Sir John Dodson (19 January 1780 – 27 April 1858) was an English judge, aka Dean of Arches, and member of parliament.

Life
Dodson was born at Hurstpierpoint on 19 January 1780.  He was the eldest son of the Rev. Dr. John Dodson (1734–1807), rector of Yoxall, Staffordshire, and then rector of Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex, who died in July 1807.
He entered Merchant Taylors' School in 1790, and proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford, in 1797, where he graduated B.A. 1801, M.A. 1804, Middle Temple 1807 (called to the bar 1834), and D.C.L. 1808. He was admitted an advocate of the College of Doctors of Laws (Doctors' Commons) 3 November 1808, and acted as commissary to the dean and chapter of Westminster from 1808. A civil lawyer and editor of the Admiralty Reports 1811–22. Dodson died at 6 Seamore Place, Mayfair, London, 27 April 1858. For many years before that he had lived at 12 Hertford street, Mayfair.

Career
From July 1819 to March 1823 he sat for Rye in parliament as, essentially, a Tory member, on death of its patron Thomas Phillipps Lamb, (?1752–1819), of Mountsfield Lodge, Rye, of the family of Rye's Lamb House. On 11 March 1829 he was appointed by the Duke of Wellington to the office of advocate to the Admiralty Court, and on being named advocate-general, 15 October 1834, was knighted at St. James's Palace on the 29th of the same month.
As J. M. Collinge puts it: 'He voted in the (Tory) government majority on the blasphemous libels bill, 23 December 1819, and later received all his major legal appointments from Tory ministries. He is not known to have spoken in the House before 1820.'

He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple 8 November 1834, Admiralty Advocate 1829–34, and King's Advocate 1834–52, 1835 he was elected a bencher of his inn, Middle Temple, and reader in 1838, treasurer 1841. He became master of the faculties in November 1841, and vicar-general to the lord primate (archbishop of Canterbury) in 1849–52. From February 1852 he was judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury (PCC) until the abolition of this jurisdiction on 9 December 1857.  He was dean of the Arches Court till his death. Herbert Jenner-Fust preceded him as Dean, and both were painted by F. Y. Frederick Yeates Hurlstone. He was sworn a privy councillor 5 April 1852. Knighted 29 October 1834.

Family

His father the Rev. John Dodson (1734–1807), BD (1768), DD (1772), matriculated Trinity College (1749), Oxford, MA Oriel College (1756) & fellow; vicar of Cubbington, Warwickshire; (his brother Charles was also vicar of Cubbington and when curate of Leek Wootton where he lived he helped James Wilmot of Kenilworth); rector of Yoxall (1768–84), Staffordshire, and then rector (1785/88-1805) of Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex, and died in July 1807, having married in 1776 Frances (1750–1832), (buried Church of St Chad, Lichfield, Staffordshire), daughter of the Rev. Mr. John Dawson (c.1704–1767, matric. University college, Oxford; Ordained 1729; of Stapenhill, Burton-upon-Trent, Stanton Drew, and Broughton Sulney, Nottinghamshire), by his wife Susannah.

Dodson married Frances-Priscilla Pearson (1788–1869), eldest daughter and co-heir of George Pearson, MD, of London and Tyers Hill, Darfield, (then) in the West Riding of Yorkshire, on 24 December 1822.  His only son, John George Dodson, barrister, of Lincoln's Inn, was elected M.P. for East Sussex in April 1857 and was created Lord Monk Bretton in 1884.

Dodson's grandfather, the venerable and pious Rev. Christopher Dodson (1705–1784, aged 78), an Eton scholar (1719–23), admitted pensioner Clare College, Cambridge 28 May 1724, and rector of Hurstpierpoint for 51 years, married on 24 August 1731 at Wivelsfield to Mary (1713-1747/8, aged 35), the daughter of Thomas Marchant, gent, of Little Park, Ninfield. His great-grandfather was the Rev Jeremiah Dodson II (1673–1744), rector of Broadwater, Sussex before he became rector of Hurstpierpoint in 1701. Jeremiah married Anne (d.1745), daughter of Christopher Todd, apothecary of the Market, of St. Faith, London, in St Ann Blackfriars, St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, April 1701. Both are buried in Broadwater, where there is (or was in 1883) a slab monumental inscription.

His great-great-grandfather
His great-great-grandfather was Rev. Jeremiah (Jeremy) Dodson I (d.1795), who was perpetual curate of Wye, Kent from 1660 or 1662 and by 1665 rector of St Katherine Coleman, Coleman Street, Fenchurch street, London. He married secondly in 1663 Elinor Ryves (d.1668), daughter of the Ven. John Ryves, and granddaughter of Robert Tounson, and then thirdly in 1669 Margaret (d.1689), daughter of Randolph (or Randall) Isaacson, merchant, of St. Katharine Coleman, by whom came his, seemingly, surviving son Rev. Jeremiah Dodson II.

Randolph Issacson was one of the 17 children of Henry Isaacson (1581–1654), (by Elizabeth, daughter of John Fan, leather-seller), of St. Katherine Coleman, who was of a family with a Sheffield origin, but was a citizen and Painter-stainer of London (of which company he was a warden and was its Master in 1633 & 1639, following his uncle Pawle Isaacson, who was master in 1627). Henry Isaacson was also treasurer and amanuensis to Lord Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, publishing a life of Andrewes in 1650, having in 1633 produced his own Saturni Ephemerides, or the chronological history of the four kingdoms: see ODNB).

Randolph Isaacson's wife Margaret was the daughter of Robert Shawe II,  son of Robert Shaw, vintner, of St. George's, Southwark, Surrey), and brother of Sir John Shaw, Bt., of Broad street, London and Eltham Lodge, (designed by Hugh May), Kent, and of Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Hurstpierpoint was granted to John Shaw, with a baronetcy, by Charles II, in return for money lent to him during his exile, which connection was of great importance to later generations of Dodsons as three members were incumbents (rectors) there 1707–1807.

Jeremiah Dodson was author of A Sermon Preached at the Funeral Obsequies of Jacob Lucie Esq. [1627-c1685] late Alderman of the City of London, in the Parish-church of St. Katherine Coleman, November, 20th, 1688. He was president of Sion College in 1689.

Dodson's brother-in-law, his wife Margaret's brother, James Isaacson (1660–1724), was MP for Banbury 1698–99. Commissioner stamp duty 1694–1702; King's warehouse keeper of the customs, port of London c.1696–before 1702; commissioner of customs [Scotland] 1707–9, Governor of the Friendly Society for Widows 1696. His parliamentary career came to an abrupt end on 10 February 1699 when he was expelled from the House.

Dodson was a contemporary and first cousin of Sir William Dodson (1639–1695), woollen draper, even the King's woollen draper, of Kensington, formerly of St Paul's churchyard, (Castle Baynard), (Tory) Alderman of London and sometime militia captain who was knighted in 1680. In 1682 he was a steward at the Feast of the Artillery Company of London. He was Master Merchant Taylor in 1686 and in November 1667, at St. Mary-le-Strand, Westminster, he had married Elizabeth Brewer (1633–1696), widow of fishmonger John Briscoe (d.1665), but they had no children and he left his estate to his brother John. He was buried in the south aisle of the nave of Westminster Abbey on 16 October 1695, his gravestone was removed when the nave was re-paved in 1834 but the inscription read: "Here lyeth interred the body of Sir William Dodson, Knight. Obiit 9 Oct. A.D. 1695".

Three brothers and sister
Rev. William (St. John's, Oxford), BA (1804), MA (1808), BD (1817),  was vicar of Edlington, Lincolnshire, and rector of Dexthorpe and Claxby (Claseby) from 1817, and died in 1852. Reverend William Dodson, who had married Thomas Phillips Lamb's eldest daughter Elizabeth, was thus a freeman and jurat of Rye (see Lamb House). His second son John George Dodson matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford in June 1837, aged 19. His third son Rev. Paul Augustus Dodson (c.1819–) matriculated at Worcester College, Oxford in 1838. His daughter Elizabeth Dorothy Dodson (c1814-1874) married (1842) Rev. Baron Francis de Paravicini (1816–1897), rector of Avening (1857–97), and uncle of Percy de Paravicini.

Nathaniel Dodson (c1787-1867), matriculated St. John's College, Oxford, 14 December 1805 aged 18; BA 1809, MA 1812, proctor 1819; Rector of Buttermere, Wiltshire, 1818 and Vicar St Helens, Abingdon, 1824–67, prebend of Lincoln. Appointed by the Archdeacon of Oxford in August 1831, 'a Surrogate for granting marriage licenses, probates of wills, &c., within the diocese of Oxford'.

Christopher Dodson (c1793-1876), matriculated University College, Oxford, 3 April 1810, aged 17; BA 1813, MA 1817, Rector of Grateley 1819, and of Penton Mewsey, Hants (1832 to death 24 April 1876). Sometime domestic Chaplain: Maria, Countess of Guildford, and Louisa, Countess of Craven. Chairman of the Andover Union Board of (Poor Law) Guardians at the time of the Andover workhouse scandal

His sister Frances Dodson married Rev. John Constable (1779–1863) of Middleham House, vicar of Ringmer (1812–), (son of Rev Richard Constable of Cowfold (1756–1839): Vicar of Selmeston 1785–1801, Vicar of Heathfield 1785–1801, Prebend of Chichester 1796–1839, Vicar of Cowfold 1801–39, and Vicar of Hailsham 1805–39, and prebend of Wisborough).

Works
Dodson was concerned in the following works:
 A Report of the Case of Dalrymple the Wife against Dalrymple the Husband, 1811.
 Reports of Cases argued and determined in the High Court of Admiralty, 1811–22, London, 1815–1828, another ed. 1853.
 A Report of the Case of the Louis appealed from the Admiralty Court at Sierra Leone, and determined in the High Court of Admiralty, 1817.
 A Digested Index of the Cases determined in the High Court of Admiralty, contained in the Reports of Robinson, Edwards, and Dodson, by Joshua Greene, 1818.
 A Report of the Judgment in the Case of Sullivan against Sullivan, falsely called Oldacre, 1818.
 Lawful Church Ornaments, by J. W. Perry. With an Appendix on the Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. Dodson in the appeal Liddell v. Westerton, 1857.
 A Review of the Judgment of Sir John Dodson in the case of Liddell v. Westerton, by C. F. Trower, 1857.
 The Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. Dodson, also the Judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the case of Liddell and Horne against Westerton, by A. F. Bayford, 1857.

References
 The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820, ed. R. Thorne, 1986.

