Bursfelde Abbey (in German Kloster Bursfelde) is a former Benedictine monastery located in Bursfelde, a hamlet which for administrative purposes is included in the municipality of nearby Hannoversch Münden in Lower Saxony, Germany.   Today the abbey church and its estate cover a site of approximately 300 hectares which is administered by the Klosterkammer Hannover, a body that operates under the auspices of the  to look after reassigned or disused ecclesiastical buildings and other heritage properties in the region.   The legal owner of the Bursfelde Monastery Complex ("Zentrums Kloster Bursfelde") is the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover.

History
The abbey was founded in 1093 by Count Heinrich the Fat of Northeim and his wife Gertrude so that the members of noble families from the area might be buried in a place with monks permanently in attendance.  Archbishop Ruthard of Mainz participated in the foundation.   The first monks came from Corvey Abbey: a close association between the two foundations would endure. In 1102 the founder, who had been killed by invading Frisians, was himself buried in the abbey church.   The late eleventh century was a period of monastic and ecclesiastical reform, and from the outset Bursfelde was influenced by the new ideas coming out of Cluny and Hirsau.   Although one motive for the abbey's foundation was clearly that the souls of the faithful departed kinsfolk of the founder might be properly prayed for, the founder's dynastic ambitions and the pressures of the church reform movement also played their part.   Emperor Henry IV granted Bursfelde numerous privileges and immunities. Following the Benedictine tradition, Almeric, the first abbot, opened a school, which soon became famous.  Under the next four abbots its fame continued to increase.

The abbey complex was created on the Miminde estate, which the founder had inherited from Albert von Gieselwerder.   The site lay at the confluence of the Rivers Nieme and Weser.   Henry's father, Otto of Nordheim, had previously erected the  a couple of kilometers upriver, which provided a measure of protection.   In line with the ideals of the still influential monastic reform movement, and with the backing of Archbishop Ruthard of Mainz it was established that abbots should be freely elected.   The same level of trust did not extend to the abbey's more temporal interests however:  bailiffs were to be appointed in perpetuity by the .   There was to be no political autonomy, given the continuing legal and military dependence channeled through the bailiffs.   The granting of market and currency rights to the monastery nevertheless appears to have been part of the founder's strategy for building up the territorial power of the Northeim family in the area.

It would be wrong to overstate the economic importance of the foundation.   The emphasis in the Benedictine monastery was less on craftwork or agriculture, and more on scientific research and teaching.   In 1101 Henry was killed in Frisia.   His body was returned to Bursfelde and buried on 10 April 1101 in the foundations of what later became the abbey's "west church" ("Westkirche").   Subsequently, in 1115, his widow, the three-times-married Gertrude of Brunswick, founded the  at Braunschweig, which was subordinated to the Abbot of Bursfelde.   Links between the two foundations would remain close.   A further significant development came in 1135 when the founder's daughter, Richenza (whose husband Lothar of Supplingenburg, had become Holy Roman Emperor in 1133) arranged for the construction of the abbey's great "East Choir" ("Ost-Chor").   The Northeims were determined to stamp their mark on Bursfelde.

In 1144 Bursfelde Abbey passed to the control of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony (1139) and later also of Bavaria (1156), following the death of Siegfried IV, a grandson of Otto of Nordheim who had died without male issue.   Henry the Lion confirmed the rights of the Abbey, following the presentation of a falsified foundation record.  The absence of male heirs in the   meant that the County of Northeim, including Bursfelde Abbey, now passed to the Guelfs.  Henry the Lion reduced his rights over the abbey to rights of patronage and jurisdiction.

By this time the diminishing impact of the Benedictine reform movement in general and of its inmpct at Bursfelde Abbey in particular meant that control over Bursfelde was of reduced importance in terms of the political power politics of the great families in the region.   After the ending of the Investiture Controversy the Benedictine reform movement had rapidly lost impetus.   During the same period the Cistercian monks had gained in kudos with an ascetic lifestyle which left the Benedictines appearing relatively worldly.   Later on rivalries were complicated by the increased prominence of the Mendicant orders.   Nevertheless, even when Bursfelde features less prominently in the records by the end of the twelfth century, by around 1200 it had major land holdings, with fourteen farming estates, although these were widely dispersed, with holdings as far to the south as Erfurt and as far to the west as Osnabrück.   But the economic focus remained on the region more immediately surrounding Bursfelde.   Management of the farms was in most cases contracted out, but the main estate at Bursfelde was directly managed.

In 1331, under abbot Henry Lasar, monastic discipline began to relax, the school was neglected and the valuable possessions dissipated. From 1331 to 1424 no records of the abbey were kept. When in 1424 the aged Albert of Bodenstein became abbot, both church and school had fallen almost into ruins, and the monastery itself was in a dilapidated condition, housing a single old monk. Albert was too old to undertake the gigantic task of restoring Bursfelde and resigned the abbacy in 1430.

During the 15th century a strong current of monastic and ecclesiastical reform made itself felt throughout the Roman Catholic world. One of the first Benedictine reformers was John Dederoth of Northeim. After carrying out notable reforms at Clus Abbey, where he had been abbot since 1430, Dederoth was persuaded by Duke Otto of Brunswick in 1433 to undertake the reform of Bursfelde. Obtaining four exemplary religious from the monastery of St. Matthias' Abbey, Trier, he assigned two of them to the monastery at Clus, to maintain his reformed discipline there, while the other two accompanied him to Bursfelde. As abbot of Clus, he was able to recruit from that community for Bursfelde. Dederoth succeeded beyond expectations in the restoration of Bursfelde and began the reform of Reinhausen Abbey, near Göttingen, but died on 6 February 1439, before his efforts in that quarter had borne fruit.

Bursfelde Congregation
See main article Bursfelde Congregation
Dederoth's successor, John of Hagen, obtained permission in 1445 from the Council of Basle to restore the Divine Office to the original form of the old Benedictine breviary and to introduce liturgical and disciplinary uniformity in the monasteries that followed the reform of Bursfelde. On 11 March 1446 the Cardinal Legate Louis d'Allemand approved the Bursfelde Union or Congregation, which then consisted of six abbeys: Bursfelde itself, Clus, Reinhausen, Cismar in Schleswig-Holstein, St. Jacob near Mainz, and Huysburg near Magdeburg. On 6 March 1458, Pope Pius II approved the statutes of the congregation.

The Bursfelde Congregation was a highly beneficial reforming influence on the spiritual life of the time in the Benedictine monasteries of Germany during the second half of the fifteenth, and the first half of the sixteenth, century. At the death of Abbot John of Hagen thirty-six monasteries had already joined the Bursfelde Congregation, and just before the Reformation, at least 136 abbeys, scattered through all parts of Germany, belonged to it. The efficacy of the Congregation was severely curtailed by the Reformation, during which many of its member houses were dissolved, but continued in a restricted form until the secularisations of the late 18th and early 19th centuries dissolved the surviving religious houses.

Reformation and dissolution
In 1579, Andrew Lüderitz, the last abbot of Bursfelde, was driven out by the Lutheran Duke Julius of Brunswick, and Bursfelde ceased to be a Catholic monastery. The possessions of the abbey were confiscated, and the abbot was replaced by a Lutheran. A Protestant convent was accommodated here until well into the 17th century, when the estates were leased out to tenants. A few Catholic monks returned for a time during the Thirty Years' War.

The title of (Protestant) abbot has been bestowed since 1828 on the Senior Fellow of the Theological Faculty at the University of Göttingen.

The surviving abbey buildings are still used for theological training and conferences. The legal basis for the meeting house is the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover. The spiritual center is incorporated into the House of Church Offices of the Church of Hanover. It is owned by the Hanover Chamber monaste.

References

 Heutger, Nicolaus, 1975. Bursfelde und seine Reformklöster, 2nd expanded edn. Hildesheim: August Lax.

External links

Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Lower Saxony
1090s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1093 establishments in Europe
1579 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century
Lutheran monasteries in Germany

Bursfelde Abbey


James Deacon (died May 1750) was an English miniature painter, known as an artist and as a musician.

In 1746 the miniature-painter Christian Friedrich Zincke was obliged to give up his house in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, and retire from his profession due to failing eyesight. Deacon then took this house and the goodwill of the older painter's business. In the print room of the British Museum there are miniatures by him of the marine painter Samuel Scott and his wife.

He had not long been established in his profession when, attending as a witness at the Old Bailey, apparently at the 'Black Sessions,' he caught gaol fever and died in May 1750.

References

Year of birth missing
1750 deaths
18th-century English painters
English male painters
18th-century English musicians
18th-century English male artists

James Deacon (artist)


The Government of Argentina is a representative, republican and federal democracy. It is regulated by the current constitution. The President of Argentina is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the President.

Overview

Argentina was formed by the federative union of the provinces that emerged after the dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, and by the incorporation of those that were constituted from the national territories established as a result of the conquest of large territories natives.

Due to the federal nature of its political organization, Argentina has two parallel government structures: on the one hand, the national structure, with its three powers, and on the other hand the 23 provincial structures -which pre-exist the Nation- plus that of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, which have autonomy and are governed by three powers in each case.

Headquarters

The authorities of the federal government have their headquarters in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. It is currently the "Capital of the Republic" or "Capital of the Nation", denominations used in the national Constitution and in the federalization law, but called the usual way Capital Federal.

