A shipyard, also called a dockyard or boatyard, is a place where ships are built and repaired. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships. Compared to shipyards, which are sometimes more involved with original construction, dockyards are sometimes more linked with maintenance and basing activities. The terms are routinely used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles.

Countries with large shipbuilding industries include Australia, Brazil, China, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States and Vietnam. The shipbuilding industry is more fragmented in Europe than in Asia where countries tend to have fewer, larger companies. Many naval vessels are built or maintained in shipyards owned or operated by the national government or navy.

Shipyards are constructed near the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. The United Kingdom, for example, has shipyards on many of its rivers.

The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities and extremely large areas for fabrication of the ships. After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages and environmental regulations have resulted in movement of the industry to developing regions.

History

The world's earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2400 BC in Gujarat, India.
Lothal's dockyards connected to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the present-day surrounding Kutch desert formed a part of the Arabian Sea.

Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of naval trade. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships at high tide as well.

The name of the ancient Greek city on the Gulf of Corinth, Naupactus, means "shipyard" (combination of the Greek words ναύς naus: "ship, boat"; and πήγνυμι pêgnumi, pegnymi: "builder, fixer"). Naupactus' reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, in which it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus.

In the Spanish city of Barcelona, the Drassanes shipyards were active from at least the mid-13th century until the 18th century, although at times they served as a barracks for troops as well as an arsenal. During their time of operation the Drassanes were continuously changed, rebuilt and modified, but two original towers and part of the original eight construction-naves remain today. The site is currently a maritime museum.

From the 14th century, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory - in the Venice Arsenal of the Venetian Republic in present-day Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one ship every day using pre-manufactured parts and assembly lines. At its height in the 16th century the enterprise employed 16,000 people.

Spain built component ships of the Great Armada of 1588 at ports such as Algeciras or Málaga.

Historic shipyards
 Lothal in Gujarat, India circa 2400 BC to 1900 BC
 Naupactus
 Tel Abu Saifi, Northern Sinai, a 4th century BCE, Ptolemaic Era, Egyptian dockyard, with two dry docks.
 Roman shipyard of Stifone (Narni)
 Blackwall Yard 1614 to 1987
 Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Greenock, Scotland, 1711–1984
 Kraljevica Shipyard established on 28 April 1729 and still operating yard
 Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd 1837 to 1912
 William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, Scotland 1840 to 1963
 John Brown & Company, Clydebank, Scotland 1851 to 1972
 Gdańsk Shipyard the birthplace of Solidarity Movement – (still a working yard)
 Swan Hunter – (closed in April 2006 and sold to Bharati Shipyards, India's second largest private sector shipbuilder)
 Harland and Wolff – (still a working yard)
 Cammell Laird – (still a working repair yard)
 Blohm + Voss, where Bismarck was constructed (still a major yard)
 Havana, long the only dockyard in the Caribbean during the colonial period, the Santísima Trinidad, largest warship of its time, was built there in 1769.
 Royal Naval Dockyards in the UK (including Woolwich, Deptford, Chatham, Portsmouth and Devonport), Gibraltar, Bombay, Bermuda, Hong Kong and elsewhere worldwide
 Charlestown Navy Yard, later Boston Navy Yard, Boston, Massachusetts 1800 to 1974
 Ulstein Verft, Norway, established in 1917 (still a working yard under the Ulstein Group)
 Navy Island, Ontario, Canada – French in the 18th century, then British 1763 to War of 1812
 Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Mare Island, California, 1854 to 1996
 New York Naval Shipyard (NYNSY), also known as the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the New York Navy Yard, and United States Navy Yard, New York 1801 to 1966
 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 1799 to 1995, at two locations
 San Francisco Naval Shipyard, later Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, then Treasure Island Naval Station Hunters Point Annex, 1941 to 1994
 Long Beach Naval Shipyard, 1943 to 1997
 Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, located on Maine-New Hampshire border; Operational: 1800 to present, making it the oldest continuously-operating shipyard of the US Navy.
 Chantiers de l'Atlantique (STX France) – established in 1861 (still a working yard)
 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane.
 3. Maj – One of the largest shipyard in Mediterranean, established in 1892 in Rijeka (still a working yard)
 SLKB Komarno (Komárno) – Slovak Shipyard Komárno – European shipyard on Danube, established in 1898
 Jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U.S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida.
 Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England. Located on Rocky Neck in Gloucester, Massachusetts.

Prominent dockyards and shipyards

Africa
 Alexandria shipyard, the oldest shipyard in Africa founded in 1831 located in Alexandria, Egypt.

North America

 Davie Shipbuilding, (formerly Chantier Davie Canada Inc) in Lévis, Québec, is the oldest continually operating shipbuilder in North America.
 Newport News Shipbuilding, (formerly Northrop Grumman Newport News) is the largest private ship builder in the US and the one best known for its unique capacity to build the s.
 Ingalls Shipbuilding, part of Huntington Ingalls Industries, located in Pascagoula, Mississippi, repaired the USS Cole and builds offshore drilling rigs, cruise ships and naval vessels.
 National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) shipyard in San Diego, California,  part of General Dynamics; is the primary shipbuilding location on the west coast of the United States.
 Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, is one of the largest shipyards in the world; specializing in repairing, overhauling and modernizing naval ships and submarines. It's the oldest and largest industrial facility that belongs to the United States Navy
 Electric Boat Division (EBDiv) of General Dynamics in Groton, Connecticut, with an accessory facility in Quonset Point, Rhode Island, builder of many Naval submarines over the past 100 years, with some types built only here.
 Bath Iron Works (BIW), subsidiary of General Dynamics, is a major American shipyard located on the Kennebec River in Bath, Maine.
 Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, is also owned by the U.S. Navy. It services ships and submarines from the West Coast.
 The Portland, Oregon, shipyard, operated by Cascade General Ship Repair (which is owned by Vigor Industrial) is the largest such facility on the United States West Coast.
 Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility is operated by the US Navy. It services surface ships and submarines from the Pacific region

South America

 COTECMAR shipyard in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
 The DIANCA shipyard in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
 The SIMA shipyard in Callao, Peru.
 ASMAR shipyards in Valparaiso, Talcahuano and Punta Arenas, Chile.

Europe
 Imperial Arsenal is in Istanbul, Turkey. Founded in 1454, it is still operated today under the name Haliç Shipyard.
 Riga Shipyard is in Riga, Latvia. Established in 1913 and revived after both world wars, it remains one of the largest shipyards in the Baltic region.
 Ferguson Shipbuilders is in Port Glasgow in inverclyde Scotland on the River Clyde. The Ferguson yard has been building ships for over a 110 years

 BAE Systems Surface Ships operates three shipbuilding yards in the United Kingdom; Portsmouth, England and Scotstoun and Govan on the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland. Major projects include the Type 45 destroyer and the s.
 BAE Systems Submarine Solutions operates a major shipyard at Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, England. It is one of the few yards in the world capable of building nuclear submarines such as the Royal Navy's . Preceding companies such as Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering have constructed hundreds of surface ships and civilian vessels in Barrow since the late 19th century.
 Fincantieri – Cantieri Navali Italiani S.p.A. is an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste, Italy. It was formed in 1959 and is the largest shipbuilder in Europe, and one of the largest in the world. The company has built both commercial and military vessels during its history.
 Lürssen (or Lürssen Werft) is a German shipbuilding company based in Bremen-Vegesack. Lürssen designs and constructs yachts, naval ships and special vessels. Trading as Lürssen Yachts, it is one of the leading builders of custom superyachts.
 Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire
 Fayard - also known as Lindøværftet.
 Helsinki Shipyard
 Meyer Turku
 Rauma Marine Constructions

 The Meyer Werft GmbH is one of the major German shipyards, headquartered in Papenburg at the river Ems. Founded in 1795 and starting with small wooden vessels, today Meyer Werft is one of world's leading builders of luxury passenger ships. Altogether about 700 ships of different types have been built at the yard.
 Navantia: major public Spanish shipbuilding firm, which offers its services to both military and civil sector in three industrial areas: Cartagena / Cádiz / Ferrol (headquarters: Madrid) and with recent important projects as  program and  submarine program
 Construcciones Navales del Norte LaNaval, Sestao (Bilbao)
 Lisnave: repair facilities in Setúbal (Lisbon, Portugal)

Devonport Dockyard, located in the city of Plymouth, England in the county of Devon is the largest naval base in Western Europe. It has 15 dry docks,  of waterfront, 25 tidal berths, five basins and covers 650 acres (2.6 km2). It is the main refitting base for Royal Navy nuclear submarines and also handles work on frigates. It is the base for seven of the Trafalgar-class nuclear-powered hunter-killer submarines and many frigates, exploiting its convenient access to the Atlantic Ocean. It supports the Vanguard-class Trident missile nuclear ballistic missile submarines in a custom-built refitting dock. It houses , a nuclear-powered submarine used in the Falklands War and open to the general public.  Facilities in the local area also include a major naval training establishment and a base for the Royal Marines.
 Chatham Dockyard, located on the River Medway in Kent, was established as a royal dockyard by Queen Elizabeth I in 1567. For 414 years, the Dockyard provided over 500 ships for the Royal Navy, and was forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans and covered 400 acres (1.6 km2). The dockyard closed in 1984, and most of the Georgian dockyard is now managed as a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.
 Damen Shiprepair in Brest, France. It operates three drydocks, up to .
 Sunderland, County Durham a town once hailed as the "Largest Shipbuilding Town in the World". ships were built at the Sunderland Docks from at least 1346 and by the mid-18th century Sunderland was one of the chief shipbuilding towns in the country.
 Constanța Shipyard in Romania on the shores of the Black Sea Basin.
 Mangalia Shipyard again in Romania,  south of the port of Constanța.
 Galați shipyard Galați is the largest naval shipyard on the Danube, given its strategic positioning inland but with access to the sea through either Sulina or Danube-Black Sea canal its output ranges from large tankers to research vessels, yachts and small coast guard patrol boats. The yard is known for taking on specialty projects and under Damen has completed over such 250 vessels since 1999.
 The Black Sea Shipyard in Mykolaiv, Ukraine, is one of the largest shipyards in Europe, and is where all Soviet and Russian aircraft carriers were built.

