FC Hebar () is a Bulgarian association football club based in Pazardzhik. The club currently competes in the First League, the first tier of the Bulgarian football league system.

Founded in 1918, Hebar has played at their current home ground, Stadion Georgi Benkovski, since 1989. Hebar has played a total of four seasons in the top level of Bulgarian football, most recently in 2022–23. In 2001, despite finishing ninth in the A Group that season, the owners of the club moved it to Petrich, becoming Belasitsa Petrich. Fans from Pazardzhik re-founded the club the same year, starting from the amateur levels. For the majority of its history, the club has played either in the second or third levels of the football pyramid.

History
The current name of the club was chosen in 1979: Hebar-the old Thracian name of the river Maritsa. This is the name that the club has borne for 25 years now. Under this name came the biggest success in the history of the club: participation in the premiership of Bulgaria in 1989/1990, 1991/1992 and 2000/2001.The club has also played 32 seasons in the second division. The team has very devoted supporters, known as the "gravediggers".

The re-founded club, FC Hebar 1918, was formed in July 2015. A year later, Hebar merged with third division club Chiko Byaga.

The beginning
The first events of the football game in Pazardzhik are related to the name of the teacher Dimitar Tsonev, but Georgi Serbezov, who graduated from the French college in Constantinople, made the most significant contribution to the popularization of football in Pazardzhik. As a teacher in his native town of Tatar Pazardzhik, he has been practicing football since 1916 on the field of the military unit called Lagera (now the Swimming Pool Health Zone), the southern bank of the Maritsa River and the meadows and the main promenade of island. Engineer Lazar Vassilev, a student at that time in Prague, brought the first football ball in the city. At the same time, Georgi Kolarov brought another ball. The game lovers first used a ragged ball later replaced by a rubber one. The fans of football quickly grew, mainly among younger people, and on May 31, 1918, a group of 10 students from the local high school, led by Georgi Serbezov, laid the foundations of the first football club "Hristo Botev", renamed afterwards -port tourist company "Hristo Botev". This is the official date of establishing the first football club in Tatar Pazardzhik.

The club's statute was approved by the Ministry of Education with Order No. 8355 of April 16, 1920. The club's meetings were held in the Hadji's House - by Hadji Pop Tilev. This was a large two-story house, later turned into a school. Soon civilian citizens are also enrolled in the company. His first director was Georgi Serzhevov, as he wrote in the first official bulletin of the "Tatar Pazardzhik Sports Club Hristo Botev 1918!", published in 1925 by Dimitar Barakliyski.

The prints of the first players of Botev Pazardzhik from left to right are also printed: Georgi Serbezov, Stefan Kovachev, Krum Nenov, G. Tsarichkov, Stefan Stefanov, Kiril Stavrev, Georgi Kolarov, Nikola Krivosiev, Atanas Kyoturov, Yordan Snegarov and Vasil Dengubov.

There is also a heart-shaped club badge colored in red and white with the letter "B" in the middle. The players first played with a kit of red jerseys, white shorts and black socks. The first meetings were played with local students or clubs formed by the team. This is also because of the war that ended with the Neuilly Peace Treaty. The first official meeting of Botev Pazardzik was with the team of Levski from Plovdiv on May 25, 1919.

On April 26, 1921, the General Assembly of the company "Hristo Botev" changed the name of the Sports Club "Hristo Botev". Its mainly revised and amended statute was approved on 11 June 1921 by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Public Health with Order No. 1603. Hristo Botev Sports Club has developed the following types of sports: football (a representative team, second team, teenage team), volleyball, basketball and skiing.

As early as 1918, the Council of the Okolia appointed a club for the club on the right bank of the Maritsa River in Lagera, where the health zone is today. Since the creation of Botev he has been protected by the district or municipal authorities. The administration of Botev, assisted by the Municipality, casts a lot of power, mostly with personal participation, for the construction of its second main playground used until 1956. It happened in 1928, after a storm that destroyed many trees on the island. In 1934 the same is afforested with funds of the Municipality. In the same year (1929) night lighting was installed, but in the evening only friendly matches were played. A pavilion-dressing room with built-in playground used for evening balls was also built. SC "Botev" was the organizer of a special masquerade ball, the so-called "Ball-maske", held every year in the salons of the "Videlina" Chitalishte. The rich artistic and dance program has attracted the elite of the city and many guests. The special dance courses that the sports club has arranged in the Odeon cinema are also famous. There have been rare cases of charity events in the club.

City Championship (1921-1941)
In 1921, the first matches for the city football championship were organized. Including federated registered sports clubs. Two years later, the teams from Tatar Pazardzhik were included in the Southern Bulgarian Sports League to the Plovdiv District. According to the regulations of our young then Bulgarian National Sports Federation (BNSF) there are conditions for the establishment of a regional sports administration. On January 8, 1925, a congress of the Tatarpazzardzhki Sports Union took place at the Chitalishte "Videlina", which included all sports clubs from the town and those from Belovo, Kozarsko, Perushtitsa, Brestovitsa and Peshtera. Botevist Dimitar Garvanov was chosen as the first chairman. In the 1925 football season Botev won for the first time the championship of the Plovdiv Sports Area. In the same year, the pre-match rule of men to play the adolescents of federal clubs was established.

Remarkable achievements Botev Pazardzhik achieved since 1926, when Major Angel Angelov was elected as chairman of the club, for Todor Kamenski, Vice-Chairman and Secretary Vladimir Popov - Chief of Staff. editor of the Lacha newspaper. The list of football players who have contributed to the success of the club can be extended by many more names. Interesting matches are set up between the city's city championship teams. In a colorful way - launching a rocket from the island of Freedom, it was reported to the citizens that the football game started. From April 11, 1926, the journal of the club "News of Sports Club" Hristo Botev started to appear. It was this year, on 16 July, Botev and SK Levski united under the name "Hristo Botev" Sports Club with the statute, color and emblem of Botev. One of the teen teams was already with a blue team - like Levski's old. In August of the same year, Botev achieved his greatest success in his previous history. In the games for the State Championship and the Royal Cup, the team from Pazardzhik eliminated in the first round the champion of Stara Zagora district Beroe with 4: 0. In the second round, Botev's team defeated the leader of the Orel (Vratza) Vratsa region by 5: 1 and lost to Slavia (Sofia) by 2: 6! This brings a lot of revenue to the club and great recognition for football in the city. At the opening of the Vacha Power Plant in 1929, electricity was fed to Park Ostrova and to the stadium and the first match in Bulgaria for electric lighting between the local Botev and the Austrian workers was held. (The matches played by Levski and Slavia (Sofia) in 1919 are projectors !!!) During the games of those years, there were also no "curiosities" that have reached and "developed" in our days. In 1934 in a game with SK Levski, 4: 2 for Levski, the referee at the end of the match played a penalty in favor of Sofia citizens, which gave rise to a strong protest by Botevci. But the audience interferes and prevents the scandal.

As a regional champion SK Botev participated in the final round for the royal cup in 1935. Botev (Pazardzhik) qualified in the quarter finals, where he beat the team of Pobeda (Pleven) with 7: 1! The semi-final loses Ticha (Varna) with 0: 7!

SK Botev was a town leader from 1918 to 1933, in 1935, 1936 and 1937; the football champion of the Plovdiv region in 1925, 1926, 1927, 1935 and 1936; winner of the Junior Cup of the Plovdiv Region in 1930, 1932 and 1938. In the summer of 1935 he was a touring country in Yugoslavia - Krushevac. He plays against local champion Sk Oblic and defeats him with 5: 1.

More popular coaches were the national competitor of SK Levski Sofia Kiril Yovovich, Nikola Shterev (Starika), Lyuben Manev, Ivan Radoev, Gabrovski and others. The matches in Pazardjik were referred to by Lyuben Manev, Vasil Koev, Vassil Yurtov, Zareh Mesubyan. For responsible matches, judges were appointed from Sofia and Plovdiv, with Judge Boris Lekishev remembered. From 1931 to 1941 only 4 clubs competed in the city football championship: Botev, Levski, Benkovski and Slavia. This is due to the clustering of the clubs and some unions in 1925, as Thracian Pobeda and Rakovski with Botev Botev, Samson with Bar Kohba under the name Bar Kohba, in 1926 Levski and Botev unite until 1928 under the name Botev; Thracian and Slavia become Thracian glory. In 1943, a work club called Ibonit, called the Rubber Factory, was founded and it collapsed in September 1944.
Due to the Second World War, the Pazardzhik City Championship was not held in the years 1941-1944.

1945-1959
With the changes that occurred after 09.09.1944, the football in Pazardzhik also changed. So far the existing 4 clubs in the city have joined together to form 2 new clubs on June 8, 1945 - Spartak of the Botev and Levski unification, and September of the unification of Slavia and Benkovski. A year later two new clubs were set up in Pazardzhik: Textiles and Dynamo. They competed for only one year because on 8 June 1947 they joined with Spartak and Septemvri. The new club bears the name Chavdar until 1948 and the teams are entirely in white. On September 20, 1948, Chavdar collapsed and two clubs were formed: September and Spartacus. So Pazardzhik has two teams again. In 1949 there was a reorganization in football in the country and in our city formed 7 DSOs (Voluntary Sports Organizations). They are created on a departmental and professional basis as follows:

DSO Spartak - to the Ministry of Interior
DSO Dynamo - to the trade unions of postal workers, textiles, food processors, tobacco workers, leatherworkers and others. They play in blue silk teams.
DSO Torpedo - to transport workers, metallic, chemical, electro-workers and others
DSO Stroitel - to the workers, builders, agricultural and forestry workers.
DSO September - to the trade unions' cooperatives
DSO Lokomotiv - to Pazardzhik Railway Station
DSO The Red Flag - encompasses the administrative, hygienic, cultural, social, theatrical, musical, educational, and so on.

