Emotional intelligence (EI) is most often defined as the ability to perceive, use, understand, manage, and handle emotions. People with high emotional intelligence can recognize their own emotions and those of others, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, and adjust emotions to adapt to environments.

Although the term first appeared in 1964, it gained popularity in the 1995 bestselling book Emotional Intelligence by science journalist Daniel Goleman. Goleman defined EI as the array of skills and characteristics that drive leadership performance. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while others claim it is an inborn characteristic.

Various models have been developed to measure EI. In 1987, Keith Beasley used the term Emotional Quotient (EQ) in an article, named after the Intelligence Quotient (IQ). The trait model, developed by Konstantinos V. Petrides in 2001, focuses on self reporting of behavioral dispositions and perceived abilities. The ability model,  (Mayeret al., 2023)focuses on the individual's ability to process emotional information and use it to navigate the social environment. Goleman's original model may now be considered a mixed model that combines what has since been modeled separately as ability EI and trait EI.

More recent research has focused on emotion recognition, which refers to the attribution of emotional states based on observations of visual and auditory nonverbal cues. In addition, neurological studies have sought to characterize the neural mechanisms of emotional intelligence.

Studies show that there is a correlation between people with high EI and positive workplace performance, although no causal relationships have been shown. EI is typically associated with empathy because it involves a person connecting their personal experiences with those of others. Since its popularization in recent decades, methods of developing EI have become widely sought by people seeking to become more effective leaders.

Criticisms have centered on whether EI is a real intelligence, and whether it has incremental validity over IQ and the Big Five personality traits. However, meta-analyses have found that certain measures of EI have validity even when controlling for IQ and personality.

History
The concept of Emotional Strength was introduced by Abraham Maslow in the 1950s. The term "emotional intelligence" seems first to have appeared in a 1964 paper by Michael Beldoch, and in the 1966 paper by B. Leuner titled Emotional Intelligence and Emancipation which appeared in the psychotherapeutic journal Practice of child psychology and child psychiatry.

In 1983, Howard Gardner's Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences introduced the idea that traditional types of intelligence, such as IQ, fail to fully explain cognitive ability. He introduced the idea of multiple intelligences which included both interpersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people) and intrapersonal intelligence (the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations).

The first published use of the term "EQ" (Emotional Quotient) is an article by Keith Beasley in 1987 in the British Mensa magazine.

In 1989, Stanley Greenspan put forward a model to describe EI, followed by another by Peter Salovey and John Mayer the following year.

However, the term became widely known with the publication of Goleman's book: Emotional Intelligence – Why it can matter more than IQ (1995). It is to this book's bestselling status that the term can attribute its popularity. Goleman followed up with several similar publications that reinforce use of the term.

Late in 1998, Goleman's Harvard Business Review article entitled "What Makes a Leader?" caught the attention of senior management at Johnson & Johnson's Consumer Companies (JJCC). The article spoke to the importance of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in leadership success, and cited several studies that demonstrated that EI is often the distinguishing factor between great leaders and average leaders. JJCC funded a study which concluded that there was a strong relationship between superior performing leaders and emotional competence, supporting theorists' suggestions that the social, emotional, and relational competency set referred to as Emotional Intelligence is a distinguishing factor in leadership performance.

Tests measuring EI have not replaced IQ tests as a standard metric of intelligence, and Emotional Intelligence has received criticism regarding its role in leadership and business success.

Definitions
Emotional intelligence has been defined, by Peter Salovey and John Mayer, as "the ability to monitor one's own and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different emotions and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior". This definition was later broken down and refined into four proposed abilities: perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions. These abilities are distinct yet related.

Emotional intelligence also reflects abilities to join intelligence, empathy, and emotions to enhance thought and understanding of interpersonal dynamics. However, substantial disagreement exists regarding the definition of EI, with respect to both terminology and operationalizations. Currently, there are three main models of EI:

 Ability model
 Mixed model (usually subsumed under trait EI)
 Trait model

Different models of EI have led to the development of various instruments for the assessment of the construct. While some of these measures may overlap, most researchers agree that they tap different constructs.

Specific ability models address the ways in which emotions facilitate thought and understanding. For example, emotions may interact with thinking and allow people to be better decision makers. A person who is more emotionally responsive to crucial issues will attend to the more crucial aspects of their life. The emotional facilitation factor also involves knowing how to include or exclude emotions from thought, depending on the context and situation. This ability is  emotional reasoning and understanding in response to the people, environment, and circumstances one encounters.

Ability model

Salovey and Mayer's strive to define EI within the confines of the standard criteria for a new intelligence. Following their continuing research, their initial definition of EI was revised to "The ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions, and to regulate emotions to promote personal growth." However, after pursuing further research, their definition of EI evolved into "the capacity to reason about emotions, and of emotions, to enhance thinking. It includes the abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth."

The ability-based model views emotions as useful sources of information that help one to make sense of and navigate the social environment. The model proposes that individuals vary in their ability to process information of an emotional nature and in their ability to relate emotional processing to wider cognition. This ability manifests itself in certain adaptive behaviors. The model claims that EI includes four types of abilities:
 Perceiving emotions  the ability to detect and decipher emotions in faces, pictures, voices, and cultural artifacts—including the ability to identify one's own emotions. Perceiving emotions is a basic aspect of emotional intelligence, as it makes all other processing of emotional information possible.
 Using emotions  the ability to harness emotions to facilitate various cognitive activities, such as thinking and problem-solving. The emotionally intelligent person can capitalize fully upon his or her changing moods in order to best fit the task at hand.
 Understanding emotions  the ability to comprehend emotion language and to appreciate complicated relationships among emotions. For example, understanding emotions encompasses the ability to be sensitive to slight variations between emotions, and the ability to recognize and describe how emotions evolve over time.
 Managing emotions  the ability to regulate emotions in both ourselves and in others. The emotionally intelligent person can harness emotions, even negative ones, and manage them to achieve intended goals.

The ability EI model has been criticized for lacking face and predictive validity in the workplace. However, in terms of construct validity, ability EI tests have great advantage over self-report scales of EI because they compare individual maximal performance to standard performance scales and do not rely on individuals' endorsement of descriptive statements about themselves.

Measurement
The current measure of Mayer and Salovey's model of EI, the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), is based on a series of emotion-based problem-solving items. Consistent with the model's claim of EI as a type of intelligence, the test is modeled on ability-based IQ tests. By testing a person's abilities on each of the four branches of emotional intelligence, it generates scores for each of the branches as well as a total score.

Central to the four-branch model is the idea that EI requires attunement to social norms. Therefore, the MSCEIT is scored in a consensus fashion, with higher scores indicating higher overlap between an individual's answers and those provided by a worldwide sample of respondents. The MSCEIT can also be expert-scored so that the amount of overlap is calculated between an individual's answers and those provided by a group of 21 emotion researchers.

Although promoted as an ability test, the MSCEIT test is unlike standard IQ tests in that its items do not have objectively correct responses. Among other challenges, the consensus scoring criterion means that it is impossible to create items (questions) that only a minority of respondents can solve, because, by definition, responses are deemed emotionally "intelligent" only if the majority of the sample has endorsed them. This and other similar problems have led some cognitive ability experts to question the definition of EI as a genuine intelligence.

In a study by Føllesdal, the MSCEIT test results of 111 business leaders were compared with how their employees described their leader. It was found that there were no correlations between a leader's test results and how he or she was rated by the employees, with regard to empathy, ability to motivate, and leader effectiveness. Føllesdal also criticized the Canadian company Multi-Health Systems, which administers the test. The test contains 141 questions but it was found after publishing the test that 19 of these did not give the expected answers. This has led Multi-Health Systems to remove answers to these 19 questions before scoring but without stating this officially.

Other measurements
Various other specific measures also assess ability in emotional intelligence. These include:
 Diagnostic Analysis of Non-verbal Accuracy (DANVA) The Adult Facial version includes 24 photographs of equal amount of happy, sad, angry, and fearful facial expressions of both high and low intensities which are balanced by gender. The tasks of the participants is to answer which of the four emotions is present in the given stimuli.
 Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition Test (JACBART) Participants try to identify 56 faces of Caucasian and Japanese individuals expressing seven emotions such happiness, contempt, disgust, sadness, anger, surprise, and fear, which may also trail off for 0.2 seconds to a different emotion.
 Situational Test of Emotional Understanding (STEU) Test-takers complete 42 multiple-choice items assessing whether they understand which of five emotions a person would be experiencing in a given situation. There is also a brief version (STEU-B) consisting of 19 items.
 Situational Test of Emotion Management (STEM)  Test-takers complete 44 multiple-choice items in which they select which of four possible responses is the most effective action to manage emotions in a specified situation. There is also a brief version (STEM-B) consisting of 18 items.

Mixed model
The model introduced by Daniel Goleman focuses on EI as a wide array of competencies and skills that drive leadership performance. Goleman's model outlines five main EI constructs:

 Self-awareness – the ability to know one's emotions, strengths, weaknesses, drives, values, and goals and recognize their impact on others while using gut feelings to guide decisions
 Self-regulation – involves controlling or redirecting one's disruptive emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances
 Social skill – managing relationships to get along with others
 Empathy – considering other people's feelings especially when making decisions
 Motivation – being aware of what motivates them

Goleman includes a set of emotional competencies within each construct of EI. Emotional competencies are not innate talents, but rather learned capabilities that must be worked on and can be developed to achieve outstanding performance. Goleman posits that individuals are born with a general emotional intelligence that determines their potential for learning emotional competencies. Goleman's model of EI has been criticized in the research literature as mere "pop psychology".

