Simon & Schuster Inc. ( ) is an American publishing company and a subsidiary of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts. It was founded in New York City on January 2, 1924, by Richard L. Simon and M. Lincoln Schuster. Along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins and Macmillan Publishers, Simon & Schuster is considered one of the 'Big Five' English language publishers.  Simon & Schuster was the third largest publisher in the United States, publishing 2,000 titles annually under 35 different imprints.

History

Early years
In 1924, Richard Simon's aunt, a crossword puzzle enthusiast, asked whether there was a book of New York World crossword puzzles, which were very popular at the time. After discovering that none had been published, Simon and Max Schuster decided to launch a company to exploit the opportunity. At the time, Simon was a piano salesman and Schuster was editor of an automotive trade magazine. They pooled , equivalent to $ today, to start a company that published crossword puzzles.

The new publishing house used "fad" publishing to publish books that exploited current fads and trends. Simon called this "planned publishing". Instead of signing authors with a planned manuscript, they came up with their own ideas, and then hired writers to carry them out.

In the 1930s, the publisher moved to what has been referred to as "Publisher's Row" on Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York.

Expansion
In 1939, Simon & Schuster financially backed Robert Fair de Graff to found Pocket Books, America's first paperback publisher. In 1942, Simon & Schuster and Western Publishing launched the Little Golden Books series in cooperation with the Artists and Writers Guild.

In 1944, Marshall Field III, owner of the Chicago Sun, purchased Simon & Schuster and Pocket Books. The company was sold back to Simon and Schuster following his death in 1957  for $1 million.

In the 1950s and 1960s, many publishers including Simon & Schuster turned toward educational publishing due to the baby boom market. Pocket Books focused on paperbacks for the educational market instead of textbooks and started the Washington Square Press imprint in 1959. By 1964 it had published over 200 titles and was expected to put out another 400 by the end of that year. Books published under the imprint included classic reprints such as Lorna Doone, Ivanhoe, Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, and Robinson Crusoe. In 1967, Simon & Schuster acquired Monarch Press Publishing, Inc., along with its extensive line of college and high school study guides published.

In 1960, Richard Simon died of a heart attack; six years later, Max Schuster retired and sold his half of Simon & Schuster to Leon Shimkin. Shimkin then merged Simon & Schuster with Pocket Books under the name of Simon & Schuster. In 1968, editor-in-chief Robert Gottlieb, who worked at Simon & Schuster since 1955 and edited several bestsellers including Joseph Heller's Catch-22, left abruptly to work at competitor Knopf, taking other influential S&S employees, Nina Bourne, and Tony Schulte.

Simon & Schuster was acquired by Gulf+Western in an 8-for-1 stock swap on January 28, 1975. Four years later in 1979, Richard Snyder was named CEO of the company. Over the next several years he would help grow the company substantially.

1980s
After the death of Gulf+Western head Charles Bluhdorn on February 19, 1983, the company made the decision to diversify. Bluhdorn's successor Martin Davis told The New York Times, "Society was undergoing dramatic changes so that there was a greater need for textbooks, maps, and educational information. We saw the opportunity to diversify into those areas, which are more stable and more profitable than trade publishing."

In 1984, Simon & Schuster with CEO Richard E. Snyder acquired educational publisher Esquire Corporation, owner of companies including Allyn & Bacon (and former owner of Esquire magazine), for $180 million. Prentice Hall was brought into the company fold in 1985 for over $700 million and was viewed by some executives to be a catalyst for change for the company as a whole. This acquisition was followed by Silver Burdett in 1986, mapmaker Gousha in 1987 and Charles E. Simon in 1988. Part of the acquisition included educational publisher Allyn & Bacon which, according to then editor and chief Michael Korda, became the "nucleus of S&S's educational and informational business." Three California educational companies were also purchased between 1988 and 1990Quercus, Fearon Education and Janus Book Publishers. In all, Simon & Schuster spent more than $1 billion in acquisitions between 1983 and 1991.

In the 1980s, Snyder also made an unsuccessful bid toward video publishing which was believed to have led to the company's success in the audiobook business. Snyder was dismayed to realize that Simon & Schuster did not own the video rights to Jane Fonda's Workout Book, a huge bestseller at the time and that the video company producing the VHS was making more money on the video. This prompted Snyder to ask editors to obtain video rights for every new book. Agents were often reluctant to give these upwhich meant the S&S Video division never took off. Simon & Schuster launched its audiobook division in 1985. According to Korda,  audiobooks were a major business for Simon & Schuster by the 1990s.

In 1989, Gulf and Western Inc., owner of Simon & Schuster, changed its name to Paramount Communications Inc.

1990s
In 1990, The New York Times described Simon & Schuster as the largest book publisher in the United States with sales of $1.3 billion the previous year. That same year, Simon & Schuster acquired the children's publisher Green Tiger Press.

In 1993, Simon & Schuster bought Macmillan (including Scribner's, Free Press, and Jossey-Bass), and changed its name to Paramount Publishing. Viacom then bought Paramount in 1994 and changed the name back to Simon & Schuster. Macmillan was acquired for US$552.8 million. Later that year, Snyder was suddenly fired from S&S and was replaced by the company's president and chief operating officer Jonathan Newcomb. Simon & Schuster then sold several peripheral assets, such as selling Charles E. Simon Co. to CDB Infotek. Gousha was sold to Rand McNally in 1996.

In 1994, S&S acquired the software operations of Markt+Technik. Later that year, Simon & Schuster (through Paramount) launched a software publisher in partnership with Davidson & Associates named Simon & Schuster Interactive. The studio published video games such as Outlaw Golf, Deer Avenger, I.M. Meen, Chill Manor, EVE Online, and games based on Richard Scarry's characters. S&S Interactive shut down in 2003.

In 1998, Viacom sold Simon & Schuster's educational operations (including Prentice Hall, Macmillan, and Jossey-Bass) to Pearson plc, the global publisher and then owner of Penguin and the Financial Times; Pearson then merged the operations with Addison-Wesley Longman to form Pearson Education. Later, Pearson sold several of the acquired S&S divisions: first Appleton & Lange was divested to McGraw-Hill and Master Data Central was sold to Master Data Center. Then, Jossey-Bass was sold to John Wiley & Sons and the Bureau of Business Practice was sold to Wolters Kluwer. Subsequently, Macmillan Library Reference's children's imprints (Silver Burdett Press, Dillon Press, Crestwood House, Silver Press, New Discovery and Julian Messner) were closed. Then, Gale acquired Macmillan Library Reference (Charles Scribner's Sons Reference, Macmillan Reference, Thorndike Press, G.K. Hall, Twayne Publishers and Schirmer Books). Finally, IDG Books acquired Macmillan General Reference (including Frommer's, J.K. Lasser, Betty Crocker Cookbooks, Weight Watchers Dieting and Cookbooks and Howell House Pet Books but excluding Complete Idiot's Guides, which Pearson later transferred to Macmillan Computer Publishing under Alpha Books and currently part of Penguin Random House under Dorling Kindersley).

2000s
In 2002, Simon & Schuster acquired its Canadian distributor Distican. Simon & Schuster began publishing in Canada in 2013.

At the end of 2005, Viacom split into two companies: CBS Corporation (which inherited S&S and Paramount Parks), and the other retaining the Viacom name. Also in 2005, Simon & Schuster acquired Strebor Books International, which was founded in 1999 by author Kristina Laferne Roberts, who has written under the pseudonym "Zane." A year later, in 2006, Simon & Schuster launched the conservative imprint Threshold Editions.

In 2009, Simon & Schuster signed a multi-book and co-publishing deal with Glenn Beck which fell over many of its imprints and included adult non-fiction, fiction, children, and YA literature as well as e-book and audiobook originals. As part of CBS, Simon & Schuster has been the primary publisher for books related to various media franchises owned by and/or aired on CBS such as CSI. The company has also held a license to publish books in the Star Trek franchise under Pocket Books.

2010s
In 2011, Simon & Schuster signed a number of co-publishing deals. Glenn Beck signed a new co-publishing deal with Simon & Schuster for his own imprint, Mercury Ink. Under Atria, Simon & Schuster also launched a publishing venture with Cash Money Records called Cash Money Content.

On April 11, 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc., naming Apple, Simon & Schuster, and four other major publishers as defendants.  The suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon.com's position in the market, in violation of antitrust law.

Simon & Schuster reorganized all of their imprints under four main groups in 2012. The four groups included the Atria Publishing Group, the Scribner Publishing Group, the Simon & Schuster Publishing Group and the Gallery Publishing Group. According to CEO Carolyn Reidy, the divisions were created to align imprints that complement one another and that the structure would "lead to a sharper editorial focus for our imprints even as it takes consideration of the natural affinities among them." In 2012, Simon & Schuster launched a self-publishing arm of the company, Archway Publishing.

On November 14, 2013, Simon & Schuster signed a co-publishing agreement with former New York Yankees shortstop, Derek Jeter, to launch Jeter Publishing. In December 2013, a federal judge approved a settlement of the antitrust claims, in which Simon & Schuster and the other publishers paid into a fund that provided credits to customers who had overpaid for books due to the price-fixing.

In 2014, Simon & Schuster signed a partnership deal with Amazon over ebooks and also launched a new speculative fiction imprint. On October 21, 2014, Simon & Schuster signed a multi-year partnership deal with Amazon.com in negotiations concerning the price of e-books. Simon & Schuster also launched a new science fiction imprint called Simon451 that would publish titles across science fiction and fantasy with an emphasis on ebooks and online communities. The name of the imprint was inspired by Ray Bradbury's book Fahrenheit 451 (the temperature at which books burn). Bradbury's classic is also published by Simon & Schuster.

Simon & Schuster expanded beyond book publishing in 2015 by offering a new business model and additional services for authors. In 2015, Simon & Schuster announced the creation of a new publishing unit and imprint called North Star Way. The imprint would publish non-fiction titles such as self-improvement, inspirational and mind-body-spirit titles. In addition, the group would also serve as a platform and set of services for authors that go beyond what a traditional book publisher offers to find their audience. The services include helping authors expand their reach through online courses, seminars, workshops, mobile applications, video and audiobooks, sponsorships and business partnerships, and podcasts. North Star Way sits within the Gallery Publishing Group division. According to Michele Martin, publisher and founder, the name North Star reflects their mission, "to publish books that will help readers find the path to a better life, and to be a guide for our authors, not only through publication of their books but also in the many other activities that can help their message find the widest possible audience." In an interview with Kirkus Reviews, Michele Martin expanded that North Star Way, "aims to meet consumers where they are, in whatever form of media they consume. We expand the ideas in the books into a variety of platforms." The name prompted Marvel Comics to attempt to register the name of their superhero Northstar in February 2015. The application was denied as Simon & Schuster had already made a trademark application for North Star Way in January.

