Chung-Ang University (CAU; ) is a private research university in Seoul, South Korea. The university operates two campuses: main campus located in Dongjak District, Seoul, and an additional campus in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province. CAU consists of 16 undergraduate colleges and 16 graduate schools.

Starting as a church-run kindergarten in 1916, CAU transformed into a school for female kindergarten teachers in 1922 and was granted university status in 1953. The university held its centennial in 2018. It has 33,600 undergraduates, 5,200 graduates, 700 professors and 500 more part-time teaching staff.
The symbol of Chung-Ang University is Blue Dragon. It represents the sacredness, authority, freedom, and the eternal prosperity of CAU.

History

Establishment 1916–1932
Chung-Ang University began with the establishment of Chung-Ang Kindergarten as an annex to the Chung-Ang Methodist Church located in Insa-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, in April 1918.

Chung-Ang Kindergarten originated as a branch of Jungdong Church in 1916 and separated in 1918.

In 1922, the Japanese enacted legislation against kindergartens to restrict expansion, however, other kindergartens including Susong, Kyungsung and Taewha, and kindergartens in Gaesung and Pyongyang were founded by 1924.

Adversity 1933–1945
The social conventions in the 1920s made it difficult to recruit female students but a Teacher Training Program was established and kindergarten teachers were educated, which can be seen as a development in the modern history of teaching in Korea. Undeterred by the hostile conditions, graduates were posted to kindergartens in cities including Hamhung, Hweryung, Busan, Masan, Jeonju, Anak, Cheonan, Sariwon, and Miryang. Thus, the Chung-Ang Kindergarten Teacher Training Program took on the role of a Professional Educational Institution.

By 1922, the Chung-Ang Teacher Training Program, in partnership with the Community Education Movement of various Japanese-Resistance organizations, was promoted to a Kindergarten Teacher Training School. Although its legal status was registered as a miscellaneous school, its standing in social perception was considered equivalent to that of a professional school with a 3-year degree course.

The reformed Chung-Ang Teacher Training School continued to face obstacles in management. With ten students, the school was forced to relocate to a private residence in 1932 due to financial and personal circumstances of the management.

In 1933, Louise Yim (Im Young-Shin) took over the helm and was appointed as the principal at the age of 34. She was a graduate of Kijeon School for Women and was previously imprisoned for 6 months for leading the Samil Independence Movement at Jeonju. She later graduated from Kwangdoo High School in Japan and was further awarded her M.A in the United States. She infamously sent pictures of the Japanese massacring Koreans during the Gwandong earthquake to Dr. Syngman Rhee, who was operating the Korean Independence Movement in the US.

After nine years in U.S., she returned to Korea in January 1932 and was determined to devote herself to the nation, which was still under Japanese rule. As she toured the country for her first role as the director of the YWCA, she realized that she needed to start with education to save the people.

Her savings of 30,000 dollars earned from farming, truck driving, and vegetable wholesale operation in U.S. was used to purchase a site at Heukseok-dong on which to build a school and took leadership of Chung-Ang Teacher Training School. Through Yim, Chung-Ang began to envisage its development as the cradle of national education.

Despite its relocation to Heukseok-dong, Chung-Ang Teacher Training School lacked facilities. So Yim rented Pearson Bible School to hold classes. However, there was a limit to Yim's personal finances and with the Japanese prohibiting contributions, the development of the School continued to face financial difficulties.

Believing that the only solution was to raise funds from U.S., Dr. Yim worked to promote donations in the U.S. As a result, she was able to return home having established the Pfeiffer Foundation in U.S. to financially support Chung-Ang Teacher Training School.

With this, the first stone building was erected on the grounds of Heukseok-dong in April 1937, to become Young-Shin Hall upon its completion in May 1938, which forms the heart of Chung-Ang today.

Students subsequently founded Chosun Kindergarten Education Society and took charge of the social education plan through concerts, plays and literary activities.

In 1937, the Japanese waged war against China, and in 1941 attacked Pearl Harbor, signalling the start of the Pacific War with the U.S. declaring war against Japan. Chung-Ang Teacher Training School was heavily targeted in view of the fact that Yim was educated in U.S. and a devout Christian.

The Communications Unit of the Japanese Army attempted to take possession of the school, but their efforts were blocked by the strong resistance of Yim. By the end of WW2, under pressure from the Japanese forces, the school was no longer able to admit new students, and the school was closed in 1944.

Construction and development of a comprehensive university 1946–1955
As Japan was defeated and Korea liberated, Dr. Yim reopened the doors to Chung-Ang Teacher Training School on 28 September 1945, and established the school motto, "Live in Truth, Live for Justice".

On 1 October of the same year, Chung-Ang Teacher Training School was re-organised under the name of Chung-Ang Professional School for Women and followed by the Admissions Ceremony. The Foundation, Chung-Ang Culture Institute, was established in November 1946, and its legal registration was completed by the following year.

In April 1947, the school was again reorganised into Chung-Ang College for Women, and then to Chung-Ang College in May 1948, establishing itself as a co-educational institution.

Whilst Dr. Yim served as a national diplomat in the United Nations, obtaining their endorsement to build a new Korea, she also continued her efforts in developing the school and was appointed dean and chairman of the board.

Although the college celebrated its first conferment of a bachelor's degree in May 1950, it was again indefinitely closed due to the outbreak of the June 25 Korean War. Students were re-admitted subsequent to the September 28 reclaim of the Country, but soon the school had to flee to Busan and set up a temporary office there in the event of January 4 Retreat of Korea's allied forces.

Upon Dr. Yim's return to the country in April 1951 after completing her diplomatic duties in U.S., the school started to give lectures in Song-do, Busan. Later, it installed branch campuses and lectures in Iri and Seoul.

Chung-Ang College continued to provide education during the war times. As a result, the second, third and fourth bachelor's degree Conferment were held during the war years in Busan, in 1951, 1952 and 1953.

The school continued to provide education during the evacuation to Busan and was recognised as a comprehensive university in February 1953. Thus, with nine departments under four component faculties including the College of Liberal Arts & Science, College of Law, College of Business, and College of Pharmacy, and a Graduate School, Dr. Yim was appointed as chancellor of the university.

The teaching faculty returned from Busan to its original site in Heukseok-dong, Seoul, in August, following the declaration of ceasefire in the Korean War in July of the same year. However, lectures had to be taught in temporary buildings as the site was still occupied by the U.S. Army. The site was eventually recovered after one semester in April 1954, and the area reorganised for the development of the university.

The university continued to expand to the scale of 19 departments under four faculties, and a population of 2,850, between 1955 and 1959. To accommodate the increase in departments and students, a four-storey building, Pfeiffer Hall, was constructed across approximately 2,500 pyeong (1 pyeong =3.1m2) in 1956, and Chung-Ang Library constructed across approximately 3,800 pyeong in 1959.

Concurrently, International Culture Research Institute was established to enhance research activities.

Partnerships were forged with Young-Shin Junior High School, Young-Shin Girls' Junior High School, Nakyang Junior High School, Nakyang Technical High School.

Preparation for takeoff 1956–1979
1960 saw the 4.19 Revolution, where the CAU students educated under the motto of "Truth and Justice" protested against the March 1960 Rigged Elections. Furthermore, despite the many challenges faced with the control policy affecting student-intake for the alleged qualitative improvement of universities, which was introduced in the wake of the 5.16 Military Coup in 1961, CAU was able to appoint Dr. Sung-Hee Yim as its second chancellor on 2 October 1961. Later Yim was re-appointed as the third chancellor, she was able to continue ensuring the internal stability of the university.

In January 1965, the College of Liberal Arts & Science was segregated into the College of Liberal Arts, College of Science & Engineering and College of Education, whilst the College of Law, College of Business, and College of Pharmacy were combined to form six colleges. Furthermore, the partnered Middle School and High School were renamed in affiliation with the College of Education, and an affiliate Elementary School was newly established under the Foundation, allowing the delivery of a coherent educational philosophy from kindergarten to graduate school.

In February 1967, the Graduate School of Social Development was established to train specialists and promote industrial links. In 1968, the university was again reorganised into the eight component faculties, including College of Liberal Art, College of Science & Engineering, College of Education, College of Law, College of Political Science & Economics, College of Business Administration, College of Agriculture, and College of Pharmacy, for the systemization of education impacting the affiliate organisations.
The College of Medicine was installed in December 1971, and Sung Shim Hospital, based in Jung-gu, Seoul, was incorporated as an affiliate hospital.

July 1961 saw the construction of Jin Sun Hall across approximately 1,400 pyeong, and the University Theatre across 1,920 pyeong. In October of the same year, the Social Development Hall was constructed across 1,600 pyeong. The Archives were reorganised to mark the 50th anniversary in 1968. The Blue Dragon Monument was erected to safe-guard artefacts and documents for the next 100 years, and Seungdang Hall built. Bobst Hall, covering 3,200 pyeong, was built the following year, December 1969. The Sung Shim Hospital of 1,395 pyeong was affiliated.

By this time, the founder of CAU, Yim was over 70 years old and finding the workload physically gruelling. Thus, she charged Dr. Chull Soon Yim to succeed her as the fourth chancellor of CAU.

The College of Liberal Arts and College of Science & Engineering were restructured into the College of Liberal Arts & Science and College of Engineering in 1972. In the field of art, CAU merged with Seorabol Art College, which was operated by the Seorabol Art Institute, in June 1972, and further reorganised the establishment under the College of Arts in 1974. Two affiliate schools were constructed in 1978, and the Graduate School of International Management and Graduate School of Education installed in January 1979.

Jin Sun Hall was extended in October 1972 for construction of 3,100 pyeong of Seorabol Hall, and 2,400 pyeong devoted to the construction of Natural Hall as part of the College of Medicine in 1974. The Students' Union Building was constructed in December 1976 over 2,000 pyeong, and in June 1978, a new annex provided over 1,450 pyeong for the affiliate Sung Shim Hospital, based in Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul.

In February 1977 Yim, the founder of CAU, died.

