Shovel Knight is an indie 2D platform game made by Yacht Club Games in 2014. The money needed to make the game came from Kickstarter. It first came out on the Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, and Microsoft Windows. It later came out on PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, OS X, and Linux. The game's gameplay and looks are based on other 2D platformers from the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).

The game has received many good reviews, has won many awards, and often shows up on best video games of all time lists. The game is even responsible for expanding the indie game market for Nintendo consoles. Before Shovel Knight, Nintendo mostly released first-party and mainstream video games on its own consoles, but since the Wii U was struggling to sell, it allowed Nintendo to be more open to playing indie games on their own consoles. Shovel Knight's success on Nintendo's consoles them more popular to make indie games for.

The game later added four more campaigns, or separate stories and/or game modes within the game, which are Plague of Shadows, Specter of Torment, King of Cards, and Shovel Knight: Showdown. These all were sold together as Shovel Knight: Treasure Trove. The first campaign was later renamed Shovel of Hope.

Gameplay
The play plays as Shovel Knight, a knight who carries a shovel rather than a normal weapon like a sword or a spear. The player will use the shovel for fighting enemies, jumping on platforms, and digging up treasure and secrets. There is no game over if the player dies in a level, but they will return to the last checkpoint they turned on and lose about one-fourth of all the Gold they have, the game's currency. Like in Dark Souls, the player will have one life to take back the Gold they lost, but if they die before taking back their lost Gold, the lost Gold will disappear forever. The player can destroy checkpoints to get more Gold, but in turn, the player will have to start at an earlier part of the level if they die. At the end of the main levels, the player will have to fight a boss, usually an enemy knight, to complete the level.

Gold is used to make the player's armor and shovel better, buy more health or magic, or buy Relics (useful items that use magic). Most of the main levels (the levels that have an level-end boss and are needed to complete the story) have a Relic hidden in the level that the player can buy. Relics can help with platforming, protect the player, or help the player fight enemies.

The game has a game world similar to that of Super Mario Bros. 3 where the player can play some levels in an order they want, but must complete certain levels before they can unlock more parts of the game world. Also like SMB3, there are some bosses called the Wandering Knights who can walk around the game world, and they will start a boss fight if you walk into them. There are main levels, levels that teach the player how to use a Relic, and towns similar to those in Zelda II: The Adventure of Link and Castlevania II: Simon's Quest. In towns, the player can shop for upgrades and Relics, and talk to villagers for tips on how to play the game.

Plot
The game's story begins with Shovel Knight and Shield Knight, who is Shovel Knight's partner and love interest. When they went to the Tower of Fate to take a magical amulet, Shield Knight disappears. Afterwards, Shovel Knight mourns the loss of Shield Knight and retires from being a knight. This leaves the land defenseless and allows an evil sorceress called the Enchantress and a group of evil knights called the Order of No Quarter to take over the land. Shovel Knight then comes out of retirement to defeat the Enchantress and the Order and save the land.

After every knight of the Order Shovel Knight defeats, he sleeps by a campfire. Sometimes, he dreams of catching Shield Knight falling from the sky while fighting off enemies.

As Shovel Knight travels the land to defeat the Order, he sometimes meets and fights his rival, Black Knight. Black Knight is not part of the Order, but he wants to protect the Enchantress, who Shovel Knight later discovers to be Shield Knight. She became the Enchantress because she was being controlled by the evil amulet from the Tower of Fate.

During Shovel Knight's fight with the Enchantress, Shield Knight is set free from the amulet's control, but the amulet takes on a stronger form. Shield Knight then helps Shovel Knight fight the amulet. However, the amulet hurts Shovel Knight badly and Shovel Knight passes out. Before the amulet could kill Shovel Knight, Shield Knight blocks its attack with her shield. Black Knight then shows up and warns Shield Knight to escape, but she tells him she must destroy the amulet even if she must die doing it. Shield Knight requests Black Knight to take safely Shovel Knight out of the tower. Black Knight does not want to save Shovel Knight, but he obeys Shield Knight because of his own love for her. As the tower is falling down, Black Knight places Shovel Knight by a campfire. As Shovel Knight is sleeping, the cutscene that Shield Knight survives the fight with the amulet. The game ends with a hurt Shield Knight slowly walking towards the campfire and lying next to a sleeping Shovel Knight.
Indie video games
Platform games

Shovel Knight


The Croatian National Council (, HNV) was a representative body of Croatian emigrant groups which operated from 1974 to the nation's independence in 1991.

At the Croatian Parliament held in Chicago from November 23 to November 25, 1973 it was decided that a global body, representing groups calling for Croatian independence, would be formed in Toronto, Canada from February 1 to February 3, 1974.

The conference was held as planned. All major Croatian political parties and organizations, as well as many small ones, were represented except for the Croatian Peasant Party and the Croatian Liberation Movement. The Croatian National Council was officially formed here, and elected Ante Došen as president.

The HNV held its first Parliament in September 1975, again in Toronto, where Dinko Šuljak was elected its premier. The second Parliament was in Brussels in 1977, which met with wide protest by Yugoslav officials. At this conference, Bruno Bušić was elected into the HNV's Parliament and served in it until his assassination by Yugoslav secret police in 1978.

In January 1980 the third Parliament was held in London. At this conference former Independent State of Croatia (NDH) minister Vjekoslav Vrančić arrived from Buenos Aires to speak about how the HNV should not rely on the tradition of the NDH to deal with forming a new independent Croatian state. Moderates performed especially well at this Parliament's elections. Parliaments followed in 1982 in Toronto and 1984 in London.

The Croatian National Council met again every two years until its final two Parliaments in 1990. The first was held on schedule, while the second was a special Parliament which saw the HNV de facto disband itself after the first democratic elections in Croatia.

Presidents
Stanko Vujica (1975–1976)
Janko Skrbin (1976–1982)
Mate Meštrović (1982–1990)

External links
Croatian Political Emigration and the Croatian State

Political history of Croatia
1974 establishments in Croatia
1991 disestablishments in Croatia
Croatian-American history
Croatian-American culture
Croatian nationalist organizations

Croatian National Council


Herman Boerhaave (, 31 December 1668 – 23 September 1738) was a Dutch botanist, chemist, Christian humanist, and physician of European fame. He is regarded as the founder of clinical teaching and of the modern academic hospital and is sometimes referred to as "the father of physiology," along with Venetian physician Santorio Santorio (1561–1636). Boerhaave introduced the quantitative approach into medicine, along with his pupil Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) and is best known for demonstrating the relation of symptoms to lesions. He was the first to isolate the chemical urea from urine. He was the first physician to put thermometer measurements to clinical practice. His motto was Simplex sigillum veri: 'Simplicity is the sign of the truth'. He is often hailed as the "Dutch Hippocrates".

Biography

Boerhaave was born at Voorhout near Leiden. The son of a Protestant pastor, in his youth Boerhaave studied for a divinity degree and wanted to become a preacher. After the death of his father, however, he was offered a scholarship and he entered the University of Leiden, where he took his master's degree in philosophy in 1690, with a dissertation titled De distinctione mentis a corpore (On the Difference of the Mind from the Body). There he attacked the doctrines of Epicurus, Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza. He then turned to the study of medicine. He earned his medical doctorate from the University of Harderwijk (present-day Gelderland) in 1693, with a dissertation titled De utilitate explorandorum in aegris excrementorum ut signorum (The Utility of Examining Signs of Disease in the Excrement of the Sick).

In 1701 he was appointed lecturer on the institutes of medicine at Leiden; in his inaugural discourse, De commendando Hippocratis studio, he recommended to his pupils that great physician as their model. In 1709 he became professor of botany and medicine, and in that capacity he did good service, not only to his own university, but also to botanical science, by his improvements and additions to the botanic garden of Leiden, and by the publication of numerous works descriptive of new species of plants.

On 14 September 1710, Boerhaave married Maria Drolenvaux, the daughter of the rich merchant, Alderman Abraham Drolenvaux. They had four children, of whom one daughter, Maria Joanna, lived to adulthood.  In 1722, he began to suffer from an extreme case of gout, recovering the next year.

In 1714, when he was appointed rector of the university, he succeeded Govert Bidloo in the chair of practical medicine, and in this capacity he introduced the modern system of clinical instruction. Four years later he was appointed to the chair of chemistry as well. In 1728 he was elected into the French Academy of Sciences, and two years later into the Royal Society of London. In 1729 declining health obliged him to resign the chairs of chemistry and botany; and he died, after a lingering and painful illness, at Leiden.

Legacy
His reputation so increased the fame of the University of Leiden, especially as a school of medicine, that it became popular with visitors from every part of Europe. All the princes of Europe sent him pupils, who found in this skilful professor not only an indefatigable teacher, but an affectionate guardian. When Peter the Great went to Holland in 1716 (he had been in Holland before in 1697 to instruct himself in maritime affairs), he also took lessons from Boerhaave. Voltaire travelled to see him, as did Carl Linnaeus, who became a close friend and named the genus Boerhavia for him. His reputation was not confined to Europe; a Chinese mandarin sent him a letter addressed to "the illustrious Boerhaave, physician in Europe," and it reached him in due course.

The operating theatre of the University of Leiden in which he once worked as an anatomist is now at the centre of a museum named after him; the Boerhaave Museum. Asteroid 8175 Boerhaave is named after Boerhaave. From 1955 to 1961 Boerhaave's image was printed on Dutch 20-guilder banknotes. The Leiden University Medical Centre organises medical trainings called Boerhaave-courses.

He had a prodigious influence on the development of medicine and chemistry in Scotland. British medical schools credit Boerhaave for developing the system of medical education upon which their current institutions are based. Every founding member of the Edinburgh Medical School had studied at Leyden and attended Boerhaave's lectures on chemistry including John Rutherford and Francis Home. Boerhaave's Elementa Chemiae (1732) is recognised as the first text on chemistry.

Boerhaave first described Boerhaave syndrome, which involves tearing of the oesophagus, usually a consequence of vigorous vomiting. Notoriously, in 1724 he described the case of Baron Jan van Wassenaer, a Dutch admiral who died of this condition following a gluttonous feast and subsequent regurgitation. The condition was uniformly fatal prior to modern surgical techniques allowing repair of the oesophagus.

