Abdulmejid I or Abdul Majid I (, ; 25 April 182325 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed in this regard.

He tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. During the Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations.

Abdulmejid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. For this achievement, one of the imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him.

References

Abdulmejid I


Wallace, originally named Jacksonville, is a town located in Jackson Township, Fountain County, Indiana, United States. At the 2010 census, the town had a total population of 105.

History
Jacksonville, one of Fountain County's early settlements, was established by John Bowman and his father Henry in the early 1830s on land situated just north of Mill Creek and was named for Andrew Jackson.  The town's name in informal speech was often shortened to "Jackville".  The first settler at the site was Richard Williams who erected a cabin as early as 1826, several years before the town was laid out, with the first house erected after Jacksonville's platting belonging to William Guilliams.  By the 1880s it contained about two dozen houses.

Early tradesmen in Jacksonville included William Snooks, the township's first blacksmith, Samuel Glass who operated a house of entertainment, shoemaker Alvah Doke, cabinet-maker George McCline, physicians Dr. Reeves, Dr. A. M. C. Hawes and Dr. Joseph Roberts and various general storekeepers.  An 1881 history offers the following description of the town's businesses:

In comparatively recent times Noah and Charles Grimes, Bayless and Jacob Carter, — Cunningham & Smith, and several others, had stores.  The present dealers are John Murphy, David Oliver, and Johnson Clore.  Henry Newlin is selling drugs.  His predecessor in this business was W. H. Spinning.  A blacksmith and a chair shop are in this place, and a house which welcomes the hungry traveler and jaded animal with entertainment is also to be found.  Somebody with business sagacity keeps constantly on hand a stock of coffins as a sign that there are two doctors in the village.

The town gained a post office during the administration of Indiana Governor David Wallace, and was named by John Bowman and Judge Mitchell C. Black in the governor's honor.  The town itself later assumed this name.  Bowman was the office's first postmaster and Black the first mailcarrier.

In 1950 the list of merchants in Wallace included;  Ira Wilkinson General Store, J. W. Grimes Grocery (which also housed the post office), Ralph Myers TV and Appliances, Carl Starnes Insurance, Uplinger Cafe, Paul Mitchell Barber Shop, McGinnis Garage, Clores Grocery and Lunch, Ellingwood's Lumber Yard, Alward's Skelgas Service and the office of Dr. H. M. Rusk physician.  A blacksmith shop and food processing plant were also present.  The Wallace School, grades 1 through 12, served all of Jackson Township.  There were eight students in the high school graduating class of 1951.

Geography
Wallace is located at 39°59'14" north, 87°8'53" west (39.987282, -87.148050). Mill Creek, which flows from the northeast, borders the town to the east and south.

According to the 2010 census, Wallace has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

Estimated median household income in 2007: $47,545. Estimated median house or condo value in 2007: $62,681. 2008 cost of living index in Wallace: 72.5 (low, U.S. average is 100)

2010 census
At the census of 2010, there were 105 people, 52 households, and 28 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 55 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 100.0% White.

There were 52 households, of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 42.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.68.

The median age in the town was 45.5 years. 18.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 22.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
At the census of 2000, there were 100 people, 35 households, and 24 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 40 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White, 0.00% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 35 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.46.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 33.0% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,583, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $25,938 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,386. 23.4% of the population and 18.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 0.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

References

Towns in Fountain County, Indiana
Towns in Indiana

Wallace, Indiana


AEW Collision, also known as Saturday Night Collision or simply Collision, is an American professional wrestling television program produced by the American promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It airs live every Saturday at 8 p.m. Eastern Time on TNT, with some exceptions. The show premiered on June 17, 2023, and is positioned as their second main program behind Wednesday Night Dynamite, and third overall weekly program with Friday Night Rampage, which focuses on younger wrestlers in the company.

The show is AEW's second weekly professional wrestling program to currently air on TNT after Rampage (2021–present) and their third overall on TNT after Rampage and Dynamite, which aired on TNT from 2019 to 2021 before moving to TBS. This subsequently makes it the fourth overall wrestling show in general to air on TNT, after Dynamite, Rampage, and the former World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) Monday Nitro (1995–2001), as well as the first Saturday night program on a Turner-owned network since the final episode of WCW Saturday Night on June 24, 2000.

History
On February 15, 2023, the American professional wrestling promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW) filed to trademark the name "Collision", hinting at a possible new in-ring television series in addition to their current programs, AEW Dynamite on TBS and AEW Rampage on TNT. Another trademark for the name was filed on April 28, leading to the belief that this would be the name of an upcoming Saturday TV show.

On May 17, 2023, AEW and broadcast partner Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD) announced a third weekly television show titled AEW Collision to air live on TNT as a two-hour show on Saturdays starting June 17, 2023, at 8 p.m. Eastern Time (ET). This is AEW's second weekly professional wrestling program to currently air on TNT after Rampage and fourth overall wrestling show in general to air on TNT after Rampage, Dynamite (which aired on TNT from October 2019 to December 2021), and the former World Championship Wrestling's (WCW) Monday Nitro (which aired on TNT from September 1995 to March 2001) and the first wrestling show on the Saturday night timeslot to air on a Turner-owned network since the end of WCW Saturday Night on August 19, 2000. It was also revealed that AEW's sister promotion, Ring of Honor (ROH), would move its tapings for ROH Honor Club TV to coincide with Collision, with ROH's show being taped after the live broadcast of Collision.

In preparation for the debut of Collision, AEW's YouTube programs, AEW Dark and AEW Dark: Elevation, were canceled. This was due to an amended deal with WBD, in which all of AEW's programs would air exclusively on their channels. It was also reported that Rampage would begin showcasing younger AEW wrestlers and unsigned independent wrestlers, essentially becoming what Dark and Elevation were for the company.

Prior to the official announcement of Collision, there had been speculation that the inaugural episode would be held at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. It was also speculated that it would feature the return of CM Punk, as the United Center is where Punk had made his AEW debut for the second episode of Rampage in August 2021. Since September 2022, Punk had been inactive due to both an injury and also a suspension as a result of the legitimate backstage altercation that occurred during the All Out post-event media scrum. Following the announcement of Collision, however, it was reported that there were still issues regarding Punk's return to the company, with WBD denying his involvement with the show, but on May 24, 2023, it was reported that the issues had been settled. AEW president Tony Khan then confirmed that the first episode would be held at the United Center, and feature the return of Punk to the company. Although Punk was brought back to be the centerpiece of the show, he would be released that September after another legitimate backstage altercation that occurred at All In London.

In speaking with the media on May 25 in promotion for AEW's Double or Nothing pay-per-view (PPV) that weekend, Khan clarified that Collision was not part of a new or extended deal with WBD, and instead, it was added on to their current contract, with AEW receiving a monetary increase from WBD for the show. Khan also confirmed that WBD reached out to AEW with the opportunity for another show, and that it was WBD's Chief Executive Officer David Zaslav's idea for there to be more AEW content on TNT. It had also been speculated that with the addition of Collision, AEW would do some form of a roster split, similar to WWE's brand extension, in which half of the roster would perform exclusively on Dynamite while the other half would exclusively appear on Collision. In an appearance on the Barstool Rasslin''' podcast on June 13, Khan said that there would not be a hard split where wrestlers would exclusively appear on only one program. Instead, he said some wrestlers would be featured exclusively on certain shows for a certain period of time, but there could be opportunities for storylines to cross between Dynamite and Collision. He also confirmed that all AEW champions would continue to appear on all AEW programming.

On June 16, a day before Collisions debut, Khan confirmed that the show's commentary team would consist of Kevin Kelly and Nigel McGuinness, with Jim Ross occasionally sitting in on main events.

Beginning with the August 5, 2023, episode, Collision airs against WWE's monthly pay-per-views, which are typically held on Saturdays at 8 p.m ET, starting with SummerSlam. Additionally, due to AEW's pay-per-view Full Gear being held on Saturday, November 18, 2023, that weekend's episode of Collision will instead be held the night before on Friday, November 17 at 8 p.m. ET, putting it head-to-head against WWE's Friday night program, SmackDown.

 Special episodes

Roster

The wrestlers featured on AEW Collision'' take part in scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers are portrayed as heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that build tension and culminate in a wrestling match.

Commentators

Ring announcers

See also

List of professional wrestling television series

Notes

References

External links

Collision
2023 American television series debuts
2020s American television series
American live television series
American professional wrestling television series
English-language television shows
TNT (American TV network) original programming

AEW Collision


Miss Saigon is a musical by Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg. The work uses the same book as the opera Madama Butterfly, by Puccini. The musical is set during the Vietnam War. The first representation was on  20 Septembre 1989, at Drury Lane Theatre in London. The musical has been very successful, and there are official adaptations to English and German. The original is French.

Musicals

Miss Saigon


The Agronomy Faculty is one of the 10 faculties that comprise the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, established on June 14, 1950, in the context of the revolutionary reform of the revolutionary governments, due to the need of specialized professionals in the agronomic are in an eminently rural country during its first steps of modernization.

Course Offerings
The Faculty offers 5 programs of undergraduate, 8 programs of postgraduate and 5 programs of mastery, also, it is one of the faculties that has the largest number of postgraduate teachers.

Its headquarters is located in the University City, in the Guatemala City, however, it has a big presence in the most Universitarian Regional Centres from the university.

Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala

Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala


Colonel William Hope VC (12 April 1834 – 17 December 1909) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

William Hope was the son of the Right Honourable John Hope, Lord Chief Justice Clerk of Scotland, and his wife Jessie Irving, and was born in Edinburgh on 12 April 1834. He was educated privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge.

William Hope married Margaret Jane, daughter of Robert Cunningham Cunninghame Graham of Gartmore and aunt of the author, politician and traveller Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, by whom she had six children, the eldest of which was a son, Adrian, whose granddaughter, Lauretta Hope-Nicholson, was the second wife of the artist Jean Hugo.

VC action
He was 21 years old, and a lieutenant in the 7th Regiment of Foot (later The Royal Fusiliers), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 18 June 1855 at Sebastopol, Crimean Peninsula, Lieutenant Hope went to the assistance of the adjutant, who was lying outside the trenches badly wounded.  Having found that it was impossible to move him, even with the help of four men, he ran back across the open ground under very heavy fire from the enemy batteries, and procured a stretcher to bring the wounded officer in.

He later achieved the rank of colonel. Hope invented a form of shrapnel shell for rifled guns, and later became an enthusiastic supporter of the volunteer movement, rising to the command of the 1st City of London Artillery Volunteers.

The Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Fusiliers Museum in the Tower of London, England.

Business
Following his military career, Hope was involved in a number of business ventures. In 1862 he was described as General Manager of the International Financial Society, and was also Director of the Lands Improvement Company, through which he had been involved in reclamation and irrigation work in Spain and Majorca. With William Napier, he proposed a scheme to convey sewage from the northern outfall of Joseph Bazalgette's London sewer system some  across Essex to reclaim  of land from Dengie Flats, and a similar area from Maplin Sands, off the shore of Foulness Island. The estimated cost of the project was £2.1 million, and although work started in 1865, a crisis in the banking system, when the Overend Gurney bank failed, made it difficult to obtain finance, and the scheme foundered.

References

Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Brompton Cemetery)

 Blue Plaque

1834 births
1909 deaths
Military personnel from Edinburgh
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Royal Fusiliers officers
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
William
Volunteer Force officers
British inventors
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross

William Hope (VC)


The McKinney Building is a historic commercial building located at 1121-27 Main Street in Springfield, Massachusetts. It is locally significant as a good example of commercial Classical Revival architecture, and was part of generally southeastward trend in the growth of the city's downtown area.

Description and history
The building is located near the southern end of the built-up commercial downtown area of Springfield. It is on the north side of Main Street, between the Bangs Block to the east and the Colonial Block located across Crossett Lane. It is a five-story masonry structure, built out of pale brick with red and white stone trim. The ground floor facing Main Street has a modern storefront, while the second floor has sash windows topped by splayed lintels. A corbelled beltcourse separates the second and third floors. The third and fourth floors have windows topped by splayed brick soldier headers with stone keystones. The fifth floor windows are set in round-arch openings, and the building is capped by a projecting dentillated and modillioned cornice. The corner at Main and Crossett is styled as a three-bay polygonal section in redstone, with decorative panel blocks between the windows of each bay.

The block was built in 1905, at a time when Springfield's downtown was growing to the south. It was built by developer Richard McKinney on land that formerly belonged to Jonathan Bangs (builder of the adjacent 1870 Bangs Block). The ground floor housed retail spaces, and the upper floors were in the early years used by First Spiritualist Society for their meetings and other social activities.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1983.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Springfield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Commercial buildings in Springfield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures completed in 1905
Neoclassical architecture in Massachusetts
1905 establishments in Massachusetts

McKinney Building


Infanta Beatriz of Spain, Princess of Civitella-Cesi (Beatriz Isabel Federica Alfonsa Eugénie Cristina Maria Teresia Bienvenida Ladislàa de Borbón y Battenberg; 22 June 1909 – 22 November 2002) was a daughter of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, wife of Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince di Civitella-Cesi. She was a paternal aunt of King Juan Carlos I.

Childhood
Born at the royal palace of La Granja, San Ildefonso near Segovia, Spain on 22 June 1909, Infanta Beatriz was the third child among the six surviving children of King Alfonso XIII of Spain and Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg. She was named Beatriz after her maternal grandmother, Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria; Isabel for her great-aunt, Infanta Isabel; Federica for Princess Frederica of Hanover in whose house her parents had become engaged; Alfonsa after her father; Eugenia for Empress Eugénie of the French, her mother's godmother, Cristina and Maria for Maria Christina of Austria, her paternal grandmother, Teresia after Empress Maria Theresa and Ladislaa after Ladislaus the Posthumous.

Infanta Beatriz was educated within the walls of the Palacio de Oriente by English nannies. She learned English and French along with Spanish. The children spoke in English to their mother and Spanish to their father. Infanta Beatriz and her sister Maria Cristina, two years her junior, yearned to go to private schools like the daughters of the nobility who frequented the palace as their playmates, but, following Spanish tradition, they were educated by governesses and private tutors. They studied languages, history, religion and took piano and dancing lessons. Their parents placed great importance on outdoor exercise and Infanta Beatriz became fond of sports. She was a very good swimmer, played tennis and golf and loved horseback riding. While in Madrid she played in the palace gardens and made excursions on horseback. In summer the royal family moved to Palacio de la Magdalena, near Santander, where they practiced water sports. The two sisters also made some visits to England to stay with their maternal grandmother at Kensington Palace.

Early life
During the late 1920s, Infanta Beatriz and her sister Infanta Cristina presided at a number of official engagements while heading various institutions and sponsoring events. They were involved with, among other issues, animal protection. Beatriz and her sister took nursing classes, helping twice a week at the Red Cross in Madrid from 9 am to 1 pm and from 3 to 7 pm. Beatriz was president of the Red Cross in San Sebastián, working there during the royal family's summer vacation. The two infantas, always elegantly dressed, were of contrasting looks; one blonde one dark. Beatriz, who resembled her Spanish relatives, was a brunette, tall and lean like her father. Her official debut in society was celebrated in 1927 with a court ball at the royal palace. Among her friends were the Dukes of Alba, Fernán Núñez and Aveyro. The shadow of hemophilia marked her life: Her eldest and youngest brothers were hemophiliacs. Her second brother, Jaime, was deaf and only the third brother, Juan, was completely healthy.

In 1929, Infanta Beatriz turned twenty years old. She fell in love with Miguel Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, the youngest son of Miguel Primo de Rivera, who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to January 1930 with dictatorial powers. They were seen taking horse rides together, but a marriage between them was out of the question. When the dictator found out about their romance, he sent his son abroad. Because Beatriz and her sister could be carriers of hemophilia, like their mother, King Alphonso XIII was reluctant to follow the tradition of finding husbands for them among Catholic royal princes. The two sisters' constant companions were their cousins Alvaro, Alonso and Ataúlfo de Orleans y Borbón, the three sons of Infante Alfonso de Orleans y Borbón. It was expected that Infanta Beatriz would marry Alonso and Maria Cristina, Alvaro, but nothing came out of it as their companionship was interrupted when the turbulent political situation in Spain derailed their lives.

Exile
The support that Alfonso XIII gave to the unpopular dictatorship of Primo de Rivera discredited the king. Municipal elections, held on 12 April 1931, were unfavorable to the monarchy. The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed two days later. Lacking the backing of the military forces, King Alfonso felt obliged to leave the country the same day, but did not abdicate, hoping to be called back to the throne. Infanta Beatriz, her mother and her siblings, except for Infante Don Juan, who was away on assignment in the Spanish navy, were left behind in Madrid. Following the advice of her supporters, the queen and her five children left the Royal Palace by car to El Escorial, and from there, they took a train to France.

The royal family's first home in exile was the Hôtel Meurice in Paris. They soon moved to a private wing of the Savoy Hotel in Fontainebleau. Accompanied by their mother, the two infantas made visits to Paris twice a week by car or with a lady in waiting by train. While in Paris they spent time with horses at a riding school or playing tennis with friends. The marriage of their parents was unhappy and even in Spain the King and Queen led separate lives. Once in exile, the royal couple separated permanently. Queen Victoria Eugenie moved to London and later to Lausanne, Switzerland and the two infantas lived for a time with her. In 1933 the king moved to Rapallo and as life was too isolated for Beatriz and her sister in Lausanne, they moved with their father to Italy. At their daughters' insistence, King Alfonso moved to Rome and rented a house for them there. Infanta Beatriz and her sister became friends with the members of the Italian royal family and quickly adapted to life in Rome.

In 1934 tragedy struck. Beatriz, who was spending summer vacation in Pörtschach am Wörthersee in Austria, was driving a car with her brother Gonzalo as passenger. Trying to avoid a bicycle rider who had crossed their path, she slammed the car into a wall. The accident did not, at first, seem serious, but Infante Gonzalo, a hemophiliac, was bleeding internally and died in the early hours of the following day, 13 August 1934.

Marriage and issue
At the time of her brother's death, Infanta Beatriz was looking forward to her wedding. While visiting Ostia, she was introduced to an Italian aristocrat, Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince di Civitella-Cesi. Torlonia, who had inherited large estates from his father in 1933, was the son of Marino, 4th Prince di Civitella-Cesi and Mary Elsie Moore, an American heiress. His family had acquired a fortune in the 18th and 19th centuries by administering the finances of the Vatican, receiving the title of Prince of Civitella-Cesi in 1803 from Pope Pius VII. Although Don Alessandro was a prince, he did not belong to a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, so Beatriz had to marry him morganatically, renouncing her rights of succession to the throne of Spain. Alfonso XIII, realizing that the combination of the threat of hemophilia and their situation in exile would make it difficult for his daughters to find royal husbands, gave his consent to this union.

