Werner Walter Karl Hoeger (born December 15, 1953 in Mérida) is a former luge athlete who competed for Venezuela at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 2006 Winter Olympics. His son is Chris Hoeger. He is a professor emeritus (active) of exercise science at Boise State University and author of nine different "fitness & wellness" textbooks. He has written a total of 68 editions of these books. He is one of the most widely read fitness and wellness college authors in the United States. He was the first author to write a college-level fitness book to incorporate the wellness concept with the publication of Lifetime Physical Fitness & Wellness: A Personalized Program in 1986 (now in its 16th edition, Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2022). His title Fitness & Wellness (Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2021, 15th edition) is a concise book for introductory courses and for the general public that provides the necessary guidelines to enhance health and quality of life through a comprehensive fitness and wellness program. He is a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and also of the Research Consortium of AAHPERD (now SHAPE America). A gymnast in his youth, he later took up the sport of luge and participated in two Olympic Winter Games (2002 and 2006). Following his Olympic participation he turned his attention to racing in track and field, competing in three World Masters Track and Field Championships (2011, 2016, and 2018).

Academic and professional career
Werner Hoeger received his Bachelor of Science degree in Physical Education and his master's degree in Exercise Science from Brigham Young University at the young age of 20. In 1978, at 24 years of age, Hoeger earned his Ed.D. in exercise physiology, also from Brigham Young University.  He then taught at the University of Los Andes in Merida, Venezuela from 1978 to 1982; served as Technical Director of Fitness Monitoring in Rolling Meadows, Illinois from 1982 to 1983; and taught at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin in Odessa from 1983 to 1986.  He joined Boise State University in 1986 and retired from the university in 2009. He also taught for one semester in 2012, 2013, and 2016 at Brigham Young University Hawaii.

Luge career
He took up the sport of luge five weeks before his 45th birthday. Competing in two Winter Olympics, Hoeger earned his best finish of 32nd in the men's singles event in Turin in 2006. At 52, he represented his home country of Venezuela in 2006. As their only athlete at the games, he carried their flag at the Parade of Nations.  He was the oldest actual competitor at these games. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, competing alongside his son Christopher, they became the only father and son to ever compete in the same event in the Olympic Winter Games.

Hoeger's best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was 38th in the men's singles event at Nagano in 2004.

According to the New York Times, after experiencing a concussion Hoeger warned officials of the dangers of the luge track at the Vancouver Winter Olympics before the death of Nodar Kumaritashvili.

Personal life
Hoeger was born and raised in the city of Mérida, Venezuela. His Olympic aspirations started during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City. In 1970 at the age of 16, he made the Venezuelan National Gymnastics team and was undefeated as national all-around champion until he retired in 1976. He won 34 of 36 individual national titles during these six years. In the fall of 1970, he was recruited by Brigham Young University and competed there for four years. He aspired to compete in the 1972 Munich or the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympic Games. As the only athlete with a chance to qualify for his native Venezuela, he was never given the opportunity to try out for the games. He waited 34 years to compete in the Olympic Games. Subsequently, in 2011, he raced in the World Masters Athletics (Track and Field) Championships in Sacramento, California, USA. He raced in the 800, 1,500, and 5,000 meter events. In 2015 he finished third in the mile at the USA Track and Field (USATF) Masters Indoors National Championships and placed third and fourth respectively in the 800 m and 1,500 m at the USA National Senior Games. In October/November 2016 he advanced to the finals in these two events at the World Masters Athletics Championships held in Perth, Australia and finished 7th (12 finalists) in the 800 m and 8th (16 finalists) in the 1500 m. He has received All-American recognition by USATF in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021.

References

2002 luge men's singles results
2006 luge men's singles results
Boise State University faculty profile
FIL-Luge profile: Hoeger, Werner
Kartford, Brittany. "Winning at Luging" from the Latter-Day Saints
Lexington Herald Leader article on Hoeger
Torino 2006 profile: HOEGER Werner

External links

1953 births
Living people
People from Mérida, Mérida
Boise State University faculty
Brigham Young University alumni
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic lugers for Venezuela
Academics from Texas
Writers from Provo, Utah
Academic staff of the University of the Andes (Venezuela)
University of Texas Permian Basin faculty
Venezuelan Latter Day Saints
Venezuelan male lugers
Venezuelan people of European descent
Venezuelan people of German descent
Writers from Boise, Idaho

Werner Hoeger


Yeouido () is a large island (or ait) on the Han River in Seoul, South Korea. It is Seoul's main finance and investment banking district. It is  large and has a population of 32,674 .

The island is located in the Yeongdeungpo-gu district of Seoul, and largely corresponds to the precinct of Yeoui-dong. The island contains the National Assembly Building, where the National Assembly of South Korea meets, Korea Financial Investment Association, the large Yoido Full Gospel Church, the 63 Building, and the headquarters of LG, Korean Broadcasting System, and the Korea Exchange Center. Due mainly to its importance as a financial district and its central location, Yeouido is home to some of Seoul and South Korea's tallest skyscrapers, including International Finance Center Seoul, Parc1 Tower, the Federation of Korea Industries Tower, as well as the iconic 63 Building.

The island has historically gone by a number of names, including Yanghwado and Nauiju during the Joseon period. It was uninhabited until the construction of the peninsula's first airport, Yeouido Airport. As the airport was prone to flooding, it was eventually replaced by commercial and residential construction beginning in the late 1960s.

Etymology
The island went by a number of names in the Joseon period, including Yanghwado () and Nauiju (). Some sources claim that "Yeouido" can literally be interpreted as "Your Island", implying that people would want to give the island away because it is useless. This is because the island was once seen as an unreliable sandy island that flooded easily. On the other hand, an official Seoul tourism website describes the islands name as meaning "Broad Island" ().

History
Being a vacant spot convenient to the capital of Joseon, Yeouido was used as a national pasture for sheep and goats according to a 16th-century geographical record. Yeouido remained for the most part an uninhabited sandbar prior to the construction of Korea's first airport in April 1924. The airport served both international, domestic, and military flights, and was also the site of a flight school. The airport was prone to flooding that made it unusable during the summer rainy season. Gimpo International Airport took over Yeouido's commercial flights in 1958, and Seoul Air Base took over its military functions in 1971.

Starting in the late 1960s, major housing developments were erected on the island, many of which are still in place in 2020.

The six-lane bridge connecting it to the mainland of Yeongdeungpo was built in 1970 as part of Han River development project led by President Park Jung-Hee, after which followed a period of rapid development. Formerly part of Goyang, Yeouido-dong was formed as a separate entity in 1971. In 1975 the new National Assembly Building opened on the western side of the island. In 1985 the 63 building was completed and was the tallest and most well-known building in the country for many years.

Politics

Yeouido is the center of politics in South Korea. The western half of the island dominated by political organisations and their respective buildings. Most prominently, the National Assembly Building is located to the far west of the island. Construction of the building commenced in 1969 and was completed in 1975 and sits atop the site of the former Yeouido Airport. Prior to the opening of the National Assembly Building the seat of government was located at the General Government Building which was situated within the grounds of Gyeungbok Palace.

Due to its national importance, the area surrounding the National Assembly Building and its adjoining buildings is home to a significant police presence. Despite this, the grounds are usually open to the public and connect to the Han River Park which surrounds the site on three sides.

Most of the major South Korean political parties including the Democratic Party and the People Power Party maintain their headquarters in Yeouido, close to the National Assembly Building.

Economics

Yeouido is considered to be the financial center of Seoul, hosting most of the country's largest financial institutions including: Industrial Bank, Kookmin Bank, Korea Stock Exchange and Federation of Korean Industries, Hana Bank, Shinhan Securities, NH Investment Securities, and Eugene Investment Securities. Most of these institutions are clustered on the eastern side of the island, opposite the political quarter on the western side.

Public parks

Five parks are located in Yeouido. Notable among these are the Yeouido district of the Han River Public Park and Yeouido Park. Yeouido Park was formed in 1999 through the reclamation of a patch of land, known as Yeouido Square or May 16 Square, which had lain under asphalt for 27 years and was used for various large public gatherings. In addition, a terminal for excursion ferries stands on the Han River shore.

Unit of area
The "size of Yeouido" is often used by South Korean media as a means of comparison for measuring an unfamiliar area. For example, it may be said that city A in country Y is twice the size of Yeouido.

Festivals
Cherry Blossom Festival - Every April, the Cherry Blossom Festival is held in the streets of Yeouido.
Seoul International Fireworks Festival - On Saturdays of October, the Seoul International Fireworks Festival is held at Hangang Park.

Tallest buildings

Transportation

Buses
There are four colour-coded bus lines that operate in Yeouido:
Yellow buses run a circular route on Yeouido only
Red buses run different routes all over Yeouido only
Green and Blue buses connect Yeouido to numerous other points in Seoul

Bridges
There are 3 bridges between Yeouido and Mapo: Mapo Bridge, Seogang Bridge, and Wonhyo Bridge.

Subway
Seoul Subway Line 5 and Line 9 intersect at Yeouido Station. Line 5 also stops at Yeouinaru Station. Line 9 also stops at Saetgang Station and National Assembly Station.

Gallery

See also
Geography of South Korea
Islands of Korea
Han River

Notes

References

External links

Yeouido-dong website
Yeouido : Seoul Official Tourism (English)
Tour2Korea profile of the island
Yeuoido Spring Flower Festival 2007

Neighbourhoods of Yeongdeungpo District
Financial districts
Islands of the Han River (Korea)
Islands of Seoul

Yeouido


The Computer Music Center (CMC) at Columbia University is the oldest center for electronic and computer music research in the United States. It was founded in the 1950s as the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center.

Location
The CMC is housed in Prentis Hall, 632 West 125th Street, New York City, across the street from Columbia's 17-acre Manhattanville campus. The facility consists of a large graduate research facility specializing in computer music and multimedia research, as well as composition and recording studios for student use. Projects to come out of the CMC since the 1990s include:

 ArtBots
 dorkbot
 PeRColate
 Real-Time Cmix

The director of the CMC is Seth Cluett, and the CMC offers classes taught by George E. Lewis, Seth Cluett, David Soldier, Anna Meadors, and Ben Holtzman, as well as visiting faculty who give seminars every year. In collaboration with the Visual Arts Program in the Columbia University School of the Arts, the Computer Music Center offers a Sound Art MFA Program directed by Miya Masaoka. The program was founded in 2014 by Douglas Repetto who served as Director until 2016.