Boerhaave was critical of his Dutch contemporary Baruch Spinoza, attacking him in his 1688 dissertation. At the same time, he admired Isaac Newton and was a devout Christian who often wrote about God in his works. A collection of his religious thoughts on medicine, translated from Latin to English, has been compiled by the Sir Thomas Browne Instituut Leiden under the name Boerhaave's Orations (meaning "Boerhaave's Prayers"). Among other things, he considered nature as God's Creation and he used to say that the poor were his best patients because God was their paymaster.

Medical contributions
Boerhaave devoted himself intensively to the study of the human body. He was strongly influenced by the mechanistic theories of René Descartes, and those of the 17th-century astronomer and mathematician Giovanni Borelli, who described animal movements in terms of mechanical motion. On such premises Boerhaave proposed a hydraulic model of human physiology. His writings refer to simple machines such as levers and pulleys and similar mechanisms, and he saw the bodily organs and members as being assembled from pipe-like structures. The physiology of veins, for example, he compared to the operation of pipes. He asserted the importance of a proper balance of fluid pressure, noting that fluids should be able to move around the body freely, without obstacles. For its well-being the body needed to be self-regulating, so as to maintain a healthy state of equilibrium. Boerhaave's concept of the body as apparatus centred his medical attention on material problems rather than upon ontological or esoteric explanations of illness.

Boerhaave's teaching of his knowledge and philosophy drew many students to the University of Leiden. He emphasised the importance of anatomical research based on practical observation and scientific experiment. His concept of the bodily system took hold throughout Europe, and helped to transform medical education in the European schools. His insights aroused great interest among other critical medical thinkers, not least in Friedrich Hoffmann, who strongly advocated the importance of physico-mechanical principles for the preservation or indeed the restoration of health. As a professor at Leiden, Boerhaave influenced many students. Some in their experiments upheld and furthered his philosophy, while others rejected it and proposed alternative theories of human physiology. He produced a great many textbooks and writings through which the digested brilliance of his lectures at Leiden was circulated widely in Europe. In 1708 his publication of the Institutiones Medicae was issued in over five languages, and went into approximately ten editions. His Elementa Chemia, a world-renowned chemistry textbook, was published in 1732.

The mechanistic concept of the human body departed from the age-old precepts laid down by Galen and Aristotle. In place of a servile dependence upon teachings handed down from antiquity, Boerhaave understood the importance of establishing definitive findings through his own investigation, and by the direct application of his own methods of testing. This new reasoning expanded the field of Renaissance anatomy: it opened the way to reforms of medical practice and understanding in the field of iatrochemistry.

Works

Oratio academica qua probatur, bene intellectam a Cicerone et confutatam esse sententiam Epicuri de summo bono (Leiden, 1688)
Het Nut der Mechanistische Methode in de Geneeskunde (Leiden, 1703)
Institutiones medicae (Leiden, 1708)
Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis (Leiden, 1709), on which his pupil and assistant, Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772) published a commentary in 5 vols.

Institutiones et Experimenta chemiae (Paris, 1724) (unauthorised). (Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)

  Translated from the original Latin by Timothy Dallowe, MD.

References

 Guggenheim, K. Y. "Herman Boerhaave on nutrition." The Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 2 (1988): 141-143.
 Mendelsohn, Everett (2003). Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
 Rina Knoeff (2002), "Herman Boerhaave (1668–1783): Calvinist chemist and physician." History of Science and Scholarship in the Netherlands, Volume 3. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 Underwood, E. Ashworth. "Boerhaave After Three Hundred Years." The British Medical Journal 4, no. 5634 (1968): 820–25.

Further reading
 Ducheyne, Steffen (2017) "Different Shades of Newton: Herman Boerhaave on Isaac Newton mathematicus, philosophus, and opto-chemicus", Annals of Science 74(2): 108-125.

External links

Samuel Johnson's 1739 biography of him online: Life of Herman Boerhaave
Museum Boerhaave in Leiden, National Museum of the History of Science and Medicine
A recent discussion of Boerhaave's Syndrome in the New England Journal of Medicine (subscription required)

Works at Open Library

"Aphorismi de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis" (1709; "Aphorisms on the Recognition and Treatment of Diseases")
"Elementa Chemiae" (1733) (Elements of Chemistry)
"A New Method of Chemistry" (1741 & 1753) (English Translation of "Elementa Chemiae" by Peter Shaw)
Javed Chaudhry Article about Herman Boerhaave

1668 births
1738 deaths
17th-century Dutch physicians
17th-century Dutch writers
18th-century Dutch physicians
18th-century Dutch writers
Burials at Pieterskerk, Leiden
17th-century Dutch anatomists
18th-century Dutch anatomists
17th-century Dutch botanists
18th-century Dutch botanists
18th-century Dutch chemists
Dutch Christians
Dutch entomologists
Dutch Renaissance humanists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
People from Teylingen
University of Harderwijk alumni
Writers about religion and science

Herman Boerhaave


Tim Scott Jorgensen (born November 30, 1972) is an American former professional baseball player and high school baseball coach. As a college baseball player for the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Jorgensen set Division III all-time records for most home runs in a single season and for most career home runs. He played professional baseball until 1999 and was later inducted into the National College Baseball Hall of Fame.

Career

College baseball
After graduating from Luxemburg-Casco High School, Tim Jorgensen enrolled at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh, where he played college baseball for the Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in Division III. Jorgensen played shortstop. In 1994, his junior year, he was named the Division III player of the year by the American Baseball Coaches Association, and he was named a Division III All-American. UW-Oshkosh won the 1994 Division III national championship. In 1994, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

The San Diego Padres drafted Jorgensen in the 28th round of the 1994 Major League Baseball Draft. After considering San Diego's offer, Jorgensen opted to return to Wisconsin–Oshkosh for his senior season.  In his senior season, Jorgensen set the Division III record for home runs in a season, with 39. He also set the career home run record with 70, surpassing the 58 of John Deutsch of Montclair State University. Jorgensen's 1995 campaign also set Division III single-season records in grand slams (6), runs batted in (121), slugging percentage (1.275) and total bases (218).

Professional baseball
Jorgensen was an eighth-round selection by the Cleveland Indians in the 1995 Major League Baseball Draft. He played three seasons of minor league baseball before sustaining an injury in 1998. He finished his professional baseball career with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization in 1999.

Personal
In 2012, Jorgensen became the first player from the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WIAC) elected to the National College Baseball Hall of Fame. He was inducted with a class that included Nomar Garciaparra and Lou Brock.

Jorgensen works for Associated Bank in Green Bay. He served as baseball coach for Ashwaubenon High School in Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin for four seasons. His older brother, Terry Jorgensen, also attended UW-Oshkosh and then played in Major League Baseball.

Notes

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
People from Kewaunee, Wisconsin
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Baseball shortstops
Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans baseball players
Falmouth Commodores players
Watertown Indians players
Kinston Indians players
Altoona Curve players
National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees

Tim Jorgensen


The Charlemont pub attacks were co-ordinated militant Loyalist paramilitary attacks on two pubs in the small village of Charlemont, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, carried out by the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) on the 15 May 1976. The attacks have been attributed to the Glenanne gang which was a coalition of right-wing Loyalist paramilitaries and subversive members inside the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), the Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR) and the British Army.

Background
Since late 1975 there had been a number of deadly sectarian attacks carried out by both Irish Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries in County Armagh.
On 15 December, 17 year old Catholic civilian Ronald Trainor, a member of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (believed to be the political wing of the Irish National Liberation Army), was killed by the UVF in Portadown. On the 19 December 1975 the Loyalist Red Hand Commando claimed responsibility for killing three Catholic civilians in a pub in Silverbridge, County Armagh. On the 31 December the Irish National Liberation Army using the covername "Armagh People's Republican Army" killed three Protestant civilians when they bombed a pub near Portadown.
At the start of January 1976 Loyalists gunmen killed six Catholic civilians in a double attack in County Armagh. The next day a group calling itself the South Armagh Republican Action Force killed 10 Protestant civilian workmen in what became known as the Kingsmill massacre.

Attacks
Locals claimed that the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) had been patrolling the village for a number of nights beforehand, but were absent the night of the attacks.

On the night of the 15 May 1976 at around 10:50 pm the Eagles Bar in Charlemont in Armagh was sprayed with gunfire from a Sten submachine gun, four people had been hit and injured in the attack. Probably more would have been injured but the owner of the bar placed security shutters on the windows in case of an attack. One of those who was injured was Fred McLoughlin (47) who died two weeks later in hospital from his injuries.
Almost instantly after the gunfire had stopped a loud bang was heard, this was the bomb that had gone off at Clancy's bar only a short distance away.
The bomb had been placed at the front of the pubs door by the UVF unit and exploded right after the attack on the other pub had ended. The force of the blast brought the ceiling crashing down on the people inside the pub. Three people were killed in this bomb attack including Sean O'Hagan (22), Robert McCullough (41) and the pubs owner Felix "Vincy" Clancy (54) the pubs owner who had only just returned from the Eagle Bar a few minutes earlier. About 15 people had been injured in the attack, some of them seriously.

Aftermath
A member of the British Territorial Army Gerald Beattie and British UDR soldier David Kane were convicted of the shooting at the Eagle's Bar, and a RUC reservist Joseph Lutton for the bombing at Clancy's Bar, although Lutton named Beattie and Kane as having also taken part in the bombing at Clancy's they were given no further time on to their sentences or even interviewed about the bombing.

Two days after the Charlemont attacks the Republican Action Force claimed responsibility for killing Protestant civilians Robert and Thomas Dobson in Moy, County Tyrone, apparently in retaliation for the 15 May pub attacks.

See also

Donnelly's Bar and Kay's Tavern attacks
Reavey and O'Dowd killings
Castleblayney bombing
Hillcrest Bar bombing
Glenanne gang
Loughinisland massacre
Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions

References

Explosions in 1976
Royal Ulster Constabulary
The Troubles in County Armagh
1976 crimes in the United Kingdom
1976 in Northern Ireland
Improvised explosive device bombings in Northern Ireland
Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 1976
1976 crimes in Ireland
Mass murder in 1976
Terrorist incidents in Northern Ireland
Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland
People killed by security forces during The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
People killed by the Ulster Volunteer Force
Police misconduct in Northern Ireland
Spree shootings in Northern Ireland
May 1976 events in the United Kingdom
1970s mass shootings in the United Kingdom
Attacks on bars in Northern Ireland
1976 mass murder in Europe
1976 murders in the United Kingdom
1970s murders in Northern Ireland

Charlemont pub attacks


The division of the Mongol Empire began after Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu Castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of khagan that escalated into the Toluid Civil War. This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war, greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire, and the empire fractured into four khanates: the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Southwest Asia, and the Yuan dynasty in East Asia based in modern-day Beijing – although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of khagan of the empire.