East Asia
 Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation's Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works in Japan builds oil tankers, LNG carriers, bulk carriers, container ships, Ro/Ro vessels, jetfoils and warships for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
 Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding's Tamano Works builds bulk carriers, ore carriers, crude oil tankers, oil product carriers, LNG carriers, LPG carriers, reefers, container ships, pure car carriers, cargo ships, patrol vessels, ocean surveillance ships, training vessels, fishery patrol boats and fishing boats
 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries's Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works primarily produces specialized commercial vessels, including LNG carriers, oil tankers and passenger cruise ships
 Hyundai Heavy Industries Ulsan Shipyard & Gunsan shipyard, in South Korea, is currently the largest in the world and has the capability to build a variety of vessels including Commercial Cargo, FPSO offshore, container ship, LNG Carrier, Car carriers, Tankers like VLCC & ULCC, Iron ore carrier and Naval vessels like Aegis destroyers & submarines.
 Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries Samho shipyard near Mokpo 4th largest South Korean shipyard for VLCC Oil tankers, container ships & LNG, Offshore, Subsidiary of Hyundai heavy industries.
 CSBC Corporation, Taiwan, in Taiwan, is a private company that produces ships for civilian and military use. It was a state-owned enterprise of Taiwan (Republic of China) but transitioned to private ownership via an IPO in 2008. It is headquartered in Kaohsiung and shipyards in Kaohsiung and Keelung.
 Yantai Raffles Shipyard, in Yantai, China, is that country's largest offshore builder. It employs the 20,000 ton crane Taisun, the holder of the Heavy Lift World Record. Yantai Raffles' portfolio includes offshore platforms, pipe lay and other specialized vessels.
 Jiangnan Shipyard, in Shanghai, China, is a subsidiary of China State Shipbuilding Corporation that produces both military and civilian ships. Its headquarters and main shipyard are based in Shanghai, with subsidiary shipyards in Shanghai and Chongqing.
 Bohai Shipyard, in Huludao, China, is a subsidiary of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation that produces military (including nuclear powered vessels) and civilian ships.

South East Asia

 Keppel Shipyard (Singapore)
 Hanjin shipyard in Subic, Zambales, Philippine
 The Bangkok Dock Company Sattahip, Thailand
 Bason Shipyard, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, is a long-standing builder that was established by the French government in April, 1863 to repair warships and merchant vessels. Aside from its main function of building and repairing naval vessels, Bason also offers service to local and foreign customers from Southeast Asia and Europe.

South Asia and the Middle East

 FMC Dockyard is one of the largest shipyard of Bangladesh, located in Eastern Bank of the Karnaphuli river in Chittagong. The dockyard has its own forward and backward linkage.
 Syncrolift and side transfer system.
 Western Marine Shipyard, a leading shipyard in Bangladesh based in Chittagong. The shipyard has been exporting ships and vessels to a number of European, Asian and African countries.
 Khulna Shipyard is the oldest shipyard in Bangladesh, situated in Khulna. It mainly produces warships for Bangladesh Navy. Recently it also started to build commercial vessels like cargo ship, container, oil tanker for local buyers.
 Ananda Shipyard and Shipways, one of the largest shipyards in Bangladesh, located in Narayanganj. It is a 100% export oriented shipyard.
 Pipavav Shipyard in Gujarat, India, is the leading, modern and largest engineering facility in the business of ships and offshore platforms construction, repair and conversion, heavy engineering and offshore engineering in South Asia.
 Colombo Dockyard in Colombo, Sri Lanka, is the largest engineering facility in the business of ship repair, shipbuilding, heavy engineering and offshore engineering in Sri Lanka.
 Cochin Shipyard in Kochi, India, is the country's largest shipyard. It is building the .
 Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers is located in India. It is owned by the Government of India and is constructing the s for the Indian Navy.
 Karachi Shipyard and Naval Dockyard in Karachi, Pakistan, is that country's first and oldest yard. It constructs cargo ships, tugboats, support vessels, and warships.
 Mazagaon Dockyard, operated by state-owned Mazagaon Dock Limited, is one of India's largest shipyards. It constructs a variety of ships both for the defence and civilian sector. The dockyard is known for constructing Britain's . Currently the shipyard is building three s and three s for the Indian Navy.
 The beach at Alang in the Indian state of Gujarat is the site of a large complex of shipbreaking yards.  In 2010, the yard dismantled 357 ships; on average the yard processes 28–30 ships a month.
 The Jebel Ali and Dubai ports in the UAE are capable of handling, constructing and repairing large ships. They also provide dry dock facilities.
 The gate 7 of Shuwaikh port in the Kuwait has facility for repairing ships. They also provide dry dock facilities.

See also
 List of shipbuilders and shipyards
 Shipbuilding
 Shipyard transporter

References

External links

 Shipbuilding History – extensive collection of information about North American shipyards, including over 500 pages of US shipyard construction records

Yard
Coastal construction
.

Shipyard


"The Highway Men" is a 2006 science fiction novella by British writer Ken MacLeod. It plays out in the Scottish Highlands in a near future dominated by war with China and by climate-change.  The book was published by Sandstone Vista, an imprint of Sandstone Press "developed for readers who are not used to full-length novels, or for those who simply want to enjoy a 'quick read.'"

Plot summary
Jase (Jason Mason) works as a lagger, one of a gang of labourers considered "too dumb to draft" into the army and thus conscripted into labour on public works. His group has the task of connecting a new nuclear power station to the grid in the Highlands of Scotland, which have become colder and sparsely inhabited due to climate-change. This takes place against the backdrop of a long-running war between China and the West, which started due to an air-rage incident when a Chinese businessman, under stress due to a smoking-ban, got mistaken for a terrorist.

Jase and his fellow laggers encounter a hitchhiker named Ailiss, whom Jase identifies as one of a group of New Age Settlers (also known as crusties or bandits), people who foresee the imminent end of modern society and who have retreated to a semi-hidden rural commune. However, their presence worries the authorities, who become concerned about the security of their nuclear-power station.

Believing that they have inadvertently set the settlers up for arrest or worse, three laggers travel to the commune to warn them. Discovering the commune under attack, they accidentally defeat the government forces by allowing their truck to crash into and destroy a helicopter. Jase finds himself acclaimed a hero by the settlers, and decides to join them.

Editions
 Dingwall: Sandstone, 2006.

Notes

External links

 Review at strangehorizons.com

2006 British novels
2006 science fiction novels
British novellas
Novels by Ken MacLeod
Novels set in Highland (council area)

The Highway Men (MacLeod novel)


A hunter-gatherer society is one who lives from edible plants and animals from the wild, by foraging and hunting.

The line between hunter-gatherers and other people is often not clear-cut. Nomadic people often practice a mix of hunting, gathering and herding, and others spend some of their time in farming.

Related pages
 Indigenous Australians
 Pygmy
 Inuit
 Human migration
 Indigenous peoples
 Nomads
 Neolithic revolution
 Farming

Other websites
 African Pygmies Culture and photos of these African hunter-gatherers.
 Reconstructed bone flutes, sound sample and playing instructions.
 A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths
 How Our "Hunter Gatherer" DNA Is Making Us Fat Now

Anthropology
Hunting
People by occupation

Hunter-gatherer


Chanie "Charlie" Wenjack (January 19, 1954 – October 23, 1966) was an Ojibwe boy who was famous for running away from a residential school. He died while trying to walk 600 km back home. After Wenjack's death, the Canadian government started to investigate residential schools.

Life
Chanie Wenjack was born at Ogoki Post on the Marten Falls Reserve.

When Wenjack was 9, he and his two sisters were sent to the Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School in Kenora, Ontario. He was known for being funny and for being the first one to understand jokes.

On October 16, 1966, Wenjack ran away from the school with two friends, Ralph and Jackie MacDonald. They stayed with the MacDonalds' uncle, Charley Kelley, at Redditt, which is 31 km from Kenora. Wenjack decided to go back to Ogoki Post by following railroad tracks.

Death
Wenjack walked for 36 hours. He was wearing a windbreaker. The temperature was −6 °C. Bruises on Wenjack's body showed that he fell several times.

A CN railway engineer found Wenjack's body on October 23 at 11:20AM and called the Ontario Provincial Police. The coroner determined the cause of death to be hunger and exposure.

Wenjack was buried at the reserve on October 27, 1966.

Investigation
The Canadian government started an investigation into Wenjack's death. It concluded the investigation, saying that:

Legacy

Chanie Wenjack is a symbol of how students at these schools stood up to the abuses and suffering they experienced there. A lecture at Trent University was named after Wenjack after Indigenous students asked for a building to be named in his honor.

