John Roberts (1929–1992) was the founder of TEST (Transport & Environment Studies) consultancy, London.  Roberts was one of the pioneers of sustainable transport planning in the UK.  He was one of the first to introduce the idea of traffic calming from continental Europe.  Roberts founded TEST in 1972 and led over 150 projects resulting in reports, books, and papers.  He advised both Prince Charles and John Prescott amongst others.  Prior to founding TEST, Roberts worked as an architect for the Greater London Council, Oxford Polytechnic and Llewelyn-Davies Weeks.

Publications
 Travel Sickness: The Need for a Sustainable Transport Policy for Britain, 1992, John Roberts, Johanna Cleary, Kerry Hamilton and Judith Hannah, Lawrence & Wishart, London
 TEST paper: A Comment on Transport Policy In Britain, John Roberts, Transport and Environment Studies (TEST), , Planning Practice and Research, Volume 7, Issue 2 Summer 1992, pages 29 – 32
 The Economic Case for Green Modes, Roberts, J, In: The Greening of Urban Transport: Planning for Walking and Cycling in Western Cities, Tolley, R (ed). Chapter 2., Wiley (1997)
 User Friendly Cities: What Britain Can Learn from Mainland Europe, John Roberts, TEST (Transport and Environment Studies), 1989
 Trouble in Store? Retail Location Policy in Britain and Germany, TEST, 1989
 Quality Streets: How Traditional Urban Centres Benefit from Traffic Calming. TEST, 1988
 DIY Outlets: In or Out of Town?, John Roberts, Sarah Wenden, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 1984, Volume: 12, Issue: 6, Page: 47 - 52, , Publisher: MCB UP Ltd
 Pedestrian Precincts in Britain, John Roberts, Transport and Environment Studies (1981)
 Buses and Pedestrian Areas: a Report for London Transport, by John Roberts of Transport & Environment Studies, Publisher: London : London Transport, 1981.,
 Europe 1990: Patterns of Environmental Protection and Planning, John Elkington and John Roberts, for Hudson Research Europe, Paris, 1978
 The Impact of Traffic Policies in Singapore: The Impact of Traffic Policies on Pedestrians, McGlynn, R.F. and John Roberts. 1977, Traffic Engineering and Control 18: 299-302.
 The Impact of Traffic Policies in Singapore: Attitudes to Traffic Policies in Singapore, McGlynn, R.F. and John Roberts. 1977. Traffic Engineering and Control 18: 357-361.
 The Pedestrian: Planning and Research, John Elkington, Roger McGlynn and John Roberts, Transport and Environment Studies (TEST), London., 1976,

External links
 DESIGN NOTEBOOK; Rebellion Spreads for Walkable Cities
 Walking - The Bottom Line
 Notes on Roberts, Quality Streets: How traditional urban centres benefit from traffic calming, david pritchard. bibliography
 Obituary, Independent

Notes

British urban planners
1992 deaths
1929 births
Sustainable transport pioneers

John Roberts (urban planner)


Mike Leon Grosch (born 2 November 1976) is a German singer who came to fame as the runner-up of the third season of the television show Deutschland sucht den SuperStar, the German version of Pop Idol.

Biography
Grosch was born in Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia to a German-Australian father and Korean mother. He later moved to Cologne with his single mother Sung-Yun, who worked as a nurse there. He gained his first professional stage experience when he started singing at weddings and other ceremonies, while simultaneously performing with his own band.

Until autumn 2005, Grosch worked as a cell phone seller. At that time he took leave from his job to participate in the third season of Deutschland sucht den SuperStar (where he also became romantically involved with co-competitor Vanessa Jean Dedmon). Because of his strong, husky voice and a few similarities to British singer Seal, Grosch became an early favourite with the judges and the audience, who enabled him to sing against competitor Tobias Regner during the final show. However, Grosch lost by vote, scoring 45% against Regner.

Grosch released a second single, "Confessional", from his album Absolute to minor success. He also joined Regner for a summer tour around (Germany) which was called Absolute Straight.

In early March 2007, Grosch admitted to Bild, the biggest German daily tabloid, that SonyBMG would not continue their existing record contract with him and thus was being dropped. He also stated that so far no other record label had showed interest in working with him.

Discography

Albums
 Absolute (2006) #2 in Germany

Singles

References

External links
Official website (archived)

1976 births
Living people
Deutschland sucht den Superstar participants
21st-century German male singers
German people of Korean descent
German people of Australian descent
19 Recordings artists

Mike Leon Grosch


A lysozyme is a part of the innate immune system. They are enzymes which are in mucus secretions like saliva. They protect against infection by chopping up the bacteria, viruses and fungi which infect animals.

The name 'lysozyme' was coined in 1922 by Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), the discoverer of penicillin. Fleming first observed the antibacterial action of lysozyme when he treated bacterial cultures with nasal mucus from a patient suffering from a common cold.

Lysozyme is in a number of secretions, such as tears, saliva, milk, and mucus. It is also present in cytoplasmic granules of macrophages and granulocyte neutrophils.

The enzyme works by attacking polymers in the cell walls of bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria like  Bacillus and Streptococcus.

Lysozyme was the second protein structure, and the first enzyme structure,  solved by X-ray diffraction methods. It was the first enzyme to be fully sequenced that contains all twenty common amino acids.
It was also the first enzyme to have a detailed, specific mechanism suggested for its action. This work led to an explanation of how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by their physical structures.

Related pages
Host defence peptide
Defensin
innate immune system

References

Enzymes
Immunology

Lysozyme


The naitional banner o Estonie () is a tricolour featurin three equal horizontal baunds o blue (top), black, an white. The normal size is 105 × 165 cm. In Estonian it is colloquially cawed the "sinimustvalge" (literally "blue-black-white") , efter the colours o the baunds.

Seembology
Thare are a nummer o interpretations attributit tae the colours o the banner. A historical interpretation o the colours haes blue representin auncient freedom, black seembolisin lost unthrildom an white, the promise o a brichter future. Anither interpretation made popular bi the poetry o Martin Lipp is as follaes:
blue: vaultit blue sky abuin the native land;
black: attachment tae the soil o the hameland as well as the fate o Estonians – for centuries black wi worries;
white: haurd wirk, purity, commitment, an (maist likely) white sails o ships

Colours o the banner
The shade o blue is defined in the Estonian banner law as follaes: Blue tone is on the internaitional PANTONE table o colours 285 C.

CMYK equivalents: C=91, M=43, Y=0, K=0

References

Naitional seembols o Estonie
Trecolours
Estonie

Banner o Estonie


Jacobus Typotius (1540–1601) was a Flemish humanist, a native of Diest in Brabant, who became court historian to the Emperor Rudolph II. He is now known for his association with the influential collection of emblems and imprese (an emblem book), the Symbola divina et humana which was published first in Prague, in three volumes, from 1601.

While this work is sometimes attributed solely to Typotius, it was seen into print by Anselmus de Boodt, with others. The engravings were by Aegidius Sadeler.

References

External links

1540 births
1601 deaths
Flemish historians
People from Diest

Jacobus Typotius


A deputy chief of mission (DCM, in Europe the term deputy head of mission – DHoM or DHM is used instead) is the number-two diplomat assigned to an embassy or other diplomatic mission. The deputy chief of mission is usually considered the second-in-command to the head of mission (usually an ambassador). DCMs serve as chargé d'affaires (that is, as acting chief of mission) when the titular head of mission is outside the host country or when the post is vacant.

A DCM typically serve as a key advisor to the chiefs of mission as well as a chief of staff, responsible for the day-to-day management of the post. DCM oversees the heads of sections (political, economic, public affairs, management, consular) at the embassy, they may also serve as de facto ombudsmen, responding to employee concerns and quality of life issues. Most career ambassadors have served as a DCM prior to their first assignment as chief of mission.

References

Diplomats by role
Vice offices

Deputy chief of mission


Aung Aung Taik is a Burmese artist and one of the pioneers of modern art in Burma.

Early life and education
Born in Rangoon, Burma in 1948, he received the traditional education of his class. Following boarding school he decided not to follow in his father's footsteps through medical school, but rather chose to study painting. He attended the State Academy of Art in Rangoon and took private lessons from two of Burma's leading artists, U Ba Kyi and U Ngwe Gaing. His mentors, the writers Ludu U Hla and his wife Daw Amar introduced him to the world of letters and philosophy. He accompanied them on a number of anthropological expeditions into the remote regions of Burma and illustrated a series of books published by Ludu U Hla. He had successful exhibits of his work in Burma and Japan but as his work moved in an abstract philosophical direction the government put increasing pressure on him to conform to representational forms and heroic socialist subject matter.

In the United States
Wanting more artistic freedom he immigrated to the United States in 1972 and continued his studies at the San Francisco Art Institute. A series of exhibitions led to his first one-man show in the United States in 1981, where Tom Albright commented in the San Francisco Chronicle that Aung Aung's paintings "...suggest some of the strange stage sets of Francis Bacon carried to a greater degree of abstraction..."

Concepts
Fascinated by the act of dissection, Aung Aung Taik's later mixed media works are the result of a deep curiosity regarding the study and comprehension of the source of life and the death that follows.

Writing
Intense engagement with the diversity of cultural life in the San Francisco of the 80s led him to a mastery of the English language and the desire to express himself in poetry and prose. His autobiographical novel Visions of Shwedagon in which he wrote of art, love, death and religious contemplation along with a deep devotion to his home country was published in 1989. A renewed interest in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism native to his homeland led to a series of sculptural representations of the Buddha and the essay, A View from the Lower Life' (1992).
An accomplished cook, he wrote Under the Golden Pagoda - The Best of Burmese Cooking'', an early introduction of Burmese cuisine to the West.
Aung Aung Taik became an American citizen in 1994.

Return to Burma

In 2001 he returned to Burma to paint, and had his first solo exhibition there after 30 years in America.
He has returned annually and has had one man shows and group shows in Rangoon and Mandalay. He conducts art workshops and forums at the Htanyeiknyo Art Center in Mandalay.

Aung Aung Taik is a member of a group of Burmese modern artists called the New Zero Art Group as well as the founder of [Friends of Myanmar Arts], a non-profit organization formed to benefit the arts community in Burma.