Measurement
Two measurement tools are based on the Goleman model:
 The Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI), which was created in 1999, and the Emotional and Social Competence Inventory (ESCI), a newer edition of the ECI, which was developed in 2007. The Emotional and Social Competence – University Edition (ESCI-U) is also available. These tools developed by Goleman and Boyatzis provide a behavioral measure of the Emotional and Social Competencies.
 The Emotional Intelligence Appraisal, which was created in 2001 and which can be taken as a self-report or 360-degree assessment.

Trait model

Konstantinos V. Petrides proposed a conceptual distinction between the ability-based model and a trait-based model of EI and has been developing the latter over many years in numerous publications. Trait EI is "a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality." In layman's terms, trait EI refers to an individual's self-perceptions of their emotional abilities. This definition of EI encompasses behavioral dispositions and self-perceived abilities and is measured by self report, as opposed to the ability-based model which refers to actual abilities, which have proven highly resistant to scientific measurement. Trait EI should be investigated within a personality framework. An alternative label for the same construct is trait emotional self-efficacy.

The trait EI model is general and subsumes the Goleman model discussed above. The conceptualization of EI as a personality trait leads to a construct that lies outside the taxonomy of human cognitive ability. This is an important distinction in that it bears directly on the operationalization of the construct and the theories and hypotheses that are formulated about it.

Measurement

There are many self-report measures of EI, including the EQ-i, the Swinburne University Emotional Intelligence Test (SUEIT), and the Schutte EI model. None of these assess intelligence, abilities, or skills (as their authors often claim), but rather, they are limited measures of trait emotional intelligence. The most widely used and widely researched measure of self-report or self-schema (as it is currently referred to) emotional intelligence is the EQ-i 2.0. Originally known as the BarOn EQ-i, it was the first self-report measure of emotional intelligence available, the only measure predating Goleman's bestselling book.

The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) provides an operationalization for the model of Konstantinos V. Petrides and colleagues, that conceptualizes EI in terms of personality. The test encompasses 15 subscales organized under four factors: well-being, self-control, emotionality, and sociability. The psychometric properties of the TEIQue were investigated in a study on a French-speaking population, where it was reported that TEIQue scores were globally normally distributed and reliable.

The researchers found TEIQue scores were unrelated to nonverbal reasoning (Raven's matrices), which they interpreted as support for the personality trait view of EI (as opposed to the view that it is a form of intelligence). As expected, TEIQue scores were positively related to some of the Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness) as well as inversely related to others (alexithymia, neuroticism). A number of quantitative genetic studies have been carried out within the trait EI model, which have revealed significant genetic effects and heritabilities for all trait EI scores. Two studies (one a meta-analysis) involving direct comparisons of multiple EI tests yielded very favorable results for the TEIQue.

The Big Five Personality Traits theory offers a straightforward framework for understanding and enhancing relationships by uncovering the motivations behind people's behaviors. This theory is equally valuable for self-awareness and for improving interpersonal dynamics. Also referred to as the Five Factor Model, the Big Five Model is the most widely accepted personality theory. It suggests that personality can be distilled into five fundamental dimensions, often remembered as CANOE or OCEAN (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion). In contrast to other trait theories that sort individuals into binary categories (e.g. introvert or extrovert), the Big Five Model asserts that each personality trait exists on a spectrum. Consequently, individuals are positioned along a continuum between two contrasting poles.

General effects
A review published in the Annual Review of Psychology in 2008 found that higher emotional intelligence is positively correlated with:
 Better social relations for children – Among children and teens, emotional intelligence positively correlates with good social interactions and relationships, and negatively correlates with deviance from social norms and anti-social behavior measured both in and out of school as reported by children themselves, their own family members, and their teachers.
 Better social relations for adults – High emotional intelligence among adults is correlated with better self-perception of social ability and more successful interpersonal relationships, with less interpersonal aggression and problems.
 Highly emotionally intelligent people are perceived more positively by others – Other people perceive those with high EI to be more pleasant, socially skilled, and empathic.
 Better academic achievement – Emotional intelligence is correlated with greater achievement in academics as reported by teachers, but generally not higher grades once the factor of IQ is taken into account.
 Better social dynamics at work as well as better negotiating ability.
 Better well-being – Emotional intelligence is positively correlated with higher life satisfaction and self-esteem, and lower levels of insecurity or depression. It is also negatively correlated with poor health choices and behavior.

Emotionally intelligent people are more likely to have a better understanding of themselves and to make conscious decisions based on emotion and rationale combined. Overall, it leads a person to self-actualization.

The relevance and importance of emotional intelligence in contexts of business leadership, commercial negotiation, and dispute resolution has been recognized, and professional qualifications and continuous professional development have incorporated aspects of understanding emotions and developing greater insight into emotional interactions. Especially in the globalizied world, the ability to be a global leader is becoming more important than ever. A high EQ allows business leaders to interact with various different cultures, and they must be comfortable in these diverse cultural environments, especially with a high chance of having a diverse team and organization. EQ has become an essential part of leading an organization.

Interactions with other phenomena

Bullying

Bullying is an abusive social interaction between peers that can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates  between bullying and emotional intelligence. It also shows that emotional intelligence is a key factor in cybervictimization.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is a set of abilities related to the understanding, use, and management of emotion as it relates to one's self and others. Mayer et al. define EI as: "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion". The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes. Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is  malleable, EI education could improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.

Job performance

A meta-analysis of emotional intelligence and job performance showed correlations of r=.20 (for job performance & ability EI) and r=.29 (for job performance and mixed EI). Earlier research on EI and job performance had shown mixed results: a positive relation has been found in some of the studies, while in others there was no relation or an inconsistent one. This led researchers Cote and Miners to offer a compensatory model between EI and IQ, that posits that the association between EI and job performance becomes more positive as cognitive intelligence decreases, an idea first proposed in the context of academic performance. The results of the former study supported the compensatory model: employees with low IQ get higher task performance and organizational citizenship behavior directed at the organization, the higher their EI. It has also been observed that there is no significant link between emotional intelligence and work attitude-behavior.

Another study suggests that EI is not necessarily a universally positive trait. The study found a negative correlation between EI ; while under low levels of managerial work demands, they found a negative relationship between EI and teamwork effectiveness. An explanation for this may be gender differences in EI, as women tend to score higher levels than men. This furthers the idea that job context plays a role in the relationships between EI, teamwork effectiveness, and job performance.

Another study assessed a possible link between EI and entrepreneurial behaviors and success.

Although studies between emotional intelligence (EI) and job performance have shown mixed results of high and low correlations, EI is an undeniably better predictor than most of the hiring methods commonly used in companies, such as letters of reference or cover letters. By 2008, 147 companies and consulting firms in the U.S had developed programmes that involved EI for training and hiring employees. Van Rooy and Viswesvaran showed that EI correlated significantly with different domains in performance, ranging from .24 for job performance to .10 for academic performance. Employees high on EI would be more aware of their own emotions and others', which in turn, could lead companies to better profits and less unnecessary expenses. This is especially important for expatriate managers, who have to deal with mixed emotions and feelings, while adapting to a new working culture. Employees high in EI show more confidence in their roles, which allow them to face demanding tasks positively.

According to a popular science book by the journalist Daniel Goleman, emotional intelligence accounts for more career success than IQ. Other studies argued that employees high on EI perform substantially better than employees low in EI. This is measured by self-reports and different work performance indicators, such as wages, promotions and salary increase. According to Lopes et al. EI contributes to developing strong and positive relationships with co-workers and to performing efficiently in work teams. This benefits performance of workers by providing emotional support and instrumental resources needed to succeed in their roles. Emotionally intelligent employees have better resources to cope with stressing situations and demanding tasks, which enable them to outperform in those situations. For instance, Law et al. found that EI was the best predictor of job performance beyond general cognitive ability among IT scientists in a computer company in China.

When examining the connection between job performance and emotional intelligence, it's essential to take into account the impact of "managing up," which signifies a positive rapport between an employee and their supervisor. Previous research found that the quality of this relationship could influence subjective assessments of job performance. Employees with strong emotional intelligence tend to dedicate more time to cultivating their rapport with supervisors. As a result, those with higher EI are more likely to achieve favorable outcomes in performance evaluations compared to those with lower EI.

Based on theoretical and methodological approaches, EI measures are categorized in three main streams: (1) ability-based measures (e.g. MSCEIT), (2) self-reports of abilities measures (e.g. SREIT, SUEIT and WLEIS), and (3) mixed-models (e.g. AES, ECI, EI questionnaire, EIS, EQ-I and GENOS), which include measures of EI and traditional social skills. O'Boyle Jr. et al. found that the three EI streams together had a positive correlation of 0.28 with job performance. Similarly, each of EI streams independently obtained a positive correlation of 0.24, 0.30, and 0.28, respectively. Streams 2 and 3 showed an incremental validity for predicting job performance over and above personality (Five Factor model) and general cognitive ability. Both streams 2 and 3 were the second most important predictor of job performance, below general cognitive ability. Stream 2 explained 13.6% of the total variance, whereas stream 3 explained 13.2%. In order to examine the reliability of these findings, a publication bias analysis was developed. Results indicated that studies on EI-job performance correlation prior to 2010 do not present substantial evidence to suggest the presence of publication bias. Noting that O'Boyle Jr. et al. had included self-rated performance and academic performance in their meta-analysis, Joseph, Jin, Newman, & O'Boyle collaborated to update the meta-analysis to focus specifically on job performance; using measures of job performance, these authors showed r=.20 (for job performance & ability EI) and r=.29 (for job performance and mixed EI).

The Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations argues that there is a business case in favor of emotional intelligence  but, despite the validity of previous findings, some researchers still question whether EI-job performance correlation makes a real impact on business strategies. Critics argue that the popularity of EI studies is due to media advertising, rather than objective scientific findings. Also, the relationship between job performance and EI is not as strong as suggested. This relationship requires the presence of other constructs to raise important outcomes. For instance, studies found that EI is positively associated with teamwork effectiveness under job contexts of high managerial work demands, which improves job performance. This is due to the activation of strong emotions during the performance on this job context. In this scenario, emotionally intelligent individuals show a better set of resources to succeed in their roles. However, individuals with high EI show a similar level of performance than non-emotionally intelligent employees under different job contexts. Moreover, Joseph and Newman suggest that emotional perception and emotional regulation components of EI highly contribute to job performance under job contexts of high emotional demands. Moon and Hur found that emotional exhaustion ("burn-out") significantly influences the job performance-EI relationship. Emotional exhaustion showed a negative association with two components of EI (optimism and social skills).  Hence, the job performance-EI relationship is stronger under contexts of high emotional exhaustion or burn-out; in other words, employees with high levels of optimism and social skills possess better resources to outperform when facing high emotional exhaustion contexts.

Leadership
Several studies attempt to study the relationship between EI and leadership. Although EI plays a positive role in leadership effectiveness, what makes a leader effective is what he/she does with his/her role, rather than his/her interpersonal skills and abilities. Although in the past a good or effective leader gave orders and controlled the overall performance of the organization, almost everything is different nowadays: leaders are now expected to motivate and create a sense of belonging that makes employees feel comfortable, thus, making them work more effectively.

This does not mean that actions are more important than emotional intelligence. Leaders still need to grow emotionally in order to handle stress, life balance, and other things. A proper way to grow emotionally, for instance, is developing a sense of empathy since empathy is a key factor when it comes to emotional intelligence. In a study conducted to analyze the relationship between school counselors' EI and leadership skills, it was concluded that several participants were good leaders because their emotional intelligence was developed in counselor preparations, where empathy is taught.

Health
A 2007 meta-analysis of 44 effect sizes by Schutte et al. found that emotional intelligence was associated with better mental and physical health. Particularly, trait EI had the stronger association with mental and physical health. This was replicated in 2010 by researcher Alexandra Martins who found trait EI is a strong predictor for health after conducting a meta-analysis based on 105 effect sizes and 19,815 participants. This meta-analysis also indicated that this line of research reached enough sufficiency and stability to conclude EI is a positive predictor for health.

An earlier study by Mayer and Salovey argued that high EI can increase one's well-being because of its role in enhancing relationships.

Self-esteem and drug dependence
A 2012 study in India cross-examined emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and marijuana dependence. Out of a sample of 200, 100 of whom were dependent on cannabis and the other 100 emotionally healthy, the dependent group scored exceptionally low on EI when compared to the control group. They also found that the dependent group also scored low on self-esteem when compared to the control.

Another study in 2010 examined whether or not low levels of EI had a relationship with the degree of drug and alcohol addiction in Australia. In the assessment of 103 residents in a drug rehabilitation center, they examined their EI along with other psychosocial factors in a one-month interval of treatment. They found that participants' EI scores improved as their levels of addiction lessened as part of their treatment.

Academic performance
A 2020 meta-analysis showed that students with higher emotional intelligence show higher academic performance at school. This was a summary of over 1,246 effects from 158 different studies, with a sample size of 42,529. Students with higher emotional intelligence had better scores on standardized tests and achieved higher grades. The effect was significantly larger for humanities than for science/maths areas of study, and significantly larger for ability emotional intelligence (measured with objective tasks), than for rating scales of emotional intelligence. The association of emotional intelligence with higher academic achievement was still significant even after considering the effect of students' Big Five personality and intelligence.

There are three reasons why greater emotional intelligence might predict stronger academic performance. First, emotionally intelligent students are able to regulate their emotions at school—they are able to control their anxiety surrounding tests and assessment, and their boredom when material is not intrinsically interesting. This means their emotions do not impede their test scores or their ability to learn. Second, emotionally intelligent students are able to build better social relationships with other students and with instructors. This means that they have sources of help when needed—other students and teachers are more willing to help them when they get stuck. Third, some of the abilities of emotional intelligence (understanding emotions, for example) overlap with academic content, particularly in the humanities. That is, analyzing universal themes in literature or the social forces underpinning historic events require a knowledge of human emotions.

Criticisms
EI, and Goleman's original 1995 analysis, have been criticized within the scientific community:

Predictive power
Landy distinguishes between the "commercial" and "academic" discussion of EI, basing this distinction on the alleged predictive power of EI as seen by each of the two. According to Landy, the former makes expansive claims on the applied value of EI, while the latter is trying to warn users against these claims. As an example, Goleman (1998) asserts that "the most effective leaders are alike in one crucial way: they all have a high degree of what has come to be known as emotional intelligence.... emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leadership." In contrast, Mayer (1999) cautions that "the popular literature's implication—that highly emotionally intelligent people possess an unqualified advantage in life—appears overly enthusiastic at present and unsubstantiated by reasonable scientific standards." Landy further reinforces this argument by noting that the data upon which these claims are based are held in "proprietary databases", which means they are unavailable to independent researchers for reanalysis, replication, or verification.

It is difficult to create objective measures of emotional intelligence and demonstrate its influence on leadership as many scales are self-report measures.

In a 2009 academic exchange, Antonakis and Ashkanasy/Dasborough mostly agreed that researchers who test whether EI matters for leadership have not done so using robust research designs; therefore, currently there is no strong evidence showing that EI predicts leadership outcomes when accounting for personality and IQ. Antonakis argued that EI might not be needed for leadership effectiveness (he referred to this as the "curse of emotion" phenomenon, because leaders who are too sensitive to their and others' emotional states might have difficulty making decisions that would result in emotional labor for the leader or followers). A 2010 meta-analysis seems to support the Antonakis position: it found that, using data free from problems of common source and common methods, EI measures correlated only ρ=0.11 with measures of transformational leadership. Barling, Slater, and Kelloway also support this position on transformational leadership.

Ability-measures of EI fared worst (i.e., ρ=0.04); the WLEIS (Wong-Law measure) did a bit better (ρ=0.08), and the Bar-On measure slightly better (ρ=0.18). However, the validity of these estimates does not include the effects of IQ or the big five personality, which correlate both with EI measures and leadership. A study analyzing the impact of EI on both job performance and leadership found that the meta-analytic validity estimates for EI dropped to zero when Big Five traits and IQ were controlled for. A meta-analysis showed the same result for Ability EI.

Self-reported and Trait EI measures retain a fair amount of predictive validity for job performance after controlling Big Five traits and IQ. However the greater predictive validity of Trait EI measures can be attributed to their inclusion of content related to achievement motivation, self efficacy, and self-rated performance. Meta-analytic evidence confirms that self-reported emotional intelligence predicting job performance is due to mixed-EI and trait-EI measures tapping into self-efficacy and self-rated performance, in addition to the domains of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and IQ. As such, the predictive ability of mixed EI to job performance drops to nil when controlling for these factors.

A study of the predictive ability of EI for job performance concluded that higher EI was associated with higher leadership effectiveness regarding achievement of organizational goals. This study shows that EI may serve an identifying tool in understanding who is (or is not) likely to deal effectively with colleagues. Furthermore, one can develop and enhance one's leadership qualities by advancing one's emotional intelligence. EI can be deliberately developed, specifically the facets of "facilitating thinking with emotions" and "monitoring and regulation of emotions" in the workplace.

Correlations with personality
Researchers raised concerns about the extent to which self-report EI measures correlate with established personality dimensions. Self-report EI measures and personality measures converge because they both purport to measure personality traits. Two dimensions of the Big Five stand out as most related to self-report EI: neuroticism and extraversion. Neuroticism relates to negative emotionality and anxiety. People who score high on neuroticism are likely to score low on self-report EI measures.

Studies examined the multivariate effects of personality and intelligence on EI and attempted to correct estimates for measurement error. For example, one study showed that general intelligence (measured with the Wonderlic Personnel Test), agreeableness (measured by the NEO-PI), as well as gender could reliably predict the measure of EI ability. They gave a multiple correlation (R) of .81 with the MSCEIT (perfect prediction would be 1). This result was replicated. The replication found a multiple R of .76 using Cattell's "Culture Fair" intelligence test and the Big Five Inventory (BFI); significant covariates were intelligence (standardized beta = .39), agreeableness (standardized beta = .54), and openness (standardized beta = .46).

A study of the Ability Emotional Intelligence Measure found similar results (Multiple R = .69), with significant predictors being intelligence, standardized beta = .69 (using the Swaps Test and a Wechsler scales subtest, the 40-item General Knowledge Task) and empathy, standardized beta = .26 (using the Questionnaire Measure of Empathic Tendency). Antonakis and Dietz (2011b) also show how including or excluding important controls variables can fundamentally change results.

Interpretations of the correlations between EI questionnaires and personality have been varied, but a prominent view is the Trait EI view, which re-interprets EI as a collection of personality traits.

A 2011 meta-analysis classified EI studies into three streams: "(1) ability‐based models that use objective test items; (2) self‐report or peer‐report measures based on the four‐branch model of EI; and (3) 'mixed models' of emotional competencies." It found that these "three streams have corrected correlations ranging from 0.24 to 0.30 with job performance. The three streams correlated differently with cognitive ability and with neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Streams 2 and 3 have the largest incremental validity beyond cognitive ability and the Five Factor Model (FFM)." The meta-analysis concluded that "all three streams of EI exhibited substantial relative importance in the presence of FFM and intelligence when predicting job performance." A follow-up meta-analysis in 2015 further substantiated these findings, and addressed concerns about "the questionable construct validity of mixed EI measures" by arguing that "mixed EI instruments assess a combination of ability EI and self-perceptions, in addition to personality and cognitive ability."

