Alsophila cunninghamii, synonym Cyathea cunninghamii, also known as the gully tree fern and slender tree fern, is a species of tree fern indigenous to New Zealand including North Island (type locality), South Island and Chatham Islands; also to Victoria, possibly New South Wales, southeastern Queensland and Tasmania in Australia. It grows in damp forest, often emerging from stream gullies and riverbanks. Brownsey noted that it has a lower tolerance for drought than other related species. The erect trunk may be 20 m tall and is usually 6–15 cm in diameter, occasionally as much as 20 cm. Fronds are tri- to tetrapinnate and 3 m or more in length. The rachis and stipe are slender, black brown, warty and covered with brown scales. Sori occur along each side of the pinnule midvein and are covered by hood-like indusia. A. cunninghamii is an uncommon and slow-growing tree fern.

Plants from New Caledonia known as Alsophila stelligera may represent the same species.

In the wild, A. cunninghamii hybridises with Alsophila australis to form the fertile hybrid Alsophila × marcescens.

To do well in cultivation, A. cunninghamii requires moisture. Rich humus is a good growing medium. Plants should be protected from the wind.

The specific epithet cunninghamii commemorates Allan Cunningham (1791-1839), a botanist who traveled widely in Australia and New Zealand.

References

External links
 Cyathea cunninghamii
 Cyathea cunninghamii Hook.f.
 Cyathea cunninghamii "Slender Treefern"
Cyathea cunninghamii

cunninghamii
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of New Zealand
Flora of the Chatham Islands
Ferns of New Zealand
Ferns of Australia
Rare flora of Australia
Plants described in 1854

Alsophila cunninghamii


Garfield Arthur "Gar" Wood (December 4, 1880 – June 19, 1971) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, and championship motorboat builder and racer who held the world water speed record on several occasions. He was the first man to travel over 100 miles per hour on water.

Early life

Gar Wood was born on December 4, 1880 in Mapleton, Iowa, into a family of 13 children. His father was a ferryboat operator on Lake Osakis, Minnesota, and Gar worked on boats from an early age. In 1911, at age 31, he invented a hydraulic lift for unloading coal from rail trucks.

Garwood Industries
He established the Wood Hoist Co. in Detroit, Michigan, and soon became a successful businessman. Later, he changed the company's name to Garwood Industries, which built racing and pleasure boats under the Gar Wood brand. Wood also capitalized on experience with coal unloaders to successfully produce and market GarWood truck, bus and coach bodies. He had a home in Algonac, Michigan.

Garwood Industries also built truck bodies, tractor attachments and winches that were used by truck and tractor manufacturers such as Allis-Chalmers, International Harvester, and were an OEM supplier to both the civilian and military market.  Many trucks built during World War II came equipped with Garwood bodies and winches.  Garwood Industries also developed the garbage truck, originally sold as the Garwood Load Packer.

Racing career
In 1916, Wood purchased a motorboat for racing called Miss Detroit. He also bought the company that made it, run by brothers Chris and Henry Smith (who would later found Chris-Craft in 1924). This led to the construction of Gar Wood brand craft.

Initially still focused on racing, Wood set a new water speed record of  in 1920 on the Detroit River, using a new twin Liberty V-12 powered boat called Miss America. In the following twelve years, Wood built nine more Miss Americas and broke the record five times, raising it to  in 1932 on the St. Clair River.

In 1921, Wood raced one of his boats against the Havana Special train,  up the Atlantic coast from Miami to New York City. Wood made the trip in 47 hours and 23 minutes and beat the train by 12 minutes. In 1925, he raced the 20th Century Limited train up the Hudson River between Albany and New York and won by 22 minutes.

As well as being a record breaker and showman, Wood won five straight powerboat Gold Cup races between 1917 and 1921. Wood also won the prestigious Harmsworth Trophy nine times (1920–21, 1926, 1928–30, 1932–33).

In 1931, he lost the Trophy in dramatic circumstances to his younger brother George. The race was held on the Detroit River and was billed as a match race between the Wood brothers and racing driver and record-breaker Kaye Don, driving Miss England II. Before an estimated crowd of over a million spectators (one of the largest-ever crowds for a sporting event), Don won the first heat of the race. In the second heat, Wood was leading Don, when Miss England II suddenly flipped over while rounding one of the turns, without injury to Don and his co-driver. Gar Wood finished the race first, but both he and Don were disqualified because they had jumped the starter's gun by seven seconds. George Wood completed the final race to win the trophy. Wood retired from racing in 1933 to concentrate on his businesses.

In April, 1936, Wood, along with many other sports champions and stand outs, was honored at a banquet in Detroit, Michigan. This banquet was the first celebration of Champions Day.

In July, 1936, a plaque was presented to Detroit from the White House honoring Detroit as the City of Champions. The plaque has five "medallions" featuring athletes. One of these medallions is of a power boat racer, representing Wood.

Gar Wood boats
Garwood Industries began building boats under the "Gar Wood" brand following his early successes in racing. The most famous were the Liberty V-12-powered 33-foot "Baby Gar" gentleman's racer built in the 1920s and early 1930s. Along with numerous models of runabouts (variously available as sedans, landaus, and limousines), a 28-foot "Baby Gar", a 25-foot triple-cockpit runabout, and 40-foot commuter, a limited number of the 16-foot Gar Wood Speedsters were built from 1934 to 1938. Starting in 1935 a 20-foot utility and 26-foot family cruiser were made, followed by an 18-foot utility and 36-foot express cruiser in 1936.

During World War II, Garwood Industries produced a limited number of tugboats and target craft for the U.S. Navy. After the war, new technologies such as plywood, fiberglass, and mass production methods entered the pleasure boating world. The company continued to build its traditional all-wood boats until 1947, when it ended production.

Inventions
Wood was known as an inventive genius who, at one point, held more US patents than any other living American.

In 1897, at age 17, he invented a downdraft carburetor which enabled his inspection boat to outrace the other inspectors.

In 1911 or 1912 he invented the profitable hydraulic hoist for dump trucks. He used the money it earned to build racing boats which won many championships between 1917 and 1933.

At one point he had a job selling lightning rods to farmers, and to demonstrate their effectiveness he invented an induction coil device to mimic lightning.

Retirement and later years
In the 1950s, Wood acquired Fisher Island in South Florida's Biscayne Bay, the last of a series of millionaires to occupy it as a one-family island retreat.  He sold it to a development group in 1963. Wood also had a summer retreat in McGregor Bay, Ontario.

A 1967 Popular Mechanics article showed even in retirement Wood was still active inventing an Electric Vehicle (EV) controller, which he used in the EV he built.

Wood died in Miami 16 Jun 1971, at age 90 and days before the 50th anniversary of his first Harmsworth win. Upon his death, George Van of The Detroit News wrote: "To the public, he was Tom Swift, Jules Verne, Frank Merriwell with a little bit of Horatio Alger thrown in."  Wood was buried near his home in Algonac, Michigan.

Award
He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990.

See also
 Jesse G. Vincent
 Gar Wood Speedster
 Sverige S-1, a Swedish wooden speedboat designed in 1929 (and built in 2011) to challenge the Miss America speed record.

References

External links

 Gar Wood History, at Gar Wood Boats
 Gar Wood Society
Garwood Industries in Coachbuilt
 1929 28' "Baby Gar" Antique Boat
 "The Speediest Craft Afloat", June 1929, Popular Science
 "The Gadget King of America" Popular Mechanics, October 1934, pp 536-539
 "Gar Wood's Mystery Boat" Popular Mechanics, September 1935 Miss America X
 Detroit News retrospective

 Gar Wood Speedster Collection
 Garfield (Gar) Wood
 1967 July Popular Mechanics article on Gar Wood's Electric Vehicle (EV)  pages=82–85

1880 births
1971 deaths
People from Mapleton, Iowa
Water speed records
American motorboat racers
Hydroplanes
H1 Unlimited
Racing motorboats
APBA Challenge Cup
School bus manufacturers
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United States
Coachbuilders of the United States
People from Algonac, Michigan
American shipbuilders
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United States

Garfield Wood


Archie Shepp (born May 24, 1937) is an American jazz saxophonist, educator and playwright who since the 1960s has played a central part in the development of avant-garde jazz.

Biography

Early life
Shepp was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, but raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He began playing banjo with his father, then studied piano and saxophone while attending high school in Germantown. He studied drama at Goddard College from 1955 to 1959.

He played in a Latin jazz band for a short time before joining the band of avant-garde pianist Cecil Taylor. Shepp's first recording under his own name, Archie Shepp - Bill Dixon Quartet, was released on Savoy Records in 1962 and featured a composition by Ornette Coleman. In 1962, he performed with Dixon at the 8th World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki, Finland. Along with alto saxophonist John Tchicai and trumpeter Don Cherry, he formed the New York Contemporary Five. John Coltrane's admiration for Shepp led to recordings for Impulse! Records, the first of which was Four for Trane in 1964, an album of mainly Coltrane compositions on which he was joined by Tchicai, trombonist Roswell Rudd, trumpeter Alan Shorter, bassist Reggie Workman and drummer Charles Moffett.

Early career
Shepp participated in the sessions for Coltrane's A Love Supreme in late 1964, but none of the takes he participated in were included on the final LP release (they were made available for the first time on a 2002 reissue). However, Shepp, along with Tchicai and others from the Four for Trane sessions, then recorded Ascension with Coltrane in 1965, and his place alongside Coltrane at the forefront of the avant-garde jazz scene was epitomized when the pair split a record (the first side a Coltrane set, the second a Shepp set) entitled New Thing at Newport released in late 1965.

