Ryan Flannigan (born 30 June 1988) is a Scottish cricketer. Flannigan is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium pace. He was born at Kelso and attended Napier University, Edinburgh.

Flannigan made his debut for Scotland against India A in June 2010, making two List A appearances the tourists. Later in August 2010, he made his first-class debut in the 2009–10 Intercontinental Cup against Afghanistan at Cambusdoon New Ground, Ayr. Following this match, he made what is to date his only One Day International appearance against the same opposition, though he was dismissed for a duck by Shapoor Zadran. Later in the 2010 season, he made two appearances in the Clydesdale Bank 40 against Leicestershire and Durham.

Flannigan featured on a regular basis for Scotland in the 2011 Clydesdale Bank 40, making six List A appearances during the competition, though he only scored 92 runs at an average of 15.33. In June 2011, he made his second first-class appearance against the Netherlands in the 2011–13 Intercontinental Cup at Mannofield Park, Aberdeen, with him later making another first-class appearance in September 2011 against Namibia in the same competition at the Wanderers Cricket Ground, Windhoek. During this match, he scored his maiden first-class century with a score of 102 in Scotland's first-innings. Following this match, Flannigan made his Twenty20 debut on the tour, making two appearances against the host nation.

In February 2012, he made a further first-class appearance against the United Arab Emirates at Sharjah in the Intercontinental Cup. He was selected as part of Scotland's squad for the World Twenty20 Qualifier which proceeded their series against the United Arab Emirates.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Alumni of Edinburgh Napier University
Cricketers from Kelso
Scotland One Day International cricketers
Scotland Twenty20 International cricketers
Scottish cricketers

Ryan Flannigan


A post-credits scene appears after or during the closing credits of a movie. They are mostly used to amuse the audience or tell them that a sequel is coming soon.

The first post-credits scene is usually thought to be in 1903's The Great Train Robbery, in which the leader of the outlaw aims his gun at the audience and fires it. They gained popularity during the 1980s. An example is Ferris Bueller's Day Off, in which the title character tells the audience to leave the theatre.

Marvel Cinematic Universe movies are famous for these scenes, in which they usually tell the audience that a movie based on another Marvel hero is coming.

Other websites
What's after the credits?
Movies with stingers

Movie industry

Post-credits scene


Ivan Nikolayevich Banov (; , Tatsinskaya stanitsa – 9 February 1982, Moscow) was a Soviet military intelligence officer and partisan movement leader in World War II.

Biography
Ivan Banov was born on  in the stanitsa of Tatsinskaya in the Don Host Oblast of the Russian Empire (now in Rostov Oblast, Russian Federation). He entered the Red Army in 1935 and joined the Communist Party in 1939.

An officer in the Red Army's military intelligence at the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Banov organized several partisan groups behind the German lines that grew to become sizeable formations during the Nazi occupation.

Ivan Banov's partisan fighters carried out significant raids on the occupying German forces and facilitated the Red Army's liberation of the German-occupied territory of the Soviet Union in 1942-1944. Credited with disrupting the enemy supply lines, detonating twenty railroad bridges, and accumulating valuable intelligence material, Banov was recognized with the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1944.

He graduated from Frunze Military Academy in 1949 and was promoted in rank to major-general during his post-war service. Banov retired from the military in 1977.

He lived in Moscow and died on 9 February 1982.

Awards
Banov's decorations included both Soviet and foreign military awards, they include:
 Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union,
 two Orders of Lenin,
 Order of the Red Banner,
 Order of the Red Star.
 Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR, 3rd class,
 Medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class,
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
 Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945", and,
 Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945".

References

Sources
  Heroes of the Soviet Union: Ivan Banov

1916 births
1982 deaths
People from Tatsinsky District
People from Don Host Oblast
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Soviet major generals
GRU officers
Frunze Military Academy alumni
People of the Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Soviet partisans
Russian people of World War II
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star

Ivan Banov


Madeleine Slade (22 November 1892 – 20 July 1982), also known as Mirabehn or Meera Behn, was a British supporter of the Indian Independence Movement who in the 1920s left her home in England to live and work with Mahatma Gandhi. She devoted her life to human development and the advancement of Gandhi's principles.

She was the daughter of the British Rear-Admiral Sir Edmond Slade and Florence Madeleine, eldest daughter of Mr James Carr Saunders of Milton Heath, Dorking (but born in Reigate, Surrey in 1870). Sir Edmund and his wife also had another daughter, Madeline's sister Rhona.

Early life
Mirabehn was born into a well connected British family in 1892. Her father, Sir Edmond Slade was an officer in the Royal Navy who was posted in Mirabehn's early years as the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies Squadron, later becoming director of the Naval Intelligence Division. She spent much of her childhood with her maternal grandfather who owned a large country estate, and was from an early age a nature and animal lover, having developed a love for horses, and for riding them.

At the age of 15, Mirabehn developed a passion for Ludwig van Beethoven's music. She took to the piano and concerts and went on to become a concert manager. In 1921, she arranged for a German conductor to lead the London Orchestra in concerts featuring Beethoven, and helped bring about an end to the British boycott of German musicians that followed the First World War.

She also visited Vienna and Germany to see where Beethoven had lived and composed his music and she read about him extensively. She read Romain Rolland's books on Beethoven and later met with him at Villeneuve, where he was living at the time. During this meeting, Rolland mentioned about a new book of his called Mahatma Gandhi, which she had not yet read. Rolland described Gandhi as another Christ and as the greatest figure of the 20th century. On her return to England, she read Rolland's biography of Gandhi, which convinced her to become a disciple of the Mahatma. She later recalled in regards to the book, "I could not put it down...From that moment I knew that my life was dedicated to Gandhi." Rather than embarking for India right away, Mirabehn decided to prepare herself for the change by studying material on the Sabarmarti Ashram, sitting cross-legged, and adopting a vegetarian diet. In 1924, she wrote to Gandhi expressing her wish to join him, and also sending him 20 pounds. Gandhi replied, pleased with her patience and willingness to prepare herself first, and asked that she decide on whether or not to come in a year's time. She then continued training herself for all the demands of an ascetic's life in India, giving up all wine, beer, and spirits, eliminating meat from her diet, and learning to spin and weave wool. That year in England, she subscribed to Young India and spent a part of her time in Paris reading the Bhagvad Gita and part of the Rigveda in French.

Life in India and role in the independence movement
In November 1925, she contacted Gandhi and requested to stay in his ashram. She arrived in Bombay on 6 November 1925, and was met by followers of Gandhi as well as his son, Devdas. Declining to spend the day sightseeing, she set off to Ahmedabad, where she was received by Mahadev Desai, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Swami Anand on 7 November 1925. This was the beginning of her stay in India that lasted almost 34 years. Upon meeting her, Gandhi said "You will be my daughter", and gave her the name Mirabehn, which represents the Hindu mystic Mirabai. Speaking about her name Mirabehn, she stated in the spring of 1982, ''It is my name. If someone says 'Miss Slade' to me, I don't know who they are talking to.''

Mirabehn attended her first annual meeting of the Indian National Congress in December 1925. She spent most of 1926 in Sabarmati, where she spun and wove, cooked, and cleaned in the ashram. In December of that year, she travelled to Delhi, where she stayed at a women's hostel.

After about a year into her stay in India, Mirabehn continued to struggle with the languages in North India such as Hindi and Gujarati, so Gandhi sent her to Gurukul Kanya and Gurukul Kangri to learn the languages. Mirabehn had hopes that Gandhi would take her with him after the Jubilee Celebration at Gurukul Kangri, but to her dismay he sent her to Bhagwadbhakti Ashram of Rewari for a better learning experience.

She spent the early months of 1927 visiting ashrams across North India. During this time, she also worked on correcting the language and grammar of the English version of Gandhi's autobiography, a special task given to her by Gandhi himself. After returning to Sabarmati, she decided to become a celibate, began wearing a white sari, and cut her hair short.

In September 1928, Gandhi asked her to travel through North, South, and East India alone with the hope of her gaining experience to start a training center for spinning and weaving in Sabarmati. In 1929, she visited Santiniketan, a university founded by Rabindranath Tagore, where she met Tagore himself.

Mirabehn's stay in India coincided with the zenith Gandhian phase of the freedom struggle. She accompanied Gandhi s to the Round Table Conference in London in 1931. On their way back to India from London, Mirabehn and Gandhi visited Rolland, who gave her a book on Beethoven which he had written while she was in India. As she began to read it, it convinced her to move to Austria and spend her remaining days in the land of Beethoven's music.

Upon returning to Bombay from the conference, the new viceroy, Lord Willingdon, arrested Gandhi. Mirabehn then took on the task of preparing weekly reports of who had been arrested, where, and why. This soon led to her arrest, and she was jailed at Arthur Road Jail for three months, where she met Sarojini Naidu and Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. Shortly after being released, she was arrested once again in 1932 for entering Bombay without permission, this time being jailed for a longer term. She was transferred to Sabarmati Jail in Ahmedabad, where she shared a cell with Kasturba, Gandhi's wife.

In the summer of 1934, she asked Gandhi for permission to tour the West to promote the Indian independence movement. She spoke in London, Wales, Lancashire, and Newcastle, among other locations. The tour included a meeting with British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and a correspondence and eventual meeting with Winston Churchill. Throughout, she spoke about how Indians were more than capable of running the country on their own, the destruction British colonialism caused to the rural industry, and the high taxes being imposed upon Indians.

She then travelled to the United States through her contact with Priest John Haynes Holmes, and in her two-week tour she spoke to 22 gatherings, spoke on 5 radio broadcasts, and met First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.

Mirabehn also took an active interest in the establishment of the Sevagram Ashram, and worked among the people of Orissa to non-violently resist a potential Japanese invasion in the beginning of 1942.

In August 1942, Mirabehn was arrested along with Gandhi and many Congress leaders as they launched the 'Quit India' movement. They were jailed in Aga Khan Palace, Pune until May 1944. Both Mahadev Desai and Kasturba Gandhi died while jailed at the palace.

After her release from jail, with Gandhi's permission, she established the Kisan Ashram on a plot of land near Haridwar. Here, the locals constructed a home and a cattle shed. Soon the ashram was home to cows and bullocks, a shed for khadi, and a dispensary for basic medicine. She then moved to Pashulok in 1946, at the request of Govind Ballabh Pant, who wanted to involve her in agriculture extension programs.

