Fanny Jackson Coppin School, previously Federal Street School and then Andrew Jackson School, is a public K-8 school located in the Passyunk Square neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is a part of the School District of Philadelphia. The school was previously named for United States President Andrew Jackson before changing the name in 2021 to honor former Philadelphia teacher Fanny Jackson Coppin.

The historic school building was designed by Irwin T. Catharine and built in 1924–1925. It is a three-story, brick and limestone in the Late Gothic Revival-style. It features a projecting center two-story bay, projecting building ends with decorative brick panels, compound arched entrance, and a brick parapet. The roof of the school includes a garden that is used by the local community.

History
The original Federal Street School was renamed the Jackson School in 1848. It had two property deeds, February 28, 1838 and January 1, 1842.

The current school building, designed by B. Fennimore and Irwin T. Catharine, opened in 1924. It uses a Late Gothic Revival style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986,  in the register as the "Federal Street School".

Kristen Graham of The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that circa 2009 the school had a "tough reputation", a previously smaller student body, and constant interaction with the police; it improved after Lisa Ciaranca Kaplan became the principal.

In 2013 Albert Stumm of the Passyunk Post stated that by that year the school had "made great progress" due to actions from the principal, who was highly regarded by the parents; in addition, improvement came from the efforts of the Passyunk Square Civic education committee and other neighborhood activists.

In 2013 the school district passed a severe budget cut which would eliminate the nurse, security monitors, counselors, aides, and secretaries; as well as eliminating funding for the school's rock band and school supplies. Stumm stated that there was still the possibility that "an 11th-hour solution" could prohibit the layoffs.

Kaplan won the 2015 Escalante-Gradillas Prize for Best in Education. That year, real estate agents promoted residences within the Jackson attendance zone, using the school as a selling point.

Student body
Circa 2009 Jackson had 230 students. As of 2013 the school had 410 students, with almost all of them qualifying for free or reduced lunch, an indicator of poverty. As of that year, the students spoke 14 languages.

By 2015 the student body had increased to 530, 30% of whom spoke English as a second language, and 94% of whom lived below the poverty line. As of that year 33% of the students were Hispanic; many Mexicans had immigrated to the area where the school resides.  there are 17 languages and 24 countries of origin represented in the student body. That year 85% of the students were other than non-Hispanic white.

Programs
The school's music program has a rock band, "Home," consisting of pupils. As of 2013, it was known in the local area. The 2013 funding crisis caused the district to eliminate the budget for the band. In 2015 the Wawa Foundation, the charity of Wawa Inc., donated $2,500 to the music program.

As of 2011 the school has a summer school program that admits children from the surrounding area. Graham stated that it had "robust" attendance.

Feeder patterns
Neighborhoods assigned to Jackson are also assigned to Furness High School.

Gallery

References

External links

 Andrew Jackson School

 Friends of Jackson
 2015 Annual Report PDF version - A map of the attendance boundary is in page 5/10 of the PDF

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
School buildings completed in 1926
South Philadelphia
Public K–8 schools in Philadelphia
School District of Philadelphia
1926 establishments in Pennsylvania

Andrew Jackson School (Philadelphia)


Polaris is an unincorporated community in Beaverhead County, Montana, United States. Polaris has a post office with a ZIP code 59746.  Polaris lies in the Grasshopper Valley, along the Pioneer Mountain Scenic Byway, southeast of Wisdom. This community takes its name from the Polaris Mine, which operated as a silver mine from 1885 until 1922.

Attractions to the Polaris area include Maverick Mountain Ski Area, Montana High Country Tours Lodge, the Grasshopper Inn, Elkhorn Hotsprings, Bannack State Park, and Crystal Park. Polaris is minutes from blue ribbon trout streams, hundreds of snowmobile and cross-country ski trails, and trail heads to mountain lakes.

Hay, horse, and cattle production are among the major industries in Polaris, along with a rise in tourism and recreation. Originally, Polaris was a mining town with a general store, post office, and saloon. Hundreds of miners lived north of Polaris and worked the Elkhorn Mine and Coolidge Mine, among other smaller mines. Mail delivered to the Grasshopper Valley was processed at the Polaris post office and still is today.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Polaris has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.  The average snowfall is 49 inches.

Education
Polaris provides elementary education. High school is at Beaverhead County High School.

References

Unincorporated communities in Beaverhead County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana

Polaris, Montana


The Equality Act 2006 (c 3) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom covering the United Kingdom. The 2006 Act is a precursor to the Equality Act 2010, which combines all of the equality enactments within Great Britain and provide comparable protections across all equality strands. Those explicitly mentioned by the Equality Act 2006 include age; disability; gender; proposed, commenced or completed gender reassignment; race; religion or belief and sexual orientation.

 Creation of a public duty to promote equality on the ground of gender (The Equality Act 2006, section 84, inserting section 76A of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, now found in section 1 of the Equality Act 2010)

2000s Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
2006 in the United Kingdom
Discrimination

Equality Act 2006


Lugansk Airlines () was an airline based in Luhansk, Ukraine. It operated services within Ukraine as well as the wet leasing of its aircraft. Its main base was Luhansk International Airport.

History
In 1992, Air Ukraine was formed by the resources of various Ukrainian Aeroflot divisions, the Luhansk division being one of them. After Air Ukraine's bankruptcy, Lugansk Airlines became an independent company. In 2010, Lugansk Airlines ceased all operations due to bankruptcy.

Fleet

External links
Luhansk Airlines

References

Defunct airlines of Ukraine
Luhansk

Lugansk Airlines


Merlin Bartz (born March 16, 1961) is an American politician who served as an Iowa State Senator from the 6th District, elected in 2008 and serving for a single term. A Republican, he sat on the Appropriations, Human Resources, Natural Resources, and Ways and Means committees. He was the ranking member on the Administration and Regulation Appropriations Subcommittee.

Bartz lost his reelection bid in 2012 in a race where there were two incumbents redistricted together.  Incumbent Mary Jo Wilhlem defeated Senator Bartz by 126 votes in a very contentious election, where at one point Bartz was accused of joining the War on Women and of being demeaning to women.

Previously he served in the Iowa House of Representatives (19th District, 1991 – 1993), and the Iowa Senate (10th District, 1993 – 2002). He was Senate Assistant Majority Leader in the 77th, 78th, and 79th General Assemblies. Bartz was appointed (January, 2002) Special Assistant to the Undersecretary, Natural Resources and Environment, U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C. He is a sixth generation Iowa farmer. From July 2004, he was Regional Assistant Chief, Central, for the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).  He was a management representative of the Chief, providing direction of NRCS programs and activities and overall leadership and supervision to state conservationists in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin. Bartz has a B.A. music and political science from Luther College.

Issues
Bartz has focused on reining in expenditures. Bartz launched a drive to gather petitions asking County Recorders to deny marriage licenses for same-sex marriages after Democrats thwarted efforts to launch a constitutional amendment in the Iowa General Assembly following the Iowa Supreme Court's 2009 ruling in Varnum v. Brien authorizing same-sex marriage in Iowa.

Electoral history

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Republican Party Iowa state senators
People from Worth County, Iowa
People from Mason City, Iowa
Luther College (Iowa) alumni
Republican Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
George W. Bush administration personnel
American Lutherans
United States Department of Agriculture officials

Merlin Bartz


John Edgar Thomson (February 10, 1808 – May 27, 1874) was an American civil engineer and industrialist. An entrepreneur best known for his leadership of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) from 1852 until his death in 1874, Thomson made it the largest business enterprise in the world and a world-class model for technological and managerial innovation. The railroad's first Chief Engineer became its third President.

His sober, technical, methodical, and non-ideological personality had an important influence on the Pennsylvania Railroad, which in the mid-19th century was on the technical cutting edge of rail development. The railroad was known for its conservatism and steady growth while avoiding financial risks. His Pennsylvania Railroad became the largest railroad in the world, with 6000 miles of track, and was notable for generating steady financial dividends, for high-quality construction, constantly improving equipment, technological advances (such as replacing wood with coal as locomotive fuel), and innovation in management techniques for a large complex organization.

Childhood and early career
John Edgar Thomson was born in 1808 in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, to a family with Quaker roots whose immigrant ancestors had arrived in the colonial era. His father John Thomson was a leading civil engineer, who helped build the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal and the first experimental railroad in the United States. The son had little formal schooling, as was typical of the time. He worked closely with his father from an early age, acquiring a sound foundation of engineering practice which he augmented by reading, observation, and experience.

Thomason began his railroad career at age 19 as a rodman working in a survey crew locating the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad; later he worked for Camden and Amboy Railroad. In 1832 he sailed to Great Britain, making an inspection tour of the new railways constructed in the country. Through his father's influence, he became a member of Pennsylvania state's engineer corps, surveying routes for a rail line west from Philadelphia. He was soon promoted to assistant engineer, and in 1830, when the line of the Camden & Amboy Railroad was located across the state of New Jersey, Thomson was placed in charge of an engineering division.

Career
At the age of 26 in 1834, Thomson was hired as the chief engineer of the newly chartered Georgia Railroad. He located the road, negotiated and oversaw construction contracts, operated portions as they opened, and promoted possible connections to the north and west. Thomson became nationally known for his expertise; his salary was $4000 in 1837.

By 1845, he had completed the railroad from Augusta to Marthasville (present-day Atlanta). At 173 miles (278.4 km), it was the longest railroad in the world at the time. Thomson later bought control of the Montgomery and West Point Railroad and helped finance and locate the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Also in 1845, he surveyed and designed the Augusta Canal for lawyer Henry Cumming; it was completed two years later.