Attribution

1780 births
1858 deaths
People from Hurstpierpoint
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Members of the Middle Temple
19th-century English judges
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
Members of Doctors' Commons

John Dodson (judge)


Leonard "Len" Downie Jr.  is an American journalist who was executive editor of The Washington Post from 1991 to 2008. He worked in the Post newsroom for 44 years. His roles at the newspaper included executive editor, managing editor, national editor, London correspondent, assistant managing editor for metropolitan news, deputy metropolitan editor, and investigative and local reporter. Downie became executive editor upon the retirement of Ben Bradlee. During Downie's tenure as executive editor, the Washington Post won 25 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper had won during the term of a single executive editor. Downie currently serves as vice president at large at the Washington Post, as Weil Family Professor of Journalism at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University, and as a member of several advisory boards associated with journalism and public affairs.

Downie is the author of six nonfiction books: All About the Story: News, Power, Politics, and the Washington Post (2020); The News Media: What Everyone Needs To Know(with C.W. Anderson and Michael Schudson, 2016); The News About the News (with Robert G. Kaiser, 2003); The New Muckrakers (1976); Mortgage on America (1974) and Justice Denied: The Case for Reform of the Courts (1971) The News About the News won the Goldsmith Award from the Joan Shorenstein Center at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Downie was also a major contributor to Ten Blocks from the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968 and has written many newspaper and magazine articles. He authored two major special reports for the Committee to Protect Journalists, The Trump Administration and the Press (2020) and The Obama Administration and the Press (2013) and co-authored "The Reconstruction of American Journalism" (2009), a major report on the state of the news media, published by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.  In 2009, Random House published his fiction debut, The Rules of the Game.

Early life and education
Downie grew up in and around Cleveland, Ohio. He decided to become a journalist at the age of eleven and edited student newspapers at his elementary school and at Wilbur Wright Junior High School and John Marshall High School. He received his BA and MA degrees in journalism and political science from Ohio State University.  While at Ohio State, he served as sports editor of the student newspaper The Lantern.  During his tenure there he covered Ohio State football as well as the riots that surrounded the school's decision to turn down a bid to the 1962 Rose Bowl. In June 1993, he received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Ohio State, in conjunction with his address during the university's commencement exercises. Downie has been married three times. He has four children and two stepchildren. His eldest son, David L. Downie, is a scholar of international environmental policy.

Career
Downie first joined the Washington Post as a summer intern in 1964. He soon became a well-known local investigative reporter in Washington, specializing in crime, courts, housing and urban affairs. His 1966 investigative series on the malfunctioning local court system in Washington, D.C. helped lead to the system's abolition and replacement by the D.C. Superior Court. His reporting during his time on the metro staff won him two Washington-Baltimore Newspaper Guild Front Page awards, the American Bar Association Gavel Award for legal reporting, and the John Hancock Award for excellent business and financial writing. In 1971, he was awarded a two-year Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship
 to study urban problems in the United States and Europe.

Downie's first three books grew out of his newspaper journalism during those years. Justice Denied (Praeger, 1971) examined poorly functioning city courts across the country. Mortgage on America (Praeger, 1974) investigated the impact and costs of certain types of destructive urban real estate speculation. The New Muckrakers (New Republic Books, 1976) detailed the rise and impact of a new generation of investigative reporters, including his colleagues Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. Earlier, Downie had also been a major contributor to the book, Ten Blocks From the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968 (Praeger, 1968), drawing on his first hand reporting of the riots and their aftermath.

Downie worked on the Post's metropolitan staff as a reporter and editor for 15 years, and ran the staff as assistant managing editor for metropolitan news from 1974 until 1979. As deputy metropolitan editor, Downie supervised much of the Post's Watergate coverage. According to Bob Woodward's 2005 book The Secret Man, Downie was one of the few people to know the true identity of Watergate scandal informant Deep Throat before it was revealed to be Mark Felt.

Downie was named London correspondent in 1979 and worked in this capacity until mid-1982, covering the rise of Margaret Thatcher, the troubles in Northern Ireland, the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana, and the Falklands War. He returned to Washington in 1982 as national editor. He became managing editor in 1984. He became executive editor in 1991, succeeding Benjamin Bradlee. As national editor, managing editor, and then executive editor, Downie personally oversaw the Washington Post's coverage of every national election from 1984 through 2008.

During his 17 years as executive editor, Downie led the newsroom to 25 Pulitzer Prizes, including three gold medals for public service. Downie's mantra—reflected in routine stories as well as such Pulitzer-winning efforts as the 2007 exposé of shoddy conditions at Walter Reed Army Medical Center—was "accountability journalism." After 44 years in the Post newsroom, Downie retired as executive editor in 2008. That year, the National Press Foundation named Downie the Benjamin Bradlee Editor of the Year.

In 2008, Downie was appointed as vice president at large of the Washington Post Co. In 2009, he became the Weil Family Professor of Journalism at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University. Downie is also a founder and board member of Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc (2009–present); a member of the Aspen Institute Commission to Reform the Federal Appointments Process; a former member of the board of directors of the Center for Investigative Reporting (2009–present); chair of the national advisory committee, Kaiser Health News (2009–present); an advisory board member of the Shirley Povich Center for Sports Journalism at the University of Maryland's Philip Merrill College of Journalism; and a director of the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service.

In 2009, Random House published Downie's fictional debut, The Rules of the Game. Random House described the book as "a novel of corruption and cover-ups at the highest levels of Washington politics, as a national newspaper digs up the dark secrets of a powerful lobbying firm thereby exposing a network of wrongdoing by government contractors in Iraq that extends all the way to the White House."

In addition to his books, and publications in the Washington Post, Downie has written articles for a variety of publications, including the Columbia Journalism Review, The New Republic, and Washington Monthly. In 2009, Downie co-authored, with Columbia University Professor Michael Schudson, a major report on the state of the news media, "The Reconstruction of American Journalism," which was published by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.

Downie has spoken at Oxford University, Columbia University, Duke University, Ohio State University, Harvard University, Stanford University, Fairfield University, Arizona State University, the University of Wisconsin, the University of Kentucky, Chautauqua, and for the American Society of Newspaper Editors, among others. He gave the Flinn Foundation Centennial Lecture at Arizona State University in October 2008, a keynote address at the Nieman Foundation Seventieth Anniversary Convocation at Harvard University in November 2008, and the keynote address at the 2009 graduation event of the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, a commencement address at Ohio State University, and the James Cameron Memorial Lecture at City University, London, among others. He has been interviewed frequently on network, cable, and local television, on national and local public radio, and by print reporters and academic researchers.

Awards and honors

Award for Editorial Leadership, American Society of News Editors, 2009.
Ben Bradlee Editor of the Year Award, National Press Foundation, 2008.
Goldsmith Award, Joan Shorenstein Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, for The News About the News (with Robert G. Kaiser) 2003.
Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from The Ohio State University, 1993.
Overseas Press Club Citation for Excellence for coverage of Britain.
Gavel Award of the American Bar Association for coverage of the courts.
John Hancock Award for Excellence in Business and Financial Journalism.
Front Page Award, Washington-Baltimore Newspaper Guild.
Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship.

Selected publications

Books:
All About the Story: News, Power, Politics, and the Washington Post, PublicAffairs, 2020.
The News Media: What Everyone Needs To Know(with C.W. Anderson and Michael Schudson), Oxford University Press, 2016.
The Rules of the Game (a novel), Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
The News About the News (with Robert G. Kaiser), Alfred A. Knopf, 2002; Vintage (paperback), 2003.
The New Muckrakers, New Republic Books, 1976; Mentor (paperback), 1978.
Mortgage on America, Frederick A. Praeger, 1974, (paperback) 1975.
Justice Denied: The Case for Reform of the Courts, Frederick A. Praeger, 1971; Penguin (paperback), 1972.

Report:
The Trump Administration and the Press (with research by Stephanie Sugars). A special report of the Committee to Protect Journalists, 2020
The Obama Administration and the Press (with reporting by Sara Rafsky). A special report of the Committee to Protect Journalists, 2013.
The Reconstruction of American Journalism (with Michael Schudson), Columbia University, 2009.

Contributor:
Ten Blocks From the White House: Anatomy of the Washington Riots of 1968 (Ben Gilbert and the staff of The Washington Post), Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
Inside the System (Washington Monthly book edited by Charles Peters and John Rothchild), Frederick A. Praeger, 1973.

Articles:
 Various, including in the Columbia Journalism Review, The New Republic, Washington Monthly, and The Washington Post.

References

External links
Washington Post editor bio
Cronkite School, ASU bio
National Press Foundation Bio
About Leonard Downie Jr. Random House Speakers Bureau Bio.
The Urban Order of the North a 1972 report by Downie on the urban problems in Vällingby, Sweden and Nordweststadt, Frankfurt, Germany.

"Arizona State University Beats Competition to Hire the Washington Post's Len Downie" Paul Bedard, Washington Whispers, U.S. News & World Report, December 8, 2008.
Exploring Accountability Journalism with Len Downie

Living people
American male journalists
Ohio State University School of Communication alumni
The Washington Post people
American newspaper editors
Year of birth missing (living people)

Leonard Downie Jr.


Nesagapostemon is an extinct monotypic genus of sweat bee in the Halictidae subfamily Halictinae.  At present, it contains the single species Nesagapostemon moronei.

The genus name Nesagapostemon is derived from a combination of the Greek nesos, meaning "island", and Agapostemon, a very similar genus of halictids which may be related.  The species is named in honor of Ettore Morone of Turin, Italy. The species is known from the holotype, a single  long female currently in the private collection owned by Morone (catalog number MACT-1172), and which was first studied by Dr. Michael S. Engel. Engel published his type description in ZooKeys in 2009.

The holotype is fairly well preserved in early Miocene (Burdigalian stage) Dominican amber from deposits on the island of Hispaniola. However the animal has several fractures around the metasoma.  In addition, a number of small bubbles and orange debris in the amber surround the body and three Proplebeia dominicana workers, also trapped in the amber, obscure portions of the body.  The forewings of the Nesagapostemon female are  and held at an angle to line of the thorax.  Though hard to determine because of the preservation, where visible, the specimen has a metallic coloration to the head and thorax.  The antenna are dark brown while the tegula is translucent brown and the metasomal tegra are dark brown with weak metallic green highlights.  The legs are dark reddish brown and the wings are hyaline with brown veins.