The four divisions each pursued their own interests and objectives and fell at different times. Most of the western khanates did not recognize Kublai as Great Khan. Although some of them still asked Kublai to confirm the enthronement of their new regional khans, the four khanates were functionally independent sovereign states. The Ilkhanate and the Yuan dynasty had close diplomatic relations, and shared scientific and cultural knowledge, but military cooperation between all four Mongol khanates would never occur again — the united Mongol Empire had disintegrated.

Dispute over succession

Möngke Khan's brother Hulagu Khan broke off his successful military advance into Syria, withdrawing the bulk of his forces to Mughan and leaving only a small contingent under his general Kitbuqa. The opposing forces in the region, the Christian Crusaders and Muslim Mamluks, both recognizing that the Mongols were the greater threat, took advantage of the weakened state of the Mongol army and engaged in an unusual passive truce with each other.

In 1260, the Mamluks advanced from Egypt, being allowed to camp and resupply near the Christian stronghold of Acre, and engaged Kitbuqa's forces just north of Galilee, at the Battle of Ain Jalut. The Mongols were defeated, and Kitbuqa was executed. This pivotal battle marked the western limit for Mongol expansion, as the Mongols were never again able to make any serious military advances farther than Syria.

In a separate part of the empire, another brother of Hulagu and Möngke, Kublai, heard of the great khan's death at the Huai River in China proper. Rather than returning to the capital, he continued his advance into Wuchang, near the Yangtze River. Their younger brother Ariq Böke took advantage of the absence of Hulagu and Kublai, and used his position at the capital to win the title of great khan (khagan) for himself, with representatives of all the family branches proclaiming him as the leader at the kurultai in Karakorum.  When Kublai learned of this, he summoned his own kurultai at Kaiping, where virtually all the senior princes and great noyans resident in North China and Manchuria supported his own candidacy over that of Ariq Böke.

Civil war

Battles ensued between the armies of Kublai and those of his brother Ariq Böke, which included forces still loyal to Möngke's previous administration. Kublai's army easily eliminated Ariq Böke's supporters and seized control of the civil administration in southern Mongolia. Further challenges took place from their cousins, the Chagataids. Kublai sent Abishka, a Chagataid prince loyal to him, to take charge of Chagatai's realm. However, Ariq Böke captured and then executed Abishka, having his own man Alghu crowned there instead. Kublai's new administration blockaded Ariq Böke in Mongolia to cut off food supplies, causing a famine. Karakorum fell quickly to Kublai, but Ariqboke rallied and retook the capital in 1261.

In the southwestern Ilkhanate, Hulagu was loyal to his brother Kublai, but clashes with their cousin Berke, the ruler of the Golden Horde in the northwestern part of the empire, began in 1262. The suspicious deaths of Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, unequal distribution of war booty, and Hulagu's massacres of the Muslims increased the anger of Berke, who considered supporting a rebellion of the Georgian Kingdom against Hulagu's rule in 1259–1260. Berke also forged an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu and supported Kublai's rival claimant, Ariqboke.

Hulagu died on February 8, 1265. Berke sought to take advantage and invade Hulagu's realm, but he died along the way, and a few months later, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate died as well. Kublai named Hulagu's son Abaqa as a new ilkhan, and Abaqa sought foreign alliances, such as attempting to form a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Europeans against the Egyptian Mamluks. Kublai nominated Batu's grandson Möngke Temür to lead the Golden Horde. Ariqboqe surrendered to Kublai at Shangdu on August 21, 1264.

Disintegration into four khanates
The establishment of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) by Kublai (Emperor Shizu) accelerated the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire fractured into four khanates. Two of these, the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate, were ruled by the line of Tolui. The Golden Horde was founded by the line of Jochi, while the Chagatai Khanate was founded by Chagatai. In 1304, a peace treaty among the khanates established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates. However, this supremacy was based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier khagans. Conflicts such as border clashes among them continued; for example, the Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war occurred between the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate in the 1310s. The four khanates continued to function as separate states and fell at different times.

Yuan dynasty

The transition of the capital of the Mongol Empire from Karakorum to Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern-day Beijing) by Kublai in 1264 was opposed by many conservative Mongols. Thus, Ariq Böke's struggle was for keeping the center of the empire in the traditional Mongol homeland of Outer Mongolia. After Ariq Böke's death, the struggle was continued by Kaidu, a grandson of Ogedei Khan and lord Nayan.

By eliminating the Song dynasty in 1279, Kublai completed the conquest of China proper. The fleets of the Yuan dynasty attempted to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281, but both invasions failed, and a large number of their ships were destroyed in sea storms called kamikazes (divine wind) on both occasions. The ordinary people experienced hardships during the Yuan dynasty. Hence, Mongol warriors rebelled against Kublai in 1289. Kublai died in 1294 and was succeeded by Temür (Emperor Chengzong), who continued the fight against Kaidu, which lasted until Kaidu's death in 1301. Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan came to power in 1312. The civil service examination system was instituted in the Yuan dynasty in 1313.

A rebellion called the Red Turban Rebellion began in the 1350s and the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368. The last Yuan emperor, Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong), fled north to Yingchang and died there in 1370. The Yuan remnants, which had retreated to the Mongolian Plateau, are known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty and continued to resist the Ming dynasty until it was conquered by the Jurchen-led Later Jin dynasty (predecessor of the Qing dynasty) in 1635.

Golden Horde

The Golden Horde was founded by Batu, son of Jochi, in 1243. The Golden Horde included the Volga region, the Ural Mountains, the steppes of the northern Black Sea, the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, the Aral Sea and Irtysh basin, and held principalities of Rus' in tributary relations.

The capital was initially Sarai Batu and later Sarai Berke. This extensive empire weakened under rivalry of the descendants of Batu and split into the Kazakh Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, the Siberia Khanate, the Great Horde, the Nogai Horde and the White Horde during the 15th century. A unified Rus conquered the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556, the Siberia Khanate in 1582, and the Russian Empire conquered the Crimean Khanate in 1783.

Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate separated in 1266 and covered Central Asia, Lake Balkhash, Kashgaria, Afghanistan and Zhetysu. It was split between settled Transoxania (Ma Wara'un-Nahr) in the west and nomadic Moghulistan in the east.

Initially, the rulers of the Chagatai Khanate recognized the supremacy of the Great Khan, but by the reign of Kublai Khan, Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq no longer obeyed orders trom the east. From 1363, the Chagatais progressively lost Transoxiana to the Timurids. The reduced, Moghulistan, lasted until the late 15th century, when it broke off into the Yarkent Khanate and the Turpan Khanate. In 1680, the remaining Chagatai domains lost their independence to the Dzungar Khanate, and in 1705, the last Chagatai khan was removed from power, ending the dynasty.

Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate, ruled by the Toluid House of Hulagu, formed in 1256 and comprised Iran, Iraq, Transcaucasus, eastern Asia Minor, and western Turkestan. While the early rulers of the khanate increasingly adopted Tibetan Buddhism, the Mongol rulers converted to Islam after the enthronement of Ilkhan Ghazan (1295–1304). In 1300, Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in cooperation with Mongol historians commenced writing  (, Compendium of Chronicles) under Ghazan's order. The work was completed in 1311 during the reign of Ilkhan Öljeitü (1304–1316). , written by Mongol historian Bolad Chinsan, served as a basis for writing . After the death of Abu Sa'id (1316–1335) the Ilkhanate disintegrated rapidly into several states. The most prominent one was the Jalayrid dynasty, ruled by descendants of Mukhali of Jalair.

See also

 Mongol Empire
 Toluid Civil War
 Berke–Hulagu war
 Kaidu–Kublai war
 Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
 Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia
 Turco-Mongols
 Turanism
 Tartary
 Inner Asia

Notes

References

Works cited

Mongol Empire
Yuan dynasty
Golden Horde
Chagatai Khanate
Ilkhanate
Partition (politics)
Mongol Empire

Division of the Mongol Empire


Edward Wilhelm Adolphus Buultjens (18 February 1913 – May 1980) was a Ceylonese cricketer who played first-class matches for Ceylon representative teams, the antecedents of the current Sri Lankan national side.

Born in Matara, on the southern coast of what was then the crown colony of Ceylon, Buultjens was a member of a Burgher family that had been resident in the country since the 18th century, descended from a Flemish sailor. He was the fifth child (and third son) of John William Buultjens, who was headmaster of St. Thomas' College (a school known for its involvement in cricket), and also a local justice of the peace.

Edward Buultjens attended Trinity College, Kandy, and received his Lion (an equivalent of the English Blue) in rugby union in 1933. His first recorded cricket match for Ceylon came during the 1935–36 season, when a Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) side stopped over in Colombo on its way to a tour of Australia and New Zealand. Buultjens made his first-class debut less than a week later, playing for Ceylon against the touring Australian side led by Frank Tarrant. On debut at Viharamahadevi Park in late October 1935, he came in third in the batting order in both innings, behind Douglas Lieversz and Louis Mendis. In the first innings he scored two runs before being bowled by Ron Oxenham, who finished with 9/18 from his 13 overs – all his victims were either bowled or leg before wicket. He fared no better in the second innings, bowled for a duck by Lisle Nagel, but he did take the wickets of Wendell Bill and Jack Ryder, finishing with 2/35.

Buultjens again played for Ceylon against the MCC during the 1936–37 season. Later in the season, he made his second and final first-class appearance, against a touring side organised by South African businessman Sir Julien Cahn. Buultjens opened the batting with Louis Mendis, making 10 and 7, bowled by the South African Test representative Bob Crisp on both occasions. Buultjens bowled nine overs in the South Africans' first innings, but failed to take a wicket. Most of the bowling was done by George Pereira, who finished with 7/158 from 55 overs. Buultjens died in Sri Lanka in May 1980, aged 67. His son, Rohan Buultjens, played cricket for Sri Lanka in the early 1980s.