Other websites

 Text of the Constitution
 Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina

Government of Argentina

Government of Argentina


Jordan Cantwell (born 1967) was the Moderator of the United Church of Canada from 2015 to 2018. She was ordained as a minister of the United Church in 2010, and was elected to the position of Moderator at the 42nd General Council of the church in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, in 2015.

Life
Cantwell was born in New York in 1967; when she was in grade two, the family moved to the Canadian Prairies. Her mother being Methodist and her father Roman Catholic, she was raised in the Anglican church, but left it when she was in her twenties. Cantwell became involved in social justice issues such as the anti-apartheid movement of the late 1980s, and in 1993, the United Church of Canada sent her to South Africa as an international observer through the World Council of Churches.

Cantwell joined the United Church in the 1990s, and began to work for the Centre for Christian Studies in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where she met her future spouse, Laura Fouhse, a diaconal minister of the United Church. She also worked as a staff associate – a part-time lay minister – at Augustine United Church in Winnipeg. She was one of the co-plaintiffs in Vogel v Canada, the court case which ultimately legalized same-sex marriage in Manitoba.

In 2006, at the age of 39, Cantwell made the decision to become an ordained minister of the United Church; however, she would need to first earn a Master of Divinity degree. She and her family subsequently moved to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan so that she could attend St. Andrew's College. Upon graduation in 2010, she was ordained and was settled as a "three-quarters time" minister of Delisle-Vanscoy United Church in Delisle, Saskatchewan. (The small rural congregation could only afford the equivalent of three-quarters of a full-time position.)

She also took on various roles within the national church. Over the years, several people suggested that she consider running for the role of Moderator. After some thought, Cantwell agreed to be nominated, and at the 42nd General Council of the church in 2015, she was one of twelve candidates. On August 13, 2015, on the fifth ballot, delegates chose her as the new Moderator. She was installed the next day, and remained in that post until the 43rd General Council in 2018.

In an interview following her election, Cantwell acknowledged that although the United Church was in a state of change due to falling membership, "We are fundamentally a people of hope. Our story is one of hope, and when we tap into that I think we are our best selves and we are what we are called to be and we have something to offer the world." She also acknowledged that this was a difficult time for many church members. "People will be in all kinds of different places on the journey. Some will be in a time of lament. Some will be in a time of panic. Some will be in celebration and excitement. My intention would be to journey with folks where they are and to remind us that the stories of our faith teach us that God is with us on our journey, wherever we are."

At her installation service, she spoke of the feeding of the multitude, where Jesus fed several thousand people with only a few fish and loaves of bread: "Jesus did something far more radical and amazing than stretching five loaves to feed five thousand... He reminded them that they were a people constituted by an alternative vision of how the world might be, a whole different set of principles and values and therefore a whole different set of possibilities than the ones offered by the dominant culture."

Personal
Cantwell is the second openly gay person to be elected to the post, and the second to lead a major Christian denomination, the first in both cases being her predecessor, Gary Paterson.

She and her spouse, Laura Fouhse, have a daughter, Hope, and reside in Saskatoon.

References

Moderators of the United Church of Canada
1967 births
Living people
American emigrants to Canada
Canadian lesbians
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT Protestant clergy
Canadian LGBT rights activists
Ministers of the United Church of Canada
People from New York (state)
People from Saskatoon
Former Anglicans

Jordan Cantwell


Aesthetic Surgery Journal  is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers the field of plastic surgery. The journal's editor-in-chief is Foad Nahai (Emory University School of Medicine). It was established in 1996 as Aesthetic Surgery Quarterly and is currently published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS).

History
Aesthetic Surgery Journal evolved from an earlier publication that focused primarily on association news for the plastic surgeon membership of ASAPS and gradually grew to incorporate articles of clinical interest in aesthetic surgery. From 1988 through 1994, this newsletter was published three times per year and called Aesthetic Surgery. Beginning in 1995, with an additional issue per year, the name was changed to Aesthetic Surgery Quarterly. It was not until 1996, when ASAPS entered into a publishing agreement with Mosby, that a significant portion of this periodical was designated as the "Clinical Journal" devoted to peer-reviewed original articles. Beginning in January 1997, publication was increased to six issues per year, and the name was changed to Aesthetic Surgery Journal.

The following persons have been editors-in-chief (since 1997, when the publication became Aesthetic Surgery Journal):
 Robert W. Bernard (founding editor, 1997)
 Stanley A. Klatsky (1998-2008)
 Foad Nahai (2009–present)

Abstracting and indexing

Aesthetic Surgery Journal was indexed with MEDLINE/PubMed in 2008 and with the Thomson Reuters' Journal Citation Reports (JCR; formerly ISI) in 2011.

Aesthetic Surgery Journal is abstracted and indexed, for example, in:
 Academic OneFile
 Chemical Abstracts
 CINAHL Plus
 Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
 MEDLINE/PubMed
 Science Citation Index
 Scopus

Affiliated organizations

Aesthetic Surgery Journal is the offered at a discount to members of ASAPS-affiliated plastic and aesthetic surgery organizations in other languages:
 Argentine Society of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery
 Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery
 Colombian Society of Plastic, Aesthetic, Maxillofacial, and Hand Surgery
 Costa Rican Association of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery
 Dutch Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
 Hellenic Society of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery
 Indian Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons
 Israel Society of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery
 Italian Association for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
 Japan Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
 Korean Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
 Mexican Association of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery
 Panamanian Association of Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery
 Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons of Thailand
 Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons of Thailand
 Turkish Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons

In addition to ASAPS, Aesthetic Surgery Journal is discounted to members of the English-language organizations listed below.
 British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons/National Institute of Aesthetic Research
 Canadian Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
 The Rhinoplasty Society

References

External links

Oxford University Press academic journals
English-language journals
Surgery journals
Academic journals established in 1996
8 times per year journals

Aesthetic Surgery Journal


"More Stars" a.k.a. "Stars on 45 Vol. 2" is a song issued in 1981 by the Dutch studio group Stars on 45, in the UK credited to 'Starsound'. It was the follow-up to the US and Dutch #1 and UK #2 single "Stars on 45" (released under its full 41-word title but generally simply known as "Stars on 45 Medley"). "More Stars" was later included on the band's second album Longplay Album - Volume II (US title: Stars on Longplay II, UK title: Stars On 45 - The Album - Volume 2).

The "More Stars" medley featured eight hits by Swedish group ABBA, seven of which already had been UK Top 10 hits; "Voulez-Vous" (#3, 1979) "S.O.S." (#6, 1975), "Money, Money, Money" (#3, 1976), "Fernando" (#1, 1976), "Knowing Me, Knowing You" (#1, 1977), "The Winner Takes It All" (#1, 1980) and "Super Trouper" (#1, 1980). The eighth title chosen for the medley was somewhat surprisingly "Bang-A-Boomerang", one of ABBA's lesser known tracks and indeed only released as a single in one country; France. The eight minute plus album version of the ABBA medley which was released on CD on the 2011 30th anniversary best of CD added another seven titles; "Dum Dum Diddle", "Lay All Your Love on Me", "On and On and On", "Super Trouper" (reprise), "Summer Night City", "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" and "Stars On 45 (2)" (reprise).

The near twelve-minute 12" mix of "More Stars" started with another, notably different medley, mainly featuring American 60s and 70s hits from the soul, R&B and folk rock genres by among others The Temptations, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Four Tops, The Supremes, The Mamas & the Papas, Neil Diamond and Simon & Garfunkel. This medley was later also included on the Longplay Album - Volume II in slightly re-edited form preceding the "Supremes Medley" on that album.

"More Stars" became Stars on 45/Starsound's second single to peak at #2 on the UK charts and indeed a Top 10 single in most parts of Europe. In the US, where ABBA's popularity wasn't on the same scale as in Europe, Radio Records instead chose an edit of the first part of the 12" mix, starting with "Papa Was A Rolling Stone" as a single, and released it as the follow-up to the second Beatles medley "Stars on 45 Medley 2", but under the same title; "More Stars" (#55, Billboard'''s Hot 100).

