Clarens  or the Clarens Estate is a 19th-century Federal-style mansion in Alexandria, Virginia. Clarens is best known as the residence of James Murray Mason (November 3, 1798–April 28, 1871), a United States representative and United States senator from Virginia and grandson of George Mason, a Founding Father of the United States.

While it was located within Fairfax County, Virginia, Clarens is now located inside the boundaries of the independent city of Alexandria at 318 North Quaker Lane.

History
Clarens was constructed between 1814 and 1816 in what was then Fairfax County, Virginia, three miles (5 km) to the west of Alexandria.  The neighborhood later became known as Seminary Hill because of the proximity to the Virginia Theological Seminary. Reverend George Smith operated his prominent "Fairfax School" at Clarens. Notable Fairfax School attendees included George Washington Custis Lee and George M. Dallas. During the American Civil War, Clarens was used as a hospital for Union Army soldiers.

After the war, James Murray Mason selected Clarens as the estate at which he planned to retire. On September 24, 1869, Mason officially took possession of Clarens. While residing at Clarens, one of Mason's chief occupations was his correspondences. Former Confederate President Jefferson Davis visited Clarens in 1870 for his final meeting with Mason and Confederate Army General Samuel Cooper. Confederate Army General Robert E. Lee also visited Mason at Clarens after the war. Mason died at Clarens on April 28, 1871.

After Mason's death, Clarens subsequently became a girls school. It was later owned by William G. Thomas. Upon his sale of the property in the late 1980s, Clarens was subdivided. The mansion is currently located on approximately .

Before Thomas bought Clarens it was owned by Conrad M Strong; after his death it passed to his second wife Edna Johnson Strong.  Mr Strong bought it from his cousin Colonel Byrd Willis, with a contingency that his wife Ann Crenshaw Willis live in the wing until she died.  This she did.  Mr Strong was the great great nephew of George Washington.  His mother, Mary Byrd Dallas, was the daughter of Commandore Alexander James Dallas, [brother to the vice-president ] and Mary Byrd Willis.  His first wife, Frances T. Perry was the daughter of General Edward A. Perry [of civil war fame] Mr Strong built the guest house, the well house with bridge over a stream, bell tower, colonnade, potting house and  log cabin on the crest of the hill overlooking the valley.  He designed the circular drive, low walls, and laid out the extensive gardens, field of daffodils, large rose garden etc.

References

Mason family residences
Houses in Fairfax County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1816
Federal architecture in Virginia
Fairfax County in the American Civil War
Houses in Alexandria, Virginia
1816 establishments in Virginia

Clarens (Alexandria, Virginia)


Ellen Gulbranson (née Norgren) (4 March 1863 – 2 January 1947) was a Swedish operatic soprano with a strong, dramatic voice best suited to the works of Richard Wagner. She was a leading figure among the second generation of Bayreuth singers and her voice is preserved on a few acoustic recordings that she made for Edison Records and Pathé Records during the early part of the 20th century. In 1911, she was awarded The King's Medal of Merit by Sweden's monarch.

Biography
Born Ellen Norgren in Stockholm, Gulbranson studied initially at the Stockholm Conservatory under Julius Gunther and then in Paris with Ellen Kenneth and the great pedagogue Mathilde Marchesi. Subsequently, she also studied with Marchesi's daughter Blanche, who strengthened Gulbranson's top notes and transformed her voice from that of a mezzo-soprano into that of a dramatic soprano.

Gulbranson made her operatic debut in 1889 as Amneris in Giuseppe Verdi's Aida in Stockholm, and sang the Wagnerian roles of Brünnhilde and Ortrud there in 1898. She went on to excel in portraying these heroines—as well as succeeding in the parts of Kundry in Parsifal and Isolde in Tristan und Isolde.

In 1896, she made her first appearance at the Bayreuth Festival, then in its 20th year, alternating in the role of Brünnhilde with the veteran diva Lilli Lehmann. Her portrayal was so well received that Lehmann dropped out of the festival. Gulbranson went on to sing annually at Bayreuth until 1914. She also appeared in London at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, in 1900 and 1907.

After retiring from the stage in 1915 she worked as a singing teacher. Her most notable pupil was Eidé Norena. She later became a Norwegian citizen. Gulbranson died in Oslo at the age of 83.

She was married to lieutenant colonel Hans Peter Francis Gulbranson and sister in law to Arne Eggen. Their daughter married business executive Ulf Styren.

References

1863 births
1947 deaths
Swedish operatic sopranos
Royal College of Music, Stockholm alumni
19th-century Swedish women opera singers

Ellen Gulbranson


Sisophon was a changwat (province) of Thailand. In 1906 it was ceded to French Indochina. It is now part of Cambodia and known as Banteay Meanchey.

History
During the 16th century and before, Sisophon was known as Srey Saophon meaning in Khmer "Beautiful Lady" and it was a small district, belonging to Battambang Province.

After the 17th century the Siamese took over Battambang Province and Siem Reap Province in a successful military campaign.

Battambang Province and Siem Reap province were established as provinces of Siam and renamed as Phra Tabong and Siam Nakhon respectively and Srey Saophon was renamed as Sisophon.

In 1907 the French colonial administration of Cambodia negotiated with the Siamese government to cede Battambang Province and Siem Reap Province to the French Protectorate of Cambodia in exchange of Trat and Dan Sai and the names of these province reverted to their Khmer names.
In 1907 Srisophon was changed officially back to Serey Saophoan meaning in Khmer "Beautiful Freedom" implying freedom from the nearly 200 years of Siamese control.

After the Khmer Rouge years, Battambang Province was broken up into two provinces. Those provinces are now a part of present-day Battambang Province and Banteay Meanchey Province. Sisophon was made the capital city of Banteay Meanchey Province.

See also
 Sisophon

References

External links
The Land Boundaries of Indochina: Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

Former provinces of Thailand
French protectorate of Cambodia

Sisophon province


The Ralliement créditiste du Québec was a provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that operated from 1970 to 1978 (the party was also known as the Parti créditiste from September to December 1973, contesting the 1973 provincial election under that name). It promoted social credit theories of monetary reform, and acted as an outlet for the expression of rural discontent. It was a successor to an earlier social credit party in Quebec, the Union des électeurs which ran candidates in the 1940s.

Founding

At its 1963 annual convention in Hull, the Ralliement des créditistes, the Quebec wing of the Social Credit Party of Canada, split from the national organization. It also debated establishing a provincial party. De facto party leader Réal Caouette opposed the creation of a provincial party, and convinced delegates to accept the creation of a ten-member committee to study the proposal instead. Caouette argued that the creditistes had no organization and no money to create a provincial party. Furthermore, the social credit proposal for reform of the monetary system could only be implemented at the federal level (as the Social Credit government of William Aberhart in Alberta had learned when it tried to issue "prosperity certificates"). Most of the support for the creation of a provincial party came from the separatist element in the party, many of whom were also members of the Parti républicain du Québec led by Marcel Chaput.

However, the party later decided to test the provincial waters by contesting four by-elections held on October 8, 1969.  All four candidates, who appeared on the ballot as "unaffiliated" candidates ("sans désignation"), were defeated, finishing in second place behind the Union Nationale candidates. The Quebec Liberal Party and the Parti Québécois did not contest those by-elections.

Despite those results, a provincial wing was established, under the name "Ralliement créditiste du Québec", to compete in the next provincial elections.  Gaston Tremblay, a Christian Nationalist Member of the National Assembly (MNA) (elected as a Union Nationale member in 1966) became the first Ralliement créditiste MNA late in 1969. The party was officially founded on January 25, 1970.  Camil Samson, the new party's president, was elected as leader of the party on March 22, 1970.

1970 election

In the April 29, 1970 elections, the créditistes benefited from the decline of the conservative Union Nationale party and made a modest breakthrough, winning 12 seats in the National Assembly and 11.2% of the vote.  The party was never able to build on this initial success because it was wracked continually by internal divisions.

On February 13, 1972, faced by challenges from within his party, Camil Samson resigned as leader, and a leadership convention was planned for March 18–19, 1972: Armand Bois (MNA for Saint-Sauveur) was chosen interim leader on February 21.

On March 16, Camil Samson was expelled from the party by nine of the créditiste MNAs (organized by Armand Bois) for criticizing some of the caucus members, and for not attending party meetings.  On March 19, Samson declared himself to be the leader of a new créditiste group, and demanded to be seated in the National Assembly as a member of the "Registered Ralliement créditiste du Québec"', along with two other créditiste MNAs, Aurèle Audet (Abitibi-Ouest) and Bernard Dumont (Mégantic).  However, the speaker of the National Assembly recognized Armand Bois as parliamentary leader of the party.  On August 11, Samson, Dumont and Audet rejoined the "Ralliement créditiste du Québec".

On February 4, 1973, Yvon Dupuis was elected leader of the Ralliement créditiste du Québec over Samson. The party was renamed the Parti créditiste. Samson was named leader in the National Assembly.  On February 21, Armand Bois, the former interim leader, was expelled from the party for saying at the February 4 leadership convention that Yvon Dupuis's entourage included members of the Montreal underworld.  Bois sat as an independent créditiste until October 3, when he apologized for his statements and asked to be readmitted to the party.

Dupuis failed to win a by-election to enter the National Assembly, and was pressured to quit the leadership of the party. On May 5, 1974, Dupuis resigned as leader of the Parti créditiste, and formed the Parti présidentiel. Dupuis resigned as leader of that party on October 21, 1974, and ended his political career. The Parti présidentiel was merged into the Union Nationale a year later.

1973 election

In the October 29, 1973 election, after campaigning under the name Parti créditiste, only two party members won election to the National Assembly, Fabien Roy and Camil Samson, although the party won 9.9% of the popular vote.

On December 1, 1974, Armand Bois announced the foundation of a new créditiste party, the Parti réformateur.  That party merged with the Ralliement créditiste on November 18, 1975.

