Radio Ukraine International, abbreviated RUI, is the official international broadcasting station of Ukraine, with foreign language news and programming being produced by Ukrainian Radio's main editorial department for broadcasting in EBU languages. RUI broadcasts in Belarusian, Bulgarian, English, German, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian and Slovak. The Ukrainian language programming aired on RUI is produced by the domestic First Channel.

Radio Ukraine International provides listeners with up-to-date information in a format of short podcasts.

Broadcast platforms
Online (see External Links)
Satellite - Astra 4A with the following parameters: 4.8° East, frequency 12.13 GHz, vertical polarization, SR 27.500 Ms/s, FEC 3/4
Medium waves - in Europe on 1386 kHz from 21:00 until 03:30 UTC via Lithuania's Radio Baltic Waves International

Programme schedule
As of April 2023, RUI broadcasts in foreign languages can be heard daily starting at:

0000 UTC - English
0200 UTC - Slovak
0300 UTC - Hungarian
1800 UTC - Romanian
1900 UTC - Bulgarian
2100 UTC - Belarusian
2200 UTC - Polish
2300 UTC - German

Former daily English language program schedule
Monday: News, Ukrainian Perspective, Insight, Reading Lounge.
Tuesday: News, Ukrainian Perspective, Panorama, Famous Ukrainians.
Wednesday: News, Ukrainian Perspective, Highlights, Reading Lounge.
Thursday: News, Ukrainian Perspective, Close Up, Start Ups.
Friday: News, World.ua, Roots.
Saturday: News, Ukrainian Diary, Hello from Kyiv, Sports and Fun.
Sunday: News, Ukrainian Diary, Music from Ukraine.

Former English language program details
 "Close Up"  Analytical program of International political and economical aspirations and perspectives of Ukraine.
 "Famous Ukrainians" - Essays about outstanding people of Ukraine, poets, musicians, scientists, scholars, and historical figures.
 "Hello from Kyiv" - Listeners letters question and answer program, musical requests, entertaining commentaries.
 "Highlights" - Program about Ukrainians, their aspirations and life style.
 "Insight" - Program about Ukraine, its people, spiritual, and day-to-day life.
 "Music from Ukraine" - Musical concert of different genres each week.
 "News" - A current news report begins each broadcast.
 "Panorama" - Program about the most important trends in Ukrainian cinematography, literature, music and social projects.
 "Reading Lounge" - Readings of literary works by famous Ukrainian writers and poets.
 "Roots" - Cultural, educational, and history programs including the feature "Ukraine Land of the Cossacks"
 "Sports and Fun" - Program about sports shaping our bodies and lives, and people who dare to push the limits.
 "Start Ups" - Program about cutting-edge ideas and grass root initiatives in Ukraine.
 "Ukrainian Diary" - Digest of the most important news and events of the past week.
 "Ukrainian Perspective" - Daily in depth digest of the day's news, and commentary of current affairs.
 "World.ua" - Review of Ukrainian and International press releases.

History of RUI on shortwave radio
Radio Ukraine International began operation in March 1992 as the first International broadcast station of independent Ukraine. Formally known as Radio Kiev, a "sister" station to Radio Moscow during the Soviet era. Interval signal is music of the "Bandura".

Operated multiple high power transmitters using directional phased antenna arrays. Offers distinctive QSL cards to shortwave listeners for swl dx signal reception reports. Provided clear channel reception on frequencies in the 41-meter, 31-meter, 25-meter, and 19-meter shortwave bands.

Shortwave broadcasts were terminated in December 2010 from the lack of state support and funding. Since then the radio station is now taking the first steps in multimedia development with a new website on the World Wide Web with information in text, sound and images from and about Ukraine and Ukrainians.

Radio Kiev and Ukrainian Radio
In the 1920s and 1930s, due to the lack of accurate or reliable information, Radio Kiev or the Kiev Radio was a common name used outside of Ukraine for shortwave broadcast stations located within the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Wireless World guide of 1935 reported station RW20 operating from Kharkov in eastern Ukraine on a longwave frequency of 385 kHz with power of 10 kW broadcasting in Russian. With the onset of World War II in 1941 and the subsequent Nazi occupation of the Ukrainian S.S.R. radio broadcast stations were captured and removed from service. At the end of World War II, during 1946, radio broadcasting began to revive and the World Radio guide of 1946 reported the following stations on the air in Ukraine:

Kiev 1 on 248 kHz with 120 kW power
Kiev 2 on 832 kHz with 35 kW power
Kharkov on 385 kHz with 10 kW power
Odessa on 968 kHz with 10 kW power
Dnepropetrovsk on 913 kHz with 10 kW power

On November 1, 1950, Radio Kiev was formally introduced and transmitted its first broadcasts in the Ukrainian language only. These broadcasts were intended to reach the Ukrainian diaspora via shortwave radio, with frequencies in the 31-, 25-, and 19-meter shortwave bands using high power amplitude modulated (AM) transmitters with omni-directional antennas. In October 1962 Radio Kiev introduced its first English language program broadcast schedule with daily transmissions on various shortwave frequencies. These transmissions originated from multiple transmitting sites employing high power Russian made (KOM) transmitters and gain type "steerable" antenna systems capable of the precision directing of radio broadcasts to desired regions worldwide. In 1966 German language programming was introduced, followed by Romanian language broadcasts in 1970, along with additional transmitting sites. By the late 1970s the following transmitting sites were active full-time on various time and frequency schedules within the territory:

Kyiv region (Brovary) - 1 site of 15 kW, 4 sites of 100 kW, and 5 sites of 200 kW
Donetsk region (Kopani) - 2 sites of 100 kW, 2 sites of 250 kW, and 4 sites of 1000 kW
Lviv region (Krasne) - 3 sites of 200 kW, 2 sites of 1,000 kW
Kharkiv region (Kharkiv) - 3 sites of 100 kW
Odesa region (Odesa) - 2 sites of 100 kW

See also
 Ukrainian Radio, the publicly funded radio broadcaster in Ukraine.

References

External links
 Radio Ukraine International Website
 List of programmes
 RUI live stream (192 kbit/sec MP3) and alternative (128 kbit/sec MP3)

Radio stations in Ukraine
International broadcasters
Radio stations established in 1950

Radio Ukraine International


Christophoros of Mytilene (; ca. 1000 – after 1050) was a Greek-language poet living in the first half of the 11th century. His works include poems on various subjects and four Christian calendars.

Biography
Christopher was born in Constantinople, and lived in the neighbourhood Sphorakiou for most of his lifetime. He was an important official, holding high ranks such as patrikios, protospatharios, and krites (judge) of the themes of Armeniakon and Paphlagonia.

Events described in his poems suggest that he started writing in the reign of Romanos III (1028–1034), but most poems can be dated to the reign of Constantine IX (1042–1055), an emperor who favoured culture and literature.

Works
Various Verses (στίχοι διάφοροι) is the title of his collection of 145 poems, which covers a wide range of genres and topics. The collection seems to have been arranged chronologically. The text of many poems is  severely damaged.

The metre of most poems is the dodecasyllable, but for some Christopher uses the dactylic hexameter. Their language is an artificial Homeric Greek. Elegiac couplets and anacreontics occur as well.