Track listing 7" single
Side A
"More Stars" (7" Mix) - 4:42All tracks written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus unless otherwise noted''

 "Stars On 45 (2)" (Eggermont, Duiser)
 "Voulez-Vous"
 "SOS" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "Bang-A-Boomerang" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "Money, Money, Money"
 "Knowing Me, Knowing You" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "Fernando" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "The Winner Takes It All"
 "Super Trouper"
 "Stars On 45" (Eggermont, Duiser)

Side B
"'45 Stars Get Ready" (7" Mix) (Eggermont, Duiser) - 3:08

Track listing 12" single

Side A
"More Stars" (12" Mix) - 11:53

 "Stars On 45 (2)" (Eggermont, Duiser)
 "Papa Was A Rollin' Stone" (Whitfield)
 "Dance to the Music" (Stone)
 "Sugar Baby Love" (Bickerton, Waddington)
 "Papa Was A Rollin' Stone" (Whitfield)
 "Let's Go to San Francisco" (Carter, Lewis)
 "A Horse with No Name" (Bunnell)
 "Monday, Monday" (Philips)
 "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" (Philips)
 "California Dreamin'" (Philips, Philips)
 "Eve of Destruction" (Sloan)
 "The Tears of a Clown" (Cosby, Robinson)
 "Stop! In the Name of Love" (Holland, Dozier, Holland)
 "Cracklin' Rosie" (Diamond)
 "Do Wah Diddy Diddy" (Barry, Greenwich)
 "A Lover's Concerto" (Linzer, Randell)
 "Reach Out I'll Be There" (Holland, Dozier, Holland)
 "The Sounds of Silence" (Simon)
 "Stars On 45 (2)" (Eggermont, Duiser)
 "Voulez-Vous" (Andersson, Ulvaeus)
 "SOS" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "Bang-A-Boomerang" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "Money, Money, Money" (Andersson, Ulvaeus)
 "Knowing Me, Knowing You" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "Fernando" (Andersson, Anderson, Ulvaeus)
 "The Winner Takes It All" (Andersson, Ulvaeus)
 "Super Trouper" (Andersson, Ulvaeus)
 "Stars On 45" (Eggermont, Duiser)

Side B
"'45 Stars Get Ready" (12" Mix) (Eggermont, Duiser) - 4:02

Chart peaks

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Sales and certifications

Sources and external links

 Rateyourmusic.com biography and discography
 The Dutch Stars on 45 fansite
 Top4000.nl
 UK Top 40
 Irish Charts.ie
 AustrianCharts.at
 Hitparade.ch, Switzerland
 NorwegianCharts.com
 SwedishCharts.com
 West German charts

References

Songs about musicians
1981 singles
Stars on 45 songs
CNR Music singles
CBS Records singles
European Hot 100 Singles number-one singles
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Music medleys

More Stars


Brandon Emil Phillips (born June 28, 1981) is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds, Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels and Boston Red Sox. At  and , Phillips batted and threw right-handed.

A native of Raleigh, North Carolina, Phillips was drafted by the Montreal Expos in 1999. In 2002, while in the minor leagues of the Montreal organization, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians. After making his major league debut that same year for the Indians, he spent several years moving back and forth between the Indians and the minor leagues. Phillips was traded to the Cincinnati Reds in 2006. After joining the Reds, Phillips developed into one of the best second basemen in baseball. In Cincinnati, he won four Rawlings Gold Glove Awards, one Silver Slugger Award, and was selected to three National League All-Star teams. He became the first player in MLB history to record two three-run home runs, seven RBIs, and two stolen bases in one game. Following this performance, the uniform and pair of cleats he wore during that game were put on display in the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Early life
Phillips' father, James Phillips, runs the Phillips Baseball Center in Pine Lake, Georgia.  His sister is WNBA player Porsha Phillips of the San Antonio Silver Stars and his younger brother PJ Phillips is the manager of the Lexington Legends of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Phillips attended Redan High School in Stone Mountain, Georgia, where he played basketball and baseball. His #7 at Redan was retired by the school in December 2003. He was the star baseball player at his high school. Phillips' favorite baseball player growing up was Cincinnati Reds shortstop Barry Larkin.

Phillips was selected in the second round of the 1999 MLB draft by the Montreal Expos as a shortstop after signing a letter of intent to play both baseball and football at the University of Georgia. He instead signed with the Expos on June 21, 1999.

Professional career

Cleveland Indians
After several years in the Expos farm system, Phillips was part of a six-player trade that sent him from the Montreal Expos to the Cleveland Indians on June 27, 2002. Phillips was dealt with Grady Sizemore, Cliff Lee, and Lee Stevens in exchange for Bartolo Colón and Tim Drew.

In 2003, Phillips won the starting job at second base for the Indians. During the season, he had a season-high six-game hitting streak. Against the Detroit Tigers on May 20, he hit the first three-run walk-off home run of his career. After that he went 0-for-29 and was sent down to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons after the All-Star break. He was recalled soon after that due to an injury to one of his teammates and finished the season with a .208 average, six homers, 33 RBIs and four stolen bases. Phillips also totaled a .981 fielding percentage.

In 2004, he started the season in Buffalo. He hit .303 with 14 stolen bases on the season and recorded 18-game and 16-game hitting streaks. In the minor league play-offs, Phillips hit .308. He joined the Indians at the end of the season and played six games for them.

Phillips remained with the Bisons for most of 2005. He appeared in six games for the Indians in July but was sent back down following the stint.

In his four seasons with the Indians, Phillips appeared in 135 major league games, batting .206 with six home runs and 38 RBIs.

Cincinnati Reds

2006
On April 7, 2006, Cleveland's frustration with Phillips' slow progress peaked and he was traded to the Cincinnati Reds for a player to be named later (pitcher Jeff Stevens). He made an immediate impact, starting the season by being named NL Player of the Week the same month he was acquired by the Reds, hitting .452 (14–31) with three home runs and 17 runs batted in for the week of April 17–23. Phillips' 17 RBI were the most for an NL Player of the Week since Sammy Sosa had 19 RBI the week of August 4–10, 2002. Phillips had his first career grand slam that month and 16 straight stolen bases. leading the Reds in hits (148) and multi-hit games (36). He also led all National League second basemen in stolen bases with 25.  Phillips produced two nine-game hitting streaks over the season and finished with a batting average of .276, 17 home runs and 75 RBI.

2007
In 2007, Phillips hit 30 home runs and stole 32 bases to become the first Reds second baseman to join the 30–30 club and just the third 30–30 Red, joining Eric Davis (37 HR, 50 SB in 1987) and Barry Larkin (33 HR, 36 SB in 1996). He also joined Alfonso Soriano as just the second second baseman in the 30–30 club.

In the fourth inning on August 1, 2007, game, against John Lannan of the Washington Nationals Phillips stole two bases on one pitch while the Nationals had a shift on Adam Dunn. On August 30, Phillips made the play of the month to win the game for the Reds against the Pittsburgh Pirates. With the Reds winning 5–4 in the bottom of the ninth, Nate McLouth of the Pirates hit a single into right field. The runner from second, Josh Phelps, appeared likely to score, but Phillips grabbed the ball in shallow right field bare-handed and threw Phelps out at home plate to win the game. On September 5, he hit his 28th home run of the season, breaking the Reds' single-season record for home runs by a second baseman, formerly held by Joe Morgan. On September 26, 2007, Phillips hit his 30th home run of the season.

In addition to the home runs and steals, Phillips ended the 2007 season with 187 hits, 107 runs, 26 doubles, six triples, 94 RBIs, and a .288 batting average. He led the Reds in runs, hits, triples, and stolen bases and was second on the team in doubles and home runs.

Phillips received a four-year, $27 million contract extension on February 15, 2008, instead of going to arbitration.

2008

On April 2, 2008, Phillips hit his first home run of the season against the Arizona Diamondbacks. At the All-Star Break, Phillips was batting .287 with 15 home runs, 58 RBI, 18 stolen bases, and 18 doubles. He ended the season batting .261/.312/.442 with 21 home runs and 23 stolen bases.

Phillips won his first gold glove in 2008, leading National League second basemen with a .990 fielding percentage having made just seven errors in 706 chances, in addition to a 78-game error-less streak. He also won a Fielding Bible Award as the top fielding second baseman in MLB.

2009
In 2009, Phillips hit .276/.329/.447, with 30 doubles, 20 home runs, 98 RBI and 25 stolen bases.

2010
In 2010, Phillips had his first All-Star season. He finished the season batting .275, with 18 homers, 59 RBI, and 16 stolen bases.

In early August, Phillips made national sports headlines with unflattering remarks about the St. Louis Cardinals, a team the Reds were in a hotly contested race with for lead in the National League Central division. Phillips was quoted by the Dayton Daily News as saying "I hate the Cardinals. All they do is bitch and moan about everything, all of them, they're little bitches, all of them. ... I hate the Cardinals." The next night, August 10, Phillips was involved in a large bench-clearing brawl between the Reds and Cardinals at home plate. Coming to bat in the bottom of the first inning, Phillips customarily tapped his bat against the shin pads of Cardinals catcher Yadier Molina and the umpire. Molina kicked Phillips' bat, which led to seven minutes of pushing and shoving between both teams before both team managers were ejected and order was restored.

On November 10, 2010, it was announced that Phillips had won the second Gold Glove of his Major League career.

2011
On May 3, 2011, against the Houston Astros, Phillips threw out speedy Jason Bourgeois by picking up the ball barehanded as it rolled to him and throwing it to first baseman Joey Votto between his legs to record the out.

On July 1, Phillips hit two home runs against the Cleveland Indians, the second homer being his 1,000th career hit. After several great plays in the field earned him fame around the country and his average stayed around .300 the whole first half, Phillips made his second straight All-Star game. He was in first place in voting for most of the year until Milwaukee's Rickie Weeks passed him, getting the starting nod.

On November 1, 2011, it was announced that Phillips had won the third Gold Glove of his major league career. His fielding percentage for the season was .992 in 721 chances.
The next day, it was announced that Phillips had won the first Silver Slugger of his Major League career. He hit an even .300 with 183 hits, 38 doubles, 2 triples, 18 homers, and 82 RBI. His on-base percentage was .353.