Selected events

 1964 State Annual Art Exhibition, Envoy Hall, Rangoon, Burma.
 1968 State Annual Art Exhibition, Jubilee Hall, Rangoon, Burma.
 1969 Private exhibition, sponsored by Mr. and Mrs. Olson of Pan American Airlines, Rangoon, Burma.
 1969 Exhibition sponsored by Mr. and Mrs. H. Sewell, Military Attaché, U.S. Embassy, Rangoon, Burma.
 1970 Expo '70, Osaka Trade Fair, Japan.
 1970 Exhibition of Burmese Paintings, Alliance Francaise Rangoon, Burma.
 1972 Annual Art Exhibition, Mandalay Town Hall, Mandalay, Burma.
 1972 Galleria Heller, San Francisco, California.
 1973 The Addison Greene Gallery, New York, New York.
 1974 The Metzer Krasnow Gallery, Scarsdale, New York.
 1977 Capricorn Asunder Gallery Group Show, San Francisco, California.
 1980 Fukuoka Konnichino, Bijujsuten, Japan.
 1981 One man show a~ Galleria Museo: Mission Cultural Center, San Francisco, California.
 1987 Represented Myanmar at the National Poetry Week Festival, San Francisco, California.
 1988 Native Symbols: An Exhibition of Drawings on Ceramic Plates, M. Sanchez Gallery, San Francisco, California.
 1989 The Poet as Artist- Artist as Poet: An art exhibition sponsored by the National Poetry Association, San Francisco, California.
 1989 Represented Myanmar at the National Poetry Week Festival, San Francisco, California
 1990 Group show, Fort Mason Art center.
 1990 Represented Myanmar at the "Poetry from the Pacific Rim"-San Francisco, California.
 1990 Painted three 30x40 foot paintings for the National Poetry Association at Fort Mason-San Francisco, California
 1997 Pleasure of the Palettes-Group show-Phoenix Arizona.
 2001 One man show-Htan Yeik Nyo Art Center-Mandalay, Myanmar
 2004 Group show-Fresno Art Museum.
 2007 New Zero Group show-Beikthanoe Art Gallery, Yangon Myanmar.
 2008 Burma Now: Photo Show. -San Francisco Furniture Mart.
 2008 Group Show-Beikthanoe Art Gallery, Yangon, Myanmar.
 2009 Fresno Art Museum-One man show.
 2009 Asean Contemporary Art Exchange Exhibition, Yangon, Myanmar.
 2009 Aung Aung Taik-Gustavo Rivera : Golda Art Space.
 2009 Artist in Residence in Yangon, Myanmar conducting workshops and seminars.
 2010 Installation Exhibition- Aung Aung Taik and Aye Ko- New Zero Art Space
 2010 From 64 to 71 exh, Hong Kong
 2011 Paper, Scissor and Glue- Bryant Street Gallery- Palo Alto Ca.
 2011 Poetry in the Garden-Solo Reading- UC Davis, Ca.
 2011 Losing Count- Galaria de la Raza- San Francisco.
 2011 International Art Show for Peace-Losing Count- Zacatecas, Mexico.

References

External links
 Aung Aung Taik
 Friends of Myanmar Arts

Burmese artists
Modern artists
1948 births
Artists from Yangon
Living people
Contemporary artists
Burmese sculptors
Buddhist artists

Aung Aung Taik


Robert Gray Gallager (born May 29, 1931) is an American electrical engineer known for his work on information theory and communications networks.

Gallager was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1979 for contributions to coding and communications theory and practice. He was also elected an IEEE Fellow in 1968, a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1992, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS) in 1999.

He received the Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1983. He also received the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1990 "For fundamental contributions to communications coding techniques", the Marconi Prize in 2003, and a
Dijkstra Prize in 2004, among other honors. For most of his career he was a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Biography
Gallager received the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1953. He was a member of the technical staff at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1953–1954 and then served in the U.S. Signal Corps 1954–1956.
He returned to graduate school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and received the S.M. degree in 1957 and Sc.D. in 1960 in electrical engineering.
He has been a faculty member at MIT since 1960 where he was co-director of the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems from 1986 to 1998, was named Fujitsu Professor in 1988, and became Professor Emeritus in 2001. He was a visiting associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1965 and a visiting professor at the École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications, Paris, in 1978.

Gallager's 1960 Sc.D. thesis, on low-density parity-check codes, was published by the MIT Press as a monograph in 1963.
The codes, which remained useful over 50 years, are sometimes called "Gallager codes".
An abbreviated version appeared in January 1962 in the IRE Transactions on Information Theory and was republished in the 1974 IEEE Press volume, Key Papers in The Development of Information Theory, edited by Elwyn Berlekamp. This paper won an IEEE Information Theory Society Golden-Jubilee Paper Award in 1998 and its subject matter is a very active area of research today. Gallager's January 1965 paper in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, "A Simple Derivation of the Coding Theorem and some Applications", won the 1966 IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award "for the most outstanding paper, reporting original work, in the Transactions, Journals and Magazines of the IEEE Societies, or in the Proceedings of the IEEE" and also won another IEEE Information Theory Society Golden-Jubilee Paper Award in 1998. His book, Information Theory and Reliable Communication, Wiley 1968, placed Information Theory on a sound mathematical foundation and is still considered by many as the standard textbook on information theory.

Gallager consulted for Melpar as a graduate student, and for Codex Corporation when since was founded  in 1962.
He served Codex as acting vice president for research in 1971–1972.
His work (along with fellow-MIT faculty member Dave Forney) on quadrature amplitude modulation led to the 9600 bit/s modems that provided Codex's commercial success.
He has also consulted for the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and a number of other companies. He has been granted five patents on his inventions.

In the mid-1970s, Gallager's research focus shifted to data networks, focusing on distributed algorithms, routing, congestion control, and random access techniques. Data Networks, Prentice Hall, published in 1988, with second edition 1992, co-authored with Dimitri Bertsekas, helped provide a conceptual foundation for this field.

In the 1990s, Gallager's interests shifted back to information theory and to stochastic processes. He wrote the 1996 textbook, Discrete Stochastic Processes. Gallager's current interests are in information theory, wireless communication, all optical networks, data networks, and stochastic processes.

Over the years, Gallager has taught and mentored many graduate students, many of whom are now themselves leading researchers in their fields. He received the MIT Graduate Student Council Teaching Award for 1993.
In 1999 he received the Harvey Prize from the American Society for the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. In 2020 he was awarded the Japan Prize.

Gallager's textbook, Principles of Digital Communication was published by Cambridge University Press in 2008.

Gallager was President of the IEEE Information Theory Society in 1971, a member of its board of governors from 1965 to 1972 and again from 1979 to 1988. He served the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory as associate editor for coding 1963–1964 and as associate editor for computer communications from 1977 to 1980. He was chairman of the advisory committee to the National Science Foundation Division on Networking and Communication Research and Infrastructure from 1989 to 1992, and has been on numerous visiting committees for electrical engineering and computer science departments.

Personal life
Gallager has 3 children, 4 stepchildren, 7 grandchildren, 10 step grandchildren and 3 great step children. He is married to Marie Gallager.

References

External links

 Biography from the IEEE History Center.
 Marconi Fellow biography
 Mathematics Genealogy Project data
 Home page at MIT.
 Publications from Google Scholar.
 Publications from DBLP.

American electrical engineers
American information theorists
1931 births
Living people
Researchers in distributed computing
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Dijkstra Prize laureates
Scientists at Bell Labs
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
MIT School of Engineering faculty
MIT School of Engineering alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellow Members of the IEEE

Robert G. Gallager


Odinigwe Benedict Chukwukadibia Enwonwu  MBE (14 July 1917 – 5 February 1994), better known as Ben Enwonwu, was a Nigerian painter and sculptor. Arguably the most influential African artist of the 20th century, his pioneering career opened the way for the postcolonial proliferation and increased visibility of modern African art. He was one of the first African artists to win critical acclaim, having exhibited in august exhibition spaces in Europe and the United States and listed in international directories of contemporary art. Since 1950, Enwonwu was celebrated as "Africa's Greatest Artist" by the international media and his fame was used to enlist support for Black Nationalists movement all over the world. The Enwonwu crater on the planet Mercury is named in his honour.

Biography

Early life
Ben Enwonwu was born a twin on 14 July 1917 into the noble family of Umueze-Aroli in Onitsha, Nigeria. His father, Omenka Odigwe Emeka Enwonwu, was a technician who worked with the Royal Niger Company. He was also a member of the Onitsha Council of Chiefs and a traditional sculptor of repute, who created staffs of office, stools, decorative doors and religious images. His mother, Chinyelugo Iyom Nweze, was a successful cloth merchant.

Upon his father's death in 1921, Enwonwu inherited his tools, going on to perfect the art of carving in the style of indigenous Igbo sculpture, begun earlier with his father, who first nurtured his precocious talent.

Education
Between 1921 and 1931, Enwonwu attended five primary schools: St. Joseph's Elementary School, Onitsha (1926–28); St, Theresa's Elementary School, Umuahia (1928–29); St. Mary's Primary School, Port Harcourt (1929–30); Holy TrinIbity Primary; and St. Mary's Primary School, both in Onitsha (1930–31). In 1933, Enwonwu attended St. Patrick's School, Ibusa, and later enrolled at the Government College, Ibadan, completing his secondary education at Government College Umuahia in 1937. At both colleges, he studied fine art under Kenneth C. Murray. Murray was an education officer in charge of art education in the colonial civil service and later director of antiquities. During their time together, Enwonwu became Murray's assistant and was recognised as one of the most gifted and technically proficient students of the "Murray Group" (Ben C. Enwonwu, C. C. Ibeto, D.L. Nnachy, M. Teze and A. P. Umana). The period of study under Murray marked the beginning of Enwonwu's formal education in art.

In 1944, under a joint Shell Petroleum Company and British Council scholarship, he attended the prestigious Slade School of Fine Art, University College, London, and in 1945, the Ruskin School, Ashmolean, Oxford University, where the Slade had been relocated during World War II. In 1947, he received a first-class diploma in fine art from the Slade and registered for postgraduate work in anthropology (with a focus on West African ethnography) at the University of London. In 1948, Enwonwu completed his studies.

Nkiru Nzegwu states that the racist atmosphere he encountered during his stay in England sparked his interest in entering this programme. Anthropology offered a space for the scientific study of the races, their physical and mental characteristics, customs, and social relationships. In 1937, Murray exhibited Enwonwu's work at the Zwemmer Gallery in London In 1969, he received an honorary doctorate degree from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Career

After working with Murray for many years, Enwonwu was hired as a teacher at the Government College of Umuahia. According to Sylvester Ogbechie, author of Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist, Murray was displeased with the university's choice to provide Enwonwu with the same salary as the other seasoned teachers. This created a rift between both men. Eventually Murray left Government College and Enwonwu replaced him as art teacher. He continued his work as an art teacher in other various schools, including mission school in Calabar Province (1940–41), and Edo College, Benin City (1941–43). He was art adviser to the Nigerian government from 1948.

