Chapel Hill Bible Church, formerly Amity Baptist Church, is a Baptist house of worship located off Bingham Road near Marlboro, New York, United States. It is a small wooden building in the Picturesque mode of the Gothic Revival architectural style dating to the mid-19th century. In 2005 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the southernmost property on the Register in Ulster County.

It was originally built not on its present site but in what is now midtown Manhattan, for a congregation that had split off from another church downtown. In the early 20th century, after it had fallen into disuse, a prominent member of the original congregation who had moved up to Marlboro had the church disassembled and moved to property he owned on a hilltop overlooking the Hudson River. For two decades it was used for retreats by the Brotherhood of the Kingdom, a group of Social Gospel advocates. After another period of disuse later in the century, the current church was organized there in the 1970s.

Buildings and grounds

The church property is a  parcel on the west side of an unpaved driveway off the south side of Bingham Road in the southern section of the Town of Marlborough, roughly a mile and a half (3 km) southwest of the town's major settlement, the unincorporated hamlet of Marlboro. It is just west of the top of a  hill, and  north of the Orange County line.

All the land in the vicinity of the church is rural, either cleared for use as apple orchards or left as intact woodlots. A farmhouse faces the church across the driveway. The church's lot is mostly wooded with a wedge-shaped cleared area to the northeast. In this portion a sand-surfaced volleyball court has been built along the driveway, with some playground equipment present in the warmer months. From the open areas panoramic views of the Hudson Valley to the east and the Shawangunk Ridge to the west are available. The driveway bends south through a parking area to the southeast of the church to a small square half-court with basketball hoop on the west. Another parking area is to the northeast. A small, non-contributing modern garage is located at the bend. From it a concrete walkway leads to the church entrance.

Exterior

The church itself is a cruciform wood frame one-and-a-half–story building on a foundation of concrete on the front and sides and mortared stone in the rear. The downward slope of the ground exposes the basement on the sides and rear, giving the effect of an additional story. It is sided in brown-stained cedar shingles and topped by a steep gabled asphalt roof pierced by three small gabled dormer windows on either side east of the gabled transept, with one shed-roofed three-window dormer set with diamond-pane colored glass on either side to the west. A short bell tower rises from the east (front) end.

On the east facade is the main entrance, flanked by pointed-arch tripane windows in wooden surrounds. A small projecting wooden vestibule shelters the main entrance. It has a gabled roof with the same pitch as the main roof. The gently arched exterior entrance is built of an H-shaped bent with beadboard siding on the exterior, chamfered edges on the inside and intricate quatrefoil sawn tracery in the gable field above. Lancet windows are on either side. Above it is an octagonal oculus.

The side elevations have three windows similar to those on the east between the front and the transept. Below them the basement have three six-over-six double-hung sash windows. The single bay extent of the transept has another pointed window on the east and west, with a tripartite grouping of windows on the south end. The north transept has a fire escape on its east and north end walls, around the single round-arched window on that end. A shed-roofed addition fills the corner on the south side between the transept and the apse. It has a pointed window on the south face.

The west facade has a basement entrance and tripartite window, again with diamond-paned colored glass, on the apse flanked by pointed windows on the pent-roofed sides, with another octagonal oculus in the rear gable field above where the apse projects. Below the apse the basement is mortared fieldstone. Windows, a main entrance and a secondary entrance on the south side are trabeated with brick.

Interior

The sanctuary is sparely furnished. Gently curved wooden pews with scroll armrests and recessed end panels flank the center aisle, leading to the altar. Its wooden flooring is now carpeted; the plaster walls have beaded wainscoting. Above, the wooden trusses with chamfered lower chords and collar ties that frame the roof are exposed. At the end of the aisle is the altar on a raised dais. On it is a wooden lectern with Greek Revival detailing.

Walls separate smaller rooms in the transept and apse. The former are small prayer rooms. In the north is a devotional stained glass window. Inside the entrance to the south room is an intricately carved wooden surround with religious motifs that supports the organ pipes.

In the basement are rooms of a support function. This include the kitchen, bathrooms, Sunday school room and fellowship hall. The 1902 boiler installed when the church was moved to the site is still located down there. Finishes are otherwise modern, with linoleum, plaster and faux-wood paneling walls and dropped ceilings.

History

In the early 1830s, some members of the Oliver Street Baptist Church (now the Mariner's Temple) in Lower Manhattan split from that congregation. They rented a hall on Broadway in 1832 so that the young Rev. William R. Williams could conduct services. They made plans to build a church of their own.

Two years later they entered into a lease for some land on Amity Street. On that land they built the original 1834 Amity Street Baptist Church, a temple-style Greek Revival building with six Ionic columns along its front facade. Samuel Dunbar, the architect, is believed to have emulated his earlier design for the Thirteenth Street Presbyterian Church. Neither building is extant; the lectern in the current church, whose Greek Revival detailing suggests some of Minard LaFever's work, may be the only remnant of the original church.

Lower Manhattan's growth and transformation in the early industrial era was rapidly making it less desirable for churches, and many sold their original properties in that area, using the proceeds to buy and build further uptown. Amity Street sold its original property, which was converted to stables, and moved to new grounds on 54th Street. Since the name was no longer geographically relevant, the congregation became just Amity Baptist Church.

The current church building was probably built as a chapel or supplementary building on that property around 1860. Its Picturesque styling, enhanced even further by its original board-and-batten siding, was then a common mode for many American Protestant churches. Richard Upjohn, an Episcopalian immigrant from England, popularized the Gothic style for larger churches of his denomination. Baptists found more modestly scaled, restrained versions worked for them stylistically, and many variations were built.

In 1885 Williams died after a half-century of leading the church he had helped found. He left a final message to the congregation: "Pray and trust; love Him and serve Him, ardently and supremely. He will never forsake those who put their trust in him, never." It is written on a wooden plaque that remains in the church's possession.

Leighton Williams took over from his father. He bought the  Marlborough property for retreats from the city in 1893, holding annual meetings of the Brotherhood of the Kingdom,  a group he had helped found along with Social Gospel proponent Walter Rauschenbusch, there starting that year, and coming there more often with his wife Nellie after their 1896 marriage. The congregation in New York declined and eventually sold the main church. The chapel remained, and in 1905 Williams had it disassembled and shipped to Ulster County, where it was rebuilt at the current location. He began holding services at what he called Amity Chapel of the Amity Baptist Church, and soon it had one of the largest Sunday schools in the area. A schedule of weekly services from this era is also among the memorabilia in the church.

In 1914 Williams sold the building and its accompanying land to the trustees of the church for $4,250 ($ in contemporary dollars). The church modernized the building, adding the transepts on the outside and heating and electric lighting inside. In 1915 the Brotherhood held its last retreat there. At some point past 1919, the year a photograph of the church shows the original board-and-batten siding in place, the current shingled siding was added, most likely with the older siding as furring.

The trustees turned the church over to a newer group, the Amity Foundation, in 1927. It included the Williamses and other local Baptist pastors. By 1961 many of these founding members had died, the foundation had become inactive and the church was again neglected.

Members of Moulton Memorial Baptist Church in nearby Newburgh re-established the church and foundation in 1962. Services were held under the Rev. Edward Cuthbert for a few years, followed by another period of inactivity. Again in 1973, the foundation re-established the church, this time as the Chapel Hill Community Church. In 1987 it changed its name to the Chapel Hill Bible Church. At one point during the 1990s the congregation had declined to less than ten members, and inactivity threatened again, but it rebounded to the point that the church considered hiring an assistant pastor.

Currently the church holds Sunday school and services on Sunday mornings weekly, with a Wednesday evening Bible study group. Other ministries have been held on other weekday nights in the recent past. Missionaries sponsored by the church have served in Africa and Hungary.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York

References

External links
Church website

Baptist churches in New York (state)
Churches in Ulster County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Gothic Revival church buildings in New York (state)
Christian organizations established in 1973
Churches completed in 1860
Relocated buildings and structures in New York (state)

Chapel Hill Bible Church


William Bryan Jennett  (1 March 1926 – 26 January 2008) was a British neurosurgeon, a faculty member at the University of Glasgow Medical School, and the first full-time chair of neurosurgery in Scotland. He was the co-developer of the assessment tool known as the Glasgow Coma Scale and made advancements in the care of patients with brain injuries. in 1972, Jennett and the neurologist Fred Plum coined the term vegetative state.

Early life
Jennett was born and raised in Twickenham to Irish and Scottish parents. Jennett was evacuated from Twickenham during the Second World War.  He first moved to rural Scotland and later to Southport, Lancashire where he attended King George V Grammar School before training as a doctor at the University of Liverpool.

Education and early career
Jennett studied at Liverpool Medical School. He finished top of his year and was President of the national British Medical Students Association. Jennett's first mentor in medicine, Henry Cohen, 1st Baron Cohen of Birkenhead, encouraged him toward a career in neurosurgery. He went on to take posts at Oxford, Cardiff and Manchester as well as a spell in the Royal Army Medical Corps.

His academic interests were not congruent with the times and he was turned down for promotion in Oxford, Manchester and Dundee. He believed that the NHS at the time placed too much emphasis on patronage and were not supportive of academic interests. He considered a permanent move to America after a one-year Rockefeller Fellowship at UCLA, but was headhunted in 1963 for a new combined NHS/University position in Glasgow. Over the next ten years he became a Professor and moved to a purpose built unit at the Southern General Hospital.

Prior to moving to Glasgow, Jennett published work on epilepsy following head injuries.  He published Introduction to Neurosurgery in 1964.

Later career
Jennett set up a prospective computerised data bank to collect the features and outcome of head injuries.  Data was compiled from Glasgow, the United States, and the Netherlands over a long period and led to a series of papers in the 1970s, the introduction of the near universally adopted Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) with Graham Teasdale, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale with Bond. In 1972 working with Dr Plum of America, Jennett published The Persistent Vegetative State – defining a condition and coining a phrase which remains in widespread use today.  His work with the Glasgow-based Neuropathologists Adams and Graham significantly reduced mortality and disability. Many international collaborative studies followed, comparing outcomes after different severity of injury and with alternative therapeutic regimes.

