The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera.  The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.  Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract.

The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the retina to closest):
Haller's layer - outermost layer of the choroid consisting of larger diameter blood vessels;
Sattler's layer - layer of medium diameter blood vessels;
Choriocapillaris - layer of capillaries; and
Bruch's membrane (synonyms: Lamina basalis, Complexus basalis, Lamina vitra) - innermost layer of the choroid.

Blood supply
There are two circulations of the eye:  the retinal (in the retina) and uveal, supplied in humans by posterior ciliary arteries, originating from the ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid artery).  The arteries of the uveal circulation, supplying the uvea and outer and middle layers of the retina, are branches of the ophthalmic artery and enter the eyeball without passing with the optic nerve.  The retinal circulation, on the other hand, derives its circulation from the central retinal artery, also a branch of the ophthalmic artery, but passing in conjunction with the optic nerve.  They branch in a segmental distribution to end arterioles and not anastomoses. This is clinically significant for diseases affecting  choroidal blood supply. The macula responsible for central vision and  the anterior part of the optic nerve are dependent on choroidal blood supply. The structure of choroidal vessels can be revealed by optical coherence tomography, and blood flow can be revealed by Indocyanine green angiography, and laser Doppler imaging.

In bony fish
Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier.

Mechanism
Melanin, a dark colored pigment, helps the choroid limit uncontrolled reflection within the eye that would potentially result in the perception of confusing images.

In humans and most other primates, melanin occurs throughout the choroid. In albino humans, frequently melanin is absent and vision is low.  In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision. In these animals, melanin is absent from a section of the choroid and within that section a layer of highly reflective tissue, the tapetum lucidum, helps to collect light by reflecting it in a controlled manner.  The uncontrolled reflection of light from dark choroid produces the photographic red-eye effect on photos, whereas the controlled reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum produces eyeshine (see Tapetum lucidum).

History
The choroid was first described by Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE) around 400 BCE, calling it the "chitoon
malista somphos" (more spongy tunic [than the sclera]). Democritus likely saw the choroid from dissections of animal eyes.

About 100 years later, Herophilos (c. 335 – 280 BCE) also described the choroid from his dissections on eyes of cadavers.

Clinical significance
Choroid is the most common site for metastasis in the eye due to its extensive vascular supply. The origin of the metastases are usually from breast cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and kidney cancer. Bilateral choroidal metastases are usually due to breast cancer, while unilateral metastasis is due to lung cancer. Choroidal metastases should be differentiated from uveal melanoma, where the latter is a primary tumour arising from the choroid itself.

See also
Chorioretinitis
Uveitis

Additional images

References

External links

Human eye anatomy
Visual system

Choroid


Charles George Gordon (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885) was a British Army officer and mercenary. He served the Khedive of Egypt as Governor of the Sudan. He was killed by supporters of Muhammed Ahmed, the Mahdi, a rebel against Egyptian rule in the country.

Early life
Gordon was born in London in 1833, where his father was a major in the Royal Artillery. While still a very small child the family moved to Dublin so his father could work on modernising the guns at the Pigeon House Fort.  In 1837 they moved to Edinburgh when his father was posted to Leith Fort. The family were then sent to the island of Corfu where his father had to arrange for the guns to be placed in new positions. Gordon 's parents wanted him to have an English education so he was sent to Fullands School at Taunton. When he turned 14 he attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He was often bullied, and he would become quiet and withdrawn. He go for several days without speaking to anyone. He would stand still and stare at the bullies until they felt uncomfortable and stopped. Gordon was accused of having bullied other students, and was punished by having to stay at the college for another term. He passed his exams and joined the Royal Engineers on the 23 June 1852.

Crimea
Gordon worked as an engineer repairing various army buildings in Chatham, and repairing the fort at Pembroke. In 1855 he was sent to the Crimean War and took part in the siege of Sebastopol. After the war, Gordon was sent to survey and map the border between Russia and the Romanian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In May 1857 he was sent to map the border between Russia and Turkey. He was awarded a Turkish war medal and the French Legion of Honour. Gordon returned to England at the end of 1858, where he was promoted to major, and took up a post at Chatham.

China
At the end of the Second Opium War in 1860, Gordon was sent to China with a force of soldiers to protect British interests. In 1863 he was put in charge of the "Ever Victorious Army", a mercenary army under the command of European officers. This army was to fight the Niang rebellion against the Manchu, and later the Taiping Rebellion. Gordon was able to create a highly disciplined and successful fighting force. By careful planning he was able to lead the Ever Victorious Army to victory of the rebels. The Chinese Emperor made him a Field Marshall in the Imperial Army and presented him with China's highest award, the peacock feather. The British Army promoted him to Lieutenant Colonel and he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He returned to England at the end of 1864.

The poor and the elderly
Gordon was made Commandant of Engineers at Gravesend. He had the job of repairing the forts guarding the Thames at Gravesend and Tilbury. Gordon was horrified by the number of poor people, especially old people and children. A man of strong religious belief, Gordon felt is was his duty to God to help provide food, clothing and education for these people. He spent about 90% of his army pay on the poor. The poor boys he called "Wangs", after the Chinese Princes of the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.

References

1833 births
1885 deaths
British Army officers
History of Sudan
Mercenaries

Charles George Gordon


Vila Kosmos is a neighborhood in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

It is located in the northern zone of the city, among the neighborhoods of the Penha Circular, Engenho da Rainha, Vila da Penha, Tomás Coelho and Vicente de Carvalho  The place is relatively calm and quiet.  There are malls, metro station, supermarkets, theaters, language schools and High-Schools. Vila Kosmos is a small neighborhood, it feels like a country village and in the beginning it was going to be named "Vila Florença" after the building company that built it which was called Florenca.

References

Neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro (city)

Vila Cosmos


Castell Mawr (known in English as Castle Rock) is a large limestone rock that dominates the western shore of Red Wharf Bay in Anglesey, north Wales. It was probably once the site of an Iron Age fort, but today the rock is a protected refuge for nesting seabirds.

It is located between the village of Red Wharf Bay and the promontory where St. David's Holiday Park is sited. The closest large villages are Pentraeth and Benllech.

The site is notable for being the only location on Anglesey displaying genuine karst development in a series of small caves and solutional cavities.

Castell Mawr was selected by the Countryside Council for Wales because of its geological interest, as it provides exposures of carboniferous limestone strata. The rock consists of limestone and sandstone layers, part of the Benllech Limestone formed during the Brigantian Stage of the lower Carboniferous period. The limestone was once mined and exported to other centres in the UK and Ireland.

References

Mountains and hills of Anglesey
Pentraeth

Castell Mawr Rock


Diane Frolov is an American television writer and producer. She has written for several television shows, including The Sopranos and Northern Exposure. She frequently co-writes episodes with her husband, Andrew Schneider.

Career
Frolov's first television work came as a freelance writer on Magnum, P.I. in 1981. She contributed the teleplay for the second season episodes "Dead Man's Channel" and "The Taking of Dick McWilliams". She followed this up with the teleplay for The Incredible Hulk fourth season episode "Danny". The series was created by writer/producer Kenneth Johnson. She returned to The Incredible Hulk to write a sixth season episode entitled "A Minor Problem". Frolov continued to write genre television and work with Johnson. She next developed the story for the miniseries V: The Final Battle which was a follow-up to the Johnson created V miniseries.

Frolov gained her first producer credit as a co-producer and writer for the first season of Johnson's series Alien Nation. She wrote two episodes singlehandedly before beginning her longstanding collaboration with her husband and writing partner Andrew Schneider. Schneider and Frolov had both previously been on the staff of Magnum, P.I. and The Incredible Hulk but had not co-written a teleplay on either series. Together Frolov and Schneider wrote a further seven episodes for the first season of Alien Nation. The series concluded with the 1989 to 1990 television season.

They moved on to supervising producer positions on the second season of Northern Exposure which aired in 1991. They co-wrote two episodes for the second season. The production team were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for the first season. Frolov and Schneider returned as supervising producers and writers for the third season and co-wrote a further six episodes. In 1992, they won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series as co-writers on the third season Northern Exposure episode "Seoul Mates".  The production team were nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series again for the third season and this time won the award. Frolov and Schneider were renewed as writers for the fourth season and again contributed six episodes across the season's 1992 to 1993 run. The production team was also nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for the fourth season but did not win. Frolov and Schneider were promoted to executive producers for the fifth season and wrote a further six episodes including the season premiere and were once again nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series. They remained executive producers and regular writers for the season sixth and final season, again contributing six episodes.

Alien Nation continued as a series of television movies and Frolov and Schneider wrote three installments of the five film series. The first was Alien Nation: Dark Horizon which Frolov and Schneider wrote while working on Northern Exposure and which aired in 1994. They also scripted the second and fourth installments entitled Alien Nation: Body and Soul (1995) and Alien Nation: The Enemy Within (1996).

