Fumiko Futamura is a Japanese-American mathematician known for her work on the mathematics of perspective and perspective drawing. She is a professor of mathematics at Southwestern University in Georgetown, Texas, and Lord Chair in Mathematics and Computer Science at Southwestern.

Education and career
Futamura is originally from Japan, and emigrated with her family to Kentucky when she was five years old. She grew up in an artistic family, and despite a talent for mathematics preferred creating art in various mediums. She entered the University of Louisville intending to study art there, but switched to mathematics after taking linear algebra in her sophomore year, discovering the beauty in mathematical proofs, and becoming convinced by faculty mentor Steven Seif that mathematics could be viewed as a form of art.

She met her future husband, YouTube mathematics tutor Patrick Jones, when they were both mathematics students at the University of Louisville. After Futamura graduated summa cum laude in 2002, with a senior thesis on graphical methods in geometry supervised by Robert Powers, she and Jones both entered graduate study at Vanderbilt University. Jones dropped out of the graduate program to become a full-time mathematics tutor, but Futamura continued, earning a master's degree and completing her Ph.D. in 2007. Her dissertation, Symmetrically Localized Frames, Localized Operators and Their Application to the Construction of Localized Hilbert and Banach Frames, was supervised by Akram Aldroubi, and involved the theory of frames in linear algebra.

In order to continue her work combining mathematics with the creative arts, Futamura decided to teach mathematics at a liberal arts college rather than go into industry or take a research university position. She joined the Southwestern University faculty as an assistant professor in 2007, was tenured as an associate professor in 2013, and became a full professor in 2018. In the same year she became department chair.

Writing and recognition
Futamura won the Carl B. Allendoerfer Award of the Mathematical Association of America in 2018, with Southwestern student Robert Lehr, for their 2017 article "A New Perspective on Finding the Viewpoint".

She is the coauthor of the book Perspective and Projective Geometry, with Annalisa Crannell and Marc Frantz, published by Princeton University Press in 2019.

References

External links
Home page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Japanese emigrants to the United States
21st-century American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
University of Louisville alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
Southwestern University faculty
21st-century women mathematicians

Fumiko Futamura


Pale Moon is an open-source web browser with an emphasis on customization; its motto is "Your browser, Your way". There are official releases for Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD, macOS, and Linux, as well as contributed builds for various platforms.

Pale Moon originated as a fork of Firefox, but has subsequently diverged. The main differences are the user interface, add-on support, and running in single-process mode. Pale Moon retains the highly customizable user interface of the Firefox version 4–28 era. It also continues to support some types of add-ons and plugins that are no longer supported by Firefox, including NPAPI plugins such as Adobe Flash Player, as well as legacy Firefox extensions.

Overview
Pale Moon has diverged from Firefox in a number of ways:
Uses the pre-Australis user interface ("Strata") as carried by Firefox during versions 4-28
Supports extensions built with XUL and XPCOM, which are no longer supported by Firefox
Supports "Complete Themes", add-ons which can customize the entire UI of the browser. Firefox no longer supports this and retains limited options for UI customization.
Supports NPAPI plugins indiscriminately, all of which are no longer supported by Firefox
Replaces the Gecko browser engine with the Goanna fork
Always runs in single-process mode, whereas Firefox became a multi-process program
Defaults to a customizable start page in cooperation with start.me
Defaults to DuckDuckGo as the search engine instead of Google or Yahoo!
Uses the IP-API service instead of Google's for geolocation

Unified XUL Platform (UXP)
Pale Moon is built upon the Unified XUL Platform (UXP), a cross-platform, multimedia application base with ancestry in Mozilla code. It includes the Goanna layout and rendering engine, a fork of Mozilla's Gecko engine. Moonchild Productions develops UXP alongside Pale Moon.

UXP is a fork of the Firefox 52 ESR platform, created in 2017 to address the imminent death of XUL/XPCOM technology in the Firefox codebase.

License

Pale Moon's source code is available under the Mozilla Public License 2.0, with exceptions for image assets relating to the branding. To ensure quality, redistribution of officially branded Pale Moon binaries is only permissible under the project's proprietary redistribution license. The binary redistribution license prohibits altering the application binary, charging a fee, bundling other software, or collecting personal data. The name and logo are trademarked and cannot be used without prior permission. Unofficial builds of Pale Moon use either unbranded assets from the source code or custom artwork.

Platforms

Moonchild Productions offers Pale Moon for modern iterations of the Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. An SSE2-capable processor is required to run the official Pale Moon releases, regardless of operating system choice. For Windows, the only requirement is Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 or newer. On Linux, specific versions of GTK 2 or 3, GLib, Pango, and libstdc++ are required. Moonchild Productions also provides a portable version of Pale Moon for Windows.

Additional "contributed" builds of Pale Moon are produced by community members and may or may not carry the official Pale Moon branding, depending on their level of association and collaboration with Moonchild Productions. These third-party builds range from simple compiler optimizations to support for additional operating systems.

Debian and Ubuntu repositories for Pale Moon are maintained by Steve Pusser and endorsed by Moonchild Productions. These repositories provide the latest Pale Moon updates only for recent Debian and Ubuntu major releases.

Platforms no longer supported
Official support for Windows XP ended with Pale Moon 25.0.0. Two speciality builds continued to support XP for some time: PM4XP, which was discontinued after release 25.7.0, and a special build intended for devices with Intel Atom processors, which was discontinued with the release of Pale Moon 27.0.0.

Pale Moon 27.9.4 was the last release to officially support Windows Vista as well as the final community-contributed release for Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard.

Pale Moon for Android was a distinct development effort that is no longer maintained. First released in 2014, it was announced the following year that this Pale Moon variant would likely be abandoned due to lack of community involvement. The final release was 25.9.6.

History

Origins

M.C. Straver is the project founder and lead developer. Straver's first official release of Pale Moon, in 2009, was a rebuild of Firefox 3.5.2 with minor tweaks. Eventually the scope of the project grew, and version 24 became a true fork of Firefox 24 ESR. Starting with version 25, Pale Moon began using its own versioning scheme.

Diverging from Firefox
Pale Moon 27 (codenamed "Tycho") was a major re-fork of the core browser code to Firefox 38 Extended Support Release, which added HTTP/2, DirectX 11, MSE/DASH, and JavaScript ES6 capabilities. Add-on support remained almost entirely unchanged, with a slight reduction of Jetpack compatibility.

In 2017, the Pale Moon team began the Unified XUL Platform project, seeking to fork Firefox's platform code one final time, before Mozilla fully removed the XUL/XPCOM technology. A new browser, Basilisk, was created as a "reference application" for developing UXP. Like Pale Moon, Basilisk is a fork of Firefox with substantial divergence from Mozilla's browser. The first incarnation of UXP (codenamed "Möbius") was based on Firefox 53-55, but complications arose with building non-Firefox-based applications on the new platform, such as Thunderbird and SeaMonkey. In early 2018, UXP development was restarted with Firefox 52 ESR as the new basis, ultimately resulting in Pale Moon 28 later that year.

Data breach incident
On 10 July 2019, a data breach was reported involving the Pale Moon archive server. This breach was discovered on the previous day, though it is unknown when it actually occurred. It is estimated to have occurred somewhere between April and June 2019. The archived releases of Pale Moon 27.6.2 and older were infected with malware. Basilisk and then-current Pale Moon releases were not affected. Straver expressed his distrust in the archive server host to provide adequate security and quickly switched to a new host.

Attempt and revert of change in goal
On 10 March 2021, it was announced that macOS support would be discontinued, owing to a lack of consistency from community developers for the Mac platform. An effort was made to clean the Pale Moon and UXP codebases of all macOS-specific code.

In April of 2021, Straver announced that the next release of Pale Moon, version 29.2.0, would no longer allow the installation of extensions intended for Firefox. The decision was a significant departure from Pale Moon's previous, decade-long support for Firefox addons. In the preceding years, Moonchild Productions and collaborators had made efforts to raise and cultivate a unique ecosystem of addons for Pale Moon, ultimately desiring to break away from Firefox addons altogether. Pale Moon 29.2.0, serving as the culmination of this goal, was released on 27 April 2021, amid long-standing misgivings from developers and users alike.

In September of 2021, after controversy over third-party forks of Pale Moon and UXP, the publishing of Pale Moon and UXP source code was changed to a cathedral-style of tarballs upon release of binaries, instead of a publicly-available repository. Additionally, preview (unstable) releases were no longer distributed.

On 17 March 2022, Pale Moon 30 was released alongside the new Goanna Runtime Environment (GRE), and the source code to both Pale Moon and its platform was made readily available once again. In the following weeks, a core developer left the project, related infrastructure like the add-ons service was taken down, and version 30 was recalled. In April of 2022, macOS support was restored as part of an effort to return to certain aspects of the pre-Pale Moon 30 status quo. On 10 May 2022, Pale Moon 31 was released, featuring restored support for traditional Firefox addons. After the ill-fated Pale Moon 30 milestone, Straver described Pale Moon 31 as "putting us back on course after various deviations."

Basilisk browser

The Basilisk web browser was previously considered a sibling to the Pale Moon browser, though it is now developed independently.

First released in 2017 by the Pale Moon team, it was intended as a development vessel for the then-new UXP platform. Basilisk includes additional features not found in Pale Moon and carries the Firefox 29-56 era interface ("Australis").

Releases are available for Microsoft Windows and Linux, with similar system requirements as Pale Moon. Basilisk is available for x86 32-bit and 64-bit Windows, as well as x86 64-bit Linux. It requires additional libraries on Linux. Beta Builds are available for MacOS x86 64-bit and ARM 64-bit, FreeBSD x86 64-bit, and Linux ARM 64-bit.

Basilisk's support for add-ons and NPAPI plugins is largely similar to that of Pale Moon's, though notable differences exist. Basilisk's user interface and version number closely resembles Firefox 52 ESR, which can improve compatibility when attempting to install add-ons intended for Firefox. For some time, Basilisk included experimental support for Firefox WebExtensions, which Pale Moon has never supported, but this was removed in February 2019. Additionally, unlike Pale Moon, Basilisk has technological support for Widevine DRM and WebRTC. Both are currently non-functional, however, due to a lack of licensing from Google-controlled parties.

