Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (; 16 June 1894 – 17 October 1949) was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union. He is regarded as one of the finest Soviet generals of World War II.

Born into a peasant family in Yaroslavl, Tolbukhin volunteered for the Imperial Russian Army during the First World War and served with distinction. He joined the Red Army in 1918 and fought in the Russian Civil War. After graduating from the Frunze Military Academy, he held a succession of commands, rising to the post of chief of staff of the Transcaucasian Military District by 1938. Tolbukhin rose further through the ranks following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, and was involved in the Battle of Stalingrad. As commander of the 4th Ukrainian Front, he assisted Rodion Malinovsky in the Lower Dnieper and Dnieper–Carpathian offensives. He then contributed to the Soviet drive into the Balkans and forced Romania's defection to the Allies, for which he was named a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Afterwards, Tolbukhin took part in the occupation of Bulgaria and liberated much of Yugoslavia after the Belgrade offensive. He commanded the Vienna offensive in May 1945 and helped set up the new Austrian government under Karl Renner.

After the war, Tolbukhin received command of the Southern Group of Forces in the Balkans before returning to the Transcaucasus. He held the post until his death in October 1949 from diabetes.

Early life and military career
Tolbukhin was born into a peasant family in the province of Yaroslavl, north-east of Moscow. He volunteered for the Imperial Army in 1914 at the outbreak of World War I. He was steadily promoted, advancing from private to captain by 1916. He was also decorated for bravery multiple times.

In August 1918 Tolbukhin joined the Red Army, where he served as the chief of staff of the 56th infantry division. After the Russian Civil War ended (1921), Tolbukhin was given a number of staff positions. He also attended the Frunze Military Academy for advanced staff training, graduating in 1931. In 1937, after a series of staff positions, Tolbukhin was given command of a division. In 1938, he was made chief of staff of the Transcaucasus Military District.

World War II

Tolbukhin remained in this position through the opening phases of Operation Barbarossa until August 1941, when he was made the chief of staff of the Crimean Front, which he held until March 1942. From May to July 1942, he was the assistant commander of the Stalingrad Military District. After that, he was the commander of the 57th Army until March 1943. The 57th was involved in the Battle of Stalingrad, where Tolbukhin's superior, Colonel-General Andrei Yeremenko, praised his command organization and military prowess. After his command of the 57th, Tolbukhin was placed in command of the Southern Front.

In October 1943 the Southern Front was renamed 4th Ukrainian Front. Tolbukhin assisted Rodion Malinovsky's 3rd Ukrainian Front in the Lower Dnieper Offensive and Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive. In May 1944, Tolbukhin was transferred to control of 3rd Ukrainian Front. During the Summer Campaign, from June to October 1944, Tolbukhin and Malinovsky launched their invasion of the Balkans and were able to conquer most of Romania. On September 12, 1944, two days after Malinovsky was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union, Tolbukhin was promoted to the same rank. While Malinovsky moved northwest, towards Hungary and Yugoslavia, Tolbukhin occupied Bulgaria. Starting in the Winter Campaign, Tolbukhin shifted his army to the northwest axis, thereby liberating much of Yugoslavia and invading southern Hungary.

In late April 1945, at the end of the Battle of Vienna, Tolbukhin acted on Stalin's order to entrust Karl Renner with foundation of a new provisional Austrian government in order to prepare democratic elections. On 27 April, Renner was appointed provisional government leader, at Tolbukhin's authority, which renders the latter an important role in the foundation of a new Austrian republic that had been integrated into the Third Reich (1938-1945). Tolbukhin gave the go-ahead at the location, for this important step towards an independent Austria in the formation of the Second Republic (1945-present).

After the war, Tolbukhin was commander-in-chief of the Southern Group of Forces, which comprised the Balkan region. In January 1947, Tolbukhin was made the commander of the Transcaucasus Military District, a post he held until his death on October 17, 1949, due to complication from diabetes.

Tolbukhin is generally regarded as one of the finest Soviet generals of World War II. Meticulous, careful, and not overly ambitious like some Soviet commanders, Tolbukhin was well respected by fellow commanders and also his men, especially since he had a dedication to keeping casualty rates low. Tolbukhin was the recipient of numerous awards and medals including the highest Soviet medal and rank, the Order of Victory and Hero of the Soviet Union, respectively. Tolbukhin was also People's Hero of Yugoslavia, whose capital Belgrade he liberated. The urn containing his ashes is buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, and there is a monument to him in his native Yaroslavl. The city of Dobrich in Bulgaria was renamed to Tolbukhin in his honor in 1949.

Honours and awards
 Hero of the Soviet Union (7 May 1965, posthumously)
 Order of Victory (№ 9–26 April 1945)
 Two Orders of Lenin (incl. 19 March 1944, 21 February 1945)
 Order of Red Banner, three times (18 October 1922, 3 November 1944)
 Order of Suvorov, 1st class, twice (28 January 1943, 16 May 1944)
 Order of Kutuzov, 1st class (17 September 1943)
 Order of the Red Star (22 February 1938)
 Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
 Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class
 Order of the People's Hero (Yugoslavia, 31 May 1945)
 Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1979, posthumous)
 Order of Bravery (Bulgaria)
 Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria)
 Order of the "Hungarian freedom"
 Grand Cross of the Order of "The Republic of Hungary"
 Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
 Honorary Citizen of Sofia and Belgrade
 To the Valiant Soldier of the Karelian Front
 Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 Medal "For the Capture of Budapest"
 Medal "For the Capture of Vienna"
 Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
 Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
 Medal "For the Liberation of Belgrade"
 Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"

Memorials
The Bulgarian city of Dobrich was renamed Tolbukhin, a name it held until the fall of communism in 1989.

In Ukraine a Prospect (street) in Odesa holds his name. In December 2022 the Fyodor Tolbukhin street in Kyiv was renamed to  street and the Fyodor Tolbukhin lane was renamed to Mykhailo Yalovy lane.

One of the main streets in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, was named Marshal Tolbukhin Street (in Serbian: Улица маршала Толбухина / Ulica maršala Tolbuhina). The street was originally named Макензијева / Makenzijeva, after Scottish missionary Francis Mackenzie who purchased and developed this part of the city in the late 19th century. After the fall of Communism in Serbia and democratic changes in 2000, the name of the street was reverted to its original name. Instead, Goce Delčeva Street, in the new section of the city (New Belgrade) was renamed Boulevard of Marshal Tolbukhin (Булевар маршала Толбухина / Bulevar maršala Tolbuhina) in 2016.

Budapest, the capital of Hungary also had one of its streets named after Tolbukhin, as he was one of the major Soviet commanders in the Hungarian war theatre. The previous Mészáros utca (Butchers' Street) was renamed Vámház körút (Custom House Boulevard) during the (re)construction of the area in 1875. The road was renamed after the Tsar of Bulgaria, Ferdinand in 1915, when Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in the First World War. In 1919 the road got back its old name, Vámház körút, which it bore until 1942, when it was once more renamed, this time after son of Regent of Hungary, Admiral Miklós Horthy, István Horthy. In 1945, the road was named after Marshal Tolbukhin (Tolbuhin Boulevard), and it held this name until 1990 with the fall of communism.

A Monument to Fyodor Tolbukhin was installed in 1960 in Moscow in the square on Samotychnaya Street. The authors of the monument are the sculptor L. E. Kerbel and the architect G. A. Zakharov.

References

1894 births
1949 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
People from Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast
Marshals of the Soviet Union
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Victory
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Heroes of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Frunze Military Academy alumni
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)

Fyodor Tolbukhin


Arthur Tudor (19 or 20 September 1486 - 2 April 1502) was the oldest son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.

As the oldest son, Arthur was to be King of England after the death of his father. In 1501, he married Catherine of Aragon, a princess from Spain. He died a few months later. His younger brother, Henry, became heir to the throne. After Henry became king in 1509, he married Arthur's widow, Catherine.

1486 births
1502 deaths
House of Tudor
The seat prepared for Prince Arthur can be seen in StMarys Priory Church Abergavenny  The Tudor rose , Prince of Wales feathers can be seen under The Royal stall with ornamented canopy , dating from 1501.The stall for Catherine can be viewed opposite

Arthur, Prince of Wales


Claude Vernon Spratley (July 16, 1882 – October 25, 1976) was born in Surry County, Virginia.  He attended the College of William and Mary, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1901 and the University of Virginia School of Law, receiving his law degree in 1906.  Afterward, he was admitted to the bar and began practice in Hampton, Virginia.  From 1912 to 1923 he was city attorney for Hampton and town attorney for Phoebus, Virginia, from 1910 to 1923.  In 1923, he was elected judge of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit and served there until being elected to the Supreme Court of Appeals in 1936.  Justice Spratley remained on this court until he retired on September 30, 1967.  Justice Spratley was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Delta Phi.

1882 births
1976 deaths
Justices of the Supreme Court of Virginia
Virginia lawyers
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
People from Elizabeth City County, Virginia
People from Surry County, Virginia
20th-century American judges
Virginia circuit court judges

Claude V. Spratley


Hung "Phi" Nguyen is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player who is a two-time World Series of Poker bracelet winner with multiple live tournament results adding up to over $1.8 million in career earnings.

