Gretar Tryggvason is Department Head of Mechanical Engineering and Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. He is known for developing the front tracking method to simulate multiphase flows and free surface flows. Tryggvason was the editor-in-chief of Journal of Computational Physics from 2002–2015.

Area of research
Tryggvason has been a leading worker computational fluid dynamics and numerical methods. He is well known for his research on numerical simulations of vortex flows, multiphase flows, free surface flows, and flows with phase changes. For simulating multiphase flows, he and his co-workers have developed a front tracking method that incorporates an unstructured, moving grid within an underlying Eulerian grid.

Education
Ph.D. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1985
Sc.M. – Brown University, Division of Engineering, 1982
B.S. – University of Iceland, Mechanical Engineering, 1980

Professional experience
 2017–Present: Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
 2011 - 2017: Chair, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2010 - 2017: Viola D. Hank Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN
 2016: Visiting professor, University of Paris VI, France, 6/13-7/9
 2000 - 2010: Professor and head, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA
 1999: Visiting scientist, University of Paris VI, France, 4/19-5/8
 1998: Visiting professor, Institut Universitaire des Systèmes Thermiques Industriels (IUSTI), University of Aix-Marseille, France, 4/15-5/15
 1994: Visiting research associate, Caltech, 1/1-5/31 (sabbatical)
 1993 - 1997: Associate chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
 1991 - 1996: Visiting research position, Institute for Computational Mechanics in Propulsion, NASA Lewis Research Center, every summer.
 1985 - 2000: Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. (assistant professor, 1985–1991; associate professor, 1991–1997; professor, 1997 2000)
 1984 - 1985: Associate research scientist, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University.

Awards, honors, societies and journal editorships

Honors and awards
 2019: Thermal Fluids Engineering Award from the American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineering (ASTFE)
 2014: Outstanding Paper Award. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan
 2013: Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
 2012: ASME Fluids Engineering Award
 2006: WPI Sigma Xi Outstanding Senior Faculty Research Award
 2005: The 2005 Computational Mechanics Award from the Computational Mechanics Division of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME)
 2005: Elected Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 2000: Elected Fellow of the American Physical Society (Division of Fluid Dynamics)
 2000: College Award for Service, University of Michigan
 1997: Best Paper Award. ASEE Annual meeting (with D. Tilbury and S.L. Ceccio)
 1996: Departmental Award for Service, University of Michigan
 1991: Departmental Award for Research, University of Michigan
 1983: Predoctoral Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Fellow, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
 1980, 1981, and 1983: Brown University Fellowships
 1980: Thor Thors Special Contribution Award (The American-Scandinavian Foundation)
 1980: Fulbright travel grant

Societies

 American Society of Thermal and Fluids Engineers, member 2019
 American Nuclear Society, member 2013
 American Society of Engineering Education, member 1998
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, member 1991. Elected Fellow 2005
 American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, member 1988. Elected Fellow 2013
 Association of Chartered Engineers in Iceland, member 1987–1992
 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, member
 Sigma Xi, member 1982
 American Physical Society, member 1982. Elected Fellow 2000

Journal editorships
 2011–Present: Editorial advisory board, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 2009–Present: Editorial board, Scientia Iranica, Transaction B: Mechanical Engineering
 2006–Present: Associate editor, Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics
 2002 - 2015: Editor-in-chief, Journal of Computational Physics
 2002 - 2009: Associate editor, International Journal of Multiphase Flow
 1992 - 2002: Associate editor, Journal of Computational Physics

Selected journal publications

 H. Xia, J. Lu, and G. Tryggvason. "A Numerical Study of the Effect of Viscoelastic Stresses in Fused Filament Fabrication" Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 346 (2019), 242–259.
 J. Lu and G. Tryggvason. "Direct numerical simulations of multifluid flows in a vertical channel undergoing topology changes" Physical Review Fluids. 3 (2018), 084401.
 M. Ma, J. Lu, and G. Tryggvason. "Using statistical learning to close two-fluid multiphase flow equations for bubbly flows in vertical channels" Int'l. J. of Multiphase Flow. 85 (2016) 336–347.
 S. Dabiri and G. Tryggvason. "Heat transfer in turbulent bubbly flow in vertical channels" Chemical Engineering Science. 122 (2015), 106–113.
 M. Ma, J. Lu, and G. Tryggvason. "Using Statistical Learning to Close Two-Fluid Multiphase Flow Equations for a Simple Bubbly System" Phys. Fluids, 27 (2015) 092101.
 B. Aboulhasanzadeh, S. Thomas, M. Taeibi-Rahni, and G. Tryggvason. "Multiscale computations of mass transfer from buoyant bubbles" Chemical Engineering Science 75 (2012) 456–467.
 S. Thomas, A. Esmaeeli and G. Tryggvason. "Multiscale computations of thin films in multiphase flows" Int'l J. Multiphase Flow 36 (2010), 71–77.
 H. Terashima and G. Tryggvason. "A front-tracking/ghost fluid method for fluid interfaces in compressible flows" J. Comput. Phys. 228 (2009) 4012–4037.
 J. Lu and G. Tryggvason. "Effect of Bubble Deformability in Turbulent Bubbly Upflow in a Vertical Channel" Phys. Fluids. 20 (2008), 040701
 M. Muradoglu and G. Tryggvason. "A front-tracking method for computation of interfacial flows with soluble surfactants" J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2008), 2238–2262.
 J. Lu, A. Fernandez, and G. Tryggvason. "The effect of bubbles on the wall shear in a turbulent channel flow" Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 095102
 A. Koynov, G. Tryggvason, and J. G. Khinast. "Mass Transfer and Chemical Reactions in Bubble Swarms with Dynamic Interfaces" AIChE Journal 10 (2005), 2786–2800.
 A. Fernandez, J. Che, S.L. Ceccio, and G. Tryggvason. "The Effects of Electrostatic Forces on the distribution of Drops in a Channel Flow—Two-Dimensional Oblate Drops" Phys. Fluids 17 (2005), 093302
 A. Esmaeeli and G. Tryggvason. "Computations of Film Boiling. Part I: Numerical Method" Int'l. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004), 5451–5461.
 S. Nas and G. Tryggvason. "Thermocapillary interaction of two bubbles or drops" Int'l J. Multiphase Flows 29 (2003), 1117–1135.
 N. Al-Rawahi and G. Tryggvason. "Computations of the growth of dendrites in the presence of flow. Part I-Two-dimensional Flow" J. Comput. Phys. 180 (2002), 471–496.
 B. Bunner and G. Tryggvason. "Dynamics of Homogeneous Bubbly Flows: Part 1. Rise Velocity and Microstructure of the Bubbles" J. Fluid Mech. 466 (2002), 17–52.
 G. Tryggvason, M. Thouless, D. Dutta, S. L. Ceccio, and D. M. Tilbury. "The New Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at the University of Michigan" J. Engineering Education 90 (2001), 437–444.
 G. Tryggvason, B. Bunner, A. Esmaeeli, D. Juric, N. Al-Rawahi, W. Tauber, J. Han, S. Nas, and Y.-J. Jan. "A Front Tracking Method for the Computations of Multiphase Flow" J. Comput. Physics 169 (2001), 708–759.
 S. Mortazavi and G. Tryggvason. "A numerical study of the motion of drops in Poiseuille flow. Part 1. Lateral migration of one drop" J. Fluid Mech. 411 (2000), 325–350.
 J. Han and G. Tryggvason. "Secondary Breakup of Liquid Drops in Axisymmetric Geometry—Part I, Constant Acceleration" Phys. Fluids 11 (1999), 3650–3667.
 M. Jaeger, M. Carin, M. Medale, and G. Tryggvason. "The Osmotic Migration of Cells in a Solute Gradient" Biophysical Journal 77 (1999), 1257–1267.
 G. Agresar, J.J. Linderman, G. Tryggvason, and K.G. Powell. "An Adaptive, Cartesian, Front-Tracking Method for the Motion, Deformation and Adhesion of Circulating Cells" J. Comput. Phys 143 (1998), 346–380.
 D. Juric and G. Tryggvason. "Computations of Boiling Flows" Int'l. J. Multiphase Flow. 24 (1998), 387–410.
 A. Esmaeeli and G. Tryggvason. "Direct Numerical Simulations of Bubbly Flows. Part I—Low Reynolds Number Arrays" J. Fluid Mech. 377 (1998), 313–345.
 E.A. Ervin and G. Tryggvason. "The Rise of Bubbles in a Vertical Shear Flow" ASME J. Fluid Engineering 119 (1997), 443–449.
 D. Juric and G. Tryggvason. "A Front Tracking Method for Dendritic Solidification" J.  Comput. Phys. 123 (1996), 127–148.
 M.R. Nobari, Y.-J. Jan and G. Tryggvason. "Head-on Collision of Drops--A Numerical Investigation" Phys. Fluids 8 (1996), 29–42.
 S.O. Unverdi, G. Tryggvason. "A Front Tracking Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows" J. Comput. Phys. 100 (1992), 25–37.
 G. Tryggvason. "Numerical Simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability" J. Comput. Phys, 75 (1988), 253–282.
 G. Tryggvason and H. Aref. "Numerical Experiments on Hele Shaw Flow with a Sharp Interface" J. Fluid Mech., 136 (1983), 1-30.

