Keith Omar Murray (born September 13, 1974) is an American rapper from New York. He is best known for being a member of the hip hop group Def Squad, which includes fellow rappers Redman and fellow Long Island native Erick Sermon. The group released their debut album, El Niño in 1998.

In 1994, Murray released his debut single "The Most Beautifullest Thing in This World" for Jive Records, which was quickly followed up by his debut album of the same name, released to critical and commercial success. His delivery has been described as "spaced out, complex, [and] multi-syllablistic".

Career

1990–1995: Early years
Murray got his start in the music industry under the name MC Do Damage, but later decided to just go by his birth name.

In 1994, he was introduced to Erick Sermon of EPMD by his friend K-Solo. Sermon included Murray on his album No Pressure on the single "Hostile", with critics praising Murray's lyrical ability. His appearance on Hostile led to Murray being signed to Jive Records, and work began on his first album. Murray's debut single, The Most Beautifullest Thing in This World was released in 1994 and was a hit. The song was produced by Erick Sermon (who also provided background vocals) and peaked at number 50 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. Murray's debut album The Most Beautifullest Thing in This World, was named after the single and released in 1994 to widespread critical acclaim and commercial success, being certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in August 1995. The album was also given "4 mics" by The Source.

Murray continued to enjoy a high media-profile by appearing on a Coca-Cola advertisement and as a featured guest on Mary J Blige's "Be Happy", Total's "Can't You See", R Kelly's "Home Alone" and both versions of LL Cool J's "I Shot Ya". However, his appearances of both versions of "I Shot Ya" led to brief friction with rapper Tupac Shakur, who believed that the song was a diss towards him being shot and robbed at Quad Recording Studios, regarding the timing, title, and lyrical content. Sometime in the following year, Tupac Shakur approached Keith Murray at the California House Of Blues, wanting to know if the record was a diss to him. Upon questioning, Murray made it clear that the record was not about Shakur, peacefully resolving the situation. Murray has continued to publicly address this in several interviews over the following years.

1996–1998: Def Squad
Murray's second album Enigma was released on November 26, 1996, on Jive, once again to critical acclaim. The album peaked at number 39 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and reached number 6 on the R&B Albums chart. Murray also continued to work with other artists, appearing on tracks by Busta Rhymes, UGK, Redman and Jamal.

In 1998, Murray and The Def Squad released their debut album, El Niño, which peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200 and was certified Gold by the RIAA.

Murray's third solo album It's a Beautiful Thing was released in 1998 while Murray was incarcerated for assault.

2001–present: He's Keith Murray and release from Def Jam
After Murray was released from prison, he signed with Def Jam who released He's Keith Murray in 2003, once again to critical and commercial success. The album contained the single "Yeah Yeah U Know It.", and featured guest appearances from Busta Rhymes, Redman and Jamie Foxx, among others. The same year, Murray was featured as a playable character in the video game Def Jam Vendetta. Despite the success and acclaim of his first album on Def Jam after this, Murray was dropped from the label just one day after its release after being accused of choking two label employees, although he said the confrontation was limited to words. After being released, Murray announced plans to continue recording music independently.

He released his fifth solo album Rap-Murr-Phobia on July 31, 2007. It debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart. The lead single was "Nobody Do It Better" featuring Tyrese and Junior.

Legal issues

In May 25, 1995, Murray was arrested after being accused of hitting a man with a barstool in a fight and released on bail. After being sentenced to three years in 1998, Murray, who maintains his innocence, fled from authorities until October 1998, when he turned himself in. Murray filed a lawsuit for wrongful conviction, and later dropped the suit in exchange for his sentence being reduced by three months. Murray served the latter portion of his sentence in the Maple Street Halfway House facility before being released on May 14, 2001.

Discography

Studio albums
 The Most Beautifullest Thing in This World (1994)
 Enigma (1996)
 It's a Beautiful Thing (1999)
 He's Keith Murray (2003)
 Rap-Murr-Phobia (The Fear of Real Hip-Hop) (2007)
 Intellectual Violence (2008)
 Puff Puff Pass (2008)
 Lord of the Metaphor (2018)
 Lord of the Metaphor 2 (2019)

Collaboration albums
El Niño with Def Squad (1998)
Canibus & Keith Murray are The Undergods - In Gods We Trust,Crush Microphones to Dust (2011)

References

External links
 Keith Murray on Myspace

1974 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Rappers from New York (state)
Def Jam Recordings artists
Jive Records artists
Songwriters from New York (state)
East Coast hip hop musicians
People from Central Islip, New York
Hardcore hip hop artists
20th-century American rappers
21st-century American rappers
Def Squad members
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
African-American songwriters
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
American male songwriters

Keith Murray


Hüsker Dü was an American hardcore punk and later alternative rock band from the 1980s. The band formed in 1979 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The people in the band were Bob Mould who sang and played electric guitar, Greg Norton (later replaced by Enrique Peña Nieto) who played bass guitar and Grant Hart who sang and played drums. The band stopped playing together in 1987.

The band's sound changed very much over the years they were together, but it was always very loud and powerful. The band began as a hardcore band. They played extremely loud and very fast and often screamed their vocals instead of singing. As time went on, the songs began to get slower and more melodic. By the time the band had stopped playing together, their music was no longer punk rock and had changed to alternative rock.

Hüsker Dü always had more than one singer. This is because the band decided early in their time together that whoever wrote the lyrics of a song would sing that song. This meant that many of the songs were be very different from each other, but it also caused fights within the band. In 1987, the band stopped playing together because of these fights.

American punk bands
Musical groups from Minnesota
Musicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Musical groups established in 1979
1979 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Minnesota
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
1988 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century disestablishments in Minnesota

Hüsker Dü


Paris–Nice  is a professional cycling stage race in France, held annually since 1933. Raced over eight days, the race usually starts with a prologue in the Paris region and ends with a final stage either in Nice or on the Col d'Èze overlooking the city. The event is nicknamed The Race to the Sun, as it runs in the first half of March, typically starting in cold and wintry conditions in the French capital before reaching the spring sunshine on the Côte d'Azur. The hilly course in the last days of the race favours stage racers who often battle for victory. Its most recent winner is Slovenian Tadej Pogačar.

One of the iconic races of cycling, Paris–Nice is part of the UCI World Tour and is the competition's first stage race in Europe each season. It is organized by ASO, which also manages most other French World Tour races, most notably cycling's flagships the Tour de France and Paris–Roubaix. The roll of honour features some of cycling's greatest riders, including French riders Louison Bobet, Jacques Anquetil and Laurent Jalabert, Low Country riders Eddy Merckx and Joop Zoetemelk who each won the race three times, and Spaniards Miguel Induráin and Alberto Contador. The most successful rider is Ireland's Sean Kelly, who claimed seven consecutive victories in the 1980s.

During the 2003 edition, Kazakh rider Andrey Kivilev died as a result of a head injury sustained in a crash. His death prompted UCI to mandate the use of helmets in all competitions of cycling, except for the last part of a race with an uphill finish. The rule was later changed to require helmets at all times.

The 2020 Paris–Nice was the last international cycling event, as well as the last sporting event in France, before mass gatherings were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History

Creation

Paris–Nice was created in 1933 by Parisian media mogul Albert Lejeune, in order to promote his Paris-based newspaper Le Petit Journal and Nice-based paper Le Petit Niçois. The race linked the French capital with the fashionable seaside city of Nice on France's Mediterranean coast. It was held in March, at the end of winter, as one of the earliest French bike races on the calendar, immediately following the Six-day racing season on the track.

The first Paris–Nice comprised six stages and was promoted as Les Six Jours de la Route (). The first stage ran from Paris to Dijon and, with a distance of 312 km, remained the longest stage in the history of Paris–Nice. As most mountain roads were still impassable because of its early calendar date, the route avoided the Alps and primarily followed the lower Rhône Valley, with the only significant climbs on the last day on the outskirts of Nice. The inaugural edition was won by Belgian Alphonse Schepers, who wore the leader's jersey from the first until the last day.

The race was a success and was continued annually until 1939. Other newspapers from Southern France, Lyon Républicain and Marseille-Matin, partnered with Lejeune's titles to sponsor the race. In 1939, Ce Soir and Le Petit Nice were joined by L'Auto. Maurice Archambaud became the first two-fold winner. In 1940, the race was cancelled for the duration of World War II. Race founder Lejeune was sentenced to death and executed after the liberation of France in 1945.

In 1946 Ce Soir again organized the first post-war race, but although the event was a commercial success, the newspaper dropped its sponsorship and the race was discontinued between 1947 and 1950.

The Race to the Sun
In 1951 the race was revived as Paris-Côte d'Azur by Jean Medecin, the mayor of Nice, who wanted to promote tourism to his fast-growing city and the entire Côte d'Azur. It was organized by weekly magazine Route et Piste. The name Paris–Nice was restored in 1954. The event's status grew in the 1950s from an early-season preparation and training race to an event in its own right, spawning illustrious winners as Louison Bobet and Jacques Anquetil. In 1957 journalist Jean Leulliot, race director since 1951, bought the event with his company Monde Six and became Paris–Nice's new organizer.

In 1959 the race was run as Paris–Nice–Rome, with a separate classification from Paris to Nice, a second from Nice to Rome in Italy and a third overall. The excessive length of the race —  in 11 days — was criticized, and the formula was not repeated. In 1966 Paris–Nice was the scene of a rivalry between French cycling icons Jacques Anquetil and Raymond Poulidor, whose legendary emulation divided French cycling fans for a decade. Anquetil won his fifth and final Paris–Nice, surpassing Poulidor on the final stage to Nice.

