This Old House is an American home improvement media brand with television shows, a magazine, and a website. The brand is headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut. The television series airs on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television network and follows remodeling projects of houses over a series of weekly episodes.

Boston PBS station WGBH-TV originally created the program and produced it from its inception in 1979 until 2001, when Time Inc. acquired the television assets and formed This Old House Ventures. WGBH also distributed episodes to PBS until 2019, when WETA-TV became the distributor starting with season 41. Warner Bros. Domestic Television distributes the series to commercial television stations in broadcast syndication. Time Inc. launched This Old House magazine in 1995, focusing on home how-to, know-how, and inspiration.

In 2016, Time Inc. sold This Old House Ventures to executive Eric Thorkilsen and private equity firm TZP Growth Partners (although it continued to have a special partnership deal with its former parent company). On March 19, 2021, Roku acquired This Old House Ventures.

Overview
This Old House and its sister series Ask This Old House are often broadcast together as The This Old House Hour, which was originally known as The New This Old House Hour. Both shows are owned by This Old House Ventures, Inc. and are underwritten by GMC and The Home Depot.

Two of the original underwriters were Weyerhauser and Owens-Corning. Weyerhauser, a lumber distributor, had donated more than $1,000,000 a year to the show by 1989.  This Old House is also underwritten by State Farm Insurance, HomeServe, and Marvin Windows and Doors. Other underwriters throughout the show's tenure have included Parks Corporation, Glidden, Montgomery Ward, Ace Hardware, Kohler, Schlage, Century 21 Real Estate, Toro, ERA Real Estate, Angie's List, Amica Mutual Insurance, GAF, Mitsubishi Electric, and Lumber Liquidators.

The third series to share the name is Inside This Old House, a retrospective featuring highlights from previous episodes. Old episodes are also shown under the program name This Old House Classics and were formerly shown on The Learning Channel under the name The Renovation Guide. Only the episodes with original host Bob Vila aired under that name. , Classics are also carried on the commercial non-broadcast DIY Network as well as syndicated to local TV stations.

This Old House  was one of the earliest home improvement shows on national television. As such, it was initially controversial among building contractors, and some cast members were afraid that they were giving away secrets of the building trades. As time passed the show grew into a cultural icon, and producer-director Russell Morash became known as the "Father of How-To".

History

Begun in 1979 as a one-time, thirteen-part series airing on WGBH, This Old House has grown into one of the most popular programs on the network. It has produced spin-offs (notably The New Yankee Workshop hosted by Norm Abram), a magazine, and for-profit websites. The show has won seventeen Emmy Awards and received 82 nominations.

Although WGBH acquired the first two project houses (6 Percival Street in Dorchester and the Bigelow House in Newton) for renovation, the series originally focused on renovating older houses, including those of modest size and value, with the homeowners doing some of the work as a form of sweat equity. The series covering the renovation of the Westwood house (Weatherbee Farm) became something of a cult classic because of an escalating dispute between the hosts, Vila and Abram, and the homeowners over the direction the project was taking. Vila remarked at the end of the Westwood series that the owners could have contributed more "sweat equity". As the show evolved, it began to focus on higher-end, luxury homes with more of the work done by expert contractors and tradespeople.

Vila left This Old House in 1989 following a dispute over his doing commercials, and he created a similar show called Bob Vila's Home Again. According to news reporter Barbara Beck, Vila was fired by WGBH Boston over making TV commercials for Rickel Home Centers, The Home Depot's competitor. Home Depot, the show's underwriter, dropped its local sponsorship for This Old House after Vila made the commercials. Vila was fired in an effort to have Home Depot return as a sponsor to the show. During Vila's tenure, the show drew eleven million viewers and had won five Emmys. Weyerhauser, at this time a supplier for The Home Depot, stopped underwriting the show.

Steve Thomas took over hosting duties after Vila's departure, remaining with the program until 2003. Cast members later complained that Vila took up too much screen time for himself, and noted that the show became more of an ensemble production after he left.

Since 2003, Kevin O'Connor has been the host of This Old House. Before O'Connor joined the cast, he was a homeowner who appeared on Ask This Old House, seeking help with wallpaper removal. During O'Connor's tenure as host, Abram's role increased to that of a near co-host. In at least a few season-opening episodes (in Cambridge, Carlisle, and Austin), Abram appeared alongside O'Connor to introduce the new project, and Abram also filled in for O'Connor when O'Connor's son was born during the Carlisle project.

Beginning with the 2007–08 season, This Old House and Ask This Old House are presented in a high-definition television format.

To celebrate its 30th anniversary season, This Old House worked with Nuestra Comunidad to renovate a foreclosed home in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood. Nuestra Comunidad is a non-profit development corporation that acquired this 1870s-era Second Empire style home from a bank foreclosure.

In 2016, Time Inc. sold This Old House to a joint venture operating as This Old House Ventures, LLC.

To celebrate the 40th season in 2019, a retrospective and revisit of some of the more-notable projects were incorporated into a handful of episodes, with some of the original homeowners providing tours. The first house highlighted was the original 1979 project house in Dorchester.

On March 19, 2021, TZP Growth Partners completed the sale of This Old House Ventures to Roku. All 1,500 episodes of Ask This Old House and This Old House will be made available to owners of Roku streaming products free with ads, and through their dedicated 24/7 Streaming TV channel. PBS will still have rights to air episodes on their platforms.

Theme music

Ask This Old House

In 2002, Time Inc. created a spinoff of This Old House entitled Ask This Old House. The show was inspired by a similar feature in This Old House Magazine. It takes place in "the loft" of a rural barn somewhere in the Boston area. The regulars on the show have been Kevin O'Connor, Tom Silva, Richard Trethewey, and Roger Cook.  Norm Abram does not appear on Ask This Old House. In later seasons, the spin-off program added landscape expert Jennifer Nawada Evans, eventually replacing Roger Cook, who retired due to unspecified health issues. Other experts making regular appearances include masonry specialist Mark McCullough, paint and finish specialist Mauro Henrique, and electricians Scott Caron and Heath Eastman. Ross Trethewey is the shows building engineer and leads the TV segment called "Future House", covering home automation and related technology.

Magazine readers or show viewers submit home repair or improvement questions to the four regulars, who sometimes also invite guest experts to answer more-specialized questions. Most of the questions are answered in the home-base loft, but one or two homeowners in each episode receive an on-site visit from one of the show's hosts. The visiting host assists in starting or completing the task with the homeowners' hands-on participation. Over the course of several seasons, at least one of the traveling team members has been featured in a segment in each of the 50 US states.

Ask This Old House had a program segment called "What Is It?". In this segment, three of the four regulars would offer humorous guesses as to the function of an unusual tool or device, before the fourth regular would reveal its actual use. The segment was so popular that it would sometimes feature notable celebrity guests such as Jimmy Fallon, Nick Offerman, and Richard Mastracchio, the latter of whom broadcast from space. Beginning with the 2007–08 season, Ask This Old House added a "Useful Tip" segment provided by a viewer of the show; this is a revival of a short-lived feature of This Old House when Bob Vila hosted the show. Another occasional feature is "Home Inspection Nightmares", in which viewer-submitted photographs of badly-made or deteriorated home installations are shown and commented on by the hosts.

The opening sequence of Ask This Old House consisted of a GMC van towing the dark-blue Ask This Old House trailer from around Massachusetts before reaching the barn at the end. The 25-second version of the opening sequence showed Tom Silva, as passenger, picking up four coffees from a drive-through. The original version had Steve Thomas as the driver. The 40-second version of the opening sequence showed Kevin O'Connor as the driver. In both versions, after the van pulls into the barn driveway, the footage cuts to Richard Trethewey handing out the coffees to the other three regulars. The original opening sequence has since been modified, and still shows the travels of the small trailer which has the Ask This Old House logo prominently displayed.

Ask This Old House has been nominated for five Emmy Awards.

This Old House magazine
This Old House magazine was first published in 1995 by Time Inc. Published eight times per year, the magazine has a circulation of over 950,000 and reaches nearly 6 million consumers each month. Nathan Stamos is the publisher. , Susan Wyland, best known for her tenure on Time Inc.'s Real Simple magazine, became the magazine's editor in chief, replacing Scott Omelianuk, who had been editor for 12 years.

ThisOldHouse.com is the brand's website and features how-to projects and inspiration and tips for homeowners. The website also serves as the online destination for the television show and includes bios on the cast, information on all of the home projects, and live webcams of the current house projects.

Inside This Old House

A short-lived spin-off of the This Old House franchise, Inside This Old House was shown primarily on the A&E Network and originally aired from 2003 to 2004. The show was very much like Ask This Old House: it was shot mainly in the "loft", was hosted by O'Connor, and featured the regular experts listed above and also Abram (master carpenter). However, unlike Ask This Old House, usually one or two experts were used throughout the episode and a specific theme was discussed. The theme was usually a particular topic (e.g., landscaping, installing doors, etc.). Along with the in-house expert, and sometimes a guest expert, clips were shown of past episodes of This Old House (mainly the original episodes with Bob Vila) to further illustrate the point as well as revisit past projects undertaken over the previous 25 years to see what the homeowners have done since airing. Each episode ended with a segment called "Inside Out", which featured one of the two guest commentators, Jimmy Dunn and Doreen Vigue, and one of the experts, with a brief and comedic overview of what was discussed on the show.

This Old House: Trade School
In 2017, The CW network began airing a new spin-off, This Old House: Trade School. It is also hosted by Kevin O'Connor and is repurposed to meet E/I regulations for people 13 to 16 years old as part of the One Magnificent Morning program block. Trade School features the stars of This Old House, Norm Abram, Tom Silva, Richard Trethewey, and Roger Cook, showing what it is like to work alongside these seasoned pros.

Episodes

Personnel

Current cast
As of 2022, the cast is as follows:
 Kevin O'Connor (host)
 Tom Silva (general contractor)
 Richard Trethewey (plumbing and heating expert)
 Jenn Nawada (landscape contractor)
 Mauro Henrique (painter)
 Mark McCullough (mason)
 Heath Eastman (electrician)
 Charlie Silva (home builder)
 Ross Trethewey (building engineer)

Former cast

 Norm Abram (master carpenter, 1979–2022)
 Roger Cook (landscape contractor, 1988–2020)
 Steve Thomas (host, 1989–2003)
 Bob Vila (host, 1979–1988)

Hosts
The first host of This Old House was designer-builder and remodeling expert Bob Vila. He hosted the program from 1979 to 1989, when he left This Old House to become a spokesman for Sears Roebuck & Company. From 1990 to 2005 he hosted the spinoff program Bob Vila's Home Again, and from 2005 to 2007 he hosted Bob Vila.