Nesagapostemon is one of only five Halictidae genera which are known from the Dominican amber record, three of which are totally extinct.  Nesagapostemon has a strong keel or carina encircling the Propodeum.  The basal area of the Propodeum, not slanting in profile, is only half of the length of the vertical posterior surface. The related extinct halictid genus Eickwortapis has a longer basal area on the Propodeum and it does slant in profile. The middle legs have a dense covering of hairs, those on the inner surface being long enough to cover the metatibial spurs and those on the outside being long and plumose. Unlike Eickwortapis the inner metatibial spur on Nesagapostemon is hooked and the inner border of the "C" vein is double the length of the pterostigma.

References

†
Fossil bee genera
Dominican amber
Hymenoptera of North America
Burdigalian life
Neogene Dominican Republic
Miocene insects of North America
Prehistoric insects of the Caribbean
Fauna of Hispaniola
Insects of the Dominican Republic
Fossils of the Dominican Republic
Fossil taxa described in 2009
Taxa named by Michael S. Engel

Nesagapostemon


Wordplay is a 2006 documentary film directed by Patrick Creadon.  It features Will Shortz, the editor of the New York Times crossword puzzle, crossword constructor Merl Reagle, and many other noted crossword solvers and constructors. The second half of the movie is set at the 2005 American Crossword Puzzle Tournament (ACPT), where the top solvers compete for a prize of $4000. Wordplay was the best reviewed documentary film of 2006, according to Rotten Tomatoes.

Wordplay was acquired for distribution for $1,000,000 by IFC Films and The Weinstein Company after being nominated for the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance 2006.  It was released theatrically on June 16, 2006.  The film ran in over 500 theaters across the United States, including at least one theater in all fifty states.  Wordplay went on to gross $3,100,000 in domestic box-office, then ranking it among the Top 25 highest grossing documentaries of all time.

A 2008 episode of The Simpsons, "Homer and Lisa Exchange Cross Words", is based on the film.  James L. Brooks got the inspiration for the episode after watching Wordplay.  "We felt both Will and Merl were very compelling, off-the-beaten-track personalities [in Wordplay], who would fit into our universe very well," Brooks said.  The episode was written by Tim Long, and directed by Nancy Kruse, and guest starred crossword puzzle creators Merl Reagle and Will Shortz as themselves.

Creadon and his wife, producer Christine O'Malley, borrowed $100,000 from family and friends to make Wordplay over the course of 2005–06.

Critical response
National Board of Review nomination "Best Documentary 2006"
Critics Choice Award nomination "Best Documentary 2006"
Grand Jury Prize nomination at Sundance "Best American Documentary 2006"
Rottentomatoes.com – "Golden Tomato Award For Best Reviewed Documentary of 2006"

The movie focuses on the following crossword solvers:
 Ellen Ripstein: editor living in New York City and 2001 ACPT champion. She is also known for her baton twirling.
 Trip Payne: professional puzzlemaker living in South Florida and three-time ACPT champion. He held the record as the youngest champion after winning the tournament in 1993 at the age of 24.
 Tyler Hinman: student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. At the 2005 ACPT, he challenged Trip Payne for the title of youngest champion ever.
 Jon Delfin: pianist living in New York City and seven-time ACPT champion.
 Al Sanders: project manager at Hewlett-Packard in Fort Collins, Colorado. He is a frequent finalist at the ACPT.

The film contains appearances by many celebrity fans of the Times puzzle, including Bill Clinton, Bob Dole, Jon Stewart, Ken Burns, Mike Mussina, Daniel Okrent, and the Indigo Girls.

Wordplay features a theme song, "Every Word", written and performed by Gary Louris of The Jayhawks. The Wordplay DVD features a music video of "Every Word".

References

External links
WORDPLAY site for Independent Lens on PBS

 An Interview with Patrick Creadon, the Director of Wordplay

2006 films
American documentary films
Documentary films about words and language
Crosswords
Documentary films about competitions
Documentary films about Connecticut
Films set in Connecticut
Films about The New York Times
Films directed by Patrick Creadon
IFC Films films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Wordplay (film)


The Brookfield Common Historic District encompasses a historically significant portion of the town center of Brookfield, Massachusetts.  It is focused on the town common, which extends south from Main Street (Massachusetts Route 9) to Lincoln Street, and includes a dense cluster of houses on roads to its east, as well as properties on Main Street and the Post Road.  The district includes more than 100 properties, including the Colonial Revival Town Hall (designed 1904 by Worcester architect George H. Clemence), Banister Memorial Hall (an 1883 Queen Anne building designed by Wait & Cutter of Boston, which now houses the Merrick Public Library), and Romanesque Revival Congregation Church (built 1857 to a design by Boyden & Ball).  The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

The town of Brookfield was one of the first English settlements in what is now southern Worcester County, dating to 1665.  What is now Brookfield is the result of the division of the community in the 1750s, separating North Brookfield and West Brookfield.  The original town center was located in what is now West Brookfield; the present town center is organized around a common established in 1735 as a militia training ground, and where the town's Third Parish Congregational Church was established.  The oldest surviving buildings in the village are houses built in the 1790s in the Federal style.  The Brookfield Inn was originally established in one of these early houses, but was replaced in the 1860s after the original house was destroyed by fire.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Worcester County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

Brookfield Common Historic District


A Gas-fired power plant is a power plant which uses natural gas to generate electricity. About a quarter of the world's electricity need is generated using gas-fired power plants. As the gas is burnt to generate the electricity, this also contributes greenhouse gases and contributes to global warming

Power plants

Gas-fired power plant


Lance Blomgren (born 1970) is a Canadian writer who is known for his published fiction and essays.

He grew up in Courtenay, British Columbia and spent various years living and writing in Victoria, British Columbia, Montreal, Quebec, Las Cruces, New Mexico and Vancouver, British Columbia.

He completed degrees from the University of Victoria in Victoria, British Columbia, and Concordia University in Montreal, Quebec.

Apart from his books, Blomgren's writing has appeared frequently in Matrix magazine (Montreal), ascent magazine (Montreal), Geist, (Vancouver) and Visual Codec (Seattle).

In 1998, his publication, Liner won the Canadian bpNichol Award. In 2004, his collection Corner Pieces was nominated for the Canadian ReLit Award.

He is also noted as a curator and critic of contemporary visual art, having curated for the Rad'a gallery in Montreal, the Helen Pitt Gallery in Vancouver and the Klondike Institute of Art and Culture in Dawson City, Yukon, and having published writing about art in various journals and publications internationally including, Art Asia Pacific (New York), Fillip (Vancouver, British Columbia) and Informal Architectures (London, United Kingdom, Black Dog Publishing).

Books

Practice, Intrepid Tourist Press, Union Bay, British Columbia, 1995.

Manual for Beginners, (co-authored) Intrepid Tourist Press, Oakville, Ontario, 1996.

Liner, ITP Books, Union Bay, British Columbia, 1998.

Walkups, conundrum press, Montreal, Quebec, 2000.

Oasis, Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts, Montreal, Quebec, 2001.

Corner Pieces, conundrum press, Montreal Quebec, 2004.

Walkups: Scènes de la vie Montréalaise, Editions Adage, Montreal, Quebec / Editions Maelstrom, Brussels, Belgium, 2007.

Further reading
 Artspeak exhibition catalogue
 Doppelganger.com

External links

 Author info at QWF Database
 Author info at ABC Bookworld

Canadian male short story writers
Writers from British Columbia
People from Courtenay, British Columbia
Living people
1970 births
University of Victoria alumni
Concordia University alumni
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
Canadian male essayists
20th-century Canadian essayists
21st-century Canadian essayists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers

Lance Blomgren


Ragenold (or Raino) (killed 25 July 885) was the Count of Herbauges from 852 and Count of Maine and Margrave of Neustria (positioned against the Vikings) from 878. His family is unidentified, but he may have been a son of Reginald of Herbauges.

In 878, on the death of Gauzfrid, Charles the Bald conferred the Neustrian march and the county of Maine on Ragenold, because Gauzfrid's children were too young to succeed. On 25 July 885, the Vikings pillaged Rouen. Ragenold came up and surprised the Viking raiders, but was killed in the ensuing action.

Sources
Guillotel, Hubert. "Une autre marche de Neustrie." in Christian Settipani and Katharine S. B. Keats-Rohan, Onomastique et Parenté dans l'Occident médiéval. 2000.

885 deaths
Margraves of Neustria
Year of birth unknown

Ragenold of Neustria


USS Hancock (AP-3) was a transport ship in the United States Navy. Acquired by the Navy in 1902, she participated in World War I and a number of US military and diplomatic ventures prior to that. She was named for Founding Father John Hancock.

Hancock, the third US Navy ship to bear the name, was built in 1879 by J. Elder & Co., Glasgow, Scotland. Formerly Arizona, she was purchased by the War Department during the Spanish–American War and transferred to the Navy 8 November 1902. She was commissioned 20 November 1902.

Operational service
Hancock sailed from San Francisco for the East Coast 14 December 1902 via Valparaiso, Chile; Montevideo, Uruguay; and Bahia, Brazil. She arrived New York Navy Yard 21 February 1903 and decommissioned 9 March 1903 for fitting out. Recommissioned 21 September 1903, she served as receiving ship at the New York Navy Yard until relieved by Washington 6 August 1913.

Mexican revolution
Hancock departed New York 15 September 1913 and arrived at the Philadelphia Navy Yard the following day to be fitted out as a Marine transport.

In 1914 she sailed for the Gulf of Mexico, having embarked the 1st Regiment, Advance Base Brigade of Marines.

On 17 April or 19 April 1914 she arrived at Tampico.

On 22 April and/or on 1 May 1914 she arrived at Veracruz.

She landed the Marines at Vera Cruz, Mexico, to assist in the occupation of that city resulting from the arrest of the crew of a whaleboat of Dolphin (PG-24) by soldiers of General Huerta, aspirant to the Mexican presidency. During the tense months that followed, Hancock transported refugees uprooted by the Mexican Revolution between the coast of Mexico and Galveston, Texas, as she delivered supplies for the United States Expeditionary Force in Mexico.

Caribbean operations
Other trouble spots erupted in the Americas. Both Haiti and the Dominican Republic were going through a series of violent revolutions endangering the lives and property of foreigners and inviting foreign intervention. This situation demanded a buildup of American strength in the area. As a result, as the diplomatic crisis with Mexico eased, Hancock embarked a battalion of Marines from Vera Cruz and transported them to Guantanamo, Cuba. She returned to Norfolk 25 July 1914 to embark the 5th Marine Regiment and got underway 30 July 1914 to cruise in waters off Haiti and Santo Domingo to be on hand to protect American interests against any eventuality. She returned to Norfolk 23 December 1914 for a general overhaul.

