The broadcasting of sports events (also known as a sportscast) is the live coverage of sports as a television program, on radio, and other broadcasting media.  It usually involves one or more sports commentators describing events as they happen.

Origin

The broadcasting of sports events (also known as a sportscast) is the live coverage of sports as a television program, on radio, and other broadcasting media. It usually involves one or more sports commentators describing events as they happen. Sportscaster's environment is usually in booth, sets, and radio or television studios. Depending on the sportscasters specific job it is a time sensitive job, especially when depending on a play by play, they cannot miss any action, and due to their job they have to be flexible with schedule. Sports broadcasters have a variety of sections to deliver footage and their job can provide postgame coverage and interviews with athletes and coaches. Sports casting is a big industry throughout the United States and worldwide. Anything sports related, whether it's reading, watching, and hearing is a type of way sports broadcasting is in media. Sports broadcasters do more than just voice over plays and matches, they must be a part of researching their sports history and knowing game statistics. Studying sports and using facts is needed in their job and making the games exciting and entertaining.

History

Perhaps the first sports broadcast was by Guglielmo Marconi, who broadcast the 1899 America's Cup from New York Harbor. The first ever prerecorded sportscast occurred in 1911 in Kansas. The first recording had a group of people recreate plays of a football game, that were trying to learn of a play via telegraph, but wasn't official because no one was present. Ten years later in 1921 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the first radio broadcasting event occurred of a boxing match. Then the first televised sporting event occurred 1939, which was the summer olympics in the United States. In 1951, the first sports color telecast was a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Boston Braves. As years went by more options were given to the public and the more popular sports broadcasting became. The first voice broadcasters happened, live broadcasting happened, and professional broadcasting happened. More media options became available to the public whether it be on newspapers, radio, or television.

As the number of people tuning in increased, so did the availabilities of where to hear and watch the broadcastings. Sports broadcasting also had an impact to the rise of American citizens being interested in being entertained. As more demand occurred from more sports broadcasters, the programing networks got more advanced with the technology as well.

By country

Canada

Broadcasting of sports started with descriptions of play sent via telegraph in the 1890s. In 1896, a telegraph line was connected to the Victoria Rink in Montreal to update fans in Winnipeg of the Stanley Cup challenge series between Montreal and Winnipeg ice hockey teams. In 1923, the first radio broadcast of an ice hockey game took place on 8 February, with the broadcast of the third period of a game between Midland and North Toronto of the Ontario Hockey Association.  Later that month, the first full-game broadcast took place in Winnipeg. That same season, hockey broadcasting pioneer Foster Hewitt made his first broadcast.

In 1933, Hewitt called an olympic games-wide radio broadcast of an NHL game between the Detroit Red Wings and the Toronto Maple Leafs.  Always starting the broadcast with "Hello, Canada, and hockey fans in the United States and Newfoundland!"; this phrase stuck around (albeit without the "Newfoundland" portion after the dominion confederated into Canada in 1949) all the way to CBC's first national television broadcast (the first actual broadcast was on closed-circuit in Maple Leaf Gardens in Spring 1952) of Hockey Night in Canada in October 1952.  Today it is consistently among the highest-rated programs in Canada.

Broadcasting of the Canadian Football League has been a fixture of Canadian television since the CBC's debut in 1952. From 1962 (one year after the debut of CTV) through 2007, there were two separate CFL contracts: one for CBC, and one for CTV (or a sister channel such as cable outlet TSN). Terrestrial television broadcasts of CFL games ended in 2008, when TSN acquired exclusive TV rights to the league.

American sports broadcasts are widely available in Canada, both from Canadian stations and from border blasters in the United States. In order to protect Canadian broadcasters' advertising, broadcast stations can invoke simultaneous substitution: any cable or satellite feed of an American station broadcasting the same program as a Canadian broadcast station must be blacked out and replaced by the Canadian feed. This rule is part of the reason the NFL, which is broadcast on terrestrial television in the United States but has no direct presence in Canada, is also broadcast on terrestrial TV in Canada, while the CFL no longer is (the CFL is broadcast only on cable in the United States); the simultaneous substitution benefits are not extended to cable stations. For the purposes of regional sports broadcasting, the Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto Raptors both claim all of Canada as their "territory", allowing Blue Jays and Raptors games to be broadcast nationwide.

Ireland
The first live commentary on a field sport anywhere in Europe was when Paddy Mehigan covered the All-Ireland Hurling Semi-Final between Kilkenny and Galway on 29 August 1926. This game is credited with being the first mainly because the BBC was prevented from broadcasting sporting events before 7.00pm as a means of protecting British newspaper sales. Originally there was no sports department for Irish radio. Gaelic Games and live commentary were very popular with Irish radio. Some prominent figures are Seán Óg Ó Ceallacháin who broadcast for the Gaelic Games and live commentary weekly beginning in 1930. Many sports were covered in Irish broadcasting including Bridge tournaments.

United Kingdom

Radio
The first sports event broadcast on radio in Europe was a Boxing contest for the Flyweight Championship of Great Britain and Europe between Elky Clark of Scotland and Kid Socks of England. relayed from the National Sporting Club in London on 26 February 1926. Further boxing commentaries were broadcast by the BBC on 29 March 1926, a British featherweight title defence by Johnny Curley, and 6 October 1927, when Teddy Baldock lost his claim to the British version of the World bantamweight title to South African Willie Smith.

The first outdoor sports event broadcast in the United Kingdom was a Rugby Union international between England and Wales, broadcast from Twickenham in January 1927. Two weeks later the first broadcast of a football match took place, with the BBC covering Arsenal's league fixture against Sheffield United at Highbury. Listeners to the broadcast could use numbered grids published in the Radio Times in order to ascertain in which area of the pitch (denoted as "squares") the action was taking place due to a second commentator reading out grid references during the match.

The BBC broadcasts almost all major sports events. Initially broadcast as a MW opt-out on BBC Radio 2, The launch of Radio 5 in 1990 saw a huge increase in the level of coverage on BBC Radio. Radio 5 became BBC Radio 5 Live in 1994 and the station, which combines live news and sport, provides round-the-clock coverage of sport through both live commentary and sports news and discussion. Live cricket commentary is broadcast on 5 Live's digital sports channel BBC 5 Sports Extra. This includes cricket coverage which is also aired on the long wave frequencies of BBC Radio 4.

BBC Local Radio provides extensive coverage of sport, giving more exposure to second-tier football clubs which would otherwise receive limited national coverage.

The BBC's main commercial rival is Talksport, but this has not acquired anywhere near as many exclusive contracts as Sky Sports and instead dedicates much of its airtime to sports discussions and phone-ins.

TV
The first sporting event to be televised in the UK was an international boxing tournament between England and Ireland from Alexandra Palace on 4 February 1937.

The United Kingdom saw the first live television broadcast of a football match, with the BBC showing a specially arranged fixture between Arsenal and Arsenal Reserves on 16 September 1937.

The British media is dominated by national outlets, with local media playing a much smaller role. Traditionally the BBC played a dominant role in televising sport, providing extensive high-quality advertisement free coverage and free publicity in exchange for being granted broadcast rights for low fees. ITV broadcast a smaller portfolio of events, and Channel 4 broadcast a few events from the 1980s, mainly horse races and so-called "minority sports". In the early 1990s this arrangement was shaken up by the arrival of pay-TV in the form of BSkyB and its sports channel Sky Sports. Their dedicated sports channels have since become the only place for some major sports to be seen. Starting in 2006, the Irish company Setanta Sports emerged as a challenger to Sky Sports' dominance of the British pay-TV sports market; however, Setanta's UK channel went into bankruptcy administration and off the air in 2009. Between 2009 and 2013 ESPN made an attempt to challenge Sky Sports before its British operations were bought out by Sky's current main competitor, TNT Sports; a joint venture between former national telecommunications monopoly BT Group and Warner Bros. Discovery. There is also a dedicated UK version of Eurosport, called British Eurosport, and Viaplay Sports, which replaced Premier Sports in 2022, also broadcasts live and recorded sports coverage.

United States
National and local media both serve major roles in broadcasting sports in the United States. Depending on the league and event, telecasts are often shown live on network television (traditionally on weekends and during major events  either national through a television network, or in some cases, regionally syndicated by an operation such as Raycom Sports or a team), and nationally available cable channels (such as ESPN or Fox Sports 1). In some leagues (such as the NHL and the NBA), events are also primarily shown by regional sports networks groups (such as Fox Sports Networks), networks which air telecasts for teams of local interest, which are usually only carried within the relevant market. Additionally, cable channels also exist that are dedicated to specific types of sports, certain college sports conferences, or a specific league. Pay-per-view broadcasts are typically restricted to combat sports such as boxing, mixed martial arts or professional wrestling.

Radio broadcasts are extensive. The national leagues each have national network coverage of league high games in addition to local radio coverage originating with each team, with ESPN Radio and WestwoodOne controlling national rights to the major team sports and the motorsports circuits operating their own networks. Local radio broadcasts cover a wide variety of sports, ranging from the majors to local school and recreational leagues.

Internet broadcasts are also common, though college and major professional sports either use a pay wall or subscriber-based systems such as TV Everywhere to extract payment. Telephone broadcasts are rare, although a few companies provide the service.

History

In 1911, more than 1,000 people gathered in downtown Lawrence, Kansas to watch a mechanical reproduction of the 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game while it was being played. A Western Union telegraph wire was set up direct from Columbia, Missouri. A group of people then would announce the results of the previous play and used a large model of a football playing field to show the results.  Those in attendance cheered as though they were watching the game live, including the school's legendary Rock Chalk, Jayhawk cheer. This was followed on Thanksgiving 1919 by the first true broadcast (as opposed to the 1911 point-to-point transmission) of a college football game, over 5XB, the experimental station that eventually became WTAW; that year's Lone Star Shootout was, as with the Kansas/Missouri game, distributed in telegraph code but was open to anyone listening to the station.

The first voice broadcast of a sporting event took place on 11 April 1921 when Westinghouse station KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania broadcast a 10-round, no decision boxing match between Johnny Dundee and Johnny Ray at Pittsburgh's Motor Square Garden. The event was reported by Florent Gibson, the first sports broadcaster.

