The Auckland Central Business District (CBD), or Auckland city centre, is the geographical and economic heart of the Auckland metropolitan area. It is the area in which Auckland was established in 1840, by William Hobson on land gifted by mana whenua hapū Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei. It is New Zealand's leading financial hub, and the centre of the country's economy; the GDP of the Auckland Region was $126.917 billion in the year ending March 2022.

The CBD is one of the most densely developed places in New Zealand, with many commercial and some residential developments packed into a space of only . The area is made up of the city's largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses. Bounded by several major motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north, it is surrounded further out by mostly suburban areas; it is bounded on the North by Waitematā Harbour, east by Parnell, southeast by Grafton, south by Mount Eden, southwest by Newton, west by Freemans Bay and northwest by Viaduct Harbour.

Geography

Located on the northern shore of a narrow isthmus, the CBD extends from the Auckland waterfront on the Waitematā Harbour southwards along Queen Street and a number of other parallel-running streets. The CBD is generally considered to be bounded by the main motorways that surround all non-harbour sides, with State Highway 1 forming the southern and western boundaries, and State Highway 16 / Grafton Gully forming the eastern boundary.

The CBD has an area of , similar to the Sydney CBD, and twice as large as the CBDs of Wellington and Christchurch. The CBD is to a substantial part located on reclaimed land of the Waitematā Harbour. For a closer discussion of this aspect, see the Commercial Bay and Auckland waterfront articles.

History

On 20 March 1840, paramount chief of the Ngāti Whātua Māori iwi (tribe) of Auckland (Tāmaki Makaurau) Apihai Te Kawau, signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the te reo Māori translation of the Treaty of Waitangi). Ngāti Whātua sought British protection from Ngāpuhi as well as a reciprocal relationship with the Crown and the Church. Soon after signing Te Tiriti, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei made a tuku (strategic gift) of 3,500 acres (1,400 hectares) of land on the Waitematā Harbour to the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, for the new capital, which Hobson named for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, then Viceroy of India. Auckland was founded on 18 September 1840 and was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841.

The town of Auckland was created in 1840 with the first European colonisation of the area, marked by an official ceremony on the now non-existent Point Britomart (Te Rerenga Ora Iti). The initial centre of the new town was focused on what is now the corner of Shortland and Queen Streets, which was at the shoreline of Commercial Bay. From approximately their junction, the main wharf ran north off the end of Queen Street, with Shortland Street leading up to St Paul's Church, Fort Britomart and Government House, around which many of the richer people built houses. Shortland Street tended to be the location of the more important businesses and most of the 'luxury' shops of the mid 19th century. The 1850s onwards saw an increasing number of businesses, and especially retail, locating further south along Queen Street, which still to this day forms the 'spine' of the area.

In 1841, one year after the European founding, the census counted approximately 2,000 people, with "mechanics" the largest group at 250, and other groups of note being 150 agricultural labourers, 100 shopkeepers, 100 domestic servants, and 125 "upper class members".

During the remainder of the 19th century, Commercial Bay was progressively filled in, allowing a northward extension of Queen Street and the creation of Fort Street, Customs Street, and Quay Street. The part of Queen Street north of Customs Street is today referred to informally as Lower Queen Street.

As well as being the location of a great many multi-storey warehouses, initially the Lower Queen Street area also contained many manufacturing businesses, though many of these started to move to other areas such as Freeman's Bay, Newton and Parnell, especially if they took up a large area (such as timber yards) or created noise or pollution (such as brick yards or foundries). Up until the middle of the 20th century the centre of town still contained a large number of small factories including clothing manufacturers.

The relocation of industries to outlying suburbs became especially pronounced in the 1950s, partly due to incentives made by council planners to create industrial areas in Penrose and Rosebank Road (amongst others) and thus rid the inner city area of noise, pollution and heavy traffic. This was mirrored by the development of suburban shopping malls (the first being LynnMall in 1963) which enticed retailers to vacate the inner city as well. Attempts by the council to halt this pattern by constructing numerous public car parking buildings met with varying success. The rise of suburban supermarket and mall shopping that was created in places such as Pakuranga from 1965 onwards has been added to by the appearance of Big Box retailers in places such as Botany and the North Shore.

Residential numbers in the inner city (including the inner suburbs) were also declining in the 20th century from as early as the 1920s. In the two-mile zone surrounding the CBD, there were approximately 70,000 people in 1926, with only around 50,000 in 1966 – a change made even more marked by the development of the remainder of Auckland's population, which grew more than fourfold in the same timeframe. In the 1990s, only a token population of around 1,400 was still residing within the CBD, though this was to grow substantially with a boom of new apartment buildings around the turn of the millennium. More recently, in the early 21st century the CBD has seen a resurgence with strong population growth.  there were around 24,000 apartment units.  the CBD is growing at six times the rate of the overall region.

Characteristics

Overview

The CBD of Auckland has been the leading centre of New Zealand's business and economic development for nearly two centuries. The area of today's CBD was the site of the original European settlement of Auckland, oriented along the coastline and then Queen Street, in a southward direction. From those origins, it has grown progressively, and become much more densely built-up, now being an area of high-rise buildings mainly used for commercial and retail uses. It has the highest concentration of arts, culture and higher education institutions and venues in the country.

Some commentators have noted that the recent decades have not been kind to the aesthetics and the community values of the inner city. The demolishing of many older buildings, often the prerequisite for low-quality or uninspired new office and residential developments, is considered by them to be due to a combination of developers uninterested in long-term outcomes and council planning direction being too weak.

In an attempt to reverse the decline of aesthetics in the CBD, previous Auckland City Councils and the current unitary Auckland Council have instigated several urban regeneration schemes. These include the recent redevelopment of Aotea Square in 2010 and the upgrade of Saint Patrick's Square in 2009.

The area east of the Waitematā railway station is currently undergoing major changes, with the development of new commercial buildings, the restoration of several heritage buildings and development of public spaces, including a new public square named Te Komititanga which opened in 2020. The downtown ferry precinct called Te Wanaga opened in 2021. Another major regeneration scheme currently underway is the redevelopment of Wynyard Quarter, which involves replacing industrial facilities covering a large portion of the CBD waterfront with residential or commercial buildings and public spaces.

The Auckland CBD is one of the few places in New Zealand that has skyscraper-sized buildings, such as the Vero Centre, Commercial Bay (skyscraper), ANZ Centre or the Metropolis, with the Sky Tower rising above them.

Population

Residential high-density buildings constructed within the last decade have helped to increase the population living in the CBD to around 54,620 (2018 estimate) from an earlier 21,390 (2006 estimate), all being growth from only 1,400 in 1991. Much of this growth has been driven by immigration to New Zealand, particularly from Asia, and the CBD is the area in New Zealand with the highest percentage share (32%) of the Asian ethnic group in New Zealand. Also striking is the high number of students (both tertiary education and overseas students studying English in one of the many institutes), making up 27% of all residents (2001 Census) and contributing to the relative youth of the city residents.

With increasing population, available services have also changed – from only about one superette in the early 2000s, this has ballooned to one supermarket and 38 superettes by 2011. In early 2012, two major supermarket chains opened a branch in the city centre, with Countdown opening on Victoria Street in January and New World opening a branch on Queen Street in early March. However, the population remains highly focused on ethnically diverse, mostly young and childless residents.

According to an in-depth study of security perception in the Auckland CBD undertaken in 2005, most visitors and locals feel safe visiting and living in the CBD. Police and the Council have in part ascribed these positive feelings to over a dozen safety initiatives undertaken by authorities (from alcohol bans in parts of the CBD to CCTV surveillance and street lighting measures). However, in spite of the general perception of the CBD being safe, there was a feeling that crime had risen somewhat in the last five years (whereas in fact numbers had declined). This was considered to be mostly due to a media-driven public image.

Economy

With 8,500 businesses, the CBD accounts for 18% of all businesses in Auckland City, with the largest being Ports of Auckland, and the largest employment sectors being financial services, business and ICT services. The CBD is also the largest employment centre in New Zealand, with around 65,000 jobs, representing 13% of the regional workforce, and 25% of the Auckland City workforce. Around 73,000 people enter the CBD every morning between 7 am and 9 am, 60% of these by car, while the total 'turnover' is around 270,000 people per day. In 2003 many large corporations were housed in the Auckland CBD. During the same year, an Auckland City report stated that the Auckland CBD, compared to several central business districts in Australia, had "a broader and more dominant role in its regional economy" compared to the economies of the Australian central business districts.

The CBD remains attractive to shops, partially due to the very high pedestrian numbers on the main shopping streets like Queen Street, where footfalls are estimated to be up to 10 times as high as on Broadway in Newmarket, seen as Queen Street's closest rival.

Auckland CBD has a higher share of employment in large firms than other areas in Auckland. Over half of the large firms in Auckland CBD are in office-based sectors (such as property and business services and finance and insurance) and are in the Downtown and Waterfront areas of the CBD. In 2004 Auckland CBD had 72,540 employees and 9125 businesses. 2006 Auckland CBD had 78,444 employees and 9,461 businesses.

Air New Zealand was formerly headquartered in Auckland CBD. In 2006, from late September to early October, the airline moved employees out of the four buildings it occupied in Auckland CBD and relocated them to the new headquarters in the Wynyard Quarter. In September 2003 Air New Zealand was the only one of the very largest corporations in New Zealand to have its headquarters within the Auckland CBD.

Retail

The CBD's main shopping mall, Commercial Bay, opened in 2020. It features 18,000 m2 of lettable real estate space, made up of 120 shops including H&M.

The Atrium on Elliott has 736 carparks and 23 stores, including The Warehouse, Rebel Sport and the Elliott Stables Foodcourt.

The Victoria Park Market was established as a shopping centre in an unused heritage building in 1983. It was extensively renovated between 2008 and 2013. The centre currently features 74 stores, and 194 carparks.