History
The forerunner of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center was a studio founded in the early 1950s by Columbia University professors Vladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening, and Princeton University professors Milton Babbitt and Roger Sessions. Originally concerned with experiments in music composition involving the new technology of reel-to-reel tape, the studio soon branched out into all areas of electronic music research. The center was officially established with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1959 which was used to finance the acquisition of the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer from its owner, RCA.

The center's flagship piece of equipment, the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, was delivered in 1957 after it was developed to Ussachevsky and Babbitt's specifications. The RCA (and the center) were re-housed in Prentis Hall, a building off the main Columbia campus on 125th Street. Significant pieces of electronic music realized on the Synthesizer included Babbitt's Vision and Prayer and Charles Wuorinen's Time's Encomium, which was awarded the 1970 Pulitzer Prize in Music. In 1964 Columbia Records released an album titled simply Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, which was produced principally on the RCA synthesizer.

Most of the luminaries in the field of electronic music (and avant-garde music in general) visited, worked, or studied at the Electronic Music Center, including Edgard Varèse, Chou Wen-chung, Halim El-Dabh, Michiko Toyama, Bülent Arel, Mario Davidovsky, Charles Dodge, Pril Smiley, Alice Shields, Wendy Carlos, Dariush Dolat-Shahi, Kenjiro Ezaki and Luciano Berio. The center also acted as a consulting agency for other electronic music studios in the Western Hemisphere, giving them advice on optimum studio design and helping them purchase equipment.

The staff engineers at the center under Peter Mauzey developed customized equipment to solve the needs of the composers working at the center. These include early prototypes of tape delay machines, quadraphonic mixing consoles, and analog triggers designed to facilitate interoperability between other (often custom-made) synthesizer equipment. The center also had a large collection of Buchla, Moog, and Serge Modular synthesizers.

By the late 1970s the Electronic Music Center was rapidly nearing obsolescence as its classical analog tape techniques were being surpassed by parallel work in the field of computer music. By the mid-1980s the Columbia and Princeton facilities had ceased their formal affiliation, with the Princeton music department strengthening its affiliation with Bell Labs and founding a computer music studio under Godfrey Winham and Paul Lansky (see Princeton Sound Lab).

The original Columbia facility was re-organized in 1995 under the leadership of Brad Garton and was renamed the Columbia University Computer Music Center. Garton served as Director from 1995 until 2021, when Seth Cluett became Director joined by Anna Meadors as Assistant Director.

Associates
 Seth Cluett, Director, Lecturer in Computer Music and Sound Studies
 Anna Meadors, Assistant Director
 Brad Garton, Director Emeritus, Professor of Music
 Miya Masaoka, Director of the Sound Arts MFA Program
 Fred Lerdahl, Professor of Music
 Chou Wen-chung, Professor of Music
 George E. Lewis, Professor of Music
 Zosha Di Castri, Assistant Professor of Music

References

 "Q&A: electronic music comes of age" (interview with director of research Douglas Repetto), by Daniel Cressey, Nature, Vol. 456, N° 7222, December 4, 2008, pg. 576; , ,

External links
 Columbia history of the Electronic Music Center
 Ohm site on the Electronic Music Center
 The Computer Music Center, Columbia University
 Princeton Sound Lab

 Finding aid to the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.

Electronic music organizations
Information technology organizations based in North America
Experimental Music Studios
Columbia University

Computer Music Center


The Bioinformatics, and Empirical and Theoretical Algorithmics Laboratory (BETA Lab or short β) is a research laboratory within the UBC Department of Computer Science. Founded in 2000 by Anne Condon, Will Evans, Holger H. Hoos, David G. Kirkpatrick and Nick Pippenger, the BETA Lab is the focus of research in bioinformatics, empirical algorithmics and theoretical computer science at the department.

The BETA Lab is home to faculty members, graduate students and summer interns. Since the inception of the BETA Lab, its members have solved problems in computer science and bioinformatics, including Boolean satisfiability (SAT), time-tabling, winner determination in combinatorial auctions, protein structure prediction in lattice models, as well as prediction and design of RNA secondary structures.

Within the UBC Department of Computer Science, the BETA Lab maintains close ties with the Laboratory for Computational Intelligence and Robotics (LCI) and other research groups.

External links
 BETA Lab

University of British Columbia
Laboratories in Canada

Bioinformatics, and Empirical & Theoretical Algorithmics Lab


Evelyn, Lady Barbirolli OBE (24 January 191125 January 2008) was an English oboist, and the wife of the eminent conductor Sir John Barbirolli.

She was born Evelyn Rothwell, and was known professionally by that name until after she was widowed, when she became known as Evelyn Barbirolli. She rose to fame at a time when there were very few women in orchestras except for harpists.

Early years
Evelyn Rothwell was born 24 January 1911 in Wallingford-on-Thames, Berkshire, the daughter of a tea dealer in the City of London. Her mother was related to Charles Reade, a novelist of the Victorian era. She did not take up the oboe until she was 17, when she started to learn at her school, Downe House, near Newbury, under the headship of Olive Willis. Her father was not supportive of her studying music, but her mother encouraged her to enter the Royal College of Music. She studied the oboe there with Léon Goossens. She also learned the piano as a second instrument, and played the cello and the timpani. Benjamin Britten, nearly three years younger, was also a student there and he got her to play through some of his compositions for oboe.

She started her professional career by deputising for Léon Goossens in the Drury Lane Orchestra.  She was soon appointed second oboe with the Covent Garden touring company, which was conducted by John Barbirolli. Barbirolli was married, although the marriage was not to last. Barbirolli was then made conductor of the Scottish Orchestra (now the Royal Scottish National Orchestra).

He appointed Evelyn as first oboe in the orchestra. He arranged several works for oboe and orchestra for her, including a concerto by Handel. Several of these are on recordings they made. Ralph Vaughan Williams was particularly pleased with their recording of his Oboe Concerto. Several composers dedicated works to her, including Arnold Cooke, Stephen Dodgson, Arthur Benjamin, Gordon Jacob, Edmund Rubbra and Elizabeth Maconchy.

The nature of her work with the Scottish Orchestra allowed her also to play from 1934 to 1938 in the Glyndebourne Festival, and from 1935 to 1939 with the London Symphony Orchestra, where she and her friend Natalie Caine were the first women woodwind players. Henry Wood made her first oboist in the New Queen's Hall Orchestra.

Years of marriage
Rothwell married John Barbirolli in 1939, after his divorce from his first wife. By this time Barbirolli was conductor of the New York Philharmonic, where he had succeeded Arturo Toscanini in 1936. Barbirolli and Rothwell lived in New York until 1943, when they returned to England so Barbirolli could take over the conductorship of the Hallé Orchestra, based in Manchester. Rothwell occasionally played in the orchestra, although she kept her appearances there to a minimum to avoid charges of nepotism. When the Hallé Orchestra performed in Salzburg in 1948, she was the soloist in the first performance of Mozart's Oboe Concerto, K. 314 since its rediscovery and republication. She also appeared in duet with the pianist Iris Loveridge.

Rothwell played the British premiere of Bohuslav Martinů's Concerto for Oboe and Small Orchestra, at the Proms on 24 August 1959, after the concerto's creator and dedicatee Jiří Tancibudek was unable to appear.

In Manchester, Rothwell devoted herself to helping Barbirolli. She was his secretary and chauffeured him everywhere. She was always present at rehearsals, and he relied on her advice on matters of balance as she listened in the auditorium. As Barbirolli's health deteriorated she hardly played her oboe, devoting her time to him. She travelled with him to the United States when he became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra. However she was one of the wind players who showed up for Charles MacKerras's much celebrated midnight 1959  recording of the Royal Fireworks Music for  Pye  using Handel's original orchestration including a serpent. He gathered just about every principal wind player in London for the event, a recording that has seldom been out of print. During his last years, Barbirolli's former manager caused them severe financial problems.

After John Barbirolli's death
After her husband's death in 1970, Rothwell, now using her late husband's last name, started to play her oboe again. She taught at the Royal Academy of Music, where she was affectionately known as "Lady B". She frequently appeared as adjudicator at music festivals. She wrote the books Oboe Technique and the three-volume Oboist's Companion, and her autobiography Living with Glorious John. She was awarded an honorary MA by Leeds University in 1972 and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1984. She died in 2008, the day after her 97th birthday.

References

External links
  Obituary in the Daily Telegraph, 26 January 2008.
 Obituary in The Times, January 29, 2008.
 Biography.com entry
 Lady Barbirolli, "The Companion to Oboists"

1911 births
2008 deaths
English classical oboists
Women oboists
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire
People from the City of London
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Women in classical music
Musicians from Oxfordshire
Musicians from London
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century English musicians
20th-century English women musicians
British music educators
British women music educators
Presidents of the Independent Society of Musicians

Evelyn Barbirolli


Georg W. Kreutzberg (September 2, 1932 – March 20, 2019) was a German neuromorphologist. Kreutzberg was long-serving director at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in Martinsried near Munich.

He remained active as emeritus director at that institute. His various research interests have included microglia cells, neuropathology and nerve regeneration following trauma (especially paraplegia and quadriplegia), fraud in science, correct reporting of scientific research to laypeople and the history of neuroscience in Germany.

Biography
Kreutzberg was born in Ahrweiler. He studied medicine, later specializing in Neuropathology, at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University in Bonn, the Albert Ludwig's University in Freiburg, the Medical University in Innsbruck and the University of Vienna. In 1961 he graduated as doctor from the University of Freiburg in Breisgau.

After working as post-doctoral scientific assistant, first at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as well as at the Rockefeller University in New York City, he graduated with Habilitation in Neuropathology at the Technical University of Munich in 1971.

In 1977 Kreutzberg received a call to the position of Adjunct Professor for Neuropathology at the medical faculty of the Technical University of Munich. In 1978 he was scientific member and director at the theoretical section of the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich (from 1984 situated at Planegg-Martinsried), which became the independently administered Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology in 1998. In 1993 he worked as visiting professor at the Brain Research Institute of Zurich University. In 2000 Kreutzberg received emeritus status, nevertheless has continued working there with lectures, honorary appointments and advisory activities.

