The Blue Dahlia is a 1946 American crime film and film noir with an original screenplay by Raymond Chandler directed by George Marshall and starring Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake and William Bendix. It was Chandler's first original screenplay.

Plot
Three demobilized United States Navy aviators, Johnny Morrison, Buzz Wanchek, and George Copeland, arrive in Hollywood, California. All three flew together in the same flight crew from Kwajalein Atoll in the South Pacific. Buzz has shell shock and a metal plate in his head above his ear.

While George and Buzz get an apartment together, Johnny surprises his wife, Helen, at her hotel bungalow where she is hosting a riotous party with many drunken revellers. Johnny discovers that Helen is having an affair with Eddie Harwood, the owner of the Blue Dahlia nightclub on the Sunset Strip. Johnny punches Eddie as he leaves and then apologizes for losing his temper. The party ends and everybody leaves. Helen, drunk, confesses to Johnny that their son, Dickie, who Johnny believed died of diphtheria, actually died in a car crash that happened because she was driving while drunk. Johnny and Helen scuffle, which is witnessed by the hotel detective, "Dad" Newell. Johnny decides to leave. He pulls a gun on Helen, states 'that's what you deserve,' but drops the gun on a chair and leaves.

Buzz goes out to find Johnny at his hotel bungalow. He meets Helen Morrison in the hotel bar and, unaware of her identity, goes to her bungalow for a drink to wait for Mrs Morrison.

Helen rings Eddie who breaks up with her over the phone. However, she then blackmails him into seeing her again. Eddie visits Helen at her bungalow; this is witnessed by the hotel detective.

Johnny is picked up by Joyce Harwood (who is driving to Malibu) while walking in the rain. She is estranged from Eddie. Neither reveals their names. Although attracted to each other, they part ways and Johnny spends the night in a beach-side inn. The next morning, at the same inn, Joyce sees Johnny at breakfast and reveals that she stayed at the same inn. They decide to walk on the beach to look for moonstones. Whilst purchasing a bus ticket for Los Angeles, Johnny hears the radio announce that Helen has been murdered and that Johnny is suspected. He then quickly leaves to board a bus.

The police interview Newell, Harwood, Buzz, and George.

Johnny checks in to a cheap hotel in Los Angeles under an assumed name. Corelli, the hotel manager, finds Johnny's framed photo of himself with Dickie and tries to blackmail him. Johnny punches Corelli out, smashing the frame in the process; he discovers on the back of the photo that Helen has written an insurance note revealing that Eddie is really Bauer, a murderer who is wanted in New Jersey.

Corelli revives and sells information on Johnny's identity to a gangster named Leo (the nightclub partner of Eddie), who then kidnaps Johnny when he visits George and Buzz.

Buzz and George visit Eddie at the Blue Dahlia. Joyce, who has agreed to meet Eddie, introduces herself. As Joyce picks at a blue dahlia flower, the nightclub's music sets off a painful ring in Buzz's head. Lapsing into a fit, he remembers the agonizing music that he heard at Helen's bungalow, as she played with a blue dahlia.

Johnny escapes Leo and his side-kick, knocking them both out just before Eddie arrives. They talk and Eddie admits with regret that, fifteen years earlier, he was involved in the shooting of a bank messenger.

Leo comes around and tries to shoot Johnny, but during a scuffle, he shoots Eddie instead. Johnny ends up shooting Leo and flees to the Blue Dahlia, where the police are trying to force a confused Buzz to admit that he killed Helen.

Johnny enters and suggests that Joyce turn up the jazz music that Buzz hates. As his head pounds, Buzz remembers leaving Helen alive in her bungalow. Newell tries to shift suspicion towards George, then attempts to leave as Police Captain Hendrickson confronts Newell with the accusation that he tried to blackmail Helen about her affair, and that he killed her when she refused to comply. Newell then tries to escape from the office but is shot dead by Hendrickson when he pulls his own gun.

Later, outside the Blue Dahlia, Buzz and George decide to go for a drink, leaving Johnny and Joyce together.

Cast

 Alan Ladd as Johnny Morrison
 Veronica Lake as Joyce Harwood
 William Bendix as Buzz Wanchek
 Howard da Silva as Eddie Harwood
 Doris Dowling as Helen Morrison
 Hugh Beaumont as George Copeland
 Tom Powers as Captain Hendrickson
 Howard Freeman as Corelli
 Don Costello as Leo
 Will Wright as "Dad" Newell
 Frank Faylen as man recommending motel
 Walter Sande as Heath

Uncredited performances include Mae Busch as Jenny the maid, Anthony Caruso as a corporal playing a jukebox, and Noel Neill as Nolie the hatcheck girl.

Production

Development
In 1945 Alan Ladd was one of Paramount's top stars. He had served for ten months in the army in 1943 before being honorably discharged due to illness; however, he had recently been reclassified 1-A for the military draft, and he might have had to go back into the Army. Paramount kept applying for deferments so he could make films but Ladd was due for induction in May 1945.

The studio wanted to make a movie starring him before that happened, but had nothing suitable. Producer John Houseman knew Raymond Chandler from having collaborated on Paramount's The Unseen, which Houseman produced and Chandler rewrote. Houseman says Chandler had started a novel but was "stuck" and was considering turning it into a screenplay for the movies instead. Houseman read the 120 pages Chandler had written and, within 48 hours, it was sold to Paramount. Houseman would produce it under the supervision of Joseph Sistrom.

It was the first original script for the screen that Chandler had ever written. He wrote the first half of the script in under six weeks and sent it to Paramount. Delighted, the studio arranged for filming to start in three weeks' time.

Paramount announced the film in February 1945, with Ladd, Lake, Bendix and Marshall (the director) all attached from the beginning. Houseman said George Marshall had a reputation for rewriting extensively on the set and had to persuade him to stick to the script. (Marshall said he was so impressed with the writing he never had any intention of rewriting.)

Houseman recalled that Ladd was unhappy with the casting of Doris Dowling as his wife because she was half a foot taller than he but this was disguised during their scenes together.

Shooting
Shooting began in March 1945 without a completed screenplay. Houseman was not worried initially because of his confidence in Chandler. He says four weeks into filming the studio began to worry as they were running out of script. "We had shot sixty-two pages in four weeks; Chandler, during that time, had turned in only twenty-two—with another thirty to go."

The problem was the ending. Originally, Chandler intended the killer to be Buzz having a blackout. However, the Navy did not want a serviceman to be portrayed as a murderer, and Paramount told Chandler that he had to come up with a new ending. Chandler responded at first with writer's block. Paramount offered Chandler a $5,000 incentive to finish the script, which did not work, according to Houseman:It was the front-office calculation, I suppose, that by dangling this fresh carrot before Chandler's nose they were executing a brilliant and cunning maneuver. They did not know their man. They succeeded, instead, in disturbing him in three distinct and separate ways: One, his faith in himself was destroyed. By never letting Ray share my apprehensions, I had convinced him of my confidence in his ability to finish the script on time. This sense of security was now hopelessly shattered. Two, he had been insulted. To Ray, the bonus was nothing but a bribe. To be offered a large additional sum of money for the completion of an assignment for which he had already contracted and which he had every intention of fulfilling was by his standards a degradation and a dishonor. Three, by going to him behind my back they had invited him to betray a friend and fellow Public School man. The way the interview had been conducted ('sneakily') filled Ray with humiliation and rage.
Chandler wanted to quit, but Houseman convinced him to sleep on it. The next day, Chandler said he would be able to finish the film if he resumed drinking. Houseman said that the writer's requirements were "two Cadillac limousines, to stand day and night outside the house with drivers available", "six secretaries", and "a direct line open at all times to my office by day, to the studio switchboard at night and to my home at all times." Houseman agreed and says Chandler then started drinking:

[Chandler] did not minimize the hazards [of drinking]", said Houseman in 1964, "He pointed out that his plan... would call for deep faith on my part and supreme courage on his, since he would in effect be completing the script at the risk of his life. (It wasn't the drinking that was dangerous, he explained, since he had a doctor who gave him such massive injections of glucose that he could last for weeks with no solid food at all. It was the sobering up that was parlous; the terrible strain of his return to normal living)."

