Mộng-Lan is a Vietnamese-born American writer, visual artist, musician, dancer, and educator. Former Stegner Fellow at Stanford University, Fulbright Scholar, she has published seven books of poetry & artwork, three chapbooks, has won numerous prizes such as the Juniper Prize and the Pushcart Prize. Poems have been included in international and national anthologies such as Best American Poetry Anthology and several Norton anthologies. Her books include: Song of the Cicadas (Juniper Prize Winner); Why is the Edge Always Windy?; Tango, Tangoing: poems & art; One Thousand Minds Brimming, 2016; and Dusk Aflame: poems & art, 2018. Her latest music album releases include Arrabal de Tango: Tango por Siempre, voice & guitar, 2020; Perfumas de Amor, de Argentina y Viet Nam, (Tango por Siempre) (voice and guitar), 2018; New Orleans of My Heart, jazz piano, 2019; Dreaming Orchid: Poetry & Jazz Piano, 2016.  www.monglan.com

Life

Born in Saigon, South Vietnam, Mong-Lan left her native Vietnam on the last day of evacuation of Saigon.  Former Stegner Fellow at Stanford University, Fulbright Scholar, she has published seven books of poetry & artwork, three chapbooks, has won prizes such as the Juniper Prize and the Pushcart Prize. Poems have been included in numerous anthologies such as Best American Poetry Anthology, several Norton Anthologies, and The Pushcart Book of Poetry: Best Poems from 30 Years of the Pushcart Prize. She has finished a novel, with an excerpt in the North American Review. While having grown up and educated in the United States, she lived for five-six years in Japan (teaching as a professor with the Univ. of Maryland), and has lived numerous years in Argentina.

As a visual artist, Mong-Lan has had her paintings and photographs exhibited in museums such as the Dallas Museum of Art and galleries in the U.S., and in public exhibitions in Tokyo, Seoul, Bangkok, Bali and Buenos Aires.

As a musician, Mong-Lan plays the piano and guitar, sings in six languages, and also composes and writes songs. Her ten albums of jazz piano and tangos also showcase her poetry.

Mong-Lan as a dancer has studied ballet, jazz and flamenco, and has specialized as a tango dancer, performer, and teacher, having nearly twenty-five years of tango dance experience, in Buenos Aires, San Francisco, New York City, Tokyo, Bangkok, Hanoi, and elsewhere. Her one-woman musical show, "Ocean of Senses: Dream Songs & Tangos," blends original poetry, jazz piano, guitar, dance, story and song.

Career

Of her poetry, Robert Creeley has commented, "Mông-Lan is a remarkably accomplished poet. Always her poems are deft, extremely graceful in the way words move, and in the cadence that carries them. One is moved by the articulate character of 'things seen,' the subtle shifting of images, and the quiet intensity of their information. Clearly she is a master of the art."

Winner of a Pushcart Prize, the Juniper Prize, the Great Lakes Colleges Association's New Writers Awards for Poetry, Mong-Lan's poetry has been nationally and internationally anthologized to include being in Best American Poetry and The Pushcart Book of Poetry: Best Poems from 30 Years of the Pushcart Prize.  Author of eight books and chapbooks, Mộng-Lan's books include Song of the Cicadas; Why is the Edge Always Windy?, Tango, Tangoing: Poems & Art; the bilingual Spanish-English edition, Tango, Tangueando: Poemas & Dibujos; Love Poem to Tofu & Other Poems (poetry & calligraphic art, chapbook); Love Poem to Ginger & Other Poems: poetry & paintings (chapbook);  Force of the Heart: Tango, Art; One Thousand Minds Brimming: Poems & Art; and her most recent Dusk Aflame: poems & art.

Mong-Lan received her Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Arizona, was the recipient of a Wallace E. Stegner Fellowship in poetry for two years at Stanford University, and was a Fulbright Fellow in Vietnam.  In addition to being anthologized in Best American Poetry and the Pushcart Prize Anthology her poetry has been included in Asian American Poetry: the Next Generation; Language for a New Century: Contemporary Poetry from the Middle East, Asia, and Beyond (Norton); Making More Waves: New Writing by Asian American Women;Force Majeure (Indonesia); Black Dog, Black Night: Contemporary Vietnamese Poetry; Jungle Crows: a Tokyo Expatriate anthology, and has appeared in numerous leading American literary journals such as The Kenyon Review, The Antioch Review, and the North American Review.

Her paintings and photographs have been exhibited for one year in the Capitol House in Washington D.C., for six months at the Dallas Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, in galleries in the San Francisco Bay Area, and in public exhibitions in Tokyo, Seoul, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, and Bali.  In conjunction with the National Endowment for the Arts, she was the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts' inaugural Visual Artist and Poet in Residence in 2005. An exhibition of her paintings and photographs, "The World of Mong-Lan," ran for six months.

Mong-Lan has read her poetry, given lectures, performances, and presented her artworks at many universities and festivals/workshops in a number of countries to include Buenos Aires, Argentina; the World Poetry Festival in Heidelberg, Germany; Lavigny, Switzerland; Fukuoka, Nagoya, and Tokyo, Japan; and in the U.S. to include:  Harvard University, Stanford University, San Francisco State University, University of Nevada, University of New Orleans, VA Festival of the Book, University of Maryland University College, SUNY Purchase, Kenyon College, DePauw University, Hope College, the Asia Society in NYC, Asian American Writers' Workshop and the Poetry Society of America's Festival for New Poets.

Mong-Lan as a musician, singer and composer, has released ten CDs, which range from jazz piano, spoken-word poetry, and singing and playing tangos on the guitar, CDs which also showcase her poetry. She has performed at universities, cultural organizations, clubs and cabarets.

Mong-Lan has taught at the University of Arizona, Stanford University, the Dallas Museum of Art, the San Diego State University Writers' Conference and in the Asian Division of the University of Maryland University College in Tokyo, Japan; and at the Jung Center of Houston, where she conducts multi-disciplinary workshops in writing, dance, music and the visual arts.

Books
Song of the Cicadas (2001, Juniper Prize, UMASS Press)
Why is the Edge Always Windy? (2005, Tupelo Press)
Love Poem to Tofu & Other Poems (2007, chapbook of poetry & artwork, Valiant Press)
Tango, Tangoing: Poems & Art (2008)
Tango, Tangueando: Poemas & Dibujos (2009, Spanish-English bilingual edition)
Force of the Heart: Tango, Art
Love Poem to Ginger & Other Poems (2012, chapbook of poetry & artwork)
One Thousand Minds Brimming: Poems & Art (2014)
Dusk Aflame: poems & art (2018, Valiant Press)
Tone of Water in a Half-Filled Glass (2018, Foothills Publishing)

Honors
Juniper Prize, for Song of the Cicadas
Great Lakes Colleges Association's New Writers Awards for Poetry, for Song of the Cicadas
Poetry Society of America's Norma Farber First Book Award, Finalist, for Song of the Cicadas
Pushcart Prize, inclusion in Pushcart Book of Poetry: Best Poems from 30 Years of the Pushcart Prize, 2006.
Inaugural Visual Artist and Poet in Resident at the Dallas Museum of Art, through a National Endowment for the Arts Grant.
Fulbright Fellow to Vietnam
Wallace E. Stegner Fellow in Poetry at Stanford University for two years, 2000-2002.
Inclusion in Best American Poetry Anthology, 2003
Le Chateau de Lavigny International Writer's Residency, Lavigny, Switzerland, summer, 2000.
Dr. Muriel Pollia Summer Fellowship in Poetry, Stanford University, 2001.
Dean's Master of Fine Arts Fellowship, Graduate College, Univ of Arizona 1999-2000.
University of Arizona Graduate College Fellowship, 1998-1999.
Professional Development Grant, Arizona Commission on the Arts, Summer 2000.
Billy Waller Prize in Poetry, 1999.

Art Exhibitions
Mong-Lan's paintings and photographs have been exhibited for one year in the Capitol House in Washington D.C., for six months at the Dallas Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, in galleries in the San Francisco Bay Area, and in public exhibitions in Tokyo, Seoul, Bangkok, Buenos Aires, and Bali.  In conjunction with the National Endowment for the Arts, she was the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts' inaugural Visual Artist and Poet in Residence in 2005. An exhibition of her paintings and photographs, "The World of Mong-Lan," ran for six months. She has had shows of her artwork and tango drawings and paintings in numerous public exhibitions in the U.S.

Discography

 LAN Tango: La Voz de Mong-Lan, independent, 2013.
 LAN: Tango y Más, independent, 2014.
 Diary: Voyages, piano compositions & solos, 2015.
 Visions: Diary, piano compositions & solos, 2015.
 City of Dreams / Ciudad de Sueños, piano compositions & solos, 2015.
 Equivalences / Synchronicities, piano compositions & solos, 2015.
 Under 13 Moons, piano compositions & solos, 2015.
 The Cosmic Blues ~ Dragonfly Dances, 2016.
 Dreaming Orchid: Poetry & Jazz Piano, 2018.
 Perfumas de Amor: de Argentina y Viet Nam (Tango por Siempre), 2018.
 New Orleans of My Heart, 2019.
 Arrabal de Tango: Tango por Siempre, 2020.

