The California State University (Cal State or CSU) is a public university system in California, and the largest public university system in the world. It consists of 23 campuses and 7 off-campus centers, which together enroll 457,992 students and employ 56,256 faculty and staff members. In California, it is one of the three public higher education systems, along with the University of California and the California Community Colleges systems. The CSU system is officially incorporated as The Trustees of the California State University, and is headquartered in Long Beach, California.

Established in 1960 as part of the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the CSU system has its roots in the California State Normal Schools that were chartered in 1857. It holds the distinction of being the leading producer of bachelor's degrees in the country, with over 110,000 graduates each year. Additionally, the CSU system contributes to the state's economy by sustaining more than 209,000 jobs.

In the 2015–16 academic year, CSU awarded 52% of newly issued California teaching credentials, 33% of the state's information technology bachelor's degrees, and it had more graduates in business, criminal justice, engineering,  criminal justice, public administration, and agriculture than all other universities and colleges in California combined. Altogether, about half of the bachelor's degrees, one-fourth of the master's degrees, and 3% of the doctoral degrees awarded annually in California are from the CSU. Additionally, 62% of all bachelor's degrees granted to Hispanic students in California and over half of bachelor's degrees earned by California's Latino, African American and Native American students combined are conferred by the CSU.

The CSU system is one of the top U.S. producers of graduates who move on to earn their PhD degrees in a related field. Since 1961, over four million alumni have received a degree from the CSU system. CSU offers more than 1,800 degree programs in some 240 subject areas. In fall of 2022, 11,181 (or 40%) of CSU's 27,741 faculty were tenured or on the tenure track.

History

State Normal Schools

Today's California State University system is the direct descendant of the Minns Evening Normal School, founded in 1857 by George W. Minns in San Francisco. It was a normal school, an institution that educated future teachers in association with the high school system and the first of its kind in California.

The school was taken over by the state in 1862 and moved to San Jose and renamed the California State Normal School; it eventually evolved into San Jose State University. A southern branch of the California State Normal School was created in Los Angeles in 1882. In 1887, the California State Legislature dropped the word California from the name of the San Jose and Los Angeles schools, renaming them State Normal Schools.

Later, other state normal schools were founded at Chico (1887) and San Diego (1897); they did not form a system in the modern sense, in that each normal school had its own board of trustees and all were governed independently from one another. By the end of the 19th century, the State Normal School in San Jose was graduating roughly 130 teachers a year and was "one of the best known normal schools in the West."

In 1919, the State Normal School at Los Angeles became the Southern Branch of the University of California; in 1927, it became the University of California at Los Angeles.

State Teachers Colleges

In May 1921, the legislature enacted a comprehensive reform package for the state's educational system, which went into effect that July. The State Normal Schools were renamed State Teachers Colleges, their boards of trustees were dissolved, and they were brought under the supervision of the Division of Normal and Special Schools of the new California Department of Education located at the state capital in Sacramento. This meant that they were to be managed from Sacramento by the deputy director of the division, who in turn was subordinate to the State Superintendent of Public Instruction (the ex officio director of the Department of Education) and the State Board of Education. By this time it was already commonplace to refer to most of the campuses with their city names plus the word "state" (e.g., "San Jose State," "San Diego State," "San Francisco State").

The resulting administrative situation from 1921 to 1960 was quite complicated. On the one hand, the Department of Education's actual supervision of the presidents of the State Teachers Colleges was minimal, which translated into substantial autonomy when it came to day-to-day operations. According to Clark Kerr, J. Paul Leonard, the president of San Francisco State from 1945 to 1957, once boasted that "he had the best college presidency in the United States—no organized faculty, no organized student body, no organized alumni association, and...no board of trustees." On the other hand, the State Teachers Colleges were treated under state law as ordinary state agencies, which meant their budgets were subject to the same stifling bureaucratic financial controls as all other state agencies (except the University of California). At least one president would depart his state college because of his express frustration over that issue: Leonard himself. (One of the lasting legacies of this era is that Cal State employees, like other state employees (but not UC or local government employees) are still paid by the state controller and receive retirement benefits from CalPERS.)

During the 1920s and 1930s, the State Teachers Colleges started to evolve from normal schools (that is, vocational schools narrowly focused on training elementary school teachers in how to impart basic literacy to young children) into teachers colleges (that is, providing a full liberal arts education) whose graduates would be fully qualified to teach all K–12 grades. A leading proponent of this idea was Charles McLane, the first president of Fresno State, who was one of the earliest persons to argue that K–12 teachers must have a broad liberal arts education.  Having already founded Fresno Junior College in 1907 (now Fresno City College), McLane arranged for Fresno State to co-locate with the junior college and to synchronize schedules so teachers-in-training could take liberal arts courses at the junior college.  San Diego and San Jose followed Fresno in expanding their academic programs beyond traditional teacher training. These developments had the "tacit approval" of the State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, but had not been expressly authorized by the board and also lacked express statutory authorization from the state legislature.

State Colleges

In 1932, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was asked by the state legislature and governor to perform a study of California higher education. The so-called "Suzzallo Report" (after the Foundation's president, Henry Suzzallo) sharply criticized the State Teachers Colleges for their intrusion upon UC's liberal arts prerogative and recommended their transfer to the Regents of the University of California (who would be expected to put them back in their proper place). This recommendation spectacularly backfired when the faculties and administrations of the State Teachers Colleges rallied to protect their independence from the Regents. In 1935, the State Teachers Colleges were formally upgraded by the state legislature to State Colleges and were expressly authorized to offer a full four-year liberal arts curriculum, culminating in bachelor's degrees, but they remained under the Department of Education.

During World War II, a group of local Santa Barbara leaders and business promoters (with the acquiescence of college administrators) were able to convince the state legislature and governor to transfer Santa Barbara State College to the University of California in 1944. After losing a second campus to UC, the state colleges' supporters arranged for the California state constitution to be amended in 1946 to prevent it from happening again.
The period after World War II brought a great expansion in the number of state colleges.  Additional state colleges were established in Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Long Beach from 1947 to 1949, and then seven more state colleges were authorized to be established between 1957 and 1960. Six more state colleges were founded after the enactment of the Donahoe Higher Education Act of 1960, bringing the total number to 23.

California State Colleges

During the 1950s, the state colleges' peculiar mix of fiscal centralization and operational decentralization began to look rather incongruous in comparison to the highly centralized University of California (then on the brink of its own decentralization project) and the highly decentralized local school districts around the state which operated K–12 schools and junior colleges—all of which enjoyed much more autonomy from the rest of the state government than the state colleges.  In particular, several of the state college presidents had come to strongly dislike the State Board of Education and State Superintendent of Public Instruction Roy E. Simpson, whom the presidents felt were too deferential to the University of California.  Five state college presidents led the movement in the late 1950s for more autonomy from the state government: Glenn Dumke at San Francisco State (who had succeeded Leonard in 1957), Arnold Joyal at Fresno State, John T. Wahlquist at San Jose State, Julian A. McPhee at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, and Malcolm Love at San Diego State.  They had three main objectives: (1) a systemwide board independent of the rest of the state government; (2) the right to award professional degrees in engineering and the doctorate in the field of education; and (3) state funding for research at the state college level.

The state legislature was limited to merely suggesting locations to the UC Board of Regents for the planned UC campus on the Central Coast. In contrast, because the state colleges lacked autonomy, they were vulnerable to pork barrel politics in the state legislature.  As early as 1932, the Suzzallo Report had noted that "the establishing of State teachers colleges has been partly the product of geographic-political considerations rather than of thoughtful determination of needs". In 1959 alone, state legislators introduced separate bills to individually create nineteen state colleges.  Two years earlier, one bill that had actually passed had resulted in the creation of a new state college in Turlock, a town better known for its turkeys than its aspirations towards higher education, and which made no sense except that the chair of the Senate Committee on Education happened to be from Turlock.

In April 1960, the California Master Plan for Higher Education and the resulting Donahoe Higher Education Act finally granted autonomy to the state colleges.  The Donahoe Act merged all the state colleges into the State College System of California, severed them from the Department of Education (and also the State Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Public Instruction), and authorized the appointment of a systemwide board of trustees and a systemwide chancellor.  The board was initially known as the "Trustees of the State College System of California"; the word "board" was not part of the official name.  In March 1961, the state legislature renamed the system to the California State Colleges (CSC) and the board became the "Trustees of the California State Colleges."

As enacted, the Donahoe Act provides that UC "shall be the primary state-supported academic agency for research" and "has the sole authority in public higher education to award the doctoral degree in all fields of learning".  In contrast, CSU may only award the doctoral degree as part of a joint program with UC or "independent institutions of higher education" and is authorized to conduct research "in support of" its mission, which is to provide "undergraduate and graduate instruction through the master's degree."  This language reflects the intent of UC President Kerr and his allies to bring order to "a state of anarchy"—in particular, the state colleges' repeated attempts (whenever they thought UC was not looking) to quietly blossom into full-fledged research universities, as was occurring elsewhere with other state colleges like Michigan State.

Kerr explained in his memoirs: "The state did not need a higher education system where every component was intent on being another Harvard or Berkeley or Stanford."  As he saw it, the problem with such "academic drift" was that state resources would be spread too thin across too many universities, all would be too busy chasing the "holy grail of elite research status" (in that state college faculty members would inevitably demand reduced teaching loads to make time for research) for any of them to fulfill the state colleges' traditional role of training teachers, and then "some new colleges would have to be founded" to take up that role. At the time, California already had too many research universities; it had only 9 percent of the American population but 15 percent of the research universities (12 out of 80).  The language about joint programs and authorizing the state colleges to conduct some research was offered by Kerr at the last minute on December 18, 1959, as a "sweetener" to secure the consent of a then-wavering Dumke, the state colleges' representative on the Master Plan survey team.

Dumke reluctantly agreed to Kerr's terms only because he knew the alternative was worse.  If the state colleges could not reach a deal with UC, the California legislature was likely to be caught up in the "superboard" fad then sweeping through state legislatures across the United States.  A "superboard" was a state board of higher education with plenary authority over all public higher education in the state. The most logical candidate to become California's superboard was the existing UC Board of Regents, meaning the state colleges would be consigned to the dark fate they had narrowly escaped in 1935. At the outset of negotiations, Wahlquist had already shot down Kerr's suggestion of the "Santa Barbara route", because the state colleges were well aware that Santa Barbara had languished under the Board of Regents' mismanagement for 15 years.  At least under Kerr's terms the state colleges would finally have their own systemwide board.  To ensure this compromise at the core of the Master Plan would stay intact through the legislative process, it was agreed that the entire package could be enacted only if the state legislature, the State Board of Education, and the UC Board of Regents all agreed with its two main components: (1) the joint doctorate and (2) the new board for the state colleges.

