Berdine's Five and Dime is a 115-year-old store located at 106 N. Court Street in Harrisville, West Virginia. The "five and dime" store in Ritchie County sells novelty and historic items, including tin toys, handmade glass Christmas ornaments from the Czech Republic, gag items, penny candies and other oddities. The store celebrated its 100th birthday in 2008. It has been referred to as West Virginia's oldest Five and Dime store and is "full of the stuff you used to see at 5 and 10 cent stores... in every small town in America." The store includes its original antique confection counter, oak shelves and counters, and tin ceilings.

History
In 1908 K.C. Berdine and his brother, Lafayette opened Hunt and Berdines five and dime at the corners of Court and Main Streets. After initial success, the store moved to its current location in 1915 which was built specifically to house the five and dime. Today, the iconic white-and-black two-story building houses the store on the bottom floor, while the Independent Order of Odd Fellows meets upstairs. KC's son Fred ran the store from 1954 until 1983, when the Six family bought the store and has owned it since.

It is located in the Harrisville Historic District.

Footnotes

External links
Berdine's official website

Historic district contributing properties in West Virginia
Five and dimes
Buildings and structures in Ritchie County, West Virginia
Odd Fellows buildings in West Virginia
Tourist attractions in Ritchie County, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Ritchie County, West Virginia
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia

Berdine's Five and Dime


The HESA Fotros ( fʊtros) is an Iranian reconnaissance, surveillance, and combat unmanned aerial vehicle built by Iran Aircraft Manufacturing Industries Corporation and unveiled in November 2013. It was the largest Iranian drone at its unveiling. It has an operational range of 1,700 km to 2,000 km  with flight endurance of 16 to 30 hours depending on armament. The name refers to a fallen angel in Shia mythology which was redeemed by Imam Husayn ibn Ali. The Fotros carries up to six missiles or bombs.

History
The Fotros was unveiled in November 2013 in a joint ceremony by MODAFL, IRIAF and IRAA. It is believed that the unveiling of the Fotros was rushed so that it could be unveiled before the start of P5+1 talks over Iran's nuclear programs. It carries at least 6 Ghaem  Precision-guided munitions, or 6 of 3 unnamed Precision-guided munitions.

In 2020 the UAV participated in a military training drill known as "Defenders of Velayat Skies."

Status
There was no news or status updates on the Fotros between its announcement in 2013 and 2020.

In 2020 it was announced that the drone had entered service and more images surfaced of the UAV. Production is believed to have started, and at least 2 have been produced.

Specifications

See also

References

Unmanned military aircraft of Iran
Iranian military aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
Post–Cold War military equipment of Iran
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Iran

IAIO Fotros


Vanasundari is a 1951 Indian Tamil-language film directed by T. R. Raghunath, starring P. U. Chinnappa, T. R. Rajakumari, T. S. Balaiah and S. Varalakshmi.

Plot
Prince Gunasagaran hates his father Marthandan, king of Neelapuri as he, in spite of his age, spends his time in entertainment without concern for people. Marthandan chases Gunasagaran out of the country. Gunasagaran and his friend Adhi Medhavi goes to another country. There, a cruel younger brother of the king,  Kapaleekaran rules after killing his elder brother. His paramour Leela is virtually ruling the State. Vanasundari, the king's daughter is in custody. Adhi Medhavi is imprisoned on false charge of theft. Gunasagaran meets Vanasundari in the jungle. Both exchange their tale of woes. Gunasagaran promises to rescue her. After many twists and turns the story has a happy ending.

Cast

Male cast
P. U. Chinnappa as Prince Gunasagaran
T. S. Balaiah as Kapaleekaran
R. Balasubramaniam
D. Balasubramaniam
M. G. Chakrapani
N. S. Krishnan as Adhi Medhavi
Kaka Radhakrishnan
C. V. V. Panthulu
M. S. Karuppaiah
Pulimoottai Ramaswami
Kulathu Mani

Female cast
T. R. Rajakumari as Vanasundari
S. Varalakshmi
T. A. Mathuram
C. T. Rajakantham
T. V. Kumudhini
T. A. Jayalakshmi
Dance
Lalitha-Padmini
C. R. Rajakumari

Production
The film was produced by SM. Letchumanan Chettiar, a notable personality in the Tamil film industry in the 1950s. He was the first person to print and distribute handbills in Tamil and the first person to use cars such as Buick, Chevrolet, Studebaker and Dodge in Chennai. Due to some legal problems, his name was never credited in any of his films and only the name of his production banner "Krishna Pictures" appeared in the credits.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by S. V. Venkatraman and C. R. Subburaman. Lyrics were penned by Udumalai Narayana Kavi and Kambadasan. Singers are  P. U. Chinnappa, T. R. Rajakumari, S. Varalakshmi, N. S. Krishnan and T. A. Madhuram.  Playback singers are D. K. Pattammal, P. A. Periyanayaki, K. V. Janaki and P. Leela.

D. K. Pattammal sang Naadu Chezhithida song off-screen.

References

External links

1950s Tamil-language films
1951 films
Films directed by T. R. Raghunath
Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman
Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman

Vanasundari


In telecommunications, received signal strength indicator or received signal strength indication (RSSI) is a measurement of the power present in a received radio signal.

RSSI is usually invisible to a user of a receiving device. However, because signal strength can vary greatly and affect functionality in wireless networking, IEEE 802.11 devices often make the measurement available to users.

RSSI is often derived in the intermediate frequency (IF) stage before the IF amplifier. In zero-IF systems, it is derived in the baseband signal chain, before the baseband amplifier. RSSI output is often a DC analog level. It can also be sampled by an internal analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and the resulting values made available directly or via peripheral or internal processor bus.

In 802.11 implementations
In an IEEE 802.11 system, RSSI is the relative received signal strength in a wireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSI is an indication of the power level being received by the receiving radio after the antenna and possible cable loss. Therefore, the greater the RSSI value, the stronger the signal. Thus, when an RSSI value is represented in a negative form (e.g. −100), the closer the value is to 0, the stronger the received signal has been.

RSSI can be used internally in a wireless networking card to determine when the amount of radio energy in the channel is below a certain threshold at which point the network card is clear to send (CTS). Once the card is clear to send, a packet of information can be sent.  The end-user will likely observe an RSSI value when measuring the signal strength of a wireless network through the use of a wireless network monitoring tool like Wireshark, Kismet or Inssider. As an example, Cisco Systems cards have an RSSI maximum value of 100 and will report 101 different power levels, where the RSSI value is 0 to 100. Another popular Wi-Fi chipset is made by Atheros. An Atheros-based card will return an RSSI value of 0 to 127 (0x7f) with 128 (0x80) indicating an invalid value.

There is no standardized relationship of any particular physical parameter to the RSSI reading. The 802.11 standard does not define any relationship between RSSI value and power level in milliwatts or decibels referenced to one milliwatt (dBm). Vendors and chipset makers provide their own accuracy, granularity, and range for the actual power (measured as milliwatts or decibels) and their range of RSSI values (from 0 to RSSI maximum). One subtlety of the 802.11 RSSI metric comes from how it is sampledRSSI is acquired during only the preamble stage of receiving an 802.11 frame, not over the full frame.

As early as 2000, researchers were able to use RSSI for coarse-grained location estimates. More recent work was able to reproduce these results using more advanced techniques. Nevertheless, RSSI does not always provide measurements that are sufficiently accurate to properly determine the location. However, RSSI still represents the most feasible indicator for localization purposes as it is available in almost all wireless nodes and it does not have any additional hardware requirements.

Received channel power indicator
For the most part, 802.11 RSSI has been replaced with received channel power indicator (RCPI). RCPI is an 802.11 measure of the received radio frequency power in a selected channel over the preamble and the entire received frame, and has defined absolute levels of accuracy and resolution. RCPI is exclusively associated with 802.11 and as such has some accuracy and resolution enforced on it through IEEE 802.11k-2008. Received signal power level assessment is a necessary step in establishing a link for communication between wireless nodes. However, a power level metric like RCPI generally cannot comment on the quality of the link like other metrics such as travel time measurement (time of arrival).

See also
 Signal strength in telecommunications
 Log-distance path loss model
 Signal strength based Wi-Fi positioning system

References

IEEE 802.11
Radio communications

Received signal strength indicator


Puddlebrook Quarry () is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, near Drybrook notified in 1986. The site is listed in the 'Forest of Dean Local Plan Review' as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS).

The Quarry is north of Mitcheldean Meend Marsh which is a nature reserve.

Location and geology
The site is on the northern side of the Forest of Dean and provides a unique exposure of the basal strata of the Westphalian Series of the Upper Carboniferous period. The conglomerates exposed differ significantly from the sandy beds of the same age of the southern area of the Forest of Dean. This demonstrates the uplift to the early Westphalian and is important for geological understanding of the development of the Coalfield of the area.

Lower Carboniferous Drybrook Sandstone lies under the conglomerates and there is a significant collection of late Dinantian fossil plants visible (ten different species). One of the oldest known mosses is present (Muscites plumatus). Some species are common with the contemporary Lower Brown Limestone and Lower Oil Shales floras.

The quarry is nationally important for research in the distribution of Lower Carboniferous plants. It provides early evolutionary information on mosses, lycopods and pteriodosperms.