Before the 1976 election, there was a further split as the only two sitting Parti créditiste MNAs went their separate ways.  Camil Samson became leader of the party, again called the Ralliement créditiste du Québec, on May 11, 1975.  Fabien Roy was expelled from the party. It is not clear whether Roy was expelled on January 15, 1974 or November 3, 1975.

On December 14, 1975, Roy teamed up with former Liberal Jérôme Choquette to form the Parti national populaire under Choquette's leadership. The PNP and the Union Nationale, led by Rodrigue Biron, announced the merger of their two parties, but the idea was abandoned by the Union Nationale one month later.

1976 election

In the November 15, 1976 general election, Camil Samson was the only créditiste elected, although the party won 4.63% of the popular vote across the province. (The PNP's Roy also won his seat, while Choquette was defeated.)

Samson's strong oratorical ability and sense of humour pleased the crowds who attended his rallies, and the party spent $150,000 on 15-minute television advertisements that aired almost every day", but his inability to get along with his colleagues had decimated Creditiste ranks over the years, and left the party largely composed of his own supporters who had followed him "through thick and thin".  Samson promised interest-free loans and a guaranteed annual income, and emphasised traditional social credit themes including the rejection of socialism and the plight of the common man."

Some traditional Creditistes such as Carl O'Malley had followed Fabien Roy into the Parti Nationale Populaire (O'Malley was the PNP candidate in Notre-Dame-de-Grace riding) even through the PNP did not embrace social credit.

Samson was re-elected with 9011 votes (40%) in his riding of Rouyn-Noranda.

Dissolution

The Ralliement créditiste du Québec was dissolved as Camil Samson founded a new party, Les Démocrates, on November 12, 1978. Samson's partner in establishing the new party was Pierre Sévigny, a federal cabinet minister in the Progressive Conservative government of John Diefenbaker. Sévigny had resigned from the federal cabinet in disgrace because of his relationship with Gerda Munsinger, who was later revealed to be a spy for East Germany.
That party was renamed the Parti démocrate créditiste on January 1, 1980; on September 2, 1980, Samson joined the Quebec Liberal Party caucus, and the Parti démocrate créditiste was dissolved. Samson was defeated as a Liberal candidate in the 1981 provincial election.

Election results

See also

 Parti présidentiel
 Parti national populaire
 Les Démocrates/Parti démocrate créditiste
 Politics of Quebec
 List of Quebec general elections
 List of Quebec premiers
 List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition
 National Assembly of Quebec
 Timeline of Quebec history
 Political parties in Quebec

Notes

External links
 National Assembly historical information
 National Assembly of Quebec Chronology
 La Politique québécoise sur le Web

Social credit parties in Canada
Political parties established in 1970
Defunct provincial political parties in Quebec
Political parties disestablished in 1978
Conservative parties in Canada
1970 establishments in Quebec
1978 disestablishments in Quebec

Ralliement créditiste du Québec


Herb Breau,  (born December 5, 1944) is a Canadian businessman and former politician.

Born in Haut-Sheila, New Brunswick, Breau was a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) representing Gloucester from the 1968 election until his defeat in the 1984 election that reduced the Liberal caucus to only 40 MPs.

Breau served as a parliamentary secretary in the 1970s. He served as chairman of the Parliamentary Task Forces on North-South Relations and on Fiscal Federalism in Canada, chairman of the Parliamentary Association of Canada-United States from 1977 to 1981, and a member of the Trilateral Commission from 1981 to 1984.

Breau was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans when John Turner became Prime Minister of Canada in June 1984. His ministerial career ended just over two months later as a result of the election that defeated the Turner government.

He entered the private sector following the end of his political career, and has most recently been an executive at Syscan International, serving as Acting Chief Executive Officer from 2000 to 2001.

Breau served on the board of governors of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) in the 1990s as an appointee of the federal government.

Breau currently serves on the board of directors of the Pearson Centre for Progressive Policy.

Electoral record

References

External links

1944 births
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Living people
Members of the 23rd Canadian Ministry

Herb Breau


Arnold Webb Braswell (October 3, 1925 – March 15, 2022) was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force (USAF) and command pilot who was commander in chief of Pacific Air Forces, with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii. His command comprised more than 34,000 USAF operational and support personnel stationed at eight major bases and more than 87 facilities principally located in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines and Hawaii.

Early life and education
Braswell was born in 1925 to Claiborne and Marguerite Braswell in Minden, Louisiana, and graduated in 1942 from Minden High School. He attended Louisiana State University for two years and in 1944 entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York. He was appointed Cadet Brigade Commander, the "First Captain", of the corps of cadets in his final year and graduated in 1948 with honors and earned a commission as a second lieutenant in the newly established United States Air Force. After graduation Braswell married his high school sweetheart, Ione Davis. She gave birth to their son Jefferson in 1949 and daughter Sally in 1955.

Career
After completing flying training at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas and at Williams AFB in Arizona, he became in September 1949, a member of the 33rd Fighter Wing at Otis AFB in Massachusetts, where he flew F-86 Sabre fighter jets.

In 1951–1952 during the Korean War, Braswell flew 155 combat missions in jet fighters as a member of the 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing, Taegu Air Base, South Korea, and the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Kimpo Air Base, South Korea.

From September 1952 to September 1955, he was a flight commander and squadron operations officer in the 3600th Combat Crew Training Group at Luke AFB in Arizona. When the U.S. Air Force Academy opened in 1955 in temporary facilities at Lowry AFB, Colorado, Braswell was assigned as commander of one of the original four cadet squadrons and served in that capacity for three years.

In October 1958, he was again assigned to the 49th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which had been relocated to Étain Air Base in France, where for a time he was deployed to supervise combat training of French, Danish and Turkish air force pilots in F-100 Super Sabre fighter aircraft and then commanded the 7th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Spangdahlem Air Base in West Germany.

Braswell returned to the United States in August 1961 to attend the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell AFB, Alabama. He transferred to Washington, D.C., in July 1962 and was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in the Directorate of Plans, where he prepared recommendations to the Air Force Chief of Staff on joint planning issues. In August 1966, Braswell entered the National War College at Fort Lesley J. McNair in Washington, D.C. He graduated from the college and also completed his Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University in 1967.

He began a one-year tour of duty in the Vietnam War in July 1967 as director of plans at 7th Air Force headquarters, Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam. Though a staff officer and not required to fly, he voluntarily flew 40 combat missions, most of them in F-4 Phantoms.

Following his return from Southeast Asia in August 1968, Braswell became the director of operations for the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson AFB in North Carolina. He was again assigned to Air Force headquarters in August 1969 in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, where he served initially as an Air Staff planning representative in Joint Staff planning conferences. In 1970 he was promoted to the grade of brigadier general and assigned as deputy director for force development in the Directorate of Plans, and in February 1972, he became deputy director of plans. In February 1973, Braswell was promoted to the grade of major general and assumed command of United States Air Force units based in Turkey, with headquarters in Ankara.

Braswell was assigned to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Belgium, as assistant chief of staff for operations from September 1974 to June 1977. In July 1977 he was promoted to lieutenant general and returned to the United States as Director for Plans and Policy (J-5), Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the Pentagon. In June 1978, he became commander of Tactical Air Command's 9th Air Force with headquarters at Shaw AFB in South Carolina. In that position he also served as commander of the USAF units assigned to the Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force of the U.S. Readiness Command.
In June, 1981 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Pacific Air Forces, a USAF Major Command, headquartered in Hawaii, which encompassed all of the tactical air combat units in the Pacific Theater.

The general in his Air Force career logged more than 5,500 flying hours, most of these in jet fighters.

He was promoted to lieutenant general July 1, 1977, with date of rank listed as June 28, 1977. He retired on October 1, 1983.

After retiring from the USAF, Braswell served for ten years in Arlington, Virginia, as the President of the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI), the national trade association of companies involved in the manufacture of air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. In this capacity he helped guide ground-breaking negotiations with major environmental groups to write and propose to Congress legislation establishing national mandatory efficiency standards for energy-consuming appliances. Both houses of the Congress passed the proposed legislation as written by unanimous vote, and it was signed into law by President Reagan. Under his guidance ARI also coordinated extensive research by industry companies to develop and employ new refrigerants that would not damage the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.

Awards and recognitions
His military decorations and awards include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross, and Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters.

Personal life
After retirement, Braswell served for six years as a member of the Volunteer Advisory Board for the public school technical training courses in Fairfax County, Virginia, and also for six years as the President of the Chesterbrook Woods Citizen's Association in McLean, Virginia. In 2009, he and Ione moved to Falcons Landing, a lifetime continuing care retirement facility in Potomac Falls, Virginia. Braswell died on March 15, 2022, at the age of 96.

References

1925 births
2022 deaths
United States Air Force generals
People from Minden, Louisiana
Minden High School (Minden, Louisiana) alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
Military personnel from Louisiana
United States Military Academy alumni
George Washington University School of Business alumni
National War College alumni
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
American Korean War pilots
American Vietnam War pilots
Military personnel from McLean, Virginia
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
People from Sterling, Virginia
American expatriates in France
American expatriates in Germany

Arnold W. Braswell


In physics, chemistry and thermodynamics, equations of state are used to describe the state a dynamical system is in. .  Equations of state are commonly used to describe the state of gases and fluids. In the real world, equations of state are approximations. They can be quite complex to write down, and usually, they are solved using numerical methods.

Variables
There are certain variables such as pressure, volume, or temperature, that can be used to describe such a system. So in its simplest form, an equation of state is a function, that takes these dependent variables as input, the state can then be as simple as saying that in its current state, the function has the numerical value zero:

where p ist the pressure, V is the volume, and T is the temperature.

Ideal gas
The simplest of these describes an ideal gas, it is the ideal gas law.  This law can also be used to describe the state of real gases, in certain conditions (such as with a low pressure, and high temperature).

Equations of physics
Equations

Equation of state


Woody Deck (born June 8, 1983 in Nashville, TN) is an American professional poker player residing in Vilnius, Lithuania.

