The Last Day of Summer is a 2007 American television film broadcast by Nickelodeon on July 20, 2007.

Plot
Luke Malloy and his friends, A.J. and Riley, perform together as a band named Steel Monkey. They are starting middle school in two days, warned by Luke's older sister Diana of the dangers of junior high (especially the possibility that Luke's friends might leave him behind for the "cooler crowd") and intimidated by the looming presence of the bully, Meat, who constantly threatens incoming sixth graders. Luke dismisses Diana's warnings and the boys sleepover in a tent that night at A.J.'s house.

The following morning, the boys visit a carnival, where Steel Monkey is scheduled to perform in a talent show. Luke embarrasses himself in front of his crush, Alice, and the boys encounter Meat and his friends, who threaten them. They later visit a skate park, where experienced skateboarder Snake advises them about skating. Steel Monkey is nervous about the show, fearing their reputation in middle school is at stake.

Luke wishes the day would never end and that he could do all he wanted with his final day of summer. Immediately afterward, and moments before their band is scheduled to perform onstage at the carnival, he is knocked unconscious by a large wooden board while returning a Frisbee. He awakens in the same tent he woke up in that morning, realizing his wish has sent him back in time. He repeats the day, trying to impress Alice, teach kindness to Meat, and impress Snake, but he is unsuccessful. He tries to avoid the board this time, but it still knocks him out. He is sent back to that morning over and over again moments before Steel Monkey's performance every single day, always getting knocked unconscious by some different, unforeseeable method, such as a football, a skateboard, and even a falling meteor. Every time, he never survives to the talent show.

Luke begins to grow weary of the carnival as the same repeated day grows into weeks, and he starts to spend more time at the skate park, trying to impress Snake and his gang again and again to join their skate group known as "The Pound". Each time, Luke competes against a teenager named Gus who is also trying out for The Pound; Luke consistently embarrasses himself by screwing up the challenge, since the level of skateboarding is far beyond him; in the end, he always ends up returning to the carnival with A.J. and Riley, during which he encounters the bully Meat again and again, always trying different methods of dealing with him. He tries to relate to Meat's home life, but realizes he's making incorrect assumptions which lead Meat and his buddies to chase him down. Other days, Luke simply avoids Meat; once, he even gets revenge on Meat by tying an industrial cord to a porta potty Meat's using, and the other end to a departing truck.

Worrying more about Diana's warning, fearing he may be left behind soon, Luke focuses less on his friends and more on the skate park, where the "cool" people are. He begins to ditch A.J. and Riley every morning, and they always find him later at the park.

After the repeated day has accumulated over several months, Luke finally has developed enough skill that he beats Gus at the Pound tryout, and his friends are shocked when he abandons them to eagerly join the impressed members of the skate group. Diana steps in and tells Snake Luke is too young to join their group, but Snake insists that Luke can never be too young for the three N's: "hangN, rideN, and partyN". Luke, surprised that The Pound is nothing like his real friends and realizing maybe he isn't cut out for the group, returns to the carnival to find them. A.J. and Riley are angry with him for his lies, and blow him off.

The next morning, Luke is gone when A.J. and Riley wake up in the tent. He is sitting on a park bench crying, when Diana shows up and comforts him. Luke swears he's been repeating the same day, and he manages convince a skeptical Diana by taking her to the carnival and pointing out numerous random events before they occur. Diana sympathizes with his situation, telling him she didn't mean to scare him with her warning about friends, but was only teasing him. She tells him that maybe the reason he's stuck is because he needs to change his day for the better; when his crush Alice walks by and says hi to him, Diana smiles at Luke, suggesting he begin there. She encourages him to be ready for the approaching school year and be more confident.

Luke confronts Meat again, this time warning him against bullying, and claiming he'll tell the whole middle school Meat's real name is Melvin if he doesn't start being nicer to people. Confused, Meat agrees, and leaves. He makes a positive effort to communicate with Mr. Molesky, a teacher for the upcoming year whom Luke has previously not done a good job making an impression with over the repeated cycle. He manages to admit his feelings to Alice, and she tells him she's glad they're going to be in class that year.

When Luke and his friends are waiting backstage before the concert, Luke retrieves the Frisbee that resets the cycle. However, nothing happens to him; unexpectedly, he makes it to the talent show, and though their introduction is shaky, Diana encourages Luke on; Snake joins in, and soon the crowd is cheering them on. The boys eagerly begin their song, "The Last Day of Summer". Steel Monkey's performance is received warmly. However, right after they finish, Luke is knocked out again, this time by a chipmunk that falls from the top of the stage.

Luke wakes up on the first day of school, but discovers he has to stay home due to his head injury. A.J. and Riley visit Luke after school starts, and Luke looks ahead to school the next day.

Cast

Soundtrack
Bowling for Soup – "Greatest Day"
Cartel – "Say Anything (Else)"
Holly Lindin – "Summer Sunshine Mix"
Jive Jones – "Me, Myself and I"
Erik Hawkins – "Rock Da Beat"
Steel Monkeys – "The End of Summer"

DVD
The film was released on DVD August 28, 2007 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, along with Shredderman Rules.

Reception
The film received mixed reviews, gaining a 68% on Rotten Tomatoes.

See also
 List of films featuring time loops

References

External links

2007 films
2007 television films
American children's comedy films
Films about vacationing
Films directed by Blair Treu
Films scored by James L. Venable
Nickelodeon original films
Time loop films
2000s English-language films

The Last Day of Summer (2007 film)


GridFTP is an extension of the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for grid computing.  The protocol was defined within the GridFTP working group of the Open Grid Forum. There are multiple implementations of the protocol; the most widely used is that provided by the Globus Toolkit.

The aim of GridFTP is to provide a more reliable and high performance file transfer, for example to enable the transmission of very large files. GridFTP is used extensively within large science projects such as the Large Hadron Collider and by many supercomputer centers and other scientific facilities.

GridFTP also addresses the problem of incompatibility between storage and access systems.  Previously, each data provider would make their data available in their own specific way, providing a library of access functions.  This made it difficult to obtain data from multiple sources, requiring a different access method for each, and thus dividing the total available data into partitions.  GridFTP provides a uniform way of accessing the data, encompassing functions from all the different modes of access, building on and extending the universally accepted FTP standard.  FTP was chosen as a basis for it because of its widespread use, and because it has a well defined architecture for extensions to the protocol (which may be dynamically discovered).

Numerous GridFTP clients have been developed. The Globus Online software-as-a-service system is particularly popular.

Features of GridFTP
GridFTP integrates with the Grid Security Infrastructure, which provides authentication and encryption to file transfers, with user-specified levels of confidentiality and data integrity, also for cross-server transfers (what FTP calls the File eXchange Protocol, FXP).

GridFTP achieves much greater use of bandwidth than conventional data stream technology by using multiple simultaneous TCP streams. Files can be downloaded in pieces simultaneously from multiple sources; or even in separate parallel streams from the same source, which is still able to make better use of the bandwidth.  Striped and interleaved transfers, again either from multiple or single sources, allow further speed increases.

Although FTP has the ability to resume an interrupted file transfer from a specific point in a file, it does not support the transmission of only a certain portion of a file.  GridFTP allows a subset of a file to be sent.  Such a feature is useful in applications where only small sections of a very large data file are required for processing (a motivating example being the processing of data from a high energy physics experiment, a traditional use of Grid technology).

GridFTP provides a fault tolerant implementation of FTP, to handle network unavailability and server problems.  Transfers can also be automatically restarted if a problem occurs.

The underlying TCP connection in FTP has numerous settings such as window size and buffer size.  GridFTP allows automatic (or manual) negotiation of these settings to provide optimal transfer speeds and reliability (optimal settings are likely to be different with large files and for large groups of files).

References

Grid computing
File Transfer Protocol
Network file transfer protocols

GridFTP


A.I.R. Gallery (Artists in Residence) is the first all female artists cooperative gallery in the United States. It was founded in 1972 with the objective of providing a professional and permanent exhibition space for women artists during a time in which the works shown at commercial galleries in New York City were almost exclusively by male artists. A.I.R. is a not-for-profit, self-underwritten arts organization, with a board of directors made up of its New York based artists. The gallery was originally located in SoHo at 97 Wooster Street, and was located on 111 Front Street in the DUMBO neighborhood of Brooklyn until 2015. In May 2015, A.I.R. Gallery moved to its current location at 155 Plymouth St, Brooklyn, NY 11201.

A.I.R. is a non-profit organization that aims to show the diversity and artistic talent of women, to teach, to challenge stereotypes of female artists, and to subvert the historically male-dominated commercial gallery scene, with the overall hope to serve as an example for other artists who wish to realize their own art cooperative endeavors.

History
Founded in 1972, A.I.R. is the first non-profit, artist-run gallery for women in the country. The announcement for the gallery's first exhibition elaborates its founding concept best, stating, "A.I.R. does not sell art; it changes attitudes about art by women. A.I.R. offers women artists a space to show work as innovative, transitory and free of market trends as the artists' conceptions demands." Based on the feminist principles of economic cooperation and decision by consensus, A.I.R. continues to offer an alternative venue for women that protects the creative process and the individual voice of the artist.

Barbara Zucker and Susan Williams, two artists and friends, confronted the challenges of finding a dealer and decided to look for other women artists to start a co-op. Feminism at that time had barely penetrated the New York Art scene and a 1970 Whitney Museum protest drew attention to the less than 5 percent female representation. Directed by activist art critic Lucy Lippard, the two, together with Dotty Attie and Mary Grigoriadis, visited 55 studios to select and invite women artists to form a co-op.

At the first meeting on March 17, 1972, in Williams' loft, women artists met, among them were Maude Boltz, Linda Vi Vona, Nancy Spero, Louise Bourgeois, Howardena Pindell, Ree Morton, Harmony Hammond, Cynthia Carlson and Sari Dienes. For the artists themselves, their work and exhibition goals were all about quality. Still, having to deal with feminist politics was in the center, which meant fighting prejudices and fears that the showings would be considered second-rate. After the opening, one man said grudgingly, "Okay you did it; you found 20 good women artists. But that's it."