In 1965, Shepp released Fire Music, which included the first signs of his developing political consciousness and his increasingly Afrocentric orientation. The album took its title from a ceremonial African music tradition and included a reading of an elegy for Malcolm X. Shepp's 1967 The Magic of Ju-Ju also took its name from African musical traditions, and the music was strongly rooted in African music, featuring an African percussion ensemble. At this time, many African-American jazzmen were increasingly influenced by various continental African cultural and musical traditions; along with Pharoah Sanders, Shepp was at the forefront of this movement. The Magic of Ju-Ju defined Shepp's sound for the next few years: freeform avant-garde saxophone lines coupled with rhythms and cultural concepts from Africa.

Shepp was invited to perform in Algiers for the 1969 Pan-African Cultural Festival of the Organization for African Unity, along with Dave Burrell, Sunny Murray, and Clifford Thornton.  This ensemble then recorded several sessions in Paris at the BYG Actuel studios.

Shepp continued to experiment into the new decade, at various times including harmonica players and spoken word poets in his ensembles. With 1972's Attica Blues and The Cry of My People, he spoke out for civil rights; the former album was a response to the Attica Prison riots. Shepp also writes for theater; his works include The Communist (1965) and Lady Day: A Musical Tragedy (1972). Both were produced by Robert Kalfin at the Chelsea Theater Center.

In the late 1960s, Shepp began his teaching career as a professor of African-American Studies at SUNY in Buffalo, New York. In 1971, Shepp was recruited to the University of Massachusetts Amherst by Randolph Bromery, beginning a 30-year career as a professor of music. Shepp's first two courses were entitled "Revolutionary Concepts in African-American Music" and "Black Musician in the Theater".

In the late 1970s and beyond, Shepp's career went between various old territories and various new ones. He continued to explore African music, while also recording blues, ballads, spirituals (on the 1977 album Goin' Home with Horace Parlan) and tributes to more traditional jazz figures such as Charlie Parker and Sidney Bechet, while at other times dabbling in R&B, and recording with various European artists including Jasper van't Hof, Tchangodei and Dresch Mihály.

Later career

Shepp is featured in the 1981 documentary film Imagine the Sound, in which he discusses and performs his music and poetry. Shepp also appears in Mystery, Mr. Ra, a 1984 French documentary about Sun Ra. The film also includes footage of Shepp playing with Sun Ra's Arkestra.

Since the early 1990s, he has often played with the French trumpeter Eric Le Lann. In 1993, he worked with Michel Herr to create the original score for the film Just Friends.

In 2002, Shepp appeared on the Red Hot Organization's tribute album to Fela Kuti, Red Hot and Riot. Shepp appeared on a track entitled "No Agreement" alongside Res, Tony Allen, Ray Lema, Baaba Maal, and Positive Black Soul. In 2004 Archie Shepp founded his own record label, Archieball, together with Monette Berthomier. The label is located in Paris, France, and includes collaborations with Jacques Coursil, Monica Passos, Bernard Lubat, and Frank Cassenti.

Discography

References

External links

 Official site
 Stewart Smith, "Archie Shepp interview", Summerhall, July 31, 2012.
 Phil Freeman, "Interview: Archie Shepp on John Coltrane, the Blues and More" , Red Bull Music Academy, August 25, 2014.

Avant-garde jazz musicians
African-American pianists
Jazz musicians from Florida
Jazz musicians from Philadelphia
Goddard College alumni
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
Savoy Records artists
Enja Records artists
SteepleChase Records artists
Prestige Records artists
Arista Records artists
Freedom Records artists
Impulse! Records artists
MPS Records artists
BYG Actuel artists
1937 births
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty
Living people
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American saxophonists
New York Contemporary Five members
Sackville Records artists
Black & Blue Records artists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Archie Shepp


Collingwood is a town in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. It is on Nottawasaga Bay at the southern end of Georgian Bay. It covers an area of 33.46 square miles (12.92 square miles). According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 19,241. The town is popular for recreational activities, like skiing and hiking.

Collingwood was incorporated as a town in 1858. It was named after Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, who was a British naval officer. In the late 1970s, several industrial and manufacturing companies built factories in the town.

Towns in Ontario

Collingwood, Ontario


Hosterman is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Hosterman is located on the Greenbrier River,  south-southwest of Durbin. The community was originally named Collins; its name was changed to Hosterman in 1902. The community presently has the name of Theodore G. Hosterman, a worker in the local lumber industry.

References

Unincorporated communities in Pocahontas County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia

Hosterman, West Virginia


Sky Kids is a British and Irish children's pay television channel owned and operated by the Sky Group, a subsidiary of Comcast and launched on 13 February 2023 as the first in-house Sky-branded children's network.

History
The concept of a Sky-branded children's television channel was first proposed in 1986 as part of Rupert Murdoch's bid to acquire British Satellite Broadcasting, a British direct broadcast satellite company which merged with Sky plc to form British Sky Broadcasting (then Sky Limited, now Sky UK). The Children's Channel was eventually taken up by BSB after a failed attempt to acquire a 50% stake in TCC, Sky launched Fox Kids in 1996. A stake in the channel, which later rebranded in 2004 as Jetix, eventually reduced over time until it was fully acquired by The Walt Disney Company, who renamed the channel Disney XD in 2009. Sky also previously held a 40% stake in the 1993-launched the British venture of Nickelodeon and carried the networks with brand owner MTV Networks International (now Paramount International Networks) having 60% stake.

Prior to the launch of Sky Kids, a Sky Kids Magazine was briefly available for subscribers of Sky Magazine. A Sky Kids app was launched on 30 March 2016 featuring On Demand content specifically for children for Sky customers.

On 31 October 2022, Sky sold their full stake in Nickelodeon UK Ltd. to Paramount Networks UK & Australia; the Nickelodeon agreement had contained a non-compete clause that otherwise restricted Sky and Comcast from launching a children's television network while still holding a stake in Nickelodeon UK Ltd.

On 22 November 2022, Sky UK announced the launch of a linear and commercial-free Sky Kids channel in February the following year.

Programming
Original programmes for the channel announced at launch include the television serial programmes Ready, Eddie, Go! and My Friend Misty, the latter executive produced by Fearne Cotton. These are complemented by acquired programming from Comcast-owned DreamWorks Animation including Trolls: TrollsTopia, Where's Wally?, and Madagascar: A Little Wild and existing content commissioned for Sky such as MC Grammar: Wonder Raps and The Brilliant World of Tom Gates.

References

2023 establishments in the United Kingdom
Children's television channels in the United Kingdom
Children's television networks
Commercial-free television networks
English-language television stations in the United Kingdom
Sky Group
Preschool education television networks
Television channels and stations established in 2023
Television channels in the United Kingdom
Universal Kids

Sky Kids (TV channel)


Milliken and Milliken Mills are neighbourhoods in the cities of Toronto and Markham. Milliken is situated in the north west section of Scarborough, whereas Milliken Mills is situated in the south-central portions of Markham. The neighbourhoods are centered on Kennedy Road and Steeles Avenue, the latter street serving as the boundary between the cities of Markham and Toronto.

A large percentage of residents own their homes, which are primarily single family detached homes. As the majority of the homes present were built when the farming left the area in the 1980s, there are many two storied houses with garages, typical of the time of building and affordability.

History
The area now called "Milliken" or "Milliken's Corner" was first settled in 1798 by Captain William Demont (Dumond). Norman Milliken settled in the area around 1807. In 1814, Milliken received the deed for lot 1, concession 5, Markham Township. Milliken operated a lumber business in what was then a rural hamlet called Milliken Corners.
The hamlet became a postal village when the first post office was established in 1858 (on the now Markham side) and was called Milliken after Norman Millken.

The Ebenezer United Church (1878; originally Milliken Primitive (also as Milliken Corners) Methodist Church on southeast side in Toronto) is one of a few structures remaining in the area. The church once stood on the south side of Steeles Avenue with another church on Brimley Road. Plots at the church are many of the early families of Milliken: Thomson, Rennie, Harding, Hood, Hagerman and L'Amoreaux. The church is now located on Brimley Rd, north of Steeles Ave in Markham. Evangelical Association had a church on McCowan Road north of 14th Avenue from land donated by Abraham Eckardt sometime after 1830. The church disappeared by 1878, but Eckardt Cemetery remains and now owned by the City of Markham.

Another structure that survives from the 19th century is Benjamin Milliken House constructed circa 1855. It is a Georgian Classic Revival house built by Norman Milliken's son, Benjamin Milliken II, on his farm located on Part of Lot 5, Concession 5, Markham Township. It was designated by the Town of Markham as a historic building under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1994. Benjamin Milliken House is located at 7710 Kennedy Road, Markham and is now a pub called The Major Milliken.

To the Milliken community, municipal boundaries were just lines on a map and the community's history can be found in the Archives of both Scarborough and Unionville.  School Section # 2 was established here in 1847, and a log school was built during the same year.

In 1954, the area south of Steeles Avenue was severed from York County, forming the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto. As the community was situated along Steeles Avenue, it was split between the two county/metropolitan governments. The southern portion of the community, Milliken, became a part of Metropolitan Toronto, whereas the northern portion of the community, Milliken Mills, remained with York County (reorganized into the Regional Municipality of York in 1971).

Once agricultural land, much of which disappeared with residential development beginning in the 1970s and ending near the late 1980s. The City of Markham initiated an initiative to develop "Main Street Milliken" around Old Kennedy Rd. The area has suffered from years of neglect, and revitalization plans have been welcomed by community members. New developments include a condominium development on Kennedy and Denison, Dairy Queen, Major Milliken Pub and a new housing project on Old Kennedy Rd.

The neighbourhood only gave up its final farming activities in the early 1980s and is modernizing by the year.  There are green spaces such as Milliken Park, Goldhawk Park and many others, also the Milliken Trail is a walking tour of the neighbourhood.