A former student at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Deck pledged Alpha Epsilon Pi, the Jewish Fraternity, where he has been seen ironing $100 bills in his dorm room. Deck has also played poker in casinos since the age of 17. Discovered in the Bellagio's top section as being underage, he was thrown out and shortly thereafter left Las Vegas for Europe where he could play legally. In Europe he quickly became one of the top tournament and cash game players, winning five tournaments in the span of 12 months.

A cash game specialist who seldom enters tournaments, Deck holds the best record in Pot Limit Omaha Hi/Lo tournaments with a current streak of 3 consecutive final tables (1 win), and owns the record for consecutive heads-up tournaments matches won, 13.

During his streak of heads-up matches, he won back to back heads-up titles at the 2005 Barcelona Heads-up Poker Circuit (HPC), and the 2005 Slovenia HPC before losing in the 3rd round of the 2006 World Heads-Up Poker Championship.

By way of his European ranking, Deck qualified for the Professional Poker Tour (PPT) for the 2006-2007 season.

As of 2008, his total live tournament winnings exceed $330,000.

Notes

External links
 Pokerpages Profile

1983 births
American poker players
Living people

Woody Deck


Bisexuality refers tae sexual cairy-on wi or pheesical attraction tae baith sexes (male an female), or a bisexual orientation. Fowk that haes a bisexual orientation "can experience sexual, emotional, an affectional attraction tae baith thair ain sex an the opposite sex"; "it refers tae a body's sense o thair ain an social identity grundit on thir attractions, fashions pittin thaim ower, an membership in a community o ithers that shares thaim." It is ane o the three main classes o sexual orientation, forby a heterosexual an a homosexual ane. Bodies that disna experience sexual attraction tae aither sex is kent as asexual.

Gaun by the Kinsey Scale, bisexuals can reenge fae bein a bittie homosexual tae beein a bittie heterosexual.

See an aw
 Pansexuality

Same-sex sexuality
LGBT studies
Luve
Sexual orientation
LGBT

Bisexuality


The Abbey of the Holy Cross was a French Benedictine monastery of nuns founded in the 6th century. Destroyed during the French Revolution, a new monastery with the same name was built in a nearby location during the 19th century for a community of Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Mercy of Jesus.

History

Founding
The abbey was founded in 552 by the Frankish queen, Radegund () as the first monastery for women in the Frankish Empire in what is now the village of Saint-Benoît, Vienne. It was founded due to a threat of excommunication of her husband, King Chlothar I, King of the Franks, by Germain, the Bishop of Paris. To avoid this penalty, the king provided the bishop with the funds to acquire lands near the episcopal palace to construct the Abbey of St. Mary (), as it was originally called. As his third wife had failed to provide him an heir, the king allowed Radegund to become a nun in the new monastery.

The first abbess was Agnes of Poitiers, a former lady in waiting to the queen, who had refused to take this office for herself. The community initially followed the Regula virginum (Rule for virgins) written in 512 by the noted bishop Caesarius of Arles, who had written it for a group of women in his city who had wished to lead lives of greater asceticism.

The monastery was renamed  in 567 to the Abbey of the Holy Cross, when Radegond was given a gift by the Emperor of Byzantium of a fragment of the True Cross. As part of the ceremony of processing to the abbey with this sacred relic, she commissioned her friend, the Italian nobleman and religious poet Venantius Fortunatus, later to become bishop of the city, to write a poem to mark the occasion. For this, he produced the hymn Vexilla Regis, considered to be one of the most significant Christian hymns ever written, which is still sung for services on Good Friday.

Rebellion
In 589, an insurrection broke out in the community of nuns which became a scandal throughout the empire. Led by two royal princesses, Basina, daughter of Chilperic I and her cousin, Clotilda, a group of nuns left the abbey and took refuge in a nearby church. There they accused the abbess of the monastery, Leubovère, of both excessive rigor in her treatment of the nuns under her charge and of immorality. The group recruited a large group of men to seize the abbess and confine her. Intense fighting took place in the abbey which lasted for days.

Modern era
The abbey was heavily damaged during the French Wars of Religion during the 16th century. What does remain of the ancient abbey buildings dates from that era. They were constructed under Abbess Charlotte-Flandrina of Orange-Nassau, daughter of William the Silent, who had converted to Catholicism and entered the abbey as a nun.

Most of the ancient abbey buildings were destroyed in the course of the French Revolution.

Abbey buildings

Church of St. Radegund
In keeping with Roman law, a mortuary chapel for the remains of the nuns of the abbey was built outside the walls for reasons of sanitation. Originally called the Chapel of St. Mary outside the Walls, it was renamed the Church of St. Radegund in 587 after the former queen was buried there and began to be greatly revered as a saint. King Pepin I of Aquitaine was buried there in 838. Rebuilt in the 11th century within walls built by Eleanor of Aquitaine, the chapel continues to operate as a parish church today.

Pas de Dieu Chapel
Excavations during the early 20th century uncovered the remains of the monastic cell of Radegund and her private chapel, which were destroyed during the Revolution. It takes its modern name, the Chapel of God's Footprint, from a vision the saint had of Christ while she was approaching her death. In it, she described seeing Jesus, who told her, "You are the pearl in my crown." A footprint was left in the stone floor of her cell in the course of the vision. After the Revolution, the stone was placed in the Church of St. Radegund, where it can be seen today.

Relics
The Augustinian canonesses today still preserve several items of note from the ancient abbey. Most significant of these is the relic of the True Cross. Additionally there is the ivory Reading desk of St. Radegund.

References

Sources
Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors, translation by R. Van Dam (Liverpool, 1988)
Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs; translated by Raymond Van Dam. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2004.
Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks; translation by L. Thorpe (Penguin, 1974: many reprints)
Venantius Fortunatus, The Life of the Holy Radegund; translation by J. McNamara and J. Halborg
Lina Eckenstein, Woman Under Monasticism: Chapters on Saint-Lore and Convent Life between A.D. 500 and A.D. 1500, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1896.
 Edwards, Jennifer C. Superior Women: Medieval Female Authority in Poitiers' Abbey of Sainte-Croix. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Labande-Mailfert, Yvonne & Robert Favreau, eds. Histoire de l'abbaye Sainte-Croix de Poitiers: Quatorze siècles de vie monastique. Poitiers: Société des Antiquaires de l'Ouest, 1986.
Hahn, Cynthia. Portrayed on the Heart: Narrative Effect in Pictorial Lives of Saints from the Tenth through the Thirteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Benedictine nunneries in France
Christianity in Poitiers
Buildings and structures in Poitiers
Christian monasteries established in the 6th century
Monasteries destroyed during the French Revolution
Augustinian monasteries in France
Monasteries of Canonesses Regular

Holy Cross Abbey (Poitiers)


The Chevrolet K5 Blazer is a full-size sport-utility vehicle that was built by General Motors. GM's smallest full-size SUV, it is part of the Chevrolet C/K truck family. Introduced to the Chevrolet line for the 1969 model year, the K5 Blazer was replaced for 1995 by the Chevrolet Tahoe. The third generation was simply called "Chevrolet Blazer", without the K5 name. In 1970, GMC introduced its own model of the truck, called the Jimmy, which was discontinued in 1991 and replaced by the Yukon. The "Jimmy" name was chosen to reflect how GM may sound in a similar manner to how Jeep was thought to be a pronunciation of GP in the competing market. Both were short-wheelbase trucks and available with either rear- or four-wheel drive.

The K5 Blazer and Jimmy had "full convertible" removable tops until 1975. For 1976, GM introduced a half-cab design that was less prone to leaks and slightly safer in a roll-over. These half cabs had the convertible top begin a few inches behind the driver/passenger doors and run back to the tailgate.

The Blazer's long-wheelbase relative, with an integrated rear body and doors for second row passengers, is called the Chevrolet Suburban.

1969–1972

The original K5 Blazer was built on the K10 pickup truck platform with a wheelbase shortened to , designed and marketed to compete with the International Harvester Scout (which had been introduced in 1960 for the 1961 model year) and the Ford Bronco (1965/66) utility vehicles. The Scout and Bronco were originally aimed at the Jeep CJ series and consequently all three vehicles were much smaller than the K5 Blazer. Because the Blazer was developed from a shortened pickup truck, this innovation both increased interior space and lowered the cost of production by using a shared platform. The Blazer quickly became popular. For the first time, it married the off-road capabilities of competing utility vehicles with "luxury" features like air conditioning and automatic transmissions that routinely were available on pickup trucks.

By 1970, the Blazer was already outselling both of its older rivals. Ford, Dodge, and even Jeep would counter with similar shortened full-size pickups, including the Dodge Ramcharger and Jeep Cherokee, both introduced in 1974, and the revised Ford Bronco (1978).

For its first model year (1969), the K5 Blazer was available with part-time four-wheel drive only. As an option, a removable hardtop or a soft convertible-top could be specified; passenger seats also were optional on the base model. For 1970, a rear-wheel drive model was added, and the truck was also rebadged as the GMC Jimmy.

Mechanical
There were four choices for power plants, matching the contemporaneous pickup truck options: the 250 straight-6, the 292 straight-6, the 307 V8, and the 350 V8.

There was also a choice between a three-speed automatic transmission, the Turbo-Hydramatic TH350, or one of two fully-synchronized manual transmissions: a three-speed, or a four-speed (SM465), which included a "granny gear" low-ratio 6.55:1 first gear. The 350 was offered only with the SM465 or TH350; manual locking front hubs were optional.

The four-wheel drive version had a solid front axle and used leaf springs front and rear. The two-wheel drive version came with independent front suspension and rear trailing arms, both with coil springs. Both versions used drum brakes on all four wheels until 1971, when the entire GM light truck line was fitted with front discs as standard equipment. A tachometer was optional. Two transfer cases were offered: the Dana 20, available only with the manual transmissions, or the NP-205, available with both types of transmissions. The Blazer had  of ground clearance and an approach angle of 35°.

