In physical oceanography, Langmuir circulation consists of a series of shallow, slow, counter-rotating vortices at the ocean's surface aligned with the wind.
These circulations are developed when wind blows steadily over the sea surface.
Irving Langmuir discovered this phenomenon after observing windrows of seaweed in the Sargasso Sea in 1927.
Langmuir circulations circulate within the mixed layer; however, it is not yet so clear how strongly they can cause mixing at the base of the mixed layer.

Theory

The driving force of these circulations is an interaction of the mean flow with wave averaged flows of the surface waves.
Stokes drift velocity of the waves stretches and tilts the vorticity of the flow near the surface.
The production of vorticity in the upper ocean is balanced by downward (often turbulent) diffusion .
For a flow driven by a wind  characterized by friction velocity  the ratio of vorticity diffusion and production defines the Langmuir number

where the first definition is for a monochromatic wave field of amplitude , frequency , and wavenumber  and the second uses a generic inverse length scale , and Stokes velocity scale .
This is exemplified by the Craik–Leibovich equations
which are an approximation of the Lagrangian mean.
In the Boussinesq approximation the governing equations can be written

where
 is the fluid velocity,
 is planetary rotation,
 is the Stokes drift velocity of the surface wave field,
 is the pressure,
 is the acceleration due to gravity,
 is the density,
 is the reference density,
 is the viscosity, and
 is the diffusivity.

In the open ocean conditions where there may not be a dominant length scale controlling the scale of the Langmuir cells the concept of Langmuir Turbulence is advanced.

Observations
The circulation has been observed to be between 0°–20° to the right of the wind in the northern hemisphere

and the helix forming bands of divergence and convergence at the surface.
At the convergence zones, there are commonly concentrations of floating seaweed, foam and debris along these bands.
Along these divergent zones, the ocean surface is typically clear of debris since diverging currents force material out of this zone and into adjacent converging zones.
At the surface the circulation will set a current from the divergence zone to the convergence zone and the spacing between these zones are of the order of .
Below convergence zones narrow jets of downward flow form and the magnitude of the current will be comparable to the horizontal flow.
The downward propagation will typically be in the order of meters or tenths of meters and will not penetrate the pycnocline.
The upwelling is less intense and takes place over a wider band under the divergence zone.
In wind speeds ranging from   the maximum vertical velocity ranged from  with a ratio of down-welling to wind velocities ranging from −0.0025 to −0.0085.

Biological effects
Langmuir circulations (LCs), which are counter-rotating cylindrical roll vortices in the upper ocean, have significant role in vertical mixing. Though they are transient and their strength as well as direction depend on wind and wave properties, they facilitate mixing of nutrients and affect the distribution of marine organisms like plankton in the upper mixed layer of ocean. The wind-generated roll vortices create regions where organisms of different buoyancy, orientation and swimming behavior can aggregate, resulting in patchiness. Indeed, LC can produce significant aggregation of algae during events like red tide. Theoretically, LC size increases with the wind speed unless limited by density discontinuities by pycnocline. But the visibility of surface effects of LC could be limited by the breaking waves during strong winds that disperse the materials present at the surface. So, the surface effects of LC are more likely to be visible during winds stronger than critical wind speed of 3 m/s but not too strong.

Moreover, previous studies have shown that organisms and materials can aggregate at different regions within LC like downwelling current in convergent zone, upwelling current in divergent zone, retention zone in LC vortex and region between upwelling and downwelling zones. Similarly, LC are found to have higher windward surface current in convergent zones due to jet like flow. This faster moving convergent region in water surface can enhance the transport of organisms and materials in the direction of wind.

Effect on plants

In 1927, Langmuir saw the organized rows of Sargassum natans while crossing the Sargasso Sea in the Atlantic Ocean. Unlike active swimmers like animals and zooplankton, plants and phytoplankton are usually passive bodies in water and their aggregation are determined by the flow behavior. In windrows, concentrated planktonic organisms color the water and indicate the presence of LC. There has been observation of greater variability in plankton tows collected along the wind direction than samples collected perpendicular to the wind. And one of the reason for such variation could be due to LC that results convergence (high sample) or in between (low sample) zones in alongwind tow. Similarly, such converging effect of LC has also been observed as high chlorophyll zone at about 100 m in Lake Tahoe which could be due to oblique towing through LC. In addition, Sargassum get carried from surface to benthos in downwelling zone of LC and can lose buoyancy after sinking at depth for enough time. Some of the plants that are usually observed floating in water could get submerged during high wind conditions due to downwelling current of LC. Besides, LC could also lead to patchiness of positively buoyant dinoflagellates (including toxic red tide organisms) during blooms. Moreover, the negatively buoyant phytoplankters which would sink slowly in still water has been observed to get retained in euphotic zone which may be due to suspension created by vertical convection cells.

Furthermore, a broader study on the Langmuir supercells in which the circulation can reach the seafloor observed the aggregation of macroalgae Colpomenia sp. in the sea floor of shallow waters (~5 m) in Great Bahama Bank due to local wind speed of around 8 to 13 m/s. Such LC could be responsible for transport of carbon biomass from shallow water to deep sea. This effect was evident as the concentration of the algae were found to reduce dramatically after the occurrence of LC as observed from ocean color satellite imagery (NASA) during the period of the study. Such aggregation of negatively buoyant macroalgae on sea floor is similar to windrows of positively buoyant particles on water surface due to LC.

Effect on animals
While plants have passive reaction to LC, animals can react to both the LC, presence of plant/food aggregation and light. One of such observation was the adaptation of Physalia to windrows containing entangling Sargassum. Physalia tend to drift across the windrows which also increased food or zooplankter availability in divergent zones.

Moreover, studies in Lake Mendota have shown good correlation between Daphnia pulex concentration and the appearance of foam lines. Similarly, significant differences were observed in catches of Daphnia hyaline when sampling in and out of foamlines in South Wales lake, with greater number appearing in divergent zone. Such distribution of particles and animals can be described using mathematical model developed by Stommel that suggested area of retention on upwelling zone for sinking particles and on downwelling zone for positively buoyant particles. Actually, the zooplankton could become trapped in upwelling zones to a point where animals are stimulated to swim downwards. A more detailed model was later developed by Stavn describing the zooplankton aggregation where the animal orientation, dorsal light reaction and current velocity determined their region of concentration in either downwelling (due to slow current), upwelling (due to high current) and in between latter two zones (due to intermediate currents). There has been further improvement in such models like the modification of Stommel's model by Titman & Kilham in order to consider the difference in maximum downwelling and upwelling velocities and by Evans & Taylor that discussed the instability of Stommel's regions due to varying swimming speed with depth which produced spiral trajectories affecting accumulation region.

Nevertheless, high concentration of planktonic organisms within LC can attract birds and fish. Schools of White Bass Roccus chrysops were observed feeding upon Daphnia along the foam track. In contrast, lesser Flamingoes Phoeniconaias minor were observed feeding on bubble lines containing concentrated blue-green algae. Similarly, medusae were found to aggregate in linear pattern (average spacing of 129 m) parallel with wind in the Bering Sea which could be due to large LCs. Such aggregation can affect the feeding and predation of medusae.

Effect on surface tension
High concentration of surfactants (surface-active substances) produced by phytoplanktons can result higher Marangoni stress in converging regions in LC. Numerical simulation suggest that such Marangoni stress due to surfactant can increase the size of vortical structures, vertical velocity and remixing of water and biological/chemical components in the local region compared to that without surfactant.

Finally, more theoretical and experimental investigations are needed to confirm the significance of LC.

References

External links

Oceanography
Physical oceanography

Langmuir circulation


George Square () is a city square in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is in the south of the city centre, adjacent to the Meadows. It was laid out in 1766 outside the overcrowded Old Town, and was a popular residential area for Edinburgh's better-off citizens. In the 1960s, much of the square was redeveloped by the University of Edinburgh, although the Cockburn Association and the Georgian Group of Edinburgh protested. Most but not all buildings on the square now belong to the university (among the exceptions being the Dominican priory of St Albert the Great). Principal buildings include the Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre, Edinburgh University Library, 40 George Square and Appleton Tower.

Georgian square

The square was laid out in 1766 by the builder James Brown, and comprised modest, typically Georgian, terraced houses. Away from the overcrowded Old Town, George Square was the location of the homes of lawyers and nobles. Residents included Sir Walter Scott, the judge Lord Braxfield, and the politician Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville. In June 1792, the square was the starting point of the Dundas Riots, aimed at the house of the Lord advocate, Robert Dundas of Arniston, who lived on the square. From 1876 to 1880, Arthur Conan Doyle, later author of the Sherlock Holmes novels, lived at No. 23 while studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School.

Redevelopment of the square began in the late 19th century when numbers 4 to 7 were redeveloped as George Watson's Ladies College. In the 1920s the college expanded to absorb numbers 8 to 10. These minor interventions were mild in comparison with the changes of the 1960s: the whole south side was demolished, together with half the east side, to provide new facilities for the university. Combined with the redevelopments on Potterow to the north-east and completion of McEwan Hall, this made George Square the new hub of the whole university.

Gardens

The central gardens are privately owned and are not a public park as such. However, they are usually available to public use, though only the southern access is usually open.

The central gardens contain a memorial to Winifred Rushforth entitled "The Dreamer".

The garden also contains several "Baillie lamps", which were formerly placed in front of the Edinburgh Baillies and latterly (until the 1970s) placed in front of councillors' houses.

The pavements adjoining the central garden are "horonised": a system of using vertical slivers of granite remaining from the squaring of the granite setts on the main road surface, thereby having no wasted material.