World Series of Poker
Nguyen has multiple cashes at the World Series of Poker (WSOP) including two bracelets, his first was in the 2003 World Series of Poker $2,500 No-Limit Hold'em event, earning $222,800, with a final table made up of fellow professional poker players T. J. Cloutier (9th), David Singer (7th), Steve Zolotow (6th), Tom Jacobs (5th), Kenna James (4th), Mike 'The Mouth' Matusow (3rd) and Jim Miller who Nguyen beat during heads-up play.

Nguyen then earned $180,000 and his second WSOP bracelet at the 2004 World Series of Poker $1,500 No-Limit Hold'em Shootout event with a final table made up of poker players including Daniel Negreanu (9th), J. C. Tran (7th), John Juanda (5th) and Kirill Gerasimov whom he beat during heads-up play.

Nguyen has also finished in the money twice at the WSOP Main Event; at the 2006 World Series of Poker he finished in 164th place out of 8,773 entries, earning $47,006 and then two years later at the 2008 World Series of Poker he finished in 26th place out of 6844 entries, earning $257,334.

World Series of Poker bracelets

World Poker Tour
Nguyen has cashed five times at the World Poker Tour (WPT) with over $105,000 in earnings; his highest placement was in the 2003 Legends of Poker in Los Angeles, earning $30,900.

As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,800,000. His 15 cashes at the WSOP account for $802,028 of those winnings.

Notes

External links
PokerStars.TV interview

Year of birth missing (living people)
American poker players
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners

Phi Nguyen


A bought deal is financial underwriting contract often associated with an initial public offering or public offering. It occurs when an underwriter, such as an investment bank or a syndicate, purchases securities from an issuer before a preliminary prospectus is filed.  The underwriter acts as principal rather than agent and thus actually "goes long" in the security.  The bank negotiates a price with the issuer (usually at a discount to the current market price, if applicable).

The advantage of the bought deal from the issuer's perspective is that they do not have to worry about financing risk (the risk that the financing can only be done at a discount too steep to market price.)  This is in contrast to a book building or fully marketed deal, where the underwriters have to "market" the offering to prospective buyers, only after which the price is set.

Advantages and disadvantages
The advantages of the bought deal from the underwriter's perspective include:

 Bought deals are usually priced at a larger discount to market than fully marketed deals, and thus may be easier to sell; and
 The issuer/client may only be willing to do a deal if it is bought (as it eliminates execution or market risk.)

The disadvantage of the bought deal from the underwriter's perspective is that if it cannot sell the securities, it must hold them.  This is usually the result of the market price falling below the issue price, which means the underwriter loses money.  The underwriter also uses up its capital, which would probably otherwise be put to better use (given sell-side investment banks are not usually in the business of buying new issues of securities).

See also
 Bought out deal
 Private placement

References

Banking
Initial public offering

Bought deal


Sergo Chakhoyan (, born 9 December 1969 in Leninakan, Armenian SSR) is an Armenian weightlifter who later represented Australia.

Biography
Sergo Chakhoyan was born in Leninakan, Armenian SSR] (now Gyumri, Armenia) where many famous weightlifters come from. [1] He was national champion of Armenia multiple times, and is also a record holder. He won the silver medal in the 1994 World Weightlifting Championships, and also set a world record in the snatch, and in the clean and jerk with 175.5 kg. He became the second Armenian weightlifter after Israel Militosyan to set a world record. Chakhoyan participated in the 1995 World Championships and won the bronze medal in the snatch. He also participated in Atlanta Summer Olympics 1996, where he took the sixth place in the bout.

Starting in 1997, he started performing under the Australian flag. He is a four-time Australian  champion and is also a record holder in Australia and Oceania. In 1999 he took part in the World Championship and took the 10th place at the event. Chakhoyan re-occupied the sixth place in the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics. He broke the Australian record in the snatch, with 175 kg he earned 202.5 kg in clean & jerk. He finished sixth place again. He won 3 gold medals at the 2001 Goodwill Games in Brisbane, and gained two world and one Australian record at the Goodwill Games. His world record for snatch was 181.5 kg, push for Australian record, 210 kg and world record for double world record, 391.5 kg. In 2003 he participated in the Russian championship in the snatch, setting a world record of 182.5 kilograms, and the world record at 392.5 kg for the double. He won the bronze medal at the 2003 World Weightlifting Championships. He won the gold medal in the snatch.

Chakhonyan pulled 175.0 kg of muscle while lifting his first attempt at the 2004 Summer Olympics. The second approach raises 175 kg and occupies the 4th place. He tried to lift 207.5 kilograms in the snatch, by which he would win the Olympic Gold Medal. Nevertheless, he was unable to raise the stroke and get out of the fight 0:

In 2005 he became Australian and Oceania champion. During the training, he was ill and used aspirin, for which he was not allowed to participate in the 2005 World Cup in Qatar. In 2007 he was caught doping, using benzyl-pepelz, and he was disqualified.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gyumri
Australian people of Armenian descent
Armenian male weightlifters
Australian male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for Armenia
Olympic weightlifters for Australia
Weightlifters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Australian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in weightlifting
Armenian emigrants to Australia
Doping cases in Australian weightlifting
Goodwill Games medalists in weightlifting
European Weightlifting Championships medalists
World Weightlifting Championships medalists
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games

Sergo Chakhoyan


Soren Emil Carlsen (October 19, 1848, Copenhagen, Denmark – January 2, 1932, New York City, U.S.) was an American Impressionist painter who emigrated to the United States from Denmark. He became known for his still lifes. Later in his career, Carlsen expanded his range of subjects to include landscapes and seascapes as well.

During his long career, he won many of the most important honors in American art and was elected to membership in the National Academy of Design. For more than forty years he was also a respected teacher in Chicago, San Francisco and New York.

Early career

Emil Carlsen was born and raised in the Danish capital of Copenhagen. He came from an artistic family. His mother painted, and by some accounts, his cousin, who was an influence on him, later became the director of the Danish Royal Academy He studied architecture at the Royal Academy in Copenhagen for four years and then emigrated to the United States in 1872, settling in Chicago, United States. On his arrival in the United States, he changed his birthyear to 1852 or 1853, and the 1853 date has lived on in a number publications where he is mentioned.

Interested in art, he first worked as an architect's assistant and studied with the Danish marine artist Lauritz Holst. However, Holst returned to Denmark, leaving his studio to Carlsen. He made rapid progress and was appointed the first teacher of drawing and painting at the Chicago Academy of Design, Carlsen sought more training and embarked for Paris in 1875, where he came under the influence of the French still life painter Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin. When he returned to the United States, he set up a studio in New York and began to painted tonalist still lifes that were somewhat reminiscent of those of Chardin. However, selling work was still a struggle. After moving to Boston he had a short period of good sales.

He returned to New York and again struggled to sell his paintings. In 1879 he held an auction to help ease his financial situation but ended up selling only a few paintings. This compelled him to give up his studio and take up engraving with which he found some success despite his frustration at not being able to paint full time. These often depicted copper pans, game, or flowers. The acceptance of a still life in the exhibition of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in 1883 was the first noteworthy event in his career. In 1884 he returned to Europe, painting commissions of floral still lifes for the dealer, Theron J. Blakeslee, to support his studies. Eventually, he turned his back on the demand for pretty flowers. In 1885 Carlsen had two works accepted for the Paris Salon.

Returning to New York he opened a studio on 57th Street. However, finding that it was still difficult to sell paintings he moved to San Francisco where between 1887 and 1889 he held a position as director of the California School of Design. He became friends with Arthur Mathews, who taught at the School of Design and was the leading figure in the Bay Area Arts and Crafts Movement. He then moved on to teach privately at the San Francisco Art Students League until 1891. During those years he influenced a number of young students, among them were M. Evelyn McCormick and Guy Rose, who both became leading Giverny Impressionists. In 1891, just prior to his departure, Carlsen created a firestorm by openly declaring in one of San Francisco's leading newspapers that art education was wasted on women who were inferior pupils without self-confidence and who were expected to become school teachers and marry. Arthur Mathews published a spirited rebuttal that provoked further debate.

Return to the east
Carlsen moved back to the east from California in 1891 and began a long career of teaching in the East. He taught at the National Academy of Design, at the student-founded Art Student's League, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Gradually, through his relationship with other New York-based painters and teachers such as John Twachtman and Julian Alden Weir, he became interested in painting landscapes and marines. Carlsen sketched in Connecticut in the early 1900s, visiting his friend Julian Alden Weir in Branchville, Fairfield County, Connecticut. This became the famous "Weir Farm" where many American Impressionists painted landscape en plein-air.

The Carlsens and their young son Dines spent several summers living in a cottage on the farm. The artists would paint during the day and socialize in the evening. Carlsen purchased a home in Falls Village, Connecticut in 1905 and the Carlsen family spent most of their time there when Carlsen did not have teaching commitments in New York. Falls Village is in the Berkshire Foothills and Carlsen painted the rolling foothills and the forests of the Berkshire Mountains.

Success and respect

Although he was considered to be one of the most respected American painters, Carlsen struggled financially for the first several decades of his career. The Macbeth Gallery in New York was the first gallery that specialized in the work of American artists. After Carlsen joined the gallery, which represented many of the American Impressionism artists, his sales improved and for the first time he was able to live comfortably without constant financial stress. He had solo exhibitions at Macbeth in 1912, 1919 and 1921 and 1923.