In 1969, the final stage was moved from the seaside promenade in Nice to the top of the Col d'Èze hill overlooking the city. Young Eddy Merckx won the final time trial and won his first of three consecutive Paris–Nices. Raymond Poulidor was once again runner-up; Jacques Anquetil completed the stellar podium in his last showdown. In 1972 eternal second Poulidor ended the Cannibal's streak by winning the final time trial and narrowly finishing ahead of Merckx. The next year, he repeated this feat at the age of 37.

In the 1980s Ireland's all-round specialist Sean Kelly won the race seven consecutive times from 1981 the winning record to date. The Race to the Sun produced several other foremost winners in the 1990s, notably Spanish Grand Tour specialist Miguel Induráin and Swiss Tony Rominger. French allrounder Laurent Jalabert won the race three consecutive times, the last time in 1997, and is still the last French winner to date. In 2000, former cyclist Laurent Fignon took over the organisation of the race from the Leulliot family. In 2002, he sold Paris–Nice to ASO.

World Tour Race

The 2003 race was marred by the death of Kazakh rider Andrei Kivilev after a crash on the second stage. Kivilev did not wear a helmet and died that night as a result of brain trauma. The following day the peloton, led by Kivilev's Cofidis team, neutralized the third stage. Racing resumed the next day, and in the fifth stage to the Mont Faron, Kivilev's friend and compatriot Alexander Vinokourov produced a solo victory and crossed the line holding a picture of his late friend.

In 2005 Paris–Nice was included in the inaugural UCI Pro Tour, but was at the center of a dispute between UCI and ASO just before the 2008 edition. On 7 March 2008, two days before the start, UCI president Pat McQuaid announced that all teams starting the race would be suspended by the UCI. That day, the teams' association (AIGCP) decided by a majority-against-minority vote to participate in the race. The issue was eventually resolved and since 2011 Paris–Nice serves as the European opening race of the UCI World Tour.

In 2012 England's Bradley Wiggins won the race, as part of his build-up to the Tour de France. Wiggins was the ninth rider who won the Race to the Sun prior to winning the Tour de France. In the last ten years, Spaniard Alberto Contador and Australian Richie Porte have won the race twice.

The 2020 Paris–Nice was the last international cycling event, as well as the last sporting event in France, before mass gatherings came to a halt due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The race was held with buffer zones to restrict public access and was reduced to seven stages as a response to the worsened situation in the early weeks of March. German Max Schachmann won the overall classification after leading the race since the first stage.

Route

For many decades, the route of Paris–Nice has developed a traditional and recognizable format. The race starts on Sunday, most often with a prologue time trial near Paris, followed by a series of road stages southwards across France. Due to France's geography, the early stages are usually flat and suited for sprinters, before moving further south towards the Provence region. The latter, southern part of Paris–Nice normally contains several hilly to mountainous stages, which are the decisive portions of the race. The final stage on Sunday is either a road stage finishing on Nice's Promenade des Anglais or an uphill time trial on the Col d'Èze just outside Nice. Known as The Race to the Sun, Paris–Nice is often considered a mini-Tour de France, where riders need to be both competent time-trialists and capable of climbing mountains.

Despite this format, some editions occasionally had more unorthodox courses. The 2014 edition was an unusual race with no time trials or summit finishes. In 2015 organizers returned to the traditional format, starting in Yvelines, west of Paris, before moving south. The key stages were the summit finish to the Col de la Croix de Chaubouret in France's Massif Central on stage 4 and the concluding time trial on Col d'Eze. The 2016 edition included dirt road sectors in the first stage of the race and a passage on the lower slopes of Mont Ventoux in the fifth stage.

Starts
Until 1962, the race began in the city of Paris. Since 1963, organizers have usually preferred to start in smaller towns and suburbs on the outskirts of Paris or even well outside the French capital. Most editions started in the Paris region of Île-de-France, including nine from Issy-les-Moulineaux and six from Fontenay-sous-Bois. In 1982, the race started with a prologue in Luingne, Belgium; the event's only foreign start. Four other municipalities outside the Île-de-France have hosted the start: Villefranche-sur-Saône in 1988, Châteauroux in 1996, Nevers in 2001 and Amilly in 2008. The last time Paris–Nice started in Paris was in 2000, with a prologue in the Bois de Vincennes.

Finishes

Paris–Nice has always finished in Nice and has only had three different finish locations on its territory. The seven pre-war editions finished on the Quai des États-Unis (Quay of the United States), before moving to the illustrious Promenade des Anglais (Promenade of the English) in 1946. From 1969 to 1995 the race finished with a time trial up the Col d'Èze, except in 1977 when landslides had blocked the road. The Col d'Èze is a 9 km climb, starting from Nice and climbing to 507 m altitude. It is named after the village of Èze, part of the municipality of Nice. Sean Kelly won the Col d'Èze time trial five times in his seven-year dominance.

In 1996, the finish was moved back to the Promenade des Anglais because of the low number of spectators on Col d'Èze and to take advantage of funding from the city of Nice. In 1996 and 1997 the final stage was a flat time trial in the streets of Nice, won by Chris Boardman and Viatcheslav Ekimov respectively. From 1998 to 2011, the final stage was a road race – usually on a hilly terrain with the climbs of the Col d'Èze and La Turbie – starting and ending in Nice. In recent years the race often returns to a final Col d'Èze time trial stage. Bradley Wiggins set a new climbing record in 2012 of 19' 12" on his way to overall victory.

Jersey colours

Since 2008, the overall leader has worn a yellow jersey. At the creation of the race in 1933, the leader's jersey was blue and gold, evoking the Mediterranean sunny sky. In 1946, the leader's jersey was green. In 1951, the organization opted for a yellow jersey with orange piping; before changing to all-white from 1955 to 2001. In 2002, after the race was obtained by ASO, the leader's jersey was yellow and white, before changing it to yellow in 2008, reflecting the Tour de France leader's jersey. In 2018, the yellow jersey features a white bar (same style as the Critérium du Dauphiné yellow jersey).

The points classification leader's jersey has been green since 2008. It was green from 1954 to 1984, and there was no points classification from 1985 to 1996. The points jersey was pink and purple in 2000 and 2001, and green and white from 2002 to 2007.

The King of the Mountains jersey has white with red polka dots, as in the Tour de France, since the race's takeover by ASO. The classification was introduced in 1952 and the jersey colour changed several times. In the 1970s it was yellow and red; later, it was white and purple. In 1984 the jersey became yellow and blue (the colors of sponsor Crédit Lyonnais); the following year, it was blue. Agrigel became its sponsor in 1990, and changed the colors to yellow and blue.

The best young rider's jersey was introduced in 2002, when it was blue and white. It has been white since 2007.

Winners

Multiple winners
Riders in italics are active.

Wins per country

Trivia
 The youngest winner of Paris–Nice was René Vietto in 1935, at the age of 21.
 The oldest winner was Raymond Poulidor in 1973, at the age of 37.
 France holds the record of most wins per nation, but no Frenchman has been victorious since Laurent Jalabert in 1997.
 Twelve winners on the roll of honour have also won the Tour de France in their careers: Louison Bobet, Jacques Anquetil, Jan Janssen, Eddy Merckx, Joop Zoetemelk, Stephen Roche, Miguel Induráin, Alberto Contador, Bradley Wiggins, Geraint Thomas, Egan Bernal and Tadej Pogačar. All bar Pogacar won their first or only Paris–Nice before they had won the Tour de France.

Notes

References

External links

UCI ProTour races
Cycle races in France
Recurring sporting events established in 1933
1933 establishments in France
UCI World Tour races
Annual sporting events in France
Spring (season) events in France
Super Prestige Pernod races

Paris–Nice


Mahmoud Maher Taha (Arabic: محمود ماهر طه  (born 21 December 1942, in Cairo, Egypt) is an Egyptian Egyptologist.

Taha obtained his B.A. in Egyptology from Cairo University (Department of Archeology) in 1963 and completed his Doctorate in the same field at the University of Lyon, France, in 1982.

He worked as General Director of Information Center of Egyptology and since 1992 has worked as General Director of the Center of Documentation and Studies on Ancient Egypt.

Mahmoud Maher Taha is an honorary member of the Association of the Safeguarding of the Ramesseum Temple (Memnonia) and has worked for over forty years in Nubia and Thebes (Archaeological Documentations).

Le grand temple d'Abou Simbel 2001
La reine Nefertari: la plus belle

1942 births
Egyptian archaeologists
Egyptian Egyptologists
Living people
Cairo University alumni

Mahmoud Maher Taha


Penyengat Island () is an island in Tanjung Pinang, capital of the Riau Islands, Indonesia. It lies just off Bintan Island, close to the downtown of Tanjung Pinang. The island has historical significance, dating back to the 18th century, when it was established as a fort as part of the Sultanate of Johor-Riau by the Bugis people. The island contains the tomb of Raja Ali Haji, a 19th-century Bugis historian and scholar. It is a small island that is approximately 6 km from the downtown of Tanjung Pinang, Riau Islands province. This island measures approximately 2500 meters x 750 meters, and is approximately 35 km from the island of Batam. This island can be reached by using a boat or better known by pompong boat. By using pompong boat, it takes approximately 15 minutes drive.

Penyengat Island is a tourist attraction in Riau Islands. A few landmarks that may be visited are the Sultan Riau Great Mosque that is made from egg whites, the tombs of the Kings, the tomb of the national hero Raja Ali Haji, the Palace complex and blockhouse Office at Kursi Hill. Penyengat island is the perfect island to visit to explore the heritage of Malay culture.

During the reign of Sultan Riau, this island was used as headquarters ground in Malay land. It can be seen from the many historical relics of the past. Aside from being the headquarters of the government, the island was also a fortress forefront in retaliating the Dutch attack.

