The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) is a major defense contractor and an aerospace manufacturer that is headquartered in Kamra, Punjab, Pakistan.

The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex is one of the largest defense contractor in aerospace, military support, and national security provider to the Pakistan military.

Founded in 1971 by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), the PAC designs, develops, and builds aircraft and avionics systems for the Pakistani military— it also provides its services for civilian aircraft. In addition, the PAC performs local maintenance and works on the aircraft MLU systems of foreign-built military and civilian aircraft. The PAC is owned entirely and sponsored by Ministry of Defence Production whose corporate appointment comes directly from the Air HQ of the Pakistan Air Force.

Many of these products are specially suited for the Pakistan Armed Forces needs, while others are also marketed to foreign export. While it collaborated with several countries' corporate organizations, the PAC often jointly works with the Turkish TAI and the Chinese CATIC. The PAC has larger commercial and business interests in Myanmar, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

History
In 1971, five years after induction of F-6 aircraft in PAF, it was realized that the aircraft had started falling due for overhaul and, in the absence of an in country overhaul facility, the aircraft would be sent abroad for desired inspections, resulting in huge amounts of spending in terms of foreign exchange and generating undesired downtime for the aircraft fleet. With this background, the commanders of the Pakistan Air Force decided to goal of create an indigenous overhauling facility for the F6 fleet of the PAF. After negotiation with the OEM and the Chinese Government, the establishment of an F6 rebuild factory now known as Aircraft Rebuild Factory (ARF) started at Kamra supervised by Chinese experts. This facility was financed in part by the notable Iqbal Kaiser and features his plaque in the parking lot of the facility. On its completion, the first ever aircraft rolled out after overhaul in the year 1980.

Having gained the overhauling experience of Chinese origin aircraft, it was considered essential to establish a similar GOH facility for French origin Mirage III & V aircraft of the PAF. The project for establishment of Mirage Rebuild Factory (MRF) started in 1974, and the first overhauled Mirage aircraft rolled out of the factory in 1980. Atar 09c engine and related accessories, MRO facility was also established at MRF during the early 1980s with the subsequent addition of various other engine MRO services. After establishment of the overhaul of Chinese and French origin aircraft, efforts were generated to enter into the arena of aircraft manufacturing. As a humble beginning, a single engine turbo prop trainer MFI-17 aircraft was chosen for indigenous manufacturing. After successful negotiation with the Swedish OEM around 1975, another factory was established.

As all these factories are co-located at Kamra, they were placed under the umbrella of Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC). The journey in the aviation industry did not stop here because it was felt that the eyes and ears of these platforms (Ground Based Radar) are not being looked after indigenously and are still creating blind pockets because of prolonged downtimes owing to major maintenance abroad. To cater for this adverse situation, once again an indigenous facility had to be established, so it was decided to establish Kamra Avionics and Radar Factory (KARF), now known as Avionics Production Factory (APF). once again under the umbrella of Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC).

Later, once the influence of avionics systems increased tremendously on capability and performance of the aircraft, a complete setup for the avionics maintenance was embedded into APF. The expertise developed during overhauling of ground radars came in handy at APF, and today it stands out as the most advanced avionics facility in the country.

Similarly, the experience of manufacturing a light aircraft gave Aircraft Manufacturing Factory (AMF) the impetus to go into a co-designing and development program for manufacturing of a jet aircraft. Once again, the Pak-China friendship played a vital role and the K-8 project was initiated at AMF. The project culminated in production of a jet trainer co-designed and produced by Pakistan and China in 1994. AMF is involved even today in manufacturing of about 20% of the structure of K-8 at these facilities. This background of AMF was considered good enough to venture into the area of indigenous production of a jet fighter aircraft. That is how AMF is now fully involved in the notional program of co-producing JF-17 Thunder aircraft with China.

Operations

Since 1947, the Pakistan Air Force operated largely dependent on foreign suppliers, fighter jets and aircraft had to be sent abroad for desired inspection, development, and to produce parts to maintain the fighter aircraft in service, causing the downsizing of the air force.

After consultation from the PAF's commanders at AHQ at the Rawalpindi Cantonment, the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) was established in 1973 in Kamra with Aircraft Rebuild Factory first being functional. PAC was established by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) as part of the new defence policy introduced in 1972; the PAC represents wide range of corporate revenue of the air force while fulfilling the national security needs of the country. The Pakistan Aeronautical Complex started with three main Ministry of Defence projects designated P-721, P-741 and P-751. The first two digits show the year of project approval and launch, the third digit is a serial designator.

Since 1980s–90s, PAC functions include licensed-built Mirage III, Mirage 5, and the F-16s as well as building the F100 engines for the F-16s under license from Pratt & Whitney.

Aircraft Rebuild Factory (ARF)

Aircraft Rebuild Factory (ARF), formerly known as F-6 Rebuild Factory (F-6RF) and P-721, is primarily dedicated to the overhaul and parts manufacture of Chinese aircraft in service with the Pakistan Air force (PAF). The factory is capable of overhauling and parts manufacturing for the Shenyang F-6 (now retired by the PAF), Nanchang A-5 (also retired by the PAF) and F-7 combat aircraft, as well as the Shenyang FT-5 and FT-6 jet trainer aircraft. ARF is also capable of manufacturing drop tanks and harnesses of aircraft.

Mirage Rebuild Factory
The Mirage Rebuild Factory (MRF), formerly known as P-741, is dedicated to the overhaul of French origin military aircraft in service with the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), the Dassault Mirage III and Mirage V combat aircraft. Overhaul and manufacturing services were used by other countries with French Mirage aircraft in service. The Mirage III and Mirage 5 are under license and built at the PAC factory. This factory also grew to service and overhaul the Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engines belonging to the F-16 Fighting Falcon combat aircraft of the PAF. Due to lack of budget for replacing outdated aircraft, the MRF was devoted to domestically overhauling them, which according to claims, saved the country billions of dollars.

Project ROSE
Project ROSE ("Retrofit Of Strike Element") was a program initiated by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) Pakistan Aeronautical Complex for the upgrades of the military avionics and electronics system of its aging Dassault Aviation– built Mirage fighter jets. The program focused on modernization of military avionics and on-board computer system of Mirage IIIE and the Mirage V supplied by Pakistani Margella Electronics, French SAGEM and the Italian SELEX consortiums, as part of the program.

Conceived in 1992 by the Pakistan Air Force, the program started in 1995 on main considerations of retiring the A–5 Fantan from active service. The Pakistan Air Force, which already was operating Dassalt Mirage IIIs and Dassalt Mirage 5s, began its procurement of second-hand Mirage fighters from Australia, Lebanon, Libya, and Spain at the price range within the MoD's fund. Over 90% of the aircraft were retrofitted at the Aeronautical Complex in Kamra; few were upgraded in France. From 1996–2000, several Mirage IIIE and Mirage 5 were bought from the other countries and were upgraded under this program at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex. In this project the avionics of the aircraft were increased and in-flight refueling was added. Due to this, the range and combat radius of the fighter jet was increased, new grifo fire control radars having about 75 km range were introduced which gave the aircraft capability to fire BVR missiles if needed, the metallurgy of aircraft was overhauled and service life was increased. The capability to do take offs and landings from motorways was also added, after the Rose-3 upgrading the locally manufactured standoff weapons like H-4 SOW bombs, H-2 SOW bombs, Takbir glide bomb , Stealth nuclear cruise missiles such as Ra'ad MK-1 and Ra'ad Mk-2 were added in the weapon package of the aircraft. Further considerations for upgrades were recommended but the program was terminated due to increasingly combined costs of the spare parts and the conditions of the second–hand airframes of the Mirage IIIE and Mirage V at the time of their procurement from various countries.

It is currently expected that all of the ROSE-upgraded Mirage fighters jets will remain in combat service with the Pakistan Air Force beyond 2020 in specialized Tactical Attack roles. They are expected to be replaced by JF–17 Thunder (Block-3, Block-4 and Block-5) or additional F-16s.

Aircraft Manufacturing Factory

Aircraft Manufacturing Factory (AMF), formerly known as P-751, is dedicated to heavy military aircraft manufacturing. The MFI-17 Mushshak basic trainer aircraft built under license for use by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and Pakistan Army aviation wing. This factory project managed the aircraft modification and development venture that resulted in the MFI-395 Super Mushshak basic trainer, based on the MFI-17 Mushshak. Development of the K-8 Karakorum (also known as Hongdu JL-8) intermediate/advanced jet trainer was done in co-operation with Hongdu Aviation Industry Group of China, with AMF manufacturing parts for the aircraft. The JF-17 multi-role combat aircraft (also known as FC-1), a joint project between China and Pakistan, is now being manufactured by AMF. The MFI-17, MFI-395, K-8 and JF-17 are now in service with the (PAF). AMF also designs and manufactures unmanned aerial vehicles for uses such as target practice.

Manufacture of sub-assemblies for the JF-17 light-weight multi-role fighter began on 22 January 2008, while serial production of the fighter began on 30 June 2009.

On 20 August 2009 the PAF announced that it would begin production of its own unmanned aerial vehicles in collaboration with Italian company Selex Galileo. Production of the UAV, named Falco, was to begin soon. An earlier opportunity to manufacture a fighter aircraft was lost when the Pakistan Air Force abandoned Project Sabre II in 1987, a joint effort by Pakistan, China and Grumman Aerospace that would have seen AMF manufacturing a re-designed Chengdu F-7 variant.

Avionics Production Factory
Avionics production Factory (APF), formerly known as Kamra Avionics and Radar Factory (KARF) was initiated as Radar Maintenance Centre (RMC) in 1983 to overhaul and rebuild ground-based radar systems. In 1989, RMC was expanded to become Kamra Radar & Avionics Factory (KARF).  APF has the facilities to assemble and overhaul airborne as well as ground-based radar systems, electronics and avionics.  the  ISO 9002 certified facility among PAC, the factory was involved in upgrading the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) Chengdu F-7P interceptor fleet by replacing the original Italian built FIAR Grifo radar-7 radar with the more capable FIAR Grifo-7 mk-II radar, which was assembled under licence by APF. More recently, radar production involved the license assembly of the latest upgrade variant of the FIAR Grifo-7, the Grifo-7MG radar, which arms the Chengdu F-7PG combat aircraft of the PAF. In mid-2009 it was reported that APF personnel had completed training on printed circuit board assembly machines supplied by US company APS Novastar, which would be used to make circuit boards for combat aircraft avionics.