Following the conclusion of Northern Exposure in 1995 Frolov and Schneider executive produced a Dangerous Minds a television drama based on the film of the same name. Dangerous Minds was cancelled after the 1995 to 1996 television season. They went on to executive produce a short-lived remake of Fantasy Island. The series was cancelled after airing 13 episodes in the 1998 to 1999 season. They were next hired as head writers and executive producers for The Chris Isaak Show and co-wrote 19 episodes including the series pilot in 2001 and the series finale in 2004.

They were next hired as supervising producers for the hit HBO drama series The Sopranos. They had previously worked with series creator and show runner David Chase on Northern Exposure. They joined the crew for the sixth season and were credited with three of the episodes from the seasons first part, which aired in 2006. They co-wrote the episodes "The Fleshy Part of the Thigh", "Johnny Cakes", and "Cold Stones" (with Chase). Along with the rest of the production team Frolov won the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for best dramatic series at the February 2007 ceremony for her work on the first part of the sixth season of The Sopranos. The production team was also nominated for the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series and the Producers Guild of America (PGA) Award for the 2006 Television Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Drama.

Frolov and Schneider returned to The Sopranos as supervising producers and writers for the second part of the sixth season. They co-wrote the opening episode "Soprano Home Movies" with Chase and executive producer Matthew Weiner. The production team won the 2007 Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series for their work on the second part of season six. They also won the PGA Award for the 2007 Television Producer of the Year Award in Episodic Drama. They were nominated for the WGA Award for best dramatic series at the February 2008 ceremony.

References

External links

American television producers
American women television producers
American television writers
Living people
American women television writers
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Showrunners

Diane Frolov


{{Automatic taxobox
| name               = Hypsiglena
| image              = Hypsiglena torquata jani.jpg
| image_caption      = Texas night snakeHypsiglena jani texana
| taxon              = Hypsiglena
| authority          = Cope, 1860
| synonyms =
 Leptodeira (part) – Günther, 1860
 Pseudodipsas W. Peters, 1860
 Comastes Jan, 1863 <ref>Tanner WW (1944). "A Taxonomic Study of the Genus ' 'Hypsiglena ". Great Basin Naturalist 5 (3 & 4): 25-92.</ref>
 Eridiphas Leviton & W.W. Tanner, 1960
| range_map          = Hypsiglena torquata distribution.svg
| range_map_caption =
}}Hypsiglena is a genus of small, rear-fanged, colubrid snakes commonly referred to as night snakes. The genus consists of nine species, and subspecies have been maintained pending further investigation.Mulcahy DG, Martínez-Gómez JE, Aguirre-León G, Cervantes-Pasqualli JA, Zug GR (2014).  "Rediscovery of an endemic vertebrate from the remote Islas Revillagigedo in the eastern Pacific Ocean: The Clarión Nightsnake, with conservation and systematic implications".  PLOS ONE 9 (5): e97682.

Species and subspecies
The following species and subspecies are recognized as being valid.Hypsiglena affinis Boulenger, 1894 Hypsiglena catalinae W.W. Tanner, 1966 - Santa Catalina night snakeHypsiglena chlorophaea Cope, 1860 - desert night snakeHypsiglena chlorophaea chlorophaea  Cope, 1860- Sonoran night snakeHypsiglena chlorophaea deserticola W.W. Tanner, 1966 - Great Basin night snakeHypsiglena chlorophaea loreala W.W. Tanner, 1944 - Mesa Verde night snakeHypsiglena chlorophaea tiburonensis W.W. Tanner, 1981 - Tiburón Island night snakeHypsiglena jani (Dugès, 1865) - Chihuahua night snakeHypsiglena jani jani (Dugès, 1865) -San Luis Potosi night snakeHypsiglena jani texana Stejneger, 1893 - Texas night snakeHypsiglena jani dunklei Taylor, 1938 - Tamaulipas night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope, 1860 - spotted night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus baueri Zweifel, 1958 - Cedros Island night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus gularis W.W. Tanner, 1954 - Isla Partida night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus klauberi W.W. Tanner, 1944 - San Diego night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus martinensis W.W. Tanner & Banta 1962 - San Martín Island night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus nuchalata W.W. Tanner, 1943 - California night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus ochrorhynchus Cope, 1860 -Cape night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus tortugaensis W.W. Tanner, 1944 - Isla Tortuga night snakeHypsiglena ochrorhynchus venusta Mocquard, 1899 - Central Baja night snakeHypsiglena slevini W.W.Tanner, 1943 - Baja California night snakeHypsiglena tanzeri Dixon & Lieb, 1972 - Tanzer's night snakeHypsiglena torquata (Günther, 1860) - night snakeHypsiglena unaocularus W.W.Tanner, 1946 - Islas Revillagigedo night snakeNota bene: A binomial authority or trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Hypsiglena.

Geographic rangeHypsiglena are found throughout the southwestern and western United States, from Texas and Kansas, west to California, north to Washington, and south into Mexico, as well as on islands off the coasts of Mexico.

Habitat
The preferred habitat of night snakes is semiarid desert regions with rocky and sandy soils.

Description
Night snakes typically do not exceed a total length (including tail) of . They are slender-bodied with a flattened head, and have small eyes with vertical pupils. Their color varies depending on their locality, often matching the soil color of their native habitat. They occur in various shades of gray, and brown, with dark brown, gray or black blotches on the back and the sides. Many also have distinctive black markings on the neck region.

BehaviorHypsiglena are nocturnal and terrestrial.

Diet
The diet of night snakes consists primarily of lizards, but they will also consume smaller snakes, and amphibians.

Venom
The venom of Hypsiglena is not considered to be dangerous to humans.

References

Further reading
Cope ED (1860). "Catalogue of the Colubridæ in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with notes and descriptions of new species. Part 2". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 241–266. (Hypsiglena'', new genus, p. 246).

External links

Hypsiglena
Vertebrates of Mexico
Reptiles of the United States
Snake genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope

Hypsiglena


The Tides of Manaunaun is a short piano piece in B minor by American composer Henry Cowell (1897–1965). It premiered publicly in 1917, serving as a prelude to a theatrical production, The Building of Banba. The Tides of Manaunaun is the best known of Cowell's many tone cluster pieces.

Background
The Building of Banba, for which The Tides of Manaunaun was composed, was based on Irish mythological poems by the theosophist John Osborne Varian. The Building of Banba has been described by some scholars as a "pageant" or "play", and by Cowell himself (more than fifty years later) as an "opera". The production was staged in the summer of 1917 at a convention of the theosophical community of Halcyon in coastal San Luis Obispo County, California; Varian was a leader of the group, to which he had introduced the 20-year-old Cowell. Cowell would later claim that The Tides of Manaunaun had been composed in 1912, or even earlier. In 1944 Cowell arranged this song for orchestra and band – presumably to be played on radio – but the score was lost and no records have been found to confirm the radio broadcast. This song is dedicated to "B.W.W.", Blanche Wetherill Walton (1871–1963), Cowell's foremost patron and adherent over the years as well as a patron to Charles Seeger and Ruth Crawford Seeger. Cowell dedicated five other works to her between 1924 and 1961: "Ensemble, How Come?", "Euphoria", "Merry Christmas for Blanche", and "Birthday Melody for Blanche".

The work is the most famous and widely played of Cowell's tone cluster pieces, which he performed during tours of North America and Europe from the early 1920s through the mid-1930s. A performance of Cowell's so inspired Béla Bartók that the great Hungarian composer sought Cowell's permission to use tone clusters in his own work. Bartók would feature them in his Piano Sonata (1926) and suite Out of Doors (1926), his first significant works after three years of little composition.

Other early pieces of Cowell's featuring tone clusters include the atonal, dissonant Dynamic Motion (1916) and its five "encores"—What's This? (1917), Amiable Conversation (1917), Advertisement (1917), Antinomy (1917, rev. 1959; frequently misspelled "Antimony"), and Time Table (1917). In The Tides of Manaunaun the clusters resound majestically and then slowly subside, conveying not dissonance but transcendent mystery. As Cowell describes on the final, narrative track of the Folkways album on which his last piano recordings appear,
In Irish mythology, Manaunaun was the god of motion and of the waves of the sea. And according to the mythology, at the time when the universe was being built, Manaunaun swayed all of the materials out of which the universe was being built with fine particles which were distributed everywhere through cosmos. And he kept these moving in rhythmical tides so that they should remain fresh when the time came for their use in the building of the universe.
During the first two decades of his compositional career, Cowell continued often to reference Irish mythology in the titles of his piano pieces. The Harp of Life (1924), Cowell said, "is another in the suite based on the early Irish mythological opera," as, he explained, were The Voice of Lir (1920) and The Trumpet of Angus Óg (1918–24). Additional mythic traditions are referenced by The Hero Sun (1922), The Banshee (1925), and The Leprechaun (1928). Cowell also wrote songs of a similarly mythological character, including Angus Óg (The Spirit of Youth) (1917) and Manaunaun's Birthday (1924).