Most state college presidents and approximately 95 percent of state college faculty members (at the nine campuses where polls were held) strongly disagreed with the Master Plan's express endorsement of UC's primary role with respect to research and the doctorate, but they were still subordinate to the State Board of Education.  In January 1960, Louis Heilbron was elected as the new chair of the State Board of Education.  A Berkeley-trained attorney, Heilbron had already revealed his loyalty to his alma mater by joking that UC's ownership of the doctorate ought to be protected from "unreasonable search and seizure." He worked with Kerr to get the Master Plan's recommendations enacted in the form of the Donahoe Act, which was signed into state law on April 27, 1960.

Heilbron went on to serve as the first chairman of the Trustees of the California State Colleges (1960–1963), where he had to "rein in some of the more powerful campus presidents," improve the smaller and weaker campuses, and get all campuses accustomed to being managed for the first time as a system.  Heilbron set the "central theme" of his chairmanship by saying that "we must cultivate our own garden" (an allusion to Candide) and stop trying to covet someone else's.  Under Heilbron, the board also attempted to improve the quality of state college campus architecture, "in the hope that campuses no longer would resemble state prisons."  (For example, at the height of the Great Depression, the state government had considered converting Cal Poly San Luis Obispo into a state prison.)

Although the state colleges had reported to Sacramento since 1921, the board resolved on August 4, 1961 that the headquarters of the California State Colleges would be set up in the Los Angeles area, and in December, the newly-formed chancellor's office was moved from Sacramento to a rented office on Imperial Highway in Inglewood. This location gained the unfortunate nickname of the "imperial headquarters". In 1965, the chancellor's office was moved to a larger office space, again rented, on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles.

Buell G. Gallagher was selected by the board as the first chancellor of the California State Colleges (1961–1962), but resigned after only nine unhappy months to return to his previous job as president of the City College of New York. Dumke succeeded him as the second chancellor of the California State Colleges (1962–1982).  As chancellor, Dumke faithfully adhered to the system's role as prescribed by the Master Plan, despite continuing resistance and resentment from state college dissidents who thought he had been "out-negotiated" and bitterly criticized the Master Plan as a "thieves' bargain". Disappointment with the Master Plan was widespread but was especially acute at Dumke's former campus, San Francisco State. Looking back, Kerr thought the state colleges had failed to appreciate the vast breadth of opportunities reserved to them by the Master Plan, as distinguished from UC's relatively narrow focus on basic research and the doctorate.  In any event, "Heilbron and Dumke got the new state college system off to an excellent start."

California State University and Colleges

In 1966, James R. Mills, a state assemblyman from San Diego, suggested studying the possibility of changing the name of the system to California State University.  Much of the leadership on this matter emerged from the San Diego area in the following years, but several bills introduced by San Diego legislators failed to pass in the face of staunch opposition from the University of California.  The final compromise was that the system would become the California State University and Colleges.  Alex Sherriffs, then serving as an education advisor to Governor Reagan, later explained that he was among those who fought the name change because "most of the campuses are not, by any definition I've ever seen, a university. A university ... includes several colleges and is heavily engaged in scholarship and research. It gives the doctoral degrees". Governor Ronald Reagan signed Assembly Bill 123 into law on November 29, 1971 and the board was renamed the "Trustees of the California State University and Colleges".

In accordance with the new systemwide name, on May 23, 1972, the board of trustees voted to rename fourteen of the nineteen CSU campuses to "California State University," followed by a comma and then their geographic designation.  The five campuses exempted from renaming were the five newest state colleges created during the 1960s.

The new names were strongly disliked at certain campuses.  For example, CSUSF drew the humorous response "Gesundheit," and was frequently confused with CCSF, USF, and UCSF.  Over Dumke's objections, state assemblyman Alfred E. Alquist proposed a bill that would rename the San Jose campus back to San Jose State.  As passed and signed into law, the bill also renamed San Diego and San Francisco back to their old names. A few years later, the Sonoma and Humboldt campuses secured passage of similar legislation.

In September 1976, the chancellor's office was moved from Los Angeles to a custom-built headquarters at 400 Golden Shore on the Long Beach waterfront. This was the first time CSU had owned its own headquarters building.

California State University

Two major changes occurred in 1982. First, CSU was able to quietly obtain passage of a bill dropping the word "colleges" from its name.  Second, W. Ann Reynolds succeeded Dumke as CSU's third chancellor, and brought a dramatically different management style to the CSU system.   In many ways, Reynolds was the opposite of the "quiet" and "apolitical" Dumke.  Despite the severe budget pressures brought about by the passage of Proposition 13, Reynolds was able to achieve moderate success in improving parity between CSU and UC funding. She was unsuccessful in her other long-term objective, securing for CSU the right to award doctorates independently of UC.  When she asked Dumke for help, he replied that "he had given his word in 1960 and did not believe it principled to change."   A week later, he testified before the state legislature and did not support the independent doctorate for CSU.

Meanwhile, various problems with the 400 Golden Shore building forced the chancellor's office to move to a new building after only 22 years.   The solution was to trade spaces with the parking lot across the street to the north, a site with better soil conditions.  In spring 1998, CSU moved into its current headquarters at 401 Golden Shore, then demolished the old building and turned its site into a parking lot.

Today, the campuses of the CSU system include comprehensive universities and polytechnic universities along with the only maritime academy in the western United States.

In May 2020, it was announced that all 23 institutions within the CSU system would host majority-online courses in the Fall 2020 semester as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on education.

Towards the end of 2022, CSU actively opposed the proposed expansion of the California Community Colleges' right to award a limited number of four-year degrees. The community colleges involved noted how ironic it was for CSU to be pushing back against them, in light of CSU's long-running battle with UC over the right to award the doctorate.

In July 2023, CSU's systemwide Title IX compliance was harshly criticized in a report prepared by the Cozen O'Connor law firm at the request of the Board of Trustees (at a cost of over $1 million) and separately in another report prepared by the California State Auditor at the request of the Legislature.  The Cozen report found that CSU's legal department and Title IX coordinators were severely understaffed. Cozen reported there was a widespread perception throughout the CSU system that "individual campus administrators act to protect the interests of the institution rather than care for the individuals who have been harmed".

Governance

The governance structure of the California State University is largely determined by state law. The California State University is ultimately administered by the 25-member (24 voting, one non-voting) board of trustees of the California State University. The trustees appoint the chancellor of the California State University, who is the chief executive officer of the system, and the presidents of each campus, who are the chief executive officers of their respective campuses.

The Academic Senate of the California State University, made up of elected representatives of the faculty from each campus, recommends academic policy to the board of trustees through the chancellor.

Board of trustees
The California State University is administered by the 25-member board of trustees which is composed of:

 The governor of California (president ex officio)
 Sixteen members who are appointed by the governor of California with the consent of the Senate
 Two students from the California State University appointed by the governor with the recommendation of the Cal State Student Association
 One tenured faculty member appointed by the governor selected from a list of names submitted by the Academic Senate
 One representative of the alumni associations of the state university selected for a two-year term by the alumni council of the California State University
 Four ex officio members aside from the governor:
 Lieutenant governor
 Speaker of the Assembly
 State superintendent of public instruction
 The CSU chancellor

The Board meets six times each year in the Glenn S. Dumke Auditorium at the Office of the Chancellor in Long Beach.

Chancellor

The chancellor is the chief executive officer of the CSU, and all presidents of the campuses report directly to the chancellor.

Chancellors
Buell Gallagher (1961–1962)
Glenn S. Dumke (1962–1982)
W. Ann Reynolds (1982–1990)
Ellis E. McCune [interim] (1990–1991)
Barry Munitz (1991–1998)
Charles B. Reed (1998–2012)
Timothy P. White (2012–2020)
Joseph I. Castro (2021–2022)
Steve Relyea [Acting] (2022)
Jolene Koester [interim] (2022–present)
Mildred García (Starting October 1, 2023)

Student government

All 23 campuses have student government organizations, and are all members of the California State Student Association (CSSA). California Education Code § 89300 allows for the creation of student body organizations at any state university for the purpose of providing essential activities closely related to, but not normally included as a part of, the regular instructional program.

Campuses
The CSU is composed of 23 campuses, of which 11 are located in Northern California and 12 in Southern California. The 23 campuses are listed here by order of the year founded:

* U.S. News & World Report ranks several universities in the California State University system in the National Universities category as they offer several Ph.D. programs. The other universities are ranked in the Regional Universities (West) category as they offer few or no Ph.D. programs.

^ Cal Maritime only awards undergraduate degrees and therefore is ranked separately from the other campuses of the California State University. It is ranked in the "Regional Colleges" category.

