Billy Lee Riley (October 5, 1933 – August 2, 2009) was an American musician, singer-songwriter, and record producer. His most memorable recordings include "Rock With Me Baby", "Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll" and "Red Hot".

Biography
Riley was born in Pocahontas, Arkansas, the son of a sharecropper. He learned to play the guitar from black farm workers. After four years in the Army, he first recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1955, before being persuaded by Sam Phillips to record for Sun Studios. He then recorded "Trouble Bound", produced by Jack Clement and Slim Wallace. Phillips obtained the rights and released "Trouble Bound" backed with "Rock with Me Baby" on September 1, 1956 (Sun 245). Riley's first hit was "Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll", backed with "I Want You Baby", released February 23, 1957 (Sun 260), with backing piano by Jerry Lee Lewis. Riley then recorded "Red Hot", backed with "Pearly Lee", released September 30, 1957 (Sun 277).

"Red Hot" was showing promise as a hit record, but Phillips stopped promoting it so as  to promote "Great Balls of Fire", by Jerry Lee Lewis. Riley felt that his chances of chart success were compromised when Phillips diverted resources to Lewis's career. He had made other recordings for Sun, and they likewise did not have a lot of sales, as Phillips did not promote them. Like other artists, such as Sonny Burgess, Hayden Thompson, Ray Harris, and Warren Smith, chart success largely eluded him.

Considered good looking and with wild stage moves, Riley had a brief solo career with his backing band, the Little Green Men. Riley and his Little Green Men were the main Sun studio band. The band consisted of Riley, the guitarist Roland Janes, the drummer Jimmy Van Eaton, the bassist Marvin Monroe Peppers, and Jimmy Wilson, later joined by Martin Willis.

In 1960, Riley left Sun and started Rita Records with Roland Janes. They produced the national hit "Mountain of Love", by Harold Dorman. Years later he played the memorable harmonica solo in Johnny Rivers' version of the same song.

Riley later started two other labels, Nita and Mojo.

In 1962, he moved to Los Angeles and worked as a session musician with Dean Martin, the Beach Boys, Herb Alpert, and Sammy Davis Jr., among others, and also recorded under various aliases.

Riley appeared in a Scopitone performing the song "High Heel Sneakers", filmed live at the Whiskey a Go Go, in Hollywood, in 1965. That same year Mercury Records released the LP Whiskey a Go Go Presents Billy Lee Riley, recorded live at the Whiskey a Go Go.

In the early 1970s, Riley quit music to return to Arkansas and started his own construction business. In 1978 "Red Hot" and "Flyin' Saucers Rock and Roll" were covered by Robert Gordon and Link Wray, which led to a one-off performance in Memphis in 1979, the success of which led to further recording at Sun Studio and a full-time return to performing.

Riley was rediscovered in 1992 by Bob Dylan, who had been a fan since 1956.

His album Hot Damn! (Capricorn, 1997) was nominated for a Grammy Award.

He was injured falling on a slippery department store floor in 2005, requiring two surgeries as a result. In 2006, he released a country CD, Hillbilly Rockin' Man.

The Rockabilly Hall of Fame reported in summer 2009 that Riley was in poor health, with stage four colon cancer. His last public performance was in June 2009 at the New Daisy Theatre on Beale Street in Memphis, when he took part in Petefest 2009, honoring the historian Pete Daniel, who had befriended Riley while helping launch the Memphis Rock 'n' Soul Museum. Supported by a walker, Riley rocked out on "Red Hot" and other old hits. He died of colon cancer on August 2, 2009, in Jonesboro, Arkansas.

In 2015, Bob Dylan offered this tribute to Riley, thanking MusiCares for their support in Riley's last years:
He was a true original. He did it all: He played, he sang, he wrote. He would have been a bigger star but Jerry Lee came along. And you know what happens when someone like that comes along. You just don't stand a chance.

So Billy became what is known in the industry—a condescending term—as a one-hit wonder. But sometimes, just sometimes, once in a while, a one-hit wonder can make a more powerful impact than a recording star who's got 20 or 30 hits behind him. And Billy's hit song was called "Red Hot," and it was red hot. It could blast you out of your skull and make you feel happy about it. Change your life.