References

SSSI Source
 Natural England SSSI information on the citation
 Natural England SSSI information on the Puddlebrook Quarry unit

External links
 Natural England (SSSI information)

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1986
Forest of Dean
Quarries in Gloucestershire

Puddlebrook Quarry


In physics and chemistry, monatomic is a combination of words. "Mono" means single and monatomic means single atom. It is usually applied to gases: a monatomic gas is one in which atoms are not bound to each other. Examples at standard conditions include the noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon, though all chemical elements will be monatomic in the gas phase at high enough temperatures.

Gases

Monatomic gas


Staircase House (30/30a Market Place), also known as Stockport Museum, is a Grade II* listed medieval building dating from around 1460 situated in Stockport, historically in Cheshire, now within Greater Manchester, England. The house is famous for its rare Jacobean cage newel staircase. An audio guide recounts the full history of the house.

History

15th to 19th century
Staircase House, (), is in its origins a cruck timber building, with its earliest known surviving timbers dating from 1459 to 1460 on the basis of dendrochronology. Very little is known of the property's early history, though it is thought that it may have been the home of William Dodge who, in 1483, was the Mayor of Stockport.

The first residents of whom there is certainty were the Shallcross family who owned the House from 1605 to 1730. Members of the landed gentry, with their seat just across the county boundary, in Derbyshire, it was they who in 1618 installed the distinctive Jacobean cage newel staircase, from which the house takes its modern name. The staircase has some unusual features, such as the carving covering much of the woodwork.

The characteristic of a cage newel staircase, after which it is named, is that each of its newel posts extends throughout the full height of the staircase, the four posts and the banisters thus forming a stairwell which is not fully enclosed, but rather contained within a cage-like structure. In fact, at Staircase House, at some date before the first surviving descriptions of the staircase in the 19th century, the newel posts were each sawn through, just below the stringer board and just above the handrail. That may have been done as a response to changing tastes, or possibly to overcome the practical difficulties of moving large objects, such as furniture, about the house.

20th century
In its later years in private ownership, the House was used partly as the Staircase Café until 1989, and into the 1990s as storage for Gardner's Green Grocery and Fruit stall which stood in the market, immediately in front of the House itself.

The House, including the staircase, was painstaking restored using traditional materials, tools and techniques, following a major fire in 1995, the second of two arson attacks on the semi-derelict building. The restoration was undertaken by Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council, after having compulsorily purchased the property, following a long and persistent campaign to save it by a local conservation group, the Stockport Heritage Trust, beginning in 1987.

The Trust, local volunteers, argued that the House was a unique survival and should be preserved and, on that basis, it dissuaded the council from demolishing the building as a dangerous structure as had been previously proposed. Stockport Heritage Trust financed tree-ring dating establishing the date of the earliest remaining parts of the House as 1460. They commissioned the first measured architectural survey of the building and were successful in pressing for it to be upgraded officially from its Grade II designation in 1975 to a Grade II* listed building in 1992.

Stockport Museum
Now open to the public, Staircase House offers a unique glimpse into the life of medieval and renaissance Stockport, the origins of the town, its status as a borough and a market town, and the subsequent stages of the House's development until the 1940s, when it was last used as a private dwelling.

It forms part of Stockport Museum, with a collection that includes objects and displays from the Palaeolithic period, the Mellor Iron Age hilltop settlement, through medieval times, the local Victorian era textile industry, the impact of World War I, Strawberry Studios, and the history of sport in the town.

See also

Hat Works, the UK's only dedicated hatting museum, located in Stockport
Stockport Air Raid Shelters, now part of Stockport's museum service
Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester
Listed buildings in Stockport

References

External links

 Staircase House website
 Stockport Museum website

Buildings and structures in Stockport
Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester
Houses in Greater Manchester
Historic house museums in Greater Manchester
Museums in Greater Manchester
History museums in Greater Manchester
Tourist attractions in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport

Staircase House


Knock Out  is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Mani Shankar. The film stars Sanjay Dutt, Irrfan Khan and Kangana Ranaut, and is an unauthorized remake of Phone Booth. In October 2010, the Bombay High Court ordered the film's producers to pay a portion of their revenues to 20th Century Fox, who own the rights to Phone Booth. Released on 15 October 2010, the film was a commercial failure.

Plot
Bachubhai (Irrfan Khan) has come to a phone booth to make a call. He is interrupted by a man who interrupts him again. Bachubhai tells him to stop interrupting. While moving out of the phone booth after the call, the phone rings. Bachubhai picks up the call only to get surprised by an unknown caller who ensures that Bachubhai does not leave the phone booth until his motive of calling is achieved.  Another man interrupts who is shot dead by that unknown person from a far away building. After seeing the incident, police, public, and news reporter Nidhi Srivastav (Kangana Ranaut) arrive. Everyone is seeing everything as Bachubhai has been told to do what the person on the phone call says or he will shoot him. Later, Police officer Sushant Singh is transferred, and another encounter specialist has been called. Meanwhile, Bachubhai, who is working for a corrupt politician who has 320 billion black money, has been told to transfer the money on a government account to give back the money to the public. Bachubhai does everything as the phone caller says. At the end of the movie, the money has been transferred to the public account, and it is revealed that Veer Vijay Singh (Sanjay Dutt) is a Chief of Investigation Bureau. Bachubhai, after transferring the money, nothing happens to him.

Cast
Sanjay Dutt as Veer Vijay Singh, Chief of Ops, IB/Colonel Gill
Irrfan Khan as Bachchoo Bhai / Tony Khosla
Kangana Ranaut as Nidhi Srivastava, India TV reporter
Gulshan Grover as Bapuji
Rukhsar Rehman as Lakshmi Khosla, Tony's wife
Sushant Singh as Inspector Vikram
Asif Basra as Raghav
Bikramjeet Kanwarpal as editor, Nidhi's boss
Kurush Deboo as Sandwichwala
Abhay Shukla as Prithvi
Shankar Sachdeva as Mishra
Shriya Sharma as Sweety Khosla, Tony's daughter
Naseer Abdullah as Bhalla
Namrata Thapa as Roshni
Apoorva Lakhia as Ranvir Singh
Ashraful Haque as Junkie
Shreya Narayan as Jesse
Aparna as Bharti
Silvio Simac as fighter on terrace
Rajendra Jadhav as Gundurao
Vinay Verma as Commissioner
M D Pasha as Suvarna
Hussain Shaikh as Party President
Gary Warren D'souza as Swiss Bank Manager
Randheer Nahar as Pandey
Shivraj as RBI Officer

Controversy
The film was initially rumored to be a remake of the American film Phone Booth, which the producer Sohail Maklai denied. 20th Century Studios filed a complaint against the makers of Knock Out before the film's release. The Bombay High Court had initially passed an injunction against the film's release after watching both the films. However, the producers were allowed to release the film on appeal, and deposited INR 1.5 crore to the court.

The matter was reheard in March 2013, with the court decreeing the case and awarding INR 1.25 crore to Fox, further telling the producers of Phone Booth to not exploit their film in any manner whatsoever from 5 March 2013 onwards.

Reception
Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film 3 stars out of 5 stars, noting "all the action transpiring around the phone booth" to be the only similarity with Phone Booth. Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, similarly pointing out that "what follows after a point bears no resemblance to that film (Phone Booth)", and also found it similar to A Wednesday in spite of their different storylines. He praised the focused plot and the finale, while criticizing the film's occasional repetitiveness. Patcy N. from Rediff.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, praising Irrfan Khan's performance, while criticizing the climax and the overall execution.

Soundtrack
The film's music was given by Gourov Dasgupta, with a background score by Atul Raninga and Sanjay Wandrekar. The soundtrack has five original tunes, one remix, and an alternate version of one song.

References

External links

2010 action thriller films
2010 crime action films
2010 crime thriller films
2010 psychological thriller films
2010 films
2010s Hindi-language films
Indian remakes of American films
Indian action thriller films
Indian crime action films
Indian crime thriller films
Indian psychological thriller films
Films about snipers
Films about telephony
Films directed by Mani Shankar
Unofficial film adaptations

Knock Out (2010 film)


Sander (formerly known as Stizostedion) is a genus of predatory ray-finned fish in the family Percidae. They are also known as pike-perches.

Characteristics
The species have elongated and laterally compressed bodies and they range in total length from 45 cm (18 in) in the Volga pikeperch (S. volgensis) to 130 cm (51 in) in the zander (S. lucioperca).

Species
The five species are:

 Sander canadensis Griffith & Smith, 1834 (sauger)
 Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758 (zander)
 Sander marinus G. Cuvier, 1828 (estuarine perch)
 Sander vitreus Mitchill, 1818 (walleye)
 Sander volgensis J. F. Gmelin, 1789 (Volga pikeperch)

Perciformes

Sander


Poliforum Zamna is a 6,640-seat indoor multipurpose arena located in Merida, Yucatan, part of the Unidad Deportiva Kukulkan complex which also includes Estadios Carlos Iturralde and Kukulkan, the latter from which the arena's red coffered dome roof is viewable.  All three venues were built during the 1980s; the Poliforum itself was built sometime in the mid-1980s, and when completed, it could hold as many as 12,000 spectators.  Subsequent renovations, including the replacement of the original 1980s-style seating with wider and more comfortable seats, as well as improved handicapped access, have reduced the arena's maximum capacity for concerts, boxing and wrestling to 8,640.  Another renovation to the arena took place in 2014, and saw its domed roof repainted white, and its exterior modernized.  In that same renovation, a new scoreboard was installed and new LED lighting replaced older lighting.