References

1913 births
1980 deaths
Burgher sportspeople
People from Matara, Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan people of Dutch descent
Sri Lankan rugby union players
Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy

Edward Buultjens


"Word of God Speak" is a song by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written by Bart Millard and Pete Kipley, "Word of God Speak" uses sparse instrumentation, featuring only piano and strings to accompany Millard's vocals. The lyrics to "Word of God Speak" reflect on the idea that it is impossible to speak of an infinite God with a limited vocabulary.

Released as the second single from MercyMe's 2002 album Spoken For, Billboard magazine ranked the song at the top spot on their 2000s decade-end Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts. "Word of God Speak" spent 23 weeks atop the Billboard Christian Songs chart, the fifth longest running record for that chart; it spent a total of 76 weeks on that chart altogether. It also topped the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and the Radio & Records Christian AC and INSPO charts, and peaked at No. 25 on the Christian CHR chart.  "Word of God Speak" also won the Dove Awards for Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards.

Background
MercyMe's lead singer Bart Millard wrote "Word of God Speak" while touring in support of their single "I Can Only Imagine". The travel was exhausting, and Millard commented in an interview that, on one of the nights on tour, he "went to bed just really frustrated... It started feeling like everything I was saying was the same. I just thought, I have nothing else to say. So I went to bed with that on my mind". After falling asleep, Millard woke up early in the morning and wrote several lines to the song in his journal before going back to sleep. Several weeks later, he was searching through his journal and found the notes again; when he went to the band's studio, he showed the notes to his producer, Pete Kipley. The two finished the lyrics to the song in less than thirty minutes, and recorded the piano track the same night; they also brought in someone to compose a string track for the song. Millard wanted "Word of God Speak" to contain only piano, avoiding the big production that could assure the song success on the radio, as he felt the simple production would mirror the lyrics.

"Word of God Speak" was written by Bart Millard and Pete Kipley; it was also produced by Kipley. It was recorded at several locations; Luminous Sound in Dallas, Texas, The Sound Kitchen in Franklin, Tennessee, Indigo Room in Franklin, Tennessee, HydeAway Sound Lab in Jeckyll Island, Georgia, The Scwoodio in Greenville, Texas, Mountain View Recorders in Glorieta, New Mexico, and Playground Recording in Wylie, Texas. It was mastered by Richard Dodd at Vital Recordings, and mixed by Salvo at Salvo Mix.

Composition

"Word of God Speak" is a contemporary Christian song with a length of three minutes and seven seconds. It is set in the key of C major and has a tempo of 69 beats per minute, with Millard's vocal range spanning from C4-F5.

The music to "Word of God Speak" is stripped down, featuring piano and vocals; a string track is also present. The simple production was intended to mirror the lyrics of the song, which reflect on the concept that it is impossible to speak of an infinite God with the limited vocabulary of humanity. A critic, Russ Breimier, also noted the song reminds that "prayer and worship are not flowery orations".

Critical reception
On his review of Spoken For, Russ Breimeier commented that "I particularly liked the brief "Word of God Speak," which simply reminds us that prayer and worship aren't about flowery orations... This song is to prayer what "Heart of Worship" is to worship".

"Word of God Speak" won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Song of the Year at the 35th GMA Dove Awards.

Chart performance
"Word of God Speak" peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs chart, and spent 23 weeks at the top of the chart, and a total of 76 weeks on the chart. On the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart, the song spent 21 weeks atop the chart, and spent 61 weeks on it in total. On the Radio & Records Christian AC chart, "Word of God Speak" spent 10 weeks at the top, and stayed on the chart for 46 weeks in total; on the Radio & Records INSPO chart, the song spent nine weeks atop the chart, and spent 21 weeks on it in total. Additionally, the song peaked at No. 25 on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart, and spent 12 weeks on that chart in total.

"Word of God Speak" ranked at No. 5 on the 2004 year-end Billboard Hot Christian Singles & Tracks Titles chart, and at No. 9 on the 2004 year-end Billboard Hot Christian Adult Contemporary Titles chart. It ranked at No. 1 on both the 2000s decade-end Christian Songs chart and the 2000s decade-end Hot Christian AC chart.

Cover versions
"Word of God Speak" has been covered by several artists. In 2005, actress Kristin Chenoweth covered the song on her album As I Am, and Christian rock band Kutless recorded a version of the song on their 2005 album Strong Tower. In 2004, contemporary Christian band Big Daddy Weave recorded a version of the song that was included on the compilation album WOW Worship: Red.

Track listing
CD release
"I Can Only Imagine" – 4:08 (Bart Millard)
"Word of God Speak" – 3:07 (Peter Kipley, Millard)

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

MercyMe
Bart Millard – lead vocals
Jim Bryson – keys, recording

Additional performers
Roy G. Biv String Vibe - strings

Production
Csaba Petozz - recording
J. R. McNeely - recording
Lee Bridges - recording
Richard Dodd - mastering
Salvo - mixing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References
Notes

Footnotes

2002 songs
2003 singles
MercyMe songs
Songs written by Bart Millard
Curb Records singles
Songs written by Pete Kipley

Word of God Speak


Herveld is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Overbetuwe.

Herveld was a separate municipality until 1818, when the area was divided between Loenen en Wolferen and Valburg.

The village exists of two semi-separate communities of Herveld-Noord and Herveld-Zuid., connected by the Stenenkamerstraat. The mostly Catholic Herveld-North is located directly east of the village Andelst while the more Protestant Herveld-South is a mile further south. Most amenities such as supermarkets, are located in Herveld-North.

In the center of Herveld-South is a Gothic hall church, dating from the 15th century. Just outside the village is De Vink, a mill from the 18th century. Herveld is just off the A50 motorway (junction/knooppunt Valburg), and to come into the village, one must follow the A15.

Herveld has a rich history of fruit cultivation.

Gallery

References

Populated places in Gelderland
Former municipalities of Gelderland
Overbetuwe

Herveld


The Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize Lectureship is a quadrennial award made by the Royal Society of Edinburgh to recognise original work done by scientists resident in or connected with Scotland.

The award was founded in 1887 by Dr Robert Halliday Gunning, a Scottish surgeon, entrepreneur and philanthropist who spent much of his life in Brazil.

Awards by a similar name have also been awarded by the University of Edinburgh.

Prizewinners
Source: Royal Society of Edinburgh

1887: Sir William Thomson, for a series of papers on Hydrokinetics
1887–1890: Peter Guthrie Tait, for work done on the Challenger Expedition
1890–1893: Alexander Buchan, for his contributions on meteorology
1893–1896: John Aitken, for his work on the formation and condensation of aqueous vapour
1896–1899: Rev. Thomas David Anderson, for his discoveries of new and variable stars
1900–1904: Sir James Dewar, for his researches on the liquefaction of gases
1904–1908: George Chrystal, for a series of papers on Seiches
1908–1912: John Norman Collie, for his contributions to organic and inorganic chemistry
1912–1916: Thomas Muir, for his memoirs on the theory and history of determinants
1916–1920: Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, for his studies in connection with condensation nuclei, ionisation of gases and atmospheric electricity
1920–1924: Sir Joseph John Thomson, for his discoveries in physics
1924–1928: E.T. Whittaker, for his contributions to mathematics
1928–1932: Sir James Walker, for contributions to physical and general chemistry
1932–1936: Charles Galton Darwin, for his contributions to mathematical physics
1936–1940: James Colquhoun Irvine, for contributions to organic chemistry
1940–1944: Herbert Westren Turnbull, for his contributions to mathematical science
1944–1948: Max Born, for contributions to theoretical physics
1948–1952: Alexander Craig Aitken, for his contributions to pure mathematics
1952–1956: Harry Melville,  for contributions to reaction kinetics and physics and chemistry of high polymers
1956–1960: Sir Edward Victor Appleton, contributions to ionospheric and radio physics
1960–1964: Sir Edmund Hirst, for contributions to the chemistry of carbohydrates
1964–1968: Sir William Vallance Douglas Hodge, for contributions to geometry
1968–1972: Philip Ivor Dee, for contributions to nuclear physics
1972–1976: Arthur Erdelyi, for contributions to mathematics especially the theory of special functions
1976–1980: Charles Kemball, for contributions to the study of analysis
1984: Nicholas Kemmer, for his contributions to the theory of elementary particles
1988: Sir Michael Atiyah, for his contribution to mathematics
1992: Peter Ludwig Pauson, for his contributions to the chemistry of diene- and triene-metal carbonyl complexes
1996: Kathryn A Whaler, for her contribution to the development of mathematical models on the long wave length component of the geomagnetic field
2000:  Angus Macintyre, for his contributions to logic, model theory, algebra, analysis and computer science2004: Peter George Bruce, for contributions to solid state chemistry2008: James Hough, for his work on gravitational waves''

See also

 List of general science and technology awards
 List of mathematics awards

References

British science and technology awards
Mathematics awards
Royal Society of Edinburgh
Scottish awards
1887 establishments in Scotland
Awards established in 1887

Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize


Germania was a Roman name originally given to a tribe of people who lived along the Rhine River. They were a Teutonic people, who were first mentioned in the 4th century BC. The Gauls changed it from a name for a people to the name for the territory. This was a vast forested wilderness to the north that Rome knew very little about. It ran from the west on the River Rhenus (Rhine) to the east and the Carpathian Mountains and the River Vistula. On the north it was bounded by the North Sea and on the south by the River Hister (Danube).

Tribes

Germania Inferior
Germania was home to a very large number of Germanic and a few Celtic tribes. The northern provinces of Germania were called "Germania Inferior". Some of the tribes known to live here were the Menapii, Batavi, Condrusi, Atuataci and Eburones. Close to the Roman fortifications on the east side of the Rhine lived the Frisii, Chauci, Istavones, Sicambri, Marsii, Cattii, and Ubii tribes. The Ubii were friendly with the Romans and provided cavalry as well as guarded the border for the Romans.

Germania Superior
"Germania Superior", or southern Germania was home to the Triboci, Rauraci (Celtic), Nemetes, Caeroesi, Sequani (Gallic) and Helvetii (Gallic) tribes. To the east of the Rhine and along the Danube lived the Marvingii, Varisci (also called Nariscii), Burgundians, Hermunduri, Suebi and the Cherusci tribes.