The gallery was structured to be both an exhibition space for art by women and a radical, progressive, and even subversive, not-for-profit institution. Its cooperative nature and its democratic structure have meant that the members vote on all decisions and participate in monthly meetings to plan exhibitions, programs, and the overall direction of the gallery. Each artist pays membership dues and thus has ownership over the organization itself and their own career. In this way, the structure of A.I.R. differs from that of dealer-driven galleries. Incoming artists are chosen through a rigorous peer review process that includes reviewing the works of applicants, lengthy discussions and a studio visit by current members. Each artist has to curate her own show, which allows for experimentation and risks that are not always possible in commercial settings. The group soon acknowledged the importance of building a heritage; collaborations and international group shows, in parts curated by their members, were established. The fellowship program in its earliest years provided sponsorship on a case-by-case basis as funds were available.

Name
The name "A.I.R." arose when, in a first meeting, artist member Howardena Pindell suggested "Jane Eyre". From that came "air" – then, "A.I.R." This was also a reference to the "Artist in Residence" Certification given by the city to allow artists to live in otherwise illegal Soho commercial spaces.

Programs
Monday-Night Program Series 1972–1981; Current Issue Series 1982–1987 (both programs included general-audience panels on criticism, the market, public art as well as "how-tos" – for example 'tax night', and so on); Exhibition Programs: Solo Shows of Gallery Artists; Sponsored Solo Shows for Fellowship Artists; Group Shows of National Artists; Group Shows designed to include a broader community of women artists such as the "Generations" invitational series and juried Biennial Exhibitions; Lectures/Symposia/Panels; Fellowship Program; Internship Program

The Fellowship Program, founded in 1993, is open to all self-identified women artists who have never had a solo show in NYC, or who have not had a solo show in NYC in the last ten years, outside of an educational or not-for-profit venue. The Fellowship Program is structured to give the Fellows the opportunity to develop their work in preparation for a solo show, to build relationships with other artists and arts professionals, and acquire skills necessary to maintain a not-for-profit gallery or arts organization. The Fellows leave the program with a series of naturally forged relationships, experiences, and essential skill sets that are necessary to continue their careers as visual artists.

Fellowship artists include (1993–2021):
Tenesh Webber, Diyan Achjadi, Angie Eng, Debra Hampton, Juri Kim, Sheila Manion-Artz, Fay Torres Yap, Elizabeth Zechel, Enid Crow, Christine Gedeon, Marni Horwitz, Fay Ku, Diane Meyer, Jinnine Pak, Hye-Kyung Kim, Jill Parisi, Sarah Blackwelder, Pattie Lee Becker, Soyeon Cho, Betsy Alwin, Megan Biddle, Margarida Correia, Stephanie Lempert, Brynna K. Tucker, Claudia Vieira, Lauren Simkin Berke, Barbara Hatfield, Kharis Kennedy, Katherine Dolgy Ludwig, Anita Ragusa, Hanna Sandin, Nivi Alroy, Monica Carrier, Ari Tabei, Elena Wen, Jennifer Williams, Jennifer Wroblewski, Damali Abrams, Suzanne Broughel, Kira Nam Greene, Jee Hwang, Keun Young Park, Annette Rusin, Jiyoon Koo, Juliana Cerqueira Leite, Meghan Mcinnis, Anne Percoco, Sam Vernon, Elisabeth Waterston, Rachel Farmer, Dina Kantor, Amelia Marzec, Jayanthi Moorthy, Laura Petrovich-Cheney, Susan Stainman, Ian Gerson, Shanti Grumbine, Jessie Henson, Sujin Lee, Hannah Smith Allen, Naho Taruishi, Aimée Burg, Annie Ewaskio, Bang-Geul Han, Einat Imber, Katherine Tzu-Ian Mann, Régine Romain, Željka Blakšić, Amber Esseiva, Sara Mejia Kriendler, Amanda Turner Pohan, Alexandria Smith, Claudia Sohrens, Fanny Allié, Andrea Burgay, Shadi Harouni, Daniela Kostova, Kameelah Janan Rasheed, Negin Sharifzadeh, Manal Abu-Shaheen, Elizabeth Hoy, Eleanor King, Marykate Maher, Alison Owen, Naomi Elena Ramirez, Rachelle Dang, H. A. Halpert, Sareh Imani, Victoria Manganiello, Aliza Shvarts, Crys Yin, Melanie Crean, Isabella Cruz-Chong, Kim Dacres, Macon Reed, Gabriela Vainsencher, Zhiyuan Yang, Aya Rodriguez-Izumi, Caroline Wayne, Daniela Puliti, Dominique Duroseau, Karen Leo, Megan Pahmier, Aika Akhmetova, Destiny Belgrave, Lizania Cruz, Kyoung Eun Kang, Sky Olson, Bat-Ami Rivlin.

Reception
A.I.R. Gallery has played a widely recognized role in the art world since the institution's founding. In 1978, notable feminist painter Sylvia Sleigh commemorated the 21 current members (including Sleigh herself) of A.I.R. through her painting A.I.R. Group Portrait. In the essay "The Enemies of Women's Liberation in the Arts Will be Crushed", Art Historian Meredith Brown praises how A.I.R. "created a wide-ranging network of individuals and organizations that collectively rallied to counter the patriarchy of the art establishment". Art Historian Lenore Malen similarly acknowledges the influence of A.I.R. stating "New York City where I moved in 73 I saw how the women's collectives: A.I.R., Soho 20, and others were shaping the feminist art movement". While many acknowledge the influence of A.I.R. on feminist art, the gallery has received some criticism in its use of government funding. In her article "The Balance Sheet: A.I.R. and Government Funding", Meredith Brown argues that "A.I.R. began to rely on financial support from sources whose bureaucratic complexities necessitated the gallery shift its organizational structure, if not compromise its feminist principles".

Gallery locations
The first, self-renovated location for the inaugural A.I.R. exhibition was 97 Wooster Street, which opened on September 16, 1972. After occupying a gallery space at 63 Crosby Street from 1981–1994, A.I.R. Gallery was located at 40 Wooster Street from 1994–2002, at 511 West 25th Street from 2002–2008 and opened a new space at 111 Front Street # 228, Dumbo - Brooklyn, New York, starting with The History Show on October 2, 2008. In May 2015, A.I.R. Gallery moved to a new location. The current address is  155 Plymouth St, Brooklyn, NY 11201.

Founding members
Dotty Attie, Rachel bas-Cohain, Judith Bernstein, Blythe Bohnen, Maude Boltz, Agnes Denes, Daria Dorosh, Loretta Dunkelman, Mary Grigoriadis, Harmony Hammond, Laurace James, Nancy Kitchell, Linda Vi Vona, Louise Kramer, Anne Healy, Rosemary Mayer, Patsy Norvell, Howardena Pindell, Nancy Spero, Susan Williams, Barbara Zucker

Current members
There are five tiers of membership programs for self-defined women artists at AIR Gallery.  The New York Artist membership is open to self-identified women artists residing in the New York area. The National Membership program includes 22 self-identified women artist throughout the United States.  Alumnae membership is open to any former New York, National, and Fellowship Artists who wish to remain a part of the gallery. After maintaining 7 years of membership at A.I.R., artists will automatically be eligible for the Adjunct Program.

Artists
Artists whose works have been exhibited at the gallery include:

 Dotty Attie
 Nancy Azara
 Susan Bee
 Judith Bernstein
 Stephanie Bernheim
 Blythe Bohnen
 Enid Crow
 Rosalyn Drexler
 Sarah Beth Goncarova
 Judith Henry
 Jungil Hong
 Janice Kluge
 Marcia Kure
 Ellen McMahon
 Ana Mendieta
 Dolgor Ser-Od
 Erin Siegal
 Yvonne Shortt
 Elke Solomon
 Nancy Spero
 Nancy Wilson-Pajic
 Janise Yntema
Sue Hettmansperger

References

External links
 A.I.R. Gallery website
 A.I.R. Gallery past fellows
 A.I.R. Gallery on left matrix
 NYU's Fales Library Guide to the A.I.R. Gallery Archives
 Meredith A. Brown 'The Balance Sheet: A.I.R. Gallery and Government Funding' n.paradoxa:international feminist art journal vol.January 27, 2011, pp. 29–37
Meredith A. Brown, 'The Enemies of Women's Liberation in the Arts Will be Crushed': A.I.R. Gallery's Role in the American Feminist Art Movement. Smithsonian Archives of American Art publications,

Artist cooperatives in the United States
1972 establishments in New York City
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Cultural history of New York City
Art museums and galleries in Brooklyn
Art galleries established in 1972
Feminist art organizations in the United States
Downtown Brooklyn

A.I.R. Gallery


José F. Bonaparte (14 June 1928 – 18 February 2020) was a paleontologist from Argentina. He discovered and named many new dinosaurs from South America, including Noasaurus, Carnotaurus, Saltasaurus, Kritosaurus, Alvarezsaurus, Riojasaurus, and many, many others. He also discovered or described a number of archosaurs and primitive birds (such as Iberomesornis) and assisted with the study of other dinosaurs, like Giganotosaurus.

He was born in Rosario, Argentina, and grew up in Mercedes, Buenos Aires. Despite a lack of formal training in paleontology, he started collecting fossils at an early age, and created a museum in his home town. Bonaparte was considered to be one of the greatest and most successful modern paleontologists.

He was Professor of Palaeozoology at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán from 1975 to 1979, and director of the palaeovertebrate section between 1960 and 1978.

Bonaparte died on 18 February 2020 in Mercedes, Argentina at the age of 91.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Paleontologists
Argentine scientists
People from Rosario, Argentina

José Bonaparte


Scrap consists of recyclable materials, usually metals, left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Unlike waste, scrap has monetary value, especially recovered metals, and non-metallic materials are also recovered for recycling. Once collected, the materials are sorted into types — typically metal scrap will be crushed, shredded, and sorted using mechanical processes.

Scrap recycling is important for creating a more sustainable economy or creating a circular economy, using significantly less energy, the scrap recycling industry is a significant source of employment, from collection and processing to manufacturing using recycled materials and  having far less environmental impact than producing metal from ore. Metal recycling, especially of structural steel, ships, used manufactured goods, such as vehicles and white goods, is a major industrial activity with complex networks of wrecking yards, sorting facilities, and recycling plants. The industry includes both formal organizations and a wide range of informal roles, with waste pickers and other informal economy roles around the world playing a critical role in sorting through scrap.

Processing

Scrap metal originates both in business and residential environments. Typically a "scrapper" will advertise their services to conveniently remove scrap metal for people who don't need it.