At the end of that time, Chandler presented the finished script.

Chandler was unhappy with the forced ending, saying it made "a routine whodunnit out of a fairly original idea." He also disliked the performance of Lake. "The only times she's good is when she keeps her mouth shut and looks mysterious", he told a friend. "The moment she tries to behave as if she had a brain she falls flat on her face. The scenes we had to cut out because she loused them up! And there are three godawful close shots of her looking perturbed that make me want to throw my lunch over the fence."

Chandler received a lot of deference on the set, but Lake was not familiar with him so, upon asking about him and being told, "He's the greatest mystery writer around", she made a point of listening intently to an analysis of his work by the film's publicity director to impress newspaper reporters with her knowledge of a writer she had never read. Chandler developed an intense dislike for Lake and referred to her as "Moronica Lake".

Lake later said about her role, "I'm not much of a motivating force, but the part is good."

By May 1945, the government ruled that all men aged 30 or over would be released from the obligation to go back into the Army. Ladd did not have to re-enlist after all.

Reception and Legacy

Box office
The Blue Dahlia ranked among the most popular films at the British box office in 1946.

Critical response
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther called the film "a honey of a rough-'em-up romance" and wrote: "[A]n air of deepening mystery overhangs this tempestuous tale which shall render it none the less intriguing to those lovers of the brutal and bizarre. ... George Marshall has tautly directed from Mr. Chandler's crafty script. The tact of all this may be severely questioned, but it does make a brisk, exciting show."

Variety magazine wrote: "Playing a discharged naval flier returning home from the Pacific first to find his wife unfaithful, then to find her murdered and himself in hiding as the suspect, Alan Ladd does a bangup job. Performance has a warm appeal, while in his relentless track down of the real criminal, Ladd has a cold, steel-like quality that is potent. Fight scenes are stark and brutal, and tremendously effective."

Diabolique called it "a fantastic film noir, full of atmosphere, intrigue, crackling dialogue and sensational performances, which was recognized as a classic almost immediately and made a tonne of money."

The films title could have been the origin of the Black Dahlia nickname, given to 1947 murder victim Elizabeth Short.

The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of its critics gave the film a positive review, based on 11 reviews.

Awards and honors
Chandler was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

Adaptations
The Blue Dahlia was dramatized as a half-hour radio play on the April 21, 1949 broadcast of The Screen Guild Theater, starring Lake and Ladd in their original film roles. The movie was also adapted into a stage play in 1989.

Houseman's narrative of the film's creation was dramatized for BBC Radio by Ray Connolly in 2009.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Review of film at New York Times − (archive)
 Review of film at Variety

Streaming audio
 The Blue Dahlia on Screen Guild Theater: April 21, 1949

1946 films
1940s crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Films scored by Victor Young
Films directed by George Marshall
Films set in Los Angeles
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Raymond Chandler
Films about infidelity
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

The Blue Dahlia


Grantley is a village (also known as High Grantley) and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England.  It lies  west of Ripon.  The parish also includes the hamlet of Low Grantley.  The population of the parish was estimated at 130 in 2013.

The parish lies on the north bank of the River Skell, in a well-wooded valley. Grantley Sawmills is a local employer, just outside the parish on the south bank of the river.  Grantley Hall, on the north bank of the river, is an 18th-century Grade II* listed building, built by Thomas Norton and his son Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley.

The toponym, first mentioned in about 1030, is Old English, and means "clearing of a man called Grante".

Grantley was historically a township in the parish of Ripon in the West Riding of Yorkshire.  It became a separate civil parish in 1866, and was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire in 1974.  The parish now shares a grouped parish council with Sawley.

References

External links

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire

Grantley, North Yorkshire


Miss Fury is a fictional superheroine from the Golden Age of Comics. She first appeared as The Black Fury on April 6, 1941, a  Sunday comic strip distributed by the Bell Syndicate, and created by artist June Tarpé Mills (writing as Tarpé Mills). The strip was retitled Miss Fury in November 1941.

Overview
The character's real identity is wealthy socialite Marla Drake. She has no innate superpowers, but gains increased strength and speed when she dons a special skintight catsuit when fighting crime. The panther skin was bequeathed to her by her uncle, who said that it was used by an African witch doctor in voodoo ceremonies.

Miss Fury combats several recurring villains, including mad scientist Diman Saraf and Nazi agents Baroness Erica Von Kampf and General Bruno. Drake was also involved in a love triangle with her former fiancé, Gary Hale, and Detective Dan Carey. A complicated figure, Marla doesn't seem to like being a superhero, resenting the need for a secret identity and the danger it poses. She is sometimes accompanied by an albino Brazilian named Albino Joe.

Although Miss Fury was popular, the revealing outfits worn by the female characters provoked some controversy at the time. When Marla Drake was drawn wearing a bikini in 1947, 37 newspapers dropped the strip in response. The Miss Fury strip ran until 1952.

Marvel Comics (then known as Timely Comics) reprinted her Sunday strips in comic book form from 1942 to 1946 in eight issues published from Winter 1942 to Winter 1945.

In 1979 Archival Press reissued her early adventures in graphic novel format, with a new cover by Mills.

In 2011, IDW's "The Library of American Comics" put out a collection of strips covering 1944–49 and they also published another volume containing the 1941–1944 Miss Fury strips in 2013.

Other appearances
Tarpé Mills's Miss Fury was revived in a four-issue mini-series published in 1991 by Adventure Comics (an imprint of Malibu Comics). In that series, Marlene Hale dons a cat outfit from her family's attic as a Halloween costume only to end up rescuing a thirteen-year-old being assaulted by a drug dealer, after which her grandfather Dan Carey reveals that she is the granddaughter of the original Miss Fury. A caped and bare-legged gun-wielding version of Miss Fury appears calling herself "Black Fury", extorting drug dealers and committing murders. At the same time, Marlene's aunt Stephanie (daughter of Erika von Kampf and Dan Carey) also adopts a jacket-wearing version of the Miss Fury persona. Marlene and her grandfather independently suspect that Stephanie is the Black Fury, while Stephanie suspects the same of Marlene, and a battle between the two ends when both fall into a vat of chemicals. On another night, Marlene defeats Stephanie, who concedes the mantle of the Miss Fury to Marlene, and they realize that the Black Fury must be a third person. As the true Miss Fury, Marlene tracks down and defeats the Black Fury, who is revealed to be the drug dealer Marlene originally fought.

This version of Miss Fury, now with increased strength and aggression from falling into the vat of chemicals, would return in issues 10–12 of Malibu Comics' Protectors series. Black Fury, who Marlene again suspects of being a similarly chemically enhanced version of her aunt Stephanie, has kidnapped the grandson of President Brian O'Brien (the former Clock). Miss Fury helps the Protectors rescue the grandson, but Black Fury slips away. Miss Fury would continue to appear in the pages of The Protectors until the series ended with issue #20 in 1994.

The original Miss Fury also saw a brief cameo reappearance in 2008 when Marvel Comics published the first issue of the series The Twelve. She was depicted as part of an army of 1940s costumed heroes storming Berlin, Nazi Germany during the final days of World War II.