Museums and galleries

Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki has been operating in Auckland CBD in 1888.

Since then, several other galleries have also opened in the CBD. Artspace Aotearoa opened in 1987. Gus Fisher Gallery opened in 2001. St Paul St Gallery opened in 2004.

The Dalmatian Archives and Museum, opened in 1989, features the history of Croatian New Zealanders.

The New Zealand Maritime Museum, opened in 1993, features the maritime history of the Waitematā Harbour.

Education
There are significant educational institutions located in the Auckland CBD, notably the University of Auckland and the Auckland University of Technology. The CBD also has many of the English language schools for non-native English speakers which form a significant part of Auckland's education business.

The Ministry of Education operates state-operated schools throughout the area. Private secondary schools within the CBD include ACG New Zealand International College, ACG Senior College, and Auckland International College.

Religion

Many of Auckland's historic Christian churches are located in the CBD, although not all are the original buildings. Heritage New Zealand Category 1 Historic Place registered churches include: St Paul's Anglican Church, founded in 1841, St Patrick's Catholic Cathedral was originally built in 1843, St Stephen's Anglican Chapel was originally built in 1844, St Andrew's First Presbyterian Church was built in 1850, Auckland Baptist Tabernacle, founded 1855 and St Matthew's Anglican Church was founded in 1902.

Transport

The CBD, with its substantial employment, and increasing number of residents, contains the main public transport hubs of the city, administered by Auckland Transport. These services are concentrated around the Waitematā railway station (rail and buses) and the nearby Auckland Ferry Terminal, both near the Auckland waterfront. Many bus services travel the length of the CBD along the main streets, in particular via the bus lanes on Albert Street and the Central Connector bus priority route. In 2010, around 33,000 people entered the CBD via public transport every day.

Historically, much of the transport to and around the CBD post-1950s was by private vehicles, partly because the CBD provides numerous parking buildings and parking spaces associated with office buildings, and is almost totally surrounded (and easily accessible) by motorways, administered by Waka Kotahi.

Auckland Council, the New Zealand Government, Auckland Transport and KiwiRail have begun the construction phase of the City Rail Link. Once completed, it will connect the Waitematā railway station more directly to the Western Line in the vicinity of Maungawhau railway station by way of a tunnel running under the CBD. Two new stations are being constructed, one named Karanga-a-Hape railway station near Karangahape Road and another named Te Waihorotiu railway station near Aotea Square, and the existing stations at each end of the link, Waitematā and Maungawhau, are receiving substantial upgrades.

The main street of the CBD is Queen Street, which was upgraded between 2006 and 2008 to modernise it and make it more pedestrian friendly.
In 2009, the former Auckland City Council proposed the redevelopment of several CBD streets into shared spaces, with the goal of improving pedestrian and cyclist amenity by slowing down vehicle traffic while retaining the possibility for car access – compared to a pedestrian mall which allows no motor vehicles. Auckland Council is continuing this project. Darby Street, Lorne Street, Fort Street, Jean Batten Place, and Fort Lane have been converted into shared spaces since 2011. The portion of Federal Street between Wellesley Street West and Victoria Street West has also been made shared space.

See also
Auckland isthmus
Auckland City
Auckland waterfront
Karangahape Road, a street which forms the southern boundary of the CBD.
Queen Street, the main north–south street in the CBD.

Illustrations

References

External links
CBD Community E-News
Photographs of Auckland CDB held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections

Suburbs of Auckland
Central business districts in New Zealand
Economy of Auckland
Populated places around the Waitematā Harbour
Waitematā Local Board Area

Auckland CBD


The New London and East Lyme Street Railway was a streetcar line that operated in southeastern Connecticut. Its main line ran from New London to Niantic with a later extension to Crescent Beach and a branch to Old Saybrook. The main portion of the line opened on October 5, 1905. The line was extended to Crescent Beach in 1912. In 1913, it was acquired by the Shore Line Electric Railway and extended to Old Lyme.

Route
The line began at the Parade in downtown New London, adjacent to New London Union Station. Cars ran on trackage rights over Connecticut Company local lines along Bank Street to the beginning of NL&EL trackage at Montauk Avenue. The route ran alongside the Boston Post Road (now U.S. Route 1) to Oswegatchie, where a carhouse was located on Niantic River Road. The line ran south on Niantic River Road, crossed Smith Cove (what is now Keeny Cove) on a high trestle, and followed Oswegatchie Road to where it rejoined the Post Road at Keeney's Corner. At Golden Spur (where the Post Road crossed the Niantic River), the company built the Golden Spur Amusement Park to draw weekend ridership. From Flanders Four Corners, the line ran south along Flanders Road (now CT-161) to the New Haven Railroad's Niantic station on Main Street (CT-156) in downtown Niantic. From Montauk Avenue to Niantic, the company operated  of main track and  of passing sidings.

The 1912 extension to Crescent Beach added  of main track, running along Main Street and Black Point Road to near the Crescent Beach station. Trolley wire was erected over the freight siding to the Connecticut National Guard camp in Niantic, with trolleys providing 'less-than-carload freight' service.

The 1913 branch to Old Lyme followed the Post Road from Flanders Four Corners to Old Lyme, then over the Connecticut River bridge where it met with the Shore Line Electric Railway. The branch added of main track and  of passing sidings.

Remains
Since the New London & East Lyme ran primarily along unpaved roads, its trackage was largely removed when the roads were later widened and paved, and no sign of the line remains there. Evidence of the Smith Cove trestle - the only portion of the line not along roads - still exists; the western abutment is in place, as are several intermediate abutments which are visible when water levels are low.

References

External links

Streetcars in Connecticut
Defunct Connecticut railroads
Defunct public transport operators in the United States
Tram, urban railway and trolley companies

New London and East Lyme Street Railway


Chief Wahveveh, also spelled Wewawewa (died 1866) was a Northern Paiute warrior and half-brother of Chief Paulina.

During the raids of the 1860s in Central Oregon, Wahveveh aided his brother in attacks on the Warm Springs Chief, Poustaminie. His tribe, the Tyghs, were attacked by Wahveveh's band while they were building a bridge. During the skirmish Poustaminie approached the Paiutes and laid down his weapons to show his peaceful intentions but Wahveveh had him killed by one of his braves.
In a related incident taken on by his brother Chief Paulina, a scouting party was organized for the intention of vengeance for Paulina's murder of Wasco Chief Queapama.  This party was led by First Sergeant Billy Chinook and other Wasco Scouts of the U.S. Army.  They attacked a Paiute camp at Dry Creek, capturing or killing all 32 Paiutes.  The scouting party also located Paulina above Lake Henry on Steens Mountain. Paulina retreated to a cave protected by boulders but Chief Wahveveh and two other Paiutes were not able to escape and were killed by the Wascos.

Wahvevah and Paulina had a third brother, Oitsi, who also fought alongside them.

Notes

References
 Braly, David. Crooked River Country: Wranglers, Rogues, and Barons. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press, 2007. .
 Fowler, Catherine S. and Liljeblad, Sven. "Northern Paiute." Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. .
 Nelson, Kurt R. Fighting for Paradise: A Military History of the Pacific Northwest. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2007.

Northern Paiute people
Native American leaders
1866 deaths
Year of birth missing
19th-century Native Americans

Wahveveh


In the dreamtime of Australian Aboriginal mythology, the Arkaroo is a serpent who drank all the waters of Lake Frome in South Australia, the latter remaining a large salt pan most of the time. Heavily filled and tired, the Arkaroo retracted for a nap into the mountains west, carving by his body the valleys of what is known today as the Gammon Ranges in the northern Flinders Ranges. He was attacked by other mystic beasts and let water on his rests, each position resulting in a waterhole, such as that of Arkaroola Springs and others. Today as in ancient times, rumblings of the Arkaroo can be heard in the mountains, which are scientifically explained by the seismic activity of the ranges.

The Arkaroo has given origin of name to places in this region, namely Arkaroola Village, Arkaroola Creek, Arkaroola Springs and the Arkaroo Rock in Wilpena Pound.

References
 Sprigg, R.C., 1984: "Arkaroola - Mount Painter in the Northern Flinders Ranges, S.A.: The Last Billion Years". Gillingham Printers Pty Ltd, Underdale, Australia

Australian Aboriginal legendary creatures
Flinders Ranges
Far North (South Australia)
Legendary serpents

Arkaroo


Michael Peto (also known as Mihály Petö) (1908 – 25 December 1970) was an internationally recognized Hungarian-British photojournalist of the twentieth century.  Emigrating to London before World War II through business, in the postwar years he became one of a generation of Hungarian artists working abroad.  During the war, he worked for the British Ministry of Labour.  With exiled Hungarians, he also worked to found a postwar socialist government in Hungary, but they were defeated by the Soviet Union.

In the early postwar years, he studied photography in Paris with fellow Hungarian émigré Ervin Marton, already a recognized artist.  Returning to London, Peto established his career as a photojournalist, covering the 1948 Summer Olympics and starting on staff of The Observer in 1949. He gained recognition in the 1950s and 1960s, capturing British cultural life, including figures ranging from ballet dancers Dame Margot Fonteyn and Rudolph Nureyev to The Beatles. He also traveled internationally and produced many photographs of people and regions around the world. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold the Michael Peto Collection, which includes thousands of photographs, negatives, slides, publications and papers.

Early life and education
He was born Mihály Petö in the small town of Bata, Austria-Hungary in 1908.  His father had a general store, where the young Petö began to work after completing his secondary education.  With an interest in Hungarian arts and crafts, he developed his own business and exported items to western European countries.