He received the Samuel T. Shaw Purchase Prize at the National Academy of Design.

Teaching career
Emil Carlsen was a sought after teacher and financial necessity drove him to teach more than he wanted, taking time away from his painting. As he became more financially successful, he cut back on his teaching commitments. He taught the life class at the National Academy of Design from 1905 to 1909. He commuted from New York to Philadelphia to lecture at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts for many years. Among his pupils was the miniaturist Rosa Hooper.

Personal life
Emil Carlsen married Luela Mary Ruby in 1896 and the couple moved into his 59th Street studio, where they made their home for the remainder of their lives. They had a single child, Dines Carlsen in 1901 who was home schooled. His mother taught him scholastic subjects and his father instructed him in art. Dines Carlsen began his own exhibition career in 1914, exhibiting a still life at the National Academy of Design when he was thirteen. Dines Carlsen was made an Associate National Academician in 1922, when he was 21, and a full Academician in 1942. Dines Carlsen exhibited alongside his father at the Grand Central Galleries in New York. He had three solo exhibitions at that gallery. After Dines Carlsen died in 1966, Grand Central Galleries held a dual retrospective exhibition to honor both artists. Carlsen was close friends with Julian Alden Weir, John Twachtman and Childe Hassam.

Artistic philosophy
In 1908, Carlsen published an article on still life painting for the now obscure art journal Palette and Bench where he wrote of the low status of still lifes:

... still life painting is considered of small importance in the Art schools, both here and abroad, the usual course being drawn from the antique, the nude, and painting the draped figure and from the nude. ... Then why should the earnest student overlook the simplest and most thorough way of acquiring all the knowledge of the craft of painting and drawing, the study of inanimate objects, still life painting, the very surest road to absolute mastery over all technical difficulties.

Critical responses
Professor William Gerdts wrote extensively of Carlsen and his aesthetic sensibility in his book on American still life painting "Painters of the Humble Truth" and he describes the objects in the paintings as

... often lacking in traditional beauty, What makes the paintings beautiful is Carlsen's sensitivity in arrangement - large shapes are juxtaposed with small flat forms and tall ones, their outlines are often united in refined harmonious curves. and are placed backward and forward on their limited support surface to allow for "breathing room," for slow movement in space.

The art historian Richard Boyle also noted Carlsen's craftsmanship, in his book American Impressionism, states:

Carlesen's special concern was still life, and his paintings are beautifully crafted and delicate of surface, reminiscent of Whistler and especially Dewing. Carlsen was concerned with "ideal beauty" as well as the beauty inherent in the subject, in texture and color; as in Dewing's works, the placement of the objects on his canvas is extremely important ...

The art writer Arthur Edwin Bye featured Carlsen most prominently in his survey of American Still life painting in 1921 and wrote of him:

Emil Carlsen is unquestionably the most accomplished master of still-life painting in America today. ... It is evident that Carlsen has lifted his art to a height it has never reached before."

In American Impressionism, William Gerdts wrote about Carlsen's transition from still life artist to landscape painter:

Carlsen was attracted to the beauties of the rolling hills and interpreted them in soft, pastel tones. Carlsen's landscape mode, however, is more completely of this century, and it developed in the more decorative, somewhat naturalistic manner that characterized later Impressionism.

The art collector Duncan Phillips wrote of Carlsen that his ocean scenes had "a certain trance-like mood."

Students

Frederick Becker
Mary Brady
Edith Maurice Bregy
Anne Bremer
Claude Buck
Elbridge Ayer Burbank
Jay Hall Connaway
Katherine Langdon Corson
Edwin Deakin
Anna Parker Dixwell
Margaret Anna Dobson
Maren Froelich
Wilhelmina Weber Furlong
Alice Hapgood Hathaway Goodwin Earle
John M. Gamble
Percy Gray
Charles W. Hargens Jr.
Abraham Harriton
Margaret Cox Herrick
Isabel Hunter
Helen Hyde
Elsa Laubach Jemne
Helen Elizabeth Keep
William Keith
Andrew Loomis
Louis Lozowick
Ethel Marcy
Marie Evelyn McCormick
Jane Roma McElroy
Lola Sleeth Miller
Charlotte Bodwell Morgan
Mary DeNeale Morgan
Benjamin Franklin Norris Jr.
Eric Pape
Ernest Clifford Peixotto
Hugo Robus
Guy Rose
Geneve Rixford Sargeant
Carl Schmitt
Harry Seawell
James Guilford Swinnerton
Jesse Bryon Trefethen
Gustave Verbeek

Memberships
The National Academy of Design, New York
The Bohemian Club, San Francisco, California
Salmagundi Club, New York, New York

Awards
De Neuhausenske Præmier, 1869
Gold Medal, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904
Shaw Prize, National Academy of Design
Medal of Honor, Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California, 1915

Museum collections
Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
The Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio ("Iron Kettle with Onions" c. 1925)
Akron Art Museum, Akron, OH ("Rhages Jar" date unknown)
De Young Museum, San Francisco, California
Bohemian Club, San Francisco, California
National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York
Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois
Brooklyn Museum of Art, Brooklyn New York
Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, New Jersey
Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California
Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, California;
Frye Art Museum, Seattle, Washington
San Diego Museum of Art, San Diego, California
Butler Art Institute, Youngstown, Ohio ("The Surf" 1907)
Columbus Museum, Columbus, Georgia
Bruce Museum, Greenwich, Connecticut
El Paso Museum of Art, El Paso, Texas

See also

American Impressionism
Tonal Impressionism
California Tonalism
French Impressionism
Tonalism

Notes

References

Arthur Edwin Bye, Pots and Pans or Studies in Still Life Painting (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921), 213-214.
Connecticut and American Impressionism, Exhibition Catalog, p. 154-155, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 1980
American Elite and Sociologist Bluebook. p. 387. American Blue Book Publishers, 1922.
The Art of Emil Carlsen, 1853–1932, Exhibition Catalog, Wortsman Rowe Art Galleries, San Francisco, California, 1975
Jeffrey Morseburg, Emil Carlsen.Com, Web Site, Biography and Essays, 2004
Duncan Phillips, "Emil Carlsen", International Studio 61 (June 1917)
"Soren Emil Carlsen", American Art from the Dickie Collection, Dayton Art Institute, 1997, p. 40-41
Arthur Edwin Bye, Pots and Pans or Studies in Still Life Painting (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921), 213-214.
William H. Gerdts, Painters of the Humble Truth: Masterpieces of American Still Life, 1801-1939 (Columbia, Miss.: University of Missouri Press, 1981), 22.
Ulrich W. Hiesinger, Quiet Magic: The Still-Life Paintings of Emil Carlsen (New York: Vance Jordan Fine Art, 1999).
Emil Carlsen (October 1908). "On Still-Life Painting". Palette and Bench: 6–8.
Selected Works from the Dayton Art Institute Permanent Collection, Emil Carlsen, (Dayton, Ohio, Dayton Art Institute, 1999) p. 82
Gertrude Still, Emil Carlsen, Lyrical Impressionist
William H. Gerdts, American Impressionism, Cross River Press, 1984
Abby Taylor, Emil Carlsen, AskArt Web Site, 2010
Carol Lowrey, A Legacy of Art: Paintings and Sculpture by Members of the National Arts Club, p. 68-69

External links
Emil Carlsen Archives
Emil Carlsen
National Academy of Design
Weir Farm National Historic Site (Where Carlsen, Weir and Twachtman painted)
Connecticut Art Trail - Locations Related to American Impressionism
"The American Impressionists". Time. March 26, 1956.
Several Carlsen exhibition catalogs from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)

1848 births
1932 deaths
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American Impressionist painters
American landscape painters
Painters from New York City
Danish emigrants to the United States
Painters from Copenhagen
American still life painters
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters

Emil Carlsen


The Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals was an honor presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to quality country music collaborations for artists who do not normally perform together. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".

Originally called the Best Country Vocal Performance, Duet, the award was first presented to Kenny Rogers and Ronnie Milsap at the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988 for the single "Make No Mistake, She's Mine". The next year, the category's name was changed to Best Country Vocal Collaboration, a name it held until 1996 when it was awarded as the Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. In 2011, the category was merged with the Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance, forming the Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance in order to "tighten the number of categories" at the Grammy Awards.

Alison Krauss holds the record for having the most wins in this category, with a total of five. She is followed by seven others, who have all won the award twice. Among the most nominated are Emmylou Harris and Willie Nelson, both nine-time nominees. Krauss was nominated eight times, while Dolly Parton was a seven-time hopeful. Nominated bands include 1996 winners Shenandoah, a five-man country music band, three-time nominees the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, as well as one of the award's final recipients, the Zac Brown Band.

Recipients

 Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year.

See also

 Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance
 Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 Grammy Award for Best Country Solo Performance
 Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance
 Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance

References

General
  Note: User must select the "Country" category as the genre under the search feature.