In March 1980, lecture halls, dormitories and a Students' Union were built across 2,417 pyeong, 1,706 pyeong, and 597 pyeong of land respectively in Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, to create the Anseong Campus.

Adversity after expansion 1980–1986

Following the end of his term as chancellor, Dr. Chull Soon Yim was succeeded by the professor of philosophy, Dr. Suk-Hee Lee, as the fifth chancellor in May 1980.

The Graduate School of Journalism was established in November 1980 to train professional journalists, and Heukseok-dong equipped with education facilities accordingly. In December, a 0.9-acre annex was built for the affiliate hospital to improve the education environment for the College of Medicine.

Improvements to facilities happened at the Seoul and the Anseong campuses.

In October 1981, faculties in Anseong were reorganised under the College of Foreign Languages, College of Social Science, and College of Home Economics. Seoul and Anseong sites were listed as the university's primary and secondary campus, respectively. The Department of Music was segregated from the College of Arts and newly established as the College of Music in October 1981. The College of Agriculture was reorganised as the College of Industrial Science. The Graduate School of Construction Engineering was added to the roster of faculties in September 1983. After the establishment of the College of Construction Engineering in the secondary campus in Ansung in October 1984, the secondary campus had seven colleges.

In November 1982, the Professor Research Center was built over 636 pyeong, and 626 pyeong was spared for the College of Agriculture experiment area. In December, the building for the College of Arts was built over 4,874 pyeong. Continuing the investments, 1,192 pyeong for the Music College lecture area, 714 pyeong for the assembly area, and 423 pyeong for the swimming pool was established in August 1983. In September, the Gymnasium was finished over 655 pyeong. In December 1984, the 1,145 pyeong building was erected for the College of Music; finally, 5,068 pyeong was given for the third faculty residence. By the end, the campus had a modern look.

Dr. Byoung Jip Moon succeeded to Dr. Suk Hee Lee as the sixth president in March 1985. Moon began to reorganize the management operating system. The Office of Career Planning was established. The management of the Chung-Ang Cultural Institute and the Medical Center were modified. The departments of French Language & Literature and Japanese Language & Literature were reinstalled, and the Department of Industrial Information created. The construction of a Central Library in the second campus was promoted.

Realization of vision 2008
Dr. Bum Hoon Park was inaugurated as the 12th university president in February 2005. As his first assignment upon election, he oversaw the evaluation of the Korean Council for University Education, marketing of capital, BK21, establishment of the Professional Graduate School of Law, and other national enterprises.

Restructuring of the Education Science Technology Faculty, which had been the greatest pending issue, was so successful it was nominated a leading university and awarded grant maintenance (KRW 9,100,000,000) comparable to that of major competitor universities, in spite of its 1-year probationary period.

Following the restructuring of the undergraduate programmes, recruiting of new admissions, registration of current students, financial situation and overall management records of the three professional schools and 11 specialised schools, were analysed to identify the areas for improvement and enhance teaching quality. Thus, 32 out of 42 staff from the professional schools and specialized schools were reassigned to the general graduate school, and 10 positions reduced. The members reassigned to the general graduate school have been resourced to serve as the primary models in forming the Research Priority Group (Staff), for the construction of a research-centred regime.

DRAGON 2018 (2001–2004), which was the development plan devised under the 11th university president to carry the university towards the university target vision by the Centenary Anniversary, was re-branded as CAU2018+ (2005–2008). CAU2018+ lists the valuation index for various industries and the source of expected revenue in detail. To accomplish the goals, CAU2018+ was implemented in two stages.

For the first four years of Dr. Bum Hoon Park's term in office, resources were heavily invested in education/research equipment. Thus, the nation's largest Law Hall was constructed in February 2007, and a master plan drawn up for the construction of the Pharmacy and Natural Science R&D Centers around the Main Entrance in Campus 1, and an Engineering R&D Center by the Gymnasium,

In 2008, the Media Practice Section was established in the Law Hall and 400 additional wards were added in the affiliate hospital. Accordingly, the Chung-Ang Site Construction Plan, included in the CAU2018+ Development Plan was set in motion.

In November 2007, authorisation was obtained from Hanam-si, for developing a tertiary, Hanam Campus. Camp Colbern, which was previously a US Army installation of 86,000 pyeong will be renovated for the purpose. A team will be banded per subject field to oversee the management.

244 full-time teaching staff were recruited between 2005 and 2009, and in the first semester of 2009, 25 full-time and part-time staff were recruited.

Law and Medical Schools were established in March 2009.

KRW 40 billion of development funds, KRW 166.3 billion of external research grant, and KRW 17.3 billion in government aid allocated as a government-funded enterprise have been secured over the 4 years since Dr. Bum Hoon Park's inauguration into office. The sum of KRW 223.6 billion is the largest amount secured financially in the history of the university.

In May 2008, a global corporation, Doosan Group, was incorporated as an educational institution, and Yong-Sung Park was elected as the ninth chairman of the board.

The appointment of Chairman Park, who negotiated the industry-shift of Doosan Group from consumer goods to heavy industry, symbolises the rebirth of the university. Within 80 days of taking office, a meeting was held with the teaching staff on 27 August 2008, where the CAU2018+ Mid-Term Development Plans were announced along with the new strategy direction of "Choice and Concentrate, Strengthening of Executive Ability, Establishment of Virtuous Cycle Structure".

The Degree Management System has been strengthened to encourage students to study diligently, as in order to graduate, students have been made to attain a minimum level in compulsory subjects such as English and Accounting.

In order to the support this type of research, education and practice more effectively, an R&D Center for the College of Pharmacy and new Dormitories for students were constructed, the Central Library renovated, and the hospital extended to fit 300 additional wards.

Research projects are also being supported by the Special Committee for Strengthening the Research Marketability.

Such changes have already resulted in the designation of six new companies in the second stages of the BK21 enterprise, and a budget of KRW 6 billion being allocated to the leading research team, thus implementing the "choice and concentrate" strategy.

The direct election system for presidency was abolished and replaced by the appointment system. Consequently, the 12th president, Dr. Bum Hee Park, was re-appointed into office as the consecutive 13th president.

The largest project being persevered by Dr. Bum Hee Park and the corporation, is the establishment of Hanam Campus. In 2007, a memorandum of understanding was exchanged with Hanam-si.

As of February 2009, Chung-Ang University, as a comprehensive institution, has produced one general graduate school, five professional graduate schools, 11 specialised graduate schools, 18 modularised colleges in the campuses across Seoul and Anseong, and issued a total of 147,196 Bachelor's degrees, 29,940 Master's degrees, and 4,275 Doctorates.

In March 2014 Chung-Ang University began accepting video game players into their Department of Sport Science.

Academics

Colleges and schools
The existing faculty-based system has been replaced by a functional vice president system in 2014 and each college is operated by the dean of each college. As of 2014, there are 12 colleges and 49 departments.

Postgraduate programs
The postgraduate programmes in Chung-Ang University are categorised into General Graduate School, Professional Schools and Specialised Graduate Schools.

International student
The international student population in Chung-Ang University reaches approximately 2,000. Approximately 200 exchange students are admitted into Chung-Ang University per year.

Admissions
The admissions ratio at Chung-Ang University is 7.45% based on 2014 statistics. (73,021 applicants for 5,443 places)

Rankings
Chung-Ang University (CAU) ranked third in the category of social sciences and fifth in education among Korean universities in the 2020 Times Higher Education (THE) University Rankings.

According to the 2019 Korea University Rankings by JoongAng Ilbo, CAU ranked first in the fields of film, drama and theatre studies.

Campus

Seoul campus
Libraries: Chung-Ang University is home to the Central Library and Law Library.
 Renovation work to the Central Library was completed in August 2009, thereby stretching the site to fit 3,400 personal cubicles, study rooms, tutoring rooms, an E-Lounge, and CAU-Garden, as well as providing access to electronics newspapers, notice boards and memo boards, over a 14,258.2 m2 (4,320 pyeong) site. The library houses over a million books and articles, 2,500 publications, 80,000 electronic journals, 120 web data, all dissertations published by the university graduates, 27,000 original data, and 40,000 copies of E-books fit for service.
 The Law Library is on the first and second floors of the Law Building and houses volumes, reference books, periodicals and all domestic and foreign data.

Main Administration Building: The university headquarters can be seen upon passing the Middle Entrance. This white building is where the offices of the President, Student Affairs, General Affairs and Public Relations Department can be found.

Emancipation Square, in the center of the university, is sheltered by Seorabol Hall, the Central Library and the Student Union Hall. The area is enjoyed by students seeking relaxation, and also during festivities.

The Blue Dragon Monument and Blue Dragon Pond, near the Middle Entrance, were installed in 1968 to commemorate the university's 50th anniversary. The Blue Dragon Monument depicts the moment of ascension from its embrace of the Earth, with the blessing of seven miniature dragons, and is symbolic of the prosperity of Chung-Ang University.

Young-Shin Hall, situated by the Main Entrance, was completed in May 1938. During the oppressive time in Korean history when Japanese colonialists prohibited the collecting of financial aid, donations had to be amassed from the U.S. As a result, the Pfeiffer Foundation was born.

College Buildings include the College of Law (Law Building), Seorabol Hall, Bobst Hall, Pfeiffer Hall, College of Natural Science (Natural Science Building), College of Medicine (Medical Building), College of Pharmacy (Pharmacy Building), and the Institute of Performing Arts.

The College of Law Building, constructed in 2007, is shared by the School of Business Administration, College of Education and the College of Law. Facilities include student cafeterias and staff cafeterias, computer rooms, the Law Library, assembly hall and postgraduate rooms.

Blue Mir Hall was constructed in August 2010. It can accommodate 955 students and has been equipped with restaurants, convenience stores, sports facilities and cafes.

Seorabol Hall is an eight-story building across from the College of Law, home to the College of Liberal Arts and College of Education.

Bobst Hall: As the first of two Engineering Buildings, the space is mainly used by Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Chemical Engineering students. The building is behind the Student Cultural Hall and is furnished with labs and research space.

Engineering Building 2 supplements the first Engineering Building. The space is mainly used by students of Computer Science and Engineering and Architectural Engineering, working in the computer labs and design labs.