Scrap is often taken to a wrecking yard (also known as a scrapyard, junkyard, or breaker's yard), where it is processed for later melting into new products. A wrecking yard, depending on its location, may allow customers to browse their lot and purchase items before they are sent to the smelters, although many scrap yards that deal in large quantities of scrap usually do not, often selling entire units such as engines or machinery by weight with no regard to their functional status. Customers are typically required to supply all of their own tools and labor to extract parts, and some scrapyards may first require waiving liability for personal injury before entering. Many scrapyards also sell bulk metals (stainless steel, etc.) by weight, often at prices substantially below the retail purchasing costs of similar pieces.

A scrap metal shredder is often used to recycle items containing a variety of other materials in combination with steel. Examples are automobiles and white goods such as refrigerators, stoves, clothes washers, etc. These items are labor-intensive to manually sort things like plastic, copper, aluminum, and brass. By shredding it into relatively small pieces, the steel can easily be separated out magnetically. The non-ferrous waste stream requires other techniques to sort.

In contrast to wrecking yards, scrapyards typically sell everything by weight, instead of by item. To the scrapyard, the primary value of the scrap is what the smelter will give them for it, rather than the value of whatever shape the metal may be in. An auto wrecker, on the other hand, would price exactly the same scrap based on what the item does, regardless of what it weighs. Typically, if a wrecker cannot sell something above the value of the metal in it, they would then take it to the scrapyard and sell it by weight. Equipment containing parts of various metals can often be purchased at a price below that of either of the metals, due to saving the scrapyard the labor of separating the metals before shipping them to be recycled.

Thieves sometimes sell stolen items to scrapyards. Copper pipes and wiring, bronze monuments and aluminium siding have all been targets of metal theft, with the number of thefts increasing as prices rise. Manhole covers have also been stolen. In the 1970s, the term "newsjacking" was coined to describe the theft of newspapers for sale to scrap dealers.

Resources

Scrap prices may vary markedly over time and in different locations. Prices are often negotiated between buyers and sellers directly or indirectly over the Internet. Prices displayed as the market prices are not the prices that recyclers will see at the scrap yards. Other prices are ranges or older and not updated frequently. Some scrap yards' websites have updated scrap prices.

In the US, scrap prices are reported in a handful of publications, including American Metal Market, based on confirmed sales as well as reference sites such as Scrap Metal Prices and Auctions. Non-US domiciled publications, such as The Steel Index, also report on the US scrap price, which has become increasingly important to global export markets. Scrap yards directories are also used by recyclers to find facilities in the US and Canada, allowing users to get in contact with yards.

With resources online for recyclers to look at for scrapping tips, like websites, blogs, and search engines, scrapping is often referred to as a hand and labor-intensive job. Taking apart and separating metals is important to making more money on scrap, tips like using a magnet to determine ferrous and non-ferrous materials can help recyclers make more money on their metal recycling. When a magnet sticks to the metal, it will be a ferrous material, like steel or iron. This is usually a less expensive item that is recycled but usually is recycled in larger quantities of thousands of pounds. Non-ferrous metals like copper, aluminum, and brass do not stick to a magnet. Some cheaper grades of stainless steel are magnetic, other grades are not. These items are higher priced commodities for metal recycling and are important to separate when recycling them. The prices of non-ferrous metals also tend to fluctuate more than ferrous metals so it is important for recyclers to pay attention to these sources and the overall markets.

Urban mining

This term is used to describe the recovery of "dormant" materials that once served a purpose in society but have become disused since. For example, large amounts of metal are buried underground as part of the provision of basic services including telecoms. Infrastructure, buildings and equipment stored or lying dormant in this way accounted for 28% of Sweden's copper use in 2021. In the same period, one sixth of the cables installed in Sweden's telecoms came from harvesting via urban mining. In particular this involved copper, aluminium, iron and steel. Figures for this are issued by SGU, a Swedish government body responsible for geological survey of bedrock, soil and groundwater.

Hazards
Great potential exists in the scrap metal industry for accidents in which a hazardous material present in scrap causes death, injury, or environmental damage. A classic example is radioactivity in scrap; the Goiânia accident and the Mayapuri radiological accident were incidents involving radioactive materials. Toxic materials such as asbestos, and toxic metals such as beryllium, cadmium, lead and mercury may pose dangers to personnel, as well as contaminating materials intended for metal smelters.

Many specialized tools used in scrapyards are hazardous, such as the alligator shear, which cuts metal using hydraulic force, compactors, scrap metal shredder, and vacuum.

Benefits of recycling

According to research conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency, recycling scrap metals can be quite beneficial to the environment. Using recycled scrap metal in place of virgin iron ore can yield:
75% savings in energy.
90% savings in raw materials used.
86% reduction in air pollution.
40% reduction in water use.
76% reduction in water pollution.
97% reduction in mining wastes.
Every ton of new steel made from scrap steel saves:
1,115 kg of iron ore.
625 kg of coal.
53 kg of limestone.
Energy savings from other metals include:
Aluminium savings of 95% energy.
Copper savings of 85% energy.
Lead savings of 65% energy.
Zinc savings of 60% energy.

Metal recycling industry

The metal recycling industry encompasses a wide range of metals. The more frequently recycled metals are scrap steel, iron (ISS), lead, aluminum, copper, stainless steel, and zinc. There are two main categories of metals: ferrous and non-ferrous. Metals that contain iron in them are known as ferrous.

Metals without iron are non-ferrous.
 Common non-ferrous metals are copper, brass, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, tin, nickel, and lead.
Usable coins can be deposited in banks. Damaged US coins can be redeemed for money via the Mutilated Coin Redemption Program.

Non-ferrous metals also include precious and exotic metals:
 Precious metals are metals with a high market value in any form, such as gold, silver, and platinum group metals.
Exotic metals contain rare elements such as cobalt, mercury, titanium, tungsten, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cerium, cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium, germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium. Some types of metals are radioactive. These may be "naturally occurring" or formed by nuclear reactions. Metals that have been exposed to radioactive sources may also become radioactive in settings such as medical environments, research laboratories, and nuclear power plants.

OSHA guidelines should be followed when recycling any type of scrap metal to ensure safety.

Ferrous metal recycling

Ferrous metals are able to be recycled, with steel being one of the most recycled materials in the world. Ferrous metals contain an appreciable percentage of iron and the addition of carbon and other substances creates steel.

Description

In the United States, steel containers, cans, automobiles, appliances, and construction materials contribute the greatest weight of recycled materials. For example, in 2008, more than 97% of structural steel and 106% of automobiles were recycled, comparing the current steel consumption for each industry with the amount of recycled steel being produced (the late 2000s recession and the associated sharp decline in automobile production in the US explains the over-100% calculation). A typical appliance is about 75% steel by weight and automobiles are about 65% steel and iron.

The steel industry has been actively recycling for more than 150 years, in large part because it is economically advantageous to do so. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore and manipulate it through the production process to form new steel. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during the recycling process, and has drastically reduced energy and material requirements compared with refinement from iron ore. The energy saved by recycling reduces the annual energy consumption of the industry by about 75%, which is enough to power eighteen million homes for one year. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the per capita stock of steel in use in Australia, Canada, the European Union EU15, Norway, Switzerland, Japan, New Zealand, and the US combined is  (about 860 million people in 2005).

Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) uses 25–35% recycled steel to make new steel. BOS steel usually contains lower concentrations of residual elements such as copper, nickel, and molybdenum, and is, therefore more malleable than electric arc furnace (EAF) steel, and is often used to make automotive fenders, tin cans, industrial drums, or any product with a large degree of cold working. EAF steelmaking uses almost 100% recycled steel. This steel contains greater concentrations of residual elements that cannot be removed through the application of oxygen and lime. It is used to make structural beams, plates, reinforcing bar, and other products that require little cold working. Downcycling of steel by hard-to-separate impurities such as copper or tin can only be prevented by well-aimed scrap selection or dilution by pure steel. Recycling one metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of steel saves 1.1 metric tons of iron ore, 630 kilograms of coal, and 55 kilograms of limestone.

Types of scrap used in steelmaking
Heavy melting steel – Industrial or commercial scrap steel greater than 6 mm thick, such as plates, beams, columns, channels; may also include scrap machinery or implements or certain metal stampings
Old car bodies – Vehicles with or without interiors and their original wheels
Cast iron – Cast iron bathtubs, machinery, pipe, and engine blocks
Pressing steel – Domestic scrap metal up to approx.  thick. Examples - "White goods" (fridges, washing machines, etc.), roofing iron, water heaters, water tanks, and sheet metal offcuts
Reinforcing bars or mesh – Used in the construction industry within concrete structures
Turnings – Remains of drilling or shaping steels. Also known as "borings" or "swarf"
Manganese steel – Non-magnetic, hardened steel used in the mining industry, cement mixers, rock crushers, and other high-impact and abrasive environments.
Rails – Rail or tram tracks

Ship breaking

The hulls of ships, with any usable equipment salvaged and removed, can be broken up to provide scrap steel. For a time countries in south Asia carried out most shipbreaking, often using manual methods that were hazardous to workers and the environment. International regulations now dictate the treatment of old ships as sources of hazardous waste, so shipbreaking has returned to ports in more developed countries. In 2013, about 29 million tons of scrap steel were recovered from broken ships. Some of the scrap can be reheated and rolled to make products such as concrete reinforcing bars, or the scrap may be melted to make new steel.

Economic role

United States

The scrap industry was valued at more than $90 billion in 2012, up from $54 billion in 2009 balance of trade, exporting $28 billion in scrap commodities to 160 countries. Since 2010, the industry has added more than 15,000 jobs and supports 463,000 workers, both directly and indirectly. In addition, it generates more than $10 billion in revenue for federal, state, and local governments. Scrap recycling also helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserves energy and natural resources. For example, scrap recycling diverts  of materials away from landfills. Recycled scrap is a raw material feedstock for nearly 60% of steel made in the US, almost 50% of the copper and copper alloys produced in the US, more than 75% of the US paper industry's needs, and for 50% of US aluminum. Recycled scrap helps keep air and water cleaner by removing potentially hazardous materials and keeping them out of landfills.