In December of 2021, Basilisk was discontinued, and an open offer was made by Moonchild Productions to transfer ownership of the project to any legitimate and reasonable developer who would be able to maintain it. The offer was retracted on 16 May 2022, after several false bids to acquire Basilisk. The final official Basilisk release from Moonchild Productions was 2022.01.27.

In July 2022 however, an announcement was made on the Pale Moon forums that a developer has purchased the rights to Basilisk's name and branding. The first public release under the new development team has been made in August 2022.

Benchmarks
In 2013, Pale Moon was a bit slower than Firefox in the ClubCompy Real-World Benchmark, with the browsers respectively scoring 8,168 and 9,344 points out of a possible 50,000. In a 2016 browser comparison test by Ghacks, Pale Moon version 25 had the smallest memory footprint after opening 10 different websites in separate tabs. However, in the same report Pale Moon scored bottom in the Mozilla Kraken, Google Octane, 32-bit RoboHornet tests and second-to-last in the 64-bit RoboHornet benchmarks. Whilst other browsers hung during some tests, Pale Moon only hung during the JetStream JavaScript benchmark.

Straver has remarked that the role of benchmark tests is questionable, stating that they "can't be used to draw hard (or regularly even any) conclusions. Plain and simple: they are an indication, nothing more. They serve well if you compare closely related siblings (e.g. Firefox and Iceweasel) or different builds of the exact same browser, to get a relative performance difference between the two on the limited subset of what is actually tested, but that's about as far as it goes."

The questionable role of benchmarking has been corroborated by major technology companies when, for example, Google announced it was retiring its Octane benchmark in 2017, and Mozilla indicating that they "believe these benchmarks are not representative of modern JS code" when introducing WarpBuilder in November 2020, admitting that their new technology "is currently slower than Ion on certain synthetic JS benchmarks such as Octane and Kraken".

Notable forks
Pale Moon has inspired a multitude of contributed and third-party forks, many of which seek to provide Pale Moon on platforms not officially supported by Moonchild Productions.

New Moon, by Roytam, maintains support for Windows XP and Vista. Roytam additionally develops the Serpent browser, a fork of Basilisk that also continues to support XP and Vista.
Arctic Fox, by wicknix, is a Pale Moon 27 fork which supports Mac OS X 10.6, PowerPC Linux, and Windows XP.
Mypal, by Feodor, maintained support for Windows XP. After a licensing dispute between Feodor and the Pale Moon team, Mypal switched to a Firefox 68 base.
White Star, by dbsoft, was a Pale Moon fork for macOS, coinciding with the removal of macOS-specific code from the official Pale Moon and UXP codebases. dbsoft has collaborated with Moonchild Productions to restore official macOS support for Pale Moon, which was completed in version 32.1.0. The White Star branding is now relegated to experimental Mac and FreeBSD features the developer might wish other users to test before integrating them to Pale Moon.

See also

 Waterfox
 K-Meleon
 SeaMonkey
 XUL
 Timeline of web browsers
 History of the web browser

References

External links

2009 software
2017 software
Free FTP clients
Free software programmed in C++
Free web browsers
Linux web browsers
MacOS web browsers
News aggregator software
Portable software
Software forks
Software that uses XUL
Software using the Mozilla license
Web browsers based on Firefox
Windows web browsers

Pale Moon


Raymond Willis Jr. (born September 13, 1989) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the University of Oklahoma and North Carolina Central University before playing professionally in Israel, Finland, Australia and Sweden.

High school career
For the first three years of his high school career, Willis attended Dr. Phillips High School in Orlando, Florida, where he averaged 18 points and eight rebounds per game as a junior in 2006–07 while earning first-team All-Metro Conference and second-team All-Central Florida honors.

During the summer of 2007, Willis transferred to Westlake High School in Atlanta, Georgia, and later signed a National Letter of Intent to play college basketball for the University of Oklahoma in November 2007.

As a senior in 2007–08 playing for Westlake, Willis averaged 27.5 points, seven rebounds and five assists per game. He subsequently earned first-team Class AAAA all-state honors and was ranked No. 61 in the 2008 recruiting class by Scout.com and No. 109 by Rivals.com.

College career

Oklahoma
On August 31, 2008, prior to the start of his freshman season at Oklahoma, Willis was admitted to hospital with multiple stab wounds he sustained in a nightclub altercation. Willis recovered in time for the start of the 2008–09 season and was able to play in his team's season opening win over American University, appearing in just six minutes off the bench. However, his freshman season was cut short after he was suspended from the team on February 8, 2009 after he was arrested the day before for driving under the influence of alcohol. He appeared in just two of the team's final 16 games of the season, both of which were NCAA Tournament games. In those 16 games, he averaged 3.3 points and 1.4 rebounds in 6.4 minutes per game.

Willis' sophomore season was also a dismal one as he appeared in just 13 games for head coach Jeff Capel, and was part of a Sooners team that finished the 2009–10 season with a 13–18 record, the program's first losing campaign since 1980–81. He managed two starts and averaged 2.2 points and 2.6 rebounds in 12.2 minutes per game, while shooting just 25% from the field. His disappointing tenure with the Sooners program came to an end on March 24, 2010 when coach Capel announced Willis' departure from Oklahoma.

NC Central
In August 2010, Willis transferred to North Carolina Central University but was forced to sit out the 2010–11 season due to NCAA transfer regulations. He joined the Eagles men's basketball team for his redshirted junior season in 2011–12 and was immediately introduced into the starting line-up where he featured for 31 of the team's 32 games. He had a break-through season and averaged career highs in all major statistical categories. He subsequently earned second-team All-MEAC honors and was named MEAC Player of the Week on two occasions (November 27 and February 6). In 32 games, he averaged 14.6 points, 5.6 rebounds, 2.7 assists and 1.3 steals in 32.4 minutes per game.

As a senior in 2012–13, Willis was again a prolific starter for the Eagles as he earned starting nods in all 31 games on the season. He was again named to the second-team All-MEAC and earned All-Tournament team honors in the 2012 Global Sports Hoops Showcase in Laramie, Wyoming, where he scored 20 points in back-to-back games for the Eagles. He was also named to the NABC Division I All-District 15 second team after his 84% free throw shooting was the highest free throw percentage in school history since the 2002–03 season when Shawn Ray shot 83.2%. In 31 games, he averaged 12.0 points, 4.5 rebounds, 1.5 assists and 1.0 steals in 31.2 minutes per game.

College statistics

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
| style="text-align:left;"| Oklahoma
| 16 || 0 || 6.4 || .327 || .333 || .778 || 1.4 || .1 || .3 || .0 || 3.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10
| style="text-align:left;"| Oklahoma
| 13 || 2 || 12.2 || .250 || .316 || .750 || 2.2 || .3 || .3 || .5 || 2.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011–12
| style="text-align:left;"| NC Central
| 32 || 31 || 32.4 || .432 || .316 || .794 || 5.6 || 2.7 || 1.3 || .7 || 14.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012–13
| style="text-align:left;"| NC Central
| 31 || 31 || 31.2 || .429 || .301 || .840 || 4.5 || 1.5 || 1.0 || .5 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 92 || 64 || 24.6 || .415 || .312 || .808 || 4.0 || 1.5 || .9 || .5 || 10.1
|-

Professional career

2013–14 season
After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft, Willis signed with Slovakian club BC Prievidza on August 14, 2013. However, less than two months later, he parted ways with Prievidza before appearing in a game for them and signed with Maccabi Be'er Ya'akov of the Israeli National League. He made his debut for Be'er Ya'akov on October 15 with a 27-point, 15-rebound performance. His final game for the club came on December 25 with an eight-point performance, and in 11 total games, he averaged 18.6 points and 9.5 rebounds per game.

In March 2014, Willis signed with Kauhajoen Karhu of the Finnish Korisliiga for the rest of the season. In 11 games for Karhu, he averaged 16.0 points, 6.8 rebounds and 2.9 assists per game.

2014–15 season
Willis returned to Israel for the 2014–15 season and signed with Elitzur Yavne, also of the National League. He made his debut for Elitzur on October 21, 2014, but his stint with the club lasted just six games as he departed in late November. In those six games, he averaged 18.5 points, 9.0 rebounds, 3.3 assists and 1.8 steals per game.

In February 2015, Willis was approached by the Gladstone Port City Power of the Queensland Basketball League and was offered the opportunity to play in Australia. He teamed up with his good friend, Justin Baker, with whom he played alongside at both Maccabi Be'er Ya'akov and Kauhajoen Karhu during the 2013–14 season. On June 22, 2015, he was named Player of the Week for Round 8 after scoring 22 points against Bundaberg on June 20, and 33 points against Ipswich on June 21. A month later, he earned Player of the Week honors for a second time, this time for recording 38 points and 14 rebounds in a Round 12 victory over the Rockhampton Rockets on July 18. He helped lead the Power to a semi-final appearance where they lost to the Brisbane Capitals in the dying seconds of the game. In 19 games for the Power, Willis averaged 21.4 points, 11.3 rebounds, 4.9 assists and 1.8 steals per game.

2015–16 season
On September 11, 2015, Willis signed a try-out contract with the Sundsvall Dragons of the Swedish Basketligan. He was successful during the try-out period and made the playing roster, suiting up for the team during pre-season action. He made his regular season debut for Sundsvall in the team's season opener on October 2 against Umeå. In just under 29 minutes of action, he recorded 16 points, 7 rebounds, 4 assists and 3 steals in an 88–73 win. On November 20, he scored a season-high 18 points in a 92–73 win over Malbas. He topped that mark on December 19, scoring 22 points against the Södertälje Kings. He bested his season high again on January 22, scoring 27 points against Uppsala Basket. Sundsvall finished the regular season in sixth position with a 15–15 record, and in the quarter-finals, they faced the Norrköping Dolphins where they lost the best-of-five series 3–1. Willis appeared in 32 of the team's 34 games in 2015–16, averaging 12.3 points, 6.3 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.3 steals per game.