Recordings

The Tides of Manaunaun was first recorded around 1925 by Margaret Nikoloric for piano roll. Edwin Hughes played it for President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House, and Percy Grainger performed it frequently. (In 1940, Grainger would come to Cowell's aid by hiring him as an assistant when Cowell was paroled after serving four years in prison on a "morals" charge.) Under the name Deep Tides, Leopold Stokowski orchestrated The Tides of Manaunaun as the first of four Tales of Our Countryside (also known as Four Irish Tales), which he recorded in 1941. Cowell himself would record the original version at least twice—for Pleyel piano roll in the 1920s and for Folkways in the 1960s. It has been most recently recorded by Steffen Schleiermacher (1993, rel. 1994), Sorrel Hays (1997, rel. 1999), and Stefan Litwin (1999).

Albums including The Tides of Manaunaun
American Piano Concertos: Henry Cowell (col legno 20064)—performed by Stefan Litwin (also includes orchestrated version performed by Radio Symphony Orchestra Saarbrücken, Michael Stern–director, Stefan Litwin–piano)
The Bad Boys!: George Antheil, Henry Cowell, Leo Ornstein (hatHUT 6144)—performed by Steffen Schleiermacher
Henry Cowell: Piano Music (Smithsonian Folkways 40801)—performed by Henry Cowell
New Music: Piano Compositions by Henry Cowell (New Albion 103)—performed by Sorrel Hays

Listening
Art of the States: Henry Cowell performances of six works by the composer, including The Tides of Manaunaun

Notes

Sources
Bartok, Peter, Moses Asch, Marian Distler, and Sidney Cowell; revised by Sorrel Hays (1993 [1963]). Liner notes to Henry Cowell: Piano Music (Smithsonian Folkways 40801).
Cowell, Henry (1993 [1963]). "Henry Cowell's Comments: The composer describes each of the selections in the order in which they appear." Track 20 of Henry Cowell: Piano Music (Smithsonian Folkways 40801).
Hicks, Michael (2002). Henry Cowell, Bohemian'.' Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Further reading
Johnson, Steven (1993). "Henry Cowell, John Varian, and Halcyon". American Music (spring 1993).
Lichtenwanger, William (1986). The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Catalogue. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music. .
Smith, Joseph, ed. (2001). American Piano Classics: 39 Works by Gottschalk, Griffes, Gershwin, Copland, and Others. Mineola, N.Y.: Courier Dover. . Includes score, with Cowell's description of his special notation method, to The Tides of Manaunaun''.

20th-century classical music
1917 compositions
Compositions by Henry Cowell
Compositions for solo piano
Compositions that use extended techniques
Modernist compositions

The Tides of Manaunaun


A cracker is a thin and crispy piece of baked bread.  Crackers can be eaten by themselves, but they can also be eaten with things on them called toppings.  Common toppings include cheese, peanut butter, and sliced meats.  Crackers are most often eaten as a snack, or crumbled into soup.

History
It was 1792 when Theodore Pearson of Newburyport, Massachusetts, made a cracker-like bread that was made from only water and flour which he called "Pearson's Pilot Bread." This was the first cracker bakery in the United States, and made crackers for more than a century.

Breads
Snack foods

Cracker


The Chaudière Falls, also known as the Kana:tso or Akikodjiwan Falls, are a set of cascades and waterfall in the centre of the Ottawa-Gatineau metropolitan area in Canada where the Ottawa River narrows between a rocky escarpment on both sides of the river. The location is just west of the Chaudière Bridge and Booth-Eddy streets corridor, northwest of the Canadian War Museum at LeBreton Flats and adjacent to the historic industrial E. B. Eddy complex. The islands surrounding the Chaudière Falls, counter-clockwise, are Chaudière Island (immediately to the South & East of the falls), Albert Island (to the South), little Coffin Island was just south of Albert Island but is now submerged, Victoria Island and Amelia Island, (which was separated from Victoria Island in 1836 by Government timber slide; now fused to Victoria Island), Philemon Island (to the North) was originally called the Peninsular Village by the Wrights but became an island when the timber slide was built in 1829 (some maps identify it as Wright Island, but that is incorrect) it is now fused to south shore of City of Gatineau, and Russell Island, now submerged, was at the head of the Falls before the Ring dam was built. The falls are about  wide and drop . The area around the falls was once heavily industrialized, especially in the 19th century, driving growth of the surrounding cities.

The damming of the river and the presence of industry have greatly altered the lands surrounding the waterfall, and the fall's appearance. This is especially true in the summer when the Ottawa River is low, and the falls all but disappear because the water is diverted to power stations owned and operated by Portage Power, an affiliate of Hydro Ottawa. Inaccessible for generations, the Falls and hydro facilities are now publicly accessible since the opening of Chaudiere Falls park in 2017, designed by architect Douglas Cardinal. Other properties adjacent to the Falls are slated for development by public and private interests, including an Indigenous welcome centre on Victoria Island, led by the National Capital Commission (NCC) with regional First Nation representatives, and Zibi, a private mixed-use redevelopment project.

Naming
The "Chaudière" name was given to the falls by Samuel de Champlain, an early French explorer who noted in a 1613 journal entry that the Indigenous word for the falls was Asticou meaning boiler, but 'Asticou' is now thought to be a misprint as the Algonquin (Anishinaabemowin) word for boiler/cauldron is Akikok, and an Algonquin name for the location is Akikodjiwan. The European name comes from the French Chutes de la Chaudière, meaning "Cauldron Falls", historically translated as "Kettle Falls". The shape of the falls before its development resembled a large kettle, better known to today's English speakers as a cauldron.

William S. Hunter Jr. suggested a different origin for the name in 1855: "The Word Chaudiere is the literal translation into French of the  word Kanajo (The Kettle), and is . . . vastly suggestive, for the chasm into which the waters of the Ottawa (Ottawa River) discharge themselves is not unlike a kettle in shape, while the seething and frothing of the surface, in its continual whirl, assists in completing the resemblance," though Hunter himself provides no reference, historical or otherwise, to contradict de Champlain's account of the naming of the falls.

From a 1909 publication, sourced on the Canadian National Museum of History's website: "While waiting thus for their prey to break cover, from up or down the river, they devoted their spare time to various occupations.  To the oki, whose thunderous voice was heard in the roar of the falls, they made sacrifices of tobacco; while the Mohawks and Onondagas each gave a name to that cauldron of seething water which is known to us as The Big Kettle.  The Mohawks called it Tsitkanajoh, or the Floating Kettle, while the Onondagas named it Katsidagweh niyoh or Chief Council Fire. It is possible that our Big Kettle may be a modified or corrupted translation of the Mohawk term."

Akikodjiwan is the name given to the falls by some Anishinaabe peoples of this area. For Anishinaabe who gathered and traded along portage routes surrounding the Falls, the waterfall's whirlpool was the bowl of a great peace pipe, and its mists were smoke rising to the Creator.

History

Pre-contact Indigenous trade and travel
Prior to European contact and colonization, the area surrounding the Chaudière Falls and islands was a significant meeting place between peoples in the region. Hunting grounds and temporary or semi-permanent settlements dotted the banks of the Ottawa River (Kichi Sipi), as rivers and waterways were used as highways, thanks to innovations such as the canoe. Water levels around the Chaudiere Falls would fluctuate  throughout the year, depending on rain and snow melts, and would flood the islands and large swaths of land throughout the watershed. The primary inhabitants of the region were the Algonquin Anishinaabe, who carved complex networks of portage routes to circumvent waterfalls and other natural landmarks.

Exploration and the fur trade

Samuel de Champlain is the first recorded European to label the falls, chaudière, (which the English for a time would call 'Big Kettle') during his 1613 voyage along the Ottawa River. Champlain describes in his journal on June 14, 1613:

"At one place the water falls with such violence upon a rock, that, in the course of time, there has been hollowed out in it a wide and deep basin, so that the water flows round and round there and makes, in the middle, great whirlpools. Hence, the savages call it Asticou, which means kettle. This waterfall makes such a noise that it can be heard for more than two leagues off."
"After having carried their canoes to the foot of the falls, they assembled at one place where one of them with a wooden plate takes up a collection, and each one of them places in this plate a piece of tobacco… the plate is placed in the middle of the group, and all dance about it, singing in their fashion; then one of the chiefs makes a speech, pointing out that for a long time they have been accustomed to making this offering, and that by this means they are protected from their enemies…the speaker takes the plate and throws the tobacco into the middle of la chaudière [kettle] and they make a great cry all together." As a medicine plant, the use of tobacco in this Indigenous ceremony signifies that the falls were made a sacred offering.