He had memberships in numerous national and international research organizations. Between 1981 and 1985 he was elected President of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zellbiologie (DGZ), from 1994 to 1997 of the International Society of Neuropathology and from 1997 to 2000 of the German Neurowissenchaftlichen Gesellschaft. In 1991 he was founding member, and from 1994 to 2008 chairman, of the Scientific Committee of the "International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia" (IFP) in Zurich. From 1991 to 1998 Georg Kreutzberg was initiator, joint instigator and director of the European Initiative for Communicators of Science (EICOS). From 1991 to 2019 was a  member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. From 2007 to 2008 he was president of the "International Society for the History of the Neurosciences" He died on March 20, 2019, at the age of 86.

Research

Georg Kreutzberg researched as experimental neuropathologist on the cellular mechanisms of brain and nerve disorders, especially on regeneration and repair mechanisms in the brain as well as the role of glia cells in brain diseases. He was regarded as a leader in the investigation of microglia cells - the crucial defense cells of brain tissue. He discovered the blocking effect of colchicine on axonal and dendritic transport in nerve cells. Using the experimental model provided by the facial motor nucleus following axotomy Kreutzberg and his fellow workers discovered essential parameters of the regeneration program of nerve cells. Here, he developed also the activation concept of microglia cells, which revealed new directions for the understanding of many brain diseases.

Honors and Prizes

 1987: Rudolf F. Weiss Prize for fundamental research in neurology
 1991: K. J. Zuelch Prize from the Gertrud Reemtsma Foundation
 1991: Honorary doctorate of Dr. med. h. c. of the Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical University Szeged, Hungary
 1992: GSF Prize for interdisciplinary cooperative research
 1999: "Science in Dialogue" PUSH Prize for Public Understanding of Science and Humanities, together with Helmut Kettenmann, for the "German Neuroscience Society"
 2006: Honorary member of the International Society of Neuropathology
 2006: Visiting Professor and Orator for the 20th Peter Lampert Memorial Lecture, University of California, San Diego
 2007: Recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with "Cross of Merit, First class".

Writings (selection)

 Cellular Biology of Ectoenzymes. Springer, Heidelberg 1986, jointly with Martin Reddington and Herbert Zimmermann, .
 The Neurosciences at the Turn of the Century. Thieme, Stuttgart 2001, jointly with Norbert Elsner, .
 Kreutzberg, G. W. (1996) "Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS", Trends in Neurosciences 19 (8) 312–318.
 Graeber, M. B., Blakemore, W. F. and Kreutzberg, G. W. (2002) "Cellular pathology of the central nervous system" in: Greenfield's Neuropathology, 7th edition, Graham, D. I. and Lantos, P. L. (Eds). Vol. 1, 123.191, Arnold, London .
 Kreutzberg, G. W. (1987) "Dendrites, Transport and Secretion" in: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Adelman, G. (Ed.), Vol. 1, 319-320 Birkhäuser Boston .
 Kreutzberg, G. W. (1987) "Microglia" in: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Adelman, G. (Ed.), Vol. 2 661–662, Birkhäuser Boston .
 Kreutzberg, G. W. (1995) "Reaction of the neuronal body to axonal damage" In: The Axon: Structure, Function and Pathophysiology. Waxman, G. G., Kocsis, D. & Stys, P. K. (Eds.) Oxford University Press, New York. Ch. 19, Pp 355–374 .
 "Kreutzberg", In: Lexikon der Neurowissenschaft (2000) Vol. 2 270. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg,

References

External links
 Web page of Georg Kreutzberg (Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Munich)
 Kreutzberg named as "ISI highly cited researcher" in 2001.
 Interview with Georg Kreutzberg in Neuroforum 3/2008 (PDF file; 4,09 MB)

1932 births
2019 deaths
German neuroscientists
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Presidents of the German Neuroscience Society
Max Planck Institute directors

Georg Kreutzberg


"Champions" is a song by American singer Usher and Panamanian singer Rubén Blades, recorded for the biographical sports film, Hands of Stone and is also included on his eight studio album Hard II Love. It was released by RCA on August 26, 2016, available for digital download and online streaming. The song was written by Usher, Rubén Blades, Raphael Saadiq and Taura Stinson.

Background and release
Following Usher's 2012 album Looking 4 Myself, his next studio album was expected to be released in 2014. "Good Kisser", "She Came to Give It to You" and "I Don't Mind" were released and he also embarked on the UR Experience Tour, yet no album was released. In October 2015, Usher released "Chains", a song about social justice featuring the artists Nas and Bibi Bourelly. The singer released "Crash" on June 10, 2016 available for digital download on iTunes, Amazon, Google Play and online streaming services, Tidal, Apple Music, Spotify, and YouTube.

Music video
On August 29, 2016, the official music video was uploaded to the Usher's YouTube and Vevo channel. During the music video various clips of Hands of Stone are played.

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.

Usher — lead vocals, composer, lyricist
Rubén Blades — lead vocals, composer, lyricist
Raphael Saadiq — composer, lyricist
Taura Stinson — composer, lyricist

References

Usher (musician) songs
Rubén Blades songs
Songs written by Rubén Blades
Songs written by Usher (musician)
2016 songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Raphael Saadiq
Songs written by Taura Stinson

Champions (Usher and Rubén Blades song)


Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years is a 1977 American made-for-television film and a sequel to Eleanor and Franklin (1976). Originally airing on March 13, 1977, it was part of a two-part biographical film directed by Daniel Petrie based on Joseph P. Lash's Pulitzer prize-winning biography, Eleanor and Franklin, chronicling the lives of the 32nd U.S. President and the first lady. Joseph Lash was a secretary and confidant of Eleanor and wrote other books on the couple.

Eleanor and Franklin focused on their respective childhoods, school years, courtship and the lead-up to his election. Seven members of the original cast returned for the sequel, including the two main characters portrayed by Jane Alexander and Edward Herrmann. It won seven Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Special of the Year. Daniel Petrie, who won Director of the Year – Special for the first installment, won the same award again. Both films were acclaimed and noted for historical accuracy.

Cast
Edward Herrmann   – Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), 32nd President of the United States
Jane Alexander    – Eleanor Roosevelt, 34th First Lady of the United States
Priscilla Pointer – Marguerite Missy LeHand. Long-time secretary to Franklin and considered part of the family.
Walter McGinn     – Louis Howe, intimate friend to both Roosevelts and political advisor to Franklin
Rosemary Murphy   – Sara Delano Roosevelt, Franklin's mother
Blair Brown       – Anna Roosevelt, Eleanor and Franklin's eldest child
David Healy       – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, uncle to Eleanor and 5th cousin to Franklin
Peggy McCay       – Grace Tully, long-time friend/secretary to Eleanor and became Franklin's top secretary after Missy died.
Donald Moffat     – Harry Hopkins, one of Franklin's closest advisers and architect of the New Deal. He was an important liaison between FDR, Winston Churchill, and Stalin meeting personally with the leaders and setting up negotiations during World War II.
Toni Darnay       – Malvina Thompson, Eleanor's personal secretary
Barbara Conrad (Barbara Smith Conrad)    – Marian Anderson, an American contralto singer. The Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow her to perform before an integrated audience in their Constitution Hall, spurring First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to resign from the organization and to aid in arranging for Anderson to sing from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Anderson went on to sing at the inaugurations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy.
Morgan Farley     – William Plog, managed the Roosevelts' Hyde Park estate
Mark Harmon     – Robert Dunlap, a soldier
Anna Lee          – Laura Delano, FDR's cousin
Linda Kelsey      – Lucy Mercer, mistress of FDR
Colin Hamilton    – Ike Hoover, Chief Usher of the White House; served both Roosevelt presidents
Ray Baker         – James Roosevelt, oldest son of the Roosevelts who served as a secretary in his father's White House and went on to become a U.S. Marine serving in World War II. He later became a Congressman from California for 10 years.
Brian Patrick Clarke – John Aspinwall Roosevelt, youngest child of the Roosevelts
Don Howard        – Elliot Roosevelt, son of the Roosevelts who served in World War II
Joseph Hacker     – Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., son of the Roosevelts who also served in the war
Charles Lampkin   – Irvin McDuffie, FDR's African-American valet during the White House years
Arthur Gould-Porter – Sir Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Robert Karnes     – United States Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, frequent opponent of FDR in the courts. He also swore him in first 3 of the 4 times he was inaugurated.
David Lewis       – United States Supreme Court Justice Melville Weston Fuller, who swore in Teddy Roosevelt.
Gregory Koontz    – Curtis Roosevelt, eldest grandson of the Roosevelts; Anna's son from first marriage
Davy Muxlow       – John Roosevelt Boettiger, Roosevelt's grandson and Anna's son from second marriage

Home media
The film was released on DVD by HBO Video on May 21, 2013, with Eleanor and Franklin (1976) on the second disc.

References

External links

1977 television films
1977 films
ABC network original films
American sequel films
American television films
Television sequel films
Films directed by Daniel Petrie
Films about Franklin D. Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of Eleanor Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt
Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
1970s English-language films
1970s American films


Nubhetepti (nb-ḥtp.tỉ, "Gold [=Hathor] is satisfied") was an ancient Egyptian queen with the titles king's wife and king's mother. She is mainly known from scarab seals, which are datable by style to the 13th Dynasty, around 1750 BC. She is also known from a statuette found at Semna. Her husband is unknown. However, king Hor had a daughter called Nubhetepti-khered. This translates as Nubhetepti-the-child and indicates that there was another (older) Nubhetepti around at the same time. For that reason it has been argued that Nubhetepti was the wife of king Hor and perhaps the mother of the princess
Nubhetepti-khered. There are other scarabs of a queen Nubhetepti with the titles Great Royal Wife and she united with the white crown. These scarabs belong perhaps to another queen with the same name.

References
 K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period (Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997), 38-39

References

18th-century BC women
Queens consort of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Great Royal Wives

Nubhetepti


The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an episcopal see and ecclesiastical province in northeastern Italy, originally centered in the ancient city of Aquileia, situated near the northern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It emerged in the 4th century as a metropolitan province, with jurisdiction over the Italian region of Venetia et Histria. In the second half of the 6th century, metropolitan bishops of Aquileia started to use the patriarchal title. Their residence was moved to Grado in 568, after the Lombard conquest of Aquileia. In 606, an internal schism occurred, and since that time there were two rival lines of Aquileian patriarchs: one in New Aquileia (Grado) with jurisdiction over the Byzantine-controlled coastal regions, and the other in Old Aquileia (later moved to Cormons). The first line (Grado) continued until 1451, while the second line (Cormons, later Cividale, and then Udine) continued until 1751. Patriarchs of the second line were also feudal lords of the Patriarchal State of Aquileia. A number of Aquileian church councils were held during the late antiquity and throughout the middle ages. Today, it is an titular archiepiscopal see.