Engines
250 in³ (4.1 L) I6 (1969–1984)
292 in³ (4.8 L) I6 (1970–1971)
307 in³ (5.0 L) V8 (1969–1973)
350 in³ (5.7 L) V8 (1969–1991)

Transfer cases
NP-205 - gear driven part-time four wheel drive
Dana 20 - gear driven part-time four-wheel drive

1973–1991

Overview

For 1973, GM's line of full-size trucks was redesigned and updated; internally, GM named this the "Rounded Line" generation, while the unofficial nickname was "square body". A tilt-steering wheel became optional. Although rear-wheel drive Blazers were manufactured until 1982, the majority sold were four-wheel drive. As tested by Popular Science in 1973, a K5 Blazer with the  350 V8, automatic transmission, and full-time four-wheel-drive accelerated from 0– in 22.5 seconds, with an observed fuel economy of  at a steady . With the standard 250 I6, automatic transmission, a 1974 K5 Blazer returned fuel economy of  at the same speed.

The 1973–75 K5 Blazers were equipped with a removable convertible top. In 1976, a half-cab design was introduced and used until 1991.

The second generation K5 models incorporated the rear hatch glass and tailgate into a single unit, which allowed the glass panel to retract inside of the tailgate by use of a manual crank mounted on the tailgate or an electric motor activated by a key-operated switch on the tailgate and a dash-mounted switch. The weight of the large glass panel was rumored to be a liability as the manual crank gears wore prematurely and the electric motor was prone to frequent overheating and subsequent failure. This also included the electric motor drive cable which goes to the window regulator to the motor (similar in design to a speedometer cable), which usually would fail under heavy abuse. Another feature of the K5 Blazer tailgate was the safety switch connected to the electric motor which prevented the rear window from being raised if the tailgate was unlatched.

The smaller S-10 Blazer, based on the compact S-10 pickups, debuted in 1983; the K5 prefix was used until 1991 to avoid confusion with the smaller utility vehicle.

Model changes

Compared to the first generation K5 Blazer, the Rounded Line K5 grew by  overall, on a  longer wheelbase. The styling was refreshed in 1981, mirroring the changes introduced on the 1981 C/K pickups, most visible in the front end with available stacked dual square headlamps and reduced weight.

GM temporarily changed the usual "C/K" designation to "R" and "V" for the 1987 through 1991 model years. This was done to avoid confusion with the GMT400-based Chevrolet C/K pickup trucks, which were introduced in 1988, during the overlap period. Although the GMT400 trucks were introduced in the spring of 1987 as a 1988 model, the K5 Blazer, Suburban, and crew-cab trucks retained the earlier platform until 1991.

In 1988, four new colors were introduced: Bright Blue Metallic, Forest Green Metallic, Light Mesa Brown Metallic, and Dark Mesa Brown Metallic. More new features for 1988 included a fixed mast antenna in place of the old windshield antenna, a trip odometer as part of the gauge package cluster, and an improved pulse windshield wiper control. Also, helping to reduce air leaks in the doors was a new door handle seal. Also in 1988, General Motors eliminated the "K5" emblems.

In late 1988 for the 1989 model year, the front grille was changed to resemble the squared-off ones used on the GMT400 series of pickups. The 1989 Blazer had new base and up-level grilles, as well as new headlight bezels, body side moldings, and front bumper rub strips. New for 1989 was the introduction of an all-new base coat/clear coat paint.

For the 1990 model year, all Blazers now had a standard rear wheel anti-lock braking system. A new electronic speedometer system, with a 6 digit odometer on the dashboard was also introduced for 1990, along with non-asbestos brake linings. A new brake warning light on the dashboard was also introduced for 1990. The Blazer body also used double sided, galvanized exterior sheet metal. A new option for 1990 was power mirrors. 3 point shoulder harness also become standard for rear passengers. The rear seat arm rest were eliminated from rear seat to make room for shoulder belts and pads were added to the wheel housings.

For 1991, two new exterior colors, Brilliant Blue and Slate Metallic were offered.

Drivetrain
The K5 Blazer was fitted with a  inline-six as standard through 1984. Available engines included a  inline-six, small-block V8s of 305, 307, 350, or 400 cubic inches (5.0, 5.0, 5.7, and 6.6 liters), and a 6.2 L Detroit Diesel V8. The six-cylinder Blazer was not recommended for towing.

Since 1981 (in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and the 1979 energy crisis), Chevrolet and GMC used the smaller displacement 305s with a 9.2:1 compression ratio. These engines produced nearly as much torque as the 350, giving a similar driving feel. However, these power plants were underpowered and prone to detonation (engine knocking), especially with the electronic spark control module. To achieve the 9.2:1 compression ratio, the cylinder head chambers were smaller, measuring 56 cc instead of 76 cc. After 1987, when throttle-body injection was introduced in the truck engines, the 350 was made the standard power plant.

Corporate 10-bolt axles were upgraded to 30 spline axle shafts from previous 28 spline shafts in 1989. In addition, the standard L05 5.7-liter V-8 now had one serpentine accessory drive belt in place of the older multi-belt accessory drive setup. 1989 was the first year for the NP241 transfer case and also the only year for speedometer cable driven version of the NP241. The 5.7 liter V8 (L05) engine was improved for 1990 with the addition of improved oil control rings, a redesigned rear crankshaft seal, a new camshaft sprocket design, non-asbestos intake manifold gaskets, and heavy-duty intake valves. For 1991, the 700R4 was renamed to the 4L60. The TBI (throttle body injection) system used on the Blazer's standard 5.7 liter V8 had longer throttle shaft bearings, new throttle return springs, and improved fuel mixture distribution.  The 5.7 liter V8 also had new heavy-duty intake valves and powdered metal camshaft sprockets. Standard on all engines was a lighter more powerful 100-amp CS130 alternator.

(All power and torque figures are pulled from GM factory service manual)

1973–1980 Blazers used the gear-driven part-time NP-205 transfer case (mostly mated to the SM465 manual transmission and some TH350s) or the chain-driven full-time NP-203 transfer case (mated to the TH350 automatic) and DANA-44 front/12-bolt rear axle combination through 1980. Starting in 1981 used the chain-driven NP208 transfer case (NP241 after 1988) with front 10-bolt/rear 10-bolt axle combinations until 1991. There is an overlap of 12-bolt rears into the early 1980s, while the 10-bolt front axle was phased into production in the late 1970s.

1992–1994

In 1991, for the 1992 models, GM redesigned its large SUVs, moving to the GMT400 architecture that had debuted for GM's 1988 pickup lines. Dimensions grew modestly with a  wheelbase and  length overall. The Chevrolet was now called the Full-Size Blazer, dropping the 'K5' prefix. The GMC Jimmy was renamed, and straightaway launched as the first generation GMC Yukon, while the smaller S15 Jimmy dropped the prefix and was named the 'Jimmy' from then on. Unlike prior generations, the GMT400-based Blazer/Yukon did not have a removable roof, and the tailgate glass was fixed. The Blazer was named "Four Wheeler of the Year" in 1992 by Four Wheeler magazine.

The standard engine remained the  small-block V8 with throttle-body fuel injection. A 6.5 L turbocharged Detroit Diesel V8 was added as an option for 1994, with output of  and  of torque. The diesel engine was available only with a four-speed automatic transmission. All versions were fitted with an independent front suspension and solid rear axle with leaf springs; four-wheel drive versions had torsion springs in front, while two-wheel drive versions had coil springs.

In 1995, the Blazer nameplate was discontinued for the full-size vehicle; it was renamed and relaunched as the new 1995 Chevrolet Tahoe. The 1995 Tahoe/Yukon also included a longer wheelbase, four-door wagon body style which was smaller than the Suburban but larger than the two-door Tahoe. From then on, the Tahoe and Yukon models were offered in two sizes, as two- and four-doors. At the same time, Chevrolet rebranded their 2nd generation successor to the S-10 Blazer, and the Blazer name was transferred to it as Chevy's 'all-new Blazer' (and GMC Jimmy); the smaller Blazer/Jimmy vehicles were sold from 1995 to 2005, while the first-generation Tahoe/Yukon were replaced in 2000.

Variants and special models

M1009

Around 1976, a prototype K5 Blazer  was used as a testbed for a military CUCV vehicle built by Vic Hickey, father of the HUMVEE. Between 1983 and 1987, what is known as the M1009 CUCV was the production militarized version of the civilian K5. The differences are the lack of an air conditioner, an additional leaf spring in the suspension, a hybrid 12/24 V electrical system (described in detail below), blackout headlights, front mounted brush guard, a rifle rack, and special paint jobs. A majority of them are painted olive drab green or in the woodland camouflage pattern, though some vehicles that saw desert use were painted tan. All M1009s, including its derivatives, are powered with the 6.2 L Diesel power plant.

The M1009s have a split 24/12 V electrical system. Most of the truck actually runs on 12 V. It has two separate 12 V alternators and batteries wired in series, with only the glow plug system, injection pump, starter, and jumper cable jack being wired to the 24 V terminals; everything else in the truck runs on 12 V. The glow plugs are actually 12 V glow plugs with a resistor pack on the firewall to drop the 24 V down to 12 V. This resistor pack can be bypassed and the glow plugs run directly off of the 12 V battery. If this is done and the 24 V starter is replaced with a standard 12 V starter, the second alternator is no longer needed (If this is done then the military 24 V slave adapter in the grille will need to be disconnected as well).

Some decommissioned M1009s end up in law enforcement use (e.g. with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department) or sold through government auctions, but a handful are still in use by the National Guard.

1976–77 Chalet / Casa Grande

In 1976, GM collaborated with recreational vehicle manufacturer Chinook Mobilodge to offer modified versions of the Blazer and Jimmy with a permanently-fixed popup truck camper unit. Approximately 1,800 Blazer Chalet and Jimmy Casa Grande vehicles were built over two years of production. With the top raised, interior headroom increased from . The integrated camper allows occupants to walk through from the cab to the rear living quarters. In 1977, suggested retail price of the base model was , but options could increase the price to $13,000.