Selected albums
 Harmonica & the Blues, Crown, 1962
 Big Harmonica Special, Mercury, 1964
 Harmonica Beatlemania, Mercury, 1965
 Whiskey a Go Go Presents, Mercury, 1965
 Funk Harmonica, GNP, 1966
 In Action, GNP, 1966
 Southern Soul, Mojo, 1968; reissued, Cowboy Carl, 1981
 The Legendary Sun Performers: Billy Lee Riley, Charly, 1977
 Sun Sound Special: Billy Lee Riley, Charly, 1978
 Vintage, Mojo, 1978
 706 Reunion, Sun-Up, 1992
 Blue Collar Blues, Hightone, 1992
 Classic Recordings 1959–1960, Bear Family, 1994
 Rockin' Fifties, Icehouse, 1995
 Hot Damn!, Capricorn, 1997
 Very Best of Billy Lee Riley: Red Hot, Collectables, 1998
 Shade Tree Blues, Icehouse, 1999
 One More Time, Sun-Up, 2002
 Hillbilly Rockin' Man, Reba Records, 2003
 Still Got My Mojo, 2009

Notes

References

Sources
 DeRemer, L., ed. (2004). Billy Lee Riley. Contemporary Musicians. Vol. 43. Thomson Gale. eNotes.com, 2006.
 Escott, C.; Hawkins, M. (1975). Catalyst: The Sun Records Story. London.
 Evans, P.; Futterman, S.; et al. (1995).  "The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll". New York: Fireside. p. 835. .
 Gray, M. (2006). The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. New York and London. pp. 575–576.
 Hardy, Phil; Laing, Dave (1977). Encyclopedia of Rock 1955–1975. London. p. 78.
 Pareles, J.; Romanowski, P. (1983). The Rolling Stone Encyclopaedia of Rock & Roll. New York: Summit Books. p 470. .
 Weigel, Andreas. Billy Lee Riley "Trouble Bound" Portrait.
LexGo

Discography
Complete Discography (WDD) (Original URL no longer active, this is the last good Wayback Machine link.)
Revised WDD Discography (Unlike the original (above), the new WDD lacks label images at this time (September 2022).)
Another complete Discography.
An early discography with sound checks

External links
 Bob Dylan on Billy Lee Riley: Grammys 2015: Transcript of Bob Dylan's MusiCares Person of Year Speech
 Bob Mehr: Bob Dylan on Billy Lee Riley
 Billy Lee Riley Biography
 Billy Lee Riley Website
 Billy Lee Riley. DeltaBoogie.com
 Rockabilly Hall of Fame Induction page
 Billy Lee Riley Mailinglist
 We're Gonna Rock 'n' Roll All the Way to the Stars
 Myspace fan club site

1933 births
2009 deaths
People from Pocahontas, Arkansas
20th-century American composers
American blues guitarists
American blues harmonica players
American male composers
American male singer-songwriters
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American bandleaders
Deaths from cancer in Arkansas
Charly Records artists
Era Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
American rockabilly musicians
Sun Records artists
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
20th-century American male singers
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas

Billy Lee Riley


Margit Osterloh (born 23 July 1943 in Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany) is a German and Swiss economist.

Research
Osterloh's research areas include: Organizational Theory, Theory of the Firm, Innovation and Technology Management, Process Management, Knowledge Management, Trust Management, Philosophy of Science, Gender Economics, Corporate Governance, Research Governance, Migration Policy and Aleatoric Democracy. In the media she expresses her opinion on the following research topics:

Management Pay
Osterloh advocates a cutback of bonus payments in upper management. She argues that pay for performance hampers creativity and intrinsic motivation.

Academic Rankings
In August 2012 Osterloh, together with Alfred Kieser, launched an appeal to other business professors to boycott the upcoming Handelsblatt  (Handelsblatt Ranking of Professors in Business Economics). In various articles she argues, together with Alfred Kieser and Bruno S. Frey, against rankings and impact factors as a quality criterion for scholars in academia.

Women in leadership positions
Osterloh advocates quota and she also argues for partial random selection of women in leadership positions out of a carefully selected pool as a counter-measure to reduce women's, on average, higher aversion to competition versus men.

Migration issues
Margit Osterloh published, together with Bruno S. Frey, a much-noticed article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. In analogy to the cooperative model, they propose that refugees acquire a share certificate of the state in order to enter the country. In return they get permission to work in the labor market. If a refugee is recognized as a political asylum seeker, the fee paid for the share certificate will be reimbursed. The currently inhumane and life-threatening defense against refugees and the exploitation by criminal traffickers is thereby reduced. Refugees receive a calculable perspective and incentives for integration. The proposal offers advantages for the countries of destination and origin, as well as for migrants.

Revival of controlled randomness as a decision-making mechanism
Together with Bruno S. Frey, Osterloh argues for a return to random or aleatoric elements such as those used in Classical Athens and up to Modern Age in numerous European communities. This improves - similar to quality circles in enterprises - the activation of knowledge, the engagement of the population, and results in a strengthening of participation as well as in a reduction of inequality dominance of the elites.

