RCTI (Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia) is a West Jakarta-based Indonesian free-to-air television network. It is best known for its soap operas, celebrity bulletins, news, and sports programmes. It was first launched in 1989, originally as a local pay television operator that broadcasts mostly foreign programmes, before switching to free-to-air terrestrial network a year later.

History

In October 1987, state broadcaster TVRI lost its monopoly when the government allowed private television networks to begin broadcasting. RCTI was officially inaugurated on the morning of 24 August 1989 by President Suharto as Indonesia's first privately owned commercial television network. Evening programming was launched by Minister of Information Harmoko. RCTI was initially broadcast to Greater Jakarta area as a local pay television channel and gained a nationwide terrestrial license a year later. Prior to 1994, RCTI mostly aired foreign programmes as it cost less compared to self-produced programmes, and to evoke the look and feel of a conventional pay television (which was a new and expensive technology in Indonesia at the time) . From 1989 to 1990, the station's subscription system requires an UHF set-top box, and in some areas, with a satellite dish. During this time, the subscription system was incorrectly branded as a "pay-per-view", despite the fact that it works similarly as a conventional pay television that requires monthly subscription.

RCTI was initially co-owned by PT Rajawali Wira Bhakti Utama (later Rajawali Corpora) and PT Bimantara Citra (later Global Mediacom, now known as PT Media Nusantara Citra (MNC)), thus its name. One of its commissioner at that time Indra Rukmana is the husband of Tutut Soeharto, the founder and ex-owner of its eventual sister network TPI. It is completely owned by MNC, which also owns GTV, MNCTV, and iNews, both private Indonesian television networks.

RCTI, MNCTV and GTV was removed from Cable subscription of First Media due to limited Broadcasting rights period as result from information posted by First Media Twitter account at January 2013. There are same with IPTV service IndiHome at 8 April 2016, but GTV still aired on First Media through MNC Vision transmission since 2019.

Since the digital television transition started on November 2, 2022, the PAL broadcast of RCTI Jakarta was scheduled to shut down on November 3, 2022 at 12:00am, but was delayed to November 3, 2022, at 23:59:19 WIB/11:59pm after Kominfo statement with MNC Group or ANTV issues that did not force them to shut down the analogue service in Jakarta when TVRI or other TV stations shut down the analogue service quickly and switched to DVB-T2 services on November 3, 2022 at 12:00am.

RCTI now has 47 relay stations around Indonesia and reaches over 180 million viewers.

Programming
The flagship news program is Seputar iNews (formerly Seputar Indonesia), which has morning, lunchtime and late-night editions. RCTI also airs quiz shows, including the Indonesian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, which ran from 2001 to 2006. Animated shows include the original Aikatsu! series, Doraemon and Crayon Shin-chan. Aikatsu! and Crayon Shin-Chan have since been replaced by locally produced Kiko.

RCTI has broadcast various popular soap opera titles from production houses such as Multivision Plus, Starvision Plus, Prima Entertainment (closed), Soraya Intercine Films, Tobali Putra Productions, and also currently the production houses owned by MNC Media which focuses on its own production as well as the distributor of soap operas from the production house that has been mentioned previously, namely MNC Pictures. This happened because the contract collaboration between SinemArt and MD Entertainment with MNC Group has been ended, because the shares were taken back by SCM (SinemArt) and Trans Media. RCTI currently airs several television series known as Layar Drama Indonesia (formerly Mega Sinetron), showing in many titles, and the most popular television series currently are Ikatan Cinta (The Tie of Love). Formerly, it also airs weekly television series like Bella Vista, Mutiara Cinta (Pearls of Love), Shangri-La, Tuyul dan Mbak Yul, the fantasy-comedy Bidadari Yang Terluka (Rage of Angel), and  ABG. It also airs occasional sport programmes and localized version of talent show under international licenses, such as Indonesian Idol, Rising Star Indonesia, MasterChef Indonesia, X Factor Indonesia, and Indonesia's Got Talent (mutation from Indosiar and SCTV).

at July 2023, UEFA announced that RCTI is comeback to winning the UEFA Champions League rights for 2024-2025 though 2026-2027 seasons replace Emtek since 1990s, 2000s, 2010-2012 season and 2018-2019 season.

Other segments
During the Break (Jeda Iklan) programming in RCTI, Some RCTI Commercial Break at Pay TV feeds interrupted by MNC Vision Networks version for All Pay TV providers since 18 July 2019 after RCTI full encrypted at Palapa D (now moved to Telkom-4) due to rights issues with third-parties of RCTI unauthorized rebroadcast.

Like other Indonesian television networks, For RCTI Nationwide feed not be shown Subuh and Maghrib from Jakarta. RCTI shows Subuh and Maghrib prayer calls (adhan) in some transmitter stations, including Jakarta and Bandung. The prayer calls are best known for using a  recording of Sheikh Ali Ahmed Mulla, a well-known muezzin of Masjid al-Haram in Saudi Arabia

Some RCTI transmitter stations also broadcast local programming. For example, RCTI Surabaya airs Seputar iNews Jatim, while in Bandung, Seputar iNews Jabar is aired. The Palembang station shows Seputar iNews Sumsel, the Batam station shows Seputar iNews Kepri and the Medan station shows Seputar iNews Sumut. They are mostly shown during the final half-hour of Seputar iNews Pagi (05:30-06:00 WIB or, depending on the local area, 06:30-07:00 WITA and 07:30-08:00 WIT)

Overseas broadcasting
RCTI is available as a free-to-air channel in East Timor, but only in Dili and other cities such as Ermera and Baucau. RCTI is also available in Malaysia as a free-to-air channel in Johor Bahru, and in Singapore as a free-to-air channel by using antenna. RCTI is the only Indonesian free-to-air TV channel to be broadcast free-to-air outside Indonesia. Indonesian drama series like Bunga di Tepi Jalan, Bintang, Liontin and Pernikahan Dini currently air on Astro Aruna, a channel on the Singaporean SingTel mio TV 24 Hours IPTV Pay TV Service, but these were broadcast on RCTI on 2001, 2005 and 2006 respectively.

Notable broadcasts
Obama Eksklusif RCTI Bersama Putra Nababan ("Exclusive Interview with Barack Obama") is a television program that aired in March 2010, showing an interview between Indonesian journalist Putra Nababan and President Barack Obama. According to the president, it was probably the first interview ever done by Indonesian television in the White House. The interview covered the partnership between Indonesia and the United States and the president's experiences during his childhood in Indonesia.

This show won an award at the 2011 Panasonic Gobel Awards.

Presenters

Current
 Atika Suri (as editor-in-chief)
 Aiman Witjaksono (formerly at TVRI and Kompas TV, also an anchor at iNews and Sindonews TV)
 Anggita Wulandewi Disastra (formerly at BeritaSatu)
 Camar Haenda (also an anchor at iNews, Sindonews TV and Okezone TV)
 Dian Mirza (former Trans TV, Metro TV, MYTV and CNBC Indonesia anchor, also an anchor at iNews, Sindonews TV and IDX Channel)
 Ledi Marina (also an anchor at Sindonews TV)
 Raissa Nadia (also an anchor at Sindonews TV)
 Ratu Nabilla (former MNCTV, BTV and CNN Indonesia anchor, also an anchor at iNews and Sindonews TV)
 Reinhard Sirait (former TVRI Jakarta, TV Edukasi, RTV and CNN Indonesia anchor, also an anchor at iNews and Sindonews TV)
 Rizky Hasan (former tvOne anchor, also an anchor at Sindonews TV)
 Ryanka Putra (also an anchor at Sindonews TV and Okezone TV)

Former
 Ade Novit
 Ahmad Mahadi
 Akbari Madjid
 Amalia Kartika
 Apreyvita Wulansari
 Arief Suditomo (now an editor-in-chief at MetroTV)
 Ariyo Ardi (now at GTV and Sindonews TV)
 Asti Husadi
 Astrid Megatari
 Astrid Wibisono (now at Kompas TV)
 Bahrul Alam
 Bayu Sugarda
 Catharina Davy
 Chandra Sugarda Nazir
 Chantal Della Concetta
 Dentamira Kusuma
 Dian Mirza (now at iNews)
 Diana Zein
 Desvita Feronika Bionda (now at MNCTV)
 Faris Ahmad Prasetyo
 Fauziah Dasuki
 Helmi Johannes (now at VOA Indonesia)
 Ira Syarief
 Irsan Karim (now at CNN Indonesia)
 Iwan Malik (deceased)
 Iwan Harjadi
 Michael Tjandra (now at RTV)
 Meidiana Hutomo
 Desi Anwar (now at CNN Indonesia)
 Putra Nababan (now a member of DPR RI PDI Perjuangan)
 Adolf Posumah
 Joice Triatman
 Dana Iswara
 Joy Astro (now at SCTV)
 Devi Trianna
 Edwin Nazir
 Ersa Siregar (deceased)
 Yusron Syarif (deceased)
 Gustav Aulia
 Danke Drajat
 Driantama
 Fetty Fajriati
 Weka Gunawan
 Andi Iskandar
 Teguh Juwarno
 Ronny Kusuma
 Zaldi Nurzaman
 Isyana Bagoes Oka (now at Partai Solidaritas Indonesia)
 Ida Parwati
 Trishna Sanubari (deceased)
 Iqbal Faiz
 Yohannes Stephanus
 Inne Sudjono (snow at BMKG)
 Ajeng Kamaratih
 Siane Indriani (now at Komnas HAM)
 Pius Wans Mahdi
 Joni Kurniawan
 Nova Poerwadi (now at VOA Indonesia)
 Madrus Hakim
 Andhika Pratama (now at Sonora FM and Kompas TV)
 Sulthan Aqil Falah (now at Motion Radio and Kompas TV)
Nurul Izzatunnisa (now at Radio Smart FM)
Erika Herlina
Astrid Novianti
Naufal Fadhillah
Rama Wirandani (now at CNN Indonesia)
 Mega Novelia
 Pica Wiriahardja
 Jihan Novita (now at Kompas TV)
 Diaz Kaslina
 Egiet Hapsari
 Tasya Syarief (now at RTV)
 Brigita Ferlina (retired)
 Shafinaz Nachiar (now at CNBC Indonesia)
 Zurayda Salim
 Tommy Tjokro (now at BuddyKu)
 Prabu Revolusi (currently serving as Director of News for MNC Media and Chief Editor of iNews and Sindonews TV)
 Nawayogi Kusuma

Branding

Slogans

Anniversary
Menuju Indonesia Gemilang (Towards the bright Indonesia) (1998)
Satu Indonesia Satu (One Indonesia one) (2000)
RCTImu, RCTIku (My RCTI, Your RCTI) (2001)
Untukmu Selamanya (Forever for yours) (2002)
Bersama Wujudkan Impian (Together make dreams happen) (2003)
Semakin Oke (More Okays) (2004)
Selalu di Hati, Selalu di Nanti (Always in heart, always wanted) (2005)
Gemerlap Keajaiban (Sparkling Miracles) (2007)
Wujudkan Mimpi Indonesia (Make Indonesian dreams happen) (2009)
Terima Kasih Indonesia (Thanks to Indonesians) (2018)
Warna Cerita Cinta (Colors of love stories) (2019)

See also
 List of television stations in Indonesia
 Television in Indonesia
 MNCTV
 GTV
 iNews
 Koran Sindo
 Media Nusantara Citra

References

External links
Official website

Television networks in Indonesia
Mass media in Jakarta
Television channels and stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Indonesia
Media Nusantara Citra

RCTI


Reigate Castle is a former castle in the town of Reigate in the county of Surrey, England. None of the castle buildings survive today, but a cave below the site, considered to be part of the castle, still exists. Known as "Baron's Cave", it is occasionally open to the public for tours.