References

External links
 Mong-Lan's Website (English)
 Mộng-Lan's website (Vietnamese) một nhà thơ Mỹ gốc Việt
 Mong-Lan Singer / Music
 Poem, "Three-Auricled Heart,"
 Poem, "Keel of Earth's Axis,"
 Poem, "Coyote,"
 Poem, "A Bamboo Knife,"
 Interview, University of Maryland University College
 UMASS Press Author Page
 Tupelo Press Author Page
 Piano Compositions-Music

21st-century American poets
American women poets
American writers of Vietnamese descent
American women painters
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States
Writers from Ho Chi Minh City
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women writers
Stegner Fellows
21st-century American women photographers
21st-century American photographers

Mong-Lan


Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger (17 September 1803 near Grottkau, Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia – 30 December 1863 in Berlin) was a German zoologist and ornithologist.

Gloger was the first person to recognise the structural differences between swallows and swifts, and also the first to put up artificial bat boxes.

He was the originator of what is now known as Gloger's rule, which states that dark pigments increase in races of animals (birds were the examples in which he originally noticed the pattern) living in warm and humid habitats. He put forward this theory in his Das Abändern der Vögel durch Einfluss des Klimas (1833). The exact way this pattern is actually caused is still unclear, but in birds it has been suggested that darker pigmented plumage provides protection against feather-degrading bacteria, whose activity is greater in warm and humid regions.  His other works include Gemeinnütziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte (1841).

References

External links
 Das Abändern der Vögel durch Einfluss des Klimas (1833)
 Interspecific variation in primate coat colour supports Gloger's rule, Kamilar and Bradley, J Biogeography, 2011

19th-century German zoologists
German ornithologists
1803 births
1863 deaths

C. L. Gloger


In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization.

Innate and adaptive

The immune system has innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. The adaptive component, on the other hand, involves more advanced lymphatic cells that can distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self". The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation while the non-reaction to self substances is described as immunity. The two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammatorily and immunologically eliminated. "Disease" can arise when what is foreign cannot be eliminated or what is self is not spared.

Innate immunity, also known as native immunity, is a semi-specific and widely distributed form of immunity. It is defined as the first line of defense against pathogens, representing a critical systemic response to prevent infection and maintain homeostasis, contributing to the activation of an adaptive immune response. It does not adapt to specific external stimulus or a prior infection, but relies on genetically encoded recognition of particular patterns.

Adaptive or acquired immunity is the active component of the host immune response, mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes. Unlike the innate immunity, the acquired immunity is highly specific to a particular pathogen, including the development of immunological memory. Like the innate system, the acquired system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.

Adaptive immunity can be acquired either 'naturally' (by infection) or 'artificially' (through deliberate actions such as vaccination). Adaptive immunity can also be classified as 'active' or 'passive'. Active immunity is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells derived from an immune host either artificially or through the placenta; it is short-lived, requiring booster doses for continued immunity.

The diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. Adaptive immunity recognizes more diverse patterns. Unlike innate immunity it is associated with memory of the pathogen.

History of theories

For thousands of years mankind has been intrigued with the causes of disease and the concept of immunity. The prehistoric view was that disease was caused by supernatural forces, and that illness was a form of theurgic punishment for "bad deeds" or "evil thoughts" visited upon the soul by the gods or by one's enemies. In Classical Greek times, Hippocrates, who is regarded as the Father of Medicine, diseases were attributed to an alteration or imbalance in one of the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile or black bile). The first written descriptions of the concept of immunity may have been made by the Athenian Thucydides who, in 430 BC, described that when the plague hit Athens: "the sick and the dying were tended by the pitying care of those who had recovered, because they knew the course of the disease and were themselves free from apprehensions. For no one was ever attacked a second time, or not with a fatal result".

Active immunotherapy may have begun with Mithridates VI of Pontus (120-63 BC) who, to induce active immunity for snake venom, recommended using a method similar to modern toxoid serum therapy, by drinking the blood of animals which fed on venomous snakes. He is thought to have assumed that those animals acquired some detoxifying property, so that their blood would contain transformed components of the snake venom that could induce resistance to it instead of exerting a toxic effect. Mithridates reasoned that, by drinking the blood of these animals, he could acquire a similar resistance. Fearing assassination by poison, he took daily sub-lethal doses of venom to build tolerance. He is also said to have sought to create a 'universal antidote' to protect him from all poisons. For nearly 2000 years, poisons were thought to be the proximate cause of disease, and a complicated mixture of ingredients, called Mithridate, was used to cure poisoning during the Renaissance. An updated version of this cure, Theriacum Andromachi, was used well into the 19th century. The term "immunes" is also found in the epic poem "Pharsalia" written around 60 BC by the poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus to describe a North African tribe's resistance to snake venom.

The first clinical description of immunity which arose from a specific disease-causing organism is probably A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles ("Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah, translated 1848) written by the Islamic physician Al-Razi in the 9th century. In the treatise, Al Razi describes the clinical presentation of smallpox and measles and goes on to indicate that exposure to these specific agents confers lasting immunity (although he does not use this term).

Until the 19th century, the miasma theory was also widely accepted. The theory viewed diseases such as cholera or the Black Plague as being caused by a miasma, a noxious form of "bad air". If someone was exposed to the miasma in a swamp, in evening air, or breathing air in a sickroom or hospital ward, they could catch a disease. Since the 19th century, communicable diseases came to be viewed as being caused by germs/microbes.

The modern word "immunity" derives from the Latin immunis, meaning exemption from military service, tax payments or other public services.

The first scientist who developed a full theory of immunity was Ilya Mechnikov who revealed phagocytosis in 1882. With Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, the fledgling science of immunology began to explain how bacteria caused disease, and how, following infection, the human body gained the ability to resist further infections.

In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin, and following the 1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus, the antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic immunology.

In Europe, the induction of active immunity emerged in an attempt to contain smallpox. Immunization has existed in various forms for at least a thousand years, without the terminology. The earliest use of immunization is unknown, but, about 1000 AD, the Chinese began practicing a form of immunization by drying and inhaling powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. Around the 15th century in India, the Ottoman Empire, and east Africa, the practice of inoculation (poking the skin with powdered material derived from smallpox crusts) was quite common. This practice was first introduced into the west in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. In 1798, Edward Jenner introduced the far safer method of deliberate infection with cowpox virus, (smallpox vaccine), which caused a mild infection that also induced immunity to smallpox. By 1800, the procedure was referred to as vaccination. To avoid confusion, smallpox inoculation was increasingly referred to as variolation, and it became common practice to use this term without regard for chronology. The success and general acceptance of Jenner's procedure would later drive the general nature of vaccination developed by Pasteur and others towards the end of the 19th century. In 1891, Pasteur widened the definition of vaccine in honour of Jenner, and it then became essential to qualify the term by referring to polio vaccine, measles vaccine etc.

Passive immunity

Passive immunity is the immunity acquired by the transfer of ready-made antibodies from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, such as when maternal antibodies are transferred to the foetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore the patient is at risk of being infected by the same pathogen later.

Naturally acquired passive immunity
A fetus naturally acquires passive immunity from its mother during pregnancy. Maternal passive immunity is antibody-mediated immunity. The mother's antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. This occurs around the third month of gestation. IgG is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta.

Passive immunity is also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk that are transferred to the gut of a nursing infant, protecting against bacterial infections, until the newborn can synthesize its antibodies. Colostrum present in mothers milk is an example of passive immunity.

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms; as human or animal blood plasma, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous (IVIG) or intramuscular (IG) use, and in the form of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Passive transfer is used prophylactically in the case of immunodeficiency diseases, such as hypogammaglobulinemia. It is also used in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poisoning. Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for only a short period of time, and there is also a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions, and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin.

The artificial induction of passive immunity has been used for over a century to treat infectious disease, and before the advent of antibiotics, was often the only specific treatment for certain infections. Immunoglobulin therapy continued to be a first line therapy in the treatment of severe respiratory diseases until the 1930s, even after sulfonamide lot antibiotics were introduced.

Transfer of activated T-cells
Passive or "adoptive transfer" of cell-mediated immunity, is conferred by the transfer of "sensitized" or activated T-cells from one individual into another. It is rarely used in humans because it requires histocompatible (matched) donors, which are often difficult to find. In unmatched donors this type of transfer carries severe risks of graft versus host disease. It has, however, been used to treat certain diseases including some types of cancer and immunodeficiency. This type of transfer differs from a bone marrow transplant, in which (undifferentiated) hematopoietic stem cells are transferred.

Active immunity

When B cells and T cells are activated by a pathogen, memory B-cells and T- cells develop, and the primary immune response results. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and can mount a strong secondary response if the pathogen is detected again. The primary and secondary responses were first described in 1921 by English immunologist Alexander Glenny although the mechanism involved was not discovered until later. This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system.

Naturally acquired

Naturally acquired active immunity occurs as the result of an infection.  When a person is exposed to a live pathogen and develops a primary immune response, this leads to immunological memory. Many disorders of immune system function can affect the formation of active immunity, such as immunodeficiency (both acquired and congenital forms) and immunosuppression.

Artificially acquired

Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease. The term vaccination was coined by Richard Dunning, a colleague of Edward Jenner, and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. The method Pasteur used entailed treating the infectious agents for those diseases, so they lost the ability to cause serious disease. Pasteur adopted the name vaccine as a generic term in honor of Jenner's discovery, which Pasteur's work built upon.
In 1807, Bavaria became the first group to require their military recruits to be vaccinated against smallpox, as the spread of smallpox was linked to combat. Subsequently, the practice of vaccination would increase with the spread of war.