For the original program, Vila was followed by Steve Thomas, who hosted from 1989 to 2003. In 2003, Thomas left the show and was replaced by current host Kevin O'Connor.

In popular culture

Like many successful programs, This Old House has found its way into the humorist's eye on occasion. The most famous example is Tool Time, the "show-within-a-show" on the American television situation comedy Home Improvement. Tim Allen played Tim Taylor, a character inspired by Bob Vila, while Richard Karn portrayed Al Borland, a character based on Norm Abram. Bob Vila also guest-starred from time to time as Tim's rival and archenemy. In one episode in 1994, Vila challenges Tim to a hot rod race and Tim tells Vila that he will kick Vila back to "That Old House". When Vila tells Tim that he's no longer on "This Old House" and that he started a new show called "Home Again", Tim says he'll kick Vila "Home Again".

HBO's Hardcore TV parodied This Old House as "This Old Whore House", "This Old House of Style", and "This Old House Party". Bill Nye the Science Guy parodied the show as "This Old Brain", as well as "This Old Climate"; both featured Pat Cashman as Bob Liam. Nick at Nite's On the Television parodied the show as "This Old Backyard".

In 1985, PBS produced its own parody of This Old House titled "This Old Shack", which featured "Bob Villa" and master carpenter "Paul Thumbs" in a three-part rehab in Arlington. In the seventh season of the second series of ZOOM, there was a parody of This Old House retitled as "This Old Place" wherein "Abe Norman" (a parody of Norm Abram), played by Kyle Morrow, would fix something (e.g., a washing machine) that would never function as it should. On one occasion, he put a gown in a washing machine and it came out as the shirt he was wearing currently.

The Disney Channel's The All New Mickey Mouse Club parodied the show as "This Old Home", which featured renovations on the candy house from Hansel and Gretel. Fred Newman portrayed Bob Vilalalala (a parody of Bob Vila). In 1986, Late Night with David Letterman parodied This Old House as "This House Needs Work with David Letterman", wherein Chris Elliott portrayed a head carpenter. In 2000, Blame Society Productions released a parody of This Old House titled "My Old House with Bob Voila". Almost Live! parodied This Old House as "This Here Place", which featured Pat Cashman as "Bob Bobbin".

In 1988, John Larroquette portrayed Bob Vila on the NBC late-night sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live in a parody of This Old House with homeowners Tom (Kevin Nealon) and Peggy McGuinness (Victoria Jackson) in which he rehabilitates an 1865 Victorian farmhouse to have load-bearing walls that sweat blood. Another SNL sketch shows Phil Hartman portraying a robot named XG-7000 who hosts a PBS show called "Robot Repair", where he shows the viewers how to repair a variety of things, like a grandfather clock. The robot objects to the title, saying that it misleadingly implies that robots are in need of repair, rather than doing the repairs, and asks the producer to change it. For the next several weeks, the show's name changes, to equally, if not increasingly, misleading titles, such as "Robot Repair and You", "Explaining Robots", and "Let's Fix, Robots", much to XG-7000's increasing frustration, eventually to the point where he's considering harming the producer, even though his programming prevents him from doing so. Finally, after the title is changed to "This Old Robot", XG-7000 experiences a complete meltdown, and storms off the set to kill the producer. The sketch would end with FOX show called "Fugitive Robots", (parody of America's Most Wanted), where an FBI agent (played by Jon Lovitz) remarked that XG-7000 was now wanted for the brutal murder of said producer, and he identified the show as "Robot Restoration" which was supposedly about how to fix robots. The skit ends with the text reading onscreen: "Fugitive Robots, previously known as Robot Apprehension".

Fox's long-running sketch comedy show Mad TV did a parody called "This Cold House". Fox's In Living Color parodied This Old House as "This Ol' Box". Damon Wayans portrayed a homeless person named Anton Jackson, who talks about renovating a large cardboard box where he lived.

In the mid-1980s, a special on PBS station WTTW-Chicago starring Jim Belushi ostensibly showcasing three pilots for potential new programs featured Belushi as "Bobby Viola," the host of a parody titled "This Old Car."

References

External links

1979 American television series debuts
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
2020s American television series
Companies based in Stamford, Connecticut
Construction in the United States
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show winners
Do it yourself
English-language television shows
Home renovation television series
Magazines established in 1995
PBS original programming
Television series by WGBH
Woodworking mass media
Magazines published in Connecticut
Mass media in Stamford, Connecticut

This Old House


Piatt Township ( ) is a township in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,045 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Williamsport Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Piatt Township was formed from part of Mifflin Township by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace of Lycoming County on April 30, 1857. The new township encompassed what was the southernmost part of Mifflin Township. Piatt Township is named for William Piatt, an associate judge in Lycoming County when the township was created.

When colonial settlers first arrived in what is now Piatt Township they were outside the western boundary of what was then the Province of Pennsylvania. These settlers were not under the jurisdiction or protection of any type from any of the Thirteen Colonies. They became known as the Fair Play Men. These men established their own form of government, known as the "Fair Play System", with three elected commissioners who ruled on land claims and other issues for the group. In a remarkable coincidence, the Fair Play Men made their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4, 1776, beneath the "Tiadaghton Elm" on the banks of Pine Creek.

In the American Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley, including Piatt Township, were attacked by Loyalists and Native Americans allied with the British. After the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 (near what is now Wilkes-Barre) and smaller local attacks, the "Big Runaway" occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies. Homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury. The abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers soon returned, only to flee again in the summer of 1779 in the "Little Runaway". Sullivan's Expedition helped stabilize the area and encouraged resettlement, which continued after the war.

Larrys Creek, which bisects Piatt Township, is named for Larry Burt, the first settler in the area, who lived near the mouth of the creek near what is now the hamlet of Larrys Creek. He traded with the indigenous peoples and according to tradition had a Native American wife. Burt was already there when surveyors came through in 1769 (after the land was purchased in the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix), but disappeared sometime soon after, perhaps moving west with the Native Americans who left the area.

Other settlers soon followed Burt to what is now Piatt Township. They settled along the banks of Larrys Creek near where the creek flows into the West Branch Susquehanna River. Peter Duffy was one of the most prominent of the early settlers. He settled with his family at the mouth of Larrys Creek in August 1784. Duffy's journey from County Kildare, Ireland, was a long and difficult struggle. He left from Dublin in July 1775 during the early years of the American Revolution. Duffy was an acquaintance of Major John Pitcairn. Pitcairn was with the Royal Marines and was part of the British force that was occupying Boston at the outset of the Revolution. Pitcairn was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. This left Duffy without a point of contact in the Thirteen Colonies.

Duffy and his family landed in Philadelphia in August 1775. After a short stay in the Philadelphia area, he and his family moved further inland to Lancaster County. The family spent seven years in the Lancaster area before moving to Coxestown, now known as Susquehanna Township, just north of Harrisburg in Dauphin County. The Duffys owned a home along the banks of the Susquehanna River for about a year before it was flooded and accidentally burned in the winter of 1784. Duffy did not lot this stop him. He gathered his family and migrated further still into the Pennsylvania frontier. The Duffy family was joined by the Stewart family on their trip from Dauphin County to Lycoming County. Both families settled down to the east of what is now Jersey Shore. The Stewarts settled on the southern side of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Nippenose Township and the Duffys settled on the opposite shore in Piatt Township.

Duffy built his home near where the Great Shamokin Path crossed Larrys Creek. This path became an important road in the settlement of the West Branch Susquehanna Valley. Early pioneers trekked up the road as they continued to move ever westward. Duffy opened an inn that soon became an important stopping point for the pioneers. Duffy was unable to enjoy his prominence for very long. Late one evening, a pack of wolves attacked him along the Great Shamokin Path, and while he fended them off and returned home, he was weakened by the cold and the effort of defending himself. He came down with a severe and fatal cold.

Duffy's widow Martha was left to manage the inn with the help of her children, whose numbers were soon reduced by the February 1807 death of their firstborn son James in an accident at a wedding party at Culbertson's Mill in Duboistown. Martha Duffy was left with her four remaining children. Her second daughter, Catharine, had married and moved with her husband to Meadville in Crawford County. The oldest daughter, Mary Ann, took over management of the inn. Bernard operated the family owned sawmill on Pine Creek, Margaret managed the Duffy family home, and Peter, the son, managed the family farm. These four Duffy children never married and spent the rest of their lives living together in the family home in Piatt Township.

The area of land along the West Branch and Larrys Creek was previously known as "Level Corner". Many of the early settlers were attracted to this area of fertile farmland. Isaac Smith migrated to Piatt Township from Chester County. Smith was a millwright and farmer. Robert Covenhoven was another prominent early settler. He was a veteran of the American Revolution, having fought at the battles of Trenton and Princeton. Covenhoven had returned to the West Branch Valley just before the Big Runaway. Upon hearing of the approaching raiding Indians and Loyalist, Covenhoven rode west along the ridge of Bald Eagle Mountain to warn settlers at Fort Antes (opposite what is now Jersey Shore) and the western part of the valley. Covenhoven is listed as a Fair Play Man and one of the signers of the Tiadaghton Declaration of Independence. Following the Great Runaway, Covenhoven continued to serve as a scout for the Patriot forces on the Pennsylvania frontier. At the conclusion of the war he settled with his wife at Level Corner. They raised a family of three sons and five daughters. Covenhoven lived to the age of 90 and is buried in Northumberland, where he went to live with his daughter Nancy after his wife Mercy's death.

Geography
Piatt Township is in western Lycoming County and is bordered by Mifflin Township to the north, Anthony Township at the northeastern corner, Woodward Township to the east, the West Branch Susquehanna River to the south, and Porter Township to the west. U.S. Route 220 crosses the southern part of the township, passing through the hamlet of Larrys Creek, leading east  to Williamsport and southwest  to Lock Haven. Pennsylvania Route 287 begins at US-220 at Larrys Creek and leads north  to Salladasburg, passing through Larryville in the northern part of the township.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Piatt Township has a total area of , of which  are land and , or 3.17%, are water. Larrys Creek crosses the center of the township, joining the West Branch Susquehanna River at the township's southern border. Stewards Run drains the western part of the township, flowing directly to the West Branch, and Pine Run and its tributary Little Pine Run form the township's eastern border, with Pine Run also flowing directly to the West Branch.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,259 people, 453 households, and 331 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 511 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 99.21% White, 0.08% African American, 0.32% Asian, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.16% of the population.