In November 2012, the Golden Age Miss Fury appeared in the eight issue Dynamite Entertainment mini-series Masks, where she joined with other comic and pulp-magazine heroes (including Zorro, the Shadow and the Green Hornet) to combat the villainous "Party of Justice". In April 2013, Dynamite began publishing a comic book series with an updated version of the Golden Age Miss Fury, which ran for eleven issues through 2014, collected as Miss Fury: Anger is an Energy and Miss Fury: Walk Through the Valley. During the same period, she appeared alongside the Sparrow (of The Shadow) in the five issue mini-series Noir, collected in Noir: The Mohawk Templar. In 2015, she reappeared in Swords of Sorrow: Miss Fury and Lady Rawhide, the six issue Swords of Sorrow mini-series, as well as the six issue sequel, Masks 2. A second volume of the Miss Fury series, collected as Miss Fury: The Minor Key, ran for six issues in 2016. A three-issue third volume titled Miss Fury: Joy Division was announced in 2018 for an October release, but was delayed again in favor of a September 15, 2019 release, before finally being announced for an early 2021 release as a trade-paperback following a successful Indiegogo campaign. The new volume was written and drawn by Billy Tucci and Maria Laura Sanapo.

She also appears in Die!namite (2020–2021) as an elderly woman in a modern day retirement home, who is prompted by a zombie outbreak to again don her costume.

References

Further reading
 "Miss Fury" in The Spectacular Sisterhood of Superwomen: Awesome Female Characters from Comic Book History by Hope Nicholson, Quirk Books (2017)

External links

Golden Age superheroes
1941 comics debuts
Adventure Publications titles
American comics characters
Comics characters introduced in 1941
American comic strips
Dynamite Entertainment characters
Timely Comics characters
Comics about women
Female characters in comics
Female superheroes
Fictional socialites
Fictional World War II veterans

Miss Fury


Johannes (Johann) Zick (January 10, 1702 – March 4, 1762) was a German painter of frescoes in southern Germany and active during the Baroque period. He was the father of painter Januarius Zick and considered to be an important master of the Late Baroque.

Life
Johannes Zick was born in 1702 in Lachen, part of the territory of the Prince-Abbot of Kempten in the Unterallgäu in modern-day Bavaria, where he started his career as a blacksmith in his father's workshop. From 1721 to 1724, he was apprenticed to the Konstanz court painter Jacob Carl Stauder. They both painted the frescoes on the ceiling of the church Mariahilf in Munich.

Zick moved with his family to Munich in 1728 where he was appointed court painter to Prince Bishop Duke Johann Theodor of Bavaria. Johannes Zick's further development as a painter of frescoes was stimulated by the Asam brothers, who were active in Munich at the time.

Johannes Zick worked extensively in Upper Swabia between 1744 and 1749. Due to his employment in Upper Swabia, his family followed him there in 1746, living either in Schussenried or in Biberach an der Riß. In 1746, he painted the frescoes on the ceiling of the central nave in  St. Martin's Church in Biberach an der Riß and, following his design, the other naves were reconstructed and painted with frescoes in 1747.

Around 1750, he moved to Würzburg where he painted the frescoes in the so-called garden room at the Würzburg Residence, the dwelling place of the Prince Bishop of Würzburg. For nine years, between 1751 and 1759, he furnished the residence of the Prince Bishops of Speyer in Bruchsal with paintings. Johannes Zick died in Würzburg in 1762.

Works
 1736 - Decoration of vault and altar in the church of St. John the Baptist, Bergkirchen
 1737 - Frescoes in Roßacker Chapel, Rosenheim
 1738/1739 - Frescoes in St. George's church, Raitenhaslach (Burghausen)
 1740/1742 - Five altarpieces in the collegiate church St. Andrews, Berchtesgaden
 1745/1746 - Frescoes in the Premonstratensian abbey church St. Magnus, Schussenried
 1746/1747 - Frescoes and decorations in the church of St. Martin, Biberach an der Riß
 1749/1750 - Frescoes for the garden-room at the Würzburg Residence
 1751-1759 - Numerous frescoes at the residence in Bruchsal
 1753 - Paintings in Amorbach parish church
 1755 - Paintings in the refectory of Monastery Oberzell near Würzburg
 1756 - Paintings in the Sandkirche, Aschaffenburg
 1757 - Paintings in the Grafenrheinfeld parish church

See also
 Upper Swabian Baroque Route
 Zick

References

1702 births
1762 deaths
18th-century German painters
18th-century German male artists
German male painters
Court painters
Fresco painters
People from Unterallgäu

Johannes Zick


Francesco Carracci (1595 – 3 June 1622) was an Italian painter and engraver, and nephew of the more famous Agostino Carracci.

Life
Carracci was the son of Giovanni Antonio Carracci, in Bologna,1595. His father was a brother of Agostino and Annibale Carracci. Francesco was a youth of great talent and promise. He was taught by Ludovico, cousin of Agostino, in the Academy of the Incamminati, but left the school to start one in opposition to his teacher, calling it the "True School of the Carracci". Like the other members of the Carracci family he taught, engraved, and painted. His Adoration in the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, Bologna, is not only his masterpiece but an excellent piece of vigorous painting. The "True School" was not a success, and, his students left him, Francesco went to Rome and made another attempt to found an academy, only to fail again. He left a few engravings after the works of Lodovico and Annibale. He died in abject poverty in Rome, 1622.

See also
Agostino Carracci, uncle
Annibale Carracci, uncle
Lodovico Carracci, Agostino's cousin
Antonio Marziale Carracci, son of Agostino

References
Francesco Carracci at the Catholic Encyclopedia

1595 births
1622 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian engravers

Francesco Carracci


Manik Bandyopadhyay [alias Banerjee] (; 19 May 1908 – 3 December 1956) is an Indian author regarded as one of the major figures of 20th century Bengali literature. During a lifespan of 48 years and 28 years of literary career, battling with epilepsy from the age of around 28 and financial strains all along, he produced some masterpieces of novels and short stories, besides some poems, essays etc. One of the early neo-realist film shot in Pakistan,  The Day Shall Dawn is based on his story.

Early life
Manik was born on 19 May 1908 in Dumka, a small town of Santhal Parganas district in the state of the then Bihar (now under Jharkhand) in British India in a Bengali Brahmin family of Harihar Bandyopadhyay and Niroda Devi. He was named Prabodh Kumar, but was known mostly by his nickname Manik. Parents had fourteen children (ultimately ten survived) and Manik was fourth of the six sons with all four elder sisters. Family had its ancestral home in Malapadiya village of Bikrampur in Dacca district (present day Bangladesh). His father, who joined in government service as Surveyor and finally retired as sub-deputy collector, had to work in different parts of undivided Bengal like Calcutta, Midnapore, Barasat, Dacca, Dumka, Cumilla, Brahmanbaria, Mymensingh, Tangail and in some parts of Orissa and Bihar. This gave Manik an opportunity to experience the misery and sorrows of the rural and urban people as growing up, which was reflected sympathetically in his works throughout. Romantic in nature, Manik could sing well and play flutes from early in his life almost till death.

Literary life
Manik was much inclined to literature and had read some Bengali masterpieces at an early age. While in Class VII in Bindubasini School at Tangail, the Bengali teacher would be pleased with Manik's way of writing essays and would often advise classmates to follow him. Manik wrote poetry at the age of sixteen. A brilliant student, Manik studied in the prestigious Presidency College in Calcutta (now Kolkata) with Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Honors course in mathematics. One day, some classmates argued that leading periodicals publish stories only of eminent authors. Manik differed and took the challenge with a bet and replied that his first story would be good enough for the purpose. He wrote his first story "Atasimami" (Aunt Atasi), a romantic love story based on his early life experience of an older couple, a clarionet player and his wife, and went straight to the office of the then renowned monthly Bichitra. Manik handed over the story to the deputy editor present there without even asking when to come next to know the fate of the story. After anxiously waiting for around four months, one fine morning, the famous writer and editor of the monthly himself came to his home with a copy of Poush 1335 issue (Dec-Jan 1928–29) and honorarium and requested for another story. "Atasimami" created sensation in the literary circle of Bengal and Manik became casual in his studies and could not succeed twice in B.Sc. final terms and devoted himself wholeheartedly to literature.