2012
On April 10, 2012, it was announced that Phillips and the Reds had agreed to a six-year, $72.5 million contract, through the 2017 season.  Phillips was represented in contract negotiations by ACES Inc. When the All-Star game roster was announced on July 1, Phillips was not amongst those voted in by either fans or National League players and coaches. Reds manager Dusty Baker took exception at retired St. Louis Cardinals manager but the National League's All-Star Game manager Tony La Russa, claiming Phillips and fellow Reds teammate Johnny Cueto were left off the roster because they were at the heart of an on-field fight involving Baker's Reds and La Russa's Cardinals in 2010. Baker stated "it just kind of looks bad that Johnny and Brandon were at the center of the skirmish between us and the Cardinals. Some of the Cardinals that aren't there any more are making some of the selections." Phillips, who was hitting just under .290 with 10 home runs and 46 RBI at the time the selections were announced, declined to comment on the matter. USA Today's Mike Jones mentioned the large number of votes for San Francisco Giants players, including Pablo Sandoval (.300, 6 HR, 25 RBI) who was named the All-Star game's third baseman over New York Mets' David Wright (over .350, 9 HR, 50 RBI) was responsible for "taking away an infield spot."

In 2012, Brandon Phillips had a .281 batting average, 18 home runs, and 77 runs batted in. He did not win a Gold Glove for the first time since 2009. He batted .375 in the National League Division Series versus the San Francisco Giants, despite their loss of the series.

2013
Phillips was the Reds' Opening Day number two hitter; however, he became the cleanup hitter after left fielder Ryan Ludwick tore his shoulder on opening day. César Izturis was his backup. He had a 12-game hitting streak from May 12 to 25. Phillips hit .266 with 12 home runs and 74 RBI, good enough to earn him the starting second baseman spot on the National League team in the All-Star Game.

On August 28, Phillips was moved to the second spot in the lineup, and Jay Bruce became the cleanup hitter. While hitting second in 2013, he hit .240 with two home runs and six RBI in 23 games. In 127 games while hitting fourth, he hit .265/.310/.396 with 16 home runs and 96 RBI. In 151 games in 2013, he hit .261 with 18 home runs and 103 RBI. He won a Gold Glove, compiling a .987 fielding percentage, with nine errors.

2014
Phillips was placed on the disabled list July 11, 2014, after suffering a torn thumb ligament while diving for a ground ball in a game against the Chicago Cubs. At the time, he was hitting .272 with seven home runs and 40 RBI, and had only committed one error in 86 games at second base. He was reinstated from the DL on August 18. Phillips finished the season hitting .266 with eight home runs and 56 RBI.

On October 23, 2014, Phillips was nominated for his potential fifth Gold Glove for second base.

2015
The 86th All-Star Game was played at Great American Ball Park, and Cardinals catcher Yadier Molina was selected to play. In the Reds' clubhouse for the All-Star Game, he was assigned Phillips' locker. Since the brawl between the Cardinals and Reds in 2010, the two mended their schism, and Molina has a photograph of their families together. When informed of whose locker he was using, he replied, "This is Phillips' locker?  How about that?  I'll have to write something to him." However, during pregame roster introductions, Reds fans booed all six Cardinals players in jest who were selected, including Molina, and even former Cardinal Albert Pujols, who was then with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Phillips hit two home runs and stole two bases against the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 30, becoming only the 15th player—and second Red—to have a multi-homer, multi-steal game since 1901. Phillips finished the season hitting .294 (16th in the National League) with 173 hits (eighth in the NL), 12 home runs, 70 RBI, and 23 stolen bases (tenth in the NL). On October 29, 2015, he was named a finalist for the Gold Glove for second base.

2016
In 2016, Phillips appeared in 141 games, batting .291 with 11 home runs and 64 RBIs. He also stole 14 bases while being caught eight times.

Atlanta Braves
On February 12, 2017, Phillips waived his no-trade clause and was traded to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for minor league pitchers Andrew McKirahan and Carlos Portuondo. The Reds also sent $13 million in the deal, leaving the Braves to pay $1 million of Phillips' remaining salary. He made a late-season position switch to third base to facilitate the promotion of Ozzie Albies to the major leagues. On August 30, Phillips hit a bloop single to drive in Ender Inciarte for his 2,000th career hit. In 120 games for the Braves, Phillips batted .291 with 11 home runs and 52 RBIs.

Los Angeles Angels
On August 31, 2017, Phillips was traded to the Los Angeles Angels for cash considerations and Tony Sanchez. In 24 games played with the Angels, Phillips had a slash line of .255/.269/.382 in 102 at bats.

Boston Red Sox
On June 27, 2018, Phillips signed a minor league contract with the Boston Red Sox, and was assigned to the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox. Phillips appeared in 38 games with Pawtucket and six games with the Class A Short Season Lowell Spinners, batting a combined .304 with five home runs and 26 RBIs.

Phillips was added to Boston's active roster on September 4. He made his Red Sox debut the following day, hitting a two-run home run in the ninth inning to carry the Red Sox to a 9–8 victory over the Atlanta Braves, completing a comeback from Atlanta's 7–1 and 8–7 leads late in the game. Phillips was the first player in Red Sox history to wear uniform number 0. Overall with the 2018 Red Sox, Phillips appeared in nine games, batting 3-for-23 (.130) with one home run and two RBIs. The Red Sox finished the year 108–54, clinching the AL East pennant. The Red Sox went on to win the World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Phillips elected free agency on October 29.

Vallejo Admirals
On June 25, 2019, Phillips signed with the Vallejo Admirals of the independent Pacific Association. The team was managed by his younger brother P.J. Phillips. Phillips played four games for the Admirals before being granted his release.

Diablos Rojos del México
On July 15, 2019, Phillips signed with the Diablos Rojos del México of the Mexican League. During the season, he played in 36 games. Phillips batted .267/.327/.420 with 35 hits in 131 at bats. He had three home runs, 11 doubles and 15 RBIs. Phillips elected free agency on October 5, 2019.

Baseball Brilliance
In July 2020, Phillips played in eight games for the Baseball Brilliance of the Yinzer Baseball Confederacy. Phillips had five hits in 35 plate appearances for the Brilliance, with a .152/.200/.333 batting line. One of those five hits included a July 11 home run against the Steel City Slammin' Sammies at Washington Wild Things Park.

Lexington Legends
On August 19, 2020, Phillips joined the Lexington Legends in their Battle of the Bourbon Trail series. On August 22, Phillips hit a walk-off homer for the Legends, his third homer in three games for the team.

In 2021, the Legends moved to the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball and Phillips became a co-owner of the club in the offseason. On May 31, 2021, the Legends announced he was officially signed as a player, thus becoming the first Atlantic League player to appear on a roster for a team they co-own. He appeared in 54 games, posting a .276/.335/.507 line with 14 home runs and 52 RBIs, as the Legends went on to win the ALPB Championship. In 2022, Phillips played in 40 games, slashing .250/.320/.391 with four home runs and 18 RBIs. Following the season, the club was sold to a new ownership group and Phillips left the franchise.

Personal life
Phillips has a daughter, Bailey Quinn Phillips with his wife, fitness model and professional wrestler Jade Cargill.

In March 2023, Phillips and Cargill were announced as owners of the Texas Smoke, the fourth franchise of Women's Professional Fastpitch (WPF), based in Austin, Texas.

The Texas Smoke won the 2023 WPF regular season with a record of 22–14 and then swept the USSSA Pride in the inaugural Women's Professional Fastpitch championship series with an impressive 14–2 win.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Gold Glove Award winners at second base
 List of Silver Slugger Award winners at second base

References

External links

, or Retrosheet

1981 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball Brilliance players
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Baseball players from Raleigh, North Carolina
Boston Red Sox players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cape Fear Crocs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Dayton Dragons players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Gold Glove Award winners
Gulf Coast Expos players
Harrisburg Senators players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Lexington Legends players
Los Angeles Angels players
Louisville Bats players
Lowell Spinners players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Mexican League baseball second basemen
Mexican League baseball third basemen
National League All-Stars
Ottawa Lynx players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Stone Mountain, Georgia
Silver Slugger Award winners
World Baseball Classic players of the United States
2013 World Baseball Classic players

Brandon Phillips


Lloyd James Graham (born 29 May 1949, in Mackay, Queensland) is a former Queensland Rugby Union player.

Born the son of a cane farmer, Jim Graham, Graham represented Queensland in Rugby, playing 30 matches for the state, including wins over New South Wales in 1970, Scotland in 1970, and the British Lions in 1971.

After his days as an athlete Graham ran a successful advertising agency for many years in Brisbane, and was Qld. Chairman of the Advertising Federation of Australia from 1988 to 1990.  A Life Member of the Queensland Rugby Club and the GPS Old Boys Rugby Club, he now runs the marketing consultancy company Media Works.

References

1949 births
Living people
Australian rugby union players
Rugby union players from Queensland
Sportspeople from Mackay, Queensland

Lloyd Graham


Readability, or textual difficulty, means how easy or hard a text is to read. Research has shown that two main factors affect the ease with which texts are read.
How difficult the words are: this is lexical difficulty. Rare words are less well known than common words. Rare, difficult words are often longer than common, easy words.
How difficult the sentences are: this is syntactical difficulty. Long, complicated sentences cause more difficulty than short, simple sentences.

Readability predictions
A readability test is a way to measure a text for how easy it is to read. Readability tests give a prediction as to how difficult readers will find a particular text. They do this by measuring one or both of the two main causes, as follows:

Word difficulty
Word difficulty is usually measured by vocabulary lists or word length.
In 1923, Bertha A. Lively and Sidney L. Pressey published the first reading ease  formula. They had been concerned that science textbooks in junior high school had so many technical words. They felt that teachers spent all class time explaining their meaning. They argued that their formula would help to measure and reduce the "vocabulary burden" of textbooks. Their formula used the Thorndike word list as a basis. Manually, it took three hours to apply the formula to a book.