The first radio broadcast of a baseball game occurred on 5 August 1921 over KDKA from Pittsburgh's Forbes Field.  Harold W. Arlin announced a game between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies.  Two months later, on 8 October 1921, from the same Forbes Field, Arlin announced the first live radio broadcast of a college football game on KDKA when he gave the play-by-play action of the University of Pittsburgh victory over West Virginia University.

On 17 May 1939, the United States' first televised sporting event, a college baseball game between the Columbia Lions and Princeton Tigers, was broadcast by NBC from Columbia's Baker Field. (The world's first live televised sporting event had been the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.)  On 30 September 1939, the first American football game, a college contest between Fordham and Waynesburg College was broadcast on television. The first nationwide broadcast of college football, which was also the first live sporting event seen coast-to-coast, was a game between Duke University and the University of Pittsburgh that was televised by NBC on 29 September 1951. The broadcasting of college football games on television in the United States has been a fixture of the major networks on a continuous basis since that time. The NCAA severely restricted broadcasts of college football from the 1950s until a judge ruled that the action was a violation of antitrust rules in 1984, which allowed for a much greater expansion of college football broadcasting.

NBC broadcast the first televised National Football League (NFL) game when they carried the 22 October 1939 game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Brooklyn Dodgers. The same year, the first nationwide radio broadcast of an NFL championship game was carried on the Mutual Broadcasting System.  While the NFL had weak television deals that ranked behind college football and even the Canadian Football League in the 1950s, the broadcast rights of the NFL would go on to become an important property following the 1958 NFL Championship and the later establishment of the American Football League in 1960. Monday Night Football, NFL on Fox, and NBC Sunday Night Football have changed the landscape of American football broadcasts, including the scheduling of the Super Bowl, transforming it from an afternoon broadcast into a primetime spectacle. The price for the NFL's broadcast rights has increased steadily over the past several decades, in part because of bidding wars between the numerous networks and the fear of losing stature due to the loss of NFL programming; as of the most recent contract the league nets annual fees of over $6 billion, or half of the league's overall revenue, from television rights alone. Four of the five major sports television units in the United States, and the four companies that control all of the major broadcast networks, currently own some NFL rights.

NBC also broadcast an NHL game in 1940; the league would briefly air games in the 1950s, but due to a dispute over how much of the rights fee money the players would receive (and difficulties programming around the two Canadian teams in the league at the time), the NHL refused to televise its games in the United States for six years in the 1960s. For this reason, as well as the regional nature of the sport, televised NHL games have struggled to gain a foothold on American television for the past several decades, trailing the other leagues in ratings. After several decades of bouncing around various networks (and a stretch from 1975 to 1994 when the league had no permanent broadcast partner), the NHL established a stable broadcast partner in 2004, when NBC and what was then Outdoor Life Network (now NBCSN) took over NHL broadcast rights; they have since renewed those rights through 2021.

The first-ever television broadcast of a basketball game occurred on 28 February 1940 when the University of Pittsburgh defeated Fordham at Madison Square Garden on NBC station W2XBS. Professional basketball has been aired on television since 1953, shortly after the founding of the National Basketball Association, and has been aired on television ever since. College basketball, on the other hand, was much later in gaining a television foothold. Although the NCAA Tournament has aired since 1962, it was not until the mid-1970s that regular-season college basketball games would air on major network television.

Outside of the networks, the only other source for national sports television was through early syndication networks. Sports Network Incorporated (SNI), later renamed the Hughes Television Network, carried Cleveland Browns (NFL) games in the 1950s and NHL games in the late 1970s, after the NHL lost its contract with NBC. TVS Television Network helped popularize the broadcasts of college basketball and also gave an outlet to the short-lived World Football League. Mizlou Television Network earned a reputation for carrying a large number of college football bowl games in an era when televised college football was highly restricted. Modern syndication networks still exist for sporting events, such as Raycom Sports and American Sports Network, both of which specialize in college sports.

The debut of ESPN in 1979 revolutionized the broadcasting of sports events. Within several years of ESPN's founding as a basic cable channel, it had developed a stable of sports broadcasts ranging from major leagues to oddities. ESPN has since grown into a massive multiplexed network, with several channels and a large news bureau that has led to the network bestowing the title of "Worldwide Leader in Sports" upon itself. Cable, and later digital cable and satellite, greatly expanded the number of channels (and, by extension, the room for broadcasting sports events) available on a given set, and also gave channels such as ESPN the ability to broadcast direct and nationwide, as opposed to dealing with local affiliates. Syndication networks gave way to regional sports networks, which carried broadcasts of local sports on a far greater scale than full-service broadcast stations could provide at the time; these combined with out-of-market sports packages (which debuted in the 1990s) allowed the carriage of these networks' sporting events across the country. However, with the increased availability of sports to broadcast came increasing rights fees, which could be recovered by the newly authorized practice of collecting retransmission consent fees from cable subscribers, which has led to numerous disputes and the dropping of channels from cable lineups. Individual leagues began launching their own networks in the 2000s; specialty networks of other sports have had varying levels of success.

One of the first live high-definition sports broadcasts in the U.S. took place in September 1998 in which a football game between Ohio State and West Virginia, aired on WBNS-TV. The station claims this to have been the first locally produced HD broadcast in the U.S.; however, as several other stations throughout the country also lay claim to this distinction, the veracity cannot be verified. It is widely considered the first ever live sports game in HD in the U.S. produced using a production truck and transmission vehicle from NHK, Japan's national public broadcasting organization.

The Internet has also allowed greater broadcasting of sports events, both in video and audio forms and through free and subscription channels. With an Internet broadcast, even a locally broadcast high school football game can be heard worldwide on any device with an audio output and an Internet connection. Individual leagues (including major ones) all have subscription services that allow subscribers to watch their sporting events for a fee.

One of the first live sporting events in the U.S. to be streamed was the Ohio State spring football game in 2001 by WBNS-TV. The game was delivered on RealVideo, a compressed video format, on the RealPlayer media player platform on the station's website. It also was distributed to Windows Mobile mobile devices using the Windows Media Player format, including Compaq's IPAQ personal digital assistant which required an ExpressCard to connect to the Internet.

Broadcasting rights and contracts

Broadcasting rights and contracts limit who can show footage of the event.

In the United Kingdom, Sky UK based its early marketing largely on its acquisition of the broadcast rights of the top division of the English league football, which as part of the deal with The Football Association broke away from The Football League to become the Premier League. This prevented the footage of any major Premier League football game being shown on free-to-air television until much later that evening as highlights, something the European Commission disapproved of. Following warnings of legal action to stop the monopoly, an announcement was made that an alternative structure would be in place when the contract ended in 2007.

In the United States, team sports are broadcast by networks usually only in "game of the week" or championship situations, except for the NFL (see NFL on television) and motorsport. Other sports are broadcast by sports channels, and are limited by who can view them based on various rules set by the leagues themselves, resulting in blackouts. These limitations can be legally overlooked by purchasing out-of-market sports packages, such as MLB Extra Innings or NFL Sunday Ticket. Regular season games involving local teams (except the NFL) may also be viewed on those local stations or regional sports channels that have a contract to broadcast that team's games.

Events that have been described as "the most watched" per various definitions include the FIFA World Cup, Summer Olympic Games, Cricket World Cup, UEFA Champions League, Tour de France, Rugby World Cup (rugby union), Indian Premier League, Super Bowl, and the FIA Formula One World Championship.

TV Rights of the UEFA Champions League, per country. Season 2009-2010, according to FootBiz.

United Kingdom: €179 million
Italy: €98 million
Spain: €91 million
Germany: €85 million
France: €52 million
Croatia: €28 million
Poland: €8.1 million
North America: €3.5 million
Belgium: €2.9 million
India: €2.9 million
Australia: €2.9 million
Ireland: €2 million

Anti-siphoning laws

In some countries, broadcast regulations referred to as "anti-siphoning laws" exist in order to ensure that coverage of major sporting events of national importance—often covering major events such as the Olympics, FIFA World Cup, and national team events in culturally-significant sports—are available on free-to-air, terrestrial television, rather than exclusively on pay television. Some larger events (particularly the Olympics) may be covered under rules allowing a portion of the event to be televised by a pay TV partner if a specific minimum of coverage is broadcast free-to-air, or if an extended highlights package is available on a delay to a free-to-air broadcaster.

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission attempted to introduce similar restrictions on cable broadcasts of specific sporting events and recent films as to not cannibalize broadcast TV. In 1977, these restrictions were deemed to be invalid when a federal district court ruled that the FCC did not have the authority to make such decisions in a consolidated case, also noting that the constitutional basis for such a law had not been proven. No such laws have been passed since. Since then, sports have been a lucrative source of revenue in the U.S. pay television industry, including mainstream networks such as ESPN, as well as channels devoted to specific sports, leagues, and college sports conferences. These networks receive revenue from both advertising and carriage fees charged to television providers (and passed onto consumers as part of the cost of service), and can provide an outlet for expanded coverage of "niche" events with dedicated audiences.

By the mid-2000s and early 2010s, most major U.S. sports leagues (barring the National Football League, which has historically stipulated that all games be shown on terrestrial television in at least the markets of the teams involved) had begun to steadily decrease their presence on broadcast television, and allow more of their content (including post-season coverage in many cases) to air on cable networks, and more recently, digital-only outlets. The NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament and national championship games in college football have also largely moved to cable (since 2016, the semi-finals of the former only air on broadcast television in odd-numbered years). A similar phenomenon has taken root in much of Canadian sport, where the Canadian Football League left broadcast television in 2008. The National Hockey League survives on Canadian broadcast television because Rogers Sportsnet, the cable broadcaster that acquired exclusive rights to the league in 2014, offers two weekly games to CBC Television for free to allow the network to continue the long-running Hockey Night in Canada.

Dedicated sports channels

Team-owned channels

Several sports teams in the United States have their own channels, or own shares in other sports networks. For example, the Boston Red Sox and Boston Bruins own New England Sports Network, which retains the New England area television broadcast rights for the majority of Red Sox games (except nationally televised games). The New York Mets own SportsNet New York jointly with Comcast and Time Warner Cable. Madison Square Garden has its own network as well, MSG, where they broadcast New York Rangers, New York Knicks, New York Islanders and high school sports games, as well as original shows. Altitude airs games of all Denver-based teams owned by Kroenke Sports Enterprises. Mid-Atlantic Sports Network is a partnership between the Washington Nationals and Baltimore Orioles.