Books

 A. Prosperetti and G. Tryggvason (editors and main contributors). Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow. Cambridge University Press, 2007. Paperback edition 2009.
 G. Tryggvason, R. Scardovelli and S. Zaleski. Direct Numerical Simulations of Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flows. Cambridge University Press. 2011.
 G. Tryggvason and D. Apelian (editors and contributors). Shaping Our World: Engineering Education for the 21st Century. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011

References

External links
Bio - University of Notre Dame
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Profile at ACM Portal

Fluid dynamicists
Computational fluid dynamicists
Living people
Icelandic emigrants to the United States
Brown University School of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
21st-century American engineers
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1956 births
University of Michigan faculty

Gretar Tryggvason


SEGRO plc (formerly known as Slough Estates Group) is a British property investment and development company.  It develops and invests in property located in the UK and Continental Europe focusing on edge of town flexible business space. The firm switched to Real Estate Investment Trust status when REITs were introduced in the United Kingdom in January 2007. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

History

The company was founded by Sir Percival Perry and Sir Noel Mobbs in 1920 as The Slough Trading Company Ltd with the objective of acquiring and developing the site now occupied by the Slough Trading Estate in Slough. In 1926 the Company changed its name to Slough Estates Ltd and in 1931 it expanded north acquiring a site in Birmingham. In the 1980s it expanded rapidly buying Allnatt Properties and Guildhall Properties in 1984, Helmlace in 1985 and Bredero Properties in 1986. In 1999 it acquired Percy Bilton.

In 2004 it sold a number of retail properties to Land Securities in exchange for some industrial properties. It converted to Real estate investment trust status and changed its name from Slough Estates Group to SEGRO in 2007. In 2009 it acquired Brixton plc.

Operations
SEGRO owns commercial and industrial properties in the UK, France, Czech Republic, Poland, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Germany. The company's portfolio (including joint venture assets) was valued at £16.9 billion at 31 December 2022. In Paris, Segro is developing a 75,000 square metre underground logistics centre close to the city centre for the "Last Mile" of logistics.

Sites include:
East Midlands Gateway
Segro Park, Kettering
Segro Park Dagenham
Segro Park, Perivale
Segro Park, Rainham
Slough Trading Estate

References

External links
Official site

Further reading
Cassell, Michael Long Lease! The Inside Story of Slough Estates, Pencorp Books 1991

Real estate investment trusts of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Real estate companies established in 1920
Companies based in London
1920 establishments in England

Segro


AA Bronson  (born Michael Tims in Vancouver in 1946) is an artist. He was a founding member of the artists' group General Idea, was president and director of Printed Matter, Inc., and started the NY Art Book Fair and the LA Art Book Fair.

Early life
Tims' father was an Air Force officer, and as a result, the family moved often; Tims spent his childhood in various places across Canada. He was an avid reader as a child, and it was through his reading habits that he explored his interest in art, architecture, spirituality and the occult, which would remain significant touchstones throughout his life and career, especially in his post-General Idea solo career.

He attended the University of Manitoba as an architecture student in the mid-1960s. He met Ron Gabe (aka Felix Partz) at the University of Manitoba. While at architecture school, he came to be interested in and involved with theories of radical education and communes. His interest in and experience with alternate methods of education began at the age of 12, where his primary school experimented with a form of self-directed learning. He, along with a group of fellow U of Manitoba students, dropped out to form a commune, whose activities included a free press (called "The Loving Couch Press") and a free school (called "The School"). It was via his activities with the Loving Couch Press that Bronson came into contact with other underground presses. This, in turn, exposed him to the Situationist International and Fluxus, which would have a significant impact on the ideas and methods pursued as part of General Idea.

In the late 1960s, Bronson trained as a facilitator in group-process for communes and cooperative communities while apprenticing with a psychologist at the University of Regina. In his role as an apprentice, he travelled across Canada, including to Simon Fraser University. At Simon Fraser, he met Brian Carpenter, who deepened his exposure to radical communication theories. He also encountered the InterMedia artist collective, and Slobodan Saia-Levy (aka Jorge Zontal).

In 1969, Bronson's involvement in communes and radical education theories and practices took him to Toronto, to investigate the Rochdale College experiment. It was through some of the members of Rochdale College that Bronson deepened his friendships with Felix Partz and Jorge Zontal (each having arrived in Toronto for different reasons). They, along with several others, became involved in the countercultural performance and "happenings" scene that centered around Toronto's Theatre Passe Muraille. Through Theatre Passe Muraille, Bronson apprenticed with Coach House Press (he also did graphic design for Passe Muraille).

General Idea
The General Idea artists group, initially a loose collective of five to seven people, was founded in 1969 by Bronson, Jorge Zontal and Felix Partz, Partz's then-girlfriend Mimi Paige, and Granada Gazelle (a.k.a. Sharon Venne).

Among the group's various activities, The trio founded FILE Megazine, a visual magazine, which they edited and published from 1972 until 1989. In 1974 they founded Art Metropole, an international publisher, distributor and archive of artists' books, video and multiples, which they conceived as an extension of the self-mythologization of General Idea. AA Bronson was the director of Art Metropole from 1974 through 1984, and again from 1996 through 1998.

The three worked and lived together for 25 years, until their collaboration was terminated with the death of both Zontal and Partz in 1994.

General Idea continues to exhibit internationally in private galleries and museums, as well as undertaking countless temporary public art projects around the world.

Bronson has been working independently since that time. He is currently represented by Esther Schipper, Berlin and Maureen Paley, London.

Solo career

Bronson's solo artwork has dealt with trauma, loss, death and healing.

While caring for friends coping with their AIDS-related illnesses, Bronson began to participate in Body Electric (and related) therapeutic massage and healing workshops and seminars in California (he partook in the first of such seminars in 1989). His initial motivation for this was to become a midwife to the dying. Over the course of the next eleven years, he would return to California to continue to take part in, and deepen his knowledge of, alternative healing and therapeutic bodywork practices.

After the deaths of Partz and Zontal, an aspect of Bronson's grief manifested as a creative crisis. His first works are, in fact, elegies both to his General Idea partners and his own identity as part of the group: a deathbed portrait of Felix Partz (Felix, June 5, 1994, 1994–99), a triptych of Zontal shortly before his death (Jorge, February 3, 1994, 2000) and a full-body nude self-portrait in the shape of a coffin (AA Bronson, August 22, 2000, 2000).

He began working professionally as a healer initially out of personal calling, and this professional identity as a healer was soon integrated into his artistic identity. Bronson has said that he approached his identity as a healer in the same way that General Idea approached their identities as artists: the word was so overused, it had lost any particular meaning and significance, and so he was free both to assume the 'drag' of a healer, and consequently, to invest the word with his own meaning. The first expression of his healing practice as an artistic performance emerged at a solo show at the Frederic Giroux gallery in Paris in 2003.

His healing practice garnered significant attention in the press due to his inclusion of an anal massage technique, a practice he learned through a teacher Bronson met during his extensive therapeutic massage schooling in California.

In 2004, Bronson began working at Printed Matter as its director. Through his involvement in Printed Matter, he founded the NY Art Book Fair in 2005 (which in turn birthed the LA Art Book Fair). The annual NY Art Book Fair, which hosts over 200 independent presses, booksellers, antiquarian dealers, artists and publishers from twenty countries. Via his work at Printed Matter and at the Book Fairs, Bronson began to be introduced to a network of a younger generation of artists, with whom he began and continues to collaborate regularly.

A significant aspect of this collaboration took form in a series of site-specific "secret" performances entitled Invocation of the Queer Spirits, conceived in collaboration with artist Peter Hobbs. They, along with a series of select collaborators, would collectively ritually invoke the spirits of the dead in various locales. The ritual has been performed in Banff, New Orleans, Winnipeg, Governor's Island, the Fire Island Pines. These performances were always private. A book documenting this process (including its conception and photographic evidence of its remnants) was published by Creative Time in 2011. Since then, the Invocation of the Queer Spirits has been performed in Berlin and Paris, among other venues.

In 2009, Bronson enrolled as a Masters of Divinity candidate at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. While at Union, he co-founded the Institute for Art, Religion and Social Justice with Kathryn Reklis.

In 2013, Bronson was invited to Berlin to be a resident as part of the DAAD Berliner Kunstler program. After the course of the yearlong residency was over, he and his partner, Mark Jan Krayenhoff van de Leur, decided to remain in Berlin, where they both currently reside.

In 2021, he was one of the participants in John Greyson's experimental short documentary film International Dawn Chorus Day.

Exhibitions
He had his first solo institutional exhibition outside of General Idea in 2000 at the Vienna Secession in Austria, followed closely by a solo exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago (2001), a solo exhibition at the MIT List Visual Arts Center, Cambridge (2002), and another at The Power Plant in Toronto (2003) and the Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Vancouver (2004). He was featured in the Montreal and Whitney Biennials (2000 and 2002). With his partner, Mark Jan Krayenhoff van de Leur, he was one of three finalists in a public competition for a monument to homosexuals persecuted by the Nazis, for the city of Vienna, Austria.