Off campus branches
A few universities have established off-campus branches to increase education accessibility. These branches differ from typical university extension courses as they offer degree programs and students enjoy the same status as other California State University (CSU) students. Notably, the California State University, Channel Islands is the newest addition, having transitioned from an off-campus branch of CSU Northridge. As of Fall 2005, the total enrollment across all off-campus branches within the CSU system was 9,163 students, representing 2.2 percent of the systemwide enrollment. The following is a list of schools and their respective off-campus branches:

California State University, Bakersfield
Antelope Valley (in Lancaster, California)
California State University, Chico
Redding (affiliated with Shasta College)
California State University, Fullerton
Garden Grove
California State University, East Bay
Concord
Oakland (Professional & Conference Center)
California State University, Fresno
Visalia
California State University, Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
California State University, Monterey Bay
 Salinas (Professional & Conference Center)
California State University, San Bernardino
Palm Desert
California State University, San Marcos
Temecula/Murrieta
San Diego State University
Imperial Valley (in Brawley, California and Calexico, California)
SDSU-Georgia (in Tbilisi in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia)
San Francisco State University
Cañada College (in Redwood City, California)
Downtown Campus (in San Francisco, California)
California State University, Stanislaus
Stockton, California
Sonoma State University
Rohnert Park, California
CSU Maritime Academy
T.S. Golden Bear

Laboratories and observatories

Research facilities owned and operated by units of the CSU:

 Desert Studies Center
 Research consortium and field site managed by California State University, Fullerton
 Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
 Independent degree-granting campus managed by San Jose State University
 Oceanographic laboratory located in the Monterey Bay area
Murillo Family Observatory
Newest research observatory in the San Bernardino Metropolitan Area and the CSU system. It is located in and managed by California State University, San Bernardino.
 Southern California Marine Institute
 Oceanographic laboratory in the Los Angeles Basin
 Mount Laguna Observatory
 Astronomical observatory part of the Astronomy Department of San Diego State University
 Telonicher Marine Laboratory at Cal Poly Humboldt in Trinidad, CA
 Marine research laboratory on the North California coast
 Home of the research vessel RV Coral Sea

Student profile

Differences between the CSU and UC systems

Both California public university systems are publicly funded higher education institutions. Despite having far fewer students, the largest UC campus, UCLA, as a result of its research emphasis and medical center, has a budget ($7.5 billion as of 2019) roughly equal to that of the entire CSU system ($7.2 billion as of 2019). According to a 2002 study, faculty at the CSU spend about 30 hours a week teaching and advising students and about 10 hours a week on research/creative activities, while a 1984 study reports faculty at the UC spend about 26 hours a week teaching and advising students and about 23 hours a week on research/creative activities. CSU's Chancellor, Dr. Charles B. Reed, pointed out in his Pullias Lecture at the University of Southern California that California was big enough to afford two world-class systems of public higher education, one that supports research (UC) and one that supports teaching (CSU). However, student per capita spending is lower at CSU, and that, together with the lack of a research mission or independent doctoral programs under the California Master Plan, has led some in American higher education to develop the perception that the CSU system is less prestigious than the UC system. Kevin Starr, the seventh State Librarian of California, described CSU in a published history of California in the 1990s as "in so many ways the Rodney Dangerfield of public higher education".

According to the California Master Plan for Higher Education (1960), both university systems may confer bachelors or master's degrees as well as professional certifications, however only the University of California has the authority to issue Ph.D degrees (Doctor of Philosophy) and professional degrees in the fields of law, medicine, veterinary, and dentistry. As a result of recent legislation (SB 724 and AB 2382), the California State University may now offer doctoral degrees in Education and Physical Therapy. Additionally, the California State University (CSU) offers Ph.D degrees and some professional doctorates as a joint degree in combination with other institutions of higher education, including joint degrees with the University of California (UC) and accredited private universities.

There are 23 CSU campuses and 10 UC campuses representing approximately 437,000 and 237,000 students respectively. The cost of CSU tuition is approximately half that of UC.

CSU and UC use the terms "president" and "chancellor" internally in opposite ways: At CSU, the campuses are headed by presidents who report to a systemwide chancellor; but at UC, they are headed by chancellors who report to a systemwide president.

CSU has traditionally been more accommodating to older students than UC, by offering more degree programs in the evenings and, more recently, online. In addition, CSU schools, especially in more urban areas, have traditionally catered to commuters, enrolling most of their students from the surrounding area. This has changed as CSU schools increase enrollment and some of the more prestigious urban campuses attract a wider demographic.

The majority of CSU campuses operate on the semester system while UC campuses operate on the quarter system, with the exception of UC Berkeley, UC Merced, and the UCLA medical school. As of Fall 2014, the CSU began converting its six remaining quarter campuses to the semester calendar. Cal State LA and Cal State Bakersfield converted in fall 2016, while Cal State East Bay and Cal Poly Pomona transitioned to semesters in fall 2018. Cal State San Bernardino is planning to make the conversion in fall 2020, while Cal Poly San Luis Obispo has not announced a date for conversion to semesters.

Admissions

Historically, the requirements for admission to the CSU have been less stringent than the UC system.  However, both systems require completion of the A-G requirements in high school as part of admission. The CSU attempts to accept applicants from the top one-third of California high school graduates. In contrast, the UC attempts to accept the top one-eighth. In an effort to maintain a 60/40 ratio of upper division students to lower division students and to encourage students to attend a California community college first, both university systems give priority to California community college transfer students.

However, the following 17 CSU campuses use higher standards than the basic admission standards due to the number of qualified students who apply which makes admissions at these schools more competitive:

 Chico
 Fresno
 Fullerton
 Humboldt (freshmen)
 Long Beach
 Los Angeles
 Monterey Bay (freshmen)
 Northridge
 Pomona
 Sacramento
 San Bernardino
 San Diego
 San Francisco
 San Jose
 San Luis Obispo
 San Marcos
 Sonoma

Furthermore, seven California State University campuses are fully impacted for both freshmen and transfers, meaning in addition to admission into the school, admission into all majors is also impacted for the academic 2020–2021 program. The seven campuses that are fully impacted are Los Angeles, Fresno, Fullerton, Long Beach, San Diego, San Jose, and San Luis Obispo.

Research and academics

The California State University (CSU) and most of its campuses are members of Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU) and the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU).

The CSU is a founding and charter member of CENIC, the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, the nonprofit organization which provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K–20 research and education community.
The California State University Program for Education and Research in Biotechnology (CSUPERB) mission is to develop a professional biotechnology workforce. CSUPERB provides grant funding, organizes an annual symposium, sponsors industry-responsive curriculum, and serves as a liaison for the CSU with government, philanthropic, educational, and biotechnology industry partners. The program involves students and faculty from Life, Physical, Computer and Clinical Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Math and Business departments at all 23 CSU campuses.

The Hospitality Management Education Initiative (HMEI) was formed in 2008 to address the shortage of hospitality leaders in California. HMEI is a collaboration between the 14 CSU campuses that have hospitality-related degrees and industry executives. CSU awarded 95% of hospitality bachelor's degrees in the state in 2011.

ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) is the recognized U.S. accreditor of college and university programs in applied and natural science, computing, engineering, and engineering technology. The California State University has 18 colleges with ABET-accredited engineering programs (Pomona, San Luis Obispo, Maritime, Chico, Dominguez Hills, East Bay, Fresno, Fullerton, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Northridge, Sacramento, San Bernardino, Humboldt, San Diego, San Francisco, and San José).

The CSU Council on Ocean Affairs, Science & Technology (CSU COAST) affinity group is the umbrella organization for marine, coastal, and coastal watershed-related activities. A highly effective CSU affinity group with active faculty and administration members across each of the system's 23 campuses, CSU COAST functions primarily as a coordinating force to stimulate new research, teaching, and policy tools via administrative support, robust networking opportunities, and by providing small incubator/accelerator funding to students and faculty.

Impact

The CSU confers over 110,000 degrees each year, awarding almost half of the state's bachelor's degrees and one-fourth of the state's master's degrees. The entire 23 campus system sustains over 209,000 jobs statewide, generating $1.6 billion in tax revenue. Total CSU related expenditures equate to $26.9 billion.

The CSU produces 62% of the bachelor's degrees awarded in agriculture, 54% in business, 44% in health and medicine, 64% in hospitality and tourism, 45% in engineering, and 44% of those in media, culture and design. The CSU is the state's largest source of educators, with more than half of the state's newly credentialed teachers coming from the CSU, expanding the state's rank of teachers by nearly 12,500 per year.

Over the last 10 years, the CSU has significantly enhanced programs towards the underserved. 56% of bachelor's degrees granted to Latinos in the state are from the CSU, while 60% of bachelor's awarded to Filipinos were from the CSU. In the Fall of 2008, 42% of incoming students were from California Community Colleges.

Campus naming conventions
The UC system follows a consistent style in the naming of campuses, using the words "University of California" followed by the name of its declared home city, with a comma as the separator. Most CSU campuses follow a similar pattern, though several are named only for their home city or county, such as San Francisco State University, San Jose State University, San Diego State University, or Sonoma State University.

In addition, the California Maritime Academy is the only campus whose official name does not refer to a city or regional location within California. Channel Islands, Maritime, and San Marcos are the only campuses whose names do not include a comma. Some critics, including Donald Gerth (former President of Sacramento State), have claimed that the weak California State University identity has contributed to the CSU's perceived lack of prestige when compared to the University of California.

The three polytechnic universities of the system do not follow any of the naming standards for the rest of the CSU campuses. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona use the word "polytechnic" in both their full names. CSU's editorial style guide refers to the same formal names while they also refer to the abbreviated forms "Cal Poly San Luis Obispo", "Cal Poly Humboldt", and "Cal Poly Pomona" respectively, but not the name "Cal Poly" by itself.

See also
 California State University Employees Union
 California State University Emeritus and Retired Faculty Association
 California State University Police Department
 List of colleges and universities in California

References

Further reading
 Donald R. Gerth. The People's University: A History of the California State University. Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, 2010. .

External links

C
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
 California State University system
Universities and colleges established in 1857
1857 establishments in California

California State University


Mark Joseph Inglis  (born 27 September 1959) is a New Zealand mountaineer, researcher, winemaker and motivational speaker. He holds a degree in Human Biochemistry from Lincoln University, New Zealand, and has conducted research on leukaemia. He is also an accomplished cyclist and, as a double leg amputee, won a silver medal in the 1 km time trial event at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney. He is the first double amputee to reach the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world above sea level.

In addition to being a goodwill ambassador for the Everest Rescue Trust, Inglis has created a New Zealand-based charitable trust Limbs4All. He has also created a range of sports drinks and energy gels named PeakFuel.

Mountaineering
Born in Geraldine, Inglis began work as a professional mountaineer in 1979 as a search and rescue mountaineer for Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park. In 1982 Inglis and climbing partner Philip Doole were stuck in a snow cave on Aoraki / Mount Cook for 13 days due to an intense blizzard. The rescue of the two climbers was a major media event in New Zealand. Both men's legs became badly frostbitten while awaiting rescue. Following Inglis's rescue, both his legs were amputated 14 cm below the knee. He returned to Mt. Cook in 2002 and reached the summit successfully on 7 January of that year, after a previous attempt was thwarted by problems with his legs. The summit assault in January 2002 was documented by the film No Mean Feat: The Mark Inglis Story.

In the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours, Inglis was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to persons with disabilities. On 27 September 2004, he successfully climbed Cho Oyu with three others, becoming only the second double amputee to summit a mountain greater than  in height.