The site of the castle is known as "Castle Grounds", and is a public park. At its entrance stands a folly, built in the 18th century, in the form a medieval castle gateway.

History

King William I granted the land around Reigate to one of his supporters, William de Warenne, who was created Earl of Surrey in 1088. It is believed that his son, William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, ordered that Reigate Castle be built, although the de Warennes had their southern base in Lewes, Sussex, as well as castles in Yorkshire and Normandy. Around 1150 the de Warennes ordered that a town be constructed below the castle. This town forms the basis of modern-day Reigate. The origin of the name Reigate is uncertain, but appears to derive from Roe-deer Gate, as the town was situated near to the entrance to the de Warenne's deer park. Another possibility is that Reigate derives from Rhie-gat, roughly translating to the River's Course.

In 1216 the castle was one of many captured by the French in southern England, including Chichester Castle. In 1347 the castle became the property of Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. From 1397 it was owned by a number of Lords of the Manor of Reigate, including the influential Howard family. It was occupied until the 16th century, but fell into disrepair afterwards. It was demolished in 1648 after occupation as a garrison during the Civil War by followers of a Royalist uprising.

In 1777 a mock medieval gateway was built over the ruins of the original castle. An inscription is written on the side of the gateway, in English on one side and Latin on the other:

None of the original castle buildings have survived, with the exception of the Barons' Cave.

Little more is known of the castle which has never been excavated on any great scale. Local legend says prior to the signing of Magna Carta, the rebellious barons met to hammer out the details of the document in the extensive caves below the castle.

Modern day

The Reigate Castle Tunnel runs under the grounds of Reigate Castle and was constructed in 1823. It is believed to be Europe's first road tunnel and is pedestrianised.

The castle grounds remain as public gardens.

The castle gate is the main feature of Reigate and Banstead's municipal coat of arms.

Caves
Tours of the Baron's and Tunnel Road Caves take place on the second Saturday of every month between May and September inclusive.

References

External links
Photo gallery from oldreigate.com

Castles in Surrey
Ruins in Surrey
Ruined castles in England
Motte-and-bailey castles
Reigate

Reigate Castle


Man Meets Dog is a zoological book for the general audience, written by the Austrian scientist Konrad Lorenz in 1949. The first English-language edition appeared in 1954.

The original German title is So kam der Mensch auf den Hund, which could be literally translated as "How man ended up with dog". The German title is also a play on the phrase "Auf den Hund kommen", which is a common idiom in German-speaking countries and probably comes from the old days when farmers with economic problems had to sell their livestock animals and ended up with only the dog.

Contents
The opening chapter "How it may have started" deals with theories concerning the question where and when man first domesticated the predecessor of the modern dog. The book has a lot of interesting anecdotes of the author's experiences with dogs, these stories are often illustrated with simple drawings. Lorenz usually owned several dogs and many other animals and lived with them in his house near Vienna. There are also many insights into the behavior of cats and birds, though the focus is on the behavior of dogs.

References

1949 non-fiction books
Zoology books
Works by Konrad Lorenz

Man Meets Dog


Dan Ben-Amotz (, April 13, 1924 – October 20, 1989) was an Israeli radio broadcaster, journalist, playwright, and author, as well as a former Palmach member. Despite having immigrated from Poland in 1938, he was often considered the epitome of the "Sabra", a native born Israeli Jew.

Biography

Moshe Tehilimzeigger (later Dan Ben-Amotz) was born in Równe (then in Poland, now in Ukraine). He was sent to the British Mandate for Palestine by his parents in 1938.
His parents were murdered in the Holocaust.

In Palestine he was sent to Ben Shemen Youth Village, where his counselor was Shimon Peres. He changed his name to Moshe Shimony and later to Dan Ben-Amotz, feeling the latter had the right sabra sound. Reinventing his personal history to portray himself as a true native sabra, Ben-Amotz claimed to be an orphan who had relatives in some of the older Zionist settlements.

In the 1940s, Ben-Amotz served in the Palmah and joined the Palyam during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.

Media and literary career
Amotz spent the years of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War in Europe as a national emissary. After the war he worked for a short while as a Paris correspondent for Israeli papers. He then traveled to the United States and went to Hollywood. He made friends with Marlon Brando and Blackie Dammett, Anthony Kiedis's father, and had a small part in A Streetcar Named Desire (1951).

In the 1950s Ben-Amotz returned to Israel. He was the star of the radio show "Three Men in a Boat", a weekly satirical review that became the country's most popular show, and wrote regularly for Israeli newspapers. In 1956 he published A Bag of Fibs with Haim Hefer, a collection of tall stories from the Palmah folklore, which gained cult status.

According to the Los Angeles Times, "Ben-Amotz was one of the pioneers in the revival of modern Hebrew from a dormant language of prayer and study. He authored a dictionary of Hebrew slang and wrote articles and novels that shocked many Israelis with their frankness."

In the 1980s he was diagnosed with liver cancer. When his disease became known to the public, he also brought to light the truth about his personal history. He made a much-publicized trip to Poland that included a tour of Auschwitz. On April 8, 1989, he held a farewell party at the "Hamam" club in Jaffa, to which he invited 150 acquaintances. The invitees included Amos Keinan (a former rival), Amos Oz, Meir Shalev, Gila Almagor, Yaakov Agmon, Shlomo Artzi, Yosef Lapid, Yehudit Ravitz and Nurit Galron. After the party he made a trip to the US, to say goodbye to his children from his first marriage. He died in 1989 in Jaffa and was survived by two sons and two daughters. His funeral was held on October 22.

On January 11, 1992, journalist Amnon Dankner published a biography of Ben-Amotz, in which he argued that Ben-Amotz had incest with his mother when he was thirteen. He also claimed that in his last years, Ben-Amotz had forced himself on underage girls he would pick up in Jaffa. These claims led to a police investigation of some of Ben-Amotz's friends. The book stirred a scandal. Some saw it as exploding the myth of Dan Ben-Amotz, while others saw it as an attempt to gain financially from exploiting Ben-Amotz's legacy by spreading groundless criticism against Ben-Amotz, and many of Ben-Amotz's relatives, who were also Dankner's friends, threatened to file a libel suit against Dankner and broke off contact with him.

Published works
Parents Meeting (1962) was semi-autobiographical short story about the hardships of the new immigrants in an Israeli boarding school in the Yishuv. The screenplay for the movie Siege (1968), in which he also acted, dealt with the difficulties that a war widow faces in militaristic Israeli society. His novel To Remember, To Forget (1968) revealed some autobiographical motifs – the protagonist is a young man who lost his family in the Holocaust and attempted (by changing his name) to re-create himself as a true sabra. In the book, Ben-Amotz tried to confront such questions as his European past and German guilt over the Holocaust. In 1972 he published his dictionary of Hebrew slang, which he co-wrote with Netiva Ben Yehuda. The novel Does Not Give a Damn (1973) told of a soldier who was wounded in battle and his rehabilitation efforts.

Novels
Lizkor lishcoah. 1968; as To Remember, to Forget', 1968.
Lo sam zayin [Does Not Give a Damn]. 1973.
Ziyunim zeh lo ha-kol: Roman mafteah le-lo man'ul (Screwing Isn't Everything). 1979.
Ziyunyune ha-derekh: Roman mafteah le-lo man'ul (sequel to Ziyunim zeh lo ha-kol). 1980.

Short stories
Arba'ah ve-'arba'ah: Sipurim [Four and Four: Stories]. 1950.
Sipurim poh sipurim sham. 1982.

Plays
Tefos kamah she-atah yakhol (Seret-metah-meforash) [Catch As Much You Can] (screenplay). 1975; as Mishak yeladim [Nothing to It], 1982.
Tel-Aviv ha-ketanah: Hizayon [Little Old Tel-Aviv], with Hayim Hefer. 1980.
'Al 'akhbarim va-anashim, with Ehud Manor, adaptation of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck (produced 1990).

Screenplays
Matzor [Siege], with Gilberto Tofano, 1968
Sheloshah yamim ve-yeled, with Uri Zohar and Amatsia Hiouni, adaptation of a story by A. B. Yehoshua, 1976.

Other
Yalkut ha-kezavim, with Hayim Hefer. 1956.
Mah nishma' [What's New]. 1959.
Ekh la-'asot mah [How to Do What]. 1962.
Milon olami le-'ivrit miduberet [The World Dictionary of Hebrew Slang] (2 vols.), with Netiva Ben-Yehuda. 1972, 1982.
Yofi shel milhamah. 1974.
Keri'ah tamah; Sifrutek [Reflection in Time]. 1974.
Nashim kotvot le-Dan Ben-Amots: Bi-teguvah le-sefer "Ziyunim zeh lo ha-kol," with Varda Rasiel Jackont (correspondence). 1980.
Sipurei Abu-Nimer [Stories and Fables from Arab Folklore]. 1982.
Sefer ha-felots veha-shikhehah, with Donald Wetzel and Martin Riskin. 1985.
Kelil tif'eret ha-melitsah (dictionary and reader of 19th century Hebrew). 1986.
Ten hiyukh: Metav ha-kezavim she-lo hikhzivu ba-'itonut hatseva'it, with Ze'ev Anner and Dani Kerman. 1989.
Editor, with Shlomo Shva, Erets Tsiyon Yerushalayim. 1973.
Translator, with Amnon Dankner, Adif melafefon 'al hagever mi-pene she, (Why Cucumbers are Better Than Men''  by M. L. Brooks). 1985.