In 2010, a Bronson aforementioned Felix, June 5, 1994 appeared in the Hide/Seek exhibit at the United States' National Portrait Gallery, but the artist sought to withdraw the work after the censorship controversy. The Bronson piece was on loan to the show "from the National Gallery of Canada. Marc Mayer, the director of the Canadian museum, urged the National Portrait Gallery to respect Mr. Bronson's wishes and remove the work but did not formally demand its return," and the National Portrait Gallery ultimately declined to remove the work.

Bronson continues to exhibit regularly. Recent exhibitions of note include The Temptation of AA Bronson at Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art Rotterdam (2013), a kind of experimental solo show which mapped Bronson's various lifelong influences and current collaborations with younger artists. In 2015, he had twin shows at the Salzburger and Grazer Kunstvereins, for which he, in collaboration with his partner Krayenhoff van de Leur and artist Adrian Hermanides, created a massive tent structure called Folly (Lana's Boudoir), which was subsequently featured in Art Basel's Unlimited exhibition in 2016. He had a major solo exhibitions at Esther Schipper Berlin, Maureen Paley (London) and at Kunstwerke Institute for Contemporary Art (Berlin) in 2018.

In 2019, he performed his Apology to Siksika Nation at the inaugural Toronto Biennial of Art. The manifold project deals with Bronson's great-grandfather, John William Tims, and the consequences of his missionary work in Siksika nation in the turn of the 20th century. The project also includes an eponymous publication.

Curating
Bronson has also curated exhibitions.  In the late 1970s, he curated a series of exhibitions at A Space, Toronto, including an exhibition of the multiples of Joseph Beuys.  In 1984 he was co-curator of Evidence of the Avant-Garde..., Art Metropole, Toronto, a survey of artists' books, multiples, and ephemera. In 1987 he curated From Sea to Shining Sea for the Power Plant, Toronto, a history of artist-directed activity in Canada from the post-war period to 1986.  In 1991 he curated Learn to Read Art, an exhibition of 287 artists' books and multiples from the permanent collection of Art Metropole presented at the Art Basel, Basel, Switzerland.  In the mid-nineties he curated a series of exhibitions for Art Metropole, including Intermedia, a look at Canada's first artist-run center. More recently, as Director of Printed Matter, Inc., New York, he has curated exhibitions related to artists' publishing, notably "I will not make any more boring art", an exhibition of books, prints and ephemera from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax. His exhibition, again titled Learn to Read Art, a history of Printed Matter Inc. with more than 300 publications, editions, and posters, was presented at the Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Castilla y Leon (Seville, Spain), Badischer Kunstverein (Karlsruhe, Germany), and at MoMA PS1 in 2009.

Bronson has been deeply involved with publishing, promoting publishing activity as a primary artistic form.  In 1979 he co-edited Performance by Artists with Peggy Gale for Art Metropole, Toronto.  In 1983 they co-edited another resource publication, Museums by Artists,  Art Metropole. In 1987 the Power Plant catalogue Sea to Shining Sea attempted to construct a history since the post-war period of artist-initiated activity in Canada, including the formation of the artist-run centers.  He also published artists' books for Art Metropole by Jeff Wall, Colin Campbell, Lisa Steele, Hamish Fulton, Hans Haacke, and others, as well as conceiving the series Little Cockroach Press, of which he edited the first few issues. As director and president of Printed Matter, he has published many books, including titles by Scott Treleaven, Terence Koh, Tauba Auerbach, Martha Rosler and Temporary Services (Chicago).

Bronson has written widely, including texts for FILE Megazine, and General Idea publications, as well as essays for art magazines and catalogues. He has published numerous artist books and projects under his own imprint, Media Guru. His own memoir, Negative Thoughts, was published by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in 2001.

Collections and awards
Bronson's solo work is in the collections of the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa), The Whitney Museum (New York), the Jewish Museum (New York), the Agnes Etherington Art Centre (Kingston), and private collections.

Bronson has been awarded the Skowhegan Award (2006), the Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts (2002), the Bell Award in Video Art (2001), and a Chalmers Fellowship (2003). Other awards include The Gershon Iskowitz Prize (1988), The Lifetime Achievement Award from the City of Toronto (1993), the Banff Centre for the Arts National Award (1993), and the Jean A. Chalmers Award for Visual Arts (1994). He is a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

He has received honorary doctorates from NSCAD University, Halifax, Canada; Concordia University, Montreal, Canada; and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. In 2008, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2011, he was named a Chevalier de l'ordre des arts et lettres (Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters) by Frédéric Mitterrand, Minister of Culture and Communications for France, at a ceremony held at the Residence of the Canadian ambassador to France in Paris. In 2014, The Temptation of AA Bronson won the AICA Netherlands award for best exhibition.

In 2012, he received the Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Medal.

References

External links
General Idea: Life & Work by Sarah E.K. Smith published by the Art Canada Institute.
Composed: Identity, Politics, Sex An exhibition at The Jewish Museum, NY featuring AA Bronson.
AA Bronson Official website
 AA Bronson artist talk on the history of Printed Matter.
 Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation, November 2009, Concordia University Records Management and Archives
 AA Bronson Studio Visit on Berlin Art Link

Living people
1946 births
Canadian performance artists
Canadian gay artists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian mixed media artists
Canadian art curators
Artists from Vancouver
Artists from Ontario
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Canadian conceptual artists
Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts winners
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Canadian contemporary artists
20th-century Canadian LGBT people
21st-century Canadian LGBT people

AA Bronson


Bärbel Beuermann (born 16 September 1955) is a German politician (The Left, now SPD), and was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia as a list MP since the state election held on 9 May 2010. She is the joint leader of the party in the Landtag, and is also a member of The Left's national party executive. After the election of 2012 in North Rhine-Westphalia she retired from the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Biography
Beuermann was born in Herne-Holthausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on 16 September 1955.

She completed high school in 1972, then from 1973 until 1976 attended a technical college in Dortmund from 1973 until 1976, graduating in nutrition science. She then taught in a vocational school in Wattenscheid. Her students were in many cases young people still of school age but registered as unemployed and with no prior training.

In 1986, she became a teacher at a comprehensive school in Herne-Wanne, while also working at an external technical school.

In 1994, she moved to the special school for the mentally and physically disabled in Wanne-Eickel, initially working as a subject teacher but then also focusing on a composite program for emotional and social development. She was elected as a representative by the staff in 2000, and is a member of the Education and Science Workers' Union

Politics
Since the mid-1980s, Beuermann engaged in the peace movement, and in 1999 she actively opposed the war in Kosovo, and through this, joined the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS). On 12 September 1999, she was elected to the Herne city council, and from 2000 until 2003 was the party's spokeswoman. From 2004 until 2009 she represented Herne in the regional parliament of Arnsberg.

In 2004, she was elected to the party's executive, specialising in education, and in 2007, she was part of the steering committee managing the merger of the PDS and the WASG to form The Left Party (Die Linke).

On 21 November 2009, a national meeting of representatives in Mülheim an der Ruhr elected Beuermann (with 84% of the 203 delegates' votes) as their top list candidate for the upcoming state election in North Rhine-Westphalia. She also nominated as the constituency candidate for electoral district 110 (Herne I).

At the election, she obtained 8.52% of the vote in Herne I — third overall, and an improvement of 3.34% on the combined PDS-WASG vote in the 2005 election. The good showing of The Left under Beuermann's leadership throughout the state resulted in the party winning 11 list seats in the Landtag. The elected MPs subsequently elected Beuermann and Wolfgang Zimmermann to leadership roles.

References

External links
 Photo gallery (Der Spiegel)
 Interview (General-Anzeiger)

1955 births
Living people
People from Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
The Left (Germany) politicians
Women members of State Parliaments in Germany
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
21st-century German women politicians

Bärbel Beuermann


Hayes F.C. wur an Inglis fitbaw club based in Hayes, in Greater Lunnon. They started oot as Botwell Mission in 1909 taking their present name in 1929. The team nickname, The Missioners wis a salute to the heestory o the team. The club played in the Conference Sooth for their last few seasons in existence. Their home stadium wis Church Road which seats 500 with a total capacity o 6,500 (although the record attendance at this grund wis 15,370 for an Amateur Cup tie against Bromley in 1951). The team wis recognised bi their red an white striped shirt. The club's last manager wis Kevin Hill, who got the job on a full-time basis after successfully steering the team clear of relegation after the departure of Willy Wordsworth towards the end of the 2006-07 season. Wordsworth haed been unable to emulate the success o his predecessor, the highly-regarded Terry Brown, who left to take a vacancy at Aldershot Town in 2002.

Hayes merged with Yeading on Mey 18, 2007, to form the new club Hayes & Yeading United, who continued to play in the Conference Sooth.

Honours
Amongst the club's honours they can count a 3rd place finish in the Fitbaa Conference, Isthmian league championship, Athenian League title, Spartan an Great Wastren suburban league champions.

They hae reached the first round o the FA Cup 22 times, the seicont round 4 times, the semi-finals o the FA Amateur Cup in 1957, the final in 1931 an various other regional cup wins. These include the Middlesex Senior Cup (10 times winners), the London Senior Cup (twice winners) an single London Charity Cup an Premier Midweek Cup wins.

