A mesocyclone is a meso-gamma mesoscale (or storm scale) region of rotation (vortex), typically around  in diameter, most often noticed on radar within thunderstorms. In the northern hemisphere it is usually located in the right rear flank (back edge with respect to direction of movement) of a supercell, or often on the eastern, or leading, flank of a high-precipitation variety of supercell. The area overlaid by a mesocyclone's circulation may be several miles (km) wide, but substantially larger than any tornado that may develop within it, and it is within mesocyclones that intense tornadoes form.

Description
Mesocyclones are medium-scale vortices of rising and converging air that circulate around a vertical axis. They are most often associated with a local region of low-pressure. Their rotation is (usually) in the same direction as low pressure systems in a given hemisphere: counter-clockwise in the northern, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, with the only occasional exceptions being the smallest-scale mesocyclones. Meso Anticyclones that rotate in an opposite direction may accompany mesocyclones within a supercell but these tend to be weaker and often more transient than mesocyclones, which can be sustained for tens of minutes or hours, and also cyclically form in succession within a supercell.

A mesocyclone is usually a phenomenon that is difficult to observe directly. Visual evidence of rotation – such as curved inflow bands – may suggest the presence of a mesocyclone, but the cylinder of circulating air is often too large to be recognized when viewed from the ground, or may not carry clouds distinct enough from the surrounding calmer air to make the circulating air flow obvious.
Mesocyclones are best detected on Doppler weather radar as a rotation signature which meets specific criteria for magnitude, vertical depth, and duration. On U.S. NEXRAD radar displays, they are typically highlighted by a yellow solid circle on the Doppler velocity display; other weather services may have other conventions.

Within thunderstorms
They are of greatest concern when contained within severe thunderstorms, since mesocyclones often occur together with updrafts in supercells, within which tornadoes may form near the interchange with a downdraft.

Mesocyclones are localized, approximately  to  in diameter within strong thunderstorms. Thunderstorms containing persistent mesocyclones are supercell thunderstorms (although some supercells and even tornadic storms do not produce lightning or thunder and thus are not technically thunderstorms). Doppler weather radar is used to identify mesocyclones. A mesovortex is a similar but typically smaller and weaker rotational feature associated with squall lines.

Formation
Mesocyclones form when strong changes of wind speed and/or direction with height ("wind shear") sets parts of the lower part of the atmosphere spinning in invisible tube-like rolls. The convective updraft of a storm then draws up this spinning air, tilting the rolls' orientation upward (from parallel to the ground to perpendicular) and causing the entire updraft to rotate as a vertical column.

As the updraft rotates and ingests cooler, moister air from the forward flank downdraft (FFD), it may form a wall cloud, a spinning layer of clouds lowered from ambient storm cloud base under the mid-level mesocyclone. The wall cloud tends to form closer to the center of the mesocyclone. As it descends, a funnel cloud may form near its center. This is usually the first visible stage of development of a tornado.

The gallery below shows the 3 stages of development of a mesocyclone and a view of the storm relative motion on radar of a mesocyclone-producing tornado over Greensburg, Kansas on 4 May 2007. The storm was in the process of producing an EF5 tornado at the time of the image.

Identification
The most reliable way to detect a mesocyclone is by Doppler weather radar. Nearby high values of opposite sign within velocity data are how they are detected. Mesocyclones are most often located in the right-rear flank of supercell thunderstorms and when embedded within squall lines (whereas mesovortices most often form in the front flank of squall lines), and may be distinguished by a hook echo rotation signature on a weather radar map. Visual cues such as a rotating wall cloud or tornado may also hint at the presence of a mesocyclone. This is why the term has entered into wider usage in connection with rotating features in severe storms.

Tornado formation

Tornado formation is not completely understood, but often occurs in one of two ways.

In the first method, two conditions must be satisfied:
 First, a horizontal spinning effect must form on the Earth's surface. This usually originates in sudden changes in wind direction or speed, known as wind shear.
 Second, a cumulonimbus cloud, or occasionally a cumulus cloud, must be present.
During a thunderstorm, updrafts are occasionally powerful enough to lift the horizontal spinning row of air upwards, turning it into a vertical air column. This vertical air column then becomes the basic structure for the tornado. Tornadoes that form in this way are often weak and generally last less than 10 minutes.

The second method occurs during a supercell thunderstorm, in updrafts within the storm. When winds intensify, the force released can cause the updrafts to rotate. This rotating updraft is known as a mesocyclone.

For a tornado to form in this manner, a rear-flank downdraft enters the center of the mesocyclone from the back. Cold air, being denser than warm air, is able to penetrate the updraft. The combination of the updraft and downdraft completes the development of a tornado. Tornadoes that form in this method are often violent and can last over an hour.

Mesoscale convective vortex

A mesoscale convective vortex (MCV), also known as a mesoscale vorticity center or Neddy eddy, is a mesocyclone within a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that pulls winds into a circling pattern, or vortex, at the mid levels of the troposphere and is normally associated with anticyclonic outflow aloft, with a region of aeronautically troublesome wind shear between the upper and lower air. With a core only  wide and  deep, an MCV is often overlooked in standard weather maps. MCVs can persist for up to two days after its parent mesoscale convective system has dissipated.

The orphaned MCV can become the seed of the next thunderstorm outbreak. An MCV that moves into tropical waters, such as the Gulf of Mexico, can serve as the nucleus for a tropical cyclone. MCVs can produce very large wind storms; sometimes winds can reach over . The May 2009 Southern Midwest Derecho was an extreme progressive derecho and mesoscale convective vortex event that struck southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, and southwestern Illinois on 8 May 2009.

References

External links

Severe weather and convection
Types of cyclone
Tornadogenesis

Mesocyclone


Standard Test Data Format (STDF) is a proprietary file format for semiconductor test information originally developed by Teradyne, but it is now a de facto standard widely used throughout the semiconductor industry. It is a commonly used format produced by automatic test equipment (ATE) platforms from companies such as Cohu, Roos Instruments, Teradyne, Advantest, and others.

STDF is a binary format, but can be converted either to an ASCII format known as ATDF or to a tab delimited text file. Decoding the STDF variable length binary field data format to extract ASCII text is non-trivial as it involves a detailed comprehension of the STDF specification, the current (2007) version 4 specification being over 100 pages in length. Software tools exist for processing STDF generated files and performing statistical analysis on a population of tested devices.

Computer file formats
Hardware testing file formats

Standard Test Data Format


The brush nudibranch, Tritonia sp. 2, as designated by Gosliner, 1987, is a species of dendronotid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Tritoniidae. As at November 2009, it remained undescribed by science.

Distribution

This species has only been found off South Africa, from the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula to Jeffreys Bay, intertidally to 40 m. It appears to be endemic.

Description

The brush nudibranch reaches 50 mm in size. Its body is apricot-coloured with clusters of white spots on its notum.  Its short rhinophores extend from cup-like sheaths. It has short paired branching projections down the length of its body. Short branching tentacles extend from the front of its head.

Ecology

The brush nudibranch probably feeds on soft corals. Its egg mass is opaque, white and highly convoluted.

References

Tritoniidae
Undescribed gastropod species

Brush nudibranch


Joseph Raphael De Lamar (September 2, 1843 – December 1, 1918) was a prominent mine owner and operator in the western United States and Canada, as well as a financier and speculator, from the late 1870s until his death in 1918.

Early life
De Lamar was born in Amsterdam to Maximiliaan de la Mar (1814–1847) and Johanna Teune (1816–1867). His father, a banker in Amsterdam, died when Joseph had just turned four years old. In search of adventure, De Lamar stowed away aboard a Dutch vessel heading to the West Indies. When he was discovered, he was put to work without pay as assistant to the cook.

De Lamar worked as a seaman until he was twenty, when he became master of a ship, and three years later received a captain's command. He visited many of the world's ports and acquired an education through his observations in foreign countries. He was attracted to underwater work, including salvage which was profitable owing to the American Civil War, so he abandoned the merchant service and became a contractor. He was headquartered at Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, operating along the entire east coast to the West Indies.

Maritime prosperity
De Lamar received several contracts for raising sunken ships, and was very successful. In 1872 he raised the Charlotte, a transatlantic steamship that had foundered off the Bermudas loaded with Italian marble, and which had baffled the attempts of three previous wrecking companies. He nearly died at Martha's Vineyard, going down in a diving suit to examine personally the damage to the Steamer William Tibbitts, in which he was imprisoned for thirty-six hours. This led De Lamar to give up submarine work.