During the years following 1950, he toured and lectured in the United States, and executed many commissions as a freelance artist. In 1951, he met with the founding members of the Lagos auxiliary to the Anti Slavery and Aborigines Right Society, which was at that time headed by Candido Da Rocha, and had James Johnson, Samuel Pearse, and Sapara Williams as members. and became their official art illustrator. From 1949 to 1954, Enwonwu held many art exhibitions within London, Lagos, Milan, New York City, Washington D.C., and Boston. In the course of her 1956 visit to Nigeria, Queen Elizabeth II commissioned and sat for a portrait sculpture by Enwonwu. At the Royal Society of British Artists exhibition in London of 1957, he unveiled the bronze sculpture.

In 1959, Enwonwu was appointed Supervisor in the Information Service Department office in Nigeria. He was a fellow of Lagos University (1966–68), cultural advisor to the Nigeria government (1968–71), and visiting artist at the Institute of African Studies at Howard University, Washington, DC, in 1971. He was appointed the first professor of Fine Arts at the University of Ife, Ile-Ife, from 1971 to 1975. He was also art consultant to the International Secretariat, Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) in Lagos of 1977. The President of Nigeria, Shehu Shagari, presented a small sculpture of Enwonwu's Anywanu, a representation of the Igbo earth goddess Ani, to Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, on the occasion of his state visit to the United Kingdom in 1981.

Enwonwu executed portraits of Nigerians as private commissions, and illustrated Amos Tutuola's 1958 novel The Brave African Huntress. He maintained a studio in London and was a Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute, London.

Impact on the modern art world
Ogbechie describes his art as "[the opening up of] third space in art history whose nature and parameters are at variance with art history's exclusionary narratives of modernity and its inscription of the modern artist-subject as a white, Western European male". Recognition of his bronze sculpture of the Queen proved that he, as an African modern artist, used his practice to develop a new kind of modern art whose ideals of representation and notions of artistic identity were different from conventional art-historical narrative of European modernist practice.

Tutu, a series of three portraits of the Ife princess Adetutu Ademiluyi ('Tutu'), were painted by Enwonwu in 1973 and have been missing since 1975. One of the three paintings was rediscovered in 2017 in a London flat. It was sold for £1,205,000 in an auction held by Bonhams. The portrait of Tutu, one of the three made by the painter, is a Nigerian national icon and considered a reconciliation symbol between the government and Biafran separatists after the civil war.

A painting by Enwonwu, titled "Owo Market" and showing a marketplace scene in the Nigerian city of Owo, and dated 1949, was restored on the BBC programme The Repair Shop, broadcast on 7 August 2019. The painting's owner had known Enwonwu, and described him as a lovely man always with a flower in his lapel and some of his work can be found in the Kakofoni Group Gallery.

Notable works

Portrait of Chief Candido Joao Da Rocha (1951) which was exhibited during FESTAC LAGOS 1977
Anyanwu (1954–55): Commissioned for the Nigerian National Museum in Lagos, still in situ. A subsequent full-size version is part of the United Nations Art Collection at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. Several smaller editions have been created.
Bronze statue of Queen Elizabeth II (1956)
Seven sculptures for the Daily Mirror newspaper headquarters (1961)
Sango (1964): the Yoruba god of lightning and thunder
Ogbanje which is currently exhibited at Yemisi Shyllon Museum of Art (1967)
Christine (1967):  Sold in 2019 for $1.4 million.
Tutu (1973)
Risen Christ (1986): was displayed University of Ibadan but was torched as a result of a political-religious tensions

Enwonwu's work is displayed in the National Gallery of Modern Art, Lagos.
His works can also be viewed at the Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art .

Awards
 1944 – Shell Petroleum scholarship: to study in the United Kingdom
 1954 – National Merit Award: for academic and intellectual attainment in Nigeria
 1958 – Commonwealth Certificate in London: for contributions to art by the Royal Institute of Art
 1958 – Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE)
 1971 – Officer of the National Order of the Republic in Senegal
 1980 – National Order of Merit in Nigeria: for contributions to art in Nigeria

See also
 List of Igbo people

References

External links
 Andrea Estrada, "Art Historian Publishes Monograph on Ben Enwonwu", 93106, Vol. 19, No. 11, 23 February 2009, University of California, Santa Barbara.

1917 births
1994 deaths
20th-century male artists
20th-century Nigerian painters
20th-century Nigerian sculptors
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Alumni of Ruskin College
Artists from Onitsha
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Government College Umuahia alumni
Government College, Ibadan alumni
Igbo painters
Male painters
Male sculptors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Royal Society of British Artists
Academic staff of Obafemi Awolowo University
Nigerian twins

Ben Enwonwu


Akhaltsikheli (; pl. Akhaltsikhelebi, ახალციხელები) were a Georgian noble family prominent in the end of the 12th to the mid-13th centuries. Their name came from the city of Akhaltsikhe, their original fiefdom.

They branched out from the Toreli (Thoreli) ducal family towards the end of the 12th century and through loyal service to the Georgian crown acquired more lands including those ruled by their kinsmen from the Thoreli house. As a result of the Khwarezmian and Mongol invasions, the family declined, lost their possessions to other noble families, and virtually became extinct by the end of the 13th century.

The most prominent of them were:

 Shalva of Akhaltsikhe
 Ivane of Akhaltsikhe (died 1225), Shalva's brother, prominent military commander who was appointed governor general of Kars in 1205/1206 and granted the titles of Atabek and Amira. He was killed by the Khwarezmians in the Battle of Garni.
 Pharadavla of Akhaltsikhe (died 1244), Shalva's son; He fled to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm when the Mongols took control of Georgia, and joined the army of sultan Kaykhusraw II. Together with another refuge from Georgia, Dardin Sharvashisdze, he commanded Georgian auxiliaries at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243 where the Seljuk Turks were crushed by the Mongol commander Bayju. Sharvashisdze was killed in action, and the sultan later had Pharadavla assassinated.

References

 Shoshiashvili, N. History of the Toreli feudal house and Shota Rustaveli. In: Shota Rustaveli, Tbilisi, 1966 (Georgian)

Georgian-language surnames
Noble families of Georgia (country)
People from Akhaltsikhe

Akhaltsikheli


Samantha Jane Power (sündinud 21. septembril 1970 Castleknockis Iirimaal) on ameerika ajakirjanik, poliitik ja diplomaat.

Power on lõpetanud Yale'i Ülikooli ja Harvardi ülikooli õigusteaduskonna. Tema teos "A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide" pälvis üldiste mitteilukirjanduslike teoste kategoorias 2003. aastal Pulitzeri preemia.

Alates 2013. aasta 2. augustist kuni 2017. aasta 20. jaanuarini oli Samantha Power Ameerika Ühendriikide suursaadik Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsiooni juures.

Forbesi maailma 100 mõjukaima naise loendis oli ta 2014. aastal 63. kohal, 2015. aastal 49. kohal.

Elu- ja töökäik
Power sündis ja kasvas kuni üheksanda eluaastani Iirimaal, kust emigreerus koos vanematega 1979. aastal Ameerika Ühendriikidesse Pittsburghi.

Aastatel 1993–1996 kajastas ta ajakirjanikuna Jugoslaavia sõja sündmusi väljaannetes U.S. News & World Report, The Boston Globe, The Economist ja The New Republic.

Power oli kuni 2008. aastani senaator Barack Obama vanemnõunik. 2008. aasta märtsis loobus ta osalemisest Obama valimiskampaanias pärast seda, kui oli vabandust palunud sel ajal senaatoriks olnud Hillary Diane Rodham Clintoni koletiseks ("a monster") nimetamise eest.

Teosed

Raamatud
The Unquiet American: Richard Holbrooke in the World (kaastoimetaja koos Derek Cholletiga, 2011) ISBN 1610390784
Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World (2008) ISBN 1-59420-128-5
A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (2002) ISBN 0-06-054164-4
Realizing Human Rights : Moving from Inspiration to Impact (kaastoimetaja, 2000) ISBN 0-312-23494-5

Artiklid
"The Enforcer: A Christian Lawyer's Global Crusade," The New Yorker, January 19, 2009
"Is Humanitarian Intervention Dead?" Slate, September 29, 2008.
"For Terrorists, a War on Aid Groups," The New York Times, August 19, 2008.
"The Democrats and National Security," The New York Review of Books, August 14, 2008.
"Saving Zimbabwe," Time, July 3, 2008.
"Rethinking Iran," Time Magazine, January 17, 2008.
"Access Denied," Time Magazine, September 27, 2007.
"The Void: Why the Movement Needs Help," New Republic, May 15, 2006.
"Punishing Evildoers," Washington Post, April 23, 2006.
Abramowitz, Morton, and Power, Samantha. "Democrats: Get Loud, Get Angry" The Los Angeles Times, April 10, 2006.
"Missions," New Yorker, November 28, 2005.
"Talk of the Town: Boltonism," New Yorker, March 21, 2005.
"It's Not Enough to Call It Genocide," Time, October 4, 2004.
"Abramowitz, Morton, and Power, Samantha. "A Broken System," The Washington Post, September 13, 2004.
"A Reporter at Large: Dying in Darfur," New Yorker, August 30, 2004.
"Break Through to Darfur," By John Prendergast and Samantha Power, The Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2004.
"The Lesson of Hannah Arendt," The New York Review of Books, April 29, 2004.
"Remember Rwanda, but Take Action in Sudan," The New York Times, April 6, 2004.
"Unpunishable," The New Republic, January 12, 2004.
"How To Kill A Country," Atlantic Monthly, December, 2003.
"The AIDS Rebel," The New Yorker, May 19, 2003.
"Robbing the Dead," The New York Times, February 23, 2003.
"Rwanda: The Two Faces of Justice," The New York Review of Books, January 16, 2003.
"First, Do No Harm," The Los Angeles Times, October 6, 2002.
"Bystanders to Mass Murder," The Washington Post, April 21, 2002.
"Genocide and America," The New York Review of Books, March 24, 2002.
"Witness to Horrors," The Washington Post, February 10, 2002.
"Bystanders to Genocide," Atlantic Monthly, September, 2001.

Valge Maja blogid
"U.S. Leadership to Advance Equality for LGBT People Abroad," December 13, 2012.
"Supporting Human Rights in Burma," November 9, 2012.
"President Obama Directs New Atrocity Prevention Measures," August 6, 2011.
"Announcing HumanRights.gov," April 11, 2011.
"Transparency Gone Global," March 22, 2011.
"A U.S.-India Partnership on Open Government," November 7, 2010.
"A Landmark Achievement for Human Rights: The Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Assembly and Association," September 30, 2010.
"President Obama Meets the Peacekeepers," September 24, 2009.

