It's Tough to Be a Bug! is a 9-minute-long 3D film based on the 1998 Disney·Pixar film A Bug's Life, using theater lighting, 3-D filming techniques, audio-animatronics and various special effects. Flik, a character from the movie, hosts the show and educates the audience on why bugs should be considered friends. It was the first Pixar attraction to open in a Disney park.

The attraction opened in Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort on April 22, 1998, a full seven months before the actual feature debuted in theatres, and is housed within the theme park's icon, the Tree of Life. A second version of the attraction debuted at the opening of Disney California Adventure on February 8, 2001. The version at California Adventure closed permanently on March 19, 2018, and was replaced by Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, an interactive screen ride based on the Spider-Man films set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. On September 9, 2023, for Destination D23, it was announced that a new "Zootopia" attraction will replace the show at Animal Kingdom. The closing date has yet to be announced.

At Disney California Adventure, the Bug's Life Theater was in A Bug's Land. There, the queue passed through a replica of Ant Island before heading underground, where the column appeared the same as the one at Disney's Animal Kingdom. It was initially part of the Bountiful Valley Farm area of the park until A Bug's Land was built around it.

Production
About a year before the opening of Animal Kingdom, Disney Imagineers had decided to place a show inside the park's centrepiece Tree of Life but struggled to find an acceptable concept. Disney CEO Michael Eisner suggested a tie-in with the upcoming Pixar film "A Bug's Life", and the creative team developed a story based on the characters from the film. Visual effects studio Rhythm and Hues was brought in to produce the 3-D animated portion of the show. In contrast, Disney special effects teams created the rest of the experience, including animatronic characters, wind, water, and foul smells.

Summary

Queue
At Disney's Animal Kingdom, the Tree of Life theatre is located inside the Tree of Life. As the queue winds around the tree, visitors can glimpse animal carvings on the tree that aren't visible from other vantage points. The "underground" lobby area features posters of various bug acts from the show, as well as those for all-insect parodies of Broadway musicals, such as "Beauty and the Bees", "Web Side Story", "Little Shop of Hoppers" and "My Fair Ladybug." The lobby music overture consists of insect renditions of Broadway musical numbers.

Attraction
After the theatre doors close, an announcer advises the audience not to buzz, sting, pollinate or chirp during the show. Flik the ant, in audio-animatronic form, emerges from a hole in the theatre's ceiling and welcomes the audience and tells them to put on their bug eyes (3D glasses). The show begins with butterflies, in formation as curtains, flying away. After the title card is presented, Flik appears on screen to give the show's acts. A Mexican red knee tarantula (referred to as a Chilean rose tarantula in the show) named Chili makes his appearance. A pair of acorn Weevils, along with Weevil Kneevil, place a slingshot on the stage and launch acorns from it (triggering hidden air cannons). Chilli shoots the first acorn with a quill but fails to hit the second because Weevil holds on to it, then taunts Chili, who chases after him. Flik presents the second act as a "soldier termite who defends his mound by spraying intruders with acid". A piece of the set falls with a rumble, and the "Termite-ator" steps out, then shoots at a taunting flea, then the audience, sensing more intruders (which triggers hidden water sprayers), despite Flik's protests, until he runs out of acid and leaves, saying that he will be back. Flik reappears and hopes the audience isn't allergic to acid. The next act Flik introduces is a stinkbug named Claire de Room, who walks onto the stage. The acorn weevils place a flower as a target; the Weevil re-enters the scene and crashes into the flower, causing it to move towards the audience. Claire then passes gas, which affects and disgusts both Weevil and the audience (which triggers hidden smell cannons in the theatre).

An explosion is heard in audio-animatronic form as Hopper the grasshopper appears. He orders a stag beetle to chase Flik off the stage, and four wasps hold up an advertisement flyer for "Knock 'em Dead" exterminators. The wasps turn over the ad and use it as a makeshift movie screen to show movie clips from old monster movies featuring giant bugs ("Earth vs the Spider", "Beginning of the End" and "Empire of the Ants"). Hopper wants to make humans experience the same "medicine," and a giant fly swatter attempts to flatten the audience. After Hopper discovers the audience is still alive, he declares war on them. The screen goes black as a hand appears with a can of bug spray and sprays it at the guest (which triggers a hidden fog machine above the screen). Hornets sting the audience (which begins a small piece of rubber tubing that pokes each guest's back), and several black widow spiders go up and down, trying to capture and scare the audience. Now, on screen, Hopper boasts nothing can stop him, but a chameleon appears and tries to eat him, making Hopper flee.

Flik reappears and says that he forgot to mention the reptile's not caring that it's tough to be a bug, which segues into the finale. Bees, dung beetles (The Dung Brothers), dragonflies and other bugs sing about how insects help humans and about how "it's tough to be a bug". Weevil returns, holding a mouldy cupcake and the bugs chase him. The butterflies come back to form a curtain, and Flik reappears in audio-animatronic form from the ceiling to wrap the show. After the theatre is lit up again, the announcer requests the guests to remain seated so the beetles, maggots, and cockroaches may exit safely. The bugs start to talk all at once as they leave (which triggers hidden rubber wheels to roll at the bottom of the seats). The announcer then tells the audience to gather their belongings and take their "small grubs" by their "grubby little hands" as they exit.

Cast
The cast includes:
Dave Foley as Flik, an ant.
Andrew Stanton as Hopper, a grasshopper.(Stanton reprises the voice doubling for Kevin Spacey, who originally voiced the character in A Bug's Life)
Cheech Marin as Chili, a Mexican redknee tarantula.
French Stewart as The Termite-ator, a termite.
Tom Kenny as The Dung Beetle Brothers, two dung beetles.
Jason Alexander as Weevil Kneevil, an acorn weevil.

Music
The attraction's titular theme song was written by George Wilkins and Kevin Rafferty and is included in the disc "Theme Park Classics" of the Disney Classics compilation box set. The show's score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton, while much of the queue music was arranged by Wilkins. The queue features parodies or renditions of songs from famous Broadway shows using bug sounds.

"One" (A Cockroach Line), a parody of "One" (A Chorus Line)
"Beauty and the Bees" (Beauty and the Bees), a parody of "Beauty and the Beast" (Beauty and the Beast)
"Tomorrow" (Antie), a parody of "Tomorrow" (Annie)
"I Feel Pretty" (Web Side Story) a parody of "I Feel Pretty" (West Side Story)
"Hello Dung Lovers" (The Dung and I), a parody of "Hello Young Lovers" (The King and I)
"Tonight" (Web Side Story), a parody of "Tonight" (West Side Story) mixed with Flight of the Bumblebee

See also
The Tree of Life
Muppet*Vision 3D – A similar attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios
Mickey's PhilharMagic
List of Disney's Animal Kingdom attractions
List of former Disney California Adventure attractions
2018 in amusement parks

References

External links
Walt Disney World Resort – It's Tough to be a Bug!
It's Tough to Be a Bug Photo Gallery

Disney California Adventure
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts films
A Bug's Land
Disney's Animal Kingdom
Discovery Island (Disney's Animal Kingdom)
Pixar in amusement parks
Amusement rides introduced in 1998
Amusement rides introduced in 2001
Amusement rides that closed in 2018
Audio-Animatronic attractions
Films about insects
3D short films
4D films
Former Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
1998 establishments in Florida
2001 establishments in California
2018 disestablishments in California
1998 computer-animated films
Films about ants

It's Tough to Be a Bug!


Massacre at Central High (released as Blackboard Massacre in the UK) is a 1976 American thriller film directed by Rene Daalder and starring Derrel Maury, Kimberly Beck, Robert Carradine, and Andrew Stevens. The plot follows a series of revenge killings at a fictional American high school, after which the oppressed students take on the role of their bully oppressors. Despite its title, it is not a slasher film but an unusual blend of political allegory, social commentary, and low-budget exploitation; with the exception of the final sequence, no "adult" characters (such as teachers and parents) are seen.

It was shot on 35mm film, and has a running time of 87 minutes.

The film's director, Rene Daalder, described Massacre at Central High as "eerily predicting punk and Columbine". It has also been cited as a possible influence on the 1988 black comedy Heathers.

Plot
David (Derrel Maury), a new student at Central High, meets Mark (Andrew Stevens), an old friend whom he once helped out of a jam at their previous school. Mark tells David that the school can be like a country club for him if he befriends Bruce (Ray Underwood), Craig (Steve Bond), and Paul (Damon Douglas), the bullies who rule the school student body; Mark has become their somewhat reluctant accomplice.

Over the next few days, David witnesses Bruce, Craig, and Paul torment the other students, including the scrawny Spoony; the overweight Oscar; Arthur, the school's hearing-impaired librarian; and Rodney, who drives a rundown car that is vandalized by the bullies. After David forcibly thwarts the trio's attempt to rape two female students, Mary and Jane, in an empty classroom, the bullies approach Mark and tell him he only has one more chance to talk David into minding his own business. When this fails, the three bullies decide to take matters into their own hands. Meanwhile, David has taken a liking to Mark's girlfriend, Theresa.

One evening, David is repairing Rodney's car in his garage when the bullies appear and kick the jack out from under the vehicle. One of the wheels crushes David's left leg, crippling him.

After being discharged from hospital, David takes revenge on the trio by arranging fatal "accidents": he electrocutes Bruce by sabotaging his hang-glider to fly into a power line, tricks Craig into high-diving into an empty swimming pool, and pushes Paul's van off a cliff with Paul in it.