He then studied the opportunities of trade with Africa. Trading companies had confined their operations to the Coast, with natives from the interior bringing their goods to the Coast on the shoulders of bearers at considerable expense. De Lamar decided to do his trading in the interior. He equipped a small vessel capable of navigating the African rivers, stocked with goods and armed with four small cannon, a dozen blunderbusses, rifles and ammunition. He pushed into the interior, exercising constant vigilance to prevent attacks from hostile tribes. His venture was rewarded with complete success. He traded principally on the Gambia and Great Geba Rivers in Guinea-Bissau in West Africa. After three successful years he gave up this trade because of the climate. Many of his crew died every year of African fever. He sold his outfit to an English company.

Mining business
In 1878 De Lamar came to New York, and when mining fever struck Leadville, Colorado, he went west and bought several claims. That same year he took a private course in chemistry and metallurgy from a professor from the Chicago University. In November 1879 he purchased the Terrible Lead Mine in Custer County, Colorado for $5500. It was bought from the discoverers of the deposit, John Bunyan Rains and John Spaulding. He operated it until 1885, at which time he sold to the Omaha & Grant Smelting and Refining Company for $130,0000, a handsome profit. He then obtained control of a mountain six miles west of Silver City, Idaho. Many large veins of gold and silver were discovered on the property, and he sold a half interest, after he had taken $1,500,000 from the mine, to the De Lamar Mining Company of England for $2,000,000.

From Idaho, he turned his attention to the booming Cripple Creek district of Colorado. In 1893, De Lamar, together with Edward Holden, Charles M. MacNeill and George W. Peirce of the Golden Fleece Mine, had organized a company for starting the first barrel-chlorination plant in Colorado, and were about to rehabilitate an old stamp-mill a short distance below Victor, known as the Lawrence plant. The conventional stamp mill in which the ore was crushed and the gold amalgamated with mercury was almost useless in refining Cripple Creek ore. At first, the process didn't work well, but it was improved by John Rothwell, a consultant who was the foremost expert on chlorination at the time. A young Daniel C. Jackling was hired as assayer through Charles MacNeill, the start of his noted career. In December 1895, the chlorination mill at Lawrence burned to the ground. De Lamar by then had transferred his focus to Mercur, Utah.

During 1896–97, De Lamar acquired claims within the gold district of Mercur and had built a 500-ton cyanide process mill, later expanded to 1,000 ton, which was said to be the largest of the time, to work the mines. Jackling followed DeLamar to Utah as mill superintendent.   During his Cripple Creek and Mercur operations years, he also invested in gold mines in Lincoln County, Nevada, that from 1896 to 1902 paid him $8,000,000 in profits. At the Delamar Mine, Nevada, the barrel-chlorinating process was installed in 1895 and soon later discarded in favour of fine grinding and cyaniding.

In 1902, De Lamar sold his Mercur and De Lamar, Nevada mines, for one million dollars each. To his discredit, the operation in the mill at DeLamar created such a fine particulate during the milling process that many workers were killed by inhaling the dust, the focus of medical study and accusation of DeLamar's inconsideration of his laborer's safety.

In the late 1890s, De Lamar had turned his attention to copper. While at Mercur, DeLamar became interested in the Bingham Canyon copper mines and sent Jackling and others to inspect the deposit. DeLamar would eventually acquire a portion of the canyon, but sold out to his former Cripple Creek partners, MacNeill and Spencer Penrose who would reap a fortune in copper at Bingham Canyon, Utah, with Jackling as their manager. In July 1899 De Lamar also purchased the Bully Hill mines, in the Shasta copper district of California, and financed the big copper smelter which was operating near there. A railroad project was installed to connect level 3 of the mine with the smelter, and the project became informally known as the DeLamar Railroad, which became part of the Sacramento Valley and Eastern Railway. Like his earlier operations, DeLamar unloaded the California property for a quick profit. Also, in 1901 he invested in mines near Yerington, Nevada and formed the Bluestone Mining & Smelting Company, one of his smaller yet still profitable operations sold after his death.

He next turned to Canada, taking over the great copper nickel lodes of Sudbury, Ontario and organized the International Nickel Company (Inco), a multinational mining corporation. In 1905 he and his International Nickel partners bought into the Nipissing Mine, located in Cobalt, Ontario, 300 miles north of Toronto. In May 1906, they hit the famed "Silver Sidewalk," a vein of nearly pure silver. DeLamar and his partners reportedly unloaded the property for $10 to $20 million. His next move was into the rich Porcupine district of Canada, where he became president of Dome Mines, a long-term gold producer. As Inco, Dome and his other operations reached peak production during the high mineral market prices of World War I, he was one of the wealthiest men in America at the time of his death in 1918.

Three former mining cities, which are today ghost towns, Delamar, Nevada, De Lamar, Idaho, and Delamar, California, were renamed after him; the last is now under water of Shasta Lake. The Delamar Mountains, a mountain range in Lincoln County, Nevada, as well a mountain summit in San Bernardino County, California, were also named after him. Delamar Mountain in California climbs to  above sea level.

Other business
De Lamar was one of the most noted traders in Wall Street for over twenty years, and one of the leading financiers in the country. Besides his many mining properties, he was president of the Delta Beet Sugar Company; a director of the American Bank Note Company, Coronate Phosphate Company, American Sumatra Tobacco Company, Manhattan Sugar Company, the National Conduit and Cable Company and the Western Power Company.

Political career
In 1891 De Lamar served as state senator in the first legislature of the new state of Idaho, and occupied the Chairmanship on Finance, Railroads and Constitutional Amendments. The Republican Party wanted him as their candidate for the U.S. Senate, but, as biographer G. W. Barrett shows, DeLamar was never interested in becoming the first U. S. Senator from Idaho and declined to continue in politics. He moved to New York.

De Lamar was known in Wall Street as "the man of mystery." He never talked much, his intimate friends say, but was uniformly successful in his transactions. He was part of the "community of interest" in big business that influenced politics, but he never again campaigned for office.

Personal life

De Lamar married Nellie Virginia Sands on May 8, 1893, and they had one daughter together, Alice A. De Lamar. De Lamar was a member of the Lotus Club and the New York, Larchmont and Columbia Yacht Clubs. He was the owner of the yacht May and Sagitta, the fastest power boat on Long Island Sound. He was a great believer in aerial navigation and devoted considerable time to the study of the subject.

De Lamar was also an art connoisseur, a collector of fine paintings, statuary and other art objects. He was also a lover of music, but his greatest delight was in the gathering of rare plants and flowers, of which he possessed a notable collection. He left a large sum, estimated at $10,000,000, to the Harvard University Medical School, Johns Hopkins University, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University for research into the causes of disease and for the promulgation through lectures, publications, and otherwise of the principles of correct living.

His house on Madison Avenue, built in 1904 for a reported $600,000, is today a New York City landmark building. In 1914 he built an eighty-room manor house, "Pembroke", on Long Island in the town of Glen Cove; author Rex Beach filmed his 1910s movie Too Fat to Fly on its grounds. The home contained a cave, or grotto, encrusted with stalactites. A statue of a nude woman stood in the shallow water and was reflected in a mirror set deep in the cave.

De Lamar died on December 1, 1918, at Roosevelt Hospital in Manhattan, New York City. In the press release of his death, the news writers said "the story of Captain DeLamar's life reads like a romance."

In popular culture
Joseph and Alice De Lamar's lives were the subject of the In Search of... season 4 episode, "The Missing Heirs".

References
Notes

Sources
 Hill, Edwin Charles: Historical Register : a record of people places and events in American history, illustrated with portrait plates, New York, 1920, p. 35-37.
 JOSEPH RAPHAEL DE LAMAR, full text
 The De Lamar Building, New York, at flickr.com

1843 births
1918 deaths
People from Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts
Businesspeople from New York City
Republican Party Idaho state senators
Dutch emigrants to the United States
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

Joseph Raphael De Lamar


Jorge is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the given name George. While spelled alike, this name is pronounced very differently in each of the two languages: Spanish ; Portuguese .

It is derived from the Greek name Γεώργιος (Georgios) via Latin  Georgius; the former is derived from  (georgos), meaning "farmer" or "earth-worker".

The Latin form Georgius had been rarely given in Western Christendom since at least the 6th century.
The popularity of the name however develops from around the 12th century, in Occitan in the form Jordi, and it becomes popular at European courts after the publication of the Golden Legend in the 1260s.