Viited

Välislingid

 Bio Harvard Carr Center for Human Rights Policy
 Recent Articles by Samantha Power
 Power's profile Harvard
 Samantha Power: Biography PBS
 Power's White House profile
 "The FP 50: The 50 most powerful democrats on foreign policy," Foreign Policy, 3. september 2012
 Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Still Crusading, but Now on the Inside," The New York Times, 30. märts 2011
 David Meadvin, Profile of Samantha Power for "40 Under 40 International Development Leaders," 2010
 Florence Avakian, "ANCA honors Samantha Power with its Freedom Award," The Armenian Reporter, 20. september 2008
 Ethan Zuckerman, "TED2008: Samantha Power on stopping genocide," Zuckermani blogi, 28. veebruar 2008
 A League Of Her Own Men's Vogue
 Fun Couple of the 21st Century Esquire
 Romesh Ratnesar, "Samantha Power: Voice Against Genocide," Time, 26. aprill 2004.
 Celestine Bohlen, "On a Mission to Shine a Spotlight on Genocide; Samantha Power's Mind Leaps From Bosnia to Iraq," The New York Times, 5. veebruar 2003
Samantha Power in conversation with Azar Nafisi at LIVE New York Public Library, 21. veebruar 2008
 Interview on Sudan guernicamag.com
 Interview at Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley
 Interview IdentityTheory.com
 "Genocide and U.S. Foreign Policy" intervjuu Harry Kreisleriga
 "Can Genocide Be Stopped in an Age of Terror?" (Video) Witnessing Genocide Symposium, Oregoni Ülikool, 28. aprill 2007
 Interview The Scotsman (see viis Poweri tagasiastumiseni Obama kampaanias osalemisest ning vabanduseni)
Interview in 02138 on Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira de Mello and the Fight to Save the World, the purpose of the United Nations and Barack Obama
Interview about Chasing the Flame on Democracy Now! with Amy Goodman, February 22, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
"Debate on U.S. Actions in the Balkans, the Independence of Kosovo, the Iraq Sanctions and Humanitarian Intervention": Samantha Power vs. Jeremy Scahill on Democracy Now!, February 22, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
Interview for New Statesman on 6 March 2008.
 Review of Chasing the Flame: Sergio Vieira De Mello and the Fight to Save the World by Sara Arrow in The Current, a Columbia University journal
 Facing History and Ourselves: Facing History and Ourselves
 Booknotes interview with Samantha Power on A Problem From Hell, June 16, 2002.
 Human Rights and Imperialism David Rieff Interview
 Keynote address at the 2012 Human Rights Summit, The Newseum, December 4, 2012.
 "Goals and Challenges of International Cooperation," speech at the "International Symposium on Preventing Genocide and Mass Atrocities," U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, November 15, 2010.
 Class Day address at Harvard Law School, May 26, 2010.
 "What Will It Take to Stop Genocide in Darfur?" panel at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, April 17, 2006.
 "Historical and Social Context of the Crisis," panel at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, September 22, 2004.
 "Fulfilling a Responsibility to Protect: What Will It Take To End the 'Age of Genocide'?" U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, May 4, 2004.
 "Rwanda's Genocide: Looking Back," testimony before the House Committee on International Relations, April 22, 2004.
 "American Responses to Genocide and Mass Violence in the Past," panel at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, May 13, 2002.
 Discussion of A Problem from Hell, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, March 26, 2002.

Ameerika Ühendriikide suursaadikud
Ameerika Ühendriikide poliitikud
Sündinud 1970

Samantha Power


Gilberte H. Dallas (1918–1960), real name Gilberte Herschtel, was a French poet. Her mother died when Gilberte was seven months old; her father, a Parisian jeweller, died of tuberculosis when Gilberte was twelve. This loss was impactful.

At the age of ten Gilberte set sail to the open sea in a small boat, trying to find her mother in the infinity  and nearly died. Apart from writing, she was a painter, too, but her paintings were lost by an art trader. She spent the Second World War in Switzerland with her fiancé, but after he left her, she was interned. She worked as an actress in Nice and Monaco. After the war, she travelled through Oceania.

She died of cancer. She is considered one of the most important poètes maudits of post-war France.

Poetry
 Alphabet de soleils, Alphabet of suns - her single book

References and external links

 X poètes au féminin, in French

1918 births
1960 deaths
Poètes maudits
French women poets
20th-century French women writers
20th-century French poets

Gilberte H. Dallas


Mayanup is a small town in the South West region of Western Australia. It is between Boyup Brook and Kojonup. At the 2006 census, Mayanup had a population of 323.

The area was opened for selection in the early 1900s and in 1904 the lands guide in the area asked the Lands Department to put space aside for a townsite at Scotts Brook. Land was set aside in 1905 even though the District Surveyor felt that there would insufficient demand. The area was initially known as Scott's Brook and also as Gnowergerup, the Aboriginal name of a nearby brook. Lots were surveyed in 1906 and the Upper Blackwood suggested the name of Mayanup. The town was gazetted in 1907.

References

Towns in Western Australia
Shire of Boyup Brook

Mayanup, Western Australia


Rita Buzzar is a Brazilian screenwriter and film producer founder of Nexus Cinema e video.

Biography

Rita Buzzar is a screenwriter, film producer, and movie director from "Nexus Cinema e Video", a film company from Brazil. She is graduated in Cinema at the University of São Paulo.

She wrote television hits such as the mini-series "Rosa dos Rumos" (1990–91), the soap opera "A Historia de Ana Raio e Ze Trovao" (1990–91) and "A Queridinha", directed by Walter Avancini. All of them for "Rede Manchete network".

She also wrote "Lara" and "Maria dos Prazeres", both screenplays. The last one is an
international production by Carlo Ponti.

She worked with Gabriel Garcia Marquez in "Amores Posibles", a TV Series, for
Spanish Television.

Her project "Luz no Céu" was selected for a screen-writing workshop at Sundance Institute, in the USA.

She directed many TV Documentaries, including "Carandiru.doc" about Carandiru Detention Center and the filming process of Hector Babenco's movie inside the prison.

She wrote "Olga", a movie she produced in association with "Globo Filmes" and "Lumiere". "Olga" has been watched by more than three million viewers and has won more than 20 awards in and out of Brazil.

She wrote and produced "Budapest", a movie inspired on Chico Buarque's homonymous novel. It was a co-production among Brazil, Portugal and Hungary, directed by Walter Carvalho and released in May 2009.

Rita produced "O Tempo e o Vento", another movie with the director  Jayme Monjardim, inspired on the epic novel from the celebrated Brazilian writer Erico Verissimo.

She wrote and is producing "Forgetiminoti", which is going to be directed by Roberto Moreira; and "Duetto", a Brazil-Italy co-production. The director is Marcos Jorge, who also directed "Estômago". She is also producing "Madame Durocher", a France-Brazil co-production movie. Both movies are on pre-production stage.

References

External links
Nexus Cinema and video

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Brazilian film producers
Brazilian women film producers
Brazilian screenwriters
University of São Paulo alumni
Brazilian women screenwriters

Rita Buzzar


Agnes Grey, A Novel is the first novel written by the English author Anne Brontë and first published in 1847. The novel is about a governess of that name and is said to be based on Anne Brontë's own experiences. Like her sister Charlotte's novel Jane Eyre, it addresses how uncertain position of a governess.

Plot
Agnes Grey is the daughter of Mr. Grey, a minister who is not very rich, and Mrs. Grey, a woman who left her wealthy family and married out of love. Mr. Grey tries to make more money, but he end up losing money in an investment. That plunges the family into debt.

Agnes, her sister Mary, and their mother all try to keep expenses low and bring in extra money, but Agnes is frustrated that everyone treats her like a child. To prove herself and to earn money for the family, she wants to be a governess. Eventually, she is offered a position, and gets her parents' permission. With some doubt about how it would be to be governess, she travels to to work for the Bloomfield family.

The Bloomfields are rich and much crueller than Agnes had expected. Mrs. Bloomfield pampers her children while Mr. Bloomfield constantly finds fault with Agnes's work. The children misbehave a lot and Agnes is responsible for their behaviour even though she does not have power over them. Tom, the oldest Bloomfield child, even tortures small animals. In less than a year,  Mrs. Bloomfield fires Agnes, thinks that her children are not learning quickly enough. Agnes then returns home.

She then begs her mother to help her find a new position. Agnes advertises and is given a position in an even wealthier family – the Murrays. The two boys, John and Charles, are both sent to school soon after her arrival, but the girls Rosalie and Matilda remain in her care. Matilda is a tomboy and Rosalie is a flirt. Both girls are selfish and sometimes annoying, and although Agnes's position is slightly better than it was at the Bloomfield's, she is often ignored.

Agnes  then begins to visit Nancy Brown, an old woman with poor eyesight who needs help reading the Bible; there Agnes meets the new curate, Mr. Edward Weston. The next day while on a walk Agnes is surprised by Mr. Weston, who picks some wild primroses for her. Agnes later saves one of the flowers in her Bible. This new friendship is noticed by Rosalie Murray, who has now entered into society and is admired by nearly all suitors in the county.

Rosalie becomes engaged to Sir Thomas Ashby, a wealthy baronet from Ashby Park. She tells Agnes, but makes her promise to keep silent, as she is still going to flirt with other men before she is married. One day, she and Agnes go on a walk and meet Mr. Weston. Rosalie begins to flirt with him, much to Agnes's irritation.

Agnes receives a note from her sister Mary, who is now married to Mr. Richardson, a parson who lives near their home. Mary warns that their father is dying and begs Agnes to come. Agnes arrives too late to see her father alive. After his funeral, Agnes opens a small school with her mother, leaving behind the Murrays and Mr. Weston.

She receives a letter from Rosalie who is very unhappy in her marriage and asks Agnes to come for a visit. Agnes is shocked by the change in Rosalie from a happy girl to an unhappy young woman. Rosalie tells Agnes that she hates Sir Thomas Ashby (and her mother-in-law), and claims he only left London because he was jealous of all the gentlemen she was attracting. Agnes also hears that Mr. Weston has left the area, and she is sad, believing she will not be able to see him again.

Agnes leaves Ashby Park and returns home. Several months after she arrives, she goes for a walk on the sea shore and encounters Mr. Weston, who had been looking for her since he moved to the nearby parsonage.