The school changes after the bullies' deaths. At first the students support each other, but soon the formerly tormented students become bullies themselves, and try to form alliances with David to control the school. In due course more deaths occur: Arthur is killed when his hearing-aid malfunctions, Oscar's locker explodes when he opens it, and Rodney's car blows up when he starts the engine. While camping under a cliff, Spoony, Mary, and Jane find a box of dynamite but ignore it; when they return to their tent for a threesome, an explosion causes a rockslide, killing them also.

The police blame Spoony, Mary, and Jane for the carnage, but Mark is aware that David is responsible. David bluntly confirms this for his old friend, stating that he killed the bullies to give the tormented students a chance to be happy, but was so disgusted to see them turn into even worse people that he killed them as well. He also calls himself a "madman" while laughing mirthlessly. Mark tells Theresa they must prevent David from killing more people at the school dance with a bomb he has planted in the school basement. Realizing the only way to stop David is by playing on the last sympathies he has towards them, Mark and Theresa enter the gym where the dance is being held. David tells them to leave or they'll die, but they both tell him they're not going anywhere regardless of what that will mean for them. David begins to leave the school but then turns around and limps to the basement, where he removes the bomb. He takes the device outside to dismantle it but there isn't enough time and it blows up, killing him instantly and bringing everyone outside to see the fiery aftermath. To save David's reputation, Mark and Theresa agree to tell the police that Spoony, Mary, and Jane had planted the bomb, and that David had given his life to save everyone.

Cast

Production

Massacre at Central High was written and directed by Rene Daalder in his second feature-film effort, having previously directed the 1969 Dutch drama film De blanke slavin (Trans: The White Slave). Daalder had been recommended to producers Jerome Bauman, and Harold Sobel by Russ Meyer, for whom Daalder had written an unproduced script. Lead actor Derrel Maury was originally cast in the supporting role of Rodney, but later switched roles with fellow actor Rex Sikes. Principal photography commenced in early 1976 over a three-week period in Los Angeles and Malibu. Exteriors of the fictional Central High were shot at Pomona College while interior scenes were shot in Villa Cabrini High School in Burbank.

Release

Alternative version
The Italian version of this film, called Sexy Jeans, was edited with pornographic inserts.

Home media
Massacre at Central High was first released on VHS in 1981 in a clamshell case by Electric Video Inc. and a later release with an ordinary slipsleeve box came in 1986 from Viking Video Classics. In the UK, it was released by Apex Video, when exactly is unknown. The film was released on DVD for the first time by TBC on May 28, 2001. It was later released by Black Horse on September 27, 2004, and Desert Island Films on February 18, 2012. Synapse Films released a limited edition Blu-ray and DVD edition of the film on November 18, 2020.

Critical response
Massacre at Central High attracted little attention when first released, but when reissued in 1980, New York Times critic Vincent Canby praised it as "an original, fascinating work", and named it as one of his 20 favorite films of the year. Roger Ebert also discussed the film favorably on his television show Sneak Previews, describing it as "intelligent and uncompromising". Dave Sindelar from Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings praised the film's characters, political subtext, and depth, while criticizing some of the dialogue, and soundtrack. Sindelar concluded his review by writing, "Nevertheless, movies with this much thoughtfulness behind them are uncommon, and whatever its flaws, the movie is definitely worth viewing." TV Guide gave the film three out of five stars, writing, "Massacre at Central High is a fascinating little movie that delivers its expected exploitation thrills while presenting a political allegory, albeit a somewhat confused one." Time Out London also reviewed the film favorably, calling it "An intriguing, diagrammatic example of subversive cinema."

By contrast,  John Ross Bowie, in comparing the film with the more comedic Heathers, dismissed Massacre at Central High  as "exploitative" and "devoid of technique", and criticized its technical flaws and "wooden acting".

Notes

References

External links

 CinemaniaNZ Interview with cast member Rex Sikes (archived link)

1976 films
1976 horror films
1970s slasher films
1970s horror thriller films
1970s teen horror films
American horror thriller films
American independent films
American teen horror films
1970s exploitation films
Films about pranks
Films about school violence
Films about bullying
1976 independent films
1976 drama films
Films directed by Rene Daalder
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

Massacre at Central High


Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities (BLSP) was a US non-profit organization composed of 700 business leaders. It was founded by Ben Cohen, co-founder of Ben and Jerry's. In late 2008, the organization became a project of the Center for American Progress (CAP) and was put under the direction of Krisila Benson. The campaign's goal was to shift taxpayer money away from military programs to social programs like education, healthcare, alternative energies and deficit reduction.

The Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities was supported by retired generals, admirals and defense planners from Republican and Democratic administrations who urged cuts in American defense spending to provide funding for social and economic programs. Membership includes business leaders and former military officers and advisors like Lawrence Korb, retired Vice Admiral Jack Shanahan, Ted Turner, Paul Newman, R. Warren Langley, Frank Spinney and Stansfield Turner.

Ben Cohen explains the discretionary budget using Oreo cookies and the U.S.'s nuclear stockpile using BBs.

References

Economic advocacy groups in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in the United States
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States


Oldrado da Tresseno (died 1233) was an Italian politician, podestà (mayor) of Milan in the 13th century. He is responsible for restructuring Piazza dei Mercanti (former city center of Milan in the Middle Ages, located next to what is now Piazza del Duomo) and ordering the construction of Palazzo della Ragione, a prominent historic building of Milan, which served as a broletto (government seat) in the Middle Ages. He is also remembered as a fierce prosecutor of the Cathar heretics.

Details of Oldrado's life are largely missing. Although he is referred to in medieval texts as "a citizen of Lodi", it is disputed whether he was born there or in Dresano (a small town near Melegnano). He was a close friend to inquisitor Pietro da Verona and actively cooperated with the Inquisition in prosecuting heretics, especially the believers of the Church of Concorezzo, a very active Cathar group that was supported by the bishop of Concorezzo (a town North-East of Milan, near Monza) and by local feudatory Filippo Confalonieri.

A Romanesque relief representing Oldrado is found on one of the columns of Palazzo della Ragione in Milan; it bears a Latin inscription that reads:

Notes

History of Milan
Italian politicians
1233 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Oldrado da Tresseno


The wedding dress of Princess Margaret, the sister of Queen Elizabeth II, was worn at her wedding to photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones on 6 May 1960 at Westminster Abbey.

The dress
The wedding dress was designed by Norman Hartnell, the favoured couturier of the royals, and was made from silk organza. The skirt comprised some 30 metres of fabric. Hartnell specifically kept the adornments of the dress such as the crystal embellishments and beading to a minimum in order to suit Margaret's petite frame.

The dress now belongs to the British Royal Collection and is part of a display of royal wedding dresses at Kensington Palace in London.

Critical appraisal
Vogue described the dress as "stunningly tailored". Another author called it "a study in simplicity". In 1960, Life magazine named it "the simplest royal wedding gown in history". It has also been described as one of Hartnell's most beautiful and sophisticated pieces.

See also
 List of individual dresses

References

External links
BBC audio slideshow featuring her wedding dress

1960 works
Margaret
House of Windsor
British royal attire
1960s fashion
Margaret, Wedding
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

Wedding dress of Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom


Sigmund Friedl (1851, Lipník nad Bečvou, Moravia – 1914, Vienna) was one of the most famous Austrian philatelists. Toward the end of his life he defrauded stamp collectors by selling them forgeries.

Sigmund Friedl's interest in postage stamps started already at the age of 13. Only two years later, he started trading them. In 1872, he opened his own stamp shop in Vienna. Soon he became a stamp expert and started working as an examiner. He had great success with his shop, for example, he sold the unique Tre Skilling Banco for a sum of 4,000 florins to the famous collector, Philipp von Ferrary. Through his good relationship with the post, he was able to cheaply obtain the remaining stocks of several postage stamps and resell them.

At the same time, he wrote the first Austrian stamp catalogues and enhanced the stamp albums. Finally, Sigmund Friedl established his own stamp museum in his villa in Unterdöbling. In 1881 and 1890, he organised the first major Austrian stamp exhibitions, which also attracted international attention.

To Austrian philatelists, Sigmund Friedl is known mainly for his Friedl perforations and the disreputable Friedl forgeries. The Friedl perforations are private perforations of Austrian definitive stamps, which were tolerated by the post. The Friedl perforations always had a different number of perfs than the original perforation of the definitive stamp series made by the post. The forged stamps were mainly forgeries of the Mercury series issued in 1851, which were sold to collectors with fraudulent intent. After the deception was exposed, Friedl had to buy back some of these stamps.

See also
 List of stamp forgers

External links
 The 1881 and 1890 Vienna Philatelic Expositions

1851 births
1914 deaths
People from Lipník nad Bečvou
Moravian-German people
Austrian philatelists
Stamp forgers
Austrian people of Moravian-German descent
People from Austria-Hungary
Philately of Austria

Sigmund Friedl


Andrew Mackenzie Hull (August 15, 1963 – May 8, 2010) was a Canadian-born film maker, film director and architect. He was born in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, and died in London, England.

Early life
Andrew Hull was the youngest of three children born to Ralph Hull, psychiatrist, and Margot Finley, artist. He spent his childhood in Ann Arbor, Michigan and Peterborough, Ontario, attended Lakefield College School as a boy, and studied architecture at Carleton University, Ottawa.  During his studies in 1989 he won the AIA/ACSA Research Council-Otis Elevator International Student Competition for his mixed-use commercial, retail and residential design for a development in historic London.  Despite this accolade his interests shifted to film and video.  Being one of the first students to work with video at the School of Architecture, he graduated with an experimental video work about a cryptic symbol of a traced hand that appears in the urban environment.  This first completed video marked his move from architecture into narrative film.