See also
Aircraft boneyard
Aluminium recycling
British Metals Recycling Association
Heavy metals
Metal swarf
Particulates
Recycling by material
Slag
Ship breaking
Vehicle recycling
Wrecking yard

References

External links

Steel Recycling Institute - Steel Recycling Information, News, and Resources
How Scrap Is Recycled: Video

Iron
Recycling by material
Waste management

Scrap


Barareh Nights () is a 2005 Iranian satire television series broadcast by the IRIB network. The series ended after 92 episodes; the storyline of Barareh Nights was not complete. It aired in Iran daily at 8:00 p.m. Tehran time on Channel 3. Rebroadcast outside of the country was daily on IRIB 1 and IRIB 2. The last show episode aired Thursday 1 December 2005. It was directed by Mehran Modiri.

Barareh Nights is the prequel to Mehran Modiri's 2002 serial, Pavarchin. Whilst not taking place in Barareh, Pavarchin introduced the oddities and strange behaviours of Barareans. The series also has many of the cast members from Modiri's earlier works such as Pavarchin, Noghtechin, and Jayezeye Bozorg.

Plot outline
The show is set in the fictional village of Barareh in Iran of the 1930s, about a journalist in the name of kianoosh estegrar zade, during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, whose picture can be seen on the set. The village people have their own Persian dialect which humorously modifies the language. In addition to this, the Barareans also have certain customs and rituals which at times are comical, such as their method of eating chick peas—by slapping individual peas from palm into mouth. The village of Barareh is believed by many be a microcosm of Iran. The town is split along the lines of Upper and Lower Barareh, which allegedly mimics the difference between the classes in modern-day Iran. Events in the village, such as football ("darbid") matches, village council elections and marriage closely mirror today's Iran.

The show stars Mehran Modiri, as Shir Farhad, the son of Lower Barareh's khan, or leader. He lives with his sister, Saharnaz(Shaghayegh Dehghan); mother, Shadoneh(Falamak Joneidi); and father, Salar Khan. The show begins when a journalist, Kiyanoosh(Siamak Ansari), from Tehran is arrested for writing an article criticizing the government, escapes capture, and then is bitten by a snake. Shir Farhad finds him collapsed and brings him to the village of Barareh, nurtures him to health, and gradually introduces him to the town and the other characters in the show, such as the families of Upper and Lower Barareh's Khans, as well as the flamboyant village poet, Bagoori, and village doctor. Later in the series, new characters such as the village gendarme and Upper Barareh's Khan's son and daughter, Keivoon (Reza Shafiei Jam) and Leiloon (Behnoosh Bakhtiari), join the cast. Davooneh doesn't appear in this.

Cast

 Lower Barrareh
Mehran Modiri - Shir Farhad Barareh (the Lower Barareh Khan's son, but later he becomes the son-in-law of the Khan of Upper Barareh).
Siamak Ansari - Kiyanoosh Barareh (A journalist that is committed to jail because of political event, but he later becomes the husband of Saharnaz Barareh, which makes him the son-in-law of the Khan of Lower Barareh)
Shaghayegh Dehghan - Saharnaz Barareh (the Lower Barareh Khan's daughter)
Mohammad Shiri - Salar Khan Barareh (the Khan of Lower Barareh)
Falamak Joneidi - Shadoneh Khanoum Barareh (the Lower Barareh Khan's wife)
Hassan Shokohi - Babri Khan Barareh (Brother of Shadoneh)

 Upper Barrareh
Saeid Pirdoost - Sardar Khan Barareh (the Khan of Upper Barareh)
Fatemeh Hashemi - Shakheh Shemshad Khanoum Barareh (the Upper Barareh Khan's wife)
Behnoosh Bakhtiari - Leiloon Barareh (the Upper Barareh Khan's daughter)
Reza Shafiei Jam - Keivoon Barareh (the Upper Barareh Khan's son)
Saed Hedayati - Jan Nesar Barareh (the Upper Barareh Khan's quasi-servant, whose sole purpose is to compliment and cajole him)
Hadi Kazemi - Nezam Do Barareh (Barareh's Gandarmerie assistant and the son of the khan of Bararieh)
Hossein Rahmani Manesh
 Other characters
Mohammad-Reza Hedayati - Yavar Toghrol (Barareh's Gandarmerie)
Mokhtar Saegi - Corporal (Corporal for the Gandarmerie of Barareh)
Ali Kazemi - Bagoori (the poet of Barareh )
Ali asghar Heidari karimzadeh - Dr. Jakool (Village doctor/barber/banker/dentist)
Shayan Ahadifar - Village Jester

 Imaginary characters
Khorzookhan

Running gags
"Barareh Nights" is full of gags, which make a huge contribution to language of people. Some of these gags are listed below:
 Give me money!: In the show Keyvoon is a thug, even though his parents thought he was a doctor. He often robs people by telling them: "Give me money!" (), and when they reply: "Why?" He says: "Bullying money!" () Sometimes he says "Give me money" for no reason.
 Zorro: In one episode, Salar Khan turns out to be the Zorro of Barareh, a comic homage to the original Zorro. Because of his old age, he wants his son, Shir Farhad, to succeed him as the next Zorro. In a later episode, Shadoneh tells Shakhe Shemshad that her husband is Zorro, and Shakhe Shemshad replies: "No! My son, Keyvoon is Zorro!" Shadoneh replies: "But when Zorro came, Keyvoon was among the people, how can he be Zorro?" Shakhe Shemshad retorts: "Well, because he played in two roles, simultaneously."
 The Sadomasochist Saharnaz: Saharnaz, Shir Farhad's sister and Kiyanoush's wife is a modern feminist. She is aggressive, agrestic, and tough. When Kiyanoush asks her: "Why are you so violent towards me?" she replies: "Because I hurt who I love." In some episodes we see that Saharnaz likes to be hurt as well.
 That's Different!: In Bararian language, there are four expressions to say: "That's Different!". While Persians say: "Fargh Mikone" as a synonym to "That's Different!", Bararians say:
 "Fargh Makooleh" for large differences
 "Fargh Fookooleh" for medium differences
 "Fargh Fan Coil" for small differences
 "Fargh Phil Collins" for extremely small differences
Fargh Makoolah was first said by Davood in Pavarchin.

Khoob Biiid?: Was it gooood?; the poet Bagoori says this after every poem to make sure that people liked it.
 Jiiiiigar: This is Salar Khan's slogan, meaning sweetheart.
 Voooygoolanjz:  Voooygoolanjz denotes the third person plural conjugate of any verb at present tense and past tense.  In barareh language every verb gets a prefix of "va" added to the standard forms of the verb conjugates, but the third person plural of the form of the verb changes radically to vooygoolanjz regardless of the verb.  For example, the verb "to go" or "raftan" becomes: va-raftam, va-rafti, va-raft, va-raftim, va-rafteed, voooygoolanjz.  Since the third person plural any verb is vooygoolanjz, the meaning of the sentence can only be determined via context.  For example, when Barareans mean to quote a statement from any source, they say: "Vooygoolanjz ke Sahrnaz--is not married" in this context vooygoolanjz denotes third person plural conjugate form of "say," meaning "they say."  Much of the humor of the barareh language is hidden in the context of the vooygoolanjz and at times you find the actors laughing when they have to use the third person plural in their sentence. Also, since in Persian, unlike some other Indo-European languages, consecutive consonants do not occur, the existence of Vooygoolanjz and the constant reminder of it throughout the story, is the confirmation of the claim that Barrareh language is a deliberately posh version of Persian, where more than two consecutive consonants can occur, i.e. "njz" and the nonsensical "vooygoola" prefix is added to make it sound Western.
 Hashtaplakoo (هَشتپلَكو): A drastic measure to frame up someone. By Bararean definition it is one degree harsher than Haftaplakoo (هفتپلكو).
 Chourmang (چورمنگ): A Bararean curse to offend the addressee. Broken down to its elements Chour-mang: "Chour" is also a colloquial term for "penis" and "mang" is also a colloquial term for "forgetful."  Chourmang is the transvest version of the other commonly used Persian curse "Koskhol" which broken down to it is elements kos-khol: "kos" is the standard word for "pussy" and "khol" is the standard word for "crazy".  Both Koskhol, in today's Persian, and Chourmang in Barareh, are intended convey to the addressee that he/she is behaving irrationally.
 Khorzuo Khan (خرزو خان): Nezam Do Barareh's imaginary friend, which Nezam mentions him when consumes "Pea Powder" (). It was later pointed in urban language to someone who is "hidden" or "non-existent" (equivalent to John Doe in English)
 Sistani Curses: Yavar Toghrol is from city of Zabol in Sistan, a province in South-Eastern Iran. Toghrol uses Sistani curses which sound very funny when mixed with common Persian. He uses words like: "Toskatoso", "Shonpet", "Kata Kalla", "Allakhootak", "Khosou Khosou" and so on. In one episode of Pavarchin, he gets angry with Farhad and tells him: "Shonpet!" Farhad replies: "Did you mean Sean Penn?"
 He doesn't know anything at all: The Bararians regularly encounter problems which can be easily solved with a little bit of common sense, but they can't solve them on their own. Kiyanoush ends up solving the problem, but he is shown disrespect and the Bararians accuse him of being stupid. They always say "In hichi navafahma" meaning "He does not know anything at all" in Bararian language.
 The Cemetery: Bararians claim that the most famous people of the world are from Barareh, and even some of them like Claude Debussy, Wassily Kandinsky and Victor Hugo are buried in the cemetery of Barareh.
 Alexander Pit () : Bararians also claim Alexander the Great has had a big fight when he passed from their village and effect of that big fight is a small pit which is called 'Alexander Pit'. This exaggeration of history shows its version differently in different episodes, e.g. in one episode Shir Farhad claims there has been 60 million person killed in this small pit, and in answer of Kianoosh protest to him about population of village by this time he mentions there has been after that horrible war the population reduced from 60 million to 92 persons. In another episode Shir Farhad talk about 'Roxana Barareh-i' who claims Alexander the Great falls in love with her when he passed from Barareh so he did not continue his wars. It has a lot of satire comparing with Iranian way of looking to their history.
Beh man cheh: It's none of my business, Kiyanoosh is constantly being bullied by the people of Barareh and replies with "It's none of my business" when they always ask him to do things
Cholombeh: A word that has thousands of meanings in the Bararehian language.