See also
Hebrew language
Hebrew literature
Culture of Israel

References

External links
 "A new documentary seeks to tell another story of Dan Ben Amotz after a shocking posthumous biography erased his legacy."
  Yehonatan Geffen reading a poem during Ben-Amotz's farewell party in April 1989: "The organizers asked me to write a song of mourning. What came out was a song of envy. A song of envy for Dan, who succeeded in accomplishing what most people ask for. To live directly across from the sea. Against all the rules. And to screw anything that moves - including flags." [Geffen Interrupts reading to hug Ben-Amotz.] Geffen: "You hear about his conquests, and you become yellow with envy. Tell me, when does he have time to write? After all the young women and divorcees, he still runs over to stick it to the sacred cows."

1924 births
1989 deaths
Israeli journalists
Israeli novelists
Israeli male dramatists and playwrights
Palmach members
Aliyah Bet activists
20th-century Israeli Jews
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
20th-century novelists
20th-century Israeli dramatists and playwrights
Maariv (newspaper) people
20th-century journalists
Deaths from cancer in Israel
Deaths from liver cancer

Dan Ben-Amotz


Mary MacKenzie is an American classical mezzo-soprano and voice teacher. She earned both bachelor and master of music degrees from the Juilliard School. In 1955, she won the Walter W. Naumburg Foundation competition, and in 1960, she won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. She was also twice awarded the Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund grant and was a recipient of the Sullivan Award. Her performance credits include appearances with The Bach Choir of Bethlehem, the Dallas Opera, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Metropolitan Opera, the NBC Opera Theatre, the New Orleans Opera, the San Diego Opera, and the Santa Fe Opera among others. She was formerly the head of the vocal pedagogy department at San Diego State University where she taught for more than 20 years. She currently teaches private voice lessons at Point Loma Nazarene University and is the administrative vice-President of the Board of the National Association of Teachers of Singing (NATS). She previously served as the Vice-President of NATS for five years.

Selected recordings
Medea (Luigi Cherubini): Nicola Rescigno conducting the Dallas Opera (Dallas Civic Opera) with Maria Callas, Teresa Berganza, and Jon Vickers. Label: Gala. 1958.
Mefistofele (Arrigo Boito): Nino Sanzogno conducting, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Alfredo Kraus, Renata Tebaldi. San Francisco "Live Opera Productions" Label. 1965.

References

Living people
American operatic mezzo-sopranos
Juilliard School alumni
San Diego State University faculty
Voice teachers
Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mary Mackenzie (mezzo-soprano)


A power booster is a combination of motor-mechanical power amplifier- generator. For example a 30kw motor with the power amplifier could power a 100kw generator. This power booster is now commercially available

Line booster

In the days of direct current mains, voltage drop along the line was a problem so line boosters were used to correct it.  Suppose that the mains voltage was 110 V.  Houses near the power station would receive 110 volts but those remote from the power station might receive only 100 V so a line booster would be inserted at an appropriate point to "boost" the voltage.  It consisted of a motor, connected in parallel with the mains, driving a generator, in series with the mains.  The motor ran at the depleted mains voltage of 100 V and the generator added another 10 V to restore the voltage to 110 V.  This was an inefficient system and was made obsolete by the development of alternating current mains, which allowed for high-voltage distribution and voltage regulation by transformers.

Milking booster

Again in the days of direct current mains, power stations often had large lead-acid batteries for load balancing.  These supplemented the steam-powered generators during peak periods and were re-charged off-peak.  Sometimes one cell in the battery would become "sick" (faulty, reduced capacity) and a "milking booster" would be used to give it an additional charge and restore it to health.  The milking booster was so-called because it "milked" the healthy cells in the battery to give an extra charge to the faulty one.  The motor side of the booster was connected across the whole battery but the generator side was connected only across the faulty cell.  During discharge periods the booster supplemented the output of the faulty cell.

Reversible booster
Before solid-state technology became available, reversible boosters were sometimes used for speed control in DC electric locomotives.  The boosters were called reversible, because they could either increase or decrease the speed of the locomotive.

The motor of the MG set was connected in parallel with the supply, usually at 600 volts, and was mechanically coupled, via a shaft with a heavy flywheel, to the generator.  The generator was connected in series with the supply and the traction motors, and its output could be varied between +600 volts, through zero, to -600 volts by adjusting switches and resistors in the field circuit.  This allowed the generator voltage to either oppose, or supplement, the line voltage.  The net output voltage could therefore be varied smoothly between zero and 1,200 volts as follows:

 Generator producing maximum opposing voltage, net output zero volts
 Generator producing zero volts, net output 600 volts
 Generator producing maximum supplementary voltage, net output 1,200 volts

To match the 1,200 volt output, the locomotive would have three 400 volt traction motors connected in series. Later locomotives had two 600 volt motors in series.

When the locomotive was working at full power, half the energy came through the MG set and the other half came directly from the supply.  This meant that the power rating of the MG set needed to be only half the rating of the traction motors.  Thus there was a saving in weight and cost compared to the Ward Leonard system, in which the MG set had to be equal in power rating to the traction motors.

If the power supply to the locomotive was interrupted (e.g. because of a gap in the third rail at a junction) the flywheel would power the MG set for a short period to bridge the gap.  During this period, the motor of the MG set would temporarily run as a generator.  It was this system that was used in the design of British Rail classes 70, 71 and 74 (Class 73 does not utilise booster equipment).

Metadyne

Some types of London Underground stock (e.g. London Underground O Stock) were fitted with Metadynes. These were four-brush electrical machines which differed from the reversible boosters described above.

Television receivers
When cathode ray tubes were the standard for television receivers, after many years of service the tube would lose brightness, due to low electron emission in the electron gun assembly of each tube.  A small "booster" transformer could be added to a set experiencing such symptoms; it would raise the voltage applied to the filament slightly, which would increase emission and restore brightness.  Sometimes this step would extend the life of the expensive CRT by years, making it more economical than a replacement.

See also
Boost converter
Repeater

References

Electric motors
Electric power conversion
Energy conversion

Booster (electric power)


Edmund Fanning (July 16, 1769 – April 23, 1841) was an American explorer and sea captain, known as the "Pathfinder of the Pacific."

Life
Born in Stonington in the British Crown Colony of Connecticut to Gilbert and Huldah Fanning, from nearby Groton he went to sea as a cabin boy at the age of 14, and by the age of 24 was captain of a West Indian brig in which he visited the South Pacific for the first time.

A successful trader, Fanning made a fortune in the China trade, killing seals in the South Pacific and exchanging their skins in China for silks, spices, and tea; which he in turn sold in New York City.  As master of the Betsey in 1797–1798, he discovered three South Pacific Islands — Fanning, Washington, and Palmyra — which are collectively known as the Fanning Islands. (Fanning Island, today known as Tabuaeran, is today part of Kiribati, while Palmyra, claimed by the Hawaiian Government in 1862 and owned for many years by a Hawaiian family, was purchased in 2000 by the Nature Conservancy for an ongoing study of global warming and its effect on coral reefs.)

When he discovered Palmyra Atoll, Fanning was sleeping and the ship was in command of the first mate. Fanning awoke three times in the night, and he took this as a premonition, ordering the first mate to heave to. In the morning, the ship resumed its travel and reached the reef of Palmyra in less than a mile. Had the ship continued its course at night, the entire crew might have perished.

Acting for American investors, Fanning was agent for more than 70 commercial expeditions and voyages. His partnership Fanning & Coles built the ship Tonquin in 1807, sailed her around the world several times and sold her for $37,000 to John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company. Later the Tonquin was burned by Indians in the northwest.  In 1829 he was instrumental in sending out the first American naval exploring expedition, and was greatly responsible for Congress's authorizing of the Wilkes Expedition. Fanning's memoirs, Voyages Around the World, were published in 1833.  He died in New York City.

Honours
Cape Fanning in Antarctica and Fanning Ridge on South Georgia Island are named after Edmund Fanning.

References

Further reading
Cheesman, Evelyn. Sealskins for Silk, Abelard-Schuman, 1956.
 Walter, Teller. Five Sea Captains, 1960.
 Fanning, E., Voyages around the world, Collins & Hannay, New York, 1833, (reprinted 1970, The Gregg Press, New Jersey).

1769 births
1841 deaths
American explorers of the Pacific
People from Stonington, Connecticut
American memoirists
Sealers
American fur traders

Edmund Fanning


The Sundays were an English alternative rock band. They formed in the late 1980s. They released three albums in the 1990s.

The band started when Harriet Wheeler and guitarist David Gavurin met.

The Sundays got a record deal with the Rough Trade Records. Their first single, "Can't be Sure", was released in 1989. Their first album, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, was released in 1990. The album got very positive reviews. It entered the UK chart at #4. Later in 1990, the album peaked at #39 in the United States. Its success came mostly from radio stations playing "Here's Where the Story Ends".

In late October 1992, the next album, Blind, was released. This album was also successful when it peaked at #103 on the Billboard 200. Blind sold half a million copies. The reviews were positive. Some critics thought the album didn't have the quality songwriting of the first album.

In autumn 1997, after five years, their third record, Static & Silence, was released. It got mixed reviews. "Summertime", the first song on the album, was their most successful song the UK Charts up to that time.

The Sundays took a break after the album Static & Silence.

References

1980s British music groups
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s British music groups
1997 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups disestablished in 1997

The Sundays


Terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found on land. Examples include tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland, deserts.

Terrestrial ecosystems differ from aquatic ecosystems by the predominant presence of soil rather than water at the surface and by the extension of plants above this soil/water surface in terrestrial ecosystems. There is a wide range of water availability among terrestrial ecosystems (including water scarcity in some cases), whereas water is seldom a limiting factor to organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Because water buffers temperature fluctuations, terrestrial ecosystems usually experience greater diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations than do aquatic ecosystems in similar climates.