Simon & Schuster launched SimonSays.com a portal for online video courses in 2016, along with Scout Press, a new literary fiction imprint under Gallery Books Group. They also launched North Star Way, a platform-based program to provide authors with services beyond publishing including brand management, online courses, sponsorship, and business partnerships. Also as of 2016, Simon & Schuster had more than 18k e-books available for sale and signed a deal to distribute Start Publishing LLC, a catalog of 7,000 e-book titles.

In 2019, CBS and Viacom reunited to form ViacomCBS. As a result, Simon & Schuster became part of the newly formed ViacomCBS. Since February 15, 2022, ViacomCBS is known as Paramount Global.

2020s
In March 2020, ViacomCBS CEO Bob Bakish announced the company's intention to sell the Simon & Schuster division, as it "does not have significant connection for our broader business." Bakish expected a sale to close in 2020, although the COVID-19 pandemic delayed that process.

In September 2020, German media group Bertelsmann (which owns Penguin Random House) announced that it was interested in acquiring Simon & Schuster. According to Bertelsmann chief executive and chairman Thomas Rabe, "We've been the most active player on the consolidation of the book publishing market in the last 10 years. We combined Penguin and Random House very successfully to create by far the largest book publisher in the world, actually the only global book publisher. Given this position we would, of course, be interested in Simon & Schuster."

Vivendi (which owns French publisher Editis) and News Corp (which owns HarperCollins) were also named as contenders in acquiring Simon & Schuster. ViacomCBS expected the bids to be placed before November 26, 2020.

On November 25, 2020, ViacomCBS announced it would sell Simon & Schuster to Penguin Random House for $2.175 billion. The deal had been expected to close in 2022. The deal, however, was blocked by US federal judge Florence Y. Pan on October 31, 2022. An appealing to the court ruling was announced a day later by Bertelsmann, but it was ultimately canceled on November 21.

In 2021, Simon & Schuster made book deals with former Trump administration officials, such as Vice President Mike Pence and Trump adviser Kellyanne Conway. This prompted protests among Simon & Schuster staff. On November 2, 2021, the United States Department of Justice filed a civil antitrust lawsuit to block Penguin Random House's proposed acquisition of Simon & Schuster. The lawsuit argues that the acquisition would create a publisher with too much influence over books and author payments. A federal judge sided with the plaintiff, leading Paramount to nullify the deal in November 2022.

In 2022, Simon & Schuster employee Filippo Bernardini was arrested for the 2016–2021 literary phishing thefts. The company released a statement saying they were "shocked and horrified to learn today of the allegations of fraud and identity theft by an employee."

In June 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that HarperCollins and investment firm Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) had emerged as potential frontrunners for the company. On August 3, 2023, it was reported that KKR was in "advanced talks" with Paramount Global. On August 7, 2023, Paramount Global announced that it had agreed to sell Simon & Schuster to KKR for $1.62 billion. The sale was completed on October 30, 2023.

People

Editors and publishers

 Clifton Fadiman Jr., editor-in-chief
 Jack Goodman, editor-in-chief
 Jerome Weidman, editor-in-chief
 Joe Barnes, editor-in-chief
 Justin Kaplan
 Max Schuster (editor-in-chief)
 Michael Korda (editor-in-chief)
 Quincy Howe (editor-in-chief)
 Robert Gottlieb
 Peter Schwed
 Wallace Brockway (editor-in-chief)
 William Cole
Maxwell Perkins

Authors
Simon & Schuster has published thousands of books from thousands of authors. This list represents some of the more notable authors (those who are culturally significant or have had several bestsellers, meaning they have sold at least 3,000 books).

 Andrew Solomon
 Annie Proulx
 Audrey Niffenegger
 Bob Woodward
 Carrie Fisher
 Chapo Trap House
 Cornelius Ryan
 Dan Brown
 David McCullough
 Dick Cheney
 Donald Trump
 Doris Kearns Goodwin
 Doris Lessing
 Ernest Hemingway
 F. Scott Fitzgerald
 Frank McCourt
 Glenn Beck
 Kayleigh McEnany
 Ludwig Bemelmans
 Harold Robbins
 Hendrik Willem van Loon
 Hillary Clinton
 Howard Stern
 Hunter S. Thompson
 Jack Paar
 Jackie Collins
 James Riley
 Janet Evanovich
 Jimmy Carter
 Pinky Cole
 Jodi Picoult
 John Bolton
 John Irving
 Joseph Heller
 Jennette McCurdy
 Judith Rossner
 Kay Thompson
 Larry McMurtry
 Lana Del Rey
 Maddox
 Mark R. Levin
 Mary Higgins Clark
 P. G. Wodehouse
 Peter Hook
 Philippa Gregory
 R. L. Stine
 Sandra Brown
 Shel Silverstein
 Siddhartha Mukherjee
 Sister Souljah
 Stephen E. Ambrose
 Stephen King
 Thomas Berger
 Thomas Wolfe
 Ursula K. Le Guin
 Walter Isaacson
 Zoella

Logo

According to one source, The Sower, the logo of Simon & Schuster, was inspired by the 1850 Jean-François Millet painting of the same name. According to Michael Korda, the colophon is a small reproduction of The Sower by Sir John Everett Millais.

Imprints

Adult publishing
 Adams Media, located in Avon, Massachusetts
 Atria Publishing Group
 37 INK, publisher of African-American and other diverse voices
 Atria Books, general publisher
 Atria Español, publisher of Spanish language books with a focus on United States Spanish speakers
 Atria Unbound, general publisher of ebook editions of Atria
 Beyond Words Publishing co-venture with Atria specializing in the mind-body-spirit category
 Cash Money Content, a co-venture with Cash Money Records
 Emily Bestler Books, publisher of fiction and non-fiction
 Enliven Books, publisher of spiritual and wellness books
 Howard Books, publisher of Christian books
 Keywords Press, publisher of books by Internet personalities
 Marble Arch Press, co-publishing agreement with the United Kingdom publisher Short Books
 One Signal Publishers, nonfiction publisher founded by Julia Cheiffetz
 Simon Element, publishes nonfiction books addressing foundational topics.
 Strebor Books International, publisher of African-American books as well as Black Erotica
 Washington Square Press, paperback publisher of classic and contemporary fiction
 Avid Reader Press
 Gallery Books Group
 Gallery Books, general interest publisher
 Karen Hunter Publishing, general interest imprint founded by journalist Karen Hunter
 Mercury Ink, co-publishing deal with Glenn Beck and Mercury Radio Arts
 MTV Entertainment Books (formerly MTV Books), young adult and pop-culture imprint
 North Star Way Books, inspirational non-fiction imprint with additional services for authors
 Pocket Books, mass market imprint of the Gallery Publishing Group
 Pocket Star, e-book only imprint of the Gallery Publishing Group
 Scout Press, publisher of literary fiction
 Threshold Editions, conservative imprint
 Twelve, an imprint that publishes each book with a month-long launch
 Gallery 13, a graphic novel imprint
 Scribner
 Scribner, publisher of fiction and non-fiction books
 Simon & Schuster (the flagship imprint)
 Folger Shakespeare Library, publishes print and ebooks of Shakespeare works
 Simon451, publisher of speculative fiction and fantasy
 Saga Press (specializes in science fiction and fantasy.)

Children's publishing
 Aladdin, publisher of picture and chapter books for middle-grade readers
 Atheneum, publisher of literary middle grade, teen and picture books
 Beach Lane Books, publisher of picture books, founded in 2008 and located in San Diego
 Little Simon, publisher of children's books
 Margaret K. McElderry Books, boutique imprint publisher of literary fiction and nonfiction for children and teens
 MTV Books, pop culture imprint relaunched in 2021
 Paula Wiseman Books, publisher of picture books, novelty books and novels for children
 Salaam Reads, imprint for Muslim children's literature by Simon & Schuster's Children's Division
 Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, flagship imprint of Simon & Schuster's Children's Division
 Simon Pulse, publisher of teen books, launched in 1999 as Pocket Pulse and renamed in 2001
 Simon Spotlight, publisher focused on licensed properties for children

Audio
 Pimsleur Language Programs, language courses
 Simon & Schuster Audio, Audio division of Simon & Schuster

Former imprints
 Archway (children's imprint of Pocket Books, merged into Aladdin Paperbacks)
 Bookthrift (Inexpensive reprints, discontinued)
 Earthlight (UK science fiction imprint, discontinued)
 Downtown Press (women's fiction, discontinued)
 Fireside Books
 Free Press
 Green Tiger Press
 Half Moon Books
 Inner Sanctum Mysteries
 Linden Press
 Long Shadow Books
 Minstrel Books (children's imprint of Pocket Books, merged into Aladdin Paperbacks)
 Poseidon Press (operated 1982–1993)
 Richard Gallen Books
 Simon & Schuster Interactive (1995–2003)
 Sonnet Books
 Summit Books, run by James H. Silberman (operated 1976–1991)
 Tiller Press (specializes in "practical nonfiction": diet, wellness, home design.)
 Touchstone
 Wallaby Books

See also

 The other "Big Five" English language book publishers: Hachette, Holtzbrinck/Macmillan, HarperCollins and Penguin Random House
 Books in the United States
 List of largest book publishers of the United Kingdom
 Media of New York City

References

Further reading

 "Simon & Schuster Inc." International Directory of Company Histories. 4:671–672.
 "Simon & Schuster Inc." International Directory of Company Histories. 19:403–405.

External links

Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Publishing companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1924
Publishing companies established in 1924
1924 establishments in New York (state)
Former Paramount Global subsidiaries
Gulf and Western Industries
2023 mergers and acquisitions
Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies

Simon & Schuster


Deferred tax is a notional asset or liability to reflect corporate income taxation on a basis that is the same or more similar to recognition of profits than the taxation treatment.  Deferred tax liabilities can arise as a result of corporate taxation treatment of capital expenditure being more rapid than the accounting depreciation treatment. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carry-overs, which are only recorded as asset if it is deemed more likely than not that the asset will be used in future fiscal periods. Different countries may also allow or require discounting of the assets or particularly liabilities. There are often disclosure requirements for potential liabilities and assets that are not actually recognised as an asset or liability.