The wedding took place on 14 January 1935 at the Church of the Gesù with Beatriz wearing a 20-foot train, a coronet of orange blossom holding her veil in place, in the presence of King Alfonso, the King and Queen of Italy and some 52 princes of the blood royal. Thousands of Spaniards traveled from Spain to give support to the deposed royal family in what became a political event. However, neither Queen Victoria Eugenie nor Beatriz's eldest brother, Alfonso, Count of Covadonga, who were on bad terms with the King, attended the wedding. After the ceremony, the young couple was received by Pope Pius XI.

Infanta Beatriz of Spain, Princess of Civitella-Cesi, and her husband had four children, eleven grandchildren and nineteen great-grandchildren:

Donna Sandra Torlonia (14 February 1936 – 31 December 2014), she married Count Clemente Lequio di Assaba on 20 June 1958. They had two children:
Don Alessandro Lequio di Assaba (17 June 1960) he married Antonia Dell'Atte on 12 October 1987 and they were divorced in 1991. They have one son. He remarried María Palacios Milla on 15 November 2008. They have one daughter. He has also an illegitimate son with Ana Obregón.
Don Clemente Lequio di Assaba (2 April 1988)
Don Alejandro Lequio di Assaba (23 June 1992 - 13 May 2020)
Donna Ginevra Lequio di Assaba (17 August 2016)
Donna Desideria Lequio di Assaba (19 September 1962) she married Count Oddone Tournon on 11 September 1986. They have two sons:
Count Giovanni Tournon (3 September 1991)
Count Giorgio Tournon (17 February 1994)
Marco Torlonia, 6th Prince of Civitella-Cesi (2 July 1937 – 5 December 2014) he married Donna Orsetta Caracciolo dei principi di Castagneto on 16 September 1960. They had one son and two grandchildren. He remarried Philippa McDonald on 9 November 1968 and they were divorced in 1975. They had one daughter and three grandchildren. He remarried thirdly Blažena Svitáková on 11 November 1985. They had one daughter and two grandsons.
Don Marino Torlonia (born 13 December 1939 – 28 December 1995) died unmarried and without issue.
Donna Olimpia Torlonia (born 27 December 1943) she married Paul-Annick Weiller on 16 June 1965. They have six children:
Beatrice Aliki Victoria Weiller (23 March 1967) she married Brazilian Ambassador André Aranha Corrêa do Lago (brother of Pedro Corrêa do Lago) on 23 June 1990. They have four children:
Paul-Annik Weiller Corrêa do Lago (24 January 1996)
Helena Weiller Corrêa do Lago (8 June 1997)
Antonio Weiller Corrêa do Lago (29 May 1999)
Victoria Weiller Corrêa do Lago (27 December 2000)
Sibilla Sandra Weiller (12 June 1968) she married Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg on 8 September 1994. They have four children:
Prince Paul-Louis of Nassau (4 March 1998)
Prince Léopold of Nassau (2 May 2000)
Princess Charlotte of Nassau (2 May 2000)
Prince Jean of Nassau (13 July 2004)
Paul Alexandre Weiller (12 February 1971 – 10 April 1975) he died at the age of four years old.
Laura Daphne Lavinia Weiller (23 January 1974 – 5 March 1980) she died at six years old.
Cosima Marie Elizabeth Edmee Weiller (18 January 1984)
Domitilla Louise Marie Weiller (14 June 1985)

Later life
Infanta Beatriz settled with her husband in the Palazzo Torlonia, a 16th-century Early Renaissance town house on Via della Conciliazione in Rome. King Alfonso XIII died in 1941 and as the situation deteriorated in Italy during World War II, Infanta Beatriz with her family joined her siblings in Lausanne, spending the rest of the war close to their mother Queen Victoria Eugenie. Beatriz returned to Italy after the war and dwelt there for the rest of her life.

In 1950, while staying with her brother Juan, in Estoril, Portugal, Infanta Beatriz obtained authorization from Francisco Franco to make a visit to Spain. She returned to Spain on 25 August 1950 for the first time since her departure to exile almost twenty years earlier. She came with her husband and their daughter Sandra from Lisbon. They stayed at the Ritz hotel in Madrid visiting the palace of la Granja, where the Infanta was born, and the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza. Infanta Beatriz was received with such a manifestation of support for the monarchy that after only a week, of a planned much longer visit, the government gave her only twenty four hours to leave the country.

Although the family tried to arrange a marriage for the Infanta's daughter, Sandra, with King Baudouin of Belgium, she caused her parents concern when in 1958 she married Clemente Lequio, a widower with a son, who was given the title "Count Lequio di Assaba" in 1963 by Umberto II of Italy. Sandra had a son and a daughter with Lequio, who died after a fall from an upper floor in his house in Turin in 1971.

Their son, Alesandro Lequio, moved to Spain in 1991 working initially for Fiat. Married to the Italian model Antonia Dell'Atte, a muse in the late 1980s of Giorgio Armani, Alessandro Lequio quickly became a favorite of the Spanish jet set and tabloids, when, after his divorce, he began a relationship with Ana Obregón, a Spanish actress and television presenter.

Infanta Beatriz's eldest son, Marco, married three times and had three children, one in each marriage. His eldest son, Don Giovanni Torlonia, is a well known designer.

Infanta Beatriz's second son, Marino, died unmarried in 1995 of HIV-related illnesses.

The youngest child, Olimpia, married in 1965 Paul-Annick Weiller (1933–1998), the first son of the aviator Paul-Louis Weiller of the Javal family. Among their six children is Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg.

Infanta Beatriz remained very fond of Spain and supported the claims to the Spanish throne of her brother Don Juan. In 1962, she joined the Spanish royal family in the celebration in Athens for the wedding of her nephew the future King Don Juan Carlos with Princess Sophia of Greece. A femur fracture in 1973 never healed completely, affecting Infanta Beatriz's mobility for the rest of her life. Her fragile health did not allow her to join her family at the ascension to the throne of King Juan Carlos, the wedding of the Infantas Elena and Cristina or the ceremonies for the return to Spain of the remains of her parents and siblings who had died in exile. Nevertheless, Infanta Beatriz not only survived all of her siblings, but visited Spain again in 1998 to visit la Granja. In 1999, the Infanta gave an interview with ¡Hola! Magazine, where she discussed her life and the years of the Royal Family's exile from Spain. She made her last visit to Spain in 2001 to be with her sister-in-law Doña Maria and returned to the Palacio de la Magdalena, near Santander, where 70 years earlier she had spent her summer vacation for 17 consecutive years until 1930.

She died at her home in Palazzo Torlonia, Rome on 22 November 2002 at 93 years 5 months. She was the last surviving legitimate child of Alfonso XIII and the last surviving legitimate grandchild of Alfonso XII of Spain.

Honours
 : 1,094th Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa

Arms

Ancestry

Notes

References
Balansó, Juan. La familia Real y la familia irreal. Ed. Planeta, Barcelona, 1992,
Balansó, Juan. Las perlas de la Corona. Plaza & Janés Editores SA, 1997,
Baviera, S.A.R. Princesa Pilar de and Chapman-Huston, Desmond. Alfonso XIII., Col. Z, 1959,
García Louapre, Pilar. Cinco días con la infanta Beatriz de Borbón y Battenberg hija de Alfonso XIII : su testimonio sobre su vida y sus circunstancias. Vision Libros, 2007.
Puga, Maria Teresa and Ferrer, Eusebio. 20 Infantas de España: Sus vidas, entre las ilusiones y el destino. Ed. Juventud, Barcelona, 1998.

Spanish infantas
House of Bourbon (Spain)
1909 births
2002 deaths
People from Segovia
20th-century Spanish people
20th-century Spanish women
Daughters of kings
Exiled royalty

Infanta Beatriz of Spain


KXIC (800 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Iowa City, Iowa, and serving the Cedar Rapids area as well as Johnson County. The station is owned by iHeartMedia and licensed to iHM Licenses, LLC. It airs a sports radio format, with some news and talk shows. Most programming comes from Fox Sports Radio.

KXIC operates on 800 kHz, a Mexican clear channel frequency reserved for XEROK in Ciudad Juárez. As a result, it reduces power at night from 1,000 watts to 199; prior to 1986, it broadcast during the daytime only. It uses a directional antenna for both daytime and nighttime operation.

History
The Johnson County Broadcasting Corporation received a construction permit for a new daytime-only radio station in Iowa City from the Federal Communications Commission on December 15, 1947. The permittee was formed by four war veterans, two with prior involvement at WSUI and two employed other stations in the region and sought to bring the first commercial station to Iowa City (WSUI is owned by the University of Iowa). KXIC began broadcasting on June 6, 1948, as an independent outlet. The station was the originating outlet for radio broadcasts of Iowa Hawkeyes football, feeding a statewide network for decades; Gene Claussen called games until the 1980s, when the Hawkeyes consolidated their network under one broadcast originating at WHO. George M. Ludwig, a state representative and father of space scientist George H. Ludwig, served as KXIC's farm editor for 11 years before his death in 1959. While he was in college at the University of Iowa, future NBC newsman Tom Pettit worked at KXIC.