Despite living in an ashram, she maintained correspondence with Gandhi through 1947, and spent 3 months with him in Delhi after she fell ill towards the end of the year.

Throughout her life, she was a witness to the Simla Conference, Cabinet Mission, Interim Government, Constituent Assembly, Partition of India, and assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.

Post-independence life in India
After Independence, she established a settlement named Bapu Gram and the Gopal Ashram in Bhilangana in 1952. She took to dairying and farming experiments in these ashrams and also spent a while in Kashmir. During the time she spent in Kumaon and Garhwal she observed the destruction of the forests there and the impact it was having on floods in the plains. She wrote about it in an essay titled Something Wrong in the Himalaya but her advice was ignored by the Forest Department. In the 1980s, these areas witnessed a large Gandhian environmental campaign to save the forests called the Chipko Movement.

She returned to England in 1959, and relocated to Austria in 1960. Her long-time friend, India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, whom Mirabehn had known since Gandhi was a child, made sure she was taken care of even while in Austria. Gandhi had instructed the Indian Embassy in Austria to provide Mirabehn with whatever she needed. Throughout her years in Austria, four of her friends visited her daily. Nonetheless, she continued to voluntarily live a simple life, eating only natural foods and abstaining from using labor saving devices. She spent 22 years in small villages in the Vienna Woods (Baden, Hinterbrühl, Kracking), where she died in 1982.

She was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan, in 1981.

Books by Mirabehn

Mirabehn's autobiography is titled The Spiritual Pilgrimage. She also published Bapu's Letters to Mira and New and Old Gleanings. Mirabehn drafted a book called "Beethoven's Mystical Vision" (not "The Spirit of Beethoven"). It was published in Madurai by Khadi Friends Forum in 1999, and then a second, digital edition in 2000 by MGM University.

In popular culture
 Actress Geraldine James portrayed her in Richard Attenborough's film, Gandhi, which premiered several months after Mirabehn's death in 1982.
 In Mira and the Mahatma, Sudhir Kakar provides a fictional account of Mirabehn's relationship with Gandhi as his disciple.
 In his book, Rebels Against the Raj, Ramchandra Guha tells the story of how Mirabehn and six other foreigners served India in its quest for independence from the British Raj.

Bibliography
 Spirits Pilgrimage, by Mirabehn. Great River Books. 1984. .
 New and old gleanings, by Mirabehn. Navajivan Pub. House. 1964.

See also
Gandhism
Sarla Behn

References

Further reading
 Letters to Mirabehn, by Mahatma Gandhi. # Greenleaf Books. 1983. .

External links

Biography from mkgandhi.org
In the company of Bapu: In the just-released Mira & the Mahatma, psychoanalyst Sudhir Kakar delves into the complex relationship between a remarkable Englishwoman and the man she worshiped – The Telegraph
Video interview with Mirabehn. A description of the video is here.

Indian independence activists
1892 births
1982 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in social work
Indian spiritual writers
Gandhians
Women Indian independence activists
Indian people of British descent
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian writers
20th-century British writers

Mirabehn


Home accessories are furniture items which are easy to replace and easy to move, and include almost any items that are not strictly functionally necessary in a decorated space. These accessories include such items as curtains, sofa sets, cushions, tablecloths and decorative craft products, decorative wrought iron, and so on. These items are commonly used in indoor furnishings and layout and can include cloth items, paintings, and plants.

Home accessories, as movable decorations, reflect the owner's taste and create a personal atmosphere where they are placed. These items can break the boundaries of the traditional decoration industry, using handicrafts, textiles, collectibles, and things such as lamps, floral items, and plants re-combined to form a new concept. Home accessories vary according to the size and shape of the room space, the owner's living habits, hobbies, tastes, and their financial situation.

References

Interior design

Home accessories


The Millicent Rogers Museum is an art museum in Taos, New Mexico, founded in 1956 by the family of Millicent Rogers. Initially the artworks were from the multi-cultural collections of Millicent Rogers and her mother, Mary B. Rogers, who donated many of the first pieces of Taos Pueblo art.  In the 1980s, the museum was the first cultural organization in New Mexico to offer a comprehensive collection of Hispanic art.

History
In 1947, Millicent Rogers, granddaughter of one of the original founders of Standard Oil and a talented designer and patron of the arts, moved to Taos, NM.  A passionate collector, her collection of Native American jewelry and weavings is an important part of Southwestern arts and design.

Rogers died of an enlarged heart when she was 50 in 1952 in Taos, New Mexico. The museum was first opened in a temporary location in the mid-1950s.  In 1968 the museum moved to its permanent site, a home built by Claude J. K. and Elizabeth Anderson in Taos. In the 1980s, it was renovated and expanded by noted architect Nathaniel A. Owings.

Collections
The museum houses a large collection of Native American, Hispanic and Anglo-American art, with a specific emphasis on northern New Mexico and Taos, New Mexico pieces.

The collection includes:
 pottery, including prehistoric and modern ceramics from the region and a unique collection of pottery by Maria Martinez
 paintings,
 photography and graphics
 arts and crafts
 jewelry
 traditional and contemporary Hispanic religious and domestic arts, including furniture and textiles
 Zuni and Hopi kachina figures

Multicultural representation

Millicent's mother, Mary B. Rogers, was the benefactress for much of the Pueblo Indian works. In the early 1980s the museum held works of the Hispanic arts, the first major cultural organization in New Mexico to do so. Millicent collected more than 1,200 pieces of Native American and Hispanic jewelry and more than 50 Native American and Hispanic textiles, such as Navajo chief blankets and colcha embroidery.

Native Americans
In addition to the work that Rogers did for Native American rights, she also campaigned and leveraged her social connections mid-20th century to have Native American art classified as "historic", which provided both protection and status.

The museum collection includes baskets and pottery, both of which have been created and used by Native Americans for about 2,000 years.

Taos Pueblo
In an effort to increase understanding of Native American art in the 20th century, the collection includes works from Taos Pueblo painters and potterers, examples of ancient micaceous clay pottery and a large collection of works from 7th and 8th grade children, Oo-oonah, from 1968 to 1972.

Paintings by Pueblo artists Albert Looking Elk (Martinez), Albert Lujan, Juan Mirabal, Juanito Concha, and the works of other Pueblo artists are included in the museum's collection.  Many of the works on paper portrayed the daily lives of Southwest Pueblo peoples.

Zuni and Hopi kachinas
Zuni and Hopi kachina figures, representations of spiritual beings, are part of the museum's collection. Zuni kachinas are believed to live in remote northeastern Arizona and bring life by giving rain and additional support, such as promote success for hunters and farmers, combat depletion of fur-bearing animals over the 19th and 20th centuries, or influence peoples' prosperity or well-being.

Hispanic Americans
The collection contains traditional and contemporary Hispanic religious and domestic arts, including furniture and textiles.  Santos, developed in the late 17th century, are religious icons painted on a flat board (retablos) or carved out of wood (bultos). Tinware, likely introduced from Mexico and Spain, was used for religious adornments and household objects, such as sconces and mirrors and became increasingly popular in mid-19th century.

In 1993, the collection featured Cuban-American artist Agnez Chavez's Light Forms: Jungle Rhythms.

With a need to be self-sufficient, many Hispanic people woodworking, weaving, tinsmith, farming and leather work skills to create the furniture and furnishings for their homes.  The museum's holdings include examples of such craftsmanship.

Museum store
The museum store offers multicultural artwork of leading local artists, including jewelry, ceramics, textiles, woodwork, graphics and photography. It also sells a large selection of books with subjects such as the arts, architecture, literature and cultures of the Southwestern United States.

See also
 Harwood Museum of Art
 Taos Art Museum
 Taos art colony

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

1956 establishments in New Mexico
Adobe buildings and structures in New Mexico
Art museums established in 1956
Art museums and galleries in New Mexico
Rogers
Museums in Taos, New Mexico
Native American museums in New Mexico
Pueblo art

Millicent Rogers Museum


A housing cooperative or housing co-op is an apartment building or similar development (such as a mobile home park), in which tenants own shares of the cooperative organization that owns the development. This ownership structure (housing tenure) is different from renting and homeownership in that co-op owners don't get exclusive possession of their units. Instead, they are granted the conditional right to reside in the units by a co-op board. Housing co-operatives are usually exempt from some of the anti-discrimination laws that other housing tenures must abide by.

Notes

Housing

Housing cooperative


Celtic shields were used in battle by the Celts and other ancient tribes as their main weapon for defense. They are often found in Iron Age male burial sites. The Witham shield and the Battersea shield are two of the most well-known Celtic shields.

Design

Celtic shields were usually oval or elongated oval in shape. They could also be round or hexagon shaped. On the front was usually a hollow wood shield boss to protect the hand. The boss was usually elongated to make the shield stronger and was sometimes covered by a metal plate. On the inside of the boss hole was a handle to hold the shield. The shields were made of wood, usually oak or linden (also called lime). Most often they were covered with leather.

Battle shields

Battle shields were often individually decorated with various symbols. They were designed to be both light and strong. Celts used their shields defensively but also as an offensive weapon. A favorite tactic of a Celtic warrior was to strike the enemy with his shield. The Celts in Britain used smaller shields in battle while continental Celts used larger shields. Shields sometimes shattered in combat and were an expendable item.

Parade shields

Celtic shields have been found in the River Thames at Battersea. Some were also found in Lincolnshire in the River Witham. They were covered with thin sheets of metal with Celtic designs embossed on them. They were larger, but like others constructed of wood. These were clearly for use in ceremonies and not designed for battle.

Notes

References

Weapons

Celtic shields


The Department of Works and Railways was an Australian government department that existed between November 1916 and April 1932.

At its abolition, its functions were absorbed into the Department of the Interior.

Scope
Information about the department's functions and/or government funding allocation could be found in the Administrative Arrangements Orders, the annual Portfolio Budget Statements and in the department's annual reports.

At its creation, the department was responsible for the following:
Public works
Railways
Rivers

The department was responsible for preparing the plans to build Old Parliament House. It also prepared building plans for retail trading blocks in Manuka, Australian Capital Territory.

Structure
The department was a Commonwealth Public Service department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for Works and Railways. In order of appointment, the Department's Ministers were: Patrick Lynch, William Watt, Richard Foster, Percy Stewart, William Hill, William Gibson, Joseph Lyons, Albert Green and Charles Marr.

