Swan & Edgar Ltd was a department store, located at Piccadilly Circus on the western side between Piccadilly and Regent Street established in the early 19th century and closed in 1982.

William Edgar ran a haberdashery stall in St James Market, before meeting George Swan. They first opened a shop together in Ludgate Hill which Swan had been operating, but moved to 20 Piccadilly in 1812. They then moved to 49 Regent Street when their former site was demolished to make way for Piccadilly Circus, which had been the home to the Western Mail coach offices and the Bull & Mouth public house. Swan died in 1821, however Edgar continued to use the name. By 1848 the premises had expanded to 45–51 and the entire corner of Piccadilly Circus.

In 1886, the old "partnership" businesses of Messrs Swan and Edgar and Messrs Halling, Pearce and Stone were acquired and amalgamated into a new Company named Waterloo House and Swan and Edgar (Limited). The directors of the new Company were John Swayne Pearce Esq (Chairman), Edward G. Stone Esq & Lewis Edgar Esq with two others to be elected by the shareholders at the first general meeting.

In 1896, the capital of the company was reduced following a resolution passed on April 21 and the name was changed to Swan and Edgar (Limited).

The premises were rebuilt and integrated in 1910–20 to a design by Sir Reginald Blomfield with the interior designed by Murray Adams-Acton. It became a popular place of assignation for Londoners for many generations: under the clock outside the department store, or sometimes the restaurant on the first floor, were often cited as meeting places. The store sold very high quality goods including the popular Merrythought teddy bear. The shop-front was one of the West End businesses targeted by the Suffragettes in their window-breaking spree on 21 November 1911. The store was hit in the last Zeppelin raid on London on 19 October 1917 and again rebuilt and remodelled in 1919, by Louis David Blanc and John James Joass.

In 1920, during a period of difficult trading for the industry, Swan and Edgar (Limited) was acquired by Harrods' Stores Limited for a reported sum of £600,000.

The business was sold to Charterhouse Trust in 1927 for £1 million, but two weeks later the business was taken over by the Drapery Trust for £1,250,000. The Drapery Trust became part of Debenhams later in the same year. It was Debenhams that closed the store in 1982 because of the high cost of modernisation. The building lay empty for a few years until it became the flagship UK store for Tower Records. In 2003, it was bought by Richard Branson of the Virgin Group and became a Virgin Megastore. The Virgin name disappeared in 2007 and was replaced by Zavvi but Zavvi went into receivership in 2009. The Sting, a fashion department store with branches in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium, opened in the building in July 2010.

Legacy
The Feathers public house at 43 Linhope Street, Marylebone, was renamed the "Swan & Edgar" in honour of this former department store.

Swan & Edgar was regularly mentioned by the staff in the television show Are You Being Served?

External links
 Picture of Swan & Edgar prior to remodelling

References

Defunct department stores of the United Kingdom
Shops in London
Debenhams
Defunct companies based in London
Companies based in the City of Westminster
Piccadilly Circus
Retail companies disestablished in 1927
British companies disestablished in 1982
1982 disestablishments in England
Department store buildings in the United Kingdom
History of the City of Westminster

Swan & Edgar


Overthinking with Kat & June is an American comedy series, created by Mackenzie Yeager, that premiered on December 19, 2018, on YouTube Premium. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Alexia Dox, Tenea Intriago, Sasheer Zamata, Blake Lee, Elizabeth Hinkler, Emily Hinkler, Burl Moseley, Madeleine Byrne, Montana Roesch, Justin Kirk, Kelli Goss, Jessika Van, Aaron Takahashi, Kevin Bigley, Nick Fink, Stephen Ellis, Constance Marie, David L. King, and Amanda Foreman.

On March 25, 2019, YouTube Premium cancelled the series after one season.

Premise
Overthinking with Kat & June is about "the birth of a strange but beautiful female friendship, the hopes, dreams and fears — but mostly fears — of the duo are heard out loud."

Cast and characters

Main

 Alexia Dox as June
 Tenea Intriago as Kat
 Sasheer Zamata as Tiff
 Blake Lee as Barry
 Elizabeth Hinkler as Molly
 Emily Hinkler as Tessa
 Burl Moseley as Bobby
 Madeleine Byrne as Angelica
 Montana Roesch as Eve
 Justin Kirk as David
 Kelli Goss as Candace
 Jessika Van as Astrid
 Aaron Takahashi as Econ
 Kevin Bigley as Kevin
 Nick Fink as Tyler
 Stephen Ellis as Mitch
 Constance Marie as Lucinda Renoir Souza
 David L. King
 Amanda Foreman

Recurring
 Simmi Singh as Claire

Guest
 Heath Cullens as Heath the Frisbee Guy ("The Icebreaker Cometh")
 Motoki Maxted as Max the Frisbee Guy ("The Icebreaker Cometh")
 Jadon Cole as Cody ("The Icebreaker Cometh")
 Jay Tapaoan as Larry ("The Icebreaker Cometh")
 Zedrick Restauro as Tad ("The Icebreaker Cometh")
 Lisa Best as Ally ("Zip, Zap, Zop")
 Alexandra Mesmer as Sheila ("Shell of a Man")
 Mackenzie Yeager as Ren Faire Megan ("Shell of a Man")

Episodes

Production

Development
On June 25, 2018, it was announced that YouTube had given the production, then titled Kat & June Think Stuff!, a series order for a first season consisting of six episodes. The series was created by Mackenzie Yeager who is also set to write for the series and co-showrun it alongside Jen Braeden. Executive producers for the series are set to include Shelley Zimmerman, Shauna Phelan, Yeager, and Braeden. Production companies involved with the series are expected to include AwesomenessTV. On September 20, 2018, it was announced that the series had been retitled Overthinking with Kat & June and that it would premiere in late-2018. On November 30, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on December 19, 2018.

Casting
Alongside the initial series announcement, it confirmed that Tenea Intriago, Alexia Dox, Emily Hinkler, Elizabeth Hinkler, Sasheer Zamata, and Justin Kirk would star in the series.

Filming
Principal photography for the series commenced on June 25, 2018, in Los Angeles, California.

Release
On November 30, 2018, the official trailer for the series was released.

Reception
In a positive review, Deciders Josh Sorokach praised the series saying, "Stream it. Absolutely stream it. Overthinking with Kat & June is not only a fresh take on the awkwardness of adult friendship but it's also a ton of fun. I understand there's no shortage of new content out there, but Overthinking with Kat & June is an absurdly funny comedy not to be missed." In another favorable critique, Metro US Andrew Husband described the series as "an occasionally surreal blend of laugh-out-loud comedy and absolute cringe. From Kat and June's frequent fantasizing about their older landlord David to the former's attempts to prepare the latter for a first date with the help of the twins Tessa and Molly, Overthinking can sometimes emphasize the "over" in its title. The thing is, it works so beautifully for this show and the kind of comedy it's trying to accomplish."

References

External links

2010s American comedy television series
2018 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
English-language television shows
YouTube Premium original series

Overthinking with Kat & June


Ultimate Six is a seven-issue comic book limited series and crossover between Spider-Man and the Ultimates (2003), featuring the Ultimate Marvel version of the Sinister Six. The series was written by Brian Michael Bendis, penciled by Trevor Hairsine and inked by Danny Miki.

Publication history

The story takes place after the events shown in Ultimate Spider-Man #46.

It was seven issues.

Plot summary
Electro wakes up from his three-week coma and goes on a rampage before being confronted by Captain America, Iron Man, and Black Widow. After appearing on TV, Kraven the Hunter and his lawyer are confronted by Captain America, Thor, Iron Man, Wasp, and Hawkeye to question him about his "enhancements". Hawkeye prevents Kraven from running off while Wasp disables the camera run by Kraven the Hunter's camera operator. The Ultimates detain the two villains in a maximum-security S.H.I.E.L.D. superhuman prison beneath the Triskelion along with Sandman, Doctor Octopus, and Green Goblin. As Hank Pym tries to get information from them during his interrogation on them, Nick Fury informs the five captives that they are detained because they have illegally altered their genetic code. Sharon Carter is having Kraven taken to his cell where he briefly assumes his gruesome and animalistic appearance that included fangs, claws, large muscles, big hands, and big feet before his inhibitor collar activates. Osborn is convinced that "There will be six" prisoners.

Pym continues his interrogation on the criminal. Osborn starts to turn into Green Goblin as Pym grows big to subdue him. Six weeks later, Pym gives a status report on his interrogation to Nick Fury and the rest of the Ultimates. Otto Octavius wants to cooperate with his captors and is granted access to a laboratory, where his metal tentacles are held. He wills his tentacles to attack and then shuts down the prison's power, releasing the others.

Iron Man investigates the ruins where he finds Pym injured and unconscious under some rubble which does not bode well for Wasp who goes to meet up with Iron Man. Nick Fury immediately sends agents to collect Peter Parker just in case Osborn goes after him. Fury introduces him to the Ultimates, who do not believe that Spider-Man is a teenager and reminds them that he has defeated all five escapees on his own. From a secret retreat, Norman Osborn places a call to Chief of Staff Stone in regard to Nick Fury.

Norman Osborn and his fellow villains take refuge in Kingpin's house in The Hamptons. The President chews out Nick Fury in regard to the call from Osborn who blackmails the government or he would publicize his treatment at the hands of S.H.I.E.L.D. Fury dispatches the Ultimates. After Doctor Octopus hacks into the Triskelion, the five escapees then attack the Triskelion. Nick Fury asks for the status of Bruce Banner and Magneto. A S.H.I.E.L.D. agent states that Magneto is still locked up.

S.H.I.E.L.D. takes Spider-Man's Aunt May into protective custody while Fury and the Ultimates pick up the pieces at the Triskelion. Nick Fury is informed by Iron Man that Banner fell asleep after reading some magazines where he'll be awake in three days and that Magneto nearly suffocated when his oxygen supply was cut off during the blackout until the back-up systems for it kicked in. The escaped villains have abducted Peter Parker who was in costume and unmasked. They tie him to a chair as Kraven assumes his animalistic form and attacks Peter for costing him his TV show and causing his wife to leave him. Otto subdues Kraven as Osborn reprimands Kraven while stating that he is the weakest of the group. Osborn then humiliates Peter by recounting the accident that created him as he claims that he and Otto were Peter's parents in a way while calling him "my boy". Osborn then tells Peter that they will attack the White House and he wants Peter to join them. Peter refuses and breaks free. Osborn then threatens Aunt May and Mary Jane if Peter does not join them. The six attack the White House, but a S.H.I.E.L.D. helicarrier arrives on the scene.