In the 1960s, Interstate 80 was constructed in Iowa. For several years, KXIC protested the condemnation of part of its transmitter site land for use to build the new highway, as the 8.47 acres of land seized was crucial to the station's future plans to increase power from 1,000 to 5,000 watts. The radio station had initially been awarded $13,200 by a commission seizing land for the interstate, but it appealed the award, asking for $75,000 and later $100,000. The case reached the Iowa Supreme Court before it was returned to Johnson County district court, where a jury awarded the station $53,250; the higher court overturned the award because it included inadmissible evidence about a power increase it felt was infeasible. After the interstate was built, studies were conducted to ensure that lighting on the nearby interchange with Dubuque Street did not interfere with KXIC's operation.

With the door shut on an increase to 5,000 watts, KXIC opted to expand into FM broadcasting. In May 1966, KXIC-FM 100.7 signed on. In addition to a new FM station, KXIC constructed expanded studios at the transmitter site.

After more than three decades of broadcasting, the Johnson County Broadcasting Company sold KXIC and the FM station, at that time known as KICG, to Tom Ingstad's Red River Valley Broadcasting Corporation in 1979 for $975,000. In the early 1980s, the station jettisoned its longtime full-service middle of the road format to take on country music sound; KXIC then adopted the syndicated Music of Your Life oldies/adult standards format in 1984. Two years later, in September 1986, KXIC was allowed to broadcast at night for the first time, picking up NBC Talknet programs. Several months later, KXIC flipped to classic hits.

Ingstad reached a deal to sell KXIC and KKRQ to Heartland Media, a group headed by Ron Hamilton, in 1987 for $2.3 million. The transaction, however, never closed, and it was not until 1997 that Ingstad would sell the pair to Jacor for $8 million, with KXIC having moved to a news/talk format. Through all of the changes in KXIC history, one fixture remained constant: a daily 15-minute show hosted by Dottie Ray, who had been at the station since 1956 and began the daily show in 1959, hosting the show for 55 years until 2014 and interviewing 32,397 guests on more than 14,000 broadcasts. Her show had survived the Ingstad purchase when advertisers pulled their support upon the announcement of the program's cancellation, prompting its restoration.

References

External links
KXIC official website

XIC
Sports radio stations in the United States
Iowa City, Iowa
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Iowa
IHeartMedia radio stations
Fox Sports Radio stations

KXIC


This is the chronological list of horror films produced in Malayalam cinema.

Bhargavi Nilayam, released in December 1964, is considered as the first true horror film in the language. The film was scripted by writer Vaikom Muhammed Basheer based on his own short story "Neelavelicham". It was produced by T. K. Pareekutty under the banner Chandrathara Films. The film, which is now considered as a classic in Malayalam cinema, celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2014.

Films

See also
List of Malayalam films
List of horror films

References

Malayalam
Malayalam
Horror

List of Malayalam horror films


Mhonn'nneo

 Andlleanchim Gorvam Dev Rakhta, Bhaddea Boilak Dev Rakhnno
 Hanturnn Pollovn Paim Soddunk Zai Vo Patollche
 Aplea Dolleant Vanso Astanam, Dusreachea Dolleantlem Kiskutt Kaddchem Nhoi
 Aplem Rogot Kallkhant Vollkhota
 Avoi Pollovn Dhuv Vhor, Dudh Pollovn Mox Vhor
 Bailele Chakri Kelear, Bakri Melltta
 Char Dis Mainche, Char Dis Suneche
 Jea konnem Goa pollelam, tannem Lisboa pollonvchi goroz nam. (He who has seen Goa need not see Lisbon.)
 Goenkarank udarponn fokot ek utor nhoi – ti amchi ek parompora. (Hospitality is not just a word for Goans – it's a tradition.)
 Goa tum Roma Udentichem. (Goa, you are the Rome of the East.)
 Dantui hoje ani vontthui mhoje. (To avoid hurting someone close. Literally: the teeth are mine, and so are the lips)
 Zache zovta, tekach kovta. (Only the injured knows what's pain.)
 Dusro nachta mhunn apunn nachem nhoi. (Do what's within your limits. Literally: because someone else dances, we not follow suit)
 Melele moxik bara xer dudh; jivi astanam ekui nam. (Nobody utters a word of praise when alive, but one is showered with praises when dead. Literally: a dead buffalo is believed to have given 12 seers of milk. When alive, it was not even one.)
 Sanjek nasleleak mijeas chodd. (The poor boasts more.)
 Hanv hansta desak ani des hansta mojea bhesak. (To point out others' mistakes while one is at fault.)
 Khatolo zalear chonno, bolsant nam anno. (To be completely bankrupt. Literally: even if I want to eat gram, there's not a coin in the pocket.)
 Nakak dhorlear tondd ugtem zata. (If the nose is forced shut, the mouth opens. -- Old Konkani saying.)
 Moddlelea khursac resped na. (No one respects a broken cross.)
 Kam zalem, voiz melo. (When your work is done, don't forget the one who helped. Literally: once the work is done, the doctor is treated as if dead.)
 Fudlem zoth voitam toxem fatlem. (The oxen behind follow in the footsteps of those in front.)
 Baim suktoch, udcacho valor collta. (When the well dries up, one realizes the value of water)
 Tunven jitle xit khelem, titlem hanven mit khelem.(I have consumed more salt than you have consumed rice or I am much more experienced than you are)
 Gharant nam tin tandul saanna ukdunk dhanvta randul.
 Xita adi mit giloo naka (Don't try to eat salt before you eat the rice. Meaning, don't place the cart before the horse.)
 Hanthrun polloun paim Dodd.
 Danth astana chonne nam, chonne astana danth nam (A pithy saying involving teeth & horsegram-Chonne-, to indicate the lack of the complementary item at different stages in life. Literally: you have teeth and no gram, when you have gram you have no teeth)
 Thigle/ Thugle haath kitle hoard uhse (Hers/ His hands are large—meaning she/ he is very generous)
 Chorak dubau channeacho (The thief suspects the moon.)
 Disak poloyllya baint rati podanaka (Don't fall at night into the very well you saw in the day.)
 Omtya Kollsear Udok (Irrespective of what you say to the person, he will do whatever he wants.)

Baileo 'links'
 Mum's Konkani Proverb collection, (late) Alfredo de Melo
 *Amchigele Konkani: Proverbs, Metaphors, Idioms and Euphemisms
 Konkani Language Weblog
 Konkani proverbs, Amey Hegde
 Konkani proverbs
 Wise Konkani Sayings, Pio Esteves

Konknni
Mhonn'nneo
Romi panam

Konkani sayings


William Henry Scott (born Henry King Ahrens; July 10, 1921 – October 4, 1993) was a historian of the Cordillera Central and pre-Hispanic Philippines.

His family, of Dutch-Lutheran descent, soon returned to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where Scott spent his boyhood. In 1936, Scott won a three-year scholarship to the Episcopalian-affiliated Cranbrook School in Michigan, United States, where he excelled academically and became interested in pursuing a career as an archeologist. In 1939, after graduating, he changed his name to William Henry Scott. In 1942, Scott joined the US Navy, serving throughout World War II until 1946.

Professional career
In 1946, Scott joined the Episcopal Church mission in China. He taught and studied in Shanghai, Yangchow, and Beijing until 1949. With the general expulsion of foreigners from China in 1949, he followed some of his teachers to Yale University where he enrolled, graduating in 1951 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chinese language and literature. Immediately upon graduation he was recalled to active duty and served in the navy for eighteen months during the Korean War.

In 1953, he was appointed lay missionary in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

As the Episcopal Church became well established in the Cordillera mountain region of Northern Luzon during the US colonial period, it was here that Scott settled. He spent much of the remainder of his life in the Kankanaey town of Sagada, Mountain Province.

Although some of his most influential academic works — "Prehispanic Source Materials" and "Discovery of the Igorots" — are of particular interest to anthropologists, he personally rejected the description anthropologist as applying to himself.

Known to his friends as "Scotty", he became a focus for pilgrimage by numerous foreign and Filipino academics, entertaining them in his book-lined study while he puffed away on his trademark cigar.

The Igorot people came to think of Scott as one of their own, even eventually referring to him as "Lakay" (elder).

Detention during martial law

Soon after Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972, Scott was arrested as a subversive and placed in military detention.

Because several of the boys Scott had taught and sponsored in the years he had lived in Sagada had joined the anti-Marcos opposition, Scott was accused of being a communist sympathizer. The government forces who had broken into his house and arrested him had also found copies of Mao's writings in his bookshelf, and cited this as "evidence" of his communist leanings. Colleague Stuart Schlagel recounts Scott's response:

"For heaven's sake, I teach Asian history, and anyone who does that must be familiar with Mao's work! It doesn't mean I have abandoned Christianity and democratic politics; it just means I am a historian practicing his trade."

Scott saw his time in Marcos' prison as a validation of his Filipino nationalist beliefs. Schlagel recounts Scott saying that he "considered the time in jail behind bars to be one of the best of his life, because he was able to have long in-depth conversations with all the most prominent anti-Marcos activists." He shared a cell with fellow historian Zeus Salazar, with whom he had many disagreements and arguments. Another notable fellow prisoner was a young Butch Dalisay, who is said to have put caricature versions of both Scott and Salazar in his book "Killing Time in a Warm Place."

As an American citizen Scott could have easily left the Philippines, but he declined, and so faced deportation proceedings. Marcos' outward commitment to legal formalities resulted in Scott being put on trial for subversion. In court, "resoundingly supported and defended by friends, students, and colleagues, and by Scott's own brilliant testimony", he was exonerated with the court dismissing the charges in 1973.