Pop culture

In 2016, a video was made about Wenjack's life. His sister Pearl was featured in it.

The Canadian artist Gord Downie released an album with songs about Wenjack.

References

1954 births
1966 deaths
Native American people

Chanie Wenjack


The New Jersey Symphony, formerly the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, is an American symphony orchestra based in the state of New Jersey. The New Jersey Symphony is the state orchestra of New Jersey, performing classical subscription concert series and specials in six venues across the state, including the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, New Jersey, where it is the resident orchestra.

Location and venues
The New Jersey Symphony presents classical, specials, pops and family concerts at venues in six cities and venues around the state:

 Newark: New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC)
 Red Bank: Count Basie Theatre
 Morristown: Mayo Performing Arts Center
 New Brunswick: State Theatre
 Princeton: Richardson Auditorium at Princeton University
 Englewood: Bergen Performing Arts Center

The New Jersey Symphony previously presented concert series at the War Memorial in Trenton and the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn.

The New Jersey Symphony performs, or has performed, summer concerts at multiple venues across New Jersey, such as:
 Overpeck County Park (Bergen County)
 Echo Lake Park (Union County)
 Garden State Arts Center (Holmdel)
 Giralda Farms (Madison)
 Branch Brook Park (Newark)
 Meadowland Park (South Orange)
 Pier A Park (Hoboken)
 Mercer County Park (Mercer County)

The symphony also performs an annual Advent season concert of Handel's Messiah in Princeton and at the Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Newark.

History
Philip James founded the orchestra, under the name of the Montclair Art Association Orchestra, in 1922.  The orchestra gave its first concert on 27 November 1922.  During the 1940s, the orchestra performed at Newark Symphony Hall.

Following the 1968 departure of Kenneth Schermerhorn as its music director, the orchestra subsequently appointed Henry Lewis as its next music director, the first African-American music director of a major orchestra in the United States.

The orchestra had another high-profile director in Hugh Wolff during the late 1980s and early 1990s; a New York Times retrospective called his programming choices "creative" and the performances he led "polished".

"Golden Age" string collection
The New Jersey Symphony purchased 30 string instruments (including several made by Stradivari), for its string players, purchased from the collection of Herbert R. Axelrod in 2003. The orchestra named this collection the "Golden Age" string collection, and hoped this acquisition would enhance the prestige of the orchestra and attract increased audiences and donations. Doubts later surfaced as to the actual value of the collection. Axelrod had claimed their value at $49 million, and sold it to the New Jersey Symphony for $17 million.  However, it turned out that the $17 million value was closer to the current market value. News reporter investigations also raised doubts as to the authenticity of several of the instruments in the collection.  Axelrod pled guilty for an unrelated criminal charge of federal tax fraud on this transaction.

The New Jersey Symphony had planned to retain the violins and not sell them, as of July 2006. However, in March 2007, the New Jersey Symphony stated that they would try to sell the Golden Age instrument collection to help alleviate their severe budgetary fiscal and deficit issues.  The original agreement with Axelrod was that the orchestra would retain the instruments for at least 10 years, but Axelrod gave his assent to their sale.  The intentions were to use the funds from the sale of the instruments to retire orchestra debt and to build up the orchestra's endowment fund.  The orchestra had stated that their ideal scenario would be that the collection would be bought as a whole and then lent back to the orchestra, but commentators noted the difficulty of realizing such a plan.

In November 2007, the New Jersey Symphony announced that they had sold the Golden Age instruments to the American investment bankers (and twin brothers) Seth Taube and Brook Taube, along with a group of other investors, for $20 million and a portion of the proceeds from any future sales of the instruments. Part of the agreement allowed the orchestra to retain playing rights to 28 of those instruments for a minimum of 5 years.

Subsequent and recent history
Other press comments have noted that in spite of the financial troubles and controversy over this instrument collection, the orchestra has improved artistically during the tenure of Neeme Järvi (2005-2009). In October 2007, the New Jersey Symphony announced that Järvi had extended his contract as music director through the 2008–2009 season, with a commitment to six weeks of subscription concerts. In February 2008, the orchestra confirmed the conclusion of Järvi's tenure as the New Jersey Symphony's music director at the end of the 2008–2009 season. In March 2009, the New Jersey Symphony indicated that Järvi had agreed to serve as the orchestra's artistic adviser after the conclusion of his contract as music director, and subsequently to take the title of conductor laureate. The orchestra also reduced its staff and the number of subscription concerts, from 70 to 61, scheduled for the 2009–2010 season.

The New Jersey Symphony has had a series of radio broadcasts in the US since the 2006–2007 season. Gremillet announced in October 2007 that the radio broadcasts would continue. In addition, he stated the New Jersey Symphony's accumulated debt is at $15 million as of October 2007. After the announcement of the November 2007 sale of the Golden Age instruments, Gremillet stated that their scheduled sale cost will allow the orchestra to retire its accumulated debt of $14.2 million, and restore $3.1 million used from the New Jersey Symphony endowment used for the purchase of the instruments.

In November 2008, Jacques Lacombe guest-conducted the New Jersey Symphony for the first time. In October 2009, the New Jersey Symphony announced the appointment of Lacombe as its 13th music director, effective with the 2010–2011 season, with an initial contract of 3 years. Lacombe held the title of music director designate for the 2009–2010 season. In July 2012, the New Jersey Symphony announced the extension of Lacombe's contract as music director through the 2015–2016 season. In October 2014, the New Jersey Symphony announced the scheduled conclusion of Lacombe's tenure as the orchestra's music director after the conclusion of the 2015–2016 season.

Following the departure of Gremillet as New Jersey Symphony president, the orchestra appointed Richard Dare as its next December 2012. Dare took up the post at the beginning of January 2013. On January 10, 2013, Dare resigned as NJSO president, following reports of a prior accusation of a sexual offense in 1996, and possible exaggerations of his business accomplishments. Controversy subsequently ensued on the question of how much information New Jersey Symphony officials and board of trustees, and the search committee, knew of this situation during the source of the search for a new executive director. In June 2013, the New Jersey Symphony announced the appointments of James Roe as its next president and chief executive officer (CEO) and of Susan Stucker as its chief operating officer (COO), effective July 1, 2013. In June 2016, the New Jersey Symphony announced Gabriel van Aalst as its new CEO, beginning in October 2016.

Xian Zhang first guest-conducted the New Jersey Symphony in 2010. She returned for further guest appearances in February 2012 and May 2015. In November 2015, the New Jersey Symphony announced her appointment as its 14th music director, effective in September 2016, with an initial contract of 4 years. She is the first female conductor to be named music director of the New Jersey Symphony. In March 2022, the New Jersey Symphony announced the second extension of Zhang's contract, through the 2027–2028 season.

In 2020, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the orchestra launched 'New Jersey Symphony Virtual', featuring concert films, musicians performing in chamber ensembles, and virtual education programs. In December 2021, the organization changed its name from "New Jersey Symphony Orchestra" to "New Jersey Symphony" as part of a rebranding effort. The new brand consolidated the previously marketed name and "NJSO" acronym into a new singular marketing wordmark and name of "New Jersey Symphony."

The New Jersey Symphony has made several records for the Delos label with former music director Zdeněk Mácal, including works of Hector Berlioz, Antonín Dvořák, Reinhold Glière and Modest Mussorgsky. With Lacombe, the New Jersey Symphony made a commercial recording of Carmina Burana, taken from Lacombe's debut appearances with the orchestra.

Music Directors
 Philip James (1922–1929)
 Rene Pollain (1929–1939)
 Frieder Weissmann (1940–1947)
 Samuel Antek (1947–1958)
 Matyas Abas (1958–1960)
 Kenneth Schermerhorn (1962–1968)
 Henry Lewis (1968–1976)
 Thomas Michalak (1977–1983)
 Hugh Wolff (1985–1993)
 Zdeněk Mácal (1993–2002)
 Neeme Järvi (2005–2009)
 Jacques Lacombe (2010–2016)
 Xian Zhang (2016–present)

References

External links
 Official website of the New Jersey Symphony
 Website of the Musicians of the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra

Musical groups established in 1922
Orchestras based in New Jersey
History of Newark, New Jersey
Culture of Newark, New Jersey
Wikipedia requested audio of orchestras

New Jersey Symphony


Sidi-Meskin is a railway town, and archaeological site in Gouvernorat of Jendouba, Northern Tunisia. It is located in the Medjerda valley at 36.45N, 8.66E, outside of Bou Salem and is nearby to Djendouba, Mechtat el Anad and Djebel Bou Rbah. The town is located at an elevation of 430 meters above sea level, and has a mosque and railroad station.

The climate in Sidi Meskine is warm and temperate with more rainfall in the winter than in the summer. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified as Csa and temperature averages 18.0 °C. The average annual rainfall is 502 mm.

History
Historically, this region was important and wealthy. The historical importance comes clear with the nearby great Roman cities of Bulla Regia and Chemtou.

Medjerda valley became Roman after the Third Punic War about 146BC and it quickly became an important region for agriculture, with the rolling plains home to numerous Imperial estates. The town is mentioned, like many other nearby settlements, in the Saltus Burunitanus document of Commodus.

The Valley fell to the Vandal Kingdom around 423 and for a century was ruled by the Arian kings until in 533 the Orthodox Byzantines replaced them.

The area was held by Byzantium until the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the end of the 7th century.