Specific

External links
Official site of the Grammy Awards

Awards disestablished in 2011
Awards established in 1988
Collaborative projects
Grammy Awards for country music
Musical collaboration awards


Joseph Patrick Lockhart (born July 13, 1959) is a spokesman and communications consultant, best known for being the 21st White House Press Secretary from October 5, 1998 to September 29, 2000, during the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton. Previously, he had worked as press secretary for several Democratic politicians, including Walter Mondale, Paul Simon, and Michael Dukakis. Following his work as press secretary in the Clinton administration, he was an advisor to John Kerry during his 2004 presidential campaign. He subsequently founded and became managing director of the communications consulting firm The Glover Park Group, worked for Facebook from 2011 to 2012, and was executive vice president of communications and public affairs for the NFL from 2016 to 2018.

Early life and career
Born in The Bronx, Lockhart is the son of Ann Teahan and Raymond Lockhart, a longtime NBC producer associated with The Huntley–Brinkley Report and special-events coverage. He grew up in Suffern, New York. In 1978 he moved to Washington D.C. to attend Georgetown University where he received a BA in History.  In 1980, he worked on Jimmy Carter's presidential reelection campaign.

He was press secretary for the 1984 presidential campaign of Walter Mondale, then worked for Paul Simon in the Senate. Stints with ABC and CNN followed, then the Michael Dukakis campaign. He moved to Robinson, Lake, Lerer & Montgomery with Mike McCurry, then back to ABC when they hired his (former) wife and colleague from the Mondale campaign, Laura Logan.

Another stint with NBC covering the Romanian Revolution in 1989 preceded his first on-air job with Sky News reporting on the Gulf War and then business. Private practice with Robinson, Lake followed, where he handled publicity for the Al Nahayan family during parts of the BCCI scandal.

Clinton presidential campaign and the White House
At a time when Lockhart was considering working for AOL, Mike McCurry recruited Lockhart back into politics, and he joined the 1996 Clinton re-election campaign. He served as the campaign spokesman and, following President Clinton's successful reelection, as Deputy Press Secretary to McCurry. After standing in for him on occasion to brief the press, Lockhart eventually succeeded McCurry and delivered his first briefing as Press Secretary on October 5, 1998.

Lockhart handled the press during Clinton's impeachment and the 2000 Camp David Summit.

After the White House
Lockhart was brought on to the John Kerry presidential campaign as a senior advisor in September 2004.

On September 8, 2004, CBS News aired a controversial report on presidential candidate George W. Bush's military record.  The authenticity of the Killian documents  used in that report are under scrutiny.  In the course of the next few days, it was discovered that Joseph Lockhart, then senior advisor to presidential candidate John Kerry, had made a phone call to Texas National Guard officer, Bill Burkett on September 4, 2004.  Lockhart stated later that an unnamed female CBS producer asked him to contact Burkett.  Lockhart has denied that the call with Burkett had anything to do with the National Guard issue.

Lockhart co-founded the consulting firm The Glover Park Group, becoming its Managing Director.

In June 2011, he joined Facebook as the head of the company's corporate, policy and international communications team. Not wanting to relocate to the company's headquarters in Menlo Park, California, he left the company in October 2012.

On February 15, 2016, Lockhart was introduced as the new executive vice president of communications and top public relations official for the National Football League; he left the job after the 2018 Super Bowl to spend time with his family.

Personal life
Lockhart was previously married to Laura Logan, Deputy Press Secretary for John Glenn's 1984 presidential run and a longtime ABC News producer. In 2013, Lockhart married Giovanna Gray.

In 2016, it was announced that President Obama and his family planned to rent Lockhart's Kalorama home after he left office. It was later revealed that the Obamas purchased the house from the Lockharts in May 2017, saying that it made sense to own the property since they would remain in Washington D.C. for at least two more years.

References

Sources

 Joe Lockhart – The Glover Park Group

External links
First press briefing by Joe Lockhart
Last press briefing by Joe Lockhart
 BBC HARDtalk interview, October 6, 2006
 Stories told by Joe Lockhart at The Moth

1959 births
Clinton administration personnel
Communications consultants
Facebook employees
Georgetown University alumni
Living people
New York (state) Democrats
People from Suffern, New York
People from the Bronx
White House Press Secretaries
People from Kalorama (Washington, D.C.)

Joe Lockhart


VIPS is an open source image processing software package. It is particularly good with large images, works with multi-core processors, working with colour, scientific analysis and general research & development. It was developed during and is the product of several European research projects (VASARI, MARC, ACOHIR, Viseum) which were primarily about Imaging art, but which demanded a new approach to image processing.

Compared to most image processing libraries VIPS needs little RAM and runs quickly, especially on machines with more than one CPU. This is primarily due to its architecture which automatically parallelises the image workflows.

The software has two main parts: libvips is the image-processing library and nip2 is the graphical user-interface. The GUI aims to be about half-way between Photoshop and Excel. It is not designed for tasks such as retouching photographs, but more useful for the many other imaging tasks that programs like Photoshop are used for. Both work on Linux, Unix, Windows and Apple macOS (10.2 and later).

VIPS is a standard package for many Linux distributions, including Debian, Fedora, Mint, and Ubuntu.

Software Design
Most of libVIPS is written in C, with bindings available for Python, Ruby and several other languages.

VIPS processes images in small portions (rectangles or groups of lines) and groups of operations are automatically run by separate threads. This makes the processing parallel because modern systems run the threads on different cores. It also means that image intermediates are small and can easily be stored in RAM. This is how multi-GB sized images can be processed on machines efficiently. It also uses the smallest storage type for values, so a typical RGB image would use three one byte values but after arithmetic operations these scale up to avoid errors to 16 and 32 bit values. The demand-driven design means that if only a certain part of input images are required to compute what is needed, only the required parts are calculated. There are many architectural elements which give VIPS its speed including its lack of locks and ability to overlap input and output. Most images start as three bytes per pixel (RGB) but when processing VIPS will upsize the elements to 16, 32 or 64 bits each if necessary to avoid clipping/rounding errors. This also contributes to the speed and low RAM use. Its demand-driven design means that, for example, a very large intermediate image may not be fully calculated if the output target requires just a small part of it.

History
VASARI was an EU-funded research project to build a system capable of measuring long-term colour change in old master paintings. Previous systems had made a series of point measurements of areas thought likely to degrade - of course this meant that changes in parts of the painting that hadn't been measured would be missed. VASARI aimed to fix this through imaging: it would use a camera to measure colour and simply record the whole painting.

The project had partners in Germany, France, Italy and Britain. Kirk Martinez of Birkbeck College and David Saunders of the National Gallery London were responsible for building the London scanner. Kirk hired Nicos Dessipris, who had been a fellow research student in the Image Processing group of the University of Essex, and David hired John Cupitt, who had just finished a PhD in Theoretical Computer Science at the University of Kent.

The project wanted to image paintings up to about 1m by 1m, with a resolution of up to about 20 pixels per millimetre, since the smallest interesting features in a painting are about 0.1mm. Multiple colour bands were needed (7 was decided upon), since the aim was to measure reflectance spectra rather than just colour. The final requirement was for 16 bit data. Put these requirements together and you reach an image size of about 1GB per colour channel. A suitable image processing library which could handle the data size needed could not be found, so custom one was developed.  Machines of the time were very modest by today's standards: a Sun workstation cost £40,000, had 64MB of RAM and ran at 25 MHz, so this was quite a challenge.

Kirk had developed simple but fast C libraries during his PhD which worked on memory-mapped "framestores" for video processing. Kirk and Nikos looked at HIPS for inspiration but found pipes too inefficient. So VIPS was based on their experience with that as well as early Unix image processing software they developed. Early VIPS code used memory-mapped files for input (back then an exciting novelty which was faster than file I/O) and wrote data a scanline at a time. At the National Gallery, John Cupitt wrote a GUI called "vf" in SunView, Sun's graphical environment. The first version just displayed an image on the workstation screen and let you pan and zoom. The next version added a simple expression language and let you type in things like "a + 12" to brighten an image. It was renamed "ip", for image processing. It was through these early experiments that the basics of libVIPS were created.

VASARI ended in 1993 but a follow-on European project called MARC allowed for more development. This aimed to use the imaging techniques developed in VASARI to build a colorimetric camera and to use it to print an art catalogue. Nicos left and John took over the development of the VIPS library, the GUI and the camera software. Sun had just produced their first two-CPU workstation, so VIPS gained SMP support. A further aim was to reduce the time spent on disc IO, so at the same time the ability to "chain" operators together without the need for intermediate storage was added. ip was rewritten to use the Motif user-interface toolkit and gained fully editable history.

In 1997 Kirk Martinez moved to the University of Southampton so development and use continued in more projects (including Viseum, ACOHIR and Artiste) and VIPS and ip developed in response to their needs. The software was moved from Sun to Linux in the late 90s and ip moved from Motif to GTK+, becoming nip. VIPS gained support for files larger than 2GB, and for up to 64 CPUs. nip was rewritten again for GTK+-2.0 and became the nip2 we know today.

In 2005, John Cupitt moved from the National Gallery to Imperial College to work on medical imaging and VIPS and nip2 gained many features while worked there. Recent additions have been support for Analyze, DICOM3, FITS, Matlab and Radiance images, run-time code generation, and the start of a move to a GObject foundation. It is John's ingenuity and programming skills which have made libVips so successful today.