Career
In the 1930s, Petö moved to Budapest, where he continued to work in his family's export business of Hungarian craft products.  Through this, he was able to reach Great Britain before World War II.  During the war, he lived in London and worked for the Ministry of Labour.  He strongly backed the Allied war effort. In his free time, Petö worked with other Hungarians, planning for the postwar future of their country.  He worked as personal secretary to Count Mihály Károlyi, who had been president of the short-lived Hungarian Democratic Republic. As the leader of the New Democratic Hungary, he was trying to create the next postwar government. They hoped to establish a socialist Hungary after its liberation at the end of the war, but did not anticipate the postwar domination by the Soviet Union. During the war Peto also advocated the development of an international exchange school of teachers and pupils once the conflict was over. this reflected his strong interest in the education of adults and children. Peto favoured progressive education systems and was a strong supporter of A S Neill, becoming involved with his Summerhill School in 1944.

In the early post-war years, Peto became interested in photography and went to Paris, where he connected with the Hungarian arts community.  He studied technique with the well-known photographer Ervin Marton, who encouraged him to continue and became his friend, as did others in the art circle. Peto soon returned to London and gained work as a photojournalist, where his friend, the artist Josef Herman, also supported his new venture.

In 1948, Peto took notable photographs of athletes in the Olympics.  By 1949, Peto joined the newspaper The Observer as a photojournalist. Much of his work reflects his subsequent travels throughout Europe, the Middle East, and countries in Asia, including India. Major exhibitions have been held of his work in London, Liverpool, Dundee (where the archive collection of his prints and negatives is held) and other cities.

Peto's major interest lay in the study of the human form in its natural surroundings.  He is considered by some to be one of the supreme masters of this aspect of photographic art.  He photographed portraits and candid shots of many famous figures from the worlds of politics, art and entertainment. During the 1950s and 1960s, Peto photographed many figures of the London arts scenes.  His photographs of the ballet partnership of Dame Margot Fonteyn and the young Russian refugee dancer Rudolf Nureyev, who joined her at the Royal Ballet, were known internationally. In 1962 he was featured in the fifth episode of the Granada Television produced schools television series Art in the Making. So far it is not known whether or not this episode survives.

He was commissioned in 1965 to take still photographs of The Beatles during the making of their film Help!. During the digitisation of the Michael Peto Collection, which is held by Archive Services, University of Dundee, in 2002, 500 previously unpublished photographs of the Beatles taken during the making of Help! were reported to have been uncovered. His photographs became known for their candid and expressive quality.

Peto also photographed several prominent British political figures of the 1950s and 1960s including Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson and Edward Heath. He also photographed world leaders such as Israel's P.M.Golda Meir and Soviet Union's first secretary Nikita Khrushchev. He also toured the Middle East with Save the Children.

Michael Peto died at age 62 on Christmas Day 1970. The Michael Peto Photographic Collection is now held and administered by Archive Services at the University of Dundee, Scotland, which holds the copyright.

Legacy and honors
1960, bronze medal by the International Organisation of Journalists at Interpress-Foto, Berlin
1970, bronze medal at the Budapest International Exposition of Photographic Art.
 After Peto's death, his stepson Michael Fodor donated his entire works, an estimated 130,000 photographic prints and negatives, to the University of Dundee, Scotland. Fodor was a student at the University at the time. A different photograph from the collection can be viewed on the University of Dundee Archive Services website each week and archive of previous images is also available.
2006, Genesis Publications published Now These Days Are Gone, a collection of Peto's photographs of the Beatles. An exhibition of some of these photographs was held at Hoopers Gallery, Clerkenwell, in January 2006 to mark the book's launch.
2007, An exhibition of Peto's work was held at the University of Dundee as part of the University's 40th anniversary celebrations.
2007–2008, Now These Days Are Gone: The Beatles Photographs of Michael Peto, 18 August 2007 to 2 March 2008, National Conservation Centre, Liverpool.
2008, An exhibition of Peto's Beatles photographs was held at Cavan County Museum.
2009 An exhibition of Peto's photographs of India was at the University of Dundee and was opened by Dr Arun Gandhi.
2011, Peto's photographs of the Beatles were exhibited in Dundee, as part of the Scottish Beatles Weekend.
2011, An exhibition of Peto's work was held at the Proud Gallery, Camden.

References

External links
 "Michael Peto Photographic Collection", University of Dundee
 "The Michael Peto Collection Image of the Week", University of Dundee
 "Peto Collection The Image of the Week Archive, University of Dundee

1908 births
1970 deaths
Photographers from Budapest
Artists from London
British photojournalists
People associated with the University of Dundee
Hungarian photojournalists

Michael Peto


Fawcett Books is an imprint of Ballantine Books (now a division of Random House Publishing Group). Fawcett Publications, founded in 1919, published primarily magazines and comics. In 1970 it acquired Popular Library and renamed it Fawcett Books. Fawcett Publications, along with Fawcett Books, was bought by CBS in 1977 and in 1982 Fawcett Books was acquired by Ballantine Books.

Coventry Romance was a historical romance series published by Fawcett Coventry from 1979 to 1982. Most of the stories were set in the Regency era, but also in the Georgian and Victorian eras. Coventry Romance By The Numbers was a numbered list of 206 titles. These books are generally considered to be "traditional" Regency novels.

Un-numbered titles include:
 Tarrington Chase - Sylvia Thorpe, March 1980
 Romantic Lady - Sylvia Thorpe, March 1980
 Star Sapphire - Rebecca Danton, March 1980
 Clarissa - Caroline Arnett, March 1980
 Jewelene - Claudette Williams, March 1980
 An Affair Of The Heart - Joan Smith, March 1980
 Lovers' Vows - Joan Smith, July 1982
 Rosalba - Sheila Bishop, July 1982
 The Reluctant Viscountess - Jasmine Cresswell, July 1982
 Love And Lady Lovelace - Marion Chesney, July 1982

References

Random House

Fawcett Coventry


The 1908 Chicago Cubs season was the 37th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 33rd in the National League, and the 16th at West Side Park. It involved the Cubs winning their 3rd consecutive National League pennant, as well as the World Series for the second consecutive year.
This team included four future Hall of Famers: manager / first baseman Frank Chance, second baseman Johnny Evers, shortstop Joe Tinker, and pitcher Mordecai Brown. In 1908, Brown finished second in the NL in wins and earned run average. This would be the last World Series victory for the Cubs until the 2016 World Series.

Regular season

Season summary

The Cubs started the season in Cincinnati. Orval Overall was the Cubs' Opening Day starting pitcher. Overall gave up five hits and committed an error in the first inning as the Reds took a 5–0 lead. The Cubs tied the game in the sixth and won the game in the ninth. Cubs pinch hitter Heinie Zimmerman drove in Johnny Evers. Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown pitched in the ninth and got a save for the Cubs.

The home opener was on April 22. Owner Charles Murphy had added several new seats to the stadium. Long-time Cub player-manager Cap Anson threw out the first pitch. Tinker, Evers, and Chance turned their second double play of the season as the Cubs beat the Reds by a score of 7–3.

On June 30, the Pittsburgh Pirates took first place, as the Cubs lost to the Cincinnati Reds. Starting on July 2, the Pirates started a critical five game series against the Cubs. In the first game, Three Finger Brown threw a six hit, no walk shutout, winning the game 3–0. Brown was 10–1 on the season.

On September 26, starting pitcher Ed Reulbach became the only pitcher in Major League Baseball history to pitch two shutouts on the same day.  That day, the Cubs played a doubleheader against the Brooklyn Dodgers.  Reulbach pitched both games to completion, which the Cubs won by scores of 5–0 and 3–0.

The Merkle Game
On Wednesday, September 23, 1908, while playing for the New York Giants in a game against the Cubs, 19-year-old Fred Merkle committed a base-running error that later became known as "Merkle's Boner" and earned him the nickname of "Bonehead."

In the bottom of the 9th inning, Merkle came to bat with two outs and the score tied 1–1.  At the time, Moose McCormick was on first base.  Merkle singled, and McCormick advanced to third. Al Bridwell followed with another single, and McCormick trotted home to score the apparent winning run.  The New York fans in attendance, under the impression that the game was over, ran onto the field to celebrate.

Meanwhile, Merkle, thinking the game was over, ran to the Giants' clubhouse without touching second base (a gesture that was common at the time).  Cubs second baseman Johnny Evers noticed this, and after retrieving a ball and touching second base, he appealed to umpire Hank O'Day to call Merkle out.  Since Merkle had not touched the base, the umpire called him out on a force play, and McCormick's run did not count. The run was therefore nullified, the Giants' victory erased, and the score of the game remained tied.

Unfortunately, the thousands of fans on the field (as well as the growing darkness in the days before large electric light rigs made night games possible) prevented resumption of the game, and the game was declared a tie.  The Giants and the Cubs would end the season tied for first place and would have a rematch at the Polo Grounds on October 8.  The Cubs won this makeup game, 4–2, and thus the National League pennant.

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Notable transactions
 May 29, 1908: Doc Marshall was purchased by the Cubs from the St. Louis Cardinals.

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

1908 World Series

NL Chicago Cubs (4) vs AL Detroit Tigers (1)

Notes

Inline citations

References

References
1908 Chicago Cubs season at Baseball Reference

Chicago Cubs seasons
National League champion seasons
World Series champion seasons
Chicago Cubs season
Chicago Cubs

1908 Chicago Cubs season


is a Japanese scientist. He did pioneering work in statistical signal processing, and its application to speech analysis, synthesis and coding, including the development of the linear predictive coding (LPC) and line spectral pairs (LSP) methods.

Biography
Itakura was born in Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. He received undergraduate and graduate degrees from Nagoya University in 1963 and 1965, respectively. In 1966, while studying his PhD at Nagoya, he developed the earliest concepts for what would later become known as linear predictive coding (LPC), along with Shuzo Saito from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT). They described an approach to automatic phoneme discrimination that involved the first maximum likelihood approach to speech coding. In 1968, he joined the NTT Musashino Electrical Communication Laboratory in Tokyo. The same year, Itakura and Saito presented the Itakura–Saito distance algorithm. The following year, Itakura and Saito introduced partial correlation (PARCOR) to LPC.