During the Roman Empire Sidi-Meskine was a town of Africa Proconsularis, called Thunusuda. It was on the Medjerda river between Simitthu and Bulla Regia, and like them both was  the seat of an ancient bishopric, which survives today as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.

References

Communes of Tunisia
Populated places in Béja Governorate
Cities in Tunisia
Catholic titular sees in Africa

Sidi-Meskin


Paretz is a village in the German state of Brandenburg in the district of Havelland, west of Berlin. Recently, a district reform made Paretz into a borough of the city of Ketzin.  It has a population of approximately 400. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the village was the summer residence of King Frederick William III of Prussia and of his wife Queen Louise.

Paretz Palace
The manorial estate of Paretz was originally property of the von Bredow family from whom, in 1677, the Brandenburg diplomat Christoph Caspar von Blumenthal bought it. It was from here that his daughter Wilhelmina eloped  with Ernst Christian von Weiler, a married man, in 1689. The estate was inherited by Count Hans von Blumenthal, former commander of the Gardes du Corps, who in retirement was tutor to the Crown Prince Frederick William (later King Frederick William III of Prussia).

The Crown Prince had a sad childhood, but he was always happy staying with his tutor at Paretz. For this reason, in 1795 he bought the estate of Paretz from his tutor's son, his former playmate Count Heinrich von Blumenthal, for 80,000 Thalers (approximately €120,000 as of 2005).  The Berlin architect David Gilly was put in charge of the construction of the building and it was planned to become a country palace.  "Just remember always that you are building for a poor farmer", the crown prince is said to have told the architect.  Flanking the palace were placed two barn buildings each, on the left and right, (one on each side to house animals) thus forming a semi circular yard.  In 1804 the royal couple had the entire village rebuilt to conform to David Gilly's designs but the uniform style is hardly recognizable anymore today.

After the death of Queen Louise in 1810 the palace was left unchanged until 1840 when Frederick William IV had the wallpaper and furniture replaced in several rooms.  The appeal of the Schloss-Still-im-Land was lost however and the palace remained untouched and empty until early in the 20th century.

The palace continued to be owned by the Hohenzollern until 1945:  King Frederick William IV had passed the palace on to King Wilhelm I who became Emperor of Germany in 1871.  In 1888 Prince Heinrich took over the palace and his wife Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine continued after his death in 1929.

In April 1945 the Red Army took possession of the grounds and the troops didn't leave until halfway through 1946.  A year later, refugees moved into the buildings and in 1948 ownership of the palace was transferred to the Zentrale Verwaltung der gegenseitigen Bauernhilfe (ZVdgB) ("Central Administration of Mutual Aid to Farmers").  Modifications to the complex through 1950 completely changed the look of the palace and farm.

Special attractions of the palace are the tapestries that are adorned with exotic plant motives, bird renditions and depictions of landscapes in the Potsdam area.  The tapestries survived World War II as they had been removed and kept in the New Palace in Potsdam for safe keeping.

Gothic House

The Gothic House is a former royal forge. It is notable as the only neo-Gothic structure among the other rather simple buildings. Currently, a restaurant is being operated in the building.

Paretzer Erdlöcher
During the 19th century the production of bricks was an important industry for the area as they could be sold to the ever-growing city of Berlin. Therefore, many villages had several tile producing companies. To make the bricks, clay was needed and mined from the clay ground common to the area.

When the business slowed down after World War I, the clay mines filled with ground water and turned into small lakes, the Erdlöcher or "holes in the ground". After World War II, some holes were backfilled with rubble from bombed Berlin (in a peculiar kind of material cycle), today most of them however are home to numerous water fowl and have been placed under environmental protection.

Theodor Fontane

The German poet and author Theodor Fontane liked the village a lot and came to visit Paretz three times:  in the spring of 1861, 1869 and in May 1870.  He describes the farm Paretz in his Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg in vivid colors:

"Uetz and Paretz are separated by little more than half a mile.  On a summer afternoon this is an inspiring walk.  The path leads through the meadows and the smell of hay is present from the fields all around us.  A thin, fog lit by the sun marks the spot where the wide Havel with its many bays and lakes lies.  Paretz itself does not appear to us until the very last."

"Finally the path turns into a levee and instead of the fruit trees that so far have kept us company there are tall poplars and royal buildings everywhere until we cross a light and elegant bridge, called the Infantenbrücke, and reach the village road.  The road takes us through the park then grows wider just after going around a bend and we are there."

Waterways
Paretz lies on the River Havel between the cities of Potsdam and Brandenburg, and the junction of that river with two canals is nearby. Both canals were built to provide alternative routes to the river, but for rather different ulterior purposes.

In the 1870s, the Sacrow–Paretz Canal was constructed to link Paretz with the Jungfernsee, near Potsdam, thus providing a shorter navigation route to Berlin and points upstream for vessels navigating the River Havel. In the 1950s, the Havel Canal was constructed to link Paretz with Hennigsdorf, significantly further upstream than Potsdam and avoiding a passage through the reach of the River Havel that was under the political control of West Berlin. Both canals are still in use, providing shorter routes for shipping from the west to Berlin and to the Oder–Havel Canal and Poland.

References

External links
 Paretz Palace and Garden -  Stiftung Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg
Verein Historisches Paretz

Villages in Brandenburg
Localities in Havelland
Frederick William III of Prussia
Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Paretz


"The Best of Rock za Hrvatsku" (Rock for Croatia) was a popular album of anti-war and patriotic songs by many different songwriters and bands (a compilation album). It was released in 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence. Some of the artists whose songs were in this album were popular across Yugoslavia before it broke up, like Psihomodo pop, Jura Stublić, Parni valjak, Boa, and Aerodrom's Jura Pađen. They took a pro-Croatian stance as the Yugoslav Wars began, while other popular songwriters and bands like Azra did not have their songs in the album because they broke up.

The album also made some new people popular, like the dance group ET, rock band Thompson and others. They would become the first specifically Croatian bands.

Songs
"Croatia in Flames" (3:12) by Montažstroj and H.C. Boxer
"Hrvatska mora pobijediti" (4:35) by Psihomodo pop
"Moj dom" (5:08) by Dino Dvornik, Gibonni and Marijan Ban
"Hrvatine" (3:40) by Novak and Kopola
"Hrvatska mora biti slobodna" (2:45) by CLF
"E moj druže beogradski" (4:13) by Jura Stublić
"Pjesma je jača od minobacača" (3:13) by Mucalo
"Kekec je slobodan, red je na nas" (4:30) by Parni valjak
"Molitva za mir" (3:42) by Electro Team
"Bojna Čavoglave" (3:23) by Thompson
"Tko to tamo gine" (1:50) by Jura Pađen
"Sloboda i mir" (3:43) by Josipa Lisac
"Why" (2:45) by Daleka Obala
"Zemlja" (5:50) by Boa
"Can we go higher?" (6:23) by Nenad Bach
"Lijepa naša" (1:50) by Novak and Kopola
"Čekam te" (3:00) by ZG Glumice

References

Croatia Records Accessed 18 Apr 2010

1992 albums
Rock music
Rock albums
Pop music
Croatian culture

The Best of Rock za Hrvatsku


Millers is an unincorporated community in Carroll County, Maryland, United States. The Jacob F. Shaffer Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

References

According to the website www.mdihp.net from Survey CARR-1456, "When the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad passed through Aaron Miller's land, he built and ran the railroad stop, which came to be known as Millers Station, and sold off lots creating a small crossroads community that still bears his name (CARR-553).  When he (Aaron Miller) died in  early 1891, he was living at the station.

Unincorporated communities in Carroll County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland

Millers, Maryland


Acacia alaticaulis is a shrub to tree of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Botrycephalae that is native to eastern Australia.

Description
The spindly slender shrub to tree typically grows to a height of . It usually has pendulous branches and glabrous to slightly hairy branchlets that have convoluted, winged ridges to a height of . The dark green leaves are paler on the underside and are supported on a  long petiole. There are one to ten pairs of pinnae that are  in length with 7 to 17 pairs of pinnules that are well-spaced between each other. The pinnules have an oblong to narrowly oblong, lanceolate or narrowly obovate shape and are  in length and  wide. It blooms from December to May and produces cream-white inflorescences.

Distribution
It is endemic to an area in eastern New South Wales where it has a restricted range around Howes Mountain area and around Mount Murwin and the Yengo National Park area where it is commonly situated on hillslopes and ridges among and over sandstone bedrock or outcrops or where areas of shale meet sandstones. It is found growing in sandy to sandy clay soils as a part of Eucalyptus woodlands or open forest communities as a part of the shrub understorey.

See also
 List of Acacia species

References

alaticaulis
Flora of New South Wales
Taxa named by Mary Tindale
Plants described in 2013

Acacia alaticaulis


Yulia Olegovna Khlynina (; born 11 January 1992) is a Russian actress.

Early life
Yulia Khlynina was born in Moscow, Russia. In early childhood she studied dance and went to a ballet studio.
Khlynina worked for three years in the children's drama theater "Miracle" at the Balakirev Music School in Vykhino. She studied well and graduated from a specialized economic-geographical class.

After receiving the diploma of secondary education, she went for entrance exams simultaneously to the biology faculty of Moscow State University, to the Institute for Nuclear Research, to the Moscow Mining University and to three theaters of higher education, the Moscow Art Theatre, the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts and Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute. She was accepted at all of the educational institutes. From these creative and non-creative educational institutions she chose the Moscow Art Theatre.