The six and the Ultimates battle it out on the White House lawn. Captain America tells Parker that his aunt is safe and he turns on the Green Goblin. Iron Man has S.H.I.E.L.D. Control upload a genetic code sequence to his armor which enables him to do a temporary genetic paralysis on Sandman, Wasp defeats Doctor Octopus, and Thor defeats Electro while also defeating Kraven before he can attack Spider-Man in the Oval Office. Goblin attacks Captain America when his son Harry appears on the lawn asking him to stop.

While Harry talks to his father, the Ultimates bring him down. Harry tells Peter that he will kill all of them for what they did to his father. All villains are detained again and Peter Parker is reunited with his Aunt. Electro claims that he was biding his time to attack Osborn, Kraven is strapped to the bed claiming that either Doctor Octopus and Green Goblin mind-controlled him, Sandman is placed in different jars, and Doctor Octopus is told that his tentacles are in a different facility. A doctor tells Wasp the status of her husband and to inform Nick Fury of when Pym wakes from his coma. With Norman Osborn in a cryogenic chamber with half of his face in Green Goblin form, Captain America and Nick Fury talk about how the next war will be a genetic war and that the people in power decide what the wars will be fought over.

Collected editions
The series has been collected into a trade paperback:

Ultimate Spider-Man Volume 9: Ultimate Six (collects Ultimate Six #1-7 and Ultimate Spider-Man #46, 208 pages, June 2004, )

As well as a larger hardcover which collects the trades Ultimate Spider-Man Volume 9: Ultimate Six and Ultimate Spider-Man Volume 10: Hollywood:

Ultimate Spider-Man Volume 5 (collects Ultimate Six #1-7 and Ultimate Spider-Man #46 and 54–59, hardcover, 352 pages, November 2004, )

Notes

References

Ultimate Six


Ørestad () is a developing city area in Copenhagen, Denmark, on the island of Amager.

The area was developed using the new town concept, closely linked with the M1 line of the Copenhagen Metro. Economically, income for the plan would be generated by selling the public-owned, unused land for development, thus financing the construction of the metro, and contrarily, metro access was deemed necessary for making development attractive.

While the metro is the primary public transport access, the area is also served by the Øresund Line between Copenhagen and Malmö, the motorway E20 and close to Copenhagen Airport.

Ørestad was originally planned to consist of four districts, however only three are developed: Ørestad Nord, the unbuilt Amager Fælled area (which will remain a nature reserve), Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. Therefore, Ørestad in reality consists of two areas detached from each other. The northernmost Ørestad Nord area is coherent with inner Copenhagen. Many Copenhageners will often only regard the outlying area, the two southern districts around Ørestad Station and Field's shopping centre, as Ørestad proper.

Ørestad is neighbouring the nature areas of Amager Common and Vestamager which consist mainly of land reclaimed in the first half of the 20th century, with wetlands, bushes and self-grown small woods. These recreational areas, as well as Ørestad itself and the surrounding island, are almost entirely flat.

Some notable institutions in Ørestad are the DR Village (headquarters of the national Danish broadcaster DR), Copenhagen Concert Hall designed by Jean Nouvel, Field's (the largest shopping mall in Denmark), Bella Center (the largest exhibition and conference center in Scandinavia) and Bella Sky Hotel, the largest hotel in Scandinavia. Of these, Bella Center existed before the concept of Ørestad.

Planning aims and problems

Ørestad has a thoroughly planned infrastructure, which apart from the metro includes the Øresund Railway and motorway, with  proximity to Copenhagen Airport and the nearby Øresund Bridge. The regional Oresundtrains reach Copenhagen Airport in six minutes, Copenhagen Central Station in seven, and take 29 minutes to Malmö Central Station. Ørestad has once been promoted as "the largest crossroad in Scandinavia".

However, Ørestad has also been criticized heavily for its modernist planning approach, focusing exclusively on real estate development and infrastructure connections. This has resulted in a square-grid street layout with wide, open spaces that are void of life and pedestrians. The plans for the area have been remade several times to account for such mistakes, but so far without much success.

When the area was planned it was expected that 20,000 people would live in Ørestad, 20,000 would study, and 80,000 people would be employed in the area. However, so far the area has attracted barely half of those numbers.

Geography
The area of Ørestad is , being about  wide and  long. The central part of Ørestad, Ørestad City, is located  west of Copenhagen Airport Kastrup and  south of Copenhagen city centre.

Ørestad borders Islands Brygge to the north, Sundbyvester and Tårnby to the east, and the extensive Kalvebod Commons to the west.

History

The legislation for Ørestad was enacted in 1992 as a plan for developing unused areas paired with the construction of a metro system. These areas close to the centre of Copenhagen and the airport were publicly owned, and their sale would finance the long-wanted metro project, while the metro was likewise essential for offering an infrastructure in the area.

A metro had previously been contemplated through the densely populated, central axis of Amager, but the new plan would instead build two lines, aimed at developing the western (Ørestad) and eastern (Øresund coast) peripheries of Amager.

Ørestad Development Corporation (Ørestadsselskabet I/S) was founded March 11, 1993 to manage the growth of the district. The corporation is owned 55% by Copenhagen municipality and 45% by the Ministry of Finance. The development was expected to take 20 to 30 years at a cost of about €175 million, and it was expected that 20,000 people would live, 20,000 would study, and 80,000 people would be employed in the area.

At the beginning of 2008, 53% of the area had been sold.

The winning project of an international architectural competition held in 1994 revealed an overall masterplan for Ørestad, dividing the area into four districts. The Finnish design office APRT and Danish KHR Arkitekter established a joint-venture and presented a final plan in 1997.

The first office building was completed in 2001. The first residential buildings were completed three years later. Currently, there are more than 3000 flats as well as  of office space in Ørestad. In addition, a total of 13 buildings are under construction.

On 3 July 2022, three people were killed in a shooting at Field's mall in the area. Police chief inspector Søren Thomassen announced the arrest of a 22-year-old man and said that the police cannot rule out an act of terrorism. A concert with British singer Harry Styles was due to take place at Royal Arena less than a kilometer away, and it is going ahead as planned after a dialogue with the police.

Areas in Ørestad
Since the turn of the millennium, a total of 65 buildings have been built, including more than 3000 flats,  for educational use and  of retail stores in the whole of Ørestad.

Ørestad North

Ørestad North is the most developed of the four areas of Ørestad, also being closest to central Copenhagen and blending into older urban areas. It is developed according to a masterplan by KHR Arkitekter from 1997 around a central "village green", the Landscape Canal and the north-south-oriented University Canal.

Major institutions in the area include the DR Byen, which includes the Copenhagen Concert Hall, and several educational facilities such as the IT University of Copenhagen. The Humanist Faculty of the University of Copenhagen existed in this area since the 1970s, but was rebuilt and expanded as the South Campus, now forming the extreme northern end of Ørestad. There are around 1,000 residential units in Ørestad North, half which are student housing in Tietgenkollegiet and Bikuben Kollegium.

Amager Fælled
Plans for development of the protected Amager Fælled district, west of Sundby metro station, became controversial and were abandoned in 2017. Only a small strip east of the metro line has been built-up, but is officially not a part of Ørestad.

Thus, Ørestad consists of a northern and southern part, only bound together by Ørestad Boulevard and the metro line along the untouched Amager Fælled area.

A new plan of February 2021 stipulates a housing development project further west, around the current Danhostel Copenhagen Amager, north of Vejlands Allé. A prospective name for this area is Vejlands Kvarter. Environmental activists who oppose the project use the name Lærkesletten, "the Larch Plain".

Ørestad City

Ørestad City is the area in Ørestad which has seen the most new construction since 2001 when the Ferring Tower was completed as the first building. The dominating features in the area include the new Field's shopping mall and the pre-existing Bella Center convention and exhibition center. In 2006, Daniel Libeskind created a master plan for the remaining area of Ørestad City, referred to as Ørestad Down Town, located between Field's and Center Boulevard. In 2009, the 709-room Cab Inn Metro Hotel was completed to the design of Libeskind as the first building in this project.

Ørestad City has seen considerable construction of residential buildings since 2003, most of which are centered around Byparken. The most distinctive residential buildings in the area are the VM Houses and Mountain Dwellings by Bjarke Ingels and Julien De Smedt, while another noteworthy building is Ørestad College by 3XN.

Ørestad South
Ørestad South is dominated by large-scale commercial buildings in the northern part and upscale residential developments in the southern part. A new headquarters for international consulting firm Ramboll and the Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers hotel, part of the Copenhagen Towers development, are located just south of the Øresund highway. Both are designed by Dissing + Weitling. In the southernmost part of Ørestad South the  mixed-use building 8 House by Bjarke Ingels Group and the residential building Stævnen by Wilhelm Lauritzen Arkitekter are located.

Future development

Eight building sites remain to be built in Ørestad City apart from the so-called Libeskind site situated west and south of Field's. The masterplan for this  area was revealed in 2006 and suggests an all-curved complex consisting of some 11 office buildings including a 704-room Cab Inn Metro hotel and two 20-storey office/hotel buildings. There will be a central square and a partly glass-roofed arcade. Construction began late 2007 and will go on for 5–10 years.

The district plan for Ørestad South was approved in 2005.
The overall master plan follows the initial design as seen in the winning proposal of 1997.
Apart from the Copenhagen Towers complex adjacent to the motorway, two other master plans for two other complexes have been presented: One by Niels Torp for Ørestad Business Center and one by KHR arkitekter for The Hannemannsparken complex. All together these three complexes, situated just south of the motorway, will consist of some  of office space.
Construction of Copenhagen Towers started late 2007.

Royal Arena, a multi-use indoor arena, opened in 2016 and is located in Ørestad Syd. A new school is planned to open in 2015 as the Ørestad school reaches projected capacity. Other institutions are Ørestad Gymnasium and a branch of the Copenhagen municipal library.