In 1976 there was furore over a BBC Panorama Programme which questioned the criteria for the establishment of brain death in potential organ donors. Jennett was in demand as a speaker and in the UK contributed to medical panels and was called to Court as an expert witness, most notably for the Tony Bland case.

Jennett was Dean of Medicine at Glasgow in the 1980s. He worked with Barbara Stocking and Chris Ham of the King's Fund to establish a series of Consensus Conferences to deal with the appropriate use of high-cost medical technology.

He was President of the International Society for Technology Assessment and in 1984 he published High Technology Medicine:  Benefits and Burdens followed  a series  of BBC talks Doctors, Patients & Responsibilities which were widely praised.

In 1988 he developed deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) which he blamed on the cramped seating on an aircraft. Along with colleagues who had similar experiences, he published a short paper in The Lancet. This was the first use of the term "economy-class syndrome".

Jennett retired in 1991. In his later years, he was named Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) and received an honorary doctorate from St Andrews University.  His continuing work included a 2002 monograph, The Vegetative State, and his final publication appeared in the British Journal of Neurosurgery in 2008. He died a few weeks after that final publication, having been diagnosed with multiple myeloma five years earlier. His wife Sheila and his three children survived him.

References

Sources

1926 births
British neurosurgeons
2008 deaths
Deaths from multiple myeloma
20th-century English medical doctors
British people of Irish descent
British people of Scottish descent
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Medical doctors from Twickenham
20th-century surgeons
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers

Bryan Jennett


Anatea formicaria is an ant-mimicking spider. It is only known from the rain forest of New Caledonia. Before 1967, it was considered to belong to the family Clubionidae. It was placed there based on the ant-like outward modifications and male genitalia, which superficially resemble those of the genus Micaria. In fact it is closely related to the genera Euryopis and possibly Achaearanea.

Males and females look very similar; the male is 2.5 mm long.

Although the ant shape is unlikely to deceive an ant, the spider does hunt ants. The ant form is therefore probably to evade predators that would eat spiders, but not ants.

Unlike all other ant mimics from the family Theridiidae, A. formicaria mimics the ant's petiole by an elongation of the pedicel. In addition the dorsum of the "petiole" is rugose and has a distinct "node", like most ants do. The abdomen is rounded and highly shiny, mimicking an ant's gaster. The spider mimics the 2.6 mm long myrmicine ant Monomorium croceiventre, which lives in the same habitat. The color pattern (dark brown anterior, light, yellow brown posterior) of both is quite rare in ants, although two other myrmicine ants from the same area of rain forest (Xiphomyrma tenuicrius and Lordomyrma sp.) also show it. Myrmicine ants have large stings, this avoiding predation. The occurrence of the pattern in these three ant species could be Müllerian mimicry, while the spider uses Batesian mimicry (as it is palatable).

References

Theridiidae
Spiders of New Caledonia
Spiders described in 1927

Anatea formicaria


Wolf Creek Indian Village and Museum is a reconstruction of a Native American village, approximately dating from 1480-1520. The ethnicity of the Native Americans who lived in the village is unknown. They could have been Cherokee, or one of the Siouan languages tribes that frequented the area.

Archaeology
In 1970 during the construction of Interstate 77 near Bastian, Virginia, a Native American archaeological site was discovered, and construction was halted while a Rescue archaeology and field survey of the site was completed. The Wolf Creek bed was to be diverted and the original site would be destroyed during the highway's construction. "In May 1970, Howard MacCord led the excavation of the site. The construction of the interstate was stopped for a very brief time to complete the dig. It was the first official state recognized archeology site (State # 44BD1) in Bland County and named for Brown Johnston who owned the farm the site was located on."

The archaeological catalog includes eleven skeletons, the remains of eleven circular buildings or wigwams, some storage huts and fire pits.

The archaeological techniques were hurried because of the short window of time allowed for the site survey. Road graders were used to remove the upper levels of dirt, and work was done in the evenings by turning car headlights toward the areas that were worked and examined.

Reconstruction
Between 1992 and 1996, a reconstruction of the village was completed in Bland County, Virginia, near the original site. The life-sized reconstruction is based on the post hole pits, postal stain and post molds that were uncovered during the survey, which indicated a palisaded enclosure and some dozen circular buildings. Several Native American graves of various ages and genders were also discovered, some placed inside the palisades, and some placed outside the enclosure. These grave sites are accurately positioned and marked in the reconstructed village, along with a description of the burial position and any grave goods also discovered.

From the archaeological site map and earlier survey, attempts were made to make it as authentic a reconstruction as possible. "Using the archaeology map, we have pole for pole and feature for feature recreated the village..."

Wolf Creek Indian Village & Museum is owned and operated by County of Bland, VA

In replicating the historical site, reenactors and living history interpreters are used to inform the public of life during the period when the village was used.

References

Bibliography
 Galloway, William U. Center for Eastern American Indian Culture, Bland County, Virginia: Schematic Design Proposal—Final Report. [Blacksburg, Va.]: Community Design Assistance Center, 1992.  36 leaves: illustrations, maps, plans (some folded); prepared by Community Design Assistance Center, College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
 MacCord, Howard. The Brown Johnston Site, Bland County, Virginia. S.l: s.n.], 1990. Reprint. Originally published in Quarterly Bulletin - Archeological Society of Virginia, vol. 25, no. 4, June 1971. Wolf Creek Indian Village.

External links
 Facebook
 Wolf Creek Indian Village and Museum

Museums in Bland County, Virginia
Native American museums in Virginia

Wolf Creek Indian Village and Museum


"Silver Threads and Golden Needles" is a country song written by Dick Reynolds and Jack Rhodes.  It was first recorded by Wanda Jackson in 1956. The original lyrics, as performed by Jackson, contain a verse not usually included in later versions, which also often differed in other minor details.

Other versions

 In September 1962 a version by UK folk-pop trio the Springfields – featuring Dusty Springfield – reached number 20 on Billboard's Hot 100. It was the first single by a British group to reach the top 20 of the Hot 100.
 Skeeter Davis recorded a version in 1962 after the Springfields hit for an album track; Davis's version was released as a single by RCA in several international markets.
 Jody Miller released a version in 1965 which peaked at number 54 on the US Billboard Hot 100.
 The Cowsills recorded the song on their studio album IIxII.  It peaked number 77 on the US Billboard charts in September 1969.
 Linda Ronstadt recorded and released two versions of the song: the first, a pure country song on her 1969 solo debut album Hand Sown ... Home Grown; the second, a country rock crossover version for her 1973 Don't Cry Now album. The second version was released in January 1974 as a single and was Ronstadt's first country chart hit, peaking at number 20. This version also hit the Hot 100, entering the chart on April 6, 1974, and peaking at number 67.
 In 1993, the country trio Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette and Loretta Lynn recorded the song together on the album Honky Tonk Angels; the song was released as a single, along with an accompanying video. It peaked at number 68 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Parton had previously performed the song at numerous points over the years, including on her 1976-77 variety show, Dolly!, on which she was joined by guests Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris.

References

1956 singles
1962 singles
1965 singles
1974 singles
1993 singles
RCA Records singles
Asylum Records singles
The Springfields songs
Wanda Jackson songs
Skeeter Davis songs
Jody Miller songs
Dolly Parton songs
Linda Ronstadt songs
Cowsills songs
Loretta Lynn songs
Tammy Wynette songs
Songs written by Jack Rhodes

Silver Threads and Golden Needles


Jason R. Brown (born July 22, 1970) is a Republican and small business owner who currently serves as deputy majority whip of the Missouri House of Representatives.  He resides with his wife, Rachelle, and their two children, Alayna and Caleb, in Platte City, Missouri.

He received a B.S. degree in government from Northwest Missouri State University in 1993, and a master's degree in Public Administration in Drake University in 1994.  He served in the military, and currently serves in the Army reserves.  From 1998 to 2001, he worked as the public works director of Platte City. He is a member of VFW Post 4055.

He was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 2002, winning reelection in 2004.  He serves on the following committees:
Crime Prevention and Public Safety (vice chair),
Conservation and Natural Resources, and
Local Government.

On Friday October 6, 2006 the Kansas City Star reported Brown was shot by a sniper while serving in Iraq with the US Army Reserves.  http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/15696088.htm

1970 births
Living people
Northwest Missouri State University alumni
Drake University alumni
People from Platte City, Missouri
Republican Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians

Jason R. Brown


Kenneth A. Keyes (born September 16, 1930) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 1990, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of David Peterson.

Background
Keyes was educated at Toronto Teacher's College, Queen's University and the University of Ottawa, receiving a Master's Degree in Education. He was a teacher and principal in Frontenac County for thirty-seven years.

Municipal politics
Keyes served as an alderman in Kingston for twelve years, was deputy mayor for five years. He was elected as mayor in 1976. He served two terms and left office in 1980.

Provincial politics
He ran for the Ontario legislature in the 1971 provincial election, but lost to Progressive Conservative W.J. Nuttall by fewer than 2,000 votes in the constituency of Frontenac—Addington. He contested Kingston in the 1975 election, but lost to Progressive Conservative Keith Norton by 203 votes.

He was elected to the legislature in the 1985 election, defeating Norton by 2,287 votes in the renamed riding of Kingston and the Islands.  The Liberals formed a minority government under David Peterson after this election, and Keyes was appointed to cabinet as Minister of Correctional Services and Solicitor General on June 26, 1985.

In late 1986, Keyes became involved in a political controversy after being caught sharing an alcoholic drink with police officers on a police boat in the Kingston area. He stepped down as Solicitor General on December 3, 1986 while the matter was investigated by Toronto police, and was re-instated on January 9, 1987. On another occasion, he provoked controversy by suggesting that some police services in Ontario were using hollow-tipped bullets, contrary to provincial law.

Keyes was easily re-elected over NDP challenger Gary Wilson in the 1987 provincial election, but was dropped from cabinet after the election and served as a backbencher in the parliament that followed.

The Liberals were defeated by the NDP in the 1990 provincial election and Keyes lost his seat to Wilson by 2,092 votes.