Famous residents
Dionysius Wielobycki (at number 3)
Rev John Jamieson (4)
Allan Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank (5)
Henry Dundas Lord Melville and Elizabeth Rannie (5)
Richard Huie (8)
John Campbell, Lord Stonefield (11)
Rev John Paul and his son James Balfour Paul (13)
Waller Hugh Paton (14)
John Struthers (anatomist) (15)
Rev William King Tweedie (15) plus a short time at (50)
Very Rev Patrick Clason (22)
Simon Somerville Laurie (22)
Jane Welsh Carlyle (23)
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (23)
Sir Walter Scott (25)
Sir Adam Ferguson (27)
Robert Kaye Greville (31/33)
Joseph Noel Paton (33)
Charles Lawson (nurseryman) (35)
Dawson Turner (radiologist) (37)
Dr Andrew Fyfe (38)
William Archer Porter Tait (38)
Percy Portsmouth (39)
Alexander Adam (39)
Very Rev John Inglis (43)
Hugh Cameron RSA RSW (45)
Edmund Taylor Whittaker (48)
George Turnbull of Abbey St Bathans and his son John (49)
Gerard Baldwin Brown (50)
Robert Dundas of Arniston (57)
Charles Maclaren (58)
Thomas M'Crie the Younger (58) earlier at (45)

33 George Square was used as the base for HM Geological Survey of Scotland with notable employees including John Horne.

Other residents (whose exact addresses are unclear) include Henry Erskine, Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield (north side), William Craig, Lord Craig (west side), John Campbell, Lord Stonefield (north side) and Admiral Duncan of Camperdown.

Redevelopment

The University of Edinburgh began drawing up plans to redevelop the square in the 1950s. Architects Basil Spence and Robert Matthew were closely involved in the plans. Opposition to demolition of the Georgian Square was led by the Cockburn Association, and the Georgian Group of Edinburgh, which was established by Colin McWilliam and others to resist the proposals. In the end, the western side of the square was retained. This was helped by the refusal of the Dominican Order who owned 23 and 24 George Square to sell their premises to the university, despite the offer to build a replacement church and priory. Fr Anthony Ross O.P. was instrumental in this refusal. On the northern side, the 19th century George Watson's Ladies College was retained alongside the modern Hugh Robson Building. Georgian terraces were retained along half of the east side, while the southern side was entirely redeveloped.

Today, George Square has the highest concentration of university buildings in its Central campus area, which includes the Brutalist Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre, the university's main library, and the Appleton Tower and 40 George Square teaching and administrative buildings.

Edinburgh Fringe

During August each year, the square becomes an important hub for events during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Many of the university buildings, notably Gordon Aikman Lecture Theatre and the lecture halls in 40 George Square are converted for use as venues by operator Assembly. The gardens are filled with bars and pop-up venues, including, in recent years while nearby Bristo Square is being renovated, the Underbelly purple cow venue.

References

Bibliography

 Greenwood Tree, "George and Charlotte, The Old Squares", in Thomson, David Cleghorn (ed.), Saltire Review, Vol. 6, No. 22, The Saltire Society, Edinburgh, pp. 9 - 14

External links

Squares in Edinburgh
Georgian architecture in Scotland
University of Edinburgh
1766 establishments in Scotland
Edinburgh Festival Fringe

George Square, Edinburgh


is a 1977 Japanese film directed by Seijun Suzuki.

Plot
The film is about a professional model Reiko (Shiraki) who is being groomed for the golf circuit by the editor of a golfing fashion magazine.  During her first professional competition she has great success, winning the approval of her mentor, a TV audience and others. Suddenly, everyone wants a piece of Reiko. The plot turns sinister as one of her devoted followers develops an obsession with Reiko and starts to blackmail and threaten her.

Cast
 Yoko Shiraki
 Yoshio Harada
 Masumi Okada
 Joe Shishido
 Kōji Wada : Yoshizawa
 Shuji Sano
 Asao Koike
 Keisuke Noro

Reception
Jasper Sharp of Midnight Eye said, "Coming across like a deranged hybrid of Clint Eastwood's Play Misty for Me (1971) and Robert Aldrich's What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), this sinister social satire of Stepford Wives-esque suburban aspiration set against the glamorous world of big budget sports promotion is impossible to pigeonhole as anything other than a Suzuki film."

David Carter of Film Fanaddict described the film as "a vastly different film from his previous body of work, but one that retained many of the stylistic touches for which he was known and contained more than a few subtle digs at corporations, fame and the entertainment industry."

References

External links

1977 films
1970s thriller films
Films directed by Seijun Suzuki
Golf films
1970s Japanese-language films
Shochiku films
Japanese sports films
1977 drama films
1970s Japanese films
Japanese thriller films

A Tale of Sorrow and Sadness


Brigadier Llewellyn Arthur Augustus Alston  (21 December 1890 – 18 March 1969) was a British Army officer who saw active service in both of the  world wars.

Military career
Alston was commissioned into the Royal Welch Fusiliers on 4 December 1912. He served with the regiment in the First World War, and was promoted to captain in October 1915. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1918 and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order in 1919.

On 17 July 1929 Alston was promoted to the rank of major and in July 1939 attained the rank of colonel. Between July 1939 and July 1941, during World War II, he was Commanding Officer, 113th Infantry Brigade, before serving as commander, East Central Area, Sheffield Sub-District, 211 Sub-Area until October 1943. Alston was then appointed as a garrison commander until September 1944. From September 1944 to May 1945 Alston worked for the British military delegation in the United States, for which he received the Legion of Merit on 30 December 1947. On 20 September 1945, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and served as Colonel of the Royal Welch Fusiliers between 1947 and 1948.

References

External links
British Army Officers 1939–1945
Generals of World War II

1890 births
1969 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army brigadiers of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers

Llewellyn Alston


Joen Danielsen Known as Kvívíks-Jógvan (Jógvan of Kvívík), (11 June 1843, Kvívík, Faroe Islands – 2 May 1926).  He married and settled in the town of Gjógv.

Kvívíks-Jógvan was one of the earliest traditional Faroese poets to write poems in the Faroese language. Growing up together with J. P. Gregoriussen in the town of Kvívík when V. U. Hammershaimb was parish priest there, he taught himself to read Faroese by borrowing books from Mr. Hammershaimb.

Among the many poems he wrote, Jógvan also wrote traditional Faroese ballads, the most famous being "Kópakvæðið" (the ballad of the Selkie or seal woman) which consists of 68 verses.  This ballad is based on a Faroese legend about seals coming ashore to dance in human appearance on 7 January, which locally is known as "old christmas" which was celebrated in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

Works
 Yrkingar. 1926 (Poems and Ballads, in Faroese)

External links
 Kvívíks-Jógvan

19th-century Faroese people
1843 births
1926 deaths
Faroese male poets
Faroese songwriters
Faroese-language poets
People from Kvívík

Joen Danielsen


Touch rugby, also named Touch or Touch Football, is a sport which is derived from rugby league. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.

History
Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s, pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s and the first Touch league began in Ireland in 2005.

Rules

Size of The Field
It is played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas.

Numbers
According to official rules, each team can have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, total 12 players get to play on a field. It is possible to interchange players as many as they want.

Start of The Game
By tossing a coin, starting team is decided and an attacking team gets to have six chances to make a score. These chances are called touches.

Scoring
Players can score by grounding the ball in goal areas. The definition of grounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.

Turn over
If the attacking team drops a ball, the possession is changed to the other team and the game starts over with rollball by using hands or feet. The definition of rollball is rolling the ball slightly backward by using your hand or feet.

Penalty Situations

Forward pass
Team which has possession can pass a ball to teammates who is at sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty and they lose the possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using your foot.

Touch and Pass
If a player passes the ball after being touched a penalty occurs for forward pass.

Off the mark
Players must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark where a rollball or a penalty were given.

How to touch?
In Touch, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced with touch by using a hand. It allows any part of body to be touched and must use minimum force.

Purpose
Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world. No matter who you are, how old you are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women.

References

Rugby

Touch rugby


The 2023 WNBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game played on July 15, 2023, at Michelob Ultra Arena. The Las Vegas Aces hosted the game and related events for the third time - the previous games being in 2019 and 2021.

A'ja Wilson, of the Las Vegas Aces was the overall leader in fan votes with 95,860, with Breanna Stewart, of the New York Liberty, finishing in 2nd with 87,586 votes.

On July 13, 2023, it was announced that Kehlani would be performing the Half-Time Show.

Rosters

Selection
On June 5, the WNBA announced that 2023 would have a similar roster selection process to the 2022 WNBA All-Star Game. Fans, WNBA players, head coaches, sports writers, and broadcasters would all be able to vote for All Stars. All groups could fill out a ballot of four guards and six front court players. Players and coaches could not vote for members of their own team. Voting began on June 7 at 2 p.m. ET and concluded on Wednesday, June 21 at 11:59 p.m. ET.

The voting was weighted as follows:

Players were not allowed to vote for their own teammates. The top 10 players receiving votes based on this weighting would be selected to the All-Star Game. These ten players would be deemed the starters. After the announcement of the starters, the WNBA's head coaches will select the 12 reserves. Coaches will vote for three guards, five frontcourt players, and four players at either position regardless of conference. They could not vote for their own players. The top two vote-getters will be captains of the two All-Star teams and will select their teams from the pool of 8 remaining starters and the 12 reserves. The captains will draft their respective rosters by selecting first from the remaining eight players in the pool of starters and then from the pool of 12 reserves. ESPN may broadcast the WNBA All-Star Team Selection Special.

Fan Vote Results
The following is the top 30 players based on fan voting alone.

Full Voting Results
The following are the overall scores for the Top 10 finishers – based on the results from all three voting groups. The fans votes are weighed at 50%, while votes from the media and players are weighed 25%. The players are sorted by their positions. The top four players at the guards and the top 6 players at the frontcourt positions were deemed the starters for the game.  After the release of the voting results, the leagues head coaches will select the twelve All-Star reserves by voting for three guards, five frontcourt players, and four players at either position.  The results of this vote was announced on July 1, 2023.

Head Coaches
The head coaches for the AT&T WNBA All-Star 2023 will be the head coaches of the two teams regardless of conference with the best records following games on Friday, June 30. The head coach with the best record as of that date will coach the team whose captain earned the most fan votes.

Becky Hammon, coach of the Las Vegas Aces, and Stephanie White, coach of the Connecticut Sun, qualified to be the two head coaches for the 2023 All-Star Game.  They earned the right to be the coaches as they guided their teams to the top two spots in the standings as of that date. This is Hammon's second time and White first time as head coaches in the All-Star game. White had previous been an assistant coach for the Western Conference Team in the 2013 game. Hammon coached Team Wilson due to having the best record at the date coaches were chosen and Wilson having the most votes. White coached Team Stewart.