Users
libVIPS is currently used in MediaWiki and hence by Wikipedia itself in the VipsScaler extension. This speeds up and extends image handling compared to previously used software and hence saves processor time on the busy systems. For similar reasons it is used by Booking.com, Amazon, the New York Times, fda.gov, Homefinder and Idealista among over a thousand companies. The popular Sharp Node.js module and Gatsby use libVIPS so web sites using them rely on libVIPS. Amazon Web Services recommend Sharp/VIPS in their guidelines Many image archives use IIPimage to allow browsing of very high resolution images online - and these are normally prepared using libVIPS.

License
libvips is licensed under the LGPL and nip2 is licensed under the GPL.

References

External links
 The VIPS website
 libvips github page
 NIP2 demonstration video

Image processing software
Free software
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in C
Graphics-related software for Linux
Graphics software that uses GTK

VIPS (software)


Palladium hydride is metallic palladium that contains a substantial quantity of hydrogen within its crystal lattice. Despite its name, it is not an ionic hydride but rather an alloy of palladium with metallic hydrogen that can be written PdHx. At room temperature, palladium hydrides may contain two crystalline phases, α and β (sometimes called α'). Pure α-phase exists at x < 0.017 whereas pure β-phase is realised for x > 0.58; intermediate x values correspond to α-β mixtures.

Hydrogen absorption by palladium is reversible and therefore has been investigated for hydrogen storage. Palladium electrodes have been used in some cold fusion experiments, under the hypothesis that the hydrogen could be "squeezed" between the palladium atoms to help them fuse at lower temperatures than would otherwise be required.

History
The absorption of hydrogen gas by palladium was first noted by T. Graham in 1866 and absorption of electrolytically produced hydrogen, where hydrogen was absorbed into a palladium cathode, was first documented in 1939. Graham produced an alloy with the composition PdH0.75.

Making palladium hydride
Metals are arranged in lattices, and in forming metallic hydrides, the hydrogen atoms place themselves in interstitial sites in the lattice. This is also the case for palladium hydride. When the surface of a palladium lattice is brought in contact with a H2 molecule the two hydrogen atoms split, each absorbed onto an interstitial site. The interstitial placing of hydrogen can lead to a non-stoichiometric mixture, i.e., the ratio of palladium and hydrogen cannot be represented by a natural number.

The ratio in which H is absorbed on Pd is defined by . When Pd is brought into a H2 environment with a pressure of 1 atm, the resulting concentration of H reaches x ~ 0.7. However, the concentration of H to obtain superconductivity is higher. Therefore, the concentration of H should be increased, to x > 0.75. This is done via three different routes. It is known that hydrogen easily desorbs from palladium; therefore, extra care should be taken to prevent H desorption from Pd.

The first route is loading from gas phase. A Pd sample is placed into a high-pressure cell of H2, at room temperature. The H2 is added through a capillary. As a result, H is loaded onto Pd. To maintain this bonding, the pressure cell will be cooled to liquid N2 temperature (77 K). The resulting concentration is found to be [H]/[Pd] = 0.97.

The second route is electrochemical bonding. This is a method where the critical concentration for superconductivity can easily be exceeded without using a high-pressure environment, via a reaction as equilibrium between H in an electrochemical phase and H in a solid phase. The hydrogen is added to Pd and Pd–Ni alloys by an H concentration of ~0.95. Thereafter, it has been loaded into electrolysis of 0.1n-H2SO4 with a current density of 50 to 150 mA/cm3. Finally, after lowering the loading temperature to ~ 190 K, a H concentration of x ~ 1 has been reached.

The third route is known as ion implantation. Before the implantation of H ions into Pd, the Pd foil was pre-charged with H. This is done in a H2 high-temperature gas. This shortens the implantation time which follows. The concentration reached is about x ~ 0.7. Afterwards the foil is cooled to a temperature of 77 K to prevent a loss of H before the implantation can take place. The implantation of H in PdHx happens at a temperature of 4 K. The H ions penetrate in a H2+-beam. This results in a high concentration layer of H in a Pd foil.

Chemical structure and properties

Palladium is sometimes metaphorically called a "metal sponge" (not to be confused with more literal metal sponges) because it soaks up hydrogen "like a sponge soaks up water".
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure (standard ambient temperature and pressure),
palladium can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen.
Hydrogen can be absorbed into the metal-hydride and then desorbed back out for thousands of cycles. Researchers look for ways to extend the useful life of palladium storage.

Size effect

The absorption of hydrogen produces two different phases, both of which contain palladium metal atoms in a face-centered cubic (fcc, rocksalt) lattice, which is the same structure as pure palladium metal. At low concentrations up to PdH0.02 the palladium lattice expands slightly, from 388.9 pm to 389.5 pm. Above this concentration the second phase appears with a lattice constant of 402.5 pm. Both phases coexist until a composition of PdH0.58 when the alpha phase disappears. Neutron diffraction studies have shown that hydrogen atoms randomly occupy the octahedral interstices in the metal lattice (in an fcc lattice there is one octahedral hole per metal atom). The limit of absorption at normal pressures is PdH0.7, indicating that approximately 70% of the octahedral holes are occupied. When x=1 is reached, the octahedral interstices are fully occupied. The absorption of hydrogen is reversible, and hydrogen rapidly diffuses through the metal lattice. Metallic conductivity reduces as hydrogen is absorbed, until at around PdH0.5 the solid becomes a semiconductor.

This formation of the bulk hydride does depend on the size of the catalyst Pd. When Pd becomes smaller than 2.6nm, hydrides will not be formed anymore.

Hydrogen dissolved in the bulk differ from hydrogen dissolved on the surface. When the particles of palladium decrease in size, less hydrogen dissolves in these smaller pd particles. Therefore, relatively more hydrogen adsorbs on the surface of the small particles. This hydrogen adsorbed onto the particles do not form an hydride. Therefore, bigger particles have more places available for the formation of hydrides.

Electron and phonon band

The most important property of the band structure of PdH(oct) is that filled Pd states are lowered with the presence of hydrogen. Also, the lowest energy levels, which are the bonding states, of PdH are lower than that of Pd.

Additionally, empty Pd states, that are below the fermi energy, are also lowered with the presence of H.

Palladium prefers to be with hydrogen due to the interaction between the s state of hydrogen and the p states of palladium. The energy of an independent H atom lies in the energy range of the dominating p-states of the Pd bands.

Therefore, these empty states under the fermi-energy and holes in the d-band are filled.

Additionally, the hydride formation raises the fermi level above the d band. Empty states, above the d-band, are also filled. This results in filled p-states and shifts the 'edge' to a higher energy level.

Superconductivity
PdHx is a superconductor with a transition temperature Tc of about 9 K for x = 1. (Pure palladium is not superconducting). Drops in resistivity vs. temperature curves were observed at higher temperatures (up to 273 K) in hydrogen-rich (x ~ 1), nonstoichiometric palladium hydride and interpreted as superconducting transitions. These results have been questioned  and have not been confirmed thus far.

A great advantage of Palladium-hydride over many other hydride-systems is that Palladium-hydride does not need to be highly pressurized to become superconducting. This makes measurements easier and gives more opportunity for different kinds of measurements (many superconducting materials require extreme pressurization to be able to superconduct, on the order of 102 GPa. Palladium-hydride could therefore also be used to explore the role that hydrogen plays in these hydride-systems being superconductors.

Susceptibility

One of the magnetic properties of Palladium hydride is susceptibility. The susceptibility of PdHx varies largely when changing the concentration of H. This is due to the 𝛽-phase of PdHx. The 𝛼-phase of PdH lies in the same range of the fermi surface as Pd itself, therefore 𝛼-phase does not influence the susceptibility. However, the 𝛽-phase of PdHx is characterized by s-electrons filling the d-band. Therefore, the susceptibility of the 𝛼-𝛽 mixture decreases at room temperature with an increasing concentration of H. Finally, when the spin fluctuations of pure Pd are decreased, the superconductivity will occur.

Specific heat capacity
Another metallic property is the electronic heat coefficient 𝛾. This coefficient depends on the density of states. For pure Pd the heat coefficient is 9.5 mJ(mol∙K^2). When H is added to the pure Pd, the electronic heat coefficient drops. For the range of x=0.83 to x=0.88 𝛾 is observed to be six times smaller than in the case of only Pd. This region is the superconducting region. However, Zimmerman et al also measured the heat coefficient 𝛾 for a concentration of x=0.96. A broadening of the superconducting transition was observed at this concentration. One of the reasons for this could be explained by an inhomogeneity of the macroscopic structure of PdH. 𝛾 at this value of x has a large fluctuation and is therefore uncertain.

The critical concentration for superconductivity to happen is estimated to be x ~ 0.72. The critical temperature or the superconducting transition temperature is estimated to be 9 K. This was achieved at a stoichiometric concentration of x = 1.

Furthermore, the pressure influences the critical temperature as well. It is shown that an increase in the pressure on PdHx decreases Tc. This can be explained by a hardening of the phonon spectrum, which includes a decrease in the electron-phonon constant 𝜆 .

Surface absorption process
The process of absorption of hydrogen has been shown by scanning tunnelling microscopy to require aggregates of at least three vacancies on the surface of the crystal to promote the dissociation of the hydrogen molecule. The reason for such a behaviour and the particular structure of trimers has been analyzed.

