Pisistratus, Peisistratus or Peisistratos ( ;  600–527 BC) was a politician in ancient Athens, ruling as tyrant in the late 560s, the early 550s and from 546 BC until his death. His unification of Attica, the triangular peninsula of Greece containing Athens, along with economic and cultural improvements laid the groundwork for the later pre-eminence of Athens in ancient Greece. His legacy lies primarily in his institution of the Panathenaic Games, historically assigned the date of 566 BC, and the consequent first attempt at producing a definitive version of the Homeric epics. Pisistratus' championing of the lower class of Athens is an early example of populism. While in power, he did not hesitate to confront the aristocracy and greatly reduce their privileges, confiscating their lands and giving them to the poor. Pisistratus funded many religious and artistic programs, in order to improve the economy and spread the wealth more equally among the Athenian people.

Pisistratids is the common family or clan name for the three tyrants, who ruled in Athens from 546 to 510 BC, referring to Pisistratus and his two sons, Hipparchus and Hippias.

Background
Ancient Greek governments traditionally were monarchy-based, dating back to the 9th and 10th centuries BC. For the 7th and 6th centuries during the Archaic Period, political power began to be wielded by aristocratic families, who had accumulated wealth, land, and religious or political offices, as the Greek city-states began to develop. The most notable families could trace their lineage back to a legendary or mythological founder/king, such as Herakles (Heracles) or an ancestor who participated in the Trojan War, for example. In the 6th and 5th centuries BC, prominent aristocratic families of Athens were the Pisistratids, Philaids, and the Alcmaeonids. The Pisistratid clan were originally from the Mycenaean Bronze Age city of Pylos, located in the region of Messenia, Greece, and traced their ancestry to the mythological king of Pylos, Neleus, whose son, Nestor, the Homeric hero, fought in the Trojan War.

The second clan, the Alcmaeonids, came to prominence in the 6th century BC during the lifetime of their namesake Alcmaeon and whose son, Megacles, both opposed and supported Pisistratus at various points in his reign. Due to the infighting between aristocratic families and the inability to maintain order, a tyrant was well-positioned to capitalise on the discontent of the poor and disenfranchised to make a bid for power. In the age of antiquity and especially in the Archaic Age of Greece, a tyrant was not viewed in the modern sense of the definition, but rather, a ruler who obtained power unconstitutionally, usually through the use of force, or inherited such power. In the first documented instance of Athenian tyranny, Herodotus notes the story of Cylon, an ancient Olympic Games champion, who gathered supporters, in either 636 or 632 BC, in an attempt to seize power by occupying the Acropolis. His attempt was unsuccessful and despite assurances to the contrary, Cylon and his supporters were allegedly killed by the Alcmaeonids, resulting in the Alcmaeonid curse.

Related to Pisistratus through his mother, Solon was an Athenian statesman and lawmaker who, in the early 6th century BC, restructured the social class system of Athens as well as reformed the law code, originated by Draco. Among his many reforms, Solon eliminated debt slavery, which primarily impacted poor Athenians, who were in the majority, giving the demos — the common people of the city-state — collectively a concession to ease their suffering and possibly preventing a civil war.  Pisistratus' later rise to power would draw on support from many of the poor people composing this constituency.

Early life and rise to power

Not much is known about the early years of Pisistratus' life, but his father, Hippocrates, attended the Olympic Games in either 608 or 604, and during a sacrifice to the gods, the meat was said to have been boiled without a fire, as witnessed by Chilon the Lacedaemonian. As a result of this sign, Chilon recommended that Hippocrates send away his wife, if she could bear children, and if he had a son, to disown him. Hippocrates did not follow Chilon's advice, and later, he had a son named Pisistratus.

Originally, Pisistratus became known as an Athenian general who captured the port of Nisaea (or Nisaia) in the nearby city-state of Megara in approximately 565 BC. This victory opened up the unofficial trade blockage that had been contributing to food shortages in Athens during the previous several decades.

In the subsequent years after Solon and his departure from Athens, Aristotle reports that the city of Athens was still very divided and in turmoil, with many secondary sources noting the development of three distinct political factions competing for control of Athens and its government. According to Aristotle, these groups were partitioned in both a geographic (as documented below) and economic sense. The first two factions, based on the plains and the coast, appeared to exist prior to the formation of the third faction. The third group, referred to as men of the Highlands (or Hill), had various motives to align with Pisistratus, including those men in poverty, recent immigrants who feared loss of citizenship, and lenders who were denied the ability to collect their debts. Names of the competing factions differ according to the accessed source, with some references offering details on each group's composition while others do not:

 Pedieis or Pediakoi: the population that resided on the plains, led by Lycurgus. These landowners produced grain, giving them leverage during the food shortage.
 Paralioi or Paraloi: the population living along the coast, led by Megacles, an Alcmaeonid. The Paralioi party was not as strong as the Pedieis, primarily because they could not produce grain, like the plainsmen. With the Megareans patrolling the sea, much of Athens' import/export power was limited.
 Hyperakrioi: not previously represented by the first two factions or parties listed above, dwelled primarily in the hills and were by far the poorest of the Athenian population. Their only production was barter in items like honey and wool. Pisistratus organised them into a third faction, the Hyperakrioi, or hill dwellers. This party grossly outnumbered the other two parties combined. R.J. Hopper provides similar names for the factions and classifies them by their region in Attica: Pedion, Paralia, and Diakria.

Pomeroy and her fellow three authors state the three factions of Athens are as follows:
 the Men of the Plain: the population composed mostly of large landowners.
 the Men of the Coast: the population likely including fishermen and craftsmen.
 the Men of the Hill: the population containing the poorer residents of the Attic highlands, and possibly including residents of cities of Attica as well.

Herodotus provides the following information about the three groups:

 Plains district: led by Lycurgus, son of Aristoleides.
 Coastal district: led by Megacles, son of Alcmaeon.
 Hill district: formed by Pisistratus in an effort to become tyrant of Athens.

His role in the Megarian conflict gained Pisistratus popularity in Athens, but he did not have the political clout to seize power. Around the year 561 BC, Herodotus writes how Pisistratus intentionally wounded himself and his mules, asking the Athenian people to provide bodyguards for protection and reminding them of his prior accomplishments, including the port capture of Nisiai. Pisistratus had driven his chariot into the agora or marketplace of Athens, claiming he had been wounded by his enemies outside of town, and thus, the people of Athens selected some of their men to function as a bodyguard, armed with clubs rather than spears, for him. Previously, he had assumed control of the Hyperakrioi, which was not an aristocratic group like the other two Athens factions, by promoting his democratic program and securing a mutual agreement with the members or demos of the faction. By obtaining support from this vast number of the poorer population and receiving the protection of bodyguards, he was able to overrun and seize the Acropolis as well as grasp the reins of the government. The Athenians were open to a tyranny similar to that under Solon, who previously had been offered the tyranny of Athens but declined, and in the early part of the Archaic Age, the rivalries among the aristocratic clans was fierce, making a single-ruler tyranny an attractive option, with the promise of possible stability and internal peace, and Pisistratus' ruse won him further prominence. With the Acropolis in his possession and with the support of his bodyguard, he declared himself tyrant.

Periods of power/three attempts at tyranny

First period of power
Pisistratus assumed and held power for three different periods of time, ousted from political office and exiled twice during his reign, before taking command of Athens for the third, final, and longest period of time from 546–528 BC.
His first foray into power started in the year 561 and lasted about five years. His first ouster from office was circa 556/555 BC after the other two factions, the Plains people led by Lycurgus and the Coastal people led by Megacles, normally at odds with each other, joined forces and removed him from power. Different sources provide conflicting or unspecified time intervals for the periods of Pisistratus' reign. For example, Herodotus writes that Megacles' and Lycurgus' followers combined after a short time to expel Pisistratus from power. Aristotle comments that Pisistratus was forced out during the year of the archonship of Hegesias, five years after he originally assumed his first tyranny in Athens.

In this period (557–556 BC), one of the Athenian polemarchs was Charmus of Kolyttus, who had been eromenos of Pisistratus. Charmus was the first Athenian to dedicate an altar to Eros, god of love.

Exile and second period of power

He was exiled for three to six years during which the agreement between the Pedieis (Plains) and the Paralioi (Coast) fell apart. Soon after, in the year 556 BC or so, Megacles invited Pisistratus back for a return to power upon the condition Pisistratus marry Megacles' daughter. According to Herodotus, the two men concocted a creative method to rally the people of Athens back to Pisistratus' side. A tall, almost six foot woman, Phye, from the deme or rural village of Paiania was selected to pose as the goddess Athena, by being dressed in full armour, riding in a chariot, and being counselled on how to portray the goddess. Heralds were sent ahead to announce that Athena herself was bringing Pisistratus back to her acropolis and that she exalted him above all other men. Word travelled fast to the people throughout the villages and even to those in the city believing that Phye was the goddess Athena and consequently, Pisistratus was welcomed back by the awestruck Athenians.

How much of this story is based in facts versus an oral fabrication or exaggeration passed down to Herodotus is not entirely known. Lavelle writes that this story provides a Homer-type mythological tie-in to the connection between the gods and Greek heroes where Pisistratus' prior resume as a warrior and general would be viewed as heroic and furthermore, Pisistratus would be viewed in a similar manner as the Greek hero Odysseus, who was viewed as cunning and having a special relationship with Athena. It is debated to what extent this staged event impacted the return of many to his side. Krentz postulates that the story should be viewed in the context of a premeditated performance of Athena returning to the temple dedicated to her. While some argue that the general public believed he had won the favour of the goddess, others instead put forward the idea that the public were aware that he was using the chariot ride as a political manoeuvre, drawing comparisons between himself and the ancient kings of Athens.