Transport
The intended main arteries from north to south through the four areas are the M1 metro line and the road Ørestads Boulevard. However, in the two northernmost areas, Ørestads Boulevard sees relatively little traffic due to its peripheral position. By renaming a part of former Artillerivej, Ørestads Boulevard has been extended to Amager Boulevard.

The thoroughfare Vejlands Allé, the Øresund motorway E20 and the Øresund railway cut east-west through Ørestad, the first one separating the districts of Amager Fælled and Ørestad City, the latter two separating Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. To the east the airport is a few minutes away, and beyond it is the Sound Bridge, the railway and motorway tunnel/bridge link to Malmö.

Ørestad Station is situated at the border between Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd where the railway crosses the metro line. It is served by the metro as well as trains on the Øresund Line between Copenhagen Central Station, Copenhagen Airport and Malmö.

The metro has six stops in Ørestad, although some of these mainly serve adjacent areas: Islands Brygge and DR Byen in the Ørestad Nord district, Sundby in the Amager Fælled district, Bella Center and Ørestad in the Ørestad City district and Vestamager in the Ørestad Syd district.

In addition, bus lines serve the South Campus of the University, Bella Center, Ørestad City and Ørestad Syd. Bus stops in Ørestad City are along Ørestads Boulevard. Other buses include the east-west-going line 18, the sub-regional 500S which connects Ørestad with western and northern suburbs of Copenhagen, and local buses to the rest of the island of Amager.

References

External links

 Official website

Geography of Copenhagen
Transit-oriented developments
Urban planning in Denmark
Amager

Ørestad


UFC: Fight for the Troops (also known as UFC Fight Night 16) was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on December 10, 2008, at the Cumberland County Crown Coliseum in Fayetteville, North Carolina.

Background
The event was the first of many the UFC held to support the military. It helped raise money for the Intrepid Fallen Heroes Fund, which provides support for severely wounded military personnel and veterans and the families of military personnel lost in service. The event reportedly raised $4 million during its three-hour broadcast.

The event was officially announced on September 17, 2008 during UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Neer.

Razak Al-Hassan replaced Brian Stann against Steve Cantwell on this card. Also, Jim Miller came in with only three weeks notice as a late replacement for Frankie Edgar against Matt Wiman.

The event resulted in an unusual number of serious injuries. Corey Hill, Razak Al-Hassan, Brandon Wolff, Jonathan Goulet, Nate Loughran, and Yoshiyuki Yoshida were all hospitalized for injuries sustained during their fights.

The referees assigned for the event were Dan Miragliotta, Donnie Jessup, Al Coley, and Mario Yamasaki.

Results

Bonus awards
At the end of the night, the UFC awarded $30,000 to each of the fighters who received one of these awards:

Fight of the Night: Matt Wiman vs. Jim Miller
Knockout of the Night: Josh Koscheck
Submission of the Night: Steve Cantwell

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

External links

UFC Fight Night
2008 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in North Carolina
Sports in Fayetteville, North Carolina
2008 in North Carolina

UFC: Fight for the Troops


CATS Warrior is a part of the HAL Combat Air Teaming System program. Its work is believed to have started in early 2019 under a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between the state owned HAL and an Indian private startup Newspace R&D. HAL has done an initial investment of ₹400 crore in CATS Warriors & in Aero India 2021 a full-scale mock-up model was presented for the first time.

Development

CATS Warrior will be an autonomous wingman drone capable of take off & landing from land & in sea from an aircraft carrier, it will team up with the existing fighter platforms of the IAF like Tejas, Su-30 MKI and Jaguar which will act like its mothership.
The Warrior is primarily envisioned for the Indian Air Force use and a similar, smaller version will be designed for the Indian Navy. It would be controlled by the mothership and accomplish tasks such as scouting, absorbing enemy fire, attacking the targets if necessary with its internal & external pylons weapons or sacrifice itself by crashing into the target.

It will fly back for mission within the combat radius of 350 km and for long range mission with combat radius of 800 km it will sacrifice itself crashing into the target. As it is an unmanned asset, it can be directed towards a target and sacrificed in case it cannot be flown back to territory.
"Warrior will serve as a 'sensor amplifier' for the LCA, flying out ahead of the manned aircraft and using its sensors to feed information back to LCA" HAL test pilot Retd Group Captain H.V. Thakur

HAL management approved a sum of ₹390 Crore ($53.5 Million) for the development as of February 2021. As per Director of HAL Engineering, Research & Development division Arup Chatterjee, the integration with CATS MAX mothership will take 1-2 years and first flights is scheduled for 2024-25.

Design

It has a composite structure with an internal weapon bay & hybrid design whose front section looks like Boeing Airpower Teaming System wingman & from its mid fuselage to its tail like Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie. It has a single serpentine air intake on the top of its fuselage that leads to its two engines. It will be powered by modified HAL PTAE-7 or HAL HTFE-25 turbofan engine.

It can carry two new-generation short-range or beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles externally, and two DRDO Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) internally in its internal weapon bay.

It will be equipped with an electro-optic/infrared payload, Active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, inertial navigational unit, and a jammer for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and combat operations.

Its exhaust will feature chevron nozzle design like Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II to reduce the Jet blast noises & radar emissions.

Projected specifications

See also

Boeing Airpower Teaming System
List of unmanned aerial vehicles
Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie

References

Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers

HAL CATS Warrior


Jan August Cichocki (1750–1795) was a Polish military officer and a general of the Polish Army, notable for his service in the Warsaw Uprising (1794). Thanks to a scholarship funded by Alois Bruhl, Cichocki studied artillery tactics in Dresden. Upon his return to Poland, he co-authored the military reforms of 1776–1779. At the same time until May 1792 he was the commanding officer of the Polish 5th Rifle Regiment (), after which he was the creator and the first commander of the Polish 15th Regiment of Foot. One of the commanders of the garrison of Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising (1794), he joined the Kościuszko's Uprising soon afterwards. On June 20 Tadeusz Kościuszko promoted him to the rank of General and nominated him to the post of the commander of the Narew river front, where however he showed little value as a front commander. Dismissed to some unimportant post in Warsaw, where he died November 18, 1795, and was buried at the Holy Cross cemetery in Warsaw.

Polish generals
Generals of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1750 births
1795 deaths

Jan August Cichocki


Friedrich Karl Ginzel (26 February 1850 – 29 June 1926) was an Austrian astronomer.

From 1877 Ginzel worked at the observatory in Vienna. In 1886, he became a member of the Königlichen Astronomischen Recheninstituts in Berlin, where he was offered a professorship in 1899.

In 1899 he published an important study on solar and  lunar eclipses in classical antiquity. His three-volume Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie (1906–14; reprinted in 1958 and 2007) is still a standard work on calendars and ancient chronology although some sections are now outdated.

He was awarded the Valz Prize by the French Academy of Sciences in 1884 for his work on solar eclipses. The lunar crater Ginzel was named after him.

References

External links

1850 births
1926 deaths
19th-century Austrian astronomers
Scientists from Liberec
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
20th-century Austrian astronomers
Astronomers from Austria-Hungary

Friedrich Karl Ginzel


Methyldienolone (developmental code name RU-3467), also known as 17α-methyl-19-nor-δ9-testosterone, as well as 17α-methylestra-4,9-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of 19-nortestosterone. It is closely related to dienolone and ethyldienolone.

Methyldienolone is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited substances, and is therefore banned from use in most major sports.

See also
 Dienedione
 Metribolone

References

Androgens and anabolic steroids
Dienes
Estranes
Hepatotoxins

Methyldienolone


Kalingga (; 訶陵 Hēlíng or 闍婆 She-pó / She-bó in Chinese sources) was a 6th-century Indianized kingdom on the north coast of Central Java, Indonesia. It was the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Central Java, and together with Kutai, Tarumanagara, Salakanagara, and Kandis are the oldest kingdoms in Indonesian history.

Historiography

The archaeological findings and historical records from this period are scarce, and the exact location of kingdom's capital is unknown. It is thought to be somewhere between present-day Pekalongan or Jepara. A place named Keling subdistrict is found in northern coast of Jepara Regency, however some archaeological findings near Pekalongan and Batang regency shows that Pekalongan was an ancient port, suggests that Pekalongan might be an altered name of Pe-Kaling-an. Kalingga existed between the 6th and 7th centuries, and it was one of the earliest Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms established in Java. The historical record of this kingdom is scarce and vague, and comes mostly from Chinese sources and local traditions.

Kalingga appeared in the 6th century which is thought to be located in the north of Central Java. Information about the Kalingga Kingdom is obtained from inscriptions and records from China. In 752, the Kalingga Kingdom became Sriwijaya's conquered territory because this kingdom was part of a trading network, along with the Dharmasraya and Tarumanagara Kingdoms which Srivijaya had previously conquered. The three kingdoms became strong competitors of the Srivijaya-Buddhist trading network.

History

The Chinese sources come from China and date back to the Tang Dynasty. In book 222 of the New history of the T'ang dynasty, it is stated that: Ka-ling is also called Djava, it is situated in the southern ocean, at the east of Sumatra and at the west of Bali. At its south it has the sea and towards the north lies Cambodia.

The people make fortifications of wood and even the largest houses are covered with palm leaves. They have couches of ivory and mats of the outer skin of bamboo.

The land produces tortoise-shell, gold and silver, rhinoceros-horns and ivory. The country is very rich; there is a cavern from which salt water bubbles up spontaneously. They make wine of the hanging flowers of the coco palm, when they drink of it, they become rapidly drunk. They have letters and are acquainted with astronomy. In eating they do not use spoons or chopsticks.It is stated that the king lives in a town called Djava, Djapa, or Djapo (闍婆). There is also a district called Lang-pi-ya on the mountains, identified by Groeneveldt as Dieng. Groeneveldt argues that Djapa may be referring to Japara, but he does not hold a firm belief in that.

According to the Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, in 664 a Chinese Buddhist monk named Huining (會寧 Huìníng) had arrived in Heling and stayed there for about three years. During his stay, and with the assistance of Jnanabhadra, a Heling monk, he translated numerous Buddhist Hinayana scriptures.