History

From bishopric to patriarchate
Ancient tradition asserts that the see was founded by St. Mark, sent there by St. Peter, prior to his mission to Alexandria. St. Hermagoras is said to have been its first bishop and to have died a martyr's death (c. 70). At the end of the third century (285) another martyr, St. Helarus (or St. Hilarius), was bishop of Aquileia.

In the course of the fourth century the city was the chief ecclesiastical centre for the region about the head of the Adriatic, Regio X of the Roman emperor Augustus' eleven regions of Italy, "Venetia et Histria". In 381, St. Valerian appears as Metropolitan bishop of the churches in this territory; his synod of that year, held against the Arians, was attended by 32 (or 24) bishops. Valerian was succeeded by St. Chromatius (388–408), known for his homiletic and exegetical works. He promoted the work of Sts. Jerome and Rufinus and kept contact with Sts. Ambrose of Milan and John Chrysostom.

In time, part of western Illyria, and to the north, Noricum and Rhaetia, came under the jurisdiction of Aquileia. Roman cities like Verona, Trent, Pola, Belluno, Feltre, Vicenza, Treviso and Padua were among its suffragans in the 5th and 6th centuries. As metropolitans of such an extensive territory, and representatives of Roman civilization among the Ostrogoths and Lombards, the archbishops of Aquileia sought and obtained from their barbarian masters the honorific title of patriarch, personal, however, as yet to each titular of the see. This title aided in promoting and at the same time justifying the strong tendency towards independence that was quite manifest in the relations of Aquileia with Rome, a trait it shared with its rival, Ravenna, which, less fortunate, never obtained the patriarchal dignity.

Emperor Justinian's decision that Italy, too, should adopt his religious policy which favoured Monophysitism, was met with strong opposition by Aquileia's bishop Macedonius (539–557). In the meantime, Pope Vigilius gave in to Justinian's threats and adhered to the Second Council of Constantinople of 553 which condemned the three representatives later known as the Three Chapters. Owing to the acquiescence of Vigilius in the condemnation of the "Three Chapters", the bishops of northern Italy (Liguria and Aemilia) and among them those of the Venetia and Istria, broke off communion with Rome, under the leadership of Macedonius. This Schism of the Three Chapters provided the opportunity for the bishop of Aquileia to assume the title "patriarch". Macedonius' successor Paulinus I (557–569) began using the title around 560.

Meanwhile, by the end of the next decade, the Lombards overran all of northern Italy. In 568, the patriarch of Aquileia was obliged to flee, with the treasures of his church, to the little island of Grado, near Trieste, a last remnant of the imperial possessions in northern Italy. This political change did not affect the relations of the patriarchate with Rome; its bishops, whether in Lombard or imperial territory, persistently refused all invitations to a reconciliation.

Split with Grado

Various efforts of the popes at Rome and the exarchs at Ravenna, both peaceful and otherwise, met with persistent refusal to renew the bonds of unity until the election of Candidianus (606 or 607) as Metropolitan of Aquileia (in Grado). Weary of fifty years' schism, those of his suffragans whose sees lay within the empire joined him in submission to Rome; his mainland suffragans among the Lombards persisted in the schism. They went further and elected in Aquileia itself, patriarch John the Abbot (606 or 607) so that henceforth there were two little patriarchates in northern Italy, the insular patriarchate of Aquileia in Grado and the mainland patriarchate of Old Aquileia, residing in the fortress of Cormons.

With the death of King Grimuald (671), who was an Arian, attitudes began to change. Royal court officials were prevalently Catholic and favoured an agreement with the Church of Rome. Eventually the Lombard kings wished to remove all conflicts with Rome, including the schism with the Aquileian church. Gradually the schism lost its vigour. King Cunipert summoned the Synod of Pavia (698/699) whereby Old-Aquileia reconciled with Rome, and Pope Gregory II granted the pallium to Patriarch Serenus (715–730) of Aquileia in 723. It was probably during the seventh century that the popes recognized in the metropolitans of Grado the title of Patriarch of Aquileia, in order to offset its assumption by the metropolitans of Old-Aquileia. In succeeding centuries it continued in use by both, but had no longer any practical significance.

In 628, the patriarchs of Old-Aquileia transferred their residence to Cormons. Patriarch Callistus moved the patriarchal residence to Cividale del Friuli (Forum Julii) in 737 and it remained there until the thirteenth century when it was moved again, this time to Udine in 1223.

In the last decade of the 8th century, the creation of a new metropolitan see at Salzburg reduced the size of the diocese of Old-Aquileia, which long claimed as its own the territory of Carinthia. Still later, Patriarch Ursus of Aquileia (d. 811) accepted the arbitration of Charlemagne, by which the Carinthian territory north of the Drave was relinquished to Arno of Salzburg. After the death of Ursus, Maxentius picked up where he left off, and solicited funds from Charlemagne's court to rebuild Aquileia. Maxentius served as the Patriarch of Aquileia from 811 till his death in 837.<ref name="friul.net">[http://www.friul.net/dizionario_biografico/index.php?id=2434&x=1 Friulian Biographical Dictionary''']</ref>

Nevertheless, the Hungarian invasion of the 9th century and the decline of imperial control increased the authority of the patriarchs.

Expansion and collapse

German feudal influence was henceforth more and more tangible in the ecclesiastical affairs of Old-Aquileia. In 1011 one of its patriarchs, John IV, surrounded by thirty bishops, consecrated the new cathedral of Bamberg. Poppo, or Wolfgang (1019–1042), a familiar and minister of Emperor Conrad II, consecrated his own cathedral at Aquileia on 13 July 1031, in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Under his reign the city also received a new line of walls. Poppo also managed to free the patriarch definitively from the Duchy of Carinthia and warred against Grado.

In 1047, the Patriarch Eberhard, a German, assisted at the Roman synod of that year, in which it was declared that Aquileia was inferior in honour only to Rome, Ravenna, and Milan. In 1063, however, Pope Leo IX declared Grado to have the supremacy, but Gotebald retained the support of Emperor Henry III.

Temporal power

In 1077, the patriarch Sieghard of Belstein received the ducal title of Friuli from German king Henry IV, an act traditionally regarded as the birth of the state of Aquileia, or the Patrie dal Friûl. The Patriarchate subsequently extended its political control in the area: regions under Aquileian control in the following centuries included Trieste, Carinthia, Styria, Cadore and the central part of Istria. At its maximum height, the Patriarchate of Aquileia was one of the largest states in Italy. Noblemen from the Patriarchate were protagonists in the Crusades. In 1186 Patriarch Godfrey crowned Frederick Barbarossa's son, Henry VI, in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan as King of Italy; in retaliation, Pope Urban III deposed him.

In the early 13th century, particularly under Wolfger von Erla (1204–1218) and Berthold (1218–1251), the Patriarchate had a flourishing industry and commerce, favoured by a good road network, as well as a notable cultural activity. Damaged by earthquakes and other calamities, and reduced to a few hundred inhabitants, Aquileia was nearly abandoned in the 14th century. The capital of the state was moved first to Cividale and then, from 1238, to Udine, in central Friuli, which had been a favourite residence of the patriarch since the 13th century and soon became a large city.

However, late in the century, the Patriarchate had to face the increasing power of the Republic of Venice, as well as the inner strifes between its vassals, and also became entangled in the endless wars between Guelphs and Ghibellines. A recovery occurred during the rule of Bertrand (1334–1350), a successful administrator and military leader. He was killed in 1350 in a plot, at the age of ninety.

Since the transfer of the patriarchal residence to Udine the Venetians had never lived in peace with the patriarchate, of whose imperial favour and tendencies they were jealous. In the 15th century the state also suffered a series of inner strifes between Cividale and Udine. In 1411 this turned into a war which was to mark the end of the Patriarchate, Cividale having received support from most of the Friulian communes, the da Carrara of Padua, the Emperor and the King of Hungary, while the latter was backed by the Venetians. In the December of that year the imperial army captured Udine and, in the following January, Louis of Teck was created Patriarch in the city's cathedral. On 23 July 1419 the Venetians conquered Cividale and prepared to do the same with Udine. The city fell on 7 June 1420 after a long siege. Soon afterwards Gemona, San Daniele, Venzone and Tolmezzo followed.

In 1445, after the defeated patriarch Ludovico Trevisan at the Council of Florence had acquiesced in the loss of his ancient temporal estate, in return for an annual salary of 5,000 ducats allowed him from the Venetian treasury, the war was really over. Upon the abolition of the Patriarchate of Grado (1451), it was superseded by the Patriarchate of Venice. The title of Patriarch of Aquileia maintained just a religious value. The former Friulian state was incorporated in the Republic of Venice with the name of Patria del Friuli, ruled by a General Proveditor or a Luogotenente living in Udine.

Under  Domenico Grimani (cardinal since 1497), Austrian Friuli was added to the territory of the patriarchate whose jurisdiction thus extended over some Austrian dioceses. In 1623 provost of Aquileia Albert Pessler, on behalf of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, requested establishment of the Bishopric of Gorizia and removing the Austrian dioceses from jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia.

Extinction

The 109th and last Patriarch of Aquileia was Daniel Dolfin, coadjutor since 1714 of his predecessor, Dionigio Dolfin, his successor since 1734, and a cardinal since 1747.

The Venetian claim to the nomination of the Patriarch of Aquileia had been met by a counter-claim on the part of Austria since the end of the fifteenth century when Austrian dioceses came to be included within the jurisdiction of the patriarchate.

Finally, Benedict XIV was chosen as arbiter. He awarded (1748–49) to the Archdiocese of Udine the Venetian territory in Friuli, and for the Austrian possessions he created a vicariate apostolic with residence at Gorizia, independent of the Patriarch of Aquileia, and exempt (i.e., immediately dependent on the Holy See), in whose name all jurisdiction was exercised.

This decision was not satisfactory to Venice, and in 1751 with the 6 July bull Injunctio Nobis'', the Pope divided the patriarchate into two archdioceses; one at Udine, with Venetian Friuli for its territory, the other at Gorizia, with jurisdiction over Austrian Friuli. Of the ancient patriarchate, once so proud and influential, there remained but the parish church of Aquileia. It was made immediately subject to the Apostolic See and to its rector was granted the right of using episcopal insignia seven times in the year.