Conflict, second exile, and return to power for third time
Soon after, Herodotus reports that Pisistratus, who had been previously married and had two grown sons, did not want to have any children with his new wife, the daughter of Megacles, and would not have intercourse with her in the traditional manner. Apparently, Pisistratus was unwilling to compromise the political futures of his sons, Hipparchus and Hippias. Furious, Megacles broke off this short-lived alliance with Pisistratus and drove him into exile for a second time, with the help of Pisistratus' enemies. During the length of his exile lasting approximately ten years, Pisistratus relocated to Rhaicelus or Rhaecelus, notable for its good agricultural base, in the Strymon river region of northern Greece, and eventually settled in the vicinity of Mount Pangaeus or Pangaion, accumulating wealth from the gold and silver mines located nearby. Financed by the mining money, he hired mercenary soldiers and bolstered with the support of allies such as the Thebans and the affluent Lygdamis of the island Naxos, he looked southward for a return to power.

In 546 BC, using Eretria as a base and supported by Eretrian cavalry, Pisistratus landed at Marathon on the northern side of Attica and advanced towards Athens, joined by some local sympathizers from Athens and the surrounding demes. The Athenians mustered a force in opposition and met Pisistratus' forces at Pallene. Providing some background details, Herodotus comments that just before the battle commences a seer gave Pisistratus a prophecy that the net has been cast and the tuna will swarm through. With the prophecy both welcomed and understood by Pisistratus, his troops advanced and attacked the Athenian forces who were resting after lunch, easily routing them. While the Athenians retreated and in order to prevent them from reforming their forces, Pisistratus directed his sons to ride after the routed Athenians and announce that they should return home, retaining no anxiety or fear from the situation at hand. With those instructions, the Athenians complied and Pisistratus was able to return to rule Athens for a third time as tyrant, with his reign lasting from 546 BC till his death in 528 or 527 BC.

Achievements and contributions to Athens during third and final tyranny

Analysis of secondary sources regarding both the length, as mentioned previously, and the accomplishments of Pisistratus' first two tyrannies are conflicting and very sparse in details, respectively. For instance, Lavelle hypothesises that Megacles and the Alcmaeonids still held the majority of the political offices in the Athens government as part of the price and negotiation process that Pisistratus had to pay in order to become tyrant, and consequently, Pisistratus perhaps only functioned as a figurehead during his first two times in power.

During the three reigns of Pisistratus in the mid to latter part of the 6th century BC, Athens was beginning its transition to becoming the largest and most dominant of the cities on the Attic peninsula.  Starr states that Athens was coalescing into the framework of a city, rather than a loose affiliation of neighbouring villages. Perhaps next in importance was Piraeus, the main port city of Attica, just 5 miles southwest of Athens, and this port location was key to granting Athens easy access to maritime trade opportunities and the ocean waterways. Other notable cities in Attica include Marathon and Eleusis.

Culture, religion, and arts
With an emphasis on promoting the city of Athens as a cultural centre and enhancing his prestige, Pisistratus instituted a number of actions to show his support for the gods and patronage of the arts. A permanent copying of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey was commissioned by Pisistratus and he also increased the visibility of the Panathenaic festival, whose origins date from earlier in the 6th century and was celebrated to a large degree every four years, with scaled-down versions of the festival every year. Due to the expansion of the Panathenaic festival, Athena became the most revered goddess of Athens, in essence the patron god of the city-state, and the end of the festival would see a parade travelling to Athena's temple at the Acropolis, featuring a robe for the deity made by young Athenian women. Recitations of Homeric poems and athletic competitions became part of the festivities and prizes were given to the winners.

New festivals were inaugurated such as the greater and lesser Dionysia, which honoured Dionysus, the god of wine and pleasure, and vase paintings of that period highlighted drinking and exuberant celebratory scenes. At the Dionysia festival, prizes were granted for the singing of dithyrambs and by the year 534 BC approximately, tragedy plays were an annual competition occurrence.  Control of the temple of Demeter, located in Eleusis and honouring the goddesses Demeter and Persephone, was also accomplished by Pisistratus and as a result, the floor plan of a great hall, the Telesterion, was redesigned so a much larger building (27m by 30m) could be built on site, with completion during the last few years of Pisistratus' reign or during the time of his sons' rule. Completely made of stone, the Telesterion had marble upper works, a Doric style portico, and tiles. The Greater Mysteries festival at Eleusis was an annual event held in the fall of each year, and was a Pan-Hellenic cult event for people both inside and outside of the Attica region. Other minor local cults sprinkled throughout Attica were either relocated entirely or in part to the city of Athens.

Policy: domestic and foreign

Domestic

One of the major areas of focus for Pisistratus and his government was the economy, and building and expanding on what his predecessor, Solon, had originally started. Pisistratus, likewise, had a two pronged approach: improve and modify agricultural production as well as expand commerce. In terms of agriculture, Solon had previously initiated a focus on the growth and cultivation of olives, which were better suited to the Athenian climate, as a cash crop. Pisistratus reintroduced a focus on olive production and in conjunction, he allocated funds to help the peasants outside the city of Athens, who were a key constituent bloc of his party, the Hyperakrioi, to obtain land as well as purchase tools and farm equipment. The small farmer loans were funded in large part by an assessment or tax on agricultural production, a rare documented example of an Athenian direct tax, at a rate of ten percent according to Aristotle. A secondary source reports that the tax was closer to five percent. Consequently, providing loans and monies to the rural residents surrounding Athens allowed them to continue working in the fields and to perhaps have them be uninterested in the politics of the city-state.

Pisistratus also initiated a travelling system of judges throughout the countryside to conduct trials on location and even the tyrant himself would occasionally accompany these groups for inspection purposes and conflict resolution. At one point, Pisistratus appeared before the court in his own defence, charged with murder, but the prosecution/accuser dropped the charges, being reluctant or afraid to move forward in the case.

On the commerce side, Athenian or Attic pottery was a key export, with small numbers of pottery beginning to arrive in the Black Sea, Italian, and French regions (the modern-day names for these regions) in the 7th century. Under Solon, beginning in the early part of the 6th century, these black-figure pottery commodities began to be exported in ever increasing numbers and distance from Athens, arriving throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea regions. Pisistratus continued to expand this vital pottery trade, with the black-figure pottery being found in Ionia, Cyprus, and as far east as Syria, while to the west, Spain was the most distant market. The popularity of Athenian pottery was noteworthy in the fact that its numbers eventually began to surpass Corinthian pottery exports.

As for the city of Athens itself, Pisistratus embarked on a public building project campaign to improve the infrastructure and architecture of Athens, building new and upgrading old. His administration built roads and worked to improve the water supply of Athens. An aqueduct was connected to the Enneakrounos fountain at the edge of the agora and this marketplace was improved by revising the market lay-out in a more systematic way, improving both its effectiveness and use of space. Archaeologists have discovered agora markers from the 6th century supporting such a claim. Aristocrats had previously owned their private wells and Pisistratus elected to construct fountain houses with public access to water. On the Acropolis, the temple of Athena was reconstructed as the 6th century progressed, and during Pisistratus' rule, the building of a very large temple dedicated to Zeus was initiated, stopped upon his death, resumed several centuries later, and finally completed by Hadrian, a Roman emperor, in 131 AD. Public rather than private patronage became the hallmark of a Pisistratus-ruled society, providing a steady source of construction jobs to those citizens in need and more affordable housing in the city centre. Consequently, more people were able to move to the city of Athens.

To finance these public infrastructure projects as well as increasing the depth and variety of cultural and arts offerings, Pisistratus used the revenue streams generated from the mining at Mount Pangaeus in northern Greece and the silver mines located closer to home at Laurion, owned by the state, in Attica. However, despite evidence of silver coinage, R. J. Hopper writes that silver was indeed produced during this time, but the amount is unclear for the years prior to 484 or 483 BC and it is possible that historians and researchers have overestimated the importance of the mines.

Regarding the minting of silver coins, evidence of this production started to appear in the early 6th century in various Greek city-states. Pomeroy contends that the first stamping of coins, imprinted with the image of an owl, was initiated by either Pisistratus or his sons. This owl depiction symbolised the goddess of wisdom, Athena, and these coins quickly became the most widely recognized currency in the Aegean region. Meanwhile, Verlag argues that the minting most likely started in the first decade of Pisistratus' third reign in power (546 to circa 535 BC), but the design was the so-called  (heraldic coins) at first and then followed by a change to the owl currency version. The dating and placement of this change is uncertain, either late in the Pisistratid dynastic era or early in the democratic era of Athens.

Foreign

In conjunction with the burgeoning Athenian commerce, Pisistratus conducted a foreign policy, especially in the central Aegean Sea, with the intent of building alliances with friendly leaders. On the island of Naxos, the wealthy Lygdamis, who assisted Pisistratus in his triumphant return from his second exile, was installed as ruler and tyrant, and Lygdamis, in turn, placed Polycrates as ruler of the island Samos. Pisistratus re-assumed control of the port city Sigeion or Sigeum, on the coast of western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), placing one of his sons in charge of the government.

In addition, Pisistratus was able to establish an Athenian presence in the Thracian Chersonese, now known as the Gallipoli peninsula located in modern-day Turkey, by dispatching Miltiades to rule as tyrant. The Hellespont waterway was a narrow strait of water between the Thracian Chersonese and Anatolia, and the Thracian peninsula was a key location along travel routes between Asia Minor (Anatolia) and the European continent. Herodotus reports in the Histories that Miltiades was sent over to take control of the Chersonese at a later time in the 6th century, in the year 516, by the sons of Pisistratus. In the process of assuming power, Miltiades procured the support of 500 mercenaries, in a tactic similar to that of Pisistratus, and married a Thracian princess.