There are four types of traditional vaccines:
 Inactivated vaccines are composed of micro-organisms that have been killed with chemicals and/or heat and are no longer infectious. Examples are vaccines against flu, cholera, plague, and hepatitis A. Most vaccines of this type are likely to require booster shots.
 Live, attenuated vaccines are composed of micro-organisms that have been cultivated under conditions which disable their ability to induce disease. These responses are more durable, however, they may require booster shots. Examples include yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps.
 Toxoids are inactivated toxic compounds from micro-organisms in cases where these (rather than the micro-organism itself) cause illness, used prior to an encounter with the toxin of the micro-organism. Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria.
 Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines are composed of small fragments or pieces from a pathogenic (disease-causing) organism. A characteristic example is the subunit vaccine against Hepatitis B virus.

In addition, there are some newer types of vaccines in use:
 Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV) vaccines contain the outer membrane of a bacterium without any of its internal components or genetic material. Thus, ideally, they stimulate an immune response effective against the original bacteria without the risk of an infection.
 Genetic vaccines deliver nucleic acid that codes for an antigen into host cells, which then produce that antigen, stimulating an immune response. This category of vaccine includes DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, and viral vector vaccines, which differ in the chemical form of nucleic acid and how it is delivered into host cells.

A variety of vaccine types are under development; see Experimental Vaccine Types.

Most vaccines are given by hypodermic or intramuscular injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Live attenuated polio and some typhoid and cholera vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.

Hybrid immunity
Hybrid immunity is the combination of natural immunity and artificial immunity. Studies of hybrid-immune people found that their blood was better able to neutralize the Beta and other variants of SARS-CoV-2 than never-infected, vaccinated people. Moreover, on 29 October 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that "Multiple studies in different settings have consistently shown that infection with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination each result in a low risk of subsequent infection with antigenically similar variants for at least 6 months. Numerous immunologic studies and a growing number of epidemiologic studies have shown that vaccinating previously infected individuals significantly enhances their immune response and effectively reduces the risk of subsequent infection, including in the setting of increased circulation of more infectious variants. ..."

See also

 Antiserum
 Antivenin
 Cell-mediated immunity
 Herd immunity
 Heterosubtypic immunity
 Hoskins effect
 Humoral immunity
 Immunology
 Inoculation
 Premunity
 Vaccine-naive
 Virgin soil epidemic

References

External links
 The Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens (MIEP)

Immunology

Immunity (medical)


In mathematics, a translation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x'y'-Cartesian coordinate system in which the x' axis is parallel to the x axis and k units away, and the y' axis is parallel to the y axis and h units away.  This means that the origin O' of the new coordinate system has coordinates (h, k) in the original system.  The positive x' and y' directions are taken to be the same as the positive x and y directions.  A point P has coordinates (x, y) with respect to the original system and coordinates (x', y') with respect to the new system, where

or equivalently

In the new coordinate system, the point P will appear to have been translated in the opposite direction.  For example, if the xy-system is translated a distance h to the right and a distance k upward, then P will appear to have been translated a distance h to the left and a distance k downward in the x'y'-system .  A translation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly. A translation of axes is a rigid transformation, but not a linear map. (See Affine transformation.)

Motivation
Coordinate systems are essential for studying the equations of curves using the methods of analytic geometry.  To use the method of coordinate geometry, the axes are placed at a convenient position with respect to the curve under consideration.  For example, to study the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas, the foci are usually located on one of the axes and are situated symmetrically with respect to the origin.  If the curve (hyperbola, parabola, ellipse, etc.) is not situated conveniently with respect to the axes, the coordinate system should be changed to place the curve at a convenient and familiar location and orientation.  The process of making this change is called a transformation of coordinates.

The solutions to many problems can be simplified by translating the coordinate axes to obtain new axes parallel to the original ones.

Translation of conic sections

Through a change of coordinates, the equation of a conic section can be put into a standard form, which is usually easier to work with. For the most general equation of the second degree, which takes the form

it is always possible to perform a rotation of axes in such a way that in the new system the equation takes the form

that is, eliminating the xy term.  Next, a translation of axes can reduce an equation of the form () to an equation of the same form but with new variables (x', y') as coordinates, and with D and E both equal to zero (with certain exceptions—for example, parabolas).  The principal tool in this process is "completing the square."  In the examples that follow, it is assumed that a rotation of axes has already been performed.

Example 1
Given the equation

by using a translation of axes, determine whether the locus of the equation is a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola.  Determine foci (or focus), vertices (or vertex), and eccentricity.

Solution:  To complete the square in x and y, write the equation in the form

Complete the squares and obtain

Define

  and

That is, the translation in equations () is made with   The equation in the new coordinate system is

Divide equation () by 225 to obtain

which is recognizable as an ellipse with   In the x'y'-system, we have:  center ; vertices ; foci

In the xy-system, use the relations  to obtain:  center ; vertices ; foci ; eccentricity

Generalization to several dimensions
For an xyz-Cartesian coordinate system in three dimensions, suppose that a second Cartesian coordinate system is introduced, with axes x', y' and z' so located that the x' axis is parallel to the x axis and h units from it, the y' axis is parallel to the y axis and k units from it, and the z' axis is parallel to the z axis and l units from it.  A point P in space will have coordinates in both systems.  If its coordinates are (x, y, z) in the original system and (x', y', z') in the second system, the equations

hold. Equations () define a translation of axes in three dimensions where (h, k, l) are the xyz-coordinates of the new origin.  A translation of axes in any finite number of dimensions is defined similarly.

Translation of quadric surfaces

In three-space, the most general equation of the second degree in x, y and z has the form

where the quantities  are positive or negative numbers or zero.  The points in space satisfying such an equation all lie on a surface.  Any second-degree equation which does not reduce to a cylinder, plane, line, or point corresponds to a surface which is called quadric.

As in the case of plane analytic geometry, the method of translation of axes may be used to simplify second-degree equations, thereby making evident the nature of certain quadric surfaces.  The principal tool in this process is "completing the square."

Example 2
Use a translation of coordinates to identify the quadric surface

Solution:  Write the equation in the form

Complete the square to obtain

Introduce the translation of coordinates

The equation of the surface takes the form

which is recognizable as the equation of an ellipsoid.

See also
 Translation (geometry)

Notes

References

Functions and mappings
Euclidean geometry
Linear algebra
Transformation (function)

Translation of axes


Yeo Jin-goo (born August 13, 1997) is a South Korean actor. Yeo began his career as child actor, debuting in the film Sad Movie (2005). Nicknamed "Nation's Little Brother", he went on to play the younger version of the lead roles in movies and television dramas such as A Frozen Flower (2008), Giant (2010), Moon Embracing the Sun (2012), and Missing You (2012). He is known for playing the title character in action thriller Hwayi: A Monster Boy (2013), for which he won Best New Actor at the Blue Dragon Film Awards.

Since then, he has taken on lead roles in the films Shoot Me in the Heart (2015), The Long Way Home (2015), and Warriors of the Dawn (2017). He has also starred in the dramas Orange Marmalade (2015), The Royal Gambler (2016), Circle (2017), Reunited Worlds (2017), The Crowned Clown (2019), My Absolute Boyfriend (2019), Hotel Del Luna (2019), and Beyond Evil (2021).

Film

Television series

Television shows

Web shows

Musical theater

Narration

Music video

References

South Korean filmographies
Male actor filmographies

Yeo Jin-goo filmography


The church of Saint Sarkis (; pronounced Surp Sarkis) is located at the edge of a gorge opposite the town of Ashtarak in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia. It is situated at an attractive point at a promontory overlooking the gorge and offers a fine view to the three churches of Tsiranavor, Spitakavor, and Karmravor. Located in the center of town nearby is also the church of S. Mariane. Directly below Saint Sarkis in the gorge is a unique bridge built in 1664. A path leads down from the church into the gorge and across the bridge which leads to the town.

Architecture
Saint Sarkis Church has a small cruciform central-plan supposedly built in the 19th century on an old foundation. A single drum and umbrella type dome rest on top of the church. Four small windows are located around the drum and upon the walls directly below at each of the four sides of the church.  The interior stone has not been changed, yet the exterior façades have had extensive restoration work done recently. It looks to be a new church, but a small number of the older original stones carved with decorative relief and inscriptions (replaced with new stone and now sitting next to the foundation of the building) show its age to be much older.

Gallery

References

Bibliography

External links
 Armenian Architectural Studies

Armenian Apostolic churches in Ashtarak
Tourist attractions in Aragatsotn Province

St. Sarkis Church (Ashtarak, Aragatsotn, Armenia)


The Golfo di Cagliari (, ), also known as Golfo degli Angeli () is a large bay in southern Sardinia, Italy, facing the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is enclosed between the Cape Carbonara from east and the Isola dei Cavoli and Capo Spartivento from west. Its coasts are partly sandy and partly rocky, including only a few harbours. In the middle of the gulf is a Sant'Elia promontory, part of the territory of Cagliari, Sardinia's capital, which also houses the most important port.

Other comuni on the gulf include Domus de Maria, Pula, Villa San Pietro, Sarroch, Capoterra, Quartu Sant'Elena, Sinnai and Villasimius. The most famous beach is that of Poetto, near Cagliari, while important wetlands are the Stagni ("ponds") of Capoterra, Cagliari and Molentargius. Also notable is the archaeological site of Nora.

Landforms of Sardinia
Cagliari

Golfo di Cagliari


Wisigard (c. 510 - c. 540) or Wisigardis was a Frankish Queen by marriage to Theudebert.

Life
The life of Wisigard is slightly known by Gregory of Tours's Historia Francorum. She was daughter of Wacho, king of the Lombards and grew up in the middle Danube region. After an abnormally long term of engagement of seven years, Wisigard married Theudebert I, Merovingian king of Austrasia. Around 531 Theuderich I, father of Theudebert I, had arranged the engagement for political reasons. But because of a liaison Theudebert had with a Roman woman named Deuteria, the union with Wisigard fell through. Anew for political reasons Theudebert abandoned Deoteria and finally married Wisigard in 537 or 538. Shortly after their wedding, she died.