On 15 May 2006, after 40 days of climbing, Inglis became the first ever double amputee to reach the summit of Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. While acclimatizing at , a fixed-line anchor failed, resulting in Inglis falling and breaking one of his carbon fiber prosthetic legs in half. It was temporarily repaired with duct tape, while a spare was brought up from base camp. Inglis's Everest expedition was filmed for the Discovery Channel series Everest: Beyond the Limit.

David Sharp controversy

While ascending Everest, Inglis and a party of 18 other climbers came upon distressed British climber David Sharp, but continued pushing towards the summit, effectively condemning Sharp to death. Sharp subsequently died. Inglis has been criticized for this decision by many people including Sir Edmund Hillary, who said he should have abandoned any attempt at the summit to help a fellow climber. Inglis dismissed the criticism by falsely claiming that the decision was actually made by expedition leader Russell Brice, who was at the base camp. He also stated that the "trouble is at 8,500 metres it's extremely difficult to keep yourself alive, let alone anyone else alive." Some other climbers have agreed with this assessment, claiming there is little that can be done for a seriously ill person that close to the summit. However, Phil Ainslie, a mountaineer and scientist at the University of Otago, has said that it might have been possible to revive Sharp with bottled oxygen and get him to safety.

In an e-mailed statement to the Associated Press on 10 June, the expedition leader Russell Brice contradicted comments by Inglis by saying that he only knew David Sharp was in distress when his team contacted him by radio during their descent.

Brice received many radio messages (many of which were heard by others) that night and a full log was kept. There is no record of any call from Mark Inglis. This was also supported by complete video of the time period which was recorded by a Discovery Channel crew.  Inglis' group continued to the summit, passing David Sharp who they knew to be alive, without offering any assistance. Sharp was in a grave condition. On their descent, passing back through the cave several hours later, the group found Sharp near death. Inglis' fellow climber, Maxime Chaya (or Max) and Chaya's Sherpa mountaineering partner attempted to help David Sharp, but to no avail. Inglis did not render aid during the descent.

Personal life
Inglis currently resides in Hanmer Springs, New Zealand, with his wife Anne and their three children. In 2007, he was honoured by TVNZ's This Is Your Life.

Books authored
Inglis has authored four books:
 No Mean Feat (2002) documents his entrapment and rescue from Mt. Cook, his successful summit of the same mountain in 2002, and his efforts in the Paralympics
 To the Max: a Teen Reader's Version of No Mean Feat (2003)
 Off the Front Foot (2003) offers views on coping with positive and negative aspects of life.
 No Legs on Everest (2006) is a detailed account of his ascent of Everest including his climb of Cho Oyu.

See also
List of Mount Everest records

References

Information on Cho Oyu summit assault

External links

 Website of the 2006 expedition to Mt. Everest
 Limbs for All

1959 births
Living people
New Zealand amputees
New Zealand mountain climbers
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand summiters of Mount Everest
Lincoln University (New Zealand) alumni
Paralympic cyclists for New Zealand
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic silver medalists for New Zealand
People from Geraldine, New Zealand
New Zealand winemakers
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in cycling
Sportspeople from Canterbury, New Zealand

Mark Inglis


Symphony for the Devil is a live DVD by Type O Negative released on March 14, 2006. It is a video of a live concert at the Bizarre Festival in 1999, with a behind-the-scenes look at Type O Negative, an interview with the band, commentary, biographies of the band members and a collection of photographs.

The DVD was recorded on Sunday August 22, 1999, at the 12th Bizarre Festival in Cologne, Germany. This gig was originally recorded for a German live-in-concert program, WDR Rockpalast, and broadcast on German television. The band bought the live footage because it seemed to be the best one available to date regardless of the previous TV releases. Twelve cameras were used. The DVD does not have the performances of the cover songs "Back in the USSR" and "Day Tripper Medley" that were part of the live show and TV broadcast.

A bonus CD of the Dead Again album has five audio tracks from this show.

Track listing
All songs written by Peter Steele except where noted.

DVD
 "In the Flesh" (Roger Waters) Pink Floyd cover
 "Cinnamon Girl" (Neil Young) Neil Young cover
 "Too Late: Frozen"
 "Waste of Life intro"
 "In Praise of Bacchus"
 "Kill All the White People" w/"Jesus Hitler" intro
 "Cornucopia intro" (Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward) Black Sabbath cover
 "Wolf Moon (Including Zoanthropic Paranoia)"
 "Everything Dies"
 "My Girlfriend's Girlfriend"
 "Are You Afraid"
 "Gravity"
 "Black Sabbath intro" (Osbourne, Iommi, Butler, Ward) Black Sabbath cover
 "Christian Woman"
 "Love You to Death"
 "Black No.1 (Little Miss Scare-All)"

CD
Included with the DVD was a CD single containing a medley of three Santana songs. The single was only available with the DVD and the song was not included in any other Type O Negative releases.
 Santana Medley
"Evil Ways" (Clarence (Sonny) Henry)
"Oye Como Va" (Tito Puente)
"Black Magic Woman" (Peter Green)

Personnel
 Peter Steele – lead vocals, bass guitar
 Kenny Hickey – backing vocals, co-lead vocals (on "Black No.1 (Little Miss Scare-All)" and "Santana Medley"), electric guitar
 Josh Silver – backing vocals, keyboards
 Johnny Kelly – drums, percussion

External links
 Official website

Type O Negative albums
2006 video albums
Live video albums
2006 live albums

Symphony for the Devil (Type O Negative album)


Sunday Bloody Sunday is a 1971 British drama movie directed by John Schlesinger and written by Penelope Gilliatt. It stars Peter Finch, Glenda Jackson, Murray Head, Peggy Ashcroft, and Daniel Day-Lewis. It was nominated for four Oscars in 1972 and was distributed by United Artists.

Other websites

1971 drama movies
1970s LGBT movies
British drama movies
Movies directed by John Schlesinger

Sunday Bloody Sunday


The Burckhardt family alternatively also (de) Bourcard (in French) is a family of the Basel patriciate, descended from Christoph (Stoffel) Burckhardt (1490–1578), a merchant in cloth and silk originally from Münstertal, Black Forest, who received Basel citizenship in 1523, and became a member of the Grand Council of Basel-Stadt in 1553.

The family was represented in the Grand Council continuously from 1553 until the 20th century. In the 17th century and early 18th century, the family was the most powerful family of the canton of Basel. Branches of the family were based in Nantes and in the Kingdom of Naples from the 18th century, where it was ennobled as de Bourcard. The family's famous members include the traveller and orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, the influential art historian Jacob Burckhardt and the international President of the Red Cross, Carl Jacob Burckhardt.The surname is derived from the dithematic Germanic given name Burkhard, from burg "protection" and hard "brave, hardy".

Coat of Arms

The Burckhardt coat-of-arms has a shield of yellow background with a black S intertwined with a cross (the "S" is perhaps for Seidenkrämer - silk-merchant), which is surmounted by a crowned helmet with a fluttering black and yellow flag. The original crest was simpler and consisted only of a shield with the S intertwined with the cross. It was modified between 1558 and 1578.

Original Lineage
Christoph Burckhardt married Ottilie Mechler in 1518 and in 1539 Gertrud Brand, daughter of Basel mayor Theodor Brand.  There are six lines of the Burckhardt family, from the six sons born of Christoph's second marriage:
Bernhard: line extinct in the 17th century
Hieronymus:
Theodor:
Johann Rudolf
Samuel:
Daniel

Of the six sons, five became merchants in cloth and silk, while Hieronymus entered the Teutonic Order.
In the 17th and 18th century, the Burckhardts intermarried with the other leading families of the Basel patriciate (Iselin, Merian, Sarasin, Staehelin, Vischer, Von der Mühll, Wettstein). Bernhard was elected to the great chamber of the city council in 1603, where the family remained present until 1878. The family reaches the peak of its political influence in the 18th century, but continues to be influential in the 19th century with several Burckhardt mayors and professors at the University of Basel. Prior to 1798, seven members of the family were burgomasters of Basel, and also in the 19th century, four Burckhardt family members were burgomasters.

The family also appears under the name Byrkit, Byrkett and Burket (its pronunciation in the Basel dialect) in the US. A member of this lineage, Jacob F. Burket, was a member on the Supreme Court of Ohio from 1893 to 1904.

Gallery

Notable family members
Jacob Burckhardt, 1818–1897, Swiss historian of art and culture, author of "The Culture of the Renaissance"
Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (a.k.a. Sheik Ibrahim), 1784–1817, Swiss traveler and orientalist who re-discovered the ancient city of Petra
Carl Jacob Burckhardt, diplomat and President of the Red Cross
Gottlieb Burckhardt, 1836–1907, Swiss psychiatrist and founder of modern psychosurgery
Titus Burckhardt, 1908–1984, Swiss author member of the Traditionalist School
Rudy Burckhardt, 1914–1999, Swiss-American filmmaker and photographer
Tom Burckhardt (born 1964), American artist

References

External links
The Burckhardt Family Book 1490-1890 Released shortly after the 400th anniversary of Christoph Burckhardt's birth in 1890, The Burckhardt Family Book includes 34 plates of portraits of family members from Christoph and Gertrud Burckhardt to a photograph of the 1890 family reunion that took place in Basel on 14 September that year.

Swiss noble families
History of Basel
Patriciate of Basel
Burckhardt family
Surnames from given names

pl:Burckhardt

Burckhardt


Don Landry (born ca. 1964) is a Canadian sports broadcaster who formerly hosted the Morning Show on The Fan 590 with Pat Marsden and then Gord Stellick.

Landry, along with Stellick, were the brains behind Chacin Cologne. The cologne was named after Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Gustavo Chacín and given out to 10,000 fans on Chacin Cologne Night at Rogers Centre.

Landry is known for his sense of humour and voice impersonations. His impersonations include Jerry Howarth, Don Cherry, and Mike Tyson.

He is also a frequent host of charity dinners and golf events throughout Toronto.

Currently, Landry is a contributing writer for the Canadian Football League's website, as well as a columnist for the Toronto Argonauts' website.  As of 2013, Landry also serves as the public address announcer during the Argonauts' home games.

Landry began a radio talk show called "London at Large" on CJBK 1290AM in London, Ontario on September 23, 2013.