In 2013 she graduated from the Moscow Art Theatre School, workshop of Konstantin Raikin. Her works in the educational theater of the Moscow Art Theater School: The Final Cut., Choreographic requiem based on the music of the group Pink Floyd directed by Alla Sigalova; We are Karamazo You (sketches and dialogues based on the novel The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky) directed by Viktor Ryzhakov; "We have in Kamergersky", a performance-divertissement: sketches for acting and plasticity, directors Konstantin Raikin, Elena Butenko-Raikina and Sergei Shentalinsky.

During her studies she made her debut on the stage of the theater "Satyricon" the role of Julieta.

Career
Since 2010, she has been acting in films, having made her debut in the melodrama TV series The Last Minute. Afterwards, she acted in the film Astra, I Love You (2012).

In 2013 she performed her first major roles. In the crime comedy All at Once she played Motya, and Marina Ryabinskaya in the TV series Deceive, if You Love. In the same year she starred as Sonya in Stanislav Govorukhin's Weekend.

The actress received wider recognition among the general public after her role of the affected intellectual Liza who dreams of becoming a writer in the series The Law of the Concrete Jungle on the TNT channel.

In 2016, the film The Duelist by Aleksey Mizgirev was released, Yulia performed the role of Princess Martha Tuchkova - the sister of Prince Tuchkov, portrayed by Pavel Tabakov.

Yulia played the role of Lada in the historical fantasy film Furious by Ivan Shurkhovetskiy in 2017.

Selected filmography

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Russian film actresses
Russian television actresses
Russian stage actresses
Actresses from Moscow
21st-century Russian actresses

Yulia Khlynina


Waagner Biro is a Vienna-based group of companies formerly part of the same group which have developed into separately owned, independent companies operating in steel and mechanical engineering. Collectively, the companies have about 1000 employees in various locations in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

Businesses

Waagner Biro Steel and Glass has divisions in steel and glass engineering and facade construction in Austria, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates.

Waagner Biro Steel Bridge Systems specialises in bridge construction.

Waagner-Biro Stage Systems Group is a major manufacturer of stage equipment.

History
On October 16, 1854, the Vienna city magistrate granted Rudolph Philipp Waagner an "Iron trade authorisation". That same year, Anton Biró and Albert Milde & Co. merged. The company first used the name Waagner-Biro in 1924.

In 1906, the company provided the Vienna State Opera with stage equipment. Forty years later, the company rebuilt the opera house's roof. Other roof projects include Vienna's Stephansdom in 1948, the Munich Olympic facilities in 1969, the Prater Stadium in Vienna in 1985, and the Reichstag dome in Berlin, for which the company won a European Steel Design award in 1999. Waagner-Biro won another award in 2003 for the British Museum's Queen Elizabeth II Great Court.

Between 1910 and 1932, the company completed Schweden Bridge, Floridsdorf Bridge, Frieden Bridge, Augarten Bridge, and other bridges in Vienna. Other bridges built by Waagner-Biro include Europa Bridge in Innsbruck, Austria in 1962, North Bridge in Vienna in 1964, and bridges over the Danube River in the Vienna districts of Floridsdorf in 1979 and Brigittenau in 1980.

In 1960, Waagner-Biro worked on stage engineering for Sydney Opera. The Waagner-Biro process for cooling and quenching hot coke was introduced in the 1970s.

In 1982, the Dubai branch office opened. In 2000, Waagner-Biro Gulf LLC was established.

In 2003, the stage engineering companies went under the name Stage Systems.

In 2019, following the insolvency of the Waagner Biro Group, the group of companies devolved into separate entities, all of which use the trade name Waagner Biro. The three new companies formed are Stage Systems, Bridge Systems and Steel and Glass.

Waagner Biro Stage Systems is now owned by Austrian entrepreneur Erhard Grossnigg, whilst Waagner Biro Steel and Glass was acquired by Alheya Holding Group, based in Abu Dhabi.

In 2020, Waagner Biro Steel and Glass in Europe and the UK were acquired by the Zeman Group, along with a 49% stake in the UAE business (with Alheya Holdings retaining 51% ownership in the UAE).

In 2021, Waagner Biro Steel and Glass in Europe acquired 100% stake in the UAE business - Waagner Biro Emirates Contracting LLC.

Projects
Lärchwandschrägaufzug, High Tauern National Park, Austria (1952)
Reichstag dome at Reichstag building, Berlin, Germany (1993)
Sony Center, Berlin, Germany (2000)
Great Court at British Museum, London, United Kingdom (2001)
Red Bull Hangar-7, Salzburg, Austria (2003)
Copenhagen Opera House, Copenhagen, Denmark (2004)
Ascot Racecourse, Ascot, United Kingdom (2005)
Złote Tarasy, Warsaw, Poland (2007)
Koncerthuset, Copenhagen, Denmark (2008)
Dubai Festival City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2008 & 2016)
Yas Marina Hotel, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (2009)
Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (2011)
Estrella–Pantaleon Bridge, Metro Manila, Philippines (2011)
Cour Visconti, Louvre, Paris, France (2011)
One Angel Square, Manchester, United Kingdom (2012)
Heydar Aliyev International Airport, Baku, Azerbaijan (2013)
Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford, United Kingdom (2015)
Maersk Tower, Panum Building, Copenhagen, Denmark (2016)
Etihad Museum, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2016)
Louvre Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (2018)

References

External links

 Company website

Construction and civil engineering companies of Austria
Companies based in Vienna

Waagner-Biro


Fotki is a digital photo sharing, video sharing and media social network website and web service suite; it is one of the world's largest social networking sites. As an image hosting service, Fotki licenses photo-sharing software for global companies such as Telecom Italia, Alice.it, Sears, Mark Travel, Vegas.com, and Funjet.com, among others.

As of January 2011, Fotki claimed to have over 1 million 600 thousand registered members from 241 countries and hosted over a billion digital images. It has been ranked in the 1400s in popularity by Alexa.

Originally offering free accounts, Fotki ceased offering free accounts in 2015.

History

Founding as freeware
Fotki was founded in 1998 by Katrin Lilleoks and Dmitri Don  (who became President) to store and share photos and communicate with others around the world. The name is derived from colloquial terms for photography in several Slavic languages. It was initially used heavily in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia, later becoming registered in the United States.

In 2001, the commercial version was launched. In 2003, Fotki became a registered trade mark in the United States.

In 2007, Fotki.com was recognized by CNET as one of the best Web 2.0 applications. In 2008, founder Dmitri Don described it as a photo-sharing, photo-printing, photo-selling and blogging website. Daily figures, according to Don, included half a million unique daily visitors. The company remained based in Tallinn, Estonia, with annual turnover of over $50 billion on its licensed or hosted services. Pavel Merdin oversaw the development team. In 2008, Fotki moved its office in the United States from New York to California. Telecom Italia and Alice.it both had web portals using the Fotki photo engine.

In 2011, Fotki stated it had over a million users and a billion images, and was registered in the United States. Features also included printing services, e-commerce photo sales with Fotki taking a 15% commission, and "guestbook facilities". In 2011, a free account had 50 mb of storage, with another 10 mb added monthly.

Paid service
In June 2012 paid members with 5-year unlimited storage accounts received message that they no longer have access to the original images unless they paid extra fees. In August 2015, all free members received a message to upgrade to a paid service. Fotki stated they could no longer support free members since they were doing away with ads. On October 1, 2015 all free members accounts were deleted.

In Jun 2018, an email from fotki.com to one of the members stated "In order to keep quality of our service we remove old unused accounts. We've noticed that you didn't use your account at fotki.com for a year. That's why your account is queued to be deleted in 2 days". There is no option to reactivate account without paying for the service.

Features

Sharing

The primary purpose of the site, in 2002, was to allow and facilitate the process of sharing digital photos online. To that end, users can transfer an image file from a local device to Fotki's server using a variety of tools, where the file can be stored and downloaded by other users.

Storage
Owners of Premium, Trial and Free Unlimited accounts get unlimited storage space. Free accounts have a space limit of 3000 MB plus the option to get an additional 200 MB every month.

Organization
Fotki users can organize their photos and videos into a structure by grouping albums into folders, creating sub-folders, moving albums between folders, moving sub-folders between folders, moving and copying photos/videos between albums. Photos, albums and folders can be rearranged.

Users are also encouraged to add tags to their photos so they can be found in search.

Management tools
When logged in, Fotki users have access to management tools which allow editing, moving or deleting their content, changing properties of the content, changing account settings and restricting access to the content if needed.

Access
By default, all content created in the "Public Home" is available to all viewers. No registration is required to access the public content. To restrict access to their content, Fotki users can use several security options, such as passwords for albums and folders, hidden albums, private section, shared folders, protection from right-click copying, restriction to view originals and to order prints. Fotki also allows for XML-based RSS and Atom feeds, as well as external linking and sending invites to view content.

Customization options
Users can customize the look of their Fotki site by using different pre-designed skins or manually selecting colors for each element on their page.

Community features
The site by 2011 had been recognized by CNET as a Web 2.0 social networking application, as it also includes forums, blogs, and contests beyond photo and video sharing.

Beyond photo search, as of 2011, there were also features to search for other members by a number of criteria such as interests. Members can be searched by name, profile type, location, gender, age, interest, marital status and more. IPTC keyword searching is supported.

Each Fotki member gets an e-mail account. Fotki e-mail system features a spam filter with 20 levels of sensitivity, address book and the ability to create custom folders to organize messages. Each member has a Guestbook which can be enabled or disabled. Guestbook messages can be public or private. Each individual photo can be commented. Members can create any number of personal blogs and forums.