Pennsylvania Railroad

The state of Pennsylvania invested extensively in state-owned canals and short-line railroads, but they were neither profitable nor efficient, and the state was falling behind its rivals in infrastructure development, which it believed was critical for economic growth. Pennsylvania Railroad, also known by the acronym PRR, incorporated in 1847, built a line across the Allegheny Mountains from the state capital in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania west to Pittsburgh, to eliminate the inefficient Allegheny Portage Railroad and the slow-paced canals. The line would give Philadelphia a link to the fast-growing west, allowing it to compete with Baltimore, which was served by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and New York City.

The company appointed Thomson as chief engineer at a salary of $5000 a year. He sought out the best routes, making allowances for grades and river crossings. With Herman Haupt, he co-designed what became famous as "Horseshoe Curve" and built a railroad with practicable grades. He switched the fuel from wood to coal for the locomotives; other lines followed suit, thus opening up a new demand for coal, which the PRR shipped to all railroads. The through line between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh opened for traffic in February 1854, and made Philadelphia a major outlet for long-haul traffic from the west. This connection also strengthened its port, which had access to the Atlantic Ocean.

Thomson led a faction that ousted the incumbent board of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1852; Thomson became president and turned his attention more toward finance than engineering. He repeatedly reorganized the company into more efficient subdivisions, and to better cost accounting, paying careful attention to the selection of vice presidents.  His organizational model was widely imitated by other railroads, and set the standard for large American businesses. In 1857 he financed the railroad's purchase of the entire system of state transportation works, consisting of 278 miles of canals and 117 miles of railroad, together with real estate and rail equipment. At a cost of $7.5 million the Pennsylvania now dominated the state and took control of most short-haul traffic from the many towns along its heavily populated route.

Thomson expanded the railroad to the west, into Ohio and beyond. In 1856, Thomson arranged for the consolidation of several western lines into the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway. It was formally leased to the Pennsylvania in 1869 and, in 1870-71, the Pennsylvania Company, one of the first of the holding companies, was created to take over the properties west of Pittsburgh, which were developing into large northwest and southwest systems.

In 1860, the Pennsylvania represented only the main line from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, with a few short branches. By 1869 it had expanded within Pennsylvania alone to nearly one thousand miles and also controlled lines northward to the shores of Lake Erie, through New York State. In 1869 it purchased the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago line, giving it a connection with Chicago through Ohio and Indiana. In 1870 the Pennsylvania began to expand on the east coast also, obtaining an entry into New York City by acquiring the United Railroad and Canal Company, which owned leased 456 miles of railroad and 65 miles of canals in New Jersey.

In 1871–1872, the Pennsylvania expanded into the Midwest by astute purchases. It bought the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad in 1871 as well as smaller lines in Ohio, merging them into the system. The most important acquisition during this period was the purchase of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, with lines extending westward from Pittsburgh to St. Louis, and branches reaching southward to Cincinnati, and northward to Chicago. This system included over 1400 miles of road, giving the Pennsylvania Railroad a second line to Chicago, a direct line to St. Louis, a second line to Cincinnati, and access to territory not previously tapped.

By 1873, Thomson also had links to the South. Thomson then built up Philadelphia as a transatlantic port, creating the American Steamship Company in 1870 under the control of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Steel was becoming available at moderate cost, and Thomson contracted with industrialist Andrew Carnegie for steel to replace all the wooden railway bridges, and to replace iron tracks with stronger steel tracks. With such infrastructure in place, trains could be designed to be heavier, faster, and more efficient.

Technology
Besides expanding the system and putting it on a solid financial basis, Thomson made the Pennsylvania the technological leader of the industry. It took the lead in changing its engines to run on coal rather than wood burning, and from iron to steel (in constructing rails, bridges and cars).  With Philadelphia emerging as the center of the locomotive industry, new innovations were offered first to the Pennsylvania Railroad, which embraced them.

Management
Thomson developed a new kind of management suitable for a large dispersed corporation with many functions, partly based on the work of Daniel McCallum. Specicifically, he devised a decentralized system based on geographical districts, as well as the staff and line system that became synonymous with American management. Line executives handled people and hourly operational decisions on traffic, while staff executives handled finance and paperwork.

Business
As a conservative, risk-averse financier, Thomson avoided disaster during the panics of 1837, 1857, and 1873, while rival lines often went bankrupt.  His Pennsylvania Railroad was worth about $400 million in the early 1870s (before the Panic of 1873 depressed values), with $25 million in traffic revenue and a profit of $8.6 million. It paid steady dividends year in and year out and was a favorite for cautious investors. The speculators who were so numerous in the post-Civil War era looked elsewhere. Thomson had a vision of a transcontinental line, invested his own money in several ventures, and briefly in 1871 the Pennsylvania controlled the Union Pacific.

Alfred D. Chandler Jr., a Harvard Business School professor, stated in 1965 that the large-scale problems of management became obvious in the middle of the 19th century with the rise of the great railroad systems, such as the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio. New methods had to be invented for mobilizing, controlling, and apportioning capital, for operating a widely dispersed system, and for supervising thousands of specialized workmen spread over hundreds of miles. The railroads solved all these problems and became the model for all large businesses.

The main innovators were three engineers, Benjamin H. Latrobe of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Daniel C. McCallum of the Erie Railroad, and Thomson of the Pennsylvania Railroad. They devised the functional departments and first defined the lines of authority, responsibility, and communication, together with the concomitant separation of line and staff duties which have remained the principles of the modern American corporation.

Personal life
Thomson married Lavinia Frances Smith in 1854. They had no children together, but adopted a daughter. By the time of his death in 1874, after the national financial Panic of 1873, Thomson's fortune had declined by three-fourths, to $1.3 million. He bequeathed most of it to charity, including a fund to help orphans whose fathers may have been killed in the course of their railroad duties.

Death
Thomson died in Philadelphia on May 27, 1874, and is interred in the Woodlands section of Philadelphia.

Legacy
A historic marker commemorates the location of his birth in his hometown of Springfield Township, Pennsylvania, and a street in the community is named for him. The city of Thomson in McDuffie County, Georgia, was named for him.

Andrew Carnegie was a great admirer and named his main company the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Company in his honor; Carnegie also named the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock, Pennsylvania, after him.

In 1975, Thomson was inducted posthumously into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame.

Notes

References

External links

Guide to Railroad History online
Georgia Railroad History
Railroad Extra website
Pennsylvania Historical Marker, birthplace.

American civil engineers
American Civil War industrialists
Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery
19th-century American railroad executives
Pennsylvania Railroad people
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
People from Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania
1808 births
1874 deaths
Engineers from Pennsylvania

John Edgar Thomson


The paloma (Spanish for "dove") is a tequila-based cocktail. This drink is most commonly prepared by mixing tequila, lime juice, and a grapefruit-flavored soda such as Fresca, Squirt, or Jarritos and served on the rocks with a lime wedge. Adding salt to the rim of the glass is also an option.

Alternatively, the grapefruit soda can be replaced with fresh white or red grapefruit juice (jugo de toronja) and club soda (sugar optional).

A simple paloma is a two-ingredient cocktail consisting only of tequila and grapefruit-flavored soda. A more complex variant of the Paloma is the cantarito, which in addition to lime juice, also has lemon juice and orange juice.

The paloma is more flavorful than its closest relative, the greyhound, which consists of grapefruit juice and either gin or vodka mixed and served over ice.

Some believe the name of the cocktail comes from the Spanish for "dove", but others suspect the name comes from a derivation of the word pomelo, which is the Spanish for "grapefruit".

See also
 Lonkero
 List of cocktails

References

External links

Cocktails with tequila
Cocktails with grapefruit soda
Mexican alcoholic drinks
Three-ingredient cocktails
Bubbly cocktails
Citrus cocktails
Sour cocktails
Sweet cocktails

Paloma (cocktail)


USS Providence, a gundalow, was built at Skenesboro, New York, on Lake Champlain by the Continental Army for Brigadier-General Benedict Arnold's fleet on Lake Champlain in 1776, during the American Revolutionary War.

Under the command of Captain Simonds, an Army officer, she participated in the engagement at Valcour Island between Arnold's fleet and a British squadron on 11 October 1776. After the battle, their ammunition nearly exhausted, the Americans retreated towards Crown Point, with the enemy in pursuit and the next morning (the 12th) Providence, being badly damaged, was sunk at Schuyler's Island by her own crew to prevent capture. This tactical defeat was a strategic victory for the Americans since Arnold's little fleet enabled the rebelling colonists to prepare for the renewed British onslaught the following summer which ended in Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga.

References

External links

Row galleys of the Continental Navy
Ships built in Whitehall, New York
Ships of the Continental Navy
1776 ships
Maritime incidents in 1776

USS Providence (1776 gundalow)


Tamás Bauer (born May 6, 1946) is a Hungarian economist, politician and member of the National Assembly (MP) from June 28, 1994 to May 14, 2002. His research areas are the Eastern European planned economies.

Biography
He was born into a Jewish family. His parents were Miklós Bauer (1921–2008), jurist and infamous interrogation officer of the State Protection Authority (ÁVH) and Judit Schönberg, a functionary. He has a younger sister, Judit (born 1951). Bauer married Aranka Verebélyi, an economist in 1969. They have two children: János (born 1970) and Zsuzsa (born 1972).

Academic career
He graduated from the Radnóti Miklós Grammar School of Eötvös Loránd University, and was then admitted to the Corvinus University of Budapest (then Marx Károly Economics University), where he obtained a degree in 1968. He became a member of the Hungarian Economics Society in that same year. He worked for the Research Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA). Later he was promoted to Senior Researcher. In 1984, he defended his PhD thesis in economics. In 1988, he served as a university professor of the Department of Comparison and Transformation of Economic Systems in the University of Frankfurt, and later became head of that department. He was a member of the Commission of Economics of MTA between 1991 and 1994. He also served as a project manager for the National Fund for Scientific Research from 2004 to 2009.

