The Alan Parsons Project were a British rock band active between 1975 and 1990, whose core membership consisted of producer, audio engineer, musician and composer Alan Parsons and singer, songwriter and pianist Eric Woolfson. They were accompanied by varying session musicians and some relatively consistent session players such as guitarist Ian Bairnson, arranger Andrew Powell, bassist and vocalist David Paton, drummer Stuart Elliott, and vocalists Lenny Zakatek and Chris Rainbow. Parsons and Woolfson shared writing credits on almost all of the Project's songs, with Parsons producing or co-producing all of the band's recordings.

The Alan Parsons Project released eleven studio albums in its 15-year career, the most successful being I Robot (1977) and Eye in the Sky (1982). Many of their albums are conceptual in nature and focus on science fiction, supernatural, literary and sociological themes. Among the group's most popular songs are "I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You", "Games People Play", "Time", "Sirius"/"Eye in the Sky" and "Don't Answer Me".

Career

1974–1976: Formation and debut
Alan Parsons met Eric Woolfson in the canteen of Abbey Road Studios in the summer of 1974. Parsons was Assistant Engineer on the Beatles' albums Abbey Road (1969) and Let It Be (1970), engineered Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), and produced several acts for EMI Records. Woolfson, a songwriter and composer, was working as a session pianist while composing material for a concept album based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe.

Woolfson's idea was to manage Alan and help his already successful production career.  This was the start of their longstanding friendly business relationship. He managed Parsons' career as a producer and engineer through a string of successes, including Pilot, Steve Harley, Cockney Rebel, John Miles, Al Stewart, Ambrosia, and the Hollies. Woolfson came up with the idea of making an album based on developments in the film industry—the focal point of the films' promotion shifted from film stars to directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Stanley Kubrick. If the film industry was becoming a director's medium, Woolfson felt the music business might well become a producer's medium.

Recalling his earlier Edgar Allan Poe material, Woolfson saw a way to combine his and Parsons's talents. Parsons produced and engineered songs written and composed by the two, and the first Alan Parsons Project was begun. The Project's first album, Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1976), released by 20th Century Fox Records and including major contributions by all members of Pilot and Ambrosia, was a success, reaching the Top 40 in the US Billboard 200 chart. The song "The Raven" featured lead vocals by the actor Leonard Whiting. According to the 2007 re-mastered album liner notes, this was the first rock song to use a vocoder, with Alan Parsons speaking lyrics through it, although others such as Bruce Haack pioneered this field in the previous decade.

1977–1990: Mainstream success and final releases

Arista Records then signed the Alan Parsons Project for further albums. Through the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Project's popularity continued to grow. However, the Project was always more popular in North America, Ibero-America, and Continental Europe than in Parsons' home country, never achieving a UK Top 40 single or Top 20 album. The singles "I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You", "Games People Play", "Damned If I Do", "Time" (the first single to feature Woolfson's lead vocal) and "Eye in the Sky" had a notable impact on the Billboard Hot 100. "Don't Answer Me" became the Project's last successful single in the United States; it reached the top 15 on the American charts in 1984.

After those successes, however, the Project began to fade from view. There were fewer hit singles, and declining album sales. 1987's Gaudi was the Project's final release, though it had planned to record an album called Freudiana (1990) next.

The musical Freudiana
Even though the studio version of Freudiana was produced by Parsons (and featured the regular Project session musicians, making it an 'unofficial' Project album), it was primarily Woolfson's idea to turn it into a musical. While Parsons pursued his own solo career and took many session players of the Project on the road for the first time in a successful worldwide tour, Woolfson went on to produce musical plays influenced by the Project's music. Freudiana, Gaudi, and Gambler were three musicals that included some Project songs like "Eye in the Sky", "Time", "Inside Looking Out", and "Limelight". The live music from Gambler was only distributed at the performance site in Mönchengladbach, Germany.

The Sicilian Defence
In 1979, Parsons, Woolfson, and their record label Arista, had been stalled in contract renegotiations when the two submitted an all-instrumental album tentatively titled The Sicilian Defence, named after an aggressive opening move in chess, arguably to get out of their recording contract. Arista's refusal to release the album had two known effects: the negotiations led to a renewed contract, and the album was not released at that time.

In interviews he gave before his death in 2009, Woolfson said he planned to release one track from the "Sicilian" album, which in 2008 appeared as a bonus track on a CD re-issue of the Eve album. Sometime later, after he had relocated the original tapes, Parsons reluctantly agreed to release the album and announced that it would finally be released on an upcoming Project box set called The Complete Albums Collection in 2014 for the first time as a bonus disc.

Parsons' and Woolfson's solo careers
Parsons released titles under his name; these were Try Anything Once (1993), On Air (1996), The Time Machine (1999), A Valid Path (2004) and The Secret (2019). Meanwhile, Woolfson made concept albums titled Freudiana (1990), about Sigmund Freud's work on psychology, and Poe: More Tales of Mystery and Imagination (2003); this continued from the Alan Parsons Project's first album about Edgar Allan Poe's literature.

Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1976) was re-mixed in 1987 for release on CD, and included narration by Orson Welles recorded in 1975, but delivered too late to be included on the original album. For the 2007 deluxe edition release, parts of this tape were used for the 1976 Griffith Park Planetarium launch of the original album, the 1987 remix, and various radio spots. All were included as bonus material.

Sound
The band's sound is described as progressive rock, art rock, progressive pop, and soft rock. "Sirius" is their best-known and most-frequently heard of all Parsons/Woolfson  songs. It was used as entrance music by various American sports teams, notably by the Chicago Bulls during their 1990s NBA dynasty. It was also used as the entrance theme for Ricky Steamboat in pro wrestling of the mid-1980s. In addition, "Sirius" is played in a variety of TV shows and movies including the BBC series Record Breakers, the episode "Vanishing Act" of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and the 2009 film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.

Vocal duties were shared by guests to complement each song. In later years, Woolfson sang lead on many of the group's hits, including "Time", "Eye in the Sky", and "Don't Answer Me". The record company pressured Parsons to use Woolfson more, but Parsons preferred to use polished proficient singers; Woolfson admitted he was not in that category. In addition to Woolfson, vocalists Chris Rainbow, Lenny Zakatek, John Miles, David Paton, and Colin Blunstone are regulars. Other singers, such as Arthur Brown, Steve Harley, Gary Brooker, Dave Terry a.k.a. Elmer Gantry, Vitamin Z's Geoff Barradale, and Marmalade's Dean Ford, recorded only once or twice with the Project. Parsons sang lead on one song ("The Raven") through a vocoder and backing on a few others, including "To One in Paradise". Both of those songs appeared on Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1976). Parsons also sings a prominent counter melody on "Time".

A variety of session musicians worked with the Alan Parsons Project regularly,  contributing to the recognizable style of a song despite the varied singer line-up. With Parsons and Woolfson, the studio band consisted of the group Pilot, with Ian Bairnson (guitar), David Paton (bass) and Stuart Tosh (drums). Pilot's keyboardist Billy Lyall contributed. From Pyramid (1978) onward, Tosh was replaced by Stuart Elliott of Cockney Rebel. Bairnson played on all albums, and Paton stayed almost until the end. Andrew Powell appeared as arranger of orchestra (and often choirs) on all albums except Vulture Culture (1985); he was composing the score of Richard Donner's film Ladyhawke (1985). This score was partly in the APP style, recorded by most of the APP regulars, and produced and engineered by Parsons. Powell composed some material for the first two Project albums. For Vulture Culture and later, Richard Cottle played as a regular contributor on synthesizers and saxophone.

The Alan Parsons Project played live only once under that name during its original incarnation because Woolfson and Parsons held the roles of writing and production, and because of the technical difficulties of re-producing on stage the complex instrumentation used in the studio. In the 1990s, musical production evolved with the technology of digital samplers. The one occasion the band was introduced as 'The Alan Parsons Project' in a live performance was at The Night of the Proms in October 1990. The concerts featured all Project regulars except Woolfson, present behind the scenes, while Parsons stayed at the mixer except for the last song, when he played acoustic guitar.

Since 1993, Alan Parsons continues to perform live as the Alan Parsons Live Project to be distinct from The Alan Parsons Project. The current line up consists of lead singer P.J. Olsson, guitarist Jeffrey Kollman, drummer Danny Thompson, keyboardist Tom Brooks, bass guitarist Guy Erez, vocalist and saxophonist Todd Cooper, and guitarist and vocalist Dan Tracey. In 2013, Alan Parsons Live Project played Colombia with a full choir and orchestra (the Medellin Philharmonic) as 'Alan Parsons Symphonic Project'. A 2-CD live set and a DVD version of this concert were released in May 2016.

In Popular Culture
In Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Dr. Evil devised a plan to turn the moon into a "Death Star" using a "laser" invented by Dr. Alan Parsons. He called this "The Alan Parsons Project".