In 674, the kingdom was ruled by Queen Shima, notorious for her fierce laws against thievery, which encouraged her people to be honest and uphold absolute truth. According to tradition, one day a foreign king placed a bag filled with gold at the intersection in Kalingga to test the famed truthfulness and honesty of the Kalingga people. Nobody dared to touch the bag that did not belong to them until three years later when Shima's son, the crown prince, accidentally touched the bag with his foot. The queen issued a death sentence to her own son but was overruled by a minister who appealed to the queen to spare the prince's life. Since it was the prince's foot that touched the bag of gold, it was decided that the foot must be punished through mutilation. According to Carita Parahyangan, a book composed in later period, Shima's great-grandson is Sanjaya, who is the king of Sunda Kingdom and Galuh Kingdom, and also the founder of Mataram Kingdom.

Between 742 and 755, the kingdom had moved further east from the Dieng Plateau, perhaps in response to the Buddhist Sailendras.

Inscriptions

The Tukmas inscription was estimated to be originated from Kalingga period. It was discovered on the western slope of Mount Merapi, at Dusun Dakawu, Lebak village, Kecamatan Grabag, Magelang Regency, Central Java, and is written in Pallava script in Sanskrit tells about a clear spring water that is so sacred that adored as the analogue of holy Ganges's source in India. The inscription also bears Hindu signs and imageries, such as trisula, kamandalu (water jar), parashu (axe), kalacengkha (shell), chakra and padma (red lotus), those are symbols of Hindu gods.

Another inscription dated from around the same period is the Sojomerto inscription, discovered in Sojomerto village, Kecamatan Reban, Batang Regency, Central Java. It is written in the Kavi script in Old Malay language and is estimated to be from the 7th century. The inscription tells about a ruler named Dapunta Selendra, the son of Santanu and Bhadrawati, and the husband of Sampula. Indonesian historian Prof. Drs. Boechari suggested that Dapunta Selendra was the ancestor of the Sailendras who later ruled in the Mataram Kingdom.

Both inscriptions suggest that in the 7th century, a Hindu Shivaist kingdom flourished on the northern coast of Central Java, now identified as the Kalingga Kingdom. Some of the oldest Javanese candis can also be found in the mountainous surrounding areas of northern Central Java, such as the Hindu temples of Dieng Plateau and the Gedong Songo temples, but they were probably built in a later period, during the early Mataram Kingdom. Historians suggest that there was a link between this old kingdom and the later kingdom that flourished in the southern part of Central Java, specifically the Kedu Plain, known as the Sailendra of the Mataram Kingdom.

References

Former countries in Indonesian history
History of Central Java
Indianized kingdoms
Precolonial states of Indonesia
Medieval Hindu kingdoms
Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia
7th century in Indonesia
6th century in Indonesia
Former kingdoms

Kalingga Kingdom


Stolwijk is a town in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Krimpenerwaard, and lies about 6 km southeast of Gouda.

In 2005, the town of Stolwijk had 4980 (2487 men en 2493 women) inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.80 km², and contained 1367 residences.
The statistical area "Stolwijk", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 3660.

Stolwijk was a separate municipality until 1985, when it became part of Vlist.

References

Populated places in South Holland
Former municipalities of South Holland
Krimpenerwaard

Stolwijk


Cromer Ridge is a ridge of old glacial moraines (terminal moraine) that stands next to the coast adjacent to Cromer, Norfolk, England. Cromer Ridge seems to have been the front line of the ice sheet for some time at the last glaciation, which is shown by the large size of the feature. All the material that was dredged up from the North Sea was poured out of the glaciers to form a ridge.

Located on the North Norfolk coast, Cromer Ridge is among the highest land of East Anglia reaching , and is  long. It is characterised by its irregular, undulating, intimate and well-wooded topography and by substantial areas of heather in the west. Small, enclosed arable fields, hedgebanks, sunken lanes and sparse settlement are also characteristic features of the ridge. The crumbling cliffs at the coast are of glacial sands and gravels with some chalk exposures.

Cromer Ridge was formed during the Anglian glaciation around 450,000 years ago.

See also
 Cromerian Stage

References

External links
BBC Coast

Geology of England
North Norfolk

Cromer Ridge


Peter Max (born Peter Max Finkelstein, October 19, 1937) is an American artist of German-Jewish origin, known for using bright colors in his work. Works by Max are associated with the visual arts and culture of the 1960s, particularly psychedelic art and pop art.

Early life and education
Peter Max was born in Berlin, the son of German Jews Salla and Jakob. They fled Berlin in 1938, settling in Shanghai, China, where they lived for the next ten years. Peter's time in Shanghai influenced much of his later work. He loved the colours and the "calligraphic ballet" that he witnessed daily at the Buddhist temple across the street from the family villa.

In 1948, the family moved to Haifa, Israel, where they lived for several years. Peter attended school in Mount Carmel, but was often drawing instead of taking notes. His principal suggested to his parents that he be put in art lessons after school, and he began to study under Professor Hünik, a Viennese Expressionist.

From Israel, the family continued moving westward and stopped in Paris for several months—an experience that Max said greatly influenced his appreciation for art. In their short time in Paris, Max's mother enrolled him in drawing classes at the Louvre, where he began to study Fauvism. After nine months in Paris, Max and his family made their final move, settling in Brooklyn, New York, USA.

Max and his parents first settled in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, in 1953 where he attended Lafayette High School, classmates with future actor Paul Sorvino. In 1956, Max began his formal art training at the Art Students League of New York in Manhattan, studying anatomy, figure drawing and composition under Frank J. Reilly who had studied at the League alongside Norman Rockwell.

Career

1960s
In 1962, Max started a small Manhattan arts studio known as "The Daly & Max Studio," with friend Tom Daly. Daly and Max were joined by friend and mentor Don Rubbo, and the three worked as a group on books and advertising for which they received industry recognition. Much of their work incorporated antique photographic images as elements of collage. Max's interest in astronomy contributed to his self-described "Cosmic '60s" period, which featured psychedelic, counter culture imagery.

In 1967, Max solidified his place as a counter-cultural icon by designing the flyers for the second ever 'Be In', a political gathering of mainly hippies in New York's Central Park after the Easter parade on March 26, 1967.

Max appeared on The Tonight Show on August 15, 1968. He was featured on the cover of Life magazine's September 5, 1969 edition under the heading "Peter Max: Portrait of the artist as a very rich man."

1970s

In 1970, many of Max's products and posters were featured in the exhibition "The World of Peter Max," which opened at the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco. The United States Postal Service commissioned Max to create the 10-cent postage stamp to commemorate the Expo '74 World's Fair in Spokane, Washington, and Max drew a colorful psychedelic scene with a "Cosmic Jumper" and a "Smiling Sage" against a backdrop of a cloud, sun rays and a ship at sea on the theme of "Preserve the Environment." According to The New York Times, "His DayGlo-inflected posters became wallpaper for the turn on, tune in, drop out generation."

On July 4, 1976, Max began his Statue of Liberty series leading to his efforts with Chrysler CEO Lee Iacocca to help in the restoration of the statue. Also that year, "Peter Max Paints America" was commissioned by the ASEA of Sweden. The book project commemorated the United States Bicentennial and included the following foreword: "Peter Max Paints America is based on works of art commissioned by ASEA of Sweden on the 200th anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, in sincere recognition of the historic bonds of friendship between the people of Sweden and the people of the United States, recalling that Sweden was one of the first countries to extend its hand in friendship to the new nation." Max had also been commissioned to design bilingual welcome signs for the US borders, and they were set to be unveiled in 1976; the signs, however, did not go up. Max's stylized signs were considered 'too psychedelic' – which to the then-government meant that they encouraged drug use. Despite Max's objections to these accusations, the signs remained in storage until 1977, when the administration change brought a change in attitude. The signs remained in place until 1984, when they were replaced by 'more conventional signage.'

1980s–present

In 1989, Max designed the cover photo—as well as the 45 rpm single picture-sleeve photo—of Aretha Franklin's Through the Storm album. In that same year, Max painted 40 colourful portraits of Mikhail Gorbachev to celebrate his policy of glasnost and efforts to democratize the Soviet Union. The work was entitled 40 Gorbys.

In 1990, Max purchased a collection of Chevrolet Corvettes for an intended art project, but never used them. They were auctioned off in 2020–2021 and the profits were donated to benefit veterans.

Also in 1990, Max was awarded the rights to a massive section of the Berlin Wall, which was installed on the battleship Intrepid. He chiseled a dove out of the wall and placed it on top, as a symbol of freedom.

In 1994, Max designed the artwork for progressive rock band Yes's fourteenth studio album, Talk.  In 2012, he was chosen to paint the hull art of the New York themed ship Norwegian Breakaway by Norwegian Cruise Line.

Max has been the official artist for many major events, including the 1994 World Cup, the Grammy Awards, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Super Bowl and others. In 2000, Max designed the paint scheme Dale Earnhardt drove at the Winston all-star race, deviating from Earnhardt's trademark black car. He was also the Official Artist of the 2000 World Series, the "Subway Series" between the New York Yankees and the New York Mets.

Max first painted Taylor Swift's portrait as a gift to the singer for her Grammy-winning albums Fearless and Speak Now, and has recently painted new portraits of Taylor Swift to commemorate her worldwide success.

In 2019, The New York Times published an investigative journalism piece on Max's current state, revealing that he is suffering from advanced dementia, that he is now often unaware of his identity and his surroundings, and that his deteriorated mental state has been exploited in a massive art fraud scheme dating back to at least 2015.

Work
Max's art work was first associated with the counter culture, neo-expressionism, neo-fauvism, and psychedelic movements in graphic design during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He is known for using bursts of color, often containing much or all of the visible spectrum. In 1970, Max published his first book, Poster Book, containing a collection of his artworks in the form of posters, including a portrait of Toulouse Lautrec using his signature printing style, a poster for Apollo 11, and a portrait of Bob Dylan. The book was such a success that Max quickly released a follow-up in 1971 called Superposter Book. This edition contained posters from his commercial portfolio, posters about peace and love, and important images from his life and history. Max's repeated claims, varying in detail, to have worked on Yellow Submarine have been denied by the production team.

