the WWF in September 1991; an NWA board had to be reconstituted, as most members had gone out of business or been bought out by JCP/WCW. Flair displayed the Big Gold Belt on WWF television, calling himself the "Real World's Heavyweight Champion." After winning the WWF Championship, Flair's "Real World's Heavyweight Champion" belt was dropped. WCW, which had subsequently filed a lawsuit against the WWF to prevent them from using the Big Gold Belt on television, eventually dropped the action because the belt was returned to WCW in July 1992.

In August 1992, the NWA board authorized WCW and New Japan Pro-Wrestling to hold a tournament to decide a new NWA World Heavyweight Champion using the Big Gold Belt, now returned to WCW by the WWF. Turner's company still maintained its WCW World Championship, thus having two World Heavyweight titles present in the same promotion. The tournament was won by Japanese wrestler Masahiro Chono. From 1992 to 1993, the NWA belt was defended in Japan and on WCW television. Flair returned to WCW and regained the NWA belt from Barry Windham in July 1993; that same year, WCW recognized the Ric Flair-Tatsumi Fujinami NWA title changes from 1991. Disputes between WCW management and the NWA board began emerging in the summer of 1993 over a variety of issues, primarily an storyline by WCW that would have had the NWA title switched to Rick Rude.

On September 1, 1993, WCW withdrew their membership from the NWA but kept the NWA title belt which they owned. A court battle decided that WCW could not continue to use the letters "NWA" to describe or promote the belt, but ruled that WCW did possess a right to the physical Big Gold Belt and its historical lineage per a signed agreement between the previous NWA President Seiji Sakaguchi and WCW. Per this court ruling, the title belt dropped the recognition as being the NWA World Heavyweight title but continued to be billed as the World Heavyweight Championship by WCW. Soon after, the Big Gold Belt was defended without any company affiliation, even being referred to simply as the Big Gold Belt for a short time, until it became known as the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship. This title was recognized as the championship of a fictitious entity known as "WCW International", which served as a replacement for the NWA Board, until the title was unified with the main WCW title on June 23, 1994.

ECW, WWF, and the independent circuit (1993–2002)
Despite losing WCW as its flagship promotion, the NWA picked up new members and remained in existence as a governing body. After nearly a year, the organization planned to scheduled a tournament to crown a new champion and brought back the "Ten Pounds of Gold" (also known as the "Domed Globe Belt") to represent this new champion.

By 1994, the Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW) territory became the NWA's most televised affiliated wrestling promotion. The NWA decided to hold an NWA World Title Tournament through ECW at the ECW Arena in August 1994, which was won by Shane Douglas. Due to a dispute between NWA President Dennis Coralluzzo and ECW owner Tod Gordon, after the match, Douglas threw the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt down and picked up the ECW Heavyweight Championship belt, proclaiming himself ECW World champion. Almost immediately thereafter ECW withdrew from the NWA and became Extreme Championship Wrestling, with Coralluzzo stripping Douglas of the NWA title.

Despite this blow to the organization, the NWA held another tournament three months later in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, hosted by Coralluzzo and Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) owner Jim Cornette. Chris Candido won this tournament and the title was recognized and defended in promotions such as SMW and the United States Wrestling Association. Candido held the belt for a few months before dropping it to Dan Severn of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in February 1995. Severn held the belt continuously for four years, appearing on both wrestling and UFC events with the NWA World championship belt. Although Severn had attempted to go the "traveling champion" route done by former champions Thesz, Dory Funk, Jr., Harley Race, and Terry Funk, the competition level was relatively minor due to the lack of strong NWA territories.

It was during this time, Severn had a customized NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt made exclusively for him.

Trying to get back in the national spotlight, the NWA made a deal in 1997 with Vincent K. McMahon to appear on Word Wrestling Federation (WWF) television. In 1998, NWA World champion Dan Severn became part of Jim Cornette's NWA faction. Also part of Cornette's NWA faction was NWA North American Champion Jeff Jarrett, who won the vacant title by defeating Barry Windham on Monday Night Raw. The NWA's deal with the WWF never accomplished its intended purpose of reestablishing the NWA as a major force in wrestling and McMahon ended it in less than a year. The NWA belt went back to being defended on the independent circuit and in the remaining NWA territories.

In 1999, Severn lost the title to former Olympic judoka Naoya Ogawa, and the title picture became slightly more competitive. The champions nonetheless remained wrestlers from independent promotions, regardless of whether they were from North America (Severn, Mike Rapada, Sabu), Asia (Ogawa, Shinya Hashimoto), or Europe (Gary Steele).

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2002–2007)

In June 2002, Jeff and Jerry Jarrett formed NWA: Total Nonstop Action (NWA-TNA; now known as Impact Wrestling). The Jarretts worked out a licensing deal with the NWA and its affiliated promotions, with NWA-TNA receiving control over the NWA World Heavyweight and NWA World Tag Team titles. While working out a cable deal, the Jarretts put NWA-TNA on weekly pay-per-view (PPV) during the company's first two years of existence. The NWA World Heavyweight Champion at the time, Dan Severn, was unable to appear on the inaugural NWA-TNA PPV card, and he was stripped of the NWA title. Ken Shamrock was then declared the new NWA World Heavyweight Champion after winning a Gauntlet for the Gold battle royal. In 2004, NWA-TNA withdrew from the NWA, dropping the NWA from their promotion name and becoming known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). However, TNA retained the rights to use the NWA World Heavyweight and Tag Team titles until May 13, 2007, when the agreement ended, with TNA creating its own World and Tag Team championships.

During this agreement, TNA co-founder Jeff Jarrett would hold the title the most often with six reigns, followed by A.J. Styles with three, and lastly Ron Killings (the first African American wrestler to be recognized as NWA World champion) and Christian Cage with two reigns each. During the TNA years, a title change unauthorized by the NWA took place on an International Wrestling Association event in Puerto Rico, where Ray González pinned Jarrett to win the championship before being stripped of the title later on the same event. While the González title change was initially ignored by both the NWA and TNA, beginning in 2015, the NWA has occasionally recognized González as a former NWA champion. This makes González the first Caribbean wrestler to be recognized as NWA World champion (the reigns of Caribbean wrestlers Jack Veneno and Carlos Colón remain unrecognized).

Return to the independent circuit (2007–2017)

On May 22, 2007, the NWA announced a tournament, titled Reclaiming the Glory, to fill the title vacancy left after the end of the NWA's relationship with TNA. Sixteen men competed for the championship, with Adam Pearce, filling in for an injured Bryan Danielson, winning the belt by defeating Brent Albright on September 1, 2007, in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. Pearce was active in defending the championship but suffered from the same problems that had plagued other champions in the post-1980s NWA: a lack of stable promotions within the NWA made it difficult to have a "traveling champion", so most of Pearce's defenses took place in the NWA Pro promotion owned by David Marquez and John Rivera.

On June 7, 2008, at the Ring of Honor (ROH) event, Respect is Earned II, Pearce revealed the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt at the conclusion of his match, with the championship receiving official recognition from ROH shortly after.

On October 25, 2008, Blue Demon Jr. became the first Mexican professional wrestler, as well as first masked luchador, to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he defeated champion Adam Pearce in Mexico City.

In early-to-mid-2012, NWA champion Colt Cabana and Adam Pearce began facing each other in a series of matches dubbed the "Seven Levels of Hate" – a best of seven series between the two wrestlers. The fourth match of the series was a two out of three falls contest held on July 21, 2012, in Kansas City, Missouri. The NWA sanctioned the match as a world championship match and Pearce emerged victorious to become a five-time world champion. Both wrestlers were tied at three matches apiece when the NWA underwent another major change.

In August 2012, International Wrestling Corp, LLC, a holding company run by Houston-based attorney and wrestling promoter R. Bruce Tharpe, sued the NWA, two of its recent Executive Directors (Robert Trobich and David Baucom) and its then-parent company, Pro Wrestling Organization LLC, claiming insurance fraud regarding the NWA's liability insurance policy. A settlement was negotiated that transferred the rights to the NWA from Pro Wrestling Organization LLC to International Wrestling Corp, LLC. After 64 years, the new organization moved from a membership model to a licensing model, licensing the NWA brand name to wrestling promotions which caused many promotions to immediately cut ties with the NWA, including some of the largest remaining NWA affiliated promotions.

With both Cabana and Pearce even at three victories in their "Seven Levels of Hate" series, the final match was scheduled for October 27, 2012, in Melbourne, Australia, at an NWA Warzone Wrestling event. Pearce wanted the NWA to sanction the match as a world title match, as they had done earlier. The NWA, however, refused to do this and did not want Pearce and Cabana to go forward with the match. They did anyway, with Cabana winning the match. Pearce and Cabana both broke kayfabe after the match, with Pearce saying that Cabana was the rightful champion and Cabana saying that he did not want the title as it was about the past and he was about the future. Pearce declared he did not want the title either and left it in the ring as the two exited the arena.