Vocabulary lists
Several vocabulary lists have been published by researchers. These lists are based on samples of published texts in English, and (less often) samples of recorded spoken language. The lists differ slightly according to the sources chosen, but they are very reliable. The items listed may represent more than one actual word; they are lemmas. For instance the entry "be" contains within it the occurrences of "is", "was", "be" and "are". The top 100 lemmas account for 50% of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus.

The Reading Teachers Book of Lists claims that the first 25 words make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and that the first 100 make up about one-half of all written material.

One of the first readability tests, the Dale–Chall formula, used a vocabulary list. It counted the number of listed words in a passage, and applied a formula which gave a grade level. It was used to rate textbooks for grade levels in US school districts.

It is easy, in principle, to use a vocabulary list as part of a computer-based readability measure. The list is organised as a look-up table. The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.

Word length
This is called an index, or a proxy. This is because word length is correlated with word frequency, and word frequency is correlated with word difficulty. Longer words are, on average, harder than short words.

Word length is measured by counting the letters in each word, or by counting syllables. Since most syllables have one vowel, some computer programs count vowels per average word. A few tests measure the percentage of words on a list; the list is based on the known frequency of words in a language.

Sentence difficulty
Sentence difficulty is usually measured by sentence length. This again is an index, because longer sentences are, on average, harder than short sentences. Computers count the number of words between full stops, but this is a second-best method. Humans can judge whether a semi-colon or colon should count as the end of a sentence for testing purposes.

Since both factors may vary independently of each other, the best prediction is gained by devising a formula with makes use of both indices. What this means is that a single score is produced for a text, and that score is looked up on a table or graph. That tells you how difficult the text is in terms of either a) an American school grade level, or b) an artificial scale of 0% to 100%. Either way is effective. What really makes a difference is:
Methods using both indices are more reliable than methods using only one index.

Direct measurement
It is possible to get a good prediction by getting a group of subjects to read through a passage, followed by multiple-choice questions. Even better is a method called cloze, where subjects fill in blanks on a text they have not seen before. The percentage of correctly completed blanks is an outstandingly good predictor of text difficulty.

Naturally, this kind of direct measure requires subjects and a skilled experimenter. It also requires the prior preparation of texts suitable for the chosen sample of subjects. The method is therefore too expensive for widespread use.

Types of tests

A person can perform readability tests himself by counting and doing some math, or by using word-processing software.

Tests on subjects
 Multiple-choice questions
 Cloze test

Test on texts

Two-variable formulae
 Dale–Chall readability formula
 Flesch Reading Ease (Flesch Readability Test)
 Flesch–Kincaid Reading Level (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index)
 Fry readability formula

 Gunning Fog Index
 Spache

One-variable formulae
 Fog Index
 SMOG Index

Use on Wikipedia
Wikipedia Signposts 2015-06-24 surveyed recent studies of web information on medical topics, including articles in English wiki.

Their summary was:
"The authors concluded that the readability of online patient information for 'liposuction' and 'breast reconstruction' is 'too difficult' for many patients as the readability scores of all 20 websites (10 each) far exceeds that of a 6th-grade reading level. The average score for the most popular 'liposuction' websites was determined equal to 13.6-grade level. As a comparison 'tattoo information' scored at the 7.8-grade level".

"Health care information available at the most popular websites for 'breast reconstruction' had an average readability score of 13.4, with 100% of the top 10 websites providing content far above the recommended 6th grade reading level. Wikipedia.org readability scores aligned at the higher readability range for both terms, with scores above the 14 grade level for 'liposuction', and above grade 15 for 'breast reconstruction'".

That shows these articles, and presumably many other medical articles on English wiki, are written in prose far too difficult for the average member of the public.

Related pages
Most common words in English

References

Other websites
 Is Wikipedia too difficult? comparative analysis of Wikipedia, Simple Wikipedia and Britannica.
 Writing Sample Analyzer , reports on the Flesch Reading Ease, Fog Scale Level, and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level for a given piece of text.
 Online Textual Difficulty Calculator - reports ARI, SMOG, Flesch–Kincaid Readability Test, Coleman–Liau Index, Gunning–Fog Index, etc.
BYU Words and phrases: highlights text.  and

Reading

Readability


Colonel Henry Blundell-Hollinshead Blundell  (24 January 1831 – 28 September 1906) was a British army officer and Conservative politician.

He was the eldest son of Richard Benson Blundell-Hollinshead Blundell of Deysbrook and Jane Leigh. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1854.

Early life
Henry Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell was born at Deysbrook, near Liverpool, on 24 January 1831, the eldest son of Richard Benson Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell. He was educated at Eton College between 1843 and 1849. He was a skilled oarsman, rowing in the VIII in 1848 and 1849, and becoming Captain of the Boats in 1849. He was a member of the Field XI and of Eton's elite Oppidan Wall, captaining the latter team in 1848. He went on to the University of Oxford, entering Christ Church, Oxford, where he read classics, graduating in 1853 with a degree in arts.

Military career
His military career began in 1855 when he became an ensign in the Rifle Brigade, serving in the Crimean War and then moving to Canada during the Trent Affair. He subsequently transferred to the Grenadier Guards. Between 1870 and 1871 he served as Aide-de-Camp to His Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, and afterwards becoming Assistant Adjutant-General of the Home District at the Horse Guards in 1877. He received the brevet of Colonel 1 April 1881, and in 1884-5 served with the Nile Expedition, for the relief of General Gordon, on the Staff as Inspecting Officer of the Lines of Communication, and afterwards as Commandant at Dongola, for his services being mentioned in Despatches and receiving the medal, with clasp and the Khedive's Star. He was admitted to the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1887 and retired 24 June 1889.

Marriage
In 1863 he married Beatrice Byng, daughter of Vice-Admiral the Honourable Henry Dilkes Byng. Beatrice served as maid of honour to Queen Victoria. The couple had no children, and she died in 1884. Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell commissioned the building of St Matthew's Church, Highfield, Wigan in her memory. The church was in an area of the Lancashire Coalfield owned by the Blundell family. Having left no issue, the bulk of his estate passed to his nephew, Major Cuthbert Leigh Blundell-H-B CBE, the surviving son of his brother, Rev. Canon Thomas Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell, Rector of St Cuthbert's Church, Halsall and Hon. Chaplain to Queen Victoria.

Political career

He successfully stood for the Conservative Party in the 1885 general election, becoming the Member of Parliament for Ince. He lost the seat in 1892, but regained it in 1895. He remained Ince's MP until he was heavily defeated at the general election of January 1906.

Henry Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell died on 28 September the same year, and was buried on 2 October at St Cuthbert's Churchyard in Halsall, near Ormskirk.

References

1831 births
1906 deaths
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Grenadier Guards officers
Rifle Brigade officers
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford

Henry Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell


Roger Wittevrongel (born 23 April 1933) is a Belgian painter, draughtsman and graphic artist, representative of the hyperrealism.

Wittevrongel was born in Blankenberge, Belgium. He received his education in Ghent, where he combined his studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (KASK) (1953-1956) with a teacher training in plastic arts in the State School (1954-1956) under the guidance of Octave Landuyt.

From 1956 up to 1971, he worked as a teacher in plastic arts at the State School in Ghent. Consequently, he was professor etching, drawing and lithography at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts in Ghent until 1997, where he got the title of honorary professor since then.

In 1954, Wittevrongel made his debut in the atmosphere of Octave Landuyt, yet more in an abstract way, with work around destruction, devastation and animal heads. Around 1964, he started to paint more figuratively, mainly architectural compositions decorated with vegetable elements and female nudes surrounded by a wide range of attributes (for example painting and drawing tools). Around 1970 he comes to a hyperrealistic style with an absolute accuracy in the reproduction of what the eye could see. However, he continued to evolve within this style and concentrated on trivial subjects, which he also depicted with the greatest precision. The subjects themselves - interiors, fragments of architecture and female characters, are treated as still-lives, which gives them an abstract quality. These works in particular raise questions concerning man's relationship with visible reality. Here the astonishment is less evoked by the technical virtuosity but more by the question of the meaning of existence.

Roger Wittevrongel exhibits since 1954 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, Morocco, Brazil, Tunisia, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Taiwan.

Prizes
 Mention Young Belgian Painting Award in 1958, 1960, 1963
 Provincial painting prize of West Flanders in 1960
 Critics prize in 1979 and 1981
 E. Van Marcke prize in 1981
 State prize in recognition of an artistic career in 1984

At present he lives in Bachte-Maria-Leerne near the Lys, close to Deinze in the province of East Flanders in Belgium.

External links
 Roger Wittevrongel

Belgian artists
Modern artists
Belgian painters
Photorealist artists
Living people
1933 births
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Ghent) alumni

Roger Wittevrongel


Sonnenland (German for "the land of sun") is a district of Maspalomas in the south of Gran Canaria, set on a hillside above Maspalomas and Playa del Inglés.  Originally designed for expatriates, it is gradually becoming home to a growing number of Spanish residents, many of whom work in the surrounding tourist areas such as Arguineguín, Maspalomas, and Puerto Rico.

Sonnenland was constructed in the 1980s, chiefly with bungalows. Since the late 1990s also some villas and hotels have been built.