Culture

A growing hub of community activity is Milliken Park Community Recreation Centre, which is located on the Northwest corner of Milliken Park and at the Southeast corner of the intersection of Steeles Avenue and McCowan Road. The centre is home to a variety of camps, after-school programs and cultural activities designed to cater to local demand. To provide optimal service for the area, City of Toronto staff are in regular consultation with an advisory board, which includes representatives from local community associations, such as the Goldhawk Community Association, Brimley Forest Community Association, Richmond Park Association, and the Milliken Park Community Association.  Annually, the City of Toronto staff, the advisory board, and the community associations organize special events for the communities at Milliken Park Community Recreation Centre.  Some examples of these major events include the annual Community Christmas Party, Spring Fling, and Fall Fair.

The demographics of the community is made up of mainly immigrants with a strong Chinese Canadian presence. It is home to one of several Chinatowns in Toronto. There are two, large Chinese-theme malls in Milliken, Pacific Mall and Splendid China Mall. Market Village, another Chinese-theme mall which used to be located next to Pacific Mall, was demolished in 2018 to make way for the Remington Centre which is currently under construction.

In recent years, the South Asian population has also boomed within the region, particularly the Sri Lankan Tamil and Indian Gujarati community.  For example, a South Asian movie theatre is now located at the Woodside Square Mall at McCowan and Finch and plans are also in place for a major South Asian mall to be developed at Finch and Middlefield.

Education
Two secular public school boards, and three separate public school boards operate in the neighbourhood. Only one of the five school boards that operate schools in the community is French first language public school board, Conseil scolaire Viamonde (CSV). CSV is a French-based public secular school board that operates one public elementary school in Milliken, École élémentaire Laure-Rièse. The elementary school provides schooling for students throughout Milliken, Milliken Mills, and adjacent communities in Markham and Scarborough.

In addition to CSV, the separate Toronto Catholic District School Board (TCDSB), and secular Toronto District School Board (TDSB) also operates English-based public schools in Milliken, providing schooling for students that reside in the neighbourhood. Presently, both TCDSB and TDSB only operate elementary schools in the area. They include:

 Agnes Macphail Public School (TDSB)
 Banting and Best Public Elementary School (TDSB)
 Brimwood Boulevard Junior Public School (TDSB)
 Macklin Public School (TDSB)
 Milliken Public School (TDSB)
 North Agincourt Junior Public School (TDSB)
 Port Royal Public School (TDSB)
 Prince of Peace Catholic Elementary School (TCDSB)
 Sir Alexander MacKenzie Senior Public School (TDSB)
 St. Rene Goupil Catholic Elementary School (TCDSB)
 The Divine Infant Catholic School (TCDSB)

The separate York Catholic District School Board (YCDSB) and the secular York Region District School Board (YRDSB) operates public schools, and provides schooling for students in Milliken Mills. Presently, YRDSB presently operates one secondary school, Milliken Mills High School, located in Milliken Mills East. Elementary schools located in Milliken Mills include:

 Aldergrove Public School (YRDSB)
 Coppard Glen Public School (YRDSB)
 Highgate Public School (YRDSB)
 Milliken Mills Public School (YRDSB)
 Mother Teresa Catholic Elementary School (YCDSB)
 Randall Public School (YRDSB)
 St. Benedict Catholic Elementary School (YCDSB)
 St. Francis Xavier Catholic Elementary School (YCDSB)
 Wilclay Public School (YRDSB)

Recreation
Milliken is home to a number of recreational amenities.

Public parks and recreational facilities situated in Milliken is managed by the Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division, whereas parks and recreational facilities located in Milliken Mills East and West, are managed by Markham.

Municipal parks situated south of Steeles Avenue, in Milliken include:

 Audrelane Park
 Goldhawk Park
 Milliken District Park
 Muirlands Park
 Port Royal Park

Municipal parks in Milliken Mills includes:

 Aldergrove Park
 Denison Park
 Harvest Moon Park
 Highgate Park
 Milliken Mills Community Park
 Randall Park
 Risebrough Park
 Wilclay Park

The City of Markham also manages the Milliken Mills Arena, a multi-purpose ice rink, was erected in 1982. In 1989, construction of Milliken Mills Community Centre was completed, which included a library, swimming pool (Alex Chiu Pool), gymnasium, weight room, and racket courts.  Milliken Mills Community Park is located east of the community centre, and includes an open area with soccer pitches and an indoor soccer dome. Milliken Mills Park is located west of the community centre and features five soccer pitches and five baseball fields.

Transportation
Public transportation is provided by three services, GO Transit, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), and York Region Transit (YRT). The TTC and YRT provide local bus routes. GO Transit commuter rail services can be accessed from Milliken GO Station.

References

External links
 Milliken
 City of Toronto profile

Ethnic enclaves in Ontario
Neighbourhoods in Markham, Ontario
Neighbourhoods in Toronto
Scarborough, Toronto

Milliken, Ontario


Richard Charles Horton  (born 29 December 1961) is editor-in-chief of The Lancet, a United Kingdom–based medical journal. He is an honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University College London, and the University of Oslo.

After studying medicine at the University of Birmingham, he joined the liver unit at London's Royal Free Hospital. In 1990, he became assistant editor of The Lancet and five years later become its editor-in-chief in the UK.

He has been a medical writer for The Observer, The Times Literary Supplement and The New York Review of Books. In 2003, he published Second Opinion: Doctors, Diseases and Decisions in Modern Medicine, a book about controversies in modern medicine. In 2005 he wrote "Doctors in society: medical professionalism in a changing world", an inquiry into the future of medical professionalism, for the Royal College of Physicians. He has served in various roles with the World Health Organization (WHO).

Early life and education
Richard Horton was born in London. His early education was at Bristol Grammar School.

In 1986 he completed his studies at the University of Birmingham, having gained a Bachelor of Science degree in physiology and a degree in medicine.

Career
After completing his early medical training at Birmingham, he joined the liver unit at London's Royal Free Hospital. In 1990, he became assistant editor of The Lancet and in 1993 moved to New York as its North American editor. Two years later he returned to the UK to become its editor-in-chief.

Horton served as a medical columnist for The Observer and has written for The Times Literary Supplement and The New York Review of Books. In 2003, he published his book about controversies in modern medicine, Second Opinion: Doctors, Diseases and Decisions in Modern Medicine. In 2005, as a member of a working party set up by the Royal College of Physicians, he was the chief author of their report into the future of medical professionalism, "Doctors in Society".

Horton is an advocate for the WHO. He has co-chaired a WHO Scientific Advisory Group on Clinical trials registration, chaired the Board of the Health Metrics Network, sat on the External Reference Group for WHO's Research Strategy, and was an external advisory board member for the WHO European Region. Horton was the first president of the World Association of Medical Editors, and was a past-president of the US Council of Science Editors (2005–06). In 2008, he was appointed to a research and analytical management panel as a Senior Associate of the Nuffield Trust. In 2011, he was elected to the US Institute of Medicine. From 2011 to 2015 he co-chaired the independent Expert Review Group on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children' Health.

In 2016, he was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to an expert group advising the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, which was co-chaired by presidents François Hollande of France and Jacob Zuma of South Africa. In 2017, he served on the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) High-Level Working Group on the Health and Human Rights of Women, Children and Adolescents. In the same year he joined Physicians for Human Rights's board.

Climate change and health professionals
A few days after the worldwide mobilisation promoted by the activist movement Extinction Rebellion, Horton asserted in a video that health professionals should involve themselves directly.

Denial of retraction of discredited vaccine paper

On 28 February 1998 Horton published a controversial paper by Andrew Wakefield and 12 co-authors with the title "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children" suggesting that vaccines could cause autism. The publication of the paper set off a sharp decline in vaccinations in Europe and America and in subsequent years globally. In the United Kingdom, the Health Protection Agency attributed a large measles outbreak in 2008 and 2009 to a concurrent drop in the number of children receiving the MMR vaccine. Pockets of measles – which can be fatal —have also cropped up in Canada and the United States as a result of parents' refusal to vaccinate.

Horton was heavily criticised for refusing to take action for so long. He was finally forced to retract the paper in February 2010 after the General Medical Council (GMC), which oversees doctors in Britain, said that "there was a biased selection of patients in The Lancet paper" and that Wakefield's "conduct in this regard was dishonest and irresponsible". According to reporter Brian Deer, who exposed Wakefield's paper as fraudulent, Horton opposed the GMC's investigation that led to the retraction, arguing:
My own view is that the GMC is no place to continue this debate. But the process has started and it will be impossible to stop.
Horton defended his position by saying "I do not regret publishing the original Wakefield paper. Progress in medicine depends on the free expression of new ideas. I worked at the Royal Free from 1988 to 1990 and met him on many occasions. He is a committed, engaging, and charismatic clinician and scientist. He asks big questions about diseases - what are their ultimate causes? - and his ambition often brings quick and impressive results." However, there are groups criticising Horton for contributing to the ongoing dramatic drop of vaccination of children in Europe and America that causes several epidemics and deaths by delaying the retraction of the paper for 12 years. The process for retractions could take several years at the time.

Royal Society
In the 11 May 2005 The Lancet, Horton criticized the British scientific group, the Royal Society, under Lord Rees for its neglect of medicine.

Professor Sir Roy Meadow
Horton published an article in 2005 supporting Professor Sir Roy Meadow who had been charged with serious professional misconduct by the GMC for giving erroneous and seriously misleading evidence in the Sally Clark trial. This was especially controversial as the article appeared whilst the GMC proceedings were still under away and was published on the first day of Meadow's defence. The article "incensed" Clark, a solicitor who had been the victim of a serious miscarriage of justice. With the support of erroneous statistical (and other) evidence from Meadow the prosecution wrongly convicted her of murder and she spent over three years in prison before her successful second appeal.

Her husband wrote a rebuttal letter to The Lancet in order to correct Horton's 'many inaccuracies and one-sided opinions' and to prevent them prejudicing independent observers. James Le Fanu, medical practitioner and writer, also wrote to The Lancet in the same issue and described Horton's words as 'mischief'. The Clark family issued a statement addressing and countering with established fact each of the points making up Horton's biased support of Meadow.