References

Ministries established in 1916
Works and Railways
1916 establishments in Australia
1932 disestablishments in Australia

Department of Works and Railways


Lakshmi Narasimha Temple is situated in temple town named Antarvedi of Sakhinetipalle Mandal, located in the Konaseema district of the Andhra Pradesh state in India. The temple is situated at the place where the Bay of Bengal and Vashista Godavari, a tributary of the Godavari River, meet. It was built in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Travel

There are three ways that one can travel to Antarvedi. Steam launches are available. Alternatively, one can ride on the ferry, upon reaching Sakhinetipalli and from there start for Antarvedi by road. The third option is to cross the Chinchinada using the newly built bridge, and travel the rest of the way by road.

Festivals
Kalyanamohasthavam from Magha Sudha Sapthami to Magha Bahula Padyami, Sri Venkateswara Swamy kalyanam during Jesta Sudha Ekadasi and Sri Narasimha Jayanthi during Vaisakha Sudha Chaturdasi are prominent festivals celebrated in the temple.

References

External links
Lakshmi Narasimha Temple website
East godavari district website

Hindu temples in East Godavari district
Narasimha temples

Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Antarvedi


Emily Blackwell (October 8, 1826 – September 7, 1910) was the second woman to earn a medical degree at what is now Case Western Reserve University, after Nancy Talbot Clark.  In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Blackwell was born on October 8, 1826, in Bristol, England. She was the daughter of Samuel and Hannah Lane Blackwell. In 1832, Blackwell and her family emigrated to the United States, and in 1837, they settled near Cincinnati, Ohio.

Inspired by the example of her older sister, Elizabeth, Blackwell applied to study medicine at Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York, from which her sister graduated in 1849, but was rejected. After being rejected by several other schools, she was finally accepted in 1853 by Rush Medical College in Chicago, where she studied for a year. However, in 1853, when male students complained about having to study with a woman, the Illinois Medical Society vetoed her admission. Eventually, she was accepted to the Medical College of Cleveland, Ohio, Medical Branch of Western Reserve University, earning her Doctor of Medicine in 1854.

At Western Reserve University, the medical education of women began at the urging of Dean John Delamater, who was backed by the Ohio Female Medical Education Society, formed in 1852 to provide moral and financial support for the women medical students. Despite their efforts, the Western Reserve faculty voted to put an end to Delamater's policies in 1856, finding it "inexpedient" to continue admitting women. (The American Medical Association also adopted a report in 1856 advising against coeducation in medicine.) Western Reserve resumed admitting women in 1879, but did so only sporadically for five years. Admission of women at Western Reserve recommenced on a continuous basis in 1918.

After earning her medical degree, Blackwell pursued further studies in Edinburgh under Sir James Young Simpson, in London under Dr. William Jenner, and in Paris, Berlin, and Dresden.

Career
In 1857, Blackwell, along with her sister Elizabeth and Marie Zakrzewska, established the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. From the beginning, Emily Blackwell took responsibility for the management of the infirmary and for the raising of funds. For the next forty years, she managed the infirmary, overseeing surgery, nursing, and bookkeeping. Blackwell traveled to Albany to convince the legislature to provide the hospital with funds that would ensure long-term financial stability. She transformed an institution housed in a rented 16-room house into a full-fledged hospital. By 1874, the infirmary served over 7,000 patients annually. Emily Blackwell is largely responsible for the long term survival of the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.

During the American Civil War, Blackwell helped organize the Women's Central Association of Relief, which selected and trained nurses for service in the war. Emily and Elizabeth Blackwell and Mary Livermore also played an important role in the development of the United States Sanitary Commission.

After the war, in 1868 the Blackwell sisters established the Women's Medical College in New York City. Emily became professor of obstetrics and in 1869, when Elizabeth moved to London to help form the London School of Medicine for Women, became dean of the college. In 1876 it became a three-year institution, and in 1893 it became a four-year college, ahead of much of the profession. By 1899 the college had trained 364 women doctors.

From 1883, Blackwell lived with her partner Elizabeth Cushier, who also served as a doctor at the infirmary. Blackwell and Cushier retired at the turn of the century. After traveling abroad for a year and a half, they spent the next winters at their home in Montclair, New Jersey, and summers in Maine. Blackwell died on September 7, 1910, in York Cliffs, Maine, a few months after her sister Elizabeth's death in England.

References

Further reading
Webster's Dictionary of American Women, .

External links

Changing the Face of Medicine — at NIH
The Emily Blackwell Society — at Case Western
Papers, 1832–1981. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

1826 births
1910 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
American feminists
American hospital administrators
American obstetricians
Blackwell family
Case Western Reserve University alumni
History of women's rights in the United States
United States Sanitary Commission people
Women in the American Civil War
19th-century American women physicians
19th-century American physicians
LGBT physicians
19th-century American LGBT people
British emigrants to the United States
Women in medicine

Emily Blackwell


There are approximately 14 languages spoken in Georgia with Georgian as the most popular language. Other common languages include English, Russian, Assyrian, Svan, and Urum among other languages. Georgian is the official and primary language of Georgia. It is spoken as a first language by over 86% of the population.

Languages of Georgia (country)


Exposure at default or (EAD) is a parameter used in the calculation of economic capital or regulatory capital under Basel II for a banking institution. It can be defined as the gross exposure under a facility upon default of an obligor.

Outside of Basel II, the concept is sometimes known as Credit Exposure (CE). It represents the immediate loss that the lender would suffer if the borrower (counterparty) fully defaults on its debt.

The EAD is closely linked to the expected loss, which is defined as the product of the EAD, the probability of default (PD) and the loss given default (LGD).

Definition

In general, EAD is seen as an estimation of the extent to which a bank may be exposed to a counterparty in the event of, and at the time of, that counterparty's default. EAD is equal to the current amount outstanding in case of fixed exposures such as term loans. For revolving exposures like lines of credit, EAD can be divided into drawn and undrawn commitments; typically the drawn commitment is known whereas the undrawn commitment needs to be estimated to arrive at a value of EAD. Based on Basel Guidelines, EAD for commitments measures the amount of the facility that is likely to be drawn further if a default occurs. Two popular terms used to express the percentage of the undrawn commitment that will be drawn and outstanding at default (in case of a default) are Conversion Factor (CF) and Loan Equivalent (LEQ).

Calculation

Calculation of EAD is different under foundation and advanced approach. While under foundation approach (F-IRB) calculation of EAD is guided by the regulators, under the advanced approach (A-IRB) banks enjoy greater flexibility on how they calculate EAD.

Foundation approach

Under F-IRB, EAD is calculated taking account of the underlying asset, forward valuation, facility type and commitment details. This value does not take account of guarantees, collateral or security (i.e. ignores Credit Risk Mitigation Techniques with the exception of on-balance sheet netting where the effect of netting is included in Exposure At Default). For on-balance sheet transactions, EAD is identical to the nominal amount of exposure. On-balance sheet netting of loans and deposits of a bank to a corporate counterparty is permitted to reduce the estimate of EAD under certain conditions. For off-balance sheet items, there are two broad types which the IRB approach needs to address: transactions with uncertain future drawdown, such as commitments and revolving credits, and OTC foreign exchange, interest rate and equity derivative contracts.

Advanced approach

Under A-IRB, the bank itself determines how the appropriate EAD is to be applied to each exposure. A bank using internal EAD estimates for capital purposes might be able to differentiate EAD values on the basis of a wider set of transaction characteristics (e.g. product type) as well as borrower characteristics. These values would be expected to represent a conservative view of long-run averages, although banks would be free to use more conservative estimates. A bank wishing to use its own estimates of EAD will need to demonstrate to its supervisor that it can meet additional minimum requirements pertinent to the integrity and reliability of these estimates. All estimates of EAD should be calculated net of any specific provisions a bank may have raised against an exposure.

Importance

For a risk weight derived from the IRB framework to be transformed into a risk weighted asset, it needs to be attached to an exposure amount. Any error in EAD calculation will directly affect the risk weighted asset and thereby affect the capital requirement.

References

External links
Exposure at Default Information and Free Financial Mini Exams
http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbsca.htm Basel II: Revised international capital framework (BCBS)
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The Austin Motor Company Limited was an English manufacturer of motor vehicles, founded in 1905 by Herbert Austin in Longbridge. In 1952 it was merged with Morris Motors Limited in the new holding company British Motor Corporation (BMC) Limited, keeping its separate identity. The marque Austin was used until 1987. The trademark is currently owned by the Chinese firm SAIC Motor, after being transferred from bankrupt subsidiary Nanjing Automotive which had acquired it with MG Rover Group in July 2005.

History

1905–1918: Formation and development
While running the original Wolseley business, which had a highly cyclical sales pattern, Herbert Austin searched for products with a steady demand. Starting in 1895, he built three cars in his free time. They were among Britain's first cars. The third car, a four-wheeler, was completed in 1899. By 1901 his fellow directors could not see future profit in motor vehicles and so with their blessing and the backing of the Vickers brothers Austin started a separate car manufacturing business still using the name Wolseley.

In 1905 he fell out with Thomas and Albert Vickers over engine design. Leaving his creation, Wolseley, which he had made Britain's largest motor vehicle manufacturer, Austin obtained the backing of steel magnate Frank Kayser for his own enterprise. Kayser provided funds through mortgages and loans, debentures and guarantees to the Midland Bank thereby allowing Austin to keep virtually total ownership of his own business through his personal savings. Further assistance came from Dunlop patent holder Harvey du Cros. However, Austin's great rival, William Morris, was able to enter the industry proper (he first repaired cars) a little later funding his operation entirely from his own resources.

In November 1905 Herbert Austin acquired a disused printing works which was less than ten years old. It was located seven miles south-west of Birmingham in the small village of Longbridge (then still within Worcestershire). The following month The Austin Motor Company Limited was incorporated. In the last week of April 1906 a large body of motorists travelled to Longbridge "where snow lay full three inches deep on the ground and was still falling fast" to see the new Austin car, a conventional four-cylinder model with chain drive. It was available as a 15/20 hp complete at £500 (chassis, £425) and a 25/30 hp for £650 (chassis, £550). The sole concessionaire for sale of the cars was Mr Harvey Du Cros junior.