Hancock resumed duty cruising in the Caribbean. She continued to transport Marines, stores, provisions, mail, and other cargo to forces ashore in Mexico, Haiti, and Santo Domingo. From 12 to 30 September 1916 she assisted in the salvage of material from Memphis (CA-10) after the cruiser was driven ashore by a storm surge in the harbor of Santo Domingo. Hancock carried the ill-fated ship's crew, stores, fittings, and ammunition to the Norfolk Navy Yard.

Takeover of Danish West Indies
Hancock was at Guantanamo Bay 27 March 1917 when ordered to proceed to St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies, where the Danish Government was to transfer the islands to the United States. She sailed the next day, embarking a Marine Detachment at Santo Domingo before arrival at St. Thomas, 30 March 1917. On 31 March 1917, Hancock's captain, Comdr. Edwin T. Pollock, USN, took over the islands in the name of the United States of America. At 1600 hours when the transfer became effective, Commander Pollock assumed the position of Acting Governor of the Virgin Islands.

World War I
On 6 April 1917 the United States declared war on Germany six days later Hancock took possession of German steamers Wasgenwald and Calabria interned there.

Hancock arrived at San Juan, Puerto Rico, 18 May 1917 to take possession of two more interned German steamships, SS Präsident and Odenwald. She embarked 29 German prisoners of war 23 May 1917, and stood out of San Juan harbor that afternoon to tow Odenwald to the Philadelphia Navy Yard where she arrived 1 June 1917.

Hancock was assigned to the U.S. Cruiser and Transport Force to embark troops of the 1st American Expeditionary Force 13 June 1917. She got underway 17 June 1917 as Flagship of Troop Convoy Number 4 and arrived without mishap at St. Nazaire, France, 2 July 1917. Returning to Philadelphia 22 July 1917, her principal service until September 1919 was transportation of Marine passengers and military stores to ports in the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. She returned to Philadelphia 3 September 1919 and decommissioned 18 October 1919.

Final commission
Hancock recommissioned 15 March 1920 and departed Philadelphia 2 April 1920 for Rosyth, Scotland, to man and fit out former German warships SMS Ostfriesland and Frankfurt which had been allocated to the United States as spoils of war. She returned to New York with the vessels 9 August 1920.

After repairs at Philadelphia, she resumed transport duties between the East coast and the West Indies, 5 October 1920. She got underway from Philadelphia 5 March 1921 for Mare Island, California, and entered San Francisco Bay 20 April 1921. The ship then sailed for the Hawaiian Islands 5 May 1921 arriving Honolulu 14 May 1921, and served as receiving ship at Pearl Harbor until 1925.

She was towed from Pearl Harbor 9 July 1925 arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard 25 July 1925, placed out of commission 1 September 1925, struck from the Navy List and sold 21 May 1926.

References

 USS Hancock AP-3/IX-12 – Navsource Online.

Transports of the United States Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1879 ships
Spanish–American War auxiliary ships of the United States

USS Hancock (AP-3)


The Columbus Gay Men's Chorus (CGMC) was formed in 1990 by five people. The non-auditioned chorus maintains the vision of its founding members to foster increased recognition, understanding and acceptance of gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender persons.

History
The Columbus Gay Men's Chorus was conceived at a Christmas party for the group Gay and Professional, hosted by Mark Cooke and Dan Huff. As attendees sang Christmas carols around the piano being played by Cooke the idea arose that Columbus needed its own gay men's chorus. The Columbus Gay Men's Chorus was founded in January 1990 by five individuals: Doug Althauser, Kevin Gary, Bob Germain, Phil Martin, and Jack Wisniewski. After months of discussion and research, the five incorporated the Chorus and began rehearsals in September of that year. Rehearsals were held at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church and the debut concert took place on December 9, 1990 at the Thurber Theater on the Ohio State University campus. Fifty-one men sang in that first concert.

In 1990, the Chorus hired David Price as its inaugural Artistic Director. Price served seven years directing the chorus and helping establish strong traditions and musical performances. During this time, Price took the Chorus to its very first GALA Festival performance in Denver, Colorado.

During this time, the Chorus released its first CD, Stepping Out. The Chorus again went to GALA with Price in 1996.

In 1997, the chorus hired David Monseur as the new Artistic Director. Monseur served as the director of the Chorus until 2010. Under his guidance, the Chorus held its first Joy! Concert at the King Avenue United Methodist Church.

Over the years there have been several highlights of note for the Chorus. Monseur expanded the Chorus by founding Illuminati, which internationally debuted at the GALA Festival in Montreal, Canada. CGMC released another CD: Joy!.

In 1999, Ann Hampton Calloway performed with the Chorus and dedicated one of her songs in memory of the Chorus's accompanist, Robin Rakes. The Chorus has also performed with other arts groups including: ProMusica, Ballet Met, Opera Columbus, Anna and the Annadroids, Cincinnati Men's Chorus, and other established singing groups. The Chorus has also performed for the Ohio Democratic Party Fundraising dinner, where Ohio Governor Ted Strickland accepted and wore a Chorus pin.

In 2010, CGMC hired Dr. Timothy Sarsany as its Artistic Director, succeeding David Monseur. The Artistic Director handles all artistic and programming aspects of the organization and works to increase the organization's presence in the community. In June 2015, Broadway Diva impressionist Christine Pedi performed with the chorus on "Divas: Dead or Alive". On July 4, 2015, CGMC performed with the Columbus Symphony Orchestra on their "Patriotic Pops" concert, not only the first time CGMC teamed up with the CSO, but also the first time a chorus was featured on their July 4 program.

In 2019, Jared Bollenbacher was named the Columbus Gay Men's Chorus' new artistic director following the tenure of Dr. Timothy Sarsany.

Performances and music
The full Columbus Gay Men's Chorus and ensembles typically performs five concerts per season:

 Vox full Concert (October)
 Holiday Joy! Concert (December)
 Spring Concert (Mid March)
 Illuminati's full concert (May)
 Summer Concert (Late June)

Each concert includes a variety of musical pieces performed by the full Chorus and ensembles; the spring and summer concerts usually involve significant elements of choreography.

Recordings
 Stepping Out; 1995
 Joy! - Holiday CD; 2005
 Rocket Man - The music of Elton John; 2008
 Joy! to the World - Holiday CD; 2013
 Joy! 2018 - Holiday CD; 2018

Membership types and requirements
Membership is open to all people regardless of vocal talent, musical abilities, race, gender, religion, age, physical abilities, sexual orientation, gender identity or economic means. Singers must be at least 18 years of age and must be able to sing in the tenor or bass ranges.

Small Ensembles

Vox
Vox Alterna was founded in 1991 and established its reputation as an advanced vocal ensemble, performing challenging literature, featuring complex vocal harmonies and a cappella arrangements. Vox later shortened its name and is typically limited to an 18-member ensemble.

In addition to performing with the Chorus, the group often performs at numerous events outside of the performance schedule of the Chorus as well as in its own concert.

Illuminati
Referring to the Latin phrase "the Enlightened Ones", Illuminati was created to respond to the community's expressed desire for performances of a sacred or spiritual context, and is the world's first sacred-only GLBT ensemble.

The group seeks to increase CGMC outreach performances, particularly to religious organizations, while respecting the members' spiritual beliefs.

Illuminati is a non-auditioned ensemble. Participation in Illuminati is open to all members in good standing and, unlike Vox, does not require joint participation in the full Chorus.

References

Gay men's choruses
Musical groups from Columbus, Ohio
1990 establishments in Ohio

Columbus Gay Men's Chorus


'Just-in-Time Compilation'

Just-in-time compilation (JIT), also known as dynamic translation, is a compilation technique used in computer programming and execution. It is commonly employed by programming languages that utilize an interpreter as their primary execution engine. JIT compilation aims to improve the performance of programs by dynamically translating parts of the code into machine code at runtime.

learn more

Computer programming

Just-in-time compilation


Chillicothe ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Ross County, Ohio, United States. Located along the Scioto River 45 miles (72 km) south of Columbus, Chillicothe was the first and third capital of Ohio. It is the only city in Ross County and is the center of the Chillicothe micropolitan area. The population was 22,059 at the 2020 census. Chillicothe is a designated Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation.

History
The region around Chillicothe was the center of the ancient Hopewell tradition, which flourished from 200 BC until 500 AD.  This Amerindian culture had trade routes extending to the Rocky Mountains.  They built earthen mounds for ceremonial and burial purposes throughout the Scioto and Ohio River valleys.

Later Native Americans who inhabited the area through the time of European contact included Shawnees. Present-day Chillicothe is the most recent of seven locations in Ohio that bore the name, because it was applied to the main town wherever the Chalakatha settled. Other population centers named Chillicothe in Ohio at one time include: one located at present-day Piqua, in Miami County; one located south of present-day Circleville, Pickaway County, on the Scioto River; a third about  north of Xenia in Greene County, Ohio; a fourth at present-day Frankfort, Ross County, on Paint Creek; and a fifth also located in Ross County, at Hopetown, three miles north of modern Chillicothe.

In 1758 a settlement was established at this site by Shawnee Indians who had been forced to abandon their village of Lower Shawneetown after it was destroyed by floods in November of that year. A group of Shawnees from Logstown also joined them.

After the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 forced the Native Americans from most of Ohio, European settlers came to the area.  Migrants from Virginia and Kentucky moved west along the Ohio River in search of land. The community Chillicothe was founded in 1796 by a party led by General Nathaniel Massie on his land grant. The town's name comes from the Shawnee Chala·ka·tha (Chillicothe in English), meaning "principal town", because it was the chief settlement of that division (one of five major divisions) of the Shawnee people.

In 1798, Ross County became incorporated with Chillicothe as the county seat.  Chillicothe was named the capital of the remnant Northwest Territory in 1800, when Indiana Territory was split off, and the Northwest Territory was reduced to Ohio, eastern Michigan and a sliver of southeastern Indiana. In 1802 as Ohio moved toward statehood, the city hosted the Ohio Constitutional Convention.  It served as the capital of Ohio from statehood in 1803 until 1810 then again from 1812 to 1816.

Ohio was a free state, and early migrants to Chillicothe included free blacks, who came to a place with fewer restrictions than in the slave states.  They created a vibrant community and aided runaway slaves coming north.  As tensions increased prior to the breakout of the American Civil War, the free black community at Chillicothe maintained stations and aid to support refugees on the Underground Railroad.  The Ohio River was a border with the slave states of the South, with slaves crossing the river to freedom, and then up the Scioto River to get more distance from their former homes and slave hunters.  White abolitionists aided the Underground Railroad as well.