Without being a DSO, the DNA army team also participates in the city championship. The biggest role for the football in the city played two teams - Red Flag and Dynamo. They compete in higher divisions, while other clubs are satisfied only with the city championship. In 1950, Dynamo was included in the Southern B-RAG. Despite finishing in 6th place with 17 points and 25:33 goal difference, the team fell. In 1953 five "B" groups were formed and the Red Flag team was in the Southeast. The existence of the DSO continued until 1957, when it was decided to form societies. In Pazardzhik, this happens as Red Flag is renamed and transformed into a Georgi Benkovski Physical Society and Dinamo becomes a Vasil Levski Physical Society. Benkovski participates in the South Group B while Levski competes in "A" District. This goes on until July 31, 1959, when the two companies unite to form one team "Hristo Botev".

1959-1979
Since 31 July 1959, Pazardzhik has one representative team. The Botev II, which competes in lower divisions, is also set up to make reserves.

After 1959 the team of Botev Pazardzhik competed relatively successfully in the composition of the Southern B-RGC. In August 1957 for the needs of the club was built a new stadium - "Lyuben Shkodrov". At the beginning of the 1960s Pazardzhik developed the workers' sport. Enterprise soccer teams are set up in the city. Most successful is that of the Iskra Rechargeable Plant, which successfully participates in the championship and participates in the competition for the Cup of the country. The team of Botev initially played in red and white, and the emblem is the letter B in the circle. In 1966, when the team entered the "B" group, the teams were striped and were in yellow and black or red and black. In 1970 at a general meeting of the club it was decided that he would be renamed Botev to Maritsa - the name of the river that runs through the city. This is happening during the season and the teams are in blue and yellow or all blue to symbolize the waters of the river. Under this name, the club lasted only three years until 1973. On July 10, 1973 the name of the football club was changed again. This time it was decided that the team be named Georgi Benkovski. During this period Pazardzhik team changed three names and played successfully in the South BFRG and in the Zone Thrace.

During the period 1965-1979 there was also Iskra team in Pazardjik, who competed for the Soviet Army Cup during the 1976-1977 season. In 1992 there was also the Botev (Pazardzhik) team in the regional championship, but it was competing within one or two seasons. In the 1960s, there were many workers' teams.

1979–2012: First promotions to A Group and turbulent times
This name was preserved until 1979, when at the General Assembly it was re-changed to Hebar - the Thracian name of the Maritsa River. This name is preserved to this day. In 1985 FBI (Hebei Society for Sport and Sport), Hebar, the club became the Football Club of Hebar. In 1989, the auxiliary playground "Septemvri" was transformed mainly into a project for repair of the old stadium "Lyuben Shkodrov".

In 1989, Hebar Pazardzhik achieved its first-ever participation in the highest stage of football in Bulgaria - "A" RFG. Despite some good results at the end of the season, the team was relegated to the B-RFG. In 1991, the stadium "Septemvri" was renamed to the "Georgi Benkovski" stadium or only "Benkovski" stadium. Hebar returned to "A" RFG next season, but again for only one season. In the following years, Hebar played in the B group (until 1996) and then in the Southwest "V" group (until 2000).

In 2000, the team joined with FC Iskar (Sofia) and for the third time in its history, after winning a playoff, qualified for "A" RFG. The team was called Hebar-Iskar or just PFC Hebar 1920, and finished the season in 9th place. Despite the good performance, the team moved to Petrich in a move to re-establish the local Belasitsa Petrich team.

Hebar was then forced to start from the lowest step in its history: "A" Pazardzhik FRF, where previous reserve teams have been rebuilt before. However, Heber qualified for the Southwest "V" group the same year after winning a playoff. In the third division, Hebar played three seasons and after the 2004–2005 season, they ranked second, earning a promotion for the new  "B" Group, made of two divisions. Hebar played two seasons in the Western "B" group before dropping back to the Southwest "V" group. In the first season in the second level, Hebar ranked seventh in the final standings, and in the second the team dropped out of the Western "V" group, ranking in 13th place and from 2007 to 2012, Hebar competed in the Southwest "V" group. In 2012, they finished in 17th place and fell from the "V" group, after which the club ceased to exist.

Present: Stability and return to the top level
In 2016, the club was rebuilt under the name Heber 1918, united with FC Chiko (Byaga) and played in the renamed Southwest Third League. The new Hebar finished sixth in the final standings with 58 points from 34 games - 18 wins, 4 draws and 12 losses, with a goal difference of 68:41.

In season 2017-18, Hebar finished in second place, 8 points from the champion, CSKA 1948; the two teams competed with each other fiercely and changed the lead several times, although Hebar finished second in the end.

In the 2018-19 season, Hebar was a convincing leader for the majority of the season. Led by former club player Nikolay Mitov, they ended up winning the Southwest Third League, and promoted back to the Second League.

In 2022, Hebar secured promotion to the First League, returning to the top level of Bulgarian football after 21 years. Shortly after winning promotion it was announced that an Italian consortium had purchased the club. This consortium was a  previous stakeholder in First League club Tsarsko Selo from Sofia. In the summer of 2022, it was announced that Italian Fulvio Pea was hired as the new coach for the upcoming season, replacing Nikolay Mitov at the helm. The club also announced that it will host home games at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia, since their home ground, Georgi Benkovski Stadium did not meet the requirements for First League matches, mainly due to the absence of floodlights.

Hebar began the new season in the elite with a shocking win over Europa League participants Botev Plovdiv, 0-1 away in Komatevo. On March 21, 2023, the legend of Bulgarian and European football, Luboslav Penev, was appointed coach of the team. Hebar finished the season in 12th place, only separated from 14th place Beroe Stara Zagora by a positive head-to-head points record. The avoiding of finishing in the relegation spots means this is the first time Hebar plays two consecutive seasons in the top flight.

Honours
First League:
 8th place: 2022–23

Second League:
  Winners (2): 1988–89; 1990–91
 Runners-up (1): 2021–22

Third League:
  Winners (2): 1986–87, 2018–19

Bulgarian State Championship:
 Quarterfinals: 1926; 1935

Bulgarian Cup:
 Quarterfinals: 1974–1975; 1988–1989; 2004–2005

Players

Current squad

For recent transfers, see Transfers summer 2023.

Foreign players

EU Nationals
  Marcel Canadi
  Matvei Igonen
  Róbert Mazáň

EU Nationals (Dual citizenship)

Non-EU Nationals
  João Cesco
  Carlos Ohene
  Oleksiy Zbun

Notable players

Bulgaria
 Tancho Gilev
 Mladen Radkov
 Radko Dimitrov
 Georgi Gadzhev
 Atanas Pashev
 Lazar Dimitrov
 Krum Kantarev
 Kiril Vasilev
 Hristo Toshev
 Petar Kovachev

 Stoil Petrov
 Vasil Vasilev
 Kalin Pehlivanski
 Ivan Chorlev
 Nikolay Mitov
 Gancho Evtimov
 Anastas Petrov
 Dimitar Mutafov
 Georgi Petkov
 Aleksandar Tunchev
 Yordan Minev

 Veselin Minev
 Vladimir Manchev
 Georgi Kyosev
 Zdravko Lazarov
 Ruslan Ivanov
 Martin Sechkov
 Vasil Gerov
 Todor Chavorski
 Tsvetelin Tonev

Europe
 Matvei Igonen
 Róbert Mazáň

Statistics and records

Players in bold are still playing for Hebar.

Club officials

Coaching staff and personnel

Season statistics

Past seasons

Key

Hebar in Europe

Balkans Cup
{|class="wikitable"
|-bgcolor="#efefef"
! Year
! Stage
! Match
! Results
|-
|1991-92
|align=right|Quarter-finals
|align=left|Hebar Pazardzhik –  Sariyer
|align=right|1-1, 0–2
|}

Managers

 Lyuben Stamboliev (1959–60)
 Ivan Kostadinov (1960–62)
 Atanas Parzhelov (1962–64)
 Nikola Aladzhov (1964–65)
 Georgi Razloshki (1965–67)
 Dimitar Milev (1967–69)
 Ivan Radoev (1969–70)
 Kostadin Blagoev (1970)
 Georgi Tsvetkov (1971)
 Dimitar Milanov (1971)
 Ivan Radoev (1971–72)
 Nikola Kovachev (1973)
 Manol Manolov (1974)
 Nikola Kovachev (1974–75)
 Dimitar Halachev (1975)
 Georgi Chakarov (1975)
 Dimitar Kresnyanski (1975)
 Dobri Peev (1976)
 Dimitar Milev (1976–77)
 Petar Zhekov (1977–78)
 Angel Nikolov (1978)
 Gavril Stoyanov (1978–79)
 Tancho Gilev (1979–84)
 Trendafil Uzunov (1984–86)
 Dimitar Milev (1986–87)
 Toncho Prodanov (1987–88)
 Kiril Vaglarov (1988–89)
 Dimitar Milev (1989–90)
 Dimitar Sharankov (1990)
 Stefan Grozdanov (1990)
 Trendafil Uzunov (1990–91)
 Stoil Trankov (1991)
 Iliya Iliev (1991–92)
 Boris Angelov (1992)
 Dinko Dermendzhiev (1992)
 Kostadin Kostadinov (1992)
 Trendafil Uzunov (1992–93)
 Tancho Gilev (1993–94)
 Krasimir Uzunov (1994–96)
 Yordan Stoykov (1997)
 Yordan Katrankov (1997)
 Krum Kantarev (1997–98)
 Lazar Dimitrov (1998–99)
 Asen Milushev (1999)
 Petar Kovachev (Sept 5, 1999 – Dec 19, 1999)
 Voyn Voynov (Dec 20, 1999 – May 30, 2001)
 Tancho Gilev (July 1, 2001 –  Oct 12 2002)
 Nedelcho Mihaylov (Oct 13, 2002 – Sept 6, 2003)
 Petar Kovachev (Sept 10, 2003 – Sept 27, 2003)
 Nedelcho Mihaylov (Sept 28, 2003 – Nov 20, 2003)
 Lazar Dimitrov (Nov 23, 2003 – June 6, 2005)
 Anatoli Nankov (June 27, 2005 – Oct 28, 2005)
 Tancho Gilev (Oct 29, 2005 – Jan 7, 2006)
 Voyn Voynov (Jan 10, 2006 – June 3, 2006)
 Nikola Fotev (July 1, 2006 – June 5, 2007)
 Atanas Pashev (Jul 1, 2007 – Aug 26, 2007 )
 Nikola Fotev (Aug 28, 2007 – Apr 11, 2008)
 Georgi Kutsovski (Apr 12, 2008 – May 16, 2008)
 Nikola Fotev (May 18, 2008 – June 30, 2008)
 Hristo Marashliev (July 25, 2008 – Nov 14, 2008)
 Yordan Petkov (July 1, 2016 – Dec 19, 2016)
 Tancho Kalpakov (Dec 19, 2016 – Oct 2, 2018)
 Nikolay Mitov (Oct 2, 2018 – June 11, 2022)
 Fulvio Pea (June 13, 2022 – Sept 22, 2022)
 Vladimir Manchev (Sept 23, 2022 – March 20, 2023)
 Lyuboslav Penev (March 21, 2023 – )