References

External links
Official website
CFL page
Toronto Argonauts page

Canadian radio sportscasters
Curling broadcasters
Living people
Public address announcers
Canadian sports talk radio hosts
1960s births

Don Landry


Lorne Balfe (born 23 February 1976) is a Scottish composer and record producer of film, television, and video game scores. A veteran of Hans Zimmer's Remote Control Productions, Balfe's scoring credits include the films 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, Terminator Genisys, and Mission: Impossible – Fallout, as well as the video games Assassin's Creed: Revelations, Assassin's Creed III, Crysis 2, Skylanders, and the Call of Duty franchise. He has also scored the television series The Bible, Marcella, The Crown, and Genius, the latter for which he earned a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music.

British composers
1976 births
Scottish musicians

Lorne Balfe


is a Japanese police comedy-drama television series originally broadcast by the Fuji Television group in 1997. The series was developed by Ryoichi Kimizuka and stars Oda Yūji, Toshirō Yanagiba, Eri Fukatsu, Chosuke Ikariya, Miki Mizuno, and Yūsuke Santamaria. In 1998 and 1999, an English-subtitled version of the series was broadcast in the United States on the International Channel, under the title The Spirited Criminal Investigative Network.

The series spawned three television films and a stage play, along with six theatrically released films that were produced following the end of the show. The first of the theatrical films, Bayside Shakedown, was released in 1998, and the sixth and final film, Bayside Shakedown The Final, was released in 2012. The first Bayside Shakedown film was a major box office hit in Japan, earning 10.1 billion yen (84 million U.S. dollars), and was the third highest grossing live-action film in Japanese box office history. The second film in the series, Bayside Shakedown 2, earned over $165 million at the box office, making it the highest-grossing live-action Japanese film on domestic screens.

Story summary
Bayside Shakedown takes place in the fictional Wangan Precinct of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. Unlike most police dramas which tend to focus on action and car chases, Bayside Shakedown is largely concerned with the bureaucratic issues of the police department that are very present in many other sectors of Japanese society. The series depicted police work as office politics under a slightly different environment, complete with bureaucratic red tape, lethargic civil servants, bosses more interested in playing golf and saving face than solving crimes, interference from politicians, and conflict between police headquarters and the local officers.

The officers depicted in Bayside Shakedown are only permitted to carry firearms during major emergencies. Fuji TV used the fictional "All officers are to be armed" (拳銃携帯命令 Kenjū Keitai Meirei) order, which the portrayed bureaucracy is often reluctant to hand down. (In reality, it is compulsory for a uniformed officer to be armed, and plainclothes officers are required to be armed if they expect to be exposed to any danger.)

The main character of the series is a young detective named Shunsaku Aoshima (played by Oda Yūji). Originally a corporate salesman, Aoshima decided to join the police department out of heroic idealism, expecting a life of adventure and excitement. Once inside, he is completely underwhelmed by the reality of police work, finding it dishearteningly similar to corporate employment. Throughout the series, he strives against the obstacles of bureaucratic indifference to help people and pursue his ideals of what a police officer should be, often with humorous results.

Cast
Oda Yūji as Shunsaku Aoshima
Toshirō Yanagiba as Shinji Muroi
Eri Fukatsu as Sumire Onda
Chosuke Ikariya as Heihachirō Waku
Miki Mizuno as Yukino Kashiwagi
Yūsuke Santamaria as Masayoshi Mashita
Sōichirō Kitamura as Sōichirō Kanda
Satoru Saitō as Harumi Akiyama
Takehiko Ono as Kengo Hakamada
Kenta Satoi as Jirō Uozumi
Akira Hamada as Shimazu
Shigemitsu Ogi as Masakazu Ichikura
Yuki Uchida as Natsumi Shinohara

Guests
Yoshimasa Kondo as Fumio Tanaka (episode 1)
Toshihito Ito as Yamabe (episode 2)
Ryoko Shinohara (episode 2)
Katsuhiko Sasaki (episode 2)
Asami Mizukawa as a middle school student (episode 3)
Kee  (episode 4)
Hikaru Ijūin (episode 5)
Tomoe Shinohara as Herself (episode 6)
Claude Maki as Tatsumura (episodes 6 and 7)
Yoshihiko Hakamada (episode 8)
Sadao Abe (episode 9)
Naoki Hosaka (pisodes 10 and the final)
Maxi Priest (pisodes 10 and the final)
Hiroshi Arikawa as the father of Masayoshi Mashita (the final episode)

Timeline
1997 January–March: TV Drama.

1997 December: Special episode, Bayside Shakedown: Year-End Special Alert

1998 June: Extra episode, Bayside Shakedown: Wangan Police Station Female Police Officers' Story.

1998 October: Special episode, Bayside Shakedown: Autumn Campaign for Crime Eradication

1998 October: Bayside Shakedown: The Movie

2003 Summer: Bayside Shakedown 2.

2005 Summer: Two "spin-off" movies which are part of The Odoru Legend Continues. The first titled Tokyo Subway Panic (also known as Negotiator) was released in May. It is based on the character of Mashita as a police negotiator. The second movie The Suspect which was released in August is based on the character of Muroi. Another spin-off, Tobosha Joichiro Kijima was recorded for the DVD release of the Tokyo Subway Panic.

2007: For a Japanese variety show, Trivia no Izumi, a new spin-off was made for a minor character from Tokyo Subway Panic (who did not even have a name at the time), titled Keigokan Uchida Shinzo.

2010 Summer: Bayside Shakedown 3.

2012 September: The last TV special, Bayside Shakedown THE LAST TV Salaryman keiji to saigo no nanjiken. Some of the original cast members reunite after 14 years.

2012 September: The last movie for Bayside Shakedown which is Bayside Shakedown The Final.

References

External links
Official site of the two spin-off movies

1997 Japanese television series debuts
1997 Japanese television series endings
Japanese police procedural television series
Japanese comedy television series
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department in fiction
Japanese detective television drama series

Bayside Shakedown


Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide is an American comedy television series created by Scott Fellows for Nickelodeon, which ran from September 12, 2004, to June 8, 2007.

Main

Ned Bigby (played by Devon Werkheiser) is the main protagonist, who speaks to the viewer and created his school survival guide after being embarrassed when accidentally walking into the girls' bathroom in kindergarten. He often gets into trouble with his closest friends Moze and Cookie. Ned is a smart kid, but he's also very lazy. Most of the time he scores below average, although he's perfectly capable of getting straight A's when he works seriously. He usually tries to find the easiest way to solve any personal problem, even if it isn't necessarily the moral or logical way. Because of this, his plans sometimes backfire, but it teaches him lessons that he includes in the guide. Since he was eight years old, his dream girl has been Suzie Crabgrass, but in the series finale, he and Moze start dating. He usually turns to Gordy, the school's janitor, for advice.
Jennifer Ann Mosely (played by Lindsey Shaw) is Ned and Cookie's tomboyish best friend. Jennifer goes by the name of "Moze", a nickname created by Ned to differentiate from the other three "Jennifers" in their first grade class. In the first season, a recurring theme is her trying to break away from Ned and Cookie in the hope of finding a girl to be friends with. She eventually becomes best friends with former enemy Suzie Crabgrass. Moze is a volleyball player, has set the most school records, including one for the most school records, and shows exceptional talent in woodshop. She's the one Ned and Cookie typically come to for favors. She is a very good student, who most teachers trust. In "Double Dating and The Last of Day of School", she kisses Ned at a dance and a romance is hinted at. In the finale, they begin dating.
Simon Nelson-Cook (played by Daniel Curtis Lee) is Ned's other best friend who goes by the nickname "Cookie". He is a cybernerd who often uses his extensive technological knowledge to help himself and his friends. He has a motherboard in his locker, his pants double as a printer and his glasses are a computer display. Occasionally, Cookie takes on a female persona named Simone, usually in order to obtain information or get into parties. This disguise fools everyone save for Ned and Moze, because they knew about it beforehand. Cookie becomes infatuated with Lisa Zemo in season 3 after she undergoes a complete makeover. In the finale, Cookie, after countless attempts to ask her out, finally succeeds.
Gordy (played by Daran Norris; recurring, season 1; main, seasons 2–3) is Polk's incompetent daytime janitor and a former Polk student. While he often assists Ned, Moze and Cookie with their various schemes, he's obsessed with capturing a weasel living in the school. More often than not, he'll dismiss any actual work for the night janitor. He was once a dance instructor in the past, and went to law school three times. In Episode 20 of the Neds Declassified Podcast, creator Scott Fellows reveals that he and Daran Norris had created a backstory for Gordy, that he was a trust-fund baby who couldn't hold down a job and was obsessed with playing golf. His father told Gordy he would lose access to the trust fund if he didnt have a job. Therefore Gordy got his janitorial position at Polk Middle School, ten minutes from the nearest golf course, to appease his father while still living a relatively carefree lifestyle as the kooky janitor.
Mr. Monroe (played by Jim J. Bullock; main, season 1; recurring, seasons 2–3) is the Life Science teacher, as well as overseer of the Sewing Club and the boys' basketball team. Monroe appears primarily in the first season. He returns in "School Newspaper", saying that he was "living with the penguins" for a year, and only recurs in seasons 2 and 3.

Supporting
The Weasel is a weasel (actually a ferret) that runs around the school since the series began due to an untidy student's locker. Gordy wants to capture this weasel and has used numerous traps in the series and failed. In one episode, Gordy successfully captures the weasel, but after finding a robot that heads straight towards it, Gordy shows remorse and releases the weasel (and ends up being harmed by the robot). In "Elections," the weasel was elected Class President. In the episode "Recycling," the weasel wins the school's recycling contest after stealing the reusable materials collected by everyone else to use for a nest, including Ned's Guide. The weasel and Gordy end up having a liking to each other at the end of the series, especially since, in the series finale, it is shown that the weasel is actually a female when she is shown nursing new weasel pups.