Keyes supported fellow Kingstonian John Gerretsen's bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996, and moved to Joseph Cordiano's camp when Gerretsen was eliminated after the second ballot. When Cordiano was also eliminated, Keyes supported the victorious candidate, Dalton McGuinty.

Cabinet

Later life
Keyes remains active in the Kingston area. In 1998, he chaired the International Plowing Match and Farm Machinery Show in the neighbouring riding of Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington.

References

External links

1930 births
Living people
Mayors of Kingston, Ontario
Members of the Executive Council of Ontario
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
University of Ottawa alumni

Ken Keyes (politician)


Usermaatre Setepenre Meryamun Ramesses VII (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the sixth pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He reigned from about 1136 to 1129 BC and was the son of Ramesses VI. Other dates for his reign are 1138–1131 BC. The Turin Accounting Papyrus 1907+1908 is dated to Year 7 III Shemu day 26 of his reign and has been reconstructed to show that 11 full years passed from Year 5 of Ramesses VI to Year 7 of his reign.

Reign length
Ramesses VII's seventh year is also attested in Ostraca O. Strasbourg h 84, which is dated to II Shemu day 16 of his 7th Regnal Year. In 1980, C.J. Eyre demonstrated that a Year 8 papyrus belonged to the reign of Ramesses VII. This papyrus, P. Turin Cat. 1883 + 2095, dated to Year 8 IV Shemu day 25 (most likely Ramesses VII), details the record of the commissioning of some copper work and mentions two foremen at Deir El-Medina: Nekhemmut and Hor[mose]. The foreman Hormose was previously attested in office only during the reign of Ramesses IX while his father and predecessor in this post—a certain Ankherkhau—served in office from the second decade of the reign of Ramesses III through to Year 4 of Ramesses VII, where he is shown acting with Nekhemmut and the scribe Horisheri. The new Year 8 papyrus proves that Hormose succeeded to his father's office as foreman by Year 8 of Ramesses VII. Dominique Valbelle regards C.J. Eyre's attribution of this document to Ramesses VII as uncertain since the chief workman Hormose was previously only securely attested in office in Years 6 and 7 of Ramesses IX instead. However, this papyrus clearly bears the cartouche of Usermaatre Setepenre—the prenomen of Ramesses VII—at its beginning whereas the royal name of Ramesses IX was Neferkare—which rules out Ramesses IX as the king whose Year 8 is recorded in the P. Turin 1883 + 2095 document. The presence of Hormose's contemporary—the foreman Nekhemmut—also establishes that this papyrus dates to the mid-20th dynasty--most probably to the reign of Ramesses VII, since Nekhemmut is attested in office "from the second year of Ramesses IV until the seventeenth year of Ramesses IX."

Since Ramesses VII's accession is known to have occurred around the end of III Peret, the king would have ruled Egypt for a minimum period of 7 years and 5 months when this document was drawn up provided that it belonged to his reign as seems probable from the royal name given in the papyrus. The respected German Egyptologist Jürgen von Beckerath also accepts C.J. Eyre's evidence that Year 8 IV Shemu day 25 was Ramesses VII's highest known date. However, the accession date of his successor, Ramesses VIII, has been fixed by Amin Amer to an 8-month period between I Peret day 2 and I Akhet day 13, or 5 months after the Year 8 IV Shemu day 25 date of Ramesses VII. Therefore, if Ramesses VII did not die between the short 2 week period between IV Shemu day 29 to I Akhet 13, this pharaoh would have been on the throne for at least another 4 more months until I Peret day 2 and ruled Egypt for 7 years and 9 months when he died (perhaps slightly longer if he died after I Peret day 2). Therefore, it is possible that Ramesses VII could have ruled Egypt for almost 8 years; at present, his certain reign length is 7 years and 5 months.

Very little is known about his reign, though it was evidently a period of some turmoil, as grain prices soared.

Ramesses VII's tomb and funerary equipment
Ramesses VII was buried in Tomb KV1 upon his death. His mummy has never been found, though four cups inscribed with the pharaoh's name were found in the "royal cache" in DB320 along with the remains of other pharaohs.

References

Further reading
 K. A. Kitchen, Ramses VII and the Twentieth Dynasty, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 58 (1972), 182-194
 Benoît Lurson, A Monument of Ramses VII in the area of the Ramesseum?, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 98 (2012), 297-304

12th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
1120s BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
Ramesses VI

Ramesses VII


Garbage truck also known as dustcart, rubbish truck, dustbin lorry, bin lorry  is a truck made to collect waste and then take it to a waste site such as a landfill. Garbage trucks can collect waste from the front, side or back of the truck.

Trucks
Waste

Garbage trucks are usually considered noisy and dirty due to the size and the fact that they carry garbage, also known as rubbish, waste, trash, junk.

Garbage truck


Peter Fraser Dignan (6 March 1955 – 20 June 2013) was a New Zealand rower.

Biography
Dignan was born in Gibraltar in 1955, to a former Berlin airlift pilot. His father later entered the diplomatic corps and, as a result, Dignan spent a lot of time outside of his parents' native New Zealand. He subsequently relocated to Auckland, New Zealand, where he attended and boarded at King's College, becoming a house prefect.

He rowed with the men's eight in the 1975 World Rowing Championships in Nottingham, Great Britain, and won a bronze medal. Dignan represented New Zealand in the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games and won a bronze medal for his row in the Men's Eight along with Tony Hurt, Alec McLean, Ivan Sutherland, Trevor Coker, Lindsay Wilson, Joe Earl and Dave Rodger and Simon Dickie (cox). He subsequently participated in surf boat tests internationally, racing for New Zealand, including a 'rebel' tour to South Africa. He retired undefeated. Dignan also played rugby. Dignan's son Matthew is also a representative rower, and is in the Australian Under-19 coxed four.

Dignan served as a modern history teacher in Sydney, Australia at Sydney Grammar School. He was also a senior coach at the Sydney Grammar School boatshed and the School Year 10 Second Eight. In previous years he had much success with younger crews, coaching three different Year 10 second eights to victory at Head of the River, including the 2004 and the 2008 Year 10 second eights. Dignan also acted as the commanding officer of the 306 Squadron Australian Air Force Cadets from 1999 to 2005. Dignan died of pancreatic cancer on 20 June 2013 at the age of 58, with his last place of residence at Drummoyne.

See also
 List of Gibraltarians

References

1955 births
2013 deaths
Olympic bronze medalists for New Zealand
Olympic rowers for New Zealand
Rowers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
People educated at King's College, Auckland
Gibraltarian sportsmen
Olympic medalists in rowing
New Zealand male rowers
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
World Rowing Championships medalists for New Zealand

Peter Dignan


John Taylor Adams (December 22, 1862 – October 28, 1939) was a businessman in the Dubuque, Iowa area and also a former Chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1921 to 1924.

Biography

Adams was born on December 22, 1862, in Dubuque to Shubael Pratt and Diancy Taylor Adams.   He was educated in the public schools of Dubuque.

As a youth, he began his career in 1881 as an office boy for the firm of Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company, which was the predecessor of Carr, Adams, and Collier Company of which he later became president.   In 1883 he left Dubuque for a business venture in Bismarck, North Dakota.   He remained in Bismarck for about a year and then he returned to Dubuque.   After his return he became again associated with Carr, Ryder, and Wheeler Company.   He rose very rapidly within the company and in 1895 he became president of Carr, Ryder, and Adams.

During the last few years of the 19th century, Mr. Adams was one of few in the woodworking industry who realized that forests in northern Wisconsin were about depleted and that new sources of raw materials needed to be found.   He developed a relationship with a California company (West Side Lumber and Flume Company, of which he would become general manager) and also established one of the first cutting mills on the West Coast.

Adams was also heavily involved in the political world as well.   He was considered "one of the greatest political strategists of his generation" according to his obituary.  He first came to prominence when he was brought in to manage the last political campaign for Senator William B. Allison.   His success soon brought him to the attention of national leaders of the Republican Party.    In 1912, he helped President William Howard Taft win Iowa over Theodore Roosevelt.  Mr. Adams was the Iowa member of the Republican National Committee for many years before his election to the chairmanship in 1921.    He helped direct the campaigns of both Warren G. Harding and of his good friend Calvin Coolidge.   He served as Republican National Chairman from 1921 to 1924.

After his retirement as Chairman, he continued to serve as President of Carr, Ryder, and Adams Company in Dubuque until his death on October 28, 1939. He was buried in Linwood Cemetery in Dubuque, Iowa.

References

Obituary from the October 29, 1939 edition of the Dubuque Telegraph Herald.
The Political Graveyard

1862 births
1939 deaths
Iowa Republicans
People from Dubuque, Iowa
Republican National Committee chairs

John T. Adams


The 45th Scripps National Spelling Bee was held in Washington, D.C. at the Mayflower Hotel in June 1972, sponsored by the E.W. Scripps Company.

The winner was 14-year-old Robin Kral of Lamesa, Texas with the word "macerate". Second place went to 13-year-old Lauren H. Pringle of Buffalo, New York. Kral first had a chance to win when Pringle misspelled "polyonymous", but also misspelled it. Pringle then missed "garnett", which Kral correctly spelled, followed by "macerate" for the win.

There were 79 contestants this year, 47 girls and 32 boys. 533 words were used.

Barrie Trinkle of Texas placed fifth this year (falling on "allograph"), and won the next year.

References

Scripps National Spelling Bee competitions
1972 in Washington, D.C.
1972 in education
June 1972 events in the United States

45th Scripps National Spelling Bee


King Gimp is a 1999 documentary that was awarded the 2000 Oscar for following the life of zacky dehalvi
Best Short Subject Documentary and 2000 Peabody Award. King Gimp follows the life of artist Dan Keplinger of Towson, Maryland, who has cerebral palsy. Filmmakers Susan Hannah Hadary and William A. Whiteford, of the University of Maryland Video Press and Tapestry International Productions produced the film. Geof Bartz, A.C.E. edited the final version.