Political career
Bauer joined Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) in 1966 but was expelled from the party eight years later, in 1974 because he did not support further tightening of the approval of abortion. Later he was one of the leading figures of the Democratic Opposition. He published under the pseudonym of Dénes Csonka for the illegal liberal newspaper Beszélő. In 1985 he was elected to a member of the National Council of the Patriotic People's Front. He resigned from that position in 1988 and was one of the initiators of the New March Front (Új Márciusi Front). In that same year he became one of the founding members of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). He was appointed member of the new party's leadership.

In 1985, the Communist party prevented his participation at the parliamentary elections. He was a candidate for the next parliamentary elections but did not obtain a mandate. He became a member of the National Assembly in 1994 and 1998 from the SZDSZ's national list. During the 2002 parliamentary election he lost his mandate. He left the party in 2007 because he disagreed with the policy of the party leadership and what he considered its flawed economic policies.

He joined the newly formed Democratic Coalition (DK) led by former prime minister Ferenc Gyurcsány and became its one of the deputy chairmen on November 6, 2011. He resigned from his position due to personal and ideological reasons on 26 May 2014.

Personal life
He is married since 1969. His wife is Aranka Verebélyi. They have two children - a daughter, Zsuzsa and a son, János.

Publications
A vállalatok ellentmondásos helyzete a magyar gazdasági mechanizmusban (1975)
Beruházási ciklusok a tervgazdaságban. A reform előtti tervgazdaságok esete (1978)
Tervgazdaság, beruházás, ciklusok (1981)
The New Hungarian Forms of Enterprise Management and their Economic Environment (1986)
Two Remarks on Socialism and Reforms (1991)

References

External links
MTI Ki Kicsoda 2009, Magyar Távirati Iroda Zrt., Budapest 2008, p. 85.
Adatlap az Országgyűlés honlapján
Adatlap az MTA Közgazdaság-tudományi Kutatóintézet oldalán

1946 births
Living people
Hungarian economists
Hungarian academics
Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Alliance of Free Democrats politicians
Democratic Coalition (Hungary) politicians
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1994–1998)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1998–2002)
Hungarian Jews
Corvinus University of Budapest alumni

Tamás Bauer


The Swimathon Foundation runs an annual fund raising swimathon which takes place at participating swimming pools across the UK.  It is considered to be the world's largest swimming fund raising event.

The event has been run nationally every year since 1988 when it was originally sponsored by Penguin (chocolate biscuits) before being taken over by British Telecom for a number of years.  Prior to that a London event sponsored by LBC was run in the autumn of 1986.  Over the years, more than £10 million has been raised for worthwhile causes.

In its current configuration there are three separate challenges: Distance Challenge, SimplySwim and Corporate Challenge.  For the Distance Challenge, individuals can choose to swim ,  or  or they can create a team of two to five people to swim .  The SimplySwim challenge allows individuals or teams to set their own targets for swimming any number of laps over any number of days up to and including the main event weekend. The event is open to all ages, with the youngest successful challenger to complete the 5 km feat being  6 years old (Leo Stuchbury - 1993) The Corporate Challenge is for teams of two to five swimmers who must complete  as a team representing a company.

Duncan Goodhew has been involved in the Swimathon event for many years as a public figurehead to the fundraising campaign.

External links
 Official Swimathon site
 Official site for the Swimathon Foundation

References

Swimming in the United Kingdom
Cancer fundraisers

Swimathon Foundation


Endiandra virens is an Australian tree in the laurel family. Growing from Boorganna Nature Reserve north west of Taree, New South Wales to Kin Kin in Southern Queensland. Common names include White Apple, Plumwood, and New South Wales Walnut.

Endiandra virens is an understorey rainforest tree. The habitat is various types of rainforest, usually on poorer soils at low altitudes.

Description
Endiandra virens is a small tree with bright green leaves and large fruit. Usually seven to ten metres tall with a trunk diameter of 20 cm. The bark is pale, often grey or whitish grey. The bark is not smooth, with vertical ridges, lines and bumps, somewhat soft and corky. New branchlets green and smooth, new shoots with small hairs.

Leaves

The leaves are alternate, not toothed. 6 to 15 cm long, 2 to 3 cm wide. Oblong or lanceolate in shape. Leaves are narrow at both ends. Leaf stem 3 to 12 mm long. Glossy green above, duller below. The specific name virens refers to the bright green of the new leaves.

The midrib, lateral veins and net veins are visible on both surfaces, raised and more evident under the leaf. Midrib raised under the leaf, somewhat depressed on the upper leaf surface.

Flowers and Fruit

Small cream flowers occur on panicles in the months of March to May. The panicle is shorter than a leaf.

The fruit matures from April to July, though sometimes as late as November. A very large globular drupe, 4 to 10 cm in diameter. Coloured yellow, orange or red when mature. The single seed is 3 to 4 cm in diameter. Removal of the fleshy aril is advised before planting the seeds.

Taxonomy
It is possible that the Queensland populations currently included as Endiandra virens between Caboolture and Kin Kin represent a distinct species once named Endiandra lowiana by F. M. Bailey in 1892. These plants differ in leaf and bark character from the NSW populations and are similar to a less hairy Endiandra pubens while NSW plants are quite dissimilar to E. pubens.
The type specimen of Endiandra lowiana is from Maroochie (Yandina), While the type for Endiandra virens is from the Clarence River see (APNI) thus should the QLD populations prove to be a distinct species they would be called Endiandra lowiana while NSW populations would retain the name Endiandra virens. Genetic and more detailed morphological studies would help to clarify the status of these two taxa.

References

  (other publication details, included in citation)
 PlantNET - The Plant Information Network System of Botanic Gardens Trust, Sydney, Australia - retrieved 1 September 2009. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Endiandra~virens

virens
Laurales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Taxa named by Carl Meissner

Endiandra virens


A gateway is a piece of networking hardware or software used in telecommunications networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another. Gateways are distinct from routers or switches in that they communicate using more than one protocol to connect multiple networks and can operate at any of the seven layers of the open systems interconnection model (OSI).

The term gateway can also loosely refer to a computer or computer program configured to perform the tasks of a gateway, such as a default gateway or router, and in the case of HTTP, gateway is also often used as a synonym for reverse proxy. It can also refer to a device installed in homes that combines router and modem functionality into one device, used by ISPs, also called a residential gateway.

Network gateway
A network gateway provides a connection between networks and contains devices, such as protocol translators, impedance matchers, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators. A network gateway requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between the networks using the gateway. Network gateways, known as protocol translation gateways or mapping gateways, can perform protocol conversions to connect networks with different network protocol technologies. For example, a network gateway connects an office or home intranet to the Internet. If an office or home computer user wants to load a web page, at least two network gateways are accessed—one to get from the office or home network to the Internet and one to get from the Internet to the computer that serves the web page.

On an Internet Protocol (IP) network, IP packets with a destination outside a given subnetwork are sent to the network gateway. For example, if a private network has a base IPv4 address of 192.168.1.0 and has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, then any data addressed to an IP address outside of 192.168.1.0–192.168.1.255 is sent to the network gateway. IPv6 networks work in a similar way. While forwarding an IP packet to another network, the gateway may perform network address translation.

In enterprise networks, a network gateway usually also acts as a proxy server and a firewall.

On Microsoft Windows, the Internet Connection Sharing feature allows a computer to act as a gateway by offering a connection between the Internet and an internal network.

Internet-to-orbit gateway
An Internet-to-orbit gateway (I2O) connects computers or devices on the Internet to computer systems orbiting Earth, such as satellites or crewed spacecraft. Project HERMES, run by the Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency, was first to implement this kind of gateway on June 6, 2009. Project HERMES has a maximum coverage of 22,000 km and can transmit voice and data. The Global Educational Network for Satellite Operations (GENSO) is another type of I2O gateway.

Cloud storage gateway
A cloud storage gateway is a network appliance or server which translates cloud storage APIs such as SOAP or REST to block-based storage protocols such as iSCSI, Fiber Channel or file-based interfaces such as NFS or CIFS. Cloud storage gateways enable companies to integrate private cloud storage into applications without moving the applications into a public cloud, thereby simplifying data protection.

IoT gateway
An Internet of things (IoT) gateway provides the bridge (protocol converter) between IoT devices in the field, the cloud, and user equipment such as smartphones. The IoT gateway provides a communication link between the field and the cloud, and may provide offline services and real-time control of devices in the field.

To achieve sustainable interoperability in the Internet of things ecosystem, two dominant architectures for data exchange protocols are used: bus-based (DDS, REST, XMPP) and broker-based (AMQP, CoAP, MQTT, JMI). Protocols that support information exchange between interoperable domains are classified as message-centric (AMQP, MQTT, JMS, REST) or data-centric (DDS, CoAP, XMPP). Interconnected devices communicate using lightweight protocols that don't require extensive CPU resources. C, Java, Python and some scripting languages are the preferred choices of IoT application developers. IoT nodes use separate IoT gateways to handle protocol conversion, database storage or decision making (e.g. collision handling), in order to supplement the low intelligence of devices.

See also

References

Sources
Federal Standard 1037C
MIL-STD-188

Internet architecture
Networking hardware
Routers (computing)
Videotelephony

Gateway (telecommunications)


A plum is a sweet fruit that grows on a plum tree. The scientific name for the tree is Prunus domestica. When the fruit is dried, it is called a prune. The color "plum" takes its name from the fruit.

Prunus domestica is the European plum. Most of the plums we eat are grown on varieties of this tree. Greengages and damsons are varieties of plum.

The plant is usually  a large shrub  or a small tree. It has attractive white blossom in spring. The branches often have thorns. The fruit can be up to 8 cm across, and is usually sweet (dessert plum).  Some varieties are sour and require cooking with sugar. The fruit  has a single large seed inside.