Terrestrial ecosystems are of particular importance especially in meeting Sustainable Development Goal 15 that targets the conservation-restoration and  sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.

Organisms and processes

Organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have adaptations that allow them to obtain water when the entire body is no longer bathed in that fluid, means of transporting the water from limited sites of acquisition to the rest of the body, and means of preventing the evaporation of water from body surfaces. They also have traits that provide body support in the atmosphere, a much less buoyant medium than water, and other traits that render them capable of withstanding the extremes of temperature, wind, and humidity that characterize terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, the organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have evolved many methods of transporting gametes in environments where fluid flow is much less effective as a transport medium. This is terrestrial ecosystems.

Size and plants

Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 55,660,000 mi2 (144,150,000 km2), or 28.26% of Earth's surface. Major plant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems are members of the division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants), of which there are about 275,000 species, and the division Pinophyta (conifers), of which there are about 500 species. Members of the division Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), of which there are about 24,000 species, are also important in some terrestrial ecosystems. Major animal taxa in terrestrial ecosystems include the classes Insecta (insects) with about 900,000 species, Aves (birds) with 8,500 species, and Mammalia (mammals) with approximately 4,100 species.

See also

 Aquatic-terrestrial subsidies
 Colonization of land - history of terrestrial life
 Soil ecology

References

Ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystem


Krzysztof Kieślowski (27 June 1941 – 13 March 1996) was a Polish movie director and screenwriter. He made Dekalog (1989), The Double Life of Veronique (1991), and the Three Colours trilogy (1993 –1994). Kieślowski received many awards during his career, including the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize (1988), FIPRESCI Prize (1988, 1991), and Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (1991); the Venice Film Festival FIPRESCI Prize (1989), Golden Lion (1993), and OCIC Award (1993); and the Berlin International Film Festival Silver Bear (1994). In 1995, he received Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Writing.

In 2002, Kieślowski was listed at number two on the British Film Institute's Sight & Sound list of the top ten film directors of modern times. In 2007, Total Film magazine ranked him at No. 47 on its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.

1941 births
1996 deaths
Polish movie directors

Krzysztof Kieślowski


Marco Mendoza (born 3 May 1963) is an American bass guitarist who has worked in diverse genres. He became a professional rock musician in 1989 and debuted on Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward's solo album Along the Way. He has performed on a number of notable releases throughout his career, including Live... in the Still of the Night by Whitesnake, One Night Only by Thin Lizzy and Live in Concert at Lollapalooza by Journey.

Career
Marco Mendoza (born 1963) started his professional career in 1989, playing bass for former Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward's solo album Along the Way, which was released in January 1990. In 1991, he replaced former Heart bassist Steve Fossen in the band Alias in 1991. Mendoza played on the band's second album Never Say Never, but Alias was dropped by Capitol Records in 1992 and the album was shelved. He played in John Sykes' band Blue Murder, from 1992 until 1993. In 1994, he was recruited into a reformed lineup of Thin Lizzy, also featuring Sykes, with guitarist Scott Gorham, keyboard player Darren Wharton and drummer Brian Downey. After some preliminary one-off concerts, the band toured more consistently from 1996 until 2000, replacing the departing Downey with Tommy Aldridge and releasing the live album One Night Only.

From 2000 to 2003, Mendoza recorded and toured with Ted Nugent, and in 2004 he toured with Whitesnake, another band that once featured Sykes and Aldridge, and appeared on their DVD Live... in the Still of the Night. Also in 2004, Mendoza guested on keyboardist Derek Sherinian's solo album Mythology. However, he returned to Thin Lizzy in 2005, replacing Randy Gregg. He left the band in 2007, and subsequently toured with ex-Dokken guitarist George Lynch in his band Lynch Mob.

After Sykes left Thin Lizzy in 2009, Mendoza rejoined the band for a third stint, this time with Gorham, Wharton, Downey, singer Ricky Warwick and guitarist Vivian Campbell. This lineup of Thin Lizzy toured Europe throughout 2011, before a US tour at the end of the year, and a further tour of Europe in early 2012.

On July 6, 2007, Mendoza released his first solo album Live for Tomorrow, through Frontiers Records in Europe. The record was produced and co-written by Richie Kotzen and features guest performances by Steve Lukather, Ted Nugent, Doug Aldrich, Tommy Aldridge, Brian Tichy, Marco Rentería of Jaguares, and others.

Mendoza has also played for the band Soul SirkUS and with many other artists from different musical backgrounds including: Bill Ward, Right Said Fred, Robert Williams, Roch Voisine, Dolores O'Riordan, Tim "Ripper" Owens, and Tommy Shaw.

When not touring, Mendoza has played with his band Mendoza Heredia Neto, featuring drummer Joey Heredia and keyboard player Renato Neto, on Tuesday nights at La Ve Lee Jazz Club in Studio City. The band has recorded a live CD, Live in L.A.

In December 2012, Mendoza co-founded the Thin Lizzy spin-off band, Black Star Riders. Black Star Riders' first album All Hell Breaks Loose was released in May 2013.

On May 30, 2014, it was announced that Mendoza was leaving Black Star Riders at the end of the contemporaneous US tour to work on other projects.

Mendoza joined Neal Schon's side project, Neal Schon's Journey Through Time, along with fellow The Dead Daisies member Deen Castronovo.

In April 2022, Mendoza was announced as the bassist for the supergroup Iconic, featuring Michael Sweet, Joel Hoekstra, Tommy Aldridge, and Nathan James. The band's debut album is called Second Skin. They released a lead single, entitled "Nowhere to Run".

Discography

Solo albums
 Live for Tomorrow (2007)
 Casa Mendoza (2010)
 Viva La Rock (2018)
 Take It To The Limit (2022)

Other collaborations
1990 Ward One: Along the Way (Bill Ward)
1992 Never Say Never (Alias) shelved, independently released in 2009
1993 Nothin' But Trouble (Blue Murder)
1994 Screaming Blue Murder (Blue Murder)
1995 Real World (Tin Drum)
1995 Out of My Tree (John Sykes)
1996 Feels Good (Michael Ruff)
1996 Smashing! (Right Said Fred)
1996 Kissing Rain (Roch Voisine)
1997 Loveland (John Sykes)
1997 Sugar Cane (Rafael Aragon)
1997 20th Century (John Sykes)
1998 Date with the Devil's Daughter (Robert Williams)
1998 7 Deadly Zens (Tommy Shaw)
1998 Live in L.A. (Mendoza Heredia Neto)
2000 One Night Only (Thin Lizzy)
2000 Into the Light (David Coverdale)
2000 Nuclear Cowboy (John Sykes)
2001 Full Bluntal Nugity (Ted Nugent)
2002 Craveman (Ted Nugent)
2004 Mythology (Derek Sherinian)
2004 Bad Boy Live! (John Sykes)
2005 World Play (Soul SirkUS)
2006 Live... in the Still of the Night (Whitesnake)
2007 Are You Listening? (Dolores O'Riordan)
2009 Play My Game (Tim "Ripper" Owens)
2008 Earth Tones (Adrian Galysh)
2009 No Baggage (Dolores O'Riordan)
2009 Smoke and Mirrors (Lynch Mob)
2010 La Famiglia Superstar (La Famiglia Superstar)
2011 Brown Eyed Soul (Steve Saluto)
2013 All Hell Breaks Loose (Black Star Riders)
2014 So U (Neal Schon)
2014 Kill The King (WAMI)
2015 Revolución (The Dead Daisies)
2016 Make Some Noise (The Dead Daisies)
2016 Night Train (Jericho Summer)
2017 Live & Louder (The Dead Daisies)
2018 Burn It Down (The Dead Daisies)
2022 Second Skin (Iconic)

Tribute albums
1999 Little Guitars: A Tribute to Van Halen
2001 Metallic Assault: A Tribute to Metallica
2001 Stone Cold Queen: A Tribute
2002 Pigs and Pyramids: An All Star Lineup Performing the Songs of Pink Floyd
2002 One Way Street: A Tribute to Aerosmith

References

External links

 Official website
 BBC Marco Mendoza site
 Stevelukather.com
  Stevelukather.com

1963 births
20th-century American bass guitarists
21st-century American bass guitarists
21st-century American composers
Alias (band) members
American hard rock musicians
American heavy metal bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American male composers
American people of Mexican descent
American rock bass guitarists
American rock songwriters
American session musicians
Black Star Riders members
Blue Murder (band) members
Glam metal musicians
Guitarists from California
Living people
Lynch Mob (band) members
Musicians from San Diego
Soul SirkUS members
Ted Nugent Band members
The Dead Daisies members
Thin Lizzy members
Whitesnake members

Marco Mendoza


Adam Richard Fleming (born 15 May 1948) is a British businessman and was the deputy group chairman of the asset management company Stonehage Fleming before his retirement in 2019.

Early life
Adam Richard Fleming was born on 15 May 1948, the son of Major Richard Evelyn Fleming (1910–1977) and the Hon. Dorothy Charmian Hermon-Hodge, daughter of Roland Herman Hermon-Hodge, 2nd Baron Wyfold. He has seven brothers and sisters.

His grandfather was Major Valentine Fleming (1882–1917), and his great-grandfather was the Scottish banker Robert Fleming, founder of the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co. His uncle on his father's side was the James Bond novelist Ian Fleming.

He was educated at Abberley Hall School and Eton.

Career
He started his career in 1970 as a stock market analyst at Robert Fleming & Co., the company founded by his great-grandfather, earning £7 per week.

In April 2015, The Sunday Times Rich List incorrectly estimated his family's net worth at £1.5 billion.

Fleming is chairman of Wits Gold, chairman of the Johannesburg Land Company, a director of Zambeef Products, chairman of Fleming Family & Partners, and has farming interests in Zambia and South Africa.

Fleming describes himself as "just a long-term investor with firm beliefs in gold".

Personal life
He is married to Caroline Wake. They live on a farm in the Cotswolds and have four children, Hector, Nell, Angus and Dickon. His son Hector Fleming is a former director of Standard Chartered's private equity team, co-founded the investment company Fleming Wulfsohn Africa, and is a director of Imara, The Johannesburg Land Company, Clover Alloys, GoldMoney Networks and Netagio Holdings.