Willis returned to the Gladstone Port City Power for the 2016 Queensland Basketball League season and was named team captain. He made his season debut for the Power in the team's second game of the season on May 7, playing the entire 40 minutes of the game and scoring 27 points in a 74–73 loss to the Gold Coast Rollers. The following night, he again played the entire 40 minutes of the match and recorded 33 points, 11 rebounds, 7 assists and 5 steals in a 91–84 win over the South West Metro Pirates. On May 14, he recorded 33 points, 12 rebounds and nine assists in a 105–90 win over the Toowoomba Mountaineers. He subsequently earned Player of the Week honors for Round 3. On June 11, he recorded 39 points and 14 rebounds in a 105–100 win over the Ipswich Force. On July 27, he was named Player of the Week for Round 13 after recording 32 points, 7 rebounds and 5 assists in a 103–100 win over the Rockhampton Rockets on July 23. In the Power's season finale on August 6, Willis scored 27 points in a 94–92 loss to the Sunshine Coast Phoenix Clippers. The Power missed a playoff spot in 2016 with a 7–10 record. In 15 games for the club in 2016, he averaged 24.7 points, 8.8 rebounds, 4.5 assists and 1.8 steals per game. He was subsequently named to the QBL All-League Team.

2016–17 season
On November 9, 2016, Willis re-signed with the Gladstone Port City Power for the 2017 Queensland Basketball League season. In the Power's season opener on April 29, Willis played the entire 40 minutes of the game and scored a game-high 27 points in an 87–66 loss to the Mackay Meteors. On June 3, he scored a season-high 36 points to go with 12 rebounds in a 91–71 loss to the Brisbane Spartans. On June 24, he set a new season high with 39 points in a 100–93 loss to the Mackay Meteors. He was subsequently named Player of the Week for Round 9. On July 7, he had a 36-point effort in an 81–69 win over the Toowoomba Mountaineers. A day later, he scored a career-best 46 points, while playing the entire 40 minutes of the game, in a 100–94 win over the Ipswich Force. He was subsequently named Player of the Week for Round 11. On July 15, he had another 36-point effort in a 99–77 win over the Rockhampton Rockets. He was subsequently named Player of the Week for Round 12. On July 22, he had a 38-point effort in an 85–63 loss to the Cairns Marlins. In the Power's season finale on August 6, Willis had a 37-point effort in a 95–79 loss to Cairns. The Power finished the regular season in 12th place with a 5–12 record. For his efforts in 2017, Willis was named to his second straight QBL All-League Team and was bestowed the honor of the league's leading scorer. Willis appeared in all 17 games for the Power, averaging 29.5 points, 7.8 rebounds and 4.0 assists per game. He parted ways with Gladstone following the 2017 season and attended the Sydney Kings' Rookie Camp.

2017–18 season
On December 8, 2017, Willis signed with the Rockhampton Rockets for the 2018 QBL season. In his debut for the Rockets in their season opener on April 27, 2018, Willis scored 21 points in a 107–94 win over the Logan Thunder. On May 25, he recorded 27 points and 12 rebounds in a 93–83 win over his former team, the Gladstone Port City Power. On June 8, he scored a game-high 34 points in a 121–114 overtime loss to the Sunshine Coast Phoenix. On June 30, he recorded 30 points and 14 rebounds in a 112–96 win over the Power. On July 7, he recorded 27 points and 16 rebounds in an 82–79 win over the Southern Districts Spartans. The Rockets finished the regular season in eighth place with a 9–9 record before losing 92–74 to the Mackay Meteors in the quarter-finals. In 17 games, he averaged 22.8 points, 8.6 rebounds, 3.6 assists and 1.5 steals per game.

References

External links
Swedish Basketligan player profile
NC Central bio
QBL stats
Documentary on Ray Willis

1989 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Australia
American expatriate basketball people in Finland
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Sweden
American men's basketball players
Dr. Phillips High School alumni
Elitzur Yavne B.C. players
Kauhajoen Karhu players
Guards (basketball)
North Carolina Central Eagles men's basketball players
Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball players
Basketball players from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Sundsvall Dragons players

Ray Willis (basketball)


Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor who built the world's first full-size and working self-propelled mechanical land-vehicle, the "Fardier à vapeur" – effectively the world's first automobile.

Background
He was born in Void-Vacon, Lorraine, (now  of Meuse), France. He trained as a military engineer. In 1765, he began experimenting with working models of steam-engine-powered vehicles for the French Army, intended for transporting cannons.

First self-propelled vehicle

French Army captain Cugnot was one of the first to successfully employ a device for converting the reciprocating motion of a steam piston into a rotary motion by means of a ratchet arrangement. A small version of his three-wheeled fardier à vapeur ("steam dray") was made and used in 1769 (a fardier was a massively built two-wheeled horse-drawn cart for transporting very heavy equipment, such as cannon barrels).

In 1770, a full-size version of the fardier à vapeur was built, specified to be able to carry four tons and cover two lieue (7.8 km, or 4.8 miles) in one hour, a performance it never achieved in practice. The vehicle weighed about 2.5 tonnes tare, and had two wheels at the rear and one in the front where the horses would normally have been. The front wheel supported a steam boiler and driving mechanism. The power unit was articulated to the "trailer", and was steered from there by means of a double handle arrangement. One source states that it seated four passengers and moved at a speed of .

The vehicle was reported to have been very unstable owing to poor weight distribution, a serious disadvantage for a vehicle intended to be able to traverse rough terrain and climb steep hills. In addition, boiler performance was also particularly poor, even by the standards of the day. The vehicle's fire needed to be relit, and its steam raised again, every quarter of an hour or so, which considerably reduced its overall speed and distance.

After running a small number of trials, variously described as being between Paris and Vincennes and at Meudon, the project was abandoned. This ended the French Army's first experiment with mechanical vehicles. Even so, in 1772, King Louis XV granted Cugnot a pension of 600 livres a year for his innovative work, and the experiment was judged interesting enough for the fardier to be kept at the arsenal. In 1800 it was transferred to the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, where it can still be seen today.

241 years later, in 2010, a copy of the "fardier de Cugnot" was built by students from ParisTech, in conjunction with Cugnot's native commune of Void-Vacon. This replica worked perfectly, demonstrating the validity of the concept and the veracity of the tests carried out in 1769. The replica was exhibited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show before returning for exhibit in Void-Vacon.

First automobile accident

There are reports of a minor incident in 1771, when the second prototype vehicle is said to have accidentally knocked down a brick or stone wall, either that of a Paris garden or part of the Paris Arsenal walls, in perhaps the first known automobile accident. The incident is unrecorded in contemporary accounts, first appearing in 1804, thirty-three years after the alleged accident. Nevertheless, the story persists that Cugnot was arrested and convicted of dangerous driving, another first for him if true.

Later life
Following the French Revolution, Cugnot's pension was withdrawn in 1789 and he went into exile in Brussels where he lived in poverty. Shortly before his death, Cugnot's pension was restored by Napoleon Bonaparte and he eventually returned to Paris where he died on 2 October 1804.

See also
 History of steam road vehicles

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading
 Max J. B. Rauck, Cugnot, 1769-1969: der Urahn unseres Autos fuhr vor 200 Jahren, München: Münchener Zeitungsverlag, 196
 Bruno Jacomy, Annie-Claude Martin: Le Chariot à feu de M. Cugnot, Paris, 1992, Nathan/Musée national des techniques, .
 Louis Andre: Le Premier accident automobile de l'histoire, in La Revue du Musée des arts et métiers, 1993, Numéro 2, p 44-46

External links

 The fardier exhibit at the Musee National des Arts et Métiers:
 Catalogue entry, with specifications
 Detail images of exhibit
 Additional reference sources
 Cugnot on 3wheelers.com
 Link to downloadable video at DB Museum, showing a reconstruction of the fardier in action (B&W)
 Replica at the Tampa Bay Automobile Museum
 Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Steamers
 Le fardier de Cugnot: page in French about Cugnot and his invention, hosted at an Île-de-France regional government web site and credited to the Société des ingénieurs de l'automobile (Society of Automotive Engineers).
 Biography of Cugnot from 'World of Invention'

1725 births
1804 deaths
French automotive pioneers
People from Meuse (department)
18th-century French inventors
People of the French Revolution
French mechanical engineers
18th-century French engineers

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot


Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( , ; born 2 February 1977), known mononymously as Shakira, is a Colombian singer and songwriter. Born and raised in Barranquilla, she has been referred to as the "Queen of Latin Music" and has been praised for her musical versatility. She made her recording debut with Sony Music Colombia at the age of 13. Following the commercial failure of her first two albums, Magia (1991) and Peligro (1993), she rose to prominence in Hispanic countries with her next albums, Pies Descalzos (1995) and Dónde Están los Ladrones? (1998). She entered the English-language market with her fifth album, Laundry Service (2001), which sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Buoyed by the international success of her singles "Whenever, Wherever" and "Underneath Your Clothes", the album propelled her reputation as a leading crossover artist. Broadcast Music, Inc., described Shakira as a "pioneer" who extended the global reach of Latino singers.

Her success was further solidified with the Spanish albums Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005), Sale el Sol (2010), and El Dorado (2017), all of which topped the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart and were certified diamond (Latin) by  the Recording Industry Association of America. Meanwhile, her English albums Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 (2005), She Wolf (2009) and Shakira (2014) were all certified gold, platinum, or multi-platinum in various countries worldwide. Some of her songs have charted at number one in multiple countries, including "Whenever, Wherever", "La Tortura", "Hips Don't Lie", "Beautiful Liar", "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", "Loca", "Rabiosa", "Can't Remember to Forget You", "Chantaje", "Me Gusta", "Te Felicito", "Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53", "TQG", and "Copa Vacía". She served as a coach on two seasons of the American singing competition television series The Voice (2013–2014).

With a catalog of 145 songs, Shakira has sold over 95 million records, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time, Billboard reported that as of 2023, she is the best-selling female Latin artist of all time. She is credited with opening the doors of the international market for other Latin artists. She has received numerous awards, including three Grammy Awards, twelve Latin Grammy Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards (including the 2023 Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award), seven Billboard Music Awards, thirty-nine Billboard Latin Music Awards, twenty-one Guinness World Records, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She was named the Top Female Latin Artist of the Decade by Billboard twice (2000s and 2010s). For her philanthropic work with her Barefoot Foundation and her contributions to music she received the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and Harvard Foundation Artist of the Year awards in 2011. She was appointed to the President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics in the United States in 2011, and Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 2012.