Popular tyrant
As opposed to the modern definition of a tyrant, a one-person leader whose ruling attributes are often considered to be violent and oppressive, the usage of the term tyrant during the Archaic Age of Greece did not automatically imply dictatorial or harsh actions by that individual. Rather, the Greek populace would judge a tyrant's reign, good or bad, in regards to his actions and behaviour. Some tyrannies were short-lived while others, like Pisistratus' rule, could last quite long, even decades, if perceived to be a good tyranny and accepted by the people. By definition, tyrants obtained their ruling position by force or other unconstitutional means, and they did not inherit this authoritarian role in the manner of a king or via monarchical succession. However, once in power, many tyrants attempted to establish the propagation of their rule by passing the leadership mantle to their sons, as did Pisistratus. Usually, a tyrant would come from the ranks of fellow aristocrats, but would frequently rally the poor and powerless to their cause in a bid to obtain power, exemplified by Pisistratus when he formed the Hyperakrioi faction. To ease their transition into power and encourage societal security, tyrants could elect to keep the status quo for government institutions and laws, and even legacy officeholders, rather than purge them,

In Herodotus' view as documented in the Histories, after assuming power for the first time, Pisistratus managed the city of Athens even-handedly and fairly, maintaining the government and political office structure as is with no changes to existing laws. However, after reassuming control in 546 BC for his third stint as head of state, Herodotus says that he firmly established his tyranny with his mercenary force, increased his revenues from mining sources in Attica and Mt Pangaeus, placed opponents' children as hostages on the island of Naxos, and exiled both Alcmaeonids as well as other Athenian dissenters (whether by freely chosen exile or by force is unclear). Pomeroy reaffirms Herodotus' commentary regarding Pisistratus' third turn in power, adding that Pisistratus installed relatives and friends in the offices of various archonships and detained the children of some Athenians as hostages to deter future uprisings and discourage opposition. Some of these actions would contradict the perception that Pisistratus ruled justly and followed the law. Aristotle seconds the initial remarks of Herodotus by characterising Pisistratus' reign as moderate and mild, describing the ruler as having a pleasant and tender disposition. As an illustration, Aristotle relates the case of a member of Pisistratus' entourage encountering a man tilling a stony plot of land and asking what was the yield of this land. The anonymous man responded that he received physical soreness and aches and Pisistratus received one-tenth of this yield. Due to his honesty, or perhaps his cleverness, Pisistratus exempted the man from paying his taxes. Aristotle also comments that Pisistratus' government functioned more in a constitutional manner and less like a tyranny.

Rosivach writes that the Pisistratid dynasty did not fundamentally change the government as originally created by Solon; instead, they maintained power by installing allies in important governmental positions, threatening force as needed, and using marriage alliances, all being tactics residing outside the constitution and law. Forsdyke chronicles the certain usage of Greek words by Herodotus in his Histories in reference to Pisistratus' tyranny and advocates that a society ruled by a tyrant has weak citizens while a democratic society has strong and free people.

Legacy and aftermath
Pisistratus died in 527 or 528 BC, and his eldest son, Hippias, succeeded him as tyrant of Athens. Hippias, along with his brother, Hipparchus, kept many of the existing laws and taxed the Athenians at no more than five percent of their income. In 514 BC, a plot to kill both Hippias and Hipparchus was conceived by two lovers, Harmodius and Aristogeiton, after Hipparchus had unsuccessfully solicited the younger Harmodius and subsequently insulted his sister. However, Hipparchus was the only one assassinated, and per Thucydides, was mistakenly identified as the supreme tyrant due to being the victim. However, Hippias was the actual leader of Athens, remaining in power for another four years. During this time, Hippias became more paranoid and oppressive in his actions, killing many of the Athenian citizens. The Alcmaeonid family helped depose the tyranny by bribing the Delphic oracle to tell the Spartans to liberate Athens, which they did in 510 BC. Following the capture of their children, Hippias and the other Pisistratids were forced to accept the terms dictated by the Athenians to recover their children and were exiled, being provided safe passage to Sigeion.

The surviving Pisistratid ruler, Hippias, eventually joined the court of King Darius of Persia, and went on to aid the Persians in their attack on Marathon (490 BC) during the Greco-Persian Wars, acting as a guide. Upon the fall of the Pisistratid dynasty in 510 and the deposition of Hippias, Cleisthenes of Athens ultimately triumphs in a power struggle, dividing the Athenian citizens into ten new tribes, creating a Council of Five Hundred as a representative assembly, and ushering in the age of democratic government in the year 508/507. According to Pomeroy, the tyranny of Pisistratus and his sons functioned as a social levelling mechanism, regardless of economic status, for those outside the Pisistratid faction and sympathizers. Hence, the democratic style of government that evolved to replace the overthrow of the Pisistratids was aided by the circumstances and outcomes of the outgoing tyranny.

Upon the passing of Pisistratus, the coalescing of Athens and its city-state population into a tightly knit society, both of a religious and civil nature, was well underway, even though Athens was still much less influential militarily and politically compared to Sparta, its future ally and rival of the upcoming 5th century BC. Per Aristotle, the tyranny during the time of Pisistratus was commonly thought of as "the age of gold". This reference to an age of gold harkened back to the mythological god Cronos (Cronus), who ruled during what was called the Golden Age.

During the era of Athenian democracy, the development of ostracism, the expelling of a citizen for up to ten years, as a governmental management tool arose in reaction to the tyranny of the Pisistratids, and was envisioned, in part, as a defence against potential tyrants or individuals who amassed too much power or influence.

The poet Dante in Canto XV of the Purgatorio, the second instalment of the Divine Comedy, references Pisistratus as responding in a gentle way when interacting with an admirer of his daughter.

According to Suda, the bodyguards of Pisistratus were called wolf-feet (), because they always had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbite; alternatively, because they had a wolf symbol on their shields.

See also
Land reform in Athens
High Noon -- Pisistratus' tale of being deposed and reinstated is used as a "civics lesson" in the dialogue.
Stasis (ancient Greece)

Notes

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Starr, Chester G. "Pisistratus: Tyrant of Athens." Britannica. Accessed May 15, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peisistratus.
Strassler, Robert B., ed. The Landmark Herodotus, The Histories. Translated by Andrea L. Purvis. New York: Anchor Books, 2007.
Strassler, Robert B., ed. The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. New York: Free Press, 1996.
"Suda Encyclopedia." Translated by Suda On Line project. ToposText. Accessed June 3, 2021. https://topostext.org/work/240#la.797.

Thucydides. "Funeral Oration of Pericles." The Peloponnesian War. Trans. Benjamin Jowett, 1881. Ed. Paul Brians. December 18, 1998. <http://katie.luther.edu/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=68564>
"Tyrant, Ancient Greece." Britannica. Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/topic/tyrant.
"The Tyrants." Encyclopedia.com. Accessed April 30, 2021. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/tyrants.

Athenian tyrants
6th-century BC Athenians
Archaic tyrants
Archaic Athens
Ancient Greek LGBT people
Ancient Olympic competitors
Year of birth unknown
520s BC deaths

Pisistratus


Mohotti Arachchilage Sriyani Kulawansha-Fonsekca (born 1 March 1970) is a retired Sri Lankan hurdler. Her personal best time was 12.91 seconds, achieved in the quarter-finals of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

She represented Sri Lanka in the 1992 Olympic Games held in Spain at the young age of 22. The 1996 Olympic Games held in US saw her advancing to the quarter finals of the 100m Hurdles event as she registered her personal best timing of 12.91 sec. Her final Olympic Games were the 2000 Sydney Olympics.

She was very consistent in the Asian Championships and her best year was 1998, where she won Silver in the Commonwealth Games and Bronze in the Asian Games. From 1989 to 2004 she has participated in over 70 International Games, and still holds the record in the South Asian Games for the hurdles event.

Early life
Sriyani Kulawansha describes her childhood  as being the "vehicle of our house" as she used to run to buy groceries from her home located on a hill. It is there she realized her "energy and love" for sports.

She received her primary school education from Udakendawala Primary School and entered Ibbagamuwa Central College after passing the grade 5 scholarship exam. There she took part in all the four games for girls Athletics, Elle (a game like baseball), Netball and Volleyball and won the all island championship in all of them. And she won the best sportswoman award in 1989 for Athletics, Vollyball and Netball. She had to give up Netball and volleyball to focus on Athletics when she came to the national level.

She grew up in Melsiripura, a remote area in Sri Lanka's Kurunegala District.

Professional career
While she was in 1989 South Asian Games practice squad she learned that high jump event has been cancelled due to lack of participants. But she credits her parents and coach Dervin Perera for motivating her to change to hurdles event.

She describes her biggest career achievement as winning the Silver Medals in the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

Sriyani retired from sports at the age of 34 even after getting selected to the 2004 Olympics. She says the decision was made because she knew that she had little chance to win and to give the opportunity to another athlete.

After retirement she was invited to work as a project officer at the Education Ministry to provide services to students.

Competition record

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
People from North Western Province, Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan female hurdlers
Olympic athletes for Sri Lanka
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Sri Lanka
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Sri Lanka
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games gold medalists for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games medalists in athletics
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Asian Athletics Championships winners

Sriyani Kulawansa


Advanced Library Format (ALF), also known as IEEE 1603 or IEC 62265, is an IEEE and IEC standard that describes a data specification language for library elements used in ASIC design applications for integrated circuits.  ALF can model behavior, timing, power and noise, hot electron, electromigration, antenna effects, physical abstraction and physical implementation rules of library elements.

References

IEC 62265:2005

External links
Version 2.0 reference manual (PDF)
IEEE standard 1603

IEEE DASC standards
IEC standards

Advanced Library Format


A dip bar is a piece of fitness equipment that consists of a U-shaped bar, usually about  in diameter, which surrounds the user's body at the waist. It is designed for the performance of, and named after, the dip exercise.

In addition to this exercise, much like the trap bar can be used for deadlifts, a dip bar has other potential uses. It can, for example, be used to do handstand pushups, or the forearms can lie on it to be used as a (probably less comfortable) captain's chair for doing things such as knee raises. When dip bars have clearance under the handles, they also allow the exerciser to do things like hip abduction leg raises, to work muscles like the gluteus medius.