References

External links
Professor Osterloh, University of Zurich

German women academics
People from Brandenburg an der Havel
Living people
1943 births
German women engineers
German expatriates in Switzerland
20th-century German engineers
21st-century German engineers
20th-century women engineers
21st-century women engineers
Engineers from Brandenburg
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
20th-century German women
21st-century German women

Margit Osterloh


Bridgit Claire Mendler (born December 18, 1992) is an American actress and singer. She starred in the films Alice Upside Down (2007), The Clique (2008), Labor Pains (2009) and Lemonade Mouth (2011). In 2009, Mendler signed with Disney Channel and played Juliet van Heusen on Wizards of Waverly Place. Following the positive reception to her character, she landed the role of Teddy Duncan on the Disney series Good Luck Charlie, which ran from April 2010 to February 2014. Subsequently, Mendler portrayed Candace in the NBC sitcom Undateable (2015–2016), Ashley Willerman in the ABC/CMT musical television series Nashville (2017), and Emmy Quinn in the Netflix comedy series  Merry Happy Whatever (2019). As a singer, Mendler released her debut studio album Hello My Name Is... (2012), with the hit single "Ready or Not", and an EP Nemesis (2016). She is the recipient of various accolades, including a Radio Disney Music Award, and nominations for a Young Artist Award, eight World Music Awards, and three Shorty Awards.

Mendler has links with several philanthropic projects and humanitarian causes. From 2010 to 2012, she served as ambassador to nonprofit First Book, which encourages reading, and Give with Target with retail chain Target, to raise funds to reform schools in the United States. Since 2017, she has been a student and researcher with the MIT Media Lab. As of 2022, she is working on her PhD from MIT's Center for Constructive Communications and Social Machines group.

Early life
Mendler was born in Washington, D.C. She is the daughter of Sandra (née Ford) Mendler and Charles Mendler, and has a younger brother named Nicholas. She moved with her family to Mill Valley, California, at the age of eight. It was there where she first expressed interest in acting and began working in plays. When she was eight years old, Mendler began taking part in local roles in both dramatic and musical theatre, and became the youngest performer in the San Francisco Fringe Festival. When she was 11 years old, she hired an agent to help her get acting jobs. Mendler is the niece of psychologist Christine Blasey Ford.

Career

2004–2008: Career beginnings

In 2004, Mendler got her first acting role in the animated Indian film The Legend of Buddha, in which she portrayed Lucy. When she was 13 years old, she got an acting role as a guest star on the soap opera General Hospital. She portrayed the dream child of character Lulu Spencer, in which the two have an argument on Mendler's character's birthday. The scene, lasting just under a minute, is later revealed to be a dream. That same year, Mendler was the voice of the character Thorn in the video game Bone: The Great Cow Race, which was based on the Bone comic series. In 2007, Mendler made her film debut in the film adaption of the Alice series, titled Alice Upside Down. Mendler starred alongside Disney Channel actress Alyson Stoner and Lucas Grabeel. Mendler portrayed the antagonistic role of Pamela, who is the rival of Stoner's character, Alice. For the film's soundtrack, Mendler provided backing vocals on the song "Free Spirit", performed by Stoner. Also in 2007 Mendler auditioned for Sonny with a Chance for the role of Sonny Munroe, but Demi Lovato was chosen. In 2008, it was announced that Mendler would play the role of Kristen Gregory in the film adaption of the popular teen novel series The Clique by Lisi Harrison. Mendler had the role of Kristen, a girl who attends OCD on a scholarship, and works hard to keep her good grades.

She also had begun working on a film with actress and singer Lindsay Lohan titled Labor Pains, which kept being pushed back due to various conflicts and problems. Though initially slated for a theatrical release, the film did not receive one in the US and was instead released as a TV film on ABC Family in 2009. The film did, however, receive a theatrical release in countries such as Russia, Romania, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, and Mexico. The film drew 2.1 million viewers, a better-than-average prime-time audience for ABC Family, and per the network, was the week's top cable film among coveted female demographic groups. She had a supporting role in the film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel.

2009–2012: Breakthrough with Disney

In 2009, Mendler became a recurring character in the Disney Channel series Wizards of Waverly Place. Mendler portrayed the role of Juliet Van Heusen, a vampire who later forms a romance with David Henrie's character Justin Russo. This lasts till the series finale. Mendler would go on to appear in eleven episodes total for the series, spanning from 2009 to 2012 when the series ended. In 2010, Mendler became the star of the Disney Channel Original Series Good Luck Charlie, centering on a teenage girl who makes videos for her baby sister to watch as she gets older. The series premiered on April 4, 2010, and was met with a positive critical reception and viewership.

In 2011, she starred as Olivia White, the lead role in the Disney Channel Original Movie Lemonade Mouth, watched by 5.7 million viewers on its premiere night. Mendler performed numerous songs for the film's soundtrack, which was released on April 12, 2011, by Walt Disney Records. The first single released from the soundtrack, titled "Somebody", was released on March 4, and peaked at number 89 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second single, "Determinate", charted in numerous other countries and peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100. In an interview with Kidzworld Media, Mendler confirmed that there will not be a sequel to Lemonade Mouth, commenting: "There's not [going to be a sequel to Lemonade Mouth] unfortunately. We had such a great experience working on the movie, and they tried to figure something out for a sequel, but everyone at Disney felt like the movie had completed its story in the first movie. It was a great experience, and I loved working with the cast members and still see them frequently." In 2011, Mendler had the supporting role of Appoline in the straight to DVD film Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2. Mendler recorded the song "This Is My Paradise" for the film, which was released as a promotional single on January 11, 2011, with a music video directed by Alex Zamm.