The content of these poems is very heterogeneous. The most remarkable among them are satirical. In these poems Christopher makes fun of unsuccessful chariot drivers, cheated husbands, hypocritical monks, pseudo-intellectuals, etc. Other poems are directed against the mice devouring his books, and an owl that prevents him from sleeping.
Many poems are epigrams with a religious content, touching on Biblical figures or Christian feasts. Some longer poems are funeral orations for his mother and his sister. Some describe historical events, such as the death of Romanos III and the riots of 1042. The longest poem is an encomium on the spider.
The rest of the collection is filled with epitaphs, riddles, dedicatory epigrams, and the like.

Christopher composed also four calendars in four different metres (hexameter, dodecasyllables, stichera, and canones), commemorating all the saints and feasts of the Orthodox Christian liturgical year.

Christopher's poetry is characterized by a witty tone seldom found in Greek poetry of this period. The mix of Christian and classical elements and the self-asserting intellectual elitism are distinguishing features,  which link him to other poets of the period, like John Mauropous and Michael Psellos, who also were responding to the cultural climate under Constantine IX.

References
E. Kurtz, Die Gedichte des Christophoros Mytilenaios (Leipzig, 1903).
E. Follieri, I calendari in metro innografico di Cristoforo Mitileneo, I. Introduzione, testo e traduzione, II. Commentario e indici (Bruxelles, 1980).

 Livanos, Christopher, "Justice, Equality, and Dirt in the Poems of Christopher of Mytilene," Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 57 (2007).
 C. De Stefani, "Notes on Christophoros of Mytilene and Konstantinos Stilbes," Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik, 58 (2008),
 M. De Groote, "Christophori Mytilenaii Versuum uariorum Collectio Cryptensis", CCSG 74, (Turnhout, 2012), .

Byzantine governors
Byzantine poets
Patricii
People from Constantinople
Protospatharioi
11th-century Byzantine writers

Christopher of Mytilene


Bano () is an Urdu language novel by the Pakistani novelist, Razia Butt, which is considered one of her best literary works. It is set in the days before and after the Partition of India in Ludhiana, Punjab Province and subsequently, Pakistan. The events of Partition play a central role in the story. It is named for its female, protagonist, Bano.

Adaptation
The novel has been dramatised for television as Dastaan by Hum TV in 2010 which was directed by Haissam Hussain and produced by Momina Duraid while the character of Bano was played by Sanam Baloch.

Plot
The novel starts with Hassan and Rabia meeting for the first time in years. Expecting a twelve-year-old girl with ponytails, he is flabbergasted to see a grown young woman. Rabia has feelings for him and thus tries to approach him but Hassan is in love with his fiance Bano, who is thought to have died some years ago. However, Hassan feels a strong physical attraction to Rabia and soon gives in to his lust and approaches her. Rabia, who loves him is delighted and they soon are engaged to be married.
Meanwhile, a letter informs him of Bano's whereabouts. Shocked, he goes to receive her from Lahore. Bano and her son arrive at Hassan's home.

Five years ago, at Hassan's aunt Suraiyyah and Bano's brother Saleem's wedding, the two fell for each other hard and got engaged. It was the year 1946 and tensions between Muslims and Hindus had escalated to the point that riots had become frequent from both sides. As Hassan and his mother went to Pindi as he had gotten a job there, partition happened. Bano's home is attacked and no survivors are left except for her and her mother, as they were rescued by two family friends, Rajindar and Gayon Laal. Being avid supporters of the Muslim League they are proud of having made sacrifices for the cause. Bano's mother is soon killed as they are moving to Pakistan in a caravan while Bano is raped.

Nursed to health by a Sikh family, Bano takes the train to Lahore which is unfortunately attacked by rioters. One of them, Basant Singh takes her to his home and marries her by force. However, she does not give up on her religion and her dream to go to Pakistan, even though she forgets everything else, making his blood boil. After spending five dreadful years in Kapurthala with  Basanta and his family, Bano, now called Sundar Kaur gets sanctuary when her 'husband' dies. Her close friend Gobandi, a neighbour of Basanta's asks her brother to send Bano to Pakistan. Even though Bano hated her son for being the living proof of her life with Basanta, she is after all his mother and could not bear to leave him and thus took him along.

Coming back to the present, Bano and Hassan reconcile and cry together. Their love had increased after these years of partition but Hassan was haunted by the guilt of hurting Rabia. However, Rabia, seeing Bano's condition backs off but Bano finds out about the engagement from a servant who wanted Hassan and Rabia's union so that she could get some jewelry and clothes. Bano leaves. She is taken in by a poor but happy family. She wanted to work for her country but is fired from every job for being too patriotic and being too honest. She is heartbroken at Pakistan's reality but starts coming back to life. She even starts loving her son Ghulam Ahmed. She spends three years peacefully until one day she is raped by her employer. She completely loses her senses as she thought that no woman would be disrespected in Pakistan.

There is utter chaos in their home as Bano arrives half-naked and kills her son in a fit of madness. She runs to Hassan's home where he was marrying Rabia and demands an explanation. Why did he lie to her that Pakistan would be a pure country where no one is harmed. Why did her and her family's sacrifices go to waste? She soon dies in Hassan's arms and Hassan loses his senses, while Rabia is left to live with the guilt of ruining their lives indirectly, and to take care of her mentally ill husband.

See also
 Aangan (novel)
 Artistic depictions of the partition of India

References

External links
 Bano at Good Reads
 Bano at amazone

Pakistani novels adapted into films
Novels set in India
Novels set in Pakistan
Novels set in the 20th century
Novels set in British India
Pakistani novels
Urdu-language novels
Urdu-language literature
Urdu-language fiction
Pakistani fiction
1971 novels
Ferozsons books

Bano (novel)


Anna Louise Strong (November 24, 1885 – March 29, 1970) was an American journalist and activist who reported on communist movements in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. She also supported these movements.

Biography

Early years
Strong was born on November 24, 1885 in Friend, Nebraska. Her father, Sydney Dix Strong, was a minister in the Congregational Church and was a missionary.  She was a very smart child and went through school very fast. She then went to Europe to study other languages.

She first attended Pennsylvania's Bryn Mawr College from 1903 to 1904, then graduated from Oberlin College in Ohio, where she later returned to speak many times. In 1908, at the age of 23, she finished her education and received a PhD in philosophy from the University of Chicago with a thesis later published as The Social Psychology of Prayer. She supported child welfare, and traveled around speaking about it. When she came toSeattle to speak about it in May 1914, more than 6,000 people came per day. At least 40,000 people came on her last day in Seattle.

Strong was 30 years old when she returned to Seattle to live with her father, then pastor of Queen Anne Congregational Church. She liked the progressive politics that were popular there, which supported organized labor.

Strong also enjoyed mountain climbing. She organized cooperative summer camps in the Cascades and led climbing groups up Mt. Rainier.

Political career

When Strong ran for the Seattle School Board in 1916, she won easily because she was helped by women's groups and organized labor and because she was known as an expert on child welfare. She was the only female board member. She argued that the public schools should offer social service programs for poor children and that these programs should be community centers. But there was little she could do: Other members chose to devote meetings to things that Strong felt were less important, such as plumbing in the schools.

In the year of her election, 1916, the Everett Massacre happened . Strong was hired as a stringer by the New York Evening Post to report on the bloody conflict between the IWW (or "Wobblies") and the army of armed guards hired by Everett mill owners to keep them out of town. At first, she was just somebody who was watching without taking a side. However, she soon started taking the side of workers' rights and speaking about this belief.

Strong's endorsement of left-wing causes made her different from the other people on the school board. She was against war, and when the United States entered World War I in 1917, she spoke out against the draft. On one hand, the PTA and women's clubs joined her in opposing military training in the schools. On the other hand, the Seattle Minute Men, many of whom were veterans of the Spanish-American War, said that she was unpatriotic.