He is introduced to Agnes's mother, and they become friends. Agnes finds her attraction to him growing, and she accepts when he proposes marriage. In the end, Agnes is very happy having married Edward Weston, and they have three children together.

Characters
Agnes Grey – Main character and narrator. The younger daughter of a minister. She decided become a governess to support herself and her family.
Mary Grey - The elder sister of Agnes.
Richard Grey - The father of Agnes and Mary. A poor parson who loses most of his money he put in an investment
Mrs. Grey - The mother of Agnes and Mary. Squire's daughter and a woman of spirit. She married Richard despite of the wishes of her friends and family. She willingly let go of her better lifestyle for a life with him. "An elegant house and spacious grounds were not to be despised; but she(Mrs. Grey) would rather live in a cottage with Richard Grey than in a palace with any other man in the world."
Mr. Weston – The curate at the local church. Rosalie describes him as "an insensate, ugly, stupid blockhead". Agnes disagrees, thinking he is much better than the rector, Mr Hatfield.
Mr. Bloomfield -  The master of Wellwood House. He and his wife were Agnes's first employers. He keeps on blaming his children's faults in Agnes. Very particular about his food, he sends his food two times in a meal, on account of the food not being cooked well.
Mrs. Bloomfield - Mistress of Wellwood. Agnes' first employer, she is convinced that her are really very good, and that Agnes is a bad example to them. She says this to Agnes after dismissing her, "Though superior to most children of their(Mrs. Bloomfield's children) years in abilities, they were decidedly behind them in attainments; their manners were uncultivated, and their tempers unruly. And this she attributed to a want of sufficient firmness, and diligent, persevering care on my part. " Her is described as, "a tall, spare, stately woman, with thick black hair, cold grey eyes, and extremely sallow complexion."
Uncle Robson - The brother of Mrs. Bloomfield. Describes as "a tall, self–sufficient fellow, with dark hair and sallow complexion like his sister, a nose that seemed to disdain the earth, and little grey eyes, frequently half–closed, with a mixture of real stupidity and affected contempt of all surrounding objects. He was a thick–set, strongly–built man, but he had found some means of compressing his waist into a remarkably small compass". He frequently drinks a lot of wine. He encourages seven-year-old Tom to do so too. He also goes torturing animals with Tom. He also spoils Mary Ann.
Tom Bloomfield – The Bloomfield's son, well-grown seven years old boy. He is describes as a "a well-grown boy of seven, with a somewhat wiry frame, flaxen hair, blue eyes, small turned-up nose, and fair complexion. He is very violent and cruel to animals. Commands his sisters as he thinks he is in charge of  them as a boy.
Mary Ann Bloomfield – The eldest daughter of Bloomfields. Described as "a tall girl", "somewhat dark like her mother, but with a round full face and a high colour in her cheeks." She wanted attention to herslef, and likes people to flatter her.
Fanny Bloomfield - The second daughter of Bloomfields. She was dishonest and mischevious.
Mr. Murray - He and his wife were the second employers of Agnes. Agnes does not see him much as he is always out.
Mrs. Murray -  She is describes as a fashionable, showy woman. She wants her daughters to marry well. Matilda drives her crazy because of her tomboy ways. She convinces Rosalie that Sir Thomas Ashby's character is not as bad as is reported.
Rosalie Murray (also Miss Murray) – The eldest daughter of Murrays, silly but kind. She is very pretty. She is a selfish girl who flirts with any man she comes in contact with. She marries Sir Thomas Ashby because he is rich and has a title. She later regrets her marriage, and becomes closer to Agnes.
Mathilda Murray – The second daughter of the Murrays. A tomboy that loves horses, and likes to swear and use slang.
Mr. Hatfield – The rector at the local church. He loves Miss Murray but she does not answer his feelings.

Other books by Anne Brontë
Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (1846)
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848)

Other websites

1847 books
English novels

Agnes Grey


In road transport, an oversize load (or overweight load) is a load that exceeds the standard or ordinary legal size and/or weight limits for a truck to convey on a specified portion of road, highway, or other transport infrastructure, such as air freight or water freight. In Europe, it may be referred to as special transport or heavy and oversized transportation. There may also be load-per-axle limits. However, a load that exceeds the per-axle limits but not the overall weight limits is considered overweight. Examples of oversize/overweight loads include construction machines (cranes, front loaders, backhoes, etc.), pre-built homes, containers, and construction elements (bridge beams, generators, windmill propellers, rocket stages, and industrial equipment).

Overview

The legal dimensions and weights vary between countries and regions within a country. A vehicle which exceeds the legal dimensions usually requires a special permit which requires extra fees to be paid in order for the oversize/overweight vehicle to legally travel on the roadways. The permit usually specifies a route the load must follow as well as the dates and times during which the load may travel.

When a load cannot be dismantled into units that can be transported without exceeding the limitations in terms of the dimensions and/or mass, it is classified as an abnormal load. Another definition can be summarized as follows: an abnormal indivisible load ('AIL') is one which cannot be divided into two or more loads for transporting (on roads). Also, break bulk is used to define the freight that cannot be loaded into any ocean container or too large for air cargo.

Any road transport is framed by the CMR Convention (Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road), which relates to various legal issues concerning transportation of cargo, predominantly by lorries, by road.

Cargo loading and securement
According to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Large Truck Crash Causation Study 7% of U.S. trucking accidents are caused by improper cargo securement or cargo shifts. Shifting cargo can cause the truck to destabilize or the load can fall off completely leading to serious public safety issues.

Load shifting is prohibited by law and it is the responsibility of the shipper, motor carrier, driver, receiver, and the securing device manufacturer to ensure the cargo is completely secured.

International perspectives

In a specific country, the roads are built in a way that allows a vehicle with dimensions within the standard legal limits to safely (though not necessarily easily) drive and turn. Roads that do not allow large vehicles may be marked with the traffic signs. These may include per-axle load, height, width, or overall length limits.

Europe
Trucks must have special signs of "convoi exceptionnel" and lights that warn the oversized cargo. The escort car has also special signs, depending the country within it operates. Special permits are issued by local authorities to allow a transporter to operate on a public road for a limited period and for a certain and given route.

Heavy transport companies tend to focus on renewables, civil and infrastructure, offshore, oil and gas, heavy engineering and power generation industries. Other companies across Europe have also collaborated to form the Route To Space Alliance.

The Netherlands
Due to its strategic location, there are many Dutch-based special transport companies, but due to the relatively small size of the country, these companies, such as Van der Vlist have often started to spread further afield to increase their market and take advantage of the freedom of movement offered through the EU.

Romania
In Romania, if the total dimensions (truck+load) exceed  ×  (or if it does not fit into a tilt truck), then a transport is considered out of gauge. A table of maximum dimensions and weight as well as best practices is available for European countries on the following industry resource site.

Romania has an active market for special transporters where, as mentioned above, companies such as Schnell Trans, deal with international transportation projects. Trailers suitable for special loads have different characteristics depending on the number of axles, height from the ground to the platform, extensions or load capacity. Each of these trucks can carry loads such as trams, energy transformers, construction machines, metallic structures or wooden boxes/crates.

United Kingdom

An abnormal load is defined as
a load with a weight of more than 44 tonnes
an axle load of more than 10 tonnes for a single non-driving axle and 11.5 tonnes for a single driving axle
a width of more than 2.9 metres
a rigid length of more than 18.65 metres

Anyone wishing to transport an abnormal load must notify the police, highway authorities and any on-route bridge and structure owners such as Network Rail. National Highways operates a system known as "Electronic Service Delivery for Abnormal Loads" (ESDAL) for the purpose of supporting notifications.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, an oversize load is a vehicle and/or load that is wider than  or higher than . Overlength limits vary depending on the type and the configuration of vehicle, but the overall maximum forward distance (i.e. the length from the front of the vehicle to the centre axis of the rear axle set) is , the overall maximum single vehicle length is  (some buses can be longer), and the overall maximum combination length is . Loads must be indivisible, except when the vehicle is oversize itself where it can carry divisible loads as long as the divisible load fits within the standard load limits. Permits are not required for oversize vehicles which are under  long, under  high, and fit within a set combination of width and forward distance; but they must comply with certain rules regarding piloting, travel times and obstructions.

United States
In the United States, an oversize load is a vehicle and/or load that is wider than . Each individual state has different requirements regarding height and length (most states are  tall), and a driver must purchase a permit for each state he/she will be traveling through. In many states, a load must be considered "nondivisible" to qualify for a permit (i.e. an object which cannot be broken down into smaller pieces), although some states allow divisible loads to be granted permits.

India
In India, any load which protrudes the platform of the vehicle which is defined in CMVR 1989 is considered ODC (Over Dimensional Cargo). Dimensions of a load with the height of 4 mtr or width of 2.6 mtr or length of 12mtr in case of rigid vehicle and 18 mtr in case of tractor trailer combination needs to obtain state specific permissions, but no load can exceed the GVW of the vehicle. Loads above 55 tons can only be moved on HMT (hydraulic modular trailer) and puller tractor combination, for which a nationalized permission must be obtained via MORTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India) portal with HMT payload of 18 ton per axle excluding the weight of the puller tractor. Loads not complying with rules are fined by the RTO (Regional Transport Office) officers individually, three for each dimension and one for weight.

Signaling

A pilot car driver may temporarily block traffic at intersections to ensure the safe passage of the truck.

Hazards

Oversize loads present a hazard to roadway structures as well as to road traffic. Because they exceed design clearances, there is a risk that such vehicles can hit bridges and other overhead structures. Over-height vehicle impacts are a frequent cause of damage to bridges, and truss bridges are particularly vulnerable, due to having critical support members over the roadway. An over-height load struck the overhead beams on the I-5 Skagit River bridge in 2013, which caused the bridge to collapse.

Licensing
Different countries have different approaches to licensing oversize/overweight loads. Licenses may be issued for a specific load, for a period of time, or to a specific company. In most jurisdictions, the permit specifies the exact route a vehicle must take, and includes clearance warnings. However, in some places, such as Washington state, drivers are responsible for choosing their own route. The carrier can choose to obtain the required permits themselves or go through a permit service.

See also

 Loading gauge
 Structure gauge
 Trucking industry in the United States
 Maritime shipping Roll trailer

References

External links
 U.S. Government website

road hazards
road transport
road transport in Europe
transport by cargo
Freight transport

Oversize load


Red House is a historic building in Moor Monkton, north-west of York in England.

