The Office of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions or, informally, the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (CDPP) is an independent prosecuting service and government agency within the portfolio of the Attorney-General of Australia, as a part of the Attorney-General's Department. It was established by the Director of Public Prosecutions Act 1983 (Cth) and began its operations in 1984.

History
Founded on 8 March 1984 to prosecute alleged offences against Commonwealth criminal law, primarily the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) and Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth), the CDPP was first headed by Director Ian Temby, who remained in that post until 1988. The CDPP commenced with a head office in Canberra, and a Melbourne office was opened on 6 June 1984, assuming responsibility for the work of Special Prosecutor Robert Redlich. The CDPP took over the work of the Special Prosecutors to prosecute bottom of the harbour tax cases and parts of the Attorney-General's Departments Deputy Crown Solicitor's Offices.

The CDPP has been noted for its gender-blind hiring and work practices.

Function
The agency has only one outcome; "to contribute to the safety and well-being of the people of Australia and to help protect the resources of the Commonwealth through the maintenance of law and order and by combating crime". It upholds this function by carrying out prosecutions of crimes against the Commonwealth, and by providing advice to referring agencies.

It has no investigative power or function, and the decision to investigate matters and refer matters to the CDPP is at the discretion of referring agency. Furthermore, the CDPP depends on referring agencies to investigate alleged offences and prepare briefs of evidence to support prosecution and assets recovery.

Organisation
The Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions is based in the head office in Canberra and has offices in Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney, and Townsville. Most offices include a Revenue and Benefit Fraud/Commercial, Financial and Corruption Branch, an Illegal Imports and Exports/Human Exploitation and Border Protection Branch, and an Organised Crime and Counter Terrorism Branch.

Although the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions is within the portfolio of the Commonwealth Attorney-General, the Office operates independently of the Attorney-General and of the political process. The Attorney-General, as First Law Officer of Australia, is responsible for the Commonwealth criminal justice system and remains accountable to Parliament for decisions made in the prosecution process, notwithstanding that those decisions are now in fact made by the Director and lawyers of the CDPP. Under section 8 of the Director of Public Prosecutions Act 1983 (Cth), the Attorney-General has power to issue guidelines and directions to the CDPP; however, that can only be done after there has been consultation between the Attorney-General and the Director. Per the Act, any guidelines or directions must be in writing, published in the Gazette, and tabled in Parliament. The CDPP has been directed by the Attorney-General only thrice, none of which were in relation to a specific case.

List of Commonwealth Directors of Public Prosecutions

See also

 Director of Public Prosecutions (New South Wales)
 Director of Public Prosecutions (Victoria)

References

External links

1984 establishments in Australia
Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
Commonwealth

Director of Public Prosecutions (Australia)


The Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary is one of the world's most important whale habitats, hosting thousands of humpbacks (Megaptera novaeangliae) each winter.

Sanctuary
The sanctuary encompasses  in the islands' waters. It was designated by United States Congress on November 4, 1992, as a National Marine Sanctuary to protect the endangered North Pacific humpback whale and its habitat The sanctuary promotes management, research, education and long-term monitoring.

With its boundaries including waters from the shoreline to depths of  in many areas, the sanctuary encompasses a variety of marine ecosystems, including seagrass beds and coral reefs. Much of the sanctuary has fringing coral reefs close to shore and deeper coral reefs offshore. Hawaii's coral reefs are noted for their isolation. Over 25% of all Hawaii's reef animals are endemic, found nowhere else on Earth.

The Hawaii sanctuary is unlike any other National Marine Sanctuary in that it targets a single species, relies entirely on other agencies for enforcement, and has no protective rules such as no-go zones or no-wake zones or no-take zones that are specific to the sanctuary. It even allows permitted dumping of ship waste within its borders.

History
In March 1982, NOAA advocated creating a national marine sanctuary in Hawaii's waters. Public workshops allowed scientists and the community to discuss the proposal. Some community members voiced opposition, fearing that a marine sanctuary would further restrict fishing and traffic. In early 1984, Hawaii's then-Governor George Ariyoshi suspended further consideration of the sanctuary. In October 1990, Congress again directed NOAA to determine the feasibility of a national marine sanctuary in Hawaii. The designation finalized on November 4, 1992.

In response to public concern, the Act allowed the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Governor, to modify the sanctuary's boundaries. Numerous public meetings and hearings followed on each of the main islands. The program also established a Sanctuary Advisory Council, made up of government agencies and the public.

To increase public support, the sanctuary essentially incorporated existing protections without additional measures. Those restrictions primarily dealt with approach and harassment, waste discharge, and alteration of the sea bed. The prohibition on waste discharge had a significant exception: boaters could obtain permits to discharge waste inside the sanctuary, as most have continued to do.

Not until June 5, 1997, did Governor Benjamin Cayetano formally approve the sanctuary.

Education Center

The Sanctuary Education Center is located in Kihei, Maui and features exhibits about the natural and cultural history of humpback whales and other marine life found in the sanctuary. The center offers public education programs and lectures, and features a marine science library.

Planning
The NMSP periodically executes a five-year-long review of sanctuary management plans. During the review, a sanctuary may revise operations, management, programs, site-specific regulations, boundaries and management zones. In September 2002, Governor Cayetano approved the plan. Another planning cycle is under way.

Humpback whales
Almost two-thirds of North Pacific humpback whales (estimates range from 4,000 to 10,000 whales) migrates to Hawaiian waters each winter to bear and nurse their calves and to mate, although not to eat. Their throats are only the size of a large dinner plate or a volleyball. While in Alaska they spend a majority of their time eating, feeding mainly on krill. They can cover nearly  of open ocean in less than two months' time This population is growing an estimated 7% per year, but is still greatly diminished from the estimated 15,000 to 20,000 in the days before the whaling ban.

In 1966 the International Whaling Commission (IWC) put them in a protected status worldwide, outlawing whaling, but large illegal kills continued into the 1970s. Currently humpbacks are thought to number about 30,000–40,000 worldwide, which is approximately 30–35 percent of their pre-whaling population.

Compared to other whales, the humpback whale has extremely long flippers which reach up to 30 percent of its length of up to . At their full grown length they can reach up to 55 feet long, and weighs about one ton for every square foot.  The whale appears dark from the top while its flippers and tail, the sides and underside appear partially white and are noticeable when they are beginning dive as are their small dorsal fins. These white markings on their flukes are unique, each working as a personal fingerprint that scientists use to identify them. These whales are air breathers, rising to the surface every thirty or so minutes. Their exhale can rise up to 15 feet into the air, clocking at a speed of 300 mph(the human sneeze at its fastest is about 100 mph).

When born, calves are generally 10 to 15 feet long. They feed off their mother's milk, which is produced and fed to their calves through mammary gland slits. The calf is able to roll its tongue into a tube and siphon in the milk that is ejected into the water. Occasionally pods of dolphins are found trailing mothers and their calves, and it has been speculated that they are consuming be leftover milk that the calf does not eat.

All efforts to attach tracking devices to these whales have failed because of their constant movement. These whales are known for "breaching", in which they throw their body out of the water. Scientists have only been able to speculate as to why they do this, theories include using the motion to knock barnacles off, show of dominance, mark personal space etc. There is generally a lot action when there are groupings of males, anywhere from two to ten whales, that come together in what's known as a competition pod. In these groupings the males are showing off and sometimes fighting over the position of being a females escort for the season. Many times the whales will use their pectoral fins and flukes to slam each other, leavening bruises and cuts from the barnacles attached to their skin.

Male humpback whales produce vocalizations described as "songs" over 10–20 minute periods. Whales in different areas of the world sing different songs, but those in the same area sing the same song. A song can be repeated for hours. They change slightly from year to year. The whales engage in many other interesting behaviors that can be observed from shore.

Human uses
Native Hawaiians have long had close relationships with their marine environment. Nowadays, sanctuary waters are also used for recreation, fishing and shipping. Commercial operations feature whale watching, sportfishing, parasailing and snorkeling, while commercial fishing, cruise ships and commercial shipping transit the same area. One of the sanctuary's main purposes is to find ways to conduct these activities that have minimal impact on humpback whales and their habitat.

Protecting humpback whales and their habitat is very important for the continued success of Hawai`i's whalewatching industry. A recent study estimates that commercial whalewatching alone supports as many as 390 jobs and $27 million in revenues. Through its many activities, the sanctuary helps protect this economic contribution.

See also
Hawai`i Institute of Marine Biology
 List of marine protected areas of Hawaii

Notes

Further reading

External links

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Sanctuary Education Center
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
humpback whale - Megaptera novaeangliae
humpback whale on PBS
 Whale Hawaii

National Marine Sanctuaries of the United States
Protected areas of Hawaii
Cetacean research and conservation
Nature centers in Hawaii
Protected areas of Hawaii (island)
Protected areas of Maui
Protected areas of Hawaii County, Hawaii
Protected areas of Maui County, Hawaii
Protected areas established in 1992
1992 establishments in Hawaii


The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft. It was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War, gaining its respect when defending the English Channel from the Luftwaffe in Operation Sea Lion and the Battle of Britain. The Spitfire was designed by R. J. Mitchell as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft. There were more Spitfires made than any other British aircraft and it was the only British fighter that was being made throughout the war.

The Supermarine Spitfire was no doubt one of the very best British warplanes, and a large roleplayer of WWII. It had great speed, agility and weaponry. Over time, the Spitfire evolved into an even better aircraft. This is all a pilot could ask for. It had very few flaws, the main being that the engine would usually stall when entering a dive or when experiencing negative pressure/G-Forces due to its float carburetor engine.

The Spitfire's elliptical wing had a thin cross-section. This allowed a higher top speed than other fighters of the time, including the Hawker Hurricane. The elliptic shaped wing gives the aircraft a very low amount of induced drag. Speed was seen as essential to carry out the mission of home defence against enemy bombers. The original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW).

Because of its higher performance, Spitfire units had a higher victory-to-loss ratio than units flying Hurricanes.