Itakura completed his D.Eng. degree in speech processing in 1972, writing his dissertation on "Speech Analysis and Synthesis based on a Statistical Method."
From 1973 to 1975, he worked at the Acoustics Research Department of Bell Labs, having  been invited to work there on fundamental problems by James Flanagan, who had been impressed by  one of Itakura's papers on low bit-rate encoding.

In 1975, Itakura developed the line spectral pairs (LSP) method for high-compression speech coding, while at NTT. From 1975 to 1981, he studied problems in speech analysis and synthesis based on the LSP method. In 1980, his team developed an LSP-based speech synthesizer chip. LSP is an important technology for speech synthesis and coding, and in the 1990s was adopted by almost all international speech coding standards as an essential component, contributing to the enhancement of digital speech communication over mobile channels and the internet worldwide.

In 1981, he was appointed as Chief of the Speech and Acoustics Research Section at NTT. He left this position in 1984 to take a professorship in communications theory and signal processing at Nagoya University.  He currently teaches at Meijo University.

Itakura's work on spectral and formant estimation laid the foundation for much of the early progress in speech signal processing.
His work on autoregressive modeling of speech is used in nearly every modern low-to-medium, bit-rate speech transmission system, and the line spectral pair representation he developed is now found in nearly all cellular telephone systems.

Awards
His awards include the IEEE ASSP 1975 Senior Award, an award from Japan's Ministry of Science and Technology in 1977, the IEEE 1986 Morris N. Liebmann Award (with B. S. Atal), the IEEE Signal Processing 1996 Society Award, the IEEE Third Millennium Medal, the IEICE 2002 Distinguished Achievement and Contributions Award, and the 2003 Purple Ribbon Medal from Japanese Government. In 2005, he received the Asahi Prize and the IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal. In 2009, he received the NEC C&C Prize for his pioneering research and the development of highly efficient voice-coding technology with analysis-synthesis methods for speech. He is a Fellow of the IEEE for pioneering contributions to speech processing, and an honorary member the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers of Japan.

References

1940 births
Living people
People from Toyokawa, Aichi
Scientists at Bell Labs
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Academic staff of Nagoya University
Nagoya University alumni
Speech processing researchers

Fumitada Itakura


The Zagato Raptor, sometimes referred to as the Lamborghini Raptor, is a concept car design created in 1996 by Zagato in partnership with Alain Wicki for Lamborghini. The body features the Zagato "double bubble" design and an innovative door design where the whole middle section of the car swivels up and forward. The chassis is borrowed from a 4WD Lamborghini Diablo. The design was completed and a sample vehicle displayed at the Geneva Auto Show in 1996. At the time of showing, it was believed that the car was ready for production.

Utilizing the drivetrain and  V12 engine from the Diablo, but eliminating the Anti-lock braking system (ABS) and traction control system, as well as the extensive use of carbon fiber for the body work made the vehicle significantly lighter than the Diablo, thus potentially faster. To make up for the lack of ABS and the higher potential speeds, an upgrade from the Diablo's braking system was used.

Most media sources speculated that it would have been an excellent car to bridge the gap between the Diablo and its successor, then called the Canto, but Lamborghini did not produce the Raptor. Alain Wicki briefly tried to develop it on his own with Zagato's help, but nothing became of his efforts. He owned the only prototype until 2000, when it was auctioned at the Geneva Auto Show and bought by a private car collector.

See also

References

External links
LamboCars: Zagato Raptor

Lamborghini custom and concept cars

Zagato Raptor


Leeroy Thornhill (born 8 October 1968) is a British electronic music artist and formerly a rave dancer and occasionally keyboardist for the British electronic group the Prodigy. Thornhill's live performances throughout the 1990s included his unique style of shuffling.

He has also recorded under the names Longman and Flightcrank.

Life and work
Thornhill was born in Barking but raised in Rayne near Braintree in Essex, and grew up as a football and James Brown fan.

He joined the Prodigy along with Keith Flint and Maxim Reality after they met Liam Howlett at a local rave club The Barn. Both were dancers for the band's live show. Thornhill's height is 6 feet 7 inches, compared to Flint who was 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm).

In 2000, Thornhill left the band and went on to record various solo EPs under the names "Longman" and "Flightcrank"; however, these projects never saw any substantial success.

He now DJs at large venues and is still in touch with the Prodigy. During the Prodigy's "Their Law" tour Thornhill was the DJ support act at several venues. He also works as a regular DJ. He also remixed tracks for other artists, such as the Italian Subsonica's "Nuvole Rapide".

Thornhill had worked with Hyper, appearing on their live shows. He appeared at the V Festival in 2007 in Chelmsford, Essex.

His latest project is the creation of nu skool breaks record label Electric Tastebuds. He has recently signed breakbeat group The Wrongstar Society to the label.

In October 2008, a music video was created for "Everything U Need", a track by Thornhill's Smash Hi-Fi project. The video was directed by Philip Carrer and Bleeding Apple.

Videography
Thornhill appeared in numerous music videos during his time as a member of the Prodigy.

Music videos
 "Charly" (1991)
 "Everybody in the Place" (1991)
 "Fire" (1992)
 "Out of Space" (1992)
 "Wind It Up" (1993)
 "One Love" (1993) (CGI likeness and photographs, no physical appearance)
 "No Good (Start the Dance)" (1994)
 "Voodoo People" (1994)
 "Poison" (1995)
 "Firestarter" (1996)
 "Breathe" (1996)

Video albums
Electronic Punks (1995)

Discography

Singles & EPs
 Lowrise EP 12" (1993)
 The Longman EP 12" (1996)
 Flightcrank EP CD Ltd & 2×7" Ltd (2000)
 Inside Out (Original Version) / Outside In 10", Ltd (2000)
 Amazing CD & 12" (2001)
 What U Need CD & 12" (2001)
 Wait for Me / Breaking Out Digital Download (2018)
 The Calling / Vibrations Digital Download (2018)

References

1968 births
Living people
English keyboardists
English electronic musicians
English techno musicians
Hardcore techno musicians
Big beat musicians
Black British musicians
Remixers
Club DJs
The Prodigy members
People from Barking, London
Musicians from London
Musicians from Essex
People from Braintree District
English people of Jamaican descent
English people of Mauritian descent

Leeroy Thornhill


Robert Joseph "Bob" Dole (July 22, 1923 – December 5, 2021) was an American politician and attorney who represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1969 to 1996. He was the Republican Leader of the Senate during the final 11 years of his tenure, including three non-consecutive years as Senate Majority Leader. Prior to his 27 years in the Senate, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969. Dole was also the Republican presidential nominee in the 1996 election and the vice presidential nominee in the 1976 election.

Dole was born and raised in Russell, Kansas, where he established a legal career after serving with distinction in the United States Army during World War II. Following a period as Russell County Attorney, he won election to the House of Representatives in 1960. In 1968, Dole was elected to the Senate, where he served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973 and chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985. He led the Senate Republicans from 1985 to his resignation in 1996, and served as Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1996. In his role as Republican leader, he helped defeat Democratic President Bill Clinton's health care plan.

President Gerald Ford chose Dole as his running mate in the 1976 election after Vice President Nelson Rockefeller withdrew from seeking a full term. The Ford-Dole ticket were defeated by the Democratic ticket of Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale in the general election. Dole sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1980, but quickly dropped out of the race. He experienced more success in the 1988 Republican primaries but was defeated by Vice President George H. W. Bush. Dole won the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and selected Jack Kemp as his running mate. The Republican ticket lost in the general election to Clinton, making Dole the first unsuccessful major party nominee for both president and vice president. He resigned from the Senate during the 1996 campaign and did not seek public office again after the election.

Dole remained active after retiring from public office. He appeared in numerous commercials and television programs and served on various councils. In 2012, Dole unsuccessfully advocated Senate ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. He initially supported Jeb Bush in the 2016 Republican primaries, but later became the only former Republican presidential nominee to endorse Donald Trump in the general election. Dole was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington, D.C., office of law firm Alston & Bird. Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal on January 17, 2018. He was married to former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Dole of North Carolina.

Early life and education
Dole was born on July 22, 1923, in Russell, Kansas, the son of Bina M. (née Talbott; 1904–1983) and Doran Ray Dole (1901–1975). His father, who had moved the family to Russell shortly before Robert was born, earned money by running a small creamery. One of Dole's father's customers was the father of his future Senate colleague Arlen Specter. The Doles lived in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence throughout his political career.

Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941 and enrolled at the University of Kansas the following fall. Dole had been a star high school athlete in Russell, and Kansas basketball coach Phog Allen traveled to Russell to recruit him to play for the Jayhawks basketball team. While at KU, Dole was on the basketball team, the track team, and the football team. In football, Dole played at the end position. In 1942 he was a teammate of the founder and longtime owner of the Tennessee Titans Bud Adams, Adams's only season playing football at Kansas. While in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity, and in 1970 he was bestowed with the Fraternity's "Man of the Year" honor. Dole's collegiate studies were interrupted by World War II, when he enlisted in the United States Army.

Dole attended the University of Arizona in Tucson from 1948 to 1949, before transferring to Washburn University in Topeka, where he graduated with both undergraduate and law degrees in 1952.

World War II and recovery
Dole joined the United States Army's Enlisted Reserve Corps in 1942 to fight in World War II, becoming a second lieutenant in the Army's 10th Mountain Division.
In April 1945, while engaged in combat near Castel d'Aiano in the Apennine mountains southwest of Bologna, Italy, Dole was seriously wounded by a German shell that struck his upper back and right arm, shattering his collarbone and part of his spine. "I lay face down in the dirt," Dole said. "I could not see or move my arms. I thought they were missing."
As Lee Sandlin describes, when fellow soldiers saw the extent of his injuries, they believed all they could do was "give him the largest dose of morphine they dared and write an 'M' for 'morphine' on his forehead in his own blood, so that nobody else who found him would give him a second, fatal dose."

