Barry Voight (; born 1937) is an American geologist, volcanologist, author, and engineer. After earning his Ph.D. at Columbia University, Voight worked as a professor of geology at several universities, including Pennsylvania State University, where he taught from 1964 until his retirement in 2005. He remains an emeritus professor there and still conducts research, focusing on rock mechanics, plate tectonics, disaster prevention, and geotechnical engineering.

In April 1980, Voight's publications on landslides, avalanches, and other mass movements attracted the attention of Rocky Crandell of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), who asked him to look at a growing bulge on the Mount St. Helens volcano in the state of Washington. Voight foresaw the collapse of the mountain's north flank as well as a powerful eruption. His predictions came true when St. Helens erupted in May 1980; Voight was then hired by the USGS to investigate the debris avalanche that initiated the eruption. After his work at Mount St. Helens brought him international recognition, Voight continued researching and guiding monitoring efforts at several active volcanoes throughout his career, including Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, Mount Merapi in Indonesia, and Soufrière Hills, a volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. For his research, publications, and disaster prevention work as a volcanologist and engineer, Voight has been honored with numerous awards, appointments, and medals.

Personal life and education
Born in 1937, Voight grew up in Yonkers, New York. His brothers are actor Jon Voight and songwriter Chip Taylor, actress Angelina Jolie is his niece, and musician James Haven is his nephew. Barry and his wife Mary Anne (née Verdisco) have two daughters, Lisa and Barbara. Voight's father was professional golf player Elmer "Elmo" Voight (1909–1973), a leader in the effort to break the color barrier in golf, and his mother Barbara (1910–1995) was a teacher and swim instructor. Voight and his brothers grew up playing golf, and Barry also developed an interest in swimming.

Voight graduated from Archbishop Stepinac High School in 1955. After high school, Voight pursued a 5-year intensive dual-degree program at the University of Notre Dame, studying landslips along Lake Michigan and receiving undergraduate degrees in geology in 1959 and in civil engineering in 1960. He earned his master's degree in civil engineering from Notre Dame in 1961. Voight attributes his interest in science to his mentors at Notre Dame, professors Ray Gutschick and Erhard Winkler. After spending one year studying at Cornell University, Voight transferred to Columbia University, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in geology in 1965, studying rock mechanics and structural geology under Fred Donath. While at Columbia, Voight was named a President's Fellow, and taught a lecture course called "Geology for Engineers".

Teaching career
Voight began teaching in 1961, serving as a teaching assistant at the University of Notre Dame while pursuing his master's degree in civil engineering. From 1961 to 1963, he served as a teaching assistant at Cornell and Columbia. In 1964, he joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) as an assistant professor of geology, becoming a full professor of geology and geotechnical engineering in 1978. Voight taught at Penn State for more than four decades, retiring from teaching in June 2005 but continuing his research.

While at Penn State, Voight had a joint affiliation with the school's Department of Mineral Engineering and taught courses in physical geology, mechanics of geological materials, and volcanology. During his career, he also lectured as a guest professor at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands in 1972, working under Jacques Dozy, and served as a visiting professor at the University of Toronto in 1973 and at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1981. Still an emeritus professor at Penn State, he initiated an endowment under his name to contribute to the education of volcanic hazard specialists from developing countries.

Volcanological work and research

Early assignments

Voight performed work in 1971–1973 for the United States Bureau of Mines. In 1978, he published the first volume of a treatise on avalanches, titled Rockslides and Avalanches. After the second volume was released in 1980, the work became a benchmark in studying avalanches and other forms of mass movement.

A month prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Voight was contacted by Rocky Crandell, a United States Geological Survey (USGS) employee working in the Vancouver office near the mountain. Crandell sought Voight's expertise in landslides, hoping Voight would opine on a growing bulge,  long, which had emerged on the mountain's north face. In his reporting to Crandell and his associates, Voight said that the bulge could fail and collapse the volcano's entire north sector. He suggested they begin monitoring the rate of movement of the bulge, worried that the collapse could trigger an eruption. He also advised hiring a local surveyor to take measurements, offending several of the geologists. Shortly after, Voight left the mountain and returned to teaching classes at Penn State. Before the eruption, he had sent his full report to the USGS, summarizing his predictions, depicting the failure of the bulge and the collapse of the mountain's north side followed by a violent eruption. After a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope caused that part of the volcano to slide, Mount St. Helens erupted, causing $1.1 billion in damage and killing 57 people.

After the eruption, Voight accepted a position as a consultant for the USGS. He led the investigation into the volcano debris avalanche which had occurred during the eruption, guiding other volcanologists including Harry Glicken, who built upon Voight's preliminary research to create his report "Rockslide-Debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" (1996). Voight's work won him international renown, and he later cited his experiences there as "career-changing". Although Voight already had a burgeoning interest in volcanology, the eruption at Mount St. Helens propelled him to dedicate himself to the field. His work helped reinvigorate widespread interest in landslides and other phenomena at volcanoes that potentially pose a threat to life. After completing his research at Mount St. Helens, Voight began analyzing the volcanic hazards from several other active volcanoes.

In 1985, Voight blamed human error for the Armero tragedy in Colombia, where more than 23,000 died from an eruption from the Nevado del Ruiz volcano. He stated that while categorically accurate predictions of volcanic eruptions were impossible, unpreparedness for the disaster exacerbated the death toll. In January 1986, Voight visited Nevado del Ruiz responding to concerns from the Colombian government that the northeastern section of the volcano might cave in, causing another eruption. He established a monitoring network of reflectors and used laser ranging to track how the distances to these reflectors changed over time.

When one reflector indicated significant movement, and large cracks became visible from the air, Voight contemplated initiating an evacuation, but waited. By March 1986, he realized the widening cracks were caused by the creep, or gradual shifting, of one of the volcano's glaciers, rather than rock movement. After leaving Colombia, Voight compiled the 14-page report "Countdown to Catastrophe" (1988), which analyzed how volcanic hazard management had failed at Armero.

Later studies
When Voight began research at Mount Merapi in Java, Indonesia, in 1988, it was largely unknown to volcanologists. It had been omitted in the Smithsonian Institution's 1981 publication Volcanoes of the World, despite being densely populated, having close to a million people on its slopes as of 1996. Voight set up meters to record movement within the volcano, and educated local scientists on volcanic monitoring. In July 1989, he obtained a $250,000 grant from the National Science Foundation's Division of Natural and Manmade Hazard Mitigation for his proposal to predict eruptions at Merapi.

After his funding ran out, he temporarily abandoned his research. An eruption from the volcano in 1994 produced pyroclastic flows that killed 63 people, including guests at a wedding ceremony. Returning to Merapi the following year, Voight compared data from the dead and survivors, including the extent of their burn areas, clothing worn, and lung damage. He concluded that protective, long-sleeved clothing and masks enhance chances of survival when exposed to eruptive activity.

In April 1989, Voight returned to Colombia to the volcano Galeras after being contacted by the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization. People in Pasto, located at the foot of the volcano, had become alarmed by noises and shaking from Galeras. While Galeras proved far easier to climb than Nevado del Ruiz, land mines planted to hinder guerrilla forces dotted the slopes of the mountain. With USGS geologist Dick Janda, Voight drew a hazard map that included several populated areas within the danger zone. Before Voight left Galeras, the volcano underwent an unexpected phreatic eruption, which Voight and his team failed to predict.

Although Pasto was unaffected, six scientists attending a United Nations workshop for natural disaster relief were killed. After reviewing deformation data from the day before the eruption, Voight discovered that no acceleration in the deformation process had occurred. He surmised that phreatic eruptions do not exhibit an acceleration in deformation before taking place and left after confirming that the volcano's monitoring system functioned properly.

In the early 1990s, Voight performed volcanic hazard assessments at Cotopaxi in Ecuador and at Nevado del Huila in Colombia, where his research was impeded by guerrilla factions and drug cartel operations. He also assisted with assessment activity at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, Mount Redoubt in the United States, Mount Bandai, Mount Unzen, and Mount Ontake in Japan, and Bezymianny and Shiveluch in the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.

Voight's successful prediction that an avalanche at St. Helens could provoke a lateral eruption, an eruption from the volcano's flank rather than its summit, attracted the attention of the government of Montserrat in March 1996. Worried about an expanding lava dome at the Soufrière Hills volcano, the island's government asked Voight to assess its potential for an avalanche that could generate an eruption. Voight thought it was unlikely that the crater would collapse, but expressed concern over a possible pyroclastic flow that could reach the city of Plymouth in approximately three minutes. The city and a village on the mountain were evacuated, and within three years, pyroclastic flows overtook the abandoned sites.

Following these eruptions, Voight served as a member of the Risk Assessment Panel that advised Montserrat's government, and he co-established the Caribbean Andesite Lava Island Precision Seismo-geodetic Observatory (CALIPSO) with a team of international scientists. He continued research at the island with Steven Sparks, a geoscientist at the University of Bristol, establishing the SEA-CALIPSO system to analyze Soufrière Hills by using seismic waves and explosions in the ocean. Among other findings, this effort detected a major fault trending north-to-west under Montserrat's western side. Voight still oversees hazard assessments at the volcano, providing his input during eruptive periods in 2006 and 2010.

With his students, Voight has analyzed pyroclastic flows, volcanically induced seismicity, volcanic debris avalanches, and volcanic eruption prediction. Voight has also served as a consultant geotechnical engineer for dams, tunnels, and nuclear power plants, helping plan engineering projects in France, India, Ireland, Somalia, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and Turkey, as well as in the United States. Voight's research interests in lava dome collapses, stratovolcanoes, monitoring of active volcanoes, and pyroclastic flows have brought him to Iceland, Indonesia, the West Indies, Italy, and Chile.