The Spitfires were originally built at the Supermarine factory in Southampton, to be closer to the fighting front. Later, heavy bombing struck Southampton and the production moved to the Castle Bromwich
factory in Birmingham where Spitfires would be produced for the Britain for the rest of the war. A memorial has been built in honour of the workers by Tim Tolkien. It is called Sentinel.

Specifications (Spitfire MK VB)
Data from Spitfire: The History[184] and Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[185]

General characteristics

Crew: One pilot
Length: 29 ft 11 in (8.87 m)
Wingspan: 36 ft 10 in (11.23 m)
Height: 11 ft 5 in (3.86 m)
Wing area: 242.1 ft2 (22.48 m2)
Airfoil: NACA 2213 (root)
NACA 2209.4 (tip)
Empty weight: 5,065 lb (2,297 kg)
Loaded weight: 6,622 lb (3,000 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 6,700 lb (3,039 kg)
powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 45[nb 16] supercharged V12 engine, 1,470 hp (1,096 kW) at 9,250 ft (2,819 m)

Performance

Maximum speed: 370 mph (322 kn, 595 km/h)
Combat radius: 410 nmi (470 mi (756 km))
Ferry range: 991 nmi (1,135 mi (1,827 km))
Service ceiling: 36,500 ft (11,125 m)
Rate of climb: 2,600 ft/min (13.2 m/s)
Wing loading: 27.35 lb/ft2 (133.5 kg/m2)
Power/mass: 0.22 hp/lb (0.36 kW/kg)

Armament

Guns:
A wing
 8 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun)
 B wing
 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II (60 rounds per gun)
 4 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun)
 C wing
 4 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (120 rounds per gun)
 C wing (Alt.)
 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II (120 rounds per gun)
 4 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun)
 E wing
 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (120 rounds per gun)
 2 × .50 in M2 Browning machine guns (250 rounds per gun)

References

World War II British aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft

Supermarine Spitfire


Klaus Gerhart is an American photographer and the owner of Uber Adventures, the largest canyoneering training provider in the U.S. He was the owner of Pohlmann Press and the owner and curator of the N Gallery art gallery.

Life
Born Klaus Gerhart in Illinois in 1965, Gerhart grew up there before moving to Chicago in 1992. He built a photography studio there, but moved to Los Angeles in 1994. He founded Pohlmann Press that same year, and began publishing the work of photographers of the male nude. Among the works the press carried were his own.

Pohlmann Press quickly became one of the largest American publishers of nude male photography. The company published the work of Lorenzo Gomez, Roy Dean, David Vance, Christopher Makos, Joe Ziolkowski, John Phillips, Catherine McIntyre, Nina Glaser, Patrick Sarfati, Dale O'Dell and Chuck Smith, and focused on Gerhart's own work. Pohlmann Press also handled American subscriptions to (not only) blue magazine, an upscale Australian bimonthly magazine of photography which also featured male nudes and semi-nudes.

In 1995, Gerhart created the Naked Gallery—an art gallery but also a publisher of a catalog that specializes in the works of Pohlmann Press, artistic male and female nude imagery, books, calendars, lithographs, and original signed limited edition photographic prints.

Art
Between 1995 and 1998, Gerhart published two books: Embracing Men and Men Two. Both books contained about 100 photographs, indicating a very busy photographic schedule. In 1997, Gerhart published Naked Angels. The book was extremely well received, and its cover image of a nude man's back and buttocks as he appears to dive off a rocky cliff became iconic.  The following year, the German publisher Bruno Gmuender issued a pocket-sized, hardcover collection of Gerhart's works titled Edition Euros 13. The same year, Gerhart published Handsome Devils.

But as Pohlmann Press expanded, Klaus Gerhart found less time for photography. Two years passed before Body Conscious (in 1999) was published. Echo followed a year later. Gerhart has not published any works since 2001. Pohlmann Press ceased publishing in 2001 as well.

Critical assessment
Gerhart is a self-taught photographer. Much of his early development as an artist came during a period when single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) and cameras with automatic metering and focusing were uncommon. Consequently, Gerhart's photography exhibits the knowledge and skill levels of a manual photographer with a wide range of experience. His images often feature a wide range of grain, and he experiments extensively with exposure and fill lighting. Depth of field is an important aspect of his work, and soft focus is used only minimally. Compared with photographers who are more reliant on modern photographic technology, Gerhart's work exhibits a much wider range of artistry.

Gerhart's personal vision as a photographer, however, tends to be less expansive.

For example, Gerhart's models are rather uniform in look. Gerhart is clearly a fan of muscular, well-toned, handsome Caucasian men. Models of who are not very muscular and very well-toned also very rarely appear in his images.

Additionally, Gerhart seems overly fond of desert settings in his work. Gerhart has a fixation with cacti, sandstone rocks, waterfalls, deserts and similar settings. A standard motif which appears routinely and repetitively throughout his entire career is a model, flexing his muscles, standing on a sandstone boulder or rocky outcropping. Derisively known as the 'jocks on rocks' school of erotic male photography, these settings limit the range of emotion brought to the photography by both artist and model. While popular with the public, contexts such as these, repetitively used, detract significantly from the impact of Gerhart's work. In this regard, however, Gerhart is in good company: Highly regarded photographers such as Herb Ritts, Tom Bianchi, Steven Underhill, Henning von Berg, Bruce Weber and others also overutilize such settings.

Despite these criticisms, Klaus Gerhart nevertheless manages to retain an edginess in his artwork.

Gerhart's work indicates a willingness to challenge social norms and prevailing notions of taste in stronger terms than many of the more tame, if more mainstream, photographers with whom he is often compared.

The overall assessment of Gerhart's work, then, is that it is technically superior. While his work often shows a lack of visual artistry, even a mundaneness, his art retains a transgressive aspect that is refreshing and helps lift his work above the commonplace.

Notes

Books by Klaus Gerhart
 Embracing Men, Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 1995,
 Men Two, Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 1995,
 Naked Angels, Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 1997,
 Edition Euros 13, Bruno Gmuender Verlag, Berlin, 1998,
 Handsome Devils, Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 1998,
 Body Conscious, Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 1999,
 Echo, Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 2001,

References
 'About the author.' Naked Angels., Pohlmann Press, Los Angeles, 1997,
 Mader, Don H. 'Klaus Gerhart.' Edition Euros 13, Bruno Gmuender Verlag, Berlin, 1998,

http://uberadventures.net/team/

American photographers
1965 births
Living people

Klaus Gerhart


EXIT Theatre is an alternative theater located at 156 Eddy Street, San Francisco, California, in the downtown Tenderloin neighborhood.  The theater operates four storefront theaters and annually produces the San Francisco Fringe Festival, the second oldest fringe festival in the U.S. and the largest grass roots theater festival in the San Francisco Bay Area, and DIVAfest, dedicated to creating new plays by women writers.

EXIT Theatre began in 1983 when the founder and artistic director Christina Augello directed a group of retired vaudevillians and method actors in two performances of a new play in the lobby of a San Francisco residential hotel.

Early plays at EXIT Theatre include Sadie's Turn (the first full-length play by noted Native American poet Mary TallMountain), Mystery of the Fourth Wall (the West Coast premiere in 1989 of Mary Zimmerman), and Like (the first full production of beat poet Diane di Prima's 35-year-old sound play). More recently, EXIT Theatre  showed plays such as Breaking Rules, Broken Hearts: Loving across Borders (the second solo show by tenure professor-turned-storyteller Ada Cheng) in January 2018.

Recent premieres by EXIT Theatre include Waiting for FEMA by Karen Ripley and Annie Larson, and Guns and Ammunition by Sarah McKereghan.  Other new work included mugwumpin's Nightgown Symphony, RIPE Theatre's Arrythmmica and resident playwright Sean Owens' Odd By Nature, selected "San Francisco's Best Comic Playwright" by SF Weekly.  EXIT Theatre toured Last of the Red Hot Dadas by Kerry Reid and Naught But Pirates by Sean Owens to New York City where EXIT Theatre co-founded the FRIGID New York festival.  Notable productions by independent theaters at EXIT Theatre included the world premiere of Babylon Heights by Irvine Welsh (of Trainspotting fame) and Dean Cavanagh, a new authorized translation of No Exit by Jean-Paul Sartre, the premiere of One Big Lie by Liz Duffy Adams, and an incendiary Death of the Last Black Man in the Whole Entire World by Suzan-Lori Parks.

In 1992 EXIT Theatre founded the San Francisco Fringe Festival.  The Fringe Festival is a non-censored and non-curated theater festival and performers are selected through a public lottery.  The Fringe presents about 200 performances by about 35 different performing groups during the twelve-day festival which starts the Wednesday after Labor Day.  Performances are at EXIT Theatre and other locations in downtown San Francisco.

In 2002 EXIT Theatre founded DIVAfest and premieres have included Last of the Red Hot Dadas by Kerry Reid with a soundscape by Pamela Z (based on Dada artist Baroness Elsa von Fretag Loringhoven); E.O. 9066 by Liebe Wetzel (a found object play based on the Executive Order 9066 that interned Japanese Americans during World War II); and Crystal Daze by Deborah Eubanks (dealing with mothers, daughters and methamphetamine addiction).

References

External links
Theater's website

Theatre companies in San Francisco
Performing groups established in 1983

EXIT Theatre


The Sulabh International Museum of Toilets in Delhi is run by the Sulabh International, dedicated to the global history of sanitation and toilets. According to Time magazine, the museum is one of the weirdest museums among the "10 museums around the world that are anything but mundane". It was established in 1992 by Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, a social activist, founder of Sulabh Sanitation and Social Reform Movement, recipient of national and international awards including the Stockholm Water Prize in 2009. His objective in establishing this museum was to highlight the need to address the problems of the sanitation sector in the country, considering the efforts made in various parts of the world in this field since the third millennium BCE.

Features
Established in 1992, the museum has exhibits from 50 countries. Sanitation artifacts, spanning from 3000 BC through the end of the 20th Century, are arranged chronologically: "Ancient, Medieval and Modern."

The museum's exhibits bring out the development of toilet-related technology of the entire gamut of human history.  Over time, they highlight social habits, etiquette specific to the existing sanitary situation, and their legal framework. The items on display include privies, chamber pots, decorated Victorian toilet seats, toilet furniture, bidets and water closets in vogue since from 1145 AD to the present. Display boards have poetry related to toilets and their use.