There were 453 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $37,596, and the median income for a family was $41,842. Males had a median income of $31,101 versus $20,052 for females.  The per capita income for the township was $15,842. About 8.2% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.

References

External links

Townships in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Populated places established in 1769
1769 establishments in Pennsylvania

Piatt Township, Pennsylvania


Foggy Bottom–GWU station is an Washington Metro station in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States. The island-platformed station was opened on July 1, 1977, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines, the station is located on I Street on the George Washington University (GWU) campus. It is the last westbound station in the District of Columbia on these lines before they dive under the Potomac River to Virginia.

History
The station opened on July 1, 1977. Its opening coincided with the completion of  of rail between National Airport and RFK Stadium and the opening of the Arlington Cemetery, Capitol South, Crystal City, Eastern Market, Federal Center SW, Federal Triangle, L'Enfant Plaza, McPherson Square, National Airport, Pentagon, Pentagon City, Potomac Avenue, Rosslyn, Smithsonian and Stadium–Armory stations. Orange Line service to the station began upon the line's opening on November 20, 1978.

Station layout
Foggy Bottom–GWU uses a simple island platform layout: one platform with a track on each side. Track C1 carries eastbound trains to New Carrollton and Largo Town Center whilst track C2 is used by westbound trains to Vienna and Franconia–Springfield. As with all stations on the Metro, there are platform edge lights to warn passengers of incoming trains.

In 2008, WMATA installed red-colored LED lights at Foggy Bottom–GWU and other busy stations after a successful pilot at Gallery Place. There is a 22 coffer "waffle vault" ceiling at Foggy Bottom–GWU as it was one of the first stations to be built in the system; later underground stations abandoned this design for a simpler concrete arch.

There is a single mezzanine located at the center of the platform. Escalators from here allow passengers to descend to platform level or to the sole entrance and exit of the station at the northwestern corner of I and 23rd Streets. A total of two elevators and six escalators (three between the street and mezzanine and three between the mezzanine and platform) are currently in use at the station.

Location
Foggy Bottom–GWU serves the neighborhood of Foggy Bottom and the campus of George Washington University. It is also the nearest station to the Georgetown neighborhood. The station is located at 23rd and I streets in Northwest, just south of Washington Circle, and at the front entrance to the George Washington University Hospital.

Service began on July 1, 1977. The World Bank is located one block south and eight blocks east at Pennsylvania Avenue and 18th Street and The Watergate is slightly more than .75 miles (1.2 km) southwest of the station. Slightly south of The Watergate is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.

Notable places nearby
George Washington University Hospital
Golden Triangle
School Without Walls
Harry S Truman Building (United States Department of State)
Lincoln Memorial
Georgetown
Downtown
Washington Circle
West End
George Washington University
Kennedy Center

References

External links

 The Schumin Web Transit Center: Foggy Bottom–GWU Station
 23rd Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

Stations on the Blue Line (Washington Metro)
Stations on the Orange Line (Washington Metro)
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Washington Metro stations in Washington, D.C.
Foggy Bottom
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1977
Railway stations in Washington, D.C., at university and college campuses
1977 establishments in Washington, D.C.
George Washington University buildings and structures
Railway stations located underground in Washington, D.C.

Foggy Bottom–GWU station


YUI Rich Text Editor is a project developed by Yahoo! as a part of the YUI Library for an online rich-text editor that replaces a standard HTML textarea. It allows for drag and drop inclusion and sizing of images, text coloring, realignment, fonts, italic and bold text. The YUI rich text editor uses a plug-in architecture and it is skinnable along with the rest of the YUI.

Components
The YUI Rich Text Editor (RTE) contains the following components: Editor, SimpleEditor, ToolbarButton, and ToolbarButtonAdvanced. Some differences in the SimpleEditor and the Editor control are that the SimpleEditor uses JavaScript prompts and select elements rather than YUI defined elements.

History
This component was designed and implemented by the Yahoo! developer Dav Glass in order to add a rich text editor component to the YUI.

References

Free text editors
JavaScript-based HTML editors
Software using the BSD license

YUI Rich Text Editor


Real Sociedad de Fútbol, more commonly referred to as Real Sociedad (; Royal Society) in English, Erreala or Reala in Basque, La Real in Spanish, is a Spanish professional sports club in the city of Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, founded on 7 September 1909. It plays its home matches at the Anoeta Stadium.

Real Sociedad won the Liga title in 1980–81 and 1981–82, and finished runner-up in 1979–80, 1987–88, and 2002–03. The club has also won the Copa del Rey three times, in 1909, 1987, and 2020. It contests the Basque derby against rivals Athletic Bilbao. Real Sociedad was a founding member of La Liga in 1929; its longest spell in the top flight was for 40 seasons, from 1967 to 2007.

Traditionally the club followed a policy (similar to that of its rival Athletic) of signing only Basque players, before signing Republic of Ireland forward John Aldridge in 1989. While a strong Basque contingent has been retained among its players, nowadays both non-Basque Spaniards and foreign players are represented at the club. Its youth section subsequent to the all-Basque era has still been very successful in developing internationally renowned players, such as World Cup winners Xabi Alonso and Antoine Griezmann.

The club has competed in the UEFA Champions League four times. In the 2013–14 season, the team finished 4th place in the group stage. In the 2003–04 season, the club progressed to the round of 16 before losing to Lyon. In the 1982–83 European Cup, its predecessor tournament, the team reached the semifinals, only to lose narrowly against Hamburger SV. In the 1981–82, the club lost in the first round against CSKA Sofia.

Aside from football (including a women's team), Real Sociedad also has several sections in athletics, including track and field, field hockey, and basque pelota.

History

Early history

Football was introduced to San Sebastián in the early 1900s by students and workers returning from Britain. In 1904, they formed San Sebastián Recreation Club, the first football club in the city, and in 1905 the club competed in the Copa del Rey. In 1907, a conflict between the club's members caused the team to split with several players (such as Alfonso and Miguel Sena and Domingo Arrillaga) leaving to create a new team in 1908, the San Sebastian Football Club. This team applied to enter the 1909 Copa del Rey, but complications over registration permits saw them compete as Club Ciclista de San Sebastián. This team convincingly defeated the powerful Athletic Club 4–2 in the quarter-finals and then beat Club Español de Madrid 3–1 in the final. A notable figure of this team was George McGuinness, who netted 6 goals in the tournament including the opener in the final.

A few months after this victory, the players who had won the tournament founded the Sociedad de Futbol on 7 September 1909. Sociedad applied to enter the 1910 Copa del Rey, but once again had to compete under a different name, Vasconia de San Sebastián, and once again they reached the final (UECF), where they were beaten by Athletic (0–1). In the same year, King Alfonso XIII – who used San Sebastián as his summer capital – gave the club his patronage, where it subsequently became known as Real Sociedad de Fútbol. The first final the club played as Real Sociedad was in 1913, where FC Barcelona needed three games to beat them. After a 15-year hiatus, Sociedad reached the 1928 final, which was remarkably similar to their previous one since Barcelona again needed three games to beat them at El Sardinero.

Real Sociedad was a founding member of La Liga in 1929. The team came fourth with Francisco "Paco" Bienzobas finishing as the top scorer. The team's name was changed to Donostia Club de Futbol in 1931 with the advent of the Second Spanish Republic, but changed back to Real Sociedad after the Spanish Civil War in 1939. The team has generally fluctuated between the Primera and Segunda divisions, in one period (during the 1940s) managing to be relegated and promoted seven times. Around that time, the sculptor Eduardo Chillida was the team's goalkeeper until injury put a stop to his football career.

The success of the 1980s
The team finished as runners-up in La Liga for the first time in 1979–80, gaining 52 points compared to Real Madrid's 53, and 13 points clear of third-placed Sporting de Gijón. Real Sociedad won its first ever Primera División title at the end of the 1980–81 season, denying Real Madrid a fourth-consecutive title because although both clubs earned 45 points and Madrid had the superior goal difference Sociedad were better in the head-to-heads. This qualified La Real for the 1981–82 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the first round by CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria, who hosted and won the first leg 1–0. The second leg in Spain was a 0–0 draw.

The club retained the Liga title the following season, beating Barcelona by 47 points to 45, under the management of Alberto Ormaetxea. Forward Jesús María Satrústegui was the club's top scorer for 1980–81 with 16 goals. He scored 13 the following season as Pedro Uralde was the top scorer, with 14. The club reached the semi-finals of the 1982–83 European Cup, defeating Víkingur of Iceland, Celtic and Sporting Clube de Portugal before losing 3–2 on aggregate to eventual champions Hamburger SV. Real Sociedad won the Supercopa de España at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, overturning a 1–0 defeat in the first leg to defeat Real Madrid 4–1 on aggregate.

On 11 March 1987, Real Sociedad set a record for most goals in a quarter-final of the Copa del Rey after defeating Mallorca 10–1. In the semi-finals of the same tournament, it beat its Basque rivals Athletic Bilbao 1–0 over two legs. On 27 June 1987, Real Sociedad won its first Copa del Rey title, defeating Atlético Madrid 4–2 on penalties after drawing 2–2. The match was held at La Romareda in Zaragoza, Aragon. In the following season's Copa del Rey, Real Sociedad defeated Atlético Madrid again after defeating them in the quarter-finals. It then beat Real Madrid 5–0 on aggregate in the semi-finals, but lost 1–0 in the final to Barcelona at Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on 30 March 1988. In the 1987–88 La Liga, Real Sociedad were runners-up for the first time since its lost its title – with 51 points to Real Madrid's 62 – and three points clear of third-placed Atlético Madrid.

For many years, Real Sociedad followed the practice of its Basque rivals Athletic Bilbao of signing only Basque players. It abandoned the policy in 1989 when it signed Irish international John Aldridge from Liverpool. Aldridge scored 16 goals in his first season to be the club's top scorer, and fourth-highest scorer of the entire league as La Real finished fifth. In 1990, La Real signed an English striker, Dalian Atkinson of Sheffield Wednesday, who therefore became the club's first black player. He scored 12 goals in his first season, second at the club only to Aldridge's 17. That was Aldridge's final season at La Real, and he left to play in the English 2nd tier at Tranmere Rovers, while Atkinson left to join top-flight Aston Villa.