Combining his knowledge of engineering and geological concepts, Voight developed the widely used anelastic strain recovery (ASR) method for measuring stress on deep rock. With a team of geologists, he also derived the material failure forecast method (FFM), which predicts eruption times for volcanoes based on changes in the mountain's surrounding seismic and deformation data. He currently serves as a member of the United States Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Response Team, and has responded to potentially eruptive volcanoes in Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Chile.

Recognition and legacy
Throughout his career, Voight has received multiple accolades and citations for his research as a professor and for his professional work as a geologist and volcanologist. In 1984, the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded him the George Stephenson Medal, recognizing one of his articles as among "the best work published in [their] journals".

The same year, Voight earned an award for "significant original contribution to research in rock mechanics" from the United States National Committee on Rock Mechanics. For his help monitoring the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines in 1985, he was granted a key to Legazpi, Albay, which had been threatened by Mayon's impending eruption. 1989 saw another major year of honors for Voight, as he was named a MacQuarie Research Scholar and again garnered an award from the United States National Committee on Rock Mechanics for his original findings. Voight has appeared as a distinguished lecturer several times, including at the University of Utah's College of Mining Engineering (1990), the University of California, Santa Barbara (1992), and the Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists (1992).

For his service as a professor at Penn State, Voight has been given two awards, specifically for his research. In 1990, he received the Wilson Research Award from the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences for excellence in research. In 1991, he gained a Faculty Scholar Medal for "Outstanding Achievement in the Physical Sciences and Engineering". In 2008, Voight was appointed a Union Fellow of the American Geophysical Union for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of volcano deformation, assessment of volcano hazards, and forecasting", and the following year, he was awarded the Schuster Medal by the Canadian Geotechnical Society for "outstanding achievements in research on geologic hazards in North America". For "his research, teaching and consulting work", the Engineering Geology Division of the Geological Society of America presented him with their 2010 Distinguished Practice Award.

Voight received the Thorarinsson Medal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior in 2013, granted to a "scientist of outstanding distinction who has made fundamental contributions to research in volcanology", and in 2017 he was elected as a Member of the National Academy of Engineering for "contributions to the understanding, management, and mitigation of geologic hazards."

Recalling a conference where Voight appeared, Bill McGuire, Emeritus Professor of Geophysical & Climate Hazards at University College London, described him as "an illustrious expert on volcano instability and landslides".

Citing Voight for his Distinguished Practice Award, colleague Richard Gray named him among his "profession's brightest and productive members". When Voight published his failure forecast prediction mechanism, USGS geologist Robert I. Tilling praised it as "a significant refinement in the interpretation of monitoring data".

Publications
According to Voight's curriculum vitae from Pennsylvania State University, he has published more than 400 papers or abstracts and edited 15 books. According to his Google Scholar profile, he continues to publish articles, and his works have been cited more than 13,000 times. In addition to journal articles, Voight has written or helped write at least 21 books and monographs since 1965; his co-authors include R.S.J. Sparks, A. Neri, D. Elsworth, A. Belousov, and G. Mattioli. His most recent book, The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 2000 to 2010, was published in 2014.

References

Sources

1937 births
Living people
Engineers from New York (state)
Archbishop Stepinac High School alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of Notre Dame alumni
Cornell University alumni
Barry
American volcanologists
Scientists from Yonkers, New York
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Thorarinsson Medalists
American people of German descent
American people of Slovak descent

Barry Voight


Ralf Wadephul, born 1958 in Berlin, is a German keyboardist/composer who collaborated with Tangerine Dream (Edgar Froese, Paul Haslinger) in the late 1980s on their first "Melrose Years" album Optical Race (1988). While all the material on this album was composed by Froese and Haslinger prior to him joining the band, Wadephul did contribute the track "Sun Gate", a romantic ballad type number that features an Edgar Froese guitar solo.  He also performed with the band on their North American tour later that year. Ralf left the band shortly afterwards following the birth of his son Julian Wadephul. The 2006 Tangerine Dream release "Blue Dawn" consists of material composed by Froese and Wadephul during that same tour in 1988, albeit of a studio nature.  Ralf continues to keep busy as a musician and sound engineer to this day.

In April 2008, he released his first ever solo album entitled "When Aliens Meet a Drop of Water" on the German Manikin Records label.

External links
Ralf Wadephul homepage (archived link)
Tangerine Dream: A Recording Chronology 1969–1989
Wadephul's MySpace Page
Tangerine Dream Website

1958 births
Living people
Tangerine Dream members
German keyboardists

Ralf Wadephul


Pulsar is a watch brand and currently a Seiko Watch Corporation of America (SCA) division. Pulsar was the world's first electronic digital watch. Current Pulsar watches are mostly analog and use the same movements in Seikos such as the 7T62 quartz chronograph movement.

History

In 1970, Pulsar was a brand of the American Hamilton Watch Company which first announced that it was making and bringing the LED watch to market. It was developed jointly by American companies Hamilton and Electro/Data Inc.  In the spring of 1972, the first Pulsar watch was marketed by Hamilton Watch (the parent company, not the Hamilton Watch Division). With an 18-carat gold case, the world's first all-electronic digital watch was also the first to use a digital display created with light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A button was pressed to display the time. The first Pulsar initially sold for $2,100 ($ in  dollars). In October 1972, the Potpourri segment in the issue of Playboy mentioned the first Pulsar, and included a photo. In 1975, a digital Pulsar with a built-in calculator was released. In 1978, Seiko Corporation acquired the Pulsar brand, it is mid-grade of their product range. By 2020, Seiko had ceased selling its Pulsar in the United Kingdom.

References

External links

 Website dedicated to vintage Pulsar watches

Seiko
Watch brands

Pulsar (watch)


Pastel azteca is a traditional Mexican dish similar to lasagna, known in the United States as tortilla casserole or tortilla pie. The dish is made by alternating layers of gently fried corn tortillas with layers of tomato salsa, sliced poblano chillis, sweetcorn, sliced onion, sour cream and cheese: traditionally Oaxaca or Chihuahua. It is common to add a meat ingredient such as coarsely shredded chicken, ground beef or pork. Pastel azteca is baked in an oven. Part of Mexican culture, it is one of the most widely recognized dishes in Mexico.

References
 Del Castillo, María. (1966). Cocina mexicana. Ed. Olimpo.

External links
recipe

Mexican cuisine
Tortilla-based dishes
Cheese dishes
Casserole dishes

Pastel azteca


Desmoschisis is asexual reproduction in dinoflagellates which the parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells, each daughter retaining half the parent theca, at least temporarily. During desmoschisis, the theca undergoes fission along a predetermined suture between thecal plates. The fission suture is oblique, usually from the top left to the bottom right (as in oblique binary fission). In terms of asexual division of motile cells, desmoschisis is
generally the case in gonyaulacaleans whereas eleutheroschisis is generally the case in peridinialeans.

References

Dinoflagellate biology
Asexual reproduction

Desmoschisis


The grapeleaf skeletonizer (Harrisina americana) is a moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is widespread in the eastern half of the United States, and commonly noticed defoliating grapes, especially of the Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia). The western grapeleaf skeletonizer (Harrisina metallica) is very similar to and slightly larger than H. americana, but their distributions are different.

Members of this family all produce HCN (hydrogen cyanide) a potent antipredator toxin.

Identification
The adult has narrow black wings, usually held away from the body at rest, and a reddish collar. The wingspan is 18–28 mm, the length 8–12 mm.

The larva has a dark head; the body is yellow with a complete black band across each abdominal segment. The larvae can reach up to 15 mm in length.

Life history
There are several generations per year in the south, and one in the north of its range.

Eggs
Eggs are lemon yellow, shaped like a capsule, slightly over 0.5 mm in length and are laid in clusters on the underside of leaves. They hatch in about a week.

Larvae
Larvae are stout, with ten bright yellow bands or lines of dots, and eleven black bands alternating.  They have hair-like setae that, if brushed against, will give a rash that lasts several days. They feed in groups that become progressively smaller as the larvae age. They constantly live on the underside of the leaves, and frequently line up side by side. Development from hatch to pupation takes about 40 days.

This is the only moth species that feeds gregariously on grape foliage.

Pupae
The pupa is brown, and lasts about two weeks in the summer, when multiple generations are possible. The pupa is also the overwintering stage, among leaves at the base of the food plant.

Adults
Adult moths are uniformly black except for a reddish or orange collar. The body and wings are long and narrow, and  the abdomen is usually held curled upwards, with a tuft of hairs at the tip. Adults are active visiting flowers during the day as well as at night. They live only a few days.

References
Notes

Bibliography
Covell, CV, 1984. Peterson Field Guides: Eastern Moths. Houghton Mifflin.
Scoble, MJ, 1995. The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity. 2nd ed. Oxford Univ. Press.
Wagner, DL, 2005. Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton Univ. Press.

External links
 Image of the adult moth
 Drawing of larva, adult and pupa by John Abbot
 Grapeleaf skeletonizer on the University of Florida, IFAS Featured Creatures web site

Procridinae
Insect pests of ornamental plants
Moths described in 1844

Grapeleaf skeletonizer


Aden Abdulle Osman Daar (Aaden Cabdulle Cusmaan Daar) (9 December 1908 – 8 June 2007), was a Somali politician.

In February 1944, he joined the Somali Youth Club (later called the Somali Youth League). The group was a nationalist party that wanted independence for Somalia. Daar became a member of the party's steering board. In 1946, he was appointed as the secretary of one section of the party. He was chairman of the Somali Youth League from 1954 to 1956, and again from 1958 to 1959. In 1956, he was elected chairman of the Legislative Assembly.

When Somalia gained its independence on July 1, 1960, Daar was elected as the first president of Somalia. He was beaten in the 1967 presidential election against Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. He finished his term as president on June 10, 1967.