The Longhorn Network, in which ESPN owns a stake, is even more specialized, designed as an outlet for the athletic program of the University of Texas at Austin (although it has also aired football games of the UT system's San Antonio campus).

Team-owned channels are also common in Europe, most notably Barça TV, Benfica TV, Galatasaray TV, Manchester United TV, Liverpool TV and Real Madrid TV.

See also

Sports journalism

References

Bibliography

Broadcasting
Sports events
Sports journalism

Sports events
History of television

Broadcasting of sports events


Löbtau is a quarter or Stadtteil in south-west Dresden, Germany. It is part of the Stadtbezirk Cotta. It borders the quarters of Friedrichstadt, Cotta, Gorbitz, Naußlitz, Dolzschen, Plauen and Südvorstadt.

History
First mentioned in 1068 Löbtau has found a "Liubituwa" ("lovely meadow"), as the German King Henry IV missed two hooves from his collection to the diocese of Meissen. Löbtau it one of the oldest recorded settlements in the Elbe Valley. Its history dates back probably to the time of the Sorbs.

The place was under the Meissen Cathedral Chapter, but was passed in the wake of the Reformation in the Electorate of Saxony.

In the 19th Century attacked the growth of the neighboring city of Dresden to the suburbs; Löbtau counted in 1834 only 163 inhabitants, its population multiplied in the coming decades - Löbtau became the biggest country town in Saxony. In 1875, the New Anne Cemetery was established in 1881 Löbtau horse tram was connected to Dresden in 1900, the track was electrified. In the village there were several along the millrace Weißeritz Mühlwerke.

Early 20th Löbtau century was a factory worker and suburban, mostly with closed development. On 1 January 1903 [1], it was incorporated with a population of about 39,000 in Dresden.

During World War II Löbtau was damaged in 1944 and 1945, when the railway facilities were attacked (Dresden-Friedrichstadt and Wilsdruffer Vorstadt / coal train station), and some streets were partially destroyed. February 1945 was the largely intact Löbtau with Kesselsdorfer road to major business center in the west of the city. During the communist era, the area fell into disrepair, but noticeably. Some areas were not rebuilt and left to decay. Only after the reunification of Germany in 1990 extensive renovations had been carried out.

Transport
Löbtau is connected by tram lines 2, 6, 7 and 12 and buses 61, 62, 63, 85 and 90 of the Dresden Transport with the Dresden city center and other parts of the city; also operate regional buses for regional transportation Dresden towards Freital (line A) and Kesselsdorf - Wilsdruff - Mohorn (line 333). Are also close to the train stations Dresden-Plauen and Freiberger Street (since 2004) and served only by regional rail station in Dresden-Friedrichstadt.

References

Boroughs and quarters of Dresden

Löbtau


Nimrat Kaur is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films and on American television. She began her career as a print model and went on to act in theater. After brief appearances in a few films, Kaur starred in Anurag Kashyap's production Peddlers, which was screened at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. She followed it with her breakthrough role in The Lunchbox, a critically acclaimed drama co-starring Irrfan Khan, which was screened at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2015, Kaur played the recurring role of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agent Tasneem Qureishi in the fourth season of the American television series Homeland. She then co-starred with Akshay Kumar in the war thriller Airlift. In 2016, Kaur began portraying Rebecca Yedlin in the second season of the American television series Wayward Pines. She returned for the eighth and final season of Homeland as a series regular in February 2020.

Early life and background
Kaur was born into a Sikh family in Pilani, Rajasthan. Her father Major Bhupinder Singh , SC was an Indian Army officer, and she has a younger sister, Rubina, who is a psychologist based in Bangalore. Her family lived in Patiala, and she studied at Yadavindra Public School, Patiala. In 1994, her father was abducted and killed by Kashmiri Terrorists. Thereafter, her family moved to Delhi-suburb, Noida, where she grew up and attended Delhi Public School, Noida. Later, she studied at Shri Ram College of Commerce, Delhi University and obtained a B.Com Hons in commerce.

Career
After her studies, Kaur moved to Mumbai and worked as a print model. She began working as a theater actress appearing in plays such as Baghdad Wedding (2012), All About Women and Red Sparrow, working with directors like Sunil Shanbag and Manav Kaul.

Kaur was launched in a two-part music video for the songs "Tera Mera Pyar" by Kumar Sanu and "Yeh Kya Hua" by Shreya Ghoshal in 2004. The videos were directed by writer-editor Apurva Asrani. She also did TV advertisements.

Kaur made her film debut with a small role in an English film, One Night with the King (2006), which was shot in Rajasthan. Her Hindi film debut came with Peddlers in 2012, produced by Anurag Kashyap. The film was screened at Cannes Film Festival to good reviews.

Kaur came to public attention when she appeared in a Cadbury Silk commercial.

Kaur attended the Cannes festival for the second time for the epistolary romantic film The Lunchbox (2013). The film was a commercial and critical success. Kaur received rave reviews for her portrayal of a lonely wife who begins a friendship with a man (played by Irrfan Khan) through letters. Raja Sen of Rediff.com said of Kaur's performance: "It is a disarmingly natural performance that is impossible to forget and difficult to analyse, and in this limited space one may merely express admiration." Jay Weissberg of Variety called her a "radiant presence" and Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph that "Nimrat strips off all the sentimentality to attach dignity and grace to the character. This one's a sparkling debut."

In 2014, Kaur appeared as ISI agent Tasneem Qureishi in the fourth season of the American TV series Homeland. The same year she committed to star with Rajkummar Rao in an untitled psychological drama to be directed by Saurabh Shukla.

In 2016, she acted in the war drama Airlift, alongside Akshay Kumar. Based on the civil operation of evacuation of Indians based in Kuwait during the Iraq-Kuwait war, the film was released on 22 January to mostly positive reviews. Rajeev Masand in his review wrote: "For the most part, the film feels authentic, and Nimrat Kaur blends right in. Just a wee bit awkward in the early scenes, she comes into her own by the time she must deliver a scathing monologue during a crisis of faith over her husband's actions." The film was a financial success. Kaur also began portraying Rebecca Yedlin in the second season of the American television series Wayward Pines in 2016.

In 2017, Kaur starred as Captain Shikha Sharma in the Hindi web series The Test Case. She returned for the eighth and final season of Homeland as a series regular in February 2020. Kaur co-starred in the 2022 Netflix film Dasvi, and portrays Yanna Seldon in the 2023 second season of the science fiction series Foundation.

Filmography

Films

Television

Music videos

Web series

References

External links

Living people
People from Jhunjhunu district
People from Noida
Actresses from Rajasthan
Indian Sikhs
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Indian television actresses
Indian stage actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Delhi Public School alumni
Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni
21st-century Indian actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)

Nimrat Kaur


James Grier Miller (1916 – 7 November 2002, in California) was an American biologist, a pioneer of systems science and academic administrator, who originated the modern use of the term "behavioral science", founded and directed the multi-disciplinary Mental Health Research Institute at the University of Michigan, and originated the living systems theory.

Biography
Miller received his A.B. summa cum laude in 1937, an A.M. in psychology in 1938, an M.D. cum laude in 1942, and a Ph.D. in psychology in 1943, all from Harvard University where he was also a junior fellow of the Society of Fellows. Following military service in World War II, he served as Chief of the newly formed Clinical Psychology section of the Veteran's Administration central office in Washington.

Having served on the faculty at Harvard, in 1948 he accepted the position of Chairman of the Department of Psychology at the University of Chicago, which he held until 1955. From 1955 to 1967 he directed the multi-disciplinary Mental Health Research Institute at the University of Michigan, leaving in 1967 to pursue an administrative career, first as provost of the newly founded Cleveland State University, and then in 1973 as president of the University of Louisville, from which position he retired in 1980.

He was a fellow or member of numerous scientific and professional societies. He served as president of the Society for General Systems Research (SGSR) succeeding Margaret Mead in 1973. He was a founder and the first head of EDUCOM (the Interuniversity Communications Council). He also had been a fellow of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Vienna. Miller founded and  was editor of the Journal Behavioral Science for more than 30 years.

See also
 Living systems theory
 Systems theory
 Wikiversity

Publications
Miller has written or co-authored nine books and published more than 100 scientific and scholarly articles.
 1942. Unconsciousness. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
 1948. OSS Assessment Staff. Assessment of men. New York: Rinehart & Company.
 1950. Experiments in social process. (Ed.) New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
 1959. The pharmacology and clinical usefulness of carisoprodol. (Ed.) Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
 1960. Drugs and behavior. (Ed.) with L. Uhr. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
 1978. Living systems. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
 1978. Living Systems. The Basic Concepts
 1989. Measurement and interpretations in accounting: a living systems theory approach. With G.A. Swanson, New York: Quorum Books.

References

Further reading

 Bernard W. Agranoff (2003). "James Grier Miller, 1916–2002 : Obituary". In: Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 2221–2222.
 Debora Hammond and Jennifer Wilby (2006). "The life and work of James Grier Miller". In: Systems Research and Behavioral Science. Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages 429 - 435.
 G.A. Swanson. "James Grier Miller (1916-)" on ISSS.org.

1916 births
2002 deaths
American biologists
American systems scientists
Harvard University alumni
Harvard Fellows
University of Chicago faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Cleveland State University faculty
Presidents of the University of Louisville
20th-century American biologists
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences
20th-century American academics

James Grier Miller


Ayad Lamdassem El Mouhcine (born 11 October 1981) is a Moroccan-born long distance runner who competes for Spain internationally. He has represented Spain twice in the 10,000 metres at the Summer Olympics (2008 and 2012) as well as the European Athletics Championships (2010, 2012).

Lamdassem has competed at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships on five occasions (once for Morocco and four times for Spain). He was the silver medallist at the European Cross Country Championships in 2010 and 2011. He was also a gold medallist at the 2010 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics. At the 2020 Valencia Marathon, he set the Spanish national record and earned a spot on the Spanish team for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic marathon, where he finished 5th.