1993–97 Yukon GT

The Yukon GT was introduced in 1993 as a sport-appearance trim variant of the third generation GMC Yukon (previously Jimmy) as a "Sport Equipment Package", option code BYP. It is equipped with four-wheel-drive and aluminum wheels; the GT package was available exclusively with the 350 in3 (5.7L) L05 V8. A 5-speed manual transmission is standard, but the automatic transmission can be selected. Visually, the GT was rendered in a monochromatic color scheme by painting the grille, bumpers, trim, and fender flares the same color as the body, which was available in black or dark garnet. It matched the appearance of the contemporaneously marketed high-performance GMC Syclone truck and Typhoon SUV, but unlike the smaller vehicles, the Yukon GT did not have any special engine tuning.

1977 K5 Blazer-E
At the 2020 SEMA show, Chevrolet Performance exhibited a electromod 1977 K5 Blazer-E equipped with the "Electric Connect and Cruise" (aka eCrate) package, which is the powertrain from the Chevrolet Bolt EV repackaged and sold commercially as a kit to convert conventionally-powered cars to electric vehicles. The K5 Blazer-E followed the Chevrolet E-10 Concept, a similar "electromod" restoration and electrification project that converted a 1962 C-10 pickup with a Bolt-derived EV powertrain, shown at SEMA 2019. Other "electromod" restorations with EV powertrains that followed the K5 Blazer-E include the 2021 Hyundai Heritage Series and 2021 Ford F-100 Eluminator.

The Blazer-E retains its original driveshafts, axles, and transfer case, and uses a more powerful  Bolt traction motor instead of the 400 cu.in. V8, which had an estimated output of  using modern ratings. The Bolt's 60 kW-hr battery pack is bolted into the cargo area of the K5 Blazer-E. Aftermarket components were used to add power steering, generate vacuum for the vintage braking system, and control the gauges, with the fuel gauge converted to indicate state of charge instead.

"Retro Tahoe" K5 Blazer homage
For the 2019 SEMA show, a customized 2018 Chevrolet Tahoe was restyled by Flat Out Autos as an homage to the first generation K5 Blazer. Dubbed the "Retro Tahoe", it was built to honor the Blazer's 50th anniversary. Steps to complete the customization include replacement of the stock exterior sheetmetal, a carbon fiber rear hatch, and machined aluminum door handles; four were built for members of the Abu Dhabi royal family. The following year, the same shop showed a modified two-door K5 Blazer homage using a sectioned Tahoe chassis.

References

External links

  (Blazer content starts at 9:56)

All-wheel-drive vehicles
K5 Blazer
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Full-size sport utility vehicles
1970s cars
1980s cars
1990s cars
Cars introduced in 1969
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States

Chevrolet K5 Blazer


In geometry, the snub disphenoid, Siamese dodecahedron, triangular dodecahedron, trigonal dodecahedron, or dodecadeltahedron is a convex polyhedron with twelve equilateral triangles as its faces. It is not a regular polyhedron because some vertices have four faces and others have five. It is a dodecahedron, one of the eight deltahedra (convex polyhedra with equilateral triangle faces), and is the 84th Johnson solid (non-uniform convex polyhedra with regular faces). It can be thought of as a square antiprism where both squares are replaced with two equilateral triangles.

The snub disphenoid is also the vertex figure of the isogonal 13-5 step prism, a polychoron constructed from a 13-13 duoprism by selecting a vertex on a tridecagon, then selecting the 5th vertex on the next tridecagon, doing so until reaching the original tridecagon. It cannot be made uniform, however, because the snub disphenoid has no circumscribed sphere.

History and naming
This shape was called a Siamese dodecahedron in the paper by Hans Freudenthal and B. L. van der Waerden (1947) which first described the set of eight convex deltahedra. The dodecadeltahedron name was given to the same shape by , referring to the fact that it is a 12-sided deltahedron. There are other simplicial dodecahedra, such as the hexagonal bipyramid, but this is the only one that can be realized with equilateral faces. Bernal was interested in the shapes of holes left in irregular close-packed arrangements of spheres, so he used a restrictive definition of deltahedra, in which a deltahedron is a convex polyhedron with triangular faces that can be formed by the centers of a collection of congruent spheres, whose tangencies represent polyhedron edges, and such that there is no room to pack another sphere inside the cage created by this system of spheres. This restrictive definition disallows the triangular bipyramid (as forming two tetrahedral holes rather than a single hole), pentagonal bipyramid (because the spheres for its apexes interpenetrate, so it cannot occur in sphere packings), and icosahedron (because it has interior room for another sphere). Bernal writes that the snub disphenoid is "a very common coordination for the calcium ion in crystallography". In coordination geometry, it is usually known as the trigonal dodecahedron or simply as the dodecahedron.

The snub disphenoid name comes from Norman Johnson's 1966 classification of the Johnson solids, convex polyhedra all of whose faces are regular. It exists first in a series of polyhedra with axial symmetry, so also can be given the name digonal gyrobianticupola.

Properties
The snub disphenoid is 4-connected, meaning that it takes the removal of four vertices to disconnect the remaining vertices. It is one of only four 4-connected simplicial well-covered polyhedra, meaning that all of the maximal independent sets of its vertices have the same size. The other three polyhedra with this property are the regular octahedron, the pentagonal bipyramid, and an irregular polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 triangular faces.

The snub disphenoid has the same symmetries as a tetragonal disphenoid: it has an axis of 180° rotational symmetry through the midpoints of its two opposite edges, two perpendicular planes of reflection symmetry through this axis, and four additional symmetry operations given by a reflection perpendicular to the axis followed by a quarter-turn and possibly another reflection parallel to the axis. That is, it has  antiprismatic symmetry, a symmetry group of order 8.

Spheres centered at the vertices of the snub disphenoid form a cluster that, according to numerical experiments, has the minimum possible Lennard-Jones potential among all eight-sphere clusters.

Up to symmetries and parallel translation, the snub disphenoid has five types of simple (non-self-crossing) closed geodesics. These are paths on the surface of the polyhedron that avoid the vertices and locally look like a shortest path: they follow straight line segments across each face of the polyhedron that they intersect, and when they cross an edge of the polyhedron they make complementary angles on the two incident faces to the edge. Intuitively, one could stretch a rubber band around the polyhedron along this path and it would stay in place: there is no way to locally change the path and make it shorter. For example, one type of geodesic crosses the two opposite edges of the snub disphenoid at their midpoints (where the symmetry axis exits the polytope) at an angle of /3. A second type of geodesic passes near the intersection of the  snub disphenoid with the plane that perpendicularly bisects the symmetry axis (the equator of the polyhedron), crossing the edges of eight triangles at angles that alternate between /2 and /6. Shifting a geodesic on the surface of the polyhedron by a small amount (small enough that the shift does not cause it to cross any vertices) preserves the property of being a geodesic and preserves its length, so both of these examples have shifted versions of the same type that are less symmetrically placed. The lengths of the five simple closed geodesics on a snub disphenoid with unit-length edges are
 (for the equatorial geodesic), ,  (for the geodesic through the midpoints of opposite edges),  , and .
Except for the tetrahedron, which has infinitely many types of simple closed geodesics, the snub disphenoid has the most types of geodesics of any deltahedron.

Construction
The snub disphenoid is constructed, as its name suggests, as the snub polyhedron formed from a tetragonal disphenoid, a lower symmetry form of a regular tetrahedron.

The snub operation produces a single cyclic band of triangles separating two opposite edges (red in the figure) and their adjacent triangles. The snub antiprisms are analogous in having a single cyclic band of triangles, but in the snub antiprisms these bands separate two opposite faces and their adjacent triangles rather than two opposite edges.

The snub disphenoid can also constructed from the square antiprism by replacing the two square faces by pairs of equilateral triangles. However, it is one of the elementary Johnson solids that do not arise from "cut and paste" manipulations of the Platonic and Archimedean solids.

A physical model of the snub disphenoid can be formed by folding a net formed by 12 equilateral triangles (a 12-iamond), shown.
An alternative net suggested by John Montroll has fewer concave vertices on its boundary, making it more convenient for origami construction.

Cartesian coordinates
Let  be the positive real root of the cubic polynomial

Furthermore, let

and

The eight vertices of the snub disphenoid may then be given Cartesian coordinates

Because this construction involves the solution to a cubic equation, the snub disphenoid cannot be constructed with a compass and straightedge, unlike the other seven deltahedra.

With these coordinates, it's possible to calculate the volume of a snub disphenoid with edge length  as , where , is the positive root of the polynomial

The exact form of  can be expressed as,

where  is the imaginary unit.

Related polyhedra
Another construction of the snub disphenoid is as a digonal gyrobianticupola. It has the same topology and symmetry, but without equilateral triangles. It has 4 vertices in a square on a center plane as two anticupolae attached with rotational symmetry. Its dual has right-angled pentagons and can self-tessellate space.

References

External links

Johnson solids
Deltahedra

Snub disphenoid


Vasily Sharangovich (3/4/1897-3/15/1938) was a Soviet politician from Belarus who was the leader of the communist party from March till July 1937. He was executed by shooting on March 15 1938 during the Trial of the 21.

He was born in a small governorate, he as the people's comisar for justice from 1921 to 1922, he went abroad in 1925 for work in the official ussr until he was appointed leader, on March 13 1938 he was sentenced to death for being part of a counter-revolutionary terrorist group and was executed on March 15th.

He was born to a peasant family, worked as a locksmith and driver's assistant on the railroad in Molodeczno, in December 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b), from 1918 to December 1919 a Red Army soldier, participated in the civil war in Russia. In the years 1921–1924 he worked in the administration of justice of the Byelorussian SSR (1921-1922 he was deputy people's commissioner for justice of the Byelorussian SSR), later he was sent to party work in Siberia. From 1925 to 1937 he sat with breaks in the Central Committee of the KP (b) B. From March 18 to July 29, 1937, he headed KP (b) B.

During the great purge on July 27, 1937, he was arrested by the NKVD. Defendant in the third Moscow show trial (along with, among others, Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov and Gienrich Yagoda) before the Military College of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On March 13, 1938, he was sentenced to death on charges of participation in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization. He was shot on March 15, 1938, at the site of Kommunark's execution, buried anonymously.

