Johann Joachim Quantz (30 January 1697 – 12 July 1773) was a German composer, flautist (somebody who plays the flute) and flute maker from the late Baroque period. He was Frederick the Great's flute teacher.

Life
Quantz was born in Oberscheden, Electorate of Hanover. From 1708 to 1713, Quantz studied music with his uncle, Justus Quantz, a town musician in Merseburg. After his uncle died, he studied with the organist Friedrich Kiesewetter. In 1714, Quantz travelled to Pirna, a town near Dresden. He studied Vivaldi's violin concertos.

In 1716 he joined the town band in Dresden. He studied counterpoint with Jan Dismas Zelenka in Vienna in 1717. In March 1718, he became an oboist (somebody who plays the oboe) in the Polish chapel of August II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. Quantz could not become a better oboe player than other oboe players. So, he changed his instrument to the flute. He learned playing the flute with Pierre-Gabriel Buffardin for four months.

From 1724 to 1727, Quantz went on a trip around Europe. He met and studied with many musicians, including Francesco Gasparini in Rome, Alessandro Scarlatti in Naples, Michel Blavet in Paris, and George Frideric Handel in London. He returned to Dresden in July 1727. The trip made him famous around Europe.

In 1728, Quantz visitied Berlin. He met Crown Prince Frederick. He returned to Berlin two times a year to teach Prince Frederick the flute. When King August II died, Quantz stayed in Dresden until Prince Frederick became King of Prussia. Quantz moved to Berlin. He became a composer and flute player for King Frederick. Quantz did not write operas. Other composers in Frederick's court wrote operas.

Music
Quantz did not publish a lot of his music during his life. He wrote concertos, trio sonatas, and other works for the flute.

Writing
Quantz wrote On Playing the Flute in 1752. It explains how people played music and the flute in the baroque period.

References

1697 births
1773 deaths
18th-century German composers
Oboists
Flutists

Johann Joachim Quantz


Des Visages des Figures is an album by French rock band Noir Désir. It was released in France and other European countries on 11 September 2001. It turned out to be the band's last studio effort.
Noir Désir was officially disbanded in November 2010.

The group received five Victoires de la Musique award nominations in 2001, winning both Best Rock Album of the Year for Des Visages des Figures and Music Video of the Year for "Le vent nous portera." During that event, Bertrand Cantat read out a speech on behalf of the band, addressed to Jean-Marie Messier, then CEO of Vivendi, the group that had recently acquired Noir Désir's record company, Universal, and (according to him) used the band's name and reputation to somehow cover up his disfigurement of french culture for the sake of profit, ending with the phrase "and if we are embarked on the same planet, we definitely are not from the same world", sparking numerous commentaries in the media.

In 2010 the French edition of Rolling Stone magazine named this album the 60th greatest French rock album (out of 100).

All music was composed by Noir Désir, where not otherwise specified. Lyrics are by Bertrand Cantat, where not otherwise specified. Manu Chao plays the guitar in "Le vent nous portera", among numerous musicians participating in the album.

Track listing
All tracks by Noir Désir

 "L'enfant roi" – 6:03
 "Le grand incendie" – 4:36
 "Le vent nous portera" – 4:48
 "Des armes" – 2:48 - Lyrics: poem by Léo Ferré
 "L'appartement" – 4:11
 "Des visages des figures" – 5:14
 "Son style 1" – 2:06
 "Son style 2" – 2:31
 "À l'envers à l'endroit" – 4:07
 "Lost" – 3:23
 "Bouquet de nerfs" – 5:13
 "L'Europe" – 23:44 - Lyrics by Cantat, Brigitte Fontaine - Music by Noir Désir and Akosh Szelevényi

Produced by Nick Sansano, Noir Désir, Jean Lamoot, and Akosh Szelevényi.

Personnel

Noir Désir
Bertrand Cantat – vocals, synthesizer, acoustic guitar, guitar, harmonica, percussion, piano, trumpet, voices, didjeridoo
Serge Teyssot-Gay – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, synthesizer, sampling, backing vocals
Jean-Paul Roy – bass, synthesizer, synthesizer bass, backing vocals
Denis Barthe – drums, percussion, tambourine, xylophone, sampling, vibraphone, electronic percussion, crotale, backing vocals

Additional Personnel
Jerome Albertini – photography
Greg Calbi – mastering
Manu Chao – guitar
Bob "Stiv" Coke – tambourine, voices, gardon
Romain Humeau – arranger
Jean Lamoot – production
Michelle Lewis – backing vocals
Nick Sansano – keyboards, realization
Lajos Somlosi – photography
Akosh Szelevenyi – bass, clarinet, sax (soprano), sax (tenor), kalimba, kaval, realization, sifflet

Certifications

References
 Accompanying booklet / liner notes for the album

Noir Désir albums
2001 albums
Barclay (record label) albums
Albums produced by Nick Sansano

Des Visages des Figures


South East London & Kent Bus Company Limited, trading as Stagecoach London, is a bus company operating in central and south London and some parts of north-west Kent. The Selkent brand is a subsidiary of Stagecoach London and operates services under contract to Transport for London. The Selkent brand is not publicly used since 2010 as all buses are branded as Stagecoach, but it exists as a legal entity.

Selkent shares its headquarters with sister company East London at West Ham.

History

Selkent began as an operating district of London Transport in the early 1980s. On 1 April 1989, London Buses was divided into 11 separate business units, one of which was Selkent.

Selkent was the first London Buses subsidiary to completely cease operation of AEC Routemasters, in March 1992, when the Catford garage allocation on route 36B was converted to driver-only-operated buses.

In September 1994, Selkent was sold to Stagecoach and renamed Stagecoach Selkent. In November 2000, Stagecoach consolidated its London operations under the Stagecoach London brand.

In August 2006, Stagecoach sold its London bus operations to Macquarie Bank. The new owner restored the Selkent name and logo. In October 2010 Stagecoach reacquired its old London operations with Selkent once again rebranded as Stagecoach London.

Livery
Between 1988 and 1994 Selkent, along with the other London Buses subsidiaries, used a red livery with a grey skirt. Following privatisation, Selkent adopted an all-red livery. In November 2000, Stagecoach introduced a new standard livery of white with a dark blue skirt and orange and light blue swirls at the rear. For Selkent (and East London), the white was replaced by red, to conform with a contractual requirement for London buses to be 80% red. After the sale to Macquarie Bank, an all-red livery was reintroduced.

Garages
Selkent operates four bus garages.

Bromley (TB)

As of 2022, Bromley garage operates routes 61, 146, 246, 261, 314, 336, 638, 684 and B14.

History
Bromley garage was opened by the London General Omnibus Company in April 1924. Built at a cost of £23,000, it was originally designed to house 60 buses, although the plan was to ultimately enlarge it to take an additional 40 when operations required it. Under an agreement reached with Thomas Tilling, the garage was allocated to the latter's use, along with Croydon and Lewisham, resulting in Tilling-type vehicles being the mainstay of the fleet until 1949, when the final petrol-engined STL-type double deckers were finally superseded. This was made possible by the hire of 17 AEC Regents from Leeds City Transport.

Between 1972 and 1979, Daimler Fleetlines joined the AEC Regent III RTs, running alongside them. AEC Routemasters were not introduced to Bromley until 1975, being replaced in 1984 by Leyland Titans. With regards to single-deckers, Bromley first housed RF-class AEC Regal IVs, arriving in 1952, which were gradually replaced by AEC Swifts between 1968 and 1971. FS-class Ford Transit minibuses were introduced in 1972 for local route B1, before these were replaced in 1976 by BS-class Bristol LHSs. These were in turn replaced by longer, BL-class Bristol LHs in 1978. In 1977 Leyland Nationals replaced the last of the SMSs, and ran alongside the BLs until 1985, when Bromley became the domain of Nationals and Titans.

In the early 1990s, the Nationals were replaced by Carlyle bodied Dennis Darts and MCW/Optare MetroRider midibuses. After the takeover by Stagecoach, some of the Titans were replaced by Volvo Olympians, before the fleet at Bromley began to be standardised on the Dennis Trident 2 and the Dennis Dart SLF. In slightly more recent years, a plot of land on the opposite side of the side road (Lower Gravel Road) was developed into an open yard for storage of the larger number of generally longer, taller, wider vehicles required for today's operations.

Kangley Bridge Road (KB)
As of April 2023, Kangley Bridge Road garage operated routes 181, 284 and 356.

Catford (TL)
As of January 2019, Catford garage operated routes 47, 54, 75, 124, 136, 160, 199, 273, 380, 621, 660, N199 and P4.

History
Catford Garage was opened in 1914 by the London General Omnibus Company, but was requisitioned a year later and did not re-open until 1920 when Thomas Tilling's Lewisham operation moved there due to space constraints at his other garage. Originally coded L, for Lewisham, it was changed to TL in 1924 to avoid confusion with Loughton.

Thomas Tilling gained an agreement in 1923 to double the size of Catford and to open a new garage in Bromley to cope with the new housing estates that were springing up around the area. The roof has had to be raised twice, first in 1930 to enable double deck buses to use the garage and again in 1948 to accommodate AEC Regent III RTs.

By 1954 Catford was operating some 194 RTs, the last leaving in 1978. Catford has done considerably better than most garages in numbers over the years, especially since de-regulation, having an allocation of 122 buses in 1994 rising to around 160 in the early 2000s.

Plumstead (PD)

As of October 2021, Plumstead garage operated routes 53, 96, 122, 161, 177, 180, 422, 472, 601, 602 and 672.

History
Plumstead is well sited to serve the growing Thamesmead area, and was built in 1981 to replace the existing Plumstead and Abbey Wood garages and was intended to be called Thamesmead. Built to hold 185 buses, when opened in 1981 it had an allocation entirely made up of MCW Metropolitans. By 1983, the garage had changed entirely to Leyland Titans, which by 1985 had begun to be phased out in favour of new Leyland Olympians.  The garage was home to 35 Mercedes-Benz Citaro articulated buses that worked on route 453 between March 2003 and April 2008.

