Ingrid Ellen Michaelson (born December 8, 1979) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her first album, Slow the Rain, was released in 2005, and she has since released eight more albums: Girls and Boys, Be OK, Everybody, Human Again, Lights Out, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, Songs for the Season, and her most recent, Stranger Songs. Her two highest-charting singles are "The Way I Am" (2007) and "Girls Chase Boys" (2014), at #37 and #52 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively.

Early life
Michaelson is half Swedish and was born in 1979 in New York City to artistic parents. Her father, Carl Michaelson, was a manager of copyrights for the publishing company Carl Fischer Music and a composer on the side ("The Praise of Christmas"). Her mother, Elizabeth Egbert, was a sculptor, of Dutch ancestry. As a child, Michaelson performed in a musical theatre group called Staten Island Kids On Stage. She took up piano at age 4, and trained until age seven at Manhattan's Third Street Music School, continuing for many more years at the Jewish Community Center of Staten Island's Dorothy Delson Kuhn Music Institute. While there she met vocal coach Elizabeth McCullough, who worked with her through high school.

Michaelson is a graduate of Staten Island Technical High School and Binghamton University, where she received a degree in theater. While at Binghamton University, she was a member of the Binghamtonics, a co-ed a cappella group, as well as the Pappy Parker Players, an improv comedy group, and the theatre repertory company under Sue Peters. Her time at Binghamton is mentioned in her song "The Hat."

Musical career

2006–08: Girls and Boys
In 2006, Michaelson independently released her second album, Girls and Boys. The album, like her previous music, was streamed on Myspace. A music producer from the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy found her music online. After being contacted by the music producer, Michaelson began to be approached by several record companies. Wanting to retain all of the rights she had as an independent artist, Michaelson developed a deal with Original Signal Recordings, acting as the marketing and distribution arm for Michaelson's label. Through Original Signal, Michaelson re-released Girls and Boys into mainstream marketing on September 18, 2007. It peaked at #63 on the Billboard charts and received positive reviews from critics. Additionally, in 2007, "The Way I Am", a song from the album, was featured in an Old Navy commercial. The 30-second ad played on the major US networks and most prime-time shows for a few days. In less than 3 weeks, more than 65 appearances in prime-time had been made, including 17 season premieres.

2008–10: Be OK and Everybody

In 2008, Michaelson released her third album, and first compilation album, Be OK. The album debuted at #35 on the Billboard charts and received mixed to positive reviews. The album features the single "Be OK", which received a large amount of exposure on several shows and commercials. Michaelson joined the Hotel Cafe Tour that fall in support of the album, whose proceeds went toward cancer research. In 2009, Michaelson released her fourth album, Everybody. Everybody debuted on #18 on the Billboard charts and received positive reviews. It features the single "Maybe", which received positive reviews and was featured on several television programs. Her show in Sydney, Australia, at the Metro Theater is available online at MoshCam, a website that shows pre-recorded concerts.

2010–12: Parachute and Human Again

In 2010, Michaelson digitally released the single "Parachute", a song that she wrote but was recorded by Cheryl Cole on Cole's album 3 Words. The song has not been featured on any albums, but is available on both iTunes and Amazon. In 2012, Michaelson released her fifth album, Human Again. Human Again debuted at #5 on the Billboard charts and received very positive reviews, with critics praising the album's unique sound. Michaelson's first tour leg for the album, The Human Again Tour, was sold out almost every night of the tour. After the first tour, Michaelson continued to tour on 3 other legs, two in North America, and one across the world. The first leg of Michaelson's tour was held from April to May. The second leg, The Human Again Summer Tour, was held from June to August. The Third Leg, The Human Again Fall Tour, began in September. Michaelson also played 3 shows in Australia, where Human Again was the first formally released record of hers.

In September 2012, she was featured in a campaign called "30 Songs / 30 Days" to support Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book.

2014–2015: Lights Out
On February 4, 2014, Michaelson released the lead single, "Girls Chase Boys", from her album Lights Out. The song reached #52 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Afterlife" and "Time Machine" were released as the second and third singles with moderate commercial success.

On April 25, 2014, Lights Out was released. The deluxe edition, which was released in November later that year, contains an additional six bonus tracks.

2016–2017: It Doesn't Have To Make Sense and Alter Egos

On April 29, 2016, Michaelson released the song "Hell No". It serves as the lead single from her seventh studio album, It Doesn't Have to Make Sense, which was released on August 26, 2016, through Cabin 24 Records. In July she released a second video of "Hell No," which incorporates members of the Deaf West theater company performing the lyrics in American Sign Language. In support of the album, Michaelson embarked on the "Hell No Tour" beginning October 6, 2016, in Cincinnati, OH.

On 12 May 2017, a 5-track EP titled Alter Egos was released. It consists of re-worked songs from It Doesn't Have to Make Sense with guest vocalists on each track.

In 2017, Michaelson contributed "Smallest Light" and "Stay Right Where You Are" to the soundtrack for the film The Space Between Us.

2018–present: Ingrid Michaelson's Songs for the Season and Stranger Songs
On 26 October 2018, Michaelson released a Christmas album called Ingrid Michaelson's Songs for the Season. In January 2019, Michaelson announced she was composing the score for a musical adaptation of The Notebook. On May 10, 2019, she released "Missing You", which serves as the lead single off of her ninth studio album, Stranger Songs. Michaelson first announced the album via her Twitter in January 2018, writing that it would be inspired by the Netflix series Stranger Things. The album was released on June 28, 2019.

In July 2020, Michaelson was nominated for her first Emmy Award in the Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics category for the song "Build it Up", written specifically for the finale of Hulu's hit miniseries Little Fires Everywhere.

Collaborations

In 2006, Michaelson teamed up with William Fitzsimmons on his album Goodnight, which was released that same year.

Michaelson and her friend Sara Bareilles co-wrote "Winter Song" which was featured on The Hotel Café Presents Winter Songs, a compilation of both original recordings as well as classic holiday tracks sung by a lineup of female singer-songwriters. Michaelson performed "Winter Song" with Bareilles for President Obama and his family as well as many spectators at the National Christmas Tree Lighting in December 2010. In 2011, "Winter Song" reached #2 on the Irish Singles Chart.

Michaelson provided backup vocals on two songs from PlayRadioPlay!'s album Texas, including "I'm a Pirate, You're a Princess" and the title track, "Texas". She provided backup vocals on Greg Laswell's album, Take A Bow, which was released on May 4, 2010. Collaboration was done on the songs "Take Everything", "My Fight (For You)", and "Come Clean".

Michaelson's bandmate, Allie Moss released a 2009 EP, Passerby. Its song "Corner" was selected by British Telecommunications in the UK for their BT Infinity television commercials. Other past and present band members include Chris Kuffner (bass), Bess Rogers (guitar), Saul Simon MacWilliams (keys), Billy Libby (guitar), Sarab Singh (drums), and Elliot Jacobson (drums).

In 2010, Michaelson co-wrote the song "Parachute" with Marshall Altman which was covered by British singer Cheryl Cole on her debut solo album 3 Words; it peaked at #5 on the UK Singles Chart. Michaelson initially believed the track was "so poppy" that she could not release it herself. However, after the song was reworked by "Everybody" producer Dan Romer to make a more "interesting, funky production", Michaelson released the song as a personal single. There are two different music videos for the song.

Of the release of "Parachute" and upcoming material, Michaelson explained in a 2010 interview with Billboard.com, "I just felt like I wanted to put something out. I'm not ready to put a full album out, so we thought we'd put this out and see how people take it or don't take it." She said that she expects to release her next album, "probably in the middle of next year".

In 2012, Michaelson and Laswell co-wrote and sang the duet "Landline", which appeared on his album of the same name.

Her 2014 album, Lights Out, was a collaborative effort. "On all my previous records, I'd written all the songs myself. It was one producer and me locked in a room for months," she said. "Not that that was bad, but I think that everything has a season. I never wanted to kind of give up control. I think I'm letting go of a lot of things – embracing the idea of allowing people to help me in all facets of my life. I think that I was a bit of a control freak, and I'm just more open to letting people be part of things that they weren't part of before. It's liberating. I had the best time ever on the last record. It was just really wonderful to be able to share the success with other people." Michaelson has also appeared on The Nerdist Podcast with Chris Hardwick.

In 2021, Ingrid Michaelson collaborated with British-Pakistani singer Zayn Malik on the single "To Begin Again". The song was released on March 17, 2021.

Broadway
Michaelson played the role of Sonya Rostova temporarily in the Broadway musical Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 from July 3 to August 13, 2017, while actress Brittain Ashford was on leave.

In January 2019, it was reported that Michaelson was writing the music and lyrics for a musical adaptation of The Notebook.

Film
Michaelson made her film debut in the comedy film Humor Me, which was released January 12, 2018.

Personal life

Michaelson married fellow musician Greg Laswell in 2011. They divorced in 2015.

In late 2015, Michaelson announced her relationship with film and stage actor Will Chase.

Michaelson identifies as a feminist.

Discography

 Slow the Rain (2005)
 Girls and Boys (2006)
 Be OK (2008)
 Everybody (2009)
 Human Again (2012)
 Lights Out (2014)
 It Doesn't Have to Make Sense (2016)
Songs for the Season (2018)
Stranger Songs (2019)

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American pianists
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women guitarists
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American women singers
American feminists
American folk musicians
American folk-pop singers
American people of Dutch descent
American people of Swedish descent
American sopranos
American ukulele players
American women singer-songwriters
Binghamton University alumni
Feminist musicians
Guitarists from New York City
American indie folk musicians
Mom + Pop Music artists
Musicians from Staten Island
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Universal Motown Records artists

Ingrid Michaelson


WGMB-TV (channel 44) is a television station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside CW owned-and-operated station WBRL-CD (channel 21) and independent station KZUP-CD (channel 19); Nexstar also provides certain services to NBC affiliate WVLA-TV (channel 33) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with White Knight Broadcasting. The stations share studios on Perkins Road in Baton Rouge, while WGMB-TV's transmitter is located near Addis, Louisiana.