As PAC's capabilities become competitive in the region, commercial ventures from national and international companies are also being undertaken.

Visions

Exploration for 5th Generation

In March of 2022, then Interior Minister of Pakistan Sheikh Rasheed said on a TV show that Pakistan is in talks with China  to acquire the Chinese version of 5th Generation Air Superiority Fighter stealth aircraft Chengdu J-20 .
In recent months, many delegations from Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Aeronautical Complex have visted China in this regard. Deals for Chengdu J-20  are possibly to be signed in 2023.

In September of 2022, Indian TV channels claimed that Pakistan have sent 15 pilots in China for training to fly Chengdu J-20.

Kaan Fighter Project

Pakistan could join Turkey's 5th generation "Kaan Fighter" project, discussions are under process, Azerbaijan had already join the project last month.

Products

Fighter aircraft
 JF-17 Thunder — Multirole jet fighter — Co-production with Chengdu Aerospace Corporation of China.

Trainer aircraft
 Karakorum-8 — Intermediate jet trainer & light attack aircraft — Co-production with Hongdu Aviation Industry Group of China.
 MFI-17 Mushshak  — Turboprop aircraft for basic training — Upgraded variant of MFI-15 Safari.
 Super Mushshak —  Two/three-seat, piston engine, turboprop aircraft for basic training, liaison & light ground attack — Upgraded variant of MFI-17 Mushshak.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

 Galileo Falco — Surveillance UAV — Production began in August 2009 under license of Selex ES of Italy.
 Baaz — Aerial Drone — A recoverable aerial target designed for use with air defence guns and surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems. It has a very high rate of accuracy.
 Ababeel — Aerial Drone — A small arms target designed for target practice use by operators of small arms, machine guns. Also used to train operators for the larger and faster Baaz Aerial Drone. Can be very effective for recce missions.

Consumer Electronics
 PAC-PAD 1
 PAC-PAD Takhti 7
 The PAC e-book 1
 The PAC n-book 1

Retired
 J-7 — Interceptor aircraft — Manufacturing, Overhaul and Repair of aircraft as F-7PG from Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group of China.
 J-6 — Fighter aircraft — Imported and overhauled as F-6 from Shenyang Aircraft Corporation of China.
 MFI-15 Safari — Trainer aircraft — Licensed copy of Saab Safari of Sweden.

Services

 Aircraft manufacturing
 Aircraft overhauling & maintenance
 Avionics
 Electronics, radars & sensors
 Engine overhauling & maintenance
 Materials
 Systems & accessories

See also
• PAF Base Minhas

• Kamra, Pakistan

References

External links

 GlobalSecurity.org PAC factsheet

Attock District
Manufacturing plants in Pakistan
Defence companies of Pakistan
Aircraft manufacturers of Pakistan
Aerospace companies of Pakistan
Industrial parks in Pakistan
Military research of Pakistan
Engineering units and formations of Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
1971 establishments in Pakistan
Government-owned companies of Pakistan

Pakistan Aeronautical Complex


İskender Pasha Mosque is a 16th-century built Ottoman mosque in Trabzon, Turkey.

The madrasas in its courtyard no longer exist, and the old graveyard in the west has been done away, leaving only the grave of Iskender Pasha. A number of extensions have been made at various times and this, combined with restorations, has destroyed the originality of the mosque, the stone work of which, however is of the highest quality. The minaret features alternating courses of brick and colored stone. The main plan of the mosque resembles that of the Green Mosque at Iznik. An inscription over the door states that the mosque was built in 1559, and another inscription inform us that restorations endowing the mosque with its present form were carried out in 1882.

References

16th-century mosques
Ottoman architecture in Turkey
Mosques in Trabzon
Mosques completed in 1559

İskender Pasha Mosque, Trabzon


The Anamala or Anaimalai, also known as the Elephant Mountains, are a range of mountains in the southern Western Ghats of central Kerala (Idukki district, Ernakulam district, Palakkad district, Thrissur district) and span the border of western Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore district and Tiruppur district) in Southern India. The name anamala is derived from the Malayalam word aana and the Tamil word yaanai, meaning elephant, or from tribal languages. Mala or Malai means 'mountain', and thus literally translatable as 'Elephant mountain'.

Anamudi Peak (8,842 feet (2,695 metres)) lies at the southern end of the range and is the highest peak in southern India. The Palakkad Gap is the mountain pass which divides it from the Nilgiri Mountains. The northern slopes of the hills in Tamil Nadu now have coffee and tea plantations(especially around Valparai), as well as teak plantations of high economic value. The rest are mostly forests, of mainly two ecoregions-the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests (mainly in Palakkad district and Idukki district of Kerala, as well as Tamil Nadu) and the South Western Ghats montane rain forests(mainly in Idukki district, Ernakulam district, Palakkad district of Kerala, Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu).

The Western Ghats and Anaimalai Sub-Cluster, including the Anaimalai Hills, are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Geography
The hills are located between 10° 13' and 10° 31' N. and 76° 52' and 77° 23' E with a central point of: . They are south of where the Western Ghats are broken by the Palakkad Gap, which in, turn is south of the Nilgiri Hills. They border on Kerala to the southwest and the Cardamom Hills to the southeast. To the west is the bamboo-rich Idamalayar-Pooyamkutty valley. The Palni Hills lies to the east, extending into Kerala as the Pampadum Shola National Park. They are spread largely over Palakkad district, Thrissur district, Ernakulam district and Idukki district of Kerala(mainly Palakkad and Idukki), Tamil Nadu's Coimbatore district and Tiruppur district.

Their geological formation is metamorphic gneiss, veined with feldspar and quartz, and interspersed with reddish porphyrite. Twelve major forest types are found in the area. The landscape is fragmented by many coffee and tea plantations on the lower slopes and teak plantations higher up. Monsoon rains are heavy. Annual rainfall varies from 2,000 mm to 5,000 mm in the area. Formed by fault-block movements in the Holocene Epoch (i.e., about the past 11,700 years), the Anaimalai Hills descend to form a series of terraces about 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) high.

Fauna

The Anamala/Anaimalai Hills are known for their abundant wildlife. Eravikulam National Park, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Idamalayar Reserve Forest, Mankulam Forest division Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, and Anamalai Tiger Reserve located among these hills are well known for elephants. The Idamalayar Dam area is a major wildlife spot, along with Pooyamkutty and Aanakkulam. This area includes various tribal villages and is protected. Numerous wildlife species can be seen including elephants, gaur, water buffaloes, tigers, panthers, sloth bears, pangolins, black-headed orioles, crocodiles, green pigeons, civet cats, dhole, sambar, black buck, and 31 groups of endangered lion-tailed macaques. Birds seen include the Pied hornbill, Red whiskered bulbul and Drongo.

Recently, a new frog species, Beddomixalus bijui, was found within the forest.

Hydrology

There are several rivers in the area including the Chalakkudipuzha, Aliayar, Apambar, Chinnar , Kaddambarrai , Neerar, Mannambhally, Pambar River, and the Idamalayar. Most of these rivers originate in the sholas, flowing mostly west towards the Arabian Sea, with a few exceptions, such as the Amaravathi and Pambar, which flow into Tamil Nadu, the Amaravathi being a tributary of the Kaveri. There are several large reservoirs in the area, including the Aliayar Dam, Amaravathi Dam, Kaddambarrai Dam, Neerar Dam, Sholayar Dam (one of the largest of its kind in Asia), Mannambhally Dam, the Idamalayar Dam and the Parambikkulam Dam. There is a water dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu about the Idamalayar Dam due to the construction of the Neerar Dam by Tamil Nadu on the Neerar, a tributary of the Idamalayar, and thereby, visitors are now prohibited from entering the Idamalayar Dam area. Vadattupara is the last destination that one is allowed to reach on the Bhoothathankettu-Idamalayar Dam Road. The area is also ecologically very sensitive.

Tourism
The Anaimalai Hills are a popular trekking destination in the Western Ghats. Due to heavy rains during the wet season, the ideal time for tourism is between the months of November and May. SH-17 passes through the Anaimalai Hills, between Udumalapet and Munnar, SH-21 passes from Chalakudy to Malakkappara. The nearest towns are Munnar, Pooyamkutty, Mankulam, and Kothamangalam. The nearest international airports are Cochin International Airport and Coimbatore International Airport. Aluva railway station and Pollachi Junction railway station are the nearest railway stations.

References

Further reading
 Anaimalais, the 'elephant mountains' Chapter One, Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia By A. J. T. Johnsingh Contributor A. J. T. Johnsingh Published by Orient Blackswan, 2006 , , 339 pages
 British Library, India Office WD567, Hamilton, Douglas (1818–1892);  Album of 17 drawings of views in the Anaimalai Hills (Cochin and Madras), pen-and-ink, 1863, European school| British school
 British Library, India Office WD568, Hamilton, Douglas (1818–1892); Album of 15 drawings of views in the Anaimalai Hills (Cochin and Madras), pen-and-ink, 1863, European school| British school

External links

Mountains of the Western Ghats
Hills of Kerala
Hills of Tamil Nadu
Geography of Coimbatore
Geography of Idukki district
Tourist attractions in Idukki district

Anaimalai Hills


The Seoul Arts Center (SAC; ) is an arts complex in the Seocho-gu district of Seoul, in South Korea. It consists of five main buildings: the Opera House, with three auditoriums; the Music Hall, with two concert halls; the Hangaram Art Museum; the Hangaram Design Museum; and the Seoul Calligraphy Art Museum. The Opera House is built in a shape that resembles the traditional Korean bamboo hat called gat.

In January 1982, the government decided to build a Seoul Arts Center, which would be in charge of the overall function of artistic activities, and began to select a site. This announcement was aimed at the 1986 Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympics. The final site was decided in September of the same year at the foot of the mountain between Nambu Beltway and Mt. Umyeon (area: 231,000m²), and on November 14 , 1984, a groundbreaking ceremony was held with the National Gugak Center.

The construction of the Seoul Arts Center was divided into Phase 1 (1984 ~ 1988) and Phase 2 (1988 ~ In February 1988, the first phase of construction, the Music Hall and Calligraphy Hall, was completed and opened. In October 1990, the Hangaram Art Museum and the Seoul Art Archives opened, and on February 15 , 1993 , the Seoul Opera Theater (currently the Opera House) opened and was completed.