Members
Official members
 Alan Parsons – production, engineering, programming, composition, vocals, keyboards, guitars (1975–1990)
 Eric Woolfson – composition, lyrics, piano, keyboards, vocals, executive production (1975–1990; died 2009)

Notable contributors
 Andrew Powell – composition, keyboards, orchestral arrangements (1975–1996)
 Philharmonia Orchestra
 Ian Bairnson – guitars (1975–1990; died 2023)
 David Pack – guitars (1976, 1993), vocals, keyboards (1993)
 Richard Cottle – keyboards, saxophone (1984–1990)
 David Paton – bass (1975–1986), vocals (1975–1986, 1990), acoustic guitar (1990)
 Stuart Tosh – drums, percussion (1975–1977)
 Stuart Elliott – drums, percussion (1977–1990)
 Mel Collins – saxophone (1982–1984)
 Geoff Barradale – vocals (1987)
 Phil Kenzie – saxophone (1978)
 Andy Kanavan - percussion (1993)
 Dennis Clarke – saxophone (1980)
 Colin Blunstone – vocals (1978–1984)
 Gary Brooker – vocals (1985; died 2022)
 Arthur Brown – vocals (1975)
 Lesley Duncan – vocals (1979; died 2010)
 Graham Dye – vocals (1985, 1998)
 Dean Ford – vocals (1978; died 2018)
 Dave Terry ("Elmer Gantry") – vocals (1980, 1982)
 Jack Harris – vocals (1976–1978)
 The Hollies – vocals
 John Miles – vocals (1976, 1978, 1985, 1987, 1990; died 2021)
 Chris Rainbow – vocals (1979–1990; died 2015)
 Eric Stewart – vocals (1990, 1993)
 Peter Straker – vocals (1977)
 Clare Torry – vocals (1979)
 Dave Townsend – vocals (1977, 1979)
 Lenny Zakatek – vocals (1977–1987)
 The English Chorale – choir (1976, 1977, 1982, 1987)

Discography

 Tales of Mystery and Imagination (1976)
 I Robot (1977)
 Pyramid (1978)
 Eve (1979)
 The Turn of a Friendly Card (1980)
 Eye in the Sky (1982)
 Ammonia Avenue (1984)
 Vulture Culture (1985)
 Stereotomy (1985)
 Gaudi (1987)
 Freudiana (1990 – Austrian Original Cast Musical Soundtrack, virtually a solo Woolfson project)
 The Sicilian Defence (2014, recorded in 1979)

Related
 The Philharmonia Orchestra Plays the Best of the Alan Parsons Project (1983 – orchestral album by Andrew Powell)
 Ladyhawke (1985 – soundtrack by Powell, produced and engineered by Parsons)

References

External links

  www.The-Alan-Parsons-Project.com
 The official Eric Woolfson website

 The Alan Parsons Project albums to be listened as stream at Spotify.com

British progressive rock groups
British soft rock music groups
Arista Records artists
Charisma Records artists
Progressive pop musicians
Soft rock duos
Male musical duos

The Alan Parsons Project


Hanger is a 2009 Canadian horror film directed by Ryan Nicholson and written by Nicholson with Patrick Coble. The film is banned in Australia and Germany.

Plot
Unable to bring in any more money for Leroy, her abusive pimp, the pregnant Rose tries to run away in the middle of the night, but is caught by Leroy. Using a clothes hanger, Leroy performs an impromptu abortion on Rose, unintentionally killing her in the process. Leroy disposes of Rose's baby in a dumpster, where its cries attract the attention of a homeless man, who raises the disfigured child as "Hanger".

On his eighteenth birthday, the vagrant sends Hanger off to live with John, his biological father, who the man had earlier met at a junkyard. John informs Hanger that he has gotten him a job at the junkyard, and that he will be working there and living with Russell, an acquaintance with Down syndrome. As he drives away with Hanger, John runs over the homeless man (who was defecating in his tent) and joyously tells his long-lost son "Welcome to the rest of your life!" John gives Hanger a picture of Rose, and picks up a prostitute for him to have sex with, but upon seeing Hanger's mutilated face, the woman goes into hysterics, so John crushes her head in his truck door.

While Hanger is watching pornography with Russell in their home, a Jehovah's Witness visits, and Hanger mauls and partially eats her while being cheered on by Russell. Later, John drops by, and reveals to Hanger that he has a plan to get revenge on Leroy for what he did to Rose. On his way out, John is approached by Foxy White, Leroy's girlfriend, who offers to help John kill Leroy. John turns down Foxy's offer, but says he will make Leroy suffer "a little extra" if Foxy watches over Hanger.

While Hanger is at work, John is captured by Leroy and a prostitute named Trashy, who disfigure him with a blow torch, and a hanger. Foxy finds John and tries to release him, but Leroy walks in on this, and shoots Foxy in the head. As that occurs, Russell and Hanger are drugged by Phil, a co-worker, who rapes them while wearing a Santa suit; at one point, Phil inserts his penis into Hanger's leaking colostomy. Russell and Hanger get their revenge on Phil at the junkyard, knocking him out, and placing him under a pile of garbage. Russell goes home and drinks tea made from used tampons, but after getting a call from Hanger, Russell goes to the junkyard, and finds Nicole (the owner's daughter) unconscious in her office, Hanger having knocked her out with Phil's drugs.

Russell takes Nicole's tampon, and she is later found by Leroy, who rapes her while she is unconscious, and threatens her into luring away Russell so Leroy can be alone with Hanger. Once he is in Nicole's office, Russell is seemingly killed by Leroy, who chokes him with one of Nicole's tampons. Outside, Hanger stomps Phil's head in, and is confronted by Leroy, but John (who was left for dead, but recovered and killed Trashy by shoving a douche up her nose) appears and calls Leroy out. Leroy and John fatally shoot each other, and a distraught Hanger runs off with the hysterical Nicole.

Cast

Release
Hanger was released Direct-to-Video by Breaking Glass Pictures on Nov 17, 2009.

Reception
Film Bizarro found Hanger to be "a great entertaining trash-fest that has come the closest to being a true throwback to grindhouse cinema that any movie has so far" despite the ending feeling erratic and anticlimactic. A three and a half was awarded by Severed Cinema, which wrote that "Hanger is as entertaining as it is repulsive" and "the film is a fun campy horror comedy". Independent Flicks commended the camerawork, editing, gore, and Dan Ellis's performance, but gave a four and half out of seven after deeming the film "a bit too bizarre" and "something of a let down" due to the "cartoonish style" that lessened its impact.

A three out of five was awarded by Digital Retribution, which stated "Hanger is hard to rate because it sets out to offend and will probably do so for virtually everyone, but that doesn't make it good" and "I found Hanger's padding and surrealism distracting and a bit boring". The film was called "Nicholson's nastiest piece of work yet" by The Worldwide Celluloid Massacre, which deemed it "worthless" and one of the most "vile" films the website has covered.

See also
 The Suckling, a similar film from 1990.

References

External links

2009 films
2009 horror films
2009 LGBT-related films
2000s Canadian films
2000s English-language films
2000s exploitation films
2000s pregnancy films
Canadian black comedy films
Canadian comedy horror films
Canadian crime thriller films
Canadian films about revenge
Canadian independent films
Canadian LGBT-related films
Canadian pregnancy films
Canadian splatter films
Censored films
Down syndrome in film
English-language Canadian films
Films about abortion
Films about cannibalism
Films about disability
Films about homelessness
Films about prostitution
Films directed by Ryan Nicholson
Films set in Vancouver
Films shot in Vancouver
LGBT-related horror films
Rape and revenge films
Transgender-related films
Canadian slasher films
2000s slasher films

Hanger (film)


Henry of Speyer (, also Heinrich von Worms;  – 989/992), a member of the Salian dynasty, was count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau. He was the father of Emperor Conrad II.

According to the 977 donation deed of Lambrecht Abbey, Henry was the eldest son of Count Otto von Worms (d. 1004), Duke of Carinthia from 978 to 983 and again from 995, and his wife Judith. He married Adelaide of Metz (d. 1039/46), a sister of the Lotharingian counts Gerhard of the Mosel, Count of Metz and Adalbert, Count of the Saargau. The marriage produced a son, Conrad ( – 1039), who was elected King of the Romans in 1024 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor three years later, and a daughter, Judith. Henry's younger brother Bruno was elected Pope Gregory V in 996, his brother Conrad I succeeded their father as Duke of Carinthia in 1004.

Little is known of Henry's life, since he died at around the age of 20, even predeceasing his father Otto. He is buried in Worms Cathedral along with his daughter Judith. Adelaide outlived her husband by many years; she secondly married another Franconian count, possibly from the Elder House of Babenberg (Popponids), and died in 1046.

References

Sources

Salian dynasty
Counts in Germany
Burials at Worms Cathedral
970 births
10th-century deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain

Henry of Speyer


Cord Roberts is a fictional character from the ABC soap opera One Life to Live. The role was originated in May 1986 by John Loprieno, who left the series in 1992 and then returned from January 28, 1993 through 1997. The character made brief appearances in 2004, 2007, and 2008. Loprieno reprised the role opposite former longtime costar Andrea Evans September 27, 2011, last appearing in the role November 15, 2011.

Storylines

Cord and Tina

In 1986, social climber Tina Lord intercepts a letter to her brother-in-law Clint Buchanan from a woman named Maria Roberts; in the letter, Maria asks Clint for a photography job for her son at Clint and Viki's newspaper, The Banner. Having recently failed in her attempt to gain control of half-sister Viki Buchanan's estate, Tina is looking for any leverage she can use to further her plans. She travels to El Paso, Texas, to investigate Maria's connection to Clint.

Maria is Clint's former flame; their relationship had been quashed by Clint's father Asa, who had not wanted his son to marry the Mexican Maria Vasquez. Tina meets Cord, Maria's son with her rancher husband Al Roberts, and Tina and Cord immediately fall in love. Engaged to wealthy Richard Abbott, Tina is torn between her passion for Cord and her desire for money and status. She chooses Richard.

Al Roberts dies suddenly of a heart attack; in a deathbed letter to Cord, he reveals that Cord is actually Clint Buchanan's son. Asa intercepts the letter but Tina's ex, con man and murderer Mitch Laurence, already knows the secret; he tells Tina, who breaks her engagement with Richard and, without telling Cord about his true parentage, elopes with the new Buchanan heir. Tina blackmails Asa into giving Cord a million dollars, purportedly an inheritance from Al. Cord is less than thrilled to find out that Clint is his father, and when he discovers that his "inheritance" is from Asa, he insists on returning it. Horrified, Tina pretends to go along with Cord's wishes but secretly uses the money to buy an island in the Caribbean. When Cord finds out about Tina's duplicity, he leaves her.

Fearing that her son will reconcile with Tina, whom she despises, Maria makes a bargain with old friend Max Holden in 1987 to romance Tina and get her out of town. Tina discovers she is pregnant with Cord's child, but Maria manipulates events so that Cord does not find out; thinking Cord does not care about her or their baby, Tina leaves with Max for Buenos Aires, Argentina. Learning Tina is pregnant, Cord follows her to Argentina, with archaeologist Kate Sanders in tow. In the meantime, Max and Tina have gotten mixed up in a drug ring. Tina is kidnapped by Kate's brother, Jamie Sanders; escaping by boat with a captive Tina, Jamie is shot and falls over the side. Tina plummets over the Iguazu Falls, and she and her unborn baby are presumed dead.