The West Iberian form Jorge is on record in Portugal as the name of Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra (1481–1550).

List of people with the given name Jorge
 Jorge (footballer, born 1946), Brazilian footballer
 Jorge (Brazilian singer), Brazilian musician and singer, Jorge & Mateus
 Jorge (Romanian singer), real name George Papagheorghe, Romanian singer, actor, TV host
 Jorge Betancourt, Cuban diver
 Jorge Campos, Mexican football player
 Jorge Cantú, baseball player
 Jorge Cham, web comic writer
 Jorge Chavez, French-Peruvian aviator
 Jorge Cimadevilla, American football player
 Jorge Coll, Spanish art dealer
 Jorge Costa, football player
 Jorge Donn, Argentine-born ballet dancer
 Jorge Ebanks, Cayman Islands basketball player
 Jorge De La Rosa, baseball pitcher
 Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician assassinated in 1948
 Jorge Enrique Adoum (1926–2009), Ecuadorian writer
 Jorge Garbajosa, Spanish basketball player
 Jorge Garcia, American actor and comedian
 Jorge García Torre, Spanish footballer known as Jorge
 Jorge Gómez, Chilean football player
 Jorge Guillén, Spanish poet
 Jorge Gutiérrez, Argentine squash player
 Jorge Gutierrez, Mexican animator
 Jorge Herrera (swimmer), Puerto Rican freestyle swimmer
 Jorge Herrera (footballer), Colombian footballer
 Jorge Humberto Martínez, Colombian road cyclist
 Jorge Julio, baseball player
 Jorge Lencina, Argentine judoka
 Jorge Liderman, American
 Jorge Linck, Argentine sailor
 Jorge Lorenzo, Spanish motorcycle racer
 Jorge Luis Alcantar Bolly, Mexican professional wrestler known as El Hijo del Fantasma and Santos Escobar
 Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine author
 Jorge Marco de Oliveira Moraes, Brazilian footballer
 Jorge Mario Bergoglio, Argentine Roman Catholic priest who became Pope Francis
 Jorge Martín, Spanish motorcycle racer
 Jorge Masvidal, Cuban American Mixed Martial Artist
 Jorge Mondragón, Mexican diver
 Jorge Montenegro (disambiguation), multiple people
 Jorge Negrete, Mexican actor
 Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, Portuguese chairman of FC Porto
 Jorge Otálvaro, Colombian road cyclist
 Jorge Orta, baseball player
 Jorge Páez, Mexican boxer and actor
 Jorge Pescara, Brazilian musician
 Jorge Posada, baseball catcher
 Jorge Querejeta, Argentine field hockey player
 Jorge Quinteros, Argentine football player
 Jorge Quinteros, Chilean mountaineer
 Jorge Racca, Argentine basketball player
 Jorge Rafael Videla, 43rd Argentine president and dictator
 Jorge Ramos, Mexican-born American Spanish-language news anchor
 Jorge Richardson, Puerto Rican track and field athlete
 Jorge Rodríguez, Salvadoran footballer
 Jorge Sampaio, Portuguese President
 Jorge Santana, Mexican-born guitarist, brother of Carlos
 Jorge Semprún, Spanish writer and politician
 Jorge Solís, Mexican boxer
 Jorge Taufua, Australian rugby player
 Jorge Valdano, Argentine football player
 Jorge Villavicencio (1958–2020), Guatemalan politician and physician
 Seu Jorge, Brazilian musician
 Jorge Ruiz, Soccer Player

See also
 Storm Jorge in the 2019–20 European windstorm season

References

Portuguese masculine given names
Spanish masculine given names
Masculine given names

Jorge


The Old Guys is a British sitcom that revolves around two ageing housemates: Tom Finnan (Roger Lloyd-Pack) and Roy Bowden (Clive Swift). The pair live across the street from Sally (Jane Asher), whom they both find attractive. Tom moved in with Roy after Roy's wife Penny deserted him. Baby boomer Tom has little in life but his daughter Amber (Katherine Parkinson), who is dating Sally's son Steve (Justin Edwards). Roy is a suburban pensioner who believes that he is one of the country's leading intellectuals.

It premiered on 31 January 2009 on BBC One, and aired on Saturday evenings. The show concluded its second series on 13 August 2010. The series has been repeated on Gold.

Production
The sitcom is produced by BBC Scotland, and is written by Jesse Armstrong, Simon Blackwell and Sam Bain. The show was commissioned by Lucy Lumsden, BBC Controller of Comedy Commissioning in 2008. It is recorded at BBC Pacific Quay in Glasgow.

In 2005, while in the early stages of development, a script for The Old Guys was used for a BBC Three competition, The Last Laugh, aimed at encouraging young writers. Along with seven other scripts for potential sitcoms, the first 13 scenes were published, and entrants invited to write the remainder.

Characters
Roger Lloyd-Pack as Tom
Clive Swift as Roy
Jane Asher as Sally
Katherine Parkinson as Amber
Vincent Ebrahim as Rajan
Justin Edwards as Steve

Title music
For its theme tune the series has used Ivor Cutler's distinctive song "I'm Happy", which can be found on his 1967 Ludo album. The theme song heard during the end credits is "Barabadabada" from his 1976 Jammy Smears album. Series 1 used the original recording of "I'm Happy", whilst Series 2 used a version performed by Lloyd-Pack and Swift.

Episodes

The Old Guys ran for twelve episodes over two series. All episodes are thirty minutes. The first series aired at around 9:30 pm every Saturday. The first episode gained 4.95 million viewers, an audience share of 22.5%. The second episode slumped slightly with 3.75 million (17.2%) viewers. The second series began on 9 July 2010 and ended on 13 August 2010. Both series of the show are occasionally repeated on Gold as part of their late-night broadcasting schedules.

Reception
The Old Guys received mixed reviews. David Chater in The Times stated, "There is nothing wrong with the comic performances, but such an unashamedly old-fashioned format is strangely at odds with its subject matter. Peep Show this isn't." The Daily Mirror commented, "Moved to a new home on Friday nights, where it's much-needed, the second series of The Old Guys feels as comfortable as a pair of slippers."

International distribution
In Australia the show originally aired on ABC1. In the US the first series is currently available on some PBS stations.

Home media
The first series of The Old Guys was released on Region 2 DVD on 28 June 2010. Both series are also available to buy on iTunes, despite the second one not being released on DVD.

References

External links

Review in the Leicester Mercury

2009 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
2000s British sitcoms
2010s British sitcoms
BBC high definition shows
BBC television sitcoms
English-language television shows

The Old Guys


Allyson Braithwaite Condie (born November 2, 1978) is an author of young adult and middle grade fiction. Her novel Matched was a #1 New York Times and international bestseller, and spent over a year on the New York Times Bestseller List. The sequels (Crossed and Reached) are also New York Times bestsellers. Matched was chosen as one of YALSA's 2011 Teens' Top Ten  and named as one of Publishers Weekly's Best Children's Books of 2010. All three books are available in 30+ languages.

Condie is also the author of the New York Times bestseller Atlantia (a standalone novel published in 2014) and Summerlost (a middle grade novel published in 2016). Summerlost was a finalist for the 2017 Edgar Award for Best Juvenile Mystery.

She is the founder and director of the WriteOut Foundation, a non-profit 501 (3) (c) foundation that runs writing camps for rural teens. She is also a member of the Yallwest Board, which is a non-profit California-based organization aimed at making books accessible to local children. Condie is also on the board of Go Jane Give, a non-profit Utah-based organization that organizes donations to refugees.

Personal life
Condie was born in Cedar City, Utah. At the age of four, she told a series of original stories about a unicorn to her babysitter, who wrote them down for Condie. Once she could write, Condie kept a regular journal, as well as a poetry journal. Condie did not have much time for creative writing in high school, college, or her years as a high school English teacher. In high school, Condie ran cross country and track, and has maintained a love for distance running even today. Condie partially credits her interest in YA writing to her positive experience working with high schoolers, despite not writing much during her own time in high school. She wanted to become the kind of author she would have felt comfortable recommending her students read. Writing for adolescents came naturally to Condie because of her experience as a high school teacher, cross country and track coach, as a sorority mom, and especially since she herself enjoys reading YA literature.

She attended Brigham Young University and has an undergraduate degree in English Teaching. She taught high school English in Utah and in upstate New York. With the arrival of their first child, Condie quit teaching to raise a family. During this time away from school and work, she picked up writing again. Condie began publishing YA literature with Deseret Book Company, a small, Utah-based publisher. She published her first book in 2006, Yearbook, which was subsequently followed by the remaining two books in the Yearbook trilogy: First Day (2007) and Reunion (2008). The trilogy was followed by two stand-alone novels: Freshman for President (2008) and Being Sixteen (2010).