He is a member of White's, London, and the Rand Club of Johannesburg.

References

Living people
1948 births
British billionaires
British corporate directors
Adam
People educated at Eton College
Conservative Party (UK) donors

Adam Fleming (businessman)


Bodegas Irache, S.L. is a winery founded in 1891, and located in Ayegui (Navarre, Spain) at the foot of Mount Montejurra, about 2 km from the medieval city of Estella.

History
The original vineyards were donated to the Monastery of Irache in 1072 by King Sancho IV of Navarre.
The monastery, which also functioned as a pilgrims' hospital on the Way of Saint James, was closed in the nineteenth century, but the tradition of viticulture continues. The Wine Museum contains over 200 pieces of historical winery equipment and many bottles of wine from famous vintages.

Wine Fountain
In 1991 the company built a wine fountain in one of the walls of the winery which is right on the pilgrims' route along the Way of Saint James. This spot was already known in the 12th century as a "land of good bread and excellent wine" according to the Codex Calixtinus.

Installations
The winery uses stainless steel vats with temperature control. It currently has twenty-three 70,000 liter vats and nine 25,000 liter vats. The bottling plant has a capacity of 6,000 bottles per hour.

The 6,700 m2 cathedral-like barrel room was inaugurated in 1991, and has a capacity for 10,000 oak barrels. One wall of this room is completely dedicated to holding over 3,000,000 bottles.

Vineyards and Grapes
The winery owns 150 ha of vineyards with the following red varieties: Tempranillo, Grenache (Garnacha in Spanish), Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot; and the following white varieties: Viura, Chardonnay and Malvasía; all in the territory covered by the Navarra Denominación de Origen.

Wines
The winery makes many types of wine including the internationally recognized brands of Irache, Castillo de Irache, Prado de Irache and Fuente Cerrada. These wines are sold in 68 countries.

References

External links
 http://www.irache.com
 http://www.navarrawines.com

Wineries of Spain
1891 establishments in Spain
Camino de Santiago

Bodegas Irache


Giuseppe Lanza, Duke of Camastra, was a 17th-century Sicilian nobleman who oversaw the reconstruction of many Sicilian towns and cities following the earthquake of 1693.

He was created 1st Duke of Camastra, and Prince of Santo Stefano.  He married twice, his first wife, whom he married in Palermo in 1668 was Maria Gomez de Sylveira, Principessa di Santo Stefano,  the daughter of Luigi Gomez de Sylveira and Giovanna Ferreri, she died 1675.  His second wife was Melchiorra Castello, daughter of Gregorio Castello, Principe di Castelferrato and Anna Marchese.

His daughter Giovanna Lanza, Duchessa di Camastra married her kinsman Ignazio Lanza, the 4th Prince of Trabia. The surname is today Lanza Branciforte.

Sources
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fuerstliche Haeuser

Giuseppe
Lanza Giuseppe
People from the Province of Agrigento

Giuseppe Lanza


Justus Georg Schottelius (Latinized Justus-Georgius Schottelius; 23 June 1612, Einbeck – 25 October 1676, Wolfenbüttel) was a German grammarian, best known for his publications on German grammar, language theory and poetics.

Life
Justus-Georg Schottelius was born in Einbeck, which in 1612 was a Low German-speaking area. He was the son of a Lutheran pastor; his mother came from a merchant family. Justus-Georg regularly styled himself Schottelius, and this must be regarded as the correct form of his name, though after his death the de-Latinized form Schottel long persisted in scholarly writings and is still sometimes used.

Surmounting the many upheavals of the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) and the untimely death of his father, Schottelius managed to acquire a good education, notably at the Akademisches Gymnasium in Hamburg and at the universities of Groningen, Leiden, Leipzig and Wittenberg. In 1640 he found employment as tutor to the children of Duke August the Younger of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1579–1666), including August's heir, Anton Ulrich (1633–1714). Schottelius wrote several plays for his pupils to perform, some with musical accompaniments composed by August's consort, Sophie Elisabeth, or in one case by Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672). In 1646 he married Anna Margarete Eleonore Cleve, but she died the following year. His second wife, whom he married in 1649, was Anna Margarete Sobbe. During the 1640s and 1650s Schottelius rose to prominent administrative positions at court. He also had access to the magnificent ducal library at Wolfenbüttel, and he continued to reside in that town until his death.

Schottelius quickly established himself in the early 1640s as a powerful protagonist of the German language. Admitted in 1642 to the leading patriotic language society, the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft or 'Fructifying Society', Schottelius took as his society name Der Suchende ('The Seeker'), engaging vigorously in its controversies on fundamentals of grammar and lexical purity. In 1645 or 1646 he became a member of the Pegnesischer Blumenorden, headed in Nürnberg by Georg Philipp Harsdörffer (1607–1658) and later Sigmund von Birken (1626–1681). In 1646 he obtained a doctorate in laws at the University of Helmstedt.

Achievements as a writer

Though he also distinguished himself in the fields of poetry, poetic theory and drama, Schottelius is chiefly memorable for his insights and achievements as a linguist. Acting like many of his contemporaries in a spirit of cultural and linguistic patriotism. he sought to raise the lowly status of German, to celebrate its high antiquity, to defend it against latter-day foreign influences, to re-examine it in the light of current linguistic theory, to promote its refinement and use as a communicative medium, and ultimately to inaugurate a new, prestigious epoch in the language. This process was known among contemporaries as Spracharbeit.

For his début as a language reformer, Schottelius chose a poetic medium. His Lamentatio Germaniae exspirantis (1640) attacked in stately alexandrines and lurid metaphors the corrupt state of the language, in particular the burgeoning over-use of foreign words. In a dying lament, the once fair nymph Germania presents herself as a grotesque hag. Venerated down the ages, and even meriting the crown of Europe, she now prostitutes herself, begging words from French, Spanish, Italian and English. For all his potent rhetoric, Schottelius's linguistic purism was of a somewhat moderate kind, when compared with his contemporary Philipp von Zesen (1619–1689). But his championship of the German language was without equal.

Ausführliche Arbeit Von der Teutschen HaubtSprache
Schottelius's magnum opus, his Ausführliche Arbeit Von der Teutschen HaubtSprache, appeared in 1663. Running to over 1,500 pages, it incorporated substantial amounts of material that had appeared earlier, notably in his Teutsche Sprachkunst of 1641. Aimed at a learned, international readership, with much use of Latin alongside German, the Ausführliche Arbeit is a compendium of remarkable range and depth. Combining many discourse traditions, it embraces language history, orthography, accidence, word-formation, idioms, proverbs, syntax, versification, onomastics and other features, including a dictionary of more than 10,000 German root-words . Heading the work (pp. 1–170) are ten so-called eulogies (Lobreden): these are massively documented, programmatic statements characterising many aspects of the German language, past and present, and claiming for it the status of a 'cardinal' language (Hauptsprache) alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. One key argument here was the German language's rich lexical productivity, its ability to combine root-words (Wurtzeln, Stammwörter, mostly monosyllabic) and affixes (Hauptendungen) in ways which gave it unique and infinite powers of expression. To depict nature in all her variety, it had, for example, the means to name hundreds of different colours, as Schottelius showed in some detail.

Seeking to demonstrate that the German language had a rational basis, Schottelius based his grammar partly on the Classical principle of analogy, identifying (and sometimes even artificially creating) patterns of regularity or similarity in spelling and grammatical inflection. But as a grammarian he also acknowledged countless anomalies or irregularities in the language, and he respected written usage in what he regarded as its most exemplary forms. In the 17th century, German was still in the long and difficult process of becoming standardized or codified. Influential here was Schottelius's own conception of High German as a language transcending the many dialects, and as currently used in writing by 'learned, wise and experienced men' (viri docti, sapientes et periti). Schottelius argued distinctively that this idealized, supra-regional form of German could not be acquired spontaneously, and certainly not from speech: it had to be 'learnt through much diligence and toil' (durch viel Fleis und Arbeit ... erlernet).

Legacy
Schottelius's  truly 'comprehensive' work dominated the German linguistic field until Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700-1766), whose authoritative grammars appeared from 1748 onwards. Schottelius's wider legacy has been variously assessed, but it lies mainly in the development of linguistic ideas, with measurable influences to be found in early grammars of Danish, Dutch, Swedish and Russian, and in theoretical writings on these and other languages.

Major works

 1995 Reprint

References

Bibliography

 (on cultural patriotism pp. 103–119; on Schottelius pp. 119–127)
 (Facsimile of 1663 edition.)

Further reading

External links

Digitised works of Schottelius in the Herzog August Library, , Wolfenbüttel
Schottelius family tree

1612 births
1676 deaths
People from Einbeck
German language
Linguists of German
Grammarians from Germany
17th-century linguists
Baroque writers

Justus Georg Schottelius


Bill Fontana (born April 25, 1947 in Cleveland, Ohio) is known internationally for his pioneering experiments in sound art.

Life and career
Fontana attended the New School for Social Research in New York and studied both music and philosophy. He traveled to Australia, and also stayed in Japan and Germany composing. Fontana began making sound sculptures in 1976. In a career spanning 40 years, Fontana's sound sculptures use the urban environment as a living source of musical information, all with the potential to conjure up visual imagery in the mind of the listener. He has made works all over the world and has presented his sound sculptures extensively, including at the Venice Biennale (1999), the Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid (1995), The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (1991), Tate Modern, London (2006), Madison Square Park, New York (2007), and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1987, 1997, 2010). Some of his more famous works include Distant Trains, Satellite Ear Bridge Cologne-San Francisco, Journey Through My Sound Sculptures, The Sound of an Unblown Flute, Panoramic Echoes and "Acoustical Visions of the Golden Gate Bridge" In 2005, Fontana was an Artadia Awardee. Fontana recently won the Prix Ars Electronica Collide@CERN Prize, 2012–2013 where is developing a sound sculpture at CERN in Geneva called "Acoustic Time Travel" to be realized in September 2014 for the 60th Anniversary of CERN.