As of 13 June 2022

Supporters
Hebar's fans are one of the most faithful and most temperamental in the country. For years, they have supported teams throughout the country in times of glory (in the "A" group) and fall (in "A" regional). Regardless of the name and class of the rival, the old Lyuben Shkodrov stadium was full of rostrums in the period 1957-1988. The management then decided to expand the capacity of the stadium and eliminate the runway. For this purpose, the "Septemvri" auxiliary playground is urgently reconstructed into a stadium with 10,000 seats, which was extended to its current capacity by 15,000 seats a few months later, and after a year it was renamed to the "Georgi Benkovski" stadium. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the team's biggest boom, the fans are constantly on the stadiums and help the players with their powerful support. It is noteworthy that at the end of Season 88/89, Heber played a decisive game against Academic (Sofia). From the outcome of the match depends on the team's ranking in the "A" group for the next season. The stadium in Kazichane (then Akademik plays their home matches there) is crowded by 4-5,000 fans with green cravats and flags that create a unique atmosphere and Hebar wins the match with 3: 1, thus virtually assuring his "A "Group. After the match, the Trakia highway is cluttered with cars and buses with flags, which with horns welcome the success of Pajdjekli. At the Hebrew debut in the elite, at the People's Army stadium there are about 4,000 fans from Pazardjik, who do not give in to the voice of one of the biggest guitars in Bulgaria. The match against CSKA in Pazardzhik marks a record of home game attendance. There are 22,000 spectators at the stadium. In their first season in "A", Hebar plays his matches in front of crowded stands. The high attendance and the temperament of the audience make Benkovski stadium the first in Bulgaria, whose stands are fenced.

In the years between 1992 and 2000, Heber wandered between the B and the C Group. However, fans follow him everywhere and support him with all his might. This is most evident in the barrage for entering the "A" group when Hebar unites with the team of Iskar (Sofia). The barrage takes place at the "Georgi Asparuhov" stadium in the capital and from Pazardjik dozens of buses and cars arrive for the decisive game. Section "A" is green. After winning 1: 0 over Dobrudja, fans are crazy for joy. Six thousand people enjoy the third season of the Pajdzhiya team in the elite. Along with the level of our domestic championship, the interest of fans is decreasing. The Pazardzhik fans are no exception, and for the last team participation in the "A" group (under the name "Premier League") the average attendance of the domestic games is about 5 000 spectators. This directs the Pazardzhik audience immediately after those of Levski, CSKA, the Plovdiv and Bourgas teams and Beroe (those who usually play in front of crowded audiences).

At the end of the 2000/2001 season the terrifying news comes that the club's president moved the team to Petrich. Heber actually starts from scratch - from the mud of the "A" district group. Nevertheless, the most loyal fans follow the teams of villages and palaces, and do not give up on the number of household fans.

Nowadays, Hebar plays his home games in front of 200-300 spectators (as many as half teams from "A" and "B" group). Nevertheless, Benkovski still lurks the spirit of the notorious audience. We all believe that one day we will be back at the full stadium and sing as one:

"Pazardzhik has a football team

Hebar is called, hard to beat,

The green flag will always be,

Hebar's glory will always be singing "

Or:

"Who does not bounce or sing,

he does not militate for Hebar!"

and more:

"And to the east, and to the west,

and to the north and the south,

only Hebar, only Hebar,

everything else is rubbish! "

Some interesting facts about fans:

1. Hebar's most extreme fans of the past are called "gravediggers"; In many places in the cities in Bulgaria can still be seen the green graffiti "Grobari Pz"

2. A long time before Bulgaria to talk about "ultras" on every match at the stadium in Pazardzhik there is a banner "ULTRA CLUB HEBAR"

3. In the first season of the new September Stadium (1988/89), the visiting teams were congratulated with a musical greeting on their way to the field

4. Hebar's traveling fans have always been cohesive and dressed in green, although in the late 1980s and early 1990s the team played in yellow-blue, white and red, fans always wear green shawls and flags

5. Very often, Hebar's aggression proves to be more numerous than the household audience at Hebar's visits

References

External links
Official website
Club page at bgclubs.eu

Hebar
Pazardzhik
1918 establishments in Bulgaria

FC Hebar Pazardzhik


Vulcans are a humanoid species in the fictional Star Trek universe who hail from the planet Vulcan, and are noted for their attempt to live by reason and logic with no interference from emotion. (In One Epsiode of Star Trek The Next Generation Android Data and Spock work together to solve a Romulian cypher-Spock remarks that Data has acheived the perfect Vulcan state of Pure Logic without emotion; Data remarks that SPock despite his efforts  still feels emotion which Data is trying to acheive) They were the first extraterrestrial species encountered by Humans, and later became one of the founding members of the United Federation of Planets. Vulcans are featured in all six Star Trek series, four of which featured a Vulcan as a main character.

Related pages
 Vulcan, Alberta - a town in Canada that has incorporated Star Trek themes due to its name.
 Stoicism

Bibliography
 Star Trek: The Magazine v3#10 (February 2003 - "Romulan Propulsion Historical Overview" by Rick Sternbach & Tim Earls)
 Spock's World Diane Duane Pg. 359 Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc.  1230 Avenue of the Americas, NY, 10020 Paperback Edition 1989.

Fictional races
Star Trek

Vulcan (Star Trek)


In computing, jump threading is a compiler optimization of one jump directly to a second jump. If the second condition is a subset or inverse of the first, it can be eliminated, or threaded through the first jump. This is easily done in a single pass through the program, following acyclic chained jumps until the compiler arrives at a fixed point.

Benefits
The primary benefit of jump threading is the reduction of the amount of dynamically executed jumps. This makes way for further optimizations as there is a decrease in the number of conditionals, which will improve performance. On average one can expect 2-3 instructions being omitted as a result from a successful removal of a runtime branch.

Examples
The following pseudocode demonstrates when a jump may be threaded.

    10. a = SomeNumber();
    20. IF a > 10 GOTO 50
    ...
    50. IF a > 0 GOTO 100
    ...

The jump on line 50 will always be taken if the jump on line 20 is taken. Therefore, for as long as line 100 is within the reachable range of the jump (or the size of the jump doesn't matter), the jump on line 20 may safely be modified to jump directly to line 100.

Another example shows jump threading of 2 partial overlap conditions:

void baz(bool x, bool y, bool z) {
    if (x && y)
        bar();
    if (y || z)
        foo();
}

The above can be transformed into:

void baz(bool x, bool y, bool z) {
    if (x && y) {
        bar();
        goto jmp;
    }
    if (y || z) {
jmp:
        foo();
    }
}

If the first branch is taken, x and y are both true (logical conjunction), hence evaluation of expression y || z is not needed (logical disjunction). Therefore, a jump to label jmp is performed.

See also
 Switch (programming)
 Spaghetti code
 Branch displacement optimization

References

Compiler optimizations

Jump threading


The St.-Aegidien-Kirche or Aegidienkirche is a church building in the north German city of Lübeck, dedicated to saint Giles. It is the smallest and easternmost church in the city centre. It is first mentioned as dedicated to St Giles in 1227 - this is unusual for a north German and may link it to an earlier 1172-1182 wooden church built under bishop Henry I, formerly the abbot of the abbey dedicated to the same saint in Braunschweig. The church's coat of arms includes a "T", short for "Tilgenkark", the Low German form of the church's name, and "St Tilgen" or "St. Illigen", the Low German forms of the saint's name.

It remained in the nearby cathedral chapter's control until the Protestant Reformation, when shortly after Easter 1530 it hosted the town's first eucharist in which both elements were distributed to the people. Its pastor "Johann by der Erde" was also the city's first clergyman to marry, also in 1530. The church roof was hit by a shell during the 1806 Battle of Lübeck but it did not ignite, whilst a cannonball from the same engagement is still lodged in the wall near the north door. The area around the church was heavily damaged during the March 1942 air-raid on the city and an aerial mine destroyed historic stained glass and work by Curt Stoermer inside the church but left the exterior unaffected.

Sources
 Parish website
 Bachchor Lübeck

Lutheran churches in Schleswig-Holstein
Churches in Lübeck
Brick Gothic
Gothic architecture in Germany
12th-century churches in Germany

Aegidienkirche, Lübeck


Andrzej Stanisław Tomaszewski (26 January 1934, Warsaw – 25 October 2010, Berlin) was a Polish historian of art and culture, architect, urban planner and archaeologist, investigator of medieval architecture and art in Poland and abroad (mainly in Hungary, Belgium and Italy). He was considered one of the most important and influential international scientists in the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage.

Biography
In 1962 he graduated in Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology with a dissertation about landscape architecture and preservation of historical sites.
In 1967 he earned his Ph.D. in the History of Architecture and Medieval Archaeology. Soon after he began a research period in Rome, at the Università La Sapienza, under the tutorship of professor Guglielmo de Angelis d'Ossat. During this period, he attended an ICCROM international course on restoration. He obtained his "habilitation" in History of Architecture and Architectonic Restoration in 1976.
Throughout his professional career he remained connected with his alma mater, the Warsaw University of Technology, where he was a professor in the Department of Architecture, and Director of the Institute of the History of Architecture and Art.