In the days of the fur trade, the Chaudière Falls were an obstacle along the Ottawa River trade route. Canoes were portaged around the falls at the place now known as Hull.

European colonization

The arrival of Philemon Wright to this area in 1800 marked the start of the development of the city of Hull. In 1827, the region's first bridge, Union Bridge was built close to the falls.  When the logging industry began in this area and farther upstream, the falls were again an obstacle for log driving. In 1829, Ruggles Wright (son of Philemon Wright) built the first timber slide, allowing logs and timber rafts to bypass the falls along the north shore, along what is now known as rue Laurier in Gatineau. In 1836, George Buchannan built a slide for cribs between Victoria and Chaudière Islands (on the south side of the river) which later became a major tourist attraction where King Edward VII (then Prince Albert of Wales) in 1860, and the future George V in 1901 both experienced the thrill of "shooting the slides".

Also in the 19th century, some of Canada's largest sawmills were located near the falls.  Notable lumber barons in this area were Henry Franklin Bronson and John Rudolphus Booth.

Since then, all the islands and shores at the Chaudière Falls have been developed and the river's flow and drop have long been harnessed to operate paper mills and power stations. In 1910, the ring dam that diverts water to the power stations was built. The E. B. Eddy Company operated a matchmaking business, and a variety of pulp and paper mills, later acquired by Montreal-based Domtar Inc. in 1998. Operations ceased in 2007, the majority of the private properties put up for sale, and transfer to Hydro Ottawa and Hydro-Québec to operate run-of-the-river hydro-electric generating stations at the falls.

Victoria Island

Victoria Island () is located in Ontario between Ottawa and Gatineau on the Ottawa River, where it narrows near the Canadian War Museum at LeBreton Flats. The island is accessible via the Chaudière Bridge, which connects Ottawa's Booth Street to Rue Eddy in Gatineau; the Portage Bridge connecting the two cities passes over. The island had been used by First Nations people for centuries, who named the area Asinabka (Place of Glare Rock). According to archaeological evidence, this site was the centre of convergence for trade and spiritual and cultural exchange. Its position—at the meeting place of three rivers and perched on a rocky point overlooking fast-moving water—gave it special meaning. It is currently part of an area administered by the National Capital Commission.

The island contains an Indigenous business, "Aboriginal Experiences", which offers the history of the First Nations people, a tour, traditional dance, a cafe, and a First Nations craft workshop, all in a wood-pole-fence enclosed area. In 2012, it was selected as the site of Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence's protest, due to its proximity to Parliament Hill and its significance to Aboriginal peoples.

Inspired by Algonquin chief and elder William Commanda's vision for Asinabka (the traditional Algonquin Anishinabe name Commanda held for the site), and of a Circle of All Nations and the 8th Fire Prophecy, world-renowned architect Douglas Cardinal has designed plans for an aboriginal healing and international peacekeeping centre on the site. Although there is general consensus for the developments on Victoria Island, while some dispute Commanda's vision for the other islands and falls, his full vision is documented in a presentation he made to the City of Ottawa in 2010 and is also more extensively documented on the Asinabka.com website.

Victoria Island contains the following buildings: Aboriginal Experiences Centre, the Ottawa Electric Railway Company Steam Plant, the Bronson Company Office, No. 4 Generating Station, the Wilson Carbide Mill and Ottawa Hydro Generating Station #2.

On October 3, 2018, the National Capital Commission (NCC) announced that it would be closing down all access to the island, including its businesses, for remediation work from December 2018 to Spring 2020. A second remediation phase is proposed to be undertaken between 2020 and 2025.

Zibi development project

Zibi is a  mixed-use development started by Windmill Development Group, later joined by a larger development company, DREAM Unlimited Corporation, and then spun off from Windmill with a new company named Theia Partners, that includes residential, commercial, retail, office and hotel spaces, being built on the northern riverbank in Gatineau, and on Chaudiere and Albert Islands in Ottawa. The 15-year redevelopment will repurpose the existing E. B. Eddy buildings and build new developments adjacent to the Falls. It will be home to approximately 3,500 residents when completed. The redevelopment is opposed by groups and individuals hoping to restore the site to a natural state and return the unceded area to Algonquin stewardship.

Windmill named the project "Zibi", the Algonquin Anishinabe word for river, following a public naming competition. Patrick Henry, who entered the winning suggestion, declined the prize and asked that the money go to a canoe trip involving Kitigan Zibi youth instead, but the youth then asked that they not accept the money. Speaking personally, the then-Chief of Kitigan Zibi Gilbert Whiteduck confirmed having had several respectful discussions with the company representatives but stated they did not consult with Algonquin Elders, nor follow proper protocols. The company alleges the name was chosen to celebrate the significant waterways in the region, and bring attention to the Algonquin Nation's traditional territory in Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec.

Since 2015, the First Nation partners of the project are the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn First Nation, and the Algonquins of Ontario (AOO), representing 10 communities, including Pikwakanagan. The AOO is the only named Algonquin Aboriginal Interest in the City of Ottawa's official plan (section 5.6). In April 2017, two more communities signed Letters of Intent with the development, Long Point First Nation and Timiskaming First Nation. These communities are working with the developers towards tangible benefits such as long-term employment and job training, investment opportunities, residential and commercial ownership, public art, and tangible recognition of Algonquin Anishinabe traditional territory. According to Windmill, they have made efforts since 2013 to change the traditional relationship between First Nation communities and private development, and have engaged sincerely and meaningfully with all Algonquin Anishinabe communities in Ontario and Quebec, and several tribal Councils.

All but one of the ten status Algonquin communities opposed the Zibi project, although as noted above, two of those communities shifted their position. "Free The Falls" formed to support the Ontario Municipal Board appeal of the city's rezoning of the site as well as to support the Asinabka vision. Chaudière and Albert Islands to their natural state, and is collecting signatures on a petition to that end. This non-Indigenous group views it as an example of cultural appropriation, "red-washed commercial exploitation", and a violation of Indigenous Rights as per the UNDRIP. They disagree with the development because they believe that the islands around the falls have been a sacred religious site for millennia, and would prefer to see all islands turned into public parkland and Indigenous site as per the 1950s NCC plans, the Asinabka vision led by the late Algonquin leader William Commanda, and the AFN resolution of December 2015. Other notable project opponents include Indigenous architect Douglas Cardinal and author John Ralston Saul.

For Algonquin communities that are partners to the project, non-Indigenous interventions in Zibi have been an issue in advancing economically in the region. Chief Kirby Whiteduck of Pikwakanagan stated that "The Algonquin people don't need to be saved from the Zibi project".  Others such as Albert Dumont from Kitigan Zibi reproach the project's leadership for being non-Indigenous. Discussions with several other Algonquin communities are ongoing with the developers.

Hydroelectric power generation

Centrale Hull 2
Centrale Hull 2 is a 27 MW 4-turbine hydroelectric generating station on the Ottawa River on the Gatineau side of the Chaudière Falls ().  It is owned by Hydro-Québec and is listed as a run-of-the-river dam and its commission date as 1920–1969.  Its reservoir capacity is .

The station was originally built in 1912-1913 for the Gatineau Power Company by William Kennedy Jr. but did not begin operating until 1920, following World War I, when it had two turbines in operation.  A third turbine was added in 1923.  In 1965, Gatineau Power was sold to Hydro-Québec, which added a fourth turbine in 1968.

Chaudière Falls Generating Stations
Hydro Ottawa operates two run-of-the-river hydroelectric generating stations without a dam.  Generating Station 2 was built in 1891 and is leased from the National Capital Commission. Generating Station No. 4 was built in 1900 and is operated on land owned by the Government of Canada.  The combined output is around 110 GWh per year.

The stations were refurbished in the 2000s, including a small capacity increase in 2007. Hydro Ottawa purchased the site around the falls from Domtar Corporation in 2012, including the ring dam and water rights. A project started in 2015 and completed in 2017 increased the generating capacity of the stations from 29 to 58 MW. This project buried new turbines below grade next to the falls, enabling public access, new viewing platforms and a park celebrating Algonquin and industrial heritages.

See also
List of waterfalls of Canada

References
Bibliography

Notes

External links

Columbia Encyclopedia: Chaudiere Falls
Hydro Ottawa power stations on the Ottawa River
Hydro-Québec Hull power station
Flickr Group for the Chaudière Falls photos
Free The Falls

Waterfalls of Ontario
Waterfalls of Quebec
Landforms of Ottawa
Geography of Gatineau
Tourist attractions in Ottawa
Landforms of Outaouais
Ottawa River

Chaudière Falls


Darryl Norman Johnson (1938 – 24 June 2018) was an American politician and career Foreign Service Officer who held many positions in American government around the world.  Most recently and importantly he was the United States Ambassador to Thailand from  2001–2004. Additionally, he was acting US Ambassador to the Philippines for several months in 2005. He used to live near Seattle, WA. In retirement he was a lecturer at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Washington, where he taught in its Jackson School of International Studies.