The anti-war beliefs of the Wobblies led to many of them being arrested at the Seattle office where Louise Olivereau, a typist, was mailing things to draftees that told them to think about becoming conscientious objectors and not enter the draft. In 1918, Strong stood by Olivereau's side in the courtroom, as the typist-activist was tried for sedition, found guilty, and sent to prison.

Strong's fellow school board members started recall campaign to get Strong removed from the school board, and they won. She showed up at their next meeting to argue that they should choose a woman to replace her. The school board decided to do this, but they said that they wanted a mainstream, patriotic representative, and a mother with children in the schools. They replaced Anna Louise Strong with Evangeline C. Harper, a well known country club woman.

Journalistic career

Strong because known as part of the city's labor-owned daily newspaper, The Union Record, writing forceful pro-labor articles and saying good things about the new Soviet government. On February 6, 1919, two days before the beginning of the Seattle General Strike of 1919, she wrote in an editorial: "We are undertaking the most tremendous move ever made by labor in this country, a move which will lead – NO ONE KNOWS WHERE!" The strike shut down the city for four days and then ended as it had begun – peacefully and with its goals still unclear.

Not knowing what to do, she took her friend Lincoln Steffens' advice and in 1921 travelled to Poland and Russia serving as a correspondent for the American Friends Service Committee. The reason she was going was to give the first foreign relief to the Volga famine victims. After a year of that, she was named Moscow correspondent for the International News Service. Strong saw many things in Europe which inspired her to write. Some of her works include The First Time in History (preface by Leon Trotsky) (1924), and Children of Revolution (1925). After remaining in the area for several years, Strong grew to become an supporter of socialism in the newly formed Soviet Union. In 1925, during the era of the New Economic Policy in the USSR, she came back to the United States to make businessmen interested in investing in industry and development in the Soviet Union. During this time Strong, also gave many speeches and became well known as an authority on "soft news" (such as how to get an apartment) about the USSR.

In the late 1920s, Strong travelled in China and other parts of Asia. She became friends with Soong Ching-ling and Zhou Enlai.  She wrote some more books about her travels, including China's Millions (1928), Red Star in Samarkand (1929).

In 1930 she came back to Moscow and helped start Moscow News, the first English-language newspaper in the city. She was managing editor for a year and then became a featured writer. She married Soviet official and fellow socialist Joel Shubin in 1932. Much like Strong, Shubin was a man passionately dedicated to his work and the two were often apart because of work, and would ultimately spend little time together before Shubin's death in 1942.

While living in the Soviet Union, she became more happy with the Soviet government and wrote many books praising it. They include: The Soviets Conquer Wheat (1931), an updated version of China's Millions: The Revolutionary Struggles from 1927 to 1935 (1935), the best-selling autobiographical I Change Worlds: the Remaking of an American (1935), This Soviet World (1936), and The Soviet Constitution (1937).

In 1936 she returned once again to the United States. Quietly and privately upset with news in the USSR (The "Great Purges"), she continued to write for leading periodicals, including The Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, The Nation and Asia. A visit to Spain resulted in Spain in Arms (1937); visits to China led to One Fifth of Mankind (1938). In 1940 she published My Native Land. Other books include The Soviets Expected It (1941); the novel Wild River (1943), set in Russia; Peoples of the U.S.S.R. (1944), I Saw the New Poland (1946) (based on her reporting from Poland as she accompanied the occupying Red Army); and three books on the success of the early Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War.

While in the USSR she travelled throughout the huge nation, including the Ukraine, Kuznetsk, Stalingrad, Kiev, Siberia, Central Asia, Uzbekistan, and many more. She also travelled into Poland, Germany, and Britain. While in the Soviet Union, Strong met with Stalin, Molotov, and many other Soviet officials. She interviewed factory workers, farmers, and pedestrians.

In World War II, when the Red Army began its advance against Nazi Germany, Strong stayed in the rear following the soldiers through Warsaw, Łódź and Gdańsk.  In great part because of her overtly pro-Chinese Communist sympathies she was arrested in Moscow in 1949 and charged by the Soviets with espionage. She later returned to the USSR in 1959, but settled in China until her death.

Strong met W. E. B. Du Bois, who visited Communist China during the Great Leap Forward in the late 1950s. Neither ever supported famine-related criticisms of the Great Leap. Strong wrote a book titled When Serfs Stood Up in Tibet based on her experience during this period, which include the Chinese invasion of Tibet.

Partly from fear of losing her passport if she came back to the US, she moved to China until her death in 1970, publishing a "Letter from China." During that time, she got to know Zhou Enlai very well, and also knew Mao Zedong. She lived in the old Italian Legation which had been changed into flats for the leading "foreign friends".

Death

Anna Louise Strong died in Beijing, on March 29, 1970.

Footnotes

Published works

Fiction

 (one-act play)

 (poems, by Anise)
 (novel, set in Ukraine)
 (poems, by Anise)

Religious tracts and social work
 (co-author with Sydney Strong, her father)
 (co-author with Sydney Strong, her father)

Reportage and travelogues

 (with preface by Leon Trotsky)

Children Pioneers
Pioneer: The Children's Colony on the Volga
Is the Soviet Union turning from world brotherhood to imperialism?
Man's New Crusade
The Thought of Mao Tse-Tung

More reading

Other websites
Anna Louise Strong Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
Anna Louise Strong (1885-1970), HistoryLink. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
Finding Aid to the Anna Louis Strong Papers , University of Washington. Retrieved March 24, 2010.

American journalists
Industrial Workers of the World
American activists
Writers from Nebraska
1885 births
1970 deaths

Anna Louise Strong


Donald S. Baim (September 26, 1949 – November 6, 2009) was a researcher and clinician in the field of interventional cardiology. Baim's primary research focused on coronary blood flow, catheter intervention in heart disease, and congestive heart failure. His work helped to shift the use of catheters from a purely diagnostic tool to a therapeutic tool. After receiving a medical degree from Yale and initial medical training, residency and a fellowship at Stanford University Medical Center, Baim spent the bulk of his career at Beth Israel Hospital and at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. In 1993, Baim founded the Beth Israel Hospital's Cardiovascular Data Analysis Center (CDAC) -- later to be named Harvard Clinical Research Institute (HCRI). Baim died of cancer in November 2009. In October 2016, HCRI changed its name to the Baim Institute for Clinical Research.

Education
Baim earned a bachelor's degree in physics from the University of Chicago in 1971 and a medical degree from Yale University in 1975. In 1995, he was awarded an honorary master's degree from Harvard University.

Academic and research career
Baim trained in internal medicine and cardiology in the early days of balloon angioplasty under John Simpson at Stanford University Medical Center, where he was an intern in medicine from 1975 to 1976. At Stanford, he served as a resident in medicine from 1976 to 1978 and a fellow in cardiology from 1978 to 1980. From 1980 to 1981, he was an attending physician and a physician specialist in cardiology at Stanford.

He became board certified in internal medicine in 1979, and in 1981, he received board certification in cardiovascular disease.

Baim joined the Harvard Medical School faculty in 1981 as instructor in medicine. He served as assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School from 1982 to 1988 and associate professor of medicine from 1988 to 1994. In 1994, he became a full professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.

In addition to his academic positions at Harvard Medical School, Baim held various clinical positions during the 1980s and 1990s at Beth Israel Hospital (BI, now Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) in Boston. In 1981, he established BI's interventional cardiology program. Under his leadership, the program performed research in the refinement, critical evaluation and optimal application of stents, atherectomy, clot removal and distal embolic protection.