Professional activity
He expanded the conservation projects at the Collegiate church in Wiślica and the Jan Długosz House, also in Wiślica, the collegiate church in Opatów, and the 12th-century Romanesque church of St. John the Baptist in Prandocin, northeast of Kraków. He also directed the restoration of the cathedral of Saint Lambert in Liege (Belgium), the Middle Ages village of Condorcet (France), the romanesque villa and church in Taliandorogd (Hungary), and the castles in Nicastro and Amendolea Vecchia (Italy).

Functions
As a valued scientific collaborator, he maintained lively contacts with numerous academic centres in Europe.
In the years 1988-1992 he was the General Director of ICCROM – the International Centre of Research into the Preservation and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage in Rome.
In 1984-1993 he had relevant functions in ICOMOS as President of the International Committee of Conservators Training. He later was appointed Honorary President of ICOMOS. In 1995-1999 he was General Conservator of the Republic of Poland, directing the State Service for the Protection of Historical Monuments. Through his efforts several important Polish sites were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List, among which are two churches: the Lutheran Church of Peace at Jawor and the Evangelical Church of Peace at Świdnica.
Since 1999 he participated in the activities of the Romualdo Del Bianco Foundation (Florence, Italy) promoting intercultural dialogue between Central-Eastern Europe and Western countries, as President of the Polish Board of Experts of the Foundation. In co-operation with the Foundation he led and chaired the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Theory and Philosophy of Conservation and Restoration until his departure.
In the period 2003-2009 he was President of the Polish National Committee of ICOMOS.
He was also the Polish delegate to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and was a member of the Council of Europe's Committee on Cultural Heritage.
He was a member of the International Council of the International Cultural Centre in Cracow, a member of the Scientific Programme Council of Denkmal – The European Trade Fair for Conservation, Restoration and Old Building Renovation in Leipzig.
Since 2009 he was a vice-president of PKN ICOMOS and president of the International Council of Museums ICOM.

Activity in the field of Dialogue Among Cultures
For many years he was involved in Polish-German collaboration in the protection and conservation of historical monuments. He initiated the creation of the Working Group of Polish and German Art Historians, and the creation of the German-Polish Foundation for the Preservation of Cultural Monuments.
He was member of the Board of International Experts of the Romualdo Del Bianco Foundation in Florence, Italy.

Publications
Tomaszewski completed, in Poland and abroad, more than 300 works and publications of research in medieval architecture, and the theory of preservation and conservation of cultural heritage.

Honors
 1999 - Honorary citizenship of Bova City (Italy)
 2002 - Honorary citizenship of Jawor City (Poland)
 2003 - Georg Dehio Prize(:de:Georg-Dehio-Kulturpreis)
 2010 - Kronenberg Foundation Aleksander Gieysztor Prize
 2010 - Jan Zachwatowicz Prize
 2011 - "Anfiteatro Andrzej Tomaszewski" - amphitheater in Florence, Italy, entitled to the memory by the Romualdo Del Bianco Foundation.

References

External links
 Warsaw Technical University, Architecture
 Obituary: Andrzej Stanislaw Tomaszewski 1934–2010
 Obituary: Andrzej Stanislaw Tomaszewski 1934–2010
 Fondazione Romualdo Del Bianco

1934 births
2010 deaths
Polish art historians
Conservator-restorers
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Andrzej Tomaszewski


Spaarndam () is a village in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands, on the Spaarne river and the IJ lake. The oldest part of the village, on the western side of the Spaarne, belongs to the municipality of Haarlem; the newer part on the eastern side is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. The village is built around a dam in the river, which is also the division line of the two municipalities.

Spaarndam was created around a dam where the river Spaarne flows into the IJ. This dam was built here by count Floris V of Holland in 1285. The village collected tolls at this dam, and people made their living from fishing. From 1812 to 1927, the western part of Spaarndam was an independent municipality.

The village has some tourism, and many people commute to Amsterdam and Haarlem.

Spaarndam has always been strongly connected to water. Besides the river and the fishing, it is also famous because of a story within the 1865 American novel, Hans Brinker or the Silver Skates, about a Dutch boy, "The Hero of Haarlem," who stuck his finger in a dike to prevent the town from flooding. The story became a popular legend in America, and in 1950 the local tourist bureau put a statue of this character in Spaarndam.

References

Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlem
Haarlemmermeer

Spaarndam


Oren Jacoby is a director and producer of documentary films including; Shadowman (2017), My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes (2014), Lafayette: The Lost Hero(2010), Constantine's Sword (2008), Sister Rose's Passion (2005), The Shakespeare Sessions (2003), Stage on Screen: The Topdog Diaries (2002), The Beatles Revolution (2000), and Sam Shepard: Stalking Himself (1998). His stage adaptation of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man premiered in 2012 at the Court Theater in Chicago, starring Teagle Bougere.

Life and career
Jacoby was educated at Brown University and Yale University. He has been an independent filmmaker since 1992, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject in 2005 for Sister Rose's Passion, which also won Best Documentary Short Film at the 2004 Tribeca Film Festival. He has written, directed, and produced award-winning films for three decades. His work has been recognized by the American Film Institute, the Alfred I. DuPont / Columbia awards,  the MacArthur Foundation, the Sundance Institute, ITVS, Britain's Royal Television Society, and by the Oscars. His films have appeared on the BBC, HBO Cinemax, PBS, National Geographic, VH-1, NHK, Bloomberg TV and Arté, as well as Nokia, Verizon, and Human Rights Watch websites. He created and was the executive producer as well as a director and writer for the six-part documentary TV series Risk Takers (2011–12).

In September 2014, he released My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes, a feature-length documentary about unsung heroes in World War II Italy.
Jacoby's stage adaptation of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man was produced in Washington and Boston in 2012–13. It won a Jefferson Award for best New Play adaptation and 4 Helen Hayes Awards in 2013.

Shadowman, a film about the life of Richard Hambleton was screened in the Tribeca Film Festival April 21, 2017. The film came in second place for the Tribeca Audience Award.

Topdog Diaries about the Pulitzer prize-winning playwright, Suzan-Lori Parks, featured Don Cheadle and Jeffrey Wright; The Shakespeare Sessions starred Kevin Kline, Cynthia Nixon, Liev Schreiber, and Charles S. Dutton. Jacoby also made: Swingin' with Duke, a celebration of Duke Ellington's centennial featuring Wynton Marsalis; Master Thief on the "art heist of the century"; Benny Goodman: Adventures in the Kingdom of Swing for American Masters and The Second Russian Revolution, a behind-the-scenes investigation of the collapse of the USSR, called "the best BBC series of the decade" by the London Independent. Jacoby also wrote, produced and directed The Return Ticket, adapted from a short story by Anton Chekhov; The Last Girl on Earth, Ghosts of the Bayou and Idols of the Game, featuring Michael Jordan.

Jacoby has directed plays at Theater for the New City, the Williamstown Theater Festival, Ensemble Studio Theater, the West Bank Cafe and regional theaters, including new works by Richard Dresser, Quincy Long, Botho Strauss, and Franz Xavier Kroetz as well as classics by Molière, Chekhov, and Pirandello.

He is married to fellow documentary filmmaker Betsy West.

References

External links

Oren Jacoby at Charlie Rose

American film directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American documentary filmmakers
Brown University alumni
Yale University alumni
American theatre directors

Oren Jacoby


"Golden Days for Boys and Girls" is the first episode of the fifth season of the American period crime drama television series Boardwalk Empire. It is the 49th overall episode of the series and was written by executive producer Howard Korder, and directed by executive producer Tim Van Patten. It was released on HBO on September 7, 2014.

The series is set in Atlantic City, New Jersey, during the Prohibition era of the 1920s. The series follows Enoch "Nucky" Thompson, a political figure who rises to prominence and interacts with mobsters, politicians, government agents, and the common folk who look up to him. In the episode, Nucky starts a new strategy in 1931, while flashbacks to 1884 depict his childhood.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.37 million household viewers and gained a 0.9 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the directing and performances. The seven-year time jump, however, polarized critics; some felt it would allow more progress in the characters' arcs, while others expressed disappointment over the events skipped.

Plot

1884
A young Nucky swims in the pier with other boys, where the Commodore throws them gold coins to retrieve but fails to catch any coin. His father, Ethan, is disappointed in Nucky's failure, and Nucky's mother Elenore lives scared of Ethan. One day, Nucky meets a businessman, who decides to give him candies and a hat containing $50. Nevertheless, Nucky later returns the money to the businessman. This impresses the Commodore, who gives him a gold coin. Nucky gives the coin to Elenore, while Ethan tends to Nucky's ill sister, Susan.

1931
In Havana, Nucky stays with Sally Wheet. He meets with Senator Wendell Lloyd to get him involved in his business, convincing him in accepting a partnership with Bacardi Rum. He also runs into Lansky, who is now married and was on vacation. Later, an assassin tries to kill Nucky, but is killed by his bodyguard Arquimedes. Nucky suspects Lansky was involved, after discovering that his "wife" is actually a local prostitute.

In Maryland, Chalky is now in police custody and is forced to be part of a chain gang. While doing labor in the woods, Chalky sees as one of the inmates revolts against the guards by killing one, prompting the rest of the inmates to riot. Chalky releases himself and flees, only to be held at gunpoint by Milton, another inmate. Milton claims he has money stored in a house and offers to share it with Chalky if he helps him with the use of a telephone, which Chalky accepts.

In New York City, Robert Bennett III kills himself in front of his employees, one of which includes Margaret. Margaret is approached about opening Bennett's files, and lies claiming that she does not have the key. She later tries to remove the deceased Rothstein's file but is forced to give in the key to Bennett's file when she is caught. In Coney Island, Luciano meets with Masseria, discussing a potential end in their war against Salvatore Maranzano. Luciano then leaves their meeting, allowing hitmen to kill Masseria. He later attends a ceremony by the Maranzano family, where he slices his hand to show his loyalty.