Two things were noticeable about Austin's new design. He had parted from the Vickers brothers because he had refused to use the then more conventional vertical engine in Wolseley cars. His new car had a vertical engine and, in all but minor detail, was identical to the English-built Clément-Gladiators assembled in the same factory.

A further injection of capital was needed in 1906 and William Harvey Du Cros (1846–1918) joined the board of directors. After that Harvey Du Cros junior of the Swift Cycle Co and Austin each held approximately half of the ordinary capital. Herbert Austin remained chairman and managing director.

Austin's cars, like Wolseley's, were luxury vehicles. The published customer list included Russian Grand Dukes, Princesses, Bishops, high officials of the Spanish government and a long list of Britain's highest nobility.

Sources
Note: in 1912 Wolseley sold 3,000 cars.

In February 1914 Austin-manufactured bodies in tourer, limousine, landaulette and coupé styles could be provided with engines of 15, 20, 30 and 60 hp. Ambulances and commercial vehicles were also provided.

Austin became a public listed company in 1914 when the capital was increased to £650,000. At that time in number of cars produced it probably ranked fifth after Wolseley (still largest), Humber, Sunbeam and Rover.

The Austin Motor Co. grew enormously during the First World War fulfilling government contracts for aircraft, shells, heavy guns and generating sets and 1,600 three-ton trucks most of which were sent to Russia. The workforce expanded from around 2,500 to 22,000.

1919–1939: Interwar success

After the war Herbert Austin decided on a one-model policy based on the 3620 cc 20 hp engine. Versions included cars, commercials and even a tractor, but sales volumes were never enough to fill the vast factory built during wartime. The company went into receivership in 1921 but rose again after financial restructuring. Though Herbert Austin remained chairman he was no longer managing director and from that time decisions were made by committee.

Critical to the recovery was the appointment in 1922 of a new finance director, Ernest Payton with the backing of the Midland Bank, and a new works director in charge of car production, Carl Engelbach, at the insistence of the creditors' committee. This triumvirate of Austin, Payton and Engelbach steered the company's fortunes through the interwar years.

In a quest to expand market share, smaller cars were introduced, the 1661 cc Twelve in 1922 and, later the same year, the Seven, an inexpensive, simple small car and one of the earliest to be directed at a mass market. One of the reasons for a market demand for a cars like the Austin 7 was the British tax code. In 1930 every personal car was taxed by its engine size, which in American dollars was $2.55 per cubic inch of piston displacement. As an example, the owner of an Austin 7 in England, which sold for approximately $455, would have to pay a yearly engine tax of $39. In comparison, the owner in England of a Ford Model-A would have to pay $120 per year in an engine tax. And this system of engine displacement tax was common in other European nations as well in the 1930s. At one point, the "Baby Austin" was built under licence by the fledgling BMW of Germany (as the Dixi); by the Japanese manufacturer Datsun; as the Bantam in the United States; and as the Rosengart in France. In England the Austin was the most produced car in 1930

The American Austin Car Company struggled to sell tiny Austin cars in the US market. It operated as a largely independent subsidiary from 1929 to 1934 was revived after bankruptcy under the name "American Bantam" from 1937 to 1941. They became best known as the first company to submit the Bantam Reconnaissance Car working prototype, saving time by using Austin nose and fender parts of what would evolve into the extremely successful and iconic WWII Willys MB "Jeep". The design was unfortunately handed over to Willys and Ford for production with a revised nose and fender design, while Bantam would largely just build trailers during the war.

With the help of the Seven, Austin weathered the worst of the depression and remained profitable through the 1930s, producing a wider range of cars which was steadily updated by the introduction of all-steel bodies, Girling brakes, and synchromesh gearboxes. However, all the engines retained the same side-valve configuration. Deputy chairman Ernest Payton became chairman in 1941 on the death of Lord Austin. In 1938 Leonard Lord joined the company board and became chairman in 1946 on the death of Ernest Payton.

Nissan
In 1932, Datsun (An automobile manufacturer under the Nissan Concern zaibatsu) built cars infringing Austin patents. From 1934, Datsun began to build Sevens under licence and this operation became the greatest success of Austin's overseas licensing of its Seven. It marked the beginning of Datsun's international success.

In 1952, Austin entered into another agreement with Datsun for assembly of 2,000 imported Austins from "knock-down kits", to be sold in Japan under the Austin trademark. The agreement called for Nissan to make all Austin parts locally within three years, a goal Nissan met. Nissan produced and marketed Austins for seven years. The agreement also gave Nissan rights to use Austin patents, which Nissan used in developing its own engines for its Datsun line of cars. In 1953, British-built Austins were assembled and sold, but by 1955, the Austin A50 – completely assembled by Nissan and featuring a slightly larger body with 1489 cc engine – was on the market in Japan. Nissan produced 20,855 Austins between 1953 and 1959.

1939–1958: War years and post-war years

During the Second World War Austin continued building cars but also made trucks and aircraft, including Short Stirling and Avro Lancaster bombers.

The post-war car range was announced in 1944, and production started in 1945. The immediate post-war range was mainly similar to that of the late 1930s but did include the 16 hp, significant for having the company's first overhead valve engine.

Austin of England
From late 1950 to mid-1952 products, brochures and advertisements displayed in flowing script Austin of England as if in response to Morris' Nuffield Organization. It fell out of use with the financial merger with Morris in BMC.

BMC
In 1952, The Austin Motor Company Limited merged ownership, but not identity, with long-term rival Morris Motors Limited, becoming The British Motor Corporation Limited, with Leonard Lord in charge. William Morris was first chairman but soon retired. Lord, who had stormed out of Morris declaring he would "take Cowley apart brick by brick", ensured Austin was the dominant partner and its (more recently designed OHV) engines were adopted for most of the cars. Various models followed the Morris policy and became badge-engineered versions of each other.

Austin-Healey
Also in 1952, Austin did a deal with Donald Healey, leading to a new marque, Austin-Healey, and a range of sports cars.

1959–1969: Era of revolution

With the threat to fuel supplies resulting from the 1956 Suez Crisis, Lord asked Alec Issigonis, who had been with Morris from 1936 to 1952, to design a small car; the result was the revolutionary Mini, launched in 1959. The Austin version was initially called the Austin Seven, but Morris' Mini Minor name caught the public imagination and the Morris version outsold its Austin twin, so the Austin's name was changed to Mini to follow suit. In 1970, British Leyland dropped the separate Austin and Morris branding of the Mini, and it was subsequently simply "Mini", under the Austin Morris division of BLMC.

The principle of a transverse engine with gearbox in the sump and driving the front wheels was applied to larger cars, beginning with the 1100 of 1963, (although the Morris-badged version was launched 13 months earlier than the Austin, in August 1962), the 1800 of 1964 and the Maxi of 1969. This meant that BMC had spent 10 years developing a new range of front-drive, transverse-engined models, while most competitors had only just started to make such changes.

The big exception to this was the Austin 3-litre. Launched in 1968, it was a rear-wheel drive large car, but it shared the central section of the 1800. It was a sales disaster, with fewer than 10,000 examples being made.

BMC was the first British manufacturer to move into front-wheel drive so comprehensively. Ford did not launch its first front-drive model until 1976 (in Britain), Ford-Germany in 1962 with the Taunus 12M(P4), while Vauxhall's first front-drive model was launched in 1979 and Chrysler UK's first such car was launched in 1975. Front-wheel drive was popular elsewhere in Europe, however, with Renault, Citroen and Simca all using the system at the same time or before BMC. East Germany's Trabant used the system from 1958.

In September 1965 BMC completed the purchase of its major supplier, Pressed Steel. Twelve months later it completed the purchase of Jaguar and in December 1966 changed its name from BMC to BMH, British Motor Holdings Limited. In early 1968 under government pressure BMH merged with Leyland Motors Limited and Austin became a part of the large British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC) combine.

1970–1979: Era of turbulence

By 1970 Austin was part of the British Leyland combine. One of Austin's main models of this era was the 1973 Allegro, successor to the 1100/1300 ranges, which was criticised for its bulbous styling which earned it the nickname "Flying pig" as well as the doubtful build quality and indifferent reliability. It was still a strong seller in Britain, although not quite as successful as its predecessor.

The wedge-shaped 18/22 series was launched as an Austin, a Morris and a more upmarket Wolseley in 1975. But within six months, it was rechristened the Princess and wore none of the previous marque badges, becoming a marque in its own right, under the Austin Morris division of British Leyland that had been virtually nationalised in 1975.

It was upgraded at the end of 1981 to become the Austin Ambassador (and gaining a hatchback) but by that time there was little that could be done to disguise the age of the design, and it was too late to make much of an impact on sales.

By the end of the 1970s, the future of Austin and the rest of British Leyland (now known as BL) was looking bleak.

1980–1989: Austin Rover era

The Austin Metro, launched in October 1980, was heralded as the saviour of Austin Motor Company and the whole BL combine. Twenty-one years after the launch of the Mini, it gave BL a much-needed modern supermini to compete with the recently launched likes of the Ford Fiesta, Vauxhall Nova, VW Polo and Renault 5. It was an instant hit with buyers and was one of the most popular British cars of the 1980s. It was intended as a replacement for the Mini but, in fact, the Mini actually went on to outlast the Metro. It was facelifted in October 1984 and gained a 5-door version.

In 1982, most of the car division of the by now somewhat shrunken British Leyland (BL) company was rebranded as the Austin Rover Group, with Austin acting as the "budget" and mainstream brand to Rover's more luxurious models. The MG badge was revived for sporty versions of the Austin models, of which the MG Metro 1300 was the first. The Morris and Triumph brands were axed in 1984.

Austin revitalised its entry into the small family-car market in March 1983 with the launch of its all-new Maestro, a spacious five-door hatchback that replaced the elderly Allegro and Maxi and was popular in the early years of its production life, although sales had started to dip dramatically by the end of the decade.

April 1984 saw the introduction of the Maestro-derived Montego saloon, successor to the Morris Ital. The new car received praise for its interior space and comfort as well as its handling, but early build-quality problems took time to overcome. The spacious estate version, launched six months later, was one of the most popular load carriers in Britain for several years after its launch.

In 1986, Austin Rover's holding company BL plc became Rover Group plc and was privatised by selling it to British Aerospace (BAe) in 1988.