A 2017 meta-analysis of 142 data sources found a very large overlap between the general factor of personality and trait EI. The overlap was so large they concluded that "The findings suggest that the general factor of personality is very similar, perhaps even synonymous, to trait EI." However, the overlap between the general factor of personality and ability EI was more moderate, with a correlation of about 0.28.

In 2021, two review papers examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and the dark triad of personality traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). This research found that emotional intelligence showed negative associations with all three dark triad domains of personality. Of the four ability branches of emotional intelligence, the largest effects were for emotion management (versus emotion perception, use, or understanding) and for psychopathy (versus narcissism or Machiavellianism). The two different facets of narcissism showed different relationships with emotional intelligence. Vulnerable narcissism (characterized by anxiety and fragile self-esteem) was associated with lower emotional intelligence. However, grandiose narcissism (characterized by self-confidence, dominance, and an inflated sense of ego) related to higher levels of emotional intelligence. This indicates that not all "dark" personalities lack emotional intelligence.

A 2021 meta-analysis showed that emotional intelligence was positively associated with secure attachment in adults, but negatively associated with insecure attachment styles such as anxious attachment and avoidant attachment. The associations with anxious attachment and avoidant attachment were significant for both ability EI and for rating scales of EI. However, only rating scales of EI showed a significantly positive association with secure attachment. The authors suggest that the early development of attachment styles may facilitate (or hinder) the development of emotional abilities and traits involved in EI.

Socially desirable responding
Socially desirable responding (SDR), or "faking good", is a response pattern in which test-takers systematically represent themselves with an excessive positive bias. This bias has long been known to contaminate responses on personality inventories, acting as a mediator of the relationships between self-report measures.

It has been suggested that responding in a desirable way is a "response set"—a situational and temporary response pattern. This is contrasted with a "response style", which is a more long-term trait-like quality. Considering the contexts in which some self-report EI inventories are used (e.g., employment settings), the problems of response sets in high-stakes scenarios are clear.

There are a few methods to prevent socially desirable responding on behavior inventories. Some researchers believe it is necessary to warn test-takers not to fake good before taking a personality test. Some inventories use validity scales in order to determine the likelihood or consistency of the responses across all items.

EI as behavior rather than intelligence
Goleman's early work has been criticized for assuming that EI is a type of intelligence or cognitive ability. Eysenck writes that Goleman's description of EI contains unsubstantiated assumptions about intelligence in general and that it even runs contrary to what researchers have come to expect when studying types of intelligence:

Similarly, Locke claims that the concept of EI is a misinterpretation of the intelligence construct, and he offers an alternative interpretation: it is not another form or type of intelligence, but intelligence—the ability to grasp abstractions—applied to a particular life domain: emotions. He suggests the concept should be re-labeled and referred to as a skill.

The essence of these criticisms is that scientific inquiry depends on valid and consistent construct utilization and that before the introduction of the term EI, psychologists had established theoretical distinctions between factors such as abilities and achievements, skills and habits, attitudes and values, and personality traits and emotional states. Some scholars believe that the term EI merges and conflates such accepted concepts and definitions.

EI as skill rather than moral quality
Adam Grant warned of the common but mistaken perception of EI as a desirable moral quality rather than a skill. Grant asserted that a well-developed EI is not only an instrumental tool for accomplishing goals, but can function as a weapon for manipulating others by robbing them of their capacity to reason.

EI as a measure of conformity
One criticism of the works of Mayer and Salovey comes from a study that suggests that the EI, as measured by the MSCEIT, may only be measuring conformity.  This argument is rooted in the MSCEIT's use of consensus-based assessment, and in the fact that scores on the MSCEIT are negatively distributed (meaning that its scores differentiate between people with low EI better than people with high EI).

EI as a form of knowledge
Another criticism says that in contrast with tests of cognitive ability, the MSCEIT "tests knowledge of emotions but not necessarily the ability to perform tasks that are related to the knowledge that is assessed". If someone knows how they should behave in an emotionally laden situation, it does not necessarily follow that they could actually carry out the reported behavior.

NICHD pushes for consensus
The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development recognized that because there are divisions about the topic of EI, the mental health community needs to agree on some guidelines to describe good mental health and positive mental living conditions. In their section, "Positive Psychology and the Concept of Health", they explain: "Currently there are six competing models of positive health, which are based on concepts such as being above normal, character strengths and core virtues, developmental maturity, social-emotional intelligence, subjective well-being, and resilience. But these concepts define health in philosophical rather than empirical terms. Dr. [Lawrence] Becker suggested the need for a consensus on the concept of positive psychological health...".

See also

References

Further reading

Emotional issues
Intelligence by type
Life skills
Popular psychology
Positive psychology

Emotional intelligence


Garner's Modern English Usage (GMEU), written by Bryan A. Garner and published by Oxford University Press, is a usage dictionary and style guide (or 'prescriptive dictionary') for contemporary Modern English. It was first published in 1998 as A Dictionary of Modern American Usage, with a focus on American English, which it retained for the next two editions as Garner's Modern American Usage (GMAU). It was expanded to cover English more broadly in the 2016 fourth edition, under the present title.  The work covers issues of usage, pronunciation, and style, from distinctions among commonly confused words and phrases to notes on how to prevent verbosity and obscurity. In addition, it contains essays about the English language.  An abridged version of the first edition was also published as The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style in 2000 and a similar version was published in The Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition in 2017. The latter includes three sections titled "Grammar", "Syntax" and "Word Usage", each with several subcategories.

In a study that compared Garner's usage guide to Henry W. Fowler's, Robin Straaijer said that the two have many similarities. He pointed out that Garner (who had expressed his admiration for Fowler's work) had organized his book in a similar format and agreed with Fowler on many usage debates.

Editions
The first edition was published in 1998 as A Dictionary of Modern American Usage, and released in an abridged, paperback edition in 2000 as The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style.

In 2003, the second full edition was published under the title Garner's Modern American Usage, with one-third more content than the original edition.  A third edition was published under that title in August 2009.

An updated edition covering British and other World Englishes was released in April 2016 under the title Garner's Modern English Usage. It was notable for using the Google Ngram Viewer to compare some 2,300 ratios of standard versus variant forms of usages, e.g., "Current ratio (harked back vs. harped back): 170:1" (Garner 2016, p. 452).

This was followed by something of a companion volume, The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation (University of Chicago Press, May 2016), Garner's major expansion of his chapter on the topic in the last several editions of The Chicago Manual of Style.

The fifth edition was published in 2022.

Reception
Novelist David Foster Wallace said, "The fact of the matter is that Garner's dictionary is extremely good ....  Its format ... includes entries on individual words and phrases and expostulative small-cap ." (An unabridged, much lengthier version of Wallace's essay, "Authority and American Usage", appeared in a 2005 anthology of essays entitled Consider the Lobster.) He commended Garner's stance on the linguistic descriptivism versus prescriptivism issue that lexicographers (dictionary writers) face. Garner's dictionary is prescriptive in aiming to uphold good English usage, but also concedes to variant forms and usage errors that are so widespread that there is no lexicographical hope of changing them.

Garrison Keillor has called Garner's Modern American Usage one of the five most influential books in his library. Other critics, including John Simon, William Safire, Bill Walsh, and Barbara Wallraff, have praised the book's clear, simple, and nuanced guidance. Anna Faktorovich also applauded Garner's book and claimed that it has managed to bridge the gap between the prescriptivists and descriptivists of the English language.

Michael Quinion of WorldWideWords.org said in his review that usage guides "row a course against the current of modern lexicography and linguistics", which are descriptive fields that often fail to "meet the day-to-day needs of those users of English who want to speak and write in a way that is acceptable to educated opinion." Quinion opined that Garner lays down rules without falling victim to "worn-out shibboleths or language superstitions".

References

Similar works

 Modern American Usage by Wilson Follett
 A Dictionary of Modern English Usage by Henry W. Fowler
 The Elements of Style by Strunk and White
 The Chicago Manual of Style, by the University of Chicago Press
 The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers
 The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters
 The Most Common Errors in English Usage and How to Avoid Them by Elaine Bender.
 When  Bad Grammar Happens to Good People: How to Avoid Common Errors in English by Ann Batko
 Plain Style by Christopher Lasch
 Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage by Merriam-Webster
 Usage and Abusage by Eric Partridge
 The New Fowler's Modern English Usage by R. W. Burchfield
 The King's English by H. W. Fowler and F. G. Fowler
 The Standard of Usage in English by Thomas R. Lounsbury
 Writer's Guide and Index to English by Porter G. Perrin
 Dos, Don'ts & Maybes of English Usage by Theodore M. Bernstein
 On Writing Well by William Zinsser
 How to Be Brief: An Index to Simple Writing by Rudolf Flesch.

1998 non-fiction books
Style guides for American English
Plain English

Garner's Modern English Usage


A vehicular combat game (or car combat game) is a vehicle simulation video game where the primary gameplay objectives include vehicles armed with weapons attempting to destroy vehicles controlled by the CPU or by opposing players. The genre normally features a variety of different vehicles available for play, each with its own strengths, weaknesses, and special attack abilities. Players may also unlock hidden vehicles by completing certain in-game tasks. Games may include racing themes, but they are generally secondary to the action.