Early life
Johnson was born in Chicago, Illinois, but he grew up in suburban Seattle, Washington. He attended public schools in Seattle, graduating from high school  in 1956. He then attended the University of Puget Sound for two years before transferring to the University of Washington, where he received his BA Cum Laude in English Literature in 1960.

While at the University of Washington he was a member of the academic honor societies for Military Science, Music and Literature, and was admitted to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1960. He next attended the University of Minnesota and Princeton University, working several months at the Boeing Company in Seattle during and after his university studies. He served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Thailand between 1962 and 1965, joining the Foreign Service after he returned home.

Foreign service career
Johnson had a long and distinguished career as a United States Foreign Service officer, with extensive experience in East European and Asian affairs. Among other assignments, he served on the Bosnia Task Force in Washington and as Charge of the U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo in April 1996. Before that, he was Senior Advisor to Madeleine Albright, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, and before that, was Deputy Coordinator for Assistance to the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union.

Johnson served as the first American Ambassador to the Republic of Lithuania, having arrived in Vilnius in September, 1991, to open the first post-World War II U.S. Mission in that country. Prior to that, he served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Warsaw, Poland (1988–1991), and before that in Beijing (1984–1987), Moscow (1974–1977), Hong Kong (1969–1973), and Bombay (1966–1967). In addition, he served in the Department of State in Washington, D.C., as Officer-in-Charge of Yugoslav Affairs (1977–1979), Officer-in-Charge of People's Republic of China Affairs (1979–1981), as a Pearson Fellow in the Office of Senator Claiborne Pell (D-RI) (1981–82), and as Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for Political Affairs (1982–84). In the latter position, his responsibilities included East European, Soviet, and East Asian/Pacific Affairs during the tenure of the then Under Secretary, Lawrence Eagleburger.

Lecturing

In his capacity as lecturer at the University of Washington, Ambassador Johnson teaches a class called "Practicing American Foreign Policy", and also advises undergraduate students on their Qualifying Papers, an extended writing assignment of approximately 25 pages that is required by the Jackson School for graduation. This teaching position at the University of Washington has previously been held by former U.S. diplomats Ronald Woods and Charles T. Cross.   Ambassador Johnson also participates at various speaking engagements in the Seattle area, many of which relate to the Peace Corps and to the United States Foreign Service.  He has published op-eds in several major newspapers regarding politics in Thailand, including the Los Angeles Times and the Seattle Times.

Personal life
Johnson is the father of one daughter and two sons. He is married to the former Kathleen Desa Forance. In addition to English he speaks Chinese (Mandarin), Polish, Russian, Thai and Lithuanian. Johnson died in Seattle on 24 June 2018.

References

External links
 Interview with Darryl Johnson at the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project (Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, March 26, 2006)
 Discussion with Ambassador Johnson on events in Thailand and implications for U.S. policy toward Southeast Asia (The National Bureau of Asian Research, May 14, 2010)
 A Life Abroad: For Foreign Service Officers, the World is their Office (University of Washington Arts and Sciences Newsletter, Summer 2007)
An unclassified State Department diplomatic cable written by Ambassador Johnson from Thailand (U.S. Department of State)
 (video)
Text of a security agreement between Thailand and the United States that was agreed to during Ambassador Johnson's tenure (U.S. Department of State)

1938 births
2018 deaths
Diplomats from Chicago
Ambassadors of the United States to Thailand
Ambassadors of the United States to Lithuania
Directors of the American Institute in Taiwan
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American diplomats
21st-century American diplomats

Darryl N. Johnson


The Moro-Naba Ceremony takes place every Friday around 07:00 in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso.

Mossi leaders travel to the compound of the Moro-Naba chief. They are seated by rank for the Moro-Naba's appearance. The Moro-Naba wears red and appears with a horse as if prepared for war. A cannon fires, the most senior chiefs pledge allegiance, and the Moro-Naba leaves before reappearing in white, as if making peace. Doolo, the traditional beer, and kola nut drinks are distributed, after which the Moro-Naba holds court.

The ceremony is said to represent the Moro-Naba's ministers dissuading him from going to war.

External links
Moro Naaba Ceremony A description of the Moro-Naba Ceremony

Burkinabé culture
Ceremonies in Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou
Weekly events

Moro-Naba Ceremony


Street Song is a 1935 British musical film directed by Bernard Vorhaus and starring John Garrick, René Ray and Wally Patch.

Plot
Pet shop owner Lucy (René Ray) befriends Tom (John Garrick), a busker who is mixed up with criminals. Lucy hopes to help him by getting him a singing job on the radio, while he tries to raise money to prevent her from being evicted, but any such hopes evaporate when Tom is arrested for robbery. Lucy's young brother, Billy (John Singer), comes to their aid by inadvertently prompting the real robber (Wally Patch) to confess, and Tom is freed to pursue his singing career.

Cast
 John Garrick as Tom Tucker
 René Ray as Lucy
 Wally Patch as Wally
 Laurence Hanray as Tuttle
 John Singer as Billy
 George Cross as Roy Hall
 Jack Vyvian as Detective

References

Bibliography
 Low, Rachael. Filmmaking in 1930s Britain. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
 Wood, Linda. British Films, 1927-1939. British Film Institute, 1986.

External links

1935 films
British musical films
1935 musical films
Films directed by Bernard Vorhaus
Films shot at Twickenham Film Studios
Films set in England
British black-and-white films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films
English-language musical films

Street Song (film)


Jean-Charles, marquis de Castelbajac (born 28 November 1949), also known as JC/DC, is a Moroccan/French fashion designer. He has enjoyed international success with some of his creations, including a coat of teddy bears worn by pop star Madonna  and by supermodel Helena Christensen in the film Prêt-à-Porter and a sequin jacket for Beyonce, and a Donald Duck costume for Rihanna. During his career he has befriended and worked with artists such as Andy Warhol, Keith Haring, Jean Michel Basquiat, Malcolm McLaren, Robert Mapplethorpe, M.I.A, Cassette Playa, Curry & Coco, The Coconut Twins and Lady Gaga.

His fashion archive was showcased in preparation for his retrospective "Gallie Rock" in Paris by photographers Tim and Barry, modelled by Cassette Playa, M.I.A., Jammer, Matthew Stone, Slew Dem Crew, and more.

His creations have been displayed at New York's Institute of Fashion and Technology, London's Victoria&Albert Museum and the Galliera Museum in Paris. In 2015, he created a 3,700 m2 "Mural for Orly Airport in Paris" .

As well as his imaginative clothing collections, the designer creates home furnishings  and has designed a watch inspired by the childhood favourite, Lego. He also has collaborated with Swatch, Weston, Ligne Roset, Petit Bateau, Citroën, Tecnica, Kway, Coca-Cola, Vilebrequin, Aigle and Palace skateboards.

All the artistic environments he touches on have his signature rainbow chromatic range in common. One of the best examples of this is the line he created for Pope John Paul II, 500 bishops and 5,000 priests for the 1997 World Youth Day in Paris.

As Keith Haring initiated him to street-art, Jean-Charles de Castelbajac uses chalk to leave his poetic mark on the walls of the world's capitals.

His career as a fashion designer started in 1968 alongside his mother, when he created Ko & Co. The first "manifesto"  piece of clothing he produced was a coat he made, using the blanket he used when he was at boarding school. He founded maison Jean-Charles de Castelbajac in 1978, which he left in 2016.

Between the 1970s and the 1990s, de Castelbajac was also the artistic director of fashion houses including Max Mara and Courrèges and he co-founded Iceberg in 1974. In 1979, in consonance with pop art, he designed cartoon pullovers that have since become iconic.

In 2005, Raika was the de Castelbajac ready-to-wear license holder in Japan with retail value of €20 million.
He also attended King of kitsch at Paris Fashion Week in 2010.

In 2017, he collaborated with smartphone maker OnePlus to release a collection called the "Callection" that was centred around a limited edition OnePlus 5 smartphone.

In 2018, he was named artistic director for the Benetton Group.

In 2019, he collaborated with Palace Skateboards to release a collection featuring clothing, hats, and playing cards.

References

External links
 , de Castelbajac's official website

1949 births
20th-century French male artists
21st-century French male artists
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
French artistic directors
French company founders
French fashion designers
French marquesses
French women fashion designers
Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite
Living people
 Menswear designers
People from Casablanca

Jean-Charles de Castelbajac


Micronics Computers, Inc. was an American computer company active from 1986 to 1998 that manufactured complete systems, motherboards, and peripherals. Based in the San Francisco Bay Area, Micronics was one of the largest domestic motherboard manufacturers in the United States in the 1990s. After acquiring Orchid Technology in 1994, the company entered the market for multimedia products, such as graphics adapters and sound cards. In 1998, Micronics was acquired by Diamond Multimedia.