Film career
While working as an architect in Paris in 1991, Andrew Hull was invited to Germany by Carleton University colleagues Stephen Kovats and Ian Johnston to work on video and animation projects and to mentor students of the Bauhaus Dessau's international and multi-disciplinary 'Experimental Studio Dessau North'.  In 1992 he was co-commissioned by the 'Werkstatt Industrielles Gartenreich' of the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation to make a documentary video about the 'Kulturpalast Bitterfeld', a Socialist Utopian model project of the German Democratic Republic, built in 1954.  His collaborator in this video project was Stephen Kovats, media researcher, architect and artistic director of Transmediale. The film was entitled "Pay No Attention to the Man Behind the Curtain". As a result of this collaboration, Hull moved to Germany, living first in Dessau, later in Berlin. He made films during this period and taught at the Bauhaus Dessau in the newly created Electronic Media Interpretation Studio. Hull's films from this time explored the genres of horror and comedy, the real and the fictional; they also documented and questioned the strained political and social transformations taking place in Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall. In Dessau he made Earworm, a forty-three-minute film funded by both German and Canadian Arts Councils that told the story of a group of anarchist karaoke enthusiasts gripped by a mysterious virus that causes an addiction to techno music and a taste for sucking the inner ear out of unsuspecting victims.  The film could be read as a metaphor and biting satire on the paranoia of communist era East Germany, intertwined with the politics around HIV/AIDS, and the growing gay underground club and rave scene in Germany in the late eighties and early nineties.  Hull also presented the video installation Berlin Alexanderplatz at the Ostranenie International Video Festival at the Bauhaus Dessau.

In 1996 Andrew Hull returned to Canada and lived in Toronto until 2008. While working as an Art Director in the Canadian/US Film and Television industry, he wrote and directed several of his own short films. Dizzy (Winner of Best Short at the Long Island Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in 2003) and That Thing We Do (Winner of Best Short at the Tampa International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in 2004) were made with assistance from the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council and were coming-of-age stories directly based on his own experiences and diaristic writings. In 2003, Hull was one of eight students invited to enter the  Director's Program at the Norman Jewison created Canadian Film Centre (CFC), Canada's foremost school for advanced training in film, television and new media.  He graduated in 2004 with the short film Squeezebox, a tragicomedy starring Canadian cult rock heroine, actress and singer-songwriter Mary Margaret O'Hara. The film is the story of a teen accordion prodigy who struggles to reunite the family band after his father's suicide. Rewind, a five-minute film made shortly after Hull's graduation from the Canadian Film Centre, paid homage to film noir and was loosely based on Martin Amis' book Time's Arrow. All of Hull's films from this period went on to tour at film festivals around the globe.

In 2008 Andrew re-located to London, England, to be with his life partner, contemporary artist and painter, Shaan Syed, and to begin production on his first feature film, Siren, co-written with Canadian-born, US-based screenwriter Geoffrey Gunn. Siren, a horror / thriller genre film is an allegory on the Greek myth of the siren, and tells the tale of three friends whose lives are forever changed when they stop to rescue a beautiful young woman on a remote island.  The film was produced by UK-based Poisson Rouge Pictures and was shot in Tunisia during the summer of 2009. The film's soundtrack features and is based on the Los Angeles all-girl group Warpaint's song, "Elephants". It premiered on November 11, 2010, at Abertoir Film Festival in Wales, UK to critical acclaim  and was subsequently bought by Lionsgate to be released to DVD in March 2011.

Death
Andrew Hull died at the Royal London Hospital on May 8, 2010, of a head injury as a result of a fall from his bicycle. Hull was at the time close to finishing a final edit on his newest short film Breaking and Entering, shot in Toronto in 2008. The film is a story of a young man coming to terms with the death of his father, and is based on the short story of the same name by Canadian author Andrew Pyper.  The film was subsequently completed by the Estate of Andrew Hull.

Representation
Andrew Hull was a member of the Directors Guild of Canada. His short films are distributed by the Canadian Film Maker's Distribution Centre (CFMDC) and V tape, both in Toronto. Siren is distributed by Lionsgate.

Posthumous artist tributes and works

London-based choreographer and artistic director of Dance Art Foundation, Joe Moran dedicated his piece Score for 30 Dancers to Andrew Hull. It was presented on May 27, 2010, as part of From Morning, a day of dance and performance curated by London-based dancer and choreographer, Florence Peak. The piece was performed by thirty of the UK's most prominent dance artists and was made in response to an invitation to create a new site-specific work that spoke to the distinct architecture of Nicholas Hawksmoor's Christ Church, Spitalfields in the East End of London, the neighbourhood where Hull lived and died from 2008 to 2010.

London-based Dutch contemporary artist, Magali Reus, in the final credit of her 2010 video work Finish, dedicated the piece to Andrew Mackenzie Hull. The short work was premiered at Galerie Fons Welters in Amsterdam in July 2010 as part of a solo exhibition of sculpture and video titled Weekend and featured five athletes/actors racing against the backdrop of an ocean beach. Reus had previously featured Hull in her video Conflicting Shadows (2009) as the main actor playing an ambiguous street patroller at night.

In November 2010, Andrew Hull's life partner, artist Shaan Syed, began The Andrew Project, a street-poster campaign featuring one thousand identical line drawings of Andrew's portrait posted throughout Toronto, the city in which the couple first met in 2001.

Filmography

References

1963 births
2010 deaths
Artists from Oshawa
Film directors from Ontario
Writers from Ontario
Canadian gay artists
Canadian male screenwriters
Canadian LGBT film directors
Canadian LGBT screenwriters
Canadian gay writers
Cycling road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in London
Deaths from falls
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian screenwriters
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
21st-century Canadian male writers
Gay screenwriters

Andrew Hull


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Donim Tiny Chari Muinnem Zale - Mando

Donim Tiny Chari Muinnem Zale

Two, three, four months have passed

Type: Mando

Source: Pereira, José / Martins, Michael. Song of Goa.

Lyrics and Music: Arnaldo de Menezes (1863-1917)

Date: Composed after 1882.[27]

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Monologue

Translated by José Pereira ( 27.1.2015,.... your works live on )

Donim tiny chari muinnem zale,

Two, three, four months have passed,

Koslench punn nam maka suko.

And there is no joy for me.

Vit-ttet'm gopam' geuchako,

I (female) yearn to hold you in my arms,

Abras y anim beiju diuchako.

To embrace and kiss you.

Gavn-um muz' sandddunum zaupatso,

I think of leaving my village,

Eunum disot' tuja rê sangtako,

And coming to where you are,

Nodor tujery galchako,

To be able to look at you,

Kalliz amchem ekttaim-im korchako.

To unite our hearts.

Muj' taim-im kainchi nam upau-u,

I have no way,

Môgu muzo dakounum diuchako,

Of showing you my love.

Sonsar bounta tsouchako,

People prowl around,

Tujô mujô fobro korchako.

Looking for a chance to gossip about you and me.

Dispidirats' vellu y amtso,

The time of our parting,

Disolo sorgincha y anjantso.

Seemed that of the angels of heaven.

Garhiets' sadu zainam furhem,

When the whistle of the train blew,

Prannu vocha' paulo mum rê muzo.

My breath almost left me.

Tuj' vinny'm raum-um nuzo,

I cannot live without you.

Ugddas yeta maka tuzo.

The thought of you comes to me.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Donim Tiny Chari Muinnem Zale - Mando


Freeford Manor (previously known as Freeford Hall) is a privately owned 18th-century country house at Freeford, near Lichfield, Staffordshire. It is the home of the Dyott family and is  a Grade II listed building.

The Dyotts of Lichfield acquired interests in the manor of Freeford over many years from about 1606. When Richard Dyott, Member of Parliament for  Lichfield 1690-1715 died in 1719, his son, also Richard decided to move from the city to live at Freeford.

In about 1730 he built a new small three bayed red brick house which was extended and improved throughout the 18th century. His son, another Richard was Recorder of Lichfield and in 1798 High Sheriff of Staffordshire. His nephew yet another Richard Dyott of Freeford, MP for Lichfield 1865-74, carried out substantial improvements to the house under the direction of Joseph Potter, the elder, architect of Lichfield in the mid 19th century and alterations later continued to create the existing mansion.

In 1891 a cousin Richard Burnaby, who changed his surname to  Dyott, inherited the estate.

The Dyott family have a chapel dedicated to them in the north end of St Mary's Church, Lichfield.

References
   History of Freeford from British History Online
  Heritage Gateway; description of listed building

Grade II listed buildings in Staffordshire
Buildings and structures in Lichfield

Freeford Hall


Vladimir Alexeyevich Soloukhin () (June 14, 1924 – April 4, 1997) was a Russian poet and writer.

Biography
Born in Alepino, a village in what is now in Sobinsky District, Vladimir Oblast, he was raised in a peasant family. He attended  , where he studied to be a mechanic. At that time, he published his first poems in a local newspaper; Prizyv (The Call).

After his military service, from 1942 to 1945 in the Kremlin guard, he began his serious literary career, and in 1951 graduated from the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute. From 1958 to 1981, he worked in the editorial offices of the prominent newspaper Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guard) and in the literary journal Nash Sovremennik (Our Contemporary).

In articles he published during the second half of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, he manifested himself as a Russian patriot, and stressed the need to preserve national traditions; pondering the ways to develop the Russian arts.

His journalistic expressions of opinion during the later years of perestroika idealized pre-revolutionary Russia. In his article "Reading Lenin", Soloukhin was one of the first in Russia to publicly ask for revising the role of Lenin in the history of Russia. At that time, a thesis was popular (and, indeed, was furthered by the authorities), claiming that the crimes of the Stalinist era were a result of "violating Leninist principles", whereas Soloukhin interpreted Stalinism as the logical consequence of Lenin's policies.

