The Hurro-Urartian languages are an extinct language family of the Ancient Near East, comprising only two known languages: Hurrian and Urartian.

Origins
It is often assumed that the Hurro-Urartian languages (or a pre-split Proto-Hurro-Urartian language) were originally spoken by people who engaged in the Kura-Araxes culture.

External classification
While the genetic relation between Hurrian and Urartian is undisputed, the wider connections of Hurro-Urartian to other language families are controversial. After the decipherment of Hurrian and Urartian inscriptions and documents in the 19th and early 20th century, Hurrian and Urartian were soon recognized as not related to the Semitic nor to the Indo-European languages, and to date, the most conservative view holds that Hurro-Urartian is a primary language family not demonstrably related to any other language family.

Early proposals for an external genetic relationship of Hurro-Urartian variously grouped them with the Kartvelian languages, Elamite, and other non-Semitic and non-Indo-European languages of the region.

Igor Diakonoff and Sergei Starostin suggested that Hurro-Urartian can be included as a branch of the Northeastern Caucasian language family, the latter dubbed Alarodian languages by Diakonoff. Several studies argue that the connection is probable. Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that Alarodian is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families. However, nothing is known about Alarodians except that they "were armed like the Colchians and Saspeires," according to Herodotus. Colchians and Saspeires are generally associated with Kartvelians or Scythians. Additionally, leading Urartologist Paul Zimansky rejected a connection between Urartians and Alarodians.

Arnaud Fournet and Allan R. Bomhard argue that Hurro-Urartian is a sister family to Indo-European.

The poorly attested Kassite language may have belonged to the Hurro-Urartian language family.

Contacts with other languages
Hurrian was the language of the Hurrians (occasionally called "Hurrites"), and was spoken in the northern parts of Mesopotamia and Syria and the southeastern parts of Anatolia between at least last quarter of the third millennium BC and its extinction towards the end of the second millennium BC. There have been various Hurrian-speaking states, of which the most prominent one was the kingdom of Mitanni (1450–1270 BC). It has also been proposed that two little known groups, the Nairi and the Mannae, might have been Hurrian speakers, but as little is known about them, it is hard to draw any conclusions about what languages they spoke. Furthermore, the Kassite language was possibly related to Hurro-Urartian. Francfort and Tremblay on the basis of the Akkadian textual and archaeological evidence, proposed to identify the kingdom of Marhashi and Ancient Margiana. The Marhashite personal names seems to point towards an Eastern variant of Hurrian or another language of the Hurro-Urartian language family.

There was also a strong Hurrian influence on the Hittite culture in ancient times, so many Hurrian texts are preserved from Hittite political centres. The Mitanni variety is chiefly known from the so-called "Mitanni letter" from Hurrian Tushratta to pharaoh Amenhotep III surviving in the Amarna archives. The "Old Hurrian" variety is known from some early royal inscriptions and from religious and literary texts, especially from Hittite centres.

Urartian is attested from the late 9th century BC to the late 7th century BC as the official written language of the state of Urartu and was probably spoken by the majority of the population in the mountainous areas around Lake Van and the upper Zab valley. It branched off from Hurrian at approximately the beginning of the second millennium BC. Scholars, such as Paul Zimansky, contend that Urartian was only spoken by a small ruling class and was not the primary language of the majority of the population.

Although Hurro-Urartian languages became extinct with the collapse of the Urartu empire, Diakonoff and Greppin suggested that traces of its vocabulary survived in a small number of loanwords in Old Armenian. More recent scholarship by Arnaud Fournet, Hrach Martirosyan, Armen Petrosyan, and others has proposed more extensive contacts between the languages, including vocabulary, grammar, parts of speech, and proper nouns loaned into  Armenian, such as Urartian "eue" ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts (compare to Armenian "yev" (և, եվ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities.

There are some lexical matches between Hurro-Urartian and the Sumerian, indicating an early contact.

Characteristics
Besides their fairly consistent ergative alignment and their generally agglutinative morphology (despite a number of not entirely predictable morpheme mergers), Hurrian and Urartian are also both characterized by the use of suffixes in their derivational and inflectional morphology (including ten to fifteen grammatical cases) and postpositions in syntax; both are considered to have the default order subject–object–verb, although there is significant variation, especially in Urartian. In both languages, nouns can receive a peculiar "anaphoric suffix" comparable (albeit apparently not identical) to a definite article, and nominal modifiers are marked by Suffixaufnahme (i.e. they receive a "copy" of the case suffixes of the head); in verbs, the type of valency (intransitive vs transitive) is signalled by a special suffix, the so-called "class marker". The complex morpheme "chains" of nouns and verbs follow roughly the same morpheme sequences in both languages. In nouns, the sequence in both languages is stem – article – possessive suffix – plural suffix – case suffix – agreement (Suffixaufnahme) suffix. In verbs, the portion of the structure shared by both languages is stem – valency marker – person suffixes. Most morphemes have fairly similar phonological forms in the two languages.

Despite this structural similarity, there are also significant differences. In the phonology, written Hurrian only seems to distinguish a single series of phonemic obstruents without any contrastive phonation distinctions (the variation in voicing, though visible in the script, was allophonic); in contrast, written Urartian distinguishes as many as three series: voiced, voiceless and "emphatic" (perhaps glottalized). Urartian is also characterized by the apparent reduction of some word-final vowels to schwa (e.g. Urartian ulə vs Hurrian oli "another", Urartian eurišə vs Hurrian evrišše "lordship", Hurrian 3rd person plural enclitic pronoun -lla vs Urartian -lə). As the last two examples shows, the Hurrian geminates are also absent in Urartian.

In the morphology, there are differences as well. Hurrian indicates the plural of nouns through a special suffix -až-, which only survives in fossilized form merged into some case endings in Urartian. Hurrian clearly marks tense or aspect through special suffixes (the unmarked form is the present tense) whereas Urartian has not been shown to do so in the attested texts (the unmarked form functions as a past tense). Hurrian has special negative verbal suffixes that negate a verb and are placed before the ergative person agreement suffixes; Urartian has no such thing and instead uses negative particles that are placed before the verb. In Hurrian, only the person of the ergative subject is marked obligatorily through a suffix in a verb form, whereas the absolutive subject or object is optionally marked with a pronominal enclitic that need not be attached to the verb and can also be attached to any other word in the clause. In Urartian, the ergative suffixes and the absolutive clitics have merged into a single set of obligatory suffixes that express the person of both the ergative and the absolutive participant and are an integral part of the verb. In general, the profusion of freely moving pronominal and conjunctional clitics that characterize Hurrian, especially that of the Mitanni letter, has few parallels in Urartian.

Urartian is closer to the so-called Old Hurrian variety (mostly attested in Hittite documents) than to the Hurrian of the Mitanni letter. For example, both use -o-/-u- (rather than -i-) as the marker of transitive valency and both display the plural suffix -it-, expressing the number of the ergative subject and occupying a position before the valency marker.

Cognates
Below are some Hurrian and Urartian lexical cognates, as listed by Kassian (2010).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Hurrian !! Urartian
|-
| all || šua=lla || šui=ni-
|-
| to burn (tr.) || am- || am-
|-
| come || un- || nun=a-
|-
| to give || ar- || ar-
|-
| hand || šu=ni || šu-
|-
| to hear || haš- || haš-
|-
| heart || tiša || tiš=ni
|-
| I || iš-/šu- || iš-/šu-
|-
| mountain || pab=ni || baba=ni
|-
| name || tiye || ti=ni
|-
| new || šuhe || šuhi
|-
| not || =u || u=i, =u=ri
|-
| one || šu=kki || šu=sini
|-
| road || hari || hari
|-
| to go || ušš- || uš-
|-
| year || šawali || šali
|}

References

Further reading
 Fournet, Arnaud. 2013. "Eléments De Morphologie Et De Syntaxe De La Langue Hourrite. Destinés à l'étude Des Textes Mittaniens Et Anatolo-Hittites". In: Bulletin De l'Académie Belge Pour l'Étude Des Langues Anciennes Et Orientales 2 (avril), pp. 3–52. https://doi.org/10.14428/babelao.vol2.2013.19843.
 Khachikyan, Margarit (2019). "Towards the Reconstruction of the Hurro-Urartian Protolanguage." In: Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday, edited by Avetisyan Pavel S., Dan Roberto, and Grekyan Yervand H. Summertown: Archaeopress. 304-06..

External links

Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European

Pre-Indo-European languages
Language families
Cuneiform

Hurro-Urartian languages


State University of New York Brockport (also known as SUNY Brockport or Brockport State, and previously The College at Brockport) is a public university in Brockport, New York. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY).

History
SUNY Brockport was originally founded in 1835 as an institution of higher learning as the Brockport Collegiate Institute.

Over thirty years later, the school, through the leadership of principal Malcolm MacVicar, was absorbed into a New York-wide system of state-run normal schools in 1867 and changed its name to the Brockport State Normal School. For the next seven decades, the new institution would be primarily dedicated to training teachers, although other academic programs were maintained.

In 1942, the school gained the right to grant bachelor's degrees and was thus renamed as the Brockport State Teachers College. Six years later, the college joined the newly-established State University of New York system, becoming the State University of New York at Brockport. Only two years later, Brockport State began to grant graduate degrees, with the first master's degrees awarded in 1950.

Later name changes would again take place in 2005, becoming the College at Brockport, State University of New York, and 2020, when it returned to a name similar to the one originally adopted in 1948, the State University of New York Brockport.