Some plum trees need another plum tree growing nearby to fertilise the flowers. Without this the plum tree may not produce any fruit.

Plum colored plums are called purple plums and are a deep purple color; other plums are reddish purple. Some other plums can be yellow, red, green or even white. The fruit has a groove running down one side, and a smooth stone (seed). The flesh of the fruit is brownish and is very juicy. The skin can be eaten. It can also be used to make jam and the juice can be used to make wine. It is closely related to the apricot.

Cultivation
There are many cultivars of plum.
Plums come in a wide variety of colors and sizes. Some are much firmer-fleshed than others, and some have yellow, white, green or red flesh, with equally varying skin color. These are some of the best-kown:
 Damson (purple or black skin, green flesh, clingstone, astringent)
 Greengage (firm, green flesh and skin even when ripe)
 Yellowgage or golden plum (similar to greengage, but yellow)
 Victoria plum (yellow flesh with a red or mottled skin)
 Satsuma plum (firm red flesh with a red skin)
 Mirabelle plum (dark yellow, mostly grown in northeast France)

Related pages
 Plum (color)
 Fruit trees

References

Other websites

 Prunus americanum images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu

Plum


Alekhine's gun is a formation in chess named after the former world chess champion Alexander Alekhine. It is a specific kind of battery. This formation was named after a game he played against Aron Nimzowitsch in Sanremo 1930, ending with Alekhine's decisive victory.

Concept
The idea consists of placing the two rooks stacked one behind another and the queen at the rear. This can lead to substantial material loss for the opponent as it places considerable pressure on the "target" of the gun, especially if it is pinned (in this case it was only four moves before ).

Original "Alekhine's gun" game
Here is the game that spawned Alekhine's gun:

Other games
Six years later, in 1936, Alekhine defeated William Winter using Alekhine's gun again.  Since then, players have learned much about using and guarding against this formation; however, some international games are still lost or won by the force of this tactic. In November 2018 it was successfully used by Ju Wenjun against Kateryna Lagno in game 4 of the FIDE Women's World Championship. The attack could have been refuted with perfect defense, but Lagno was unable to find it and resigned five moves later. Ju Wenjun went on to win the match and with it the title.

In popular culture
The video game Alekhine's Gun is named after this chess formation.

References

Chess tactics
Chess terminology

Alekhine's gun


In geology, the slab is a significant constituent of subduction zones .

Subduction slabs drive plate tectonics by pulling along the lithosphere to which they attach in a process known as slab pull and by inducing currents in the mantle via slab suction. The slab affects the convection and evolution of the Earth's mantle due to the insertion of the hydrous oceanic lithosphere. Dense oceanic lithosphere retreats into the Earth's mantle, while lightweight continental lithospheric material produces active continental margins and volcanic arcs, generating volcanism.  Recycling the subducted slab presents volcanism by flux melting from the mantle wedge. The slab motion can cause dynamic uplift and subsidence of the Earth's surface, forming shallow seaways and potentially rearranging drainage patterns.

Geologic features of the subsurface can infer subducted slabs by seismic imaging. Subduction slabs are dynamic; slab characteristics such as slab temperature evolution,  flat-slab, deep-slab, and slab detachment can be expressed globally near subduction zones. Temperature gradients of subducted slabs depend on the oceanic plate's time and thermal structures. Slabs experiencing low angle (less than 30 degrees) subduction is considered flat-slab, primarily in southern China and the western United States. Marianas Trench is an example of a deep slab, thereby creating the deepest trench in the world established by a steep slab angle. Slab breakoff occurs during a collision between oceanic and continental lithosphere, allowing for a slab tear; an example of slab breakoff occurs within the Himalayan subduction zone.

See also

References

Subduction

Slab (geology)


Go-go boots are a low-heeled style of women's fashion boot first introduced in the mid-1960s. The original go-go boots, as defined by André Courrèges in 1964, were white, low-heeled, and mid-calf in height, a specific style which is sometimes called the Courrèges boot. Since then, the term go-go boot has come to include the knee-high, square-toed boots with block heels that were very popular in the 1960s and 1970s; as well as a number of variations including kitten heeled versions and colours other than white.

Etymology
The term go-go is derived from the French expression à gogo, meaning "in abundance, galore", which is in turn derived from the ancient French word la gogue for "joy, happiness". The term "go-go" has also been explained as a 1964 back-formation of the 1962 slang term "go", meaning something that was "all the rage"; the term "go-go dancer" first appeared in print in 1965. The go-go boot is presumed to have been named after the dance style.

1960s
Fashion boots were revived in the early 1960s by designers including Beth Levine, although at first they featured fashionable high heels such as the stiletto and kitten heels. Golo is probably best recognized for the invention of the go-go boot in 1964  which was proudly worn by Barbra Streisand and photographed by Richard Avedon in the August 1965 issue of Vogue. The earliest go-go boots were mid-calf, white and flat-heeled, as seen in the work of the designer André Courrèges, who is sometimes credited with creating the style. The simple minimalism of the Courrèges boot was easily and widely reproduced for the mass market. Courrèges boots provided the foundation for the development of the go-go boot, which increasingly came higher up the leg and was made in alternative colours. While remaining low-ish, the heel also became higher and chunkier. The earliest Courrèges boots were made of leather, such as kidskin or patent leather, but many of the subsequent versions and copies were made in PVC, vinyl, and other plastics.

In 1966, the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" was released and performed by a go-go boot wearing Nancy Sinatra, who is credited with further popularising the boot. Tim Gunn suggests that Sinatra helped establish the boot as "a symbol of female power". Female dancers on the television shows Hullabaloo and Shindig! also wore the short, white boots. This led to the boots sometimes being called 'hullabaloo boots,' as in an advertisement run in American newspapers in January 1966 for hullabaloo boots with "kooky heels and zipper backs" for the "Go-Go Getter".

Post-1960s

In the mid-1990s, as part of a general revival of 1960s fashions, go-go boots came back into style.

References

External links

1960s fashion
1970s fads and trends
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
2020s fashion
Boots
Go-go

Go-go boot


Justseeds Artists' Cooperative is a decentralized, worker-owned cooperative of thirty artists throughout North America. Justseeds members primarily produce handmade prints and publications which are distributed through their website and at conferences and events related to social and environmental movements. Members also work individually as graphic designers for and within a broad swath of social and environmental activist causes in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. As a collective body, Justseeds has produced several gallery exhibitions of both print work and collaborative sculptural installation.

History
Justseeds was founded in 1998 by member Josh MacPhee as an internet-based store and distribution point for graphics that MacPhee, his friends, and associated groups were producing. Following the 2006 collapse of Clamor magazine, which was then handling Justseeds mail-order distribution, MacPhee sought to organize several artists with which he already had a working relationship into a cooperative entity that would expand to include other artists with equal stakes in the new project. Originally launched as Justseeds/Visual Resistance Collective in 2007, the name has since been shortened to Justseeds Artists' Cooperative.

Justseeds ran a distribution center, consisting of their online store and an internal archive, from the basement of a private home in Portland, Oregon from 2007 until 2010. In May 2010, operations were moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Organization
Justseeds is a worker-owned, cooperatively structured business entity. However, the organization's internal structure is similar to many grassroots activist collectives in the U.S., with a concentration on consensus decision making. Although the business entity is registered in the state of Pennsylvania, where the shipping office for the internet store is located, active Justseeds members are spread across several locations within North America. Inter-cooperative communication happens primarily online, and mission-oriented discussions and project generation occur at occasional large group gatherings.

Justseeds is usually identified as a collective organization of graphic printmakers, however individual artists within the organization also work autonomously from the group as educators, writers, sculptors, designers, and in puppet theater. Individual members have published books, fanzines, and other graphic works which are informally included within the Justseeds rubric, including the journal Signal (Dunn, Macphee, PM Press) and the Celebrate People's History Book (MacPhee, Feminist Press 2010). Firebrands: Portraits from the Americas (Microcosm Publishing, 2010) was their first collective publishing endeavor.

As of March 2020, the members of Justseeds are: Favianna Rodriguez, Josh MacPhee, Meredith Stern, Melanie Cervantes, Jesus Barraza, Dylan Miner, Nicolas Lampert, Jess X. Snow, Mary Tremonte, Thea Gahr, Roger Peet, Alec "Icky" Dunn, Pete Yahnke Railand, Shaun Slifer, Bec Young, Chris Stain, Colin Matthes, Molly Fair, Fernando Mati, Jesse Purcell, Chip Thomas, Kevin Caplicki, Kristine Virsis, Lesly Geovanni Mendoza, Mazatl, Sanya Hyand, Paul Kjelland, Aaron Hughes, and Erik Ruin.

Much of Justseeds work is republished in newspapers and on websites following informal anti-copyright ethics. Justseeds members commonly respond to current social movements by producing free graphics for download and use from their website and blog.

Collective projects
Justseeds has collectively produced several print portfolios and collaborative art installations which differ from the individual members' projects in that they are considered productions of Justseeds as a collective entity. In the case of the print portfolios, Justseeds regularly works with other outside, affiliated artists.