Permanent and Temporary differences
If an item in the profit and loss account is never chargeable or allowable for tax or is chargeable or allowable for tax purposes but never appears in the profit and loss account then this is a permanent difference. A permanent difference does not give rise to deferred tax.

If items are chargeable or allowable for tax purposes but in different periods to when the income or expense is recognised then this gives rise to temporary differences. Temporary difference do give rise to potential deferred tax, but the rules on whether the deferred asset or liability is actually recognised can vary.

Temporary differences are usually calculated on the differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability recognized in the statements of financial position and the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax at the beginning and end of the year. The differences in the charges to the profit and loss account compared to the amounts taxable or allowable can also be calculated and should reconcile the change in position at the beginning and end of the year.

Example
The basic principle of accounting for deferred tax under a temporary difference approach can be illustrated using a common example in which a company has fixed assets that qualify for tax depreciation.

The following example assumes that a company purchases an asset for $1,000 which is depreciated for accounting purposes on a straight-line basis of five years of $200/year. The company claims tax depreciation of 25% per year on a reducing balance basis. The applicable rate of corporate income tax is assumed to be 35%, and the net value is subtracted.

As the tax value, or tax base, is lower than the accounting value, or book value, in years 1 and 2, the company should recognize a deferred tax liability. This also reflects that the company has claimed tax depreciation in excess of the expense for accounting depreciation recorded in its accounts, whereas in the future the company should claim less tax depreciation in total than accounting depreciation in its accounts.

In years 3 and 4, the tax value exceeds the accounting value, therefore the company should recognise a deferred tax asset (subject to it having sufficient forecast profits so that it is able to use future tax deductions). This reflects that the company expects to be able to claim tax depreciation in excess of accounting depreciation.

Timing differences

In many cases the deferred tax outcome will be similar for a temporary difference or timing difference approach. However, differences can arise such as in relation to revaluation of fixed assets qualifying for tax depreciation, which gives rise to a deferred tax asset under a balance sheet approach, but in general should have no impact under a timing difference approach.

Justification for deferred tax accounting

Deferred tax is relevant to the matching principle.

Examples

Deferred tax liabilities

Deferred tax liabilities generally arise where tax relief is provided in advance of an accounting expense/unpaid liabilities, or income is accrued but not taxed until received

Deferred tax assets

Deferred tax assets generally arise where tax relief is provided after an expense is deducted for accounting purposes:

 a company may accrue an accounting expense in relation to a provision such as bad debts, but tax relief may not be obtained until the provision is utilized
 a company may incur tax losses and be able to "carry forward" losses to reduce taxable income in future years..

An asset on a company's balance sheet that may be used to reduce any subsequent period's income tax expense. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carryover.

Deferred tax in modern accounting standards

Modern accounting standards typically require that a company provides for deferred tax in accordance with either the temporary difference or timing difference approach. Where a deferred tax liability or asset is recognised, the liability or asset should reduce over time (subject to new differences arising) as the temporary or timing difference reverses.

Under International Financial Reporting Standards, deferred tax should be accounted for using the principles in IAS 12: Income Taxes, which is similar (but not identical) to SFAS 109 under US GAAP. Both these accounting standards require a temporary difference approach.

Other accounting standards which deal with deferred tax include:

 UK GAAP - Financial Reporting Standard 19: Deferred Tax (timing difference approach)
 Mexican GAAP or NIF - NIF D-4, Impuestos a la utilidad
 Canadian GAAP - CICA Section 3465
 Russian PBU 18 (2002) Accounting for profit tax (timing difference approach)
INDIAN AS-Institute Of Charted Account of India -AS 22 Accounting for taxes on income

Derecognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities
Management has an obligation to accurately report the true state of the company, and to make judgements and estimations where necessary. In the context of tax assets and liabilities, there must be a reasonable likelihood that the tax difference may be realised in future years.

For example, a tax asset may appear on the company's accounts due to losses in previous years (if carry-forward of tax losses is allowed). In this case a deferred tax asset should be recognised if and only if the management considered that there will be sufficient future taxable profit to use the tax loss. If it becomes clear that the company does not expect to make profits in future years, the value of the tax asset has been impaired: in the estimation of management, the likelihood that this tax loss can be used in the future has significantly fallen.

In cases where the carrying value of tax assets or liabilities has changed, the company may need to do a write-down, and in certain cases involving in particular a fundamental error, a restatement of its financial results from previous years. Such write-downs may involve either significant income or expenditure being recorded in the company's profit and loss for the financial year in which the write-down takes place.

See also
Deferred financing costs
Tax shield

Notes

External links
 Summary of International Accounting Standard 12: Income Taxes by the International Accounting Standards Board
 Summary of Financial Accounting Standard 109: Income Taxes - US Financial Accounting Standard
 Financial Reporting Standard 19: Deferred Tax - UK Financial Reporting Standard

Tax terms
Corporate taxation
Tax accounting

Deferred tax


Imperial Bank Limited commonly known as Imperial Bank, is a commercial bank in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. It is one of the forty-three commercial banks licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya, the central bank and national banking regulator.

On 13 October 2015, the Central Bank of Kenya placed Imperial Bank under the management and control of the state's Kenya Deposit Insurance Corporation because of what the Central Bank termed as "unsafe and unsound business conditions" at the Bank. Separately, sources said an internal fraud scheme had occasioned the move.

The Central Bank of Kenya had hoped that owners of Imperial Bank would inject cash into the institution but has recently lamented that the shareholders had failed to make good on their promise.

Depositors of the troubled bank can now make their claims at any Central Bank of Kenya or Diamond Trust Bank Group branch and such claims will take three days to confirm their details before they are paid.

Overview
Imperial Bank is a medium-sized retail bank that caters to both individuals and corporate clients. , the bank's total asset base was valued at about US$498 million (KES:43 billion), with shareholders equity of approximately US$66.2 million (KES:5.719 billion). At that time, Imperial Bank Limited was ranked the 19th largest Kenyan commercial bank, by assets, out of forty-three licensed banks in the country.

History
Imperial Bank Limited was established in 1992 as a Finance and Securities Company. In 1996, the bank commenced commercial banking services, following the issuance of a banking license by the Central Bank of Kenya. In January 2011, the bank, in partnership with Mukwano Group, a Ugandan business and manufacturing conglomerate, opened a subsidiary, Imperial Bank Uganda, with headquarters at 6 Hannington Road, on Nakasero Hill, in the center of Kampala's central business district.

Subsidiaries and Investments
The companies that comprise the Imperial Bank include the following:
 Imperial Bank Kenya – Retail banking – Nairobi, Kenya – 100% Shareholding – A commercial bank in Kenya, serving individuals and businesses, focusing mainly on large corporations. This is the flagship company of the group.
 Imperial Bank Uganda – Retail banking – Kampala, Uganda – 58.6% Shareholding – A commercial bank in Uganda.

Ownership
The stock of the bank is privately held. The bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of Imperial Securities Limited. The detailed shareholding in Imperial Securities Limited is as follows:

Branch network
, the bank maintained a network of branches at the following locations:

 Head Office – Imperial Court, Westlands Road, Westlands, Nairobi
 Westlands Branch – Imperial Court, Westlands Road, Westlands, Nairobi
 Upper Hill Branch – Bunyala Road, Upper Hill, Nairobi
 IPS Branch – IPS Building, 8th Floor, Kimathi Street, Nairobi
 Parklands Branch – Regal Plaza, Ground Floor, Limuru Road, 6th Avenue, Parklands, Nairobi
 Card Centre – Regal Plaza, Ground Floor, Limuru Road, Parklands, Nairobi
 Highridge Branch – Masari Road, Parklands, Nairobi
 Mombasa Branch – Imperial Bank Building, Kaunda Avenue, Mombasa
 Diani Branch – Beach Road Next to Collier Centre, Diani
 Karen Branch – 1st Floor, Cross Roads Mall, Karen, Nairobi
 Malindi Branch – Galana Centre, Lamu Road, Malindi
 Watamu Branch – Tourist Road, Watamu
 Thika Branch – Pushpa Plaza, Nkrumah Road, Thika
 Eldoret Branch I – Imperial Court, Nairobi Road, Eldoret
 Kilifi Branch – Kilifi Arcade, Biashara Street, Kilifi
 Industrial Area Branch – Bamburi Road, off Enterprise Road, Nairobi
 Village Market Branch – Village Market, Limuru Road, Gigiri
 Riverside Branch – Riverside Green Suite, 1st Floor, Riverside Drive, Nairobi
 Likoni Branch – Nova Holdings Complex, Nyerere Avenue, Mombasa
 Haile Selassie Branch – Blueroom Building, Haile Selassie Road, Mombasa
 Bamburi Branch – City Mall, 1st Floor, Bamburi, Mombasa
 Changamwe Branch – Rhino Properties Refinery Place, Mombasa
 Junction Branch – Junction Mall, Fourth Floor, Ngong Road, Nairobi
 Nakuru Branch – Ground Floor, Westside Mall, Nakuru
 Greenspan Branch – Manyanja Road, Off Outering Road, Nairobi
 Eldoret Branch II – Laboso House, Kenyatta Street, Eldoret
 Nyali Cinemax Branch – Nyali Cinemax, Mombasa.
 Westgate Mall Branch-Nairobi
 GardenCity Mall Branch – Thika Road
 Lunga Lunga Branch – Industrial Area, Nairobi

Governance
Alnashir Popat, a non-executive director of the bank, serves as the Chairman of the seven-member board of directors. Following the death of Abdulmalek Janmohamed in September 2015, Naeem Shah was named managing director, on an interim basis.

Recent Developments
On 21 June 2016, the Central Bank of Kenya appointed NIC Bank as asset and liabilities consultant for Imperial Bank (in receivership). Effectively, NIC Bank took over the responsibility of returning funds to the failed bank's deposit customers. The agreement also allows NIC to acquire some of the deposits, assets and liabilities of Imperial once its receiver manager the Kenya Deposit Insurance Corporation starts liquidating the bank.

On 11 January 2017, IBL Depositors Lobby Group (a collaboration of investors affected by the continuously delayed and fraudulent Imperial Bank receivership of October 2015, drafted an open letter to the Central Bank of Kenya and Kenya Deposit Insurance Corporation (responsible for the receivership mandate) requesting a final statement regarding the ruling from Millimani Law Courts dated 4 November 2016 stating that 40% of the outstanding funds can and should be paid out to the effected parties awaiting their dues.