References

Populated places in Gran Canaria

Sonnenland


Elibia linigera is a moth of the  family Sphingidae . It is known from the Philippines.

It is very similar to Elibia dolichus, but the forewing outer margin is slightly more convex and the apex more acute. The forewing underside has a ragged submarginal band that is darker red and broader than in Elibia dolichus. Because of the similarities, it was considered a synonym of Elibia dolichus for some time.

References

Macroglossini
Moths described in 1875

Elibia linigera


Pudding Mill Lane is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in Stratford, London, England. The station is located on the DLR's Stratford branch, between Bow Church and Stratford stations and is on the boundary between Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.

History
The station opened in 1996 on the road of the same name. This was once a light industrial area of Stratford, but it was redeveloped into a housing development called Pudding Mill Lane. It was next to the Olympic Park but it was closed for the duration of the 2012 Olympic Games and reopened on 12 September 2012. The original island platform station was permanently closed on 18 April 2014 to allow for the construction of a ramp from the new Crossrail portal nearby. A new larger station, built a short distance to the south, opened on 28 April 2014.

References

Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham

Pudding Mill Lane DLR station


Antonio Tozzi (c. 1736 - after 1812) was an Italian opera composer.

He was born at Bologna, Italy.  He studied with  Padre Martini and became a member of the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna in 1761. His first opera Tigrane, was performed in Venice in 1762. His La morte di Dimone of 1763 was an early opera semiseria. In 1764 he was asked to work for the court in Brunswick. In 1774 he became Hofkapellmeister in Munich and his Orfeo ed Euridice was performed there in 1775. Shortly afterwards however a scandal involving the Countess von Törring-Seefeld caused him to flee the city and he returned to Venice. The following year he was in Spain, working in Madrid and later Barcelona where he did a substantial part of his work, finally leaving Spain for Italy in 1805.  He died at Bologna.

Sources
Stevenson, Robert and McClymonds, Marita P (1992), 'Erismena' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)

External links

Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth uncertain

Antonio Tozzi


In enzymology, a vanillin synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl-CoA  vanillin + acetyl-CoA

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl-CoA, and two products, vanillin and acetyl-CoA.

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoyl-CoA vanillin-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming). Other names in common use include 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propionyl-CoA:vanillin lyase, and (acetyl-CoA-forming).

References

EC 4.1.2
Enzymes of unknown structure

Vanillin synthase


The ISEQ Smallcaps index is a benchmark stock market index composed of companies that trade on the Euronext Dublin. The index comprises the smaller companies contained within the ISEQ Overall Index.
The Small Cap Index represents an asset class of its own, i.e. the smaller quoted companies. This type of asset class offers potential for growth which may not always seen in larger entities. It also represents an attractive asset class from the portfolio theory perspective; i.e. diversification into chosen smaller capitalisation stocks is likely to improve the risk return equation for investors.

Due to the nature of the index prices of shares of the ISEQ Smallcaps are more volatile: as trading volumes and liquidity are smaller compared to the ISEQ 20 or ISEQ Overall stocks changes in prices (in percentage) can be much greater than with the more liquid and higher volume shares.

Inclusion criteria and other rules
Originally only stocks that were part of the ISEQ Overall index on 4 January 1999 and a market capitalisation at that date of € 400.000.000 or less were included in the list. For shares that were floated on the ISEQ after the date of 04-01-1999 the following criteria must be met to be included in the Smallcaps index:

 Companies must be eligible for inclusion in ISEQ Overall Index
 Companies which are included in the ISEQ 20 Index are excluded
 Companies must have a market capitalisation of less than or equal to the current SCI Market Cap Threshold

If a company de-lists or is removed from the ISEQ then it will also be excluded from this index. Also if the shares are included in the ISEQ 20 index they will be removed from the Smallcaps index.

Index base date and value
The index is based on the value of the underlying shares on 4 January 1999 and the index was set at 1.000. Publication of this index started on 1 December 1999.

Listing review
The listing of companies in this index is reviewed every 3 months: March, June, September and December.

Constituents
As of March 2014, the list comprised the following companies:

 Abbey Plc.
 Allied Irish Banks
 AMINEX Plc.
 Conroy Gold and Natural Resources
 CPL Resources Plc.
 Datalex
 Donegal Investment Group
 Fastnet Oil & Gas
 First Derivatives
 Great Western Mining Corporation
 IFG Group
 Independent News & Media
 Karelian Diamond Resources
 Mainstay Medical International Plc
 Merrion Pharmaceuticals
 Mincon Group
 Ormonde Mining
 OVOCA Gold
 Permanent TSB Group Holdings
 Petroneft Resources
 Prime Active Capital
 UTV Media
 Zamano

References

External links
Official ISEQ Small prices from Euronext
Official ISEQ Small composition from Euronext

Euronext indices
Economy of the Republic of Ireland

ISEQ Smallcaps


Nero d'Avola (; 'Black of Avola' in Italian) is "the most important red wine grape in Sicily" and is one of Italy's most important indigenous varieties. It is named after Avola in the far south of Sicily, and its wines are compared to New World Shirazes, with sweet tannins and plum or peppery flavours. It also contributes to Marsala Rubino blends.

History
"The Black Grape of Avola" appears to have been selected by growers near Avola (a small town in south east Sicily) several hundred years ago. Initially, it was confined to the southern tip of the island but more recently has spread throughout the island.

Viticulture

The vine likes hot and relatively dry climates.
The districts around Noto (above all Buonivini) and Pachino in the south of the province of Siracusa are reputed for the quality of their Nero d'Avola wines.
The first American producer of Nero d'Avola is Chiarito Vineyards in Ukiah, California (Mendocino County).
Nero d'Avola is also cultivated in Australia, particularly in the hot Riverland and Sunraysia areas where winemakers are producing light, juicy, fragrant wines (see Amato Vino, Chalmers Wines). The variety is also found in Malta, Turkey and recently in South Africa too.

Sensory properties
Colour: cherry or ruby red.
Perfume: typically winy, fruity, strongly reminiscent of blackberries.
Flavour: dry, slightly acidic, rounded, warm and full-bodied.
Serving temperature: ambient.

References

External links
Sicily Wine website

Red wine grape varieties
Wine grapes of Italy
Crops originating from Europe

Nero d'Avola


Gary Conway (born February 4, 1936) is an American actor and screenwriter. His notable credits include a co-starring role with Gene Barry in the detective series Burke's Law from 1963 to 1965.  In addition, he starred in the Irwin Allen sci-fi series Land of the Giants from 1968 to 1970.

Life
Conway married Marian McKnight (Miss America, 1957). They first met while students at the University of California, Los Angeles, where Conway studied art. The couple have two children, Gareth and Kathleen.
 Conway and McKnight have worked together in film production and writing. They owned a winery called Carmody McKnight that they started in 1985. They sold it to the Wonderful Company (Justin Vineyards & Winery) in 2019.

Career
Conway's early film credits include the cult horror films I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (1957) as the monster, How to Make a Monster (1958), and The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent (1958). In 1958, he was cast in the Man Hunt episode of the western aviation television series Sky King with Kirby Grant, Richard Beymer, and Gloria Winters.

In 1960, Conway appeared as Orderly on the TV western Maverick in the episode titled Thunder from the North.  In 1960, Conway appeared as Lt. Charles Williams in the episode Absent Without Leave of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series  Colt .45. In 1960, he appeared  in three episodes (as three different characters of the ABC/WB crime drama Bourbon Street Beat, starring Andrew Duggan. In 1966, he made an unsuccessful television pilot Assault!, made by the producers of Combat! about the US Marine Corps in the Pacific in 1942. From 1968 to 1970, Conway  starred in the TV series Land of the Giants as Captain Steve Burton. Conway starred with Bette Davis in the 1972 television movie The Judge and Jake Wyler. He also guest-starred as the murder victim in the 1973 Columbo episode "Any Old Port in a Storm". Other film credits include Young Guns of Texas (1962), Black Gunn (1972), The Farmer (1977), Once Is Not Enough (1975), American Ninja 2: The Confrontation (1987), and Liberty & Bash (1989). In 1987, Conway had teamed up with Dean Zanetos to form a new production-distribution company, Ambush Entertainment Corporation, which started with a three-feature program, in order to contemplate [sic] video and TV projects as well.

References

External links

1936 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Boston
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Gary Conway


Charlotte, Princess Royal (Charlotte Augusta Matilda; 29 September 1766 – 6 October 1828), was Queen of Württemberg as the wife of King Frederick I. She was the eldest daughter and fourth child of George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Early life

Princess Charlotte was born on 29 September 1766 at Buckingham House, London, to British monarch King George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was christened on 27 October 1766 at St James's Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker, and her godparents were her paternal aunts Caroline Matilda and Louisa and Caroline Matilda's husband King Christian VII of Denmark. The Duke of Portland, Lord Chamberlain, and the Dowager Countess of Effingham, stood proxy for the King and Queen of Denmark.