History

Foundation and growth (1986–1992)
Micronics Computers was founded by Frank Lin, Dean Chang, Harvey Wong, and Minsiu Huang, four Taiwan-American electronics engineers and businessmen in Mountain View, California, in November 1986. Lin and Chang were the company's principal founders, the company originally based out of Lin's home garage in San Francisco. The two set out to found Micronics as an OEM vendor of IBM PC compatible motherboards for systems integrators to buy in bulk. While devoting their free time to developing Micronics as a side venture, Lin worked at TeleVideo in San Jose, while Chang worked at Silicon Compilers, another Silicon Valley hardware company. After Lin's neighbors complained of electromagnetic interference affecting the reception of their television sets, he and Chang contacted Wong and Huang, and the four pooled together $150,000 to formally incorporate Micronics in Mountain View. The company's first headquarters were a 400-square-foot office in the city. Their first products were motherboards based on Intel's 80286 and i386 processors. Micronics' i386-based motherboard in particular was closely based on that of Compaq's Deskpro 386 system. According to PC Week, it was the least-expensive i386 motherboard on the market at the time; they rated it a good value in terms of performance and expandability.

Through their work contacts and after advertising in newspaper classifieds, Micronics was able to find customers for their motherboards, and in early 1987, the company received a $250,000 from several private investors based in the United States and Taiwan. The company sold $4 million worth of motherboards within nine months of their founding, netting $170,000 in profit. In 1989, the company released their first motherboard based on the Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, which was devised by the so-called "Gang of Nine" consortium (led by Compaq) as an open-standard competitor to IBM's Micro Channel. In 1990, Micronics announced their first i486-based motherboards and received an additional $5 million in capital investments from companies in the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan.

Micronics by early 1991 had moved to a larger office in Fremont, California, where they employed 215 people. The company projected revenues of nearly $100 million for 1991. In January 1991, the company announced their first family of X terminals at the UniForum show in Dallas, Texas. Called the 3X and 4X, Micronics' terminals respectively featured i386 and i486 processors and could double as MS-DOS workstations. The terminals featured bespoke X Window System server software developed by the company. In August 1991, Micronics made a deal with Alpha Microsystems of Santa Ana to supply the latter with $4 million worth of computer system components. Simultaneously, Micronics released their first portable computer, the Mport 325. Featuring a laptop-esque clamshell design while lacking a battery, the Mport 325 featured an i386 processor clocked at 25 MHz and a 6.9-inch-diagonal monochrome LCD.

Executive churn and Orchid acquisition (1992–1995)
Micronics went public in 1991. Co-founder Huang took a sabbatical from late 1991 to mid-1992, rejoining the board of directors around the same time president and CEO Lin announced his retirement. Lin left Micronics in late May 1992, replaced by Chuck C. Chan. Shortly afterward, Dado Banatao—founder of the influential graphics chipset companies Chips and Technologies and S3 Incorporated—joined Micronics' board. By 1994, Chan was replaced as CEO by Steven P. Kitrosser, formerly of Digital Equipment Corporation. In April 1994, Chang left to found his own company, Premax Electronics—a manufacturer of PC Cards for laptops—in Sunnyvale.

In June 1994, Micronics announced their acquisition of Orchid Technology—a manufacturer of multimedia computer peripherals also based in Fremont—keeping Orchid around as a subsidiary and brand. Micronics' acquisition of Orchid allowed them entry into the growing market of graphics adapters and sound cards; reciprocally, the fusion of talent between Micronics and Orchid allowed the latter to begin production cards based on digital video technology. Orchid was founded in 1982 by Le Bui and employed roughly 100 by the time they signed on to the acquisition. The acquisition was finalized in August 1994; no layoffs were immediately announced.

IBM's PC Server 300, released in October 1994, made use of a Micronics motherboard configured with either an Intel DX2 or a Pentium processor clocked at 60 MHz. This marked the first time in IBM's history that the company installed a third-party company's motherboard in a personal computer of theirs. The motherboard also eschewed from the company's proprietary Micro Bus architecture developed in the years prior by making use of the Peripheral Component Interconnect bus. Micronics sold the same motherboard used in the PC Server 300 to other vendors and as a standalone product. IBM commissioned Micronics again in 1995 for the manufacture of their PC Server 320's motherboard, which came configured with either a Micro Channel bus or an EISA bus and dual Pentium processor sockets. IBM manufactured the Micro Channel version while using Micronics' board for the EISA version.

Decline and Diamond merger (1995–1998)
Micronics struggled financially in 1995, due in part to their largest customer, the Osborne Computer, filing for receivership in Australia; this was Osborne's second go-around after their widely publicized first bankruptcy in the United States in the early 1980s. In the first half of the year, Micronics posted a loss of US$13.7 million. In October 1995, the company experienced another shuffling of management, wherein former managers of Orchid took over respective positions in Micronics. Simultaneously, half of Micronics' board of directors resigned. In late 1995, Micronics bought the remaining 20 percent of Osborne; the other 80 percent was acquired by Gateway 2000. In October 1996, a group of activist shareholders holding 10 percent of Micronics submit that the company find an interested buyer for a potential merger.

Micronics posted combined losses of $26.1 million between 1995 and 1996. In late 1996, Micronics launched a subdivision dedicated to designing and marketing networked workstations and servers. The company's first products were released in February 1997 and comprised midtowers featuring single or dual Pentium Pro processors. In June 1997, the company announced a potential acquisition of Hayes Microcomputer Products, a manufacturer of computer networking products—namely modems—based in Norcross, Georgia, that was aggressively struggling in the late 1990s. Talks between the two companies soon fizzled, however.

The establishment of their workstation division did not reverse Micronics' misfortunes, the company posting $5.4 million in losses between February and September 1997. The company's then-current chairman Shanker Munshani resigned September that year, replaced by William E. Shelander. In July 1998, Shelander agreed to sell the company to Diamond Multimedia for roughly $32 million. Diamond moved Micronics remaining employees from Fremont to Diamond's headquarters in San Jose and kept the name Micronics around as a sub-brand for some time.

References

External links

1986 establishments in California
1998 disestablishments in California
1998 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1986
American companies disestablished in 1998
Computer companies established in 1986
Computer companies disestablished in 1998
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Graphics hardware companies

Micronics Computers


John Rodman Paul (April 18, 1893 – May 6, 1971) was an American virologist whose research focused on the spread of polio and the development of treatments for the disease.

Life and achievements

Paul was born on April 18, 1893, in Philadelphia. He earned his undergraduate degree in 1915 from Princeton University and received his medical training at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, which awarded him an M.D. degree. He began his career as an assistant pathologist at Johns Hopkins in 1919 and 1920, and followed that with an internship at Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia from 1920 to 1922.
In 1928, Paul joined the faculty of the Yale School of Medicine as a professor of internal medicine and held the position of professor of preventive medicine starting in 1940, which he retained until his retirement. Paul established the Yale Poliomyelitis Study Unit in 1931 together with James D. Trask, advancing the concept of "clinical epidemiology" in which the path of disease outbreaks in small communities was directly studied. Together with Trask, Paul received the first grant from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (better known as the March of Dimes), which was renewed each year for another 30 years. As part of the study unit, Paul went to Middletown, Connecticut and New Haven into neighborhoods where polio was spreading and collected samples from patients in an effort to understand how the virus spread. Paul's team found that poliovirus was excreted by people afflicted with the condition and could be found in sewage in areas that had experienced outbreaks. In a 1951 article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1951, Paul noted the improvements that had been made in treating and relieving pain in those afflicted with polio, but lamented the lack of progress in prevention of polio. He travelled to the Soviet Union in 1956 as part of a group of five doctors who visited medical facilities there.

Paul's research also included work on hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis and rheumatic fever. After his retirement from the medical school in 1961, he continued to lecture on the history of medicine. Paul became a professor emeritus in 1961 and until 1966, served as the director of the World Health Organization Serum Reference Bank located in the Yale Department of Epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health.

As a member of the polio advisory committee of the United States Public Health Service, Paul joined in a 1962 recommendation that the use of an oral polio vaccine created by Albert B. Sabin in treating adults should be halted based on the lack of clinical evidence showing that the vaccine prevented those receiving the vaccine from developing the disease. In his 1971 book A History of Poliomyelitis, Paul put forth the proposition that humans had always been exposed to poliovirus but had been protected by antibodies contained in the mothers milk, and that it was the clean water, sewer systems and improved hygiene of modern civilization that prevented children from being exposed to the virus at an early age, hypothesizing that protection would be conferred if people were exposed to the virus as infants.