Production

Development
In August 2014, HBO confirmed that the first episode of the season would be titled "Golden Days for Boys and Girls", and that it would be written by executive producer Howard Korder, and directed by executive producer Tim Van Patten. This was Korder's 19th writing credit, and Van Patten's 17th directing credit.

Reception

Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Golden Days for Boys and Girls" was seen by an estimated 2.37 million household viewers with a 0.9 in the 18-49 demographics. This means that 0.9 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 8% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 2.18 million household viewers with a 0.7 in the 18-49 demographics.

Critical reviews
"Golden Days for Boys and Girls" received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 91% approval rating for the episode, based on 11 reviews. The site's consensus states: "The flashbacks in 'Golden Days for Boys and Girls' provide poignant, intriguing glimpses into Nucky Thompson's formative years."

Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8.1 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "All in all, this was a good premiere. But I think that, after skipping over seven years, I was sort of disappointed in what I saw from our characters. There've been many times when Nucky's come off as the least interesting character on the series, and so to see that he was more or less the same guy after such a long time - no new scars, revelations, family - felt lacking. Which is probably why the moments where he reminisced back to a time when he actually endured strife and molded those experiences into a character arc was so compelling."

Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote, "Will the various stories introduced here pay off as well for us in the audience as Nucky's gamble did? We'll see, especially with a shorter season to play with. But after the previous four seasons all ended so well – and almost always made the slow early parts of those years feel rewarding in hindsight – I've learned not to bet against this show." Genevieve Valentine of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B" grade and wrote, "though I look forward to the ways in which the season establishes itself in 1931, this episode doesn't get us there. Perhaps the most interesting consequence of that is how some of the threads being introduced feel both perfunctory — establishing dynamics after some long and unseen purgatory — and like the characters themselves aren't quite sure what's kept them treading water for so long."

Sarene Leeds of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "If anything, skipping over the rest of the 1920s merely proves that people don't change that much — which suggests that Nucky will never be able to really leave his criminal past behind. After all, he wasn't a stranger to illegal activities before Prohibition. The only startling example of the passage of time comes in the form of the grey stubble on Chalky White's face." Craig D. Lindsey of Vulture gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Boardwalk Empire looks like it's going to remind us in its final eight episodes how the past always comes back around, either repeating itself, returning to haunt somebody or just ready to bite somebody in the ass. Personally, I can't think of a better way for the show to go out."

Rodrigo Perez of IndieWire wrote, "Perhaps it'll pick up, but as a first episode of the final season, anyone who's griped about the pace of the show's narrative won't find much reprieve here. On the flipside, Terence Winter and his writers are evidently sticking to their guns no matter what. Empires always fall, as will Nucky Thompson's reign, but how and when? Boardwalk Empire hasn't even introduced the central conflict that will take us there." Chris O'Hara of TV Fanatic gave the episode a perfect 5 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "It's interesting to note that Nucky's plan depends on a Democrat taking office. Where will he be without all his connections in Washington? Legit or not, his new business is being built on a foundation of crime. Nucky's sordid past came up more than once this week. I wonder if he will even last long enough to see the changes in government he needs to come about."

Tony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 star rating out of 5 and wrote, "Nucky's come a long way since sharing sour balls with his dying sister and sweeping up for the Commodore, who is played by a Dabney Coleman look. Sally Wheet might not see the point in looking back, but Nucky looks back at those old wounds and sees opportunities. How else could you build a Boardwalk Empire on the sand." Paste gave the episode a 6.2 out of 10 rating and wrote, "It was a disappointing start for Boardwalk Empires final season. We had the usual plotting and killings and arty cinematography that keep the show's ratings decent, but it was all still very hollow. For its final season, the show seems to want to bring the focus back onto Nucky, but as usual there's no particularly compelling reason to care about what happens to him."

References

External links
 "Golden Days for Boys and Girls" at HBO

2014 American television episodes
Boardwalk Empire episodes
Television episodes directed by Tim Van Patten
Television episodes written by Howard Korder
Television episodes set in New York City
Television episodes set in Maryland
Television episodes set in Cuba
Fiction set in 1884

Golden Days for Boys and Girls (Boardwalk Empire)


Army of the Mississippi was the name given to two Union armies during the American Civil War. Both operated around the Mississippi River and both were active for only a short time.

First use
The first army was created on February 23, 1862. It was commanded by Major general John Pope. Pope's orders were to clear Confederate troops along the Mississippi River so the Union army could move through the area. On February 28, 1862, General Pope began to move against New Madrid, Missouri. The Army then fought at the Battle of Island Number Ten. The army next fought at the Siege of Corinth. After the capture of Corinth Pope was sent east to command the Army of Virginia. Major general William S. Rosecrans assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi. The army fought at the Battle of Iuka followed by the Second Battle of Corinth. His commanding officer, Ulysses S. Grant, was unhappy with his failure to go after the retreating Confederates after the Battle of Corinth. In October, 1862, Rosecrans was transferred to command the Army of the Ohio and the Army of the Mississippi was disbanded.

Second use
In 1863 Major general John Alexander McClernand was put in command of the expedition against the Confederates down the Mississippi.  He was given command of two corps from the Army of the Tennessee. McClernand named his force the "Army of the Mississippi". McClernand was successful in capturing Arkansas Post but he acted without orders. On January 30, 1863, Grant personally took command of the army. The old XIII Corps and XV Corps were returned to the Army of the Tennessee on January 12, 1863.

References

Union Army

Army of the Mississippi


Unique hue is a term used in perceptual psychology of color vision and generally applied to the purest hues of blue, green, yellow and red. The proponents of the opponent process theory believe that these hues cannot be described as a mixture of other hues, and are therefore pure, whereas all other hues are composite. The neural correlate of the unique hues are approximated by the extremes of the opponent channels in opponent process theory. In this context, unique hues are sometimes described as "psychological primaries" as they can be considered analogous to the primary colors of trichromatic color theory.

Opponent Process Theory

The concept of certain hues as 'unique' came with the introduction of opponent process theory, which Ewald Hering introduced in 1878. Hering first proposed the idea that red, green, blue, and yellow were unique hues ("Urfarben"), based on the concept that these colors could not be simultaneously perceived. These hues represented the extremes of two perpendicular axes of color: a red-green axis and a blue-yellow axis. While this theory with 4 unique hues was initially considered contradictory to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory's three primary colors, the two theories were reconciled theoretically by Erwin Schrödinger and the later discovery of color-opponent cells in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) related the two theories physiologically.

Physiology

A physiological pathway from the cones in the retina to a neural correlate for the psychological unique hues has been elusive. Mollon and Jordan state: "...the nature of the unique hues remains mysterious and we do not know whether they tell us anything about the neural organisation of the visual system." The first transformation of light to a neuronal signal (visual phototransduction) yields 3 channels, each proportional to the quantal catch of one cone type (L-, M- and S-), estimated by the LMS color space. The second transformation occurs in the color-opponent cells and produces the opponent process channels: L+M (luminance), L-M (red-green), and S-(L+M) (blue-yellow), the latter of which form the cardinal axes.

Hering and researchers until the mid 20th century expected that the cardinal axes would correspond to the unique hues, i.e. the unique hues would exist when one opponent channel is maximally stimulated and the other opponent channel is in equilibrium. However, subsequent psychophysical tests demonstrated that while unique red lies on the extreme of the L-M axis, the other unique hues do not lie on the extremes of either opponent channel (L-M and S-(L+M) axes). Therefore, the cardinal axes are not a direct correlate of our experience of unique hues and a further (third) transformation must be applied to identify correlates, i.e. each unique hue is a synthesis of the opponent process channels. One theory suggests a conversion at a point later than the LGN, and that this produces non-linear combinations resulting in our experience of color being non-linear to the cardinal axes. However, while opponent-cells have been found in the LGN that respond to cone combinations other than those of the cardinal axes, such as M-S, there is no physiological understanding of this third transformation. An opposing theory therefore suggests that hues are learned based on variations in the visual environment; that unique hues represent an adaptation away from the cardinal axes and unique hues cannot be explained by relative numbers of excited L- and M-cones or their sensitivities.

There is mixed evidence as to whether unique hues are perceptually privileged compared to other colors. Some research suggests that there is no greater sensitivity for unique hues compared to other colors, but other evidence suggests there is greater sensitivity for yellows and blues, which may be due to them coinciding with the daylight locus. There is no direct evidence that larger populations of neurons are dedicated to unique hues compared to other colors, but some EEG research suggests that the latency of some EEG components may be shorter for unique hues compared to non-unique hues, and that colors can be decoded with a higher accuracy from EEG signals when they are unique hues.

Measurement
Unique hues are typically quantified as wavelength of monochromatic light, Munsell color, or hue degree derived from a RGB color space. The subject is asked to determine the hue that is not contaminated by neighboring unique hues, either by the method of adjustment, where the subject freely adjusts the color until they reach the unique hue, or two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) staircases. In the latter, the subject iteratively chooses which of two spectral color options is more pure. The unchosen color is replaced with a color on the opposite side of the chosen color. When the same color is chosen twice in a row, this constitutes a reversal, and the step size decreases. After a certain number of reversals, the wavelength/hue of the unique hue is determined.

Variability

The unique hues have been experimentally determined to represent average hue angles of 353° (carmine-red), 128° (cobalt green), 228° (cobalt blue), 58° (yellow). However, the values have large inter-subject and slight intra-subject variability, depending on the state of adaptation of the visual system. For example, the wavelength attributed to unique green varies by up to 70 nm between subjects. The variance greatly exceeds the variance that would be expected from differing L:M cone ratios or spectral sensitivities, but the source of this variance has not been identified.

Unique hues are a useful tool in measuring intra-subject variability in color perception. Neitz et al (2002) show that unique yellow shifts towards longer wavelengths following multi-day adaptation to red environments, and is also shifted for deuteranomalous colorblind observers. The researchers interpret these results as suggesting a long-term normalisation mechanism which can change the weighting of cone inputs to compensate for global changes in illumination, allowing color vision to remain optimal in a changing chromatic environment. Unique hues have also been shown to change over the course of the year as a result of adaptation to differences in the color spectrum of the environment in summer compared to winter, and have been shown to change after surgery to remove cataracts.