Early life
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll was born on 2 February 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia. She is the only child of William Mebarak Chadid and Nidia Ripoll Torrado. She is of Spanish and Lebanese descent. Her father William was born in New York City to a family from Lebanon. When he was five, his family moved to Colombia. Her mother's side has two Spanish surnames, Ripoll and Torrado, the former of which is Catalan and originates from four brothers who immigrated from Catalonia to coastal Colombia in the 19th century. She has also stated that she has distant Italian roots through an ancestor with the surname "Pisciotti". She was raised Catholic and attended Catholic schools. She has eight older half-siblings from her father's previous marriage. Shakira spent much of her youth in Barranquilla, a city located on the northern Caribbean coast of Colombia.

Shakira wrote her first poem, titled "La rosa de cristal" ('The Crystal Rose'), when she was only four years old. As she was growing up, she was fascinated watching her father writing stories on a typewriter, and asked for one as a Christmas gift. She got that typewriter at age seven, and has continued writing poetry since then. These poems eventually evolved into songs. When Shakira was two years old, an older half-brother was killed in a motorcycle accident; six years later, at age eight, Shakira wrote her first song, titled "Tus gafas oscuras" ('Your dark glasses'), which was inspired by her father, who for years wore dark glasses to hide his grief.

When Shakira was four, her father took her to a local Middle Eastern restaurant, where Shakira first heard the doumbek, a traditional drum used in Middle-Eastern music and which typically accompanied belly dancing. She started dancing on the table, and the experience made her realize that she wanted to be a performer. She enjoyed singing for schoolmates and teachers (and even the nuns) at her Catholic school, but in second grade, she was rejected for the school choir because her vibrato was too strong. The music teacher told her that she sounded "like a goat". At school, she was often sent out of the class because of her hyperactivity. She says she had also been known as "the belly dancer girl", as she would demonstrate every Friday at school a number she had learned. "That's how I discovered my passion for live performance," she says.
To instill gratitude in Shakira for her upbringing, her father took her to a local park to see orphans who lived there. The images stayed with her, and she said to herself: "One day I'm going to help these kids when I become a famous artist."

Between ages ten and thirteen, Shakira was invited to various events in Barranquilla and gained some recognition in the area. It was at this approximate time that she met local theater producer Monica Ariza, who was impressed with her and as a result tried to help her career. During a flight from Barranquilla to Bogotá, Ariza convinced Sony Colombia executive Ciro Vargas to hold an audition for Shakira in a hotel lobby. Vargas held Shakira in high regard and, returning to the Sony office, gave the cassette to a song and artist director. However, the director was not overly excited and thought Shakira was something of "a lost cause". Undaunted and still convinced that Shakira had talent, Vargas set up an audition in Bogotá. He arranged for Sony Colombia executives to arrive at the audition, with the idea of surprising them with Shakira's performance. She performed three songs for the executives and impressed them enough for her to be signed to record three albums.

Career

1990–1995: Beginnings
Shakira's debut album, Magia, was recorded with Sony Music Colombia in 1990 when she was only 13 years old. The songs are a collection made by her since she was eight, mixed pop-rock ballads and disco uptempo songs with electronic accompaniment. The album was released in June 1991 and featured "Magia" and three other singles. Though it fared well on Colombian radio and gave the young Shakira much exposure, the album did not fare well commercially, as only 1,200 copies were sold worldwide. After the poor performance of Magia, Shakira's label urged her to return to the studio to release a follow-up record. Though she was little known outside of her native Colombia at the time, Shakira was invited to perform at Chile's Viña del Mar International Song Festival in February 1993. The festival gave aspiring Latin American singers a chance to perform their songs, and the winner was then chosen by a panel of judges. Shakira performed the ballad "Eres" ("You Are") and won the trophy for third place. One of the judges who voted for her to win was the then 20-year-old Ricky Martin, whose initial prominence had come from his membership in Menudo.

Shakira's second studio album, titled Peligro, was released in March, but Shakira was not pleased with the final result, mainly taking issue with the production. The album was better received than Magia had been, though it was also considered a commercial failure due to Shakira's refusal to advertise or promote it. Shakira then decided to take a hiatus from recording so that she could graduate from high school. In the same year, Shakira starred in the Colombian TV series The Oasis, loosely based on the Armero tragedy in 1985. Since then, the albums have been pulled from release and are not considered official Shakira albums but rather promotional albums.

1995–2000: Latin breakthrough
Shakira originally recorded the song "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" (later released on her album Pies Descalzos) for the compilation album Nuestro Rock in 1994, released exclusively in Colombia. The song was an instant success on radio stations in Colombia and Sony decided to finance her third record, by giving her the last chance due to previous commercial failures.

Shakira returned to recording music under Sony Music along with Columbia Records in 1995 with Luis F. Ochoa, using musical influences from a number of countries and an Alanis Morissette-oriented persona which affected two of her next albums.  These recordings spawned her third studio album, and her international debut album, titled Pies Descalzos. Recording for the album began in February 1995, after the success of her single "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?".

The album, Pies Descalzos, was released in October 1995 in the Latin American countries and in February 1996 in the US. It reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The album spawned six hit singles, "Estoy Aquí", which reached number two on the U.S. Latin chart, "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" which reached number five on the U.S. Latin chart, "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" which reached number 11 on the U.S. Latin chart, "Un Poco de Amor" which reached number six on the U.S. Latin chart, "Antología" which reached number 15 on the U.S. Latin chart, and "Se Quiere, Se Mata" which reached number eight on the U.S. Latin chart. In August 1996, RIAA certified the album platinum status.

In March 1996, Shakira went on to her first international tour, named simply the Tour Pies Descalzos. The tour consisted of 20 shows and ended in 1997. Also in that year, Shakira received three Billboard Latin Music Awards for Album of the Year for Pies Descalzos, Video of the Year for "Estoy Aqui", and Best New Artist. Pies Descalzos later sold over 5 million copies, prompting the release of a remix album, simply titled The Remixes. The Remixes also included Portuguese versions of some of her well-known songs, which were recorded as a result of her success in the Brazilian market, where Pies Descalzos sold nearly one million copies.

Her fourth studio album was titled Dónde Están los Ladrones? Produced by Shakira with Emilio Estefan, Jr. as the executive producer it was released in September 1998. The album, inspired by an incident in an airport in which a suitcase filled with her written lyrics was stolen, became a bigger hit than Pies Descalzos. The album has reached a peak position of number 131 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and held the top spot on the U.S. Latin Albums chart for 11 weeks. It has since sold over 7 million copies worldwide and 1.5 million copies in the U.S. alone, making it one of the best selling Spanish albums in the U.S. Eight singles were taken from the album including "Ciega, Sordomuda", "Moscas En La Casa", "No Creo", "Inevitable", "Tú", "Si Te Vas", "Octavo día", and "Ojos Así".

Shakira also received her first Grammy Award nomination in 1999 for the Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album. Shakira's first live album, MTV Unplugged, was recorded in New York City on 12 August 1999. Highly acclaimed by American critics, it is rated as one of her best-ever live performances. In March 2000, Shakira embarked on her Tour Anfibio, a two-month tour of Latin America and the United States. In August 2000, she won an MTV Video Music Award in the category of People's Choice – Favorite International Artist for "Ojos Así". In September 2000, Shakira performed "Ojos Así" at the inaugural ceremony of the Latin Grammy Awards, where she was nominated in five categories: Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for MTV Unplugged, Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Octavo Día", Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video for the video for "Ojos Así".

2001–2004: English transition with Laundry Service
Upon the success of Dónde Están los Ladrones? and MTV Unplugged, Shakira began working on an English crossover album. She learned English with the help of Gloria Estefan. She worked for over a year on new material for the album. "Whenever, Wherever", called "Suerte" in Spanish-speaking countries, was released as the first and lead single from her first English album and fifth studio album throughout the period between August 2001 and February 2002. The song took heavy influence from Andean music, including the charango and panpipes in its instrumentation. It became an international success by reaching number one in most countries. It was also her first success in the U.S., by reaching number six on the Hot 100.

Shakira's fifth studio album and first English language album, titled Laundry Service in English-speaking countries and Servicio De Lavanderia in Latin America and Spain, was released on 13 November 2001. The album debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, selling over 200,000 records in its first week. The album was later certified triple platinum by the RIAA in June 2004 as well. It helped to establish Shakira's musical presence in the mainstream North American market. Seven singles were taken from the album such as "Whenever, Wherever"/"Suerte", "Underneath Your Clothes", "Objection (Tango)"/"Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango)", "The One", "Te Dejo Madrid", "Que Me Quedes Tú", and "Poem to a Horse".

Because the album was created for the English-language market, the rock and Spanish dance-influenced album gained mild critical success, with some critics claiming that her English skills were too weak for her to write songs for it; Rolling Stone, for one, stated that "she sounds downright silly" or "Shakira's magic is lost in translation". A similar view was expressed by Elizabeth Mendez Berry in Vibe: "While her Spanish-language albums sparkled with elegant wordplay, this record is rife with cliches, both musically and lyrically. [...] For Anglophone Latin lovers, Shakira's lyrics are best left to the imagination." Despite this fact, the album became the best selling album of 2002, selling more than 13 million copies worldwide. and became the most successful album of her career to date. The album earned her the title as the biggest Latin female crossover artist in the world. Around this time, Shakira also released four songs for Pepsi for her promotion in the English markets: "Ask for More", "Pide Más", "Knock on My Door", and "Pídeme el Sol". In Chicago Tribune, journalist Joshua Klein defined her international ascent "as multilateral, multicultural and cooperative as they come."

In 2002, at Aerosmith's MTV Icon in April 2002, Shakira performed "Dude (Looks Like a Lady)". She also joined Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, and the Dixie Chicks for VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas. In August, she performed "Objection (Tango)" at the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards, and won the International Viewer's Choice Award with "Whenever, Wherever". She also won the Latin Grammy Award for the category of Best Short Form Music Video for the Spanish version of the video. In October, she won five MTV Video Music Awards Latin America for Best Female Artist, Best Pop Artist, Best Artist – North (Region), Video of the Year (for "Suerte"), and Artist of the Year. In November, she embarked on the Tour of the Mongoose with 61 shows occurring by May 2003. The tour was also her first worldwide tour, as legs were played in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. Shakira's label, Sony BMG, also released her Spanish greatest-hits compilation, Grandes Éxitos. A DVD and 10-track live album, titled Live & Off the Record, was also released in 2004, commemorating the Tour of the Mongoose.