While at BI, he also served as acting director of the coronary care unit (1981-1983), assistant physician (1982-1989), associate director of the cardiac catheterization laboratory (1982-1984), director of invasive cardiology (1984-1992), and chief of the interventional cardiology section (1992-1996).

In 1993, Baim co-founded the Cardiovascular Data Analysis Center (CDAC) at Beth Israel Hospital. In order to reflect its work with Harvard teaching hospitals, the organization became known as the Harvard Clinical Research Institute (HCRI) in 2000 and became an independent, non-profit academic research organization (ARO). In October 2016, HCRI was renamed in honor of Baim, becoming the Baim Institute for Clinical Research. As of October 2016, the Baim Institute has worked on more than 450 clinical trials in North America, Europe and Asia.

In 2000, Baim joined Brigham and Women's Hospital as a senior physician. During his tenure there, he also served as director of the Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology, a Boston-wide consortium of medical professionals involved in developing medical devices.

Major research interests
Baim's research focused on three primary areas:

1. Coronary blood flow: physiology of large and small vessel coronary regulation and new techniques for measuring coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism.

2. Catheter intervention in heart disease: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA, now commonly referred to as percutaneous coronary intervention, or PCI), balloon valvuloplasty and novel therapies, coronary atherectomy and thrombectomy, intra-coronary stents, distal embolic protection devices, and evaluation of new devices for coronary intervention.

3. Congestive heart failure: utility of endomyocardial biopsy and new inotropic agents.

Interventional cardiology
Mainstays of coronary intervention include balloon angioplasty and coronary stenting. Additional techniques include atherectomy (removal of plaque from lesions), thrombectomy (removal of clots from vessels) and embolic protection (capture and removal of embolic debris).

Baim wrote several chapters for and served as lead editor of the main textbook in the field of interventional cardiology, Grossman's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography and Intervention, 7th Edition, published in 2006, after serving as co-editor for editions 4–6. This was the first edition of the 30+ year-old text to feature extensively revised content in interventional techniques and devices, including material on pediatric and adult congenital heart disease, coronary atherectomy, thrombectomy, distal protection devices, stents and percutaneous valve therapies.  Now in its 8th edition (2014) and known as Grossman & Baim's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography and Intervention (Mauro Moscuccui, editor), the book contains sections on general principles, basic techniques, hemodynamic principles, angiographic techniques, evaluation of cardiac function, special catheter techniques, interventional techniques, and clinical profiles of specific cases.

Baim served as a member of the Interventional Cardiology Test Committee of the American Board of Internal Medicine.

Career milestones
Baim served as chief medical and scientific officer for Boston Scientific in Natick, Mass., from 2006 until his death in 2009. During his tenure at Boston Scientific, he supported the use of drug-eluting stents at a time when the 2006 European Congress of Cardiology called their safety into question. Baim presented data that the devices did not result in an increase in heart attack or death, a position supported by later studies.

Baim was one of six Boston Scientific employees responsible for inventing a patented bifurcation stent delivery system and methods in 2008.

In 2011, Boston Scientific established a $1.7 million endowment to fund the Donald S. Baim scholarship fund for Yale School of Medicine.

In addition to his position at Boston Scientific, Baim was a founder of, or key contributor to, more than 20 medical device start-up companies.

Personal life
Baim was born in New York City on September 26, 1949, and grew up in Miami Beach, Florida. He married Caryn Paris in 1997. He had two sons, Adam and Christopher, as well as two step-daughters, Samantha and Jenifer. In his personal time, he enjoyed travel, playing the guitar and cooking for his family.

Baim had multiple sclerosis starting at the age of 40. Less than three months after he was diagnosed with adrenal cancer, Donald Baim died on November 6, 2009, at the age of 60. He is buried in Sharon Memorial Park in Sharon, Mass.

Honors and Recognitions
In 1983, Baim was named a fellow of the American College of Cardiology, and in 1984, he was named a fellow of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Intervention.

Baim served on the editorial boards of several medical journals, including the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1987-1991, 1993- ), Circulation (1993- ), and Catheterization and Cardiovascular Intervention (1987- ). He served as co-editor-in-chief of Cardiology (1999- ) and section editor for Interventional Cardiology (1999- ). He also served as an interventional cardiology exam consultant for the American Board of Internal Medicine (1999- ).

In October 2000, Baim received a Career Achievement Award at the Trans Cardiovascular Therapeutics meeting.

Further reading
Grossman and Baim's Cardiac Catheterization, Angiography and Intervention, 8th edition, 2014.

"Where balloons fail in clearing arteries, new devices may help," The New York Times. March 20, 1990.

References

1949 births
2009 deaths
University of Chicago alumni
Yale School of Medicine alumni
American cardiologists
Scientists from New York City
People from Miami Beach, Florida
Deaths from adrenocortical cancer
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
People with multiple sclerosis
Fellows of the American College of Cardiology
Boston Scientific people

Donald S. Baim


Tô Hoài (Birth name: Nguyễn Sen; September 27, 1920 – July 6, 2014) was a Vietnamese writer,  playwright, screenwriter, journalist and correspondent.

The pen name Tô Hoài is derived from the names of Tô Lịch River and Hoài Đức district, which are landmarks of his hometown. Among his works are the best - seller books Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký (Diary of a cricket) (1941), Truyện Tây Bắc (Stories of North West region) (1958), Quê nhà (Home town) (1970), Ba người khác (Three Others) (1991). Some of his works have been translated into foreign languages. He won the Ho Chi Minh Prize for Literature in 1996.

Biography
Tô Hoài was born in Nghĩa Đô ward, Cầu Giấy district, Hanoi, Vietnam. He was the only son of a craftsmen family who made their living by weaving. He was sent to primary school but no longer continued higher education because of his family poor financial conditions.

After leaving school, he had started to work in many different jobs as a craftsman, tutor, salesman, accountant... to earn money but he never gave up his desire to study. And so he continued to self-study from then until the day he became one of the most prestigious writer in Vietnam.

His first literary work was issued in the Hà Nội Tân văn (Hanoi Newspaper) and Tiểu thuyết thứ bảy (Saturday Novel Newspaper) in the end of 1940. Since then he had written for many kind of genres: guides, journal, memoirs, short stories, poetry, anthologies, novels, autobiographies, film scripts, plays and many types of newspaper articles like feature articles, editorials, columns. He had written more than 150 works of which about half are for children. In among the most well - known book for children is also his best selling, Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký (Diary of a cricket) (1941) that has been translated in 37 languages and filmed. The book has been created for comics, cartoons and kept republished many times. For many years and until today one chapter of the book is continued to publish in textbook for elementary school students and to be taught nationwide.

Tô Hoài's works and books are mainly for five themes: 1. Children, 2. History and present of Hanoi's suburbs, 3. Mountainous areas in North West and Viet Bac revolutionary base, 4. Resistance and the formation of socialism, 5. Autobiographies, memoirs and guides on creative writing.

Besides Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký (Diary of a cricket) translated in different languages, Tô Hoài has other books and stories translated in English, Russian, Chinese, French, Japanese ... Some of them are Chuyện Trê Cóc (The story of the catfish and the toad), Tình buồn (A sad love story)

Later life and before death, he stopped writing books but continued to produce many articles published by many local newspapers in Vietnam. Tô Hoài died of old age at 93 years old on July 6, 2014, in Hanoi. The funeral service was held on July 17, 2014, by the states and attended by hundreds people including family members, high-rank leaders from the states, governments, Hanoi People Committee, associations, bodies ... and his beloved readers. His death was marked as the passing away of the last writer of the writers generation who became famous before the Revolution in 1945 in Vietnam.