In 1997–98, Real Sociedad finished third, its best finish since being runners-up for the first time since 1988. Its total of 63 points was 11 less than champions Barcelona but just two less than runners-up Athletic Bilbao. The club finished higher in the table than Real Madrid due to a superior goal differential. Yugoslav striker Darko Kovačević scored 17 times that season, making him the fourth-highest scorer in the league. The third-place finish qualified La Real for the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, where it beat Sparta Prague and Dynamo Moscow before being knocked out in the third round by Atlético Madrid.

21st century

After finishing in 13th position for three consecutive seasons, Real Sociedad were runners-up in the 2002–03 La Liga, its best finish since 1988. Its tally of 76 points was only beaten by Real Madrid's 78, and La Real had four more points than third-placed Deportivo de La Coruña. The club was managed by Frenchman Raynald Denoueix. La Real's strikeforce combined the Turkish striker Nihat Kahveci with Yugoslav international Darko Kovačević. The two were third and fourth top scorer in the league respectively, with 23 and 20 goals. The team also included Dutch international goalkeeper Sander Westerveld and Xabi Alonso in midfield. Alonso was the winner of the 2003 Don Balón award for the best Spanish player in the league, while Kahveci was voted the best foreign player and Denoueix the best manager.

Key moments from that season came when Real Sociedad beat Real Madrid in April 4–2 at the Anoeta Stadium. It kept first place in La Liga until the penultimate game of 38, when it lost 3–2 away to Celta de Vigo, while Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4–0. This meant that Real Madrid secured first place two points clear of Real Sociedad for the last game, where La Real defeated Atlético Madrid 3–0 and Real Madrid beat Athletic Bilbao to win the title. The team qualified directly for the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League after finishing second; it was unbeaten at home, scored 71 goals in total and lost just six times.

Real Sociedad were placed in Group D of the 2003–04 Champions League with Juventus, Galatasaray and Olympiacos. The team won two matches, drew three and lost away to Juventus to finish second and advance to the last 16. It was knocked out after losing 1–0 in both games against Lyon, hosting the first game. The 2003–04 La Liga saw a dramatic decline in the club's performance, slipping to 15th out of 20. Their tally of 46 points was only five more than relegated Real Valladolid.

On 9 September 2006, Real Sociedad played its 2,000th La Liga match. That same season, they were relegated from La Liga, finishing 19th and ended a 40-year streak there, their longest ever stay in the top flight. On 9 July 2007, former Welsh international and Fulham manager Chris Coleman was appointed as the new club coach, on the recommendation of former Real Sociedad manager John Toshack, an important board member at the club. Coleman resigned on 16 January 2008.

In the 2012–13 season, Real Sociedad finished in fourth place and qualified for the 2013–14 Champions League for the first time since the 2003–04 season, but in the play-offs, this time. In the play-offs, the club defeated Lyon 2–0 in both legs to qualify for the group stage. Real Sociedad, however, did not make it out of the group, earning just one point.

On 10 November 2014, Real Sociedad announced David Moyes as the chosen manager to replace Jagoba Arrasate, who was sacked following a series of poor results. Moyes became the sixth British manager in the club's history, however he was sacked 9 November 2015 after falling to 16th in La Liga. Later that day, he was replaced by Eusebio Sacristán.

Sacristán signed an initial contract until 30 June 2017. His contract was renewed in 2017, but Sacristán was ultimately dismissed after a string of poor performances left that 15th in the table and drawn into a relegation battle. Aiser Garitano became the next head coach, having arrived from Leganés. He lasted only seven months before being dismissed, with the team also in 15th place, with only five wins in his seventeen league matches.

Garitano was succeeded by reserve team manager and local boy Imanol Alguacil on 26 December 2018. During his tenure, he oversaw an attacking style of play combining pace, precision, power, and exuberance.

In 2008, at Real Sociedad's annual general meeting, Iñaki Badiola, at the time the club's president, accused the preceding club management of buying doping substances. In 2013 Badiola gave an extended interview were he accused José Luis Astiazarán's presidency of paying up to €300,000 to Eufemiano Fuentes to dope players on the team between 2001 and 2007. José Luis Astiazarán, who was Real Sociedad's president between 2001 and 2005, denied the claims.

Real Sociedad won its third Copa del Rey on 3 April 2021, the nearly year-long delayed 2020 Copa del Rey Final due to COVID-19, in a Basque derby against Athletic Bilbao. In the 2022–23 season, the club finished fourth in La Liga to qualify to the next season's Champions League for the first time in ten years.

Stadium and facility

Real Sociedad plays home fixtures in the Anoeta Stadium. The venue is owned by the San Sebastián Municipal Council.

Name and colours
The club's name means "Royal Society of Football" in Spanish. The club's name was changed to Donostia Club de Futbol in 1931 with the advent of the Second Spanish Republic, but changed back to Real Sociedad after the Spanish Civil War in 1939. The club is nicknamed in Basque as Erreala or the txuri-urdin ("white-blue" due to the colours of their kit). The colours stem from the flag of San Sebastián: a blue canton on a white field.

Fanbase
The Spanish Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre of Sociological Investigations) found out that of 2,473 adults interviewed in 49 provinces in 2007, 1.3% of the Spanish population have more feelings for Real Sociedad than any other club, and 1.5% have more feelings for La Real than any other club apart from their favourite.

In appreciation of the value of the supporters to the club – in the words of club president Jokin Aperribay, "The fans are the soul, the nourishment and the reason for Real Sociedad" – the players each wore the name of a randomly selected club member on their shirt for the match against Sevilla in December 2012.

Honours

Domestic

League
 La Liga
 Winners (2): 1980–81, 1981–82

 Segunda División
 Winners (3): 1948–49, 1966–67, 2009–10

Cup
 Copa del Rey
 Winners (2): 1986–87, 2019–20

 Supercopa de España
 Winners (1): 1982

Regional competition
 Gipuzkoa Championship
 Winners (6): 1918–19, 1922–23, 1924–25, 1926–27, 1928–29, 1932–33

Notes

Players

Current squad

Reserve team

Other players under contract

Out on loan

Seasons

Recent seasons

{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Season
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pld
! W
! D
! L
! GF
! GA
! Pts
!Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|-
|2013–14
|1D
|align=right |7th
|align=right|38||align=right|16||align=right|11||align=right|11
|align=right|62||align=right|55||align=right|59
||Semi-final
|UCL|||Group stage|||
|-
|2014–15
|1D
|align=right |12th
|align=right|38||align=right|11||align=right|13||align=right|14
|align=right|44||align=right|51||align=right|46
||Round of 16
|UEL|||Play-off round|||
|-
|2015–16
|1D
|align=right |9th
|align=right|38||align=right|13||align=right|9||align=right|16
|align=right|45||align=right|48||align=right|48
||Round of 32
|||||
|-
|2016–17
|1D
|align=right |6th
|align=right|38||align=right|19||align=right|7||align=right|12
|align=right|59||align=right|53||align=right|64
||Quarter-final
|||||
|-
|2017–18
|1D
|align=right |12th
|align=right|38||align=right|14||align=right|7||align=right|17
|align=right|66||align=right|59||align=right|49
||Round of 32
|UEL|||Round of 32|||
|-
|2018–19
|1D
|align=right |9th
|align=right|38||align=right|13||align=right|11||align=right|14
|align=right|45||align=right|46||align=right|50
||Round of 16
||||||
|-
|2019–20
|1D
|align=right |6th
|align=right|38||align=right|16||align=right|8||align=right|14
|align=right|56||align=right|48||align=right|56
|bgcolor=gold|Winners
||||||
|-
|2020–21
|1D
|align=right |5th
|align=right|38||align=right|17||align=right|11||align=right|10
|align=right|59||align=right|38||align=right|62
||Round of 16
|UEL|||Round of 32|||
|-
|2021–22
|1D
|align=right |6th
|align=right|38||align=right|17||align=right|11||align=right|10
|align=right|40||align=right|37||align=right|62
||Quarter-finals
|UEL|||Knockout round play-offs|||
|-
|2022–23
|1D
|align=right |4th
|align=right|38||align=right|21||align=right|8||align=right|9
|align=right|51||align=right|35||align=right|71
||Quarter-finals
|UEL|||Round of 16|||
|}

Season to season

As Real Sociedad de Fútbol

77 seasons in La Liga
16 seasons in Segunda División

History in European competitions

Overall record
Accurate as of 9 March 2023

Source: UEFA.comPld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal Difference.

Coaching staff

Coaches

Player statistics

Most appearances

Top scorers

Notable former players
Note: this list includes players that have appeared in at least 100 league games and/or have reached international status.

See also
 Real Sociedad B – 1st reserve team in Segunda División
Real Sociedad C – 2nd reserve team in Tercera División
Real Sociedad cantera – youth system up to 19 years, in leagues including División de Honor Juvenil
Real Sociedad Femenino – women's team in the Primera División Femenino

References

External links

 Real Sociedad at La Liga
 Real Sociedad at UEFA

La Liga clubs
Football clubs in the Basque Country (autonomous community)
Copa del Rey winners
Sports clubs and teams in San Sebastián
Multi-sport clubs in Spain
Organisations based in Spain with royal patronage
Association football clubs established in 1909
1909 establishments in Spain
1909 establishments
People named in the Panama Papers
Field hockey clubs in Spain
Segunda División clubs

Real Sociedad


Shennongjia Hongping Airport  is an airport serving the Shennongjia forestry district in the west of Hubei province. It is located in the town of . Construction started in April 2011 with a total investment of over 1 billion yuan. The airport was opened on 8 May 2014, with an inaugural China Eastern Airlines flight from Shanghai Pudong International Airport with a stop in Wuhan.

At an elevation of  above sea level, Shennongjia Airport is the highest airport in China outside the Tibetan Plateau. The airport attracted controversy in China when the media reported that its construction involved significant damage to the environment, as many hills were leveled and caves filled in the Shennongjia natural preserve.

Facilities
The airport has a runway that is  long and  wide, and a 3,000 square-meter terminal building. It is projected to handle 250,000 passengers annually by 2020.