Uses
The absorption of hydrogen is reversible and is highly selective. Industrially, a palladium-based diffuser separator is used. Impure gas is passed through tubes of thin walled silver-palladium alloy as protium and deuterium readily diffuse through the alloy membrane. The gas that comes through is pure and ready for use. Palladium is alloyed with silver to improve its strength and resistance to embrittlement. To ensure that the formation of the beta phase is avoided, as the lattice expansion noted earlier would cause distortions and splitting of the membrane, the temperature is maintained above 300 °C.

Another use of Palladium-Hydride is increased adsorption of H2-molecules with respect to pure Palladium. In 2009, a study was conducted which tested this fact. At a pressure of 1 bar, the probability was measured of Hydrogen molecules sticking to the surface of Palladium versus the probability of sticking to surface of Palladium-hydride. The sticking probability of Palladium was found to be greater at temperatures where the phase of the used Palladium and hydrogen mixture was pure β-phase, which is in this context corresponds to Palladium-hydride (at 1 bar this means temperatures greater than roughly 160 degrees Celsius), as opposed to temperatures where β- and α-phases coexist and even lower temperatures where there is pure α-phase (α-phase here corresponds to a solid solution of Hydrogen atoms in Palladium). Knowing these sticking probabilities enables one to calculate the rate of adsorption  by virtue of the equation

where  is the aforementioned sticking probability and  is the flux of Hydrogen molecules in the toward the surface of the Palladium/Palladium-hydride.

When the system is in a steady state, we must have that the rate of adsorption and, oppositely, the rate of desorption () are equal. This gives

The rate of desorption is assumed to be given by a Boltzmannian distribution, i.e.

(*)

where  is some unknown constant, is the desorption energy,  is Boltzmann's constant and  is the temperature.

The relation (*) can be fitted to find the value of . It was found that, within the uncertainty of their experiment, the values for of Palladium and Palladium-hydride respectively were roughly equal. Thus Palladium-hydride has as higher average adsorption rate than Palladium, while the energy required for desorption is the same.

Density functional theory was performed to find an explanation for this fact. It was found that the bond of hydrogen with the Palladium-hydride surface is weaker than the bond with the Palladium surface and that the desorption activation barrier is lower by a small amount for Palladium-hydride than for Palladium, although the adsorption barriers are comparable in magnitude. Moreover, the heat of adsorption is lower for Palladium-hydride than for Palladium, which leads to lower equilibrium surface coverage of H. This means that the surface of Palladium-hydride would be less saturated, which leads to greater opportunity for sticking, i.e. a higher sticking probability.

The reversible absorption of Palladium is a means to store hydrogen, and the above findings indicate that even in the hydrogen-absorbed state of Palladium, there is further opportunity for hydrogen storing.

See also
Hydrogen sensor

References

External links

Palladium compounds
Metal hydrides

Palladium hydride


A mixed affective state, formerly known as a mixed-manic or mixed episode, has been defined as a state wherein features and symptoms unique to both depression and (hypo)mania, including episodes of anguish, despair, self doubt, rage, excessive impulsivity and suicidal ideation, sensory overload, racing thoughts, heightened irritability, decreased "need" for sleep and other symptoms of depressive and manic states occur either simultaneously or in very short succession.

Previously, the diagnostic criteria for both a manic and depressive episode had to be met in a consistent and sustained fashion, with symptoms enduring for at least a week (or any duration if psychiatric hospitalization was required), thereby restricting the official acknowledgement of mixed affective states to only a minority of patients with bipolar I disorder. In current DSM-5 nomenclature, however, a "mixed episode" no longer stands as an episode of illness unto itself; rather, the symptomology specifier "with mixed features" can be applied to any major affective episode (manic, hypomanic, or depressive), meaning that they are now officially recognized in patients with, in addition to bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder and, by convention, major depressive disorder. A depressive mixed state in a patient, however, even in the absence of discrete periods of mania or hypomania, effectively rules out unipolar depression.

Diagnostic criteria
As affirmed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), the symptomology specifier "with mixed features" can be applied to manic episodes of bipolar I disorder, hypomanic episodes of either bipolar I disorder or bipolar II disorder and depressive episodes of either bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, with at least three concurrent features of the opposite polarity being present. As a result, the presence of "mixed features" are now recognized in patients with bipolar II disorder and major depression; as earlier noted, however, although it is customary to withhold a diagnosis of a bipolar disorder until a manic or hypomanic episode appears, the presence of such features in a depressed patient even with no history of discrete mania or hypomania is strongly suggestive of the disorder.

Nevertheless, the DSM-5's narrower definition of mixed episodes may result in fewer patients meeting mixed criteria compared to DSM-IV. A call was made by Tohen in 2017 for introducing changes from a currently phenomenological to a target oriented approach to DSM-5 mixed mood criteria in order to achieve more personalized medical attention.

Two features of both mania or hypomania and depression may superficially overlap and even resemble each other, namely "an increase in goal-directed activity" (psychomotor acceleration) vs. psychomotor agitation and "flight of ideas" and "racing thoughts" vs. depressive rumination. Attending to the patient's experiences is very important. In the psychomotor agitation commonly seen in depression, the "nervous energy" is always overshadowed by a strong sense of exhaustion and manifests as purposeless movements (e.g., pacing, hand-wringing); in psychomotor acceleration, however, the excess in movement stems from an abundance of energy and is often channelled and purposeful. Likewise, in depressive rumination, the patient experiences the repetitive thoughts as heavy, leaden, and plodding; in psychic acceleration, however, (as seen in mania  or hypomania) the thoughts move in a rapid progression, with many themes, rather than a singular one, being touched upon. There may also be emotional lability. A usual consequence of hypomania and mania but usually not depression unless caused by borderline personality disorder or just emotional lability itself with or without any disorder. it can either be euphoric in nature or dysphoric in nature. these episodes are extreme. may be uncalled for in a depressive episode (if euphoric in nature) and it can present itself in four ways: Anger, Anxiety, Happiness, and extreme excitement. it is to be noted that on the more extreme levels of mania episodes of euphoria may be dangerous, unhealthy, or unhelpful. People with emotional lability may seemed to have suddenly developed anger issues or an anxiety disorder. they may seem to overreact in many or most situations. they may go to being depressed to rapidly being "cured" or manic in just a few hours. episodes of sudden mood change must be in a situation that promotes the feelings of anger, anxiety, and happiness or excitement. there also may be inappropriate and impulsive decision making. which can cause severe, life changing. or even deadly problems. like binge eating, excessive arguments, and an increased chance for suicides. irritability can also be present among mixed affective states. irritability is present in all affective disorders. in depression the irritability is more subtle but still noticeable. in mixed episodes the irritability is intense and way more noticeable. Even when such experiences are accounted for on the basis of depression, the possibility does still exist, however, that the depressive episode may be complicated by other manic or hypomanic symptoms, in which case it is often prudent to attend to the patient's personal and family history (e.g., family history of bipolar disorder, early age of onset) to determine whether or not the patient has bipolar disorder.

Treatment
Treatment of mixed states is typically based upon administration of mood stabilizing medication, which may include anticonvulsants such as valproic acid; atypical antipsychotics such as quetiapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and ziprasidone; or first-generation antipsychotics such as haloperidol. There is question of lithium's efficacy for treatment of mixed states due to conflicting conclusions drawn from various trials and research. Mood stabilizers work to reduce the manic symptoms associated with the mixed state, but they are not considered particularly effective for improving concurrent depressive symptoms.

See also
 Post-traumatic stress disorder
 Dopamine
 Mania
 Hyperthymic temperament
 Cyclothymia
 Narcissistic personality disorder
 Borderline personality disorder

References

External links

Bipolar disorder
Mania

Mixed affective state


Michele Vargas (born March 2, 1985) is a Dominican-American model and telenovela actress.

Biography
Michele Vargas was born in San Francisco de Macorís, Dominican Republic in 1985 and grew up in New York City in the well known neighborhood of Washington Heights. Her fame soared when she won the Telemundo reality show Protagonistas de Novela 2 in Miami, Florida. After winning she moved to Mexico to study performing arts, acting, cinema and other courses related to television and film. Plus perfected her skills in singing and music history. While living in Mexico, she worked in the Spanish-language novela Los Plateados, after three years in Mexico she decided to return to Miami to continue her acting career.

Telemundo hired her as an exclusive actress of the Network and she then  appeared in successful novelas such as Decisiones, La Viuda de Blanco, Mas Sabe el Diablo, Aurora just to name a few. She participated in Univision Network novela Talisman and began reviewing projects for 2013.

Her model experience includes commercials for companies such as Nike, Cyber Computers, Domino's Pizza, Colgate, Aquafina, Dove and Unefon.

Filmography

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
American actresses
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
21st-century American women

Michelle Vargas


The Troy Cotton & Woolen Manufactory was a textile manufacturing company located Fall River, Massachusetts. Founded in 1813 by Oliver Chace, it was the second textile mill to be built over the Quequechan River, after the Fall River Manufactory. It was located at what is now Troy Street between Pleasant and Bedford Streets.

Company history
The company, originally known as the "Troy Manufacturing Company", was incorporated in March 1813 for $50,000. (Fall River was known as "Troy" between 1804 and 1834). The company's first mill was built over the uppermost falls of the Quequechan River, on the site of a former saw mill. It measured 108 feet long by thirty-seven feet wide with four stories and a low hip roof. It was constructed from field stone collected from the surrounding fields. The mill opened for business in March 1814. In 1821, the original mill was destroyed by fire. Some machinery was rescued however, and moved to a recently completed nearby building known as the "Little Mill". The main mill was rebuilt and opened in 1823.