Iraq

At the Time to Go Demo of 23 September 2006, Horton accused American president George W. Bush and British prime minister Tony Blair of lies and killing children in Iraq. On 11 October, The Lancet published new estimates of the death toll of Iraqi citizens after the US-led invasion in 2003, putting it at a total of 655,000. Some supporters of the invasion of Iraq dismissed it for what they claimed was flawed methodology. Some opponents of the invasion questioned its reliability due to its extreme divergence from other data on the conflict. Some journals and statistical experts were supportive. Other experts in the field were not convinced, saying the estimates were "high, and probably way too high", and that the authors had published a "misinterpretation of their own figures".
Others were incredulous that the survey could have been performed as reported under such dangerous conditions.

Iraq's health minister estimated during a press conference in November 2006 that between 100,000 and 150,000 people had died since the invasion in 2003, based on an estimate of around 100 deaths per day brought to morgues and hospitals during 2006, while saying that the Lancet estimates were an "exaggerated number".

Open letter for the People of Gaza
In August 2014 The Lancet published an open letter for the people of Gaza, criticising Israel in the wake of the 2014 Gaza conflict.

Horton responded to criticism of the letter by saying that it was "a smear campaign" and that he didn't "honestly see what all this has to do with the Gaza letter. I have no plans to retract the letter, and I would not retract the letter even if it was found to be substantiated". However, Horton subsequently came to Israel's Rambam Hospital for a visit and said that he "deeply, deeply regret[ted] the completely unnecessary polarization that publication of the letter by Paola Manduca caused".

Professor Sir Mark Pepys wrote: "The failure of the Manduca et al authors to disclose their extraordinary conflicts of interest… are the most serious, unprofessional and unethical errors. The transparent effort to conceal this vicious and substantially mendacious partisan political diatribe as an innocent humanitarian appeal has no place in any serious publication, let alone a professional medical journal, and would disgrace even the lowest of the gutter press." In addition, Pepys accused Horton personally saying that "Horton's behavior in this case is consistent with his longstanding and wholly inappropriate use of The Lancet as a vehicle for his own extreme political views. It has greatly detracted from the former high standing of the journal." In response, Horton said: "How can you separate politics and health? The two go hand-in-hand."

Coronavirus pandemic

Horton's initial response to the outbreak of Coronavirus was cautious, telling his Twitter followers on 23 January 2020 that COVID-19 probably "has moderate transmissibility and relatively low pathogenicity." But, as evidence came in from China, on 29 January, he said: "It must now surely be time to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern." And, on 31 January, he tweeted about "draconian measures that limit population mobility."

By 7 March, Horton's was calling on the UK Government to "act more decisively. They must abandon their fears of the negative short-term public and economic consequences that may follow from restricting public freedoms." And, on 10 March, he called for the "urgent implementation of social distancing and closure policies."

On 18 March, Horton strongly criticised the Government's initial plans "to allow a controlled epidemic", saying: "Any numerate school student could make the calculation. With a mortality of 1% among 60% of a population of some 66 million people, the UK could expect almost 400,000 deaths."<ref>Richard Horton, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-uk-expert-advice-wrong 'Scientists have been sounding the alarm on coronavirus for months. Why did Britain fail to act], Guardian, 26/3/20.</ref>

Then on 26 March, he said: "We knew in the last week of January that this was coming. The message from China was absolutely clear that a new virus with pandemic potential was hitting cities. ... We knew that eleven weeks ago and then we wasted February when we could have acted." And, on 28 March, Horton's Lancet editorial stated that, having seen January's reports from China, the authorities "had a duty to immediately put the NHS and British public on high alert."

On 29 March, the NHS Coronavirus director, Keith Willett, responded to Horton saying that the NHS had "declared a Level Four - the highest - National Emergency on 30 January". (This declaration, however, was not publicised until 3 March so it is unclear if Willett intended this as a response to Horton's Lancet editorial.)

On 1 May, Horton was interviewed for the Chinese news program Xinwen Lianbo'' and praised the 'innovation' of the Chinese response (as compared to the past).

By 16 May, an editorial explained that the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had been weakened since the 1980s and needs rebuilding. It included a call for a U.S. president in 2021 who values public health over partisan politics.

Honours and awards
Horton is a Fellow of both the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Royal College of Physicians.

In 2007, he received the Edinburgh Medal for scientific and professional contributions to the understanding and well-being of humanity. Two years later he was awarded the Dean's Medal from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

In 2015, he received the Friendship Award from Government of China. He has worked closely with Chinese medical experts and healthcare officials since 2008.

In 2016, he received the Andrija Štampar medal from the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European region. The following year, for his work in public health, he was a recipient of the Edwin Chadwick Medal.

In 2019, he received the Roux Prize.

In 2021, he received the Physicians for Human Rights award.

Horton is an honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the University College London, and the University of Oslo. For his work in global health, he was an honoured with a doctorate at the University of Tromsø. He is a council member of the University of Birmingham.

He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to health and medical journalism.

Personal and family
In 1998, Horton married paediatrician Ingrid Johanna Wolfe. They separated in 2017. He has one daughter from this marriage. He is being treated for stage 4 melanoma.

He has been inspired by Raymond Hoffenberg and Amartya Sen.

Selected publications

Books
Health Wars: On the Global Front Lines of Modern Medicine. A New York Review Collection.
The COVID-19 Catastrophe: What's Gone Wrong and How To Stop It Happening Again. June 2020. ISBN 9781509549108.

Articles
 (Joint author)
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 (Joint author)

Other publications
"Doctors in society: medical professionalism in a changing world". Royal College of Physicians. Report of a Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians of London. London: RCP, 2005.
"Innovating for health: patients, physicians, the pharmaceutical industry and the NHS". Royal College of Physicians. Report of a Working Party of the Royal College of Physicians of London. London: RCP, 2009.

References

External links

Living people
People educated at Bristol Grammar School
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
British male journalists
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
1961 births
The Lancet editors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

Richard Horton (editor)


Darren John Bullock (born 12 February 1969) is an English former professional footballer who played for several clubs including Huddersfield Town, Swindon Town, and Bury.

Bullock started his playing career at non-league Malvern Town, before moving to Nuneaton Borough. In the summer of 1993, Huddersfield Town paid £55,000 for his combative midfield services where he became a firm fans' favourite for his no-holds-barred style of play and aggressive tackling. In 1995, he was a major part in Huddersfield Town winning promotion to the Division One as Division Two playoff winners, and reaching the FA Cup fifth round (losing to Wimbledon in the replay) and finishing eighth in the league a year later, narrowly missing out on a second successive promotion.

In 1997, he moved to Swindon Town for £400,000 where he made 71 appearances and scored twice during two years at the County Ground from where he moved to Bury in 1999 for £200,000 - making 63 appearances and scoring nine times.

He was loaned out to Rushden & Diamonds and Sheffield United (where he was reunited with Neil Warnock who signed him for Huddersfield) before being released on a free transfer to Worcester City. He was sacked by Worcester City over disciplinary problems in March 2002.

Bullock was appointed manager of Midland Football Combination team Archdales '73 in July 2010, this is his first attempt at professional management.

In 2006, he appeared in the book 100 Fans' Favourites written by Alisdair Straughan and published by Huddersfield Town for their Centenary.

Bullock also features on website Who Are Ya?! as a Huddersfield Town icon.

In 2010, he appeared on the game-show Deal or No Deal, walking away with £13,770 after accepting the bankers offer.

References

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Worcester, England
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
English Football League players
Malvern Town F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players

Darren Bullock


The Robertson Centre for Biostatistics is a specialised biostatistical research centre in Glasgow, Scotland.  It is part of the College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences and the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Glasgow. All scales of research are carried out at the centre from multi-site clinical trials to small scale research projects. The centre also has interests in the development of novel informatics solutions for clinical research, statistical issues in epidemiology and health economic evaluation.

History
The centre led the WOSCOP study (New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333:1301-7) which found that treatment with Pravastatin significantly reduced the risk of myocardial infarction and the risk of death from cardiovascular causes without adversely affecting the risk of death from noncardiovascular causes in men with moderate hypercholesterolaemia and no history of myocardial infarction.

The Robertson Centre joined with the Glasgow Clinical Research Facility and Greater Glasgow and Clyde NHS R&D division in November 2007 to create a UKCRN registered Clinical Trials Unit - the Glasgow Clinical Trials Unit.

References

External links
 Robertson Centre for Biostatistics website
 University of Glasgow website
 The Glasgow Clinical Research Facility website
 The WOSCOP study

Statistical service organizations
University of Glasgow
Biostatistics
Hillhead

Robertson Centre for Biostatistics


WLRN-FM is a class C1 FM station on 91.3 MHz, and is the main public radio station for South Florida and the Keys based in Miami. The station is owned by the Miami-Dade County Public Schools and is the area's flagship NPR member station, therefore carries Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Weekend Edition, and Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. It is also affiliated with Public Radio International and carries The Takeaway  and The World, among others. It airs its own locally-produced music programs Evenin' Jazz with Tracy Fields on weeknights, and Night Train on Sundays, before being taken over by the BBC World Service during the overnights.

WLRN first signed on in 1948 as WTHS-FM, on 91.7 MHz. The station later moved to 91.3, changing the calls to WLRN-FM. It was a charter member of NPR in 1970 and is the longest running NPR member in Florida.

Its HD2 service was WLRN Xtra HD, "South Florida's Alternative News and Talk Station", featuring talk programming by day and BBC World Service at night. Until December 2, 2007, HD2 carried "Classical 24", which offered classical music 24 hours per day. Classical 24 has since moved to another public radio station, WKCP 89.7 FM, after that station's acquisition by Classical 24's parent, American Public Media, but 89.7 was sold to K-LOVE on July 17. Classical music has returned to WLRN's HD2 as of August 10, 2015 under the Classical 24 service once again but is now referred to as WLRN Classical HD2. Employees are part of AFSCME union local 1187 contract.