Dole was paralyzed from the neck down and transported to a military hospital near Kansas. Having blood clots, a life-threatening infection, and a fever of almost , he was expected to die. After large doses of penicillin were not successful, he overcame the infection with the administration of streptomycin, the first ever use of that drug in a human. He remained despondent, "not ready to accept the fact that my life would be changed forever". He was encouraged to see Hampar Kelikian, an orthopedist in Chicago who had been working with veterans returning from war. Although during their first meeting Kelikian told Dole that he would never be able to recover fully, the encounter changed Dole's outlook on life, who years later wrote of Kelikian, a survivor of the Armenian genocide, "Kelikian inspired me to focus on what I had left and what I could do with it, rather than complaining what had been lost." Dr. K, as Dole later came to affectionately call him, operated on him seven times, free of charge, and had, in Dole's words, "an impact on my life second only to my family".

Dole recovered from his wounds at the Percy Jones Army Hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan. This complex of federal buildings, no longer a hospital, is now named Hart–Dole–Inouye Federal Center in honor of three patients who became United States Senators: Dole, Philip Hart, and Daniel Inouye. Dole was decorated three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with "V" Device for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman. The injuries left him with limited mobility in his right arm and numbness in his left arm. He minimized the effect in public by keeping a pen in his right hand, and learned to write with his left hand. In 1947, he was medically discharged from the Army as a captain.

Early political career

Dole ran for office for the first time in 1950 and was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, serving a two-year term. During his term he served on the following committees: Assessment and Taxation, Gas and Oil, and Military Affairs and Soldiers Compensation. He became the County Attorney of Russell County in 1953. Dole was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Kansas's 6th congressional district in 1960. After his first term, Kansas lost a congressional district, and most of Dole's district was merged with the neighboring 2nd district to form a new 1st district, encompassing much of central and western Kansas. Dole was elected from this merged district in 1962 and was re-elected two more times.

During his tenure in the House, Dole voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

U.S. Senate (1969–1996)
In 1968, Dole defeated former Kansas Governor William H. Avery for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate to succeed retiring Senator Frank Carlson. He subsequently won the seat in the general election. Dole was re-elected in 1974, 1980, 1986, and 1992, before resigning on June 11, 1996, to focus on his presidential campaign.

While in the Senate, Dole served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973, the ranking Republican on the Agriculture Committee from 1975 to 1978, and the chairman of the Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985. In November 1984, Dole was elected Senate Majority Leader, defeating Ted Stevens 28–25, in the fourth round of balloting.

The continuing war in Vietnam was the dominant source of political division on Capitol Hill in the early 1970s; in 1970 Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota took the Senate floor and condemned the deliberative body's role in maintaining the US presence in Vietnam, saying the Senate chamber "reeks of blood", soon followed by freshman Republican senator Dole on the floor, who vociferously attacked McGovern. Dole was appointed chair of the Republican National Committee the next year. Over time in the Senate, Dole was seen by some as having a moderate voting record. During the following years of the 1970s, Dole and McGovern worked together on the Senate Hunger and Human Needs Committee. They partnered to help pass legislation making food stamps and school lunches more accessible, and fraud more difficult. They expanded the school lunch program and helped establish the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), a federal assistance program for low-income pregnant women, breast-feeding women and children under the age of five.

Dole served on congressional agriculture committees throughout the course of his political career, and became the Republican Party's chief spokesman on farm policy and nutrition issues in the Senate. When Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980, Dole held the chairmanship of the Senate Agriculture Committee's Nutrition Subcommittee and the Senate Finance Committee. Together with McGovern, Dole spearheaded the elimination of the purchase requirement to receive food stamp benefits and the simplification of eligibility requirements.

Facing a reluctant President and Congress as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee in 1982, Dole was the driving force behind a large tax increase, promoting it as a reform measure to collect money owed by tax cheats and under-taxed businesses. In December of that year, The New York Times referred to Dole as changing from "hard-line conservative" to "mainstream Republicanism".  He became Senate Majority leader in 1985 initially serving in that position for two years. Democrats took control of the Senate following the 1986 United States Senate elections, and Dole became Senate Minority Leader for the next eight years.  Dole was a major supporter and advocate of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

The Republicans took control of both the Senate and House of Representatives in the 1994 mid-term elections, due to the fallout from President Bill Clinton's policies including his health care plan, and Dole became Senate Majority Leader for the second time. In October 1995, a year before the presidential election, Dole and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich led the Republican-controlled Congress to pass a spending bill that President Clinton vetoed, leading to the federal government shutdown from 1995 to 1996. On November 13, Republican and Democratic leaders, including Vice President Al Gore, Dick Armey, and Dole, met to try to resolve the budget and were unable to reach an agreement. By January 1996, Dole was more open to compromise to end the shutdown (as he was campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination), but he was opposed by other Republicans who wanted to continue until their demands were met. In particular, Gingrich and Dole had a tense working relationship as they were potential rivals for the 1996 Republican nomination. Clinton aide George Stephanopoulos cited the shutdown as having a role in Clinton's successful re-election campaign. In a January 3, 1996, Briefing Room address, amid the ongoing United States federal government shutdowns of 1995–1996, President Clinton noted Dole as a lawmaker that was "working together in good faith" to reopen the government.

From 1992 to 1996, Dole played a major role in mobilizing support for Bosnia in the Senate, and pressuring the Clinton administration and NATO to resolve the war there.

In 1996, Dole was the first sitting Senate Party Leader to receive his party's nomination for president. He hoped to use his long experience in Senate procedures to maximize publicity from his rare positioning as Senate Majority Leader against an incumbent president but was stymied by Senate Democrats. Dole resigned his seat on June 11, 1996, to focus on the campaign, saying he had "nowhere to go but the White House or home".

Presidential politics

Dole ran unsuccessfully for vice president on a ticket headed by President Gerald Ford in 1976. Incumbent Vice President Nelson Rockefeller had announced the previous November his retirement from politics, opting against a run for a full term as vice president, and Dole was chosen as Ford's running mate. Dole was known for his sarcastic one-liner comments, often directed against himself, and during the vice presidential debate replied to Walter Mondale concerning the issues of Watergate and the Nixon pardon, "It is an appropriate topic, I guess, but it's not a very good issue any more than the war in Vietnam would be or World War II or World War I or the war in Korea—all Democrat wars, all in this century. I figured up the other day, if we added up the killed and wounded in Democrat wars in this century, it would be about 1.6 million Americans, enough to fill the city of Detroit." Many voters felt that Dole's criticism was unfairly harsh, and that his dispassionate delivery made him seem cold. Years later, Dole would remark that he regretted the comment, believing that it had hurt the Republican ticket.

Dole ran for the 1980 Republican presidential nomination, eventually won by Ronald Reagan. Despite Dole's national exposure from the '76 campaign, he finished behind Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and four others in Iowa and New Hampshire, receiving only 2.5% and 0.4% of votes cast in those contests, respectively. Dole ceased campaigning after the New Hampshire results and announced his formal withdrawal from the race on March 15, instead being re-elected to his third term as Senator that year.

Dole made another attempt for the Republican presidential nomination in 1988, formally announcing his candidacy in his hometown of Russell, Kansas, on November 9, 1987. At the ceremony, Dole was presented by the VFW with a cigar box, similar to the one he had used to collect donations for his war-related medical expenses, containing more than $7,000 in campaign donations. Dole started out strongly by defeating Vice President George H. W. Bush in the Iowa caucus—Bush finished third, behind television evangelist Pat Robertson.

Bush defeated Dole in the New Hampshire primary a week later. After the returns had come in on the night of that primary, Dole appeared to lose his temper in a television interview with Tom Brokaw, saying Bush should "stop lying about my record", in response to a Bush commercial which accused Dole of "straddling" on taxes.

Despite a key endorsement by Senator Strom Thurmond, Dole was defeated by Bush again in South Carolina in early March. Several days later, every southern state voted for Bush in a Super Tuesday sweep. This was followed by another loss in Illinois, which persuaded Dole to withdraw from the race.

1996 presidential campaign

Despite the 1994 elections, President Clinton's popularity soared due to a booming economy and public opinion polls supporting him in the 1995 budget shutdown. As a result, Clinton and Vice President Al Gore faced no serious opposition in the Democratic primaries. A few months before his death in April 1994, Richard Nixon warned Dole, "If the economy's good, you're not going to beat Clinton." Dole was the early front runner for the GOP nomination in the 1996 presidential race. At least eight candidates ran for the nomination. Dole was expected to win the nomination against underdog candidates such as the more conservative Senator Phil Gramm of Texas and more moderate Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania. Pat Buchanan upset Dole in the early New Hampshire primary, however, with Dole finishing second and former Tennessee governor Lamar Alexander finishing third. Speechwriter Kerry Tymchuk observed, "Dole was on the ropes because he wasn't conservative enough."

Dole eventually won the nomination, becoming the oldest first-time presidential nominee at the age of 73 years, 1 month (President Ronald Reagan was 73 years, 6 months in 1984, for his second presidential nomination). If elected, he would have become the oldest president to take office and the first Kansas native to become president (as Dwight Eisenhower was born in Texas). Dole found the initial draft of the nomination acceptance speech written by Mark Helprin too hardline, so Kerry Tymchuk, who was part of the "'Let Dole be Dole' crowd", revised the speech to cover the themes of honor, decency, and straight talk. It included the following line, a gibe at the all-or-nothing rookie Republicans who had ridden the 1994 midterm GOP wave into Congress: "In politics honorable compromise is no sin. It is what protects us from absolutism and intolerance"'.

In his acceptance speech, Dole stated, "Let me be the bridge to an America that only the unknowing call myth. Let me be the bridge to a time of tranquility, faith, and confidence in action," to which incumbent president Bill Clinton responded, "We do not need to build a bridge to the past, we need to build a bridge to the future."

