Rear Admiral Hon. George Heneage Lawrence Dundas CB (8 September 1778 – 7 October 1834) was a senior officer in the Royal Navy. As a junior officer he came to prominence due to his brave conduct during a fire on the first-rate HMS Queen Charlotte. As a result of this he was appointed to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Calpe in which he took part in the Battle of Algeciras Bay in July 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. After serving for four years as Whig Member of Parliament for Richmond, he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Euryalus and took part in the unsuccessful Walcheren Campaign in July 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars. He transferred to the third-rate HMS Edinburgh and landed troops at Viareggio in Italy in November 1812 later in that War. He went on to be Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland and became First Naval Lord in the First Melbourne ministry in August 1834 but died in office just two months later in October 1834.

Naval career

Early career
Born the fifth son of Thomas Dundas (created Baron Dundas in 1794) by his wife Charlotte Dundas (daughter of William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam), Dundas became a lieutenant in the Royal Navy in 1797 and served for several years with the Mediterranean Fleet.

HMS Queen Charlotte

In February 1800 Dundas was aboard Lord Keith's flagship, the first-rate HMS Queen Charlotte. Dundas was junior to Lieutenant Lord Cochrane but Cochrane had taken command of Nelson's prize, the Genereaux, in late 1799 to take her into port; Dundas therefore became 5th Lieutenant of the Queen Charlotte.  One month later, early in the morning of 17 March 1800, cries of "Fire" rang out throughout the vessel. Some hay lying under the half-deck had been set on fire by a match kept there for the signal guns. Dundas was in the forecastle where he organized fire-fighting efforts. Dundas led a party below decks where they secured the main and fore hatches and then opened the lower-deck ports and the sea cocks to flood the lower decks to prevent the fire spreading down. These efforts delayed the fire from reaching the two magazines. Dundas continued working below decks until some middle-deck guns fell through the deck. At about 9am Dundas climbed out the foremost lower-deck port and climbed up to the forecastle, joining the about 150 men there who were throwing water on the fire. Despite the crew's exertions, the Queen Charlotte eventually blew up with the loss of 673 people out of its complement of 840 officers, men and boys, including the Captain and her first Lieutenant. Dundas however survived.

HMS Cameleon
By 14 June 1800 Dundas was captain of the sloop Cameleon. She and Salamine shared in the capture on that day of the Genoese brig Anima Purgatoria, which was sailing from Bastia to Salcolight.

HMS Calpe
Next, Dundas was appointed to the command of the sixth-rate HMS Calpe. On the night of 27 October 1800, Francis Beaufort, inventor of the Beaufort Wind-Scale, had led Phaeton's boats on a cutting out expedition. They captured the San José, alias Aglies, of 14 guns, which they immediately re-commissioned under the name of HMS Calpe, the ancient name of Gibraltar. Although it would have been usual to promote Beaufort, the successful and heroic leader of the expedition, to command Calpe, Lord Keith chose instead to promote Dundas who not only was not present at the battle, but was junior to Beaufort. Dundas was promoted to commander in December 1800.

In July 1801 Dundas was in command of Calpe at the Battle of Algeciras Bay. After the third-rate HMS Hannibal grounded, Dundas, deceived by a signal from her, sent his boats to save Hannibals crew. The French detained the boats and their crews, including Calpes lieutenant, Thomas Sykes; after firing several broadsides at the enemy's shipping and batteries, Dundas and Calpe returned to Gibraltar. In the subsequent second phase of the Battle of Algeciras Bay, the two Spanish first-rates Real Carlos and Hermenegildo fired upon each other during the night, caught fire and exploded, with tremendous loss of life. The British captured the third-rate St Antoine, with Superb and Calpe then assisting in securing the prize and removing the prisoners. Rear Admiral James Saumarez promoted Dundas to post-captain on 9 August 1801 and Dundas took command of St Antoine, which he sailed back to England.

Politics

After the peace of 1802, Dundas entered politics becoming Whig Member of Parliament for Richmond in the 1802 general election but resigned in February 1806, using the device of applying to be Steward of the Manor of East Hendred, to take up an offer of a naval command again and to allow his brother Charles to re-enter Parliament. In February 1805, he was given command of the fifth-rate HMS Quebec.

HMS Euryalus

In January 1806 Dundas took command of fifth-rate  . Euryalus was asked, along with  and several other warships to act as escorts to a large convoy bound for Oporto, Lisbon and the Mediterranean.  Towards the end of 1807 Euryalus returned to England with  as escort to a convoy of several thousand troops under Sir John Moore from Gibraltar. She went into dock at Plymouth for a refit and was then stationed in the North Sea. She carried the Duke d'Angoulême from Yarmouth to Gottenburg and escorted the Baltic convoys through the Great Belt.

In June 1808 Dundas discovered several vessels at anchor at the entrance of Nakskov close into the shore. He anchored and sent four boats to destroy them. They burnt two large troop transports and captured a gun-vessel armed with two 18-pounders and carrying 64 men. The enemy lost seven men killed and twelve wounded, as well as many drowned; the British had one man slightly wounded. During the same year Dundas went to Elbing, a small port in West Prussia about 60 kilometers east of Dantzig (now in Poland) to embark Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy (the consort of Louis XVIII), the Duc du Berry and other members of the French royal family. He took them to Carlscrona in southern Sweden and, after re-embarking them at Gottenburg, finally to Harwich.

Dundas was also involved in the Walcheren Campaign in July 1809 when a British armed force of 39,000 men landed on Walcheren. Euryalus joined the squadron which forced the passage of the Scheldt between the batteries at Flushing and Cadsand on 11 August 1809. Euryalus had no casualties although two men were killed and nine wounded in the other ships. Later she was stationed off Cherbourg under the orders of Captain Sir Richard King, and in November 1809 she captured the French privateer lugger Etoile of 14 guns and 48 men. In the spring of 1810 Euryalus escorted a large convoy from Spithead to Portugal and the Mediterranean and was then attached to Captain Blackwood's inshore squadron off Toulon.

Early in 1811 Dundas temporarily took command of the 74-gun third rate  until relieved by Captain Aiskew Paffard Hollis, who had transferred from . Dundas then returned to Euryalus. On 7 June 1811 the boats of Euryalus and  captured the French privateer Intrepide off Corsica after a long chase. She had a crew of 58 and was armed with two 8-pounders.

Dundas became Member of Parliament for Richmond again at a by-election in 1812 but was defeated at the 1812 general election.

HMS Edinburgh

In October 1812 Dundas transferred to the 74-gun Third Rate Edinburgh. In 1813 Dundas and Edinburgh were in the Mediterranean. On the morning of 5 October, Edinburgh joined Capt. Duncan of Imperieuse off Porto D'Anzo where he and Resistance, Swallow, Eclair and Pylades had been watching a convoy for some days with the intention of attacking it. The place was defended by two batteries mounting three heavy guns each on the mole, a tower with one gun and a battery with two guns. During the attack in the afternoon, Edinburgh supported Eclair and Pylades as they bore up against the battery to the south. After the ships opened fire, landing parties brought out the 29 vessels of the convoy, 20 of which were laden with wood for the arsenal at Toulon. All the works were blown up.

On 30 November 1812 Dundas was placed in command of a small squadron consisting of Edinburgh, Furieuse and Termagant which landed troops at Viareggio in Italy. Some 600 cavalry and infantry from the Livorno garrison attacked the British troops, who routed them, capturing two field pieces and a howitzer. From the prisoners they learned of the weak state of the garrison and asked to be re-embarked to be taken to Livorno. The British troops and Marines landed on the evening of 13 December and they occupied the suburbs of the town. Some 700 cavalry and infantry attacked the marines, who opened to let the cavalry pass through them. The marines charged, killing, wounding or taking prisoner between 250 and 300 men. Edinburgh had just three marines wounded.

Post-war

At the end of the war, Dundas left the Edinburgh at Genoa and traveled overland back to Britain. After retiring from the Navy in 1815, he became a Companion of the Bath that year.

Dundas won a seat as Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland at the 1818 general election but was defeated at the 1820 general election. He again became Member of Parliament for Orkney and Shetland at the 1826 general election but was defeated again at the 1830 general election. He was also promoted to rear-admiral in 1830.

Dundas became Second Naval Lord in the Grey ministry in November 1830; having been appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of York in 1831. On 2 November 1831 he was appointed as Comptroller of the Navy and member of the Navy Board until June 1832 when it was abolished and its functions were merged with the Board of Admiralty. He was elevated to First Naval Lord in the First Melbourne ministry in August 1834 but died in office, unmarried, of apoplexy at Upleatham in North Yorkshire just two months later on 7 October 1834. He is buried at Marske in North Yorkshire.

Fictional references
A heavily fictionalized Dundas appears in several of Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin novels, as the oldest friend of Captain Jack Aubrey, and as (fictionally) the younger brother of First Lord of the Admiralty Viscount Melville.

Dundas is a peripheral character in C. Northcote Parkinson's 1976 novel Touch and Go who, like O'Brian places his hero at the Battle of Algeciras, where he interacts with Dundas.

References

Sources

External links

|-

First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff
Lords of the Admiralty
Younger sons of barons
1778 births
1834 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Orkney and Shetland
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1826–1830
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy rear admirals
19th-century Royal Navy personnel
George

George Dundas (Royal Navy officer)


A symbolic location is an expression coined by Sir Kenneth Newman, when he was Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police Service (the Met) from 1982 to 1987. The term was used by the police in London in the 1980s to refer to a no-go area, one regarded by local youths as their territory, where police were viewed as intruders. John Smith, former deputy commissioner of the Met, said in 1991 that the term was no longer in use.

Symbolic locations were identified with high unemployment, a high crime rate, drug dealing, and illegal drinking and gambling. Newman said in 1983 that they "equated closely with the criminal rookeries of Dickensian London," and symbolized the inability of the police to maintain law and order. In a report that year to the Home Secretary, he offered as examples Broadwater Farm in Tottenham, Railton Road in Brixton, and All Saints Road in Notting Hill. Stonebridge Estate in Harlesden was cited as another example, as was the Notting Hill Carnival.