24 March 2017, Central Bank of Kenya extends the receivership for another 90 days expressing that the handlers of the receivership (Kenya Deposit Insurance Corporation) require more time.

3 May 2017, NIC Bank completes its process with assisting on the Imperial Bank Limited investigation and pay out structure.

See also

 Imperial Bank Uganda
 List of banks in Kenya
 Central Bank of Kenya
 Economy of Kenya

References

External links
  Website of Imperial Bank Limited
 Website of Central Bank of Kenya
 Imperial Bank's Expansion Pays Off

Defunct banks of Kenya
Banks established in 1993
Companies based in Nairobi
Kenyan companies established in 1993

Imperial Bank Limited


Jewel McGowan (1921-1962) is best known as a dancer of Lindy Hop, a form of swing dance, in the 1940s and 1950s. She also danced in other, non-swing films, and with modern jazz dance pioneer Jack Cole. She is known among dance aficionados as the frequent partner of dancer Dean Collins. McGowan was considered by her fellow Los Angeles dancers to be the best female swing dancer who ever lived. In addition to their social dancing, Collins and McGowan appeared together as dancers in films of the era. They were partners for 11 years. McGowan is especially known for her hip swivels.

Selected filmography

Buck Privates (1941), partner Dean Collins
Playmates (1941), partner Dean Collins
Dance Hall (1941), partner Dean Collins
Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942), partner Dean Collins
Springtime in the Rockies (1942), partner Dean Collins
The Talk of the Town (1942), partner Dean Collins
Always a Bridesmaid (1943), partner Dean Collins
Young Ideas (1943), jitterbug dancer
The Powers Girl (1943), partner Dean Collins (famous for dancing in the rain with an umbrella)
Kid Dynamite (1943), partner Dean Collins
Living It Up (1954), partner Dean Collins

Dean and Jewel also appeared in a few short films such as "Chool Song," and Jewel appeared solo in the short "Hilo Hattie" doing the hula in a grass skirt.

Television documentaries
In the Kingdom of Swing (1993), partner Dean Collins (on Benny Goodman)

Honors
California Swing Dance Hall of Fame (1990), Stellar Star Award

See also
 List of dancers

References

External links

American female dancers
Lindy Hop
1962 deaths
1921 births
American swing dancers
Place of birth missing
20th-century American dancers
20th-century American women

Jewel McGowan


Analyze That is a 2002 American mafia comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and produced by Paula Weinstein and Jane Rosenthal. The film is a sequel to the 1999 film Analyze This. The film starred Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal who respectively reprise their roles as mobster Paul Vitti and psychiatrist Ben Sobel.

Following the success of the first film, Warner Bros. developed a follow-up to the film, with much of the same cast and crew returning. Analyze That was released on December 6, 2002, however, did not achieve the commercial success that the first film had, grossing only $55 million worldwide against its $60 million budget.

Plot
Near the completion of his sentence in Sing Sing, Paul Vitti's life is threatened by assassins and corrupt guards while incarcerated. He starts singing showtunes from West Side Story to get the attention of Ben Sobel, who previously hung up on him while attending his father's funeral.

The FBI calls in Ben to perform psychiatric tests on Paul to determine if he is feigning insanity. After the tests, it appears Paul's mental state is deteriorating, and the FBI approves Paul's release for one month, into Ben's custody, for further therapy. As Ben drives Paul from prison, Paul immediately reveals that he was faking.

Ben talks Paul into finding a regular job as requested by the FBI. Paul attempts to find a legitimate job (he tries a car dealer, a restaurant, and a jewelry store), but his rude manners and paranoia only complicate things further. This ends up in him getting fired each time.

At the same time, Paul is told by de facto boss Patti LoPresti that the Rigazzi family wants him dead. He responds to this by telling the Rigazzis that he is "out" and seeking a new line of employment. He eventually finds employment working as a technical advisor on the set of a mafia TV series.

Meanwhile, FBI agents inform Ben that Paul has his former crew back together, and may be planning something major. This rouses Ben's suspicion, and he visits Paul. Both get caught up in a car chase with Rigazzi hitmen, which ends up with Paul escaping. The FBI blames Ben, and gives him 24 hours to locate Paul.

After locating Paul through Ben's son Michael, who is now working as Paul's chauffeur, Ben discovers Paul is planning a big armored car heist with LoPresti as a partner. He attempts to intervene and talk Paul out of it but Paul proceeds and Ben is forced to go along as well.

The crew ambushes the armored car with smoke grenades, and lift it over a fence in the midst of the confusion. They extract over $22 million of gold bullion, but LoPresti's thugs take over, revealing themselves to actually have been working for Rigazzi.

Ben, in a fit of anger, beats one of them, and Paul's men apprehend the others. They use the gold bullion to frame the Rigazzi family, leaving three Rigazzi goons locked in the armored truck suspended from the crane. This leads to the arrest of the entire Rigazzi family, and in turn, prevents a mob war.

Ben meets with Paul and Jelly near bridges on the New York waterfront, and they part ways again as friends, singing another West Side Story showtune together. During the credits, bloopers are shown.

Cast

Production

Pre-production
Initially, there was no plan to create a sequel to Analyze This, but the critical acclaim and box office success generated by the first film encouraged the producers to consider a sequel and discuss it with the studio and actors. They believed, as said by Crystal, that "there was an unfinished relationship between Ben Sobel and Paul Vitti from the first film" and "there was a good story to tell", so the sequel was commissioned.

The story of the sequel was inspired by an article in The New York Times about the psychotherapy used in the mafia TV show The Sopranos. Ramis said the article "raised questions about human nature and morality...Can the criminal mind be turned?" and he became interested in what would happen if "Paul Vitti got out of jail and committed himself to going straight."

The production arranged for Dr. Stephen A. Sands, a psychiatrist and faculty member of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons to be a technical adviser for the film, and he remained on set during the filming of scenes that involved psychiatric issues. Sands was very familiar with the details of mobster Vincent "The Chin" Gigante's alleged mental illness, after studying the case during his post-doctoral training. Sands also arranged for De Niro to visit Bellevue Hospital's psychiatric unit to meet patients and psychiatrists to discuss the character's symptoms, and De Niro sometimes participated in group therapy sessions during these visits.

Filming
Filming began in April 2002, and most of the scenes were shot in and around New York City, 7 months after the 9-11 attacks. Producer Jane Rosenthal said they decided to shoot the film there because "[i]t would have been unpatriotic not to shoot the picture in New York... As a New Yorker it was extremely important for me to get back to work and business as usual after 9-11."

Filming locations for Vitti's attempts at lawful employment include an Audi dealership on Park Avenue in Manhattan, a jewelry store in the Diamond District on West 47th Street, and Gallagher's Steak House on West 52nd Street. The prison scenes were filmed at the Riker's Island prison in Queens, with the prison release scene shot outside the entrance to Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. The funeral for Ben's father was filmed at Riverside Memorial Chapel on Manhattan's Upper West Side, and the Sobel household scenes shot in Montclair, New Jersey. The dinner at Nogo restaurant was filmed at West 13th Street in a restaurant that had closed down, and been refurbished by the film's art department. The scenes of Patty LoPresti's home were filmed in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey, and the Little Caesar set in Washington Square Park, Manhattan. Car chases were filmed on New Jersey Turnpike service roads in Kearney. The heist-planning scenes were shot in two locations: a derelict building in the meat packing district near West 14th Street, and a club called Exit on West 56th Street. The majority of the heist scenes were shot in an empty lot in West 57th Street between 11th and 12th Avenues, and below a West Side Highway underpass. While filming part of the heist sequence at the New York State 369th Regiment armory, on 145th Street and Fifth Avenue, the film set was visited by former President Bill Clinton, who was pleased the movie was being filmed in New York. The scene at a drive-through bank where the money flies before the police chase was filmed in Carlstadt, New Jersey.

During filming in Manhattan's Chelsea district June 14, Amanda Winklevoss, older sister to Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, died from unknown complications after climbing into a camera truck.

Cinematographer Ellen Kuras said that in shooting the film, the intention was to highlight the contrast between Vitti and Sobel's environments, because the film "exists in two different worlds... We wanted to evoke the contrast so we made Vitti's world cool, blue and blue-green, whereas Ben's world has a brighter, warmer palette, yellows and oranges that provide a neutral tone."

Reception

Box office
Analyze That opened in 2,635 theaters and grossed $11 million in its opening weekend, ranking in second place behind Die Another Day. The film went on to gross $32 million at the domestic box office and a further $23 million at the international box office for a worldwide total of $55 million against its $60 million budget.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 27% based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's consensus reads: "The one joke premise is stretched a bit thin in this messy sequel, but a few laughs can be had here and there." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on reviews from 34 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, and wrote "If the first film seemed to flow naturally from the premise, this one seems to slink uneasily onto the screen, aware that it feels exactly like a facile, superficial recycling job."

The film won the award for Worst Sequel at the 2002 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards.

References

External links

 Analyze That at BehaveNet Movies

2002 films
American sequel films
2000s English-language films
2002 comedy films
American crime comedy films
Films about psychiatry
Films about the American Mafia
Films directed by Harold Ramis
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in New Jersey
Mafia comedy films
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Harold Ramis
Films with screenplays by Peter Tolan
Warner Bros. films
Films scored by David Holmes (musician)
2000s American films

Analyze That


The Alfie Evans case is a  case in 2018 involvin Alfie Evans, an infant boy frae Liverpool sufferin frae an undiagnosed neurodegenerative disorder. The case became controversial acause the medical team an parents disagreed aboot treatment in the best interests o the bairn. Alder Hey Childer's NHS Foundation Trust (Liverpool) sought a declaration that continued ventilatory support wis nae in Alfie Evans' best interests. Alfie's parents, Thomas Evans an Kate James resisted the application.

A High Court judgment o 20 Februar 2018 stated that an MRI scan taken in Februar 2018 revealed that "[Alfie's] brain [was] entirely beyond recovery" an that "the brain was now only able tae generate seizure" wi "progressive destruction of the white matter of the brain which Dr R interpreted as now appearing almost identical tae water and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)". Follaein the conclusion o a court case Royal Courts o Juistice in Lunnon, Mr Juistice Hayden concluded that "I am satisfied that continued ventilatory support is no longer in Alfie's best interest".

In his High Court judgment o 11 Apryle 2018, Mr Juistice Hayden remarked that "by the end of February the connective pathways within the white matter of the brain which facilitate rudimentary sensation – hearing, touch, taste and sight, had been obliterated. They were no longer even identifiable on the MRI scan".