History
The station first signed on August 11, 1991, making Baton Rouge the last of the Top 100 television markets to receive a Fox affiliate. The station was originally owned by the Galloway family, whose broadcast holdings originally operated under both the Associated Broadcasters and Galloway Media and eventually the Communications Corporation of America banner. It took five years to bring Fox to Baton Rouge, as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) assigned channel 44 to Baton Rouge in 1983 and several potential buyers sought a license. One company, Parish Family Television expressed an interest in broadcasting an independent station affiliated with the network in 1986 with the call letters WPFT. Delays occurred as Southwest Multimedia of Houston expressed an ownership interest in Parish Family Television and rival company Louisiana Super Communications objected to this sale.  In November 1990, Thomas Galloway of Lafayette purchased the license from PFTV in November 1990 as well as the Texas stations KVEO, KWKT, and KPEJ from Southwest Multimedia, causing Louisiana Super Communications to rescind its objections to the sale. The station installed an antenna on WVLA's tower, bought from future sister station WNTZ's parent company at the time, Delta Media Corporation. From April 1990 to February 1991, local NBC affiliate WVLA aired week-delayed episodes of Fox shows such as The Simpsons, Married... with Children, and In Living Color.

In addition to its Fox affiliation, WGMB also carried several syndicated movie packages including Columbia Pictures' Night at the Movies and Universal Television's Action Pack and was a secondary affiliate of PTEN in its early years of operation. In 1996, WGMB became a sister station of WVLA when Thomas Galloway's son, Sheldon, purchased the NBC affiliate from businessman Cyril Vetter. Sheldon had previously held a stake in WGMB but sold it to his father to make it easier for him to buy WVLA.

The station originally broadcast from Florida Boulevard, until the Galloways purchased WVLA. In 1999, WGMB, along with WVLA, WBBR (now WBRL), and WZUP (now KZUP), moved to their current studios on Perkins Road in Baton Rouge.

In June 2006, owner ComCorp filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. ComCorp said in a press release viewers and staff would see no changes at the station.

On April 24, 2013, ComCorp announced the sale of its entire group, including WGMB-TV, to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group. The local marketing agreement for WVLA-TV (which was to be sold to Mission Broadcasting, but it was later withdrawn) is included in the deal. The sale was completed on January 1, 2015.

The station did not produce a local newscast until 2007; however, it usually broadcast children's events and programming from around the Baton Rouge area in the 1990s as part of its Fox 44 Kids Club. One locally-produced show was Fox Rox Saturday, which aired in the late 1990s on Saturday mornings. WGMB also aired one high school football game each week during the fall from the Baton Rouge area in the early 2000s.

Since the station upgraded to digital, WGMB has rebroadcast the signal of the low-power WB and CW affiliate WBRL-CD on its second subchannel, originally in standard definition and later in 720p high definition in September 2021 and then 1080i in April 2023. On January 25, 2018, WGMB added Cozi TV to its third subchannel.

News operation

On March 12, 2007, WGMB debuted a local newscast entitled Fox News Louisiana airing weeknights at 9 p.m. In the summer of 2008, the newscast was rebranded as Fox News Baton Rouge. WGMB also produces and pre-records the 9 p.m. newscast for sister station KADN-TV in Lafayette, and formerly did so for KMSS-TV in Shreveport. The KMSS-TV evening newscast is now handled by sister station KTAL. The newscast was expanded to an hour in February 2013.

On August 20, 2007, WGMB debuted Fox News Louisiana AM to counter the national morning shows; the newscast, anchored by Rachel Slavik and Lauren Unger, featured eight weather updates an hour from meteorologist Jesse Gunkel. It also was simulcast on sister station WNTZ in Alexandria, although stories from that area rarely made it to the program. On December 2, 2008, WGMB canceled its morning newscast due to cost cuts; at the same time, the station also laid off an undisclosed number of employees. WGMB's sister station, NBC affiliate WVLA, would continue to air its 6 a.m. local newscast, which precedes Today.

On April 28, 2009, WGMB announced the discontinuation of all locally produced newscasts. Production of the 9 p.m. newscast was then moved to sister station KETK-TV in Tyler, Texas. WGMB also aired a 30-minute sports program called The Show on Sunday nights at 9 p.m., which was also produced by KETK. On January 3, 2011, WGMB returned to producing its 9 p.m. newscast locally from Baton Rouge.

On September 21, 2015, WGMB debuted a new set and graphics, in line with other Nexstar Fox affiliates KMSS and KARD in Shreveport and Monroe, respectively. The station also adopted the news themes "Inergy" and "Extreme" (the latter was also being used simultaneously on rival station WBRZ until late 2016) in place of the "Fox Affiliate News Theme."

On April 12, 2016, WGMB debuted a 5:30 p.m. weekday newscast. WGMB's newscast re-airs on sister station WBRL at 10:30 p.m. WGMB also produces two weekend sports programs: Geaux Nation, which focuses on LSU athletics and also airs on sister station KLFY in Lafayette, and Inside the Jaguar Nation, which focuses on Southern University athletics.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WGMB-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 44, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 45. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 44.

As part of the SAFER Act, WGMB-TV kept its analog signal on the air until June 26 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.

Due to its signal strength, the station can be seen over-the-air in large portions of the Lafayette (Acadiana region) and New Orleans viewing areas.

References

External links

Fox network affiliates
Cozi TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1991
Television stations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1991 establishments in Louisiana
Nexstar Media Group

WGMB-TV


Ralph "Red" Kress (January 2, 1905 – November 29, 1962) was an American shortstop, third baseman, first baseman and coach in Major League Baseball (MLB). From  through , he played for the St. Louis Browns (1927–1932; 1938–1939), Chicago White Sox (1932–1934), Washington Senators (1934–1936), Detroit Tigers (1939–1940) and New York Giants (1946). Kress batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Columbia, California.

Playing career
Throughout his Major League career, Kress was known for his good disposition and perpetual motion. Although he played mostly at shortstop, he showed his versatility playing every position but catcher and center fielder.  Kress broke in the majors with the Browns in the 1927 season. In 1929 he led American League shortstops in fielding percentage (.946) and double plays (94), and during three consecutive seasons he batted over .300 with over 100 runs batted in: .305 with 107 in 1929, .313 with 112 in 1930, and .311 with 114 in 1931, including a 22-game hitting-streak in 1930.

Despite his efforts, in 1932 he was traded by St. Louis to the White Sox. The White Sox had Luke Appling at shortstop, so Kress assumed a role as a utilityman. In the 1934 midseason, he was sent by Chicago to the Washington Senators, who had manager Joe Cronin at shortstop. Kress played in seven different positions, until Bucky Harris released him in 1936.

Kress spent 1937 with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association, hitting .330 and leading the league shortstops in total chances. He was reacquired by the Browns along with Bobo Newsom and Buster Mills from the Boston Red Sox, the Millers' parent club, for Joe Vosmik on December 3, 1937. Again at shortstop, he responded with a .302 average and leading American League shortstops in fielding (.965). Traded to the Detroit Tigers in 1939, he broke his leg during the season. In 1940, the American League champion Tigers released the hard-luck Kress on August 1, but he remained with Detroit as a coach through the World Series, then in 1941 continued his career in the American Association as player-manager of the St. Paul Saints of the American Association.

During his minor league days with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Kress played a nine-inning game at nine different positions. While playing against the Montreal Royals in 1945, he pitched a no-hit, no run game for eight one-third innings. But he lost in the ninth, 1–0, on a hit, walk and error.

In 1946, Kress returned to the Majors when he signed with the New York Giants under manager Mel Ott as a player-coach. It was his last year as an active player. In a 14-season MLB career, Kress was a .286 hitter with 1,454 hits, 298 doubles, 58 triples, 89 home runs, 691 runs, 799 RBI, 47 stolen bases and 474 walks in 1,391 games played.

As a shortstop, Kress recorded a .944 fielding percentage as a result of 1761 putouts, 2357 assists, and 243 errors in 4361 chances, and also made 558 double plays. Overall, he recorded a .953 fielding percentage.

Coaching career
Kress continued as a full-time Giants' coach under Ott and Leo Durocher through 1949. He was a member of the Cleveland Indians' coaching staff for eight years (1953–1960), and then the Los Angeles Angels in their maiden AL season (1961).  In addition to the Saints, he also managed minor league clubs such as the Sacramento Solons and Indios de Ciudad Juárez.

Kress returned to New York City, this time to coach for the first-year  Mets under Casey Stengel. The team lost 120 games, the most defeats by a Major League team in a single season since the 19th century. Almost two months after the season was over, Kress died from a heart attack in Los Angeles, at 57 years of age.

References

External links

Red Kress - Baseballbiography.com
The Deadball Era

1905 births
1962 deaths
American Association (1902–1997) MVP Award winners
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from California
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians coaches
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People from Columbia, California
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Red Kress


The Church of the Third Order of Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black People () is an 18th-century Roman Catholic church in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Construction of the church took almost 100 years. It is dedicated to Our Lady of the Rosary and belongs to the Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia. The church was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1938 and is part of the Historic Center of Salvador UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History

Slaves and freeman, like the Portuguese, organized themselves into brotherhoods, confraternities, or mutual aid societies, known as irmandades or confrarias. Afro-Brazilian brotherhoods began to congregate at the side altars of parish and other churches; the brotherhood in Salvador was known, formally, as the Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rósario dos Homens Pretos de Pelourinho. Slaves and freedman worshiped at a side altar of Our Lady of the Rosary in the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, Salvador from the beginning of the seventeenth century.

The Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Rosary of Salvador first received the consent of the Jesuit provincial João Pereira and statutory confirmation by Archbishop of Salvador da Bahia João da Madre de Deus Araújo (1621-1686) in 1685. Its charter followed that of similar orders established in Olinda (mid-sixteenth century), Rio de Janeiro (mid-seventeenth century), Recife (1654) and Belém do Pará (1682). Our Lady of the Rosary was the subject of particular devotion to slaves and freedmen of African descent in colonial Brazil. Saint Benedict, Saint Ephigenia of Ethiopia, and Saint Elesbão (Saint Kaleb of Axum) were also venerated in the Our Lady of the Rosary churches.

By 1704 the Brotherhood raised sufficient funds to construct a church. The organization petitioned and received permission to build a church from Archbishop Dom Sebastião Monteiro de Vide for the construction of a proper church.

Membership to the Brotherhood was strictly limited by an agreement with the Archbishop to Africans born south of the Equator, referred to as Banto; there were generally from Congo and Mozambique. Membership was extended only to people of Bantu background and their descendants. The Brotherhood petitioned the crown in Lisbon in 1786 to celebrate the mass using "masks, dances in the Angolan language with the relevant instruments, songs, and praises", as was done "in many countries of Christendom." The petition was rejected. Additionally, despite its role in the ministry and social support of Afro-Brazilians, members of the Brotherhood were also slaveholders.

Restriction to membership of the Brotherhood to those of Bantu background led to the establishment of the Brotherhood of Quinze Mistérios (Irmandade do Quinze Mistérios), which accepted only people of Yoruba background. The Brotherhood of Quinze Mistérios subsequently established their own church, the Church of Quinze Mistérios in the 19th century. The distinction in ethnic background became obsolete with the abolition of slavery in Brazil under the Lei Áurea in 1888. Membership to the Brotherhood was and extended to all Brazilians of African descent in 1896.

Construction

Construction of the Church of the Rosary was a slow process and continued for one hundred years. Members of the irmandade were poor and the building was constructed by members of the brotherhood in their free hours: it required the labor of skilled carpenters, masons, and iron workers. From 1718 the church was also the headquarters of the newly created parish of Senhor do Passo, a situation that continued until about 1740. The square church structure of the nave was constructed first. The elaborate façade and church towers followed in 1780 under the direction of Caetano José da Costa.

Two lateral corridors were added in the same period that correspond to the tower structures. The interior of the church was renovated in the late 19th century; two new altars in the Neoclassical style were added, in addition to numerous paintings.

Location

The church is located in the old Rua das Portas do Carmo in a triangular-shaped square. The square emerged from the demolition of the "knight" and a gate that served as a defense to the city. The punishment and execution of slaves dates to the period of Dutch occupation of Brazil. The Dutch hanged 50 slaves accused of espionage for the Spanish.

The Largo do Pelourinho, with its 19th century townhouses, is "one of the most interesting urban spaces in Salvador." The square sits in the middle of the historic center that extends from the Praço de Sé to Passo, first designated by IPHAN, and later as part of the Historic Center of Salvador UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Structure

The Church of the Rosary of the Blacks is an imposing structure accessed from the sloping Rua do Carmo by a patio. The patio, which serves as the churchyard, has a low iron fence. The façade has a central body of two floors, crowned by a pediment of gable wreaths, and flanked by bell towers whose finish has superimposed bulbs covered with tiles. There are five doors at the ground floor. The central door is broad, imposing, and framed by a separate frontispiece. The fifth door, at the base of the right tower, provides access to the oratory; this design is also seen in the church of Santo Antônio Alem do Carmo and the Church of Boqueirão. Above the five doors are five windows of delicate design.

The design of the facade, built after 1780, is attributed to the master craftsman Caetano José da Costa. The frontispiece of the Church of the Rosary is highly complex. It is similar to that of Parish Church of Saint Bartholomew in Maragogipe, constructed in the second half of the 17th century.

The two church towers are in plain stone masonry, in contrast to the blue limestone of the facade. The towers have rectangular belfries with oculi on four sides below the church bell windows. The belfries are surmounted by tiled bulbous structures. Each cornier of the belfry has a stylized torchère.

A graveyard is located to the rear of the church.

Alterations and additions

The renovation of 1870/1871 introduced significant changes to the church. Tribunes of the chancel were altered to become balconies. Conservation works carried out by IPHAN in 1943; the facade was stabilized between 1951 and 1952. The City of Salvador painted the exterior of the church in 1969 without the authorization of the IPHAN. The church was seriously damaged in 1998 when a concrete mixer truck went down Ladeira do Pelourinho uncontrolled and in reverse. It hit the church severely damaged the protective iron railing of the church steps and the right-side portal of the façade. They were subsequently repaired.

Access

The church is open to the public and may be visited.

References

Historic Center (Salvador, Bahia)
Baroque church buildings in Brazil
Roman Catholic churches in Salvador, Bahia
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Brazil
National heritage sites of Bahia
Portuguese colonial architecture in Brazil
1709 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1709
Afro-Brazilian culture

Church of Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos, Salvador


George Harry Booth-Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford and 3rd Earl of Warrington (7 January 1827 – 2 January 1883) was an English cricketer, landowner and peer, who sat on the Whig benches in the House of Lords.

Early life

George Harry Booth-Grey was born at Enville, Staffordshire, the only son of George Grey (1802–1835), who as Lord Grey of Groby had been summoned by writ to Parliament in 1832. He succeeded to that title (created 1603) as 9th Baron Grey of Groby at the death of his father on 24 October 1835.

He was educated at Eton (1840–1843) before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge for one year. On the death of his grandfather George Harry Grey on 26 April 1845, he succeeded to the titles of Earl of Stamford, Earl of Warrington and Baron Delamer of Dunham Massey.

Activities
A member of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), Stamford played in eight first-class matches between 1851 and 1858, making 81 first-class runs at an average of 7.36, with a highest score of 17, and holding two catches.

A prominent patron of The Turf, he was Master of the Quorn Hunt between 1856 and 1863, and whilst he did not have many notable successes with his racehorses, his colt Diophantus won the Two Thousand Guineas in 1861.

He served as a captain in the Cheshire Yeomanry (1845–56), before being appointed Honorary Colonel of the 7th Battalion, Lancashire Rifles (Volunteers) in 1871.

Marriage and legacy

Lord Stamford and Warrington married twice, producing no children; firstly in 1848 to Elizabeth King Billage (daughter of a shoemaker at Cambridge ) and secondly in 1855 to Catherine Cox the daughter of Henry Cox Esq.

After inheriting his family's large estates at Enville in Staffordshire, Bradgate Park in Leicestershire and other Leicestershire estates (including the village of Groby), Dunham Massey in Cheshire, and Stalybridge in Lancashire, he commissioned the building of St Margaret's Church at Dunham Massey in 1851. Built in honor of his sister, Lady Margaret Milbank, the church was completed in 1855. He was patron of several advowsons in addition to lordships of manors.

Following his second marriage to Catherine Cox, the Earl commissioned the architect, Mr. M.J. Dain of Dain and Parsons, London, to design a hall for him to replace the old hunting lodge the Grey's used in the village of Groby, Leicestershire during the hunting season, which was named Bradgate House. Built by local builder Thomas Rudkin, Bradgate House was completed in 1856 and was built in the Jacobean style. It has been referred to as the Calendar House because it had 365 windows, 52 rooms, and 12 main chimneys.  Groby. In 1860, twelve farms of his land at Bradgate were submerged to form Cropston Reservoir. In 1879, he donated  of his land at Stalybridge to the local council as a public park (Stamford Park) and sold further land for housing development.

On his death at Bradgate House in 1883, the earldom of Warrington (cr. 1796) became extinct. His other two titles passed to his third cousin once removed, The Revd Harry Grey, 8th Earl of Stamford, who was living in Cape Colony.

He left his estates to his widow for life, who was then styled Dowager Countess of Stamford and Warrington, and on her death in 1905 they were divided. The Dunham Massey estate went with the earldom; the Leicestershire estates passed to his niece Mrs Arthur Duncombe (later Grey), and the Enville estate was inherited by the Dowager Countess's grandniece Catherine, wife of Sir Henry Foley Lambert. The land at Stalybridge was left equally between Mrs Duncombe and the Earl of Stamford and Warrington's niece and Lady Lambert the grand niece of Catherine, Countess of Stamford and Warrington, whose descendants (Deramore and Foley Grey respectively) settled its division in 1959.  Mrs Duncombe sold the Leicestershire Estates in 1925, which included the village of Groby and also the Jacobean style hall the Earl of Stamford and Warrington commissioned at Groby and was completed in 1856. Bradgate House was demolished in 1926. Only the magnificent stable block survives, albeit in a ruinous and dilapidated condition, which had been built on a lavish scale (the bill is thought to have run to £30,000) for the 7th Earl of Stamford when he was made Master of the Quorn Hunt in 1856.

Arms

See also
 Dunham Massey
 Earl of Warrington

References

External links
 www.burkespeerage.com
 www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk

|-

1827 births
1883 deaths
19th-century English nobility
George
People from Cheshire
People from Hinckley and Bosworth (district)
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
English cricketers of 1826 to 1863
English cricketers
British racehorse owners and breeders
Masters of foxhounds in England
Whig (British political party) politicians
British Anglicans
People of the Victorian era
Cheshire Yeomanry officers
Earls of Stamford
Earls of Warrington
People from South Staffordshire District
Gentlemen of Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Barons Grey of Groby

George Grey, 7th Earl of Stamford


Vanaspati (meaning the lord of the forest) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 4th melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgams of Carnatic music, following the Katapayadi sankhya system. In the Muthuswami Dikshitar school of music, this raga is called Bhānumati.