Titular see
In 1968, Aquileia was inserted into the Catholic Church's list of titular (no longer residential) sees with metropolitan rank. , the see is held by Charles John Brown, currently Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines, who was appointed to the see on 26 November 2011.

See also
 Aquileian rite
 List of bishops and patriarchs of Aquileia
 Titular Archbishop of Aquileia
 I libri dei Patriarchi

Notes and references

Sources

 Minotto, A. S. (ed.) (1870). Documenta ad Forumjulii patriarchatum Aquileiensem Tergestum Istriam Goritiam  Vol. 1. . Venice: typis Joh. Cecchini, 1870. [Volume 1 of Acta et diplomata e r. tabulario veneto / studio et opera A. S. Minotto]

Apostolic sees
Dioceses established in the 1st century
1751 disestablishments in Italy
Roman Catholic dioceses in the Holy Roman Empire
1st-century establishments in Italy
Former Latin patriarchates
Aqu
Aqu

Patriarchate of Aquileia


Commonwealth Oil Refineries (COR) was an Australian oil company that operated between 1920 and 1952 as a joint venture of the Australian government and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.

Early history

The partnership was established in 1920 on the initiative of prime minister Billy Hughes.

The board was to consist of seven members, three representing the Commonwealth and four representing the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. The provisional board consisted of: Sir Robert Garran, M. C. Lockyer, and Robert Gibson for the Commonwealth, and F. H. Bathurst, Professor Payne, T. J. Greenway, and W. J. Windeyer for the oil company. Greenway served as chairman for the first year.

In 1922, the company purchased the disused shale oil refinery at Hamilton, that had been operated by British Australian Oil Company, and relocated equipment from there for use in its new refinery in Victoria.

In 1924 it opened Australia's first oil refinery that processed imported crude oil, near Laverton, Victoria, north of the Melbourne - Geelong railway, adjacent to Kororoit Creek Road. The refinery received its first shipment of crude oil on 12 March 1924, with product coming "on-stream" on 17 May 1924. The refinery had an annual processing capacity of 100,000 tons of crude oil. The refinery was shut down on 6 August 1955, eclipsed by much larger refineries being built around the country.

In the 1930s the company was involved in oil search ventures.

BP
In 1952, the Menzies Coalition government sold the Australian government's interest in COR to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which became the British Petroleum Company (BP) in 1954. Former PM Billy Hughes last speech in parliament was an attack on the Menzies Government's decision to sell its share in Commonwealth Oil Refineries, one of the state-owned enterprises his government had established over 30 years earlier. According to H.V. Evatt, his speech "seemed at once to grip the attention of all honourable members present ... nobody left the House, and nobody seemed to dare to move".

In 1955 it developed a refinery at Kwinana, Western Australia

BP/COR
Between 1952 and 1959, BP Australia branded its standard-grade petrol as COR, but then dropped the name.

See also

Ampol
Golden Fleece Company
Neptune Oil Company

References

Works cited

External links

Former joint ventures
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
Defunct oil and gas companies of Australia
Former Commonwealth Government-owned companies of Australia

Commonwealth Oil Refineries


Thomas Jones (1810 – 29 November 1875) was a Welsh librarian, who was librarian of Chetham's Library in Manchester from 1845 to 1875.

Life
Jones, from Margam in south Wales, was born in 1810 and educated at Cowbridge grammar school before attending Jesus College, Oxford, between 1827 and 1832.  After obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree, he turned to working with books (in preference to an earlier intention of becoming a priest).  He catalogued the Neath library in 1842 and was appointed as the librarian of Chetham's Library in Manchester in 1845.  Whilst he was in charge, the library more than doubled in size (from 19,000 to 40,000 volumes) with Jones obtaining some books through his personal influence.  His catalogue of 1862–63 (2 volumes) continued the earlier catalogues of Radcliffe and of Greswell (from 1791 and 1821 respectively).  He was described as "one who seemed designed by nature for the place and whose whole soul was in his work".  As well as the catalogues of the library's collections, he wrote a Catalogue of the collection of tracts for and against popery (published in and about the reign of James II) in the Manchester library founded by Humphrey Chetham (1859). He was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1866, and died on 29 November 1875.

References

1810 births
1875 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Welsh librarians

Thomas Jones (librarian)


Romance of the Three Kingdoms X, also known as Sangokushi X (三國志X) in Japan, is the 10th installment in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sangokushi) strategy game series by Koei. It was originally released in the summer of 2004 and the PUK expansion was released several months afterwards. Sangokushi X abandoned many of Sangokushi IX'''s concepts and favors elements from Sangokushi VII and Sangokushi VIII, as well as Taikou Risshiden, which are in RPG format.

There was also a special edition titled Anniversary Box, which included walkthrough, history book, soundtrack and desk calendar.

Gameplay
The overall objective of the game is to re-unify China.  The player takes on the role of a historical figure from the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, referred to as an officer, to achieve this goal. There is also a function to create original characters.

The flow of gameplay is more similar to Sangokushi VIII than to Sangokushi IX, with the player having several possible ranks besides a ruler, each of which alters the players' options considerably. Ranks are fluid during gameplay; while a player's choice of officer initially sets rank, it is common to be promoted, demoted, captured, or even to rebel and form a new force.

In the North American version, the game is only single player.

Stages
There are seven starting scenarios, with four more added in the Power up kit.

Power up kit
Power up kit adds following:

Battle history mode. In this stage attack game, story event changes depending on how to play the game.
Trial mode. In point trial mode, the goal is to earn as many points as possible in a battle. In victory trial, the goal is to use the assigned army to win as many stages as possible.
Ability to marry other generals in-game and raise offspring.
8 new NPCs available for marriage (most of them are characters from The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants).
4 new scenarios in January 211, June 221, February 253, January 250. In the January 250 scenario, nearly every character present during Three Kingdoms period appeared. In addition, there are new events.
City, item, general editors.
Expert (超級) mode. In addition to extra difficulties, the game mechanics can be further customized.
Logging feature. In addition to recording events, the logs are integrated with the world map to visually represent player's progresses.
The ability to upload your own portraits from your PC into the game, which can then be used by your original characters.

Scenario editor 1.00 adds the following:
'Alliance gathering' setting when editing alliance relations.
Assign start-up city for future generals.
Upgraded general, city, item editors.

The Power up kit features are incorporated into the re-released PlayStation 2 game (never brought outside Japan or Taiwan), except only 3 of the 4 extra scenarios are available.

References

External links
 Gamecity Sangokushi X page
 Gamecity Sangokushi X Power up kit page

2004 video games
10
Windows games
PlayStation 2 games
Turn-based strategy video games
Grand strategy video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan

Romance of the Three Kingdoms X


Erling Braut Haaland (; ; born 21 July 2000) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a striker for  club Manchester City and the Norway national team. Considered one of the best players in the world, he is known for his speed, strength, positioning, and finishing inside the box. In his debut Premier League season, Haaland broke the record for the most goals scored by a player in a single season, with 36.

Coming through the youth system, Haaland played for Norwegian sides Bryne and Molde, before relocating to Austria with Red Bull Salzburg in January 2019. His performances there earned him a move to Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund, where he won the DFB-Pokal in 2021. In the summer of 2022, he transferred to Manchester City for a fee of €60 million (£51.2 million), and was instrumental in the club winning a continental treble in his debut campaign; his 52 goals across all competitions was the most ever for a Premier League player. Haaland was named the league's Young Player and Player of the Season, becoming the first player to win both awards in the same year.

Haaland has won several individual awards and broken various records during his career, including the 2020 Golden Boy award, while in 2021 he was named Bundesliga Player of the Season, in addition to his inclusion in the FIFA FIFPro World11 for both 2021 and 2022. He has also broken multiple Premier League records, including most goals scored in a season, the quickest individual to score two, three, four and five hat-tricks, and the first in league history to score hat-tricks in three consecutive home games. In 2023, he won the Premier League Golden Boot, the European Golden Shoe and the Gerd Müller Trophy for his goalscoring success. In the same year, his performances led him to be named UEFA Men's Player of the Year and finish runners-up in the Ballon d'Or.

Haaland has represented Norway at various youth levels. In the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, he won the tournament's Golden Boot after scoring a record nine goals in a single match. He made his senior international debut in September 2019, and is currently the nation's second-highest all-time top goalscorer.

Early life
Haaland was born on 21 July 2000 in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, as his father Alfie Haaland was playing for Leeds United in the Premier League at the time. In 2004, at the age of three, he moved to Bryne, his parents' hometown in Norway. Along with playing football from an early age, Haaland took part in various other sports as a child, including handball, golf, and track and field. He also reportedly achieved a world record in his age category for the standing long jump when he was five, with a recorded distance of 1.63 metres in 2006.

Club career

Bryne
Haaland started in the academy of his hometown club Bryne at the age of five. During the 2015–16 season, he played for Bryne's reserve team and impressed, scoring 18 goals in 14 matches. In May 2016, Gaute Larsen was sacked as Bryne manager and youth coach Berntsen was promoted to caretaker boss. Having worked closely with Haaland in other youth teams, the interim manager handed the teenager his first start, three months before his 16th birthday. His debut was a second-tier 1. divisjon match against Ranheim on 12 May.

After having initially being deployed as a winger, Berntsen put Haaland in his favoured central role as a striker after a few matches. Although he failed to score in his breakthrough season at Bryne, Haaland was offered a trial by German club 1899 Hoffenheim before eventually moving to Molde to play under Ole Gunnar Solskjær. Haaland made 16 total senior appearances for Bryne.

Molde

On 1 February 2017, Molde announced the signing of 16-year-old Haaland. He made his debut for the club on 26 April in a Norwegian Cup match against Volda TI, scoring on his debut in a 3–2 win. Haaland's debut in the Eliteserien came on 4 June, being brought on as a 71st minute substitute against Sarpsborg 08 and receiving a yellow card in just over a minute of play on the pitch. On 6 August 2017, Haaland scored the winner for Molde in the 77th minute against Tromsø IL, his first goal in the league. His second strike of the season came on 17 September, as he bagged the decisive goal against Viking FK in a 3–2 victory. In the aftermath of the game, Haaland received criticism from teammate Björn Bergmann Sigurðarson for celebrating his goal towards Viking supporters. Haaland finished his first season at Molde with four goals in 20 appearances.