The main theme of Soloukhin's work is the Russian countryside, its present and future.  His works strives to demonstrate the necessity of preserving the national traditions, and ponders the ways to further develop ethnic Russian art.  Vladimir Soloukhin is considered to be a leading figure of the "village prose"  group of writers.

In 1975, the journal Moskva published his autobiographical story "Verdict" («Приговор»), where the protagonist is diagnosed with cancer and undergoes surgical operation; in essence the author is describing thoughts of a person who has received death sentence. The whole edition was bought in two days. Within his works, autobiographical prose takes a distinct position, where the author reflects on the history of Russia during the 20th century. Soloukhin represents Orthodox Christian - nationalist positions, criticizing atheist, internationalist, liberal and communist views.

Soloukhin's book "Searching for Icons in Russia" describes his hobby of collecting icons.  He traveled throughout the countryside in the 1950s and 1960s searching for icons.  In some instances he discovered beautiful 16th century icons underneath layers of grime and over-painting yet he also finds ancient icons chopped into bits and rotting away.

He was known for his campaign to preserve prerevolutionary Russian art and architecture. Ilya Glazunov painted a portrait of him. He died on 4 April 1997 in Moscow and was buried in his native village.

References

External links
Vladimir Soloukhin poems
sovlit.net - Encyclopedia of Soviet Writers
Russian-language biography
Moscow Gorky Literary Institute

1924 births
1997 deaths
People from Sobinsky District
People from Vladimirsky Uyezd
Russian male poets
Soviet novelists
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Russian architecture writers
Soviet short story writers
20th-century Russian short story writers
20th-century Russian poets
Russian male novelists
Russian male short story writers
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni

Vladimir Soloukhin


Tom Funk (born Merton Thompson Funk, 1911–2003) was an illustrator who for some 40 years was associated with the distinctive visual style of the New Yorker magazine, to which he contributed 'spots' depicting New York buildings, portraits for profiles of subjects ranging from Pablo Picasso to D. T. Suzuki, and a distinctive style of cartography, as well as general illustrations in the years before the magazine introduced editorial photographs, in the 1990s. His work also appeared in Dramatists Guild Quarterly, Harper's, Woman's Day, Gourmet, House & Garden and Life, and he illustrated books and activity kits for children, as well as textbooks and many cookbooks.

He was married to the illustrator Edna Eicke.

External links
 A photograph, biography and bibliography, with examples of his work

American illustrators
The New Yorker people
1911 births
2003 deaths

Tom Funk (illustrator)


Hans-Joachim Hespos (13 March 1938 – 18 July 2022) was a German composer of avant-garde music. He was trained as a teacher and worked until 1984. Self-taught as a composer, he then worked freelance and created more than 200 works in many genres. His unconventional compositions were commissioned and performed internationally. They are archived at the Bavarian State Library.

Life and career
Hespos was born in Emden on 13 March 1938. He had violin lessons from 1946 and made his public concert debut in 1948, at the age of ten. He composed since 1950. After completing school with the Abitur, Hespos studied pedagogy at the Pädagogische Hochschule Oldenburg. From 1962 to 1984 he worked in the school service, then as a freelance artist and lived in Ganderkesee. He was self-taught as a composer.

Since he wrote für Cello solo in 1964, he composed in all genres, including many pieces for unaccompanied solo instruments and theatre works. He remained always outside of the mainstream and was never associated with any of the many movements in postwar European music, though he did attend summer courses at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in the 1980s.

Even by the standards of the European avant-garde, Hespos' music usually is quite extreme and unconventional. In his many pieces for solo instruments, Hespos pushed instruments to their timbral limits, employing extended techniques and other effects to create unusual sounds.  He frequently wrote for less-common instruments, such as cimbalon (1976's Cang) or musical saw (used in Ganifita-Blues, 1984). Hespos' scores often employ graphic notation, verbal instructions and traditional music notation, and combinations. Many of his works involve improvisation, for example, t a n E K (2013) with improvisational parts by Kommissar Hjuler and Mama Baer). He called for extreme stage techniques in his theatre works; Seiltanz ("Tightrope Dance", 1982) requires an actor to break his way out of a metal cage by means of a welding torch.

Hespos was the recipient of many awards and honors in his career, including the 1967 Gaudeamus International Composers Award and the Rompreis of the Villa Massimo in 1972. In 2005, the Academy of Arts, Berlin, created an archive of Hespos' music. That same year, Opernwelt magazine selected Hespos' iOPAL as the new opera of the year. The Bavarian State Library holds his complete works.

Family
Hespos and his wife Erdmute had two children. He died on 18 July 2022 at age 84.

References

External links

 Hans-Joachim Hespos Simon Verlag
 Hans-Joachim Hespos – Analysen und Kontexte EVS Musikstiftung

1938 births
2022 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
21st-century classical composers
21st-century German composers
21st-century German male musicians
Gaudeamus Composition Competition prize-winners
German classical composers
German male classical composers
People from Emden

Hans-Joachim Hespos


Sigillaria is a lycopod fossil of the late Carboniferous and early Permian. They were typical coal forest trees similar to the Lepidodendron. These swamp forest trees grew to 50 meters. They were anchored by an extensive network of branching underground roots.

It was a lycopod, an early land plant. This was one of the trees which made up the Carboniferous coal-forests.

It had thin grasslike leaves that grew on the stem. The stem of the plant was green. Sigillaria reproduced with spores. It went extinct about 300 million years ago.

References

Trees
Fossil plants

Sigillaria


Elias Kapavore (born 25 May 1970) is a Papua New Guinean politician. He has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since May 2015, representing the electorate of Pomio Open in East New Britain Province.

Kapavore, from Paka village in the West Pomio/Mamusi area, was educated at Pokapun Primary School, Palmalud High School and Divine Word University, receiving a management degree and a double masters in public and business administration. He was the chief executive officer of the Vanimo Hospital and the West Sepik Provincial Health Authority prior to entering politics.

Nominating as an independent, Kapavore won a May 2015 by-election for the Pomio Open seat following the conviction and imprisonment of the seat's former MP, Paul Tiensten. He joined the governing People's National Congress upon his election, and declared his priority as being to "deliver roads and bridges which will connect Pomio to Kokopo". In November 2015, he raised concerns about environmental damage caused by Niugini Gold Limited's Sinivit Mine.

References

1970 births
Living people
Members of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
People's National Congress (Papua New Guinea) politicians
Divine Word University alumni

Elias Kapavore


Wesley Chapel South is an unincorporated community in Pasco County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,245 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Wesley Chapel South is located at . It is actually north of its namesake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 11.2 square miles (28.9 km2), of which 11.1 square miles (28.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.27%) is water.

Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 3,245 people, 1,264 households, and 968 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,508 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.16% White, 1.45% African American, 0.55% Native American, 1.85% Asian, 0.99% from other races, and 2.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.35% of the population.

There were 1,264 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,828, and the median income for a family was $60,481. Males had a median income of $41,188 versus $30,864 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,399. About 5.5% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

References

Unincorporated communities in Pasco County, Florida
Unincorporated communities in Florida
Former census-designated places in Florida

Wesley Chapel South, Florida


Vgethi (Greek: Βγέθι) or Viethi (Greek: Βιέθι) or Pefko (Greek: Πεύκο) or Pefka (Greek: Πεύκα) is a seaside town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lavreotiki. Vgethi is a quite place only with scattered little houses and a beach which is visited, not only by the residents, but other people from the city and the suburbs too. It is located near Keratea from the North and to the South it is connected with Lavrio. It can be reached from the city through Lavriou Street.

References

Populated places in East Attica

Vgethi


Boohbah is a British children's television programme. It was produced by Ragdoll Productions. It was made by Anne Wood. Alan Dapre and Robin Stevens wrote the scripts. Wood also made Teletubbies.

The programme was made for preschool children between the ages of three and six years old. It is mainly intended to be an exercise show. It is also meant to be silly, and to get children thinking. The show is similar to Teletubbies in that both have a science fiction theme. The Boohbahs are five furry round creatures. They are meant to be atoms of energy.

There are 104 episodes in total. Each episode runs for 25 minutes. In the United Kingdom, the programme started on 14 April 2003 on ITV. It was divided into two series of 52 episodes each. The second series began on 16 March 2004.

In the United States, the programme started on 5 January 2004 on PBS. All 104 episodes were shown as one series in the U.S. The last episode was shown on 17 September 2006. Boohbah is also shown in the Netherlands on Nick Jr. "Boohbah" means "doll" in Hebrew, but it is not known if the show was named for this.

Characters
The series focuses on the Boohbahs: five plump, fuzzy, furry, round, gumdrop-shaped creatures, They are played by actors in full-body costumes. Their on sparkles and shimmers with tiny lights and that have big eyes. Their eyebrows are rows of lights. They do not speak; instead, they make noises such as squeaks, squeals, "poofs", and clicks. The Boohbahs can retract their heads into their furry necks. Each Boohbah is a different colour.

A list of the Boohbahs is available below.
 Humbah, portrayed by Emma Insley, is a yellow Boohbah.
 Zumbah, portrayed by Alex Poulter, is a purple Boohbah.
 Zing Zing Zingbah, portrayed by Cal Jaggers, is an orange Boohbah.
 Jumbah, portrayed by Phil Hayes, is a blue Boohbah.
 Jingbah, portrayed by Laura Pero, is a pink Boohbah.