Some of the interesting and amusing objects and information charts on display are: a reproduction of a commode in the form of treasure chest of the British medieval period; a reproduction of the supposed toilet of King Louis XIV which is reported to have been used by the king to defecate while holding court; a toilet camouflaged in the form of a bookcase; information on the technology transfer from Russia to NASA to convert urine into potable water, a deal of $19 million; display boards with comics, jokes and cartoons related to humour on toilets; toilet pots made of gold and silver used by the Roman emperors; information about flush pot designed in 1596 by Sir John Harington during Queen Elizabeth I's regime; the sewerage system that existed during the Harappan Civilization; and historical information from the Lothal archeological site on the development of toilets during the Indus Valley civilization.

References

Further reading

New Delhi
Museums in Delhi
1992 establishments in Delhi
Sanitation
Toilets
Museums established in 1992

Sulabh International Museum of Toilets


Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.

Synopsis
Animalia is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator and armadillo, B is for butterfly, etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify (however, there are not necessarily "a thousand things, or maybe more", as the author states). As an additional challenge, the author has hidden a picture of himself as a child in every picture.

Related products
Julia MacRae Books published an Animalia colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year.

H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter.

The Great American Puzzle Factory created a 300-piece jigsaw puzzle based on the book's cover.

Adaptations
A television series was also created, based on the book, which airs in Canada. The Australian Children's Television Foundation released a teaching resource DVD-ROM in 2011 to accompany the TV series with teaching aids for classroom use.

In 2010, The Base Factory and AppBooks released Animalia as an application for iPad and iPhone/iPod Touch.

Awards
Animalia won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book.

The Children's Book Council of Australia designated Animalia a 1987 Picture Book of the Year: Honour Book.

Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named Animalia the 1988 Picture Book Winner.

References

External links

 Graeme Base's official website
 A Learning Time activity guide for Animalia created by The Little Big Book Club

1986 children's books
Alphabet books
Australian children's books
Children's books about animals
Picture books by Graeme Base
Puffin Books books
Puzzle books

Animalia (book)


The Gopher and Badger were trains operated by the Great Northern Railway and then Burlington Northern Railroad until the start of Amtrak between Saint Paul, Minnesota and the Twin Ports of Superior, Wisconsin and Duluth, Minnesota via Cambridge and Sandstone.

History
The Great Northern introduced the services with two six-car streamlined trainsets on April 26, 1952. The two consists operated as the Badger for the morning trains #19 and #20, which operated in both directions as all-stop locals in 3 hours 58 minutes over the  route. The late afternoon/early evening trains #23 and #24 operated as the Gopher, over the same route, but as limited-stop express trains in 3 hours 30 minutes.  In addition to Saint Paul and the Twin Ports, the Gopher stopped in Minneapolis, Cambridge, and Sandstone, Minnesota Service was terminated with the establishment of Amtrak in 1971. The trains were succeeded by Amtrak's Arrowhead in 1975.

Route
The Badger and Gopher route is nearly the same route as the proposed Northern Lights Express, except the NLX is not currently planned to serve Saint Paul.

Rolling stock
The trains utilized six of the pre-World War II Empire Builder 58-seat luxury coaches, with four of these remaining as-built, and two converted to 44-seat coaches with galley for train service by an attendant at one's seat. Each consist was assigned a baggage/railway post office car with a  RPO section; initially, one consist operated with a heavyweight, the other a lightweight. Each consist also carried a streamlined baggage express car built by the Great Northern Railway themselves; this car only operated in each day's Gopher schedule. Each consist then carried one of the 44-seat galley coaches and two of the 58-seat luxury coaches. The last car in each consist was a café parlor observation rebuilt by GN shops from heavyweight coaches the railroad had purchased at the beginning of the war from Pullman as parlor cars for rebuilding as coaches.

The entire consists were painted in Omaha Orange and Pullman Green paint with the gold Scotch-lite lettering and separation stripes paint scheme most commonly referred to as "Empire Builder". Even as there were variations in the consists regarding the baggage/railway post office cars, the power was even more interesting with one set powered by an A-B set of EMD F7s and the other train set powered by an EMD E7A.

The #1084 Twin Ports parlor observation car survives today, although the tail end has been modified.  It has been owned by the Minnesota Transportation Museum since 1979.

References

Passenger trains of the Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
Named passenger trains of the United States
Railway services introduced in 1952

Gopher (train)


Xeradipterus is an extinct genus of lungfish which existed in Australia during the Frasnian period. Of moderate size (), it is believed to be a primitive member of the family Holodontidae characterized by its powerful crushing dentition with thick heels on the lower jaw tooth plates. The type and only specimen was found in the Gogo Formation by Lindsay Hatcher on an expedition to Gogo led by John A. Long on behalf of Museum Victoria in 2005.

References

Prehistoric lungfish genera
Prehistoric fish of Australia
Devonian bony fish
Fossil taxa described in 2010

Xeradipterus


William Harrison "Bill" Binnie is an American industrialist, investment banker, and philanthropist, who is currently president of the Carlisle Capital Corporation, president of the media company New Hampshire 1 Network and owner of Carlisle One Media. He is the former Chairman of the Finance Committee for the New Hampshire Republican State Committee, and a former candidate for the Republican nomination for the U. S. Senate in 2010. He served as chairman of Carlisle Plastics, Inc. until that firm was sold to Tyco International in September 1996.

Education
Binnie was born in Scotland and immigrated to the United States at the age of 5.   He attended Harvard University on a scholarship. As a student, he was a research fellow for the Accounting Review, a journal on finance and accounting. Upon graduation, he  attended Harvard Business School, where he served as president of the Management Consulting Club. After graduation, he took a position as a consultant at McKinsey & Co.

Business career
Fresh out of graduation from Harvard, Binnie began to make a name for himself by buying and selling companies in collaboration with a wealthy investor for whom he had been doing financial research.

Binnie acquired the assets of Polytech, a Minneapolis, Minnesota-based manufacturer of household and commercial plastics, including food storage bags and wraps, trash bags, and plastic sheeting. Polytech made the "Ruffies" brand trash bag which actor/comedian Jonathan Winters helped to make famous. Binnie also acquired American Western, a Sioux Falls, South Dakota-based private label manufacturer of similar products, along with four other plastics manufacturers that included a line of coat hangers. He consolidated the six companies into Carlisle Plastics, Inc., building a large corporation, employing thousands of workers.  He was chairman of the board from 1985 onwards and chief executive officer and President from 1985 to 1994. By 1996, he owned 62.5% of Carlisle's Class B shares making him the majority owner.

By the early 1990s, he was one of the youngest CEOs in New York Stock Exchange history and was featured in Forbes Magazine as a "whirlwind of a manager."
Carlisle Plastics was voted one of Walmart's "Vendors of the Year".  During his tenure, the firm opened facilities in the United States, Europe, Latin America and Asia.

In September 1996, he sold his controlling interest to Tyco International.

Binnie is currently the president of Carlisle Capital Corporation, a New Hampshire investment and venture capital company.   "Current estimates show this company has an annual revenue of $2.5 to 5 million and employs a staff of approximately 5 to 9," according to the tracking site Manta.com in 2009.

He currently owns the Wentworth By The Sea Country Club in Rye, once part of the Wentworth by the Sea Hotel in New Castle.

In 2010, he formed New Hampshire 1 Network and, in 2011, he founded Carlisle One Media, acquiring television station WZMY for $9.25 million and renaming it WBIN. By late 2011, he had tripled the number of employees at the station, recruiting from CBS, ESPN, and local competitor WMUR. Also purchased were Vermont television stations WVBK and WVBQ and Nashua station WYCN.

In May 2015, Bill Binnie won an award from the NH Preservation Alliance for his "rehabilitation and adaptive use" of the historic Walker School Building in Concord, NH, the site of the ratification of the US Constitution. Which "created a broadcast center for the state capital."

Binnie has partnered with Jeff Shapiro in a bid for Nassau Broadcasting's radio stations in Northern New England, subject to bankruptcy judge and FCC approval.

In 2017, WBIN-TV announced that it had sold its television broadcast rights for $68.1 million. WBIN-TV also entered into a channel-sharing sale of its remaining television license rights with a major television group. While the final sale figures were undisclosed, it is estimated that in total the station sold for nearly $100 million, nearly $90 million more than the $9.25 million originally paid by Binnie.

Binnie is additionally involved in the revitalization of historic downtown Manchester buildings including the former Citizen's Bank Building on Elm Street and three buildings in Manchester's mill yard.

Racing career
A lifetime driver and mechanic, Binnie drove for Lotus before forming Binnie Motorsports.  He was a two-time class winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, twice as a driver and once as a team owner.  He won the ALMS Petite Le Mans Road Atlanta in Georgia, as well as the 12 hours of Sebring. In 2012 he drove for James Watt Automotive's JWA-Avila team.

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Philanthropy
After the death of his long-time friend George Jackson, Binnie became a co-founder of the George Jackson Academy in New York City which serves underprivileged youth.

Binnie's extensive charity work in New Hampshire includes donations to expand the "End 68 Hours of Hunger" program into Nashua, New Hampshire. "End 68 Hours of Hunger" helps fight food-insecurity for children that rely on school breakfasts and lunch by providing them meals over the weekend as well.

In May 2015, Bill Binnie won an award from the New Hampshire Preservation Alliance for his "rehabilitation and adaptive use" of the historic Walker School Building in Concord, New Hampshire, the site of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Which "created a broadcast center for the state capital."

In 2017, Binnie offered to pay the college tuition for a fifth-grader who told him that she did not plan to attend college. After donating $20,000 for technology upgrades at Smyth Road School in Manchester, New Hampshire, Binnie visited the fifth-grade class and asked all the students to raise their hands if they planned to attend college. When only one student did not raise her hand, Binnie pledged to do whatever he could to get the girl to college, including paying her tuition. Binnie said of the girl, "I think she reminded me of me, a little 10-year-old ... who didn't have many expectations of going to college, I hope the best for that little girl. More important, I want her to be ambitious."