The ventilatory support wis removed on 23 Apryle 2018 follaein a series o unsuccessful appeals frae the faimily o Alfie Evans.

The case haed been commented on bi Pope Francis an the Preses o Poland Andrzej Duda.

Timeline
In November 2016, at sax month o age, Alfie Evans wis reviewed at the general paediatric outpatient clinic in Alder Hey Hospital, he wis foond tae be functioning in a range appropriate tae a sax week – 2 month auld infant.

On 14 December 2016, Evans wis admitted tae Alder Hey Accident an Emergency Department wi a history o coughing, heich temperature an a reportit episode o rhythmic jerking o aw fower limbs an his jaw. On 15 December, he shawn suddent unprovoked movements compatible wi infantile/epileptic spasms. An EEG performed on the 16t December 2016 confirmed hypsarrhythmia. A faur EEG wis taken in Januar 2017 an wis "was markedly different, showing attenuation with little in the way of reactive response for protracted periods of time. Changes only really occurred when Alfie had an epileptic seizure."

Evans' parents wanted tae remove him frae Alder Hey an seek faur treatment at the Bambino Gesù Hospital in Roum. In September 2017, Italian doctors frae Bambino Gesù Hospital produced an assessment report on the possibility o transferring Alfie tae Italy. Thair report contained "due tae stimulations related tae the transportation and flight; those seizures might induce further damage tae brain, being the whole procedure of transportation at risk."

On 19 December 2017, a heich court case began.

On 20 Februar 2018, judge rules in favour o Alder Hey Childer's NHS Foundation Trust.

On 6 Mairch, the Court o Appeals upholds the decision.

On 20 Mairch, the Supreme Court o the United Kinrick refuses the right for anither appeal.

On 28 Mairch, the European Court o Human Rights finds no violation o human rights.

On 16 Apryle, Evans' faither said that Alfie Evans wis wrongly "detained" at Alder Hey. Anthony Hayden High Court Judge dismissed that complaint an appeal judges upheld his decision.

On 17 Apryle Mr Evans an Ms James asked the Supreme Court tae consider thair case again.

On 20 Apryle, the Supreme Court refused permission for an appeal be heard.

The European Court o Human Rights determined an appeal tae be inadmissable. The decision resulted in a protest o at least 200 fowk takkin place ootside o Alder Hey hospital.

On 23 Apryle, Evans wis granted Italian citizenship unner the request o Fratelli D'Italia's leader Giorgia Meloni. The Italian Ministry o Foreign Affairs said it hopes Alfie will be allowed "immediate transfer tae Italy". The same day, it wis reportit that the life support for Evans wis withdrawn.

Accordin tae media reports, Evans' faither stated the next morning that Evans haed been breathing unassisted syne shortly efter life-support haed been withdrawn, an that life-support should be reinstated.

The evening o the same day, High Court judge  Juistice Hayden rejected the parents' appeal for permission tae flee thair son tae a hospital in Italy. Accordin tae the Liverpool Echo, Evans' faither told reporters later that evening that the court haed said it coud set aside three judges that evening tae hear his case again.

Death
Alfie Evans died on 28 Apryle 2018.

References

Medical controversies in the Unitit Kinrick

Alfie Evans case


Girish Shambu is an American film blogger, cinephile, film critic and educator.

Besides maintaining an eponymous blog, which has become a popular center for the film blogging community, Shambu has contributed writing to including Senses of Cinema, Artforum, Cineaste and The Auteurs' Notebook.

Biography

Girish Shambu received a B. Tech. in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, India and a Ph.D. in management systems / computer science from the State University of New York at Buffalo. Shambu teaches management at Canisius College, and has been the recipient of the Donald E. Calvert Teaching Excellence Award twice.

Shambu began blogging on film in 2004, and within a few years has become one of the most popular of a growing community of devoted cinephiles writing online. In an interview for a sub-site of the film criticism website The House Next Door in 2006, Shambu named Pauline Kael's review of Brian De Palma's Dressed to Kill, James Monaco's book on the French New Wave (which he read several times before he had ever seen a French film), J. Hoberman's Vulgar Modernism and the website of cinephile Acquarello as having had a formative influence on his interest in film.

In August 2011, as co-editor with Adrian Martin, Shambu launched the film journal LOLA.

References

Film review websites
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American film critics
American film review websites

Girish Shambu


The Baked Bean Museum of Excellence was a private museum located in Port Talbot, Wales, United Kingdom. The Baked Bean Museum Of Excellence was officially closed on 30th June 2023.

Founding
The museum is owned by Barry Kirk, who changed his name by deed poll to Captain Beany. The museum is located in the living room, bathroom and kitchen of his council flat. Captain Beany raises money each year for charity.

Exhibits
The museum contains examples of branded food cans, advertising and other promotional items associated with baked beans. There are also items from a number of food brands including Heinz, Crosse & Blackwell, Branston, HP and Van Camp's, as well as items relating to the comedy character Mr Bean. There are over 500 items in the museum, and Beany estimates that he has spent over £10,000 building his collection.

Unlike many museums, the Baked Bean Museum of Excellence has no gift shop on-site. Instead, Captain Beany operates a market stall in local businesses on weekends only, selling branded souvenirs of both the Museum and of his Captain Beany persona.

Culture
The museum is registered with the Association of Independent Museums. Comedian Danny Wallace is a patron. In 2018, the museum was the fourth most visited attraction in Port Talbot, according to figures by TripAdvisor.

In 2010, Beany believed that his was the only museum in the world dedicated to baked beans. In 2019, Heinz opened a museum, in the form of a pop-up "Beanz Museum" in Covent Garden London between 30 August and 1 September. The museum contained exhibitions about the Heinz brand to mark the company's 150th anniversary .

References

See also

 Museums in Wales
 Tourism in Wales

Museums in Neath Port Talbot
Museum of Excellence
Food museums in the United Kingdom
Port Talbot

Baked Bean Museum of Excellence


The Last Outlaw is a 1993 American Western television film starring Mickey Rourke, Dermot Mulroney, Ted Levine, Daniel Quinn, Gavan O'Herlihy, Keith David, John C. McGinley, and Steve Buscemi, along with a variety of other known actors, which has since become a cult classic among Western genre fans. It was directed by Geoff Murphy and written by Eric Red. It was initially broadcast on HBO on October 30, 1993.

Introduction
The story follows a band of former Confederate soldiers who were part of a cavalry unit that had fought during the American Civil War, with few surviving to its end. Their commander, Graff, had once been a heroic and staunch supporter of the southern cause, but after losing his family he became cold hearted and ruthless. His second in command is Eustis, whom Graff has trained since 1861 on the strategies of leadership and combat command, right down to knowing exactly how many rounds of ammunition each of his soldiers has. The film centers around the relationship between Graff and Eustis, and the irony of Eustis turning on Graff due to Graff making a decision that Eustis disagrees with, and which mirrors a decision Eustis is also forced to make himself as a commander later.

Plot
When the war ends, the cavalry unit commanded by Graff makes the decision to stay together, and turn outlaw. They begin committing bank robberies, and are successful due to their experience and tactics. Local citizens and lawmen are no match for them. However, when a robbery goes horribly wrong, resulting in the unit being shot up badly, with Loomis badly wounded, they find themselves pursued by Marshal Sharp, who is capable and respected.

Graff makes the command decision to kill the injured Loomis so that he won't delay their escape. Eustis objects, and when Graff strikes Eustis then moves to shoot Loomis, Eustis instead shoots Graff. Graff falls out of his saddle and rolls down a hillside; thinking he is dead, Eustis takes command and leads the band toward Mexico, with the posse still in pursuit.

Marshal Sharp and the posse come upon the slightly wounded Graff, and take him prisoner. With Graff in chains, they continue their chase. Eustis sets up an ambush and several posse members are killed. During the chaos Graff kills Marshal Sharp. Now leaderless, the remaining men decide to return home. Banker McClintock reminds them that they will receive no reward money if they leave. Graff suggests that anyone who stays should take the reward share of those who leave; the men ask if that includes the share of those who were just killed. McClintock reluctantly says yes. With Graff now their leader, they set up an ambush. Graff shoots and kills Philo. A member of the posse tries to cut off Philo's trigger finger for a trophy. Graff puts his gun to the man's lips and tells him that because Philo was one of his (Graff's) men, everyone will show the proper respect.

Wills grabs the stolen money off Eustis' horse and rides back to leave it for the posse, believing this gesture will end the chase. When McClintock rides up to the spot on the hill where Wills leaves the money, Graff follows and throws both the money and the banker off the cliff. He then fires his guns to make it seem like there has been a shootout with the outlaws, and he tells the posse the situation had been a trap. Graff stands by as the posse engages in an internal shootout over what to do next. While Potts is giving Wills a beating for his action concerning the money, it becomes clear that the deed did not 'save their skins', as Lovecraft spots Graff and his remaining riders coming toward them. Eustis and Graff meet in an isolated saloon, but no peace is brokered. Graff says that Eustis owes him 'everything.'

Potts challenges Eustis' ability as a commander, but Eustis beats him in a fist fight. As the outlaws continue trekking to Mexico, Graff shoots Loomis from a hilltop. The others take cover behind rocks, but Loomis is left in the open; Graff tortures him, shooting him in different parts of the body every few seconds. Finally, Eustis is forced to put Loomis out of his misery. Later, the remaining outlaws encounter Graff almost as if he is a ghost, keeping them off-balance and nervous. During one of these encounters, Graff shoots Wills' horse. Wills rides with Lovecraft, but the horse cannot take the weight. Eustis decides it is necessary to leave Wills behind. Wills waits for the posse and stands his ground as long as he can, killing a couple of them before he is killed.

The three left briefly split up to investigate the whereabouts of Graff and his gang. Lovecraft chances upon Graff, who gives him extra ammunition, telling him he will be spared if he kills Eustis. When they reunite and Eustis gives Lovecraft ammunition to load his pistol, he finds that Lovecraft already has a full chamber. Eustis, knowing that Lovecraft did not have a full six rounds left, realizes that Lovecraft has betrayed him. However, when Eustis presses for Lovecraft to do what Graff sent him to do, Lovecraft is overwhelmed with fear and guilt, and commits suicide.

Eustis and Potts make for the Rio Grande, but as they are about to cross, Graff shoots Potts through the gut. Eustis makes a lone, final stand against the posse. He gets hit, but kills all of them except Graff. The two draw, and Eustis is faster, but his gun is empty. As Graff approaches, Eustis shoots him with a pocket derringer, which Graff had not counted on. Eustis crosses into Mexico, the last outlaw.