Roman conquest
During the Gallic War, Julius Caesar ended the Germanic control of Alsace by defeating Ariovistus. He built a bridge across the Rhine in 55 BC and entered Germania. He convinced the Suebi and other tribes not to interfere in Gaul, which was Roman territory. Other than venturing into Germania a second time in 53 BC and warring against several tribes, he left Germania alone. This established the Rhine as the boundary between Germania and Roman Gaul. From 49–45 BC, Caesar was occupied by the Civil War. He was then assassinated in 44 BC.

The beginnings of the occupation of Germania by Rome was in 15 BC. The Foothills of the Alps were conquered during the reign of Augustus. This, together with the lands west of the Rhine conquered by Caesar became their foothold. The Romans attempted to bring under Roman rule the lands as far north as the River Elbe. In 7 AD Rome assumed Germania was under Roman rule when Publius Quinctilius Varus became governor of Roman occupied Germania. Since they were so powerful, the Romans did not count on any resistance from the German tribes.

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

In 9 AD Varus with three legions of top Roman troops, were moving up to a permanent base on the Rhine. There had been reports of a Rebellion by local tribes which Varus intended to deal with. Varis was confident that it would be easy to occupy Germany. He was a good administrator but not a soldier. While marching through the Teutoburg Forest, three crack legions of Rome's army were caught in an ambush. For three days up to 30.000 Roman soldiers, their families and slaves were killed by the peoples they called barbarians. The battle was Rome's greatest defeat.

Arminius, the German leader, understood both the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman army. He knew not to attack Roman legions in open battle. In the Teutoburg Forest he lured the 17th, 18th and 19th legions into an ambush. The battle was fought in several places during the encounter. Those who were not killed were taken captive. When Emperor Augustus heard the news he supposedly cried out "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" The numbers XVII (17), XVIII (18) and XIX (19) were never again used as legion numbers.

Germanicus was ordered to avenge the loss of the legions. In 14 AD he started the conquest of Germania again. However after two years he decided he had done enough to avenge Rome's great loss and returned to Rome. He left Germania to their own feuds. Arminius was murdered in 21 AD by relatives because of internal fighting.

References

Other websites
 The Germanic Tribes Histoy
 Germania A Roman Province Too Far 1/2 [Documentary
 Cornelius Tacitus, Germany and its Tribes, complete text

History of Germany

Germania


The Blackpool Combat Club (BCC) is a professional wrestling stable performing in All Elite Wrestling (AEW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), and Ring of Honor (ROH). Formed in 2022, its name derives from the town where English wrestling personality William Regalthe group's creator and initial managerbegan his career. The group was originally a tag team managed by Regal and consisting of American wrestlers Bryan Danielson and Jon Moxley, who were later joined by American wrestler Wheeler Yuta and Swiss wrestler Claudio Castagnoli. Regal left AEW in November 2022, but the group continues to use its original name in honor of him. They are noted for their gimmick of targeting those they believe are not dedicated enough to professional wrestling, seeing extreme violence as a beautiful thing or a rite of passage, outnumbering their opponents, stabbing them with screwdrivers, and spilling blood during their matches.

Background
Bryan Danielson and Jon Moxley had their first interaction together in December 2007 when Danielson defeated Moxley at Mad-Pro Wrestling's (MPW) Rise Up event in Chillicothe, Ohio. This match was later referred to by Moxley in a February 2022 promo when the two began feuding with each other in AEW. They next met in August 2010 at Heartland Wrestling Association's (HWA) Road to Destiny event before Moxley challenged Danielson at Dragon Gate USA a month later. Danielson, who was employed by WWE under the ring name Daniel Bryan at the time, defeated Moxley during both matches. In 2011, Moxley signed with WWE and was renamed Dean Ambrose; he wrestled in its development territory, FCW, which later became NXT. He became a successful member of The Shield after his main roster debut, and would wrestle Bryan in various matches throughout the 2010s. Both men became successful world champions for WWE before reverting to their respective names after leaving WWE (Moxley in 2019 and Danielson in 2021) with both men joining AEW. During that period, prior to the Blackpool Combat Club's establishment, William Regal was also employed by WWE as a wrestler and general manager for NXT; during this time, he helped to train and teach both Danielson and Moxley, and even feuded with Moxley.

History

On the February 2, 2022 episode of Dynamite, Danielson told Moxley that he wanted to form a tag team, which Moxley accepted on the condition that they wrestle each other first. Danielson was defeated by Moxley at Revolution on March 6, after which the two began brawling. Regal, once a mentor to both men, made his AEW surprise debut to break up the fight and force them to shake hands. The two formed a team with Regal acting as their manager, later being named the Blackpool Combat Club (BCC) in honor of the English town where Regal began his career.

On the April 8 episode of Rampage, Moxley defeated ROH Pure Champion Wheeler Yuta in a critically acclaimed non-title match. After the match, Regal offered Yuta a handshake, and subsequently invited him to join the group, which Yuta accepted. On the May 11 episode of Dynamite, Eddie Kingston and Santana and Ortiz united with the BCC to fight off the Jericho Appreciation Society (Chris Jericho, Jake Hager, Daniel Garcia, Angelo Parker, and Matt Menard). At Double or Nothing on May 29, the BCC teamed with Eddie Kingston, Santana, and Ortiz to face the Jericho Appreciation Society in an Anarchy in the Arena match, but lost.

At AEW x NJPW: Forbidden Door on June 26, Yuta teamed up with Kingston and Shota Umino in a losing effort against Chris Jericho, Sammy Guevara, and Minoru Suzuki. Later that night, Claudio Castagnoliwho defeated Regal in his final match nine years priorjoined the BCC and made his surprise AEW debut as Danielson's handpicked replacement due to the latter suffering an injury, defeating Zack Sabre Jr. while Moxley defeated Hiroshi Tanahashi to win the interim AEW World Championship in the main event. The BCC would then team up again with Kingston, Santana, and Ortiz and avenge their loss to the Jericho Appreciation Society in a Blood and Guts match at the eponymous event. At Death Before Dishonor on July 23, Castagnoli defeated Jonathan Gresham to capture the ROH World Championship, while Yuta successfully defended the ROH Pure Championship against Daniel Garcia.

On the August 24 episode of Dynamite, Moxley quickly defeated lineal AEW World Champion CM Punk to win his record-setting second AEW World Championship, becoming the undisputed AEW World Champion in the process. Danielson was defeated by Jericho at All Out on September 4, while Moxley lost the undisputed championship to Punk, ending his reign at 11 days. On the following episode of Dynamite, Yuta lost the ROH Pure Championship to Daniel Garcia, thus ending his reign at 159 days. Moxley and Danielson were inserted in the AEW Grand Slam Tournament of Champions to crown a new AEW World Champion as previous champion CM Punk was stripped of the title. At Grand Slam on September 21, Castagnoli lost the ROH World Championship to Chris Jericho, while Moxley defeated Danielson in the tournament final to win the vacant championship, becoming the first ever three-time AEW World Champion.

At Full Gear, Moxley would lose the title to MJF after Regal secretly handed his signature brass knuckles to MJF to punch Moxley with while the referee was distracted, betraying the group and aligning himself with MJF. Just 11 days later, MJF betrayed Regal and severely injured him with the brass knuckles. Following this, it was reported that Regal was set to leave AEW; in-storyline, Regal revealed that he betrayed the BCC to teach them their final lesson, which was to never trust anyone. His last appearance was a pre-taped segment aired on the December 7 episode of Dynamite.

On the March 8, 2023 episode of Dynamite, Danielson announced that he would be going home to be with his family after his loss to MJF at Revolution. After Castagnoli and Moxley defeated The Dark Order members John Silver and Alex Reynolds, the three remaining BCC members continued their assault and attacked Dark Order members Evil Uno and Hangman Page, turning the stable fully heel for the first time. Danielson returned on the March 29 episode of Dynamite, seemingly to convince his BCC teammates to stop their attack on Kenny Omega, but he instead joined them in attacking Omega and turned heel. On the May 10 episode of Dynamite, during a steel cage match between Omega and Moxley, Omega's manager Don Callis betrayed Omega by stabbing him with a screwdriver and allowing Moxley to win. The Elite (Omega, Page, and The Young Bucks) challenged the BCC to an Anarchy in the Arena match at the Double or Nothing event on May 28, which the BCC won after assistance by Callis and Konosuke Takeshita, who attacked Omega during the final moments of the match, allowing Wheeler to get the pin on Omega. At Forbidden Door, the BCC teamed with Takeshita and Shota Umino in a losing effort against the team of The Young Bucks, Page, Eddie Kingston and Tomohiro Ishii,  while Danielson defeated Kazuchika Okada by submission, despite suffering an arm injury that sidelined him for 3 months. The Blackpool Combat Club's feud with The Elite ended at Blood & Guts on July 19, where Moxley, Castagnoli and Yuta teamed up with Takeshita and Pac, in another loss to The Elite in a Blood and Guts match following Pac and Takeshita leaving the match.

Following their feud with The Elite, at All In on August 27, the BCC teamed with Santana and Ortiz to face Eddie Kingston, Penta El Zero Miedo and Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent Beretta) and Orange Cassidy in a Stadium Stampede match, but they lost. At All Out on September 3, Danielson made his return from injury as a face and defeated Ricky Starks in a No Disqualification Strap match, Castagnoli and Yuta defeated Kingston and Katsuyori Shibata in a tag team match, while at the main event, Moxley was able to win the AEW International Championship from Cassidy. At Grand Slam on September 20, Castagnoli lost the ROH World Championship to Kingston in a Winner Takes All match that also put the Strong Openweight Championship on the line. After the match, Claudio finally shook Eddie's hand after years of animosity between the two, showing a sign of respect and a face turn, while Moxley lost the AEW International Championship to Rey Fénix. On the September 30 edition of AEW Collision, the Blackpool Combat Club turned face when they teamed with FTR and were defeated by Big Bill and Ricky Starks and Aussie Open in an All-Star 8-men tag team match.

Members

Former

Timeline
As of  ,

Championships and accomplishments
All Elite Wrestling
 AEW World Championship (2 times) – Moxley
 AEW Interim World Championship (1 time) – Moxley
 AEW International Championship (1 time) - Moxley
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Inspirational Wrestler of the Year (2022) – Moxley
 Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (2022) – Moxley
Ring of Honor
 ROH World Championship (2 times) – Castagnoli
 ROH Pure Championship (2 times) – Yuta
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Best Brawler (2022) – Moxley
 Best Technical Wrestler (2022) – Danielson
 United States/Canada MVP (2022) – Moxley
 Wrestler of the Year (2022) – Moxley

References

External links

All Elite Wrestling teams and stables
New Japan Pro-Wrestling teams and stables
Ring of Honor teams and stables

Blackpool Combat Club


The Outlaw of Torn is a historical novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs, taking place in 13th century England.