On 1 July 2018, Haaland scored four goals in the opening 21 minutes against Brann, securing his team a 4–0 victory over the unbeaten league leaders at the time. After the match, Molde manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær compared Haaland's style of play to Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku, and said the club had rejected several bids for the striker from different clubs. In the following match a week later, Haaland continued his scoring run with a brace against Vålerenga in a 5–1 win. He scored his first goal in UEFA competition on 26 July, converting a penalty in Molde's 3–0 Europa League qualifying victory against KF Laçi. Due to a sprained ankle, Haaland did not participate in Molde's last three league matches of the season. For his performances in the 2018 Eliteserien, Haaland received the Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year award. He finished the 2018 season as Molde's top goalscorer, scoring 16 goals in 30 matches across all competitions.

Red Bull Salzburg

On 19 August 2018, Austrian Bundesliga champions Red Bull Salzburg announced that Haaland would join the club on 1 January 2019, signing a five-year contract. The Athletics Phil Hay would later reveal that prior to his move to Salzburg, Haaland was also subject of an offer from his father's former club Leeds United. He made his debut for the club on 17 February, the 2018–19 Austrian Cup quarter-finals against Wiener Neustädter, and scored his first goal on 12 May in the Austrian Bundesliga 2–1 win over LASK.

On 19 July, he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 7–1 Austrian Cup win against SC-ESV Parndorf, and followed this up with his first hat-trick in the league on 10 August, scoring three in a 5–2 victory against Wolfsberger AC. He got a third hat-trick for Salzburg on 14 September in a 7–2 victory over TSV Hartberg; this was the sixth consecutive league game Haaland had scored in, with 11 total goals. Three days later, Haaland made his debut in the UEFA Champions League against Genk, where he scored three goals in the first half of an eventual 6–2 victory, his fourth overall hat-trick for Salzburg.

In his next two matches of the Champions League season, Haaland recorded a goal against Liverpool at Anfield and a further two against Napoli, becoming only the second teenager after Karim Benzema in the history of the competition to score in each of his first three appearances. His six goals were also the most scored by any player in their first three Champions League matches. After converting a penalty in Salzburg's reverse fixture against Napoli, Haaland became the first teenager to score in his first four matches in the competition, and only the fourth player of any age to achieve this feat, following Zé Carlos, Alessandro Del Piero and Diego Costa. He then scored all three goals in Salbzurg's 3–0 victory at Wolfsberger AC on 10 November, recording his fifth hat-trick of the season and his second against Wolfsberg.

On 27 November, Haaland came off the bench to score another goal against Genk, joining Del Piero, Serhii Rebrov, Neymar, Cristiano Ronaldo and Robert Lewandowski as the only players to score in the first five matches of a Champions League group stage, and becoming the first teenager to score in five consecutive matches in the competition. However, he would fail to find the net in Salzburg's final group match against Liverpool, as his team lost 2–0 and were eliminated from the competition. This would prove to be Haaland's final game for the club; he departed Salzburg having recorded 29 goals, with 28 of these coming in only 22 appearances made during the 2019–20 season.

Borussia Dortmund

2019–20: Debut season
Despite being a reported target of Manchester United and Juventus, Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund confirmed the signing of Haaland on 29 December 2019, three days before the winter transfer window opened, for a fee reported to be in the region of €20 million, signing a four-and-a-half-year contract.

Haaland made his debut for Dortmund away at FC Augsburg on 18 January 2020, coming on as a second-half substitute and scoring a hat-trick within 23 minutes in a 5–3 win. This made him only the second player in Dortmund history after Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang to score three goals on their Bundesliga debut. Six days later, Haaland once again came off the bench, making his second club appearance in Dortmund's match against local rivals 1. FC Köln. He scored after 12 minutes and got a second goal 10 minutes later, helping his team to a 5–1 victory. Haaland became the first Bundesliga player to score five goals in his opening two matches, as well as the fastest player to reach that tally (56 minutes played). Despite being on the pitch in the league for only an hour, he won January's Bundesliga Player of the Month award. Haaland got a brace against Union Berlin on 1 February, becoming the first player in history to score seven goals in their first three Bundesliga games.

On 18 February, Haaland scored both Dortmund goals in their 2–1 first leg victory over Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League round of 16. This brought his total to 10 Champions League goals for the 2019–20 campaign in only his eighth overall appearance in the competition, adding to the eight he had scored for Salzburg in the group stage. Dortmund would lose 2–0 in the return leg on 11 March however, as Haaland saw elimination from the competition for a second time in the same season. Following the Bundesliga's return on 16 May in the midst of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Haaland scored Dortmund's opener of their 4–0 Revierderby win over Schalke 04, his tenth goal of the Bundesliga season. On 20 June, he scored both goals in a 2–0 win against RB Leipzig to secure second place for Dortmund, which would lead to Champions League football in the following season. Haaland concluded his 2019–20 campaign with 44 goals in 40 club appearances across all competitions played for both Salzburg and Dortmund.

2020–21: Continued individual success

On 19 September 2020, in Dortmund's first match of the new season, Haaland scored a brace in a 3–0 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach. He scored his team's equaliser in their 2–3 Der Klassiker defeat to Bayern Munich in the DFL-Supercup on 30 September, and again found the net against Bayern when the sides met in the league on 7 November, with Dortmund losing 2–3 once more. On 21 November, Haaland scored four goals in 32 minutes of a 5–2 away victory against Hertha BSC. These five goals in November saw him crowned the Bundesliga Player of the Month for a second time.

Haaland continued his goalscoring feats in the Champions League, scoring six times in the first four matches of the 2020–21 group stage, with his brace in a 3–0 win over Club Brugge on 24 November making him the fastest player to record 15 Champions League goals; he had reached this benchmark in 12 games. Hours before Dortmund's fifth group match against Lazio on 2 December, however, the club announced that Haaland had suffered a hamstring injury, which kept him out of action until after the new year.

Haaland made his return against VfL Wolfsburg on 3 January 2021. He scored a brace away against RB Leipzig in a 3–1 win on 9 January, and another two in a 4–2 defeat to Mönchengladbach on 22 January. On 17 February, he scored two goals in Dortmund's 3–2 away victory against Sevilla in the first leg of the Champions League round of 16. In Dortmund's reverse league fixture against Bayern at the Allianz Arena on 6 March, Haaland scored twice within the opening 10 minutes to give his team a 2–0 lead. However, he was substituted off in the second half after picking up a knock, as Bayern rallied to win the match 4–2. Haaland's second goal was the 100th of his senior career, reaching this milestone in 146 appearances.

Haaland scored another brace against Sevilla in the second leg on 9 March in a 2–2 draw, advancing to the quarter-finals 5–4 on aggregate. With only 14 matches played, this made him both the fastest and youngest player to reach 20 goals in the competition, also becoming the first player to score multiple times in four consecutive Champions League appearances. After missing two matches due to deep bruising, Haaland returned to Dortmund's starting line-up on 13 May for the 2021 DFB-Pokal final; he scored a brace in his team's 4–1 win over Leipzig, securing his first title with the club. He ended the season with 41 goals in all competitions, including 27 in the league, which won him the fan-voted Bundesliga Player of the Season award, and finished the season as the top scorer of the Champions League with 10 goals, later being awarded the competition's best forward.

2021–22: Injury struggles and departure
Haaland started off the 2021–22 season with a hat-trick versus Wehen Wiesbaden in the first round of the DFB-Pokal on 7 August 2021. A week later, on matchday one of the Bundesliga, he scored a brace and assisted two goals as Dortmund beat Eintracht Frankfurt 5–2. During the first months of the season, Haaland was sidelined with a hamstring injury, returning on 16 October and scoring a brace against Mainz in a 3–1 victory. Shortly after, Haaland suffered a hip flexor injury, which sidelined him for two months. He made his return on 27 November, scoring his 50th Bundesliga goal in a 3–1 victory over Wolfsburg, setting a new record for the fewest appearances and also became the youngest player to score 50 league goals.

On 10 May, Dortmund announced that Haaland would be leaving at the end of the season to sign for Premier League club Manchester City. Four days later, he bid farewell to the club at the Westfalenstadion prior to Dortmund's final match against Hertha BSC, and scored Dortmund's first goal in a 2–1 win.

Manchester City

2022–23: Record-breaking debut season and continental treble

On 10 May 2022, Premier League club Manchester City announced they had reached a deal to sign Haaland after activating his €60 million (£51.2 million) release clause. The deal was formalised on 13 June, with City confirming that Haaland would be joining the club on 1 July on a five-year contract. He made his competitive debut on 30 July, playing 90 minutes of a 3–1 defeat to Liverpool in the 2022 FA Community Shield.

Haaland scored twice on his league debut against West Ham United on 7 August 2022, the only goals of a 2–0 away victory. On 27 August, he scored his first Premier League hat-trick in a 4–2 win against Crystal Palace, and recorded his second, a perfect hat-trick, four days later in a 6–0 win against Nottingham Forest. This made Haaland the fastest individual in Premier League history to score two hat-tricks, beating the previous record by 14 matches; he was later voted Premier League Player of the Month for August, his first month playing in the league.

On 6 September, Haaland made his Champions League debut for the club, getting a brace against Sevilla and becoming the first player to score 25 goals in their first 20 Champions League appearances. In City's second group stage match a week later against his former club Borussia Dortmund, Haaland scored an acrobatic effort late in the contest to secure his side a 2–1 comeback victory. His winner was subsequently voted Champions League Goal of the Week by fans, and would later go on to be selected as the competition's Goal of the Season by UEFA's Technical Observer panel.

On 2 October, Haaland became the first player in Premier League history to score a hat-trick in three successive home games during City's 6–3 derby win against Manchester United, additionally earning two assists. He also became the quickest player in Premier League history to score three hat-tricks, doing so in eight league matches and surpassing the previous record of 48 set by Michael Owen in 1998, as well as halving Alan Shearer's record of scoring three hat-tricks in a ten-match spell set during the 1994–95 season. Haaland's brace in City's 3–1 away win over Leeds United on 28 December took his tally to 20 goals in 14 league matches, becoming the fastest player in history to reach 20 Premier League goals and beating Sunderland's Kevin Phillips' previous record by seven games. On 22 January 2023, he scored a fourth hat-trick of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers, giving him a total of 25 Premier League goals after just 19 matches; this surpassed the top scorers of the previous season, Mohamed Salah and Son Heung-min, who both scored 23 league goals across the entire campaign.