About the Story
Main Protagonist: Kiyanoosh Brareh

Main Antagonist: Nezam Do Barareh

Character's information
Kiyanoosh Barareh first is a stranger in Barareh, but then he becomes the husband of Saharnaz Barareh, then in episode 46 he becomes the son of the Khan of the Lower Barareh. Also Shir Farhad Barareh first is the son of the Khan of the Lower Barareh, but then he becomes the husband of Leinoon Barareh, but after that he becomes the son of the Khan of the Upper Barareh. Keivoon Barareh dies because of a terrible disease, so then in related series; Pavarchin; Shir Farhad Barareh becomes the khan of upper Barareh but he first changes him to the king of Upper Barareh but later he changes himself  to the foreverpresident of Upper Barareh. Also as Kiayanoosh Barareh becomes the Khan of the Lower Barareh, but later he changes himself  to the King of the Lower Barareh, but later he changes himself  to the foreverpresident of the Lower Barareh. Also as Nezam Do Barareh becomes the Khan of Bararieh, but later he changes himself  to the King of Bararieh, but later he changes himself  to the foreverpresident of Bararieh.

References

External links

"TV comedy raises tough issues in Iran" — article from Reuters.

Iranian comedy television series
2000s Iranian television series
2005 Iranian television series debuts
2006 Iranian television series endings
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting original programming
Persian-language television shows

Barareh Nights


Eucalyptus houseana, commonly known as Kimberley white gum, or  is a species of medium-sized tree that is endemic to the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and conical to hemispherical fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus houseana is a tree that typically grows to a height of  and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth bark, pale pink at first, white to grey and powdery later. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross section and sessile leaves arranged in opposite pairs. The juvenile leaves are egg-shaped,  long and  wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same dull green on both sides, lance-shaped,  long and  wide and have a petiole. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds sessile or on a very short pedicel. Mature buds are oval to more or less spherical,  long and  wide with a rounded operculum. Flowering occurs between July and November and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical to hemispherical capsule  long and  wide with the valves near rim level.

Taxonomy and naming
The name Eucalyptus houseana first appeared in the Western Mail newspaper on 2 June 1906. The article was written by William Vincent Fitzgerald who noted that it "is among the tallest of the tropical species, it occasionally reaching a height of 80ft", giving a short note on its distribution and mentioning "Dr. F. M. House". The first formal description of the species was published in 1916 by was by Joseph Maiden, giving credit for the name to Fitzgerald. The description was published in Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales.
The specific epithet honours the doctor and explorer Frederick Maurice House.

Distribution and habitat
Kimberley white gum is found along swampy river flats in forest and woodland throughout the western Kimberley region where it grows in sandy alluvium.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

Eucalypts of Western Australia
Trees of Australia
houseana
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1916
Taxa named by William Vincent Fitzgerald

Eucalyptus houseana


Charles Joseph Whitman (born June 24, 1941 in Lake Worth, Florida – died August 1, 1966 in Austin, Texas) was a former marine and student who is best known for committing the Tower shooting at the University of Texas at Austin on August 1, 1966 where he killed 14 people and wounded 32 others. It was the deadliest school shooting until the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre.
Dean Corll

1941 births
1966 deaths
American spree killers
People from Florida

Charles Whitman


PoliScan speed is a system for traffic enforcement made by Vitronic. The measurement is based on lidar (light radar). By time-of-flight measurement, a scanning laser determines speeds and positions of all vehicles in the measurement area.

PoliScan speed is available as a mobile or a stationary system.

Apart from the use as speed camera, the systems of the PoliScan family are also used as red light camera and for automatic number plate recognition.

External links
 Manufacturer's web site

Traffic law
Laser applications
Traffic management
Intelligent transportation systems

PoliScan speed


The Gulf of Naples (Italian: Golfo di Napoli) is on the south-western coast of Italy. Also called the Bay of Naples, it is a c. gulf in the  province of Naples, Campania region.

The bay opens to the west into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered on the north by Naples and Pozzuoli, on the east by Mount Vesuvius, and on the south by Sorrento and the Sorrentine Peninsula. The Peninsula separates the Gulf of Naples from the Gulf of Salerno, which includes the Amalfi coast.

The islands of Capri, Ischia and Procida are in the Gulf of Naples. The area is a tourist destination, with the seaside Roman ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. These towns were covered with volcanic ash in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

Fin whales can sometimes be seen in Gulf of Pozzuoli.

References

Geography of Italy

Gulf of Naples


is a Japanese term for a lineage chart in Zen Buddhism and some other Japanese schools, documenting the "bloodline" of succession of various masters or listing priests in a particular school. In Zen the kechimyaku theoretically links a student to all previous generations back to the Buddha himself. In the Sōtō school of medieval Japan it became commonplace for the kechimyaku to be administered to lay students for such rituals as the jukai ceremony. Traditionally this document is administered at the time of Dharma transmission in Soto Zen, during a shiho ceremony. In the Jodo Shinshu sect the kechimyaku is meant to demonstrate "spiritual descent", and not a blood heritage.

See also
Dharma transmission
Inka
Shiho

References

Sources

Zen

Kechimyaku


Norbert Klein (25 October 1866 in Brunzeif, Austrian Silesia – 10 March 1933 in Bruntál, Czechoslovakia) was Bishop of Brno from 1916 to 1926 and 59th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order from 1923 to 1933.

Life
Klein began his theological studies in 1885 at Olomouc. He continued for two years before entering the novitiate of the Teutonic Order in 1887. On 27 July 1890 he was ordained to the priesthood and in 1892 he made his solemn profession in the order. In 1903 he was named Prior of Opava. On 7 December 1916 he was appointed to be Bishop of Brno. On 28 January 1917 he was ordained bishop. On 30 April 1923 he became the first clerical grand master of the Teutonic Order when Archduke Eugen of Austria resigned in order to ensure that the order retained its properties in Austria and Czechoslovakia which were threatened with confiscation by the respective governments. On 4 January 1926 Klein resigned as Bishop of Brno and was named Titular Bishop of Syene.

Klein died on 10 March 1933, and is buried in Bruntál.

1866 births
1933 deaths
Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order
Roman Catholic bishops in Czechoslovakia
People from Bruntál District
People from Austrian Silesia
Moravian-German people
Clergy from Brno

Norbert Klein


The Madang big-eyed tree frog  (Nyctimystes disruptus)  is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea.  It also used to be called Richard's big-eyed tree frog.  Scientists have seen it in mountain ranges in central and eastern New Guinea, though they think it could live in other places as well.  They found it 1500 to 2000 meters above sea level.

Scientists say this frog looks a lot like the Papua big-eyed tree frog but with more webbing on its feet and clearer lines on its lower eyelids.  This frog has short, broken lines on its lower eyelids.  This frog has pupils in its eyes that go up and down and open side to side.  It can be many different colors.  Scientists have found frogs that are brown with white spots, gray with purple marks and green with brown markings on the back.  The adult male frog is about 74 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female is about 80 mm long.

For a while, scientists thought another group of frogs, Nyctimystes oktediensis, was a separate species, but other scientists say these frogs are also Madang big-eyed tree frogs.

In the local Kaironk language, this frog is called kwyos and gepgep.

References

Frogs of Oceania

Madang big-eyed tree frog


The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian was previously known as the Middle Permian.

Name and background

The Guadalupian is the second and middle series or epoch of the Permian.  Previously called Middle Permian, the name of this epoch is part of a revision of Permian stratigraphy for standard global correlation.  The name "Guadalupian" was first proposed in the early 1900s, and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996.
References to the Middle Permian still exist.  The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico.  The International Chronostratigraphic Chart V2021/07 provides a numerical age of 273.01 ± 0.14 – 259.51 ± 0.21 mya.

Biodiversity

Therapsids became the dominant land animals in Guadalupian, displacing the pelycosaurs.  Therapsids evolved from a group of pelycosaurs called sphenacodonts.  Therapsida consists of four major clades: the dinocephalians, the herbivorous anomodonts, the carnivorous biarmosuchians, and the mostly carnivorous theriodonts.  After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Guadalupian.

A mass extinction occurred  in the early Guadalupian before the larger Permian–Triassic extinction event. This extinction was originally called Olson's Gap because it was thought to be a problem in preservation of fossils. Since the 1990s it has been renamed Olson's Extinction. This extinction event occurred near the beginning of the epoch and led to an extended period of low diversity when two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost worldwide. Global diversity rose dramatically by the end probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in the Wuchiapingian.

There is no agreed cause for the Olson's Extinction. Climate change may be a possible cause. Extreme environments were observed from the Permian of Kansas which resulted from a combination of hot climate and acidic waters particularly coincident with Olson's Extinction. Whether this climate change was a result of Earth's natural processes or exacerbated by another event is unknown.

Climate

The climate resembled that of much of central Asia today. Pangea was a supercontinent and had very hot dry summers and cold bitter winters. The coasts were tropical and had monsoons.

The first two-thirds of the epoch were the continuation of a temperate and tropical climate. This started to dry out and the coal forming of the previous epoch stopped.  The change in climate also provided a new environment for new tetrapods, reptiles, fish, plants, and invertebrates.

In the last third the temperature started to drop and many coral reefs died out. If that was not enough, increased volcano activity brought a reduction in oxygen, a greenhouse and mass extinction.

Roadian

The Roadian Stage was between 272.3 ± 0.5 – 268.8 ± 0.5 Mya.

Olson's Extinction was a worldwide loss of terrestrial vertebrate life that occurred during the Roadian and Wordian.

Fauna did not recover fully from Olson's Extinction before the impact of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Estimates of recovery time vary, where some authors indicated recovery was prolonged, lasting 30 million years into the Triassic.

Several important events took place during Olson's Extinction, most notably the origin of therapsids, a group that includes the evolutionary ancestors of mammals. Further research on the recently identified primitive therapsid of the Xidagou Formation (Dashankou locality) in China of Roadian age may provide more information on this topic.

Wordian

The Wordian Stage was between 268.8 ± 0.5 – 265.1 ± 0.4 Mya.

The base of the Wordian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella aserrata first appear. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Getaway Ledge in the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.

The top of the Wordian (the base of the Capitanian Stage) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont species Jinogondolella postserrata first appears.

Capitanian

The Capitanian Stage was between 265.1 ± 0.4 – 259.8 ± 0.4 Mya.

The Guadalupian ended with a deteriorating environment, Greenhouse conditions, and several series of mass-extinctions; both the great dinocephalians, other taxa on land and various invertebrates in the sea. They would be succeeded by new types of therapsids, especially the gorgonopsians among others.

A significant mass extinction event (the End-Capitanian extinction event) occurred at the end of this epoch, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps. This extinction event may be related to the much larger Permian–Triassic extinction event that followed about 10 million years later.