Defunct fitbaw clubs in Ingland
National League (Inglis fitbaw)
Sport in the Lunnon Burgh o Hillingdon
Association fitbaw clubs established in 1909
Association fitbaw clubs disestablished in 2007
Hayes & Yeading United F.C.

Isthmian League
Athenian League
1909 establishments in Ingland
2007 disestablishments

Hayes F.C.


Ferney La Vallée is a forest and wildlife reserve situated in the Bambou mountains north of Mahébourg in Grand Port District, Mauritius. It is managed by the La Vallée de Ferney Conservation Trust.

History and location

The 200 hectare natural area was established at the end of 2006, as a conservation trust - with the land-owners in partnership with the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) and local authorities. It was launched as a program for conservation and restoration of the indigenous forests of the valley.

Awareness of the valley's biodiversity was raised in 2004 when a highway that was due to be constructed through the area threatened the local plants and animals with the necessary clearing of forest for the roads and tunnels. Surveys in the valley by the Environment Monitoring Committee led to the discovery of several species that were new to science, or were thought to have been extinct. It also predicted that a great many more new species would likely be discovered in the area. After local action and petitions, the highway development was successfully diverted.

Ferney La Vallée is located north of the town of Mahébourg in Grand Port District, Mauritius. Its entrance is off the B 28 road, just north of Ferney Falaise Rouge, not far from the Vallée de l'Est conservation area.
The valley's land-form is largely composed of Tertiary volcanic series with a range of acidic and clay soils. It is wind-facing and its climate is humid throughout the year.

Facilities

As one of the last nature refuges on the island, Ferney La Vallée was opened to provide the public with an experience of the indigenous biodiversity of Mauritius. Hiking circuits run through the indigenous forests of the valley, past look-out points, and guided tours are regularly conducted.

At the reserve's entrance at the bottom of the valley, a tiny stone museum displays the history of the area, with a nearby set of gardens of edible and useful plants. Higher up in the valley, the restaurant and visitors complex has been created from an old hunting lodge. Nearby are the giant tortoises, and a nursery that makes endemic and endangered plants available for sale to local Mauritian visitors. A daily feeding of the endangered kestrels is also conducted for visitors at this point.

Biodiversity

Ferney La Vallée is mostly composed of partially rehabilitated rainforests, with a large number of plant species, most of which are endangered or vulnerable. The valley was where several species were rediscovered after being thought extinct, such as Pandanus iceryi and Pandanus macrostigma. Eugenia bojeri is another critically endangered species that was discovered for the first time in Ferney.

In addition, several threatened animal species are protected in the reserve. These include the endangered Mauritius kestrel (Falco punctatus) and the Mauritian flying fox (Pteropus niger), a megabat.

Less than 2% of the indigenous ecosystems of Mauritius remain intact and Ferney La Vallée is one of the last nature preserves on the island.

Future projects in the valley will include the large-scale propagation and introduction of indigenous and endemic plants to degraded parts of the valley, together with continued weeding of invasive alien plants.
There will also be a re-introduction of the endangered endemic birds pink pigeon (Columba mayeri) and echo parakeet (Psittacula echo). The giant tortoises, whose grazing action naturally assists in the regeneration of Mauritian forests, will also be released into the core conservation zone, to complete the re-establishment of the ecological balance of the forests.

A nearby conservation area, Vallée de l'Est, is providing further protection for the area, in conserving and restoring an additional 70 hectares of rare highland forest.

References

External links
 Official website of La Vallée de Ferney Conservation Trust: https://www.ferney.mu/

Grand Port District
Tourist attractions in Mauritius
Landforms of Mauritius
Environment of Mauritius
Protected areas of Mauritius
Valleys of Africa

Vallée de Ferney


Adele Marcus (February 22, 1906  May 3, 1995) was an American pianist and instructor whose career was based at the Juilliard School in New York City.

Life and career
Marcus was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the youngest of 13 children of a rabbi and his wife, who were of Russian descent. When the family moved to Los Angeles, Marcus and her sister Rosamund formed a piano duo, locally known as the Two Prodigies, and were the students of  Desider Josef Vecsei and Alexis Kall. She later studied under Josef Lhévinne and Artur Schnabel in New York City. After winning the Walter W. Naumburg Foundation Award in 1928, she made a series of solo recital debuts in Chicago, San Francisco and New York City. Of her New York debut in 1929, The New York Times wrote: "Last night she displayed distinguished gifts both as a technician and an interpreter."

Marcus taught on the faculty of the Juilliard School in New York City from 1954 to 1990. She also gave master classes in piano performance at other conservatories, including the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago during the 1970s, in collaboration with William Browning, also a teacher of great repute.

Marcus's performances included a Carnegie Hall recital on January 25, 1949, in which she played Scarlatti, Brahms, Schubert, Schumann, Scriabin, Rachmaninoff, Stravinsky and Chopin.

Her students included: Edward Aldwell, Agustin Anievas, Louise Barfield, Tzimon Barto, Enrique Bátiz, David Brunell, Anthony Byrne, Sergio Calligaris, José Carlos Cocarelli, Cy Coleman, Douglas Riva, Stewart L. Gordon, Steven Graff, Horacio Gutiérrez, Stephen Hough, Byron Janis, Soonja Kim, Norman Krieger, Daniel Lessner, Panayis Lyras, Wanda Maximilien, Diana McIntosh, Beata Moon, Pascal Nemirovski, Ken Noda, Jon Kimura Parker, Momoro Ono,  Peter Orth, Jordan Rudess, Neil Sedaka, Daniel Epstein, Dr. Gary de Sesa, Jeffrey Swann, Emma Tahmizian, Jennifer Hayghe, Ezequiel Viñao, Harvey Wedeen, and Clare Element.

Marcus died on May 3, 1995, at her home in Manhattan, aged 89. In 2008, the Juilliard School established the Adele Marcus Piano Scholarship in her honor.

References

Further reading
 Elder, Dean (May–June 1983). "Adele Marcus: World-Class Teacher", Clavier, Vol. 22, No. 5,
 Kehler, George (1982). "Marcus, Adele", pp. 804–805. The Piano in Concert. Scarecrow Press

External links
Adele Marcus: Grand Dame of the Golden Age of the Piano, curated by pianist Jeffrey Biegel, one of her former students.

1906 births
1995 deaths
American classical pianists
American women classical pianists
Jewish American classical musicians
Jewish classical pianists
Juilliard School faculty
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Piano pedagogues
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American women pianists
Educators from Missouri
Classical musicians from Missouri
American music educators
American women music educators
20th-century American Jews

Adele Marcus


In aerospace engineering, the propellant mass fraction is the portion of a vehicle's mass which does not reach the destination, usually used as a measure of the vehicle's performance. In other words, the propellant mass fraction is the ratio between the propellant mass and the initial mass of the vehicle. In a spacecraft, the destination is usually an orbit, while for aircraft it is their landing location. A higher mass fraction represents less weight in a design.  Another related measure is the payload fraction, which is the fraction of initial weight that is payload. It can be applied to a vehicle, a stage of a vehicle or to a rocket propulsion system.

Formulation
The propellant mass fraction is given by:

where:
 is the propellant mass fraction
 is the initial mass of the vehicle
 is the propellant mass
 is the final mass of the vehicle

Significance
In rockets for a given target orbit, a rocket's mass fraction is the portion of the rocket's pre-launch mass (fully fueled) that does not reach orbit.  The propellant mass fraction is the ratio of just the propellant to the entire mass of the vehicle at takeoff (propellant plus dry mass).  In the cases of a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle or suborbital vehicle, the mass fraction equals the propellant mass fraction, which is simply the fuel mass divided by the mass of the full spaceship. A rocket employing staging, which are the only designs to have reached orbit, has a mass fraction higher than the propellant mass fraction because parts of the rocket itself are dropped off en route.  Propellant mass fractions are typically around 0.8 to 0.9.

In aircraft, mass fraction is related to range, an aircraft with a higher mass fraction can go farther. Aircraft mass fractions are typically around 0.5.

When applied to a rocket as a whole, a low mass fraction is desirable, since it indicates a greater capability for the rocket to deliver payload to orbit for a given amount of fuel.  Conversely, when applied to a single stage, where the propellant mass fraction calculation doesn't include the payload, a higher propellant mass fraction corresponds to a more efficient design, since there is less non-propellant mass.  Without the benefit of staging, SSTO designs are typically designed for mass fractions around 0.9. Staging increases the payload fraction, which is one of the reasons SSTOs appear difficult to build.

For example, the complete Space Shuttle system has:
 fueled weight at liftoff:  1,708,500 kg
 dry weight at liftoff: 342,100 kg

Given these numbers, the propellant mass fraction is .

The mass fraction plays an important role in the rocket equation:

Where  is the ratio of final mass to initial mass (i.e., one minus the mass fraction),  is the change in the vehicle's velocity as a result of the fuel burn and  is the effective exhaust velocity (see below).

The term effective exhaust velocity is defined as:

where Isp is the fuel's specific impulse in seconds and gn is the standard acceleration of gravity (note that this is not the local acceleration of gravity).

To make a powered landing from orbit on a celestial body without an atmosphere requires the same mass reduction as reaching orbit from its surface, if the speed at which the surface is reached is zero.