 Voices From Outside: Artists Against the Prison Industrial Complex (with Critical Resistance, print portfolio, 2008)
 In the Shell of the Old (collaborative installation, Space 1026, Philadelphia, PA, 2008)
 Which Side Are You On? (collaborative installation, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 2009)
 Resourced (print portfolio, 2009)
 Firebrands: Portraits from the Americas (book, Microcosm Publishing, 2010)
 untitled billboard landscape (collaborative installation, Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University, 2011 Pittsburgh Biennial, Pittsburgh, PA)
 Refuge (collaborative installation, 29th Biennial of Graphic Arts, Alkatraz Gallery: Metelkova, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2011)
 War is Trauma (with Iraq Veterans Against the War, print portfolio, 2011)
 Migration Now (collaboration with CultureStrike, print portfolio, 2013)
 Uprisings: Images of Labor (collaborative installation, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 2013)
 Liberating Learning (print portfolio, 2014)
 We Are The Storm (collaboration with CultureStrike, print portfolio, 2015)
 We're All in this Together (collaborative installation with Interference Archive, SUNY Purchase, Fall 2017)

Affiliated organizations
There are several organizations with which Justseeds is directly affiliated by the presence of overlapping members:
 Colectivo Cordyceps (Mexico)
 Dignidad Rebelde (Oakland, CA, USA)
 Taller Tupac Amaru (Oakland, CA, USA)
 Interference Archive (New York, NY, USA)
 Street Art Workers (USA)
 Howling Mob Society (Pittsburgh, USA)
 Visual Resistance (New York, NY, USA)
 Spectres of Liberty (Troy, NY, USA)

References

Justseeds: About
 Mallory Gevaert, Zine Scene: Firebrands, Alarm Press, September 1, 2010
 Lawrence, Interviews - Justseeds, Arrested Motion, May 4, 2010
 Bonnie Fortune, Justseeds: Art, Activism, and Functional Group Blogging, HASTAC, November 18, 2009
 Daniel Tucker, Justseeds: Reminders of Emancipation and Justice, Alarm Press, July 28, 2008
 Melanie Maddison, Women of Justseeds, Aorta Magazine (pub. date unknown, retrieved 2012-02-12)

Further reading

External links
Justseeds Artists' Cooperative
RESOURCED

American artist groups and collectives
Artist cooperatives

Justseeds


Samuel E. Watson (died 17 November 1847) was an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps who led troops during the Mexican–American War.

Watson held the rank of brevet lieutenant colonel in the Marines during the Mexican War. He commanded a Marine battalion that reinforced the army of Winfield Scott shortly before the Battle for Mexico City. (Watson had served under Winfield Scott in 1813 and was a veteran Marine.) Watson and his men were attached to the 4th Division under Brig. Gen. John A. Quitman. During the critical attacks on Chapultepec Castle on September 13, 1847, Watson showed little initiative, and many of his Marines missed the crucial action, waiting in reserve in a defilade for attack orders that never came. Shortly after the fall of Mexico City to the Americans, Watson died of natural causes.

References
 Alexander, Joseph H. and Horan, Don, "The Battle History of the Marines: A Fellowship of Valor." HarperPerennial, 1999. .
 Nofi, Albert A., The Marine Corps Book of Lists: A Definitive Compendium of Marine Corps Facts, Feats, and Traditions. Da Capo Press, 2001. .

American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
1847 deaths
Year of birth missing

Samuel E. Watson


Blue Beetle is the name of three fictional superheroes who appear in DC Comics. They bought the rights to the character in 1983, using the name for three distinct characters over the years.

The third Blue Beetle, created by DC Comics, is Jaime Reyes, a teenager who discovered that the original Blue Beetle scarab morphed into a battle suit allowing him to fight crime and travel in space.

A movie about Blue Beetle will be released in 2023 by Warner Bros. with Xolo Maridueña playing the main character.

Other websites
 Blue Beetle (Dan Garrett) (archived from the original December 4, 2011) and Blue Beetle (Ted Kord) (archived from the original December 4, 2011) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
 Blue Beetle (Dan Garrett) and Blue Beetle (Ted Kord) at the International Catalogue of Superheroes

DC Comics superheroes

Blue Beetle


"Bitch Please", also known as "Trick Please" for the amended radio version, or "B**** Please" and "B Please" for clean versions, is a song by Snoop Dogg featuring Nate Dogg and Xzibit from his fourth album, No Limit Top Dogg. Its music video was directed by Dr. Dre and Phillip Atwell. A sequel song, "Bitch Please II", was for Eminem's third studio album, The Marshall Mathers LP and featured all previous artists in addition to Dr. Dre and Eminem.

There were three edited versions of the song based on the content with radio stations to choose between playing "Trick Please" or the edited version of "Bitch Please", one had amended lyrics, and another had the profanity muted as well as the sex moaning background sound and the second half of the word "doggystyle"  in Snoop Dogg's 2nd verse. In addition, the original clean album version had the profanity backmasked since "Trick Please" wasn't released until The Best of Snoop Dogg album in 2006.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Notes

Nate Dogg songs
Snoop Dogg songs
Xzibit songs
1999 songs
1999 singles
Song recordings produced by Dr. Dre
Songs written by Snoop Dogg
Gangsta rap songs
G-funk songs
Songs written by Nate Dogg
Songs written by Xzibit
No Limit Records singles

Bitch Please


Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (; 6 March 1927 – 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo () or Gabito () throughout Latin America. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, particularly in the Spanish language, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in leaving law school for a career in journalism. From early on he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha Pardo; they had two sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo.

García Márquez started as a journalist and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981), and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). His works have achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for popularizing a literary style known as magic realism, which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary and realistic situations. Some of his works are set in the fictional village of Macondo (mainly inspired by his birthplace, Aracataca), and most of them explore the theme of solitude. He is the most-translated Spanish-language author.

Upon García Márquez's death in April 2014, Juan Manuel Santos, the president of Colombia, called him "the greatest Colombian who ever lived."

Biography

Early life

Gabriel García Márquez was born on 6 March 1927 in the small town of Aracataca, in the Caribbean region of Colombia, to Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez Iguarán. Soon after García Márquez was born, his father became a pharmacist and moved, with his wife, to the nearby large port city of Barranquilla, leaving young Gabriel in Aracataca. He was raised by his maternal grandparents, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán and Colonel Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía. In December 1936 his father took him and his brother to Sincé, while in March 1937 his grandfather died; the family then moved first (back) to Barranquilla and then on to Sucre, where his father started a pharmacy.

When his parents fell in love, their relationship met with resistance from Luisa Santiaga Márquez's father, the Colonel. Gabriel Eligio García was not the man the Colonel had envisioned winning the heart of his daughter: Gabriel Eligio was a Conservative, and had the reputation of being a womanizer. Gabriel Eligio wooed Luisa with violin serenades, love poems, countless letters, and even telephone messages after her father sent her away with the intention of separating the young couple. Her parents tried everything to get rid of the man, but he kept coming back, and it was obvious their daughter was committed to him. Her family finally capitulated and gave her permission to marry him (The tragicomic story of their courtship would later be adapted and recast as Love in the Time of Cholera.)

Since García Márquez's parents were more or less strangers to him for the first few years of his life, his grandparents influenced his early development very strongly. His grandfather, whom he called "Papalelo", was a Liberal veteran of the Thousand Days War. The Colonel was considered a hero by Colombian Liberals and was highly respected. He was well known for his refusal to remain silent about the banana massacres that took place the year after García Márquez was born. The Colonel, whom García Márquez described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality", was also an excellent storyteller. He taught García Márquez lessons from the dictionary, took him to the circus each year, and was the first to introduce his grandson to ice—a "miracle" found at the United Fruit Company store. He would also occasionally tell his young grandson "You can't imagine how much a dead man weighs", reminding him that there was no greater burden than to have killed a man, a lesson that García Márquez would later integrate into his novels.

García Márquez's grandmother, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes, played an influential role in his upbringing. He was inspired by the way she "treated the extraordinary as something perfectly natural." The house was filled with stories of ghosts and premonitions, omens and portents, all of which were studiously ignored by her husband. According to García Márquez she was "the source of the magical, superstitious and supernatural view of reality". He enjoyed his grandmother's unique way of telling stories. No matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. It was a deadpan style that, some thirty years later, heavily influenced her grandson's most popular novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Education and adulthood

After arriving at Sucre, it was decided that García Márquez should start his formal education and he was sent to an internship in Barranquilla, a port on the mouth of the Río Magdalena. There, he gained a reputation of being a timid boy who wrote humorous poems and drew humorous comic strips. Serious and little interested in athletic activities, he was called El Viejo by his classmates.
After his graduation in 1947, García Márquez stayed in Bogotá to study law at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, but spent most of his spare time reading fiction. He was inspired by La metamorfosis by Franz Kafka, at the time incorrectly thought to have been translated by Jorge Luis Borges. His first published work, "La tercera resignación", appeared in the 13 September 1947 edition of the newspaper El Espectador. From 1947 to 1955 he wrote a series of short stories that were later published under the title of "Eyes of a blue dog".

Though his passion was writing, he continued with law in 1948 to please his father. After the Bogotazo riots on 9 April following the assassination of popular leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, the university closed indefinitely and his boarding house was burned. García Márquez transferred to the Universidad de Cartagena and began working as a reporter of El Universal. In 1950 he ended his legal studies to focus on journalism and moved again to Barranquilla to work as a columnist and reporter in the newspaper El Heraldo. Universities, including Columbia University in the City of New York, have given him an honorary doctorate in writing.

Journalism

García Márquez began his career as a journalist while studying law at the National University of Colombia. In 1948 and 1949 he wrote for El Universal in Cartagena. From 1950 until 1952 he wrote a "whimsical" column under the name of "Septimus" for the local paper El Heraldo in Barranquilla. García Márquez noted of his time at El Heraldo, "I'd write a piece and they'd pay me three pesos for it, and maybe an editorial for another three." During this time he became an active member of the informal group of writers and journalists known as the Barranquilla Group, an association that provided great motivation and inspiration for his literary career. He worked with inspirational figures such as Ramon Vinyes, whom García Márquez depicted as an Old Catalan who owns a bookstore in One Hundred Years of Solitude. At this time, García Márquez was also introduced to the works of writers such as Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner. Faulkner's narrative techniques, historical themes and use of rural locations influenced many Latin American authors. From 1954 to 1955, García Márquez spent time in Bogotá and regularly wrote for Bogotá's El Espectador. From 1956 he spent two years in Europe, returning to marry Mercedes Barcha in Colombia, and to work on magazines in Caracas, Venezuela.