Period of resistance
During the Democracy Front period in 1938, Tô Hoài joined the Fraternity Weaver Movement as Acting Secretary for their Ha Dong province association as well as the Movement for Youth Against Imperialism. In 1943, he became a member of the first team of Culture for Nation Salvation in Hanoi.
After the August Revolutionary in 1945, Tô Hoài participated in the Southward March Movement, leaving for Việt Bắc province to be a journalist for Cứu quốc newspaper (National Salvation). There, he worked as a head of Cứu quốc Việt Bắc newspaper (Viet Bac National Salvation and as an editor-in-chief for Cứu quốc magazine. He also joined the Vietnamese Arts & Literature Association in 1951.

After the restoration of peace in Vietnam, he was elected for General Secretary of the Association in the first congress in 1957. From 1958 to 1980, he was member of the executive committee and afterwards held the position of Vice General Secretary of the Vietnamese Writers Association.

From 1966 to 1996, he was also the first chairman of the Hanoi Arts Association, later known as Hanoi Arts & Literature Association. He is also the first president of the Children's Literature Council under Vietnam Writers Association.

Tô Hoài has been awarded many honorary positions. He was elected to be a Vietnamese National Assembly member for the seventh session, nominated to be Vice Chairman for the Fatherland Front of Hanoi City, Vice Chairman of the Asian-African-Latin American Solidarity Committee and Vice Chairman of the Vietnamese-Indian Friendship Association.

Prizes and awards

 Truyện Tây Bắc (Stories of North West region): First Prize for Novel awarded by the Vietnam Arts and Literature Association, 1956
 Miền Tây (The West): First Prize awarded by the Asian-African Writers' Association, 1970
 Quê nhà (Hometown): An award granted by Hanoi Arts Association, 1970
 Chuyện cũ Hà Nội (Old Stories about Hanoi): Thang Long Prize awarded by the Hanoi People's Committee
 Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký (Diary of a cricket), Xóm Giếng (Gieng village), Nhà nghèo (Poor family), O chuột (Hunting Mice), Núi Cứu quốc (National Salvation), Truyện Tây Bắc (Stories of North West region), Mười năm (10 years), Xuống làng (Go to downtown), Vỡ tỉnh (Province  was down), Tào luồng (Tao luong), Họ Giàng ở Phìn Sa (Giang family in Phin Sa), Miền Tây (The West), Vợ chồng A Phủ (A Phu couple), Tuổi trẻ Hoàng Văn Thụ (Youth of Hoang Van Thu): Ho Chi Minh Prize for Literature (first time), 1996
 Bui Xuan Phai Prize – A love for Hanoi, 2010

References

1920 births
2014 deaths
Ho Chi Minh Prize recipients
Vietnamese writers
Vietnamese children's writers
Vietnamese animators

Tô Hoài


Gothenburg City Theatre () opened in 1934 at Götaplatsen square in Gothenburg, Sweden. The theatre was designed by Swedish architect Carl Bergsten who gave the exterior a Neo-Classical look with a touch of Streamline Moderne. The critics thought it to be a too old-fashioned building – the International Style had had a big breakthrough some years before at the 1930 Stockholm Exhibition. But the interiors of the building pleased the reviewers who thought the auditorium to be "intimate" and "democratic". The theatre went through a major renovation some years ago and the auditorium was equipped with new technology and with new seats.

The big stage has a capacity of 600 people; there is also a smaller stage called the Studio.

Many of Sweden's big theatre profiles have passed the gates of the theatre: Gösta Ekman (senior) and Ingmar Bergman, just to mention two of them. And during the Second World War Torsten Hammarén made the theatre famous for its anti-Nazi productions. The current leader of the theatre is Anna Takanen and before that it was run by Bosnian-Swedish director Jasenko Selimovic, who during a ten-year period managed to please both audience and theatre critics.

Notes

External links
 Gothenburg City Theatre

City
Theatre
Theatres in Sweden
Streamline Moderne architecture
Theatres completed in 1934
1934 establishments in Sweden

Gothenburg City Theatre


Gillian Condy, born 5 December 1952 Nairobi, is a South African botanical artist. She has illustrated more than 200 plates for Flowering Plants of Africa, contributed to various other South African National Botanical Institute publications and eight plates for Curtis's Botanical Magazine. She has illustrated two books by Charles Craib, Geophytic Pelargoniums (2001) and Grass Aloes in the South African Veld (2005). She also contributed to the biographic section in the book South African Botanical Art: Peeling back the Petals (2001).

Biography
Condy was born in Kenya, the youngest of three daughters of Thomas Roy Condy and Phyllis Mary Poulton, and spent her childhood in Uganda where her love for Africa and its plants developed. She received her training at Middlesex Polytechnic in London as a natural history illustrator and obtained a Master of Arts degree from the Royal College of Art for a project entitled "British Poisonous Plants".

Condy returned to Africa by way of Phuthadikobo Museum at Mochudi in Botswana with the International Voluntary Service and spent two years roughing it before moving to Lobatse. In 1983 she became the resident botanical artist with the South African National Botanical Institute in Pretoria, retiring in 2018. She has retained her ties with Botswana through the design of 13 sets of postage stamps for that country since 1982.

Honours and awards
Condy has been awarded gold medals by the Royal Horticultural Society and in 1990 was presented with the Jill Smythies Award from the Linnean Society of London. In 1992 she received the Beeld Stamp Design of the Year award for Edible Wild Fruits of Bophuthatswana and second place in 1993 for Acacia Trees. Her work has been shown internationally in more than 60 exhibitions. She has also exhibited at the 7th International Exhibit of Botanical Art and Illustration, Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation in Pittsburgh, USA. In 2000 she was awarded a gold medal at the inaugural Kirstenbosch Exhibition of Botanical Art, followed by Silver in 2002 and Gold in 2004.

In December 2001 she was awarded the Cythna Letty Medal by the Botanical Society of South Africa. In 2006 she designed a set of six stamps for South Africa showing Clivia species.

Gillian Condy is one of the founding members of the Botanical Artists Association of Southern Africa (BAASA). She runs regular art courses for SANBI and BAASA. Her artwork is found on the Blue Train and in collections around the world.

Publications
2001 Geophytic Pelargoniums - with Charles Craib (Umdaus Press)
2001 South African Botanical Art : Peeling Back the Petals (Fernwood Press)
2005 Grass Aloes in the South African Veld - with Charles Craib (Umdaus Press)

External links
The Cavern

1952 births
Living people
Botanical illustrators
South African painters
Alumni of Middlesex University
20th-century South African women artists
21st-century South African women artists

Gillian Condy


Jewish religious clothing is apparel worn by Jews in connection with the practice of the Jewish religion. Jewish religious clothing has changed over time while maintaining the influences of biblical commandments and Jewish religious law regarding clothing and modesty (tzniut). Contemporary styles in the wider culture also have a bearing on Jewish religious clothing, although this extent is limited.

Historical background

The Torah set forth rules for dress that, following later rabbinical tradition, were interpreted as setting Jews apart from the communities in which they lived.