Scott was given "a memorable and triumphant welcome back in Sagada" following his acquittal. He continued to be critical of the Marcos regime. The high level of esteem in which he was held protected him from further prosecution, although his situation remained precarious until the lifting of martial law.

One particular article written by Scott, titled "The Igorot Defense of Northern Luzon" first published in May 1970, was often tagged by the dictatorship's military forces as "subversive," although it was actually about incidents which took place from 1576 to 1896, the Spanish colonial era. It was even cited as "subversive material" during the trial of Father Jeremias Aquino. Of this common error by the military, Scott remarked: "Since nobody who ever read the article could find it subversive, one doesn't know whether to laugh or cry."

He criticized US colonial rule and continuing US involvement in Philippine politics after independence, especially US support for Marcos. In this he pursued a similar line to the Filipino nationalist historian Renato Constantino.

Writer and lecturer

Scott observed the Igorot people of the Cordillera region had preserved elements of pre-colonial culture to a greater degree, and over a wider area, than could be found elsewhere in the Philippines. He saw the resistance of Igorots to attempts by the Marcos government to develop projects in the region as a model for resistance elsewhere in the country. He did not support the view that the Igorots are intrinsically different from other Filipinos, or the view that the Cordillera should become an ethnic preserve.

Scott was scathing of views that divide Filipinos into ethnic groups, describing Henry Otley Beyer's wave migration theory as representing settlement by "wave after better wave" until the last wave which was "so advanced that it could appreciate the benefits of submitting to American rule". Views like these resonated with the progressive nationalist opposition to Marcos.

Scott held a bachelor's degree from Yale University, a master's degree from Columbia University, and a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Santo Tomas in 1968. Scott's dissertation was published that year by the University of Santo Tomas Press as Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. A revised and expanded second edition was published in 1984. He debunked the Kalantiaw legend in this book. Datu Kalantiaw was the main character in a historical fabrication written by Jose E. Marco in 1913. Through a series of failures by scholars to critically assess Marco's representation, the invented legend was adopted as actual history. As a result of Scott's work, Kalantiaw is no longer a part of the standard history texts in the Philippines.

Scott's first well known academic work is The Discovery of the Igorots. This is a history of the Cordillera mountain region over several centuries of Spanish contact, constructed from contemporary Spanish sources. Scott argues that the difficulties the Spaniards encountered extending their rule in the face of local resistance resulted in the inhabitants of the region being classified as a 'savage' race separate to the more tractable lowland Filipinos. Scott adopted a similar approach in Cracks in the Parchment Curtain in which he tries to glean a picture of pre-colonial Philippine society from early Spanish sources. This project was criticized by the Asianist Benedict Anderson who argued that it yielded a vision of Philippine society filtered through "late medieval" Spanish understanding. Scott was aware of this limitation, but argued Spanish records provided glimpses of Filipino society and native reaction to colonial dominion, often incidental to the intention of the Spanish chronicler, which were the cracks in the Spanish parchment curtain.

One of Scott's last full scale books was Ilocano Responses to American Aggression. The foreword was written by Jose Maria Sison, the head of the Communist Party of the Philippines. The People Power Revolution, which coincided with the publication of the book, obscured the fact that the foreword had been written while Sison was in jail.

Harold Conklin's Biographical Note and Bibliography lists 243 extant written works by Scott from 1945 until those posthumously published in 1994.

Death
Scott died unexpectedly on 4 October 1993, aged 72, at the St Luke's Hospital in Quezon City, following what was considered to have been a routine gall bladder operation. He was buried in the cemetery of Saint Mary the Virgin in Sagada on 10 October.

Legacy
In 1994, the Ateneo de Manila University posthumously gave Scott the Tanglaw ng Lahi Award for a lifetime "spent in teaching not only in the classroom, but also the outside world by means of the broad reaches of his contacts and communication, and most of all through his hundreds of published scholarly articles and inspirationals which continue to disseminate and teach honest Philippine history to succeeding generations of Filipinos."

On December 8, 2021, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines unveiled a historical marker commemorating Scott at Saint Mary's School in Sagada.

See also
 Datu
 Sagada
 Jeremias Aquino
 Renato Constantino
 Zeus Salazar

Works

Scott's more well known works include

Festschrift in honor of William Henry Scott

Select Collected Works

Works as editor

References

Biography and bibliography

1921 births
1993 deaths
American Lutherans
American Protestants
Writers from Detroit
American people of Dutch descent
American expatriates in the Philippines
Yale College alumni
20th-century American historians
Naturalized citizens of the Philippines
American male non-fiction writers
Historians of the Philippines
People from Mountain Province
20th-century American Episcopalians
20th-century Lutherans
Historians from Michigan
20th-century American male writers
Marcos martial law victims
Marcos martial law prisoners jailed at Ipil Detention Center

William Henry Scott (historian)


Gary Samuel Cuozzo (born April 26, 1941) is a former professional American football player.

High school career
Cuozzo played high school football at Glen Ridge High School in Glen Ridge, New Jersey.

Football career
An undrafted quarterback from the University of Virginia, Cuozzo played in 10 NFL seasons from 1963 to 1972.  He began his NFL career on the Baltimore Colts as a backup to Johnny Unitas. When Unitas was injured in 1965, Cuozzo replaced him and in his first start set a new NFL record for most touchdown passes in one game. After he was sidelined by injury as well coach Don Shula resorted to using running back Tom Matte as quarterback.

On March 6, 1967, the Colts traded Cuozzo to the expansion New Orleans Saints, as part of a deal that also sent offensive lineman Butch Allison to the Saints in exchange for a 1967 first round draft pick (#1-Bubba Smith), a 1967 third round pick (#54-Norman Davis), a 1969 seventh round pick (#163-Gary Fleming) and center Bill Curry. He became the first starting quarterback in the franchise's history. However, the trade was disastrous for New Orleans, which gave away the first overall pick in the 1967 NFL draft to the Colts, who used it to select Michigan State All-American Bubba Smith, who became an All-Pro and was Baltimore's starting left defensive end in Super Bowl III and V.

After losing the Saints' starting job later in 1967 to Billy Kilmer, Cuozzo was traded to the Minnesota Vikings in January 1968. He became the Vikings' starting quarterback in 1970 when Joe Kapp, the team's Most Valuable Player in 1969, held out and was traded to the Boston Patriots. Cuozzo was named NFC Player of the Week for leading the Vikings to a 27–10 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in a rematch of Super Bowl IV in the season opener.

The 1970 Vikings posted the NFL's best regular season record at 12–2, but lost in an NFC Divisional playoff game to the San Francisco 49ers at home. In 1971, Cuozzo could not hold on to his starting job, sharing duties with Norm Snead and Bob Lee. The Vikings went 11–3 in the regular season and lost in the divisional playoffs at home to the eventual Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys. Prior to  the 1972 season, the Vikings reacquired Fran Tarkenton from the New York Giants, with Snead and the Vikings' leading receiver from 1971, Bob Grim, going to the Big Apple. Tarkenton played his first six seasons (1961–66) in Minnesota, coinciding with the Vikings' first six seasons in the NFL.

Cuozzo was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in the deal which sent fleet wide receiver John Gilliam to the Vikings. Cardinals coach Bob Hollway was familiar with Cuozzo, having served as Minnesota's defensive coordinator under Bud Grant prior to leaving for St. Louis in 1971.  Cuozzo was part of a chaotic four-quarterback rotation with Jim Hart, Pete Beathard, and Tim Van Galder in 1972, but when Don Coryell took over as Cardinals coach in 1973, he named Hart the undisputed starter, and he would hold the job into the 1980s.

After football
Following his retirement in 1973, Cuozzo moved to Middletown Township, New Jersey, to start an orthodontics practice.

In 1990, his oldest son Gary Jr., a/k/a Chip, was murdered in Miami during a drug deal, and Cuozzo gave talks to teens about avoiding drugs.  He served as national chairman of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes from 1995 to 1998.

References

External links
 Klingaman, Mike. "Catching Up With...former Colt Gary Cuozzo," The Baltimore Sun, Tuesday, September 29, 2009.

1941 births
Living people
Baltimore Colts players
Minnesota Vikings players
American football quarterbacks
Glen Ridge High School alumni
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Glen Ridge, New Jersey
People from Middletown Township, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Montclair, New Jersey
Players of American football from Essex County, New Jersey
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
University of Virginia alumni
Virginia Cavaliers football players

Gary Cuozzo


"The Bread" ("Das Brot") is a short story by Wolfgang Borchert. The story takes places in 1945 post-war Germany where food was in short supply.

Background
Borchert wrote the story in 1946. The story was published for the first time in 1947 in a literature magazine called Das Karussell.

Plot
Shortly after World War II in Germany, an older woman wakes up in the dark of the night and catches her husband who is eating an extra slice of their rationed bread. They don't talk about what happened and a perplexed conversation takes place. They end up with the fact that there was nothing and they both woke up because of the wind outside and the sound of the rain gutter. They go back to bed. While they are trying to sleep, she hears her husband secretly eating more bread. The next evening she prepares dinner and gives him an extra slice of her ration of bread under the pretext that in the evening she can't take the bread all that well. They avoid eye contact, after a while she sits down at the table.

Interpretation
The story describes an everyday situation in post-war Germany. The detailed presentation of the events is in the tradition of the naturalism. The fact that the protagonists are not presented by name and the place is not named either, shows that the author's aim was to make the story relevant for different times and places. Heinrich Böll wrote that in the story "the entire misery and the entire greatness of a human being is incorporated".