Fotki runs photo contests on a regular basis. Participation is open to all registered members. Usually, first 3 winners receive a one-year Premium membership, but sometimes there may be other prizes involved if the contest is sponsored by a third party. Effective May 11, 2007, Fotki runs a weekly "My Photo Of The Week" contest.

Printing
As of 2011, Fotki.com offered printing services which included (as of 2006) digital photo prints, postcards, photo mugs, T-shirts, magnets, mouse-pads and photo frames at competitive prices.

Professional services
Professional photographers can sell their photos at their own price, higher than the printing cost imposed by Fotki. The difference in price minus 15% commission fee goes to the photographer, as of 2011. Earned money is remitted by PayPal, check or bank transfer. Photographers who offer their photos for sale can upload small size, low-res or watermarked images to avoid theft. When such photo is requested, the photographer has the option to securely upload the full size image for printing.

Video sharing

Fotki offers a unique video hosting service, which allows uploading and storing videos and photos together in one album.

The company charges per GB of storage and  per GB of traffic. To activate this service, members must deposit to their balance. Video streaming is ads free for everybody.

Fotki members can also store links to videos hosted by other websites. Video collections are displayed as a list of embedded previews which will enlarge when clicked on. To be accepted, the video has to be stored on Google Video, YouTube, Metacafe, Vsocial, MySpace, Vimeo, or Dailymotion.

Privacy and security
Each account has a private and public area. Private areas are visible only to the account owner. Users can set viewing options to allow certain categories of people to view their albums (everybody, Fotki members only, Fotki friends only, or just the owner). Albums can be hidden or password protected or both.

Adult content can be marked with a "viewers discretion advised" flag. Such content requires age confirmation to be viewed. The site's Terms Of Service policy prohibits public display of adult content. Users can report photos in question using a complaint form. Copyright infringement is also prohibited. Users can view IPs of people who write comments and guestbook messages on their site. Login names of visitors to a member's personal site are logged and stored in the member's "Guests" section. These options can be turned off. All sensitive, personal and financial information is transmitted using SSL encryption (https). Personal information including email is not available to the public.

Localization
As of January 2011, the site was partially translated to Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Chinese Simplified, Japanese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, Brazilian Portuguese, Estonian, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay, Ukrainian and Hebrew. With volunteer help, Fotki continues to translate its pages and improve the existing translation. Volunteers are given Premium memberships for contributing.

Criticism
Fotki has been mostly criticized for not providing enough storage space to its Free members, problems with hotlinking, no month-to-month membership, and traffic limit. In addition, Fotki show ads on albums of paid Premium members.

Controversies and discussions

Censorship and artistic nudity
In May 2006, a photo of a nearly-nude female was removed from a Fotki contest by the moderators. This initiated a prolonged discussion on "artistic nudity". The author of the disqualified entry criticized Fotki for censorship and questioned its policy on nudity. After exchanging arguments, the Fotki side agreed to review the site's policy in favor of artistic photography while the decision to prohibit adult content in public sections of the site was upheld. As a result, the Fotki administration decided to run a separate, non-public photo contest once a month in which nudity is allowed.

Contest rules
In October 2006, several Fotki members posted messages in the Fotki blog protesting against the then-current contest rules which apparently allowed the earlier entrants to receive more exposure and thus get more votes. Other major issues brought up by the users included maintaining anonymity of entries while voting is in progress, allowing non-paying members to participate, working out a better formula for calculating the scores, allowing image editing and enhancement. A heated discussion that involved many Fotki members quickly gave rise to a vigorous campaign to make the administration change the contest rules. As a result, a new contest system was introduced and new rules developed.

Updated storage policy

Fotki sent out a message in June 2012 to all of its subscribers, notifying them of its financial situation and the resulting need for extra support for the storage of the original full-sized images. Access to the original images was suspended until further arrangements were made.  In August 2015, all free members received a message to upgrade to a paid service. Fotki stated they could no longer support free members since they were doing away with ads and on October 1, 2015 all free members accounts would be deleted. All free members had to upgrade to a paid service or face their accounts to be deleted on October 1, 2015.

See also
List of image-sharing websites
List of social networking services
List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users

References

External links
 Fotki website

Photography websites
Social networking websites
Image-sharing websites

Fotki


Matthias Pliessnig is an acclaimed furniture designer based in Brooklyn, New York. whose work uses steam bent wood. His style is "kinetically contemporary" and he uses "computer-aided curves with laborious craftsmanship" to handcraft chairs and benches.

Pliessnig is a graduate of Rhode Island School of Design and the University of Wisconsin (Madison). His interest in woodworking developed after he decided to build a boat and was inspired to apply those techniques, particularly steam bending of wood strips around a mold, to furniture making. The New York Times reported that his studio "looks more akin to a boat-builder's garage than an icy SoHo loft, which makes sense when you consider the lunular shapes of Pliessnig's chairs."

His first solo exhibition was hosted by Philadelphia's Wexler Gallery in 2008. Plessing's 2003 Shell is made of laminated mahogany wood strips around a concrete form. His work Bends is a bowed bench made from a grid of wood that "gives way to support the sitter".

In 2010, he was named a fellow by United States Artists.

References

External links
Matthias's official website
Instagram

American furniture designers
Living people
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Matthias Pliessnig


Panota is a village located in the Desuri tehsil in the Pali district of Rajasthan, India. It is located near Sadri town on state highway SH 62 between Jojawar and Bagol and Kot Solankiyan, in a valley on the western side of the Aravalli Range. Panota is easily accessed by road from Jojawar and Khinwara to Desuri. It was one of the affluent villages of wealthy people but was looted by robbers long time back, though today a lot of its population have migrated to cities for their bread earning activities and the village has very few open homes, a few settled in Mumbai and the rest in Tamil Nadu & Karnataka.

Villages in Pali district

Panota


Jungle 2 Jungle is a 1997 comedy film directed by John Pasquin, produced by Walt Disney Pictures and TF1 Films Productions, and starring Tim Allen, Martin Short, Lolita Davidovich, David Ogden Stiers, JoBeth Williams, and introducing Sam Huntington in his film debut as Mimi-Siku. It is an American remake of the 1994 French film Un indien dans la ville (also known as Little Indian, Big City). Its plot follows that of the original film fairly closely, with the biggest difference being the change in location from Paris to New York City.

Plot
Michael Cromwell is a self-absorbed commodities broker living in New York City. Wanting to marry his new fiancée, Charlotte, he needs to obtain a divorce from his first wife, Patricia, who left him some years earlier. She now lives with a semi-Westernized tribe in Canaima National Park, Venezuela. He travels there to get her signature on the divorce papers. Upon arriving, she reveals that they had a son together, who is now 13 years old and named Mimi-Siku.

Michael attempts to bond with Mimi in his brief stay with the tribe and promises to take him to New York City "when he is a man". He is also given a new name of "Baboon" as is a custom in the tribe. That night, Mimi undergoes the traditional rite of passage of the tribe, who then considers him to be a man. The tribal elder gives him a special task to bring fire from the Statue of Liberty in order to become the next chief. A reluctant Michael, realizing his promise would have to be honored sooner than he realized, brings Mimi to New York City with him.

Charlotte is less than pleased about Mimi and his primitive ways. As Michael attempts to adapt him to city life, cross-cultural misunderstandings occur when he reverts to customs considered acceptable by his tribe. On climbing the Statue of Liberty to reach the torch, he is disappointed when he sees that the flame is not real. After a brief argument with Michael, Mimi's antics have caused Charlotte to reach her breaking point.

While staying at the home of Michael's business partner Richard Kempster, Mimi falls in love with his daughter, Karen. He paints her face and gives her a new name, Ukume, as is the custom in his tribe. Richard resents Mimi's presence in his home due to his influence over Karen and because he cooked and ate his valuable prize-winning Poecilia latipinna fish. Richard freaks out when he sees Karen and Mimi together in a hammock and threatens to send her to an all-girls summer camp.

The Kempsters and Michael are targeted by Alexei Jovanovic, a Russian mobster and caviar dealer who believes that they have cheated him in a business deal. He arrives at the Kempsters' home and tortures Richard for information and is prepared to cut off his fingers. By fighting together, utilizing Mimi's hunting skills, and Mimi's pet tarantula Maitika, Michael and Mimi fight off Jovanovic and his minions.

Before returning to the Amazon jungle, Mimi is given a satellite phone by Michael so they can stay in touch. He also presents him with a Statue of Liberty cigarette lighter, which produces fire from the torch and will fulfill his quest. In return, he gives Michael a blowpipe and poisoned darts, telling him to practice and come to see him when he can hit flies.

Shortly afterward, Michael finds himself disheartened by the rat-race and realizes that his relationship with Charlotte is not working for him anymore. He attempts to kill a fly with his blowpipe on the trading floor of the New York Board of Trade. He hits it, but also his hot-tempered boss Langston who collapses asleep on the trading floor.

Michael returns to Lipo-Lipo to see Mimi and Patricia, bringing the Kempsters with him for a vacation. Karen and Mimi are reunited and it is suggested that Michael and Patricia also resume their relationship.

As the closing credits start rolling, Michael undergoes the rite of passage as Mimi did earlier.