References

External links
 Bill Fontana's website
 Work in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art collection
 SFMOMA Bay Area Treasure Award
 San Jose Mercury article
 Bill Fontana's musical sculptures
 Bill Fontana biography on Media Art Net

20th-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Living people
1947 births
American sound artists
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Artists from Cleveland
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American people of Italian descent

Bill Fontana


Ganvie is a lake village in Benin, Africa, lying in Lake Nokoué, near Cotonou. With a population of around 20,000 people, it is probably the largest lake village in Africa and is very popular with tourists.

The village was created in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries by the Tofinu people who took to the lake to avoid Fon warriors who were taking people hostage to sell them to European enslavers. Making the shallow waters and islands of Lake Nokoue a haven, the Ganvie villagers are often referred to as "water men" and the area itself is often called the "Venice of Africa."

Originally based on farming, the village's main industries other than tourism are now fishing and fish farming. The only means of transportation to and from the village is through wooden boats.

The village was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on October 31, 1996 in the Cultural category.

Ganvie, like many areas of Benin, is home to a constituent monarchy.

Gallery

See also
 Stilt house

Notes

External links

Ganvie, Benin : The Venice of Africa : The Water People of Nokoue Lake

Populated places in Benin

Ganvie


Herstedøster Church () is a church in the northern outskirts of Albertslund, Albertslund Municipality, Denmark. In medieval times, the Romanesque church was dedicated to Saint Nicholas. The tower is of late-Gothic origin. The church interior was given a major renovation in 1994 by Alan Havsteen-Mikkelsen. In 1973, R. Smalley discovered frescoes dated to around 1175, probably the date of origin of the church.
On 1 February 2009 a major fire broke out at the church.

References

External links
Official site

Churches in the Diocese of Helsingør
Churches in Albertslund Municipality
Lutheran churches converted from Roman Catholicism

Herstedøster Church


On January 4, 1987, two trains collided on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor main line near Chase, Maryland, United States, at . Amtrak train 94, the Colonial, (now part of the Northeast Regional) traveling north from Washington, D.C., to Boston, crashed at over  into a set of Conrail locomotives running light (without freight cars) which had fouled (entered) the mainline. Fourteen passengers on the Amtrak train died, as well as the Amtrak engineer and lounge car attendant.

The Conrail locomotive crew failed to stop at the signals before , and it was determined that the accident would have been avoided had they done so. Additionally, they tested positive for cannabis. The engineer served four years in a Maryland prison for his role in the crash. In the aftermath, drug and alcohol procedures for train crews were overhauled by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), which is charged with rail safety. In 1991, prompted in large part by this crash, the United States Congress took even broader action and authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in all industries regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) including trucking, bus carriers and rail systems. Additionally, all trains operating on the high-speed Northeast Corridor are now equipped with automatic cab signalling with an automatic train stop feature. Several safety issues were identified with Amfleet cars as well.

At the time, the wreck was the deadliest in Amtrak's history. It was surpassed in 1993 by the Big Bayou Canot rail accident in Alabama where 47 died and another 103 were injured.

Movements of the trains pre-collision

Amtrak Train 94
Amtrak Train 94 (the Colonial) left Washington Union Station at 12:30 pm (Eastern time) for Boston South Station. The train had 12 cars and was filled with travelers returning from the holiday season to their homes and schools for the second semester of the year. Two AEM-7 locomotives, numbered 900 and 903, led the train; #903 was the lead locomotive. The engineer was 35-year-old Jerome Evans.

After leaving Baltimore Penn Station, the train's next stop was Wilmington, Delaware. Just north of Baltimore, while still in Baltimore County, the four-track Northeast Corridor narrows to two tracks at  just before crossing over the Gunpowder River. The train accelerated north toward that location.

Conrail light engine move
Ricky Lynn Gates, a Penn Central and Conrail engineer since 1973, was operating a trio of Conrail GE B36-7 locomotives light (with no freight cars) from Conrail's Bayview Yard just east of Baltimore bound for Enola Yard near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Gates was later determined to have violated several signal and operating rules, including a failure to properly test his cab signals as required before departure from Bayview. It was later discovered that someone had disabled the cab signal alerter whistle on lead unit #5044 with duct tape, muting it almost completely. Also, one of the light bulbs in the PRR-style cab signal display had been removed. Investigators believed these conditions probably existed prior to departure from Bayview and that they would have been revealed by a properly performed departure test.

Gates and his brakeman, Edward "Butch" Cromwell, were also smoking cannabis cigarettes. Cannabis can alter one's sense of time and impair the ability to perform tasks that require concentration. Cromwell was responsible for calling out the signals if Gates missed them, but failed to do so.

The collision

Amtrak train #94 was north-bound on track #2 of the electrified main line leading to .  As Amtrak was approaching the interlocking, a "light" Conrail consist of three diesel-electric freight locomotives was running north-bound on parallel track #1 in a ferrying move (see photo to right for track identification).   is fully signaled to govern train movements, with all signals mounted on signal bridges straddling the tracks, placing them in clear view of oncoming trains.

Shortly before reaching the Gunpowder River bridge, track #1 merges left into track #2 through a number 20 turnout that is controlled by the interlocking.  Home signals govern the approach legs of the turnout, with their most restrictive aspect being STOP.  Unlike some interlocking arrangements, Gunpow had no provisions for derailing and stopping a car or locomotive that is about to foul a turnout that is aligned against it.

At the time, track #1 was limited to a maximum speed of  for passenger trains, and a maximum of  for freight.  As the Conrail freight consist was running light, it was authorized to travel at up to .  On the other hand, passenger train speeds as high as  were permitted on track #2.

NTSB investigators determined that immediately prior to the collision, the interlocking had been properly configured for through movement on track #2.  It was also determined the distant and home signals governing the track #2 approach to the interlocking were both indicating CLEAR, thus permitting Amtrak #94 to proceed through the interlocking at maximum authorized speed.  At the same time, the distant and home signals governing track #1 leading to the interlocking were determined to be indicating APPROACH and STOP, respectively, thus requiring that Conrail reduce speed and come to a full stop before reaching the home signal.

Furthermore, it was found that the in-cab signal in the Conrail lead locomotive indicated the STOP aspect being displayed by the home signal as it was approached, but could not indicate an APPROACH aspect, due to the APPROACH indicator lamp not being present in the in-cab signal's housing.  The in-cab signal's  whistle, which would have audibly warned the engineer that the signal aspect had become more restrictive, was found to have been muffled by being wrapped with duct tape.  NSTB investigators determined that the whistle was not audible over the noises emitted by the locomotive, even when idling. None of the three Conrail locomotives was equipped with an automatic train stop feature that would have involuntarily cut power and applied the brakes (a so-called "penalty" brake application) should the engineer not acknowledge the in-cab signal when it changed to a more restrictive aspect.

Event recording devices on the Conrail locomotives indicated that the consist was moving at approximately  when an emergency brake application was made by engineer Gates.  The brake application occurred after passing the distant signal, which as previously noted, was indicating APPROACH, requiring an immediate speed reduction.  Gates later claimed he made the brake application when he realized that he didn't have authorization to proceed through the interlocking.  At that point, his consist was moving too fast to stop before passing the home signal.  Examination of the interlocking system's computerized event recorder revealed that the Conrail consist forced its way through the turnout and onto track #2 approximately 15 seconds before the collision.  Had Gates obeyed the signals—also, had brakeman Cromwell, riding in the cab with Gates, called out the signals as he was required to do, it is likely the Conrail consist could have been stopped before running past the home signal.

Upon entering track #2, the Conrail locomotives caused the interlocking home signal for that track to immediately change to a STOP aspect, after which they came to a halt.  At that time, Amtrak #94 was approximately  from the stopped Conrail units.  With his train approaching Gunpow at more than , engineer Evans had little time to react to the sudden signal change and the presence of the Conrail locomotives in his path.  However, he managed to initiate an emergency brake application seconds before the impact occurred at 1:30 pm.

At the point of impact, Amtrak #94 had decelerated to  (speed determined from the locomotives' event recorders).  The Conrail consist was stationary with its brakes applied.  On impact, the fuel tank of the trailing Conrail locomotive, GE B36-7 #5045, was ruptured, dumping a large quantity of fuel, which ignited and resulted in the locomotive being burned to the frame—the unit was subsequently scrapped. The middle unit, #5052, sustained significant damage to its front end, while lead unit #5044 suffered only minor damage.  The force of the impact was so severe unit #5044 was driven forward some 900 feet from the point where the consist had stopped.

Amtrak's lead locomotive, AEM-7 #903, ended up among some trees on the west side of the right-of-way, with the forward cab crushed. AEM-7 #900, which was the trailing unit, was buried under wreckage.  Both locomotives were completely demolished.  Cars were jackknifed and piled up on each other, with some cars crushed.

Brakeman Cromwell, who was on the lead Conrail locomotive, suffered a broken leg in the collision. Engineer Gates was uninjured. Amtrak engineer Evans, the lounge car's Lead Service Attendant and 14 passengers died.  Many surviving passengers were injured by flying objects hurled from the luggage racks.  The front cars on Amtrak #94 suffered the greatest amount of damage and were almost completely crushed. However, those cars were nearly empty, awaiting passengers who would have boarded the train at stations further north.  According to the NTSB, had these cars been fully occupied at the time, the death toll would have been at least 100. There were relatively few passengers on those cars, however, and so the death toll was much less.  Most of the fatalities were on Amtrak car #21236.

Although track #2 was rated for  passenger service, it was noted that the Amtrak train was being operated at an excessive speed due to the presence of a Heritage-style coach in the consist, Heritage cars being limited to  maximum.  Train #94's conductor later testified that he did inform the Amtrak engineer of the Heritage car being in the train.  However, it was subsequently learned the Amtrak dispatcher responsible for #94 did not know there was a restricted-speed car in the train.  NTSB investigators later concluded the Amtrak train's speed wasn't a significant factor in the events leading to the wreck.

Post-collision response and cleanup
With a total passenger load of about 600 people, there was a great deal of confusion after the collision. Witnesses and neighbors ran to the smoking train and helped remove injured and dazed passengers, even before the first emergency vehicles could arrive at the location.

While many of the injured passengers were aided by nearby residents, some of the uninjured passengers wandered away, making it difficult for Amtrak to know the complete story.

Emergency personnel worked for many hours in the frigid cold to extricate trapped passengers from the wreckage, impeded by the stainless-steel Amfleet cars' skin resistance to ordinary hydraulic rescue tools. Helicopters and ambulances transported injured people to hospitals and trauma centers. It was over 10 hours after the collision before the final trapped people were freed from the wreckage.