Unique hues have played an important role in understanding linguistic relativity or the idea that language has a significant influence on thought. The way in which language and culture affects color naming is debated and not yet fully understood. The Universalist side of the debate argues that unique color terms are biologically tied to the human visual system and the visual environment and are the same regardless of language and culture. The Relativist side argues that language contextualizes thought and therefore perception, the idea being that having a different environment and culture causes the perception of the individual to be different.

In CVD
Unique hues have different meaning in subjects with color vision deficiency. Unique yellow was determined to skew to higher wavelengths for anomalous trichromats (deuteranomaly), approaching 700 nm for strong deutans. Dichromats, who possess a single chromatic opponent channel, thereby have unique hues at the extremes of their visible spectrum, where each cone is excited independently, which renders unique hues an ineffective tool for quantifying dichromatic color vision. However, it is common to use similar techniques for defining the wavelength corresponding to "unique white" (achromatic point) of dichromats as means for quantifying their color vision. While imbalance in the L:M cone ratio is linked to mild red-green CVD, there is no dependence of unique yellow on the L:M ratio. Likewise, there is no change to unique yellow for carriers of dichromacy.

See also

 Color wheel
 Complementary colors
 Natural Color System
 Psychophysics

References

Color
Visual perception

Unique hues


Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, 1937 – April 20, 2014) was an American middleweight boxer, wrongfully   convicted and imprisoned for murder, until released following a petition of habeas corpus after almost 20 years in prison.

In 1966, Carter, and his co-accused, John Artis, were arrested for a triple homicide which was committed at the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, United States. Shortly after the killings at 2:30 am, a car, carrying Carter, Artis, and a third man, was stopped by police outside the bar while its occupants were on their way home from a nearby nightclub. They were allowed to go on their way but, after dropping off the third man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar a second time, 45 minutes later.

Carter and Artis were interrogated for 17 hours, released, then re-arrested weeks later. In 1967, they were convicted of all three murders, and given life sentences, to be served in Rahway State Prison; a retrial in 1976 upheld their sentences, but they were overturned in 1985. Prosecutors appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but declined to try the case a third time after the appeal failed.

Carter's autobiography, titled The Sixteenth Round, written while he was in prison, was published in 1974 by Viking Press. The story inspired the 1975 Bob Dylan song "Hurricane" and the 1999 film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington as Carter.  From 1993 to 2005, Carter served as executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (later rebranded as Innocence Canada).

In 2019, the case was the focus of a 13-part BBC podcast series, The Hurricane Tapes. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case notes which were taken during the original investigations, and 40 hours of recorded interviews of Carter by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in his 2011 book The Eye of the Hurricane.

Early life
Carter was born in Clifton, New Jersey in 1937, the fourth of seven children. He later admitted to a troubled relationship with his father, a strict disciplinarian; at the age of eleven, he was sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for assault, having stabbed a man who he alleged had tried to sexually assault him. Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 and joined the United States Army. A few months after completing basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to West Germany. While in Germany, Carter began to box for the Army. He was discharged in 1956 as unfit for service, after four courts-martial. Shortly after his discharge, he returned home to New Jersey, was convicted of two muggings and sent to prison.

Boxing career

After his release from prison in September 1961, Carter became a professional boxer. At  , Carter was shorter than the average middleweight, but he fought all of his professional career at 155–160 lb (70–72.6 kg). His aggressive style and punching power (resulting in many early-round knockouts) drew attention, establishing him as a crowd favorite and earning him the nickname "Hurricane". After he defeated a number of middleweight contenders—such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton—the boxing world took notice. The Ring first listed him as one of its "Top 10" middleweight contenders in July 1963. At the end of 1965, they ranked him as the number five middleweight.

He fought six times in 1963, winning four bouts and losing two. He remained ranked in the lower part of the top 10 until December 20, when he surprised the boxing world by flooring past and future world champion Emile Griffith twice in the first round and scoring a technical knockout. That win resulted in The Rings ranking of Carter as the number three contender for Joey Giardello's world middleweight title. Carter won two more fights (one a decision over future heavyweight champion Jimmy Ellis) in 1964, before meeting Giardello in Philadelphia for a 15-round championship match on December 14. Carter landed a few solid rights to the head in the fourth round that left Giardello staggering, but was unable to follow them up, and Giardello took control of the fight in the fifth round. The judges decided unanimously in favor of Giardello.

After that fight, Carter's ranking in The Ring began to decline. He fought nine times in 1965, winning five but losing three of four against contenders Luis Manuel Rodríguez, Dick Tiger, and Harry Scott. Tiger, in particular, floored Carter three times in their match. "It was", Carter said, "the worst beating that I took in my life—inside or outside the ring". During his visit to London to fight Scott, Carter was involved in an incident in which a shot was fired in his hotel room.

Carter's career record in boxing was 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one draw in 40 fights. He received an honorary championship title belt from the World Boxing Council in 1993 (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) and was later inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.

Arrest and conviction

At approximately 2:30 AM on June 17, 1966, two men entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, and began shooting. The bartender, James Oliver, and a customer, Fred Nauyoks, were killed immediately. Hazel Tanis died in a hospital a month later, having suffered multiple wounds from shotgun pellets; a third customer, Willie Marins, survived the attack, despite a head wound that cost him the sight in one eye. When questioned, both told police the shooters had been black males, but neither identified Carter or John Artis.

Ten minutes after the murders, around 2:40 AM, a police cruiser stopped Carter and Artis in a rental car, returning from a night out at the Nite Spot, a nearby bar; Carter was in the back, with Artis driving, and a third man, John Royster, in the passenger seat. The police recognised Carter, a well-known and controversial local figure, but let him go. Minutes later, the same officers solicited a description of the getaway car from two eyewitnesses outside the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.

Bello later admitted he was in the area acting as a lookout while an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, broke into a nearby warehouse. At the time, he claimed to have discovered the bodies when he entered the bar to buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the opportunity to empty the cash register, and ran into the police as he came out. At the trial, he testified he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males, one with a shotgun, the other a pistol, came around the corner. He ran from them, and they got into a white car that was double-parked near the Lafayette.

Valentine lived above the bar, and heard the shots; like Bello, she reported seeing two black men leave the bar, then get into a white car. They reportedly described it as white, with "a geometric design, sort of a butterfly type design in the back of the car", and New York state license plates, with blue background and orange lettering. Another neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said that, from his window, he saw Alfred Bello running west on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He then heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.

Valentine initially stated the car had rear lights which lit up completely like butterflies; at the retrial in 1976, she changed this to an accurate description of Carter's car, which had conventional tail-lights with aluminum decoration in a butterfly shape. This aligned with that provided by Bello; the prosecution later suggested the confusion was the result of a misreading of a court transcript by the defense.

Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home by Artis; they were stopped again at 3:00 AM, and ordered to follow the police to the station, where they were arrested. However, variances in descriptions given by Valentine and Bello, the physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, and the timeline provided by the police were key factors in the conviction being overturned in 1985.

Forensics later established the victims were shot by a .32-caliber pistol and a 12-gauge shotgun, although the weapons themselves were never found. There was no forensic evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders; while gun residue tests were commonly used, DeSimone, the lead detective, later claimed he had no time to bring in an expert to carry out the tests. He did arrange for an expert to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed; in 1976, a second report was discovered, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released. Carter and Artis voluntarily appeared before a grand jury, which found there was no case to answer.

However, several months later, Bello changed his story, after the police discovered why he was in the area, and his theft from the cash register. He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came forward to claim Carter was the other; based on this, the two were arrested and indicted. Bello later claimed that in return he was promised the U$10,500 reward offered for catching the killers, though it was never paid.

The rental car had been impounded when Carter and Artis were arrested, and retained by police; five days after their release a detective reported that on searching it again he discovered two unfired rounds, one .32 caliber, the other 12-gauge. Neither matched those retrieved from the victims; the .32 round was brass, rather than copper, while the shotgun shell was an older model, with a different wad and color.

Asked to account for these differences at the trial, the prosecution produced a second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds. They were unable to explain why, having that evidence, the police released the men, or why standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since the expended rounds retrieved at the scene were also a mixture, the fact that the two rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same caliber as those used in the shootings.

The defense, led by Raymond A. Brown, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given by eyewitnesses Marins and Bello. He also produced witnesses who confirmed Carter and Artis were still in the Nite Spot at the time of the shootings. The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, with a recommendation of mercy, so that they were not sentenced to death. Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and two consecutive life sentences on Carter, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.

Retrial and release
In 1974, Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter and Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the ring of truth".

Despite Larner's ruling, Madison Avenue advertising executive George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to increasing public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer Muhammad Ali lent his support to the campaign (including publicly wishing Carter good luck on his appeal during his appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in September 1973). Bob Dylan co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) and performed a song called "Hurricane" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. On December 7, 1975, Dylan performed the song at a concert at Trenton State Prison, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.

However, during the hearing on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello and Bradley had lied during the 1967 trial, telling the jurors that they had made only certain narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their trial testimony. A detective taped one interrogation of Bello in 1966, and when it was played during the recantation hearing, defense attorneys argued that the tape revealed promises beyond what Bello had testified to. If so, prosecutors had either had a Brady obligation to disclose this additional exculpatory evidence, or a duty to disclose that their witnesses had lied on the stand.

Larner denied this second argument as well, but the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously held that the evidence of various deals made between the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have been disclosed to the defense before or during the 1967 trial as this could have "affected the jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses. "The defendants' right to a fair trial was substantially prejudiced", said Justice Mark Sullivan. The court set aside the original convictions and granted Carter and Artis a new trial.

Despite the difficulties of prosecuting a ten-year-old case, Prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys decided to try Carter and Artis again. To ensure, as best he could, that he did not use perjured testimony to obtain a conviction, Humphreys had Bello polygraphed—once by Leonard H. Harrelson and a second time by Richard Arther, both well-known and respected experts in the field.  Both men concluded that Bello was telling the truth when he said that he had seen Carter outside the Lafayette immediately after the murders.