P.A.J. Waddington wrote in 1999 that the police sought on occasion to restore—"take back"—symbolic locations as public spaces, leading to raids under a pretext of breaking up criminality. The term was criticized for identifying largely black communities in England with crime, or as a social problem.  John Solomos and Les Black argued in 1996 that such thinking was an example of "profound historical amnesia," because, they wrote, Britain has a long history of civil unrest.

Notes

Further reading
Davis, Jennifer. "From 'Rookeries' to 'Communities': Race, Poverty and Policing in London, 1850-1985", History Workshop, No. 27, Spring 1989, pp. 66–85.

History of the Metropolitan Police

Symbolic location


The International Trademark Association is concerned with protecting trademarks and complementary intellectual property via advocacy work and offering educational programs and  legal resources.

The association's nearly 6,500 member organizations from 165 countries represent more than 34,000 trademark professionals and include brand owners from major corporations as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, law firms, and nonprofits.

History
INTA was originally known as the United States Trademark Association (USTA), which was established in 1878 in New York City by 17 merchants and manufacturers to protect and promote the rights of trademark owners, secure useful legislation, and give aid and encouragement to all efforts for the advancement and observance of trademark rights.

In 1908, the association became a business corporation under the Business Corporation Law of the State of New York, and it was given broad powers to act for the protection of trademarks in the United States and around the world.

In 1926, the USTA became a not-for-profit member organization.

In 1993, the association changed its name to the International Trademark Association.

Activities

INTA provides services to its members and the public in three main areas: global trademark resources, programs & events, and policy & advocacy.

INTA produces digital publications, including the INTA Bulletin and The Trademark Reporter, and multijurisdictional Practice Guides, such as Country Guides, covering various topics and jurisdictions worldwide. Some resources (focusing on the basics of trademark law) are available to the general public, others (on legal practice in jurisdictions worldwide) are exclusively available to members.

The Trademark Reporter is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed scholarly journal that explores all aspects of trademark law, and the INTA Bulletin is INTA's weekly newsletter delivering news about association activities, and developments and trends in global trademark law.

INTA hosts meetings, conferences, roundtables, and webcasts that bring international trademark professionals together to discuss trademark issues, and IP law and practice. These events are open to members and non-members. It also hosts a bi-monthly podcast, Brand & New, with host Audrey Dauvet.

INTA's largest event is the annual meeting, which dates back to 1878. The meeting takes place every spring—usually in May—and attracts more than 10,000 participants from around the globe, and consists of five days of networking and business development opportunities, educational and professional development opportunities, as well as committee meetings and exhibits. The 2022 Annual Meeting Live+ will take place April 30-May 4, in-person in Washington, D.C. plus virtually.

INTA works to promote effective trademark laws and policies worldwide. INTA carries out its policy and advocacy work through model laws and guidelines, board of directors resolutions, amicus briefs, testimony and submissions, and reports.

The committees of INTA's Advocacy Group are:

 Anticounterfeiting
 Brands and Innovation
 Copyright
 Data Protection
 Designs
 Emerging Issues
 Enforcement
 Famous & Well-Known Marks
 Geographical Indications
 Harmonization of Trademark Law & Practice
 Indigenous Rights
 International Amicus
 Internet
 Legislation & Regulation
 Non-Traditional Marks
 Parallel Imports
 Right of Publicity
 Trademark Office Practices
 Unfair Competition

Structure

INTA is led by a board of directors composed of up to 37 representatives of member organizations. The board elects several officers and works with the CEO and staff, along with the member volunteers who serve on committees to implement the association's strategic plan. Zeeger Vink (MF Brands, Switzerland) is the INTA  2022 president. The board appoints committees that conduct the work of the association. Any individual who works for a member organization is eligible to apply for committee membership.

Membership

INTA members include nearly 6,500 organizations from 185 countries. The association's member organizations represent more than 34,000 trademark professionals working at:

 major corporations;
 small- and medium-sized enterprises;
 law firms, service firms and sole practitioners;
 nonprofits;
 government offices; and
 academic institutions.

Locations

The association has headquarters in New York City, offices in Brussels, Beijing, Santiago, Chile, Singapore, and Washington, D.C., and a representative in New Delhi.

In 2003, INTA opened its China Representative Office in Shanghai, its the first office outside the United States. The Office moved to Beijing in 2021.

In 2006, INTA opened its Europe Representative Office in Brussels, Belgium.

In 2007, INTA opened a representative office in Washington, DC.

In 2016, INTA opened its Asia Pacific Representative Office in Singapore.

In 2017, INTA opened its Latin American and Caribbean Representative Office in Santiago, Chile.

See also
 Trademarks
 Brands
 Intellectual Property
 Trade Association
 Intellectual property organization
 Trademark attorney

References

Intellectual property organizations
Organizations established in 1878
1878 establishments in New York (state)

International Trademark Association


John McNamara (born 1950) is an American artist who was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He graduated from the Massachusetts College of Art in 1971 with a BFA in painting and in 1977 with an MFA. In 1975, he began teaching painting at the Massachusetts College of Art and remained there until 1983.  He received a National Endowment for the Arts fellowship in 1981. Since 1993, he has taught at University of California, Berkeley. He currently lives in Novato CA with his wife, educator and writer Diane Darrow and sons filmmaker Jeremy McNamara and musician Seamus McNamara.

John McNamara's paintings from the 1980s and 1990s are abstract landscapes.  Congestion, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is an example of the artist's abstract landscapes that have been described as both sensual and painterly.  Although superficially resembling abstract expressionism, vegetation is clearly present.   In 1992, McNamara began investigating the relationship between painting and photography by affixing photographs and postcards to canvas or wood panels and then proceeding to paint over them.  The Boston Public Library, the Davis Museum and Cultural Center (Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA), the DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park (Lincoln, MA), the Fitchburg Art Museum (Fitchburg, MA), the Honolulu Museum of Art the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Rose Art Museum (Brandeis University, Waltham, MA), the Smith College Museum of Art (Northampton, MA), the Currier Museum of Art (Manchester, NH), the Speed Art Museum (Louisville, KY) and the Tucson Museum of Art (Tucson, AZ) are among the public collections holding work by John McNamara.

References
Lafo, Rachel Rosenfield, Nicholas Capasso & Jennifer Uhrhane, Painting in Boston: 1950–2000, Lincoln, Mass., DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park, 2002, p. 231.

Footnotes

Artists from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Massachusetts College of Art and Design alumni
Massachusetts College of Art and Design faculty
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Modern painters
American abstract artists
Painters from Massachusetts
University of California, Berkeley faculty
1950 births
Living people
20th-century American male artists

John McNamara (artist)


Il Canzoniere (; ), also known as the Rime Sparse (), but originally titled  (, that is Fragments composed in vernacular), is a collection of poems by the Italian humanist, poet, and writer Petrarch.

Though the majority of Petrarch's output was in Latin, the Canzoniere was written in the vernacular, a language of trade, despite Petrarch's view that Italian was less adequate for expression. Of its 366 poems, the vast majority are in sonnet form (317), though the sequence contains a number of canzoni (29), sestine (9), madrigals (4), and ballate (7). Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon. Though disputed, the inscription in his copy of Virgil records this information. Petrarch's meticulous dating of his manuscripts has allowed scholars to deduce that the poems were written over a period of forty years, with the earliest dating from shortly after 1327, and the latest around 1368. The transcription and ordering of the sequence itself went on until 1374, the year of the poet's death. The two sections of the sequence which are divided by Laura's death have traditionally been labelled 'In vita' (In life') and 'In morte' (In death) respectively, though Petrarch made no such distinction. His work would go on to become what Spiller calls 'the single greatest influence on the love poetry of Renaissance Europe until well into the seventeenth century'.

Central ideas

The central theme in the Canzoniere is Petrarch's courtly love for Laura, with whom he reportedly fell in love at first sight on 6 April 1327 and who died on that date in 1348. The poems however are so sparing of facts that Petrarch had to write his friend Giacomo Colonna to assert her existence against a charge that she was a fictional creation.

The most evident purpose of the Canzoniere is to praise Laura, yet questions concerning the virtue of love in relation to the Christian religion and desire are always present. Antithesis are also key to the sequence and in one sense represent Petrarch's search for balance; these would later be exploited by Petrarchists in Europe but represent only one aspect of the Rimes. This leads on to the essential paradox of Petrarchan love, where love is desired yet painful: fluctuation between states is a means of expressing this instability. The changing mind of man and the passing of time are also central themes, as is the consideration of the art of poetic creation itself. Some other themes are desire, isolation, unrequited love, and vanity of youth.

In any case, it would be improper to see Canzoniere as uniquely inspired by love for Laura. Other themes are important: religion, poetry, politics, time, glory. The love theme itself should be considered as the nucleus around which Petrarch develops his deep psychological analysis: thanks to his poems inspired by Laura (laurus is the symbol for poetry) the poet aspires to reach glory, which in turn can fight the all-destroying power of time. Even glory, however, cannot guarantee real eternity, because in Christianity, only faith in Jesus Christ can guarantee it.

Influences on the Canzoniere
Petrarch uses Ovid's Metamorphoses to convey themes of instability, and also sources Virgil's Aeneid. Petrarch inherited aspects of artifice and rhetorical skill from Sicilian courtly poetry, including that of the inventor of the sonnet form, Giacomo da Lentini. In addition, the troubadours who wrote love poems concerned with chivalry in Provençal (in the canso or canzone form) are likely to have had an influence, primarily because of the position of adoration in which they placed the female figure. Dante, and the school of the dolce stil nuovo, or new sweet style, developed this placement of the female and proposed that the pursuit of love was a noble virtue.

Influence of the Rime

In England
In 1380, Chaucer adopted part of the Canzoniere to form three stanzas of rhyme royal in Troilus and Criseyde, Book I. Over 150 years would pass until Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, would translate several Rime in the court environment of Henry VIII. Their translations are largely credited with making the ten-syllable line normative in English, and in George Puttenham's 1589 Art of English Poesie are credited with reforming the English language:

As novices newly crept out of the schooles of Dante, Arioste and Petrarch, they greatly polished our rude and homely manner of vulgar poesie, from that it had bene before, and for that cause may justly be sayd the first reformers of our English meetre and stile.