Fleet
As at September 2014, Selkent had a peak vehicle requirement of 405 buses.

References

External links

Stagecoach London website

London bus operators
Stagecoach Group bus operators in England
1989 establishments in England

Selkent


Sophia Magdalena Scholl (9 May 1921 – 22 February 1943) was a German student and anti-Nazi political activist, active within the White Rose non-violent resistance group in Nazi Germany.

She was convicted of high treason after having been found distributing anti-war leaflets at the University of Munich (LMU) with her brother, Hans. For her actions, she was executed by guillotine. Since the 1970s, Scholl has been extensively commemorated for her anti-Nazi resistance work.

Early life
Scholl was the daughter of Magdalena (née Müller) and Robert Scholl, a liberal politician, and ardent Nazi critic, who was the mayor of her hometown of Forchtenberg am Kocher in the Free People's State of Württemberg at the time of her birth. She was the fourth of six children:

 Inge Aicher-Scholl (1917–1998)
 Hans Scholl (1918–1943)
 Elisabeth Hartnagel-Scholl (27 February 1920 – 28 February 2020), married Sophie's long-term boyfriend, Fritz Hartnagel
 Sophie Scholl (1921–1943)
 Werner Scholl (1922–1944) missing in action and presumed dead in June 1944
 Thilde Scholl (1925–1926)

Scholl was brought up in the Lutheran church. She entered junior or grade school at the age of seven, learned easily, and had a carefree childhood. In 1930, the family moved to Ludwigsburg and then two years later to Ulm where her father had a business consulting office.

In 1932, Scholl began attending a secondary school for girls. At the age of 12, she chose to join the female segment of Hitler Youth, Bund Deutscher Mädel (League of German Girls), as did most of her classmates. Her initial enthusiasm gradually gave way to criticism. She was aware of the dissenting political views of her father, friends, and some teachers. Her own brother Hans, who once eagerly participated in the Hitler Youth program, became entirely disillusioned with the Nazi Party. Political attitude had become an essential criterion in her choice of friends. The arrest of her brothers and friends in 1937 for participating in the German Youth Movement left a strong impression on her.

She had a talent for drawing and painting and for the first time, came into contact with a few so-called "degenerate" artists. An avid reader, she developed a growing interest in philosophy and theology. The Scholl children all had a deep interest in art, and befriended many artists of the time, particularly controversial ones who stood against National Socialism and explored such themes in their work. One such artist, Otl Aicher, helped Sophie learn to sketch and helped her edit her drawings. He later married her sister Inge.

At the age of 16, Sophie was first arrested by the Gestapo. This came after her brother Hans was discovered to be active in an anti-Hitler Youth group called Deutsche Jungenschaft vom 1.11.1929, (dj.1.11). The Gestapo arrested Hans at his military base and other security agents arrested siblings Inge, Werner, and Sophie at their home shortly after. Sophie was released later the same day, while Inge and Werner were jailed for a week. Hans spent a full three weeks in prison where he underwent intense questioning. He was only released after his cavalry officer intervened. This experience further solidified Sophie's anti-Nazi convictions.

In Spring 1940, she graduated from secondary school, where the subject of her essay was "The Hand that Moved the Cradle, Moved the World, a poem by William Ross Wallace". Scholl almost did not graduate, having lost all desire to participate in the classes that had largely become Nazi indoctrination. Being fond of children, she became a kindergarten teacher at the Fröbel Institute in Ulm. She had also chosen this job hoping that it would be recognized as an alternative service in the Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labor Service), a prerequisite for admission to university. This was not the case and in Spring 1941 she began a six-month stint in the auxiliary war service as a nursery teacher in Blumberg. The military-like regimen of the Labor Service caused her to rethink her understanding of the political situation and to begin practising passive resistance.

After her six months in the National Labor Service, in May 1942, she enrolled at the University of Munich as a student of biology and philosophy. Her brother Hans, who was studying medicine at the same institution, introduced her to his friends. Although this group of friends eventually was known for their political views, they initially were drawn together by a shared love of art, music, literature, philosophy, and theology. Hiking in the mountains, skiing, and swimming were also of importance to them. They often attended concerts, plays, and lectures together.

In Munich, Scholl met a number of artists, writers, and philosophers, particularly Carl Muth and Theodor Haecker, who were important contacts for her. The question they pondered the most was how the individual must act under a dictatorship. During the summer vacation in 1942, Scholl had to do war service in a metallurgical plant in Ulm. At the same time, her father was serving time in prison for having made a critical remark to an employee about Adolf Hitler.

Origins of the White Rose

Between 1940 and 1941, Scholl's brother, Hans Scholl, a former member of the Hitler Youth, began questioning the principles and policies of the Nazi regime. As a student at the University of Munich, Hans met two Roman Catholic men of letters who redirected his life, inspiring him to turn from studying medicine and pursue religion, philosophy, and the arts. Gathering around him like-minded friends, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Jurgen Wittenstein, they eventually adopted a strategy of passive resistance toward the Nazis by writing and publishing leaflets that called for the toppling of National Socialism, calling themselves the White Rose.

The activities of the White Rose started in June 1942. From end of June until mid July 1942, Hans Scholl and Alexander Schmorell wrote the first four leaflets. Quoting extensively from the Bible, Aristotle, and Novalis, as well as Goethe and Schiller, the iconic poets of German bourgeoisie, they appealed to what they considered the German intelligentsia, believing that these people would be easily convinced by the same arguments that also motivated the authors themselves. These leaflets were left in telephone books in public telephone booths, mailed to professors and students, and taken by courier to other universities for distribution.

Sophie is believed to have first learned about the White Rose in July 1942, but Fritz Hartnagel remembers her asking him in May 1942 if he could get her a pass to buy a duplicating machine (impossible to get in Nazi Germany without a signed and countersigned form), which suggests that perhaps she knew about the activities sooner than thought. Whenever she joined, she proved to be valuable to the group because, as a woman, her chances of being randomly stopped by the SS were much smaller.

Arrest and execution
On 18 February 1943, Sophie and Hans Scholl went to the Ludwig Maximilian University to leave flyers out for the students to read. The Scholls brought a suitcase full of leaflets to the university main building, and hurriedly dropped stacks of copies in the empty corridors for students to find when they left the lecture rooms. Leaving before the lectures had ended, the Scholls noticed that there were some left-over copies in the suitcase and decided to distribute them. Sophie flung the last remaining leaflets from the top floor down into the atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by the university maintenance man, Jakob Schmid, a self-avowed Nazi, who had joined the Nazi Party in 1937.

Hans and Sophie Scholl were taken into the custody of the Gestapo. A draft of a seventh pamphlet, written by Christoph Probst, was found in the possession of Hans Scholl at the time of his arrest by the Gestapo. While Sophie Scholl was able to hide incriminating evidence in an empty classroom shortly before she was captured, Hans tried to destroy the draft of the last leaflet by tearing it apart and trying to swallow it. The Gestapo recovered enough of it to read what it said, and, when pressed, Hans gave the name of the author, Christoph Probst. In his second interrogation, he stated: "The piece of paper that I tore up following my arrest this morning originated with Christoph Probst... All other persons with the exception of Probst are in my opinion not guilty." Christoph Probst was captured on February 20, 1943.

The main Gestapo interrogator was Robert Mohr, who initially thought Sophie was innocent. However, after Hans had confessed, Sophie assumed full responsibility in an attempt to protect other members of the White Rose.

In the People's Court before Judge Roland Freisler on 22 February 1943, Scholl was recorded as saying these words:

No testimony was allowed for the defendants; this was their only defense.

On 22 February 1943, Scholl, her brother, Hans, and their friend, Christoph Probst, were found guilty of treason and condemned to death. They were all beheaded by guillotine by executioner Johann Reichhart in Munich's Stadelheim Prison. Sophie was executed at 5 pm, while Hans was executed at 5:02 pm and Christoph was executed at 5:05 pm. The execution was supervised by , the enforcement chief of the Munich district court. Prison officials were impressed by the condemned prisoners' bravery, and let them smoke cigarettes together before they were executed.

Sophie's last known words are disputed, although Else Gebel remembers the last words Sophie said to her as:

As for her last words, they were most likely either "God, my refuge into eternity." or "The sun still shines."

Fritz Hartnagel was evacuated from Stalingrad in January 1943, but did not return to Germany before Sophie was executed. In October 1945, he married Sophie's sister Elisabeth.

Legacy
After her death, a copy of the sixth leaflet was smuggled out of Germany through Scandinavia to England by German jurist Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, where it was used by the Allied Forces. In mid-1943, the Royal Air Force dropped millions of propaganda copies of the tract over Germany, now retitled The Manifesto of the Students of Munich.

Playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag said in Newsday on 22 February 1993, that "It is possibly the most spectacular moment of resistance that I can think of in the twentieth century ... The fact that five little kids, in the mouth of the wolf, where it really counted, had the tremendous courage to do what they did, is spectacular to me. I know that the world is better for them having been there, but I do not know why."

In the same issue of Newsday, Holocaust historian Jud Newborn observed that "You cannot really measure the effect of this kind of resistance in whether or not X number of bridges were blown up or a regime fell ... The White Rose really has a more symbolic value, but that's a very important value."

On 22 February 2003, a bust of Scholl was placed by the government of Bavaria in the Walhalla temple in her honour. She was the fifth woman to receive that honor.

The Geschwister-Scholl-Institut ("Scholl Siblings Institute") for Political Science at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) is named in honour of Sophie Scholl and her brother Hans. The institute is home to the university's political science and communication departments, and is housed in the former Radio Free Europe building close to the city's Englischer Garten.