Additionally, the Smyth Road Elementary School library was renamed the Bill Binnie Media Center.

Although a moderate Republican, Binnie and his wife have made political contributions to a variety of political causes and candidates. During his time as Chairman of the Finance Committee for the New Hampshire Republican State Committee, Binnie contributed tens of thousands of dollars to the state party. However, the frequency of his donations to Democratic candidates in the past drew criticisms from conservative groups during his candidacy in the 2010 Republican primary for the U.S. Senate.

Candidacy for United States Senate
Binnie ran for the Republican nomination in the United States Senate election in New Hampshire, 2010. The primary was held on September 14, 2010. Binnie ran for the Republican nomination against Hollis businessman Jim Bender, former State Board of Education chair Ovide Lamontagne, and former state Attorney General Kelly Ayotte, who won the primary contest and went on to win the election.

Binnie had  announced his candidacy in November 2009, stating that his political beliefs were modeled after the former President Ronald Reagan's vision of a limited government that fostered economic growth.
Individuals working on his  campaign included Republican consultant Arthur J. Finkelstein, based in New York, former NHGOP executive director Paul Collins, and Sheri M. Keniston, formerly a congressional staffer for John E. Sununu.

During the campaign, Binnie faced criticism from multiple news organizations and opponents for closing A&E Plastics in Santa Ana, California, laying off 450 American workers and then transferring production seven miles away in Tijuana, Mexico.

During the 2010 Senate run Binnie claimed his pro-choice view on abortion attracted death threats from radical anti-abortion terrorists, both against Binnie himself and against his elderly father of the same name, but local police said they were not investigating any death threats, according to the Concord Monitor.  Other acts against Binnie and his family included vandalism of his daughter's car, which she blamed on a police officer, and threatening and harassing phone calls and postal mail.

In December 2021, Binnie confirmed that he is "actively considering running for U.S. Senate" again.

References

External links
 Binnie on WMUR's Close Up
 Binnie speaking at an event sponsored by STEWARD, Save The Economy Without Accumulating Record Debt, a political advocacy group organized by NH businessman Fred Tausch
 Entries mentioning William H. Binnie at the Sunlight Foundation web site

1958 births
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American philanthropists
American industrialists
American investment bankers
Businesspeople from New Hampshire
European Le Mans Series drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
Harvard Business School alumni
Living people
New Hampshire Republicans
People from Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Scottish emigrants to the United States

William Harrison Binnie


The City Shuttle Service was a network of bus services in Singapore between May 1975 and April 2007 by NTUC Comfort and Singapore Shuttle Bus. It was purchased by Trans-Island Bus Services, a former subsidiary of Singapore Shuttle Bus, in 1987.

History

The City Shuttle Service (CSS) was an initiative introduced on 16 May 1975 by the Singapore government, as part of a park & ride scheme aimed at reducing traffic congestion in the city. It was originally hoped that car owners would park at designated car parks and transfer to CSS bus services to enter the central business district (CBD).

Eleven inaugural services commenced operations by with NTUC Comfort operating four (1, 4, 6, 11) and Singapore Shuttle Bus (SSB) seven (2, 3, 5, 7–10), which plied between 16 fringe car parks, 7 city area termini and 49 selected bus stops with 88 25-30 seater single door Mercedes-Benz buses. However, the initial arrangement was not popular with car owners and the scheme was terminated, resulting in the company being allowed to operate regular services that extended into the housing estates and had reduced to nine services (six services operated by SSB and the three by NTUC Comfort). As the purpose of the CSS scheme was to serve working commuters, no services were operated on Sundays and public holidays. The bus services that extended towards the housing estates in 1976 are as follows:

1: Extended from National Stadium Carpark E and Holland Road Fringe Carpark to Queensway and Marine Terrace
2: Extended from Holland Road Fringe Carpark to Holland Drive
3: Extended from Chancery Lane Fringe Carpark to St Michael's
4: Diverted to terminate at Marine Terrace and extended to New Bridge Road
5: Extended from Whitley Road Fringe Carpark to Sin Ming
6: Extended from Serangoon Road Fringe Carpark and Outram Park to Bukit Merah and Circuit Road
7: Extended from Kampong Java Fringe Carpark to St Michael's
8: Extended from National Stadium Carpark E to Bedok South and Bedok
9: Extended from Serangoon Road Fringe Carpark to Geylang Lorong 1

On 25 June 1988, NTUC Comfort withdrew routes 1 and 4, citing a decline in commuter demand due to the MRT's opening. Its remaining service (route 6) ran until 1990, when the buses used reached the end of their permitted lifespans.

The initial fleet was replaced with larger DAF SB220 and Nissan Diesel buses. CSS was the first bus operator in Singapore to introduce senior concessionary fares, a scheme that was eventually extended to other bus operators. On 12 March 1987, SSB was purchased by Trans-Island Bus Services.

SSB provided public transport from the housing estates to the CBD areas. Services operated from interchanges and terminals like the Bedok and Bukit Merah bus interchanges as well as the Holland Drive, St Michael's and Sin Ming Road bus terminals. The services operated from 06:00 to 19:30 and did not operate on Sundays and public holidays. These services were renumbered into "6xx" in 1997 with the introduction of standardised numbering system. With the closure of Holland Drive Terminal in 1998, CSS 602 was re-routed to start from Shenton Way Terminal, looping at Holland Drive.

SSB's only bus depot was at Lorong 1 Geylang (GLDEP). The central workshop was at Ang Mo Kio Depot which handled all the preventive maintenance, repair works and major component overhauls.

On 9 July 2001, during the merger, the company was operating five routes and its depot was based at Lorong 1 Geylang Bus Terminal. In November 2001, the first service, CSS 602 was withdrawn and all non air-conditioned buses were retired.

Prior to the withdrawal of route 608, it was the last of the Nissan Diesel U31RCN buses to pass by the old National Stadium, Maxwell Road as well as the old Supreme Court Building. The bus fleet was downsized in the last three years of its service until its withdrawal. The last CSS service, 608, was initially slated to be withdrawn on 30 March 2007. However, due to public appeals, the withdrawal date was delayed to 28 April 2007.

Demise
During the SARS period between 2003 and 2004, CSS withdrew 3 services; 603, 605 and 607, leaving 608 as a standalone service. The older DAF SB220 buses were exported overseas and was later used in New Zealand, leaving the Nissan buses in the fleet. With the gradual decrease in ridership, some of the Nissan buses with CSS plates were transferred to the SMRT fleet in June 2006. SMRT progressively withdrew CSS routes, ending with the last route, Service 608, on 28 April 2007. Singapore Shuttle Bus became liquidated, all of its drivers were transferred to SMRT or its subsidiaries.

References

External links

Bus routes
Bus transport in Singapore
1975 establishments in Singapore
2007 disestablishments in Singapore

City Shuttle Service


The purpose of a provisional remedy is the preservation of the status quo until final disposition of a matter can occur.

Under United States law, FRCP 64 provides with several types of seizure (e.g. garnishment, replevin, attachment) that a Federal Court may use pursuant to state law. FRCP 65 concerns Temporary Restraining Order (may be made ex parte) and preliminary injunction (requires some hearing).

In order to establish the constitutionality of a provisional remedy, two cases must be distinguished. The 3-part test established in Matthews determines whether a prejudgment remedy meets the constitutional requirements when Government seeks deprivation on its own initiative. The court must take into consideration the private interest of the party against whom the remedy is sought, the risk of erroneous deprivation as well as the probable value, if any, of addition or substitute safeguards and, the moving party's interest.

The 3-part test established in Connecticut v. Doehr determines whether a prejudgment remedy meets the constitutional requirements when Government action is applied to a suit between private parties. The due process analysis involves the same requirements as set forth in Matthews.

The court must also take into account whether there are exigent circumstances, a bond requirement, a judicial assessment, a detailed statement of factual basis, and a prompt post-seizure hearing.

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20070221195120/http://www.edcostello.com/article.cfm?id=15

Judicial remedies

Provisional remedy


The Bloomsbury Group plays a prominent role in the LGBT history of its day.

Before the First World War

While still in the Bloomsbury area LGBT activity was all very much in a single group. For example, Duncan Grant, a homosexual with bisexual leanings, had affairs with Maynard Keynes, James Strachey, Adrian Stephen, David Garnett and straight Vanessa Bell.

Names of LGBT people outside the Bloomsbury Group strictly speaking include Mary Garman, Nina Hamnett, Jane Ellen Harrison, Rupert Brooke and Arthur Hobhouse.

D. H. Lawrence had criticised the homosexual tendencies in the Bloomsbury Group, though close to the core members of the group

During and after the First World War
Later the groups differentiated. Keynes married Lydia Lopokova, and gradually ceased having affairs with men. Other groups more or less split according to the location where they started to live.

Most of LGBT men in and around the Bloomsbury Group were conscientious objector during the war: they had to leave London in order to do manual labour on the land.

Lady Ottoline Morrell's circle
Lady Ottoline Morrell's extravagant parties no longer brought the group together, but during the First World War she did provide housing for conscientious objector Aldous Huxley at Garsington Manor, where he was married to Maria Nys after the war. D. H. Lawrence, another visitor of Garsington, befriended Huxley.

Charleston
Also Duncan Grant and David Garnett had to work on the land as conscientious objectors during World War I. They started living with Vanessa Bell in Charleston Farmhouse.

Francis Birrell started a bookshop together with David Garnett later on.

Lytton Strachey and Dora Carrington

Also during the First World War Lytton Strachey and Dora Carrington moved to Tidmarsh Mill House. Later (in a ménage à trois with straight Ralph Partridge) they moved to Ham Spray House.

Roger Senhouse, had been Strachey's last lover

E. M. Forster
E. M. Forster spent his time as conscientious objector in Egypt, and remained there some time after the First World War.

When returning to England his circle of LGBT friends and acquaintances included W. J. H. Sprott, J. R. Ackerley, Christopher Isherwood, Siegfried Sassoon, Forrest Reid and Benjamin Britten.

Virginia Woolf
Virginia and Leonard Woolf first moved to Hogarth House in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, where they set up the Hogarth Press. Later they moved to Monk's House in East Sussex.