Clubs and organizations

Greek life

In 1869, with the assistance of Professor Charles Donald McLean, the principal of the school, Gamma Sigma fraternity was established at The Brockport Normal School. Gamma Sigma was the first fraternity to be formed at the high school level in the United States. On October 11 of that year, eighteen young men gathered in the chemistry room with the aim of enhancing their skills in debate, original composition, and other literary exercises. The founding members were: Edward L. Adams, John D. Burns, Charles Cunningham, William K. Dean, Martin L. Deyo, John Norris Drake, A. James Knox, S. E. Loomis, John M. Milne, A. Judson Osborn, Frederick Palmer, George T. Quinby, George Hebert Raymond, William H. Sybrandt, James W. White, Stephen D. Wilbur, Ara Wilkinson, and George F. Yeoman. Mr. Yeoman was elected as the first President, and James Knox served as the chairman of the constitution committee.

On a side note, in later years Mr. Yeoman took the oath of office as a justice of the Supreme Court for the Seventh Judicial District of the State on November 15, 1893. In the book "Notable Men of Rochester" published in 1902 by Dwight J. Stoddard, there is a mention of Mr. Yeoman's high level of respect and admiration.

Talon Television and Production (previously Brockport Television)
Funded by BSG, Talon Television is the official TV station club at The College at Brockport. This student-run organization is responsible for producing videos and covering a wide range of school programs and events. The club comprises different departments, including News, Sports, Entertainment, and Promotions.

Brockport Student Government (BSG)
The Brockport Student Government (BSG), funded by mandatory student fees, organizes a wide range of programming on campus. BSG encompasses the three traditional branches of government: legislative, judicial, and executive. The annual budget for BSG amounts to approximately $1,400,000. Among the programming events are the Spring Break Challenge, where five individuals have the opportunity to win $5,000 to fund their preferred spring break destination. Additionally, BSG arranges major concerts featuring artists such as Big Sean, Gym Class Heroes, Machine Gun Kelly, and Kesha, as well as lectures featuring notable speakers like Abby Wambach. These events are carefully planned and executed by the Brockport Student Government in collaboration with the Union Programming Team.

Harlequins Performing Arts Club
The Harlequins Performing Arts Club (Harlequins) is a student organization dedicated to providing a professional theater experience for its members and the college community. Each semester, the club organizes a variety of student performances, workshops, and social events. These activities serve as a creative outlet for students and offer an opportunity to develop the skills they acquire in the classroom. The Harlequins aims to foster a vibrant artistic community and enhance the college experience for all involved.

The Stylus
The Stylus is the student-run weekly newspaper of The College at Brockport. It is financially supported by the BSG Mandatory Fee and reaches a circulation of 5,000 copies.

WBSU 89.1 The Point
89.1 The Point is a student-run radio station located in the Seymour College Union and funded by the Brockport Student Government. The Point broadcasts to a wide audience of up to 500,000 people across the Western New York region, spanning from west Rochester to Buffalo. While the station has several communications majors as members, it also welcomes students from other majors to join. The Point operates various departments, including FM, Sports, News, Production, Circuit, Public Relations, Website, Engineering, and Sales. Additionally, The Point actively participates in community initiatives such as the Hilton Apple Fest in the fall and Coats for Kids in the winter, among other local events. The station's primary goal is to provide students with a practical learning environment while fostering community engagement. The station is accessible to the public Monday through Friday from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM.

Athletics

Brockport offers 23 athletic teams that compete at the NCAA Division III level.

Notable faculty
 Garth Fagan (emeritus), Founder of Garth Fagan Dance
 Anne Panning, writer, winner of the 2006 Flannery O'Connor Award and 2009 NY Professor of the Year
 Albert Paley, Professor Emeritus, American sculptor
 Mary Mortimer, "preceptress," i.e. head, of the "female department," 1841–1844. A pioneer of higher education for women, assisted Catherine Beecher in starting the Milwaukee Female Seminary.

Notable alumni
 George Boley, Liberian ex-warlord, former leader of the Liberian Peace Council
Wayne Cilento (B.S. in Dance, 1972): Tony Award-winning choreographer and director
Scott Donaldson (2004): football coach
John Faso, (B.A. Political Science and History, 1974) Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives, from New York's 19th district
William Fichtner (B.A. Criminal Justice, 1978), actor, known for his roles in Prison Break and The Dark Knight
 Joseph Griffo, (B.A. Political Science, 1978) New York State Senator, former mayor of Rome, NY, and former county executive of Oneida County, New York
Delphine Hanna (teaching credential, 1874), physical education professor, Oberlin College
Nancy Hewitt (B.A. in History, 1974): Professor emeritus at Rutgers University and expert on gender history and feminism
 Joey Jackson (B.A. in Political Science, 1988): Attorney and legal analyst on CNN and HLN
 James Howard Kunstler (B.S. in Leisure/Recreational Activity, 1971): author, social critic, public speaker, blogger
 Christine Lavin (B.S. in English, 1973): Singer-songwriter and promoter of contemporary folk music
 Ryan Nobles (B.S. in Communication, 1998): journalist with CNN
 Oliver North, later attended the United States Naval Academy, known for Iran-Contra Affair
 Paul Pape (B.A. in Theatre, Speech & Hearing, 1974): actor and voice actor known for role as Double J in 1977 film Saturday Night Fever
 Yendi Phillips (BFA in Dance, 2006): Jamaican TV host, model, and beauty queen
 Gene Spafford (B.A. Mathematics and Computer Science, 1979), professor at Purdue University and leading computer security expert
 Elizabeth Streb (B.S. in Dance, 1972): choreographer, performer and teacher of contemporary dance
 Joe Torres (B.S. Communications), news anchor WABC-TV in NYC
 Dave Trembley (B.A. Physical Education, 1973, M.A.), former manager of the Baltimore Orioles
 Stan Van Gundy (B.S. in Physical Education, 1981): Head coach of the New Orleans Pelicans of the NBA
Al Walker (born 1959), former basketball player and college coach, now a scout for the Detroit Pistons of the NBA

References

Further reading

External links

 Official website

Brockport, New York
1867 establishments in New York (state)
Brockport
Universities and colleges in Monroe County, New York
Dance in New York (state)
Public universities and colleges in New York (state)

SUNY Brockport


Hyde (also known as The Hyde) is a civil parish in the county of Bedfordshire.  It lies just south-east of Luton.

Most of the land to the west of the River Lea is occupied by the Luton Hoo estate, which includes West Hyde.  To the east of the river, the parish contains the ruins of Someries Castle and the hamlets of Chiltern Green, East Hyde and New Mill End.

Hyde was served by two railway stations, Luton Hoo and Chiltern Green, but these have since closed.

References

External links

An incomplete account of East Hyde, West Hyde and Hyde Parish on seekinghyde.org.uk Retrieved 9 November 2009

Civil parishes in Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire District

Hyde, Bedfordshire


Amsacrine (synonyms: m-AMSA, acridinyl anisidide) is an antineoplastic agent.

It has been used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Mechanism
Its planar fused ring system can intercalate into the DNA of tumor cells, thereby altering the major and minor groove proportions. These alterations to DNA structure inhibit both DNA replication and transcription by reducing association between the affected DNA and: DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and transcription factors.

Amsacrine also expresses topoisomerase inhibitor activity, specifically inhibiting topoisomerase II. In contrast, the structurally similar o-AMSA differing in the position of the methoxy substituent group on the anilino-ring have little ability to poison topoisomerase II despite its intercalative behavior, suggesting that intercalation of the molecule in itself is insufficient to trap topoisomerase II as a covalent complex on DNA.

References

Sulfonamides
Antineoplastic drugs
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Acridines
O-methylated phenols
DNA intercalaters
Topoisomerase inhibitors

Amsacrine


John Fennell (born May 28, 1995 in Evergreen, Colorado) is an American-Canadian luger who has competed since 2011.

He competed for Canada in the first-ever Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, where he finished 7th, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, finishing 27th.

He is the son of former Canadian Football League player Dave Fennell and mother Lynne Fennell. His brother David Fennell Jr. played fullback on the Michigan State football team.

In May 2014, several months after competing at Sochi, Fennell came out as gay.

Fennell competed well at the Sochi Olympics, but since he did not finish in the top 10. As a result, in order to fulfil his funding needs, Fennell launched a fundraising campaign on the sports crowdfunding platform MAKEACHAMP on December 12, 2014.

In 2016, Fennell took advantage of his dual Canadian-U.S. citizenship and competed for a spot on the U.S. National team. However, during the 2018 U.S. Olympic trials, he crashed his sled and did not make the Olympic team.

References

External links

1995 births
Lugers from Calgary
Canadian male lugers
Lugers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic lugers for Canada
Living people
Canadian LGBT sportspeople
Gay sportsmen
LGBT people from Colorado
People from Evergreen, Colorado
LGBT lugers
Lugers at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics
Canadian gay men

John Fennell


Guy Williams is a visual effects supervisor. Williams and his fellow visual effects artists were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects for the 2013 film Iron Man 3.
He was also nominated for Marvel's The Avengers and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.

Williams is a native of Greenwood, Mississippi and an alumnus of Mississippi State University. He is currently a visual effects supervisor for Weta Digital in New Zealand.

References

External links

Visual effects supervisors
Special effects people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

Guy Williams (visual effects)


Achilles tendon rupture is when the Achilles tendon, at the back of the ankle, breaks. Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel. A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult.

Rupture typically occurs as a result of a sudden bending up of the foot when the calf muscle is engaged, direct trauma, or long-standing tendonitis. Other risk factors include the use of fluoroquinolones, a significant change in exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or corticosteroid use. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and examination and supported by medical imaging.

Prevention may include stretching before activity and gradual progression of exercise intensity. Treatment may consist of surgical repair or conservative management. Quick return to weight bearing (within 4 weeks) appears okay and is often recommended. While surgery traditionally results in a small decrease in the risk of re-rupture, the risk of other complications is greater. Non surgical treatment is an alternative as there are supporting evidences that rerupture rates and satisfactory outcomes are comparable to surgery. If appropriate treatment does not occur within 4 weeks of the injury outcomes are not as good.