Music hall
It opened in 1988, the first among the buildings belonging to the hall, and has a 2523-seat concert hall, the first concert hall in Korea, and a 354-seat recital hall where small-scale performances such as recitals and chamber music are held. It is adjacent to the right side of the Opera House and opposite the Seoul Calligraphy Museum.

Opera House
It is a cylindrical building with a roof in the shape of a lampshade. At the time of its design and construction, it was called "Festival Theater", but when it opened in 1993, the official name of Seoul Opera Theater (Opera House) was changed. The 2,305-seat Opera Theater for large-scale opera, ballet, and musical performances, the 710-seat Towol Theater for plays, small-scale musicals and operas, and a 300-600-seat flexible small theater for small experimental performances are located. It forms the central axis of the entire Seoul Arts Center.

Hangaram Art Museum
Opened in 1990, this museum focuses on the exhibition of contemporary art . It is a steel and glass building located on the left wing of the Opera House.

Hangaram Design Museum
Opened in 2002, this museum specializing in plastic arts is located on the right wing of the Opera House. On the 2nd and 3rd floors of the building , there is also Arko Art Information Center, an institution under the Korean Culture and Arts Council.

Seoul Calligraphy Museum
Opened in 1988 at the same time as the Music Hall, it is currently the only exhibition hall dedicated to calligraphy works in the world. In addition to traditional calligraphy works, experimental works by contemporary calligraphers are also on display.

Other facilities
There is an outdoor space named Music Square, Art Square, and Staircase Square between each performance hall and art gallery. There is a short hiking trail next to the fountain, which is also used by hikers.

There are also restaurants, cafes, cafeterias, musical instrument stores, costume rental stores, record stores, reservations, and children's playrooms. Although not affiliated with the hall, teachers at the Korea National University of Arts Conservatory and Dance Center and the National Gugak Center continue to the right side of the Music Hall and Calligraphy Hall to provide education and tradition It is being used as a venue for artistic performances.

The Academy of Arts, an educational institution, is divided into three fields, music, art, and calligraphy, and is used as a place for citizens to enjoy lectures on hobbies, appreciation meetings, and education for the gifted.

The center is home to the Korea National Ballet, the Korea National Opera, the Korean Symphony Orchestra, the Korea National Contemporary Dance Company and the National Chorus of Korea.

Established in 1988 to "develop and promote art and culture, and to expand people's opportunities for cultural enjoyment," the center has developed into the representative art and culture complex in Korea.

References

Buildings and structures in Seocho District
Arts centres in South Korea
Theatres in South Korea
Concert halls in South Korea
Buildings and structures in Seoul
Culture of Seoul
Tourist attractions in Seoul

Seoul Arts Center


SDIO may refer to:
 Secure Digital Input Output, a type of Secure Digital card interface. It can be used as an interface for input or output devices.
 Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, an organization set up to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative; now known as the Missile Defense Agency.

SDIO


Roman Yakub (born 1958) is a composer who received his early musical training in Lviv, Ukraine. He graduated from Lviv Conservatory in 1982 with a diploma in Music Composition. In 1991, he moved to the United States, where he earned a master's degree in music composition at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a Doctor of Musical Arts Degree in composition at Boston University., In 2006, he won First Prize in the Ithaca College Choral Composition Competition  for "Wynken, Blynken, and Nod". In 1997, Yakub became a runner-up in the ALEA III International Composition Competition.

In 2003, Roman Yakub received a National Telly Award for the music to the TV commercial promoting a new concert venue for the Memphis Symphony Orchestra. He was also a recipient of the ASCAP annual Composer Award (2002-2010) and fellow of the MacDowell Colony (2000).

Yakub's music has been performed in the former Soviet Union (Moscow, Kiev, Yerevan, Baku, Lviv, etc.), as well as in the US, Yugoslavia, Poland and Germany. His music has been commissioned by New York City festivals "Bridge" and "Bachanalia", University of Massachusetts, Lviv Philharmonic Orchestra, Ministry of Culture of Russia, and by numerous theater and TV companies. He has taught music in various music schools throughout Russia, Ukraine and the US. He was a faculty member at Boston University, Amherst College, Hampshire College, and Voronezh Academy of Arts among others. Yakub's music is published by Santa Barbara Music Publishing.

Discography
Tea Ceremonies Music (Emergency Exit, Moscow 2004)
Opium Ceremonies Music (Emergency Exit, Moscow 2004)

References

External links
 Official website

American male composers
21st-century American composers
Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni
University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
1958 births
Living people
Lviv Conservatory alumni
Musicians from Lviv
21st-century American male musicians

Roman Yakub


Villette is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It is based on her experience as an English teacher in Brussels. Villette is a moving story of hidden feelings and dignity, and a woman's right to love and be loved. People like the book, not so much for its plot, but for the careful and detailed picture of Lucy (the main character)'s feelings and emotions. Charlotte Brontë used Gothic buildings and other things to show Lucy's feelings inside.

Plot summary
The story starts with Lucy Snowe at age 14 observing a visitor at her godmother, Lousia Bretton's, house, a little girl called "Polly" or "Missy." (Her real name is Paulina Mary Home). Polly loves her papa very, very much, and when he leaves, is extremely unhappy. However, she soon starts to like Mrs. Bretton's young son, Graham, and they become great friends. Later, when Lucy tells her she has to leave and see her father again, Polly is very surprised and sad. Lucy comforts her, and they part.

Later, a family trouble (the book does not say what) forces Lucy into action-she goes onto a ship heading for the fictional kingdom of Labassecour (modelled on Belgium). On there, she makes friends with a very pretty and selfish girl named Ginevra Fanshawe. When she arrives at Villette, the capital of Labassecour, a gentleman helps her find her trunk, and she finally finds work as a teacher in Madame Beck's boarding school. Madame Beck is a cool, clever, careful woman, who often spies and searches the teachers, firing and hiring easily. However, Lucy is quite satisfied, if not happy, there. Ginevra Fanshawe is a student there, and she and Lucy become friends again. They usually fight with each other because of Ginevra's silliness, but they never get separated completely. Later, young English Dr. John (the gentleman who helped her when she first came to Villette) keeps on visiting the school because he loves Ginevra, who says she doesn't like him much. Later, Dr. John is discovered to actually be Graham Bretton, and Lucy and Graham become friends again. Lucy begins to love him secretly, but tries her best to keep her feelings hidden. Eventually, though, she buries her love for him by symbolically burying all the letters he sent to her.

Dr. John meets little Polly again, now a young and beautiful countess, and they quickly become friends again - and something more. They marry and have a happy life.

During the course of the novel, Lucy has three encounters with the figure of a nun. Near the end of the novel, she discovers that the 'nun' was actually Count Alfred de Hamal, dressed in a disguise.

Meanwhile, Lucy begins to be good friends with Professor Emanuel, and they fall in love. However, lots of people, including Madame Beck, try hard to break the two up, and at last force him to travel away. Professor Emanuel and Lucy declare their love for each other before Professor Emanuel leaves, making Lucy the principal (headmistress) of a school in the meantime. However, it is hinted that he probably dies on the trip home.

Characters
 Lucy Snowe: Lucy is a usually very quiet, but thoughtful and calm girl. She is very brave and strong, and a bit like Jane Eyre, she is very honest. She is not vain, and says that she is not pretty. Ginevra wonders, "Who are you?" and says she is strange and mysterious. She did not like Graham Bretton as much as Polly when she was young, but when she grew up and met him again, she secretly began to love him. However, she very quietly and unselfishly watches Polly and Graham's happiness together, and admits, "...you are not mine." Later, she and Professor Emanuel fall in love with each other, but lots of people try to stop them from marrying.
 Professor Pual Emanuel: He gets angry easily and is very irritable, but he is also generous and kind. He can be proud, and likes people to think he is great. He gets jealous easily, and likes to smoke.
 Dr. John Graham Bretton: A very handsome doctor, the son of Lucy's godmother. He is known sometimes as Dr. John, Dr. Bretton, or Graham by his mother. He is cheerful and good-tempered. He does not know Lucy loves him, and thinks of her as "quiet Lucy Snowe," and he admits she "...tasted nothing of my grace."
 Mrs Bretton: Dr. John Bretton's mother and Lucy's godmother. She is a widow and has good health and spirits. She is very proud of her son, but still teases him.
 Polly Home/Countess Paulina Mary de Bassompierre: A 17-year-old girl who is the cousin of Ginevra Fanshawe. When she was young, she was nicknamed called Polly. When she was a child, she liked Graham. She grows up to be beautiful and smart. When she meets Graham again, their friendship turns into love, and they marry.
 Mr. Home/Count de Bassompierre: Paulina's father, who inherited his noble title recently. He loves his daughter. When he notices Paulina's relationship with Graham, he has a hard time accepting that his daughter is now a grown woman. He treats her as a small child and calls her "little Polly." He finally lets Graham marry Paulina.
 Ginevra Fanshawe: A pretty but vain 18-year-old girl. Even though she is related to the de Bassonpierres, her own family is not rich. She expects others to pay for her expensive tastes. Lucy meets her on a ship, which she takes her to Villette. Ginevra is a student at Madame Beck's school. She prompts Lucy to go to Villette, saying that Madame Beck wants a English governess for her own children. Even though Ginevra had many faults, Lucy is still good friends with her. Ginevra teases Lucy by calling her "old lady" and "Timon". Ginevra uses Graham, asking him to pay for her clothes and accessories until he does not like her. She eventually elopes with Count Alfred de Hamal.
 Count Alfred de Hamal: A colonel-count and Ginevra's admirer. He has a European appearance.
 Madame Beck: The headmistress of the boarding school for girls where Lucy works at. She is short and plump, but not ugly. She is a very good administrator. She spies on everyone. Lucy describes her as wise, firm, faithless; secret, crafty, passionless; watchful and inscrutable; acute and insensate — withal perfectly decorous — what more could be desired?" She seems to like Graham at first, but that goes away soon. She then wants to marry Professor Paul Emanuel. She keeps Lucy and Paul apart.

Other Websites
 Villette at PublicLiterature.org

 Librivox Audiobook Recording of the Villette
 Villette free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats

English novels
Romance novels
Books by Charlotte Brontë
1853 books

Villette (novel)


The Battle of Villepion was a battle between the French XVI Corps under General Chanzy and the I Bavarian Corps during the Franco-Prussian War. It occurred in the district of Terminiers, between Terminiers and Nonneville on 1 December 1870, and ended in a French victory.