Tina's return

Cord and Kate, already attracted to each other, get closer as she consoles him over the death of Tina and their child. They ultimately become engaged. Meanwhile, Tina turns up alive in the jungle, feverish and apparently having miscarried her baby. Found by Max's ex-girlfriend Gabrielle Medina, who is pregnant with Max's child, Tina recovers and helps deliver Gabrielle's baby boy. Thinking Max and Tina were headed for marriage, Gabrielle had not told him she was pregnant; with a plan in mind, Tina convinces Gabrielle that Max and Tina are man and wife and can give the baby a good life. Gabrielle hands her son over to Tina, who names him Al after Cord's deceased stepfather, and returns to Llanview. Tina appears at Cord and Kate's wedding with the baby, presenting Cord with "his son" and collapsing.

His marriage to Kate invalid, Cord is happy that Tina and the baby are alive but still intends to divorce Tina and wed Kate. Maria discovers that the baby is really Max and Gabrielle's child, and she blackmails Tina into divorcing Cord. Obsessed with Clint, Maria decides to kill Viki and frame Tina for the crime. After failing to run down Viki with her car, Maria applies a contact poison to a pair of earrings Tina intends to give her sister as a gift. Gabrielle collapses after touching the earrings but survives; the vial of poison spills on Maria during a struggle with Tina, and Maria dies.

Tina is arrested for murder, and the secret of baby Al's parentage comes out during the trial. Tina is convicted but later exonerated; she and Cord fall into bed, but he still loves Kate. Though still attracted to Cord, Tina gives in to Max's persistent advances and accepts his wedding proposal. They soon hear that Tina's baby, delivered by the Argentine natives while Tina was consumed by fever, is alive and being cared for in the jungle. As Max and Tina search for the child, Kate breaks it off with Cord and leaves town.

A second chance
After much adventure, Max and Tina bring baby "Milagro" (miracle) back to Llanview in 1988. Cord and Tina name their son Clinton James Roberts, or "CJ" for short. When Tina says "I take thee, Cord" during her wedding to Max, he calls it off. Tina resumes her pursuit of Cord, who is now involved with Sarah Gordon. Tina and Cord reconcile for time, but Tina is soon pursued by Cord's uncle, Bo Buchanan, who is newly returned to Llanview. It is soon revealed that Tina's suitor is actually a "faux Bo": Kate Sanders' ex Dr. Patrick London, hired by Asa's enemies to get facial reconstruction and infiltrate the family. Patrick, as Bo, hopes to marry Tina and gain control of her money. He is later found out, and killed by his captive, the real Bo.

Cord and Tina remarry in November 1988 in a double ceremony with Cord's grandfather Asa Buchanan and Renee Divine. Tina's enemy Ursula Blackwell rigs the wedding cake to explode, but the blast kills Max's brother Steve Holden instead. Cord and Tina's marriage ultimately collapses again in 1990 over Tina's lies. The final nail in the coffin comes when Tina accuses Cord of having an affair with Gabrielle's sister Debra; Cord asks for a divorce, and Tina leaves town for San Diego with baby C.J.

Further appearances
Cord returns briefly in 2004 to escort daughter Sarah Roberts to London and off the series, and again on August 16 and August 17, 2007, to attend the funeral of his grandfather Asa Buchanan. Cord again reappears on July 22, 2008, during a telephone conversation with Clint and once more on August 11 and August 12, 2008. Visiting Llanview briefly on August 11 and August 12, 2008, Cord is reunited with Tina, who has reappeared in town after an 11-year absence and already endangered their daughter Sarah's life in one of her schemes. Tina is devastated when Cord tells her that she has not changed, and they can never be together.

Cord also returns to Llanview on in September 2011 on business for Buchanan Enterprises and the involvement of his newly found brother, Rex Balsom, in its running. Cord is soon reunited with Tina again after she comes to Llanfair to spend the night returning for Victor Lord Jr.'s will reading. Cord eventually admits he still had feelings for Tina because they share a bond due to their past together and the fact that they share kids with each other. On November 15, 2011, Tina interrupts the wedding of niece Natalie to Brody Lovett with paternity test results saying that John McBain, not Brody, is the father of Natalie's baby Liam, which causes the wedding to be called off immediately. Cord and Tina take advantage of the cancelled wedding and reception preparations and marry for the fourth time.

See also
Buchanan family

Notes

References

Television characters introduced in 1986
One Life to Live characters
Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people
Fictional characters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Fictional prisoners and detainees
Male characters in television
Buchanan family (One Life to Live)

Cord Roberts


Universiti Tenaga Nasional (; UNITEN) is a private university, located in Selangor, Malaysia, with GLC university status. It is wholly owned by the public-listed Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), established in 1997.

History
Universiti Tenaga Nasional commenced operation in 1976 as Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (ILSAS), which served for many years as the corporate training center for Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and its predecessor, the National Electricity Board. In 1994, ILSAS was transformed into an institute of higher learning and renamed Institut Kejuruteraan Teknologi Tenaga Nasional (IKATAN). It offered academic programmes in engineering and business management at undergraduate and graduate levels through twinning links with local and foreign universities (Indiana-University, Purdue University Indianapolis, US for Engineering). In 1997, IKATAN was upgraded to Universiti Tenaga Nasional.

Principal Officers
The Chancellor of Universiti Tenaga Nasional was appointed on 9 March 2005. The person holding this position is Tun Abdul Rahman Abbas.

Tan Sri Dr Leo Moggie was appointed Chairman of the Tenaga Nasional Berhad and Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd, two companies that supply electricity to the vast majority of Malaysia. He was appointed to the Board of the NSTP Company on 27 February 2008. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Digi.Com Berhad. He was appointed to the Board of the NSTP Company on 27 February 2008. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Digi.Com Berhad.

Campuses
Universiti Tenaga Nasional operates from two campuses; one is the main campus in Putrajaya, and the other is in Bandar Muadzam Shah.

Putrajaya (main campus)
This campus is 25 miles to the south of Kuala Lumpur near Kajang in Selangor, and has an area of 214 hectares. It is near the Cyberjaya Multimedia Super Corridor and adjacent to Putrajaya, the administrative center of the Federal Government of Malaysia. All engineering, information technology and other technology courses are held at this campus.

Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah (branch campus)
This branch is located at Bandar Muadzam Shah, Pahang. It officially opened on 4 May 2001. The campus offers Accounting, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Human Resources, and Business courses.

Notable alumni

Rankings

Quacquarelli Symonds (QS)

Times Higher Education (THE)

See also
 List of universities in Malaysia

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Selangor
Universities and colleges established in 1976
Educational institutions established in 1999
Business schools in Malaysia
Engineering universities and colleges in Malaysia
Information technology schools in Malaysia
1976 establishments in Malaysia
1999 establishments in Malaysia
Kajang
Private universities and colleges in Malaysia

Universiti Tenaga Nasional


Phillip S. Meilinger (born in 1948) is a retired colonel of the USAF as well as a historian and analyst. He is a member of the Academic Advisory Panel of the Royal Air Force Centre for Air Power Studies. Before his retirement he was Dean of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (SAAS) at the USAF's Air University in Montgomery, Alabama. He received a BS degree from the United States Air Force Academy, an MA degree from the University of Colorado, and obtained a PhD degree in military history from the University of Michigan. A command pilot, he has served as a C-130 aircraft commander and instructor pilot in both Europe and the Pacific. After a tour at the Air Force Academy, he was assigned to the Doctrine Division of the Air Staff at the Pentagon. He has authored ten books and scores of articles. Perhaps best known is his edited work, The Paths of Heaven: The Evolution of Airpower Theory (1997). In an attempt to create debate and more reflection about the inherent characteristics of air power, in 1995 Dr Meiling wrote Ten Propositions on Airpower, a small and influential booklet advocating what he considers to be the air power equivalent of Principles of War.  Among his many articles is:"Winged Defence: Answering the Critics of Airpower." Air Power Review Vol. 5 No. 4 (Winter 2002), pp. 41–64.

Notes

Air force historians
American military historians
American male non-fiction writers
Living people
1948 births
University of Michigan alumni

Phillip Meilinger


John Leslie Coogan (October 26, 1914 – March 1, 1984) was an American actor and comedian who began his film career as a child actor in silent films. Coogan's role in Charlie Chaplin's film The Kid (1921) made him one of the first child stars in the history of Hollywood.

He later sued his mother and stepfather over his squandered film earnings and provoked California to enact the first known legal protection for the earnings of child performers, the California Child Actor's Bill, widely known as the "Coogan Act".

Coogan continued to act throughout his life, later earning renewed fame in middle age portraying Uncle Fester in the 1960s television series The Addams Family.

Early life and early career

John Leslie Coogan was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1914 to John Henry Coogan, Jr., and Lillian Rita (Dolliver) Coogan. He began performing as an infant in both vaudeville and film, with the title role (uncredited) in the 1917 film Skinner's Baby. Charlie Chaplin discovered him in the Orpheum Theatre, a vaudeville house in Los Angeles, on the stage doing the shimmy, a then-popular dance. Coogan's father was also an actor, as was his younger brother, Robert.

Coogan was a natural mimic and delighted Chaplin with his abilities. Chaplin cast him in a small role in A Day's Pleasure (1919). The following year, Chaplin cast Coogan as the abandoned child raised by his Tramp character in the silent comedy-drama The Kid (1921). In 1922, Coogan was cast in the title role in Oliver Twist, directed by Frank Lloyd. Coogan was one of the first stars to be heavily merchandised. Peanut butter, stationery, whistles, dolls, records, coins and figurines were among the Coogan-themed merchandise on sale.

Education
Coogan was tutored until the age of 10, when he entered Urban Military Academy and other preparatory schools. He attended several colleges, as well as the University of Southern California. In 1932, he dropped out of Santa Clara University because of poor grades.

In November 1933, 22-year-old Brooke Hart, a close friend of Coogan's from Santa Clara University and heir to a successful department store in San Jose, was kidnapped as he drove his car out of a parking lot. After several demands for a $40,000 ransom were delivered to the family, police arrested Thomas Thurmond and Jack Holmes in San Jose.