Never a well-off person, Manik had to struggle throughout his life to maintain his family along with wife Kamala Bandyopadhyay.

Social and political views
Manik Bandyopadhyay carefully read Freud, Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin and socialist philosophers and participated in cultural activities and mass movements of the toiling people. He finally joined the Communist Party of India in 1944 and remained a member until his death.

Works

In 28 years of literary career, he wrote 38 novels, 306 short stories (includes 32 juvenile stories), one book of drama, one book of poems and one book of essays on literature.

Manik wrote his first novel Dibaratrir Kavya (Poetry of the Day and Night) at the age of 21. His notable novels include first published one, Janani (Mother), 1935, Dibaratrir Kavya, 1935, Putul Nacher Itikatha (The Puppets' Tale), 1936, Padma Nadir Majhi (Boatman of the River Padma), 1936, Shahartoli (Suburbia in 2 vols.), 1940, 1941, Chatushkone (Quadrangle), 1942, Chinha (Signs), 1947, and Halud Nadi Sabuj Bon (Yellow River Green Forest), 1956.

Manik had 16 books of short stories published during his lifetime. Some of his famous stories include: "Sailaja Shila" ("Rocky Rocks"), "Pragoitihasik" ("Primeval"), "Sarishrip" ("Reptiles"), "Atmahatyar Adhikar" ("Right to Suicide"), "Haludpora" ("Burnt Turmeric"), "Namuna" ("A Sample"), "Aaj Kal Porshur Galpo" ("Today, Tomorrow and Day After"), "Shilpi" ("Craftsman"), "Haraner Natjamai" ("Haran's Grandson-in-Law"), "Chhotobokulpurer Jatri" ("Travelers to Chhotobokulpur"), "Upay" ("The Way-out").

His two other works (edited) are Manik Bandyopadhyayer Kavita (Poems of Manik Bandyopadhyay), 1970, edited by Jugantar Chakravarty, and Samagra Prabandha Ebong (Complete Essays), 2015, edited by Subhamoy Mandal and Sukanta Bandyopadhyay.

Adaptations

Movies

 The Day Shall Dawn 1959, Pakistani movie shot in East Pakistan
 Dibratrir Kabya 1970, Indian film
 Calcutta 71
 Choto Bakulpurer Jatri
 Jake Ghoosh Dite Hoy
 Shilpi

Translations
Manik Bandyopadhyay (Banerjee) is one of very few Bengali authors whose works have been translated into so many Indian, English, and other languages abroad. His highly acclaimed novel Padma Nadir Majhi (Boatman of The Padma) has been translated into 7/8 Indian languages, thrice in English and in Swedish, Czech, Hungarian, Chinese, Bulgarian, Russian, Slovak, Dutch, German, French, and latest into Italian in 2014. Other distinctive novel Putul Nacher Itikatha (The Puppets' Tale) has translations into 11/12 Indian languages and in English, Czech and in Hungarian language. The novel Chinnha (Signs) is translated into Assamese (Indian, 2006), English (2021), and into Czech language (1956). Another novel Darpan (Mirror) was translated into Hindi in 1986. Besides, two other novels have also been translated into two Indian languages, English and into Czech language.

Following are the five books of translation of Manik Bandyopadhyay's stories:

1) Primeval And Other Stories, People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 1958. 11 stories by 9 translators – edited by Debiprasad Chattopadhyay with an introduction by Atulchandra Gupta.

2) Selected Stories: Manik Bandyopadhyay, THEMA, Kolkata, 1988. 16 stories by 13 translators, Introduced and edited by Malini Bhattacharya with a translation.

3) Wives & Others, Penguin Books India (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 1994. 24 stories and a novel (Amritasya Putra) – translated with elaborate introduction by Kalpana Bardhan.

4) Opium A Jiné Povídky (Opium & Other Short Stories) [in Czech language], Svobodné Slovo – Melantrich, Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1956. 16 stories with a novel Chinha (Signs) – translated by Ajit Majumder.

5) Selected Short Stories, Shan Shi Peoples' Publishing House, Taiyuan, China, 1984. 14 stories translated by Mrs. Srieve Chen.

Nearly 70 short stories of Manik Bandyopadhyay are known to have been translated into Indian and international languages.

References

Further reading
 Saroj Mohan Mitra, Manik Bandyopadhyayer Jibon-o-Sahitya, 1970
Jugantar Chakravary (editor), Aprokashito Manik Bandyopadhyay: Diary o Chithipatra, 1976
Nitai Basu, Manik Bandyopadhyay'er Samaj Jijnasa, 1978
Subhamay Mandal & Sukanta Bandyopadhyay (jt. editor), Samagra Prabandha Ebong, 2015
Malini Bhattacharya, Manik Bandyopadhyay: Ekti Jiboni, 2021 (Biography).

External links

 Article on Manik Badopadhyay

1908 births
1956 deaths
People from Dumka district
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
Bengali novelists
Bengali Hindus
20th-century Bengalis
Bengali-language writers
Bengali-language literature
Marxist writers
University of Calcutta alumni
Manik Bandyopadhyay
Novelists from Jharkhand
Indian novelists
Indian male novelists
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian essayists
Indian male essayists
20th-century Indian essayists
Indian short story writers
Indian male short story writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
Indian male poets
Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
Indian memoirists
Writers from Dhaka
Writers from Kolkata
Novelists from West Bengal

Manik Bandopadhyay


Until 1 January 2007 Nørre-Snede was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Vejle County on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of , and had a total population of 7,266 (2005).  Its last mayor was Uffe Henneberg, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Nørre Snede.

The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of a  ("Municipality Reform") that
merged a number of existing parishes:
 Ejstrup Parish
 Klovborg Parish
 Nørre-Snede Parish

Nørre-Snede municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with existing Brande and Ikast municipalities to form the new Ikast-Brande municipality. This created a municipality with an area of  and a total population of 39,371 (2005).  The new municipality belonged to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region").

Notable people
 Jes Bertelsen (born 1946), spiritual teacher and author

References
Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta, delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data)
Municipal mergers and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map

External links
Ikast-Brande municipality's official website (Danish only)
Noerresnede.dk (Danish only)

Former municipalities of Denmark

Nørre-Snede Municipality


Downer is a suburb of Canberra, Australia

, in the city's inner north. The suburb is bounded by Northbourne Avenue, Antill Street and Philip Avenue.

The suburb was gazetted in 1960 and named after Sir John Downer (1844–1915) Premier of South Australia and a member of the first Australian Senate in 1901. There is no specific theme for street names.

History

The buildings which make up the Downer community centre and shops, were built for the CSIRO in 1930s, and the area now comprising Downer was an agricultural research facility for the CSIRO. The area now comprising the suburb was used between 1939 and 1945 as a plantation for the growth of opium poppy to provide a source for medications in the unavailability of imported supplies. The large pine and gum trees which surround the block around the shops were planted in this time as a wind break for the CSIRO building. Large trees (Camden Woolybutts) along Swinden street were also planted then, as Swinden street was the driveway for the CSIRO building, where it connected to Northbourne Avenue.  With the development of the suburb the trees became diseased during the 1980s and a program is underway to replace them with more amenable local varieties of gum.  As of September 2008, all but two or three of the older Swinden Street gums have been removed.