Structure and Lakshana

Vanaspati is the 4th rāgam in the 1st chakra Indu of the melakarta system. Its mnemonic name is Indu-Bhu. Its mnemonic phrase is sa ra ga ma pa dhi ni. Its  structure is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on this notation):

Shuddha rishabham, shuddha gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham and kaisiki nishadham are the swaras used in this scale. As it is a melakarta rāgam, by definition it is a sampoorna rāgam (has all seven notes in ascending and descending scale). It is the shuddha madhyamam equivalent of Navaneetam, which is the 40th melakarta rāgam.

Asampurna Melakarta
Bhānumati is the 4th Melakarta in the original list compiled by Venkatamakhin. The notes used in the scale are the same, but the ascending scale is different. It is a shadava-sampurna raga (6 notes in ascending scale, while full 7 are used in descending scale).
:
:

Janya rāgams
Rasāli is one of the better known of few janya ragams (derived scales) associated with Vanaspati. See List of janya rāgams for full list of rāgams associated with Vanaspati.

Compositions
 Pariyachakama composed by Tyagaraja in raga Vanaspati.
 ĒswarĪ JagadĪswari composed by Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna
 Brihadamba madamba, Matsyavatara and Guruguha swamini composed by Muthuswamy Dikshitar in raga Bhanumati.

Film Songs

Language:Tamil

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Vanaspati's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields a minor melakarta rāgam Mararanjani. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For further details and an illustration refer Graha bhedam on Vanaspati.

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas

Vanaspati (raga)


Kenneth Martin Follett,  (born 5 June 1949) is a Welsh author of thrillers and historical novels who has sold more than 160 million copies of his works.

Many of his books have achieved high ranking on bestseller lists. For example, in the US, many reached the number-one position on the New York Times Best Seller list, including Triple (1979), The Key to Rebecca (1980), Lie Down with Lions (1985), A Dangerous Fortune (1993), World Without End (2007), Fall of Giants (2010), Winter of the World (2012), and Edge of Eternity (2014).

Early life and education
Follett was born on 5 June 1949 in Cardiff, Wales. He was the first child of Martin Follett, a tax inspector, and Lavinia (Veenie) Follett, who went on to have two more children, Hannah and James. Barred from watching films and television by his Plymouth Brethren parents, he developed an early interest in reading but remained an indifferent student until he entered his teens. His family moved to London when he was ten years old, and he began applying himself to his studies at Harrow Weald Grammar School and Poole Technical College.

He won admission in 1967 to University College London, where he studied philosophy and became involved in centre-left politics. He married Mary, in 1968, and their son Emanuele was born in the same year. After graduation in the autumn of 1970, Follett took a three-month post-graduate course in journalism and went to work as a trainee reporter in Cardiff on the South Wales Echo. In 1973 a daughter, Marie-Claire, was born.

Career

After three years in Cardiff, he returned to London as a general-assignment reporter for the Evening News. Finding the work unchallenging, he eventually left journalism for publishing and became, by the late 1970s, deputy managing director of the small London publisher Everest Books. He began writing fiction during evenings and weekends as a hobby. Later, he said, he began writing books when he needed extra money to fix his car, and the publishers' advance a fellow journalist had been paid for a thriller was the sum required for the repairs.

Further successes

Success came gradually at first, but the 1978 publication of Eye of the Needle, which became an international bestseller and sold over 10 million copies, made him both wealthy and internationally famous.

Each of Follett's subsequent novels has become a best-seller, ranking high on the New York Times Best Seller list; a number have been adapted for the screen. As of January 2018, he had published 44 books. The first five best sellers were spy thrillers: Eye of the Needle (1978), Triple (1979), The Key to Rebecca (1980), The Man from St. Petersburg (1982) and Lie Down with Lions (1986). On Wings of Eagles (1983) was the true story of how two of Ross Perot's employees were rescued from Iran during the revolution of 1979.
The next three novels, Night Over Water (1991), A Dangerous Fortune (1993) and A Place Called Freedom (1995) were more historical than thriller, but he returned to the thriller genre with The Third Twin (1996) which in the Publishing Trends annual survey of international fiction best-sellers for 1997 was ranked no. 2 worldwide, after John Grisham's The Partner. His next work, The Hammer of Eden (1998), was another contemporary suspense story followed by a Cold War thriller, Code to Zero (2000).

Follett returned to the Second World War era with his next two novels, Jackdaws (2001), a thriller about a group of women parachuted into France to destroy a vital telephone exchange – which won the Corine Literature Prize for 2003 – and Hornet Flight (2002), about a daring young Danish couple who escape to Britain from occupied Denmark in a rebuilt Hornet Moth biplane with vital information about German radar. Whiteout (2004) is a contemporary thriller about the theft of a deadly virus from a research lab.

Kingsbridge series

Follett surprised his readers with his first non-spy thriller, The Pillars of the Earth (1989), a novel about building a cathedral in a small English village during the Anarchy in the 12th century. The novel was highly successful, received positive reviews and was on The New York Times Best Seller list for eighteen weeks. It topped best-seller lists in Canada, Britain and Italy, and was on the German best-seller list for six years. It has sold 26 million copies so far. On 16 August 2017, it was published as a computer game adaptation by German developer and publisher Daedalic Entertainment.

Its much-later sequel, World Without End (2007), returns to Kingsbridge 157 years later, and features the descendants of the characters in Pillars. It focuses on the destinies of a handful of people as their lives are devastated by the Black Death, the plague that swept Europe from the middle of the 14th century.

The next novel in the series, A Column of Fire, was published in September 2017. Beginning in 1558, the story follows the romance between Ned Willard and Margery Fitzgerald over half a century. It commences at a time when Europe turns against Elizabethan England, and the queen finds herself beset by plots to dethrone her.

A fourth novel, The Evening and the Morning (2020), is a prequel to The Pillars of the Earth. Set in the decade around 1000 AD – in the so-called Dark Ages – the story "concerns the gradual creation of the town of Kingsbridge and of the many people – priests, nobles, peasants, the enslaved – who played significant roles". As such, the book provides "a solid underpinning to the later installments of the Kingsbridge series".

A fifth novel, The Armour of Light, was released in September 2023. The novel is set to open in 1792, around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

The series has been described as being "as comprehensive an account of the building of a civilization – with its laws, structures, customs and beliefs – as you are likely to encounter anywhere in popular fiction".

Century trilogy

Follett's novels, Fall of Giants, Winter of the World and Edge of Eternity, make up the Century Trilogy. Fall of Giants (2010) followed the fates of five interrelated families – American, German, Russian, English and Welsh – as they moved through the world-shaking dramas of the First World War, the Russian Revolution and the struggle for women's suffrage. Fall of Giants, published simultaneously in 14 countries, was internationally popular and topped several best-seller lists.

Winter of the World (2012) picks up where the first book left off, as its five interrelated families enter a time of enormous social, political, and economic turmoil, beginning with the rise of Nazi Germany, through the Spanish Civil War and the great dramas of World War II, to the explosions of the American and Soviet atom bombs and the beginning of the long Cold War.

The final novel in the 'Century' trilogy, Edge of Eternity, which follows those families through the events of the second half of the 20th century, was published on 16 September 2014. Like the previous two books, it chronicles the lives of five families through the Cold War and civil-rights movements.

A major element of the first two volumes, Fall of Giants and Winter of the World, is the increasing political assertiveness of the British working class and the rise of the British Labour Party – exemplified by the Williams Family, Welsh coal miners, of which several viewpoint characters end up as Members of the British Parliament and one of them becomes a cabinet minister in Clement Attlee's post-WWII Labour government. However, the theme of British politics is nearly absent from the third part Edge of Eternity, which concentrates on the Cold War on the one hand and the US Civil Rights Movement on the other; for example, though the novel continues until 1989, it makes no reference at all to the rise of Margaret Thatcher in 1979.

Adaptations

Follett has had a number of novels made into films and television mini series: Eye of the Needle was made into an acclaimed film, starring Donald Sutherland, and six novels have been made into television mini-series: The Key to Rebecca, Lie Down with Lions, On Wings of Eagles (1986), The Third Twin – the rights for which were sold to CBS for $US1,400,000, a record price at the time – and The Pillars of the Earth (2010) and World Without End (2012).

A video game adaptation titled Ken Follett's The Pillars of the Earth, developed and published by German studio Daedalic Entertainment, was released in three parts from 2017 to 2018.

Follett had cameo roles as the valet in The Third Twin and later as a merchant in The Pillars of the Earth. In 2016, A Dangerous Fortune was also adapted.

Public life

Follett is a member of various organisations that promote literacy and writing, and is actively involved in various organisations in his home town of Stevenage.

 Chair of the National Year of Reading 1998–99, a British government initiative to raise literacy levels.
 Fellow of University College, London (1994)
 Fellow of Yr Academi Gymreig – the Welsh Academy (2011)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
 President, Dyslexia Action (1998–2009)
 Patron, Schools Radio (2007–)
 Chair of the Advisory Committee, Reading Is Fundamental (RIF) UK (2003–)
 Board Member, National Academy of Writing (2003–)
 Trustee, National Literacy Trust (1996–)

He is active in numerous Stevenage charities and was a governor of Roebuck Primary School for ten years, serving as the Chair of Governors for four of those years.

On 15 September 2010, Follett, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter published in The Guardian stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK.