It was several days before the wrecked equipment was removed and the track and electrical propulsion system were returned to service.

Conrail diesel, GE B36-7 #5045 was completely destroyed while #5044 and #5052 were repaired and returned to service. Both Amtrak's AEM-7s and a few Amfleet cars were also destroyed in the collision.

Investigation, charges and conviction

Gates and Cromwell initially denied smoking cannabis. However, they later tested positive for the substance. A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation revealed that had Gates slowed down at the signals as required, he would have stopped in time. It also determined that Gates and Cromwell's cannabis use was the "probable cause" of the accident. Gates and Cromwell were immediately suspended by Conrail pending an internal investigation, but resigned rather than face certain termination.

Gates was eventually charged with manslaughter by locomotive; under Maryland law a locomotive is considered a motor vehicle. Prosecutors cut a deal with Cromwell in which he agreed to testify against Gates in return for immunity. Gates was sentenced to five years in state prison and one year's probation, and was later sentenced to an additional three years on federal charges of lying to the NTSB. Gates' history of DWI (driving while intoxicated) convictions as well as his admission that the crew had been using cannabis while on duty led for a call to certify locomotive engineers as to their qualifications and history.

Toxicology tests on the Amtrak engineer's body returned negative. In a 3-2 decision, the NTSB report stated that the speed of train #94 at the time the brakes were applied, between , was an unauthorized excessive speed, since the maximum for an Amtrak train carrying Heritage cars was . The excessive speed was determined to have been a contributing factor to the amount of damage to both trains at the point of impact. The two dissenters to the report believed that it was unreasonable to assign contributory blame to the Amtrak engineer based solely on the premise of the Heritage car lowering its speed limit.

Gates was released from prison in 1992 after serving four years (two years of a state sentence, then two more years of a federal sentence), and then worked as an abuse counselor at a treatment center. In a 1993 interview with The Baltimore Sun, Gates said the accident would have never happened if not for the cannabis, saying that it had thrown off his "perception of speed and distance and time." He admitted that in his rush to get back to Baltimore and get high, he skipped critical safety checks; he believed that had he performed those checks, "I wouldn't have been in front of that train." He also revealed he had smoked cannabis on the job several times.

Additionally, it was never determined whether the alerter whistle was muted while the locomotives were at Bayview yard. The alerter whistle on these locomotives were notorious for being irritating and loud, which was pointed out in a 1979 accident of a Union Pacific train in Wyoming which involved muting the whistle with a rag. The whistle was easily accessible by removing a cover on the back of the control stand that was sealed with latches, so it was possible for the Conrail crew to have muted the whistle before they left or before the units arrived at Bayview yard (which would have been done by other crews), but Gates reported that the whistle was relatively faint when it was tested, which meant that it could not be heard over the sound of the trailing units. The whistle was so well muted, that when it was sent to the FBI, they were not able to determine when and who muted it, due to the lack of fingerprints.

When Conrail unit 5044 was tested after the accident, it was found that all light bulbs (including a replacement for the missing one) were working, and it was undetermined whether the light bulb was removed while Conrail and Amtrak left the units unattended. Gates recalled having tested the cab signalling and seeing all the aspects, but he might have not looked at all the lights. The deadmans pedal was also found to have been disabled, when Gates was trying to reactivate the cab signaling system by switching it off in the nose of the locomotive (this was despite the cab signalling and deadmans pedal levers being different in aspect). The data recorder found that the reverser was put into the reverse position two hours after the accident, and the locomotive's fuses, battery and engine switched off.

Changes for future prevention
As a result of the wreck, all locomotives operating on the Northeast Corridor are now required to have automatic cab signaling with an automatic train stop feature. Although common on passenger trains up until that time, cab signals combined with train stop and speed control had never been installed on freight locomotives due to potential train handling issues at high speed. Conrail subsequently developed a device called a locomotive speed limiter (LSL), a computerized device that is designed to monitor and control the rate of deceleration for restrictive signals in conjunction with cab signals. All freight locomotives which operate on the Northeast Corridor must now be equipped with an operating LSL which also limits top speed to . Previously, freight locomotives were only required to have automatic cab signals without an automatic train stop feature.

Also as a direct result of this collision, federal legislation was enacted that required the FRA to develop a system of federal certification for locomotive engineers. These regulations went into effect in January 1990. Since then, railroads are required by law to certify that their engineers are properly trained and qualified, and that they have no drug or alcohol impairment motor vehicle convictions for the five-year period prior to certification. Another effect was that age-old Rule G (The use of intoxicants or narcotics by employees subject to duty, or their possession or use while in duty, is prohibited. — UCOR, 1962) was revamped to:

Employees are prohibited from engaging in the following activities while on duty or reporting for duty:

1. Using alcoholic beverages or intoxicants, having them in their possession, or being under the influence.

2. Using or being under the influence of any drug, medication, or other controlled substance - including prescribed medication - that will in any way adversely affect their alertness, coordination, reaction, response or safety.  Employees having questions about possible adverse effects of prescribed medication must consult a Company medical officer before reporting for duty.

3. Illegally possessing or selling a drug, narcotic or other controlled substance.

An employee may be required to take a breath test and/or provide a urine sample if the Company reasonably suspects violation of this rule.  Refusal to comply with this requirement will be considered a violation of this rule and the employee will be promptly removed from service.  Source: NORAC operating rules 6th edition effective  January 1, 1997

A form of Rule G has existed in many railroad operating manuals for decades. However, the federal codification of this rule was deemed necessary to assure that any violator would be dealt with in a consistent and harsh manner. Also, anyone who passes a stop signal loses his or her FRA certification for a period not less than 30 days for a first offense. This is per 49 CFR part 240.

In 1991—prompted in large part by the Chase crash—Congress authorized mandatory random drug-testing for all employees in "safety-sensitive" jobs in industries regulated by DOT.

Memorials

Ten years after the collision, the McDonogh School of Owings Mills, Maryland, decided to build a 448-seat theater in memory of one of the crash's victims and alumna, 16-year-old Ceres Millicent Horn, daughter of American mathematicians Roger and Susan Horn. Ceres Horn graduated from McDonogh at age 15 and enrolled and was accepted at Princeton University at age 16 where she majored in astrophysics.

On January 4, 2007, the 20th anniversary of the crash, her family visited the theatre for the first time and attended a ceremony at the McDonogh School held in honor of their daughter.

The Baltimore County Fire Department's medical commander at the scene 20 years earlier told the newspaper that the Amtrak crash is still being used as a case study in effective disaster response. "The reason is how the members of the professional and volunteer fire departments and the community people got together." It was, he said, "a very sad but a very proud moment" in his career.

References

External links
 Picture of AEM-7 Amtrak #903 in Wilmington, Baltimore after the crash - http://www.railpictures.net/photo/78276/
 Pictures of the 2 Amtrak AEM-7's on flat cars near the accident site - Lancaster Dispatcher - Lancaster Chapter NHRS (January 2010, Vol. 41 #1) - https://web.archive.org/web/20160910044434/http://nrhs1.org/images/Dispatcher_Jan_10.pdf

Railway accidents and incidents in Maryland
Railway accidents in 1987
1987 in Maryland
Accidents and incidents involving Amtrak
Accidents and incidents involving Conrail
Chase, Maryland
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
January 1987 events in the United States
Train collisions in the United States
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error

1987 Maryland train collision


Armando Andrés Betancourt Reina is an independent Cuban journalist and author.

Career
In 2006 Betancourt Reina was a reporter for Nueva Prensa Cubana, an independent news agency. He was arrested on 23 May 2006 while watching a forced eviction of poor people in La Guernica, Camagüey, and detained on charges of public disorder. According to the police he had joined a protest against the evictions.
After being arrested, Betancourt was at first held in isolation, and could not see his family or lawyers. He was initially sentenced to three years in prison. In June and July 2006 his request to see a Catholic priest was denied by the authorities at Ceramica Rota (Red Ceramic) prison in Camaguey, where he was being held.

He was one of three Cuban journalists who were given long prison sentences in 2006, the other two being Raymundo Perdigon Brito and Guillermo Espinosa Rodriguez. Betancourt said that during his stay in prison guards beat political prisoners, but not in front of witnesses. After beatings they kept the victim in solitary confinement for two or three weeks until their injuries had healed. During his confinement he shared a cell  with 11 others.

At the pretrial hearings that started on 8 February 2007 no defense witnesses were allowed to testify. The court postponed the case for further investigation. On 3 July 2007 he was tried again and sentenced to fifteen months in prison, with time already spent counting towards that sentence. Armando Betancourt Reina was freed on 20 August 2007 after completing his 15-month sentence. After his release Betancourt was told that his phone service would be cut off if he used it for "counter-revolutionary activities."

Some incidents from Betancourt's 2006-2007 prison stay are described in his book Morir sin Patria, which describes the experiences of people in a society dominated by lack of civil liberties.

Bibliography

Simia Dei

References
Citations

Sources

Cuban journalists
Cuban male journalists
Prisoners and detainees of Cuba
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Armando Betancourt Reina


Evelyn Reed (31 October 1905 – 1979) was an American communist and women's rights activist.

In January 1940, she traveled to Mexico to see the exiled Russian Revolutionary Leon Trotsky and his wife Natalia Sedova. There, at the house of Trotsky in Coyoacán, Reed met the American Trotskyist leader James P. Cannon, leader of the Socialist Workers Party (United States). Reed joined in the same year, and remained a leading party member until her death.

An active participant in the women's liberation movement of the 1960s and 1970s, Reed was a founding member of the Women's National Abortion Action Coalition in 1971. During these years she spoke and debated on women's rights in cities throughout the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Ireland, the United Kingdom and France.

Inspired by the works on women and the family by Friedrich Engels and Alexandra Kollontai, Reed is the author of many books on Marxist feminism and the origin of the oppression of women and the fight for their emancipation. Some of the most notable works by Reed are: Problems of Women's Liberation, Woman's Evolution: From Matriarchal Clan to Patriarchal Family, Is Biology Woman's Destiny?, and Cosmetics, Fashions, and the Exploitation of Women (with Joseph Hansen and Mary-Alice Waters).