Lightning One (2017–present)
On May 1, 2017, Billy Corgan's company, Lightning One, Inc., purchased the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), including its name, rights, trademarks, and championships. Corgan's ownership took effect on October 1, 2017. At that point, all existing NWA affiliation agreements were ended and all NWA championships, except the NWA World Heavyweight Championship (renamed the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship) and the NWA World Women's Championship, would be vacated in the months following the acquisition.

On October 20, 2017, the NWA debuted the YouTube series, Ten Pounds of Gold, focused primarily around the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion at the time Tim Storm, chronicling his travels across the United States, and defenses of the championship. Continuing to operate as a governing body, Billy Corgan's NWA worked collaboratively with various promotions to sanction Storm's championship matches.

On December 9, 2017, Nick Aldis won the championship from Storm on a Combat Zone Wrestling show. Since the championship change, Ten Pounds of Gold focused on "The Aldis Crusade", a series of 20 title defenses over the course of 60 days in the spring of 2018 and concluding with a title defense against Colt Cabana in Wenzhou, China.

Ten Pounds of Gold, together with the Being The Elite web series produced by The Young Bucks, then focused on the build towards a championship match between Aldis and Cody as part of the All In supercard event on September 1, 2018, where Cody would win the match and the championship. Ten Pounds of Gold continued to cover subsequent defenses at the NWA 70th Anniversary Show, the New Year's Clash pop-up event, and the 2019 Crockett Cup.

By July 2019, the NWA would begin to transition into a singular wrestling promotion, with the NWA announcing television tapings in Atlanta for a new standalone weekly series. The series was later revealed as NWA Powerrr, which has since hosted occasional NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship matches.

During the October 15, 2019 episode of Powerrr, it was announced that the NWA would be holding a pay-per-view (PPV) called Into the Fire on December 14, 2019. This would be the first PPV event produced exclusively by the NWA without another promotion or production company's involvement. At the event, NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis defeated James Storm to remain the champion.

Belt designs
There have been six belt designs used to represent the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship.

1948–1949: The first design was only held by the very first NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion, Orville Brown, who suffered a career ending injury resulting from a motorcycle crash in late 1949. This belt consisted of one metal plate with a picture frame at the center. It had gemstones of various sizes around the edges of the belt, with the center featuring larger stones. The belt was retired after Orville's accident, and it remains with the Brown family.

1949–1959: The second design is often referred to as the "Lou Thesz Belt." The championship belt, which was a holdover from Thesz's reign as the National Wrestling Association's champion, consisted of seven plates and a leather strap. The main plate had a royal crown, a wrestling ring, and a five-pointed star in a vertical alignment, top to bottom down the center. A belt with a similar design was given to Rikidōzan when he defeated Thesz in 1958 to claim the NWA International Heavyweight Championship, which Rikidōzan in turn held until his death in 1963. Rikidōzan's NWA International Heavyweight Championship design subsequently inspired the designs of All Japan Pro Wrestling's PWF World Heavyweight Championship and Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship. In 1992, Thesz lent the original "Lou Thesz Belt" to the Union of Professional Wrestling Forces International (UWFi) to represent their Pro-Wrestling World Heavyweight Championship. Nobuhiko Takada and Super Vader were the only wrestlers to hold the belt in UWFi, as Thesz withdrew from UWFi in 1995 due to his disagreement over the company co-promoting with New Japan Pro-Wrestling, taking the belt with him.

1959–1973: The third design is sometimes referred to as the "Crown Belt." It had a prominent royal crown at its top, a globe underneath it, and the letters "NWA" horizontally across the center behind two wrestlers. The design was later used to represent the NWA United National Championship (which later became part of the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship), the Japanese version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship, the championships of Blue Demon Jr.'s NWA Mexico territory, the Tenryu Project's United National Tag Team Championship, and the current version of the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship.

1973–1986, 1994–present: The fourth design is commonly referred to as the "Ten Pounds of Gold" or the "Domed Globe Belt". It is the design most commonly identified with the title. It has also been referred to on Championship Wrestling from Hollywood, NWA Powerrr, and in other NWA-related media as "Sweet Charlotte", a nickname coined by Adam Pearce in 2008 as a nod to the hometown of Ric Flair, one of the belt's most famous holders. The original Ten Pounds of Gold belt was made in 1973 by an unidentified jeweler in Mexico – similar belts were made for the NWA's Mexican-based World Light Heavyweight, Middleweight and Welterweight titles. The Domed Globe NWA World Heavyweight title featured the flag of the United States on its main plate, as well as those of Mexico, Canada, Australia, and Japan on its side plates. The second side plate on the left side of the belt featured a modified version of the older Canadian Red Ensign rather than the official Canadian flag, the Maple Leaf, which had been adopted in 1965. The belt originally had a red suede/velvet strap along with a nameplate. The nameplate was only used once, by Jack Brisco, before it was removed from the design. The red leather strap was replaced with a black laced leather strap soon into Brisco's reign due to the material lacking durability. The original Domed Globe Belt was retired in 1986; Ric Flair retained possession of the original belt. It is currently located at WWE's Connecticut headquarters. This design was revived in 1994 with a new belt that continues to represent the NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship presently. In 2021, the NWA replaced the Australian flag side plate with a United Kingdom flag side plate, at the request of then-champion Nick Aldis. The Mexican-based lower weight classes Domed Globe championship belts featured the flag of Mexico on their main plates instead of the U.S. flag. From 1995 to 1997, the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship also had a Domed Globe design, as part of the J-Crown, with the U.S. flag in front; briefly during the 2010s, the NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship once again had a Domed Globe design. During the mid-1990s, the NWA World Tag Team Championship was represented by Domed Globe belts, which were used during the NWA's partnership with IWA Japan. Numerous other championship belts have used the Domed Globe design, with some being NWA-sanctioned championships (such as the NWA Women's Pacific Championship) and others being unauthorized by the NWA (such as the FMW Brass Knuckles Heavyweight Championship).

1986–1993: The fifth design is commonly referred to as the "Big Gold Belt." In 1985, Jim Crockett Jr. of Jim Crockett Promotions commissioned Charles Crumrine, a silversmith in Reno, Nevada specializing in rodeo-style belt buckles, to produce the new design. The belt made its debut in February 1986. When WCW left the NWA in 1993, the Big Gold Belt continued serving as the WCW International World Heavyweight Championship, then the WCW World Heavyweight Championship (which it is most commonly known for), and eventually as the World Heavyweight Championship in WWE. Also in WWE, the Big Gold Belt was used in tandem to represent the then-Undisputed WWF Championship after the former WCW Championship was unified with the then-WWF Championship in 2001, and then again in tandem to represent the WWE World Heavyweight Championship after the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship in 2013. The Big Gold Belt was eventually retired in August 2014.

1998: The sixth design was a customized belt commissioned for Dan Severn during his first reign as NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion, to celebrate the NWA's 50th anniversary.

Reigns

The NWA currently recognizes 101 individual Worlds Heavyweight Championship reigns.

The inaugural champion was Orville Brown. The longest reigning champion is Lou Thesz, who held the title from November 27, 1949 to March 15, 1956, for a total of 2,300 days (6 years, 3 months, and 16 days); Thesz also holds the record for longest combined reign at 3,749 days. Shane Douglas has the record for the shortest reign as champion, holding the title for less than 1 day. Ric Flair holds the record for most reigns with 9. The youngest champion is Chris Candido who won the title at the age of 22, while the oldest champion is Tim Storm, who won it at the age of 51.

EC3 is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated Tyrus at the NWA 75th Anniversary Show on August 27, 2023 in St. Louis, Missouri.

References

External links
Official NWA website
Official NWA YouTube channel
Official NWA Facebook page

Impact Wrestling championships
Jim Crockett Promotions championships
National Wrestling Alliance championships
World Championship Wrestling (Australia) championships
World Championship Wrestling championships
World heavyweight wrestling championships
World professional wrestling championships

NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship


Butterkaka (butter cake), or systerkaka (sister cake) is a pastry composed of rolled buns. The buns are made in the usual way, similar to cinnamon rolls, by rolling out the yeast dough, adding the almond–cinnamon filling, rolling it up, and cutting the log into smaller rolls.  These are laid beside each other, with one cut surface down, in a baking pan (usually circular), and during the process of rising and baking, the buns stick together (compare with monkey bread). Butterkaka is often garnished with vanilla custard and glaze.

Etymology
The name originates from the German name Butterkuchen, which, however, refers to a different pastry.