Max works in multiple media including painting, drawing, etchings (including aquatint), collage, print making, sculpture, video and digital imagery. He also includes "mass media" as being another "canvas" for his creative expression. He has collaborated with companies to create clothing, homewares, clocks, and other material goods.

Max often uses American icons and symbols in his artwork. He has created paintings of presidents Kennedy, Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Bush in addition to his 100 Clintons—a multiple portrait installation. Additional commissions have included the creation of the first "Preserve the Environment" postage stamp, in honor of the World's Fair in Spokane, Washington; border murals at entry points to the United States from Canada and Mexico; and exhibitions in over 40 museums and 50 galleries worldwide. He often features images of celebrities, politicians, athletes and sporting events and other pop culture subjects in his artwork.

One of Continental Airlines' Boeing 777-200ER aircraft (registered N77014) sported a livery designed by Max. His artwork was featured on CBS's The Early Show where his "44 Obamas," commemorating Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was debuted. In 2013, HarperCollins published a book of the artist's memoirs and thoughts called The Universe of Peter Max. In it, he relates stories of his life as well as descriptions and thoughts surrounding of some of his artwork.

Legal
In 1997, Max was indicted by a grand jury in United States District Court for federal income tax evasion and pled guilty in the Southern District of New York before Senior United States District Judge, Kimba Wood of defrauding the Internal Revenue Service by having concealed $1,100,000 in income. The New York Times wrote, "A Federal grand jury in Manhattan also indicted Mr. Max, 58, on charges that he bartered his paintings as part payment for homes in Woodstock, N.Y., and Southampton, L.I., and in St. John in the United States Virgin Islands. The indictment says he failed to declare the "sale" of those paintings on his income tax returns. After learning he was under criminal investigation in November 1990, the indictment charges, Mr. Max and his accountant, Rubin Gorewitz, 71, tried to conceal income from the I.R.S. by faking sales receipts for the art that had been traded for real estate." In exchange for his plea bargain Max received a felony conviction and was sentenced to a term of two months of incarceration in a prison operated by Federal Bureau of Prisons overseen by the United States Department of Justice.

In 2019 the estate of Louis Gottlieb filed a civil lawsuit in New York Supreme Court against Peter Max, and the estate of Peter Max's late wife, Mary Max. The suit alleged that Peter and Mary Max had embezzled $4,600,000 from the $11,000,000 Gottlieb trust while the trust's grantor, Louis Gottlieb was suffering from dementia. The suit further alleged that Peter and Mary Max had squandered the ill-gotten gains on luxury goods. According to the New York Post, "They used much of the cash to splurge on bling, including a Cartier bracelet, earrings and a ring collectively worth $1.485 million; $1.3 million in jewelry from Bhagat; a Verdura ring costing $58,500; and $47,000 Van Cleef & Arpels earrings, among dozens of other pricey purchases, according to Lou's daughter, who is seeking to recoup the cash." The Gottlieb estate sought to recover a portion of the alleged ill-gotten proceeds from Peter Max following Mary Max's suicide when Peter Max attempted to liquidate the luxury goods at Doyle New York.

Personal life
Max married his first wife Elizabeth Ann Nance in 1963 and they divorced in 1976. Max had a nine-year-long relationship with musician and model Rosie Vela that ended in 1985. He was also romantically connected with Tina Louise. Max married Mary Balkin in 1997; she died by suicide (nitrogen asphyxiation) in June 2019.

Max is an environmentalist, vegan and supporter of human and animal rights. In 2002, Max contributed to rescue efforts for Cincinnati Freedom, a cow that escaped from an Ohio slaughterhouse. The cow jumped over a six-foot fence while the slaughterhouse workers were on break and eluded capture for eleven days. Max donated $180,000 worth of his art to benefit the local Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, part of a chain of events that finally led to the cow being sent to Farm Sanctuary in Watkins Glen, New York, a permanent home where the cow remained for the rest of her life.

Max lives in New York City and has two adult children, Adam Cosmo Max and Libra Astro Max. Max has developed advanced dementia, largely the result of Alzheimer's disease. There is controversy concerning the guardianship Max is presently under.  His daughter is working to revise the guardianship.

References

External links

 Aejv.com

1937 births
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
American male artists
American graphic designers
American printmakers
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
German expatriates in China
Living people
Art Students League of New York alumni
American pop artists
Pratt Institute alumni
Psychedelic artists
Jewish artists
Artists from Berlin
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
Lafayette High School (New York City) alumni
Jews and Judaism in Shanghai
People with Alzheimer's disease
20th-century American male artists

Peter Max


Jerry Michael Johnson (December 3, 1943 – November 15, 2021) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, San Francisco Giants, Cleveland Indians, Houston Astros, San Diego Padres, and Toronto Blue Jays.

Career

Third baseman
Johnson was signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent third baseman in 1962. He batted .248 for their Western Carolina League affiliate, the Salisbury Braves in 1962, and committed seven errors in only 29 games for a .868 fielding percentage. He batted .238 with an .872 fielding percentage in 1963, and the Mets began experimenting with him on the mound. He made eleven pitching appearances for the California League's Salinas Mets that season, and had a 6.75 earned run average without a decision.

With an .870 fielding percentage in 1964, the notion of Johnson as a third baseman was abandoned, and he was converted to pitcher by the New York–Penn League's Auburn Mets.

Johnson pitched in the Mets minor league system through 1967.

Following the season, Johnson was obtained by the Philadelphia Phillies from the Mets in the 1967 minor league draft.

Philadelphia Phillies
Johnson made his major league debut on July 17, 1968 in the first game of a doubleheader against the Chicago Cubs at Shibe Park. He gave up two earned runs in one inning of the Phillies' 8–4 loss.

Curt Flood trade
Johnson spent two years with Philadelphia, before moving to the St. Louis Cardinals in a controversial transaction. On October 7, 1969, he was sent by Philadelphia along with Dick Allen and Cookie Rojas to the St. Louis Cardinals in the trade that brought Tim McCarver, Byron Browne, Joe Hoerner and Curt Flood to the Phillies. After Flood refused to report to his new team, St. Louis sent Willie Montañez and a minor leaguer to Philadelphia to complete the trade. Flood believed Major League Baseball's reserve clause was unfair and appealed his case to the U.S. Supreme Court. Although his legal challenge was unsuccessful, it brought solidarity among ballplayers as they fought against the reserve clause and sought free agency.

San Francisco Giants
He was 2–0 with a 3.18 ERA for the Cards when they dealt him mid-season to the San Francisco Giants for Frank Linzy. With the Giants, Johnson emerged as one of the top relievers in the National League, finishing sixth in Cy Young Award balloting during an era when such an honor was rare for relief pitchers. In 1971, Johnson went 12–9 with a 2.97 ERA and eighteen saves for the division winning Giants. In his only post-season, he pitched 1 innings and gave up two runs to the Pittsburgh Pirates in game four of the 1971 National League Championship Series.

Later career
During Spring training 1973, Johnson was selected off waivers by the Cleveland Indians. He was traded from the Indians to the Houston Astros for Cecil Upshaw at the Winter Meetings on December 3, 1973. He was released by the Astros at the end of the 1974 season, and signed with the San Diego Padres in 1975. After two seasons in San Diego, he was traded to the newly created Toronto Blue Jays for Dave Roberts, who had just been purchased by Toronto from the Padres. Johnson was the winning pitcher (as a reliever) in the first-ever Blue Jays game on April 7, 1977. Johnson went 2–4 with a 4.60 ERA in the Blue Jays' inaugural season, at the end of which he retired.

Following his major league career, Johnson played with the 1989 St. Lucie Legends of the Senior Professional Baseball Association.

Johnson died from complications of lewy body dementia, and COPD in 2021 at the age of 77.

References

External links

Jerry Johnson at Baseball Gauge
Jerry Johnson at Baseballbiography.com
Jerry Johnson at Astros Daily
Jerry Johnson at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1943 births
2021 deaths
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Auburn Mets players
Baseball players from Miami
Cafeteros de Córdoba players
Cleveland Indians players
Deaths from dementia in California
Deaths from Lewy body dementia
Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Denver Bears players
Florida Instructional League Mets players
Florida Instructional League Phillies players
Greenville Mets players
Hawaii Islanders players
Houston Astros players
Jacksonville Suns players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Lucie Legends players
Salinas Mets players
Salisbury Braves players
San Diego Padres players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
San Francisco Giants players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Williamsport Mets players

Jerry Johnson (baseball)


A mask is a covering worn on the face, or an object depicting a face.

Mask may also refer to:

Technology

Computing
 Mask (computing), in computer science, a bit pattern used to extract information from another bit pattern
 Affinity mask, a bit mask indicating what processor a thread or process should be run on
 Image mask, applied to digital images to "cut-out" the background or other unwanted features
 umask, the default permission setting for new files on UNIX systems

Other technologies
 Photomask, used to create the circuit layers in IC fabrication
 Front-end mask, an automobile accessory
 Respirator, an air filter worn as a mask over nose and mouth
 Shadow mask, a technology used to manufacture cathode ray tube televisions that produce color images
 Spectral mask, a mathematically defined set of lines applied to the levels of radio transmissions in telecommunications

Arts and media

Film and television
 Mask (1985 film), a film directed by Peter Bogdanovich
 Mask, the (1994 film), a film starring Jim Carrey
 M.A.S.K., a media franchise comprising toys, animated series, and other media
 M.A.S.K. (TV series), an animated television series, part of the M.A.S.K. media franchise
 Mask (2015 TV series), a South Korean television series
 Mask (2018 film), a Bengali film directed by Rajiv Biswas
 Mask (2019 film), a Malayalam film directed by Sunif Hanif
 Masks (1929 film), a German film directed by Rudolf Meinert
 Masks (1987 film), a French film directed by Claude Chabrol
 Masked (film), a 1920 Western starring Hoot Gibson
 "Masks" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), a 1994 seventh season episode of the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation

Other fiction
 Mask (Forgotten Realms), a deity in the Dungeons & Dragons Forgotten Realms campaign setting
 Masks (Angel comic), a comic based on the Angel television series
 Mask (DC Comics), a fictional DC Comics character
 Masks, an eight issue mini series by Dynamite Entertainment
 Mask De Mascline, a fictional character from Bleach

Music
 Mask (Aco album), 2006
 Mask (Bauhaus album), 1981
 Mask (Fanatic Crisis album), 1996
 Mask (Roger Glover album), 1984
 Mask (Vangelis album), 1985
 "Mask" (song), a 2021 song by Dream
 "Mask", a song by James from the album Living in Extraordinary Times
 "Masks", a song by Prodigal from the album Electric Eye
 Mask, a 1980s rock band whose vocalist was José Fors

Other arts
 Masking (art), materials used to protect portions of a work from unintended change, such as masking tape, frisket, and stencils
 Masking (illustration), a drawing technique that originated in Japan

Other uses
 "Mask", nickname of Charles Lewis Jr. (1963–2009), co-founder of clothing line TapouT
 MASK, an MI5 operation (1934–1937) that decrypted Communist International radio communications
 Mask, Mazandaran, a village in Mazandaran Province, Iran
 Mask, South Khorasan, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran

See also

 Face mask (disambiguation)
 Masked ball (disambiguation)
 The Mask (disambiguation)
 Masking (disambiguation)
 Masque

Mask (disambiguation)


Torsten Nils Wiesel (born June 3, 1924) is a Swedish neuroscientist.