All-Star Pool
The players for the all-star Game were selected by the voting process described above. The starters for the game were announced on June 25, 2023, with A'ja Wilson of the Las Vegas Aces and Breanna Stewart of the New York Liberty leading in fan votes. Those two were named captains for the game.  This was Wilson and Stewarts fifth time being named to the All-Star team.

The Western Conference provided the majority of the all-star starters with eight of the starters being from that conference.  Brittney Griner of the Phoenix Mercury was selected for the ninth time, and she was joined the in starting front court by Satou Sabally of the Dallas Wings, Aliyah Boston of the Indiana Fever, and Nneka Ogwumike of the Los Angeles Sparks.  This was Sabally's second selection, Boston's first, and Ogwumike's eighth.  The starting front court consisted of Jackie Young and Chelsea Gray of the Las Vegas Aces, Jewell Loyd of the Seattle Storm and Arike Ogunbowale of the Dallas Wings.  Gray, and Loyd have earned five all-star game selections, while it was Ogunbowale's third and Young's second selections.

Opposite of the starters, the Eastern Conference provide the majority of the All-Star reserves with nine of the twelve reserves coming from that conference. Elena Delle Donne of the Washington Mystics was selected for the seventh time, joined in the front court by Alyssa Thomas and  DeWanna Bonner of the Connecticut Sun, Cheyenne Parker of the Atlanta Dream, Napheesa Collier of the Minnesota Lynx, and Ezi Magbegor of the Seattle Storm. This was Thomas's fourth selection, Bonner's fifth, Collier's third, and Parker and Magbegor's first. The backcourt reserves consisted of Kahleah Copper of the Chicago Sky, Allisha Gray of the Atlanta Dream, Sabrina Ionescu and Courtney Vandersloot of the New York Liberty, Kelsey Mitchell of the Indiana Fever, and Kelsey Plum of the Las Vegas Aces. Vandersloot earned her fifth All-Star selection, Cooper earned her third, while Ionescu and Plum earned their second. Gray and Mitchell were named to their first All-Star game.

Delle Donne was announced out for the game following an ankle injury on July 11. Rhyne Howard of the Atlanta Dream was selected as her replacement. This is Howard's second All-Star selection.

All-Star Selections per team

Draft
The WNBA-All Star draft took place on July 8, 2023. A'ja Wilson and Breanna Stewart were named captain respectively as they received the most fan votes. The first six players to be drafted were starters. The next 12 players, chosen by WNBA head coaches were then drafted. Wilson began the draft of the starters due to her having the most votes, while Stewart began the draft of the reserves.

Final rosters

 Elena Delle Donne was injured during her July 9 game against the Connecticut Sun and was ruled out of the All-Star Game.
 Rhyne Howard was selected as a replacement for Elena Delle Donne on July 11, 2023.

Game

Rule Changes
The WNBA put in three new rules for the 2022 All-Star Game and brought them back for the 2023 All-Star Game:

 4-Point Shot
Four circles – two at each end of the court – were placed above the current three-point line
 20-Second Shot Clock
 Automatic Points for Free-Throw Attempts: "No Free-Throws"

Three-Point Contest & Skills Challenge
On January 12, 2023, it was announced that there will be a Three-Point Contest and Skills Challenge on July 14, the night before the All-Star game. It will be televised on ESPN in the US and on TSN1/4/5 in Canada. The Three-Point Contest is presented by Starry, while the WNBA Skills Challenge is presented by Kia.

Three-Point Contest

The contestants for the three-point contest were announced on July 13, 2023.  DiJonai Carrington and Sami Whitcomb were not selected to the All-Star game, but were selected to participate in the three point contest.  The competition is two rounds, with the top three finishers from the first round advancing. Competitors have one minute & 10 seconds & 27 balls to accumulate points. Four racks contain four regular balls worth one point and one "money ball" worth two points. One rack is all money balls. In the event of ties, there will be multiple 30-second tiebreakers before a winner is determined.

Sabrina Ionescu won the three point contest by virtue of scoring 37 of a possible 40 points in the final round. She made 20 consecutive shots during the round and only missed 2 total shots. Her 37 points is a record for both the NBA and WNBA. The previous NBA record was 31 points and the previous WNBA record was 30 points.

Skills Challenge

On July 11, the WNBA announced that the skills challenge will consist of four teams of two players.  Each team will consist of players selected for the All-Star Game from the same team.  Teams will compete in a two-round, timed, obstacle course, relay competition that tests agility, dribbling, passing, and shooting skills.  The first round will feature all four teams competing one at a time in a race against the clock. As each team goes on the clock, Player 1 will complete the obstacle course and will be followed by their teammate, Player 2. The two teams that successfully complete the course with the fastest times will advance to the final round and compete on the same course for the championship. In the event of a tie, if necessary to determine a team that will advance to the final round or determine the champion, the tied teams shall repeat the course.

Team Aces and Team Liberty advanced following the First Round of Action with Team Aces having the best time. During the Final Round, Team Liberty went first and posted 58.0 seconds. Team Aces went second and had no problem beating the Team Liberty time. Team Aces posted a 45.9 second final round time - beating the Liberty by 13.7 seconds. Kelsey Plum and Chelsea Gray were crowned the winners of the WNBA Skills Challenge.

Skills Challenge Results

References

WNBA All-Star Game
Sports competitions in Las Vegas
Basketball in Las Vegas
Women's National Basketball Association All-Star Game
WNBA All-Star Game
2023 in sports in Nevada
21st century in Las Vegas

2023 WNBA All-Star Game


Richard Herst (Hurst) (died 29 August 1628) was an English Roman Catholic recusant layman. He is a Catholic martyr, beatified in 1929.

Life
Herst is thought to have been born at Broughton, near Preston, Lancashire, England, where he was a well-to-do yeoman, farming his own land. He was arrested while out ploughing his fields. As he was a recusant, Norcross, a pursuivant, was sent by the Bishop of Chester to arrest him. The pursuivants had a fracas with Hurst's servants, in the course of which one of the pursuivant's men, by name Dewhurst, in running over a ploughed field, fell and broke his leg. The wound mortified and proved fatal, and before his death Dewhurst made a solemn oath that his injury was the result of an accident. Nevertheless Hurst was indicted for murder, as the Government wished at that time to make severe examples of recusants.

Through Hurst's friends a petition was sent to King Charles I of England, also supported by Queen Henrietta Maria. No evidence contradicting Dewhurst's dying declaration having been adduced, the jury were unwilling to convict; but the foreman of the jury was told by the judge, in the house of the latter, that the Government was determined to get a conviction, that a murder had been committed, and that the jury must bring in a verdict of guilty. Hurst was convicted and sentenced to death; on the next day, being commanded to hear a sermon at the Anglican church, he refused and was dragged by the legs for some distance to the church, where he put his fingers in his ears so as not to hear the sermon.

At the gallows he was informed that his life would be spared if he would swear allegiance to the king, but as the oath contained passages to which he objected, he refused and was at once executed.  He was executed at Lancaster.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
Joseph Gillow, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., s.v.;
, Lancashire Recusants, in manuscript;
Richard Challoner, Memoirs, II (Edinburgh, 1878) 97-101;
A True and Exact Relation of the Death of Two Catholiks at Lancaster, 1628 (London, 1737), a rare tract;
Henry Foley in Stonyhurst Magazine No. XX, 112;
Charles Dodd-Tierney, Cath. Hist.

1628 deaths
English beatified people
17th-century venerated Christians
People from Broughton, Lancashire
Year of birth unknown
One Hundred and Seven Martyrs of England and Wales

Richard Herst


EMML (Enterprise Mobility Mark-up Language) is an extension of the HTML language. It is less of a strict set of functions and tags, but more a standard for providing developers of web-based mobility applications a means to configure, control and retrieve information from additional input devices and features of rugged mobile computers.

History

EMML 1.0
EMML was first devised by James Morley-Smith in 2001, when working as a Software Developer at Symbol Technologies (now a wholly owned subsidiary of Motorola, Inc). As part of the first version of Symbol's PocketBrowser, EMML was originally a mechanism for providing access to the barcode scanner built into many of Symbol's enterprise mobility devices. It was extended to include features such as WLAN signal indicators, power statistics and access to the communications port to allow for input from custom devices such as magnetic card readers and temperature probes.

EMML 1.0 support is currently offered by commercial browsers and development tools from companies such as Naurtech, Intermec, Wavelink, and Georgia Softworks
.

EMML 1.1
In 2009 Motorola created an updated version of EMML in order to co-ordinate it with other Internet standards, most notably CSS. There was a clear focus on simplifying the standard and reducing the amount of redundant code. In doing so, the number of bytes required to be downloaded was reduced and the readability of the language was vastly improved.

Previously, all parameters had to be supplied to each META function individually. This meant that each module might have several META tags, each taking up several bytes worth of data. In EMML 1.1, parameters can be supplied in a semi-colon delimited list, much like styles in a CSS style block in HTML.

Characteristics

Usage of the Meta tag
EMML utilizes the Meta tag from the HTML language to set properties and specify callback functions by which the browser returns information. According to the W3C the META Tag is: "an extensible container for use in identifying specialized document meta-information".

In EMML, the http-equiv parameter is primarily used to identify the module of functionality. The content parameter is used to set properties, methods, and associated events.

Actions
There are three main actions in the EMML language:
 Setting property values
 Invoking methods
 Retrieving information through events

Setting property values
In EMML, setting properties is a case of providing the module and property to set, followed by the value.

In EMML 1.0
Example 1. The following is an example of setting the x-position in pixels of the on screen battery indicator in EMML 1.0:

<meta http-equiv="battery" content="x=100" />

Example 2. This is an example of several parameters being applied to the battery module using EMML 1.0:

<meta http-equiv="battery" content="x=10" />
<meta http-equiv="battery" content="y=10" />
<meta http-equiv="battery" content="rgb:ff,00,00" />

In EMML 1.1
The example shown in Example 2. in In EMML 1.0 can be written this way in EMML 1.1:

<meta http-equiv="battery" content="left:10; top:10; color:#ff0000;" />

It is immediately apparent in the example from EMML 1.1 that there is less redundant information. It may also be observed that the x and y parameters from EMML 1.0 have been substituted for the left and top parameters familiar to CSS. This is also true for the w and h EMML 1.0 parameters that have become width and height in EMML 1.1. The way in which color is described was also changed to the #rrggbb format of HTML and CSS.