References

Pastries
Swedish pastries

Butterkaka


"The Tower" is a poem by the Irish poet William Butler Yeats. It is a passionate indictment of a man wrestling with age. It is the second poem in The Tower, a 1928 collection of Yeats's poems.

Below appears a small extract from the poem:

What shall I do with this absurdity –
O heart, O troubled heart – this caricature,
Decrepit age that has been tied to me
As to a dog's tail?
Never had I more
Excited, passionate, fantastical
Imagination, nor an ear and eye
That more expected the impossible –
No, not in boyhood when with rod and fly,
Or the humbler worm, I climbed Ben Bulben's back
And had the livelong summer day to spend.
It seems that I must bid the Muse go pack,
Choose Plato and Plotinus for a friend
Until imagination, ear and eye,
Can be content with argument and deal
In abstract things; or be derided by
A sort of battered kettle at the heel.

William Butler Yeats

Poetry by W. B. Yeats

The Tower (poem)


Matthew Arkin (born March 21, 1960) is an American actor, acting instructor, and author.

Early life and education
Arkin was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jeremy Yaffe, a nurse, and actor Alan Arkin. He is the younger brother of actor Adam Arkin. After his parents separated when he was an infant, Arkin was raised by his mother in California until age 7. He then lived with his father and stepmother, actress Barbara Dana, and half-brother Anthony Dana Arkin, in Greenwich Village. In 1968, Arkin and his brother were directed by their father in the Academy Award nominated short film People Soup. Arkin attended Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York. Arkin graduated from Wesleyan University and earned a J.D. degree from Fordham University School of Law. Although he was raised in a non-denominational household, Arkin is Jewish and identifies with Jewish culture.

For five years Arkin practiced law with small firms in Tarrytown and White Plains, New York. He quit to pursue a career in acting. When asked why he would give up a career in law, Arkin pointed out a laughing audience and said, ""You hear that sound? You know how many people I made laugh when I was a lawyer? None... well, maybe a few judges."

Career

Acting
Arkin studied acting at the HB Studio under Uta Hagen, Austin Pendleton and Sheldon Patinkin. In 1993, he debuted on Broadway in Neil Simon's Laughter on the 23rd Floor and continued during the production's national tour. He played Ben Silverman in the 1997 Broadway revival of The Sunshine Boys. Arkin was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play for his role as Gabe in the 1999 Off-Broadway premiere of the Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Dinner with Friends.  Arkin played the role of Reggie Ellis in the 2006 Broadway production of Losing Louie.

Arkin also appeared in a variety of films and television shows, including All My Children (2007), Law & Order (1991-2009) and 100 Centre Street (2001).

At the South Coast Repertory in Orange County, California, Arkin originated roles in the world premieres of Richard Greenberg's Our Mother's Brief Affair (2009) and Steven Drukman's The Prince of Atlantis (2011). In 2013, Arkin portrayed the 600-pound main character in the West Coast premiere of Samuel Hunter's The Whale.

Teaching
Beginning in 2008, Arkin taught acting technique at the HB Studio in New York City and later at the Actors Studio in Los Angeles.
In 2015, Arkin accepted the position as Director of the Acting Intensive Program at South Coast Repertory in Southern California.

Author
In 2016, Arkin published the detective novel In the Country of the Blind.

Personal life
Arkin married Pamela Newkirk in May 1993 with whom he has two children. They divorced in 2011. He resides in Pasadena, California.

References

External links

Matthew Arkin at Internet Off-Broadway Database

1960 births
Living people
Male actors from Brooklyn
People from Eastchester, New York
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Jewish American male actors
Horace Greeley High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

Matthew Arkin


Ivan Gošnjak (10 June 1909 – 8 February 1980) was a Croatian and Yugoslav communist who held numerous important offices in Yugoslavia during and after World War II, serving as the Minister of Defence from 1953 to 1967.

Ivan Gošnjak was a carpenter by profession and joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in 1933. In 1935 Gošnjak was sent to Moscow and was enrolled for one year at the Lenin School where he also attended lectures by "comrade Walter", better known by his World War II-era codename Tito. In 1936 Gošnjak was sent to a military barracks in Ryazan where he was given the designation "Number 36", instead of his real name and was given military instruction before being sent as a volunteer to the Spanish Civil War in January 1937. A great admirer of Joseph Stalin, Gošnjak was appointed captain in the International Brigades. After the defeat of the republican forces in Spain, Gošnjak was detained in France in 1939. After the capitulation of France in 1940 Gošnjak escaped from the camp, going in 1941 to Germany as a worker. In Germany he used a fake passport, and in July 1942 returned to Croatia and immediately joined Tito's partisans.

As a Spanish civil war veteran, he was given command of all Croatian Partisan units, regrouped in the 4th (Croatian) Corps, in 1943. Gošnjak was appointed as deputy commander-in-chief at the end of the war, a post which he held until 1950.

In 1946, Tito wanted to send him to complete his military studies at the Soviet Voroshilov Military Academy, but Gošnjak asked him for permission to stay in Belgrade and work in the Central Committee. Tito agreed and later appointed him as deputy Defence Minister (1950–1953). At the Fifth Yugoslav CP congress Gošnjak was elected a member of the Politburo and later was made a member of the Executive Committee (the new name for the Politburo), elected at the sixth (1952), seventh (1958), and eighth (1964) party congresses.
In 1953 Gošnjak became Defence Minister, a post which he held until 1967 when he was replaced by General of the Army Nikola Ljubičić. In 1963 he was considered for promotion in rank General, but he was never promoted.

General Ivan Gošnjak retired from active military service in 1974, and was later appointed to serve on the Council of Federation, an advisory body to President Tito. He is buried in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in Belgrade, Serbia.

See also
 General (YPA)

References

1909 births
1980 deaths
People from Ogulin
Generals of the Yugoslav People's Army
Yugoslav communists
Croatian people of the Spanish Civil War
Yugoslav Partisans members
Croatian communists
Croatian soldiers
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
International Brigades personnel
Members of the Politburo of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Members of the Executive Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Executive Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Presidency of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Politicians from Belgrade
Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School alumni
International Lenin School alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour

Ivan Gošnjak


Harvey II (, , or ; c. 1110 – 1168), also known as Hervey Brito or Hervey le Breton, was a Breton nobleman. He was the Earl of Wiltshire in England between 1140 and 1141. About 1157, he succeeded his father, Guihomar III, as the Viscount of Léon in Brittany.

Earl of Wiltshire

According to William of Malmesbury, Harvey declined an invitation from King Henry I of England (1100–35) to attend his court. However, he went to England to assist King Stephen in the war against Matilda. The Gesta Stephani describes Harvey as "a man of distinction and soldierly qualities". He was careful to state that he was going of his own free will and not out of compulsion or allegiance owed to the English king. Around 1139, in reward for his service to Stephen, who was at the time secure on his throne, Harvey received the hand in marriage of the king's illegitimate daughter Sybilla. He also received the Earldom of Wiltshire and the honour of Eye in Suffolk, which had been Stephen's before his accession.

As lord of Eye, Harvey seems to have had the ambition to turn its priory, which depended on the abbey of Notre-Dame de Bernay in Normandy, into an abbey. He issued a charter confirming the priory's liberties and listing his predecessors as lord of Eye. He confirmed that the priory owed 10,000 herrings to the abbey of Bernay every year, asserted his right to select the prior with the abbot's approval and also asserted his right to raise the priory to an abbey at any time. Whatever his long-term intentions were, he did not hold the honour long enough to see them through.

In 1140, Harvey somehow negotiated the surrender of Devizes Castle, preventing it from falling into the hands of Robert, Earl of Gloucester. In response, the king formally granted him Devizes so that he could better defend Wiltshire. From there, according to the Gesta Stephani, he fought "obstinate and unceasing warfare with the king's assailants." The following year, however, he was embarrassed when Devizes was overtaken by a mob of countrymen (comprovinciales) and he abandoned it to Matilda's men. As a result, his earldom was confiscated and he left England in disgrace. Matilda then appointed Patrick of Salisbury her early in Wiltshire.

Harvey's wife probably followed him to Brittany. Likely because of her he held animosity towards the Plantagenet dynasty that succeeded Stephen on the throne.

Viscount of Léon
About 1157, Harvey succeeded his father in Léon. He expanded his power and began styling himself "Count of Léon" (comes Leoniæ), but he struggled to maintain his de facto independence from his immediate overlord, the Duke of Brittany, and from the influence of the England.

In 1167 Harvey raised the standard of revolt with Eudo II, viscount of Porhoët, and Geoffrey IV, viscount of Thouars, with tacit support from King Louis VII of France. After an agreement with Louis, King Henry II of England led a campaign against Léon in August 1167. Harvey's son Guihomar was defeated and captured, and his major castles razed. Guihomar submitted and offered hostages. Harvey died soon after in 1168.