Politics

García Márquez was a "committed leftist" throughout his life, adhering to socialist beliefs. In 1991 he published Changing the History of Africa, an admiring study of Cuban activities in the Angolan Civil War and the larger South African Border War. He maintained a close but "nuanced" friendship with Fidel Castro, praising the achievements of the Cuban Revolution but criticizing aspects of governance and working to "soften [the] roughest edges" of the country. García Márquez's political and ideological views were shaped by his grandfather's stories. In an interview, García Márquez told his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, "my grandfather the Colonel was a Liberal. My political ideas probably came from him to begin with because, instead of telling me fairy tales when I was young, he would regale me with horrifying accounts of the last civil war that free-thinkers and anti-clerics waged against the Conservative government." This influenced his political views and his literary technique so that "in the same way that his writing career initially took shape in conscious opposition to the Colombian literary status quo, García Márquez's socialist and anti-imperialist views are in principled opposition to the global status quo dominated by the United States."

The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor

Ending in controversy, his last domestically written editorial for El Espectador was a series of 14 news articles in which he revealed the hidden story of how a Colombian Navy vessel's shipwreck "occurred because the boat contained a badly stowed cargo of contraband goods that broke loose on the deck."
García Márquez compiled this story through interviews with a young sailor who survived the wreck. In response to this controversy, El Espectador sent García Márquez away to Europe to be a foreign correspondent. He wrote about his experiences for El Independiente, a newspaper that briefly replaced El Espectador during the military government of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla and was later shut down by Colombian authorities. García Márquez's background in journalism provided a foundational base for his writing career. Literary critic Bell-Villada noted, "Owing to his hands-on experiences in journalism, García Márquez is, of all the great living authors, the one who is closest to everyday reality."

QAP

García Márquez was one of the original founders of QAP, a Colombian newscast that aired between 1992 and 1997. He was attracted to the project by the promise of editorial and journalistic independence.

Marriage and family

García Márquez met Mercedes Barcha while she was at school; he was 12 and she was 9. When he was sent to Europe as a foreign correspondent, Mercedes waited for him to return to Barranquilla. Finally, they married in 1958. The following year, their first son, Rodrigo García, now a television and film director, was born. In 1961, the family traveled by Greyhound bus throughout the southern United States and eventually settled in Mexico City. García Márquez had always wanted to see the Southern United States because it inspired the writings of William Faulkner. Three years later, the couple's second son, Gonzalo García, was born in Mexico. Gonzalo is currently a graphic designer in Mexico City.

In January 2022, it was reported that García Márquez had a daughter, Indira Cato, from an extramarital affair with Mexican writer Susana Cato in the early 1990s. Indira is a documentary producer in Mexico City.

Leaf Storm

Leaf Storm (La Hojarasca) is García Márquez's first novella and took seven years to find a publisher, finally being published in 1955. García Márquez notes that "of all that he had written (as of 1973), Leaf Storm was his favorite because he felt that it was the most sincere and spontaneous." All the events of the novella take place in one room, during a half-hour period on Wednesday 12 September 1928. It is the story of an old colonel (similar to García Márquez's own grandfather) who tries to give a proper Christian burial to an unpopular French doctor. The colonel is supported only by his daughter and grandson. The novella explores the child's first experience with death by following his stream of consciousness. The book reveals the perspective of Isabel, the Colonel's daughter, which provides a feminine point of view.

In Evil Hour

In Evil Hour (La mala hora), García Márquez's second novel, was published in 1962. Its formal structure is based on novels such as Virginia Woolf's Mrs Dalloway. The narrative begins on the saint's day of St Francis of Assisi, but the murders that follow are far from the saint's message of peace. The story interweaves characters and details from García Márquez's other writings such as Artificial Roses, and comments on literary genres such as whodunnit detective stories. Some of the characters and situations found in In Evil Hour re-appear in One Hundred Years of Solitude.

One Hundred Years of Solitude

From when he was 18, García Márquez had wanted to write a novel based on his grandparents' house where he grew up. However, he struggled with finding an appropriate tone and put off the idea until one day the answer hit him while driving his family to Acapulco. He turned the car around and the family returned home so he could begin writing. He sold his car so his family would have money to live on while he wrote. Writing the novel took far longer than he expected; he wrote every day for 18 months. His wife had to ask for food on credit from their butcher and baker as well as nine months of rent on credit from their landlord. During the 18 months of writing, García Márquez met with two couples, Eran Carmen and Álvaro Mutis, and María Luisa Elío and Jomí García Ascot, every night and discussed the progress of the novel, trying out different versions. When the book was published in 1967, it became his most commercially successful novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad; English translation by Gregory Rabassa, 1970), selling over 50 million copies. The book was dedicated to Jomí García Ascot and María Luisa Elío. The story chronicles several generations of the Buendía family from the time they founded the fictional South American village of Macondo, through their trials and tribulations, and instances of incest, births, and deaths. The history of Macondo is often generalized by critics to represent rural towns throughout Latin America or at least near García Márquez's native Aracataca.

The novel was widely popular and led to García Márquez's Nobel Prize as well as the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1972. William Kennedy has called it "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race," and hundreds of articles and books of literary critique have been published in response to it. Despite the many accolades the book received, García Márquez tended to downplay its success. He once remarked: "Most critics don't realize that a novel like One Hundred Years of Solitude is a bit of a joke, full of signals to close friends, and so, with some pre-ordained right to pontificate they take on the responsibility of decoding the book and risk making terrible fools of themselves."

Fame

After writing One Hundred Years of Solitude García Márquez returned to Europe, this time bringing along his family, to live in Barcelona, Spain, for seven years. The international recognition García Márquez earned with the publication of the novel led to his ability to act as a facilitator in several negotiations between the Colombian government and the guerrillas, including the former 19th of April Movement (M-19), and the current FARC and ELN organizations. The popularity of his writing also led to friendships with powerful leaders, including one with former Cuban president Fidel Castro, which has been analyzed in Gabo and Fidel: Portrait of a Friendship. It was during this time that he was punched in the face by Mario Vargas Llosa in what became one of the largest feuds in modern literature. In an interview with Claudia Dreifus in 1982 García Márquez noted his relationship with Castro was mostly based on literature: "Ours is an intellectual friendship. It may not be widely known that Fidel is a very cultured man. When we're together, we talk a great deal about literature." This relationship was criticized by Cuban exile writer Reinaldo Arenas, in his 1992 memoir Antes de que Anochezca (Before Night Falls).

Due to his newfound fame and his outspoken views on US imperialism, García Márquez was labeled as a subversive and for many years was denied visas by US immigration authorities. After Bill Clinton was elected US president, he lifted the travel ban and cited One Hundred Years of Solitude as his favorite novel.

Autumn of the Patriarch

García Márquez was inspired to write a dictator novel when he witnessed the flight of Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. He said, "it was the first time we had seen a dictator fall in Latin America." García Márquez began writing Autumn of the Patriarch (El otoño del patriarca) in 1968 and said it was finished in 1971; however, he continued to embellish the dictator novel until 1975 when it was published in Spain. According to García Márquez, the novel is a "poem on the solitude of power" as it follows the life of an eternal dictator known as the General. The novel is developed through a series of anecdotes related to the life of the General, which do not appear in chronological order. Although the exact location of the story is not pin-pointed in the novel, the imaginary country is situated somewhere in the Caribbean.

García Márquez gave his own explanation of the plot:

My intention was always to make a synthesis of all the Latin American dictators, but especially those from the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the personality of Juan Vicente Gomez [of Venezuela] was so strong, in addition to the fact that he exercised a special fascination over me, that undoubtedly the Patriarch has much more of him than anyone else.

After Autumn of the Patriarch was published García Márquez and his family moved from Barcelona to Mexico City and García Márquez pledged not to publish again until the Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet was deposed. All the same, he published Chronicle of a Death Foretold while Pinochet was still in power, as he "could not remain silent in the face of injustice and repression."

The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother

The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother () presents the story of a young mulatto girl who dreams of freedom, but cannot escape the reach of her avaricious grandmother. Eréndira and her grandmother make an appearance in an earlier novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude.

The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother was published in 1972. The novella was adapted to the 1983 art film Eréndira, directed by Ruy Guerra.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada), which literary critic Ruben Pelayo called a combination of journalism, realism and detective story, is inspired by a real-life murder that took place in Sucre, Colombia, in 1951, but García Márquez maintained that nothing of the actual events remains beyond the point of departure and the structure. The character of Santiago Nasar is based on a  good friend from García Márquez's childhood, Cayetano Gentile Chimento.

The plot of the novel revolves around Santiago Nasar's murder. The narrator acts as a detective, uncovering the events of the murder as the novel proceeds. Pelayo notes that the story "unfolds in an inverted fashion. Instead of moving forward... the plot moves backward."

Chronicle of a Death Foretold was published in 1981, the year before García Márquez was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature. The novel was also adapted into a film by Italian director Francesco Rosi in 1987.

Love in the Time of Cholera

Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera) was first published in 1985. It is considered a non-traditional love story as "lovers find love in their 'golden years'—in their seventies, when death is all around them".

Love in the Time of Cholera is based on the stories of two couples. The young love of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza is based on the love affair of García Márquez's parents. But as García Márquez explained in an interview: "The only difference is [my parents] married. And as soon as they were married, they were no longer interesting as literary figures." The love of old people is based on a newspaper story about the death of two Americans, who were almost 80 years old, who met every year in Acapulco. They were out in a boat one day and were murdered by the boatman with his oars. García Márquez notes, "Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them. They were each married to other people."