Thus, their translations of Rimes from the Canzoniere paved the way for the sonnet sequences of Sidney and Shakespeare.

In France
Early French sonneteers included Clément Marot and Mellin Saint Gelais. The latter spent nine years in Italy before returning to France to spread knowledge of Petrarch and Serafino. The first sonnet sequence to be published in France came in 1549 in the form of Joachim du Bellay's L'Olive. When first published it contained 50 sonnets but the next year Bellay added more poems and raised the total number to 115 - references to Petrarch are made in fourteen of these sonnets. Pierre de Ronsard also took up Petrarch's influence and his sonnets are credited for their originality.

Further reading
Durling, Robert M., The Rime Sparse and Other Lyrics (Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1976).
Spiller, Michael R.G, The Development of the Sonnet (London: Routledge, 1992).
The Canzoniere Online:
 Full text of the Canzoniere:
The Oregon Petrarch Open Book:  Hypertext in and around the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta

References

14th-century books
Canzoniere
Poetry by Petrarch
Sonnet studies

Il Canzoniere


Jacques Visschers (6 December 1940 – 21 August 2020) was a Dutch footballer who played as a forward. He spent his entire football career at NAC Breda, from 1948 until 1971, when he retired from football. After his football career, Visschers was NAC Breda's team manager, one of the founders and a board member of the VVCS and a board member of the S.C.F. Jacques Visschers was a member of the KNVB's arbitration committee and was a member of NAC Breda's supervisory board. Visschers also was a member of the Order of Orange-Nassau and a member of honour of NAC Breda.

Club career

Early years
Born in Amsterdam in 1940, Jacques Visschers only lived shortly in the Dutch capital. His father was originally from Breda and was temporarily transferred there for his work. At the age of 7 Visschers wanted to play for NAC Breda, but because he was Catholic, his neighbourhood supported Breda's V.V. Baronie and he was too young, he did not join NAC Breda. When he turned 9 years old, he played his first youth match for NAC Breda. During his younger career he played as an attacking midfielder. Cor Kools advised him at the age of 18 to become a striker.

Senior career
On 6 March 1960 Visschers made his debut for NAC Breda in the away match against Sittardia. In 1961 he became a semi professional football player, in which he earned 1500 guilders a year. In 1965 NAC was relegated to the Eerste Divisie, an event which Visschers held himself responsible for. "I always say it's my fault. Normally I scored 10 to 15 goals a season. That season I only scored two goals". At that time Visschers also thought about retirement. In his opinion football became too harsh and the technical players became the victim. On 6 June 1971 Visschers played his last match for NAC against MVV. After 282 matches, in which he scored 129 goals, he retired from professional football.

Post-playing career
After his football career Visschers worked in several roles in the financial sector. He ended up as a financial director for Nimox. Besides his work, he was still actively involved in football. From 1967 until 1977 he was a board member of the VVCS, the Dutch Association for Professional Football players. In 1978 Visschers was asked to join the KNVB's arbitrary commission and later he joined the KNVB's financial commission. After his professional football career, Visschers was NAC's team manager.

From the nineties onwards, Visschers postponed his voluntary activities and supported NAC Breda from the stands. In 2003 Visschers joined NAC's supervisory board, after the club was saved from near bankruptcy. From 2003 onwards, he was responsible for football affairs and scouting.

Despite earlier denials towards fans and stakeholders by management and the Board members, it appeared at the end of season 2009–2010 that NAC's financial position was not stable. The club lost €3.2 million that season, due to rebuilding the stadium and buying too expensive players. Board members Visschers, Willem van der Hoeven, and Bas Koomans resigned and Bas van Bavel became new chairman.

Honours
For his services to Dutch football, Visschers received the KNVB distinction De Nederlandse Leeuw (English: Dutch Lion). NAC's chairman Willem van der Hoeve granted Visschers NAC Breda's Member of Honour title for his services for the club. On 24 August 2008 Visschers was crowned as a member of the Order of Orange-Nassau. He received his membership for his great contributions to football in Breda and his special contributions to the Dutch football.

References

External links

1940 births
2020 deaths
Footballers from Breda
Men's association football forwards
Dutch men's footballers
NAC Breda players
Eredivisie players
Recipients of the Order of Orange-Nassau

Jacques Visschers


A conversational user interface (CUI) is a user interface for computers that emulates a conversation with a real human. Historically, computers have relied on text-based user interfaces and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) (such as the user pressing a "back" button) to translate the user's desired action into commands the computer understands. While an effective mechanism of completing computing actions, there is a learning curve for the user associated with GUI. Instead, CUIs provide opportunity for the user to communicate with the computer in their natural language rather than in a syntax specific commands.

To do this, conversational interfaces use natural language processing (NLP) to allow computers to understand, analyze, and create meaning from human language. Unlike word processors, NLP considers the structure of human language (i.e., words make phrases; phrases make sentences which convey the idea or intent the user is trying to invoke). The ambiguous nature of human language makes it difficult for a machine to always correctly interpret the user's requests, which is why we have seen a shift toward natural-language understanding (NLU).

NLU allows for sentiment analysis and conversational searches which allows a line of questioning to continue, with the context carried throughout the conversation. NLU allows conversational interfaces to handle unstructured inputs that the human brain is able to understand such as spelling mistakes of follow-up questions.  For example, through leveraging NLU, a user could first ask for the population of the United States. If the user then asks "Who is the president?", the search will carry forward the context of the United States and provide the appropriate response.

Conversational interfaces have emerged as a tool for businesses to efficiently provide consumers with relevant information, in a cost-effective manner. CUI provide ease of access to relevant, contextual information to the end user without the complexities and learning curve typically associated with technology.

While there are a variety of interface brands, to date, there are two main categories of conversational interfaces; voice assistants and chatbots.

Voice-based interfaces

A voice user interface allows a user to complete an action by speaking a command. Introduced in October 2011, Apple's Siri was one of the first voice assistants widely adopted. Siri allowed users of iPhone to get information and complete actions on their device simply by asking Siri. In the later years, Siri was integrated with Apple's HomePod devices.

Further development has continued since Siri's introduction to include home based devices such as Google Home or Amazon Echo (powered by Alexa) that allow users to "connect" their homes through a series of smart devices to further the options of tangible actions they can complete. Users can now turn off the lights, set reminders and call their friends all with a verbal queue.

These conversational interfaces that utilize a voice assistant have become a popular way for businesses to interact with their customers as the interface removes some friction in a customer journey. Customers no longer need to remember a long list of usernames and passwords to their various accounts; they simply link each account to Google or Amazon once, and gone are the days where you needed to wait on hold for an hour to ask a simple question.

Text-based interfaces

A chatbot is a web- or mobile-based interface that allows the user to ask questions and retrieve information. This information can be generic in nature such as the Google Assistant chat window that allows for internet searches, or it can be a specific brand or service which allows the user to gain information about the status of their various accounts. Their backend systems work in the same manner as a voice assistant, with the front end utilizing a visual interface to convey information. This visual interface can be beneficial for companies that need to do more complex business transactions with customers, as instructions, deep links and graphics can all be utilized to convey an answer. The complexity to which a chatbot answers questions depends on the development of the back end. Chatbots with hard-coded answers has a smaller base on information and corresponding skills. Chatbots that leverage machine learning will continue to grow and develop larger content bases for more complex responses.

More frequently, companies are leveraging chatbots as a way to offload simple questions and transactions from human agents. These chatbots provide the option to assist a user, but then directly transfer the customer to a live agent within the same chat window if the conversation becomes too complex, this feature is called Human Handover, chatbot platforms like BotPenguin and other platform offers such features in their chatbots. Chatbots have evolved and have come a long way since their inception. Modern day chatbots have personas which make them sound more human-like.

See also
User interface
User interface design
Natural-language user interface
Voice user interface

References

Human–computer interaction
Natural language processing

Conversational user interface


Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué (6 July 18158 December 1895) was a Breton philologist and man of letters.

Biography
La Villemarqué was born in Quimperlé, Finistère on 6 July 1815. He was descended from an old Breton family, which counted among its members an Hersart who had followed Saint Louis to the Crusades, and another who was a companion in arms of Bertrand du Guesclin. La Villemarqué devoted himself to the elucidation of the monuments of Breton literature. Introduced in 1851 by Jakob Grimm as correspondent to the Academy of Berlin, he became in 1858 a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. He died at Castle Keransker near Quimperlé on 8 December 1895.

Works
His works include: Contes populaires des anciens Bretons (1842), to which was prefixed an essay on the origin of the romances of the Round Table; Essai sur l'histoire de la langue bretonne (1837); Poèmes des bardes bretons du sixième siècle (1850); La Légende celtique en Irlande, en Cambrie et en Bretagne (1859). The popular Breton songs published by him in 1839 as Barzaz Breiz were considerably retouched. La Villemarqué's work has been superseded by the work of later scholars, but he has the merit of having done much to arouse popular interest in his subject.

Literature
On the subject of the doubtful authenticity of Barzaz Breiz, see Luzel's Preface to his Chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, and, for a list of works on the subject, the Revue Celtique (vol. V).

References

Attribution:

1815 births
1895 deaths
People from Quimperlé
French philologists
French lexicographers
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Writers from Brittany
Poets from Brittany
Arthurian scholars
Breton-language writers
19th-century French poets
Knights of the Legion of Honour
19th-century lexicographers


Hites Cove (also  called Hite's Cove, less commonly Hite Cove) is an unincorporated community in Mariposa County, California. It is located on the South Fork of the Merced River,  west-southwest of El Portal, at an elevation of 1578 feet (481 m). It is accessed via Hites Cove Road.

The Hites Cove post office operated from 1868 to 1869, and from 1878 to 1889. The Hite post office operated from 1901 to 1902. The name honors John Hite, who discovered gold at the site.

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Mariposa County, California

Hites Cove, California


The Islamic Consultative Assembly (), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran. The Parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election. The most recent election took place on 21 February 2020, and the new parliament convened on 28 May 2020.

Founded in 1906 as the National Consultative Assembly, the ICA has been described as the rubber stamp parliament for the unelected Supreme Leader of Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution.