On March 31, 2011, it was confirmed that Mendler had signed with Hollywood Records, and had begun working on her debut album. Also in 2011 Mendler also starred the Disney Channel Original Movie Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!, which premiered on December 2, 2011. The song "I'm Gonna Run to You" was co-written and performed by Mendler, and was also featured in the film and released as promotional single on November 12, 2011. Mendler later co-wrote and sang the Disney's Friends for Change Games anthem called "We Can Change the World", released as her third promotional single on June 11, 2011. In 2012, she guest-starred in the television series House as Callie Rogers, a homeless runaway teenager with a mysterious illness. She voiced the lead role of Arrietty in the American English dub of The Secret World of Arrietty, and she recorded a song, "Summertime", for the movie, which was released as a promotional single on February 2.

2012–2015: Musical debut, Hello My Name Is..., and Undateable

In Summer 2012, Mendler confirmed that the title of her official debut single was "Ready or Not", written by Mendler herself, Emanuel "Eman" Kiriakou and Evan "Kidd" Bogart. The song was released for digital download on August 7 and for radio airplay on August 21, 2012. "Ready or Not" peaked at 49 in the United States and 53 in Australia, but at number seven in the United Kingdom and within the top twenty of the charts in Belgium, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand. The song received platinum certification in the United States and Canada and Gold in Denmark, New Zealand and Norway. Mendler ventured on her first headlining tour, Bridgit Mendler: Live in Concert, supporting her first studio album. The tour primarily reached only North America and she played at state fairs, music festivals and Jingle Ball's concerts series. Mendler's debut album, Hello My Name Is..., was released on October 22 by Hollywood Records and all the songs were written by Mendler with collaborators, included 12 tracks in standard version and 15 in deluxe edition. Mendler was also involved in its production. The album peaked at number 30 on the Billboard 200 and sold less than 200,000 copies in the country.

Hello My Name Is... charted in several countries including Poland, Australia, United Kingdom, France and Spain. Mendler's vocals have been compared to Lily Allen, Cher Lloyd, Jessie J and Karmin. She released two promotional singles on the album: "Forgot to Laugh" and "Top of the World". On February 12, 2013, her second single, "Hurricane", was released for radio airplay. The song peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 in the United States. On April 2 Mendler released a remix single version and, on June 21, an EP remixed. Also in June Mendler debuted her second tour, the Summer Tour, reaching only the United States. On April 30 she released the extended play Live in London, by Universal Music, recorded at a special performance in the United Kingdom. It  on Mendler's VEVO On November 16, 2013, was premiered the music video for acoustic version of "Top of the World", directed by Matt Wyatt.  She recorded it on her own, independent of Hollywood Records, and filmed in Griffith Park, in Los Angeles.

On June 28, 2014, Mendler began the second leg of her Summer Tour, in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. On that date, she sang one of her new songs, "Fly to You", about a relationship that was said to be on the rocks but worth fighting for. On July 5, she performed another new song, "Deeper Shade Of Us", with disco influences. On November 25, 2014, Mendler was announced as a member of the main cast of the NBC comedy series Undateable in season two. She portrays the character Candace, an unlucky and undefeatably optimistic waitress, who becomes part of the main group. During the season, Candace and Justin, played by Brent Morin, were dating. After initial reports, it was confirmed on July 2, 2015, that Mendler left Hollywood Records earlier in the year.

In early 2015, NBC renewed with Mendler for a third season that consisted entirely of live episodes, which premiered October 15 of that year. In the season Justin proposes to Candace during a Backstreet Boys show and she accepts. On November 13, 2015, minutes before air time, a decision was made to cancel the then-upcoming live program due to the November 2015 Paris attacks. The next week, the live episode references were made about the attack as a tribute. Following the third season, it was announced that NBC had cancelled continuation of the series.