Oliver Chace remained agent of the mill until 1822, when he moved to the newly formed Pocasset Manufacturing Company. Oliver's son Harvey Chace became the agent at the Troy, and remained until 1842.

The mill was expanded in 1843 and again in 1853, when the old wooden portions were removed.

In 1860, the rebuilt 1823 mill was removed and replaced with a large addition, 296 feet long by 70 feet wide and five stories high, stretching north to Bedford Street.

By 1917, the Troy Cotton & Woolen Manufactory contained a capacity of 52,544 spindles and 1,170 looms. It produced plain cotton weaves from print cloth yarns.

The company operated until 1929. The mills were later occupied by various businesses, including garment industries.

It was demolished in the 1960s as part of urban renewal and to make way for Interstate 195. The site now contains a parking lot that is used by the nearby post office.

See also
List of mills in Fall River, Massachusetts

References

Textile companies of the United States
Textile mills in Fall River, Massachusetts
Cotton mills in the United States
Woollen mills
Manufacturing companies established in 1813
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1929
1813 establishments in Massachusetts
1929 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Demolished buildings and structures in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures demolished in the 1960s
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts

Troy Cotton & Woolen Manufactory


納拉莎普拉工業區()係印度卡納塔克邦嘅一個工業區。

區內工廠
 Mahindra Aerospace manufactures 2, 4 and 6 seated family & commercial planes for the Indian and international markets.
 Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India Pvt. Ltd one of the largest manufactures of 2 wheeler, Honda active and Honda Yuva
 Triumph manufacturing of Cruise Bikes.
 Volvo bus manufactures.
 Bando manufactures of engines belts, high strength rubber products.
 Scania a Volkswagen Company manufacturing luxury passenger bus with who has a competition with Volvo. It also manefactures high end trucks.
 Exedy Clutch India Pvt ltd manufactures of clutch systems.
 Lumax manufactures of automotive spares.
 Indo manufactures of electrical and electronics.
 ASK AUTOMOTIVE PVT LTD Manufactures break panels and engine parts for 2 wheelers.
 : This company manufactures iPhones for the Indian market.

工業
工業邨
印度經濟

納拉莎普拉工業區


The Owen Sound Attack are a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League based in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada. Based in Owen Sound since 1989, and operating under the current name since 2000, the Attack play their home games at the J.D. McArthur Arena inside the Harry Lumley Bayshore Community Centre.

Ontario Hockey League

Owen Sound Attack


Miranda Garrison is an American actress, dancer, and choreographer, best known for her film choreography.

Career

For the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, starring Patrick Swayze, Miranda Garrison  assisted Kenny Ortega in choreography; she also acted in the film, playing the part of Vivian Pressman. For the 1988 film Salsa, she acted the part of Luna, the owner of a Los Angeles salsa club and a romantic interest. In this film, she danced numbers from her own work as the choreographer. In the 1990 film The Forbidden Dance about the Lambada from Brazil, she again appeared as an actress-dancer, performing in the role of Mickey. In 1996, she assisted choreographer Vincent Paterson in the film Evita, with singer Madonna, based on the 1978 musical of Andrew Lloyd Webber.

Early in her career, Garrison danced in the high-profile 1980 film Xanadu, starring the singer Olivia Newton-John. After Xanadu Garrison was a frequent collaborator with choreographer and later director Kenny Ortega. In 1997, Garrison choreographed Selena, the biographical film about Selena Quintanilla-Pérez, the Tejano singing star whose life was tragically cut short. She was also the choreographer for the 2004 film Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, set in late-1950s Cuba, and for The Skeleton Key, a supernatural thriller released in 2005. In 2001, she directed the Golden Eagle awards ceremony. In 2007 and 2008, Garrison was a judge in the British reality TV competition, Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life. An on-line 'Filmography' for Miranda Garrison lists forty-eight entries for film (34) and TV (14), twelve as an actor and/or a dancer 1979–2005, and thirty-six for choreographic work 1987–2009.

References

External links

 Dirty Dancing, The E! True Hollywood Story, first aired September 3, 2000

Living people
1950 births
American film actresses
American choreographers
21st-century American women

Miranda Garrison


James Emott (March 9, 1771 – April 7, 1850) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1790, and commenced practice in Ballston Center. He was land commissioner to settle disputes of titles to military reservations in Onondaga County, New York in 1797, and in 1800 removed to Albany, New York.

He was elected as a Federalist to the 11th and 12th United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1809, to March 3, 1813.

Emott was a member from Dutchess County of the New York State Assembly from 1814 to 1817, and was Speaker in 1814. In 1815, he was the Federalist candidate for U.S. Senator from New York but was defeated by Nathan Sanford.

He was First Judge of the Dutchess County Court from 1817 to 1823, and Judge of the Second Circuit Court from 1827 to 1831.

He was buried at the Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery.

References

1771 births
1850 deaths
Politicians from Poughkeepsie, New York
Speakers of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) state court judges
Burials at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery
Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

James Emott


The amnion (: amnions or amnia) is a membrane that closely covers the human and various other embryos when first formed. It fills with amniotic fluid, which causes the amnion to expand and become the amniotic sac that provides a protective environment for the developing embryo. The amnion, along with the chorion, the yolk sac and the allantois protect the embryo. In birds, reptiles and monotremes, the protective sac is enclosed in a shell. In marsupials and placental mammals, it is enclosed in a uterus.

The amnion is a feature of the vertebrate clade Amniota, which includes reptiles, birds, and mammals. Amphibians and fish lack the amnion and thus are not amniotes. The amnion stems from the extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm on the outer side and the extra-embryonic ectoderm or trophoblast on the inner side.

Etymology
Traditionally, the term amnion has been assumed to derive from Ancient Greek ἀμνίον : amníon,  'little lamb', diminutive of ἀμνός : amnós, 'lamb'. It is cognate with the English verb 'yean', bring forth young (usually lambs). However, this etymology is perhaps incorrect as the term may actually refer to an ancient Greek goddess of childbirth worshipped in Amnisos on the island of Crete

In humans
In the human embryo, the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo that has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion.

When first formed, the amnion is in contact with the body of the embryo, but about the fourth or fifth week amniotic fluid (also called liquor amnii) begins to accumulate within it. This fluid increases in quantity and causes the amnion to expand and ultimately to adhere to the chorion's inner surface, so that the extra-embryonic part of the coelom is obliterated. The amniotic fluid increases in quantity up to the sixth or seventh month of pregnancy, after which it diminishes somewhat; at the end of pregnancy it amounts to about 1 liter.

The amniotic fluid allows the free movements of the fetus during the later stages of pregnancy, and also protects it by diminishing the risk of injury from without. It contains less than two percent solids, consisting of urea and other extractives, inorganic salts, a small amount of protein, and frequently a trace of sugar. That some of the liquor amnii is swallowed by the fetus is proved by the fact that epidermal debris and hairs have been found among the contents of the fetal alimentary canal.

Clinical significance
Extra-amniotic pregnancy is a rare condition that results from a rupture of the amnion, leading to development of the fetus within the extraembryonic coelom.

Other animals
In reptiles, birds, and many mammals the amnion develops in the following manner:

At the point of constriction where the primitive digestive tube of the embryo joins the yolk sac a reflection or folding upward of the somatopleure takes place.

This, the amniotic fold, first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo, and gradually rising, its different parts meet and fuse over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, and enclose a cavity, the amniotic cavity. This kind of amnion is known as pleuroamnion (formed by folding), as opposed to schyzoamnion (formed by delamination).

After the fusion of the edges of the amniotic fold, the two layers of the fold become completely separated, the inner forming the amnion, the outer the false amnion or serosa.

The space between the amnion and the serosa constitutes the extra-embryonic celom, and for a time communicates with the embryonic celom.

Cats and dogs are born inside of the amnion; the mother cuts it open and eats it.

In elephants, "The amnion is continued from the base of the umbilical cord upon the allantois, which is of considerable size, and is so interposed between the chorion and amnios, as to prevent any part of the amnios attaining the inner surface of the placenta. The amnios consists of two layers:one is the granular layer, continued upon the inner or foetal surface of the allantois, and thence upon the umbilical cord; the other is the smooth outer layer, continued upon the outer or chorional surface of the allantois, and thence upon the inner surface of the chorion."

Application
The amniotic membrane is used as a biological dressing to heal incurable wounds. For this purpose, the placenta in cesarean delivery is collected and under aseptic conditions, the amniotic membrane is separated and packaged and sold commercially. In valid commercial products to prevent transmission of viral infections such as HIV and hepatitis, the donor's blood (mother) is tested. Products usually pass the sterility and endotoxin test in accordance with the rules of the Food and Drug Administration of the country of manufacture.

Additional images

See also
 Amniotic sac

References

External links
  - "Female Reproductive System: placenta, chorionic plate"
 McGill
 The Foeto-Amnio-Placental complex

Embryology
Membrane biology
Biological matter

Amnion


The Heritage House Museum is a museum complex in Okawville, Illinois. The museum comprises three of the village's historic homes: the Frank Schlosser Complex, the Dr. Robert C. Poos Home, and the Joseph Schlosser Home. The three homes are open for public tours led by the Okawville Chamber of Commerce.