Natural Science Building is constructed of distinctive red bricks and is inhabited by the Department of Physics, Chemistry, Life Science and Math Statistics.

Medical Building is spread over two sites near the Student Union Hall and the Central Library consisting of Medical Building 1 and Medical Building 2.

Pfeiffer Hall and R&D Center: The College of Pharmacy is in Pfeiffer Hall, which boasts an array of laboratories.

Art Center building, also known as the Media & Performance Theatre, is stage to the School of Mass Communication and School of Drama and Film Studies. University functions and performances are held in its halls.

Gymnasium is located by the back entrance together with the Professor Research Center. The grounds are host to the Career Fair each term.

Anseong campus
The Anseong Campus is located in Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do. The secondary campus was established in 1979, subsequent to the recognition of Chung-Ang as a university in 1948.

College of Arts Precinct consists of four buildings, including the Modelling Hall, Theatre, Crafts Hall, and Sculpture Hall. The College of Arts is an art institute that teaches ten genres from literature, sculpture and performance to visual and design. The lectures are open to students in Creative Writing, Korean Painting, Western Painting, Arts & Crafts, Photography, Dance, Sculpture, and Industrial Design,

School of Music Precinct has three buildings in the School of Music Precinct: Music Building 1, Music Building 2, and a third named Young-Shin Music Hall. The School of Music is mainly frequented by students of Composition, Voice, Piano and Orchestral Instruments.

Korean Traditional Music Building is a stroll down the path lying between the Music Buildings and the Young-Shin Music Hall, towards the Water Surface Stage. All areas of the Korean Music Building are open to the public. The theatre and lobby are on the second floor in a gallery formation, whilst private practice rooms are available to students on the third floor.

Lakeside Theatre is a stage erected at the side of a lake, serving as an open-air arena for summer performances. The surrounding garden is equipped with trees and benches.

College of Biotechnology & Natural Resources Precinct has five buildings in the Biotechnology & Natural Resources Precinct: Circular building (Won hyung gwan), Biotechnology building 1, Biotechnology building 2, Biotechnology building 3 and a Living Modified Organisms Laboratory. The College of Biotechnology & Natural Resources is an important institution that leads biotechnology and research to Chung-ang University.

Student life

Clubs

Traditions
 LUCAUs (Let's Unite CAUs) is a student festival that is held every summer.
 Undergraduate Department-held 'Jujom (lit.: bar)' party.

Healthcare System
Chung-Ang University Healthcare System provides healthcare to the residents in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, running two hospitals, each located in Seoul and Gwangmyeong.
Founded in 1968 as the first domestic association of medical school professors, Chung-Ang University Hospital established its foundation for a new takeoff by moving from Pil-dong to Heukseok-dong in 2004. In 2011, Yongsan Hospital finished its 27-year-old history and relocated to merge with the Chung-Ang University Hospital. CAUHS opened its fourth hospital, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital in March 2022.

Notable alumni

Politicians
 Auh June-sun (어준선)
 Chang Je-won (장제원)
 Jung Choun-sook (정춘숙)
 Kim Nam-kuk (김남국)
 Koo Yun-cheol (구윤철)
 Kweon Seong-dong (권성동)
 Lee Baek-yun (이백윤)
 Lee Jae-myung (이재명)
 Noh Woong-rae (노웅래)

Musicians

Film industry

Sports

See also
 List of colleges and universities in South Korea
 Education in South Korea

References

External links
 Official website
 Official English website

Universities and colleges in Seoul
Universities and colleges in Gyeonggi Province
Private universities and colleges in South Korea
Dongjak District
Universities and colleges established in 1916
1916 establishments in Korea

Chung-Ang University


Junonia iphita, the chocolate pansy or chocolate soldier, is a butterfly found in Asia.

The wingspan is about  and the female can be told apart from the male by white markings on the oblique line on the underside of the hindwing. The wavy lines on the underside of the wings vary from wet- to dry-season forms.

Individuals maintain a territory and are usually found close to the ground level and often bask in the sun.

Description

Upperside of both sexes brown of varying depths of colour. Forewing: cell with one pair of subbasal and one pair of apical transverse sinuous fasciae, the outermost defining the discocellulars; a short, broad, dark, oblique fascia beyond to vein 4, its inner margin diffuse, its outer sinuous but sharply defined; below vein 4 a sinuous, transverse, more faint fascia, followed by a discal blackish fascia, very broad and diffuse, below costa, bordered by a row of faint ocelli, and a postdiscal and a subterminal similar fascia following the outline of the termen. Hindwing with a slender blackish loop near apex of cellular area; a broad inwardly diffuse, outwardly well-defined short discal fascia in continuation of the one on the forewing; a series of postdiscal somewhat ochraceous ocelli with black pupils minutely centred with white; postdiscal and subterminal broad lines as on the forewing.

Underside brown, with very broad darker brown transverse fasciae, the interspaces between the markings irrorated (sprinkled) with purplish silvery scales. Forewing with two sinuous fasciae on basal half succeeded by a discal fascia, very broad at the costal margin and decreasing in width to the dorsum, bearing on its outer border a row of obscure ocelli. This is succeeded by a zigzag dark line, and sinuous subterminal and terminal lines; apex and tornal area suffused with purplish silvery. Hindwing: two irregular, very broad, dark brown, curved short fasciae near base; a straight, transverse, prominent, narrow ochreous-brown discal band defined outwardly by a black line; a transverse postdiscal dark brown fascia, widest in the middle and bearing outwardly a curved row of ochreous-brown white-centred ocelli, followed by a zigzag dark line in continuation of the one on the forewing; a subterminal somewhat diffuse dark fascia and a terminal dark line. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown.

Life history
The eggs are often laid on the ground or on dry twigs near the host plants rather than on them. On hatching the larvae find their way to the host plants.

Larva
"Cylindrical, slightly pubescent and armed with nine longitudinal rows of many-branched spines, except on the head which is clothed with short bristles. ... Colour dark dull brown." (Davidson and Aitken)

Pupa
The pupa "is regular, with three or five dorsal rows of small tubercular points, hung perpendicularly. ... Colour smoky brown."(Davidson & Aitken)

Larval food plants
The larvae feed on a variety of plants of the family Acanthaceae species recorded are -

 Hygrophila costata
 Justicia micrantha
 Justicia procumbens
 Justicia sphaerosperma
 Lepidagathis formosensis
 Strobilanthes callosus
 Strobilanthes formosanus.
 Barleria cristata
 Dipteracanthus prostratus
 Hygrophila auriculata
 Ruellia elegans
 Ruellia simplex
 Ruellia tuberosa
 Strobilanthes
 Achimenes grandiflora
 Strobilanthes ciliata

Gallery

See also
List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)

References

External links

iphita
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies described in 1779

Junonia iphita


Alison Margaret Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich,  (nee Potter, born 31 October 1949) is a British economist, academic, and life peer. She is the Sir Roy Griffiths Professor of Public Sector Management at King's College London; Director of the International Centre for University Policy Research, King's Policy Institute; and Director of the university's MSc programme in Public Sector Policy and Management. Her latest book is The XX Factor (published by Crown Books in the US and Profile Books in the UK).

Early life and education
Alison was born on the 31st of October 1949. She was educated at Oxford High School, an all-girls private school in Oxford, England. She studied at the University of Neuchatel and Somerville College, Oxford.

Career

Her early career was spent in the United States as a policy analyst for the government.  She then worked many years at the Institute of Education of the University of London where she was guest professor. She is a member of the Advisory Committee for Education for the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and a member of the council of the United Nations University.  She writes frequent articles in the British press and moderated a programme on BBC Radio 4.  She is a member of the International Accounting Education Standards Board and has worked as a consultant for the European Commission, Bar Council, OECD, Royal College of Surgeons and the Ministries of Education of New Zealand, France and South Africa.

Wolf studies the interface between educational institutions and labour markets. She also has a research interest in performance studies, maths education, training, tertiary education and employment in the health sector.

In her book, Does Education Matter? Myths about Education and Economic Growth, she questioned the widespread view that higher public expenditure on education would increase economic growth. Instead, the causality ran in the opposite direction.  For the individual, the crucial skills in the labour market are primarily the mathematical and linguistic skills that are taught in school.  She therefore recommends investment in primary and secondary education rather than the tertiary level. In 2013, her book The XX Factor was published by Profile Books.

On 21 October 2014, it was announced that Wolf was to become a Crossbench life peer, having been nominated personally by the Prime Minister, David Cameron. She was created Baroness Wolf of Dulwich, of Dulwich in the London Borough of Southwark on 2 December 2014.

Personal life
Wolf is married to the economics journalist Martin Wolf. They have had three children together, two boys and a girl.

Honours
Wolf was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to education. She is an Honorary Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford.

Publications
 Convergence and Divergence in European Education and Training Systems (with Green, A. and Leney, T.), Institute of Education (1999).
 Does Education Matter?: Myths About Education and Economic Growth, Penguin (2002).
 An Adult Approach to Further Education: How to Reverse the Destruction of Adult and Vocational Education, Institute of Economic Affairs (2009).
 Improving skills at work (with Evans, K.), Routledge (2010).
 The Wolf report  - Review of Vocational Education, UK Department for Education (2011).
 The XX Factor - published by Profile Books.

References

External links

Biography at King's College

Living people
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
Academics of King's College London
British economists
British women economists
English expatriates in Switzerland
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
University of Neuchâtel alumni
Crossbench life peers
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
1949 births
Fellows of Somerville College, Oxford
Fellows of King's College London

Alison Wolf, Baroness Wolf of Dulwich


The Atwater-Linton House, also known historically as Appledore, is a historic house at 1804 State Street in Hamden, Connecticut.  Built about 1781 by a descendant of one of the area's first settlers, it was the home of engraver and political activist William James Linton in the late 19th century.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Description and history
The Atwater-Linton House is located in southeastern Hamden, on the west side of State Street (United States Route 5), between Hyde and Benton Streets.  Set farther back from the street than surrounding later construction, it is a -story Cape style wood-frame structure, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior.  Two gabled dormers project from the front roof face, which extends beyond the facade to provide a porch space supported by modern iron supports.  A hip-roof porch extends across part of the south-facing left side.  Victorian trim has been applied to portions of the exterior.  The interior of the house largely reflects a c. 1880 restyling.