2016–present: Nemesis, Nashville, and Merry Happy Whatever
In 2016, Mendler began working on new music. Mendler discussed some of the producers and songwriters she was working with, including Mitch Allan, Dan Book, Alexei Misoul, Augie Ray, Beloryze, TMS, Ina Wroldsen, and Steve Mac. On August 4, 2016, Mendler announced the title of her new single, "Atlantis", featuring Kaiydo, which was released on August 26, 2016. The EP, Nemesis, was released on November 18. In October 2016, Mendler was cast as Ashley Willerman on the fifth season of the CMT television series Nashville. On February 3, 2017, Mendler announced her new single, "Temperamental Love" featuring Devontée. The music video was featured the YouTuber Jam in The Van. On February 10, Mendler was cast in lead role of the Fox comedy television pilot Thin Ice, created by Elizabeth Meriwether, but the network ultimately passed on the pilot in May. On August 25, 2017, Mendler released a single titled "Diving" with American group RKCB. The official music video was released hours after the release of the song. She appeared in the Netflix comedy film Father of the Year along with David Spade, Joey Bragg, Matt Shively and Jackie Sandler, which was released July 20, 2018. In November 2019, Mendler appeared in the eight-part Netflix comedy television series, Merry Happy Whatever, along with Dennis Quaid, Ashley Tisdale, and her Undateable co-star Brent Morin.

Other ventures

Philanthropy

In 2010, Mendler became ambassador to First Book, a service  that encourages reading and provides books to children in need. In 2011 it became part of Disney's Friends for Change, a pro-social "green" initiative of charity for environmental issues encouraging fans to take action. As campaign theme that year Mendler released a promotional single on June 11, "We Can Change the World", raising $250,000 for the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund. She also participated of the Disney's Friends for Change Games, an Olympic-based televised games aired on the Disney Channel, getting $125,000 donation to UNICEF as Yellow Team captain and also competing for $100,000. But her team lost to the World Wide Fund for Nature. In 2012 Mendler won the honorary award Common Sense Media as Role Model of the Year for her work against bullying. Mendler was the third young artist to win the award, which usually honors environmentalists and scholars. She also attended the annual UNICEF acoustic concert in New York to raise donations for charity in January 2013. In July 2012 Mendler became ambassador of the campaign Give With Target with department store chain Target to raise funds to reform schools in the United States. The campaign aims to get $1 billion by 2015. To start the Target campaign, they invested $5 million and distributed $25,000 grants to 100 in-need schools for the school year. Mendler said about the incentive: "I'm excited to partner with Target on their Give With Target campaign and celebrate the start of a new school year with kids across the country. It's so important for all kids to have everything they need for a successful school year." In August she got $5 million donated by The Walt Disney Company and more $2 million donated by people at Facebook.

She was featured in a March 2013 public campaign Delete Digital Drama with the Seventeen Magazine to end cyberbullying. About the campaign she said "Being bullied is something I experienced in school and it is not fun...I love working to end cyberbullying. People don't have to push back as much as they would in real life. People need to realize bullying has just as much of an impact online because words are so cutting and difficult to deal with". She also worked with Acuvue being a mentor to help Katie, a winner of the 2013 Acuvue 1-Day Contest, get closer to her dream of making a difference. On October 8 Mendler hosted the event We Day of Free The Children Foundation, a campaign that helps build schools for underprivileged children in Canada and the United States. Also for Free The Children Foundation she was godmother  of We Create a Change to help needy children.

On November 16, 2013, Mendler participated in the World Challenge Marathon for Save the Children Foundation, a charity race to helps children with health problems. In March 2014, Mendler traveled to region of El Quiché, Guatemala to participate in the other project of Save the Children that helps underprivileged children in developing countries. On April 8, she released the Baby Sit In, that asks for teens to help give parents a break and give babies a healthy start to their life. Mendler said "It's an easy way for kids to help little ones everywhere get a healthy start and an opportunity to learn just by doing something they do most weekends anyway". Mendler represented the institution during the charity congress Save the Children's annual Advocacy Summit in Washington, D.C. Carolyn Miles, the Save the Children's president, thanked Mendler publicly for humanitarian work: "We are thrilled to have Bridgit on board. Her passion for helping children truly came through when she met with families and kids during her visits to the remote communities in the deserts of California and Guatemala's western highlands".

Image and endorsements
Mendler was included on Billboard's "21 Under 21: Music's Hottest Minors" list in 2012. In 2013 she also appeared in the list of thirteen. She was also chosen as one of the ten hottest young female artists by Forbes Woman. In 2012, Mendler was chosen as role model of the year by Common Sense Media, a non-profit organization that honors innovative minds from the worlds of entertainment, public policy and technology and rewards mainly teachers, scientists and philanthropists. She was honored for her charity work in anti-bullying actions, improving the lives of families by providing a trustworthy role model and creating a positive impact in the world. Mendler was the second youngest artist to win the award, after Miranda Cosgrove.

In 2012, Mendler signed with Target Corporation to release an exclusive line of clothing inspired by her character Teddy Duncan of Good Luck Charlie. The D-Signed by Teddy Duncan fashion collection includes clothing, accessories, hats, scarves, and souvenirs for girls in range from 4 to 18 years old. In March 2013, a Spring edition was also released. While promoting her debut single "Ready or Not", Mendler signed with The Hunt, a mobile app which combines clothes and shows fashion tendencies. She released exclusively her music video and registered some personal clothes and fashion searches. She also had her own version in the games FanFUN FANfinity. While promoting her debut album Hello My Name Is..., Mendler offered exclusive album promotions through Target. In 2014 she signed with the line of dermatology products Clean & Clear and recorded several commercials and campaigns for real beauty.