In addition to the aforementioned events, the Poliforum Zamna is also used for rodeos, basketball, ice events including ice shows and hockey, and circuses, among other events.  The arena now competes with the Yucatan Siglo XXI Convention Centre for large-scale indoor events.  Rocio Durcal, Timbiriche, Vicente Fernandez, Gloria Trevi, Veronica Castro, Maribel Guardia, Pepe Aguilar, Mana, Thalia, Lorena Herrera, Banda el Recodo and many others have performed here in its over 30-year history.

References

Mérida, Yucatán
Indoor arenas in Mexico
Buildings and structures in Yucatán
Sports venues in Yucatán
1980s establishments in Mexico
Volleyball venues in Mexico
Basketball venues in Mexico
Sports venues completed in the 1980s
Rodeo venues

Poliforum Zamna


"I Don't Need No Doctor" is an R&B song written by Nick Ashford, Valerie Simpson, and Jo Armstead. First released by Ashford on Verve in August 1966, it went nowhere. It was then picked up and recorded by Ray Charles and released in October 1966. Over the years, it has been covered by bands such as garage rock band The Chocolate Watchband in 1969, Humble Pie in 1971, New Riders of the Purple Sage in 1972, metal band W.A.S.P. in 1986, by rock band Great White in 1987, and by the garage punk band The Nomads in 1989. Styx also covered this song. Humble Pie's version reached No. 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and No. 72 in Canada.

Venezuelan Hard Rock Blues band,  La Banda De Casablanca recorded in their recording called El Sueño

Jazz guitarist John Scofield recorded a version for his album That's What I Say: John Scofield Plays the Music of Ray Charles in 2005, featuring blues guitarist John Mayer on additional guitar and vocals. Mayer covered the song again with his band during his tour in summer 2007. A version recorded live during a Los Angeles show during that tour is available on Mayer's CD/DVD release Where the Light Is.  A Ray Charles tribute album also provided the impetus for jazz singer Roseanna Vitro's version – specifically, her 1997 CD, Catchin' Some Rays: The Music of Ray Charles

In 2004, the blues singer Beth Hart performed a live version with her band, shown on the DVD Live at Paradiso.

In 2005, the Brazilian hard rock band Dr. Sin recorded a version for their sixth album, Listen to the Doctors, a covers album with only songs with the word 'Doctor' in the title. The version of Dr. Sin was inspired by the Humble Pie version.

Singer-songwriter Joan Osborne covered the song on her 2012 album Bring It On Home. It was also covered on 1980s Mod band Secret Affair's 2012 album release Soho Dreams. In 2014, Demented Scumcats covered the song on their album Splatter Baby in a psychobilly version.

In 2015, 1960s garage-rock band The Sonics covered the song on their album This Is The Sonics.

In 2016, the song appeared in the Lost in Paris Blues Band self-titled album, including Paul Personne, Ron Thal, and blues guitar star Robben Ford.

In 2017 and 2018, the hard rock, previously glam metal, band Vixen performed the song in their live concerts in most of their tours in the Western world. In contrast to all of the band's past performances, bass guitarist Share Ross sang lead vocals, rather than the then long-time singer Janet Gardner, at Ross's request to prove her competency in singing.

See also
Ray Charles discography

References

External links
www.raycharles.com

Songs about physicians
1966 singles
1971 singles
Songs written by Valerie Simpson
Songs written by Nickolas Ashford
Peter Frampton songs
Ray Charles songs
Humble Pie (band) songs
W.A.S.P. songs
Great White songs
Songs written by Jo Armstead
1966 songs
ABC Records singles
A&M Records singles

I Don't Need No Doctor


The Meeting of Leo I and Attila is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. It was painted from 1513 to 1514 as part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms that are now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. It is located in the Stanza di Eliodoro, which is named after The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple.

The painting depicts the meeting between the Pope Leo I and Attila the Hun , which took place in 452 in northern Italy. Initially, Raphael depicted Leo I with the face of Pope Julius II but after Julius' death, Raphael changed the painting to resemble the new pope, Leo X. Leo X appears both as cardinal and as pope. The images of Saint Peter and Saint Paul appear in the sky bearing swords, and were said to have helped keep the king of the Huns from invading Italy.

The left half of the painting is mainly by Raphael, with only minimal work by his students. The result of this fresco exhibits great artistic skill, due to the usage of dark and light pigments which amplify the peaceful and the aggressive movements. It showcases a comparison of good and evil, which ties in the political and religious perspective of the Pope, who commissioned the work.

Historical Context
In 1514, the Pope hired young Raphael to reimagine the project to decorate the rooms of the Vatican as the chief architect. Perhaps, due to Raphael's family's success in the arts, he was given the opportunity to be commissioned for the paintings in the Vatican. However, Raphael had also proven himself to be a more successful painter than his father, while still in his teenage years. Once he was the chief architect for the Vatican, it resulted in the destruction of the previous frescoes that had been created in the Vatican, and marked the time in which Raphael began to create the famous Vatican frescoes that still exist today. Though Raphael is mostly attributed for the creation of The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila, his assistants painted much of it, as he directed, and they continued to finish the project even after his early death. Some of the accredited assistants include: Raffaellino del Colle, Giulio Romano, and Gianfrancesco Penni. This fresco, amongst the others in the Room of Heliodorus glorified the Church.

Subject
The main figure in this painting is Attila, the king of the Huns, who began to seriously threaten Italy in 452 AD. Pope Leo I was sent out to meet the Hun king and to attempt to persuade him to spare Italy. Their meeting is thought to have taken place near Mantua. This area was known for its association to Christianity, adding to the symbolism of finding a peaceful resolve.

The other major figure was Leo I, who reigned from 440. Both the pope and the general Roman public found that it would be best to work towards peace, even by means of begging. Pope Leo I led in hopes to come to an agreement where violence was avoided. The result was peaceful, as the Pope's approach to the situation allowed Attila to cease any plans of warfare.

The Emperor of Rome realized that the odds of them being victorious against Attila and the Huns was slim, and yet Leo exhibited bravery, because he relied on his faith when going against this great foe.

Interpretation
The moment that is shown in this fresco includes political and faith-based themes because of the contrast of the agitated Huns and the religious authorities. Though a battle was expected, Attila the Hun decided to not engage in battle, and there have been various perspectives as to why he changes his mind. Historians prefer the explanation that the Huns withdrew because they may have suffered from lack of food and care, leading them to be ill or hungry. Though this seems to be an explanation that can be easily understood, there is not sufficient evidence to even prove that the Huns were lacking food at all in the northern region of Italy where they were located. This estimation of their location resulted from the careful calculations of academics who were not convinced that God was the only force working to keep Attila and the Huns from fighting.

However, the idea of food scarcity was not accepted by all scholars who wanted to find the reason for the peaceful conclusion., Another theory that was proposed explains that the Huns left early because of the changing seasons, knowing that survival was much more difficult during the winter. So the idea that is being proposed is that they left in order to avoid the cold climate coming due to winter, and that they had all of the food provisions that were necessary.

The painting, however, indicates that the Huns withdrew because of the spiritual presences of the Christian martyrs, Apostle Peter and Paul. They are shown to be working alongside Pope Leo I in order to help prevent Attila from invading. Since Peter and Paul had brought much success to the spreading of the Gospel of Jesus and lived righteous lives, they were able to influence Attila's thoughts, and even remind him of God, who has more power than Attila. This interpretations argues that Attila believed in Leo's words after thinking deeply about what had been said, since he seems to have sided with the papal nobility and have faith as well.

There are interpretations that view the people alongside Attila the Hun as barbarians. The connotation and definition leave the viewer seeing them as being lowly and uncultured, when that was likely not the case. This is significant because the piece also includes one of Attila's men standing his ground, facing the pope, and reaching out his hand towards the pope's entourage. This is significant in showing that there may not be total unity amongst this group. Additionally, the figure who is defying also has a feathered headdress, connecting him to the indigenous people of the Americas. Europeans considered the Native Americans to be barbarians as well, and that they should be conquered, for the benefit of humanity. So, this figure with the feather on his head indicates that Raphael may also want to paint the image of Native American defiance for the public to see. The features of all of the faces including the Native American though, are clearly with European features, because for many years, Europeans did not actually know how Native Americans looked and acted like. Since their form of information was based upon the stories told by the few who visited the Americas in person. Accurate depictions are not expected until the 17th century, and so this piece is shown to lack historical authenticity, as these realities are clarified.

Legacy
The same topic was addressed by Alessandro Algardi in his baroque masterpiece, a marble relief of Fuga d'Attila (c. 1650) in St Peter's Basilica.

References

External links
The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this work
Attila - King of the Huns.
 Saint Leo the Great

Raphael rooms
1514 paintings
Military art
Horses in art
Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun

The Meeting of Leo the Great and Attila


Mere Lal () is a 1966 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Satyen Bose and produced by Jyotsna Sen. It is a remake of the Bengali film Badshah, based on the story of Nihar Ranjan Gupta. The film stars Dev Kumar, Indrani Mukherjee and Mala Sinha. It focuses on a stone-hearted dacoit who, when thrust with the responsibility of bringing up a lost child he finds on a riverbank, mends his ways and becomes an honest wage-earner.