1908 births
2007 deaths
Presidents of Somalia

Aden Abdullah Osman Daar


The Kings House Hotel is a remote inn at the eastern end of Glen Coe in the Scottish Highlands. The inn, which is in an isolated position about 2 km east of Glen Etive, stands on the edge of Rannoch Moor. It faces Buachaille Etive Mor which makes it a popular hostelry with rock climbers. In 2019 the hotel was reopened after a substantial modern redevelopment which involved the demolition of a large 1960s extension. Only the original 18th-century coaching inn was retained and incorporated into the new building.

The inn is called the King's House because it was used as a barracks by the troops of the Duke of Cumberland during the subjugation of the Highlands by the British Army following the  Jacobite Rising of 1745.

History

Early years
The original Kings House, said to be one of Scotland's oldest licensed inns, was built in the 18th century. It was sited at the head of Glen Coe for travellers crossing Rannoch Moor. The strategic military road crossed the River Etive at this point by the inn. The military route, built by the British army in the aftermath of the 1745 Jacobite rising, then headed towards Glen Coe before ascending the Devil's Staircase to Kinlochleven. Parts of the former military route are now used as the West Highland Way.

By the late 18th century, travellers came from Ballachulish to Loch Lomond via Tyndrum. In 1803, the inn was visited by Dorothy Wordsworth, the sister of Romantic poet William Wordsworth, who wrote disparagingly:
Never did I see such a miserable, such wretched place, – long rooms with ranges of beds, no other furniture except benches, or perhaps one or two crazy chairs, the floors far dirtier than an ordinary house could be if it were never washed. With length of time the fire was kindled and after another hour of waiting, supper came, a shoulder of mutton so hard that it was impossible to chew the little flesh that might have been scraped off the bones.
However, 100 years later standards had improved dramatically, as Dundee MP Alexander Wilkie recorded a pleasant stay:Arriving at Kings House Inn I have a hearty welcome. Tea, my clothes and shoes dried. Next morning after a walk round I go in for breakfast. What shall I have? – grapefruit? What! can I have grapefruit in Kings House; of course I can; and so I have grapefruit, and porridge and cream, and fish, and everything just like a west end city hotel. I tell you I am well looked after and at a charge so moderate that I am almost ashamed of my appetite.

In 1910, the first visitors with motor vehicles began to come to Glen Coe when the stone-shod road was upgraded with tarmac.

Later use

In 1959, the Kings House Hotel underwent its first 20th-century modernisation. The work was done so sensitively that the architect, John Thompson ARIBA of Weddell & Thompson, Glasgow, and unusually, also the builders (at the behest of the architect), Thos. Findlay and Sons Ltd of Mauchline, Ayrshire, both received Civic Trust Awards.

The inn continues to offer food and drink. Before its recent refurbishment it had 22 bedrooms with facilities for fishermen, walkers and climbers. In winter, the hotel also caters to skiers from the "White Corries" ski resort just across the road on the mountain of Meall a' Bhuiridh.

Camping on uncultivated ground is generally permitted in Scotland under the Scottish Outdoor Access Code, so it is common for people (especially hikers walking the West Highland Way) to  camp in the vicinity of Kings House because the area is open moorland. However, campers must pitch on the opposite side of the river to the inn.

Refurbishment and extension
The property was put up for sale in 2014, and was bought by the adjacent Black Corries Estate. A project team including hotelier Crieff Hydro prepared proposals, and in 2015 they announced a major refurbishment, including removing a 1960s extension and opening a hostel. A further planning application was made in 2017, and on 1 November the hotel closed for refurbishment. Demolition of the old extension began that month, and in January 2018 the new plans were approved despite objections from the John Muir Trust. The new King's House Hotel, refurbished with 57 bedrooms, reopened in February 2019.

References

External links

Tourist attractions in Highland (council area)
Hotels in Highland (council area)
Glen Coe
18th-century establishments in Scotland
Hotels established in the 18th century
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland

Kings House Hotel


Defence Intelligence  (DI) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service.

It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs  civilian and military staff. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009.

Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources. This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy. It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK. DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee  (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union.

It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ. They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.

References

Military of the United Kingdom
British intelligence agencies

Defence Intelligence


Charles Edward Hugo (born February 24, 1974) is an American record producer and multi-instrumentalist. Alongside close colleague Pharrell Williams, he formed the hip hop and R&B production duo the Neptunes in 1992, with whom he's produced numerous hit records for various artists. He is also a member of the band N.E.R.D., alongside Williams and Shay Haley, and co-founded the now-defunct record label Star Trak Entertainment with Williams in 2001. In contrast to Williams, Hugo typically does not perform on records.

Early Life
Charles Edward Hugo was born February 24, 1979, in Portsmouth, Virginia to a Filipino-American family. His mother was a lab technician and his father served in the United States Navy. His exploration of music included recording mixtapes in his home using a boombox, and writing a paper about Robert Moog after learning about synthesizers from the news, which sparked an interest in electronic musical equipment. He later joined his school band, playing the saxophone, through which he met Pharrell Williams, with whom he began producing music. They formed The Neptunes, and in 1992,  upon entering a local talent contest, they were discovered by Teddy Riley, whose studio was close to their school. Williams introduced Hugo to Hayley, with whom they formed the group N.E.R.D in 1999. During high school Hugo worked as a professional DJ, performing at local church events, and he and Williams also met and begin collaborating with brothers Pusha T and No Malice of Clipse, recording in Hugo's bedroom in his parents' attic.

Career

Through working with Riley, the Neptunes wrote Wreckx-n-Effect's 1992 song "Rump Shaker" while still in school. They also worked with Riley's group Blackstreet, co-writing the single "Tonight's the Night" from their self-titled debut album.

The Neptunes continued their production work, contributing to projects by New York City-based rapper Noreaga, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and Kelis for whom they would entirely produce her debut studio album, Kaleidoscope in 1999, and her album Wanderland two years later.  Hugo met Jay-Z during a studio session for his second studio album, In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (1997), performing saxophone on the album's second single "The City Is Mine", with the Neptunes going on to produce a number of tracks for Jay-Z. The Neptunes also produced hip hop duo Clipse's album, Exclusive Audio Footage in 1999, which went unreleased until 2022.

In 2001, the Neptunes founded the label Star Trak Entertainment, on which both the Neptunes and N.E.R.D would release the entirety of their projects until the label's dissolution in 2014. The same year, N.E.R.D. released their debut studio album, In Search of..., experimenting with more live instrumentation in comparison to the Neptunes' previous output. Soon after, the Neptunes gained their first worldwide hit, producing Britney Spears' single, "I'm a Slave 4 U", and wrote and produced NSYNC's final single, "Girlfriend". After the breakup of NSYNC, they continued to work with group member Justin Timberlake, writing and producing most of his debut solo album, Justified.

In 2003, Hugo co-wrote and co-produced all songs on Kenna's debut album New Sacred Cow, and the Neptunes released a compilation album, Clones, featuring songs and remixes from various Star Trak artists. At the 2004 Grammy Awards, they won awards for "Best Pop Vocal Album" for their work on Justified, and "Producer of the Year". Continuing his work with Kenna, Hugo co-produced all tracks on his next three projects: The Black Goodbye EP (2007), Make Sure They See My Face (2007), and Land 2 Air Chronicles II: Imitation Is Suicide Chapter 1 (2013). Hugo's notable solo production work includes collaborations with Ashlee Simpson,  JoJo, E-40,  The Internet, and BROCKHAMPTON. He has also done remixes for Jesse McCartney, Kings of Leon, and St. Vincent.

Hugo worked with Baltimore producer and DJ Daniel Biltmore under the name "MSSL CMMND", releasing mixtapes, original productions, and remixes of artists including Rhye,  Iamsu!. Under the moniker Yardnoise, he produced six tracks on the companion album to the film  Manny (2014), by directors Ryan Moore and Leon Gast, which chronicled the early life and career of Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao.

Hugo and Pharrell Williams were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame as a part of the 2020 class.

Discography

With N.E.R.D.
 In Search of... (2002)
 Fly or Die (2004)
 Seeing Sounds (2008)
 Nothing (2010)
 No One Ever Really Dies (2017)

With the Neptunes
 Clones (2003)

Personal life
Hugo has three children, born in 1998, 2000, and 2014.

See also
 The Neptunes production discography

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
21st-century American saxophonists
American hip hop record producers
American male saxophonists
American musicians of Filipino descent
East Coast hip hop musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Portsmouth, Virginia
Musicians from Virginia Beach, Virginia
N.E.R.D. members
Record producers from Virginia
Songwriters from Virginia
The Neptunes members

Chad Hugo


Adjona, also written Adxoña or Atxoña was the Guanche mencey (king) of the Menceyato de Abona at the time of the conquest of Tenerife in the fifteenth century.

Adjona normally lived in Vilaflor, in the territory of Abona, although the historian Juan Bethencourt Alfonso indicates that mencey residence was located near the modern town of El Rio, Arico.

Adjona signed peace in 1490 with the governor of Gran Canaria, Pedro de Vera, ratifying the agreement with Alonso Fernández de Lugo in 1494 shortly after his first landing, attaching his menceyato to the bando de paces (peace party) during the conquest. After this, Adjona was brought to Spain by Lugo to be presented to the Catholic Monarchs along with the rest of menceyes. As a mencey of the bando de paces, he returned to Tenerife and integrated into the new society. He died before 1507.

References

External links
 Los guanches

People from Tenerife
Military personnel killed in action
Guanche
Guanche people

Adjona


The Mystery of the Yellow Room (in French Le mystère de la chambre jaune) is a mystery novel written by French author Gaston Leroux. One of the first locked-room mystery novels, it was first published serially in France in the periodical L'Illustration from September 1907 to November 1907, then in its own right in 1908.