Originally published as a five-part serial in New Story Magazine from January to May 1914, and first published in book form by A. C. McClurg in 1927. It was Burroughs' second novel, his first being the science fiction work A Princess of Mars. His third was Tarzan of the Apes.

The Outlaw of Torn is one of only two historical novels Burroughs wrote. The other, I Am a Barbarian, set in the Rome of Caligula, was not published until 1967, seventeen years after his death.

Plot summary
The story is set in 13th-century England and concerns the fictional outlaw Norman of Torn, who purportedly harried the country during the power struggle between King Henry III and Simon de Montfort. Norman is the supposed son of the Frenchman de Vac, once the king's fencing master, who has a grudge against his former employer and raises the boy to be a simple, brutal killing machine with a hatred of all things English. His intentions are partially subverted by a priest who befriends Norman and teaches him his letters and chivalry towards women.

Otherwise, all goes according to plan. By 17, Norman is the best swordsman in all of England; by the age of 18, he has a large bounty on his head, and by the age of 19, he leads the largest band of thieves in all of England. None can catch or best him. In his hatred for the king he even becomes involved in the civil war, which turns the tide in favour of de Montfort. In another guise, that of Roger de Conde, he becomes involved with de Montfort's daughter Bertrade, defending her against her and her father's enemies. She notes in him a curious resemblance to the king's son and heir Prince Edward.

Finally brought to bay in a confrontation with both King Henry and de Montfort, Norman is brought down by the treachery of de Vac, who appears to kill him, though at the cost of his own life. As de Vac dies, he reveals that Norman is in fact Richard, long-lost son of King Henry and Queen Eleanor and brother to Prince Edward. The fencing master had kidnapped the prince as a child to serve as the vehicle of his vengeance against the king. Luckily, Norman/Richard turns out not to be truly dead, surviving to be reconciled to his true father and attain the hand of Bertrade.

Historical allusions

While Prince Richard is fictional, a son of that name was attributed to Henry and Eleanor during the Middle Ages, though there is reason to doubt his actual existence. Richard, together with two equally suspect brothers John and Henry, are known only from a 14th-century addition made to a manuscript of Flores Historiarum, and are nowhere contemporaneously recorded.

The historical Simon de Montfort, on whom the character in Burroughs' novel was based did have a daughter, but her name was Eleanor, not Bertrade. She was still a child when her father died, and she married Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of the Gwynedd, not the fictional Prince Richard of England of Burroughs' story. There was a real Bertrade de Montfort, daughter of Simon I de Montfort, who married Philip I of France; she, however, died more than a century before the events of this tale.

Copyright
The copyright for this story has expired in the United States, and thus now resides in the public domain there.  The text is available via Project Gutenberg.

References

External links

1927 American novels
Novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs
American historical novels
A. C. McClurg books
Novels set in the 13th century

The Outlaw of Torn


The Police Complaints Authority (PCA) was an independent body in the United Kingdom with the power to investigate public complaints against the Police in England and Wales as well as related matters of public concern. It was formed in 1985, replacing the Police Complaints Board and was then itself replaced by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) in April 2004.

The IPCC was itself pre-dated by the Office of the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland. This agency was set up in 2000 to investigate complaints against the Royal Ulster Constabulary and its successor the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). It had its own teams of civilian investigators and was completely independent of the Police. In addition to the PSNI it also covered the Belfast Harbour Police and the Larne Harbour Police, the Belfast International Airport Constabulary, and the MoD Police (not the same as the Royal Military Police). Unlike the IPCC the Ombudsman's office could investigate an incident without waiting for a referral or complaint.

Investigations
The PCA asked the West Yorkshire Police to investigate the activities of the West Midlands Serious Crime Squad in 1989. It reported in 1994.

See also
Police Complaints Authority (New Zealand)

External links
 IPCC
 Police Ombudsman

References

Police oversight organizations
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Law enforcement in England and Wales
Regulators of the United Kingdom
1985 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1985

Police Complaints Authority (United Kingdom)


Chronic stress is stress that happens over a long period of time.  It is different than acute stress, which happens over a short period of time and then goes away.

Stress is a normal part of every living thing's daily life.  However, when stress becomes chronic, it can damage the body and the mind.  When a person (or animal) is stressed, the body reacts in certain ways - for example, by releasing chemicals called corticosteroids.  If this happens again and again, over a long period of time, it can change the way the brain works. These changes can damage working memory spatial memory, and decision-making skills. They can also increase aggression.

Chronic stress can cause (or worsen) many different medical problems.  For example, people who have had chronic stress are more likely to get hypertension (high blood pressure) and heart disease.

Related pages
 Stress

References

Mental illnesses

Chronic stress


The Umisachi Yamasachi (; hiragana: ; ) is a two-car limited express train operated by JR Kyushu in Japan.

Overview

The train began operation on October 10, 2009, and is a 2-car limited express which runs to the resort town of Nichinan along the Nippō Main Line and the Nichinan Line. The consist is that of two converted KiHa 125–400 series cars; car 1, converted from KiHa 125-401 and named Yamasachi, contains 21 reserved seats, while car 2, converted from KiHa 125-402 and named Umisachi, contains 30 seats (9 free seats and 21 reserved seats). During initial operation, the entirety of car 2 was free seating. However, due to the large demand for reserved seats, this was changed later in 2009. The train also contains other sofa and chair seating not assigned to customers.

Features

Special music for the train is played on board. In addition, the train will slow near Aoshima to display the geologic feature known as the Ogre's Washboard. Attendants will also tell the story of Umisachi and Yamasachi, the namesakes of the train, as the legend takes place in southern Kyushu.

Designed by Eiji Mitooka and Don Design and Associates, the train's theme is that of a "toy resort train made of wood" and is clad in obisugi cedar within and without. The refurbished train cars previously ran on Takachiho railway. The decor features motifs and traditional wooden toys from Miyazaki prefecture.

While the train is in normal operation, it is an excursion train and therefore operates mostly during weekends, holidays, and vacations. It makes one round trip per day. According to NHK World, as of July 2019, it is the tourist train in Kyushu boasting the highest ridership.

The train runs along the longest straight-line conventional railway track in Kyushu.

Car 1 contains an onboard sales counter.

Stops
The service calls at the following stations:

Miyazaki Station - Minami-Miyazaki Station - Tayoshi Station -  - Aoshima Station - Kitagō Station - Obi Station - Nichinan Station - Aburatsu Station - Nangō Station

As Nangō Station has no facilities for maintenance beside the main line, the train is sent back to Aburatsu until it is needed for the return journey.

See also
 List of named passenger trains of Japan
 Joyful Train, the generic name for excursion and charter trains in Japan

References

External links

Kyushu Railway Company
Named passenger trains of Japan
Railway services introduced in 2009
2009 establishments in Japan

Umisachi Yamasachi


The Battle of Akhaltsikhe may refer to one of the following:
A battle under the walls of Akhaltsikhe during the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 on August 9 (August 21 O.S., 1828) between 9,000 Russians under Field-Marshal Paskevich and 30,000 Turks under Kios-Mahomet-Pasha. The Russians were victorious.
Defense of the same fortress by a Russian garrison under General Nicholas Muravyov from a 20,000 Turkish force on March 4, 1829 during the same conflict.
A battle between 7,000 Russian troops consisting mostly of Georgian irregular cavalrymen  under Prince Ivan Malkhazovich Andronnikov (Andronikashvili) and 18,000 Turks under Ali-Pasha during the Crimean War, on November 12, 1853. The Russians checked Turkish offensive in Transcaucasia and made them retreat to Kars.

Background
Akhaltsikhe is in the center of Samtskhe-Javakheti, with a population of about 20,000. Akhaltsikhe was founded in the 12th century, but the first large settlement had arrived in the 10th century by Guaram Mampal, son of a king Tao. The settlement was a family of princes who were trying to take over Georgia. The family built a fortress and named the city Akhaltsikhe, because in Georgian, "Akhaltsikhe" means "new fortress" or "new castle." The capital and main city of Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Saatabago, was ruled by a prince named Mtavari. The castle was the Samtskhe main down in the Samtskhe Atabeg region, located on the bank of the Potskhovi River. After the Treaty of Georgievsk between the kingdom of Kartli and Akhaltsikhe (another nearby kingdom) and the Russian Empire, there was a risk that Akhaltsikhe could get attacked. In 1578, Akhaltsikhe was seized by Turks of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans had been trying to conquer Akhaltsikhe for a long time, and they never succeeded.

The city is divided into two sections, an old city on the hill of Akhaltsikhe, and a new area on the plains. The Rabat fortress rehabilitation project began in 2011, and the city of Akhaltsikhe has become one of the most important tourist attractions in Georgia.

Battle
The Battle of Akhaltsikhe was part of the Russo-Turkish war and was also known as the Siege of Akhaltsikhe in 1828. The battle started on August 9, 1828 in Akhaltsikhe, Georgia. The siege lasted three weeks. The city of Akhaltsikhe (a former Soviet Union republic) is at the intersection of Europe and Asia, located right next to Armenia. The Russians took over the city of Akhaltsikhe after eighteen years in 1828. Approximately 9,000 Russians under their general Count Ivan Paskevich, and 30,000 Turks under the command of Kios-Mahomet-Pasha, the Russians captured Kars, Turkey and attempted to steal the fortress of Akhaltsikhe. Akhaltsikhe fell in three weeks after heavy assault. The Russians, Turks, and Georgians all incurred heavy losses.

After the Russians took Akhaltsikhe, they went into Turkey and fought for the city of Adrianople, Turkey. The first Russian attempt was to take Rabat's fortress in 1810 and they succeeded. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1828 in the battle of Akhaltsikhe, the Turkish army retreated and surrendered the Rabati fortress. The Ottoman Empire's motive for seizing the city was to claim more land and expand their empire. Russian troops fought for Akhaltsikhe, therefore the Turks could not claim the fortress. Since Akhaltsikhe was an important commerce route for the Circassian slave trade in the 18th century, the Russians wanted to own this land too. The Rabat castle complex survived the war, but was in very poor condition and had to be restored years later. During the war, monasteries, were destroyed.