Last years, death and other data
sentenced to death, commuted to 10 years in prison. After 18 months, he was exchanged for Polish prisoners. In 1921-23 deputy. People's Commissar of Justice of the Byelorussian SSR. In 1923-26 he was the executive secretary of the Council of Trade Unions of Belarus. In 1926-30 - at trade union and party work in Siberia, 1st secretary of the Irkutsk district committee of the CPSU (b). From Oct. 1930 to Feb. 1934 2nd Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus. Since 1934, he was a member of the Party Control Commission (CPC) under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, authorized by the CPC for Kazakhstan and the Kharkov region. Since March 1937, 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus. He led the deployment of a campaign of mass repressions in the republic. In June 1937, at the XVI Congress of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus, h≤e declared: "We must completely destroy the remnants of the Japanese-German and Polish spies and saboteurs, the remnants of the Trotsky-Bukharin gang and nationalist carrion, crush and grind them into powder, no matter how they disguise themselves no matter what hole they hide in." 17/7/1937 arrested. Involved as an accused in the trial in the case of the Right-Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Bloc. On March 13, 1938, he was sentenced to death. In the last word, he declared: "I felt the whole nightmare of the treacherous, treacherous crimes committed by me against the Soviet people, against the Soviet country. Anyone like me will certainly be crushed by all the might of Soviet power."And then was shot. In 1957 he was rehabilitated, in 1958 he was reinstated in the party. Sharangovich was rehabilitated in 1958.
He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1958.

1897 births
1938 deaths
Soviet politicians
Executed people

Vasily Sharangovich


The Colombian weasel (Mustela felipei), is a very rare type of weasel. It is also called the Don Felipe's weasel. It is only known from the departments of Huila and Cauca in Colombia and nearby northern Ecuador. The Colombian weasel is only known from one Colombian weasel.

It only lives in riparian habitats at an altitude of 1,100 to 2,700 m (3,600 to 8,900 ft). There is lots of deforestation in the riparian habitats in the northern Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. There is less than 10 known dead Colombian weasels that were studied. It is could be the rarest carnivore in South America. It is a vulnerable species.

It is the second-smallest living carnivore on average. The upperparts and tail are blackish-brown, while the underparts are orange-buff.

The first photo of a living Colombian weasel was taken in 2011 by an amateur naturalist who found one trapped in his parents' house; the weasel later escaped. The image was uploaded to iNaturalist in 2018. It gained widespread attention.

Description
The Colombian weasel has a long body. It has an average length of 22 cm (8.7 in). Its tail is 11.5 cm (4.5 in) long. It weighs between 120 and 150 g (4.2 and 5.3 oz). The Colombian weasel has a dark dorsal color. It also has a light orange color. The bottom of the feet does not have any fur. It has webbed feet that is found on the second, third, and fourth toes.

Feeding
The Colombian weasel is a carnivore. It mainly hunts fish, other small aquatic animals, and small terrestrial mammals.

References

Mammals of South America
Mustelids

Colombian weasel


Graphitization is a process of transforming a carbonaceous material, such as coal, graphite or certain forms of iron alloys, into graphite.

Process
The graphitization process involves a restructuring of the molecular structure of the carbon material. In the initial state, these materials can have an amorphous structure or a crystalline structure different from graphite. Graphitization generally occurs at high temperatures (up to ), and can be accelerated by catalysts such as iron or nickel.

When carbonaceous material is exposed to high temperatures for an extended period of time, the carbon atoms begin to rearrange and form layered crystal planes. In the structure of graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in flat hexagonal sheets that are stacked on top of each other. These crystal planes give graphite its characteristic flake structure, giving it specific properties such as good electrical and thermal conductivity, low friction and excellent lubrication.

Interest
Graphitization can be observed in various contexts. For example, it occurs naturally during the formation of certain types of coal or graphite in the Earth's crust. It can also be artificially induced during the manufacture of specific carbon materials, such as graphite electrodes used in fuel cells, nuclear reactors or metallurgical applications.

Graphitization is of particular interest in the field of metallurgy. Some iron alloys, such as cast iron, can undergo graphitization heat treatment to improve their mechanical properties and machinability. During this process, the carbon dissolved in the iron alloy matrix separates and restructures as graphite, which gives the cast iron its specific characteristics, such as improved ductility and wear resistance.

Notes and references

Molecular physics
Metallurgy
Materials science
Materials

Graphitization


Vulcanization is a kind of chemical reaction between sulphur, or another agent, and natural rubber. It makes cross-links between the molecular chains in the rubber. The reaction is not reversible. Charles Goodyear discovered it in 1839.

The purpose of this is to harden the rubber so it does not melt or soften in warm temperatures. This hard rubber can keep its shape when it is used in applications where it might be warmed or cooled.

Chemical processes

Vulcanization


Barry James Marshall, AC, FRS, FAA (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian doctor and winner of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.  He is Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall is well known for proving that bacteria Helicobacter pylori are the cause of most stomach ulcers. This changed years of medical belief which said that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. He took a part-time position at the Pennsylvania State University in 2007.

Early years
Marshall was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. He lived in Kalgoorlie and Carnarvon until moving to Perth at the age of seven. He went to high school at Newman College, Perth. At the University of Western Australia, medicine and surgery. He married his wife, Adrienne, in 1972. In 1972 he was also the Western Australian state yo-yo champion.

Life and research
In 1979 Marshall became a Registrar in Medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital. At the hospital he met Robin Warren, a pathologist who was interested in gastritis. They were both training in internal medicine at Royal Perth Hospital in 1981. Together they looked at spiral bacteria in gastritis. In 1982 they grew a culture of H. pylori. They worked on their idea that there was a bacterial cause of peptic ulcer and stomach cancer. Their idea was laughed at by scientists and doctors who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic stomach.  Marshall said that "Everyone was against me, but I knew I was right".  Other doctors said they wouldn't believe it until the H. pylori idea could be proved.

Marshall and Warren tried to give the bacteria to piglets in 1984, but it did not work. Marshall drank some of the bacteria and soon developed gastritis with achlorhydria. He had stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting and bad smelling breath. On the 14th day of the infection, biopsies of Marshall's stomach did not show any bacteria. His body may have got rid of the bacteria without help. His wife made him take antibiotics immediately so there was no way of checking the negative result again. He did not develop antibodies to H.pylori. This means that natural immunity can sometimes get rid of H.pylori infection.  His illness and recovery, showed the link between H. pylori and gastritis, but not for peptic ulcer. This experiment was published in 1985 in the Medical Journal of Australia and is among the most cited articles from the journal.

After this work at Fremantle Hospital, Marshall did research at Royal Perth Hospital (1985-86) and at the University of Virginia, USA (1986-1996), before going back to Australia. He held a Burnet Fellowship at the University of Western Australia from 1998-2003. He is still looking at H. pylori and runs the H.pylori Research Laboratory at UWA.

Awards and honours
In 2005, the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Dr. Marshall and Dr. Warren for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its part in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.

Marshall was given other awards including:
 Warren Alpert Prize in 1994
 Australian Medical Association Award in 1995
 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 1995
 Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1996
 Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in 1997
 Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine in 1998
 Florey Medal in 1998
 Buchanan Medal of the Royal Society in 1998
 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Life Sciences in 1999
 Keio Medical Science Prize in 2002
 Australian Centenary Medal in 2001.

He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 2007.

Related pages
List of biologists

Notes

References
 Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacillus on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983;1(8336):1273-1275. PMID 6134060.
 Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984;1(8390):1311-1315. PMID 6145023.

Other websites
 The Helicobacter Foundation Discussion Pages
 The Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory
 The Helicobacter Foundation

1951 births
Living people
Australian biologists
Australian medical doctors
Australian educators
Microbiologists
Australian autobiographers
People from Western Australia
Australian Nobel Prize winners
Order of Australia

Barry Marshall


Ian Frederick Taylor (born 15 March 1949) is a former Australian politician and Western Australian Deputy Premier and Opposition Leader.

Taylor was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1981 as the Labor Party (ALP) member for Kalgoorlie. In 1986, he was appointed Minister for Health and also held the Aged Care, Lands and Consumer Affairs portfolios at various times. Following Brian Burke's resignation in 1988, he became Minister for Police in Peter Dowding's ministry, and on Carmen Lawrence's ascension to the premiership in 1990 he became Deputy Premier and Minister for Finance (although his portfolio varied during this time) corresponding to Premier Lawrence also being the Treasurer. Labor was defeated at the 1993 state election and Taylor became Leader of the Opposition in February 1994 when Lawrence resigned to enter federal parliament. He was succeeded by Jim McGinty in October. In 1996 he resigned to contest the federal seat of Kalgoorlie against Labor rebel Graeme Campbell, who defeated him as an independent.  He was only the second WA Labor leader, and the first in over 90 years, not to take the party into an election.

In 2000, Taylor announced his intention to leave the ALP over the treatment of former Labor politician Larry Graham.

See also
1990 Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch) leadership spill

References

1949 births
Living people
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Western Australia

Ian Taylor (Australian politician)


Joel Steven Siegel (July 7, 1943 – June 29, 2007) was an American film critic for the ABC morning news show Good Morning America for over 25 years. The winner of multiple Emmy Awards, Siegel also worked as a radio disc jockey and an advertising copywriter.

Early life and education
Born to a Jewish family of Romanian descent, Siegel was raised in Los Angeles. He graduated cum laude from the University of California, Los Angeles. His Romanian-born grandmother from Botoşani survived the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in March 1911. During college, Siegel worked to register black voters in Georgia during the Civil Rights Movement, and he spoke frequently of having met Martin Luther King Jr. He also worked as a joke writer for Senator Robert F. Kennedy and was at the Ambassador Hotel the night the senator was assassinated. According to some reports, he also led student opposition to the construction of a football stadium on campus.

Career

Early work
Siegel worked at a range of jobs throughout the 1960s, often concentrating on the civil rights movement. In the late '60s, before moving to New York, he worked as an advertising agency copy-writer and producer. While working in advertising for Carson/Roberts Advertising, he invented and named ice cream flavors for Baskin-Robbins. These flavors were: German Chocolate Cake; Peaches & Cream; Pralines & Cream; Blueberry Cheesecake; Strawberry Cheesecake; Green Cheesecake; Red, White and Blueberry; and Chilly Burgers.