It is the first novel starring fictional reporter Joseph Rouletabille and concerns a complex, and seemingly impossible, crime in which the criminal appears to disappear from a locked room. Leroux provides the reader with detailed, precise diagrams and floorplans illustrating the crime scene. The story provides an intellectual challenge to the reader.

The novel finds its continuation in the 1908 novel The Perfume of the Lady in Black, wherein a number of the characters familiar from this story reappear.

Plot summary
Reporter and amateur sleuth Joseph Rouletabille is sent to investigate a criminal case at the Château du Glandier and takes along his friend the lawyer Sainclair, who narrates.  Mathilde Stangerson, the 30-something daughter of the castle's owner, Professor Joseph Stangerson, was found near-critically battered in a room adjacent to his laboratory on the castle grounds, with the door still locked from the inside.  She recovers slowly but can give no useful testimony.  Rouletabille meets and interrogates several characters: the castle's concierges Mr & Mrs Bernier, the old servant Jacques, an unfriendly inn landlord and a womanising gamekeeper, and begins a friendly rivalry with France's top police detective Frédéric Larsan, who has been assigned the case.  Larsan suspects Ms Stangerson's fiancé, another scientist called Robert Darzac, to Rouletabille's dismay.

More attempts are made on Ms Stangerson's life despite Rouletabille and Larsan's protection, and the perpetrator appears to vanish on two occasions when they are closing in on him, echoing Professor Stangerson's research into "matter dissociation".  The gamekeeper is murdered during the second attempt.  Ultimately, Larsan arrests Darzac who is charged with murder attempts.  Rouletabille suspects that Darzac has secret reasons not to defend himself and he disappears to make further investigations.

Two-and-a-half months later, as Darzac's trial opens, Rouletabille reappears sensationally and tells the court that the culprit is Frédéric Larsan himself, whom he accuses of being an alter-ego of a master criminal called Ballmeyer.  Larsan appeared to vanish on the two occasions he was nearly collared as he was one of the pursuers.  Darzac is released when it emerges that Larsan has vanished after Rouletabille warned him he would accuse him in court.  The mystery of the locked Yellow Room is explained thus: Larsan assaulted Ms Stangerson earlier in the day than originally thought, but she hid the traces of the attack and locked herself away.  During the night, traumatised by the event, she fell off her bed and inflicted the gravest of the wounds by hitting her temple on the corner of her bed-side table.

The background to these events is kept secret in court but finally explained by Sainclair.  Ballmeyer, in a different guise, had seduced Ms Stangerson in her youth and married her secretly in the United States.  They had a child before he was arrested and his identity revealed to her.  Ms Stangerson had arranged for her son's care and education and hidden the whole saga from her father; her silence and Robert Darzac's behaviour were motivated by her desperation to keep him from finding out.  Ballmeyer however, hearing that she was engaged, had decided to reappear in her life and claim her as his wife once more, by force if necessary.

Characters
Joseph Rouletabille – the young journalist and amateur detective, protagonist
Jean Sainclair – Rouletabille's friend and lawyer, the narrator
Frédéric Larsan – the police detective
Professor Stangerson – the scientist, owner of "Chateau du Glandier"
Mlle. Mathilde Stangerson – daughter of a famous scientist, the victim
"Father" Jacques – an old servant in the Stangerson family
Robert Darzac - a scientist and Mlle. Stangerson's fiancé
The Green Man - the gamekeeper, disliked by all.

Reception
John Dickson Carr, the master of locked-room mystery, has his detective Dr. Gideon Fell declare this the "best detective tale ever written", in his novel The Hollow Man (1935).

Agatha Christie praised The Mystery of the Yellow Room through the mouthpiece of her detective Hercule Poirot in her 1963 novel The Clocks:

And here is The Mystery of the Yellow Room. That - ah, that is really a classic! I approve of it from start to finish. Such a logical approach! There were criticisms of it, I remember, which said it was unfair. But it is not unfair, my dear Colin. No, no. Very nearly so, perhaps, but no not quite. There is the hair's breadth of difference. No. All through there is truth, concealed with a careful and cunning use of words. Everything should be clear at that supreme moment when the men meet at the angle of the three corridors." He laid it down reverently. "Definitely a masterpiece, and, I gather, almost forgotten nowadays.

In a 1981 poll by Edward D. Hoch of 17 mystery writers and reviewers, this novel was voted the third-best locked-room mystery of all time, behind Hake Talbot's Rim of the Pit (1944) and John Dickson Carr's The Hollow Man (1935).

The popular 1946 Japanese detective novel The Honjin Murders (本陣殺人事件, Honjin satsujin jiken) by Seishi Yokomizo refers to The Mystery of the Yellow Room numerous times, the narrator quipping that Leroux's novel "bears the closest resemblance" to the story recounted in the novel.

Adaptations
Stage:

 The Mystery of the Yellow Room by Leroux opened 14 February 1912 in Paris, and a translation by Hannaford Bennett played 93 performances at the St James Theatre in London in 1920. Sybil Thorndike played Mathilde.

Film and TV:
 The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1913)
 The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1919)
 The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1930)

 The Mystery of the Yellow Room (1949)

 The Mystery of the Yellow Room (2003)
An episode of Jonathan Creek features a stage adaptation of the novel and centres around a similar event happening to one of its actors.

Radio:
Gaston Leroux – The Mystery of the Yellow Room, BBC Radio 4, 1998, starring Nicholas Boulton and Geoffrey Whitehead

Release details
1907, France, L'illustration, Pub September–November 1907, magazine serial
1908, France, Editions Jacques Lafitte (ISBN NA),  (First edition)
1934, UK, Oxford University Press ,
1977, UK, Dover Publications
1978, UK, Remploy
1996, US, Books on Tape
1996, US, Buccaneer Books
1997, UK, Dedalus Ltd
2002, US, Indypublish.com
2002, US, Indypublish.com
2004, UK, Thorndike Press
2005, US, Kessinger Publishing
2006, UK, Blackstone Audiobooks , audio book (MP3 CD)
2006, UK, Dover Publications
2009, US, Black Coat Press

See also

 Whodunit

References

External links

 L'univers de Joseph Rouletabille, rouletabille.perso.cegetel.net
 The Mystery of the Yellow Room, audio version, litteratureaudio.com

1907 French novels
French crime novels
French mystery novels
French detective novels
Locked-room mysteries
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in French newspapers
Novels set in France
French novels adapted into films
Novels by Gaston Leroux
Novels adapted into radio programs

The Mystery of the Yellow Room


"Let's keep the Goan tradition and culture alive, worldwide"

Dogueo Tigueo Beatini

Two-three old spinsters

Type: Dulpod

Source: Lourdinho Barreto. Goemchem Git. Pustok 2,

Musical form: Binary

Literary form: Satire

Translated by: Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Ilhas, Goa, 26.05.2005

Chusmo/Refrain:

Dogueo, tigueo beatini,

Two-three old spinsters,

Gueleo kum(u)sarak. (bis)

Have gone for confessions.

Ekli kori ters(u) rozar(u),

One was reciting the rosary,

Dusri kori orasanv mental(u),

The other was saying prayers mentally,

Tisri mari odd´ear

The third was striking her breast

Dumkeanche far(u). (Chusmo/Refrain)

Striking loud blows.

Eklen add´llo mannsacho kopo,

One brought a piece of rice cake,

Dusren add´lo bol(u) poderalo,

The other brought a baker´s cake,

Tisren addlo xeuntto

The third brought a mullet

Rechear kelolo. (Chusmo/Refrain)

That was fried with stuffed spices.

Padigar ghara nhui re ghel´lo,

The parish priest had gone home, Sir

Taguelo papa mornant aslo.

His father was on his death bed.

Xeuntto addol´padkuran

The mullet that was brought

Ekleanuch khailo.

Was eaten by his assistant priest, alone. (Chusmo/Refrain)

Polleiat

Dulpod Goenche

Sondorbh

Konknni
Dulpod
Romi panam

Dogueo Tigueo Beatini - Dulpod


The second USS Truxtun (DD-14) was the lead ship of s in the United States Navy. She was named for Commodore Thomas Truxtun.

Truxtun was laid down on 13 November 1899 at Sparrows Point, Maryland, by the Maryland Steel Company; launched on 15 August 1901; sponsored by Miss Isabelle Truxtun; and commissioned on 11 September 1902.

Pre-World War I
Upon commissioning, Truxtun was assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Flotilla, and her commanding officer was appointed commander of the flotilla. She conducted trials out of Norfolk until 14 January 1903 and received her final acceptance on 24 April. In August, she participated in maneuvers off Frenchman Bay, Maine, in the Presidential review by Theodore Roosevelt at Oyster Bay, and in a joint Army-Navy exercise off Portland, Maine.

On 26 September, the 2nd Torpedo Flotilla became a unit of the Coast Squadron, North Atlantic Fleet. Truxtun joined that squadron in target practice off the Massachusetts coast before returning to Norfolk later that fall for repairs.

For the next four years, Truxtun operated along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean. On 31 October 1905 she ran into a barge in a very minor collision at Norfolk, Virginia. In December 1907, she and five other destroyers assembled in Hampton Roads with the battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. President Roosevelt reviewed the fleet once more and then, this "Great White Fleet" passed between Capes Charles and Henry to embark upon its famous round-the-world voyage. Truxtun escorted the fleet on the first leg of its voyage, going as far as the west coast. Along the way, she visited ports in Brazil, Chile, Peru, Panama, and Mexico. The fleet reached San Francisco in May 1908, and the destroyers were detached and reassigned to the Pacific Torpedo Fleet, an organization not administratively assigned to the Pacific Fleet. After repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard that summer, Truxtun joined her sister destroyers in a training voyage to Hawaii and Samoa. She returned to the west coast at San Diego, her new base of operations, early in December. She began her duty along the Pacific coast of North America with a voyage to Alaskan waters, visiting Seattle, Sitka, Seward, Skagway, and Juneau.