Classical Greek and Roman sources, that often ridicule many aspects of Jewish life, do not remark on their clothing and subject it to caricature, as they do when touching on Celtic, Germanic, and Persian peoples, and mock their different modes of dress. Cultural anthropologist Eric Silverman argues that Jews in the late antiquity period used clothes and hair-styles like the people around them. At 2 Maccabees 4:12, it is said that the Maccabees slaughtered Jewish youths guilty of Hellenizing in wearing caps typical of Greek youths.

In the Mishnaic period, as well as in many Islamic countries until the mid-20th century, Jewish men typically wore a tunic (, ḥalūk), instead of trousers. In the same countries, many different local regulations emerged to make Christian and Jewish dhimmis look distinctive in their public appearance. In 1198, the Almohad emir Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur decreed that Jews must wear a dark blue garb, with very large sleeves and a grotesquely oversized hat; his son altered the colour to yellow, a change that may have influenced Catholic ordinances some time later. German ethnographer Erich Brauer (1895–1942) noted that in Yemen of his time, Jews were not allowed to wear clothing of any color besides blue. Earlier, in Jacob Saphir's time (1859), they would wear outer garments that were "utterly black".

In France, during the Middle Ages, Jewish men typically wore trousers and a shirt (chemise), thought by Rashi to have been equivalent to the tunic worn by Jewish men of the east.

Men's clothing
Many Jewish men historically wore a turban or a habit, a tunic, a tallit, and sandals in summer. Oriental Jewish men in late-Ottoman and British Mandate Palestine would wear the tarbush on their heads.

Tallit, tzitzit
The tallit is a Jewish prayer shawl worn while reciting morning prayers as well as in the synagogue on Shabbat and holidays. In Yemen, the wearing of such garments was not unique to prayer time alone but was worn the entire day. In many Ashkenazi communities, a tallit is worn only after marriage. The tallit has special twined and knotted fringes known as tzitzit attached to its four corners. It is sometimes referred to as Arba kanfot (lit. 'four corners') although the term is more common for a tallit katan, an undergarment with tzitzit. According to the Biblical commandments, tzitzit must be attached to any four-cornered garment, and a thread with a blue dye known as tekhelet was originally included in the tzitzit, although the missing blue thread does not impair the validness of the white. Jewish tradition varies with respect to burial with or without a tallit. While all the deceased are buried in tachrichim (burial shrouds), some communities (Yemenite Jews) do not bury their dead in their tallit. The Shulhan Arukh and the Tur, however, following the legal opinion of the Ramban, require burying the dead with their tallit, and which has become the general practice amongst most religious Jews. Among others, the matter is dependent upon custom.

Since tzitzit are considered to be a time-bound commandment, only men are required to wear them. Authorities have differed as to whether women are prohibited, permitted or encouraged to wear them. Medieval authorities tended toward leniency, with more prohibitive rulings gaining in precedence since the 16th century. Conservative Judaism regards women as exempt from wearing tzitzit, not as prohibited, and the tallit has become more common among Conservative women since the 1970s. Some progressive Jewish women choose to take on the obligations of tzitzit and tefillin, and it has become common for a girl to receive a tallit when she becomes bat mitzvah.

Kippah
A kippah or yarmulke (also called a kappel or skull cap) is a thin, slightly-rounded skullcap traditionally worn at all times by Orthodox Jewish men, and sometimes by both men and women in Conservative and Reform communities. Its use is associated with demonstrating respect and reverence for God. Jews in Arab lands did not traditionally wear yarmulkes, but rather larger, rounded, brimless hats, such as the kufi or tarboush.

Kittel
A kittel () is a white, knee-length, cotton robe worn by Jewish prayer leaders and some Orthodox Jews on the High Holidays. In some families, the head of the household wears a kittel at the Passover seder, while in other families all married men wear them. In many Ashkenazi Orthodox circles, it is customary for the groom to wear a kittel under the chuppah (wedding canopy).

Women's clothing

Married observant Jewish women wear a scarf ( or ), snood, hat, beret, or sometimes a wig (sheitel) in order to conform with the requirement of Jewish religious law that married women cover their hair.

Jewish women were distinguished from others in the western regions of the Roman Empire by their custom of veiling in public. The custom of veiling was shared by Jews with others in the eastern regions. The custom petered out among Roman women, but was retained by Jewish women as a sign of their identification as Jews. The custom has been retained among Orthodox women. Evidence drawn from the Talmud shows that pious Jewish women would wear shawls over their heads when they would leave their homes, but there was no practice of fully covering the face. In the medieval era, Jewish women started veiling their faces under the influence of the Islamic societies they lived in. In some Muslim regions such as in Baghdad, Jewish women veiled their faces until the 1930s. In the more lax Kurdish regions, Jewish women did not cover their faces.

Jewish vs gentile customs
Based on the rabbinic traditions of the Talmud, the 12th century philosopher Maimonides forbade emulating gentile dress and apparel when those same items of clothing have immodest designs, or that they are connected somehow to an idolatrous practice, or are worn because of some superstitious practice (i. e., "the ways of an Amorite").

A question was posed to 15th-century Rabbi Joseph Colon (Maharik) regarding "gentile clothing" and whether or not a Jew who wears such clothing transgresses a biblical prohibition that states, "You shall not walk in their precepts" (). In a protracted responsum, Rabbi Colon wrote that any Jew who might be a practising physician is permitted to wear a physician's cape (traditionally worn by gentile physicians on account of their expertise in that particular field of science and their wanting to be recognized as such), and that the Jewish physician who wore it has not infringed upon any law in the Torah, even though Jews were not wont to wear such garments in former times. He noted that there is nothing attributed to "superstitious" practice by their wearing such a garment, while, at the same time, there isn't anything promiscuous or immodest about wearing such a cape, neither is it worn out of haughtiness. Moreover, he has understood from Maimonides (Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1) that there is no commandment requiring a fellow Jew to seek out and look for clothing which would make them stand out as "different" from what is worn by gentiles, but rather, only to make sure that what a Jew might wear is not an "exclusive" gentile item of clothing. He noted that wearing a physician's cape is not an exclusive gentile custom, noting, moreover, that since the custom to wear the cape varies from place to place, and that, in France, physicians do not have it as a custom to wear such capes, it cannot therefore be an exclusive gentile custom.

According to Rabbi Colon, modesty was still a criterion for wearing gentile clothing, writing: "...even if Israel made it as their custom [to wear] a certain item of clothing, while the Gentiles [would wear] something different, if the Israelite garment should not measure up to [the standard established in] Judaism or of modesty more than what the Gentiles hold as their practice, there is no prohibition whatsoever for an Israelite to wear the garment that is practised among the Gentiles, seeing that it is in [keeping with] the way of fitness and modesty just as that of Israel."

Rabbi Joseph Karo (1488–1575), following in the footsteps of Colon, ruled in accordance with Colon's teaching in his seminal work Beit Yosef on the Tur (Yoreh De'ah §178), and in his commentary Kessef Mishneh (on Maimonides' Mishne Torah, Hilkhot Avodat Kokhavim 11:1), making the wearing of gentile clothing contingent upon three factors: 1) that they not be promiscuous clothing; 2) not be clothing linked to an idolatrous practice; 3) not be clothing that was worn because of some superstitious practice (or "the way of the Amorites"). Rabbi Moses Isserles (1530–1572) opines that to these strictures can be added one additional prohibition of wearing clothes that are a "custom" for them (the gentiles) to wear, that is to say, an exclusive gentile custom where the clothing is immodest. Rabbi and posek Moshe Feinstein (1895–1986) subscribed to the same strictures.