History
The first Red House was constructed before 1342, when Thomas Ughtred was given licence to crenellate.  This was almost certainly located inside a moat which survives as an earthwork, 50 metres north-west of the present house.  The estate was sold to the Seymour family in 1523, and then in 1560 to Sir Francis Slingsby.  In 1607, the house was owned by Henry Slingsby, who built a new property of the same name, with outbuildings including a chapel, which survives.  The house had a deer park, and a walled garden, some features of which may survive.

Slingsby's son, Harry, led the Royalist defence of the Siege of York.  Charles I of Great Britain is said to have stayed in the house for a night in 1633, and James II of Great Britain dined there in 1665, while he was Duke of York.

Slingsby's house was largely rebuilt in 1864; the main facade was switched from the north front, overlooking the River Ouse, to the south, with new stables and service buildings added to the north of the house.  It became a preparatory school in 1902, which closed in 2001 due to falling enrollment.  The property was then converted to an equestrian centre, caravan site, and bed and breakfast.  In the 1990s, the house was used for filming some episodes of The Darling Buds of May.

Architecture
The house is built of brick, with stone dressings and a slate roof.  It is two storeys high, with attics, and eight bays wide, with four of the bays extending further forward and having gables.  Inside, the central bedroom retains 18th century panelling, and the cornice in the living room and some door frames are of similar date.  Other fittings date from the 1864 reconstruction or later.  The house was grade II listed in 1987.

The chapel was consecrated in 1618.  Like the house, it is built of brick, with stone dressings.  It is two storeys high and three bays long.  The west end has a round-headed doorway with an original panelled door.  Above it is an inscription, "Pro termino vitae sic non nobis".  Inside, original features include the pulpit, bench ends, pews, ante-chapel screen, and consoles which support the gallery.  The staircase to the gallery was originally the main staircase in the house.  The chapel was grade II* listed in 1952.

References

External links

Churches completed in 1618
Houses completed in 1864
Grade II listed buildings in North Yorkshire
Grade II* listed churches in North Yorkshire
Moor Monkton

Red House, Moor Monkton


Elmer Gantry is a satirical novel written by Sinclair Lewis in 1926 that presents aspects of the religious activity of the United States in fundamentalist and evangelistic circles and the attitudes of the 1920s public toward it. Reverend Dr. Elmer Gantry, the protagonist, is attracted by drinking, making easy money (but he eventually renounces tobacco and alcohol) and chasing women. After various forays into smaller, fringe churches, he becomes a major moral and political force in the Methodist Church despite his hypocrisy and serial sexual indiscretions.

Elmer Gantry was published in the United States by Harcourt Trade Publishers in March 1927, dedicated by Lewis to the American journalist and satirist H. L. Mencken.

Background
Lewis researched the novel by observing the work of various preachers in Kansas City in his so-called "Sunday School" meetings on Wednesdays. He first worked with William L. "Big Bill" Stidger, pastor of the Linwood Boulevard Methodist Episcopal Church in Kansas City, Missouri. Stidger introduced Lewis to many other clergymen, including the Reverend Leon Milton Birkhead, a Unitarian and an agnostic. Lewis preferred the liberal Birkhead to the conservative Stidger, and on his second visit to Kansas City, Lewis chose Birkhead as his guide. Other Kansas City ministers Lewis interviewed included Burris Jenkins, Earl Blackman, I. M. Hargett, Bert Fiske, and Robert Nelson Horatio Spencer, who was rector of Grace and Holy Trinity Church, which is now the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of West Missouri.
Lewis finished the book while mending a broken leg on Jackfish Island in Rainy Lake, Minnesota.

The character of Sharon Falconer was based on events in the career of the radio evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, who founded the Pentecostal Christian denomination known as the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in 1927.

Synopsis
The novel tells the story of a young, narcissistic, womanizing college athlete who abandons his early ambition to become a lawyer. The legal profession does not suit the unethical Gantry. After college, he attends a Baptist seminary, and he is ordained as a Baptist minister. While managing to hide certain sexual indiscretions, he is thrown out of the seminary before completing his bachelor of divinity because he is too drunk to attend a church where he is supposed to preach.

After several years as a traveling salesman of farm equipment, he becomes a confidante of Sharon Falconer, a popular motivational speaker and evangelist with a "road church" show. Gantry becomes her lover, but loses both her and his position when she and scores of attendants are killed in a tragic fire in her tent tabernacle. After this catastrophe, he briefly acts as a "New Thought" evangelist, and eventually becomes a Methodist minister. He marries a local parishioner, although he is unhappy with her sexual frigidity, and uses her for appearances only. Years later the Methodist leadership awards him a larger congregation in Lewis's fictional city of Zenith. With his power and career in full tilt, Gantry manipulates local, state and national politics which involves police raids against bootleggers and bar patrons.  His corruption and power hunger contribute to the downfall, physical injury, and even death of key people around him, including Frank Shallard, a sincere minister who questions the moral purpose of the evangelical church. Shallard, a former associate, is nearly beaten to death by a lynch squad of Gantry loyalists who were angered by his "atheistic" divergences in Christian teachings.

Especially ironic is the way he champions love, an emotion of which he seems incapable, in his sermons; preaches against ambition, when he is so patently ambitious; and organizes crusades against (mainly sexual) immorality, when he has difficulty resisting sexual temptations.

Gantry's career comes close to a major scandal when one of his tawdry affairs turns out to be a husband and wife blackmail scheme. Gantry manages to be extracted from his potential downfall by his close friend and political alliance with a powerful lawyer and private detective agency. A thoroughly repentant Gantry swears to abstain from his sinful proclivities but, true to form, notices a younger woman during his sermon.

Reception
On publication in 1927, Elmer Gantry created a public furor. The book was banned in Boston and other cities and denounced from pulpits across the United States. One cleric suggested that Lewis should be imprisoned for five years, and there were also threats of physical violence against the author. Evangelist Billy Sunday called Lewis "Satan's cohort".

However, the book was a commercial success. It was the best-selling work of fiction in America for the year 1927, according to Publishers Weekly.

Mark Schorer, then of the University of California, Berkeley, notes: "The forces of social good and enlightenment as presented in Elmer Gantry are not strong enough to offer any real resistance to the forces of social evil and banality." Schorer also says that, while researching the book, Lewis attended two or three church services every Sunday while in Kansas City, and that: "He took advantage of every possible tangential experience in the religious community." The result is a novel that satirically represents the religious activity of America in evangelistic circles and the attitudes of the 1920s toward it.

Shortly after the publication of Elmer Gantry, H. G. Wells published a widely syndicated newspaper article titled "The New American People", in which he largely based his observations of American culture on Lewis's novels.

Elmer Gantry appears as a minor character in two later, lesser-known Lewis novels: The Man Who Knew Coolidge and Gideon Planish. George Babbitt, the namesake of one of Lewis' better-known novels, appears in Elmer Gantry briefly during an encounter at the Zenith Athletic Club.

Adaptations
There have been five adaptations of the novel.

 A Broadway play by Patrick Kearney opened on August 7, 1928 at the Playhouse Theatre, where it ran for 48 performances. The cast included Edward J. Pawley (later of Big Town fame) as Elmer Gantry and Vera Allen as Sister Sharon Falconer.
 The 1960 film of the same name starring Burt Lancaster as Gantry and Jean Simmons as Sister Sharon Falconer.
 A 1970 Broadway musical adaptation, titled Gantry, opened and closed on the same night, February 14, 1970.
 A 1998 play adaptation by Richard Rossi was performed in Los Angeles and broadcast on TV October 24, 1998. After the play, Rossi was cast in the lead role of Elmer Gantry in a film remake of the 1960 Academy Award-winning film of the same name, slated to be directed by Amin Q. Chaudhri. Chaudhri sought investors for a $20 million budget.  The remake was never made, but Rossi began writing his own story of an Elmer Gantryish evangelist in a contemporary setting, which became the film Canaan Land.

 In November 2007, an opera, also titled Elmer Gantry, by Robert Aldridge and Herschel Garfein, premiered in the James K. Polk Theater in Nashville, Tennessee.

Citations

General bibliography
 John Tyler Blake, Sinclair Lewis's Kansas City Laboratory: The Genesis of Elmer Gantry. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1999.
 Nelson Manfred Blake, "How to Learn History from Sinclair Lewis and Other Uncommon Sources", American Character and Culture in a Changing World: Some Twentieth-Century Perspectives. John A. Hague (ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979. 111–23.
 Robert Gibson Corder, Ph.D., Edward J. Pawley: Broadway's Elmer Gantry, Radio's Steve Wilson, and Hollywood's Perennial Bad Guy, Outskirts Press, 2006.
 Wheeler Dixon, "Cinematic Adaptations of the Works of Sinclair Lewis", Sinclair Lewis at 100: Papers Presented at a Centennial Conference., ed. Michael Connaughton. St. Cloud, MN: St. Cloud State University, 1985, pp. 191–200.
 Robert J. Higgs. "Religion and Sports: Three Muscular Christians in American Literature", American Sport Culture: The Humanistic Dimensions Wiley Lee Umphlett (ed.). Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1985, pp. 226–34.
 James M. Hutchisson, The Rise of Sinclair Lewis, 1920–1930. University Park: Penn State University Press, 1996.
 George Killough, "Elmer Gantry, Chaucer's Pardoner, and the Limits of Serious Words". Sinclair Lewis: New Essays in Criticism. James M. Hutchisson (ed.). Troy, New York: Whitston, 1997. 162–74.
 Richard R. Lingeman, Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2005, .
 Edward A. Martin, "The Mimic as Artist: Sinclair Lewis". H. L. Mencken and the Debunkers. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1984. 115–38.
 Gary H. Mayer, "Love is More Than the Evening Star: A Semantic Analysis of Elmer Gantry and The Man Who Knew Coolidge", American Bypaths: Essays in Honor of E. Hudson Long. Ed. Robert G. Collmer and Jack W. Herring. Waco: Baylor University Press, 1980. 145–66.
 James Benedict Moore, "The Sources of Elmer Gantry". The New Republic, 143 (8 August 1960): 17–18.
 Edward J. Piacentino, "Babbittry Southern Style: T. S. Stribling's Unfinished Cathedral". Markham Review 10 (1981): 36–39.
 Elizabeth S. Prioleau, "The Minister and the Seductress in American Fiction: The Adamic Myth Reduz", Journal of American Culture, 16.4 (1993): 1–6.
 Mark Schorer, Sinclair Lewis: An American Life, 1961, McGraw-Hill. .
 Mark Schorer, "Afterword", Elmer Gantry, Signet Books edition, 1970.
 Edward Shillito, "Elmer Gantry and the Church in America", Nineteenth Century and After, 101 (1927): 739–48.