History

Islamic Republic of Iran
Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Senate of Iran was abolished and effectively succeeded by the Guardian Council, maintaining the bicameral structure of the Iranian legislature. In the 1989 constitutional revision, the National Consultative Assembly was renamed the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Since the Iranian Revolution, the Parliament of Iran has been led by six chairmen. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani served as the inaugural chairman from 1980 to 1989. Subsequently, Mehdi Karroubi held the position in two separate terms (1989–1992 and 2000–2004), followed by Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri (1992–2000), Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (2004–2008), Ali Larijani (2008–2020), and, since 2020, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf.

Throughout its history, the Parliament's character has evolved from being a "debating chamber for notables" to a "club for the shah's placemen" during the Pahlavi era. In the era of the Islamic Republic, it has shifted to being a body primarily influenced by members of the "propertied middle class."

2017 attack

On 7 June 2017, there were shootings at the Iranian parliament and at the shrine of Ayatollah Khomeini. Gunmen opened fire at the Iranian Parliament and the mausoleum of religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini in Tehran. The attack on the mausoleum reportedly left 17 persons dead and more than 30 people injured. The parliament was attacked by four gunmen which left seven to eight people injured. Both attacks took place around the same time and appear to have been coordinated.

Functions

The Islamic Consultative Assembly holds the authority to legislate laws on all matters within the boundaries defined by the Constitution. Nevertheless, it is restricted from enacting laws that contradict the fundamental principles of the official religion of the nation (Islam) or the Constitution itself.

Government bills are submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly only after obtaining the approval of the Council of Ministers.

The Islamic Consultative Assembly possesses the prerogative to investigate and scrutinize all matters concerning the country.

International treaties, protocols, contracts, and agreements necessitate approval from the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Sanctioning and obtaining national or international loans or grants by the government requires ratification from the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

The President must secure a vote of confidence from the Assembly, through a Council of Ministers approval, upon forming the government and prior to conducting any other business.

In the event that at least one-fourth of the total members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly raise a question to the President, or if any Assembly member poses a question to a minister regarding their duties, the President or the minister is obligated to attend the Assembly and address the query.

All legislation endorsed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be submitted to the Guardian Council. Within a maximum of ten days from its receipt, the Guardian Council must review the legislation to ensure its compatibility with Islamic criteria and the Constitution. If any incompatibility is identified, the legislation is returned to the Assembly for further review. Otherwise, the legislation is deemed enforceable.

Election
People need to sign up online and upload their university degree document. Volunteers need to be 30 at least and 75 years maximum, have a Masters degree or equal Level 3 Islamic seminary, and be Iranian born.

Membership

Currently, there are 290 members of Parliament, elected for a four-year term. There are five seats reserved for religious minorities (1.7% of the total members), with two for the Armenians and one each for the Assyrians, Jews and Zoroastrians. MPs are popularly elected for four-year terms. About 8% of the Parliament are women, while the global average is 13%.

The Parliament can force the dismissal of cabinet ministers through no-confidence votes and can impeach the president for misconduct in office. Although the executive proposes most new laws, individual deputies of the Parliament also may introduce legislation. Deputies also may propose amendments to bills being debated. The Parliament also drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget.

All candidates running for election, and proposed legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council. Candidates must pledge in writing that they are committed, in theory and in practice, to the Iranian constitution.

Constituencies

The Parliament currently has 207 constituencies, including the 5 reserved seats for religious minorities. The remaining 202 constituencies are territorial, each covering one or more of Iran's 368 counties.

Leadership

Members of Parliament elect their speaker and deputy speakers during the first session of Parliament for a one-year term. Every year, almost always in May, elections for new speakers are held in which incumbents may be re-elected.

The current Speaker of Parliament is Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, with First Deputy Speaker Abdolreza Mesri and Second Deputy Speaker Mojtaba Zonnour.

Commissions/Fractions

 Privileged commissions

 Expert commissions

Fractions
AI and Data governance

Current composition

The last elections of Parliament of Iran were held on 26 March 2016; a second round will be held in April in those 71 districts where no candidate received 25% or more of the votes cast. More than 12,000 candidates registered, but leaving about 6,200 candidates to run for the 290 seats representing the 31 provinces. The results indicate that the results would make a hung parliament, with reformists having a plurality.

Building
After 1979, the Parliament convened at the building that used to house the Senate of Iran. A new building for the Assembly was constructed at Baharestan Square in central Tehran, near the old Iranian Parliament building that had been used from 1906 to 1979. After several debates, the move was finally approved in 2004. The first session of the Parliament in the new building was held on 16 November 2004.

The old building is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rial banknote.

See also

Elections in Iran
Politics of Iran
List of legislatures by country
Specialized Commissions of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
 9th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran
 10th legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran
List of Iran's parliament representatives
 List of Iran's parliament representatives (11th term)
 List of Iran's parliament representatives (10th term)
 List of Iran's parliament representatives (9th term)
 List of Iran's parliament representatives (8th term)
 List of Iran's parliament representatives (7th term)
 List of Iran's parliament representatives (6th term)
Subordinate organizations
Majlis Research Center
Supreme Audit Court of Iran

References

 This article incorporates text from the Constitution of Iran, which is in the public domain.

External links

The official website of the Majlis of Iran
Laws and minutes of meetings of the Majlis of Iran (1906-1979) (persian)
History of Iran: Constitutional Revolution, a history of Majlis from 1906 to 1953
Iranian Ministry of Interior on the history of elections in Iran
A report on moving the Majles to Baharestan
The Council of Guardians, Official website.
The Majles, Iran's parliament news service.
 Interparliamentary Union (IPU) summary of Majlis of Iran election preparations and/or outcomes (translated into English)
 Iran Electoral Archive - Iranian Parliament
Videos
Video Archive of Iran's Parliament
 Kourosh Esmāili, People & Power: The Iranian Campaign, Aljazeera, YouTube, April 2008: Part 1 Part 2

Legislature of Iran
Iran
Iran
1979 establishments in Iran
Iran
Buildings and structures in Tehran

Islamic Consultative Assembly


Exponentiating by squaring is an algorithm. It is used for quickly working out large integer powers of a number. It is also known as the square-and-multiply algorithm or binary exponentiation. It uses the binary expansion of the exponent. It is of quite general use, for example in modular arithmetic.

The algorithm is believed to have first been documented in the Sanskrit book Chandah-sûtra, about 200 BC.

Squaring algorithm

The following recursive algorithm computes xn for a positive integer n where n > 0:

This algorithm is much faster than the ordinary method to compute such a value. Multiplying x by itself, n operations are needed to calculate x n. With the method shown above, only log2(n) operations are needed.

The following algorithm computes modular exponentiation xn mod m where x is the base, n is the exponent and m is the modulus.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

unsigned long long exponentiation_by_squaring(int base, int exponent, int modulus)
{
    unsigned long long result = 1;
    while (exponent > 0)
    {
        if (exponent % 2 == 1)
        {
            result = (result * base) % modulus;
        }
        base = (base * base) % modulus;
        exponent = exponent / 2;
    }
    return result;
}

int main()
{
    int x, n, m;
    scanf("%d %d %d", &x, &n, &m);
    // x : base
    // n : exponent
    // m : modulus
    unsigned long long result = exponentiation_by_squaring(x, n, m);
    printf("%llu", result);

    return 0;
}

Algorithms

Exponentiation by squaring


Christopher Bryan Harrison (born July 26, 1971) is an American television and game show host, best known for his role as the host of the ABC reality television dating show The Bachelor from 2002 to 2021. He also hosted its spin-offs The Bachelorette from 2003 to 2021, Bachelor Pad from 2010 to 2012, Bachelor in Paradise from 2014 to 2021, the first season of Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise in 2015, Bachelor Live in 2016, and The Bachelor Winter Games in 2018.  He also served as the host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire from 2015 to 2019.

Early life and education
Harrison was born in Dallas. He graduated from Lake Highlands High School in 1989. He attended Oklahoma City University on a soccer scholarship. He was initiated into the Kappa Sigma fraternity while in college.

Career
From 1993–99, Harrison worked as a sports reporter at CBS affiliate KWTV in Oklahoma City. He also worked briefly for TVG Network, a horse racing channel, and was the host of Designers' Challenge on HGTV. In 2001, Harrison hosted the short-lived game show Mall Masters for GSN.

In 2002, Harrison guest-starred on Sabrina the Teenage Witch, as a music show host, in the episode "Ping, Ping a Song".

On November 23, 2008, Harrison hosted the American Music Awards pre-show live on ABC. His co-hosts were Dancing with the Stars judge Carrie Ann Inaba, and Pussycat Dolls member Nicole Scherzinger.

The TV Guide Network, now known as "Pop", announced that Harrison was signed to anchor its live red carpet awards coverage, beginning with the 2009 Primetime Emmy Awards in September. In 2011, Harrison and Brooke Burns co-hosted the game show You Deserve It. He has also co-hosted Hollywood 411 on the former TV Guide Network. He has hosted Designers' Challenge on HGTV and Mall Masters on the Game Show Network.

In April 2015, Disney-ABC announced that Harrison would replace Terry Crews as host of the syndicated version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? for the 2015–16 season. GSN began airing reruns of this show on December 18, 2017, marking a return to the network for him since the cancellation of Mall Masters.  Harrison earned two nominations for Outstanding Game Show Host in 2018 and 2019, but lost to Wayne Brady and Alex Trebek, respectively.

On May 19, 2015, Harrison branched out from TV and published his first romance novel, The Perfect Letter.

Harrison hosted ABC's reality television dating shows The Bachelor, The Bachelorette, Bachelor in Paradise, and its spinoffs. He also serves as the voice of the "Bachelor Whammy" in the 2019 reboot version of Press Your Luck on ABC.

Exit from The Bachelor (franchise)
On February 13, 2021, Harrison announced that he will be temporarily stepping aside from the franchise after facing criticism for defending a contestant on The Bachelor accused of racism. In March 2021, alternative hosts were announced for season 17 of The Bachelorette. In June 2021, it was announced that after 19 years, Harrison had permanently departed the franchise.

Personal life
Harrison was married to his college sweetheart, Gwen Harrison. They have two children, Joshua and Taylor. In May 2012, after 18 years of marriage, Harrison and his wife announced they were ending their marriage. As of 2018, Harrison was confirmed to be dating Lauren Zima, a reporter and journalist for Entertainment Tonight. They announced their engagement in October 2021.