2005–2007: Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno and Oral Fixation, Volume Two
Shakira's sixth studio album, Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno, was released in June 2005. The lead single from the album, "La Tortura", reached the top 40 on the Hot 100. The song also featured the Spanish balladeer Alejandro Sanz. Shakira; Sanz and Daddy Yankee ("Gasolina") were the first artists to perform Spanish language songs at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. The album was extremely well received. It debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 157,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold over two million copies in the U.S., earning an 11× Platinum (Latin field) certification from the RIAA. Due to its first week sales, the album became the highest debut ever for a Spanish language album. After only a day of release in Latin America, the album earned certifications. In Venezuela, it earned a Platinum certification, in Colombia, a triple Platinum certification, while in Mexico demand exceeded shipments and the album was unavailable after only one day of release. Four other singles were also released from the album: "No", "Día de Enero", "La Pared", and "Las de la Intuición". Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 has since sold over four million copies worldwide. On 8 February 2006, Shakira won her second Grammy Award with the win of Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album for Fijación Oral, Vol. 1. She received four Latin Grammy Awards in November 2006, winning the awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year for "La Tortura", Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album for Fijación Oral, Vol. 1.

The lead single for Shakira's seventh album, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, "Don't Bother", failed to achieve chart success in the U.S. by missing the top 40 on the Hot 100. It did, however, reach the top 20 in most countries worldwide. Shakira's second English studio album and seventh studio album, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, was released on 29 November 2005. The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200, selling 128,000 copies in its first week. The album has gone on to sell 1.8 million records in the U.S., and over eight million copies worldwide.

Despite the commercial failure of the album's lead single in the U.S., it went on to spawn two more singles. "Hips Don't Lie", which featured Wyclef Jean, was released as the album's second single in February 2006. It would become Shakira's first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100, in addition to reaching number one in over 55 countries. Shakira and Wyclef Jean also recorded a Bamboo version of the song to serve as the closing ceremony song of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Shakira later released the third and final single from the album, "Illegal", which featured Carlos Santana, in November 2006. She then embarked on the Oral Fixation Tour, which began in June 2006. The tour consisted of 125 shows between June 2006 and July 2007 and visited six continents. In February 2007, Shakira performed for the first time at the 49th Grammy Awards and earned the nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for "Hips Don't Lie" with Wyclef Jean. Shakira released her third live album Oral Fixation Tour in November 2007.

In late 2006, Shakira and Alejandro Sanz collaborated for the duet "Te lo Agradezco, Pero No", which is featured on Sanz's album El Tren de los Momentos. The song was a top ten hit in Latin America, and topped the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart. Shakira also collaborated with Miguel Bosé on the duet "Si Tú No Vuelves", which was released in Bosé's album Papito. In early 2007, Shakira worked with American R&B singer Beyoncé for the track "Beautiful Liar", which was released as the second single from the deluxe edition of Beyoncé's album B'Day. In April 2007, the single jumped 91 positions, from 94 to three, on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, setting the record for the largest upward movement in the history of the chart at the time. It was also number one on the official UK Singles Chart. The song earned them a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Shakira was also featured on Annie Lennox's song "Sing", from the album Songs of Mass Destruction, which also features other 23 other female singers. In late 2007, Shakira and Wyclef Jean recorded their second duet, "King and Queen". The song was featured on Wyclef Jean's 2007 album Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs of an Immigrant.

Shakira wrote the lyrics, and jointly composed the music, for two new songs that are featured in the movie Love in the Time of Cholera, based on the acclaimed novel written by Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. García Márquez himself asked Shakira to write the songs. The songs that Shakira provided for the soundtrack were "Pienso en ti", a song from Shakira's breakthrough album Pies Descalzos, "Hay Amores", and "Despedida". "Despedida" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 65th Golden Globe Awards.

2008–2010: She Wolf

In early 2008, Forbes named Shakira the fourth top-earning female artist in music industry. Then, in July of that year, Shakira signed a $300 million contract with Live Nation, which was to remain in effect for ten years. The touring group also doubles as a record label which promotes, but does not control, the music its artists release. Shakira's contract with Epic Records called for three more albums as well – one in English, one in Spanish, and a compilation, but the touring and other rights of the Live Nation deal were confirmed to begin immediately.

In January 2009, Shakira performed at the Lincoln Memorial "We Are One" festivities in honor of the inauguration of President Barack Obama. She performed "Higher Ground" with Stevie Wonder and Usher. In June 2009, Shakira was featured on Mercedes Sosa's album Cantora on their cover of Silvio Rodriguez's song "La Maza".

In July 2009 Shakira released "She Wolf" as the lead single from upcoming album with the same title. The single was a commercial success, receiving certifications in 17 countries. Shakira released her eight studio album She Wolf in October 2009 internationally and on 23 November 2009 in the U.S. The album received mainly positive reviews from critics, and was included in AllMusic's year-end "Favorite Albums," "Favorite Latin Albums," and "Favorite Pop Albums" lists.
She Wolf reached number one on the charts of Argentina, Ireland, Italy, Mexico and Switzerland. It also charted inside the top five in Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom. It debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200. She Wolf was certified double-platinum in Colombia and Mexico, platinum in Italy and Spain, and gold in numerous countries including France and the United Kingdom. The album sold 2 million copies worldwide, becoming one of Shakira's least successful studio album to date in terms of sales. Four singles were released off the album, including "She Wolf", "Did It Again", "Give It Up to Me", and "Gypsy". "Good Stuff" was released as the sole promotional single off the album.

In May, Shakira collaborated with the South African group Freshlyground to create the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", which is based on a traditional Cameroonian soldiers's Fang song titled "Zangalewa" by the group Zangalewa or Golden Sounds. The single later reached the top 20 in Europe, South America and Africa and the top 40 in the U.S. and was performed by Shakira at the World Cup kick-off and closing. It became the biggest-selling World Cup song of all time.

2010–2015: Sale el Sol and Shakira
In October 2010, Shakira released her ninth studio album, titled Sale el Sol. The album received critical acclaim and was included in AllMusic's "Favorite Albums of 2010" and "Favorite Latin Albums of 2010" year-end lists. At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony, Sale el Sol was nominated for "Album of the Year" and "Best Female Pop Vocal Album", winning the award in the latter category.
Commercially the album was a success throughout Europe and Latin America, Sale el Sol peaked atop the charts of countries Belgium, Croatia, France, Mexico, Portugal and Spain. In the United States, it debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart marking the highest debut for a Latin album for the year and was Shakira's fifth album to peak at number one. According to Billboard, 35% of its first-week sales were credited to strong digital sales. The album also peaked at number one on both the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts, achieving strong digital sales in the region.  The lead single, "Loca", was number one in many countries. The album was also promoted through the release of "Sale el Sol", "Rabiosa", "Antes de las Seis", and "Addicted to You" as singles. The album had sold over 1 million copies worldwide in 6 weeks, and over 4 million since its release.

In August 2011, Shakira was featured in an episode of Dora the Explorer, and a song off the episode titled "Todos Juntos" by Dora featuring Shakira was released with a music video. In September, Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour, in support of her two most recent albums. The tour visited countries in North America, Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa with 107 shows in all. The tour was met with positive reactions from critics, who praised Shakira's stage presence and energy during her performances. In December 2011 Shakira released her fourth live album Live from Paris. The live album was promoted with the release of "Je L'Aime à Mourir" as a single.

On 9 November 2011, Shakira was honored as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and performed a cover of Joe Arroyo's song "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" at the Mandalay Bay Events Center as a tribute to the singer, who had died earlier that year. In 2010 Shakira collaborated with rapper Pitbull for the song "Get It Started", which was slated to be the lead single from Pitbull's 2012 album, Global Warming. The single was released on 28 June 2012. She was also signed to Roc Nation under management purposes for her upcoming studio album. In January 2013, Ivete Sangalo released a single titled "Dançando" featuring Shakira off her album Real Fantasia.

On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Shakira and Usher would replace Christina Aguilera and CeeLo Green as coaches, for the fourth season of the U.S. TV show The Voice, alongside Adam Levine and Blake Shelton in March 2013. Shakira did not participate in the fifth season in September 2013 announcing that she would focus on her new album in the fall and would eventually return for the show's sixth season in February 2014.

Shakira originally planned to release her new album in 2012, but due to her pregnancy, plans to release the single and video were postponed.
In December 2013, it was announced that Shakira's new single had been delayed until January 2014.
Shakira's self-titled tenth studio album was later released on 25 March 2014. Commercially the album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of 85,000 copies. By doing so, Shakira became the singer's highest-charting album on the chart, although it also achieved her lowest first-week sales figure (for an English-language album).
The album spawned three singles.
After release the first two singles from the album, "Can't Remember to Forget You" and "Empire". RCA chose "Dare (La La La)" as third single. The song "Medicine" was released as a promotional single off the album. The World Cup version was officially released on 27 May to impact radio stations, features Brazilian musician Carlinhos Brown. On 13 July 2014, Shakira performed "La La La (Brazil 2014)" with Carlinhos Brown at the 2014 FIFA World Cup closing ceremony at the Maracanã Stadium. This performance became her third consecutive appearance at the FIFA World Cup.

2016–2020: El Dorado and Super Bowl LIV
Shakira starred as a voice actress in the 2016 animated movie Zootopia, voicing a character named Gazelle and singing a song titled "Try Everything". She began work on her eleventh studio album in the beginning of 2016. In May 2016, she collaborated with Colombian singer Carlos Vives on the track "La Bicicleta", which went to win the Latin Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. On 28 October 2016, Shakira released the single "Chantaje" with Colombian singer Maluma; though the song was a track from the upcoming eleventh studio album, it was not intended to be the lead single. The song became Shakira's most-viewed YouTube video, with over 2.1 billion views as of 1 June 2018. On 7 April 2017, Shakira released the song "Me Enamoré" as the second official single taken from her eleventh studio album El Dorado, which was released on 26 May 2017. She also released the song "Perro Fiel" featuring Nicky Jam as a promotional single for the album on 25 May 2017. Its official release as the third single took place on 15 September 2017, the same date its music video, which was filmed in Barcelona on 27 July 2017, was released. Before being released as a single, "Perro Fiel" was already certified as gold in Spain for selling over 20,000 copies on 30 August 2017.