Personal life

Relationships

On March 27, 2012, Shane Harper said in an interview with Officially the Hottest that he was dating Mendler. Harper told the interviewer that they became friends early in Good Luck Charlie and began dating in May 2011. In an interview with Cambio in September 2012, Mendler stated that it took two years between her meeting Harper and beginning to date him. To Classicalite, Mendler talked about dating Harper, and said it took time for them to begin something, because she needed time to think. She said, "We knew each other for a while, were friends for a long time. I think everybody was very respectful about it and wanted to make sure that it wouldn't be weird." In November 2015, Mendler revealed that she had ended her relationship with Harper. In October 2019, Mendler announced via Instagram that she had married Griffin Cleverly.

Education
Mendler has a degree in anthropology from the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles, California. Two members of her band also studied at USC. In an interview with Brian Mansfield of USA Today, Mendler said: "My plan right now is just to do one class at a time and see how that goes. I'm just going to study something that will be interesting and doable from the road and just take care of my general education courses for now. I want to know something outside of what I do." In 2013, she chose anthropology and studied Medieval Visual Culture, and medical anthropology. To the University Star, Mendler said USC was important: "I think seeing that college life and what that would've been like, it does make you wonder what sort of lifestyle that would be, but I'm really grateful for what I have, and I think it's cool that, because my career path is not as formulaic, I can kind of decide when I want to take time off to do certain things." Her mother was pursuing a doctorate in public policy at USC at the time. In 2016 she graduated with her degree in anthropology.

In May 2017, Mendler was announced as one of the 2017 MIT Media Lab's Director's Fellows. In May 2018, she announced on Twitter that she started a graduate program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a focus on improving social media: "As an entertainer, for years I struggled with social media because I felt like there was a more loving and human way to connect with fans." In January 2019, Mendler indicated that she was enrolled in a class at Harvard Law School. In 2020, she completed her graduate degree at MIT and began working on her Ph.D with MIT's Center for Constructive Communications and Social Machines group. As of 2022, she is concurrently enrolled at Harvard Law School and at MIT.

Artistry

Influences
Mendler has cited Bob Dylan as her biggest musical influence. To Ed Condran of Hartford Courant she said that: "You look at what Bob Dylan and artists like him have done and you just can't help but be blown away. I'm just glad I have the opportunity to start with this and I just want to take it as far as I can". In an interview with Disney Channel Netherlands, she revealed that her favorite song was "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" from Dylan's 1963 album The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. To Taylor Trudon of Huffington Post she said: "He was the first musician I got into where I paid attention to songwriting. He has a way of writing songs that's really playful with lyrics, but at the same time he's saying something that people feel is important and that they relate to. He spoke for a whole generation.". Also to Trudon, Mendler cited Etta James, Elvis Presley, B. B. King, Lily Allen, Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday, and talked about these artists: "I love that they have soul in their voices. I think that's something important". Other musical influences include Elvis Costello, The Delfonics, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Van Morrison. During an interview with Yahoo!, in 2012, Mendler also commented that her first female influence was the R&B girl group Salt-N-Pepa and sang an impromptu a cappella rendition of the song "Shoop".

She said hip hop band Fugees had great influence in her music training and also the recording of the debut album and song "Ready or Not", "One of the writers was like 'Check out this Fugees song, 'Ready or Not'. So we all listened to it and were like that would be kind of fun to do some sort of interpolation off of that song, which is what we did. I think it stands by itself as its own song but it still has that memorable quality of the Fugees song, which is fun. I think we were all really proud of it and hoping it will go far". For her debut album, Hello My Name Is..., Mendler was inspired by indie pop singers Ingrid Michaelson and Feist. Among the pop music artists, she cited Maroon 5, No Doubt, Destiny's Child, Justin Timberlake, Beyoncé and Bruno Mars.  She cited Jamie Foxx as a great model of how to have a career in acting and music.

Mendler said that is influenced by British neo-soul and listed Ellie Goulding, Florence and the Machine, Marina Diamandis, and Lianne La Havas as her biggest British influences. She has mentioned Natasha Bedingfield, Broken Bells, Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse. In 2013 Mendler revealed to have a big admiration for the Adele's musical style. To Disney Channel UK she said that "admire the career of Adele, because she has her own musical style. She does things her way and writes about things she is passionate about. It is really working out well for her". She was also influenced by Canadian artists Feist and Tegan and Sara. To Hartford Courant she commented: "I've been a fan of Tegan and Sara's for awhile. They just do what they want to do. They don't follow trends". She covered the song "I Was a Fool" by the duo and released with the message: "I heard this song by Tegan and Sara a couple weeks ago and couldn't stop singing it, so I just had to do my own version". In 2014, she mentioned in an interview to CKQK-FM Canadian artists Nelly Furtado, Joni Mitchell and European bands Coldplay and Little Dragon as influences in composing her second album.