In 2017, she lived with her husband and four children in Pleasant Grove, Utah. Also in 2017, Condie graduated from Vermont College of Fine Arts with a Master's in Fine Arts Degree.  Condie is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
 The Utah landscape and Christian themes from her upbringing continue to influence her writing.

Matched trilogy

The YA novel Matched was published by Dutton Penguin in November 2010 and reached number three on the Children's Chapter Books bestseller list in January. Condie took the manuscript for Matched to Penguin Random House, after being advised so from her director at Deseret Book, where it reached an international audience. The second book, Crossed, was published in November 2011, and Reached, published November 2012, completed the trilogy. The trilogy falls into the category of dystopian YA, which has increased in popularity for the modern YA audience.

Summerlost
Condie's standalone novel, Summerlost, marked a transition for the novelist from YA to middle grade writing. Speaking on "Summerlost," (Dutton Children's Books, 2016) Condie mentions that the characters and the location of her novel were inspired by her own childhood in Cedar City, Utah. The fictional "Iron Creek" is inspired by "Coal Creek" in Cedar City.

Works

Yearbook trilogy
 Yearbook (Deseret Book, 2006)
 First Day (Deseret, 2007)
 Reunion (Deseret, 2008)

Matched trilogy
 Matched (Dutton Penguin, 2010)
 Crossed (Dutton, 2011)
 Reached (Dutton, 2012)

The Darkdeep trilogy
This trilogy is written with Brendan Reichs

 The Darkdeep (2018)
 The Beast (2019)
 The Torchbearers (2020)

Standalone fiction
 Freshman for President (Deseret/Shadow Mountain, 2008),
 Being Sixteen (Deseret, 2010),
 Atlantia (Dutton Penguin, 2014)
 Summerlost (Dutton Penguin, 2016)
The Last Voyage of Poe Blythe (2019)

Anthologies
 The Moms' Club Diaries: notes from a world of playdates, pacifiers, and poignant moments, compiled by Allyson Braithwaite Condie and Lindsay Hepworth (Provo, UT: Spring Creek, 2008),

Future works
At least two new novels from Ally Condie are planned: "The Only Girl in Town", with publication scheduled for 2023, and an untitled YA novel.

See also

List of dystopian literature

References

External links

 The WriteOut Foundation

21st-century American novelists
American science fiction writers
American writers of young adult literature
American women novelists
Brigham Young University alumni
Writers from Salt Lake City
Writers of young adult science fiction
Living people
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
21st-century American women writers
Women writers of young adult literature
Novelists from Utah
1978 births
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Harold B. Lee Library-related 21st century articles

Ally Condie


R.O.D the TV is a Japanese anime television series, animated by J.C.Staff and Studio Deen and produced by Aniplex, directed by Koji Masunari and scripted by Hideyuki Kurata. It is about the adventures of three paper-manipulating sisters, Michelle, Maggie and Anita, who become the bodyguards of Nenene Sumiregawa, a famous Japanese writer. Featuring music by Taku Iwasaki, the series is a sequel to the Read or Die OVA. Its official title of R.O.D the TV is a catch-all acronym referring to the inclusion of characters from both Read or Die (the light novels, manga and OVA) and the Read or Dream manga, the latter of which revolves solely around the Paper Sisters. Promotional material for R.O.D the TV implies that the show revolves around the three sisters of Read or Dream; however, Nenene Sumiregawa of Read or Die is also considered a protagonist.

R.O.D the TV was broadcast for 26 episodes from October 1, 2003, to March 16, 2004, on pay-per-view satellite television platform SKY PerfecTV!. It also aired across the terrestrial Fuji Television station from October 15, 2003, to March 18, 2004. It was also broadcast worldwide by the anime satellite television network, Animax.

The series was first distributed on DVD in North America by Geneon, in seven discs; the company finished releasing the series in summer 2005. Aniplex of America re-released the original Read or Die episodes and the TV series on Blu-ray in Winter 2010/2011.

Plot

The series begins in 2006, five years after the "I-Jin" incident detailed in the Read or Die OVA. Yomiko Readman (a.k.a. "The Paper", agent of British Library Task Force) has supposedly gone missing, and Nenene Sumiregawa, her former student and best friend, is still in Tokyo after her parents moved to the United States. Nenene has not written a book since Yomiko disappeared, as she has become lonely and frustrated that her sensei has never read her last book, and she feels she cannot write again until she hears Yomiko's reaction to the book, so Nenene often disappears for long periods of time searching for Yomiko, and has been periodically doing so ever since her "disappearance".

During a trip to Hong Kong, Nenene meets the three sisters, Michelle, Maggie and Anita (from the Read or Dream manga), who are supposed to take care of her during her visit. However, the hotel at which Nenene is supposed to stay at is bombed, and at a press conference Nenene is briefly held hostage by a jealous rival in her industry. The three sisters end up becoming her bodyguards and join her back to Tokyo.

Each sister has paper manipulation skills similar to Yomiko, although less powerful and more focused in scope. After the initial action-filled adventure, the first several episodes take on the feel of an odd-couple comedy which focuses on tension between Nenene and the sisters, who move into her apartment and mooch off her, all while dealing with various crazies and psychos in their everyday lives. The sisters also perform odd jobs as agents of the Dokusensha (ostensibly a Chinese publishing company, but more like an Illuminati-type organization focusing on the collection of rare and powerful documents). This eventually puts them and Nenene in direct conflict with the British Library and the protagonists of Read or Die (Dokusensha is established as the British Library's rival in the Read or Die manga).

Events grow more serious as the series progresses as atrocities are committed by both sides, thrusting the main characters into the middle of a conflict between literary superpowers, the British Library and Dokusensha, who are both trying to collect ancient artifacts (books, of course) to control the entire world and even rewrite history. After a horrific collision between the two superpowers, Nenene and the Paper Sisters set out to find the missing Yomiko to learn the truth about the conflict and save the world from literary terrorism.

Characters

Main characters
The Paper Sisters names seem to be derived from those of three real Hong Kong action stars: Maggie Cheung, Anita Mui, and Michelle Yeoh (who has also been credited as "Michelle Khan"). These three actresses starred together in the 1993 movie The Heroic Trio as the titular super-powered heroines. Alternatively, a possible reference is Hong Kong actress Michelle Reis, whose surname means "king" in Portuguese (her father being Portuguese).

 The youngest sister is a spitfire who specializes in using her paper offensively (by using paper "blades" and throwing index cards like shuriken), but she also relies upon her impressive physical martial arts skills in combat. Unlike all other known Paper Masters, she dislikes books (but is obsessed with collecting frogs and drinking milk). Although Anita sometimes acts bratty and self-important, she deeply loves her sisters. She frequently fights with Nenene, who is equally outspoken, but beneath their squabbles, they demonstrate a strong bond through the series. She is well liked in her class and is especially admired by classmate named Hisami Hishiishi (whom Anita nicknames "Hisa"). Hisa compares the two to the main characters with an extremely close friendship in Anne of Green Gables. Like Maggie, she is also flat chested but unlike the latter; she mostly resembles an elementary school student-(especially in height).
  Ma-nee

 A tall, boyish, quiet wallflower with somewhat depressed looks, her power usually manifests as familiars – beings she controls made of paper; her sisters also rely on her for her strong defensive capabilities. She is known for being easily embarrassed and enjoying tight cosy spots to relax in (which is why she sleeps in the closet). Michelle says her favourite author is Ernest Hemingway, but Maggie quickly points out that she likes Nenene's works too. She strongly looks up to her older sister, Michelle, and compares herself negatively to her. She cares for her sisters and always tries to protect them at the expense of her own safety. Anita believes Maggie to be strongest Paper Sister in combat. Because of her masculine appearance; including her flat chest, she strongly resembles a teenage boy.
  Mi-nee

 The oldest sister, generally considered the leader and strategist of the three. She has a cheerful, apparently ditzy personality. Her favourite books are the Harry Potter series, and she has a soft spot for cute things and small children. She is almost supernaturally calm, and her enemies find it difficult to manipulate her emotions; their enemy Webber notes her emotional balance makes her resistant to his sonic tortures. Michelle manifests her paper powers primarily through ranged weapons, such as bows and arrows. Michelle's love of books almost matches that of Yomiko's; when she arrives in Japan, Michelle buys out so many book stores that people begin to speculate Yomiko has returned.
  Sensei, Nene-nee-san

 A prodigy novelist in her high school years, usually referred to as sensei and originally featured in the Read or Die manga as a teenage friend of the older Yomiko. She is often frustrated with Yomiko's obsession with books – and later the Paper Sisters when they move into her home – and chides her for being absentminded, leaving post-its in her room. Since Yomiko's disappearance, she has become very self-sufficient but unfortunately wistful, cranky and bitter at times in her loneliness. She remained in Japan, despite her parents' move to the United States, in order to housekeep and tend to Yomiko's personal effects until her (presumed) return.