In January 2018, Shakira won her third Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album for El Dorado, making her the only female Latin artist to do so. She then released "Trap", the fourth single off the album and her second collaboration with Maluma.

The El Dorado World Tour was announced on 27 June 2017, through Shakira's official Twitter account, and was slated to be sponsored by Rakuten. Other announced partners of the tour were Live Nation Entertainment's Global Touring Division (which had previously collaborated with Shakira on her The Sun Comes Out World Tour) and Citi, which the press release named as, respectively, the producer and the credit card for the North American leg of the tour.

The tour, it was announced, would begin on 8 November, in Cologne, Germany. But due to voice-strain related problems the singer experienced during her tour rehearsals, the date was cancelled one day before the original tour schedule, and it was announced that it would be rescheduled for a later date. On 9 November, for the same reason, she also announced the postponements to later dates, to be determined and announced, for both shows in Paris, as well as the following ones in Antwerp and Amsterdam. On 14 November, Shakira made an announcement, through her social networks, in which she revealed that she had suffered a haemorrhage on her right vocal cord in late October, at her last series of rehearsals, and that she thus needed to rest her voice for some time to recover; this forced the postponement of the tour's entire European itinerary to 2018.

The Latin American dates were expected to be announced later, when the tour resumed. There were plans to bring the tour, when it did resume, to countries such as the Dominican Republic. In addition, a journalist from the Brazilian edition of the Portuguese newspaper Destak announced, on his Twitter account, that the Colombian singer would visit Brazil the following March. However, according to the same newspaper, due to Shakira's hiatus to recover from her vocal-cord haemorrhage, the Latin American dates were also postponed to the second half of 2018. Eventually, Shakira did recover fully from the haemorrhage she had suffered and resumed her tour, performing in Hamburg, Germany on 3 June 2018.

In January 2018 she announced the dates for her El Dorado World Tour. She began the first leg of her tour in Europe, starting in Hamburg, Germany on 3 June. In the same month, she released a collaboration with Maluma titled "Clandestino" as a standalone single The European leg of the tour ended in Barcelona, Spain on 7 July. She then spent a short time in Asia on 11 and 13 July, after which she went to North America. She started her time there on 3 August in Chicago and finished in San Francisco on 7 September. Her tour dates for Latin America started in Mexico City on 11 October. On the same month, Shakira was featured on a remix of Camilo and Pedro Capó's single "Tutu". The El Dorado World Tour finished in Bogotá, Colombia on 3 November, and on the same day "Nada" was released as the fifth and final single off El Dorado. She released her fifth live album Shakira in Concert: El Dorado World Tour in November 2019. Forbes ranked her among the world's highest-paid women in music in 2019, at number 10. In January 2020, she released "Me Gusta", a collaboration with Anuel AA.

In February 2020, she and Jennifer Lopez performed for the Super Bowl LIV halftime show. According to Billboard, the halftime show had a viewership of 103 million people. On YouTube, it became the most viewed halftime show at that point in time. Shakira appeared in two television specials performing her songs during the COVID-19 pandemic, including Global Goal: Unite for Our Future (with "Sale el Sol") and The Disney Family Singalong: Volume II (with "Try Everything").

2021–present: Upcoming twelfth studio album and Dancing with Myself
In January 2021, Shakira sold her catalog of 145 songs to Hipgnosis Songs Fund. The company did not disclose the financial details of the sale. On 16 July 2021, Shakira released a single titled "Don't Wait Up". In December 2020, she was featured on Black Eyed Peas' single "Girl Like Me". On 21 April 2022, she released the song "Te Felicito" with singer Rauw Alejandro, as the lead single from her upcoming twelfth studio album. In June 2022, Shakira and Black Eyed Peas released their second collaboration titled "Don't You Worry" featuring David Guetta. In October 2022 Shakira released a collaboration with Ozuna titled "Monotonía".

Shakira confirmed in May 2022 that work on her upcoming album was finished and it would be an electronic infused album with hints of urban and rock music. She was honored by the Ivors Academy in the United Kingdom with the Ivor Novello Awards' Special Award for Songwriting celebrating her songwriting in both English and Spanish and paving the way for Latin artists. By the end of that month, the dance reality competition show, Dancing with Myself, on which Shakira served as an executive producer and co-creator,along with Liza Koshy and Nick Jonaspremiered on NBC.

On 11 January 2023, Shakira released the single "Shakira: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53", a collaboration with Argentine DJ Bizarrap. The single reached record-breaking success on Spotify and YouTube.

Artistry
On her music, Shakira has said that, "my music, I think, is a fusion of many different elements. And I'm always experimenting. So I try not to limit myself, or put myself in a category, or... be the architect of my own jail." Shakira has frequently stated she is inspired by oriental music and Indian music, which influenced many of her earlier works. She has also been influenced by her Arab heritage, which was a major inspiration for her breakthrough world hit "Ojos Así". She told Portuguese TV, "Many of my movements belong to Arab culture." She also cites her parents as having been major contributors to her musical style. She is also strongly influenced by Andean music and South American folk music, using her native instrumentation for her Latin dance-pop songs.

Her earlier Spanish albums, including Pies Descalzos and Dónde Están los Ladrones? were a mix of folk music and Latin rock.
Her cross-over English album, Laundry Service and later albums were influenced by pop rock and pop Latino. "Laundry Service" is primarily a pop rock album, but also draws influences from a variety of musical genres. The singer credited this to her mixed ethnicity, saying: "I am a fusion. That's my persona. I'm a fusion between black and white, between pop and rock, between cultures – between my Lebanese father and my mother's Spanish blood, the Colombian folklore and Arab dance I love and American music."

The Arabian and Middle Eastern music elements that exerted a high influence on Dónde Están los Ladrones? are also present in Laundry Service, most prominently on "Eyes Like Yours"/"Ojos Así". Musical styles from different South American countries surface on the album. Tango, a style of fast-paced ballroom dance that originated in Argentina, is evident on "Objection (Tango)", which also combines elements of rock and roll. The uptempo track features a guitar solo and a bridge in which Shakira delivers rap-like vocals.

She Wolf is primarily an electropop album that combines influences from the musical styles of various countries and regions, like Africa, Colombia, India, and the Middle East. Shakira termed the album as a "sonic experimental trip", and said that she researched folk music from different countries in order to "combine electronics with world sounds, tambourines, clarinets, oriental and Hindu music, dancehall, etc."
Her 2010 album, Sale el Sol, is a return to her beginnings containing ballads, rock songs, and Latin dance songs like "Loca". In 2017, Deutsche Welles journalist Kate Müser commented on Shakira's "globalized sound": "[her] Latin beats, spiced with Middle Eastern and other world elements and made comfortably familiar by being churned through the pop machine, make you feel like a citizen of the world."

Influences

As a child, Shakira was influenced by rock music, listening heavily to rock bands like Led Zeppelin, the Beatles, Nirvana, the Police and U2, while her other influences included Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks, and the Cure. She cited Depeche Mode's "Enjoy the Silence" as the song that first sparked her passion for pop music.

Dance
Shakira is well known for her dancing in her music videos and concerts. Her distinctive dancing style is said to combine Latin dancing with Middle Eastern belly dancing, which is derived from her Lebanese heritage, and her hip shaking is mentioned in songs, such as Fifth Harmony's "Brave Honest Beautiful". She is noted for usually employing minimal production, usually taking the stage with minimal makeup and natural hair, and without background dancers in her performances, preferring to focus on her vocals, dance moves, and stage presence. She often performs barefoot, a form of dance she learned as a young teen to overcome her shyness. She also mentioned in an MTV interview that she learned how to belly dance by trying to flip a coin with her belly.

Singing
Shakira is a contralto and is known for her "unique and mesmerizing" singing voice which includes her "trademark" yodeling. Analyzing Shakira's cover of "Je l'aime à mourir", vocal teacher Beth Roars also noted Shakira's use of yodeling, explaining that there is "heaviness at the bottom of her tone" which "flips up" into "her head voice", as well as her ability to execute "complex melisma". She also noted Shakira's use of "Arabic scales", then stating that she uses "harmonic minor scales instead of pentatonic scales".

Legacy and impact

Shakira is a prominent figure in Latin music, commonly hailed as the 'Queen of Latin Music' for her successful crossover to the global market. The New York Times called her the "Titan of Latin Pop" for her unique and leading position in Latin music, saying: "Even as a new generation of Spanish-speaking artists are crossing over into American music's mainstream, Shakira's output stands alone". A similar comparative perspective was made by The Independent, who named Shakira an "International Phenom" for her global appeal and sales statistics, further elaborating with "To put her in perspective, other Latin exports such as Ricky Martin and Jennifer Lopez are mere minnows next to Shakira, both selling half the number of records she does". Forbes has deemed Shakira as "crossover phenom" for her unmatched success of crossover and one of the world's most powerful Latinas. Forbes further listed Shakira as one of the world's most powerful female celebrities. AllMusic's biographer Steve Huey described her as a "Wildly inventive diva who created a cross-cultural pop sound rooted in her native Colombia but encompassing nearly every territory in the world. [...] she wrote or co-wrote nearly all of her own material, and in the process gained a reputation as one of Latin music's most ambitiously poetic lyricists." Her unprecedented crossover has inspired other Latin American artists to attempt crossing over, one example is Mexican pop star Paulina Rubio, having MTV saying "there's no question that Shakira opened doors in this country for artists like Rubio to succeed". Similarly, Spin credits Shakira to have paved the way for other Latin artists to crossover, naming names like Maluma and J Balvin. After the crossover, her global and mainstream presence became big enough for Time magazine to call Shakira a "pop legend". She was marked as "one of the most influential artists of the 21st century" by ET.  Throughout her career, Shakira has earned several titles, including "The Crossover Queen" by The Economist, "The Queen of World Cup" by Billboard, and "Latin America's Pop Queen" by Pitchfork. Billboard has also noted that Shakira's music videos have "redefined the role of dancing in music videos", while listing her as the best Latin female music video artist of all time. The Middle Eastern newspaper El Correo del Golfo credits Shakira with "having opened the way" for several Hispanic singers today.