Dip bars that are high enough can also be used via having the hands below the bar instead of on top of them, using the finger flexors to hang on. They can be used to hold the very top motion of a pull-up (generally they are not high enough to allow significant range of motion in this movement, even if the knees are bent or pulled to the chest) as well as to perform supine rows.

See also
Parallettes
Rings (gymnastics)
Chin-up bar

Weight training equipment

Dip bar


Clancy Alexander Rudeforth (born 1 February 1983) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Claremont Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), captaining the side from 2009 to 2011. He was previously rookie-listed at the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). Still, he did not play a senior game for them. Rudeforth currently works as a solicitor at a Perth-based commercial law firm.

Football career
Born in Kellerberrin, Rudeforth moved to Kununurra with his family at the age of three months. His father was a country doctor, and Rudeforth also lived in Carnarvon and Corrigin before he moved to Perth to attend Hale School. Rudeforth played for the Western Australia Under-18 team in both the 2000 and 2001 AFL Under 18 Championships, captaining the side in 2001. He also captained the Australia under-17 team that toured Ireland in 2000. Rudeforth made his senior debut for Claremont in round two of the 2001 season, against . He was recruited to the West Coast Eagles with the 35th pick overall in the 2002 Rookie Draft, and spent three seasons at the club before being de-listed at the end of the 2004. Rudeforth's form for Claremont was consistent however; he played 23 games in 2004 and was selected in the WAFL representative side against the Victorian Football League (VFL). He also finished second in the EB Cook Medal, Claremont's best and fairest award, and played in the club's losing Grand Final team against . Rudeforth was again selected in the WAFL representative side in 2006, against the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Rudeforth was named captain of Claremont in 2009. In September 2010, Rudeforth had his jaw broken after an incident with  defender Luke Pratt, who was suspended for three games for the incident. In 2011, Rudeforth played his 150th game for Claremont, against Port Adelaide in the Foxtel Cup. He played his 150th WAFL game the week after, against . He captained the club to the 2011 premiership, defeating Subiaco by 56 points in the 2011 Grand Final, announcing his retirement after the game.

Personal life
Rudeforth currently works as a solicitor for Herbert Smith Freehills, an international commercial law firm, and is involved with oil and gas law. During 2005, when he took a year off from playing football to travel overseas, Rudeforth kept fit by running in European mountain ranges, and also participated in the 2005 New York City Marathon, finishing the course in three hours, 15 minutes, and 32 seconds to place 1,425th out of 37,516 runners. In April 2012, Rudeforth biked from Perth to Albany, a distance of 410 km, in support of the Proudies Foundation.

References

1983 births
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Australian solicitors
Claremont Football Club players
Living people
Australian male marathon runners
People educated at Hale School
People from Kellerberrin, Western Australia
Sportsmen from Western Australia

Clancy Rudeforth


Wall Street Poker is a form of stud poker which also features community cards. It is named after the financial district of New York and the movie of the same name, because of a strategy of aggressive bidding involved.

Rules
Players are initially dealt three hole cards, two face down, one face up. Everyone pays an ante.

Four community cards are then dealt face up, each with a different value, this is called the Wall Street. Each round then starts with the player with the strongest hand showing. For example, a showing pair would beat a high card.

Rather than a betting round taking place, a bidding round occurs, where players choose whether to buy a community card. The card on the left of the dealer costs one betting unit, the next card two betting units, the next card three betting units and the card to the right of the dealer costs four betting units. The fee for the card then goes into the pot. If a player chooses to purchase one of the cards it is replaced from the top of the deck.

If they choose not to purchase a card, they are dealt one for free face up. This process repeats until every player has four face up cards. So for example if the minimum bid was $1, and a player is dealt a pair of Kings, if a King is the third community card to the left of the dealer, it would cost them $3 to take the King.

Players are then dealt a face down card and a final betting round takes place.

Variations
There are also wild card versions of this game where the most expensive card can be a wild card, meaning that it has any value the player wants it to be. For example, if a Queen is needed to make a straight, it would cost four betting units but a player could purchase the wild card to count as the Queen. Another version of the game plays in the following way:

 All players pay the antes.
 Four cards are dealt face up on the table.
 The furthest left card (from the dealer perspective) is marked with a chip.
 All players are dealt two cards.
 Every player now has the option to decide: (a) to get a third card from the dealer which is dealt face up; (b) to buy one of the four cards that were dealt previously, with the card to the left of the dealer costing one betting unit, the next card two betting units, the next card three betting units and the card to the right of the dealer costing four betting units.
 The first betting round takes place. When played with antes, each pot is opened by the player who shows the weakest hand. They have to pay the bring-in and can also raise.
 Again every player can decide to get a card from the dealer or to buy a card from the Wall Street.
 Second betting round.
 There are three more betting rounds. Before each round each player draws an additional card. Cards five and six are dealt face up, card seven is dealt face down.

References
Wall Street Poker Entry At PokerStrategy.com Glossary

Poker variants
Stud poker

Wall Street Poker


People of the Black Mountains is an historical novel by Raymond Williams.

This book is a work in two volumes, published in 1989 and 1990.  It features a great diversity of people in a single place across the ages.  Most of them are ordinary people living unprivileged lives.  It is told thorough a series of flashbacks featuring an ordinary man in modern times.  He is looking for his grandfather who has not returned from a hill-walk, but has visions of the past as it might have been.

It begins in the Old Stone Age and extends through to the Middle Ages, telling a series of fictionalized short stories about ordinary people in the Welsh-border region of the Black Mountains where he was born and grew up.

The series is solidly based on what archaeologists have found – some of the tales are speculative reconstructions based on real burials.  It has been praised for "brilliant clarity and imaginative vision" (Sunday Telegraph) and hailed as "the great historic novel Wales has long deserved" (Wales on Sunday).

The story-sequence  would have extended to modern times had Williams lived to finish it.  What exists is a complete story arc extending from the Old Stone Age to the late-Mediaeval period.  The story begins in the Old Stone Age and was intended to come right up to modern times, always focusing on ordinary people. He had completed it as mediaeval times when he died in 1988. It was prepared for publication by his wife Joy Williams and was published in two volumes, along with a Postscript that gives a brief description of what the remaining work would have been.

Stories include

 Primitive hunters living before the last Ice-age
 Similar hunter gatherers returning after the ice, and their possible marriage-customs
 The arrival of the first Neolithic farmers; in this case pastoralists with sheep, which the local hunters don't initially recognise as creatures they should not hunt.
 A visiting astronomer-priest from the culture that later produced the Stonehenge trilithons
 The defeat of a Roman force by Welsh tribesmen, the Silures.
 'King Arthur', here seen as Artorius, a warlord who had defeated the Saxons but here seen as a burden to the ordinary farmers who produced the food that the warriors ate.
 Harold Godwinson riding through, having briefly chased out the Normans during the reign of Edward the Confessor.
 The Normans pushing into Wales after 1066
 A local revolt that merges into the general rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr in the early 15th century.
 Sir John Oldcastle seeking refuge after being persecuted for supporting the Lollards.

References

Anglo-Welsh novels
Books about Wales
1989 British novels
Historical novels
History of Monmouthshire
Novels set in Wales
Black Mountains, Wales
Chatto & Windus books
Novels by Raymond Williams

People of the Black Mountains


Tellico Plains is a town in Monroe County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 859 at the 2000 census and 880 at the 2010 census. Tellico Plains is home to several communities that include Coker Creek, Belltown, Rafter, Mount Vernon, Rural Vale, and more.

History
The area along the Tellico River was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. The historic Muscogee settled here, before moving further south. In the late 18th century, the Cherokee settled in this area, displaced from the east and north by European colonial encroachment.

A United States fur trade factory was situated here between 1795 and 1807.

Tellico Plains occupies the former site of the Cherokee town of Great Tellico, which was one of the more important towns of the Overhill Cherokee during the late 18th century and before Indian Removal of the 1830s. Two important Native American trails met at Great Tellico, the Trading Path and the Warrior Path, which connected farflung communities.

European Americans moved into the area and developed the land for agriculture, chiefly subsistence farming. During the 1840s, Elisha Johnson, a former mayor of Rochester, New York, purchased a plantation here and built the Tellico River Mansion on his property. With his brother Ebenezer, the former mayor of Buffalo, New York, he purchased the Tellico Iron and Manufacturing Company.

During the Civil War, the Confederacy commandeered the iron works for production of munitions. General William Sherman's Union Army soldiers destroyed the Tellico Iron Works. Sherman pardoned Elisha Johnson for his part in supplying the Confederates because of Johnson's northern birth and sympathies. Johnson returned to the North, settling in Ithaca, New York, where he died in 1866.

The nearby Coker Creek was the site of a minor gold rush during the late 1800s. The small crossroads town of Coker Creek has a gold-panning tourist attraction. Visitors can rent pans and receive professional instructions from the proprietor of the souvenir shop. Visitors can also explore the old gold mines in the surrounding hills, although the mines are in a state of disrepair. Commercial gold mining continues on at least one private plot located slightly to the southwest of the tourist attraction.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Tellico Plains became the base of operations for the Babcock Lumber Company, which ran logging operations throughout the Tellico River basin. When it finished clearcutting, it sold its land to the US Forest Service. It has worked for decades to restore the woods.

Tellico Plains was incorporated in 1911.  Its first mayor was Columbus Jenkins, father of a noted attorney, Ray Jenkins.

Tellico Plains is home to the Charles Hall Museum.  The town is also the eastern terminus of the Trans America Trail, a popular OHV route to Oregon and the Pacific Ocean.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

The town is located on the Tellico River near the location where the river emerges from the higher peaks of the Appalachian Mountains and into the less rugged Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians.