Cast
 Tim Allen as Michael Cromwell
 Martin Short as Richard Kempster
 Lolita Davidovich as Charlotte
 David Ogden Stiers as Alexei Jovanovic
 Sam Huntington as Mimi-Siku Cromwell
 Bob Dishy as George Langston
 JoBeth Williams as Dr. Patricia Cromwell
 Valerie Mahaffey as Jan Kempster
 Leelee Sobieski as Karen Kempster
 Luis Ávalos as Abe
 Frankie J. Galasso as Andrew Kempster
 Carole Shelley as Fiona Glockman
 Adam LeFevre as Morrison
 Dominic Keating as Ian
 Rondi Reed as Sarah

Reception

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 19%, based on reviews from 42 critics. The site's consensus states: "Tim Allen spends Jungle 2 Jungle annoyed and put upon, mirroring audiences' reaction as they struggle through this witless family comedy."

Roger Ebert was disappointed by the film, giving it one star out of four, a small step from his original zero star rating for Little Indian, Big City. On his television program Siskel and Ebert, Ebert said Jungle 2 Jungle was not as bad as Little Indian, Big City because it was "far too mediocre to be terrible." He also described it as "lamebrained, boring, predictable, long, and slow", and added that while the French version was memorably bad, Jungle 2 Jungle was "just forgettable". Ebert's colleague Gene Siskel mildly disagreed, specifying that he felt Jungle 2 Jungle was just as bad as Little Indian, Big City. He also said he felt embarrassed for Allen and Short, as he felt they were used far better in other television programs and films. Siskel later went on to declare Jungle 2 Jungle the worst film of 1997.

At the 1997 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the film was listed as one of 30 dishonorable mentions for Worst Picture and was noted under the Founders Award, which lamented the year's biggest studio disgraces. Referencing Siskel's pick for worst film of the year (they called it "a horrendous embarrassment for Disney"), the Stinkers stated that it had "just as many laughs as Little Indian, Big City (zero) and we're being generous" and added that Disney needed to stop remaking so many films.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack consists of 14 songs with a total time of 50:20.

Track listing

 Maxi Priest - "It Starts in the Heart" (4:44)
 Peter Gabriel/Youssou N'Dour/Shaggy - "Shaking the Tree" (5:34)
 Dana Hutson - "It's My Life" (3:29)
 Jam Nation - "Awakening" (2:52)
 Joseph Arthur - "Big City Secret" (4:37)
 The Sha-Shees - "You Can Do It" (3:53)
 Rique Pantoja - "By the Sea" (3:48)
 Totó la Momposina y Sus Tambores - "La Sombra Negra" (3:25)
 "Between Two Worlds" (2:16)
 George Acogny - "Fire Dance/Ceremony Chant" (2:25)
 Eyuphuro - "Akatswela" (4:47)
 Afro Celt Sound System - "Whirl-Y-Reel I" (3:32)
 Totó la Momposina y Sus Tambores - "Malanga" (4:06)
 "New York Jungle" (0:49)

Included clips
Disney Time (1997) On BBC1 (Spider Chase From Jungle 2 Jungle)

References

External links

1997 films
1997 comedy films
1990s adventure comedy films
1990s children's adventure films
American children's comedy films
American adventure comedy films
American children's adventure films
American remakes of French films
1990s English-language films
Films about father–son relationships
Films about hunter-gatherers
Films about Native Americans
Films directed by John Pasquin
Films scored by Michael Convertino
French films set in New York City
Films set in Venezuela
Films shot in Venezuela
Wall Street films
Walt Disney Pictures films
1990s American films

Jungle 2 Jungle


The Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand is a specialized public library run by the Paris municipal library system.

History
Created from a massive collection started in 1897 by journalist and activist Marguerite Durand. It was initially located at the premises of her newspaper La Fronde the Library opened in 1931 and moved to 79 rue Nationale in Paris. It holds a collection of materials on French feminism and the struggle of French suffragettes for equality. The collection contains biographies, manuscripts, photographs, periodicals, letters, and more than 25,000 books dating back to the 17th century, plus 4,000 pieces of correspondence written by prominent women.

Among the books and papers that can be found in the library are materials from women authors, artists, scientists, explorers, politicians, journalists and other notable women including Madame de Staël, Colette, Marie Bashkirtseff, Séverine, Gyp, Alexandra David-Néel, Maria Deraismes, Clémence Royer, and Olympe de Gouges.

References

Public libraries in France
Libraries in Paris

Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand


was a town located in Kamiukena District, Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,555 and a density of 25.42 persons per km2. The total area was 139.84 km2.

On January 1, 2005, Oda, along with the town of Ikazaki (from Kita District), was merged into the expanded town of Uchiko and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
Official website of Uchiko in Japanese

Dissolved municipalities of Ehime Prefecture
Uchiko, Ehime

Oda, Ehime


Dupont are an electronic music band from Sweden.

History
DuPont was formed as a collaboration of the vocalist Johan Damm and the electronic musicians Danucci and Riccardo in 1999. Following the demo 'Deliver', they signed with the German label Lip Records who released their first single 'Behave'. Their debut album 'Ukraina' was released in 2001. In 2002, Dupont supported Covenant on their 'Northern Light' tour.

There was a lengthy gap between their first and second albums, during which time Johan left the project to eventually be replaced on lead vocals by Riccardo, with the band's music moving in an electro-pop direction on their 2005 album 'Intermezzo'.  Their third album came out 2009 and is called "Entering the Ice Age".

Discography
Album: Behave
Catalogue No: Pain0001
Release date: 2000
Format: CDM

Album: Ukraina
Catalogue No: Pain0004
Release date: 2001
Format: CD

Album: Intermezzo
Catalogue No: Pain0009
Release date: 2005
Format: CD

Album: Entering the ice age
Catalogue No: PROCD020
Release date: 2009
Format: CD

Swedish synthpop groups
Electronic body music groups

Dupont (band)


The Public Health Agency of Sweden (, abbreviated Fohm) is a Swedish government agency with national responsibility for public health. It falls under the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and works to promote public health and to prevent illness and injuries through education. It monitors the health of the population, infectious disease control measures, and public health interventions, and assists the Government in its decision-making process by providing facts and knowledge. The agency is tasked with minimizing negative environmental impact on human health, and participates in the work of the EU and international public health organisations, such as the WHO and IANPHI.

History
The agency was established in 2014 by a merger of the Swedish National Institute of Public Health () and the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control (). It took on most of the responsibilities for environmental health and for environment and public health reports previously assigned to the National Board of Health and Welfare ().

Organisation
The agency has about 450 employees and is based in Solna. It is led by Director-General Johan Carlson, and organized into five departments: Epidemiology and Evaluation, Knowledge support, Microbiology, Communications and Administration.

High-containment laboratory

The Public Health Agency of Sweden runs the only biosafety level 4 laboratory in the Nordic region — one of only six in Europe. The laboratory is located at the headquarters in Solna, and has been in operation since 2001. It is built of wholly encased steel, totally isolated from the rest of the premises. The entire building is kept at negative air pressure, to prevent any contagion spreading outdoors, and laboratory access is limited to approximately 20 employees, pre-screened by the Swedish Security Service. Patients with highly infectious diseases are usually treated at high-containment medical facilities in Linköping University Hospital or at Karolinska University Hospital.

See also
 List of national public health agencies.

References

External links
 Public Health Agency of Sweden - Official site (English)

Government agencies of Sweden
Medical and health organizations based in Sweden
Public health organizations
2014 establishments in Sweden
National public health agencies

Public Health Agency of Sweden


Coming Back to Me: The Autobiography of Marcus Trescothick is the 2008 autobiography of former England Test cricketer Marcus Trescothick, written with Peter Hayter. The book summarises Trescothick's cricketing exploits, from his childhood fantasies through to his international successes, but focuses on the trouble that he suffered when touring overseas, and the resulting depression that caused him to retire from international cricket.

The book was named William Hill Sports Book of the Year 2008, becoming just the second autobiography to win the award. Co-founder of the prize, Graham Sharpe, said that: "The judges felt it fearlessly tackled one of the great taboos of elite sport." It was also shortlisted for the "Best Autobiography" at the British Sports Book Awards 2009, and the "Biography of the Year" at the 2009 National Book Awards.

References

Cricket books
British biographies
Sports autobiographies
HarperCollins books
William Hill Sports Book of the Year winning works
2008 non-fiction books

Coming Back to Me


Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. It is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the cavities.

Presentation
Typically, sinus barotrauma is preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection or allergy. The affected person has a sudden sharp facial pain or headache during descent, which increases as the aircraft approaches ground level. The pain can ultimately become disabling unless the ambient pressure is reversed.

The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.

In most cases of sinus barotrauma, localized pain to the frontal area is the predominant symptom. This is due to pain originating from the frontal sinus, it being above the brow bones.  Less common is pain referred to the temporal, occipital, or retrobulbar region. Epistaxis or serosanguineous secretion from the nose may occur. Neurological symptoms may affect the adjacent fifth cranial nerve and especially the infraorbital nerve.

Pathology
The pathology of sinus barotrauma is directly related to Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on it, when temperature is constant (P1 × V1 = P2 × V2). Two types of acute barotrauma are observed: squeeze and reverse squeeze.