Issue
Harvey and Sybilla had several children:
 Guihomar IV, who succeeded his father
 E. who has been identified as Elimarius, Abbot of Landevennec, or possibly Eudon or Evenus, Abbots of Saint-Mathieu
 Hamo, Bishop of Léon, murdered by his brother Guihomar in 1171

A mention dated 1169 indicates that Harvey had an illegitimate son:
 Harvey, who was the father of Gradlon, Budic and Guigon

Notes

Sources
Brown, V., ed. Eye Priory: Carultary and Charters. Part II. Boydell Press, 1994.
Chaillou, Léa. The House of Léon: Genealogy and Origins. Foundations: The Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, volume 11, 2019, pp. 19–48
Davies, R. H. C. King Stephen, 1135–1154. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967.
Everard, J. A. Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire, 1158–1203. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Green, J. A. The Aristocracy of Norman England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Kernévez, Patrick, Bourgès, André-Yves. Généalogie des vicomtes de Léon (XIe, XIIe et XIIIe siècles). Bulletin de la Société archéologique du Finistère, volume CXXXVI, 2007, pp. 157–188
Stringer, K. J. The Reign of Stephen: Kingship, Warfare and Government in Twelfth-Century England. London: Routledge, 1993.
White, G. "Earls and Earldoms during King Stephen's Reign", at pp. 76–95 in D. E. S. Dunn, ed., War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Liverpool University Press, 2000.

1110 births
1168 deaths
Earls of Wiltshire
Viscounts of Léon
House of Léon
Year of birth uncertain
12th-century Breton people

Harvey II, Viscount of Léon


Salaga Bhairavi (sālaga bhairavi) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale) from the 22nd melakarta scale Kharaharapriya. It is a janya scale, as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes) in the ascending scale. It is a combination of the pentatonic scale Shuddha Saveri and the sampurna raga scale Kharaharapriya.

According to the Muthuswami Dikshitar school, this scale is of shadava-sampoorna type derived from Kharaharapriya scale.

Structure and Lakshana

Salaga Bhairavi is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain gandharam or nishadham in the ascending scale. It is an audava-sampurna rāgam (or owdava rāgam, meaning pentatonic ascending scale). Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows:

ārohaṇa :
avarohaṇa :

The notes used in this scale are shadjam, chatusruti rishabham, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam and chatusruti dhaivatam in ascending scale, with kaisiki nishadham and sadharana gandharam included in descending scale. For the details of the notations and terms, see swaras in Carnatic music.

Popular compositions

There are many compositions set to Salaga Bhairavi rāgam.

Padavini sadbhakti and Elatare mettu kontivi composed by Tyagaraja
Tyagarajena samrakshitoham by Muthuswamy Dikshitar
dandini shri candikambe , shrikantha dayanidhe by Muthiah Bhagavatar
Unnai Maravaamal by Vedanayagam Pillai
Kola Mayil Yerum by N S Chidambaram
Dashagresha by Madurai G S Mani
kalinga-mardana nanda-gopa , Nagarajam and shailaja-ramana by Bangalore S Mukund
Lalite sura-vinute in tishra triputa thalam composed by R Vishveshwaran
namo namo dasharathe by R Venugopal
pahi parama-guru raghavendraya bhakta-anugrahaya by R K Suryanarayana
radha-ramana by E S Shankaranarayana Iyer
saketa-rajakumara by R N Duraiswamy
tunga-tira-virajam shri raghavendra gururajam by Kamalesha Vittaladasa

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Graha Bhedam
Dhanyasi can be derived from Salaga Bhairavi when sung from Rishabham to Rishabham.

Scale similarities
Salaga Bhairavi scale as per Dikshitar school uses sadharana gandharam in ascending scale, and also has a vakra prayoga (zig-zag usage of P D2 P). Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G2 M1 P D2 P S : S N2 D2 P M1 G2 R2 S
Shuddha Saveri, has a symmetric pentatonic scale, with the notes same as the ascending scale of Salaga Bhairavi. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 M1 P D2 S : S D2 P M1 R2 S
Yadukula Kambhoji has antara gandharam in descending scale, instead of sadharana gandharam (descending scale of Harikambhoji, instead of descending scale of Kharaharapriya). Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 M1 P D2 S : S N2 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S

Notes

References

Janya ragas
Janya ragas (kharaharapriya)

Salaga Bhairavi


Chang Hsin-hai (; June 25, 1898 – December 6, 1972), also known as H. H. Chang, was an early 20th century Chinese scholar and writer.

Early life and academic training
Chang Hsin‐hai was born June 25, 1898, in Shanghai, China. After studying at Songhua College in Peking from 1916 to 1918, he relocated to the United States to complete his higher education. He received an A.B. from Johns Hopkins University in 1919, an A.M., and a Ph. D. in English literature (under the supervision of Irving Babbitt) from Harvard University in 1920 and 1923, respectively. While completing his doctoral work, Chang served as an attache to the Chinese Delegation at the Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921.

Chinese professorship and governmental work
Chang returned to China and was appointed professor and chairman of English Literature at Peking National University in 1926. From the years 1928 to 1937 Chang's occupation was governmental rather than academic: he served as the Director of the European and American Department (a subdivision of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) from 1928 to 1933 and was the Chinese Minister Plenipotentiary to Portugal, Poland, and Czechoslovakia from 1933 to 1937. He entered the Chinese academic world once more, serving as Professor of Western Literature at University of Nanjing, from 1937 to 1940.

Return to the United States and death
Chang came back to the United States in 1941 to serve as a lecturer on the Chinese war effort. This was his occupation until 1945. Despite his return to academics, Chang maintained ties to the diplomatic sphere. He was a special assistant to the Foreign Minister T. V. Soong in 1943, and was the director of the Chinese United Nations Association from 1947 to 1948. He held a position briefly as a research professor at Long Island University from 1951 to 1953 before joining the faculty of Fairleigh Dickinson University (New Jersey) as a professor of the humanities and East Asian History. This professorship was his last position, one that he held until 1969. Chang died in December 1972 at the age of 74. He passed while in Shanghai on an official visit to the People's Republic of China

Personal life
Chang married Sang-mi Han in 1927. They remained together until the time of his death. He had two children, a son David, and a daughter, Yi-an. While holding his American professorships, Chang lived at 220 Schenck Avenue, Great Neck, Long Island, New York.

Works
Chiang Kai-shek : Asia's man of destiny (1944), Doubleday, New York City
Letters From a Chinese Diplomat (1948), Shanghai, Chinese American Pub, China
The Fabulous Concubine (1956), Simon & Schuster, Oxford University Press (1987)
Within Four Seas (1958), Simon & Schuster
America and China: a new approach to Asia (1966), Simon & Schuster

References

1898 births
1972 deaths
Chinese scholars
Chinese literature
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Writers from Shanghai
Academic staff of Peking University
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Long Island University faculty
Fairleigh Dickinson University faculty
Chinese expatriates in the United States

Chang Hsin-hai


"Last Call" is a song written by Erin Enderlin and Shane McAnally, and recorded by American country music artist Lee Ann Womack.  It was released in June 2008 as the lead-off single from Womack's album Call Me Crazy, which was released in October 2008.  In December the song reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming Womack's first Top 20 hit in three years.

Content
The song is a country ballad that begins with the female narrator noticing her phone ringing, and refusing to answer it because she recognizes the number. The woman is aware that the male character is most likely in a bar and drinking alcohol. Therefore, she refuses to answer her phone because she knows that she is always his "last call". This is a play on the bartending term "last call", which refers to the last round of alcohol served before the bar closes for the night.

Critical reception
"Last Call" was well received by critics, being met with several positive reviews and was nominated for two awards.

Allmusic reviewer Thom Jurek called the song " a classic example of what makes Womack such a fascinating and emotionally resonant singer." Country Universe gave it an A rating, and considered that "Last Call" was reminiscent of her 2005 hit, "I May Hate Myself in the Morning". The song received a "thumbs up" review from Engine 145 reviewer Brady Vercher, who also compared the song to "I May Hate Myself in the Morning" and said that "although the lyric doesn't accentuate the emotional conflict, Womack's vocal dips with indecision as she delivers a splendid performance." This song was number 52 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008. Editors at Billboard wrote, "Haunting single "Last Call" is song-of-the-year material on a number of levels: songwriting, vocal performance and production." Chuck Arnold of People Magazine listed the song as a hot download and wrote, "Lee Ann Womack will have you busting out the hankies with the touching breakup ballad "Last Call."

In December 2008, the song received a Grammy award nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. "Last Call" also received a nomination for Female Video of the Year in the 2009 CMT Music Awards.