References

External links
 ABC Profile

1971 births
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
Chris Harrison's exit from The Bachelor
American game show hosts
American horse racing announcers
American television talk show hosts
Beauty pageant hosts
Living people
Novelists from Texas
Entertainers from Dallas

Chris Harrison


Dipcadi is a genus of bulbous flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (also treated as the family Hyacinthaceae). It is widely distributed, occurring in southern Europe, most of Africa and the Middle East through to the Indian subcontinent.

Description

Species of Dipcadi grow from small bulbs. The solitary flower stem (scape) bears a loose raceme of green or brown flowers, sometimes with different colours at the tips of the three inner tepals. The raceme is usually one-sided (secund). The tepals are joined at the base for up to two thirds of their length to form a tube. The apices of the tepals then curve outwards, particularly the outer three. The outer three tepals may have a rounded "spur" at their tips. The stamens, which are enclosed within the flower, are joined to the tube formed by the tepals and have flat filaments. The black seeds are in the shape of a disc or a flattened globe.

Dipcadi serotinum, from south-west Europe and north Africa, although sombre in colour, is sometimes cultivated by gardeners specializing in ornamental bulbous plants.

Systematics

The genus was named by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in 1790, based on the species Linnaeus had called Hyacinthus serotinus. Medikus distinguished Dipcadi from Hyacinthus because of the former's many flattened seeds and tubular flowers. Along with three other genera, Albuca, Ornithogalum sensu lato and Pseudogaltonia, Dipcadi is placed in the tribe Ornithogaleae (or subfamily Ornithogaloideae by those who recognize the Scilloideae as the separate family Hyacinthaceae).

Species
, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized 41 species and one hybrid:

References

Asparagaceae genera
Scilloideae

Dipcadi


The Cape Final Trail is a hiking trail on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon National Park, located in the U.S. state of Arizona.

Description
It is located on the Walhalla Plateau at the Grand Canyon's North Rim.  Access is from the Cape Royal Road, about  north of Cape Royal.  Access to this part of the park by car is seasonal, traditionally open from mid-May to mid-October or depending on snowcover from the previous winter.

The trail is only  long one-way and terminates at Cape Final at an elevation of  overlooking the eastern Grand Canyon from Nankoweap to the Unkar Creek Delta.

No water is available (even at the trailhead), except early in the season by melting snow.  Otherwise all water needed must be carried for the duration of the hike.

Camping
The Grand Canyon Backcountry Use Plan designates the area along this trail (use area NA1) for At-Large Camping, with a valid permit.  One can be obtained from the Backcountry Information Center, located just north of the North Rim Campground along State Route 67.  There are good campsites along the last half mile of this trail.  The nearest toilet facilities are available at Cape Royal  south of the trailhead at the end of Cape Royal Rd.

See also

 The Grand Canyon
 List of trails in Grand Canyon National Park
 Greenland Lake

References

External links
 Grand Canyon National Park, Official site

Grand Canyon, North Rim
Grand Canyon, Walhalla Plateau
Hiking trails in Grand Canyon National Park

Cape Final Trail


Hankamer is an unincorporated populated place in northern Chambers County, Texas, United States. It is located northeast of Lake Anahuac adjacent to Wallisville on Highway 61.

Historical development
In the spring of 1904, a post office was established at Hankamer with Ira Alvan Hankamer (1869-1945) designated as postmaster on May 24. The town took his name. Ira was a son of settler John William Hankamer (1834 - 1907) who arrived in Texas in 1845 with his brothers Charles and Frederick, mother Johannette, and stepfather John Stengler, who sailed on the Harriet from Prussia to Galveston. They became citizens of the Republic of Texas. The Hankamers and Stenglers had planned to settle in the New Braunfels - Fredericksburg area, but news of Indian trouble prompted them to choose the area north of Anahuac.  A grandson of Ira A. Hankamer currently resides in his old house at Hankamer.

This town was named after I. A. Hankamer, an early settler to the area. In 1900 the Hankamer-Stowell Canal Company (also called Farmers Canal Company) started the area rice farming which would transform the surrounding region. Within two years, 10,000 acres (40 km) of rice fields would be irrigated. The Hankamer post office was opened in 1904. In 1929, oil was discovered nearby in Liberty County which would boost the population. In addition to the exploration for oil and gas establishing new oilfields, a lumbermill would provide employment.

Education
Anahuac Independent School District operates schools in the area.

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Chambers County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas
Greater Houston

Hankamer, Texas


The Alderney Wildlife Trust is a trust based in Alderney, Channel Islands.

The Trust works to preserve the island's biodiversity, to promote the conservation of Alderney's terrestrial and marine habitats, to encourage a sustainable Alderney, and to educate the public about the importance of the island's wildlife. The Trust helps to manage Alderney's two nature reserves at Longis and Vau du Saou. The Trust operates through a company limited by guarantee. It is administered by a committee who are directly elected by the Trust's membership.

Its headquarters is at the Alderney Wildlife Trust Office in Saint Anne, Alderney. It is part of the Wildlife Trusts partnership of 46 wildlife trusts in the British Islands, and runs the Alderney Records Centre, whose patron is Dr. George McGavin, in partnership with the Alderney Society.

Alderney and its surrounding islets support a rich flora and fauna. Trees are rather scarce, as many were cut down in the 17th century to fuel the lighthouses on Alderney and the Casquets. There are notable colonies of puffins on Burhou and gannets on Les Étacs. The Blonde hedgehog is a species native to Alderney. In August 2005, the west coast of Alderney and associated islands, including Burhou and Ortac, were designated as Ramsar wetlands of international importance.

References

External links
  Alderney Wildlife Trust

Wildlife Trusts of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Alderney

Alderney Wildlife Trust


A cooling flow occurs when the intracluster medium (ICM) in the centres of galaxy clusters should be rapidly cooling at the rate of tens to thousands of solar masses per year. This should happen as the ICM (a plasma) is quickly losing its energy by the emission of X-rays. The X-ray brightness of the ICM is proportional to the square of its density, which rises steeply towards the centres of many clusters. Also the temperature falls to typically a third or a half of the temperature in the outskirts of the cluster. The typical [predicted] timescale for the ICM to cool is relatively short, less than a billion years. As material in the centre of the cluster cools out, the pressure of the overlying ICM should cause more material to flow inwards (the cooling flow).

In a steady state, the rate of mass deposition, i.e. the rate at which the plasma cools, is given by

where L is the bolometric (i.e. over the entire spectrum) luminosity of the cooling region, T is its temperature, k is the Boltzmann constant and μm is the mean molecular mass.

Cooling flow problem
It is currently thought that the very large amounts of expected cooling are in reality much smaller, as there is little evidence for cool X-ray emitting gas in many of these systems. This is the cooling flow problem. Theories for why there is little evidence of cooling include
 Heating by the central Active galactic nucleus (AGN) in clusters, possibly via sound waves (seen in the Perseus and Virgo clusters)
 Thermal conduction of heat from the outer parts of clusters
 Cosmic ray heating
 Hiding cool gas by absorbing material
 Mixing of cool gas with hotter material
Heating by AGN is the most popular explanation, as they emit a lot of energy over their lifetimes, and some of the alternatives listed have theoretical problems.

See also
List of plasma physics articles

References

Further reading

5.7. Cooling flows and accretion by cDs (in X-ray Emission from Clusters of Galaxies. Sarazin 1988)

Extragalactic astronomy
Space plasmas

Cooling flow


Grand Bay is a  swamp located in Lanier County and Lowndes County, Georgia.  It consists of Grand Bay Wildlife Management Area, an educational wildlife area, and Banks Lake National Wildlife Refuge, a recreational and educational lake.

Grand Bay Wetland Education Center

The Grand Bay Wetland Education Center is operated as a partnership by the Coastal Plains Regional Educational Service Agency and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.  The Center features a boardwalk, education rooms and observation tower, and offers environmental education programs about the wetlands, field trips and accredited teacher training. The center teaches students about the relationship of plants and animals, with a focus on wetland ecology, wildlife and plant identification, air quality, and plant adaptations.

External links
Grand Bay Wetland Education Center - Coastal Plains Regional Educational Service Agency
Grand Bay Wildlife Management Area - Georgia Department of Natural Resources

Protected areas of Lanier County, Georgia
Protected areas of Lowndes County, Georgia
Swamps of Georgia (U.S. state)
Nature centers in Georgia (U.S. state)
Bodies of water of Lanier County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Lowndes County, Georgia

Grand Bay (Georgia)


Teypana (alternate spelling "Teypama") was the first pueblo to be called Socorro. This Piro pueblo was located close to present-day Socorro, New Mexico. A reference from 1598 suggests Teypana was on the west bank of the Rio Grande, downriver from the pueblo of Pilabó (the site of modern Socorro). Found in a partly flawed list of Piro pueblos, the reference is somewhat problematic. In 1598, Juan de Oñate and an advance party of his colonists were given food and water by the people of Teypana. In response, they named the settlement Socorro, which means "help" or "aid" in Spanish. By 1626, the name had become associated with the Piro pueblo of Pilabó, site of the first permanent mission in Piro territory, now buried under the town of Socorro, NM.

It has been claimed that Teypana means "village flower" in the Piro language. As the Piro language survives only in fragments, however, the meaning of the name Teypana, like all 17th-century Piro place names, remains unknown.

Michael Bletzer has done a lot of excavation on a site in the vicinity of Luis Lopez which he believes to be the Teypana village.

Footnotes

Native American tribes in New Mexico
Colonial New Mexico
Piro Pueblos of Socorro County, New Mexico
Pueblos in New Mexico

Teypana


Rhufoniog was a small sub-kingdom of the Dark Ages Gwynedd, and later a cantref in medieval Wales.

Geography
The cantref Rhos lay between it and the Irish Sea.  Sometimes the two cantrefi were linked together as "Rhos and Rhufeiniog", which roughly corresponds to the territory of the old county of Denbighshire. The rivers Elwy, Clwyd and Clywedog formed a natural border to the north and east.  As today, the countryside was bleak and isolated.