Geography

Chillicothe is located at  (39.336525, −82.983822). It lies within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau. It lies between the Scioto River and Paint Creek near their confluence.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

The city is surrounded by farming communities, and Chillicothe residents describe the area as the foothills of the Appalachians

Climate
The climate is very similar to Columbus, if not the same.

Economy

As the only city in the area, Chillicothe is a hub for economic activity. Malls, hospitals, prisons and a college campus are among the largest employers. One of the most visible is the Pixelle paper mill, formerly known as Glatfelter, and Mead Paper, that has been in operation for over 100 years.

Demographics

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 22,059 people, 9,576 occupied housing units, and 5,589 families residing in the city. Of the 9,576 households, 2,856 were occupied by a married couple family, 191 had a male householder with no spouse present, and 545 had a female householder with no spouse present. Of the 5,589 families, 37.7% were married couple families living together, 36.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 17.1% had a male householder with no spouse present. The average family size was 2.95.

Of the 22,059 people, 18,892 were White, 1,348 were Black or African American, 88 were American Indian and Alaska Native, 155 were Asian, 351 were Hispanic or Latino, 6 were Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders, 1,419 were two or more races, and 151 were other races.

The median age in the city was 41.4 years. 7.0% of resident were under the age of 5; 21.1% were under the age of 18; 78.9% were 18 years and over; and 20.6% were 65 years of age or older.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,251, and the median income for a family was $66,224. About 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, with 25.5% of them being under 18 years old, 18.4% being 18 to 64 years old, and 9.5% being 65 years and over.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 21,901 people, 9,420 households, and 5,559 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 10,600 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 88.1% White, 7.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 9,420 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, 5.0% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 41.0% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 41.5 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

Government

Public officials
Chillicothe is governed by a mayor–council structure in which the mayor is elected separately from the members of the city council. Chillicothe's mayor is Luke Feeney (D). The members of the city council are:

Other elected officials

Public services

Parks and recreation
Chillicothe has several public parks, including Yoctangee Park, Poland Park, Strawser Park, Manor Park, Goldie Gunlock Park, Pine Street Park, Veterans Memorial Park, and Western View Park.

The biggest park, Yoctangee Park, consists of numerous baseball /softball fields, tennis courts, basketball courts, and playground equipment. There is also a skatepark within Yoctangee park called Henry Good skatepark, which was constructed with help from a generous donation of $65,000 from Henry Good, a local Chillicothe citizen.

Chillicothe's floodwall, protecting the city from floods of the Scioto River, has a 5.0-mile-long paved bike path.  This path connects to the Tri-County Triangle Trail which currently is 30.3 miles long, measured from Bridge St. (SR 159) in Chillicothe, passing through Frankfort and then to Christman Park near Washington Court House in Fayette County, Ohio.  The Tri-County Triangle Trail's goal is to connect Chillicothe and Greenfield.  This same former railroad continues to Jamestown and Xenia, but those connections are a long range plan.

Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is found on the north end of the city.  The park is administered by the National Park Service and has a large concentration of Native American earthworks.

Education
A branch of Ohio University, Ohio University Chillicothe is a public four-year institution that offers 13 associate degree programs and 12 bachelor's degree programs. About 2,000 students are enrolled each year.

The city of Chillicothe provides education for pre-school through grade 12 students. The Chillicothe City School District includes the following facilities:  Chillicothe Primary School; Chillicothe Intermediate School; Chillicothe Middle School; and Chillicothe High School Zane Trace k-12. Additionally,  Bishop Flaget Catholic School, the parish school of St. Mary's and St. Peter's Catholic Churches, offers an academic program with the faith-based component to both Catholic and non-Catholic families for students in Prekindergarten through 8th grade. There was once a school called Wesley-Taylor Preparatory Academy which offered a private education, but it shut down in 2014 due to unpaid bills. Ross County Christian Academy was formed in 2007 and now offers K through 12th grade at two sites.

Chillicothe is the home of Pickaway-Ross Career & Technology Center, located at 895 Crouse Chapel Road. Founded in 1974, Pickaway-Ross Career & Technology Center (or Pickaway-Ross) is the operational arm of the Pickaway-Ross Joint Vocational School District. Pickaway-Ross offers 20 high school tech-prep programs to students from 10 high schools in Ross and Pickaway counties. High school students attend Pickaway-Ross their junior and senior years, and can earn a Career Passport in addition to a diploma from their home schools. The high school (or secondary education) side of Pickaway-Ross serves approximately 600 students on its main campus and another 1,500 students in off-campus (or satellite) programs housed in affiliated high schools. School districts affiliated with Pickaway-Ross include: Adena, Chillicothe, Huntington, Paint Valley, Southeastern, Unioto, and Zane Trace in Ross County, and Circleville, Logan Elm and Westfall in Pickaway County. In addition to high school programs, Pickaway-Ross boasts a full-service Adult Education Division, offering a wide array of programs in skilled trades, public safety and medical services fields, to name a few. Pickaway-Ross is a regional leader in career tech education.

Chillicothe is also home to the Recording Workshop, an audio engineering school.

Chillicothe city is served by the main branch and Northside branch of Chillicothe & Ross County Public Library.

Culture

Majestic Theatre
Chillicothe is home to the 158-year-old continuously operating Majestic Theatre.  Its stage has been graced by such greats as Laurel and Hardy, Milton Berle, George Arliss, Sophie Tucker, Bob Hope and many others.  In 1853 the Masonic Hall was built, as the first incarnation of what is now the Majestic Theatre.
The two-story brick building was a combination lodge room, dance hall, and theater.  Stock companies stayed for as long as a month, performing a repertory of plays.  In 1876 the Masons appointed a building committee to enlarge their building. The original building was  and was later extended to . Upon completion in December 1876 it was announced that the Masonic Opera House was one of the finest theaters in the state. After the remodeling and with the completion of the Clough Opera House across the city, theater offerings were tremendous, and varied drama, comedy, farce, minstrel shows, and operas were presented.

In 1904 A. R. Wolf bought the Masonic Opera House. Mr. Wolf remodeled the theater and enlarged the stage.  He replaced all the windows in the front of the building with stained glass. The Masonic Opera House continued under Wolf's managerial abilities until he sold it to the Myers Brothers in 1914. They again made some improvements and repairs and installed a movie screen and equipment. The Myers Brothers changed the name to the Majestic Theatre.  They occasionally had live theater productions on the stage but finally switched exclusively to motion pictures.
In July 1971, Harley and Evelyn Bennett became the new owners of the Majestic Theatre. They did careful restoration with reference to the original wall painting.
Three Chillicothe businessmen (Robert Evans, Robert Althoff and David Uhrig) bought the theater as a non-profit organization in 1990. All new wiring throughout the theater, fire safety, and security systems were installed.

Fairs and festivals

Chillicothe, rich in Native American history, hosts the annual Feast of the Flowering Moon Festival. Started in 1984, the May festival draws crowds of approximately 85,000. Yoctangee Park, in the historic downtown, is the setting for this family-oriented, three-day event featuring Native American music, dancing, traders and exhibits, a mountain men encampment, rendezvous with working craftsmen and demonstrations, and an extensive arts and crafts show with more than 80 crafters and commercial exhibits.  The main stage has a schedule of family-friendly entertainment, such as local school bands and performers.  The streets are lined with food booths and games/contests.  Events are free to the public.

Athletic events
The Chillicothe Paints are a baseball team that was established in February 1993. The team was previously a member of the Frontier League, playing there from its founding until 2008.  They were one of the original teams in the league.  The Paints are now a member of the summer collegiate Prospect League, The Paints play their home games at V.A. Memorial Stadium, which opened in 1954.

V.A. Memorial Stadium has hosted a number of other events, including the Mid-American Conference baseball tournament from 2008 to 2011, along with high soccer and baseball playoff games for the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA).

Notable people

 Thomas M. Anderson, U.S. Army major general
 Scott Bailes, former Major League Baseball (MLB) player
 Carrie Williams Clifford, poet, activist, teacher and editor
 Edward Cook, pole vaulter who competed at 1908 Summer Olympics and tied for gold with fellow American Alfred Gilbert
 Greg Cook, Cincinnati Bengals quarterback
 Lawrence Dixon, musician
 Richard Enderlin musician and Medal of Honor recipient
 Martha Finley, teacher, author
 Bobby Fulton, professional wrestler
 Joseph Hanks, Civil War Medal of Honor recipient
 Ben Hartsock, former Ohio State University and NFL tight end, current ESPN Radio analyst
 Lucy Ware Hayes (née Webb; August 28, 1831 – June 25, 1889) was the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes and served as First Lady of the United States.
 James Leo Herlihy, who wrote the novel the film Midnight Cowboy is based on, spent part of his childhood in Chillicothe.
 Albert E. Herrnstein, University of Michigan football player, head coach of the Ohio State University football team
 John Herrnstein, University of Michigan football and baseball player, MLB player with the Philadelphia Phillies
 Neil Johnston, NBA All-Star basketball player
 Alexander Bonner Latta, invented first successful steam fire engine
 James Mason, neo-Nazi and author of Siege
 Dorothea Rhodes Lummis Moore (1857–1942), physician, writer, newspaper editor, activist
 Chip Mosher, teacher, author, newspaper/magazine columnist
 Elbie Nickel, Pittsburgh Steelers tight end
 Nellie O'Donnell, educator
 Henry Orth, football player
 Oscar Glaze Peters, businessman
 John Poff, MLB player for the Philadelphia Phillies and Milwaukee Brewers
 Ev Rowan, football player
 John Henry Ryan, state legislator and NAACP member in Washington state
 John Shoemaker, pro baseball player and minor-league manager
 Noel Sickles, commercial illustrator and cartoonist, best known for the comic strip Scorchy Smith
 Joshua W. Sill, brigadier general during the American Civil War
 Joseph S. Skerrett, United States Navy rear admiral
 Jimmy Strausbaugh, football player
 Tecumseh, influential Native American likely born in the area; instrumental in the political developments and resistance of Native Americans to new settlements
 Garin Veris, defensive end, New England Patriots, Stanford University
 Nancy Wilson, Grammy Award-winning artist who performed hit song "Guess Who I Saw Today"
 Jane Frances Winn, called the "dean of newspaper women" in St. Louis, was at the beginning of her career a teacher of botany and chemistry in the local high school

Sister city
 Chillicothe is the sister city of Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico. This relationship is honored through the Foreign Exchange Student Program with students at Chillicothe High School.
 Chillicothe had an agreement with the sister city of Tulua, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. For this reason, the main lake in the city is called Lago Chilicote.