After the Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande on 28 November 1870 the Corps in the centre of the French Army of the Loire advanced and made a swing east towards Pithiviers. On the early afternoon of 1 December an infantry division and a cavalry division of the French XVI Corps met I. Bayerischen Korps. The battle began in Terminiers and the western districts of the town. Although the whole I Corps intervened in the battle, the Bavarians held the position and the Corps had to retreat towards Villepion.

The fighting here lasted until nightfall. Under the cover of darkness the Bavarians retreated then returned and reunited with other units of the army group under Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin at Goury and Villeprivost (Loigny la Bataille). The retreat was covered by an artillery battery under the command of captain (later field marshal) Leopold of Bavaria, wounded in the action and receiving the Military Order of Max Joseph for his conduct in the battle, the highest Bavarian award for valour in the face of the enemy. The Bavarians lost about 1,100 men including 47 officers, while the French lost 500 men, including 18 officers. The German army group's counter-attack the next day led to the battle of Loigny-Poupry.

External links
 History of the Franco Prussian War.
  Leopold, in: Meyers Konversationslexikon, Vol 18. p 579 f
 Article in the North Otago Times

Battle of Villepion
Conflicts in 1870
Battles of the Franco-Prussian War
Battles involving Prussia
Villepion
History of Eure-et-Loir
December 1870 events

Battle of Villepion


Collected is a five disc Black 'N Blue box set, released in 2005, with 4 audio CDs and one DVD. This release contains the first four studio albums released by the hard rock/ glam metal band, Black 'n Blue. The DVD contains an entire live concert performed by Black 'n Blue, containing most of Black 'n Blue's hits, while also including a few songs that were never released on any Black 'n Blue disc. These include "Run Run", "Summer Heat", and "Rock n' Roll Animals", which later became "Knocking On Heaven's Door".

Track listing

Disc 1
"Strong Will Rock"
"School Of Hard Knocks"
"Autoblast"
"Hold On to 18"
"Wicked Bitch"
"Action"
"Show Me The Night"
"One For The Money"
"I'm The King"
"Chains Around Heaven"

Disc 2
"Rockin' On Heaven's Door"
"Without Love"
"Stop The Lightning"
"Nature Of The Beach"
"Miss Mystery"
"Swing Time"
"Bombastic Plastic"
"We Got The Fire"
"Strange Things"
"Two Wrongs (Don't Make It Love)"

Disc 3
"Nasty Nasty"
"I Want It All, I Want It Now"
"Does She Or Doesn't She"
"Kiss Of Death"
"12 O'Clock High"
"Do What You Wanna Do"
"I'll Be There For You"
"Rules"
"Best In The West"

Disc 4
"Rock On"
"Sight For Sore Eyes"
"Heat It Up! Burn It Out!"
"Suspicious"
"Snake"
"Live It Up"
"Gimme Your Love"
"Get Wise To The Rise"
"Great Guns Of Fire"
"Stranger"

Disc 5 (DVD)
"Chains Around Heaven"
"One For The Money"
"Show Me The Night"
"Summer Heat"
"Run Run"
"Autoblast"
"Action"
"Strong Will Rock"
"Hold On to 18"
"Violent Kid"
"Rock'N'Roll Animals"
"Wicked Bitch"
"School Of Hard Knocks"
"I'm The King"
"Lip Lock"
"Sign In Blood"

Personnel
 Jaime St. James: Lead Vocals
 Tommy Thayer: Guitar, keyboards
 Jeff Warner: Guitar
 Patrick Young: Bass
 Pete Holmes: Drums

Black 'n Blue albums
2005 compilation albums
2005 video albums
Music video compilation albums

Collected (Black 'n Blue album)


Concerns of both a current and future shortage of medical doctors due to the supply and demand for physicians in the United States have come from multiple entities including professional bodies such as the American Medical Association (AMA). The subject has been analyzed as well by the American news media in publications such as Forbes, The Nation, and Newsweek. In the 2010s, a study released by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) titled The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2019 to 2034 specifically projected a shortage of between 37,800 and 124,000 individuals within the following two decades, approximately.

Healthcare in America itself may deteriorate for certain communities due to such trends, particularly in terms of the lack of access to specialty services in rural locations. In particular, a September 2022 report from the University of Hawaiʻi System found that the collection of islands faces "a severe physician shortage". A piece published that same month by Spectrum News 1 - Ohio described the Midwestern state as featuring a shortage "that's expected to hit rural areas the hardest." Mechanisms of structural inequality in the U.S. affect its national health due to past and current discrimination, particularly efforts to set people apart based on Americans' racial identities.

In the broader context of health across the globe, worries over a doctor shortage have occurred in multiple countries besides the U.S., with the World Health Organization (WHO) finding in 2006 that "an estimated shortage of almost 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses and support workers [exists] worldwide".

Background and trends

On September 30, 1980, the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) sent a statement titled "Summary Report of The Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee" to the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (Patricia Roberts Harris at the time), which "estimates a surplus of 70,000 physicians by 1990".

This led to an eventual nationwide voluntary medical school moratorium that would last from 1980 to 2005, intended to prevent a surplus of physicians in the U.S. The moratorium called for the halt of the creation of new medical schools and a reduction or freeze of medical school enrollment. The moratorium was successful, as the number of M.D. annual entrants never surpasses 16,660 (1981) nor did it fall below 15,800 (1989). Additionally, only three new M.D. schools were established during the moratorium.

In February 2010, the general interest news-magazine Newsweek published in a report that the "annual number of American medical students who go into primary care has dropped by more than half since 1997" to the point where it had gotten "hard to get an appointment with the doctors who remain". The journal also commented that "as many as half of primary-care providers have stopped taking new patients." In addition, a 2010s study released by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) titled The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections From 2019 to 2034 specifically projected a shortage of between 37,800 and 124,000 individuals within the following two decades, approximately.

Known for serving as president of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), Sterling Ransone Jr., M.D., has commented that the demographics of medical professionals in the U.S. will generate noticeable effects. "By 2032, the U.S. population's going to grow by about 10%, but those of us who are age 65 or older, we're going to grow by about 47%," he has remarked, adding that by "that same year... probably about one-third of active physicians are going to be over age 65, so our physicians— we're aging as well". Dr. Ransone has highlighted his specific field of family medicine as already affected.

The American Medical Association (AMA), a professional body in the U.S., has cited increasing costs of higher education in the country as a barrier to adequate growth in physician supply. In a 2022 article, the organization stated that "[m]edical school graduates typically finish school with about $200,000 in medical student-loan debt, which is often seen as an influential factor in specialty choice." The discussion of anticipated financial burdens from schooling itself can also result in a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Healthcare in America itself may deteriorate for certain communities due to the shortage of medical professionals; the potential harm caused by the lack of access to specialty services in rural locations has garnered specific attention. The AMA has reported shortages already causing stress among U.S. patients. In December 2021, an article from the financial publication Forbes argued that the "lack of funding for residency slots to expand the pool of physicians in the U.S. has been an issue for more than two decades."

When evaluating specific states inside of the U.S., a September 2022 report from the University of Hawaiʻi System reported that the collection of islands "has a severe physician shortage" to the point that "statistics show the deficit is at least 750 full-time providers, with primary care specialties... [having] the greatest need." A piece published that same month by Spectrum News 1 - Ohio relayed that the Midwestern state features a shortage "that's expected to hit rural areas the hardest." The article noted that the Northeast Ohio Medical University "estimates there are 11.7 physicians per a population of 10,000 in the Buckeye state compared to 38.9 physicians for that same population in a metropolitan area."

Influence of history and effects from discrimination

Mechanisms of structural inequality in the U.S. affect its national health due to past and current discrimination, particularly efforts to set people apart based on Americans' racial identities. The academic journal Health Services Research published a 2012 study by Darrell J. Gaskin, Ph.D. and a team of other analysts that reported how "[r]acial and ethnic disparities in primary care are well documented" given that "[d]isparities in health care may be caused by higher proportions of minorities living in 'medical deserts,' that is, communities with limited health care resources." In short, their "findings indicate that residential segregation matters" as "African[-]American segregation was negatively associated with the availability of physician services." As the U.S. doctor shortage worsens the natures of these 'deserts', in their view, the analysts advised policymakers to focus on "[e]xpanding community health centers and [also] subsidies programs for physicians to serve in underserved areas".

American scholars have theorized more broadly that, as detailed in the aforementioned Health Services Research report, aspects of cultural status such as "money, power, prestige, and social connectedness" influence medicine across the country. Thus, "those with the most access and control over resources are in a better position to avoid risks, diseases, and the consequences of disease."

Issues and proposed actions
Socio-political news-magazine The Nation has argued in an article that a market-oriented system in the U.S., with its "fee-for-service framework", "remains embedded in American health care and endures as its dominant underlying driver" in a way that "places value on specialized services rather than on primary care" and thus serves as "a crucial factor behind the worsening shortage of primary-care doctors." Specifically, the publication has asserted that the financial methodology "compensates doctors, clinics, and hospitals based upon number and type of visits involved in a patient's care, creating incentives for unnecessary procedures, excessive clinic appointments, and the mountains of paperwork that have become the bane of American doctors' daily lives."

Analyzing the possibility of expanded immigration to America to enhance the nation's workface, a piece from the general interest news-magazine Newsweek has reported,

A study by the Niskanen Center, a think tank based out of Washington, D.C., has found that the U.S. federal government's administrative processes within Medicare and other programs make the doctor shortage worse. "Medicare's residency funding was designed around the naïve assumption that private insurers would contribute their fair share to training" such that "funding is based solely on the number of Medicare patients a hospital sees", according to Niskanen analyst Robert Orr, with a structure coming about that "shortchanges geographic locations and facilities with fewer elderly patients" even "while separate programs exist to deliver funds to children's hospitals and rural clinics, [since] Medicare dwarfs them."