Climate

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 859 people, 393 households, and 227 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 446 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.74% White, 0.81% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 1.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.75% of the population.

There were 393 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 39.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $18,750, and the median income for a family was $31,087. Males had a median income of $27,045 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,234. About 19.2% of families and 24.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 38.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Tellico Plains' economy is fueled by the Cherohala Skyway and the Cherokee National Forest.

Notable people
Bill Ervin (1932-), racing driver
Josh Graves (1928-2006), American bluegrass musician
Ray Jenkins (1897–1980), defense attorney
Ebenezer Johnson (1786–1849), first Mayor of Buffalo, New York
Mike Stratton (1941-2020), American football player
Harry O. Stratton (1910-1972)
Jill Wagner (1979-), Actress
Moytoy of Tellico (1687-1741)

Schools
Monroe County Schools operates public schools.
Tellico Plains High School
Tellico Plains Junior High School
Tellico Plains Elementary School
Monroe County Christian Academy
Areas outside of Tellico Plains with Tellico Plains mailing addresses are served by:
Rural Vale Elementary School
Coker Creek Elementary School, Coker Creek

References

External links

 The Tellico Plains Mountain Press
 Tellico Plains Official Website
 Charles Hall Museum

Towns in Tennessee
Towns in Monroe County, Tennessee

Tellico Plains, Tennessee


Theodore Pergande (28 December 1840 – 23 March 1916) was a German-born American entomological pioneer known for his skills in rearing insects. He made careful observations on aphids and thrips and made collections and studies on North American ants, several of which, including the harvester ant Messor pergandei and the scale insect Parlatoria pergandii, have been named after him.

Biography
Pergande was born in Germany and moved to the United States at the beginning of the American Civil War and served in the northern army. He had worked for a while as a mechanic in a gun works factory in Stettin and left Germany ostensibly to avoid marrying a girl from a Catholic family. After the war, he lived in St. Louis where he married a German, worked in a gun-making company, and collected insects on weekends. On one of his weekend collecting trips, he met  Otto Lugger who was then retiring. Lugger recommended Pergande as an assistant to C.V. Riley, state entomologist in Missouri. When Riley moved to the US Department of Entomology, he took Pergande along. Pergande described many species of insects and was in-charge of rearing insects and was noted for his care in mounting specimens. Pergande was among the oldest members of the Entomological Society of Washington and was among the several other influential entomologists of German origin along with Hermann August Hagen, Eugene Amandus Schwarz, George Marx, A.J. Schafhirt, Otto Heidemann, Frederick Knab and Albert Koebele.

References

1840 births
1916 deaths
American entomologists
Myrmecologists
Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States
Union Army soldiers

Theodore Pergande


The Battle of (the) Annaberg () was the biggest battle of the Silesian Uprisings. The battle, which took place between May 21–26, 1921, was fought at the Annaberg (Polish: Góra Św. Anny), a strategic hill near the village of Annaberg O.S. (Góra Świętej Anny), located southeast of Oppeln (Opole) in Upper Silesia, Weimar Germany. After the hill had been captured by irregular Polish-Silesian units in the Third Silesian Uprising, German Freikorps pushed the Polish forces back. The final border was determined by political and diplomatic efforts.

Prelude
By the Treaty of Versailles, the German Reichswehr was limited to a strength of 100,000. Several independent paramilitary Freikorps units were formed from the remnants of the German Imperial Army. The German Freikorps units often did not obey orders from the official government, but the German government assisted in transportation and supplies. Freikorps units fought against the communist groups in Germany and also against Polish insurgents in the East. While Germany had recognized the independent Polish state in the aftermath of Versailles, there were some disputed areas, some of which saw violent conflict.

On April 30, 1921, Polish-Silesian officials led by Wojciech Korfanty, upon finding that Germany would be granted most of the plebiscite area in disputed Upper Silesia, decided to start the Third Uprising even though the government in Warsaw wanted to avoid hostilities at all cost.

On May 2, acts of sabotage by the Polish Wawelberg Group units under Konrad Wawelberg severed all connections between Upper Silesia and Germany.

On May 3, at 3 a.m., the Polish forces started an offensive and in the following days they pushed the small German forces westwards, reaching the line of the Oder River and capturing the 400 m strategic hill of Annaberg on May 4.

It took around two weeks for the Germans to prepare the counteroffensive and to bring in volunteers from other German areas. The leaders settled for Generalleutnant Karl Höfer as commander. Generalleutnant Bernhard von Hülsen would lead the southern force at the Oder, and Oberstleutnant Grüntzen would lead the northern force in the forests.

The German units were strengthened by the arrival of the Freikorps Oberland unit from Bavaria. Its 1650 soldiers were experienced veterans of World War I, under Major Albert Ritter von Beckh. Among members of the FK Oberland were notable figures of the future Nazi Germany, including Sepp Dietrich (who distinguished himself during the battle), Rudolf Höss, Kurt Eggers, Edmund Heines, Beppo Römer, and Peter von Heydebreck, leader of the Werewolves and later pronounced the "hero of Annaberg". Also, there were several student-volunteers from the Bavarian town of Erlangen. The German force also consisted of Silesian paramilitary battalions (Selbstschutzes Oberschlesien), consisting of recently demobilized veterans and men too young to have fought in World War I.

Although the Polish forces outnumbered the German troops in the region, the Germans had more experience than the Poles, many of whom were civilians.

Battle
The Annaberg hill with the monastery located on top, was  strategically significant as from its peak the whole valley of the Oder/Odra could be dominated. The German-Upper Silesian commanders, Generals Höfer and Hülsen, decided to use three battalions of the Bavarian Oberland, which were transported to Krappitz (Krapkowice), on 19/20 May 1921.

The German counterattack, which began at 2:30 a.m. on May 21, was led by the Oberland Freikorps and Silesian Selbstschutz. Hülsen concentrated his six and a half undersized battalions, numbering roughly 900 men, into two columns to form left and right wings. The Germans launched their offensive, which started from a hill north of the Annaberg, against a regiment of Polish Silesian insurgents from Pless (Pszczyna), under Franciszek Rataj. The Germans lacked artillery, however, and fighting was fierce. Hülsen wrote, "We learned then how painful it could be to mount an assault on a fortified position without a single piece of artillery". Bavarian Oberlanders were able to defeat a Polish counterattack with grenades and bayonets and capture two cannons, which they used in an attack on the town Oleschka (Oleszka) west of the mountain.

After seven hours of heavy combat, the Germans managed to force the Pless regiment to withdraw and then concentrated their attack on the neighboring regiment of Polish volunteers from Kattowitz (Katowice), under Walenty Fojkis, as well as Polish-Silesian battalions from Groß Strehlitz (Strzelce Opolskie) and Tost (Toszek), known as Group Bogdan. Among Polish forces defending the mountain, there were also miners from the Ferdinand coal mine in Kattowitz as well as workers from the Kattowitz suburb of Bogutschütz (Bogucice). Altogether, Polish forces fighting in the area of the Annaberg formed Group East.

At 11:00 a.m. the Germans began a coordinated advance on the mountain: the Finsterlin Battalion from the northwest, the Assault Detachment Heintz from the southwest, the Oestricher Battalion from the east, and the Sebringhaus Battalion and the Eicke Company from the southeast. Under German pressure, the Poles, after heavy hand-to-hand combat, withdrew east. The subsequent Polish counterattack was repelled and the success of the Freikorps was widely reported in Germany, as it was regarded as the first German victory since November 1918.

At the end of the day Polish defenders established defensive positions in Wielmierzowice, Krasowa, Zales Śląski and Popice. According to Hoefer's reports, in the subsequent fighting some of the German battalions were reduced to between 10 and 15% of their initial strength. By the afternoon of the 21st, Polish insurgents had pushed German forces back from Kalinow, Poznowic, Sprzecis and the railway station in Kamień.

On the 22nd, Polish insurgents attacked and took back Raszowa and Daniec and in the Januszkowic region fought back a German attempt at crossing of the Oder.

On May 23, the Poles, after regrouping and strengthening their forces with a battalion from Hindenburg O.S. (Zabrze) under Paweł Cyms, initiated another strong attack, but it was repulsed by the German artillery, with great losses on both sides. Heavy fighting took place in neighboring villages, such as Leschnitz (Leśnica), Lichynia, Krasowa, Dolna, Olszowa and Klucz.

Aftermath

The government of both sides could barely influence events as neither side had solid command structures and forces acted independently. On May 25, the Selbstschutz, under pressure from Berlin, which threatened the Freikorps with serious penalties, decided to initiate peace talks. On the next day, the general command of Polish forces ordered its units to cease fighting. Some additional skirmishes took place around June 4 to June 6.

In early July, Allied troops entered the area and separated the fighting sides. Both Poles and Germans disengaged and retreated. For internal and external political reasons, the contributions of the German fighters were not officially recognized by the government. That supported bitter feelings against the Weimar Republic. The reputation of the "Annaberg heroes" helped them in later years, however.

The disputed territory of Upper Silesia was subsequently divided between the two countries along voting lines (in the Upper Silesia plebiscite), with Poland receiving the eastern third of the area with the coal mines. The new border followed roughly the line separating the sides at the close of hostilities (see Upper Silesia plebiscite). The Annaberg itself remained part of Germany until 1945, when it was transferred to Poland according to the Potsdam Agreement.

See also
 History of Silesia
 Polish Military Organization of Upper Silesia

Notes

References

External links
Polish map of the battle

Battles involving Germany
Battles involving Poland
1921 in Germany
20th-century Freikorps
Conflicts in 1921
Silesian Uprisings
Rebellions in Germany
Rebellions in Poland
May 1921 events

Battle of Annaberg


The Arsenal Academy was a military academy in Columbia, South Carolina, originally established in 1842 as an independent school by the state of South Carolina.  In 1845, the academy became a component of the South Carolina Military Academy (now The Citadel), in which first year cadets underwent their initial year of training before completing their studies at the larger Citadel Academy in Charleston, South Carolina.  The school was burned by Sherman's forces in 1865 and never reopened.