Downer has a local oval between Frencham, Melba, Bonython and Bradfield streets, with a shopping centre. However, in 2005 the shopping centre was vacant due partly to the poor location of the centre away from major roads. The shops were refurbished in the late 2010s, with a new cafe and vet clinic. In May 2019 a bronze kangaroo sculpture was unveiled, to replace a previous kangaroo sculpture which went missing six years earlier.

Nearby, the Canberra Business Centre until recently occupied the site of the former Downer Primary School. The school closed in 1988.

Geology

Calcareous shales from the Canberra Formation is overlain by Quaternary alluvium.
This rock is the limestone of the original title of Canberra "Limestone Plains".

Footnotes

Suburbs of Canberra

Downer, Australian Capital Territory


Edward di Lorenzo is an American screenwriter.

He also wrote for the series Miami Vice and The Wild Wild West.  Writing for the big screen, The Idolmaker (1980) has been his greatest commercial success so far, although some consider Lady Frankenstein (1971) an artistically greater achievement.

Di Lorenzo contributed the scripts for "Ring Around the Moon", "Missing Link" and "Alpha Child" for Space: 1999 while also working as a script editor.  His philosophical input for the series was also distilled into a novel White Light (1974), described by Johnny Byrne as a post-hippie version of Jonathan Livingston Seagull.

He now teaches screenwriting at the University of Southern California.

External links

Edward di Lorenzo biography at www.space1999.net

American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Edward di Lorenzo


Unloved is a 2001 Japanese romance film directed by Kunitoshi Manda, starring Yoko Moriguchi, Shunsuke Matsuoka and Tōru Nakamura. It won the Grand Rail d'Or prize and the Future Talent prize at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
Mitsuko (Yoko Moriguchi), a young woman, becomes involved with Hiroshi (Shunsuke Matsuoka), a poor young man who lives her downstairs, and Eiji (Tōru Nakamura), a rich entrepreneur.

Cast
 Yoko Moriguchi as Mitsuko Kageyama
 Shunsuke Matsuoka as Hiroshi Shimokawa
 Tōru Nakamura as Eiji Katsumo

Reception
Jonathan Crow of Allmovie gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said, "Unloved is uninvolving and overly talky." David Stratton of the Variety magazine said, "[Moriguchi] gives a good performance as the exacting heroine, while Nakamura and Matsuoka lend solid support as the two wildly contrasted guys."

References

External links

2001 films
Japanese romance films
2000s romance films
Films scored by Kenji Kawai
2000s Japanese films

Unloved


The Farm () is a historic farmhouse and the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada. It is located in Gatineau Park in the community of Kingsmere, Quebec, Canada; near the country's capital, Ottawa.  The Farm has been managed and maintained by the National Capital Commission since 1986. In addition to the Farm, the Speaker of the House of Commons is also provided a two-room apartment in Centre Block on Parliament Hill. The residence and its  of grounds are not open to the public.

History

The residence was originally part of a farmstead built by settler Henry Fleury in the mid-19th century. William Lyon Mackenzie King, the 10th Prime Minister of Canada, privately purchased the farmstead in 1927 to incorporate it into his country estate at Kingsmere Lake. King had the house renovated in 1935 to serve as a summer home, building two new wings as well as adding heating and indoor plumbing systems.

Upon his retirement from politics King spent more time at the Farm and it was where he died on July 22, 1950. In his will he bequeathed his entire country estate "to the government and people of Canada" and expressed a desire for the residence to be used by future prime ministers. The grounds of the Mackenzie King Estate were absorbed into Gatineau Park, however 24 Sussex Drive had already been designated the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada so the Farm was instead designated as the residence for the Speaker of the House of Commons in 1955.

References

External links

Farm, The
National Capital Commission
Farm, The
Farm, The
William Lyon Mackenzie King
Estate gardens in Canada
Heritage sites in Outaouais
Farmhouses
Houses in Quebec
Houses completed in the 19th century

The Farm (Canada)


Maria Dyer (née Tarn) (c. 1803 – 21 October 1846), was a British Protestant Christian missionary to the Chinese in the Congregationalist tradition, who worked among the Chinese in Malaya.

Life
She was born in London in about 1803. She was the eldest daughter of Joseph Tarn, Director of London Missionary Society.

She arrived in Penang in 1827 with her husband, Samuel Dyer. The Dyers lived in Malacca and then finally in Singapore. Maria was known for founding the oldest girls' school in Singapore. It was known as the "Chinese Girls' School" when it was founded in 1842 (it still exists called St. Margaret's Secondary School). Her husband died in Macau in 1843 before being able to bring his family to live in China itself at Fuzhou. Maria Tarn was later remarried, to Johann Georg Bausum in 1845, but she died the following year at Penang, at age 43, and was buried in the Protestant Cemetery there. In 1853 the Society for Promotion of Female Education in the East sent Sophia Cooke to Singapore to become the Principal of what was still called the "Chinese Girls' School".

Dyer's orphaned daughter, Maria Jane Dyer, married James Hudson Taylor, the founder of the China Inland Mission.

Samuel and Maria had five children: Maria Dyer (1829–1831), Samuel Dyer Jr. (1833–1898), Burella Hunter Dyer (1835–1858), Maria Jane Dyer (1837–1870), and Ebenezer Dyer (1842 – aft. Oct. 1843).

References

Bibliography

Bibliography
 Taylor, James Hudson III; Chang, Irene; Even to Death - The Life and Legacy of Samuel Dyer. Hong Kong: OMF Books, 2009.

Further reading
Historical Bibliography of the China Inland Mission

English Congregationalist missionaries
Congregationalist missionaries in China
Congregationalist missionaries in Malaysia
Congregationalist missionaries in Singapore
Missionary educators
Female Christian missionaries
1800s births
Year of birth uncertain
1846 deaths

Maria Dyer


The Réunion olive white-eye (Zosterops olivaceus) is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is found on Réunion. Its natural habitats are boreal forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the Reunion olive white-eye in his Ornithologie based on a specimen that had been brought to Paris from Île Bourbon (now Réunion), but which Brisson mistakenly believed had been collected in Madagascar. He used the French name Le grimpereau olive de Madagascar and the Latin Certhia Madagascariensis Olivaceus. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the Reunion olive white-eye. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Certhia olivacea and cited Brisson's work. He followed Brisson and gave the type location as Madagascar instead of Réunion. This species is now placed in the genus Zosterops that was introduced by the naturalists Nicholas Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827. There are no recognised subspecies.

References

Birds described in 1766
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Birds of Réunion
Zosterops
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Réunion olive white-eye


Jerome Gilbert Miller (December 8, 1931 – August 7, 2015) was an American social worker, academic and public sector corrections administrator, who was an authority on the reform of juvenile and adult corrections systems.  He was a prominent advocate for alternatives to incarceration for offenders as well as for the de-institutionalization of individuals with developmental disabilities.  His career involved university teaching, administration of juvenile justice services for three states, clinical work with offenders and advocacy for systemic change in public sector correctional services.  Miller's work first drew national attention for his leadership in closing several juvenile reformatories in Massachusetts in the early 1970s.  Miller went on to emerge as a prominent national advocate, administrator and educator working for systemic change in public sector corrections and disability service delivery systems.  He was the co-founder of the National Center on Institutions and Alternatives.

Early years
Jerome Gilbert Miller was born on December 8, 1931, and grew up in Wahpeton, North Dakota. His parents were George Miller, a high school music teacher, and the former Beatrice Butts. He earned academic degrees from Maryknoll Seminary, Glen Ellyn, Il (B.A., 1954), Loyola University Chicago (M.S.W., 1957) and The Catholic University of America (D.S.W., 1965).  After his undergraduate studies, he spent a year in a Maryknoll novitiate in Bedford, Massachusetts.  Miller's doctoral studies concentrated in psychiatric social work, and he was qualified as a licensed clinical social worker.