Students
Suzie Crabgrass (Christian Serratos) is Ned's crush and Moze's rival at every sport, but she becomes her best friend.  Having ended up dating Billy Loomer for a short time at the beginning of season 2, in season 3 she has a crush on Ned, and they start dating in the episode "Popularity & Stressin' Out". She leaves in season 3 but comes back in "Tests & When You Like Someone That Is Going Out With Someone Else". She was Ned's dream girl since she was eight. In the series finale, she hopes at first that she and Ned will be together, but then decides to date Loomer after seeing his change and because Ned started to like Moze instead.
Billy Loomer (Kyle Swann), usually referred to simply as Loomer, is the leader of a trio of bullies at Polk Middle School and the show's main antagonist. He and his bully friends enjoy picking on kids, especially Ned, Cookie, and Coconut-Head, and he hates the Huge Crew. For much of the series, he is dating Suzie Crabgrass, but he wants to break up with her so he can date Moze. He also has a crush on Cookie's alter ego Simone and is impressed by her knowledge of sports and mechanics. At the end of the series, he changes from a violent bully into a kind, respectable, well-mannered young man. His name is a parody of Billy Loomis from the film Scream.
Jerry Crony (Teo Olivares) is one of Loomer's friends, who aids him in bullying, with a penchant for fashion design that he tries to deny whenever he is seen sewing. He is usually very nice and well-behaved when he's not around Loomer. He tries to ask Missy out a few times in the series but always fails due to his hair and clothes.
Buzz Rodriguez (Recci Canon) is one of Loomer's friends. He almost never speaks; Loomer even states that he has never spoken the entire time they have known each other. He talks for the first time in the episode "The Library and Volunteering,", stating that the reason he had never spoken before was that everything up until that point had been fine, so he felt no need to talk.
Missy Meany (Carlie Casey) is a pretty, very popular school cheerleader. She turns out to be a nasty, conceited person who cheats at most anything and will stop at nothing to get her way. Starting in season 3, she has an obsessive crush on Ned. After finding out that Ned will not return her feelings for him, she goes out with Crony in the finale. She also has two very tall bodyguards, who she cheerfully calls her collection team or "Missy Buddies." In "School Clubs" she rips off Ned's guide with a club called the Missy's Declassified School Survival Manual Club, writing terrible ways to survive school.
Coconut Head (Rob Pinkston) is a dorky friend of Ned, Moze, and Cookie, and a common bullying-target of Loomer's gang. His real name is never revealed. His nickname is based on his hairdo, which looks like a coconut. As revealed in "Dodgeball", he gets chronic nose bleeds, and has been getting them ever since he was three. In multiple episodes it is shown that he is a talented free throw shooter at basketball. It is revealed that he has an operatic singing voice in the episode "Electives". In the episode "Valentine's Day," he is in love with the Huge Crew.
Martin Qwerly (Tylor Chase) is another geeky friend of Ned, Cookie, and Moze. He is extremely optimistic and is always seen talking, usually insanely fast. People usually cover his mouth during his fast-talks or put up a cardboard cutout of themselves next to him and leave. He is the class vice-president. In the episode "Video Projects" he pretends to be a ninja and is caught on video, causing him to become a laughingstock until Ned and Cookie add special effects and voiceover narration into the video, making him popular. His name is a pun of the phrase "smart and squirrelly" as seen in the episode "Project Partners."
Claire Sawyer (Brooke Marie Bridges) is a student at Polk who aspires to be a lawyer. She often introduces herself by saying, "Claire Sawyer, future lawyer." Usually when she introduces herself in this manner to one of the three main characters, they remind her that they have all known her since before kindergarten. She is always seen wearing a business suit. She appears when one of the characters needed consulting or if they needed help with something that seems like a legal issue. Her leitmotif parodies the first few notes of Symphony No. 5 by Ludwig van Beethoven.
Lisa Zemo (Rachel Sibner) is a geeky and good-natured friend of Ned, Cookie, and Moze who undergoes a complete makeover in season 3 of the show. She is allergic to many things, including cats, dogs, trees, nuts, and rap videos that exploit women. Because of her chronic allergies in seasons 1 and 2, she is almost always seen carrying a bottle of nasal spray. She had a crush on Cookie, who finds her creepy before her makeover but vies for her attention after it, competing with several boys. She temporarily reverts to her old self in "Spring Fever". She is the class treasurer.
The Huge Crew, a girl group of bullies in the school, is led by Doris Trembley (Jennifer Tedmori), along with Katie (Cathy Immordino) and Lakisha (Jherimi Carter). They strongly dislike Billy Loomer and his friends, and they are insanely obsessed with Ned.
Backpack Boy (Kendre Berry) is a student who carries an oversized backpack including many various things. He has a crush on Claire Sawyer. His backpack includes various items such as computers, Ethernet cables, power supplies, wires, school items, and any other obscure item else one might need while surviving middle school.
Chandra Taylor (Marquise Brown) is a nice girl who is often seen with friends Ned, Moze, Cookie, Martin, Coconut Head, and Lisa. She is often in the background sitting at their lunch table or talking in class. She is impressed with shiny mirrors, seeing "heaven". She takes a good photo in "Photo Day." She is the first person to be recruited to the new cool talent show. She hosts a party in "Emergency Drills". She likes to share, sharing her cream corn with friends. She asked Ned to distribute 400 flyers in "Bad Habits". She's last seen in "Reading" as part of Moze's book club.
Bitsy Johnson (Spencer Locke) is a mean, popular girl, seen only in season 1, who cheats to get high grades and academic awards at school, Moze being her main victim, as revealed on the episode "Cheaters and Bullies". She also tries to humiliate Moze by stealing her diary, and in the episode "Notes" she gets Ned in trouble for passing notes. Her character was replaced by Missy. She is best friends with Suzie Crabgrass.
Seth Powers (Alex Black) is a basketball player at Polk. He is shown in many episodes to be dumb and bad at rhyming, and is constantly seen spinning a basketball on his finger. In some earlier episodes, Moze is seen to have romantic interest in him, even going out with him several times. In the episode "Secrets", he reveals to Moze that he cannot read well, possibly due to dyslexia. Moze gets over him in season 3, but afterwards he starts to show romantic feelings towards her instead.
Spencer (Corbin Bleu) is a student in the drama club who is obsessed with theatre. He speaks with a projected theatrical voice and dreams of being a Hollywood star. In the episode "School Plays", Spencer and Suzie play the lead roles in Romeo & Juliet, and Spencer makes Ned jealous by saying that the big kiss will win Suzie over leading Ned to destroying the play which Spencer gets injured in the mayhem. In another episode, "Revenge", Backpack Boy gets revenge on Spencer for stealing his crush, Claire Sawyer.
Faymen Phorchin (Vinicius Machado) is Moze's crush and later boyfriend in the third season until the episode "When You Like Someone Who is Going Out with Someone Else", in which he leaves to play professional soccer in Brazil. His name is a play on the phrase "fame and fortune." When he kisses Moze, Moze feels nothing and says there is no spark, unlike Moze's kiss with Ned. In "Bus and Bad Hair Days" the foreign language  teacher talks to Faymen in Portuguese, learning that he misses his home in Brazil. His favorite food is steak, which he likes medium rare.
Evelyn Kwong (Michelle Kim) is a studious and smart person who likes competition within her courses. At first, she had a bitter rivalry with Cookie and tended to despise him, but becomes initially interested in him after they accidentally kiss. She soon became madly in love with Cookie and seemed to torment him constantly, both competing against him to be the smartest student at Polk, and obsessively pursuing his affections. Evelyn finally stopped harassing Cookie and started dating Seth (who miraculously became smarter after spending time with her) in the episode "Tests". She was also part of an organization squad to help Ned get organized in the episode "Getting Organized." In the episode, "When You Like Someone Who's Going Out with Someone Else," she begins going out with Seth Powers. She tends to use intimidation to fulfill her goals.
The Scoop (Vincent Martella) is the school's journalist and photographer. He tends to be quite annoying and assertive, which especially annoys Moze. He speaks with a Jersey accent and often wears a brown suit, a fedora, and carries around a camera. Scoop appears only in two episodes of the first season and one episode of the second season.
The Killer Bees are a group of three spelling bee addicted bullies, known as King Bee (Carlos Pena), Queen Bee (Krystal Acosta), and Stinger (Sean Michael Afable). They always dress in yellow and black, and tend to quickly spell-out insults at people. Their only appearances were "Spelling Bees" and "Best Friends". They always seemed to have an aversion towards Cookie because he was also good at spelling. Later on in the series, they ask Cookie to be part of their group, but this was only so they could have their math grades changed.
Mike Grudzielanek (Joseph Ruzer) is a student who is a jock and in the choir who is first seen in season 2. In "Upperclassmen", he and his friends (except Jock Goldman) beat up Ned throughout most of the episode for falsely spraying soda in their faces, taking away their pants and stepping on the wolf logo when it was actually Palmer Noid who harassed them. It is implied that he might play basketball and football, and he is best friends with Seth and Paul. It is also implied that he got left back a year because he is seen with Jock Goldman and when Ned, Moze and Cookie reach the eighth grade, he is still seen in middle school.
Doug Secksay (Paul Diaz) is a seemingly popular male student, who always goes surrounded by girls who like him. His face is unseen, since the girls cover him completely. When the girls abandon him for Cookie, he is only seen from the back. He seems to be of Latin origins, although in the first season he had a surfer dude accent. His last name is a pun on the word "Sexy".
Palmer Noid (Cameron Monaghan) is a pesky redheaded fifth grader who later becomes a student in season 3. He is commonly known as the "kid who takes pants." His last name is both a reference and an allusion to The Noid mascot from Domino's Pizza.
Albert Wormenheimer (Stephen Markarian) is a geeky, math-loving student with a habit of picking his nose and talking to his "inner voice" in a dramatic manner. He created the popularity list for Polk in Season 3. He was part of an organization squad to help Ned get organized. He taught him how to empty out clutter in his locker and use a calendar. He was in love with a new kid named Bernice, because she also had the same round glasses, enjoyed math and picking her nose, and talked to herself. His nickname is "The Worminator."
Stu (Landon Taylor) is one of Cookie's and Ned's friends. He is shown to wear glasses, have a bad habit of biting his finger nails, and somewhat be a little geeky like Albert. He attends Cookie's confidence class in "Shyness" and tries to ask Chandra out in "Asking Someone Out".
Vanessa (Logan Browning) is a student who was Cookie's girlfriend in season 2. She doesn't appear in season 3 because she split up with Cookie and went to high school. Cookie brought Lisa Zemo to a dance along with Vanessa.
Lance Widget (Adam Cagley) is a heavyset nerdy bully who is also smarter than Ned, Cookie and Moze. He tends to be very loud and overbearing, shouting at people, calling nearly everyone a "moron," and constantly reminding people that his last name is pronounced "wid-jay". He was part of the organization squad to help Ned in the episode "Getting Organized", with his organization specialty being school gear. He also carries around a fanny pack everywhere.
Jock Goldman (Ben Hogestyn) is an upperclassman jock who used Moze to get back with his ex-girlfriend Amy Cassidy. After they broke up again, he begins to like Moze in season 2. In the episode, "Double-Dating," he asks Moze to a dance. To see if he truly likes her, Ned, Cookie and Gordy put Jock through a lie-detector test. Jock truthfully states he no longer has feelings for Amy Cassidy and likes Moze, prompting Moze to agree to go out with him. However, at the dance, Jock sees Ned accidentally kiss Moze, believing she was Suzie, and leaves her so Ned and Moze can be together. In the aforementioned lie-detector test, Jock also reluctantly admitted to Ned, Moze, Cookie and Gordy that he once got the runs after eating bad roast beef.
Stacy and Tracy Oboe (Alex and Addison Hoover) are smart, nerdy twin sisters who both play the oboe. They are both extremely shy; they would never talk to anyone but each other, and were afraid to be apart. In the episode "'Shyness," Ned and Moze tried to help the twins overcome their shyness, though Tracy did so by copying another person almost exactly.
Psycho Jones (Ernie Sloman) is a menacing student who looks like a psycho. He appeared in "Shyness" and "Nicknames." Ned nicknamed himself Psycho, not knowing there was already a student with that nickname in the school, which angers the real Psycho.
Timmy Toot-Toot (Kelii Miyata) is a student of James K. Polk middle school who is notorious for his dangerously powerful and frequent farts, preceded by him saying "toot toot!" Despite this embarrassing habit, Timmy takes pride in his "tooting" ability, calling it a "superpower." He said it allows him to do certain things, such as sitting anywhere in the movies. He also became angered and felt that Ned was trying to compete with him when Ned accidentally farted in class in the episode "Embarrassment." In "Tutors," Cookie uses him in a project to power a lawn mower by using his farts after eating beans, but things go wrong and an explosion causes his stench to spread throughout the school, making everyone flee in terror.
Nelson Duckworth (Colby O'Donis) is a student at Polk Middle School. He only appeared in "Nicknames". Cookie gave him the nickname "Quack". Later, Cookie gave him the nickname "Mr. Duckworth."
Allan Alby (Jesse Heiman) is a bespectacled and ruddy student at Polk Middle School. He is usually seen in most of Ned's classes. His only spoken line in the series is an excited "yeah!" when he is asked to use the CPR dummy.
Martha Qwerly (Serena Berman) is an overly talkative student who is Martin's sister. She only appeared in "Tutors," where Ned put a cardboard cutout of himself and leaves when she talks too much. She talks as often and fast as Martin. She also says that there are numerous Qwerlys.
One Bite (Landon Taylor, season 1; Woorie Chung, season 2) is a student who is notorious for asking for "just one bite" of someone's meal at lunch then proceeding to eat half of the meal in a single bite.
May (Amanda Alch), June (Meghan N. Shaw), and Julie (Kelly Vitz) are a group of girls who wear dresses and like to have tea parties during lunch. Moze first thinks they are robots because they act synchronously and avoid water. Also, June has twitches, Julie carries lots of electronic parts in her bag back, and Moze witnesses May take off her arm prosthesis.
Bernice (Tristin Mays) is a new student at Polk Middle School. She had previously been to three different schools, where she always changed her identity from a cheerleader to a goth girl. When she comes to Polk, she pretends to be a tough girl, but after spending time with the Huge Crew, she reveals herself to be a geeky math loving brainiac. She then starts hanging out with Albert Wormenheimer.