External links

 "Elmer Gantry, a Flawed Preacher for the Ages", All Things Considered (February 22, 2008). NPR.

1927 American novels
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into plays
American satirical novels
Books critical of Christianity
Censored books
Harcourt (publisher) books
Novels adapted into operas
Novels by Sinclair Lewis
Novels set in Missouri

Elmer Gantry


Igor Petrovich Volk (, ; 12 April 1937 – 3 January 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut and test pilot. He was best known for his involvement as a research cosmonaut in the Soyuz T-12 in 1980. It was seventh manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Salyut 7. He bomber pilot in the Soviet Air Force. He later joined the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1962. He had over 7000 flight hours logged in over 80 different aircraft. He had the rank of colonel in the Russian Air Force.

Volk was born in Zmiiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was given many awards, most famously the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin titles. He was married and had two children.

Volk died on 3 January 2017 while on holiday in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He was 79.

References

1937 births
2017 deaths
Soviet colonels
Cosmonauts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin

Igor Volk


Louis Henri Vaquez (27 August 1860 – 15 April 1936) was a French internist born in Paris. He is known for his work in the field of hematology and his research of heart disease.

In 1890 he earned his medical doctorate, and in 1895 became médecin des hôpitaux in Paris. In 1898 he was promoted to professeur agrégé, and in 1918 was appointed professor of clinical medicine and elected a member of the Academy of Medicine. Cardiologist Pierre Potain (1825–1901) was an important influence in his medical career.

In 1892 he was the first to describe the blood disorder polycythaemia vera or polycythaemia rubra vera, which is also known as "Osler-Vaquez disease" (named with physician William Osler (1849–1919). Vaquez described the disease in a 40-year-old male suffering from chronic cyanosis, distended veins, vertigo, dyspnea, hepatosplenomegaly, palpitations and marked erythrocytosis.

He was among the first physicians to recognize the correlation of Stokes-Adams attack to interference of the bundle of His causing a discordant beating of the atria in relation to that of the ventricles. He is credited with introducing the electrocardiogram and recording of the jugular venous pulse into French medicine. He also conducted research of cardiac arrhythmia and hypertension.

Vaquez was founder and editor of the journal Archives des maladies du coeur, vaissaux et du sang.

Bibliography
 Sur une forme spéciale de cyanose s'accompagnant d'hyperglobulie excessive et persistante. Comptes rendus de la Société de biologie, Paris, 1892, 44: 384-388.
 Les arythmies. Paris, J. Baillière, 1911
 Le cæur et l'aorte. with E. Bordet. Paris, 1913; 4th edition, 1928.
 Maladies du coeur. Paris, 1920; 2nd edition, 1928
 Les troubles du rythme cardiaque, with Edouard Donzelot (1884–1960); Paris, 1926.

References
 Louis Henri Vaquez @ Who Named It

French hematologists
1860 births
1936 deaths
French cardiologists
Scientists from Paris

Louis Henri Vaquez


DESY, short for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (English: German Electron Synchrotron), is a national research centre for fundamental science located in Hamburg and Zeuthen near Berlin in Germany. It operates particle accelerators used to investigate the structure, dynamics and function of matter, and conducts a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary scientific research in four main areas: particle and high energy physics; photon science; astroparticle physics; and the development, construction and operation of particle accelerators. Its name refers to its first project, an electron synchrotron. DESY is publicly financed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Federal States of Hamburg and Brandenburg and is a member of the Helmholtz Association.

Functions and mission
DESY's function is to conduct fundamental research for solely civil and peaceful purposes. It specialises in particle accelerator development, construction and operation, particle physics, astroparticle physics and photon science research to explore the fundamental relationships between the structure, dynamics and function of matter. In cooperation with its partner organisations, its photon science research spans surface physics, material science, chemistry, molecular biology, geophysics and medicine through the use of synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers.

In addition to operating its own large accelerator facilities, DESY participates in many major international research projects, for example the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser in Germany, the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland, the Belle II experiment in Japan, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole and the worldwide Cherenkov Telescope Array.

Sites

DESY operates in two locations. The primary location is in the Bahrenfeld quarter of Hamburg. In 1992, DESY expanded to a second site in Zeuthen near Berlin.

Hamburg
The DESY Hamburg site is located in the quarter Bahrenfeld, in the west of the city in the district of Altona. Its main accelerators are located here.

Zeuthen
Following German reunification, DESY expanded to a second site in Zeuthen near Berlin. In 1939, the German Postal Ministry founded a nuclear physics laboratory there. After World War II, the laboratory was first named "Institute X", to become the Institute for High Energy Physics (), the high-energy physics laboratory of the German Democratic Republic belonging to the Academy of Sciences of the GDR. The institute was merged with DESY on 1 January 1992. It focuses on parallel computing for theoretical particle physics, the development and construction of electron sources for X-ray lasers as well as astroparticle physics with a focus on gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy.

Employees and training
DESY employs about 2,700 staff members from more than 60 nations. 2,430 people work at the Hamburg site, about 270 at the Zeuthen site. These numbers include more than 130 trainees in various industrial-technical professions and about 500 PhD students and postdocs supervised by DESY. In addition, there are numerous master students from various universities.

Budget and financing
The research centre is a foundation under civil law financed by public funds. In 2020, DESY had an annual budget of about 232 million euros (according to the German federal budget plan, excluding expenditure for investments and special financing expenses). In addition, it had a third-party funding income of about 18 million euros. 90% of the annual budget is provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research () and 10% respectively by the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg and the German federal state of Brandenburg.

Particle accelerators and other facilities

DESY's accelerators were not all built at once, but were rather added one by one to meet the growing demand of the scientists for higher and higher energies to gain more insight into particle structures. In the course of the construction of new accelerators, the older ones were converted to pre-accelerators or to sources for synchrotron radiation for laboratories with new research tasks.

DESY

The DESY synchrotron (short for "Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron") has been in operation since 1964. Its circumference is 300 m. It was used until 1978 for particle physics experiments and first measurements with synchrotron radiation. Since then, rebuilt and upgraded several times, it has served as a pre-accelerator and as a test beam facility delivering high-energy particle beams for testing detector systems.

DORIS

The DORIS storage ring (short for Double Ring Storage Facility) operated from 1974 to 2013. It had a circumference of 289 m. Until 1992, it collided electrons with positrons for particle physics experiments (including the ARGUS experiment). From 1980 on, the synchrotron radiation generated by DORIS was used for photon science experiments; from 1993 to 2012, the storage ring served exclusively as a synchrotron radiation source. The particle physics experiment OLYMPUS then ran in 2012 before DORIS was shut down at the beginning of 2013.

PETRA

The PETRA storage ring (short for Positron–Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator) has been in operation since 1978. It has a  circumference of 2,304 m. Until 1986, electrons and positrons collided in PETRA for research in particle physics (experiments JADE, MARK-J, TASSO and PLUTO). From 1990 on, PETRA served as a pre-accelerator for the HERA storage ring, and from 1995 on also as a synchrotron radiation source with two test experimental stations. Since 2009, the facility has been delivering hard X-ray beams of very high brilliance to over 40 experimental stations under the name PETRA III.

HERA

The HERA storage ring (short for Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator) operated from 1992 to 2007. It has a circumference of 6,336 m. It was DESY's largest ring accelerator and Germany's largest research instrument to date. Until 2007, HERA was the only storage ring facility in the world to enable collisions of electrons or positrons with protons for particle physics (experiments H1, ZEUS, HERMES and HERA-B) for studies of the inner structure of the proton.

FLASH

The free-electron laser (FEL) FLASH (short for Free-Electron Laser in Hamburg) has been in operation since 2000. It has a length of 315 m. It is based on a test facility for superconducting accelerator technology built in 1997 for the TESLA project and has served as a user facility for experiments with the generated FEL radiation since 2005. FLASH provides ultrashort light pulses in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray range for seven experimental stations and is also used as a test facility for the development of accelerator and FEL technologies.

European XFEL accelerator

DESY operates the 1.7 km superconducting linear accelerator of the European XFEL X-ray free-electron laser, an international research facility that delivers ultrashort light pulses in the high-energy X-ray range.

PITZ

Since 2001, the DESY site in Zeuthen has been home to the photoinjector test facility PITZ, a linear accelerator used to study, optimise and prepare the electron sources for FLASH and (since 2015) for the European XFEL.

Other facilities
The building of the former DORIS storage ring now houses the SINBAD ("Short Innovative Bunches and Accelerators at DESY") accelerator complex with various infrastructures for accelerator R&D: the linear accelerator ARES for accelerator research with ultrashort electron pulses for medical purposes, the AXSIS facility for terahertz-driven acceleration to generate ultrashort X-ray pulses for materials science or medical imaging, and the high-power laser KALDERA for research into laser-driven plasma acceleration.

The LUX facility is also used for research into laser-driven plasma acceleration, the FLASHForward experiment at FLASH for electron-beam-driven plasma acceleration. The relativistic electron beam source REGAE generates ultrashort electron pulses for time-resolved diffraction experiments.

The tunnel of the former HERA storage ring now houses the ALPS II experiment, which uses converted superconducting dipole magnets of the HERA proton ring to study extremely light particles.

Computing
DESY provides extensive storage and computing capacity for research in all its divisions. As part of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG), DESY also operates a Tier-2 computer centre that offers computing and storage systems for the ATLAS, CMS and LHCb experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In addition, the DESY grid infrastructure is used by other experiments such as Belle II or IceCube.

Research areas
Research at DESY is organised into four divisions: Accelerators, Photon Science, Particle Physics and Astroparticle Physics.

The Accelerator division develops fundamental technologies for the accelerator facilities that DESY and its partners use in their scientific mission. In addition to the operation and further development of existing facilities (PETRA IV and FLASH2020+ projects, expansion of the European XFEL), essential activities include research into new accelerator concepts, in particular plasma wakefield acceleration, and the improvement of superconducting radio frequency accelerator technology.

In the Photon Science division, photons are being used to study the structure, dynamics and function of matter. To this end, the division develops, builds and operates beamlines and experiments at the DESY light sources PETRA III and FLASH. Every year, more than 3,000 researchers – most of them from universities, but also from non-university research institutions and industry – from over 40 countries conduct experiments at the light sources and in the laboratories at DESY. The research spectrum ranges from basic research to applied research and industrial collaborations in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, life sciences, earth sciences, materials research as well as the study of cultural heritage.

The Particle Physics division is involved in the large-scale experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva. As part of the international collaborations that run the ATLAS and CMS experiments, DESY contributes to many developments at the LHC, from hardware design and data analysis to preparations for the planned upgrades. DESY also participates in the Belle II experiment at the electron–positron collider SuperKEKB at the research centre KEK in Tsukuba, Japan, as well as in developments for possible future electron–positron linear colliders. It is also active in theoretical particle physics.