The Storypeople
The Storypeople are a group of characters who live in Storyworld. They are in short stories. They are:

 Grandmamma (Linda Kerr-Scott) – An elderly but active woman. She has white hair and wears a dark pink housedress, white sweater, white socks, and red sneakers.
 Grandpappa (Robin Stevens) – An elderly but active Caucasian man. He has white hair and a white moustache; he wears a long-sleeved yellow shirt, dark gray slacks, red suspenders (UK: braces), and white sneakers.
 Mrs. Lady (Harvey Virdi) – A heavyset Indian woman. She has dark hair and wears a loose light blue blouse, loose bright pink pants, and pink sneakers.
 Mr. Man (Mark Ramsey) – A heavyset African man. He is bald and wears a short-sleeved bright pink shirt, white trousers, and black trainers.
 Brother (Manuel Bravo) and Sister (Vee Vimolmal) – Always paired, they both look like they are in their late teens. Brother: A Latino boy with short dark hair; he wears a bright blue t-shirt, bright red knee-length shorts, and white trainers with pink laces. Sister: An Asian (Thai) girl with hip-length black hair in a long ponytail; she wears a bright red t-shirt, bright blue capri pants, and white trainers with pink laces.
 Auntie (Sachi Kimura) – An Asian (Japanese) woman. She has short black hair and wears a long-sleeved lavender blouse, black trousers, lavender socks, and black shoes.
 Little Dog Fido (Dash) – A Jack Russell Terrier. He wears a red collar.

They do not speak. (When Little Dog Fido appears, he gives an "arf!") Though they sometimes show frustration or confusion, the Storypeople rarely, if ever,look upset or sad. The Storyland segments are narrated by actor Chris Langham. In each episode the Storypeople magically receive an object sent to them by a child or group of children.

The Boohball
One of the common things in Boohbah is the Boohball. The Boohball, a glowing white ball, is where the Boohbahs live, and it appears out of nowhere in various parts of the show. It travels from country to country when it is called by children. Inside the Boohball is a set of pods on a round, spinning  base, where the Boohbahs recharge energy. It looks like five fuzzy ladle-like charger pods with the handles linked; and, alternate, pods are the Boohbahs' beds or they look like five fig halves. The energy is created by the laughter of the children when playing with the Boohbahs, the Boohball, and the Storypeople.

Notes and References

Other websites

Children's television series
English-language television programs

Boohbah


The Trans-Karakoram Tract is an area of approximately 5,300 km² that was transferred by a border agreement from the Pakistani-administered Northern Areas to China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute. Pakistan says that it was a no-man's undemarcated border land, hence no question arises of its being transferred. It is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The tract, called Shaksgam, is technically part of Shigar, a valley of Baltistan region of Ladakh Province. The Raja of Shigar controlled this land until 1971, when Pakistan abolished the Raja government system. A polo ground in Shaksgam was built by the Amacha Royal family of Shigar, and the Rajas of Shigar used to invite the Amirs of Yarkand to play polo there. All the names of the mountains, lakes, rivers and passes are in Balti/Ladakhi, suggesting that this land has been part of Baltistan/Ladakh province for a long time.

The Tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains including Broad Peak, Gasherbrum and Masherbrum, and is adjacent to the highest battlefield in the world at Siachen Glacier.

Valleys
Kashmir
Territorial disputes of India
Geography of the People's Republic of China

Trans-Karakoram Tract


John William "Red" O'Quinn (September 7, 1925 – April 21, 2002) was a gridiron football end.

Early years
John William "Red" O'Quinn, Jr. was born in Bluett Falls, North Carolina. He graduated from Asheboro High School in Asheboro, North Carolina in 1943 and was inducted in the AHS Hall of Fame in 2004. O'Quinn played college football at Wake Forest University between 1946 and 1949.  He was a star receiver, with 1974 career yards, his best year being 1948, when he led the nation with 39 catches for 605 yards and seven touchdowns.  He was inducted into the Wake Forest University's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.

Professional career

NFL
O'Quinn was drafted by the National Football League's Chicago Bears in the 1949 NFL Draft, in the third round, 31st overall.  He would play 12 games for the Bears in 1950, intercepting three passes and returning one for a touchdown.  He played two games with the Bears in 1951 before being traded to the Philadelphia Eagles, where he played two more games and caught three passes.

CFL
Red would move north to the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League, where he would play eight seasons (1952–1959) and 110 regular season games.  He teamed up with CFL great Sam Etcheverry to form one of the best pass and catch tandems in league history.  He caught 499 passes for 7,699 yards and 34 touchdowns in his career (all team records until Ben Cahoon broke them) and was a five-time all-star.

He played in three Grey Cup losses, though the classic 1954 42nd Grey Cup may have been his finest game.  He caught a record 13 passes for a record 316 receiving yards, with 90 of those coming on one of the best pass touchdowns in Grey Cup history (and the second longest ever).

Post playing days
After his playing days and a short stint in industry, Red returned to football as general manager for the Ottawa Rough Riders from 1962 to 1969, winning a pair of Grey Cups in 1968 and 1969. Red returned to the Montreal Alouettes in 1970 as general manager, where he teamed with his old friend and former QB Sam Ectheverry as the Alouettes new head coach. Together they took the team from last place to Grey Cup Champions in their first year together. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1981.

Red died in Ottawa, Ontario, in 2002.

See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

External links
Wake Forest Athletics Hall of Fame
North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame entry
Pro Football Reference - Red O'Quinn

1925 births
2002 deaths
Sportspeople from Brunswick County, North Carolina
Players of American football from North Carolina
American football wide receivers
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
Chicago Bears players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of Canadian football from North Carolina
Canadian football wide receivers
Montreal Alouettes players
Montreal Alouettes general managers
Ottawa Rough Riders general managers
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees

Red O'Quinn


An underwater vehicle is any member of the class of vehicles (machines that transports people or cargo) that is intended to operate in the underwater environment. This article lists the types of underwater vehicle, with a brief description of each type. An underwater vehicle can be crewed, remotely operated or autonomous, and will generally, but not necessarily, have some form of onboard propulsion system.

Types:

 (towed underwater vehicle)

 (towed underwater vehicle)

Vehicles

Underwater vehicle


The Life Academy () is a 2017 South Korean television program. It airs on tvN on every Sunday at 21:20 (KST) beginning 14 May 2017. From 8 June 2017, the show will air on every Thursday 20:10 KST. The show is a life growth variety show in the form of a school day, in which the show assumes "life also requires schooling". In each lesson, the show invites special guests of various professions as teachers to share contents outside of the textbook. The show teaches through problem-based learning to engage with the viewers.

Cast

Students
 Kim Yong-man
 Jeong Jun-ha
 Ahn Jung-hwan
 Jeon Hye-bin
 Lee Hong-gi
 Kwak Dong-yeon

Episodes

2017

External links

South Korean reality television series

The Life Academy


Rithmomachia (also known as rithmomachy, arithmomachia, rythmomachy, rhythmomachy, the philosophers' game, and other variants) is an early European mathematical board game. Its earliest known description dates from the eleventh century. The name comes loosely from Greek and means "the battle of the numbers." The game is somewhat like chess except that most methods of capture depend on the numbers inscribed on each piece.

The game was used as an educational tool that teachers could introduce while teaching arithmetic as part of the quadrivium to those in Western Europe who received a classical education during the medieval period. David Sepkoski wrote that between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, "rithmomachia served as a practical exemplar for teaching the contemplative values of Boethian mathematical philosophy, which emphasized the natural harmony and perfection of number and proportion, that it was used both as a mnemonic drill for the study of Boethian number theory and, more importantly, as a vehicle for moral education, by reminding players of the mathematical harmony of creation." The game declined sharply in popularity in the 17th century, as it was no longer used in education, and potential players were not introduced to it during their schooling.

History

Little is known about the origin of the game. Medieval writers attributed it to Pythagoras, but no trace of it has been discovered in Greek literature. The earliest surviving mentions of it is are from the early 11th century, suggesting it was created in the late 10th or early 11th century. The name and its many variations are from Greek; it is unclear whether this was due to being created by a rare Western European with a classical education that involved learning Greek, or if the game had a genuine origin in Greece and the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire of the period.

The first written evidence of Rithmomachia dates to around 1030, when a monk named Asilo created a game that illustrated the number theory of Boethius' De institutione arithmetica, for the students of monastery schools. De institutione arithmetica was the standard textbook for instruction in arithmetics in the period for those lucky enough to receive a medieval education. The rules of the game were improved and spelled out more shortly thereafter by another monk, Hermannus Contractus (1013–1054) from Reichenau, and in the school of Liège. In the following centuries, Rithmomachia spread through schools and monasteries in the southern parts of Germany and France. It was used mainly as a teaching aid, but gradually intellectuals started to play it for pleasure. In the 13th century Rithmomachia came to England, where famous mathematician Thomas Bradwardine wrote a text about it. Even Roger Bacon recommended Rithmomachia to his students, while Sir Thomas More let the inhabitants described in the book Utopia play it for recreation. The game was known well enough to justify printed treatises in Latin, French, Italian, and German, in the sixteenth century. Two notices advertising a game set for sale have been found, one in Paris (1556) and the other in London (1563) Nevertheless, no archaeological evidence of the game (such as playing boards) has survived from the medieval and early modern periods, in contrast to many other board games.

Rithmomachia was at its most popular in the 16th century.

The Tudor polymath, statesman and publisher of the Geneva Bible, Sir Rowland Hill, published on the game under the title The most ancient and learned Playe, called the Philosopher's Game invented for the honest recreation of Students and other sober persons, in passing the tedious of tyme to the release of their labours, and the exercise of their Wittes in 1562; his house at Soulton Hall also contains a board for the game on a basement parlour or prayer room.