The journey begins
Keplinger was 13 when the filmmakers met him as part of their federally funded documentary projects on mainstreaming children with disabilities. The cerebral palsy means Keplinger has little control over the muscles of his arms, legs or mouth. He uses a paintbrush attached to his head to paint. He could neither speak nor dress himself when the filmmakers met him. "They recorded Keplinger's move from a state school for disabled children into Parkville High School. They filmed him moving from his mother's home into his first apartment. His first art show, his friendship with a young woman hired to help him with homework, his senior prom and his tears at his college graduation -- all were captured on film," according to The Baltimore Sun. "King Gimp was the name neighbors gave him as a child because his house was on the top of a hill and he liked to roll down it in his wheelchair. A fighting spirit, he calls himself."

HBO enters
As a mass communication major at Towson University, Keplinger helped write the script that would be used in the documentary, but the filmmakers ran out of money to complete the project. After viewing a 7-minute promo cut by Whiteford and Hadary at their Baltimore offices, HBO purchased the rights to the documentary for distribution on its premium channel, giving the filmmakers enough money for insert shots and to finish cutting the film.

The film was edited from 80 hours of raw footage and an 80-page memoir written by Keplinger. Initial rough cuts were done on videotape at the filmmakers' offices in Baltimore, MD by Whiteford, contributing editor Loye Miller, and assistant editor Alex Houston. After viewing them, HBO decided to bring postproduction to New York city, where Geof Bartz finished editing. HBO then transferred the 39-minute documentary to 16mm film and entered it into the Frame-by-Frame film festival in New York City, where it fulfilled its "Academy requirements" to be eligible for an Oscar nomination. The film was nominated and won. Keplinger caused a sensation at the Oscar ceremony when he jumped out of his wheelchair with excitement over the Hadary-Whiteford win. "It was cool to people who knew me," the artist said in The Washington Post. "Other people thought I was having a seizure. But I was just doing my victory dance." Its broadcast premiere was on June 5, 2000.

Keplinger's art
He continued his painting career with a show at the Phyllis Kind Gallery in New York, NY in 2000. He returned to Towson University, where he had obtained a mass communication degree in 1998, to complete an art degree. Keplinger's art features large canvases with bold colors and many are self-portraits.

References

External links

King Gimp at MedSchool Maryland Productions
King Gimp at University of Maryland Video Press

1999 films
1990s short documentary films
Best Documentary Short Subject Academy Award winners
American independent films
American short documentary films
Documentary films about people with disability
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
Films about people with cerebral palsy
Documentary films about painters
1999 documentary films
HBO documentary films
1999 independent films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films about disability

King Gimp


Count Werner Vertigo is a fictional Batman-Green Arrow character who is an European madman who can control the aims from guns so that no one can shot him. He also knows karate, judo, fencing, and boxing, so making him one of the hardest physical characters that Batman has to face (besides Ra's al Ghul and Bane). He is deaf and has dipolar disorder.

He was voiced by Michael York in Batman: The Animated Series.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Count Vertigo


François Louis Jules Dupré (; 3 December 1888 – 26 June 1966) was a French, hotelier, art collector, and owner of the Thoroughbred horse breeding and racing farm, Haras d'Ouilly. He was a grandson of the painter Jules Dupré.

Dupré served in the French Army during World War I. Seriously wounded during battle, he was hospitalized for a considerable length of time. He went on to a career in business that saw him become the owner of two luxury hotels in Paris, the prestigious Hotel George V, Paris and the Hotel Plaza Athenée. In addition, in 1947, Dupré acquired the Hotel Ritz in Montreal, Canada. In 1937, while traveling by passenger liner across the Atlantic, Dupré met twenty-five-year-old Anna Stefanna Nagy who would become his second wife.

Thoroughbred horse racing
Dupré was friends with Duke Louis Decazes, a Thoroughbred racehorse enthusiast who owned the Haras d'Ouilly stud farm in Pont-d'Ouilly, Calvados. Beginning in 1921, the two partnered in several racehorses and in 1930 Dupré purchased the Haras d'Ouilly property. He became one of Europe's leading breeders and owners, winning numerous important conditions races in France and England. His horse Tantième had back-to-back wins in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in 1950 and '51, and in 1963 Relko won The Derby.

Major horse races won
Races in France:
Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
 Tantième
Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp
Texana (1957)
Fortino (1962)
Texanita (1963 & 1964)
Grand Prix de Paris
Danseur (1966)
Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud
 Match (1962)
Poule d'Essai des Pouliches
Virgule (1954)
Solitude (1961)
La Sega (1962)
Bella Paola (1968) raced by Madame Dupré
Koblenza (1969) raced by Madame Dupré
Poule d'Essai des Poulains
Relko (1963)
Prix du Jockey Club
 Reliance (1965)
 Rheffic (1971) raced by Madame Dupré
Prix Noailles
 Tanerko (1956)
 Match (1961)
 Prix Royal-Oak
 Match (1961)

Races in England:
1,000 Guineas (Newmarket Racecourse)
Bella Paola (1968) raced by Madame Dupré
Epsom Derby
Relko (1963)
Coronation Cup
Relko (1964)
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
 Match (1962)

Races in the United States:
Washington, D.C. International Stakes
 Match (1962)

Death

François Dupré died in 1966 at his estate in Jamaica. His widow Anna ran the racing operation until 1977 when she sold the entire bloodstock for £1.3 million to the Aga Khan IV. The Dupré's famous colors of gray with a pink cap were taken over by Jean-Luc Lagardère who would buy Haras d'Ouilly in 1981.

References

 Pont-d'Ouilly municipal website with the history of Haras d'Ouilly
 "Best in the World". Time. 23 November 1962. About Dupré winning the Washington D.C. International.

1888 births
1966 deaths
Businesspeople from Paris
French military personnel of World War I
French hoteliers
French racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Epsom Derby winners
Art collectors from Paris
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners

François Dupré


Vichy Springs (formerly, Ukiah Vichy Springs and Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs) is a set of springs around which formed a resort in Mendocino County, California, United States.
It is located on Sulphur Creek  east-northeast of Ukiah, at an elevation of 801 feet (244 m).

Although previously used by the local Native Americans,  the first westerner to discover the hot springs at this location was Frank Marble, in 1848. The springs at Ukiah Vichy resemble the more famous Grand Grille Springs in Vichy, and like the springs in Vichy the waters of the springs are alkaline and carbonated. In the 1850s William Day founded the Ukiah Vichy Springs Resort, taking advantage of the 19th-century revival of hydrotherapy. By 1892 the resort was known as Doolan's Ukiah Vichy Springs. Visitors included Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Jack London, Teddy Roosevelt, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Mark Twain. As one of the oldest continuously-operated hot spring resorts in the state, Ukiah Vichy Springs has been recognized as California Historical Landmark #980.

A post office operated at Vichy Springs from 1893 to 1936.

References

Reference bibliography

Hot springs of California
Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Mendocino County, California
California Historical Landmarks

Vichy Springs, Mendocino County, California


Bulacan is a province in the Philippines. Its capital is Malolos City. It is in the northern island of Luzon. It is surrounded by the province of Pampanga in the west; Nueva Ecija in the north; Aurora and Quezon in the east; and Metro Manila in the south.

It is an historic place in the Philippines. Many Filipino heroes and political persons come from Bulacan. It was also the former seat of the national government.

Cities and municipalities
Bulacan is divided into 3 cities and 21 municipalities (towns):

Cities
 Malolos
 Meycauayan
 San Jose del Monte

Municipalities
 Angat
 Balagtas (old name: Bigaa)
 Baliuag
 Bocaue
 Bulacan
 Bustos
 Calumpit
 Dona Remedios Trinidad
 Guiguinto
 Hagonoy
 Marilao
 Norzagaray
 Obando
 Pandi
 Paombong
 Plaridel
 Pulilan
 San Ildefonso
 San Miguel de Mayumo (shorter name: San Miguel)
 San Rafael
 Santa Maria

References

Provinces of the Philippines

Bulacan


Stephen Minot Weld Sr. (1806 – 1867), scion of the Weld Family of Boston, was a schoolmaster, real estate investor and politician. After his death, the Harvard dormitory Weld Hall was raised in his honor.

Life

Weld was the son of prosperous shipmaster and ship owner William Gordon Weld and his well-connected wife Hannah Minot. As an undergraduate, Weld was:

By 1827, Weld opened a school for boys in Roxbury in an area which is now the center of Jamaica Plain. He served as schoolmaster for some thirty years and educated over a thousand students from as far away as Cuba and Mexico. Many of his students went on to Harvard.

Weld had considerable business acumen and made wise real estate investments in present-day Jamaica Plain. He was elected twice to the Massachusetts Governor's Council and was an 1864 presidential elector for the Abraham Lincoln ticket.

During the American Civil War, Weld recruited soldiers for the Union cause. After the Battle of Appomattox Court House, a battle in which his son Stephen Minot Weld Jr. served with distinction, Weld was instrumental in raising the quarter million dollars that funded the construction of Memorial Hall, a monument to Harvard's war casualties.

Weld spearheaded a 14-year effort that secured passage of the 1865 law authorizing Harvard alumni to elect the members of the Board of Overseers. His reform took control of the institution away from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and helped established Harvard as a truly private college. Weld himself joined the board that year.

In December 1867, Weld caught a cold while attending a reading in Boston by Charles Dickens and died a week later from pneumonia. His funeral drew a large gathering.  His obituary in the Boston Evening Transcript described him as a "bright, cheerful, warm-hearted man who preserved, as a winning grace, his childlike simplicity to the last," and noted he possessed "in every way a genial nature" and lamenting the loss of "the beaming pleasantness of his companionship."

Weld Hall

In 1870, William Fletcher Weld donated money to Harvard for a dormitory to be built in memory of his departed younger brother.  This building, called "Weld Hall", should not be confused with the family's ancestral home "Weld Hall" that stood atop Weld Hill in Forest Hills.

The Queen Anne style building was designed by the architectural firm Ware & Van Brunt and constructed between 1871 and 1872.  There is an inscription on the dormitory which (when translated from Latin) reads "To Stephen Minot Weld, a man well-deserving of the University, dedicated by his brother."

Tours of Harvard Yard often pause near Weld Hall to note that John F. Kennedy lived there during his freshman year.  Other notable residents include Ben Bernanke, Michael Crichton, Christopher Durang, Daniel Ellsberg, Douglas Kenney, Michael Kinsley, Douglas Feith and Neil H. McElroy.