On 14 March, Haaland scored five goals in a 7–0 round of 16 victory against RB Leipzig, tying Lionel Messi and Luiz Adriano for the most goals scored in a single Champions League match. In doing so, he reached 39 goals across all competitions, breaking Tommy Johnson's club record of 38 goals scored in a single season for City set in 1928–29. During Manchester City's FA Cup quarter-final against Burnley four days later, Haaland scored his sixth hat-trick of the season, passing the 40-goal mark across all competitions.

On 11 April, Haaland scored the third goal of City's 3–0 Champions League win against Bayern Munich in the quarter-finals, his 45th goal of the season overall. This broke the previous record of 44 goals across all competitions in a season by a Premier League player held by Ruud van Nistelrooy and Mohamed Salah. Haaland registered two assists and a goal in his side's 4–1 home victory against league leaders Arsenal on 26 April, closing the gap between them and City in the table to just two points while the latter still had two games in hand. He would then score his 50th goal of the campaign across all competitions on 30 April against Fulham. His six goals and two assists during April saw him win the league's Player of the Month for a second time.

On 3 May, in City's return fixture against West Ham, Haaland scored his 35th league goal of the campaign, surpassing Shearer and Andy Cole's joint record for the most goals scored in a single Premier League season. A week later, he was named FWA Footballer of the Year. He won by a record margin, earning 82% of the vote ahead of Arsenal's Bukayo Saka and Martin Ødegaard and becoming only the fourth player to claim the award in their debut season. He would also go on to be voted PFA Players' Player of the Year by his colleagues in August. Haaland won his first trophy with Manchester City after they clinched the 2022–23 Premier League title on 20 May. By assisting Phil Foden's goal in a draw against Brighton & Hove Albion on 24 May, he reached 44 combined league goals and assists, thereby equaling Thierry Henry's record for most total goal contributions in a 38-game Premier League season. Haaland's debut season in England earned him the Premier League Golden Boot, after finishing as the league's top goalscorer, and the European Golden Shoe, given to the top domestic scorer in Europe. With 36 goals in 35 appearances, he set the new record for highest number of goals scored in a Premier League season.

Haaland played the entirety of City's FA Cup final victory over Manchester United on 3 June, securing his second title with the club. He then played another 90 minutes in the following week's Champions League final against Inter Milan. Despite Haaland struggling to have a large impact on the match, City would win 1–0 to earn a maiden Champions League title and achieve only the second-ever continental treble by an English side. With 12 goals, Haaland finished as the top scorer of the Champions League season for a second time, joining Lionel Messi as the only players to accomplish this feat twice before turning 23. Haaland would be subsequently named the UEFA Men's Player of the Year in August, ahead of Messi and Manchester City teammate Kevin De Bruyne.

2023–24: Second season in England
Manchester City began their new Premier League campaign on 11 August 2023, with Haaland scoring a brace in a 3–0 away win against newly-promoted side Burnley. Just days later, Haaland would win his first trophy of the season following City's victory over Europa League winners Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup; although not scoring during the match, he did convert the first penalty in the shoot-out following the end of regulation. On 29 August, Haaland was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year, having earlier been included in the PFA Team of the Year for the Premier League.

After registering a seventh club hat-trick plus an assist against Fulham on 2 September, Haaland became the fastest ever player to achieve 50 Premier League goal contributions; with just 39 appearances in the competition, he eclipsed Andy Cole's previous record by four matches.

On 25 October 2023, Haaland scored his first two Champions League goals of the season in a 3–1 win at BSC Young Boys. On 29 October, he recorded two goals and one assist in a 3–0 Manchester derby win over Manchester United at Old Trafford.

On 30 October, he was presented with the Gerd Müller Trophy at the 2023 Ballon d'Or awards ceremony.

International career

Youth
Haaland plays for Norway, and has represented them at various age groups. On 27 March 2018, while with the Norway under-19 side, Haaland scored a hat-trick against Scotland in a 5–4 victory, helping his country secure qualification to the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship. On 22 July 2018, Haaland scored a penalty against Italy in a 1–1 draw during the tournament finals. On 30 May 2019, Haaland scored nine goals in the Norway under-20 team's 12–0 win against Honduras at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Lublin, Poland. This was Norway's biggest ever win at U-20 level, as well as Honduras' heaviest ever defeat. Haaland also set a new U-20 World Cup record for most goals scored by a single player in a match, with the result additionally being the biggest win by any team in the history of the tournament. Despite the Norwegians being eliminated in the group stage, and Haaland not scoring in any other matches at the tournament, he still won the Golden Boot as the competition's top scorer.

Senior
Due to being born in Leeds, Haaland was eligible to play for England but manager Gareth Southgate stated Haaland only wished to play for Norway. Haaland was named by manager Lars Lagerbäck to the Norway senior team squad on 28 August 2019, to face Malta and Sweden in UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying matches; he made his senior national team debut on 5 September 2019 against Malta. On 4 September 2020, Haaland scored his first senior international goal for Norway in a 1–2 loss against Austria in the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League B. Three days later, he scored a brace in a 5–1 victory against Northern Ireland. On 11 October, Haaland scored his first international hat-trick in Norway's 4–0 win over Romania in a Nations League B match, bringing his tally for the senior team to six goals in six matches played.

During the September 2021 international break, Haaland scored five goals in three World Cup qualification matches, including a second hat-trick for Norway in a 5–1 victory against Gibraltar. With six goals in League B between June and September 2022, he finished as the joint-top scorer of the 2022–23 UEFA Nations League.

Haaland's brace in a Euro 2024 qualifier against Cyprus on 12 October 2023 brought his international tally to 27 goals in 27 appearances, surpassing Einar Gundersen as Norway's second-highest all-time top scorer.

Player profile

Style of play
A prolific goalscorer and widely regarded as one of the best players in the world, Haaland has all the attributes of a complete centre-forward. He uses his sizeable frame to hold play up effectively and involve others. He has the pace and clever movement to run in behind, he can dribble and create, and he can finish with both feet and his head. He usually comes deep to collect the ball to help his team build play, often looking to spread the ball wide for a teammate, before turning and sprinting towards goal. He sometimes comes too deep for the defenders to follow him; as such he has the awareness to turn on the ball and create from a forward-facing position. In the penalty area he makes small, sharp movements to spot an opportunity for a teammate to attempt to find him in space, and can change the line on which he is running and accelerate into that space, making him extremely difficult for defenders to read.

Haaland uses his body well when playing with his back to goal, protecting the ball effectively as he tries to bring it under control. He uses his strength to secure possession when under pressure and is also effective in providing his team's defenders with some respite following a clearance. His creativity is most apparent when he drifts into the left inside channel. His primary aim is always to get a shot off, but he also has the vision and skill to pick out a delayed run from midfield in the centre. His ability to carry the ball at pace also helps create for others, especially on the counter-attack. Even though he is less involved in possession than a typical striker, his calmness, patience, timing, and off-the-ball movement have a huge impact in build-up plays.

Haaland idolises Zlatan Ibrahimović and Cristiano Ronaldo, but also cites Michu, Jamie Vardy, Sergio Agüero, and Robin van Persie as inspirations, and credits Virgil van Dijk and Sergio Ramos as two of the toughest defenders he has played against.

Reception
After his record breaking first season in England, Gary Neville proclaimed that Haaland is "truly unique" and that he has the skill and strength of Wayne Rooney and the talent and finishing of Harry Kane and Ronaldo Nazário. His manager at City, Pep Guardiola, opined that Haaland has the potential to get even better.

Personal life
Haaland is the son of the Norwegian former footballer Alfie Haaland and former women's heptathlon athlete Gry Marita Braut. In a 2017 interview with Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten, Haaland said that "The dream is to win the Premier League with Leeds". His cousins Jonatan Braut Brunes and Albert Tjåland are also professional footballers.

Haaland is a practitioner of meditation.

In 2016, Haaland – along with his Norway Under-17 teammates Erik Botheim and Erik Tobias Sandberg, under the group name Flow Kingz – released a single entitled "Kygo jo". The song has been viewed millions of times on YouTube.

Career statistics

Club

International

Norway score listed first, score column indicates score after each Haaland goal

Honours
Red Bull Salzburg
 Austrian Bundesliga: 2018–19
 Austrian Cup: 2018–19

Borussia Dortmund
 DFB-Pokal: 2020–21

Manchester City
 Premier League: 2022–23
 FA Cup: 2022–23
 UEFA Champions League: 2022–23
 UEFA Super Cup: 2023

Norway U17
 Syrenka Cup: 2016

Individual
 European Golden Shoe: 2022–23
 Eliteserien Breakthrough of the Year: 2018
 Austrian Footballer of the Year: 2019
 Austrian Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2019–20
 FIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2019
 UEFA Champions League Breakthrough XI: 2019
 Bundesliga Player of the Season: 2020–21
 Bundesliga Player of the Month: January 2020, November 2020, April 2021, August 2021
 Bundesliga Rookie of the Month: January 2020, February 2020
 Bundesliga Goal of the Month: September 2021
 Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020–21, 2021–22
 VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22
 kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020–21, 2021–22
FWA Footballer of the Year: 2022–23
 Premier League Player of the Season: 2022–23
 Premier League Young Player of the Season: 2022–23
 Premier League Golden Boot: 2022–23
 Premier League Player of the Month: August 2022, April 2023
 PFA Premier League Fans' Player of the Month: August 2022, September 2022, December 2022
 ESM Team of the Year: 2019–20 2022–23
 IFFHS Men's World Youth (U20) Team: 2020
 Golden Boy: 2020
 Gullballen: 2020, 2021, 2022
 Kniksen's honour award: 2020
 Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year: 2020
 UEFA Champions League Squad/Team of the Season: 2020–21, 2022–23
 UEFA Champions League Forward of the Season: 2020–21
 UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2020–21, 2022–23
 UEFA Men's Player of the Year: 2022–23
 UEFA Nations League top scorer: 2020–21, 2022–23
 FIFA FIFPRO World 11: 2021, 2022
 IFFHS Men's World Team: 2022
 Manchester City Player of the Season: 2022–23
 PFA Team of the Year: 2022–23 Premier League
 PFA Players' Player of the Year: 2022–23
 Gerd Müller Trophy: 2023

References

External links

Profile at the Manchester City F.C. website

2000 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
People from Bryne
Footballers from Rogaland
Norwegian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bryne FK players
Molde FK players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Borussia Dortmund players
Manchester City F.C. players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian Third Division players
Eliteserien players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Premier League players
UEFA Champions League winning players
Golden Boy winners
UEFA Champions League top scorers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in England
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Germany

Erling Haaland


A urethral stricture is a narrowing of the urethra, the tube connected to the bladder that allows the passing of urine. The narrowing reduces the flow of urine and makes it more difficult or even painful to empty the bladder.