Gameplay
Vehicular combat games normally follow a simple play pattern; the player must defeat increasing numbers of not very skilled enemies before facing off against a final, super-powerful, boss character. Vehicular combat games differ from traditional racing games both in the combat aspect and in the general lack of any set path for players to follow, instead allowing them to explore each level at their leisure.
The complexity and strategy required to complete games vary, from the careful resource maintenance and intense story-driven plotlines of the Interstate '76 series to straightforward smashups like WWE Crush Hour. Often, the primary plot will involve a contest or competition of some sort, encouraging the various characters to fight and destroy one another to obtain a reward. The Twisted Metal series has been attributed as the first "true" vehicular combat game, without cartoony graphics as seen in kart racing games.

History
Vehicular combat games featuring cars have been particularly well-represented on PlayStation consoles, starting with games like  Destruction Derby, Twisted Metal, Wipeout and Rollcage.

In the 2020s, vehicular combat games are largely considered a "dead" genre due to their lack of prominent entries, despite some games still being released in the modern day, such as Destruction AllStars.

See also
 List of vehicular combat games
 Car Wars

References

Video game genres
Video game terminology

Vehicular combat game


The Nordic Development Fund is the joint multilateral development finance institution of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. It was established in 1989 and adheres to the development assistance policies of the Nordic countries and has financed 190 development assistance credits valued at EUR 1 billion. The NDF provides grants to climate change related investments under its new mandate, established in 2009. NDF offices are located in Helsinki, Finland.

The objective of the Nordic Development Fund's (NDF) operations is to facilitate climate change investments in low-income countries. NDF grants are made in cooperation with bilateral and multilateral development institutions. NDF's operations mirror the Nordic countries' priorities in the areas of climate change and poverty reduction. The operations are financed from the development cooperation budgets of the five Nordic countries.

See also
Nordic Investment Bank

Nordic organizations
International development multilaterals

Nordic Development Fund


Peter Anthony Huchthausen (25 September 1939 – 11 July 2008 in Amfreville, Manche, France) was a Captain in the United States Navy and the author of several maritime books.

Naval career
The son of the late Chaplain (Colonel) and Mrs. Walther A. Huchthausen, Peter graduated from Valley Forge Military Academy in 1957 and from the United States Naval Academy in 1962.

Huchthausen served as a line officer in the destroyer USS Blandy during the Cuban Missile Crisis, enforcing the naval blockade and verifying the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba. He then served two combat tours of duty during Vietnam War, commanding a patrol boat and unit of ten river patrol boats in combat on the Mekong River with the United States Navy's Riverine Force in the Mekong Delta. He returned to Vietnam as Chief Engineer in the destroyer USS Orleck, which provided naval gunfire support to Army and Marine forces operations along the Vietnam coast. Transferring to Naval Intelligence, he became a Soviet naval submarine analyst and served in anti-submarine warfare positions on the staffs of Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe, the United States First Fleet, The United States Third Fleet, and the Commander in Chief, Pacific Command. Later, he became the senior American naval attaché in Yugoslavia and Romania. Afterward, he became the chief of attaché and human intelligence collection operations in Western Europe for the Defense Intelligence Agency. Just before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Huchthausen served for three years in Moscow as the senior U.S. Naval Attaché to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Post-naval career
After retiring from active service from the United States Navy in 1990, Huchthausen returned to Moscow and opened an office there for an American firm. At this point, he began his research and writing career. He wrote nine books. Two were made into movies: the HBO movie, Hostile Waters and K-19: The Widowmaker.

Shortly before his death, he moved to Normandy, where he opened a bed and breakfast in Amfreville.

He was survived by his daughter, Donna Davis (Colin); grandchildren Ewan and Blake of Perth, Western Australia; son Paul Huchthausen (Dana), grandchildren, Bailey Anne and Nicholas of Gum Spring, Virginia;  as well as sisters Christa Mueller (Fritz) of Williamsburg, VA, Ann Ekman (Mike) of Waynesboro, VA; and former wife and friend, Kathleen Huchthausen of Kennebunk and Frye Island, Maine

He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on December 3, 2008, after a funeral at the Fort Myer Old Post Chapel.

Published books
 Echoes of the Mekong, by Peter A. Huchthausen and Nguyen Thi Lung. (Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Pub. Co. of America, 1996).
 Hostile waters, by Peter Huchthausen, Igor Kurdin, and R. Alan White (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), sold more than 200,000 copies worldwide and became an HBO movie of the same name.
 Frye Island: Maine's newest town a history, 1748-1998, by Peter A. Huchthausen; illustrated by Christa H. Mueller. (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1998)
 K-19: the widowmaker: the secret story of the Soviet nuclear submarine , (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Books, 2002), also became a movie by the same name starring Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson.
 October Fury. (Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons, 2002, )
 America's splendid little wars : a short history of U.S. military engagements, 1975-2000. (New York: Viking, 2003)
 Shadow voyage: the extraordinary wartime escape of the legendary Bremen. (Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley & Sons, 2005), a story about the escape of the German passenger liner Bremen during the early months of World War II.
 Hide and seek: the untold story of Cold War espionage at sea, by Peter A. Huchthausen and Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix. (Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2008).
 Finding God in the shadows: stories from the battlefield of life, by Marsha Hansen and Peter A. Huchthausen. (Minneapolis: Augsburg Books, 2008).

References

External links

 The Maritime Network Article written by Peter Huchthausen
 Naval Academy Alumni Association Obituary

1939 births
2008 deaths
21st-century American novelists
Historians of the United States
American maritime historians
American naval historians
United States Navy officers
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Naval Academy alumni
American diplomats
American expatriates in Russia
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
People of the Defense Intelligence Agency
American male novelists
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Valley Forge Military Academy and College alumni
United States naval attachés

Peter Huchthausen


Abysmal Dawn is an American death metal band from Los Angeles, California.

Band history
Abysmal Dawn was formed by Charles Elliott (guitars/vocals), Jamie Boulanger (guitars), and Terry Barajas (drums) who circulated a three-song demo in winter 2004. The demo garnered some attention for the band within the underground metal press circuit as well as helped them score gigs alongside Exodus, 3 Inches of Blood, Hate Eternal, Into Eternity and Aborted.

In November 2005, the band began work on what would become their first proper full-length From Ashes with engineer John Haddad (Intronaut, Eyes of Fire, Phobia). The resulting nine songs paid special attention to not only brutality, but song craft as well and earned the band a remarkable international press response for a debut album. On the strength of From Ashes, they earned their first U.S. tour, a five-week juggernaut alongside Six Feet Under and Decapitated and played as support throughout their home state with the likes of Suffocation, Emperor, Immortal, Goatwhore and Decrepit Birth.

In 2007, Abysmal Dawn played a handful of festivals (LA Murderfest, Gathering of the Sick, Burning Star Metal Fest, and more) but most of the band's time was devoted to writing and rehearsing new material for their follow-up to From Ashes. By November, Abysmal Dawn had entered Haddad's new studio to begin the next full-length.

Abysmal Dawn spent the next three-months in and out of the studio crafting Programmed to Consume. One by one, track by track, the pieces of this record came together, including brand new artwork once again from Par Olofsson. In February 2008, Abysmal Dawn signed a deal with Relapse Records, making Programmed to Consume the band's label debut. Abysmal Dawn released this album on May 13 (May 19 internationally).

After three years passed since the release Leveling the Plane of Existence they finally released their fourth studio album Obsolescence on October 28, 2014, via Relapse Records. According to Abysmal Dawn's frontman Charles Elliott, the title of the album was "inspired by the term 'planned obsolescence', and is applied to all of mankind. In business terms, it means to manufacture a product that's made to break down after a certain amount of time so that it can be replaced". The Village Voice has rated the latest album number one and called it "The closest thing to a perfect metal album that you will hear this year."

Abysmal Dawn released their fifth studio album, Phylogenesis, through Season of Mist Records, on April 17, 2020.

Band members
Current members
Charles Elliott – guitars, lead vocals (2003–present)
Eliseo Garcia – bass, backing vocals (2011–present)
James Coppolino – drums (2016–present)
Vito Petroni – guitars (2017–present)

Former members
Jamie Boulanger – guitars (2003–2008)
Terry Barajas – drums (2003–2009)
Carlos Arriola – bass (2006–2007)
Ian Jekelis – guitars (2008–2010)
Mike Cosio – bass (2007–2011)
Andy Nelson – guitars (2008–2015)
Scott Fuller – drums (2010–2015)
Allan Marcus – guitars (2016)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums

EPs

Demos
 Demo (2004)

Music videos
 "Programmed to Consume" (2008)
 "My Own Savior" (2011)
 "In Service of Time" (2013)
 "Inanimate" (2014)

References

External links
Official website
Abysmal Dawn on Relapse Records

2003 establishments in California
American musical quartets
Death metal musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from Los Angeles

Abysmal Dawn


Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (6 October 1803 – 4 April 1879) was a Prussian physicist and meteorologist.

Early years
Dove was born in Liegnitz in the Kingdom of Prussia. Dove studied history, philosophy, and the natural sciences at the University of Breslau from 1821 until 1824. In 1824 he continued his education at the University of Berlin, finishing in 1826. In 1826, he became a Privatdozent and in 1828 a Professor extraordinarius at the University of Königsberg. In 1829, he moved to Berlin and taught at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium.

In 1845 he became a Professor ordinarius at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin, where he was elected rector in 1858–1859, and again in 1871–1872. In 1849 he also became the director of the Prussian Meteorological Institute.

During his career he published more than 300 papers, some of which delved into experimental physics. He also had an important influence over the science of meteorology, and was considered by some to be a pioneer in this field; Dove's primary meteorological focus was in climatology, a field pioneered by Alexander von Humboldt.

In 1828, Dove observed that tropical cyclones rotate counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, but clockwise in the Southern.