The evidence from the center of defense during the war is can be seen from the presence of a castle on the hill. The hill is known as Bukit Kursi. As a center of defense, it has some cannons that face the sea. The cannons are very strategically located, which can be used at any time when an enemy approaches.

References

Riau Archipelago
Landforms of the Riau Islands
Islands of Sumatra

Penyengat Island


The president of the Swiss Confederation, also known as the president of the confederation, federal president or colloquially as the president of Switzerland, is the head of Switzerland's seven-member Federal Council, the country's executive branch. Elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, the officeholder chairs the meetings of the Federal Council and undertakes special representational duties.

First among equals, the president of the Confederation has no powers over and above the other six councillors and continues to head the assigned department. Traditionally the duty rotates among the members in order of seniority; the vice president of the Federal Council assumes the presidency the year after the officeholder's tenure. The president of the Confederation is not the head of state because the entire Federal Council is the collective head of state.

The constitutional provisions relating to the organisation of the Federal Government and federal administration are set out in Section 1 Organisation and Procedure of Chapter 3 Federal Council and Federal Administration of the Title 5 Federal Authorities of the Swiss Federal Constitution at articles 174 to 179. Article 176 specifically relates to the presidency.

Competencies
The Swiss president is not – as are, for example, the presidents in Austria or Germany – the head of state of the country: under the Swiss Federal Constitution, the Federal Council doubles as a collective head of state and head of government. When a tied vote occurs in the council (which may happen despite an odd number of members, since abstention is permitted, and a meeting of the council can take place without all members present), their vote is worth double.

In addition to the control of their own department, the president carries out some of the representative duties that are normally carried out by a single head of state in other democracies. For example, since joining the United Nations, Swiss presidents have on occasion spoken at inaugural sessions of the General Assembly along with other visiting heads of state and government. However, because the Swiss have no single head of state, the country carries out no state visits. When travelling abroad, the president does so only in their capacity as head of their department. Visiting heads of state are received by the seven members of the Federal Council together, rather than by the president of the Confederation. Treaties are signed on behalf of the full council, with all Federal Council members signing letters of credence and other documents of the kind.

Election
The president is elected by the Federal Assembly from the Federal Council for a term of one year.

In the nineteenth century, the election as president of the confederation was an award for especially esteemed Federal Council members. However, a few less influential members of the government were regularly passed over. One such example was Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, who – although a member of the Federal Council for 27 years – was president only once, in 1853.

Since the twentieth century, the election has usually not been disputed. There is an unwritten rule that the member of the Federal Council who has not been president the longest becomes president. Therefore, every Federal Council member gets a turn at least once every seven years. The only question in the elections that provides some tension is the question of how many votes the person who is to be elected president receives. This is seen as a popularity test. In the 1970s and 1980s, 200 votes (of 246 possible) was seen as an excellent result, but in the current era of growing party-political conflicts, 180 votes are a respectable outcome.

Until 1920, it was customary for the serving president to also lead the Department of Foreign Affairs. Therefore, every year there was a moving around of posts, as the retiring president returned to his former department and the new president took up the foreign affairs portfolio. Likewise, it was traditional for the president not to leave Switzerland during their year in office.

Vice-President of the Federal Council
A vice-president of the Federal Council is elected alongside the president of the Swiss Confederation; customarily, the elected vice-president is the member of the Federal Council who is expected to become president the following year. However, as for the choice of president, this rule is unwritten. The only formal rule, as specified in article 176 of the Swiss Constitution, is that the president can not be elected as either president or vice-president for the following year.

See also
List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation
Chancellor of Switzerland

References

External links

Government of Switzerland
Switzerland
1848 establishments in Switzerland
Swiss Confederation

President of the Swiss Confederation


Jerome Green (c. 1934 – c. 1973) was an American percussionist and occasional lyricist and vocalist, known for playing maracas and acting as Bo Diddley's foil in his performances and on his recordings in the 1950s and early 1960s.

Biography
Green grew up in Chicago, and was a neighbor of Ellas McDaniel, later known as Bo Diddley, who was older by a few years.  According to some sources, Green played tuba, but, when Bo Diddley performed on street corners and outside theaters from about 1950, he used Green to collect money from bystanders.  Needing to add percussion to boost his sound, but not wanting to have to carry a drum kit between venues, he recruited Green to play maracas, which he made out of toilet floats filled with black-eyed peas.

Bo Diddley said: "I taught Jerome how to play those maracas... They gave.. the unique sound, that jungle-type rhythm feel..". Referring to himself, Green, and bassist Roosevelt Jackson, he commented: "We used to be three dudes going down the street with a washtub, a little raggedy guitar and another cat with maracas...   We would go into the club and we would stand right by the front door because we weren't old enough to be in there. We would play for people and pass the hat....".

When Bo Diddley first recorded for Chess Records in March 1955, Green played maracas on the songs "I'm a Man" and "Bo Diddley".  The record reached number 1 on the Billboard R&B chart. Green continued to perform as a member of Bo Diddley's band, in performances and on recordings, and toured with him until the early 1960s.  He also played maracas on Chess label recordings by Chuck Berry – including his first recording, "Maybellene" – Billy Boy Arnold, Billy Stewart, and Willie Dixon, among others.

Green also contributed lyrics and vocals to some of Bo Diddley's recordings.  He is credited with writing "Bring It to Jerome", the B-side of Bo Diddley's third single, "Pretty Thing", on which he and Bo Diddley shared vocals. On "Say Man", which became Bo Diddley's biggest chart hit in 1959 and which was edited from a jam session in the recording studio, he and Green traded insults in the style of the word game known as the Dozens.  Writer Elijah Wald commented: "Although they didn't mention mothers, it was otherwise a typical street corner exchange, starting with jokes about each other's girlfriends and moving on to personal signifying".

Green's performances on maracas, often using two or more in each hand, were an influence on 1960s British R&B groups including the Rolling Stones, the Pretty Things, the Animals (who mentioned Green in their 1964 song "Story of Bo Diddley"), Them, and Manfred Mann, all of whom incorporated the use of maracas in their shows.   On the Rolling Stones' first British tour in 1963, when they supported Bo Diddley and the Everly Brothers, Keith Richards took on the role of Green's "minder".  In his autobiography, Life, Richards said: "I took over the job of being Jerome's roadie for some reason.  We liked each other a lot, and he was great fun...  There'd be this cry backstage, Anyone seen Jerome?  And I'd say, I bet I know where he is.  He'll be in the nearest pub from backstage.... I'd zip round to the pub nearest to the backstage and there'd be Jerome and he'd be talking to the locals and they'd all be buying him drinks because they didn't often meet a six-foot black man from Chicago...".

Green played and recorded with Bo Diddley until late 1964, when he married and decided to cease performing.  He died in or around 1973, according to some sources in New York City.

References

1934 births
1973 deaths
American session musicians
American percussionists
Maracas players

Jerome Green


Eliana La Ferrara is an Italian economist and Professor of Public Policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. Before receiving tenure at Harvard in 2022, she held the Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Chair in Development Economics at Bocconi University, where she also acted as Scientific Director of the Laboratory for Effective Anti-poverty Programs (LEAP). Previously, she was also the president of the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD) as well as the president of the European Economic Association. In terms of research, her fields of interest include development economics, political economy, and public economics.

Early life and education
La Ferrara earned Laurea in economics and social sciences as well as a research doctorate in economics from Bocconi University in 1993 and 1997, respectively. Thereafter, she also earned a PhD from Harvard University in 1999.

Career
Since 1998, La Ferrara has mostly worked at Bocconi University, where she currently holds the Fondazone Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Chair in Development Economics and acts as Scientific Director of the Laboratory for Effective Anti-Poverty Policies. Additionally, she has held various visiting appointments at the University of Namur (2006), the University of Oslo (2012,2013), and MIT (2012–13), and was the BP Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics in 2017–18.

In terms of professional affiliations, La Ferrara is the director of the Scientific Director of the Laboratory for Effective AntiPoverty Policies (LEAP). From 2016 to 2019 she was the president of the Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development (BREAD),. In 2018 she was president of the European Economic Association (EEA). She is also a member of the executive committee of the European Development Research Network (EUDN), and a co-director of the State research programme at the International Growth Centre (IGC). Furthermore, she is also affiliated with the Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research (IGIER), CPER, the Econometric Society, and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) at MIT. In 2021, she was appointed to the World Bank–International Monetary Fund High-Level Advisory Group (HLAG) on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth, co-chaired by Mari Pangestu, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, and Nicholas Stern.

In addition, La Ferrara performs editorial duties at Economica, the Journal of African Economies,  and World Development. She also functions as a referee for several economic journals, such as the American Economic Review or the Quarterly Journal of Economics. She also served on the Social Sciences Jury for the Infosys Prize 2020. She was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019.

Research
Her research focuses on the economics of institutions, social norms, media, conflict and ethnicity. According to IDEAS/RePEc, she belongs to the 2% of most cited economists. Key areas of her research include the following:

Research on the economics of ethnic diversity and economic inequality

One major strand of La Ferrara's research studies how differences in terms of income or ethnicity between members of a community (i.e. the community's heterogeneity) affects the formation of groups, participation in social activities, and trust in others.