History

At the outset of the Civil War in 1861, the South Carolina Military Academy consisted of two institutions, both built in the 1820s as state arsenals, specifically to have the state prepared in the event of a slave revolt like that planned by Denmark Vesey (who was from Charleston). This process consolidated a number of smaller arsenals around the state to two locations, which would in 1842 be converted to military academies. The Arsenal Academy, or Arsenal Military Academy, or The Arsenal, was in Columbia, and the Citadel Academy, or Citadel Military Academy, or The Citadel because of the appearance of its building, in Charleston. The Arsenal was burned by Union General William Sherman's troops in 1865; in fact, destroying it was one of his objectives. It was never rebuilt. The only surviving building from The Arsenal is the current Governor's Mansion.

The Citadel suffered no damage and, after serving as housing for Federal forces during the Reconstruction Era, reopened as the South Carolina Military Academy or commonly The Citadel Academy.

References

History of Columbia, South Carolina
Defunct United States military academies
Arsenals
Education in Richland County, South Carolina
Public universities and colleges in South Carolina
The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina
American Civil War forts
1842 establishments in South Carolina
1865 disestablishments in South Carolina
Defunct universities and colleges in South Carolina

Arsenal Academy


Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle is a 1994 American biographical drama film directed by Alan Rudolph from a screenplay written by Rudolph and Randy Sue Coburn. The film stars Jennifer Jason Leigh as writer Dorothy Parker and depicts the members of the Algonquin Round Table, a group of writers, actors and critics who met almost every weekday from 1919 to 1929 at Manhattan's Algonquin Hotel.

The film was an Official Selection at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme d'Or. The film was a critical but not a commercial success. Leigh won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress.

Peter Benchley, who plays editor Frank Crowninshield, was the grandson of humorist Robert Benchley, who once worked underneath Crowninshield. Actor Wallace Shawn is the son of William Shawn, the longtime editor of The New Yorker.

Cast

 Jennifer Jason Leigh as Dorothy Parker
 Campbell Scott as Robert Benchley
 Matthew Broderick as Charles MacArthur
 Peter Gallagher as Alan Campbell
 Jennifer Beals as Gertrude Benchley
 Andrew McCarthy as Eddie Parker (Edwin Pond Parker II)
 Wallace Shawn as Horatio Byrd
 Martha Plimpton as Jane Grant
 Sam Robards as Harold Ross
 Lili Taylor as Edna Ferber
 James LeGros as Deems Taylor
 Gwyneth Paltrow as Paula Hunt
 Nick Cassavetes as Robert Sherwood
 David Thornton as George S. Kaufman
 Heather Graham as Mary Kennedy Taylor
 Tom McGowan as Alexander Woollcott
 Chip Zien as Franklin P. Adams
 Gary Basaraba as Heywood Broun
 Jane Adams as Ruth Hale
 Stephen Baldwin as Roger Spalding
 Matt Malloy as Marc Connelly
 Rebecca Miller as Neysa McMein
 Jake Johannsen as John Peter Toohey
 Amelia Campbell as Mary Brandon Sherwood
 David Gow as Donald Ogden Stewart
 Leni Parker as Beatrice Kaufman
 J. M. Henry as Harpo Marx
 Stanley Tucci as Newt Hunter
 Mina Badie as Joanie Gerard
 Randy Lowell as Alvan Barach

Given the historical impact of many of the people portrayed in the film, the ensemble nature of the cast led to opening credits displaying all 30 actors listed above. Other historical characters, in brief appearances, included portrayals by Keith Carradine as Will Rogers, Jon Favreau as Elmer Rice, lead character Robert Benchley's grandson – Jaws author Peter Benchley – as Frank Crowninshield, Malcolm Gets as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Gisele Rousseau as Polly Adler.

Production

Development
Director Alan Rudolph was fascinated with the Algonquin Round Table as a child when he discovered Gluyas Williams' illustrations in a collection of Robert Benchley's essays. Speaking in 1995, he said "the Algonquin Hotel round table, what it symbolised, and the ripple effect that went out from it, was probably up there in the 50 most significant events of the century". After making The Moderns, a film about American expatriates in 1920s Paris, Rudolph wanted to tackle a fact-based drama set in the same era. He began work on a screenplay with novelist and former Washington Star journalist Randy Sue Coburn about legendary writer Dorothy Parker. In 1992, Rudolph attended a Fourth of July party hosted by filmmaker Robert Altman who introduced him to actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. Rudolph was surprised by her physical resemblance to Parker and was impressed by her knowledge of the Jazz Age. Leigh was so committed to doing the film that she agreed to make it for "a tenth of what I normally get for a film".

The screenplay originally focused on the platonic relationship between Parker and Robert Benchley, but this did not appeal to any financial backers. There still was no interest even when Altman came on board as producer. The emphasis on Parker was the next change to the script, but Rudolph still had no luck finding financing for "a period biography of a literate woman." Altman used his clout to persuade Fine Line Features and Miramax—two studios he was making films for—to team, with the former releasing Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle domestically and the latter handling foreign distribution. Altman claimed that he forced the film to be made by putting his own money into it, adding,  "I put other projects of mine hostage to it. I did a lot of lying".

Filming
Rudolph shot the film in Montreal because the building facades in its old city most closely resembled period New York City. Full financing was not acquired until four weeks into principal photography.

The film's large cast followed Leigh's lead and agreed to work for much lower than their usual salaries. Rudolph invited them to write their own dialogue, which resulted in a chaotic first couple of days of principal photography. Actor Campbell Scott remembered "Everyone hung on to what they knew about their characters and just sort of threw it out there." Actress Jennifer Beals discussed this in her appearance on the Jon Favreau program Dinner for Five, where she stated that while much dialogue was improvised in the style of the real-life characters the actors were playing, many of these characters were not integral to the plot. As such, many of the actors had much larger parts that were edited down to nearly nothing in the film's final cut.

During the film's 40-day shoot, the cast stayed in a run-down hotel dubbed Camp Rudolph and engaged in all-night poker games. Leigh chose not to participate in these activities, preferring to stay in character on and off camera. She did a great amount of research for the role and said "I wanted to be as close to her as I possibly could." To this end, Leigh stayed at the Algonquin Hotel for a week and read Parker's entire body of work. In addition, the actress listened repeatedly to the two existing audio recordings of Parker in order to perfect the writer's distinctive voice. Leigh found that Parker "had a sensibility that I understand very, very well. A sadness. A depression."

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a  approval rating based on  reviews, with an average score of . A rough cut of Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle was screened at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival where it divided film critics. It was rumored afterwards that Leigh re-recorded several scenes that were too difficult to understand because of her accent but she denied that this happened. The film was an Official Selection at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and was nominated for the Palme d'Or.

For her performance in the film, Leigh was nominated for both the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead.

Year-end lists
 4th – Michael Mills, The Palm Beach Post
 6th – Desson Howe, The Washington Post
 10th – Scott Schuldt, The Oklahoman
 Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Jimmy Fowler, Dallas Observer
 Top 10 (not ranked) – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News-Sentinel
 Honorable mention – Jeff Simon, The Buffalo News
 Honorable mention –  Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
 Honorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, Austin American-Statesman

References

External links

1994 films
1994 drama films
1990s biographical drama films
1990s English-language films
American biographical drama films
Films directed by Alan Rudolph
Films scored by Mark Isham
Films set in hotels
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in the 1950s
Films shot in Montreal
Cultural depictions of American women
Cultural depictions of F. Scott Fitzgerald
Cultural depictions of Will Rogers
Cultural depictions of writers
Biographical films about writers
Algonquin Round Table
1994 independent films
1990s American films
American independent films

Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle


Master Blaster were a German dance music group which consisted of members Sascha van Holt, Rico Bernasconi and Mike de Ville.

History
Their most successful single, "Hypnotic Tango", samples the Italo disco hit by My Mine. In 2002, it reached the top 10 of the Media Control Charts, and was one of the most successful dance singles of the year; it also earned them an Echo nomination, and was a hit in Austria, France, Switzerland, and the UK.
The following year, they released the singles "Ballet Dancer" together with Turbo B of Snap!, and "How Old R U?", another hit. Their debut album, We Love Italo Disco contains songs which sample various Italo disco hits.

In 2006, the group released "Since You've Been Gone", a cover of the 1976 Russ Ballard song. The following year they released their second studio album Put Your Hands Up. The single "Walking in Memphis"/"Can Delight" reached the top of the ClubRotation dance charts for several weeks.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

German dance music groups
Musical groups established in 2002

Master Blaster (band)


Casey Guernsey (born October 14, 1980) is a Republican politician and former member of the Missouri House of Representatives. Guernsey represented the 3rd, and then the 2nd District, encompassing all or portions of Daviess, Gentry, Grundy, Harrison, Mercer, Sullivan, and Worth counties in north central Missouri. Due to Missouri House redistricting following the 2010 U.S. Census, much of the current 3rd District was renamed the 2nd District effective January, 2013. The new boundaries include all of Daviess, DeKalb, Gentry, and Harrison counties, but no longer all or parts of Grundy, Mercer, Sullivan, or Worth counties. Guernsey ran for the newly created 2nd District and won in the November, 2012 general election. On January 31, 2014, Guernsey announced he would not be a candidate for re-election in the 2014 Missouri House races nor would he be running for any seat in the Missouri Senate.

Personal history
Casey Lee Guernsey was born October 14, 1980, in the medical facilities at the United States Air Force Academy near Colorado Springs, Colorado. He is a 1999 graduate of South Harrison R-II High School in Bethany, Missouri. Following high school, Guernsey attended College of the Ozarks near Branson, Missouri, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration in 2003. Representative Guernsey is a 7th generation family farmer and actively involved in the family dairy and beef production when not busy in the state legislature. Previously Guernsey served as a staff policy analyst for U.S.Congressmen Roy Blunt and Sam Graves in Washington, D.C. He is a member of the Blue Ridge Christian Union Church as well as active with the National Rifle Association, National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), and Rotary International.

Political history
Representative Guernsey has a family history of political involvement. His ancestors include Senator Charles A. Guernsey and Richard Gentry, a former Missouri state Senator killed while leading troops at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee during the Seminole Wars. Casey Guernsey first ran for State Representative in 2006, losing to incumbent Jim Whorton. Whorton was term-limited under Missouri law from seeking reelection in 2008. In November of that year Guernsey defeated Democrat Mike Hepler to win his first term in the House. Guernsey ran unopposed in 2010. In November, 2012 Guernsey ran for the newly created 2nd District seat, defeating Independent candidate Jim Nash to earn a third term in the Missouri House.

Legislative assignments
Representative Guernsey serves on the following committees:
 Chair, Agribusiness.
 Appropriations - Agriculture and Natural Resources subcommittee.
 Budget.
 Rules.
 Special Standing Committee on Renewable Energy.

Political future
On January 31, 2014, Representative Guernsey announced he would not be seeking re-election for a final two-year term from the 2nd District, as allowed under Missouri term limits. Neither, said Guernsey, would he be a candidate for the 12th District Missouri Senate seat being vacated by term-limited Republican Brad Lager, even after loaning his campaign committee $100,000 to run for the vacated Senate seat and clearing the primary field of opposition. Guernsey cited a desire to take a different direction in his life and the large time spent away from home serving his constituents as reasons for his decision. He did not rule out the possibility of running for elected office in the future, however, and vowed to stay active in Missouri Republican politics.

References

Republican Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
College of the Ozarks alumni
1980 births
Living people
People from Bethany, Missouri

Casey Guernsey


The Phlebotomist is a debut stage play written by Ella Road. It received its premier at the Hampstead Theatre Downstairs in 2018 and transferred to the theatre's Main Stage in 2019. Both productions were directed by Sam Yates and starred Jade Anouka.

The play was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre at the 2019 Olivier Awards. Road's script was also  a finalist for the 2019 Susan Smith Blackburn Prize.

The Phlebotomist focuses on genetic testing as a basis for exploring social ethics and cultural trends. In the world of the play genomics has become so mainstream that everyone has had their DNA mapped. People are judged upon the 'quality' of their genes, and a rating system from 0-10 has developed: 'High-raters' have few health risks written into their DNA; 'Low-raters', or 'subs' have many. The story follows young couple Bea and Aaron, and their friend Char, as they navigate this new social order.

The play was published by Oberon Books in April 2018, with a second edition published in March 2019, including additions and edits made in the intervening year.

References

2018 plays
2010s debut plays
English-language plays

The Phlebotomist


Katharine Scherman Rosin (October 7, 1915 – December 11, 2009) was an American author of non-fiction.

Life

Born in New York City, Katharine Scherman Rosin was the daughter of Harry Scherman and Bernardine Kielty Scherman. Her father was Jewish and her mother was of Irish and Welsh descent. She married Axel G. Rosin on April 10, 1943. She had two children, Karen and Susanna. She received a B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1938. Her interests include ornithology, mountain climbing, reading and music (she played piano and cello).

After graduating from college, Scherman worked as a secretary for the Sunday Review of Literature in New York City from 1940–41, while also working as an editor for J. B. Lippincott & Co. during the same period. From 1941 to 1944 she worked at Life as a researcher and writer. From 1944 to 1949 she was a writer and editor at Book-of-the-Month Club, during which time she married Axel Rosin, who was also working there. She authored ten books, the first in 1954 and the last in 1987.

Bibliography
The Slave Who Freed Haiti: The Story of Toussaint Louverture (juvenile), 1954. An account of Toussaint Louverture.
Spring on an Arctic Island. 1956. Travel literature about a research trip to Bylot Island in 1954.
Catherine the Great (juvenile). 1957. About Catherine the Great.
The Sword of Siegfried (juvenile). 1959.
William Tell (juvenile). 1961.
The Long White Night. 1964.
Two Islands: Grand Manan and Sanibel. 1971. Travel literature.
Daughter of Fire: A Portrait of Iceland. 1976. Travel literature.
The Flowering of Ireland. 1981. History of Ireland 5th to 12th centuries.
The Birth of France: Warriors, Bishops, and Long-Haired Kings. 1987. A history of the Merovingian kings of France.

External links
"Books Of The Times", from The New York Times, July 21, 1981. Review of The Flowering of Ireland.

References

Contemporary Authors, Gale, 2006

1915 births
2009 deaths
Swarthmore College alumni
American people of Jewish descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Welsh descent

Katharine Scherman


In digital signal processing, a quadrature mirror filter is a filter whose magnitude response is the mirror image around  of that of another filter. Together these filters, first introduced by Croisier et al., are known as the quadrature mirror filter pair.

A filter  is the quadrature mirror filter of  if .

The filter responses are symmetric about :

In audio/voice codecs, a quadrature mirror filter pair is often used to implement a filter bank that splits an input signal into two bands. The resulting high-pass and low-pass signals are often reduced by a factor of 2, giving a critically sampled two-channel representation of the original signal. The analysis filters are often related by the following formula in addition to quadrate mirror property:

where  is the frequency, and the sampling rate is normalized to .
This is known as power complementary property.
In other words, the power sum of the high-pass and low-pass filters is equal to 1.

Orthogonal wavelets – the Haar wavelets and related Daubechies wavelets, Coiflets, and some developed by Mallat, are generated by scaling functions which, with the wavelet, satisfy a quadrature mirror filter relationship.

Relationship to other filter banks
The earliest wavelets were based on expanding a function in terms of rectangular steps, the Haar wavelets. This is usually a poor approximation, whereas Daubechies wavelets are among the simplest but most important families of wavelets. A linear filter that is zero for "smooth" signals, given a record of  points  is defined as

It is desirable to have it vanish for a constant, so taking the order , for example,

And to have it vanish for a linear ramp, so that

A linear filter will vanish for any , and this is all that can be done with a fourth-order wavelet. Six terms will be needed to vanish a quadratic curve, and so on, given the other constraints to be included. Next an accompanying filter may be defined as

This filter responds in an exactly opposite manner, being large for smooth signals and small for non-smooth signals. A linear filter is just a convolution of the signal with the filter's coefficients, so the series of the coefficients is the signal that the filter responds to maximally. Thus, the output of the second filter vanishes when the coefficients of the first one are input into it. The aim is to have

Where the associated time series flips the order of the coefficients because the linear filter is a convolution, and so both have the same index in this sum. A pair of filters with this property are defined as quadrature mirror filters.
Even if the two resulting bands have been subsampled by a factor of 2, the relationship between the filters means that approximately  perfect reconstruction is possible. That is, the two bands can then be upsampled, filtered again with the same filters and added together, to reproduce the original signal exactly (but with a small delay). (In practical implementations, numeric precision issues in floating-point arithmetic may affect the perfection of the reconstruction.)

Further reading
 A. Croisier, D. Esteban, C. Galand. Perfect channel splitting by use of interpolation/decimation tree decomposition techniques. First International Conference on Sciences and Systems, Patras, August 1976, pp. 443–446.
 Johnston, J. D. A Filter Family Designed for use in Quadrature Mirror Filter Banks., Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE International Conference, 5, 291–294, April, 1980.
 Binomial QMF, also known as Daubechies wavelet filters.
 NJIT Symposia on Subbands and Wavelets 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997.
 Mohlenkamp, M. J. A Tutorial on Wavelets and Their Applications. University of Colorado, Boulder, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, 2004.
 Polikar, R. Multiresolution Analysis: The Discrete Wavelet Transform. Rowan University, NJ, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

References

Digital signal processing
Filter theory
Wavelets

Quadrature mirror filter


Nutrient budgets offer insight into the balance between crop inputs and outputs. In short, they compare nutrients applied to the soil to nutrients taken up by crops. A nutrient budget takes into account all the nutrient inputs on a farm and all those removed from the land. The most obvious source of nutrients in this situation is fertilizer, but this is only part of the picture. Other inputs come with rainfall, in supplements brought on to the farm and in effluent – either farm or dairy factory – spread on the land. In addition, nutrients can be moved around the farm – from an area used for growing silage to the area used to feed it out, from paddock to raceway, and within paddocks in dung and urine patches. Nutrients are removed from the farm in stock sold on, products (meat, milk, wool), crops sold or fed out off farm, and through processes such as nitrate leaching, volatilization and phosphate run-off etc.

Importance

An accurate nutrient budget is an important tool to provide an early indication of potential problems arising from (i) a nutrient surplus (inputs>outputs), leading to an accumulation of nutrients and increased risk of loss or (ii) a deficit (outputs>inputs), depleting nutrient reserves and increasing the risk of deficiencies and reduced crop yields. They also provide regulatory authorities with a readily-determined, comparative indicator of environmental impact. Overall, nutrient budgets help ensure that farming practices are conducted in an efficient, economic, and environmentally sustainable manner.

Assumptions

A nutrient budget isn't as exact as a financial statement. An assortment of variables affects each tract of land. For example, some areas may have had too much manure applied over time or it may have been unevenly distributed, and previous flooding could affect results. Limits and assumptions should be incorporated when compiling a budget including the average nutrient removal coefficient values if they are not specific to a certain field.