He has also donated £25,000 to the Yvette Cooper campaign in the 2015 Labour Party (UK) leadership election, as well as another £25,000 from his wife Barbara Follett.

Follett's archival papers are housed at the Saginaw Valley State University in Michigan, United States. They include outlines, first drafts, notes and correspondence, original manuscripts, and copies of early books now out of print.

Awards

 2018 – Made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to literature.
 2013 – Made a Grand Master at the Edgar Awards in New York.
 2012 – Winter of the World won the Qué Leer Prize for Best Translated Book of that year in Spain.
 2010 – Fall of Giants won the Libri Golden Book Award for Best Fiction Title in Hungary that year.
 2010 – Made a Grand Master at Thrillerfest V in New York.
 2008 – Won the Olaguibel Prize for contributing to the promotion and awareness of architecture.
 2008 – Made an Honorary Doctor of Literature by the University of Exeter.
 2007 – Made an Honorary Doctor of Literature by the University of Glamorgan.
 2007 – Made an Honorary Doctor of Literature by Saginaw Valley State University.
 2003 – Jackdaws won the Corine Literature Prize in Bavaria.
 1999 – Hammer of Eden won the Premio Bancarella literary prize in Italy.
 1979 – Eye of the Needle won the Edgar Best Novel Award from the Mystery Writers of America.

Personal life

Follett became involved, during the late 1970s, in the activities of Britain's Labour Party. In the course of his political activities, he met Barbara Broer, a Labour Party official, who became his second wife in 1984. She was elected as a Member of Parliament in 1997, representing Stevenage. She was re-elected in both 2001 and 2005, but did not stand in the 2010 general election. Follett himself remains a prominent Labour supporter and fundraiser as well as a prominent Blairite.

He is an amateur musician playing bass guitar for Damn Right I Got the Blues, and appears occasionally with the folk group Clog Iron playing a bass balalaika.

Follett now lives in Hertfordshire, England.

Bibliography

Apples Carstairs series (as Simon Myles)
 The Big Needle (1974) (a.k.a. The Big Apple – U.S.)
 The Big Black (1974)
 The Big Hit (1975)
Piers Roper series
 The Shakeout (1975)
 The Bear Raid (1976)
Kingsbridge series

 The Evening and the Morning  (prequel) (2020)
 The Pillars of the Earth (1989)
 World Without End (2007)
 A Column of Fire (2017)
 The Armour of Light (2023)
The Century Trilogy
 Fall of Giants (2010)
 Winter of the World (2012)
 Edge of Eternity (2014)

Standalone novels
 Amok: King of Legend (1976) (as Bernard L. Ross)
 The Modigliani Scandal (1976) (as Zachary Stone)
 The Mystery Hideout (1976) (as Martin Martinsen) (a.k.a. The Secret of Kellerman's Studio)
 The Power Twins (1976) (as Martin Martinsen)
 Paper Money (1977) (as Zachary Stone)
 Capricorn One (1978) (as Bernard L. Ross) (based on screenplay by Peter Hyams)
 Eye of the Needle (1978) (a.k.a. Storm Island) (Edgar Award, 1979, Best Novel)
 Triple (1979)
 The Key to Rebecca (1980)
 The Man from St. Petersburg (1982)
 Lie Down with Lions (1985)
 Night Over Water (1991)
 A Dangerous Fortune (1993)
 A Place Called Freedom (1995)
 The Third Twin (1996)
 The Hammer of Eden (1998)
 Code to Zero (2000)
 Jackdaws (2001)
 Hornet Flight (2002)
 The Ninety-Ninth Wife (written in 2003, then translated and published in France as La Belle et L'Oiseau in 2019)
 Whiteout (2004)
 Never (2021)

Non-fiction
 The Heist of the Century (1978) (with René Louis Maurice, others) (a.k.a. The Gentleman of 16 July (U.S.), Under the Stars of Nice, Robbery Under the Streets of Nice, and Cinq Milliards au bout de l'égout (1977)
 On Wings of Eagles (1983)

References

Further reading

 Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer (), written by Carlos Ramet. Popular Press, November 1990.
 Ken Follett and the Triumph of Suspense (), written by Carlos Ramet. McFarland & Company, Inc., January 2015.

External links

 Example Article Directory
 Schools Radio

1949 births
Alumni of University College London
Bancarella Prize winners
British thriller writers
Edgar Award winners
Living people
Writers from Cardiff
Welsh historical novelists
20th-century Welsh novelists
21st-century Welsh novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
Labour Party (UK) people
British male novelists
Welsh humanists
British secularists
20th-century British male writers
21st-century British male writers
British Plymouth Brethren

Ken Follett


Olaf Lurvik (born 23 September 1963) is a Norwegian former professional road bicycle racer. He was professional between 1988 and 1991, and represented the teams Peugeot and Toshiba. In 1991, he was one of four Norwegians that entered the Tour de France, alongside Dag Otto Lauritzen, Atle Kvålsvoll and Atle Pedersen. As of 2013, this is the only year that four Norwegians was in the Tour, but Lurvik was the only of the four the completed the 1991 Tour de France.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Norwegian male cyclists
Sportspeople from Trondheim

Olaf Lurvik


Pieter Datheen, Latin Petrus Dathenus, English, Peter Datheen, (Cassel, Nord, c.1531 - Elbing, 17 March 1588) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian, the 16th century reformer of The Netherlands, who accomplished many things for the advancement the Reformed Church liturgy and ecclesiastical polity.

First, he translated the Heidelberg Catechism into Dutch. Second, using the singing work of John Calvin, Theodore Beza, Peter Marot, and Louis Bourgeois, Datheen set the Psalms and psalter to verse and tune in Dutch (1566), though his settings were overshadowed by those of Philips Marnix van St Aldegonde.  Third, he translated the famous "Form for the Administration of Holy Baptism" from Heidelberg with its very orthodox emphasis on the Covenant of Grace containing two parts. Fourth, he translated the equally famous "Form for the Administration of the Lord's Supper," also from the Palatinate, still used by orthodox Reformed churches today. Fifth, he was President of the Convent of Wesel in 1568, which expressed hope for the Reformed Churches to be free from the awful persecution of Spanish Roman Catholics, and more significantly President of the 1578 Synod of Dordt, which, among its significant decisions, also paved the way for the Statenvertaling. Sixth, at this latter Synod he helped write, edit, and approve the long-revered Church Order (more famously known as the 1618-1619 Church Order of Dordt) with its 84 articles. Seventh, he developed the liturgy (order of worship) used by orthodox Dutch and American Reformed Churches with the singing, alms, prayer, and preaching at the required places. Eighth and finally, during Roman Catholic Spain's very intense persecution of the Lowlands region, resulting in the deaths of 100,000 - 200,000 Reformed Christians, Datheen was a field preacher carrying his pulpit on his back and then orating to crowds of 15,000 in a blunt eloquence that was intense and captivating.

In his theological-political writings Datheen displays the typically optimistic view of early Calvinist writers in the Netherlands regarding the state, although his very strong views on making sure to avoid all compromise with Roman Catholic guided countries, like Spain, put him at great odds with Prince William the Silent (of Orange) and led to Datheen's multiple political ostracizations from his fatherland. Datheen was one of the Calvinist preachers who supported Jan van Hembyse, the popular leader of the Calvinist Republic of Ghent, in 1577 and 1578, in the most radical phase of that regime.

Peter Datheen married a former Roman Catholic nun, Benedicta.  Together they had one daughter, Christiana.

Recent research based on stylometry mentioned him as a possible author of the text of the Dutch national anthem Wilhelmus. Dutch and Flemish researchers (Meertens Institute, Utrecht University and University of Antwerp) discovered by chance a striking number of similarities between his style and the style of the national anthem.

References

External links

Translators of the Bible into Dutch
1588 deaths
Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church
Year of birth uncertain
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians

Pieter Datheen


Damian Leighton Barr (born 20 July 1976) is a Scottish writer and broadcaster. He is the creator and host of the Literary Salon, which started at Shoreditch House in 2008, and he hosts live literary events worldwide. In 2014 and 2015, he presented several editions of the BBC Radio 4 cultural programme Front Row. He has hosted several television series including Shelf Isolation and most recently The Big Scottish Book Club for BBC Scotland. He is the author of the 2013 memoir Maggie & Me, about his 1980s childhood in the west of Scotland, and the 2019 novel You Will Be Safe Here, set in South Africa in 1901 and now. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA).

Early life

Barr was born in 1976 in Bellshill, Scotland. He graduated from Lancaster University in Sociology and English Literature in 1998, having spent a year studying at the University of Texas at Austin 1996–1997. In 2000 he won an ESRC Scholarship and completed an MA in Contemporary Sociology. In 2020 Barr completed his PhD in Creative Writing at Lancaster University.

Career and books

Barr is the author of three award-winning books and several radio plays, and has contributed to several well-known collections (see below for full bibliography).

Barr's first book was published in 2006 by Hodder & Stoughton. Get It Together: How To Survive Your Quarterlife Crisis was the first book concerned with the quarter-life crisis to be published in the UK. It was inspired by a column Barr wrote for The Times in 2001–03 about graduate work and life.[3]

Barr's second book is Maggie & Me, a memoir of growing up in small-town Scotland during the Thatcher years. Bloomsbury acquired the book at auction in July 2010 and it was published in the UK in April 2013 winning him Stonewall Writer of the Year, Sunday Times Memoir of the Year and the Paddy Power Political Satire Award. It was a Radio 4 Book of the Week. It has been optioned by STV and is being adapted for television by Andrea Gibb – Barr will also be a writer on the series.