Many local schools as well as countless streets and squares in Germany, and also Austria, have been named after Scholl and her brother.

In 2003, Germans were invited by television broadcaster ZDF to participate in Unsere Besten (Our Best), a nationwide competition to choose the top ten most important Germans of all time. Voters under the age of 40 helped Scholl and her brother Hans to finish in fourth place, above Bach, Goethe, Gutenberg, Bismarck, Willy Brandt, and Albert Einstein. If the votes of young viewers alone had been counted, Sophie and Hans Scholl would have been ranked first. Several years earlier, readers of Brigitte, a German magazine for women, voted Scholl "the greatest woman of the twentieth century".

On 9 May 2014, Google depicted Scholl for its Google Doodle on the occasion of what would have been her 93rd birthday.

In April 2021, the German Ministry of Finance issued a commemorative sterling silver €20 coin celebrating the 100th anniversary of Scholl's birth.

In popular culture

Film and television
In the 1970s and 1980s, there were three film accounts of Sophie Scholl and the White Rose resistance. The first TV film Der Pedell (1971) focused on the university maintenance man Jakob Schmid, who denounced Scholl and the other White Rose members. The TV film was produced for the West German ZDF. Percy Adlon's Fünf letzte Tage (Five Last Days, 1982) presented Lena Stolze as Scholl in her last days from the point of view of her cellmate Else Gebel. Stolze repeated the role in Michael Verhoeven's Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose, 1982). In an interview, Stolze said that playing the role was "an honour".

In February 2005, a film about Scholl's last days, Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days), featuring Julia Jentsch in the title role, was released. Drawing on interviews with survivors and transcripts that had remained hidden in East German archives until 1990, it was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in January 2006. For her portrayal of Scholl, Jentsch won the best actress at the European Film Awards, best actress at the German Film Awards (Lolas), along with the Silver Bear for best actress at the Berlin Film Festival.

The German TV docudrama Frauen die Geschichte machten – Sophie Scholl was broadcast in 2013. Sophie Scholl was played by Liv Lisa Fries.

She was portrayed by Victoria Chilap in the documentary movie Death of a Nation in 2018.

In literature
In February 2009, The History Press published Sophie Scholl: The Real Story of the Woman who Defied Hitler by Frank McDonough.

In February 2010, Carl Hanser Verlag released Sophie Scholl: A Biography (in German), by Barbara Beuys.

In theatre
American playwright Lillian Garrett-Groag's play The White Rose features Scholl as a major character.

We Will Not Be Silent, a dramatization by David Meyers of Scholl's imprisonment and interrogation, premiered at the Contemporary American Theater Festival in Shepherdstown, West Virginia in July, 2017.

In later life Whitney Seymour, his wife Catryna, and their daughters Tryntje and Gabriel, co-wrote and produced Stars in the Dark Sky, a one-act play about Hans and Sophie Scholl and their role in the White Rose resistance group in Nazi Germany in the 1940s. The play, which took around five years to write, was released in 2008 (when Seymour was 85) and had five performances off-Broadway.

In music
George Donaldson, a Scottish folk singer wrote a song called "The White Rose" on an album titled the same, about Sophie and the White Rose movement.

The English punk band Zatopeks released an eponymous love song for Sophie Scholl on their debut album (2005).

Mickey 3D, a French rock band, wrote a song called "La Rose Blanche" on an album titled Sebolavy (2016).

American rock band Sheer Mag recorded a song called "(Say Goodbye to) Sophie Scholl" on its 2017 debut album Need to Feel Your Love.

Reg Meuross, a British folk singer, released "For Sophie" on his album Faraway People in 2017.

Social media
Under the title @ichbinsophiescholl the German broadcasters Südwestrundfunk and Bayerische Rundfunk began in May 2021 an Instagram project to commemorate Scholl's 100th birthday. The last months of Scholl's life are featured on Instagram posts and stories styled as if Scholl herself were posting them. The actress Luna Wedler plays Sophie Scholl and illustrates the last year of her life in the style of a modern digital influencer.

Further reading
 Aretz, Bernd: Sophie Scholl. Der Mut, sich selbst treu zu sein. Ein Lebensbild. Neue Stadt Verlag, München 2013, .
 Bald, Detlef: "Wider die Kriegsmaschinerie". Kriegserfahrungen und Motive des Widerstandes der "Weißen Rose". Klartext Verlag, Essen 2005, .
 Beuys, Barbara: Sophie Scholl. Biografie. Carl Hanser Verlag, München 2010, .
Breinersdorfer, Fred (Editor), Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage, 2005.

 Leisner, Barbara: "Ich würde es genauso wieder machen". Sophie Scholl. List Verlag, Berlin 2005, .
 McDonough, Frank: Sophie Scholl: The Real Story of the Woman who Defied Hitler. The History Press, 2009,  (als Hardcover),  (als Taschenbuch).
 Selg, Peter: "Wir haben alle unsere Maßstäbe in uns selbst." Der geistige Weg von Hans und Sophie Scholl. Verlag des Goetheanums, Dornach 2006, .
 Sichtermann, Barbara: Wer war Sophie Scholl? , Berlin 2008, .
 Vinke, Hermann: ''Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl. Ravensburger Buchverlag 1980, .
 Vinke, Hermann: "Hoffentlich schreibst Du recht bald." Sophie Scholl und Fritz Hartnagel, eine Freundschaft 1937–1943. Maier Verlag, Ravensburg 2006, .
 Waage, Peter N.: Es lebe die Freiheit! – Traute Lafrenz und die Weiße Rose. Aus dem Norwegischen von Antje Subey-Cramer. Urachhaus, Stuttgart 2012, .
 Wilson, Kip: White Rose''. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019, .

See also

 Geschwister-Scholl-Preis
 Helmuth Hübener
 Otto and Elise Hampel
 Swing Kids
 List of peace activists

Notes

References

External links

 The Geschwister-Scholl-Institut
 Court documents and testimonies (Center for White Rose Studies)
 Sophie Scholl's childhood years in Ludwigsburg

1921 births
1943 deaths
Executed German Resistance members
Executed German women
Executed activists
Executed German revolutionaries
Executed students
German Christian pacifists
German Lutherans
German anti-fascists

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Lutheran pacifists
Nonviolence advocates
People executed by Nazi Germany by guillotine
People from Baden-Württemberg executed by Nazi Germany
People from Hohenlohe (district)
People from the Free People's State of Württemberg
Protestants in the German Resistance
White Rose members
Women in World War II
Reich Labour Service members
Hitler Youth members
Female anti-fascists
People executed by Nazi courts
20th-century Protestant martyrs

Sophie Scholl


Christian VIII (18 September 1786 – 20 January 1848) was King of Denmark from 1839 to 1848 and, as Christian Frederick, King of Norway in 1814.

Christian Frederick was the eldest son of Hereditary Prince Frederick, a younger son of King Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. As his cousin Frederick VI had no sons, Christian Frederick was heir presumptive to the throne from 1808.

Early years

Birth and family

Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark and Norway was born late in the morning on 18 September 1786 at Christiansborg Palace, the principal residence of the Danish Monarchy on the island of Slotsholmen in central Copenhagen. He was officially the eldest son of Hereditary Prince Frederick of Denmark and Norway and Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. His father was a younger son of the deceased King Frederick V of Denmark-Norway and his second wife, Duchess Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and his mother was a daughter of Duke Louis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

On 28 September 1786, the young prince was baptized with the names Christian Frederick in his mother's chamber at Christiansborg Palace by the royal confessor Christian Bastholm. His godparents were King Christian VII (his uncle), the dowager queen Juliana Maria (his grandmother), Crown Prince Frederick (his cousin), Princess Louise Augusta (his cousin), and Hereditary Prince Frederick Christian of Augustenburg.

In the family, however, it was widely acknowledged that the biological father most likely was the Hereditary Prince's aide-de-camp and hofmarschall Frederick von Blücher, who probably also fathered Christian Frederick's three younger siblings: Princess Juliane Sophie, Princess Louise Charlotte and Prince Frederick Ferdinand. In a letter written by Crown Prince Frederick to his brother-in-law Duke Frederick Christian II of Augustenburg in 1805, he thus mentions the Hereditary Prince's goodwill towards his hofmarschall and continues:

When Prince Christian Frederick was born, his father's half-brother, Christian VII, was the King of Denmark-Norway, but due to the king's mental illness, he was not able to rule himself. From 1772, Hereditary Prince Frederick had ruled together with his mother, the Dowager Queen Juliane Marie, and their adviser Ove Høegh-Guldberg. In 1784, however, the king's only son, the young Crown Prince Frederick (later King Frederick VI), had seized power in a palace revolution and was now the real ruler. In Prince Christian Frederick's childhood, his family had a strained relationship with the Crown Prince and his family as a result of these power struggles, but gradually the relationship between the two branches of the royal family was normalized.

Childhood and education

Prince Christian Frederick spent the first years of his life with his siblings in the vast and magnificent Baroque Christiansborg Palace. As the family's summer residence, Hereditary Prince Friedrich in 1789 bought the smaller and elegant country house, Sorgenfri Palace, on the banks of the small river Mølleåen in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen. On 26 February 1794, the family lost their Copenhagen home, as Christiansborg Palace was devastated by a fire. Instead the Hereditary Prince bought the Levetzau's Palace, an 18th-century town house which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in the district Frederiksstaden in central Copenhagen. In november of the same year, when he was eight years old, his mother, who had long suffered from a fragile health, died at Sorgenfri the age of just 36 years.

Christian Frederick was raised conservatively according to the guidelines of minister Ove Høegh-Guldberg, who had been ousted from government in 1784 along with the hereditary prince. His upbringing was marked by a thorough and broad-spectrum education with exposure to artists and scientists who were linked to his father's court. He inherited the talents of his highly gifted mother, and his love of science and art was instilled at an early age and would follow him throughout his life. His amiability and handsome features are said to have made him very popular in Copenhagen.