See also
 Great Hopewell Road

Notes

References

External links

 City website
 Pat Medert, "Chillicothe History"
 Chillicothe Gazette
 Downtown information
 Chamber of Commerce
 Chillicothe & Ross County Public Library
 Ross County Visitor's Bureau

Cities in Ohio
Cities in Ross County, Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Ohio
Populated places established in 1803
Populated places on the Underground Railroad
1803 establishments in Ohio

Chillicothe, Ohio


Ariano Irpino (formerly Ariano di Puglia or simply Ariano) is an Italian city and municipality in the province of Avellino, in the Campania region. With a territory of  and a population of 22,535 (2017), it is one of the largest settlements in the Irpinia historical district and the modern province. Located  east-southeast of Rome and  east-northeast of Naples, the comune was granted the official status of Città ("City") by a presidential decree of 1952, October 26; it has been recognized as an arts town, too.

Geography

Overview
At an elevation of  above sea level, Ariano Irpino is centered between the Adriatic Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is 39 km east of Benevento, 51 km north-east of Avellino and 62 km south-west of Foggia.

Formerly called just Ariano, it was built on three hills, and for that reason it is also known as Città del Tricolle ("City of the Three Knolls"). From the Norman era, but formally only since 1868 to 1930, it was known as Ariano di Puglia. Irpinia is the name given to the area of the Apennine Mountains between Campania and Apulia; the name stems from the Oscan word hirpus, meaning wolf.

Ariano lies in the centre of a fertile but rugged district and has only a few buildings of historical importance, as it was devastated by earthquakes in 988, 1456 and 1732.

Towering over the surrounding countryside, the town was a military position of some importance in the Middle Ages, and it still has a Catholic diocese and retains many public offices and utilities which serve all surrounding smaller towns too. However, many inhabitants reside in farms and still live on agriculture or craftsmanship.

Ariano Irpino experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb/Cfb in the Köppen climate classification), with moderate rain, occasional snow and quite rare hail.

Surroundings
The municipality borders Apice (BN), Castelfranco in Miscano (BN), Flumeri, Greci, Grottaminarda, Melito Irpino, Montecalvo Irpino, Monteleone di Puglia (FG), Savignano Irpino, Villanova del Battista and Zungoli.

History
The town is of ancient origin; archaeological evidence points to its continuous settlement from the Neolithic ( millennium BC) to around  at  rock site. The foundation of the Roman vicus of Aequum Tuticum, not far from La Starza, was formerly credited to the Hirpini Samnites, although there is no evidence of this (except for the Samnitic Oscan word Tuticum, meaning "public"); in any case, it was only within the Roman Empire that the vicus became the crossroads of the Via Traiana and  and  highways. However, soon later Aequum Tuticum dramatically declined following the onset of the barbarian invasions.

As a result of this, the three hills started to be inhabited, a high and easily defendable place, and it is here that Ariano proper was born, a fortified city in a strategic position; however its ancient and formidable defensive walls are hardly recognizable today. In a secure place away from the invasions of the Goths and Byzantines, Ariano is a fortified town of the Lombards. Around 800 the  was built to defend the city against the Byzantines which, although ruined, still proudly stands in the panoramic  city park.

Successively conquered by the Normans, in 1140 it was the place where the king Roger II of Sicily promulgated the Assizes of Ariano, the then-new constitution of the Kingdom of Sicily. This legal corpus would be adopted almost complete and with a few variations into the Constitutions of Melfi of the Emperor Frederick II. In the same venue Roger II minted the ducat, a coin that would last for seven centuries, until 1860.

In 1255, Manfred, son of Frederick II, besieged the city, which resisted strongly thanks to its walls and the combative nature of its inhabitants. During the siege, a group of soldiers from Lucera pretended to be deserters from Manfred's army, and were welcomed into the town. During the night, they revealed their identity, sacking and destroying the city with fire, and killing or deporting many inhabitants. There is still a road marking the event, called La Carnale (The Carnage).

More than ten years later, in 1266, Charles I of Anjou rebuilt the city and gave it two thorns of the crown of Christ, still conserved in a reliquary within the , beside the town's Romanesque cathedral. All these events are commemorated every year (in August) in the Rievocazione Storica del Dono delle Sante Spine (Historical Reinvocation of the Gift of the Sacred Thorns) and the reproduction of the Incendio del Campanile (Belltower Burning), a pyrotechnic event that lights the main square of the city and the side of the cathedral.

After the Capetian House of Anjou lost control of Sicily to Peter III of Aragon in the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the city passed to the Provençal family of Sabran from 1294 to 1413; and then into the hands of the Carafa family and the House of Gonzaga. Today are there still in the town buildings that belonged to the Spanish families that governed at the time. On 2 August 1545 the city rebelled against the feudal regime and became a Città Regia (city-state) dependent on the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Sicily.

Culture

Majolica

Ariano is known for the production of majolica, a tin-glazed pottery. The first examples date from the 13th century under the Moorish influence of the Spanish, but  became more refined around the 18th century, when the first amphorae and pitchers appear, often simple in the shape, but thinly elaborated. Today's production is even large, including flask, busts, cups, plates, figures, and amphorae. All pieces are splendidly decorated by the craftsmen of Ariano, and often have a fine and elaborate shape.

Museums

Today the town houses some museums:
 the City Museum and Ceramics Gallery
 the , which displays artifacts from  and Aequum Tuticum
 the , with a numismatic section and a chamber of Medieval polearms
 the , with works of art from the diocese of Ariano-Lacedonia
 the , in the Cathedral, which displays two sacred thorns of the crown of Christ gifted to the town by King Charles I of Anjou in 1269
 the Museum "Giuseppina Arcucci", at the .

Research activity
In the town are located  (the European Centre of Norman Studies) and BioGeM (Biology and Molecular Genetics in the Mezzogiorno).

Food
Ariano Irpino's country-people produce food from traditional agriculture. Many shops and restaurants offer produce as bread, pasta, pizza, meat, cherries,  and , a typical cheese.

Dialect
Ariano Irpino is home to the Arianese dialect, a variety of the Irpinian dialect.

Health

 was built in 1972 as a utility for the Campanian health district No. 1, that includes 29 municipalities with a total population of 87,993.
Actually an ancient Hospitalis pro Peregrinis et Infirmis, along with a pavilion for lepers, was founded thereabout in 1410, but it was relocated in 1731 in the neighboring St. Jacob Palace, where today is the  scientific and educational center.

In the north-eastern outskirts of the town there is also the headquarters of MIR (Medicinal Investigational Research), a department of BioGeM University Consortium that is involved in medical and pharmaceutical research.

Transport

The  connects the town to A16 (Naples-Bari motorway) Grottaminarda junction and A14 (Bologna-Taranto highway) Foggia junction.

From  (located 6 km away from the town centre), daily trains reach Rome in 3h30, and Bari in 2 hours. The nearest airport is Naples-Capodichino airport, linked to Ariano Irpino by Air busses; these also reach the towns of Avellino, Benevento and Foggia.

People

Ottone Frangipane (1040-1127), saint
Saint Elzéar of Sabran (1285-1323), Count of Ariano
Hieronymus Angerianus (1470-1535), humanist
Diomede Carafa (1492-1560), bishop and cardinal
 Pietro Paolo Parzanese (1809-1852), poet
 Ortensio Zecchino (b. 1943), academic and politician
Luca Morelli (b. 1987), motorcycle racer

See also
Aequum Tuticum
Assizes of Ariano
BioGeM
Ariano Irpino Cathedral
Diocese of Ariano Irpino-Lacedonia
City Museum and Ceramics Gallery (Ariano Irpino)

References

External links

 Official website
Città di Ariano

Cities and towns in Campania
Hilltowns in Campania

Ariano Irpino


A royalty is a payment made to someone for the use of something, an asset, that they have created or own. For example a musician who writes a song is paid a royalty each time the song is played on the radio, or each time another musician plays the song. The owner can allow other people to use their asset by paying a license or a franchise. The amount paid is usually a percentage of the all the money made from using the asset, the gross, or from the just the profit, the net. Another way is to set a fixed price, for example a set amount for each book or recording. There are many other ways that the royalty fee can be calculated and paid. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments.

A license agreement defines the terms for these payments. The agreement can also set conditions for how, where and when an asset can be used. License agreements can also be regulated. A government of a country might receive royalty payments for mining, or extracting oil, and would protect its interest in the agreement with laws.

References

Business

Royalty payment


Robert Joseph Cox (born May 21, 1941) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He is a two-time World Series champion. He played for the New York Yankees from 1968 to 1969.

He first led the Atlanta Braves from 1978 to 1981, and then managed the Toronto Blue Jays from 1982 to 1985. He later rejoined the Braves in 1986 as a general manager. Cox retired in 2010.

He holds the all-time record for ejections in Major League Baseball with 158 (plus an additional three post-season ejections.

In 2014, he was added to the Baseball Hall of Fame. In 2019, the International League announced that Cox would be inducted into its hall of fame, noting especially his managerial experience with the Chiefs.

References

1941 births
Living people
New York Yankees players
Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sportspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma

Bobby Cox


Armen Vardani Sarkissian (;) (born 23 June 1953) is an Armenian politician, physicist, investor, businessman, and computer scientist who served as the 4th president of Armenia from 2018 to 2022. He also served as Prime Minister of Armenia from 1996 to 1997.

Sarkissian has the distinction of being one of the longest serving ambassadors of any country to the United Kingdom, a role to which he was first appointed in 1992-1996, before returning in 1998 and 2013. He was also Armenia's maiden ambassador to the Vatican, the European Union, NATO, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium, and served as "Senior Ambassador" to Europe.

Sarkissian served as the first chairman of the Global Council on Energy Security at the World Economic Forum, with which he has had a long association. He has authored numerous scientific articles and is a highly sought after speaker and commentator on international affairs. His op-eds and essays appear in leading publications such as the Times, the Financial Times, the Daily Telegraph, Time magazine, Newsweek, Hollywood Reporter and the Wall Street Journal.

In October 2022, Sarkissian announced that he was working on a new book titled The Small States Club: How Small Smart States can Save the World, to be published by Hurst Publishers.  . In January 2023, The Small States Club was listed alongside forthcoming books by Martin Wolf and Peter Frankopan as one of the "15 books to look forward to in 2023" by the Diplomatic Courier.

Education and early career
Sarkissian graduated from the Yerevan State University Department of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics. He is an Honorary Doctor of the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia and member of the National Competitiveness Council of Armenia. From 1976 to 1984, he was assistant and later associate professor of Physics at Yerevan State University. In 1984, he became a visiting research fellow and visiting professor at the University of Cambridge. where he worked alongside Stephen Hawking and Lord Martin Rees.