News of a Kidnapping

News of a Kidnapping (Noticia de un secuestro) was first published in 1996. It examines a series of related kidnappings and narcoterrorist actions committed in the early 1990s in Colombia by the Medellín Cartel, a drug cartel founded and operated by Pablo Escobar. The text recounts the kidnapping, imprisonment, and eventual release of prominent figures in Colombia, including politicians and members of the press.
The original idea was proposed to García Márquez by the former minister for education Maruja Pachón Castro and Colombian diplomat Luis Alberto Villamizar Cárdenas, both of whom were among the many victims of Pablo Escobar's attempt to pressure the government to stop his extradition by committing a series of kidnappings, murders and terrorist actions.

Living to Tell the Tale and Memories of My Melancholy Whores

In 2002 García Márquez published the memoir Vivir para contarla, the first of a projected three-volume autobiography. Edith Grossman's English translation, Living to Tell the Tale, was published in November 2003. October 2004 brought the publication of a novel, Memories of My Melancholy Whores (Memoria de mis putas tristes), a love story that follows the romance of a 90-year-old man and a child forced into prostitution. Memories of My Melancholy Whores caused controversy in Iran, where it was banned after an initial 5,000 copies were printed and sold.

Film and opera

Critics often describe the language that García Márquez's imagination produces as visual or graphic, and he himself explains each of his stories is inspired by "a visual image," so it comes as no surprise that he had a long and involved history with film. He was a film critic, he founded and served as executive director of the Film Institute in Havana, was the head of the Latin American Film Foundation, and wrote several screenplays. For his first script he worked with Carlos Fuentes on Juan Rulfo's El gallo de oro. His other screenplays include the films Tiempo de morir (1966), (1985) and Un señor muy viejo con unas alas enormes (1988), as well as the television series Amores difíciles (1991).

García Márquez originally wrote his Eréndira as a third screenplay, but this version was lost and replaced by the novella. Nonetheless, he worked on rewriting the script in collaboration with Ruy Guerra, and the film was released in Mexico in 1983.

Several of his stories have inspired other writers and directors. In 1987, the Italian director Francesco Rosi directed the movie Cronaca di una morte annunciata based on Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Several film adaptations have been made in Mexico, including Miguel Littín's La Viuda de Montiel (1979), Jaime Humberto Hermosillo's Maria de mi corazón (1979), and Arturo Ripstein's El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1998).

British director Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral) filmed Love in the Time of Cholera in Cartagena, Colombia, with the screenplay written by Ronald Harwood (The Pianist). The film was released in the U.S. on 16 November 2007.

Later life and death

Declining health

In 1999 García Márquez was misdiagnosed with pneumonia instead of lymphatic cancer. Chemotherapy at a hospital in Los Angeles proved to be successful, and the illness went into remission. This event prompted García Márquez to begin writing his memoirs: "I reduced relations with my friends to a minimum, disconnected the telephone, canceled the trips and all sorts of current and future plans", he told El Tiempo, the Colombian newspaper, "and locked myself in to write every day without interruption." In 2002, three years later, he published Living to Tell the Tale (Vivir para Contarla), the first volume in a projected trilogy of memoirs.

In 2000 his impending death was incorrectly reported by Peruvian daily newspaper La República. The next day other newspapers republished his alleged farewell poem, "La Marioneta," but shortly afterward García Márquez denied being the author of the poem, which was determined to be the work of a Mexican ventriloquist.

He stated that 2005 "was the first [year] in my life in which I haven't written even a line. With my experience, I could write a new novel without any problems, but people would realise my heart wasn't in it."

In May 2008 it was announced that García Márquez was finishing a new "novel of love" that had yet to be given a title, to be published by the end of the year. However, in April 2009 his agent, Carmen Balcells, told the Chilean newspaper La Tercera that García Márquez was unlikely to write again. This was disputed by Random House Mondadori editor Cristobal Pera, who stated that García Márquez was completing a new novel called We'll Meet in August (En agosto nos vemos). In 2023 it was announced that the novel, now titled Until August would be released posthumously in 2024.

In December 2008 García Márquez told fans at the Guadalajara book fair that writing had worn him out. In 2009, responding to claims by both his literary agent and his biographer that his writing career was over, he told Colombian newspaper El Tiempo: "Not only is it not true, but the only thing I do is write".

In 2012 his brother Jaime announced that García Márquez was suffering from dementia.

In April 2014, García Márquez was hospitalized in Mexico. He had infections in his lungs and his urinary tract, and was suffering from dehydration. He was responding well to antibiotics. Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto wrote on Twitter, "I wish him a speedy recovery". Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos said his country was thinking of the author and said in a tweet: "All of Colombia wishes a speedy recovery to the greatest of all time: Gabriel García Márquez."

Death

García Márquez died of pneumonia at the age of 87 on 17 April 2014, in Mexico City. His death was confirmed by Fernanda Familiar on Twitter, and by his former editor Cristóbal Pera.

The Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos mentioned: "One Hundred Years of Solitude and sadness for the death of the greatest Colombian of all time". The former Colombian president Álvaro Uribe Vélez said: "Master García Márquez, thanks forever, millions of people in the planet fell in love with our nation fascinated with your lines." At the time of his death, García Márquez had a wife and two sons.

García Márquez was cremated at a private family ceremony in Mexico City. On 22 April the presidents of Colombia and Mexico attended a formal ceremony in Mexico City, where García Márquez had lived for more than three decades. A funeral cortege took the urn containing his ashes from his house to the Palacio de Bellas Artes, where the memorial ceremony was held. Earlier, residents in his home town of Aracataca in Colombia's Caribbean region held a symbolic funeral. In February 2015, the heirs of Gabriel García Márquez deposited a legacy of the writer in his Memoriam in the Caja de las Letras of the Instituto Cervantes.

Style

In every book I try to make a different path ... . One doesn't choose the style. You can investigate and try to discover what the best style would be for a theme. But the style is determined by the subject, by the mood of the times. If you try to use something that is not suitable, it just won't work. Then the critics build theories around that and they see things I hadn't seen. I only respond to our way of life, the life of the Caribbean.

García Márquez was noted for leaving out seemingly important details and events so the reader is forced into a more participatory role in the story development. For example, in No One Writes to the Colonel, the main characters are not given names. This practice is influenced by Greek tragedies, such as Antigone and Oedipus Rex, in which important events occur off-stage and are left to the audience's imagination.

Realism and magical realism

Reality is an important theme in all of García Márquez's works. He said of his early works (with the exception of Leaf Storm), "Nobody Writes to the Colonel, In Evil Hour, and Big Mama's Funeral all reflect the reality of life in Colombia and this theme determines the rational structure of the books. I don't regret having written them, but they belong to a kind of premeditated literature that offers too static and exclusive a vision of reality."

In his other works he experimented more with less traditional approaches to reality, so that "the most frightful, the most unusual things are told with the deadpan expression". A commonly cited example is the physical and spiritual ascending into heaven of a character while she is hanging the laundry out to dry in One Hundred Years of Solitude. The style of these works fits in the "marvellous realm" described by the Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier and was labeled as magical realism. Literary critic Michael Bell proposes an alternative understanding for García Márquez's style, as the category magic realism is criticized for being dichotomizing and exoticizing, "what is really at stake is a psychological suppleness which is able to inhabit unsentimentally the daytime world while remaining open to the promptings of those domains which modern culture has, by its own inner logic, necessarily marginalised or repressed." García Márquez and his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza discuss his work in a similar way,

The way you treat reality in your books ... has been called magical realism. I have the feeling your European readers are usually aware of the magic of your stories but fail to see the reality behind it .... This is surely because their rationalism prevents them seeing that reality isn't limited to the price of tomatoes and eggs.

Themes

Solitude
The theme of solitude runs through much of García Márquez's works. As Pelayo notes, "Love in the Time of Cholera, like all of Gabriel García Márquez's work, explores the solitude of the individual and of humankind...portrayed through the solitude of love and of being in love".

In response to Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza's question, "If solitude is the theme of all your books, where should we look for the roots of this over-riding emotion?  In your childhood perhaps?" García Márquez replied, "I think it's a problem everybody has. Everyone has his own way and means of expressing it. The feeling pervades the work of so many writers, although some of them may express it unconsciously."

In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Solitude of Latin America, he relates this theme of solitude to the Latin American experience, "The interpretation of our reality through patterns not our own, serves only to make us ever more unknown, ever less free, ever more solitary."

Macondo

Another important theme in many of García Márquez's work is the setting of the village he calls Macondo. He uses his home town of Aracataca, Colombia as a cultural, historical and geographical reference to create this imaginary town, but the representation of the village is not limited to this specific area. García Márquez shares, "Macondo is not so much a place as a state of mind, which allows you to see what you want, and how you want to see it." Even when his stories do not take place in Macondo, there is often still a consistent lack of specificity to the location. So while they are often set with "a Caribbean coastline and an Andean hinterland... [the settings are] otherwise unspecified, in accordance with García Márquez's evident attempt to capture a more general regional myth rather than give a specific political analysis." This fictional town has become well known in the literary world. As Stavans notes of Macondo, "its geography and inhabitants constantly invoked by teachers, politicians, and tourist agents..." makes it  "...hard to believe it is a sheer fabrication." In Leaf Storm García Márquez depicts the realities of the Banana Boom in Macondo, which include a period of great wealth during the presence of the US companies and a period of depression upon the departure of the American banana companies. One Hundred Years of Solitude takes place in Macondo and tells the complete history of the fictional town from its founding to its doom. The account of Macondo in Constance Pedoto, in "The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World" has been compared to tales from Alaska which combine the real and the surreal, deriving from an upbringing which combined superstitious beliefs and a harsh environment.