He was confirmed on 22 May 1803 in the chapel of Frederiksberg Palace together with his sisters Princess Juliane Sophie and Princess Louise Charlotte. A year and a half later, on 7 December 1805, the children's father, Hereditary Prince Frederick, died at the age of 52, and the nineteen-year-old Prince Christian Frederik inherited his place as second-in-line in the succession as well as the two residences, Levetzau's Palace and Sorgenfri Palace. As King Christian VII died on 13 March 1808, Crown Prince Frederick became king of Denmark and Norway as Frederick VI. Since the new king still had no male descendants, Christian Frederick thus became heir presumptive to the throne.

First marriage

On a visit to his mother's relatives in Mecklenburg, Prince Christian Frederick stayed at his uncle's court in Schwerin, where he fell in love with his cousin, Duchess Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Charlotte Frederica was a daughter of the reigning Duke Friedrich Franz I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. They married two years later, on 21 June 1806, at Ludwigslust.

The young couple first settled at Plön Castle in the Duchy of Holstein. It was here, that Charlotte Frederica gave birth to their first-born son, Prince Christian Frederick, who was born and died on 8 April 1807. From 1808 the couple lived in Copenhagen, where they took residence partly at Levetzau's Palace at Amalienborg, and partly at Sorgenfri Palace. On 6 October 1808, their second son and only surviving child was born, Prince Frederick Carl Christian, the future King Frederick VII of Denmark.

Nonetheless, their married life was unhappy. Charlotte Frederica was described as very beautiful in her youth, but her character was thought to be moody, capricious, frivolous and mythomaniac, qualities that were later said to recur in her son, Frederick VII. Her alleged affair with her singing teacher, Swiss-born singer and composer Édouard Du Puy, led to her removal from the court. For this reason, her husband divorced her in 1810, sent her into internal exile in the town of Horsens, and prohibited her from ever seeing her son again.

King of Norway

In May 1813, as the heir presumptive of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, Christian was sent as stattholder (Governor-general of Norway) to Norway to promote the loyalty of the Norwegians to the House of Oldenburg, which had been very badly shaken by the disastrous results of Frederick VI's adhesion to the falling fortunes of Napoleon I of France. Christian did all he could personally to strengthen the bonds between the Norwegians and the royal house. Though his endeavours were opposed by the so-called Swedish party, which desired a dynastic union with Sweden, he placed himself at the head of the Norwegian party of independence after the Treaty of Kiel had forced the king to cede Norway to the king of Sweden. He was elected Regent of Norway by an assembly of notables on 16 February 1814.

This election was confirmed by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly convoked at Eidsvoll on 10 April, and on 17 May the constitution was signed and Christian was unanimously elected king of Norway under the name Christian Frederick (Kristian Frederik in Norwegian).
Christian next attempted to interest the great powers in Norway's cause, but without success. On being pressed by the commissioners of the allied powers to bring about a union between Norway and Sweden in accordance with the terms of the treaty of Kiel, and then return to Denmark, he replied that, as a constitutional king, he could do nothing without the consent of the parliament (Storting), which would not be convoked until there was a suspension of hostilities on the part of Sweden.

Sweden refused Christian's conditions and a short military campaign ensued in which the Norwegian army was defeated by the forces of the Swedish crown prince Charles John. The brief war concluded with the Convention of Moss on 14 August 1814. By the terms of this treaty, King Christian Frederick transferred executive power to the Storting, then abdicated the throne and returned to Denmark. The Storting in its turn adopted the constitutional amendments necessary to allow for a personal union with Sweden and on 4 November elected Charles XIII of Sweden as the new king of Norway, Charles II.

Danish heir presumptive

Second marriage

Upon his return to Denmark, Christian married his second wife, Princess Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (daughter of Louise Augusta of Denmark, the only sister of Frederick VI) at Augustenborg Palace on 22 May 1815. The couple was childless and lived in comparative retirement as leaders of the literary and scientific society of Copenhagen until Christian ascended the throne of Denmark.

Christian had ten extramarital children, for whom he carefully provided. It has been suggested that these extramarital children included the fairy tale author Hans Christian Andersen, though there is little evidence to support this.

King of Denmark

On 3 December 1839 he ascended the Danish throne as Christian VIII. The Liberal party had high hopes of "the giver of constitutions." However, by this time, Christian had become more conservative, and disappointed his admirers by steadily rejecting every Liberal project. Administrative reform was the only reform he would promise. In his attitude to the growing national unrest in the twin duchies of Schleswig and Holstein he often seemed hesitant and half-hearted, which damaged his position there. It was not until 1846 that he clearly supported the idea of Schleswig being a Danish area.

King Christian VIII continued his predecessor's patronage of astronomy, awarding gold medals for the discovery of comets by telescope and financially supporting Heinrich Christian Schumacher with his publication of the scientific journal Astronomische Nachrichten. It was during his reign that the last remnants of Danish India, namely Tranquebar in the south and Serampore in Bengal, were sold to the British in 1845.

His only legitimate son, the future Frederick VII (1808–1863) was married three times, but produced no legitimate issue. Since he was apparently unlikely to beget heirs, Christian wished to avert a succession crisis. Christian commenced arrangements to secure the succession in Denmark. The result was the selection of the future Christian IX as hereditary prince, the choice made official by a new law enacted on 31 July 1853 after an international treaty made in London.

King Christian died of sepsis in Amalienborg Palace in 1848 and was interred in Roskilde Cathedral on the island of Zealand, the traditional burial site for Danish monarchs since the 15th century.

Some historians and biographers believe that King Christian would have given Denmark a free constitution had he lived long enough; his last words are sometimes recorded as "I didn't make it". (Jeg nåede det ikke)

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations:

Notes

Ancestry

References

Citations

Bibliography

Obituary (astronomy)
 MNRAS 8 (1848) 62

External links

 The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy
 Christian VIII at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Rosenborg Castle

1786 births
1848 deaths
Christian Frederick
Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg
Dukes of Schleswig
Dukes of Holstein
House of Oldenburg in Denmark
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
3
3
3
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Christian Frederick
Christian Frederick
19th-century monarchs of Denmark
Monarchs who abdicated

Christian VIII of Denmark


Urumaco is a town in Falcón State in Venezuela. It is of interest to paleontologists due to its rich fossil history.  The arid climate of the region means that the fossils are not hidden by vegetation. The fossils were first made known to science by geologists who came across them while looking for oil, which is abundant in some parts of Venezuela. The paleontological wealth of Urumaco makes it the most fossil-rich zone of northern South America.

Stupendemys geographicus, the largest turtle ever to have existed, was found here in the 1970s by researchers from Harvard University. More recently, publicity has been attracted by discoveries of the giant rodent Phoberomys pattersoni from the Miocene epoch.

Since 2000 there has been a museum in the town, the Museo Paleontológico de Urumaco. There is an Archaeology and Paleontology Park in La Cruz de Taratara, a small town in Sucre near Coro.

See also

 Taima-Taima
 Cocinetas Basin

References

Populated places in Falcón
Miocene paleontological sites
Archaeological sites in Venezuela
Geology of Venezuela
Paleontology in Venezuela
Cenozoic paleontological sites of South America

Urumaco


La Linea ("The Line") is an Italian animated series created by the Italian cartoonist Osvaldo Cavandoli. The series consists of 90 episodes, which were originally broadcast on the Italian channel RAI between 1971 and 1986. The background tune for the series was created by Franco Godi.

The series features a man known as "Mr. Linea" (voiced by Carlo Bonomi in a grammelot similar to the Milanese dialect) drawn as a single outline of an infinite line, which encounters various obstacles during his walking, and often turns to the cartoonist, represented as a live-action hand holding a pencil, to draw him a solution. All episodes are short subjects, ranging from 2:30 to 6:40 in runtime.

The series aired in more than 50 countries around the world; due to the short length of episodes, it has often been used in many networks as an interstitial program, including in the United States. Over the years, La Linea gained a widespread popularity worldwide, and it is considered to be a cult classic. It also spawned a comic strip, books, additional short movies, merchandising gadgets and objects, and countless homages and parodies, with many appearances of the protagonist in other media.

Even though the episodes are numbered up to 225, there are actually 90 La Linea episodes. The 1971 series had 8 episodes, the 1978 series had 56 (101–156), and the 1986 series had 26 (200–225). All episodes of the series are also available on DVD.

Synopsis
The cartoon features a man (known as "Mr. Linea") drawn as a single outline around his silhouette, walking on an infinite line of which he is a part. The character encounters obstacles and often turns to the cartoonist, represented as a live-action hand holding a white grease pencil, to draw him a solution, with various degrees of success. One recurring obstacle was an abrupt end of the line. The character would often almost fall off the edge into oblivion and get angry with the cartoonist and complain about it.

Production history

In 1969, Osvaldo Cavandoli proposed his character "Mr. Linea" to some advertising agencies that made films for Carosello. The character pleased the engineer Emilio Lagostina, art collector and owner of the pressure cooker industry Lagostina, who wanted him to be the protagonist of some commercials for his company.

The presentation of the character, initially called Agostino Lagostina (the name was later removed after the first series) was: "Who is Agostino? A lively little man, with a truly expressive nose, with all the concerns and concerns of modern life. Son of a pencil and a hand."

The character was voiced by Carlo Bonomi in a mock version of Milanese that resembled gibberish as much as possible, with occasional Italian or English words, giving the cartoon the possibility to be easily exported without dubbing. The voice resembles Pingu, which was also voiced by Bonomi. The background tune for the series was edited by Franco Godi and Corrado Tringali.

The first 8 episodes of the series were created to publicize Lagostina kitchenware products, and the accompanying narration identified Mr. Linea. After the series broke its association with Lagostina, the character became the protagonist of his own television series, which enjoyed huge success worldwide. Over 90 episodes were produced.