Burial site
In 1959 a very rich decorated grave of a Frankish woman was found by Otto Doppelfeld in the Cologne Cathedral. The woman had been buried with her precious jewelry and in a traditional costume that indicated her as a Lombardish princess. Based on the dating and the grave furniture, Doppelfeld, at that time director of the Romano-Germanic Museum, interpreted the dead woman as Wisigard. However, this interpretation is not proved by an inscription or other sources.

Sources
Gregory of Tours, Historiarum III, 20, 27.

References
Christian Bouyer: Dictionnaire des Reines de France.  Librairie Académique Perrin, 1992 , p. 59.
Otto Doppelfeld: Das fränkische Frauengrab unter dem Chor des Kölner Domes. Germania 38. Frankfurt 1960. pp. 89–113.
Eugen Ewig: Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich. Stuttgart 2001. , p. 34.

Notes

External links
The Frankish royal family in Cologne Cathedral

6th-century Frankish nobility
Merovingian dynasty
Lombard women
Frankish queens consort
510s births
540s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
6th-century Frankish women
6th-century Lombard people

Wisigard


Tutti Frutti was the German version of the Italian game show Colpo Grosso ("Big Shot"). It was aired from 21 January 1990 through to 21 February 1993 on RTL plus for three series, totaling approximately 140 episodes. It was the first erotic TV show on German television and was also available to viewers across Europe as it was broadcast without encryption via the Astra satellite which could be received over a wide area and was popular with 'early adopter' satellite enthusiasts in the UK. The show caused substantial outrage at the time, as partial nudity was a central feature (the show featured scantily dressed and stripping women).

The show was innovative in broadcasting 3D effect film clips where the background was scrolled across the screen at a slower speed than dancers in the foreground, thereby giving the effect of depth on a 2D screen using the Pulfrich effect.

After being off the air for no longer than 26 years, A brief one-off reboot to the show aired on its spinoff channel RTL Nitro hosted by Jörg Draeger and Alexander Wipprecht on 30 December 2016.

The program
The host of the show was Hugo Egon Balder, who was supported by up to three co-hosts:

Series 1: Monique Sluyter, Tiziana d'Arcangelo, Nora Wenck
Series 2: Sluyter, d'Arcangelo
Series 3: Gabriella Lunghi

The program was staged on a staggering basis in the studios of the production company ASA TV in Cologno Monzese, a suburb of Milan. The shooting time was around four weeks each. The set design, the format and the cast with each season changing were completely taken over by Colpo Grosso, as well as the song sung in Italian. Other Colpo Grosso adaptations were in Spain (¡Ay, qué calor!) and Sweden (Tutti Frutti). In Brazil, a version that was not taped in Italy, but almost completely copied, was called Cocktail. Even today, the Italian version is broadcast on various satellite channels worldwide.

Objective
Two contestants could win points during guessing game rounds, which were invested into removing various clothing items of a stripper. The contestants would call 'heiß' or 'kalt' (hot or cold) to make their guess. If the lady was almost entirely undressed, a so-called "Länderpunkt" (country point) was awarded (the term "Länderpunkt" is still widely associated with the show even today). The number of obtained "Länderpunkte" then determined the winnings, which could occasionally reach up to 5000 ECU coins. The studio band played throughout the program to create a loose atmosphere.

"Cin Cin Girls"
A significant portion of success of Tutti Frutti is attributed to the so-called "ballet Cin Cin" (in the original Italian, "ragazze cin cin"). This was a group of internationally well-known models, who were hired permanently to fill certain roles in the show. Each was representing a certain fruit and some are still known as this fruit. Former German "Playmates of the Year" Stella Kobs (lemon in series 1) Jolie Mitnick Salter (blueberry in series 1) and Elke Jeinsen (strawberry in series 2) filled this role, among others.

Reception
When Tutti Frutti was first broadcast, the Federal Republic of Germany was changing. Tutti Frutti as the first erotic TV show on German television acted, so to speak, as a kind of "erotic wall opening". The program was then criticized as being misogynistic, but the fact that Tutti Frutti dared to deal with the bare facts hardly led to a scandal. Rather, the debate in the German tabloid and quality press at the time documented the "normalization of publicly staged nudity." The mostly devastating judgments of TV criticism aimed more at the questionable aesthetics of the program than at moral questions.

Financially, Tutti Frutti was a great success for a long time, as the advertising revenue far exceeded the minute price of the program. Tutti Frutti drew attention to itself, among other things, by filing a complaint by the responsible state media authority against RTL for the display of sponsorship advertisements (hence the display of permanent commercials or the subsequent blurring of the logos), by recorders with strips in 3D (see Pulfrich effect) in the second season and through a very extensive merchandising (sound carriers, magazines, calendars, videos). Neue Revue magazine sponsored the first season.

Above all, fans appreciated the show's rather anarchic charm. "Tutti Frutti was what would later have been called a cult-classic," said media critic Hans Hoff.

References

External links

1990 German television series debuts
1993 German television series endings
German game shows
German reality television series
RTL (German TV channel) original programming
German-language television shows

Tutti Frutti (game show)


The American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) is a private, nonprofit federation of 75 scholarly organizations in the humanities and related social sciences founded in 1919. It is best known for its fellowship competitions which provide a range of opportunities for scholars in the humanities and related social sciences at all career stages, from graduate students to distinguished professors to independent scholars, working with a number of disciplines and methodologies in the U.S. and abroad.

Background
The federation was created in 1919 to represent the United States in the Union Académique Internationale (International Union of Academies). The founders of ACLS, representatives of 13 learned societies, believed that a federation of scholarly organizations (dedicated to excellence in research, and most with open membership) was the best combination of U.S. democracy and intellectual aspirations. According to the council's constitution, its mission was advancing humanistic studies and social sciences and maintaining and strengthening national societies dedicated to those studies.

Advancing scholarship in the humanities
Since its founding, ACLS has provided the humanities and related social sciences with leadership, opportunities for innovation, and national and international representation. The council's many activities have at their core the practice of scholarly self-governance. Central to ACLS throughout its history have been its programs of fellowships and grants aiding research. ACLS made its first grants, totaling $4,500, in 1926; in 2012, ACLS awarded over $15 million in fellowship stipends and other awards to more than 320 scholars in the United States and abroad. All ACLS awards are made through rigorous peer review by specially appointed committees of scholars from throughout the United States and, in some programs, abroad. During the late 1950s, the council encouraged Hans Wehr in his writing of the first English edition of his Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (1962).

Relationships among learned societies
The executive directors of the ACLS member societies meet in a Conference of Administrative Officers (CAO); before 1988, this was the Conference of Secretaries. At its first meeting in 1925 the conference had 11 members, including Frederic Ogg of the American Political Science Association and Ernest Burgess of the American Sociological Society (now the American Sociological Association). The goal of the first meeting, and of every meeting since, was "the promotion of closer relations between the associations of humanists [through] a conference in which the secretaries, or principal executive officers, of its constituent societies could make each other's acquaintance, explain to each other the character, aims and activities of their respective organizations, and discuss, in the light of their various experiences, the many common problems of their societies."

New research methods and subjects
In addition to peer review, the ACLS has organized committees to research promising fields of study. The concept of organizing expertise around a cultural region grew out of the council's early work in Far Eastern and Slavic studies. After World War II, when the practical need for such competence was evident, the ACLS and the Social Science Research Council developed African, Asian, Latin American, Near and Middle Eastern, Slavic, and East and West European studies.

In 1927 the ACLS Committee on Research in Native American Languages, under the leadership of Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, began in 1927 to "secure an adequate record of Indian languages and dialects." The Committee on a Journal of Medieval Studies, begun in 1924, founded the journal Speculum. The Committee on the History of Ideas, which included Richard McKeon and Arthur Oncken Lovejoy, created the Journal of the History of Ideas. Lovejoy wrote in the journal's first issue, "The processes of the human mind, in the individual or group, which manifest themselves in history, do not run in the enclosed channels corresponding to the officially established divisions of university faculties." At the founding conference of the Committee on Negro Studies in 1940 Ralph Bunche said, "We cannot ignore the importance of making clear to ourselves the scope of our interest in terms of the very broad social implications of our deliberations and resources."

Since the introduction of new research technology, the ACLS has helped scholars explore the impact of new technologies on their fields. In 1964 the council developed a grant and fellowship program to encourage computer use in humanistic research, which continues in its Digital Innovation Fellowships. Our Cultural Commonwealth, the 2006 report by the ACLS Commission on Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences, recommended digital humanities using new forms of research, reading and writing.

The ACLS has an interest in the problems of scholarly publication and has conducted a survey of publication needs, established a publication service to advise scholars on communicating research and aided scholars with subsidies and publication. The ACLS-sponsored National Enquiry into the Production and Dissemination of Scholarly Knowledge investigated all aspects of the dissemination of humanistic scholarship from 1974 to 1979. In 1979 it presented a report, Scholarly Communication: The Report of the National Enquiry, published by the Johns Hopkins University Press and operated its Office of Scholarly Communication and Technology in Washington, D.C. until 1984. Today, the ACLS Humanities E-Book collection focuses on how digital innovations can enhance scholarly communication.

Humanities scholarship
By bringing scholars together as scholars rather than as specialists, the ACLS advocates for the humanities in public forums and policy arenas. The council's role in establishing (in 1964) and reauthorizing (in 1985) the National Endowment for the Humanities is an example.