Investigating the effect of heterogeneity on group formation and participation in social activities in US communities, La Ferrara and Alberto Alesina found that social participation is lower the more unequal and ethnically diverse a community is. Moreover, individuals who oppose racial mixing tend to be increasingly isolated the more racially diverse their community is. Despite very different standards of living, the effect of income inequality seems also to hold in developing countries: in rural Tanzania, La Ferrara found that village-level inequality overall decreases participation in groups, especially for relatively wealthy people. However, she also found that this aggregate effect masks the importance of whether access to groups is open or restricted: if the growth in inequality is mostly due to some of the very poor becoming slightly wealthier, participation in open groups decreases, but if the growth in inequality is instead driven by average income earners becoming relatively wealthy participation in groups with restricted access increases, with both processes affecting group functioning. One channel through which a community's diversity affects its social life is through the trust (or lack thereof) between its members. In the U.S., La Ferrara and Alesina find that low trust of others is pervasive among individuals who (i) live in a racially mixed and/or highly unequal community, (ii) are members in a group that has historically been discriminated against (e.g. African Americans and, to a lesser degree, women), (iii) are unsuccessful in terms of income and education, and/or (iv) recently had a series of traumatic experiences; by contrast, religious beliefs or ethnic origins don't affect trust of others.

Research on the relationship between violent conflict and financial markets

In another strand of her research, Eliana La Ferrara studies the relationship between violent conflict and financial markets; examples therein include the development of a method to detect illegal arms trade, the analysis of whether violent conflict is bad for private firms, and financial markets' reaction to the news of violent conflict:

In their research on illegal arms trade, Eliana La Ferrara and Stefano DellaVigna speculate that events that affect the intensity of violent conflicts (and, by extension, the demand for arms) in countries which are under international arms embargoes may be reflected in arms manufacturers' stock prices if they are violating these embargoes. Investigating this hypothesis, they show that the stock returns of arms manufacturers headquartered in highly corrupt countries with an intransparent arms trade business indeed mirror these events and are able to substantiate many of these links through UN investigations and online news stories. In another study on the relationship between violent conflicts and financial markets, La Ferrara and Massimo Guidolin exploit the sudden, unexpected end of the Angolan Civil War in 2002 (due to the death of UNITA rebel leader Jonas Savimbi) to assess the effect of the conflict in diamond-rich Angola on private firms. In particular La Ferrara and Guidolin find that the event caused the abnormal returns of diamond mining firms holding concessions in Angola to decrease by 4pp but had no effect on diamond mining companies not active in Angola. In light of this finding, they suggest that violent conflict may benefit incumbent firms in the extractive sector by creating additional barriers to market entry, weakening governments' bargaining power with regard to the distribution of natural resource rents, and making the licensing of mining concessions less transparent. Finally, in another study taking a global perspective, La Ferrara and Guidolin find that for 101 violent conflicts during 1974–2004, MSCI stock indices of the U.S., British, and French stock markets, overall commodity indices (though not for oil futures, agricultural products or gold), and the U.S. dollar exchange rate tend, on average, to react positively to the news of conflict onset, whereas stock markets in Japan as well as indices of agricultural commodities, oil futures and gold don't. In general, stock markets are found to react particularly strongly to news of international conflicts as well as to news of conflicts in Asia and the Middle East, the latter being driven by the extremely strong (and mostly negative) reactions of oil futures.

Research on the impact of television on social norms in Brazil

A third strand of La Ferrara's research addresses the "export" of alternative social norms through the expansion of access to modern media, e.g. television. Together with Alberto Chong, Eliana La Ferrara exploits the gradual expansion of the television network Rede Globo across Brazil in the 1970s and 1980s to explore whether exposure to Rede Globo telenovelas, which tend to portray modern social norms (including the possibility of divorce) had an effect on divorces. Indeed, La Ferrara and Chong find that the availability of the Globo signal significantly increases the share of separated or divorced couples. In another study but again exploiting Rede Globo's gradual expansion in Brazil, La Ferrara, Chong and Suzanne Duryea analyse the impact of Globo's telenovelas, which also portray comparatively small families, on fertility and find a significant negative impact, with the effect of Globo's telenovelas on parents being further substantiated by the fact that the frequency of child names in regions with access to Globo strongly reflects naming patterns in the telenovelas. The effect of the soap operas on fertility is particularly strong for women from poor households and during the central and late phases of fertility, thus suggesting that households adjusted their views regarding the desired number of children and stopped having more children after reaching it.

Research on reciprocity and attitudes towards redistribution

Further work
In her study of informal credit transactions within kinship based networks in Ghana, La Ferrara finds that repayment of loans is effectively induced through social enforcement, e.g. the sanctioning of defaulters' offspring, and that kin members sometimes adjust their lending behaviour (e.g. offering favourable terms of credit) on the characteristics of a creditor's parents in the expectation of reciprocity, i.e. that others will do the same with their offspring. Alesina and La Ferrara find that preferences for redistribution in the U.S. depend considerably on individuals' expected gains and losses from redistribution (which are strongly determined by their socioeconomic background) but also by their subjective beliefs about individual economic agency, i.e. people who don't believe that American society offers "equal opportunities" for social mobility are less averse to redistribution.

Selected publications

 Harari, M., La Ferrara, E. (2018). Conflict, Climate and Cells: A Disaggregated Analysis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 100(4), pp. 594-608.
 Bossert, W., D'Ambrosio, C., La Ferrara, E. (2011). A Generalized Index of Fractionalization. Economica, 78(312), pp. 723-750.
 Alesina, A., La Ferrara, E. (2005). Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 43(3), pp. 762–800.
 La Ferrara E. (2003). Kin Groups and Reciprocity: A Model of Credit Transactions in Ghana. American Economic Review, 93(5), pp. 1730-1751.
 Alesina, A., La Ferrara, E. (2000). Participation in Heterogeneous Communities. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, pp. 847-904.

References

External links

 Personal page of Eliana La Ferrara at Bocconi University

Italian women economists
Academic staff of Bocconi University
Harvard University alumni
Bocconi University alumni
Development economists
Political economists
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Living people
20th-century  Italian economists
21st-century  Italian  economists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women political scientists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the European Economic Association

Eliana La Ferrara


Prince Tisavarakumarn, the Prince Damrong Rajanubhab (Thai: ; ) (21 June 1862 – 1 December 1943) was the founder of the modern Thai educational system as well as the modern provincial administration. He was an autodidact, a (self-taught) historian, and one of the most influential Thai intellectuals of his time.

Born as Phra Ong Chao Tisavarakumarn (พระองค์เจ้าดิศวรกุมาร; "Prince Tisavarakumarn"), a son of King Mongkut with Consort Chum (เจ้าจอมมารดาชุ่ม; Chao Chom Manda Chum), a lesser royal wife; he initially learned Thai and Pali from private tutors, and English at the Royal School with Mr. Francis George Patterson. At the age of 14, he received his formal education in a special palace school created by his half-brother, King Chulalongkorn. He was given posts in the royal administration at an early age, becoming the commander of the Royal Guards Regiment in 1880 at age 18, and after several years he worked at building army schools as well as modernizing the army in general. In 1887, he was appointed as grand-officer to the army (commander-in-chief). At the same time, he was chosen by the king to become the Minister of Education in his provisional cabinet. When King Chulalongkorn began his administrative reform program in 1892, Prince Damrong was chosen to lead the Ministry of the North (Mahatthai), which was converted into the Ministry of the Interior in 1894.

In his time as minister, he completely overhauled provincial administration. Many minor provinces were merged into larger ones, the provincial governors lost most of their autonomy when the post was converted into one appointed and salaried by the ministry, and a new administrative division—the monthon (circle) covering several provinces—was created. Formal education of administrative staff was introduced. Prince Damrong was among the most important advisors of the king, and considered second only to him in power.

Political climate in Siam (1855–1893)

Legal traditions made little if any sense to foreigners. Nor did they have knowledge of the ancient political climate. Nor aware that the Bowring Treaty, which nearly all considered a significant advancement, had accomplished none of its objectives and had been set-back for the Siamese for the ensuing decades. Monthon reforms met with resistance, complicated by French interference in Siamese authority.

Foreign advisers

Prince Damrong went to Europe in search of a European general advisor for the king by way of the Suez Canal. In December 1891, during a lunch hosted by the British ambassador to Egypt, Damrong met Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns, who had edited the first issue of Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée ("Review of International Law and Comparative Legislation"), which had appeared late-1868 with contributions from many noted scholars. Following a hasty correspondence with Bangkok, the prince was able to offer Rolin-Jaequemyns an annual salary of £3,000. Among his successors were Edward Strobel, the first American adviser in foreign affairs, followed  by Jens Westengard, after whose tenure the position was downgraded to Adviser in Foreign Affairs, then Wolcott Pitkin, Eldon James, and Francis B. Sayre. After Damrong recruited Rolin-Jaequemyns, however, the advisers worked under Foreign Minister Devawongse Vaprokar and were recruited principally by their predecessors through Harvard connections. Strobel, Westengard, James, and Sayre were all Harvard law professors.

Minister of the Interior
The King had been impressed by the way Damrong organized the re-equipment of Thai artillery in his military capacity and how he successfully managed three schools and then the education ministry. Consequently, he promoted Damrong over the heads of the prince's older half brothers. Prince Damrong was appointed Minister of the North in 1892 as part of a larger reform of the government.  In 1894 the Southern and Western provinces were transferred to Damrong's ministry, which became the Ministry of Interior. Damrong changed the character of the department by retiring older officials and replacing them with men loyal to him, more formally training hereditary provincial nobles for their administrative responsibilities, and taking a meritocratic approach to promotion, insisting that paths of promotion should be open to clerks. He also reorganized the ministry into a superintending Central Department, a Legal Department to deal with border incidents and extraterritoriality, and a Department of Provincial Administration. He attempted to prune the ministry of departments that were not relevant to provincial administration. However, the ministry soon took over functions normally assigned to other ministries because their operations required the cooperation of Interior staff and because of Damrong's reputation for competence. Examples included Provincial Revenue, Irrigation, Forestry, Mines, and a provincial Gendarmerie.