See also
 Fuel fraction
 Mass ratio

References

Astrodynamics
Mass
Single-stage-to-orbit
Rocket propulsion

ro:Fracţie masică

Propellant mass fraction


Alan Ashcroft (21 August 1930 – 26 January 2021) was an English rugby union player. He played in the Number 8 position. Ashcroft played club rugby with Waterloo FC and was a member of the British Lions team that toured in 1959. He played for the English national rugby team from 1956 to 1959.

Ashcroft died on 26 January 2021, aged 90.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
English rugby union players

Alan Ashcroft


Superman: The Game is a 1985 video game designed by Fernando Herrera and published in the U.S. by First Star Software for the Commodore 64. For European release, Superman was ported the Acorn Electron, Amstrad CPC, Atari 8-bit family, BBC Micro, and ZX Spectrum.

Gameplay

The game is for 2 players (or 1 vs the computer) and pits Superman against the character Darkseid. The object of the game is to save citizens of Metropolis (playing as Superman), or lure them to an underground lair (playing as Darkseid).

The game area is split into six sectors; 3 in the streets of Metropolis and 3 underground. Frantic citizens are running around the city and can be directed by deflectors (which can be set in certain directions) or by using super powers (Superman can pick up and carry citizens, Darkseid can teleport them). The players cannot leave a sector until they collect a diamond (or a number of diamonds depending on the difficulty setting). They then get to choose which sector to move to. In between each sector is a 'combat zone' mini-game and comes in a variety of styles. If the player who chose to leave the sector wins, the game moves on to the chosen sector. If they lose, play returns to the previous sector. In the sectors, the players can fire beams of set lengths (Superman uses heat vision, Darkseid fires an omega ray). If they hit, the enemy loses energy and also drops any diamonds collected. These beams are also directed by the deflectors.

The game ends when there are no more citizens running around or one of the players' energy bars is fully drained. The winner is the player who has saved (or lured) the most citizens at this point.

Release
Originally released in 1985 for the Commodore 64 in the US by developer First Star Software, it was picked up in the UK by Beyond Software. Beyond also advertised conversions for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Atari 8-bit family but not all of them made it to release. Telecomsoft released the Spectrum version for the first time at a budget price in 1986. In 1987 Prism Leisure Corporation published the game. This included all of the previous versions as well as new conversions for the Commodore 16/Plus/4, BBC Micro and Acorn Electron. The new conversions did not contain the combat zones.

Reception
From contemporary reviews, Computer Entertainer praised the graphics and recommended it for fans of "shoot-'em-up" arcade styled-games and was refreshing from the amount of adventure and strategy games on the market during the period.

References

External links
 Superman: The Game at Lemon64
 Superman: The Game at World of Spectrum
 Superman: The Game at Atari Mania

1985 video games
Action games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari 8-bit family games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games
Commodore 64 games
First Star Software games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Scrolling shooters
Superhero video games
Superman video games
Telecomsoft games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the United States
ZX Spectrum games

Superman: The Game


INUS condition stands for an insufficient, but necessary part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition. John Mackie introduced the term in the 1960s.

Mackie uses the example of a house burning: There was an electric short circuit that caused the fire. There was flammable material nearby, which started to burn after the short circuit happened. He then tries to explain the statement: "The short circuit caused the fire", according to the INUS condition:

 The short circuit is not a sufficient part of the condition "short circuit and flammable material".
 The short circuit is a necessary part.
 The condition "short circuit and flammable material" is not necessary for the result (house burning). It can be replaced by other conditions (for example "lightning and flammable material", or "arson") to get the same result.
 "short circuit and flammable material" is a sufficient condition, as it will always result in the house burning.

INUS conditions need prior experience: Only after you have seen a house burning after a short-circuit putting flammable material on fire several times can you deduce that it is indeed sufficient.

Related pages
 Necessary and sufficient condition

References
 John Leslie Mackie: Causes and Conditions. ''American Philosophical Quarterly''. 1965, 2(4). pp. 245–264. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20009173.
 John Leslie Mackie: ''The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation''. London 1974: Oxford University Press. especially chapter 3: Causal Regularities, pp. 59–87.

Logic

INUS condition


Luis Alberto Romero Alconchel (; born 28 September 1992), known as Luis Alberto, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for Serie A club Lazio.

After coming through Sevilla's youth system, he signed with Liverpool in 2013 from Barcelona B, being loaned to Málaga and Deportivo during his contract. In August 2016 he joined Lazio for €4 million, going on to spend several seasons in Serie A with the club.

Luis Alberto made his senior debut for Spain in 2017.

Club career

Sevilla
A product of Sevilla FC, Luis Alberto was born in San José del Valle, Province of Cádiz, and he spent his first two seasons as a senior with the reserves in Segunda División B, scoring 15 goals in his second. On 16 April 2011 he made his first-team – and La Liga – debut for the Andalusians, replacing another club youth graduate, Rodri, in the second half of a 1–0 away loss against Getafe CF.

Barcelona B

In August 2012, Luis Alberto was loaned to FC Barcelona Atlètic in a one-year deal, with the Catalans having the option to make the move permanent at the end of the season. He made his official debut on 2 September by playing two minutes in a 2–0 home win over CE Sabadell FC, and finished the campaign as second top scorer in the squad, only behind Gerard Deulofeu.

Liverpool
On 20 June 2013, Sevilla received a £6.8 million offer from Liverpool for Luis Alberto, which was accepted. The signing was completed two days later subject to international clearance, and he made his debut for the English club on 13 July in a 4–0 pre-season friendly win against Preston North End.

Luis Alberto made his Premier League debut on 1 September 2013, playing the last seven minutes in a 1–0 home victory over Manchester United in place of Philippe Coutinho. On 15 December, shortly after having scored a hat-trick in an under-21 match with the Reds, he provided an assist for Luis Suárez in the 5–0 away demolition of Tottenham Hotspur.

On 26 June 2014, Luis Alberto was loaned to Málaga CF in a season-long move. In the league opener, on 23 August, he scored the only goal in a home defeat of Athletic Bilbao.

On 5 July 2015, Luis Alberto agreed a loan move to Deportivo de La Coruña subject to a medical the following day. There, he linked up with manager Víctor Sánchez, who was previously in Sevilla's coaching staff.

Lazio
On 31 August 2016, Luis Alberto signed for Italian club SS Lazio for a fee of €4 million. He played only nine Serie A matches in his first season, but became an undisputed starter for the Simone Inzaghi-led side from there onwards.

Luis Alberto scored 12 goals in all competitions in the 2017–18 campaign, and added 18 assists. In October 2020, he tested positive for COVID-19.

International career
Luis Alberto earned his only cap for the Spain under-21 team on 5 February 2013, coming on for Valencia CF's Paco Alcácer midway through the second half of a 1–1 friendly draw in Belgium. He first appeared with the full side on 11 November 2017, playing the last 16 minutes in a 5–0 friendly win against Costa Rica.

Style of play
A talented and versatile playmaker, Luis Alberto usually plays either in a central role as an attacking midfielder or as a left winger, a position which allows him to cut inside and shoot on goal with his stronger right foot. He is also capable of playing in several other attacking positions including second striker, or even in a deeper role as an offensive minded central midfielder, known as the mezzala in Italian football jargon. Although he lacks physicality, he is known for his awareness, technical qualities, ball control and dribbling skills, as well as his passing, crossing and vision, which allow him to create chances and provide assists for teammates.

Moreover, he is an accurate set piece taker who possesses an eye for goal, and has a penchant for shooting from distance. Beyond his offensive qualities, he is also known for his defensive work-rate.

Personal life
On 19 January 2021, Luis Alberto underwent a successful emergency surgery in Rome to treat appendicitis.

He married his longtime girlfriend Patricia Venegas in 2014, fathering daughter Martina (born 2016) and son Lucas (2018).

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Lazio
Coppa Italia: 2018–19
Supercoppa Italiana: 2017, 2019

Individual
Serie A Team of the Year: 2019–20
Serie A Player of the Month: February 2020

Notes

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from the Province of Cádiz
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football wingers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Sevilla FC C players
Sevilla Atlético players
Sevilla FC players
FC Barcelona Atlètic players
Málaga CF players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Premier League players
Liverpool F.C. players
Serie A players
SS Lazio players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy

Luis Alberto (footballer, born 1992)


Arthur Curley (January 22, 1938 – March 31, 1998) was an American librarian who was listed as one of the 100 most important library leaders of the 20th century by journal American Libraries.

Early life and education
Arthur Curley was born in Boston on January 22, 1938, to Irish parents. His mother is credited with having high expectations for him, and for correctly presuming that he would attend the prestigious Boston Latin secondary school. Later, he studied political science at Harvard University, graduating in 1959 before earning his Master of Library Science degree at Simmons College in 1962.

Career

Curley's first position in a library was at the Connolly branch of the Boston Public Library system in a so-called "pre-professional position". By the time he had completed his library degree, he had already been appointed as director of the Avon Public library. He worked from 1961 to 1964. Though this was a directorship in title, he was the only employee, and responsible for virtually every component of the library.

In 1964, Curley was appointed as the director of the Palatine Public Library in Illinois, where he served until 1969.