Hogarth Press
Katherine Mansfield and John Lehmann were LGBT acquaintances linked to Hogarth Press, the publishing company Virginia Woolf owned with her husband Leonard Woolf.

Orlando
After Virginia Woolf had moved to Monk's House, she would meet Vita Sackville-West, writing her Roman à clef Orlando: A Biography about her. Woolf also met the LGBT people around her, including Harold Nicolson, Sackville-West's husband, Benedict Nicolson, their LGBT son and Violet Trefusis, her former lover.

Other
Composer and suffragist Ethel Smyth was another later acquaintance of Virginia Woolf.

References

Bibliography
 Todd Avery. Radio Modernism: Literature, Ethics, and the BBC, 1922-1938. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.; 1 January 2006. .
 Peter Clarke. Keynes. Bloomsbury Press, 2009. pp. 56, 57. .
 Angelica Garnett. Deceived with Kindness (1984)
 Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf London: Chatto & Windus, 1996.
 Ian Ousby ed., The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (Cambridge 1995)

 Frances Spalding. Virginia Woolf: Paper Darts: the Illustrated Letters (1991)

Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history


Wet Withens is a Bronze Age henge on Eyam Moor in the Derbyshire Peak District, England. The prehistoric circle of 10 upright stones (orthostats) is a protected Scheduled Monument.

It is sometimes known as Wet Withers (Old English for 'the wet land where willows grew').

On gritstone moorland over 300 metres above sea level, the site has clear views of the valley of the River Derwent and Higger Tor. The site is well away from public footpaths but is on "Open Access" land following the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. The earthen bank of Wet Withens is over 30m in diameter, making it the largest embanked stone circle in Derbyshire. Most of the stones of the ring are quite hidden amongst the heather and reeds. 7 stones are still upright but some of those are leaning inwards. The 'Chair Stone' (70cm high) is the tallest and most prominent stone with a ledge cut out of its face, appearing as a seat. There could have been up to 18 stones originally if the stones had been spaced out evenly.

About 10m north of the henge is a large stone cairn (known as Eyam Moor Barrow) about 27m long and 1m high. The cairn has been damaged from quarrying and/or excavation activity over the centuries. Near the middle of the cairn is an unusual cup-marked stone. The cairn's shape indicates that it was likely to have been a prehistoric burial barrow.

Wet Withens is also known as Eyam Moor 1 because there are 2 smaller stone circles about 650m to the east, which are also Scheduled Monuments: Eyam Moor 2 and Eyam Moor 3.

There are a number of other ancient henges in Derbyshire including Arbor Low, The Bull Ring, Doll Tor, Hordron Edge, Nine Stone Close and Twyford Henge.

References

Archaeological sites in Derbyshire
Scheduled monuments in Derbyshire
Stone circles in Derbyshire
Henges
Peak District

Wet Withens


"Sorrow for Troth Betrayed" () is one of the poems anthologized in the ancient Chinese poetry collection, the Chu Ci, which together with the Shijing comprise the two major textual sources for Classical Chinese poetry. The "Sorrow for Troth Betrayed" describes a shamanistic or Daoist type of flight over an area including the axis mundi, Bactria, and the Middle Kingdom, during which the wise and virtuous narrator observes the evils rampant in the world with grief, concluding that in such a case that withdrawal from the world is the only valid option. The poem appears to have been preserved in a somewhat fragmentary form, with several lacunae. The authorship of the "Sorrow for Troth Betrayed" poem has been attributed to both Qu Yuan (d. about BCE 278) and Jia Yi (d. BCE 168 or 169); but, based on internal evidence, Sorrow for Troth Betrayed appears to have been written by an anonymous author after the lifetimes of both Qu Yuan and Jia Yi. (Hawkes, 2011 [1985]: 239)

See also
Chuci
Classical Chinese poetry
List of Chuci contents
Qu Yuan
Xian (Taoism)
惜誓

References
Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books.

Chinese poems

Sorrow for Troth Betrayed


The Capt. Rodney J. Baxter House is an historic octagonal house at South and Pearl Streets in Barnstable, Massachusetts.  Built in 1850, it is Barnstable's only example of an octagon house, built closely to designs advocated by Orson S. Fowler and briefly popular in the 1850s.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Description and history
The Baxter House stands one block off the downtown area of the village of Hyannis, on the south side of South Street at its junction with Pearl Street.  The house is located on the west side of its lot, with the smaller carriage house to the east.  The house is two stories, with stuccoed concrete walls  thick, and a bracketed flat roof topped by an octagonal cupola.  Two of its eight sides have entrances: the one facing the street is a simpler entrance sheltered by a bracketed hood, while that facing east is sheltered by a single-story porch extending across that facade, with a spindled balustrade and turned posts.  Most of the other facades have two windows on each level; some have only one.  The interior of each level has a central square chamber, around which are four smaller rectangular chambers, with the remaining triangular spaces used as closets.  The carriage house, one story in height has a similar exterior finish and a smaller footprint, and is topped by smaller octagonal cupola.  A two-leaf vehicle entrance is topped by a half-round fan; both the fan and the doors have strap woodwork decoration.

The house was built about 1850 for Rodney J. Baxter, a sea captain engaged mainly in the transatlantic trade.  The house was built according to principles articulated by Orson Squire Fowler in The Octagon House, A Home for All, which formed the basis for the designs of numerous similar houses across the country.  The house closely follows Fowler's guidelines, including the use of concrete for the walls.  At the time of its listing on the National Register in 1987, it was still owned by Baxter's descendants.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable, Massachusetts
List of octagon houses

References

External links

 MACRIS Listing - Capt. Rodney J. Baxter House

Octagon houses in Massachusetts
Houses in Barnstable, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

Capt. Rodney J. Baxter House


Alberto Zedda (2 January 19286 March 2017) was an Italian conductor and musicologist whose specialty was the 19th-century Italian repertoire.

Alberto Zedda was born in Milan, Italy, where he accomplished his education in music and humanities, completed at the Musical Palaeography School of Cremona.

In 1957 he won the International Italian Radio and Television Competition for Conductors and thereafter was invited to appear with important Institutions in Italy (La Scala, Santa Cecilia, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, the TV-Radio Orchestras of Rome, Turin, Milan, Naples…) and abroad in Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, Poland, Russia, Israel, United States, China, Japan…

Besides the symphonic activity, Alberto Zedda has developed an outstanding career in opera: La Scala, San Carlo, La Fenice, Massimo di Palermo, Comunale di Bologna, Regio di Torino,  Covent Garden, Marinski, Vienna, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Paris, Helsinki, Tel Aviv, Warsaw, Lisboa, Barcelona, Madrid, Sevilla, Oviedo, Bilbao, La Coruña, Moscow, Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Prague, Osaka, Tokyo….

Recordings made under his direction include operas as well as symphonic and chamber music.

He taught at the Piacenza Conservatory (Orchestral Practice), at the Osimo Academy (Musical Philology) and at the Urbino University (History of the Music). Founder and Director of the Accademia Rossiniana in Pesaro.

He has always dedicated part of his time to musicology, editing widely successful critical versions of operas, oratorios and cantatas, with particular attention to Rossini and to the first half of the 19th Century and early baroque repertoire. Alberto Zedda was member of the Editorial Board of the Fondazione Rossini since it was created.

He wrote Divagazioni Rossiniane, published in 2012 by Ricordi, Milan, which was translated to spanish, german and english.

He was Principal guest conductor for Italian repertoire at the New York City Opera; Musical Director at the Festival della Valle D'Itria of Martina Franca; Artistic Advisor of the Pesaro's Rossini Opera Festival and of La Coruña's Festival Mozart; Artistic Director of Baroque Festival of Fano ; Artistic Director of Rossini Opera Festival di Pesaro and of the theatres Carlo Felice in Genova and La Scala in Milan.

Alberto Zedda was Grand Officer of Merit of the Italian Republic, member of the Ordre du "Merite Culturel" of Poland, Académico Correspondiente de la Real Academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras de Sevilla, Honorary Chairmen of the Deutsche Rossini Gesellschaft. He received the degree honoris causa in Communication Sciences by the Macerata University.

Discography
 Rossini – Tancredi – Ewa Podleś, Sumi Jo, Stanford Olsen, Pietro Spagnoli, Anna Maria di Micco, Lucrezia Lendi, Capella Brugensis, Collegium Instrumentale Brugense (Naxos, 1994)
 Bellini – Beatrice di Tenda – Mariana Nicolesco, Stefania Toczyska, Vincenzo La Scola, Piero Cappuccilli, Prague Philharmonic Choir, Monte Carlo Orchestra (Sony, 1986)
 Rossini – L'italiana in Algeri – Marianna Pizzolato, Lorenzo Regazzo, Lawrence Brownlee, Bruno de Simone, Virtuosi Brugensis, Transylvania State Philharmonic Choir, Cluj (Naxos, 2010)
 Rossini – La gazza ladra – Maria José Moreno, Kenneth Tarver, Lorenzo Regazzo, Bruno Praticò, Virtuosi Brugensis, Classic Chamber Choir, Brno (Naxos, 2015)
 Rossini – La Cenerentola – Joyce DiDonato, José Manuel Zapata, Bruno Praticò, Paolo Bordogna, SWR Radio Orchestra Kaiserlautern (Naxos, 2004)
 Rossini – La donna del lago – Sonia Ganassi, Maxim Mironov, Ferdinand von Bothmer, Marianna Pizzolato, Olga Peretyatko, SWR Radio Orchestra Kaiserlautern (Naxos, 2004)

Sources
 Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Le guide de l'opéra, Fayard, 1986.

1928 births
2017 deaths
Italian male conductors (music)
Musicians from Milan
20th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century Italian musicologists
21st-century Italian male musicians
21st-century Italian conductors (music)
21st-century musicologists

Alberto Zedda


Franz Jelinek (born 19 July 1922 in Vienna, † 20 May 1944 in Pastena was an Austrian football player.

Career
From 1939 to 1944  Jelinek played for Wiener Sport-Club as a striker. From 1940 to 1942 he played in the Gauliga Ostmark, in one of initially 16 Gauligas. In his debut season at senior level, he scored the most for his club as a 19-year-old with 17 goals. In the following season, his last for the Wiener Sport-Club, he was top scorer with 20 league goals together with Ernst Reitermaier.