Cast
 Mickey Rourke as Graff
 Dermot Mulroney as Eustis
 Ted Levine as Potts
 John C. McGinley as Frank Wills
 Steve Buscemi as Boris Philo
 Keith David as Lovecraft
 Daniel Quinn as Loomis
 Gavan O'Herlihy as Marshal Sharp
 Richard Fancy as Banker McClintock

References

External links

1993 television films
1993 films
1993 Western (genre) films
1990s English-language films
American Western (genre) television films
Films directed by Geoff Murphy
Films scored by Mason Daring
Films shot in New Mexico
HBO Films films
1990s American films

The Last Outlaw (1993 film)


or  or  (), one of the , means to 'act with determination', 'patience', 'firmness', and refers to 'perseverance', 'wearing regularly', and to one of the eleven  Rudrāṇīs There is no correct equivalent English word for  which is derived from   meaning 'to bear'.

 meaning 'fortitude' and 'determination' is defined as the subtle faculty in man that makes him strive continuously towards a goal. It provides courage, enthusiasm, and perseverance to face and overcome all odds and obstacles.

Dhriti was reborn as Madri in Mahabharata.

Vedic relevance

 is the name of a Vedic metre of the type 12.12.8|12.8|12.8., and is a variety of the
. It is also the name of a yoga in the Hindu Calendar. The Vedic Rishis address their prayers to the Visvedevas just as they do the Adityas and the Maruts; who all as a group are the protectors of the ten Rtas including  ('forebearance') which word represents an abstract idea like   and .

As part of the performance of the Ashvamedha yajna, as mentioned in the Shatapatha Brahmana, Asvalayana-srauta-sutra, and Sankhayana-srauta-sutra, the Adhvaryu offered, for the safe movement of the Sacrificial Horse during day-time, three Istis daily to Savitr and at nightfall performed four Dhrti Homas for the safe sheltering of that horse during night-time. While the Dhrti Homas were in progress, a Rajanya (Kshatriya) lute-player (veenagathi) sang three songs (Gatha) made up of many verses in which he praised the royal-sacrificer with the mention of his heroic exploits, viz., the wars he waged, the battles he won, the conquests he made, so on.

Puranic relevance

The Purana Index lists Dhrti, borne by Vijaya, as one of the sons of Dharma who was the son of Brahma, and who married all thirteen daughters of Daksha, each of whom bore Dhrti a son. Dhrtavarta was the son of Dhrti and father of Satyakarma. Nandi was a consort of Dhrti. Niyama was a son of Dhrti. And, Dhrti ('courage') is invoked in the Grahabalis.

In the Stuti of Devi Bhagavatam (V.22.25-42), Devi, who is the Energy for the creation and destruction of the universe, has been praised as having many names and as residing in all in the form of shakti ('power and energy'), amrti ('memory'), dhrti ('steadfastness'), buddhi  ('intelligence'), so on.

Implication

Dhrti meaning 'fortitude' and 'determination' is defined as the subtle faculty in man that makes him strive continuously towards a goal. It provides courage, enthusiasm and perseverance to face and overcome all odds and obstacles. With regard to the three types of  Dhrtis mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita, Swami Tejomayananda states that  Sattvic dhrti is the unswerving fortitude with which one works for a noble cause with enthusiasm and dedication, despite obstacles; Rajasic dhrti is the fortitude displayed for a while, in a part, place or under particular circumstances to achieve particular goals and may dissolve under different circumstances and situations, and  Tamasic dhrti is the stubbornness with which one holds on to the false.

Sri Sri Ravi Shankar suggests the three gunas that is determination, similar to dhrti; "The ambition (rajastic) keeps the faith alive. Satvic faith is innocence and is born out of fullness of consciousness." Tamasic faith is due to dullness, complacent that only God will take care of all these things. If there is no faith, there is fear. "In Gyana (state of wisdom) there is alertness without tension [or fear] and faith without complacency." To be one who possesses the higher spiritual knowledge.

The two factors that supply the fuel and the motive force in all sustained endeavours are - buddhi ('understanding') and dhrti ('fortitude'), the former is 'the intellectual capacity to grasp what is happening' and the latter is 'the constancy of purpose and self-application'. Abhinavagupta states that since everyone works therefore, everyone possesses  dhrti; he holds  buddhi to mean 'resolution' and  dhrti to mean 'satisfaction'.

In Hinduism, four things viz. Śruti and Smriti which are society's codes of ethics, sadacara which is good noble conduct accepted by society; and svasya ca priyam atmanah which is one's own joy and pleasure, determine Dharma. The sanatana dharma is the eternal universal values to be followed by all people in life, and varnasrama dharma consists of specific duties given to each individual; Dharma means that holds everyone and everything together which leads to material prosperity and spiritual realization in this life itself. According to Manu, Dhrti is one of the ten values necessary for all people at all times that characterize Dharma. Dhrti means fortitude; it means the capacity to hold on to something. It is the sattavic dhrti which is strength, force and ability that makes us hold on to noble values of life.

Sattavic dhrti and Sattvic buddhi are mutually related terms. Krishna explains to Arjuna (Bhagavad Gita Sl. XVIII.30):

प्रवृति च निवृति च कार्याकार्ये भयाभये |
बन्धं मोक्षं च या वेत्ति बुद्धिः सा पार्थ सात्त्विकी ||

Meaning; "That which knows the paths of work and renunciation, what ought to be done and what not to be done, fear and fearlessness, bondage and liberation, that  'understanding' is  sattvic ('pure')." In the Bhagavad Gita the nature of Sattvic reasoning, Rajasic reasoning and Tamasic reasoning is described this way, as paths of work and renunciation. Which means the function of the intellect is discrimination, the faculty of 'right understanding ' (buddhi) which gives real joy, success and prosperity. With regard to sattvic dhrti he states (Bhagavad Gita l. XVIII.33):

धृत्या यया धारयते मनः प्राणेन्द्रियकिर्याः |
योगेनव्यभिचरिण्या धृतिः सा पार्थ सात्त्विकी ||

The unwavering 'fortitude' by which through Yoga, the functions of the mind, the Prana and the senses are restrained, that 'fortitude', is sattvic ('pure').
In this context Sankara in his Bhasya on the Bhagavad Gita explains that 'action' (way of works) is movement leading to bondage and 'inaction' (renunciation) leads to liberation. The remote expression – unwavering or unfaltering or unbroken concentration, should be related to resolve or  dhrti; the sense is that the functions of the mind and so forth, maintained through unfaltering resolve, are in fact maintained through concentration.

Yogic relevance

Patanjali's Yoga Sutra II.28 reads:-

योगाङगानुष्ठानादशुध्दिक्षये ज्ञानदीप्तिराविवेकख्यातेः |

"From the consistent practice of the parts of the Yoga-process, on the elimination of the impurity, the radiant organ of perception becomes manifest, until there is a steady discriminative insight."

This means – as impurities are eliminated through the observance of the steps of yoga, a gradual kindling of knowledge occurs up to the full illumination of discriminatory wisdom. Discriminatory wisdom as virtue is the cause of happiness, and both, Vyasa and Vijnanabhikshu in their commentaries list nine causes including as the ninth cause  Dhrti here meaning sustenance; and agree that the  yoga-angas eradicate the impurity in both tangible (drshta) and intangible (adrshta) ways i.e. the physical practices such as purification (shaucha), and through  japa. Elimination means disappearance of the veil on the  sattva mind-field. The body is the sustainer of the senses being their resort but the senses sustain the body by way of providing spiritual and material welfare. The gross elements are the sustainers of the body and also sustain each other; the diverse sub-human, human and celestial bodies are mutually the sustainers and the sustained. Dhrti also means patience, remaining true to duty (dharmas - religious duties, moral rights and duties) even in calamities, and perfection in maintaining wisdom.

Vaishno relevance

Verse II.vi.145 of  Sri Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu states – the steadiness of heart arising from attaining realization of the Lord, from absence of suffering in attaining the realization of the Lord, and from realizing  prema with the Lord is called  dhrti; in this state there is no lamentation for things not attained or for things that have disappeared. Ksama ('tolerance') is included in  dhrti-bhava. The three types of  rati ('relationship of love', 'attraction') are  priti ('affection'),  sakhya ('friendship') and  vatsalya, dhrti along with  vitarka ('conjecture'),  mati ('scriptural conclusion'), nirveda ('self-disgust'), smrti  ('remembrance'), harsa ('joy'), and the type of  bodha arising from destruction of ignorance become somewhat causes of  rati.

References

Yoga concepts
Hindu philosophical concepts
Sanskrit words and phrases

Dhrti


The Castle of Siklós is a medieval castle in Siklós, Hungary.

History

The castle was built by Baron János György Benyó in the 13th century in the town of Siklós in the southern part of Hungary near Pécs. It was first mentioned in a charter from 1294. The oldest building is in the southern part of the residential wing. After the original family died out, it became the property of the Garai family. In 1401 disgruntled nobles led by Count György II Benyóvszky temporarily imprisoned king Sigismund in the castle. By the 16th century the next owner was the palatine (viceroy) Imre Perényi. From 1728 Siklós belonged to the counts of Batthyány. Legend has it that a giant snake guarded the treasures in the basement.  The castle also houses a chapel built in the 14th and 15th centuries. The castle was built and owned by the Benyóvszky de Siklósvar branch of the family until it was nationalized in 1948.

In World War II the castle was heavily damaged, and between the end of the war and the death of Count Rudólf II Benyóvszky de Siklósvar in 1955 it was taken over by the state. In 1955 archaeological research and restoration was started, and the castle began operating as a museum and hotel.

Gallery

External links
Siklósi vár

Castles in Hungary
Buildings and structures in Baranya County
Historic house museums in Hungary
Museums in Baranya County

Castle of Siklós


The GameCube controller is the standard game controller for the GameCube home video game console, manufactured by Nintendo and launched in 2001. As the successor to the Nintendo 64 controller, it is the progression of Nintendo's controller design in numerous ways. The contentious M-shaped design of its predecessor was replaced with a more conventional handlebar style controller shape; a second analog stick was added, replacing the C buttons with a C stick and the X and Y face buttons, last seen on the Super Nintendo controller, were reintroduced; the shoulder buttons were changed to hybrid analog triggers. A wireless variant of the GameCube controller known as the WaveBird was released in 2002.