International broadcast

From 1972 on La Linea was shown on numerous TV stations in Europe as well as in cinema, mostly as interstitial between commercials. La Linea was shown in more than 50 countries over the world. The series won prizes 1972 in Annecy and 1973 in Zagreb.

 In the United States, the cartoons were featured on the children's TV series The Great Space Coaster, although La Linea was given different names by the show's characters before the cartoon was played.  Not all La Linea cartoons were featured on this show, as some had a mature theme and were therefore considered inappropriate for children.
 In Iran, La Linea published as Mr line in Islamic republic of Iran broadcast (IRIB)
 It was also featured as part of KQED's International Animation Festival in the 1970s
 La Linea was also featured on Nickelodeon during Pinwheel as one of their animated shorts.
 In United Kingdom, La Linea was aired on ITV as part of its CITV block from 1983 to 2003, and later on ITVBe and Channel 4.
 In Canada, the La Linea cartoons aired on Radio-Canada and TVO.
 In South Africa it was aired on SABC-TV during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a filler. SABC-TV carried no advertising during shows at the time, and needed to fill gaps, for example before top-of-the-hour news broadcasts.
 It was screened by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Australia as a filler between longer programmes.
 From June 30, 2008, until October 31 the same year, Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet published all episodes of La Linea as daily episodes on its website (La Linea 1–8, 101–156, 200–225).

DVD releases
A set of three DVDs containing all the episodes was released in Germany in 2003 and re-edited in September 2008. The first volume was released in France, Hungary, Serbia and Scandinavia. A set of two DVDs containing 56 episodes is sold in Quebec since 2008 by Imavision. The complete series was released in Scandinavia in the beginning of 2008 in a 3-disc box set.

Other media

Comic strip
Cavandoli also adapted his animated cartoon series into a comic strip, which won many international awards.

Popular culture
 The music videos for Italian DJ Gigi D'Agostino's 1999 hit song "Bla Bla Bla" as well as his cover of Nik Kershaw's song "The Riddle" are animated in the style of La Linea.
 The opening of the UK TV series Whose Line Is It Anyway? used La Linea style for seasons 5–9.
 In 2005, the video for the Jamiroquai song "(Don't) Give Hate a Chance" paid homage to La Linea. The video is an animated commentary on the War on Terrorism and features 3D representations of the familiar La Linea character, as well as the animator's hand and pencil.
BabyFirst TV uses a La Linea style animation for the opening and closing animation for their BabyFirst TV FYI segments
 In October 2012 Ford ran a TV ad campaign for its C-MAX hybrid using La Linea.
 In late 1990s, Polish telecom Polkomtel used La Linea in a TV ad campaign for its prepaid brand SimPlus.
 Shortly before his death, Cavandoli made some commercials for the Icelandic banking company Kaupthing featuring La Linea.
 The ending of the movie Pop'n Music used the La Linea style for the credits.
 The 2020 Pixar movie Soul has the soul counselors ("Jerrys"), which were seen by critics as a reference to La Linea.

Alternative names
The show is known by different names around the world, including:
 "Bay Meraklı" (Mr. Curious) and "Çizgi Adam" (Line Man) in Turkey
 "Aghaaye Khat" / "آقای خط" (Mr. Line) in Iran
 "Linus på linjen" (Linus on the line) in Sweden
 "Linus linjalla" (Linus on the line) in Finland
 "Linea" or "Badum Badum" in Slovenia
 "Balum balum" and sometimes "Złośniczek" in Poland
 "Menő Manó" (Walking Dwarf or Cool Dwarf) in Hungary
 "Mar Kav" / "מר קו" (Mr. Line) in Israel
 "Barum Badum" in Albania and Kosovo
 "Streken" (The Line) in Norway
 "Stregen" (The Line) in Denmark
 "Línan" (The Line) in Iceland
 "Бајум Бајум" in North Macedonia
 "Барум Барум" / "Barum Barum" or "Абаракандиши Ди Фјури" / "Abarakandiši Di Fjuri" in Serbia
 "Lineman" in the United States
 "La Linéa" in France
 "A Linha" in Brazil
 "Abelardo" in Argentina
 "La ligne" in Québec, Canada
 "Bajum Badum" in Croatia
 "Μπαρούμ Μπαρούμ" - Barúm Barúm in Greece
 "AlSeyed Khat" / "السيد خط" (Mr. Line) in Saudi Arabia
 "Xiàntiáo xiānshēng" / "線條先生" (Mr. Line) in China

References

External links

 Pictures of La Linea (German site)

1970s animated television series
1980s animated television series
1971 Italian television series debuts
1986 Italian television series endings
1980s Italian television series
1970s Italian television series
Italian children's animated comedy television series
RAI original programming
Television shows adapted into comics
ITV children's television shows
Channel 4 original programming
Animated television series without speech

La Linea (TV series)


Stylidium paniculatum is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the genus Stylidium (family Stylidiaceae). It is an herbaceous annual that grows from 10 to 35 cm tall. Oblanceolate or obovate leaves, about 6-30 per plant, form either a basal rosette with stems absent or in terminal rosettes when plant stems are present. The leaves are generally 10–31 mm long and 3–9 mm wide. This species produces one scape per plant. Inflorescences are 10–25 cm long and produce pink flowers that bloom from November to April in their native range. S. paniculatum is endemic to eastern Australia from Dalveen, Queensland to Tenterfield, New South Wales at elevations of 800 to 1000 metres. Its typical habitat has been reported as moist sandy soils on granite substrates along creeks, drains, or low-lying flats. S. paniculatum is closely related to S. debile and was originally described as a variety of S. debile, but raised to the species level by Anthony Bean in 1999. It differs from S. debile by the lack of bracteoles and its paniculate inflorescence. Its conservation status has been assessed as data deficient.

See also
 List of Stylidium species

References

Carnivorous plants of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
paniculatum
Plants described in 1905
Asterales of Australia

Stylidium paniculatum


Hasan Zyko Kamberi was a distinguished bejtexhi (bard) writer of Albanian literature.

Overview

He was born in the second half of the eighteenth century in Starje, a southern Albanian village near Kolonja at the foot of Mount Gramoz. All that is known of his life is that he took part in the Turkish-Austrian Battle of Smederevo on the Danube east of Belgrade in 1789 [1203 A.H.] in an army under the command of Ali Pasha Tepelena (1741–1822). He died a dervish, according to Elsie no doubt of the Bektashi sect, in his native village at the beginning of the nineteenth century. According to Arshi Pipa, there is no evidence that Kamberi belonged to the Bektashi order of Sufism.  His tomb in Starja was indeed turned into a Bektashi shrine known locally as the türbe of Baba Hasani.

Kamberi is one of the most commanding representatives of the Muslim tradition in Albanian literature, though his main work, a 200-page mecmua (verse collection), has disappeared. A manuscript of this collection is said to have been sent to Monastir (Bitola) in 1908-1910 to be published, but all traces of it have since been lost. Indeed little of his verse has survived and even less has been published. Of the works we do possess are: a short mevlud, a religious poem on the birth of the prophet Mohammed; about ten ilâhî; and over fifty secular poems.

Kamberi's secular verse covers a wide range of themes. In his octosyllabic Sefer-i hümâyûn (The Felicitous Campaign) in thirty-three quatrains, he describes his participation in the above-mentioned Battle of Smederevo and gives a realistic account of the suffering it caused. In Bahti im (My fortune) and Vasijetnameja (The testament), Kamberi casts an ironic and sometimes bitter glance at the vagaries of fate and in particular at the misfortunes of his own life. Gjerdeku (The bridal chamber) portrays marriage customs in the countryside. It is not a pastoral idyll we encounter here, but a realistic account of the anguish and hardship of young women married off according to custom without being able to choose husbands for themselves, and the suffering of young men forced to go abroad to make a living. In Kamberi's love lyrics, the author laments social conventions that inhibit passion and spontaneity. The most famous of his poems is Paraja (Money), a caustic condemnation of feudal corruption and at the same time perhaps the best piece of satirical verse in pre-twentieth century Albanian literature.

References

Albanian literature from Robert Elsie

18th-century Albanian poets
19th-century Albanian poets
18th-century births
19th-century deaths
Albanian Sufis
18th-century Albanian people
19th-century Albanian people
Bektashi Order
People from Kolonjë

Hasan Zyko Kamberi


Project Management Professional (PMP) is an internationally recognized professional designation offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI).  As of 31 July 2020, there are 1,036,368 active PMP-certified individuals and 314 chartered chapters across 214 countries and territories worldwide.

The exam is one of eight credentials offered by PMI and is based on the ECO PMP Examination Content Outline. Most of the questions reference the Exam Content Outline PMP Examination Content Outline (also known as the E.C.O ).

Exam syllabus

The PMP exam is based on Exam Content Outline (ECO). The ECO is revised every 4-5 years by PMI. Since January 2021, the exam is tested on three different domains:

 People (42%)
 Process (50%)
 Business Environment (8%)

Prior to January 2021, the exam was based on tasks from five performance domains or process groups, encompassing a total of 49 processes. The PMP Examination Specification weighted these groups as follows:

 Initiating the project (13%)
 Planning the project (24%)
 Executing the project (31%)
 Monitoring and controlling the project (25%)
 Closing the project (7%)

The exam consists of 180 multiple-choice questions written against the PMBOK specification and the PMP Code of Ethics. The exam is closed-book; no reference materials are allowed.  Five of the 180 questions on the exam are "sample" questions used to fine-tune the degree of difficulty and precision of the exam and as such are not counted for or against a test taker. These questions are placed randomly throughout the exam. The test taker is only graded on their proficiency on 175 questions. The numbers in parentheses describe the percentage of questions for each domain.