In 1988, he established and subsequently became the Head of the Department of Computer Modeling of Complex Systems at the Yerevan State University.

Sarkissian was one of the co-creators of the 1991 Tetris spinoff game Wordtris. Later packaged with Tetris as Tetris Gold, it was for a period the most popular videogame in the world by sales. In an article in the Hollywood Reporter in March 2023, Sarkissian detailed the tense and dramatic events surrounding the creation of Wordtris and its sale to Spectrum Holobyte. In April, he appeared on a podcast alongside Henk Rogers, the co-founder of Tetris, and Alexey Pajitnov, the creator of the game whom he had last seen in the Soviet Union.

Political, diplomatic, business career

In November 1991, Sarkissian established the Armenian Embassy in London, the first Armenian diplomatic mission in the West. In addition to his diplomatic mission in the UK, he went on to become Senior Ambassador to Europe, and ambassador to NATO, to Belgium and the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the Vatican. In 1995–96, he was the Head of Mission of Armenia to the European Union.

In 1996, Sarkissian was elected Prime Minister of Armenia. In his short tenure, he initiated significant economic and political changes, including the abolition of the Ministry of Information, which paved the way for press freedom for the first time since Armenia's independence in 1992. He also presided over a restructuring of Armenia's energy sector, which had suffered serious setbacks during the war with Azerbaijan, and oversaw reforms in the government and civil service. Sarkissian resigned in 1997 after being diagnosed with cancer  and was succeeded by Robert Kocharyan.

Following his recovery, Sarkissian was appointed as Special Advisor to the President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and as a Governor of EBRD from 1998 to 2000. Sarkissian also built a lucrative private career as a consultant and business adviser to some of the world's biggest multinationals.

Sarkissian was also one of the directors of Eurasia House International, a Vice Chairman of the EastWest Institute in New York, and the Founding Director of the Eurasia Centre at Cambridge University's Judge Business School (2001-2011). Sarkissian has held various honorary and executive positions, including as a Member of Dean's Advisory Board at Harvard Kennedy School, Dean's Advisory Board at Harris School of Public Policy Studies at the University of Chicago, Member of the Board of Trustees of the International School in Dilijan, Member of the Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative, Member of International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), Member of the Global Leadership Foundation and Member of the International Economic Alliance and Global Leadership Foundation. Sarkissian's focus in these roles has often involved supporting democratic leadership, preventing and resolving conflict through mediation, and prompting good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law.

Sarkissian is a trustee of the Armenian General Benevolent Union, the largest Armenian charity worldwide. He was an Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the School of Mathematical Sciences at Queen Mary University of London.

President of Armenia

Election
President Serzh Sargsyan offered the Presidency to Sarkissian on an official television broadcast on 19 January 2018 with a public request to shoulder responsibility in enhancing Armenia's foreign relations, diaspora affairs, foreign investment, science, education and culture. Sarkissian's candidacy was supported by the ruling Republican Party. He also enjoyed additional support from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation bloc, as well as from the Tsarukian Parliamentary bloc.

Sarkissian was elected president by a majority of the National Assembly on 2 March 2018, winning 90 votes in a 105-member House.

Inauguration
Sarkissian was inaugurated on 9 April 2018. The ceremony took place at the Karen Demirchyan Complex in Yerevan. Following the ceremony, the newly elected 4th President of Armenia visited the Yerablur military pantheon.

Presidency

On inauguration day, the government led by Karen Karapetyan resigned and parties in the National Assembly had a week to put forward their proposals for prime minister.  Former president Serzh Sargsyan was unanimously nominated by the members of ruling parties in the National Assembly on 16 April, and was confirmed as prime minister on 17 April. However, Sargysyan's election as prime minister was met by large-scale protests, known as The Velvet Revolution.

Armen Sarkissian is credited with playing a pivotal role in finding a peaceful solution, threatening to resign if there was any use of violence. He attained international attention when he walked into the crowds without security escort and interacted with the protesters.  An extensive profile of Sarkissian in the British magazine Spectator later observer that, "The Velvet Revolution was not preordained to be peaceful. It was Sarkissian's intervention that kept the peace."

Serzh Sargysyan resigned six days after taking the office. Karapetyan was subsequently appointed to serve as acting prime minister. On 8 May 2018, Nikol Pashinyan was elected prime minister by the National Assembly in a 59–42 vote.

Sarkissian visited Tbilisi on 26 May 2018 in his first official foreign visit to participate in the centennial celebrations of the founding of the Democratic Republic of Georgia. During his visit, he held talks with his Georgian counterpart Giorgi Margvelashvili as well as held meetings with Bidzina Ivanishvili and  Sauli Niinistö.

In June 2018, Sarkissian proposed changes to the constitution to balance the President's power with the Prime Minister's power. On the eve of the centennial anniversary of the end to First World War, Sarkissian told the Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen in an interview said that he would say the following to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in regards to the Armenian genocide:

While visiting the Kazakhstani city of Almaty in May 2019, he said that his country could become an "international financial center" and can become a "cooperation bridge between Eurasia and EU". He said his remarks at the 15th annual Eurasian Media Forum, of which he is a co-founder.

In 2018, Sarkissian founded the Armenian chapter of the international Summit of Minds in the spa town of Dilijan. The annual summits drew various heads of state, industrialists, bankers, investors and thinkers to Armenia.

During the 44-day-war in Nagorno-Karabakh, Sarkissian was described by foreign observers of Armenia as the country's strongest diplomatic asset. But due to the limits placed on his office by the Constitution, he was not allowed to play a role in the management of the war or the subsequent diplomatic negotiations.   This was seen as a major factor in his subsequent decision to step down.

In October 2021, Sarkissian made a historic visit to Saudi Arabia, becoming the first Armenian official to visit the kingdom. Since Armenia and Saudi Arabia do not have diplomatic relations, the visit was groundbreaking. Sarkissian was said to have used his personal relationships to make it happen. He was received by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.

Sarkissian was a constant subject of often lurid conspiracy theories in some sections of the Armenian press, which routinely accused him of being a British spy, adducing as evidence for the allegations his friendships with British politicians and HM King Charles III, who had toured Armenia as Sarkissian's private guest in 2013.

Sarkissian had long expressed frustration with the constraints on the presidency and the government's refusal to honour its pledge to reform the Constitution. He had hinted to the British magazine The Spectator that he would resign if the Constitution remained unchanged, saying "I did not accept this job to feel honoured. I accepted it to serve Armenia. And I will not stay in it a second longer if it means impeding Armenia's progress."

In January 2022, Sarkissian resigned as President, issuing a strongly-worded statement in which he called attention to Armenia's "paradoxical situation, where the President performs the functions of the guarantor of statehood having no real tools" and described the country as a "parliamentary republic in shape, but not in content". Sarkissian said Armenians were being forced to live:

Two days after Sarkissian's resignation, the Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project alleged that Sarkissian possessed a St. Kitts and Nevis passport. Under Armenian law, the president is not allowed to hold dual citizenship. Sarkissian denied that his decision was connected with the OCCRP report, which was published after he had left office. He explained that he had made a historic investment of $500,000 in a luxury hotel in St. Kitts and Nevis, which has conferred citizenship on foreign investors under a "citizenship-by-investment" programme since 1984.  Sarkissian clarified that he had renounced his right to citizenship under the programme.

Sarkissian had long been the target of frenzied speculation and allegations, including the claim that he had not disclosed his private wealth and that he was actively engaged as director in an overseas company while serving as President. Following a lengthy investigation that lasted more than a year after Sarkissian's resignation, the Corruption Prevention Commission of Armenia found the allegations to be baseless. It also noted that Sarkissian had in fact made a full disclosure of all his private income.

Role after the Karabakh conflict
In the early stages of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Sarkissian gave numerous interviews to international news organizations during which he appealed for action against the Government of Turkey and the actions of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, telling CNBC's Hadley Gamble to "Imagine Caucasus becoming another Syria?" In another interview to the German Bild tabloid, he compared the situation in Stepanakert to German towns during World War II. After the ceasefire agreement was signed in early November, Sarkissian held a meeting with Karekin II, where they both made a call to declare 22 November as the Day of Remembrance of the Heroes who fell for the Defense of the Motherland in the Artsakh Liberation War. On 16 November, in an address to the nation, he concluded that snap parliamentary elections and Pashinyan's resignation were inevitable in light of the protests, proposing that a process be overseen and managed by an interim "National Accord Government". In early 2021, he called for the creation of a "Fourth Republic".

Official visits hosted by Sarkissian

Personal life
He married Nouneh Sarkissian (born 1954), a researcher at the Matenadaran, in 1978. Together, they have two adult children. Besides Armenian and Russian, two languages that Sarkissian grew up speaking, he is also fluent in English as a result of his time spent in the United Kingdom. He is a personal friend of King Charles III, who made a private visit to Armenia in 2013 as Sarkissian's guest.  He also knew the Soviet intelligence officer Gevork Vartanian. and sought his help to build Armenia's intelligence capabilities.

In January 2021, Sarkissian tested positive for the COVID-19. while on a visit to London. He was shifted to a hospital and returned to Armenia following his recovery.

Awards
Domestic
 In 2017, Sarkissian was awarded the first degree medal For Services to Homeland Armenia
In 2008, Sarkissian received the St. Gregory the Illuminator medal from His Holiness Garegin II, Catholicos of All Armenians.
 In 1997, Sarkissian received the St. Gregory the Great Order from His Holiness Pope John Paul II

Foreign
 In 2021, Sarkissian was awarded the highest order of the Holy See, the Grand Collar of the Papal Order of Pius IX
  In 2018, Sarkissian was awarded the highest Italian award - Knight of the Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 John Edwin Mroz Global Statesman Award (EastWest Institute, 2018)

Notes

References

External links

 Biographical information
 Biography of Armen Sarkissian

|-

1952 births
Ambassadors of Armenia to the Holy See
Ambassadors of Armenia to the United Kingdom
Living people
Politicians from Yerevan
Presidents of Armenia
Prime Ministers of Armenia

Armen Sarkissian


The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature is a popular 2002 book by the psychologist Steven Pinker. The author makes a case against tabula rasa (the idea that people are born with no mental content). The book was voted for the 2003 Aventis Prizes. It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.