Damrong's most important reform, however, was the creation of the thesaphiban system by which the provincial administration was professionalized and made responsible to and dependent on the central government. The system was named after the thesaphiban or superintendent commissioners who exercised authority over in which groups of provinces called monthon or circles. An 1892 tour of northern provinces convinced Damrong that the provincial government was almost completely decoupled from the central government and in desperate need of reform. Through the 1890s, he created monthon and appointed thesaphiban. Administration was divided into judicial, financial, and administrative spheres and each thesaphiban had a commissioner for each of these divisions. Damrong and the thesaphiban also attacked the independence of provincial nobility by taking over their sources of revenue, such as judicial fees and transit duties, then using some of this money to pay them salaries. These provincial notables were then taken into the provincial administration and frequently transferred to other provinces, severing traditional local ties. Damrong and his ministry also sought to appoint Interior officials to run districts (the administrative division below provinces) and to have locally elected elders take responsibility for keeping the peace and collect taxes at the commune and village levels. These changes were formalized countrywide in the Ministry of Interior regulations of 1899, turning provincial governors from semi-independent nobles to officials of the central government. These reforms resulted in doubling of state revenue, the extension of some social services, and increased security in the provinces.

Later years
After the death of King Chulalongkorn in 1910, the relationship with his successor King Vajiravudh was less productive. Prince Damrong finally resigned in 1915 from his post at the ministry, officially due to health problems, since otherwise the resignation would have looked like an affront to the monarch.

During the brief reign of King Prajadhipok, the prince proposed that the king found the Royal Institute, mainly to look after the National Library and the museums. He became the first president of the Royal Institute of Thailand. He was given the title Somdet Phra Chao Borommawong Thoe Krom Phraya Damrong Rajanubhab by King Prajadhipok in recognition to his work. This became the name by which he is generally known.

In the following years, Damrong worked as a self-educated historian, as well as writing books on Thai literature, culture and arts. Out of his works grew the National Library, as well as the National Museum. He is considered the father of Thai history. The "Damrong school" has been characterized by Thai historian Nithi Aeusrivongse as combining "the legacy of the royal chronicle with history as written in the West during the nineteenth century, creating a royal/national history to serve the modern Thai state under the absolute monarchy." Although foundational to Thai history, his work is now often seen as overly nationalistic and exclusive of marginalized actors.

Being one of the main apologists for absolute monarchy, after the Siamese revolution of 1932 which introduced Constitutional monarchy in the kingdom, Damrong was exiled to Penang in British Malaysia. In 1942, after the old establishment had substantially regained power from the 1932 reformists, he was allowed to return to Bangkok, where he died one year later.

Prince Damrong is credited as the father of Thai history, the education system, the health system (the Ministry of Health was originally a department of the Ministry of the Interior) and the provincial administration. He also had a major role in crafting Bangkok's anti-democratic state ideology of "Thainess".

On the 1962 centenary of his birth, he became the first Thai to be included in the UNESCO list of the world's most distinguished persons. On 28 November 2001, to honour the contributions the prince made to the country, the government declared that 1 December would thereafter be known as "Damrong Rajanupab Day".

His many descendants use the royal surname Tisakula or Diskul ().

Writings
Prince Damrong wrote countless books and articles, of which only a few are available in English translation:

Our Wars with the Burmese: Thai-Burmese Conflict 1539–1767,
Journey through Burma in 1936: A View of the Culture, History and Institutions,
Stories of Archeology: A Collection of True Stories, (Title in Thai:นิทานโบราณคดี),

 for which Prince Damrong offered advice and images

Honours

National honours
Prince Damrong received these honours and medals from the Honours System:
:
 Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri (1886)
 Knight of the Order of the Nine Gems (1901)
 Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao (1900)
 Knight of the Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit (1911)
 Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant (1913)
 Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Thailand (1923)
 Knight of the Vajira Mala Order (1911)
 Dushdi Mala Medal Pin of Services to the Monarch (Military) (1893)
 Dushdi Mala Medal Pin of Arts and Science (Military) (1890)
 Dushdi Mala Medal Pin of Arts and Science (Civilian) (1890)
 Dushdi Mala Medal Pin of Services to the Monarch (Civilian) (1899)
 Chakra Mala Medal (1893)
 Saratul Mala Medal (1925)
 King Rama IV Royal Cypher Medal (1904)
 King Rama V Royal Cypher Medal (1908)
 King Rama VI Royal Cypher Medal (1910)
 King Rama VII Royal Cypher Medal (1926)
 Queen's Medal (1898)
 Recipient of the King Rama VII Coronation Medal (1926)

Foreign Honours
:
 Knight 1st Class of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky (1892)
 Knight 1st Class of the Order of Saint Anna (1892)
:
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle (1892)
:
 1st Class of the Order of Osmanieh (1892)
:
 Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1892)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1896)
:
 Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia (1892)
:
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (1892)
 Knight of the Order of the Elephant (1930)
:
 Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (1892)
:
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1895)

Tributes to Damrong Rajanubhab

See also
 Varadis Palace

Notes

References

Further reading

 Biography from the Encyclopedia of Asian History

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Thai male Phra Ong Chao
19th-century Chakri dynasty
20th-century Chakri dynasty
Diskul family
Children of Mongkut
20th-century Thai historians
Thai publishers (people)
Thai exiles
Thai expatriates in Malaysia
Refugees in Malaysia
Historians of Thailand
Knights Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
Knights of the Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit
Recipients of the Dushdi Mala Medal, Pin of Arts and Science
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vasa
1862 births
1943 deaths
Commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army
Ministers of Interior of Thailand
Members of the Privy Council of Thailand
19th-century Thai historians
19th-century military history of Thailand
Sons of kings

Damrong Rajanubhab


Ronald James Alexander  (born 10 December 1950) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and for the East Perth Football Club and East Fremantle Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). He served as captain-coach of East Fremantle and was also the inaugural senior coach of the West Coast Eagles.

Playing career
During his career he represented Western Australia 13 times, Victoria twice, and was awarded a Simpson Medal for a match against Victoria in 1974.

WANFL career
He began his career with East Perth Football Club where from 1971 to 1975 he played 98 games and kicked 49 goals. He was a big, strong muscular ruckman, weighing 115 kg and standing at 198 cm tall.

He was a member of their 1972 premiership team and won the club's fairest and best award in 1974.

VFL career
He then crossed over to Fitzroy in 1976. He was their captain from 1979–80, and in 1981 won their best and fairest, finishing ahead of that season's Brownlow Medallist Bernie Quinlan by nine votes. In total he played 133 games and booted 30 goals for the Roys. While in Melbourne he gained a degree in Physical Education and for a time was president of the VFL Players Association. He went back to Perth after the 1981 season.

Coaching career
He returned to Western Australia in 1982 and took on the role of captain/coach at East Fremantle taking them to the grand final in 1984, 1985 and 1986, winning the 1985 Premiership.

In 1986, after 76 games for East Fremantle, he stepped down as a player, but as coach he once again took his side the grand final and like 1984 they were again runners-up.

West Coast Eagles
In 1987, he was picked to be the inaugural senior coach of the West Coast Eagles.

He was controversially sacked and replaced by John Todd at the end of the 1987 season, despite 11 wins and being close to taking his side to the finals in their first year.

After football
From 1999 to 2017, he was   the Director-General of the Western Australian Department of Sport and Recreation.   (DSR). Over the decade commencing from 2000 the DSR achieved recognition and success with multiple Premier Awards and in 2016 received a Commendation from the Western Australian Public Sector Commissioner for outstanding results in climate and culture surveys. DSR was also named on occasion in the WA Auditor Generals annual reports as a better practice agency. In 2017 the WA Government decided to merge the Department with the Departments of Local Government, Culture and Arts, Racing Gaming and Liquor, some services from the Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Office of Muliticultural Interests.
In the Queen's Birthday 2019 Honours List, Alexander was made a Member of the Order of Australia "for significant service to sport and recreation, and to public administration."

In October 2021, Alexander was elected to the North Ward of the City of Vincent. Alexander ran for mayor of the City of Vincent in the October 2023 local government elections, gaining 33 percent of the vote and coming second to Alison Xamon, who had 40 percent of the vote.

References

External links

Profile at WA Football Hall of Fame

1950 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
East Perth Football Club players
East Fremantle Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club players
West Coast Eagles coaches
East Fremantle Football Club coaches
Mitchell Medal winners
Western Australian State of Origin players
All-Australian coaches
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Australian local councillors

Ron Alexander


Carl Mitcham (born 1941) is a philosopher of engineering and technology, Professor Emeritus of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at the Colorado School of Mines and Visiting International Professor of Philosophy of Technology at Renmin University of China.

Life and work
Mitcham graduated from W.W. Samuel High School and received his higher education from the University of Colorado (BA, MA) and Fordham University (PhD). Prior to the Colorado School of Mines, he held faculty appointments at Berea College (Kentucky), St. Catharine College (Kentucky), Brooklyn Polytechnic University (since merged with New York University), and Pennsylvania State University. He has also served in visiting positions at the Universidad de Puerto Rico, Mayagüez (1988), Universidad de Oviedo (1993), the Universities of Tilburg and Twente, Netherlands (1998), and as Fulbright Professor at the Universidad de País Vasco, Spain (2003-2004). From 1992 he began with increasing regularity to visit universities in China.

Mitcham was a selective political objector to the Vietnam War; although he was convicted of refusing military induction, he is not a pacifist.

While his disciplinary background was in philosophy, with an emphasis in philosophy and ethics of engineering, technology, and science, his scholarly publications have been as much interdisciplinary as disciplinary, especially insofar as he has worked to bring philosophy of technology into the interdisciplinary field of Science, Technology, and Society (STS) studies.