In 2016 Bloomsbury pre-empted Barr's debut novel You Will Be Safe Here. In 2017 Barr received an award from the Arts Council England to complete research on his novel in South Africa. In 2018 Barr received a University of Otago Scottish Writers Fellowship, which saw him based at the Pah Homestead in Auckland, New Zealand where he edited the novel. You Will be Safe Here was published internationally on 4 April 2019 and was shortlisted for several major awards (see below). It featured as a BBC Radio 4 Book at Bedtime, and confirmed Barr's reputation as one of the leading LGBTQI+ writers in the world today.

Broadcasting and journalism

Barr has been a columnist for The Times, Sunday Times and The Big Issue, and wrote the travel column Novel Destinations for High Life Magazine. In 2016 he was Highly Commended by BSME as Columnist of the Year. From 2014 to 2017 he wrote BarrFly, the Sunday Times magazine's drink column. From 2008 -2018 he was Literary Editor of Soho House.

He is a frequent guest on BBC Radio 4 and has hosted Front Row – Dolly Parton, Javier Marías and Brad Pitt were among his interviewees.
In 2016 he hosted his first half-hour documentary on BBC One revealing The Writers of Rye produced by Factory Films. In October 2019 Barr was on Sky Arts co-hosting the first ever live coverage of the Cheltenham Literature Festival along with Andi Oliver, Miquita Oliver and Simon Savidge. As well as co-hosting with Andi in the studio he presented the Book Banquet, in which prominent writers recommended a range of books, and he diagnosed the reading habits of a variety of festival guests as the Book Doctor.

During the first lockdown in 2020 Damian devised and hosted Shelf Isolation, produced by IWC for BBC Scotland and BBC iPlayer. Damian brought books back to television in 2019 with The Big Scottish Book Club (produced by IWC for BBC Scotland). The series returned in 2020 for a longer run, which was broadcast at the end of 2020. The show featured Janice Galloway, Marian Keyes, Graham Norton, David Nicholls, Jojo Moyes, Neil Gaiman and Sathnam Sanghera, among many others.

Damian Barr's Literary Salon

Launching at Shoreditch House in 2008, Damian Barr's Literary Salon aimed to revitalise live literary events. Readers and writers meet through special live events and online content including interviews,  podcasts and brand-new stories. The Salon has held residencies at the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel, the Mondrian and the Savoy, and travelled to venues all around the world including Moscow, New York, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto and San Francisco. The Savoy appointed Barr as the hotel's first ever Literary Ambassador, running their  writers-in-residence scheme.

Salon guests have included Tracey Thorn, Rose McGowan, Maggie O'Farrell, Yaa Gyasi, Dustin Lance Black, Caitlin Moran, Philippa Perry, and Armistead Maupin.

In 2020 the Salon added online events and held Salons with Douglas Stuart, Dolly Alderton, SJ Watson, Polly Samson, Pete Paphides and John Niven.

There is also a podcast available on iTunes, SoundCloud and LitHub, which is also played in-flight on British Airways.

Awards and honours

Stonewall Writer of the Year for Maggie & Me (2013)
The Sunday Times Memoir of the Year for Maggie & Me (2013)
Paddy Power Political Satire Award for Maggie & Me (2014)
Winner of National Consumer Travel Feature of the Year by the Travel Media Awards (2015)
Shortlisted for Writer of the Decade by Stonewall
Highly Commended in 2016 by BSME as Columnist of the Year for Damian's Big Issue column
GQ 100 Most Connected Men In Britain (2016)
Shortlisted for the Saltire Society Fiction Book of the Year Award (2019)
The Bookseller 150 (2019)
Longlisted for 'HWA Debut Crown for the best work by a first-time historical fiction author' for You Will Be Safe Here (2020)
Longlisted for the Authors' Club Best First Novel for You Will Be Safe Here (2020)
Shortlisted for the Independent Book Awards for You Will Be Safe Here (2020)
Shortlisted for The London Magazine Prize for Debut Fiction 2020 for You Will Be Safe Here
Shortlisted at Edinburgh TV Awards 2020 for Shelf Isolation

Booker Prize controversy
In June 2020, Barr publicly raised questions about the suitability of Baroness Emma Nicholson as honorary vice president of the Booker Prize, a prestigious annual literary prize. Nicholson, a peer in the House of Lords, had voted against same-sex marriage in 2013 claiming she believed "it would lead to degrading the status of women and of girls". Booker subsequently announced that they would be dissolving all honorary titles and roles associated with the event.

Shortly afterwards, it emerged that Barr used pejorative language on Twitter to describe transgender people, appearing to mock a transsexual who had attempted to take their own life, writing in April 2009: "Tittering sickly @ story of 6'5" tranny who failed to hang herself from 5 ft balcony this wknd. How many failures can one person take?" The following month he referred to a "nice tranny charity", and wrote: "lady-man truckers unite." And in March 2013 he tweeted that there was a "mad tranny going through my recycling bin". An interrogation of his Twitter account also revealed that he had referred to women as "bitches" and sex workers as "hookers". Once these became known, Barr immediately locked his Twitter account and issued an apology, stating: "I apologised then. I remain sorry today. I listened and changed: I hope my solidarity and actions since speak louder than that word then."

The revelations led to much criticism and the Savoy Hotel, which Barr is the literary ambassador for, condemned the comments.

Supporting libraries and charities
Barr started the campaign to save Newarthill Library in 2016 receiving support from Ian Rankin, Armistead Maupin, Val McDermid, Sathnam Sanghera among others. He worked closely with the local community who ran the campaign and who now work closely with the library running events and activities there.

In 2012 he started the Writers-in-Residence scheme for Gladstone's Library. Barr is a Trustee at Gladstone's Library, a Patron of the young people's writing charity Little Green Pig and a Schools Ambassador for Stonewall.

Bibliography
Written by Damian Barr:

Get It Together: How To Survive Your Quarterlife Crisis (2006)
Maggie & Me (2013)
You Will Be Safe Here (2019)

Contributor:

Imagine A Country (2020)
Common People: An Anthology of Working-Class Writers (2019)
Others (2019)
Speak My Language, and Other Stories: An Anthology of Gay Fiction (2015)
Out There (2014)

Barr lives in Brighton, Sussex, with his husband, where he keeps chickens and writes in a shed at the bottom of the garden.

References

1976 births
British male journalists
Living people
The Times journalists
Alumni of Lancaster University
Alumni of Bowland College, Lancaster
British gay writers
20th-century Scottish writers
21st-century Scottish LGBT people

Damian Barr


Australopithecus deyiremeda is an extinct hominin which lived about 3.4 million years ago in northern Ethiopia. This was around the same time and place as several previously discovered specimens of Australopithecus afarensis were found. They include the well known Lucy.

The discovery was in the Afar Region of Ethiopia about  (520 kilometers) northeast of the capital Addis Ababa and  north of Hadar, Ethiopia ("Lucy's" site).

Teeth in the fossil jaw suggest that the species had a different diet from A. afarensis.

Yohannes Haile-Selassie, the curator of physical anthropology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History has said that "The Woranso-Mille study area has thus far yielded more than 120 early hominin fossil specimens dated to between 3.4 and 3.8 million years ago".

Haile-Selassie told the BBC: "We had to look at the detailed anatomy and morphology of the teeth and the upper and lower jaws, and we found major differences. This new species has very robust jaws. In addition, we see this new species had smaller teeth. The canine is really small – smaller than all known hominins we have found in the past".

This was perhaps one of four different species of early humans that were all alive at the same time.

References

Australopithecines

Australopithecus deyiremeda


Romulus, My Father is a 2007 Australian drama film directed by Richard Roxburgh. Based on the memoir by Raimond Gaita, the film tells the story of Romulus (Eric Bana) and his wife Christine (Franka Potente), and their struggle in the face of great adversity to raise their son, Raimond (Kodi Smit-McPhee). The film marks the directorial debut for Australian actor Richard Roxburgh. It was commended in the Australian Film Critics Association 2007 Film Awards.

Plot

The film tells the story of Romulus Gaiţă, a Romanian immigrant to Australia after World War II and his struggle in the face of great adversity to bring up his son, Raimond. As close family members die around him Raimond has to deal with the deterioration of his father's mental health. It is a story of impossible love that ultimately celebrates the unbreakable bond between father and son.

Cast
 Eric Bana as Romulus, the father of Raimond.
 Kodi Smit-McPhee as Raimond, the son of Romulus and Christine.
 Franka Potente as Christine, the mother of Raimond and the former wife of Romulus.
 Marton Csokas as Hora, a friend of Romulus. Hora becomes a temporary father figure to a young Raimond Gaita while his father is in a psychiatric hospital.
 Russell Dykstra as Mitru
 Jacek Koman as Vacek
 Alethea McGrath as Mrs Lillie
 Terry Norris as Tom Lillie
 Esme Melville as Miss Collard

Locations
 Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
 Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
 Carisbrook, Victoria, Australia
 Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia
 Maldon, Victoria, Australia
 Maryborough, Victoria, Australia

Soundtrack
 "Real Wild Child" (Johnny O'Keefe, Dave Owens, John Greenan) — Jerry Lee Lewis
 "My Prayer" —  The Platters

Awards
 Winner Golden Tripod Award, Australian Cinematographers Society—2007
 Winner AFI Award for Best Film, Best Lead Actor (Eric Bana), Best Supporting Actor (Marton Csokas), and Young Actor's Award (Kodi Smit-McPhee) – 2007
 Nominated AFI Award for Best Cinematography (Geoffrey Simpson), Best Costume Design, Best Direction, Best Editing, Best Lead Actor (Kodi Smit-McPhee), Best Lead Actress (Franka Potente), Best Original Music Score, Best Production Design, Best Screenplay, Best Sound, Best Supporting Actor (Russell Dykstra), Best Supporting Actress (Esme Melville) – 2007
 Won Australian Screen Sound Guild Award for Best Achievement in Sound for Film Sound Recording—2007
 Nominated Australian Screen Sound Guild Award for Best Achievement in Sound for Film Sound Design, Best Achievement in Sound for Film Sound Mixing, Feature Film Soundtrack of the Year—2007
 Won FCCA Award for Best Actor in Supporting Role (Marton Csokas) – 2008
 Won Special Achievement Award, FCAA to Kodi Smit-McPhee—2008
 Nominated FCAA Award for Best Actor (Eric Bana), Best Actor in Supporting Role (Kodi Smit-McPhee), Best Cinematography, Best Director, Best Editing, Best Film, Best Music Score—2008
 Nominated Young Artist Awards, Best Performance in an International Feature Film (Kodi Smit-McPhee)

Box office
Romulus, My Father grossed $2,589,674 at the box office in Australia.