Motifs

Different motifs are being used in the story. Kitchen, plate, bread, and racism are in close connection. The kitchen stands for a common living environment and the concealment which is connected with it. As well as the plate, "to eat from the same plate" is a common metaphor for living together. In the story, the life is being threatened by the knife which the husband is using to illegitimately cut himself a slice of rationed bread. By doing this, he puts the bond with his wife at danger. The bread which could be seen as a symbol for the self-preservative drive of the husband, is also a trigger for the conflict. Another motif is the contrast between light and dark. This contrast has the function to connect the foreground and background of the story. The wife wakes up in the dark of the night and realizes that she is alone. It is 2.30 a.m., the darkest hour of the night. Borchert used the same point of time in another story ("Die Küchenuhr"). The cold and the "outside" is associated with the darkness, a potential dangerous environment. This is symbolized by the wind outside which serves as an excuse for the husband's behaviour. The cold stands as symbol for fear and mistrust. The window which he looks through to hide his uncertainty is a link between the outside and the inside. This moment could be seen as a turning point in the story. After that, they go back to bed and share a place of commonality and safety, even though the incident needs to be "covered". The light, a metaphor for truth, is not bearable for both of them, especially in the kitchen. It reveals the husband's lie, at the same time it turns the situation for the better, when the wife sits down at the table under the lamp.

Use at school
The short story started being thematized in German schools in the 1950s because it realistically shows the social truth of the post-war era and also could be seen as a symbolization of timeless values.

Film adaptations
In 2008, the short story was adapted for a film titled The Bread by Yasin Demirel, a German-Turkish director. The film had its world premier in 2009 at the Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films. It is based on the original script by Wolfgang Borchert, however the entire film was shot in English. Margarita Broich and Michael Sideris are in the leading roles.
The Bread was produced by Palatino Film.

Literature
Horst Brustmeier: Der Durchbruch der Kurzgeschichte in Deutschland. Dissertation, Marburg 1966. S. 158-163
Hans-Udo Dück in: Interpretationen zu Wolfgang Borchert. 9. Auflage. Oldenbourg, München 1976. . S. 88-97
Hans-Gerd Winter in: Werner Bellmann (Hrsg.): Klassische deutsche Kurzgeschichten. Interpretationen. Reclam, Stuttgart 2004. S. 23-27

References

1946 short stories
German short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Trümmerliteratur
Works originally published in German magazines
Works originally published in literary magazines

The Bread


Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc. was a case in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California regarding the copyrightability of digitized typefaces (computer fonts). The case is notable since typeface designs in general are not protected under United States copyright law, as determined in Eltra Corp. v. Ringer. Since that case, the United States Copyright Office has published policy decisions acknowledging the registration of computer programs that generate typefaces. In this case, the court held that Adobe's Utopia font was protectable under copyright and Southern Software, Inc.'s Veracity font was substantially similar and infringing.

Background

Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
In 1979, The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held in Eltra Corp. v. Ringer that typefaces are industrial designs which cannot exist independently as works of art.

1988: Policy Decision On Copyrightability Of Digitized Typefaces
In 1988, the U.S. Copyright Office published a policy decision specifically addressing attempts to register fonts. The Copyright Office stated that the representation of a glyph as pixels was not protectable expression, since the raw source typeface design was not protectable, and no original authorship occurred in the conversion process.

The policy decision described the digitization of typefaces as bitmap images, which was the leading format for fonts at the time. A limitation of this format is that different sizes of the font must have different bitmap representations.

1992: Registrability Of Computer Programs That Generate Typefaces
Having received applications to register copyrights for computer programs that generated typefaces using "typeface in digitized form", the Copyright Office revisited the 1988 Policy Decision in 1992. The Office was concerned that the claims indicated a significant technological advance since the previous policy decision. One advance was scalable font representations (Bézier curves). This format can output a font at any resolution, and stores its data as control points rather than pixels. The Office acknowledged that these fonts might involve original computer instructions to generate typefaces, and thus be protectable as computer programs, but ended saying that "The scope of the copyright will be, as in the past, a matter for the courts to determine."

Case background
Adobe filed suit against Southern Software in multiple complaints between 1995 and 1997. Adobe's allegations were:
 Copyright infringement related to SSI's Key Fonts Pro products 1555 ('Veracity'), 2002 and 2003
 Copyright infringement on intermediate copying
 Patent infringement on Adobe's design patents

Adobe's fonts under dispute were created from previously digitized font files in bitmap form. Such bitmap images are not protectable under copyright, as addressed by the 1988 Policy Decision. These were imported into a program where an Adobe editor dragged control points to best match the outline of the bitmap image. When finished, these control points were translated into computer instructions to create the final font file.

Paul King, the sole employee of Southern Software, Inc. altered Adobe's Utopia font using the commercially available tools FontMonger and Fontographer. He produced three new fonts which differed trivially from the original font. These font editing programs extracted the control points from Adobe's font files and made them available for manipulation and saving to a new font file. He had scaled the coordinates of the fonts by 101% on the vertical axis in order to slightly change the fonts.  Adobe also alleged that King modified the font-editing tools in order to remove Adobe's copyright notices. In total, King was accused of infringing Adobe's copyrights on more than 1100 fonts.

Claims
The central issue of the case was whether or not Adobe's font program was protectable under copyright. That the output of the computer program is not protectable does not affect whether the program itself is protectable.

Application of Policy Decisions and Regulations
King contended that the Regulation of 1992 was only a clarification of 1988's Policy Decision. The regulation stated that it "does not represent a substantive change in the rights of copyright claimants." Adobe contended that the 1992 Regulation's consideration of programs that generate typefaces covered its fonts.

Substantial similarity
King argued that after application of the Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test to Adobe's font, there could not be any remaining protectable expression, since both the input to and output of the program was unprotectable. Adobe argued that each rendering of a character by the program was the result of an editor's choices, and thus were a result of original authorship.

Functional concerns
King contended that the selection of control points in glyph outlines was determined by efficiency, namely, the minimization of control points. Adobe contended that the outlines only determined some of the control points, and that there was creativity involved in picking the rest. One glyph may be expressed identically in a variety of ways with different numbers of control points.

Protection under patent
Typeface designs may be protectable by a design patent under United States patent law. The requirements are more strict than those for copyright. Term of protection is 14 years from filing date. SSI claimed that the six design patents Adobe held related to its fonts were invalid since they did not disclose any article of manufacture. They also claimed that the designs lacked the required novelty and nonobviousness to be valid. Adobe's response was that the computer program was a sufficient article of manufacture. A previous case, before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, had held that novel and non-obvious typefaces designs could be subject to a design patent.  Adobe used the deposition of the font's designer to attempt to show that the font was novel and non-obvious.

Analysis and holdings
The court held that Adobe's Utopia font was protectable expression, and that King infringed upon Adobe's copyright. Essentially, the court determined that the choice of control points by the type designer was a work of original authorship. The facts that the court used to reach this conclusion were that:
 Creativity was involved in the selection of control points, since two independent type designers could begin with the same images and produce indistinguishable output, yet with few control points in common.
 King's modifications to Adobe's fonts were mechanical and did not eliminate copyright infringement. Since the font editing programs extracted control points from Adobe's fonts, use of those programs constituted copying of literal expression. Thus, King also infringed on Adobe's copyright through intermediate copying into RAM.

However, the court declined to support Adobe's patent claims, stating that both the novelty and non-obviousness of Adobe's fonts was a "genuine issue of material fact."

See also
 Intellectual property protection of typefaces

References

Further reading
 Legal Battles that Shaped the Computer Industry, Lawrence D Graham pg. 44  Quorum Books (August 30, 1999)
 Typeface Designers Wrestle With the World of Pixels

Adobe Inc.
United States copyright case law
Typography
1998 in United States case law


José Antonio Pérez Sanchéz (20 December 1947 – 8 July 2020) was a Mexican Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Mexico City. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1976. He was coadjutor bishop of the Territorial Prelature of Jesús María del Nayar from 1992 to 1994 and as bishop of the territorial prelature from 1994 to 2010.

Pérez Sánchez died on 8 July 2020 in Mexico City, aged 72.

References

1947 births
2020 deaths
Mexican Roman Catholic bishops
People from Mexico City

José Antonio Pérez Sánchez


The Association of Cricket Umpires and Scorers (commonly abbreviated as the ACU&S) was established in 1953 by the umpire Tom Smith as the Association of Cricket Umpires (the scorers were included in the title several years later), in order to provide training and advice to cricket officials. It had a membership exceeding 8,000 in countries all over the world before it was merged with the ECB Officials Association on 1 January 2008.

The ACU&S also had the duty of assigning qualified umpires and scorers to cricket matches around the world. It was funded by membership fees, sponsorship, advertising in its quarterly newsletter How's That, and the profits from selling official umpire and scorer accessories and clothing.

Merger
In December 2007, the membership of the ACU&S voted (67% for, 33% against on a low turnout) to merge with the ECB Officials Association [ECB OA]. This ended a period of uncertainty during which various claims were made both about the Association's financial stability and its internal governance. This new organisation eventually became the ECB Association of Cricket Officials. The move was criticised by some who viewed it a cynical move by the ECB as a means to secure additional funding by Sport England as well as by overseas members who believed that an organisation under the auspices of the ECB would not have the same interest in them as the ACU&S, which had supported members across the world. Supporters of the merger argued that integration with the ECB would raise the profile of umpiring and scoring, provide much needed funds, improve training and put an end to the multitude of official bodies that had begun after alleged irregularities in administration had come to light.  This aspiration to improve training must sound rather hollow now ECB no longer examines candidates for knowledge of the Laws of Cricket. 5 Gloucestershire Association of Cricket Umpires and Scorers minutes 18 November 2017.