Achilles tendon rupture occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year. Males are more commonly affected than females. People in their 30s to 50s are most commonly affected.

Signs and symptoms
The main symptom of an Achilles tendon rupture is the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel. Additionally, a snap or "pop" may be heard as the tendon breaks. Some people describe the pain as a hit or kick behind the lower leg. There is difficulty walking immediately. It may be difficult to push off or stand on the toes of the injured leg. Swelling may be present around the heel.

Causes
The Achilles tendon is most often injured by sudden downward or upward movement of the foot, or by forced upward flexion of the foot outside its normal range of motion. Other ways the Achilles tendon can be torn involve sudden direct trauma or damage to the tendon, or sudden use of the Achilles after prolonged periods of inactivity, such as bed rest or leg injury. Some other common tears can happen from intense sports overuse. Twisting or jerking motions can also contribute to injury. Some antibiotics, such as levofloxacin, may increase the risk of tendon injury or rupture. These antibiotics are known as Fluoroquinolones. As of 2016 the mechanism through which quinolones cause this was unclear.

Many people may develop an Achilles rupture or tear, such as recreational athletes, older people, or those with a previous Achilles tendon injury. Tendon injections, quinolone use, and extreme changes in exercise intensity can contribute. Most cases of Achilles tendon rupture are traumatic sports injuries. The average age of patients is 29–40 years with a male-to-female ratio of nearly 20:1. Yet, recent studies have shown that Achilles tendon ruptures are rising in all ages up to 60 years of age. It has been theorized that this is due to the popularity of remaining active with older age. Additionally, even the occasional weekend exercise activity for "weekend warriors" may put one at risk. The risk continues to be higher in people who are older than 60, and also taking corticosteroids, or have kidney disease. Risk also increases with dose amount and for longer periods of time.

Anatomy

The Achilles tendon is the strongest and thickest tendon in the body. It connects the calf muscles to the heel bone of the foot. The calf muscles are the gastrocnemius, soleus and the heel bone is called the calcaneus. It is approximately 15 centimeters (5.9 inches) long and begins near the middle part of the calf. Contraction of the calf muscles flexes the foot down. This is important in activities such as walking, jumping, and running. The Achilles tendon receives its blood supply from its muscular and tendon junction. Its nerve supply is from the sural nerve and to a lesser degree from the tibial nerve.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on symptoms and history of the event. People describe it like being kicked or shot behind the ankle. During physical examination, a gap may be felt above the heel unless swelling is present. A common physical exam test the doctor or provider may perform is the Simmonds' test (aka Thompson test). To perform the test, have the person lay on their stomach, face down, and with their feet hanging from the exam table. The test is positive if squeezing the calf muscles of the affected side results in no movement (no passive plantarflexion) of the foot. The test is negative with an intact Achilles tendon and squeezing the calf muscle results in the foot flexing down. Walking is usually impaired, as the person will be unable to step off the ground using the injured leg. The person will also be unable to stand up on the toes of that leg, and pointing the foot downward (plantarflexion) is impaired. Pain may be severe, and swelling around the ankle is common.

Although a tear may be diagnosed by history and physical exam alone, an ultrasound scan is sometimes required to clarify or confirm the diagnosis. Once diagnosis is made, ultrasound imaging is an effective way to monitor the healing progress of the tendon over time. An ultrasound is recommended over MRI and MRI is generally not needed. Both MRI and ultrasound are effective tools and have their strengths and limitations. However, when it comes to an Achilles tendon tear, an ultrasound is usually recommended first because of convenience, quick availability, and cost.

Imaging

Ultrasonography can be used to determine the tendon thickness, character, and presence of a tear. It works by sending harmless high frequencies of sound waves through the body. Some of these sound waves reflect back off the spaces between fluid and soft tissue or bone. These reflected images are analyzed and created into an image. These images capture in real time and are helpful in detecting movement of the tendon and visualizing injuries or tears. This device makes it possible to identify injuries and observe healing over time. Ultrasound is inexpensive and involves no harmful radiation. It is operator-dependent and so requires a level of skill and practice for it to be used effectively.

MRI can be used to distinguish incomplete ruptures from degeneration of the Achilles tendon. MRI can also distinguish between paratenonitis, tendinosis, and bursitis. This technique uses a strong uniform magnetic field to align millions of protons running through the body. These protons are then bombarded with radio waves that knock some of them out of alignment. When these protons return they emit their own unique radio waves that is analyzed by a computer in 3D to create a sharp cross sectional image of the area. MRI provides excellent soft tissue imaging  making it easier for technicians to spot tears or other injuries.

Radiography can also be used to indirectly identify Achilles tendon tears. Radiography uses X-rays to analyze the point of injury. This is not very effective at identifying soft tissue injuries. X-rays are created when high energy electrons hit a metal source. X-ray images are acquired by utilizing the different densities of the bone or tissue. When these rays pass through tissue they are captured on film. X-rays are generally best for dense objects such as bone while soft tissue is shown poorly. Radiography is not the best for assessing an Achilles tendon injury. It is more useful for ruling out other injuries such as heal bone fractures.

Differential diagnosis
Some conditions to consider when diagnosing an Achilles tendon tear are Achilles tendinitis, ankle sprain, and avulsion fracture of the calcaneus.

Treatment
Treatment options include surgery and non-surgical rehabilitation. Surgery has shown a lower risk of re-rupture. However, it has a higher rate of short-term problems. Surgery complications include leg clots, nerve damage, infection, and clots in the lungs. The most common problem after non-surgical treatment is leg clots. The main problem after surgery is infection.  Certain rehabilitation techniques have shown similar re-rupture rates to surgery. In centers without early range of motion rehabilitation available, surgery is preferred to decrease re-rupture rates.

Surgery
There are at least four different types of surgeries; open surgery, percutaneous surgery, ultrasound-guided surgery, and WALANT surgery.

During an open surgery, an incision is made in the back of the leg and the Achilles tendon is stitched together. In complete ruptures, the tendon of another muscle is used and wrapped around the Achilles tendon. Commonly, the tendon of the plantaris is used and this wrapping increases the strength of the repaired tendon. If the quality of tissues is poor, such as from a neglected injury, a reinforcement mesh is an option. These meshes can be of collagen, Artelon or other degradable material. In the case of both poor tissue and significant loss of the Achilles tendon, the flexor hallucis longus tendon can be used. The flexor hallucis longus tendon of the big toe is transferred with free tissue (skin flap) in a process described as a one-stage repair.

In percutaneous surgery, several small incisions are made, rather than one large incision. The tendon is sewn back together through the incision(s). Surgery is often delayed for about a week after the rupture to let the swelling go down.  For sedentary patients and those who have vascular diseases or risks for poor healing, percutaneous surgical repair may be the better surgical option.  Surgical care is evolving, with minimally invasive and percutaneous surgical techniques. These developments hope to lessen the risk of wound complications and infections found with open surgery. These techniques are more challenging than traditional open surgery, with a learning curve for surgeons, and are not yet widely used.

Rehabilitation
Non-surgical treatment used to be long and a tedious process. It involved a series of casts, and took longer to complete than surgical treatment. Recently, both surgical and non-surgical rehabilitation protocols have become quicker and more successful. Before, patients who underwent surgery would wear a cast for approximately 4 to 8 weeks. After surgery, they were only allowed to gently move the ankle once out of the cast. Recent studies have shown that is not the best method. Patients that are allowed to gently move and stretch the ankle immediately after surgery, have faster and more successful recoveries. They will wear removable boots to ensure their safety with these exercises. For surgical and non-surgical patients, they will still generally limit non-weightbearing (NWB) activity to two weeks. This is done using modern removable boots, either fixed or hinged, rather than casts. Physiotherapy is often begun as early as two weeks regardless of surgical or non-surgical treatment. This includes weightbearing and range of motion exercises. This is followed by progressive strengthening and general conditioning of the muscle and tendon.

There are three things to consider with Achilles rupture rehabilitation. These are range of motion, functional strength, and sometimes orthotic support. Range of motion is important because it takes into mind the tightness of the repaired tendon. When beginning rehabilitation, a person should perform light stretches. Over time, the goal should be to increase the intensity of that stretch. Stretching the tendon is important because it stimulates connective tissue repair. This can be done while performing the "runner's stretch". The runner's stretch involves putting the toes a few inches up a wall while the heel is on the ground. Doing stretches to gain functional strength is also important because it improves healing in the tendon. This will in turn lead to a quicker return to activities. These stretches should continue to increase in intensity over time. Over time the goal is to include some weight bearing, to reorient and strengthen the collagen fibers in the injured ankle. A popular stretch used for this phase of rehabilitation is the toe raise on an elevated surface. The patient is to push up onto the toes and lower themselves as far down as possible and repeat several times. The other part of the rehab process is orthotic support. This doesn't have anything to do with stretching or strengthening the tendon, rather it is in place to keep the patient comfortable. These are custom-made inserts that fit into the patient's shoe. They help with proper pronation of the foot, which is when the ankle leans toward the middle of the body.

In summary, the steps of rehabilitating a ruptured Achilles tendon begin with range of motion type stretching. Studies have shown that the earlier movement is started, the better. This will allow the ankle to get used to moving again and get ready for weight-bearing activities. This is followed by functional strength. This is where weight-bearing should begin to strengthen the tendon. The intensity should gradually increase over time. The end goal is to get the person to resume their normal and athletic activities.

Epidemiology
Of all the large tendon ruptures, 1 in 5 will be an Achilles tendon rupture. An Achilles tendon rupture is estimated to occur in a little over 1 per 10,000 people per year. Males are also over 2 times more likely to develop an Achilles tendon rupture as opposed to women. Achilles tendon rupture tends to occur most frequently between the ages of 25-40 and over 60 years of age. Sports and high-impact activity is the most common cause of rupture in younger people, whereas sudden rupture from chronic tendon damage is more common in older people. The rate of return to sports in the months or years following the rupture (whether operated on or not, partial or total) is 70 to 80%.