See also

 Biblical clothing
 Israeli fashion
 Jewish hat
 Kaftan
 Religious clothing

References

Further reading
 Rubens, Alfred, (1973) A History of Jewish Costume. .
 Silverman, Eric. (2013) A Cultural History of Jewish Dress. London: Bloomsbury. .

External links

History of clothing

Jewish religious clothing


Tolerable daily intake (TDI) refers to the daily amount of a chemical that has been assessed safe for human being on long-term basis (usually whole lifetime). Originally acceptable daily intake (ADI) was introduced in 1961 to define the daily intake of a food additive which, during the entire lifetime, appears to be without appreciable risk. For contaminants and other foreign chemicals not used intentionally, the term TDI is often preferred. Both ADI and TDI are usually assessed based on animal experiments, and it is most often hundreds of times lower than the dose causing no observable adverse effect (NOAEL) in the most sensitive tested animal species. Because the confounding factors (safety factors) may vary depending on the quality of data and the type of adverse effect, TDI values are not good estimates of the harmfulness of chemicals, and must be considered administrative tools to set allowable limits for chemicals, rather than scientific measures. The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse effects.

References

Toxicology

fr:dose journalière tolérable
zh:每日耐受量
ja:耐容一日摂取量

Tolerable daily intake


Roger Lim (born June 4, 1968) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter.

Education and early career
Born and raised in San Francisco, California, he graduated from the University of San Francisco with a B.A. in Psychology. As a junior at the Lowell High School (San Francisco), he was named All-City pitcher after winning his school's first-ever playoff-championship game at Candlestick Park. After a career threatening rotator cuff injury his senior year, he managed to walk on as an outfielder his freshman year at USF. With his arm fully recovered, he transferred to Cal State East Bay in Hayward, where he finished as the team's second leading hitter. In between college seasons, he competed at third base in front of professional scouts at recruitment camps for the Seattle Mariners, Philadelphia Phillies, and the Major League Scouting Bureau. After returning to USF to earn his degree, he converted to a full-time catcher, playing on various semi-pro teams around Northern and Southern California. After settling in L.A., he began training concurrently in massage therapy and acting courses. During that time, he landed various talent agents, leading him to model in over 150 print ad campaigns. During his studies at the Larry Moss Studios he started writing. Soon afterwards he began scripting his AmerAsian Trilogy.

Filmmaker
Rush Hour 2 (2001) — Lim's first-ever job behind the camera was as a stand-in for Jackie Chan during the final stages of production in Los Angeles. Watching Jackie work so closely with Brett Ratner was an extremely enlightening experience, teaching him the value of timing, precision and perfection.

AmerAsian (2009) — Lim's first AmerAsian film as actor/ director/ producer/ screenwriter was completed in 2009. Eric Young, stagnant and lifeless since his father's death, is coerced by his best friend, Sean, to borrow an identity and take back a forgone year of baseball eligibility. Once in class, Eric immediately connects with Monica, the charming, All-American daughter of his coach, Coach Donovan. Although Eric works harder than anyone to earn playing time, the jealous Donovan permanently relegates him to the bench. Due to his own hidden motives, Sean warns Eric to steer clear of Monica and to focus strictly on baseball. But when Eric turns the other ear, he finds the closer he grows to Monica, the darker the secrets that surface from her abusive past. Eric is ultimately forced to the weigh the challenges of his own mental well-being against the psychological pain which causes Monica to spiral out of control.

Great American Dream (2011) — Lim's second AmerAsian film is nearing completion. Eric Young and his new friend, Danny, re-enroll in college under false identities, attempting to erase their imperfect baseball pasts. As Eric tries his best to fit in on the team, he repeatedly finds himself the victim of jealous circumstances. However, Eric, still suffering from the loss of his father, connects deeply with Coach Pierce, still suffering from the loss of his son. But the closer the pair become, the further Danny distances himself, as he experiments with performance-enhancing drugs. When a pair of racist enemies from the past unexpectedly resurface, Eric's career swings full circle, presenting a bittersweet chance at redemption. Thus, Eric, forced to enter biggest game of his life, must stay completely hidden behind the catcher's mask, or jeopardize his identity amidst an increasingly ominous situation.

Young Again aka AmerAsian3 (2012) — Lim's 3rd installment of the AmerAsian Trilogy is currently in production with principal photography concluding in Summer 2009. Eric Young begins his final journey in graduate school where he's dared by Frates, his roommate, to try out for the Volcano baseball team by passing himself off as a decade younger. After Eric barely makes the cut, he returns the favor by mentoring Frates at catcher, despite the increasing suspicion of Smaller, the assistant coach, and Barber, the starting catcher. When the Volcanos learn they'll play a crucial exhibition against a minor league team, attracting several professional scouts, a physical and mental battle ignites between Eric and Frates for the starting job. But as the competition intensifies, Frates opts to take the ultimate short cut, causing tempers to fly out of control, and forcing Eric to learn the hard way just who Frates really is.

Filmography
 Vanilla Sky (2001) – actor
 Rush Hour 2 (2001) – actor and stand-in for Jackie Chan
 Alias (2002) – actor
 The Young and the Restless (2002) – actor
 Tequila Express (2002 film)  – actor
 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2003–04) – actor (various characters)
 Rumor Has It… (2005) – actor
 Coach Carter (2005) – actor
 It Is Written (2007) – actor (various characters)
 L.A. Forensics (2007)  – actor
 NCIS (2007) – actor
 AmerAsian (2009) -- actor, director, producer, screenwriter
 Great American Dream (2010) -- actor, director, producer, screenwriter
 Young Again (2020) -- actor, director, producer, screenwriter

References

External links

Living people
1968 births
University of San Francisco alumni
Los Angeles Pierce College people
California State University, East Bay alumni

Roger Lim


Shoot wrestling is a combat sport that originated in Japan's professional wrestling circuit (Puroresu) of the 1970s. Professional wrestlers of that era attempted to use more realistic or even "full contact" moves in their matches to increase their excitement, diminishing or eschewing the theatrical elements and acrobatics, looking more similar to an actual, unscripted fight. The name "shoot wrestling" comes from the professional wrestling term "shoot", which refers to any unscripted occurrence within a scripted wrestling event. Shoot wrestling incorporated realistic moves from submission grappling and various kickboxing styles. It was particularly inspired and influenced by catch wrestling, a form of wrestling with submissions that was the predominant style of professional wrestling in the 19th and early 20th century, at the time not yet predetermined.

The first wave of shoot wrestlers were students of Antonio Inoki and Karl Gotch from New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), two wrestlers which already were advocates of a stiffer and more realistic wrestling style. Their students left NJPW to form the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) in 1984, pioneering in the new style.

Shoot wrestling was popular in Japan from the 1980s until the mid-1990s, fading from popularity due the demise of the leading shoot-style promotion UWFi in 1996 and the simultaneous rise of mixed martial arts (MMA) in Japan. Most shoot wrestlers started to migrate to MMA or back to more theatrical forms of professional wrestling. Shoot wrestling had a considerable influence on the sport of mixed martial arts.

Prior to the emergence of the current sport of shoot wrestling, the term was commonly used in the professional wrestling business, particularly in the United Kingdom, as a synonym for the sport of catch wrestling. Shoot wrestling can be used to describe a range of hybrid fighting systems such as shootfighting, shoot boxing and the styles of mixed martial arts done in the Shooto, Pancrase and RINGS promotions. Organizations, promotions and gyms with origins in shoot wrestling are referred as the "U-Kei".