Career
Miller was an associate professor in the School of Social Work at Ohio State University, when in 1969 he was chosen by Massachusetts Governor Francis Sargent to serve as the Commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS).

Massachusetts experiment
Within three years of leading DYS, Miller had shut down the state's two juvenile reformatories in favor of community based alternatives to incarceration.  The first closure involving Lyman School for Boys in 1971, caught many juvenile justice professionals in the state by surprise.  Lyman School was the first reformatory for delinquent adolescent boys to be established in the United States.  Anticipating the possible closure of the Massachusetts Industrial School for Boys at Shirley, various forces tried to mobilize against it, but Miller was successful in closing the school in 1972.  Highly controversial at the time, and still debated today, the basic deinstitutionalization reforms implemented by Miller in the state's juvenile justice services forty years ago are still in place today.

Alternatives to incarceration
Recognized as a successful reformer capable of taking on entrenched state-level systems overly reliant on institutionalizing children and adolescents, Miller moved to Illinois in 1973 to serve as the director of Children and Family Services and then to Pennsylvania in 1975 to serve as the Commissioner of Children and Youth.  From 1989 to 1994 Miller was the jail and prison monitor for Judge Howell W. Melton in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.  From 1995 to 1997 Miller served as the court appointed receiver for Washington D.C.'s child welfare system. As a leader and reformer in these jurisdictions, he sought to address and overcome the traumatizing consequences of incarceration, to maximize the use of community resources as alternatives to imprisonment, to lower the disproportionate rates of locking up youth of color, to reduce recidivism by improving offender outcomes and to reduce unsustainable costs associated with escalating levels of incarceration.

National Center for Institutions and Alternatives
In 1977, together with Herbert J. Hoelter, Miller co-founded the National Center for Institutions and Alternatives (NCIA).  The focus of NCIA involves sentencing advocacy, parole release advocacy and developing credible alternatives to incarceration and institutionalization.  Miller has written and lectured widely on juvenile and adult corrections and strategies for promoting and implementing systemic reforms that utilize community-based alternatives to replace counterproductive and financially unsustainable institutionalization of offenders and developmentally disabled patients.  Miller also served as the founder and clinical director of NCIA's Augustus Institute for Mental Health, named for John Augustus, known as the 'father of probation' for his pioneering efforts to promote offender rehabilitation in the United States.

Miller died on August 7, 2015, in Woodstock, Virginia.

Impact
Jerome Miller's dramatic closure of two juvenile reformatories in Massachusetts in the early 1970s launched a forty-year career as a pioneering administrator, educator and advocate for alternative models for responding to offenders and developmentally disabled persons.  Miller's capacity to articulate the need for reform, to envision models for systems transformation and ability to implement institutional change have been widely acknowledged, sometimes condemned and often praised.  Reflecting on Miller's impact on juvenile justice reform efforts in the early 1970s, Dan Macallair, executive director of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, wrote, "The closing of the Massachusetts reform schools stands as the premier event in the history of American juvenile justice reform.... Miller set the course for the 21st century juvenile justice system and secured his place among history's great reformers."

Published works

Books
  Last One Over the Wall: The Massachusetts Experiment in Closing Reform Schools. Ohio State University Press, 1991.   (winner of the Edward Sagarin Prize of the American Society of Criminology)

  Search and Destroy: African-American Males in the Criminal Justice System.  Cambridge University Press, July 1996.

Articles & lectures
  American Guluag - Why does the "home of the free" lock up 2 million men, women, boys and girls-most of them people of color? yesmagazine.org, Sept. 30, 2000, Retrieved 24 January 2013
  Hobbling a Generation: Young African American Men in Washington, D.C.'s Criminal Justice System - Five Years Later, Crime & Delinquency, July 1998, 44: 355-366
  Riding the Crime Wave, Why Words We Use Matter So Much Nieman Reports, Winter 1998, Retrieved 12 March 2013
  Alternatives to Incarceration: A Dream Deferred, University of South Dakota, Governmental Research Bureau, 1994,  Public Affairs, Issue 103
  The Debate on Rehabilitating Criminals: Is It True that Nothing Works? Washington Post, March 1989, prisonpolicy.org
  Magnificent Illusion:  The Professional Social Worker's Search for Asylum, Jerome G. Miller, 9th Annual Konopka Lecture, University of Minnesota, May 1986, Retrieved 24 January 2013

Further reading
  Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts, Lloyd Ohlin, Alden Miller and Robert Coates, Center for Criminal Justice, Harvard Law School, 1977
 Reinventing Juvenile Justice, (chapter 5: What Works with Juvenile Offenders: The Massachusetts Experiment), Barry Krisberg and James Austin, Sage, 1993,  (cl)
  The Massachusetts Experience: A Historical Review of Reform in the Department of Youth Services, Edward J. Loughran, Social Justice, 1997, vol. 24, issue 4, p170
  Hollie I. West An Impatient Reformer is Admired and Reviled: Jerome G. Miller, Youth Today, February 2001, p. 52., sparkaction.org, Retrieved 24 January 2012

References

External links
  With Juvenile Deincarceration, Jerry Miller Was First One Over The Wall Chronicle of Social Change, Retrieved 15 August 2015
  Jerome Miller Speaks on Alternatives to Prison C-Span Video Library, Retrieved 4 May 2013
  Jerome Miller's blog: institutions/etc,
  National Center for Institutions and Alternatives (NCIA)
  Closing Massachusetts' Training Schools, Reflections Forty Years Later The Annie Casey Foundation, 2013

See also
 National Center on Institutions and Alternatives, website
  Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
  Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative at the Annie W. Casey Foundation
  The Massachusetts Juvenile Justice System of the 1990s: Re-Thinking a National Model Boston Bar Association, Retrieved 9 March 2013

1931 births
2015 deaths
People from Wahpeton, North Dakota
Maryknoll Seminary alumni
Loyola University Chicago alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
Ohio State University faculty
American criminologists
Children's rights activists
Penologists
Prison reformers
American social workers
Catholics from North Dakota

Jerome G. Miller


Władysław I of Płock (1406/09 - 11/12 December 1455), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch. He was a Duke of Płock, Rawa Mazowiecka, Gostynin, Sochaczew, Belz, Płońsk, Zawkrze and Wizna during 1426-1434 jointly with his brothers, after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brothers in 1434, sole ruler over Płock, Płońsk, Wizna and Zawkrze; in 1442 he reunited all their patrimony (except Gostynin).

He was the fifth son of Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia and Alexandra of Lithuania, daughter of Algirdas.

Life
His first appearance took place in March 1424, when along with his brothers Siemowit V, Casimir II and Trojden II, Władysław I attended the wedding and coronation of King Władysław II Jagiełło's third wife, Sophia of Halshany.

Two years later, on 21 January 1426, after the death of their father, Władysław I and his brothers inherited his lands; not wanting to further weakened their positions and domains with subsequents divisions, they decided to co-rule all their paternal inheritance. Eight months later, on 8 September, Władysław I and his brothers Siemowit V and Trojden II paid homage to the Polish King at Sandomierz.

In 1431 as Polish vassals, Władysław I and his brothers take part in the campaign in Volhynia against Švitrigaila, although he didn't play a greater part on it.

For unknown reasons, in 1433 Władysław I quarreled with his brothers and strongly objected to their pro-Polish policy in the war against the Teutonic Order. Probably as a manifestation of hostility against Poland, Władysław I didn't attended the coronation of King Władysław III in July 1434 at Kraków.

On 31 August 1434 the sons of Siemowit IV finally decided to end their co-rulership and made the formal territorial division. Władysław I received the districts of Płock, Płońsk, Wizna and Zawkrze. On 31 December 1435, he signed the Peace of Brześć Kujawski.