Plans to replace the Metro with a radical new model, based on the ECV3 research vehicle and aiming for 100 mpg, led to the Austin AR6 of 1984–86, with several prototypes tested and production expected to start before the end of the decade. The desire to lose the Austin name and take Rover "upmarket" led to this project's demise in early 1987.

In 1988, the Austin badge was phased out and Austin Rover became the Rover Group from the following year. The Austin cars continued to be manufactured, although they ceased to be Austins. They became "marque-less" in their home market with bonnet badges the same shape as the Rover longship badge but without "Rover" written on them. Instead any badging just showed the model of the car: a Montego of this era, for instance, would have a grille badge simply saying "Montego", while the rear badges just said "Montego" and the engine size/trim level. A revamped Metro was launched in May 1990 and got the new K-series engine. It then became the Rover Metro.

Despite sales of both the Maestro and Montego being in decline by 1990, these ranges continued in production until 1994 and never wore a Rover badge on their bonnets in Britain. They were, however, sometimes referred to as "Rovers" in the press and elsewhere. Their place in the Rover range was gradually filled by a new generation of Rover models.

Revival
The rights to the Austin name passed to British Aerospace and then to BMW when each bought the Rover Group. The rights were subsequently sold to MG Rover, created when BMW sold the business. Following MG Rover's collapse and sale, Nanjing Automobile Group owned the Austin name and Austin's historic assembly plant in Longbridge. At the Nanjing International Exhibition in May 2006, Nanjing announced it might use the Austin name on some of the revived MG Rover models, at least in the Chinese market. Nanjing Automobile Group itself later merged with SAIC Motor.

In 2012, a new "Austin Motor Company" was registered by former Longbridge worker Steve Morgan. Morgan had no rights to the brand itself and stated that he had no intention to trade, but rather registered the name as an effort to preserve the memory of the company. The company was dissolved in 2014.

In 2015, the "Austin Motor Company", alongside the 1930's "Flying A" logo was registered by British Engineer John Stubbs, owner of specialist suspension company Black Art Designs.  By 2021, a prototype electric vehicle named the Austin Arrow had been revealed and was seeking investors, with a supposed release date around late 2022.  The revived Austin Motor Company subsequently revealed the Arrow 2, a two seater version of the Arrow, alongside announcing an electric commercial Austin van to be released approximately 18-24 months after the launch of the Arrow 1 and 2.

By May 2023, a production line for the Austin Arrow had been set up in Rajkot, India.

Plant

Austin started his business in an abandoned print works at Longbridge, Birmingham. Due to its strategic advantages over Morris's Cowley plant, Longbridge became British Leyland's main factory in the early 1970s. Following the Austin marque's discontinuance in 1987, Rover and MG continued to use the plant. The collapse of MG Rover meant it was not used from 2005 until MG production resumed from 2008 until 2016. The plant is currently leased by SAIC as a research and development facility for its MG Motor Subsidiary.

Models

Cars

 Small cars
 1910–1911 Austin 7 hp
 1922–1939 Austin 7
 1959–1961 Seven, as BMC
 1961–1969 Mini, as BMC
 1980–1990 Metro, as Austin Rover
 Small family cars
 1911–1915 Austin 10 hp
 1932–1947 Austin 10
 1939–1947 Austin 8
 1951–1956 A30
 1956–1959 A35
 1956–1962 A35 Countryman
 1954–1961 Nash Metropolitan/Austin Metropolitan
 1958–1961 A40 Farina Mk I
 1961–1967 A40 Farina Mk II
 1963–1974 1100
 1967–1974 1300
 1973–1983 Allegro

 Large family cars
 1913–1914 Austin 15 hp
 1922–1940 Austin "Heavy" 12
 1927–1938 Austin 16 (16/18)
 1931–1936 Austin "Light" 12/6
 1933–1939 Austin "Light" 12/4
 1937–1939 Austin 14
 1938–1939 Austin 18
 1939–1947 Austin 12
 1945–1949 Austin 16 hp
 1947–1952 A40 Devon/Dorset
 1948–1950 A70 Hampshire
 1950–1954 A70 Hereford
 1952–1954 A40 Somerset
 1954–1958 A40/A50/A55 Cambridge
 1954–1959 A90/A95/A105 Westminster
 1959–1961 A55 Cambridge
 1959–1961 A99 Westminster
 1961–1969 A60 Cambridge
 1961–1968 A110 Westminster
 1964–1975 1800/2200 (ADO17)
 1967–1971 3-Litre
 1969–1981 Maxi
 1975–1975 1800/2200 (ADO71)
 1982–1984 Ambassador
 1983–1994 Maestro
 1984–1994 Montego

 Large Cars
 1906–1907 Austin 25/30
 1906–1907 Austin 15/20
 1907–1913 Austin 18/24
 1908–1913 Austin 40 hp
 1908–1910 Austin 60 hp 6-cylinder
 1910–1913 Austin 50 hp 6-cylinder
 1912–1918 Austin 20 hp
 1914–1916 Austin 30 hp
 1919–1938 Austin Twenty
 1938–1939 Austin Twenty Eight (28/6)
 1947–1954 A110/A125 Sheerline
 1946–1956 A120 Princess
 1947–1956 A135 Princess
 1956–1959 Princess IV
 Limousines and Landaulettes
 1906–1907 Austin 25/30
 1906–1907 Austin 15/20
 1907–1913 Austin 18/24
 1908–1913 Austin 40 hp
 1908–1910 Austin 60 hp 6-cylinder
 1910–1913 Austin 50 hp 6-cylinder
 1912–1918 Austin 20 hp
 1914–1916 Austin 30 hp
 1919–1938 Austin Twenty
 1927–1938 Austin 16 (16/18)
 1938–1939 Austin 18
 1938–1939 Austin Twenty Eight
 1947–1954 A110/A125 Sheerline
 1946–1956 A120 Princess
 1947–1956 A135 Princess
 1956–1959 Princess IV
 Sports cars
 1920–1923 Austin Twenty Sports Tourer
 1948–1950 A90 Atlantic Convertible
 1949–1952 A90 Atlantic Saloon
 1950–1953 A40 Sports
 1953–1956 Austin-Healey 100
 1958–1970 Austin-Healey Sprite
 1959–1967 Austin-Healey 3000
 1971 Austin Sprite
 Australian Austin cars
 1958–1962 Austin Lancer
 1962–1966 Austin Freeway
 1970–1973 Austin Kimberley/Tasman

Military vehicles
 Austin Armoured Car - First World War  AFV
  "Car, Light Utility 4 x 2" -  Utility ("Tilly") vehicle version of Austin Ten  produced during Second World War
 Austin K2
  Austin K2/Y - Second World War military ambulance
 Austin K2 fire engine, also used by National Fire Service and post war as ATV
 Austin K4 - truck
Austin K5 - General Service truck and artillery carrier
Austin K6

 1958–1967 Austin Gipsy
 Austin Champ
 c. 1968 Austin Ant

London Taxis
 1929–1934 Austin 12 Taxicab High Lot
 1934–1939 Austin 12 Taxicab Low Loader
 1938–1939 Austin 12 Taxicab Flash Lot
 1948–1958 Austin FX3
 1958–1997 Austin FX4—London Taxi

Ambulances
 LD3
 WWII Austin K2/Y

Commercial vehicles

 Austin also made commercial vehicles, one of which was the FG, previously the Morris FG. The FG was the workhorse that kept Britain running in the 1960s. These Austin FGs and later the Leyland FGs all had petrol or diesel longstroke engines, producing good torque, but very little in the way of speed (40 mph was a good speed out of these vehicles). Leyland were to take over the FG, but before they did, in 1964, the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) commissioned six rolling chassis FGs to be coach-built by a Middlesex company, Palmer Coachbuilders. These six vehicles, registration 660 GYE to 666 GYE,  were outdoor broadcast scenery vehicles.

Aircraft
During the First World War Austin built aircraft under licence, including the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a, but also produced a number of its own designs. None of these progressed past the prototype stage. They included:
 Austin-Ball A.F.B.1 (fighter)
 Austin A.F.T.3 (fighter)
 Austin Greyhound (fighter)
 Austin Kestrel (two-seat biplane)
 Austin Osprey (fighter)
 Austin Whippet (post-war civil aircraft)

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
 Amalgamated Drawing Office (ADO)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Austin Memories All about the history of Longbridge and models produced
 Photos of Austin Pickup Van
 The Unofficial Austin-Rover Web Resource
 "Midget Cars Next?" Popular Mechanics, August 1930, pp. 243–245 article on the Austin models offered in 1930

British Leyland
English brands
Car brands
Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
Emergency services equipment makers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1905
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1987
1905 establishments in England
1987 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1987
British companies established in 1905

Austin Motor Company


Henry G. Struve (November 17, 1836 – June 13, 1905) was a prominent American lawyer, legislator, historian and banker in Seattle, Washington, during the 19th and early 20th centuries. A member of the celebrated Struve family, he was elected mayor of Seattle in 1882 and 1883, during a time of rapid civic growth and prosperity.

Early life and marriage
Struve was born in 1836 in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg in northern Germany, the son of Friedrich and Marie Margarethe (née Claussen) Struve. He received his education in Germany before emigrating to the United States in 1853 at the age of 16. After a short stay in New York City he went to California, where he located near Jackson in Amador County. There he engaged in mining, studied law, and wrote for newspapers. He was admitted to the bar in 1859.

In February 1860 Struve moved to Vancouver, Washington, where he was editor of the Vancouver Chronicle for a year. He then commenced the practice of law in the winter of 1861. Struve was elected district attorney for the 2nd Judicial District in 1862 and was thrice re-elected, serving until his resignation in 1869.

At Vancouver in October 1863, Struve married Lascelle Knighton (1846-1903), daughter of Captain H.M. Knighton, a prominent early settler of Washington Territory. The Struves were the parents of four children:
Harry K. Struve
Helen Struve (Mrs. Harry F. Meserve)
Frederick Karl Struve
Mary Struve

Territorial secretary
Struve was elected to the lower house of the territorial legislature in 1865 and was chairman of the judiciary committee. He was elected to the legislative council in 1867, serving as its president in that session and in those of 1869 and 1870. He was chairman of the committee on ways and means, and in 1869 he secured passage of a law recognizing community property rights of married persons.