Throughout his career he remained primarily in the Atlantic North East and Mid-West regions, typically taking positions as deputy director or director. Notably he "served as deputy director of the New York Public Library Research Libraries in 1980-1985 and deputy director of public services at Detroit Public Library from 1997 to 1980". His most notable career accomplishments include his election as President of the American Library Association in 1994 and his service as the director of the Boston Public Library from 1985 until 1996.

Views
Curley was known to be politically astute, and was tremendously concerned with how the function of the library as an institution was viewed by the public. Although he understood the important role of providing information, he was emphatic that libraries needed to be seen first and foremost as "humanistic institutions". He saw libraries as embodying the best of America's hopes and as the physical "repository of their values and aspirations" for each and every community. As such, he believed that a strong commitment to collection building based on community needs was essential at every library and he was fiercely critical of "libraries [that] lowered their collection building sights in the name of resource-sharing or 'access over ownership'".

His belief in the power of libraries as valuable community institutions was enormous. During a speech he remarked,
I have always felt that I could go into any town, community, hamlet anywhere in this country, and if you blindfolded me so I didn't know what community I was in, took me into the public library and suddenly took the blindfold off and let me look around for about ten minutes I think I could tell you more about the values of that community than I could derive from countless hours spent poring over census tracts and other sources of statistical information about it. Why? Because a library is a representative of intangible values and those intangible values more than ever are important to us as a society at this time..

Despite his love of the cultural aspects a library can provide, Curley was in no way technophobic. He encouraged librarians to see their work and especially their role as a key part of the information revolution. Imploring his peers in 1994 at a symposium at Rutgers School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies he said, "We need to be people for whom this is one more technological development, like the telephone or the electric typewriter, which we view with optimism because it will help us to do our jobs". However, he was particularly concerned with how this new technology and new forms of media could further divide populations based on class and other social factors depending on the relative levels of access. It was his belief that technological improvements should "arise from public commitment rather than fortuitous private philanthropy".

Legacy
In addition to being widely regarded as one of the most eloquent library advocates, Curley's energy and achievement for committee work within library organizations were enormous. When he became president of ALA in 1994 he ran on the theme "Libraries: An American Value" platform. Presently, he may be best known for the lecture series bearing his name, the Arthur Curley Memorial Lecture, which is devoted to the same theme and takes place each mid-winter meeting. He was a founding member of ALA's Social Responsibility Round Table which exists to make the ALA more democratic and to equip librarians to help address social inequality and other human rights issues. He was also chair of the Intellectual Freedom Committee from 1991 to 1994. During his presidency he founded Library Advocacy Now, which has facilitated important training for library advocates. Rather than merely promoting best practices "for Curley, LAN represented the first step of a grassroots effort of the ALA's 'awaking to activism'". The rhetorical force of his visions for the role libraries can have in society continues to be important for many librarians and library advocates.

Notes

References
 Varlejs, J. [ed.]. 1995. Curley, A. "Costs and values: the politics of economics" in The Economics of Information in the 1990s. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
 Sellen, B. C. and Curley, A. [eds.]. 1992. The Collection Building Reader. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.
 American Libraries. Chicago: Oct 1999. Vol. 30, Iss. 9;  pg. 6
Long, T. 1998. The Boston Globe (Boston, MA) April 1.
 Anonymous. American Libraries. Chicago: May 1998. Vol. 29, Iss. 5; pg. 95.
 Gale Research. 2002. Contemporary Authors (Online), Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
Ring, Daniel. 2003. Dictionary of American Library Biography; edited by Davis, Donald G. Westport, Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited.
Kniffel, L., McCormick, E. & Sullivan, P. Dec. 1999. "100 of the most important leaders we had in the 20th century". American Libraries, 30, 11, pp. 38–48.

External links
Arthur Curley Librarian Leaders in Intellectual Freedom

1938 births
1998 deaths
American librarians
Presidents of the American Library Association
Library science scholars
Boston Latin School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Simmons University alumni
New York Public Library people
People from Norfolk County, Massachusetts
People from Palatine, Illinois
Librarians of the Boston Public Library

Arthur Curley


The Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism (FAIR) was a London-based Muslim advocacy and lobbying group which campaigns against discrimination in the form of Islamophobia and racism. It was established in 2001 as an independent charitable organization with the aim of monitoring media coverage of Islam and Muslims, and challenging examples of Islamophobia through dialogue with media organizations. It produced numerous publications relating to Islamophobia in the United Kingdom. Formed in 2000, Navid Akhtar and Samar Mashadi have been directors of FAIR.

Aims and activities

According to the group's mission statement, it was set up "for the purpose of raising awareness of and combating Islamophobia and racism, monitoring specific incidents of Islamophobia and racism, working towards eliminating religious and racial discrimination, campaigning and lobbying on issues relevant to Muslim and other multi-ethnic communities in Britain."

FAIR was active in campaigning for passing of the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 which outlawed the incitement towards religious hatred in Britain. They issued a memorandum in 2002 entitled "The Religious Offences Bill: A Response" to the House of Lords Select Committee in which they raised a number of publications by the far-right British National Party inciting hatred against Islam and the Muslim community in Britain, stating that this exposed a loophole in British law wherein some communities were protected from incitement to hatred whilst others were not. In 2003, FAIR reported 29 incidents of assault or attacks against Muslims for that year, though they believe many went unreported. This included attacks on Muslim women and people wearing traditional Muslim clothes, as well as vandalism of mosques and Islamic centers. Also reported were desecration of Muslim graves.

In 2004, the FAIR carried out a survey in association with the Muslim College and the Al-Khoei Foundation which found that since the September 11 attacks, 80 percent of Muslims surveyed reported being subjected to Islamophobia; 68 percent believed they had been treated and perceived differently; and 32 percent reported being discriminated against at airports in the United Kingdom. FAIR have also co-organised events and demonstrations alongside the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) and the National Assembly of Black People.

FAIR was dissolved on May 24, 2016.

Publications
 Counter-Terrorism Powers: Reconciling Security and Liberty in an Open Society: Discussion Paper- A Muslim Response. (2004), London
 A Response to the Government Consultation Paper, 'Towards Equality and Diversity: Implementing the Employment and Race Directives.' (2002) London.

Notes

References

External links
Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism (fairuk.org) official website.

Opposition to Islamophobia
Advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Civil rights organisations in the United Kingdom
Islamic organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 2001
Anti-racist organisations in the United Kingdom

Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism


Human nature refers to the characteristics of mankind. This means ways of thinking, feeling and acting which humans have naturally.

What these characteristics are, what causes them and how fixed human nature is, are good questions. They among the oldest and most important questions in western philosophy. These questions affect ethics, politics and theology. Human nature is a source of advice on how to live well, but it also puts limits and obstacles on living a good life.

The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in art and literature, while the humanities inquire into human nature, and what it means to be human.

Theories of human nature
Many great thinkers have had definite ideas on human nature, but some ideas have lasted better than others. An example of this is the best-selling college textbook which first appeared in 1974 as Seven theories of human nature. The seven theories were those of:
Plato
Christianity
Marx
Freud
Sartre
Skinner
Lorenz

Thirty years later the selection was of ten theories:
Confucianism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Plato
Aristotle
The Bible
Kant
Marx
Sartre and
Darwinian theories of human nature.

Aristotle
Aristotle, Plato's most famous student, made some of the most famous and influential statements about human nature.

In his works some clear statements about human nature are made:
 Man is a conjugal animal. 'Conjugal' means living together, building a household (oikos). A clan or small village could still be run by the head of the family.
 Man is a political animal. By this he meant an animal with able to develop complex communities the size of a city or town, with a division of labour and law-making. This type of community is different from a large family, and requires the use of human reason.
 Man loves to use his imagination (and not just to make laws and run town councils). We love to look at things, learn their names, and think about them.

For Aristotle, reason is what is most special about humanity compared to other animals, and is what we achieve at our best.

Much of Aristotle's description of human nature is still influential today, but the particular teleological idea that humans are "meant" or intended to be something, has become much less popular in modern times.

Biological theories
Humans are mammals, and have developed by a process of evolution. It follows that what is called human nature is inherited, and had been the product of natural selection. We are not blank slates; our mental life and behaviour has ancient roots. This is the question of nature vs nurture, and the subject-matter of evolutionary psychology. Ethology and sociobiology has also looked at these issues from the perspective of human evolution and heredity.

References

Humans
Human behavior
Philosophical anthropology

Human nature


George Sphrantzes, also Phrantzes or Phrantza ( or Φραντζής; 30 August 1401 –  1478), was a late Byzantine historian and Imperial courtier. He was an attendant to Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, protovestiarites ("Lord of the Imperial Wardrobe") under John VIII Palaiologos, and a close confidant to Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last Byzantine emperor. He was an eyewitness of the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, made a slave by the victorious Ottomans, but ransomed shortly afterwards. Sphrantzes served the surviving members of the Palaiologian family for the next several years until taking monastic vows in 1472. It was while a monk he wrote his history, which ends with the notice of Sultan Mehmed II's attempt to capture Naupaktos, which he dates to the summer of 1477; Sphrantzes is assumed to have died not long after that event.