References

"Akhaltsikhe, Georgia." Akhaltsikhe, Georgia, Advantour, 2001, www.advantour.com/georgia/akhaltsikhe.htm.

Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: a Guide to 8500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century. Greenwood Press, 2007.

External links
Battle of Akhalzic (in Russian)

Akhalzic
Akhalzic
Conflicts in 1828
Conflicts in 1829
Conflicts in 1853
19th century in Georgia (country)
1828 in the Russian Empire
1853 in the Russian Empire

Battle of Akhaltsikhe


Thích Quảng Đức (1897 – June 11, 1963) was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk. He was born in Hội Khánh, French Indochina. He committed suicide by burning himself to death while sitting in a street in Saigon. He was protesting the South Vietnam's government and Catholic president Ngô Đình Diệm's persecution of Buddhists. Pictures of him burning spread around the world, and made more people know about the Buddhist crisis.

Because of Quảng Đức's protest, Diệm said that he was going to change how the government acted towards Buddhists. However, Diệm did not, so Buddhists kept protesting. The ARVN Special Forces (a group in the Vietnamese army) attacked many Buddhist pagodas in South Vietnam. They took Quảng Đức's heart, and killed many people. Many Buddhist monks were inspired by Quảng Đức, and also burned themselves to death. The Buddhist crisis ended when Diệm was killed in a coup in 1963.

Life
When he was born, Quảng Đức was named Lâm Văn Túc. He had six siblings. When he was seven, he left Hội Khánh to study Buddhism. His teacher, Thích Hoằng Thâm, took care of him. Lâm Văn Túc changed his name to Nguyễn Văn Khiết. When he was 20, he became a monk, and was renamed to Thích Quảng Đức. After becoming a monk, he went to live in a mountain in Khánh Hòa. He lived there as a hermit for three years. Later in his life, he came back to the mountain to make a pagoda.

After being a hermit for three years, he left the mountain. Quảng Đức traveled around central Vietnam teaching people about the dharma. After two years, he went into retreat at a pagoda near Nha Trang. In 1932, he became an inspector (someone that makes sure rules are being followed) for the Buddhist Association in Ninh Hòa. He later became an inspector for monks in Khánh Hòa, the province where he was born. While he was in central Vietnam, he helped build 14 temples. In 1934, he moved to southern Vietnam and taught people about Buddhism. He later went to Cambodia for two years to learn about Theravada Buddhism.

After he came back to Vietnam, he helped build 17 more temples. After building these temples, Quảng Đức became a leading member of the Congregation of Vietnamese Monks. He also became the abbot (Buddhist temple leader) of the Phuoc Hoa pagoda.

Protest

Background
About 70 to 90 percent of people in South Vietnam were Buddhist. However, the country's president, Ngô Đình Diệm, was Catholic. He made many laws that made things easier for Catholics, such as being promoted in the military and getting land. Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam became Catholic so they could still be officers. When village militias in South Vietnam were given weapons, they were only given to Catholics. Some Buddhists in the army were not promoted unless they became Catholic.

Some Catholic priests had their own armies. Some of them made people become Catholic and destroyed pagodas. The government did not do anything about this. Some Buddhist villages became Catholic so that the government could help them. Catholics did not have to do corvée (unpaid) work, which the government made everyone else do. When the United States gave money to South Vietnam, Diệm gave most of it to Catholic villages.

The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in South Vietnam. The Vatican flag was shown at all major events in South Vietnam.

Many Buddhists got very angry when the government did not let them show the Buddhist flag in Huế on Buddha's birthday. Earlier, the government let Catholics show the Vatican flag at an event for Ngô Đình Thục, an archbishop. A large group of Buddhists protested this, and marched while showing Buddhist flags on Buddha's birthday. Government soldiers shot at the group, and killed nine people. Diệm said that the Viet Cong were the ones who killed the protestors. This led to more Buddhist protests.

Burning

On June 10 1963, United States journalists in South Vietnam were told that "something important" would happen the next day in front of the Cambodian embassy in Saigon. Most of the journalists did not do anything, because the Buddhist crisis had been going on for a month. The next day, only a few journalists went to the Cambodian embassy. Quảng Đức came to the embassy as a member of a Buddhist parade. Around 350 monks and nuns were in the parade, and they were led by a car. They had signs with words in Vietnamese and English that said Diệm's laws against Buddhists were bad. They wanted religious equality.

The parade stopped, and Quảng Đức came out of the car with two monks. One of them put a cushion on the road in front of the embassy, and another got a five-gallon can of gasoline from the trunk of the car. Quảng Đức sat on the cushion in lotus position, and the gasoline was poured onto him. He rotated a string of prayer beads in his hands, and then used a match to light himself on fire. Flames went around his entire body, and a thick black smoke came off of him.

Quảng Đức's last words were in a letter. He wrote that Diệm needed to have religious equality in South Vietnam to keep the country strong. He also wrote that other Buddhists should "make sacrifices to protect Buddhism".

The people who watched the protest were mostly silent, but some cried and prayed. Many of the monks and nuns from the parade laid on the ground around Quảng Đức while he burned. Some of the police officers who were sent to control the crowd also did this.

A Buddhist monk repeated the words "a Buddhist priest burns himself to death. A Buddhist priest becomes a martyr." into a microphone in English and Vietnamese. After arond 10 minutes, Quảng Đức's body fell onto its back. Once the fire stopped, a group of monks covered the body with robes. They picked it up and put it into a coffin, then carried it to Xá Lợi pagoda in the center of Saigon. Outside of the pagoda, students showed banners that said "a Buddhist priest burns himself for our five requests" in English and Vietnamese.

At 1:30 p.m., around 1,000 monks met inside of the pagoda. Outside, a large number of students blocked anyone else from going inside. After the meeting ended, 900 of the monks left. The police stayed near the pagoda. At around 6:00 p.m., thirty six Buddhists were arrested for praying on the street outside of the pagoda. Police officers blocked anyone from going inside of the pagoda.

Funeral and events after death
After the protest, the United States wanted Diệm to give the Buddhists want they wanted. After Quảng Đức died, Diệm had meetings about the Buddhist crisis with all of his ministers. United States Secretary of State Dean Rusk told the United States embassy in Saigon that the U.S. government would not "associate itself" with Diệm's government if the Buddhists were not given what they wanted. On June 16, the Joint Communiqué was signed. This was an agreement between Buddhist leaders and South Vietnam.

Quảng Đức's funeral was supposed to be on June 15. However, the funeral was postponed after 4,000 people came to it. On June 19, his body was carried to a cemetery 16 kilometers south of Saigon. His body was cremated, and 500 monks came to the funeral.

When he was cremated, Quảng Đức's heart did not burn. This was thought to be holy, and the heart was put in Xá Lợi pagoda. Because of this, many Vietnamese Buddhists say Quảng Đức is a bodhisattva, and call him Bồ Tát Thích Quảng Đức. On August 21, the ARVN Special Forces attacked Xá Lợi and other pagodas. They wanted to take Quảng Đức's ashes, but two monks took the ashes and ran away. The Special Forces took Quảng Đức's heart.

Impact

Vietnamese monks had burned themselves to death before Quảng Đức. Buddhists had been doing it for centuries to honor Gautama Buddha. In 1948, a monk in Harbin, China burned himself to death. He was protesting how Mao Zedong and Chinese communists treated Buddhists. His heart did not burn, in the same way that Quảng Đức's heart did not burn.

Malcolm Browne, an American journalist, took pictures of Quảng Đức burning himself to death. They were quickly put on the front page of many newspapers worldwide. The protest is thought of as a major point of the Buddhist crisis, and the start of Diệm's government failing.

Diệm's newspaper, The Times of Vietnam, said many bad things about journalists and Buddhists. The newspaper wrote stories named things such as "Monks plot murder". Diệm also said that Browne gave Quảng Đức money to burn himself.

After Quảng Đức's protest, five more monks burned themselves in the Buddhist crisis. On November 1, Diệm's government was overthrown by a coup. Diệm and his brother Ngô Đình Nhu were killed on November 2.

References

1897 births
1963 deaths
Buddhist monks
People who committed suicide
Vietnamese people

Thích Quảng Đức


Pecker is a 1998 American comedy-drama film written and directed by John Waters. Like all of Waters' films, it was filmed and set in Baltimore, this time in the Hampden neighborhood.

The film examines the rise to fame and potential fortune of a budding photographer, played by Edward Furlong. Co-starring Christina Ricci, Lili Taylor, Mary Kay Place, Martha Plimpton, Brendan Sexton III, and Bess Armstrong.  The film received mixed reviews from critics, but grossed about $2.3 million in the United States box office and was able to make profit.

Plot
In a Baltimore neighborhood known for having the thickest local accent, unassuming 18-year-old Pecker works in a sandwich shop and takes photos of his loving but peculiar family and friends on the side. Pecker, named for his childhood habit of "pecking" at his food, becomes unexpectedly popular when savvy New York art dealer Rorey Wheeler "discovers" his work. Pecker's pictures, taken with a cheap Canon Canonet 28, are grainy, out-of-focus studies of unglamorous subjects, but they strike a chord with New York art collectors.

Unfortunately, Pecker discovers that instant over-exposure has its downsides. Rorey's efforts to turn Pecker into an art sensation threaten to ruin the low-key lifestyle that inspired him. He abandons his trusty old rangefinder camera for a new, full-featured Nikon N50. Pecker finds that his best friend, Matt, can't shoplift anymore because Pecker's photographs have increased his visibility. Shelley, Pecker's obsessive girlfriend who runs a laundromat, seems especially distressed when the press dub her a "stain goddess", mistaking her good-natured "pin-up" poses for pornographic come-ons.

When an overzealous critic dubs Pecker's family "culturally challenged", they begin to feel the uncomfortable glare of stardom. His mother Joyce can no longer freely dispense fashion tips to the homeless clientele at her thrift shop; his grandmother, Memama, endures public ridicule when her experience with a talking statue of the Virgin Mary is exposed on the cover of a national art magazine, and his older sister Tina is fired from her job emceeing go-go dancing at a gay bar because Pecker's edgy photographs chronicle the sex practices of the club's patrons. Even Little Chrissy, his six-year-old sister, feels the pressure of celebrity when her eating disorder is exposed, bringing unwanted attention from nosy child welfare agencies, and she is mistakenly diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and prescribed Ritalin.