Truxtun remained in the Pacific until the summer of 1917. During the intervening period, she continued to be active with the Pacific Torpedo Fleet making cruises out of San Diego. On 25 March 1912, the Pacific Reserve Fleet was established under the command of Rear Admiral Alfred Reynolds. This organization was established in response to severe manpower shortages and was not similar in any respect to the contemporary reserve or "mothball" fleet. By 1 June, Truxtun joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet; however, she remained somewhat active, periodically putting to sea to check her machinery and to maintain herself "...in constant readiness for sea."

Her reserve status was short-lived. She was placed back in full commission on 12 October and resumed normal activity along the coast. On two occasions, in the summer of 1914 and again in the summer of 1916, the torpedo boat destroyer steamed to Mexican waters to protect American interests during the series of political convulsions that plagued that nation during the second decade of the twentieth century. By July 1916, she had returned to semi-inactivity as a unit of the reserve division of the Coast Torpedo Force — later re-designated Division 2 (Reserve), Coast Torpedo Force. As before, however, she conducted sporadic cruises along the California coast to maintain herself in a state of readiness.

World War I
On 18 February 1917, Truxtun was returned to full commission for the third and final time. Initially, she was assigned to patrol duty in the area of the Panama Canal. On 6 April, the day the United States entered World War I, she departed Colon harbor and headed south to Puerto Colombia, Colombia, where she watched the German ship  which was anchored in the harbor. She was relieved by  on 14 April and returned to Colon the following day. For almost three months, she patrolled the Pacific coastal waters of Panama and Colombia, periodically doubling as a submarine tender. On Independence Day 1917, she transited the Panama Canal and, the following day, departed Balboa, Panama, in company with Stewart, , and . The four destroyers reached Hampton Roads on 13 July. Through the end of August, Truxtun patrolled Chesapeake Bay and conducted maneuvers off the coast. She made port calls at New York and Philadelphia, on one occasion acting in the escort for .

On 31 August, Truxtun departed Philadelphia for duty in the Azores. After a short stop-over in Bermuda, she arrived at Ponta Delgada on 16 September. The destroyer operated from Ponta Delgada until early December. She and Whipple met  on 30 September and escorted her into Ponta Delgada on 3 October. In mid-October, she made a short voyage to Funchal, Madeira, and back. Later that month, she participated in a search for the survivors of a torpedoed ship. Truxtun cleared Ponta Delgada on 6 December and headed — via Gibraltar — for France. She reached Brest on 15 December. Operating from that port, the destroyer convoyed merchant ships and conducted patrols against German U-boats for the remainder of World War I.

During the ensuing year, she experienced two adventures. The first came on the night of 17 April 1918 when the explosives-laden steamship  exploded into flame in Quiberon Bay. For steering his destroyer into the flaming seas surrounding the stricken munitions carrier and helping to rescue many of her crewmen, Truxtuns commanding officer, Lieutenant Ware, was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. Her second scrape involved the enemy. At about 0900 on 18 May, while escorting a convoy, she sighted an underwater disturbance and immediately charged to the attack. The warship dropped several patterns of depth charges and fired several rounds from her guns. However, many of the depth charges failed to function properly. The U-boat, believed to have been , made good her escape; and Truxtun returned to the convoy at about 0930.

Just over a month after the armistice ended World War I, Truxtun bade farewell to Europe. Departing Brest on 18 December in company with , Stewart, Whipple, and , she steamed, via Ponta Delgada and Bermuda, back to the United States. She entered the Delaware River on 3 January 1919 and was decommissioned at Philadelphia on 18 July. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September. She was sold to Henry A. Hitner's Sons Company of Philadelphia on 3 January 1920 for conversion to mercantile service as a motor fruit carrier. She was scrapped in 1956.

Noteworthy commanding officer
 Lieutenant Daniel J. Callaghan (5 September 1915-11 Nov 1916) (Later Rear admiral)

References

Bibliography

External links

Truxtun-class destroyers
World War I destroyers of the United States
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1901 ships

USS Truxtun (DD-14)


Presidential Palace  () is the residence for the President of Syria, located in Damascus. It is located in the west of the city, on Mount Mezzeh, north of Mezzeh neighborhood, next to Mount Qasioun and overlooks the city. The main building covers 31,500 square metres (340,000 square feet). The entire plateau of Mount Mezzeh is part of the palace premises and is surrounded by a security wall and guard watchtowers. In front of the building is a large fountain and the palace itself largely consists of empty rooms clad in Carrara marble.

Although Japanese architect Kenzo Tange is credited with the design, he reputedly resigned from the project before construction of the palace began. The front brass gates were created by the noted Syrian-Jewish metalwork artist Maurice Nseiri.

The palace premises covers about 510,000 square meters (5,500,000 feet) and also includes a private presidential hospital and the headquarters of the Republican Guard. Hafez al-Assad first commissioned the plans for the building in 1979.
The building has been labelled as a form of "feudalistic architecture".

The palace is frequently used for hosting government delegations and foreign government visitors. On 27 October 1994, Bill Clinton met with Hafez al-Assad at the palace to negotiate a peace plan between Syria and Israel. Currently, the family of Bashar al-Assad lives in the residence, but they also occasionally reside at the older Tishreen Palace in the Ar Rabwah neighborhood.

References

Palaces in Syria
Government of Syria
Presidential residences
Buildings and structures completed in 1990
Buildings and structures in Damascus
1990 establishments in Syria

Presidential Palace, Damascus


Portmar was a United States-flagged merchant vessel that was constructed in response to World War I, operated by a succession of companies in the interwar period, then taken up for wartime shipping in World War II.

The ship was built to Design 1013, as part of wartime orders by the United States Shipping Board (USSB). She was laid down by Northwest Steel of Portland, Oregon, with the name West Minsi. The USSB order was cancelled during construction, but Northwest Steel completed the ship for private sale. She was sold to the Green Star Line before launching in November 1919, and was assigned the name Centaurus. The freighter was sold to Nafra in 1920, then on to the Planet Steamship Company in 1923. In 1929, the ship was sold to the Calmar Steamship Company, who renamed the ship Portmar.

In late 1941, Portmar was chartered by the United States Department of War to carry supplies to the Philippines but due to the Japanese invasion of the Philippines was retained in Australia. She was used in February 1942 to carry reinforcements from Darwin for the defenders of Timor prior to the Japanese invasion. The reinforcement convoy was shadowed by Japanese planes and attacked, forcing its cancellation. Portmar returned to Darwin on 18 February, and was still in harbour the next day when Japanese carrier-based aircraft attacked the city in the first ever attack on Australia. The ship was heavily damaged, and run aground to prevent sinking.

Portmar was later refloated, towed to Sydney, repaired, purchased by the United States Army and put back into service as an Army transport. In June 1943, she sailed as part of convoy GP55. On 15 June, off Smoky Cape, Portmar and the landing ship  were torpedoed by the Japanese submarine I-174. Due to a highly volatile cargo, Portmar was abandoned and sank in less than ten minutes. She was the last ship lost to the Japanese submarine campaign in Australian waters.

Design and construction

The ship was built to Design 1013 or the "Robert Dollar type", a standardised freighter design ordered by the United States Shipping Board (USSB) from multiple west-coast shipyards during World War I. Standard dimensions were  in length, with a beam of  and a standard draft of . This vessel varied a little from the standard, being  long and  beam. Depth was  with a draft of .

They had a deadweight tonnage value of 8,800, and a gross register tonnage of 5,551. Her net register tonnage was 3,418. Propulsion machinery varied across the type: this ship used oil-fuelled boilers, connected to triple-expansion steam engines. The engine was built by the Hooven, Owens & Rentschler Company of Hamilton, Ohio. It had cylinders of ,  and  diameter by  stroke. It was rated at 582 NHP. One hundred and five vessels were completed for the USSB, while this ship and four others were cancelled but completed and sold privately by the shipyards, and others cancelled outright.

The ship was laid down by Northwest Steel of Portland, Oregon as yard number 38 and USSB number 2373, with the name West Minsi. During construction, the order for this ship was cancelled by the USSB Emergency Fleet Corporation, but construction continued for private sale. By the time the ship was launched on 17 November 1919, she had been sold to the Green Star Line and assigned the name Centaurus. The ship was completed in December 1919, and assigned the United States official number 219283 and Code Letters LTVH.

Operational history
The first voyage of Centaurus departed from Astoria, Oregon in late December 1919, bound for Callao, Peru. During the voyage, one of the crewmen suffered a mental breakdown over concerns about his invalid passport. Instead of providing medical assistance, the sailor was placed in irons, removed from the crew list and relisted as a stowaway, then abandoned on the dockside when Centaurus departed Callao on 17 January 1920. The crewman ended up in an insane asylum, where he died later that year.

 18 January 1920. The newspaper "The Sunday Oregonian", Portland, wrote on the page 46:
 GREEN STAR WILL PLY ATLANTIC
 Four Steamers Purchased Here to Sail From Baltimore.
 ORIENTAL RUN PROMISED
 Cruft Now Being Built at Standifer Plant Expected to Be Operated on Pacific.
 Speculation as to the future field of operations of the Green Star Steamship company, which purchased four steel steamers in Portland and placed orders for the construction of five more, was ended last week by a formal announcement from the headquarters of the company in Baltimore, where the Green Star line has pur chased a large building to serve as a home for its shipping enterprises. The last of the steamers purchased by, the line here, the Circlnus, sailed from Astoria Wednesday with a full cargo of lumber for Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia. This cargo amounted to 4.086,103 feet, it is reported by Brown & McCabe, stevedores, who had charge of loading the vessel.
 The three other steamers purchased here by the Green Star line are the Corvus, which went in ballast to Arica, Chile, to load nitrates for Europe; the Centaurus, which took a part cargo of lumber here and went to San Francisco to finish a general cargo for the west coast, and the Clauseus, which went from here to San Francisco in ballast to load beans for Hamburg.