However, Harrelson also reported orally that Bello had been inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's 1967 trial testimony wherein he had said that he had been on the street at the time of the shooting. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated that Bello's 1967 testimony had been truthful.

Second conviction and appeal
During the new trial in 1976, Alfred Bello repeated his 1967 testimony, identifying Carter and Artis as the two armed men he had seen outside the Lafayette Grill. Bradley refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor defense called him as a witness.

The defense responded with testimony from multiple witnesses who identified Carter at the locations he claimed to be at when the murders took place.  Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had led to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as a defense witness. Hogan was asked on cross examinations whether any bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure his recantation, which Hogan denied. His original handwritten notes on his conversations with Bello were entered into evidence. The defense also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the 1967 testimony of William Marins, who had died in 1973, noting that his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis and Carter's actual appearances.

The court also heard testimony from a Carter associate that Passaic County prosecutors had tried to pressure her into testifying against Carter.  Prosecutors denied the charge.  After deliberating for almost nine hours, the jury again found Carter and Artis guilty of the murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed the same sentences on both men: a double life sentence for Carter, a single life sentence for Artis.

Artis was released on parole in 1981.  Carter's attorneys continued to appeal. In 1982, the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed his convictions (4–3). Although the justices felt that the prosecutors should have disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the time of the murders) to the defense, only a minority thought this was material. The majority thus concluded that the prosecution had not withheld information the Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.

According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in 1975–1976 she helped raise funds to win a second trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on bail in March 1976. On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat her severely over a disputed hotel bill. The Philadelphia Daily News reported the alleged beating in a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support for Carter quickly eroded, though Carter denied the accusation and there was insufficient evidence for legal prosecution. Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter had married in 1963, divorced him after their second child was born, because she found out that he had been unfaithful to her.

Federal court action
In 1985, Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court.  Later that year, Judge Haddon Lee Sarokin of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey granted the writ, noting that the prosecution had been "predicated upon an appeal to racism rather than reason, and concealment rather than disclosure", and set aside the convictions.  Carter, 48 years old, was freed without bail in November 1985.

Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals and filed a motion with the court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal. The court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale.

The prosecutors appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.

Prosecutors therefore could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, but decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss the original indictments. "It is just not legally feasible to sustain a prosecution, and not practical after almost 22 years to be trying anyone", said New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic County Prosecutor John P. Goceljak said several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and the unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the prosecution could reintroduce the racially motivated crime theory due to the federal court rulings.  A judge granted the motion to dismiss, bringing an end to the legal proceedings.

Post-emancipation
Carter lived in Toronto, Ontario, where he became a Canadian citizen, and was executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC) from 1993 until 2005. Carter resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest of the appointment (to a judgeship) of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian Guy Paul Morin, who served over eighteen months in prison for rape and murder until exonerated by DNA evidence.

Carter's second marriage was to Lisa Peters. The couple separated later.

In 1996, Carter, then 59, was arrested when Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in his thirties believed to have sold drugs to an undercover officer. He was released after the police realized their error.

Carter often served as a motivational speaker. On October 14, 2005, he received two honorary Doctorates of Law, one from York University (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and one from Griffith University (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of his work with AIDWYC and the Innocence Project. Carter received the Abolition Award from Death Penalty Focus in 1996.

Prostate cancer and death
In March 2012, while attending the International Justice Conference in Burswood, Western Australia, Carter revealed that he had terminal prostate cancer.  At the time, doctors gave him between three and six months to live. Beginning shortly after that time, John Artis lived with and cared for Carter, and on April 20, 2014, he confirmed that Carter, at the age of 76, had succumbed to his illness. He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were scattered in part over Cape Cod and in part at a horse farm in Kentucky.

In the months leading up to his death, Carter had worked for the exoneration of David McCallum, a Brooklyn man who had been incarcerated since 1985 on charges of murder. Two months before his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an opinion piece in the New York Daily News, in which he asked for an independent review of McCallum's conviction. "I request only that McCallum be granted a full hearing by the Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, now under the auspices of the new district attorney, Ken Thompson. Knowing what I do, I am certain that when the facts are brought to light, Thompson will recommend his immediate release ... Just as my own verdict 'was predicated on racism rather than reason and on concealment rather than disclosure', as Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote. On October 15, 2014, McCallum was exonerated.
John Artis died of an Abdominal aortic aneurysm on November 7, 2021, at the age of 75.

In popular culture
Carter's story inspired:
 The 1975 Bob Dylan song "Hurricane", which proclaimed that Carter was innocent. Carter appeared as himself in Dylan's 1978 movie Renaldo and Clara. In the 2019 film Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese, Dylan talked about his involvement with the Carter case and Carter was also interviewed in the film, describing his relationship with Dylan.
 Norman Jewison's 1999 feature film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington in the lead role as Carter. The film is about Rubin Carter's accusation, trials, and time spent in prison. Carter later discussed at a lecture how he fell in love with Washington's portrayal of him during auditions for The Hurricane, noting that boxer Marvelous Marvin Hagler and actors Wesley Snipes and Samuel L. Jackson all vied for the role. For his performance as Carter, Washington won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 57th Golden Globe Awards. Washington was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Carter at the 72nd Academy Awards.

Professional boxing record

See also
 List of wrongful convictions in the United States
 Romeo Phillion
 Steve Hearon

References

Sources

External links

1937 births
2014 deaths
African-American boxers
American male boxers
American emigrants to Canada
American people convicted of assault
American people convicted of robbery
American convicts who became writers
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Deaths from prostate cancer
Supreme Court of New Jersey
Overturned convictions in the United States
People convicted of murder by New Jersey
Sportspeople from Clifton, New Jersey
Prison writings
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New Jersey
Boxers from Toronto
United States Army soldiers
American people wrongfully convicted of murder
Canadian people of African-American descent
Boxers from New Jersey
Middleweight boxers
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Rubin Carter
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Sportspeople convicted of murder

Rubin Carter


1030 (MXXX) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the thirtieth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.

Events

Europe
 July 29 — Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olav Haraldsson loses to the people he ruled and is killed in the fight. The people he lost to were called "pagan" because they were not Christian. Later on, Olav is made a saint and is called the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway', or 'King of Norway forever').
 The city of Kaunas in Lithuania is founded.
 The city of Tartu in Estonia is founded.
 Thalwil, Switzerland, is talked about for the first time
 Henry I of France fights against his father Robert.

Asia
 The Song Dynasty Chinese historian and scholar Ouyang Xiu earned his jinshi degree at the age of 22 by passing the highest level tests in the country. This was his third time to take the test. This degree let him work for the government as a scholar-official.
 Byzantine Emperor Romanus III attacks Syria.
 Masud begins to rule the Ghaznavid Empire after the death of his father Mahmud.

Births
 July 26 — Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Saint Stanislaw (died 1079)
 Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders (died 1070)
 Roger I de Montgomery, Norman nobleman, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury (died 1093)
 Vsevolod I of Kiev (died 1093)

Deaths
 April 30 — Mahmud of Ghazni
 July 19 — Adalberon, bishop of Laon
 July 29 — King Olaf II of Norway (born 995)
 September 30 — William V, Duke of Aquitaine (born 969)

References

1030


WFXQ-CD (channel 28) is a low-power, Class A television station in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. It is a translator of dual NBC/CW+ affiliate WWLP (channel 22), owned by Nexstar Media Group. WFXQ-CD's transmitter is located at the old Mount Tom Ski Area summit in Holyoke. Its parent station maintains studios at Broadcast Center in the Sandy Hill section of Chicopee at the northwest corner of the I-391/MA 116/Chicopee Street interchange.

History
The station first went on-the-air May 6, 1987, on VHF channel 11. Using the calls W11BJ, it originally aired a low-powered analog signal from the Rattlesnake Mountain transmitter site of Connecticut's Fox affiliate WTIC-TV (channel 61). The station was an independent that aired local shows to a senior retirement community in Farmington, Connecticut. It used a live skycam weather forecast which consisted of a character generator and a home video camera with shots of the window from the transmitter building. The owner of the station was the Chase family (who also owned WTIC-TV).

When LIN TV bought W11BJ in 2004, there was a construction permit approved to broadcast this station on UHF channel 28 from a new transmitter on Mount Tom in Holyoke. During the building of this transmitter, WWLP temporarily put on a simulcast of Connecticut's UPN affiliate WCTX (a sister station) through an off-air pickup. In early 2006, W28CT signed-on from the top of Mount Tom and the W11BJ transmitter on Rattlesnake Mountain was shut down. Right from the start, the station began to simulcast WWLP in a full-time manner. LIN TV had initially changed the call sign to WXCW-CA in reference to The CW in anticipation of it becoming an affiliate of that network. This affiliation eventually went to cable-only WB affiliate "WBQT".

As a result, the channel's call sign was changed again to WFXQ-CA referring to a possible Fox affiliation. This caused rumors on several television industry message boards that it would become an affiliate of that network. Speculation also existed that WFXQ might affiliate with Fox's new sister network, MyNetworkTV. At the time, cable television viewers in the Springfield/Holyoke market received Fox from WTIC-TV and the network's owned-and-operated station in Boston, WFXT, with MyNetworkTV coming from WCTX.

On November 16, 2007, the Springfield Republican reported that ABC affiliate WGGB-TV would be launching a Fox affiliate on a new second subchannel which was expected to launch at the end of that year. This was ultimately delayed until the end of March 2008 when the new service took on a primary Fox and secondary MyNetworkTV affiliation. Up to that time, Springfield held the distinction of being the largest television market without a Fox affiliate of its own.

Until December 9, 2008, WFXQ's analog signal transmitted on the same frequency as Providence, Rhode Island CW affiliate WLWC. After the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved a construction permit, the station "flash-cut" to digital sometime after June 12, 2009, although, at the time, the station was still assigned a "-CA" suffix. Eventually, the FCC updated its listing and this channel began using the WFXQ-CD calls. Since that point it has mainly served as a local UHF translator of WWLP for the central part of the Springfield market, including Northampton, Easthampton, and Holyoke, and most of Springfield.