Plot
Badshah is a stone-hearted dacoit. One day he goes to rob a house, but the arrival of the police forces him to flee. He hides at a place where he finds a girl named Jamna kidnapped and tied; he rescues the girl, who works as a street dancer. Jamna develops an immediate liking for Badshah, despite knowing his profession. One day, Badshah sees one of his enemies and pursues him on a small boat in the Ganges. But the boat drowns in the flood. Badshah survives and finds a young boy crying at the shore. The boy was trapped in the flood and actually belonged to a married couple of the village. Badshah cannot bring himself to leave the boy alone, so he takes the boy. He goes to Jamna to give her the child so that she can take care of him. But she refuses, thinking the child is Badshah's son. Badshah takes responsibility of the child who he names Bacchu.

Developing a deep attachment towards Bachhu, Badshah redeems himself by abandoning dacoity. Elsewhere, Bacchu's biological mother Madhu is grief-stricken at having lost her only child. Badshah begins making a living by singing and dancing on the streets. Ten years later, he falls ill one day and Bacchu goes to sing alone, at which point he meets his mother. Both Madhu and her husband recognise Bachhu as their son by his locket. They go to Badshah to seek permission for taking Bacchu along with them. After initial hesitation, Badshah assents so that Bacchu can have a better home and education. But both Badshah and Bacchu are really sad to have parted from each other. Badshah falls ill and his condition seriously deteriorates. Bacchu flees from his home to meet Badshah, but by the time he arrives, Badshah has already died.

Cast
 Dev Kumar as Badshah
 Indrani Mukherjee as Jamna
 Mala Sinha as Madhu

Production
Mere Lal, a remake of the Bengali film Badshah, was directed by Satyen Bose and produced by Jyotsna Sen under S. S. Chitra Mandir. It was edited by Mukhtar Ahmed, and photographed by Marshall Braganza.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by the duo Laxmikant–Pyarelal.

Release and reception
K. L. Arora of the magazine Thought wrote, "Though it is not as tear-strung a film as [Bose's] other productions, yet Mere Lal has a few poignant moments which would melt the tears of the stone-hearted among the audience." He praised the performance of Kumar as Badshah but criticised Braganza's cinematography, and a scene where a doctor prescribes a water-soaked cloth massage on the forehead of a pneumonia patient, saying "Not even a quack would do that." The film was commercially successful.

References

External links

1960s Hindi-language films
1966 drama films
1966 films
Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta
Films directed by Satyen Bose
Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal
Hindi remakes of Bengali films
Hindi-language drama films
Indian drama films

Mere Lal


Wind River Canyon is a scenic Wyoming canyon on the Wind River. It is located between the towns of Shoshoni and Thermopolis and is a popular stop for visitors to Yellowstone National Park. It is accessible by U.S. Highway 20 and Wyoming Highway 789. It was designated as a Wyoming Scenic Byway in 2005.

Description
U.S. 20/Wyo 789 travel through the canyon, at times level with the canyon floor. The scenic route offers views of the canyon and landmark natural structures like the Chimney Rock. The canyon is at times as much as  feet deep. The change in elevation between the Bighorn Basin and the Wind River Basin is about .

The southern mouth of the canyon is near the Boysen Dam in Boysen State Park several miles north of, and about half a mile east of, the state park's borders with the Wind River Indian Reservation. The canyon includes a number of homes along the highway and a Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad line. The north end of the canyon is at the Wedding of the Waters, where the Wind becomes the Bighorn River. The Scenic Byway continues for several miles through Thermopolis and ends at T Hill on the north end of that town in Hot Springs State Park.

The Wind and Big Horn flow north out of Boysen Reservoir, through the canyon, into Thermopolis, and onward to points north.

Geology
The canyon cuts through a comprehensive set of Wyoming rock strata exposures. Many of these are noted on roadside signs. The canyon was cut in the established course of the Wind River, which predates the uplift of the Owl Creek Mountains. The water gap was created as the topography of the mountains was raised over the past two million years from previously flat terrain. From south to north, the canyon crosses an area of complex faulting, then narrows as it descends into Precambrian rocks at three road tunnels. Beyond the tunnels, the strata dip, with high cliffs of sedimentary Madison Limestone, Bighorn Dolomite and sandstone. The northern end of the canyon cuts through red sandstone of the Chugwater Formation.

References

External links
 Geology of Wyoming, Wind River Canyon Part One
 Geology of Wyoming, Wind River Canyon Part Two
 Geology of the Wind River Canyon, Wyoming

Canyons and gorges of Wyoming
Landforms of Fremont County, Wyoming
Landforms of Hot Springs County, Wyoming
Tourist attractions in Fremont County, Wyoming
Tourist attractions in Hot Springs County, Wyoming

Wind River Canyon


Andrea Bagnai (born 2 April 1992) is an Italian footballer who plays for Italian side Serie D club Montevarchi.

Biography
Born in Florence, Tuscany, Bagnai started his career at hometown club ACF Fiorentina. He was the member of U14 team in 2005–06 season and climbed to the reserve from 2009 to 2011. On 11 July 2011 Bagnai was farmed to Tuscan side Carrarese in co-ownership deal for a peppercorn of €500. Bagnai made his debut in 2011–12 Coppa Italia and played twice, both substitute. However, he did not play any game in 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione, and had a medical operation in January 2012. In June 2012 the co-ownership was terminated in favour of Carrarese. Fiorentina gave up all her youth product except Marco Romizi.

In January 2013 Bagnai was sold to Prato in a new co-ownership deal; in June 2013 Carrarese gave up its 50% registration rights.

International career
Bagnai received his first call-up in February 2007, from Italy national under-16 football team against U17 team of his own club (Allievi team) That national team consist of mainly born 1991 player. In May 2007 he was included in a summer training camp dedicated to next season U16 and U15 (born 1992–93) However Bagnai did not receive any U16 call-up that season (2007–08). In September 2008, Bagnai received a call-up to a U17 tournament in Saarland. He also played all 3 matches in 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification. However, he only played once in elite qualification despite wearing no.2 shirt. He substituted Felice Natalino in the 10th minute of the first half. In 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup, Bagnai also played once, as starting defender in the last round of the group stage. Italy certainly qualified to the next round before that match. After the tournament Bagnai also played for Italy U18 in a friendly match in Slovakia in April 2010. However Bagnai did not play any game for U19 team in 2010–11 season despite received one call-up against Romania.

References

External links
 FIGC

Italian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Florence
1992 births
Living people
ACF Fiorentina players
Carrarese Calcio players
AC Prato players
FC Lumezzane players
Montevarchi Calcio Aquila 1902 players
Serie C players
Serie D players
ASD Mezzolara players

Andrea Bagnai


The Kingdom of Kquoja or Koya or Koya Temne, or the Temne Kingdom (1505–1896), was a pre-colonial African state. It was located  in the north of  Sierra Leone. Its capital was at Cape Mount in what is now Liberia.

The kingdom was founded by the Temne ethnic group in or around 1505. Migrants from  the north who wanted to trade with the Portuguese in the south founded the kingom.

It was ruled by a king called a Bai or Obai. The sub-kingdoms within the state were ruled by nobles titled "Gbana". The Koya Kingdom kept and maintained diplomatic relations with the British and French in the 18th century. Children of Temne nobles were allowed to get western educations abroad. Koya also traded with Islamic states to its north and had Muslims within its borders.

Under Nembanga's reign (1775–1793), the Koya kingdom signed a treaty which made it possible for the establishment of a British colony on the peninsula of Sierra Leone in 1788.

Koya participated in the trans-atlantic slave trade, though sources state that such commerce was much more privatized than in other kingdoms. Subjects of Koya traded in slaves on the coast even against the wishes of the state at times.

From 1801 to 1807, Koya fought a war with British colonists and the Susu. Koya lost the northern shoreline of Sierra Leone to the British and Port Loko to the Susu. However, they remained a power in the region. In 1815, the Temne fought another war with the Susu and regained the port. In 1841, the Temne defeated the Loko tribe of Kasona on the Mabaole River dispersing many of the people. In response to a British bombardment, the kingdom expelled the Church Missionary Society missionaries operating at Magbela in 1860.

The kingdom became a British protectorate August 31, 1896. At that point the Koya kings lost almost all power. Revolts of the Temne and Mende in 1898 were fierce but futile. The British would govern the area of the former kingdom until 1961.