He and David Hubel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries of information processing in the visual system. The prize was shared with Roger Sperry for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.

After serving as president of the Rockefeller University, he is now director of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior at the same institution. He is also an advisor to several countries and organizations, mainly helping young scientists do research. He is a member of the President's Council of University of the People.

Torsten was married to American editor Jean Stein from 1995 until they divorced in 2007.

References

Foreign Members of the Royal Society
1924 births
Living people
Swedish neuroscientists
People from Uppsala
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Rockefeller University faculty
American physicians
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Neurologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Swedish academics
Swedish physicians

Torsten Wiesel


Michael James Lindell (born June 28, 1961), also known as the My Pillow Guy, is an American businessman, political activist, and conspiracy theorist. He is the founder and CEO of My Pillow, a pillow, bedding, and slipper manufacturing company.

Lindell is a prominent supporter of, and advisor to, former U.S. President Donald Trump. After Trump's defeat in the 2020 U.S. presidential election, Lindell played a significant role in supporting and financing Trump's attempts to overturn the election result; he spread disproven conspiracy theories about widespread electoral fraud in that election. He has also been an active promoter of unproven medical treatments.

Background
Lindell was born in 1961 in Mankato, Minnesota. He was raised in Chaska and Carver, Minnesota. Lindell's gambling addiction began to emerge in his teenage years. He attended the University of Minnesota after high school, but dropped out a few months into his studies. Lindell became addicted to and a frequent user of cocaine in his 20s. This addiction became worse after he switched to crack cocaine in the 1990s. Lindell was also incurring gambling debts. The buildup of his addictions between the 1980s and 1990s led to the foreclosure of his house and his wife filing for divorce. Lindell stated that he achieved sobriety through prayer in 2009.

Career
In the 1980s, Lindell launched and operated a number of small businesses, including carpet cleaning, lunch wagons, and a few bars and restaurants in Carver County, Minnesota.

My Pillow

Lindell invented My Pillow, a pillow filled with pieces of shredded foam that interlock, in 2004. Lindell grew the business into a Minnesota manufacturing company.

The Better Business Bureau (BBB) revoked accreditation of My Pillow in 2017, lowering its rating to an F based on a pattern of complaints by consumers. The BBB cited a buy one, get one free offer that became a continuous offer and therefore the normal price of the product, not a sale price or free offer. Lindell said, "Naturally, I am terribly disappointed by the BBB's decision."

Lindell named his son Darren as the company's chief operating officer in 2020, citing his own possible future political ambitions.

Some major retailers stopped carrying My Pillow products in 2021. Lindell suggested this was a result of his claims relating to the 2020 United States presidential election results, although outlets like Kohl's and Bed Bath & Beyond have said it was due to market research and low customer demand. In July 2023, MyPillow had auctioned off equipment and subleased some of their manufacturing space after more retailers, including Walmart and Slumberland Furniture, stopped retailing My Pillow products.

Frank

Lindell operates two web sites under the Frank brand: Frank (sometimes called FrankSpeech), focused on video streaming, and the social network FrankSocial.

Lindell detailed plans for Vocl, an alt-tech social media platform that he had been developing for several months, in March 2021. He described the site as a cross between YouTube and Twitter that would be different from Gab and Parler. A dispute from a company that owned a web site called Vocal led Lindell to rename his site Frank. Frank launched on the domain frankspeech.com on April 19, 2021, experiencing many technical issues, which Lindell ascribed to a "massive attack". Frank has no social networking features and primarily offers embedded video streams, including Absolute Interference, a two-hour video promoting conspiracy theories about the 2020 presidential election.

Lindell has said he has spent millions of dollars developing Frank. According to invoices published by a Salon writer, obtained from a leaked video conference with Lindell's IT team, Lindell spent about $936,000 on hardware, labor, and services to launch Frank. Jared Holt, an extremism and far-right media researcher at the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab, opined that Lindell was "being had by the people around him.... All the various products and ventures Lindell has going on, whether it's a pseudo-documentary film or a social media platform, are very expensive endeavors. Someone is taking Lindell's money from him to produce this stuff." Lindell told Insider in March 2022 that he was spending over $1 million per month on Frank.

FrankSocial, a social networking site hosted on a different domain, became available in April 2022. A reporter for Insider described FrankSocial as reminiscent of Facebook's design in 2012, with a basic news feed and no messaging function. Lindell had 308 followers there as of April 21, more than any other user.

Philanthropy
During the early days of My Pillow, Lindell made donations to the Salvation Army and Union Gospel Mission.

Lindell founded the Lindell Foundation, a non-profit organization that assists former addicts in getting treatment and other services. The foundation broadened over time, including cancer victims and veterans in their outreach.

In 2019, Lindell launched the Lindell Recovery Network, which connects addicts with others who have gone through drug addiction and the recovery process, as well as faith-based treatment centers and other recovery organizations.

Political activities
Lindell met with Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in August 2016 and became an avid supporter. He called Trump "the most amazing president this country has ever seen in history" after his 2016 election victory. In a speech at Liberty University in August 2019, Lindell said, "When I met with Donald Trump, it felt like a divine appointment, and when I walked out of that office I decided I was going to go all in."

Lindell attended the final presidential debate in Las Vegas on October 19, 2016. He spoke at a Trump campaign rally in Minneapolis on November 6, 2016, and attended the Official Donald Watch Party on November 8. He attended Trump's inauguration and Trump gave him an inauguration lapel pin as a personal gift.

Lindell sat next to Trump at an industry roundtable event at the White House in 2017.

Trump complimented Lindell for his "business acumen" at a rally in Fargo, North Dakota on June 27, 2018. Lindell spoke at a Trump rally on October 4, 2018, in Rochester, Minnesota. Lindell delivered a speech at the 2019 Conservative Political Action Conference, in which he said that Trump was "the greatest president in history" and had been "chosen by God".

Lindell met with Trump and a Trump staffer to discuss opioid addiction in 2019. Lindell was present when Trump signed a bipartisan bill that addressed the growing opioid crisis and attempted to prevent opioid abuse and deadly overdoses.

In a March 2020 appearance on Fox News, Lindell said that his company's bedding factories had been refocused on face mask production at the behest of the Trump administration. Later that month, Lindell appeared with Trump at a White House coronavirus press conference, at which Lindell praised Trump: "God gave us grace on November 8, 2016, to change the course we were on. God had been taken out of our schools and lives, a nation had turned its back on God. I encourage you to use this time at home to get back in the word. Read our Bible and spend time with our families."

Lindell had considered running for governor of Minnesota in 2022 against Democratic incumbent Tim Walz, reportedly at Trump's urging. He attended a Republican Governors Association meeting, at which he was encouraged to run. He became the campaign chair for Trump's reelection campaign in Minnesota in May 2020. Lindell said he was "99% sure" about running for Minnesota governor in July 2020 but ultimately neither ran nor provided an explanation (though he had previously said his decision would depend on the results of the 2020 presidential election and "if we flip Minnesota red").

In November 2020, Lindell was among those who contributed toward paying the bail of the Kenosha shooter Kyle Rittenhouse. Lindell later stated that he had donated to "The Fight Back Foundation Inc. to help fund election fraud litigation, among other things" and that reports that he had paid $50,000 for Rittenhouse's bail were "fake news".

In April 2022, Lindell's mention of his donating as much as $800,000 to a legal defense fund for Tina Peters, a candidate for Colorado Secretary of State, raised questions as such a donation would violate Colorado state law; the state's ethics commission investigated the fund after a complaint about a lack of donor transparency.

Lindell rejoined Twitter in May 2022, circumventing a Twitter ban on his former account. Hours after rejoining, however, Twitter terminated Lindell's newest account for ban evasion.

Lindell announced that he was running for Chair of the Republican National Committee in November 2022. On January 27, 2023, he lost after receiving four of the 167 votes cast.

Promotion of unproven medical treatments

In 2020, Lindell promoted the use of oleandrin, a cardiotoxic substance produced by oleanders, as a treatment for COVID-19, including arranging a pitch meeting between then-President Donald Trump and Andrew Whitney, a fellow board member of biopharmaceuticals company Phoenix Biotechnology (in which Lindell has a financial stake). Lindell claimed that oleandrin was shown to be safe in a study when, in reality, there is no scientific evidence that oleandrin is a safe or effective coronavirus treatment.

Attempts to overturn 2020 presidential election

After Trump's defeat in the 2020 presidential election, Lindell played a significant role in supporting and financing Trump's attempts to overturn the election result.

Lindell helped sponsor a bus tour that sought to challenge the election results. The two-week tour ended in Washington, D.C., on December 14, 2020; Lindell spoke at five stops. Lindell said that "he did not help finance subsequent trips to promote the Jan. 6 rally," referring to the rally that was followed by the storming of the U.S. Capitol by a pro-Trump mob. Lindell attended this rally but did not go to the Capitol. Following the Capitol storming, Lindell was among those who advanced the false conspiracy theory that people associated with antifa were responsible for the attack, saying they had probably "dressed as Trump people". On January 15, 2021, Lindell carried a document into the West Wing of the White House; the document, as seen in an enhanced photo, appeared to refer to martial law, the Insurrection Act, and replacing Gina Haspel with Trump loyalist Kash Patel as the CIA director.