The authors of Reggaeton, published by Duke University Press, credited Shakira for popularizing the genre (reggaeton) in North America, Europe, and Asia, while the Public Broadcasting Service called her one of the three "most successful artists of the so-called Golden Age of Latin Music which reshaped America's cultural landscape for the twenty-first century".
Alongside her impact on Latin and mainstream pop culture, Shakira has also impacted popular culture in the Arab World due to her popularity in the region. In a publication titled Popular Culture in the Arab World: Arts, Politics, and the Media, author Andrew Hammond credits Shakira for impacting and shifting the images of Arab pop stars such as Moroccan Samira Said and Lebanese Nawal Al Zoghbi, saying "[they] have shifted their image and sound in attempt to follow in her (Shakira's) footsteps".

In 1999 Shakira's MTV Unplugged became the program's first episode to be broadcast entirely in Spanish. The concert is also noted to be the first time a Latin pop act attempted an Unplugged, as well as the first Latina solo act to do so. In 2001 Shakira's "Whenever Wherever" music video was aired on MTV with both the English and Spanish versions. According to a spokesman for the channel, this is noted as "the first time that U.S. MTV has aired a Spanish-language video". Following Daddy Yankee's "Gasolina" by five months, "La Tortura" was one of the first full Spanish-language music videos to air on MTV without an English version. In 2005, Sanz and Shakira performed "La Tortura" at the MTV Video Music Awards. In 2006 "Hips Don't Lie" was selected as one of the greatest songs by 21st century female artists by National Public Radio, ranked at number 65. "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)" was named by Billboard the best and most commercially successful World Cup song. Published by the US Bureau of International Information Programs, the journal Global Issues (2006) cited Shakira as an example of a celebrity "in today's globalized world" who "made it big by sharing the uniqueness of their talent and culture with the global community". In 2020, The New Zealand Herald found Shakira's longevity in the industry "particularly impressive given her ability to breach the lines of crossover, a feat not many artists have been able to achieve". A similar remark was made by Paper magazine, when writing about Shakira's longevity and her being one of the few pre-digital era artists to successfully crack the digital-streaming era of music, penning "[Shakira] is a titan in the digital era of music where she devours billions of streams with her catalog".

In 2010, Google revealed that Shakira was the most searched female entertainer of the year. In 2020, Shakira was the most Googled musician of the year.

In December 2021 Shakira was named by Kiss FM as one of the most influential female artists of the 21st century highlighting her achievements in the international market.

Many artists have cited Shakira as an influence, including Beyoncé, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Selena Gomez, Katy Perry, Will.i.am,Lauren Jauregui, Christina Aguilera, Justin Bieber, Fergie, Maluma, Karol G, Camilo, Nicky Jam, Brie Larson, María Becerra, Dulce María, Anuel AA, Tini Stoessel, Ozuna, Natti Natasha, Rosalía, Carla Morrison, Ibeyi, Flo Milli, Manuel Turizo, Elena Rose, Francisca Valenzuela, Paloma Mami, Natalia Lafourcade, Kali Uchis, Ed Sheeran, Farina, Jbalvin, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, Li Yuchun, Prince Royce, Romeo Santos, Greeicy Rendon, Wendy Sulca, Anitta, Nathy Peluso, Britney Spears, Cardi B, Rita Ora, Vaness Wu, Gale, Sofia Reyes, Camila Cabello, Sebastian Yatra, Paty Cantú, Simone & Simaria, Becky G, Sasha Keable, Lola Indigo, Young Miko, Nora Fatehi, Kris Kross Ámsterdam, Bad Gyal, Jackson Wang, and Ayra Starr.

Shakira has even received the admiration of intellectuals and writers such as Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez who has said "No one of any age can sing or dance with the innocent sensuality Shakira seems to have invented". Márquez wrote an essay exalting Shakira's "phenomenal musical talent", and "extraordinary maturity".

The newspaper El Correo del Golfo wrote that Shakira was the greatest exponent of Middle Eastern music in the West, citing her interest in Arabic music and dance.

Her influence has transcended the boundaries of pop culture, that she has become a socio-political influencer, and was named as one of the "World's Greatest Leaders" of 2017 by Fortune. The Guardian has written an extensive article about Shakira's impact on Colombia's social change, specifically in education, and her ability to discuss this issue with world leaders like Barack Obama, and Gordon Brown. Similarly The Independent has described Shakira as a "living proof that pop and politics mix" further noting that through her efforts and influence she is able to have "the ears of the global political elite".

Monuments
 In 2006, a ,  statue of Shakira was installed in her hometown Barranquilla in a park near Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez.
 In July 2018 Shakira visited Tannourine in Lebanon which is the village of her paternal grandmother. During her visit, she visited the Cedars Reserve in Tannourine where a square in the forest was named after her. The square holds the name "Shakira Isabelle Mebarak".

Achievements

Shakira has received numerous awards and recognition for her work. She is the recipient of three Grammy Awards and twelve Latin Grammy Awards—the most for a female artist. Shakira has sold more than 75 million records worldwide, making her one of world's best-selling music artists. By the time she released Laundry Service in 2001, she have already sold 10 million albums in Latin America according to Billboard. Three of her albums are among the best-selling Latin albums in the United States: Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (8th), Dónde Están los Ladrones? (9th) and Pies Descalzos (23rd); she is the female artist with the highest number of best-selling Latin albums in the country. Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 became the best-selling Latin pop album and the second best-selling Latin album overall of the 2000s in the U.S. Dónde Están los Ladrones? is also one of the best-selling albums in Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico; as well as Pies Descalzos is one of the best-selling albums in Brazil and Colombia.

Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems said that "Hips Don't Lie" was the most-played pop song in a single week in American radio history, being played 9,637 times in one week. This song makes Shakira the first artist in the history of the Billboard charts to reach the number-one spots on both the Top 40 Mainstream and a Latin chart in the same week. Additionally, she became the only artist from South America to reach the number-one spot on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the Australian ARIA chart, and the UK Singles Chart. Shakira is the female artist with most top-ten hits on the Billboards Hot Latin Songs chart (35). Her song "La Tortura" at one time held the chart's record for most weeks appearing at number-one, with a total of 25 non-consecutive weeks (this record is currently held by the Luis Fonsi song "Despacito" with 56 weeks). She is also the act with most number-one songs on the Latin Digital Song Sales chart (16) and the female artist with most number-one hits on the Latin Airplay chart (20).

Nokia stated in 2010, that there were more Shakira music downloads in the prior year than for any other Latino artist in the last five years, and She Wolf topped the Top 10 Latino downloads. In 2010, she was ranked number five on the 'Online Video's Most Viral Artists of 2010' with 404,118,932 views.
In 2011, Shakira was honored at the Latin Grammys as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year, and by the Harvard Foundation as Cultural Rhythms Artist of the Year. She also received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Originally, she was to be given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004, but she turned the offer down. In 2012, she received the honor of Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2014, Shakira became the first musical act to perform three times at the FIFA World Cup. In the same year, Aleiodes shakirae, a new species of parasitic wasp was named after her because it causes its host to "shake and wiggle". Forbes ranked Shakira on their list of "Top 100 World's Most Powerful Women" at number 40 in 2012, at 52 in 2013, and at 58 in 2014. In 2015 Time recognized Shakira as one of the most influential people on social media. Shakira and Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner were the only Latin influencers named on the list. More so, Time noted that Shakira has an "unparalleled platform" on social media where she promotes her philanthropy. In 2008, Shakira was named as the Honorary Chair of the Global Campaign for Education Global Action Week.

In 2018, Spotify included Shakira in the list of the top 10 most streamed female artists of the decade on the platform, making her the highest streamed Latin artist. In 2020, Shakira became the first female artist to have 4 songs from different decades to have over 100 million streams on Spotify, also marking her as the only artist with Spanish songs, the only Latin artist, and third overall after Michael Jackson and Eminem to achieve this milestone. In the same year, she broke the Vevo Certified Awards record, and set it at 37, becoming the artist with the most videos with over 100 million views. She is now worth $300 million.

Other ventures
Shakira has ventured into many other businesses and industries. She acted in the Colombian telenovela El Oasis in 1994, playing the character of Luisa Maria.

Shakira began her own beauty line, "S by Shakira", with parent company Puig, in 2010.
Among the first perfumes it released included "S by Shakira" and "S by Shakira Eau Florale", along with lotions and body sprays. As of 2019, she has released 30 fragrances, not counting deluxe editions. On 17 September 2015, she was featured as a playable bird in the game Angry Birds POP! for a limited time, and also in a special tournament in the game Angry Birds Friends after a few weeks. On 15 October 2015, Love Rocks starring Shakira was the first video game that featured the pop star.

On 14 August 2015, at Disney's D23 Expo, it was announced that Shakira would play a character in the Disney animated movie Zootopia; in it, she would give voice to Gazelle, the biggest pop star in Zootopia. Shakira also contributed an original song to the film, titled "Try Everything", which was written and composed by Sia and Stargate. It opened to a record-breaking box office success in several countries and earned a worldwide gross of over $1 billion, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2016 and the 43rd highest-grossing film of all time.

In December 2021, it was announced that Shakira would be an executive producer for Dancing with Myself, an NBC dance competition series.

Philanthropy, humanitarian work and politics

In 1997, Shakira founded the Pies Descalzos Foundation, a Colombian charity with special schools for poor children all around Colombia. It was funded by Shakira and other international groups and individuals. The name of the foundation was taken from Shakira's third studio album, Pies Descalzos, which she released in 1995. The foundation's main focus is on aid through education, and the organization has five schools across Colombia that provide education and meals for 4,000 children.
On 27 April 2014 Shakira was honored with the Hero Award at the Radio Disney Music Awards for her Fundación Pies Descalzos work.