Proposed efforts to change the viewpoints of medical students have received academic study. For example, an analysis explored in a Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) conference held in 2010 inside Jacksonville, Florida received wider distribution afterwards, with Dr. Julie Phillips of the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine (MSUCHM) and other scholars detailing what a 2006 to 2008 survey of approximately a thousand students at three different schools found. The experts observed broadly that "contemporary physicians struggle to meet the high expectations set by patients and their profession with limited time and resources." Specifically, results indicated that only 145 survey respondents (14.8%) leaned towards having a career in primary care. Furthermore, 11.2% of first-year students expressed interest in that medical focus in contrast to how 10.8% of second-year students showed interest. In addition, third-year and fourth-year students expressed more interest in having a career in primary care, at 18.3% and 21.0%, respectively.

In the same study, those senior students rejected the widespread stereotypes about primary care. They did not believe that time constraints in medicine, such as short appointments, lead to poor doctor-patient relationships, which was most likely due to their increased first-hand experience with patients and doctors. Experts hypothesize that more student exposure to the life of physicians via shadowing may prevent prejudices and false assumptions about primary care. This study points out that junior and senior medical students are aware of the drawbacks associated with primary care, such as the relatively low salary, but what is more important to them is their interest in a particular specialty. These students relied less on the known perception of primary care and more on their own personal value that they attached to it. The more exposure that medical students have to primary care, the more likely they are to become interested in it as an invaluable gateway to medical treatment. This data suggests that the combination of earlier introduction to primary care and an emphasis on its value would propel medical students to choose a career in preventative care. Such proposals, however, would require the participation of numerous stakeholders.

Increasing medical students' experience in primary care relies on the participation of stakeholders, including medical schools. They can create initiatives that may include increasing the number of internships revolving around primary care. From a financial perspective, medical schools can alleviate their cost of schooling through scholarships, so that a medical student's selection of a specialty is not swayed by salary. Offering opportunities to become involved in this specialty, while providing financial support, would address two problems of recruiting primary care physicians: it would provide students with more ways to experience what it is like to specialize in preventative care; and it would allow students to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the school, instead of focusing on the financial aspect of medical school.

See also

Health policy
Health workforce
Healthcare in the United States
Medical deserts in the United States
Medical education in the United States
Physician shortage
Physicians in the United States
Primary care service area

References

Healthcare in the United States
Labor in the United States
Medical education in the United States
Social problems in medicine

Physician shortage in the United States


Gilbert Frank Amelio (born March 1, 1943) is an American technology executive. Amelio worked at Bell Labs, Fairchild Semiconductor, and the semiconductor division of Rockwell International, and was also the CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Computer.

Early life and career
Amelio grew up in Miami, Florida, of Italian born parents, and graduated from Miami High School. He received a bachelor's degree, master's degree, and PhD in physics from the Georgia Institute of Technology. While at Georgia Tech, Amelio was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.

Amelio joined Bell Labs as a researcher in 1968.
In 1970, Amelio was on the team that demonstrated the first working charge-coupled device (CCD).
He moved to Fairchild Semiconductor in 1971, where he led the development of the first commercial CCD image sensors in the early 1970s, and in 1977 became head of the MOS division.
He worked his way up to president of the semiconductor division of Rockwell International, and then its communications systems division.

Amelio joined National Semiconductor as president and chief executive in February 1991.

Apple Computer
In 1994 Amelio joined the board of directors of Apple. After his resignation from National Semiconductor, Amelio became Apple CEO on February 2, 1996, succeeding Michael Spindler. His salary was a reported $990,000 plus bonuses and a $5 million loan. He also received approximately $100,000 for the use of his business jet by Apple the previous year according to the section "Certain Transactions" in the Apple Proxy Statement for 1996.

Amelio cited several problems at Apple including a shortage of cash and liquidity, low-quality products, lack of a viable operating system strategy, undisciplined corporate culture, and fragmentation in trying to do too much and in too many directions. To address these problems Amelio cut costs, reduced Apple's work force by one third, discontinued the Copland operating system project, and oversaw the development of Mac OS 8.

To replace Copland and fulfill the need for a next generation operating system Amelio started negotiations to buy BeOS from Be Inc. but negotiations stalled when Be CEO Jean-Louis Gassée demanded $275 million; Apple was unwilling to offer more than $200 million. In November 1996 Amelio started discussions with Steve Jobs's NeXT, and bought the company on February 4, 1997, for $400 million.

During Amelio's tenure Apple's stock continued to slump and hit a 12-year low in Q2 1997 that was at least partially caused by a single sale of 1.5 million shares of Apple stock on June 26 by an anonymous party who was later confirmed to be Steve Jobs. Apple lost another $708 million. On the July 4, 1997 weekend, Jobs convinced the directors to oust Amelio in a boardroom coup; Amelio submitted his resignation less than a week later; and Jobs then became interim CEO on September 16. Jobs later quoted Amelio as having said:

Apple is like a ship with a hole in the bottom, leaking water, and my job is to get the ship pointed in the right direction.

It was reported that Amelio's contract gave him about $3.5 million in severance pay, after a $2.3 million performance bonus in 1996.

Post-Apple career
Since 1998 Amelio has been a venture capitalist. In February 2001, Amelio became CEO of Advanced Communications Technologies (ADC). ADC is the United States arm of an Australian firm that has developed a product for the wireless communications industry called SpectruCell.
He became senior partner at Sienna Ventures in Sausalito, California in May 2001.

In 2005 he co-founded Acquicor with ex-Apple CTO Ellen Hancock and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak.
Acquicor acquired Jazz Semiconductor in early 2007, and sold it in 2008 for a loss.

Amelio was a director and chairman of the Semiconductor Industry Association. Since 1996 he has been an advisor to the Malaysia Multimedia Super Corridor and to Malaysia's Prime Minister. In June 2003 he was named chairman of the board of Ripcord Networks; where he joined Steve Wozniak, Ellen Hancock, and other Apple alumni. Amelio was a board member of AT&T Inc., Pacific Telesis, Chiron Corporation, Sematech, InterDigital, and Georgia Tech (as chairman), as well as a trustee of the American Film Institute.

He was a contributor to the report An American Imperative (1993), and author of the books Profit from Experience (1995, ) and On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at Apple (1998, ).

In November 2020, Amelio joined the board of directors for Nashville-based augmented reality startup VideoBomb.

Amelio joined the board of directors for Computer Museum of America in September 2023.

Awards and honors
Amelio is an IEEE Fellow. He received the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award in 1991 for contributions to the development of the charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors in consumer video cameras. He has been awarded 16 patents.

References

External links
 The Rise and Fall of Apple's Gil Amelio from Low End Mac
 Apple CEO Gil Amelio's first interview after being fired by Apple

1943 births
Living people
 Directors of Apple Inc.
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Georgia Tech alumni
American corporate directors
Apple Inc. executives
American people of Italian descent

Gil Amelio


was a Japanese novelist and scholar of Chinese literature in Shōwa period Japan. His wife was fellow writer Takako Takahashi.

Biography
Takahashi was born in Naniwa-ku, Osaka, and was a graduate of Kyoto University. While still a student, he contributed to the Gendai Bungaku literary magazine. He was encouraged to study the Chinese language and Chinese history by fellow writer Eiji Yoshikawa. He became a professor at Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto in 1959. During the widespread violent student protest movements in the 1960s against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, Takahashi was an outspoken supporter of the radical student movement. He moved to Meiji University briefly in 1966 before returning to Kyoto University in 1967.

His novel, Hi no utsuwa ("Vessel of Sorrow", 1962), depicts the fall of a university dean from respectability due to his self-centered love affairs. Other works include Yuutsu naru Toha ("A Melancholy Faction", 1965) and Jashumon ("Heretical Faith", 1965–66).

Takahashi died of colon cancer at the young age of 39. His grave is at the Fuji Reien Cemetery in Shizuoka Prefecture.

References
Miller, Scott J. The A to Z of Modern Japanese Literature and Theater. Rowman & Littlefield (2010)
 Takahashi, Takako. Takahashi Kazumi to iu hito: Nijugonen no nochi ni. Kawade Shobo Shinsha (1997).  (Japanese)

1931 births
1971 deaths
Writers from Osaka
Japanese essayists
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Kyoto University alumni
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from cancer in Japan
20th-century Japanese novelists
20th-century essayists

Kazumi Takahashi


Damascus College is the only Catholic high school in Ballarat that teaches both males and females. The school started in 1995 when three different Catholic schools, St Martin's in the Pines, Sacred Heart College and St Paul's College joined. The school is in Mount Clear, 7 km from the heart of Ballarat. Damascus College is a school for high school children  in years 7 to 12.

Origins

Sacred Heart College
In 1881, the Sisters of Mercy started Sacred Heart College in Ballarat East for children from Prep to Year 12.  The younger students were moved to St Francis Xavier College in 1906.

St Paul's Technical College

The Bishop of Ballarat James O'Collins started St Paul's Technical College in 1948. The Christian Brothers controlled the school.

In 1987 the school moved from Lydiard Street to the old Ballarat Orphanage on Victoria Street.

St Martin's in the Pines
Miss Alice Fanning gave her land in Mt Clear to the Sisters of Mercy on her death in February 1960. The nuns used the land to farm vegetables and cows. In 1967 the land came to be a school for the Year 11 and 12 girls from Sacred Heart College. The school was named St Martin's in the Pines. In 1988 boys started at the school. Most of the boys were from St Paul's Technical College.

Damascus College
In 1995  Sacred Heart College, St Martin's in the Pines and St Paul's Technical College joined into the only male and female Catholic high school in Ballarat. Year 7 to 9 children studied in Victoria St at the old St Paul's school and Year 10 to 12 children studied in Mt Clear at the old St Martin's in the Pines. In 2011 all children started studying in Mt Clear. Damascus College is jointly supported by the Sisters of Mercy and the parish priests of Ballarat, Ballarat East, Ballarat North, Bungaree, Cressy, Creswick, Daylesford, Gordon, Linton, Redan, Sebastopol, and Wendouree.

Education
The school's educational program is supported in the College Vision and Mission Statement, the Teaching and Learning Policy, the Australian Curriculum, the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS), the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) and the Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority.

The children can learn French or Indonesian from Year 7 to 12. Physical Education and Health are taught in years 7 to 10. Religious Education is taught in all years. Damascus College gives the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE), Vocational education Training (VET) and the Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) to Year 10, 11 and 12 children.