The Atwater family were longtime owners of land in this area, with early settler David Atwater owning hundreds of acres in the 17th century.  Jared Atwater, his descendant, had this house built not long after acquiring some of that land in 1781.  It is believed to be the oldest standing house in the area associated with this family.  It was leased in 1870 by Linton, a British wood-engraver and political activist, who named it "Appledore" after the apple orchard on the hill above.  Linton was responsible for the Victorian alterations to the house.  He lived here for thirty years, creating many wood-engravings, and engaging in correspondence with a wide array of literary and social figures.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven County, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New Haven County, Connecticut
Colonial architecture in the United States
Gothic Revival architecture in Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Hamden, Connecticut

Atwater-Linton House


MacDraft is a 2-D computer-aided design (CAD) program for Mac OS X, which can be used to create drafts, illustrations and architectural plans.  Unlike pixel-based drawing programs like MacPaint, MacDraft is vector and object-based, fully scaled drawing system. MacDraft is a feature-rich and flexible 2D CAD software for architects, engineers and construction services as well as professional CAD users, designers, educators and hobbyists.

MacDraft was first released in 1984 by Innovative Data design.  A later version was called Dreams, but this nomenclature did not last long. The MacDraft program was later acquired by Microspot, an English software company, and its latest version is called MacDraft Professional. Microspot also releases a Windows version called PC Draft. Microspot are still developing and selling MacDraft now.

References

External links
MacDraft Pro official webpage

1984 software
Computer-aided design software

 MacDraft PE official webpage

MacDraft


Olivia Gwyneth Zoe FitzRoy, (May 27, 1921 – December 24, 1969) was a British author of children's books. She was the granddaughter of Muriel FitzRoy, 1st Viscountess Daventry, raised to the peerage as widow of Edward FitzRoy, the Speaker of the House of Commons from 1928 until his death in 1943; her mother was a member of the famous Guinness family. Olivia FitzRoy was one of five sisters.

The family spent their summers in Scotland, the setting of her books. They were there in 1939 when her father, a naval officer, decided that they should remain in Inverewe for the duration of World War II. The area was remote; FitzRoy wrote her first book, Orders to Poach (which told the story of the Stewart children receiving unusual instructions from their overseas father) to entertain her two younger sisters, Barbara (now Ormrod) and the late Amelia (now Jessel). It was published by Collins, as Billy Collins was a friend of the family. The second, Steer by the Stars and the third The House in the Hills, were based in the same location.

FitzRoy carried on writing when she began service in the Women's Royal Naval Service, though she was stationed as far away as Ceylon. After the war, she travelled with the 'Chipperfield Circus', which was the inspiration behind Wagons and Horses; she then went back to live in Scotland.

Olivia FitzRoy married Sir Geoffrey Bates in 1957 and they had two daughters. She died aged only 48 of cancer in 1969.

Her books are being reissued by Fidra Books: the first became available in June 2006, the second in March 2007 and the third in 2009.

References

Citations

Orders to Poach, Introduction by Olivia FitzRoy's sister, Barbara Ormrod. Edinburgh: Fidra Books, 2006

External links

1921 births
1969 deaths
20th-century British writers
British women writers

Olivia FitzRoy


The Bernheim House is a historic residence in eastern Cincinnati, Ohio, United States.  Built in 1912, the house is one of the city's best examples of Colonial Revival architecture.  Among its prominent architectural elements are its employment of the Palladian arch, a two-story entrance portico, multiple pilasters, and a cornice with dentilling.  Its location atop a hill and on a large, otherwise-undeveloped lot make it a prominent component of the vicinity.  The oldest house in the neighborhood, it is built of brick and stucco with wooden elements.

Morris and Delia Bernheim arranged for the construction of the house in 1912 on open land approximately  in area.  One of the owners of a conveyor belt factory, Morris chose to subdivide his property in the 1920s into two separate developments.  In contrast to the Bernheim House, most of the houses in the development are built in the Tudor Revival style of architecture, thus increasing the distinctive architecture of the oldest house in the neighborhood.  Because of its distinctive historic architecture, the Bernheim House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

Houses completed in 1912
Colonial Revival architecture in Ohio
Houses in Cincinnati
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Cincinnati
1912 establishments in Ohio

Bernheim House


Exhibition of Leningrad artists of 1961 () was opened on September 13, and become one of the largest Art Exhibition of 1961 in the USSR. The Exhibition took place in State Russian Museum.

History and Organization
For the organization and preparation of Exhibition was formed specially Exhibition Committee which consisted of 50 the most authoritative art-experts. Exhibition Catalog was published. In total, the Exhibition displayed almost 1100 works of art of painters, sculptors, graphics, artists of theater and cinema, masters of arts and crafts. At whole Exhibition attended over 650 artists of the Leningrad. About 170 art works the viewer is not seen in the exhibition, as they have been selected to represent the Leningrad artists at an All-Union Art Exhibition in Moscow, which opened a few days later.

Contributing Artists

In the largest Department of Painting were exhibited art works of 298 authors. There were Piotr Alberti, Evgenia Antipova, Taisia Afonina, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Irina Baldina, Nikolai Baskakov, Leonid Baykov, Yuri Belov, Piotr Belousov, Olga Bogaevskaya, Lev Bogomolets, Nikolai Brandt, Piotr Buchkin, Zlata Bizova, Nikolai Galakhov, Ivan Godlevsky, Elena Gorokhova, Abram Grushko, Oleg Eremeev, Alexei Eriomin, Mikhail Kaneev, Maria Kleschar-Samokhvalova, Mikhail Kozell, Engels Kozlov, Marina Kozlovskaya, Maya Kopitseva, Boris Korneev, Alexander Koroviakov, Elena Kostenko, Anna Kostrova, Gevork Kotiantz, Yaroslav Krestovsky, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Anatoli Levitin, Oleg Lomakin, Dmitry Maevsky, Vladimir Malevsky, Gavriil Malish, Eugene Maltsev, Evsey Moiseenko, Alexei Mozhaev, Nikolai Mukho, Vera Nazina, Mikhail Natarevich, Anatoli Nenartovich, Samuil Nevelshtein, Yuri Neprintsev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Sergei Osipov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Lia Ostrova, Filaret Pakun, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Varlen Pen, Boris Petrov, Nikolai Pozdneev, Stepan Privedentsev, Alexander Pushnin, Valentina Rakhina, Semion Rotnitsky, Galina Rumiantseva, Lev Russov, Maria Rudnitskaya, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Vladimir Sakson, Alexander Samokhvalov, Vladimir Seleznev, Arseny Semionov, Alexander Semionov, Yuri Shablikin, Boris Shamanov, Alexander Shmidt, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Elena Skuin, Kim Slavin, Galina Smirnova, Alexander Sokolov, Alexander Stolbov, Victor Teterin, Nikolai Timkov, Leonid Tkachenko, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Boris Ugarov, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Piotr Vasiliev, Valery Vatenin, Lazar Yazgur, German Yegoshin, Vecheslav Zagonek, Sergei Zakharov, Elena Zhukova, Maria Zubreeva, and others most prominent painters of the Leningrad School.

In the Department of Sculptures were exhibited art works of 154 sculptors. Department of graphics presented a creation of 165 artists.

Contributed Artworks
For the Exhibition were selected art works created in 1960-1961, also some earlier works. All they were exhibited in the first time. Some of them were subsequently found in the collections of Soviet Art museums, as well as domestic and foreign galleries and collectors.

Historical painting was presented of "Victory Salute" by Eugene Maltsev, "The Red came" by Evsey Moiseenko, "Lenin with peasants" by Sergei Osipov, "Son of the Party" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Happy meeting with Lenin" by Galina Smirnova, "Leningraders in 1941" by Boris Ugarov, and others.

Portrait was presented of "Bread seller" by Elena Gorokhova, "A Mother" by Maria Kleschar-Samokhvalova, "Portrait of girl", "Portrait of Academician Mikhail Kostenko", "Portrait of Academician Baranov" by Elena Kostenko, "Girl with Peaches" by Gevork Kotiantz, "Group portrait of workers" by Valeria Larina, "Portrait of Ira Gay" by Anatoli Levitin, "Portrait of noble fancier Nina Hämäläinen", "Milkmaid" by Oleg Lomakin, "Portrait of Gorunov" by Dmitry Maevsky, "Portrait of architect Zhuk with Family", "Portrait of concertmaster Arkin", "Portrait of Kira Izotova" by Lia Ostrova, "Herdboy", "Portrait of Alexei Demitkin, brigadier of installers" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Girl on the porch", "Portrait of Academician Nikolai Davidenkov", "Portrait of Mashkovsky" by Varlen Pen, "Portrait of miller Borodulin", "Portrait of Neganov, chief designer of atomic icebreaker Lenin" by Semion Rotnitsky, "Ironshaper of the factory Russian Diesel", "Young Ironshaper" by Lev Russov, "Nina", "Portrait of Old Man" by Vladimir Sakson, "Notable shepherds" by Vladimir Seleznev, "Girl with fruits" by Elena Skuin, "Portrait of Piotr Protasov, Hero of Labour" by Alexander Sokolov, "Portrait of Honored teacher Nikulina", "Portrait of sculptor Kira Suvorova" by Alexander Stolbov, "Girls of Donbass", "Portrait of Girl", "Girl - mainer", "At reading" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Portrait of Zoya Kislakova", "Portrait of builder Kuchumov", "Portrait of Kuznetsova, a farm worker" by Yuri Tulin, "Khanifa", "A Boy", "Portrait of student" by Maria Zubreeva, and others.