Charlotte was officially designated as Princess Royal on 22 June 1789. After the birth of three sons in a row, her parents were delighted to have a Princess in the nursery. Like all of her siblings, Charlotte was inoculated, in her case, in December 1768 along with her brother William. As the eldest daughter of the monarch, Charlotte was assumed to be destined for an important marriage on the continent, and her education was considered to be of the utmost importance, beginning when she was only eighteen months old. Since French was the official language in every European court, the little Princess was given a Frenchwoman to be her tutor, in order that she should have no accent. Her memory was another of her early subjects. She was taught to recite little verses and stories, and as a result had an almost uncanny ability to recall detail for the rest of her life. Her early childhood, however, was not  only focused on scholarly pursuits. When she was almost three years old, she took part in her first tableau dressed like Columbine, where she danced with her seven-year-old brother George, Prince of Wales. She was not a naturally musical child and later abhorred such displays of children, declaring that they made children vain and self-important. This did not stop her parents from continuing to show her off. In late 1769, she and the Prince of Wales were once again displayed, this time to the public in a "junior drawing room" in St James's Palace. Charlotte was dressed in a Roman toga and lay on a sofa. Though this type of thing was common in German courts, it was considered vulgar in England, where in reaction a London mob drove a hearse into the Palace courtyard. Afterwards, the Prince of Wales told Lady Mary Coke that the whole event had made Charlotte "terribly tired". Wisely, the King and Queen decided to never repeat the experience.

Though she was the eldest daughter, Charlotte was constantly compared to her sister Augusta Sophia, only two years younger than she. When Augusta was a month old, Lady Mary Coke called her "the most beautiful baby I have ever seen" while Charlotte was "very plain". Passing judgement once again three years later, Charlotte was now "the most sensible agreeable child I ever saw, but in my opinion far from pretty" while Augusta was still "rather pretty". Although the Princess Royal was never as beautiful as her younger sister, she did not share in Augusta's primary flaw: painful shyness. Charlotte also had a stammer that her attendant Mary Dacres tried to help her young charge manage. In 1770, the cluster of the three eldest princesses was completed with the birth of Princess Elizabeth, the seventh child. For the time being the family remained comparatively small (there were fifteen royal children in all), and Charlotte was fortunate in having parents who preferred spending time with their numerous children to spending all their time at court and took her education seriously. However, given the frequency with which children were being produced and the troubles that plagued George III's reign, Charlotte's childhood was not as utopian as her parents planned it to be.

Like her siblings, the Princess Royal was educated by tutors and spent most her childhood at Buckingham House, Kew Palace, and Windsor Castle, where her wet nurse was Frances, wife of James Muttlebury.

Marriage
On 18 May 1797, the Princess Royal was married at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, London, to Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Württemberg, the eldest son and heir apparent of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg and his wife, Margravine Sophia Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

The younger Frederick succeeded his father as the reigning Duke of Württemberg on 22 December 1797. Duke Frederick II had two sons and two daughters by his first marriage to the late Princess Augusta (3 December 1764 – 27 September 1788), the daughter of Duke Karl II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta of Great Britain (the elder sister of George III) and thus Charlotte's first cousin; Princess Augusta was also the elder sister of Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of the future George IV (then Prince of Wales). The marriage between Duke Frederick and the Princess Royal produced one child: a stillborn daughter on 27 April 1798.

Württemberg

In 1800, the French army occupied Württemberg and the Duke and Duchess fled to Vienna. The following year, Duke Frederick concluded a private treaty that ceded Montbéliard to France and brought him Ellwangen in exchange two years later. He assumed the title Elector of Württemberg on 25 February 1803. In exchange for providing France with a large auxiliary force, Napoleon recognized the Elector as King of Württemberg on 26 December 1805. Electress Charlotte became queen when her husband formally ascended the throne on 1 January 1806 and was crowned as such on the same day at Stuttgart, Germany.

Württemberg seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon's  Confederation of the Rhine. However, the newly elevated king's alliance with France technically made him the enemy of his father-in-law, George III. George III, incensed by his son-in-law's assumption of the title and his role as one of Napoleon's most devoted vassals, accordingly refused to address his daughter as "Queen of Württemberg" in correspondence. In 1813, King Frederick changed sides and went over to the Allies, where his status as the brother-in-law of the Prince Regent (later George IV) helped his standing. After the fall of Napoleon, he attended the Congress of Vienna and was confirmed as king. He died in October 1816.

Dowager Queen

The Dowager Queen of Württemberg continued to live at the Ludwigsburg Palace, near Stuttgart, and received visits from her younger siblings, the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Cambridge, the Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg, and Princess Augusta Sophia. She was a godmother (by proxy) at the christening of her niece, Princess Victoria of Kent (the future Queen Victoria), in 1819.

In 1827, Charlotte returned to Britain for the first time since her wedding in 1797. By that time, the sixty years old princess was very heavy and wanted to have surgery for dropsy in England. Steam propulsion had just been introduced on the Rhine, and ensured that the voyage back home would be convenient. On 31 May she embarked on the new steamboat Friedrich Wilhelm. After descending the Rhine the steamboat arrived at Bath on the Western Scheldt. Given her weight, Charlotte had to be lifted aboard Royal Sovereign on a chair that was hoisted. Owing to bad weather, Royal Sovereign then had to leave Bath, and anchor near Vlissingen. On 5 June Charlotte was in Greenwich. In London, she resided at St James's Palace, where she received many visits from her family. The king made a final visit from Windsor Castle on 6 October. On Tuesday 9 October Charlotte left England on board Royal Sovereign, but a storm forced her back into Harwich. On the 14th, Royal Sovereign anchored before Klundert on the Hollands Diep. After spending the night on board, Charlotte embarked on the steamboat Stad Nijmegen. On 19 October she arrived in Frankfurt, where she met the king and queen of Württemberg and the Duke of Cambridge. On 24 October she was back at Ludwigsburg Palace.

Charlotte died at Ludwigsburg Palace on 6 October 1828 and is buried in its royal vault.

Honours and arms

Honours
 Royal Family Order of King George IV
 Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine, 5 April 1797

Arms
As a daughter of the sovereign, Charlotte had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a rose gules, the outer points each bearing a cross gules.

Ancestry

References

External links

1766 births
1828 deaths
18th-century British people
19th-century British people
18th-century British women
19th-century British women
British princesses
Princesses Royal
House of Hanover
People from Westminster
Queens consort of Württemberg
Deaths from edema
Hereditary Princesses of Württemberg
Hanoverian princesses
Princesses of Württemberg
Duchesses of Württemberg
Children of George III of the United Kingdom
Daughters of kings
Women who experienced pregnancy loss

Charlotte, Princess Royal


Robert Roe Canfield (May 12, 1909 – September 1, 1994) was an American lawyer and politician.

Born in Chana, Illinois, Canfield graduated from Rochelle Township High School in Rochelle, Illinois, He graduated from Cornell College and Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law. In 1934, Canfield was admitted to the Illinois bar. He practiced law in Rockford, Illinois and served as state's attorney for Winnebago County, Illinois from 1948 to 1956. Canfield served in the Illinois Senate from 1956 to 1964 and was a Republican. In 1964, he ran for the office if Illinois Attorney General and lost the election. However, Canfield served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1965 to 1967. He served in the 1970 Illinois Constitutional Convention. Canfield died at Swedish American Hospital in Rockford, Illinois.

Notes

External links

1909 births
1994 deaths
People from Ogle County, Illinois
People from Rockford, Illinois
Cornell College alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
District attorneys in Illinois
Illinois lawyers
Republican Party Illinois state senators
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Robert R. Canfield


The Dutch rabbit, also known as Hollander or Brabander, are little rabbits with distinctive white-blazed faces and two-toned bodies. They are small and compact, making them easy to handle even for children. Dutch have short, glossy fur. They come in these colors: black, blue, chocolate, gray, steel, and tortoise. They grow to be 3 1/2 to 5 1/2 pounds. The Dutch rabbit breed originated in the Netherlands. Very early in their development the rabbits with Dutch markings were called Petite Brabicons. When they came to England they were called Hollanders. Later they came to be known as Dutch. Dutch are generally friendly, gentle, and hardy. Because of their small size and social temperament, they are an excellent choice for children.

Dutch are commonly used for showing, and make challenging show rabbits because of their unique markings.

Pets
Mammals of Europe
Lagomorphs

Dutch rabbit


The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia () is a Cabinet-level governmental agency in Estonia in charge of conducting and designing Estonian Foreign policy.

History
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia was established in 1919 soon after the declaration of independence of Estonia on February 23, 1918. After the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August of the same year.
After establishment of the Soviet rule in Estonia, the Estonian diplomatic corps remained in exile and while a national government in exile was eventually established, the diplomatic corps in exile remained a separate institution throughout the Cold War era and the two institutions did not recognize each other. Both the Estonian diplomats and the government in exile promoted and called for Estonian independence abroad. Among the Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs in exile were August Rei (1944-1945), Aleksander Warma (1953-1964), August Koern (1964-1982), Elmar Lipping (1982-1990), Olev Olesk (1990-1992). After restoration of independence of Estonia in 1990, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was reestablished in Tallinn.

See also
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Estonia)

Sources
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia

References

Estonia
Foreign Affairs
Estonia, Foreign Affairs
1919 establishments in Estonia

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Estonia)


La Mojarra Stela 1 is a Mesoamerican carved monument (stela) dating from 156 CE (2nd century CE). It was discovered in 1986, pulled from the Acula River near La Mojarra, Veracruz, Mexico, not far from the Tres Zapotes archaeological site.  The  by , four-ton limestone slab contains about 535 glyphs of the Isthmian script.  One of Mesoamerica's earliest known written records, this Epi-Olmec culture monument not only recorded this ruler's achievements, but placed them within a cosmological framework of calendars and astronomical events.