Soil test This component is complementary to the budget and lets you know what nutrients are already available to crops and helps you plan input purchases. It is a critical best management practice (BMP) in the 4R strategy.
Yield history By examining the historical yields of crops take from specific fields, you can calculate nutrient removal over time. Yield history may also help better predict the amount of uptake that will occur with similar crops planted in the future.
Previous applications Knowing what's been applied to the field in years past will offer insight into what may already be in the ground or what nutrients may no longer be present.
Water Consider what kind of water has been applied to the field. Does irrigation water contain dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), or chloride (Cl)? If so, it should be counted as input.
What's around you? Consider water sources that could run into your field. Is there a manufacturing facility nearby? What makes up these water sources can impact how you plant.

See also
Fertilizer
Nutrient management
Sustainable agriculture

References

Agriculture
Agricultural soil science
Sustainable agriculture

Nutrient budgeting


Batcolumn (or Bat Column) is a  outdoor sculpture in Chicago. Designed by Claes Oldenburg, it takes the shape of a baseball bat standing on its knob. It consists of gray-painted COR-TEN steel arranged into an open latticework structure.

Batcolumn stands outside the Harold Washington Social Security Administration Building at 600 West Madison Street near downtown Chicago. The United States General Services Administration commissioned the sculpture, which was dedicated in 1977. Oldenburg originally designed the sculpture to be painted red, but he abandoned that idea to distinguish it from Chicago's Flamingo sculpture by Alexander Calder. Oldenburg instead had Batcolumn painted gray, which he also hoped would make the sculpture easier to see against the sky. A plaque on the sculpture reads, "Oldenburg selected the baseball bat as an emblem of Chicago's ambition and vigor. The sculpture's verticality echoes the city's dramatic skyline, while its form and scale cleverly allude to more traditional civic monuments, such as obelisks and memorial columns."

The sculpture has been a source of controversy. On the day of its dedication, a number of people came to protest, holding signs saying "Tear it down" and "Expensive joke". However, Batcolumn has also had its defenders. A 2005 Chicago Tribune article named it one of the newspaper's favorite Chicago sculptures (along with Standing Lincoln and the lions outside the Art Institute of Chicago Building).

See also
 List of public art in Chicago
 List of works by Oldenburg and van Bruggen

References

External links
Claes Oldenburg (Batcolumn)

Outdoor sculptures in Chicago
1977 sculptures
Steel sculptures in Illinois
Sculptures by Claes Oldenburg
Sculptures by Coosje van Bruggen

Batcolumn


Greentree is a  estate in Manhasset, New York on Long Island.  The estate was constructed for businessman Payne Whitney in 1904 and was owned by members of the Whitney family for much of the 20th century.  It is currently owned by the Greentree Foundation, a philanthropic nonprofit organization.

History
Payne Whitney purchased the estate for his bride, Helen Julia Hay, in 1904.  As with other Gold Coast Mansions, the original estate was pieced together. The five family farms that were purchased to make up the new estate were the Mitchell, Ketchum, Brinkerhoff, Skidmore, and Schenck farms.

Later, John Hay Whitney and his second wife, Betsey, occupied the main house, where Mrs. Whitney remained in residence there until her death in 1998.  Radio and TV talk show pioneers John Reagan "Tex" McCrary, and his wife, model and movie star Jinx Falkenburg, intermittently lived on the Jock Whitney estate with their sons from 1947 to 1977.

The estate was later divided, with gifts of land being made to several organizations.
 The North Shore Unitarian Universalist Society, now known as the Unitarian Universalist Congregation at Shelter Rock (UUCSR), received a portion adjacent to Shelter Rock Road and has built a large Worship Hall on the site of the former Apple Orchard.  The old clay real tennis court was removed at that time.
 North Shore Manhasset Hospital also received a donation of property adjacent to Community Drive.  John Hay Whitney was an honorary member of the Manhasset Lakeville Fire Department, and donated the land along Community Drive East to be the site of the M.L.FD. Company Two fire house, and Nassau County Police Departments 6th Precinct.
The remaining 408 acres, including the family home, are run by the Greentree Foundation, as a conference center dedicated to international justice and human rights issues.  The Greentree Foundation was founded in 1982 by Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney, and has owned the property since 2000. In 2004 the Greentree Foundation auctioned impressionist and modern artworks from the Whitney collection at Sothebys.

The estate has hosted the Manhasset negotiations, a round of talks between Morocco and the Polisario Front, August 10–12, 2007, as part of a set of UN-led meetings centering on the future of Western Sahara, among others.

See also
 Shelter Rock (North Hills, New York)
 North Shore University Hospital

References

Defunct real tennis venues
Manhasset, New York
Mansions of Gold Coast, Long Island
Whitney family residences

Greentree


Mitchell Point is a cape in the Columbia River Gorge in Hood River County, Oregon, United States.

Little is known about the man named Mitchell for whom the point was named. He was believed to be a trapper who lived and died in the area. There have been some efforts to rename the point Storm Crest, but they have not been successful.

The now-demolished Mitchell Point Tunnel on the Historic Columbia River Highway was bored through the point, which is a cliff that overhangs the Columbia River. The part of the rock through which the tunnel passed was known to the local Native Americans as Little Storm King, and the larger mountain above that point was known as Great Storm King.

References

External links

Historic image of the Mitchell Point Tunnel from Salem Public Library

Landforms of Hood River County, Oregon
Columbia River Gorge
Rock formations of Oregon
Headlands of Oregon

Mitchell Point (Oregon)


Zuideramstel was from 1998 to 2010 a borough (stadsdeel) of Amsterdam, Netherlands. On 1 May 2010 it became part of the new  Amsterdam Zuid borough.

The borough had been formed in 1998 from the previous boroughs of Rivierenbuurt and Buitenveldert, with the addition of the Prinses Irenebuurt (which until then had been part of the previous Amsterdam Zuid borough).

Neighborhoods of the former borough
 Rivierenbuurt (Scheldebuurt, IJsselbuurt and Rijnbuurt)
 Buitenveldert (Buitenveldert-West and Buitenveldert-Oost) (with the Amstelpark and the northern part of the Amsterdamse Bos)
 Prinses Irenebuurt (with the Beatrixpark)

The Zuidas business district comprises parts of the Prinses Irenebuurt, Buitenveldert and the Rivierenbuurt.

References

Former boroughs of Amsterdam
Amsterdam-Zuid

Zuideramstel


The 20th Annual GMA Dove Awards were held on April 13, 1989, recognizing accomplishments of musicians for the year 1988. The show was held in Nashville, Tennessee.

Award recipients
Song of the Year
"Friend Of A Wounded Heart"; Wayne Watson, Claire Cloninger; Word (ASCAP)
Songwriter of the Year
Steven Curtis Chapman
Male Vocalist of the Year
Wayne Watson
Female Vocalist of the Year
Sandi Patty
Group of the Year
Take 6
Artist of the Year
Amy Grant
New Artist of the Year
Take 6
Southern Gospel Album of the Year
Goin' In Style; The Cathedrals; Lari Goss; Homeland
Southern Gospel Recorded Song of the Year
"Champion Of Love"; The Cathedrals; Phil Cross, Caroly Cross; RiverSong
Inspirational Album of the Year
Make His Praise Glorious; Sandi Patty; Greg Nelson, Sandi Patti Helvering*; Word
NOTE:  The legal name was not changed until 1994.
Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year
"In Heaven's Eyes"; Sandi Patty; Phil McHugh; Word
Pop/Contemporary Album of the Year
Lead Me On; Amy Grant; Brown Bannister; Myrrh
Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year
"His Eyes"; Steven Curtis Chapman; Steven Curtis Chapman; Sparrow
Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year
Take 6; Take 6; Mark Kibble, Claude V. McKnight III, Mervyn E. Warren; Reprise Records
Contemporary Gospel Recorded Song of the Year
"If We Ever"; Take 6; Public Domain; Reunion
Traditional Gospel Album of the Year
Live...In Chicago; Shirley Caesar; Bubba Smith, Shirley Caesar; Rejoice
Traditional Gospel Recorded Song of the Year (formerly Traditional Black Gospel)
"Hold My Mule"; Shirley Caesar; Shirley Caesar Williams; Word
Country Album of the Year
Richest Man In Town; Bruce Carroll; Bubba Smith; New Canaan
Country Recorded Song of the Year
"Above And Beyond"; Bruce Carroll; Bruce Carroll, Paul Smith; Word
Rock Album of the Year
Russ Taff; Russ Taff; Jack Joseph Puig; Myrrh
Rock Recorded Song of the Year
"Won By One"; Mylon & Broken Heart; Scot Allen, Trent Arganti, Kenneth Bentley, Ben Hewitt, Paul Joseph, Mylon LeFevre, Joe Hardy; Star Song
Hard Music Album of the Year
In God We Trust; Stryper; Stryper, Michael Lloyd; Enigma
Hard Music Recorded Song of the Year
"In God We Trust"; Stryper; Stryper; Benson
Instrumental Album of the Year
A Symphony Of Praise; Sandi Patti; David T Clydesdale; Word
Praise and Worship Album of the Year
Praise 10; Maranatha! Singers; Smitty Price, Tom Coomes; Maranatha!
Children's Music Album of the Year
Wise Guys and Starry Skies; Kathie Hill; Kathie Hill, Randall Dennis; Sparrow
Musical Album
In His Presence, The Ridden King; Dick and Melodie Tunney; Dick and Melodie Tunney; Genevox
Choral Collection Album
Sandi Patty Choral Praise; Greg Nelson; Word Music
Short Form Music Video of the Year
"Lead Me On"; Amy Grant; Tina Silvey; Andrew Doucette; Myrrh
Long Form Music Video of the Year
Carmen Live...Radically Saved; Carman; Cindy Dupree; George J. Flanigen IV and Robert Deaton; Benson
Recorded Music Packaging of the Year
PATRICK POLLEI, JOAN TANKERSLEY; PHILLIP DIXON; Russ Taff; Russ Taff

References

External links
 https://doveawards.com/awards/past-winners/

GMA Dove Awards
1989 music awards
1989 in American music
1989 in Tennessee
GMA

20th GMA Dove Awards