He resigned as district attorney upon his election as judge of probate of Clarke County in 1869. Struve moved to Olympia in 1871 and assumed the editorship of the Puget Sound Daily Chronicle. After a promising start, he left newspaper work later in 1871 when President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him secretary of Washington Territory. He held this position to the end of the Grant Administration in 1877. While serving as territorial secretary, Struve was sole attorney for the Northern Pacific Railroad, and remained its chief litigator until the completion of the railroad in 1883.

In 1872 Struve was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Philadelphia where Grant was renominated. Fraternally, he was active in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and in 1874 served as grand master of the Grand Lodge of Oregon, which then embraced Oregon, Washington and Idaho. In 1876 he was representative from the Grand Lodge of Oregon to the Sovereign Grand Lodge of the order, and in this capacity instituted the Grand Lodge of Washington. Socially, he was a member of the Rainier Club.

Law and business interests
Struve was commissioner for the codification of the laws of Washington in 1877–78, resigning to devote his attention to his rapidly growing law practice. In 1879 he moved to Seattle, where he formed the law partnership of Struve & Leary with John Leary. Colonel J.C. Haines joined the firm in 1880, and Maurice McMicken replaced Leary in 1884. Haines withdrew from the firm in 1889. When John B. Allen joined the firm in 1893, it was organized as Struve, Allen, Hughes & McMicken.

He was one of the principal projectors of the system of cable car street railways in Seattle, serving as president of the Madison Street line until 1899. He was one of the organizers and a director of the Home Insurance Company, which paid out a $100,000 fire loss in the great Seattle fire of June 6, 1889. In November 1889 he was an incorporator of the Boston National Bank of Seattle, serving as vice president and a director. Struve was also the sole agent in Washington of the German Savings & Loan Society of San Francisco until 1896, at which time he was succeeded by his son Frederick Karl.

Mayor of Seattle
In 1879, soon after moving to Seattle, Struve was appointed a regent of the Territorial University (forerunner of the University of Washington), and served, by reappointment, four terms, being president of the board during that tenure.

Struve was elected mayor of Seattle in 1882 and was reelected in 1883. During his tenure the city enjoyed great prosperity and growth; many civic improvements were made, at a cost of more than $500,000, and Seattle's population doubled from 5,000 to 10,000. As mayor, he received the Villard party upon the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad in September 1883. Upon leaving the office of mayor in 1884, Struve was elected school director, serving until 1887.

Appointed judge advocate general by Governor Squire in January 1886, Struve took a prominent part in directing the militia when Seattle was placed under martial law following the anti-Chinese riots of February 1886 (during the mayoralty of Henry L. Yesler).

Later life
In 1887 Struve was appointed reporter of the Territorial Supreme Court. Under his supervision, the third volume of the Washington Territory Reports was compiled.

Struve was greatly interested in historical research and investigated Washington's early history in his leisure hours, intending to publish the results in book form, but all of his data was lost in the great Seattle fire of June 6, 1889. However, he started on the work again at a later period.

Struve was a member of the board of freeholders that framed a new city charter for Seattle in 1890. He soon had to decline many honors and confine his attention to his extensive private practice, acting as counsel for many railroads and lumbering and coal-mining companies.

Henry G. Struve died during a visit to New York City on June 13, 1905. His death was very unexpected, his daughter Mary being the only member of the family with him at the time. Burial was in Lake View Cemetery in Seattle.

Notes

References

External links

1836 births
1905 deaths
Oldenburg emigrants to the United States
American lawyers
Regents of the University of Washington
Henry
Mayors of Seattle
Washington (state) Republicans
Politicians from Vancouver, Washington
People from Jackson, California

Henry G. Struve


Georgetown is the third oldest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina and the county seat of Georgetown County, in the Lowcountry. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 9,163. Located on Winyah Bay at the confluence of the Black, Great Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Sampit rivers, Georgetown is the second largest seaport in South Carolina, handling over 960,000 tons of materials a year, while Charleston is the largest.

Beginning in the colonial era, Georgetown was the commercial center of an indigo- and rice-producing area. Rice replaced indigo as the chief commodity crop in the antebellum area. Later the timber industry became important here.

Geography

Georgetown is located at  (33.367434, −79.293807).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  are land and , or 8.06%, is water.

Winyah Bay formed from a submergent or drowned coastline. The original rivers had a lower baseline, but either the ocean rose or the land sank, flooding the river valleys and making a good location for a harbor.

U.S. Routes 17, 17A, 521, and 701 meet in the center of Georgetown. US 17 leads southwest  to Charleston and northeast  to Myrtle Beach, US 701 leads north  to Conway, US 521 leads northwest  to Sumter, and US 17A leads west  to Jamestown.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,403 people, 3,649 households, and 2,256 families residing in the city.

2010 and 2000 censuses
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,163 people in Georgetown, an increase of 2.4 percent over the 2000 population of 8,950. In 2000, there were 3,411 households, and 2,305 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 3,856 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 57.03% African American (56.7 percent in 2010), 40.99% White (37.8 percent in 2010), 0.12% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.84% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.88% of the population.

There were 3,411 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 25.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,424, and the median income for a family was $34,747. Males had a median income of $27,545 versus $19,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,568. About 19.9% of families and 24.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.

History

Pre-Revolution
In 1526 a Spanish expedition under Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón founded a colony on Waccamaw Neck called San Miguel de Guadalupe. The settlers included enslaved Africans, and was the first European settlement in North America with African slaves. The colony failed for multiple reasons, including a fever epidemic and a revolt of the slaves. The Africans escaped and joined members of the indigenous Cofitachequi chiefdom in the area, people of the late Mississippian culture.

The next settlement in the area was made by English colonists. After settling Charles Town in 1670, the English established trade with regional Indian tribes. Trading posts in outlying areas quickly developed as settlements.

By 1721 the colonial government granted the English residents' petition to found a new parish, Prince George, Winyah, on the Black River. In 1734, Prince George, Winyah was divided; and the newly created Prince Frederick Parish congregation occupied the church at Black River. Prince George Parish, Winyah encompassed the new town of Georgetown that was developing on the Sampit River.

In 1729, Elisha Screven laid the plan for Georgetown and developed the city in a four-by-eight block grid. The original grid city is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. It bears the original street names, lot numbers, and has many original homes.

Soon after Georgetown was established, the Indian trade declined. Many traders made longer trips to the interior of the upper rivers, for instance to Cherokee Country. In the Lowcountry, plantation owners developed large plantations and cultivated indigo as the cash commodity crop, with rice as a secondary crop. Both were labor-intensive and dependent on enslaved Africans and African Americans, the former imported from Africa in the Atlantic slave trade. Agricultural profits were so great between 1735 and 1775 that in 1757 the Winyah Indigo Society, whose members paid dues in indigo, opened and maintained the first public school for white children between Charles Town and Wilmington. By the early 19th century, rice replaced indigo as the chief commodity crop. It became a staple of regional diets as well, becoming characteristic in the area.

In the American Revolution, the Georgetown planter, Thomas Lynch Jr., signed the Declaration of Independence. During the final years of the conflict, Georgetown was the important port for supplying General Nathanael Greene's army. Francis Marion (the "Swamp Fox") led many guerrilla actions in the vicinity.

Antebellum period

Georgetown had a large population of Jewish-Americans in the early 1800s.  Following the American Revolution, rice surpassed indigo as the staple crop. It was cultivated in the swampy lowlands along the rivers, where enslaved African and African-American laborers built large earthworks: dams, gates and canals to irrigate and drain the rice fields during cultivation. Large rice plantations were established around Georgetown along its five rivers. Planters often had chosen to import slaves from rice-growing regions of West Africa, as they knew the technology for cultivation and processing.

By 1840, the Georgetown District (later County) produced nearly one-half of the total rice crop of the United States. It became the largest rice-exporting port in the world. Wealth from the rice created an elite European-American planter class; they built stately plantation manor houses and often also had townhouses in the city, bought elegant furniture and other furnishings, and extended generous hospitality to others of their class. Their relatively leisured lifestyle for a select few, built on the labor of thousands of slaves, was disrupted by the Civil War. Afterward the abolition of slavery and transformation to a free labor market in the South so changed the economics of rice production as to make the labor-intensive process unprofitable. The soft silt soil of the South Carolina low country required harvesting rice by hand. In addition, the disruption and destruction of the war delayed the resumption of agriculture in the South. Nationally, the economy struggled in the 1870s, adding to pressures on agriculture.

In the antebellum years, the profits from Georgetown's rice trade also buoyed the economy of the nearby city and port of Charleston, where a thriving mercantile economy developed. With profits from rice, planters bought products from Charleston artisans: fine furniture, jewelry, and silver, to satisfy their refined tastes. Joshua John Ward was a planter who owned the most slaves in the US – eventually more than 1,000 slaves on several plantations; he lived in a townhouse in Georgetown.

Many of the historic plantation houses are still standing today, including Mansfield Plantation on the banks of the Black River. Joshua Ward's main Brookgreen Plantation is the center and namesake of the Brookgreen Gardens park. Since the late 20th century, historic societies and independent plantations have worked to present more of the entire plantation society, including the lives and skills of enslaved African Americans.

Georgetown's thriving economy long attracted settlers from elsewhere, including numerous planters and shipowners who migrated from Virginia. These included the Shackelford family, whose migrant ancestor John Shackelford moved to Georgetown in the late eighteenth century after serving in the Virginia forces of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His descendants became prominent planters, lawyers, judges and businessmen in Georgetown and Charleston.

During the Civil War, the Confederate army built a fort and installed two camps near Georgetown at Murrells Inlet. Fort Ward was in service beginning in 1861, but it was abandoned and disarmed in March 1862. Its exact location is unknown due to shifting sandbars and erosion in the area. Confederate camps Lookout and Waccamaw were also located near Georgetown. Camp Waccamaw was in use from 1862 until 1864; Company E, 4th SC Cavalry were garrisoned at the camp. At least one soldier died there in 1862, probably from disease.

Additional fortifications were built at Battery White, located south of the town to protect the harbor and Winyah Bay.  Construction during 1862-1863 on the cannon emplacement resulted in a well-built and situated set of fortifications which did not see action until 1864 when it was captured by Union Forces.