The performances he had shown up to that point – and also those of Ludwig Durek, who was a year older than him and played on the left wing – did not go unnoticed by Reich coach Sepp Herberger. Both made their debuts on 15 September 1940 in the senior national team, which won the friendly against the national team of Slovakia 1-0 in Bratislava thanks to Durek's goal scored in the 81st minute.
Despite being invited to another course in March 1941, he did not make international appearances. Durek earned five more international appearances and scored another goal.

Jelinek, drafted into service in the Wehrmacht, died as a soldier on 20 May 1944 after the Battle of Monte Cassino.

Honours
Individual
 Top scorer Gauliga Ostmark: 1942

References

1922 births
1944 deaths
Austrian footballers
Austrian football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers

Franz Jelinek


Spalding railway station serves the town of Spalding, Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the Peterborough–Lincoln line.

History

Spalding gained its first rail links to Peterborough, Boston and Lincoln in 1848, courtesy of the Great Northern Railway (GNR) who built their main line from London to Doncaster through the town; Spalding railway station opened on 17 October 1848. This route was superseded by the direct line via Grantham within four years, but it remained well used by traffic heading towards Louth and Grimsby over the former East Lincolnshire Railway.

The GNR subsequently added a line eastwards to Sutton Bridge via Holbeach (the Norwich & Spalding Railway) in stages between 1858 and 1862, a westward route to Bourne in 1866 and another to  the following year in an attempt to thwart the ambitions of the competing Great Eastern Railway (GER).  These efforts did not succeed however and the company eventually agreed to work these routes jointly with the Midland Railway (the former pair forming the backbone of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway system) and the GER (March line) by the beginning of the 1870s. The collaboration between GNR and GER also led to the construction of the last route out of the town, the GE&GN Joint line to Sleaford which opened to traffic on 1 August 1882.

By the end of the nineteenth century the town had become a major rail crossroads and the station had grown to reflect this, having more than doubled in size from its opening half a century earlier. It would also later become a popular destination in its own right, with the annual Tulip Festival bringing excursion trains into the town from all over the country from the late 1950s onwards.

British Railways was formed on 1 January 1948, and Spalding station was renamed Spalding Town on 1 December 1948. The Midland & Great Northern routes into the town were heavily used, particularly in the summer months, well into the 1950s, but they were the first to suffer from the BR economy drive of the time, closing to passengers on 28 February 1959. The East Lincolnshire line to Boston was to suffer a similar fate a decade later, with the last trains to Grimsby and Peterborough running on 3 October 1970.  This left the Joint Line as the only surviving route through the town; typically just three trains per day each way between Lincoln and March/Cambridge called at the station in this period.  However, its status as a junction was restored within months, the line to Peterborough regaining a limited (thrice daily, peak hours only) passenger service from 7 June 1971.

The Joint line remained a busy freight artery for the next few years, serving as one as the main outlets for the marshalling yard complex at Whitemoor but the general decline in freight traffic in the area would ultimately lead to the Spalding to March portion's closure to all traffic on 27 November 1982. This left the town effectively with the same rail access as it had back in 1848, albeit with trains to Lincoln running via Sleaford rather than Boston.  Services to and from Peterborough did improve following the closure of the March line, with the existing service from Lincoln diverted to start and terminate there and some extra trains being added to the timetable.

The station, known in steam days as Spalding Town, was honoured on 3 May 2002 when a main line locomotive was dedicated to it. Class 31 diesel No. 31106, owned by Cambridgeshire businessman and enthusiast Howard Johnston, who was born nearby, arrived on a Tulip Parade day special train, and a short stopover was arranged for Colin Fisher, Chairman of South Holland District Council, to unveil the cast Spalding Town nameplate (which includes the authority's crest within it) on the side of the engine. He was also presented with a replica plate as a permanent reminder of the occasion. Although intended for public display, this has not yet taken place.

Station Masters

Mr. Fellowes ???? - 1858
Thomas Blunt ca. 1875 - 1885
James L. Rayner 1885 (afterwards station master at Doncaster)
William Frederick Marsden 1885 - 1891
G.W. Redford 1891 - 1905 (formerly station master at New Barnet)
Walter James Mouncy 1905 - 1916
J.A. Halliday 1916 - 1921 (afterwards station master at Lincoln)
Harry Dennick 1921 - 1925 (afterwards station master at Grantham)
T.H. Greaves 1925 - 1928 (afterwards station master at Northallerton)
Louis B. Perley 1928 - 1937
H.W. Ingham 1937 - 1938
T.W. Croot 1938 - 1954
W. Burns 1954 - ???? (formerly station master at Blaydon)

Facilities
The station is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway who provide all rail services.

The station is staffed part-time and offers limited facilities other than two shelters, bicycle storage, timetables, platform departure screens and Help Points. There is also a ticket machine on platform 1. Other than a snack machine in the booking hall, there are no other retail facilities on the station; however local shops are within walking distance.

As of September 2020, new lifts are in operation allowing step free access to platform 2. A new waiting shelter was opened in March 2022.

Spalding has two platforms. Platform 1, adjacent to the station building, is mainly used for southbound services towards Peterborough and terminating trains from Peterborough, but is also used by some northbound through services towards Sleaford and Lincoln; Platform 2 can only be used by northbound services. The station used to have seven platforms: five through faces (up main and two islands) and two terminal bays, with services to March and Sleaford on the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway, Bourne and  on the Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway and the Great Northern "Lincolnshire Loop" line to  and then onwards to  and Grimsby. There was also, past the Northern Junction a freight line going off to the former British Sugar plant.  Only the routes to Werrington Junction, Peterborough and  are still in use and the station has been remodelled and downsized considerably since the demise of the March line in 1982.

The bridge connecting Platforms 1 and 2 to the rest of the station still exists, but the old platform 5 has been fenced off, the bays filled in and the walk through on the bridge to platforms 6 and 7 bricked up. The tracks meanwhile have been lifted, the western island platforms cleared and the site now used for housing.  Though very little remains of the old station, the façade remains as it was when first built.

Only 22 minutes from Peterborough, Spalding railway station is a few minutes away from the bus station connecting Spalding to Boston, King's Lynn and Peterborough.

Services
All services at Spalding are operated by East Midlands Railway.

On weekdays and Saturdays, the station is generally served by an hourly service northbound to  via  and southbound to . Five trains per day are extended beyond Lincoln to . The station is also served by a single daily service to and from .

There is no Sunday service at the station.

References

Body, G. (1986), PSL Field Guides - Railways of the Eastern Region Volume 1, Patrick Stephens Ltd, Wellingborough,

External links

Railway stations in Lincolnshire
DfT Category E stations
Former Great Northern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
Spalding, Lincolnshire
Grade II listed buildings in Lincolnshire

Spalding railway station


The Sowerby family was a British family of four generations of naturalists, illustrators, botanists, and zoologists.

James Sowerby (1757–1822)
James De Carle Sowerby (1787–1871)
George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788–1854)
George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812–1884)
George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843–1921)
Charles Edward Sowerby (1795–1842)
John Edward Sowerby (1825–1870)

Most of their work was on molluscs and their systematics. Together, they introduced many taxonomic names (sometimes the number 5000 is mentioned).

All three of the G.B Sowerbys published extensively on the subject of conchology, which is the collection and study of shells. Even for professional taxonomists it is difficult to know which of the three "G.B. Sowerbys" is meant in a particular citation. The numbering system G.B. Sowerby I, II, or III helps. "Sowerby, 1870" can refer to either G.B. Sowerby II or G.B. Sowerby III.

References
 Palmer, Katherine V. W. 1965. Who were the Sowerbys? Hawaiian Shell News. Available on a CD of back issues of HSN, ISSN 1543-6039.
 Petit R.E. 2009. George Brettingham Sowerby, I, II & III: their conchological publications and molluscan taxa. Zootaxa 2189: 1–218.

English naturalists

Sowerby family


Cathleen Cochran Herasimchuk (née Cochran; November 11, 1944 – February 7, 2021), was a judge of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. A resident of Austin, Texas, she was initially appointed to the court on September 28, 2001 by Governor Rick Perry and elected by Texas voters in 2002 and 2008. She did not seek re-election to the bench in 2014 and was succeeded in her Place 9 seat by her fellow Republican, David Newell of Houston. She died on February 7, 2021.

Education and marriage
Born in California, Cochran earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in English with distinction from Stanford University in 1966.  That same year, she married David Herasimchuk, whom she had met at Stanford. Initially she took his surname of Herasimchuk as her married name. In October 2001, however, at the urging of her husband and friends, she changed back to her maiden name of Cochran in order to run for re-election to the Court because the name was easier to pronounce; at that point her husband changed his name to Cochran, too. They have two daughters and resided in Austin, Texas.

After their marriage, the couple moved from California to Peru, where David's parents lived. They then moved to Boston, so he could attend Harvard Business School. After David graduated, he worked for Global Marine, an offshore drilling company, so they moved to Los Angeles, Houston in 1976, Venezuela in 1978, and back to Houston in 1980.

Legal and academic career
After returning to Houston, Cochran enrolled in law school and earned her Juris Doctor degree with summa cum laude honors in 1984 from the University of Houston Law Center, where she served as editor-in-chief of the law review, was elected to both the Order of the Coif and the Order of the Barons honor societies, and won the school's Distinguished Service Award.

Serving as a professor in evidence, criminal law, and criminal procedure at the University of Houston Law Center, Cochran won the Professor of the Year award twice from the Order of the Barons and once from the student bar association. She also served as general editor of the 2nd edition of the Texas Rules of Evidence Handbook, published in 1993, and as author and editor of the 3rd edition, published in 1998.

Judicial career
Cochran served as of counsel to Rusty Hardin & Associates in Houston until leaving to serve as an assistant district attorney in Harris and Fort Bend counties. She prosecuted forty-five cases and authored more than two hundred appellate briefs.