In 1839 he discovered the technique of binaural beats, whereby slightly different frequencies played separately to each ear produced a perception of interference beats at the same rate as would be physically created.

In 1841 he published an invention he called the "differential inductor".  It was a 4 coil induction balance, with 2 glass tubes each having 2 well insulated copper wire solenoids wound around them. Charged Leyden jars (high voltage capacitors) were discharged through the 2 primary coils, this current surge induced a voltage in the secondary coils.  When the secondary coils were wired in opposition the induced voltages cancelled as confirmed by the Professor holding the ends of the secondary coils. When a piece of metal was placed inside one glass tube the Professor received a shock.
This then was the first magnetic induction metal detector, and the first pulse induction metal detector.

He also studied the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth, the effect of climate on the growth of plants, and was the first to measure the strength of an electric current in a wire induced by a collapsing magnetic field.

Affiliations and honors
 Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society, 1850
 Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, 1837
 Recipient of the Copley Medal, 1853
 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1861
 Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
 Dove Bay in  Greenland is named after him.
 The crater Dove on the Moon is named after him.
 In Optics, the Dove prism is named for him.

References

External links
 An 1857 photographic portrait of H. W. Dove as a middle-aged man
 A photographic portrait of H. W. Dove as an older man (photograph credit: Loescher & Petsch)

1803 births
1879 deaths
19th-century German physicists
German meteorologists
German climatologists
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
University of Breslau alumni
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
People from Legnica
Scientists from the Province of Silesia
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)

Heinrich Wilhelm Dove


Lance-Adams syndrome (LAS) is a sequela of hypoxic encephalopathy due to respiratory arrest, airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, etc. , several days after the onset of hypoxic encephalopathy. A condition that presents with functional myoclonus associated with increased cortical excitability in a few weeks. It was first reported by James Lance and Raymond Adams in 1963.

It is a disease that presents Myoclonus  as a sequela of hypoxic disorders in the brain due to asphyxiation and cardiopulmonary arrest. It is exacerbated by mental and physical anxiety such as intention, intentional movement, and tension.

Pathology
It appears due to Basal ganglia lesions due to hypoxic encephalopathy  .

Treatment
Clonazepam and Valproate , which enhance serotonin and GABAA receptor, are widely used as therapeutic agents . It has been reported that Levetiracetam was effective in cases in which clonazepam and valproic acid were ineffective. Other reports have shown that piracetam has been shown to be effective.

Perampanel
From around 2017, reports that Perampanel are effective have been gathered, and cases of complete cure have been reported.

In April 2021, a group at Kyoto University reported a case of Lance Adams syndrome 11 years after onset due to hypoxic encephalopathy caused by a bronchial asthma attack, and in March 2022, a group at Kitasato University reported a case of Lance Adams syndrome after a hanging neck injury 1 year and 6 months after onset. There are an increasing number of reports showing improvement even in chronic cases, such as a case report of a patient who was able to hold a standing position after treatment with perampanel and significant improvement in motor myoclonus.

References

Medical signs
Brain disorders
Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
Neurological disorders
Neurology
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate

Lance-Adams syndrome


″A Clean Escape″ is a 1985 science fiction short story by American writer John Kessel. The story was first published in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine in May 1985, and later adapted into a play by author in 1986. It features a psychiatrist attempting to cure a special patient of his amnesia. Slowly, as the patient regains his memory, more and more secrets are revealed about who this person is and the truth about their civilization as a whole.

The story was adapted by Sam Egan as the script for the first episode of Masters of Science Fiction, which first aired August 4, 2007. A psychiatrist is treating a weapons manufacturer with anterograde amnesia, whose memories reboot once every 12 hours, leading him to believe he has just left his family to go to work but has been sent to the company shrink for evaluation. In reality however, much, much more time has passed than the viewer is originally led to believe. As the patient's memories are slowly becoming untangled, showing hints at a corporate conspiracy, but the actual truth of the matter is much worse than that. The corporate power play did happen, but that was decades ago - in reality, the patient had used his business connections to launch a presidential campaign, leading to him being elected President of the United States.

An international incident leads to him deploying an experimental defense technology his company had developed, which proves far stronger than intended, causing a nuclear chain reaction that destroys the majority of humanity. The patient and the psychiatrist are in fact in a government bunker deep beneath the ruins of the United States, and the patient's amnesia is a psychological response to finding the charred remains of his family in the ruins of the White House. The psychiatrist, having also lost her family in the disaster, and dying of cancer caused by radiation exposure, has clung to life only to force her patient to accept the truth. Having seen it happen, she commits suicide. The next day, her successor meets with the patient again, whose mind has once again rebooted to that same morning, decades ago.

External links

Review of the episode (La Lamina Corredora)

1986 plays
Science fiction short stories
1985 short stories
Short stories by John Kessel
Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction
Short stories adapted into plays

A Clean Escape


Knock (, meaning  The Hill – but now more generally known in Irish as Cnoc Mhuire, "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a village in County Mayo, Ireland.

Knock is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Costello.

It is notable as the location of Knock Shrine - a Marian shrine and place of pilgrimage. According to Catholic beliefs, Mary, mother of Jesus, Saint Joseph and Saint John the Evangelist appeared to witnesses in the village on 21 August 1879. There is international skepticism of this event due to the age of the witnesses and the lack of evidence supporting the event. In the 20th century, Knock became one of Europe's most visited shrines to the Virgin Mary, along with Lourdes and Fatima. It was a focus of peace pilgrimages in Ireland during the Second World War, when the faithful prayed for peace. One and a half million pilgrims visit the shrine annually.

In 1979, on the centenary of the apparition, Pope John Paul II visited the shrine. On 26 August 2018, Pope Francis visited the basilica while in Ireland for the 9th World Meeting of Families.

Name
Knock comes from the Irish word "cnoc" meaning hill, historical evidence shows the village had been named that as far back as 1625. The Irish language name was changed to "Cnoc Mhuire" meaning the hill of the Virgin Mary after the visions. The parish and village of Knock is sometimes referred to historically and in Lewis' 1837 topographical dictionary as Knockdrumcalry (Cnoc Droma Chálraighe) meaning "hill of the ridge of the Cálraighe".

Civil History
The civil parish of Knock covers 45 townlands. Thirty five of the townlands are in the barony of Costello. The remaining 10 townlands along the central western boundary of the parish are in the neighbouring barony of Clanmorris. Knock is located five miles from the town of Claremorris (one of the major market towns of the early 19th century) and is between Claremorris and Ballyhaunis.

Monsignor James Horan
Monsignor James Horan (1911–1986) became parish priest of Knock in 1963. During his tenure, he oversaw the construction of a new basilica church with a capacity for 10,000 worshipers. "Our Lady, Queen of Ireland" was consecrated in 1967. Monsignor Horan was also involved in the construction of the nearby Ireland-West Airport. He was a leading advocate in issuing an invitation to Pope John Paul II to visit Knock in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the Marian apparition.

Education
The local primary school is Knock National School, built in 1966.

Sport
The local soccer club is Kiltimagh Knock United F.C. established in 2002. Their ground, CMS Park, is situated in Cloonlee on the Knock/Kiltimagh Road, 3 km from the village. There is no other sports club located in the parish area and players from the village often play for neighbouring clubs.

Transport
Ireland West Airport Knock, which is located 19 km (12 miles) to the north of the village on the N17 road near Charlestown, was opened by Monsignor James Horan on 30 May 1986 and has been an important tourism boost for the village and shrine.

See also
 Knock basilica, The Basilica of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland
 List of towns and villages in Ireland
 Marian apparition

References

Further reading
 Peter H. Görg, Das Wunder von Knock - Die Erscheinung der Jungfrau Maria in Irland in Zeiten sozialer Not, Illertissen 2010.
 Tom Neary, I Saw Our Lady, Knock, 156 p.
 John Scally, I Was Cured at Knock - The extraordinary story of an extraordinary woman, Knock 2005, 127 p.
 Ethna Kennedy (Ed.), Judy Coyne   Providence My Guide. The heroic force in the Knock Shrine story, Knock, 254 p.
 The Custodians of Knock Shrine (Ed.), Knock – Heiligtum Unserer Lieben Frau. Leitfaden für Wallfahrer, Knock.
 Fr. Berchmans Walsh OCSO, Knock   Mary's International Shrine of the Lamb of God, Knock, 16 p.
 Sean Egan & Tom Neary (Ed.), Knock Parish Church - 1828–2006, Knock 2006, 24 p.
 Knock Shrine Society (Ed.), Knock Shrine Annual, Knock 1938ff.
 The Custodians of Knock Shrine (Ed.), Knock Shrine. A Pilgrim's Guide Book, Englisch, Französisch, Deutsch, Spanisch, Italienisch, Knock, 26 p.
 Fr. Hubert OFMCap., Knock - Vision of Hope, Knock, 36 p.
 Tom Lane CM, Reflecting at Knock Before our Merciful Lamb, Knock, 127 p.
 Msgr. Michael Walsh, The Apparition at Knock - A Critical Analysis of Facts and Evidence, Knock, 1955
 Msgr. Michael Walsh, The Glory of Knock, Knock 2000, 51 p.
 Donal Flanagan (Hrsg.), The Meaning of Knock, Knock 1997.
 Mary Francis Clare Cusack, Three Visits to Knock, New York 1882.