Invoking methods
Methods are written in a way similar to setting a property. Again, the module appears in the http-equiv parameter, and the action in the content parameter.

In EMML 1.0
The following would cause the on screen battery indicator to be displayed:

<meta http-equiv="battery" content="show" />

In EMML 1.1
The show method from EMML 1.0 was dropped in favor of the visibility parameter with the visible value, similarly hide is now the hidden value of the visibility parameter.

<meta http-equiv="battery" content="left:10; top:10; color:#ff0000; visibility:visible;" />

Retrieving information through events
Retrieving information is carried out by specifying a callback function to which the EMML browser returns information.  Typically, META functions which return information were named as the module name followed by the word "navigate".  The callback function could be a URL, where the data is passed as name–value pairs in the query string, or a JavaScript function or variable.

In EMML 1.0
The following is how you would set all of these for the batterynavigate function in EMML 1.0

Note: all of these methods would not be included in one document, they are included here as an example.

<!-- A call-back to a URL -->
<meta http-equiv="batterynavigate" content="http://myserver/mypage.html?ACLineStatus=%s&BatteryLifePercent=%s&BackupBatteryLifePercent=%s" />
<!-- A call-back to a JavaScript function -->
<meta http-equiv="batterynavigate" content="Javascript:doBattery('%s', '%s', '%s');" />
<!-- A call-back to a JavaScript variable -->
<meta http-equiv="batterynavigate" content="Javascript:var bACLine = '%s'; var iBattPC = '%s'; var iBkUpPC ='%s';" />

In EMML 1.0, you specify a place holder for each value you are interested in using a %s.  This has the drawback of requiring the developer to supply a placeholder for inconsequential values. For example, placeholders would be required for 8 values, even if only the 1st and 8th values were of interest.

In EMML 1.1
In EMML 1.1 events have a parameter value for each event and each module can therefore support more than one event.

<meta http-equiv="battery"  content="batteryevent:url('http://myserver/mypage.html?ACLineStatus=%s&BatteryLifePercent=%s&BackupBatteryLifePercent=%s');" />

Or

<meta http-equiv="battery" content="batteryevent:url('Javascript:doBatt('%s', '%s');');" />

In EMML 1.1, the s can be substituted for a numerical value representing the position of the value of interest.  Therefore, if requesting the 1st and 8th values from the signalevent of the signal module, the tag might be written as follows:

<meta http-equiv="signal" content="signalevent:url('Javascript:doWLAN('%1', '%8');');" />

EMML profiles (EMMP)
Also added in EMML 1.1 were EMML profiles. EMML profiles are similar to CSS style sheets. An EMML profile allows for the creation of EMML classes – a common set of EMML Meta tags which can be applied to a page or element.

Below is an example of an EMML profile page:

.inventoryBarcodes {
   scanner-alldecoders:       disabled;
   scanner-code128redundancy: true;
   scanner-code128minlength:  10;
   scanner-code128maxlength:  16;
   scanner-code128:           enabled;
   scanner-ean13:             enabled;
   scanner-i2of5:             enabled;
}

.inventoryBattery {
   battery-left:              10;
   battery-top:               0;
   battery-visibility:        visible;
}

EMML Profiles are stored in .emmp files; these can be linked to the HTML document using the import method of the EMMLProfile module. This is an example of how an EMMP file would be linked:

<meta http-equiv="emmlprofile" content="source:url('http://myserver/inventoryprofiles.emmp'); import;">

Note: Each META tag is parsed from left to right applying each component part in turn. Therefore, in the above example, the source parameter will be set before the import method is called.  The same is true for EMML Profiles which are applied from top downwards.

When a profile page is linked, the class name can simply be referenced, and with that, all the parameters in the profile can be applied with one command.

<meta http-equiv="emmlprofile" content="apply:inventoryBarcode; apply:inventoryBattery" />

As can be seen from the example above, it is possible to set any number of profiles. When doing this, however, one should be aware of conflicting parameters.

See also
Rhodes Framework

References

External links
 Naurtech Web Browser Programming Guide
Wavelink Telnet Client Industrial Browser Reference Guide
Intermec Browser User's Manual
Motorola PocketBrowser Download Including Developer Guide
EMML Samples

Domain-specific programming languages
Query languages
Open standards
Web services
XML markup languages
User interface markup languages
XML-based standards
Software architecture
Web development software
Rich Internet Applications

EMML (Motorola)


For other battles in the same area but in different years, see Battle of Homs.

The first Battle of Homs was fought in Homs, Syria, on December 10, 1260, between the Ilkhanates of Persia and the forces of Egypt.

After the historic Mamluk Egyptian victory over the Ilkhanates at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September 1260, Hulagu Khan of the Ilkhanate had the Ayyubid Sultan of Damascus and other Ayyubid princes executed in revenge, thus effectively ending the dynasty in Syria. However, the defeat at Ain Jalut forced the Ilkhanate armies out of Syria and the Levant.

The main cities of Syria, Aleppo and Damascus were thus left open to Mamluk occupation.  But Homs and Hama remained in the possession of minor Ayyubid princes. These princes, rather than the Mamluks of Cairo themselves, actually fought and won the First Battle of Homs.

Due to the open war between Hulagu and his cousin Berke of the Golden Horde during the civil war of the Mongol Empire, the Ilkhanate could only afford to send 6,000 troops back into Syria to retake control of the lands. This expedition was initiated by Ilkhanate generals such as Baidu who was forced to leave Gaza when the Mamluks advanced just before the battle of Ain Jalut. After attacking Aleppo, the force travelled southwards to Homs, but were decisively defeated. This ended the first campaign into Syria by the Ilkhanate, though there were several later incursions,  none of which ended with conquests lasting more than a year.

See also

Second Battle of Homs (1281)
 Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar (1299/1300)

Notes

Bibliography
 Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995) Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
 Nicolle, Warlords., p. 117
 J. J. Saunders, The Mongol Defeat at 'Ain Jalut, in. Muslims and Mongols, (ed. by G.W.Rice), p. 69.
 Waterson, James (2007) The Knights of Islam: The Wars of the Mamluks. Greenhill Books, London.

Homs 1
Homs 1
History of Homs
Homs
1260 in Asia
Aga
Aga

First Battle of Homs


Brian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand.

Playing career
Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but  did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the backline, but turned out on the wing in all but one of his test match appearances.

Later years
Reidy went on serve as an administrator, on the NZ Kiwis Association, the Auckland Leagues Club and the board of the New Zealand Rugby League Museum. In 2015 he was made a life member of the New Zealand Rugby League.

Reidy died in Auckland on 2 June 2016.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
New Zealand rugby league players
New Zealand national rugby league team players
Auckland rugby league team players
Marist Saints players
Rugby league wingers

Brian Reidy


The secretary general of NATO is the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The officeholder is an international diplomat responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, as well as acting as NATO's spokesperson. The secretary general does not have a military command role; political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the Chair of the NATO Military Committee and the supreme allied commander, the officeholder is one of the foremost officials of NATO.

The current secretary general is former Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg, who took office on 1 October 2014. Stoltenberg's mission as secretary general was extended for another four-year term, meaning that he was to lead NATO until September 30, 2022. However, due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, his term was extended further by another year.

History
Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty requires NATO members to "establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented." Accordingly, the North Atlantic Council was formed.  Initially the Council consisted of NATO members' foreign ministers and met annually. In May 1950, the desire for closer coordination on a day-to-day basis led to the appointment of Council deputies, permanently based in London and overseeing the workings of the organization.  Deputies were given full decision-making authority within the North Atlantic Council, but their work was supplemented by occasional meetings of the NATO foreign ministers.  The chairman of the deputies was given responsibility "for directing the organization and its work," including all of its civilian agencies.

The Council deputies met for the first time on July 25, 1950, and selected Charles Spofford, the United States deputy, as their chairman. Several important organisational changes quickly followed the establishment of Council deputies, most notably the establishment of a unified military command under a single supreme Allied commander.  This unification and the growing challenges facing NATO led to rapid growth in the institutions of the organisation and in 1951, NATO was reorganized to streamline and centralize its bureaucracy.  As part of the organization, the Council deputies were delegated with the authority to represent their governments in all matters, including those related to defense and finance, not just foreign affairs, greatly increasing their power and importance.

As the authority of the deputies increased, and the size of the organization grew, NATO established the Temporary Council Committee, chaired by W. Averell Harriman.  This group established an official secretariat in Paris to command NATO's bureaucracy. The committee also recommended that "the agencies of NATO needed to be strengthened and co-ordinate", and emphasized the need for someone other than the Chairman of the North Atlantic Council to become the senior leader of the alliance. In February 1952, North Atlantic Council accordingly established the position of secretary general to manage all civilian agencies of the organization, control its civilian staff, and serve the North Atlantic Council.

After the Lisbon Conference, the NATO states began looking for a person who could fill the role of secretary general. The position was first offered to Oliver Franks, the British ambassador to the United States, but he declined. Then, on March 12, 1952, the North Atlantic Council selected Hastings Ismay, a general from the Second World War, and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations in the British cabinet as secretary general.  Unlike later secretaries general who served as Chairman of the North Atlantic Council, Ismay was made the vice chairman of the council, with Spofford continuing to serve as chairman. Ismay was selected because of his high rank in the war, and his role "at the side of Churchill ... in the highest Allied Councils." As both a soldier and a diplomat, he was considered uniquely qualified for the position, and enjoyed the full support of all the NATO states.

Several months later, after Spofford retired from the NATO, the structure of the North Atlantic Council was changed slightly. One member of the council was selected annually as the president of the North Atlantic Council (a largely ceremonial role), and the secretary general officially became the Deputy President of the Council, as well as the chair of its meetings. Ismay served as secretary general until retiring in May, 1957.

After Ismay, Paul-Henri Spaak, an international diplomat and former prime minister of Belgium was selected as the second secretary general. Unlike Ismay, Spaak had no military experience, so his appointment represented a "deemphasis of the strictly military side of the Atlantic Alliance." When confirming Spaak's appointment in December 1956 during a session of the NATO foreign ministers, the North Atlantic Council also expanded the role of the secretary general in the organization. Largely as a result of the Suez Crisis, which had strained intra-alliance relations, the council issued a resolution to allow the secretary general "to offer his good officers informally at any time to member governments involved in a dispute and with their consent to initiate or facilitate procedures of inquiry, mediation, conciliation, or arbitration."