At the end of the 1430s, Władysław I once again changed his policy towards Poland and approached to the first person in the Kingdom: Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Bishop of Kraków. As a gesture of his friendly relationship with Poland, Władysław I and his brother Siemowit V attended the Confederation of Nowy Korczyn on 20 April 1438, where the princes strongly supported the political line of the Bishop (for example, the rejection of Prince Casimir to the Bohemian crown). On 25 April, Władysław I and his nephew Bolesław IV of Warsaw agreed to support the Polish against the Hussite confederates led by Spytek of Melsztyn.

The alliance formed in Nowy Korczyn between Władysław I and Bolesław IV soon resulted in a common Eastern policy. Using the chaos reigned in Lithuania after the death of Sigismund Kęstutaitis in 1440, they intervened and took the district of Podlachia, who once belonged to Janusz I of Warsaw (although only during his lifetime). The military operation began on the borders of Władysław I's domains; however, he carefully leave the attack to Bolesław IV. As a result, Władysław I managed to take only Bielsk Podlaski. The reluctance of Władysław I to a direct intervention in the war was revealed in 1444, when he didn't send auxiliary troops to Bolesław IV.

Two years before (1442) the deaths in a short period of time of his brothers Siemowit V and Casimir II caused that Władysław I reunited almost all their paternal domains (except Gostynin, who remained at the hands of Siemowit V's widow Margaret of Racibórz as her dower). The acquisition of nearly half of the old Duchy of Masovia enabled Władysław I to pursue a more flexible policy.

Władysław I's relations with Lithuania remained ambiguous, especially after Prince Casimir, younger brother of King Władysław III became in the new Grand Duke in 1440. At that moment the Masovian rulers strongly supported Michael Žygimantaitis, the son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, who was not only favorably accepted in the courts of Płock and Warsaw (who caused political agitation) but also married with Władysław I's youngest sister, Catherine.

The support given to the rival of Casimir IV when he was the Grand Duke of Lithuania proved to be dangerous after he also became King of Poland in 1447. In 1448, the new King wanted to annexed Belz, who was inherited by Władysław I after the death of his brother Casimir II. Only thanks to the intervention of King Frederick IV of Germany (nephew of Władysław I as son of his sister Cymburgis), Casimir IV renounced to his attempts. Under the terms of the agreement Władysław I remained in the possession of Belz, and in return he stopped to support Michael Žygimantaitis in his fight for the Lithuanian throne.

Finally, in 1450 was made a complete agreement with the Kingdom of Poland, which was manifested when Władysław I, as a Polish vassal, send his troops to an expedition to Moldova. However, during the rest of his life Władysław I remained unfavorably oriented with respect to Poland; for example, he remained neutral after the outbreak of the Thirteen Years' War against the Teutonic Order, in which he tried to play the role of mediator.

Władysław I died on the night of 11 to 12 December 1455 in his palace at Niedźwiedza near Sochaczew. The cause of his death was probably the hereditary disease who affected the Masovian Dukes: tuberculosis. He was buried at Płock Cathedral.

Marriage and issue
In 1444 Władysław I married with Anna (ca. 1425? – aft. 15 August 1482), a daughter of Duke Konrad V of Oleśnica. They had two sons:
Siemowit VI (2 January 1446 - 31 December 1461/1 January 1462).
Władysław II (aft. 31 October 1448 - 27 February 1462).

Because his sons are minors at the time of his death, the regency was taken by their mother and Paweł Giżycki, Bishop of Płock. In addition, Anna received the district of Sochaczew as her dower until 1476, when the land was annexed to the Kingdom of Poland and she received in exchange the towns of Koło and Mszczonów.

Notes

Dukes of Masovia
1400s births
1455 deaths

Władysław I of Płock


The Yamaha YA-1 is the first motorcycle produced bi the Japanese in 1955 bi the Yamaha Motor Company.

Background

In the early '50s, efter haein tae replace the factories for the production o muisical instruments, severely damaged during the war, Yamaha wis facing the industrial conversion o factory machines, wi mechanical precision, previously uised for the production o propellers for aircraft o the Imperial Navy, sic as the A6M Zero an the biplane Yokosuka K5Y.

Equally tae aw European kintras, includin Japan efter Warld War II, the motorcycle haed acome a widespread means o transportation, thanks tae the constructive simplicity an economy o purchase an uise. Japanese motorcycle production haein increased frae 10,000 units in 1950 tae 750,000 in 1954, wi ower 100 domestic manufacturers.

Due tae the strong expansion o the mercat, Yamaha Motor Co. decidit tae convert tae the production o motorcycles, an foond in the beginnin the need tae grapple wi heich specifications, for customers wi elite, rather nairae needs, especially in view o the reduced nummer o production potential.

It wis the beginnin o 1955 when thay presented the YA-1, a motorcycle biggit wi parteecular attention tae materials an assembly, enhanced bi sophisticated engineering, strangly inspired bi the contemporary model DKW RT125, an driven bi a twa-stroke, single cylinder, 125 cc.

In Januar o 1955 the Hamakita Factory o Nippon Gakki wis biggit an production began on the YA-1. Wi confidence in the new direction that Genichi Kawakami (Yamaha Motor's first preses) wis takkin, Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. wis foondit on 1 Julie 1955. Staffed bi 274 employees, the new motorcycle manufacturer biggit aboot 200 units per month.

That same year, Yamaha entered its new YA-1, kent tae Japanese enthusiasts as Akatombo, the "Red Dragonfly", in the twa biggest race events in Japan. Thay wur the 3rd Mt. Fuji Ascent Race an the 1st Asama Highlands Race. In thir debut races, Yamaha wan the 125cc class, an the follaein year, the YA-1 wan again in baith the Licht an Ultra-licht classes o the Asama Highlands Race. This bike established a reputation as a well-biggit an reliable machine. The racin successes helped boost its popularity an a seicont machine, the 175cc YC-1 wis suin in production bi 1956.

Immediately uised in competitions, "YA-1 wan the victory in the prestigious race in ascent o Mount Fuji, held in Julie 1955, demonstrating that the model wis free frae defects in youth, except for the price it reached the stratospheric figure of 138,000 ¥, amounting to aboot 40,000 € in 2005.

The competition models wur aften painted the same orange-red military aircraft an the "YA-1" wis dubbed aka-tombo (in Italian, red dragonfly), lik the famous biplane trainer o Yokosuka.

YA-1

Yamaha YA-1


Doom 64 is a video game that first came out only on the Nintendo 64, but can now be played on today's video game consoles. It is a direct sequel to Doom 2, making it the third part of the Doom story. This is ironic because the story of Doom 3 is not related to Doom or Doom 2, but it is a reboot, which means it is a new start to the Doom story.

Doom 64 has all the same weapons and monsters from Doom 2, but it has a few more new types of monsters and a new weapon, the Unmaker. The weapons and monsters look a little different from the earlier games, but there are fewer differences than in Doom 3. Other than the new graphics and new weapon, the gameplay was not much different from the earlier Doom games. It came out in 1997, but the game did not sell well because many popular FPS games came out that same year, including GoldenEye 007, Quake II, Turok: Dinosaur Hunter, and Star Wars: Dark Forces II: Jedi Knight. However, the game does have a cult following and fans had made unlicensed mods on the PC and other video game consoles. Due to its popularity, Bethesda announced during Nintendo Direct 2019 that it would sell the game digitally on the Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and Steam on November 22, 2019. However, it was delayed until March 20, 2020, so that it could be sold the same day as  Doom Eternal, the sequel to Doom (2016). It was the same game, but the lighting of the game was fixed, which was a major criticism of the N64 version of the game.