Association textbook
The textbook, Cricket Umpiring and Scoring, was first published in 1957 under the authorship of Colonel Rowan Rait Kerr. Later editions were edited by Tom Smith, MBE. Later revisions were undertaken by Sheila Hill, MBE, and Robbie Robins in about 1992, when the name was changed to Tom Smith's Cricket Umpiring and Scoring at the suggestion of Colin Pearson as a permanent honour to the founder. The changes to the Laws of cricket in 2000 required a substantial re-write and this was undertaken by Colin Edwards, Graeme Lowrie (NZ), and Graham Cooper. The new edition was published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in 2004.

Shortly before merging to form the ECB ACO, the copyright to the textbook was transferred by the ACU&S to Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), who continue to update it; Weidenfeld & Nicolson also continue to publish it.

See also

Association of Cricket Officials

References

Cricket umpiring
Scoring (cricket)
Cricket umpiring associations
1953 establishments in the United Kingdom
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English cricket in the 20th century


József Éles (born 16 February 1969 in Budapest) is a former Hungarian international handball player and handball coach.

Playing career

Club

Early career and Veszprém success
Éles started his career in Budapest Spartacus SC in the Hungarian second division. He moved to first division side Pemű-Honvéd in 1989 and led the team of the little town of Solymár to a podium place in 1991. His performances attracted the attention of domestic powerhouse KC Veszprém, which ran under the name Bramac SE at the time, and Éles was signed by the Bakony-side team in the summer of 1991.

He spent thirteen years in Veszprém and won an impressive ten Hungarian Championship and as many Hungarian Cup titles. During his spell at the club, Veszprém transformed to an acclaimed and feared opponent on continental level as well: they lifted the EHF Cup Winners' Cup trophy in 1992, after beating TSV Milbertshofen in the finals. They were only one step away to repeat their success in the next season, however, this time they fell short against OM Vitrolles.

Car crash
On 1 July 2000, in the early hours Éles crashed his car into a ditch near Kiskunmajsa. The handballer was taken to the hospital of Kiskunhalas in a serious but not life-threatening condition. He was diagnosed with brain concussion, a broken collarbone and torn knee ligaments. He went through several operations and it was initially doubtful whether he would be able to play professional handball again. He left the hospital on July 18, and began a long rehabilitation process in Veszprém. He fully recovered from his injury and returned to the field on a pre-season friendly tournament in Germany on 29 August 2001.

Playing abroad and first coaching steps
Éles won back his old form, and led his team into the EHF Champions League finals in 2002, where they faced SC Magdeburg. After winning the first leg on a two goals difference, the German team showed their class and turned the things around with a 30–25 victory on home soil.

In early 2003 there were rumors about the possible departure of Éles as he was linked with many clubs including THW Kiel, HSG Nordhorn and TV Grosswallstadt. He finally signed a two-year contract with AO Filippos Verias, where he joined former legends Aleksandr Tuchkin and Vyacheslav Atavin. Yet in the summer of 2003 there was organized a farewell match for Éles between his old and new club. The left back has worn his legendary number 6 shirt the very last time, that was eventually retired after the game.

In December 2004, GC Amiticia Zürich made a special offer to sign Éles as a player and coach. His existing contract was terminated by mutual agreement, went into immediate effect, and Éles joined the Swiss club in January. Under his guidance the team performed excellent, and finished second at the end of the season. However, after a rich businessman, Arnold Schuler took over the club and merged it with Grasshoppers, the things have changed quickly. Schuler had his plan and Éles was released to make space for his own players and staff. Not much later he was approached by TV Endingen, the team that finished just behind Amiticia in the second division campaign that year. Éles accepted a one-year deal and since then he concentrates fully on his coaching career.

International
He made his international debut on 24 November 1989 against Bulgaria. His first major tournament was the 1992 Summer Olympics, where the Hungarian team placed seventh. One year later he participated on the 1993 World Championship in Sweden, where despite Hungary finished on a disappointing eleventh place, Éles topped the scoring charts with 41 goals. On the 1997 World Championship he was in inspired form once again and finished second on the top scorers' list with 59 goals, only three short to Yoon Kyung-shin. He was present on further two World Championships in 1995 and 1999, and also played on the 1994 European Championship.

Coaching career
Éles functioned first as a player-coach during his late years by GC Amiticia Zürich before turned into a full-time trainer in 2006. After his contract was terminated by the new owner of Amiticia, he signed a one-year deal with TV Endingen in May 2007. However, he left the club for relegation struggling CSU Politehnica Timişoara as early as March 2008 with only five matches left from the ongoing Romanian championship. His mission to keep the purple-whites in the top division failed on the field, but due to the expansion of the league his team maintained their Liga Națională membership.

Éles revealed his wish to train a Hungarian team earlier, and although Poli became a mid-table team with a strengthened squad in the following season, when in October 2008 he was offered a contract by Gyöngyösi FKK, he did not hesitate too long and joined the Nemzeti Bajnokság I outfit. He achieved his first success as coach with Gyöngyös, when took the Hungarian Cup bronze medal after beating Ferencvárosi TC. Since finalists SC Pick Szeged and MKB Veszprém already secured their place in the Champions League, with this bronze medal Gyöngyös also earned a spot in the Cup Winners' Cup for next year. However, despite the good results in the cup, the club get relegated from the Hungarian championship at the end of the season and Éles was sacked.

The last team he managed up to date is the women's handball club Kiskunhalas NKSE. He took the hot seat in October 2009, when the club was at the very bottom of the table without a single point. Éles could not make miracle and Kiskunhalas finished second from behind at the end of the season. As a result, his contract was not extended, but as he stated it was a very useful experience for him. He never worked with women before and he was pleasantly surprised. He felt they work more diligent and more humble than men, and also added that if he had to choose at the moment, he would rather train women in the future.

On 15 February 2011 Éles was appointed as the head coach of the Dominican Republic women's national team and was set the goal to reach a podium place on the forthcoming Pan American Games and thus qualify for the 2011 World Championship. In order to fulfil this plan, the team will train in Hungary for two months, starting from early April and will play friendly matches against Hungarian club teams.

Personal
He has two sons, Benedek and Zsombor. They train in the Éles Kézisuli, a handball academy that was founded by Éles and wears his name.

Achievements

As player
Nemzeti Bajnokság I:
Winner: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003
Silver Medallist: 1996, 2000
Bronze Medallist: 1991
Magyar Kupa:
Winner: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003
EHF Champions League:
Finalist: 2002
EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
Winner: 1992
Finalist: 1993

As coach
Magyar Kupa – men:
Bronze Medallist: 2009

Individual awards
 Hungarian Handballer of the Year: 1992, 1993, 1997
 World Championship Top Scorer: 1993
 Nemzeti Bajnokság I Top Scorer: 1998

References

External links
 Éles Kézisuli Official Website

1969 births
Living people
Handball players from Budapest
Hungarian male handball players
Hungarian handball coaches
Olympic handball players for Hungary
Handball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Expatriate handball players
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland

József Éles


The Newcomers was a late 1960s BBC soap opera which dealt with the subject of a London family, the Coopers, who moved to a housing estate in the fictional country town of Angleton. It was broadcast in bi-weekly half-hour episodes from October 1965 until November 1969. It was initially produced by Verity Lambert.

Series outline
A fictional light industrial manufacturing company called Eden Brothers decides to relocate to the rural location. There are conflicts with the older members of the existing community, as well as some lighter moments as urbanites encounter "country characters".  Many of the relocated workers have trouble living outside the city. As the series progresses, problems on the factory floor spill over into the community. Throughout this the Coopers strive to raise their daughter and two sons, who are having their own issues. The Cooper and Harker families were the initial focus of the series.  The on-screen sudden death of the character of Ellis Cooper led to a gradual shift away from the Coopers, who by the end of the serial barely featured.

A change of the managing director of Eden Bros to Andrew Kerr heralded the arrival of his daughter Kirsty, played by Jenny Agutter, but only during her school holidays.

Only five complete editions are known to have survived:

 Episode 51 – Original transmission 29 March 1966.
 Episode 59 – Original transmission 26 April 1966.
 Episode 166 - Original transmission 5 May 1967.
 Episode 172 – Original transmission 26 May 1967.
 Episode 222 – Original transmission 7 December 1967.