History

The Kingdom of Koya was ruled by King Kama from Kru people after his death his daughter Fatima Brima marries the general King Moribu Kindo Fondren a Black colonists from Brookly New York city he first became King in 1840 he taxed the town Monrovia and traded with Americans while one of the senators chief of Temne people Bakara a muslim in charge Temne State From 1801 to 1807, Temne islamist fought a war with British colonists and the Susu rebels was AfricanAmericans who established Freetown the African Americans wanted to expand east to harvest more land for wealth Temne State lost the northern shoreline of the eastern parts of the Sierra leon to the British and Port Loko to the Susu. However, they remained a power in the region. In 1815, the Temne fought another war with the Susu rebels and regained the port.When King Moribu Kindo Bai arrived in Monrovia he joined the Kingdom of Koya armed forces they were equiped with guns and swords some were even AfricanAmericans, rifleman wareing clothing and armor with Bai cresent logo attached Moribu Kindo became general in 1830 and in 1840 he became Monarch as master King Moribu Kindo Bai has always dreamed of establishing a republic like the one in America,because he herd his fellow African Americans at war with the Kingdom of Koya . In 1841 the Temne defeated the Loko tribe of Kasona on the Mabaole River dispersing many of the people, in 1848 King Moribu Kindo Bai, Harriet Tubman, mr. Joseph Roberts son of Robert Walpole British prime minister  were at the "House of lords" in the Grand cape mount, Moribu Kindo Bai the senate elected Joseph Roberts as a wealthy AfricanAmerican who has a big harvest and trade with Americans to be the founding father of his own country, joseph Roberts named his country after the British Sierra leon flag that reads Britania auspice Liber, Liberty Liberia president of the federal republic of Liberia King Moribu Kindo Bai acknowledged Joseph Roberts to become president and rule it as his own country and help the Kingdom of Koya police the state. King Moribu Fondren grandson Prince Kanta from African Americans and his wife Princess Elika from Gola people went with 5,000 soldiers to fight in the American civil war with Liberian flags and establish settlements on the coast of South and North Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
Today King Fondren Bai ll is Chairman of Republican Party Liberia and official monarch of Grand Cape Mount(Kingdom of Koya) County Liberia

Kingdom of Koya Book

Kingdom of Koya is a subnational kingdom within Liberia. The kingdom of Koya is the African American ethnic group monarchy, Kingdom of Koya is the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Africa, comprising all of the Grand Cape Mount county.

Arthur

Wayne T Fondren Jr also named King Fondren Bai ll is the crowned prince of Kingdom of Koya monarchy, the African American Kingdom of America and Gola or Gullah people.

The grandchild of Princess Mary jimenez first cousins included King Naimabanna | and many princesses who, along with King Fondren Bai ll. For most of his life before becoming Monarch, he was first in line to succeed his greatgrandfather Kanta Bai on the Koya Micronation thrones. the Year of the re-established U.S. Republican Party Liberia, making Fondren king.

The Koya word is of English origin, and historically refers to Portuguese kingship, in the pre-Christian period a type of African American tribal kingship with Gola people.

to a relatively modest African American family who spoke english only nobility.

References

 J. D. Fage, John E. Flint, John Desmond Clark et al.: The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-521-20701-0, S. 174ff.
 Adam Jones: The Kquoja Kingdom: A Forest State in Seventeenth Century West Africa. In: Paideuma. 29, 1983, S. 23–43.
 Kenneth C. Wylie: The political kingdoms of the Temne. Africana Pub, 1977, ISBN 0-8419-0149-X.

Former monarchies of Africa

Kingdom of Koya


The Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales) is a charitable organisation, registered with the Charity Commission, providing youth hostel accommodation in England and Wales. It is a member of the Hostelling International federation.

History

Formation
The concept of youth hostels originated in Germany in 1909 with Richard Schirrmann and it took 20 years for the ideas to reach fruition in the United Kingdom.  In 1929/30, several groups almost simultaneously formed to investigate establishing youth hostels in the UK. Foremost among these was the Merseyside Centre of the British Youth Hostels Association.  On 10 April 1930, representatives of these bodies met and agreed to form the British Youth Hostels Association. Shortly afterwards, it became YHA (England & Wales), with separate associations for Scotland (Hostelling Scotland) and Northern Ireland (Hostelling International Northern Ireland).

YHA's charitable objective is stated as:To help all, especially young people of limited means, to a greater knowledge, love and care of the countryside, and appreciation of the cultural values of towns and cities, particularly by providing youth hostels or other accommodation for them in their travels, and thus to promote their health, recreation and education.

Early years
The first hostel to open was at Pennant Hall near Llanrwst in North Wales. Opened in December 1930, it closed in 1931 owing to problems with the water supply. The water, which came from a nearby brook, was contaminated by sewage from an adjacent farm. As was commented at the time: [the farmer] saw no sin in mixing manure with drinking water.
During the time that the first hostel was open, the warden (as the first YHA warden) was Connie Alexander.

Widespread openings of hostels commenced in 1931 and by the end of that year 75 hostels had opened, although 15 closed permanently at the end of the year. The price of an overnight stay was 1/- (1 shilling) in every case. Annual membership was 5/- for Seniors and 2/6 for Juniors.  Life membership was available for 3 guineas (£3 3s).  Of the hostels opened in 1931, two remain open, Idwal Cottage and Street.

All hostels provided accommodation in single-sex dormitories, usually with bunk beds. Most hostels had accommodation for both sexes, but in a few towns, separate hostels were provided for males and females. Self-catering facilities were provided at all hostels and many hostels provided a meals service.

Each hostel was run by a manager known as a warden and all the hostels in an area were administered by a number of Regional Councils.  Initially, there were 14 Regional Councils, but the number grew to 19 by the end of 1935. A National Office to co-ordinate policy and standards was established in Welwyn Garden City.

Membership was required to stay at a hostel and everyone staying was required to assist in the running of the hostel by undertaking what were known as 'duties'.  These ranged from washing up to cleaning the hostel and, in hostels with no water supply on site, replenishing the water supply.

Blankets and pillows were supplied. A sheet sleeping bag was used from the outset and could be hired for a small charge, but most members chose to provide their own, carrying it with them from hostel to hostel.

The emphasis was very much on a communal atmosphere within each hostel.  The use of dormitory accommodation and common rooms in every hostel reinforced this.  Also the shared interests, mostly walking and cycling, of those using the hostels contributed to this spirit.

From this rough and ready beginning, the organisation grew and grew so that, by the outbreak of World War II, there were 297 hostels and 83,000 members, with 600,000 overnight stays being recorded.

It did not take long for the fledgling organisation to obtain royal approval and in 1932 the then Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) opened Derwent Hall hostel in Derbyshire. With its panelled walls, it became a flagship hostel for the Association.

Wartime reduction
The war had a significant effect on YHA.  Membership levels in 1940 and 1941 slumped as men and women joined the armed services and leisure travel was discouraged.  The number of hostels open decreased, with up to a third being closed for the duration due to their location in militarily sensitive areas.  The low point was 1941, when only 170 hostels remained open and overnight stays were reduced accordingly.  It was not only the war that led to the closure of hostels: among the hostels that closed for good was Derwent Hall, flooded as a result of the Derwent Water Board project and the creation of Ladybower Reservoir.

From the low of 1941, things began to recover, so that by the end of the war more than 200 hostels were open and membership was back to prewar levels.  This increase in the latter part of the war was partly due to government encouragement for factory workers to take short breaks away from the cities.

Post-war recovery
With peace, the resurgence of YHA continued until, in 1950, the peak number of hostels open was reached, with 303 open in that year. Membership continued to grow and passed the 200,000 mark in 1950. Overnight stays grew from 1.1 million in 1950 to 1.45 million in 1970.

In 1955, the National Office moved from Welwyn Garden City to St Albans, where it remained until 2002 when a further move was made to Matlock.  The buildings in St Albans and Matlock were both called Trevelyan House in honour of the first president of YHA, Dr G. M. Trevelyan.

In 1964, the number of regions was reduced to ten and financial changes made to make it easier for each region to manage its own affairs.

Reform
Significant modernisation of hostels occurred during the 1970s but by the early 1980s it became clear to YHA that it needed to change, since the stresses and strains of running a large organisation began to show on the almost entirely volunteer-run body.  Direct management of the hostels was removed from the regional committees and a professional management structure was put in place. The regional committees were reformed into four regional councils: North, Central, South and Wales.

With a new management, YHA continued to thrive and by 2000 overnight stays had reached a new peak of over 2,000,000. Reflecting changes in the needs of young travellers, much effort was put into meeting a desire for less spartan facilities in hostels, such as smaller rooms, more showers and the abolition of washrooms.

As well as upgrading facilities in existing hostels, other experimental approaches to attracting young travellers were made.  In 2000 a series of summer-only hostels utilising student accommodation was opened in locations near airports such as Luton and Leeds.  The experiment was not repeated in following years.

A much more successful innovation was the introduction of the RentaHostel scheme.  Under this scheme groups could hire whole hostels for their own use and without normal hostel rules applying.  Rentahostel was available during the winter months to improve usage of hostels that were otherwise closed or doing very little business.  The scheme continues to run but is now known as Exclusive Hire.

Foot-and-mouth disease crises – 2001
The 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth disease crisis hit YHA hard.  An estimated £5,000,000 of income was lost as a consequence of hostels being closed and a drop in overnight stays from just under 2,000,000 to 1,667,000. Some hostels, such as Baldersdale, were totally inaccessible as they were within quarantine zones.  This left YHA in a financial crisis and severe measures needed to be taken.  The board of trustees agreed to sell 10 hostels at the end of 2002, the sites being Aysgarth, Linton (North Yorkshire), Dufton, Elton, Buxton, Copt Oak, Thurlby, Norwich, Windsor and Holmbury St Mary. Internal and local pressure saved Dufton and Holmbury St Mary from closure and Thurlby was sold to Lincolnshire County Council, who rented it back to YHA to continue as a hostel.

21st century
The YHA charitable object has changed over the years, most recently in 2005 when the objective was changed to: "To help all, especially young people of limited means, to a greater knowledge, love and care of the countryside, and appreciation of the cultural values of towns and cities, particularly by providing youth hostels or other accommodation for them in their travels, and thus to promote their health, recreation and education."

YHA has been investing in its youth hostels. Investment is funded largely from turnover. Donations, legacies and funds from other organisations, agencies and individuals also contribute. Since 2006 YHA has invested £48.5 million and opened six new youth hostels: Whitby, North Yorkshire; National Forest, Derbyshire; Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumberland; Castleton, Derbyshire; on the South Downs near Southease in East Sussex, and in London.