References

External links

Image sequence demonstrating Achilles tendinosis and Achilles tendon rupture

Articles containing video clips
Dislocations, sprains and strains
Sports injuries
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate

Achilles tendon rupture


"Sir Thopas" is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, published in 1387. The tale is one of two—together with The Tale of Melibee—told by the fictive Geoffrey Chaucer as he travels with the pilgrims on the journey to Canterbury Cathedral. The tale concerns the adventures of the knight Sir Thopas and his quest to win the elf-queen.

Frame
The tale is one of two told by the fictive Chaucer, along with The Tale of Melibee, who figures as one of the pilgrims who are on a journey to the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The pilgrims are involved in a story-telling contest at the behest of the Host (Middle English: Hooste), Harry Bailly, the winner of which will receive a free meal at The Tabard Inn on their return.

Sir Thopas comes after The Prioress's Tale, a poem which is exemplary of the miracle of the Virgin genre and which tells the story of a child martyr killed by Jews. Seemingly wishing to counter the sombre mood that this tale instills in the pilgrims, the Host hails Chaucer and suggests that he: "Telle us a tale of myrth, and that anon" (line 706). Chaucer admits to having no tales to tell other than a "rym [he] lerned longe agoon" (line 709), and on the acceptance of the Host proceeds to tell the "Tale of Thopas".

Chaucer's portrait of himself is unflattering and humble. He presents himself as a reticent, maladroit figure who can barely summon a tale to mind. In comparison to the other travellers in the group, Chaucer the character is reluctant to speak, but when he does tell a tale, it is a rather frivolous burlesque very different from what went before.

Synopsis
The poem begins with an introduction to Sir Thopas, detailing his birthplace of Flanders, describing his physical appearance and abilities in hunting. He desires the elf-queen but is waylaid by the giant Sir Olifaunt ('Elephant').  He runs back to his merry men for a feast of sweets and to ready for a battle with his giant foe.  The tale is interrupted by the Host, though, for its tail rhyme format, and is never finished.  The tale is a parody of romances, with their knights and fairies and absurdities, and Chaucer the author satirises not only the grandiose, Gallic romances, but also the readership of such tales.

The tale is a hodgepodge of many of the popular stories of the time which even apes their simple rhymes, a style Chaucer uses nowhere else.  Elements of deliberate anticlimax abound in as much of the poem as Chaucer is allowed to present.  The knight's name is in fact topaz, one of the more common gemstones; in Chaucer's day, "topaz" included any yellowish quartz.  The knight hails from Flanders, which earlier had been a favourite haunt of errant knights but in Chaucer's time was better known for prosaic merchants.  In the only scene of derring-do that Chaucer tells in the two and a half chapters he gets in, Sir Thopas flees the battle, pelted by stones.  The poem thus contains many suggestions that it was intended in a mock-heroic sense.

Analysis

Genre and structure

Thopas is the first of what is usually called the surprise group of tales, as each is quite different from the preceding and they are seemingly written to confound expectations.  The host, Harry Bailey, does not seem to appreciate this new style of tale and he interrupts Chaucer, telling him that "thy drasty rymyng is nat worth a toord".

The character Chaucer then tells the laborious and dull debate of the Tale of Melibeus. Again, this is in keeping with the character Chaucer: a man of too much learning and too little experience.  The tale is full of moral sentiment and philosophy, but it is fairly slow for modern readers.

Critical history
The reception of '"Sir Thopas" is perhaps the most interesting thing about it.  When Chaucer began to be treated as a treasure of English letters after his death, his satiric intent was lost.  Into the eighteenth century, readers regarded Harry Bailey's interruption as a sign of poor breeding, and they treated the tale of Sir Thopas itself as a great work.  It was Thomas Warton who first suggested (at least in print) that Chaucer was not serious, that the whole tale is a parody and that the character of Geoffrey Chaucer must not be confused with Geoffrey Chaucer the author.

Film adaptations
Pasolini adapted this story for his film The Canterbury Tales. He shot the scene at Mt Etna in Sicily. He later removed the scene and it is now considered lost. A recreation of this scene with film stills can be seen however in the documentary The Secret Humiliation of Chaucer.

Notes

References

External links

Side by side modern translation of "The Tale of Sir Thopas"
Modern Translation of The Tale of Sir Thopas and Other Resources at eChaucer
"Chaucer's own tale of Sir Thopas" – a plain-English retelling for non-scholars.

The Canterbury Tales
Mock-heroic English poems

Sir Thopas


Jeeves is a well-known children´s book series written by British author PG Wodehouse. They star Jeeves, the genius butler of Bertie Wooster, a rich, spoiled man in his twenties. The last Jeeves book, Aunts Aren´t Gentlemen, was written in 1974. The first Jeeves book, Extricating Young Gussie, was a short story written in 1915.

Characters

Jeeves.
Reginald Jeeves is the butler of Bertie Wooster. He is extremely intelligent and strategic, but disagrees with Bertie on this such as clothes and furniture.

Bertie.

Bertie Wooster (official name Bertram Willoughby Wooster) is a carefree, wealthy young man living in London with his valet Jeeves.

Aunt Dahlia.
Aunt Dahlia is Bertie´s ¨good aunt¨, and is quite jovial. She often jokingly insults Bertie. She also uses her chef, Anatole, as a threat for Bertie to help her when she needs it.

Madeline Bassett.
Madeline Bassett is (according to Bertie Wooster) a droopy girl, first mentioned in Right Ho, Jeeves. She was formerly engaged to Bertie but is later enaged to Bertie´s friend, Gussie Fink-Nottle.

Sir Roderick Glossop.
Sir Roderick is a forceful personality. He is a nerve specialist (or, as Wooster calls him, the loony doctor) and the father of Honoria Glossop, to whom Bertie was once engaged.  Bertie and Sir Roderick are often att odds, but following the events of Thank You, Jeeves, become good friends.

A List of Books.
 Thank You, Jeeves
 Code of the Woosters
 Right Ho, Jeeves (published in 1934)
 Joy in the Morning (published in 1947)
 Jeeves and the Feudal Sprit
 Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves
 The Mating Season
 Aunts Aren´t Gentlemen (published in 1974, and the last Jeeves book)
 A collection of 34 short stories

Praise
The Jeeves books were well-received.

Gallery Of Short Stories
Below is a list of both the Jeeves short stories, as well as images from them.

 Jeeves Takes Charge
 Episode of the Dog McIntosh
 The Love That Purifies
 Bingo and the Little Woman
 The Purity Of The Turf
 The Great Sermon Handicap
 The Delayed Exit Of Claude and Eustace
 Jeeves Makes An Omelette
 Jeeves and the Greasy Bird
 Bertie Changes His Mind
 Jeeves Takes Charge
 Fixing It For Freddie
 The Great Metropolitan Touch
 Sir Roderick Comes To Lunch
 Jeeves and the Chump Cyril
 Jeeves and the Hard-boiled Egg
 Jeeves and the Unbidden Guest
 Jeeves In The Springtime
 Scoring Off Jeeves
 Aunt Agatha Takes The Count
 The Artistic Career of Old Corky
 Comrade Bingo
 The Aunt And The Sluggard
 The Rummy Affair Of Old Biffy
 Without the Option
 Clustering Round Young Bingo
 Jeeves and the Impending Doom
 The Inferiority Complex Of Old Sippy
 The Ordeal of Young Tuppy
 Jeeves and the Song of Songs
 Indian Summer of An Uncle
 Jeeves and the Kid Clementina
 The Spot of Art
 Jeeves and the Old School Chum

References

Characters in written fiction
Television characters

Jeeves


Lorenzo Imperiali (21 February 1612 - 21 September 1673) was an Italian Catholic cardinal.

Early life

Imperiali was born in Genoa on 21 February 1612 to the patrician Imperiali family of that city.

He went to Rome during the pontificate of Pope Urban VIII and was appointed vice-legate in Bologna and governor of Fano and Ascoli Piceno. During the absence of Cardinal Antonio Barberini he was appointed legate in Ferrara. He was later appointed cleric of the Apostolic Chamber.

During the Wars of Castro, Imperiali was appointed governor of those provinces of the State of Castro under the control of the papacy and was appointed commissary-general of the papal army. He was later sent by Pope Innocent X to Fermo to put down the uprising that had cost the life of its governor in 1648.

Pope Innocent appointed Imperiali governor of Rome between 1653 and 1654.

Ecclesiastic career
Before appointing Imperiali governor, the pope elevated him to cardinal but the elevation was reserved in pectore until Imperiali stepped down as governor in 1654; his cardinalate was published in the consistory of 2 March 1654 and he was appointed cardinal-priest of the Church of San Crisogono.

He participated in the papal conclave of 1655 which elected Pope Alexander VII.

In 1660 he was again named governor of Rome by Pope Alexander, but in 1662 he fell victim to the Corsican Guard Affair. Contemporary John Bargrave recounts that while he was governor, François, Duke of Créquy and ambassador of France, visited Rome with his wife. A grave misunderstanding led to the ambassador's wife's coach being attacked and fired upon by papal troops from the Corsican Guard.

As punishment, Imperiali was transferred as legate to the newly created legation in the province of the Marche. Later he resigned his legation and went to Paris to explain his conduct to King Louis XIV of France.

Imperiali participated in the papal conclave of 1667 which elected Pope Clement IX and the conclave of 1669-1670 which elected Pope Innocent XI. During these conclaves, Imperiali was a senior member of the liberal movement Squadrone Volante. It is thought the group engineered the election of Giulio Rospigliosi as Pope Clement in 1667.