Summary
Pinker says that modern science has challenged three linked ideas that make up the main view of human nature in intelligent life:

 the blank slate (the mind starts with no outside knowledge)—empiricism
 the noble savage (people are born good and corrupted by society)—romanticism
 the ghost in the machine (each of us has a soul that makes choices free from biology)

Much of the book is looking at fears of the social and political consequences of his view of human nature:

 "the fear of inequality"
 "the fear of imperfectibility"
 "the fear of determinism (all events are determined beforehand)"
 "the fear of nihilism (the belief that life is meaningless)"

Pinker says that the blank slate view of human nature would actually be more of a threat if it were true. For example, he argues that political equality does not require similarity, but policies that treat people as individuals with rights; that moral progress doesn't need the human mind to be naturally free of selfish actions, only morals to counteract them are needed; that responsibility doesn't need behavior to be uncaused, only that it answers to praise and blame; and that meaning in life doesn't. the process that created the brain must have a purpose, only that the brain itself must have purposes. He also argues that grounding ideals in claims about a blank slate opens them to the possibility of being overturned by future discoveries. He further states that a blank slate is in fact not in-sequence with opposition to many social evils since a blank slate could be conditioned to enjoy slavery.

Evolutionary and genetic inequality statements do not have to support right-wing policies. Pinker writes that if everyone is equal regarding abilities it can be argued that it is only necessary to give everyone equal opportunity. On the other hand, if some people have less innate ability, then redistribution policies should favor those with less innate ability. Further, economics is built upon an assumption of an actor, while evolutionary psychology suggests that people have many different goals and behaviors that do not fit the actor theory. "A rising tide lifts all boats" is often used as an argument that inequality need not be reduced as long as there is growth. Evolutionary psychology suggests that low status itself, apart from material considerations, is highly stressful towards the brain and may cause dangerous behaviors, which suggests that inequalities should be reduced. Finally, evolutionary explanations may also help the left create policies with greater public support, suggesting that people's sense of fairness (caused by mechanisms such as reciprocal altruism) rather than greed is a primary cause of opposition to welfare, if there is not a distinction in the proposals between what is perceived as the deserving and the undeserving poor.

Other websites
Pinker's Website on The Blank Slate

2002 books
Psychology

The Blank Slate


Archibald Douglas, 2nd Earl of Forfar, 3rd Earl of Ormond  (25 May 1692 – 8 December 1715) was a Scottish peer.

He was the only son of Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar, and Robina Lockhart, the daughter of Sir William Lockhart of Lee and Robina Sewster. He inherited the titles Earl of Forfar and Earl of Ormond at the age of 20 on 11 December 1712, upon the death of his father.

He was Colonel of the 3rd Regiment of Foot ("The Buffs") from 1713 until his death in 1715 and served as the Envoy to Prussia in 1714. He served on the Hanoverian side during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and led the 3rd Regiment at the Battle of Sheriffmuir (3 December 1715), where he was wounded in 17 places. He later died of his wounds in Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland, on 8 December 1715, at the age of 23. He was later buried in Bothwell Church on the family estates in Bothwell.

He died unmarried with neither issue nor heirs.

References

1692 births
1715 deaths
Diplomatic peers
Earls of Forfar
Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment) officers
Scottish military personnel killed in action
People of the Jacobite rising of 1715
18th-century Scottish people
17th-century Scottish people
Earls of Ormond

Archibald Douglas, 2nd Earl of Forfar


A growler (US) () is a glass, ceramic, or stainless steel bottle (or jug) used to transport draft beer. They are commonly sold at breweries and brewpubs as a means to sell take-out craft beer. Rarely, beers are bottled in growlers for retail sale. The significant growth of craft breweries and the growing popularity of home brewing has also led to an emerging market for the sale of collectible growlers. Some U.S. grocery stores, convenience stores, bars and restaurants have growler filling stations.

A crowler (portmanteau of "canned growler") is a fillable and machine-sealable beer can. The selected beer is poured into the can body and then a pop-top is sealed over it at a canning station. Though not reusable like a growler bottle, a crowler is easier to transport. They are typically a quart (32 US oz/946 mL or 40 imp oz/1136 mL) or litre (33.8 US oz/35.2 imp oz) in size.

Overview

Composition
Growlers are generally made of glass and have either a screw-on cap or a hinged porcelain gasket cap, which can maintain freshness for a week or more. A properly sealed growler will hold carbonation indefinitely and store beer like any other sanitized bottle. Some growler caps are equipped with valves to allow replacement of carbon dioxide lost while racking. The modern glass growler was first introduced by Charlie and Ernie Otto of Otto Brothers' Brewing Company in Wilson, Wyoming, in 1989.

The two most popular colors for growlers are amber (a brownish hue) or clear (often called "flint"). Clear growlers are often 25% to 35% more per unit than their amber counterparts. Glass handles are the most common type of handle for growlers, although metal handles, with more ornate designs, can also be found. Some growlers do not have handles; this is especially common with growlers smaller than 64 U.S. fl oz that have Grolsch-style flip-tops.

Use
Growlers can be refilled for between $5 and $30 in the United States. Their initial purchase can carry a significant (sometimes non-compulsory) deposit.

Sizes
While  is the most popular growler size, growlers are commonly found in 32 U.S. fl oz (1 US Quart, sometimes known as a "howler", which may be short for "half growler"), 128 U.S. fl oz (1 US Gallon), , and 2-litre sizes as well.

Etymology
The term likely dates from the late 19th century when fresh beer was carried from the local pub to one's home by means of a small galvanized pail. It is claimed the sound that the carbon dioxide made when it escaped from the lid as the beer sloshed around sounded like a growl.

See also

 Beer bottle
 Glass bottle
 Glass production
 List of bottle types, brands and companies
 Wine bottle

References

Further reading

 Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,

Beer vessels and serving
Bottles

Growler (jug)


Tan Joe Hok (Indonesian name: Hendra Kartanegara, ; born 11 August 1937) is an Indonesian former badminton player, who along with Ferry Sonneville and a cadre of fine doubles players set the foundation for an Indonesian badminton dynasty by dethroning then-perennial Thomas Cup champion Malaya in 1958.

Tan Joe Hok lived in Bandung until he finished high school. He received his degree in Chemistry and Biology from Baylor University, Texas, United States.

He was the first Indonesian to win the All England Open in 1959 and the first Indonesian to win a gold medal in Asian Games, which happened at home in 1962. He won both the U.S. Open and Canadian Open singles titles consecutively in 1959 and 1960. He has many other notable achievements in the badminton field, both as a player and a coach, most particularly, winning all but one of his singles matches for Indonesia's world champion Thomas Cup (men's international) teams of 1958, 1961, and 1964.

Personal
He married former badminton player Goei Kiok Nio in 1965 and they have two children. Tan Joe Hok had a difficulty establishing full citizenship in Indonesia because he could not obtain an SBKRI, a mandatory document for non-indigenous and especially Chinese-Indonesian during the U.S.-backed dictatorship of Suharto. He said, "It wouldn't be hard for us to move overseas but we don't want to do that because we are Indonesians. Even if it was raining gold overseas, we will remain here, in the land where Indonesian blood has been spilled."

Education
Elementary school, Junior High School and Senior High School at Bandung
Premed in Chemistry & Biology Baylor University, Texas, United States (1959–1963)

Career and achievements
 Won the National Championships at Surabaya (1956)
 Member of Squad Indonesian Team that won the Thomas Cup at Singapore (1958)
 First Indonesian badminton men's player to win All England (1959)
 First Indonesian badminton men's player to win Asian Games gold medal (1962)
 Member of Squad Team Thomas Cup Indonesia (1964–1967)
 Badminton coach at Mexico (1969–1970)
 Badminton coach at Hong Kong (1971)
 Coach of Indonesia Thomas Cup Team at Kuala Lumpur (1984)
 Badminton coach at PB Djarum Kudus
 Mandala Pest Control Director (since 1973)
 Best Sport Coach by SIWO/PWI Jaya version (1984)

Asian Games

Men's singles

Men's doubles

International Open Tournaments (9 titles, 5 runners-up)

Men's singles

Men's doubles

Mixed doubles

See also
 Famous Indonesian Chinese
 Indonesian Chinese
 Asian Games
 All England Open Badminton Championships

References

External links
 (id) Tan Joe Hok, Tenar setelah Mengalahkan Kiem Bie
 (id) Tan Joe Hok, Bangga Jadi Kebanggaan Bangsa
 (en) Tan Joe Hok assails discrimination
 (en) Tan Joe Hok's citizenship saga

1937 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bandung
Badminton players from West Java
Indonesian sportspeople of Chinese descent
Indonesian male badminton players
Baylor University alumni
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Badminton players at the 1962 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Badminton coaches
Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games
20th-century Indonesian people

Tan Joe Hok


The Jardin botanique de Tours (5 hectares) is a municipal botanical garden and arboretum located at 33, Boulevard Tonnellé, Tours, Indre-et-Loire, Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is open daily; admission is free.

The garden was established by public subscription in 1843 at the initiative of pharmacist Jean-Anthyme Margueron (1771–1848), and is the oldest public garden in the city. In response to the 1841 creation of the city's Hospice Général et de l'Ecole Préparatoire de Pharmacie, it began as a collection of about 2,000 medical and exotic plants arranged in greenhouses (containing about 500 plants), orchard, and garden proper. It was flooded by the Loire in 1848 and again in 1856, to a depth of 2 metres, which required rebuilding the garden and replacing most of its trees. In 1863 an orangery and animal park were added, and then in 1890 new greenhouses (cold, temperate, and hot) under the direction of Louis Madelin, with the garden's first seed catalog published in 1901. The greenhouses were damaged by bombardments in World War II.

The garden currently contains about 2,000 taxa, organized as follows:

 North - regular parterres along an avenue of magnolias, with a pool containing water lilies and lotus; renovated in 1980 to contain theme gardens and a phylogenetic garden.
 East - bulbs, rhizomes, and perennials, as well as a garden of plant evolution.
 South - an excellent arboretum in the English style, a pond, and a "garden of simples" as in medieval gardens.
 West - heath, bog, Mediterranean garden, and alpine garden.

The garden also contains an orangery, exhibition greenhouses, and a small space for animals.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References

 Jardin botanique de Tours
 Office de Tourisme de Tours
 Patrimoine de France entry (French)
 Parcs et Jardins entry (French)
 Gralon.net entry (French)
 YouTube slide show
 Annales de la Société d'agriculture, sciences, arts et belles-lettres du département d'Indre-et-Loire, Société d'agriculture, sciences, arts et belles-lettres du département d'Indre-et-Loire, Tours, v.38-40, 1860, pages 51–55.

Gardens in Indre-et-Loire
Botanical gardens in France
Buildings and structures in Tours, France

Jardin botanique de Tours