Extracurricular activities

Mercy and Justice
 Timor-Leste Immersion Program - pupils can to get money to help and visit the sister school Santa Maria in Ainaro, in Timor-Leste
 Edmund Rice Camps - pupils can help with camps for poor children and families
 Seeds of Justice - pupils learn about justice
 Mercy Works - pupils help others from Australia and overseas
 Justice Action Group (JAG) and Making A Difference (MAD) - social justice groups
 Christian Personal Development Award (CPDA)

Energy Breakthrough Team (EBT)
Since 1998 Damascus College pupils have built Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs). The group trains and competes every year in the RACV Energy Breakthrough Challenge in Maryborough. EBT is a Year 9 subject.

The school won the World Future Cycle Challenge in 2005 and 2007. The group drove 1200 km from Ceduna to Adelaide.

In March 2008 Damascus College rode 1009 km in under 24 hours from Sydney. In 2009, EBT drove 3775 km by solar vehicle from Darwin to the Victorian State Parliament in Melbourne. They helped raise awareness about climate change and how people can lower their environmental impact.

Drama
Students can join the senior or junior Drama Club, can participate in the annual production and the biannual Easter production the Final Hours.

Sport
Each year school swimming, athletics and ball sports carnivals are held for all pupils. Damascus College is a member of the Ballarat Associated Schools where students can choose to play for the school in:

Other
 Debating
 SRC (Student Representative Council)
 French and Indonesian language trips
 Ski trips
 Youth-Tutoring-Youth program
 Green Group
 Book Club

Buildings
Damascus College is divided into different school areas
 Bishop Connors Wing - Year 9 and 10 classrooms named for Bishop of Ballarat Peter Connors
 Catherine McAuley Wing - Year 7 and 8 classrooms named for Sister Catherine McAuley
 Genevieve McDonald Wing - Science classrooms named for Sister Genevieve McDonald
 John Shannon Centre - gymnasium named in for the first Damascus principal, Mr John Shannon
 Mercy Wing - offices named for the Sisters of Mercy
 Our Lady of Mercy Chapel
 St Martin's Resource Centre - the library, named for St Martin's in the Pines
 St Paul's Arts and Technology Wing - art, metal and woodwork rooms named for St Paul's Technical College
 Valda Ward Auditorium - Drama rooms named for Sister Valda Ward

Houses
  McAuley - Sister Catherine McAuley started the Sisters of Mercy in Ireland in 1831. The Catherine McAuley and the sisters helped and educated poor girls and young women.
  Rice - Brother Edmund Ignatius Rice started the Christian Brothers  in Ireland in 1802. He helped educate the sons of poor Catholic families.
  Xavier - Mother Xavier Flood helped start the Sisters of Mercy in Ballarat East and was the first principal of Scared Heart College.
  O'Collins - Bishop James O'Collins was the Bishop of Ballarat and started St Paul's Technical College in 1948.

Principals

Notable alumni

Sacred Heart College
 Karen Overington (1969), Member of the Victorian Parliament for Ballarat West
 Judith Myrea Brewer (1979), Officer of the Order of Australia

St Paul's Technical College
 Mick Malthouse (1971), AFL footballer and coach
 Val Perovic (1971), AFL footballer
 Maurice O'Keefe (1972), AFL footballer
 Geoff Cunningham (1977), AFL footballer
 Daryl Cunningham (1978), AFL footballer
 Sean Simpson (1987), AFL footballer
 Anthony McDonald (1990), AFL footballer
 James McDonald (1992), AFL footballer

St Martin's In the Pines
 Rachael Taylor (1994), olympic medalist for rowing

Damascus College
 Darren Jolly (1996), AFL footballer
 Ash Lieb (2000) Artist, writer and comedian
 Shayne Reese (2000), Olympic swimmer
 Cameron Richardson (2005), AFL footballer
 James Frawley (2006), AFL footballer
 Jordan Roughead (2008 school captain), AFL footballer
 Aislinn Prendergast (2009), orienteer for Australia
 Shaun Reeves (2011), member of band Kuchi Kopi

References

Other websites
 Damascus College website

Schools in Australia
Ballarat
1995 establishments
1990s establishments in Australia

Damascus College


CX-546 is an ampakine drug developed by Cortex Pharmaceuticals.

It has been proposed as a treatment for schizophrenia. CX-546 was the second drug of note to come out of the Cortex research program, after CX-516, but while it was an improvement over its predecessor in some respects, it still has problems with limited oral bioavailability.

However, CX-546 still represented a significant advance that led on to the development of newer compounds such as CX-614 and CX-717 with superior properties over the earlier drugs. CX-546 itself has been investigated for other applications, and most notably has been found to show significant efficacy in reversing the respiratory depression produced by sedative drugs such as opioids and barbiturates.

No effective respiratory stimulants are currently marketed for this application, with CX-546 being only the third drug discovered (after BIMU-8 and BW373U86) that effectively relieves the respiratory depression induced by fentanyl without reducing the analgesic effects. CX-546 could be developed for this purpose, although it is more likely that Cortex will use newer and more potent analogues such as CX-1739 or CX-1763, which are likely to be more suitable for commercial development.

See also
 AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator

References

1-Piperidinyl compounds
Ampakines
Respiratory agents
AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Benzodioxans
Benzamides
Experimental drugs

CX-546


Rajapura or Rajapuram was the capital of the ancient Kamboja Kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata. Karna led a war expedition against the Kamboja and some other tribes of the Uttarapatha a little time before the Kurukshetra war i.e. Karana Rajapuram gatva Kamboja Nirjitastvaya. The Chinese pilgrim  Xuanzang who travelled to India in the 7th century refers to Hoshepulo(曷羅闍補羅, roughly hat-la-tsia-pu-la in 7th century Chinese) which has been identified as Rajapura of Sanskrit tradition by Watters and others.

See also
 Kambojas
 Mahajanapadas
 History of India
 History of Hinduism

References

Ancient Indian cities

Rajapura (Kamboja)


Ātmopadesa Śatakam is a Malayalam spiritual work by Narayana Guru in the form of a poem. It is considered as the classic work of Narayana Guru, who was a social reformer and spiritual leader of Kerala, India. The literal translation of the title means "One Hundred Verses of Self Instruction". "Atmopadesa Śatakam" contained 100 verses or stanzas, each of which describing a set of actions performed by the self on itself, affecting and recognising moments of transformation into an absolute value.

Narayana's principal disciple, Nataraja Guru, translated this work into English, titled as "Centiloquy of the self". Nitya Chaitanya Yati, famous disciple of Nataraja Guru, also made a commentary on it as "That Alone, the Core of Wisdom: A Commentary on Atmopadesa Śatakam, the One Hundred Verses of Self-Instruction of Narayana Guru". Nithya Chaithanya Yathis says: "With this verse you are entering into an intense spiritual discipline. There is no need to learn each verse and then rationally apply it in everyday life. You can even hear it and forget it. Forgetting means it only goes deeper into you. Once you have heard it, it will go and work its way by itself. The effect will be very subtle. It comes almost without you knowing that it is something which you heard that is enabling you to see things in a new light or make resolutions in a certain more helpful way."

"Atmopadesa Śatakam" was initially published as "Atmabodham" and is believed to have reached its present form by 1897. This work is presented before a group of people at Aruvippuram, as a practice text written into form of advice who followed Narayana Guru. Though he wrote in Sanskrit and Tamil, this work is in Malayalam. Most of his earlier works contained adoration of Hindu deities with an underlying context of Advaitha Vedantha. But in this work, he directly describes the ways of attaining self-realisation with a philosophical context and stresses seeking the absolute value called "Self" or "the Atman" and not any God to adore as hitherto.

References

External links

Narayana Guru
Malayalam-language poems
Hindu poetry

Atmopadesa Śatakam


Heather is a common English feminine given name.

Origin and meaning
The name Heather refers to a variety of small shrubs with pink or white flowers which commonly grow in rocky areas. The brush is native to Scotland and England, but it is more commonly found in Scotland due to its rocky territories. The name is derived from Middle English hather.

Heather has several other definitions. The most commonly known is as a reference to a color mixture; it is most often a pale shade of blue from blue itself to pink to even purple mixed with gray. However, many times it refers to any color that includes gray or gray streaks within it, such as what is known as Heather fabric.

The masculine form of the name is Heath.

Popularity and variations
Newspapers.com records the use of "Miss Heather" in reference to a girl's name as early as 2 August 1852, in The New York Times. An infant by the name of Miss Heather Campbell arrived on a ship from Glasgow in New York, with her mother.

The American Social Security Administration's records show it to already be in use in 1935, though it was rare at the time coming in at #997, barely making the top 1000 names of that era. The name is currently popular among the people of Generations X and Generation Y. The name itself peaked in popularity at #3, in 1975.

Heather, though a name found primarily in English speaking countries, has other variants simply because of its definition as a flowering plant. However its foreign names often closely resemble other words with meanings so is difficult to distinguish a given variant's origin as arising from the flower, or from that of another word. For example, the name Heidi in German resembles Heidekraut, which is the German word for the Heather shrubs, though the name Heidi is usually thought to mean "of noble birth" (a diminutive of the name Adelheid).  The 1988 dark comedy film, Heathers, satirized the name by associating it with "in-crowd" cliques of teen-age high school girls.

The name Erica actually has two meanings, one of which is related to the Heather plant whose Latin name is Ericaceae. Its other meaning of "ruler" is similar to that of the German meaning of Heidi. This leaves the impression that the shrub name and the meaning of "a noble" or "ruler" are similar, or it is a large coincidence.