Having seen his new-found fame disrupt the lives of his family and friends, Pecker upsets the art world by refusing to participate in a scheduled show at the Whitney Museum of Art. Instead, he forces New York art collectors to come to Baltimore to see his latest photographs, which insultingly portray the same people who disparaged his family, with one photo showing Lynn Wentworth adjusting her breasts in a mirror.

Asked what he plans to do next, Pecker replies that he would like to direct a film.

Cast

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 52%, based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. On Metacritic, it has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 24 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Describing it as "John Waters' first stab at making a mainstream movie," Edvins Beitiks' review in The San Francisco Examiner said it "starts out well and winds up no worse than most of the stuff that comes out of Hollywood". In his review for the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert noted a "tension between the gentler new Waters and his anarchic past. In the scenes in the male strip bar, for example, we keep waiting for Waters to break loose and shock us, and he never does, except with a few awkward language choices. The miraculous statue of Mary could have provided comic possibilities, but doesn't."
Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that Pecker is "never truly funny, but it's an amusing novelty, gaining strength from smart characterizations and sly cogency about the way people are exploited under the limelight of celebrity."

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was released on September 29, 1998 by New Line Records.

 "Happy-Go-Lucky Me" – Paul Evans
 "The Love Chase" – Stewart Copeland
 "I'm a Nut" – Leroy Pullins
 "Memama" – Stewart Copeland
 "Uh! Oh! (Part 1)" – The Nutty Squirrels
 "Straight Boys" – Vicky Randle and Stewart Copeland
 "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" – Billy Williams
 "In the Mood" – Henhouse Five Plus Too (Ray Stevens)
 "Back to Hampden/Sneaky Shelly" – Stewart Copeland
 "Baltimore, You're Home to Me" – Dave Hardin
 "Thrift Shop Fashion Shoot" – Stewart Copeland
 "Don't Drop the Soap (For Anyone Else But Me)" – Stan Ridgway and Stewart Copeland
 "New York Montage" – Stewart Copeland
 "Swamp Thing" – The Grid
 "Woo-Hoo" – The Rock-A-Teens

References

External links

1998 films
1998 comedy-drama films
1998 LGBT-related films
American comedy-drama films
American LGBT-related films
American satirical films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by John Waters
Films about dysfunctional families
Films set in Baltimore
Films shot in Baltimore
American independent films
1998 independent films
Lesbian-related films
Films about photographers
LGBT-related comedy-drama films
Films scored by Stewart Copeland
1990s American films
English-language comedy-drama films
English-language independent films

Pecker (film)


The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland is the Cleveland-based headquarters of the U.S. Federal Reserve System's Fourth District. The district is composed of Ohio, western Pennsylvania, eastern Kentucky, and the northern panhandle of West Virginia. It has branch offices in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. The check processing center in Columbus, Ohio, was closed in 2005. The chief executive officer and president is Loretta Mester.

The bank building is a 13-story 203 foot high-rise, located at Superior Avenue and East 6th Street in downtown Cleveland. It was designed by the Cleveland firm of Walker and Weeks and completed in 1923. Its exterior architecture emulates an Italian Renaissance palazzo, and is clad in Georgia pink marble.  An extension to the building designed by HOK was completed in 1998, providing new facilities for check processing and cash handling. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The building's entrances feature allegorical sculptures by Henry Hering representing Security and Integrity flanking the East Sixth Street entrance, while his Energy watches the Superior Avenue entry.

Its original  bank vault door is the largest in the world and was designed by Frederick S. Holmes. The door casting itself was . It incorporates the largest hinge ever built. The hinge has an overall height of  and weighs over  fully assembled. The vault's use was discontinued in 1997, though it is preserved intact for posterity.

Learning Center and Money Museum

In January 2006, the bank opened the Learning Center and Money Museum, replacing the public teller windows vacated after September 11, 2001. Over 30 hands-on exhibits focus on the history of money, its effects on societies and cultures, and its central role in peoples' lives.  The museum is open from Monday through Thursday, except for bank holidays, and admission is free.

The museum includes a variety of activities and multi-media experiences to educate visitors, including computerized games about trading, writing contests, crayon rubbings, videos, speeches, films, and virtual tours, One recent addition to the Learning Center and Money Museum is the documentary titled "The Panic of 1907" which details how the panic led to the creation of the Federal Reserve System.  This film was produced by Joseph G. Haubrich and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

Board of directors
The following people are listed as on the board of directors .  Class A directors are elected by member banks to represent member banks. Class B directors are elected by member banks to represent the public. Class C directors are appointed by the Board of Governors to represent the public. Terms always expire on December 31 of their final year on the board.

See also

 Federal Reserve Act
 Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Cincinnati Branch Office
 Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Pittsburgh Branch Office
 Federal Reserve System
 Federal Reserve Districts
 Federal Reserve Branches
 Structure of the Federal Reserve System

References

External links

Images and architectural information
Historical resources by and about the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland including annual reports back to 1916

Government buildings completed in 1923
Buildings and structures in Cleveland
Cleveland
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Renaissance Revival architecture in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland, Ohio
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Economy of Cleveland
Skyscraper office buildings in Cleveland
1923 establishments in Ohio
Downtown Cleveland

Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland


Achero Mañas (born Achero Mañas Amyach, 5 September 1966) is a Spanish film director and former actor. He made three successful short films before winning recognition and several awards for his feature film debut El Bola.

Biography
Mañas was born in Madrid to actress Paloma Lorena and playwright Alfredo Mañas. Growing up in the neighbourhoods of Carabanchel and Estrella, he was surrounded and influenced by theatre, literature, and art from an early age, and this guided his academic pursuits and eventual career. He studied painting for 3 years at the Escuela de Artes y Oficios. At the same time, he acted in stage productions and held sporadic roles in cinema.
In 1984, thanks to a scholarship obtained by his mother, Mañas moved to live with his family in New York City and studied at the Actors Studio. After returning to Spain, he resumed his acting career. He worked with various prestigious directors, including Adolfo Aristarain, Carlos Saura, Ridley Scott, Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón, José Luis Cuerda, and Jorge Grau.

When his daughter Laura was born, Mañas decided to quit acting and become a filmmaker. He wrote and directed his first short film, Metro, in 1995. The film won the Luis Buñuel Prize for cinematography and Best Short Film Prize at the Montecatini International Short Film Festival.
In 1996, he wrote, directed, and produced his second short film, Cazadores (Hunters), which won several awards, among them the Goya for Best Fictional Short Film, the following year. In 1997, he wrote, directed, and produced his third and last short, Paraísos Artificiales (Artificial Paradises), which also won important national and international awards. El Bola (The Ball), his first feature film, premiered in 2001 and was well received by both critics and the public. The film went on to receive many national and international awards, among them four Goya awards for Best Original Screenplay, Best New Actor, Best New Director, and Best Film of the year. It also received several nominations from the European Film Academy and won the Fassbinder Award.
In 2002, Mañas, together with his brother Federico, wrote his second feature film, Noviembre (November), which won several prestigious awards both nationally and internationally, among them the FIPRESCI Award at the Toronto International Film Festival, the Youth Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Luis Buñuel Award for Cinematography.
A year later, French television channel Canal Plus invited Mañas to direct a documentary on the peace process in Northern Ireland. There, he interviewed the principal parties to the conflict, among them Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams, the leader of the DUP (Democratic Unionist Party) Arlene Foster, and Nobel Peace Prize laureates John Hume and David Trimble.

Mañas' third feature film, Todo lo que tú quieras (Anything You Want), was selected for World Premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010. His fourth directorial production, Un mundo normal (A Normal World), was released in 2019.

Filmography

As actor
 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992)
 ¡Dispara! (1993)
 Así en el cielo como en la tierra (1995)

As film director
Feature films
 El Bola (2000)
 Noviembre (2003)
 Todo lo que tú quieras (2010)
 Un mundo normal (2020)

Documentaries
 Blackwhite (2004)

Short films
 Metro (1994)
 Cazadores (1997)
 Paraísos artificiales (1998)

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Spanish film directors
European Film Awards winners (people)
Male actors from Madrid
Spanish male television actors
Spanish male film actors
21st-century Spanish screenwriters

Achero Mañas


"Here on My Own (Lighter Shade Of Blue)" is the second single by Sweetbox from the album Jade with Jade Villalon as a frontwoman.
On the album the song is titled "Lighter Shade of Blue". The song peaked at 90 on the German singles chart. It spent 1 week at this position and 4 weeks on the chart.

An acoustic version and the music video of the song can be found on the album Jade (Silver Edition). A remix of the song can be found on the album Best of 12" Collection.

The music video for the song was directed by Oliver Sommer.

Track listing

Positions

References

Sweetbox songs
2003 singles
2001 songs
Songs written by Jade Villalon
Warner Music Group singles
Music videos directed by Oliver Sommer

Here on My Own (Lighter Shade of Blue)


David Emmert Brumbaugh (October 8, 1894 – April 22, 1977) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

D. Emmert Brumbaugh was born in Martinsburg, Pennsylvania. He was a student of the International Correspondence Schools of Scranton, Pennsylvania, and in 1914 he became interested in banking at Claysburg, Pennsylvania. During the First World War, he served as a private in the Thirty-third Division, Fifty-eighth Brigade Headquarters, serving overseas in 1918 and 1919, where he served with his cousin, Dr. David Brumbaugh, who later died in a freak barnstorming accident. In 1921, he became interested in the lumber business and later established an insurance agency. He was a trustee of the Pennsylvania Industrial School in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, from 1939 to 1943.

The Republican Party elected Brumbaugh to the Seventy-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James E. Van Zandt. He was reelected to the Seventy-ninth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1946. He served as Secretary of Banking for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from 1947 to 1951. He resumed his banking interests as president of the First National Bank of Claysburg. He was a delegate to the 1956 Republican National Convention from Pennsylvania. He served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1963 to 1967.

References
 Retrieved on 2008-01-24
D. Emmert Brumbaugh at The Political Graveyard

Republican Party Pennsylvania state senators
American bankers
American military personnel of World War I
American Congregationalists
1894 births
1977 deaths
People from Blair County, Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American businesspeople

D. Emmert Brumbaugh