In 1572 Francesco Barozzi published a version in Venice which was translated into German by Augustus II, Duke of Brunswick. It lost its popularity sharply in the 17th century, virtually disappearing as the style of teaching mathematics changed, and Boethius's mathematics was considered old-fashioned and obsolete. One issue was that the rules were never standardized, with major variations from teacher to teacher. The game partially survived by clinging to the now far more popular chess. Gustavus Selenus included the rules of rithmomachia as an appendix in one of his books on chess, and the game persisted as "arithmetic chess" or "numerical checkers" as a side mention in German chess books for some time afterward, a curiosity but a rarely-played one. The game was rediscovered in the 20th century by historians of board games such as Arno Borst.

Gameplay

Rithmomachia is played on a board resembling the one used for chess or checkers with eight squares on the shorter side, but with sixteen on the longer side. The forms used for the pieces were triangles, squares, and rounds. Pyramids could be formed by stacking pieces. The game was noteworthy in that the black and white forces were not symmetrical. Although each side had the same array of pieces, the numbers on them differed, allowing different possible captures and winning configurations to the two players.

The rules below describe the most common version of the game, played through much of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. There was also a variant propounded by Fulke in the 16th century, with significantly different (and somewhat more consistent) capture rules.

Pieces
There are four types of pieces: rounds, triangles, squares, and pyramids.
 Rounds: Rounds move one square in any of the four diagonals.
 Triangles: Triangles can move exactly two squares vertically or horizontally, but not diagonally.
 Squares: Squares can move exactly three squares vertically or horizontally, but not diagonally.
 Pyramids: Pyramids are not actually one piece, but more than one piece put together. The white pyramid is made of a "36" square, a "25" square, a "16" triangle, a "9" triangle, a "4" round, and a "1" round, which totals up to the pyramid's value of 91. The black pyramid is made up of a "64" square, a "49" square, a "36" triangle, a "25" triangle, and a "16" round, which adds up to the pyramid's value of 190. These irregular values make it hard for them to be captured by most of the capturing methods listed below, except for siege. Pyramids can move like a round, a triangle, or a square, as long as they still contain the respective piece, which makes them very valuable.

Capturing
There were a variety of capture methods. Pieces do not land on another piece to capture it, but instead remain in their square and remove the other. If a piece is captured, it changes sides.

 Meeting: If a piece could capture another piece with the same value by landing on it, the piece stays in its location and the opponent's piece is taken from the board.
 Assault: If a piece with a small value, multiplied by the number of vacant spaces between it and another larger piece is equal to the larger piece, the larger piece is captured.
 Ambuscade: If two pieces' sum is equal to an enemy piece that is placed between the two (i.e. the enemy piece is within a move of both attacking pieces), the enemy piece is captured and removed from the board.
 Siege: If a piece is surrounded on all four sides, it is removed.

Victory
There were also a variety of victory conditions for determining when a game would end and who the winner was. There were common victories, and proper victories, which were recommended for more skilled players. Proper victories required placing pieces in linear arrangements in the opponent's side of the board, with the numbers formed by the arrangement following various types of numerical progression. The types of progression required — arithmetic, geometric and harmonic — fit with the mathematical and numerological teachings of Boethius.
 Common victories:
De corpore (Latin: "by body"): If a player captures a certain number of pieces set by both players, they win the game.
De bonis ("by goods"): If a player captures enough pieces to add up to or exceed a certain value that is set by both players, they win the game.
 De lite ("by lawsuit"): If a player captures enough pieces to add up to or exceed a certain value that is set by both players, and the number of digits in their captured pieces' values are less than a number set by both players, they win the game.
 De honore ("by honour"): If a player captures enough pieces to add up to or exceed a certain value that is set by both players, and the number of pieces they captured are less than a certain number set by both players, they win the game.
 de honore liteque ("by honour and lawsuit"): If a player captures enough pieces to add up to or exceed a certain value that is set by both players, the number of digits in their captured pieces' values are less than a number set by both players, and the number of pieces they captured are less than a certain number set by both players, they win the game.
 Proper victories:
 Victoria magna ("great victory"): This occurs when three pieces that are arranged are in an arithmetic progression.
 Victoria major ("greater victory"): This occurs when four pieces that are arranged have three pieces that are in a certain progression, and another three pieces that are in another type of progression.
 Victoria excellentissima ("most excellent victory"): This occurs when four pieces that are arranged have all three types of mathematical progressions in three different groups.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 R. C. Bell, The Boardgame Book, p. 136,
 Arno Borst, Das mittelalterliche Zahlenkampfspiel,
 Jean-Louis Cazaux and Rick Knowlton, A World of Chess: Its Development and Variations Through Centuries and Civilizations,
 Underwood Dudley, Numerology, or What Pythagoras Wrought, Chapter 17, "Rithmomachy", Mathematical Association of America,
 Menso Folkerts, Die «Rithmachia» des Werinher von Tegernsee, in M. Folkerts - J. P. Hogendijk, Vestigia mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H.L.L. Busard, Amsterdam 1993, pp. 107–142
 William Fulke (1563), translating Boissiere (1556), The Most Noble, ancient and learned playe, called the Philosopher's Game, STC 15542a. Online transcription
 Jean-Marie Lhôte, Histoire des jeux de société, pp. 201 & 598-9,
 Ann E. Moyer, The Philosopher's Game, University of Michigan Press,
 David Parlett, The Oxford History of Board Games, pp. 332–342,
 David Sepkoski, "Ann E. Moyer: The Philosopher's Game: Rithmomachia in Medieval and Renaissance Europe." Isis, Vol. 95, No. 4 (December 2004), pp. 697–699.
 Joseph Strutt and J. Charles Cox, Strutt's Sports & Pastimes of the People of England, pp. 254–5

External links

 A translation of the rules established by Claude de Boissière in 1556
 Rules for the Fulke's 16th century variant of the game
 Medieval & Renaissance Games Home Page
 Ритмомахия «ASILO» — modern version of the rules (rus)

Abstract strategy games
History of board games
Traditional board games
Mathematical games

Rithmomachia


Folke Henry Jonsson  (9 June 1904 in Ängelholm Sweden - 7 December 1981 in Sollentuna) was a Swedish opera singer who sang leading bass roles primarily at the Royal Swedish Opera and in other Scandinavian opera houses for many years. He also appeared as one of the priests in Ingmar Bergman's film The Magic Flute (Trollflöjten) and as the Herald in Roberto Rossellini's film Giovanna d'Arco al rogo.

In 1945 he sang Old Florio in the premiere of Rosenberg's opera Lycksalighetens ö in Stockholm.

Recordings of some of Jonsson's live performances with the Royal Swedish Opera can be heard on Mozart at the Royal Swedish Opera 1952-1967 Vol. 6, (Caprice Records 22059); Birgit Nilsson: Rarities (Gala  624); and Set Svanholm Live (Preiser Records 90332).

Folke Jonsson was the grandfather of television presenter Ulrika Jonsson.

References

Birgitta Steene, Ingmar Bergman: A Reference Guide, Amsterdam University Press, 2005,
Birgit Nilsson, La Nilsson: My Life in Opera, Northeastern University Press, 2007,
Tag Gallagher, The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini: His Life And Films, Da Capo Press, 1998,
This article also incorporates material from the article Folke Jonsson in the Swedish Wikipedia.

1904 births
1981 deaths
People from Ängelholm Municipality
Operatic basses
20th-century Swedish male  opera singers

Folke Jonsson


The Hamburg Historic District, also known as the Gold Coast, is a residential neighborhood located on a bluff northwest of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. In 1999, it was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties The historic district is where the city's middle and upper-income German community built their homes in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Germans were the largest ethnic group to settle in Davenport.

Description

Hamburg is located to the northwest of Davenport's central business district. The neighborhood itself goes as far north as Locust Street and to the west as far as Division Street. It includes the highest concentration of historic buildings and some of the best examples of architectural styles in the neighborhood. The Mississippi River is located five blocks to the south. There is a gradual slope to the land as one travels to the north. After the alley north of Fifth Street, it dramatically rises into a bluff. It peaks at about Seventh Street and descends less dramatically to Ninth Street. The southern part of this area provides a prominent view of the cityscape and the river. For this reason, it became a prime location for the middle and upper-income Germans who immigrated to Davenport to build their homes. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad tracks built along Fifth Street are yet another boundary for the area. The north side of Sixth Street (along the bluff line) that extends from Ripley Street to Gaines Street is known as the "Gold Coast."

At the time the historic district's boundaries were amended in 2017, it consisted of 312 resources, which included 229 contributing buildings, three contributing structures, and 80 non-contributing buildings. In 2017, the districts boundaries were decreased at its corners because of the number of demolitions that occurred in those areas since 1983. They were increased to include one adjacent property.

The period of significance was also established in 2017 as 1848 to 1926. Of the 219 properties in the district, 140 are two-story single-family residences with a few duplexes mixed in. A couple apartment buildings and commercial buildings are located along Gaines Street. Of the main buildings, 78 were built between 1848 and 1879, 72 built between 1880 and 1899, and 67 were built between 1900 and 1926. Nine were constructed after the period of significance from 1927 through 2016.