Carbon isotopes in marine limestone from the Capitanian Age show an increase in δ13C values. The change in carbon isotopes in the sea water reflects cooling of global climates.

This climatic cooling may have caused the end-Capitanian extinction event among species that lived in warm water, like larger fusulinids (Verbeekninidae), large bivalves (Alatoconchidae) and rugose corals, and Waagenophyllidae.

Other subdivisions

Subdivisions that are sometimes used are,

Kazanian or Maokovian (in Europe) [270.6 ± 0.7 – 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya]
Braxtonian (in New Zealand) [270.6 ± 0.7 – 260.4 ± 0.7 Mya]

References

Geological epochs
02

Guadalupian


The Gordon Sisters Boxing is an American short black-and-white silent film directed by Thomas A. Edison. It is one of the earliest female boxing movies. Edison's film catalogue describes the film as follows: "Champion lady boxers of the world. Here we depict two female pugilists that are really clever. They are engaged in a hot and heavy one-round sparring exhibition, which is photographed against a very pleasing background, consisting of a park, with marble entrance and walk, and beautiful trees and shrubbery. The exhibition is very lively from start to finish; the blows fall thick and fast, and some very clever pugilistic generalship is exhibited."

In an analysis of boxing in the context of modernism, Irene Gammel argues that the scene's "symmetry and beauty [gesture] towards the artfulness of boxing as a cultivated sport." In addition, she argues that the women's choreographed movement shows "their boldly modern female physicality and sportsmanship."

Cast

See also
 List of boxing films

References

External links

1901 films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Thomas Edison
American boxing films
Articles containing video clips
1900s sports films
1901 short films
1900s American films
Silent sports films
1900s English-language films

The Gordon Sisters Boxing


Jordon Hodges (born March 2, 1987) is an American actor, screenwriter and producer known for his role as Noah Daly in the 2014 drama film Sand Castles.

Early life
Jordon Hodges was born in Goshen, Indiana and attended Northridge High School. He relocated to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career in 2010.

Career
Hodges made his debut in 2008's comedy film Fraternity House alongside actors Johnny Lechner and Joel Paul Reisig, which became part of the German franchise College Animals and is now known as College Animals 3.

Hodges starred in the 2011 thriller film Impulse Black, opposite actors Emme Rylan and Robert Miano. In 2011, he also appeared in the horror film Deadly Karma. In 2012, he starred in the historical drama film Mary's Buttons, which is based on a true story and follows the criminal trial of Mrs. August Govare, who ordered her 15-year-old-son to shoot Sheriff Matthews of Macomb County, Michigan in December 1910.

In 2014, Hodges appeared in Sand Castles,  opposite actors Anne Winters, Saxon Trainor and Clint Howard, which premiered in Los Angeles in June 2014 during Dances With Films at the TCL Chinese Theatre. The role of Noah Daly earned Hodges multiple awards and nominations including: Winner for "Best Lead Actor" at New York City's Visionfest and the Horse of Leonardo da Vinci nomination for "Best Lead Actor" and winner for "Best Ensemble Cast" at Milan, Italy's MIFF Awards.

Hodges is set to star in Chris Faulisi's upcoming 80s adventure The Shade Shepherd, a film set to release in early 2019.

Filmography

Film

Television

River Bend
In 2014, Hodges became the Director of Programming of the River Bend Film Festival in his hometown of Goshen, Indiana after pitching an idea to the committee  to relocate it there from South Bend, Indiana where it had been the previous 14 years. The attendance more than tripled in its first year, bringing filmmakers in from all over the United States.

References

External links

Jordon Hodges on Twitter
River Bend Film Festival

1987 births
Living people
American male film actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Indiana
People from Goshen, Indiana

Jordon Hodges


Nassef Onsi Sawiris (; born 19 January 1961) is an Egyptian billionaire businessman, and the youngest of Onsi Sawiris' three sons (his brothers are Naguib and Samih). As of October 2021, his net worth was estimated at US$8.7 billion, making him the richest Egyptian and fourth richest African.

Early life
Nassef Sawiris received his secondary education from the Deutsche Evangelische Oberschule Kairo. He then continued at University of Chicago where he received a bachelor's degree in economics in 1982.

Career
Sawiris joined the Orascom group in 1982 and oversaw the construction activities of Orascom Construction following the transfer of management control from his father Onsi Sawiris in 1995. He became CEO of Orascom Construction Industries following the company's incorporation in 1998. He served on the board of Besix, following OCI SAE acquiring a 50% stake in the company in 2004, and a member of the remuneration and nominations committee until 2017.

He was on the board of directors of the Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchanges from 2004 to 2007, and was also a board director at the Dubai International Financial Exchange DIFX from July 2008 to June 2010.

In January 2013, he became CEO of OCI NV when they acquired the former parent company OCI SAE.  In 2015, he was elected a board member of LafargeHolcim, having served on Lafarge SA's board since 2008.

In October 2015, it was reported that Sawiris had acquired a stake in Adidas AG via his investment company NNS Holding Sàrl Luxembourg.  In 2016 he was appointed supervisory director of Adidas AG, Herzogenaurach, Germany.

In October 2020, Sawiris founded Avanti Acquisition Corp, a Special-purpose acquisition company. However, after failing to acquire another company, Avanti Acquisition was wound up in October 2022.

Sports ownership
Sawiris has invested heavily in the ownership of sports teams, particularly within association football. Alongside billionaire Wes Edens, Sawiris owns the football club holding company V Sports: who own Premier League team Aston Villa and a 46% stake in Primeira Liga team Vitória S.C. Additionally, V Sports are in discussions to form a Major League Soccer team in Las Vegas, with the name 'Las Vegas Villains' registered within American and European copyright.

As of March 2021, Sawiris also owns a 6.3% stake in American company MSG Sports: whose assets include the NBA team New York Knicks and NHL team New York Rangers.

Aston Villa
In July 2018, a consortium consisting of Sawiris and fellow billionaire Wes Edens, referring to themselves as NSWE, purchased a 55% controlling stake worth £30m in English Championship club Aston Villa. The club had faced significant cash flow issues under previous owner Tony Xia, and faced a potential winding-up order by HMRC, following an unpaid £4m tax bill. Following the takeover, NSWE invested significant funds into addressing said issues.

Following a significant turnover of management and playing staff: including the appointment of former Liverpool executive Christian Purslow as CEO and the appointment of Dean Smith as manager, the club would be subsequently be promoted back to the Premier League. This included a period of Villa's longest ever winning streak of 10 games. Following promotion, NSWE bought out the remainder of Xia's shares to become sole owners in August 2019. This was done by taking on an unpaid £30m debt owed by Xia to former owner Randy Lerner.

Sawiris and Eden's ownership of Aston Villa has marked a period of heavy investment, with approximately £360m of debt-free share capital injected into the as of August 2022. Plans to expand Villa Park from 42,682 seats to over 50,000, including the demolition of the North Stand and the creation of a major retail venue, are at an advanced stage. The project is set to cost over £100m, and will be entirely funded by V Sports.

In 2021, the NSWE holding company rebranded to V Sports, with a view of investing into other clubs around the world via a multi-club model.

Vitória de Guimarães
In February 2023, V Sports entered into an agreement to purchase a 46% stake worth €5m in Portuguese Primeira Liga team Vitória S.C. As part of the agreement, V Sports would invest an additional €2m into sporting infrastructure within the next 2 years, and provide a credit line of up to €20m. The agreement was ratified by Vitória's members on 4 March 2023.

Other activities
 University of Chicago, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2013)
 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Member of the Global Board of Advisors
 Cleveland Clinic, Member of the International Leadership Board

Personal life
Sawiris is married to Sherine, has four children, lives in Cairo, and maintains a residence in New York City. He is a Coptic Christian.

References

1961 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Cairo
Egyptian billionaires
Egyptian nationalists
Nassef
Coptic businesspeople
Coptic Christians
University of Chicago alumni
Aston Villa F.C. directors and chairmen

Nassef Sawiris


Joan Brull i Vinyoles (25 January 1863, Barcelona - 3 February 1912, Barcelona) was a Catalan painter active in the late 19th century. He was a Catalan symbolist painter, along with other artists including Adrià Gual, Josep Maria Tamburini, and Alexandre de Riquer.

Biography
Brull was born in Barcelona, Spain.  He studied at the Escola de la Llotja and in Paris. He later worked as an art critic for the magazine Joventut.  He participated in a variety of intellectual groups of the era, including the Els Quatre Gats and the Real Círculo Artístico de Barcelona. He was also friends with Ramon Casas and Santiago Rusiñol. In 1896, he won first place in the International Exposition of Barcelona with his work Ensomni.

In 2009, the Caixa Foundation Girona put on a retrospective exhibition in its Fontana d'Or Center, which featured over 40 works by Brull. Two other solo exhibitions were dedicated to him: in 1924 and in 1959.

Brull's early work is realistic, but later in his career he focused on symbolism, including representations of (typically female) mythological characters. He is also known for his many portraits, the majority of which were of children and beggars in Barcelona in the later 19th century.

Representative works
 La tonsura del rei Wamba
 Ensomni
 Sueño, currently in the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (MNAC)
 Retrato de Niña, currently in the Biblioteca Museo Víctor Balaguer

References

Other sources
 Guia del Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya. Editat pel MNAC, 2004.

External links

1863 births
1912 deaths
Symbolist painters
Painters from Catalonia
19th-century Spanish painters
19th-century Spanish male artists
Spanish male painters
20th-century Spanish painters
20th-century Spanish male artists

Joan Brull


Scots castles are biggins that combine fortifications an residence, biggit athin the borders o modren Scotland. Castles arrivit in Scotland wi the introduction o feudalism in the twalt century. Initially thir wur firthen motte-an-bailey constructions, but mony wur replacit bi stane castles wi a heich curtain waw. Durin the Wars o Unthirldom, Robert the Bruce pursued a policy o castle slichtin. In the late Middle Ages new castles wur biggit, some on a grander scale as "livery an maintenance" castles that coud support a lairge garrison. Gunpouder weaponry led tae the uise o gun ports, platforms tae munt guns an waws adaptit tae resist bombardment.