He began working in radio as a disc jockey and newscaster, while continuing to freelance in advertising. Through his freelance work, he was offered the book review position with the Los Angeles Times.

Siegel's essays in the Los Angeles Times Sunday Magazine were spotted by a CBS executive, and Siegel was hired as a feature correspondent for WCBS-TV in New York. Joel created signature work teamed with a producer who later became an executive at WABC-TV's Eyewitness News. When Siegel's producer moved, he offered Siegel a featured on-air position, and Joel accepted. Siegel proposed to Eyewitness News management that he become a film and theatre critic. He suggested that he would innovate the form by using brief clips from the movie or show being reviewed as drop-ins into his reviews, working them into his scripts as gags to create a new, witty form of review. Siegel, during his years at WCBS-TV, also created features for WCBS-AM Newsradio 88 called Joel Siegel's New York.

In 1986, Spy magazine derided Siegel as "the poor man's Gene Shalit", who relied "heavily on alliteration."

Good Morning America and later career
In 1981, he joined Good Morning America (GMA) as a film critic. While Siegel worked at his reviewing, he wrote the book for The First, a Broadway musical based on the story of Jackie Robinson, for which he received a Tony Award nomination in 1982. This marks him as the only drama critic to receive this nomination. In 1999, Siegel was also one of the many guest critics on Roger Ebert's show At The Movies as a replacement for Gene Siskel following his death. Siegel was also a good friend of Roger Ebert.

Personal life and death
Siegel's second wife, Jane Kessler, died from a brain tumor in 1982. In 1991, he joined with the actor Gene Wilder to found Gilda's Club, a nonprofit organization that provided social support for cancer patients and their families. The organization was named for Wilder's wife, Gilda Radner, who died of ovarian cancer.

On June 21, 1996, Siegel married his fourth wife, artist Ena Swansea. In 1997, at 53 years, he was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. One week after being diagnosed, Siegel found out he would be a father for the first time. He wrote the book Lessons for Dylan which shares the ups and downs of his life with his young son, as he might not live long enough to relate those stories in person. Siegel underwent surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. He welcomed his newborn son, Dylan Thomas Jefferson Swansea Siegel, home on the same day he completed his chemotherapy treatments. Two years later, a CAT scan revealed a lesion on Siegel's left lung. After a pulmonary lobectomy and additional chemotherapy, Siegel continued to work on GMA.

He was outspoken on the subject of colon cancer, and in 2005, spoke at a meeting of C-Change, a group of cancer experts from government, business, and nonprofit sectors, chaired by former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush. He testified before the Senate during Colorectal Cancer Awareness month, March 2005. "I came here from New York City this morning hoping that I would encourage someone to have a colonoscopy so that they would not have to go through what I went through", he told a Senate panel. In June 2005, Siegel published a letter in the peer-reviewed cancer medicine journal, The Oncologist entitled, "One at a Time". It shares his cancer diagnosis and experiences to that date.

On May 10, 2007, less than two months before his death, he spoke before the CEO Roundtable on Cancer, an association of corporate executives that was formed when former President George H. W. Bush asked corporate America to do something "bold and venturesome" about cancer. Bush and his wife Barbara were in the audience when Joel spoke on May 10 at the Essex House in New York City. He began and ended his presentation by saying, "I want to thank you for what you are doing for cancer patients."

Siegel died from metastatic colon cancer on June 29, 2007, shortly before what would have been his 64th birthday. Following his death, Roger Ebert wrote a tribute to Joel and stated in the tribute that Joel was "a brave man, and a hell of a nice guy."

Awards
Siegel received five New York Emmy Awards and a public service award from the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and the New York State Associated Press Broadcasters Association Award for general excellence in individual reporting.

Works
Siegel, Joel. Lessons for Dylan: On Life, Love, the Movies, and Me. PublicAffairs, 2003.

References

External links

Joel Siegel's ABC Website
A memoriam  written by Roger Ebert
Kevin Smith's Response Contains mp3 of Smith's confrontation with Siegel on the Opie and Anthony show on July 18, 2006, following Siegel's harshly negative review of Clerks II.

1943 births
2007 deaths
Jewish American writers
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American film critics
American television reporters and correspondents
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Writers from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Grammy Award winners
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Jewish American journalists
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles) alumni

Joel Siegel


Jane Josephine Meirowsky, (b. 1941) known professionally as Jane Merrow, is a British actress who has been active from the 1960s in both Britain and the United States.

Early years
Merrow was born in 1941 in Hertfordshire to an English mother and German-Jewish refugee father. "My father's side of the family were ethnically Jewish, but not practising," she would later state. She is a graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She also was active in the British National Youth Theatre and won the Shakespeare Cup at the Kent Drama Festival.

Film and television career
In 1963, Merrow was cast in the lead role of a BBC adaptation of Lorna Doone and subsequently had roles in British TV series such as Danger Man, The Saint, The Baron, The Prisoner (in the 1967 episode "The Schizoid Man" as Alison, a mind reader), Gerry Anderson's UFO, and The Avengers where, having appeared in the penultimate episode of the 1967 series ("Mission ... Highly Improbable"), she was considered as the replacement for a departing Diana Rigg. The role went to Linda Thorson instead.

She also appeared as Lollo Romano in the 1965 "Gang War" episode of Gideon's Way. She featured in a new version of the Nigel Kneale adaptation of Nineteen Eighty-Four (1965) which was broadcast in the Theatre 625 series. David Buck was Winston Smith with Merrow as his lover, Julia.

In 1966 she appeared in The Saint (S5,E7:episode entitled "The Angel's Eye") as Mabel, the unwilling partner of her father's bid to steal a famous diamond: The Angel's Eye.

Merrow starred in the British science fiction film Night of the Big Heat (1967) with Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee, prior to her most prominent role as Alais, the mistress of Henry II (played by Peter O'Toole) in The Lion in Winter (1968), for which she received a 1969 Golden Globe nomination in the category of actress in a supporting role, losing to Ruth Gordon who won for Rosemary's Baby. She appeared in Adam's Woman with Beau Bridges in 1970.  She also appeared as the blind Laura in the Hammer film Hands of the Ripper (1971). She appeared in an episode ("Who Killed Cock Robin?", 1969) of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased). In 1971, she played Anne Hepton in Hadleigh, becoming the romantic interest of the lead character.

Around this time, she moved to the U.S., where she guest-starred on television in dramas, mysteries and adventure programmes, including Mission: Impossible; Bearcats!; Mannix; Emergency!; Police Woman; The Six Million Dollar Man; Cannon; Barnaby Jones; The Eddie Capra Mysteries; Airwolf; MacGyver; Hart to Hart; Magnum, P.I.; The Incredible Hulk; Once an Eagle; The Greatest American Hero; and The Magician.

Later life
In the 1990s, Merrow returned to Britain to run a family business. In 2006, she took part in a Prisoner-related event in Portmeirion, North Wales, and in 2008, she was a guest there for the annual convention for The Prisoner TV series organised by the Prisoner Appreciation Society.

The summer of 2009 saw Merrow return to the stage, playing Emilia in Shakespeare's play The Comedy of Errors with the Idaho Shakespeare Company.

Filmography

Notes

External links

Jane Merrow website

Alumni of RADA
English film actresses
English television actresses
Living people
English people of German descent
Actresses from Hertfordshire
Year of birth missing (living people)

Jane Merrow


The Breithorn (3,785 m) is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, located east of Blatten in the canton of Valais. It lies between the Bietschhorn and the Schinhorn, on the range separating the Lötschental (valley, north) from the main Rhone valley (south). Its summit is the tripoint between the Lötschental and two other smaller valleys: the Baltschiedertal and the valley of the Beichgletscher.

The Breithorn is one of the two mountains named Breithorn overlooking the Lötschental, the other being the Breithorn (Lauterbrunnen).

References

External links

 Lötschental Breithorn on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Alpine three-thousanders
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of Valais

Breithorn (Blatten)


Massive Entertainment AB is a Swedish video game developer and a studio of Ubisoft based in Malmö. The company has been fully owned by Ubisoft since 2008. The studio is known for Tom Clancy's The Division, The Division 2, Ground Control, and World in Conflict.

History
Massive Entertainment was founded in 1997 by Martin Walfisz. In June 2000, Massive released the award-winning PC action-strategy title Ground Control, published by Sierra Studios. The same year an expansion was released named Ground Control: Dark Conspiracy.

In 2002, the studio was acquired by Vivendi Universal Games through their NDA Productions subsidiary. In October 2007, they released the game World in Conflict, described as a further development of the real-time tactics gameplay formula from the Ground Control games, but set on Earth during an alternate history late Cold War. The game was released on 18 September 2007 and won critical acclaim, including nominations for one of the best games of 2007. It was followed by an expansion, World in Conflict: Soviet Assault. In December 2007, the studio moved into new offices on Drottninggatan in Malmö, employing 130 people at the time.

On 6 August 2008, Activision Blizzard put up Massive Entertainment for sale after the merger of Activision and Vivendi Games and the subsequent internal reorganization. On 10 November 2008, Ubisoft acquired Massive Entertainment. In March 2009, following the acquisition, the former CEO Martin Walfisz left the company.

In December 2010, Ubisoft confirmed that Massive would be working on an Assassin's Creed project. On 5 May 2011, it was announced that Massive Entertainment was collaborating on development of Assassin's Creed: Revelations, developing the Desmond's journey sequences in the game, which was released in November 2011. Massive also collaborated on the development of Far Cry 3, which was released in December 2012.

At E3 2013 Massive announced their next game, Tom Clancy's The Division. The game was released on 8 March 2016 and sold more copies in its first 24 hours than any game in Ubisoft's history, the biggest first week for a new game franchise, generating $330 million in its first five days.

In March 2017, Massive announced that their next major title would be based on James Cameron's Avatar. The game was revealed at E3 2021 to be titled Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora and is set for a release in 2022. In April 2020, Massive and its more than 650 staff moved from the offices on Drottninggatan to Kvarteret Eden, a former textile factory in Malmö's Möllevången district.