The station also maintains its long-time radio reading service for the blind on an analog subcarrier.

The school board also owns WLRN-TV, the secondary PBS member for South Florida on Channel 17.

Translators and repeaters
As of 2022, WLRN-FM has three repeaters in the Florida Keys: 93.3 W227AD in Key Colony Beach, 89.1 W206AS in Big Pine Key, and 100.5 W263BO in Key West.

In late September 2008, WLRN launched a full-powered, class C3, 12 kW station, WKWM 91.5, in Marathon, Florida, which simulcasts WLRN programming for the southern Keys. This station broadcasts in HD Radio. WKWM has one repeater, 92.1 W221AY in Tavernier.

Beginning February 2021, WLRN broadcast on the HD2 subchannel of Hobe Sound station WOLL, whose signal extends from Stuart to Boca Raton.

101.9, NPR For The Palm Beaches
WLRN-FM also programs W270AD 101.9 in West Palm Beach, Florida, a translator owned by Educational Media Foundation (EMF) and programmed separately as 101.9, NPR For The Palm Beaches; this signal is also simulcast on the HD2 digital signal of EMF's K-Love outlet, WFLV 90.7 FM.

On October 16, 2015, it was announced that WLRN-FM would lease the HD2 of WFLV and the translator W270AD from EMF, relaunching Classical South Florida's NPR service for the region, "WPBI News", as "101.9, NPR For The Palm Beaches" in November 2015. This followed EMF's purchase of WFLV from Classical South Florida who, along with its other outlets WDLV, WMLV and W214BD, was sold to EMF and became affiliates of its K-Love contemporary Christian network. W270AD was programmed as a low-powered and HD2 digital NPR affiliate for the Palm Beaches since Classical South Florida's purchase of then-NPR affiliate WXEL-FM in 2011.

Although W270AD's programming is produced by WLRN-FM, it airs a somewhat separate schedule from WLRN-FM's main signal. An example includes that it doesn't air Radyo Lekol (Creole-language program produced by MDCPS; weeknights from 9:00-9:30pm) or Evenin' Jazz with Tracy Fields (weeknights from 9:30pm–1:00am); BBC World Service airs instead.

Controversy
In June 2011, WLRN dropped ties with the Florida Public Radio Network, a statewide network of public radio stations designed to provide coverage of the Florida Legislature and other Florida-relevant issues, partly in response to its producer, WFSU-FM in Tallahassee, receiving $2.8 million in funding for various services related to Florida government, including $497,522 for "statewide government and cultural affairs programming", which includes the Florida Public Radio Network. This is despite the $4.8 million of funding to other public radio and television stations (including WLRN radio and television) vetoed by Governor Rick Scott in May 2011. In its place, WLRN will join the joint partnership between the Tampa Bay Times and The Miami Herald in coverage of state issues from the papers' Tallahassee bureau.

References

External links
WLRN radio

Night Train
Ted Grossman

NPR member stations
Radio reading services of the United States
LRN-FM
Miami-Dade County Public Schools
1948 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1948

WLRN-FM


Joseph Charles Buttler  (born 8 September 1990) is an English cricketer who is the captain of the England cricket team in limited overs cricket, and plays for the England Test team. In domestic cricket he represents Lancashire, having previously played for Somerset, and has played in multiple Twenty20 leagues, including for Mumbai Indians and Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League. Buttler is known for his highly innovative and aggressive batting style, especially in limited over cricket. He was part of the England team that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Under his captaincy England won the 2022 ICC T20 World Cup.

Buttler made his T20I debut in 2011, his ODI debut in 2012, and his Test debut in 2014. He was the vice-captain and a crucial member of the England team that won the 2019 Cricket World Cup, and made the run out during the Super Over which sealed victory in the final. He was appointed captain of England's limited overs teams in June 2022. He captained England to victory at the 2022 T20 World Cup, top-scoring for England at the tournament.

Buttler plays as a right-handed wicket-keeper-batsman. He is England's second-most-capped T20I player behind Eoin Morgan. Along with Adil Rashid, he holds the world record for highest seventh-wicket stand in ODIs: 177 against New Zealand during their 2015 tour of England. He is England's highest run-scorer in T20Is, and is one of only four Englishmen to score a T20I century. As a wicket-keeper, he holds the England ODI record for most dismissals as well as the England T20I record for most dismissals.

Early life
Born in Taunton, Somerset, on 8 September 1990, Buttler was educated at King's College, Taunton, where he displayed his early talent in cricket.

Domestic career

Youth
Buttler played extensively for Somerset's youth teams, appearing at Under-13, Under-15 and Under-17 level. He made his senior club cricket debut for Cheddar before moving to Glastonbury in the 2006 season, aged just 15, taking three catches and 15 runs as wicket-keeper. Later in the same season, he made his first appearance for Somerset Second XI, scoring 71 in the second-innings, and taking six catches in the three-day match against Nottinghamshire Second XI. Playing for King's College, he finished the 2006 season with the school's leading batting average, scoring 447 runs at an average of 49.66. The following season he played regularly for Glastonbury in the West of England Premier League, and for Somerset Under-17s, for whom he scored two centuries; an unbeaten 119 during a two-day match against Surrey Under-17s, and 110 against Sussex Under-17s. He once again led the batting averages for King's College, with his 358 runs coming at 51.14.

The highlight of his school career came in April 2008, when he scored 227 not out during a record-breaking opening stand in a 50-over national schools game, adding 340 with Alex Barrow. He captained King's during the 2008 season, and improved on his batting totals from the previous two years, scoring 851 runs, over 250 more than any other member of the team. His batting average of 94.55 was the sixth highest amongst all school's batsmen reported in Wisden, while his high-score of 227* was the highest score they recorded. During that 2008 season, Buttler also played for Somerset Second XI. With captain Carl Gazzard keeping wicket in the majority of these matches, Buttler played purely as a batsman, although in his final match of the season for the team, he kept wicket and took six catches in the first-innings against Worcestershire Second XI. In the previous match, against Hampshire Second XI, Buttler had made 140 batting from number four.

He made his first-class debut for Somerset in September 2009, replacing the injured Justin Langer for the County Championship match against Lancashire, scoring 30 in his only innings. He retained his place in the team for the following Pro40 match against Hampshire, making his List A debut, although he was not required to bat. Selected as part of the Somerset squad for the 2009 Champions League Twenty20, Buttler made his debut in the 20-over format of the game in Somerset's final match of the league stage, remaining six not out at the close of the innings. Buttler again captained King's in 2009, and in the seventeen matches under his leadership they lost only once, and also won the Western School Twenty20 competition. Coupled with his 554 runs for the school at an average of 61.55, and his performances for Somerset, he was named 2010 Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year.

First-team opportunity

When Craig Kieswetter was called up to the England one-day side in 2010, Buttler was given the chance of a prolonged run in Somerset's first team. Brian Rose, Somerset's Director of Cricket, chose not to bring in an experienced keeper to deputise, explaining that Kieswetter had been in a similar position three years earlier and that he had good reports of Buttler's ability. In his first match of the 2010 season, Buttler remained 22 not out at the close of Somerset's innings, posting his first runs in List A cricket, and he followed this up with two catches to help Somerset beat Glamorgan in their opening Clydesdale Bank 40 fixture.

He made his maiden first-class century in his fourth County Championship match, scoring 144 runs in an innings characterised by "dogged determination and [a] decent range of shots". In his next match, he scored his debut List A half-century against Sussex. Buttler joined James Hildreth at the crease with Somerset at 109/4, requiring 183 more runs to win off 129 balls. The pair put on a partnership of 158 runs "to turn the game on its head", with Buttler making 69 in 53 balls. In doing so, they set a new record partnership for the fifth-wicket against Sussex. His continued good batting form, which also saw him make scores of 52 and 31* in a County Championship match against Yorkshire, saw him retain his place in the Somerset team upon Kieswetter's return.

Buttler was named Man of the Match in Somerset's 2010 Friends Provident T20 semi-final victory over Nottinghamshire at the Rose Bowl, reaching a "breathtaking" half-century from 21 balls to score an unbeaten 55 runs in a partnership of 75 with Kieron Pollard. His aggressive batting won him many plaudits and helped Somerset reach the final of the 2010 Clydesdale Bank 40 as well as the Twenty20 cup.

His good form with the bat continued into 2011 as Somerset again reached the final of both the T20 and 40 over competitions, with Buttler top-scoring with a "mature" 86 runs from 72 balls in the 40 over final. In both 2010 and 2011 he was awarded the NBC Denis Compton Award as Somerset's most promising young player and made his full England debut at the end of the season.

The 2012 season proved similarly productive for Buttler, and featured a "brilliant" half-century scored from 36 balls against Northamptonshire in the domestic 40 over competition, although increasing international call-ups limited his appearances for Somerset and Kieswetter remained the first-choice wicket-keeper for Somerset. The second County Championship match of the 2013 season saw Buttler score 94 runs playing as a specialist batsman and an injury to Kieswetter at the end of April provided an opportunity for Buttler to claim his place as wicket-keeper in the side. Somerset started the County Championship season poorly, but Buttler was praised for adopting a mature approach to his batting, averaging over 40 with the bat in the Championship at the midpoint of the season and enjoying his most productive first-class season to date. After missing county matches again due to international call-ups, Buttler saw Kieswetter return as wicket-keeper in some T20 county matches and began to publicly question his future at the club if he was not to keep wicket regularly for the one-day side. He delayed signing a new contract he had been offered, concerned that by not being the main wicket-keeper for Somerset that he would put his international wicket-keeping place in jeopardy, despite a strong emotional attachment to the county. Despite Somerset's desire to keep Buttler at the club, they were unable to reach an agreement which satisfied Buttler's desire to keep wicket, and at the end of the season he announced that he would be leaving Somerset with the aim of securing his international place and breaking into the England Test side.