Characters from Read or Die

 The former "Agent Paper" of the British Library, and Nenene's close friend, does not appear until episode 15 of the series, with only the vague suggestion before she appears of something terrible happening to her around the same time the British Library was destroyed. Yomiko's abilities and power as a papermaster are far greater than those of the Paper Sisters, as she does not seem as limited to one form of use for her powers, whereas Anita, Maggie and Michelle all have one speciality.

 She is the second I-Jin clone of Mata Hari that Yomiko met in the R.O.D OVA. At the end of the original series, Nancy suffered extensive brain damage as a result of oxygen deprivation; the result was that her mental state was reduced to that of a child, with no memories of her earlier actions. Desperate to protect her, Yomiko took Nancy and ran off into hiding. When introduced in the TV series, Nancy's personality is that of a young girl, far from the femme fatale she was before she was injured.

 An American munitions expert, frequently hired by the British Library for mercenary work. Anderson has no superpowers, but is well trained and good with weapons. A weapon of sorts he wields is his knowledge of papermasters, being more knowledgeable than most when pitted against them. He is a sarcastic realist who tries to keep situations calm and professional, although sometimes he is overwhelmed by the eccentric, super-human people around him. He has a young daughter named Maggie, but with no relation to the aforementioned papermaster. Probably because of his daughter, he is less ruthless than a soldier like him would otherwise be (i.e., when he fights the three sisters he does not try to murder them, and he refuses to kill children, such as Anita).

 The head of the British Library Special Operations Unit and Yomiko's former boss. He took control of the organization after the death of the Gentleman and is now often referred to as "Mr. Carpenter." Compared to his appearance in the OVA, his face seems a bit more lined from stress (and possibly age), and he now walks with the assistance of a cane. Initially, Joker appears as calm, reassuring, and easy-going as ever, but as the series progresses he gets more violent and high-strung, revealed to be an elitist who holds the same "human selection" principles as the I-Jin (the villains of the OVA). Disappointed by the decline of British global influence following the Gentleman's death, Joker implements a scheme to regain control of the world, no matter the human cost. At the end of the TV Series, he is seen recovering from a comatose state after being "force-fed" part of Mr. Gentleman's information during the execution of Operation Sleeping Books.

 Seen in the manga and OVA as Joker's office secretary and junior agent of British Library Special Operations, she now serves as his right hand henchwoman. Wendy's character has matured radically, from an enthusiastic, if clumsy, over-eager young assistant into a serious, ruthless agent willing to fulfil the British Library's plans by any means necessary. She is highly resentful of Yomiko (whereas she adored her in the OVA and manga), likely due to events laid out through the course of the TV series, and she is one of the few British Library personnel fully aware of Joker's plans.

 Seen in the OVA, now deceased. He was the head of the British Library and the true source of Britain's secret power over global affairs (i.e., it was because of Gentleman that Joker had the authority over the U.S. President in the OVA). In the TV series, the British Library made efforts to revive him with the purpose of reviving the British Empire. Operation Sleeping Books was launched as a last resort, where the British Library used the concept of "Skin Print" to record his human genome into paper and separated it into 7 books. Once an appropriate body/host was found, these books would have been transmitted to the host so that Gentleman may be reborn in a new body. The seven books are:
 The Book of Forlorn Blood
 The Book of Pulsing Flesh
 The Book of Powerful Arms
 The Book of Trotting Legs
 The Book of Rising Intellect
 The Book of Supporting Bones
 The Book of The All-Seeing Eye

New, major and minor characters

 Joker's youngest henchman and extremely violent assassin, Junior is a mysterious, effeminate young boy about Anita King's own age who is a highly skilled master marksman and secret agent working confidentially under the British Library's Special Operations Division.  While on missions for Joker, he is referred to as Agent J and usually carries out dangerous and difficult missions using his physical intellect and martial arts, stealth, and his power of intangibility, which is later revealed to be a trait he inherited from his mother.
As an agent, Junior is highly adept at deceiving his enemies, comparable to Joker, Junior's enigmatic boss. While he is efficient as an agent, he somewhat lacks the ruthlessness of his legal caretakers, Joe Carpenter (Joker) and Wendy Earhart, or his father, Ikkyu Sojun. Extremely reserved and emotionally distant, he is easily drawn to those who show him kindness, which can explain his deep attraction towards the Paper Sisters whom he befriends later on.   Because he was raised by a Government agency, he is socially inept and his withdrawn demeanor and inexperience with friendship and love hints at a lonely upbringing.  After meeting Anita King in the Nishihama middle school, he becomes less aloof and he begins to develop a sense of individuality.
 Late in the series, Junior is revealed to be the child of two I-jin, Nancy Makuhari and the deceased Ikkyū Sōjun, and the tool in Joker's scheme. As the son of two great, though distinct beings, whose intellect and physiology is deemed as superior above all other humans, Joker considers him as "the perfect vessel"; hence Joker is keen to train him as an agent and later as a medium for resurrecting The Gentleman, an ancient man of power beyond knowledge. Because of the I-jin's sudden extinction, which took place five years earlier before the TV series and nine months prior to his birth, it could be said that Junior and his mother are the last of the I-jin.

 Nenene Sumiregawa's editor, who hired the Paper Sisters to guard her early on in the series. Usually very calm, despite apparently having recently given up smoking (evidenced by chewing a red pen, also a tool of his profession). Seemingly minor at first, he plays a bigger and darker role as the scope of Dokusensha's plans – for Nenene in particular – is revealed. Nenene gives him a Zippo lighter, which eventually returns to the giver along with important information.
 or
 A carrier pigeon used by Mr. Kim to send messages and assignments to the Paper Sisters. The sisters name him after the famous Chinese film director, one of whose trademarks is the use of doves to highlight dramatic moments. The pigeon demands respect and pecks Maggie when she forgets to call him "-san" ("Mr."). It is unclear then, exactly how the pigeon communicates, as Mr. Lee tells him to "shut up" even though the bird did not vocalize anything. While originally serving Dokusensha, Mr. Woo remains a "friend" to the Three Sisters throughout the series.

 A Dokusensha operative who hands the sisters their mission briefings; Michelle refers to him as their "handler." He can usually be seen overseeing these missions from a safe distance away. Sonny Wong is often with him. During the "Twilight of the Papers," Mr. Kim disappears during the conflict in Dokusensha headquarters, only to turn up much later as a minor employee for the British Library.
  "The Recycler"

 A Paper Master employed by Dokusensha. He is mysterious, wearing sunglasses and a large coat that conceal most of his face, and he never speaks. He is physically strong. He has no qualms about killing people to achieve his goals. He challenges the Paper Sisters during "Twilight of the Papers" episodes and proves stronger than all three combined, even capable of ripping Maggie's familiars apart with his hands, and he only meets his fate after Maggie successfully manages to fight him defensively until he is engulfed in a sea of ink released when a series of explosives in the building go off.

 An enthusiast and supporter of the British Empire. After the fire incident in the British library, he was entrusted by the British library to guard "The Book of Pulsating Flesh." He lives in a Romanian castle together with his faithful servant, Irving. The castle exterior and interior were specially design to detect disturbance from a certain distance and at the same time emit frequency on its own. As shown in TV series, he is an expert in sound and frequency where he uses a special pipe organ (also known as a frequency organ) to transmit various frequency to control mammals, manipulate people's emotions and create a semi-visible shield to protect himself. He holds a grudge against Yomiko Readman since she was responsible for the fire in the British Library. Though he proves to be a challenge to the Paper Sisters, he is defeated when the Paper Sisters create a paper "silencer" field which allows them to bypass his protection field.
Alice Alice Arquette  "Triple A"

 Former archaeologist from British Museum and onsen freak. She was a British library agent whose mission was to retrieve the "Key" to activate the Sleeping Books, hidden in an ancient storeroom under a hot spring mountain built by her family. She was killed without mercy while surrendering by Sonny Wong, angering Drake, Nenene, and the Paper Sisters (despite the fact that Wong was technically there to help the Sisters), and Drake attempts to avenge her death.