His personal bests include 13:17.49 minutes for the 5000 metres, 27:45.58 min for the 10,000 m, 61:29 for the half marathon and 2:06:25 for the marathon.

Career
He first arrived in Spain in 2002 as part of the Moroccan contingent for the World University Cross Country Championships, which was being held in Santiago de Compostela that year. However, he did not compete and instead deserted the team, using the opportunity to stay on in the country and train with other Moroccans in Valencia. He later moved to Lleida, working with coach Antonio Cánovas, and received citizenship in 2007 after five years of residency.

His first major competition for Spain came the following year in the form of the 2008 Summer Olympics. He ran in the 10,000 m race and finished in 24th place, just behind compatriot Carles Castillejo. He came fourth at the 2008 European Cross Country Championships at the end of the year, helping the Spanish men to the team title. He represented Spain twice at cross country in 2009, coming 30th at the 2009 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and fifth at the 2009 European Cross Country Championships, where Spain retained the team title. He also competed in the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, running in the 10,000 metres, but dropped out mid-race.

He won his first track medal at the 2010 Ibero-American Championships, taking the gold medal in the 5000 metres. At the Great Manchester Run he duelled against Haile Gebrselassie and ended up as runner-up some seven seconds behind the Ethiopian. Lamdassem was selected to run the 10,000 m at the 2010 European Athletics Championships in Barcelona. After leading early on, he eventually slowed on the final lap and missed the medals with a fourth-place finish. He started his 2010/11 cross country season with a third place at the Soria Cross Country in November. At the 2010 European Cross Country Championships he was the first runner to break from the front, although he was caught by Serhiy Lebid and finished as the silver medallist. Lamdassem also led the Spanish men to the bronze in the team competition. He competed at the San Silvestre Vallecana on New Year's Eve and was leading ahead of favourite Zersenay Tadese in the latter stages, but he took a wrong turn on the course, losing his leading margin and eventually finished as runner-up.

A third-place finish at the 2011 Great Edinburgh Cross Country helped the European team to the title. He took the top honours at the Cinque Mulini in February – a performance which lifted his club Bikila Toledo to third for that year's European Cross Country Club Championships, which was held in conjunction with the race. He carried the hopes of the host nation at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in Punta Umbría and was the first European to finish, taking 16th place. He won the 2011 Cursa Bombers, although it was a Catalan-only race and his winning time was relatively slow. He missed the track season due to injury and returned in November, coming seventh at the Cross de Atapuerca then second at the Soria race. At the 2011 European Cross Country Championships he was again the runner-up, this time to Atelaw Yeshetela. He was the top European at the Cross de Venta de Baños later that month, coming second to Kenya's Philemon Kimeli. A third place at the San Silvestre Vallecana closed his 2011 season.

Lamdassem returned to the Edinburgh Cross Country in 2012 and won the long race, beating European champion Yeshetela. He won the European Club's Cross Country meet in Castellón, leading Bikila Toledo to the title. He debuted over the marathon distance at the Lake Biwa Marathon but finished 23rd with a relatively slow time of 2:14:39 hours. Returning to shorter distances, he came second to Kenenisa Bekele at the Great Ireland Run and won the Cursa Bombers in April. In June he was a silver medallist at the European Cup 10000m and placed sixth in the event at the 2012 European Athletics Championships. He was selected to run the event for Spain at the 2012 London Olympics, but did not perform as well, coming in 23rd place in 28:49.85 minutes. In his first half marathon in eight years, he came seventh at the Great Scottish Run. A better outing came at the Great South Run 10-miler, where he was runner-up, and near the end of the year he came sixth at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships.

At the start of the 2013 cross country season he made the top two at the Great Edinburgh race and the European Clubs competition.

Achievements

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
People from Guelmim-Oued Noun
Spanish male long-distance runners
Moroccan male long-distance runners
Spanish male marathon runners
Moroccan male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Spain
Moroccan emigrants to Spain
Naturalised citizens of Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games competitors for Spain
Spanish sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Ayad Lamdassem


Robert Nutting (born March 29, 1962) is an American businessman and sports team owner. Since 2007, He has been the principal owner and chairman of the board of the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball. His other business activities include serving as president & CEO of Ogden Newspapers Inc. He is also the former Chairman of Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Hidden Valley Resort, and Laurel Mountain Ski Area, which he sold to Vail Resorts in December 2021 in a $118 million deal.

Sports ownership
Nutting became the sixth principal owner in Pirates history on January 12, 2007. He has served as Chairman of the Board and represented his family's interest in the club since 2002. The Nutting family had become the largest shareholders in the Pirates at some point after 2005 (the exact date is not known since the Pirates are privately held), and eventually acquired controlling interest. However, Kevin McClatchy remained CEO and operating head of the franchise until the end of the 2007 season.

Nutting led the construction of the Pirates' new training academy in the Dominican Republic, which had its grand opening on April 30, 2009. The facility was built on a 46-acre site just outside Santo Domingo, and included two full fields, a half field, batting cages, clubhouses, dorm rooms and class rooms. In 2007, he had also led the efforts to modernize Pirate City and McKechnie Field, the Pirates' spring training facilities in Bradenton, Florida. Pirate City improvements included a new dormitory, clubhouse, staff offices, enhanced training/rehab facilities and a fifth field. Lights were installed at McKechnie Field, making night baseball possible there for the first time in 2008. In order to take further advantage of the upgraded facilities, Nutting led the purchase of a Florida State League franchise, the Bradenton Marauders. The addition of the Class A-Advanced affiliate was part of an effort to further the development of Pirates minor league players, in addition to rehabilitation assignments for major league players. The Marauders won the Florida State League title in 2016.

The highlight of Nutting's tenure as owner of the Pirates to date has been the three-year period from 2013 to 2015 when Pittsburgh compiled a 280–206 record (.576 winning percentage). It was the second-best mark in Major League Baseball during that period behind only N.L. Central Division rival St. Louis (287–199). The Pirates captured an N.L. Wild Card spot each of those three seasons. In 2013, they compiled a 94–68 mark and defeated Cincinnati in the Wild Card Game before losing to St. Louis in the Division Series, three games to two. Pittsburgh went 88–74 and 98–64 during the regular season in 2014 and 2015, but lost to San Francisco and Chicago respectively in the Wild Card Game. The Pirates hosted all three of those Wild Card contests at PNC Park.

After the Pirates' highly successful 2013 season, Nutting was named Newsmaker of the Year by the Pittsburgh Business Times. In the article that announced the honor, Craig Davis—president & CEO of VisitPittsburgh—said: "Thanks to Bob Nutting and the Pirates organization, 2013 marked one of the most exciting baseball seasons in decades. On top of that, the exposure the city garnered with the Pirates getting into the playoffs was absolutely phenomenal." Former Pittsburgh mayor Tom Murphy added: "Since becoming the managing partner, Bob has just as quietly, with a fraction of the resources of other teams, built an exciting team. The Nuttings deserve Pittsburgh's support and thanks."

Nutting is also chairman of the Pirates' philanthropic arm, Pirates Charities, which constructs baseball and softball fields for youth in the Pittsburgh region and Bradenton, FL, through its Miracle League and Fields for Kids programs. Pirates Charities also supports military families and veterans as well as those who are battling cancer.

Criticism
Due to Nutting's perceived tendency to put profits ahead of a competitive product on the field, he is often ranked in both the local press and nationally as one of the worst owners in sports, earning the nickname "Bottom-Line Bob". Despite being the 10th richest owner in MLB, the Pirates have constantly been in the bottom third of payroll under his direct ownership and that of his predecessor and former business partner Kevin McClatchy when Nutting was a minority partner. Following McClatchy turning away Dallas Mavericks owner and Mt. Lebanon native Mark Cuban from buying the team around the time the Nutting family was becoming majority owners, Nutting has also turned down bids by Pittsburgh Penguins owners Mario Lemieux & Ron Burkle, as well as Pittsburgh Steelers minority owner Thomas Tull, insisting that the team isn't for sale.

He has been the subject of harsh criticism due to trades the team made in the 2017–2018 offseason, moving pitcher Gerrit Cole to the Houston Astros, and centerfielder Andrew McCutchen to the San Francisco Giants in an apparent fire sale. Following the two trades, Pirates fans launched a petition drive on Change.org demanding Nutting sell the team to someone who spend what was necessary to be competitive. The McCutchen trade did net pitcher Kyle Crick and outfielder Bryan Reynolds. Crick made 116 appearances as a late-inning reliever for the Pirates in 2018 and 2019, and the Reynolds finished 7th in the N.L. batting race with a .314 mark as a rookie in 2019. The Pirates' trades, along with allegations of similar "salary dumps" by the Miami Marlins, led to the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) to accuse both teams of failing to use revenue sharing funds to improve the team's on-field performance, as required in the collective bargaining agreement. On February 23, 2018, MLBPA filed a formal grievance with MLB against the Pirates, Marlins, Oakland Athletics, and Tampa Bay Rays over the teams misuse of revenue sharing funds. MLB responded that the claims had "no merit." The grievance did not result in a hearing. Miami (63–98) was the only team named in the grievance to post a losing record in 2018. Oakland went 97–65 and captured an A.L. Wild Card spot, while Tampa Bay (90–72) and Pittsburgh (82–79) finished above .500.

On February 1, 2018, it was reported by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that the Weirton Medical Center, a major advertiser for three of Nutting's papers (Weirton Daily Times in Weirton, West Virginia, Herald-Star in Steubenville, Ohio, and The Review in East Liverpool, Ohio), were pulling its ads from the papers over "the failure of the Pirates to craft a deal to keep Andrew McCutchen a Pirate."

On April 10, 2022, two days before the Pirates home opener, the Post-Gazette published a report based on Pirates financial data (publicly available due to the team's lease with Allegheny County) that showed the team's player payroll was strictly tied to ticket sales and concession stand revenue. The newspaper's investigation found that all TV revenue, MLB revenue sharing, and profits from concession sales after payroll was kept as net profits for Nutting. This story was published as the Pirates had the fourth-lowest payroll in MLB at the start of the 2022 season, less than half of their National League Central rival, the Cincinnati Reds—whose fans criticized owner Bob Castellini for cutting payroll in 2022. That prompted longtime sports talk show host Mark Madden to suggest that the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County to force Nutting to spend to the MLB average as a condition of renewing the team's lease with PNC Park in 2030. On August 3, 2022, a fan took a photo with Nutting wearing a shirt (made and sold by the website of Pittsburgh native Pat McAfee) with the words "Sell The Team", which quickly went viral and was popular with many Pirates fans who shared his sentiments.