Thurmond admitted to the police that he and Holmes had murdered Hart the same day he was kidnapped. Both killers were transferred to a jail in downtown San Jose. A mob broke into the jail, and Thurmond and Holmes were hanged from a tree in a nearby park, with the unapologetic approval of the state's governor. Coogan was reported to have been present and to have held the lynching rope.

In May 1935, 20-year-old Coogan was the sole survivor of a car crash in eastern San Diego County that killed his father, his best friend 19-year-old actor Junior Durkin, their ranch foreman Charles Jones, and actor and writer Robert J. Horner. The party was returning from a day of dove hunting just over the Mexican border. With his father at the wheel, the car was forced off the mountain highway near Pine Valley by an oncoming vehicle and rolled down an embankment.

Charity work
While a child actor, Coogan worked with Near East Relief and toured across the United States and Europe in 1924 on a "Children's Crusade" as part of his fundraising drive. His efforts provided more than $1 million in clothing, food, and other contributions ($14.8 million in 2021 dollars), and he was honored by officials in the United States and Greece, where he had an audience with Pope Pius XI.

A Catholic, Coogan was a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills.

Coogan Bill

As a child star, Coogan earned an estimated $3 to 4 million ($44 to 59 million in 2021 dollars). When he turned 21 in October 1935, his fortune was believed to be well intact. His assets had been conservatively managed by his father, who had died in the car accident five months earlier.

Coogan soon discovered, though, that nearly the entire amount had been squandered by his mother and stepfather, Arthur Bernstein, on fur coats, diamonds and other jewelry, and expensive cars. Bernstein had been a financial advisor for the family and married Coogan's mother in late 1936.

Coogan's mother and stepfather claimed Jackie enjoyed himself and simply thought he was playing before the camera. She insisted, "No promises were ever made to give Jackie anything", and claimed he "was a bad boy".

Coogan sued them in 1938, but after his legal expenses, he received just $126,000 of the $250,000 remaining of his earnings. When Coogan went broke during the litigation, he asked Charlie Chaplin for assistance; Chaplin handed him $1,000 cash without hesitation.

The legal battle focused attention on child actors and resulted in the 1939 enactment of the California Child Actor's Bill, often referred to as the "Coogan Law" or the "Coogan Act". It required that a child actor's employer set aside 15% of the earnings in a trust (called a Coogan account) and specified the actor's schooling, work hours, and time off.

Adult career

Film
Coogan appeared with then-wife Betty Grable in College Swing, a 1938 musical comedy starring George Burns, Gracie Allen, Martha Raye, and Bob Hope.

He appeared as a police officer in the Elvis Presley comedy Girl Happy in 1965.

Radio
In 1940, Coogan played the role of "a playboy Broadway producer" in the Society Girl program on CBS radio. He also starred in his own program, Forever Ernest, on CBS from April 29, 1946, to July 22, 1946.

World War II
Coogan enlisted in the U.S. Army in March 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor that December, he requested a transfer to Army Air Forces as a glider pilot because of his civilian flying experience. Graduating the Advanced Glider School with the glider pilot aeronautical rating and the rank of flight officer, he volunteered for hazardous duty with the 1st Air Commando Group.

In December 1943, the unit was sent to India. He flew British troops, the Chindits, under General Orde Wingate, on March 5, 1944, landing them at night in a small jungle clearing  behind Japanese lines in the Burma Campaign.

Television

After the war, Coogan returned to acting, taking mostly character roles and appearing on television.

From 1952 to 1953, he played Stoney Crockett on the syndicated series Cowboy G-Men. In 1959, he guest-starred in a first-season episode of Peter Gunn. He also appeared on NBC's The Martha Raye Show. He appeared, too, as Corbett, in two episodes of NBC's 1960 series The Outlaws.

In the 1960–1961 season, he guest-starred in the episode "The Damaged Dolls" of the crime drama The Brothers Brannagan. In 1961, he guest-starred in an episode of The Americans, an NBC series about family divisions stemming from the Civil War. He also appeared in episode 37, titled "Barney on the Rebound", of The Andy Griffith Show, which aired October 31, 1961.

He had a regular role in a 1962–63 NBC series, McKeever and the Colonel. He finally found his most famous television role as Uncle Fester in ABC's The Addams Family (1964–1966).

He appeared four times on the Perry Mason series, including the role of political activist Gus Sawyer in the 1963 episode, "The Case of the Witless Witness" and TV prop man Pete Desmond in the final episode, "The Case of the Final Fadeout", in 1966. He was a guest several times on The Red Skelton Show, appeared twice on The Brady Bunch ("The Fender Benders" and "Double Parked"), I Dream of Jeannie (as Jeannie's uncle, Suleiman – Maharaja of Basenji), Family Affair, Here's Lucy, and The Brian Keith Show, and continued to guest-star on television, including multiple appearances on The Partridge Family The Wild Wild West, Hawaii Five-O and McMillan and Wife, until his retirement in the middle 1970s. Coogan also appeared in the first season of Barnaby Jones, in the episode titled "Sing a Song of Murder" (04/01/1973).

Marriages and children
Coogan was married four times and had four children. His first three marriages to actresses were short-lived. Betty Grable and he were engaged in 1935 and married on November 20, 1937,
 and they divorced on October 11, 1939. On August 10, 1941, he married Flower Parry (d. 1981). They had one son, John Anthony Coogan (writer/producer of 3D digital and film, also known as Jackie Coogan, Jr.), born in Los Angeles; they divorced on June 29, 1943. Coogan married his third wife, Ann McCormack, on December 26, 1946. A daughter, Joann Dolliver Coogan, was born in Los Angeles. They divorced on September 20, 1951.

Dorothea Odetta Hanson, also known as Dorothea Lamphere (but best known as Dodie), was a dancer and became Coogan's fourth wife in April 1952. They were together over 30 years until his death in 1984. She died in 1999. They had two children together; daughter Leslie Diane Coogan was born in Los Angeles, while son Christopher Fenton Coogan was born in Riverside County, California. Christopher died in a motorcycle accident in Palm Springs, California in 1990.

Leslie Coogan has a son, actor Keith Coogan, who was born Keith Eric Mitchell. He began acting in 1975 and later changed his name two years after his grandfather's death, in 1986. His roles include the oldest son in Adventures in Babysitting and Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead.

Footage of Jackie with his grandson Keith can be seen in the 1982 documentary Hollywood's Children.

Death

After suffering from heart and kidney ailments, Coogan died of heart failure on March 1, 1984, at age 69, in Santa Monica, California. Coogan had a long history of heart trouble and hypertension and had previously suffered several strokes. He had been undergoing kidney dialysis when his blood pressure dropped. Coogan was taken to Santa Monica Hospital, where he died from cardiac arrest.

At Coogan's request, his funeral was open to the public and was attended by several fans. John Astin, Coogan's co-star from The Addams Family, delivered the eulogy. Coogan was interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City. His star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 1654 Vine Street, just south of Hollywood Boulevard.

Filmography

References

Further reading
 Jackie Coogan: The World's Boy King: A Biography of Hollywood's Legendary Child Star, Diana Serra Cary, Scarecrow Press, 2003, .
 Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, pp. 65–67.
 Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 1988, pp. 37–40.

External links

 Photographs of Jackie Coogan
 Jackie Coogan's Million-Dollar Crusade at the Near East Relief Digital Museum

1914 births
1984 deaths
Male actors from Los Angeles
American male child actors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American male radio actors
American male television actors
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Male actors from Greater Los Angeles
Military personnel from California
Vaudeville performers
American Roman Catholics
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
American glider pilots
20th-century American male actors
Comedians from California
20th-century American comedians
Hanna-Barbera people

Jackie Coogan


Ikaasaartik Strait (old spelling: Ikâsârtik) is a strait in the Sermersooq municipality, on the southeastern coast of Greenland.

Geography

The strait separates Kulusuk Island in the southwest from Apusiaajik Island in the northeast. The strait waterway connects the Torsuut Tunoq sound in the northwest with the North Atlantic in the southeast.

Icelandair STOL aircraft approach Kulusuk Airport on the way from Nerlerit Inaat and Reykjavík flying directly over the southern end of Apusiaajik Island and then over the Ikaasaartik Strait, in an air canyon between the Qalorujoorneq ridge on Kulusuk Island, and the Kangaartik and Iperajivit summits on Apusiaajik Island.

During winter pack ice and small icebergs pushed forth by the East Greenland Current ram against the northeastern coast, blocking the narrow strait and facilitating the freeze of the much wider Torsuut Tunoq sound.

References

Straits of Greenland

Ikaasaartik Strait


Escovopsis is a genus of seven formally acknowledged parasitic microfungus species that rely on other fungi to be their hosts. This genus formally circumscribed with a single identified species in 1990; in 2013 three other species were added.

In an early 2015 published study, scientists collected five species of Escovopsis from both genera of fungus-growing ants, Atta and Acromyrmex, four of which came from ant colonies in Brazil and the fifth of which came from Trinidad. These Escovopsis species included E. moelleri, E. microspora, E. weberi, E. lentecrescens, and E. aspergilloides. The research revealed another Escovopsis species (E. trichodermoides) isolated and derived from the lower attine ant, Mycocepurus goeldii. It was determined to be a species independent of the other five species because of its complex branch system and varying conidiophores, which lack typical swelling.

A separate study published in January 2015 also looked at the lower attine ant, Mycetophylax morschi, in Brazil and found four strains for the Escovopsis. The scientists that conducted this research also noticed distinguishable features of the Escovopsis such as the type and physicality of the conidiophores and conidiogenous cells and the DNA sequences. They named the species Escovopsis kreiselii.

Parasitism
This genus describes a parasitic fungus capable of horizontally transmitting between colonies, which can affect any of the 47 species of ants commonly known as the leafcutter ants, which are widespread in parts of the Americas. The fungus transmits itself between colonies by utilizing infected external material. Only two species of the pathogenic Escovopsis have been formally made known, although the other rising species and Escovopsis in general is known to act destructively toward to the symbiotic relationship between the ant colonies and their fungus gardens. It was only established as a symbiont of this ant-fungus mutualism proceeding studies that consistently isolated the fungus.  However, the leafcutter ants have a defense mechanism against the parasitic fungus, an antifungal actinobacteria from the genus Pseudonocardia.