 Another British Library agent believed to have gone rogue, who happened to meet Anita at her junior high school. He is hunted down by the British Library, who sent Junior to kill him and retrieve the book. He asks Anita to hide one of Mr Gentleman's books when Junior shoots him. Before Anita and her sisters return to Hong Kong, she returns the book to Richard, who is recuperating in the hospital. After she leaves, however, Junior phases through a wall and takes the book, leaving Richard either unconscious or dead.

 A famous and an intelligent actor in theatrical circle, turned British Library agent. Dokusensha believes he sold the book entrusted to him by the British Library and used the money to build a town where the population were dedicated to his acting. Their efforts to divert the Paper Sisters from their mission to find the Sleeping Books are frighteningly effective. The town however is effectively wiped off the map afterwards by the Dokusensha. It is also important to note that the term "John Smith" means someone who remains nameless like Joe Bloggs or John Q. Public, this fact plays a vital role in uncovering who exactly he is in his episode.

 The President of the United States. Throughout the series he supports Joker's plans with the understanding that the United States would be the leading nation in the new world order Gentleman would bring about when resurrected. When he learns that it will be the United Kingdom, not the United States, to lead the new world order, he attempts to attack the UK only to have his forces destroyed. He is probably the same U.S. President shown in the Read or Die OVA, as he speaks with a Texan accent and when faced with adversity wets himself.

Reception
The series was positively received. Enoch Lau of THEM Anime Reviews argued that the series had a "refreshing concept" of an "ultra-cool" female protagonist as a bookworm, said it is like a "good mystery novel" with some filler episodes, and stated that Maggie reminded him of Sakaki in Azumanga Daioh. Lau added that the paper fights are "cool", while praising the animation, art, detail, and character design, but criticized it occasional inconsistent pacing. Carlos and Giancarla Ross of the same publication argued that the series is a "more exciting and interesting tour of the world of library sciences" than Kokoro Library. Timothy Donohoo of CBR praised the series as perfect for bookworms and writers, arguing that it has an "interesting" take on writer's block, and called it a classic series which is "one for the books." Theron Martin of Anime News Network compared the OVA and anime series, noting the "contrast...in focus and tone", and said the anime series is more about relationships between the characters than the OVA. He added that the OVA and TV series together tell a "complete tale that can be a lot of fun to watch."

Caitlin Donnovan of The Mary Sue praised the series for having female superheroes with "amazing powers based on literature", and said that while the series can be "heartwrenching", it is, in her view, absurd and "over-the-top sci-fi superhero fun". She also praised the action scenes, storyline, and being about "hardcore ladies kicking ass with the power of literacy," but noted some fan service, gory deaths, torture, stereotypical Chinese characters, and sexualized female characters. Charles Webb of MTV said the series was the only anime series "made for both bibliophiles and action fans alike." John Sinnott of DVD Talk reviewed the first four episodes and argued that it had a "good amount of humor, some action, and very good dramatic moments". Yuricon founder, Erica Friedman, argued that the series was the "standout anime" in 2003, praised the intense and high-powered action in the first episode, switching between "shounen and shoujo style writing", and called it the "most finely crafted anime" she had seen, and argued that the protagonists have yuri feelings, and noted this is strongest between Anita and her school friend Hisami.

Other media
Dōjin game studio Easy Game Station created the side-scrolling video game ElePaper Action based on the series.
The Three Paper Sisters appeared in the cross-over game Battle Moon Wars as enemies, renamed as Anipon, Maggipon and Mipon.

Notes

References

External links
R.O.D -THE TV-  Official Japanese site
Geneon's official R.O.D. the TV website
Madman Entertainment's official R.O.D. the TV website
Aniplex USA's official Read or Die/ROD the TV website

Action anime and manga
Aniplex
Fuji TV original programming
Geneon USA
J.C.Staff
Mystery anime and manga
Studio Deen

R.O.D the TV


WRLM (channel 47) is a religious television station licensed to Canton, Ohio, United States, and serving the Cleveland–Akron television market. Owned and operated by Tri-State Christian Television (TCT), the station's transmitter is located in Copley, Ohio.

History
The station first signed on the air on March 1, 1982, as WOAC, broadcasting on UHF channel 67; it was founded by businessman Morton Kent. Initially, the station operated as an independent station, serving mainly the Canton area. It originally maintained a programming format featuring syndicated reruns, movies, and local news updates. In 1995, Canton 67 Ltd. sold WOAC to Whitehead Media, which entered into a local marketing agreement with Paxson Communications (now Ion Media Networks). Paxson dropped WOAC's entertainment programming in late 1995, and the station adopted an infomercial format provided by Paxson's Infomall TV Network (or inTV) service (a predecessor to today's Ion Television). Shortly afterwards, Paxson purchased WAKC-TV (channel 23, now WVPX-TV) from ValueVision, and as a result, both stations broadcast inTV programming from December 31, 1996, when WAKC's affiliation contract with ABC expired, until 1998, when WOAC was sold to the Shop at Home Network, which replaced inTV with its own home shopping programming.

It is thought that Paxson sold WOAC because WAKC-TV had a stronger signal that better covered all of Northeast Ohio; WOAC's signal at the time was essentially limited to Canton and Stark County. However, WOAC's antenna was subsequently moved to the Brimfield site, and the power was boosted to five million watts—the maximum allowed for analog UHF broadcasting. This allowed the station to have a much stronger signal that rivaled that of other local stations. In early 2006, WOAC began operating its digital signal on UHF channel 47, with a power of one million watts—the highest transmitting power allowable for a digital television signal, and provides an equivalent coverage area to the analog signal.

On May 16, 2006, the E. W. Scripps Company (incidentally, the longtime owner of Cleveland's ABC affiliate WEWS-TV, channel 5) announced that Shop at Home would be suspending operations, effective June 22, 2006. However, Jewelry Television took over the Shop at Home network operations around the time of the planned closure, and WOAC and other Shop at Home affiliates then ran a combination of programming from the two networks.

On September 26, 2006, Scripps announced that it was selling its Shop at Home stations, including WOAC, to Multicultural Television of New York City for $170 million. The sale of WOAC and sister stations KCNS in San Francisco and WRAY-TV in Raleigh, North Carolina, was completed on December 20, 2006. Shortly after Multicultural closed on the deal, all home shopping programming ceased in favor of running infomercials and locally produced programming (such as Dining With Steve, which profiled restaurants in the station's area of service, and The Art of Living, which interviewed influential people in the same area).

After Multicultural ran into financial problems and defaulted on its loans, the station was placed into a trust; it was then sold to Marion, Illinois–based Tri-State Christian Television, a chain of Christian television stations. On June 25, 2009, the station's call letters were changed to WRLM, and the station began broadcasting TCT's religious programming. The station's call letters are named after Radiant Life Ministries (the licensee name under which TCT owns WRLM); however, they are not related to KRLB-LD in Richland, Washington, whose group of stations are operated by a similarly named "Radiant Light Broadcasting".

WRLM maintained studios on Front Street in Cuyahoga Falls until TCT closed all of its local studios in June 2018 with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s repeal of the Main Studio Rule.

Technical information

Analog-to-digital conversion
WRLM (as WOAC) shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 67, on February 17, 2009, the original date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 47. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former analog UHF channel 67, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. The PSIP channel was later remapped to the station's physical digital channel, 47.1 on June 25, 2009 (one of the few television stations to remap its virtual channel to one differing from its former analog allocation prior to the digital conversion).

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Ohio
RLM (TV)
Tri-State Christian Television affiliates

WRLM (TV)


The Thomas Edison Center at Menlo Park, also known as the Menlo Park Museum / Edison Memorial Tower,  is a memorial to inventor and businessman Thomas Alva Edison, located in the Menlo Park area of Edison, Middlesex County, New Jersey. The tower was dedicated on February 11, 1938, on what would have been the inventor's 91st birthday.