Mony o the late Medieval castles biggit in the borders wur in the fuirm o touer hooses, smawer pele touers or simpler bastle hooses. Frae the fifteent century thare wis a phase o Renaissance palace biggin, which restructured thaim as castle-teep pailaces, beginnin at Lithgae. Elements o Medieval castles, ryal pailaces an touer hooses wur uised in the construction o Scots baronial estate hooses, which wur biggit lairgely for comfort, but wi a castle-lik appearance. In the seiventeent an aichteent centuries the militar significance o castles declined, but thay increasinly became tourist attractions. Elements o the Scots Baronial style wad be revivit frae the late aichteent century an the trend wad be confirmit in popularity bi the rebiggin o Balmoral Castle in the nineteent century an its adoption as a retreat bi Queen Victoria. In the twintiet century thare wur anerly isolatit ensaumples o new castle-influencit hooses. Mony touer hooses wur renovatit, an mony castles wur taken ower bi the National Trust for Scotland or Historic Scotland an are open tae the public.

Notes

Scots airchitectur

Scots castles


A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde. To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System).

The invention of the weather balloon started the age of remote sensing, the ability to collect information where there are no people.  Weather balloons are a major tool of atmospheric research. High altitude balloons have also been used by astronomers and cosmologists to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere).

The first observation balloon was launched immediately before the first manned balloon flight by Frenchmen Jean-François de Rozier and the Marquis d'Aalandes on November 21, 1783, for a pre-flight wind reading. Later, French meteorologist Leon Teisserenc de Bort (1855-1913) pioneered the use of weather balloons, handily proving their utility. With balloon-acquired data, he determined the existence of a lower level of the atmosphere, which he termed the troposphere or "sphere of change," where weather takes place. Since the 1930s, when radio tracking systems were invented, balloons have been used as complete floating weather stations, using such instruments as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, cameras, and telescopes.

Many agencies use weather balloon flights to model the atmosphere and to make more accurate weather predictions.  They collect such atmospheric information as temperature , pressure, and humidity that can then be plotted on weather maps. Three-dimensional atmospheric modeling is also possible using weather balloons because the instruments they carry are able to provide data collected from several different altitude points.  Since they started, the long bags of helium have been carrying aloft increasingly sophisticated observation devices.  The take the science of weather observation literally to the edges of outer space .

Weather

Weather balloon


Donald Pass (9 September 1930 – 3 December 2010) was a British painter whose art has been compared to that of William Blake by a reviewer in an Oxford newspaper, among others. He is known for work based on a vision he experienced, which has been interpreted as the Resurrection of the Dead. His work is found in museums and private collections in Europe, the United States, and Australia.

Education

Donald Pass was educated on Stoke-on-Trent Regional College of Art (1947–1950) and the Royal Academy Schools in London (1951–1954).

Early Visions

At a young age, Donald Pass saw an angel with a lion's head at a roadside hedge. Later, while working in London as a painter, he saw through the window "a beautiful face which appeared to be all gold. It seemed to expand through the window and embrace the whole room."

The Vision of the Resurrection

Prior to 1969, Donald Pass worked as a landscape artist. In a churchyard in Cuckfield, Sussex in August of that year, he experienced a vision which has been described as:

" It was eleven in the morning on a bright day but suddenly everything darkened, and a strange light appeared with a sound like the rushing of wind. Vast fields stretched before him in which he could see miles into the distance as if it were close by, and the sky was an infinite black space with great lights moving in it. He was standing with a host of figures and gradually, he became aware of angels standing with them and coming towards them the sky. The angels were descending and ascending, coming from all directions and in all sizes. Some had their faces obscured, some had very compassionate and beautiful faces, others had faces of lions like the angel he saw in the hedge when he was a child.

In the middle, an enormous angel descended with outstretched arms and a face which Donald Pass says he can not describe. His descent was accompanied by a tremendous chorus of sound. Higher and at a distance was a beautiful and strange face in profile that had long hair yet was neither male nor female. It seemed unaware of the figures below. All the light stemmed from that extraordinary head and from the angels. It was a strange light and unlike sunlight, it spread in such a way that all the figures were illuminated.

On the ground, figures lay still with forms rising out of them as if something was emerging from a chrysalis. Donald Pass remembers that it looked "almost like a transfiguration, a rebirth" of the soul from the body. There were figures standing, and others going in three directions: one towards very dark angels who stood near the horizon and others upward in great columns into the sky where angels gathered them in. The dark angels stood very still a long way away, but those closer seemed to gather figures towards them. There were gangs of angels standing together, figures grouping together, and figures which Donald Pass say he can't describe standing together. There seemed at one point to be hands rising from the ground."

His subsequent work has been based on the vision.

Interviews

Donald Pass Interview for Xan Phillips Podcast
Listen.

Notes

References

External links
 Obituary, Congleton Times
 Official Website
 BeinArt Art Collective
 Obituary, The Guardian

Visionary artists
English contemporary artists
1930 births
2010 deaths
Angelic visionaries
Outsider artists
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
Christian artists
20th-century English male artists
21st-century English male artists

Donald Pass


Pietro Campofregoso (1417 – 14 September 1459) was Doge of Genoa from 1450 to 1458.

Biography

Family
He was a grandson of Tommaso di Campofregoso, he was a vassal of the Visconti as lord of Gavi. Married to Bartolomea Grimaldi, he had six sons, one of which, Battista Fregoso, was later also doge of Genoa.

Life as Doge
He was elected as doge on 8 September 1450, succeeding his cousin Lodovico di Campofregoso. His rule was one of the most disastrous for the eastern colonies of the Republic of Genoa. In this period Genoa lost Pera in Turkey, Caffa in Crimea and Chios in Greece, while the flourishing trade with those regions declined. In 1458, after turmoil with Turk and Aragonese soldiers, and with the Ghibelline faction in Genoa, Pietro asked King Charles VII of France for help. This however turned into an effective submission of Genoa to France, which lasted until 1461.

After a vain attempt at insurrection against the French, Pietro was stoned by the populace near the Porta Soprana on 14 September 1459. He was the first Grand Master of the Military Order of St. George.

In popular media
Pietro di Campofregoso is played by Ali Ersin Yenar in 2012 film Fetih 1453. In the film, Pietro, not mentioned by name, orders Giovanni Giustiniani (Cengiz Coşkun) to command Genoese army to help Byzantine Empire preparing for war against the Ottoman Empire after an assault towards a Genoese freight by the Turks in the Bosphorus.

References

External links
 Biography of Pietro (in Italian)

1417 births
1459 deaths
Pietro
15th-century Doges of Genoa

Pietro di Campofregoso


Beta-arrestin-2, also known as arrestin beta-2, is an intracellular protein that in humans is encoded by the ARRB2 gene.

Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals, as well as having signalling roles in their own right. Arrestin beta 2, like arrestin beta 1, was shown to inhibit beta-adrenergic receptor function in vitro. It is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system and may play a role in the regulation of synaptic receptors. Besides the brain, a cDNA for arrestin beta 2 was isolated from thyroid gland, and thus it may also be involved in hormone-specific desensitization of TSH receptors. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined.

The protein may interact with the agonist DOI in 5-HT2A receptor signaling.

Arrestin beta 2 is crucial for the development of tolerance to morphine and other opioids.

Interactions

Arrestin beta 2 has been shown to interact with
  AP2B1,
 PSCD2,
 Mdm2, and
 RALGDS.

References

Further reading

External links

Genes
Human proteins

Arrestin beta 2


Sylvia Convey (born 1948) is a Latvian Australian self-taught artist known for her paintings, quilts and dolls.

Life
Sylvia Convey was born in a refugee camp at Itzehoe near Hamburg, Germany in 1948. With her parents and elder sister she sailed to Australia on the Skaugum in early 1950. They were part of the first wave of immigrants to arrive in Australia after World War II, joining a large group of displaced Latvians that settled in Australia in the late 40s and early 50s.

Work
As an outsider artist, her images are derived from her own day-to-day and oneiric experiences. She includes references to her ancestral heritage. Eroticism is also a dominant theme in her oeuvre.

A recurring thread in her work has been the blurring of boundaries between art forms. As a painter she rejected the primacy of canvas and used non-conventional surfaces. As a printmaker she has used textiles as much as paper and her sculptural muse finds expression in wonderfully exotic and exuberant cloth dolls. She approached quilt making in a spontaneous rather than formal manner as it gave her lifelong love of fabric and colour complete expression. She loves the sensual, tactile pleasure of handling cloth — tearing, cutting, printing and painting it to produce shimmering life embracing forms.

Collections and exhibits
Convey's work has been acquired by several institutions including the National Gallery of Australia, Iwalewa Haus at the University of Bayreuth and the Canberra Museum and Gallery.

Since 1972, she has exhibited in Australia, Germany, the United States, and France. Her work was part of the landmark exhibition Australian outsiders at the Halle St. Pierre in Paris in 2006.
Convey's work was included in the 2010 exhibition 13 Australian Outsider Artists at Callan Park Gallery. In 2015, a survey exhibition of Sylvia Convey and her husband's work titled Double Vision was held at the Orange Regional Gallery.

References

 Australian Migrant ships 1946-1977, Peter Plowman (Chiswick)
 Allgemeines Kunstlerlexikon Volume 21 (K.G. Saur Verlag) Munich 1999
 Outsider Art in Australia - Ulli Beier, Phillip Hammal (EDS) (Aspect) 1989
 Australian Naive Art - Sandra Warner (Craftsman House) 1997
 Australian Printmaking in the 1990s - Sasha Grishin (Craftsman House) 1997
 Australian Outsiders - Martine Lusardy (Halle St. Pierre) 2006

External links
Sylvia Convey artwork

1948 births
Living people
People from Itzehoe
20th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists
Outsider artists
Women outsider artists

Sylvia Convey


Boy on a Dolphin is a 1957 American romantic adventure drama movie directed by Jean Negulesco and based on the 1955 novel of the same name by David Divine. It stars Alan Ladd, Clifton Webb, Sophia Loren, Gertrude Flynn, Alexis Minotis, Jorge Mistral and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1958.

Plot
On the Greek island of Hydra, sponge diver Phaedra discovers an ancient statue, a treasure lost for 2000 years. As she attempts to sell it, she's courted by two men: the honorable archaeologist Dr. James Calder, who intends to give the statue to Greek authorities, and the crafty artifact dealer Victor Parmalee. While initially collaborating with Parmalee, Phaedra develops feelings for Calder. Tensions rise when her boyfriend Rhif pushes for a deal with Parmalee. Ultimately, virtue prevails as the statue is celebrated by Hydra's residents, and Phaedra finds love with Calder, while Parmalee departs for Monte Carlo.