In 2006 YHA announced the largest plan of network renewal. YHA regularly monitors all its hostels to establish if they are still viable and if necessary closes those that are no longer viable or have no prospects of becoming viable again in the future. However, the network renewal project was on top of this regular review and was a proposal to close and dispose of 32 hostels when it was announced.  The aim of the exercise was to reduce borrowing and to provide funds for re-investment into the network.  The closures were to take place over a three-year period, over and above the 13 others disposed of in the same period.  The hostels involved were not necessarily poor performers but ones where the amount of investment required to bring them up to a desired standard was excessive (e.g. Steps Bridge) or in some cases because the site value was very high (e.g. Stainforth).  When the news broke, there was a storm of protest not only among the membership, but also in local communities and local and regional government.
Despite the protests YHA proceeded with the plan.  Some hostels, such as Liverpool, have obtained reprieves either temporary or permanent and are still open but most of the other disposals have taken place.  A number of the hostels disposed of have reopened, either as independent hostels or as Enterprise hostels within YHA.

In 2008, as part of the move towards raising standards, YHA replaced the traditional sheet sleeping bag with a fitted bottom sheet, duvet cover and pillow cases.  From 2015 guests at most youth hostels found their beds already made for them. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century YHA had a network of around 140 youth hostels.  In the previous ten years YHA had sold or not renewed the leases on 86 properties. Of these, 21 continued to run as part of the YHA network under a licensing scheme, YHA Enterprise. The sales of those properties netted YHA over £20 million, but YHA continued to make a small operating loss. The value of the property portfolio  prices was £77.15 million.

In May 2010 YHA announced that, in a further realignment of the network and to support long-term financial stability called the "Capital Strategy", two new hostels would open in 2010 and eight would close.  The two new hostels were Southease in Sussex and Berwick on Tweed.  Those closed were Capel Curig (Gwynedd), Exeter (Devon), Grasmere Thorney Howe (Cumbria), Hunstanton (Norfolk), Kendal (Cumbria), River Dart (Devon), Saffron Walden (Essex) and Scarborough (North Yorkshire).

By the beginning of 2011 both Capel Curig and Grasmere had been sold and negotiations were in progress to sell the remainder (with the exception of Exeter, which was sold in 2013).  On 8 February 2011 a further update to the "Capital Strategy" was announced that was to see £4 million invested in the hostels at Black Sail (Lake District), Woody's Top (Lincolnshire), Wilderhope (Shropshire), Rowen (Snowdonia), Grinton Lodge (North Yorkshire), Salcombe (Devon), Poppit Sands (Pembrokeshire), Tintagel (Cornwall) and Wells-next-the-Sea (Norfolk).  At the same time the closure of a further nine hostels was announced, with the intention of beginning the sales at the end of summer 2011.  The hostels to close were Derwentwater, Helvellyn, Hawkshead (all Lake District), Osmotherley (North Yorkshire), Salisbury (Wiltshire), Arundel (Sussex), Totland Bay (Isle of Wight) and YHA Newcastle (Northumberland).

In 2014 a new youth hostel opened in Brighton. In 2015 a new youth hostel opened in Cardiff, which quickly became the only hostel in the YHA network to be awarded 5 stars by Visit Wales/Visit England. In December 2015 YHA Cardiff Central won Best Accommodation at the 2015 British Youth Travel Awards.

Publications and items

Handbook
In the first years of YHA (1931–1934), due to the rapid change in the number of hostels available, the handbook was issued more than once each year.  From 1935, the pattern settled into an annual publication issued to all members.  In 2003, this became a biennial publication. Since 2007, YHA has no longer produced an annual guidebook and relies on its website to show hostel information.

YHA magazines
The Rucksack was YHA's first magazine.  First issued in 1932, it ran until 1956 when it was retitled The Youth Hosteller, although issue numbers continued the same series.  Publication varied between quarterly in the early years to monthly in later years.  The contents consisted of hostel reviews, travel articles, regional and local group news, a letters column and updates to the handbook.  Publication ceased after the February 1972 issue (volume 39, no. 7, priced at five new pence, and reduced to bi-monthly appearance following December 1970), when an editorial explained that the magazine was to be "transmogrified".

The successor to The Youth Hosteller, Hostelling News ran from spring 1972 until summer 1985 (issue no. 54).  A quarterly newspaper-style publication, free to members, it followed in much the same vein as its predecessors.  Hostelling News was replaced in Autumn 1985 by YHA Magazine, a colour magazine in A4 format, which was rebranded as YHA Triangle in summer 1989 (issue no. 15) and which thereafter continued as a quarterly publication until autumn 1994 (issue no 31).  From spring/summer 1995 (issue no 32) it became a biannual publication, continuing until the autumn/winter issue of 2006 (being the 55th issue, although no longer officially numbered as such).  Following a further rebranding exercise, Triangle was replaced by the smaller-format Discover but this only lasted for three issues (spring/summer and autumn/winter 2007, and spring/summer 2008) before publication was put into abeyance.

In spring 2009, a shorter eight-page A4 colour publication YHA Life appeared (an undated four-page pilot version, with a focus on fundraising, was issued in 2008).

YHA News appeared between 1992 and 2005.  Unlike all the other publications after spring 1972, which had been made available to all members, YHA News was only available by subscription.  Its contents were much more aimed at those involved more actively with YHA.  The opinions expressed were not necessarily those of YHA.

YHA has produced a monthly e-newsletter, "The Wanderer", since 2013.

Over the years, there have been many regional handbooks produced showcasing hostels in a particular region.

YHA Songbook
The YHA Songbook was first published in 1952.  Common room sing-songs were popular and the songbook was published by YHA as:
Many a common room sing-song has been marred because few of the hostelers know more than the first verses of the songs, and all too frequently the item that begins as a rousing chorus ends as a faltering solo.  A few keen singers find a place in their rucksack or saddle-bag for a song book, but if as a result some half-dozen song books are available, it is usually found that they are all different and even the songs that are in common to several appear in differing versions.
The songbook only contained the lyrics, not the music, the assumption being that someone would know the tune.

YHA shops
YHA had from the beginning sold items directly necessary for using hostels, such as sheet sleeping bags, but in 1950 started selling goods for walkers, such as rucksacks, by mail order from National Office.  By 1953, not only was an annual sales catalogue issued but YHA had opened a shop at 21 Bedford Street, London.  Three years later, the shop moved across the Strand to John Adam Street.  Over the years, this shop expanded into a Travel and Information Office and other shops opened in major cities.  In 1990, the store management bought the stores from YHA and formed YHA Adventure Shops PLC.  The company was wound up in 2004.

Attitudes

Motor vehicles
From the earliest days, YHA made it clear that motorists were not welcome.  Regulation 4 as printed in the handbook read:
Hostels are intended for Members when walking or cycling, and are not open to motorists or motor-cyclists (unless they are using the hostel for the purpose of walking or climbing. In any case motor-cars and motor-cycles must not be garaged at a hostel).Instead, great emphasis in the handbook was placed on access to public transport, with information on the distances to the nearest railway stations and the availability of bus services (something that continues to this day). In 1951, this point was promoted to regulation 1: "Youth Hostels are for the use of members who travel on foot, by bicycle, or canoe; they are not for members touring by motor car, motor cycle, or any power-assisted vehicle".

By the mid 1960s, with the decline in rail services, YHA allowed members to use cars to reach a hostel, but not to motor tour.  It remained policy that cars could not be parked at hostels. From 1970, it was decided to allow parking, for a fee, at certain hostels. However, hostel wardens had a discretion to require people arriving by car to move on if the hostel was busy. In 1984, car parking charges were abolished and parking allowed at all hostels, subject to space.

Membership
Until 2005 it was a requirement to be either a member of YHA or a member of an Hostelling International-affiliated association before staying at a hostel.  YHA relaxed this rule, partly in a desire to make hostels more accessible to all and partly on advice from the Charity Commission that the charitable status of the association was at risk if it remained a membership-only organisation.

Membership can be purchased on arrival at a hostel. Non-members have been able to stay since 2005; it was originally stated that this was "by paying a £3 supplement to the normal overnight price ... – equivalent to a day rate for membership". This was later amended to the form of a standard price for everyone, with a £3 per night, subsequently 10%, discount for members on booking direct.

Alcohol
Until the 1980s consumption of alcohol was not allowed; drinking at the hostel could lead to offenders being banned from the hostel. The ban was initially lifted only for alcohol purchased at hostels with a table licence such as Edale, but later it was permitted to bring and drink beer, cider and wine (not spirits), but only accompanying a meal.

With the reform of UK licensing laws the responsibility for the behaviour of customers falls onto the personal licence holder, i.e. the hostel manager. Citing the risk of prosecution of its staff, YHA introduced a policy whereby only alcohol purchased at the hostel was permitted to be consumed on the premises.  For hostels not licensed for the sale of alcohol, the previous policy on bring-your-own continues.

The majority of youth hostels have been licensed to sell alcohol since 2010 and some have a bar.

Schools
Pre war, groups of children aged 11–18 were welcome at hostels as long as they were under the supervision of a responsible leader.  All bookings had to be made in advance.  Apart from price no other concession was made to these groups.  They were still expected to move on from hostel to hostel and for this reason this type of business became known as School Journey Parties (SJP).