Music video
A music video directed by Trey Fanjoy was released for "Last Call." The video is done entirely in black and white, and was shot in New York City. In it, Womack is seen strolling along nighttime streets, standing on the roof deck of a tall building during daytime and riding a cab at night, while the song's lyrics are illustrated by scenes of a man drinking in an almost empty bar which is about to close for the night. He attempts to call Womack, which prompts her to examine her phone and not answer. Singer Clayton Stroope of the band Thriving Ivory is featured as Womack's lover in the video.

Charts
"Last Call" debuted at number 56 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in July 2008. The song reached a peak of number 14 in February 2009, after spending 36 weeks on the chart.

Certifications

References

2008 singles
Lee Ann Womack songs
Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Country ballads
MCA Nashville Records singles
Songs written by Shane McAnally
Songs written by Erin Enderlin
2008 songs

Last Call (Lee Ann Womack song)


Philip Joseph Pauly (September 3, 1950 – April 2, 2008) was an American historian of science known for his work on the history of biology in the United States.  A professor at Rutgers University, he published three books: Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology; Biologists and the Promise of American Life: From Meriwether Lewis to Alfred Kinsey; and Fruits and Plains: The Horticultural Transformation of America. His final book was honored with the Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Annual Literature Award in 2009.

A native of Cincinnati, Ohio, Pauly graduated from St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati in 1968. He was an undergraduate at Catholic University, graduating in 1971.  He earned an M.A. in 1975 from the University of Maryland, College Park and a Ph.D. in 1981 from Johns Hopkins University, where he studied with Donna Haraway.  He also held a predoctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian Institution and a postdoctoral fellowship at Ohio State University.  In 1981 he came to Rutgers University where he spent the rest of his career, becoming a full professor in 2001.  He was also an active member of professional organizations such as the History of Science Society and the International Society for History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology, serving on many committees and editorial boards.

For his scholarship, historian Jane Maienschien praised Pauly for his "way of seeing the larger picture".  His first book, Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology (1987), is a biography of Jacques Loeb that also explores Loeb's broader influence on biology.  His second book, Biologists and the Promise of American Life: From Meriwether Lewis to Alfred Kinsey (2000), traces the impact of biologists on American culture.  His third book, Fruits and Plains: The Horticultural Transformation of America, which ties the history of biology to environmental history and American history more broadly.

Pauly married Michele Helen Bogart on July 23, 1981, with whom he had one son, Nicholas.  Pauly was diagnosed with cancer in 1993; after treatment and a period of remission, the cancer (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) returned in 2006, and despite treatment with stem cells from his sister, he died in 2008.

Publications

Notes

References

20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Historians of science
Catholic University of America alumni
Rutgers University faculty
St. Xavier High School (Ohio) alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
1950 births
2008 deaths
American male non-fiction writers

Philip J. Pauly


Math-U-See, developed by Steve Demme is a K–12 homeschool mathematics curriculum, emphasizing mastery of materials and encouraging instructors to let students learn at their own pace. Because of the tutor style model, Math-U-See is being adopted by special education departments Response to intervention programs. Math-U-See curricula includes Primer, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, & Epsilon as well as other books.

Notes

External links
  Math-U-See website

Mathematics education reform
Homeschooling

Math-U-See


Don Quixote is a 1955 sketch by Pablo Picasso of the Spanish literary hero and his sidekick, Sancho Panza. It was featured on the August 18–24 issue of the French weekly journal Les Lettres Françaises in celebration of the 350th anniversary of the first part, published in 1605, of the Miguel de Cervantes novel Don Quixote. Made on August 10, 1955, the drawing Don Quixote was in a very different style than Picasso's earlier Blue, Rose, and Cubist periods.

Details
The drawing is of Don Quixote de la Mancha, his horse Rocinante, his squire Sancho Panza and his donkey Dapple, the Sun, and several windmills. The bold lines, almost scribbles, that compose the figures are stark against a plain, white background. The figures are deformed and dramatic. A small, round Sancho Panza looks up at a tall, gaunt Don Quixote, who, in turn, gazes forward. Don Quixote and Rocinante stand nobly, but have a somewhat tired air. The figure, painted with heavy strokes, seems to have been changed multiple times as Picasso painted Don Quixote's torso, arms and shoulder. "The knight's head, capped by what would be Mambrino's helmet, is connected to his shoulders by a neck made with a single, thin line, and it sports a pointed nose and a long, equally thin goatee. He carries a lance in his right hand and the reins and a circular shield apparently in his left. Rocinante is the bag of bones described by Cervantes. Panza appears to the left, a black mass vaguely defining his round body, and sitting on Dapple who has a long, wiry neck and thin, long ears. Little attention seems to have been paid to Panza sketched in the same vein, perhaps because Don Quixote is the center of attention. Though the two figures seem to be standing still, the drawing is full of movement; the lines are exuberant and the overall effect is catchy and one of bright humor."

Oil painting March 3, 1947
There is a claim that the drawing was made from sketches of Picasso's earlier painting created in 1947. This painting is oil on canvas and has been verified through pigment analysis, carbon dating, and Kodak slides evaluations confirming that the oil painting pre-dates the Indian ink drawing from 1955.

The original
In July 2010, Georgian art critics, including Dali Lebanidze, scientist of the G. Chubinashvili National Center of Art History Research and Fixation, claimed to have found the long-lost original drawing the design that appeared in the French magazine in a family's home in Tbilisi. The family received the drawing from a relative abroad and believed that it was a print of the iconic image.

While the graphic today is generally depicted in a stark black and white, the image that appeared in the weekly journal was in a gray tone. The Don Quixote in the Georgian family's home was in a blue-green paint, which would have created the gray tones of the journal print. Attention caught by the unusual color and the apparent old age of the frame, Lebanidze decided to examine it more closely.

He soon came to the conclusion that the supposed print was in fact the original drawn by Picasso, saying, "The placement of ink on the paper, the incredible energy of the artist's manner, the complete freedom of lines that reflects inner emotion of the artist – all indicated to the fact that it was the original. It is impossible to achieve such freedom, to repeat or copy such spontaneous character of the picture."

However, aside from the gushing possibility the original has been found at long last, nearly two years after the above-referenced "discovery", no independent scientific, forensic or critical judgment has been published nor has a high-resolution image been released by Lebanidze or any official of the National Center of Art History Research and Fixation.  Furthermore, a search of the website (gch-centre.ge) returns not a single reference to the iconic Picasso ink-wash, lending credibility to the assumption that this "discovery" is apocryphal and no more valid than the unproven claim that the original Quixote drawing has been locked inside a St. Denis Church basement safe in France since its creation in 1955.

In May 2022, a contradicting claim was made by Keith Coppola, a New Jersey art collector, who claims to have found the original, dated 11 February 1955, in an estate sale. , Coppola's attempts to have his version authenticated by the Picasso estate have been unsuccessful.

Black-and-white color
If the Don Quixote found in Tbilisi is in fact the original, several interesting questions about the intended coloring and shading are raised. In black and white, the image is stark, simple, and evenly bold. The lighter, bluish ink tone adds a complexity to the picture with different shades and differences in bold and lighter lines. In this version, Don Quixote, Rocinante, the windmill standing between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, and the ground lines are darker and bolder, emphasizing those features. Everything else, including Sancho Panza, the other windmills, and the Sun, are lighter and more seem to fade into the background.

Symbolism
This complexity is not seen in the grey journal print, nor in the currently popular black-and-white versions. But if this shading is deliberate, then new interpretations of Don Quixote can be inferred. According to Lebanidze, the dark elements of the drawing represent what has been transformed by Don Quixote's mind from the everyday to the mythical: himself and his horse into a heroic knight, a windmill into a giant, and the ground into the world of his imagination. The other subjects have been left in the sphere of reality, a world more distant and less visible to Don Quixote.

Today
Today, however, the black-and-white version has become the more popular image of Don Quixote. It is widely recognized as one of the most prominent depictions of the legendary figure who is a popular character in art.

Notes

References
 Virtual Solutions. "Don Quixote by Pablo Picasso at Picasso Art". Picasso Art Prints - Pablo Picasso Prints and Painting Information Source. 2005. Web. 9 Mar. 2011.
 Wyszynski, Mike. "Cervantes Society of America". 18 March 2009. Web. Archived 29 June 2011.

1955 drawings
Horses in art
Sun in art
Works based on Don Quixote
Works by Pablo Picasso

Don Quixote (Picasso)


The George Klindt House is a historic building located in the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.

History
George Klindt became a partner in the Mengel & Klindt Brewery in 1891. He succeeded his father Henry who had partnered with George Mengel in 1876. Davenport's breweries merged in 1894 and became the Davenport Malting Company. George Klindt became the new company's secretary-treasurer. Built from 1894 to 1895, this house was the third of three houses built on Marquette Street for the partners of the brewery. George Mengel's house was at 826 and Henry Klindt's house was at 834.