Life
George was born in Constantinople on 30 August 1401, during the second Ottoman blockade of the city; his godmother was the nun Thomais. In 1418 he was appointed attendant to Emperor Manuel. During his service to the Emperor Manuel, Sphrantzes did many favors for Constantine, developing a strong rapport with the future Emperor for, as he writes, "my uncle had been his tutor and my cousins and I were his companions, friends, and attendants." After the death of Manuel, he became the servant of Constantine and left with him 26 December 1427 when Constantine was appointed Despot of the Morea.

When they arrived in the Morea, Constantine made him governor of Glarentza, and Sphrantzes assisted Constantine in the latter's efforts to conquer the remainder of the Morea, but was captured 26 March 1429 in a skirmish outside of Patras and held prisoner until his relationship to Constantine was recognized, and he was paroled back to the Byzantine side to negotiate surrender of the citadel. While traveling to Epirus as an ambassador, to help arbitrate a peace between Carlo II Tocco and his uncle's illegitimate sons over the succession to rule over Epirus, he was kidnapped by Catalan pirates, along with his retinue, and held at Cephalonia until the pirates took the group back to Glarentza where they were ransomed. Upon returning to Constantinople, he was made protovestiarites and appointed ambassador by the Emperor.

After this point, Sphrantzes was a key supporter of Constantine. He attempted to secure Athens for his master in 1435; he negotiated Constantine's second marriage with Caterina Gattilusio in 1440; he was appointed prefect of Mistras in 1446; and most importantly he was sent on an embassy to Georgia and the Empire of Trebizond in search of a third wife for Emperor Constantine. During these duties he married Helena, the daughter of the imperial secretary Alexios Palaiologos Tzamplakon, and the Emperor Constantine was his best man. He was preparing to take his son John (and the larger part of his portable wealth) to the Morea, then to Cyprus, traveling by land "so that my son could visit the places and learn all those things which would be of use in his life" when the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II began his siege of Constantinople.

Despite being involved in the defense of the city, George Sphrantzes' account of the siege and capture of Constantinople in 1453 lacks much detail. About the death of Emperor Constantine, he writes simply, "in this capture my late master and emperor, Lord Constantine, was killed. I was not at his side at that hour but had been inspecting another part of the City, according to his orders." Sphrantzes was captured and made a slave, but was ransomed 1 September 1453 then made his way to Mistras. There he obtained protection at the court of Thomas Palaiologos, despot of the Morea. He managed to go to Adrianople in 1454, ransom his wife, and return to the Morea, while evading the Sultan Mehmed. He served as an ambassador to Venice on behalf of Thomas Palaiologos in 1455. After the fall of the Peloponnesian in 1460, Sphrantzes retired to the monastery of Tarchaneiotes in Corfu.

Family
By Helena, he had five children, of whom two sons died in infancy, a third son Alexios died at the age of 5, while John and his only daughter Thamar lived to adulthood; the Emperor Constantine was godfather to both John and Thamar. Following the capture of Constantinople both children had become slaves of some elderly Turks, along with his wife Helena, and then were sold to the Sultan's Mir Ahor, or Master of Horse. However, before Sphrantzes could ransom them from the Mir Ahor, the Sultan learned of them and bought them. "Thus their wretched mother was left all alone in the company of a single nurse," Sphrantzes writes. Sphrantzes records he learned of his son's death, at the age of 14 years and a day short of eight months, on December 1453. Much later did Sphrantzes learn of his daughter Thamar's death in the Ottoman Imperial Harem in September 1455, aged 14 years and five months.

Works
At the monastery he wrote his Chronicle (Χρονικόν), which details the history of the House of the Palaiologoi from 1401 to 1476. It is a very valuable authority for the events of his own times. The distinctive traits of his work are loyalty to the Palaiologoi -- Sphrantzes often exaggerated their merits and suppressed their defects -- hatred of the Turks, and devotion to Eastern Orthodoxy. Steven Runciman described his work as "honest, vivid and convincing" and that Sphrantzes "wrote good Greek in an easy unpretentious style."

There are editions by I. Bekker (1838) in the Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae vol. 39, and in J. P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca vol. 156. The most recent critical edition of Sphrantzes is by Vasile Grecu (Bucharest, 1966), which appeared with a Romanian translation. Sphrantzes was also translated into German in 1954, and into English by Marios Philippides (Amherst, 1980). There is an edition with Italian translation by R. Maisano, Rome 1990 (CFHB 29).

For centuries it was believed that Sphrantzes wrote two works, one the Minor Chronicle and the other the Major Chronicle. The Major Chronicle, which also includes the origins of the Palaiologoi, is more detailed particularly about the siege of Constantinople. But, beginning in 1934, the research of such scholars as J.B. Falier-Papadopoulos, Franz Dölger, and Raymond-Joseph Loenertz demonstrated that the Major Chronicle was written decades later by Makarios Melissenos ("Pseudo-Sphrantzes"), a priest who fled to Naples from a Greek-Venetian island conquered by the Ottomans. Why Melissenos selected Sphrantzes to elaborate and expand upon is not clear.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes

1401 births
1478 deaths
15th-century Byzantine historians
15th-century Greek people
15th-century Byzantine monks
Writers from Constantinople
George
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
Fall of Constantinople
Monemvasia
15th-century slaves

George Sphrantzes


The former Surry Town Hall is located at 1217 Surry Road (Maine State Route 172) in the village of Surry, Maine.  Built in East Surry in 1848, it served as town hall until 1844, and as a combined church and town hall until about 1881.  It was then returned to exclusive municipal use until 1978; it is now home to the Surry Historical Society.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.  The town's municipal offices are located in a modern facility on North Bend Road; town meetings are now held in the local school auditorium.

Description and history
The former Surry Town Hall is set at the northwest corner of Surry Road and Meadow Lane, in the rural village of Surry.  It is a single-story rectangular wood-frame structure, with a tower projecting from the front facade.  It has a front-gable roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation.  The front facade has no windows, and the entrance is at the base of the tower, topped by a transom window and framed by simple molded trim.  The tower is without adornment until it rises above the ridge line of the main block, at which point a roof line separates the tower base from the square belfry.  The belfry is more highly decorated, with wide corner pilasters and a simple entablature framing rectangular louvered openings.  A small steeple rises above the belfry.  A small shed-roof addition extends to the north (rear) of the building.  The interior consists of a small vestibule in the tower, a large open space with a barrel roof, and a storage space in the rear addition.

The town hall was built by the town in 1828 in what is now East Surry to house municipal meetings and voting facilities.  At the time it was near the geographic center of the town, but after much of eastern Surry was transferred to neighboring Ellsworth in 1829, it was at the far eastern edge of the town.  In 1844 the town sold the building to the Surry Union Meeting Society, reserving the right to use the building for town meetings.  The society moved the building to its present location, and added the tower and other Greek Revival features.  The building was then used by the town as well as local congregations of Methodists and Baptists.  The Baptists built their own church in 1866, and the Methodists soon followed; by 1881 the building was recorded on maps as the "town house" again.  The building continued to be used by the town for meetings and voting until 1978, and was leased to the Surry Historical Society in 1980.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine

References

City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Greek Revival church buildings in Maine
Buildings and structures completed in 1844
Buildings and structures in Hancock County, Maine
Town halls in Maine
Wooden churches in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Hancock County, Maine

Surry Town Hall


Pam Blackwell (born November 9, 1942) is an American Jungian educator and theorist, as well as a playwright and novelist. She has been a meditation teacher for 40 years and directs "Morningstar Institute". In addition to its other services, "Morningstar Institute" offers online, college-level meditation courses.

A recipient of a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in 1985, her first novel, Ephraim's Seed, was published in 1995. It was the first of a projected four-novel series, The Millennial Series—a fictionalized account of happenings in the time just before and then during The Millennium. The following two novels in the series were Jacob's Cauldron (1998) and Michael's Fire (2002). The concluding novel in the series will be entitled David's Throne.

In addition to her novels, she wrote Christ-Centered Meditation: A Handbook for Spiritual Practice in 2011. She also authored the lyrics and book for the musical Parley P. Pratt's Great Escape, co-written with Jazz vocalist Kelly Eisenhour (a graduate of Boston's Berklee College of Music and former backup singer for Gladys Knight).

Blackwell (aka Blackwell Mayes), has a doctorate from the Southern California University for Professional Studies in psychology and has founded The Sacred Hoop Healing Center, which provides support services for Native Americans. Her non-profit corporation, Morning Star Projects, provides assistance to the Northern Cheyenne nation. She is also the Director of Western Sandplay Associates. She is an associate member of the Sandplay Therapists of America (http://www.sandplay.org/index.htm). She has authored theoretical and practical articles in Jungian psychology as well as Jungian sand play therapy in such journals as the International Journal of Play Therapy (2006, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 101–117) and Psychological Perspectives (2005, vol. 48, pp. 84–107).

References

1942 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
Jungian psychologists
21st-century American novelists
American lyricists
American women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights

Pam Blackwell


The flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans), also known as the helmet gurnard, is a bottom-dwelling fish of tropical to warm temperate waters on both sides of the Atlantic. On the American side, it is found as far north as Massachusetts (exceptionally as far as Canada) and as far south as Argentina, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. On the European and African side, it ranges from the English Channel to Angola, including the Mediterranean. This is the only species in the monotypic genus Dactylopterus. Similar and related species from the genus Dactyloptena are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

This fish is variable in coloration, being brownish or greenish with reddish or yellowish patches. When excited, the fish spreads its "wings", which are semitransparent, with a phosphorescent, bright-blue coloration at their tips. The fish also has large eyes. It reaches up to  in length and  in weight.