There were three commotes in Rhufoniog, namely Upper Aled, Lower Aled and River Aled as a border between them, and the commote Ceinmerch (also known as 'Cymeirch' or 'Ystrad') in the north-east between the River Lliwen and the River Clywedog.

History

The early history of the cantref is unclear.  According to tradition, it was ruled by its eponymous founder Rhufon, the third son of the first King of Gwynedd, Cunedda, and his direct descendants from the year 445 until the year 540 when it was probably absorbed back into direct control of Gwynedd proper.

It formed part of the territory of the Deceangli during the Roman occupation of Wales.  Later, much of the land belonged to the bishops of Bangor and Llanelwy.  By the Middle Ages, Denbigh was its capital.  The cantref was given to the prince Dafydd ap Gruffudd in 1277, then on his death five years later, it was given to Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln.  It was merged with the cantref Rhos to form the Lordship of Denbigh.

Today most of the area now lies in Denbighshire, with the western parts in Conwy.

See also
Moreith ap Aidan
Perfeddwlad

References
 The History Files: Post-Roman Celtic Kingdoms: Rhufoniog

Cantrefs
Commotes of Gwynedd
Kingdoms of Wales
5th century in Wales
6th century in Wales
445 establishments
States and territories established in the 440s
540 disestablishments
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century

Rhufoniog


Real numbers in binary have to be stored in a special way in a computer. Computers represent numbers as binary integers (whole numbers that are powers of two), so there is no direct way for them to represent non-integer numbers like decimals as there is no radix point. One way computers bypass this problem is floating-point representation, with "floating" referring to how the radix point can move higher or lower when multiplied by an exponent (power).

Overview
In mathematics and science, very large and very small numbers are often made simpler and multiplied to a power of ten to make them easier to understand. For example, it can be much easier to read 1.2 trillion as  than 1,200,000,000,000. This can also be used with negative powers of ten to make small numbers, meaning you can represent 0.000001  as . This process is called scientific notation.

Since computers are limited to integers and binary, this means they cannot easily represent fractional decimal numbers. In order to represent fractional numbers, computers use three sets of binary numbers to make a scientific notation representation. They are: the signed bit, which determines if the number is positive (0) or negative (1); the significand, which is an integer (whole) version of the number; and the exponent, which is the power you multiply the base by.

Significand

The significand is found by taking your number and moving the radix point until there is no fractional part, making it into an integer. In decimal this is making 1.45 into 145 by moving the point right 2 steps, and in binary this would be making 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) by moving the point right 4 steps; in both cases these numbers aren't related to one another outside using the same digits in a similar ordering.

Similarly to how scientific notation makes the significand as basic as possible, the aim in floating point numbers is to make it an integer so it can be represented in bytes and used in calculations.

Exponent

The exponent is the number of digits the radix point has moved past: if it moves left then the exponent is negative, but if it moves right then it is positive. As above, making 1.45 into 145 requires you to multiply by 100, so the exponent is 2 as . Equally, turning 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) requires you to move the radix point four columns to the right, so the exponent is 4; this can be verified in decimal as .

Since the process is inverted to most cases of scientific notation, as it involves making a faction into an integer rather than turning a large integer into a fraction, exponents are generally negative to move the decimal place to the left; in decimal this would be turning your integer 145 back into the fractional number 1.45 by multiplying it by . Instead of using an signed leftmost bit the exponent is instead biased, giving 32-bit float exponents a range of  to . The output value of the biased exponent can be found by adding 127 to it:

Example

Decimal to Bicimal

Let's assume, for example, we want to represent the decimal number 37.40625 to its binary counterpoint: a bicimal (or binary decimal/fraction). First, we need to take our decimal number, which is in powers of 10, and convert it to binary, which is in powers of 2. One way to do this is to subtract the largest power of two possible until you reach zero:

Using the powers of two above, we can represent our decimal number  as follows:

Bicimal to Float

We have validated that our decimal number  is represented in binary as . However, the issue with computers is that they represent numbers as integer powers of two using bits, which makes fractional and negative numbers complicated. In accordance with IEEE-754, the way this is commonly done with a computer is to create a 32-bit floating point number that consists of three parts:

 The sign, 1 bit to determine if our number is positive or negative.
 The exponent, 8 bits. We add the value 127 to it to account for the sign bit which is the most significant bit.
 The significand, which is our binary number without a bicimal point spread across 23 bits.

Since we need to move our bicimal point 5 places to make  into the significand  our exponent is . By using a 32-bit float we can represent 37.40625 like this:

Related pages
Binary
Negative binary numbers
Radix point
Scientific notation

Computer science
Mathematics

Floating point


The Château de la Guignardière () is a 16th-century château located outside Avrillé, in the Vendée department, western France. It was begun in 1555, but was never completed. The building and park are open to the public.

History
The château was begun in around 1555 for Jean Girard, panetier, or breadmaster, to King Henri II. It was planned as a symmetrical building, flanked by tall wings. However, in 1563, Girard was assassinated, and the building site was abandoned. The master masons, who had been imported from Paris by Girard, dispersed across the local area, influencing the designs of several buildings in the area.

Further building was not carried out until the 18th century, when Sylvestre, Count of Chaffault, attempted to complete it. Ionic pilasters were added to the principal windows, surmounted by a pediment inscribed with the Count's armorial bearings and the date 1773. Gardens were laid out, and the large pond excavated. However, the Count, a royalist, was forced to flee the country following the arrest of Louis XVI during the French Revolution. During his absence, a republican mob plundered the château, defacing the armorial bearings, and killing the Count's children.

By the early 19th century the château was owned by the Marquis de Saint Denis, a keen agricultural improver. He transformed the gardens, and planted numerous exotic trees, including Magnolia, Swamp Cypress, Zelkova and California Redwood. His successor Henri Luce de Tremont also hoped to complete the château, but instead he chose to move the curved perron stair from the proposed central bay of the garden facade, to the actual central bay. From 1920, the statesman Georges Clemenceau rented a house, known as la bicoque, ("the shack") on the estate. He became friends with the owner, Amedée Luce de Tremont, and was regularly entertained in the dining room of the château. La bicoque is now a state property, and is open to the public as the Maison de Georges Clemenceau. The château remains privately owned, and is now open to the public. It has been classed as a monument historique since 1978.

Architecture
The château is an example of French Renaissance architecture. It comprises a three-bay section of three storeys, the proposed central block, and a tall wing of four storeys. The steeply-sloping slate roofs are supported on the original oak timbers, felled on the estate and dated by dendrochronology to 1556. The roofs are topped by very tall red-brick chimneys. Each window has a mullion and two transoms, made of granite, as are other decorative features. The interiors include large granite fireplaces, probably modelled on published designs by the Italian architect Sebastiano Serlio.

Parc des Aventuriers
The  gardens of the château have been developed as the Parc des Aventuriers, a children's adventure trail and treasure hunt, based on the history of world exploration. Within the park are a number of prehistoric menhirs, as well as more recent garden features.

References

External links
Château de la Guignardière website

Houses completed in 1555
Châteaux in Vendée
Gardens in Vendée
Museums in Vendée
Historic house museums in Pays de la Loire
1555 establishments in France

Château de la Guignardière


The  City Ground is a football stadium in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England, on the banks of the River Trent. It has been home to Nottingham Forest since 1898 and has a capacity of 30,455.

The stadium was a venue when England hosted UEFA Euro 1996, and is only  away from Meadow Lane, home of Forest's neighbouring club Notts County; the two grounds are the closest professional football stadiums in England and the second-closest in the United Kingdom, after the grounds of Dundee and Dundee United. They are located on opposite sides of the River Trent.

History

Background
Nottingham Forest are the second oldest league football club in the world, and were founded in 1865, but did not move to the City Ground, their seventh home, until 33 years later in 1898. For their first fourteen years the club played most of their matches at the Forest Recreation Ground, from which they took their name. This was common land so the club were unable to exploit their matches commercially, and as there was no gate money, revenue came mainly from the players' membership fees. When Forest first entered the FA Cup in 1878–79, reaching the semi-finals, they were unable to play home fixtures, as the cup competition rules stipulated that spectators should be charged admission. In 1879 the club left The Forest to play at the Castle Ground in The Meadows, after the Notts Castle Football Club which had previously played there disbanded and its players joined Forest. This allowed Forest to charge admission in time for its second FA Cup campaign in 1879–80. Rapidly-growing interest in the game saw the ability to accommodate large numbers of spectators at football matches increase in importance, and from 1880 most of the club's important games were played at Trent Bridge Cricket Ground, then Nottingham's most advanced enclosed sports venue. In 1883, however, Forest were abruptly replaced as tenants at Trent Bridge by local rivals Notts County, a move possibly connected with Notts' appointment of the secretary of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club to their own newly-created post of paid Club Secretary.

Forest only discovered they were being replaced at Trent Bridge in early August 1883, leaving them very little time to find a new ground, and the Parkside Ground in Lenton, where Forest first played on 22 September, was criticised for its distance from the town, its slope and its uneven surface, with one newspaper columnist commenting that "so long as the Forest Club will maintain a ground on which it is impossible for them to play their particular game accurately, in addition to being bleak and generally inaccessible, they will meet with little patronage". Despite moving three years later to the nearby Gregory Ground, which was much better reviewed in the press, Lenton's distance from the centre of Nottingham saw attendances continue to decline and in 1890 the club moved again, this time to the Town Ground in The Meadows, which was much closer to the club's roots and became Forest's first proper football stadium.

In July 1897 the Town Ground was briefly renamed the City Ground, in recognition of Nottingham being granted city status, but the newly-formed city council planned to redevelop the site for building and terminated Forest's lease, offering instead the site on the south side of the river that would become today's City Ground. This land had been granted to the Mayor and Burgesses of Nottingham by Edward VI in a royal charter dated 21 February 1551, with the intention that rentals from the agricultural land would pay for the upkeep of the adjacent Trent Bridge. The City Council granted the club a 21-year lease on the new site, and the club approved the scheme to move to the new ground at their annual meeting in December 1897. To raise the £3,000 required to finance the move the club asked members, supporters and businessmen to subscribe to "New Ground Scheme" bonds which cost £5 each, raising over £2,000. Many of the bonds were never redeemed, the bondholders effectively making a donation to fund the new ground.