Serving as Director of Criminal Justice in the office of Governor George W. Bush, Cochran advised Bush on criminal justice policy and judicial appointments. She formed the Advisory Committee to Revise Code of Criminal Procedure that organized a complete rewriting of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

Cochran placed third in the Republican primary election for the Court of Criminal Appeals in 1994. She polled 109,897 votes (25.5 percent). Victory in the ensuing runoff election went to Sharon Keller, the presiding judge over that court since 2001.

Cochran was initially appointed to the Court of Criminal Appeals in 2001 by Governor Perry. In 2002, she won the support of 63 percent of Texas voters for a full six-year term in the office.  The Criminal Justice Section of the Texas State Bar named her Jurist of the Year in 2006. In 2008, 82 percent of Texas voters supported her re-election to another six-year term.

References

1944 births
2021 deaths
Stanford University alumni
University of Houston alumni
University of Houston faculty
Texas Republicans
Judges of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
American women judges
California lawyers
Lawyers from Houston
Lawyers from Austin, Texas
People from Los Angeles County, California
American women academics
21st-century American women

Cathy Cochran


Cinderella Castle (or Cinderella Palace) is the fairy tale castle at the center of two Disney theme parks: the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort. Both castles are recognized all over the world. They are the main attraction for each of the theme parks.

Magic Kingdom
Castles
1971 establishments in Florida
Tokyo Disneyland

Cinderella Castle


Adventures of Dino Riki, known in Japan as , is a video game released  in 1987 for the Family Computer in Japan and 1989 for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America.

Despite being developed by Hudson Soft in Japan, it was published there by Rix Soft, making it the sole video game ever released by this publisher. In North America, the game was published by Hudson Soft.

Overview

Adventures of Dino Riki is an overhead shooter created by Hudson Soft, similar to games like 1943: The Battle of Midway, where the object is to dodge on-screen enemies. Dino Riki can jump or shoot weapons (rocks, axes, boomerangs, and torches) to kill the various enemies around him. Dino Riki can pick up power-ups including speed boosts and wings that enable him to fly over hazards on the ground, as well as weapon upgrades. He starts his adventure throwing rocks that have a very limited range and power, and can upgrade to axes and then boomerangs, each increasing the range and spread of his shot, finally gaining a rapid-fire volley of torches that spreads across the screen. There is a last weapon/powerup called "Macho Ricky" where Ricky converts itself into a huge caveman that shoots some sort of copies of his body. He utilizes these caveman weapons and power-ups to help kill enemies and avoid the dangers of a Neanderthal life.

He progresses through three types of worlds (land, ruined city, and mountains) and plays through four worlds total. Worlds one, two, and three are one stage each and have checkpoints, but world four is four stages with no checkpoints. At the end of each stage, Dino Riki must face a boss.

The titular Riki gets his name from Japanese pro wrestler Riki Choshu. The Japanese version of the game was endorsed by Choshu, with the star appearing in advertising for the game. When the player gets a Riki power-up in the Japanese version, he transforms into Choshu and can cause damage with his trademark Riki lariat.

Reception
In the July/August 1989 edition of Nintendo Power, the game received, out of five, ratings of 3.5, 3.5, 3 and 3 respectively for the categories "Graphic and Sound", "Play Control", "Challenge", and "Theme Fun".

References

External links

Adventures of Dino Riki at GameFAQs

1987 video games
Video games about dinosaurs
Hudson Soft games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Prehistoric people in popular culture
Video games set in prehistory
Scrolling shooters
Top-down video games
Video games based on real people
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Takeaki Kunimoto
Single-player video games

Adventures of Dino Riki


Andrew Jackson Thayer (November 27, 1818 – April 28, 1873) was an attorney and  Democratic U.S. congressman from Oregon. A native of New York state, he previously worked as the U.S. Attorney for Oregon. His brother was William W. Thayer, a governor of Oregon. After Congress, Thayer returned to legal work and served as a district attorney and justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.

Early life
Born in Lima, New York, Thayer attended public schools in New York and began a legal practice in Lima with his brother. In March 1853, he set out for Oregon, via ox team on the Oregon Trail. He arrived in Salem in August 1853, and settled on a farm near Corvallis where he farmed and continued his legal practice. In 1859, he was appointed by President James Buchanan to be U.S. Attorney for the District of Oregon, a position he held for six months, after which he resigned, stating that he preferred to defend rather than prosecute.

Contested election of 1860
In November 1860, Thayer was elected as a Democratic United States Representative for Oregon's at-large district. Unfortunately for Thayer, this was not the only election held for Oregon's congressional seat in 1860. In June of that year, Oregon had held its general election, and George K. Shiel was elected to the same seat that Thayer claimed in November. After the June election, the Oregon House of Representatives had passed a bill moving the date of U. S. Congress elections to November, effective immediately. The Oregon Senate passed a similar bill, but that bill did not apply to the current election. Though the bills were never reconciled or signed into law, an election was held nonetheless. Thayer's election was certified and he took the seat in March 1861.

Shiel promptly contested the election, stating that the Oregon constitution had been circumvented and that no law had been passed to change the election date. Thayer's argument was that the election specified by Oregon's constitution only applied to Oregon's first congressional election in 1858, and therefore the June 1860 election was invalid. In the absence of a law providing for Congressional elections, Oregon had a right to Congressional representation. Thayer pointed to the clear intent of the Oregon Legislature to have a November election, which did occur, and which elected him.

On July 30, 1861, the House of Representatives Committee on Elections, led by Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, sided with Shiel, holding that the state constitution's June election date was intended to be applied to all elections. Even if the Oregon Legislature had passed a change to the election date, it would have been unconstitutional; moreover, since the Oregon Legislature did not actually enact the law, Shiel's election should be upheld and Thayer unseated.

Representative Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania agreed with Thayer's argument that this decision was in violation of Article I, Section 4 of the United States Constitution, which gives the power to the state legislatures to set election dates. He offered an amendment that the seat be declared vacant, but it was defeated 77–37. The House stripped Thayer of his seat and issued the oath of office to Shiel immediately.

After Congress
Thayer returned to his Oregon law practice, where he was joined by his brother (and future Oregon governor) William W. Thayer.

He served as district attorney for the second district of Oregon from 1862 to 1864. In 1870 Thayer was elected to the Oregon Supreme Court to replace John Kelsay. In this position he also rode circuit for Oregon's second judicial district. However, he did not finish the six-year term as he died in office.

Death
He died in Corvallis on April 28, 1873, and is buried at Corvallis's Crystal Lake Masonic Cemetery.

References

External links

1818 births
1873 deaths
Justices of the Oregon Supreme Court
Oregon pioneers
United States Attorneys for the District of Oregon
District attorneys in Oregon
People from Lima, New York
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon

Andrew J. Thayer


St Mary's Church is in Walton (formerly Walton-on-the-Hill), Liverpool, Merseyside, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Walton, the archdeaconry of Liverpool and the diocese of Liverpool.  Its benefice is united with those of St Nathanael, Walton-on-the-Hill, and St Aidan, Walton-on-the-Hill, to form the Walton Team Ministry.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

History

St Mary's was originally the parish church of the Hundred of West Derby and of the area containing what was to become the city of Liverpool.  A church on the site is mentioned in the Domesday Book; this was rebuilt in 1326.  The nave was rebuilt in 1741, followed by the chancel in 1810.  None of this has survived, the oldest part of the present church being the west tower, which was built in 1829–32 to a design by John Broadbent, a pupil of Thomas Rickman.  The north side of the church was remodelled in 1840, and the chancel was rebuilt in 1843.  In 1911 a south aisle, incorporating a chapel, an ambulatory, and a vestry were added by Nagington and Shennan.  Most of the church, apart from the tower, was destroyed by incendiary bombs in the May Blitz of 1941. The body of the church was rebuilt between 1947 and 1953 by Quiggin and Gee, retaining the exterior as before, but creating a new interior. It is now open to visitors to allow them to view aspects of the church that date back to the Norman era.

Architecture

Exterior
The church consists of a five-bay nave with north and south porches, a south aisle continuing to the east as a chapel, a four-bay chancel with a vestry, and a west tower.  The tower is in Perpendicular style, and is in four stages.  It has angle buttresses rising to pinnacles, three-light windows, and a clock face on each side.  In the top stage are three-light louvred bell openings.  Around the summit is an embattled parapet with pierced tracery.  At the east end of the church is a five-light window.

Interior
Inside the church are concrete vaults on a steel frame.  At the west end is a stone gallery carried on three arches.  In the chapel is a reredos that includes a copy of the Deposition of Christ by Fra Angelico, executed in 1860 by Vincenzo Corsi; this was formerly in Haigh Hall.  The sandstone font is Norman but damaged.  It is large and circular, and has carved panels depicting biblical scenes.  The font was broken into pieces in 1941 and restored by E. Carter Preston, who also designed the stained glass in the church.  At the east end of the church is a fragment of an Anglo-Saxon cross shaft.

External features

Associated with the church are four structures also listed at Grade II.  The sandstone churchyard wall dates from the 19th century.  There are three entrances with stone piers; all originally had iron overthrows supporting lanterns, but only one has survived.  In the west section of the wall is a red granite drinking fountain.  This was added in 1861 and paid for by Charles Pierre Melly; it is one of the earliest drinking fountains in England.  In the churchyard, to the south of the church, is a sundial dating from the late 17th or the early 18th century.  It consists of a baluster on a square step; the gnomon is missing. In the east wall of the churchyard is a former sandstone hearse house, of which only the façade remains.  It dates from the early 19th century, it has a pointed entrance and a cornice, and is crenellated.  To the left of the hearse house is a former mortuary.  This is also in sandstone, dates from the early 19th century, and, again, only the façade remains.  It has a pediment with a cornice and acroteria.

See also

Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L4
 Walton Hall, Liverpool

References
Citations

Sources

External links

Churches in Liverpool
Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool
Grade II listed churches in Merseyside
Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
Church of England church buildings in Merseyside
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Gothic Revival architecture in Merseyside

St Mary's Church, Walton-on-the-Hill


Major General Jeanne Marjorie Holm (June 23, 1921 – February 15, 2010) was the first female one-star general of the United States Air Force and the first female two-star general in any service branch of the United States. Holm was a driving force behind the expansion of women's roles in the Air Force.