Ogden Newspapers, Inc.
Nutting serves as the President and CEO of Ogden Newspapers, Inc. headquartered in Wheeling, West Virginia. He is the great-grandson of company founder H. C. Ogden, and is the fourth generation of his family to run the company. Ogden Newspapers publishes 40 daily newspapers, multiple weekly newspapers and magazines as well as many phone directories. The company has newspapers and other media forms in 12 states.

Seven Springs Mountain Resort
Nutting is the former Chairman of Seven Springs Mountain Resort, a four-season resort located approximately  southeast of Pittsburgh. In late 2013, Nutting acquired nearby Hidden Valley Resort when it was purchased by Seven Springs. It was announced on December 31, 2021, that all resorts under the Seven Springs Mountain Resort umbrella (Seven Springs, Hidden Valley, and Laurel Mountain Ski Area would be sold to Vail Resorts in a $118 million deal.

Personal life
Nutting was born on March 29, 1962, in Wheeling, West Virginia. He earned a bachelor's degree in history from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Nutting and his wife, Leslie, have three daughters.

References

External links
 Pittsburgh Pirates Official Website
 The Nutting Company's website

1962 births
Living people
Major League Baseball owners
Businesspeople from Wheeling, West Virginia
Pittsburgh Pirates owners
American publishing chief executives
Sportspeople from Wheeling, West Virginia
Williams College alumni

Robert Nutting


Veronique Cloutier (born December 31, 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is a TV and radio presenter from Quebec.  She is the daughter of Carole Fullum and Guy Cloutier.    She is married to Louis Morissette since June 30th 2012. They have three children.

She is a host for radio and a TV shows.  In 1993, she got a job at Musique Plus.  After that, she quit Musique Plus to work at Radio-Canada.  In 1998, she had more than 1 200 000 viewers of her TV show named La Fureur every week. She presented La Fureur for five seasons.  After that, she hosted many shows such as the ''Gala de l'ADISQ'', ''Stars à domicile'', ''La fureur de Céline'', ''Ceci n'est pas un Bye Bye''.  From 2007 to 2009, she hosted a quiz show called ''Paquet Voleur''. Since 2010, she works on her talk show ''Les enfants de la télé'' and she also worked on the 2010 and 2011 ''Bye Bye''.

She started in 1994 on the radio with ''Le choix de Montréal'' on CKMF Radio Energie.  In September 2004, she started a new show at Rythme FM called ''Les midis de Vero''.  On May 2011, she celebrated her 1000th show.  Veronique Cloutier is also an actress.  She played in her first movie, ''Les dangereux'', in 2002.  In 2004, she became president of her father's productions which she renamed Novem Communications.  She was in the business until 2009 when she decided to spend more time with her family.  She also had a career as a spokeswoman. From 2000 to 2006, she represented ''Suzuki''. In 2006, she was a speaker for ''Monnaie royale canadienne'' and ''Fondation de l'hôpital Sainte-Justine''.  In 2010, her clothes collection went on the market in l'Aubainerie stores.  In 2012, she associated herself with Jouviance as a beauty products ambassadress. Veronique is also active on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter.

References

Related pages
 Biography: Veronique Cloutier

1974 births
Living people
Canadian entertainers
Television talk show hosts

Veronique Cloutier


A social network is a website or service where people talk to or connect with other people. A Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends.

Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web.

The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks.

A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections.

Many social networks are available on phones and smartphones.

A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service.

List of popular social networks
Facebook
Flickr
Google+
Instagram
Kik
LinkedIn
MySpace
Twitter
Pinterest
Reddit
Snapchat
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Yahoo! Groups
YouTube
TikTok

References

Social networking
Technology

Social network service


Pelargonium drummondii is a species of Pelargonium found around the southern coasts of Western Australia.

Description
A perennial herb found as an erect or semiprostrate shrub, Pelargonium drummondii may be 100 to 400 mm in height. The flowers are light pink, but a darker colour at the center, splotchy and veined in appearance. The oblate cordate leaves are generally large and succulent. P. drummondii is distinguished from a similar widespread Australian species P. australe by the presence of a prominent branching perennial stem, which is generally absent in P. australe. However, young plants are likely to be indistinguishable by morphology alone.

The species was first described by Turczaninow in Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. The type specimen was collected by James Drummond, whose name is given in the specific epithet.
It is described as native, not endemic., one of several Pelargonium occurring in Western Australia.  The similar, but usually scented, South African species P. capitatum is also found throughout many Southwest Australian regions, although these were known to have been introduced after colonisation by Britain.

Distribution
The plant is found along granitic coastal regions and inland granitic inselbergs of Southwest Australia, east of the Esperance Plains to the westernmost point at Cape Naturaliste.

Taxonomy
The species has been placed as Pelargonium drummondii, but the species has also been described as a subspecies ('nomenclatural synonym' of P. Drumondii).
Pelargonium australe subsp. drummondii (Turcz.) Hellbrugge ms

References

Geraniales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
drummondii
Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow

Pelargonium drummondii


Blue Jay is a 2016 American romantic drama film directed by Alex Lehmann in his fictional feature debut, from a screenplay by Mark Duplass. It stars Duplass and Sarah Paulson. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2016.

The film was released on October 7, 2016, in a limited release prior to being released through video on demand on October 11, 2016.

Plot
Jim Henderson returns to his hometown in California with the intention of renovating and selling his late mother's house. While shopping at a supermarket, he bumps into his former high school girlfriend Amanda. The two greet each other, but Jim says he doesn't want to stop her from whatever she was up to.

He bumps into her again in the parking lot and they decide to go for coffee at Blue Jay. They talk about what has happened in their lives since they last saw each other. Amanda got married and became the stepmother to two children. Jim works on renovating old houses with his uncle and is thinking about renovating his late mother's house.

While walking Amanda to her car, they pass a liquor store they went to frequently in their younger days. Amanda bets that the store owner will recognize them, although Jim disagrees. To Amanda's satisfaction, he does remember them. He remarks about how the two "famous lovebirds" are still together after two decades and gives them free beer and jelly beans, while Amanda and Jim jokingly play along about how they are still a couple after all this time.

They further discuss their current lives in depth by a lake, leaving Jim crying and feeling discontented with his life when he hears of how impressive her life sounds. Going to his mother's house, they get  nostalgic over their shared memories. While going through old memorabilia, Amanda finds a letter addressed to her written years ago, and keeps it.

She then finds tape recordings of Jim and her roleplaying their middle-aged lives. They play the recordings and laugh about how uncool they were. Jim proposes they have some "fun" and recreate the tape, pretending to be a married couple celebrating their 20th anniversary. At the end of the night, Amanda confesses to Jim she is on anti-depressants and that she has not cried in years. They eventually begin kissing passionately in the bedroom. She suddenly stops when he says he loves her. It is then revealed that Amanda had an abortion back in high school and that was the cause of their breakup. They lash out at each other, ending it with Jim breaking down and crying on the floor.

Jim walks Amanda to her car the next morning, and Amanda explains her decision. Jim asks her to read the letter he didn't send her, saying he wanted to keep the baby. Amanda begins to cry, for the first time in five years, and then they laugh about it together. Jim and Amanda then sigh at one another and the screen fades to black.

Cast
 Mark Duplass as Jim Henderson
 Sarah Paulson as Amanda
 Clu Gulager as Waynie

Production
The film was shot over the course of 7 days in and around Crestline, California. Julian Wass composed the film's score.

Release
The film marked the Duplass Brothers' first film under their deal with Netflix. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2016. Prior to, The Orchard acquired distribution rights to the film, and set the film for an October 7, 2016, limited release before opening through video on demand on October 11, 2016. It was released on Netflix on December 6, 2016.

Critical reception
Blue Jay received positive reviews from film critics. It holds a 91% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 34 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's consensus reads, "Blue Jays song will warm the soul of any hopeless romantic who loves trips down memory lane, impromptu dance scenes, and naturally performed two-handers." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 69 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Canadian Press reporter David Friend said the film "manages to capture the spirit of 1990s indie filmmaking at its finest, and offers some heartbreaking surprises along the way." Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com praised Paulson's performance, saying the film "features one of our best actresses in the kind of role she doesn't get to play that often."

References

External links

2016 films
2016 independent films
2016 romantic drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
American independent films
American romantic drama films
Duplass Brothers Productions films
The Orchard (company) films

Blue Jay (film)


Jani Lauzon (born September 29, 1959) is a Canadian puppeteer and musician of Métis heritage from East Kootenay, British Columbia.  She is a three-time Juno Award Nominee with Muppet Show credits that include additional puppetry on Follow That Bird, performing on The Jim Henson Hour, and a cat in the Sesame Street Canada television special "Basil Hears a Noise".

Her other non-Henson credits include Maggie on Groundling Marsh and regular roles on The Big Comfy Couch, The Longhouse Tales, Alligator Pie, Happy Castle, Prairie Berry Pie, Mr. Dressup, Wumpa's World, Little Star and Iris the Happy Professor.

Lauzon has also appeared on camera in TV and movies such as Code Name: Eternity, Conspiracy of Silence, Business Management, Maggie's Life, Bingo Road, Destiny Ridge, and Ruby and the Well.

She was worked as a radio actress on several radio stations including CBC Radio. In 2012, she performed a dual role as Cordelia and the Fool in an all-aboriginal production of William Shakespeare's King Lear at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa, alongside a cast that also included August Schellenberg as Lear, Tantoo Cardinal as Regan, Billy Merasty as Gloucester and Craig Lauzon as Kent.

Lauzon resides in Toronto, Ontario.