Genre painting was presented of "Women - workers of the pig farm", "Volunteers in the collective farm" by Nikolai Baskakov, "Dream" by Yuri Belov, "Born seven-year plan" by Nikolai Brandt, "A Song" by Piotr Buchkin, "Builders of Hydro-electric station" by Zlata Bizova, "Karelian Loggers", "Soon timber rafting" by Nikolai Galakhov, "Enthusiasts", "Evening" by Oleg Eremeev, "A Morning" by Alexei Eriomin, "Country needs a metal" by Boris Korneev, "Soon exams" by Engels Kozlov, "Admiralty Shipyard" by Yaroslav Krestovsky, "In Holiday" by Boris Lavrenko, "After the work", "They need Peace" by Anatoli Levitin, "On the collective farm fair" by Oleg Lomakin, "Summer Day" by Vladimir Malevsky, "In Summer", "Spring has come", "Autumn Day", "A Porch" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Sports festival in kolkhoz" by Stepan Privedentsev, "On the Volga River" by Alexander Pushnin, "In the Morning" by Valentina Rakhina, "On Stadium" by Maria Rudnitskaya, "Geologists in the Urals", "Conquest of the river", "Taiga retreats" by Ivan Savenko, "Emporium Kirovsky", "Narva Triumphal Gate in Leningrad", "Motor Racing in Jukki" by Gleb Savinov,  "Morning gymnastics" by Vladimir Sakson, "Appassionata", "Light-Blue Twilight" by Alexander Samokhvalov, "At the alloy" by Ivan Varichev, "On the Dvina River" by Anatoli Vasiliev, "The First acquaintance" by Piotr Vasiliev, "Children's skating-rink", "Painting of porcelain" by German Yegoshin, and others.

Landscape and Cityscape were presented of "A Midday" by Leonid Baykov, "In Yacht-club", "A North" by Lev Bogomolets, "April" by Zlata Bizova, "Autumn in Crimea", "The Seaside Park" by Ivan Godlevsky, "White Night" by Abram Grushko, "Korbozero" by Alexei Eriomin, "Leningrad Circus", "Fontanka River" by Mikhail Kaneev, "Winter Palace", "Pushkin Square" by Alexander Koroviakov, "Towards Spring" by Mikhail Kozell, "A North" by Marina Kozlovskaya, "White Night in Leningrad", "The Canal in the morning", "Winter day in Leningrad" by Yaroslav Krestovsky, "Bolshaya Okhta" by Ivan Lavsky, "Breath of spring" by Dmitry Maevsky, "Native open spaces" by Lia Ostrova, "Haystacks", "In the Old Ladoga", "Wet Snow", "Square at the village Council" by Sergei Osipov, "Dnieper River", "Trypillia" by Filaret Pakun, "Soviet Far East" by Varlen Pen, "Zelenogorsk" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Cheget", "Night on the peak Terskol" by Boris Petrov, "Klaipėda" by Valentina Rakhina, "Northern road", "Taiga retreats" by Ivan Savenko, "The house opposite" by Gleb Savinov, "In the Tian Shan Mountains", "A Road to Jeti-Oguz", "Red House", "Blue Gate" by Vladimir Sakson, "Salts town in Leningrad", "Near the Belinsky bridge in Leningrad", "Moyka River" by Alexander Semionov, "Winter motive of the Leningrad", "St Isaak's Square in Leningrad", "Bolsheokhtinsky Bridge in Leningrad", "Universitetskaya Embankment in Leningrad", "Winter in the Old Ladoga", "Country Council in Old Ladoga", "Shipyard. Finnish Gulf" by Arseny Semionov, "Northern landscape", "Shozhma River", "At the small station" by Yuri Shablikin, "Light-Blue Window" by Boris Shamanov, "Bakhchysarai. Etude", "Small street in Bakhchysarai" by Alexander Shmidt, "Factory", "On the Neva River", "Right bank of the Neva River", "Volodarsky Bridge in Leningrad", "Yachts" by Nadezhda Shteinmiller, "A March" by Victor Teterin, "First Snow", "Aspen grove", "Winter crops", "Warm Autumn" by Nikolai Timkov, "The Leningrad" by Leonid Tkachenko, "Chernaya River" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Pskov", "Near Belozersk" by Boris Ugarov, "A Spring", "Ladoga", "Haystacks" by Ivan Varichev, "Boats" by Anatoli Vasiliev, "Winter close to Moscow" by Valery Vatenin, "Winter trail", "Country store in Old Ladoga" by Lazar Yazgur, "Thunderstorm has passed", "Winter Day" by Vecheslav Zagonek, "Tadjikistan. Industrial landscape" by Sergei Zakharov, "Cloudy Day", "Volkhov Distances", "Hot Day" by Elena Zhukova, and others.

Still life paintings were presented of "Apples", "Still life", "Snowdrops" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "Still life with Blue table-cloth", "Bananas", "Poppies", "Still life with persimmon", "Lilies" by Maya Kopitseva, "Evening Still life" by Vladimir Sakson, "Autumn Flowers", "Wildflowers" by Boris Shamanov, "Still life with melon", "Still life with Apples" by Elena Skuin, "Silver Still life", "Autumn Still life" by Kim Slavin, "Still life" by Victor Teterin, "Still life with Watermelon", "Still life with Melon" by Sergei Zakharov, and others.

Acknowledgment
Exhibition of the Leningrad artists of 1961 was widely covered in press and in literature on Soviet fine art.

See also

 Fine Art of Leningrad
 Leningrad School of Painting
 Soviet art
 1961 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 Socialist realism

References

Sources
 Открытие выставки произведений ленинградских художников к XXII съезду КПСС // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 13 сентября.
 Труфанов М. Девушки Донбасса // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 16 сентября.
 Острова Л. Родные просторы // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 16 сентября.
 Аникушин М. Р. М. Глиэр // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 16 сентября.
 Ломакин О. Портрет доярки // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 18 сентября.
 Герман М. Первые впечатления. Заметки о живописи и графике на осенней выставке // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 23 сентября.
 Обозненко Д., Серов Я. Встреча Н. Хрущёва с американскими рабочими // Вечерний Ленинград, 1961, 28 сентября.
 Мацулевич Ж. В камне, стекле и металле // Ленинградская правда, 1961, 5 октября.
 Выставка произведений ленинградских художников 1961 года. Каталог. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1964.
 Справочник членов Ленинградской организации Союза художников РСФСР. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1980.
 Художники народов СССР. Биобиблиографический словарь. Т.1-4. М., Искусство, 1970-1995.
 Справочник членов Союза художников СССР. Т.1-2. М., Советский художник, 1979.
 Хроника узловых событий художественной жизни России 1960-1980-х годов // Time for Change. The Art of 1960-1985 in the Soviet Union. Saint Petersburg, State Russian Museum, 2006.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg, NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.393-394, 416, 442. ,
 Юбилейный Справочник выпускников Санкт-Петербургского академического института живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры имени И. Е. Репина Российской Академии художеств. 1915—2005. Санкт Петербург, «Первоцвет», 2007.

External links

Art exhibitions in Russia
1961 in the Soviet Union
Socialist realism
1961 in art

Exhibition of Leningrad artists (1961)


Nuance Jazz Band is an Armenian ethnic jazz sextet active since 2009. Founded and led by Garik Saribekyan, Nuance is one of the most recognised and ethnically sounding bands on Yerevan jazz stage.

History
Nuance Jazz Band was founded in 2009 by Garik Saribekyan.

Former band lead and founder of jazz/rock band "Why not" Garik Saribekyan was looking for a new sound, and his passion towards Armenian National music inspired the creation of "Nuance" - an ethno jazz band, featuring piano, bass guitar, drums, qanun, percussion, saxophone.

Garik's love towards national instruments was inspired by his father - tar player and conductor, currently Honored Worker of Art of the Republic of Armenia.

Early years
Initial repetitions with bass guitar and the wish to experiment - bringing qanun on their stage set the essence and future musical development of the band.

First time on stage in Alibi club the band was recognized as one of the most innovative and ethnically sounding tune on the Yerevan jazz stage.

Soon after the initial success, Alibi shut down, and the band was invited to play in Mezzo Classic House Club, one of the best places to listen to local music. The partnership with Mezzo Club lasted until late 2015.

Events and awards

Nuance Jazz Band has been a regular guest (2012-2015) at annual International Jazz Festival in Yerevan, held on April 30, on the International Jazz Day.

Nuance Jazz Band has been a frequent guest at events of governmental level, including
 Multiple public events organized by Russian Embassy
 The Celebration of the Birthday of Queen, in UK Embassy in 2012
 2013-2016 Annual Italian Cuisine Festival in Yerevan, organized by Italian Embassy in Armenia, with guests including The Ambassador of Italy, France, Great Britain
 Multiple private events
Nuance has also performed concerts in Cafesjian Center for Arts in Yerevan.

In 2015, Nuance won "The Best Jazz Composition of the Year" award by local radio station Radio Van, with their composition called "Zartonq".

In 2016 April, Nuance has performed a concert for the Aurora Prize nominees in Mezzo Classic House Club.

Repertoire
Nuance Jazz Band performs compositions of Komitas, Tsovak Hambardzumyan along with Armenian folk music, jazz standards and compositions by Garik Saribekyan.

Personnel
 Garik Saribekyan – piano and keyboard
 Arik Babayan – bass-guitar
 Albert Ordinyan – percussion
 Ruzanna Kirakosyan – qanun
 Artur Yeghiazaryan – saxophone
 Gevorg Charchyan – drums

References

External links
Nuance Jazz Band at "Yerevan listened to jazz" –concert in Cascade complex
Nuance Jazz Band at Radio Van - Youtube
Nuance Jazz Band in the news - Golos Armenii newspaper
Nuance Jazz Band composition in Apple Itunes
Nuance Jazz Band on Youtube

Nuance Jazz Band's Yarimo in Campus Grenoble podcast

Armenian musical groups
Jazz ensembles
Musical groups established in 2009

Nuance Jazz Band


Johannes de Raey (also: Raei) (Wageningen, 1622 – Amsterdam, 1702) was a Dutch philosopher and an early Cartesian.