Lindell promoted a conspiracy theory which falsely claimed that voting machine companies Smartmatic and Dominion conspired with foreign powers to rig voting machines to steal the election from Trump. In January and February 2021, Dominion warned Lindell that they planned to sue him, stating in their letter: "You have positioned yourself as a prominent leader of the ongoing misinformation campaign." (Both Smartmatic and Dominion sent similar letters to others as well.) After Newsmax had broadcast a "clarification" of its false reporting on voting machine fraud in response to a demand letter from Dominion, followed by a defamation suit from a company executive, Lindell appeared on the network on February 2, 2021, in an interview to discuss cancel culture but pivoted to repeating the false claims about rigged voting machines. Network anchor Bob Sellers tried to stop Lindell from making his claims; Sellers then read a disclaimer before walking off the set mid-interview.

On January 25, 2021, Twitter permanently banned Lindell for perpetuating the unsubstantiated claim that Trump won the 2020 election. A Twitter spokesperson explained that Lindell violated the company's civic integrity policy implemented in September 2020 to fight disinformation. After his personal account was banned, Lindell circumvented the ban by using the corporate My Pillow Twitter account to issue several tweets, including a call for Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey to "be found out" and "put in prison when all is revealed!" Following the tweets, Twitter permanently banned the My Pillow account for violating the platform's ban evasion policy.

Lindell purchased three hours of airtime on One America News Network, which had also been threatened with legal action, to broadcast Absolute Proof, a documentary that makes false claims about the election, on February 5, 2021. OANN broadcast a lengthy disclaimer before the program saying the claims were Lindell's alone but that the 2020 election results "remain disputed and questioned by millions of Americans". YouTube removed the documentary that day for violating its policy against election disinformation. At the 41st Golden Raspberry Awards, which gives awards to the films judged the worst, Absolute Proof won the Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Actor for Lindell. On April 20, 2021, Lindell published a second documentary titled Absolute Interference, which also promoted debunked conspiracy theories about the election and criticized the news media and communism.

Dominion sent cease-and-desist letters to Lindell in December 2020 and January 2021 and asked him to retract his false claims about the company. After Lindell refused (saying "sue me"), Dominion filed suit for defamation on February 22, 2021, naming both Lindell and My Pillow as defendants and seeking US$1.3 billion in damages. In its complaint, Dominion alleged that Lindell and My Pillow used "defamatory marketing campaign—with promo codes like 'FightforTrump,' '45,' 'Proof,' and 'QAnon'—[which have] increased My Pillow sales by 30–40% and [continued] duping people into redirecting their election-lie outrage into pillow purchases"; Dominion further stated its intent was to "stop Lindell and My Pillow from further profiting at Dominion's expense". On August 11, a federal court judge ruled that Dominion's defamation lawsuit against Lindell and My Pillow could proceed, noting that Dominion has "adequately alleged" that Lindell's accusations against the company were either knowingly false or made with "reckless disregard for the truth". In January 2022, Smartmatic sued Lindell for defamation and sought unspecified damages and legal fees; his false claims had reduced the company's value from more than $3 billion before the 2020 election to less than $1 billion.

In March 2021, Lindell said on Steve Bannon's War Room: Pandemic podcast that he would counter-sue Dominion in cases for himself and My Pillow, accusing Dominion of racketeering and election interference. On April 19, 2021, Lindell announced that My Pillow had filed a $1.6 billion lawsuit against Dominion, arguing that Dominion had defamed the company. Stephen Shackelford, legal counsel for Dominion, stated that My Pillow's lawsuit was "a meritless retaliatory lawsuit, filed by My Pillow to try to distract from the harm it caused to Dominion". Lindell also filed a civil suit against Dominion and Smartmatic in June 2021. The day after the suit was filed, a law partner with Barnes & Thornburg who drafted and submitted the suit left the firm, which said he did not have "firm authorization" to participate in the suit. In May 2022, the federal court dismissed all the claims by Lindell and MyPillow against Dominion, Smartmatic, and their lawyers and public relations firm. The court also ruled that Lindell and MyPillow would be liable to Smartmatic for attorney's fees, in an amount to be determined, for making claims that were frivolous under Rule 11.

Lindell and others predicted various inquiries into the election would result in Trump being reinstated as president in 2021. Lindell predicted that Trump would be reinstated on the morning of August 13, stating "it'll be the talk of the world". After August 13 passed and president Joe Biden remained in office, Lindell moved his prediction for Trump's return to September 30.

Lindell held a three-day "Cyber Symposium" ending August 12, promising to present "irrefutable evidence" of election fraud, but none was produced. Reporter Donie O'Sullivan brought cybersecurity expert Harri Hursti to the conference, and Hursti said that Lindell's purported evidence was a "pile of nothing" and found no proof of election fraud. Lindell claimed that a certain dataset showed Chinese interference in the 2020 election, and he offered $5 million to anyone who could prove otherwise. On April 20, 2023, a panel of the American Arbitration Association Commercial Arbitration Tribunal ruled that Lindell must pay Robert Zeidman $5 million because he had sufficiently proven that Lindell's materials were not authentic 2020 election data.

In September 2021, Bonner County, Idaho, announced it would perform a recount of ballots cast in the 2020 presidential election, in response to an allegation by Lindell that all 44 Idaho counties had been digitally hacked. Lindell provided a detailed list of IP addresses he asserted had been compromised. County Clerk Mike Rosedale stated that all county voting machines were fully airgapped from the Internet, also noting that seven Idaho counties do not use voting machines. Lindell alleged that a specific formula had been applied by hackers to flip votes from Trump to Biden. Rosedale said Lindell had not contacted his office before presenting his allegations. Trump carried Bonner County with 67.2% of the vote and Idaho with 63.9% in the 2020 election. At the conclusion of the Idaho recount, accuracy was determined to be within 0.1% for the election results with no indications of digital hacking. Idaho plans to bill Lindell for the cost of the recount. The Bonner audit, and audits of two other counties that do not use voting machines, affirmed the accuracy of the ballot count. Chief Deputy Secretary of State Chad Houck said Lindell would be sent a bill for the audits.

In January 2022, Lindell claimed that he possessed "enough evidence to put everybody in prison for life, 300-some million people" for their part in the alleged 2020 election fraud, which, at the time, was about 91 percent of the U.S. population.

On September 13, 2022, the FBI served a search and seizure warrant for Lindell's phone. As recounted by Lindell, speaking on his web show, agents surrounded his car at a fast-food drive-through in Minnesota. In addition to sharing the search warrant on his show, Lindell claims FBI agents asked questions regarding Colorado county clerk Tina Peters, who was charged with election interference earlier that month.

Lindell's legal firm said in an October 2023 court filing that Lindell was in arrears by millions of dollars in fees and that the firm could no longer afford to represent him. Lindell praised his attorneys for their work, adding, "We've lost everything, every dime. All of it is gone."

Personal life
Lindell has been married twice. His first marriage ended in divorce after about 20 years, and he has children from this marriage. He married Dallas Yocum in June 2013 and filed for divorce in mid-July 2013 after she left him. Lindell stated that they had a prenuptial agreement.

Lindell is an evangelical Christian and received an honorary Doctor of Business from Liberty University in 2019. In bestowing the honor, Liberty University's president called Lindell "one of the greatest Christian businessmen on the planet." The event featured Lindell's donation of 12,000 pillows worth over $600,000 to those in attendance. That same year, Lindell self-published a book, What Are the Odds? From Crack Addict to CEO, in which he recounts his overnight recovery from drug addiction and credits divine intervention for the subsequent launch of his pillow business.

In January 2021, the Daily Mail published a story stating that Lindell had a nine-month relationship with actress Jane Krakowski between late 2019 and the summer of 2020. Both Lindell and Krakowski denied the allegation. Lindell, represented by attorney Charles Harder, sued the Daily Mail, alleging libel. A federal court dismissed the suit in December 2021, ruling that Lindell had failed to identify any statements "that a reasonable person would view as defamatory."

In March 2021, Lindell said on The Domenick Nati Show that he was no longer living in Minnesota and was not attending in-person events over safety concerns.

References

External links

1961 births
21st-century American businesspeople
American company founders
American conspiracy theorists
American evangelicals
businesspeople from Minnesota
living people
Minnesota Republicans
people from Mankato, Minnesota
spokespersons

Mike Lindell


Favus (Latin for "honeycomb") or tinea favosa is the severe form of tinea capitis, a skin infectious disease caused by the dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton schoenleinii. Typically the species affects the scalp, but occasionally occurs as onychomycosis, tinea barbae, or tinea corporis.

The word favid is more used than French word favus, which is close to the Latin etymology.

Presentation

The uncomplicated appearance is that of a number of yellowish, circular, cup-shaped crusts (scutulum or shield) grouped in patches like a honeycomb, each crust about the size of a split pea, with a bundle of hair projecting in the center. These increase in size and become crusted over, so that the characteristic lesion can only be seen round the edge of the scab. A mousy odour is often present. Growth continues to take place for several months, when scab and scutulum go away, leaving a shining bare patch destitute of hair. The disease is essentially chronic, lasting from ten to twenty years. It is caused by the growth of a fungus, and pathologically is the reaction of the tissues to the growth.

The fungus was named after a microscopic structure termed "achorion" (a term not used in modern science), seen in scrapings of infected skin, which consists of slender, mycelial threads matted together, bearing oval, nucleated fungal substrate-arthroconidia either free or jointed. This structure is currently called "scutula." The fungus itself is now called Trichophyton schoenleinii.

During initial infection, the fungal spores would appear to enter through the unbroken cutaneous surface, and to germinate mostly in and around the hair follicle and sometimes in the shaft of the hair.