While continuing to represent the U.S. in the Union Académique Internationale, the ACLS has participated in international scholarly exchange. From 1961 to 1992, its American Studies Program aided overseas scholars specializing in the study of the U.S. The council and other members of the Associated Board of Research Councils founded the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, which administers the graduating-senior Fulbright Program. In 1992 the United States Information Agency asked the ACLS to reinstitute the Fulbright Program in Vietnam, operated by the U.S. Embassy in Hanoi. The ACLS Center for Educational Exchange with Vietnam offers fellowship and study opportunities to Vietnamese scholars. In 1966 the ACLS, the Social Science Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences founded the Committee on Scholarly Communication with China, which maintains an office in Beijing to assist American schools with programs in that country. The ACLS has extended its support of research to scholars in the former USSR through the ACLS Humanities Program in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, and in Africa through its African Humanities Program.

Humanities E-Book (HEB)
In June 1999 under its President John D'Arms, ACLS received a $3-million, 5-year grant from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to initiate The History E-Book Project. In October 1999, Eileen Gardiner and Ronald G. Musto of Italica Press became the project directors working in collaboration with the Scholarly Publishing Office of the University of Michigan Library and with New York University Press. Three years later and two years ahead of schedule, on September 1, 2002, the History E-Book Project website launched online with over 500 titles. These had been reviewed and recommended by historians and scholarly societies and were often award-winning books in different area specialties. "HEB continued to grow and to adjust accordingly, becoming self-sufficient in 2005, garnering attention and a supportive constituency among scholars, presses, libraries, and learned societies." HEB mission expanded to include all the humanities disciplines and was renamed ACLS Humanities E-Book. In September 2009, the Institute of Historical Research in London called HEB "one of the best—if not the best—electronically
accessible sites in the humanities."

At the end of 2019, ACLS transferred the management and administration of Humanities E-Book to the University of Michigan, where this online collection of over 5,400 books of high quality in the humanities and related social sciences is accessible through institutional subscription.

Structure and governance
The ACLS' organizational structure has experienced few major changes during the council's existence. Most notable is the growth in the number of member societies, from 13 to 71. As the number of societies increased, it became impossible for a council with two representatives of each member to govern effectively. In 1947 a council-elected board of directors was created, and the number of delegates from each society was reduced to one. Another change occurred in 1957; the council moved its headquarters from Washington to New York and appointed Frederick Burkhardt its first president, signaling a new determination to place scholarship at the center of public culture. The ACLS was incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1924, receiving a congressional charter in 1982.

For the fiscal year ending June 30, 2017, the ACLS reported an endowment of US$120 million. During the same period the institution distributed about US$15.9 million in grants and fellowships.

Archives
The ACLS archives are in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress.

Graves Awards in the Humanities
Graves Awards in the Humanities or Arnold L. Graves and Lois S. Graves Award in the Humanities is a biannual award granted to young scholars in the first decade of their careers to "encourage and reward outstanding accomplishment in actual teaching in the humanities." The award is administered by Pomona College under the auspices of the American Council of Learned Societies.

Awards
 In 2010, the American Council of Learned Societies was awarded the Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (CCAS). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.

Member societies

Affiliates

References

External links

Humanities organizations
Learned societies of the United States
Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress
Supraorganizations
Organizations established in 1919
1919 establishments in the United States
Online
Online databases
Digital libraries
Academic organizations based in the United States

American Council of Learned Societies


Tomichi Creek is a  tributary of the Gunnison River in Gunnison County, Colorado, United States.

Description
Tomichi Creek originates north and west of Monarch Pass and flows to the southwest along the base of Monarch Mountain. Congress Creek drains into Tomichi west of Old Monarch Pass where it flows south toward Sargents. Agate Creek flows into Tomichi just north of Sargents where Marshall Creek flows from Marshall Pass. Just below Sargents, Long Branch Creek, flowing out of Baldy Lake from the south, enters Tomichi Creek which takes a westward course where Needle Creek Reservoir drains into Tomichi east of Doyleville. Hot Springs Reservoir drains down Wanita Canyon flowing into Tomichi Creek just west of Doyleville. The Tomichi Valley is a semi-wide valley allowing Tomichi Creek to meander and split into several waterways creating an excellent livestock range and being largely private ranch lands. At Parlin, Quartz Creek flows from Pitkin and Ohio into Tomichi Creek. Tomichi continues its westward journey, slightly northwest, where the Cochetopa Creek drains into Tomichi at State Highway 114 (SH 114) from the south at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 (US 50) and continues west to Gunnison, where it enters the Gunnison River. A map can be viewed at the BLM Colorado website here.

Public access

Tomichi Creek State Wildlife Area
Tomichi Creek State Wildlife Area is a gated public access with parking located at the east end of the runway at Gunnison-Crested Butte Regional Airport. This area provides fishing on private lands without required permission. Access to hiking W Mountain is also provided.

Sargents
Tomichi flows through private property with a one-mile stretch of public access just off US 50 below Sargents at the narrow part of the canyon.  Snowblind Campground, upstream nearly two miles toward Whitepine, offers another public access to Tomichi Creek. There are certain sections of Marshall Pass Road that takes off from US 50 at Sargents which offers public fishing areas and access to Needle Creek Reservoir and Razor Creek takes off from US 50 near Doyleville onto County Road 46. There are several picnic areas with parking on the Cochetopa Creek along State Hwy 114 around mile mark 12 and 5 miles upstream. Beyond that signs designate state stocked waters and requires permission to fish. In late summer the creek yields rainbow and brown trout.

Coleman easement
Near the summit of SH 114 a sign reads National Forest Access - Old Agency, turning south on this gravel road accesses Cochetopa Creek and the middle of the Colorado Division of Wildlife's Coleman Easement, approximately  of Cochetopa Creek,  of Los Pinos Creek and  of lower Archuleta Creek are open to the public, yet are private lands which should be respected. These streams have produced wild trout for the avid angler. Located below Dome Lakes, Coleman Easement is accessible by automobile and other vehicles and designated as Wild Trout water by the Colorado Division of Wildlife. Rainbow trout up to  are angled by small stream tactics using dry flies. Spinners and heavy nymphs may work during high water but are troubled by the streambed vegetation. Stocked rainbows found in the private stretches require permission to fish.

See also

 List of rivers of Colorado
 List of tributaries of the Colorado River

References

External links

Rivers of Colorado
Rivers of Gunnison County, Colorado
Tributaries of the Colorado River in Colorado
Wildlife management areas of Colorado

Tomichi Creek


A physical property is a property, quality or way that an object is. A physical property can always be measured without changing or making the object chemically different or different in a way that would effect its chemical or atomic structure. There are two types of physical properties: intensive and extensive.

Intensive physical properties do not depend on how much of the object there is. For example, a small rock will be just as hard as a large rock. hardness, softness and speed (quickness) are intensive physical properties.

Extensive physical properties change depending on how much of the object there is. For example, a small rock weighs less than a large rock. Volume, total mass, and weight are extensive physical properties.

Physics
Measurement

Physical property


Elisse B. Walter (born April 14, 1950) was the 30th Chair of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from December 14, 2012 – April 10, 2013. She was appointed Chair by President Barack Obama on November 26, 2012, and sworn in on December 14, 2012. She was originally appointed as one of five SEC Commissioners by President George W. Bush and sworn in on July 9, 2008. Under designation by President Obama, she later served as Acting Chair during January 2009. She served as a Commissioner of the SEC until August 9, 2013.

On January 24, 2013, President Obama nominated Mary Jo White to be Walter's successor as Chair. White was confirmed by the Senate on April 8, 2013, and was sworn into office on April 10, 2013.

Education
Walter was born to a Jewish family in New York City. She attended Pembroke College at Brown University in 1967 and graduated from Yale University with a B.A., cum laude, in mathematics. She received her J.D. degree, cum laude, from Harvard Law School. She graduated from Herricks High School in New Hyde Park, Long Island, NY.

Career
Walter is a member of the Board of Directors of Occidental Petroleum Corporation and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB). She also serves as a member of the board of governors of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), as well as a members of the boards of directors of the FINRA Investor Education Foundation and the National Women's Law Center.

Walter held a Democratic seat on the Commission, succeeding Annette Nazareth, who left the SEC in January 2008 to work in private practice. Walter was recommended for the Commissioner position by Senate Majority Leader Harry M. Reid (D-Nev.) in 2007, along with fellow Commissioner Luis A. Aguilar. Her term on the Commission ended June 5, 2012 but she continued to serve until August 9, 2013.

Prior to her appointment as an SEC Commissioner, she served as Senior Executive Vice President, Regulatory Policy & Programs, for the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). She held the comparable position at the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) before its 2007 consolidation with NYSE Member Regulation and redesignation as FINRA. Walter coordinated policy issues across FINRA and oversaw a number of departments including Investment Company Regulation, Corporate Financing, Member Education and Training, Investor Education, Emerging Regulatory Issues, and Disciplinary Affairs. She also served on the board of directors of the FINRA Investor Education Foundation.

Prior to joining the NASD, she served as General Counsel of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC).  Before joining the CFTC in 1994, she was the Deputy Director of the Division of Corporation Finance at the SEC. She served on the SEC's staff beginning in 1977, both in that Division and in the Office of the General Counsel, including service as Associate General Counsel. Before joining the SEC, she was an attorney with a private law firm in Washington, DC, Arent, Fox, Kintner, Plotkin and Kahn.

Walter served on the Board of Trustees of Jewish Women International and the SEC Historical Society and is a member of the Academy of Women Achievers of the YWCA of the City of New York, according to her official biographies. She has been the recipient of a variety of honors, including the SEC Distinguished Service Award,  the US Government SES Distinguished Executive Award, the Association of SEC Alumni [ASECA] William O. Douglas Award and the Federal Bar Association Manual F. Cohen Younger Lawyer and Philip A. Loomis, Jr. Awards.