In acting career, Mendler has cited some influences as Jamie Foxx, Natalie Portman and Rachel McAdams. About McAdams she said that "She plays a variety of roles, she has a lot of charisma, and she doesn't try to live her life in the public eye". She also admires the dedication of Christian Bale: "I could not live my life as committed to the craft as he does, with body transformations and such, he goes to such extremes but he is very admirable". Mendler also mentioned Lindsay Lohan as a great actress.

Lyrical themes and songwriting

Thematically, Guilherme Tintel of Portal It Pop has noted that Mendler wasn't immature as the first work of other Hollywood artists. Tintel compares her songs to Jessie J, Katy Perry, Natalia Kills and Taylor Swift. Mendler said that the writing process isn't hard, because she was influenced by her own experiences. Her debut single, "Ready or Not", talks about self-confidence and deal with boys. To Pop Dirt Mendler said: "I consider myself to be that girl sitting at the curb waiting for the world, so I think it's a great message to send to just go for the things that you want to take charge of". Her debut album discussed relationships ("Rocks at My Window", "Top of the World", "Love Will Tell Us Where to Go", "The Fall Song" and "Hold On for Dear Love"), break-up ("5:15"), alienation and romantic chaos ("Hurricane" and "Forgot to Laugh"), self-confidence ("Ready or Not"), self-esteem ("City Lights"), friendship ("We're Dancing"), and blonde girls ("Blonde").

To Hartford Courant she commented that writing is a compulsion. "It's also something I really enjoy. I like to create. It's part of being a recording artist. I love to write songs". Mendler also said she didn't want to make commercial songs, but timeless songs. "I want to make music that stands the test of time. You look at what Bob Dylan and artists like him have done and you just can't help but be blown away. I'm just glad I have the opportunity to start with this and I just want to take it as far as I can. I wanted variety and to just make things really interesting. This isn't just something that comes out of a machine. It came out of me. This isn't about product. I want to grow as an artist. I remember listening to certain recording artists and songs that had a really big impact on me".

Musical and voice style
Mendler's vocal range spans 3.4 octaves. She is a mezzo-soprano. She plays guitar, keyboard, and keytar Sávio Alves of Febre Teen Magazine said that Mendler's voice was "strong and sweet". He calls Mendler's voice as having a "metallic tone" and this being "rare in young female singers". Her voice was compared to indie and blues artists. Her music is generally pop and reggae fusion and has features of R&B, funk, and hip hop soul. In an interview, she said she prefers to escape the traditional pop and dance-pop and adding other elements. "I have funky, R&B tendencies when I write by myself. I really love doo-wop and a jazzy swing beat. Rhythm is a big emphasis in my own writing". Her voice and style has been compared to Lily Allen. She has been compared to Miley Cyrus, who also started on the Disney Channel, but in an interview to Christian Post Mendler said: "I'm not Miley Cyrus. There may be some similarities but I'm my own person." In 2013, during an interview with the Huffington Post, Mendler was compared to other young artists and asked if she would follow the footsteps in pop music. Mendler said that "They've done so much and they're so talented. I think it's tricky because they've been obviously very successful, but I think you always want to be your own person and not be categorized by doing the same thing".

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games
 Bone: The Great Cow Race (2006), as Thorn (voice role)

Discography

Studio albums
 Hello My Name Is... (2012)

Extended plays
 Live in London (2013)
 Nemesis (2016)

Concert tours

 Live in Concert (2012)
 Summer Tour (2013–2014)
 Nemesis Tour (2016–2017)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1992 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from Washington, D.C.
American child actresses
American child singers
American women pop singers
American sopranos
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Hollywood Records artists
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology fellows
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers with a three-octave vocal range
Songwriters from Washington, D.C.
University of Southern California alumni
Walt Disney Records artists
Alternative pop singers

Bridgit Mendler


Jennifer L. Holm (born June 16, 1968) is an American children's writer, and recipient of three Newbery Honors and the Eisner Award.