Though many elements of the GameCube controller's unique design were not embraced by many future twin-stick gamepads (such as the pressure-sensitive shoulder buttons and a face button layout that emphasizes one button over three others), some controllers adopted its staggered analog stick layout. The GameCube controller continued to endure even beyond its system's launch cycle, gaining varying levels of support from its subsequent successor consoles.

Years after the GameCube's discontinuation, Nintendo officially re-released the controller, with the international launch of the fourth and fifth installments of the Super Smash Bros. series, Super Smash Bros. for Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, due to the persisting popularity of the GameCube controller in the Super Smash Bros. community after the release of the critically-acclaimed Super Smash Bros. Melee in 2001.

Overview

Released alongside the GameCube console, the standard GameCube controller has a wing grip design. This controller was bundled with all new GameCube systems throughout the console's life cycle and was also available separately. It connects to the console's controller ports via a  cable.

The standard GameCube controller provides haptic feedback by way of a built-in rumble motor rather than using an external Rumble Pak add-on like the Nintendo 64 controller. Also unlike its predecessor, it does not feature any expansion capabilities.

The controller features a total of six digital buttons, two staggered analog sticks, a directional pad and two hybrid analog and digital triggers. The primary analog stick is on the left, with the D-pad below it. The four face buttons are on the right side of the controller with a large green  button in the center, flanked by a smaller red  button to its bottom left and two kidney-shaped buttons to its right () and top (); below the face buttons is a yellow  stick. A Start/Pause button is located in the middle of the controller. On the "shoulders" of the controller are two pressure-sensitive analog triggers marked  and , as well as one digital button marked  which sits in front of the  trigger. The  and  triggers feature both analog and digital capabilities: each behaves as a typical analog trigger until fully depressed, at which point the button "clicks" to register an additional digital signal. This method effectively serves to provide two functions per button without actually adding two separate physical buttons.

Versions

Colors and designs

Standard editions
The GameCube controller was sold in several different colors over the console's lifespan. Standard colors included "Indigo" (dark royal purple), "Jet Black", and "Platinum" (Silver), which were bundled with their respective colored GameCube consoles and sold separately in many countries. Other standard colors sold separately included "Spice" (Orange), "Indigo/Clear" (Indigo top with a clear translucent bottom), "Emerald Blue" (Turquoise), and White; the latter two colors are available exclusively in Japan.

Limited editions

Nintendo released a number of limited edition controllers in Japan through Club Nintendo, which featured a unique color scheme and/or logo in the center. Club Nintendo controllers could be purchased for 500 points each and designs included "Mario" (red top and blue bottom), "Luigi" (green top and blue bottom), "Wario" (yellow top and purple bottom) and a "Club Nintendo" controller (white top and light blue bottom). The "Mario" design was also made available in limited quantities through the European Stars Catalogue for 5000 points.

A number of limited edition GameCube consoles have been released which included matching controllers. Colors released in Japan include "Starlight Gold", "Crystal White", "Symphonic Green" (mint green), "Hanshin Tigers" (black with Hanshin Tigers logo), "Gundam Copper" (two-tone red with Gundam logo), and "Transparent" which is in the "Enjoy Plus Pack +" bundle. The "Symphonic Green" and "Crystal White" colors were also released in Europe, although the latter was renamed "Pearl White" and bundled with Mario Smash Football. A Resident Evil 4 controller (silver top and black bottom with logo) was available in Europe as part of a limited edition Resident Evil 4 console bundle. The Panasonic Q, a GameCube/DVD player hybrid exclusive to Japan, came bundled with a grey Panasonic branded version of the controller. The controller has the Panasonic logo on it instead of the Nintendo GameCube text.

WaveBird Wireless Controller

The WaveBird Wireless Controller, released in 2002, is a radio frequency-based wireless controller based on the same design as the standard controller. It communicates with the GameCube console wirelessly through a receiver dongle connected to one of its controller ports. It is powered by two AA batteries. As a power-conservation measure, the WaveBird lacks the rumble function of the standard controller. The WaveBird came in two colors, gray and silver (Platinum).

LodgeNet controller

A specially-designed variant of the GameCube controller was created for the LodgeNet in some North American hotels. The controller can be used for pay-per-play access to select GameCube games. In addition to the standard GameCube controller inputs, the LodgeNet controller also includes six additional buttons which are used to control the on-screen game selection interface. The controller cannot be used on regular GameCube hardware.

Development
The Nintendo 64 controller, released in 1996, received mixed impressions, being lauded for standardizing the controls for 3D movement with its analog stick and for its comfortable design, but derided for its bulkiness and overall layout. Shigeru Miyamoto designed the GameCube controller in a span of at least three years—the longest he had spent on any controller at that time—with the goal being to accommodate as many people as possible, regardless of their age, the size of their hands, and whether they have any experience in playing video games with a gamepad. The controller had seen at least four or five versions during its development cycle, and each build would be radically different on a monthly basis, containing new ideas and discarding old ones.

Miyamoto's first idea was to redesign the controller's four rhombus-positioned face buttons, a standard he had set when he designed the SNES controller. The green  button was made the largest to give the holder the idea that it performs the primary function. That button would be surrounded by a smaller red  button to the left and two colorless kidney-shaped  and  buttons to the top and right, respectively. The  button was initially also kidney-shaped before it was made a circle. According to Ashida Kenichiro, one of the GameCube console's hardware designers, the controller was intended to be intuitive to the point where the player would forget they were holding it, but achieving that and adding many features proved difficult. As games transitioned to 3D graphics, Nintendo debated whether the controller needed a D-pad anymore. Ultimately, they settled on keeping it at the bottom right of the primary analog stick. They also settled on replacing the four  buttons with a second analog stick, and placed it on the bottom left of the face buttons. The player's thumbs were meant to naturally rest on the primary analog stick and the  button, from which the player can move them in a downward arc to reach the D-pad and secondary stick.

The GameCube controller was released to Japan on September 14, 2001; to North America on November 18; to Europe on May 3, 2002; and to Australia on May 17. It was made available in numerous colors to boost its sales, following the same course as the Nintendo 64 due to the latter's improved performance.

Availability
While unlicensed third-party GameCube controllers have been on the market, they have been criticized for generally being made of lower quality products than Nintendo's official GameCube controllers. The official controllers have become scarce at retailers, as an increased demand of the controller started due to the Wii's backward compatibility with GameCube games and the fact that several Wii games support the controller as a primary method of control. In response to the regained popularity, Nintendo re-launched the GameCube controller. These relaunched models of the controller have a  cable, longer than the original models  cable. These relaunched models also lack the metal braces inserted inside the controller's triggers to help push the triggers down, something which the original 2001-2007 manufactured GameCube controllers do have.

White controller
In April 2008, Nintendo released a white GameCube controller exclusively in Japan. It differs from previous editions in that it features a white cable which is  long, rather than the  black cable used on standard controllers. This model also lacks the metal braces inserted inside the L and R triggers (see above). This controller has not been released outside Japan, but online retailers such as Amazon and Play-Asia do import and sell the controller internationally.

In 2014, the manufacturing production of the white controller was resumed under the Super Smash Bros. branding, again exclusively in Japan.

Continued production of platinum controller
Nintendo of America continued to sell wired platinum controllers up until early 2012 in North America, but have since ceased production.

Super Smash Bros. for Wii U Edition controller
The Super Smash Bros. edition controller was released in 2014, in conjunction with the release of Super Smash Bros. for Wii U. The controller features a metallic silver Super Smash Bros. logo surrounded by flames instead of the GameCube logo. It came in black worldwide, although a white version was released in Japan. The controller has the same length cable as the 2008 re-release and also lacks the metal braces inserted inside the triggers (see above).

Along with the release of the controller, Nintendo released a GameCube controller adapter for the Wii U. The adapter supports four GameCube controllers, and all original pads are supported. A second adapter can be hooked up to a console, allowing up to eight players to use a GameCube controller. The adapter is officially compatible with Super Smash Bros. for Wii U only, and does not support any other Wii U software. It also does not support Wii software running on the Wii U.

Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Edition controller
During E3 2018, Nintendo confirmed it would re-issue the black GameCube controller for use with Super Smash Bros. Ultimate for the Nintendo Switch, as, like its Wii and Wii U predecessors, the game officially supports the GameCube controller. This controller has the same length cable as the 2008 and 2014 re-releases and also lacks the metal braces inserted inside the triggers (see above). The re-issued controller was released on November 2, 2018, and features a simplified variant Super Smash Bros. emblem design.

On the same day, Nintendo also re-released the official USB GameCube controller adapter, with a generic Nintendo embossed branding (unlike the first edition that featured the Wii U logo). The adapter is the same as the one released for Wii U, and both adapters work on either console. The Switch itself and its games are capable of supporting the GameCube controller in both docked and handheld mode after a system update issued in October 2017. Most Switch games recognize GameCube controllers as generic controllers. However, due to the lack of a minus button, the ZL button, clickable analogue sticks and motion sensors, players may have trouble playing games that use these features using a GameCube controller.

Use on subsequent consoles

Due to the Wii's ability to use GameCube controller input, all official GameCube controllers can be used on the Wii. GameCube software played on the Wii requires the use of a GameCube controller. Wii software can be programmed to make full use of GameCube controllers. Nearly all Virtual Console games and certain Wii and WiiWare games have been designed to support GameCube controllers as input. However, some later Wii models, such as the Wii Family Edition and Wii Mini, lack support for GameCube software and accessories.

Although the subsequent console, the Wii U, omits compatibility with GameCube software and hardware, Nintendo announced that an official adapter would be released that allows the use of up to four GameCube controllers on the Wii U via USB. Though its initial product listing stated it would be compatible with any Wii U game that supports the Wii U Pro Controller, Nintendo since corrected the listing, stating the adapter can only be used with Super Smash Bros. for Wii U and would not be compatible with other Wii U or Wii software. The adapter launched alongside the game in November 2014, both separately and as part of a bundle with the game.

Support for the adapter on Nintendo Switch was introduced via its 4.0 firmware update. Though the Switch itself only supports it in docked mode, there are third-party accessories that allow it to connect in tabletop mode. Unlike the Wii U, it is supported by any game, although the Switch recognizes it as a Pro Controller and functionality may be affected if a game utilizes buttons not found on the GameCube controller. Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, Super Mario 3D All-Stars and Grid Autosport are among the Switch games that recognizes them as a GameCube controller in-game.