Species
Favus is the first human fungal disease in which a fungus was definitely identified (by J. L. Schönlein in 1839). The discovery was published in a brief note of twenty lines in Müllers Archiv for that year (p. 82). In 1841, the Hungary-born French physician David Gruby independently described the fungus-associated favus. The fungus was subsequently named by Robert Remak as Achorion schoenleinii in honor of its discoverer.

In 1892, two additional "species" of the fungus were described by Paul Gerson Unna: the Favus griseus, giving rise to greyish-yellow scutula; and the Favus sulphureus celerior, causing sulfur-yellow scutula of a rapid growth. This was in the days before scientists learned to rigorously distinguish microorganism-identities from disease-identities, and these antique, ambiguous disease-based names no longer have status either in mycology or in dermatology today.

Similar looking infections, sometimes diagnosed as favid but more often as atypical inflammatory tinea, may be caused by more common dermatophyte infections, in particular Microsporum gypseum, the most common soil-borne dermatophyte, and Trichophyton quinckeanum. The latter was previously called Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum, the agent of mouse favus infection.

Treatment
Up until the advent of modern therapies, favus was widespread worldwide; prior to Schönlein's recognition of it as a fungal disease, it was frequently confused with Hansen's disease, better known as leprosy, and affected Europeans were sometimes committed to leprosaria. Today, due to this species' high susceptibility to the antifungal drug griseofulvin, it has been eliminated from most parts of the world except rural central Asia and scattered rural areas of Africa. It is mainly a disease connected to demographic poverty and isolation, but is so readily treatable that it is among the diseases most likely to be eliminated by modern medicine.

References

 Kane, J., R.C. Summerbell, L. Sigler, S. Krajden, G. Land. 1997. Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes: A clinical guide and laboratory manual of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair and nails. Star Publishers, Belmont, CA.

External links

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions

Favus


The brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) is a timid but dangerous spider that lives in North America.

Description

Name
The scientific name of the spider Loxosceles reclusa comes from words that mean "slanted leg recluse". The "slanted leg" part comes from the fact that these spiders have their legs touching the ground at an angle instead of straight up and down. The "recluse" part is because this spider is very shy and runs away from humans.

Appearance
The brown recluse spider can be light brown, dark brown, or even gray. Sometimes it is called the violin spider since its head has a darker mark on it that looks like a violin. Not including its legs, it can grow to about  long. They have six eyes, which is an unusual number of eyes for a spider.

Male and female brown recluses can be identified once the spider has molted several times. Spiders have a set of appendages on their faces called pedipalps. The pedipalps on the male have much larger ends than the ones on females. These fattened pedipalps serve as the sex organs for the male. The female has her sex organs on the underside of her body. This is perhaps the only way to easily tell a male from a female. Scientists who study brown recluses and their relatives can even identify relatives of the brown recluse by studying the shapes of the sex organs.

Habitat
Brown recluse spiders only live in the United States. Spiders living in the south west part of the U.S. live in the woods, and spiders in the north east part live inside houses. Brown recluse spiders like dry, dark areas that have good hiding places. Wild brown recluse spiders live in hollowed rotting tree trunks and logs. Brown recluses that live in houses usually like garages, basements, and attics. These are places where people are less likely to bother them, and they have lots of good hiding places, like cardboard boxes.

Sometimes, people mail boxes without checking them first for spiders. Brown recluses can hide inside these boxes and might make their home wherever the package is opened. However, spider experts have found brown recluses sent through the mail rarely start a new colony in their new home, partly because there are no other brown recluses for them to mate with. Sometimes brown recluses sent through the mail set up colonies in warehouses. However, they do not move very far from their colony, which is usually not well-established in the new place.

Food
Brown recluse spiders are insectivores. They eat soft-bodied insects (like moths or flies) and other spiders. They are cannibals and will not hesitate to eat each other. When mating, a female brown recluse will try to eat the male.

When preying, the brown recluse slowly creeps toward its prey. Once it is close enough, it pounces on the prey and sinks its fangs into the prey. Its fangs contain a deadly venom that kills the prey very quickly.

Brown recluses can go without food or water for a very long time. Some brown recluses can go for five seasons with no food or water.

Behavior
Brown recluse spiders are hunting spiders, so they spend most of the time on the ground. They hide during the daytime and sleep, and at night they come out to hunt. They usually do not climb unless they are running from something. They can walk upside-down, but most brown recluses walking on ceilings have probably come from the upstairs floor. The blood cannot flow through their legs while they walk, so they must stop every few seconds to allow the blood to flow.

Brown recluses are very good at survival. They can go without food or water for more than a year. They are also very good at surviving in people's homes during cold winters. If they get their leg caught in something, such as a crack or a predator's mouth, they can drop the leg. The spider can still walk around with only four legs, as long as there is still one leg on each side.

Because these spiders are so good at surviving in hard times, it is very hard to get rid of them. Bug sprays and pest killers usually are not good for killing them, except for some kinds that are against the law to use. A spider that has been sprayed might even become vicious.

Brown recluse spiders are afraid of people, and usually if they see one they stand still. If the person chases the brown recluse, it will most often run and hide. Even though brown recluse spiders are scared of people, it is a bad idea to try to touch one, because their bite can be very dangerous.

Brown recluses will normally only bite a person if the person is touching the spider or if the spider is stuck between the person and something else. Most brown recluse bites happen when someone puts on clothes that have a brown recluse spider living inside of them. For people who have brown recluses living in their house, it is a good idea to shake out any clothes that have been on the floor for a few days before putting them on. These people should also be careful when walking around in attics, basements, or dark parts of the house with no shoes on. Wearing socks or gloves helps, because the spiders have very short fangs. It is very common for people living with brown recluses to never see the spiders and never be bitten, and good habits can help make sure no one is bitten.

Danger and myth

Brown recluse spiders have been feared since they were discovered in 1940, and people will often take drastic approaches to rid their homes of these spiders. Spider experts noticed that the bite of a brown recluse could sometimes lead to a terrible infection called loxoscelism (necrosis due to the bite of a recluse spider). Sometimes the necrosis becomes fatal, but these fatal bites are actually very rare, and most bites from brown recluses are no more harmful than a normal spider bite. The spider's bite is most dangerous for people who are young or overweight.

It is very common for people bitten by spiders to arrive in a doctor's office without bringing the spider that bit them. When this happens, a doctor must guess what sort of spider could have bitten the person. The brown recluse spider is a very common spider to blame, since its name is so well-known, but it is very seldom that the brown recluse spider was involved. Doctors' guesswork has led many people to believe brown recluses exist outside their native area, such as in California, even though this is not true. It is pretty common for a Brown recluse to bite someone and that person may not feel any symptoms for multiple hours or even days from the time of the bite. In most cases, either a disease was the cause of the symptoms, or a different kind of spider bit the person and the doctor makes a mistake when he or she guesses it was a brown recluse.

Very little is known about the venom of the brown recluse, and spider venom experts have been looking for a long time for ways to effectively tell whether a brown recluse has bitten a patient as well as an antidote for its venom.

References

Araneomorphae

Brown recluse spider


Monkwearmouth–Jarrow was a combination of two English monasteries run as a single community. Both were founded by Benedict Biscop. Monkwearmouth, built first, was a magnificent example of the Roman style of architecture. It housed one of the first stained glass works in England. Jarrow became the center of Anglo-Saxon learning in the north of England and contained the largest  library in Anglo-Saxon England. Bede, the great Anglo-Saxon scholar, studied, taught and wrote there. The sister Anglo-Saxon monasteries were the UK nomination for World Heritage Site status in 2011.

History

In 674 Benedict Biscop, a Northumbrian nobleman, built a monastery known as Monkwearmouth. Egfrith, King of Northumbria gave him fifty hides of land at the mouth of the River Wear. This monastery would be dedicated to Saint Peter and came to be called St. Peter's at Monkwearmouth. Benedict wanted his monastery to be a center of both learning and religion. Benedict used Frankish stonemasons who he brought over to England to construct the monastery. Monkwearmouth was the first (and Jarrow the second) church structures to be built of stone in England. Benedict them brought over glassmakers from Frankia to fit the windows of the church and chapels with fine stained glass. They established a workshop there at Monkwearwolf. Within a year the monastery was completed. In 678 a letter from Pope Agatho exempted the monastery from external control. Benedict got all the furnishings, sacred vessels, decorations and vestments. Some he found locally while others he bought in Francia and Rome. In 682 King Egfrith gave another forty hides of land to Benedict for a second monastery. It was to be at the mouth of the River Trent at Jarrow. The dedication ceremony for Jarrow abbey was held on 23 April 685. Named for Saint Paul when the sister monastery was completed Benedict assigned Ceolfrith to the abbot.  Bede, who was about ten years old at the time, was one of the monks who went with him. King Egfrid, who was at the dedication, died in battle against the Picts less than a month later. The two sister abbeys, only seven miles apart, were thought of as one.

The library that Benedict started made it possible for Bede to write his works including his famous Ecclesiastical History of the English People.information from. There wasn't another library like it in England. By the time of his death in 689 Benedict had completed four trips to Rome and the south and brought back large collections of books each time. The full extent of Bede's work would still not be possible if not for Ceolfrid, the fourth abbot. He doubled the size of the library left by Benedict Biscop.

The scriptorium at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow was kept very busy. There was a growing demand for copies of bibles, books, documents and especially the works of Bede. Requests came in from other parts of England and the Continent. Works from the scriptorium would be found in Leningrad, Rome, and other parts of Europe. Under increasing requests for its products, the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow scriptorium adopted a faster script style used in later works.

In 794, just a year after the Vikings sacked Lindisfarne, the Vikings attacked Monkwearmouth and Jarrow. The flames were so hot the glass was melted. Both sites were abandoned for a time. Their location on the coast of Northumbria made them easy targets for Viking raids. The twin monasteries were rebuilt. Unlike many old ruins that disappear over time, the old walls of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow can still be seen. They are next to or part of the modern buildings that replaced the original buildings built in 674 and 682.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Wearmouth-Jarrow, Candidate World Heritage Site
 Wearmouth-Jarrow Monastic Sites, Tyne and Wear, England, Saints and Stones

Anglo-Saxons
Buildings and structures in Tyne and Wear
Churches in England
674 establishments
1540 disestablishments
7th-century buildings and structures

Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey