The Nissan Sentra is a series of automobiles manufactured by the Japanese automaker Nissan since 1982. Since 1999, the Sentra has been categorized as a compact car, while previously it occupied the subcompact class. Until 2006, Sentra was a rebadged export version of the Japanese Nissan Sunny, but since the 2013 model year, Sentra is a rebadged export version of the Sylphy. The Sentra nameplate is not used in Japan. Many other countries in Latin America sell their versions of the Sunny as the Sentra. In Mexico, the first three generations of the Sentra were known as the Nissan Tsuru (Japanese for crane), and the B13 model was sold under that name until 2017, alongside the updated models badged as Sentra.

In North America, the Sentra currently serves as Nissan's compact car, despite being rated as a mid-size car by the EPA due to its interior volume since the 2007 model year. While previous Sentras were subcompacts, the Sentra has grown over the years, with the Nissan Versa having replaced the Sentra in the entry-level area.

The Sentra name was created for Nissan by Ira Bachrach of NameLab, and Bachrach describes the origin as "Nissan wanted consumers to understand that it was quite safe even though it was small. The word Sentra sounds like central as well as sentry, which evokes images of safety."

First generation (B11; 1982)

The first generation of the Nissan Sentra was introduced in the United States in May 1982 as a direct replacement for the Datsun 210. The model was initially imported from Japan, where it was produced at Zama plant. Available in four body styles (two-door sedan, four-door sedan, five-door wagon and three-door hatchback coupe), it was the second car to be marketed in the United States under the nameplate of Nissan and using a model name instead of a number. The first one was the Nissan Stanza, introduced at the 1981 New York International Auto Show as a 1982 model. While previous Sunny models had used a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, the B11 Sentra was the first to use a front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout. Engine choice was the  (E15) 1.5 L four-cylinder SOHC, replacing the old A-Series OHV. This featured semi-hemispherical combustion chambers, high-swirl intake ports and a semi-dual exhaust manifold to provide strong torque at low and medium rpm ranges. Torque peak was  at 3200 rpm. Transmission options were a four-speed manual, 5-speed manual or a three-speed automatic with lock-up torque converter. Drag coefficient was 0.39 for the coupe and 0.40 for 2- and 4-door sedans.

At the time of its release, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gave the Sentra MPG the highest gasoline mileage for gasoline powered cars marketed at that time, 43 miles per gallon in city and 58 miles per gallon in highway, a combined 48 miles per gallon. Curb weight of only 1875 pounds helped it to achieve that number. The Sentra MPG featured a three-way exhaust catalyst and an electronically controlled fuel metering unit to monitor the air-fuel mixture automatically and make adjustments to boost fuel mileage.

Trim levels were Standard, Deluxe, and XE, while price ranges were between US$4,949 for the base two-door sedan up to US$6,899 for the two-door XE hatchback coupe. Standard equipment on all models were four-wheel independent suspension, front disc brakes and rear drums, rack and pinion steering, maintenance-free battery, a rear ashtray, and bucket seats. Deluxe models added halogen headlamps, a remote-locking gas filler door, a carpeted trunk, and a rear wiper washer on the wagon. Deluxe and XE offered tinted glass, trip odometer, a vanity mirror, dual remote mirrors, and door trim. XE offered cut pile carpeting, an analog quartz clock, remote rear window opener, a low-fuel warning light, an AM-FM Clarion stereo radio, power steering, a tachometer, and 155/13 whitewall radial tires. A sunroof was available as an option.

In its first year of sales, the Sentra became the best-selling import in the U.S. and the fourth best-selling passenger car overall (together with the earlier 210), with 191,312 units sold of both cars. The Sentra ended the 1983 year as the eighth-most sold passenger car, with 209,889 units.

The 1983 model-year introduced a 1.7 L CD17 diesel inline-four, mated with a four-speed manual transmission. Also, the 1.5 L was replaced by a  1.6 L E16 as the standard engine, available with a five-speed manual or three-speed automatic. Later that year the Sentra also received an electronically controlled carburetor.

In April 1985, Nissan started production of the Sentra in the Smyrna, Tennessee plant, after a US$85 million investment. The only body style manufactured in the US was the two-door sedan. The 1985 model-year received aerodynamically styled headlamps, a revised grille and blackwall tires. An SE option was introduced as two-door hatchback model, with alloy wheels, black lower body paint and black out grille. An automatic transmission was optional on all Sentras except the two-door base sedan, MPG Diesel and SE coupe. Prices were starting at US$5,499 (~$ in ). The diesel engine was discontinued in the U.S. market soon thereafter. Consumer Reports magazine ranked the B11 reliability as "better than average" in 1985.

The B11 model was ranked the seventh safest car in a ranking made by the Center for Auto Safety in 1983, which examined the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) testing, consisting of frontal crashes at 35 miles per hour.

Mexico
In 1984, the Sentra entered production in Nissan Mexicana's Cuernavaca plant as the Nissan Tsuru. It was built there until 1987 when it was replaced by the next generation; in total 210,565 of the first Tsuru were built in Mexico.

Second generation (B12; 1986)

United States/Canada
This generation carried on the multitude of body styles that the B11 had, including a station wagon, two-door or four-door sedan, three-door hatchback and the hatchback-bodied Sport Coupé. While the B12 chassis was first produced and marketed in 1985 in most parts of the world, it was not offered to the United States until August 1986, for the 1987 model year. The two-door sedan model of the previous generation Sentra (a bodystyle no longer offered outside of North America) was the only bodystyle built in Nissan's Smyrna, Tennessee plant, representing about 22 percent of Sentra sales in North America in 1986. With the new generation, the plant underwent a five-month conversion and when production of the B12 Sentra began on August 12, 1986, it was also built as a four-door sedan. In December, the three-door Hatchback bodystyle was added to the US production, followed by the station wagon bodystyle in January 1987.

The B12 carried over a radically modified 4-wheel independent suspension from the B11, with all-wheel disc brakes an option in some parts of the world. This was the start of the model classes which were standard through the 2003 model year (not all classes were available every year) having the E as the base-level economy car, the XE as the next-up model, the GXE as the top level for the 4-door sedan (and wagon), and the sporty SE coupe. The GXE (available from 1987 to 2003) had a body colored bumper, aero side mirrors with manual remote control, tachometer as well as standard 13" 175/70R13 alloy wheels along with air-conditioning, variable intermittent wipers, but no standard cassette deck nor any power windows/locks/mirrors. The SE also had dual mirrors, air conditioning, tachometer, and power door locks and windows in some markets and possibly electronic fuel injection.

The B12 chassis would be the last chassis to offer a station wagon model. Even more rare are the four-wheel drive versions of the station wagon, offered as an option for the 1987 (late introduction), 1988, and 1989 model years. These models featured an electrically activated single-range transfer case to drive the independently suspended rear wheels, making the car a selectable four-wheel-drive (not all-wheel-drive) vehicle. Sales were mediocre, totalling 429 in calendar year 1986, 2,050 in 1987, 2,408 in 1988, and a final 892 deliveries in 1989.

All 1987 Sentras came standard with the E16 engine with , excepting the Sport Coupé and the later four-wheel-drive wagon, which received the throttle-body-injected E16i engine with identical power output. A five-speed manual transmission was standard, with a three-speed automatic available as an option. In 1988, all Sentras had the  E16i, which was offered for this year with throttle body injection (TBI). In many parts of the world the E-series soldiered on in the B12 chassis with some versions getting the multi-point fuel injection E16E engine. From 1989 to 1990, the only engine choice was the  GA16i, a 12-valve SOHC predecessor of the GA16DE. Transaxles offered were the 4- and 5-speed manuals (RN4F31A and RS5F31A, respectively) and a 3-speed automatic with torque converter lockup (RL3F01A).

The 1987 Sentra earned a 1-star out of 5 rating for the driver in the NHTSA 35-mph full frontal crash test, the lowest possible. Nissan rectified this problem with the 1988 and later models, which earned a 3-star rating.

1989 saw a subtle change in the body style of the Sentra sedan, as new larger, more rounded front corner lights were introduced to the front fenders and redesigned taillights were added to the rear fascia (station wagon retained same rear lights). The Nissan logo on the front grille was relocated from the right hand side to the center. In 1990, electrically retracted front shoulder belts were added (for the US market only), as well as three-point harnesses for the outboard, rear seat passengers.

The Sport Coupe was a sportier style of the Sentra. It shared none of the body components with the standard model and was always imported from Japan, rather than being built in Tennessee. It was only available with the E16i or GA16i. All Sport Coupes had dual sway bars, dual remote-adjust mirrors, and a tachometer instrument cluster. The SE model added features like air conditioning and rear speakers. All B12 Sentras use the same wiring harness, regardless of the options installed on any particular vehicle.

In Canada, the B12 four-door sedan remained available through the 1993 model year. Essentially a rebadged, Mexican-built Nissan Tsuru II, it was called Sentra Classic to distinguish it from the B13 model released for 1991. It replaced the Nissan Micra 3/5-door hatchbacks as Nissan's Canadian market price-leader model as they were discontinued at the same time. All 1991–1993 "Classic" models came with the  E16i and the choice of two transmissions, a 5-speed manual or 3-speed automatic.

South Africa
In South Africa, this car was sold with Sentra badging and the four-door sedan or three-door hatchback coupé bodywork. Aside from not being fitted with any emissions controls to speak of, specifications were closer to a Japanese/global market Sunny than to the North American Sentra. The Sentra received the 1.3-liter E13 engine or the 1.6-liter E16, with fuel injection fitted to the top-of-the-line SGLi (sedan) and GXEi (coupé) models. A limited number were also manufactured with the larger,  1.8-litre 16V twin cam CA18DE engine. Torque is  at 5200 rpm. Production of this model were 720 units, although this number remains unsubstantiated.

Latin America
In Mexico, it was named the Nissan Tsuru II, available in 2, 4-door sedans and wagon, while the Coupé was named the Nissan Hikari. They were produced and marketed locally between 1988 and 1991. For 1988 for the 4 door Tsuru II and the Hikari had available the Turbo EGI (fuel injected) 1.6 L engine in a very rare, sporty version. It was one of the most reliable cars in its time in Mexico, being a great sales success. 343,263 of the Tsuru II were built in Mexico between 1987 and 1991. This generation was also exported to some Central and South American markets such as Peru, Chile and Bolivia. In Chile the Mexican-made car received "Sentra" badging and was available from October 1987 until 1993. The Sentra was the most sold car in the country in 1991 and 1992.

In the Philippines, it was initially offered in three trims namely the 1.7 DX (diesel), 1.3 SLX and the 1.5 SGX, the wagon version was also available in the 1.5 SGX trim and was simply called the Nissan California. In mid 1989, the Sentra model line was freshened up and the engines were upgraded to 1.4- (LX) and 1.6-liter. The 1.6 SGX gained power steering, windows, door locks and side mirrors, a first in its class. The second-generation B12 also had a diesel variant which had the 1.7 CD17 engine. The second wagon version (known as Nissan California 1.6 SGX) also had all power features.

Third generation (B13; 1990)

The sedan featured the fuel-injected 110- and  1.6-liter 16-valve 4-cylinder GA16DE engine. It came in the base model, E, XE, SE, and GXE. The GXE came with a power package such as power windows/locks/mirrors while the XE, SE, SE-R came with standard or optional sunroof and alloy wheels. In the United States, the four-door models came with front motorized shoulder seat belts, while the two-door models came with automatic front door-mounted 3-point seat belts. The short-lived three-door hatchback of the B12 Sentra was not replaced in this generation, and the sporting coupé version was replaced by the ovoid Nissan NX.

For the 1992 model year (August 1991 – July 1992 production), a passenger's side vanity mirror and black body-side moldings became standard on the Sentra 2-door. The Value Option Package (air conditioning, cruise control, and a stereo system) was extended to SE models. The optional three-speed automatic in the E coupe was dropped and gained an optional 4-speed automatic, shared with other models.

Facelift
From August 1992 production, the B13 received a facelift for the 1993 model year, with revised front and rear fascias. A driver's airbag was also made standard on the GXE and was available optionally on other models for 1993. An XE Limited model was added for both the coupe and sedan.

For 1994 models (August 1993 production), a CFC-free refrigerant became standard on models equipped with air conditioning. XE models got more standard equipment that included air conditioning, cruise control and a stereo cassette player. The XE Limited was dropped for 1994. In May 1994, a 1994.5 "Limited" model was released as a placeholder for a delayed replacement, due in early 1995.

Sentra SE-R

The B13 used Nissan's SR20DE engine in the sporty two-door SE-R model, offering   at 6400 rpm and  of torque at 4800 rpm — and accelerating from 0 to  in 7.6 seconds with a quarter-mile time of 15.8 seconds. Features included 4-wheel disc brakes, MacPherson strut independent suspension, viscous limited-slip differential. The B13 SE-R returned  city/ highway.

Philippines
The B13 was released in JX, LEC, EX Saloon, Super Saloon and SE Saloon variants. The Super Saloon had all power features. The SE-Saloon came as a Limited edition equipped with four-wheel disc brakes and ABS. Both SE and Super Saloon come standard with the GA16DE.

The B13 SuperSaloon and SE Saloon came with the GA16DE fuel-injected engine (top-of-the-line engine for the Philippine market) which is comparable to the U.S Spec B13 SE Limited with loaded options. These models are not equipped with emissions equipment – catalytic converters and sensors as well as EGR. B13s were sold new from 1990 to 2000. The LEC version comes with the standard GA13 carburated engine as well as the LEC Ps (Power Steering model). The JX comes with the GA14 carburated engine.

Nissan Tsuru GS/V16/Sentra (1992–2017)
The Mexican-built Sentra B13 was sold in Mexico for 25 years as well as parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Central America and South America. It is known as the Nissan Tsuru in Mexico, Nissan V16 in Chile, Sentra B13 in Central and South American countries, and Sentra Clásico in Peru and the Dominican Republic. Tsuru vehicles destined for the Mexican market were modified by Nissan Mexicana specifically for the Mexican market and for the most part are identical to the 1991 model except for a new Renault-sourced clutch/transmission, updated Mexican-made electronic systems and minor cosmetic and ergonomic upgrades.

The Tsuru was the most popular car in Mexico from 1997 until 2011 when it was surpassed by the Mexican-made Volkswagen Jetta. The Middle East/African export market version is the same basic car only with minor cosmetic changes and mechanical downgrades to make it cheaper, such as non-power steering, downgraded interior trim, a downgraded braking system, and a mechanical clutch instead of a hydraulic one.

Vehicles sold in the Middle East region are not equipped with catalytic converters to make the car cheaper to build. Because of the lack of the catalytic converter, the vehicles are illegal in Mexico and South America. More recent models have received a Renault-built hydraulic clutch and an optional catalytic converter. Its affordable price, relatively good fuel economy, easy servicing and ease of finding spare parts for it made it popular among local taxi drivers and low income families in Mexico, South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The Tsuru is commonly used in the taxicab livery in Mexico as a replacement for the VW Beetle. Due to stricter automobile safety regulations which came into effect in Mexico from 2019, production of the Tsuru was discontinued in May 2017 since the Tsuru lacked both anti-lock brakes and airbags. A special commemorative edition limited to 1000 cars went on sale in March 2017, by which time 1,849,289 third generation Tsurus had been built in Mexico.

Safety
The Tsuru/Sentra in its most basic configuration with no airbags for Latin America received 0 stars for adult occupants and 0 stars for infants from Latin NCAP in 2013.

Fourth generation (B14; 1995)

Introduced on January 5, 1995, the Sentra changed from an independent rear suspension to a torsion beam setup. Some variants were not equipped with a rear swaybar or rear disc brakes. Many of these vehicles equipped with the 1.6-liter DOHC engine that had Nissan's Variable Intake Valve Timing Control System (NVTCS) and standard 5-speed manual transmission can achieve upwards of 30–40 MPG depending on conditions. This generation is also the first generation in Mexico wearing the Sentra name. It is also the first Sentra generation exclusively sold in sedan form, as the coupe was dropped in favour of the Nissan 200SX reintroduction. The revived 200SX also replaced the related Nissan NX.

All engines in the B14 line up came with timing chains, designed to last the vehicle's lifetime.

The B14 Sentra platform was offered several trims, Base, XE, GXE, GLE, SE and SE Limited. Base and XE come with 13-inch steel wheels with hubcaps, GXE prior to 1998 also included 13-inch wheels. The only difference between trims is the GXE and up, come with rear seat trunk access, rear headrests, a grip-assist handle on the passenger side, additional fabric on doors and seats as opposed to vinyl, power windows, locks, mirrors, etc.
The GLE, SE, and Special Edition include in some instances leather, rear spoiler and moonroof, and keyless entry packages.

All trims except the SE and SE-R have the GA16DE 1.6 L engine producing  and . The SE and SE-R received the SR20DE 2.0L engine with . The 200SX SE-R came with leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob and even Limited-Slip-Differential until 1997.

SE
The sedan got all the performance parts (minus the limited-slip differential) in 1998 with the Sentra SE. The SE sedan came with the same 2.0-liter SR20DE engine as the SE-R. This generation saw the end of assembly in Smyrna, Tennessee.

Engines
 GA16DE: 1.6 (1,597 cc) DOHC with a 6,900 rpm redline and  at 6,000 rpm, 110 lb.ft at 4,000 rpm, available in 5-speed manual/4-speed automatic; 30/40mpg 5sp. man., 28/37 4sp. auto. Acceleration 0–60 mph in 8.5 seconds for a 95 GXE M/T.
 SR20DE: 2.0 (1,998 cc) DOHC with a 7,300 rpm redline and  at 6,400 rpm, 132 lb.ft at 4,800 rpm in SE and 200SX SE-R; 23/31mpg 5-speed manual, 23/30 4-speed automatic, 0–60 mph in 8.1 seconds.

Year-to-year changes
 1995: Base, XE, GXE, Top of line GLE
The 1995 model saw a minor redesign of the rear light assembly.
 1996:
 1997: Base, XE, GXE, top-of-the-line GLE
 1998: Base, XE, GXE, (new) SE, GLE
The 1998 model year saw a minor redesign of the rear light assembly, primarily the reverse indicator lights. The front grille was changed in 1998 from horizontal bars to a large plastic mesh. In 1998 the GXE was upgraded to include 14-inch alloy wheels, the GLE also came with 14-inch wheels, and the SE and Special editions along with the 200SX SE-R came with 15-inch alloy rims.
 1999: XE, (Limited Edition) for GXE, SE
In 1999, the front grille was redesigned yet again, this time changed from a grille to an oval slot low between the headlights.

Philippine version (1995–2002)
*FE – GA13DS: 1,295 cc DOHC 16-valve carburetor (power steering only, without stereo)

*EX Saloon – GA14DE: 1,392 cc DOHC 16-valve EFI (power steering only, with stereo)

*Super Saloon – GA16DNE: 1,597 cc DOHC 16-valve EFI (all power, power antenna) (auto retract mirrors, SRS airbags and ABS were optional at first and later became mandatory to all units)

Due to the success of the Super Saloon, Nissan Philippines introduced the Super Touring and GTS, to compete with the Toyota Corolla TRD (limited edition) and 160 hp Honda Civic SiR sedan.

*Super Touring – GA16DNE: with a sportier bodykit (Lucino bumpers with foglights, sideskirt, spoiler) power steering, power windows, auto retract mirrors

*GTS – GA16DNE: successor of the Super Touring (sporty bumpers, sideskirt and spoiler) all power features, all power, power steering, power windows, auto retract mirrors

Nissan Philippines then repackaged the Sentra to a more luxurious line up in order to compete with the Toyota Corolla Altis.

*Exalta SLA – GA16DE: with reinforced extended bumpers, multi-reflector headlamps, elm wood interior accents, all power features, power steering, power windows, rear backup sensors, sapphire starlight gauges, manual transmission

*Exalta STA – GA16DE: luxurious version of the SLA all power features, power steering, elm wood interior, power windows, all leather seats and door panels, power sliding sunroof, automatic climate control, 2-DIN stereo with 12-Disc CD Changer, fog lights, 4 channel 4 sensor ABS, tilt and slide sunroof, retracting rear door window shades, sapphire starlight gauges

Fifth generation (B15; 1999)

The Sentra finally crossed over into the "compact" class when the redesigned model launched in February 2000 as a 2000 model. When new, this redesign was considered a substantial upgrade compared to the "cheap" economy car it replaced. Previously, the compact class had been occupied by the Altima, which moved to the mid-size class in 2001, and its wheelbase remained unchanged from the previous generation. While earlier Sentras were very similar to their Japan-market B-series Nissan Sunny twins, the B15 Sentra diverged greatly from the B15 Sunny (Nissan Super Sunny). Production shifted from Smyrna, Tennessee to Aguascalientes, Mexico, and the Smyrna production line was retooled to build the Nissan Xterra. The 2000–2001 Sentra SE with the SR20DE roller rocker motor, which has  and  of torque, occupied the top-of-the-line Sentra until the SE-R returned for model year 2002. The 1.6-litre GA16DE engine was dropped in favor of the 1.8 L QG18DE (1769 cc), rated at  and . In Brazil, this engine generated  at 5,600 rpm and  at 4,400 rpm. Numerous upgrades were made over the previous generation. The new model featured a new interior with higher quality plastics and more comfortable seats. The exterior was also substantially updated and now featured body-side moldings and clear headlights. The curb weight on the QG18DE-engined Sentra is . With the introduction of the B15 in year 2000, Nissan also introduced a CA 'Clean Air' trim only available in California. The CA trim boasts a double walled exhaust, three catalytic converters, quick catalyst warm up, and a radiator that has a special coating which actually changes ground level ozone (smog) into oxygen. The Sentra CA model is the only gasoline-fueled vehicle in the world to receive California Air Resources Board (CARB) super ultra low emission vehicle (SULEV) certification and obtain zero-emission credits.

In markets where the B15 Sentra or Sunny was not sold, Nissan usually sold a similar car called the Nissan Bluebird Sylphy (G10/N16) in Japan but under other names elsewhere. In Europe, the Bluebird Sylphy was known as the Nissan Almera (N16) and Australia and New Zealand as the Nissan Pulsar (N16). The G10/N16 is constructed on the same platform as the B15 and features the same interior and engines.

SE-R

For the 2002 model year, a new SE-R was introduced powered by the 2.5-liter QR25DE  and  4-cylinder. The SE-R came with either a 5-speed RS5F51A manual transmission or an optional 4-speed automatic. The 5-speed manual was dropped in 2003+ models, which made the 4-speed automatic the only transmission choice for the SE-R.

A more aggressive front fascia was added thanks to a Nissan Skyline inspired front bumper for 2002 models. Black housing headlights, fog-lights, side skirts, a rear spoiler, a dual-tip muffler, and 16" aluminum-alloy wheels were also standard. This trim also featured a sport-tuned suspension, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and beige sport cloth seats.

SE-R Spec V
The Nissan Sentra SE-R Spec V was the more performance oriented sport compact version of the Nissan Sentra. Its engine (also shared with the SE-R) was the same 2.5-liter QR25DE unit originally created for the Nissan Altima and Frontier pickups. Power output from the Spec V's QR25 increased to  at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 4,500 rpm when using premium fuel. It is mated to a six-speed RS6F51H manual transmission and a helical limited slip differential; which served as the only transmission available on the Spec V.

The car's handling was aided with more aggressive tuning of the car's suspension (when compared to lower trim models) and the addition of low-profile 215/45-17-inch tires and 17x7inch wheels. A front strut tower brace, firmer springs, revised shock damping, firmer front polyurethane bushings, dual-tip muffler, and front stabilizer bars were all standard. A four-wheel anti-lock braking system (which was packaged with front-seat side-impact air bags) was also optional equipment on all 2002-2006 models. Specific to the 2004-2006 model years; potential buyers could also purchase a 4 piston Brembo brake caliper upgrade.

The Spec V was initially equipped with Red Skyline GT-R inspired front bucket seats (2002 model year only) and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. Other optional features included a Rockford Fosgate 300-watt nine-speaker audio system (with an  sub woofer in the trunk), six-disc auto-changer, and a power sunroof. Features unique to the Spec V (and SE-R) include more aggressive headlights with black surrounds, standard fog-lights, lower-body sill extensions and a rear spoiler.

Exclusive to the 2002 and 2003 model years, the SE-R & Spec V was given an aggressive front fascia (styled after the Skyline GT-R). Originally, speculation arose surrounding the Spec V designation being a play on the GT-R V-Spec Skyline name. This speculation has been proven to be true with the introduction of the R35 GT-R Spec V in North America. It is speculated that use of the Spec V designation is due to the fact that Nissan cannot use the V-Spec title in the US market.

2.5 LE and 2.5 S
The QR25DE engine was not exclusive to the SE-R versions of the Sentra, the 2.5L engine was also equipped in the 2003 Sentra 2.5 LE and 2004 Sentra 2.5 S. These versions did not sport any exterior resemblance to the SE-R/Spec V trims; they clone the exterior and interior of the lower trims (GXE, 1.8 S) to include clear headlamps, beige-colored interior cloth, and softer suspension than the SE-R's. The only available transmission was a 4-speed automatic. These models offered the appearance of a standard Sentra coupled with the power of an SE-R.

2004+ model year refresh

In 2003, Nissan launched the 2004 model year which saw a minor facelift for all Sentras. Transmission gearing and build quality was improved for the 2004–2006 SE-R Spec V which resulted in a quicker quarter-mile time of 15.2 seconds. The now automatic only SE-R (starting in MY2003) was capable of a quarter-mile time of 16.0 seconds. The SE-R & Spec-V retained the dark housing headlights and gained "smoked-out" or darkened tail lights in the rear.

1.8 Special Edition
The Special Edition was produced for model years 2005 and 2006. Exterior features included a rear spoiler, fog lights, SE-R-style front grille, and 16-inch alloy wheels borrowed from the SE-R. Interior features included 320-watt six-disc Rockford Fosgate nine-speaker sound system, and a charcoal cloth interior and leather-wrapped wheel borrowed from the SE-R model. The only available engine was the QG18DE paired with either a four-speed automatic or a very limited quantity five-speed manual.

SE-R/SE-R Spec V

For the 2004–2006 model years, no significant exterior cosmetic changes were added to differentiate the SE-R model from the Spec V. The SE-R still retained its side-skirt extensions, rear spoiler, black housing headlights but had differing sets of wheels (16" on the SE-R borrowed from the 1.8 Special Edition and 17x7 six spoke wheels on the Spec V). The 2004 model year also featured a new style of tail-light which is reminiscent of the Skyline GT-R's quadruple taillights. Volcanic Orange, an exclusive color for the SE-R and Spec V trim was available for 2004–2006 models.

The interior was also redesigned. Starting in 2005, the SE-R embossed "goose-neck" shifter handle from the previous models was replaced by an all black, leather stitched ball-top shifter. The two-tone cloth seats found in 2003 and 2004 Spec V models was changed to all-black mesh for the 2005 & 2006 model years.

A big brake option featuring Brembo four-piston calipers up front, 12" vented front discs and upgraded 10.9" rear discs were available for 2004–2006 Spec V models. ABS was unavailable with this option from the factory.

NISMO parts catalog
NISMO began offering S-Tune and R-Tune parts upgrades starting the 2004 model year via the NISMO parts catalog. These parts could be either installed by the dealer or the owner.

S-Tune parts included but were not limited to:

 NISMO stainless cat-back exhaust
 NISMO springs and shocks
 NISMO brake pads
 NISMO 23mm front anti-roll bar
 NISMO 17x7.5" wheels (which were Rays Gram Lights 57c's with NISMO branding).

R-Tune parts were a combination of more aggressive engine, suspension and visual modifications such as:
 NISMO 4-to-1 exhaust manifold
 NISMO cold-air intake
 NISMO front lower tie bar
 NISMO rear 25 mm anti-roll bar
 NISMO camshafts
 NISMO suspension hard bushing kit
 NISMO rear spoiler
 NISMO front and rear under spoiler/lip.

Transmissions by trim
 The 2000–2001 SE 2.0 L (SR20DE) and 2000-2006 1.8L (QG18DE) had the option of:
An automatic 4-speed RE4F03B transmission
5-speed manual RS5F70A
 The 2.5 LE, and 2.5S automatics equipped with the 2.5-litre (QR25DE) used the 4-speed RE4F04B transmission.
SE-R's were predominantly automatic and used the same RE4F04B transmission as the LE and 2.5S with the exception of the 2002 model year, that year the RS5F51A 5 speed manual open differential transmission was available.
 The 2002–2006 SE-R Spec Vs used the 6-speed RS6F51H transmission with a Helical limited slip differential (which had at least 2 revisions, 2002 models had different gearing from all the other years).

Sixth generation (B16; 2006)

Nissan introduced the sixth generation Sentra at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in January. Classified as a mid-size sedan by the EPA thanks to its interior passenger and cargo volume of 110 cubic feet (as the EPA considers "mid" or "intermediate" size a car with interior passenger and cargo volume between 110 and 119 cubic feet), the Sentra is bigger in every dimension than the B15 model, being 65 mm (2.3 in.) longer, 91 mm (3.2 in.) wider, and 113 mm (4.0 in.) taller. The wheelbase is also 167 mm (5.9 in.) longer than the previous model. The sixth generation also marked a change in Nissan's North American lineup, with the Nissan Versa becoming brand's entry-level model. This generation is based on the C platform architecture that also underpins the first-generation Nissan Rogue, Nissan Qashqai and also the T31 Nissan X-Trail, as well as other Renault models. The Sentra's standard engine is a 2.0-liter 16-valve inline-four rated at  and  of torque. Fuel economy for with the 2.0L mated to the CVT is rated at 26 city/34 hwy, and the 6-speed manual at 24 city/31 hwy. SE-R is rated at 24 city/30 hwy with the CVT being the only transmission available. SE-R Spec-V is rated at 21 city/28 hwy mated with the 6-speed manual.

In 2007 and 2008, Nissan considered marketing a hybrid version of the Sentra, particularly when the price of oil rose to over $100 per barrel. However the price soon retreated below $40, and Nissan decided instead to focus on future hydrogen fuel cell and electric vehicles. Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn has indicated that he will not attempt to match Toyota and Honda in terms of hybrid models offered for retail sale. This decision has left Nissan without a compact hybrid product to compete with Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and relaunched Honda Insight. Nissan's only hybrid product on the American market is the Altima Hybrid, which competes with the Toyota Camry Hybrid and the Ford Fusion Hybrid.

For 2010, the Sentra received a mid-cycle refresh. It revisions included a new, Altima-inspired grille, a revised lower fascia and slightly different headlights. In back, new taillights (though almost identical to previous years) and additional chrome trim pieces on the trunk and side moldings highlight the major changes. New trim lines are offered to balance out the prices. Inside is a new red back-lighting color for the speedometer and knobs, and a new CD player with an optional navigation system. The new audio system includes iPod and USB integration on certain models, as well as a backup camera. Fog lamps are no longer standard on the 2.0S and SL model and leather seats are now only available as an option rather than standard on the SL model for 2010, which is reflected in the new, lower MSRP. The Brazilian export variant features a flexible fuel engine and retractable side mirrors were adopted from the Nissan Versa.

The B16 generation was introduced in Argentina in 2010.
Until March 2011, the Sentra has sold 948 units in Argentina.

The B16 Sentra was also introduced in the Philippines as the Sentra 200, with the "200" denoting the MR20DE engine. The name is also applied to differentiate itself to the Nissan Sylphy-based Sentra which was locally assembled in the country. All Sentra 200s were imported from Mexico.

SE-R/SE-R Spec V (2007–2012)

Nissan introduced a new version of the SE-R to the North American market for the 2007 model year. The SE-R is available in two versions: SE-R base and SE-R Spec V. Both get four-wheel disc brakes in place of the standard Sentra's disc/drum setup, unique interior and exterior trim and 17-inch alloy wheels. Both are powered by a redesigned 2.5-liter QR25DE engine. Each model also comes standard with a sport grille, lower body side sill extensions, rear spoiler, fog lights, chrome exhaust-tip finisher, smoked headlight surround and smoked taillights. Unique interior features include black sport seat cloth with red stitching and SE-R embroidered logos, sport metallic-tone accents, aluminium pedal pads, and twin pod meters with oil pressure and G-sensor displays. Also, the 2007-2012 Sentra SER was the only Sentra in the lineup to not change its front bumper design in 2010.

A sunroof package was optional, featuring power sliding glass sunroof with tilt feature, and dual illuminated visor vanity mirrors. An Audio package, featuring a 340-watt Rockford Fosgate 6-CD audio system, with eight speakers (two subwoofers, four mid-range woofers, and two tweeters) was also available.

The SE-R base model is rated at  at 6000 rpm and  at 2800 rpm and comes exclusively with Nissan's Sport-tuned Xtronic CVT continuously variable transmission and steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters. Suspension upgrades included a front-stabilizer bar (23.0mm) and sport-tuned springs. It featured 11.7" vented front discs and 11.5" rear discs brakes. The SE-R base model started at $19,400 (MSRP).

The SE-R Spec V is rated at  at 6600 rpm and  at 5200 rpm and comes with a 6-speed manual and optional limited-slip differential. It is capable of 0–60 mph times of 6.7 seconds and a 1/4 mile time of 15.1 seconds at 92.6 mph. On the track, slalom figures resulted in 64.7 mph and .86g at the skidpad. Compression is bumped up to 10.5:1, compared to 9.6:1 in the SE-R base. Front disc brakes are also increased to 12.6". Exclusive suspension upgrades include a sport-tuned suspension with lowered height, sport-tuned shocks and struts, reinforced upper cowl, trunk-mounted V-brace, and a larger front stabilizer bar (25mm). Unique interior features included red front seat belts, leather-wrapped steering wheel with red stitching, and a leather wrapped shift knob. The SE-R Spec V model started at $19,900 (MSRP). 2012 was the final model of the SE-R and Spec V performance variant.

SL
The sixth generation Sentra also has a better equipped variant known as the SL. These models are generally equipped with an automatic transmission, leather interior, and navigation system.

FE+ 2.0 SR (2009)
The car was sold for US$17,760, same as the Sentra FE+ 2.0 S model.

Flex fuel
Nissan launched in August 2009 in Brazil a FFV variant of the B16 Sentra. It features the same MR20DE engine, but capable of running on hydrated ethanol (E100) or a blend of gasoline with 20 to 25 percent of anhydrous ethanol (mandatory blend since 1993) or a mix of both in any proportion.

The engine received a new electronic control unit (ECU) supplied by Bosch and ethanol corrosive-action-resistant internal components. Among these new parts are the intake and exhaust valves and seals made with new materials, the first piston ring made with anodized steel, more resistant connecting rods, fuel injectors suitable for use in ethanol and double-layer exhaust gas oxygen to increase the moisture resistance of the fuel. The power rose to 141 hp (143 cv) both in gasoline and ethanol. Compression ratio of 9.7:1 was kept unchanged.

At the time it was launched, there was some controversy regarding the possibility of vehicles equipped with CVT transmission be converted to flex fuel, since this was the statement that was made by Honda Motor of Brazil in the launch of the second generation Honda Fit in Brazil. During the 2008 upgrade of the Honda Fit, the CVT system was replaced by a conventional automatic transmission and according to the manufacturer it was not possible to attach the CVT transmission infinite relations to a flex fuel engine. Honda's decision to change the type of transmission reduced manufacturing costs and Brazilian auto press inquired the truth of that statement following the release of the CVT-equipped Sentra FFV.

Seventh generation (B17; 2012)
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Seventh generation (B17)
| image = 2013 Nissan Sentra SR front left.jpg
| caption = 2013 Nissan Sentra SR (US)
| aka = Nissan SylphyNissan Pulsar (Australasia)Dongfeng Ruiying Xuan EV
| production =
| model_years = 2013–2019 (North America)
| assembly =
| designer = Kinichi Saito
| body_style = 4-door sedan
| layout = Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
| platform = Nissan V platform
| related = Nissan Tiida (C12)Venucia D60
| engine = {{ubl
  | Gasoline:
  | 1.6 L HR16DE I4
  | 1.6 L MR16DDT turbo I4
  | 1.8 L MRA8DE I4
  | 2.0 L MR20DE I4 (gasoline/ethanol; Brazil)
  | Diesel:
  | 1.5 L Renault K9K764 I4
  }}
| transmission = 5-speed manual6-speed manual5-speed automatic6-speed automaticCVT
| wheelbase =
| weight =
| height =
| width =
| length =
| sp = us
}}
The 2013 Nissan Sentra was revealed at the 2012 Beijing Auto Show as the Nissan Sylphy, as both the Sylphy and Sentra model development were merged into a single global model for efficiency. The design of the car is based on aerodynamic and premium design with LED-bordered headlamps, LED tail lamps, sharp angled trunk lid and chrome trim and featuring large interior space and class leading trunk. It also features an intelligent key with push start button and a dual-zone climate control in certain markets. This model was envisioned to debut in over 120 countries around the world by 2014.

 Markets

 North America

Nissan unveiled the seventh generation Sentra in North America in August 2012 for the 2013 model year. It is the third region to get the B17 Sylphy model after China and Thailand. The new Sentra is completely redesigned inside and out, with styling upscaled to look more similar to Nissan's other sedans, the Altima and Maxima including LED taillights, LED accents in the headlights, and a new navigation and electronics system.

It is longer than the previous generation Sentra by 2.3in, with a 0.6in longer wheelbase, but 150 lb lighter than its predecessor. The new MRA8DE 1.8-liter 16-valve DOHC inline-four is offered for better fuel economy than the previous model, ratings are 30 city/39 highway. The engine output returns  and  of torque. It provides less power than the outgoing Sentra, but due to a new platform, it is 150 lbs lighter in weight. It is also offered with a 1.6-liter turbo engine borrowed from the Juke making  and mated with 6-speed manual or CVT transmission, and return combined 34mpg EPA fuel economy (30 city/39 highway). The FE+ version available in S and SL models can returns 40mpg highway.

Similar to the outgoing model, the new Sentra is offered in S, FE S, SV, FE+ SV, SR, and SL trim levels. All trims will be equipped with a reworked CVT except the base S model, which has an optional six-speed manual transmission. There is no SE-R or SE-R Spec V version of this model. The SR is the sporting model, come with rear spoiler, 17" alloy wheels and silver trim. Satellite navigation, intelligent key with start button, and dual-zone climate control are available in high spec models.

In Canada, the only trim levels are S and SV; SL and SR models are options for SV models. Air conditioning is an option in both S and SV models.

The Sentra is built at Nissan's Canton, Mississippi plant since December 2012. However, early units were built in Mexico.

 2014
Enhancements for 2014 (going on sale in November 2013) included:

 Revised CVT transmission tuning
 Revised steering and suspension tuning
 Sliding front armrest now standard on SL grade and added to SV/SR Driver Package
 New front seat lower cushion storage pockets standard on all models
 Updated NissanConnect with Navigation with all-new NissanConnect Apps smartphone integration for iPhone and Android, improved voice recognition and one-shot destination entry
 Auto Hazard Warning Signal added
 Offered in seven models, each equipped with a standard 1.8-liter DOHC four-cylinder engine and next-generation Xtronic CVT (except S 6MT): S 6MT, S CVT, FE+ S, SV, FE+ SV, SR and SL

 2015
 New exterior color choices.
 Rear disc brakes, side view mirrors with turn signal indicator lights & push button start with i-Key now standard on SR models.

 2016 facelift
For the 2016 model year, the Sentra received a facelift including new front and rear bumpers, lights, hood, trunk and wheels to closer resemble the Maxima and Altima. The 2016 Nissan Sentra is offered in five models: S, FE S, SV, SR and SL, with only the S available with manual transmission (with optional CVT). Key features of the 2016 Sentra exterior include a new front fascia, grille, fenders, hood and signature boomerang-shaped headlights. On the Sentra SR and SL, new LED low-beam headlights with LED DRLs are offered. There are also two new 17-inch wheel designs for SR and SL grades, as well as a new SV 16-inch aluminum-alloy wheel design. New for 2016 is one exterior color, Blue Pearl.

There is a new steering wheel, available six-way power driver's seat with power lumbar (standard on Sentra SL and optional on Sentra SR), a new center cluster design, a new console and shifter knob, and improved seat fabrics. It also has NissanConnect which is standard on SV and SR grades.

 2017
For the 2017 model year, the Sentra received two new trim levels called SR Turbo and NISMO. They feature the  MR16DDT. They were the first turbocharged Sentras ever offered by Nissan in the North American market. Both trims were offered with a 6-speed manual transmission or with a CVT, however only the NISMO continued to offer the manual transmission after 2017. The NISMO model gets a lowered performance-tuned suspension, racing seats, LED tail lights, red interior trim as well as a NISMO specific body kit with bumper equipped LED DRLs and NISMO wheels.

 Japan
In Japan, Nissan Sylphy debuted on 5 December 2012, and built at the Oppama plant in Yokosuka City, Kanagawa Prefecture. The "Bluebird" nameplate was dropped from "Bluebird Sylphy".

 South Africa
In South Africa, the B17 is called Nissan Sentra and comes in Acenta trim only, with 1.6-liter engine and five-speed manual or CVT automatic.

 Asia
In China, the Sylphy is available with HR16DE 1.6-liter (93 kW/154Nm) or MRA8DE 1.8-liter engine (102 kW/174Nm) with a five-speed (six-speed in the 1.8) manual or CVT transmission. In 2018, an electric version called the Sylphy Z.E. was available for the Chinese market, featuring a slightly revised front and rear end design. It was renamed as Sylphy Classic (officially marketed as 轩逸•经典) in 2019 to avoid confusion with the eighth generation model. A rebadged electric version called the Dongfeng Ruiying Xuan EV (睿英·轩EV) was launched in 2021, featuring the exact same design as the Sylphy Z.E. sold in China while is capable of performing battery swaps. The Dongfeng Ruiying Xuan EV is powered by an electric motor developing 109hp (80kW) and 254 N·m torque.

In Thailand, the second country to get the Sylphy, the car uses same engines as Chinese market version but the power is reduced (1.6 down from 93 kW to 85 kW and 1.8 down from 102 kW to 96 kW; torque remains unchanged). The sales target was 20,000 units per year. Nissan also confirmed that they would be exporting Sylphys to the Australian and Middle Eastern markets in December 2012 or January 2013.

On 15 October 2015, Nissan Thailand introduced the MR16DDT engine into the Sylphy lineup during a mid-model refresh. Producing 140 kW/240 N⋅m, the MR16DDT is a direct injection, turbo petrol engine able to run on 95 or 91 RON, E10. Cruise control and NissanConnect were added to the trim options.

In the Philippines, The Nissan Sylphy unveiled on 7 March 2014, shortly after the Nissan press event, alongside the Nissan Altima mid-size sedan. The Sylphy, replacing both B16 Sentra 200 and the N16 Sentra, comes in white, black, gray, silver, and bronze.

The B17 Nissan Sylphy was launched in Singapore in March 2013 where two variants were offered: 1.6 and 1.8; in base trim, Premium and Premium Signature Series. In late 2017, the Sylphy was updated with changes including a new grille and front bumper, gloss black plastic for interior trim and new rim spoke design. The facelifted Sylphy was launched on 10 January 2019 at the Singapore Motorshow with restyled headlamps similar to the Taiwanese Sentra.

On 29 April 2014, the Sylphy has made its debut in Malaysia. Safety features such as 6 SRS airbags, VDC, TCS, ABS, EBD and BA were standard. The units were imported from Thailand. In August 2014, 'Impul' accessories became available and consisted of a bodykit, lowered suspension, wheels and tyres. The Sylphy has since been discontinued in Malaysia as evidence from the absence of the Sylphy from official price lists and absence from Nissan's Malaysia official site.

In the Middle East, the Sentra is available with 1.6- and 1.8-litre engines.

 Australia
The Nissan Pulsar nameplate returned to the Australian and New Zealand markets on 28 February 2013. The new model was a re-badged Nissan Sentra. Announced at the Australian International Motor Show in Sydney in October 2012 and available in three trim levels: ST, ST-L, and Ti. Manual and CVT automatic transmissions are available (manual available in ST and ST-L models only). All models feature six airbags, alloy wheels, Bluetooth and cruise control; the ST-L gets added leather gear shift and steering wheel, fog lamps, and a rear spoiler while the Ti adds Xenon headlamps, leather seats, dual-zone climate control, satellite navigation, and rear view camera. Sales started in February 2013.

A five-door Pulsar hatchback was added later in 2013, but this is based on the C12 Nissan Tiida.

 Latin America
In Brazil, the B17 is called the Nissan Sentra and comes with the 2.0-liter MR20DE flex-fuel engine, the same used in the previous Sentra model due to market demands (all direct competitors use a 2.0 engine). The model exported and sold in Brazil is built in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

 Russia
Nissan Sentra debuted in Russian market in 2014. The car is powered with 1.6 engine (117 hp) fitted with 5-speed manual or CVT. Sentra for Russian market is locally built in Izhevsk.

 2018 Taiwanese Sentra facelift

In the Taiwanese market, the B17 Nissan Sentra has not been facelifted apart from receiving a sportier variant called the Sentra Aero in 2014. The B17 Sentra was finally updated with the V motion front fascia in November 2017 for the 2018 model year, but the facelift was a version exclusive to the Taiwanese market conducted by Yulon Motors, the manufacturer of Nissan products in Taiwan. The facelift preserves the pre-facelift front fenders and hood with only the headlights and front bumper redesigned to save cost. The rest of the vehicle is inline with the international 2016 facelift versions, including new alloys, new taillights and new rear bumpers.

  Eighth generation (B18; 2019)

The fourth generation Sylphy was unveiled on 16 April 2019 at the 18th Shanghai International Automobile Industry Exhibition. The Sentra-badged version was unveiled at the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show.

The 2.0 L MR20DD replaces the 1.8 L MRA8DE engine from the previous generation and will not offer a manual transmission option in the United States with a manual version sold in Canada. The 1.6 L HR16DE is still available in some Asian markets. For the Sentra marketed in the Americas, an independent rear suspension replaces the torsion beam rear suspension found in the past three generation Sentra's.

 Markets

 North America
Nissan unveiled the eighth-generation Sentra for the North American market at the LA Auto Show in November 2019. It is powered by a naturally aspirated, 2.0-litre MR20DD inline four-cylinder gasoline engine, producing  and  of torque, along with a standard continuously variable transmission (Jatco CVT8) branded as Xtronic. No manual transmission option is offered in the United States, however it is offered in Canada.

The 2020 Sentra went on sale in the United States in late January 2020, with three trim levels offered: S, SV, and SR. All models are powered by a naturally-aspirated Nissan MR engine 2.0-liter 4-cylinder gasoline direct injection engine mated to the Xtronic CVT. The Sentra S, SV and SR adopts a black interior color scheme. The Sentra SV Premium Package adopts a tan quilted leather on the seats and dash pad.

The model was introduced in Mexico in June 2020, being offered in four trim levels; Sense, Advance, SR, and Exclusive. The Mexican model offers the same trim lines as its North American model, albeit with different naming and an additional trim line known as Exclusive, which adds equipment to SR CVT.

The Sentra facelift was unveiled on 13 June 2023 for the 2024 model year. It features a redesigned front fascia and rear fascia with new headlights and the addition of engine start-stop technology.

 China
Marketed as the Sylphy, the car was introduced in April 2019. Compared to the Sentra marketed in the Americas, the China and Taiwan market Sylphy adopts a simpler torsion beam suspension. The Sylphy is using the Jatco CVT7 WR gearbox while the Sentra is using the CVT8 gearbox.

The Sylphy e-Power was released in China in September 2021, with a redesigned front grille mesh and dashboard design.

The vehicle will receive a facelift for the 2023 model year.

 Recall
On 16 August 2021, PROFECO and Nissan Mexicana issued a recall on 18,857 Sentras of model years 2020 and 2021 in Mexico, due to a manufacturing defect of the steering rods (left or right) which could be bent, resulting in a misalignment in the direction of the car, vibrations while driving, and the breakage of the component that would lead to loss of the unit control.

Safety
The 2022 Sentra was tested by the IIHS and its top trim received a Top Safety Pick award:

 Other versions
 New Zealand
In countries such as New Zealand, vehicles from both the Nissan Sunny and Nissan Pulsar ranges were marketed as a single model range (with the exception of the Pulsar, which included an EXA model identical to the North American Pulsar), the "Nissan Sentra", which differed (apart from the station wagon) from the models sold under the same name in the United States.

The Sentra name was adopted in several other countries, such as New Zealand, where it was used for the Nissan Pulsar range from 1986 (although the station wagon version was actually a rebadged Nissan Sunny California). The Sentra name continued to be used in New Zealand for the Pulsar until 1998, just as Almera was used in Europe. After 2002, the Pulsar name was adopted.

Unlike the North American version, a hatchback was offered; engines offered were 1.4 L, 1.6 L and 2.0 L petrol engines; a diesel was available in Europe. Some were sold in the Republic of Ireland.

 Southeast Asia

In Southeast Asia, the Nissan Bluebird Sylphy N16 was marketed as the Nissan Sentra in Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. A facelifted version was introduced specifically for this region at the end of 2005, which was offered instead of the second generation Nissan Bluebird Sylphy, also launched at the end of 2005.

In Taiwan, Yulon has built its licensed version of the Sunny as the Sentra since 1990. The Taiwanese-market Sentra reflects the styling of the Japanese-market Bluebird Sylphy (also as the Almera/Pulsar sedan but with a luxury emphasis). This N16 model is called Sentra M1. The Nissan Sentra nameplate returned in October 2013 as B17, marketed as Nissan Super Sentra.

In Indonesia, the first and second generations Sentra were the Sunny-based B12 and B13 models respectively. The 1988–1990 B12 was offered as SGX Sedan and SR Coupe. The B13 was nicknamed Sentra Genesis, only sold as sedan from 1991 to 1996. After skipping six years, Nissan re-introduced the Sentra in Indonesia in 2002. The Sentra was now based on the N16 Pulsar or Nissan Bluebird Sylphy. It is powered by a 1.8-liter QG18 engine matched to a 4-speed automatic transmission. The Sentra was only offered in luxury Super Saloon'' trim level, loaded with standard ABS and leather interior. However, it was sold only in small numbers until 2004.

The Philippines also used the Sentra name for its version of the Pulsar. The N16 model was known as the Nissan Sentra Exalta (available from 2001 to 2003). The early model is similar to the JDM Bluebird Sylphy. Nissan Philippines introduced a model with new headlights and tail lights, that was later renamed back to Sentra. This model was known as the Sunny Neo in Thailand. These N16 Sentras is powered by QG series engines. In 2010, the Sentra B16 became available in the Philippines marketed as the new Nissan Sentra 200 with an MR20 engine.

Sales

References

External links

 Official site

Sentra
Cars introduced in 1982
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Compact cars
Latin NCAP small family cars
Coupés
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Hatchbacks
Police vehicles
Sedans
Subcompact cars
Station wagons
Vehicles with CVT transmission
Partial zero-emissions vehicles
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Cars of Mexico

Nissan Sentra


Charles Edward "Teddy" Glover (7 April 1902 in Bootle, Liverpool, England – 8 February 1993 in Pueblo, Colorado) was a US soccer full back who began his career in the lower English divisions before playing several seasons in the American Soccer League. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.

In August 1922, Glover began his professional career with New Brighton A.F.C. of the English Third Division North. On 14 July 1925, he moved to Southport for two seasons. On 5 August 1927, he was transferred to Wigan Borough F.C. In 1928, he moved to the United States where he signed with the New York Giants of the Eastern Soccer League. The Giants moved to the American Soccer League in 1930, playing as the New York Soccer Club. In the spring of 1931, Glover moved to the New York Giants. However, this was a different team than the previous Giants. When the first Giants renamed themselves the New York Soccer Club, the owner of the New York Nationals decided to rename the Nationals the Giants. In the spring of 1931, the Giants won the ASL championship. The Giants folded after the spring 1932 season and Glover moved to the New York Americans. The first ASL collapsed in the summer of 1933, to be replaced by the second ASL. The Americans moved to the new league. In 1934, Glover joined Brookhattan of the ASL, remaining with them until 1940. He then finished out his career with Pfaelzer S.C. of the German American Soccer League and Brooklyn S.C.

Glover was inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1951.

Teddy also served as an assistant coach at the University of Southern Colorado (now CSU-Pueblo) in 1991 and 1992.

References

External links
 National Soccer Hall of Fame profile

1902 births
1993 deaths
American Soccer League (1921–1933) players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Eastern Professional Soccer League (1928–29) players
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Cosmopolitan Soccer League players
National Soccer Hall of Fame members
New Brighton A.F.C. players
New York Americans (soccer) (1930–1933) players
New York Americans (soccer) (1933–1956) players
New York Giants (soccer) players
New York Soccer Club players
New York Giants (soccer, 1930–1932) players
Brookhattan players
Southport F.C. players
Wigan Borough F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from Bootle

Teddy Glover


TopHat was a scientific experiment launched from McMurdo Station in January 2001 to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation produced 300,000 years after the Big Bang. The balloon was launched on January 2, 2001 and proceeded to fly for 644 hours over the continent of Antarctica before landing on January 31, 2001. The balloon flew over the continent 38 kilometers (125,000 ft) above the ground. The working payload was shut down on January 10, 2001 after the liquid cryogens cooling the detectors were exhausted, and the balloon simply circled the continent until it was safe to land. The vorticial winds that typically carry balloons around the continent dissipated part of the way through the flight, and the balloon had to be terminated in a suboptimal location. The landing missed the targeted ice shelf by around one half mile, and while the discs containing the information were recovered safely using a Twin Otter, the gondola itself had not been recovered by August 2001.

The telescope was called part of the "Submillimeter Astrophysics Experiment" for Dr. Edward Cheng of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. It took roughly 6 years to build and deploy. It was built in association with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, the University of Chicago, the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the Danish Space Research Institute. TopHat experiment was the first of its kind in that it placed the telescope on top of the actual balloon, where it rotated at a constant rate around a vertical axis and covered a 48-degree-diameter window of the sky. The placement allowed for the telescope to gain a unique view of the sky, with no obstructions. The balloon itself took up 29.5 million cubic feet (835,000 m3) of space.

TopHat was built in part to follow up the observations of the BOOMERanG experiment which also studied the cosmic background radiation. TopHat was attempting to detect the clumpiness of matter, how much matter was in the universe, how the universe was expanding, and if it was indeed flat as had been observed by BOOMERANG. Around 300,000 years after the big bang, the temperature of the universe cooled enough so that hydrogen atoms formed and the photons of energy (the radiation of energy from the explosion) were able to escape and travel indefinitely. This oldest source of radiation has a temperature of 2.73 K and is uniform except for one part in 100,000 where the temperature is slightly different. The patchiness of matter indicates the earliest structures being formed in the universe and TopHat was designed to detect this patchiness on roughly degree scales.

References

Bless, R. C. Discovering the Cosmos. Suasalito, CA: University Science Books, 1996.
"Classy Antarctic Balloon Captures the Earliest Light of the Univers." Imagine the Universe News. 1 Mar. 2001. High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center. .
O'hanlan, Larry. "Balloon Captures Space Microwaves." Discovery.Com. 16 Jan. 2001. Discovery. *NASA.gov
Tyahla, Lori. "The Latest TopHat Reports." MSAM TopHat. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. http://topweb.gsfc.nasa.gov.

Physics experiments
Cosmic microwave background experiments
Balloon-borne telescopes
2001 in science
Astronomical telescopes and observatories in the Antarctic
Astronomical experiments in the Antarctic

TopHat (telescope)


The Rath House is an architecturally significant house located at 2703 West Logan Boulevard in the Logan Square neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1907 by the architect George W. Maher for John Rath, the owner of the Rath Cooperage Company, one of the largest barrel-making concerns in the country. The house was designated a Chicago Landmark on December 1, 1993.

The Rath House features the low roofline and deep eaves characteristic of many Prairie School dwellings, as well as distinctive entryway and doorway arches and impressive art-glass windows.

References

External links
Logan Square Preservation: History of Logan Square
"George Washington Maher - architect of the Rath House"

Houses completed in 1907
Houses in Chicago
Chicago Landmarks

Rath House


Count of Assumar was a Portuguese title of nobility granted, on 30 March 1630, by King Philip III of Portugal, to D. Francisco de Melo, son of Constantino de Bragança, a junior member of the House of Cadaval.

As Francisco de Melo supported the  right of the Habsburgs to the Portuguese throne, even after their expulsion on 1 December 1640, the county returned to the Crown, and it was granted, again, by Prince Regent Pedro (who later became Peter II of Portugal) to D. Pedro de Almeida, on 11 April 1677.

List of the Counts of Assumar
First Creation
Francisco de Melo

Second Creation
 Pedro de Almeida (1630–1679)
 João de Almeida Portugal (1663–1733)
 Pedro Miguel de Almeida Portugal e Vasconcelos (1688–1756), also 1st Marquis of Alorna
 João de Almeida Portugal (1726–1802), 2nd Marquis of Alorna
 Pedro de Almeida Portugal, 3rd Marquis of Alorna (1754–1813), 3rd Marquis of Alorna
 João de Almeida Portugal (1786–1805)
 Miguel de Almeida Portugal (1787–1806)
 Leonor de Almeida Portugal, 4th Marquise of Alorna, known as Alcipe (1750–1839), 4th Marchioness of Alorna.

Family name
The Counts of Assumar family name was Almeida Portugal, once the 1st Count, D. Pedro de Almeida, descended through his paternal grandfather from the Almeida family (Counts of Abrantes) and through his paternal grandmother from the Portugal family (Counts of Vimioso).

See also
List of countships in Portugal
Marquis of Alorna

External links
Genealogy of the Counts of Assumar, in Portuguese

Bibliography
"Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, pages 328/329. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

Countships of Portugal
1630 establishments in Portugal

Count of Assumar


The flag of Hawaii (Hawaiian: Ka Hae Hawaiʻi) is the official flag of Hawaii as a U.S. state, as it was kingdom, protector government, republic, and territory. It is the only state flag of the United States to have the Union Flag of the United Kingdom on it.

Design
The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes symbolizing the eight major islands. A ninth stripe was once shown, meaning the island of Nihoa. The color of the stripes, from the top down, has this pattern: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used.

Origins
There are a lot of reasons for the earliest history of the flag of Hawaii. One said how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III. Other visits reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor. An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawaii into international problems as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he quickly lowered the Union Flag over his home. While argued as historically correct, one report of events that followed stated that in order to please American interests during the War of 1812, a flag of the United States was raised over Kamehameha's home only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha powerfully objected to it. This account then explains why the resulting flag of Hawaii was a deliberate combination of the two nations' flags.

In 1816, Kamehameha appointed his own flag to avoid problems. As a result, the current flag of Hawaii was born.  There is debate as to the name of the officer: some traditions credit Alexander Adams, others George Beckley. The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order: red-white-blue. However, some have argued that the stripes were influenced by the flag of the United States. The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawaii erroneously placed the stripes in the order: white-red-blue. The number of stripes also changed. Originally, the flag was designed with seven horizontal stripes. In 1845 it changed to have eight stripes (at one point, there were nine but later the number changed back to eight). The arrangement was adopted and is used today.

Hawaii
Hawaii

Flag of Hawaii


Weston in Gordano is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England. It is situated in the middle of the Gordano valley on the north side, and in the Unitary Authority of North Somerset, on the road between Clevedon and Portishead. The parish has a population of 301.

It is the largest village in the valley, with a public house, the 18th century White Hart, and a garage.

History

The parish of Weston was part of the Portbury Hundred.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.

The parish falls within the unitary authority of North Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, Trading Standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the South Western Ambulance Service.

North Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Woodspring district of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Long Ashton Rural District.

The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the North Somerset constituency. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, currently Liam Fox of the Conservative Party. It was also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Geography

There are two nearby nature reserves, both owned and managed by the Avon Wildlife Trust. Weston Big Wood is 38 hectares of ancient woodland, and Weston Moor is 59 hectares of wet grassland. Weston Big Wood falls within a wider biological Site of Special Scientific Interest. The wood itself dates at least from Iron Age times, with some evidence that there has been woodland here since trees began to recolonise after the last ice age some 10,000 years ago. Some of its internal features e.g. old stones, ditches and banks are thought to be medieval boundaries, dating from the Middle Ages and used to divide the wood into sectors. Adjacent to the wood on its southern side is a large quarry. The woodland sits on a ridge of Carboniferous Limestone, and its slopes are covered with small-leaved lime trees; oak and hazel are more common on flatter hilltop areas. Rare whitebeams are also dotted throughout the wood. The rare plant purple gromwell is found at the site. Other flowers include; wood anemones, violets and bluebells. The presence of other plants such as herb paris and yellow archangel together with the purple gromwell, show that this wood is ancient. There is a wide coppiced open area inside the wood, created as a butterfly feature as part of the reserve management work, called "The Ride". Butterflies such as the orange tip, speckled wood and purple hairstreak can be seen in the area in summer. The birds commonly seen, include woodpecker, nuthatch, and tawny owl. Bats also roost in the trees, and the presence of many setts indicates a large badger population. Middle Hill Common is an area of grassland and wild flower meadow, which supports invertebrates and butterflies.

Weston-in-Gordano SSSI is a geological Site of Special Scientific Interest and Geological Conservation Review site because temporary exposures here have shown Pleistocene sediments, including interglacial fluvial sands and marine gravels and cold-stage fluvial gravels. Rich molluscan faunas have been reported from the section. The presence of freshwater and marine interglacial deposits gives it great potential importance for the understanding of the Quaternary sequence of the Vale of Gordano and Avonmouth lowlands.

Religious sites
The parish Church of SS Peter & Paul has a tower and porch which were built around 1300, while the rest of the building is from the 15th century. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.

References

External links

Villages in North Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset

Weston in Gordano


WBAL-TV (channel 11) is a television station in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is the flagship property of Hearst Television, which has owned the station since its inception, and is sister to the company's sole radio properties, WBAL (1090 AM) and WIYY (97.9 FM). The three outlets share studios and offices on Television Hill in the Woodberry section of Baltimore, near the transmission tower that WBAL-TV also shares with WIYY and several other Baltimore television and radio stations.

History

Early history
WBAL-TV began operations on March 11, 1948, from its original studios on North Charles Street in Downtown Baltimore. It is the second television station in Maryland, after WMAR-TV (channel 2). The station's parent, the Hearst Corporation, also owned WBAL radio and two local newspapers, the afternoon daily Baltimore News-Post and The Baltimore American on Sundays–which later merged as the News American in 1965 before shutting down in 1986.

WBAL-TV is one of two Hearst-owned broadcast properties to have been built and signed on by the company (the other being WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh), and the oldest to be continuously owned by Hearst through its various television subsidiaries through the years. At its launch, WBAL-TV was an NBC affiliate, owing to its radio sister's long affiliation with the NBC's radio networks.

Early programming on channel 11 included Musical Almanac, Look and Cook and Know Baltimore, along with news and sports productions. In the 1950s, the station introduced Romper Room, a children's program produced locally by Bert and Nancy Claster that eventually became a nationally franchised and syndicated program. Another long-running show of the 1950s was the weekday Quiz Club, co-hosted by local personalities Brent Gunts and Jay Grayson. Baltimore Sun local history columnist Jacques Kelly described it at the time of Grayson's death in June 2000, as "pure 1950s live television ... executed on a low budget ... the genial hosts ... ruled the 1 p.m. airwaves".

WBAL-TV produced several local bowling shows in the 1960s and early 1970s, including Strikes and Spares, Pinbusters, Duckpins and Dollars, Bowling for Dollars and Spare Time. The station even went as far as building and installing several "duckpin" bowling alleys at its studios. It also launched several children's entertainment shows during this period, such as Rhea and Sunshine, Pete the Pirate, P. W. Doodle, Heads Up, and the teen-oriented rock and roll music and the mid-1960s teen dancing on the Kerby Scott Show which introduced its "mod" fashions and "hippie" culture style of rock music to the area.

WBAL-TV has boasted many television firsts, including becoming the first Baltimore television station to broadcast in color, the first station in Maryland (and the eighth in the world) to acquire a videocassette machine (of the U-Matic format); the first station in Baltimore to acquire a mobile satellite news-gathering system (dubbed "NEWSTAR 11") and the first Baltimore station to hire an African-American news anchor and a Black news director.

In the late 1970s, ABC steadily rose in the ratings to become the number one network in prime time. Accordingly, the network began to seek upgrades to its slate of affiliates, which included some stations that either had poor signals or poorly performing local programming. WBAL-TV was invited to switch to ABC in 1977, but opted to remain with NBC out of concerns about the poor ratings for ABC's then-recently revamped evening newscasts (a situation that would be improved in the coming years).

Switch to CBS

On March 3, 1981, CBS announced that it would be ending its 33-year affiliation with WMAR-TV, then owned by the A. S. Abell Company (then-publishers of the Baltimore Sun), and moving its programming to WBAL-TV. Among its reasons for making the switch, CBS cited channel 11's strength in local news ratings and overall non-network programming as opposed to WMAR-TV, which heavily preempted the network in favor of syndicated programs, local public affairs and sports coverage; CBS also cited low ratings for WMAR's newscasts. WBAL-TV's first stint as an NBC affiliate ended on August 30, 1981, when the two station exchanged networks–the first affiliation swap to occur in Baltimore. The last NBC program to air on channel 11 until 1995 was a rerun from the evening before the switch of the first episode of Saturday Night Live, with host George Carlin.

Return to NBC
On June 16, 1994, the E. W. Scripps Company, present owners of WMAR-TV, negotiated with ABC to affiliate with its Baltimore station as part of a multi-station deal also involving KNXV-TV in Phoenix and WFTS-TV in Tampa. ABC agreed to the deal as a condition of retaining its affiliations with WXYZ-TV in Detroit and WEWS-TV in Cleveland; CBS was seeking to affiliate with both of those stations, as it was about to lose current affiliates WJBK and WJW to Fox in a separate affiliation deal with New World Communications. The move left NBC without a Baltimore affiliate and incumbent ABC affiliate WJZ-TV (channel 13) without a network; one month later, CBS and Westinghouse Broadcasting (Group W) formed a partnership which renewed the network's affiliations with Westinghouse-owned KDKA-TV in Pittsburgh and KPIX-TV in San Francisco and caused WJZ-TV and two other Westinghouse-owned NBC affiliates, WBZ-TV in Boston and KYW-TV in Philadelphia, to switch their affiliations to CBS (Westinghouse would eventually acquire CBS in November 1995).

Having lost the CBS affiliation to WJZ-TV, WBAL-TV had the choice of affiliating with either NBC or Fox. On July 27, 1994, NBC announced that it would move to WBAL-TV, with station management citing NBC's sports programming as a factor; Fox would remain on its existing affiliate, WBFF (channel 45). Channel 11 rejoined NBC on January 2, 1995; it had sought to make the switch on August 29, 1994, in time for the new television season, but Group W and CBS agreed to not make the switch until January. In the interim, any CBS shows WBAL turned down would air on WJZ-TV instead, while WBAL aired NBC programs preempted by WMAR-TV. The final CBS program to air on channel 11 before it rejoined NBC was the made-for-TV movie A Father for Charlie at 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time; this was directly followed by an hour-long program explaining the switch, which preempted an airing of the Chicago Hope episode "Heartbreak" (which could still be viewed in much of the market via WUSA).

Programming

Preemptions and deferrals
As a CBS affiliate, WBAL-TV preempted an hour of the network's daytime schedule every day, as well as half of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup. Channel 11 also did not run CBS' late night programming. Baltimore viewers who wanted to see the entire CBS lineup could be able to view those programs through WDVM-TV/WUSA in Washington, which was available over-the-air in most of the adjacent Baltimore area and preempted little network programming. The station also preempted Late Show with David Letterman in favor of continuing with The Arsenio Hall Show when it debuted in the fall of 1993; in response, CBS arranged for WNUV to carry the Letterman series instead.

WBAL-TV is one of the few NBC affiliates that does not air the fourth hour of Today (which can be seen in the area via NBC O&O WRC-TV in Washington).

Sports programming
In 1970, when the then-Baltimore Colts moved to the newly formed and realigned American Football Conference as part of the AFL–NFL merger of professional football of 1970, WBAL-TV displaced WMAR-TV (which had aired most of the team's games since 1956) as the station of record for the team (as NBC was the rightsholder for all AFC games). During its first season as such, the station provided coverage of the Colts' victory in Super Bowl V in 1971. This partnership continued until 1981, when WMAR-TV became the team's unofficial home station again for their last three seasons in Baltimore (although the station continued to air Colts games in those three seasons, they were limited to home interconference contests). When the reorganized Baltimore Ravens began play in 1996 after moving the old Cleveland Browns franchise to Maryland, WBAL-TV became the new team's station of record, but only for two seasons; in 1998, most games were moved to WJZ-TV. Presently, WBAL-TV airs any Ravens games when they play on NBC's Sunday Night Football and on Monday Night Football contests exclusive to ESPN, the latter being a benefit of Hearst's 20 percent ownership of ESPN.

The station aired any Baltimore Orioles baseball games as part of NBC's broadcast contract with Major League Baseball from the establishment of the new Orioles franchise in 1954 (move of the old St. Louis Browns to the city) until 1981; it also aired all of the Orioles' postseason games through NBC's limited contract from 1995 to 2000. During its time as a CBS station, WBAL-TV also broadcast select games involving the Orioles through CBS's MLB broadcast contract from 1990 to 1993. From 1964 until his retirement in 1995, Vince Bagli was WBAL-TV's sportscaster. His colleagues at the station called him the "Dean of Baltimore Sports".

News operation

WBAL-TV presently broadcasts 35 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with five hours each weekday, 4½ hours on Saturdays and 5½ hours on Sundays); the station also produces a weekly public affairs program on Sunday mornings called 11 TV Hill.

Appropriately for a station with roots in a newspaper, channel 11 has a rich news tradition. WBAL's newscasts have spent the better part of its history in either first or second place in the ratings. It led the ratings from the 1960s until WJZ-TV passed it in the early 1970s. However, for the better part of the last 40 years, WBAL-TV had waged a spirited battle for first place in the ratings with WJZ-TV. In recent years, WBAL-TV's newscasts placed first at 5, 6 and 11 p.m. However, in the November 2009 Nielsen ratings sweeps period—the first since the debut of The Jay Leno Show—WBAL's 11 p.m. newscast fell precipitously from first to a distant second behind WJZ (by contrast, the 11 p.m. newscast on WRC-TV in nearby Washington, D.C. was one of the least affected late-night newscasts of any NBC affiliate or owned-and-operated station in the country; it continued to dominate its competitors). WBAL still continued to lead at 5 and 6 p.m. until the November 2011 sweeps period. Since NBC took Leno off of prime time in February 2010—in part due to complaints from WBAL and other affiliates about effects on its newscasts—viewership of channel 11's late newscast has often come close to the WJZ newscast. However, since the November 2011 sweeps period, WJZ's newscasts took the lead in nearly all time slots but WBAL is still a strong second.

In 1974, WBAL introduced the Action News format to Baltimore. Characterized by short, usually 90 second, news "packages" and upbeat introductory news themes, Baltimore's Action News briefly replaced WJZ as the number one news station in Baltimore during the mid-1970s. The architect of the success was news director Ron Kershaw, who had come to Baltimore from Texas and was considered somewhat ahead of his time. He brought in talented anchors like Sue Simmons and Spencer Christian but also replaced long-time local news anchor Rolf Hertsgaard with controversial out-of-towner Don Harrison and streamlined the news operation. Kershaw later brought other innovations to WNBC-TV in New York City and WBBM-TV in Chicago as news director at those stations.

WBAL-TV lent then-meteorologist Sandra Shaw to Hearst sister station WDSU-TV in New Orleans on September 1, 2008, to assist with the Louisiana station's coverage of Hurricane Gustav.

On January 3, 2009, WBAL-TV became the second station in Baltimore (behind WBFF) to begin broadcasting its local news programming in high definition. Only the in-studio cameras and footage from the station's helicopter were in HD at the time of the switch. For over a year, most field reports were still in pillarboxed 4:3 standard definition. Most field reports are switched from 16:9 widescreen enhanced definition to 16:9 high definition in March 2012. On March 5, 2012, WBAL debuted a half-hour 10 p.m. newscast on its WBAL Plus digital subchannel, which competes against an hour-long newscast on WBFF.

On January 12, 2015, WBAL-TV expanded their morning newscast 11 News Today to 4:30 a.m.

News Anchor Rod Daniels retired from WBAL-TV in 2015 after more than 30 years with the station.