History

Historically, shoot wrestling has been influenced by many martial arts, most influential of them being catch wrestling, but also freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, and then sambo, karate, Muay Thai and judo in the sport's later stages.

Karl Gotch is one of the most important figures in the development of shoot wrestling. Karl Gotch would begin his journey into wrestling in the German and North American professional wrestling circuits, where Gotch found moderate success. However, it was in his tours of Japan that the early formations of shoot wrestling took place. Gotch was a student of the "Snake Pit" gym, run by the renowned catch wrestler Billy Riley of Wigan. The gym was the centre of learning submission wrestling as practiced in the mining town of Wigan, popularly known as catch-as-catch-can wrestling. It was here that Karl Gotch honed his catch wrestling skills. Karl Gotch also travelled to India to practice the wrestling form of Pehlwani; later on he would propagate the exercises using the "Hindu mace" (large clubs) and would go on to incorporate the Indian system of exercises using push-ups, neck exercises, yogic breathing exercises and "Hindu squats" for conditioning. Gotch attained legendary status in Japan, earning the nickname God of Wrestling. In the 1970s he taught catch wrestling-based hooking and shooting to the likes of Antonio Inoki, Tatsumi Fujinami, Yoshiaki Fujiwara, Satoru Sayama, Masami Soranaka, and Akira Maeda. Most of these professional wrestlers already had backgrounds in legitimate martial arts. Masami Soranaka had been a student of full contact karate, kodokan judo, and sumo. Yoshiaki Fujiwara was already a black belt in judo, while Satoru Sayama had studied Muay Thai with Toshio Fujiwara and went on to study sambo with Victor Koga. This would eventually lead to the added influences of karate, Muay Thai and judo to the wrestling style.

One of Gotch's students, Antonio Inoki, hosted a series of mixed martial arts-style wrestling matches in which he pitted his "strong style professional wrestling" against other martial arts in an attempt to show that professional wrestling and shoot wrestling were the strongest fighting disciplines. Inoki would go on to teach these fighting techniques to a new generation of wrestlers in the dojo of his professional wrestling promotion, New Japan Pro-Wrestling. These matches eventually culminated into the Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki. While the previous matches were predetermined, Ali and Inoki could not agree on the terms of the match and it turned into a "shoot".

Later on, many wrestlers became interested in promoting this more realistic style of professional wrestling and in 1984, the Universal Wrestling Federation was formed. The UWF was a professional wrestling organisation that promoted the shoot and strong styles of wrestling. While predetermined, the UWF featured effective and practical martial arts moves, which were applied with force. The organization would even host some legitimate mixed martial arts fights, where the UWF wrestlers were able to test their shoot wrestling techniques against fighters with other styles, mimicking Inoki's own exploits. However, internal conflicts between the wrestlers soon resulted in a breakup of the company.

After the breakup of the original Universal Wrestling Federation, shoot wrestling branched into several disciplines. One of the first top stars to leave was "Tiger Mask" Satoru Sayama in 1985, he was dissatisfied with the UWF's internal politics and decided to follow his dream of founding his own martial art discipline. He combined his knowledge of shoot wrestling and other martial arts to create a legitimate fighting style which he later named "Shooto", holding the first amateur event in 1986 and first professional event in 1989. Nobuhiko Takada and his supporters went to found UWF International, Akira Maeda founded Fighting Network RINGS while Yoshiaki Fujiwara went to found Pro Wrestling Fujiwara Gumi ("Fujiwara family"), in the latter, a few wrestlers such as Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Suzuki, dissatisfied with Fujiwara's turn to lucha libre-inspired style and lack of focus in fighting skills, founded Pancrase in 1993, a company which used shoot-wrestling rules but promoted real unscripted fights.

The multiple successors and organizations inspired by the UWF range from professional wrestling, to MMA and even standalone martial arts styles, they are collectively known as the "U-Kei" ("U-Group" or "U-Class").

Shoot wrestling itself was popular until the mid-90s due the demise of the UWFi in 1996 and the simultaneous rise of mixed martial arts in Japan led to a sharp decline in popularity. Most shoot wrestlers started to migrate into MMA—Fighting Network RINGS itself became a full MMA promotion—or back to more theatrical forms of professional wrestling.

Currently, a few companies have been promoting shoot-wrestling events. GLEAT is a Japanese promotion founded in 2020 by LIDET Entertainment consists of former Pro Wrestling NOAH officials. The "Lidet UWF" is a sub-brand which has UWF-style matches. Game Changer Wrestling—an American New Jersey-based promotion—promotes shoot-style wrestling events known as the GCW Bloodsport. The events counted with former MMA and shoot-inspired pro wrestlers such as Minoru Suzuki, Josh Barnett, Matt Riddle and Dan Severn.

Major promotions
Shoot wrestling branched into several sub disciplines after the breakup of the original Universal Wrestling Federation. The main forms and revivals are listed below.

Yoshiaki Fujiwara's students Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Suzuki founded Pancrase in 1993, a mixed martial arts promotion predating UFC which originally used shoot wrestling rules in real non-scripted matches.
Akira Maeda founded Fighting Network Rings in 1991, a shoot-style wrestling promotion that transitioned to MMA.
World-renowned gyms like the Lion's Den, Takada Dojo, and the Shamrock Martial Arts Academy propagate the shoot wrestling-based style.
Dutch kickboxer and MMA legend Bas Rutten trained with shoot wrestler Masakatsu Funaki.
Junior National Korean taekwondo champion Masa Kin Jim has trained in shoot wrestling. During a brief tour of Japan promoting Korean Martial Arts, Masa Kin Jim became fascinated with the shoot wrestling style.  In 1998, he would go on to open one of the first shoot wrestling academies in South Korea.
In 2004, shoot wrestling received official sport status in western Canada and was eligible for licensing. The first of many matches were held open to the public to build a foundation of awareness for the new sport.

Derived styles

Combat wrestling

Combat wrestling, also known as "MMA without strikes" is a shoot wrestling variation founded by Kiguchi Dojo.

Doojo, a former wrestler, incorporated classic wrestling rules in his sport.  Famous mixed martial artists also participate in the tournament and a tournament is also held throughout Japan.  Even matchmaking, which is usually not seen by amateur wrestlers and mixed martial arts fighters, is attractive and is now a successful door for mixed martial arts fighters.

In addition, joint levers and chokes are considered fouls unless they lead to a fall, but in combat wrestling a fall does not result in victory (it will be a point at judgment). If a wrestler taps from joint blocks or throttling, a winner is declared. The basic rule is that percussion techniques are basically prohibited and are often practiced as mixed martial arts performed by amateurs.

Shooto
Kickboxer Caesar Takeshi founded Shoot boxing in 1985, a stand-up fighting league allowing standing submissions and throws.

Shootfighting
Another Yoshiaki Fujiwara student, Bart Vale, developed shootfighting.

Shootboxing
Kickboxer Caesar Takeshi founded Shoot boxing in 1985, a stand-up fighting league allowing standing submissions and throws.

See also
 Pancrase
 Professional wrestling in Japan
 Shootfighting
 Shooto

Footnotes

References

External links
Scientific Wrestling.
Website of the film 'Catch - the hold not taken', which looks at the history of shoot wrestling
 Chan, Sam. The Japanese Pro-Wrestling: Reality Based Martial Art Connection. bjj.org. URL last accessed January 7, 2006.

Hybrid martial arts
Wrestling
Japanese martial arts
Sports originating in Japan
History of professional wrestling

Shoot wrestling