Other websites

1957 romantic drama movies
1957 adventure movies
1950s American adventure movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jean Negulesco

Boy on a Dolphin


Germanus (; died 604) was a Byzantine general who served under Emperor Phocas (r. 602–610) in the early stages of the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628.

Biography
Germanus is possibly the same as the dux of Phoenice, who was chosen by the army as its leader during the mutiny at Monocarton in Easter 588, in place of Priscus. Although Germanus restored discipline and led the army to a victory against the Persians, he was tried and found guilty by a subsequent tribunal. Sentenced to death, he was quickly pardoned and received rewards from Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602).

In 602, shortly before the outbreak of the revolt against Emperor Maurice that brought Phocas to power, Germanus was placed in command of the strategically important fortress of Dara in Mesopotamia. In early 603, he received Lilius, the envoy Phocas had sent to announce his accession to the Persian shah Khosrau II (r. 590–628). At this time, Germanus was reportedly attacked and wounded by one of his soldiers, but soon recovered.

In late 603, Narses, the Byzantine commander-in-chief of the eastern armies, rebelled against Phocas. He failed to secure the support of most of the army, and Germanus was ordered to besiege him at his base at Edessa. Narses, however, had sought and obtained the support of Khosrau II, who was eager to regain lost territory and avenge the murder of Emperor Maurice, who had helped him regain his throne in 591. Khosrau therefore sent a Persian army into Mesopotamia. Germanus met the Persians in battle near the city of Constantina, but was defeated and heavily wounded, dying a few days after in Constantina.

References

Sources

6th-century births
614 deaths
6th-century Byzantine generals
7th-century Byzantine generals
Generals of Maurice
Generals of Phocas
Magistri militum
People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

Germanus (magister militum under Phocas)


Gerry and The Pacemakers were an English rock and roll group during the 1960s. Like The Beatles, they came from Liverpool and were also managed by Brian Epstein.

Early days
Gerry Marsden was born on September 24, 1942, in Liverpool, England. His brother, Freddie, was born on October 23, 1940, in Liverpool. They formed a musical group called "The Mars Bars", with Gerry playing guitar and Freddie the drums. They changed the name to The Pacemakers because the Mars candy company said they would take them to court for using the name.

Les Chadwick (born John Leslie Chadwick) was born on May 11, 1943 in Liverpool. He worked in a bank before joining the band in 1959. He was their lead guitarist, but changed to bass. Les Maguire (born Leslie Maguire) was born on December 27, 1941 in Wallasey, Cheshire. He joined the band in 1960 after the group's piano player, Arthur McMahon, left the group.

Success

The Pacemakers were the second band to be managed by Brian Epstein, who was also manager of "The Beatles. Brian had heard the band at the "Cavern Club" in Liverpool in 1962. Their first three songs in 1963, "How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone", all went straight to number one on the charts. "You'll Never Walk Alone", first written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for the musical "Carousel", became the favourite song of supporters of the Liverpool Football Club. They even made a very successful full length movie in 1965 called Ferry Cross The Mersey. This was based on the song written by Gerry. The song made Liverpool's ferries world famous. Gerry also wrote eight other songs for the film.

The band enjoyed great success between 1963—1966, with such songs as "It's Gonna Be All Right".  This time was called the British Invasion because so many British bands were successful.  "[Our] songs were happy, the music simple and the lyrics nice to listen to," Gerry said. "We didn't try to change the world."

Break up
The group broke up in 1967, and Gerry went on to work as an actor and performer in musical theater. He reformed The Pacemakers in 1972 with prominent Liverpool musicians Jose McLaughlin, Billy Kinsley and Pete Clarke. Gerry wrote a book about his life, You'll Never Walk Alone, which was published in 1993. Original band member, Freddie Marsden, died on December 9, 2006, at 66 years of age.

References

English rock bands
Musical groups from Liverpool

Gerry and the Pacemakers


iCELL Network Pte Ltd was a Singapore-based wireless infrastructure provider. It was, at one time in the 2000s, one of the three operators of the Wireless@SG programme in Singapore.

History
The company was formed in 2004, spun off from PC-Connect, a company focusing on systems' integration, which, in turn, was spun off from Neat Technologies in 2002.

The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) selected iCELL to be one of the three initial service providers for Wireless@SG. iCELL was eventually dropped from the programme in July 2013, when the company's proposal did not meet IDA's requirements for the next deployment phase of the programme.

In 2015, Chua Thiong Kien was sentenced to six months imprisonment for cheating the Infocommunications Development Authority of Singapore. While iCELL was part of the Wireless@SG project, Chua submitted an expense of $379,200 to the IDA, the authority over Wireless@SG; included in the expenses was an invoice for 425 Internet cameras from PC Connect.  In reality, only 44 cameras were actually purchased; Chua himself was still a director at PC Connect and had directed PC Connect to create the invoice for 425 cameras.

References

External links

2004 establishments in Singapore
Singaporean companies established in 2004
Internet in Singapore
Internet service providers of Singapore
Wi-Fi providers

ICELL Network


A  Larner–Johnson valve is a mechanism used in dams and water pumping to control the flow of water through large pipes.  The valve is suited to handling high velocity flow with minimal turbulence, even when partially open, and the actuating force can be provided by the water flow it is controlling.  It was manufactured in the early 20th century by the Larner-Johnson Company in the US. The valves are still manufactured in the United Kingdom by Blackhall Engineering Ltd. These valves have been constructed in sizes up to  diameter and controlling a hydraulic head of .

In 2009, Blackhall Engineering supplied four 60" bore Larner–Johnson valves to New York City Department of Environmental Protection for the Ashokan Reservoir in upstate New York. Each valve is capable of passing a flow rate of 19 cubic metres/second, which is the equivalent of 19 tons of water per second. The valves control the flow of water out of the Ashokan Reservoir into the Catskill Aqueduct down to New York City.

Operation
The valve is housed within a bulged section of the penstock pipe. The valve mechanism forms a cylindrical body within this pipe, with the water flowing around it. This downstream section of this valve body is conical and free to move axially. When it moves downstream, it seals against a conical surface at the outlet of the valve, closing off the flow. When closed, the valve is held shut by the supply water pressure, providing a good seal.

The valve is hydraulically actuated, by the pressure of the flow that it is controlling. A servomechanism is used to generate the large forces needed for these huge valves, power being derived from the pressure of the water itself. Although the pressure within the pipe cannot be increased above that of the supply, it can be decreased. The pipe cross-section at the lower (downstream) part of the valve is reduced in section compared to that above the valve. By Bernoulli's principle, this increases the flow velocity of the water, thus reducing pressure. If water pressure is bled away through a drain valve, obviously that will reduce its pressure too.

Internally the fixed valve body is constructed as a cylinder, with the moving part of the valve within this as a piston. The conical valve is part of this piston. The piston is double-acting and splits the internal valve body in two, with water pressure on both sides. The upper side of the piston is larger, the full diameter of the piston, and is supplied with water through a throttling valve; normally adjusted and then left in position. The lower side of the piston is an annular space surrounding the moving valve body and maintained at the lower (Bernoulli) water pressure.  The tip of the conical valve contains a small pilot valve, linking the upper chamber of the valve to the downstream drain below the valve. This pilot valve is controlled mechanically from outside the valve chamber and is the main control over the valve position.

When water pressure builds up in the upper chamber, through the throttle valve, this forces the valve downstream and closes it against the seat. As the area of the piston on this side is larger, the pressure easily outbalances the smaller area of the annular piston below.

If the pilot valve is opened, water drains from the upper chamber and its pressure is reduced. The pilot valve is always larger in flowrate than the filling through the throttle valve. Pressure in the annular chamber now forces the piston upstream, lifting the valve body from the conical seat and opening the valve.

At intermediate positions, pressure in the two chambers is balanced and the valve remains part-open. This depends on the piston size, the pressure reduction downstream and the flows through the two control valves. The pilot valve gives a proportional control over main valve flowrate, with the opening being controlled, slow and gradual.

If the pilot valve is closed, pressure now builds up in the upper chamber, overwhelming the lower pressure and force in the downstream chamber. The valve is once again forced closed.

The enormous forces involved in a valve of this type can give trouble for many types of valve. In the Larner–Johnson valve a great advantage is that these forces are always balanced and act only within the valve body, not on its actuators. This gives freedom from distortion and great reliability.

References

External links

 Photo of a Larner-Johnson Valve

Power station technology
Valves
Servomechanisms

Larner–Johnson valve


Fergus Crawford (1934–1985) was an Irish professional footballer. Crawford was brought up on the Phibsboro Road in Dublin, Ireland, in the shadow of Dalymount Park.

Career
Crawford's football career started when he was instructed by the local constabulary to stop playing football on the roads. The local Phoenix Park provided a safer place to kickabout and he was soon spotted there by scouts from Bulfin United, a feeder club for St Patrick's Athletic.  Crawford soon moved on to St.Patricks and whilst there he achieved several major honours including LFA President's Cup, FAI Intermediate Cup, two League of Ireland winners medals (1954–55 and 1955–56), and an FAI Cup runners up medal in 1954.

He played many times for the League of Ireland XI in games that at that time were regarded as the equivalent of full internationals. After a 1952 game against the Football League XI, when as a 19-year-old he marked Stanley Matthews, he received excellent reviews for his mature performance and refusal to be drawn to the tackle. Matthews himself heaped praise upon the young Crawford.

He was picked for the full international squad on more than one occasion but did not receive a full international cap despite having "warmed the bench", most notably against Yugoslavia in 1955. He was incredibly unlucky in that regard as at that time only one substitution was allowed.

Crawford founded the Professional Footballers Association of Ireland with the help of the legendary English footballer Jimmy Hill during the 1950s. This association remains active today in promoting the welfare of Irish soccer players.

Following a contractual dispute with St.Pats that kept him out of football for almost two years he returned to League of Ireland football for the 1959 - 1960 season with Limerick F.C. This was despite offers from big English clubs including Arsenal. It proved a great move for Limerick as, for the first of only two times in their history, they won the League championship.

Crawford is fondly remembered by many soccer fans as a cultured and lightning fast fullback, regarded by many to the best Irish player in that position never to play a full international. He lived quietly in his native Dublin following the end of his career and died at home aged 51 in Dublin in August 1985 following a long illness and in the presence of his family.

1933 births
1985 deaths
Association footballers from County Dublin
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
League of Ireland players
League of Ireland XI players
Limerick F.C. players
Men's association football defenders

Fergus Crawford