Mapped to these five process groups are ten project management Knowledge Areas:
 Project Integration Management
 Project Scope Management
 Project Schedule Management
 Project Cost Management
 Project Quality Management
 Project Resource Management
 Project Communications Management
 Project Risk Management
 Project Procurement Management
 Project Stakeholder Management

The processes of these knowledge areas are described by their inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs. The PMBOK also emphasizes the interaction and interdependence between different process groups. For example, the outputs from one process may be used by one or more other processes as inputs.

Announced in June 2019, the PMP Examination Content Outline will undergo significant re-categorization, effective January 2021, which prescribe three all-new performance domains:

 People (42%)
 Process (50%)
 Business Environment (8%)

Purpose
Government, commercial and other organizations employ PMP-certified project managers in an attempt to improve the success rate of projects in all areas of knowledge, by applying a standardized and evolving set of project management principles as contained in PMI's PMBOK Guide.

In December 2005, the PMP credential was number 7 of ZDNet's 10 best IT certifications. In 2012 the PMP credential was ranked as a top certification by CIO.  In 2015, the PMP credential was ranked as the #4 certification by Global Knowledge, behind 3 Security certifications.

Examination process

The global network of Pearson VUE testing centers provides the PMP exam as a computer-based test. They also offer a paper-based option for locations with no nearby Prometric testing centers.  The exam consists of 180 questions ("items"). Five are pre-release items, which are not included in exam scoring. Prometric calculates the score based on the other 175 items. Each multiple-choice item has one  correct answer and three incorrect answers.

Candidates who take the computer-based test receive their results (passed or not passed) immediately upon completion. PMI also evaluates proficiency levels in each project management process group in 4 levels: Above Target, Target, Below Target, and Needs Improvement. Examiners provide these results to the candidate on a score report after the examination.  Candidates who take paper-based tests receive their test results and score reports typically within 4 weeks.

Item writing
Item writing is an ongoing process at PMI, and they periodically add new four-choice questions (items) and remove others. Item writers use the PMP Examination Specification to identify item contents and references (project management texts or standards) to verify correctness.  Individuals who are active in the field of PMP exam preparation (such as trainers, courseware developers, and book authors) may not participate in item writing.

Prerequisites to become eligible
Candidates must meet the prerequisites in one of the following groups to be eligible for PMP Certification:

Group A
 A four-year degree; 36 months leading projects; 35 hours of project management education/training or Certified Associate in Project Management

Group B
 A high school diploma or an associate's degree (or global equivalent); 60 months leading projects;  35 hours of project management education/training or CAPM Certification

Continuous credential requirements
Continuous credential requirements are also called CCRs. To maintain the PMP qualification, 60 professional development units (PDUs) must be earned over a three-year cycle, from activities such as researching, authoring articles, speaking on project management-related topics, or being engaged full-time in project management.
Credential holders may earn PDUs towards the maintenance of their credential through formal academic courses or courses offered by a provider (R.E.P. or Component). However, these are only two of the five categories of PDU earning opportunities in which a credential holder may participate.

Effective 1 December 2015, CCRs were updated to align with the employer-identified skills depicted in the PMI Talent Triangle, a combination of technical, leadership, and strategic and business management expertise, to ensure credential holders are equipped with skills relevant in a continually changing business environment.

Credential value and alternatives

The US Department of Education and the National Science Foundation have deemed all United States professional certifications to be at level 50 in the Mapping The World of Education, Comparable Database System (Volume Two: Codes for Program Completion Awards by Country). The Level 50 code addresses "Postsecondary Programs and Awards of No More Than 2 Years.  Programs and awards that are designed to represent no more than 2 years of study; constitute postsecondary education as operationally defined in CDS; and are not second (graduate-level) programs and awards."

PRINCE2 certifications could be seen as a competitor of Project Management Professional (PMP). In general, the US and American countries prefer PMP, and UK, Australia and Europe prefer PRINCE2. Asia, Africa and the Middle East area have no strong preference for one or the other. The organizations behind these two certifications acknowledge each other's existence in their advertising material and attempt to position themselves as complementary products – PRINCE2 as a methodology, and the subject of the PMP certification (such as the PMBOK Guide) as a guide or standard – which can be used alongside each other. In practice, companies and practitioners choose one system or both due to the project environment, their geographical location and costs involved.

References

Project management certification
Project Management Institute

Project Management Professional


Michael Blumenfeld (born 1934) is an American executive who served as United States Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works) from 1979 to 1981.

Biography
Michael Blumenfeld was born in Brooklyn on November 10, 1934.  He served in the United States Army from 1953 to 1956.  He was educated at Harvard College, graduating with a B.A. in 1958.  He then attended Harvard Business School, receiving an M.B.A. in 1960.

Upon graduation from business school, Blumenfeld took a job with Benton & Bowles, a New York advertising agency, as an assistant account executive.  He worked at Benton & Bowles until 1967, becoming vice president and account supervisor.  The accounts he managed included Zest, Gravy Train, Benson & Hedges, and The U.S. Committee for UNICEF.

In 1967, Blumenfeld joined the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as Director of Public Affairs and Education.

He returned to the private sector in 1969, becoming assistant to the vice president, public affairs of Consolidated Edison. The next year, however, he joined the administration of New York Mayor John Lindsay as Deputy Health Services Administrator of New York City.  From 1973 to 1977, he was the director of public affairs of New York University.

Mr. Blumenfeld was appointed Deputy Undersecretary of the Army in April, 1977, and shortly thereafter as Acting Assistant Secretary (Civil Works). President Carter nominated him as Assistant Secretary (ASA/CW) in January, 1979 and he received Senate confirmation later that year. As ASA(CW), he provided leadership to the Army Corps of Engineers, the Panama Canal Company, and the administration of the Arlington National Cemetery. In late 1979 he also became the first chairman of the bi-national Panama Canal Commission, which was established by the Panama Canal Treaties of 1977, to administer the Canal until the turnover to Panama December 31, 1999.

After leaving the Department of the Army, Blumenfeld worked as an executive at Harvard University, the Kansas Power and Light Company, and Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield of New York. In 1999, Blumenfeld and his wife Cathy retired to Lawrence, Kansas.  In retirement, he taught Western Civilization at the University of Kansas.

References

1934 births
United States Army soldiers
Living people
Carter administration personnel
Harvard Business School alumni
Harvard College alumni

Michael Blumenfeld


William Anderson "Bill" Mercer (born February 13, 1926) is an American sportscaster, educator and author. He was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. In 2002, he was inducted into the Texas Radio Hall of Fame. Mercer's best-known work in the field of exhibition wrestling was when he provided play-by-play announcing for the internationally acclaimed World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW,) based in Dallas, from 1982-87.

Mercer is best known as a play-by-play radio announcer for baseball, football, basketball and wrestling.  He was also a news  reporter for Dallas, Texas, television station KRLD, covering the John F. Kennedy assassination in 1963.  He and fellow reporters George Phenix, Wes Wise and Bob Huffaker wrote, When the News Went Live, about their experiences during that time.

In his 60-year career, Mercer provided play-by-play broadcasting for several minor league teams: First, the Muskogee Giants of the Class C Western Association, then the Dallas Rangers (Triple A baseball) from 1959–64, and the Dallas-Fort Worth Spurs (Texas League baseball) from 1965 to 1971.  He then moved up to broadcast for major league baseball's Texas Rangers (major league baseball) in 1972 (with Don Drysdale) and Chicago White Sox in 1974.

Mercer has retired to Durham, North Carolina after a long residence in Richardson, Texas.

References

1926 births
Living people
Educators from Oklahoma
Writers from Oklahoma
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
People from Muskogee, Oklahoma

Bill Mercer


Michael John Standing (born 20 March 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. After terminating his playing career, Standing became an agent for former teammate and long-term friend Gareth Barry until his subsequent retirement from professional football. He has also played part-time for his hometown club, Shoreham.

Career

Playing career
Standing started his footballing career with Brighton & Hove Albion and Aston Villa.
After four years at Villa Park, during which time he failed to play for the first team, Standing joined Bradford City.

On 27 May 2004, Standing moved on to Walsall. Over two seasons, Standing made 52 appearances and scored twice.

After trials at Brentford and Colchester United, Standing joined Chesterfield on 18 September 2006, but left soon after, joining Queens Park Rangers on a non-contract basis in January 2007. He had a brief spell with AFC Bournemouth, leaving at the end of the 2006–07 season. He then joined Oxford United on a free transfer prior to the 2007–08 season.

Standing joined Grays Athletic on 21 November 2007, however he was ineligible to play until 1 January 2008 due to the league rulings. He made his debut on New Year's Day in the 4–1 away defeat to Ebbsfleet United. In total, Standing spent only six months at Grays. He was released by the club in the summer of 2008 and signed with Lewes on 21 July 2008. In July 2011 he signed for Shoreham.

Agency
After retiring as a full-time professional player, Standing was appointed by former Aston Villa and Brighton & Hove Albion teammate Gareth Barry as his new agent after parting company with his previous partner Alex Black. Barry explained that he felt appointing Standing was the correct option as the pair were best friends since childhood and his level of trust in him was "100 per cent".

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Aston Villa F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Oxford United F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Lewes F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Sportspeople from Shoreham-by-Sea
British sports agents
Shoreham F.C. players
Footballers from West Sussex

Michael Standing (footballer)


Plane Stupid is a UK-focused group of environmental protesters who state their aim as wanting to see an end to airport expansion for what it sees as "unnecessary and unsustainable" flights. It is a loose association of autonomous regional groups, and is funded by donations.

The group was founded in 2005 by Joss Garman, Richard George and Graham Thompson. In January 2008 Joss Garman was named by The Guardian as one of its "50 people who could save the planet" for his campaigning work around aviation.

History
The group was formed in September 2005 when a group of activists decided to disrupt an international aviation conference held in a central London hotel. They released helium balloons with personal alarms up to the ceiling during the keynote speech by a senior British Airways executive.