Early life and education
De Raey was born in 1622 in the Dutch town of Wageningen as son to Jan Jansz van Ray and Hendersken van Lennep. In 1645 he married his cousin Cunera van Lennep. He died in Amsterdam on 30 November 1702. De Raey studied in Utrecht with Henricus Regius and from 1643 at the university of Leiden. He read philosophy with Prof. Adriaan Heereboord and on 16 July 1647 obtained his doctorate in medicine with Adolphus Vorstius. The previous day he had obtained the title of magister artium.

Career
From 1653 to 1668 De Raey was professor of philosophy in Leiden. He made such an excellent name for himself, that the Athenaeum Illustre in 1668 offered him a professorate in Amsterdam. His salary there was 3000 guilders per year, making him the best paid Amsterdam professor of his time.

In Leiden De Raey lectured in medicine as well, and in Amsterdam in physics. As a medical doctor, he was very interested in anatomy. In Amsterdam he became a member of the informal society "Collegium privatum Amstelodamense", of which the members (among whom were Jan Swammerdam and Gerard Blasius) practised the comparative anatomical research of man and animal.

Philosophy
De Raey was a dedicated follower of René Descartes, whom he knew personally, and who called him the best teacher of his doctrines. Yet De Raey did not entirely discount Aristotle, but rather regarded Descartes as the one who completed Aristotle's ideas. Through his lectures and publications De Raey became one of the pioneers of the cartesian doctrine, influencing among others Leibniz. But since in those days Descartes's ideas were too radical for many, De Raey moderated them somewhat and stated that the writings of Descartes were not entirely opposed to aristotelian philosophy.

De Raey felt that philosophy depended wholly on reason, and was detached from sensory perception and taught knowledge. Doubt was the foundation of true philosophy. According to De Raey philosophy had nothing to do with daily life and theology. The importance of De Raey for philosophy lies in the fact that he propagated Descartes's ideas, a.o. by smoothing the edges.

Publications
 "Clavis philosophiae naturalis, seu introductio ad contemplationem naturae Aristotelico-Cartesiana", Leiden 1654, his most influential work.
 "Disputationes physicae ad problemata Aristotelis", Leiden 1651-1652.
 "De sapientia veterum", Amsterdam 1669.
 He edited in Amsterdam in 1668 "Renati Descartes epistolae", translated by Jan Hendriksz Glazemaker.

References

 Peter Jan Knegtmans: "Professoren van de stad. Het Athenaeum Illustre en de Universiteit van Amsterdam 1632-1960", 2007.
 Henri A. Krop, J.A. van Ruler, Arie Johan Vanderjagt: "Zeer kundige professoren", 1997.

1622 births
1702 deaths
Dutch academics
17th-century Dutch philosophers
People from Wageningen
Utrecht University alumni
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Leiden University
Date of death unknown
Date of birth unknown
History of Wageningen

Johannes de Raey


David Lamar Williams (born June 10, 1963) is a former American football wide receiver.  Williams was named consensus All-American twice at the University of Illinois, and is an inducted member of the College Football Hall of Fame as well as the Canadian Football Hall of Fame .

Williams was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2005.

Williams attended Serra High School in Gardena, California.  Williams attended Los Angeles Harbor College where he was a junior college All-American.

University of Illinois

Career at Illinois
Williams played at Illinois from 1983 to 1985.  Under the prolific passing offense of coach Mike White, Williams set many Illinois receiving records, and was a consensus two-time First-team All-American.

In Williams' first season, the 1983 Fighting Illini finished the regular season with a record of 10-1, including a 9-0 mark in Big Ten games.  Williams caught 59 passes for 870 yards, with six touchdowns. As Big Ten champions, the Fighting Illini played UCLA in the 1984 Rose Bowl.  Williams caught 10 passes for 88 yards in a 45-9 loss.

In 1984, Williams led all NCAA Division I receivers with 101 receptions, 1278 receiving yards, and 9.2 receptions per game. His 101 receptions made Williams the second player in NCAA history to have more than 100 receptions in a season. Williams was a consensus First-team All-American

Williams was again a consensus First-team All-American in 1985. He caught 85 passes for 1047 yards and had eight touchdown receptions in the regular season. Illinois played Army in the 1985 Peach Bowl, and Williams caught seven passes for 109 yards, including touchdown catches of 15 and 54 yards, although Illinois lost by the score of 31-29.

Williams finished his collegiate career as the second leading receiver in NCAA history. In 1990, Williams was named to Illinois' 25-man All-Century Team, chosen as part of the celebration of 100 years of Illinois football.

Trivia
 Williams is one of three brothers to have played wide receiver at the University of Illinois; along with his brothers Oliver Williams and Steven Williams.
 Williams' position coach at Illinois was future NFL head coach Brad Childress.

Awards and recognitions
 1984 First-team All-American by the Associated Press, UPI, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, the Walter Camp Foundation, the Sporting News, and Football News
 1985 First-team All-American by the Associated Press, UPI, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, the Walter Camp Foundation, and the Sporting News
 1983 Second-team All-Big Ten by the AP and UPI
 1984 First-team All-Big Ten by the AP and UPI
 1985 First-team All-Big Ten by the AP and UPI
 1984 Illinois Team MVP
 1985 Illinois Team MVP

Illinois records
As of 2005 Illinois Football Media Guide
 Most receptions, one game: 16,  vs Purdue, October 12, 1985
 Most receptions, season: 101, 1984
 Most receptions, career: 262
 Most receiving yards, season: 1278, 1984
 Most receiving yards, career: 3392
 Most touchdown receptions, season: 10, 1985
 Most touchdown receptions, career: 24
 Most 100-receiving yard games, season: 6, 1984 & 1985 (shared with Brandon Lloyd)
 Most 100-receiving yard games, career: 16
 Most receptions, bowl game: 10, vs UCLA, 1984 Rose Bowl

NCAA Division I all-time rankings
As of 2005 NCAA Division I Football Record Book
 Career receptions per game: 10th, 7.4
 Season receptions per game: 21st, 9.2, 1984
 Career receptions: 21st, 245
 Season receptions: 24th, 101, 1984

Note: the NCAA does not recognize postseason statistics prior to 2002 in the official records.

Illinois statistics
Including bowl games

National Football League
Williams was taken in the third round of the 1986 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears, with the 82nd overall selection. He has the rare distinction of being a 3rd round pick who was cut before the season started. Williams would play two seasons in the National Football League, but would never be able to duplicate his collegiate success in the NFL. Williams played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1986 and the Los Angeles Raiders in 1987, and would finish his NFL career with 10 catches for 195 yards.

Canadian Football League
Williams played seven seasons in the Canadian Football League. He played for the BC Lions in 1988 and 1989, the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1990, the Edmonton Eskimos in 1991, the Toronto Argonauts in 1991 and 1992 and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers from 1993 to 1995. He won the CFL's Outstanding Player Award in 1988, and played in the classic 76th Grey Cup game in 1988, scoring one touchdown. He won a Grey Cup title for the Toronto Argonauts in 1991.

Williams was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2019.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football wide receivers
American players of Canadian football
BC Lions players
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners
Canadian football wide receivers
Chicago Bears players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Edmonton Elks players
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks football players
Los Angeles Raiders players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Sportspeople from Gardena, California
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Toronto Argonauts players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
National Football League replacement players
Players of Canadian football from Los Angeles

David Williams (wide receiver)


Dennis Pilgrim (born 15 September 1972) is a former Bermudian cricketer. Pilgrim's batting and bowling styles are unknown.

Pilgrim made his debut for Bermuda in the 2000 Americas Cricket Cup against Argentina, with him making two further appearances in that competition against the Cayman Islands and Canada. He made his List A debut for Bermuda in October 2000 against the Leeward Islands in the 2000/01 Red Stripe Bowl, with him making three further List A appearances in that tournament, against the Cayman Islands, the Windward Islands and Guyana. He scored a total of 20 runs in his four List A matches with a high score of 11 not out, while with the ball he also took a single wicket. In July 2001, Pilgrim played in the 2001 ICC Trophy in Canada, making two appearances against Hong Kong and Namibia. The following year he made four appearances in the 2002 ICC Americas Championship against the Cayman Islands, Canada, the Bahamas and the United States.

References

External links
Dennis Pilgrim at ESPNcricinfo
Dennis Pilgrim at CricketArchive

1972 births
Living people
Bermudian cricketers

Dennis Pilgrim


On 17 August 2017, three Hong Kong pro-democracy activists, Alex Chow, Nathan Law and Joshua Wong, were given prison sentences by the Court of Appeal for their roles in a protest at the Civic Square in front of the Central Government Complex in Tamar, Admiralty, on 26 and 27 September 2014. The events at the Civic Square helped set off massive pro-democracy protests, sometimes referred to as the Umbrella Movement, which lasted until police cleared the last of the protest sites in December 2014.

The three had originally been convicted and ordered to perform community service or, in the case of Chow, given a suspended sentence. The government appealed their sentences and successfully pursued harsher punishments on the grounds that their crime involved a large-scale unlawful assembly with a high risk of violence. The trio's imprisonment was applauded by the pro-Beijing camp but decried by pro-democracy figures in Hong Kong as well as international politicians and human rights advocates, who have called the activists Hong Kong's first prisoners of conscience, and alleged that the sentence is intended to intimidate other would-be activists.

The sentence also disqualifies the three from running for office for five years, quashing their political aspirations in the near future. Wong had previously sought election but was barred due to his age, while Law, democratically elected to the Legislative Council in September 2016, was removed from office in July 2017 following a government challenge.

The three activists were released on 6 February 2018 after a successful appeal against their custodial sentences at the Court of Final Appeal.

Background

Activists

Wong, Law, and Chow have been prominent democracy activists for several years. Joshua Wong, now a student at the Open University of Hong Kong, co-founded Scholarism in 2011. Scholarism gained prominence as one of several civil society organisations that protested against the "Moral and National Education" curriculum, proposed by the Education Bureau. He subsequently participated in the Umbrella Movement and then co-founded a political party, Demosistō, in 2016.