Imperiali died on 21 September 1673 in Rome and was buried in the chapel of Saint Thomas of Villanova in the Basilica di Sant'Agostino. A grandson of his brother, Giuseppe Renato Imperiali (born 1651), who had lived in his household since 1662, would be named cardinal in 1690.

References

1612 births
1673 deaths
17th-century Italian cardinals
Clergy from Genoa
Burials at Sant'Agostino, Rome
Imperiali family

Lorenzo Imperiali


Panayis Athanase Vagliano (; 1814–1902) was a Greek merchant and shipowner, acclaimed as the 'father of modern Greek shipping'.

He was born in Kerameies on the Greek island of Cefalonia, where he first became a sailor, before becoming part of the Greek diaspora.

Russia
He joined his brothers Marinos and Andreas, initially settling in Taganrog, Russian Empire around 1840. Together they formed Vaglianos Bros. as grain-merchants and shippers, making good profits from the high prices of grain during the Crimean War. It is said that they sometimes bought the whole Russian wheat export crop, and were pioneers of exchange-traded wheat contracts.

After the war ended, fellow Greeks had problems finding shippers for their cargoes from the Great Powers; Vaglianos Bros. stepped in and offered them financing and transport on their own ships.

London
Vagliano moved his business to London in 1858, as grain merchants, bankers, and shippers, but kept in contact with Russia through his brothers. There was already a well-established Greek merchant community in London, and they assisted his membership of the Baltic Exchange from where his business thrived. His operation based in London avoided restrictive Greek commercial laws, enabling him to loan money to other Greeks for shipbuilding, and he was quoted as wishing for 'the seas covered with a thick forest of Greek masts'.

Legacies
Vagliano Bros. continued operating after his death, and survived the loss of its traditional markets in Russia and Turkey after World War I by concentrating on shipping and finance; in this way they helped develop Greek shipping dynasties.

However, he is probably best remembered in his native Greece for a donation that funded the National Library of Greece building (the ) in Athens. He was also a philanthropist in London, and donated money towards Saint Sophia Cathedral in London and the Greek Orthodox cemetery within West Norwood Cemetery, where he is interred next to his brother Marinos in a grand neoclassical Greek mausoleum modelled on the Tower of the Winds, now listed Grade II. At his death he was enormously wealthy (his estate was valued at £3M) and he willed a considerable legacy to Kefalonia for charitable purposes.

References

Sources
 Stuart Thompstone Vagliano, Panayis Athanase Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
 Friends of West Norwood Cemetery ref: Vagliano & Vallianos

Further reading

1814 births
1902 deaths
British businesspeople in shipping
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Greek businesspeople in shipping
Greek philanthropists
Greek emigrants to England
People from Cephalonia
19th-century philanthropists
19th-century British businesspeople

Panayis Athanase Vagliano


Autonomous consumption (also exogenous consumption) is when people are paying for things when they have no income. In other words, it is the consumption expenditure that happens when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when spending on these consumables does not change much income is changed; generally, it may be needed to pay for things that are needed and pay off debt. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption is called dissaving. This is because it is paid for by borrowing or using up savings. Autonomous consumption is different from induced consumption because it does not consistently change with income, whereas induced consumption does. The two are related, for all households, through the consumption function:

where
 C = total consumption,
 c0 = autonomous consumption (c0 > 0),
 c1 = the marginal propensity to consume (the gradient of induced consumption) (0 < c1 < 1), and
 Yd = disposable income (income after government taxes, benefits, and transfer payments).

Related pages
 Consumption (economics)
 Consumption function

References

Economics

Autonomous consumption


Raffaele Scalese (1800–1884) was an Italian operatic bass who specialized in the opera buffa repertoire. He was active in Italy's major opera houses from the mid-1820s up into the 1860s. He also appeared internationally in opera houses in Austria, Portugal, and France. The last years of his career were spent performing in Paris in the late 1860s where he remained after his retirement from the stage.

Life and career
Born in Naples, Scalese began performing at major Italian opera houses in the mid-1820s, including La Fenice in Venice, the Teatro Valle in Rome, and the Teatro di San Carlo in his native city. In 1827 he portrayed Alterkan in the world premiere of Gaetano Donizetti's Otto mesi in due ore at the Teatro Nuovo in Naples. In 1834 he portrayed Edmondo in the house premiere of Luigi Ricci's Gli esposti at the Teatro d'Angennes in Turin. In 1837 he sang the role of Everardo in the world premiere of Gaetano Rossi's Iginia d'Asti at the Teatro San Benedetto in Venice.

In 1836 Scalese made his debut at La Scala in Milan as Gottofredo in Pietro Antonio Coppola's La festa della rosa. He performed regularly at that house over the next five years. In 1836-1837 he portrayed Don Paparo in Luigi Felice Rossi's Gli avventurieri, Prosdocimo Ficcanaso in Ferdinando Orlandi's La dama soldato, and Taddeo in Gioachino Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri in Milan. In 1838 he was heard at La Scala as Giorgio in Rossini's Torvaldo e Dorliska, Marchese in Coppola's Il Postiglione di Longjumeau, and Tom in Federico Ricci's La prigione di Edimburgo. In 1840 he portrayed Barone di Kelbar in the world premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's Un giorno di regno, Cedrico in Otto Nicolai's Il templario, Sergeant Sulpice in the Italian premiere of Donizetti's La fille du régiment, and the title role in Alessandro Speranza's I due Figaro in Milan. In 1841 he sang the roles of Dr Dulcamara in Gaetano Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore and Ghiringhello in the world premiere of Placido Mandanici's Il buontempone di Porta Ticinese at La Scala. After an 8-year absence from the house, he returned to Milan in 1849 to perform the role of the Marquis de Boisfleury in Donizetti's Linda di Chamounix. He returned to La Scala again in 1854–1855 to sing Basilio in Rossini's The Barber of Seville, a role with which he was closely associated.

In 1840 Scalese was committed to the Teatro Regio di Parma where he performed the roles of Don Bartolo in The Barber of Seville, Dulcamara, Speranza's Figaro, and Rizzardo in Vincenzo Bellini's Beatrice di Tenda. He returned to Parma two years later to sing Belfiore in Donizetti's Alina, regina di Golconda, Dulcamara, Gennaro Malerba in Luigi Ricci's Chi dura vince, He also appeared at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna in 1842 as Belcore in L'elisir d'amore, Gennaro Malerba, Leporello in Luigi Ricci's Il nuovo Figaro, Michelotto in Luigi Ricci's Chiara di Rosemberg, and Volmar in Alina, regina di Golconda. In 1843 he sang the Marquis de Boisfleury at La Fenice. He was heard at the Teatro della Canobbiana in 1848-1849 as Barbarino in Friedrich von Flotow's Alessandro Stradella, Belcore, Figaro in The Barber of Seville, Don Giulio in Donizetti's Don Gregorio, Haly in Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri, Ricci's Leporello, and Volmar.

In 1852 Scalese performed in the world premiere of Federico Ricci's Il marito e l'amante at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna. He sang Don Bartolo in Bologna in 1854 and was also active at opera houses in Rome, Florence, and Venice during the 1850s. He was heard at the Teatro di San Carlo from 1858 to 1860 in a variety of roles, including parts in Errico Petrella's Il folletto di Gresy, Serafino Amedeo De Ferrari's Pipelet, and the world premiere of Luigi Vespoli's La cantante (1858). In 1861-1862 he was committed to the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon. He joined the Théâtre-Italien in Paris in 1866 and remained active as a performer there up into the late 1860s. He died in Paris.

References

1800 births
1884 deaths
19th-century Italian male opera singers
Operatic basses

Raffaele Scalese


Sclerosing lymphangitis, also known as lymphangiosclerosis or sclerotic lymphangitis, is a skin condition characterized by a cordlike structure encircling the coronal sulcus of the penis, or running the length of the shaft, that has been attributed to trauma during vigorous sexual play.

Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis is a rare penile lesion consisting of a minimally tender, indurated cord involving the coronal sulcus and occasionally adjacent distal penile skin. The condition involves the hardening of a lymph vessel connected to a vein in the penis. It can look like a thick cord and can feel like a hardened, almost calcified or fibrous, vein, however it tends to not share the common blue tint with a vein. It can be felt as a hardened lump or "vein" even when the penis is flaccid, and is even more prominent during an erection. This disorder is fairly common and most often occurs after vigorous sexual activity and resolves spontaneously.

Cause
Etiology of sclerosing lymphangitis is unknown but has been postulated to be secondary to thrombosis of lymphatic vessels.

Management
In most cases it tends to go away if given rest and more gentle care, for example by use of lubricants. Even without rest or gentle care, in some cases it will simply disappear after a few weeks on its own. Spontaneous recovery can occur anywhere within a couple weeks to several months.

Although it is commonly recommended the patient abstain from sexual activity during recovery, there is no evidence that this expedites resolution or that engaging in sexual activity worsens the condition.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Overuse injuries
Penis disorders

Sclerosing lymphangitis


Goth can also mean a member of a Germanic tribe

A goth is a word usually used to describe a person who listens to gothic music and/or dresses in a goth style clothes. Goths often wear black and unusual jewelry. Both goth men and goth women often wear make-up.

The goth subculture originated in the early 1980s among fans of the first gothic rock group, Bauhaus.

The word goth comes from the word Gothic which actually means gloomy or dark.  This meaning of the word comes from gothic fiction, a type of literature popular during the late 18th and early 19th century.

People who call themselves a goth are those who live up the meaning of the name through wearing clothes or putting on makeup that is in colours that represent death, decay, or gloominess, such as the colour black, deathly white face makeup, dark bloody red colours, or the tones of the colour puce.

Goth people may also make and listen to Goth music.