Reconstruction and post-reconstruction period

Georgetown and Georgetown County suffered terribly during the Reconstruction Era because of its reliance on agriculture, for which the national market was low. The rice crops of 1866 to 1888 were failures due to lack of capital, which prevented adequate preparation for new crops; inclement weather; and the planters' struggle to find laborers.

Several African Americans from Georgetown represented Georgetown County in the state legislature during the Reconstruction era including Joseph Haynes Rainey, Bruce H. Williams, Charles H. Sperry, Charles Samuel Green, and James A. Bowley. A fusion arrangement was reached in 1880 and Republican African Americans and white Democrats appointed officials.

Some freedmen left the area in an effort to reunite families separated by the domestic slave trade. Many families withdrew women and children from working as field laborers. Many freedmen families wanted to work for themselves as subsistence farmers, rather than work in gangs for major plantation owners. Rice continued to be grown commercially until about 1910, but the market had changed. It was never as important economically or as profitable a crop as before 1860.

By the time the Reconstruction period ended, the area's economy was shifting to harvesting and processing wood products. By 1900 several lumber mills were operating on the Sampit River. The largest was the Atlantic Coast Lumber Company; its mill in Georgetown was the largest lumber mill on the East Coast at the time.

In 1900, a Georgetown constable's efforts to arrest barber John Brownfield for refusing to pay a poll tax resulted in a scuffle and his death in a shooting. White supremacists called for lynching and a tense period followed including appeals of Brownfield's murder conviction by an all-white jury with ties to the deceased and his family.

20th century
Around 1905, "Georgetown reached its peak as a lumber port", according to the historian Mac McAlister. Jim Crow laws excluded African Americans from taking part in elections and from holding office.

As the twentieth century dawned, Georgetown under the leadership of Mayor William Doyle Morgan began to modernize. The city added electricity, telephone service, sewer facilities, rail connections, some paved streets and sidewalks, new banks, a thriving port, and a new public school for white students. Public schools were segregated and black schools were historically underfunded. The US government built a handsome combination post office and customs house.

Like most cities, Georgetown suffered economic deprivation during the Great Depression. The Atlantic Coast Lumber Company went bankrupt early in the depression, putting almost everyone out of work. Businesses related to the mills also lost revenues and had to lay off employees, with a cascading effect through the city. In 1936 help arrived, when the Southern Kraft Division of International Paper opened a mill; by 1944 it was the largest in the world.

From the mid-20th century, the city developed more industry. In 1973, the Korf company of Germany founded a steel mill in town. in 1993, the steel mill was financed by Bain Capital and was called Georgetown Steel, which became GST Steel Company with its sister Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company plant in Kansas City, Missouri.

In 1978, Sigma Chemical Company founded its third chemical plant (the other 2 being in Italy) in Georgetown.

In September 1989, a major disaster struck the area with Hurricane Hugo struck south of Georgetown. Its extremely hard winds and an intense storm surge along the rivers flooded and damaged Georgetown and nearby areas. As Georgetown was under Hugo's northern eyewall, it suffered winds more severe and damaging than in Charleston, which was in the hurricane's weak corridor.

2000 to present
In recent years, the economy has become more diversified. The GST Steel Company declared bankruptcy in 2001, first closing the Kansas City plant. In 2003 it closed the South Carolina plant. The Georgetown plant has subsequently reopened under ownership of ArcelorMittal. Due to the influx of cheap foreign steel into the United States, the plant closed its doors again in August 2015.
On May 19, 2017, Mayor Jack Scoville announced that ArcelorMittal had agreed to sell the mill to Liberty Steel.

On September 25, 2013, a fire engulfed seven historic buildings on 700 Block of Front Street.  The fire raged for hours while over 200 firefighters from ten departments and the United States Coast Guard fought to contain the blaze.

Heritage tourism has become a booming business in Georgetown, supporting much retail activity. In addition, many retirees have chosen to settle in this area of beaches, plantations redeveloped as residential communities, and pleasant climate. From 2016 to 2021, housing prices in Georgetown have risen 38 percent.

On January 18, 2018, long-time Democratic City Councilman Brendon Moses Barber, Sr. was inaugurated as Mayor of Georgetown; he is the first African-American mayor of the city. The City of Georgetown has always elected Democratic mayors, even as the make-up of the major parties has realigned since the late 20th century.

As of 2019, brackish water incursions into the Waccamaw River near Georgetown due to rising sea levels are increasing the risk of exposure to toxic vibrio bacteria.

In the 2021 municipal elections, Georgetown elected its first Republican-majority city council in its history. In January 3, 2022, city councilwoman Carol Jayroe was sworn in as the Mayor of Georgetown, having defeated incumbent Democratic mayor Brendon Barber. She is the first woman and the first Republican to hold the mayoralty in Georgetown's history.

In September 2022, Hurricane Ian made landfall near Georgetown.

Registered historic sites
Today, the Georgetown Historic District contains more than fifty homes, public buildings, and sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other sites on the National Register include Annandale Plantation, Arcadia Plantation, Battery White, Belle Isle Rice Mill Chimney, Beneventum Plantation House, Black River Plantation House, Brookgreen Gardens, Chicora Wood Plantation, Fairfield Rice Mill Chimney, Friendfield Plantation, Georgetown Light, Hobcaw Barony, Hopsewee, Keithfield Plantation, Mansfield Plantation, Milldam Rice Mill and Rice Barn, Minim Island Shell Midden (38GE46), Nightingale Hall Rice Mill Chimney, Old Market Building, Pee Dee River Rice Planters Historic District, Prince George Winyah Episcopal Church, Joseph H. Rainey House, Rural Hall Plantation House, Weehaw Rice Mill Chimney, Wicklow Hall Plantation, and Winyah Indigo School.

Education
Georgetown High School is in Georgetown. Georgetown has a public library, a branch of the Georgetown County Library.

Notable people
 Anna Peyre Dinnies (1807–1886), poet, miscellaneous writer
 Joseph Rainey (1832–1887) born in Georgetown; in 1870, he became the first African-American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. The Georgetown Post Office is named in his honor.
 Jumpy Geathers, football player for the Wichita State Shockers, New Orleans Saints, Atlanta Falcons, and Denver Broncos. He was a 2× Super Bowl Champion.
 Ruston Kelly, singer-songwriter

References

External links

 City of Georgetown official website
 Georgetown County Chamber of Commerce
 Georgetown Times, a thrice weekly newspaper founded in 1798
 Georgetown County
 Georgetown County-Hammock Coast Tourism
 Winyah Bay marine and aquatic research
 When Rice Was King, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

Cities in South Carolina
County seats in South Carolina
Myrtle Beach metropolitan area
Cities in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Populated coastal places in South Carolina

Georgetown, South Carolina


Christian Biet (12 May 1952 – 13 July 2020) was a French professor of theatrical studies. His main work focused on the aesthetics of theatre.

Biography
Biet was born into a family of teachers. After his secondary studies and khâgne at the Lycée Condorcet, he worked as an auditor at the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud. Alongside his close friends, Jean-Luc Rispali and Jean-Paul Brighelli, Biet succeeded with his aggregation in 1975. In 1982, they published a series of historical works for Lagarde et Michard. They collaborated on other works regarding Alexandre Dumas and surrealism.

After completing his education, Biet worked as a lecturer at Paris Nanterre University before becoming a theatre professor in 1986. He supervised 42 theses at Paris Nanterre. He also served as the director of the History and Arts Representation unit at the University. He became a member of the Institut Universitaire de France in 2006, and started working for Théâtre/Public in 2007.

Christian Biet died in a traffic collision in Poitiers on 13 July 2020 at the age of 68.

Publications

Author
XVIe - XVII e siècles (1982)
XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (1982)
XIXe siècle (1982)
Les miroirs du Soleil : Littératures et classicisme au siècle de Louis XIV, coll. « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 58), série Littératures (1989); new edition in 2000 under the title Les miroirs du Soleil : Le roi Louis XIV et ses artistes
Œdipe en monarchie, tragédie et théorie juridique à l'âge classique (1994)
La Médecine au temps de Molière (1995)
Les tragédies de Racine (1995)
Moi, Pierre Corneille, coll. « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 484), série Littératures. (2005)
Qu'est-ce que le théâtre ? (2006)
Le théâtre, la violence et les arts en Europe (XVIè-XVIIè) (2011)

Editor
Œdipe (1999)
Une histoire du spectacle militant ; théâtre et cinéma militants, 1966-1981 (2007)
Performance : expérimentation et théorie du théâtre aux USA (2008)
Le théâtre français du XVIIe siècle : histoire, textes choisis, mises en scène (2009)
Tragédies et récits de martyres en France : fin XVIe-début XVIIe siècle (2012)
La question du répertoire au théâtre (2018)

Prefaces
Le mythe de l'authenticité, lectures, interprétations, dramaturgies de Britannicus de Jean Racine en France, 1669-2004 by Karel Vanhaesebrouck (2006)
Mythes et mythologies dans la littérature française by Pierre Albouy (2012)

Articles
Christian Biet published numerous articles in Communications, Droit et Société, Le Fablier, Revue des Amis de Jean de La Fontaine, Les Cahiers du GRIF, Littératures classiques, Théâtre/Public, and others.

References

1952 births
2020 deaths
Historians of theatre
20th-century French non-fiction writers
21st-century French non-fiction writers

Christian Biet


Mint chocolate (or chocolate mint) is a popular type of chocolate, made by adding a mint flavoring, such as peppermint, spearmint, or crème de menthe, to chocolate. Mint chocolate can be found in a wide variety of confectionery items, such as candy, mints, cookies, mint chocolate chip ice cream, hot chocolate, and others.  In addition, it is marketed in a non-edible format as cosmetics. Depending widely on the ingredients and the process used, mint chocolate can give off a very distinctive mint fragrance. The chocolate component can be milk chocolate, regular dark chocolate, or white chocolate; due to this, mint chocolate has no one specific flavor, and so each chocolate-plus-flavor combination can be unique.

The U.S. National Confectioners Association lists February 19 as "Chocolate Mint Day".

Products

Mint chocolate
Aero Peppermint
Andes Chocolate Mints
Bendicks Bittermint
Frango Mints
Hershey's Mint Chocolate Chips
Laura Secord French Mint
Lindt Mint Intense

Mint patties with chocolate
After Eight mints
Fry's Peppermint Cream
Haviland Thin Mints
Hershey's York Peppermint Patties
Junior Mints
Pearson's Chocolate Mint Patties
Andes Chocolate Mints

See also

Peppermint

References

Chocolate

Mint chocolate


Richard Shannon Hoon (September 26, 1967 – October 21, 1995) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He was the lead singer of the band Blind Melon from 1990 until his death in 1995.