After the war YHA realised the potential of providing not just accommodation to school parties and youth groups but educational facilities as well.  This scheme, Youth Hostels for Health and Education, started in 1953 and was the forerunner of the services offered today. In 2008 27% of overnight stays with YHA were as part of organised school trips.

YHA provides financial support via its bursary scheme, Breaks for Kids, for groups of young people to take part in educational or recreational visits.  In 2013 YHA awarded grants totalling £238,000, providing 5,754 funded trips for young people.

See also
 List of past and present youth hostels in England and Wales

Notes

Footnotes

References

External links

 YHA (England & Wales) Official Site
 Hostelling International Official Site

Hostelling International member associations
Organisations based in Derbyshire
Youth organizations established in 1930
Tourism in England
Tourism in Wales
Walking in the United Kingdom
Youth organisations based in the United Kingdom
1930 establishments in the United Kingdom


L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker: Readings and Recitations in Prose and Verse, Humorous and Otherwise is an anthology of literary works by L. Frank Baum, author of the Oz books. The book was first published in 1910, with illustrations by veteran Baum artists John R. Neill and Maginel Wright Enright; a subsequent 1912 edition was retitled  Baum's Own Book for Children. The book constitutes a complex element in the Baum bibliography.

Baum intended the anthology for schools, to be used in instruction in public speaking. The collection includes versions of previously published material from Baum's Oz books, Father Goose, and other works, plus new selections like Prince Marvel, a short play for child actors based on The Enchanted Island of Yew.

One of the selections is "Little Bun Rabbit," the final piece in Baum's Mother Goose in Prose from 1897. The protagonist in Baum's version of the nursery rhyme is a little girl who can talk to animals – named Dorothy. When Baum reprinted in story in his Juvenile Speaker, he changed the character's name to Doris, to forestall confusion with Dorothy Gale from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Baum made other revisions in his reprinted texts. One example: the 20th chapter in The Wonderful Wizard, "The Dainty China Country," was revised into a stand-alone tale, "In Chinaland;" and Baum removed the detail in which the Cowardly Lion accidentally destroys a small china church with his tail.

Reprints
Materials from the Juvenile Speaker were republished in different volumes in later years. In 1916 and 1917, Baum's publisher Reilly & Britton issued stories from the anthology in six smaller 62-page books collectively called The Snuggle Tales, with black-and-white Neill illustrations. (They were originally sold for $0.40 each.) The publisher had used this approach successfully in the Little Wizard Stories of Oz in 1913–14, as a way of reaching beginning readers. The six Snuggle Tales books are:

 Little Bun Rabbit and Other Stories (1916)
 Once Upon a Time and Other Stories (1916)
 The Yellow Hen and Other Stories (1916)
 The Magic Cloak and Other Stories (1916)
 The Gingerbread Man (1917)
 Jack Pumpkinhead (1917).

In turn, The Snuggle Tales were later republished with added color plates as the Oz-Man Tales, issued in 1920.

To illustrate the type of materials involved, consider the contents of the fourth Snuggle Tales volume, The Magic Cloak and Other Stories:

 "The Weaving of the Magic Cloak" — from Queen Zixi of Ix
 "When the Whistle Blows" (poem)
 "In Chinaland" — from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
 "The Greedy Goldfish" (poem) — from Father Goose, His Book
 "Santa Claus's First Journey" — from The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
 "The Head of the King" — from The Magical Monarch of Mo
 "The Tramp" (poem) — from By the Candelabra's Glare
 "The Mantle of Immortality" — from The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus
 "The King of Thieves" — from The Enchanted Island of Yew
 "Melting a Wicked Witch" — from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
 "Miss Violin's Beau" (a punning poem)
 "The Beautiful Valley of Mo" — from The Magical Monarch of Mo.

References

External links

Books by L. Frank Baum
American children's books
1910 children's books
Fantasy anthologies

L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker


Dervish State was members of a Dhulbahante anti-colonial state founded in Dareema Caddo from 1896 to 1920 called Darawiish; geographically synonymous with Khatumo and a successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. It may also refer to:

Other
 Sufi dervish, a Tarika for asceticism
 Whirling dervishes, a whirling ritual by followers of Rumi
 Dervish Blues, 1975 album by Johnny Winter
 The Dervish and Death, a 1974 movie with Usnija Redžepova as protagonist

Dervishes


Allegheny Township is a township in Blair County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 6,585 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Altoona, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Allegheny Township is located in western Blair County. It is bordered by the city of Altoona and Logan Township to the north, Frankstown Township to the east, the boroughs of Hollidaysburg and Duncansville as well as Blair Township to the southeast, Freedom Township at Allegheny Township's southernmost point, and Juniata Township to the southwest. The western border is the Blair County–Cambria County line, with Cresson and Gallitzin townships directly bordering. The borough of Tunnelhill where it enters Blair County also borders the west side of the township.

Communities within the township include Canan Station, Carson Valley, Cross Keys, Sunbrook, and most of Foot of Ten, all in the eastern part of the township.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Allegheny Township has a total area of , of which , or 0.02%, is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,965 people, 2,658 households, and 1,836 families residing in the township.  The population density was .  There were 2,847 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 98.58% White, 0.65% African American, 0.36% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.01% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.

There were 2,658 households, out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the township the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 23.2% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 100.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,962, and the median income for a family was $36,599. Males had a median income of $30,581 versus $21,940 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,204.  About 7.1% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links

Allegheny Township Official Website

Populated places established in 1773
Townships in Blair County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania

Allegheny Township, Blair County, Pennsylvania


Helleborus foetidus, known variously as stinking hellebore , dungwort, setterwort and bear's foot, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the mountainous regions of Central and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. It is found wild in many parts of England, especially on limestone soil.

Description
It is an evergreen perennial growing to  tall and  across, with a thick succulent stem and glossy leaves. The drooping cup-shaped flowers appear in spring, and are yellowish-green, often with a purple edge to the five petal-like sepals on strongly upright stems. The flowers, typically for the family, contain numerous stamens as well as up to ten nectaries which make them attractive to bees and other insects. Each flower produces up to five (usually three) wrinkled follicles. Despite its common name, it is not noticeably malodorous, although the foliage is pungent when crushed.

All parts of the plant are poisonous, containing glycosides. Symptoms of intoxication include violent vomiting and delirium.

Yeasts colonise the nectaries of stinking hellebore and their presence has been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators to the flower by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds. It was the first species in which this effect was discovered.

Horticulture

H. foetidus is grown in gardens for its handsome evergreen foliage and large numbers of green, bell-shaped flowers borne in late winter. It prefers woodland conditions with deep, fertile, moist, humus rich, well-drained soil, and dappled shade. The species is, however, drought-tolerant. It often occurs naturally on chalk or limestone soils.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The cultivar 'Green Giant' has very bright green flowers and finely divided foliage; 'Miss Jekyll' has fragrant flowers, intensity varying with the time of day; 'Wester Flisk Group' has red-tinted leaves and stems and gray-green flowers; the 'Sierra Nevada Group' is dwarf, reaching 30 cm.

Propagation is by division or from seed, which can be prolific, naturalising well in ideal conditions.  Rodents should be kept away from the garden since they depredate the seeds either when still in fruiting plants within the carpels or from the floor after seed release.

References

foetidus
Medicinal plants of Asia
Medicinal plants of Europe
Flora of the United Kingdom
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Helleborus foetidus


Ramaroshan is located in Achham district of Nepal at the altitude of 2500m. A place having 18 patch of meadows (locally known as patans), is a major tourism site of Achham district. This area is the one of the habitat of national bird of Nepal, Danfe (Lophophorus). A good view of Budhiganga basin, along with the peaks of Mount Api, and Mount Saipal can be seen from Ramaroshan area.

Introduction
Ramaroshan is a main attraction of Achham District. It is known as land of 12 lakes and 18 patch of meadows (grassland) () with stiff rocky cliffs. Jigale lake is the largest lake in this area which has the shape of English letter C whereas Taune lake is the smallest one. Among the 18 patans, Kinemine patan is the largest patan, possibly the largest patan in the Achham District through which the Kailash river flows. This place is surrounded by a forest. Terraced hill slopes with lush green landscape surrounding the enchanting Ramaroshan Lake attracts everyone. On the route to this destination, travellers come across the forest of Rhododendron. Boating has been started since 2020 and people can encounter Himalayan Munal{National bird of Nepal}

Flora
Many species of plants are found in Ramaroshan area. Mostly lakes have been covered by various types of flowers. Many wild animals graze in the grassland of Ramaroshan.

Fauna
It is a habitat of various wild animal i.e. bear, wild cat, musk deer etc. Ramaroshan is also a habitat for various birds like lophophorous, pheasant, cuckoo etc.

Gallery

See also
List of lakes of Nepal

References

Achham District
Lakes of Sudurpashchim Province

Ramaroshan Site


Alamitos Creek or Los Alamitos Creek is a  creek in San Jose, California, which becomes the Guadalupe River when it exits Lake Almaden and joins Guadalupe Creek. Los Alamitos Creek is located in Almaden Valley and originates from the Los Capitancillos Ridge in the Santa Cruz Mountains, near New Almaden. This creek flows through the Valley's Guadalupe Watershed, which is owned by the Santa Clara Valley Water District. The creek flows in a generally northwesterly direction after rounding the Los Capitancillos Ridge and the town of New Almaden, in the southwest corner, before ambling along the Santa Teresa Hills on northeast side of the Almaden Valley.  Its environment has some relatively undisturbed areas and considerable lengths of suburban residential character. Originally called Arroyo de los Alamitos, the creek's name is derived from "little poplar", "alamo" being the Spanish word for "poplar" or "cottonwood".