Notes

References
Harvard Magazine November-December 1998, "The Welds of Harvard Yard" by associate editor Craig A. Lambert
Jamaica Plain Historical Society, "The Weld Family"
Project Gutenberg, Book of Annals and Reminiscences of Jamaica Plain by Harriet Manning Whitcomb

History of Boston
Harvard University alumni
1806 births
1867 deaths

Stephen Minot Weld


The Bureaus of the Cortes Generales are the governing bodies of each House of the Cortes Generales, the legislative branch of Spain. The Bureaus are made up of the President or Speaker of the House, the Vice Presidents or Deputy Speakers and the Secretaries. Each Bureau is autonomously regulated by the standing orders of its house and its composition its not the same.

Two models
There are traditionally, two models for the presidency or speakership of a parliamentary assembly. The first is an individual speakership in which the holder of the office is the sole guarantor of the chamber's independence and privileges, of which the model is the Speaker at Westminster. In this model, supervising the House's work is performed by others (for example, in many British Commonwealth countries, the Leader of the House).

The second model is the collegiate or collective presidency representing the various political parties within the chamber (the model being the French Parliament). This model has also been called the "continental European model" since it has been adopted by most European parliaments including Spain. In Spain, the Bureaus constitute a true collective presidency of each House.

Functions
As with any speakership of a parliament, the Bureaus have three broad functions: to preside over debate, to supervise administrative matters such as the timetable for public sittings of the House and its committees, and be responsible for the organisation of the parliaments work, such as determining the admissibility of proposals, bills & documents.

Other bodies provide advice to the Bureau including the Board of Spokespersons () made up of representatives of all parties who must be consulted on the chamber's order of business and the Clerk (chief legal counsel, ) who is also by convention the Secretary General (). The Clerk,  (who is a public servant appointed by the Bureau on the nomination of the Speaker) advises the Bureau on parliamentary law, practice and procedure and charged with the actual administration of the parliament.

More concretely, the functions of the Bureau of the Congress of Deputies are:

 To define the internal regulation and management of the House
 To prepare the House's budget, direct and control its execution, and report on its implementation to the House at the end of each fiscal year
 To authorise the expenses of the House
 To determine the admissibility of parliamentary papers and documents
 To decide upon the consideration of all parliamentary papers and documents
 To arrange the general proceedings of the Congress, draw up the order of business of plenary sittings and of committees for each session and coordinate the business of the various bodies, upon previous consultation in each case with the Board of Spokespersons.

The functions of the Bureau of the Senate are:

 To fix the starting and the closing dates of sessions of the Senate
 To determine the timetable of activities of the Plenary Sitting and the Committees
 To assess  parliamentary papers and documents, and decide on their admissibility and processing
 To take such decisions and measures as may be required for the organisation of tasks and the internal governance and system of the Senate
 To approve Senate's budget, directing and controlling its implementation
 To approve regulations on matters pertaining to the budget, control, accounting and procurement for the organisation and functioning of the Senate.
 To approve regulations to ensure the transparency of the activities of the Senate and the right of access to public information of the Senate

Power to suspend members
In May 2019 following the investiture of four elected members of Congress who were in preventive detention and on trial over their role in Catalonia's failed independence bid in 2017, and following a decision of the Supreme Court that it was within the powers of the Bureau of Congress to do so, the Bureau decided to suspend the four deputies from all their duties and rights as members of Congress.

Electing the Bureau
After national elections, the first sitting of each house is called the constituent or constitutive sitting, the function of which is to elect the Bureau. The first step is to establish a temporary body composed by the oldest member of each House which acts as Acting Speaker and two secretaries which are the youngest members of the House. This body oversees the electoral process of the Bureaus.

The Bureaus' members are elected among and by the members of the houses by means of secret ballot. The Speaker is elected by absolute majority or, failing that, through plurality in a second round between the two candidates that received most votes in the first round. The other members are elected using the single non-transferable vote method which ensures plurality, i.e. representation of the largest parties in the Congress.

After the Bureau is elected, the Speaker declares the House constituted, and adjourns the sitting and notifies the King, the other House and the Government.

Members

Speaker

The Speakers or Presidents of the respective House and are the supreme authority within its Chamber and they chair the Chamber's Bureau.

Deputy Speakers
The Deputy Speakers or Vice Presidents are hierarchically numbered and they deputize, in order of precedence, for the Speaker. This happens in cases of vacancy or absence.

Secretaries
The Secretaries supervise and authorize, with the approval of the Speaker, the Minutes of the Plenary sessions, of the Bureau and of the Board of Spokespersons, as well as the certifications that have to be issued, they assist the Speaker in the sessions to ensure order in the debates and the correction in the votes; they collaborate in the normal development of the works of their House according to the provisions of the Speaker; and they also exercise any other functions entrusted to them by the Speaker or the Bureau.

Senate Bureau

The Spanish Senate is the upper house of the Cortes Generales and its standing orders were passed on 3 May 1994 and they have been modified at least twenty times.  The Bureau acts under the authority and direction of the Speaker. The Senate Bureau must  be elected in the constitutive session and it is composed by the President of the Senate, two Vice Presidents and two Secretaries.

Congress of Deputies Bureau
The Congress of Deputies is the lower house of the Cortes Generales and its standing orders were passed on 24 February 1982 and they have been modified at least twelve times.

The Bureau of the Congress is directed and coordinated by the Speaker of the Congress of Deputies. Because of the large size of the Congress compared to the Senate, the Bureau of the Congress is composed by the Speaker of the Congress, acting as chairperson, four Deputy Speakers and four Secretaries.

Other bureaus
Each House of the Cortes Generales has their own Committees and at the same time this committees are governed by their own Bureau. As a general rule, both Senate Committees and Congressional Committees and are composed by a Chairperson, two Deputy Chairpersons and two Secretaries all of them elected from the committee members.

There are some exceptions where the chairperson of some committees is not elected. This is the case for the Rules Committee of each House which is chaired by the Speaker of the House and the General Committee for the Autonomous Communities in the Senate, which is chaired by the Senate Speaker.

References

Bibliograhy

External links

 International Parliamentary Union chapter on Spain

Cortes Generales
Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Senate of Spain
Presiding bodies of legislatures

Bureaus of the Cortes Generales


Athelstane Township is a township in Clay County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 144. It was named after Athelstaneford, Scotland when Robert Hamilton, an early settler, selected the name for the post office.

Geography
Athelstane Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Athelstane.

The streams of Badger Creek, Basket Creek, and McMurray Creek run through this township.

References

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clay County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas

Athelstane Township, Clay County, Kansas


August Beer (; 31 July 1825 – 18 November 1863) was a German physicist, chemist, and mathematician of Jewish descent.

Biography
Beer was born in Trier, where he studied mathematics and natural sciences.  Beer was educated at the technical school and gymnasium of his native town until 1845, when he went to Bonn to study mathematics and the sciences under the mathematician and physicist Julius Plücker, whose assistant he became later. In 1848 he won the prize for his essay, "De Situ Axium Opticorum in Crystallis Biaxibus," and obtained the degree of Ph.D. Two years later he was appointed lecturer at the University of Bonn.

In 1852, Beer published a paper on the absorption of red light in coloured aqueous solutions of various salts. Beer makes use of the fact, derived from Bouguer's and Lambert's absorption laws, that the intensity of light transmitted through a solution at a given wavelength decreases exponentially with the path length d and the concentration c of the solute (the solvent is considered non-absorbing). The "Absorption Coëfficient" that Beer defined is actually the transmittance (or transmission ratio), T = I / I0. In Beer's formulation: "the transmittance of a concentrated solution can be derived from a measurement of the transmittance of a dilute solution."

The transmittance measured for any concentration and path length can be normalized to the corresponding transmittance for a standard concentration and path length. Beer conducted a number of experiments to confirm this empirical law, and to define a standard concentration of 10%, and a standard path length of 10 cm.  The photometer, devised by Beer, is shown in the gallery below.

Beer continued to publish the results of his scientific labors, writing in 1854 Einleitung in die höhere Optik (Introduction to the Higher Optics).  His findings, together with those of Johann Heinrich Lambert, make up the Beer–Lambert law. In 1855 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Bonn. Beer also wrote "Einheit in der Electrostatik," published two years after his death. He died in Bonn in 1863.

Beer's law
Beer's law, also called the Beer-Lambert law, in spectroscopy, is the physical law stating that the quantity of light absorbed by a substance dissolved in a nonabsorbing solvent is directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the path length of the light through the solution. Beer's law is commonly written in the form A = εcl, where A is the absorbance, c is the concentration in moles per liter, l is the path length in centimeters, and ε is a constant of proportionality known as the molar extinction coefficient. The law is accurate only for dilute solutions; deviations from the law occur in concentrated solutions because of interactions between molecules of the solute, the substance dissolved in the solvent.

Gallery

Selected writings

Notes

References
 In Greenfield, E. V. (1922). Technical and scientific German. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.

External links

1825 births
1863 deaths
19th-century German Jews
19th-century German physicists
Scientists from the Rhine Province
People from Trier
19th-century German mathematicians
Mathematicians from the Kingdom of Prussia

August Beer


The Whamola is a bass instrument used in funk-jazz styles of music. The name is a portmanteau of whammy bar and viola.

The Whamola is a direct descendant of the washtub bass, an American folk instrument popular with skiffle and jug bands, and features a single string which is manipulated via a pulley-and-lever system.

String instruments

Whamola


Bartholomew Hamilton Chilton (May 1, 1960 – April 27, 2019) was an American civil servant.

He was Commissioner at the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)  from 2007 to 2014. In April 2014, he joined DLA Piper as a Senior Policy Advisor. He was the author of the  investment fraud book, Ponzimonium: How Scam Artists Are Ripping Off America. Chilton was a vocal supporter of position limits in commodities markets. He exposed manipulation practices in commodities markets and went on record as wanting to prosecute violations of law, which he believed had taken place in the silver market.