Goths wear normal black clothes and mix them with other colours to make a new look.

Goth people are often mistaken to be emo or punk because of the everyday stereotypes.

Subculture

Goth subculture


Francesco (Cicco) Simonetta (1410 – 30 October 1480) was an Italian Renaissance statesman who composed an early treatise on cryptography.

Biography
Francesco, nicknamed Cicco, was born in Caccuri, Calabria, and received a fine education. He studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and other languages and graduated in civil and canonic law, presumably in Naples.

As a young man, he entered the service of the Sforza family as a secretary to condottiero Francesco Sforza and rapidly rose to the top of the administration. He was soon placed in charge of the city of Lodi.

In 1441, Francesco Sforza married Bianca Maria Visconti (1425–1468), the illegitimate daughter of Filippo Maria Visconti, 3rd Duke of Milan. On Filippo's death (1447), the so-called Ambrosian Republic had been set up in Milan by the patrician families. In 1450, Francesco Sforza, backed by the Venetians, laid siege to Milan to combat the aristocrats. The city surrendered after eight months and Francesco made himself Capitano del popolo. He was proclaimed duke by the people and by right of his wife.

Simonetta was nominated "golden knight" and entered the ducal chancellery. This appointment was the beginning of his undisputed domination of the political situation for thirty years. As a reward for his services, he was given the fief of Sartirana, in Lomellina, which he administered with competency and care. He soon became a member of the Secret Council. When he married Elisabetta Visconti in 1452 his fame was widespread.

In 1456, he received the honorary citizenship of Novara, which was later followed by those of Lodi and Parma. In 1465, he wrote the Constitutiones et Ordines as a contribution to a better organization of the chancellery, over which he now had complete control.

At the death of Francesco Sforza (1466) his son Galeazzo Maria succeeded him. His mother Bianca Maria and the other influential families did not approve of his capricious conduct of state affairs, but Simonetta sided with Galeazzo.

In 1474 Simonetta wrote his Rules for Decrypting Enciphered Documents Without a Key, presumably for use by his collaborators, although no evidence exists of actual utilization of these rules in the field.

In 1476, Galeazzo was assassinated and was succeeded by his 7-year-old son Gian Galeazzo. His tutor was his mother, Bona of Savoy. In this period of unrest, Simonetta's diplomatic activity was intense. He maneuvered to maintain stability in the Milanese state during the endemic conflicts between Guelphs, Ghibellines and the various wars and interstate alliances.

The next year he became ducal secretary, with the powers of a prime minister. Simonetta's power provoked the hatred of Ludovico il Moro (1452–1508), one of the younger brothers of Galeazzo, who plotted to seize the duchy.  The main obstacle to his project was the presence of Simonetta in the city government. After many personal vicissitudes, Ludovico managed to gain the confidence of the duchess and convinced her to arrest Simonetta.

He was accused falsely of treason, imprisoned, and tortured in Pavia. His house and assets were pillaged, and he was beheaded in the tower of the castle. His body was buried in the cloister of Sant'Apollinare, outside the Milan city walls, to mark the end of his influence in the Milanese politics.

During the Sforza rule, the duchy had enjoyed years of prosperity and great expansion despite the political turmoil. Important buildings were erected in the cities; the farming of rice and the silk industry were introduced in agriculture. With the advent of printing Milan had become a cultural center unequaled in all Europe, until it fell into foreign hands after the death of Ludovico il Moro.

Presently a fragment of his tombstone and the name of a narrow street in Milan are the only visible testimonials of Simonetta.

Decrypting rules

Simonetta has been described in the cryptological literature as an important cryptanalyst in consideration of his rules.

His work is in reality a collection of hints for solving ciphers that were rather old-fashioned at that time. Contemporary cipher clerks were well equipped to defy the tricks he described. Nomenclators were in general use, combining small codebooks and large substitution tables with homophones and nulls.

His cipher-breaking rules are applicable to dispatches with word divisions, without homophones, nulls or code words. He says nothing of polyalphabetic substitution or the existence of nomenclators.  His notes were anticipated by Leon Battista Alberti in his theoretical, but more comprehensive, treatise De Cifris, which earned him the title of Father of Western Cryptology.

It was only a century later that a scientific treatise entirely devoted to cryptanalysis was written by the French mathematician François Viète. Simonetta might have been involved in cipher work in his early career, but no evidence of such activity has been found.

References

 Buonafalce, A. "Cicco Simonetta's Cipher-Breaking Rules", Cryptologia XXXII: 1. 62–70. 2008.
 Colussi, P. Cicco Simonetta, Capro Espiatorio di Ludovico il Moro. Storia di Milano Vol. VII, Milano 1957.
 Natale, A. R. Ed. I Diari di Cicco Simonetta (1473–76 and 1478), Milano 1962.
 Perret, P.-M.	"Les règles de Cicco Simonetta pour le déchiffrement des écritures secrètes"	Paris	Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes 51 (1890) 516–525.
 Pesic, P. "François Viète. Father of Modern Cryptanalysis—Two New Manuscripts", Cryptologia XXI: 1. 1-29. 1997.
 Sacco, L., "Un Primato Italiano. La Crittografia nei Secoli XV e XVI", Bollettino dell'Istituto Storico e di Cultura dell'Arma del Genio, Roma, December 1947.
 Smith, Rev. J., Ed. The Life, Journals and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys. 275. 1841.

External links

1410 births
1480 deaths
People from the Province of Crotone
15th-century Italian politicians
Pre-19th-century cryptographers
People executed in the Holy Roman Empire by decapitation
History of Milan
Executed Italian people
People executed by the Duchy of Milan
15th-century executions

Cicco Simonetta


Franc Sadleir [formerly Francis] (1775–1851) was an Irish academic and Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 1837.

Biography
Sadleir was the youngest son of Thomas Sadleir, barrister, by his first wife, Rebecca, eldest daughter of William Woodward of Clough Prior, co. Tipperary. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin, where he was elected a Scholar in 1794, and a fellow in 1805. He graduated B.A. 1795, M.A. 1805, B.D. and D.D. 1813. In 1816, 1817, and 1823 he was Donnellan lecturer at his college; from 1825 to 1835 Erasmus Smith's Professor of Mathematics, and from 1833 to 1838 Regius Professor of Greek.

In politics he was a Whig, and an advocate of Catholic emancipation. With the Duke of Leinster, the archbishop of Dublin, and others, he was one of the first commissioners for administering the funds for the education of the poor in Ireland, 1831.

In 1833 he was appointed, with the Primate, the Lord Chancellor, and other dignitaries, a commissioner to alter and amend the laws relating to the temporalities of the church of Ireland, but resigned the trust in 1837. On 22 Dec. of that year, during the viceroyalty of the Marquis of Normanby, he was made Provost of Trinity College, a post which he held for fourteen years. On more than one occasion he is said to have declined a bishopric. He upheld the principle of the Queen's colleges in Ireland.

One of the treasures of the Library at Trinity College was given to it by Sadleir in 1837. This is the 14th century manuscript known as the "Dublin Apocalypse".

Sadleir died at Castle Knock Glebe, County Dublin, on 14 December 1851, and was buried in the vaults of Trinity College on 18 December. He married Letitia, daughter of Joseph Grave of Ballycommon, King's County, by whom he left five children. There is a portrait of Sadleir in the Provost's House, Trinity College Dublin.

Publications
Sadleir published Sermons and Lectures preached in the Chapel of Trinity College, Dublin, 1821–4, 3 vols.; and National Schools for Ireland defended in a Letter to Dr. Thorpe, 1835.

References

Attribution

External links
 Dublin Apocalypse, T.C.D.

1775 births
1851 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Fellows of Trinity College Dublin
People from County Tipperary
Provosts of Trinity College Dublin
Scholars of Trinity College Dublin

Franc Sadleir


Guns for Hire is a 1932 American Western film directed by Lewis D. Collins and starring Lane Chandler, Sally Darling and Neal Hart.

Cast
Lane Chandler as Flip LaRue - aka Ken Wayne
Sally Darling as Sue Thornton
Neal Hart as Whispering Carlyle
Yakima Canutt as Sheriff Pete Peterson
John Ince as Matt Thornton
Slim Whitaker as Hank Moran
Jack Rockwell as Monk Weaver
Ben Corbett as Fatso Gans
Steve Clemente as Flash Gomez - aka Gunnison
Bill Patton as Joe Patron
Hank Bell as Duke Monahan
John McGuire as Jim Thornton
Frances Morris as Polly Clark
Nelson McDowell as inquest official
John Bacon as Frank Lloyd
Ed Porter as Dr. Peter Bartlett

Plot
Gunfighter Wayne helps Thornton, who has been erroneously accused of killing a card shark. While doing so, Wayne encounters a gang led by his foster father (Carlyle), who is working with a cattle rancher and the sheriff to take control of the sheep ranch owned by Thornton and his father.

Production notes
Interior scenes were filmed at Talisman Studio in Hollywood, with location shooting at Lone Pine, California.

References

External links

1932 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Films directed by Lewis D. Collins
1930s American films
1930s English-language films

Guns for Hire (film)


Robert Arthur O'Farrell (October 19, 1896 – February 20, 1988) was an American professional baseball player and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a catcher for 21 seasons with the Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Giants. O'Farrell also played for the Cincinnati Reds, albeit briefly. He was considered one of the greatest defensive catchers of his generation.

Baseball career
O'Farrell was born in Waukegan, Illinois where he grew up a Chicago White Sox fan. He signed with the Cubs in 1915 after playing an exhibition game for his local semi-professional team. His first manager was former catcher, Roger Bresnahan, who helped O'Farrell develop his catching skills. After a season on the bench, O'Farrell was sent to Three-I League where he spent two years before returning to the Cubs for the 1918 season. He served as backup catcher working behind Bill Killefer as the Cubs went on to claim the  National League pennant before losing to the Boston Red Sox in the 1918 World Series. O'Farrell went hitless in three at bats during the series.