Urethral stricture is caused by injury, instrumentation, infection, and certain non-infectious forms of urethritis. The condition is more common in men due to their longer urethra.

Signs and symptoms

The hallmark sign of urethral stricture is a weak urinary stream. Other symptoms include:
 Splaying of the urinary stream
 Urinary frequency
 Urinary urgency
 Straining to urinate
 Pain during urination
 Urinary tract infection
 Prostatitis
 Inability to completely empty the bladder.

Some people with severe urethral strictures are completely unable to urinate. This is referred to as acute urinary retention, and is a medical emergency. Hydronephrosis and kidney failure may also occur.

Complications

 Urinary retention
 Prostatitis
 Bladder dysfunction
 Urethral diverticulum
 Periurethral abscess
 Fournier's gangrene
 Urethral fistula
 Bilateral hydronephrosis
 Urinary infections
 Urinary calculus

Causes

Urethral strictures most commonly result from injury, urethral instrumentation, infection, non-infectious inflammatory conditions of the urethra, and after prior hypospadias surgery. Less common causes include congenital urethral strictures and those resulting from malignancy.

Urethral strictures after blunt trauma can generally be divided into two sub-types;
 Pelvic fracture-associated urethral disruption occurs in as many as 15% of severe pelvic fractures. These injuries are typically managed with suprapubic tube placement and delayed urethroplasty 3 months later. Early endoscopic realignment may be used in select cases instead of a suprapubic tube, but these patients should be monitored closely as vast majority of them will require urethroplasty.
 Blunt trauma to the perineum compresses the bulbar urethra against the pubic symphysis, causing a "crush" injury. These patients are typically treated with suprapubic tube and delayed urethroplasty.

Other specific causes of urethral stricture include:
 Instrumentation (e.g., after transurethral resection of prostate, transurethral resection of bladder tumor, or endoscopic kidney surgery)
 Infection (typically with Gonorrhea)
 Lichen sclerosus
 Surgery to address hypospadias can result in a delayed urethral stricture, even decades after the original surgery.

Diagnosis
Among ways to diagnose this condition is:

 Cystoscopy
 Urethrography

Treatment
Initial treatment usually involves urethral dilation (widening the tube) or urethrotomy, where the stricture is cut away with a cystoscope.

Dilation and urethrotomy

Urethral dilation and other endoscopic approaches such as direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU), laser urethrotomy, and self intermittent dilation are the most commonly used treatments for urethral stricture. However, these approaches are associated with low success rates and may worsen the stricture, making future attempts to surgically repair the urethra more difficult.

A Cochrane review found that performing intermittent self-dilatation may confer a reduced risk of recurrent urethral stricture after endoscopic treatment, but the evidence is weak.

Urethroplasty

Urethroplasty refers to any open reconstruction of the urethra. Success rates range from 85% to 95% and depend on a variety of clinical factors, such as stricture as the cause, length, location, and caliber. Urethroplasty can be performed safely on men of all ages.

In the posterior urethra, anastomotic urethroplasty (with or without preservation of bulbar arteries) is typically performed after removing scar tissue.

In the bulbar urethra, the most common types of urethroplasty are anastomotic (with or without preservation of corpus spongiosum and bulbar arteries) and substitution with buccal mucosa graft, full-thickness skin graft, or split thickness skin graft. These are nearly always done in a single setting (or stage).

In the penile urethra, anastomotic urethroplasties are rare because they can lead to chordee (penile curvature due to a shortened urethra). Instead, most penile urethroplasties are substitution procedures utilizing buccal mucosa graft, full-thickness skin graft, or split-thickness skin graft. These can be done in one or more settings, depending on stricture location, severity, cause and patient or surgeon preference.

Urethral stent

A permanent urethral stent was approved for use in men with bulbar urethral strictures in 1996, but was recently removed from the market.

A temporary thermoexpandable urethral stent (Memotherm) is available in Europe but is not currently approved for use in the United States.

Emergency treatment

When in acute urinary retention, treatment of the urethral stricture or diversion is an emergency. Options include:
 Urethral dilatation and catheter placement. This can be performed in the Emergency Department, a practitioner's office or an operating room. The advantage of this approach is that the urethra may remain patent for a period of time after the dilation, though long-term success rates are low.
 Insertion of a suprapubic catheter with catheter drainage system.  This procedure is performed in an Operating Room, Emergency Department or practitioner's office. The advantage of this approach is that it does not disrupt the scar and interfere with future definitive surgery.

Ongoing care

Following urethroplasty, patients should be monitored for a minimum of 1 year, since the vast majority of recurrences occur within 1 year.

Because of the high rate of recurrence following dilation and other endoscopic approaches, the provider must maintain a high index of suspicion for recurrence when the patient presents with obstructive voiding symptoms or urinary tract infection.

Research

Urethrotomy vs. urethroplasty
Comparing the two surgical procedures, a UK trial found that both urethrotomy and urethroplasty are effective in treating urethral narrowing in the bulbar region. At the same time the more invasive urethroplasty had longer-lasting benefit and was associated with fewer re-interventions. The results were integrated into the new UK guidelines on the treatment urethral narrowing by British Association of Urological Surgeons.

Bioengineering
The use of bioengineered urethral tissue is promising, but still in the early stages. The Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine has pioneered the first bioengineered human urethra and in 2006 implanted urethral tissue grown on bioabsorbable scaffolding (approximating the size and shape of the affected areas) in five young (human) males who had congenital defects, physical trauma, or an unspecified disorder necessitating urethral reconstruction. As of March, 2011, all five recipients report the transplants have functioned well.

Cell therapy approach through endoscopy

Buccal mucosal tissue harvested under local anesthesia after culturing in the lab when applied through endoscopy after urethrotomy in a pilot study has yielded encouraging results. This method named as BEES-HAUS procedure needs to be validated through a larger multicentric study before becoming a routine application.

References

External links

Urethra disorders
Male genital disorders

Urethral stricture


Bonbon (usually stylised as bonbon, in lowercase) is a mobile network operator based in Croatia. It operates as a mobile virtual network operator using the T-Mobile network. It is owned by T-Hrvatski Telekom (T-HT) and was launched on 1 October 2010.

Summary
Bonbon offers exclusively prepaid SIM cards and Internet SIM cards. In October 2011, the number of mobile network customers reached more than 300,000. Bonbon was the first network in Croatia not to have a call setup fee. It differs from other conventional mobile phone operators by not having standardized tariffs but instead lets the users choose the specific combination of voice, SMS and data packages. It presents itself as an on-line brand, with customer service operating exclusively via social networks.

History (2010 – present)
Bonbon commenced operations on 1 October 2010, as a mobile virtual network operator using the T-Mobile network. The name bonbon probably originated from the Croatian word for a top-up card (bon). The name also resembles the Croatian word for candy – bombon. Although the correct number of users is widely unknown, in October 2011 the company announced that the number of customers topped 100,000 and in January 2015 they announced over their Facebook page that they had reached more than 200.000 subscribers.

Products and services

SIM card

The SIM card is the main product. It supports all standard 2G, 3G and LTE services. The SIM card can be acquired in two ways: by purchasing one at the newsstand or ordering one from the bonbon website. As bonbon uses the T-Mobile network, the SIM can function only with mobile phones that are either unlocked or locked to the T-Mobile network. Bonbon is known to offer the smallest top-up card on the market for 10 kunas.

Internet SIM card

The Internet SIM card can be acquired exclusively on Bonbon's web shop. It automatically activates once the user starts using it. It allows the user to send and receive SMSs but does not permit voice calls.

Services
One of the specific and unique features of bonbon is the fact that it does not have standardized tariffs, but instead, lets the users choose the specific combination and quantity of voice, SMS and data packages. It introduced this feature on 15 February 2011. Bonbon was also the first network in Croatia not to have a call setup fee. Bonbon is the only network that permits users the possibility of choosing their own number. In May 2012 it became the first network to allow money transfers from one bonbon account to another, free of charge. The bonbon web shop is the main channel of distribution and one of the main communication channels.

Customer service
Bonbon's customer service maintains a permanent on-line presence and can be reached at all times. It relies on members of the service team to provide timely answers to questions raised by users. The customer service consists of a team of approximately 30 people that are on-line 0-24 and can be reached through social media channels – Facebook, Twitter, Google+, forum, chat and by e-mail. It has been reported that bonbon fancies this type of approach because of the direct access to the users and the low cost of operation set up.

Marketing

Advertising
Bonbon is known for its edgy and sometimes provocative advertising. Some ads depicted sexually charged imagery. In 2012, bonbon published a YouTube video, a longer version of its TV ad that portrayed two girls kissing, causing a stir in the local media, but drawing praises from LGBT friendly web sites.

Awards and acknowledgments
In 2011 bonbon was a finalist at the Effie awards in the telecommunication category. The agency responsible for the work awarded was Digitel, from Zagreb.

In 2012, bonbon was the recipient of a couple of awards. At the annual national advertising festival, IdejaX, it won the prize for its pre-movie videos 'Moron', 'Jerk' and 'Idiot' that were done by the ad agency Fahrenheit. It also picked up a prize for best production for its TV ad done by Publicis Zagreb. At the Sudnji dan festival, 'Moron', 'Jerk' and 'Idiot' picked up another award,
this time for best copywriting. At the 2012 Vidi awards, bonbon's site was awarded 5th place in the Corporate website category. The Web site is the work of Nivas, a Zagreb based digital agency.

Sponsorships
Bonbon has a consistent policy of sponsorship, regularly preferring open-air festivals. So far it has sponsored the Šibenik-based Terraneo festival, an indie music festival, and Gričevanje, a music festival in the center of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.

References

External links
Website

Mobile phone companies of Croatia
Mobile virtual network operators
Telecommunications companies of Croatia
Telecommunications companies established in 2010
Croatian companies established in 2010

Bonbon (mobile phone operator)