Mitcham's publications include Philosophy and Technology: Technology as a Philosophical Problem (with Robert Mackey, 1972), Theology and Technology: Essays in Christian Analysis and Exegesis (with Jim Grote, 1984), Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and Philosophy (1994), Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics (4 vols., 2005; second edition with J. Britt Holbrook, Ethics, Science, Technology, Engineering: A Global Resource, 2015), Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity (with Robert Frodeman and Julie Thompson Klein, 2010), Ethics and Science: An Introduction (with Adam Briggle, 2012), and Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays (2020). Publications have appeared in German, French, Spanish, Chinese, and other languages.

Mitcham was a founding member of the Society for Philosophy and Technology (1976). He also served as a member of the Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1994-2000) and on expert study groups for the European Commission (2009 and 2012). Awards include the Abbot Payson Usher Prize of the Society for the History of Technology (1973), International World Technology Network (WTN) award for Ethics (2006), and a Doctorate Honoris Causa from the Universitat Internacional Valenciana, Spain (2010).

Selected publications
Mitcham has authored and co-authored numerous publications. Books, a selection:
 Mitcham, Carl, and Robert Mackey, eds. Philosophy and technology. Free Press, 1972.
 Mitcham, Carl. Thinking through technology: The path between engineering and philosophy. University of Chicago Press, 1994.
 Frodeman, R., Klein, J.T., & Mitcham, C. (2010) The Oxford handbook of interdisciplinarity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Articles, a selection:
 Morse, Janice M., et al. "Concept analysis in nursing research: a critical appraisal." Research and Theory for Nursing Practice 10.3 (1996): 253-277.
 Hupcey, J. E., Penrod, J., Morse, J. M., & Mitcham, C. (2001). An exploration and advancement of the concept of trust. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(2), 282-293.
 Strijbos, Sytse, and Carl Mitcham. "Art.Systems and Systems Thinking." Carl Mitcham (Hg.):Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics, Thomson Gale (2005): 1880-1884.
 Fisher, Erik, Roop L. Mahajan, and Carl Mitcham. "Midstream modulation of technology: governance from within." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 26.6 (2006): 485-496.

References

External links

Carl Mitcham. . 2008. Video lecture at European Graduate School

1941 births
Living people
21st-century American philosophers
American conscientious objectors
Philosophers of technology
Colorado School of Mines faculty
University of Colorado alumni
Fordham University alumni
Berea College faculty
New York University faculty
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Academic staff of European Graduate School

Carl Mitcham


"I Miss My Friend" is a song written by Tom Shapiro, Mark Nesler and Tony Martin, and recorded by American country music singer Darryl Worley.  It was released in March 2002 the first single and title track from his album of the same name.  The song became his first number one single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. It also crossed over to pop radio, peaking at #28 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Development and promotion
DreamWorks promoted the album in conjunction with long-distance telephone company MCI for monitored stations to give away "I Miss My Friend"-themed phone cards in on-air contests.

Content
The song is a ballad to a lost significant other. In the verses, the narrator lists the details of his significant other that he misses, stating in the chorus that what he misses the most of all is her friendship.

It features accompaniment from piano, mandolin, and a string section throughout.

Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Shaun Silva, and features Worley playing guitar, facing a woman who is sitting on a couch. The camera predominantly alternates between a full shot showing both subjects, a close-up of the singer's face and a top-down shot of Worley and the rear wall; occasional shots from over Worley's shoulder shows the woman's reactions between song phrases. The left wall (which the woman looks toward) is not shown until the outro: the woman stands, walks through Worley and reveals that her reactions during the song were due to a home movie playing on a television behind the singer. Worley then stands up and walks away, disappearing into white light.

Critical reception
People magazine called the tune "a unique, thoughtful take on romantic remorse that demonstrates Worley's sensitive brand of country," and noted that "Although the singer didn't have a hand in composing that tune...his eye for smart material is evident."

Chart performance
"I Miss My Friend" debuted at #51 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated March 23, 2002. Having charted for 32 weeks on that chart, it reached Number One on the country chart dated September 21, 2002, holding that position for one week.

Year-end charts

References

2002 singles
2002 songs
Darryl Worley songs
Songs written by Mark Nesler
Songs written by Tom Shapiro
Music videos directed by Shaun Silva
Songs written by Tony Martin (songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
DreamWorks Records singles

I Miss My Friend (song)


Robert Wentworth John Holness (12 November 1928 – 6 January 2012) was a British-South African radio and television presenter and occasional actor. He presented the British version of Blockbusters.

Early life
Holness was born in Vryheid, Natal, South Africa. When he was seven, his family moved to England, initially to Herne Bay, Kent, where his grandfather Nathaniel was brought up, then later to Ashford, Kent. After attending Ashford Grammar School and briefly Eastbourne College Holness went on to Maidstone College of Art (now the University for the Creative Arts). He then returned to South Africa and worked for a printing company.

Career
After moving back to South Africa in the 1950s, Holness joined a repertory theatre in Durban, South Africa.

Radio career
In 1955, Holness received his first job as a radio presenter and, a year later, became the second actor to portray James Bond (after Barry Nelson in the 1954 TV special Casino Royale) in a radio production of Moonraker for the SABC's Springbok Radio.

Holness joined the BBC as a presenter on Late Night Extra, initially on the BBC Light Programme and later on Radio 1 and Radio 2, presenting alongside Terry Wogan, Michael Parkinson and Keith Fordyce. From 1971, the show was broadcast solely on Radio 2. He moved to independent radio and co-presented the award-winning breakfast-time AM Programme alongside Douglas Cameron on London's LBC radio station between 1975 and 1985. Holness originally joined the station as an airborne traffic reporter, later progressing to reading networked news bulletins for IRN. He won the Variety Club Award for 'Joint Independent Radio Personality of the Year' in both 1979 and 1984.

From 1985 to 1997, Holness returned to Radio 2, presenting many shows including Bob Holness Requests the Pleasure and Bob Holness and Friends, as well as covering various weekday shows for holidaying presenters. From the late 1960s until 1998, he presented the request programme Anything Goes on the BBC World Service.

Television career
In 1962, Holness became the host of UK game show Take a Letter, and relief host of Thames Television's magazine programme Today in 1968. From 1983 until 1994 he presented the British version of Blockbusters, for which he is best known. Holness starred in a celebrity special of Catchphrase in 1988, and later appeared again with his daughter, Carol, in a Christmas version of Family Catchphrase. In 1990 he was the subject of This Is Your Life.

Holness hosted Yorkshire Television's big-budget game show flop Raise the Roof, in 1995, before becoming the chairman of a revived Call My Bluff for the BBC. Holness appeared on one episode of Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway in 2004, when he presented the last round of Ant and Dec's Blockbusters, with Ant as a contestant.

Aside from presenting, Holness had an occasional acting career in television shows including Thriller, Rex the Runt and The Impressionable Jon Culshaw.

"Baker Street"
Holness was the subject of an urban myth, claimed to have been initiated in the 1980s by broadcaster Stuart Maconie who, writing for the New Musical Express in a section called 'Believe It or Not', said that Holness had played the saxophone riff on Gerry Rafferty's 1978 song "Baker Street". However, the actual performer was Raphael Ravenscroft. Tommy Boyd, among others, has disputed Maconie's claim to authorship of the rumour.

Personal life and death
Holness met his wife, former actress Mary Rose Clifford, in repertory theatre in South Africa. The couple married in 1955 before they returned to England in 1961, originally living with Mary's family in London, before moving to Manchester. Three years later, the family relocated to north-west London, settling in Pinner. The pair had three children; a son, Jonathan, and two daughters, Carol Ann (aka Nancy Nova) and Ros, singers and members of the band Toto Coelo.

Holness gave his support to many charities, including the children's charities Teenage Cancer Trust, Young People's Trust for the Environment and National Children's Home (now Action for Children), of which he was vice-president from 1994.

On 24 November 2002, Holness suffered a major stroke, following which a brain scan revealed he had previously suffered a number of transient ischaemic attacks over several years. He also suffered from hearing loss. Holness was diagnosed with coeliac disease in 2005. In the last few years of his life he suffered from vascular dementia and was cared for by his family at their home in Pinner until the last two weeks of his life when he entered Denville Hall nursing home. On 6 January 2012, Holness' family announced that he had died earlier that day, in his sleep, at the age of 83. His wife died on 26 June 2020 in Pinner, London. He had seven grandchildren.

See also
 List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease

References

External links

 Profile at Radiorewind.co.uk
Interview at the British Entertainment History Project

1928 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of the University for the Creative Arts
BBC Radio 2 presenters
British game show hosts
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
British radio DJs
British radio personalities
British male voice actors
People educated at The Norton Knatchbull School
People from Pinner
People from Ashford, Kent
LBC radio presenters
White South African people

Bob Holness


Ronn Dwayne Reynolds (born September 28, 1958), is an American former professional baseball catcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Philadelphia Phillies, Houston Astros, and San Diego Padres. He batted and threw right-handed.

Career
After playing college baseball at the University of Arkansas, Reynolds was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the 5th round in 1979.  After not signing with the Athletics, he was again drafted in the 5th round in 1980, this time by the Mets. Reynolds played 51 games for two of the Mets' class-A minor league teams, getting 29 hits in 149 at bats.

In 1981, Reynolds was promoted to the Mets' class-AA team in Jackson.  There he played 88 games, getting 272 at-bats and posting a batting average of .235, a slugging percentage of .309 and an on-base percentage of .314. He repeated at Jackson in 1982, improving to a .255 batting average, a .360 slugging percentage and a .344 on-base percentage in 123 games and 431 at-bats.

His 1982 performance earned him a late season promotion to the Mets.  He made his major league debut for the Mets on September 29, 1982, against the Chicago Cubs. In total, he played 2 games for the Mets in 1982, going hitless in 4 at-bats.