Airlines and destinations

See also
List of airports in China
List of the busiest airports in China
List of highest airports

References

Airports in Hubei
Shennongjia
Airports established in 2014
2014 establishments in China

Shennongjia Hongping Airport


Stanmore Country Park (officially Stanmore Camp Countryside Site) is a  country park in Stanmore, Shropshire,  east of Bridgnorth. Created in 1994 on the former site of RAF Bridgnorth, the park is run by the Shropshire County Council and contains an RAF memorial to those killed who were stationed at the military camp.

Recreational activities

Walking is one of the main recreational activities in this area; there are 80 acres of woodland and meadow with pathways open to the public, consisting of easy circular walks with suitable terrain for pushchairs and wheelchairs. Some of the pathways and the car park has recently been resurfaced.

There is a picnic area near the free main car park, and three radar-operated kissing gates have been installed next to the main pedestrian entrances to the park. Their installation was made possible by funding from The Big Lottery. These radar gates allow large wheelchairs, and mobility scooters to access the park with the possession of a radar key.

History of the site

In the past (1939–63) Stanmore was an RAF camp for basic training of new recruits; the site also provided accommodation for 3,500 trainees, and 800 staff. Now the only remaining building is the boiler-house chimney stack, which serves as a RAF memorial to those stationed at the camp who were killed. This memorial was restored in April 2013 which includes a plaque honouring the men who worked in the RAF; this restoration coincided with the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the closure of the camp. Both old and modern buildings now form part of an industrial estate. The rest of the station has been transformed into a countryside site, with thousands of trees replacing huts and parade grounds.

Wildlife

The derelict land was planted with thousands of trees, which have grown to provide important woodland habitat complete with grassy areas and developing scrub habitat. This habitat provides valuable areas for mammals such as bank and field voles, rabbits and foxes. Bird feeders and nestboxes have encouraged a range of birds including tawny owls, sparrowhawks and green woodpeckers.

External links
 http://www.rafbridgnorth.org.uk/
 https://www.stanmorecountrypark.co.uk/

References

Country parks in Shropshire
Bridgnorth

Stanmore Country Park, Bridgnorth


Parveen Shakir  (;  24 November 1952 – 26 December 1994) was a Pakistani poet, teacher and a civil servant of the government of Pakistan. She is best known for her poems, which brought a distinctive feminine voice to Urdu literature, and for her consistent use of the rare grammatical feminine gender for the word "lover".

Since her death, the "Parveen Shakir Urdu Literature Festival" has been held every year in Islamabad in her memoriam.

Early career
Parveen Shakir started writing at a very young age. She wrote both prose and poetry, contributed columns in Urdu newspapers, and a few articles in English dailies. Initially, she wrote under the pen-name "Beena".

After teaching for nine years, she joined the Civil Service of Pakistan and worked in the customs department. In 1986, she was appointed second secretary of the Central Board of Revenue (now Federal Board of Revenue) in Islamabad, Pakistan.

In 1976, Parveen Shakir published her first volume of poetry Khushbu (Fragrance) to great acclaim. She was awarded one of the highest honours of Pakistan, the Pride of Performance, for her outstanding contributions to literature. She subsequently published other volumes of poetry including Sad-barg (Marsh Marigold) in 1980, and Khud Kalāmi (Soliloquy) and Inkār (Denial) in 1990. These poetry books are collected in Māh-e-Tamām (Full Moon). She also published a collection of her newspaper columns, titled Gosha-e-Chashm (Corner of the Eye). Kaf-e-Āina (The Mirror's Edge) was released posthumously with works from her diaries and journals.

Style of poetry
The two main styles she wrote in were ghazal and āzād nazm (free verse) where she utilized several literary techniques and examined delicate topics to create a full image of the female experience.

Ghazliat

Shakir's ghazliāt are considered "a combination of classical tradition with modern sensitivity", and mainly deal with the feminine perspective on love and romance, and associated themes such as beauty, intimacy, separation, break-ups, distances, distrust, infidelity and disloyalty.

Most of Shakir's ghazliāt contain five to ten couplets, often interrelated. Sometimes, two consecutive couplets may differ greatly in meaning and context, an example of this can be noted in the following couplets:

The ghazliāt rely heavily on metaphors and similes, which are repeatedly and thought-provokingly used to bring force and lyricism in her works. A fine example of this is seen in one of her most famous couplets:

Here, Shakir relates fragrance to an unfaithful lover, air to the unfaithful person's secret loves, and flower to the person being cheated. Other metaphors Shakir commonly uses are titlī (butterfly) for a Romeo, bādal (cloud) for one's love, bārish (rain) for affection, āṅdhī (storm) for difficulties and chāṅd (moon) for loneliness. An example with the central theme of loneliness using the moon as a metaphor is:

Some of her ghazliāt have gained iconic status in Urdu literature. Another notable couplet that is often quoted to comment on the often surprising knowledge and awareness of the younger generation is:

Free verse
Compared to her ghazliāt, Shakir's free verse is much bolder and explores social issues and taboos, including gender inequality, discrimination, patriotism, deceit, prostitution, the human psyche, and current affairs. It is written in a way which was and is still considered modern in Pakistan.

Other than topics of femininity and female sexuality, Shakir also used free verse to write about topics related to economic disparities and the tendency of society to exploit on the weak and poor. Several of her poems lament the harsh reality that many low-income laborers around the world face. For example, her poem "Steel Mills Worker" speaks about the deplorable conditions and long hours workers find themselves doing every day. The poem also describes how these workers are taken for granted and used as a means to an end by those who employ them. The last lines of the poem paint this stark picture vividly.

Another one of her poems, "We Are All Dr Faustus", delves deeper into this subject and directly addresses the prevalence of corruption in wealthy and powerful circles of people. She claimed that the rich achieve their goals but at a grave price, and used these arguments to critique economic systems such as capitalism.

The length of Shakir's free verse poems can range from a few to many lines. Most are written with a central theme while some are written in the mode of stream of consciousness.

Parveen Shakir is known for her use of pop culture references and English words and phrases – a practice that is generally considered inappropriate and is criticised in Urdu poetry. An example is the poem Departmental Store Mein (In a Departmental Store), which is named thus despite the fact that the title could have been substituted with its Urdu equivalent. She also used words like "natural pink", "hand lotion", "shade", "scent" and "pack", and made references to cosmetics brands like Pearl, Revlon, Elizabeth Arden and Tulip in the poem. Other examples are her poems Ecstasy, Nun, Duty, Flower show, and Picnic.

Shakir's free verse also contains a few credited works and poems that are translations of, or inspired by, other authors. Examples are "Wasteland", a poem inspired by Eliot's poem of the same name, "Benasab Wirsay Ka Bojh" (The Burden of Illegitimate Inheritance), a translation of Yeats' "Leda and the Swan", and "Banafshay Ka Phool" (A Violet), inspired by Wordsworth's "A Violet under a hidden rock".

Poetic themes
Parveen Shakir's poems are known for their in-depth exploration of sensitive topics rarely talked about, especially for women. Her poems aimed to encompass all parts of being a woman, from the innocence to the start of being conscious of one's own sexuality, and more adult struggles as well. These include the hardships of love, the restrictions and social pressures faced uniquely by women, and the need for women to be more represented in all areas of society.  One aspect of writing that Shakir is particularly known for is her introduction of female pronouns, both first person and third person, as a way to normalize femininity in poetry, specifically within the realm of Urdu poetry, a traditionally masculine field.

Through her ghazals in particular, she continued to embody a feminine voice through grammatical choices, giving a voice to females and the female experience. Shakir's personal life was extremely influential in the choice of style and topic that she chose to pursue. An example of this would be the tumultuous divorce between her and her husband, which resulted in her losing custody of her son due to Pakistani law. This event was one of the reasons her writing focused heavily on women's issues in regards to their place in society. Many of her poems lament the discrimination women face, especially as a divorcee living in a more conservative country.

Legacy
Parveen Shakir's poetry was well-received, and after her untimely death she is now considered one of the best and "most prominent" modern poets Urdu language has ever produced. Hailed as a "great poetess," her poetry has drawn comparisons to that of Iranian poet Forough Farrokhzad, and she is considered among the breed of writers "regarded as pioneers in defying tradition by expressing the 'female experience' in Urdu poetry."

Her poems were unique in the sense that they exposed and even encouraged freedom of expression among women. She did not shy away from taboo themes; instead, she claimed them and used them to create provocative poems that challenge the dependency of women on men. As influenced by her experience with Pakistani tradition, literary analysts suggest she tried to use her poems to offer a refuge for women fighting misogyny, specifically in South Asian culture.

Her first and most well-known work, Khushbu, was specifically monumental in this regard. In Shakir's writing, she touched on the theme of separation. Shakir's book explored the theme not only in the sense of not only emotionally being alone, but also in regards to unjustly losing social capital as a woman in the absence of a man. Her poems allude to not only what a man provides of her emotionally and physically, but also financially and in terms of societal expectations.

Shakir's work has been acknowledged by several other poets and the media in general. A source states, "Parveen ... seems to have captured the best of Urdu verse ... Owing to [her] style and range of expressions one will be intrigued and ... entertained by some soul-stirring poetry." Another praises "her rhythmic flow and polished wording".

Pakistan's noted literary figure Iftikhar Arif has praised Parveen Shakir for impressing "the young lot through her thematic variety and realistic poetry," for adding "a new dimension to the traditional theme of love by giving expression to her emotions in a simple and pellucid style," and using a "variety of words to convey different thoughts with varying intensities."

The Delhi Recorder has stated that Shakir "has given the most beautiful female touch to Urdu poetry."

Shakir's work in writing, teaching, and government service inspired many women to follow suit. After learning about Shakir's pioneering career, many women decided to join work sectors that seldom contained women before, such as journalism and public service.

The first substantial selection of Shakir's work translated into English was made by the poet Paiker-e-Hussain in 2011. In 2019, a collection of 100 selected poems of Shakir were translated into English by Naima Rashid and published by the Oxford University Press under the title "Defiance of the Rose".

Parveen Shakir Urdu Literature Festival
Due to Parveen Shakir's far-reaching impact in the poetry world, the Parveen Shakir Trust was established in 1994. The Trust now hosts the Parveen Shakir Urdu Literature Festival in Islamabad every year. During the festival, works from various poets, including Parveen Shakir, are displayed in an attempt to create awareness and interest in traditional Pakistani forms of writing and poetry. The festival particularly targets youth in order to increase the amount of younger individuals dedicated to this type of study, although it welcomes those of all ages who attend. According to the organizers of the festival, the event serves as a way to honor past writers, continue the influence of their writing, and promote creativity among the general public.