The fish's main diet consists of small fish, bivalves, and crustaceans.

References

External links

flying gurnard
Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
flying gurnard
Fish of Cuba
Fish of the Dominican Republic
flying gurnard

Flying gurnard


In cryptography, MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption workshop. It was intended as a catalyst for analysis of a new cipher structure, known as Generalized Unbalanced Feistel Networks (GUFNs).

Schneier and Blaze based MacGuffin on DES, their main change was spliting the DES 64 bits data block into two unequal halves in the Feistel network, 48 bits of the 64-bit data block are fed through the round function, whose output is XORed with the other 16 bits of the data block.

MacGuffin's key schedule is a modified version of the encryption algorithm itself. Since MacGuffin is a Feistel network, decryption is easy; simply run the encryption algorithm in reverse.

The algorithm was experimental, intended to explore the security properties of unbalanced Feistel networks. The cryptanalysis proceeded very quickly, so quickly that the cipher was broken using differential cryptanalysis at the same workshop by Vincent Rijmen and Bart Preneel. They also tried attacking MacGuffin with different S-boxes, taken directly from DES. This version was slightly stronger.

Rijmen and Preneel warn that designing an algorithm to resist only known attacks is generally not a good design principle.

Schneier and Blaze recommended using 32 rounds, and specified MacGuffin with a 128-bit key.

References

Cryptography

MacGuffin (cipher)


Mohamed "Mo" Camara (born 25 June 1975) is a Guinean former professional footballer who played as a left-back or left midfielder.

Club career

Early career
Born in Conakry, Guinea, Camara spent the early years of his professional career in French football, with Beauvais in 1993, and in 1996 went on loan to Troyes, where he played 13 league games. He made a total of 79 league appearances for Beauvais, before signing for Le Havre in August 1997, where he was sent on loan to Lille.

Wolves
Camara moved to England in summer 2000 with Wolverhampton Wanderers of the First Division in a £100,000 deal. He became a cult figure amongst their fans, known for his commitment and pace despite sometimes exhibiting a lack of positional sense and ball control. A regular column from the spoof 'Mohammed Camara Appreciation Society' appeared in fanzine 'A Load of Bull' celebrating his eccentric but lovable playing style. He was a regular starter in his first two seasons with the side, but failed to make an appearance during their 2002–03 promotion success following the signing of Denis Irwin and a knee ligament injury.

Burnley
Camara joined Burnley on a free transfer in June 2003, which gave Camara regular playing time once again. After Steve Cotterill replaced previous manager Stan Ternent, he made the left-back focus on his crossing ability, causing a dramatic up-turn in his form at the beginning of the 2004–05 season. He scored once for Burnley in the League Cup as they memorably knocked out Premier League side Aston Villa in October 2004.

Celtic
Camara's form attracted interest from Scottish Premier League side Celtic, who he joined at the end of his two-year contract under the Bosman ruling at the end of the season.

After one-to-one sessions with manager Gordon Strachan, Camara started to do well and established himself as a defender in Celtic's first eleven. However, after Ross Wallace was converted into a left-back, Camara was relegated to the bench and made only rare appearances. He fell further down the pecking order after the signing of right-back Mark Wilson, who was also converted to left back.

Derby County
Despite earlier pledging to fight for his place at Celtic, Camara ending up leaving to join Derby County on a free transfer in August 2006. He was a regular player during the first half of the season, however he found himself out of contention after Derby signed Jay McEveley in the January transfer window. The following season, with the club newly in the Premier League, saw Camara find appearances just as scarce. Despite scoring against Blackpool in the League Cup at the start of the season, he made just one appearance in the top flight, a 6–0 thrashing at Liverpool, before later being loaned to Championship side Norwich City. This was subsequently extended to cover the whole of the 2007–08 campaign.

On 5 August 2008, Camara moved to Derby's Championship rivals Blackpool on loan until 30 August. He made his debut for the Seasiders on 9 August in a 1–0 home defeat to Bristol City. On 9 September the loan was extended for a further month, with manager Simon Grayson saying, "He has done very well for us in the first four league games. He has good energy and experience and he has been a good addition." The loan period was extended for a third and final time on 17 October, keeping him with the Seasiders until 22 November. Upon his return to Derby Camara featured in a FA Cup victory at Forest Green Rovers but was deemed surplus to requirements by new Derby manager Nigel Clough and his contract was cancelled on 2 February 2009.

St Mirren
After the January 2009 transfer window shut, free agent Camara moved back to Scotland to sign for Scottish Premier League side St Mirren.

Torquay United
Soon after being released from St Mirren, Camara joined English League Two side Torquay United. Having made his debut in a 2–1 home defeat to Port Vale on 13 February, Camara made his second and final appearance for the Gulls six days later in a match at Rotherham United in which he was substituted at half time. It was finally confirmed by manager Paul Buckle on 24 April that Camara was no longer at the club.

He was released by Torquay on 15 May 2010, along with six other players.

International career
Camara made 20 appearances at full international level for Guinea from 1995 to 2000, and played in two of his country's group stage matches at the 1998 African Cup of Nations held in Burkina Faso.

After football
Camara was made head of European scouting at Derby County in February 2014 and opened a wine bar in Tettenhall, an affluent area of Wolverhampton in 2017.

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Guinean men's footballers
Guinea men's international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
1998 African Cup of Nations players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
AS Beauvais Oise players
ES Troyes AC players
Le Havre AC players
Lille OSC players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing staff
Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in England

Mo Camara


William Beardmore, 1st Baron Invernairn, DL (16 October 1856 – 9 April 1936), known as Sir William Beardmore, Bt, between 1914 and 1921, was a British industrialist, founding the eponymous William Beardmore and Company.

Background and education
Beardmore was born in Greenwich, London, in the family home. His father, also William Beardmore, was a mechanical engineer, working for the General Steam Navigation Company in Deptford. In 1861 his family moved to Glasgow, where his father bought the Parkhead Forge, a steel mill and supplier to the thriving shipbuilding and railway industries on the Clyde in the east end of the city. He was educated at the High School of Glasgow and Ayr Academy. When he was fifteen, he began an apprenticeship at Parkhead, while taking night classes at Anderson's University. On completing his apprenticeship in 1877 he enrolled at the Royal School of Mines in South Kensington, London.

Business career
Beardmore's father died shortly afterwards and the retirement of the third business partner saw William's uncle Isaac become sole proprietor. William became a junior partner in 1879 and on his uncle's retirement seven years later he became the sole proprietor of the business. He rapidly expanded the business and formed it into the limited company of William Beardmore & Company, of which he became chairman and managing director, in 1902. In 1899, he bought the world-famous yard of Robert Napier and Sons at Govan, on the Clyde. In 1900 he became chairman of J. I. Thornycroft & Co, the torpedo boat builders. In 1902 he also became a shareholder and director of the armaments firm Vickers and the motor manufacturers Arrol-Johnston.

Over the years he diversified his business to include the production of vehicles, armaments, including shells and tanks, aircraft, airships and motorcycles. The original forge business continued to produce a wide array of steel materials, including armour plate, castings, axles, railway equipment, boiler plate and wheels. In 1900, he purchased land on the north bank of the Clyde at Dalmuir, adjacent to the famous yard of John Brown & Company at Clydebank. This he developed into one of the largest and most modern shipyards in the world, but the post-war decline in shipbuilding saw this yard close in 1936.

Amongst ships built by Beardmore were the SS Warilda, later the HMAT Warilda, for the Adelaide Steamship Company, the dreadnought HMS Conqueror, the battleship HMS Ramillies, and the first through-deck aircraft carrier . Beardmore sponsored Ernest Shackleton's 1907 Antarctic expedition, and it named the Beardmore Glacier after him.

He was a member of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Iron and Steel Institute, and the Institution of Shipbuilders and Engineers in Scotland. He was also chairman of the Industrial Welfare Society. In 1918 he was awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute for his services to the industry.

Beardmore was created a Baronet, of Flichity in the County of Inverness, in 1914 and raised to the peerage as Baron Invernairn, of Strathnairn in the County of Inverness, in the 1921 New Year Honours.

Personal life
Lord Invernairn died at his home in Strathnairn, Inverness-shire of heart failure on 9 April 1936, aged 79. The baronetcy and barony died with him. It is believed he fathered a son called William, whose descendants are still alive.

References

Further reading
 Michael S. Moss, 'Beardmore,  William, Baron Invernairn  (1856–1936)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2007, Retrieved 22 March 2010
 The Clydebank Story: Beardmore's shipyard

1856 births
1936 deaths
People from Deptford
People educated at the High School of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Alumni of Imperial College London
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
Scottish company founders
Scottish industrialists
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Ayr Academy
Deputy Lieutenants of Glasgow
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Bessemer Gold Medal
Barons created by George V

William Beardmore, 1st Baron Invernairn