List of officeholders

The NATO countries selected the first secretary general on April 4, 1952. Since that time, twelve different diplomats have served officially as secretary general. Eight countries have been represented, with three secretaries general hailing from the United Kingdom, three from the Netherlands, two from Belgium, one from Italy, one from Germany, one from Spain, one from Denmark and one from Norway. The position has also been occupied temporarily on three occasions by an acting secretary general between appointments.

Responsibilities
The NATO secretary general chairs several of the senior decision-making bodies of NATO.  In addition to the North Atlantic Council, he chairs the Defence Planning Committee and the Nuclear Planning Committee, two of NATO's important military organizations.  The secretary general also leads the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the Mediterranean Cooperation Group, and serves as Joint Chairman of the Permanent Joint Council and the NATO-Ukraine Commission.

In a second role, the secretary general leads the staff of NATO.  He directs the International Staff of the organization, and the Office of the Secretary General.  The secretary general also directs his or her own Private Office.  All of these bodies draw personnel from all members of NATO, so the secretary general must carefully coordinate.  For assistance in his responsibilities, the secretary general also has a deputy appointed by the organization.

Selection
There is no formal process for selecting the secretary general.  The members of NATO traditionally reach a consensus on who should serve next. This procedure often takes place through informal diplomatic channels, but it still can become contentious. For example, in 2009, controversy arose over the choice of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as secretary general, due to opposition from Turkey.

NATO's chief military officer, the supreme Allied commander Europe, is traditionally an American, and the secretary general has traditionally been a European. However, there is nothing in NATO's charter that would preclude a Canadian or American from becoming the secretary general.

Deputy Secretary General

See also

Supreme Allied Commander Europe
Chairman of the NATO Military Committee

Notes

Citations

References

External links

1952 establishments

Secretary General of NATO


Peripheral ERA (PERA) is a pitching statistic created by the Baseball Prospectus team.  It is the expected earned run average taking into account park-adjusted hits, walks, strikeouts, and home runs allowed.  Unlike Voros McCracken's DIPS, hits allowed are included. PERA doesn't attempt to eliminate the effect of luck on batted balls away from ERA, instead attempting to account for good (or bad) luck in the combinations of hits, walks, home runs, and strikeouts. A lower PERA than EqERA (adjusted ERA) may indicate poor luck which may even itself out in the future, leading to a lower EqERA despite no change in quality of pitching.

See also
 Baseball statistics
 Batting park factor
 Earned run average
 QERA
 Sabermetrics

References

Pitching statistics

Peripheral ERA


The Bay of Neustadt or Neustadt Bay () is a sub-bay within the Bay of Lübeck which, in turn, is part of the Bay of Mecklenburg in the Baltic Sea.

The only harbour on the Bay of Neustadt, which can be defined by an imaginary line between Sierksdorf and Pelzerhaken off the coast of Wagria, is Neustadt in Holstein. In 1843 the Pelzerhaken Lighthouse was built by the Danes as a navigation aid in the Bay of Neustadt. It was rebuilt in 1936 and is still in operation today.

The Bay of Neustadt achieved tragic fame in 1945 when a ship carrying concentration camp inmates, the SS Cap Arcona sank in one of the greatest disasters at sea. In Neustadt there is a Cap Arcona Museum.

Since January 2007 a speed limit has been introduced for pleasure boats in order to improve the safety of swimmers and sailors. According to the regulation issued by the Waterways and Shipping Navigation Division North (Wasser- und Schifffahrtsdirektion Nord), the speed of motor boats and water scooters may not exceed 15 km/h within a 2-kilometre-wide strip along the coast from Travemünde to Neustadt.

Since May 2012 there has also been a specific ban on certain craft using the Bay of Neustadt. It stipulates a noise limit on motor boats and jet skis.

References

Bay of Lübeck
Bays of Schleswig-Holstein
Bays of the Baltic Sea
Ostholstein

Bay of Neustadt


Cylindrococcus is a genus of scale insects that induces galls on plants of the genus Allocasuarina.  There are two described species of Cylindrococcus, both of which occur only in Australia.  The galls of adult females (10–30 mm long) look somewhat similar to the cone-like "fruit" of the host plant and might be mistaken for such.

Systematics
Cylindrococcus is currently classified in the scale insect family Eriococcidae although, at times, it has been placed in its own family, Cylindrococcidae. Recent molecular phylogenies show that Cylindrococcus is closely related to the type species of Eriococcidae, Eriococcus buxi, so its placement in this family is probably correct.

There are two species currently recognised in Cylindrococcus, C. casuarinae (the type species) and C. spiniferus, which can be easily differentiated by the appearance of the galls induced by adult females.  The galls of C. casuarinae are long, narrow and relatively smooth whereas those of C. spiniferus are broad and have prominent bracts.  Two other species have been described in the past but are no longer recognised as distinct species: C. amplior is in synonymy with C. casuarinae, and C. gracilis has been synonymised with C. spiniferus.

Morphology

Like most scale insects, Cylindrococcus exhibits marked sexual dimorphism.  Adult females are wingless, practically legless and cylindrical, and about 2–9 mm in length.  Adult females of C. casuarinae have large, bulbous membranous lobes where the mid and hind legs would be, whereas C. spiniferus has only sclerotised patches in these areas. Adult females of the two species can also be separated by the semicircular plates with robust spines near the anus of C. spiniferus that are not present in C. casuarinae.

Adult males are small (about 3–5 mm long) and winged.  Adult males have very long thin external genitalia that, it has been argued, allows them to mate with adult females that are deep within galls. Males induce their own galls (7–17 mm long), which are long and thin bract-like galls on the tip on branchlets.

Males and females are both a reddish colour: reddish brown or burgundy for females, and a reddish pink for males.

See also
 Casuarinaceae
 Allocasuarina

References

External links
 ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects

Eriococcidae
Hemiptera of Australia
Sternorrhyncha genera
Gall-inducing insects

Cylindrococcus


Simon Mario Reuel Tolkien (born 12 January 1959) is a British novelist and former barrister. He is the grandson of J. R. R. Tolkien, and the eldest child of Christopher Tolkien.

Biography

Simon was born in Oxford on 12 January 1959, the only child of Christopher Tolkien and his first wife, Faith Faulconbridge. His parents separated when he was five years old and he grew up with his mother. He was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford and then Downside School. He studied modern history at Trinity College, Oxford, after which he embarked on a fifteen-year career as a criminal lawyer. He became a barrister in 1994.

In 1984, he married Tracy Steinberg, who was born in 1962. She is Jewish. Tracy owned and operated a vintage clothing store in Chelsea, London, called Steinberg & Tolkien, which shut in September 2007. They have two children, a son Nicholas and a daughter Anna. Nicholas is a playwright and director who debuted with his first play Terezin in June 2017.

Tolkien currently lives in southern California with his wife Tracy.

Writings
In January 2000, he began writing fiction. His first novel, which he has described as a black comedy, was not accepted for publication. His second novel, a courtroom drama, was published in the United States as The Final Witness in 2002 and in the United Kingdom as The Stepmother in 2003. His second published work, The Inheritance (the first of a trilogy featuring Inspector Trave of the Oxfordshire Criminal Investigation Department), was published in 2010. The second book of the Inspector Trave trilogy, The King of Diamonds, was published in 2011. The third and final book in the trilogy, Orders from Berlin, was published in 2012.

His 2016 novel, No Man's Land: a Novel, was published concurrent with the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme; the middle third of the novel is set in that months-long World War I battle.  The novel follows the life of a poor English child and young adult (Adam Raine), beginning with episodes of labour unrest in London and on to the strikes in coal mining communities, class distinctions, and home front experiences of World War I.  Simon Tolkien acknowledges that the experiences of Adam Raine only superficially resemble those faced by his grandfather (J. R. R. Tolkien) in the same large long battle of the war, but he wanted to write something that in part paid tribute to his grandfather's pivotal war experience as a young man, only a few years older than the age of the protagonist of No Man's Land.

Reaction to filmed versions of J. R. R. Tolkien's works
Simon Tolkien disagreed with the policy of his grandfather's estate in regard to The Lord of the Rings films. When Christopher Tolkien issued a statement that the "Tolkien estate would be best advised to avoid any specific association with the films", Simon Tolkien broke ranks, offering to cooperate with the filmmakers, stating, "It was my view that we take a much more positive line on the film and that was overruled by my father." Following up a 2001 interview with the Independent, Simon in 2003 gave interviews to the Daily Telegraph and other media in which he discussed his strained relationship with his father, describing it as a permanent breach; however, they subsequently reconciled.

As of 2022, he is a consultant on the Amazon TV series The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power.

Bibliography

Inspector Trave novels
 The Inheritance (2010)
 The King of Diamonds (2011)
 Orders from Berlin (2012)

Other works
 The Final Witness / The Stepmother (2002)
 No Man's Land (2016)

References

External links

 Simon Tolkien website
My Grandfather, JRR Tolkien.

1959 births
Living people
21st-century English novelists
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
English mystery writers
English barristers
English people of German descent
People educated at The Dragon School
People educated at Downside School
English male novelists
Simon
British expatriates in the United States

Simon Tolkien


Jeremy Ronald John Taggart (born April 7, 1975) is a Canadian drummer, radio host, and author, best known for playing with Our Lady Peace from 1993 until 2014.

Early life
Taggart was born in Toronto, Ontario, later growing up in Mansfield, Ontario  and has two brothers and one sister. Music was a central part of his youth, as his parents were also musicians, and Taggart learned to play drums at an early age. He has said the loss of R.J. Logan was a driving force to take his drumming to the next level. He auditioned for the then up-and-coming Our Lady Peace in April 1993.

Career

Our Lady Peace
In 1993, Jim Newell, Our Lady Peace's previous drummer, left the band due to commitment issues. The remaining members and their management held open auditions for his replacement. They auditioned over a hundred drummers, ultimately choosing Taggart, who was 17 at the time.