Cast

 Alan Browning as Ellis Cooper
 Maggie Fitzgibbon as Vivienne Cooper
 Jeremy Bulloch as Phillip Cooper
 Judy Geeson as Maria Cooper
 Raymond Hunt as Lance Cooper
 Gladys Henson as Grandma Hamilton
 Robert Brown as Bert Harker
 June Bland as Vera Harker
 David Janson as Jimmy Harker
 Wendy Richard as Joyce Harker
 Robin Bailey as Andrew Kerr
 Heather Chasen as Caroline Kerr
 Jenny Agutter as Kirsty Kerr
 Jack Watling as Hugh Robertson
 Mary Kenton as Olivia Robertson
 Deborah Watling as Julie Robertson
 Paul Bartlett as Adrian Robertson
 Robert Bartlett as Michael Robertson
 Vanda Godsell as Katie Heenan
 Tony Steedman as Arthur Huntley
 Naomi Chance as Amelia Huntley
 Sally Lahee as Eunice Huntley
 Patrick Connor as Peter Connelly
 Michael Collins as Jeff Langley
 Sandra Payne as Janet Langley
 Joan Newell as Mrs Langley
 Glynn Edwards as George Harbottle
 Hilda Braid as Mrs Harbottle
 Stephen Grives as Tim Harbottle
 Margaret Nolan as Mercedes
 Michael Standing as Tom Lloyd
 Helen Cotterill as Betty Lloyd
 Keith Smith as Dick Alderbeach
 Naomi Chance as Amelia Claythorne
 Anthony Verner as Sydney Huxley
 Mark Eden as Jeremy Crowe
 Patsy Smart as Mary Grange
 Megs Jenkins as Mrs Penrose
 Eileen Helsby as Prudence Penrose
 Victor Platt as Charles Penrose

Production
The show was recorded principally in the BBC's West London studios, mainly Riverside 1, and also at BBC Birmingham Studios, with external scenes filmed in Haverhill, a town in South-west Suffolk, which itself expanded rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s through residents moving from London. The opening sequences of the first episode showed the Cooper family driving to their new home, this was actually Thaxted in Essex. The cast included several actors who later achieved wider fame, including Alan Browning (later seen in Coronation Street), Maggie Fitzgibbon, Judy Geeson, Jenny Agutter and Wendy Richard.  In two episodes the group Jimmy Powell and the Five Dimensions were featured and appeared at the pub. (They were billed as "the New Dimensions"). They performed their new Decca 45 'I Just Can't Get Over You'.

References

External links

The Newcomers at BFI Screenonline
The Newcomers at Lost Shows

British television soap operas
BBC television dramas
1960s British television soap operas
1965 British television series debuts
1969 British television series endings
Black-and-white British television shows
English-language television shows
Lost BBC episodes

The Newcomers (TV series)


SMOFcon is an annual convention that focuses on the organisation of science fiction conventions. The first SMOFcon took place in 1984, and most have taken place in the United States.

SMOFcon typically attracts 100-150 attendees, and usually occurs in the first weekend of December, though other dates have been known. The content includes formal and informal sessions covering insights from events held in the previous year, information about the latest trends from the community and external experts, reviews of previous events and feedback to bidders for upcoming events, with a focus on learnings that can be widely shared.

A significant number of SMOFcon attendees are also Worldcon organisers and the programme usually includes sessions about the most recent Worldcon and on bids for future Worldcons.

The name of the convention is derived from the word SMOF (also spelled smof), which is an acronym which stands for "Secret Master(s) Of Fandom" and is a term used within the science fiction fan community. Its coining is generally attributed to science fiction author Jack L. Chalker.

List of SMOFcons

References

External links
SMOFcon official website
The Conrunner's Wiki
OED Citations for SMOF

Science fiction conventions
Recurring events established in 1984

SMOFcon


Theater Baden-Baden  at Goetheplatz(Götheplatz in German) is the city theater of Baden-Baden in the Black Forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

At the instigation of Edouard Bénazet, a former casino director, the theater was modeled on the Paris Opera by Charles Couteau.

Especially for the opening in August 1862 Hector Berlioz composed the opera Béatrice et Bénédict after Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing. In 1869 Jacques Offenbach conducted the premiere of his operetta La princesse de Trébizonde.

Since 1918 the theater has had an ensemble of permanently employed actors. Opera and other works of the musical theater are also performed as part of guest performances and co-productions.
At the beginning of the 1990s the theater was completely renovated and equipped with modern technology.

The theater is one of the venues of the New Pop Festival. The premises, especially the foyer, can be rented for weddings and other events.

Theatres in Baden-Württemberg
Buildings and structures in Baden-Baden
1862 in Germany
Heritage sites in Baden-Württemberg

Theater Baden-Baden


Leander T. "Lee" Herron (1846 - 1937) was a Corporal in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for heroism near Fort Dodge, Kansas on September 2, 1868.

Biography

Early life
Leander Herron was born on December 29, 1846, in Fallsington, Pennsylvania.  He was the son of Dr. George and Mary (Merrick) Herron.

His father was a medical doctor in Philadelphia and practiced medicine before moving to Bucks County, Pennsylvania where he continued practicing his profession.  Herron was only two years old when his mother died and he was placed in the care of his aunt.  He attended the public schools of Fallsington until he moved to Hannahville, Canal Township, in Vanango County, Pennsylvania.

From 1858 to 1862 Leander worked on a packet boat on the canal between Erie and Pittsburgh.

Civil War service
When Fort Sumter was attacked at the beginning of the American Civil War, Herron wanted to join the Union Army, but was rejected because he was only 14 at the time.

On December 10, 1863, shortly before his 17th birthday, Herron enlisted in Company C, 83rd Pennsylvania Infantry in New Brighton, Pennsylvania.  When he enlisted, he was 5 feet 1 inch tall and weighed slightly more than 100 pounds.  He served with the 83rd Pennsylvania in the Siege of Petersburg and at Appomattox Court House.  He was mustered out with his regiment on June 28, 1865.

After the war he enlisted in Company A of the 3rd Infantry and was stationed at Fort Larned in Kansas.

Medal of Honor action
Herron left Fort Larned on the evening of September 1, 1868 to deliver mail to Fort Dodge - about 75 miles away.   En route, he passed a labor detail of four soldiers from Fort Dodge gathering wood for use at the fort.  The following day, Leander was supposed to make the return trip.  Corporal Patrick Boyle of the 7th Cavalry accompanied Herron.

After traveling about 12 miles, they heard gunfire. The labor detail Herron encountered the night before was being attacked by Indians.  With pistols drawn, Herron and Boyle rode directly through the attackers and reached the imperiled soldiers.   Herron took charge and the six men fought from behind a wagon confronting about fifty Indians.  Herron decided to send Boyle to Fort Dodge for re-enforcements.

The five remaining soldiers fought off repeated assaults through the night.  As the night passed, the supply of ammunition diminished and all the soldiers, other than Herron, were wounded.  Finally, Boyle and the reinforcements from Fort Dodge arrived. The attackers fled and the labor detail was saved.

He did not receive the Medal of Honor until 1919 – 51 years after his heroic actions.  He was the first Nebraskan to receive the Medal of Honor.

Later life
After being discharged from the Army in 1870, Herron settled in St. Paul, Nebraska.

In 1897 he claimed to be in a series of famous photographs taken on May 21, 1864, of General Ulysses S. Grant and his staff at Massaponax Church in Hanover County, Virginia.

On 11 November 1921, Herron served as one of the official mourners at the burial of the Unknown Soldier of World War I in Arlington National Cemetery.

In the 1930s Herron made a recorded interview with Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, who was also a Medal of Honor recipient, for the Chevrolet Chronicles radio show.  In the recording Herron recounts the actions for which he received the Medal of Honor.  The recording is now available at the Fort Larned National Historic Site website.

Herron was a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Legion of Valor.

Corporal Leander Herron died on April 5, 1937.

Awards
Medal of Honor
Civil War Campaign Medal
Indian Campaign Medal

Medal of Honor citation
While detailed as mail courier from the fort, voluntarily went to the assistance of a party of 4 enlisted men, who were attacked by about 50 Indians at some distance from the fort and remained with them until the party was relieved.

See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)

References

1846 births
1937 deaths
Military personnel from Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Union Army soldiers
United States Army soldiers
American Indian Wars recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from St. Paul, Nebraska

Leander Herron


The Palix River is a stream in the U.S. state of Washington. Its tributaries include three forks, North, Middle, and South Fork Palix River, as well as the Canon River. The river's length, including the Canon River, its longest tributary, is approximately .

Course
The Palix River rises in the Willapa Hills in Pacific County. It flows generally west to Willapa Bay, an estuary of the Pacific Ocean. The river has three fork tributaries, the North Fork, Middle Fork, and South Fork Palix River.

The North Fork originates a couple miles west of South Bend, near the source of the Bone River. It flows generally south through hilly terrain, close to the Niawiakum River. In its final mile the North Fork turns west and enters the broad and marshy Palix River tidal estuary in which the Middle Fork and South Fork join. It is approximately  long.

The South Fork Palix River originates about a mile south of the Palix River estuary. It flows in a curving path southwest then north, less than a mile from the coast, to join the other forks in the Palix estuary. It is approximately  long.

The Middle Fork Palix River originates about a mile east of the Palix River estuary. It flows west, quickly entering the estuary. In the estuary the Canon River joins the Middle Fork from the south, then the Middle Fork joins the North Fork. It is approximately  long.

The Canon River is longer than any of the Palix River forks. It originates in the Willapa Hills and flows generally west and northwest through hilly terrain. Part of its course is through a gorge in which it receives its main tributary, Canyon Creek. After exiting the gorge the Canon River flows north and enters the Palix River estuary where it joins the Middle Fork Palix River. It is approximately  long.

The mainstem Palix River, forms by the confluence of the three forks, flows northwest for a few miles, its estuary merging with the estuary of Willapa Bay just west of Wilson Point. The mouth of the Palix River, near Bay Center, is very close to the Niawiakum River and Bone River mouths. U.S. Route 101 crosses the mainstem Palix River. The mainstem Palix River is approximately  long.

History
According to Edmond S. Meany the river's name, which he spelled "Palux", comes from the Chehalis language and means "slough covered with trees". The name was also applied to a division of the Chinookan people who lived along the river.

See also
 List of rivers of Washington

References

Rivers of Washington (state)
Rivers of Pacific County, Washington

Palix River