Early years

Forest first played at the new City Ground a week before their FA Cup Final victory in April 1898, and the reserve team played there on the afternoon of the final itself, but the ground was not officially opened until the first match of the following season, a Division One game against Blackburn Rovers on 3 September 1898 with an attendance of 15,000. The ground had a wooden-slatted main stand on the west side with a barrel roof, a narrow wooden shelter covering the full width of the Trent End, and a shorter roof covering part of the east side. The pitch was considered to be among the finest in the country, "a velvet carpet of lush turf". This was the result of the work of club committee-member William Bardill, a nurseryman and landscape gardener whose family firm still exists in Stapleford. Bardill excavated the playing area to a depth of two feet, lay a bed of clinker to ensure perfect drainage, and on top lay a pitch of high-quality turf brought by barge up the river from Radcliffe-on-Trent.

Forest's first round FA Cup match against Aston Villa in 1898 attracted a crowd of 32,070, the first time a football match in Nottingham had attracted gate receipts of over £1,000. The ground was considered to be "one of the best in the country" and was chosen to host the FA Cup Semi final in 1899, recognition that was proclaimed at the club's annual meeting to be "beneficial to the club and the city". The ground held a total of four FA Cup semi-finals between 1899 and 1905, and a full international match between England and Wales in 1909.

Throughout the 1900s, Notts County also regularly used the City Ground for home matches when their usual venue at Trent Bridge was unavailable for football due to cricket taking precedence.

The new ground was called the City Ground. It was only a few hundred yards from the old Town Ground at the opposite end of Trent Bridge, which had been named after the Town Arms pub. Nottingham was granted its Charter as a city in 1897 and it was called the City Ground to commemorate this as the land on which it stands was at that time within the city boundary. In 1952 boundary changes resulted in the ground coming under the local council of West Bridgford (Rushcliffe Borough Council) rather than the city. Opposite the City Ground, still within the city boundaries, lies Meadow Lane, home of Notts County.

The City Ground was the first football ground to have elliptically shaped goalposts when it was presented with a new set of goals by the Nottingham-based Standard Goals Company in 1922. Before this, goalposts had usually been round or square. This shape eventually became commonplace, but the FA's ruling in 1938 that the 8-yard width of a goal should be measured from the inside of such posts meant that the City Ground's goals had been two inches too narrow for the preceding sixteen years.

In 1935 the club declined an opportunity to buy the ground from Nottingham Corporation for £7,000.

During the Second World War the City Ground held a variety of events to entertain off-duty servicemen, including boxing, horse gymkhanas, and visits from zoos. The pitch was badly damaged by bombing on the night of 8–9 May 1941, with repairs costing £75 9s 11d.

Post war
The City Ground was flooded after the adjacent River Trent burst its banks in March 1947, with Forest having to play some home fixtures at Meadow Lane. Many archives and official records were damaged and floodwaters reached as high as the crossbars of the goals, with swans seen swimming the full length of the pitch.

After winning promotion in 1950 Forest drew up plans for redeveloping the City Ground, and detailed plans were drawn up by local architects Reginald Cooper and Partners in 1951. The first step was the extension and covering of the Trent End in 1954, though a planned second tier of seats at this end was never built. On 12 October 1957, a new East Stand opened, costing £40,000 and having benches to seat up to 2,500 fans to the rear of the terrace. Together with improvements to the Colwick Road Terrace this gave the ground an increased capacity of 48,000, with 6,500 seats for the club's first season in the First Division since 1925. The visitors for the opening were Manchester United's "Busby Babes", just four months before eight of them died in the Munich air disaster, and the match on 12 October 1957 saw a new record attendance of 47,804.

Although Forest had pioneered floodlit football matches, holding a game illuminated by Wells lights at the Gregory Ground in March 1889, the City Ground was the second from last top division ground to install permanent floodlights. The floodlights at the ground were first used on 11 September 1961 as Forest faced Gillingham in the League Cup. Four 120 ft pylons were built, one in each corner of the ground, with each pylon holding a bank of thirty-six 1,500 watt lights. The ground's all-time record attendance of 49,946 was set in October 1967 when Forest beat Manchester United 3–1 in a First Division fixture, five months after Forest had finished second to United in the league.

In December 1967 the City Ground was host to an England U23 match against Italy.

The Main Stand was re-roofed, extended and refurbished between 1962 and 1965, with new offices, changing rooms, kit stores, medical suites and press rooms to the rear. On 24 August 1968, however, fire broke out in the stand during a First Division game against Leeds United. It started near the dressing rooms and spread rapidly through the largely wooden structure. The stand was damaged but, despite a crowd numbering 31,126, none of them was injured. The only reported injuries were to a television crew on the gantry, who had to scramble down it because the access ladder was stored in the boiler room. The gantry was extended the length of the stand and now has access at both ends. Many of the club's records, trophies and other memorabilia were also lost in the fire. The stand's roof was undamaged, however, allowing the club to rebuild the base of the stand underneath it in concrete and steel. As a result of the fire, Forest played six "home" matches at Meadow Lane, losing all of them, and after returning to the City Ground used the changing rooms of nearby Trent Bridge while the Main Stand was rebuilt.

The Executive Stand was opened in August 1980 and was built at a cost of £2.5 million — largely from proceeds of the highly successful era in which Forest won consecutive League Cups, the League title and consecutive European Cups.

Under Clough's reign, Forest had taken the English domestic game and the European scene by storm and money raised from those successes was invested in a stand that had a capacity of 10,000. It was renamed The Brian Clough Stand after his retirement and was re-opened after refurbishment by Clough himself in the mid-1990s. The stand also incorporated 36 executive boxes and a large dining area, which was designed to be the focus of the club's corporate hospitality arrangements. The stand had the word "FOREST" spelt out in white seats against the red seats of the upper tier, the first stand in football known to have used this form of coloured seat identification. The opening of the new stand gave the City Ground a capacity of 35,567, including 15,009 seats, a figure that would remain broadly constant until terrace capacities began to be cut after the Hillsborough disaster in 1989.

Taylor Report

Nottingham Forest had been the opposing team in the fateful FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Hillsborough, Sheffield, on 15 April 1989, in which 97 Liverpool fans were fatally injured in a human crush on the stadium's Leppings Lane terrace. The disaster resulted in the Taylor Report, which ordered that all clubs in the top two divisions of English football should have an all-seater stadium by August 1994. This resulted in the need for more redevelopment and refurbishment at the City Ground.

In 1991 Nottingham City Council proposed to build a 45,000 capacity stadium at a cost of £44m on the site of Wilford Power Station, one mile to the west of the City Ground, to be shared by Forest and Notts County. Although Notts County were keen on the idea, the plan was abandoned after Brian Clough declared "over my dead body" and threatened to resign if the plan was approved. Forest's own plans were to redevelop the two ends of the City Ground into all-seater stands, starting with the Trent End, but this was held up by a dispute with the City Council over the 8m-15m strip at the back of the Trent End that they would need to build over to extend the stand. The club had signed a 50-year lease from the City Council for the eleven acres of the City Ground in 1964 at a rent of £750 a year, but the Council demanded a rent of £150,000 a year for the 1,121 square yard "ransom strip" behind the Trent End, leading to accusations that the council were trying to force the club to cooperate with their plans for a new stadium at Wilford. Although a compromise rent of £22,000 per year was agreed, the delay meant that Forest had in the meantime turned their attention to replacing the Colwick Road Terrace at the other end of the ground.

The first major development took place in 1992–93 with the rebuilding of the Bridgford Stand at a cost of £4.6m, of which £1.9m came from a grant from the Football Trust. Work started in April 1992 and when completed the stand had a capacity of 7,710, the lower tier of 5,131 being allocated to away supporters. The unusual shape of the roof was a planning requirement to allow sunlight to reach houses in nearby Colwick Road. The Stand includes accommodation for seventy wheelchair supporters. It also houses a management suite, which includes the public address systems, computerised electronic scoreboard controls and the police matchday operation.

The Trent End was the most recent stand to be rebuilt between 1994 and 1996 — in time for Euro 96, the European Football Championships. The new stand, such a prominent landmark by the River Trent, held 7,338 to take the ground's capacity to 30,576 all-seated. The last day of standing on the Trent End was 8 May 1994, when 27,010 spectators saw Forest celebrate promotion back to the Premier League.

The ground would be able to expand to up to 46,000 if Forest returned to the Premier League. Forest were relegated from the Premier League three times between 1993 and 1999. Although they achieved promotion at the first attempt following the first two relegations, it was to be 23 years following their relegation in 1999 before they would return to the Premier League in 2022, and they even spent three seasons in League One, the third tier of English football.

The City Ground also hosted the FA Women's Cup Final for two successive years in 2007 and 2008. The 2007 final was contested by Arsenal and Charlton Athletic, with the attendance of 24,529 smashing the previous record attendance for the competition of 13,824 for the final between Arsenal and Fulham at Selhurst Park in 2001. In 2008, the attendance record was broken once again when 24,582 spectators saw Arsenal beat Leeds United 4–1.

Aside from football, the stadium has also hosted two other large-scale events. On 28 April 2002 the stadium hosted a semi-final of rugby's Heineken Cup in which Leicester Tigers beat Llanelli Scarlets 13–12. Leicester Tigers once again played at City Ground when they were defeated 19-16 by Racing 92 on 24 April 2016 in the semi-final of the European Rugby Champions Cup. The stadium hosted its first music concert when R.E.M. performed there in front of an audience of 20,000.

Proposed relocation
In 2007 the club announced plans to build a new stadium with a capacity of up to 50,000 in Clifton on the south-western outskirts of Nottingham, arguing that the cost of expanding the City Ground would be prohibitive, and that with £45m-£50m of funding from the public and private sectors a new ground could be built by 2014. The move was planned to coincide with the extension of the Nottingham Express Transit to the area and the expansion of the nearby A453 link to the M1 motorway, promising a "dramatic new gateway" to the city, including additional housing and commercial development. The plan was opposed by local residents, however, and criticised by fans as an attempt to deflect attention from the fact the club had been relegated to League One. After the developers decided against proceeding a new proposal was announced in 2008 for a 50,000 seat "super stadium" costing £100m near the National Watersports Centre at Holme Pierrepont, to form part of England's 2018 FIFA World Cup bid. The club argued that the main stand at the City Ground could be developed to provide a capacity of 37,000, but that access problems would mean that the venue would never qualify to hold World Cup or other international matches. The new stadium would have required a new bridge to be built over the River Trent and extensive engineering to overcome the risk from its location on a floodplain, but was abandoned as it was felt it would face significant local opposition.