On ascent, the air in the paranasal sinuses will expand according to Boyle's law, contracting during descent. Normally, the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity through small ostia, which permit mucociliary clearance and ventilation that equilibrates pressure. However, when the opening is obstructed due to inflammation, polyps, mucosal thickening, anatomical abnormalities, or other lesions, pressure equilibration is impossible. Squeeze is produced on descent when trapped air in the sinuses contracts and produces negative pressure. The pressure differentials are directed to the center of the sinuses producing mucosal edema, transudation, and mucosal-or submucosal-hematoma, leading to further occlusion of the sinus ostium. The sinus will fill with fluid or blood unless the pressure differential is neutralized.

If the outlet is blocked during ascent, the situation is reversed and "reverse squeeze" appears. Pressure inside the sinus increases, affecting the walls of the sinus and producing pain or epistaxis.

Location
The majority of episodes of sinus barotrauma occur in the frontal sinuses with pain localized over the frontal area. Possible explanations for this might be the relatively long and delicate nasofrontal duct that connects the narrow frontal recess with the frontal sinuses.

Barotrauma located in the maxillary, ethmoidal, or sphenoid sinuses is observed less frequently and appears when the ostia are blocked; the majority of cases are probably caused by an acute upper respiratory tract infection. The magnitude of the pressure difference needed to produce a barotrauma probably shows great individual variation and is related to the size of the sinus ostium and the rate of ambient pressure change. Due to this, even commercial flying may produce severe cases of barotraumas, although most of the cases are observed in high performance aircraft with lower pressurized cabins.

Diagnosis
Most cases occur in scuba divers and fliers, and is easily diagnosed when presented to physicians immediately after exposure. On the other hand, the problem may remain undiagnosed when the history fails to relate the symptoms to exposure to environmental pressure changes or if the focus is on other etiologies.

Grades
Weissman defined three grades of sinus barotraumas according to symptomatology.
 Grade I includes cases with mild transient sinus discomfort without changes visible on X-ray.
 Grade II is characterized by severe pain for up to 24 h, with some mucosal thickening on X-ray.
 Patients with grade III have severe pain lasting for more than 24 h and X-ray shows severe mucosal thickening or opacification of the affected sinus; epistaxis or subsequent sinusitis may be observed.

Treatment
Mild cases of barotrauma are readily treated by topical decongestants and painkillers. In severe cases or cases resistant to local treatment, functional endoscopic sinus surgery is indicated in order to re-establish drainage and ventilation of the sinuses. This treatment has shown good results in aviators who have recurrent sinus barotrauma. Computer-aided surgery has re-established the drainage of affected sinuses, especially with regard to the sphenoid sinuses. When the sphenoids were entered endoscopically, mucosal petechia and hematoma were clearly seen.

History
Sinus barotrauma or aerosinusitis has been known since the early development of aviation medicine. However, it was during World War II that the subject first received serious attention and the pathogenesis of the disease was understood to be due to exposure to high altitude flights. Rapid altitude changes with accompanying changes in ambient pressure exposed the aircrews to an increasing number of episodes of sinus barotrauma.

Referred pain from barosinusitis to the maxilla consists about one-fifth of in-flight barodontalgia (i.e., pain in the oral cavity caused by barometric pressure change) cases. Although the environment of fighter pilots produces the most stressful barometric changes, commercial flying has changed the picture of the disease.

See also

References

External links

Aviation medicine
Effects of external causes
Diving medicine

Aerosinusitis


A document-term matrix is a mathematical matrix that describes the frequency of terms that occur in a collection of documents. In a document-term matrix, rows correspond to documents in the collection and columns correspond to terms. This matrix is a specific instance of a document-feature matrix where "features" may refer to other properties of a document besides terms. It is also common to encounter the transpose, or term-document matrix where documents are the columns and terms are the rows. They are useful in the field of natural language processing and computational text analysis.

While the value of the cells is commonly the raw count of a given term, there are various schemes for weighting the raw counts such as, row normalizing (i.e. relative frequency/proportions) and tf-idf.

Terms are commonly single words separated by whitespace or punctuation on either side (a.k.a. unigrams). In such a case, this is also referred to as "bag of words" representation because the counts of individual words is retained, but not the order of the words in the document.

General concept
When creating a data-set of terms that appear in a corpus of documents, the document-term matrix contains rows corresponding to the documents and columns corresponding to the terms. Each ij cell, then, is the number of times word j occurs in document i. As such, each row is a vector of term counts that represents the content of the document corresponding to that row. For instance if one has the following two (short) documents:
D1 = "I like databases"
D2 = "I dislike databases",
then the document-term matrix would be:

which shows which documents contain which terms and how many times they appear. Note that, unlike representing a document as just a token-count list, the document-term matrix includes all terms in the corpus (i.e. the corpus vocabulary), which is why there are zero-counts for terms in the corpus which do not also occur in a specific document.

As a result of the power-law distribution of tokens in nearly every corpus (see Zipf's law), it is common to weight the counts. This can be as simple as dividing counts by the total number of tokens in a document (called relative frequency or proportions), dividing by the maximum frequency in each document (called prop max), or taking the log of frequencies (called log count). If one desires to weight the words most unique to an individual document as compared to the corpus as a whole, it is common to use tf-idf, which divides the term frequency by the term's document frequency.

History of the concept
The document-term matrix emerged in the earliest years of the computerization of text. The increasing capacity for storing documents created the problem of retrieving a given document in an efficient manner. While previously the work of classifying and indexing was accomplished by hand, researchers explored the possibility of doing this automatically using word frequency information.

One of the first published document-term matrices was in Harold Borko's 1962 article "The construction of an empirically based mathematically derived classification system" (page 282, see also his 1965 article). Borko references two computer programs, "FEAT" which stood for "Frequency of Every Allowable Term," written by John C. Olney of the System Development Corporation and the Descriptor Word Index Program, written by Eileen Stone also of the System Development Corporation: Having selected the documents which were to make up the experimental library, the next step consisted of keypunching the entire body of text preparatory to computer processing.  The program used for this analysis was FEAT (Frequency of Every Allowable Term).  it was written by John C. Olney of the System Development Corporation and is designed to perform frequency and summary counts of individual words and of word pairs.  The  output of this program is an alphabetical listing, by frequency of occurrence, of all word types which appeared in the text.  Certain function words such as and, the,  at, a, etc., were placed in a "forbidden word list" table, and the frequency of these words was recorded  in a separate listing... A special computer program, called the Descriptor Word Index Program, was written to provide this information and to prepare a document-term matrix in a form suitable for in-put to the Factor Analysis Program.  The Descriptor Word Index program was prepared by Eileen Stone of the System Development Corporation.Shortly thereafter, Gerard Salton published "Some hierarchical models for automatic document retrieval" in 1963 which also included a visual depiction of a document-term matrix. Salton was at Harvard University at the time and his work was supported by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories and Sylvania Electric Products, Inc. In this paper, Salton introduces the document-term matrix by comparison to a kind of term-context matrix used to measure similarities between words:If it is desired to generate document associations or document clusters instead of word associations, the same procedures can be used with slight modifications. Instead of starting with a word-sentence matrix C,... it is now convenient to construct a word-document matrix F, listing frequency of occurrence of word Wi in Document Dj... Document similarities can now be computed as before by comparing pairs of rows and by obtaining similarity coefficients based on the frequency of co-occurrences of the content words included in the given document. This procedure produces a document-document similarity matrix which can in turn be used for the generation of document clusters...In addition to Borko and Salton, in 1964, F.W. Lancaster published a comprehensive review of automated indexing and retrieval. While the work was published while he worked at the Herner and Company in Washington D.C., the paper was written while he was "employed in research work at Aslib, on the Aslib Cranfield Project." Lancaster credits Borko with the document-term matrix:Harold  Borko,  of  the  System  Development  Corporation,  has  carried  this  operation  a little  further.  A  significant  group  of clue words  is chosen  from  the vocabulary of an experimental collection.  These are arranged in a document/term matrix to show the frequency  of occurrence of each term in each document....  A correlation  coefficient  for  each word  pair  is then  computed,  based  on  their  co-occurrence  in  the  document  set.   The  resulting  term/term  matrix... is then  factor  analysed  and  a series  of  factors  are  isolated.  These factors,  when  interpreted  and  named  on the  basis  of the  terms with  high  loadings which  appear in  each  of the factors, become the classes  of an  empirical  classification.  The terms with high loadings in each factor are the clue words  or  predictors  of  the  categories.

Choice of terms
A point of view on the matrix is that each row represents a document. In the vectorial semantic model, which is normally the one used to compute a document-term matrix, the goal is to represent the topic of a document by the frequency of semantically significant terms. The terms are semantic units of the documents. It is often assumed, for Indo-European languages, that nouns, verbs and adjectives are the more significant categories, and that words from those categories should be kept as terms.
Adding collocation as terms improves the quality of the vectors, especially when computing similarities between documents.

Applications

Improving search results
Latent semantic analysis (LSA, performing singular-value decomposition on the document-term matrix) can improve search results by disambiguating polysemous words and searching for synonyms of the query. However, searching in the high-dimensional continuous space is much slower than searching the standard trie data structure of search engines.

Finding topics
Multivariate analysis of the document-term matrix can reveal topics/themes of the corpus. Specifically, latent semantic analysis and data clustering can be used, and, more recently, probabilistic latent semantic analysis with its generalization Latent Dirichlet allocation, and non-negative matrix factorization, have been found to perform well for this task.

See also
 Bag of words model

Implementations

 Gensim: Open source Python framework for Vector Space modelling. Contains memory-efficient algorithms for constructing term-document matrices from text plus common transformations (tf-idf, LSA, LDA).

References

Natural language processing

Document-term matrix