Faculty/Staff
Mr. Sweeney (Don Creech) is a science teacher at Polk. Many of the students, especially Ned, think he is evil. He is often seen as the show's antagonist. He seems to have a large disliking for Ned due to his lazy nature but obvious intelligence. In the series finale, as an "early graduation present," he helps Ned when Ned is trying to hide from Vice Principal Crubbs. After Crubbs leaves, Mr. Sweeney says to Ned that Ned will be remembered as one of his worst students, but also as one of his favorites. He is always seen wearing a white lab coat.
Vice Principal Harvey Crubbs (Hamilton Mitchell) is the vice principal, an exaggerated spoof of Miami Vice. The name "Crubbs" is an amalgam of the two main Miami Vice characters, "Crockett" and "Tubbs." Crubbs is always keeping an eye on Ned. He is obsessed with flamingos, mini powdered donuts, and sunglasses. He states to Ned in "Career Day" that he did not want to be a vice-principal as a teenager, but actually wanted to be a vice-cop in Miami. He took the job as vice-principal as a way to help the kids at school stop themselves from getting to bad places, and because it still has vice in the title. He is one of the show's main antagonists (along with Mr. Sweeney). He has three catchphrases. One is "Crubbs out!", which he says when he leaves. He is also known to tell people "you're fired!," usually said to Gordy, although he never actually means it. A third is when he tells people that he will be watching them "like this," followed by putting his sunglasses on in various ways. In one episode, when vying for the position of principal, he tricks all the people looking to interview for the position and locks them in a room, until Principal Pal knocks him out and puts him in the trap room. Principal Wright becomes principal. In "Lost and Found," he is discovered to steal things from the lost and found and put them in a special room to keep, including Moze's "puppy bear" she lost when she was young and Cookie's MP3 that contains a recording of his "Cowboy Cookie" song.
Principal Pal (John Bliss) is the senile former principal of James K. Polk Middle School who appears only in the third season. He becomes the new social studies teacher when Ms. Knapp retires. He once had a dream to go roller-blading in Africa, which he wanted to do when he quit. It is revealed in "Halloween" that he has no pulse because of a plate in his chest that makes it impossible for his heartbeat to be heard; these two items are what he used to convince Ned and his friends that he was dead to scare them.
Principal Alistar Wright (Meshach Taylor) is a Social Studies teacher at Polk who favors Moze as one of his best students. He later becomes the principal in season 3. He is also the school's cross country coach. He has a doctorate degree from Harvard University.
Dr. Xavier (Lusia Strus) is the 8th grade math teacher. She is a self-proclaimed "super-genius" who tends to be quite strict and almost maniacal. She is always seen wearing a drab gray smock, and at one point requires all her students to dress the same way. Her students, including Cookie, seem to fear her in the "Math" episode due to her overly harsh attitude, but when Cookie suggests that math class should be more fun, she changes her rigorous ways and becomes friendlier to her students. She has a Russian accent and loves romance novels. She has a crush on Gordy, who she refers to as "handsome cleaning man," and is shown to want to date him despite Gordy not reciprocating. In one episode, she was revealed to have won bronze medals in Greco-Roman Wrestling and Luge, and is shown on a cereal box with a hammer and sickle on it. In "The Bus," she rides a bike to school in order to stay in shape; at the end of the episode, she accepts Mr. Kwest's proposal to go on a date.
Dr. Lowe (Fred Stoller) is a quirky character that does two jobs at Polk. He is seen as a study hall adviser and sometimes seen as the school's psychiatrist. He also seems to be the school bus driver in the episode "The Late Bus."
Coach Joy Dirga (Kim Sava) is a tough and aggressive female coach and gym teacher who is often seen shouting harshly at her students. Despite her aggressive nature and tendency to act like a drill sergeant, she has a caring and encouraging side. In "Your Body", she states that her current height is the same height she was in the seventh grade. She enjoys Star Wars and soap operas.
Dusty Chopsaw (Dave Florek) is the school woodshop teacher. He has an unnatural obsession with woodworking and sometimes acts like he is "attracted" to the shop tools. He favors Moze as his best student and helps her through confusing times by giving her advice such as finding a talent for Ned's talent show and her feelings for Ned. He could immediately tell that there was something more between Ned and Moze. He was also the very first teacher seen on the show. He was in the season 1 theme song.
Mr. Combover (Steve Bannos) is the choir and music appreciation teacher. He also runs the school plays. He is known for liking the arts and classical music artists like Mozart and Beethoven, as well as having an unusual combover and facial hair that encircles his face, leaving the rest of his head behind it shaved. He is also a high school music teacher in the mornings.
iTeacher (Mo Collins) is a teacher at Polk. She "home teaches" by using a computer and chat server to interact with her students and has another student push the computer around when she wants to talk directly to someone in the hallways. She has self-esteem issues in some episodes, and is sometimes angered because she is (as she says, referring to the computer) "stuck in a box!"
Mr. Kwest (Dave "Gruber" Allen) runs the computer lab, though he knows nothing about computers. He also runs a fantasy war game club and drives the bus. His girlfriend apparently broke up with him in "The Bus" and he was very distraught as a result; at the end of the episode, he asks Dr. Xavier if she would like to go on a date and she accepts.
Rose (Loni Love) is a lunch lady who can see the future in the beans, peas or corn. Her predictions always come true but not in the expected ways. One prediction she gave was that Ned would kiss the love of his life at the dance, which actually happened to be Moze and not Suzie. She can at times be very obnoxious. In "Electives" she taught a cooking class, where she chided the students who thought cooking would be easy and that it actually takes time and effort.
Mr. Gross (Steve Bannos) is a teacher with bad hygienic habits, which makes him smell bad. He was seen only two times in the first season.
Nurse Hunsucker (Mary Bogue) is the disgruntled school nurse who grudgingly helps the sick students. She often has a sour attitude. In "Sick Days," her suspicions of Cookie having the flu had her trying to hunt him down and send him home, to no avail; she also prevented Ned from meeting Mat Hoffman after mistaking him for having a high fever. Moze has her number on speed dial.
Mr. Dren (Charles Chun) is a student Math Teacher in episode "Teachers" and "Math" from seasons 1 and 2. At first, he is treated very poorly by the students, besides Moze, and decides with Moze's help to scare the other students into listening to him. His name is Nerd backwards.
Mr. Adam (Adam Conway) is a familiar face around the school. He is a teacher who occurs frequently throughout the series. He mostly serves as a study hall teacher, although he appears as a substitute teacher in the episode "Substitute Teachers."  When the students try to give him long explanations, he looks at them as if he doesn't care. He appears to be more laid back, if not the most laid back faculty member at Polk. He is usually always seen along with a big group of other faculty members.
Miss Knapp (Ellen Albertini Dow) is the elderly social studies teacher who always likes to sleep, as her name implies.  Her replacement is Mr. Pal, the school's former principal.
Nigel Hattorff (Nolan North) is the art teacher who speaks with a German accent and has a hairstyle similar to that of Coconut Head. He is based on Andy Warhol.
Mr. Weiner (Marc Weiner) is a substitute teacher who used to be Ned, Moze and Cookie's elementary school substitute. He has saved Ned from the girls' bathroom three times. He tries bringing his little grade school skits with him (including a large walrus with help from Ned) to Polk to make his students laugh. He is seen only in "Substitute Teachers".
Miss Splitz (Melissa Peterman) is a school counselor in Polk who spied on Ned when he did not get good grades. She speaks like R. Lee Ermey to Ned. She talks and looks nice to Cookie. She uses different methods for counselling each student, which tends to make her seem like she has a split personality (her last name being an obvious pun of this). Despite her unorthodox methods, she genuine cares for the students and wants them to succeed in their education.
Mr. Gibson (Art Alexakis) is a music teacher who appeared in "Music Class," his name is a reference to Gibson guitars. The song "Rock Star" by Everclear (the band that Alexakis is the lead singer of) was also featured in this episode.
Mrs. Holler (Judy Tenuta) is the school librarian who appeared in "The Library". She is very loud, plays the Accordion and has a bad singing voice.