A study conducted at the University of Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca produced results that indicated how strains of Escovopsis in Costa Rica are "better suited" to invade and induce their parasitic effects on the ant colonies (specifically from the Attini tribe and genera Atta and Acromyrmex) than selectively bred fungus. This was concluded from the fact that the Escovopsis strains created several clusters or clades, some more virulent than others, while the fungal cultivar only created a single cluster or clade. This means that the ants in the colonies would be able to reduce, eliminate, and defend against the fungal cultivar much easier and quicker than it would be able to for Escovopsis strains. According to the scientists that undertook the study, the coevolved Escovopsis can be used as a biocontrol agent for the population of these leafcutter ants, which are considered agricultural pests in these areas.

Leafcutter ants communicate through exchanges of chemicals and secrete chemicals made from actinomycete bacteria in order to protect their colonies. The Atta colonies have a hierarchal system of workers and use chemical secretions through metapleural glands, which are capable of producing much phenylacetic acid, an antimicrobial agent. A study demonstrated how the smallest worker ants were able to lower growth rates of Escovopsis spores that were placed into the ants' fungus garden with this phenylacetic acid. Bioassays showed that Escovopsis from leafcutter ants is not as affected by the acid than that from more basic fungus-growing ants, meaning that there is a need to control the growth of the parasitic Escovopsis fungus because of its virulence as a potential pathogen.

References

External links

Sordariomycetes genera
Enigmatic Hypocreales taxa
Parasitic fungi
Myrmecology

Escovopsis


Garrya elliptica, the coast silk-tassel, silk tassel bush or wavyleaf silktassel, is a species of flowering plant in the family Garryaceae, native to the coastal ranges of California and southern Oregon. It is an erect, bushy, evergreen shrub reaching a height of .

Description

Growth habit
It has a multi-furcate branching structure yielding an almost spherical form.  The height averages  in the wild. Like others of its genus, G. elliptica has opposite leaves with a tough leathery feel, glossy green on top, but paler and duller on the underside.

Flowers
The dioecious flowers are concentrated in inflorescences which cascade downward as aments of  in length.  While it manifests separate male and female plants, the pendant male catkins are much more showy and are grey-green and up to  long; the female ones are shorter and silver-grey.   Although the flowers bloom in late winter and early spring, dried bracts remain on the plant well into summer as light gray decorations.  The plant has smooth bark, dark-greenish when young, but roughening with age. New twigs are green and moderately stout.

For pistillate flowers, above each small bract there is a solitary flower inside the inflorescence.  This plant produces tiny dark seeds.
The ripened purplish black fruit of about 1 cm in diameter has a hard desiccated coating, but is rather fleshy on the interior. There are a total of  four stamens per flower; moreover, above each bract pair there is a triplet of flowers. The cultivar 'James Roof' has catkins up to  in length.

Leaves

The unique characteristics of Garrya elliptica are its waxy convex leaves with wavy leaf margins, coupled with dense individual hairs on the leaf undersides that are scarcely distinguishable with a hand lens. Its leaf blades are  in length, and the petioles range in length from 6–12 mm. For identification purposes Congdon silk-tassel (Garrya congdonii) is most closely related. Congdon silk-tassel has the same leaf appearance, but leaf hairs are distinguishable with a hand lens, and both leaf blades and petioles are about two thirds the size of Coast silk-tassel. Both Fremont silk-tassel (Garrya fremontii) and ashy silk-tassel (Garrya flavescens) have similar fruit characteristics, but have a flat leaf margin.

Distribution and habitat
Garrya elliptica is found in several plant communities, principally in drier coastal California and southern Oregon no more than 20 miles from the Pacific Ocean; the main associations are coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion, Northern coastal scrub, Mixed evergreen coastal forest and Northern coastal sage scrub.<ref>Roxana S. Ferris, Native shrubs of the San Francisco Bay region, University of California Press, (1968) </ref>  This plant can tolerate moderately heavy clay soils and serpentine areas, but likes soils pH to lie in the range of six to eight.

It is not grazed to a great degree by deer or rabbits, and is hardy to cold temperatures of about . It is moderately drought tolerant, but is more luxuriant with rainfall of about  per annum. The species is usually found at elevations above , within the mountains of the Pacific Coast range, such as Montara Mountain, San Bruno Mountain and Napa County.

CultivationGarrya elliptica is appealing as an ornamental plant with a neat growing habit, and is widely used for landscape purposes. It is a low-maintenance plant that thrives in a range of locations, but is typically seen growing against a wall, or as a windbreak in coastal areas. The cultivar 'James Roof' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

EtymologyGarrya is named for Nicholas Garry, who was secretary of the Hudson's Bay Company [circa 1820-35]. Elliptica'' is derived from Greek and means 'about twice as long as broad', 'oblong with rounded ends', or 'elliptic'; this is in reference to the shape of the leaves.

References

External links

Calflora Database: Garrya elliptica (Coast silktassel)
Jepson Manual:
Coast silk-tassel with reference to gardening
Virginia Tech Forestry Department
Oregonstate.edu: detailed botanical description
Garrya elliptica — U.C. Photo gallery

Garryales
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Garrya elliptica


Extraterritorial income exclusion, under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, was the amount excluded from a taxpayer's gross income for certain transactions that generate foreign trading gross receipts. In general, foreign trading gross receipts include gross receipts from the sale, exchange, lease, rental, or other disposition of qualifying foreign trade property. Foreign trading gross receipts also include receipts from certain services provided in connection with such property, as well as engineering and architectural services for construction projects outside the United States.

Extraterritorial income is the gross income of the taxpayer attributable to foreign trading gross receipts. The taxpayer reported all of its extraterritorial income on its tax return. The taxpayer used Form 8873 to calculate its exclusion from income that is qualifying foreign trade income.

It was abolished when in late 2004, US President George W Bush signed the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 which phased out the extraterritorial income (ETI) exclusion in favor of broader tax relief. ETI deduction benefits are not available for transactions entered into after 2006.

Qualifying foreign trade property

Qualifying foreign trade property generally includes property that is held primarily for sale or lease for direct use or consumption outside the United States. Form 8873 is attached to the taxpayers income tax return. Both corporate and non-corporate taxpayers who have qualifying transactions may now be required to file Form 8873. The exclusion reported on Form 8873 was created by the Foreign Sales Corporation (FSC) Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000. The new exclusion applies to certain transactions entered into after September 30, 2000, but is subject to transition rules for foreign corporations with a valid FSC election in effect on September 30, 2000.

Extra-Territorial Income Exclusion Act
The FSC Repeal and Extraterritorial Income Exclusion Act of 2000 effectively 'repatriated' the FSC tax break and extended it to all types of entities with qualifying foreign sales, including S corporations and Limited liability companies previously excluded. Foreign companies that are U.S. taxpayers could also use the tax break, which was not the case previously. There are rules requiring a certain proportion of U.S.-manufactured content and a certain proportion of foreign costs. Foreign tax credits on the goods concerned are not available to a participating entity. Actual manufacture can take place either inside or outside the United States.

As under the previous law, the benefit applied to exports and a 50% U.S.-content rule remained. Those features caused the new regime to continue to resemble an export tax subsidy. In response, the Administration pointed to the elimination of administrative transfer pricing rules. However, the separate company requirement of the FSC and DISC legislation had been eliminated. Without the need for two companies – a manufacturing company and a sales company – no need existed for transfer pricing rules.

Dispute with European Union
The European Union (EU) did not accept the new legislation as conforming with WTO rules. After a long series of hearings and appeals, the WTO ruled definitively against the ETI rules in late 2002. The EU then prepared a list of U.S. products on which the EU intended to apply sanctions in the form of countervailing duties. The EU obtained the WTO's permission for such action, which the EU put into effect in early 2004 in the absence of a substantial change in the ETI regime. The phase-out/repeal of the ETI deduction described above is considered to be the response to this threat.

See also
 Foreign Sales Corporation
 Domestic international sales corporation
 List of international trade topics

References

Taxation in the United States
Foreign trade of the United States

Extraterritorial income exclusion


Walbundrie  is a village in the eastern Riverina district of New South Wales, Australia.  The village is located  south-west of the state capital, Sydney and   north of Melbourne. Situated on the bank of the Billabong Creek, at the , Walbundrie had a population of 190. Walbundrie is in the Greater Hume Shire local government area. Billabong Creek passes immediately south of the town.

Piney Range Post Office opened on 1 March 1869 and was renamed Walbundrie later that month.

The major industry in and around Walbundrie is agriculture, including grain production and wool growing.

Sport and Recreation
The first published details of an Australian rules football club in Walbundrie was in 1906 when they played a match against Corowa Football Club in Corowa.

As of 2022 Australian rules football and netball are the most popular sport in Walbundrie and the club plays in the Hume Football League, fielding four football teams and five netball under the merged club's name of Rand - Walbundrie Walla Giants Football and Netball Club. The Rand Walbundrie Walla Giants FNC is a Sports Club formed after the amalgamation between the Rand Walbundrie Tigers & the Walla Hoppers in 2016.

Walbundrie Football Association.
This Australian rules football competition existed for one season only, consisting of the following clubs - Bulgandra, Burrumbuttock, Walbundrie and Walla. Bulgandra: 5.4 – 34 defeated Walla: 4.8 – 32 in the grand final.

Gallery

References

External links

Greater Hume Shire Council - Official site

Towns in the Riverina
Towns in New South Wales

Walbundrie


K3 is a Belgian-Dutch girl group with a Dutch-language pop repertoire, consisting of Hanne Verbruggen, Marthe De Pillecyn, and Julia Boschman. The group's name is derived from the first letters of the three first members from 1998: Karen Damen, Kristel Verbeke, and Kathleen Aerts. The signature style and iconicity of K3 rely on all three girls mostly wearing the same outfit, and they are tradionally a redhead, a brunette, and a blonde. Throughout its career, K3 has built a space within Dutch and Belgian pop culture. They became one of the most successful groups of the Benelux.

Kathleen Aerts stepped out of the formation in March 2009. She was replaced by Josje Huisman later that year after winning audition reality show K2 Zoekt K3. On November 6, 2015, Karen, Kristel and Josje were succeeded by Hanne Verbruggen, Klaasje Meijer and Marthe De Pillecyn after they became the winners of K3 Zoekt K3. On 9 February 2021 Klaasje Meijer announced her departure from K3 and another audition reality show was held that year to find a new member. Of more than 22.000 interested, Julia Boschman won the competition and became part of the group.