In 1920 O'Farrell caught the majority of the Cubs' games and posting a .248 batting average as, Killefer was injured during the season. He began the 1921 season as backup catcher until August when, Killefer was named the Cubs new manager.

O'Farrell had a breakout season in 1922 when he hit for a .322 average along with 4 home runs, 60 runs batted in and a .439 on-base percentage. He became one of the best defensive catchers in baseball, leading National League catchers in games caught, putouts, assists, baserunners caught stealing and in caught stealing percentage. He became skillful at framing pitches by moving his catcher's mitt towards the strike zone after having caught a pitch, in an effort to influence the umpire to call a strike. He had an even better year offensively in 1923, producing career-highs in home runs (12), runs batted in (80), stolen bases (10) along with a .319 batting average.

In July 1924, O'Farrell suffered a fractured skull when a foul ball broke his catcher's mask. He had asked a club house attendant to bring him a newer mask however, not wanting to delay the game, decided to continue to play with the older mask when he was struck in the head.

He missed most of the season, and lost his job when future Baseball Hall of Fame member, Gabby Hartnett, played well in his absence. The Cubs decided to keep Hartnett as their starting catcher and traded O'Farrell to the St. Louis Cardinals at the start of the 1925 season for Mike González and Howard Freigau.

O'Farrell experienced the highlight of his career in 1926 when he hit for a .293 average with a career-high 30 doubles, 7 home runs and 68 runs batted in as he helped the Cardinals clinch the National League pennant. He also led National League catchers in games caught and in putouts.

In the 1926 World Series against the New York Yankees, O'Farrell produced a .301 batting average but, is remembered for throwing out Babe Ruth trying to steal second base for the last out of the seven-game series as the Cardinals claimed their first-ever world championship.

In November, he was voted the winner of the  National League Most Valuable Player Award with 79 out of the possible 80 votes. He was the first catcher to win a Most Valuable Player Award.

In December , the Cardinals traded their manager Rogers Hornsby to the New York Giants for Frankie Frisch and Jimmy Ring while O'Farrell was named player-manager. He led the Cardinals to a second-place finish, behind the Pittsburgh Pirates even though the Cardinals won three more games than the previous season. He only played in 61 games that season because of a sore arm.

The owner of the Cardinals at that time, Sam Breadon was unhappy that the Cardinals did not win the pennant, and that O'Farrell was leaving his pitchers in too long during games. He was given a $5,000 bonus to step down and replaced by Bill McKechnie. O'Farrell was traded to the New York Giants for George Harper in May 1928. The trade caught many observers by surprise as, it left the Cardinals without an experienced catcher while the Giants had a surplus of catchers.

O'Farrell played as a part-time catcher for the Giants, sharing catching duties with Shanty Hogan during John McGraw's final four years as manager of the club. He hit for a .306 batting average in 1929 and followed that with a .301 average in 1930. By the 1931 season, the 34-year-old O'Farrell was past his prime as his batting average dipped to .224.

In October 1932, O'Farrell was traded back to the St. Louis Cardinals for catcher Gus Mancuso as part of new Giants manager Bill Terry's rebuilding campaign. He spent one season serving as backup catcher to Jimmie Wilson before being traded to the Cincinnati Reds in January 1934.

The General Manager of the Reds, Larry MacPhail, named O'Farrell as the team's player-manager. By July, the Reds had fallen to last place in the National League standings and, on July 27, O'Farrell requested his unconditional release from the team.

It was later reported that after the Reds had lost nine consecutive games, O'Farrell was engaged in a conversation with MacPhail when he quipped, "Well, you can't win 'em all." A supposedly infuriated MacPhail hired Charlie Dressen as the new Reds manager the following day. In August, he returned to the Chicago Cubs where he worked as a backup catcher to Gabby Hartnett. O'Farrell was released by the Cubs at the end of the year and signed to play with the Cardinals for the 1935 season. He appeared in only 14 games for the Cardinals, playing his final major league game on September 23 at the age of 38, and was released by the Cardinals in December . O'Farrell played two more seasons in the minor leagues with the Rochester Red Wings. In  he managed the Bloomington Bloomers before retiring from professional baseball at the age of 41.

Career statistics
In a 21-year major league career, O'Farrell played in 1,492 games, accumulating 1,120 hits in 4,101 at bats for a .273 career batting average along with 51 home runs, 549 runs batted in and a .360 on-base percentage. He finished his career with a .976 fielding percentage. He led the National League three times in putouts and twice in assists.

While with the Giants, O'Farrell caught Carl Hubbell's no-hitter on May 8, 1929. He caught for six pitchers who would eventually be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

After retirement he ran a bowling alley in Waukegan which was open for over 30 years. O'Farrell died in Waukegan at the age of 91.

See also

List of Major League Baseball player–managers

References

External links

1896 births
1988 deaths
Sportspeople from Waukegan, Illinois
Baseball players from Lake County, Illinois
Major League Baseball catchers
Chicago Cubs players
St. Louis Cardinals players
New York Giants (NL) players
Cincinnati Reds players
Peoria Distillers players
South Bend Benders players
Rochester Red Wings players
Bloomington Bloomers players
St. Louis Cardinals managers
Cincinnati Reds managers
Major League Baseball player-managers
Minor league baseball managers

Bob O'Farrell


"In the Vault" is a short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft, written on September 18, 1925, and first published in the November 1925 issue of the amateur press journal Tryout.

Plot
George Birch, an undertaker for the New England town of Peck Valley, finds himself trapped in the vault where coffins are stored during winter for burial in the spring. When Birch stacks the coffins to reach a transom window, his feet break through the lid of the top coffin, injuring his ankles and forcing him to crawl out of the vault.

Later, Dr. Davis investigates the vault, and finds that the top coffin was one of inferior workmanship, which Birch used as a repository for Asaph Sawyer, a vindictive citizen whom Birch had disliked, even though the coffin had originally been built for the much shorter Matthew Fenner. Davis finds that Birch had cut off Sawyer's feet in order to fit the body into the coffin, and the wounds on Birch's ankles are actually teeth marks.

Inspiration
"In the Vault" was based on a suggestion made in August 1925 by Charles W. Smith, editor of the amateur journal Tryout, which Lovecraft recorded in a letter: "an undertaker imprisoned in a village vault where he was removing winter coffins for spring burial, & his escape by enlarging a transom reached by the piling up of the coffins". Lovecraft accordingly dedicated the story to Smith.

Reaction
The story was rejected by Weird Tales in November 1925; according to Lovecraft, editor Farnsworth Wright feared that "its extreme gruesomeness would not pass the Indiana censorship", a reference to the controversy of C. M. Eddy, Jr.'s "The Loved Dead".

After being published in Tryout, the story was submitted in August 1926 to Ghost Stories, a "very crude" pulp magazine that specialized in "true" tales of the supernatural, which also rejected it. August Derleth urged Lovecraft to resubmit the story to Weird Tales in 1931, which finally published it in its April 1932 edition.

An H. P. Lovecraft Encyclopedia calls "In the Vault" "a commonplace tale of supernatural vengeance" in which "HPL attempts unsuccessfully to write in a more homespun, colloquial vein."

References

External links

"H. P. Lovecraft's 'In the Vault'", The H. P. Lovecraft Archive; publication history

1925 short stories
Fantasy short stories
In The Vault
Short stories by H. P. Lovecraft
Works originally published in Tryout

In the Vault


Dedridge is an area in the town of Livingston in West Lothian, Scotland. It is located in the south of the town, just south of the Almondvale area, and north of the Murieston area.

The area's streets are named after parts, events or characters from the plays of Sir Walter Scott; with the suffix 'Rise' being appended to give street names such as Clement Rise, Crusader Rise and Ivanhoe Rise.

Community information
There are two community centres in Dedridge: the Lanthorn (Kenilworth Rise) and Crofthead Farm (Templar Rise). There is a public library in the Lanthorn. Dedridge Health Centre is in Nigel Rise and has a dental practice attached.

There are two ponds in the area: Dedridge Pond, just south of Kenilworth Rise, and one adjacent to Staunton Rise.    Dedridge Pond and the surrounding Dedridge Burn Plantation area are cared for by Dedridge Environment Ecology Project.

Dedridge Pond has artwork in the form of a damselfly sculpture.

Most housing in Dedridge is terraced houses built by Livingston Development Corporation. The original landscaping of Dedridge made an effort to break up housing areas with natural features, and there are a number of small woodland areas cared for by The Woodland Trust.

A small newsletter (Dedridge Grapevine) with local news stories is circulated in Dedridge with 10 issues per year, edited by the same person for more than 30 years.

There are three care homes in Dedridge, the first is Crusader Court located in Crusader Rise, the second is Woodlands Care Home located in Quentin Rise and the last located in Templar Rise.

Schools
Dedridge has one high school, The James Young High School, which is located in Quentin Rise. There are three primary schools: St. Ninian's RC Primary School located in Douglas Rise, Bankton Primary School in Kenilworth Rise, and Dedridge Primary School (in Dedridge East).

Shops
The main Livingston shopping centre Shopping in Livingston is just to the north of Dedridge and so the area only has a few small local shops in Templar Rise, Nigel Rise and Douglas Rise.

Churches
One of the Livingston Ecumenical Parish worship centres is located in the Lanthorn Community Centre, where they have a small chapel, but use the main hall for regular services. The Roman Catholic church have a separate chapel (St Philip's) at the Lanthorn.  The Dedridge Baptist Church is located in Quentin Rise.
Recently (2017) kings church West Lothian has started a service in the Lanthorn Center that starts at 3pm. It was started by kings Church Edinburgh.