Awards and accolades
Shakir's first book, Khushboo, was awarded the Adamjee Literary Award in 1976. Later, she was awarded the Pride of Performance, one of Pakistan's highest honours in 1990.

Upon her death, the Parveen Shakir Trust was established by her close friend, Parveen Qadir Agha. The Parveen Shakir Trust organises a yearly function and gives out the "Aks-e-Khushbu" award.

Commemorative postage stamp
In 2013, Pakistan Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp of Rupees 10 denomination to honor her on Parveen Shakir's 19th death anniversary.

Tribute
On 24 November 2019, Google celebrated her 67th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Personal life

Birth
Parveen was born on 24 November 1952 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Her father Shakir Hussain Saqib, also a poet, was from Laheriasarai in the Darbhanga district of Bihar and had migrated to Karachi after the partition of India.

Education
Parveen was highly educated. She received two undergraduate degrees, one in English literature and the other in linguistics (from Sir Syed Government Girls College), and obtained MA degrees in the same subjects from the University of Karachi. She also held a PhD, and another MA degree in Bank Administration.

In 1982, Shakir qualified for the Central Superior Services (CSS) Examination. In 1991, she obtained an MA degree in public administration from Harvard University.

Family and death

Parveen Shakir married a Pakistani doctor, Syed Naseer Ali, with whom she had a son, Syed Murad Ali – but the marriage did not last long and ended in a divorce.

On 26 December 1994, Parveen's car collided with a bus while she was on her way to work in Islamabad. The accident resulted in her death along with her driver, a great loss to the Urdu poetry world.

The road on which the accident took place is named after her as Parveen Shakir Road in sector F-7 Islamabad.

Books
Following is a list of Shakir's published books. English translation of each book's title follows in italics.

Volumes of Poetry
  • "Khushbu" (1976) – Fragrance
  • "Sad-barg" (1980) – Marsh Marigold
  • "Khud-kalaami" (1990) – Soliloquy
  • "Inkaar" (1990) – Refusal
  • "Maah-e-Tamaam" (1994) – Full Moon (Compilation of the books above)
  • "Kaf-e-Aa'ina" – The Mirror's Edge (Posthumous release compiling works from diaries)

Prose
  • "Gosha-e-Chashm" – Corner of the eye (Compilation of newspaper columns)

See also

Ghazal
 Ada Jafri
 Fehmida Riaz
 Kishwar Naheed
 Forough Farrokhzad

References

External links

 Parveen Shakir Ghazals – Parveen Shakir Ghazals on rekhta.org website
 Parveen Shakir Selected Poetry – The Website has research based segregation of Parveen Shakir's Poetry into Love, Sadness, Social, Political and Religious Poetry
  – Parveen Shakir: A Note and Twelve Poems, by C.M. Naim
 Hashmi – Five poems by Parveen Shakir, translated by Alamgir Hashmi
 Where am I? | Wo bin ich?, Retrieved 19 Jan 2016

1952 births
1994 deaths
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Muhajir people
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Pakistani civil servants
Pakistani feminist writers
Poets from Karachi
20th-century Pakistani poets
Pakistani women writers
20th-century women writers
Road incident deaths in Pakistan
Recipients of the Adamjee Literary Award
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
University of Karachi alumni
Pakistani people of Bihari descent

Parveen Shakir


Merovech (; ;  411 – 458) was the ancestor of the Merovingian dynasty. He was reportedly a king of the Salian Franks, but records of his existence are mixed with legend and myth. The most important written source, Gregory of Tours, recorded that Merovech was said to be descended from Chlodio, a roughly contemporary Frankish warlord who pushed from the Silva Carbonaria in modern central Belgium as far south as the Somme, north of Paris in modern-day France. His supposed descendants, the kings Childeric I and Clovis I, are the first well-attested Merovingians.

He may have been one of several barbarian warlords and kings that joined forces with the Roman general Aetius against the Huns under Attila at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in Gaul in 451.

Name

The name Merovech is related to Marwig,  (compare modern Dutch  "news, rumour",  "famous" as well as  "fight" with -vech).

Historical accounts
There is little information about him in the later histories of the Franks. Gregory of Tours only names him once as the father of Childeric I but remained vague about his relationship to Chlodio. The Chronicle of Fredegar recounts that Merovech was born after Chlodio's wife encountered a sea creature while bathing in the sea; according to Fredegar it remained unclear whether Merovech's father was the creature or Chlodio. Another theory considers this legend to be the creation of a mythological past needed to back up the fast-rising Frankish rule in Western Europe.

Chlodio is said to have been defeated by Flavius Aëtius at Vicus Helena in Artois in 448. Ian S. Wood would therefore place his son somewhere in the second half of the fifth century.

A contemporary Roman historian, Priscus writes of having witnessed in Rome a "lad without down on his cheeks as yet and with fair hair so long that it poured down his shoulders, Aetius had made him his adopted son". Priscus writes that the excuse Attila used for waging war on the Franks was the death of their king and the disagreement of his children over the succession, the elder being allied with Attila and the younger with Aetius. As Chlodio died just before Attila's invasion, this seems to suggest that Merovech was in fact Chlodio's son.

An uncertain historical existence

Historians are divided on whether Merovee is one of the protagonists in Priscus' account:

 some, like Erich Zöllner, believe that as the kingdom of the Rhenish Franks is in the path of Attila, unlike that of the Salian Franks, this passage concerns the kings of the Rhenish Franks;
 others like Émilienne Demougeot believe that Merovee is the king who died in 451 and his son Childeric is the adopted son of Aetius;
 finally, Christian Settipani believes that, if one considers that the fragment applies to the Salian Franks, of which he is not sure, chronologically, Clodion is the king who died in 451 and Merovee is the son allied with Rome.

Whether he is one of the Frankish princes mentioned by Priscus or not, Merovee would have settled in Gallia Belgica, in the region of Brabant and would have established his residence in Tournai.

Some historians, such as Georg Waitz, suggest that Merovech might be a mythological figure, theorized to be a son of the sea (mari in Frankish), implying a god or demigod revered by the Franks before their conversion to Christianity.

Another proposition is that Merovech is a reference to the Merwede, a Dutch river, whose initial course matched the area where the Salian Franks lived, as per some Roman historians. However, etymological studies seem to refute this theory.

Historian Étienne Renard, based on a new interpretation of two royal genealogies from the 9th and 10th centuries, suggests that Merovech could be an eponymous ancestor founder of the lineage rather than being a grandfather of Genildis. According to him, Merovech is an evanescent character, whose name is not associated with any act of war or any historical event.

The existence of Merovee should not be excluded. A Austrasian genealogy carried out between 629 and 639 mentions that . For the genealogist Christian Settipani, this would be a list of Salian kings in which the lineages were established after its constitution. The genealogy should thus be corrected as follows:…

However the historian Jean-Pierre Poly believes that if Merovee (Merow'ih) is the son of Chlodebaude (Hl'udbead), married in 435, he could hardly have had Childeric (Hildrih), himself king around 456, as a son. He deduces that Merovee (Merow'ih) is the nickname of Chlodebaude (Hl'udbead), son of Chlodion (Hl'udio).

While it seems accepted that bound by a foedus with the Roman Empire, the Salian Franks fought alongside the Roman general Aetius at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, (a plain near Châlons-en-Champagne and Troyes), in 451. The sources do not, however, specify who led them into battle. The Franks suffered heavy losses in a preliminary engagement against the Gepids, however history does not say anything more, while it has recorded the death of Theodoric I, king of the Visigoths, killed the next day in the battle. Perhaps the fame of the Frankish leaders was not sufficient compared to that of a king

References in popular culture
The legend about Merovech's conception was adapted in 1982 by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln in their book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, as the seed of a new idea. They hypothesized that this "descended from a fish" legend was actually referring to the concept that the Merovingian line had married into the bloodline of Jesus Christ, since the symbol for early Christians had also been a fish.  This theory, with no other basis than the authors' hypothesis, was further popularized in 2003 via Dan Brown's bestselling novel, The Da Vinci Code. However, there was no evidence for this claim that Merovech is descended from Jesus.

The identity and historicity of Merovech is one of the driving mysteries in The Widow's Son, second book of Robert Anton Wilson's The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles, first introducing the fish legend to the reader by having the early Merovingians appear in a vision as a hideous fish creature. Wilson then goes a step further by identifying Jesus and Mary Magdalene as the bridegroom and bride in The Alchemical Marriage of Christian Rosycross and Merovech as the titular Widow's Son from Masonic lore, positing that the entire bloodline is descended from alien-human hybrids.

See also
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
Tonantius Ferreolus (prefect)

Notes

References
 Behind the Da Vinci Code, 2006, History Channel documentary about Henry Lincoln
 Todd, M. The Early Germans
 Wood, Ian. The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751. London: Longman Group, 1994.

External links

Frankish warriors
Merovingian kings
410s births
450s deaths
5th-century Frankish people
5th-century monarchs in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Founding monarchs
People whose existence is disputed
Legendary monarchs

Merovech


John Philip Simpson (1782–1847) was a British painter, known for his portraits.

Early life and education
Simpson was born in London in 1782 and was a student at the Royal Academy and for some years an assistant to Sir Thomas Lawrence, PRA. He obtained some success as a portrait-painter, and eventually a very large practice. From 1807 to his death he was a frequent exhibitor at the Royal Academy and other exhibitions. In 1834 he received a commission to go to Portugal, and painted portraits at Lisbon, where he was appointed painter to the queen of Portugal.

Career
Late 19th-century biographer Sidney Lee was of the opinion that Simpson was "rather a skillful portraitist than an artist and that his portraits are not without power, but lack instinct and penetration." One of John Burnet, the engraver, is in the National Portrait Gallery. William IV and many notable persons in his day sat to him. Simpson died at Carlisle House, Soho, in 1847.

Simpson left two sons, who practised as artists, of whom Charles Simpson died young in 1848, having contributed a few landscapes to the London exhibitions. The other, Philip Simpson, was a student at the Royal Academy, and obtained some success for small domestic subjects from 1824 to 1857. One of these, called 'I will fight,' exhibited in the Suffolk Street Gallery in 1824, is in the Townshend collection at the South Kensington Museum.