In 1983, Reynolds split the season between the Mets and their class-AAA affiliate in Tidewater, getting a chance to play in the majors largely due to the injury to the John Stearns.  He played with the Mets from April 27 through June 13, playing 24 games and getting 66 at-bats.  He posted a .197 batting average, a .280 slugging percentage and a .212 on-base percentage. As a catcher, he allowed 27 stolen bases in 38 attempts. The Mets television and radio announcers often commented in the unusual spelling of his first name (with two n's) when he came to bat that season.  During his time with Tidewater, he played 40 games, getting 128 at-bats, posting a .211 batting average, a .273 slugging percentage and a .246 on-base percentage.

Reynolds spent the entire 1984 season with Tidewater, posting a batting average of .261, a slugging percentage of .418 and an on-base percentage of .303 in 90 games and 280 at bats. His 11 home runs that season were a career high as a professional.  Although he started the 1985 season at Tidewater, playing 3 games there, he was promoted to the Mets early in the season to back up Gary Carter.  He played 28 games for the Mets, with a batting average of .209, a slugging percentage of .227 and an on-base percentage of .256 in 43 at-bats.  He allowed just 10 stolen bases in 19 attempts. In George Plimpton's 1985 April Fools' Day hoax, The Curious Case of Sidd Finch, Reynolds was mentioned as the catcher who painfully caught Sidd Finch's 168 mph fastball.

After the 1985 season, Reynolds was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies along with Jeff Bittiger in exchange for Rodger Cole and Ronnie Gideon, neither of whom ever played a major league game.  He split the 1986 season between the Phillies and their class-AAA minor league affiliate in Portland.  He played 43 games for the Phillies, with a batting average of .214 (his Major League high), a slugging percentage of .242 and an on-base percentage of .317 in 126 at-bats.  He also hit 3 of his 4 lifetime Major League home runs that season.  He allowed 46 stolen bases in 59 attempts.

After the 1986 season, he was traded again to the Houston Astros for Jeff Calhoun.  He split the 1987 season between the Astros and their class-AAA minor league affiliate in Tucson.  He played 38 games for the Astros, with a batting average of .167, a slugging percentage of .189 and an on-base percentage of .235 in 102 at-bats.  He allowed 46 stolen bases in 59 attempts.  On October 1, Reynolds was the victim of a rare triple-steal versus the Atlanta Braves.  With the bases loaded, Reynolds made a return throw to pitcher Danny Darwin and the Braves' Gerald Perry broke from third towards home plate.  Darwin threw back to Reynolds but Reynolds dropped the ball and all three runners were safe.  Not only were the Braves credited with three stolen bases but Reynolds was injured on the play and left the game.

He was released by the Astros after the 1987 season and signed as a free agent with the Milwaukee Brewers.  He never played a game for the Brewers, spending the 1988 and 1989 seasons playing for the Brewers' class AAA affiliate in Denver. His 1989 season was shortened by a pre-season Achilles tendon rupture. He was granted free agency after the 1989 season and signed with the San Diego Padres.  He played most of the 1990 season with the Padres class-AAA affiliate in Las Vegas.  He did play 8 games for the Padres, getting just one hit (a double) in 15 at-bats. He played his last major league game for the Padres on July 5, 1990.

In all, Reynolds played 143 Major League games in 6 seasons, getting 356 at-bats, 4 home runs, a career batting average of .188, a career slugging percentage of .228 and a career on-base percentage of .256.  His minor league totals were 701 games, 2193 at-bats, 49 home runs, a .238 batting average, a .358 slugging percentage and a .309 on-base percentage.

References

External links

Ronn Reynolds at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Ronn Reynolds at Baseball Almanac
Ronn Reynolds at Baseball Gauge
Ronn Reynolds at Astros Daily
Ronn Reynolds at Ultimate Mets Database

1958 births
Living people
Águilas del Zulia players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Arkansas Razorbacks baseball players
Baseball players from Wichita, Kansas
Denver Zephyrs players
Garden City Broncbusters baseball players
Houston Astros players
Jackson Mets players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Little Falls Mets players
Lynchburg Mets players
Major League Baseball catchers
New York Mets players
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Portland Beavers players
San Diego Padres players
Sun City Rays players
Tidewater Tides players
Tucson Toros players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela

Ronn Reynolds


Floyd Reese (August 8, 1948 – August 21, 2021) was an American professional football coach and executive in the National Football League (NFL). From 1994 to 2006, he held the position of general manager of the Tennessee Titans. Reese then served as an analyst on ESPN's NFL Live, and as a writer on ESPN.com before joining the New England Patriots as a senior football advisor.

As a general manager, Reese drafted three NFL Rookie of the Year Award winners among his 11 first round draft choices: running back Eddie George in 1996, defensive end Jevon Kearse in 1999, and quarterback Vince Young in 2006. Reese also drafted NFL co-MVP quarterback Steve McNair.

College career
Reese was a three-year letterman and three-year starter (making 28 of 30 starts) for the University of California, Los Angeles. He was voted UCLA rookie of the year in 1967.

Reese was part of a Bruins defense that gave up only 103 points (ninth best in school history) and posted an 8-1-1 record his senior year. Reese was an All-American in 1969. He was voted the team co-MVP in 1969 (along with quarterback Dennis Dummit) making him the only defensive player ever to win the award. Reese was also one of UCLA's tri-captains as well as All-Pac-8. He was voted to the Los Angeles Times All-Time UCLA team in 1970. Reese played in the Hula Bowl after his senior season and was voted the game's outstanding lineman.

Playing career
Reese played one season in the Canadian Football League (1970) for the Montreal Alouettes. He signed with the Toronto Argonauts in 1971 but did not play and decided to move into coaching that same year.

Professional career

Coaching
Reese was an assistant coach at UCLA from 1971 to 1973 and with Georgia Tech in 1974. He was in charge of the Detroit Lions' strength and conditioning with head coaches Rick Forzano and Tommy Hudspeth from 1975 until the latter's dismissal with his entire staff on January 9, 1978. He moved to the San Francisco 49ers as strength and conditioning coach in 1978. Reese became the Minnesota Vikings' linebacker coach and special teams from 1979 though 1983 and was the Vikings' defensive coordinator in 1984. He returned to the post of linebacker coach in 1985. The next season, Reese began a four-year stint as linebacker coach for the Houston Oilers.

NFL executive
In 1990, Reese was promoted to the position of assistant general manager for the Oilers following an offer from Jerry Glanville, then head coach of the Atlanta Falcons, to join the Falcons as assistant head coach. Bud Adams wanted to keep Reese with the Oilers so he offered Reese the position of assistant general manager and the opportunity to one day replace Mike Holovak, then-Oilers general manager. Reese held that position until 1993.

In 1994, Reese was promoted to executive vice president and general manager, where he stayed while the Oilers moved to Nashville, Tennessee, first as the Tennessee Oilers, then as the Tennessee Titans. He added the role of director of football operations in 2001. After disputes with Adams and coach Jeff Fisher about the direction of the team (Fisher wanted more control in drafts), and realizing that Adams was not likely to offer him a new contract, Reese resigned his position with the Titans following the 2006 season, despite amassing the most wins (111) of any Oilers/Titans general manager.

Following his departure from the Titans, Reese joined ESPN as an NFL analyst and writer for ESPN.com.

On January 27, 2009, Reese was hired by the New England Patriots as a senior football advisor following Patriots vice president of player personnel Scott Pioli leaving to become general manager of the Kansas City Chiefs. Following the 2009 season, Reese was a finalist for the Seattle Seahawks general manager position, one that was eventually filled by John Schneider. Reese left the Patriots after the 2012 season.

References

1948 births
2021 deaths
American football defensive linemen
American strength and conditioning coaches
Detroit Lions coaches
ESPN people
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football coaches
Houston Oilers coaches
Houston Oilers executives
Minnesota Vikings coaches
Montreal Alouettes players
New England Patriots executives
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Tennessee Oilers executives
Tennessee Titans executives
UCLA Bruins football coaches
UCLA Bruins football players
National Football League general managers

Floyd Reese


Penfield is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 39,438 at the 2020 census.

The town was incorporated in 1810 by the proprietor Daniel Penfield, a veteran of the Revolutionary War who purchased the town lands in 1795 and moved to the area in 1809. His house still stands at 1784 Penfield Road.  Penfield is a suburb of Rochester.  The town's motto is "A Town of Planned Progress".

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.11%) is water. Penfield is surrounded in all four directions by neighboring towns. To the north is Webster, to the south are Perinton, Pittsford and East Rochester, to the east is Walworth (Wayne County), and to the west are Irondequoit and Brighton.

Geographically, Penfield includes a number of parks with a variety of terrain, water features, lodges and shelters, open spaces, and athletic facilities.
 Athletic Fields
 Abraham Lincoln Park
 Channing H Philbrick Park (formerly Linear Park)
 Ellison Park
 Greenwood Park
 Harris Whalen Park
 Heritage Park
 LaSalle's Landing Park
 Lucien Morin Park
 Rothfuss Park
 Schaufelberger Park
 Shadow Pines Municipal Land
 Sherwood Fields Park
 Veteran's Memorial Park

Nearly two million years ago, Penfield's topography was formed by melting glaciers. The same forces that created the Finger Lakes helped develop interesting terrain in and around Ellison Park. These glacial ice melt carvings left fertile lands which today is used in farming (and from the late 20th century to the present, housing developments). The soil is rich for farming certain types of apples, cherries, plums, peaches, and pears.

Penfield shares Irondequoit Bay with the towns of Irondequoit and Webster. The southeastern end of the bay is in Penfield.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 34,645 people, 13,144 households, and 9,634 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 13,673 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 93.48% White, 3.05% Asian, 2.11% African American, 0.12% Native American,  0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population. There are an estimated 2,393 veterans in the town.