Nathan Law is an undergraduate student at Lingnan University as well as the incumbent chairman of Demosistō. He previously occupied various leadership positions in the Lingnan University Students' Union and served as Secretary General of the Hong Kong Federation of Students. During the 2016 Legislative Council election Law ran under the Demosistō banner in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency and was elected, becoming the youngest-ever elected legislator in Hong Kong. On 14 July 2017, Law became one of six pro-democracy legislators removed from office due to legal action by the Hong Kong Government regarding their manners during the oath-taking ceremony.

Alex Chow is a University of Hong Kong student, a former vice-president of the Hong Kong University Students' Union, and a former secretary-general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students. He was one of the early organisers of the Umbrella Movement.

Political context

The Chief Executive is the head of the Government of Hong Kong. Article 45 of Hong Kong's constitution, the Basic Law, stipulates that the "ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures". Following the transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997, the pro-democratic camp pushed for the election of the chief executive in 2007 through universal suffrage. On 26 April 2004, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC), a mainland Chinese legislative body, ruled out the possibility that universal suffrage would be allowed in 2007. In 2007, the NPCSC ruled out the 2012 election of the legislature and chief executive through universal suffrage, but stated that the Legislative Council and the chief executive could be elected through universal suffrage in 2016 and 2017, respectively.

However, democratic aspirations stalled on 31 August 2014, when the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in Beijing made a decision that chief executive candidates in 2017 would be required to "love the country and love Hong Kong"; that all candidates would be screened by a nominating committee of a composition paralleling the existing Election Committee, which is dominated by pro-Beijing interests; and that any chief executive elected through these means would then have to be appointed by the Chinese government. The decision was intensely decried by the pan-democratic camp, who said the arrangement would not amount to genuine democracy.

2014 Civic Square protests

The incident which led to the sentencing took place in the forecourt of the East Wing of the Central Government Complex, known more commonly as the Civic Square. The new government headquarters was opened in 2011, and was designed under the concept of "Door Always Open" by architect Rocco Yim to symbolise the pride that Hong Kongers take in "openness and transparency of governance". In keeping with this design concept, the Civic Square was originally open to the public when the new government headquarters was inaugurated in 2011.

The square became a popular site for political demonstrations. In mid-2014, several protests were held there against plans for the development of new towns in the northeastern New Territories. In response, around 16 July 2014 work began on a permanent three-metre high metal fence, closing off the Civic Square from Tim Mei Avenue. The Hong Kong government stated that the barrier was a necessary security measure while others stated that the move ran contrary to Hong Kong people's right to freedom of assembly, which is codified in the Basic Law. The government responded that protests would be allowed in the square on public holidays if the director of the Administration Wing consented in advance. Other areas of the complex were fortified at the same time as the Civic Square.

Concurrently with the fortification of the square, the government's controversial democratic reform proposals, coupled with the 831 decision, were triggering discontent and protests. On 22 September 2014, students launched a week-long class boycott campaign, coupled with demonstrations at the government complex. At around 22:30 on 26 September 2014, protesting students scaled the fence that had been erected in July in an attempt to "retake" the Civic Square. Police managed to regain control of the square, and kettled dozens of protesters on the circular base of the flagpoles, where they were denied access to water and the toilet. At the same time, a large number of protesters amassed outside the Civic Square. The square was cleared by police by the end of the following day, with more than 60 people arrested. Wong, Chow, and Law were among those arrested. Four police officers were injured, one of them suffered a deep wound by an umbrella, and eleven security staff at the government complex were also injured.

The incident immediately helped kick off the 2014 Hong Kong protests, also known as the Umbrella Movement, which saw the motorway in front of the government complex, Harcourt Road, occupied by protesters until 11 December 2014.

Legal action

Initial sentencing
On 21 July 2016, the Eastern Magistrates' Court found Wong and Chow guilty of taking part in an unlawful assembly, while Law was found guilty of inciting others to take part in an unlawful assembly. These were the first criminal convictions for all three. Wong was cleared of a charge of inciting others to take part in an unlawful assembly.

On 15 August 2016, the three were sentenced. Wong was ordered to perform 80 hours of community service, while Law was sentenced to 120 hours. Chow was sentenced to three weeks in prison with a one-year suspension to allow him to continue his education at the London School of Economics as planned.

Immediately following the sentencing, Law said that they respected the decision of the court, and alleged that the Public Order Ordinance was "suppressing [their] freedoms to assemble and protest".

The trio subsequently served these initial sentences.

Appeal and additional sentence
The Department of Justice disagreed with the sentencing. In September 2016 it requested a review of the sentences, arguing that the community service sentence was "clearly not enough" as the three "[did] not feel true remorse".

A review hearing was held on 21 September 2016, where the magistrate stated that the original sentencing and reasoning was sufficient, and that the department had "failed to provide sufficient evidence for the necessity of a tougher sentence". The department had compared the activists to gangsters, which the presiding magistrate, June Cheung, said was unfair as they were expressing their political beliefs. She stated that there were precedents for non-custodial sentences in similar cases, and dismissed the bid to impose harsher sentences on the three.

In October 2016, the Court of Appeal agreed to hear a government appeal against the original sentence.

On 17 August 2017, the Court of Appeal upheld the convictions of all three and enhanced their sentences by imposing six and seven-month prison terms on Wong and Chow, respectively, and sentencing Law to eight months in jail, removing the suspension. The judges found that the case involved a large-scale unlawful assembly with a high risk of violence, and the crimes were serious, calling for deterrent custodial sentences.

The sentencing prevented the activists from running for public office in the next five years. Law was previously an elected legislator, while Wong had expressed a desire to seek election in the future, having been unable to run in the 2016 LegCo election for not meeting the minimum age qualification.

Imprisonment

Wong was sent to Pik Uk Correctional Institution, a maximum security facility for male prisoners below the age of 21.

Law and Chow were being held at Lai Chi Kok Reception Centre pending their transfer to prison. On 22 August 2017, Law was moved to the medium-security Tong Fuk Correctional Institution on Ma Po Ping Road on Lantau Island, while Chow was moved to the low-security Pik Uk Prison on Clear Water Bay Road, near Sai Kung, to serve their sentences.

Reactions

Domestic
The sentence received mixed reactions in Hong Kong. Political figures from the pro-democratic camp and civil rights activists criticised the sentence for being disproportionately long, the Secretary for Justice for appealing the sentence, and the sitting judges for not considering the act committed by Wong, Law and Chow as civil disobedience that would result in a mitigated sentence. On the contrary, pro-establishment politicians welcomed the sentence. The legal profession has also responded to allegations by the media that the Hong Kong judiciary had been influenced or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party through the Hong Kong Bar Association and the Law Society of Hong Kong, stating that there is no indication of such influence.

Upon the sentencing, Joshua Wong wrote in a series of tweets that the sentence will not halt the activism for universal suffrage and democracy, or "win the hearts and minds of Hong Kongers". Other pro-democracy figures in Hong Kong also criticised the court decision. Academic Benny Tai at The University of Hong Kong, who also faces prosecution for his role in the 2014 protests, stated that civil disobedience to "challenge the law or acts of injustice by the government" is a necessary part of a civilised society.

There was also criticism against sentence appeal made by the Secretary of Justice. Lawyer Wilson Leung expressed on behalf of the Progressive Lawyers Group that "we strongly disagree with the government treating political problems as 'law and order' problems and focusing on the prosecution of protestors." Former chairman of the Hong Kong Bar Association and Civic Party politician Alan Leong commented that the appeal was "certainly politically motivated". Another former Bar Association chairman Paul Shieh noted however that there is insufficient evidence suggesting that political considerations were involved. Shieh also called on the Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen to explain the reasons behind the appeal so as to increase the transparency of the decision to appeal.

The League of Social Democrats held a rally against the decision outside the Lai Chi Kok Reception Centre on the evening of 18 August 2017. Several different organisations held a public protest march on 20 August 2017, which started at the Southorn Playground and ended with a rally at the Court of Final Appeal Building. Protesters focused their criticism on Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen, following reports that he ignored the advice of top prosecutors in pursuing the appeal.

On the other hand, members of the pro-Beijing camp applauded the prison sentences. Starry Lee, chairwoman of Hong Kong's largest pro-Beijing political party, the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), said that the three "paid the price" for disobeying the law. DAB vice-chairman Holden Chow called unlawful assembly a "serious crime" and said that a heavy punishment was necessary to deter others. Pro-Beijing activist Robert Chow asked rhetorically: "who worked behind the scenes to poison and brainwash Wong, Law, and Chow, along with thousands of young people, to make them delight in seeing the country and Hong Kong as enemies, in having made Hongkongers suffer for the last three years?"

Mainland China
An editorial in the Chinese state newspaper Global Times stated, "This sentence will be a milestone in Hong Kong's governance. From now on people who protest violently can be given a guilty sentence following this precedent, and they will need to go to jail".

Hua Chunying, spokeswoman for China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, stated:

International

The Taiwanese government expressed its "deep regret" over the jail sentences, and reiterated Taiwan's "long-standing stance to support Hong Kong people to pursue democracy, freedom, the rule of law and human rights". The Democratic Progressive Party stated that "graver suppression will only spark more resistance", while a government spokesman stated that "Hong Kong authorities should take seriously the fact that Hong Kong people want to be able to choose their own way of life and political regime."

Nancy Pelosi, leader of the United States Democratic Party in the U.S. House of Representatives, called the ruling an injustice that should "shock the conscience of the world". She described the prison sentence as an "egregious decision", and that the resulting disqualification of Wong, Law and Chow to run for public office was unjust. She also regarded the sentence to be against "the basic notions of freedom and democracy".

A group of 25 international figures released a joint statement describing the imprisonment as "outrageously unjust". The signatories called the Umbrella Movement "one of the most peaceful and restrained movements of public protest the world has ever seen" and wrote that the sentencing amounted to "an outrageous miscarriage of justice, a death knell for Hong Kong's rule of law and basic human rights, and a severe blow to the principles of 'One Country, Two Systems'". The statement was signed by eminent politicians, human rights activists, and ex-political prisoners including David Alton, Paddy Ashdown, Sonja Biserko, Charles Maung Bo, Fiona Bruce, John Dayal, Andrew Khoo, David Kilgour, John McCarthy, Mohamed Nasheed, Geoffrey Nice, Consiglio Di Nino, Grover Rees III, Malcolm Rifkind, Janelle Saffin, Charles Santiago, Chris Smith, Charles Tannock, Alissa Wahid, and Zarganar. The group also questioned whether punishing the activists twice (as Wong, Law, and Chow had already served their initial community service orders) contraveneds provisions against double jeopardy in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

In September 2017, Hong Kong slipped five places in the judicial independence category of the latest global competitiveness ranking compiled by the Geneva-based non-profit organisation World Economic Forum.