History
The Alamitos Creek banks were inhabited by Native American tribes thousands of years ago and up until the time of Spanish exploration.  Evidence of middens and traces of that hunter-gatherer civilization has been recorded from archeological excavations and surface finds.  From the mid-19th century until the 1970s, operation of the New Almaden Quicksilver Mines discharged high levels of mercury into the creek near its headwaters and the remaining piles of exposed mine tailings still contaminate the creek beyond natural levels. Warning signs to not eat fish caught in the Alamitos Creek still run the length of its course. In the 1940s and 1950s, rapid residential development expanded into this portion of the Almaden Valley including building which encroached into the 100-year floodplain.  The Santa Clara Valley Water District began studying this watershed with emphasis upon flood control functions, and made some minor streambed alterations such as energy dissipators.  In 1976 the District developed a comprehensive flood control plan and retained Earth Metrics Inc. to prepare an independent Environmental Impact Report.  The resulting study developed the first comprehensive data base of biology, water quality, geology and cultural resources information for Alamitos Creek.  In 1989 the city of San Jose undertook an analysis to create a creekside trail from Almaden Quicksilver County Park to a location along Alamitos Creek about .6 mile below the confluence with Arroyo Calero.

Watershed
Alamitos Creek drains an area of approximately , and begins at the base of Almaden Reservoir, although the reservoir is fed by Herbert Creek whose source is just south of the peak of Mount Umunhum. In addition to Herbert Creek, the reservoir has several minor tributaries including Barret Creek, Jacques Gulch, and Larrabee Creek. Barret Creek begins in Barret Canyon draining the north slope of Loma Prieta, the tallest peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and joins Herbert Creek from the south just before joining Almaden Reservoir. Barret Creek gained significant protection in 2018 when the Peninsula Open Space Trust, the Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority and the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District purchased 500 acres of land to preserve as open space. "Rainbow trout in Barret Creek were [once] so plentiful that fishermen used to catch them by the hundreds," said Vice President Marti Tedesco of the Peninsula Open Space Trust.

Downstream of Almaden Reservoir, Alamitos Creek has another major tributary, Arroyo Calero. Arroyo Calero's upstream reach was dammed to form Calero Reservoir.

Alamitos Creek feeds into Lake Almaden (not to be confused with Almaden Reservoir).  Lake Almaden was formed by a private gravel quarry operation which changed a meadow once grazed by dairy cows into the lake. Mercury and Canada goose excrement pollute the lake so that it remains closed to the public.  Lake Almaden is a great impediment to native steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) migration, as it is home to many non-native predatory fish, such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). It also serves as a heat sink elevating river water temperatures downstream and creating a large warm lake area difficult for trout to migrate through.  Santa Clara Valley Water District is in the process of separating the creek from the lake to address these problems, expecting to be done in 2022.

After it exits the lake, Alamitos Creek is joined by Guadalupe Creek. This confluence is the origin of the Guadalupe River mainstem, just west of Almaden Expressway and north of Coleman Road.

Ecology
Alamitos Creek once supported runs of steelhead. In July and August 1997, the Santa Clara Valley Water District electrofished sites near Alamitos Creek's confluence with Golf Creek near the McKean Road crossing.

In the downstream rocky streambed reaches of the creek there are a variety of birds commonly observed including mallard, black phoebe, common merganser, red-shouldered hawk, snowy egret, belted kingfisher, great blue heron and black-crowned night-heron.  There are a few mammals on the lower reaches such as raccoon.  Vegetation includes upland tree species such as coast live oak and California bay laurel; understory growth such as coyote brush, toyon and poison oak; and riparian vegetation such as red willow and wild blackberry.

In the extreme downstream reaches rufous-crowned sparrow, California thrasher and American kestrel can be observed on chaparral slopes.  In the oak woodlands along the creek, acorn woodpecker, California quail, Anna's hummingbird, scrub jay, oak titmouse, bushtit, Bewick's wren, and spotted towhee can be found.

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has issued a "Do Not Eat" for any fish caught in Alamitos Creek due to elevated mercury.

Los Alamitos Creek Trail
The Los Alamitos Creek Trail or Alamitos Creek Trail is a paved,  pedestrian and bicycle trail that runs along Alamitos Creek, from Harry Road (south) to Lake Almaden Park (north).  As the trail crosses beneath the Coleman Road bridge, it meets the confluence of Guadalupe Creek and becomes the Guadalupe River Trail. A paved trail system which continues along the Guadalupe River extending northward to Chynoweth Avenue. As an alternative to walking under a narrow crawl corridor below the Almaden Expressway bridge, hikers can continue by using sidewalks and the signalized intersection of Coleman Road/Almaden Expressway, trail users can follow the Guadalulpe Creek Trail westward to Meridian Avenue (unpaved, interim gravel surface).

See also
Almaden Quicksilver County Park
Guadalupe Watershed
List of watercourses in the San Francisco Bay Area
Santa Clara Valley Water District

References

External links
Bay Area Hiker: Los Alamitos Creek Trail
Bay Area Backpages: Los Alamitos Creek Trail
 Nearby Hiking Trails in Santa Clara County - San Jose Wiki
Santa Clara Valley Water District Homepage

Geography of San Jose, California
Trails in the San Francisco Bay Area
Rivers of Santa Clara County, California
Tourist attractions in Santa Clara County, California
Rivers of Northern California
Tributaries of Guadalupe River (California)

Alamitos Creek


Princess Irmingard of Bavaria (29 May 1923 – 23 October 2010) was the daughter of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and his second wife, Princess Antonia of Luxembourg. She was a half-sister of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria.

Life

Irmingard was born at her father's residence, Schloss Berchtesgaden. She spent her childhood between Berchtesgaden and her other residences, the Leuchtenberg Palais in Munich, Schloss Leutstetten, and Schloss Hohenschwangau.  In 1936 she was sent to England to be educated at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Roehampton (later Woldingham School) where several of her cousins, princesses of Luxembourg, were also enrolled.

In early 1940 Irmingard and her siblings were allowed to go to Italy and join their father who had left Germany to avoid conflict with the Nazi authorities. She spent the rest of the war mostly in Rome, Florence, and Padua.

In September 1944, Irmingard was arrested by the Nazis who had been unsuccessful in trying to find and arrest her father.  She fell ill from typhus and was sent to a prison hospital in Innsbruck.  When she recovered, she was sent to the concentration camp at Oranienburg-Sachsenhausen, where she was reunited with other members of her family who had also been arrested.  Later they were transferred to the concentration camps at Flossenbürg and Dachau, before being freed by the Third American Army on 30 April 1945.

Irmingard and her sisters sought refuge in Luxembourg, where their mother's sister Charlotte reigned. After a brief return to Germany, she went to the United States for a year, where her uncle Prince Adolf of Schwarzenberg had a ranch in Montana.

Marriage and children
On 20 July 1950, Irmingard married her first cousin Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (22 June 1913 in Munich — 17 October 2008 in Leutstetten), son of Prince Franz of Bavaria and Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ. The civil wedding took place at Leutstetten, and the religious ceremony followed a day later at Schloss Nymphenburg in Munich. The couple had three children, five grandchildren and five great-grandchildren:

 Prince Luitpold of Bavaria (born 14 April 1951 in Leutstetten).
 Princess Maria of Bavaria (born and died 3 January 1953 in Leutstetten)
 Princess Philippa of Bavaria (born and died 26 June 1954 in Leutstetten)

After her father's death in 1955, Irmingard and her husband moved into Schloss Leutstetten, where she continued to live after her husband's death in 2008.

Ancestry

References

External links
 Obituary of Princess Irmingard of Bavaria, The Daily Telegraph, 8 November, 2010

1923 births
2010 deaths
People from Berchtesgaden
Bavarian princesses
House of Wittelsbach
Nobility from Munich
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
People educated at Woldingham School
Burials at Andechs Abbey

Princess Irmingard of Bavaria


The Paso doble is a dance and music based on the Spanish bullfight. It is the music played at bullfights at the procession of the bullfighters, between stages, and at the end of each session. The dance is based on the way matadors perform in the ring.

Dance
In the dance, the man takes the part of the matador, and the woman takes the part of the man's cape (not the bull!). The man's stance (the way he stands) should be proud, and when he has a free arm it should be held slightly bent, rather as matadors do. The photograph of the ice dancers gives a perfect example of what dancers should aim for in this style.

The paso doble is one of the five International Latin ballroom dances. It gives a very good contrast in style with the four other dances. Although so Spanish in style and origin, the dance techniques were first developed in Paris. Later, in mid 20th century London, the Latin and American dances took on their present form.

Music
The music is scored in 2/4 time. It is a march-like type of music, and as a dance it is a two-step (paso doble = two-step). It is played at about 60/62 bars (measures) a minute for dancers.

The most famous piece of paso doble music is the España Cañí or Spanish Gypsy Dance. A sample of La Gracia de Dios gives an idea of the rhythm.

References

Other websites

Latin dances
Music genres
Spanish culture

Paso doble