Move to Lancashire

At the end of September 2013, Lancashire announced they had signed Buttler. He scored 42 in his first Championship appearance for the county before compiling a "game-changing" innings of 72 on a difficult pitch at Northampton. This showcased Buttler's first-class batting potential and contributed to a record seventh wicket partnership for Lancashire against Northants. He scored his first century for Lancashire (his fourth in first-class cricket) in June against Durham before equalling the record for the fastest fifty scored in T20 cricket, hitting a half-century in 22 balls against Northants on his way to 58 not out in the 2014 NatWest t20 Blast. Lancashire finished runners-up of the T20 competition, losing to Warwickshire in the final. He played 10 first-class matches for Lancashire during the season and was called into the England Test side as wicket-keeper in July, replacing the injured Matt Prior, although doubts remained about the quality of his wicket-keeping.

He extended his stay with Lancashire, announcing a new three-year contract on 27 May 2016.

England career

2008–10: England youth career

Buttler's first taste of international cricket came in July 2008, when he represented England Under-17s in two warm-up matches against New Zealand Under-19s. Batting at number five, he scored a rapid 77 not out in the 50-over contest, hitting 11 fours and two sixes during the 49 deliveries he faced. He also played in the two-day match between the two teams, scoring 45 in the first-innings as the match was drawn.

In 2009, Buttler played four matches for England Under-18s, two each against Scotland A and Scotland Development XI. He scored 103 not out in the first of these matches, and made starts in each of the following matches, reaching double figures on each occasion, but not scoring higher than 28. Two months later, Buttler made his England Under-19 debut, appearing in the first T20 against Bangladesh Under-19s. Playing as a specialist batsman, he scored 33 runs off 17 balls as England won by five wickets.

During the 2009–10 English winter, Buttler toured with the England Under-19 team. He joined up with the squad in Bangladesh following Somerset's elimination from the Champions League Twenty20 for the seven-match youth One Day International (ODI) series, playing again as a specialist batsman. He failed to make a significant impact until the final match when he top-scored for England with 42 runs. He remained with the team for the Under-19 World Cup, where he played all but one of England's six matches, keeping wicket in three of them. He scored 91 runs in three innings, with a top-score of 78 against India in the fifth-place play-off semi-final. His batting average of 30.33 ranked him fifth on the England team.

2011–12: Early senior career

Buttler was called into the senior England squad for the Twenty20 International (T20I) against the touring Indian team in September 2011. He made his debut for the side in the match as a specialist batsman before going on to play against the touring West Indies side later the same season. During the winter of 2011 he was part of the England performance programme for batting and wicket-keeping in India, and played in the England Lions tours of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, scoring his maiden limited-overs century against Sri Lanka A in January 2012. He played a T20I against India in Kolkata and then toured with England to play Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates in early 2012, making his ODI debut, although he was out second ball without scoring.

Buttler continued to play regular T20 cricket for England throughout 2012. Against South Africa at Edgbaston, he joined Somerset teammate Craig Kieswetter with England on 64/3 with only 16 balls remaining. The pair gave "a brutal display of power hitting", raising the final score to 118/5, with Buttler hitting 30 runs from one 32-run over from Wayne Parnell, the second most productive over in International T20 at the time. The innings established Buttler as a key part of the England one-day side; he had made 10 appearances before the match but reached double figures only once in his six innings, and his performance made him "one of the most talked-about players" in the England side. Buttler spoke about how the innings made him feel "calmer, more myself, more relaxed" and he received an ECB incremental contract later in the same month. He was selected for the England squad for the 2012 ICC World Twenty20, playing in all five of England's matches in the competition, although he scored only 40 runs in his five innings.

2013–14: Test debut, Champions Trophy and T20 World Cup

Buttler replaced a rested Jonathan Trott in the England ODI squad in India in early 2013 and replaced Craig Kieswetter as the first-choice wicket-keeper halfway through the ODI series. This allowed Buttler to break into the England ODI side on a consistent basis, playing regularly throughout the year in both ODI and T20 formats and increasingly as a wicket-keeper, despite some reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps. He scored his maiden half-century for England in a T20 warm-up match at the start of England's tour of New Zealand followed by his first T20I half-century in the second match of the series. After being confirmed as England's first-choice limited-overs wicket-keeper, he played in every match in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy in England. For his performances in 2013, he was named in the T20I XI by Cricinfo.

Buttler played again in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 in Bangladesh in March and played regular one-day cricket throughout the year. He scored his maiden ODI century against Sri Lanka at Lord's in May, scoring 121 in 61 balls with nine fours and four sixes, the then-fastest century by any England batsman. During the fifth ODI of the series at Edgbaston, Buttler was controversially 'Mankaded' by Sachithra Senanayake, leading to tension between the sides. England captain Alastair Cook expressed his disappointment, stating: "I've never seen it before in a game. I was pretty disappointed. If he was properly trying to steal the single then I could possibly understand it. But he was half a yard out of his crease.".

After first choice wicket-keeper Matt Prior stood down after injury on 22 July 2014, Buttler was called up for the England squad for the third Test against India. He made 85 runs from 83 balls in his first Test innings. He played in the final three Tests of the series before reverting to one-day duty, touring Sri Lanka at the end of the year.

2015–17: World Cup, Ashes series, UAE and tour of Bangladesh
After playing for England in the Tri-series in Australia at the start of the year, Buttler was once again involved with England at an international tournament, playing in the 2015 Cricket World Cup in Australia and New Zealand. He scored an unbeaten 39 in 19 balls against Sri Lanka and made 65 against Bangladesh but ultimately England lost both matches in a disastrous campaign, failing to progress beyond the group stages.

Later in the English winter he was called back into the Test side, as wicket-keeper, during the tour of the West Indies. He continued in the role throughout the English summer, playing both Tests against New Zealand and all five Ashes Tests against Australia. Buttler's batting during the Ashes series was criticised by Geoffrey Boycott, who stated:

He continued to play one-day cricket alongside his Test role, making his then highest ODI score of 129 from 77 balls against New Zealand.

After playing in the first two Tests against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates during October, Buttler was dropped for the third Test, replaced as wicket-keeper by Jonny Bairstow, and was not selected for any of the Test matches during England's tour of South Africa, although he did play again in the one-day fixtures during the tour. In the fourth ODI against Pakistan in Dubai in November, he scored a 46-ball century, the fastest ODI hundred by an England player.

Buttler again played for England in the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 and was a regular fixture in the limited-overs squad throughout the year. He scored an unbeaten 90 runs against Pakistan as part of an England record score of 444/3, the fastest half-century by an Englishman. Both records have since been surpassed.

Buttler captained the England side in the ODI series against Bangladesh in October 2016 after numerous players, including regular captain Eoin Morgan, declined to tour over raised security concerns following a terrorist attack in Dhaka in July. In the second ODI, there was some controversy as Buttler was involved in a heated exchange with numerous Bangladesh players following his dismissal to Taskin Ahmed. Buttler, aggravated by the opposition's excessive celebrations, turned to confront them, resulting in him being ushered away by the umpires. Following the incident, Buttler was reprimanded by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and received one demerit point to his disciplinary record, while Bangladesh captain Mashrafe Mortaza and Sabbir Rahman were each fined 20% of their match fees and given a demerit point.

Buttler was again reserve wicket-keeper for the Test series against Bangladesh. He returned to the England Test side for the third Test against India in November, playing in the final three Tests of the series. Buttler averaged just under 40 in a horror tour for England resulting in a 4-0 hammering, he top scored in Mumbai with a counter-attacking 76 to drag the visitors to a solid score. He continued as a regular in the limited-overs side throughout 2016 and 2017, playing again for England in the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy, but was unable to break back into the Test side and was not selected for the 2017–18 Ashes series in Australia. He was named in the ICC World ODI XI in 2016.

2018–2022: Return to Test cricket, World Cup and Ashes series
In May 2018, Buttler was recalled into England's Test squad to play Pakistan at Lord's later that month. He had a successful return to Test cricket, scoring two half-centuries and scoring the most runs in the series; he also won the Man of the Match award at Headingley. His unbeaten 80 was the catalyst to put England ahead of the game after first innings.

In the subsequent ODI series against Australia in June 2018, he scored two half-centuries in the first four matches and then, in the fifth and final game of the series, he made 110 not out to take England to a historic series whitewash. In this match, no other English batsman made more than 20 and Buttler was afterwards described as "the best white-ball wicketkeeper batsman in the world". Buttler was named Man of the Match for his 110 not out, and also named Man of the Series for his impressive contributions with both bat and gloves. Buttler's innings was remarkable, coming in at 27–4, he looked the only settled batsman before the hosts slumped to 114–8. Alongside the tail, he dragged England home in dramatic style. In 2020, Wisden ranked it Buttler's finest ODI hundred, as well as the best ODI innings of 2018. In the T20I match of Australia's tour, Buttler scored the fastest T20I half-century by an English cricketer, in 22 balls.

Buttler replaced James Anderson as the Test vice-captain on 31 July 2018, thus combining the role in all formats. He registered his maiden Test century in the third Test of India's tour of England in August 2018, with a score of 106. Buttler then retained his place in the Test and one-day squads, being selected to tour Sri Lanka in October and into the following year. In a low-scoring series, Buttler hit two vital half-centuries as England romped to a 3–0 win. He was commended for nullifying the extremely difficult batting conditions by employing techniques such as using his feet and frequently playing sweep shots.

In February 2019, during the fourth ODI of England's tour of the West Indies, Buttler scored a career-best 150 from 77 deliveries as England reached 418/6. During this innings, he hit 12 sixes, at the time the most by any English batsman in an ODI, and went from 51 to 100 in just 15 balls and from 100 to 150 in just 16 deliveries. This was part of an England world record for the most sixes in an ODI, with 24. Following the innings, West Indian batsman Chris Gayle praised Buttler, stating, "He is superb, one of the best strikers [of the ball] in world cricket today.... We can see he is a game-winner, a game-changer and every team needs a player like that to win games.", while England captain Eoin Morgan described him as "built like a champion racehorse".