See also
Cinema of Australia

References

External links

 Romulus My Father at Oz Movies

Romulus, My Father at the National Film and Sound Archive
 Interview with the cast at the Australian movie premiere on WHO.com

2007 films
Australian biographical drama films
Australian coming-of-age drama films
2007 biographical drama films
Films based on works by Australian writers
Films directed by Richard Roxburgh
Films about psychiatry
Films about suicide
Films set in 1962
Films shot in Melbourne
Films set in Victoria (state)
2007 directorial debut films
2007 drama films
Films about father–son relationships
Films about families
2000s English-language films

Romulus, My Father (film)


The East Blue Hill Post Office is a small rural post office building at 13 Curtis Cove Road in East Blue Hill, Maine.  Built by postmaster George Long in the 1880s or 1890s, it is a rare statewide example of a privately owned post office building, built without reference to United States Postal Service standards.  Now owned by a local non-profit, it is still the community's post office.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

Description and history
The post office is a -story wood-frame building, located on the south side of Curtis Cove Road and facing north. The main facade is two bays wide, with a window to the left and the entrance to the right.  A second, smaller window is in the gable end of the building's steeply pitched roof.  The building has hints of Italianate styling in the bracketed hood sheltering the entrance, and in the carved rafter tails exposed in the gable end.  There are two windows on the west side, none on the east, and two on the south side, along with an outside staircase which leads to the attic.  The property also includes a second building that serves as a wood shed.

East Blue Hill is first recorded as having a post office in 1873.  The present building is generally accepted as having been built by George Long, who became postmaster in 1891, although local lore also places its construction date (by Long) at 1884.  The building belonged to members of the Long family, who also served as postmasters, until 1997, when it was sold to the East Blue Hill Village Improvement Association.  It continues to serve as the community's post office.

The post office is distinct in the state as the only known example of a purpose-built post office facility that is not owned by the United States Postal Service, and that was not built or adapted to its standards.  Of all of the post office buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine, only one other (the Old Post Office in Liberty) is not an architect-designed purpose-built facility, but was a residence adapted for Postal Service use.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine
List of United States post offices

References

Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Italianate architecture in Maine
Government buildings completed in 1884
Buildings and structures in Hancock County, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine

East Blue Hill Post Office


Belmont Hospital is an acute care public hospital servicing the City of Lake Macquarie in New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1968, it is the only public hospital in the Local Government Area and is located on Croudace Bay Road in the suburb of Belmont. The hospital is operated by the Hunter New England Local Health District. The hospital underwent a major $31.5 million redevelopment between 2003 and 2007 allowing it to expand the range of specialist services available.

Services
The hospital's 24-hour emergency department was rebuilt in 2003 and is able to cater for adults and children. Despite this there are no specialist paediatric services located at the hospital, requiring that children be transferred to the John Hunter Children's Hospital should they be admitted. Other conditions which Belmont Hospital is not equipped to handle, including trauma are referred to John Hunter Hospital.

In addition to general medical and surgical wards, the hospital offers specialist services, notably coronary care and gynaecology. Orthopedic and respiratory conditions can also be treated. The hospital opened a 16 bed sub-acute unit in 2012 which allows patients to remain in hospital after treatment, assisting with recovery and freeing up resources for more seriously ill patients. A 20 bed transitional care unit was relocated to Belmont from Royal Newcastle Hospital in 2006, providing care for elderly patients awaiting placement in aged care facilities.

There are a range of allied health services accessible at Belmont Hospital, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, dietetics, social work and speech pathology. Diagnostic services include pathology and radiology.

Statistics
Figures published on the Australian Government's My Hospital website for the 2011-2012 financial year, Belmont Hospital performed 2,457 elective surgeries and handled 24,711 Emergency Department presentations. Waiting times in the emergency department were generally shorter than the national average, except non-urgent surgery cases where the hospital performed at the national average. Waiting times for elective surgeries at Belmont were very short, with the hospital performing 99% of procedures within clinically recommended timeframes. The hospital's 2010 operating budget was $26.99 million.

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1968
Hospitals in New South Wales
City of Lake Macquarie
1968 establishments in Australia

Belmont Hospital


Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge (born 5 May 1946) is a Gabonese politician who was Vice-President of Gabon from 1997 to 2009. He is the President of the Democratic and Republican Alliance (ADERE), a political party. As Vice-President of Gabon, Divungi Di Ndinge exercised presidential powers in an acting capacity from May 2009 to June 2009, while President Omar Bongo Ondimba was hospitalized.

Political career
Divungi Di Ndinge, a member of the Punu ethnic group, was born in Alombié, near Port-Gentil in western Gabon. An engineer by profession, specializing in electricity, he began working at the Energy and Water Company of Gabon (SEEG) in 1972, initially as assistant to the Technical Director. He rose rapidly at SEEG and became its Director-General in 1974, remaining in that post until 1981. He was also a ministerial delegate and adviser to President Bongo from 1978 to 1981.

Divungi Di Ndinge then served in the government as Minister of Energy and Hydraulic Resources from 1981 to 1990; he was a member of the ruling Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) during that time. He joined the opposition in 1990, becoming Secretary-General of ADERE in 1993. He was the ADERE candidate in the December 1993 presidential election; he announced his candidacy on 12 October 1993, and in the election he received 2.2% of the vote.

After the 1993 election, ADERE joined the Presidential Majority. Divungi Di Ndinge became Mayor of Mouila in 1996, and he was also elected to the National Assembly as an ADERE candidate in Ngounié Province in the December 1996 parliamentary election. He was then appointed by Bongo as Vice-President of Gabon in May 1997 and consequently stepped down from his posts as Mayor of Mouila and as a Deputy in the National Assembly. In his role as Vice-President, he acted as the deputy of the President of the Republic, but he was not the constitutional successor to the Presidency in the event of a vacancy in the office. Following the re-election of President Bongo in the December 1998 presidential election, he resigned as required by the constitution, but was reappointed on 23 January 1999 after Bongo took office for his new term.

Divungi Di Ndinge survived an alleged assassination attempt at the Mouila airport on 20 January 2003. Following the November 2005 presidential election, Bongo reappointed him as Vice-President in January 2006.

On 10 October 2007, Divungi Di Ndinge was evacuated to the American Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, due to what was described as "sudden depression". Later in 2007, on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of Bongo's rule, Divungi Di Ndinge said that Bongo had been "able to establish a strong bond with [his] people based on dialogue and tolerance".

2009 events
Bongo's wife, Edith Lucie Bongo, died in March 2009. Following her death, it was announced on Gabonese television on 6 May 2009 that Bongo was "temporarily suspending his activities" as President in order to "regain strength and rest". The announcement stressed that Bongo had been deeply affected by the illness and death of his wife, and it said that Divungi Di Ndinge was taking over presidential duties while Bongo's activities were suspended. Divungi Di Ndinge represented Gabon at the inauguration of South African President Jacob Zuma on 9 May 2009.

Bongo died in a Spanish hospital on 8 June 2009. Under the terms of the constitution, Senate President Rose Francine Rogombé then took office as Interim President on 10 June and Divungi Di Ndinge accordingly ceased to exercise presidential powers. Although he resigned, as required by the constitution, following Bongo's death, Rogombé reappointed him as Vice-President on 27 June 2009. This was believed to be part of Rogombé's apparent policy of preserving the political, ethnic, and regional balance of state institutions crafted by Bongo during her interim presidency.

Divungi Di Ndinge said on 21 July that he would not be a candidate in the 30 August 2009 presidential election. At its Fourth Extraordinary Congress, ADERE declined to endorse any candidate, with Divungi Di Ndinge calling on party activists to vote according to their conscience at the conclusion of the congress on 2 August 2009.

After Bongo's son, Ali Bongo Ondimba, won the presidential election and took office on 16 October 2009, he dismissed Divungi Di Ndinge from his post as Vice-President. In Mouila, Divungi Di Ndinge opened a hotel called Mukab on 19 December 2009; the building was formerly a residence belonging to him.

At a plenary session on 15 January 2010, ADERE decided to rejoin the Presidential Majority, which it had left in mid-2009, while expressing support for the reforms instituted by President Bongo since he took office. Divungi Di Ndinge was an opposition leader at the time of the August 2016 presidential election; in the midst of the violence that followed the announcement of Bongo's re-election, he was one of the opposition leaders briefly detained at the campaign headquarters of opposition candidate Jean Ping.

Personal life
Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge is the younger brother of Pierre Claver Divounguy, who was for a time the Mayor of Port-Gentil.

References

|-

1946 births
Living people
Vice presidents of Gabon
Presidents of Gabon
Members of the National Assembly of Gabon
Gabonese Democratic Party politicians
Democratic and Republican Alliance politicians
People from Ogooué-Maritime Province
21st-century Gabonese people

Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge


Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson,  (11 August 1852 – 2 December 1928) was a British aristocrat who served as the second governor-general of Australia, in office from 1903 to 1904. He was previously Governor of South Australia from 1899 to 1902.