Career

Rise to fame (1998-2002)
The band K3 was started by Niels William. Initially, their intention was to be the Flemish version of the British all-female group "Spice Girls." Following the same formula K3 was composed of all females in their twenties, and like the Spice Girls, women in their twenties as their target audience. The original target is noticeable in their early song lyrics including their first single, "Wat ik wil" (What I want). This release was not very successful.

In 1999, K3 participated in live television shows that selected the Belgian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest with their song "Heyah Mama". The song was not well received by one of the judges, Marcel Vanthilt, who referred to the band members as "assorted meat products".
Notwithstanding, "Heyah Mama" was released as a single and became the first big hit for the band, staying at the number two spot of the Flemish Ultratop 50 chart, charting 25 weeks.
Their next two singles also earned the number one spot on the charts, resulting in an uninterrupted period of 32 weeks of K3 in the number one spot. About a year after becoming famous in Flanders, K3 also became famous in the Netherlands.

Their songs are written by Miguel Wiels, Alain Vande Putte and Peter Gillis. This trio previously collaborated as songwriters for Flemish singer Isabelle A.

K3 is noted for being the first pop act to break through to the top of the charts without receiving any airplay from the regular music television channels, such as MTV and TMF. Niels William's new marketing concept was based on promotion via children and cartoon channels such as Fox Kids.

Joining Studio 100 (2002-09)
In 2002, Niels William sold the band to Studio 100, a Flemish television production company for Dutch and Belgian children's programs.

Songs like "Heyah Mama", "I love you baby", "Alle Kleuren" (All colours), "Blub, ik ben een vis!" (Blub, I'm a fish!), "Tele-Romeo", "Toveren" (Magic), "Verliefd"  (In love), "De 3 biggetjes" (The Three Little Piglets), "Oya lélé", "Hart verloren" (Lost heart), "Liefdeskapitein" (Captain of Love), "Kuma He", "Ya Ya Yippee", "Dokter Dokter" (Doctor doctor) and "Kusjesdag" (Kisses Day) were hits for the band. K3 has released nine albums. Their eighth album Ya Ya Yippee sold more than 50,000 copies in pre-sales within the Benelux. The ninth album, Kusjes (Kisses), sold 20,000.

K3 has a children's television program called De wereld van K3 (K3's World). Originally, there were Dutch and Flemish versions, but only the Dutch version remains.

On 10 June 2006, a party was held at Plopsaland, a popular theme park, to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Studio 100. At the event, the band members opened the K3 Museum which provides an overview of their career. There are interviews, clothes, and props from the films to be seen, including the air scooters from the film K3 en het Magische Medaillon (K3 and the magic medallion). Their gold and platinum certifications can also be seen.

The band has released several DVD's with video clips, musicals, films and with specially recorded footage like K3 in de Ardennen (K3 in the Ardennes).

In 2007, a team from Madame Tussauds in London took measurements of the band members for wax statues.
K3 unveiled these wax statues at Madame Tussauds Amsterdam on 4 July 2007.

On 10 May 2008, the band celebrated their 10-year anniversary with a new show 10 jaar K3 (10 years of K3). It was also celebrated in Plopsaland.

Line-up change (2009-10)
On Monday 23 March 2009 Kathleen announced her departure at a press conference. "It was a tough decision, after all, I gave the best years of my life to K3. People change and life is constantly in motion; I'm 30 now and after ten years it's time to move on". She made her last two appearances with K3 in June at a Studio 100 showcase at the Rotterdam Ahoy.

Karen and Kristel then searched for a replacement on television through a talent show called 'K2 zoekt K3' ('K2 searching for K3'). In the final episode, the Dutch Josje Huisman was chosen as the newest member of K3.

Further success (2010-14)
The first single with Huisman as part of the group, "MaMaSé!", became a smash hit, peaking at number one for six consecutive weeks in The Netherlands and for seven weeks in Belgium. It listed in the top three of both countries' year-end charts. The album of the same name entered the year-end album chart in both countries in 2009, 2010 and 2011. In 2010, K3 shot new episodes for their kids-talkshow (this time with Josje) and also started their own sitcom called "Hello K3", in which they portray fictional versions of themselves living in the same building and trying to balance a normal life with being superstars. This creates comic situations reminiscent of the television series The Monkees and also Friends. The first season of sitcom aired on television in fall 2010. A new single with the same name was also released on 15 September, on the album Eyo!. In 2011 they starred in the first 3D-musical in the world, based in Lewis Carrol's Alice in Wonderland. In 2012 they released their album Engeltjes (little angels) accompanied by their fourth movie K3 Bengeltjes. In 2013, they released their album Loko Le and their fifth movie K3 Dierenhotel (K3 Animalhotel).

In 2014 they also started a new unscripted TV-show, 'K3 kan het!' (K3 can do it!'), in which they travel through Belgium and the Netherlands to help children fulfill their dreams.

The new K3 (2015-2021)
On 18 March 2015 Damen, Verbeke and Huisman announced through a press conference that they were all leaving the group stating "since we started, we knew there would be a time which we would feel that it was the accurate moment to stop; well, that moment is now present". K3's label has announced that they'll look for new members in late 2015. A second audition television show, K3 Zoekt K3, premiered in autumn to find the new K3 members. On 6 November 2015 Hanne Verbruggen, Klaasje Meijer and Marthe De Pillecyn had been chosen as Karen, Kristel and Josje's successors (respectively) and would become the new K3.

Kristel Verbeke, one of the first members, was their manager for the first 2 years.

From autumn 2015, the old K3 and the new K3 went on tour together. For Karen, Kristel and Josje this was a farewell tour, for the new trio it was the start of their new career. The tour with double occupancy was a great success and was extended, there was also a special 'adult evening show' with standing room.

Hanne, Klaasje and Marthe's first release, "10.000 Luchtballonnen" topped the charts in Belgium and The Netherlands. Over 6 years the group released five more albums. In 2016, their own animated series De Avonturen van K3 (The adventures of K3) premiered. That same year there came a new children's television program called Iedereen K3 (Everyone K3). It was the successor to De wereld van K3 (K3's World). At the end of 2016, the special The Diary of K3 was released, in which K3 looks back on the past year. This was an annual tradition until 2018.

In 2017, K3 started vlogging, a new vlog is (usually) online on YouTube once every 2 weeks on Saturdays. That same year, the new K3 got their first movie called K3 Love Cruise and there was a special on VTM: Overal K3 (Everywhere K3), in which Hanne, Klaasje and Marthe showed more of themselves and talked about the impact of K3 on their private lives.

The fiction series "K3 Roller Disco", was released at 31 October 2018. It's a spin-off of "Hello K3", including a same character and actor from the sitcom. For the first time in history, K3 has started roller skating, which is reflected in the Roller Disco series, their video clip of the title song and on stage during their tour in 2018. From 2018, K3 became television judges/coaches on seasons four and five of the Flemish version of The Voice Kids.

In 2019, the band celebrated their 20th anniversary with a spectacular show with moving stands, stages and LED Walls. Includes a moving car, light-up outfits and more than 80 dancers. In May they opened their own roller coaster in Plopsaland named 'K3 Roller Skater' themed around their roller skates and their fiction series.

Initially, a new tour was planned to follow in the spring of 2020, but due to the corona crisis in Europe, this tour was postponed to the autumn of 2021. Responding to the crisis, K3 released a new version of their song 'Handjes draaien' (Turning hands) entitled 'Handjes wassen' (Wash hands) to children to explain a little about the crisis and provide them with some support.

That same year, Hanne, Klaasje and Marthe recorded their second cinema movie K3 Dans van de Farao (K3 Dance of the Pharaoh), entirely in style with the corona rules, which is noticeable in the movie. After postponement, the movie premiered in June 2021.

From 2020, K3 became part of the rhythm game series Just Dance. With their song '10.000 luchtballonnen' in Just Dance 2020 and in Just Dance 2021 'Dans van de Farao'.

Search for new member (2021)

On 9 February 2021 member Klaasje announced her departure from K3. "K3's life is fantastic, but I feel it's time now to spread my wings; just as there is a beginning and an end for everything, now the time has come for me to look further and broaden my horizons. I will miss Hanne and Marthe enormously". She fulfilled the 2021 group schedules up until the last quarter.

The label, Studio 100, announced a new member will be cast through a survival show similar to K2 zoekt K3 and K3 zoekt K3. For the first time, both sexes are qualified to join the group.

Members

Signatures

Former members

Temporary members

Diede van den Heuvel
K2 zoekt K3 finalist Diede van den Heuvel stood in for pregnant member Hanne Verbruggen during the remaining Dutch shows of the 2022 tour.

Marie Verhulst
During De Grote Sinterklaasshow in December 2022, Marie Verhulst sang for Hanne Verbruggen during the last song.

Timeline

Projects in other languages
In 2002, K3 recorded English, French and German-language versions of their third album, Tele-Romeo.

After K3 founder Niels William sold the act to Studio 100 in 2002, he moved to South Africa and started his own music studio. In March 2004, he launched X4, a four-member girl group that sang translations of K3 songs in Afrikaans and English. This group released Heyah Mama, which featured a single of the same name.

In May 2007, Studio 100 launched Wir 3, a German version of K3 which sang translated versions of K3 songs and emulated the original band's style by casting a redhead, a brunette, and a blonde (also German colors).

In October 2017, Studio 100 launched My3, a Polish version of K3 with production group Tako Media and television broadcaster Polsat.

Discography

Studio albums
 Parels (1999)
 Alle kleuren (2000)
 Tele-Romeo (2001)
 Verliefd (2002)
 Oya lélé (2003)
 De wereld rond (2004)
 Kuma hé (2005)
 Ya ya yippee (2006)
 Kusjes (2007)
 MaMaSé! (2009)
 Eyo! (2011)
 Engeltjes (2012)
 Loko le (2013)
 10.000 Luchtballonnen (2015)
 Ushuaia (2016)
 Love Cruise (2017)
 Roller Disco (2018)
 Dromen (2019)
 Dans van de Farao (2020)
 Waterval (2021)
 Vleugels (2022)

Musicals
K3 has performed in several musicals. In Doornroosje (Sleeping Beauty), during 2002, they played three good fairies and in De 3 biggetjes (The Three Little Pigs) in 2003. They played the eponymous three pigs, Knirrie (Verbeke), Knarrie (Damen) and Knorrie (Aerts) and reprised these roles in 2007 for a tour of both Belgium and the Netherlands.