In 2005, Shakira became a founding member of Latin America in Solidarity Action, a coalition of artists and business leaders seeking to promote integrated early childhood public policies. In 2008, she served as the Honorary Chair of the Global Campaign for Education Global Action Week. Later, in 2010, she collaborated with the World Bank and the Barefoot Foundation to establish an initiative that distributes educational and developmental programs for children across Latin America.

Shakira is a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and is one of their global representatives. On 3 April 2006, Shakira was honored at a UN ceremony for creating the Pies Descalzos Foundation. In March 2010, she was awarded a medal by the UN International Labour Organization in recognition of being, as UN Labour Chief Juan Somavía put it, a "true ambassador for children and young people, for quality education and social justice". In November 2010, after performing as the opening act of the MTV European Music Awards, the Colombian singer also received the MTV Free Your Mind award for her continuing dedication to improve access to education for all children around the world.

In the Spanish edition of the magazine GQ, Shakira directed a few words to Sarkozy, "We are all gypsies". In the interview she made her viewpoint very clear: "What is happening now to them (the gypsies) will happen to our children and our children's children. We must turn to our citizens to act for the fundamental rights of human beings and condemn all that seems to us indictable", she declared.

In February 2011, the FC Barcelona Foundation and Pies descalzos reached an agreement for children's education through sport. Shakira was honored at the Latin Grammys as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on 9 November 2011, for her philanthropy and contributions to Latin Music. Also in 2011, she was appointed by President Barack Obama to the President's Advisory Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics. The World Literacy Foundation announced Shakira as the recipient of the 2020 Global Literacy Award for "her significant contribution to the improvement of literacy for disadvantaged children around the world".

On 2 November 2018, during a visit to her birthplace, Barranquilla, for the construction of a school through her Barefoot Foundation (Pies Descalzos Foundation), Shakira spoke about the educational policies of the government under Ivan Duque (President of Colombia, 2018–2022). Speaking against the government's intentions to reduce the national education budget from 13% to 7%, she said, "This is unacceptable. It shows that instead of progressing forward we are moving backward. We need to invest more in education and we need to build more schools in places where there are none." She also talked about social inequality and unschooling. In 2020, Shakira was appointed by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge as a voters' council member for the Earthshot prize which provides 50 environmental pioneers with the funds needed to further their work in tackling major problems impacting the environment. In May 2020, Shakira donated more than 50,000 face masks and ten respirators to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in her hometown of Barranquilla. During the 2021 Colombian protests, Shakira condemned the violence and asked President Iván Duque Márquez to "immediately stop the human rights violations" and "restitute the value of human life above any political interest".

Personal life
Shakira began a relationship with Argentine lawyer Antonio de la Rúa in 2000. In a 2009 interview, Shakira stated their relationship already worked as a married couple, and that "they don't need papers for that".

After 10 years together, Shakira and de la Rúa separated in August 2010 in what she described as "a mutual decision to take time apart from our romantic relationship". She wrote that the couple "view this period of separation as temporary", with de la Rúa overseeing Shakira's "business and career interests as he has always done". As first reported in September 2012, de la Rúa sued Shakira in April 2013, asking for $100 million he believed he was owed after Shakira suddenly terminated her business partnership with him in October 2011. His lawsuit was dismissed by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge in August 2013.

Shakira entered a relationship with the Spanish football player Gerard Piqué in 2011. Piqué, who is exactly ten years her junior, and Shakira met in spring 2010 after he appeared in the music video for Shakira's song "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Shakira gave birth to the couple's first son, Milan, on 22 January 2013 in Barcelona, where the family took residence. Shakira gave birth to their second son, Sasha, on 29 January 2015. Forbes listed Shakira and Piqué in their list of "World's Most Powerful Couples". In June 2022, the couple confirmed in a joint statement that they were separating after being together for 11 years.

In 2020, Shakira announced her completion of an ancient philosophy course through the University of Pennsylvania, describing it as an impractical hobby of hers.

Tax controversy
In November 2017, Shakira was named in the Paradise Papers. It was revealed that she was the sole shareholder of a Malta-based company which was being used to transfer $30 million in music rights. Her attorneys insisted that her use of the company was entirely legal.

In 2018, due at least in part to information revealed in the Paradise Papers, Spanish authorities began an investigation into Shakira's finances. Prosecutors argued that she did not pay taxes in Spain between 2012 and 2014, during which time she was living in Spain with Piqué and their family, while Shakira argued that she maintained her primary residence in the Bahamas during that period and otherwise was touring internationally. In July 2021, a Spanish judge ruled that there was "evidence of criminality" sufficient for Shakira to be brought to trial on charges of tax fraud.

In 2021, the Pandora Papers showed that Shakira submitted applications for three offshore companies in 2019. Her representatives told LaSexta that this paperwork was not filed for purposes of establishing new companies but as part of the process of dissolving existing companies. They further claimed that the companies had no income or activities and that Spanish authorities had been made aware of their existence.

In July 2022, after not reaching a deal with the Spanish Prosecution Ministry, the singer decided to go to trial to prove her innocence. The prosecutor asked the judge for an eight-year prison sentence over six alleged tax fraud crimes. On 27 September 2022, a Spanish judge from Esplugues de Llobregat approved the tax fraud trial after prosecutors accused her of failing to pay 14.5 million euros ($13.9 million) in taxes. Shakira claims she has already paid all she owed plus 3 million euros ($2.8 million) as interest. A trial date was set for November 2023 after the presiding Barcelona judge, Ana Duro, received the necessary qualifying papers from both parties.

Discography

 Magia (1991)
 Peligro (1993)
 Pies Descalzos (1995)
 Dónde Están los Ladrones? (1998)
 Laundry Service (2001)
 Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005)
 Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 (2005)
 She Wolf (2009)
 Sale el Sol (2010)
 Shakira (2014)
 El Dorado (2017)

Tours

 Pies Descalzos International Tour (1996–1997)
 Tour Anfibio (2000)
 Tour of the Mongoose (2002–2003)
 Oral Fixation Tour (2006–2007)
 The Sun Comes Out World Tour (2010–2011)
 El Dorado World Tour (2018)

Filmography

Television

Film

See also

 List of artists who reached number one in the United States
 List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart
 Best-selling international artists in Brazil
 List of highest-certified music artists in the United States
 List of best-selling Latin music artists
 List of best-selling music artists
 List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists
 List of highest-certified music artists in the United States
 Women in Latin music
 List of Colombians
 List of highest-certified music artists in Germany
 List of largest music deals

Notes

References

Further reading
 VH1 Driven: Shakira (article)
 VH1 Driven: Shakira (video)

 Book: Woman Full of Grace by Ximena Diego

 Pareles, Jon (14 November 2005). "Shakira, from lip to hip". New Straits Times, p. L3.
 "Shakira pertahan orang Arab". (8 November 2005). Berita Harian, p. 13.
 Frank Cogan's review of Laundry Service for The Village Voice

 Chart Performance for "Don't Bother" from the Billboard Hot 100
 Chart Performance for Oral Fixation 2

 New York Times Magazine article on Shakira's philanthropic work on education.

External links

1977 births
Living people
20th-century Colombian women singers
21st-century Colombian actresses
21st-century Colombian women singers
Wives and girlfriends of association football players
Belly dancers
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Colombian female dancers
Colombian film actresses
Colombian people of Italian descent
Colombian people of Lebanese descent
Colombian people of Spanish descent
Colombian people of Catalan descent
Colombian philanthropists
Colombian pop singers
Colombian record producers
Colombian rock singers
Colombian Roman Catholics
Colombian singer-songwriters
Colombian women singer-songwriters
Colombian television actresses
Colombian voice actresses
Colombian women activists
Colombian women artists
Colombian women record producers
Colombian expatriates in Spain
Contraltos
Echo (music award) winners
English-language singers from Colombia
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
Latin music songwriters
Latin pop singers
Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year honorees
MTV Europe Music Award winners
MTV Video Music Award winners
Judges in American reality television series
People from Barranquilla
RCA Records artists
Roc Nation artists
Sony Music Colombia artists
Sony Music Latin artists
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors
Women in Latin music
World Music Awards winners
People named in the Paradise Papers
People named in the Pandora Papers

Shakira


Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) refers to an operating room configuration that enables surgeons to image the patient via an MRI scanner while the patient is undergoing surgery, particularly brain surgery. iMRI reduces the risk of damaging critical parts of the brain and helps confirm that the surgery was successful or if additional resection is needed before the patient's head is closed and the surgery completed.

Equipment and operating suite configuration
Compared to other imaging types, high-field iMRI requires the additional cost of specialized operating suites, instrumentation and longer anesthesia and operating room time; however, published studies show use of iMRI increases physicians' ability to detect residual tumor leading toward an improved rate of procedural success.

iMRI is available in a range of strengths. Low-field units, less than 1 Tesla (T), have the advantage of small size, simpler operating theater preparation and portability but are disadvantaged by relatively poor image resolution.  Higher field strengths, currently available in 1.5 and 3T options, provide better spatial and contrast resolution enabling surgeons to more accurately evaluate the findings on an image.

High-field iMRI operating suites are configured in one of two ways.  Both require that the MRI magnet be stored in an adjacent room. One configuration requires that the patient be moved to the magnet to obtain an image.  The second configuration (only offered by IMRIS, Inc.) moves the MRI magnet to the patient via ceiling-mounted rails to obtain the image.  The latter approach has the advantage of not moving the patient from the operating theater during the surgery and enhances workflow and safety in terms of airway control, monitoring and head fixation.

Applications
The most prevalent application for iMRI is neurosurgery, especially for the removal of brain tumors. The system is also used for interventional neurovascular  procedures.

By providing iMRI during neurosurgery, clinicians can distinguish between tumor tissue and normal tissue, minimize disturbance of healthy tissue or critical areas of the brain, evaluate and confirm their results and make adjustments during a procedure without moving the patient (in the case of the rail-mounted configuration). Published clinical evidence shows the higher percentage of tumor removed the better the outcome.  Use of an iMRI suite makes it more likely that surgeons will remove the entire tumor than if surgery is performed in a conventional operating room where iMRI is not used.

References

External links
 An updated history of intraoperative MRI and outcomes

Magnetic resonance imaging
Surgery
Neurosurgery

Intraoperative MRI