Early life
Chilton was born in Wilmington, Delaware, and grew up in Ogden Dunes, Indiana. His father and both grandfathers were engineers. His father, a mechanical engineer, patented a way to create a self-standing artificial Christmas tree. DuPont's Thomas H. Chilton Laboratory in Wilmington, Delaware, is named for his grandfather, a chemical engineer who worked there. Jess M. Bartholomew, Chilton's namesake, was an electrical engineer at the Joy Manufacturing Company in Michigan City, Indiana. His great-great-grandfather was William Parish Chilton and his great-great-uncle was Thomas Chilton, who both served in government.

After high school, Chilton worked at a steel mill for a year, arguing later that the experience convinced him that someone had to look out for "the little guy". He began attending Purdue University in 1979, majoring in political science and communications but left one semester before graduating to work on Democratic Party 1984 political campaigns.

Government career
Chilton worked in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1985 to 1995, where he was legislative director for three members of Congress and was the executive director of the Congressional Rural Caucus. He later worked in the executive branch during the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, where he became the deputy chief of staff to U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman and served as a liaison to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. From 2001 to 2005, he was a senior advisor to  Senator Tom Daschle. In 2005, he went to the Farm Credit Administration, where he was an executive assistant to the board, afterward becoming chief of staff and vice president for governmental relations at the National Farmers Union, representing family farmers.

Chilton was one of the five CFTC commissioners from August 2007, when he was confirmed by the U.S. Senate after having been nominated by President Bush. He was the chairman of the CFTC's Energy and Environmental Markets Advisory Committee. He was re-nominated by President Barack Obama and re-confirmed by the Senate in 2009. In his first official remarks as a new commissioner on the CFTC, Chilton made clear his support for market regulation and has, since joining the CFTC, worked for the implementation of position limits.

In early 2010, he was contacted by Andrew Maguire, who detailed fraud taking place in the precious metals markets. Chilton had one of the senior investigators from the CFTC's enforcement division contact Maguire. Maguire shared information in an hour-long telephone interview and detailed e-mails. Maguire accurately predicted a manipulative event in the silver futures market, notifying Chilton and the investigator two days in advance and sending additional e-mails while it was taking place, pointing out important data.

Chilton believed violations of law have taken place in the silver futures market and said he wanted to see prosecutions. Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee board member Adrian Douglas referred to Chilton "the modern-day equivalent of Eliot Ness".

On April 15, 2011, Chilton issued a statement against legislation to delay the financial regulatory reforms in the Dodd-Frank Act.

In July 2013, Chilton replaced outgoing Commissioner Jill Sommers as Chair of the Global Markets Advisory Committee (GMAC).

Media career
Chilton joined RT America in 2018 as host of  Russian network's financial television show Boom Bust.

Death
Chilton died from complications of pancreatic cancer on April 27, 2019, at a hospital in Washington, D.C.

Personal life
Chilton was married to Sherry Daggett Chilton, and in his last years lived in Gulf Breeze, Florida. A distinctive figure in his political and media career, he sported shoulder-length blond hair and liked to wear cowboy boots.

References

External links
 Complete list of Chilton's speeches as CFTC commissioner Commodity Futures Trading Commission, official website. Retrieved May 9, 2011
 BartChilton.com Personal website.

1960 births
2019 deaths
Commodity Futures Trading Commission personnel
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C.
Delaware Democrats
Obama administration personnel
People from Gulf Breeze, Florida
People from Porter County, Indiana
People from Wilmington, Delaware
Purdue University alumni
George W. Bush administration personnel

Bart Chilton


The Manimi were a Germanic tribe. They were mentioned by Tacitus, in his ethnographic book Germania, where he stated that the Manimi were one of the five most powerful tribes of the Lugii. They lived between the Oder and the Vistula.

The Manimi have been compared to the "Atmonoi" mentioned by Strabo as a branch of the Basternes, and the "Lougoi Omanoi" mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy.

See also
 List of Germanic peoples

References

 Tacitus, Germania.XLIII

Early Germanic peoples
Lugii

Manimi


Bonk's Adventure, known as  in Japan and BC Kid in Europe, is a scrolling platform game developed by Red Company and Atlus and released in 1989 in Japan and 1990 in North America for the PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16. The Japanese title PC Genjin is a play on the system's original name, PC Engine, with the European title PC Kid similarly referencing the system's name. The first game in the Bonk series, it was followed by two more games for the TurboGrafx-16 before branching out to other platforms.

Bonk's Adventure was ported to the NES and Amiga, as well as being released as a coin-operated arcade game, under different titles (FC Genjin and BC Genjin in Japan, and BC Kid in Europe). A completely different game with the same name appeared on the Game Boy (under the title GB Genjin in Japan).

Plot
The game takes place in a fictional prehistoric era. Its protagonist is Bonk, a strong and bald caveboy who battles anthropomorphic dinosaurs and other prehistoric enemies. Bonk's mission is to rescue Princess Za (a small pink Plesiosaur-type reptile) who has been kidnapped by the evil King Drool (a large, green, Tyrannosaurus-type dinosaur). In the arcade version, Bonk is also assisted by a female version of himself.

Gameplay

Bonk attacks enemies by "bonking" them with his large, invincible forehead. Bonk starts the game with three hearts' worth of health, which are depleted to blue as Bonk takes damage, and three extra lives. Bonk's health can be restored in increments by collecting fruits and vegetables.

Bonk can also collect pieces of meat as power-ups; these lend him special abilities and make him stronger. There are three stages of a power-up: his normal self, a second stage during which he can stun enemies by pounding on the ground, and a third stage where he becomes temporarily invulnerable. Meat can be found in two varieties: big meat and small meat. The effects of meat are additive but wear off over time. A small meat gives Bonk the second stage of meat power, and a large one takes him to stage three. Eating small meat while in stage two will also put Bonk into the third, invincible stage of meat power. When the third stage effect wears off, he returns to the second state and remains there for a while before turning back to the regular Bonk. Eating either size of meat while in the third stage of meat power-up will reset the timer on Bonk's meat power.

Bonk can occasionally collect red heart power-ups that refill an entire heart worth of health, or even more rarely, a large red heart, which restores all of Bonk's missing health. There are also two rare, blue heart power-ups in the game, which will increase Bonk's maximum health by one heart.

Bonking an enemy will typically knock it backward and slightly into the air. Defeating an enemy yields points and also releases a small "smiley" power-up. Bonk's smileys are totaled at the end of each stage after defeating the boss of that stage. The player is given additional points and a caveman-type congratulation based on how many smileys were collected.

The arcade version is much different: at the beginning of the game, the player can choose from one of 28 different levels. Unlike the console versions, the levels are extremely short, and the goal is to get to the end as quickly as possible while trying to get a high score. There are various sports items in the stages, like basketballs and footballs. As long as Bonk continues to dribble these items, the player will get bonus points. There is a goal post at the end of each level, which grants more points if Bonk hits it at its apex. After completing three stages, the player gets to choose from one of seven boss battles. There are no power-ups in this version. Instead, there are smiley faces, which attach themselves to Bonk's head and can be used to absorb enemy projectiles or extend the length of Bonk's attacks. However, if Bonk gets hit once, he will lose all of his smiley faces, and he will have to pick them up again. This version of the game also includes a two-player mode, where player 2 plays as a female Bonk. The game can be set up to dispense tickets, and the ticket payouts can be adjusted by the operator.

Development
The character of Bonk, known in Japan as PC-Genjin (PC原人, in English: PC-Caveman) was created by Kobuta Aoki, and first appeared in comics created for the magazine Gekkan PC-Engine, in order to promote the console in Japan. In Japanese, PC-Genjin sounds like PC-Engine, and the PC stands for Pithecanthropus Computerus, a pun on Pithecanthropus erectus. It is generally called PC-Kid in English, as he was meant to be NEC's mascot at the time. Later, when the game was ported (or given different versions) for other platforms, it was renamed accordingly, like FC-Kid (after Family Computer, the original Japanese name for the NES, and the FC stood for Freakthoropus Computerus), GB-Kid (after the Game Boy), or the more generic name BC-Kid in some other versions, including Amiga. In North America, this was scrapped, as the game name is always Bonk's Adventure or something similar.

Reception
Entertainment Weekly picked the game as the #3 greatest game available in 1991, saying: "Cute, cartoony, and highly imaginative, this is one of the rare games that's as much fun to watch as it is to play." In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly editors ranked the TurboGrafx-16 version as number 85 on their "100 Best Games of All Time", citing its imaginative level designs and hilarious player character.

Computer and Video Games reviewed BC Kid for the Amiga and scored it 93% in 1992. Tim Boone praised the original PC Kid for the PC Engine as being among his "all-time fave console games" and said the Amiga port was a faithful conversion, but with a different title. While praising the original PC Engine version, however, the review criticized the American TurboGrafx-16 version for being titled Bonk, which is an inappropriate slang in British English.

Legacy
In 2003, Hudson Soft included a 3D remake of Bonk's Adventure in their Hudson Selection series of games released exclusively in Japan for the PlayStation 2 and GameCube consoles.

Factor 5, developers of the Amiga port, have made the Amiga version of BC-Kid available for free through their company website.

The TurboGrafx-16 version was released for Wii's Virtual Console on November 22, 2006, and according to informal surveys it has been one of the most purchased games.

In March 2008, a version for mobile phones was released in Japan.

Hudson was developing a reboot of the franchise entitled "Bonk: Brink of Extinction" for WiiWare and PlayStation Network. With the closure of Hudson, the status and future of this title is uncertain.

On October 19, 2015, it was announced that Bonk's Adventure was given a rating on the Virtual Console for Wii U for a future release. After months of rumors, the game finally saw a Wii U release in its TurboGrafx-16 form on July 14, 2016. The PC Engine version of the game (fully in Japanese) was included on every regional variant of the TurboGrafx-16 Mini which was released exclusively through Amazon on March 19, 2020.

Notes

References

External links

The Bonk Compendium

TurboGrafx-16 games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game Boy games
A.I Company games
Amiga games
Arcade video games
Virtual Console games
Mobile games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
IOS games
PlayStation Network games
Side-scrolling platform games
1989 video games
Red Entertainment games
Atlus games
Bonk (series)
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Tsukasa Masuko
Factor 5 games

Bonk's Adventure


is a Japanese female professional ten-pin bowler. She is a member of the Japan Professional Bowling Association, license no. 268.