Architecture
The George Klindt House is a two-story structure that follows a square plan with a corner wing on the back of the house. It features a Mansard roof and pedimented dormers, which are typical of the Second Empire style. The enclosed porch and sedimented pediment on the front indicates that this house is from a later date of the style. The house is located on a high hill above the street. There is a large carriage house/garage with a gambrel roof behind the house.

References

Houses completed in 1895
Second Empire architecture in Iowa
Houses in Davenport, Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa

George Klindt House


Charlotte of Albret (1480 – 11 March 1514), Dame de Châlus, was a wealthy French noblewoman of the Albret family. She was the sister of King John III of Navarre and the wife of the widely notorious Cesare Borgia, whom she married in 1499. She was the mother of his only legitimate child, Louise Borgia, to whom she acted as regent of the Duchy of Valentinois following the death of Cesare from 1507-1514.

Family
Charlotte was born in 1480, the daughter of Alain I of Albret, Lord of Albret, and Frances, Countess of Périgord. Her paternal grandparents were Jean d'Albret and Charlotte de Rohan, and her maternal grandparents were William, Viscount of Limoges and Isabelle de La Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Bertrand V de La Tour, Count of Auvergne and Boulogne, and Jacquette du Peschin. Her paternal great-great-grandfather was Charles d'Albret, Constable of France, who was killed while commanding the French troops at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. She had six siblings including John d'Albret, who became King of Navarre upon his marriage to Catherine of Navarre.

Marriage to Cesare Borgia
On arrival to the throne, Louis XII of France intended to establish strong bonds with Brittany in order to incorporate it to the Kingdom of France, aiming to marry Anne of Brittany for the purpose; however, he was married by then to Joan of Valois. The Foix-Albret, led by Alain de Albret, feared a French takeover of Béarn, de facto sovereign, but claimed now by the French king.

The Navarrese monarchs Catherine and John started a rapprochement to Louis XII in order to appease his ambitions in Béarn, by supporting Louis XII in his attempt to marry the Breton princess. Louis XII demanded that Pope Alexander VI issue an annulment of his marriage to Joan. The latter responded in kind by requiring a princess of royal blood to marry his son Cesare. The monarchs of Navarre proposed in turn Charlotte for the bargain.

The political move would get the monarchs Catherine and John peace of mind to the north of the Pyrenees, while at the same time establishing friendly diplomatic relations with Rome that could pave the way to solve their conflict over ecclesiastic appointments in Navarre, especially concerning the bishop of Pamplona Pallaviccini, a designation contested by the Navarrese monarchs. The conditions were set down on the contract of the wedding held in spring of 1499.

On 10 May 1499, at the age of 19 at Blois, Charlotte married Cesare Borgia, the notorious illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI Borgia and Vannozza dei Cattanei. He had recently been created Duke of Valentinois by King Louis XII of France. The marriage was political, arranged with the purpose of strengthening Cesare's alliance with France. Cesare did not remain for long in the territories under the rule of the Foix-Albret, since he departed to Italy soon after the wedding and getting Charlotte pregnant, neither coming back to know his newborn daughter. Cesare accompanied King Louis in his invasion of Italy.

Charlotte was described as having been "beautiful and rich". In 1504, she became the owner of the properties of Feusines, Néret, and La Motte-Feuilly. Cesare and Charlotte had one daughter together:

 Louise Borgia, suo jure Dame de Châlus, suo jure Duchess of Valentinois (17 May 1500 – 1553), she first married on 7 April 1517 Louis II de la Trémoille, Governor of Burgundy; she married secondly on 3 February 1530, Philippe de Bourbon, Siegneur de Busset, by whom she had issue.

Cesare had at least eleven illegitimate children by various mistresses.

After escaping from a Spanish prison, Cesare died at the siege of Viana on 12 March 1507 in the service of Charlotte's brother, the king of Navarre with whom he had sought refuge. Following his death, Charlotte acted as regent for their only daughter, Louise, who had succeeded her father as Duchess of Valentinois. Almost seven years after Cesare's death, on 11 March 1514, at the Chateau of La Motte-Feuilly, Charlotte died. She was buried in a tomb at the church at La Motte-Feuilly.

As of the 21st century, there are many living descendants of Cesare Borgia and Charlotte of Albret, including Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma.

References

Sources

1480 births
1514 deaths
House of Borgia
Chalus, Lady of, Charlotte of Albret
House of Albret
Duchesses of Urbino
Dukes of Valentinois
16th-century women rulers

Charlotte of Albret


The House of Colloredo-Mansfeld () is an originally Italian noble family of which a branch came to Austria in the late 16th century. There they were raised to barons in 1588, imperial counts in 1727 and imperial princes (in primogeniture) in 1763. They obtained Opočno Castle in the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1634 and acquired numerous further estates in Bohemia and Austria. In 1945 they were expropriated and expelled from the Czechoslovak Republic, but returned after 1990 and had parts of their former estates restituted.

History

The Colloredo family is originally from Colloredo di Monte Albano, Italy, where they owned numerous estates. According to family tradition, it descends from the Swabian Lords of Waldsee. Allegedly, Liebhart (Liobardo) of Waldsee came to Italy attending King Conrad II and about 1031 was enfeoffed by Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia with Mels Castle near Udine in Friuli. His descendants from 1309 onwards built Colloredo Castle as their residence. The Waldsee lineage however is disputed today.

The house was elevated to the noble rank of Freiherr by the Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II in 1588 and became Reichsgraf in 1724.
In 1634 two Colloredo brothers were granted Opočno Castle in Bohemia by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Rudolph Joseph von Colloredo (1706-1788), Vice-Chancellor of Empress Maria Theresa, was appointed Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1763.

The Colloredo-Mansfeld line emerged when his son Franz de Paula Gundakar von Colloredo married Princess Maria Isabella of Mansfeld in 1771 and was able to inherit her family's Bohemian estates with Dobříš Castle upon the extinction of the dynasty's male line in 1780, while the original Mansfeld possessions passed to the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg. The union of the houses of Colloredo and Mansfeld was officially approved by decree of Emperor Joseph II in 1789; the decree used the spelling Colloredo-Mannsfeld whilst the spelling Colloredo-Mansfeld was more common.

In 1803 Prince Franz Gundakar purchased a part of the County of Rieneck from the House of Nostitz because its Imperial immediacy granted him a seat in the Imperial Diet, although he never moved there. In 1806 this territory was mediatised by the Archbishop of Regensburg, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, as part of his Principality of Aschaffenburg. In 1815 Rieneck was annexed by the Kingdom of Bavaria. The Prince purchased in 1804 a portion of the County of Limpurg known as the Lordship of Limpurg-Gröningen; this was mediatised by the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1806.

In the Second Czechoslovak Republic about half of the family possessions of 60,000 hectares of forests and farmland was expropriated during a land reform. Under German occupation (Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), when the Colloredos who had become Czechoslovak citizens refused to become Germans, their remaining estates were confiscated by the Nazis and some of the nephews of prince Joseph II. (who lived in Paris) were arrested for slave work, others emigrated. After World War II, the family returned but only to face arrest and torture again, and subsequently expulsion from Czechoslovakia where they were again expropriated, this time "as Germans" under the Beneš decrees. They emigrated to Canada and the US. Their only remaining possession was Gstatt forest estate in Austria that they had purchased in 1929, while a younger branch still owns Sierndorf in Austria (purchased in 1756).

Parts of the Colloredo's possessions, among them Dobříš Castle and Zbiroh Castle and their farmlands, were restored by the Czech Republic to Jerome Colloredo-Mansfeld (who sold the latter and left the first to his nephew ). Opočno Castle was returned to prince Joseph III's daughter Kristina Colloredo-Mansfeld. A high court decision however forced her to give the castle back to the State while she was allowed to keep the farmland. A lawsuit over the arts collection at Opočno Castle is still pending. Countess Kristina is living in Opočno and in Gstatt, Austria. The family now owns again about 20,000 of their original 60,000 hectares.