Trivia
Navigation in Dedridge is really simple as the streets progress in alphabetical order, starting at Abbotsford Rise and ending at Templar Rise (with the exception of Palmer Rise, which comes between Kenilworth and Mowbray Rises).

External links

References

Livingston, West Lothian
Populated places in West Lothian

Dedridge


Robert Jones (6 January 1810 – 28 March 1879) was a Welsh Anglican priest and writer.

Jones was born on 6 January 1810 in Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire, Wales and studied at Oswestry School and Jesus College, Oxford, from 1833 to 1837, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree.  He was ordained and was a curate in Northop, Flintshire, north Wales, then in Barmouth, west Wales.  In 1842, he became vicar of All Saints' Church, Rotherhithe, London, where he remained until his death on 28 March 1879.

Jones was a noted scholar of Welsh language and literature, in the mould of Welsh scholarly priests.  Although he lived in London, he was a strong supporter of Welsh culture both in London and in Wales, being greatly involved with the Welsh community in London and supporting the National Eisteddfod and the newly established University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He published hymns and poems in Welsh, some that he had written himself.  He was the first editor of , the transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, which was first published in 1876.  He published reprints of works including William Salesbury's Welsh-English dictionary and an edition of poems and letters by Goronwy Owen.  His collection of Welsh books is now held by the Central Library in Swansea.

References

1810 births
1879 deaths
19th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh scholars and academics
Welsh-language writers
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Montgomeryshire

Robert Jones (writer)


Te Ariki Terau Mana Strickland BEM (22 June 1918 – 8 December 1996) was a Cook Island educator and politician. He was the Minister of Education in the first Cook Islands government after self-government was obtained in 1965.

Strickland was born in Mangaia. He was a teacher and taught at schools in Pukapuka, Mauke, Aitutaki, and Rarotonga. Eventually he became the headmaster at Avarua School, the largest primary school in the Cook Islands. Strickland was also a lecturer at the Cook Islands Teachers' College. As a teacher, he wrote language instruction books on Cook Islands Māori.

Strickland was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Cook Islands prior to self-government. He was elected to the Parliament of the Cook Islands in the 1965 election as a representative of the Cook Islands Party (CIP). When the Cook Islands Constitution entered into force on 4 August 1965, Strickland became the self-governing country's first Minister of Education.

Strickland was a first cousin to Albert Henry, the Cook Islands' first premier. Strickland resigned from CIP and the Cabinet in 1968 to protest what he viewed as mismanagement of the government by Henry. Strickland joined the United Cook Islanders party and served in the parliamentary opposition after the 1968 election.

Strickland was a prominent member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Cook Islands and was active in community affairs, being the chairman of the Cooperative Movement and the chairman of the Cook Islands Thrift and Loan Society. He was awarded the British Empire Medal in 1989 and an honorary master's degree from the University of the South Pacific in 1995.

Strickland married Mauariki Roi in 1938 and was the father of eight children.

Publications
 Mana Strickland (1968). Colonialism and self-government exemplified by events in the Cook Islands. (Rarotonga).
 —— (1979). Say it in Rarotongan : an Instant Introduction to the Common Language of the Cook Islands (Sydney: Pacific Publications, )
 —— "Self-Government and the New Colonialism" in Ron Crocombe (ed) (1979). Cook Islands Politics : The Inside Story (Polynesian Press, Auckland, )

References

External links
 "Papa Mana Strickland: A Bastion of Education", Ministry of Education of the Cook Islands, 2008-12-15

1918 births
Cook Island schoolteachers
Cook Island Seventh-day Adventists
Cook Islands Party politicians
Education ministers
Government ministers of the Cook Islands
Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands
United Cook Islanders politicians
People from Mangaia
Recipients of the British Empire Medal
1996 deaths

Mana Strickland


Sven Berggren (12 August 1837 – 28 June 1917) was a Swedish botanist, explorer and university professor. He was a professor at Lund University 1883–1902, later at Uppsala University. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1880.

He collected plants  on a number of journeys to then little-known areas of the world, e.g. Svalbard in 1868, Greenland in 1870 (both times with Nordenskiöld's expedition) and, in 1873, New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii and California. He made particularly novel collections and descriptions of bryophytes and to less extent vascular plants, algae and fungi.
His collections are kept at Lund University.

Selected works
 Musci et Hepaticæ Spetsbergenses - Bericht über die Untersuchung den Moosflora Spitzbergens und Beeren-Eilands während der schwedischen Expeditionen 1864 und 1868, und Verzeichniss den dort gesammelten Arten. Kungliga svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar N.S., vol. 13 (7), Stockholm, 1875.
 Undersökning af mossfloran vid Disko-bugten och Auleitsivikfjorden i Grönland. Kungliga svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar N.S., vol. 13 (8), Stockholm, 1875.
 On New Zealand Hepaticæ I. Lund, 1898.

References

Swedish botanists
Botanists active in the Arctic
Botanists active in New Zealand
Botanists active in Australia
Botanists active in North America
Academic staff of Lund University
Academic staff of Uppsala University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1837 births
1917 deaths

Sven Berggren


Jack Siegfried Ryder (born 21 September 1981) is an English actor, best known for playing Jamie Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders from 1998 to 2002. He has subsequently established himself as a film and theatre director.

Early life
Ryder was born in Woolwich, London, in 1981. His father is Jack Hues (real name Jeremy Allan Ryder), the founder of 1980s New Wave band Wang Chung.

Career
On leaving EastEnders in 2002, Ryder, then aged 21, performed as Justin Timberlake on Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes (which he won), appeared in the pantomime Sleeping Beauty at the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury and was cast in a recurring role on Five's Family Affairs which he pulled out of when he learned that the series was soon to be axed. In 2004, he played a role in the ITV crime drama MIT: Murder Investigation Team and appeared in a play broadcast on BBC Radio 4.

In 2006, Ryder starred in the British film Popcorn which was released in the spring of 2007. Ryder was due to become a regular character in the then-new ITV1 daytime series The Royal Today, a contemporary spin-off of The Royal, but he subsequently withdrew from playing the role.

In 2007, aged 26, Ryder appeared in the play The Safari Party by Tim Firth and in Kenneth Branagh's production of The Play What I Wrote which toured the UK extensively.

In spring 2008, he was in Christopher Luscombe's production of Alan Bennett's play Single Spies playing opposite Nigel Havers. Then Ryder played Romeo in Michael Bogdanov's production of Romeo and Juliet  with Sara Lloyd-Gregory as Juliet.

In October 2008, Ryder joined The Archers as Ryan.

From 2009, Ryder played the photographer Laurence in the West End production of Calendar Girls at the Noël Coward Theatre, where he was also the assistant director.  He currently continues as associate director of Calendar Girls, responsible for all theatre productions world-wide.

In December 2010, Ryder wrote and directed his first short film, an adaptation of Mary Grace Dembeck's short story Act of Memory starring Claire Skinner, Owen Teale and Anna Massey which was shot on location in London and went on to be screened at the Cannes film festival in 2011.

In 2012, Ryder provided the English voiceover for Zael, the main protagonist in the video game The Last Story.

2013 saw Ryder become associate director of the stage play The Full Monty by Simon Beaufoy, which opened at the Lyceum Theatre Sheffield.

In 2014, Ryder directed his second short film DOG and in July 2015 directed his first red button episode of Casualty for the BBC.

Ryder continued his relationship with The Full Monty as the director of the new touring production starring Gary Lucy which toured the UK through the autumn of 2015 into 2017.

Ryder returned to acting and played a new character Gareth in Kay Mellors' BBC drama In the Club which aired in May 2016.

In 2017, Ryder became the assistant director to Tim Firth on his and Gary Barlow's new musical "The Girls," opening at the Phoenix Theatre in London's West End on 21 February. As a result of his work on "The Girls" and his success on "The Full Monty" Gary Barlow and Take That asked Ryder to become the codirector with Kim Gavin on their new musical "The Band" which opened in September 2017.

In November 2018, it was announced that Ryder would join the cast of Holby City as a new Consultant General Surgeon named Evan Crowhurst. He made his debut in the episode "A Simple Lie".

On 28 May 2020, Ryder published Jack's Secret Summer with Hachette Children's Group. Jack's Secret Summer is Ryder's first book, as well as his début children's novel.

Personal life
Ryder married former Hear'Say singer turned actress Kym Marsh in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 10 August 2002 and, after settling in St Albans, the couple had early difficulties and split for a short while before reconciling. In light of Marsh wanting a regular role in north-west-produced dramas and to be closer to her family, the couple moved to Manchester in 2004. It was announced on 20 March 2008 that Marsh and Ryder had decided to separate and then subsequently divorced.

Ryder now lives in London and France. He is a supporter of Newcastle United F.C. On 28 May 2020, he announced that he and his girlfriend were expecting their first child. Their daughter was born the following year.

References

External links

1981 births
Male actors from London
English male soap opera actors
Living people
People educated at Colfe's School
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
People from Woolwich

Jack Ryder (actor)


Cinevilla is a backlot in Slampe parish in the Tukums Municipality in Latvia, and was created for the outdoor shootings of the feature film Defenders of Riga. It is the only backlot in Latvia, and consists of replicas of historical buildings and constructions of Riga, the capital of Latvia. The backlot has a small canal to resemble the Daugava river quays of the Riga old town. The Stone Bridge is also there as well as the historical Lübeck and Pontoon bridges.

Cinevilla is now a major tourist attraction, and is the only such large-scale open-air cinema exhibition in the Baltic States. In 2008, Jānis Streičs shot the film Rudolf's Gold on the lot, simulating a Kurzeme farmstead.

References

External links

Official site
 Cinevilla at vietas.lv

Buildings and structures in Latvia
Cinema of Latvia

Cinevilla