Sakai comes from a bowling family. Her father is Takeo Sakai, also a professional bowler in Japan. He is the last JPBA member to win the Round1 Japan Cup, doing so in 1988. Her younger sister is Reika Sakai, who as sisters competed in P-League.

Biography
Sakai first started bowling while in elementary school. During the second grade of junior high-school, her father won the first All-Japan Championship. It was this event that inspired her to become a professional bowler. She frequented the bowling establishments every day, practicing after school while being coached by her father. She became a professional in 1992 at the age of 17, just missing out on breaking the record for being the youngest to become a professional in the JPBA (16). The Sakais also became the first parent/child duo to be active professional bowlers at the same time.

In 2002, father and daughter formed a doubles team, and won the All-Japan Mixed Doubles tournament. In the same year, Sakai won the Tokai Women's Open. In 2006, Sakai became a part of the first Bowling Revolution P★League tournament.

Major accomplishments
 2002 - All-Japan Mixed Doubles (winner, along with her dad)
 2002 - Tokai Women's Open (winner)
 2003 - Eagle Classic (2nd place)
 2005 - DHC Ladies Bowling Tour, 2005 season, 1st leg (winner)
 2006 - Miyazaki Professional/Amateur Open (3rd place, 300-game)
 2006 - JLBC Prince Cup (2nd place)
 2007 - Rokko Queen's Open (8th place)
 2012 - 32nd All-Japan Open Mixed Doubles (winner, along with Kyung-sin Park)

P★League
 Tournament 7 - 3rd place
 Tournament 11 - 2nd place
 Tournament 26 - 2nd place
 Tournament 34 - 2nd place
 Tournament 38 - 3rd place
 Personal records: nine strikes in a row, high game 279

Sakai-pro currently holds the P-League record for high three-game series of 789 (275-257-257). She also ties with other bowlers for the most strikes in a single game (11).

References

External links
P★League
P★League official blog
Official blog

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese ten-pin bowling players

Mika Sakai


Abdulmari Asia Imao (January 14, 1936 – December 16, 2014) was a Filipino painter and sculptor. Imao was named National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts in 2006. A Tausūg, Imao is the first Moro to receive the recognition. Aside from being a sculptor, Imao is also a painter, photographer, ceramist, cultural researcher, documentary film maker, writer, and a patron of Philippine Muslim art and culture.

Early life
Imao was born on 14 January 1936 in Siasi, Sulu. Imao spent most of his childhood in the town of Pata, also in Sulu. His family came from a generation of  or boat makers dating back to the precolonial era. At the age of nine, Imao began to show interest for the arts.

Imao etched trophies with the shape of a swimmer atop a pedestal for the swimmers in Sulu. At that time, swimmers from Jolo were the best bets of the country for the Olympics.

Imao finished high school in 1956. During the same year, the Philippine Navy held a floating exhibit named LST which hosted works of Filipino artists, Fernando Amorsolo, Botong Francisco and Vicente Manansala. Imao conversed with Tomas Bernardo, who was in-charge of the exhibit, about painting and asked if Imao was into the discipline. Imao presented Bernardo some of his works who later took Imao to Manila.

Career and education
Imao wrote to then President Ramon Magsaysay to seek a study grant. Jose Maria Ansaldo, aide to the President, helped Imao enter college at the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City. Imao entered as a pensionado of the Commission on National Integration. Among his mentors at the university were Guillermo Tolentino and Napoleon Abueva, who preceded him as National Artists. Imao graduated from the university with the degree Bachelor of Fine Arts in Sculpture.

In 1960, Imao entered the University of Kansas in the United States as a Smith Mundt and Fulbright Scholar. Imao was able to qualify for the top 20 slots of the scholarship. In 1962, Imao earned his Masters of Fine Arts in Sculpture, major in Metal Brass Casting. From 1962–1963 at the Rhode Island School of Design, Imao honed his craft as a scholar taking Creative Sculptor in Ceramic Technology.

Imao also entered the Columbia University in New York City under the Columbia Faculty Scholarship in the tuition of Dr. Lloyd Burden. who developed the first color processing for Kodak. Imao studied documentary motion picture and photography at the university.

In 1963, Imao received the New York Museum of Modern Art Grant to Europe and Scandinavia becoming the first Asian recipient of the grant.

On 9 June 2006, Imao was named with the National Artist of the Philippines for Sculpture. Imao was also recognized as a brass-making consultant of the United Nations

Style and technique
Imao is known for using the okir, sarimanok and the naga as motifs in his artworks and is credited for popularizing the motifs to the Filipino national consciousness. Imao draws inspiration from Tausūg and Maranao art. Imao's Islamic faith is also a source of inspiration in his art as evidenced in his sculptures composed of elements of Allah's name through Arabic calligraphy.

Personal life
Imao was married to Grace Bondoc de Leon, an art dealer from Santo Tomas, Pampanga. They had four sons, including Toym.

Death
Imao died on 16 December 2014 at the age of 78 at his home in Marikina. Imao was suspected of dying due to heart attack but his family later released a statement through Imao's daughter-in-law, Cielo Imao, that he died in his sleep.

A traditional state necrological service and tributes, which is usually given to National Artists, was accorded to Imao on 21 December at the Cultural Center of the Philippines' Main Theater. Imao was later interred at the Libingan ng mga Bayani at noon.

References

1936 births
2014 deaths
People from Sulu
Imao, Abdulmari
University of Kansas alumni
Filipino sculptors
Filipino painters
Filipino photographers
Filipino writers
Filipino Muslims
National Artists of the Philippines
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Merit (Philippines)

Abdulmari Imao


Kajraare () is a 2010 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Pooja Bhatt, starring Himesh Reshammiya and Sara Loren in the lead roles. Reshammiya plays a singer who falls in love with a bar dancer and the film is centred on how they find true love. It is the first Hindi film to be shot in Petra, often called "the eighth wonder of the world."

Plot
Rajiv Bhel (Himesh Reshammiya) is haunted by his very own past which torments him. He moves to Jordan where he has a job as a bartender, however Avtaar Singh forbids him to stay and immediately wants him to return to India. Rajiv then contemplates suicide but the eyes of a ravishing beauty strikes his own eyes. A chase ensues, until another man appears and takes the "beauty" in his own hands. The guy tells Rajiv if he wants to see what she does, he must come to the bar to "watch her dance".

Rajiv visits the aquarium and he sees the lady again and develops immense love for her. The woman is Nargis who is revealed as a prostitute. He then falls in love. One night, Rajiv visits the "bar", and watches her (Nargis) dance. Embarrassed and feeling unworthy, Rajiv runs away, however, after the end of the night, its time to head home. Nargis and her colleagues get in a taxi which Rajiv follows. At the end of the trip, Rajiv gets closer to Nargis only for Rajiv to return the scarf that Nargis dropped at the bar. Mockingly, Nargis refuses it but Rajiv says if she keeps disappearing like this, he will hang himself with the scarf. Nargis offers for a longer one in a jokingly way.

Regardless, Rajiv wants to marry Nargis. Rajiv wants Nargis to be free from prostitution. Rajiv must now get past Zohra Baano. She owns a prostitution business and hires other women to do their dirty work, the only source of income. Zohra Baano wants a price in exchange and Rajiv is willing to do that. Slowly, Nargis begins to develop feelings for Rajiv. One night, Nargis escapes the brothel, Rajiv finds her and takes her to a hotel. Nargis realises this was a mistake so she must return to the brothel. As soon as the "couple" leave the hotel, 3 drunkards approach them and one of them recognizes Rajiv as "Rocky". In fact, this is his real name, although "Rajiv" denies it. Rajiv fights off the drunkards and realises that Nargis knows the truth. So he decides to come clean about his life story.

Rocky Desai (also Himesh Reshammiya), a singer, is on the aeroplane. An ardent boy, who's a fan of Rocky, and his granny wants an autograph so Rocky writes one for them. On the plane, an uneasy passenger heads for the restroom but he is a terrorist. He threatens the entire crew, until Rocky sees this. He gets into a fight but suddenly the gun goes off killing the terrorist. Avtaar tells Rocky, he just killed Babbar's brother. Babbar is a most-wanted terrorist. He vows revenge on Rocky. Avtaar recommends Rocky to change his identity and start afresh. And this is how Rocky becomes Rajiv.

Rajiv breaks Avtaar's oath by going back to UK. He's playing with his sister in the park until he receives a call. It is Avtaar who wants him to return to London (as a cover up) Babbar is targeting his sister. After the call, his sister is gone. The white woman who witnessed the event says a man just took her. Babbar then tells Rocky he's sister is dead. This shatters him completely.

What follows is the underlying quest for true love. At the climax, Babbar captures Zohra Baano and Nargis. Rajiv / Rocky rescues them and kills Babbar. At the end, they are married.

Cast
 Himesh Reshammiya as Rajiv Behl / Rocky Desai
 Sara Loren as Nargis (Mona Lizza)
 Amrita Singh as Zohra Baano
 Natasha Sinha as Nargis (Mona Lizza)'s mother
 Gaurav Chanana as Sadiq - Dead
 Javed Sheikh as Tariq Anwar
 Gulshan Grover as Avtaar Singh
 Anupam Shyam as  Nawaz
 Adnan Shah as Babur Altaf Khan
 Veeru Krishnan

Release
The film was supposed to be released on 6 August 2010, along with Aisha, but due to clashes between director Pooja Bhatt and the producer, Bhushan Kumar, the release was delayed. According to sources, Kumar later sold the satellite rights to a television channel, which wanted it to have an official theatrical release before they could air it. On 15 October 2010, the film was released in only two theatres in Mumbai.
Bhushan Kumar stated in an interview that the film will release worldwide on the TV channel Colors in December 2010.

The film was previewed on UTV Movies on 28 May 2011. The Film was also previewed on Star Gold Channel.

Home media
The DVDs and VCDs of Kajraare were released by Eros Entertainment in the first week of December 2010.