External links
 Knock Shrine
 Knock, Co Mayo
 Ireland-West Airport, Knock

Towns and villages in County Mayo

Knock, County Mayo


Ferber is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Ferber (1911–1987), Swiss pianist
Brenda A. Ferber  (born 1969), American children's book author
Christine Ferber (born 1960), French pastry chef
Edna Ferber (1885–1968),  American novelist, author and playwright
Ferdinand Ferber (1862–1909), French Army captain who played an important role in the development of aeroplanes
Herbert Ferber (1906–1991),  American sculptor and painter
Markus Ferber (born 1965), German politician
Marianne Ferber (1923–2013), American feminist economist and author
Mauritius Ferber (1471–1537), bishop of Ermland
Mel Ferber (1922–2003),  Emmy-nominated TV director and producer
Nicolaus Ferber (1485–1534), German Franciscan and controversialist
Richard Ferber,  American physician, inventor of the Ferber method
Tzvi Hirsch Ferber (1879–1966), Rabbi

See also
Ferber IX or Antoinette III, an early experimental aircraft designed by Ferdinand Ferber
Ferber method or Ferberization, a technique invented by Dr. Richard Ferber to solve infant sleep problems
New York v. Ferber, a United States Supreme Court decision
Faerber
Farber

German-language surnames

Ferber


ABS-CBN News Channel, commonly known as ANC, is a 24/7 Philippine pay television news channel. It was launched in 1996 as the first all-news network in English language. The majority of its programs are produced by ABS-CBN News.
The channel is broadcast on terrestrial television in Guam through Dededo's channel 22. ANC is being broadcast from the ANC studio in ABS-CBN Newsroom, Studio 6 & Studio 7 in ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in the Philippines. An international feed called ANC Global is also available worldwide as part of TFC premium channels via cable, satellite, iWantTFC and TFC IPTV.

History

The ABS-CBN News Channel was originally established in 1996 as the Sarimanok News Network or SNN. SNN was the brainchild of the late Eugenio Lopez, Jr. who envisioned a 24-hour television network that would become the primary source of news and information for Filipinos. On May 1, 1996, SNN was first offered on Sky Cable. Back then the channel served the viewers through two major news programs, Dateline Philippines and Primetime News, while short news advisories aired throughout the day.

On March 7, 1998, SNN also covered the Metropolitan Basketball Association (MBA) games until the merger with Sky Cable's news division, Sky News.

To enhance its resources and strengthen its position as the primary news channel for the Filipinos, SNN in 1998 merged with Sky News, another Lopez-owned cable news channel that specialized in business news. The merger of the two networks paved the way for the formation of the country's first 24-hour news channel offering the latest in local and foreign news, business information, sports, weather updates and lifestyle. On October 11, 1999, the network changed its name to ABS-CBN News Channel or ANC.

In the years that followed, ANC established its name through its coverage of key events in the Philippines including the impeachment trial of Joseph Estrada, the Sipadan hostage crisis, the Oakwood mutiny, and EDSA Dos and Tres. ANC and ABS-CBN was also the first to reveal the Joseph Estrada's "brown envelope" controversy, Corazon Aquino's death, the Maguindanao massacre, and Hubert Webb's acquittal.

In November 2011, ANC, together with ABS-CBNnews.com and YouTube brought the YouTube World View event to the Philippines with an exclusive and one-on-one interview with the Philippine President Benigno Aquino III in Malacañang Palace. The questions were submitted and voted by YouTube users from all over the world.

On July 18, 2013, ANC announced a partnership with Yahoo!, which saw the introduction of a Yahoo! portal featuring content from ANC (which will remain separate from the main ABS-CBN News website), and would also allow ANC content to be featured on Yahoo! News Philippines. The partnership marks Yahoo's first partnership with a television news outlet outside of the United States, where Yahoo! has recently established a similar content partnership with ABC News. This joint-venture website was discontinued after it was revealed that Yahoo Philippines was discontinued in June 2015 (and thus redirecting the website to the Singaporean edition of Yahoo including the Malaysian edition) as an initiative to streamline "internal workflows" and currently redirects users to the ABS-CBNnews.com website. Before that partnership with Yahoo, the channel had its own dedicated website, ANCnews.tv until 2013.

In the early part of 2015, ANC has begun using English subtitles for the Tagalog soundbytes on newscasts and public affairs programs from ABS-CBN.

On October 26, 2015, ANC went into a major overhaul in its broadcast design, including the refurbished rhombus logo and the red-blue schemed new title cards for the channel's major newscasts. As part of the relaunch, ANC opened a new studio in 8 Rockwell in Rockwell Center in Makati, aside from their studio and newsroom in Quezon City. The Rockwell studio is used by programs such as Mornings @ ANC, Headstart with Karen Davila and #NoFilter a political program hosted by Teodoro Locsin Jr. and Professor Prospero de Vera of University of the Philippines. ANC also launched the new programming grid for weekdays which include the relaunch of Mornings @ ANC, the sports news program The Daily Serve hosted by  Gretchen Ho and business program The Boss hosted by Cathy Yap-Yang.

On March 15, 2016, as part of ANC's 20th anniversary, the channel launched its own HD feed. On May 9, 2016, ANC began a 48-hour extensive coverage of the 2016 Philippine election leading to the poll results.

On May 25, 2016, British billionaire and philanthropist Sir Richard Branson of Virgin Group headlined the first Asian Innovation and Entrepreneurship Forum, an ANC Leadership Series, the main event of the station's 20th anniversary.

On April 1, 2020, DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 and DZMM TeleRadyo has switched to simultaneous telecast with ANC starting at 10:00 p.m.; which evolved from its timesharing with the DZMM since March 19. With this move, DZMM and DZMM TeleRadyo, as well as the provincial regional AM radio station, become English-only (for the first time in history after many years) as a provisional measure. This programming scheme ended on April 20. However, it was retained until May 15 from 11:00 p.m. until 5:00 a.m. Prior to the discontinuation of TeleRadyo on June 30, 2023, it was resumed in 2021 from 10:00 p.m. until 5:30 a.m. of the following day.

From October 31, 2020, the channel aired DZMM TeleRadyo programming instead on late night timeslots due to the coverage of Typhoon Goni (Rolly) and Typhoon Vamco (Ulysses).

COVID-19 pandemic and ABS-CBN shutdown
The production of the ANC's Sunday news programs was halted on March 22, 2020, due to the implementation of enhanced community quarantine to help control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Furthermore,  with the network shutting down operations due to the expiration of its legislative franchise and in compliance with the NTC's cease and desist order, the current status of the newscast remained unknown until it was eventually cancelled & franchise denial last July 10, 2020, citing numerous violations. It was then replaced by provisional programming on the same date. On April 26, 2020, when the timesharing of programming between both DZMM TeleRadyo and ANC ended, the Sunday edition remained off-air. as of November 2020, it airs between Monday to Saturday, with the simulcast broadcast of TV Patrol as the only Sunday newscast of the channel.

Programming

The programming of ANC is focused primarily on news, business, and politics with weather updates, sports news, informative, religious and lifestyle programs as secondary contents. The network also shows documentaries and television specials, as well as select programs from ABS-CBN, ABS-CBN Regional Channel, TeleRadyo Serbisyo and The Filipino Channel.

In case of developing stories, sudden breaking news or even important or scheduled live coverage, ANC pre-empts its regularly scheduled programming to give way for the developing news stories and/or coverage as it happens. Regular scheduled programs resume once the coverage of an important event has ended.

Hosts and news anchors

Current

Former

See also
A2Z
ABS-CBN (inactive channel)
Kapamilya Channel
ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs (ABS-CBN's news division)
TeleRadyo Serbisyo
One PH
One News
CNN Philippines

References

External links

24-hour television news channels in the Philippines
Television networks in the Philippines
English-language television stations in the Philippines
Television channels and stations established in 1996
ABS-CBN Corporation channels
1996 establishments in the Philippines

ABS-CBN News Channel


Shomal University was founded in 1995 and is the biggest private university in Iran.

History
Shomal University was founded in 1995 and is the biggest private university in Iran. At present the university caters to over 7000 students in 30 different fields of study for undergraduate, graduate and doctorate degrees.

Shomal University at a glance

Shomal University was founded in 1995 and is the biggest non-governmental university in Iran, fully accredited by the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. Through the National University Entrance Exam conducted by the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, 124 students were accepted to attend undergraduate courses in the fields of accountancy and computer engineering from the academic year 1995–1996.

At present the university caters to over 7500 students in 35 different courses at undergraduate and graduate levels.

The original university was located in the city of Amol. In 1997 the university moved to a larger building as the number of students and courses increased. During the first academic year the educational activities were conducted in the building located at 17 Shahrivar Square. With the advancement of educational activities in 1998, the classes were transferred again to the Ma'arfat educational complex building, situated at 26 Talib Amoli Street, Amol.

At Imamzadeh Abdullah Junction ( out of Amol), in 2000, the master plan for the Pardis university campus was designed, and on forested, hilly terrain () overlooking the Haraz River and backgrounded by the Alborz mountain range,  construction work started.

In 2002, construction for a guest house, main office building and physical education complex building were completed and commissioned. In 2003, more classes, workshops and laboratory space were added. In 2005 construction began on a new, modern Communications and Information Technology building.

Registration
Shomal University is under the Higher Education system of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, and every year registration and admission of the students in all fields is through acceptance in the National  University Entrance examination.

Teachers are evaluated every term, using the same method as other universities in the country.

The university also considers special concessions to students who have top grades in university entrance exams, Olympic award holders in any field, and award winners of student scientific competitions and sports etc.

According to ministry notification, 10% of the top graduates of the university will be accepted to graduate or undergraduate courses without undertaking the National University Entrance exam.