In 2011, they came back with a new musical, Alice In Wonderland with Josje Huisman, who had joined the group the previous year. The musical is the first live musical to use 3D projections. The production toured Belgium and the Netherlands in 2011.

In June 2023, it was announced that K3 will play the musical De 3 biggetjes for a third time in 2024.

Filmography
The members of K3 have also starred in several theatrical films and TV specials. They usually portray fictional versions of themselves, having all kind of adventures.

In 2004, they released their first theatrical movie, K3 en het Magische Medaillon (K3 and the magic medallion). The film premiered on 29 September 2004. In the film, Dutch television celebrity Paul de Leeuw played the genie.

In 2006, the second theatrical K3 movie, K3 en het IJsprinsesje (K3 and the little ice princess), was released. In this fairy tale film Carry Tefsen played the witch at the pancake house, Peter Faber played the king and famous Belgian comedian Urbanus played the wizard.

The third theatrical K3 movie, K3 en de Kattenprins (K3 and the Catprince) had its Dutch premiere on 20 December 2007.

On 12 December 2012 a fourth theatrical K3 movie, K3 Bengeltjes (K3 Little Dangles), was released in Belgium in the Netherlands. This was the first K3 movie without Kathleen, Josje's predecessor. The movie is connected to their sitcom, Hallo K3! (Hello K3!), and stars some of the same actors and characters.

On 12 February 2014 a fifth theatrical K3 movie, K3 Dierenhotel (K3 Animalhotel), was released in Belgium and the Netherlands. This is the second movie featuring Josje Huisman and also includes actors and characters from the sitcom.

On 9 December 2017 a sixth theatrical K3 movie, K3 Love Cruise, was released in Belgium and the Netherlands. It's the first movie of the new K3: Hanne, Klaasje and Marthe. Also this K3 movie features a few actors and characters from the sitcom, Hallo K3! (Hello K3!).

It was announced on 14 May 2020 that K3 will be filming the seventh K3 movie, Dans van de Farao (Dance of the Pharaoh). The original premiere was supposed to take place in December 2020, but it was postponed due to the corona measures. The movie finally premiered in the Netherlands on June 5 2021 and in Belgium on June 9 2021. This is the second movie of Hanne, Klaasje and Marthe, and features the regular cast of their fiction series, K3 Roller Disco.

Recordings of their musicals and concert shows are also available on DVD.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" |Movies
|-
!Year
!Title
!Translation
!Remarks
|-
|2004
|K3 en het Magische Medaillon
|K3 and the magic medallion
|
|-
|2006
|K3 en het IJsprinsesje
|K3 and the Little Ice Princess
|
|-
|2006
|Piet Piraat en het vliegende schip
|Piet Pirate and the flying ship
|Voices of the carnivorous plants
|-
|2007
|K3 en de Kattenprins
|K3 and the Catprince
|
|-
|2012
|K3 Bengeltjes
|K3 Little Dangles
|
|-
|2014
|K3 Dierenhotel
|K3 Animalhotel
|
|-
|2017
|K3 Love Cruise
|
|
|-
|2020
|K3 Dans Van De Farao
|K3 Dance of the Pharaoh
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Shows
|-
!Year
!Title
!Translation
!Remarks
|-
|2000
|De wereld van K3
|The world of K3
|
|-
|2001
|Tele-Romeo Tour
|
|
|-
|2002
|Toveren Tour
|Magic tour
|
|-
|2003
|K3 in Wonderland
|
|
|-
|2004
|K3 de wereld rond
|K3 around the world
|
|-
|2005, 2012
|K3 in Ahoy
|K3 in Ahoy
|
|-
|2006
|K3 en het Heksenexamen
|K3 and the Witch's exam
|
|-
|2008
|K3 en het Toverhart
|K3 and the magic heart
|
|-
|2009
|MaMaSé!
|
|
|-
|2010
|K3 en de Wondermachine
|K3 and the Wonder Machine
|
|-
|2013
|K3 Verjaardagsshow 15 jaar
|K3 Birthday Show 15 years
|
|-
|2014-2015
|K3 Kan Het! Show
|K3 can do it! Show
|
|-
|2015-2016
|Afscheidstour
|Farewell tour
|Show with the old K3 and the new K3 together
|-
|2017
|K3 in de ruimte
|K3 in space
|
|-
|2018
|K3 Vlindershow
|K3 Butterfly Show
|
|-
|2019
|K3 Verjaardagsshow 20 jaar
|K3 Birthday Show 20 years
|
|-
|2021
|K3 Dromenshow
|K3 Dream Show
|The farewell of Klaasje Meijer
|-
|2022
|Kom erbij!
|Join us!
|The entrance of Julia Boschman
|-
|2023
|Vleugels
|Wings
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Musical
|-
!Year
!Title
!Translation
!Remarks
|-
|2002
|Doornroosje
|Sleeping Beauty
|As the Three Good Fairies
|-
|2003, 2007
|De 3 biggetjes
|The three piglets
|As The Three Little Pigs
|-
|2011
|Alice in Wonderland
|
|
|-
! colspan="4" |Television
|-
!Year
!Title
!Translation
!Remarks
|-
|2000, 2002
|Samson en Gert
|Samson and Gert
|Episode 'K3 op bezoek' and 'K3 komt niet'''
|-
|2003-2009
2010-2013
|De wereld van K3|The world of K3
|
|-
|2009, 2021
|K2 Zoekt K3|K2 searching for K3
|Search of the successor of Kathleen Aerts (2009) and Klaasje Meijer (2021)
|-
|2010-2012
|Hallo K3!|Hello K3!
|Comedy series
|-
|2014-2015
|K3 Kan Het!
|K3 can do it!
|Wish series
|-
|2015
|K3 Zoekt K3|K3 searching for K3
|Search of the new K3
|-
|2015
|Dit is K3!|This is K3!
|Reality series
|-
|2016
|Wij zijn K3!|We are K3!
|Documentary series
|-
|2016
|De Avonturen van K3|The Adventures of K3
|Animated series
|-
|2016-2017
|Iedereen K3|Everyone K3
|
|-
|2016-2017
|K3 Dansstudio|K3 Dance Studio
|K3 teaches the viewer the dances of their greatest hits
|-
|2018
|De tafel van K3|The table of K3
|K3 invites various guests and also answers viewer questions
|-
|2018-2020
2022
|The Voice Kids (Flemish)
|
|As judges/coaches
|-
|2018-2020
|K3 Roller Disco|
|Fiction series
|-
|2020
|K3 Roller Disco Club|
|Spin-off of the fiction series
|-
|2021
|K3, een nieuw begin|K3, a new begin
|Reality series
|-
|2022
|K3, een nieuwe start|K3, a new start
|Documentary series
|-
|2022
|K3 Vriendenboek|K3 Friendship book
|Wish series
|-
|2022
|K3, één jaar later|K3, one year later
|K3 looks back on the first year with Julia
|-
|2023
|The Best Singers (Liefde voor muziek, België)|Love for Music, Belgium
|As participating artists
|-
|2023
|Team K3|
|Documentary series
|-
! colspan="4" |Specials
|-
!Year
!Title
!Translation
!Remarks
|-
|2002
|K3 in Zwitserland|K3 in Switzerland
|
|-
|2003
|K3 in de Ardennen|K3 in the Ardennes
|
|-
|2006
|K3 in de sneeuw|K3 in the snow
|
|-
|2010
|K3 en het wensspel|K3 and the wish game
|
|-
|2011
|K3 en het droombed|K3 and the dream bed
|
|-
|2012
|K3 Modemeiden|K3 Fashion girls
|
|-
|2014
|K3 in Nederland|K3 in the Netherlands
|
|-
|2015-2016
|Welkom bij K3!|Welcome to K3!
|The new K3 looks back on the best moments of Karen, Kristel and Kathleen/Josje
|-
|2016
|Het dagboek van K3 2016|The diary of K3 2016
|Hanne, Klaasje and Marthe look back on their first year as K3
|-
|2017
|Overal K3|Everywhere K3
|K3 looks back on VTM over the past 2 years. With guests, live music and candid conversations
|-
|2017
|Het dagboek van K3 2017|The diary of K3 2017
|K3 looks back on the second year in 2017
|-
|2018
|Het dagboek van K3 2018|The diary of K3 2018
|K3 looks back on the third year in 2018
|-
|2020
|Just Dance 2020
|
|With the single '10.000 luchtballonnen'
|-
|2021
|Just Dance 2021
|
|With the single 'Dans van de farao'
|-
|2022
|Just Dance 2022
|
|With the single 'Waterval'
|-
|2023
|Just Dance 2023
|
|With the single 'Vleugels'
|-
|2023
|Een terugblik op 25 jaar K3|A look back at 25 years of K3
|Marthe and Julia look back together on the history of 25 years of K3
|}

References

 External links
 Official site K3 (Dutch)
 K3-lyrics Songtexts of K3

 Alistair MacLean, K3, flanderstoday.eu'', 21 October 2009

Belgian pop music groups
Dutch girl groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Sony BMG artists

K3 (group)


John White Geary (December 30, 1819February 8, 1873) was an American lawyer, politician, Freemason, and a Union general in the American Civil War. He was the final alcalde and first mayor of San Francisco, a governor of the Kansas Territory, and the 16th governor of Pennsylvania.