Tennyson was born in Twickenham, Middlesex, and educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was the eldest son of the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and served as his personal secretary and biographer; he succeeded to his father's title in 1892. Tennyson was made Governor of South Australia in 1899. When Lord Hopetoun resigned the governor-generalship in mid-1902, Tennyson was the longest-serving state governor and thus became Administrator of the Government. Tennyson was eventually chosen to be Hopetoun's permanent replacement, but accepted only a one-year term. He was more popular than his predecessor among the general public, but had a tense relationship with Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and was not offered an extension to his term. Tennyson retired to the Isle of Wight, and spent the rest of his life upholding his father's legacy.

Early life

Hallam Tennyson was born in Chapel House, a house his father was renting in Twickenham, Middlesex. His parents were Emily (née Sellwood) and Alfred Tennyson. He was named after his father's deceased friend Arthur Hallam. Tennyson's early childhood was spent at Farringford House on the Isle of Wight, which his father began renting in 1853 and bought in 1856. He was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. Tennyson's career aspirations ended when his parents' age and ill-health obliged him to leave Cambridge to become their personal secretary. The idea of going into politics was also abandoned.

It was partly for Hallam's benefit that Alfred Tennyson accepted a peerage in 1884, the year Hallam married Audrey Georgiana Florence Boyle (after being disappointed in his love for Mary Gladstone, daughter of William Ewart Gladstone). On his father's death in 1892, he inherited the title Baron Tennyson, and also the role of official biographer. His Tennyson: A Memoir was published in 1897.

Governor of South Australia
Like his father, Tennyson was an ardent imperialist, and in 1883 he had become a council member of the Imperial Federation League, a lobby group set up to support the imperialist ideas of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. It was this connection, as well as the Tennyson name, that led Chamberlain to offer Tennyson the position of Governor of South Australia in 1899. He was still in this position in May 1902, when the Governor-General of Australia, the Earl of Hopetoun, suddenly announced his intention to resign.

Governor-General of Australia

Tennyson was the senior state governor at the time of Hopetoun's announcement, and thus became Administrator of the Government upon his departure from Australia on 17 July 1902. There were some doubts about his ability to fill the job on a permanent basis since he had little experience of politics. But he had made a good impression in Australia through his modesty and frugality, unlike the ostentatiously imperious Hopetoun. In December 1902 he accepted the post for, at his own suggestion, a one-year appointment only.

The new Governor-General was popular and got on with Australians far better than his predecessor had done. But problems arose through the ambiguity of his position. The Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, insisted that the Governor-General's official secretary must be appointed and paid by the Australian government. The British government objected (privately) because this would mean that the Governor-General could not carry out what was seen in London as his broader role in supervising the Australian government. Tennyson shared this view.

As a result, relations between Deakin and Tennyson grew tense. Deakin correctly suspected that Tennyson was reporting on him to London and trying to interfere on matters of policy, such as the naval agreement between Britain and Australia. For this reason Deakin did not encourage Tennyson to seek an extension of his one-year term. None of this was known to the public and Tennyson left Australia in January 1904 to universal expressions of approval.

Retirement and death

Tennyson spent the rest of his life at Farringford, serving as deputy Governor of the Isle of Wight from 1913. His wife died in 1916, and in 1918 he remarried to Mary "May" Emily Prinsep (1853–1931). She was the daughter of Charles Robert Prinsep, Indian-born Advocate-General of Calcutta and later the owner of a large nutmeg plantation in Singapore, and niece of Sir Henry Thoby Prinsep, who adopted her when she was eleven upon her father's death. Tennyson was May Prinsep's second husband; her first husband was Andrew Hichens (d. 1906). The National Portrait Gallery has eight photographs of May Prinsep, taken by her relative Julia Margaret Cameron on the Isle of Wight.

Tennyson bequeathed many of his father's notebooks to Trinity College in 1924.

He had three sons by his first wife:

 Lionel Hallam Tennyson, 3rd Baron Tennyson (7 November 1889 – 6 June 1951), married Hon. Clare Tennant, daughter of Edward Tennant, 1st Baron Glenconner; remarried to Carroll Donner (née Elting)
 Sub-Lieutenant Hon. Harold Courtenay Tennyson (1896–1916), killed in action during World War I
 Captain Hon. Alfred Aubrey Tennyson (1891–1918), killed in action during World War I

Tennyson died at Farringford on 2 December 1928.

Commemoration
 A large oil portrait of Tennyson hangs in Admiralty House, Kirribilli.
 Tennyson's coat of arms is painted in the entry foyer of Government House, Sydney.

Arms

References

External links

1852 births
1928 deaths
Governors-General of Australia
Governors of South Australia
Governors of the Colony of South Australia
2
People from Twickenham
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Translators from Old English
Hallam
British colonial governors and administrators in Oceania

Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson


The Major Reuben Colburn House is a historic house museum and state historic site on Arnold Road in Pittston, Maine. Built in 1765, it was the home of Reuben Colburn, a patriot and shipbuilder, from 1765 to 1818. The house, one of the first to be built in the area, is most notable as one of the staging area's for Benedict Arnold's 1775 Quebec expedition. It is operated by the state as the Colburn House State Historic Site, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Description
The Colburn House stands on a rise overlooking the Kennebec River to the west. It is set south of the First Congregational Church of Pittston, on the west side of Arnold Road, an old alignment of Maine State Route 27, which runs just to the east.  The house is a -story timber-frame structure, with a side gable roof, central brick chimney, and clapboard siding. The front facade is five bays wide, with slightly irregular spacing of windows, and a comparatively elaborate front door surround consisting of flanking sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a corniced entablature.

History
Reuben Colburn and his family settled in Gardinerston (then part of Massachusetts) in 1761. In 1763, he was granted  of land and built a saw mill, brick yard, boat yard, and grist mill on the shores of the Kennebec River. In 1765, he built his two-story home on "an eminence which gradually slopes down to the shore." Colburn was later described as "one of our earliest 'kings of industry.'"

Colburn assisted George Washington and Benedict Arnold in the planning and provisioning of Arnold's 1775 military expedition through the northern wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. This site was one of the last outposts of support and supply for the expedition. The house passed out of the Colburn family in 1953, after which it underwent some restorative work under private ownership. It was acquired by the state in 1971, and has been operated as a historic site since.

References

External links
Colburn House State Historic Site Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
The Major Reuben Colburn House - 1765 Arnold Expedition Historical Society

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses in Kennebec County, Maine
Museums in Kennebec County, Maine
Historic house museums in Maine
Maine state historic sites
Houses completed in 1765
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
Historic district contributing properties in Maine

Major Reuben Colburn House


New High German (NHG; ) is the term used for the most recent period in the history of the German language, starting in the 17th century. It is a loan translation of the German  (). The most important characteristic of the period is the development of a standard written German, followed by the standardisation of the spoken language. For this reason, the term New High German (or simply High German) is also used as a synonym for modern Standard German.

Periodisation
The German term was originally coined in 1819 by Jacob Grimm for the period from around 1450 to the present day, following on from Middle High German (). However, in 1878 Wilhelm Scherer proposed a transitional period, 1350–1650, for which he coined the new term  (Early New High German), thus dating New High German from the mid 17th century. In spite of many alternative proposals, Scherer's remains the most widely adopted periodisation of German.

There are both linguistic and extra-linguistic reasons for regarding the mid-17th century as the beginning of a new linguistic period. By this time, the sound changes which result in the phonological system of Modern German had been completed—no further major changes take place within the NHG period. The Thirty Years War saw the population reduced by at least one third, and the subsequent Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, guaranteed the relative independence of hundreds of small and large states within the Holy Roman Empire, as well as recognizing the complete independence of the Netherlands and Switzerland. The 1641 publication of Justus Georg Schottelius's Teutsche Sprachkunst marks the beginning of the debate about a standardized national language.

The New High German period is often subdivided, with a general consensus over a break in the first half of the 19th century, with another after 1945. The earliest of these periods, Older New High German (), sees the gradual establishment of a standard written language by grammarians, lexicographers, and writers; the second, Younger New High German (), sees the spread of this standard throughout the publishing media (and becoming an international language of science), into the schoolroom, and into spoken German. After 1945, the loss of German-speaking territory in the East, the decline of German as an international language, and the massive influence of English on the vocabulary are seen as markers of a new period, referred to as  ("contemporary German"). These changes, however, are in the status and use of the language, while the phonology and morphology have seen only rationalisation and not substantial change over the last 370 years.

Territory

For the first two hundred years of the period, the linguistic boundary of German remained relatively stable, even where the territory itself changed hands, as in Alsace, a French possession since the Treaty of Westphalia. The only major area of change was in the East. Initially only individual German-speaking settlers moved into the underpopulated lands of Brandenburg, Pomerania and Bohemia, but in the late 17th century both Prussia and Austria had policies of attracting settlers to these lands.

From the late 19th century, however, there have been significant losses of German-speaking territory. The eastward settlement of the earlier period was reversed by a Russian government policy of Russianisation and by the resistance of the Polish population to further German immigration, causing many German speakers to return West. At the end of the Second World War the German-speaking populations of Bohemia and the land east of the Oder-Neisse line, which became part of Poland, were forcibly expelled.

Characteristics
The New High German period is characterised by the codification of German grammar and the development of a standard language in both writing and speech. Unlike earlier periods, there have been few major changes in phonology or morphology. Rather, the standard language has selected particular features and these choices have then exerted an influence on individual German dialects.

See also
 German literature of the Baroque period

References

Sources

  Reprint

History of the German language
High German languages
German dialects

New High German