As told in the Doles' joint biography, Unlimited Partners, speechwriter and biographer Kerry Tymchuk wrote "that he was going to make a statement. He was going to risk it all for the White House. He knew his time as leader was over. It would have been tough to come back [to the Senate as leader] if he lost in November. He knew it was time to move up or move out."

Dole promised a 15% across-the-board reduction in income tax rates and made former Representative and supply side advocate Jack Kemp his running mate for vice president. Dole found himself criticized from both the left and the right within the Republican Party over the convention platform, one of the major issues being the inclusion of the Human Life Amendment. Clinton framed the narrative against Dole early, painting him as a mere clone of unpopular then-House Speaker Newt Gingrich, warning America that Dole would work in concert with the Republican Congress to slash popular social programs, like Medicare and Social Security, dubbed by Clinton as "Dole-Gingrich". Dole's tax-cut plan found itself under attack from the White House, who said it would "blow a hole in the deficit".

During the infancy of the Internet, Dole-Kemp was the first presidential campaign to have a website, which was set up by Arizona State college students Rob Kubasko and Vince Salvato, and edged out Clinton-Gore. The Dole-Kemp presidential campaign page is still live as of 2021.

Concerns over Dole's age and lagging campaign were exemplified by an incident on September 18, 1996. At a rally in Chico, California, he was reaching down to shake the hand of a supporter, when the railing on the stage gave way and he tumbled four feet. While only slightly injured in the fall, "the televised image of his painful grimace underscored the age difference between him and Clinton" and proved an ominous sign for Republican hopes of retaking the White House.

During the latter half of October 1996, Dole made a campaign appearance with Heather Whitestone, the first deaf Miss America, where both of them signed "I love you" to the crowd. Around that time, Dole and his advisers knew that they would lose the election, but in the last four days of the campaign they went on the "96-hour victory tour" to help Republican House candidates.

Dole lost, as pundits had long expected, to incumbent President Bill Clinton in the 1996 election. Clinton won in a 379–159 Electoral College landslide, capturing 49.2% of the vote against Dole's 40.7% and Ross Perot's 8.4%. As Nixon had predicted, Clinton was able to ride a booming economy to a second term in the White House.

Dole is the last World War II veteran to have been the presidential nominee of a major party.  During the campaign, Dole's advanced age was brought up, with critics stating that he was too old to be president.

In his election night concession speech, Dole remarked "I was thinking on the way down in the elevator – tomorrow will be the first time in my life I don't have anything to do." Dole later wrote "I was wrong. Seventy-two hours after conceding the election, I was swapping wisecracks with David Letterman on his late-night show." During the immediate aftermath of his 1996 loss to Clinton, Dole recalled that his critics thought that "I didn't loosen up enough, I didn't show enough leg. They said I was too serious . . . It takes several months to stop fretting about it and move on. But I did." Dole remarked that his decisive defeat to Clinton made it easier for him to be "magnanimous". On his decision to leave politics for good after the 1996 presidential election campaign, despite his guaranteed stature as a former Senate leader, Dole stated, "People were urging [me] to be a hatchet man against Clinton for the next four years. I couldn't see the point. Maybe after all those partisan fights, you look for more friendships. One of the nice things I've discovered is that when you're out of politics, you have more credibility with the other side . . . And you're out among all kinds of people, and that just doesn't happen often for an ex-president; he doesn't have the same freedom. So it hasn't been all bad."

Post-political career

The 1996 presidential election, despite ending in a loss, opened up numerous opportunities for Dole owing in part to his sense of humor. He engaged in a career of writing, consulting, public speaking, and television appearances. Dole was the first defeated presidential nominee to become a political celebrity.

Television appearances

In November 1996, Dole appeared on Late Show with David Letterman and also made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live, parodying himself (shortly after losing the presidential election).  He guest-starred as himself on NBC's Brooke Shields sitcom Suddenly Susan in January 1997.

Dole became a television commercial spokesman for such products as Viagra, Visa, Dunkin' Donuts, and Pepsi-Cola (with Britney Spears).  He was an occasional political commentator on the interview program Larry King Live, and was a guest a number of times on Comedy Central's satirical news program, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Dole was, for a short time in 2003, a commentator opposite Bill Clinton on CBS's 60 Minutes.

Employment

After leaving office, Dole joined the Washington, D.C. firm Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand, where he was a registered lobbyist on behalf of foreign governments (including those of Kosovo, Taiwan, and Slovenia); the American Society of Anesthesiologists; Tyco; and the Chocolate Industry Coalition. In 2003, after Verner, Liipfert was acquired by Piper Rudnick, Dole joined the Washington, D.C. law and lobbying firm Alston & Bird LLP, where he continued his lobbying career. While working for Alston & Bird, Dole was registered as a foreign agent in order to represent the government of Taiwan in Washington.

Dole was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D.C., from 1998 to 2002.

Voluntary work

Dole was also involved in many volunteer activities.  He served as national chairman of the World War II Memorial Campaign, which raised funds for the building of the National World War II Memorial.  After being built, he visited the memorial on a weekly basis for many years to greet visitors and remember those who served.

Dole also teamed up with his former political rival, Bill Clinton, in 2001 on the Families of Freedom Foundation, a scholarship fund campaign to pay for the college educations for the families of 9/11 victims.  It helped raise more than $100 million.

The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, housed on the University of Kansas campus in Lawrence, Kansas, was established to bring bipartisanship back to politics. The institute, which opened in July 2003 to coincide with Dole's 80th birthday, has featured such notable speakers as former President Bill Clinton, and awarded the inaugural Dole Leadership Prize to Rudy Giuliani for his leadership as the Mayor of New York City during the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Dole's legacy also includes a commitment to combating hunger, both in the United States and around the globe. In addition to numerous domestic programs, and along with former Senator George McGovern (D-South Dakota), Dole created an international school lunch program through the George McGovern-Robert Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program, which, funded largely through the Congress, helps fight child hunger and poverty by providing nutritious meals to children in schools in developing countries. This internationally popular program would go on to provide more than 22 million meals to children in 41 countries in its first eight years.  It has since led to greatly increased global interest in and support for school-feeding programs—which benefit girls and young women, in particular—and won McGovern and Dole the 2008 World Food Prize.

Dole offered the inaugural lecture to dedicate the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service on September 18, 2004. During the lecture, he chronicled his life as a public servant and discussed the importance of public service related to defense, civil rights, the economy and daily life. Dole also gave the 2008 Vance Distinguished Lecture at Central Connecticut State University.

Author

Dole wrote several books, including one on jokes told by the presidents of the United States, in which he ranks the presidents according to their level of humor. Dole released his autobiography, One Soldier's Story: A Memoir, on April 12, 2005. The book chronicles his World War II experiences and his battle to survive his war injuries.

Political activities
After the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal broke in 1998, Dole urged his party to practice "restraint" in their reaction to the scandal. After the resulting late-1998 impeachment of President Clinton, Dole proposed that, instead of holding an impeachment trial, the Senate instead censure Clinton and then have Clinton sign the censure himself in the presence of congressional leaders, the Vice President, Cabinet members, and the justices of the Supreme Court. Some Democratic senators came to support the notion of having a censure motion instead of holding an impeachment trial. However, the Republican-controlled Senate instead held an impeachment trial in which Clinton was acquitted.

President George W. Bush appointed Dole and Donna Shalala, former Secretary of Health and Human Services, as co-chairs of the commission to investigate problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in 2007. That same year, Dole joined fellow former Senate majority leaders Howard Baker, Tom Daschle, and George Mitchell to found the Bipartisan Policy Center, a non-profit think-tank that works to develop policies suitable for bipartisan support. Dole also served as a director for the Asia Universal Bank, a bank domiciled in Kyrgyzstan during the discredited Kurmanbek Bakiyev presidential regime which was subsequently shut down owing to its involvement in money laundering.

Dole issued a letter critical of Newt Gingrich, focusing on Dole and Gingrich's time working together on Capitol Hill, on January 26, 2012.  The letter was issued immediately before the Florida primary. Dole endorsed Mitt Romney for the Republican nomination. Dole cited the association made between himself and Gingrich as fellow Congressional leaders in Democratic advertisements as a key factor for his 1996 presidential defeat.

Dole appeared on the Senate floor to advocate ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on December 4, 2012. Democratic Senator John Kerry explained: "Bob Dole is here because he wants to know that other countries will come to treat the disabled as we do." The Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 61–38, less than the 66 required for ratification. Many Republican senators voted against the bill, fearing it would interfere with American sovereignty. Dole began a reunion tour of his home state of Kansas in early 2014, seeking to visit each of the state's 105 counties. At each stop he spent approximately an hour speaking with old friends and well-wishers. Dole endorsed and campaigned for incumbent Kansas Senator Pat Roberts during the latter's 2014 re-election bid.

In 2015, Dole endorsed former Florida governor Jeb Bush in his presidential campaign. After Bush ended his campaign following the South Carolina primary, Dole endorsed Florida senator Marco Rubio's campaign. During the campaign, Dole criticized Texas senator Ted Cruz, stating that he "question[ed] his allegiance to the party" and that there would be "wholesale losses" if he were to win the Republican nomination. Dole endorsed Donald Trump after the latter clinched the Republican nomination, while all other then-living Republican presidential nominees, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, John McCain, and Mitt Romney refused to do so, and became the lone former nominee to attend the 2016 Republican National Convention. Dole had attended every GOP convention since 1964, and did not consider skipping the 2016 edition even though Trump's politics were closer to that of Dole's 1996 primary rival Pat Buchanan.

Former Dole advisers, including Paul Manafort, played a major role in Trump's presidential campaign. Following Trump's electoral victory, Dole coordinated with the Trump campaign and presidential transition team to set up a series of meetings between Trump's staff and Taiwanese officials as well as assisting in successful efforts to include favorable language towards Taiwan in the 2016 Republican Party platform. In February 2016 Dole donated $20,000 to help pay for a camp for children with cancer in central Kansas.

Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his service to the nation as a "soldier, legislator and statesman" in January 2018. Despite being immobile, Dole signaled to an aide to assist him in standing for the U.S. national anthem prior to the ceremony.

Dole, at age 95 and in a wheelchair, stood up with the help of an aide at the funeral of George H. W. Bush in the United States Capitol rotunda on December 4, 2018, and saluted to pay his respects to the late president and fellow World War II veteran.

Dole expressed concern the Commission on Presidential Debates were biased against President Trump and his reelection campaign in a public statement on October 9, 2020, saying how he knew all the Republicans on the commission and feared that "none of them support[ed]" the president.

While he endorsed Trump in both 2016 and 2020, in an interview with USA Today conducted for his 98th birthday, Dole said he was "Trumped out", and that Trump had lost the 2020 election despite his attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. presidential election. He further stated, "He lost the election, and I regret that he did, but they did", adding that Trump "had Rudy Giuliani running all over the country, claiming fraud. He never had one bit of fraud in all those lawsuits he filed and statements he made." At one point during the conversation Dole said, "I'm a Trumper", and added at another, "I'm sort of Trumped out, though."

Awards
Dole was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Ronald Reagan on January 18, 1989.

Senator Dole was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton on January 17, 1997, for service to his country in the military and in his political career. In his acceptance remarks in the East Room of the White House, Dole remarked "I had a dream that I would be here this historic week receiving something from the president — but I thought it would be the front-door key".

Dole received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards, in 1997.

Dole received the American Patriot Award from the National Defense University in 2004 for his lifelong dedication to the United States and his service in World War II.

On September 30, 2015, the National Commemoration of the Armenian Genocide Centennial (NCAGC) honored Senator Dole with the organization's Survivor's Gratitude Award in the category of "Hero of Responsibility and Principle" for his tireless efforts in raising attention to the Armenian Genocide and its victims.

For his lobbying efforts on behalf of Kosovo Albanians before, during, and after the Kosovo War, Albanian President Bujar Nishani awarded Dole Albania's highest civilian honor, the National Flag Order medal, at a May 2017 ceremony in Washington, D.C.

Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his service to the nation as a "soldier, legislator and statesman" on January 17, 2018.

The U.S. Congress unanimously passed a bill promoting the 95-year-old Dole from captain to colonel for his service during World War II in 2019. "I've had a great life and this is sort of icing on the cake. It's not that I have to be a colonel; I was happy being a captain and it pays the same," Dole said, jokingly.

Personal life

Dole married Phyllis Holden, an occupational therapist at a veterans hospital, in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1948, three months after they met. Their daughter, Robin, was born on October 15, 1954. Dole and Holden divorced January 11, 1972. Holden died on April 22, 2008.

Dole met his second wife, Elizabeth Halford, in 1972. The couple was married on December 6, 1975. They had no children.

Dole was a Freemason and a member of Russell Lodge No. 177, Russell, Kansas. In 1975, Dole was elevated to the 33rd degree of the Scottish Rite.

Dole often referred to himself in the third person in conversation. In a 1996 appearance on Saturday Night Live, he jokingly refuted the habit to Norm Macdonald, saying: "That's not something Bob Dole does. That's not something Bob Dole has ever done, or that Bob Dole will ever do." He had no relation to the Dole Food Company or its namesake James Dole, although confusion between the two did lead Burhanettin Ozfatura, the mayor of İzmir, Turkey, to ban the sale of Dole bananas in the city in February 1995.

Health
Dole had surgery for prostate cancer in 1991. He later spoke before Congress and on public service announcements about early detection of the disease and the erectile dysfunction that resulted from his surgery. He then became a paid spokesman for Viagra. He also starred in a parody of his Viagra commercials for "the little blue can" of Pepsi.

In 2001, Dole, at age 77, was treated successfully for an abdominal aortic aneurysm by vascular surgeon Kenneth Ouriel, who said Dole "maintained his sense of humor throughout his care".

Dole underwent a hip replacement operation that required him to receive blood thinners in December 2004. One month after the surgery, doctors determined that he was bleeding inside his head. He spent 40 days at Walter Reed Army Medical Center; upon his release, his stronger left arm was of limited use. Dole told a reporter that he needed help to handle the simplest of tasks, since both of his arms were of limited use. He continued to go to Walter Reed several times a week for occupational therapy for his left shoulder.

In 2009, Dole was hospitalized for an elevated heart rate and sore legs for which he underwent a successful skin graft procedure. He was hospitalized with pneumonia in February 2010 after undergoing knee surgery. Dole spent ten months at Walter Reed Army Medical Center recovering from the surgery and experienced three bouts with pneumonia. He was released from the hospital in November 2010. Dole was readmitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in January 2011 and spent about six days there being treated for a fever and a minor infection.

Dole was hospitalized in November 2012 at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, according to then-Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid.
Dole was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for low blood pressure on September 13, 2017. He stayed for 24 hours before returning home.

Death and funeral
In February 2021, Dole announced that he had been diagnosed with stage four lung cancer, and subsequently underwent immunotherapy, forgoing chemotherapy due to its negative effect on his body. He died of complications from the disease in his sleep at his home in Washington, D.C., on the morning of December 5, 2021, at the age of 98. One month before he died, he became the oldest former U.S. representative, following the death of Neal Smith.

Numerous politicians paid tribute to Dole after his death, including, President Joe Biden and former presidents Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump. President Biden issued an order for flags to be flown at half-staff through December 11, 2021, with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer announcing that Dole would lay in state at the U.S. Capitol on December 9.

A funeral service was held at Washington National Cathedral on December 10 and was attended by President Biden with First Lady Jill Biden, Vice President Kamala Harris with her husband, second gentleman Doug Emhoff, former president Bill Clinton, former vice presidents Mike Pence, Dick Cheney and Dan Quayle, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, and former senators Pat Roberts and Tom Daschle, among others.  Later that same day, a memorial ceremony was held at the National World War II Memorial where Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark A. Milley, actor Tom Hanks and Today Show co-anchor Savannah Guthrie were among those who spoke.

Dole's casket then returned to Kansas where a memorial service was held at the Catholic Church in his boyhood home of Russell, Kansas, on December 11. The service was open to the public. Speakers included Kansas Governor Laura Kelly, Senators Jerry Moran and Roger Marshall and former Senator Pat Roberts. His casket then went to lie in repose at the Kansas Statehouse. Following that, the casket returned to Washington and he was interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

Electoral history

Books

   The book was first released during Bob Dole's 1988 presidential run. Re-released as Unlimited Partners: Our American Story. Simon & Schuster, 1996. .

Honorary degrees
Dole was awarded several honorary degrees. These include:

See also
 Kemp Commission
 List of Freemasons
 List of members of the American Legion
 List of people from Kansas

Citations

General and cited references

Further reading

 Abrams, Herbert L., and Richard Brody. "Bob Dole's age and health in the 1996 election: Did the media let us down?." Political Science Quarterly 113.3 (1998): 471-491 online.

 Immelman, Aubrey. "The political personalities of 1996 U.S. presidential candidates Bill Clinton and Bob Dole." Leadership Quarterly 9.3 (1998): 335–366. online
 Karčić, Hamza. "Saving Bosnia on Capitol Hill: the case of Senator Bob Dole." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 13.1 (2015): 20–39.

 Film
 Bob Dole discussing Lee Atwater in the film Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story

External links

 Bob Dole's remarks at the dedication of the Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas
 Bob Dole's 1996 campaign website
 The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics
 Bob Dole's biography on Alston & Bird's website
 CNN AllPolitics review of Bob Dole's early life

1923 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American memoirists
1976 United States vice-presidential candidates
American Freemasons
American United Methodists
American lobbyists
American men's basketball players
American politicians with disabilities
American prosecutors
Bipartisan Policy Center
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1996 United States presidential election
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
Deaths from lung cancer
District attorneys in Kansas
Illeists
Kansas Jayhawks football players
Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball players
Kansas lawyers
Republican Party members of the Kansas House of Representatives
Military personnel from Kansas
People from Russell, Kansas
Politicians with paraplegia
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Protestants from Kansas
Republican National Committee chairs
Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees
Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Republican Party United States senators from Kansas
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas
Spouses of North Carolina politicians
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of World War II
Washburn University School of Law alumni
Wheelchair users
Writers from Kansas
Members of Congress who became lobbyists
American lawyers with disabilities

Bob Dole


A Casa Chorizo, Casa Patio, or formally as Standard House (Casa Standard) is a type of house that was widely built in the late 19th and early 20th century, predominantly in Montevideo, Buenos Aires and Rosario, but to a lesser extent in many other towns and cities of Argentina and Uruguay.

The house is characterized by a rectangular facade with three windows and a door of similar style and proportions, usually highly ornamented. It has a typical rectangular layout, and on one of its long sides, it has an inside patio. The square rooms are centered around this patio without an internal hallway. To access another room, either one must walk through the patio to go to another room or walk through the doors between two adjacent rooms.

History
From 1850 large immigration waves from middle-class families leaving mainly Italy and Spain moved to the Río de la Plata region and increased the population significantly. These types of houses were developed and built to make more efficient use of the space in the city. Most of the houses originated between 1880 and 1930.

The origin of these houses is based on Roman houses, Pompeyan houses, and traditional colonial urban living from Rio de la Plata. These patio houses are centered around square patios and split in 2 "L" shapes houses with each owning half the patio.

They were entirely built with stone bricks and to show the socioeconomic status of the homeowner and family, the house facade possesses Italian style ornaments on the front street facade (fachadas) including columns, capitals, emblems together with high windows and high doors as house decoration.