Awards and achievements

In addition, WBAL-TV became the first Baltimore television station to win a Peabody Award for local news coverage, specifically of their Chesapeake Bay pollution investigation (and the first Baltimore television station to win the award in any category in more than fifty years). WBAL's news department was also awarded as one of the top three Best Television Newscasts by the National Headliners Association, alongside WFAA in Dallas, and WBAL's Boston sister station WCVB-TV. The station has also won regional Edward R. Murrow Awards, the George Polk Award and the American Bar Association Gavel Award for excellence in reporting and journalism; it has also been rated the most outstanding television news operation in Baltimore (by the Associated Press and United Press International).

Current on-air staff
 Gerry Sandusky — Sports anchor

Notable former on-air staff
 Curt Anderson (formerly in the Maryland House of Delegates)
 Sade Baderinwa (now with WABC-TV in New York City)
 Campbell Brown (formerly with CNN, now with Facebook)
 Ron Canada – newscaster (1970s–early 1980s; now working as an actor)
 Spencer Christian (now with KGO-TV in San Francisco)
 Carol Costello (formerly with CNN)
 Rod Daniels (1984–2015; now retired)
 Mike Hambrick
 Vicki Mabrey (now with ABC News)
 Royal Parker (1962–mid-1990s)
 Lisa Salters (now with ESPN)
 Sue Simmons (later with WNBC-TV in New York City 1980–2012; was at WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. 1978–1980 before that; now retired)
 Ron Smith (died on December 19, 2011, at age 70, after a brief battle with pancreatic cancer)
 Julius Westheimer (deceased)

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

WBAL-TV carries a digital subchannel on 11.2, which launched in August 2005 as "11 Insta-Weather Plus", an affiliate of NBC Weather Plus until the network dissolved in November 2008; after that, the subchannel carried automated local and regional weather information provided by NBC Plus until April 2009, when an alternate programming format was adopted featuring local weather information, newscasts and other special programming. On March 5, 2012, WBAL launched a 10 p.m. newscast on the subchannel (which was renamed "WBAL Plus" the previous year).

On July 24, 2012, Hearst Television renewed its affiliation agreement with MeTV through 2015, to maintain existing affiliations with eight Hearst-owned stations that were already carrying the digital multicast network. As part of the renewal, Hearst also signed agreements to add the network as digital subchannels of WBAL-TV and sister stations KCRA-TV in Sacramento, WCVB-TV in Boston, KOCO-TV in Oklahoma City and WXII-TV in Greensboro. MeTV was added to subchannel 11.2 on September 10, 2012.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WBAL-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 59, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition, to its analog-era assignment of VHF channel 11. Several VHF digital stations received permission for a power increase later that month after stations experienced signal problems as a result of changing their digital channel from UHF to VHF. WBAL-TV chose to test its equipment before making a commitment.

As a part of the repacking process following the 2016-2017 FCC incentive auction, WBAL-TV relocated to VHF channel 12 on July 2, 2020, using PSIP to display its virtual channel number as 11. WJZ-TV concurrently moved to channel 11, WBAL-TV's former digital channel before the repacking.

References

External links
WBALTV.com (Official website)

BAL-TV
NBC network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Story Television affiliates
TheGrio affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1948
National Football League primary television stations
Woodberry, Baltimore
Hearst Television
Peabody Award winners
1948 establishments in Maryland
Preakness Stakes

WBAL-TV


George Aikman ARSA (1830–1905) was a Scottish painter and engraver.

Life

Born at the top of Warriston Close, in the High Street, Edinburgh, on 20 May 1830, was the ninth child of George Aikman (1788-1865) and his wife Alison McKay. The father, after employment by William Home Lizars the engraver, started business for himself about 1825 in Warriston Close, where he produced the plates and illustrations for the Encyclopædia Britannica seventh edition. Many of these were drawn and engraved by his son George.

From a private school Aikman was sent to Edinburgh High School, where he was for three sessions in the class of Dr. James Boyd. He was then apprenticed to his father, who had moved his business to 29 North Bridge, and after a journeyman period, during which he worked in Manchester and London, he was admitted a partner. As an apprentice he had attended the classes of the Trustees' Academy, then directed by Robert Scott Lauder, and the Royal Scottish Academy life-class.

By 1850 Aikman was showing work at the Scottish Academy exhibitions, but it was not until 1870 that he abandoned business for painting. In 1880 he was elected an A.R.S.A. Between 1874 and 1904 he exhibited at nine of the Royal Academy exhibitions in London.

In his final years Aikman was living in a flat at 22 Scotland Street in Edinburgh's New Town.

Aikman died in Edinburgh on 8 January 1905, and was buried in Warriston cemetery.

Works

Aikman's theme as a painter was landscape, particularly in the Perthshire Highlands and Warwickshire. He practised etching during most of his life, and towards the end he engraved mezzotints. Impressions of some of these were exhibited, but only a few of them were published. The engraved plates included:

 Robert Burns (etching), after Alexander Nasmyth, and
 Sir Douglas Maclagan (etching), after Sir George Reid;

and among his original plates were:

 Carlyle in his Study (etching);
 Sir Daniel Macnee, P.R.S.A. (etching);
 Norham Castle (etching);
 Coming Storm across the Moor (mezzotint).

An etching after his picture For the Good of the Church (R.A., 1874) was purchased by the Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland. Aikman contributed to the Etcher (1880, 1882), English Etchings (1883-4), and Selected Etchings (1885), and he illustrated A Round of the Links: Views of the Golf Greens of Scotland (1893), with etchings after the drawings of John Smart, R.S.A. (1838–1899), and The Midlothian Eska (1895).

Aikman made some contributions to The Art Journal, on engravers and painters of earlier generations. He made drawings of ancient Edinburgh houses doomed to demolition, and the City Museum gathered a collection of them.

Family
On 2 December 1859 Aikman married Elizabeth Barnett, who with three daughters and two sons survived him.

Notes

References
Attribution

External links

1830 births
1905 deaths
19th-century Scottish painters
Scottish male painters
20th-century Scottish painters
Scottish engravers
Artists from Edinburgh
20th-century British printmakers
Burials at Warriston Cemetery
19th-century Scottish male artists
20th-century Scottish male artists
20th-century engravers

George Aikman


Bobbe Bridge is an American former judge who served as Associate Justice of the Washington Supreme Court. After serving 10 years as a King County Superior Court Judge, she was appointed to the Washington State Supreme Court by Governor Gary Locke in 1999.  She was elected in 2000 and again in 2002.  She resigned her judgeship in 2007.

On February 23, 2003, Justice Bridge was arrested for hit and run and for drunk driving after she hit a  parked car near her home and attempted to flee the scene, while intoxicated. Her blood alcohol level tested at .219 and .227.

She retired from the Supreme Court at the end of 2007 to assume the role of Founding President/CEO of the Seattle-based  Center for Children & Youth Justice, a private not-for-profit agency advocating juvenile justice, child welfare and related systems reform. Washington Governor Christine Gregoire appointed Debra L. Stephens to replace her in January 2008.

Bridge retired from the Center for Children & Youth Justice in 2019. Since then, she has served on public boards and advisory committees, including the National Advisory Committee on the Sex Trafficking of Children and Youth in the United States.

Bridge received the Advocacy Spirit Award from National Network for Youth in January 2010 for "relentlessly defending the rights and dignity of homeless children in our country." In 2019, she was awarded the Crosscut Courage Award for "a lifetime advocating for youth".

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Justices of the Washington Supreme Court
University of Washington School of Law alumni
Superior court judges in the United States
21st-century American women judges
21st-century American judges

Bobbe Bridge


Hans Kreissig (May 23, 1857 – December 28, 1929) was a German-born American pianist, music teacher, and conductor. He is noted for establishing the Dallas Symphony Orchestra in 1900 and for serving as its first music director.

Career
Hans Kreissig was born in Germany, the son of Gustav and Marie Kreissig. His early musical training was in Germany; this was followed by several years studying composition and conducting with Arthur Sullivan in London. Early in his career he was the accompanist for Jules Levy, a noted English cornet player. Kreissig first came to the United States in 1883, with a touring opera company, and in 1884 he settled in Dallas, Texas. There he taught piano and organ, and also directed choirs at several churches and synagogues. By 1886, he had been appointed conductor of the Dallas Frohsinn, a male chorus; he held that position until 1912. The Frohsinn was a prominent part of Dallas's musical life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: it was featured in local presentations of opera and symphonic music as well as its own concerts, and it made several performance tours throughout Texas. In addition to the Frohsinn, Kreissig organized and conducted a number of band and orchestra concerts in the 1880s and 1890s, and he later founded the Beethoven Trio and the Phoenix Club (a chamber ensemble). Kreissig's promotion of the arts in Dallas also included fundraising, which he did on foot among the city's merchants.

In 1900, Kreissig formed the original Dallas Symphony Orchestra, which presented its first concert in May of that year. He conducted one more concert, in 1901, after which the orchestra suspended operations. Although the DSO has since evolved in numerous fundamental ways, including temporary name changes and several multiyear periods of dormancy, the present organization still traces its origins to Kreissig's 1900 ensemble, as it is stated in the notes accompanying DSO 100, a commemorative CD issued by the Dallas Symphony in 2000.

Following Kreissig's 1912 retirement from the leadership of the Frohsinn, he taught piano privately in Dallas until his death in 1929.

Personal life
Kreissig married Louise Cretien, a native of the Texas French settlement La Reunion, in 1893. They had one son, Alfred Kreissig, and a daughter, Daisy Kreissig Jacoby.

Sources
 Albrecht, Theodore. "Kreissig, Hans" in The Handbook of Texas Music, ed. Roy Barkley et al. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2003. .
 DSO 100: Celebrating the Century with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra (liner notes). Dallas Symphony Orchestra, 2000.
"Large Crowd Says Good-Bye to Symphony" by John Rosenfield, Jr. Dallas Morning News, 14 April 1930.
"Mrs. Kreissig, 90, Lifetime Resident, Dies."  Dallas Morning News, 26 August 1960.
"Music Shows Rapid Development in Dallas During Last Few Decades." Dallas Morning News, 6 August 1922.
"Present Orchestra Stands as Monument to Late Walter Fried." Dallas Morning News, 20 November 1927.
Texas Death Certificate
United States Censuses, 1920 and 1930.  Accessed via heritagequestonline.com.
Vital Records – Dallas County, TX – Deaths 1982.  Accessed via ftp.rootsweb.com.

1857 births
1929 deaths
American classical pianists
Male classical pianists
American male pianists
American conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
German classical pianists
American music educators
Musicians from Dallas
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century German musicians
19th-century American pianists
Educators from Texas
Classical musicians from Texas
19th-century American male musicians
Emigrants from the German Empire
Immigrants to the United States

Hans Kreissig