Games
ASTPL, an Indian software developer, also released a music mobile video game based on the film, titled Kajraare Music Mania.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack of Kajraare was released on 30 May 2010. The album has 7 tracks and 4 remixes. All songs are composed and sung by Himesh Reshammiya with lyrics by Sameer.

Track listing

References

External links

T-Series (company) films
2010 films
Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
2010s Hindi-language films
Films shot in Jordan
Films set in Pakistan
Films set in Jordan
Films about prostitution in India
Films set in Lahore
Films set in Punjab, Pakistan
Films shot in Dubai
Films shot in Morocco
Films shot in Pakistan
Films shot in Lahore
Films shot in Punjab, Pakistan
Films adapted for other media

Kajraare


David Ralph Millard, Jr. (June 4, 1919 – June 19, 2011) was a plastic surgeon who developed several techniques used in cleft lip and palate surgeries. He also popularized the double eyelid surgery or "Asian blepharoplasty" to "deorientalize" patients' faces while stationed in South Korea during the Korean War. He was chief of the Division of Plastic Surgery at University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine for 28 years, and maintained a private practice in Miami.

Early life
Millard was born at Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri. He attended the Asheville School in Asheville, North Carolina. He played football at Yale, studied medicine at Harvard Medical School in 1944 and interned in pediatric surgery at Boston Children's Hospital. A U.S. Navy veteran, he served stateside in World War II but in Korea during the Korean War, where he became interested in local children with cleft lips.

The Millard repair procedure
The rotation-advancement procedure for cleft lip repair, also known as the Millard repair, is designed to create a softer, more natural-looking lip. Surgery performed prior to the Millard procedure involved pulling both sides of the cleft lip together resulting in a tightly closed upper lip. The Millard procedure rotates the tissue and creates a "Z" shaped scar instead. The "Z" shape gives the tissue more elasticity, resulting in greater flexibility and restoration of the Cupid's bow.

Recognition
In 2000, Millard was nominated as one of "10 Plastic Surgeons of the Millennium" by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. In the April 2000 issue of Plastic Surgery News, Millard was described as "the most brilliant and creative plastic surgeon we have alive. His work and publications speak for themselves." He is considered to be one of the founders of modern reconstructive facial surgery.

Personal life
Millard had two sons,(Duke and Bond) a daughter (Meleney), and six grandchildren (Davey, Lindsey, Blake, Ryan, Jennifer, and Kelsey)

Bibliography
 Gillies HD, Millard DR. The Principles and Art of Plastic Surgery. Butterworth. 1958.
 Reviews: , , .
 Millard R, Pigott R, Zies P. Free skin grafting of full-thickness defects of abdominal wall. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1969
 Millard DR, Total reconstructive rhinoplasty and a missing link. Plast. Reconstruct Surg 37:167-171, 1966.

See also
 The paramedian forehead flap

References

 Jeffrey Weinzweig Plastic Surgery Secrets, Hanley & Belfus, ©1999  /

External links
Ralph Millard biography

1919 births
American plastic surgeons
Harvard Medical School alumni
2011 deaths

Ralph Millard


The Upper Austrian peasant war () of 1626 was a rebellion led by farmers whose goal was to free Upper Austria from Bavarian rule. The motive (found in the  of 1625) was an escalation of the Bavarian Electorate's attempt to press the country into the Catholic faith at the time of the Thirty Years' War.

History

In the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, Upper Austria was pledged to the Bavarian Electorate by the House of Habsburg. The new ruler assumed cuius regio, eius religio (the religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled) and tried to convert the lands to the Catholic faith. In May 1625, the Protestant priest of the Frankenburg am Hausruck parish was replaced by a Catholic priest sent from Bavaria. After an armed uprising, the new priest was forced to flee from the castle. However, the men feared the reaction from Bavaria and surrendered three days later. Adam von Herberstorff, the Bavarian steward of Upper Austria, called all of the men from the region to the Haushamerfeld near Frankenburg to hold the assizes. The 36 men who had led the revolt were among the 5,000 gathered. The court sentenced the men to death, but allowed half of them to go free. Two men would step forward, and one would hang while the other would go. A roll of the dice determined their fate.

The steward had thought that the harsh sentence would frighten the peasants, but it only served to increase dissent and give sympathy to the rebels. Over the next year, the peasants secretly prepared for war by recruiting a man from every farmer's house, supplying them with weapons, and teaching them tactics. They intended to attack on the Pentecost, but war had broken out two weeks earlier, when Bavarian soldiers tried to steal a horse in Lembach im Mühlkreis. In response, a number of peasants on a pilgrimage near Lembach quickly assembled to slaughter the Bavarian garrison of 25 men. The group continued to collect more recruits on their way to Peuerbach, where they faced Herberstorff and his men. Even before the full size of the peasant army was assembled in Peuerbach, a number of companies attacked them and were quickly defeated. The new commissioners of the region were elected summarily on the battlefield.

The 5,000-strong peasant army went on to besiege Eferding, Wels, Kremsmünster, and Steyr, finally arriving at Linz, which did not surrender despite being defended by only 150 Bavarian soldiers. During the siege of Linz, the rebel leader, Stefan Fadinger, was shot. He died on July 5, two weeks after the fatal gunshot. It took months for Bavaria to send troops under Pappenheim's command to relieve the town at the end of August. Steyr was won back on September 26, and Wels on September 27. The war went on until the onset of winter, leaving the countryside destroyed. The farmers were now required to feed the 12,000 Bavarian soldiers who were spending winter in the country. Most of the leaders of the revolt were decapitated over the following months.

Reception
Upper Austria had been rebellious for centuries, with 62 known uprisings between 1356 and 1849, 14 of which occurred in the 16th century. However, the Peasants' War of 1626 was the costliest in terms of human life and damage to livestock and property. The war caused Martin Aichinger to lose his farm and begin roaming the country. He eventually became a religious leader who led a popular revolt against aristocratic rule. His revolutionary ideas frightened the rulers so much that they tried to arrest him, leading to another series of uprisings that ended in the Battle on the Frankenberg (German ) in 1636. All of Aichinger's followers were slaughtered during the battle, including the remaining women and children who had been in hiding.

References

1626 in the Habsburg monarchy
17th century in Austria
Peasant revolts
Wars involving Austria
Wars involving Bavaria
Conflicts in 1626
17th-century rebellions
Thirty Years' War

Upper Austrian peasant war of 1626


Eleuteroschisis is asexual reproduction in dinoflagellates in which the parent organism completely sheds its theca (i.e. undergoes ecdysis) either before or immediately following cell division. Neither daughter cell inherits part of the parent theca.
In terms of asexual division of motile cells, desmoschisis is generally the case in gonyaulacaleans whereas eleutheroschisis is generally the case in peridinialeans.

References

Dinoflagellate biology
Asexual reproduction

Eleuteroschisis


The Kennedy Stone House is located in Salt Fork State Park in Guernsey County, Ohio. The house and surrounding structures were placed on the National Register on October 3, 1975.

History
In 1837, Irish native Benjamin Kennedy bought  of land from Solomon Sturgis, who had obtained it as a land grant for military service.  Kennedy appears to have arranged for construction almost immediately after buying the land; stone was used for the walls, and slate covers the roof.  Kennedy's descendants owned and inhabited the house for more than a century; the state government bought the land in 1942, but Kennedys were permitted to continue living in the house.  When Salt Fork State Park was being developed, the house could no longer be inhabited, and its final resident, Benjamin's great-great-grandson Don Kennedy, moved out in 1966.

In 1975 it was placed on the National Register and remained in its abandoned state. The roof was damaged during a storm when a tree branch fell through the roof, but the parks crew replaced it. This started a movement to fix the house and it was named the Guernsey County Bicentennial Commission Legacy Program. Local volunteers cleaned up the area and soon transformed themselves into Friends for the Restoration of The Kennedy Stone House. Major restoration was done from 2000 to 2002.

The organization transformed itself into the Friends of the Kennedy Stone House Salt Fork State Park and maintains the house as a museum. One of the programs the organization performs is the docent program, where retirees or history students from Muskingum College occupy a cabin above the stone house and are charged as caretakers to the property.

Exterior
The stone house contains a central door reached by a flight of stairs and a small porch. The porch was once covered over during the Victorian era and contained columns and a balcony. To either side of the door are two rectangular windows. The second floor contains five windows in line over the first floor windows. The gabled roof is pierced at either end by a large stone chimney.

The house being only one room deep meant during the family's growth a new addition would be made. A two-story wooden-frame wing was added to the rear of the building and contained the summer kitchen and several bedrooms. This addition would not last and today's reconstruction only includes the summer kitchen.

A root cellar is located to the right of the house and built of thick stone blocks. The sides of the cellar are lined with dirt and plants to allow for cooler internal temperatures. The ceiling is penetrated by two diamond-shaped holes for ventilation and light. The well is now covered over and a natural spring has been capped.

References

External links
 http://www.kennedystonehouse.org

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Houses completed in 1837
Stone houses in Ohio
Museums in Guernsey County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Guernsey County, Ohio
Historic house museums in Ohio
Houses in Guernsey County, Ohio

Kennedy Stone House


The Constitutional Court, in Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security and Another (Centre for Applied Legal Studies Intervening), an important case in South African criminal, delict and constitutional law, found that the State could be held delictually liable for damages arising out of the unlawful omissions of its servants. In casu, the conduct of the police and a prosecutor had resulted in the release of a person, charged with rape, on his own recognisance. This person had subsequently assaulted the complainant.

CR Snyman, for one, has noted the court's emphasis on section 39(2) of the Constitution, which provides that "every court [...] must promote the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights." This, he argues, "may perhaps one day open the way for holding an individual police officer liable for a crime such as culpable homicide flowing from her negligent omission to protect a person from the real possibility of harm."

See also
 South African criminal law
 South African law of delict

References

Books
 Burchell, J. Principles of Criminal Law. 3 ed. Juta and Company Ltd, 2004.
 Snyman, CR. Criminal Law. 5 ed. LexisNexis, 2008.

Cases
 Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security and Another (Center for Applied Legal Studies Intervening) 2001 (4) SA 938 (CC).

Notes

2001 in South African case law
South African criminal case law
Constitutional Court of South Africa cases

Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security