SEC chair
Walter became Chair when her predecessor, Mary Schapiro, stepped down on December 14, 2012.  Walter was serving a five-year term that ended in June 2012, but Commissioners can serve an additional 18 months after their terms end, according to a MarketWatch report at the time her appointment was announced.  Even at that time, President Obama was likely to nominate someone for a full term soon thereafter, the report said. Walter "told agency officials that she plans to serve for a short time.  The White House, which faces more pressing cabinet-level nominations, is expected to name an S.E.C. successor next year," the NY Times reported then.

Issues
Walter has led the SEC's in-depth review of the municipal securities markets.

In August 2008 at an opening meeting of the SEC, Walter expressed her support for the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards for U.S. companies, but cautioned that a ruling from the SEC was far from finalized. "Most important, we have to keep in mind that no one knows for certain what the future will hold," she said. "I strongly believe that we have to prepare for the alternative that the Commission will determine not to adopt, or permit the use of, IFRS for U.S. issuers. … [T]here are significant hurdles to overcome over the next three years in order for the Commission to determine to accept IFRS reporting from U.S. issuers."

Another issue she addressed, while at the National Association of Securities Dealers, was the NASD's regulatory activities regarding inappropriate sales of certain investment products to members of the armed forces. Testifying before a congressional subcommittee in May 2006 concerning the NASD's financial education programs focused on military service members and their families, she addressed issues raised by a particular broker-dealer, First Command Financial Planning, Inc. of Fort Worth, Texas, which had been making inappropriate sales of products and services, including the sale of an investment product called Periodic Payment Plans or PPPs. First Command had targeted and sold more than a half million complicated and often extremely expensive PPPs to servicepersons. After investigation and censure, the firm was fined $12 million in December 2004. That amount included restitution, and funding for the NASD Investor Education Foundation. As of 2006, First Command informed the NASD that it has ceased selling PPPs.

Personal
Walter is married to Ronald Alan Stern, who served as the chief antitrust attorney for General Electric until September 2014.  They have two children. Walter has two siblings, a brother, Alan N. Walter, an attorney, and a sister, Abra J. Walter, a psychologist.

Publications
Walter, E. B., "Regulating Broker-Dealers and Investment Advisers: Demarcation or Harmonization?," Journal of Corporation Law (2009) 35(1).

Notes

1950 births
American women lawyers
Brown University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
Jewish American attorneys
Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Politicians from New York City
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Yale College alumni
Lawyers from New York City
Obama administration personnel
George W. Bush administration personnel
21st-century American women

Elisse B. Walter


Peter G Hore FRHistS (born 1944) naval officer, historian and obituarist, served a full career in the Royal Navy (1962-2000), spent ten years working in the cinema and television industry (2000-2009) and is a successful biographer and obituarist. One of his books, Habit of Victory, was the Daily Telegraph reader's choice and another book, Sydney, Cipher and Search was praised for its literary quality and depth of research and shortlisted for the Mountbatten Media Awards. His reasons for becoming an historian are published at British Naval History.

Naval career
Captain Peter Hore served worldwide as a logistics specialist in the British Royal Navy, including exchange service in the United States Navy (1964), and two tours of duty in NATO's Standing Naval Force Atlantic (1972-3).

During his Navy service he qualified as an interpreter in Spanish in 1968, interpreter in Swedish in 1970 and linguist in Cantonese in 1986. During the 1982 Falklands War he was the Joint Logistics Commander on Ascension Island, and he has since had the unusual distinction of both having helped to direct the Royal Navy's applied research programme (1992-4) and having headed its non-technical research programme (1997-2000). From 1997-2000 he was Head of Defence Studies during the British government's Strategic Defence Review.

Public Appointments
He is a former Vice President of the Royal Navy Museum and was chairman of its Curatorial Working Party (now the National Museum of the Royal Navy). He has been a trustee of The Naval Review, a member of the council of the Navy Records Society, a member of the board of the Society for Nautical Research and chairman of its Research, Technical and Programmes Committee.

In 2011 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences.

He is also a Chartered Member of the Chartered Institute of Linguists.

Cinema and Television
In 2000-09 he was Chief Executive of the Cinema and Television Benevolent Fund, a multi-million £ casework charity open to everyone behind the camera in British film and television industries. The charity raises funds principally through the Royal Film Performance. He retired as CEO in November 2009.

Written works
Peter Hore is the editor or author of many reviews, articles and books including three biographies, numerous obituaries and several books on naval history and strategy. He is recognized at Historic Naval Fiction  as an established author.
In 2009 his book Sydney, Cipher and Search, an account of his ten-year search through the archives, interviews with survivors, and the breaking of a German wartime code, solved the mystery of the disappearance in 1941 of the Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney (D48). Sydney, Cipher and Search was awarded the Sir Robert Craven Trophy. a certificate for literary merit from the Maritime Foundation at the Mountbatten Maritime Prize awards, and was nominated for the Anderson Medal award of the Society for Nautical Research. He is associate editor and book review editor of the influential monthly magazine Warships International Fleet Review, was an op-ed writer on defence and international affairs for Newsday in New York, and has written over half a million words in some 600 obituaries for the London Daily Telegraph.

He is a consultant and contributor to the authoritative Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
and some examples of his contributions can be referenced here:

 Dunlop, Samuel Clarke (1922–2008)
 Le Bailly, Sir Louis Edward Stewart Holland (1915–2010)
 Tippet, Sir Anthony Sanders (1928–2006).

Recent books include Dreadnought to Daring: 100 Years of Comment, Controversy and Debate; Nelson's Band of Brothers: Their Lives and Memorials, containing a selection of rare illustrations and the biographies of all the officers who commanded under Horatio Nelson at his three great battles; and HMS Pickle: The Swiftest Ship in Nelson's Trafalgar Fleet, a history of HMS Pickle (1800) and her captain at the Battle of Trafalgar, John Richards Lapenotière.

His latest book is Lindell's List, the life and times of a group of American and British agents who were imprisoned by the Germans in the Second World War and rescued by the Swedish Red Cross from the 'women's hell', a concentration camp at Ravensbrück, concentration camp, north of Berlin.

Peter Hore has contributed more than 1000 obituaries to the Daily Telegraph on Special Forces and members of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry, and maritime subjects including British and overseas naval officers, men and women, Royal Marines, Merchant Navy officers, yachtsmen, life-boatmen, naval architects and shipping magnates. Each obituary is on average about 1,000 words long, highly factual and based on interviews and archival research. See examples here:

Books

A partial bibliography is on Amazon.

 With Iain Ballantyne, 'Submarine, 1901-2001' (St Leonards-on-Sea: HPC, 2001)
 With A. Bentley-Buckle, 'Through Albert's Eyes' (Dunbeath: Whittles, 2013)
 (Editor) 'Training or Education: A Naval Dilemma over Three Centuries', in Hudson Papers Vol.1 (Ministry of Defence, 2001)
 With Derek Allen, 'News of Nelson' (Brussels: Seff Editions, 2005)
 With Eric Grove, 'Dimensions of Seapower: Strategic Choice in the Modern World' (Hull: University of Hull Press, 1998)
 'Dreadnought to Daring: 100 Years of Comment, Controversy and Debate in The Naval Review' (London: Seaforth, 2012)
 'Nelson's Band of Brothers: Their Lives and Memorials' (London: Seaforth, 2015)
 'Seapower Ashore: 200 Years of Royal Navy Operations on Land' (London: Chatham in association with National Maritime Museum, 2000)
 'The Genesis of Naval Thinking since the End of the Cold War' (London: Maritime Strategic Studies Institute, 1999)
 'A Myth Too Many', The Trafalgar Chronicle, 22 (2012)
 'Battleships' (London: Lorenz, 2004)
 'British Submarine Policy from St Vincent to Arthur Wilson', in 100 Years of the Trade, 1st edn (Lancaster: CDISS, 2001)
 'Every Dog Shall Do His Duty', The Trafalgar Chronicle, 20 (2010)
 'HMS Pickle: The Swiftest Ship in Nelson's Fleet at Trafalgar' (Stroud: The History Press, 2015)
 'John Richards Lapenotiere, HM Schooner Pickle and Their Fifteen Minutes of Fame', Mariner's Mirror, 91 (2005)
 'Lord Melville and the Secret Steam Plan', The Mariner's Mirror, 86 (2000), 157-172  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00253359.2000.10659236
 'Maritime Aviation: Light and Medium Aircraft Carriers into the Twenty First Century' (Hull: University of Hull Press, 1999)
 'Nelson, Nesbit and Nevis', The Kedge Anchor, March (2011)
 'Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist and Socialist' (London: Cass, 2003)
 'Royal Navy and Royal Marines Operations, 1964 -1996' (London: Maritime Strategic Studies Institute, 1998)
 'Sydney Cipher and Search: Solving the Last Great Naval Mystery of the Second World War' (Rendlesham: Seafarer Books, 2009)
 'The Fleet Air Arm and British Naval Operations over Norway and Sweden: Part 1 Autumn of 1940', Forum Navale, Stockholm, 2012
 'The Fleet Air Arm and British Naval Operations Over Norway and Sweden: Part II Operation Paul the Plan of Attack on Iron-Ore Exports From Neutral Sweden', Forum Navale, Stockholm, 2014
 'Operation Paul – the Fleet Air Arm attack on Luleå in 1940'. http://www.sjohistoriskasamfundet.se/fn_split/fn70_a04.pdf
 'The Habit of Victory' (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2005)
 'The Logistics Miracle of Ascension Island', in The Falklands Conflict 20 Years on. (Cass: London, 2005)
 With Mervyn Wingfield, 'Wingfield At War' (Dunbeath: Whittles Publishing Company, 2012)
 'Lindell's List: Saving British and American Women at Ravensbrück'. Published September 2016.