Princes of Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1789–present)

  Franz Gundackar, Count 1788–1789, 1st Prince 1789-1807 (1731-1789), son of Rudolph Joseph, Prince (1763) and Vice-Chancellor
 Rudolf, 2nd Prince 1807-1843 (1772-1843)
 Count Hieronymus (1775-1822)
  Franz, 3rd Prince 1843-1852 (1802-1852)
  Count Ferdinand (1777-1848)
  Joseph, 4th Prince 1852-1895 (1813-1895)
  Hieronymus, Hereditary Prince of Colloredo-Mannsfeld (1842-1881)
 Joseph, 5th Prince 1895-1957 (1866-1957)
  Count Hieronymus (1870-1942)
 Joseph, 6th Prince 1957-1990 (1910-1990)
 Hieronymus, 7th Prince 1990-1998 (1912-1998)
  Count Friedrich (1917-1991)
  , 8th Prince 1998–present (b.1949)
 Paul-Josef Count of Mannsfeld, Hereditary Prince of Colloredo-Mannsfeld (b.1981)
 Count Hieronymus (b.2011)
 Count Felix (b.2013)
  Count Paul (b.2016)
  Count Lelio (b.1985)

Notable members
Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo (1732–1812) was Prince-Bishop of Gurk from 1761 and last Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1771 until 1803, when the Archbishopric was secularized.
Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld (1775–1822) was an Austrian corps commander during the Napoleonic Wars.
Franz Gundaker von Colloredo-Mansfeld (1802–1852), his son, was an Austrian corps commander during the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
Filippo di Colloredo-Mels (1778–1864), leader of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from the Italian branch of the family

References

External links
  (in German and Czech)

House of Mansfeld
Austrian noble families
German noble families

House of Colloredo-Mannsfeld


Roy Allen Williams (born August 1, 1950) is an American college basketball coach for the North Carolina Tar Heels.

He started his college coaching career at North Carolina as an assistant coach for Dean Smith in 1978.
In 1988, Williams became the head coach of the men's basketball team at Kansas, taking them to fourteen consecutive NCAA tournaments, collecting a .805 win percentage and winning nine conference titles over his fifteen-year span. In 2003, Williams left Kansas to return to his alma mater North Carolina, replacing Matt Doherty as head coach of the Tar Heels. Since returning to North Carolina, Williams has won three national championships, eight Atlantic Coast Conference conference titles, one AP National Coach of the Year award, and two ACC Coach of the Year awards.

Early years
Williams was born in Marion, North Carolina, and spent his early years in the small western North Carolina towns of Marion and Spruce Pine. As a child his family relocated to nearby Asheville, where he grew up. In basketball, playing for Coach Buddy Baldwin, he was named all-county and all-conference for two years (1967 and 1968), all-western North Carolina in 1968 and served as captain in the North Carolina Blue-White All-Star Game. Williams has stated that Coach Baldwin was one of the biggest influences in his life. Williams went on to play on the freshman team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and study the game under coach Dean Smith.

Early coaching years
Williams' first coaching job was in 1973 as a high school basketball and golf coach at Charles D. Owen High School[8] in Black Mountain, North Carolina. He coached basketball and boys' golf for five years and ninth-grade football for four years, and served as athletic director for two years.
In 1978, Williams came back to the University of North Carolina and served as an assistant to Coach Dean Smith from 1978 to 1988. During his tenure as assistant coach, North Carolina went 275–61 and won the NCAA national championship in 1982, the first for Smith and the second for North Carolina. One of Williams' more notable events came as assistant coach when he became instrumental in recruiting Michael Jordan.

Professional players coached

Kansas
 Nick Collison
 Drew Gooden
 Darrin Hancock
 Kirk Hinrich
 Raef LaFrentz
 Greg Ostertag
 Paul Pierce
 Scot Pollard
 Mark Randall
 Ryan Robertson
 Wayne Simien
 Billy Thomas
 Jacque Vaughn
 Rex Walters

North Carolina
 Harrison Barnes
 Reggie Bullock
 Ed Davis
 Wayne Ellington
 Raymond Felton
 Danny Green
 P.J. Hairston
 Tyler Hansbrough
 John Henson
 Brice Johnson
 Ty Lawson
 Kendall Marshall
 Sean May
 James Michael McAdoo
 Rashad McCants
 David Noel
 Marcus Paige
 J. P. Tokoto
 Jawad Williams
 Marvin Williams
 Brandan Wright
 Tyler Zeller
 Coby White
 Cameron Johnson
 Nasir Little
 Justin Jackson
 Cole Anthony
 Theo Pinson
 Luke Maye

Head coaching record

1950 births
American people
Living people
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees

Roy Williams (coach)


La Rioja () is a province of Argentina located in the west of the country. The landscape of the province consist of a series of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges and agricultural valleys in between. It is in one of these valleys that the capital of the province, the city of la La Rioja, lies. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis and San Juan. The dinosaur Riojasaurus is named after the province.

History

Petroglyphs created by early indigenous peoples at the Talampaya National Park are dated around 10,000 years BC. Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples developed here. The Diaguita, Capayan and the Olongasta peoples inhabited the territory of present-day La Rioja Province at the time of encounter with the Spanish colonists in the 16th century.

Juan Ramírez de Velazco founded Todos Los Santos de la Nueva Rioja in 1591 under the government of Tucumán of the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1630 the Calchaquí people revolted against the Spanish, but the governor Albornoz suppressed them.

In 1783, after the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, the control of the province of 10,000 inhabitants passed to the Córdoba independency. The province acquired independence from Córdoba in 1820. Following attempts by  Bernardino Rivadavia, the first elected President of Argentina, to impose a centralist constitution, the caudillo Juan Facundo Quiroga emerged as a popular leader. He represented their preference for more autonomy, for which they continued to press following  Quiroga's 1835 assassination. After a period of internal instability in Argentina, the province finally joined the Argentine Confederation in 1853.

La Rioja attracted fewer immigrants from Europe than did other Argentine provinces from 1890 to the 1930s.

Some Syrian and Lebanese immigrants did settle in the province, among whom the most well-known is probably the Menem family. Coming from what had been the Ottoman Empire, Saul Menem and his wife were of Armenian and Alawi ancestry. He prospered as a traveling salesman and sent his eldest son, Carlos Menem, to Spain for college. After the younger Menem was elected governor of La Rioja Province in March 1973, he implemented a number of reforms advocated by activists for the poor, rural majority, particularly those recommended by Bishop Enrique Angelelli.

Removed and imprisoned following the military ouster of President Isabel Perón in March 1976, Menem was kept in illegal confinement until the end of 1980. He was reportedly tortured during this time. The dictatorship repressed people in the province and was responsible for the brutal murder in August 1976 of Bishop Angelelli.  After democracy was restored in 1983, Menem was overwhelmingly re-elected to office. He pursued conservative policies, leveraging La Rioja's dry, agreeable climate, its modest wage scale, and skilled work-force, to attract La Rioja's first significant light industries, particularly bottling and food-processing.

Having presided over a growing La Rioja economy even as the nation's languished during the 1980s, Menem secured the Peronist Justicialist Party nomination for president in May 1988; in an upset, he defeated the popular Governor Antonio Cafiero of Buenos Aires Province. Elected president of Argentina in 1988, Menem served until 1999. During those years, he steered billions in federal public works spending into La Rioja. Although the province remains less developed than the average in the nation, its economy today compares favorably with those of its neighbors.

Geography

Located in the Argentine Northwest area, its landscape is arid to semi-arid, and the dry climate receives annually 200 mm of precipitation, has short winters, and very hot summers.

From the Andes at the west, with peaks of up to 6,795 meters (Monte Pissis), the relief's height descends towards the sierras of the neighbouring dry Pampas zone. Most ranges in La Rioja are oriented north-south. The province's two largest cities, La Rioja and Chilecito are separated by Sierra de Velasco and west of Chilecito and Famatina rises the Sierra de Famatina with heights of up to 6,250 m.a.sl. (≈20500 feet).

The Talampaya National Park is a dry red-soil canyon of the dry Talampaya river, which contains many cliff walls and rock formations that make it an interesting tourist destination.

Economy
La Rioja's economy, estimated at US$1.822 billion in 2006, is the second-smallest among Argentina's provinces. Its per capita output of US$6,283, though about 30% below the national average, makes it the most well-developed in northern Argentina.

Its economy is, likewise, very well-diversified. Agriculture (long limited by La Rioja's dry, mountainous terrain) adds less than 5% to its output.  La Rioja's agriculture (as well as cities) lies on the banks of the few permanent rivers and oases that allow irrigation, with only 190 square kilometres of cultivated land. Vineyards, nuts and olive plantations are the most common, followed by cotton.

The province's main crop is the grape, and its associated wine production, especially around the Chilecito area, with a production of 8 million litres per year.

Cattle (250,000 heads) and goats (150,000 heads) are secondary activities, particularly for skin and leather. Clay represents the main mining activity, and uranium is also extracted near El Colorado.

Manufacturing in La Rioja has expanded considerably since Gov. Menem began attracting investment into the province, after 1983.  Limited mostly to light industry like bottling and food processing, it, nevertheless, adds about 20% to La Rioja's output.  Tourism is, likewise, an expanding activity. Besides the Talampaya National Park, tourists visiting La Rioja usually go also to the Chilecito town, Cerro de La Cruz, Termas de Santa Teresita hot springs and the village of Villa Sanagasta.