Protests at UK airports
In September 2006 Plane Stupid blocked a taxiway at East Midlands Airport for four hours. Leicestershire police said that officers were on scene within minutes, but by that time airport security already had the demonstrators contained and therefore they did not find it necessary to deploy all the resources available to them.

In October 2007 Plane Stupid blockaded the entrance to at Manchester Airport's departure lounge in Terminal 3.

Protesters protested the opening of Heathrow Airport's Terminal 5 in March 2008. A spokesman for Heathrow's owner, the BAA, stated that the group was better off debating with the aviation industry than performing publicity stunts, and Michelle Di Leo of Flying Matters commented that the gesture was irresponsible.

Stansted Airport, December 2008

On 8 December 2008 Plane Stupid activists occupied a taxiway at London Stansted Airport. The protest occurred during the 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Poznań. They breached security whilst the runway was closed and prevented it from re-opening as planned at 05:00. 57 protesters were later arrested. BAA said protesters did not get on to the runway, but it was closed as a "precaution". Fifty-six Ryanair flights were cancelled and 56,000 passengers were delayed by the protest.

David Millward, Transport Editor for The Telegraph suggested that they should be called 'Plane Selfish' and Judge John Perkins told the court when sentencing 22 protesters to between 50 and 90 hours of community services that "Substantial loss was caused to the authorities that were carrying out lawful activities. I accept there is an honourable tradition of peaceful protest in this country, and long may it continue. But that does not justify the sort of activity that you were involved in." Ryanair is seeking £2.2 million in compensation for the disruption caused and almost £500,000 for "reputational damage" from BAA.

BAA formally withdrew its planning application for a second Stansted runway on 24 May 2010.

Southampton Airport, February 2009

Activists chained themselves to the main entrance to Southampton Airport and put up tents in protest at plans to expand the airport.

Aberdeen Airport, March 2009
On 3 March 2009, seven protesters from Plane Stupid occupied a taxiway at Aberdeen Airport, barricading themselves within a makeshift wire enclosure while two further protesters occupied the roof of the main terminal building.

Nine of the activists involved were released on bail from Aberdeen Sheriff Court on 4 March after being charged with breach of the peace and vandalism in connection with the protest. They were banned from going near airports.

London City Airport 10 June 2009
Five activists dressed in pinstriped suits and bowler hats cut through the perimeter fence at London City Airport in the early hours of the morning and formed a 'human wheel clamp' around one of the private jets parked next to the runway. During the three-hour protest, the first flights into the airport were diverted until a Protester Removal Team arrived and cut through the metal arm-locks linking the activists together. The action was designed to bring attention to the highly polluting effects of private jets.

On 29 September 2009 Plane Stupid activists together with activists from Flight the Flights dressed up in business suits protested at London City Airport on the first day of the new 'business-class only' trans-Atlantic British Airways flight to New York City. The service, which carries 32 passengers, was launched one week after Willie Walsh pledge to the United Nations that aviation would deliver deep cuts in carbon emissions over the coming decades. A spokesman for British Airways said the company was "absolutely committed to tackling aviation's impacts on climate change". The protest also highlighted London City Airport's plans to increase the number of flights by 50% to 120,000 a year.

Manchester Airport, May 2010

On 24 May 2010, two protests took place simultaneously at Manchester Airport.

London Heathrow Airport, July 2015
On 13 July 2015, at London Heathrow Airport, thirteen protesters cut a hole in the metal perimeter fence of the airport at 3.30 a.m. and occupied the airport's north runway, causing general disruption and cancellation of 25 flights. They remained on the airport's runway until 10 a.m., when they were removed by police. The motive was opposition to the building of a third runway at the airport, which had been recommended by the Airport Commission only weeks earlier.

All thirteen protesters were arrested on suspicion of offences of the Aviation Act. During their trial, the protesters were supported by the Green Party's leader Natalie Bennett. A testimony by John McDonnell was deemed irrelevant by the residing judge. The protesters were found guilty of aggravated trespass. Although it was considered likely that all thirteen protesters would face custodial sentences, the sentencing on 24 February 2016, concluded a six-week sentence, that is suspended for 12 months. The trial was followed by a 300-strong group of supporters outside the building. One member of the group, Danielle Paffard, commented on the sentence as "a triumph for democracy, a triumph for the movement".

Camp for Climate Action, August 2007
In 2007 the Climate Camp, in its second year, chose to protest near London Heathrow Airport and on the last day of the week-long camp between 1,000 and 1,400 took part in a day of action. In the lead-up to the camp BAA applied for a wide-reaching injunction which could have restricted the movement of over 5 million people near the airport and on approach routes to the airport. Ken Livingstone, the mayor of London, said that someone at BAA must be "out of their skull."

In the end, an injunction was granted, covering three named defendants and any members of Plane Stupid, Heathrow Association for the Control of Aircraft Noise and Airportwatch who acted unlawfully.
During the camp, Plane Stupid also carried out protests at Airbus, Farnborough and Biggin Hill. After the camp ended, Duncan Bonfield, BAA director of corporate affairs, and Mark Mann, BAA head of media relations, resigned without stating their reasons.

Other actions

The group protested on the roof of EasyGroup's headquarters in November 2006 at the same time as the United Nations Climate talks in Nairobi. About 20 Easygroup staff were delayed getting into the building by an hour and a half.

They disrupted the deliberations of a Transport Select Committee inquiry into the future of UK airports operator BAA in November 2007, handing out leaflets and chanting before being removed by police.

During the 'Climate March' in London in December 2007, Plane Stupid activists claimed to have 'shut down' travel agents along the route. Their spokesman said: "These businesses continue, with full support from the government, to profit from wrecking our climate".

In January 2008, 30 protesters from Plane Stupid dressed as penguins took over the Natural History Museum's ice rink in protest at British Airways sponsorship of the museum's annual winter festivities.

In February 2008 Plane Stupid launched a five-person strong roof-top protest on the UK's Houses of Parliament.

In April 2008 a number of protesters climbed onto the roof of the Scottish Parliament Building. They came down after five hours and two people were arrested. The house of one of the protesters was raided by police afterwards which the protester considered to amount to harassment.

In January 2009 Plane Stupid drew attention to the opposition to the expansion of Frankfurt Airport and visited the protest camp in April

On 6 March 2009, protester Leila Deen threw green custard over Business Secretary Lord Mandelson at a low carbon summit hosted by Gordon Brown. The action was in protest at the frequent meetings between BAA representatives and ministers.

Plane Stupid activists disrupted the 'PR Week magazine awards' ceremony on 20 October 2009 after arriving in evening wear and 'hijacking' the table reserved for Virgin Atlantic. Most of the protesters were removed after around an hour.

'Adopt a resident' scheme launched, 30 March 2009
Plane Stupid launched their 'Adopt a resident' where individual eco-activists are 'buddied' with residents of Sipson and will help them resist having their houses demolished as part of any future expansion of Heathrow; 40 residents and activists were brought together at St Mary's Church Hall in Harmondsworth on 30 March.

Police and legal issues

Infiltration by 'spy', April 2008
In April 2008, Plane Stupid claimed that their group was infiltrated by an international espionage agency. The Times reported that Toby Kendall, 24, an employee of C2i International, had gone undercover in the group using the name of "Ken Tobias." Airport operator, BAA confirmed to The Times that they had been in contact with C2i International but denied ever hiring the company.

Libel claim - December 2008
At the end of 2008, the group's website was taken offline temporarily by their web host, 1and1, following suggestions from their hosting company that they were libelling BAA.

Four arrests after banner drop
In March 2009 four protesters were arrested for Breach of the Peace after a banner drop from a multi-story carpark at Edinburgh Airport.

Police try to recruit informer, April 2009
In April 2009 The Guardian reported that Plane Stupid activist Matilda Gifford was subject to an attempt by Strathclyde Police to recruit her as a paid informer about the group.

Fairford Air Tattoo
In July 2010 Plane Stupid posted a spoof website targeting the Fairford Air Tattoo highlighting the linkage between climate change and the military–industrial complex.

See also
 AirportWatch
 Camp for Climate Action
 Climate Rush
 Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom
 Environmental effects of aviation in the United Kingdom
 Flying Matters
 Plane Mad

References

External links

 Official website
 Plane Stupid's Joss Garman on Newsnight

Civil disobedience
Radical environmentalism
Climate change organisations based in the United Kingdom
Environmental protests in the United Kingdom
Surveillance scandals
Transport advocacy groups of the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 2005
Direct action
Aviation and the environment
Heathrow Airport
London Stansted Airport

Plane Stupid


Stephen of Montfaucon (1325 – 1 November 1397) was Lord of Montfaucon and Count of Montbéliard from 1367 until his death.  He was the son of Henry of Montfaucon and Agnes of Chalon.  He married Marguerite of Chalon-Arlay, daughter of John II of Chalon-Arlay, and they had three children:

 Louis; died young
 Henry of Orbe (died 1396)
 Johanna; married Louis of Neuchâtel

House of Montfaucon
Counts of Montbéliard
1325 births
1397 deaths

Stephen of Montfaucon


Richard Michael England (23 August 1918 – 25 October 2007) was an English cricketer.  England was a right-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper.

Biography
Born at Midgham, Berkshire, England, was educated at Eton College, where he was in the Eton XI in 1936 and 1937.  It was in 1936 that he made his debut for Berkshire in the Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire, though his schooling commitments limited him to one appearance each in 1936 and 1937.  He later attended Magdalen College, Oxford, while studying there he made his first-class debut for Oxford University Cricket Club against Leicestershire in 1938.  In this match, he scored 11 runs in Oxford University's first-innings, before being dismissed by William Flamson, while in their second-innings he wasn't required to bat.  In Leicestershire's first-innings, he took 2 catches behind the stumps, with the match ending in a draw.  He made a second first-class appearance for the university the following season against the Minor Counties.  He scored 5 runs in Oxford University's first-innings, before being dismissed by Francis Appleyard, while in their second-innings he scored 43 not out.  He also took a further two catches behind the stumps, with the match ending in a Minor Counties victory by 4 wickets.  His appearances in the team were limited due to the number of wicket-keepers that were used by Oxford University during this time, such as Robin Whetherly, Hector Jelf, Peter Blagg and Manning Clark.