The Astroparticle Physics division investigates high-energy processes in the universe. Detectors and telescopes are used to analyse neutrinos and gamma rays from space, which can provide information about cosmic phenomena: black holes, exploding stars and radiation bursts of extreme intensity. To this end, DESY is involved in the gamma telescopes MAGIC, H.E.S.S. and VERITAS as well as the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, and it contributes to the planned Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). It is the second largest partner in the IceCube observatory at the South Pole.

History

DESY was founded on 18 December 1959 in Hamburg. According to its statutes, DESY's mission is "the promotion of basic scientific research [...] in particular through the development, construction and operation of accelerators and their scientific use, in photon science and in the fields of particle and astroparticle physics, as well as through research and development work related thereto".

From 1959 to 2007, the DESY accelerators were primarily used for particle physics, initially with the eponymous DESY electron synchrotron (1964–present), followed by DORIS (Double Ring Storage Facility, 1974–1992), PETRA (Positron–Electron Tandem Ring Facility, 1978–present) and HERA (Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator, 1992–2007). In 1987, the ARGUS experiment at DORIS was the first to observe a large mixing of B mesons and thus a process in which matter and antimatter behave differently. The most important discovery of the experiments TASSO, JADE, MARK-J and PLUTO at PETRA was the detection of the gluon, the messenger particle of the strong force, in 1979. From 1990, PETRA served as a pre-accelerator for the even larger storage ring HERA with its four experiments H1, ZEUS, HERMES and HERA-B. HERA was the only storage ring facility in the world in which protons collided with electrons or positrons. In these collisions, the point-like electron acted like a probe, scanning the inner structure of the proton and making it visible with high resolution. HERA's precise insights into the interior of the proton formed the basis for numerous other particle physics experiments, especially at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the research centre CERN and for numerous developments in theoretical particle physics.

In parallel, as early as the 1960s, research groups from DESY, various universities and the Max Planck Society developed the technology for using the synchrotron radiation produced by the accelerators. To meet the rapidly growing national and European demand, DESY founded its own large laboratory: the Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory HASYLAB, which opened in 1980. It provided measuring stations at DORIS, and it was here that the Israeli biochemist Ada Yonath (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009) conducted experiments from 1986 to 2004 that led to her deciphering the ribosome. From 1995, both synchrotron radiation and particle physics experiments were conducted at PETRA. In 2009, the PETRA facility was upgraded for exclusive use as a synchrotron radiation source for hard X-rays (PETRA III). Today, PETRA III serves over 40 experimental stations, and there are plans to expand it into the PETRA IV 3D X-ray microscope. With the shutdown of DORIS in early 2013, the name HASYLAB was abandoned, and the use of DESY's light sources has since been carried out in its Photon Science division.

In the early 1990s, DESY began to develop a new technology: radio frequency accelerator technology based on superconducting cavities made of niobium, which are cooled to approximately 2 K (−271 °C) with liquid helium. The first accelerator on this basis was a test facility for superconducting linear accelerators at DESY to test the principle of self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) of X-ray laser light. The SASE theory was developed and refined at DESY and at institutes in Russia, Italy and the USA from 1980 onwards. In 2000 to 2001, the test facility at DESY was the first free-electron laser in the world to produce light flashes in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. Today, the FLASH facility produces ultrashort light pulses in the soft X-ray range for seven experimental stations. Since 2020, it has been expanded to further optimise the properties of the radiation (FLASH2020+ project).

From 2009 to 2016, an international consortium led by DESY developed the European X-ray free-electron laser European XFEL. The international research facility, which involves 12 European shareholder countries, is operated by the non-profit company European XFEL GmbH. The core of the facility is a 1.7 km superconducting linear accelerator. With an electron energy of 17.5 GeV, it is the most powerful superconducting linear accelerator in the world to date. DESY operates the accelerator on behalf of European XFEL GmbH.

Since 2010, DESY has been developing plasma-based accelerator technology (both laser- and electron-beam-driven) as a possible alternative to conventional accelerator technologies, with the aim of enabling compact accelerators for photon science, particle physics as well as medical and industrial applications.

Chairpersons of the DESY Directorate
DESY is headed by a Directorate consisting of the directors of the four divisions (Accelerators, Photon Science, Particle Physics and Astroparticle Physics) and the administration as well as the delegate of the Directorate for innovation. Chairpersons of the Directorate so far have been:
 1959 to 1970: Willibald Jentschke, Founding Director
 1971 to 1972: Wolfgang Paul
 1973 to 1980: Herwig Schopper
 1981 to 1993: Volker Soergel
 1993 to 1999: Bjørn H. Wiik
 1999 to early 2009: Albrecht Wagner
 since 2 March 2009: Helmut Dosch

Joint research centres

The DESY campus in Hamburg is the location of several national and international centres in which DESY participates. These are:
 Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL): Investigation of ultrafast phenomena with free-electron lasers and optical lasers, studies of light–matter interaction under extreme conditions
 Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB): Structural systems biology to study infection processes at the molecular level of viruses, bacteria and parasites
 Centre for X-ray and Nano Science (CXNS): Investigation of condensed matter with X-ray and complementary methods, high-resolution X-ray imaging, analysis of material processes

Knowledge and technology transfer

DESY aims to promote start-ups and bring know-how from fundamental research into application. It offers commercial companies support for industrial issues, e.g. through special industry access to photon sources and laboratories, develops ideas, applications and products based on fundamental research, and supports its employees in founding start-ups based on DESY technologies in the Hamburg and Brandenburg regions. DESY offers start-ups access to offices, laboratories and workshops in the DESY Innovation Village and the Start-up Labs Bahrenfeld, established together with the University of Hamburg and the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Altona, Hamburg
Education in Hamburg
Free-electron lasers
Organisations based in Hamburg
Particle physics facilities
Physics in Germany
Physics research institutes
Research institutes in Germany
Synchrotron radiation facilities

DESY


The siege of Santo Domingo was fought between April23, 1655 and April30, 1655, at the Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo. A force of 2,400 Spanish troops led by Governor Don Bernardino Meneses y Bracamonte, Count of Peñalba successfully resisted a force of 13,120 soldiers led by General Robert Venables and 34 ships under Admiral Sir William Penn
of the English Commonwealth.

Background
In 1655 the Commonwealth of England, under Oliver Cromwell, decided to declare war on Spain. Religious fanaticism played a role in this, as the puritans running the Commonwealth loathed the Catholicism of Spain. More practically, England had a large standing army with ambitious commanders and Cromwell wished to occupy them with a successful campaign, preferably far from home. In addition it was believed that war with Spain would be both easy and profitable.

Command of an expedition to the Caribbean to capture Spanish colonies named the "Western Design" was given to General Robert Venables, with Admiral Sir William Penn commanding the naval contingent of 34 ships. Their authority was constrained by two Civil Commissioners whom Cromwell has tasked with ensuring the loyalty of both Venables and Penn. The 13,000 troops sent to the Caribbean were selected for the mission based on which would be least missed due to perceived practical or political weakness. Administrative and financial problems meant that the expedition sailed short of equipment and supplies. It was hoped that the English might take possession of Santo Domingo, Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Invasion

High winds and surf made it difficult for the English to land near their first objective, the city of Santo Domingo. They eventually landed on April13, 1655. However, the 13,000 Englishmen were put ashore at the mouth of the Nizao River, some thirty miles from the city. It took them four days, short of water, food and military supplies, to make their way to within sight of the city. They were then ambushed and routed by 2–300 local militia. Spanish records assert that some 1,500 British soldiers were killed, wounded and or taken prisoner. The English fleet carried out an ineffectual attempt to bombard the city into submission, then sailed off to re-embark the army's survivors.

Aftermath
The British naval historian N.A.M. Rodger notes that "in one afternoon the invincible reputation of the New Model Army had been thrown away". The English left Santo Domingo and sailed for Jamaica, which they successfully conquered in a six-day campaign.

Venables and Penn were disgraced and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Historian C.H. Firth opined that the main cause of the failure at Hispaniola was the lack of co-operation on the part of Venables and Penn. Venables never obtained the confidence either of his officers or his soldiers. Samuel Pepys, Clerk of the Acts to the Navy Board, considered Admiral Penn a "false knave". Historian John Morrill wrote  "[Venables] was over-promoted and under-supported in a high-profile fiasco in the Caribbean that cost him his reputation."  His army was composed of inferior and undisciplined troops hastily assembled and badly equipped.

Due to the valor of the governor, Don Bernardino de Meneses y Bracamonte, Count of Peñalva, the site of the battle was named in his honor: Puerta del Conde, the Count's Gate. One anecdote of the invasion is that the English were terrified by the nocturnal noise of the crabs on the beach of Haina; in honour of the victory the Spaniards created a commemorative gold crab, which they paraded down the streets of Santo Domingo in triumph. The gold crab has not survived; it was stolen by General Joseph de Barquier, the last French governor on the island.

British Fleet

British Army

Notes

See also
 Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60)

References

Further reading
 Kris E. Lane, Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750.

Conflicts in 1655
1655 in the Caribbean
1650s in New Spain
Battles involving Spain
Santo Domingo
Santo Domingo
1655 in the British Empire
History of Santo Domingo
17th century in the Colony of Santo Domingo
Military history of the Dominican Republic
Wars involving the Dominican Republic
Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)

Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)


Goorooyarroo Parish is a parish of Murray County, New South Wales, a cadastral unit for use on land titles.

Geography
It is located to the north-east of the Australian Capital Territory.

History
About a third of the parish was transferred to the Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the Australian Capital Territory) in 1909, which included what is now the northern suburbs of Gungahlin.

A small part of the New South Wales electoral districts of Monaro and Burrinjuck were in the parish  as mentioned in their electoral district profiles.

The parish's name is commemorated by two areas of nature reserve, each called Goorooyarroo (NSW) and Mulligan's Flat / Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve (ACT), which were originally part of the parish.

Research
In Mulligans Flat Nature Reserve within the ACT, the Mulligan's Flat - Goorooyarroo Woodland Experiment is conducting research into remnant plant and animal life in the area, notably reintroduction of the eastern bettong (marsupial) and brown treecreeper (bird), and remnant yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora) and Blakely's red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi). This study is led from the Fenner School of Environment and Society at the Australian National University, along with involvement from the CSIRO and ACT Government.

References

External links

Parishes of Canberra
Parishes of Murray County

Parish of Goorooyarroo