Further development of the City Ground was ruled out in 2009 by Nottingham City Council, who owned the land the ground was built on, and in September a new plan was unveiled to build a 45,000 seater stadium for the 2018 World Cup close to the A52 at Gamston, with the club arguing that "exhaustive studies of the existing City Ground have shown it is impossible to transform the ground into a fully compliant FIFA stadium". The capacity of the new stadium was planned to be reduced to 38,000 with the removal of temporary seating after the World Cup. The proposal was hit by opposition from local residents and political wrangling, with Nottinghamshire County Council withdrawing support from the bid shortly before it was submitted, claiming that not enough consideration had been given to redeveloping the City Ground and objecting to the proposal to build 4,000 homes on greenbelt land. FIFA's technical requirements had been the driving force behind the proposal and the failure of England's World Cup bid in 2010 threw new stadium plans into doubt.

After the 2012 takeover Forest's new owner Fawaz Al-Hasawi announced long term plans to build a new stadium away from the City Ground, but stated that the short term priority was to renovate and refurbish the existing ground. In December two new big screens were installed, one between the Trent End and the Brian Clough Stand and the other to the rear of the Lower Bridgford Stand, together with LED advertising boards around the pitch in a project costing more than £1m. In October 2015 the Main Stand was renamed in honour of Brian Clough's assistant manager Peter Taylor. Following issues with the ground's safety certificate, the capacity of the stadium was reduced to 24,357 ahead of the 2016–17 season. By the time of the Hasawis' sale of the club in 2017 the City Ground was criticised by the Nottingham Post for having "started to fall into a state of decay" and being "tired, dishevelled, sad and like nobody really cared any more". Refurbishment work was carried out in the summer of 2017 under new owner Evangelos Marinakis, including improved dressing rooms and new dugouts with cushioned seats, alongside more general maintenance work to the wider stadium. In 2019 the club secured a 250-year extension of their lease on the City Ground from Nottingham City Council, enabling them to move forward with redevelopment plans including the rebuilding of the Peter Taylor Stand, improvements to the Bridgford and Brian Clough Stands, and development of the wider Trentside area.

Ground redevelopment
On 28 February 2019 the club confirmed an extended lease on the City Ground, allowing it to proceed with plans to redevelop the stadium and surrounding area. Central to this will be the replacement of the current Peter Taylor Stand with a new 10,000-seater stand, and improvements to the Trentside area, Brian Clough and Bridgford Stands.

The new Peter Taylor Stand will see the introduction of a museum, new club shop, executive boxes, and a range of hospitality lounge options and restaurants. The new, modern, state-of-the-art structure will see the City Ground's capacity become the highest in the East Midlands, reaching 38,000 after completion.

The club was hopeful that building work would commence at the end of the 2019–20 season. However, the redevelopment plans were temporarily put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 1 June 2021, Nottingham Forest submitted a revised planning application with residential development plans tweaked to appease planners. After a lengthy delay, on 28 July 2022, planning permission was granted by Rushcliffe Borough Council.

UEFA Euro 1996 matches
The following games were played at the City Ground during the opening phase of the UEFA Euro 96 tournament.

Images

Notes and references

Bibliography

External links

The City Ground on NFFC's website
Virtual Tour of The City Ground
Matchday at the City Ground
Google Maps Satellite Image Of The City Ground
 West Bridgford History

West Bridgford
Tourist attractions in Nottinghamshire
Sports venues in Nottingham
Nottingham Forest F.C.
UEFA Euro 1996 stadiums
Football venues in England
Premier League venues
Sports venues completed in 1898
English Football League venues
1898 establishments in England

City Ground


The Ship's Cat, also known under its full title of The Adventures & Brave Deeds Of The Ship's Cat On The Spanish Maine: Together With The Most Lamentable Losse Of The Alcestis & Triumphant Firing Of The Port Of Chagres, is a 1977 children's  narrative poem that was written by Richard Adams with illustrations by Alan Aldridge. The book was first published through Jonathan Cape and describes the adventures of an anthropomorphic Elizabethan ship's cat.

Plot summary
The book follows a ship cat referred to only as "Cat" or "Ship's Cat" who serves as a swashbuckling crew member of the English privateer ship Alcestis. The ship is eventually attacked by Spanish seamen, who capture the ship and its entire crew, who they take to the Panamanian port of Chagres. The cat is also imprisoned, only to be freed by the gaoler's daughter, who puts him to work in the officer's kitchen. There he waits until he has the perfect opportunity to free his crew. This opportunity arises on Saint Philip's Day, as the gaoler and his friends use it as an excuse to drink until they are very intoxicated. The cat frees his shipmates and together they manage to steal a ship, with the intent to sail back to England. Their acts are soon detected by the gaoler and his friends, who give chase until they come across Sir Francis Drake, who is just starting on his expedition to circumnavigate the globe. Free of their pursuers, the cat reveals to the rest of the crew that their stolen ship contained treasure, to the crew's joy. The book ends with the crew returning home, where Queen Elizabeth I knights the cat for his valor.

Reception
The West Coast Review of Books rated The Ship's Cat at three stars.

See also

The Ship's Cat — Novel by Jock Brandis

References

Works by Richard Adams
British poems
British picture books
Children's poetry books
Narrative poems
1977 poems
1977 children's books
Jonathan Cape books
Fiction set in the 1570s
Children's books about cats
British children's books
1977 poetry books
Poems about cats

The Ship's Cat


Dominik Wania (born 24 November 1981 in Sanok, Poland) is a Polish pianist and composer.

Biography
Wania started his piano studies at age three. In 2005 he graduated from the Academy of Music in Kraków, Poland, where he was an honors music student studying classical piano performance. In 2006 he was awarded The Helena Foundation Presidential Scholarship at New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where he pursued Master of Music degree in Jazz Performance. While at NEC Dominik Wania studied with Danilo Perez, Jerry Bergonzi, George Garzone, Ran Blake, Allan Chase and Frank Carlberg. He also was a member of one of NEC's prestigious Honors Ensembles.

Wania has performed and collaborated with musicians like Vladislav Sendecki, Tomasz Stańko, Marcus Miller, Dave Liebman, Lee Konitz, Anders Jormin, Gary Thomas, George Garzone, Eddie Henderson, Marilyn Mazur, Joey Baron, Nguyen Le, Don Byron, Jacek Kochan, Zbigniew Namysłowski, and Janusz Muniak among others. Currently he is involved with projects including Maciej Obara International Quartet with Ole Morten Vågan, Gard Nilssen, and Noise Trio. Besides giving performances he is also a DMA faculty member at the Academy of Music in Krakow and Institute of Jazz in Katowice. The release of his debut album Ravel (2013) was with Ravel's Miroirs arranged for jazz trio.

Honors

 2003: 1st Prize at the 7th International Contemporary Chamber Music Competition in Kraków
 2005: 1st Prize at the 2nd Jazz Piano Competition in Warsaw
 2008: Ministry of Culture and National Heritage Scholarship 'Młoda Polska'
 2014: Gwarancja Kultury in the 'Jazz, Rock, and Other' category
 2014: Fryderyk Awards in categories: Jazz Album of the Year (Ravel), Jazz Artist of the Year, Jazz Debut of the Year

Discography

Solo albums

 2020: Lonely Shadows (ECM)

Trio with Lisa Gerrard/Zbigniew Preisner

 2019: Zbigniew Preisner: Melodies of My Youth (Preisner Productions, Universal Music Polska, Chester Music Ltd.)
 With Dominik Wania Trio
 2013: Ravel (For Tune)

Collaborations

With George Garzone, Jacek Kochan Andrzej Święs

 2011: Filing The Profile (Intuition)
 With JWP.org
 2004: Organizacja Live at Radio Katowice

 With Vitaliy Ivanov Quartet
 2006: Returning Live in Kiev DVD

 With Bronisław Suchanek & Dominik Wania duo
 2008: Sketch in Blue (Self Release)

 With Geni Skendo & Dominik Wania duo
 2008: Portraits (Shakuhachi & Piano Duets)

 With Jacek Kochan and Michał Barański feat. Gary Thomas
 2008: Man of No Words (GOWI)

 With Tomek Grochot Quintet feat. Eddie Henderson
 2010: My Stories (Self Release)

 With Jacek Kochan Trio feat. George Garzone
 2011: Filling the Profile (Intuition)

 With Maciej Obara Quartet
 2011: Equilibrium (Ars Cameralis Silesiae Superiors), with Maciej Garbowski, Krzysztof Gradziuk
 2017: Unloved (ECM Records), with Ole Morten Vågan, Gard Nilssen
 2019: Three Crowns (ECM Records), with Ole Morten Vågan, Gard Nilssen

 With Piotr Baron Quintet
 2012: Jazz na Hrade Live at Prague Castle (Multisonic)

 With Wojtek Fedkowicz Noise Trio
 2013: Post-Digital Dreamers (Audio Cave)

 With Power of the Horns
 2013: Alaman Live (For Tune)

 With Maciej Obara International (Ole Morten Vågan, Gard Nilssen)
 2013: Live at Manggha (For Tune)
 2013: Komeda Live (For Tune)
 2015: Live in Mińsk Mazowiecki (For Tune)

 With Nak Trio
 2015: The Other Side of If (Double Moon)
 2017: Ambush (ForTune), Nak Trio & Arcos

 With N S I Quartet (Bartek Prucnal, Cyprian Baszyński, Dawid Fortuna, Maciej Adamczak)
 2017: The Look of Cobra'' (Audio Cave)

References

External links

Polish jazz pianists
Polish jazz composers
Male jazz composers
ECM Records artists
1981 births
Living people
People from Sanok
Male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century male musicians

Dominik Wania