Early career
Holm was born Jeanne Marjorie Hannes on June 23, 1921, in Portland, Oregon. She enlisted in the Army in July 1942, soon after the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was established by Congress. She attended Officer Candidate School at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, and in January 1943, received a commission as a "Third Officer," the WAAC equivalent of Second Lieutenant.

World War II
During World War II, Holm was assigned to the Women's Army Corps Training Center at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, where she first commanded a basic training company and then a training regiment. At the end of the war, she commanded the 106th WAC Hospital Company at Newton D. Baker General Hospital, West Virginia. She then left active military duty in 1946 and attended Lewis and Clark College for two years, returning in 1956 for her Bachelor of Arts degree.

In October 1948, during the Berlin Blockade, Holm was recalled to active duty with the Army and went to Camp Lee in Virginia, as a company commander within the Women's Army Corps Training Center. The following year she transferred to the Air Force and was sent to Erding Air Depot, Germany. There she served as assistant director of plans and operations for the 7200th Air Force Depot Wing, and later was War Plans Officer for the 85th Air Depot Wing, during the Berlin airlift and the early phases of the Korean War.

Cold War
Holm returned from overseas in 1952 and became the first woman to attend the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama. She was then assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in Washington, DC, as a personnel plans and programs officer in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Personnel.

Her next assignment was as chief of manpower in Allied Air Forces Southern Europe, a North Atlantic Treaty Organization headquarters, in Naples, Italy, where she served for four years. She returned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in 1961 and was assigned as congressional staff officer for the director of manpower and organization. For her work in this assignment, she was awarded the Legion of Merit.

WAF
In November 1965 Holm was appointed director of Women in the Air Force (WAF), in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Personnel. Her appointment was extended twice, making her the longest-serving WAF director. She was responsible for overall staff cognizance of and advice on matters concerning military women in the Air Force. During her tenure, policies affecting women were updated, WAF strength more than doubled, job and assignment opportunities greatly expanded, and uniforms modernized. She was an active proponent for expanding the opportunities for women to serve in the Armed Forces and a catalyst for changing their roles and career opportunities within the Air Force. Historian Walter J. Boyne acknowledged her "enormous influence on the role of women in the Air Force". For her exceptionally meritorious service in this assignment, she was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal.

Air Force leadership
Holm was promoted to the grade of brigadier general July 16, 1971, the first woman to be appointed in this grade in the Air Force. She was promoted to the grade of major general effective June 1, 1973, with date of rank July 1, 1970, and was the first woman in the Armed Forces to serve in that grade.

On March 1, 1973, Holm was appointed director of the Secretary of the Air Force Personnel Council. In this position, she was responsible for administration of the council and functioning of its boards and served as president of: the Air Force Discharge Review Board, Personnel Board, Board of Review, Physical Disability Appeal Board, Decorations Board and the Disability Review Board.

Holm retired from the Air Force in 1975.

White House
After retiring, Holm consulted for the Defense Manpower Commission. In March 1976 Holm was named special assistant to President Gerald Ford for the Office of Women's Programs. Holm helped Ford attract more female voters by reaching out to women's groups and making note of women's issues. Holm detailed for Ford a plan for presentation to the Justice Department which would authorize a full re-examination of the United States Code to determine whether the wording of any law was sex-based and not justified. Ford directed the attorney general to begin the task and announced it to the public on July 1, 1976. At the polls, women voters favored Ford by a small percentage but were outnumbered by a larger male turnout. Males favored Jimmy Carter just enough to give him 50.1% of the popular vote.

Awards and recognition
Holm was a member of the Board of Trustees, Air Force Historical Foundation; member of the Board of Directors of Camp Fire Girls; member of Board of Directors of the Pentagon Federal Credit Union; and member of the Air Force Association. She received the Distinguished Alumni Award from Lewis and Clark College in 1968; Citation of Honor from the Air Force Association in 1971; and the Eugene Zuckert Leadership Award from the Arnold Air Society in 1972.

Holm was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2003, the Air Force Association conferred upon her their Lifetime Achievement Award. Holm was inducted into the International Women in Aviation Hall of Fame in 2006. A section of Air University was reorganized in 2008 and renamed the Jeanne M. Holm Officer Accession and Citizen Development Center.

Military Decorations

Effective dates of promotion

Author
Holm wrote two books about women in the military, beginning with Women in the Military: An Unfinished Revolution in 1982. Holm updated the book in 1992–1994, filling in American women's combat and military experiences in the invasions of Grenada, Panama and in the Gulf War. In 1998, Holm published a history of American women serving in World War II, entitled In Defense of a Nation: Servicewomen in World War II, summarizing the experiences of women serving all of the military arms.

In 2003 Holm assisted author Linda Witt in her writing of the book A Defense Weapon Known to be of Value: Servicewomen of the Korean War Era, published in 2005. Holm described for Witt the history of the WAF in the early 1950s and the trials women experienced as they made their way through the male-dominated military.

Personal life
Holm was an accomplished snow and water skier, student of ancient history, scuba diver and skipper of her own power cruiser. Prior to entering military service, she was a professional silversmith.

On February 15, 2010 in Annapolis, Maryland, Holm died from pneumonia in both lungs. She was survived by her family members such as a brother, nephews, and nieces. Funeral services for Holm were conducted at Arlington National Cemetery on March 29, 2010, with full military honors.

See also
 List of female United States military generals and flag officers

References

Further reading
 The Lady Is a General, by Robert P. Everett (Airman Magazine, Vol.XV No.9, Sep 1971)

1921 births
2010 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
Lewis & Clark College alumni
Military personnel from Portland, Oregon
People from Annapolis, Maryland
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Female generals of the United States Air Force
United States Army Air Forces officers
20th-century American women
Women's Army Corps soldiers
21st-century American women

Jeanne M. Holm


Dennis List (1946 – 9 November 2007) was a New Zealand poet, editor and novelist.

List was born in Wellington to a professional family whose name was originally Liszt but grew up in Rotorua. He became a student at Victoria University of Wellington in 1964 and quickly gained prominence as a writer and editor. His work appeared in Argot, Experiment, Frogslegs, Salient, Poetry Broadsheet, NZ University Arts Festival Yearbook, Poetry New Zealand and other literary magazines.

His first book of poems, A Kitset of 26 Poems, appeared in London in 1972. It was followed by Pathways into the Brain (1973) and Falling Off Chairs (1996), both published in New Zealand.  He featured in The Young New Zealand Poets (1973). His poetry is prominently represented in the anthology Big Smoke: New Zealand Poems 1960-1975 (2000).  In 2000, nine of his poems were printed in the Alsop Review, an online poetry magazine in the United States.

In 1965, List became a co-editor (with his flatmates Blair Peach and David Rutherford) of the Argot magazine, which had a leading role as an experimental literary magazine. He later edited and largely wrote the first two New Zealand Whole Earth Catalogues.

In 1979, List and his family migrated to Australia, where he became head of market research for the ABC, operating out of Adelaide. He took redundancy from the ABC in 1998 and became a freelance marketing guru, making several trips to Southeast Asia and Africa for the Swedish Aid organisation and published major marketing guides.

He took up a South Australian government scholarship to do a PhD at the University of South Australia, which he completed in 2006.  He was made head of the market research department at Adelaide University, having already established an international reputation in Futures Studies.

In the latter part of his life, List worked on a dozen novels, six completed.  His first comic fantasy novel The Return of the Triboldies was published serially in the Victoria University student newspaper Salient in 1968 and reprinted in 1996.  He completed three novels in a series, with each one set in a different Australian state and New Zealand:  Midnight Deli (1993), Gone: No Address (1994) and Cloud of Universal Light (1999-2006) as well as two other novels, Dromeworld (1997) and Lear on Limbo (1997-2006).

Dennis List died in Adelaide on 9 November 2007.

References
Niel Wright, "Dennis List: An Appreciation".  Ka mate ka ora A New Zealand Journal of Poetry and Poetics, Issue 5, March 2008

1946 births
2007 deaths
20th-century New Zealand poets
20th-century New Zealand male writers
New Zealand male poets
University of South Australia alumni
New Zealand publishers (people)
Writers from Wellington City
20th-century New Zealand novelists
21st-century New Zealand novelists
21st-century New Zealand poets
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Academic staff of the University of Adelaide
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
New Zealand male novelists
21st-century New Zealand male writers

Dennis List


Andinobates is a genus of poison dart frogs from Ecuador, Colombia and Panama. It contains species formerly classified in the genus Dendrobates and in 2006 transferred to the genus Ranitomeya. In 2011 Twomey, Brown, and their colleagues erected the genus Andinobates for a group of 12 species of Ranitomeya. Andinobates frogs can be distinguished from their sister taxon Ranitomeya anatomically in that their 2nd and 3rd vertebrae are fused. They show no limb reticulation, which is present in most species of Ranitomeya.

Distribution
Andinobates inhabits the rainforests of Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama, whereas Ranitomeya is only found in the Amazonian basin.

Species
Andinobates primarily contained 12 species formerly classified in the genus Ranitomeya. In 2013 Andinobates cassidyhornae, another species from the Andes of Colombia has been described. In 2014 another new species, Andinobates geminisae, was discovered in Panama. This brings the current total to 16 species:

References

Poison dart frogs
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Central America
Amphibians of South America

Andinobates


Ageism is when a person is treated badly only because of their age. Ageism can be discrimination by one person or by a part of society as a group. Discrimination is when a person is left out or abused by somebody who does not like something about them. For example,  their facial features, their height or their skin.

There have been many issues at the British broadcasting company, BBC, dealing with people saying that they have issues with ageism. Ageism is often common in the entertainment industry where what a person looks like is felt by many to be important.

There are two targets for age discrimination: old people (also called senior citizens) and young people. Discrimination against old and young people can happen at places like job interviews. For example, a company might hire a worker who is about 30 years old instead of someone who is about 50 years old, or someone who is around 20 years old, regardless of skill level. Another common example of ageism is not allowing "minors", or young people, to vote, drink, drive, work, marry, gamble, or give sexual consent.

References

Discrimination

Ageism