Faculties and departments

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

The Faculty of Engineering and Technology was one of the first faculties of Shomal University, Amol (SUA) and conducts courses (undergraduate and graduate) in all engineering fields.  In 1996, the faculty started with only undergraduate computer engineering and acceptance to this was on condition of passing the National University Entrance Exam conducted by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.  Further courses are now offered in the fields of civil engineering, communications, electrical engineering, industrial engineering and architecture.  As demand requires, new courses are constantly being offered and registration increases each year.
 Architecture
 Basic science
 Chemical engineering
 Civil engineering
 Computer engineering
 Electrical & electronic engineering
 Food science
 Industrial engineering
 Mechanical engineering
 Natural resources engineering

SUA is a progressive institution having great ties with the national industry. Their expectations are that our students be taught current and prospective courses throughout the academic sessions with high standard of education by excellent and outstanding professors and academic staff.

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science
The students are admitted to this faculty and other affiliated faculties through the entrance exam conducted by Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The affiliated faculties are:
 Accounting
 General
 Law
 Management

Amard Building

This is the office building of Shomal University known as "Paradise Daneshgahi Shomal."

TOEFL testing
Shomal University provides the internet-based TOEFL exams (IBT).

Electronic campus (e-campus)
SUA is fully equipped with the latest electronic equipment and computer facilities, and mechanized system of computerized general service. Students issued the Smartcard can use all university facilities - digital and internet. Some of these are:
 Computerized Educational Services - students' registration system
 Electronic learning (webpage text learning)
 Digital library
 Management Information System (MIS) and automation of administration
 All students' services (welfare, educational)
 Connection with high-speed internet service
 Direct internet connection with SUA for the students staying in the city

Central Library
 Shomal University Digital Library

References

External links
 Shomal University official website
 Wikipedia Farsi page
 123University

Universities in Iran
Education in Mazandaran Province
Buildings and structures in Mazandaran Province
Amol County

Shomal University


...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron is the third studio album by the Oblivians, released in 1997 on Crypt Records. The album features noted Ninth Ward nightclub organist Mr. Quintron playing organ and percussion on a number of tracks.

Overview
The album's concept came about in part due to Greg Cartwright's fondness for gospel music: "Greg had been really into black gospel music, and wanted to try some gospels songs in Oblivians fashion, but only if they were kinda screwed up. We didn't want to try to come off as religious, but we didn't want to make a joke out of the whole thing, either. It was a tribute to the spirit of the music, more the holy ghost than the saviour."

The album was recorded in a single day: "Quintron took a bus up to Memphis from New Orleans for 8 hours, and we took him to my (Eric "Oblivian" Friedl's) house to play him some songs that we were thinking of covering." Mr. Quintron began arranging his contributions upon arrival, without any prior knowledge of the content of the album. "We had sent him a tape of the songs but it never got delivered to him- so he came up not knowing what songs we wanted to do!" The album was recorded in eight hours, at which point Mr. Quintron returned home via bus to New Orleans. "He (Quintron) was on a bus for eight hours then in a studio for eight hours and then we took him to the bus the same day, so he had a tough 24 hours."

The dramatic shift in styles between this album and its predecessors was one of the reasons for the eventual break up of the band. As Greg Cartwright once explained, "this is really why the band ended - the ...Play 9 record sounded more like a Gamblers record than an Oblivians record. I'm not sure Eric was happy with the direction of the band cause he has more of a punk rock aesthetic, but it was a good finale."

Track listing

Personnel
Greg Oblivian – Lead and backing vocals, guitar
Eric Oblivian – Lead and backing vocals, guitar
Jack Oblivian – Drums, backing vocals
Mr. Quintron – Organ, percussion

References

1997 albums
Oblivians albums
Crypt Records albums

...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron


The Ukrainian Academy of Printing is a Ukrainian academy in Lviv.

Post address: Lviv, Pidholosko st., 19, 79020, Ukraine

History
Specialist's training for printing branch in Ukraine started in 1930 in the School of Printing Art founded by Stefan Kulzhenko.
Founded in 1917 in Kyiv, the Ukrainian Art Academy has become the first higher arts educational institution with a graphic workshop in the history of Ukraine.

In 1922 the Academy was reorganized in Kyiv Institute of Plastic Arts.  In the year 1923 Kyiv Art Institute was created (today it's the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture) by the way of uniting Kyiv Institute of Plastic Arts and Kyiv Architecture Institute. The same year on the base of Kyiv Art Institute was created the printing faculty by the way of uniting of the graphic department of the Institute with the School of Printing Art. 50 students entered this faculty. They studied on the next three specializations: book and newspaper printing, color printing and printing of the stamps and illustrated magazines друк. Famous painter professor A. Kh. Sereda became the head of the faculty. At the same time printing faculties in the Art Institutes in Kharkiv, Odessa, Moscow and Leningrad were opened.

Campuses and buildings
Main Building in Lviv, Pidholosko street, 19
Faculty of Publishing, Printing and Information Technology (Pidholosko st., 19)
Faculty of Economics and Book Science (Pidholosko st, 19)
Faculty of Computer and Printing Engineering (Pidholosko st., 19)
Extra Mural Department (Pidvalna st., 17)
Center of After-Diploma Education (Pidvalna st., 17)
Preparatory department (Pidholosko st, 19)
Crimean Institute of Information and Printing Technologies (Simpheropol, Pushkina.st, 35)
Lviv Printing College (Lviv, Mytna square, 1)
Department of Work with the Foreign Companies and Institutions
Department of Work with Foreign Students
Scientific and Technical Library
UAP Publishing House
Training and Production Experimental Printing House
Training and Demonstration Centre of "Heidelberg" Company

Institutes and faculties
FACULTY OF COMPUTER PRINTING ENGINEERING
Directions and specialities:
Engineering Mechanics
Technology of Machine Building (Engineering Technology)
Packing Machines and Technology
Printing Machines and Automated Systems
Automation and Computer Integrated Technologies
Automated Control of Technology Process
Computer-Integrated Technological Processes and Production
PUBLISHING AND PRINTING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FACULTY
Directions and specialities:
Publishing and Printing
Printed Editions Technology
Technology of Development, Production and Design of Packaging
Computer Technologies and Systems of Publishing and Printing Production
Technology of Electronic Multimedia Editions
Materials for Publishing and Printing production
Art
Fine and Applied Arts
ECONOMY AND BOOK BUSINESS FACULTY
Directions and specialities:
Journalism
Publishing and Editing
Advertising and Public Relations
Economics and Entrepreneurship
Economics of Enterprise
Accounting and Auditing
Marketing
Trade
Commodity and Commercial Activity

Notable Doctors and alumni
Aleksandr Aksinin — graphics artist
Yuri Andrukhovych — poet, novelist, translator and essayist
Sergei Balenok —  graphic artist, painter, illustrator
Viktor Merezhko — screenwriter, film director, playwright, actor, writer, TV presenter
Nicholas Zalevsky — Ukrainian-American artist
Danil "Dendi" Ishutin - A professional eSports player
Oleg Denysenko – world-renowned painter, graphic artist and sculptor.

References

Universities in Ukraine
1930 establishments in Ukraine
Universities and colleges in Lviv
Educational institutions established in 1930

Ukrainian Academy of Printing


A casual game is a video game targeted at a wide, mass market audience, as opposed to a hardcore game, which is a game targeted at a more niche audience of hobbyist gamers. Casual games may exhibit any type of gameplay and genre. They generally have simpler rules, shorter sessions, and less learned skill than hardcore games.

Countless casual games have been developed and published, alongside hardcore games, across the history of video games. A concerted effort to capitalize on casual games grew in the 1990s and 2000s, as many developers and publishers branded themselves as casual game companies, publishing games especially for personal computers, web browsers, and, after 2007, smartphones.

Video games

Casual game


The Kaufungen Forest () is a range of steep, wooded hills straddling the border between the states of Hesse and Lower Saxony in central Germany. It takes its name from the town Kaufungen.

The hills lie in the fork of the Rivers Fulda and Werra, which meet at Hannoversch Münden just to the north. They are bounded to the west and north-west by the Fulda valley, and to the east and north-east by the Werra valley. The southern boundary is less clearly defined, as the range merges into the gentler hills of the Söhrewald to the south-west, and climbs towards the high plateau of the Hoher Meißner to the south-east.

The highest natural point is  Hirschberg; however the  summit of Bilstein forms a much better natural viewpoint, and since 1869 has been crowned with an observation tower. The present tower was erected in 1889 and extended to its present height of  in 1960; it offers panoramic views across the region. Other peaks include Mühlenstein (),
Haferberg (), Langenberg (), Großer Steinberg () and Kleiner Steinberg ().

The area is popular for walking and especially for cycling; an extensive network of waymarked forestry and agricultural tracks provide excellent traffic-free routes. The annual Bilstein Bike Marathon attracts hundreds of mountain bikers to compete in races of varying length and difficulty. In winter, the same trails are used for cross-country skiing. The main tourist centre for the area is the small town of Großalmerode. Other settlements include Kaufungen (which lends its name to the range), Helsa and Nieste. The larger towns of Kassel, Witzenhausen and Hessisch Lichtenau lie on the western, eastern and southern fringes respectively.

The entire of the area enjoys protected status; the hills in Hesse form part of the Meißner-Kaufungen Forest Nature Park, while those in Lower Saxony belong to the Münden Nature Park. However, the southern part of the range may be affected by the planned extension of the A 44 autobahn from its present end in Kassel to Eisenach. The controversial extension, which has been delayed and rerouted several times on environmental grounds, is part of a national strategy to improve communications between the east and west of Germany, in the wake of reunification.

External links
 Naturpark Meißner-Kaufunger Wald  (in German)
 Naturpark Münden (in German)

Forests and woodlands of Lower Saxony
North Hesse
Hill ranges of Lower Saxony
Landforms of Hesse
Hill ranges of Germany
Forests and woodlands of Hesse
Natural regions of the East Hesse Highlands

Kaufungen Forest