He continued to play in the Minor Counties Championship for Berkshire during this period, making four appearances in 1938 and two in 1939.  He later served during World War II.  He died at Woolhampton, Berkshire, on 25 October 2007.

References

External links
Michael England at ESPNcricinfo
Michael England at CricketArchive

1918 births
2007 deaths
People from West Berkshire District
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
English cricketers
Berkshire cricketers
Oxford University cricketers
British Army personnel of World War II
Wicket-keepers
Cricketers from Berkshire

Michael England


The Government of the Philippines is similar to the Government of the United States of America. The President of the Philippines works as the head of state, the head of government, and the commander in chief of the Military of the Philippines and the armed forces. The president is elected by direct election just as in America. He stays as the president for six years. He is the leader of the cabinet.  The president and vice president are directly elected separately by national popular vote for a term of six years. While the vice president may be re-elected once, the president cannot.

The bicameral Philippine legislature, the Congress of the Philippines, consists of the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives of the Philippines. Members of both are elected by popular vote. There are 24 senators serving six years in the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of no more than 250 congressmen each serving three-year terms.

The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, which has a Chief Justice as its head and 14 Associate Justices, all appointed by the president.

The Philippines is a founding and prominent member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is also an active participant of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), a member of the Group of 24 and one of the 51 founding members of the United Nations on October 24, 1945.

References

Government of the Philippines


Twenty-seven candidates contested the 1999 Ontario provincial election as independent candidates, affiliated with the Communist Party of Canada - Marxist-Leninist.  None were elected.

List
Beaches—East York: Steve Rutchinski
Broadview—Greenwood: Melanie Cishecki
Davenport: Barbara Seed
Don Valley East: Fernand Deschamps
Don Valley West: Judith Snow
Essex: Enver Villamizar
Etobicoke Centre: Elaine Couto
Etobicoke—Lakeshore: Janice Murray
Etobicoke North: Diane Johnston
Guelph—Wellington: Anna Di Carlo
Hamilton East: Julie Gordon
Hamilton Mountain: Rolf Gerstenberger
Hamilton West: Wendell Fields
Kitchener Centre: Julian Ichim
Kitchener—Waterloo: Helmut Braun
Mississauga East: Pierre Chenier
Mississauga South: Tim Sullivan
Ottawa Centre: Mistahi Corkill
Ottawa South: Mag Carson
Ottawa—Vanier: Kevin Corkill
Ottawa West—Nepean: Megan Hnatiw
St. Catharines: Ron Walker
St. Paul's: Philip Fernandez
Stoney Creek: Paul Lane
Windsor West: Robert Cruise
York South—Weston: David Gershuny
York West: Nicholas Lin

Independent candidates in Ontario provincial elections
Ontario 1999

Independent Marxist–Leninist candidates in the 1999 Ontario provincial election


"Shut up" is a command meaning to "be quiet". However, it is more forceful, likely used to tell someone to stop making noise or talking nonsense. It is also a short form of "shut your mouth up". This use is sometimes rude and disrespectful.

Variations
There are more forceful commands, such as shut the hell up and shut the fuck up. In messages, they are sometimes abbreviated to STHU and STFU, respectively. Similar phrases like "hush", "shush", or "shush up" are similar to the "shut up" command.

English words and phrases
Slang
Idioms
Bullying

Shut up


Bhavana Reddy is an Indian classical Kuchipudi dancer, singer, songwriter, and guru/teacher. She is the younger daughter and disciple of renowned dancing couple Raja Radha Reddy and Kaushalya Reddy.

Early life
Bhavana Reddy was born and raised in New Delhi, India. Her family is in the Limca Book of Records for being the world's first and only family dedicated to Kuchipudi. Bhavana is the younger daughter of Padmabhushans Drs. Raja Radha Reddy and Kaushalya Reddy, and the younger sister of Yamini Reddy.

As a young girl in New Delhi, Bhavana attended junior school at Raghubir Singh Junior Modern School, and then went on to study at Modern School, Barakhamba. She graduated with a B Com Honors Degree from Lady Shri Ram College for Women. Bhavana's formal training in Kuchipudi dance began at age four under the guidance of her parents.

Dance
Bhavana has spent over two decades devoted to Kuchipudi learning both dance and theory. She began performing with her family on global tours at the tender age of five. The first record of a major performance by Bhavana was at the ICCR Auditorium, Azad Bhawan New Delhi for which she was also recognized as a rising star in HT city newspaper. Other records show her as the youngest performer in the history of the Bhaskar Rao Sangeet Sammelan, Chandigarh where at age seven she shared the stage with her parents and as a solo performer in their family productions.

Bhavana took lead roles in productions since she was a young child. When she was age six she played Krishna (executing Makhan Chori, Kalinga Nartana solo, Cheer Haran and Raas Leela) in productions like Krishna Leela Tarangini. At age seven, Bhavana played Prahlada in Prahlada Charitram. In 2016, Bhavana played the role of Shandilya in Bhagvadajjukyam.  In 2011, Bhavana played the lead role of Satyabhama in Bhamakalapam, an iconic and traditional Kuchipudi piece. Bhavana has several other solo performances to her credit as well as productions conducted with the Reddy family.

Professionally, Bhavana toured Europe, USA, Canada, South East Asia, Middle East and India - several times before she turned 16, including performing for dignitaries and performing at several prestigious venues around the world. She received a certificate in Natya Sastra Karana studies under Guru Padma Subrahmanyam.

Bhavana founded the international branch of the Natya Tarangini Kuchipudi Dance Institute in April 2020. The school celebrated its first anniversary 16 April 2021. Additionally, as Director of the Delhi branch of Natya Tarangini, she is actively involved with organizing events and teaching.  She is the principal soloist and the assistant choreographer to Dr. Raja Radha Reddy and also stars in and runs her own solo dance company.

Music
Bhavana graduated from the Musicians Institute in Hollywood, California with an Associate of Arts Degree in Vocal Performance. She was the recipient of the Outstanding Artist Award in the program of Independent Artistry.

She began learning South Indian Classical Carnatic vocals at four years old from Guru Kannakumar, and subsequently Durga Prasad from whom she also learned Carnatic violin until her late teens. During college, Bhavana learnt from All India Radio Director Shri K. Vageesh under whom she still learns vocals.

As an international artist, she released a solo EP Tangled in Emotions and has sung the title track ("The End") on Hollywood production, Joy Ride 3: Roadkill. Bhavana has performed at the Grammy Awards After Party.

Awards
Some of her awards include:

Government of India Sangeet Natak Akademi's Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar 2017
 Lifetime Achievement Award for Contribution to Kuchipudi Dance by Telugu Cultural Association, Houston Texas
 FICCI Young Women Achievers Award
 Femina North Powerlist Award

Notable works
Some of her notable works include:

 A modern rendition of a traditional Kuchipudi dance drama Bhamakalapam that also featured at India Dans Festival Korzo Netherlands
 Om Shivam, Uske Raah Mein (a sufi Kuchipudi production)
Faces -- a production combining Western Music compositions of hers with traditional Kuchipudi Dance.
Kuchipudi dance to Stravinski's Rite of Spring, a collaboration Reddy staged at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra
A solo debut music album named "Tangled In Emotions" - written, composed, arranged and produced by Bhavana herself has the involvement of notable industry professionals in Los Angeles including engineering by John Would (grammy nominated for Idle Wheel by Fiona Apple), Reuben Cohen (Game of Thrones, Snoop Dogg) etc. She funded this album solely through indiegogo crowdfunding.
Kuchipudi recital at Kennedy Center (Washington, DC, USA)

References

Living people
Musicians from New Delhi
Performers of Indian classical dance
Kuchipudi exponents
Lady Shri Ram College alumni
Women artists from Delhi
Dancers from Delhi
21st-century Indian women artists
21st-century Indian dancers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Bhavana Reddy


Rosa carolina, commonly known as the Carolina rose, pasture rose, or prairie rose, is a perennial shrub in the rose family native to eastern North America. It can be found in nearly all US states and Canadian provinces east of  the Great Plains. It is common throughout its range and can be found in a wide variety of open habitats, from thickets and open woods to roadsides and along railroads.

Description

Rosa carolina is a perennial shrub. The stems have straight, needle-like thorns, which distinguishes it from very similar species such as R. palustris and R. virginiana, which have curved thorns. The fragrant flowers emerge in early summer. Blooms are about 6 to 8 centimeters (2.5 to 3 inches) in diameter, with five light pink petals and a yellow center. Flowers are typically borne singly on the ends of the current year's growth. There is no repeat bloom. The stems of the rose are upright, grayish in color on new growth, and brown on larger, older branches. Foliage is smooth and dark green. The plants proliferate by root spread. New growth will eventually become small to large thickets, anywhere from 0.5 to 1 m (18 to 40 inches) in height.

Distribution and habitat
The Carolina rose is frequently found in a wide range of habitats, including dry soils, at the border of prairies, woodlands, and savannas, in thickets, in upland forested areas, and dunes. It also grows in wet soils along stream beds, swamps and low grassy areas. It has a wide range, from Nova Scotia, Canada,  south to Florida, west to Texas, and north to Ontario.

Cultivation
The Carolina rose can be cultivated. It needs full sun to moderate shade, well-drained soil and regular watering to thrive. The rose hips are edible, although very tart in flavor. The plant is attractive to several species of bees and also provides nesting materials to them.

References

carolina
Flora of the Eastern United States
Flora of Canada
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Rosa carolina