Legacy
Simpson's painting The Captive Slave was acquired by the Art Institute of Chicago in 2008 — it had not been displayed to the public for 180 years. Reviewer Martin Postle concludes:

References

1782 births
1847 deaths
English portrait painters
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Painters from London
19th-century English male artists

John Simpson (artist)


The Christie Direct Action Motor Car Company was a New York City-based automobile manufacturer. It was founded by race driver and inventor J. Walter Christie in 1904, and lasted until 1910.

History
The Christie Company was originally called Christie Iron Works, but the name was changed in 1906. Christie was America's first exponent of front-wheel drive. In 1904, he took a four-cylinder, 30 hp racer to Daytona Beach with an early front-wheel drive system. In all, six racers were built, two with 60 hp engines.

Production models
The Christie Company produced a gran touring car in 1907 with a 50 hp engine costing $6,500 and 2,300 lbs. Also, the company produced a taxi cab.

Demise
Walter Christie spent most of his time racing and not promoting his cars. Because of this, the company folded in 1910.

Notes

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
American companies established in 1904
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1910
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1904
1904 establishments in New York City
1910 disestablishments in New York (state)
American companies disestablished in 1910

Christie (automobile company)


Nun's Island Distillery was an Irish whiskey distillery which operated in Galway, Ireland, from at least 1815, and possibly as early as the late 1700s, until circa 1908.

At its peak, in the late 1800s, output at the distillery reached 400,000 gallons per annum, and with a workforce of over 100, the distillery was one of the largest local employers. Owned by the Persse family from the 1840s onwards, the distillery produced single pot still whiskey known as Persse's Galway Whiskey. The whiskey was sold locally in Connacht, where for much of the 1800s, Nun's Island was the only licensed distillery. However, it was also exported, and is said to have been a sold to the British House of Commons, a fact proudly noted on their labels.

Production at the distillery ceased circa 1908, with the remaining stocks wound down off over several few years.

A bottle of Persse's whiskey was placed for auction in 2002 with a reserve price of £100,000 - however, it failed to sell. The bottle later sold for £3,300 in 2014.

History
The early history of the distillery is somewhat difficult to piece together. It is known that a distillery on Nun's Island was being operated on by a John Joyce in the late 1700s. This distillery, which was subsequently taken over by Patrick Joyce, is thought to have ceased operations in 1807.

A Patrick Joyce is recorded as running a small distillery on Nun's Island again in 1823. Therefore, it is possible that the closure was temporary. By 1828, output at the distillery had increased to 130,000 proof gallons per annum. There are claims that the distillery ceased operations again in the late 1830s. However, a newspaper advertisement from 1841 reports that a distillery "lately occupied and worked" by Messrs. James and Patrick Joyce was to be sold on 4 February 1841. The advertisement noted that the distillery was held under a 300-year lease, which had commenced in August 1815. This tallies with Alfred Barnard's 1887 report that Joyce's owned the distillery from 1815 to 1840.

In about 1840 or 1841, the distillery was purchased by the Persses, a local family who ran several other distilleries in the area. There is some conflicting information with regard to the precise and nature of the sale date. Barnard reported that the distillery was sold by the Encumbered Claims Courts in 1840. However, a newspaper article from the era reports that the distillery was to be sold by private contract in February 1841. As Barnard mentions that the Persses enlarged the original operation, the confusion may be due to piecemeal purchases of different sections of the site, or delays in finalising the sale as the distillery had been repeatedly advertised for sale beginning in at least early 1840.

Initially the Persses converted the distillery to a woollen mill, which was known for producing excellent friezes. However, when their lease on the nearby Newcastle Distillery expired in 1846, they moved their distilling operations at the Nun's Island complex, and re-established the site as a distillery.

In 1886, the distillery was visited by British historian Alfred Barnard, as recounted in his seminal publication "The Whiskey Distilleries of the United Kingdom". Barnard noted that at the time of his visit Nun's Island was the sole distillery operating in Connacht, and had an output of about 400,000 gallons per annum. In addition to offices, workshops, stables, and storehouses, the distillery buildings included two lofty Maltings and Corn stores built of stone, five storeys of which were devoted to the storing of corn, and two to malting purposes; an elegant brew house equal to any in Ireland; a back house containing thirteen washbacks, each with a capacity of about 18,000 gallons; a still house containing a 16,000 gallon wash still, a 10,000 gallon spirit still, and a 6,000 gallon low-wines still; a spirit store occupied by a 12,000 gallon vat; and five warehouses, holding a total of about 5,000 casks at the time.

Like many other Irish distilleries, Nun's Island encountered financial difficulties during the early part of the 20th Century, is thought to have closed shortly before World War I.

Since closing, some of the distillery complex has been demolished. However, several of the main distillery buildings, notably the large riverside warehouse, are still extant.

Bibliography

References

Defunct distilleries in Ireland
1846 establishments in Ireland
1915 disestablishments in Ireland

Nun's Island Distillery


Johnny Walsh (22 August 1874 – 1 September 1957) was a famous Irish sportsperson.  He played hurling with his local club Tubberadora and with the Tipperary senior inter-county team from 1895 until 1900.

Playing career

Club

Walsh played his club hurling with his local Tubberadora club and enjoyed much success.  He won senior county championship titles with the club in 1895, 1896 and 1898.  Tubberadora never again won another senior county title.

Inter-county

Walsh first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with Tipperray in 1890.  Cork, however, were the standard bearers in the province of Munster at the time.  In 1895 Tipp faced Limerick in the provincial final and the game turned into a rout.  Tipperary won the game by 7-8 to 0-2 giving Walsh his first Munster title.  Tipperary later played Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final to be played at what is now Croke Park.  Tipp took a 1-6 to 1-0 lead at half-time and went on to hammer 'the Cats' by 6-8 to 1-10 at the final whistle.  Tipperary's Paddy Riordan is said to have scored all but one point of his team's total as Walsh collected his first All-Ireland title.

In 1896 as Tipperary played Cork in the Munster final.  That game had to end before the official finish and a replay took place.  Tipp easily won the replay by 7-9 to 2-3.  The subsequent All-Ireland final saw Tipperary play Dublin at the famous Jones's Road ground.  Tipp scored a goal in the very first minute and took a 4-6 to 0-1 lead at half-time.  The game turned into a rout as Tipperary won by 8-14 to 0-4 giving Walsh a second All-Ireland title.  This game still holds the record as the most one-sided All-Ireland final.

Tipp surrendered their provincial crown in 1897, however, the team took on Cork in the 1898 Munster final.  That game had to be abandoned due to fading light, however, Walsh collected a third provincial title as Tipp easily defeated 'the Rebels' in the replay.  Galway fell heavily in the penultimate game of the championship, allowing Tipp to advance to the All-Ireland final against Kilkenny.  In a high-scoring and exciting game Kilkenny were on top for the first twenty-five minutes.  In the second-half Tipp took the upper hand with Mikey Maher scoring three goals.  A 7-13 to 3-10 score line gave Tipp the victory and gave Walsh a third All-Ireland title as captain.

1899 saw Tipperary defeat Clare in the provincial decider giving Walsh his fourth Munster title.  It was another rout as the 5-16 to 0-8 score line suggests.  This victory allowed Walsh's team to advance directly to the All-Ireland final where Wexford provided the opposition.  Wexford held Tipp for the first fifteen minutes; however, they still took a 2-6 to 1-3 lead at half-time.  Walsh 's side went on the rampage in the second-half and finished with a score of 3-12 to 1-4.  The Wexford team walked off the field with ten minutes left in the game because they couldn't find a substitute for an injured player.  Tipp were awarded the title and Walsh collected his fourth All-Ireland title.

In 1900 Tipperary trounced Kerry by 6-11 to 1-9 in the provincial final, giving Walsh his fifth Munster title.  Tipp later narrowly defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final before trouncing Galway in the 'home' All-Ireland final.  This was not the end of the championship campaign because, for the first year ever, the 'home' finalists had to take on London in the real All-Ireland final.  The game was a close affair with both sides level at 0-5 with eight minutes to go.  London then took the lead; however, they later conceded a free.  Mikey Maher stepped up, took the free and a forward 'charge' carried the sliothar over the line.  Tipp scored another goal following a weak puck out and claimed the victory.  It was Walsh's fifth and final All-Ireland title.  He retired from inter-county hurling shortly afterwards.

Teams

References

 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).

External links
 Munster final winning teams
 Tipperary GAA honours

1874 births
1957 deaths
Tubberadora hurlers
Tipperary inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

Johnny Walsh (hurler)


Janko Nilović (born 20 May 1941) is a pianist, arranger and composer of Montenegrin and Greek descent who was born in Turkey and has lived in France since 1960.   He has published many works, most of them on library labels not available for sale to the public.  His oeuvre stretches from classical, jazz, and funk to pop, psychedelia, and easy listening.

Biography
Born in Istanbul to a Montenegrin father and Greek mother, he studied piano, oboe and percussion as a child, and set up his own rock and roll band in the late 1950s.  He moved to Paris in 1960, and played piano in nightclubs before joining a trio of Greek musicians, Les Doussis, with whom he played bass, guitar and keyboards.  The group recorded for Barclay Records, and Nilović then began to find work as an arranger and orchestrator for pop musicians and TV shows, as well as continuing to perform in jazz clubs.

In 1967, he joined with French-based singer Davy Jones (unrelated to the Monkees' singer) to set up Ju Ju Records, writing and producing a series of singles by the singer.  His arrangements brought him to the attention of André Farry, the founder of library music label Éditions Montparnasse 2000 (MP 2000), who signed him as a producer.  Nilović started to release a series of LPs for the label, including Psyc Impressions, a commercially successful collaboration with Dave Sucky (real name Louis Delacour), described as "a heady stew of funky drums, gnarly fuzz guitar, and big band horn arrangements."

At the same time as producing a succession of albums on MP 2000 under the collective title of Impressions, widely used in TV documentaries, he worked as organist in the Paris production of Hair, using cast members on some of his recordings.  He also released records on other labels, using pseudonyms including Andy Loore and Johnny Montevideo, and in the mid-1970s started working in Belgium where he produced the album Funky Tramway, one of his most successful recordings.  He arranged the songs of Michel Jonasz and Gérard Lenorman.