Notable people
 Heather Angel (actress) (1909–1986), English actress
 Heather Angel (photographer) (born 1941), English photographer
 Heather M. Ferguson, professor, malaria vector biologist
 Heather B. Gardner (born 1971), American hip-hop artist
 Heather Bresch (born 1969), American business executive and CEO of Mylan
 Heather Booth (1945), American civil rights activist, feminist, and political strategist
 Heather Bown (born 1978), American volleyball player
 Heather E. Bullock, American social psychologist
 Heather Burge (born 1971), American basketball player
 Heather Childers, anchor for Fox and Friends First
 Heather Crowe (activist) (1945–2006), Canadian anti-smoking campaigner
 Heather Dewey-Hagborg (born 1982), information artist and bio-hacker
 Heather Engebretson (born 1990), American lyric soprano
 Heather Foster (born 1966), Jamaican-born American professional bodybuilder
 Heather George (1907–1983), Australian commercial photographer
 Heather Graham (born 1970), American actress
 Heather Headley (born 1974), Trinidadian singer and actress
 Heather Hemmens (born 1984), American actress
 Heather Hunter (born 1969), American entertainer
 Heather Jones (born 1970), Canadian field hockey player
 Heather Kozar (born 1976), American model Playboy's Playmate of the Month, January 1998
 Heather Kuttai, (born 1969 or 1970) Canadian Paralympic shooter
 Heather Kuzmich (born 1986), American fashion model and America's Next Top Model, Cycle 9 participant
 Heather Langenkamp (born 1964), American actress
 Heather Locklear (born 1961), American actress
 Heather Marks (born 1988), Canadian model
 Heather Matarazzo (born 1982), American actress
 Heather McCartney (born 1962), American-British potter and artist, daughter of Linda McCartney and adopted daughter of Paul McCartney
 Heather Mills (born 1968), British model and activist; the second wife of Paul McCartney
 Heather Morris (born 1987), American actress and dancer from Glee
 Heather Moyse (born 1978), Canadian bobsledder and rugby union player
 Heather North (1945–2017), American voice actress
 Heather Nova (born 1967), Bermudian singer-songwriter and poet
 Heather O'Reilly (born 1985), American soccer player
 Heather O'Rourke (1975–1988), American actress
 Heather Peace (born 1975), British actress
 Heather Raffo (born 1970), American actress
 Heather Shipley, American environmental engineer and academic administrator
 Heather Small (born 1965), British singer
 Heather Standring (born 1928), British illustrator
 Dita Von Teese  (born Heather Renée Sweet in 1972), American burlesque performer
 Heather Thomas (born 1957), American actress
 Heather Tom (born 1975), American actress
 Heather Wallace (born 1961), Canadian squash player
 Heather Whitestone (born 1973), Miss America winner

Fictional characters
 Heather, the protagonist in the young adult novel The Faraway Lurs
 Heather, a main character in the Canadian animated series Total Drama
 Heather, a character from the game Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn
 Heather, a character in 1996 American black comedy movie The Cable Guy
 Heather, a character from the Dreamworks' 2006 3D computer-animated film Over the Hedge
 Heather Badcock, a victim in Agatha Christie's 1962 novel, The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side.
 Heather Campbell, the first love of Connor MacLeod, the main protagonist of the Highlander film franchise (not to be confused with Duncan MacLeod of the television series spinoff)
 Heather Chandler, Heather Duke, and Heather McNamara, the eponymous clique from the 1988 teen film Heathers and the 2014 musical adaptation
 Heather Dante, daughter of Tony Soprano's consigliere, Silvio Dante, on The Sopranos
 Heather Farrell, a former character from the original Degrassi series
 Heather Gushue, a character in the film Cyberbully
 Heather Hart, a character in the novel Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said by Philip K. Dick
Heather Holloway, a character from the Netflix TV series Stranger Things
 Lady Heather (real name Heather Kessler), a character in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 Heather Mason, the female protagonist in Silent Hill 3
 Heather Owens, a character from Mr. Belvedere
 Heather Scott, a character in the 1989 action comedy film Speed Zone
 Heather Sinclair, a character in Degrassi: The Next Generation
 Heather Stevens Williams, a character from the American soap opera The Young and the Restless
 Heather Trott, a character from the British soap opera EastEnders
 Heather Roth, a character on a TV series The Ranch
 Heather Webber, character on the American soap opera, General Hospital
 Heather the Violet Fairy, from the children's book series Rainbow Magic
 Heather Wold, the name of the Little Red-Haired Girl from Peanuts

References

Given names
English given names
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Irish feminine given names
Scottish feminine given names
Welsh feminine given names

Heather (given name)


The Great Fire of 1922 was a wildfire burning through the Lesser Clay Belt in the Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada, from October 4 to 5, 1922. It has been called one of the ten worst natural disasters in Canadian history.

The preceding summer had been unusually hot and dry. Fire rangers, anticipating the upcoming "burn" season, had requested to stay in the area but were not granted permission. They left at the end of the fire season in mid September, leaving the area without fire protection services. In the fall when burning permits were no longer required, farmers and settlers started to set small bush fires to clear the land. Dry conditions had persisted past the usual "burn" season and on October 4, the wind turned into hurricane-force gales, fanning the flames out of control and combining the brush fires into one large inferno.

Over two days, the fire consumed an area of , affecting 18 townships in Ontario. It completely destroyed the communities of North Cobalt, Charlton, Thornloe, Heaslip, and numerous smaller settlements. Englehart and New Liskeard were partly burnt. In all 43 people died. In Quebec, the communities of Notre-Dame-du-Nord and neighbouring Notre-Dame-des-Quinze were also devastated. The fires were extinguished when the winds abated and rain and snow began to fall on October 5, 1922.

One of the towns hit hardest was Haileybury which burnt down within 3 to 6 hours. Thick smoke caused panic and confusion. The town's residents were forced to take refuge in the cold waters of Lake Timiskaming and cover themselves with wet blankets. The fire destroyed over 90% of the town, killing 11 residents, leaving 3500 people homeless, and causing $2 million of damage.

The people of Charlton took refuge in the power house; a baby was born there that night. The Power House later burned while being used for grain grinding. It was later rebuilt and a plaque was placed to commemorate the fire. An area of 246,000 hectares was destroyed in the fire.

Hardships remained for the survivors, who had lost all their belongings and faced the approaching winter. Consequently, a large emergency relief program was organized for the affected area. The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), with many retired street cars in its yards, sent many old car bodies to serve as houses during the reconstruction. Some of these cars remained for years, and one has recently been restored and is in the museum at Haileybury. Furthermore, the fire had consumed all the nearby forests, causing a severe shortage of firewood and forcing people for many years to travel far in order to obtain it.

See also
 Great Matheson Fire of 1916 - wildfire with similar circumstances and outcome.
 List of Canadian disasters by death toll

References

Wildfires in Ontario
1920s fires in North America
1922 fires
1922 in Ontario
1922 disasters in Canada
October 1922 events
20th-century fires in Canada

Great Fire of 1922


The Pioneer and Historical Society of Muskingum County, also known as the Zanesville Historical Society, is an organization located in Zanesville, Ohio, in the United States, with the mission of preserving the history of the Zanesville and Muskingum County region of Ohio.  It is a non-profit entity which operates several important historic sites in and around the Zanesville, Ohio, area, including the Dr. Increase Mathews House, built in 1805 by a founder of the town; and the Stone Academy, erected in 1809 as a possible state capitol, which was also a meeting place for abolitionist societies, and once the home of writer Elizabeth Robins, who wrote about it. The Pioneer and Historical Society of Muskingum County received a Preservation Merit Award from the Ohio Historic Preservation Office Award in 1993 for its work restoring and preserving the Stone Academy.

It is one of the oldest historical societies in the state, chartered March 4, 1890, as the successor organization to the Muskingum County Pioneer Association and the Old Settlers Association. It was reorganized in 1924, and exhibitions were re-opened to the public in Memorial Hall.

The Society maintains a vast number of historical documents. Among these are the journal and papers of Dr. Mathews, a pioneer who first explored the area in 1798. The papers were presented to the Society in 1943 by a descendant. The society also has the papers of Thomas Merritt (born 1759), a New Englander  who was commissioned to serve in the loyalist Queen's Rangers in 1782 in the American Revolution, and who served as a Major of Canadian forces in the War of 1812. The Society owns documents such as land grants or  military commissions signed by George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson,  James Monroe and Abraham Lincoln.

The world's "largest and most representative collection" of Weller art pottery was donated to the Society in 1958. Weller operated in Zanesville until 1948.

References

External links
 Official Website

Buildings and structures in Zanesville, Ohio
Historical societies in Ohio
Museums in Muskingum County, Ohio
Historic house museums in Ohio
Organizations established in 1890
1890 establishments in Ohio


Year 260 (CCLX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Empire
 Battle of Edessa: Emperor Valerian is defeated by the Persians.
 Valerianus I has a meeting with Shapur to talk about peace. The truce is betrayed and he is taken prisoner for the rest of his life.
 Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur. The Roman army builds the Band-e Kaisar (Bridge of Valerian).
 Gallienus becomes the new emperor of Rome.
 Gallienus leaves the fortifications in the Black Forest area because of invading Alamanni.
 Gallienus lives at Mediolanum (modern Milan).
 Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire.
 Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is made Augustus by his troops.
 Postumus kills Saloninus. He is made emperor.
 Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.
 The Roman fort  of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.
 The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date).

Asia
 Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.
 Cao Huan succeeds Cao Mao as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei.
 Syria, Egypt and Palestine break off from the Roman Empire to form the Persian-supported Palmyrene Empire.

By topic

Arts and sciences
 Earliest known date of chess.

Religion
 Pope Dionysius makes bishop Dionysius of Alexandria explain why he is separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct gods.
 Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

Births
 Jin Huidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (approximate date)
 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, Roman Emperor (d. 311)

Deaths
 Cao Mao, ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei (killed in an abortive coup d'état against Sima Zhao) (b. 241)
 Chen Tai, minister of the Kingdom of Wei
 Saloninus, Roman emperor and son of Gallienus
 Sun Liang, Emperor of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu (b. 243)
 Valerianus I, Roman emperor (approximate date)

260s

260


Waiting for the Electrician or Someone Like Him is the first comedy album recorded by the Firesign Theatre. It was originally released in January 1968 by Columbia Records.

Synopsis
The first side of the original LP presented a trilogy of three related plays, presented as continuously connected tracks progressing in time. The second side presented a longer, separate play.

"Temporarily Humboldt County"
The first section runs 9 min 14 sec, and satirizes the displacement of the American Indians (David Ossman and Phil Austin), first by Spanish conquistadors, then by American frontiersmen, and finally by the US government forcing them onto a reservation, which it uses as a "cobalt testing range". The title comes from friends of the Firesign Theatre telling them that the local Indians in Humboldt County, California added "temporarily" to the name as a way of saying no one could really own the land and to give it the initialism THC. The section ends with a bomb explosion, followed by the sound of wind blowing, and the Indians coming out of it portraying a raid in a Hollywood western.

"W. C. Fields Forever"
This 7 min 39 sec track segues as the Indians wander silently through the desert and come upon Peter Bergman welcoming them to the "Lazy O Magic Circle Dudes Ranch and Collective Love Farm", a hippie commune. The commune's spiritual leader, the perpetually drunk/stoned "Tiny Doctor Tim" (Proctor), is a parody of Timothy Leary. Philip Proctor's  impersonation of W. C. Fields actually appeared on the first track, dedicating the cobalt testing range; this track title parodies the Beatles song "Strawberry Fields Forever".