History

German immigrants started moving into the city in noticeable numbers starting in the late 1840s. In 1848, 250 Germans came to Davenport and by 1850, that number rose to close to 3,000, or 20% of the city's population. German immigration remained strong through the 1880s. The Iowa census of 1890 showed that a quarter of Scott County's residents were natives of Germany. A disproportionate number of those immigrants came from Schleswig-Holstein, which was in a border and personal rights dispute with Denmark in the 1840s. German "free thinkers" from the two states were leaving in large numbers and many came to Davenport. Their political and philosophical thinking tended to be anti-clerical and secular. It would eventually dominate Davenport politics and set the city apart from communities of similar size in the Midwest. Other German immigrants to Davenport came from Bavaria, Hamburg, Hanover, and Mecklenburg. Davenport's small Hungarian community, refugees from the revolution against Austria in the 1840s, generally lived in the German neighborhoods, as well.

Initially, the native-born citizens of Davenport resented the large numbers of Germans coming to the city and the influence they were asserting. They were also opposed to separate German societies, schools, cultural organizations, and events. Supporting the Temperance movement was one way opponents expressed anti-German sentiments. In 1855, the Know Nothing movement emerged with the goal of keeping local politics to native-born people. By the end of the Civil War, with the sons of both Germans and non-Germans dying for a common cause, there was a sense of acceptance even though the numbers of Germans coming into the city continued to increase.

Because of the size of Davenport's German population, their customs dominated the city's economic, cultural, and political life. Many of those who were leaders in civic life lived in the Hamburg District. The lower income Germans tended to live below the hill and above the factories along the Mississippi River. Their neighborhoods are collectively known as the West End, although they were not all German, and included the West Third Street Historic District. Harrison Street is generally the dividing line between the Germans on the west and the non-Germans on the east side. German influence in Davenport started to wane in the early decades of the 20th century, especially with the onset of World War I. The war, coupled with the younger generation's lack of a distinct German identity, led to the decline of German influence.

Prominent Davenport citizens who lived in the Hamburg District included Henry Lischer, who published the influential German-language newspaper Der Demokrat; merchants August Steffen and his son August as well as F. Max D. Peterson, who was a partner in the J.H.C. Petersen's Sons' Store; brewers Henry Frahm and Henry Koehler; the Mueller's who owned a large lumber mill; H.H. Andressen who founded the German Savings Bank, which was later renamed American Commercial and Savings Bank; politician and German-American leader Hans Reimer Clausen; grocer Charles Beiderbecke; and financier William H. Weise. All of the above-named men had roots in Schleswig-Holstein, they built significant houses in the Hamburg District, and many of their children married a son or daughter from one of the other's families.

Architecture

The geographical location of the Hamburg District is a fairly steep bluff north of the downtown area. The sidewalk on Ripley Street is replaced by steps as it climbs the hill. The area has the largest concentration of historically significant houses in Davenport. As with other areas of the city, the simple Greek Revival style was the first to appear in Hamburg. These homes are generally at the base of the hill. The style is realized in cottages and the more popular two-story, 3-bay front gable homes. Other homes in the district include large Victorian homes in the Gothic Revival, Second Empire, Italianate, and the Queen Anne styles built in the 19th century. Many of these homes crown the bluff and offer vistas overlooking the river valley below. There are also examples of early 20th century Georgian Revival and American Craftsman homes. The historic district is rounded out by smaller and more simple late 19th and early 20th century homes and a few modern dwellings.

The Hamburg Historic District is largely a residential area today. Institutional architecture that existed has largely been torn down or converted to residential use. One such building on West Seventh Street was built for Iowa College, which moved from the area in the 1850s to the present College Square Historic District.  The former German Methodist Episcopal Church remains on West Sixth Street, while Zion and Trinity Lutheran Churches built new buildings outside of the district in the mid-20th century. Many civic, cultural, religious, and commercial buildings that served the German citizens of the city were not built in the Hamburg District.

Contributing Properties

The following is a listing of the more historically and architecturally significant houses in the district by architectural style. One of the houses is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places and five are listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties. The extant brick streets and allies in the district were added as contributing structures in 2017.

Craftsman
Deidrich J. Harfst House (1905) 424 W. 7th Street
William H. Korn House (c. 1915) 730 W. 8th Street
Charles E. Meier House (c. 1905) 519 W. Eighth Street

Greek Revival

716 W. 5th Street
Frank & John Bredow House (c. 1876; DRHP-listed) 822 Gaines Street
Goettsch House (c. 1850) 801 W. 6th Street
Christian Jipp Home & Grocery (1868; DRHP-listed) 730-732 Gaines Street
John G. & Angela Otten House (1864) 906 W. 5th Street
Emanuel Rothschild House (c. 1855) 714 W. 6th Street
Hans Stoltenberg House (c. 1870) 911 W. 7th Street
Frederick Wunder House (1858) 916 W. 9th Street

Georgian Revival
Henry Koehler House (1896) 817 W. 7th Street
Dr. Heinrich Matthey House (1900; DRHP-listed) 505 W. 6th Street
Christian Mueller House (c. 1910) 530 Ripley Street
August Steffen Jr. House ("Overview"; 1901) 412 W. 6th Street

Gothic Revival

Charles Beiderbecke House (1881) 532 W. 7th Street
Henry Frahm House (c. 1880) 321 W. 6th Street
Francis Ochs House (c. 1870) 729 W. 6th Street
Henry Christian Struck House (1909) 615 Ripley Street

Italianate
Lambrite-Iles-Petersen House (1856; DRHP-listed) 510 W. 6th Street
Henry Lischer House (1871; DRHP-listed) 624 W. 6th Street
Petersen-Hanssen House (1878) 629 Brown Street
August Steffen Sr. House (c. 1865) 420 W. 6th Street
William J. Wiese House (c. 1895) 709 Brown Street

McClelland

A vernacular house type named for Thomas McClelland, a prolific builder/contractor in Davenport, who built a significant number of them.
John Bahls House (1864) 614 W. 5th Street
Peter Bindschaedel House (1870) 917 W. 8th Street
Frederick G. Clausen House (c. 1865) 630 W. 6th Street
Henry & Franciska Dohrman House (1868) 630 Warren Street
Gustav Hageboeck House (1870) 623 W. 6th Street
Friederich Hartmann House (1868) 604 W. 5th Street
Charles Hill House (c. 1875) 724 W. 8th Street
Lavinius W. Petersen House (c. 1865) 530 Western Avenue

Mission Revival
Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House (1910; NRHP-listed) 627 Ripley Street

Queen Anne

H.H. Andressen House (c. 1865, 1885) 726 W. 6th Street
Carl Beiderbecke House (c. 1890) 510 W. 7th Street
William Hahn - Edward Berger House (1895) 803 W. 7th Street
William Hoersch House (c. 1892) 402 W. 7th Street
Oscar C. Koehler House (c. 1895) 817 W. 7th Street
Claussen-Mueller House (c. 1900) 413 W. 6th Street
Edward C. Mueller House (c. 1895) 429 W. 6th Street
Louis Naeckle House (c. 1895) 703 Ripley Street
Herman Schmidt House (c. 1895) 525 W. 9th Street
George Schriebel House (c. 1855) 732 W. 5th Street
J.O. Seiffert House - A. J. Hirschel House (c. 1890) 532 W. 6th Street
J.C. Struck House (c. 1896) 703 Ripley Street
Hennings Witt House (1894) 604 Gaines Street

Second Empire
Henry Frahm House (c. 1880) 321 W. 6th Street

References

External links

Historic District Website
Walking Tour Brochure

Historic districts in Davenport, Iowa
Victorian architecture in Iowa
German-American history
German-American culture in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Davenport, Iowa
Davenport Register of Historic Properties
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa

Hamburg Historic District (Davenport, Iowa)


In pedology, leaching is the removal of soluble materials from one zone in soil to another via water movement in the profile. It is a mechanism of soil formation distinct from the soil forming process of eluviation, which is the loss of mineral and organic colloids. Leached and eluviated materials tend to be lost from topsoil and deposited in subsoil.  A soil horizon accumulating leached and eluviated materials is referred to as a zone of illuviation.

Laterite soil, which develops in regions with high temperature and heavy rainfall, is an example of this process in action.

See also
Bioleaching
Biomineralisation
Dissolved load
Leaching (agriculture)
Groundwater recharge
Soil salinity control

References

Economic geology
Sedimentology
Soil science

Leaching (pedology)


Nasi kebuli (; ; ) is an Indonesian variation of pilaf.  It consists of rice cooked in goat meat broth, goat milk, and clarified butter (most often ghee). It is popular among the Arab community in Indonesia and Betawi people in Jakarta. Nasi kebuli was influenced by Arab culture and its origin can be traced to Middle eastern cuisine, especially Yemeni Arabian influence (mandi rice or kabsa), Indian cuisine influence (biryani rice), and Afghan influence (kabuli palaw).

In Betawi culture, nasi kebuli is usually served during Islamic religious festivities, such as Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha or Mawlid. Outside Jakarta, nasi kebuli is mainly popular in regions with significant population of Arab Indonesians, such as West Java, Banten, Surakarta, Surabaya, Gresik and Banyuwangi.

Origin
Nasi kebuli gets its name and traces its origin from the kabuli palaw, which is an Afghan variety of pilaf from Kabul, similar to biryani served in the Indian subcontinent,  but with heavy influence of Hadhrami and Indian cuisine such as Mandi and Biryani in the cooking methods and seasoning.

The Middle Eastern version of kabuli rice is more similar to kabuli palaw than Indonesian nasi kebuli. The word pilaf, palau or palaw simply means a rice dish cooked with a seasoned broth. According to history, the dish was brought to the Middle-East from the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. One distinction is the presence of shredded carrots and perhaps grapes in the Middle-east or Afghan version of Kebuli.