Discography
Blue Voice/New Voice (1994/2000) RA Records, distributor Indiepool
Hearts of the Nations (1997) The Banff Centre/Sweet Grass
Thirst (1998) RA Records
Heartbeat 2: More Voices of First Nations Women (1998) Smithsonian Folkways
Contemporary Native American Music (2006)
Mixed Blessings (2007)

References

External links
Article on Jani Lauzon by the Toronto Blues Society

1959 births
Living people
Canadian puppeteers
Canadian television actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian radio actresses
Canadian blues singers
Musicians from British Columbia
Métis musicians
First Nations actresses
Canadian stage actresses
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
Canadian Métis people
Female puppeteers

Jani Lauzon


Lord William, Sweet William or Lord Lundy  (Child # 254, Roud # 106) is a traditional Scottish folk ballad telling how a pair of lovers, William and Janet, outwit her father, her bethrothed (by arrangement) and the priest in order to marry one other.

Synopsis

Lord William has a love affair with Janet, the only daughter of Lord Lundy, a Scottish nobleman. While William is away on a voyage of discovery, her father finds out about the romance and declares that she must marry another man, who, in some versions, is the heir to the English crown. Janet says that she will obey her father's orders but adds that she would rather die. In another version, Lord Lundy threatens to murder her if she refuses to go through with the marriage. When the wedding day arrives and the priest is about to read the matrimonial orders, Janet asks him to wait for one of her female friends to arrive. This makes the priest angry but his rebukes are cut short by the arrival of Sweet William dressed in his finest suit of armour declaring that he is the rightful groom and that the other man should step aside. Lord Lundy is furious but there is nothing that he can do and Janet and William are married.

References

Child Ballads
Scottish folk songs

Lord William


Mudi-āttam is an art form once prevalent, but now disappearing,  in Central Travancore in Kerala. This is performed by the Pulaya and Paraya (Sambava) castes. Originally a fertility-dance, this is now staged as a community entertainment. Young women are the exponents of this. They should have long hair and should number a dozen. Songs are sung to the accompaniment of Karu, Maram (in ancient times), Thudi, Udukku, and Maddalom. In tune with the rhythm and the trend of the song the women sway about, in different patterns, swinging their loosened hair. The founder of this art form is believed to be Pooyinkalamma, the First Mother of the Parayas.

Karu, Maram, Thudi, Uduku and Maddalam are  percussion instruments.

A prominent exponent of this art form was Mariamma Chedathy.

Dances of Kerala

Mudi-āttam


Kasautii Zindagii Kay was a highly rated show of Star Plus that ran from 2001 to 2008. The show had immense popularity and was Asia's first romance drama. The show had Shweta Tiwari, Cezanne Khan and Urvashi Dholakia in leads. The show won three international awards during its original run.

Indian television series

Kasautii Zindagii Kay


Band cups are a form of ancient Greek Attic Little-master cups.
The lip of a band cup is black and slightly concave. At the joint between vase body and foot, there is often a red ring. The external figural decoration is in the area of the handles, often framed by palmettes. Internal images and inscriptions are quite rare. Some specimens are completely black with the exception of some figures near the handles. Another very rare group of specimens, attributed to the potter Andokides and his workshop, have figural decoration on the flat base of the foot.
It remains unknown why band cups and Lip cups existed side by side for a considerable period. Perhaps, each variant had its own distinctive advantages. For example, it may have been more pleasant to drink from the undecorated black-slipped lip of a band cup, while the strong ridge underneath the rim of lip cups would have prevented spilling more effectively.  Lip cups were somewhat more difficult to produce.
Well-known artists of this type were Hermogenes, Glaukytes, the Centaur Painter, Neandros, Sokles and the Oakeshott Painter. The differences amongst these cups can be found through their varying sizes and decorated imagery; these unique characteristics were influenced by the workshops they were created in rather than a set formula for the cup design.

See also
Athenian Band Cup by the Oakeshott Painter (MET 17.230.5)

Bibliography
 John Boardman: Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch, Mainz 1977, , p. 66

Notes

External links

Attic pottery
Drinkware

Band cup


David Connell (1931 – May 5, 1995) was the original executive producer for Sesame Street, and Children's Television Workshop's vice-president in charge of production. Connell, who had been a producer for the CBS children's program Captain Kangaroo, played a key role in establishing the basic format of the "street" skits. He was also the principal creative behind The Man from Alphabet, a series of live action skits starring Gary Owens which failed in child tests and were never aired on Sesame Street. Connell received his B.A. in 1955 and his M.A. in 1956, both from the University of Michigan.

Credits
His credits include:
 1969-1973: Sesame Street—executive producer
 1974: Out to Lunch—executive producer
 1975: The Jean Marsh Cartoon Special with Grover—producer
 1987: Sesame Street Live Big Bird and the ABC's—co-writer

Connell was also executive producer and writer for The Electric Company, which he helped create in 1971, and for Square One TV in the late 1980s. He won five Emmy Awards and received an additional 20 nominations. He also served as executive producer of the Emmy Award-winning special, based on the C.S. Lewis book, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'', which was broadcast on CBS in 1979.

References

External links
 Current: David Connell's talents grew with his gifts to kids, an obituary by Joan Ganz Cooney

American television producers
1931 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
 University of Michigan alumni

David Connell (television producer)


Kenju burai-chō Nukiuchino Ryu (拳銃無頼帖 抜き射ちの竜), also known as Ryuji the Gun Slinger, is a 1960 Japanese crime action film directed by Haruyasu Noguchi and produced by Nikkatsu. It stars Keiichiro Akagi as the lead main character. It was the first installment of the Tale of The Gunman series (拳銃無頼帖シリーズ, Kenjū burai jō shirīzu). At the time of the film's release, another movie to be screened at the same time was "Keiji monogatari: Koroshi o agero", directed by Isamu Kosugi and starring Kyōji Aoyama.

Plot
Ryūji Kenzaki, a gunman who has the nickname "Piercing Dragon" (抜き射ちの竜, Nuki uchi no ryū), hates killing and finishes his task by shooting the opponent's shoulder on the dominant hand side to make it impossible to recover, so he is called "The Killer Who Dosent Kill" and was feared by many around him. One night, he receives a request to shoot a gang leader, but he cannot pull out his gun due to withdrawal symptoms from drug addiction and is in a crisis. A killer known as "Colt  Silver" (コルトの銀, Koruto no gin) appears and saves Ryuji. Yang Sanyuan, a Chinese businessman from Hong Kong who hires Gin as a bouncer, takes Ryuji to the hospital for treatment, shoulders the expenses, and takes care of his life, such as giving him home after he is discharged from the hospital. Ryuji, who was going to wash his feet, becomes Yang's bodyguard out of obligation. He reunites with his best friend, former boxer Keikichi, in the room of Fusae, a boutique owner who lives in the same apartment. Keikichi became addicted to drugs and gave up boxing after getting involved in match-fixing because of his drug addiction.

While working in restaurants, boutiques, and nightclubs, Yang made money by smuggling drugs in partnership with the Hotta Gang (堀田組, Hotta gumi), who ran a boxing gym. However, since the group is under investigation by the Tokyo police, Yang is about to cut ties with the gang. On the other hand, Hotta Gang crime boss Juzaburo Hotta secretly summons Ryuji and asks him to release information on a big deal that will be carried out without the gang, but he avoids answering on the spot. One night,  members of the Hotta Gang attacked the Yang's men just after the deal was broke off. Colt Silver killed the Hotta's Gang members, but on the way back, the police appeared and persistently interrogated Yang's close aide and restaurant owner, Zhāng, who was in charge of the transaction.

Zhang uses gardening sands he has in his pocket to escape the situation. Yang discovers an informant among the crew and orders the traitor to be found and eliminated. He also asks Ryuji and Colt to kill Hotta who had attacked his men when the partnership breaks off. Instead of complying, Ryuji demands that Fusae and Keikichi, tied up with Yang's drugs, be set free. Ryuji, who doesn't want to kill people, persuades Hotta to reconcile with Yang, but Gin reluctantly shoots him dead in the middle of it with his mistress, which leads Ryuji to punch Gin away. Yang sees Midori, the nightclub hostess, as a clue leading to the informant and tries to kidnap her to the office. Ryuji, who happened to be an acquaintance of Midori, lied, saying, "That's my sake. It has nothing to do with me." Before long, Midori's older brother, Ishii, a nightclub trumpet player, appears in front of Ryuji. Ishii was the one who passed the information on Yang Gang to the Hotta group and the Tokyo Police and revealed his identity as an undercover narcotics investigator working for the police on an illegal drug smuggling investigation. Knowing that Ryuji is saddened by Keikichi's drug addiction, Ishii asks Ryuji for help destroying the gang and stopping them from selling drugs to the American mafia who wanted to meet with Yang's crew at Yokohama. On the other hand, Yang decides that Fusae is the informant and tortures her, but Gin, who doesn't like Yang's methods of sadistic torture and cruelty, finds a chance and releases her. Keikichi, who is in the hospital, is also attacked by Yang's minions, but he fights off with punches, and Midori hides him while he is escaping.

Ishii's identity is discovered by the Yang Gang, and he disappears. Yang decides that Ryuji hired Ishii and orders Zhang to eliminate Ryuji. Ryuji, who had killed Zhang, was angry at Yang's tyranny and rushed to the port trade site where Yang himself was participating to defeat him. Gin stands in front of Ryuji before he shoots through Gin's right shoulder. Right after that, Yang shoots Gin out of the shadows, fatally injuring him. Ryuji yells "Idiot" (ハジキ, Baka) and beats Yang. Before he died, the dying Gin praises Ryuji and said in his final words, saying, "If your fist was Hajiki when you killed Hotta, I would have died. But for you, you are the real pistol user."  Ishii appears there along with the entire police and arrests Ryuji along with Yang and the rest of the drug traders. Midori, who followed him, says, "I'll be waiting forever," as she sees him taken away by the authorities.