She was nominated as a candidate for President of the United States for the Socialist Workers Party in the 1972 United States presidential election. On the ballot in only three states (Indiana, New York, and Wisconsin), Reed received a total of 13,878 votes. The main Socialist Workers candidate was Linda Jenness, who received 52,799 votes.

Quote

References

External links
Pathfinder Books, Publisher of the Socialist Workers Party and the works of Evelyn Reed
The Lubitz TrotskyanaNet provides a bio-bibliographical sketch of Evelyn Reed
Evelyn Reed Archive at Marxists.org

1905 births
1979 deaths
American activists
American feminist writers
Feminist studies scholars
Female candidates for President of the United States
Marxist feminists
American Marxist writers
Socialist Workers Party (United States) presidential nominees
Candidates in the 1972 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
American socialist feminists

Evelyn Reed


Milan Rastislav Štefánik was a diplomat, soldier and astronomer from Slovakia (1880—1919). He travelled a lot; he was on Tahiti in May 1910 to see the comet of Halley (clouded out), then went via New Zealand to Vavaʻu. On the top of the Fungamisi, he observed the tolal solar eclipse of 29 April 1911 (blue sky), performing scientific measurements. His telescope pedestal still remains nowadays as a remembrance stone.

Milan Rastislav Štefánik/en


The Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society (NSLPS) is a non profit charitable organization that works to save lighthouses in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada.  It is the largest and oldest lighthouse heritage organization in Canada. The society was formed in 1993 by a group of lighthouse supporters who met on a trip to Sambro Island Lighthouse, near Halifax, the oldest surviving lighthouse in North America.  The society lists its goals as supporting the preservation and awareness of lighthouses, assisting community groups in leasing or taking ownership of lighthouses, developing research and acting as a watchdog on the state of lighthouses.

The society organizes regular lectures and trips to historic lighthouses.  It also publishes a newsletter called The Lightkeeper. The society's accomplishments include winning heritage status for Sambro Island lighthouse, providing grants for lighthouse restoration, creating the Craig Harding Lighthouse Preservation Award, an oral history program and inspiring federal legislation which became the Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act.  About twenty community groups and 200 individuals belong to the society. They meet in Halifax at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic and co-sponsor many public events with the Museum.

References
 'History of the Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society', Kathy Brown,The Lightkeeper Vol. 12, No.4, January/February 2006, p. 12

External links
 Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society website

Organizations based in Nova Scotia
Charities based in Canada
Heritage organizations
Historic preservation organizations in Canada
Lighthouse organizations
Historical societies of Canada
1993 establishments in Nova Scotia


The dactylic pentameter is a verse-form which, in classical Greek and Latin poetry, follows a dactylic hexameter to make up an elegiac couplet. It consists of two halves, each consisting of two dactyls, for which spondees can be substituted in the first half only, followed by a longum. Thus the line most normally looks as follows (note that "—" marks a long syllable, "∪" a short syllable and " ∪ ∪ " either one long or two shorts):

     |— ∪ ∪ | — ∪ ∪ | — || — ∪ ∪ | — ∪ ∪ | —

As in all classical verse-forms, the phenomenon of brevis in longo is observed, so the last syllable can actually be short or long. Also, the line has a diaeresis, where a word-boundary must occur, after the first half-line, here marked ||.

"Pentameter" may seem a slightly strange term for this meter, as it seems to have six parts, but the reason is that each half of the line has two and a half feet, the two together thus making up five. Each half-line is called a hemiepes (half-epic), as resembling half a line of epic dactylic hexameter.

The pentameter is notable for its very tight structure, with substitutions allowed only in the first two feet. It seldom, if ever, occurs except in elegiac couplets.

See also
Prosody (Latin)

References

External links
 Meter and Scansion with several Latin verse forms.

Types of verses

pl:Dystych elegijny

Dactylic pentameter


Thomas Francis Grady (November 29, 1853 – February 3, 1912) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
Thomas F. Grady was born in New York City on November 29, 1853. He attended St. James Parochial School from 1857 to 1863, De La Salle Institute from 1863 to 1867, and graduated from Manhattan College. Then he worked for D. Appleton & Co., was Recording Clerk in the County Clerk's office in 1874, and began to study law. Then he worked in the Corporation Counsel's office, collecting evidence relative to the fraudulent claims of the Tweed era. He graduated from the New York University School of Law in 1877, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in New York City.

In politics he always was a Tammany Hall man. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 2nd D.) in 1877, 1878 and 1879; and a member of the New York State Senate (6th D.) in 1882 and 1883. In 1883, State Senator Grady and Governor Grover Cleveland became political enemies, and Cleveland asked Tammany boss John Kelly not to re-nominate Grady for the State Senate. Grady was a delegate to the 1884 Democratic National Convention and worked hard against Cleveland's nomination for U.S. President. During the following presidential campaign, Grady supported Benjamin F. Butler, the candidate of the Greenback and Anti-Monopoly parties.

In 1887, he secretly married actress Flo Irwin (Adeline Flora Campbell, 1859–1930, the sister of May Irwin), and they later divorced. Grady was again a member of the State Senate (6th D.) in 1889, and a Police Justice from 1891 to 1895.

He was again a member of the State Senate (14th D.) from 1896 until his death, sitting in the 119th, 120th, 121st, 122nd, 123rd, 124th, 125th, 126th, 127th, 128th, 129th, 130th, 131st, 132nd, 133rd and 134th New York State Legislatures. He was the Democratic minority leader from 1899 to 1910. The Democrats were in the majority in 1911, and Grady expected to be chosen President pro tempore, but was embittered when Tammany boss Charles Francis Murphy selected Robert F. Wagner instead. Due to his illness, Grady did not take his seat in the 135th New York State Legislature.

He died on February 3, 1912, at his home at 151 East 30th Street, in Manhattan, of diabetes, was buried at the Calvary Cemetery in Queens.

References

Sources
 Civil List and Constitutional History of the Colony and State of New York compiled by Edgar Albert Werner (1884; pg. 291 and 377)
 The State Government for 1879 by Charles G. Shanks (Weed, Parsons & Co, Albany, 1879; pg. 104)
 SENATOR T. F. GRADY, FAMED ORATOR, DEAD in NYT on February 4, 1912

1853 births
1912 deaths
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
Politicians from New York City
New York (state) state court judges
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
New York University School of Law alumni
Deaths from diabetes
Manhattan College alumni
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)
Lawyers from New York City
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Thomas F. Grady


Kentaurus is an armored infantry fighting vehicle (AIFV) designed and developed by the Greek vehicle builder ELVO. Its history is connected with the need for an advanced AIFV by the Greek Armed Forces. The vehicle takes its name from the Greek word for Centaur the creature from Greek mythology. After aborted efforts including Leonidas-2 variants and other attempted improvements and joint developments, ELVO worked entirely on its own, on a new design according to the specifications given at the time by the Hellenic Army. The resulting AIFV developed by the Greek company,  named 'Kentaurus' ('ΚΕΝΤΑΥΡΟΣ'), was officially introduced at the Defendory Arms Exhibition in Athens in 1998. It features a 420 hp MTU Diesel engine, 30 mm EBO cannon and 7.62 mm machine-gun (built on Mauser and Rheinmetall designs), Pyrkal smoke-grenade launchers, Toxotis computerized fire control system and KUKA turret. The crew is 3+8, maximum speed on roads is 75 km/h and maximum weight is 19.8 tons.

Despite successful tests by the Greek army, its approval, and an initial agreement in 2003 for an order of 140 vehicles, its fate is uncertain due to subsequent cutbacks in relevant military spending, and evaluation of cheaper alternatives. In 2009 the Greek army signed an MoU  for 450 BMP-3s but as of 2012 the contract was frozen and the Greek army is still looking for 500 IFVs to replace the ageing BMP-1 and the purchase of 500 Kentaurus IFV's is being considered.

Description
The hull is made of welded steel. The engine is placed in the front-right compartment, with the driver in the front-left. The turret follows and then the troop compartment. The driver accesses his position either from a roof hatch or from the troop compartment. The commander is situated in the E-8 KUKA 1-man turret behind the driver. The troop compartment is accessed from two rear-doors, as well as from two roof-hatches. The squad leader sits alone, with the rest of the men at the sides in a 3-man and 4-man rows. The troops have two optical periscopes for situational awareness. The interior of the vehicle has been designed to permit comfortable movement for men of up to 1.90m height.

The vehicle has steel armor, concentrated mostly to the front arc. The front arc is rated as proof to APDS-T rounds of 30x173mm calibre at 1,500 meters, of 25x137mm at 400 meters and of 20x139mm at 30 meters. The sides are proof to 12,7mm AP rounds at 100 meters and fully proof to 7,62mm rounds. The vehicle is proof to artillery shrapnel at 15 meters, and against 2,5 kg mines. The vehicle is capable of taking additional passive and reactive armor, and is offered with the option of spall liners inside the vehicle.

The MTU 183TE22 engine has a dry weight of 725 kg and requires 19 kg of oil and 15 kg of cooling fluid to operate. It can operate without problems at temperatures from -46 to +52 °C. It can be accessed from a large hydraulic assisted hatch and be removed from the vehicle in 15 minutes. Attached to it is an ZF LSG-1000 gearbox, with a RENK SU-1201C final transmission. There are 6 forward gears and 2 reverse.

The 1-man KUKA E-8 turret is made of welded steel and has a low profile. It weighs 1,585 kg. Initially it was offered with a Bushmaster II gun of 30mm calibre, but the Kentavros prototype had a licence-produced by EBO (now EAS) Mauser Mk30, also of 30mm. There are 100 APDS-T and 100 HE-I rounds ready to use in the turret, with a further 196 stored inside the hull. The turret traverses at 30° per second, and the gun elevates from -10° to +45°, also at a speed of 30°/second. All movement is done electrically, with a back-up manual system also present.
Secondary armament is a MG3A1 machine gun of 7.62mm. It can be replaced with a 12.7mm heavy machine gun or a 40mm automatic grenade launcher. The turret also has the provision for the addition of AT or AA launchers.

See also

References

Sources
Simon Dunstan, 'Modern Tanks & AFV's' (Vital Guide), Airlife Publishing (2002).

External links
ELVO Kentaurus
Promotional video of Kentaurus

Armoured fighting vehicles of Greece
Tracked infantry fighting vehicles

ELVO Kentaurus