A resident of the New Haven, Connecticut suburb of Guilford, Paul died at age 78 on May 6, 1971, at Yale – New Haven Hospital after what The New York Times described in his obituary as a "long illness".

Publications
A complete list of Paul's numerous publications can be found in the NAS publication by Horstmann and Beeson pp. 347−368
 A History of Poliomyelitis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.

Awards
 1945: Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
 1946: Medal of Freedom
 1946: Charles V. Chapin Award
 1950: Honorary member of the Royal Society of Medicine in London
 1954: The Howard T. Rickets Award
 1958: Inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame in Warm Springs, Georgia
 1963:  Kober Medal by the Association of American Physicians

References

Further reading
 Dorothy M. Horstmann, Paul B. Beeson: John Rodman Paul, 1893−1971, A biographical memoir, published by The National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C, 1975; also online PDF

1893 births
1971 deaths
American virologists
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Guilford, Connecticut
Scientists from Philadelphia
Recipients of the Medal of Freedom
Princeton University alumni
Yale School of Medicine faculty

John R. Paul


Marco Faustini (17 May 1606 - 7 January 1676) was an Italian theatrical impresario and brother of the impresario and librettist Giovanni Faustini.

Biography
Marco Faustini was born in Venice. He began his career as an entrepreneur in the summer of 1651, working at the Teatro Sant 'Apollinare in Venice. After his brother's death on 19 December 1651, Faustini took over management of the theater until 1657. He went on to manage other theaters including the Teatro San Cassiano from 1657 to 1660, and the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo from 1660 to 1668 (probably with a break from 1663 to 1665).

Marco Faustini, like his brother, collaborated with leading composers of his time including Francesco Cavalli, Pietro Andrea Ziani and Antonio Cesti, and hired famous singers such as Anna Renzi, Antonia Coresi and Vincenza Giulia Masotti. During his years as an impresario, he staged numerous plays of famous librettists of the time including Aurelio Aureli, Francis Small, Nicolò Minato, Nicholas Beregan, Pietro Angelo Zaguri and Cristoforo Ivanovich. Faustini's brother's last works remained unfinished, which he completed.

Faustini's papers are stored at the Scuola Grande di San Marco, which represent a major source of information on the theatre work of the Venetian era.

Sources
L. Bianconi and T. Walker: Production, Consumption and Political Function of Seventeenth-Century Opera, pp. 209–96 (1984)
E. Rosand: Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice: the Creation of a Genre (Berkeley, 1991)
BL and JE Glixon: Marco Faustini and Venetian Opera Production in the 1650s: Recent Archival Discoveries, pp. 48–73 (1992)

1606 births
1676 deaths
17th-century Venetian people
Opera managers
Businesspeople from Venice

Marco Faustini


Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey (7 August 1912 – 22 April 1983) was a pioneer of Indian cardiology. He was a director of the department of cardiology at KEM Hospital, Mumbai. He was also a founder director of the All India Heart Foundation, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

Biography
Datey was born in Jabalpur to Krishnaji Hari Datey, an engineer, and Annapurna bai. He did his schooling from Model High School, Jabalpur, and later joined Ewing Christian College at Allahabad.

Thereafter, he studied medicine at the Seth G.S.Medical College (1936), then affiliated with University of Bombay. He received his first MRCP from University of Edinburgh in 1947 and MRCP from University of London in 1949.

He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, third highest civilian honour of India by the President of India, in 1969.

References

Indian cardiologists
People from Jabalpur
Marathi people
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Medical doctors from Mumbai
University of Allahabad alumni
20th-century Indian medical doctors
1912 births
1983 deaths

Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey


The Eretz Israel Museum (also known as Muza) is a historical and archeological museum in the Ramat Aviv neighborhood of Tel Aviv, Israel.

Eretz Israel Museum, established in 1953, has a large display of archaeological, anthropological and historical artifacts organized in a series of exhibition pavilions on its grounds. Each pavilion is dedicated to a different subject: glassware, ceramics, coins, copper and more. The museum also has a planetarium.

The "Man and His Work" wing features live demonstrations of ancient methods of weaving, jewelry and pottery making, grain grinding and bread baking. Tel Qasile, an excavation in which 12 distinct layers of culture have been uncovered, is on the grounds of the museum.

Archaeology

Ancient copper production
The Nechushtan pavilion is dedicated to the copper production at Timna in the southern Negev during the Chalcolithic, Bronze and Iron Age periods. The pavilion contains a reconstructed mine, smelting furnaces, and findings from the Egyptian-Midianite mining temple at Timna.

The reconstructed Chalcolithic and Late Bronze Age mine displays mining tools such as stone hammers, flint blades and copper chisels, as well as the typical marks they left on the rock.

Four smelting furnaces are on display:
 Bowl furnace from the Chalcolithic period (4th millennium BCE)
 Domed furnace of the Late Bronze Age (14th–13th centuries BCE)
 Authentic Late Bronze Age furnace (12th century BCE)
 Shaft furnace of the Iron Age (10th century BCE).

Midianite temple pavilion
In the 14th century BCE, the Egyptian pharaohs dispatched mining expeditions to Timna. Alongside expert metalsmiths from the Land of Midian, they extracted copper at Timna until the early 12th century BCE. This pavilion houses a Midianite temple model. Of special interest is the copper snake with gilded head found in the Midianite shrine, reminding of the biblical Nehushtan, "the bronze serpent that Moses had made" ().

Glass pavilion
This pavilion exhibits ancient glass vessels. The exhibition is divided into three sections, representing three eras in the history of glass production: pre-blown glass (Late Bronze Age to Hellenistic period—15th-1st centuries BCE), blown glass of the Roman and Byzantine periods (1st–7th centuries CE), and blown glass of the Islamic period (7th–15th centuries CE). Two rare vessels on display are a delicate drinking horn with two openings, known by its Greek name "rhyton", and "Ennion's Blue Jug" bearing the signature of its famous maker, who lived in the first half of the 1st century CE.

Remnants of a glass furnace from the 13th century CE were discovered alongside the Crusader castle at Sommelaria, north of Acre.

On loan from the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) is a unique Byzantine (late 6th – early 7th century) gold-glass panel from the "Birds Mosaic Mansion" in Caesarea.

Ethnography and folklore
The ethnography and folklore section contains Judaica produced either by the Jewish diaspora in different periods, or in the Land of Israel between 1880 and 1967.

Numismatics
The Kadman Numismatic section displays means of payment used in the country, starting those used before to the development of coinage, and going through all historical periods until today.

Postal history and philately

The Alexander Museum of Postal History and Philately recounts the history of postal service in the Land of Israel from the mid-15th century until the founding of the state in 1948. On display are envelopes, letters, photographs,  posters, mailboxes and telephones, as well as a mail truck from 1949.

The philatelic wing displays valuable and rare stamps.

See also
List of Israeli museums

References

External links

Official site
 http://alexandercollection.org/

Archaeological museums in Israel
History museums in Israel
Living museums
Museums established in 1953
Museums in Tel Aviv
Museums of Ancient Near East in Israel
Philatelic museums
1953 establishments in Israel
Ramat Aviv

Eretz Israel Museum


Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy is a British television series which first aired on ITV in 1986. It depicts Lord Mountbatten's time as Supreme Commander, South-East Asia in the Second World War, and then as Viceroy of India shortly after the war in the days leading up to Indian independence. The Film was shot in Sri Lanka.

Main cast
 Nicol Williamson ...  Lord Louis Mountbatten
 Janet Suzman ...  Edwina Mountbatten
 Dreya Weber  ... Pamela Mountbatten
 Wendy Hiller ... Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine
 A.K. Hangal ...  Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
 Owen Holder ...  King George VI
 David Lyon ...  Lt Col Vernon Erskine-Crum
 Patrick Allen ...  Claude Auchinleck
 Michael Byrne ...  George Abell
 Sam Dastor ...  Mahatma Gandhi
 Derek Reed	... Patrick Spens
 Nigel Davenport ...  Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay
 David Quilter ...  Alan Campbell Johnson
 Ian Richardson ...  Jawaharlal Nehru
 Nadim Sawalha  ... Liaquat Ali Khan
 Tony Wredden   ... Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
 Saloni Kaur  ... Indira Gandhi (née Nehru)
 Sumant Mastakar ... C. Rajagopalachari
 Nitin Sethi ... Rajendra Prasad
 John Rolfe ...  Clement Attlee
 Zia Mohyeddin ... V. P. Menon
 Vladek Sheybal ...  Muhammad Ali Jinnah
 Jeremy Sinden ...   Ronald Brockman
 Nana Patekar ...Nathuram Godse
 Malcolm Terris ...  Winston Churchill
 Minnie Boga ... Amrit Kaur
 Roger Hammond ... Cyril Radcliffe
 Sushma Seth ... Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
 Villoo Kapadia ... Fatima Jinnah

See also
 List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

References

External links

1980s British drama television series
ITV television dramas
1986 British television series debuts
1986 British television series endings
Films shot in Sri Lanka
Television shows set in India
Television shows set in England
Television shows set in the British Raj
Cultural depictions of George VI
Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru
Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi
Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi
Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill
Cultural depictions of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Cultural depictions of Vallabhbhai Patel
Partition of India in fiction
Works about the Mahatma Gandhi assassination
Films directed by Tom Clegg (director)

Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy


Clabecq (; ) is a district of the Belgian municipality of Tubize, Wallonia, located in the province of Walloon Brabant.