"Le Trente-Huit Cunégonde"
This 7 min 19 sec track segues into a future world in which the 1960s hippie counterculture has now replaced the mainstream cultural establishment. Police (Proctor and Bergman) patrol searching for "non-groovy" people not in possession of drugs, such as a grandmother (Austin) whom they arrest to be "returned for re-grooving". A teenager named Malcolm X John Lennon (Austin) is still being breast-fed by his mother (Proctor), and gets in trouble with his school principal (Proctor) for studying instead of hanging out and "relating" with his peers by smoking marijuana. A US senator who sounds like Robert F. Kennedy (Proctor) chairs a committee which also returns people for re-grooving, and the "Secretary of Peace" (Ossman) directs bomber aircraft to drop copies of Naked Lunch on Nigeria.

Side two: "Waiting for The Electrician or Someone Like Him"
This single, 17 min 48 sec track begins as a Turkish language instruction record, and immediately follows its listener on a Kafkaesque trip overseas. An unnamed innocent (Austin) is manipulated by mysterious strangers and authority figures into situations beyond his control. (In the written script, the character is called simply "P." for Phil, a reference to Kafka's use of "K." in The Castle.)

A highlight of side two is the "Beat the Reaper" sketch, a mock game show in which the contestant (Austin) is injected with a disease and must guess what it is in order to win the antidote; if the contestant fails to self-diagnose, he is sent home with the disease. This segment is also featured on both the Forward Into The Past and Shoes for Industry: The Best of the Firesign Theatre compilation albums.

Issues and reissues
Waiting for the Electrician or Someone Like Him was originally released on Mono LP, Stereo LP, and 8-Track.
 Mono LP: Columbia CL-2718
 Stereo LP: Columbia CS-9518
 8 track: 18C-09518

It has been re-released on CD at least three times

 1992: Mobile Fidelity MFCD-762
 2001: Sony
 2001: Laugh.com LGH1071

Some of the 2001 Sony CDs omit the first 16 seconds of the beginning of track 4 due to a mastering error. The defective Sony re-release and some non-defective copies also end with an un-marked bonus track "The Mantras and The Chakras". This track, lasting 4:08, is not included on any other Firesign release.

Cover

On the cover of the LP the name of the group is rendered "Firesign Theater." On their next album, How Can You Be in Two Places at Once When You're Not Anywhere at All, the name is spelled "Firesign Theatre." The latter spelling has been used consistently since that time.

Citations

References

Marsh, Dave, and Greil Marcus. "The Firesign Theatre." The New Rolling Stone Record Guide. Ed. Dave Marsh and John Swenson. New York: Random House, 1983. 175–176.

External links
A transcription of "Temporarily Humboldt County"

1968 debut albums
The Firesign Theatre albums
Albums produced by Gary Usher
Columbia Records albums
1960s comedy albums


iOS 5 is the fifth major version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS. It came after iOS 4, and was replaced by iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012. The current version of iOS 5 is iOS 5.1.1.

History
iOS 5 was announced during Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2011. Support was dropped for the iPhone 3G and the iPod Touch (2nd generation), and devices that are supported are the iPhone 3GS and later, the iPod Touch (3rd generation) and later, and the first generation iPad and later.

When the iPhone 4S was announced on October 4, 2011, the release date for iOS 5 was also announced. iOS 5 was released on October 12, 2011.

The iPhone 4S already had iOS 5 installed on it, but other devices had to have the update installed through iTunes. At first, many people could not install iOS 5 because they got error messages when they tried to download it. This was because Apple's servers could not keep up with the number of people who are downloading the update.

Features

iCloud

Apple's cloud-based service, iCloud, came as part of the iOS 5 update. This feature allows users to sync their music, pictures, videos, and more across all of their devices that have iCloud on them. Each user is given 5 gigabytes of storage for free, but they are allowed to sync unlimited amounts of music, apps, books, and photos.

New apps
A new feature called iMessage, built into the Messages app, allows anyone with an iOS device to send unlimited messages to people with iOS 5. It also allows iPhone users to send text messages to people who don't have an iOS device. The Messages app used to be only on the iPhone, but iOS 5 brought it to the iPod Touch and iPad.

The Reminders app allows users to make lists and alerts that can be based on a date or a location.

The Newsstand app is not a real app, but it is a folder that shows the newspapers and magazines that the user is subscribed to.

Other new features
iOS 5 allows devices to sync with iTunes wirelessly for the first time, without being connected to a computer. iOS devices can also be activated and updated over a wireless network for the first time.

In iOS 5, you can get to the camera quickly from the lock screen swiping up on the camera icon. Users can get to the camera without having to enter a passcode, but you can only use the camera. At first, you had to double-click the home button on the lock screen to get to the camera button, but it was changed in iOS 5.1 so that you could swipe up on the camera button.

Notification Center was introduced in iOS 5, and it also changed how notifications are displayed. Instead of a message that appears in the middle of the screen, stopping what was going on at the time, they appear in a banner on the top of the screen. You can access Notification Center by swiping down from the top of the screen, where it is hidden, and it shows notifications that happened in the past.

References

5
Operating systems

IOS 5


Marcia Anastasia Aitken, Baroness Beaverbrook (née Christoforides, previously Lady Dunn; 27 July 1909 – 28 October 1994) was a British philanthropist, an art collector, and racehorse owner.

Early life and first marriage
Born in Sutton, Surrey, England, she was the daughter of John Christoforides, a Cypriot tobacco merchant, and Mildred Nightingale-Boyes. For a number of years she worked as personal secretary for the wealthy Canadian financier James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet. Eventually their working relationship became personal although he was thirty-six years her senior. In 1942 she became his third wife after she had nursed him back to health from a coronary thrombosis which nearly claimed his life; his second wife was absent from his bedside during this crisis. She had been a devoted employee and he would seek her input on most every business matter for the rest of his life. The couple maintained homes in England, France, and at the seaside resort of St. Andrews in New Brunswick, Canada, the province of her husband's birth. In the late 1940s, Lady Dunn and her husband developed a friendship with the Spanish artist Salvador Dalí who painted several portraits of them, notably Equestrian Fantasy - Portrait of Lady Dunn. These works are now on permanent display at the Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton, New Brunswick.

Second marriage
Known as Christofor to her family and friends, on the death of her husband in 1956 she became the beneficiary of a large estate and also the administrator of a fund to be used for charitable purposes. One of her late husband's closest friends was his fellow New Brunswicker, Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook who acted as her advisor. The two developed a very close friendship and Lord Beaverbrook, who had been a widower for many years, came to have great respect for her. In June 1963 the eighty-four-year-old Beaverbrook and the fifty-three-year-old Lady Dunn married. Lord Beaverbrook had already used his fortune to greatly benefit the citizens of the province of New Brunswick in Canada. By virtue of their marriage, Aitken was able to name her the legal overseer of a large part of his estate that he wished to go to further charitable works.

Philanthropist
Lord Beaverbrook died a year after their marriage and Lady Beaverbrook was left with the responsibility of large benevolent fund. With this, and the funds from her first husband's estate, she became one of Canada's most prominent philanthropists. On behalf of her first husband considerable funds were donated to his alma mater, Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1967, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law (LL.D.) from that institution and in 1968 she was appointed the University's Chancellor, a position she held for the next twenty-seven years.

Assassination attempt
Lady Beaverbrook's high-profile in British society and the publicity from her philanthropic work resulted in an assassination attempt. On 4 May 1971 a bomb was strapped to the underside of her Rolls-Royce Phantom VI car (which is coloured green and brown, her horse racing colours), placed there by The Angry Brigade, a British terrorist group. The device was detected before it exploded. The car was donated to the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu, which sold it at auction in 2015.

Personal interests
A devotee of show horses and equestrian events, she was also a leading race-horse owner, spending a vast amount of money on horses. Her horses almost always had names made up of seven letters. Amongst the many thoroughbreds she owned were:
 Boldboy - a gelding, who won twelve group races including the Lockinge Stakes and Sprint Cup, on his retirement he was the highest ever stakes-winning gelding to have raced in the United Kingdom
 Bustino - won the 1974 St. Leger Stakes and the 1975 Coronation Cup and was her highest rated racehorse
 Relkino - won the 1977 Lockinge Stakes and Benson and Hedges Gold Cup as well as being runner-up in the 1976 Epsom Derby
 Niniski - a son of the great Nijinsky II, he won the 1979 Prix Royal-Oak at Longchamp and the Irish St. Leger, then became one of the leading sires in flat racing.
 Petoski - won the 1985 Prince of Wales's Stakes and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
 Minster Son - won the 1988 St. Leger Stakes
 Terimon - runner-up in the 1989 Epsom Derby and won the 1991 International Stakes
 Mystiko - won the 1991 2,000 Guineas

She started owning horses in the late 60s and initially had her horses trained by Sir Gordon Richards. In 1971 on his retirement, she transferred them to Dick Hern. In later years she had horses with Clive Brittain. She bred horses as well as owning them.

Legacy
Lady Beaverbrook died in 1994 having donated the equivalent of nearly $300 million (at today's value) to support education, cultural undertakings and wildlife preservation. In addition to the charitable trusts from both of her husbands, the Christofor Foundation for charitable purposes was established by friends out of her personal estate. A lover of animals, among the many philanthropic causes Lady Beaverbrook supported, the established the Sir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre at the University of Prince Edward Island with a $2.2 million gift. Amongst other worthwhile causes, the Foundation from her personal estate also helped fund the Science East Association in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Because the Province of New Brunswick was home to both of her husbands, it contains many institutions built with funding from their estates. However, large contributions were made to numerous causes throughout the four Atlantic Provinces, most notably in education. In her memory, the Sir James Dunn Foundation of Saint John, New Brunswick made a $1 million donation toward the establishment of a student residence bearing her name at Acadia University in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Christofor Hall was officially opened on 26 October 2002.

Notes

References

1909 births
1994 deaths
British racehorse owners and breeders
Beaverbrook
Wives of baronets
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian socialites
English art collectors
Women art collectors
English philanthropists
People from Sutton, London
Canadian women philanthropists
English people of Greek Cypriot descent
Canadian people of Greek Cypriot descent
Canadian expatriates in England

Marcia Anastasia Christoforides