The band offered him the drumming position which Taggart accepted. Our Lady Peace had also recently been given a record deal with Sony Music Canada and were playing some small club shows. Taggart's age created a legal issue for the band; he was only seventeen and performers have to be legal drinking age, nineteen in Ontario, to perform in bars and clubs.

In June 2014, Taggart announced that he had left Our Lady Peace and was not coming back.

Other projects
In addition to drumming for Our Lady Peace, Taggart has worked on various side projects, including providing the drums on Chantal Kreviazuk's song "Blue", Geddy Lee's song "Home on the Strange", and The Beautiful Unknown's song "Riot in the House of Ruin". He also appears in the music video for Chad Kroeger and Josey Scott's song, "Hero", off the Spider-Man soundtrack. Kroeger and Scott asked Taggart to appear in the video after Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron was unable to appear at the video shoot.

He ran a radio/podcast show called Taggarts Take, which mixes interviews of bands and politicians with Taggart's personal remarks.

Taggart is also a member of the judging panel for the 10th and 11th annual Independent Music Awards. as well as judge for the 9th Season.

Taggart is involved in mentoring aspiring musicians such as Arkells .

He is also a frequent guest on TSN's, Jay and Dan Podcast, hosted by sportscasters Jay Onrait and Dan O'Toole.

In 2013, Taggart, who grew up in nearby Mansfield, emceed an event in Melanchton, Ontario celebrating the decision by The Highland Companies to withdraw its license to start mining in the area for limestone . He became involved in stopping the mine when a childhood friend alerted him about the issue.

In January 2014, Jeremy teamed up with fellow Canadian Jonathan Torrens to create the Taggart and Torrens Podcast. They discuss everything from sports to politics and offer a unique Canadian "everyman" perspective on the issues. They also play games they have created such as "Poem Sayin" and "Callin Pranks". In October 2017, Taggart and Torrens released the paperback book Canadianity: Tales From The True North Strong And Freezing, "a collection of showbiz tales from the road and relatable everyday anecdotes, all wrapped up in a nostalgic fondness for this great country. Canadianity takes readers on a cross-country journey, shining the spotlight on notable local heroes (or bands), the best places to crush food and the greasiest watering holes, coast to coast to coast."

He is the cousin of Australian footballer Adam Taggart and musician Andrew Taggart.

References

External links
 Jeremy Taggart on Myspace

Living people
1975 births
Canadian rock drummers
Canadian male drummers
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Musicians from Toronto
Canadian alternative rock musicians
Alternative rock drummers
Our Lady Peace members
20th-century Canadian drummers
21st-century Canadian drummers
20th-century Canadian male musicians
21st-century Canadian male musicians

Jeremy Taggart


Charles's Law is a basic law in physics and chemistry. It describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas, if the pressure and amount of gas do not change. It is also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac or the Law of Volumes.

According to Charles's Law, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when measured at a constant pressure. In other words, as the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases, and as the temperature decreases, its volume decreases. This relationship can be written mathematically as:

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

where V₁ and T₁ are the initial volume and temperature, and V₂ and T₂ are the final volume and temperature.

Charles's Law assumes that the pressure and amount of gas do not change. In reality, pressure can influence the behavior of gases, so the ideal gas law, which uses all three variables (pressure, volume, and temperature), often describes gas behavior more accurately.

Charles's Law is particularly useful in applications involving the expansion or contraction of gases due to temperature changes, such as in gas thermometers or the behavior of gases in various engineering processes.

Laws of physics
Thermodynamics
Physical chemistry

Charles's law


The Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity (formerly the International Advertising Festival) is a global event for those working in creative communications, advertising, and related fields. It is considered the largest gathering of the advertising and creative communications industry.

The five-day festival, incorporating the awarding of the Lions awards, is held yearly at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès in Cannes, France.  During the last week of June, around 15,000 registered delegates from 90 countries visit the Festival to celebrate the best of creativity in brand communication, discuss industry issues, and network with one another. The week's activities include multiple award ceremonies as well as an opening and closing gala.

History
Inspired by the Cannes Film Festival, staged in Cannes since the late 1940s, a group of cinema screen advertising contractors belonging to the Screen Advertising World Association (Sawa) felt the makers of advertising films should be similarly recognised. They established the International Advertising Film Festival, the first of which took place in Venice, Italy, in September 1954, with 187 film entries from 14 countries. The lion of the Piazza San Marco in Venice was the inspiration for the Lion trophy.

The second festival was held in Monte Carlo, and the third in Cannes. After that, the event alternated between Venice and Cannes before settling in the latter in 1984. New categories have been awards in recent years: the Press & Outdoor Lions competition in 1992; the Cyber Lions in 1998 (retired after 2017); Media Lions in 1999; Direct Lions in 2002; Radio, and Titanium Lions in 2005; Promo & Activation Lions in 2006 (retired after 2017); Design Lions in 2008; PR Lions in 2009; Film Craft in 2010; Creative Effectiveness in 2011; Branded Content & Entertainment and Mobile Lions in 2012; Innovation in 2013 and Creative eCommerce and Social & Influencer in 2018. However, in recent years, there have been calls from within the industry for the festival to simplify the entry categories to better reflect the current state of the modern communications world. The festival responded by introducing changes in 2018, including new categories, revising costs and reducing the event from seven days to five.

In the 1990s, the Festival also added a programme of learning in the form of seminars and workshops. Over the years, this side of the Festival has grown considerably, and in 2013 it featured around 130 sessions over 7 days. These included talks from Christopher Bailey, Jack Black, Jenson Button, Nick Cannon, Shepard Fairey, Arianna Huffington, David Karp, and Annie Leibovitz.

In 2004, British publisher and conference organiser EMAP plc (now called Ascential) purchased the festival from French businessman Roger Hatchuel – who had started managing it in 1987 – for a reported £52 million. In June 2014, the Wall Street Journal as well as Campaign Magazine reported on Nimrod Kamer's protestations at Cannes Lions.

Philip Thomas is the Chairman and Simon Cook the Managing Director. Thomas is also the President and Chief Executive Officer of Ascential Futures, under which Cannes Lions operates.

The Awards

Cannes Lions juries are drawn from experts in each field from around the world. Each jury is headed by a jury president. They judge submissions in Film, Film Craft, Industry Craft, Digital Craft, Media, Print & Publishing, Outdoor, Direct, Pharma, Health & Wellness, Design, Radio & Audio, Mobile, Branded Content & Entertainment, Brand Experience & Activation, Creative eCommerce, Entertainment, Entertainment Lions for Music, PR, Creative Effectiveness, Social & Influencer, Creative Data, Innovation and Titanium, as well as Glass: The Lion for Change and Sustainable Development Goals. In 2013, the Festival launched a new category called the Innovation Lions, which are supposed to "honour the technology and innovation which facilitates creativity", including recognition of the 'Top 10 Startups to Watch'. Additionally, global start-ups can apply for the Start-up Academy to receive festival passes and access mentorship sessions.

Other awards include Holding Company of the Year, Network of the Year, Media Agency of the Year, Agency of the Year, Independent Agency of the Year, Media Person of the Year, New Directors' Showcase, Advertiser of the Year, and the Palme d'Or to the best production company.

Advertisements are generally entered by the agencies that created them, although technically anyone can enter any advertising creation, providing it ran within a specified time frame. The jurors are instructed to reward advertising that is deemed most creative both in idea and execution.

In an article in The Guardian in 2009, WPP boss Sir Martin Sorrell said the Cannes Lions awards were too costly to enter. However, a year later, he also admitted that he had made sure that WPP was "very, very focused on Cannes" and wanted to be "the leader in terms of awards at Cannes". In 2011, WPP won the first Holding Company of the Year prize at the Festival. Commenting on this industry recognition, WPP Worldwide Creative Director, John O'Keeffe, said:

"Cannes is the only global, cross discipline show, covering advertising, design, digital, media, promo, effectiveness, and everything else besides. It doesn't aggregate the scores of other shows, so you can't inflate your ranking on the back of just one or two pieces of work. If you are number one at Cannes, you've done it the hard way, the proper way, the only way".

In 2013, the "Dumb Ways to Die" a campaign by McCann Australia for Australian company Metro Trains made history by winning a total of five Grands Prix awards, the most ever awarded to a single piece of work.

The Lion of St. Mark is an honor given each year at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity to "someone who has made outstanding contributions to the creative community".

Young Lions Competitions
The Young Lions Competitions (previously known as the Young Creatives competition, which started in 1995) is open to advertising professionals up to 30 years old working in teams of two. The competition takes place during the festival week in Cannes in seven divisions: print, digital, film, design, young marketers, media, and PR. Regional competitions are held in most countries to select teams in the lead-up to the Festival, with winners of these going into the final round of the competitions at Cannes Lions. A design competition was launched in 2012.

Lions Health
In June 2012, Cannes Lions announced that it plans to launch a new two-day event for creative communications in healthcare, wellness, and sustainability. Taking place in the Palais des Festivals in Cannes, France, just before Cannes Lions kicks off on 15 June 2014, the event will offer two days of content that will explore and debate the essential and unique issues relating to the world of healthcare communications. The move was welcomed by some sections of the industry, with Jeremy Perrott, global creative director of McCann Health, commenting: "Lions Health gives the industry the highest stage to showcase its brilliance". In 2017 Lions Health was moved to take place at the same time as the main festival, but remains a standalone event in another part of the Palais.

References

External links
Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity Official website
Cannes Lions Archive at CannesLions.com

Advertising awards
Ascential
Festivals in France
Festivals established in 1954
Awards established in 1954
Tourist attractions in Alpes-Maritimes
Cannes


Charles Stewart Desmond (December 2, 1896 – February 9, 1987), was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1960 to 1966.

Life
Desmond was born and died in Buffalo, New York.  He was the son of Patrick Desmond and Katherine (Jordan) Desmond. He graduated A.B. and M.A. from Canisius College.

During World War I, he served as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps Aviation. However, he caught influenza during training and did not get overseas before the Armistice.

In 1920, he graduated LL.B. from University at Buffalo Law School.

He married Helen Ryan (d. 1958) and they had four children: Charles Ryan, Sheila (Landon), Kathleen (Hughes) and Patricia (Williams).