Later in 1920, Centaurus was sold to Nafra Company which was affiliated with Green Star having intertwined financial affairs in ship acquisition. She operated for this company until 1923, when she was sold to the Planet Steamship Company. In December 1929, Centaurus and four other Planet freighters (Circinius, Corvus, Clauseus, and Eurana) were sold to the Calmar Steamship Company.

 13 of December 1929. The newspaper "Oakland Tribune" in Oakland, California, wrote:

   "CALMAR BUYS SHIPS.
   The "Calmar Line" has purchased five freighters from the "Planet Steamship company", according to announcement from New York. This purchase increases the Calmar intercoastal fleet to eleven ships. The new craft are 880 tons register.
   The vessels involved are all well known on this coast, consisting of the Circinius, Corvus, Clauseus, Centaurus and Eurana. They have run into local ports for several years under the Isthmian Line houseflag".

Centaurus was renamed Portmar, and her port of registry was changed to New York. In 1934, her Code Letters were changed to KOPZ. On 13 July 1937, while on a voyage from Boston, Massachusetts to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Portmar collided with the Handkerchief Lightvessel in dense fog. Although she was undamaged, the lightvessel was severely damaged.

World War II
On 18 November 1941, Portmar and seven other ships (, , , , , , and ) were chartered by the United States Department of War to carry military supplies to the Philippines. The ship was effectively delivered to the United States government on 20 November 1941 in what was a precursor of the delivery of all ocean merchant shipping to the War Shipping Administration with allocation to the Army. Even though details of the charters were deemed confidential, the names of all eight ships were published in the Los Angeles Times two days later. The Japanese invasion of the Philippines resulted in retention in Australia. Portmar had arrived in Australia as one of the ships carrying fuel and vehicles after the earlier arrival of the diverted Pensacola convoy. Portmar had departed San Francisco 26 November 1941 sailing independently with 319 vehicles, 5,939 barrels of gasoline, ammunition, bombs, machine guns and other stores for the units sailing in the Pensacola convoy but was diverted while south of Hawaii, first to Suva then to Sydney with arrival there 31 December 1941.

The ship was one of those initially chosen to attempt to run the Japanese blockade of the Philippines but the rapid Japanese advance and occupation of Rabaul, Kavieng and other strategic points to the north resulted in the ship being recalled to Darwin. The Maritime Commission was expecting Portmar along with other large vessels to be returned to the United States but the desperate need for shipping in theater had made local retention necessary.

Before 02:00 on 15 February 1942, Portmar sailed from Darwin as part of a convoy carrying reinforcements for the defenders of Timor. Also in the convoy were the transports , , and , with an escort made up of the cruiser , the destroyer , and the sloops  and . Portmar, along with Tulagi, carried elements of the U.S. Army 148th Field Artillery while the other ships had Australian forces embarked. By 11:00, the ships had been spotted by a Japanese flying boat, which followed them for several hours before dropping bombs at around 14:00 with minimal effect. The next day, another flying boat began shadowing the convoy around 09:15, and the ships were attacked by a force of 45 Japanese aircraft two hours later. Light damage and some casualties were suffered aboard Manua Loa, while Portmar was not damaged during the hour-long attack. The likelihood of further attacks and the believed imminent invasion of Timor resulted in orders to turn the convoy around received at 15:15, with all ships back at Darwin by midday on 18 February.

Portmar was still in Darwin Harbour the next day when a force of Japanese carrier-based aircraft attacked the city: the first time Australia had been attacked. She was heavily damaged during the attack, and was towed away from her mooring and run aground to prevent her from sinking. One of the crew was killed, and several wounded were later recovered by the examination vessel .

Portmar was salvaged and reconditioned by U.S. Army port-battalion troops, towed to Sydney, and repaired. The ship was purchased at Brisbane by the War Department on 17 November 1942 and incorporated into the U.S. Army's permanent local fleet as an Army transport.

On the morning of 15 June 1943, USAT Portmar, loaded with ammunition and fuel, left Sydney for Brisbane as part of convoy GP55. The convoy consisted of ten merchant ships (including Portmar) and three Landing Ship Tank vessels, escorted by the Bathurst-class corvettes , , , , and . Portmar was the middle of three ships in the fourth column. Portmar had trouble maintaining position during the voyage, and at 17:15 on 16 June, when the convoy was  east of Smoky Cape, was passing to port of USS LST-469 to regain convoy position. At this time, the Japanese submarine I-174 fired a spread of torpedoes at the convoy from the convoy's starboard: one torpedo struck USS LST-469, and another hit Portmar almost immediately after. The volatile cargo was ignited, and the order was given to abandon ship. Portmar sank ten minutes later, with two crewmen killed. The 71 survivors were recovered by HMAS Deloraine, which then took USS LST-469 (which had survived the attack, but was immobilised and had suffered heavy casualties) in tow, and headed for Coffs Harbour. Warnambool and Kalgoorlie depth-charged the area until contact was lost: they were unable to damage I-174, nor were subsequent searches able to locate her. The attack on convoy GP55 was the last Japanese submarine attack in Australian waters. The loss of shipping, particularly the LST that was part of MacArthur's Seventh Amphibious Force, forced removal of troops and supplies for the occupation of Kiriwina and Woodlark Island, the first offensive amphibious operations.

Citations

References
Books

Journal articles

1919 ships
Design 1013 ships
Maritime incidents in February 1942
Maritime incidents in June 1943
Merchant ships of the United States
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
Ships sunk by Japanese submarines
Shipwrecks of the Mid North Coast Region
Steamships of the United States
Transport ships of the United States Army
World War II merchant ships of the United States
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean

SS Portmar (1919)


The Philippine Science High School Western Visayas Campus (PSHS-WVC), one of the campuses of the Philippine Science High School System, is located at Brgy. Bito-on, Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines. Established in 1993, the school admits and grants scholarships to students who are gifted in the sciences and mathematics. Most of the scholars are from Western Visayas which covers the provinces of Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo and Negros Occidental, as well as the Mimaropa (Region IV-B), which includes the provinces of Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan. Until the establishment of PSHS Central Visayas in 2009, the campus also catered to the students from the Central Visayas provinces of Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental and Siquijor.

The campus was once the only concrete structure amidst acres of rice fields, whereas now, it is in a sprawling upper class subdivision.

History
The first Philippine Science High School was established in Diliman, Quezon City under Republic Act No. 3661, known as the PSHS Charter. The school opened on 5 September 1964 at a rented building owned by the Philippine Government Employees Association along Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City. It was only in 1970 that the school moved to its present campus along Agham Road, Diliman, Quezon City.

To expand the opportunities of students gifted in science, mathematics and technology in the Visayas and Mindanao, the PSHS Mindanao Campus and the PSHS Western Visayas Campus were created through Executive Order No. 1090 on 5 February 1986. The then PSHS Mindanao Campus was established in Davao City and started its operation in 1988.

On 21 August 1991, Secretary of Department of Science and Technology Ceferino L. Follosco (representing the donee), Ms. Nenita Kabayao Mapua and Ms. Makiling Ascalon (representing the donor), signed the deed of donation of the 3.4 Hectare lot in Bito-on, Jaro, Iloilo City. The campus will be known as the Doña Lawa-an H. Lopez Campus. Construction of the PSHSWV started in February 1992, followed by the formal ground breaking ceremony in May of the same year.

PSHS-WV formally started its operations on 1 July 1993. The 47 pioneer scholars held classes at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas since the school campus was still under construction. The temporary dormitory was located in Leganes, Iloilo which is approximately 13 kilometers away from UPV. Prof. Gilma T. Tayo served as the first campus director. It was in school year 1994-1995 that school operations transferred to its present location in Bito-on, Jaro, Iloilo City. Dr. Diana S. Aure was then the campus director. The PSHS-WV was formally inaugurated on 13 June 1997 by President Fidel V. Ramos.

The pioneer batch, all 47 of them, graduated from PSHS-WV on 31 March 1997. In the same year, the PSHS System Law (R.A. 8496) was signed by President Fidel V. Ramos. It established the PSHS System and unified all the existing campuses into a single system of governance and management.

In 2001, the PSHS System Law was further amended by R.A. No. 9036 consolidating the power and authority over all PSHS System campuses into a single Board of Trustees to ensure uniform policy coordination, standards and management.

Aside from the present campus, a four-hectare research station was donated by the family of the late Vice-Governor Guardilino Mosqueda in Balcon Maravilla, Jordan, Guimaras. It is known as the Mosqueda Campus of the PSHS-WV. Another 1 hectare coastal lot was donated by Engr. Jose Abad in Morubauan, Guimaras. It shall be the site of the Research Station in Marine Biology.

In 2011, the 5th campus director, Dr. Josette T. Biyo was elevated as the Executive Director of the Philippine Science High School System. Dr. Edgar Almero was appointed as the Officer-in-Charge in the interim. As of 1 April 2012, Ms. Shena Faith M. Ganela, succeeded Dr. Josette T. Biyo as the Campus Director. She is the 6th Director of the campus.

Admission and Academic Program
Admission to the PSHS System is through the PSHS System National Competitive Examination (PSHS-NCE). The screening consists of tests in Verbal, Abstract Reasoning, Science and Mathematics. To be eligible for admission, applicants must be Filipino students who must belong to the top 10% of the graduating class or must have special aptitude in science and math. The top 90 scholars from the region are admitted as scholars.