In addition
Numerous newspaper and magazine articles, including regular features and op-ed articles for Warships International Fleet Review, the Kedge Anchor and Trafalgar Chronicle. Since 2015 he has been the editor of the Trafalgar Chronicle  Peter has also contributed a large number of book reviews for The Naval Review, The Linguist, Mariner's Mirror, and is Series editor for The British Navy at War and Peace.

References

External links
 Mountbatten Award
 Anderson Medal
 Lindell's List website

Living people
1944 births
British naval historians
British maritime historians
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society

Peter Hore (historian)


St. Joseph's is the oldest Catholic parish in Salem, Oregon. It currently serves some 3,500 families and conducts services in English, Spanish, Vietnamese, and Latin. The parish school staff has been recognized for excellence in education as recently as 2005.

History
St. Joseph's was founded in 1853 when Father James Croke rented a two-story building on the corner of Church and Chemeketa streets that had been a Masonic hall. Father Croke, an Irish priest (brother of Archbishop Thomas Croke) has been described as "the ubiquitous apostle of Western Oregon".

The Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, a Roman Catholic teaching religious institute arrived in 1863 and bought the building. It became the Sacred Heart Academy dedicated on August 22, 1863 and opened with 80 students on September 7. A church historian has noted that the then pastor Leopold Dieleman, "threw enough holy water on the building to put out a fire" and quotes Father Dieleman as saying, "The devil that day had danced his last polka in the building".
The following year St. John Evangelist Church opened on a rise of ground known locally as "Piety Hill".

In 1873, the sisters completed a new academy building on the corner of Center and Cottage Streets. A new church was erected on the corner of Chemeketa and Cottage Streets and was named St. Joseph Church (per the archdiocese history of Oregon the name change was possibly to avoid confusion with another parish named St. John's ) and opened in 1889. The parish's current church was dedicated in 1953. A new parish center was completed in 1999. The church was extensively damaged by a fire in 2023.

References

External links

 Picture of former church building

1853 establishments in Oregon Territory
Churches in Marion County, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Salem, Oregon
Religious organizations established in 1853
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1953
Roman Catholic churches in Oregon
Tourist attractions in Salem, Oregon
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States

St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Salem, Oregon)


The Ford Institute for Human Security was established in 2003, and is an independent research institute located within the University of Pittsburgh. The researchers at the institute primarily investigate issues relating to human rights, including: genocide, forced labor, corporate responsibility, international conflicts, forced migration, refugees, and environmental security. The institute generates and disseminates policy papers and advances nonpartisan policy proposals. Research produced by the Ford Institute is available to national and international policy makers, non-governmental organizations, corporations and any interested organizations. Each year the institute hosts several conferences, speakers, and workshops on issues related to human security. The Ford Institute was created with a large endowment from Ford Motor Company, and is currently under the direction of Dr. Müge Kökten Finkel, associate professor at the Graduate School of Public & International Affairs (GSPIA). The Ford Institute was previously directed by professors Simon F. Reich, who founded the institute in 2003, Paul J. Nelson, and Taylor B. Seybolt.

Research groups
Research at the Ford Institute is broken into several project groups, each with a particular focus. Each project is directed by a University of Pittsburgh faculty member, and consists of policy analysts and researchers within the respective field. Each project group develops policy papers and findings reports based on research results. Currently, the project groups are as follows:
Genocide
Slave and Forced Labor
Corporate Social Responsibility
Intrastate Conflict and Human Rights
Internal Displacement, Forced Migration, and Refugees
Environmental Security and Public Health

Affiliates
The  (France)
International Peace Research Institute of Oslo (Norway)
The RISE Institute (Washington D.C. & Columbia)
Graduate School of Public and International Affairs
University Center for International Studies

External links
Ford Institute for Human Security
University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public and International Affairs
Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies

University of Pittsburgh
2003 establishments in Pennsylvania

Ford Institute for Human Security


The Keys of the Kingdom is a 1941 novel by A. J. Cronin. Spanning six decades, it tells the story of Father Francis Chisholm, an unconventional Scottish Catholic priest who struggles to establish a mission in China.  Beset by tragedy in his youth, as a missionary Chisholm endures many years of hardship, punctuated by famine, plague and war in the Chinese province to which he is assigned.  Through a life guided by compassion and tolerance, Chisholm earns the respect of the Chinese—and of fellow clergy who would mistrust him—with his kindly, high-minded and courageous ways.

Synopsis
The novel has six parts, the first (The Beginning of the End) taking place in Scotland in 1938. Father Francis Chisholm is an old man, living with a housekeeper and a young orphan. Due to his unconventional views, he is being investigated by Monsignor Sleeth. The second section (Strange Vocation) focuses on Chisholm's youth. His father is a Catholic and his mother a non-denominational Protestant. After the father is beaten by an anti-Catholic mob, Chisholm's mother tries to lead him home to safety, only for them both to drown after falling off a bridge into a strong current, leaving young Francis an orphan. Initially, his kindly Aunt Polly wishes to adopt him, but his maternal grandmother, Mrs Glennie, intervenes and adopts him, thereby receiving any money in the Chisholm's estate. Francis's maternal grandfather, a baker by trade, is also a preacher of his own branch of Christianity focused on universal tolerance, and plays a large role in the development of Francis's ideologies. While his grandfather is kind, Mrs Glennie and her son Malcolm are resentful and exploitative. Francis is forced to quit school and work in a shipyard.

Things take a turn for the better when Francis befriends Willie Tulloch and his family. Tulloch's father is the local doctor and the family are the town's free-thinkers. Willie aids Francis in his attempt to run away. When the attempt fails, Willie's father contacts Aunt Polly, who takes Francis home to live with her and her daughter, Nora. Francis falls in love with Nora, but is afraid to act on it. Nora later has a child out of wedlock, and, rather than marry a man she doesn't love, commits suicide. This cements Francis's decision to join a seminary with childhood friend Anselm Mealey, where Francis's humanistic views cause problems for him. However, he befriends the seminary director, Bishop Hamish McNabb, who comes to his assistance when Francis is nearly expelled from the seminary for having spent a night at a whore's house.

The third section (An Unsuccessful Curate) focuses on Father Chisholm's first two assignments and his struggles to do what he feels is right in the face of bureaucracy, tradition, and obstinance. At his second appointment, a local girl claims to have come across a previously dry well that had now burst forth anew with healing properties, accompanied by visions of the Blessed Virgin Mary, drawing comparisons to Saint Bernadette. Francis is shunned for doubting the girl's claims but is vindicated when it is discovered that she had lied. Francis's faith is rewarded when he finds a gravely ill boy who is cured by the spring water.

In the fourth section (The China Incident) Father Chisholm takes a position at a mission in Pai-tan, China. When he arrives, the mission is in ruins and no converts are to be found. Much of this section deals with the superficial and detrimental aspects of the mission systems, which focus only on official numbers and not on improving spiritual lives. With supplies from Willie Tulloch (now a doctor himself) Father Chisholm opens a free clinic, gaining the support of the villagers. He saves the life of a wealthy local's son, who gives him land and builds him a new mission. With the aid of an isolated Christian village nearby and three nuns sent to him, he starts a school and the mission flourishes. When a flood hits and destroys the mission, the lead nun, astonished by Chisholm's moral quality, seeks assistance from her brother, a rich German, to rebuild it. Then a plague hits Pai-tan. Willie Tulloch comes to help, and is among the last to perish from the disease. He learns that Nora's daughter Judy died in childbirth, and sends money for the care of her son, Andrew. The mission is caught in a battle between two warlords, and Father Chisholm is forced out of his pacifism. Decades later, the warlord he worked against kidnapped Chisholm, one of his mission workers, and two Methodist missionaries. They manage to escape, but one of the Methodist missionaries is killed. Chisholm soon returns to Scotland (in section five, The Return) and asks Bishop Anselm Mealey for an appointment in his home town, but Bishop Mealey refuses it and assigns Father Chisholm to another town. He finds and adopts Andrew. The story ends with section six (The End of the Beginning), in which Monsignor Sleeth is convinced of Chisholm's ideologies and recommends he not be removed from his position.

Adaptations
The book was made into a 1944 film The Keys of the Kingdom starring Gregory Peck as Father Francis Chisholm and Vincent Price as Anselm "Angus" Mealey. This role earned Peck his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor.

The Keys of the Kingdom was adapted as a radio play on 19 November 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater featuring Ronald Colman and Ann Harding.  It was also adapted on 21 August 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater with Gregory Peck reprising his leading role.

References
 Cronin, A. J. The Keys of the Kingdom. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1941.

Novels by A. J. Cronin
1941 British novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels set in China
Novels set in Scotland
Catholic novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Little, Brown and Company books
Novels set in the 1930s

The Keys of the Kingdom


Custom firmware, also known as aftermarket firmware, is an unofficial new or modified version of firmware created by third parties on devices such as video game consoles, mobile phones, and various embedded device types to provide new features or to unlock hidden functionality. In the video game console community, the term is often written as custom firmware or simply CFW, referring to an altered version of the original system software (also known as the official firmware or simply OFW) inside a video game console such as the PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita/PlayStation TV, PlayStation 4, Nintendo 3DS and Nintendo Switch. Installing custom firmware on some devices requires bootloader unlocking.