Cast
 Keiichirō Akagi as Ryuji Kenzaki
 Ruriko Asaoka as Midori Ishii
 Joe Shishido as Colt Silver (also named Gin)
 Minako Katsuki as Fusae Maki (fashion designer and Keikichi's lover)
 Tadao Sawamoto as Keikichi Mishima (ex-boxer and Ryuji's best friend)
 Ichiro Sugai as Goro Shizu (Doctor)
 Kō Nishimura as Yang Sanyuan (Chinese businessman and leader of the Yang Crew)
 Arihiro Fujimura as Zhang (Restaurant owner and Yang's close aide)
 Hiroshi Nihon'yanagi as Juzaburo Hotta (Crime boss of the Hotta Group)
 Kōjirō Kusanagi as Goro Ishii (Midori's older brother)
 Shirō Amakusa as Baba (Hotta Group member)
 Toshinosuke Nagao as Shoda (Narcotics Enforcement officer)
 Hiroshi Cho as Zhu (Yang's aide)
 Kaku Takashina as Minamoto Ryōba (Hotta Group member)
 Setsuko Amamiya as Takada (nurse)
 Go Kuroda as Bǎo (Yang's aide)
 Norikatsu Hanamura as Detective Yoshimura (credited as Akinori Hanamura)
 Junichi Yamanobe as Noboru Miyaji (Miyaji Group leader and Ryuji's target)
 Ikunosuke Koizumi as Kobe (Narcotics Enforcement officer)
 Kazuo Kinugasa as Boxing gym trainer (credited as Masuo Kinugasa)
 Kenzo Kawabe as Mita (Miyaji Group's underboss and Ryuji's target)
 Shuji Hayami, Kensuke Tamai, Masaaki Honme as Hotta Group members
 Arata Shibata as Dynamite delivery truck driver (credited as Shinzo Shibata)
 Masuyo Suzumura as Orphanage nursery school teacher
 Hiromi Kuroki as Doll shop clerk
 Taeko Yanagida as Hotta's lover
 Rinko Saito as Hotta Group member's wife (whose lover is a boxing gym manager)
 Koshiro Abe as a Boxing trainee
 Sachiko Nishida as Nightclub singer (non-credited)
 Alexander Scourby as William (American mafia buyer) (non-credited)
 Michael Dante as William's bodyguard (non-credited)

Staff
 Director: Haruyasu Noguchi
 Planner: Kenzo Asada
 Original story: Rei Kido (all read, published Tokyo Bungeisha edition)
 Writer: Iwao Yamazaki
 Cinematographer: Kazuei Nagatsuka
 Music Composer: Naozumi Yamamoto
 Editior: Masanori Tsujii
 Sound Recordist: Nobuo Fukushima
 Assistant Director: Takashi Miyano
 Theme Song: Town of Black Mist (黒い霧の街, Kuroi kiri no machi), Lyrics: Kaoru Mizuki, Composer: Hideyuki Fujiwara, Performer: Keiichirō Akagi
 Insert Song: One-on-One Blues (一対一のブルース, Ichitaiichi no burūsu), Lyrics: Takashi Umemoto, Composer: Hiroshi Mochizuki, Performer: Sachiko Nishida
 Action Choreography: Masatoshi Takase

Kenju burai-chō Nukiuchino Ryu


Lucas James May (born October 24, 1984) is an American former professional baseball catcher who played for the Kansas City Royals in Major League Baseball (MLB).

May graduated from Parkway West High School in Ballwin, Missouri. From there, he skipped college and entered the Major League Baseball draft in 2003. He was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 8th round as the 241st overall pick. He played in Major League Baseball with the Kansas City Royals in 2010.

Career

Los Angeles Dodgers
May began his professional career after he signed with the Dodgers. He played at the rookie level for the Gulf Coast Dodgers in 2003. He played shortstop and batted .252 with no home runs in 48 games. In 2004, May stayed at the rookie level, playing for the Ogden Raptors. Playing in only 34 games, he had a .286 batting average with 5 home runs.

He was promoted to Single-A in 2005, playing for the Columbus Catfish. He played shortstop as well as beginning to play in the outfield. His bad defense had prompted the organization to make the switch as he committed 18 errors in 46 games in 2003, 18 errors in 34 games in 2004, and 26 errors in 46 games. May played for the Catfish again in 2006, this time seeing all his action in the outfield. In 119 games, he had a .273 batting average and showed some power, hitting 18 home runs.

In 2007, May was promoted to the next level. He played for the Advanced Single-A Inland Empire 66ers. Switching positions again, he played the whole year as a catcher and displayed power in his 128 games played. His 25 home runs were tied for second in the California League and his 89 RBIs were good enough for 10th in the league. His slugging percentage was little more than 200 points higher than his batting average and his strikeout totals went down from 130 to 107 from the previous year.  He was named to the California League All-Star team and went 1 for 4 with two runs scored in the All-Star game.

Following the season on November 20, 2007, May's contract was purchased by the Los Angeles Dodgers, protecting him from the Rule 5 Draft. The Dodgers assigned May to the Double-A Jacksonville Suns for the 2008 season where he hit .230 with 13 home runs in 392 at bats.

In 2009, May played for the Dodgers' new Double-A affiliate, the Chattanooga Lookouts. He was named to the Southern League mid-season All-Star team and after the season played for Team USA in the 2009 Baseball World Cup where he hit 3 home runs, playing in all games as a starting catcher.

After starting 2010 with Chattanooga, he was shortly promoted to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes and was selected to the Pacific Coast League all-star team.

Kansas City Royals
On July 28, 2010, the Dodgers traded May, along with pitcher Elisaul Pimentel,  to the Kansas City Royals for outfielder Scott Podsednik. He was assigned to play for the Omaha Royals.

He was called up to the Royals on September 1, 2010 and made his Major League debut on September 4 against the Detroit Tigers, where he was hitless in three at-bats. On September 12 against the Chicago White Sox he recorded his first major league hit, a single to left field off of Matt Thornton.

Arizona Diamondbacks
On June 1, 2011, the Royals traded May to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Andrea Pizziconi.

New York Mets
May signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets on December 12, 2011.

Pittsburgh Pirates
May played in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization in 2013.

Milwaukee Brewers
May signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers on January 30, 2014.

While playing for Triple-A Nashville on August 27, 2014, May was the final batter at Herschel Greer Stadium, the Sounds' home for the first 37 years of its existence. In his only plate appearance of the night, he struck out swinging on a full count with the bases loaded in the bottom of the 9th inning to end the game and secure an 8-5 loss.

References

External links

1984 births
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Columbus Catfish players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Huntsville Stars players
Indianapolis Indians players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Jacksonville Suns players
Kansas City Royals players
Living people
Nashville Sounds players
Ogden Raptors players
Omaha Royals players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Reno Aces players
Baseball players from Las Vegas
Peoria Javelinas players
Surprise Rafters players

Lucas May


Su Dingfang (, 591–667) was a leading general of the Tang Dynasty. He won many battles. In 657 he destroyed the Western Turkic Khaganate. This expanded the Tang's western borders to their farthest extent (deep into Central Asia, close to modern Iran). In 660, he also conquered Baekje.

He was born in Wuyi (武邑, modern Hengshui, Hebei).

Western Turks

In spring 657, Emperor Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to attack the Western Turks. He had the following friends to help him:

 generals Ren Yaxiang and Xiao Siye (蕭嗣業)
 Tang's ally Huige
 Western Turks defector chiefs Ashina Mishe (阿史那彌射) and Ashina Buzhen (阿史那步真). They took a southern route.

The Tang took went north.

Su defeated Chumukun first.

Su had fewer than 20,000 men. Ashina Helu's army had nearly 100,000 men. Ashina Helu thought he could defeat Su easily. His army ran at Su but could not break through Su's defense: the front line pointed long spears. Su then counterattacked with cavalry, defeating Helu's army and killing and capturing several tens of thousands of men. Helu ran away.

Su kept going. Many tribes of the Western Turks surrendered to Su, including the general Huluwu (胡祿屋), surrendered, and Ashina Helu fled along with his general Qulü (屈律). The rest surrendered to Ashina Buzhen.

Su kept chasing Helu but ran into snow storms. Su's men said maybe they should wait for weather to get better. But Su said that Helu would be surprised if they attacked him. So Su and his army kept going. They joined Mishe and Buzhen, made a surprise attack on Helu, and captured or killed tens of thousands.

But Helu fled to Shi (石國, modern Tashkent, Uzbekistan), a vassal of the Western Turks.

But Shi did not want to be attacked and defeated by the Tang as well. So they just captured and handed Helu to the Tang.

And so the Tang conquered the Western Turkic Khaganate and brought Central Asia under Chinese control.

Some Turks escaped west and became the Khazars in Russia. They did not come back.

Su presented Helu to Emperor Gaozong. Gaozong spared Helu and promoted Su to major general. He also made Su the Duke of Xing and made his son Su Qingjie (蘇慶節) the Duke of Wuyi.

Izgil
Duman (都曼) was a commander of the Izgil tribe (Old Turkic:  , Chinese: Sijie 思結), under Tang rule. The Shule (疏勒), Zhujubo (朱俱波), and Yebantuo (謁般陀) were also Turkic kingdoms under Tang rule. They were around Kashgar, Xinjiang.

In 659 they rebelled against the Tang. Duman got Yutian (于田, in modern Hotan, Xinjiang).

In winter 659, Gaozong sent Su Dingfang to Xinjiang. Once Su arrived he gathered 10,000 soldiers and 3,000 horsesoldiers and made a surprise attack on Duman.

Duman was surprised, and after Su defeated Duman, Duman retreated into Yutian.

Su seiged the city, and Duman surrendered.

In spring 660, Su took Duman to the eastern capital Luoyang. Su presented Duman to Gaozong. Some wanted Duman to be executed. But Su said Duman should be spared. Gaozong said that by law, Duman should die, but he would respect Su's promise and thus spared Duman.

Tibet
The Old Tibetan Annals, written in Classical Tibetan, was discovered at Dunhuang in the early 20th century. It says Su Dingfang fought the Tibetans in 659:

"Da Rgyal Mang Po Rjes (Dayan Mangbuzhi) fought a battle with Su Dingfang of the Tang at the Dongdai 東岱 (a Tibetan regional administrative unit) of Wuhai 烏海 (southwest of Lake Qinghai). Da Rgyal was killed and his army of 80,000 men was defeated by 1,000 Tang troops."

Baekje

In spring 660, Tang was allies with Silla, in the Korean Peninsula. Silla was being attacked by Baekje so Silla asked the Tang for help. The Tang sent help.