In his autobiography, García Márquez explains his fascination with the word and concept Macondo. He describes a trip he made with his mother back to Aracataca as a young man:

The train stopped at a station that had no town, and a short while later it passed the only banana plantation along the route that had its name written over the gate: Macondo. This word had attracted my attention ever since the first trips I had made with my grandfather, but I discovered only as an adult that I liked its poetic resonance. I never heard anyone say it and did not even ask myself what it meant...I happened to read in an encyclopedia that it is a tropical tree resembling the Ceiba.

La Violencia
In several of García Márquez's works, including No One Writes to the Colonel, In Evil Hour, and Leaf Storm, he referenced La Violencia (the violence), "a brutal civil war between conservatives and liberals that lasted into the 1960s, causing the deaths of several hundred thousand Colombians". Throughout all of his novels there are subtle references to la violencia. For example, characters live under various unjust situations like curfew, press censorship, and underground newspapers. In Evil Hour, while not one of García Márquez's most famous novels, is notable for its portrayal of la violencia with its "fragmented portrayal of social disintegration provoked by la violencia". Although García Márquez did portray the corrupt nature and the injustices of times like la violencia, he refused to use his work as a platform for political propaganda. "For him, the duty of the revolutionary writer is to write well, and the ideal novel is one that moves its reader by its political and social content, and, at the same time, by its power to penetrate reality and expose its other side.

Legacy

García Márquez's work is an important part of the Latin American Boom of literature, often defined around his works, and those of Julio Cortázar, Carlos Fuentes, and Mario Vargas Llosa. His work has challenged critics of Colombian literature to step out of the conservative criticism that had been dominant before the success of One Hundred Years of Solitude. In a review of literary criticism Robert Sims notes,

Following his death, García Márquez's family made the decision to deposit his papers and some of his personal effects at The University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center, a humanities research library and museum.

In 2023, García Márquez surpassed Miguel de Cervantes as the most translated Spanish-language writer according to the World Translation Map. The ranking is based on works translated into 10 languages, including English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Swedish. García Márquez is also the most translated Spanish-language author between 2000–2021 ahead of Mario Vargas Llosa, Isabel Allende, Jorge Luis Borges, Carlos Ruiz Zafon, Roberto Bolaño, Cervantes and more.

Nobel Prize

García Márquez received the Nobel Prize in Literature on 10 December 1982 "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts".  His acceptance speech was entitled  "The Solitude of Latin America". García Márquez was the first Colombian and fourth Latin American to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. After becoming a Nobel laureate, García Márquez stated to a correspondent: "I have the impression that in giving me the prize, they have taken into account the literature of the sub-continent and have awarded me as a way of awarding all of this literature".

García Márquez in fiction

A year after his death, García Márquez appears as a notable character in Claudia Amengual's novel Cartagena, set in Uruguay and Colombia.

In Giannina Braschi's Empire of Dreams, the protagonist Mariquita Samper shoots the narrator of the Latin American Boom, presumed by critics to be the figure of García Marquez; in Braschi's Spanglish novel Yo-Yo Boing! characters debate the importance of García Márquez and Isabel Allende during a heated dinner party scene.

List of works

Novels

 In Evil Hour (1962)
 One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)
 The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975)
 Love in the Time of Cholera (1985)
 The General in His Labyrinth (1989)
 Of Love and Other Demons (1993)
 Until August (2024)

Novellas

 Leaf Storm (1955)
 No One Writes to the Colonel (1958)
 Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981)
 Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004)

Short story collections

 Big Mama's Funeral (1962, reprinted 2005)
 Innocent Eréndira, and other stories (1978)
 Collected Stories (1984)
 Strange Pilgrims (1993)

Non-fiction

 The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (1970)
 The Solitude of Latin America (1982)
 The Fragrance of Guava (1982, with Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza)
 Clandestine in Chile (1986)
  Changing the History of Africa: Angola and Namibia (1991, with David Deutschmann)
 News of a Kidnapping (1997)
 A Country for Children (1998)
 Living to Tell the Tale (2002)
 The Scandal of the Century: Selected Journalistic Writings, 1950–1984 (2019)

Films

Adaptations based on his works

 There Are No Thieves in This Village (1965, Alberto Isaac; also as actor)
 Patsy, My Love (1969, Manuel Michel, based on a non-published story)
 The Widow of Montiel (1979, Miguel Littín)
 The Sea of Lost Time (1980, Solveig Hoogesteijn)
 One Hundred Years of Solitude (1981, Shūji Terayama)
 Farewell to the Ark (1984, Shūji Terayama)
 Time to Die (1984, Jorge Alí Triana)
 Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1987, Francesco Rosi)
 The Summer of Miss Forbes (1989, Jaime Humberto Hermosillo)
 I'm the One You're Looking For (1989, Jaime Chávarri)
 Only Death Is Bound to Come (1992, Marina Tsurtsumia)
 Bloody Morning (1993, Shaohong Li)
 No One Writes to the Colonel (1999, Arturo Ripstein)
 In Evil Hour (2005, Ruy Guerra)
 Love in the Time of Cholera (2007, Mike Newell)
 Of Love and Other Demons (2009, Hilda Hidalgo)
 Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2011, Henning Carlsen)

See also
 Latin American Boom
 Latin American Literature
 McOndo
 Vallenato
 Biblioteca Gabriel García Márquez, library in Barcelona, declared world best library in 2023.

Notes

References

General bibliography

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 Hernández, Consuelo. "El Amor en los tiempos del cólera es una novela popular." Diario la Prensa: New York, 4 October. 1987.
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Further reading

External links

1927 births
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Gabriel García Márquez


Muna Handal-Dayeh is a Palestinian-American businesswoman, entrepreneur, and current president of the Bethlehem Association, an organization bringing together people from North America and other parts of the world with family origins in the Palestinian city of Bethlehem, in the West Bank.

Handal-Dayeh was born in 1957, and left Palestine with her family at the age of six months. The family relocated to the United States, and Handal-Dayeh grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and San Diego, California. She worked first in the electronics industry, before starting her own company in 1992.

Handal-Dayeh was also a founding member of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, and continues to sit on its board, in addition to holding her post as president of the Bethlehem Association.

References
 Profile of Muna Handal-Dayeh at the Institute for Middle East Understanding
 The Bethlehem Association: About Us

Living people
1957 births
American people of Palestinian descent
Palestinian women
People from Bethlehem
20th-century American businesspeople

Muna Handal-Dayeh


HSBC Bank (Chile) is a subsidiary of HSBC. Presently, the bank is focusing on corporate banking and global Treasury.

History

The HSBC Group has had a presence in Chile since 1981. By 1985 it had three branches, two in Santiago and one in Valparaíso. In 1993 HSBC sold its operations to Banco O'Higgins, which was owned by the Luksic Group. In 1997 a merger between Banco O'Higgins and Banco de Santiago created Banco Santiago, one of the largest local banks in Chile and one in which HSBC continues to have a 7% shareholding. The acquisition of the former Republic National Bank of New York returned HSBC to Chile through two full service branches of HSBC Bank USA, in addition to a domestic factoring business.

External links
 HSBC Chile website

Chile
Banks of Chile

HSBC Bank (Chile)


Noah Caleb Crawford (born October 13, 1994) is an American actor and singer. He is best known as Nelson Baxter from his time in the Nickelodeon sitcom How to Rock, as well as portraying Young Earl Hickey in My Name Is Earl.

Life and career
Crawford was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Rich (who commutes between Oklahoma and California while running a pet sales business) and Jennifer Crawford. He has 3 younger sisters: Hannah, Oliviah and Bellah, and an older sister Lindsey who lives in Norman, Oklahoma with her husband Josh and daughter Lucca. He started acting lessons in Oklahoma when he was only 5 years old.

From 2005 to 2009, he appeared as Young Earl in the sitcom My Name Is Earl, for which he earned a Young Artist Award nomination in 2007. Shortly after he did the voice work for James Rogers (the son of Captain America and The Black Widow) in the direct-to-DVD film Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow. In addition, he has guest starred in the television series Pair of Kings and True Jackson, VP. In 2012, Crawford co-starred as Nelson Baxter in the Nickelodeon sitcom How to Rock, which was produced for one season.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1994 births
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Oklahoma City
Musicians from Oklahoma City
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers

Noah Crawford


A Blue Norther, also known as a Texas Norther, is a fast moving cold front marked by a rapid drop in temperature, strong winds, and dark blue or "black" skies.  The cold front originates from the north, hence the "norther", and can send temperatures plummeting by 20 or 30 degrees in merely minutes.

Effects
The Midwestern United States lacks natural geographic barriers to protect itself from the frigid winter air masses that originate in Canada and the arctic. Multiple times per year conditions will become favorable to push severe cold fronts as far south as Texas, bringing sleet and snow and causing the windchill to plunge into the teens. Depending on the time of year, high temperatures that immediately precede a Texas Norther can reach 85 °F (29°C) or even 90 °F (32°C) under bright sunlight in nearly-calm conditions before the cold front approaches.

However, most Blue Northers don't advance as far south as Mexico, and even the most severe examples typically reach their apex midway through Texas. For example, cities in North Texas, like Dallas, experience drastically more Blue Northers than cities along the Gulf of Mexico, like Houston. As a city is struck by a Blue Norther, its temperatures can be 30 to 50 degrees colder than neighboring cities that are only a few miles away that have not yet been struck. Blue Northers can be dangerous due to their volatile temperature swings which catch some people unprepared.

Frequency
Blue Northers occur multiple times per year. They are usually recorded between the months of November and March, although they have been recorded less frequently in October and April as well. The Blue Norther phenomenon is especially common in November, when the last vestiges of autumn are still clinging to life. One of the most famous Blue Northers was the Great Blue Norther of November 11, 1911, which spawned multiple tornadoes and dropped temperatures 40 degrees in only 15 minutes and 67 degrees in 10 hours, a world record.

See also
 Weather front

References

External links

Severe weather and convection
Convection
Cold
Weather fronts
Climate of the United States

Blue Norther (weather)