The tower marks the location of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory, the world's first organized research and development site. He came to Menlo Park in 1876. The area was then known as Raritan Township, and later changed (in 1954) to Edison Township. Menlo Park is known as the Birthplace of Recorded Sound (November 1877), and the site of the world's first practical incandescent lamp-light bulb (October 1879).  Edison and his staff would create 400 of his most important inventions here.  It was this site that Edison would fondly nickname his 'Invention Factory'.  Edison and his staff were working in New York City, building the world's first central distribution site for electricity, when his wife Mary Stilwell Edison died at their Menlo Park home.   He would later relocate to West Orange, New Jersey in 1884 to what is now the Thomas Edison National Historical Park.  The original Menlo Park buildings began to deteriorate, and by 1926 most of the buildings had either collapsed or burned, and the only two remaining buildings were later moved to Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. The Thomas A. Edison Memorial Tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 30, 1979 as an important architectural and commemorative landmark.

The tower's pinnacle is meant to represent an incandescent light bulb and originally included an audio system that according to a 2004 Weird NJ magazine could be heard from a distance of two miles. The American concrete pioneer John Joseph Earley was involved in its construction. The Tower, which rises 131 feet above the Terrace, is topped by a 13' 8" foot high Bulb made of Pyrex segments by the Corning Corporation.  The tower is listed on the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places, and is now being restored, a project managed by The State of New Jersey.

The museum showcases many of Thomas Edison's creations including the phonograph and many of his light bulbs, as well as memorabilia relating to Edison and his inventions. The museum also showcases many images taken of Edison's property, inventions, and family.

The remainder of Edison's  estate is now the Edison State Park.

The Thomas Edison Center at Menlo Park is jointly administered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Parks and Forestry, the Township of Edison, and the non-profit Edison Memorial Tower Corporation.

The Edison Memorial Tower Corporation, a 501(c)3, has been instrumental in having the current museum renovated.  The renovated museum reopened on June 9, 2012, with old and newly acquired artifacts. The new professional interpretative exhibits were designed by Daniel Schnur.

Restoration
The tower underwent restoration from 2011-2015. Concrete samples were taken off the facade and sent to a laboratory where they were tested for their specific makeup. This is so the recreated panels could match the old ones that do not need replacing.

The Centennial Plaque, which was stolen a number of years ago, was also replaced during the restoration. The lower part of the plaque was sent to a Metallurgist in order to match the color.

The restoration was completed in October 2015, and a re-dedication ceremony was held on October 24, 2015. The ceremony showed off the newly refurbished tower, media system which played music from the tower's construction until the 50s, grounds, and will conclude with the relighting of the large light bulb at the top of the tower.

Also to note there have been a few Eagle Scout projects in the area. One is the large informational sign across Christie Street from the tower. This project contains information about the Electric Railroad Edison built in that spot. The second project is the sign at the bottom edge of the property, closest to Route 27. The newest project was completed on June 8, 2013, and is a sign closer to the museum. The sign contains information about the museum, the website, and hours of operation.

World's second largest light bulb
The sphere atop the tower had been called the "world's largest light bulb", however, in 2021, a larger light bulb, 17' tall and 10' in diameter, was installed in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on the plaza in front of the Cox Business Convention Center. Another famous sphere, the Union Watersphere, long-known as the "world's tallest water sphere" is located in nearby Union.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, New Jersey

References

External links
Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum
 Article on tower preservation efforts
Edison Tower to receive $1.8 million for repairs, Edison Metuchen Sentinel, September 13, 2006.
Edison Tower renovations begin; fundraising continues, Edison Metuchen Sentinel, June 20, 2007.
Overhead view of Tower, Overhead view of Tower.

Edison, New Jersey
Infrastructure completed in 1938
Museums established in 1938
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Museums in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Edison Memorial Tower
Buildings and structures in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Towers in New Jersey
1938 sculptures
Concrete sculptures in New Jersey
Edison
Science museums in New Jersey
History museums in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
1938 establishments in New Jersey


Blonde Trouble is a 1937 American musical comedy film directed by George Archainbaud and starring Eleanore Whitney, Johnny Downs and Lynne Overman. Produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it is based on the plot of the 1929 musical June Moon by George S. Kaufman and Ring Lardner

Synopsis
Fred Stevens is an aspiring songwriter from Schenectady who journeys to New York City, hoping to make a name for himself.  On the train he meets dental assistant Edna Baker, and the two embark upon a friendship that evolves into her falling for him.  While struggling in Tin Pan Alley, Fred falls in with his composer partner's gold-digging sister-in-law Eileen.  Eileen really becomes interested when she finds out Fred is carrying his life savings.

Cast
 Eleanore Whitney as Edna Baker
 Johnny Downs as Fred Stevens
 Lynne Overman as Joe Hart
 Terry Walker as Eileen Fletcher
 Benny Baker as Maxie Schwartz
 William Demarest as Paul Sears
 John Patterson as Danny Fox
 El Brendel as Window Washer
 Barlowe Borland as Goebel
 Kitty McHugh as Goldie Foster
 Helen Flint as Lucille Sears
 Harvey Clark as Waiter
 Mabel Colcord as Landlady
 Spec O'Donnell as Fred's Friend

References

Bibliography
 Hischak, Thomas H. The Oxford Companion to the American Musical: Theatre, Film, and Television. Oxford University Press, 2008.

External links

1937 films
Films directed by George Archainbaud
Paramount Pictures films
1937 musical comedy films
American musical comedy films
American black-and-white films
1930s American films

Blonde Trouble


Las grandes aguas (English title: The great waters) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Sotomayor for Televisa in 1989.

Gonzalo Vega and Alma Muriel starred the protagonists, while José Carlos Ruiz starred as main antagonist.

Plot
Adaptation of the novel by Luis Spota, which is a testimony to the brutality of man against the life, nature, and destiny. The story begins when Roberto Rivas, an ambitious engineer, is commissioned to build a large dam in a place away from civilization, a small community in which among its people arises only incomprehension, hatred, resentment, passions and betrayals. Here also find wood, the wife of Robert, a woman deeply unhappy and eager to find happiness.

Cast
 Alma Muriel as Lena de Rivas/Yolanda
 Gonzalo Vega as Roberto Rivas
 Daniel Rodríguez as Danielin
 José Carlos Ruiz as Graciano Alonso
 Antonio Medellín as Antonio Álvarez
 Noé Murayama as Don Lupe
 Roberto Carrera as Sergio Peña
 Constantino Costas as Ángel Ocampo
 Alicia Fahr as Araceli de Ramos
 Jerardo as Rogelio Urbieta
 Irma Infante as Amalia de Álvarez
 David Reynoso as Don Artemio Rozas
 Juan Carlos Muñoz as Chinto
 Lili Blanco as María Alonso
 Pedro Infante as Óscar Ramos
 Gabriela Obregón as Sofía Álvarez
 Ivette Proal as Lorena
 Ramón Valdés Urtiz as Robertito Rivas

References

External links

1989 telenovelas
Televisa telenovelas
1989 Mexican television series debuts
1989 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico

Las grandes aguas


The Norwegian Shipowners Association () is an employers' organization and interest group for Norwegian shipping and offshore companies. The organization's primary fields are national and international industry policies, employer issues, competence and recruitment, environmental issues and innovation in addition to safety at sea.

The operations of the Norwegian Shipowners Association is executed in close relation to the industry. The organization is led by boards and councils appointed  by its members, and an important part of the operations is carried out by groups and committees. The member organizations are divided into five different groups: Deep Sea, Short Sea, Group of Underwater entrepreneurs (GUE), Group of Offshore entrepreneurs (GOE) and Group of Offshore Service companies (GOS).

The environmental vision of the Norwegian Shipowners Association is that Norwegian shipping and offshore entrepreneur operations will not have any environmentally damaging emissions at sea or in the air. One of the associations objectives is that climate emissions from shipping will be regulated through international regulations, preferably administrated by IMO.

As an employer organization the Norwegian Shipowners Association is responsible for collective bargaining and the establishment of collective agreements for Norwegian and foreign seamen on a ship in the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS) and the Norwegian Ship Register (NOR), and for offshore activities. The association protects the members' employer relationship also through the contact and the influence of Norwegian and foreign authorities, and participate in international organizations like the EU, ILO and IMO.

Besides working with the Norwegian maritime schools, it also operate several international activities to ensure access and quality of foreign crew and officers serving on Norwegian-controlled ships. All potential recruitment countries are considered, and the main countries today is the Philippines, China and Russia. Here, the Norwegian Shipowners Association have activities in different degrees.

Norwegian Shipowners' Association has approximately 160 members. The organization is located in Rådhusgaten 25 in Oslo. Harald Solberg is the managing director and Synnøve Seglem is the president.