After leaving MP 2000 in the late 1970s, Nilović set up a music publishing company and focused on composing music.   His reputation and influence grew, and his music began to be sampled by hip-hop and other musicians.  The producer Dr. Dre sampled much of Nilović's piece "Underground Session" for his track "Loose Cannons" from the album Compton.  Producer No I.D. sampled Nilović's song "In the Space", for Jay-Z's "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)", on the album The Blueprint 3; A year prior to this Danny!, who Jay Z would later endorse, sampled "Tapatapa" for "The Groove".  In 2010 Nilovic was nominated for a Grammy award for the rap song "D.O.A.(Death of Auto-Tune)", along with Shawn Carter, Ernest Wilson, Gary DeCarlo, Dale Frashuer, Paul Leka, and Dave Sucky.

As of 2019, Nilović continues to work in Paris.

Discography
 1968 Maya Casabianca (Festival 66)
 1968 Hommage a Monsieur Charlie Chaplin (Trema)
 1968 Janko Nilović & Herve Roy (Telemusic)
 1968 Janko Nilović, Raymond Guiot & Hervé Roy (Telemusic)
 1969 Psyc Impressions (MP 2000)
 1969 International Circus Band - Rande Parade de Cirque (Neuilly)
 1969 Los Patos - Voodoo Ju Ju Obsession (Festival)
 1971 Vocal Impressions (MP 2000)
 1971 Janko Nilović & Pascal Auriat - Power (Briand)
 1972 Pop Impressions (MP 2000)
 1973 Supra Pop Impressions (MP 2000)
 1973 Jazz Impressions 1 (MP 2000)
 1973 Jazz Impressions 2 (MP 2000)
 1974 Chorus (MP 2000)
 1974 Rythmes Contemporains (MP 2000)
 1974 Jouets Musicaux (MP 2000)
 1974 Classical Phases (MP 2000)
 1975 Soul Impressions (MP 2000)
 1975 Percussions Dans L'espace (MSP 2000)
 1975 Funky Tramway (Vogue)
 1976 Un Couple Dans La Ville (MSP 2000)
 1976 Super America (MSP 2000)
 1976 Pop Shopin (MSP 2000)
 1976 Star Cat Local Band directed by Janko Nilović (Cat Music)
 1977 Concerto Pour Un Fou  (MP 2000)
 1977 L'ensemble de Trombones de Paris performs Suite Balkanique & Double Concerto by Janko Nilović (Crystal)
 1978 Un Homme Dans L'Univers (MP 2000)
 1979 Histoires Sans Paroles (MP 2000)
 1979 Un Piano Dans L'Ouest (MP 2000)
 1979 Balkans Impression (Selection)
 1986 Musique Pour Films Muets (Crea Sound)
 1990 Néobaroque Luxuriant  (FEF)
 1990 Amoureux De Paris (1990)
 1991 Extra Strong (FEF)
 2016 Supra Hip Hop Impressions (Broc)
 2020 Maze of sounds (as Janko Nilovic & The Soul Surfers) (Broc)

References

External links
Official site

1941 births
21st-century French conductors (music)
21st-century French male musicians
21st-century pianists
French composers
French jazz pianists
French male composers
French male conductors (music)
French male pianists
Living people
French male jazz musicians
Montenegrin composers
Montenegrin expatriates in France
Montenegrin pianists
Naturalized citizens of France

Janko Nilović


The Mail, known previously as the North-West Evening Mail (1987–2017), is a daily, local newspaper in the United Kingdom, printed every morning. It is based in Barrow-in-Furness.

The Mail was founded as the North-Western Daily Mail in 1898, becoming the North-Western Evening Mail in 1941 and the North-West Evening Mail in 1987. Although its title suggests a larger area, it in fact only covers news in the South Lakes and Furness. Typically, this is Barrow, Dalton-in-Furness, Ulverston, Grange-Over-Sands, Windermere, Millom, and some of the more notable stories from Kendal and Copeland.

It is in a tabloid style, and has three separate editions (Barrow, Ulverston and Millom), though the only difference is the story on the front page. Before changes to printing arrangements it had four - Barrow Early, Barrow Late Final, Ulverston and South Lakes, and Millom: although the only difference was on the front page and page six; the remainder of the paper was the same throughout. Articles typically range between important local news items (such as major council decisions, local business news, etc.), to more personal stories about residents of the area.

The Mail is printed and published by Furness Newspapers Ltd., a subsidiary of Carlisle-based media company CN Group Ltd. The current circulation is around 7,500 copies a day (down from 14,500), within South Cumbria (a region with a total population of almost 250,000). Market penetration is at its highest in its core area of Barrow and Dalton, at almost 10 per cent of households and at its lowest in Ambleside.

James Higgins, formerly assistant editor of The Bolton News, edited the paper from July 2014 to March 2018 and having spent the previous four years as deputy editor. During his tenure, the newspaper won the coveted Newspaper of the Year award (2017) at the Society of Editors' UK press Awards, O2 North West Media Awards Scoop of the Year (2017) for an exposé on animal deaths at the South Lakes Safari Zoo, and Front Page of the Year (2015) for what became an iconic edition of the newspaper. He left the role in 2018 following Newsquest's acquisition of the CN Group. He was preceded by Jonathan Lee, who joined in 2008.  Lee was previously editor of the Shetland Times, but left after a vote of no confidence from colleagues. Previous editors of The Mail include Steve Brauner, Sara Hadwin, Donald Martin, Keith Sutton, Tom Welsh and Joe Gorman.

The newspaper became a subject of a boycott because of its reporting about the Eleanor Williams case and is said to suffer financial collapse.

Former Lancashire Telegraph news editor Vanessa Sims is currently the editor of the paper.

References

External links
 The Mail

Newspapers published in Cumbria
Furness
Barrow-in-Furness
Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Newspapers established in 1898
1898 establishments in England

The Mail (Cumbria)


KSV Baunatal is a German association football club based in Baunatal, Hesse. The team was founded on 13 April 1964 out of the union of KSV Altenritte and KSV Altenbauna.

The club's greatest success has been its three seasons spent in the second division, the 2nd Bundesliga Süd, from 1976 to 1979.

History
Predecessor side KSV Altenritte had roots that go back to the much earlier establishment of the gymnastics club Turnverein Gut-Heil Altenritte on 2 September 1892. A football department was founded within this club in 1914. In 1933, TV was joined by the membership of Arbeiter TV Altenritte – one of the many worker's sports clubs disbanded as politically unpalatable under the Nazi regime – to become VfL Altenritte. In 1945, following World War II, the team re-emerged as KSV Alteritte.

Another predecessor, KSV Altenbauna, was established in 1904 as Deutscher Turnverein Altenbauna and in 1918, following World War I, played as Deutscher Turn- und Sportverein Altenbauna. DTSV became TV Gut-Heil Altenbauna in 1933 and KSV Altenbauna in 1945.

After the 1964 merger that united these two clubs as KSV Baunatal, the association grew again when joined by SV Baunatal in 1970. SV was founded in 1921 as Arbeiter Turn- und Sportverein Kirchbauna and was one of the many worker's clubs that disappeared under the Third Reich. It was re-established in 1945 as Freier SV Kirchbauna by the former members of ATSV and another worker's side known as TV Gut Heil Kirchbauna. FSV briefly adopted the name SpVgg Kirchbauna in 1955 before becoming SV Baunatal the same year.

The long string of mergers of these unremarkable sides paid dividends when KSV Baunatal rose up out of lower-tier competition into the Oberliga Hessen (III) in 1970. The club slipped to the Landesliga Hessen-Nord (IV) for a single season, but promptly reclaimed a place in the Oberliga. An Amateur Oberliga Hessen (III) title in 1976 led to a three season long stint in the 2nd Bundesliga Süd. Through the 70s and 80s KSV made half a dozen appearances in the DFB-Pokal, going out in the preliminary rounds on each occasion.

The team then played as a third-tier side in the Oberliga Hessen until being relegated in 1991 and for a while was an elevator side, moving frequently up and down between third- and fifth-tier competition. KSV has been firmly settled into the Oberliga Hessen (IV) since 1999, generally finishing in the lower half of the table, while managing to earn better results on occasion.

The club gradually improved season by season from 2007 onwards and, in 2012–13, it was able to win another title in the Hessenliga and earn promotion to the Regionalliga Südwest but was initially relegated again after finishing 17th in the league. However, the insolvency of SSV Ulm 1846 and the withdrawal of Eintracht Frankfurt II saved the club from relegation. The following season KSV once more finished 17th and this time was unable to avoid relegation.

Honours

League
 Hessenliga (III)
 Champions: 1976, 2013
 Runners-up: 1980, 2001, 2012
 Landesliga Hessen-Nord (IV)
 Champions: 1970, 1972, 1994, 1999

Cup
 Hessenpokal
 Winners: 1982, 1983
 Runners-up: 1987, 2019

Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. Also in 2008, a large number of football leagues in Hesse were renamed, with the Oberliga Hessen becoming the Hessenliga, the Landesliga becoming the Verbandsliga, the Bezirksoberliga becoming the Gruppenliga and the Bezirksliga becoming the Kreisoberliga.

References

Sources
 Grüne, Hardy (2001). Vereinslexikon. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag

External links
 Official website
 KSV Baunatal at Weltfussball.de
 The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv  historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Hesse
Association football clubs established in 1964
1964 establishments in West Germany
Kassel (district)
2. Bundesliga clubs

KSV Baunatal


Murari () is an epithet of the Hindu deity Krishna, referring to his act of slaying the asura, Mura.

Murari may also refer to:

People
 Murari (author) (approx. 9th century AD), Sanskrit dramatic poet and author of Anargharāghava
 K. Murari (1944-2022), Indian film producer
 Sarvesh Murari, Indian cinematographer
 Krishna Murari Moghe (born 1947), Indian politician
 Murari Lal Sharma Neeras (born 1936), Indian author
 Murari Raj Sharma (1951–2020), Nepalese ambassador to the United Nations

Other
 Murari (2001 film), a Telugu film directed by Krishna Vamshi
 Murari (2015 film), an Indian Kannada-language action drama film
 Murari Chand College, a division of Bangladesh National University in Sylhet
 Nari Nari Naduma Murari, 1990 Telugu film directed by Kodi Ramakrishna

See also
 Murarai, a town in West Bengal, India

Murari