References

Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide

List of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide characters


Yuyudhana (, ), better known as Satyaki (, ), was a powerful Yadava chieftain of Narayani Sena, belonging to the Vrishni clan to which Krishna also belonged. According to the Puranas, he was the grandson of Shini of the Vrishni clan, and son of Satyaka, after whom he was named. A valiant warrior, Satyaki was devoted to Krishna and was a student of Arjuna.

Kurukshetra War

Satyaki strongly and passionately favors the cause of the Pandavas over the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War. Prior to the war, Satyaki accompanied Krishna to the Kuru capital, with Krishna as the Pandavas' emissary of peace. He is a witness to Duryodhana's attempt to arrest Krishna and Krishna's Vishwaroopa form, though he is not mentioned as one of the few persons not blinded by the apparation. After talks break down, Satyaki leads the Sivi and Vrishni army to the Pandava's camp. While Satyaki, along with others like Chekitana and Syenajita joins the Pandavas, Krishna promises his army to Duryodhana. Hence, Yadavas sworn directly to Dwarka like Kritvarma fight for the Kauravas, meaning Satyaki has to fight his kinsmen in the war. He provides 1 Akshauhini army to the Pandavas. According to Bhishma, he is capable of fighting 12 Atirathis alone.

During the war, Satyaki is the commander of one akshauhini of the Pandava army.

2nd day

On the 2nd day of the war, Satyaki fought with Shakuni. Shakuni gave him a fierce battle. But Satyaki defeated him.

12th day

On the 12th day of Kurukshetra war, Satyaki defeated Karna but spared him remembering Arjuna's oath. Drona, Jaydratha and Duryodhana came to rescue him.

14th day

The fourteenth day of the battle features Satyaki in a prominent role. With Arjuna attempting to pierce Drona's formation in order to fulfill his oath of killing Jayadratha, Satyaki defends Yudhishthira from Drona, who was attempting to capture the emperor in Arjuna's absence. Rescuing Dhristadyumna from Drona, Satyaki engages in a long fight with Drona, taking up the morning's fight. Drona gets so frustrated by Satyaki, that he even uses divine weapons, which Satyaki counters using his knowledge of divine weapons from his education under Arjuna. Eventually, Satyaki tires, and he is wounded by Drona's arrows. He is rescued by a new attack from the Upapandavas. Ultimately, Satyaki manages to stall Drona long enough that Duryodhana, frustrated with Drona's lack of progress, withdraws Drona to focus on the conflict with Arjuna.

Later in the day, Yudhishthira gets worried for Arjuna's safety. Despite his protests that protecting the king is more important, Satyaki is ordered to find and aid Arjuna. At the entrance to the Padmavyuha, he meets Drona. Knowing that he cannot bypass the sage, he circumvents him, telling Drona that he must duplicate the actions of his guru (as Arjuna had declined to fight Drona at the start of the day).

Conflict with Bhurisrava
As Arjuna is being attacked from multiple sides, Satyaki appears to give aid. Satyaki fights an intense battle with archrival, Bhurisravas with whom he had a long-standing family feud, following from when Satyaki's grandfather defeated Bhurishrava's father. After a long and bloody battle, Satyaki, already exhausted from fighting Drona, begins to falter, and Bhurisravas pummels him and drags him across the battlefield. Raising his sword, Bhurisravas prepares to kill Satyaki, but he is rescued from death by Arjuna, who shoots an arrow severing Bhurisravas's arm. When criticized by Bhurisravas for interfering in the fight without warning, Arjuna responds by castigating him for attempting to kill an unconscious warrior. Moreover, he criticizes Bhurisravas for his actions during the death of Abhimanyu. Recognizing his shame, Bhurisravas lays out his weapons and sits down in meditation. Satyaki then emerges from his swoon and swiftly decapitates his enemy. He is condemned for this rash act, but Satyaki states that the moment Bhurisravas struck his semiconscious body, he had sworn that he would kill Bhurisravas. With the day's battle nearly over and Jayadratha still far away, the debate on the morality of Satyaki's actions is shelved.

Night War
When the battle on the fourteenth day continued into the night,Satyaki defeated Karna and later killed

Bhurisravas's father Somadatta,later assisting Bhima slay Somadatta's father, Bahlika.

Yadava Warrior

In the Kurukshetra war, Satyaki and Kritavarma were two important Yadava heroes who fought on the opposing sides. Satyaki fought on the side of the Pandavas, whereas Kritavarma joined the Kauravas. Satyaki is also noted as an Ayurvedic physician who was an expert in Shalya (surgery) and Shalakya (Eye/ENT). He is mentioned by Dalhana in Timir and Annantvat (Sushruta Uttartantra) and by Chakrapani in Netraroga (Charak). Some Mahabharat text says that during Mausala Parva, Satyaki killed Kritavarma by beheading him.

Death

After the Kurukshetra war, Gandhari curses Krishna that his clan will be destroyed 36 years later in a fratricidal massacre.

During the 36th year, the Yadavas retire to Prabhāsa where they are allotted temporary residences and start reveling and drinking. Inebriated, Satyaki laughs at and taunts Kritavarma for his actions on the night of the 18th day of battle. As others agree with Satyaki, Kritavarma becomes enraged and lambasts Satyaki for slaying Bhurishravas in cold blood. Countering this, Satyaki narrates the story of Kritavarma plotting to kill Devaki's father. Warriors start taking sides depending on who their clans had fought for during the war; wine flows and tempers flare. Enraged, Satyaki gets up from the ground, and to his shock he discovers that the grass he pulls up from his clenched hands has turned into weapons (thanks to a rishi's curse). Red-faced, Satyaki decapitates Kritavarma and begins assaulting the warriors who are on Kritavarma's side. The Bhojas and the Andhakas, incensed and drunk, surround Satyaki as Krishna comes to his aid. However, knowing the character of the hour, Krishna stands aside. The Bhojas and Andhakas pull their own weapons from the ground and advance towards Satyaki.

Satyaki's allies, like Pradyumna rush to his defense. In the end, Satyaki lies dead, as do all the Vrishini warriors.

Descendants
In the Chaturdhuri compilation, Satyaki has ten interpolated sons, all who die in battle against Bhurisravas.

In other versions, Satyaki has a single son Asanga with one mentioned grandson Yugandhara. Yugandhara later became the ruler of the territory near the Sarasvati River. There is also mention of two granddaughters Satyaki's hopes to marry into the Pandava's family.

The latter day Yaudheyas claimed themselves as sons of Dharmaraja and nephews of Arjun and claimed descent either through son of Satyaki or through the son of Yudhishthira, Yaudheya (mentioned in Matsaya Purana).

See also
Narayani Sena
Yadava
Vrishni
Historicity of the Mahabharata

References

External links

Yadu Genealogy
Mahabharata translated by C Rajagopalachari

Characters in the Mahabharata
People related to Krishna

Satyaki


Henry Otto Pollak (born December 13, 1927) is an Austrian-American mathematician. He is known for his contributions to information theory, and with Ronald Graham is the namesake of the Graham–Pollak theorem in graph theory.

Born in Vienna, Austria, he since moved to United States.  He received his B.Sc. in Mathematics (1947) from Yale University. While at Yale, he participated in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition and was on the team representing Yale University (along with Murray Gell-Mann and Murray Gerstenhaber) that won the second prize in 1947. He earned an M.A. and Ph.D. (1951) degree in mathematics from Harvard University, the latter on the thesis Some Estimates for Extremal Distance advised by Lars Ahlfors.

Pollak then joined Bell Labs (1951), where he in the early 1960s became director of the Mathematics and Statistics Research Center. He authored near forty papers, many of these with David Slepian and Henry Landau on analysis, function theory, probability theory, and mathematics education. He has applied mathematics to  solve problems in  physics and networks, communication theory, discrete systems, statistics and data analysis, and economic analysis. Pollak also holds patents in the area of signaling. He has held teaching positions in the mathematics department at Columbia University.

Awards
Earle Raymond Hedrick lecturer (1973)
Mathematical Association of America chair of New Jersey section (1958–59), governor (1961–63) and president (1975–76).
honorary Sc.D. at Bowdoin College (1977)
honorary doctorate from Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (1981)
Dan Christie lecture on On the Addressing Problem in Loop Switching, or, How to Embed an Arbitrary  Graph in a Squashed Cube at Bowdoin College (1983)
Mathematical Association of America Meritorious Service Award (1990)
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Lifetime Achievement Award (2010)
Mathematical Association of America Mary P. Dolciani Award in 2020.

References

External links

1927 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American information theorists
American statisticians
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Austrian information theorists
Austrian mathematicians
Austrian statisticians
Columbia University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Presidents of the Mathematical Association of America
Scientists at Bell Labs
Scientists from Vienna
Yale University alumni

Henry O. Pollak