In the second ODI of the five-match series against Pakistan in May, Buttler scored an unbeaten 110 from 55 balls, his century coming in only 50 deliveries. This is the second fastest hundred by an English batsman in ODI cricket after his own record set against Pakistan in 2015.

2019 Cricket World Cup
In April 2019, he was named as the vice-captain of the England squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. The ICC named Buttler as the key player of England's squad prior to the tournament.

Buttler made a quiet start to the tournament, scoring only 18 runs in the opening match of the tournament against South Africa at The Oval, which ended in a comprehensive 104-run win for England. In the next match against Pakistan, he scored 103 from 76 balls (the then-fastest century by an English batsman in a World Cup) and shared a 130-run partnership with Joe Root for the fourth wicket, despite a shock 14-run defeat. He made 64 in the third match against Bangladesh as England posted 386/6, their highest ever World Cup score. However, he did not keep wicket during Bangladesh's innings after sustaining a minor hip injury while batting, making way for Jonny Bairstow to assume the role for the match, which England won by 106 runs.

Buttler scored 59 runs in the final against New Zealand and contributed to a crucial 110-run partnership with Ben Stokes to help tie the match. His innings was particularly crucial and game-changing as he scored at a quicker rate on a difficult pitch where other batsmen including his partner and Man Of the Match Ben Stokes struggled. Towards the end with both teams making 241 from their respective innings, He was selected to bat in the ensuing Super Over along with Stokes, from which the pair scored 15 runs; Buttler scoring seven with a boundary from the final ball. He completed the run out of Martin Guptill on the last ball of New Zealand's over as he attempted a match-winning second run. The throw was from Jason Roy which was quite wide of the stumps but Buttler's game awareness and compusure made up for it as he completed the run out. His match winning run out was later awarded as the moment of the year in 2020 in BBC Sports awards of 2019. This tied the Super Over and secured England's maiden World Cup title, winning by a superior boundary count.

In July 2019, following England's World Cup success, the ECB named Buttler in the fourteen-man Test squad for the upcoming Ashes series.

2020
Before the suspension of International Cricket in March, Buttler was part of the England side which beat South Africa in a 3 match T20 series, 2–1. Buttler scored 55 in the final match aiding a large England total and ultimate victory. On 29 May 2020, Buttler was named in a 55-man group of players to begin training ahead of international fixtures starting in England following the COVID-19 pandemic. On 17 June 2020, Buttler was included in England's 30-man squad to start training behind closed doors for the Test series against the West Indies. On 4 July 2020, Buttler was named in England's thirteen-man squad for the first Test match of the series. Buttler was England's stand out batsman of the summer, averaging 52 whilst notching up 2 half centuries, the latter a series winning 75 in the fourth innings at Old Trafford alongside Chris Woakes from almost certain defeat. It was later defined a career saving innings. In the final test of the summer at The Rose Bowl, Southampton, Buttler struck a second test century, 152 off 311 deliveries, in a record partnership with teammate Zac Crawley. It was described as a mature and coming-of-age innings. Despite Buttler's strong summer with the bat, his wicketkeeping was brought under heavy criticism as he dropped several key chances in both series. In September Buttler was named in the England squad for the upcoming Australia ODI and T20 series. Despite a lean ODI series, Buttler scored 43 and a match winning 77* in the first two matches before being rested for the final match. Buttler's year ended with a 3 match T20 visit to South Africa. In the final match of the series Buttler was part of a match-winning and record-breaking second-wicket partnership with teammate Dawid Malan, scoring 67* himself.

2021
On 11 December 2020, Buttler was named vice captain for the tour of Sri Lanka in January 2021 following Ben Stokes' resting. He made scores of 30, 55 and 46 not out in Galle as England won 2–0. He retained the wicket-keeping duties for the tour despite his troubled summer and performed impressively, taking 9 catches and executing his first Test stumping. It was announced on 21 January that Buttler would be returning home after the first test of the upcoming series in India in line with England's rotation and resting policy. This came a day after it was revealed that he had been retained by Rajasthan Royals for the 2021 Indian Premier League. Buttler made scores of 30 and 24 and took 5 catches helping England to a famous victory in the first test against India in Chennai before returning home to rest. Buttler returned to India for the white ball leg of the tour. In the 5 match T20 series in Ahmedabad, Buttler was England's stand out batsman with 2 half centuries and averaging over 40, including his highest T20I score of 83 not out in the 3rd outing. During the following ODI series, Buttler's lean 50 over form continued. However, through Eoin Morgan's finger injury, Buttler captained the final 2 games; winning 1.

In September 2021, Buttler was named in England's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. On 1 November 2021, in England's World Cup match against Sri Lanka, Buttler scored his first century in T20I cricket, with a 101*. and became the first English men's player to score a century in all three formats of cricket (Tests, ODIs and T20Is).

In November 2021, Buttler was named as the vice-captain of England's squad for the 2021-22 Ashes series.

2022
On June 17, 2022, Buttler featured in the first ODI as part of a three-match series against the Netherlands. He scored 162 not out in 70 balls, his personal ODI high score  and England would score 498 runs, which is the highest ODI score of all time. During that match Buttler scored 150 runs in 65 balls, the second fastest in the history of ODI cricket, one ball behind AB De Villiers.

White-ball captaincy
Following the retirement of Eoin Morgan, Buttler was appointed as captain of the England ODI and T20I teams on 30 June 2022. His first series as permanent captain was at home to India, with England losing 2–1 in both T20Is and ODIs. This was followed by a drawn ODI series against South Africa and another 2–1 defeat in T20Is, with Buttler making a string of scores between 12 and 29.

2022 T20 World Cup
Buttler's first tournament as captain was the 2022 T20 World Cup. After an opening victory against Afghanistan, a surprise defeat against Ireland and a rained-out game against Australia saw England needing to win their remaining two games to qualify for the next round. In the match against New Zealand, Buttler scored 73 off 47 balls, which helped England seal a crucial victory. In the semi-final, he scored 80 not-out as part of a record opening stand of 170 with Alex Hales (86*), seeing England to a 10-wicket victory and a place in the final. England won the final against 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Pakistan by 5 wickets, with another quickfire score of 26 from 17 balls by Buttler setting them off to a fast start; however, the team was reeling with his dismissal at 45–3, before Ben Stokes saw the team to victory with one over left. With this Buttler became only the second England captain to win a T20 World Cup, making him a World Cup-winning captain. Buttler's role as a captain was particularly the most important in England's victorious World Cup campaign as he gave all-rounders Sam Curran and Ben Stokes clarity about their roles and instilled confidence in the youngsters which helped them perform to their potential, and he succeeded both as a captain and as a batsman in the world cup. Without him, England wouldn't have been able to achieve their World Cup glory

T20 franchise career
Buttler has become increasingly involved in playing franchise T20 cricket around the world, and has been described as arguably England's "first ever global Twenty20 superstar".

2013–14 Big Bash League

Buttler's first experience of franchise cricket came in 2013/14 when he played for Melbourne Renegades in the 2013–14 Big Bash League season in Australia. This coincided with the buildup to the England one-day side playing in Australia at the beginning of 2014 and followed him having been with the England development squad in Perth for a month prior to the start of the competition. Buttler was initially only expected to play for Melbourne in their first two matches of the competition but this was extended due to the late arrival of Pakistani all-rounder Mohammad Hafeez, who had been called into the Pakistan Test squad. After having scored a "stunning" 61 runs against Brisbane Heat in his third match, Buttler eventually played in five Big Bash matches for Melbourne before leaving to join the England squad.

2016 and 2017 Indian Premier League

Buttler played for Mumbai Indians in the 2016 and 2017 Indian Premier League (IPL) seasons.

2017–18 Bangladesh Premier League

Expecting to be left out of the 2017–18 Ashes series in Australia, Buttler signed a two-year contract in August 2017 with Comilla Victorians to appear in the Bangladesh Premier League (BPL). He made his BPL debut in November 2017, scoring 48 runs from 42 balls in his second match for Comilla and recorded his first BPL half-century in his third match.

2017–18 Big Bash League
In November 2017, Buttler was signed as an overseas player for Sydney Thunder for the Big Bash League season 7. He played in the first six games for Thunder before joining the England squad for the limited-over fixtures of England's tour of Australia. He scored 67 and 81 in separate games against Hobart Hurricanes, being named Player of the Match in the first fixture.

2018 Indian Premier League
In January 2018, Buttler was bought by the Rajasthan Royals in the 2018 IPL auction for . Buttler had a difficult start for the Royals, making a high score of just 29 in his first seven innings. However, on being promoted to open the batting mid-tournament, his performances significantly improved. He subsequently became only the second batsman in IPL history to achieve five scores of fifty or more in consecutive matches. He made an unbeaten 95 from 60 balls against Chennai Super Kings, his highest score in the season at that time.

2018–19 Big Bash League
Buttler again played for Sydney Thunder in the 2018–19 Big Bash League, this time alongside England teammate Joe Root. The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) allowed Buttler and Root to play the first half of the season, despite a busy international schedule throughout 2019.

Buttler made his highest BBL score of 89 from 54 deliveries against Hobart Hurricanes, despite a seven-wicket defeat, before making 55 in a thrilling one-run win over Perth Scorchers. Buttler departed as the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 273 from seven innings, making three half-centuries at an average of 39.00.

2019 Indian Premier League
Rajasthan Royals retained Buttler for the 2019 IPL season. In a match between Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab, Buttler was controversially run out on 69 by Indian bowler Ravichandran Ashwin via 'Mankading', an act for which Ashwin was heavily criticised. Former Australian bowler and Rajasthan mentor Shane Warne called the incident a "disgraceful and low act". This is the second occasion on which Buttler has been dismissed in this fashion; the other is in an ODI match for England against Sri Lanka in 2014. In his next two matches for Rajasthan, he was dismissed for scores of just five and six but returned to form after hitting 59 from 43 balls in a fixture against Royal Challengers Bangalore. He also made a score of 89 from 43 deliveries against Mumbai Indians, hitting 28 runs off the 13th over.