Emperor Gaozong put Su in charge of the Silla-Tang combined army and navy. He, alongside Silla's King Muyeol, sent 100,000 soldiers to attack Baekje.

In summer 660, Su left Chengshan (成山, in modern Weihai, Shandong) and crossed the Yellow Sea to Baekje.

Baekje forces tried to prevent Tang forces from landing, but could not.

The Tang directly attacked the Baekje capital Sabi and seiged it. Baekje surrendered, and the Tang annexed Baekje.

In winter 660, Su brought prisoners to Emperor Gaozong in Luoyang. Emperor Gaozong released King Uija and the rest of the captives.

Goguryeo
In winter 660, Su Dingfang, Qibi Heli (契苾何力), Liu Boying (劉伯英), Cheng Minzhen, and Silla allies attacked Baekje's ally Goguryeo.

By fall 661, Su seiged Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang.

By spring 662, general Pang Xiaotai (龐孝泰) was killed. The Tang withdrew.

But the Tang later came back with more troops and defeated Goguryeo in 668.

Final years
Su died in 667.

Liu Xu, the lead editor of the Old Book of Tang, said of Su:

Citations

Pages with unreviewed translations
Chinese military people
People from Hebei
590s births
660s deaths

Su Dingfang


The mass number (symbol: A) of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The mass number is different for each isotope of a chemical element.

We write a mass number after an element's name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, the most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. We write it as carbon-12 or 12C.

Mass number is not the same as:
 atomic number (symbol: Z), which is the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom
 atomic mass (symbol: ma), which is the mass of a single atom, commonly expressed in unified atomic mass units
 relative atomic mass (symbol: Ar, also called atomic weight), which is the ratio of the average mass per atom of an element from a given sample to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons (N) in a given nucleus: N = A − Z.

The mass number is not shown on the periodic table. For each element, what is shown is the standard atomic weight and the atomic number.

References

Chemistry
Nuclear physics

Mass number


In speculative fiction, a force field, sometimes known as an energy shield, force shield, energy bubble, or deflector shield, is a barrier produced by something like energy, negative energy, dark energy, electromagnetic fields, gravitational fields, electric fields, quantum fields, plasma, particles, radiation, solid light, or pure force. It protects a person, area, or object from attacks or intrusions, or even deflects energy attacks back at the attacker. This fictional technology is created as a field of energy without matter that acts as a wall, so that objects affected by the particular force relating to the field are unable to pass through the field and reach the other side, instead being deflected or destroyed. Actual research in the 21st century has looked into the potential to deflect radiation or cosmic rays, as well as more extensive shielding.

This concept has become a staple of many science-fiction works, so much so that authors frequently do not even bother to explain or justify them to their readers, treating them almost as established fact and attributing whatever capabilities the plot requires. The ability to create force fields has become a frequent superpower in superhero media.

History
The concept of a force field goes back at least as far as early 20th century. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction suggests that the first use of the term in science fiction was in 1931, in Spacehounds of IPC by E.E. 'Doc' Smith.

An early precursor of what is now called "force field" may be found in William Hope Hodgson's The Night Land (1912), where the Last Redoubt, the fortress of the remnants of a far-future humanity, is kept safe by "The Air Clog" generated by the burning "Earth-Current".

In Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe, personal shields have been developed by scientists specializing in the miniaturization of planet-based shields. As they are primarily used by Foundation Traders, most other inhabitants of the Galactic Empire do not know about this technology.  In an unrelated short story Breeds There a Man...? by Asimov, scientists are working on a force field ("energy so channelled as to create a wall of matter-less inertia"), capable of protecting the population in case of a nuclear war. The force field demonstrated in the end is a solid hemisphere, apparently completely opaque and reflective from both sides. Asimov explores the force field concept again in the short story Not Final!.

The concept of force fields as a defensive measure from enemy attack or as a form of attack can be regularly found in modern video games as well as in film, such as in The War of the Worlds (1953, George Pál) and Independence Day.

The ability to create a force field has been a common superpower in comic books and associated media. While only a few characters have the explicit ability to create force fields (for example, the Invisible Woman of the Fantastic Four and Violet Parr from The Incredibles), it has been emulated via other powers, such as Green Lantern's energy constructs, Jean Grey's telekinesis, and Magneto's manipulation of electromagnetic fields. Apart from this, its importance is also highlighted in Dr. Michio Kaku's books (such as Physics of the Impossible).

Fiction
Science fiction and fantasy avenues suggest a number of potential uses of force fields:

 A barrier allowing workers to function in areas exposed to the vacuum of space. The atmosphere inside would be habitable by humans, while at the same time allowing permissible objects to pass through the barrier
 A walkable surface between two points without the necessity of building a bridge.
 An emergency quarantine area to service those afflicted by harmful biological or chemical agents
 A fire extinguisher where oxygen is exhausted by the use of a space confined by a force field thereby starving the fire
 As a shield to protect against damage from natural forces or an enemy attack
 As a deflector to allow fast spaceships to traverse space without colliding with small particles or objects.
 A temporary habitable space in an area otherwise unsuitable for sustaining life
 As a security apparatus used to confine or contain a captive

The capabilities and functionality of force fields vary; in some works of fiction (such as in the Star Trek universe), energy shields can nullify or mitigate the effects of both energy and particle (e.g., phasers) and conventional weapons, as well as supernatural forces. In many fictional scenarios, the shields function primarily as a defensive measure against weapons fired from other spacecraft. Force fields in these stories also generally prevent transporting. There are generally two kinds of force fields postulated: one in which energy is projected as a flat plane from emitters around the edges of a spacecraft and another where energy surrounds a ship like a bubble.

The ability to create force fields has become a frequent superpower in superhero media. While sometimes an explicit power on their own, force fields have also been attributed to other fictional abilities. Marvel Comics' Jean Grey is able to use her telekinesis to create a barrier of telekinetic energy that acts as a force field by repelling objects. Similarly, Magneto is able to use his magnetism to manipulate magnetic fields into acting as shields.
The most common superpower link seen with force fields is the power of invisibility. This is seen with Marvel Comics' Invisible Woman and Disney Pixar's Violet Parr.

Force fields often vary in what they are made of, though are commonly made of energy. The 2017 series The Gifted featured character Lauren Strucker who had the ability to create shields by pushing molecules together. This resulted in her being able to construct force fields out of air and water particles rather than energy.

Research
In 2005, the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts devised a way to protect from radiation by applying an electric field to spheres made of a thin, non-conductive material coated with a layer of gold with either positive or negative charges, which could be arranged to bend a stream of charged particles to protect from radiation.

In 2006, a University of Washington group in Seattle had been experimenting with using a bubble of charged plasma, contained by a fine mesh of superconducting wire, to surround a spacecraft. This would protect the spacecraft from interstellar radiation and some particles without needing physical shielding.

The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory was in 2007 attempting to design an actual test satellite, which would orbit Earth with a charged plasma field around it.

In 2008, Cosmos Magazine reported on research into creating an artificial replica of Earth's magnetic field around a spacecraft to protect astronauts from dangerous cosmic rays. British and Portuguese scientists used a mathematical simulation to prove that it would be possible to create a "mini-magnetosphere" bubble several hundred meters across, possibly generated by a small uncrewed vessel that could accompany a future crewed mission to Mars.

In 2014, a group of students from the University of Leicester released a study describing functioning of spaceship plasma deflector shields.

In 2015, Boeing was granted a patent on a force field system designed to protect against shock waves generated by explosions. It is not intended to protect against projectiles, radiation, or energy weapons such as lasers. The field purportedly works by  using a combination of lasers, electricity and microwaves to rapidly heat up the air creating a field of (ionised) superheated air-plasma which disrupts, or at least attenuates, the shock wave. As of March 2016, no working models were known to have been demonstrated.

In 2016, Rice University scientists discovered that the Tesla coils can generate force fields able to manipulate matter (process called teslaphoresis).

See also
Force field (physics)
Li's field
Magic circle
Plasma window
Stasis (fiction)
Telekinesis
Tractor beam

Notes

Further reading

Physics in fiction
Fictional superhuman features or abilities
Science fiction themes
Fictional armour
Fictional energy weapons
Fictional technology
Shields
Space technology

Force field (technology)


Aurich (Law Saxon: Auerk) is a toun in Lawer Saxony, Germany. It is the caipital o the destrict o Aurich.

History
The history o Aurich dates back tae the 13t century, when the settlement o Aurechove wis mentioned in a Frisian document cawed the Brokmerbrief in 1276. In 1517, Coont Edzard frae the hoose o Cirksena began reconstructin the ceety efter an attack. He established the toun center, which is still in place the day. In 1539, the land authorities wur brocht thegither in Aurich, makin it the caipital o the coonty an, later, East Frisie, remainin the seat o the land authorities when East Frisie wis inheritit bi the Kinrick o Proushya in 1744. It passed tae the Kinrick o Hanover in 1815, an then wis annexed bi Proushya in 1866 an made pairt o the Province o Hanover.

Frae October 21, 1944 till December 23, 1944 a Nazi concentration camp wis established in Aurich. The camp wis a subcamp tae the Neuengamme concentration camp.

Efter Warld War II, Aurich became pairt o the new state o Lawer Saxony.

Coat-o-airms
Aurich's coat-o-airms is drawn b the blazon: "Airms: Landscape wi chief twa-thirds sky an base third earth, a shield Gules emblazoned wi letter 'A' Or, an open-topped croun Or abuin, twa growin trees Vert at sides. Croun: A battlement Gules wi three merlons an twa embrasures. Supporters: Twa brainches o mistletoe wi leaves an berries Or.".

Note that the coat-o-airms o the destrict o the same name differs.

Notable residents
Rudolf Eucken (1846-1926), winner o the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature
Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), pioneer o the gay richts movement, writer
Friedrich August Peter von Colomb (1775-1854), Proushyan general
Yitzhak Raveh (1906–1989), Israeli judge

See an aa
Leet o subcamps o Neuengamme

Notes

References
Official German list of concentration camps Verzeichnis der Konzentrationslager und ihrer Außenkommandos

Freemit airtins
 Offeecial site
 Offeecial site

Municipalities in Lawer Saxony
Neuengamme concentration camp
Aurich destrict
Touns an veelages in East Frisie

Aurich