On March 21, 2014, Media General announced that it would purchase LIN Media and its stations, including WWLP and WFXQ-CD, in a $1.6 billion merger. The merger was completed on December 19.

On January 1, 2015, WWLP began to carry what had been the cable-exclusive CW affiliate WBQT as their second digital subchannel, which also applied to WFXQ-CD's second subchannel, finally fulfilling the original purpose of LIN's purchase of the station.

On September 8, 2015, Media General announced that it would acquire the Meredith Corporation for $2.4 billion, with the combined group to be renamed Meredith Media General once the sale is finalized. Because Meredith already owns WGGB-TV, and the Springfield-Holyoke market does not have enough full-power television stations to legally allow a duopoly in any event (WGGB and WWLP are the only full-power licenses assigned to the market), the companies would have been required to sell either WGGB or WWLP to comply with FCC ownership rules as well as recent changes to those rules regarding same-market television stations that restrict sharing agreements. Meredith-owned CBS affiliate WSHM-LD (channel 3) is the only one of the three stations affected by the merger that could legally be acquired by Meredith Media General, as FCC rules permit common ownership of full-power and low-power stations regardless of the number of stations within a single market. On January 27, 2016, however, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it had reached an agreement to acquire Media General, who subsequently abandoned its plans to purchase Meredith.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

References

External links
WWLP website

Television channels and stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Massachusetts
FXQ-CD
FXQ-CD
Nexstar Media Group
NBC network affiliates
ATSC 3.0 television stations

WFXQ-CD


Thomas Huey Farm is a registered historic place in Big Bone, Kentucky.

It is a Gothic Revival house, built in 1865, according to family history.  It is a -story brick structure with a three-bay facade.  It incorporates a central entrance with side-lights, and a transom window with Italianate brackets.  It has been called the "Old Brick" from time immemorial.  The brick house behind the building has long been called the "slave quarters", and Thomas Huey owned half a dozen slaves; however none of them ever lived here, as the house was built after the war was over.  It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

According to family legend Mr. Huey, who was born at Big Bone, in 1805, buried his money, all gold and silver, in a great chest before the war.  He dug it up after the war and used the money to build the house.  Burying money is a very common story, though it is common because so many people actually did it;  in this case it may or may not have actually been so, but there can be little doubt that many people probably did bury their money before or during the war with so many rascally Yankees about.

A great-granddaughter purchased the house in the 1930s and lived there for years.  She (and many of the other members of the family) claimed the house to be haunted.  She engaged in lengthy on-again-off-again shooting duel with her sister, who lived across the road, and it is possible the family ghosts left during her tenure.  According to this occupant, she could "hear grandma chasing great-grandma through the attic at night."  This is supposed to have been the result of the two women being frozen to death in the attic by a wicked in-law.  It is unusual, according to Kentucky historian (and "ghostwriter") Professor Lynwood Montell, but not unheard of, for two ghosts to reside in the same Kentucky house.

People who have moved into the area not knowing the old story have told me that from observation they believe the house is haunted.  They were very interested, of course, to hear confirmation of a conclusion they had arrived at independently.

References

William Lynwood Montell, Haunted Houses and Family Ghosts of Kentucky (2001).
William Lynwood Montell, Ghosts Across Kentucky (2000).

Houses completed in 1865
National Register of Historic Places in Boone County, Kentucky
Houses in Boone County, Kentucky
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
1865 establishments in Kentucky
Gothic Revival architecture in Kentucky
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky

Thomas Huey Farm


Eremophila serrulata, commonly known as serrate-leaved eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is an erect or spreading shrub whose leaves are sticky and have small serrations, and flowers that have green, yellowish-green or yellowish-brown petals.

Description
Eremophila serrulata is a shrub that grows to a height and width of . Its leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are lance-shaped, egg-shaped or almost circular and have a stalk  long. The leaf blade is mostly  long,  wide, usually has many small serrations on the edges and sometimes has a few hairs but these are often obscured by resin.

The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a slightly hairy, S-shaped stalk,  long. There are 5 overlapping, glabrous, lance-shaped to egg-shaped sepals which are mostly  long. The petals are  long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is green, yellowish-green or yellowish-brown and the inner and outer surfaces are covered with glandular hairs. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs throughout the year but mainly from April to October. The fruits are oval to almost spherical and are  long and have a glabrous, pale grey covering.

Taxonomy and naming
The species was first formally described in 1847 by botanist  Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle based on an unpublished description by Allan Cunningham . They gave it the name Stenochilus serrulatus and published the description in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. In 1917 George Claridge Druce changed the name to Eremophila serrulata and published the change in The Botanical Exchange Club and Society of the British Isles Report for 1916, Supplement 2. The specific epithet (serrulata) is the diminutive form of the Latin word serratus meaning "toothed like a saw", hence finely serrated, referring to the edges of the leaves of this species.

Distribution and habitat
Green fuchsia bush is widespread and common in Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and New South Wales. In Western Australia it is found between Warburton and Shark Bay. In South Australia it occurs in the North-Western, Lake Eyre, Nullarbor, Gairdner-Torrens, Flinders Ranges, Eastern, Eyre Peninsula and Northern Lofty botanical regions. In the Northern Territory it is only found in the far south-west and in New South Wales in the north-west plains, south-west plains and northern far-west plains. It often grows in skeletal soils on rocky hillsides frequently in mulga or mallee woodland.

Conservation
Eremophila serrulata is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
Although not a spectacular plant in flower, this eremophila is a very hardy, long-lived shrub, and it attracts nectar-feeding birds. It will grow in situations such as those with heavy clay soils, where others will not. It can be propagated from cuttings but may sucker when grown on its own roots, however if this behaviour is undesirable, it can also be grafted onto Myoporum rootstock. It will grow in most soils in full sun or part shade, is very drought tolerant and frost tolerant.

References

serrulata
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of South Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1847
Taxa named by Allan Cunningham (botanist)

Eremophila serrulata


Baalshamin ( Baʿal Šāmīn or Bʿel Šmīn Blit. "Lord of Heaven[s]"), also called Baal Shamem ( Baʿl Šāmēm) and Baal Shamaim ( Baʿal Šāmayīm), was a Northwest Semitic god and a title applied to different gods at different places or times in ancient Middle Eastern inscriptions, especially in Canaan/Phoenicia and Syria. The title was most often applied to Hadad, who is also often titled just Ba'al. Baalshamin was one of the two supreme gods and the sky god of pre-Islamic Palmyra in ancient Syria (Bel being the other supreme god). There his attributes were the eagle and the lightning bolt, and he perhaps formed a triad with the lunar god Aglibol and the sun god Malakbel. The title was also applied to Zeus.

The earliest known Phoenician reference to Baalshamin is in the Yehimilk inscription, dated to the 10th century BCE.

History

This name was originally a title of Baal Hadad, in the 2nd millennium BC, but came to designate a distinct god circa 1000 BC. The earliest known mention of this god or title is in a treaty of the 14th century BC between Suppiluliumas I, King of the Hittites, and Niqmaddu II, King of Ugarit. Although this could be a reference to Baal Hadad, and again when the name appears in a Phoenician inscription by King Yeḥimilk of Byblos, other texts make a distinction between the two.

In the treaty of 677 BC between King Esarhaddon of Assyria and King Ba'al I of Tyre, a curse is laid against King Baal if he breaks the treaty, reading in part:
"May Baal-sameme, Baal-malage, and Baal-saphon raise an evil wind against your ships, to undo their moorings, tear out their mooring pole, may a strong wave sink them in the sea, a violent tide [. . .] against you."

The god Baal-malage is otherwise unexplained. Baal-saphon here and elsewhere seems to be Ba'al Hadad, whose home is on Mount Ṣaphon in the Ugaritic texts. But interpreters disagree as to whether these are here three separate gods or three aspects of the same god, a god who causes stormy weather on the sea.

In any case, inscriptions show that the cult of Ba'al Šamem continued in Tyre from Esarhaddon's day until towards the end of the 1st millennium BC.

Baalshamen is mentioned as an idol among other Aramean gods in Mesopotamia by Jacob_of_Serugh:

 "He (that is Satan) put Apollo as idol in Antioch and others with him, In Edessa he set Nebo and Bel together with many others, He led astray Harran by Sin, Baalshamin and Bar Nemre[Nusku] By my Lord  with his Dogs[Nergal] and the goddess Taratha[Astarte] and Gadlat."

In Sanchuniathon's main mythology the god he calls in Greek 'Uranus'/'Sky' has been thought by some to stand for Ba'al Šamem. Sky is here the actual father of Baal Hadad (although Baal Hadad is born after his mother's marriage to Dagon). As in Greek mythology and Hittite mythology, Sky is castrated by his son, who is in turn destined to be opposed by the thunder god. In Sanchuniathon's story, Sky also battles Sea; Sky finds himself unable to prevail, so he allies himself with Hadad.

In Nabatean texts in Greek, Baal Shamin is regularly equated with Zeus Helios, that is Zeus as a sun-god. Sanchuniathon supports this:
"... and that when droughts occurred, they stretched out their hands to heaven towards the sun; for him alone (he says) they regarded as god the lord of heaven, calling him Beelsamen, which is in the Phoenician language 'lord of heaven', and in Greek 'Zeus'."
Unfortunately, it is not clear whether Baalshamin is here regarded as a sun-god and the bringer of rain, or whether he is regarded as the cause of drought.

Writers in Syriac refer to Baalshamin as Zeus Olympios Zeus who shines .

See also
 Temple of Baalshamin (not to be confused with the Temple of Bel)

References

External links
 Stuart Whatling: "Arabia Syria: Palmyra"() — Some pictures of the temple of Baal-Shamin at Palmyra

West Semitic gods
Arabian gods
Sky and weather gods
Baal
Phoenician mythology

Baalshamin