There were 13,144 households, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $63,223, and the median income for a family was $74,959. Males had a median income of $52,282 versus $33,365 for females. The per capita income for the town was $29,576.  About 2.3% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

The unemployment rate, as of July 2013, was 5.5%. This is below the 7.6% unemployment rate of New York State in July 2013.

Communities and locations in the Town of Penfield
East Penfield - a hamlet near the eastern town line on Route 441
East Rochester - A small part of the Village of East Rochester is near the southern town line.
Lloyd's Corners - a hamlet at the intersection of Routes 441 and 250.
Panorama - a hamlet at the interchange between Routes 441 & 153, east of the village of Penfield.
Penfield - the hamlet of Penfield is near the western town line, on Route 441 and Five Mile Line Road.
Penfield Center - a hamlet at the intersection of Penfield Center Road, Route 250 (Fairport Nine Mile Point Road), and Route 286 (Atlantic Avenue).
Roseland - a hamlet in the north-eastern corner of the town on Plank Road.

Economy
As with many suburbs of the United States of America, Penfield's workforce co-exists with the major corporations and institutions found in the Rochester, NY metropolitan area. These corporations include Kodak, Xerox, and Bausch & Lomb. Major health, insurance, and educational institutions also contribute to employment and culture, including University of Rochester, Rochester Institute of Technology, and Rochester Regional Health.

Major public and private corporations with a geographic footprint in Penfield include Paychex, Nalge Nunc International, Birds Eye Foods, and Wegmans.

Education
The town is primarily served by the Penfield and Webster Central School Districts, with relatively small portions of the town served by the East Rochester, Pittsford and Wayne central school districts.

Additionally, there are several privately run schools:
 The Charles Finney School (grades K–12), non-denominational Christian
 Bread Of Life Christian Academy (grades K–8), non-denominational Christian
 Southeast Christian Academy (grades 1–12), Baptist
 Rochester Christian School (grades K–8), Calvinist
 St. Joseph Elementary School (grades K–6), operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester
 Webster Montessori School (grades pre-K–5), secular

History
The lands that now constitute the Town of Penfield were part of the hunting grounds of the Seneca Nation, a member of the Haudenosaunee tribes. There is no evidence of Seneca settlements within Penfield, but the town does include the place now called "Indian Landing." From this landing on the shores of Irondequoit Bay, trails and water routes went throughout the region and beyond. This included a water route with only two portages leading from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.

Following the American Revolution the lands that became Penfield were included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. After passing through several hands, Townships 13 and 14 of Range IV of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase were acquired by Daniel Penfield in several transactions during the course of 1795.

The area in today's Monroe County remained divided by the Genesee River, and all the settlements to the east of the Genesee became part of the town of Northfield in 1796. Those to the west of the river were organized into Northampton in 1797. As the population rapidly grew both settlements divided. Northfield first became Boyle, from which Penfield split in 1810.

The Town of Penfield was established in 1810 and the first Town Meeting was held on April 2, 1811. The town initially consisted of Townships 13 and 14 of Range IV.  A portion of the southwest corner went to the Town of Brighton when it was established in 1814, and Township 14 became the Town of Webster in 1840.  So modern Penfield is, with minor differences, Township 13 of Range IV of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase.

The original Penfield Town Hall was built in 1895 and was deemed a Penfield landmark in 1981. This building is located at 2131 Five Mile Line Road. In the 1950s the downstairs of the town hall was the library and when the location of the Penfield Town Hall was changed, the library took over the entire building. The library has now since been moved to Baird Road Community Center. In 1966 the Penfield Town hall was moved to its current location at 3100 Atlantic Avenue. The original building of the town hall is currently a maternity clothing store.

The Horace and Grace Bush House, Daisy Flour Mill, Dayton's Corners School, Hipp-Kennedy House, Mud House, Penfield Road Historic District, Stephen Phelps House, Samuel Rich House, and Harvey Whalen House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Government

The town is governed by a board (consisting of a supervisor, four councilpersons, a clerk, and two justices) that is elected by registered town voters. Major responsibilities can be grouped into planning & preservation, libraries & recreation, ethics & environment, trails & transportation.

The town court handles approximately 6,000 cases per year, adjudicated by the justices.

The Penfield Town Hall can be found at 3100 Atlantic Avenue, Penfield, NY, 14526. It can also be reached by phone at  (585) 340-8600.

Emergency response
There are a few levels of emergency response in Penfield. First level support is from County and City resources. Second and Third level support is provided by trained and untrained citizens lending a helping hand.

 First level support is from the County and the City. Dialing 9-1-1 connects the caller to the City of Rochester's Emergency Communications Department  Center).  For the Town of Penfield, the Monroe County Sheriff's Department provides primary law enforcement for the town's residents. Penfield is located in Zone A where Captain Robert Clar is the Commander and Deputy Andy Hildreth is the Crime Prevention Officer.
 Second level support is from trained town and citizen resources. The Penfield Volunteer Emergency Ambulance (PVEA) provides Basic Life Support with trained Emergency Medical Technicians. Advanced Life Support services are provided by the Southeast Quadrant Mobile Critical Care Unit (SEQ MCCU). The volunteer Penfield Fire Company provides fire protection, rescue, and non-transport emergency medical services to areas within the Penfield Fire District.  Northern parts of Penfield receive the same services from the Webster Fire Department.
 Third level support is from within the community.

Notable people
 Josh Bolton - former professional soccer player
 Obadiah Bush - abolitionist and ancestor of the Bush family
 Chyna - former pro wrestler
 Velvet D'Amour - fashion model
 Geoffrey Deuel - actor
 Pete Duel - actor
 Robert Forster - actor
 Lou Gramm - Foreigner frontman
 Bud Lewis - former professional soccer player
 Joe Mercik - former professional soccer player
 Edmund Mann Pope - United States military officer and Minnesota state senator

References

Further reading
 Penfield's Past, 1810-1960, by Katherine Wilcox Thompson, Town Historian, published 1960 by the Town of Penfield
 Penfield's Past, 1960-1976 (supplement), by Katherine Wilcox Thompson, Town Historian

External links

Penfield Public Library

Rochester metropolitan area, New York
Towns in Monroe County, New York
Towns in New York (state)
1810 establishments in New York (state)
Populated places established in 1810

Penfield, New York


The Amavasu dynasty () refers to a cadet branch of the Lunar dynasty (Chandravamsha) featured in Hindu literature. This dynasty is named after Amavasu, the youngest son of Pururavas, the first monarch of the Lunar dynasty, and the apsara Urvashi.

Genealogy

Amavasu was the youngest son of Pururavas and Urvashi. He was also called Vijaya. He married his stepsister Achchoda. His son was Kanyakubja, regarded to be the founder of Kannauj. His descendants are also believed to have founded Gaya (Bihar). Some of the most notable descendants of Amavasu include Sage Vishvamitra and Vasu.

 Amavasu
 Kanyakubja
 Vishvajit
 Bhima
 Nagnajit
 Kanchanaprabha
 Suhotra
 Jahnu
 Sunaha
 Ajaka
 Balakashva
 Kusha
 Kushanabha, Kushamba, Amurtarajas, and Uparichara Vasu.
 Amurtarajasa (son of Amurtarajas) and Gadhi (the son of Kushanabha who succeeded his father in Kanyakubja).
 Gaya (the son of Amrutaryasa, who is regarded founded Gaya which is now in Bihar) and Vishvaratha/Kaushika (Vishvamitra), the son of Gadhi. Satyavati (daughter of Gadhi; wife of Richika)
 Ashtaka, Shakuntala, Shunahshepa, and others, the children of Vishvamitra. Jamadagni (the son of Satyavati; married the daughter of Suryavamsha king Prasenajit, and sister of Suryavamsha king Yuvanashva, Renuka)
 Bharata, the son of Shakuntala. Parashurama and five other boy, the sons of Jamadagni.
 Descendants of Bharata

See also
 Solar dynasty
 Lunar dynasty
 Yadu dynasty

References

External links and sources

 Mahabharata
 Amavasu Dynasty
 The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose, Bharata Press, Calcutta (1883–1896)
 J.P. Mittal, History Of Ancient India (A New Version) : From 7300 Bb To 637 Ad

Lunar dynasty
Mahabharata
Ramayana

Amavasu dynasty


Fort Woodbury was part of the Arlington Line, an extensive network of fortifications erected in present-day Arlington County, Virginia to protect Washington, D.C. from Confederate attack during the American Civil War.  Construction began on the Arlington Line in May 1861, shortly after war broke out, and accelerated after the Union's defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861.

History
Fort Woodbury was a lunette with a 275-yard perimeter and 19 emplacements for 13 guns.  It stood in what is today Arlington's Courthouse neighborhood, near the current Arlington County Courthouse and atop one of Arlington's highest hills.  It was close to the current location of Fort Myer.  The fort is named for Major D.P. Woodbury, the engineer who designed and constructed the Line.

Woodbury Heights, a high-rise condominium built in the 1980s near the Fort Woodbury site, is also named for the fort.

A historical marker memorializes the fort's location and is located at North Court House Road and 14th Street North.  The marker's inscription reads:

"Immediately behind the present Court House stood Fort Woodbury, a Iunette in the Arlington Line constructed in August 1861. It had a perimeter of 275 yards and 19 emplacements for 13 guns. It was named for Major D.P. Woodbury, the Engineer who designed and constructed the Arlington Line."

References

References/External Links
Arlington Historical Society - Arlington Line
Arlington Historical Society - Military-use structures

Virginia in the American Civil War
Buildings and structures in Arlington County, Virginia
American Civil War forts in Virginia
1861 establishments in Virginia

Fort Woodbury