Dimensions and layout
The typical dimensions of these houses are based on the old city measurements that used varas. The colonial block of houses measured 150 varas and each house width was given 10 varas, that is 8.66 metres. The house length varies between 16 and 30 meters and dependent on the terrain (that could go up until half a block deep, around 50 meters), the house can have an additional back garden. Most of these houses are located with a short side to the street and a long side into the block of houses, so multiple houses could be built next to each other. But some rare houses are built with the long side to the street and provide light from the street as well as from the internal patio.

The rooms measure 4x4 meters. As the rooms all have doors and windows above the doors to the internal patio to ventilate the room spaces Also, the ceiling height that measures between 4–5 meters high helps further to accommodate the high summer heat as well the colder winter temperatures in Argentina. In addition, these livings also have floor ventilation space underneath the house. These ventilation spaces are connected through air vents seen in the facade front wall below and above the windows.

The houses are rectangular shaped with all rooms interconnected, and the houses are entered from one of the short sides.  The layout is based on a "hierarchy of rooms". The bathrooms, kitchen and dining room are furthest away from the entrance.  These rooms could be connected with a small patio. The following rooms are the children's room, grandparent's room, parents' room and a parents' activities room. From the outside, the first area is the hallway, and through a door one you can enter the patio and the main social room. The closer and more intimate visitors are to the family, the deeper they get invited into the house.

One can enter the rooms through the different doors in each room, or one can walk through the gallery in the patio, typically a part with a small roof to protect against the rain and sun.

Heritage and revival
As these houses were built with bricks and have high quality to last, are well ventilated, provide large living space as well as the rise of popularity in heritage, these houses are becoming popular again.  Most of them continue as family houses and are modernized. In most cases, the internal walls between the rooms are broken open to provide more space, and garages and mezzanines are built to better use the height of the house. The roofs are sometimes converted in terraces to provide more open space.

In some neighborhoods such as Palermo and San Telmo, these houses are also converted in offices, doctor practices, lawyer offices, fashion boutique shops, bars, and even restaurants.

However, as the terrain prices rise, some owners sell their houses to be converted into high rise buildings. There are initiatives ongoing to protect this heritage.

References

External links
 Blueprint of a typical Casa Chorizo (Spanish) - Official Website of the Buenos Aires City
 Casa Chorizo, una vivienda de Buenos Aires bastante peculiar/Casa Chorizo, a very typical Buenos Aires type of housing (Spanish) - Website of ARQUITECTURA UBA
 CasaChorizo.net - Website about the architecture, heritage and modernization of the Casas Chorizo
 Description of a Casa Chorizo (Spanish) - Website of Arquitectura de Calle, writing about Architecture, Art, Heritage and Design
 La 'Casa Chorizo', la vivienda típica de Buenos Aires de principios del siglo XX/Casa Chorizo, the typical housing of Buenos Aires from early 20th century (Spanish) - Website of Collegi d'Arquitectes de Catalunya
 Housing for the masses: casa chorizo - Website of  tour guide & guidebook author Robert Wright
 EL REVIVAL DE LA CASA CHORIZO/The revival of the Casa Chorizo (Spanish) - Website of INmendoza.com about culture, art and  entertainment in Mendoza
 Las fachadas de las Casas Chorizo - Photos of Casas Chorizo facades in Argentina and other countries including photo archive

House types
Architecture in Argentina

Casa chorizo


Glenville is the name of several places.

In Canada:
 Glenville, Ontario
 Glenville, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
 Glenville, Inverness County, Nova Scotia

In Ireland:
 Glenville, County Cork

In the United Kingdom
 Glenville, County Antrim (also known as Leamore), a townland in the civil parish of Layd, County Antrim, Northern Ireland

In the United States of America:
 Glenville, Alabama
 Glenville (Eutaw, Alabama) a house on the National Register of Historic Places in Eutaw, Alabama
 Glenville, Arkansas, a place in Nevada County
 Glenville, California, former name of Glennville, California
 Glenville, Connecticut
 Glenville, Delaware
 Glenville, Minnesota
 Glenville, Mississippi, a community in Panola County
Glenville, Schenectady County, New York
 Glenville, North Carolina
 Glenville, Pennsylvania
 Glenville, West Virginia
 Glenville, Cleveland, a neighborhood in Cleveland, Ohio
 Glenville Shootout, which took place there

See also
 Glennville (disambiguation)
 Glenvil, Nebraska
 Glenvil Township, Clay County, Nebraska

Glenville


Michele Felice Cornè (1752–1845) was an artist born in Elba who settled in the United States. He lived in Salem and Boston, Massachusetts; and in Newport, Rhode Island. He painted marine scenes, portraits, and interior decorations such as fireboards and murals.

Biography
Cornè grew up in Naples. Drafted by the Neapolitan army to help repel the brief French occupation of Naples in 1799, he fled and was brought to the United States on the ship Mount Vernon, commanded by Elias Hasket Derby Jr., and settled in Salem, Massachusetts in 1800. After his arrival, he lived at Captain Derby's house, which he inherited from the recent death of his father.  The location of the mansion remains, but the home was torn down in 1815. On that spot is Old Town Hall which was designed by Charles Bulfinch and dedicated by President James Monroe in 1816 on his New England tour to keep the country together after the Hartford Convention which was organized by Timothy Pickering and his Essex Junto.
Cornè moved to Boston in 1807 and lived and worked there until 1822.

In 1806 he created a large "panorama" or panoramic painting, 10 feet high by 60 feet long, of the Bombardment of Tripoli, commemorating American victory in the First Barbary War (1801-1805). (This panoramic version may have been adapted from a smaller (81 x 122 cm) oil painting in the collection of the Maine Historical Society.) The work was exhibited in December 1806 at the Concert Hall in Boston, after which it traveled to Portsmouth, N.H. and Portland, Maine. It was later displayed as a part of a larger Panorama of the Battle of Bunker Hill exhibition at Washington Hall in Salem.

In 1810 he painted the wall murals at the Sullivan Dorr house in Providence, Rhode Island.  After the historic battle of USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere on August 19, 1812, Cornè created a series of four paintings showing four key events in the battle.  All four paintings are in the collection of the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA.

In 1822 Cornè relocated to Newport, Rhode Island.  His house in Newport still stands on Cornè Street.  He lived there until his death in 1845 at the age of 93.  He was buried in the Common Burial Ground in Newport.

Legacy
Examples of his work are in the collections of Historic New England; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Peabody Essex Museum; Redwood Library and Athenaeum; and U.S. Naval Academy Museum. Interior murals painted by Cornè survive in the Sullivan Dorr house, Providence, Rhode Island.  One of his students was the noted maritime artist George Ropes.

Cornè and tomatoes
It is reputed that Cornè introduced the tomato into the American diet.  In early 19th century New England tomatoes were thought to be deadly poison.  Cornè was accustomed to eating tomatoes in his native land and would regularly eat them without ill effect and, thus, allayed the fears of the residents of his adopted country.

The tomato is native to western South America, and was formally cultivated by the Aztecs and other peoples in Mesoamerica.

See also
 Robert Gibbon Johnson, another early American advocate of eating tomatoes

References

Further reading
 Little, Nina Fletcher and Philip C.F. Smith, Michele Felice Cornè, 1752-1845, Versatile Neapolitan Painter of Salem, Boston and Newport, exhibition catalogue, Peabody Museum of Salem, 1972.
 "Died," Newport Mercury, 12 July 1845.
 "Michele Felice Corne," Newport Mercury, 3 March 1877.
 "The First Tomatoes," Newport Daily News, 29 January 1879.
 Dodge, Donald. "The Cornè House, ca. 1799-1822," Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society. Newport Historical Society. Vol.42, Part 1, No.133 (Winter 1969). 14-21.
 Mason, George Champlin. Reminiscences of Newport. Newport: Charles E. Hammett Jr., 1884. 330-340.
 Donald J. Boisvert. "Michel Felice Corne: the first person in America to eat a tomato, Old Rhode Island no.4, 1993.
 Smith, Andrew F. The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.

External links
 WorldCat. Cornè, Michele Felice 1752-1845
 Maine Historical Society  Bombardment of Tripoli oil painting, 81 x 122 cm.
 Library of Congress. Bombardment of Tripoli engraving by Cornè.
 Historic American Buildings Survey (Library of Congress). Sullivan Dorr House, 109 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island. Includes information about mural by Cornè.

1757 births
1845 deaths
18th-century Neapolitan people
19th-century American painters
American male painters
American marine artists
Artists from Newport, Rhode Island
Painters from Boston
Italian emigrants to the United States
Italian marine artists
Orientalist painters
Painters from Naples
Painters from Rhode Island
People from North End, Boston
People from the Province of Livorno
Burials at Common Burying Ground and Island Cemetery
19th-century American male artists

Michele Felice Cornè


Pathrose Ayyaneth (1928 - 2008), popularly known as P. Ayyaneth, was a Malayalam-language novelist, short story writer and poet from Kerala, India. Born in 1928 at Chandanappally, Pathanamthitta, Ayyaneth graduated in mathematics and worked as a teacher, journalist and government employee. After retiring as assistant director of the Bureau of Economics and Statistics, he practised as a lawyer. His entered the literary field with a poem titled Parimalam, written at the age of 15. He soon began writing prose. Many of his novels appeared as serials in periodicals in 1960s and 1970s. A prolific writer, he had penned 40 novels, 10 short story collections, a few plays and articles. His widely read novels included Manushya Nee Mannakunnu, Thiruseshippu and Vazhvemayam. Six of his novels have become films. Ayyaneth died in a hospital on 17 June 2008 of injuries suffered in a road accident. He was hit by the driver of a scooter while he was crossing the road near his house in Kumarapuram.

References

1928 births
2008 deaths
People from Pathanamthitta
Indian male novelists
Novelists from Kerala
Malayali people
Malayalam-language writers
Malayalam novelists
Malayalam short story writers
Malayalam poets
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in India
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian male short story writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
20th-century Indian male writers

P. Ayyaneth