Academics
Eric Cheung, a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law, questioned why the Court of Appeal decision described the defendants' actions as "seriously violent" while earlier the Eastern Magistracy had cleared the trio of committing any acts of violence. He stated that there did not seem to be any evidence presented that the three committed violence, and questioned whether the Court of Appeal had effected a "substantial and grave injustice". He said there were grounds for the three to appeal the ruling to the Court of Final Appeal, Hong Kong's court of last resort.

Human rights organisations
Various human rights organisations also spoke against the sentencing. A spokesperson for Human Rights Watch stated that the effort to put the trio in jail was "not about public order, but is instead a craven political move to keep the trio out of the Legislative Council, as well as deter future protests." Similarly, Mabel Au, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International Hong Kong, commented, "the relentless and vindictive pursuit of student leaders using vague charges smacks of political payback by the authorities."

Maya Wang, a researcher with Human Rights Watch, stated: "This is a watershed moment for Hong Kong. It now has political prisoners ... For anyone thinking of protesting, the prospect of a harsh jail sentence will now loom over them."

Other jailings
This article focuses on the three most well-known activists to be jailed in 2017. The high-profile imprisonment of Wong, Law, and Chow spurred some Hong Kong media outlets to compile lists of all individuals who have been imprisoned for allegedly political reasons. On 15 August 2017, 13 protesters who stormed the Legislative Council building in June 2014 (during a protest against the planned North East New Territories new towns) were handed prison sentences of eight to 13 months after a similar push by the Department of Justice for more severe sentences than the community service orders originally imposed.

See also
 Tsang Tak-sing – a Form Six student jailed for two years in 1967 for distributing leaflets condemning the colonial education system and promoting public-order crime
 Hong Kong Watch – a Hong Kong human rights-monitoring organization founded by Benedict Rogers who was denied entry to Hong Kong in 2017
 Jimmy Lai – A Hong Kong businessman arrested in 2021 in relation to the Hong Kong national security law passed in 2020

References

2014 Hong Kong protests
2017 in Hong Kong
Crime in Hong Kong
Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)
August 2017 events in China
Penal system in Hong Kong
Human rights abuses in Hong Kong
2017 crimes in Hong Kong
Political repression in Hong Kong

2017 imprisonment of Hong Kong democracy activists


The Bhutan Archery Federation is an organization that occupies itself with the conservation and further development of traditional archery in Bhutan. The sporting body also governs Olympic archery in Bhutan. The federation was founded in 1971 in the country's capital Thimphu.

The federation organizes local and international matches. For the population, archery signifies more than sport alone, since it is surrounded by various traditions and spirituality. According to legend, these traditions go back to the times of Siddhartha Gautama. The organization relies entirely on volunteers.

The Bhutan Archery Federation was honored with a Prince Claus Award in 2004 for "its members role in sustaining and developing archery as a dynamic expression of local cultural values."

See also
 Archery in Bhutan

References

External links

Archery organizations
Bhutanese culture
Archery

Bhutan Archery Federation


Radium girls were a group of female factory workers who sued their employer in 1917.

They had worked at a factory on Orange, New Jersey. Their job was to paint the dials of watches with radium paint, so that the numbers would glow in the dark. The substance used to paint was luminous paint, which contained radium. Radium is radioactive, and causes radiation sickness. The workers used paintbrushes to draw fine lines; the brush would only draw such a line when it was wet.  The girls would put the brushes in their mouths to lick them. The women were told the paint was harmless. Over time, they ingested deadly amounts of radium paint.

Five workers sued their employer. The case that followed made it clear that people could sue their employer, if they contract occupational diseases.
Consuming radium is dangerous and it causes a symptom called "Radium Jaw".

References

1917 in the United States
20th century in New Jersey
Labor
Health problems

Radium girls


Completeness is a property of the real numbers that, intuitively, implies that there are no "gaps" (in Dedekind's terminology) or "missing points" in the real number line.  This contrasts with the rational numbers, whose corresponding number line has a "gap" at each irrational value.  In the decimal number system, completeness is equivalent to the statement that any infinite string of decimal digits is actually a decimal representation for some real number.

Depending on the construction of the real numbers used, completeness may take the form of an axiom (the completeness axiom), or may be a theorem proven from the construction.  There are many equivalent forms of completeness, the most prominent being Dedekind completeness and Cauchy completeness (completeness as a metric space).

Forms of completeness
The real numbers can be defined synthetically as an ordered field satisfying some version of the completeness axiom.  Different versions of this axiom are all equivalent in the sense that any ordered field that satisfies one form of completeness satisfies all of them, apart from Cauchy completeness and nested intervals theorem, which are strictly weaker in that there are non Archimedean fields that are ordered and Cauchy complete.  When the real numbers are instead constructed using a model, completeness becomes a theorem or collection of theorems.

Least upper bound property

The least-upper-bound property states that every nonempty subset of real numbers having an upper bound must have a least upper bound (or supremum) in the set of real numbers.

The rational number line Q does not have the least upper bound property.  An example is the subset of rational numbers

This set has an upper bound.  However, this set has no least upper bound in : the least upper bound as a subset of the reals would be , but it does not exist in .
For any upper bound , there is another upper bound  with .

For instance, take , then  is certainly an upper bound of , since  is positive and ; that is, no element of  is larger than . However, we can choose a smaller upper bound, say ; this is also an upper bound of  for the same reasons, but it is smaller than , so  is not a least-upper-bound of . We can proceed similarly to find an upper bound of  that is smaller than , say , etc., such that we never find a least-upper-bound of  in .

The least upper bound property can be generalized to the setting of partially ordered sets.  See completeness (order theory).

Dedekind completeness
 See Dedekind completeness for more general concepts bearing this name.

Dedekind completeness is the property that every Dedekind cut of the real numbers is generated by a real number. In a synthetic approach to the real numbers, this is the version of completeness that is most often included as an axiom.

The rational number line Q is not Dedekind complete. An example is the Dedekind cut

L does not have a maximum and R does not have a minimum, so this cut is not generated by a rational number.

There is a construction of the real numbers based on the idea of using Dedekind cuts of rational numbers to name real numbers; e.g. the cut (L,R) described above would name . If one were to repeat the construction of real numbers with Dedekind cuts (i.e., "close" the set of real numbers by adding all possible Dedekind cuts), one would obtain no additional numbers because the real numbers are already Dedekind complete.

Cauchy completeness
Cauchy completeness is the statement that every Cauchy sequence of real numbers converges to a real number.

The rational number line Q is not Cauchy complete.  An example is the following sequence of rational numbers:

Here the nth term in the sequence is the nth decimal approximation for pi.  Though this is a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers, it does not converge to any rational number.  (In this real number line, this sequence converges to pi.)

Cauchy completeness is related to the construction of the real numbers using Cauchy sequences.  Essentially, this method defines a real number to be the limit of a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers.

In mathematical analysis, Cauchy completeness can be generalized to a notion of completeness for any metric space.  See complete metric space.

For an ordered field, Cauchy completeness is weaker than the other forms of completeness on this page. But Cauchy completeness and the Archimedean property taken together are equivalent to the others.

Nested intervals theorem

The nested interval theorem is another form of completeness.  Let  be a sequence of closed intervals, and suppose that these intervals are nested in the sense that

Moreover, assume that  as . The nested interval theorem states that the intersection of all of the intervals  contains exactly one point.

The rational number line does not satisfy the nested interval theorem.  For example, the sequence (whose terms are derived from the digits of pi in the suggested way)

is a nested sequence of closed intervals in the rational numbers whose intersection is empty.  (In the real numbers, the intersection of these intervals contains the number pi.)

Nested intervals theorem shares the same logical status as Cauchy completeness in this spectrum of expressions of completeness. In other words, nested intervals theorem by itself is weaker than other forms of completeness, although taken together with Archimedean property, it is equivalent to the others.

The open induction principle
The open induction principle states that a non-empty open subset  of the interval  must be equal to the entire interval, if for any , we have that  implies .

The open induction principle can be shown to be equivalent to Dedekind completeness for arbitrary ordered sets under the order topology, using proofs by contradiction. In weaker foundations such as in constructive analysis where the law of the excluded middle does not hold, the full form of the least upper bound property fails for the Dedekind reals, while the open induction property remains true in most models (following from Brouwer's bar theorem) and is strong enough to give short proofs of key theorems.

Monotone convergence theorem
The monotone convergence theorem (described as the fundamental axiom of analysis by Körner) states that every nondecreasing, bounded sequence of real numbers converges.  This can be viewed as a special case of the least upper bound property, but it can also be used fairly directly to prove the Cauchy completeness of the real numbers.

Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem
The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem states that every bounded sequence of real numbers has a convergent subsequence.  Again, this theorem is equivalent to the other forms of completeness given above.

The intermediate value theorem
The intermediate value theorem states that every continuous function that attains both negative and positive values has a root. This is a consequence of the least upper bound property, but it can also be used to prove the least upper bound property if treated as an axiom. (The definition of continuity does not depend on any form of completeness, so there is no circularity: what is meant is that the intermediate value theorem and the least upper bound property are equivalent statements.)

See also
 List of real analysis topics

References

Further reading

Real numbers

Completeness of the real numbers


Second normal form (2NF) is a property of a relational model, specifically tables that is a criterion of database normalization.

The first criterion of being second normal form is that the table be first normal form.

Within a table that is in second normal form, the data in each columns in each row are dependent on each row's entire primary key. A primary key is one or more columns in a row that is used to identify and index that row of the table. Columns that are not related to every column in the primary key are removed. Only columns that are related to all columns in the primary key are retained.

Database modeling

Second normal form