Early years
Geary was born near Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania, in Westmoreland County—in what is today the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. He was the son of Richard Geary, an ironmaster and schoolmaster of Scotch-Irish descent, and Margaret White, a native of Maryland. Starting at the age of 14, he attended nearby Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, studying civil engineering and law, but was forced to leave before graduation due to the death of his father, whose debts he assumed. He worked at a variety of jobs, including as a surveyor and land speculator in Kentucky, earning enough to return to college and graduate in 1841. He worked as a construction engineer for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. In 1843, he married Margaret Ann Logan, with whom he had several sons, but she died in 1853. Geary then married the widowed Mary Church Henderson in 1858 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

Geary was active in the state militia as a teenager. In December 1846, during the Mexican–American War, he was commissioned in the 2nd Pennsylvania Infantry, serving as lieutenant colonel. He led the regiment heroically at Chapultepec, and was wounded five times in the process. Geary was an excellent target for enemy fire: a huge man for that era, he stood six feet six inches tall, 260 pounds (118 kg) and solidly built. Altogether, he was wounded at least ten times in his military career. Geary's exploits at Belén Gate earned him the rank of colonel and he returned home a war hero.

California politics
Moving west, Geary was appointed postmaster of San Francisco by President James K. Polk on January 22, 1849, and on January 8 1850, he was elected the city's alcalde, before California became a state, and then the first mayor of the city. Aged thirty at the time of his appointment, he holds the record as the youngest mayor in San Francisco history. As alcalde, he served as the city's judge in addition to the city's mayor. Geary returned to Pennsylvania in 1852 because of his wife's failing health. After her death, President Franklin Pierce wanted to appoint him governor of the Utah Territory, but Geary declined.

Territorial Governor of Kansas
Geary accepted Pierce's appointment as governor of the Kansas Territory on July 31, 1856. Proslavery forces opposed Geary, favoring instead either acting governor Daniel Woodson or Surveyor General John Calhoun (an Illinois politician). Geary spent a month preparing for his new position and then left for the territory. While traveling up the Missouri River, his boat docked at Glasgow, Missouri, where he happened upon recently fired governor Wilson Shannon. They briefly discussed the "Bleeding Kansas" crisis and Geary had previously met with Missouri governor Sterling Price, who promised Geary that Free-staters would be allowed safe passage through Missouri.

Geary arrived at Fort Leavenworth on September 9 and went to the territorial capital at Lecompton the following day, becoming the youngest territorial governor of Kansas. He believed that his previous administrative experience in government would help bring peace to the territory, but he was unable to stop the violence. He told his first audience, "I desire to know no party, no section, no North, no South, no East, no West; nothing but Kansas and my country." Geary disbanded the existing Kansas militia, organized a new state militia, and relied heavily on federal troops to help keep order. On October 17, he started a twenty-day tour of the territory and spoke to groups everywhere he stopped to gain their opinions.

Despite his efforts to be a neutral peacemaker, Geary and the proslavery legislature clashed. Geary stopped a large force of Missouri border ruffians who were heading to Lawrence to once again burn the town. Additionally, he vetoed a bill which would provide for an election of delegates to the Lecompton constitutional convention. This bill would have bypassed any referendum on a constitution before being submitted to the U.S. Congress for ratification. The legislature, however, overrode the veto.

Geary also angered Free-staters when he turned away $20,000 from the Vermont legislature that was intended to help the suffering from the harsh winter of 1856–57. Geary wrote in his response, "[there is] doubtless some suffering ... consequent upon the past disturbances and the present extremely cold weather; but probably no more than exists in other territories or in either of the states of the Union."

Initially, Geary solidly abhorred the proposals he received from Kansas abolitionists. By the time of the 1856 presidential election, however, he had completely reversed his position and had become intimate friends with Charles Robinson and Samuel Pomeroy. Additionally, he totally distrusted the proslavery forces and in letters to President Pierce, he blamed them for the deprivations in the territory. Geary even went so far as to reject his candidacy from the Democratic party of Kansas for the U.S. Senate. Instead, he worked with the Free-staters to create a plan for Kansas to be admitted to the Union under the Topeka constitution as a free state, with himself as governor of a Democratic administration. Support for this plan in Congress was lacking.

Geary soon began to fear for his personal safety after his private secretary, Dr. John Gihon, was assaulted by proslavery ruffians. Geary submitted his resignation to incoming President James Buchanan, expecting that he would be reappointed. Instead, Buchanan fired Geary on March 12, 1857, with an effective date of March 20. In his farewell message to the territory, Geary stated that he had not sought the office and "[that it] was by no means desirable." He added, "most of the troubles which lately agitated the territory, were occasioned by men who had no especial interest in its welfare... The great body of the actual citizens are conservative, law-abiding and peace-loving men, disposed rather to make sacrifices for conciliation and consequent peace, than to insist for their entire rights should the general body thereby be caused to suffer."

Armed with two guns, Geary left the territory during the night on March 21 and returned to Washington, D.C. Afterward, he spoke at many public meetings about the dangers in Kansas. Although he did not bring peace to the territory, Geary's administration did leave the territory more peaceful than it had been before his arrival. Geary returned to his Pennsylvania farm and remarried.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, Geary raised the 147th and 28th Pennsylvania Infantry regiments and became colonel of the latter. Commanding the district of the upper Potomac River, he was wounded and captured near Leesburg, Virginia, on March 8, 1862, but was immediately exchanged and returned to duty. On April 25, 1862, he was promoted to Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers and the command of a brigade in Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks's corps, which he led in the Shenandoah Valley against Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. His brigade joined Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia in late June. He led it at the Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9, 1862, where he was seriously wounded in the arm and leg. He returned to duty on October 15 as the division commander; the corps was now part of the Army of the Potomac, designated the XII Corps, under the command of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum.

Geary's division was heavily engaged at Chancellorsville, where he was knocked unconscious as a cannonball shot past his head on May 3, 1863. (Some accounts state that he was hit in the chest with a cannonball.)

At the Battle of Gettysburg, Slocum's corps arrived after the first day's (July 1, 1863) fighting subsided and took up a defensive position on Culp's Hill, the extreme right of the Union line. On the second day, heavy fighting on the Union left demanded reinforcements and Geary was ordered to leave a single brigade, under Brig. Gen. George S. Greene, on Culp's Hill and follow another division, which was just departing. Geary lost track of the division he was supposed to follow south on the Baltimore Pike and inexplicably marched completely off the battlefield, eventually reaching Rock Creek. His two brigades finally returned to Culp's Hill by 9:00 pm that night, arriving in the midst of a fierce fire fight between a Confederate division and Greene's lone brigade. This embarrassing incident might have damaged his reputation except for two factors: the part of the battle he was supposed to march to join had ended, so he wasn't really needed; and, because of a dispute between army commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade and Slocum over the filing of their official reports, little public notice ensued.

The XII Corps was transferred west to join the besieged Union army at Chattanooga. Geary's son Edward died in his arms at the Battle of Wauhatchie, enraging him sufficiently to prevail in a battle in which his division was greatly outnumbered. He distinguished himself in command during the Battle of Lookout Mountain, the entire Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and the Carolinas Campaign. He oversaw the surrender of Savannah, Georgia, and briefly served as the city's military governor, where he was breveted to major general.

Governor of Pennsylvania and death

After the war, Geary served two terms as the Republican governor of Pennsylvania, from 1867 to 1873. He established a reputation as a political independent, attacking the political influence of the railroads and vetoing many special interest bills.

On February 8, 1873, less than three weeks after leaving the governor's post, Geary was fatally stricken with a heart attack while preparing breakfast for his infant son in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He was 53 years old. He was buried in Harrisburg with state honors in Mount Kalmia Cemetery, now, the Harrisburg Cemetery.

Freemasonry
Geary was made a Mason at Sight on January 4, 1847, in Pennsylvania (Philanthropy Lodge #255), just before he left with his troops to fight in the Mexican War. During the Civil War, he was the commanding Union general at the fall of Savannah, Georgia. He placed Federal troops about the quarters of Solomon's Lodge No. 1 to save it from looting and damage. Later, while Geary was governor of Pennsylvania, the Lodge sent him a resolution of thanks. He answered by claiming it was the principles and tenets of Freemasonry that helped Reconstruction to be as successful as it finally turned out to be. In this reply, he said: "... I feel again justified in referring to our beloved institution, by saying that to Freemasonry the people of the country are indebted for many mitigations of the suffering caused by the direful passions of war."

In memoriam
Geary County, Kansas, was renamed in honor of John W. Geary in 1889 (previously named Davis County for Jefferson Davis, it was renamed at the insistence of its citizens; in 1893, the county electorate rejected an attempt to restore the Davis County name), as is Geary Boulevard in San Francisco, a major artery in that city, Geary Avenue on the field at Gettysburg, Geary Street in New Cumberland, Pennsylvania (where Geary owned a home), Geary Street in Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania, and Geary Hall, an undergraduate dorm building in East Halls at Pennsylvania State University. There is a monument to Geary in the town center of Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania. Geary, Kansas (in Doniphan County) was also named in his honor, but the town ceased to exist in 1905. In 1914, a monument to Geary was erected on Culp's Hill at Gettysburg, but it was not formally dedicated until August 11, 2007.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Blackmar, Frank W. Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History. 2 vols. Chicago: Standard Publishing, 1912. .
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Geary, John W. A Politician Goes to War: The Civil War Letters of John White Geary. Edited by William Alan Blair. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. .
 Gihon, John H. Geary and Kansas: Governor Geary's Administration in Kansas with a Complete History of the Territory until July 1857. Philadelphia: Charles C. Rhodes, 1857. .
 Johnson, Samuel A. The Battle Cry of Freedom: The New England Emigrant Aid Company in the Kansas Crusade. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1954. .
 Socolofsky, Homer E. Kansas Governors. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990. .
 Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. .

External links

 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission description of Geary's governorship
 The John W. Geary Letters at the Georgia Historical Society.
 The Geary Family Papers, including correspondence and John W. Geary's diary, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
 William G. Cutler's History of the State of Kansas

 "John White Geary" Monument at the Historical Marker Database
John White Geary Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1819 births
1873 deaths
People from Mount Pleasant, Pennsylvania
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Burials at Harrisburg Cemetery
California postmasters
Kansas Democrats
Pennsylvania Republicans
Governors of Kansas Territory
Governors of Pennsylvania
Republican Party governors of Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
Mayors of San Francisco
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Politicians from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
19th-century American politicians
19th-century Methodists
Methodists from California
Methodists from Kansas
Methodists from Pennsylvania

John W. Geary