The organization was founded on 15 September 1909 in Kristiania, under the nameThe Norwegian Shipowner Association, and changed to its current name in 1984. Association's first president was Christian Michelsen. The organization played an important role in the negotiation of shipping contracts with the United Kingdom in World War and World War II and several of the association's members were driving force in the organization of the Nortraship.

Presidents

 1909–1912: Christian Michelsen
 1913–1915: Aanon Gunerius Knudsen
 1915–1918: Ambortius Olsen Lindvig
 1921–1924: Gustav Henriksen
 1925–1927: H. Westfal-Larsen
 1928–1930: H.M. Wrangell
 1931–1933: Arth. H. Mathiesen
 1934–1936: Fr. Odfjell
 1937–1940: Christian Wegner Haaland
 1940–1942: Arne Bjørn-Hansen
 ...
 1945–1947: Klaus Wiese-Hansen
 1948–1950: Ths. S. Falck jr.
 1951–1953: Ole Bergesen
 1954–1956: L. Usterud-Svendsen
 1957–1959: H. Kuhnle
 1960–1961: Jørgen Jahre
 1962–1963: Nils Astrup
 1964–1965: Marius Lundegaard
 1966–1967: Knut H. Staubo
 1968–1969: Johan Horn
 1970–1971: Thomas Chr. Haaland
 1972–1973: Dag Klaveness
 1974–1975: Halfdan Ditlev-Simonsen jr.
 1976–1977: Charles R. Bergesen
 1978–1979: Nils Werring jr.
 1980–1981: Fridtjof Lorentzen
 1982–1983: Atle Jebsen
 1984–1985:  Wollert Hvide
 1986–1987: Peter T. Smedvig
 1988–1989: Nils Jørgen Astrup
 1990–1992: Jens Ulltveit-Moe
 1992–1994: Rolf Westfal-Larsen
 1994–1996: Westye Høegh
 1996–1998: Per Sævik
 1998–2000: Bjørn Sjaastad
 2000–2002: Leif Terje Løddesøl
 2002–2004: Terje J. K. Andersen
 2004–2006: Johan G. Hvide
 2006–2008: Trygve Seglem
 2008–2010: Elisabeth Grieg
 2010–2012: Thor Jørgen Guttormsen
 2012–2014: Trond Kleivdal
 2014-2016: Lars Peder Solstad
 2016-2018: Hans Olav Lindal
 2018 - 2020:Lasse Kristoffersen
 2020-2022: Paul Christian Rieber
2022 - : Synnøve Seglem

References

External links
 About Norwegian Shipowners' Association (homepage)

Shipping trade associations
Employers' organisations in Norway
Organizations established in 1909
1909 establishments in Norway
Organisations based in Oslo

Norwegian Shipowners' Association


Goo Ha-ra (Hangul: 구하라; January 3, 1991 – November 24, 2019) was a South Korean singer, known for being a member of girl group Kara formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.

Early life
Goo Ha-ra was born on January 3, 1991, in Gwangju, South Korea. Before debuting, she participated in the SM's youth appearance tournament in 2005. In 2007, she auditioned for JYP, however, she lost the runoff.

She was also an online shopping mall model, having been scouted after her photos were uploaded onto DSP's homepage. Thus, Goo Hara became a member of Kara. Currently, she postponed going to university in order to concentrate on her career.

Career

Kara

Kara debuted on March 29, 2007. In 2008, however, a member, Kim Sunghee, left the group. DSP Entertainment replaced her with two new members, Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung, and Kara made a comeback with Rock U, which changed their image from "Hip-hop" to "cute and playful".

In December 4, 2008, Kara started their comeback on M! Countdown with "Pretty Girl". In February 2009, Kara released their second mini-album "Honey". "Honey" became the group's first #1 single when it was at the top of the M! Countdown and The Music Trend.

In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named "Revolution". Due to the popularity of their songs Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara recently started promotions with their third mini-album "Lupin".

Solo activities
In late 2008, she appeared along with the other Kara members in an episode of MBC sitcom That Person is Coming, having the most prominent role as a female gang leader.

She joined MBC's Hunters, along with SS501's Kim Hyun Joong, Jung Yong Hwa, Lee Hwi Jae, Shin Jung Hwan and two professional hunters to catch overpopulated wild boars that have become a dangerous threat to people and crops. The first episode aired on December 6, 2009. However, due to complaints about animal rights after the first episode, the show's format was quickly changed to Eco House; Goo Hara does not appear in the new show.

In October 2009, she became a cast member in KBS reality show Invincible Youth ("청춘불패"). In January 2015, she became a co-host in KBS A Style For You along with Hani.

Death
On May 26, 2019, Goo tried to kill herself in her apartment and was hospitalized.

On November 24, Goo was found dead at her home in Cheongdam-dong, Gangnam. Police investigation say suicide the likely cause of death.

Filmography

References

Other websites
Kara Official website
 Official Cyworld page

1991 births
2019 deaths
People who committed suicide
South Korean movie actors
South Korean television actors
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
Electropop singers

Goo Ha-ra


June Rowlands (May 14, 1924 – December 21, 2017) was a Canadian politician. She was born in Toronto. She was the 60th mayor of Toronto, Ontario, serving from 1991 through 1994. She was the first woman to hold that office. She served a longtime city councillor, unsuccessful federal candidate, and chair of the Metropolitan Toronto Police Commission.

Rowlands was known during her mayoral term clashing with youth riots and was criticized for her actions which related to political correctness. After one term in office, Rowlands was defeated in 1994 by Barbara Hall, and retired from politics.

Rowlands died on December 21, 2017 in Toronto of Parkinson disease-related complications at the age of 93.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Canada
Mayors of Toronto

June Rowlands


Gradualism is a process of change by gradual, slow stages. In politics, it is the opposite of revolutions and rapid change. "Gradualism is... sometimes associated with social democracy."

In geology, it is in tune with uniformitarianism and against catastrophism. In biology it is in tune with Darwinian ideas of slowly changing species as opposed to large rapid changes

Politics and society
Gradualism is one of the defining features of political liberalism and reformism. It is against abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings. Instead, change ought to be brought about in small discrete steps.

Martin Luther King, Jr., was opposed to the idea of gradualism as a method of eliminating racial segregation. The government wanted to try to integrate African-Americans and European-Americans slowly into the same society, but many believed it was a way for the government to put off actually doing anything about racial segregation:

This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy.— Martin Luther King Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech, delivered August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC

Charles Lindblom was an influential professor and author who believed in muddling through ("incrementalism") as the right way to go. He pointed out the connexions between the political system, the market-place and democratic freedom.

Geology and biology
In the natural sciences, gradualism is a theory that profound change is the product of slow but continuous processes. It is often contrasted with catastrophism. Gradualism was proposed in 1795 by James Hutton to explain geology, and was later was the basis for Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology. William Whewell called the idea 'uniformitarianism'. It formed the basis of early evolutionary theory.

Charles Darwin was influenced by Lyell's Principles of Geology. Everything we see from the past is explained by processes we can see going on today. The present is key to the past. So Darwin thought evolutionary must occur gradually, not in jumps ('saltations'), since we do not see big changes going on today. Extreme and rapid changes in an organism would be most likely to be fatal. It is almost universally agreed that complex organs such as the eye must have evolved by many small steps rather than by one or two mutations.

"Phyletic gradualism" is a term coined by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge to contrast with their model of punctuated equilibrium. They proposed that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability or stasis, punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. Their idea is less accepted today.

References

Earth sciences
Evolutionary biology
Planning
Political philosophy

Gradualism


The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play their home games at the Spectrum Center. Most of the team is owned by Michael Jordan, who was a star player for the Chicago Bulls in the 1980s and 1990s. The team started playing in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats, and was the second NBA team to play in Charlotte (the New Orleans Pelicans had played in Charlotte as the Hornets from 1988 to 2002). In 2010, the Bobcats made the playoffs for the first time.

After the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the Pelicans in 2013, they gave the "Hornets" name back to the NBA. The Bobcats soon announced they would rename themselves the Hornets beginning with the 2014–15 NBA season, and the name change became official on May 20, 2014.

At the time of the change to "Hornets", the team also said that it had reached a deal with the NBA and the Pelicans to split the Pelicans' history and records between the two teams:
Records from the first Charlotte Hornets while in that city (1988 to 2002) belong to the current Hornets.
Records from the first Hornets' move to New Orleans in 2002 until that team's name change to Pelicans in 2013 belong to the Pelicans.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
2004 establishments in North Carolina

Charlotte Hornets (NBA)