In January 1940, he was appointed by Governor Herbert H. Lehman a justice of the New York Supreme Court to fill a vacancy.

In November 1940, he was elected on the Democratic and American Labor tickets a judge of the New York Court of Appeals, and re-elected in 1954 on the Democratic, Republican and Liberal tickets. In 1959, he was elected unopposed Chief Judge. He retired from the bench at the end of 1966 when he reached the constitutional age limit of 70 years.

Afterwards he lived at his farm in Eden, New York, resumed his private practice and taught at the University at Buffalo Law School. He died at the Mercy Hospital in Buffalo.

See also

References
 Political Graveyard (giving wrong death date)
 Obit in NYT on February 11, 1987

1896 births
1987 deaths
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
United States Marine Corps officers
Canisius University alumni
New York Supreme Court Justices
University at Buffalo Law School alumni
People from Eden, New York
20th-century American judges
Lawyers from Buffalo, New York
20th-century American lawyers

Charles S. Desmond


Tytus Czyżewski (28 December 1880 in Przyszowa – 5 May 1945 in Kraków) was a Polish painter, art theoretician, Futurist poet, playwright, member of the Polish Formists and a Colorist.

Biography
In 1902 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow in the painting studios of Józef Mehoffer and Leon Wyczółkowski. Czyżewski travelled to Paris and learned from the artistic trends there. He began exhibiting in 1906. Czyżewski painting style was highly influenced by Cézanne and El Greco, whose work he admired until his death.

In 1917, with the brothers Zbigniew and Andrzej Pronaszko, he organized in Kraków an exhibition of Polish Expressionist works. The group later became known as the Polish Formists. Until the break-up of the Formists in 1922, he was the primary artist and theoretician behind the movement as well as the joint editor of the periodical Formiści. He was also co-founder of the Polish Futurist clubs, and published Futurist-inspired "visual poetry." Czyżewski brief flirted with Surrealism and spent the rest of his life as a Colorist.

Selected work
Poetry:
Zielone Oko. Poezje formistyczne. Elektryczne wizje, 1920
Noc – dzień. Mechaniczny instynkt elektryczny, 1922
Pastorałki, 1925
Robespierre. Rapsod. Cinema. Od romantyzmu do cynizmu, 1927
Lajkonik w chmurach, 1936
Prose:
A Burglar of the Better Sort: Plays, Verse, Theoretical Notes. Translated by Charles Kraszewski. Publisher: Glagoslav Publication, 2019.

References
Czyżewski Biography
 Profile of Tytus Czyżewski  at Culture.pl
 Artola, Inés R. (2015), Formiści: la síntesis de la modernidad (1917 – 1922). Conexiones y protagonistas, Granada: Libargo,

External links

ArtNet: More works by Czyżewski.

Polish male dramatists and playwrights
Futurologists
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
1880 births
1945 deaths
20th-century Polish poets
20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
Polish male poets
20th-century Polish male writers
People from Limanowa County
Polish male painters

Tytus Czyżewski


Chocolate liquor (cocoa liquor) is pure cocoa mass (cocoa paste) in solid or semi-solid form.  Like the cocoa beans (nibs) from which it is produced, it contains both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in roughly equal proportion.

It is produced from cocoa beans that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins.  The beans are ground into cocoa mass (cocoa paste).  The mass is melted to become the liquor, and the liquor is either separated into cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks of raw chocolate. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making chocolate.

The name liquor is used not in the sense of a distilled, alcoholic substance, but rather the older meaning of the word, meaning 'liquid' or 'fluid'.

Chocolate liquor contains roughly 53 percent cocoa butter (fat), about 17 percent carbohydrates, 11 percent protein, 6 percent tannins, and 1.5 percent theobromine.

See also
 Types of chocolate

References

Components of chocolate

Chocolate liquor


The circumflex (^), also known as the caret, is a diacritic used in French and a few other languages. It is like a little hat over a vowel. Originally, the circumflex was an acute accent and a grave accent put together.

In French, the circumflex usually shows the loss of letter, usually the loss of the letter S. Example: maistre (Middle French) > maître (modern French). From here, its function is historical.

Also, less often, the circumflex is used to distinguish between homophones. These are words spelt the same, but with different meanings. Example: sur = on, but sûr = safe or certain. In those cases the pronunciation of the two words may be different.

Sources
Catach, Nina (ed) 1995. Dictionnaire historique de l'orthographe française. Paris: Larousse.
Casagrande, Jean 1984. The sound system of French. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.

Alphabetic diacritics

Circumflex


Unforgiven is a 1992 American western movie directed by Clint Eastwood. It stars Eastwood, Gene Hackman, Morgan Freeman and Richard Harris. It ranks #98 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies and won the Best Picture Academy Award. It is set in the 1880s in Wyoming and Kansas about an aging outlaw and killer.

Other websites

1992 crime drama movies
1990s Western (genre) movies
American crime drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
1990s English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies about revenge
Movies about atonement
Movies set in Kansas
Movies set in Wyoming
Movies set in Alberta
Movies set in the 1880s
United States National Film Registry movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood

Unforgiven


Karami (Arabic كرامي) is an Arabic-based Lebanese surname, particularly that of a famous Lebanese Sunni Muslim political family. It is often francicised in the media as Karamé. It is to be differentiated from the Classical Arabic term Karamah (Arabic كرامة) and its colloquial form, Karameh.

Karami is also a common Persian language surname (Persian کرمی)

Karami may refer to:

Lebanese political family
Also commonly written as francicized Karamé
 Abdul Hamid Karami (1890–1950), Lebanese political and religious leader
 Ahmad Karami (1944–2020), Lebanese statesman
 Faisal Karami (born 1971), Omar Karami's son, Lebanese minister of Sports and Youth
 Omar Karami (1934–2015), Prime Minister of Lebanon
 Rashid Karami (1921–1987), Lebanese statesman

Iranian-based surname
Based on the Persian surname کرمی
Abdollah Karami (born 1983), Iranian footballer
Mohammad Sadegh Karami (born 1984), Iranian footballer
Mohsen Karami (born 1995), Iranian footballer
Shahab Karami (born 1991), Iranian footballer
Yaser Karami (born 1992), Iranian football
Yousef Karami (born 1983), Iranian Taekwondo athlete

Other people
Khalid Karami (born 1989), Dutch footballer of Moroccan origin
Miyoko Karami (born 1974), Japanese road cyclist

Language
 Karami language, an extinct and unclassified Papuan language, perhaps a language isolate, of Papua New Guinea.

Places
Rashid Karami Stadium, a Lebanese stadium named after prime minister Rashid Karami
Ali Karami-ye Olya, also known as 'Alī Karamī, a village in Chenar Rural District, Kabgian District, Dana County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
Karreh Karami, a village in Tut-e Nadeh Rural District, in the Central District of Dana County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran

See also
Karameh (disambiguation)
Karamah (disambiguation)
Karama (disambiguation)
Karamat (disambiguation)
Karam (disambiguation)

Karami


Chotti Bahu is an Indian drama television series produced by DJ's a Creative Unit. Season one aired from 8 December 2008 to 17 September 2010 and season two aired from 15 February 2011 to 18 May 2012 on Zee TV. It starred Rubina Dilaik as Radhika and Avinash Sachdev as Dev. Sasural Simar Ka 2 Serial was inspired by this story .

Plot
Choti Bahu is the love saga of two soulmates Dev and Radhika.

Season 1
Shastriji and Devaki live in a Vrindavan, and they have two daughters, Radhika (Rubina Dilaik), who is an adopted child, and Vishakha Shastri (Priyanka Tiwari). Radhika is simple and dutiful, whereas Vishakha wants to be an actress in Bollywood. She is headstrong and selfish. Vishakha and Radhika share a close bond. The Purohits are a well to do from Janakpuri Delhi and have their ancestral home in Vrindavan. They have two sons - Vivek and Dev (Avinash Sachdev). The Purohits have great expectations from Dev who falls in love with Radhika. But fate wills otherwise, and he thinks he marries Vishakha due to a confusion. The story takes a dramatic turn when Radhika enters Dev's house, and the stage is set for an unusual love triangle, with each character grappling with peculiar dilemmas.

Season 2
Ruby Bhardwaj (Rubina Dilaik), a Brahmin by birth, was adopted and brought up by a family of weavers in a small town called Rawal. Dev (Avinash Sachdev), whose family has been in the service of Rajpurohits for generations, visits Rawal as a child on the occasion of Radhashtami. Dev and Radhika meet each other and become good friends. Radhika and Dev get married at a young age whilst playing.

Cast

Season 1

Main
 Rubina Dilaik as Radhika Purohit
 Avinash Sachdev as Dev Purohit

Recurring
 Abhinav Shukla as Vikram
 Gopi Desai as Vinodini "Ammaji" Shastri
 Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar as Mrinalini Vivek Purohit
 Rajeev Kumar as Vivek Purohit
 Hiten Tejwani as Shantanu Purohit
 Harjot Singh Dhaliwal as Chota Purohit
 Prabha Sinha as Vaishali Raj Purohit
 Priyanka Tiwari as Vishakha Shastri
 Rishi Khurana as Birju
 Snehal Sahay as Mrs Purohit
 Rita Bhaduri as Shanti Purohit
 Samta Sagar as Devaki Brijmohan Shastri
 Rajeev Verma as Pandit Brijmohan Shastri
 Raj Logani as Arjun Purohit
 Sanjay Batra as Sushil Purohit
 Darshan Kumar as Purab
 Shashank Sethi as Keshav Chaubey
 Surendra Pal as Raj Purohit
 Sonia Singh as Kanika Yaduvanshi
 Vineet Kumar Chaudhary as Rajjan Yaduvanshi
 Sheeba Chaddha as Katyani Yaduvanshi
 Drashti Dhami (Guest)
 Divyanka Tripathi as Vidya
 Prachi Desai as Bani
 Ankita Lokhande as Archana
 Rajshree Thakur as Saloni

Season 2

Main
 Rubina Dilaik as Radhika Purohit
 Avinash Sachdev as Dev Purohit

Recurring
 Gopi Desai as Dai Maa
 Benaf Dadachandji as Barkha
 Sourav Chakraborty as Rohan Harinath Purohit
 Micckie Dudaaney as Virat Gopaldas Purohit
 Sushmita Daan as Padma Harinath Purohit
 Rakesh Pandey as Dadaji
 Sangeeta Kapure as Mohini Virat Purohit
 Chayan Trivedi as Gopaldas Purohit
 Aditya Lakhia as Mansaram
 Sidharth Sen as Chhenu
 Garima Shrivastav as Shanti Radhika's stepmother
 Shivam Jagtap as Chhenu (young age)
 Nishant Shokeen / Pracheen Chauhan as Lord Krishna
 Aman Verma as Asur / Vishwanath
 Vinay Jain as Rishikesh Bhardwaj (RB)
 Kishwer Merchant as Sonia Rishikesh Bhardwaj
 Vijayendra Kumeria as Jolly Bhardwaj
 Srishty Rode as Radha Rani / Madhvi
 Ahmad Harhash as Ranjeet Roy Bhardwaj

Series overview
The show had two seasons titled Chotti Bahu – Sindoor Bin Suhagan and Chhoti Bahu - Sawar Ke Rang Rachi. Chotti Bahu season one created history by extending the prime time slot to early prime time 7:30 pm. The second season was brought back on public demand with a new plot and same lead actors.