La Rioja's development plan is being designed by Proyectos Innovadores to encourage further economic growth in the province.

Recently, the province experienced a wave of immigration from Eastern Europe, East or South Asian and Middle Eastern countries.

Government
The provincial government is divided into the usual three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoint the cabinet; the legislative; and the judiciary, headed by the Supreme Court.

The Constitution of La Rioja Province, Argentina forms the formal law of the province.

In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the La Rioja Provincial Police.

Political division

The province is divided in 18 departments (Spanish departamentos). They are formally considered to be a single municipality, and usually contain one or more population centers (i.e. towns and cities).

 Arauco (Aimogasta)
 Capital (La Rioja)
 Castro Barros (Aminga)
 Chamical (Chamical)
 Chilecito (Chilecito)
 Coronel Felipe Varela (Villa Unión)
 Famatina (Famatina)
 General Ángel Vicente Peñaloza (Tama)
 General Belgrano (Olta)
 General Juan Facundo Quiroga (Malazán)
 General Lamadrid (Villa Castelli)
 General Ocampo (Milagro)
 General San Martín (Ulapes)
 Independencia (Patquía)
 Rosario Vera Peñaloza (Chepes)
 San Blas de los Sauces (San Blas de los Sauces)
 Sanagasta (Sanagasta)
 Vinchina (Vinchina)

See also

References

External links

Gobierno de La Rioja Official website

Wine regions of Argentina
Provinces of Argentina
States and territories established in 1853

La Rioja Province, Argentina


Stožice ( or ; ) is a formerly independent settlement in the northern part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Geography
Stožice lies between the former settlements of Ježica and Tomačevo, the hamlet of Brinje, and the historical territory of the City of Ljubljana along both sides of the former main road to Domžale (Dunajska cesta 'Vienna Street'). Stožice developed from a core settlement of farms east of the road on a terrace above the Sava River. The soil is sandy and fertile.

Name
The name Stožice is derived from the Slovene common noun stog 'stack of hay', referring to local agricultural practices. In the past the German name of the village was Stoschze.

History
The walls of a square Roman structure were discovered in the north part of the Stožice cemetery in 1880. Associated finds included a coin from the 4th century. Roman tiles and graves have also been found at the Urbanček farm in Stožice. Before the Second World War, a textile factory and a vinegar and yeast factory operated in the village. Important economic activities also included sales of foodstuffs, especially milk and eggs, to Ljubljana. After the war, there was extensive private construction in the Stožice. The southern part of Stožice (79 houses with a population of 628) was annexed by Ljubljana in 1935. The remainder of Stožice was annexed by the City of Ljubljana in 1974, ending its existence as an independent settlement.

Church

The church in Stožice is dedicated to Saint George. It is late Gothic or even earlier in style and was first mentioned in written sources in 1526. It has been remodeled several times. The furnishings of the church are primarily the work of Andrej Rovšek and date from the early 20th century. The church cemetery was established in 1797, when it was transferred from the parish church in Ježica. The cemetery contains a memorial to 104 victims of the Second World War.

Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Stožice include:
Alojzij Merhar (a.k.a. Silvin Sardenko) (1876–1942), poet, writer, playwright, and editor
Franc Pavlovec (1897–1959), painter
France Presetnik (1913–1997), actor
Franci Presetnik (1916–1974), actor

References

External links

Stožice on Geopedia

Localities of the Posavje District, Ljubljana
Ljubljana Posavje

Stožice (Ljubljana)


Air Vice Marshal Julie Hammer,  (born 17 February 1955) is an Australian engineer and a retired senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). She was the first woman to be promoted to one-star rank, and also the first woman to be promoted to two-star rank, in the Australian Defence Force.  She was also the first woman to command an operational unit in the RAAF.

Early life
Julie Margaret Hammer was born in Brisbane on 17 February 1955. She was educated at Brisbane Girls Grammar School. Graduating in 1971, she was placed eighth in the State of Queensland in the Senior Public Matriculation Examination. She attended the University of Queensland where she majored in Physics, graduating with a Bachelor of Science with Honours.

Service history
In 1977, Hammer joined the RAAF as an Education Officer, serving in the engineer cadet squadron at Frognall, Melbourne until 1979, and then Instructor at the RAAF School of Radio at Laverton.

In 1981, the Engineer Branch was opened to women and she transferred to the Electronics Category. She managed deep-level maintenance on the RAAF's F-111, UH-1 Iroquois, CH-47 Chinook, and Canberra aircraft with No. 3 Aircraft Depot at RAAF Base Amberley. She then worked at Headquarters Support Command in the engineering management of avionics equipment for the RAAF fleet. In June 1985 she was promoted to squadron leader, and became Sub-Section Head in the Aircraft Equipment Engineering Division (AEENG3) of Headquarters Support Command at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne.

After 16 months study at No. 5 Advanced Systems Engineering Course at RAF Cranwell, she became a liaison officer in the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence at the Ministry of Defence in London. After the completion of her Master of Science thesis in Aerosystems Engineering in 1987, she became  a technical intelligence analyst with the Joint Intelligence Organisation in Canberra. This was followed by work on the P-3 Orion ESM Project, first as project engineer and then, following promotion to wing commander, as project manager.

In 1992, she assumed command of the Electronic Warfare Squadron at RAAF Base Edinburgh, becoming the first woman to command an operational unit of the RAAF, for which she was awarded the Conspicuous Service Cross in the Australia Day list in 1997. She was also the recipient of the 1996 Association of Old Crows (Australian Chapter) Award for Distinguished Service to Electronic Warfare.

Returning to Canberra in 1996, she took the role of Project Director of Joint Project 2030 (JP2030), the Australian Defence Force's Joint Command Support Environment (JCSE), in the Command and Support Systems Branch of the Defence Acquisition Organisation (DAO). She completed a Graduate Diploma in Strategic Studies at the Joint Services Staff College, and became the first woman in the RAAF to become a member of the General List when she was promoted to group captain in 1996. She was seconded for four months to serve on the Science and Technology Team of the Defence Efficiency Review.

During 1999, she was the lone Australian student at the Royal College of Defence Studies, completing a 12-month course in strategic and international studies. Returning to Australia in December 1999, she was promoted to air commodore, becoming the first woman to achieve that rank and the first to be promoted to one-star rank in the ADF. When she was subsequently promoted to air vice marshal in 2003, she became the first woman to attain two-star rank in the ADF.

She assumed duties as Director General Information Services, responsible for the operations and support of Defence's fixed communications networks and computer systems throughout Australia.  In December 2001, she became the first woman Commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy. That year she was awarded the Sir Charles Kingsford Smith Memorial Medal by the Royal Aeronautical Society to recognise her contribution to Australian aerospace, and she delivered the Kingsford Smith Memorial Lecture.

She was appointed by the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women to be one of Australia's Honouring Women Ambassadors in 2002. She became the University of Queensland's 12th Alumnus of the Year in 2003, and a Member of the Order of Australia in 2004.

Later career
Retiring from the RAAF in 2005, Hammer became the National Vice President of Engineers Australia, and its president in 2008. She is a director of the .au Domain Regulator, auDA. In 2008 she was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Engineers Australia in 2011.

Hammer has been married to fellow RAAF officer, Air Vice Marshal David Dunlop, since September 2000.

References

1955 births
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering
Living people
Members of the Order of Australia
People from Brisbane
Recipients of the Conspicuous Service Cross (Australia)
Female air marshals of the Royal Australian Air Force
Women in 21st-century warfare
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Military personnel from Brisbane

Julie Hammer


Kushan dance or kushan nritya or kushan gaan is a Rajbongshi folk drama form based on Krittivasi Ramayan. The artistes narrate the story of Ramayan in Kamtapuri or Rajbongshi language through musical verses. The Kushan folk theater is traceable to the 15th century when the Koch dynasty ruled Assam, West Bengal, and the current northern Bangladesh. The name, Kushan, has its sources in the name Kush, the second son of Sita.

The men, called as sokra or chokra, sing and dance during the performance. The primary performer is known as mool or geedal - he narrates the story and the doari, the jester, works as an intermediary between the mool and the audience through commentaries, observations, and jokes. Bena, an instrument made of bamboo is used in the performances apart from aar banshi (bamboo flute), mondira, sarinja, akhrai, violin, and harmonium. The performance starts with ashar bandana, an auspicious song to seek the blessings of gods and goddesses.

References

Bengali culture
Dances of India
Folk dances of West Bengal

Kushan dance


Gilbertville is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove. There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south. In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi.

Settlements in Ontario

en:Norfolk County, Ontario

Gilbertville, Ontario