In the sciences, the scholars learn Biology, Chemistry and Physics as separate subjects starting the second year. Computer Science is also offered in all year levels.

The mathematics department offers subjects in Elementary Algebra, Advanced Algebra, Plane Geometry, Trigonometry, Selected Topics in Number Theory, Statistics and Elementary Analysis among others.

Four years of studies in English, Filipino, and the Social Science are part of the Humanities curriculum. Health and Physical Education subjects are also given to enhance the physical well being of the students. Activities include gymnastics, soccer, basketball, volleyball, softball, bowling and folk and social dances.

Faculty
The PSHSWV Faculty includes educators with specialization in science and technology, most of whom with advanced degrees in their respective fields. The faculty is headed by the Curriculum and Instruction Services Division Chief. Mr. Rolando Libutaque is the current CISD chief.

Three of the teachers were awarded as Outstanding Teachers of the Philippines by the Metrobank Foundation: former campus director Dr. Josette Biyo was awarded in 1997, Dr. Shena Faith Ganela, the present Campus Director, was honored in 2009, and Dr. Myrna Libutaque was awarded in 2015.

References

External links
PSHS Western Visayas Campus official website

Philippine Science High School System
Schools in Iloilo City
High schools in Iloilo


Jairo Guedes Braga (a.k.a. Jairo Guedz) wis the lead guitar player o Brazilian hivy metal baund Sepultura prior tae Andreas Kisser. His recordit ootput wi the baund includes the Bestial Devastation (1985) EP an their first full-length, Morbid Visions (1986). When playin wi Sepultura he uised the alias "Tormentor", an on occasion, "Jairo T." Jairo an aw played guitar wi The Mist, Overdose an Eminence, aw metal baunds frae Brazil.

He left Sepultura in early 1987, claimin he wis "leukin for something different", muisically speakin. He wis replacit a week later by Andreas Kisser. He is the faither o Igor an Érico Braga an aw, 17 an 12 year auld respectively. Nouadays he lives in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. He remains guid friends wi the baund tae this day an aften joins them at soccer matches. He recently appeared on Sepultura's latest DVD, Live in São Paulo, playin guitar on the sangs "Necromancer" an "Troops Of Doom", baith of which appeared on the Sepultura studio album he contributit tae, Morbid Visions.

Notes

References
 Barcinski, André & Gomes, Silvio (1999). Sepultura: Toda a História. São Paulo: Ed. 34. ISBN 85-7326156-0
 Eminence (2004). Humanology. [CD]. Switzerland: Timeless Productions.
 Filho, Fernando Souza (1994). The Mist. Rock Brigade, ano 13, vol. 91, pages 16–17.
 Oliveira, Daniel (1992). The Mist: O Metal dos Enforcados. Rock Brigade, ano 11, vol. 72, page?

Sepultura members
Brazilian hivy metal guitarists
Livin fowk

Jairo Guedz


Mr. Boogedy is a 1986 family short film directed by Oz Scott and written by Michael Janover. It was developed as a television pilot and aired as an episode of The Disney Sunday Movie. A sequel named Bride of Boogedy aired in 1987.

The film tells the story of the Davis family as they move to the New England city of Lucifer Falls, which they soon find to be haunted by ghosts from the colonial period.

The film was made available to stream on Disney+.

Plot
Thrilled to finally move into a full-sized house in Lucifer Falls, New England, Carlton and Eloise Davis along with their children Jennifer, Corwin, and R.E. arrive at their new home on a dark, gloomy night. As they enter and search for a light switch, they are spooked by an old man named Neil Witherspoon who warns them about the house's tragic history telling them to beware of the Boogedy Man.

After Mr. Witherspoon leaves, the family checks out their new home. While Corwin and R.E. inspect the ground floor, Jennifer looks around upstairs. She hears someone sneezing and sees a blue light emanating from behind the door at the end of the hallway, but when she opens the door the room is empty. Meanwhile, the boys have made their way to the house's eerie basement, where R.E. finds a toy rocking chair that fits his teddy bear perfectly. Just when it seems that they might find something supernatural, Carlton flips on the lights, which show nothing but old furniture and other clutter. The boys grudgingly return upstairs, but on his way up, R.E. notices that his teddy bear has disappeared.

The next morning, the family gathers for a breakfast filled with gags: funny glasses and rubber eggs that squirt water. Jennifer complains about the strange sneezing, but Carlton reassures her that ghosts aren't real. That night, Jennifer walks down the hallway, drawn by the sneezing and the strange glow (now green) from the door at the end of the hallway. She opens the door, only to be blasted with bright lights and a strange wind. She faints as maniacal laughter is heard. Later that night, her family wakes her, and she informs them that she saw the Boogedy Man, describing him as having a yucky, grilled cheese sandwich like face. Opening the door, Carlton discovers green footprints running up the wall of the room. He peels a few off the wall, and is able to stick them to himself, prompting him to quip "Honey, look, the Boogedy Man walked all over me!" He assumes that it's all part of a gag set up by Mr. Witherspoon.

After Corwin and R.E. witness the kitchen cabinets and appliances move on their own, they go into town with Jennifer to look for answers. They find the Lucifer Falls Historical Society, which is run by Mr. Witherspoon. Amused by the children's curiosity, he produces an old pop-up book and tells them the tale of William Hanover, a grouchy old pilgrim man who fell in love with the lovely widow Marion 300 years ago. Marion did not reciprocate his feelings, so Hanover struck a deal with the Devil selling his soul for a magic cloak which granted him mystical powers. He kidnapped Marion's son Jonathan and, casting his first spell, accidentally destroyed his own house (located on the same spot as the Davises' current home), killing himself, Jonathan, and Marion. All three remained as ghosts; Boogedy (how William came to be known as) and Jonathan (who had a cold when he died) are trapped inside the house, and Marion is unable to enter and get her child back.

The children return home and tell their parents about the situation, but Carlton and Eloise are more interested in showing off their new gags, such as a lifesize mummy. As Carlton begins to assure the children that the house isn't haunted, paranormal activity peaks: the harpsichord plays on its own, the lights flicker, and the mummy appears to come to life, dancing wildly, prompting Eloise to exclaim "That's it! Time to call a realtor!" Eloise and the children are scared enough to leave, but Carlton convinces them to stay for the night, camped out together in the living room. Eloise wakes up for a midnight snack, and encounters the ghost of the Widow Marion, who relates her story from outside the back door.

Eloise wakes the rest of the family, and explains to them that Marion told her the only way to get rid of Boogedy is to take away his magic cloak. The Davises arm themselves with household items and head upstairs to search for Boogedy. R.E. hears a noise, and goes off on his own, towards the basement; Corwin notices his absence and follows. Carlton, Eloise, and Jennifer approach the door at the end of the hallway, but discover that the glowing green light is this time nothing more than a green light bulb—Boogedy tricked them. In the basement, Corwin finds R.E struggling to recover his teddy bear from the thief, who turns out to be young Jonathan's ghost, who still has a cold after all these years. He explains that he borrowed it only because he was lonely. Feeling sorry for him, R.E. lets him borrow the teddy bear, and Jonathan tells them stories about the previous families that Boogedy chased away. They're interrupted by heavy breathing; Mr. Boogedy is coming.

The boys run upstairs, reuniting with the rest of their family in the living room as Mr. Boogedy appears with a bright flash of green light. The Davises run for cover behind boxes of gag items, with Boogedy shocking anyone who nears him with bolts of electricity from his fingers. Corwin attempts to attack Boogedy, but he uses his magic to turn his assault against him. Boogedy likewise uses magic to disable Carlton, Jennifer, and Eloise.

R.E grabs the vacuum cleaner and sneaks behind Mr. Boogedy, shooting the plastic balls at him. Boogedy, not deterred, takes control of the vacuum, making it chase R.E. around the room. R.E. hides behind Boogedy, and the vacuum takes hold of Boogedy's cloak, sucking it right off of his back. Without his cloak, Mr. Boogedy seems powerless, and disappears. The cloak itself pops out of the vacuum cleaner, and Corwin tosses it into the air, saying "Boogedy boogedy boo!" makes it disappear in a flash of green light. Widow Marion and Jonathan appear, and the Davises look on as the ghosts embrace and then disappear in a dance of light. The house is supposedly no longer haunted, but the Davises hear Boogedy's voice grimly intoning "Wanna bet?", leaving open the possibility of his return.

Cast
 Richard Masur as Carlton Davis
 Mimi Kennedy as Eloise Davis
 Benjamin Gregory as Reginald Ernest "R.E." Davis
David Faustino as Corwin Davis
Kristy Swanson as Jennifer Davis
 Howard Witt as William Hanover / Mr. Boogedy
 John Astin as Neil Witherspoon
 Katherine Kelly Lang as Widow Marion
 Jaimie McEnnan as Jonathan
 Kedric Wolfe as Satan

References

External links

1986 films
1986 television films
1986 short films
1980s ghost films
Disney television films
American haunted house films
Boogedy, Mister
The Devil in film
Films set in New England
Films scored by John Addison
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Television films as pilots
1980s American films

Mr. Boogedy


Ted Sioeng (pronounced 'shyong') (), also known as Xiong Delong and Sioeng San Wong, is an Indonesian businessman with interests in the United States, China, Vietnam and other parts of Asia, worth around US$500 million.

Background
Sioeng grew up in Indonesia. Raised in an ethnically Chinese family, he has a strong affinity for China, which is now the focus of his business interests, while he also admires the United States - he and his family have been based in Los Angeles since 1987.