Distribution

The series was popular in Mauritius, the West Indies, Romania, the United States, Trinidad, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda, Guyana and South Africa. Chotti Bahu season rerun was aired in Zee Anmol in India and Zee Lamhe in the UK during 2014 and 2015. The show was also broadcast on MBC Digital 4 in Mauritius.

Dubbed version of the serial was telecast in Tamil language as Chinna Marumagal in Zee Tamil. It was remade twice in Telugu language as Chinna Kodalu and Vaidehi Parinayam which aired on Zee Telugu and remade in Kannada as Radha Kalyana which aired on Zee Kannada.

The series currently airs on Zee Zindagi from 23 May 2016 under the title Vrindawan ki Radhika. The channel has picked the show as it features a universal theme, which is a reflection of the channel's brand promise of providing its viewers with Bemisal Kahaniyan. The series is running on Zee Anmol since 29 April 2019 to 5 January 2020 the series again ran on Zee TV from 16 August 2019. The series again re-ran on Zee Anmol since 10 June 2020.  Season 2 started re-running on Big Magic from 14 December 2020.

References

External links
 Official Website

Indian television soap operas
Zee TV original programming
2008 Indian television series debuts
2011 Indian television series debuts
2010 Indian television series endings
2012 Indian television series endings
Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh

Chotti Bahu


Henry Woods  (22 April 1846 – 27 October 1921) was a British painter and illustrator, and one of the leading Neo-Venetian school artists.

Early life
Henry Woods was born to a middle-class family at Warrington. His father, William, was a pawnbroker and for some time a town councillor; his mother, Fanny, a shopkeeper. He was the eldest of nine siblings.

Woods studied at Warrington School where he received a Department of Science and Art bronze medal, and a scholarship to study at South Kensington School of Art, moving to London in 1865 with his fellow art student Luke Fildes: "the two became each other's greatest friend and artistic confidant for life." In 1869 both Woods and Fildes became illustrators for The Graphic newspaper, and became associated with artists John Everett Millais, Hubert von Herkomer and Frank Holl. The same year Woods began exhibiting at Royal Academy exhibitions – his style influenced by Carl van Haanen and Eugene de Blaas – and continued to do so until his death.

By 1871 Woods and Luke Fildes were lodging together in Finsbury, London, and later at 22 King Henry's Road, Haverstock Hill, where each had a studio. Both were part of an outdoor landscape sketching circle that included Marcus Stone and Charles Edward Perugini. In 1874 Woods became brother-in-law to Fildes through the marriage of Fildes to his sister, Fanny, also an artist.

Venice

Woods first visit to Venice was in 1876, and, despite a few trips back to England, he stayed and worked there from 1878 to the end of his life, portraying everyday life of Venetian people. He became friends with the artist colony of Ludwig Passini, August von Pettenkofen, Cecil van Haanen, Eugene de Blaas, Roussoff, Ruben, and Thoren. He met Whistler in 1879–80, introducing him to Roussoff, and befriended Sargent. In the summer of 1880 he visited England and took up a commission in the Artists' Rifles – he had been a volunteer for some years – practicing maneuvers on Wimbledon Common, and posting guard at Royal Academy banquets.

It was his 1881 Venice paintings At the foot of the Rialto and The Gondolier's Courtship that aided his associate membership of the Royal Academy in 1882; in 1893 he became a full member alongside Henry Moore and John MacWhirter. Before 1882 he had a studio on the Casa Raffaelli, after which he took a larger studio overlooking the Grand Canal, near the church of San Maurizio, while working at the village of Serra Valle during "the full heat of the Venetian summer." One of the visitors to his studio was Empress Frederick, who discussed his Serra Valle paintings favourably. During 1890–92 Woods wrote letters from Venice for publication in The Daily Graphic.

In 1889 a work submitted to the Paris Exposition Universelle won a bronze medal.

Woods was also a member of The Arts Club, and an honorary member of the Accademia di Bella Arte.

Death
Apart from two-and-a-half years prior to 1919, and occasional visits to England to exhibit at the Royal Academy, Woods remained in Venice until the end of his life, latterly at the Calcina Hotel near the Zattere. On 27 October 1921, in the morning, Woods was painting at the Ducal Palace and returned by gondola to the Calcina for lunch. The gondolier returned later and found Woods dead beside his easel. A memorial service was held at San Vio, the English Church, after which he was buried in the Protestant cemetery.

Collections
The works of Henry Woods are held in private and public collections, including those at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, the Government Art Collection, London, New York Public Library, the Royal Collection, the Royal Academy of Art, Tate Britain, Tyne and Wear Museums, Newcastle, and the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool.

Major works

1872 — A Monday Popular Concert. New York Public Library
1873 — Going Home. Warrington Museum & Art Gallery
1878 — A Country Studio. Private collection
1878 — Entrance to the Grand Canal. Government Art Collection
1879 — The convalescent. Art Gallery of New South Wales
1879 — On the Steps of the Rialto, Venice. Private collection
1879 — Scene from Victor Hugo's '93. Art Gallery of New South Wales
1880 — Street dealers in Venice. Kunsthalle Hamburg
1881 — At the foot of the Rialto. Private collection
1881 — The Gondolier's Courtship Private collection
1882 — A Venetian Fan Seller. Private collection
1884 — A rest on the steps, Venice. Private collection
1884 — Venetian Cloisters. Private collection
1885 — Cupid's Spell. Tate Gallery
1886 — A Venetian Canal. Private collection
1886 — The Water Wheels at Savassa, Italy. New Walk Museum, Leicester
1887 — Portia. Tyne and Wear Museums
1890 — A Canal in Venice. Private collection
1890 — La Promessa Sposa. Private collection
1891 — [https://www.rct.uk/collection/405394/rivals Rivals]. Royal Collection
1891 — Street in Venetia. Brighton Museum & Art Gallery
1892 — In the Belfry of the Campanile of St. Mark's, Venice. Maas Gallery
1892 — The church of the Frari and school of San Rocco, Venice. Private collection
1893 — Cloisters, the Church of the Frari, Venice. Warrington Museum & Art Gallery
1893 — First Communion Veil. Warrington Museum & Art Gallery
1894 — In the Piazza. Private collection
1885 — Bartering. Private collection
1895 — Il Campo SS Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. Royal Academy of Arts
1896 — A Courtyard in Venice. Private collection
1896 — A Venetian Christening Party. Towneley Hall Art Gallery
1896 — A Street in the Rhone Valley. Private collection
1902 — Venetian Water Seller. Warrington Museum & Art Gallery
1903 — Fruit sellers from the islands, Venice. Private collection
1905 — A Venetian Vintage. Harris Museum and Art Gallery
1906 — A Venetian Beauty. Private collection
1906 — Rosina. Warrington Museum & Art Gallery
1907 — The Admonition. National Museums Liverpool
1912 — The Honeymoon. Private collection
1914 — Washing Day. Private collection
1915 — The Interior of St.Peter Martyr, Murano Venice. Private collection
1916 — A Consultation. Private collection
1919 — Laundry Girls in Venice. Private collection

Further reading
Bacher, Otto: With Whistler in Venice, New York (1908)
Greig, James: The Art of Henry Woods, R.A. (London: Virtue & Co. 1915)
Bénézit, E: Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Gravers, 8 vols, Paris (1954–61)
Johnson, J: and Gruetzner A.: Dictionary of British Artists 1880-1940, Woodbridge (1980)
MacDonald, Margaret F: Palaces in the Night: Whistler in Venice, London (2001)

Sources
 Fildes, Luke, Val: Luke Fildes R.A.: A Victorian Painter; Michael Joseph, London (1968)

References

External links

 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1846 births
1921 deaths
Artists from Warrington
19th-century English painters
English male painters
20th-century English painters
Artists' Rifles officers
British genre painters
English illustrators
Royal Academicians
20th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists

Henry Woods (painter)


Terance Gerald "Terry" Roberts (28 January 1946 – 18 February 2006) was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council between 1985 and 2006. At the time of his death, he was a Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation and Correctional Services in the South Australian government.

Roberts was born and educated in Millicent, South Australia. After leaving school, he worked for several years as a ship's engineer and watchkeeper. He also had a brief stint working in parole and pre-release centre while working in London for a year. Roberts later worked as an official for the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU)  and was a member of the Australian Labor Party for most of his life.

He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1985 and served as a backbencher until 1993. After Labor went into Opposition, he was appointed as a Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs and Correctional Services.

Roberts was appointed to the Cabinet after the election of the Rann Government. As the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, he added more sacred sites to the Aboriginal Heritage Register than any other minister.

He was diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer in 2005 while surgery was being done on a bile duct obstruction. Roberts extended sick leave to undertake chemotherapy and radiation therapy before returning to work. While he returned to work in the middle of 2005, he died during February 2006.

The vacancy created in the upper house was filled in May 2006 by Bernard Finnigan.

References

 ABC Online "Tribute flow following SA Minister's death" 19 February 2006.
 Ninemsn, "Tributes flow following death of SA MP" 19 February 2006.

1946 births
2006 deaths
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
People from Millicent, South Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian politicians

Terry Roberts