It was formerly its own municipality until the period of fusion of Belgian municipalities in 1977.

It is traversed by the Brussels-Charleroi Canal, and the steelmaking Forges of Clabecq are situated on its banks.

Its postal code is 1480, formerly 1361.

Former municipalities of Walloon Brabant
Tubize

Clabecq


Pale Rider is a solo album from Scottish rock musician (and member of Deacon Blue) Ricky Ross.

Ross' musical style on Pale Rider strays only slightly from his previous solo album, This Is the Life, and thus breaks his tradition of making significant shifts in musical direction on each of his solo albums.  Despite the similarities in style, Pale Rider is, overall, a more vibrant and melodic album than its predecessor—despite its recurring themes of death and mortality.

One of the strongest songs expressing these themes is "In the End", which Ross dedicates to Deacon Blue guitarist Graeme Kelling, who died due to cancer before the album's release.  The lyrics reference the last conversation Ross had with Kelling just prior to Kelling's passing.

Ross does not, however, break the tradition of featuring his wife and fellow Deacon Blue member Lorraine McIntosh on backing vocals for one track on the album.  This time around, McIntosh is featured on "In this World".

The album also contains Ross' version of the song "She Gets Me Inside", which Ross wrote for recording artist Ronan Keating on Keating's album Turn It On.

Track listing
All songs written by Ricky Ross, except where noted:

  "She Gets Me Inside" – 3:21
  "Boys Break the Things They Love the Most" (Ross, McIntosh) – 3:47
  "If You've Got the Time It's Gonna Take" – 4:28
  "The Streets Are Covered in Snow" – 4:04
  "Soundtrack to the Summer" – 3:48
  "In this World" – 4:19
  "Pale Rider" – 3:34
  "Calvary" – 3:33
  "I Know It's Only Sunday" – 2:52
  "Kichijoji" – 5:37
  "History" – 3:33
  "In the End" – 3:30

Personnel
 Ricky Ross - vocals, acoustic guitar, piano, wurlitzer
 David (Davie) Scott - guitars, backing vocals, keyboards, percussion, bass, mandolin
 Scott Fraser - bass, programming
 Mick Slaven - guitars, slide guitar
 Jim Gash - drums, percussion
 Derek Star - percussion, hand claps
 Lorraine McIntosh - backing vocals on "In this World"
 Jon Beales - violin
 Wendy Wetherby - cello
 Colin Steele - trumpet

2005 albums
Ricky Ross (musician) albums

Pale Rider (Ricky Ross album)


Gerard da Cunha (born 1955) is an Indian architect based in Goa. He is the founder and principal architect of the architecture firm Architecture Autonomous. An alumnus of the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, he is known for utilizing locally available materials and traditional construction techniques in harmony with its ecosystem.

Biography
Da Cunha runs his architecture firm 'Architecture Autonomous' in Goa, India. His projects are spread across the country, including resorts, townships, institutions, and even private residences. He maintains his practice in the old Portuguese colony of Goa, which he considers has a novel history in that it was the site of the 'first sustained encounter between the East and the West'. This encounter has engendered a unique culture and architecture that is evident in da Cunha's lively and rather Gaudíesque work.

Early life
Born on 10 February 1955 in the city of Godhra, Gujarat, da Cunha travelled across the country since childhood as his father worked with the State Bank of India and had a transferable job. He did most of his schooling at St. Mary's in Mazgaon, Maharashtra. Later, he studied at the prestigious School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, which is regarded as the best institution in the country for architecture. During his 3rd year at SPA, da Cunha took a one-year break from the school and travelled to Kerala to work closely with the world- renowned architect Laurie Baker, whom he greatly admired. After his course in architecture from School of Planning and Architecture (SPA), da Cunha joined DDA in 1979, but he found the experience of working there extremely monotonous. Bored with his job, he went to Goa (his home state) hoping for some exciting element in his life.

Da Cunha was briefly married (1978-1982) to Indian writer and author Arundhati Roy while they lived together in Delhi. They subsequently separated and divorced in 1982.

Works
Da Cunha has been the architect of several projects which find places all across India. These include Nrityagram of Bangalore, Hampi's Kannada University's main building and its library, Bangalore's Taj Kutiram Tourist Resort, the Central Library in Panjim, JVSL Township in Torangallu, a house for Mr. Sajjan Jindal at Torangallu, a tourist village in Kerala, and Jimi Gazhdhar's lavish mansion on the banks of the Goan river, to name a few. Da Cunha's projects mostly portray the use of natural material.

One of the most impressive and unusual works of da Cunha's has been the township which he has built for the JSW Steel Plant, about 30 km from Hampi called Vidyanagar. The entire project was built at a cost of Rs 150 crore. This township is spread across 300 acres and the project involved creating housing to settle 10,000 people. With not even a single tree on the site, creating an entire township seemed to be an arduous task. The township also has a movie theatre, school, airstrip, parks, and botanical garden. It also houses a club, temples, shopping centre and restaurants, thus making it a complete city town. This unusual project of creating an entire township from scratch got da Cunha the Prime Minister's Award for Excellence in Urban Planning and Design offered by the Ministry of Urban Development in 1998–99.

Another project that gave da Cunha wide recognition is Nrityagram dance village at Bengaluru, designed for famous Odissi dancer Protima Bedi. This center for the study of dance was built using traditional building forms and techniques, with stone and thatch being the primary materials. The whole concept of the 'village' presents a mosaic of texture and colours, earth, bricks, tiles and thatch. Nrityagram received the award for best rural architecture from the Vice- President of India in 1991.

Da Cunha was hired to restore the oldest fort in Goa, Reis Magos Fort, which lay in ruins for a long time. It has now become a successful tourist destination showcasing the history of Goa to the visitors.

Da Cunha also designed the Goa State Central Library located at Panaji (Panjim), which has six floors and houses more than 1,800,000 books.

Da Cunha has also won wide acclaims for the unusual and vernacular designs of two schools in Goa, Nisha's Play School and Shiksha Niketan. Set in a lush green valley with a steep slope, the architect has created different levels of spatial experiences connected vertically by a chute for children and stairs. Brick arches, sometimes set so low that adults have to stoop to enter, become the doorless entryways. The highlight of the outdoor amphitheater is the walls made from recycled beer bottles arranged in artistic patterns.

Just next to the school, da Cunha built a triangular ship-like building made of laterite stones, which is an architectural oddity in itself. It is called the 'Houses of Goa' museum, designed and curated by da Cunha himself. The museum traces Goan architectural traditions, building materials, and styles in an in-depth manner.

Some other selected works by da Cunha include Town Plaza at Aamby Valley City.

Awards and achievements
Da Cunha won the prestigious Prime Minister's National Award for Excellence in Urban Planning and Design in 1998–99 for the project Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Limited (JVSL - Now JSW Township as "Vidhya Nagar"), Toranagallu, Bellary (Karnataka, India). He is also credited with winning the 'Commendation Award-1990' for rural architecture for his project 'Nrityagram' at Bengaluru, Karnataka. The design of Nrityagram can be termed as 'Natural Architecture.'

Da Cunha also made it into a shortlist of eight architects, being the only Indian architect in the list, invited by the Government of Japan's Furushima Prefecture region to draw up design proposals for a new capital city of Japan.

References

Living people
20th-century Indian architects
People from Panchmahal district
Artists from Gujarat
Businesspeople from Goa
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi alumni
Goan Catholics
1955 births

Gerard da Cunha


Trannyshack is a San Francisco drag club started by drag queen Heklina, and takes place at The Stud Bar. It has been a Tuesday fixture in San Francisco for over many years.

This club has hosted many celebrities from Mary Wilson of the Supremes to Charo, RuPaul, Gwen Stefani, Alaska Thunderfuck, Lady Bunny, and more.

In addition, Trannyshack holds the annual Miss Trannyshack Contest. At one time, Ana Matronic of the Scissor Sisters lived in San Francisco, where she performed at Trannyshack and was the first and only female to reach the finals of the Miss Trannyshack pageant.

LGBT events
LGBT entertainers
San Francisco

Trannyshack