Business interests
While in his 20s, Sioeng became successful selling foam rubber padding. In the 1970s, he was quick to recognize that money could be made in emerging China and he built a multimillion-dollar fortune selling the Chinese used factory equipment – such as for cigarette- and toy-manufacturing and in the medical field – and exporting Chinese cigarettes to the West. In China, he goes by the name Xiong Delong.

He quickly saw that by donating money to good causes, such as to build schools, hospitals, and roads, he could gain favour with local governments. In Yunnan, this approach gained him a license to sell the popular Hongtashan brand of cigarettes – called 'Red Pagoda Mountain' in the U.S. – outside of China. He now runs the business as a (dollar-based) joint venture.

He is owner of the Chinese-language International Daily News, published in the United States and Indonesia.

U.S. campaign finance controversy
Sioeng was a major figure in the 1996 United States campaign finance controversy, notably sitting next to Bill Clinton and Al Gore at fundraising events after having donated to the Democratic Party funds allegedly linked to China. In 1997 the U.S. Congress was informed by the U.S. attorney general, and the directors of the CIA, FBI, and NSA that they had credible intelligence information indicating Sioeng was an agent of China.

According to an unclassified final draft of a report by the US Senate committee then investigating campaign finance abuses, half of the $400,000 given to the Democrats by Sioeng and his family was "funded by transfer from overseas accounts," suggesting that the money came from the Chinese government.

Family and personal life
Sioeng, who is ethnically an Dutch-Indo descent, began his life in an orphanage. He was then brought up (in Indonesia) by an Indonesian Chinese couple, which led to his  interests in China.

He is married with five children, including his eldest, daughter Jessica Elnitiarta, who heads the family interests in California and was also involved in the Clinton controversy, having donated $300,000, some of which was alleged to have been Chinese government money.

Mr. Ted Sioeng holds a Singapore passport but his wife and children are permanent U.S. residents. He is able to speak good English.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Living people
Businesspeople from Jakarta
Indonesian businesspeople
Place of birth missing (living people)

Ted Sioeng


The Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, also known as NIAB, () is an agriculture and food irradiation national research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Along with Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), the NIAB reports directly to the PAEC Biological Science Directorate whose current member is Abdul Rashid. The current director is Dr.Muhammad Hamed, and it is located in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

History
The NIAB was established by Ishrat Hussain Usmani when PAEC established its first Biological Science Directorate in 1965. In 1967, with the efforts led by dr. Abdus Salam, the Government approved a project, and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission began its construction. The operations and research began in 1970, and it was officially inaugurated by Munir Ahmad Khan, then Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, on April 6, 1972. Khan later developed the institute and led the research activities in the institution. The nuclear medical research was also put under Khan, and NIAB had developed 23 different crop varieties, which are high yielding; they are disease resistant and are being cultivated throughout the country.

At first, the institute was mandate to create and maintain new genetic material for sustained agriculture development and to conduct research on applied problems in the field of agriculture and biology using nuclear and other related techniques.

Facilities
The institute is equipped with well-equipped laboratories having facilities. The institute currently operates 60Co irradiation sources, gas chromatographs, Photo-documentation system, and atomic absorption.

References

External links
Official website

Energy in Pakistan
Nuclear technology in Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Research institutes in Pakistan
Nuclear organizations
Food safety organizations
Constituent institutions of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Organisations based in Faisalabad
1972 establishments in Pakistan


William Cumin (died 17 January 1854) was Regius Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Glasgow between 1834 and 1840.

He was the son of Patrick Cumin (died 27 October 1820), professor of oriental languages at the University of Glasgow, and his wife Rachael Baird.  The Scottish philosopher David Hume in a letter to Adam Smith in June 1761 had recommended Cumin's father for his position.

William Cumin had been both a surgeon in the army, and later a professor of botany at Anderson College, Glasgow, before his appointment to succeed Robert Lee to the Chair of Midwifery in 1834.

Cumin left the University of Glasgow in 1840 to take up residence at Clifton, Bristol.  He married Ann Johnstone Ker at Glasgow and at Edinburgh in 1821. Cumin died at Bath in 1854.  His grandson, Henry Patrick Cholmeley, MB from the University of Oxford in 1886, was the author of John of Gaddes and the Rosa Medicinae (1912).

Cumin's niece, Robina Anne Wilson (30 November 1813 – 28 July 1855), the wife of Leopold Cattani Cavalcanti, is buried at the celebrated Protestant Cemetery at Florence with, among other members of the expatriate British community, the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning.

Bibliography

 Bryce, J. C. and Skinner, A. S. (editors) (1976) The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
 Comrie, John D. (1927) History of Scottish Medicine to 1860, London, Ballière, Tindall & Cox.

Scottish obstetricians
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Medical doctors from Glasgow
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Year of birth missing
1854 deaths
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
British Army officers
Scottish surgeons
19th-century Scottish botanists

William Cumin (obstetrician)


Cecil was a rock band from Liverpool, England.

History

Formation
Cecil formed in Liverpool in 1993. The members were Ste Williams (vocals), Patrick Harrison (guitar), Ally Lambert (drums), Anthony Hughes (guitar and keyboards), and Jay Bennett (bass).

First concert
The band took part in a "Battle of the Bands". It was sponsored by Liverpool Echo who later tried to stitch the band up by putting them on the front cover under the title "Bulger Band", a reference to their song No Excuses that they believed, incorrectly, to be about the murder of toddler James Bulger. The band never spoke to the Liverpool Echo again. The band signed a manangement contract with Raymond Coffer. They later signed with the record label Parlophone (EMI). They released their first single "No Excuses" with Parlophone in October 1995.

Tours
The band spent the end of 1995 and most of 1996 playing concerts in much of the United Kingdom. They played with such bands as The Levellers, Skunk Anansie, and Paw. They also played in music festivals at Donnington and T in the Park. During this time, they released their second single "My Neck", which was backed with an acoustic track and a piano version of the single, giving a hint of the direction they were heading in for the recording of their 2nd record.

First album
In 1996, their first album Bombar Diddlah was getting good reviews. It was produced by Barrett Jones of Foo Fighters.

Later history
Cecil spent most of 1997 writing songs, touring with the band Mansun and making their music sound even better.  The changes could particularly be heard in the sound of Ste Williams' vocals. By the end of 1997, their new sound could be heard in their new release "Red Wine At Dead Time". They released a second album in 1998, "Subtitles". It did not sell as well as hoped. The band spent the next few years writing and touring sporadically, finally relocating to Seattle in 2001 to work on a third album with long time cohort Barrett Jones. After a productive 2-month stint, straight after the 9/11 bombings, the band went back home to write more songs and booked to go into Stone Gossard's (Pearl Jam) Studio Litho with Barrett to record the rest of the third record. This never happened after being dropped from their label.The band went their separate ways in March 2002 and remain firm friends, occasionally reuniting for off the cuff live shows in their native Liverpool.

Discography

Albums
 Bombar Diddlah (1996)
 Subtitles (1998)

Singles
 "No Excuses" (1995)
 "My Neck" (1996)
 "Measured" (1996)
 "Red Wine at Dead Time" (1997)
 "Hostage in a Frock" (1997)
 "The Most Tiring Day" (1998)

EPs
 "Canyon EP" (2000)
 "Missile EP" (2001)

English rock bands
Musical groups from Liverpool

Cecil (band)


Arctostaphylos rubra is a species of flowering plant in the heath family and the genus Arctostaphylos, the manzanitas and bearberries. Common names include red fruit bearberry, alpine bearberry, arctic bearberry, red manzanita, and ravenberry. It is native to Eurasia and northern North America from Alaska through most of Canada to Greenland. There is also one population in the contiguous United States, located in the Absaroka Mountains of Wyoming.

Description
This plant is a low, spreading shrub growing up to  tall. The leaves are  long and marcescent, remaining on the shrub as they die. The inflorescence is a hairy, glandular raceme of up to 6 flowers, each about half a centimeter long. The fruit is a drupe. The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting from stolons and underground rhizomes.

Distribution and habitat
This shrub is a member of many plant communities in Arctic and alpine climates. It occurs in subalpine forests and tundra. It is a common member of forest ecosystems dominated by spruces such as white spruce and black spruce. It may be a dominant species in several types of habitat, including balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera ssp. balsamifera) floodplains and tundra shrublands in Alaska. It is dominant or co-dominant with Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and cup lichen (Cladonia cariosa and C. pyxidata) in Jasper National Park; white spruce and mountain alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa) in the Mackenzie Delta; and white spruce along the Alaska Highway in Yukon. In the lower latitudes the plant grows at higher elevations, especially near the timberline. Its maximum latitude and elevation is thought to be increasing due to climate change. It has a disjunct population in Wyoming, its only known population in the Lower 48.

This shrub grows on low-nutrient soils in cold regions, often soils that overlie permafrost. It is most common in moist areas, such as the shores of lakes and bays, riverbanks, bogs, and wet forest floors. It is often a pioneer species in the primary phase of ecological succession, taking hold in areas cleared of vegetation such as floodplains, bare tundra, cleared spots on taiga, and newly formed dunes. It grows along the scoured edges of receding glaciers and in old bulldozer tracks. Clearing events such as floods, oil spills, and wildfire may increase the abundance of the species.

Ecology
Many animals feed on the fruits, including mammals such as polar bears and other bears, meadow voles, red-backed voles, western heather voles, Dall's sheep, and sometimes caribou and hoary marmots. It is food for birds such as Ravens.

It is a good plant to use for revegetation efforts on wet, disturbed habitat in subalpine and boreal regions.

Uses
The fruit is edible for humans but is not a favored food. It has been utilized by the Gwich'in people and the Inuit.

References

rubra
Flora of Subarctic America
Flora of Northeast Asia
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of Alaska
Flora of Greenland
Flora of Russia
Flora of Siberia
Plants described in 1913

Arctostaphylos rubra