2020 Indian Premier League
Following the rescheduling of the 2020 IPL to the autumn due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Buttler was retained by the Rajasthan Royals. He started the campaign opening the batting before moving to the middle order to aid the "balance of the side". He scored 328 runs at an average of 33 with 2 half-centuries, including a match-winning 70* against Chennai Super Kings in Sheikh Zayed Stadium.

2021 Indian Premier League
Buttler started the IPL batting at 4, scoring a rapid 25 in the opening game, continuing from the previous campaign. However, after Ben Stokes broke a finger in the team's first match, Buttler was promoted once again to the opening berth. On 2 May 2021, he scored his maiden IPL and T20 hundred, in 56 balls, against Sunrisers Hyderabad. His final score was 124 runs in just 64 balls and his contribution enabled Rajasthan Royals to win the game, for which he was named "Man of the Match".

2022 Indian Premier League
In November 2021, Rajasthan Royals retained Jos Buttler for 10 crores ahead of the IPL Mega Auction 2022. He scored his first century of the season against Mumbai Indians. He scored his second century of the season against Kolkata Knight Riders, and third against Delhi Capitals. Buttler scored his 4th century of the season against Royal Challengers Bangalore, which made him the first Overseas player to score 4 Hundreds in a single IPL edition and only the second player in the history of IPL after Virat Kohli . Buttler scored 39 runs in the IPL 2022 final and ended the season with a total of 863 runs, the second highest in IPL history beating David Warner's 848 in IPL 2016. Buttler secured the 2022 Orange Cap and the awards for most valuable player of the season, most sixes (45) and most fours (83) in the 2022 Edition.

The Hundred
In April 2022, Buttler was retained by the Manchester Originals for the 2022 season of The Hundred.

2022 SA20 League
In August 2022, Jos Buttler was drafted by Paarl Royals, a franchise owned by Royals Sports Group for  in the inaugural season of the SA20 league. He is the highest-paid drafted player in the league along with Liam Livingstone.

Personal life
Buttler is a fan of English side Manchester City. In October 2017, Buttler married Louise Webber. His English teammates Steven Finn and Alex Hales acted as ushers for the wedding. Their daughter, Georgia Rose, was born in April 2019 and their second daughter, Margot, was born in September 2021.

Buttler was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to cricket.

Playing style

A tall and strongly-built cricketer, Buttler has an upright stance in the crease. During his maiden first-class century against Hampshire in 2010, he "hit the ball hard and straight", "moving his feet decisively, playing with his bat close to his body and selecting the right balls to attack". Buttler was praised for "remaining cool and composed at the crease" and for his "dogged determination and decent range of shots" during the innings. Somerset captain Marcus Trescothick suggested that Buttler could challenge teammate Craig Kieswetter's place in the England team.

Buttler's temperament in the longer forms of the game has been questioned at times as his career has developed. In 2013, he was out for 94 runs for Somerset while attempting to reach his century by hitting a six and George Dobell, writing for ESPNcricinfo, questioned "his ability to defend and deny [bowlers]". Dobell praised the first half of Buttler's innings, which ensured a draw for Somerset, saying that "it showed a young man responding to his team's needs with a restrained, mature performance that exhibited a decent defence and an ability to leave and play straight" and that he had "produced some of those trademark straight drives and several powerful pulls" but felt that "it is the strokes he does not play that are as relevant as those he does".

In one day cricket, Buttler quickly established a reputation as an aggressive batsman who could take control of a game at the end of an innings. By the end of his first full-season he was producing "innings of huge promise" which were being described as "breathtaking" and "swashbuckling" and displaying "an array of explosive and innovative shots". Still a teenager, his displays in both 40 over and 20 over cricket in 2010 won him plaudits, including a description as a "supremely talented youngster" who batted with a "blend of power and sweet timing". His range of shots, including effective use of 'scoop' and 'ramp' shots over the wicket-keeper to fine leg and variations such as reverse and swivel scoop shots, mean that his game has been considered subtle rather than overly aggressive and his "stunning strokes", clean striking and "crispness when hitting" the ball along with his "audacity and adventure" have all been cited as making him an "exciting" batsman.

Despite not always being his county's first-choice wicket-keeper and reservations about the quality of his work behind the stumps, Buttler has frequently been used in that role by the England team since the beginning of 2013, especially in one-day cricket. He was installed in the wicket-keeper role ahead of the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy after Craig Kieswetter faltered in terms of his batting – Buttler's one-day batting, his potential and his ability to combine power with improvisation being seen as more important than any failings as a wicket-keeper – despite, by his own admission, his "keeping [being] a work in progress". His wicket-keeping was "seen by some as having more potential" than his main rival for the job Jonny Bairstow and England wicket-keeper coach Bruce French spoke of his "natural hands" behind the stumps.

Following Kieswetter's and Matt Prior's international retirements in 2015, Buttler became England's first-choice wicket-keeper in all formats. Whether he should play as a wicket-keeper or specialist batsman was questioned in middle of the 2015 season and Bairstow replaced him for the third ODI during Australia's 2015 tour due to Buttler's poor form with the bat throughout the Australian series. Bairstow eventually became the outright wicket-keeper for Tests in December 2015 for the series against South Africa, and Buttler was dropped from the Test side during 2016, whilst continuing to be the first-choice ODI and T20 wicket-keeper.

Career best performances
, Buttler has scored seven first-class (two in Test matches) and 11 List A centuries, nine of which have been scored for England in One Day International matches. On 2 May 2021, he scored his maiden century in the T20 format of the game in 2021 IPL for Rajasthan Royals against Sunrisers Hyderabad.

Buttler made his maiden first-class century in May 2010, scoring 144 for Somerset against Hampshire at the Rose Bowl, Southampton. His highest Test match score of 152 was made for England against Pakistan in August 2020, at the same ground. , this remains Buttler's highest ever first-class score.

In limited overs cricket, Buttler's best List A and ODI score of 150 from 77 deliveries was made in February 2019 against the West Indies at the National Cricket Stadium, Grenada. This is also the highest ODI score for an Englishman against the West Indies. Buttler is yet to score a century in one-day matches in county cricket.

Buttler's highest T20 score of 124 out from 64 balls was made for Rajasthan Royals against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2021 Indian Premier League at the Arun Jaitley Stadium, New Delhi and shattered the record for the highest score in the Indian Premier League(IPL) by an English player which was previously held by Jonny Bairstow. His highest Twenty20 International (T20I) score is 101 not out off 67 balls, and was achieved against Sri Lanka in November 2021 at the Sharjah Cricket Stadium in the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.

Honours
  Buttler was appointed Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to cricket.
 Nominated – ICC Men's T20I Cricketer of the Year (2021)
 Named in ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year for the year 2021.
 Somerset County Council: Chairman's Award
 2015 t20 Blast - Winner
 2017 Indian Premier League - Winner
 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup - Winner
 2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup - Winner

References

External links

 Official website

1990 births
Living people
English cricketers
English cricketers of the 21st century
Cricketers from Taunton
People educated at King's College, Taunton
People educated at Hugh Sexey Church of England Middle School
England Test cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
England Twenty20 International cricketers
Somerset cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Melbourne Renegades cricketers
Comilla Victorians cricketers
Sydney Thunder cricketers
NBC Denis Compton Award recipients
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Mumbai Indians cricketers
Rajasthan Royals cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Manchester Originals cricketers
Paarl Royals cricketers

Jos Buttler


Mashtots Avenue ( Mashtots'i Poghota), known as Lenin Avenue until 1990, is an avenue in the central Kentron district of Yerevan, Armenia.

The avenue starts with the Victory Bridge at the south and ends up with the Matenadaran museum  to the north.

Notable buildings
Many prominent buildings in the city of Yerevan are located on the Mashtots Avenue. Below is a list of significant structures located on the avenue (from north to south):

Blue Mosque (1768)
Eduard Isabekyan Gallery (2007)
Yerevan Opera Theater (1933)
Nairi Cinema (1954)
Matenadaran (1959)
President's Residence (1985)
Yerevan State Marionettes Theatre (1987)

Gallery

References

Roads in Armenia
Streets in Yerevan

Mashtots Avenue


Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land is an epic poem by American writer and poet Herman Melville. The work was published in New York by G. P. Putnam & Company in 1876. It was author's last big book. The poem is really huge. It is composed of four parts. It consists of 150 cantos and comprises almost 18, 000 lines. It is written in rhymed verse. All the poem is written in iambic tetrameter, only final section is written in iambic pentameter. In some places the poet uses alliteration. The poem tells about a young man, named Clarel, who went on a trip to the Holy Land. The journey became for him a pilgrimage. The main theme of the poem is the seeking for faith. The main hero had lost his faith during his studies and wanted it back. One of his companions, named Vine, is believed to be a portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne was Melville's friend and a writer, too. The poem ends with some words of hope for the hero.

Then keep thy heart, though yet but ill-resigned --
Clarel, thy heart, the issues there but mind;
That like the crocus budding through the snow --
That like a swimmer rising from the deep --
That like a burning secret which doth go
Even from the bosom that would hoard and keep;
Emerge thou mayst from the last whelming sea,
And prove that death but routs life into victory.

Melville's poem was not much appreciated in 19th century. In 20th century, however, it was called by Robert Penn Warren a precursor of The Waste Land. In fact, T.S. Eliot's poem is about seeking for faith, too.

References

Bibliography
 Herman Melville, Clarel, a poem and pilgrimage in the Holy Land. Edited by Walter E. Bezanson.

Epic poems
19th-century American poems
1870s works

Clarel (poem)