In January 2021, the newly reformed Lucasfilm Games announced that Massive started work on a new Star Wars open world title. This would be the first Star Wars game outside of Electronic Arts since they acquired a May 2013 contract to produce all Star Wars related titles. This would later be revealed as Star Wars Outlaws.

Games developed

References

External links

Ubisoft divisions and subsidiaries
Former Activision subsidiaries
Companies based in Malmö
Video game companies of Sweden
Video game development companies
Video game companies established in 1997
Swedish companies established in 1997
2008 mergers and acquisitions

Massive Entertainment


Wood End (or Kempston Wood End) is a small village located in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England.

The settlement was historically one of the hamlets (or "Ends") of Kempston. Today, Wood End forms part of Kempston Rural, and is the southernmost settlement within the parish. Wood End is also close to Keeley Green, and Wootton.

Villages in Bedfordshire
Borough of Bedford

Wood End, Bedfordshire


Nadia Sharmeen (Bengali: নাদিয়া শারমীন) is a crime reporter from Bangladesh, who writes news stories about crime.  In 2015, Sharmeen received the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

In 2014, the global campaign One Billion Rising for Justice used her story to persuade the Bangladeshi government to accept the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

Life

From the time she was in Middle School, Nadia Sharmeen wanted to become a journalist. In 2009, she joined the Bangladesh group of news reporters and became a crime reporter.

Work

In 2013 Sharmeen went to a fundamentalist Islamic rally to report about it for Ekushey Television.  At the rally, Hefazat-e-Islam activists attacked Sharmeen.  The reason for the rally was to demand laws to limit or control the mixing of men and women in the same space, punish atheists, require women to wear headscarves, and other religion-based rules.  The Hefazat had a list with 13 demands.  They wanted the government to stop supporting the current Women's Policy, which was planned to create gender equality.

Journalists were attacked and tortured in many places in Dhaka and Chittagong. Women garbage collectors were also attacked. Sharmeen's attackers targeted women who did not wear the hijab, or religious head scarf. Nadia said they attacked her, "only because I am a woman". Fifty or sixty men attacked Sharmeen.  They chased Sharmeen and hit her with water bottles and pieces of brick. When Sharmeen fell, other men punched and beat her. Several male reporters and cameramen tried to save Sharmeen.  Then they became targets of the mob.

They took Sharmeen to Dhaka Medical College and Hospital for emergency care.  When she was better, they moved her to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital. Within days, a report was filed with the police.

By July, 2013, there were still no arrests, so the Human Rights and Peace for Bangladesh organization asked the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to help Sharmeen. The court called for arrest of the men who attacked Sharmeen, and said the government was responsible to pay for her medical care. Nearly two years after the attack, no one was identified, and no one was arrested.  After Sharmeen got better, she went back to work as a crime reporter for a different news agency, Ekattor TV]. After the attack on Sharmeen, women's rights activists staged several rallies, with the support of various press clubs, the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA) and other organizations.

Other websites

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References

20th-century births
Living people
Bangladeshi journalists
Bangladeshi crime victims
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award

Nadia Sharmeen


The Dave Clark Five, also known as the DC5, were an English pop rock band formed in Tottenham, a town in the London Borough of Haringey, in the year 1958.

Forming (1958-1962)
The group was first formed by Dave Clark to help fund new equipment for his football team, under the name The Dave Clark Five Featuring Stan Saxon. Eventually, it became an actual full-time rock band.

The Dave Clark Five Featuring Stan Saxon members included: Stan Saxon singing vocals, Mick Ryan on guitar, Chris Walls on bass, and later Rick Huxley on guitar. In 1961, Saxon, Ryan and Walls left and their name was shortened to The Dave Clark Five. Huxley switched to Bass and Mike Smith, and Lenny Davidson joined that same year. A year later, Denis Payton joined on guitar, saxophone, and harmonica.

Worldwide Success (1963-1972)
In 1963, they signed to EMI records and started releasing songs. Around this time, The Beatles had recently came into the spotlight. By 1964, the British Invasion phenomena had begun and the Dave Clark Five became rivals to the Beatles. The Dave Clark Five first appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in March 1964 (one month after the Beatles). The Clark Five would appear on the Ed Sullivan show the most (when compared to other British Invasion groups).

The Dave Clark Five would have hit after hit, including Glad All Over, Bits And Pieces, Over and Over, and Because, among others.

In 1970, the Dave Clark Five would split up, however, Clark and Smith would rebrand the group into Dave Clark and Friends. The Dave Clark and Friends split in 1972. The Dave Clark and Friends members included: Alan Parker (guitar), and Eric Ford (bass).

Post-Clark Five
Clark is an entrepreneur and a multi-millionaire. He owns a house in West London that costs £12 million. Clark owns the rights to all the Dave Clark Five music masters. In the 1980s he acquired the rights to the 1960s UK music show Ready Steady Go!. Clark was close friends with Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen, who he first met in the year 1976. He was by Mercury's bedside when Mercury died on 24 November 1991. Clark produced an album called Time in the 1980s.

Smith worked as a solo artist. He was paralysed in 2003 and died of Pneumonia in 2008. He died eleven days before The Dave Clark Five were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Davidson opened an antique shop and organ-repair shop. He also teaches guitar in the UK county Buckinghamshire.

Huxley worked in property. He died of Emphysema in 2013.

Payton worked in real estate. He died of Cancer in 2006.

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Dave Clark Five were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008. The ceremony was attended by Clark, Davidson, and Huxley. Mike Smith died of Pneumonia eleven days before the ceremony. They were inducted by Tom Hanks.

Studio albums

 Glad All Over (US, 1964)
 The Dave Clark Five Return! (US, 1964)/A Session with The Dave Clark Five (UK, 1964)
 American Tour (US, 1964)
 Coast to Coast (US, 1964)
 Weekend in London (US, 1965)
 Having a Wild Weekend (US, 1965)/Catch Us If You Can (UK, 1965)
 I Like It Like That (US, 1965)
 Try Too Hard (US, 1966)
 Satisfied with You (US, 1966)
 5 By 5 (US, 1967)
 You Got What It Takes (US, 1967)
 Everybody Knows (US, 1968)/Everybody Knows (UK, 1967)
 5 by 5 = Go! (UK, 1969)
 If Somebody Loves You (UK, 1970)

Musical groups from London

The Dave Clark Five


"Swamped" is a song by the Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil. It was released as the second and final single from their third studio album Comalies. The song features a male and female vocal track, guitar-playing and orchestral string backing. The song is featured in the video game Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines, and the movie Resident Evil: Apocalypse as part of the soundtrack. "Swamped" is available as a downloadable song for Rock Band. A music video was produced for the song.

Track listing
 Swamped (Album Version) - 3:46
 Swamped (Acoustic)  - 3:40

Music video
The music video for Swamped was released in June, 2004 and was shot between Sweden and Spain by Patric Ullaeus. It features the band performing in a desert (without male vocalist Andrea Ferro). Cristina Scabbia wears a black mini dress with long red and black ribbons wrapped around her hands. Then Andrea Ferro sings his part in a big mansion with large windows. In the last scene, the band walks out of the mansion into a garden.

Cover
Jana Kask (feat. Cram) covered "Swamped" during the second season of Estonian pop idol talent show.

Charts

Lacuna Coil songs
2002 songs
2004 singles
Century Media Records singles
Songs written by Andrea Ferro
Songs written by Cristina Scabbia
Nu metal songs

Swamped (song)


Polybaphes sanguinolenta is a species of fruit and flower chafers belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae.

Description
Polybaphes sanguinolenta can reach a length of about . Elytra are black with yellow markings.

It is considered a pest of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and cotton.

Distribution
This species is widespread in West, East and South Africa (Senegal, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, RCA, South Africa, Uganda).

References

External links
 Flower Beetles
 Kaefer der welt

Cetoniinae
Beetles described in 1789

Polybaphes sanguinolenta


(Polish: , ) was a village in Karviná District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. It was a separate municipality but in 1960 became administratively a part of the city of Havířov built in 1955. It has a population of 17,082 (2020). It lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

It was formerly a village but during the communist era a massive construction of so-called paneláks occurred during the construction of a new city of Havířov, and Šumbark was transformed to an urban neighbourhood. Still some old houses remain although the majority of the population of Šumbark live in paneláks.

Etymology
The name is of German origin (Schönberg, German: beautiful hill) and was later polonized (not czechized as in Czech berg tends to change into perk, compare: Šumperk, Vimperk, etc.).

History
The village was first mentioned in a written document in 1430 as Schomberg. Politically it belonged then to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg monarchy.

The village became a seat of a Catholic parish probably prior to the 16th century. After the 1540s Protestant Reformation prevailed in the Duchy of Teschen and a local Catholic church was taken over by Lutherans. It was taken from them (as one from around fifty buildings in the region) by a special commission and given back to the Roman Catholic Church on 25 March 1654.

After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political and legal district of Cieszyn. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 744 in 1880 to 1,380 in 1910. In 1880 the majority of inhabitants declared speaking Czech language (94.6%), followed by German (23 or 3.1%) and Polish (17 or 2.3%). In the next censuses majority declared speaking Polish (dropping from 98.9% in 1890 to 93.7% in 1910), minority declared speaking Czech (growing from 3 or 0.3% in 1890 to 64 or 4.9% in 1910) and German (growing from 7 or 0.8% in 1890 to 19 or 1.4% in 1910). In terms of religion in 1910 the majority were Protestants (50.4%), followed by Roman Catholics (47.9%), Jews (22 or 1.6%) and 2 persons adhering to another faiths. The village was also traditionally inhabited by Silesian Lachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.

After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 together with the Zaolzie region it was annexed by Poland, administratively adjoined to Cieszyn County of Silesian Voivodeship. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia.

See also
 Polish minority in the Czech Republic
 Zaolzie

Footnotes

References

Villages in Karviná District
Neighbourhoods in the Czech Republic
Havířov

Šumbark