Frank Schlosser Complex

The Frank Schlosser Complex, located on West Walnut Street, includes the home and businesses of Frank Schlosser and his family. Frank Schlosser, an Okawville native born in 1867, opened a harness shop on the property in 1890. Schlosser's wife Sophia and his two daughters, Elsie and Estelle, operated a laundry in the back of the harness shop, which mainly catered to guests at Okawville's mineral spas. In 1908, the family built a house on the property. The wood frame house was designed in a vernacular style and features boxed eaves, a gable roof, and an open front porch. A two-story barn and several outbuildings are also located on the property. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

After Schlosser's daughters died in 1982, the home became a museum. The contents of the house are preserved from the time the Schlossers live there and portray the lifestyle of middle-class Okawville residents in the early 1900s. In addition, as the harness shop was shuttered from its closure in 1941 to the museum's establishment, its contents were preserved in their natural state and protected from light and other environmental damage. The laundry, which operated through the 1970s, contains the historic laundry equipment used by the sisters. The family's surrey and 1930 Buick are located in the barn; the surrey is occasionally used for events.

Joseph Schlosser House
The Joseph Schlosser House, located across the street from the Frank Schlosser Complex, is a brick home built circa 1869. Joseph Schlosser, the father of Frank Schlosser, lived in the house with his wife and two sons. Schlosser, a Bavarian immigrant, ran a cobbler's shop from the home. The home is the last remaining Old World-style house, a type of house built near the street, in Okawville. The house includes period furniture from the post-Civil War era, little of which is original. The Okawville Chamber of Commerce headquarters and the Heritage House Museum headquarters are located in the home.

Dr. Robert C. Poos Home
The Dr. Robert C. Poos Home, located at 202 North Front Street, is a Second Empire house constructed in 1888. The house was owned by Dr. Robert C. Poos, a local doctor and staff physician at the Washington Springs Hotel and Bathhouse. Poos built an outbuilding on his property which he intended to use as a privately run bathhouse; however, after failing to acquire mineral water, Poos never actually opened the bathhouse. Poos' family lived in the house until the 1980s and donated it to the Heritage House Museum in 1991. The house is now a museum of Victorian furnishings and artifacts and includes a collection of historic photographs of Okawville; the bathhouse houses a museum of medical instruments.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Houses completed in 1908
Houses in Washington County, Illinois
Historic house museums in Illinois
Museums in Washington County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Illinois
1908 establishments in Illinois

Heritage House Museum


Jeanne Desirée Véret Gay (4 April 1810 – c. 1891) was a French socialist feminist.

Life and career

Born in Paris, as Desirée Véret, she worked as a seamstress before in 1831 joining the followers of utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon.  The following year, with Marie Reine Guindorff, she founded the Tribune des femmes, edited by Suzanne Voilquin, in reaction to the exclusion of women from decision making among the Saint-Simonites.  She vowed to pursue the "liberty of women" above all other concerns.

In 1833, Gay moved to work in England.  While there, she made contact with the supporters of socialist Robert Owen, including Jules Gay and Anna Wheeler. During this period, she acted as an intermediary between the Owenites, the Saint-Simonites and Charles Fourier.  She also had a brief affair with Victor Considerant, which had ended by 1837, when she married Gay, thereafter usually being known as Desirée Gay.

In 1840, the Gays tried to found a school in Châtillon-sous-Bagneux which aimed to educate children from birth, but this failed, probably due to lack of capital.

After the February Revolution of 1848, Gay again rose to prominence. She drafted a proposal that the French government set up workshops, nationalized restaurants and laundries to allow women to be financially independent.  Gay was unanimously elected as the women's delegate to represent the second district to the French government.  National workshops were set up by the Luxembourg Commission, and Gay was appointed as the head of the division of the National Workshop of Cour des Fontaines, but the workshops were only for female textile workers and paid starvation wages.  She was discharged from her post, and instead worked with Jeanne Deroin and Eugenie Niboyet in publishing Voix des Femmes.  The group was soon forced to close, but Gay worked with Deroin to found the Association Mutuelle des Femmes and Politique des Femmes newspaper.  While the two were able to obtain 12,000 francs from the National Assembly to form an association of women seamstresses making ladies' underwear, Gay chose not to take part in establishing the organisation.  She withdrew from activism during 1849, and by the following year was working as a dressmaker.

Money from old friends enabled Gay to start a fabric shop in the rue de la Paix, and her work won a prize at the Exposition universelle de Paris of 1855.  Her husband worked as a bookseller and printer, but the controversial material he worked with forced the two into exile in Brussels in 1864, becoming active in the International Workingmen's Association, Desirée acting as the President of the Women's Section in 1866.  In 1869 they moved to Geneva, then to Turin, before finally returning to Brussels.

Gay lost her sight during 1890, and with her husband deceased, took the opportunity to renew her correspondence with Considerant.  This ceased in mid-1891, and this may mark her death; a visit by Considerant to Brussels in November did not lead to a meeting with her, and may have represented his attendance at her funeral.

References

French feminists
French socialists
French socialist feminists
1810 births
1891 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Members of the International Workingmen's Association
Saint-Simonists
19th-century French women writers
19th-century French women politicians

Désirée Gay


The New Club is a private social club in the New Town area of Edinburgh, Scotland. Founded in 1787, it is  Scotland's oldest club.  The club occupied premises on St Andrew Square from 1809 until 1837, when it moved to purpose-built rooms on Princes Street. The 1837 building was replaced with a modern building to a design by Reiach and Hall, which is protected as a category A listed building. Women were admitted in 1970, and offered full membership from 2010.

History

The New Club was founded on 1 February 1787, only three weeks after the idea had been conceived at a Caledonian Hunt Ball held at the New Assembly Rooms in George Street. The Club was originally located in Bayle's Tavern on Shakespeare Square, at the east end of Princes Street, which was demolished in the early 1800s.  After the death of Jean Bayle in 1802, some thought was given to taking over the tavern, but the purchase of a property in St Andrew Square was the preferred course of action. Having abandoned the tavern in Shakespeare Square, the Club was now obliged to find temporary quarters in Fortune's Tontine Tavern at 5 Princes Street before finding a new home, in August 1809, at 3 St Andrew Square.

Subsequently, numbers 84 and 85 Princes Street were purchased, redesigned and rebuilt, to a design by William Burn, as a clubhouse into which the Club moved on 15 May 1837.  It was the first new building in Princes Street requiring the demolition of the original houses of the James Craig designed New Town. It was enlarged in 1859 to a design by David Bryce.  Over the years various changes were made to the internal design of the Club, perhaps the major one being the reconstruction of the Coffee Room, or Dining Room, in 1908–1912.  It had been decided to increase its size and improve the lighting.  Sir Robert Lorimer drew up a scheme to extend the Room by , with new windows being inserted and the walls adorned by oak panelling with inset portraits.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh became the Patron of the Club in 1952 and held that position until his death in 2021; in 2012 a large window was installed in the entrance to the Club to mark his sixtieth anniversary as patron and the Queen's Diamond Jubillee. In 1953 the New and University Clubs amalgamated.  Whilst extensive alterations and redecoration were carried out, there remained unresolved the intention to create a ladies' annexe.  The Club was completely rebuilt in the 1960s to a modern design by Alan Reiach, Eric Hall and Partners, incorporating the recommendations of the Princes Street Panel which included the aspiration for a continuous first-floor walkway along Princes Street. The new building introduced a Ladies' "Side" with a Ladies' Bar, Ladies' Drawing Room and Ladies' Dining Room.  The cost of demolition and re-build was paid for by an insurance company who gained 125 year leases on the three shops below the Club's main floors. The Club negotiated a lease of the St Andrew's Hotel as a temporary clubhouse whilst the Princes Street building was demolished and rebuilt. On re-building, the Club re-constructed the original Lorimer panelling within the new Dining Room.  The new clubhouse opened for lunch on Monday 15 December 1969.

Ladies were first admitted as Associate Members to the Club on 25 March 1970 (Lady Day).  Only wives of Members could be elected until October 2010, when ladies were permitted full membership and their husbands could join as Associate Members.

The New Club building
Numbers 84–87 Princes Street, incorporating the New Club, were listed by Historic Scotland on 18 March 1996 as a category A listed building. Category A includes buildings which are of national or international architectural significance. Historic Scotland describe the New Club premises as the finest example of a Princes Street Panel building. The Princes Street façade, faced with plate glass and Rubislaw granite and with distinctive cantilevered sections, is described as "very carefully composed". The building is one of around 60 post-Second World War listed buildings in Edinburgh.

See also
DoCoMoMo Key Scottish Monuments
List of Category A listed buildings in the New Town, Edinburgh
List of post-war Category A listed buildings in Scotland
Prospect 100 best modern Scottish buildings

References

External links
Official website

1787 establishments in Scotland
Clubs and societies in Edinburgh
Organisations based in Edinburgh
New Town, Edinburgh
Buildings and structures completed in 1969
Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh
Organizations established in 1787
Listed clubhouses in the United Kingdom

New Club, Edinburgh