Early life

Hoon was born on September 26, 1967, in Lafayette, Indiana. He was raised in the nearby town of Dayton, Indiana, with his older half-sister, Anna and older half-brother, Tim. His father, Dick Hoon, was a bricklayer and his mother, Nel Hoon, was a manager of a bar in Dayton.

In high school, he played football, wrestled, and was a pole vaulter. Shannon's musical influences included the Grateful Dead, The Beatles, John Lennon, and Bob Dylan. After graduating from McCutcheon High School in 1985, Hoon joined a local glam metal band named Styff Kytten, which also featured guitarist Michael Kelsey. He took on the role of frontman and lead singer of the band. It was around this time that he wrote his first song and called it "Change".

Blind Melon
In 1985, Hoon, 18, left Indiana for Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, he met musicians Brad Smith and Rogers Stevens at a party. Smith and Stevens saw Hoon perform his song "Change" acoustically and invited Hoon to play with them. Christopher Thorn and Glen Graham were then brought into the fold, and by 1990 the five musicians decided to form Blind Melon. The band was possibly named for a term Smith's father used to describe the neighborhood stoners; or for Blind Melon Chitlin, a character from a Cheech & Chong album. In 1990, the new bandmates produced a four-song demo tape and subsequently signed a $500,000 recording contract with Capitol Records.

In Los Angeles, Hoon befriended his sister Anna's high school friend Axl Rose. Rose invited Hoon to join him in the studio where his band Guns N' Roses were recording their albums Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both released in 1991). Hoon sang backing vocals on several tracks, including "The Garden" and "Don't Cry". Rose also invited Hoon to appear in the video for "Don't Cry".

In 1992, Blind Melon released their self-titled debut album produced by Pearl Jam producer Rick Parashar. Blind Melon began touring to promote the album, supporting and opening for acts like BAD II, PIL, Ozzy Osbourne, Guns N' Roses, and Soundgarden over the course of 1992–1993. In the summer of 1993, the video for the album track "No Rain" was released as a single and featured a young girl, played by Heather DeLoach, in a bee costume, tap dancing to unappreciative audiences. Blind Melon went multi-platinum.

Hoon and Blind Melon spent the next two years touring. In 1993, Hoon was arrested for indecent exposure after he undressed onstage and urinated on a fan at a show in Vancouver.

In 1994, Blind Melon appeared at Woodstock '94 where Hoon, allegedly high on LSD, went onstage wearing his girlfriend's white dress.

After taking a hiatus from touring, Blind Melon returned to the studio to record the album Soup in New Orleans. Soup was released in 1995.

Personal life and death

In June 1995, Hoon entered rehab for a month (repeating his May 1994 treatment). On July 11, 1995, Hoon and his girlfriend, Lisa Crouse, had a daughter named Nico Blue.

In August, Blind Melon planned a tour to support their album Soup. A counselor was hired to accompany Hoon on the tour but was let go after the first week.

After a disappointing performance at Numbers club in Houston on October 20, Hoon undertook an all-night drug binge. The next day, Blind Melon was scheduled to play a show in New Orleans at Tipitina's. The band's sound engineer, Lyle Eaves, went to the tour bus to awaken Hoon for a sound check, but Hoon was unresponsive. An ambulance arrived, and Hoon was pronounced dead at the scene, at the age of 28. His death was attributed to a cocaine overdose.

Hoon was buried at Dayton Cemetery in Dayton, Indiana. His grave is inscribed with a line from Blind Melon's song "Change", the first song he wrote:

Aftermath and legacy

On November 12, 1996, Blind Melon released their final album featuring Hoon, Nico, as a tribute to him with all proceeds going to his daughter and to programs helping musicians deal with substance abuse. The band also released a video called "Letters from a Porcupine" that was nominated for Best Long Form Music Video at the Grammy Awards on February 25, 1997.

Blind Melon remained active for the next four years following Hoon's death. The remaining members had planned to continue the band in memory of him and held auditions for a singer; however, they never managed to find a permanent replacement, and Blind Melon officially disbanded in 1999. After years of refusing to perform together out of respect for Hoon, the surviving members reformed Blind Melon in 2006, with Travis Warren taking his place.

On September 17, 2008, the book A Devil on One Shoulder and an Angel on the Other: The Story of Shannon Hoon and Blind Melon by Greg Prato was published.

On September 15, 2018, photos of Hoon's final performance with Blind Melon at the Numbers club in Houston on October 20, 1995, the day before he died, were released for the first time by fan Zak Joshua Rose, who took the pictures and claimed that he hung out with the band members except Hoon (who had disappeared) after the show.

A documentary about Hoon titled All I Can Say (composed mostly of footage he shot on a handheld camera from 1990 to 1995) premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2019, and was released on June 26, 2020, on online streaming platforms. Also, it was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 24, 2020. Hoon was co-credited as a "director" of the film.

On November 1, 2021, author Greg Prato issued a follow-up book to A Devil on One Shoulder and an Angel on the Other, simply titled Shannon, and featured all-new interviews with either people who knew Shannon or were admirers of his music.

Since Hoon's death, various musical artists have mentioned him in song lyrics, including Dream Theater ("Just Let Me Breathe"), Sun Kil Moon ("Track Number 8"), and the Avett Brothers ("Smoke in Our Lights"), while others have written songs inspired by him, including Zakk Wylde ("Throwin' it All Away"), The Used ("Poetic Tragedy"),  and Econoline Crush ("Sparkle and Shine").
A Scottish group, active from around 1998–2002, named themselves "The Sempiternal Hoon" in tribute to Shannon Hoon's influence on their sound.

References

Bibliography
Prato, Greg (2008). A Devil on One Shoulder and an Angel on the Other: The Story of Shannon Hoon and Blind Melon. Kindle. .
Prato, Greg (2021). Shannon. Kindle. .
Weitz, Brad (2012). From Your Friends – Art, Photos and Stories Inspired by Blind Melon. Lulu.
Weitz, Brad/Mester, Csaba (2012). Sweet Meloncholy. Take On 1 or 2 / Garage Art. .

External links

1967 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
American alternative rock musicians
American folk rock musicians
American harmonica players
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American tenors
Blind Melon members
Burials in Indiana
Capitol Records artists
Cocaine-related deaths in Louisiana
Accidental deaths in Louisiana
People from Lafayette, Indiana
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Indiana
20th-century American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Indiana
Singers from Indiana
Countertenors

Shannon Hoon


The electoral division of Rosevears is one of the 15 electorates or 'seats' in the Tasmanian upper house. The division is located on the west side of the Tamar River. It is named after the town of Rosevears which is located on the river banks near Exeter.

The electoral boundaries include the towns of Exeter, Rowella, Sidmouth, Legana, Bridgenorth, Gravelly Beach, Greens Beach, Beaconsfield, Glengarry, Beauty point and Clarence point. The division also includes the Launceston suburbs of West Launceston, Riverside, Summerhill, Trevallyn and Glen Dhu.

The current sitting member for Rosevears is Liberal member Jo Palmer who has held the seat since 2020. The next election in Rosevears is due in 2026. The number of enrolled electors in the division was 27,503 in July 2020.

History

The division was created in 1999 after a reduction in the size of parliament. Rosevears includes most localities from the former Division of Cornwall. Localities in the West Tamar region that were once a part of the Division of Roland were also added into Rosevears. The division also acquired suburbs from the abolished Division of Launceston.

When the electorate was created; Ray Bailey who was the member for Cornwall was automatically made member for Rosevears. In the first election, held in 2002, he retired and Kerry Finch was elected instead. This election had a low voter turnout, despite voting being compulsory, which was attributed to confusion as to which electorate people were located in.

Members

Election results

See also

 Tasmanian House of Assembly

References

External links
Parliament of Tasmania
Tasmanian Electoral Commission - Legislative Council

Rosevears
Northern Tasmania

Electoral division of Rosevears


A bid bond is issued as part of a supply bidding process by the contractor to the project owner, to provide guarantee, that the winning bidder will undertake the contract under the terms at which they bid.

The bond penalty is subject to full or partial forfeiture if the winning contractor fails to either execute the contract or provide the required performance and/or payment bonds. The bid bond assures and guarantees that should the bidder be successful, the bidder will execute the contract and provide the required surety bonds.

Details

A bid bond can be in any amount. 5% and 10% are common on U.S. public projects, many private construction contracts require other amounts. The contractor or supplier providing the bid bond guarantee is referred to as "The Principal" on the bid bond. The bid bond prequalifies the principal and provides the necessary security to the owner (or general contractor), also known as the "obligee". This helps prequalify contractors and protects the bid letting by guaranteeing that the principal will enter into the contract, for the amount of the bid, if it is awarded.

A bid bond guarantees that the "obligee" will be paid the difference between the principal's tender price and the next closest tender price. This action is only triggered should the principal be awarded the contract but fails to enter into the contract, as agreed, with the obligee. The bid bond penalty is a percentage of the total bid amount, not to exceed the spread between the first and second place bidders. Some bid bonds contain "forfeiture language", which means that the contractor loses the whole bid bond amount, regardless of the bid spread.

Contractors prefer the use of bid bonds because they are a less expensive option and they do not tie up cash or bank credit lines during the bidding process. Owners and general contractors also use bid bonds because they establish and confirm that the bidding contractor or supplier is qualified to undertake the project.

Bid Bonds in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, bid bonds are commonly used in various industries such as construction, supply, and service contracts. One notable application of bid bonds in the UK is for securing HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) bonds, which are required for businesses dealing with goods subject to excise duty, such as alcohol, tobacco, and fuel. These bonds help ensure that businesses comply with the necessary regulations and pay the appropriate taxes and duties.

HMRC Bond Requirements
HMRC bonds are required for businesses operating in industries regulated by the HM Revenue and Customs Department. These bonds act as a guarantee for the payment of taxes and duties, ensuring that the business complies with the necessary regulations. The bond amount is typically based on the potential tax liability of the business, which may vary depending on the specific industry and type of goods being dealt with.

References

Bonds (finance)

Bid bond