Preparation
Nasi kebuli is made by cooking rice soaked in goat meat broth with milk or coconut milk instead of water. The goat meat is later cooked and mixed with sauteed spice mixture in a clarified butter (often with ghee, locally known as minyak samin). The spice mixture is made from ground garlic, shallot, ginger, black pepper, clove, coriander, caraway, cardamom, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, and ghee. Then the goat meat, spices and sliced tomatoes are boiled together with half cooked rice in milk until completely cooked.

Nasi kebuli is usually served with asinan nanas (pineapple in spicy and sour sauce) or sometimes also topped with sambal goreng hati (cow liver in spicy sambal sauce) and sprinkled with raisins and sometimes nuts. In Indonesian Hadhrami community, sometimes it is served along with maraq soup (spice lamb/goat soup of Arab origin).

See also

 List of goat dishes
Nasi bogana
Nasi campur
Nasi goreng
Nasi kucing
Nasi kuning
Nasi lemak
Nasi liwet
Nasi minyak
Nasi pecel
Nasi uduk
Nasi ulam

References

External links
 Nasi Kebuli recipe (in Indonesian)

Betawi cuisine
Indonesian Arab cuisine
Indonesian rice dishes
Goat dishes
Indonesian fusion cuisine

Nasi kebuli


Florence "Rusty" Tullis (née Steinberg; May 29, 1936 – November 11, 2006), also known as Rusty Dennis, Rusty Mason and Rusty Dennis Mason was an American woman known for being the mother of Rocky Dennis, who was diagnosed with craniodiaphyseal dysplasia. Their story was depicted in the 1985 film Mask, in which Tullis was portrayed by Cher.

Biography

Early life
Tullis was born in Brooklyn. Her father was a truck driver. She had two sisters, Dorothy and Bonnie. Tullis was Jewish.

When she was 13, Tullis got kicked out of junior high school for truancy. At age 14, she began smoking marijuana and riding with bikers. At age 15, she dropped out of school and worked as a "hootchy kootchy" dancer at Coney Island.

Marriages and children

When she was 17, Tullis married her first husband, truck driver Tommy Mason; two years later, their son Joshua was born. The marriage was dysfunctional, and shortly after the birth of Joshua, Tullis moved back with her parents on Coney Island. There, she worked as an exhibit hawker. In 1961, she married her second husband Roy Dennis. That same year, they moved to Covina, California. Their son Roy L. "Rocky" Dennis was born on December 4, 1961.

Although Rocky appeared healthy, an X-ray technologist noticed irregularities in the boy's skull when he was about 2 years old. A battery of tests conducted at UCLA Medical Center confirmed that Rocky had craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, an extremely rare disease in which abnormal calcium deposits in Rocky's skull would distort his face and make it grow to twice its normal size. Doctors told Tullis that her son would experience failing eyesight and hearing and increasingly severe headaches and that the intense pressure would destroy his brain before he turned 7. During the years they lived in Covina and Glendora, California, Tullis insisted that her son lead as normal a life as possible. She ignored doctors who said her son's poor eyesight would prevent him from learning to read, and she disregarded teachers who tried to discourage her from placing him in a public school.

In a 1985 interview with People, Tullis said "They tried to say his intelligence was impaired, but it wasn't true. I think they wanted to keep him out of the classroom because [they thought] it would bother the other kids' parents."

When Rocky was 7, Tullis took him to Las Vegas. In the lobby of the Hacienda Hotel, he spotted a female dwarf as she made her way through the tourists. As she walked by, Rocky began to giggle. "Now do you understand?" Tullis said. "Do you understand why people sometimes treat you the way they do?" Rocky, whose face already was twisted by disease, nodded. "Rocky," his mother said, "everyone can look like anyone else, but no one can look like you. Take pride in that."

Both parents raised Rocky following their divorce, with Rusty having primary responsibility. About three weeks before he died, Rocky's headaches intensified, and he had to resort to a wheelchair. Tullis alerted the hospital that the end was probably near. "He'd said he didn't want to be on one of those machines, and I promised him if the hospital did that I'd pull the plug," she says. "He wanted to die at home." On the night of October 3, 1978, Tullis and a group of biker friends had a party to cheer up Rocky. At midnight, he awoke with a headache; she comforted him, and as she had done since the beginning, sent him to his room to make himself well. The next day, Tullis was at her lawyer's office working out details for beating a drug bust she says was a mistake. Her then-lover Bernie called her at the lawyer's office with the news that Rocky had died. Rocky's body was donated to the UCLA genetics research center for science and then cremated. Tullis married her third husband Bernie Tullis, but they separated after six weeks of marriage, both of them still grief-stricken over Rocky's death. The character Gar, played by Sam Elliott in the 1985 film Mask, is based on Bernie. After Rocky's death, Tullis moved to San Francisco and took up Buddhism. At one point in her life, Tullis resumed the name Mason.

In 1985, Tullis' elder son, Joshua, became a writer based in San Francisco.  A year later, he was diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma, a deadly skin cancer, as a result of AIDS. Joshua was homosexual and came out to his mother when he was a teenager. According to Joshua, "My mother has always been very supportive. She didn't want to totally accept it. She wanted me to be bisexual. She wants grandkids. She called me once, a couple of years later. She wanted me to go to a sperm bank. She really wants grandkids. I told her, 'No way!'"  In 1987, Joshua died of AIDS at the age of 32. "People say, 'Oh, it's too bad they died so young,' I say, you don't understand. My kids lived every day of their lives. Every moment," Tullis said of the experience of outliving her two children.

Media portrayal and response

Tullis was paid $15,000 for the film rights to her story, which became the film, Mask. Tullis described the film as a "fairy tale." In an interview with the Chicago Tribune, Tullis said, "I thought Mask was going to be a movie about Rocky. I always thought showing Rocky's courage would help a lot of disabled kids and the parents of disabled kids--sometimes they are more disabled than their kids. I didn't realize the movie would be about me, too. Thanks to Cher's brilliance, I come off a kind of heroine." She also said of Cher's performance, "Cher depicted the way I am very well. I always thought I was perfectly normal, that the rest of the world is nuts."

Later life
At the time of the film's release, Tullis had worked as a counselor helping drug addicts, and she planned to work at the Shanti Project, a workshop for the terminally ill, including patients with AIDS. In 2001, Tullis was reportedly working as a psychic counselor and living in a trailer park outside of Los Angeles. At the time of her death, Tullis was living in Glendora with her sister Dorothy Stuart and her niece Helen Cunningham.

Legal issues
Tullis had a number of run-ins with the law over her drug use over the years.

In 1996, she was sentenced to two years in prison after pleading guilty to a meth possession charge.

In October 1999, she pleaded no contest to two drug charges. Earlier in the year, Azusa police had found methamphetamine and pipes used to smoke the drug in her mobile home. Her two-year prison sentence was changed to probation.

In 2001, she was placed on three years' probation for drug possession.

In May 2002, she was sentenced to 16 months in prison for admitting she violated probation on a drug charge.

She completed a prison sentence for possession of methamphetamines in April 2005.

Death and legacy
On the morning of October 14, 2006, Tullis was driving her three-wheel motorcycle when the right tire fell off and she lost control; she was thrown from the motorcycle after it struck a curb and her body hit a telephone pole. Tullis suffered serious injuries, including both legs broken and a punctured lung. Friends and family members said they had no idea Tullis was hurt until they read a short story in the Oct. 16 issue of the San Gabriel Valley Tribune that reported an unidentified 70-year-old woman on a three-wheel motorcycle had been in an accident. Tullis died of an infection on November 11 that same year at Beverly Hospital in Montebello, California. She was 70. Tullis wanted her body to be donated to science or be cremated.

Anna Hamilton Phelan, screenwriter of Mask, said of Tullis in 2001, "This was not the PTA mother of the year, but she was the perfect mother for Rocky. She never made him feel sorry for himself."

References

1936 births
2006 deaths
American Buddhists
20th-century American Jews
American people convicted of drug offenses
People from Brooklyn
People from Covina, California
People from Glendora, California
People from San Francisco
Road incident deaths in California
21st-century American Jews

Florence Tullis


Elisa Candelas Martin (born 3 August 1972 ) is a Spaingie sangster who haes been the vocalist for pouer metal baunds Dark Moor, Hamka, Fairyland and Dreamaker.

Career
Elisa startit sangin in metal baunds when she wis anerlie 12 year auld. She formed a few Spainyie baunds: Necrópolis, Five Cross an Sabatan, which she recordit twa E.P's for in 1994, but the baund split up an Elisa joined Dark Moor. Wi Dark Moor she recordit twa demos till 1997, when the baund signed a contract wi the Spainyie label 'Arise Records' an recordit their first album Shadowland. In 1998 the seicont album The Hall of the Olden Dreams wis released an in the same year she recordit an EP The Fall of Melnibone, which features unpublished sangs, covers frae ither baunds an bonus tracks frae Japan. In 2002 she recordit a new CD called The Gates of Oblivion an a few months later she joined the young French baund Fairyland as their special guest in their debut album. Elisa acceptit their offer tae join the baund an in 2003 she recordit her first album wi 'Fairyland' called Of Wars in Osyrhia, published for the French label 'NTS'. Elisa came back tae Spain an recordit the E.P Between Light and Darkness wi Dark Moor. It wis the last album she woud record wi Dark Moor afore the baund split up. She an three o Dark Moor's ex-members formed Dreamaker, which she haes been wi ever since. The baund recordit the albums called Human Device (2004) an Enclosed(2005) wi. Currently Elisa is workin on her first solo album.

References

1972 births
Livin fowk
Female hivy metal sangsters
Spaingie female sangsters

Elisa Martin