Replications

Accessory maker Performance Designed Products (PDP) began releasing a line of officially licensed "Wired Fight Pad" controllers for the Wii and Wii U in 2014, with color schemes based on various Nintendo characters. They are based on the design and layout of the GameCube controller, but are connected via the Wii Remote's expansion port and act identically to a Classic Controller Pro (thus supporting any Wii and Wii U game that supports the Classic Controller Pro, but not GameCube games). To provide parity with the Classic Controller Pro, these controllers feature dual shoulder buttons, as well as the "+", "−", and "Home" buttons standard on Wii controllers. The smaller C-stick is also replaced with a more standard analog stick. Hori released a similar product line known as the "Battle Pad". Unlike PDP, Hori's controllers look identical to real GameCube controllers while also including the same features of the PDP controllers. Both the PDP "Wired Fight Pad" and the Hori "Battle Pad" will work on the NES Classic and the SNES Classic.

In anticipation of Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, both Hori and PDP unveiled similar replications as USB gamepads for Nintendo Switch, both officially licensed. As with their Wii U counterparts, they maintain similar designs and appearance to the standard GameCube controllers, but updated to include dual shoulder buttons and Switch system buttons.

PowerA released a Nintendo Switch Pro Controller with the GameCube controller layout but with additional inputs standard on Switch controllers, allowing it to be used in all Switch games. This controller was officially licensed by Nintendo and is available wireless and wired.

Legal issues
Anascape Ltd, a Texas-based firm, filed a lawsuit against Nintendo for patent infringements regarding many of Nintendo's controllers. A July 2008 verdict found that a ban would be issued preventing Nintendo from selling the regular GameCube and WaveBird controllers in the United States. Nintendo was free to continue selling the controllers pending an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Unsurprisingly, on April 13, 2010, Nintendo won the appeal and the previous court decision was reversed.

See also
 List of Nintendo controllers

References

GameCube accessories
Nintendo controllers
Gamepads
Products introduced in 2001

GameCube controller


The Epitome de Caesaribus is a Latin historical work written at the end of the 4th century AD.

It is a brief account of the reigns of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Theodosius the Great. It is attributed to Aurelius Victor, but was written by an anonymous author who was very likely a pagan. The author used the so-called Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte and the (now lost)  Annales of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus (a friend of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus). Although very brief in length and not always reliable, it also contains some useful information such as how the late Romans perceived the Sassanian wars and descriptions of the affairs of the Tetrarchy as well as anecdotes of various emperors. The work also shows numerous anachronisms and inaccuracies, such as referring to Caracalla as the father of the later emperor, Elagabalus, a rumour perpetuated by the Severan dynasty.

Bibliography

 Jörg A. Schlumberger: Die Epitome de Caesaribus. Untersuchungen zur heidnischen Geschichtsschreibung des 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr., C.H. Beck, Munich 1974.

External links
Epitome de Caesaribus (Latin text)
Epitome de Caesaribus (English translation)

4th-century Latin books
Roman Empire in late antiquity
Latin works about history
Works about ancient Rome

Epitome de Caesaribus


John Knowles (; September 16, 1926November 29, 2001) was an American novelist best known for A Separate Peace (1959).

Biography
Knowles was born on September 17, 1926, in Fairmont, West Virginia, the son of James M. Knowles, a purchasing agent from Lowell, Massachusetts, and Mary Beatrice Shea Knowles from Concord, New Hampshire. His father was a coal company executive, which earned an income that afforded the family a comfortable living. As a youth, Knowles would remark that he could write just as well as the stories from The Saturday Evening Post.

Knowles attended St. Peter's High School in Fairmont from 1938 to 1940, before he continued at Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, and graduated in 1945. Following his time at Phillips Exeter, Knowles spent eight months serving in the US Army Air Forces at the end of World War II.

Knowles graduated from Yale University as a member of the class of 1949. At Yale, Knowles contributed stories to campus humor magazine The Yale Record and served on the board of the Yale Daily News during his sophomore, junior, and senior years, notably as editorial secretary during his senior year. He was a record-holding varsity swimmer during his sophomore year.

Early in his career, Knowles wrote for the Hartford Courant and was assistant editor for Holiday magazine. With encouragement from Thornton Wilder, he concurrently began writing novels.

Knowles died on November 29, 2001, near Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

A Separate Peace

A Separate Peace was first published in London by Secker and Warburg in 1959. Published in New York in 1960 by Macmillan, it is his most celebrated work.

The novel is based upon Knowles's experiences at Phillips Exeter Academy. The Devon School, the book's setting, is a thinly-veiled fictionalization of Exeter, with both campus and town easily recognizable. Although the plot is not autobiographical, elements of the novel stem from personal experience, including Knowles's membership in a secret society and his suffering a foot injury while he jumped from a tree during society exercises. In his essay "A Special Time, A Special Place," Knowles wrote, "The only elements in A Separate Peace which were not in that summer were anger, violence, and hatred. There was only friendship, athleticism, and loyalty."

The secondary character Finny (Phineas) is the friend of the main character Gene. Knowles has stated that he modeled Finny on David Hackett from Milton Academy, whom he met when both attended a summer session at Phillips Exeter Academy. Hackett was a friend of Robert F. Kennedy under whom he later served in the US Justice Department. A student, Phineas Sprague, lived in the same dormitory as Knowles during the summer session of 1943 and may have inspired the character's name.

In his memoir Palimpsest, Gore Vidal acknowledged that he and Knowles simultaneously attended Phillips Exeter Academy, though Vidal was two years ahead of Knowles. Vidal stated that Knowles told him the character Brinker was based on him. "We have been friends for many years now," Vidal said, "and I admire the novel that he based on our school days, A Separate Peace."

Awards
Knowles won the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction and the Rosenthal Award of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

Selected works
 A Turn with the Sun (short story), Story No.4, 1953
 A Separate Peace (novel), London, Secker & Warburg, 1959; New York, Macmillan Co., 1960
 Morning in Antibes (novel), New York, Macmillan, 1962
 Double Vision; American Thoughts Abroad, New York, Macmillan, 1964
 Indian Summer, New York, Random House, 1966
 Phineas; six stories, New York, Random House, 1968
 The Paragon (novel), New York, Random House, c. 1971
 Spreading Fires, New York, Random House, 1974
 A Vein of Riches, Boston, Little Brown, 1978
 Peace Breaks Out (novel), New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981
 A Stolen Past, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983
 The Private Life of Axie Reed, New York : John Knowles, 1986
 A Special Time, A Special Place, Exeter Bulletin, 1995 (autobiographical note on internet)

References

External links

 John Knowles Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1926 births
2001 deaths
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
20th-century American novelists
People from Fairmont, West Virginia
People from Southampton (town), New York
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Novelists from New York (state)
Yale University alumni
Military personnel from West Virginia
Postmodern writers
American male novelists
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Hartford Courant people
Journalists from West Virginia
Novelists from West Virginia
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction winners
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers

John Knowles


Kalevi Ensio Aho (born 9 March 1949) is a Finnish composer.

Early years

Aho began his interest in music at the age of ten, when he discovered a mandolin in his home and began to teach himself how to play it. He soon was taken under the tutelage of Martti Loikkanen, the boy's 4th grade teacher and founder of a local youth mandolin ensemble in Forssa. After learning how to read sheet music, Aho immediately started composing. Aho progressed so fast on the instrument that Loikkanen suggested he study the violin as well, with Loikkanen giving him private lessons. Aho also began to learn violin at an incredible speed, with him later recalling, "Martti taught me at home for free until I started skipping him out of my playing skills and he suggested changing teachers." Aho's parents were quite supportive of his musical hobby, encouraging him to compose and giving him a piano at the age of 15.

Career

He moved from the city of Forssa to Helsinki in September 1968 to study at the Sibelius Academy. He studied composition at the Sibelius Academy under Einojuhani Rautavaara, beginning that year and receiving a diploma in 1971. He continued his studies for a year in Berlin with Boris Blacher. His teaching positions include music theory at the University of Helsinki from 1974 to 1988, and a professorship at the Sibelius Academy from 1988 to 1993. He was named composer-in-residence for the Lahti Symphony Orchestra in 1992, and conductor Osmo Vänskä has recorded many of his recent large-scale works with the orchestra. Aho has worked as a freelance composer, with a state scholarship, since 1993. He lives in Helsinki.

Music

Known principally as a composer of large-scale works,  Aho has composed seventeen symphonies, thirty-seven concertos, five operas and several vocal works. His chamber music includes several quintets, quartets, sonatas and solo works. He first came to fame with his first symphony (1969) and second string quartet (1970).

His works of this time showed such neo-classical traits as a preoccupation with counterpoint (particularly fugues), and stylized renderings of older forms, such as the waltz. In the following decade he wrote in modernist and post-modernist styles. His use of irony and juxtaposition of contrasting moods and musical styles and genres has been compared to Gustav Mahler and Alfred Schnittke.

References

Literature
 Korhonen, Kimmo (1999). Kalevi Aho in Profile.  Finnish Music Information Centre. Retrieved 8 February 2005.
 Oramo, Ilkka. "Aho, Kalevi." at Grove Music Online. . Retrieved 21 September 2006.

External links
 Music Finland Core | Kalevi Aho.
 Aho, Kalevi – Fennica German. Publisher's website with audio samples and promotional scores.

1949 births
Living people
People from Forssa
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Finnish classical composers
Finnish male classical composers
Finnish opera composers
Male opera composers
Finnish mandolinists
Finnish violinists
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians
20th-century Finnish composers
21st-century Finnish composers

Kalevi Aho


Gray-Nicolls is an English cricket equipment and clothing brand and is a subsidiary of Grays International. Formed as a result of merger between two companies, Grays and Nicolls, the company is based in Robertsbridge, East Sussex.

Gray-Nicolls manufactures and commercialises a wide range of products for cricket equipment, such as bats, batting gloves, balls, pads, athletic shoes, team uniforms, and bags.

History

The Gray company was founded as H.J. Gray and Sons by H.J. Gray in 1855. This company later began manufacturing cricket bats for leading Cambridge University cricketers such as Ranjitsinjhi and the then Prince of Wales and remained a family business. L.J. Nicolls started manufacturing cricket bats in 1876.

These two manufacturers merged in the early 1940s and thus Gray-Nicolls was formed. After World War II, famous cricket stars such as England Captain Wally Hammond and Australian all-rounder Keith Miller started to use Gray-Nicolls bats.

In 1974 the company introduced the 'scoop' bat, sometimes named as cricket's most famous bat.

Sponsorships
Gray-Nicolls has had sponsorship deals with many leading international cricketers,

See also
 Grays International

References

External links

Cricket equipment manufacturers
British brands
Sporting goods manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Gray-Nicolls