The right side of the stone features a full-length portrait of a man in an elaborate headdress and costume, although the bottom half of the carving is very badly weathered.  Above the figure, 12 short columns of glyphs have been etched into the stone, matched by eight longer columns to the figure's right.  Among these glyphs are two Mesoamerican Long Count calendar dates which correspond to May 143 CE and July 156 CE. The monument is an early example of the type of stela which later became common commemorating rulers of Maya sites in the Classic era.

Description and interpretation
The figure engraved onto Stela 1 is complex and not easily interpreted.  Pool describes the figure as follows:

Prof. Philip Arnold has tentatively identified the stylized sharks as the Olmec Fish/Shark Monster, a symbol of rulership.

According to Mary Ellen Miller, the figure wears the headdress of the Principal Bird Deity.  Bird deities were often featured on stelae of this period, and can be seen on Izapa Stela 4 as well on monuments at Kaminaljuyu, Takalik Abaj, and Zaculeu.

The Tuxtla Statuette, a small , also portrays a human dressed as a bird.  It comes from the same culture and period as Stela 1, and both feature Isthmian script glyphs.  These two artifacts were found roughly  apart and their Long Count dates are separated by only 6 years.  They may even refer to the same person.

Discovery and decipherment
For some years after discovery, the monument was in storage in the Museo de Antropología in Xalapa. In November 1995, as the monument was being prepared for display, a previously neglected series of glyphs was noticed on one side in eroded but still partially recognizable condition.

In 1993, and again in 1997, after discovery of the new column of glyphs, John Justeson and Terrence Kaufman put forward a proposed decipherment of the glyphs.  This decipherment names the figure depicted as "Harvester Mountain Lord", and describes his ascension to kingship, a solar eclipse, appearances of Venus, warfare, and an attempted usurpation, human sacrifice (perhaps Harvester Mountain Lord's brother-in-law) and Harvester Mountain Lord's own bloodletting.

This decipherment has been disputed by Michael D. Coe and Stephen D. Houston, among others.  Resolution of this debate will likely need to await further archaeological discoveries.

Notes

See also
 Detail showing one of the two Long Count dates.

References
 (2005) "The Shark-Monster in Olmec Iconography", in Mesoamerican Voices, 2005, v. 2.
  (2001) "Mojarra, La (Veracruz, Mexico)", in Evans, Susan, ed., Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America, Taylor & Francis, London.
 (2006) Ritual and Power in Stone: The Performance of Rulership in Mesoamerican Izapan Style Art, University of Texas Press, Austin, Texas, .

 (2001) Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts .
 (2000) "Early Mesoamerican Writing Systems" on University of Pittsburgh Department of Anthropology website (accessed January 2008).
 (2001) Landscape and Power in Ancient Mesoamerica, Westview Press.

 (2007) Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica, Cambridge University Press, .
 (1997) "Epi-Olmec Decipherment" in Archaeology, online (accessed January 2008).

2nd-century establishments
2nd-century inscriptions
1986 archaeological discoveries
Epi-Olmec culture
Inscriptions in undeciphered writing systems
Mesoamerican inscriptions
Mesoamerican stelae

La Mojarra Stela 1


Agender describes a person with no gender identity. It means that someone does not feel like they fall under any gender. "A-" is a prefix that means 'no' or 'none.' An agender person feels like as if they are neither a male nor a female.

Agender is also referred to as "genderless", "genderqueer", or "ungendered". Some people who identify themselves as agender may also identify themselves as transgender. However, some don't, as some feel this implies that they identify as a gender other than their assigned gender at birth, and prefers to stick with "agender." Agender may be seen as a non-binary gender, or as a statement of not having a gender identity at all.

Some Agender people more also (but not necessarily) experience gender dysphoria if they are unable to express their identity as something they're comfortable with.

A majority of agender people prefer "they/them" as their pronouns, however, some agender people prefer unique pronouns such as "xe/xer" or "ze/zem", known as neopronouns, others can use conventional pronouns, such as he/him or she/her, or uncommon pronouns, such as one/one's or it/its. Some agender people wish to change their bodies to feel more comfortable, while other don't and prefer to stick with the body they already have.

Despite identifying as not having a gender, Agender individuals can still identify under any sexuality, and should not be confused with asexuality.

Related pages

 Neutrois

References

Non-binary gender

Agender


Up Against the Wall Motherfucker, often shortened as The Motherfuckers or UAW/MF, was a Dadaist and Situationist anarchist affinity group based in New York City. This "street gang with analysis" was famous for its Lower East Side direct action.

History
The Motherfuckers grew out of a Dada-influenced art group called Black Mask with some additional people involved with the anti-Vietnam War Angry Arts week, held in January 1967. Formed in 1966 by Ben Morea, a painter of Catalan origins, and the poet Dan Georgakas, Black Mask produced a broadside of the same name and declared that revolutionary art should be "an integral part of life, as in primitive society, and not an appendage to wealth". In May 1968, Black Mask changed its name and went underground. Their new name, Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers, came from a poem by Amiri Baraka. Abbie Hoffman characterized them as "the middle-class nightmare... an anti-media media phenomenon simply because their name could not be printed".

1967 – Forced their way into The Pentagon during an anti-war protest.
1967 – Flung blood, eggs and stones at U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk who was attending a Foreign Policy Association event in New York.
January, 1968 – "Assassinated" poet Kenneth Koch (using blanks).
February, 1968 - Dumped uncollected refuse from the Lower East Side into the fountain at Lincoln Center on the opening night of a gala "bourgeois cultural event" during a NYC garbage strike (an event documented in the Newsreel film Garbage).
1968 – Organized and produced free concert nights in the Fillmore East after successfully demanding that owner Bill Graham give the community the venue for a series of weekly free concerts. These "Free Nights" were short-lived as the combined forces of NY City Hall, the police, and Graham terminated the arrangement.
 December 12, 1968 - Created a ruckus at the Boston Tea Party: after the MC5 opened for the Velvet Underground one of the Motherfuckers got on stage and started haranguing the audience, directing them to "...burn this place down and take to the streets...". This got "The Five" banned from the venue.

December 18, 1968 - Rioted at an MC5 show at the Fillmore East. Some "beat (Graham) with a chain and broke his nose". This got the Detroit band banned from all venues controlled by Graham and his friends.
Cut the fences at Woodstock, allowing thousands to enter for free.

Associations
Valerie Solanas, a radical feminist and would-be assassin of Andy Warhol, was friends with Morea and associated with the Motherfuckers. In the film I Shot Andy Warhol, the gun used in her attack is alleged to have been taken from Morea.

When Morea was asked in a 2005 interview by John McMillian of The New York Press how he had been able to rationalize supporting Solanas, Morea replied, "Rationalize? I didn't rationalize anything. I loved Valerie and I loathed Andy Warhol, so that's all there was to it." He then added "I mean, I didn't want to shoot him." He then added: "Andy Warhol ruined art."

Prior to becoming the Motherfuckers, the Situationist International accepted Morea's group as its New York chapter.

Influence as a slogan
The phrase was taken from the poem, "Black People!" by Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones): "The magic words are: Up against the wall, mother fucker, this is a stick up!" This, in turn, was a reference to a phrase "supposedly barked by Newark cops to Negroes under custody." The poem had appeared in The New York Times in 1968 and Mark Rudd, an organizer for Columbia University's Students for a Democratic Society, provocatively quoted the line in an open letter to the university president.

Most of the lyrics for the 1969 song "We Can Be Together", by the acid rock band Jefferson Airplane, were taken virtually word-for-word from a leaflet written by Motherfucker John Sundstrom, and published as "The Outlaw Page" in the East Village Other. The lyrics read in part, "We are all outlaws in the eyes of America. In order to survive we steal, cheat, lie, forge, fuck, hide, and deal... Everything you say we are, we are... Up Against the Wall, Motherfucker!" The song marked the first use of the word "fuck" on U.S. television, when the group played it uncensored on The Dick Cavett Show on August 19, 1969. This song also helped popularize the phrase as a counterculture rallying cry, over and beyond the immediate impact of the anarchist group.

At various times, the line became popular among several groups that came out of the sixties, from Black Panthers to feminists and even "rednecks." In 1968, David Peel and the Lower East Side included the song "Up against the Wall, Motherfucker" on their album entitled Have a Marijuana. In the 1970s, Texas country singer-songwriter Ray Wylie Hubbard adapted the famous phrase for a song he wrote entitled "Up Against the Wall, Redneck Mother". The phrase was also used as a song title on the album Penance Soiree by the Icarus Line.

The line was famously shouted by Patty Hearst during the robbery of Hibernia Bank in San Francisco.

Simulation game
In 1969, Columbia University history major Jim Dunnigan, who would later found Simulation Publications, Inc., published a simulation game in the March 11, 1969 edition of the Columbia Spectator named Up Against the Wall, Motherfucker! The game was based on recent disturbances at Columbia University and allowed the players to play either as protestors or administration with victory determined by winning over various stakeholder groups.

References

Further reading

 Ben Morea's blog

1967 establishments in New York City
Anti-consumerist groups
Defunct anarchist organizations in North America
Far-left politics in the United States
Left-wing militant groups in the United States
New Left
Organizations established in 1967

Up Against the Wall Motherfucker