Video game consoles
Custom firmware often allow homebrew applications or ROM image backups to run directly within the game console, unlike official firmware, which usually only allow signed or retailed copies of software to run. Because custom firmware is often associated with software piracy, console manufacturers such as Nintendo and Sony have put significant effort into blocking custom firmware and other third party devices and content from their game consoles.

PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita/PlayStation TV
Custom firmware is commonly seen in the PlayStation Portable handhelds released by Sony. Notable custom firmware include M33 by Dark_AleX as well as those made by others such as the 5.50GEN series, Minimum Edition (ME/LME) and PRO.

Custom firmware is also seen in the PlayStation 3 console. Only early "Fat" and Slim (CECH-20xx until early CECH-25xx) models are able to run custom firmware. Slim (late CECH-25xx and CECH-30xx) and Super Slim models can only run HEN (Homebrew Enabler), which has functionality similar to a custom firmware. There is also ODE (Optical Drive Emulator), HAN (etHANol) and HFW (Hybrid Firmware) for the PS3.

The PlayStation Vita/PlayStation TV has eCFW, meaning custom firmware for PSP running in the PSP emulator of the PS Vita/PS TV. These eCFWs include ARK, TN-V and more recently, Adrenaline, which includes more features since it was hacked from the native side. In 2016 a Team called Molecule released HENkaku (a HomeBrew Enabler, which has functionality similar to a custom firmware) for PlayStation Vita/PlayStation TV, which alters the PS Vita's/PS TV's firmware on version 3.60, which allows creating a custom firmware on the console. The team behind the original HENkaku has also released taiHEN. taiHEN is a framework on which the newest version of HENkaku runs. It is a way to load plugins at the system level like the user was used to on the PSP allowing them to change/add function to their console. Enso is a bootloader vulnerability of the PS Vita/PS TV that makes HENkaku permanent and allows to run it on the boot so the PS Vita/PS TV has a full CFW with HENkaku Enso. Users on 3.60 can also update to 3.65 without losing HENkaku Enso.

Nintendo 3DS
The modding scene of the Nintendo 3DS primarily involve custom firmware (software which patches the official firmware "on the fly"), which requires an exploit to obtain control of the ARM9, the 3DS' security coprocessor, and, secondarily, flash cartridges, which emulate an original game cart (which can be solely used to play untouched game cart ROM backups). The current most widely used CFW is Luma3DS, developed by Aurora Wright and TuxSH, which allows unsigned CIA (CTR Importable Archives) installation, includes open-source rewritten system firmware modules, and exception handling for homebrew software developers.

Other past and abandoned CFWs included Gateway (a proprietary CFW locked to a flash cartridge via DRM and the first publicly available one), Pasta, RxTools (the first free and widely used one), Cakes CFW (the first open source CFW, which used a modularized approach for patches and was the inspiration for the following ones), ReiNAND, which Luma3DS was originally based on, and Corbenik; as of now the only custom firmware still currently being developed is Luma3DS, and its plugin loader edition Luma3GX(previously known as AuReiNAND). 3DS CFWs used to rely on "EmuNAND"/"RedNAND", a feature that boots the system from an unpartitioned space of the SD card containing a copy of the 3DS' NAND memory. These EmuNANDs could protect the 3DS system from bricking, as the usual system NAND was unaffected if the emuNAND is no longer functioned properly or was otherwise unusable. EmuNANDs could also be updated separately from the usual system NAND, allowing users to have the latest system version on the EmuNAND while retaining the vulnerable version on the system NAND; thus making online play and Nintendo eShop access possible on outdated 3DS system versions.

EmuNANDs were obsoleted by the release of arm9loaderhax, a boot-time ARM9 exploit that allowed people to safely use SysNAND and update it, as CFWs started patching the OS' update code so that official updates wouldn't remove the exploit. However, this exploit required a downgrade to a very early system version to get the console's unique OTP, necessary for the installation.
On May 19, 2017, a new exploit basis called sighax was released, replacing arm9loaderhax and allowing users to get even earlier control of the system, granting code execution in the context of the bootROM and thus a cleaner environment, with no downgrades or OTP required. Boot9Strap, a user-friendly version of sighax, was released.

At the same time, another bootROM exploit called ntrboot was announced, which allows people to use a backdoor present in the bootROM to get full system control on any 3DS console regardless of the firmware version (as the bootROM can't be updated), only requiring a modified DS flash cartridge and a magnet. The initial release was on August 12, supporting the AceKard 2i and R4i Gold 3DS RTS cartridges.

Nintendo Switch

Currently, several custom firmwares for the Nintendo Switch console exist: Atmosphère, ReiNX and SX OS. The differences between them are largely inconsequential; Atmosphère remains in active development and is free and open-source software. ReiNX bases much of its code off Atmosphère but with some modifications to runtime components and a different bootloader, while SX OS is closed source and paid, but largely based on Atmosphère code despite assertions to the contrary.

Nintendo has made the Switch environment much more secure than previous consoles. Despite this, there exist notable bugs which lead to user exploits. Of these, the Nvidia Tegra stack bug () is the most well-exploited. It leverages the Recovery Mode (RCM) of the Switch unit in order to push unsigned/unverified payloads, in turn granting the user access to arbitrary code execution. This vulnerability has been further leveraged by users within the Switch hacking scene to reverse-engineer the firmware, leading to two other notable exploits: Nereba and Caffeine. While RCM is a hardware exploit, Nereba and Caffeine are software exploits and rely on the console being at or below specific firmware versions in order to make use of the exploits. RCM, being hardware related, merely relies on the console being vulnerable to that particular exploit and does not have a firmware requirement or range.

Due to Nvidia's disclosure of CVE-2018-6242, Nintendo was forced to address the vulnerability, and during late 2018 began manufacturing and distributing units which have been hardware patched and are unable to access the RCM vulnerability. Any unit manufactured during or after this time is likely to be hardware patched, including the Switch Lite and the newer "red box" Switches, and any unit which is hardware patched and running a relatively recent firmware is unlikely to be able to access custom firmware at this time or in the future due to the unusually secure software environment of the Switch. These Switches are commonly referred to as "patched" Switches within the Switch modding community. While they cannot be modded by normal means ("softmodding"), a modchip can be soldered onto where the Switch's USB-C port would be after it is removed ("hardmodding"), thus circumventing the need to enter into RCM mode.

Android

In Android, installing custom firmware, colloquially known as installing a custom ROM or Android ROM, is the practice of replacing the system partition of the Android operating system, usually mounted as read-only, with a modified version of Android, also known as "flashing a ROM". The procedure requires unlocking the bootloader (typically by exploiting vulnerabilities in the operating system), is generally not supported by device manufacturers, and requires some expertise. However, since about 2015 several manufacturers, including Motorola, OnePlus, Google Xiaomi, and Sony support unlocking the bootloader (except on models that are locked by some carriers). This bypasses secure boot, without the need for exploits. The custom ROMs installed may include different features, require less power, or offer other benefits to the user; devices no longer receiving official Android version updates can continue to be updated. However, not all features of a phone may be properly supported by some custom ROMs.

Other devices
Various other devices, such as digital cameras, wireless routers and smart TVs, may also run custom firmware. Examples of such custom firmware include:
 Rockbox for portable media players
 iPodLinux for iPod portable media players
 CHDK and Magic Lantern for Canon digital cameras
 Nikon Hacker project for Nikon EXPEED DSLRs
 Coreboot and Libreboot for computers
 Many third-party firmware projects for wireless routers, including:
 LibreWRT project for Ben Nanonote, Buffalo WZR-HP-G300NH and other computers with minimal resources
 OpenWrt, and its derivatives such as DD-WRT
 RouterTech, for ADSL gateway routers based on the Texas Instruments AR7 chipset (with the Pspboot or Adam2 bootloader)
 Cable Hack and Sigma for uncapping cable modems, but with dubious legality
 Firmware that allows DVD drives to be region-free
 SamyGO, modified firmware for Samsung smart TVs

See also

 Nintendo DS homebrew
 PlayStation Portable homebrew
iOS Jailbreaking

References

Homebrew software
Video game development

Custom firmware


Li Jizhun (1875–?), a Chinese general from the beginning of the Republic of China, leader of a Japanese puppet force in southeast Manchukuo from 1933 -1935.

Li Jizhun, born in Hubei in 1875, became a general after serving in the Republican Army during the Xinhai Revolution. During the Warlord Era little is known of his activities. In early 1933, following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the establishment of Manchukuo Li appeared in southeast Liaoning province at the head of several thousand men calling themselves the "National Salvation Army", and flying the old five-barred flag of the Chinese Republic.

At first, Li's force was fighting the Anti-Japanese guerrillas, despite their claim to be ready to fight the Japanese. They then served with the Manchukuoan forces in the Japanese Operation Nekka in 1933. After that they began to make trouble in the disputed area between Manchukuo and northern China with the intent to establish an "independent" government there with the help of the Japanese, and they captured some small towns. However, with the Tanggu Truce, and the establishment of the demilitarized zone, Li's army, now about 10,000 strong, was no longer wanted. The Japanese disbanded it, with only 2,000 of its men being recruited to serve in the demilitarized zone's Peace Preservation Corps.

General Li disappeared. Reports at the time believed him to have retired to the Japanese Concession in Tianjin.

Sources
Jowett, Phillip J., Rays of the Rising Sun Vol 1., Helion & Co. Ltd. 2004.

1875 births
Republic of China Army generals
Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan
People from Manchukuo
Year of death missing
Generals from Hubei

Li Jizhun