References

1994 video games
DOS games
Doom video games
Nintendo 64 games

Doom 64


HUPX Hungarian Power Exchange is the day-ahead power market which was launched in July 2010 as part of the liberalization of the Hungarian energy sector.

Markets and products

HUPX intraday market enables members to trade 15-minute intraday products on the Hungarian Power Exchange. An organized intraday market provides more opportunities for market players to reduce their need for imbalance energy, to optimize power generation closer in time to delivery and it is also appropriate for managing forecast errors or unforeseen power plant outages.

HUPX is also offering physically settled futures trading. This market provides weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly baseload/peakload contracts. Since the fourth quarter of 2015 initiator transaction fee was reduced to 0 EUR/MWh, which contributed to a significant boost in the liquidity. The traded volumes jumped from 3 627,3 GWh in 2014 to 6 485,6 GWh in 2015. On 1 January 2016 HUPX PHF listed 31 members. In addition to the settlement of transactions concluded on the exchange, OTC transactions can be registered as well.

Market coupling
4M MC is an ATC-based day-ahead implicit allocation process striving on the compatibility with the EU target model while taking into account the fact that 4M solution is to be considered as an interim step before the Central Eastern European ("CEE") regional solution. The primary target of the market coupling is to assure a deeper integration of regional power markets. The process aims at maximizing the energy flow from the low price area to the high price area by taking into account the available cross-border capacity. Consequently, price levels among the individual market areas converge. By this procedure, not only the security of supply can be increased but the price volatility on relevant power markets can be moderated and the power sale and purchase can become more effective.
The Czech, Slovak, Hungarian and Romanian NRAs, TSOs and PXs jointly implemented the extension of CZ-SK-HU market coupling to Romanian day-ahead electricity market (4M MC)] on 19 November 2014 based on PCR solution.

Type of HUPX members
According to the prevailing regulations of the Hungarian Electric Energy Act, there are six types of entities that can become HUPX members:

 Electricity trader (with a valid electricity trading permit issued by the Hungarian Energy Office pursuant to section 88 of the Electric Energy Act);
 Universal service provider (with a valid universal service provision permit issued by the Hungarian Energy Office pursuant to section 90 of the Electric Energy Act);
 Consumer (on the base of point c of subsection 2 of section 56 of the Electric Energy Act);
 Producer (with a valid power plant or micro power plant operational permit issued by the Hungarian Energy Office pursuant to section 80 or 83 of the Electric Energy Act);
 Transmission system operator (with a valid transmission system operation permit issued by the Hungarian Energy Office pursuant to section 87 of the Electric Energy Act);
 Distribution System Operator (with a valid distribution system operation permit issued by the Hungarian Energy Office pursuant to section 84 of the Electric Energy Act).

References

Electric power exchanges in Europe
Energy in Hungary
Energy infrastructure in Hungary

HUPX Hungarian Power Exchange


Superleggera (Italian for Superlight) is a custom tube and alloy panel automobile coachwork construction technology developed by Felice Bianchi Anderloni of Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. A separate chassis was still required.

Touring licensed Charles Weymann's system of fabric-covered lightweight frames, which led to Touring's own superleggera construction.
Patented by Carrozzeria Touring in 1936, the superleggera system consists of a structural framework of small-diameter steel tubes that conform to an automobile body's shape and are covered by thin alloy body panels that strengthen the framework. Aside from light weight, the superleggera construction system allows great design and manufacturing flexibility, enabling coachbuilders to quickly construct innovative body shapes. The superleggera tubes were brazed to shape on a jig and the panels were then fitted over this. The panels are only attached at their edges, mostly by swaging the panel edges over angle-section strips on the steel framework. Most of the panel has no rigid or metal-to-metal contact with the framework, it merely rests on it, with the tubes wrapped in hessian or with a rubber spacer.

The superleggera system was primarily based on the use of 'Duralumin', a material that originated in the Zeppelin industry prior to World War I. The company was located just north of Milan, near Alfa Romeo, Italian Citroën, and the former Isotta Fraschini plant. The first superleggera bodyworks were made for these companies. In England after World War II, the alloy Birmabright was used, as it was stiffer in thin sheets and more widely available.

The superleggera system is no longer used in specialty automobile production for a number of reasons. Primarily, a superleggera body cannot meet modern impact resistance standards, and the cost of manufacture and galvanic corrosion between the aluminum body panels and the steel tubular frame are also prohibitive factors. Additionally, the frame tubes used to construct a superleggera body are too small and of unsuitable material for mounting suspension components, so a chassis is required, a disadvantage not found in unibody and other chassis systems. Car makers such as Bristol, which had aircraft industry experience, were more successful in countering galvanic corrosion than other manufacturers. Bristol introduced Superleggera construction on the Bristol 401 of 1948.

Superleggera is a trademark owned by Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera s.r.l., the modern incarnation of the firm that patented the system in 1936.

Notable automobiles
Carrozzeria Touring licensed the superleggera construction system to Aston Martin, which designed and manufactured superleggera bodywork for the DB4 and DB5. Several other manufacturers created automobiles using Carrozzeria Touring's superleggera construction technology. Notable examples include:

Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 Mille Miglia
Alfa Romeo 1900 Super Sprint
Alfa Romeo 2600
Aston Martin DB4, DB5 and Lagonda Rapide
BMW 328 Touring Roadster''
Bristol Cars
Ferraris 166, 195, 212 and 340 models
Lamborghini 350 GT
Lancia Flaminia GT, GTL and Convertibile
Maserati 3500 GT
Pegaso Z-102

See also
 Backbone chassis
 Body-on-frame
 Monocoque
 Spaceframe

References

Automotive chassis types

Superleggera


The Fair Trade League was a British pressure group formed in August 1881 to campaign for protectionism.

Lord Dunraven was President of the League.

The Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone in response to the forming of the League delivered a root and branch defence of free trade in a speech in Leeds in October. Thomas Farrer, the permanent secretary of the Board of Trade, wrote Free Trade versus Fair Trade specifically to argue against the League's proposals.

Lord Randolph Churchill adopted Fair Trade in a speech on 24 January 1884 at Blackpool:

Your iron industry is dead; dead as mutton. Your coal industries, which depend greatly upon the iron industries, are languishing. Your silk industry is dead, assassinated by the foreigner. Your woollen industry is in articulo mortis, gasping, struggling. Your cotton industry is seriously sick. The shipbuilding industry, which held out longest of all, is come to a standstill. Turn your eyes where you like, survey any branch of British industry you like, you will find signs of mortal disease. The self-satisfied Radical philosophers will tell you it is nothing; they point to the great volume of British trade. Yes, the volume of British trade is still large, but it is a volume which is no longer profitable; it is working and struggling. So do the muscles and nerves of the body of a man who has been hanged twitch and work violently for a short time after the operation. But death is there all the same, life has utterly departed, and suddenly comes the rigot mortis...But what has produced this state of things? Free imports? I am not sure; I should like an inquiry; but I suspect free imports of the murder of our industries much in the same way as if I found a man standing over a corpse and plunging his knife into it I should suspect that man of homicide, and I should recommend a coroner's inquest and a trial by jury...

However Churchill abandoned Fair Trade in October 1887. The League was dissolved in 1895 and the Conservatives did not wish to revive it in case this would damage their alliance with the Liberal Unionist Party.

Notes

References
Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country. Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
Anthony Howe, Free Trade and Liberal England 1846-1946 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
Robert Rhodes James, Lord Randolph Churchill (London: Phoenix, 1994).

Further reading
B. H. Brown, The Tariff Reform Movement in Great Britain, 1881–1895 (1943).
S. Zebel, 'Fair Trade: An English Reaction to the Breakdown of the Cobden Treaty System', Journal of Modern History, 12 (1940), pp. 161–185.

Conservative political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Protectionism

Fair Trade League