Biography
Holm was born in 1968 in San Diego, California. She spent her early life living on Whidbey Island on the Puget Sound in Washington state, before her family relocated to Audubon, Pennsylvania, with her four brothers. She attended Methacton High School for four years. After graduating from Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, she worked in television and later began to write. Our Only May Amelia, the story of a 12-year-old girl living in late-19th century in coastal southwestern Washington state, inspired by a diary written by her great aunt, became her first published novel and was a 2000 Newbery Honor Book.  Holm also has written a series featuring Jane Peck, a young woman living in the 1850s (Boston Jane:  An Adventure, Boston Jane:  Wilderness Days and Boston Jane:  The Claim); The Creek, a horror thriller; Babymouse and Squish, series of graphic novels for children illustrated by her brother Matthew; and The Stink Files, a series co-written with her husband Jonathan Hamel featuring James Edward Bristlefur, a cat raised by a British secret agent who is adopted by an American family and renamed Mr. Stink after his owner is murdered. Penny from Heaven, a story set in the 1950s featuring an 11-year-old Italian-American girl, was a 2007 Newbery Honor recipient.  Turtle in Paradise, which is set in the Great Depression in Key West, Florida, was a 2011 Newbery Honor recipient. Babymouse for President won the 2013 Eisner Award for Best Publication for Early Readers (up to age 7).

Our Only May Amelia has been adapted for the stage by John Olive. The River Theater in Astoria, Oregon, performed it for its 2006 summer run, in conjunction with FinnFest USA '06.  The events of the play (and book) were set just north of Astoria in Naselle, Washington.

Personal life
As of 2013, Holm lives in Foster City, California, with her husband and two children.

Works

Standalone novels
The Creek (2003)
Penny from Heaven (2007) - Newbery Honor
The Lion of Mars (2021)

The Fourteenth Goldfish series
The Fourteenth Goldfish (2014)
The Third Mushroom (2018)

Sunny series
Graphic novels, illustrated by Matthew Holm and colored by Lark Pien
Sunny Side Up (2015)
Swing it, Sunny (2017)
Sunny Rolls the Dice (2019)
Sunny Makes a Splash (2021)

May Amelia series
Our Only May Amelia (1999) - Newbery Honor
The Trouble with May Amelia (2011), illustrated by Adam Gustavson

Our Only May Amelia can be found in the Newbery Great Girls Boxed Set (1999) along with three other Newbery Winners.

Boston Jane novel series
 Boston Jane: An Adventure (2001)
 Wilderness Days (2002)
 The Claim (2004)

Key West series
Turtle in Paradise (2010) - Newbery Honor
Full of Beans (2016) - a prequel from the perspective of Turtle's cousin, Beans.

Ginny Davis series
Illustrated by Elicit Castaldi
Middle School Is Worse Than Meatloaf: A Year Told Through Stuff (2007)
Eighth Grade is Making Me Sick: Ginny Davis's Year In Stuff (2012)

The Stink Files series
In collaboration with Jonathan Hamel, illustrated by Brad Weinman
The Stink Files, Dossier 001: The Postman Always Brings Mice (2004)
The Stink Files, Dossier 002: To Scratch a Thief (2004)
The Stink Files, Dossier 003: You Only Have Nine Lives (2005)

Babymouse series
Graphic novels, in collaboration with Matthew Holm
 Queen of the World! (2005)
 Our Hero (2005)
 Beach Babe (2006)
 Rock Star (2006)
 Heartbreaker (2006)
 Camp Babymouse (2007)
 Skater Girl (2007)
 Puppy Love (2007)
 Monster Mash (2008)
 Babymouse: The Musical (2009)
 Dragonslayer (2009)
 Babymouse Burns Rubber (2010)
 Cupcake Tycoon (2010)
 Mad Scientist (2011)
 A Very Babymouse Christmas (2011)
 Babymouse for President (2012)
 Extreme Babymouse (2013)
 Happy Birthday, Babymouse (2014)
 Bad Babysitter (2015)
 Babymouse Goes for the Gold (2016)

Compilations:
Babymouse Collection Books 1-13

Babymouse Tales From the Locker series
Illustrated by Matthew Holm
 Lights, Camera, Middle School! (July 4, 2017),
 Miss Communication (July 24, 2018),
 School-Tripped (July 29, 2019),

Little Babymouse
Picture book, illustrated by Matthew Holm
Little Babymouse and the Christmas Cupcakes (October 24, 2016),

Squish series
Graphic novels, in collaboration with Matthew Holm
 Squish: Super Ameoba (2011)
 Squish: Brave New Pond (2011)
 Squish: The Power Of The Parasite (2012)
 Squish: Captain Disaster (2012)
 Squish: Game On!  (2013)
 Squish: Fear the Amoeba   (2014)
 Squish: Deadly Disease of Doom (2015)
 Squish: Pod vs. Pod (2016)

My First Comics
Illustrated by Matthew Holm
I'm Grumpy (2016)
I'm Sunny (2016)
I'm Silly (2017)
I'm Scared (2017)

Comic book anthologies
 Comics Squad: Recess! (2014) Edited by Jennifer L. Holm
 "The Super-Secret Ninja Club" by Gene Luen Yang
 "Book 'Em, Dog Man!" by Dav Pilkey
 "Betty and the Perilous Pizza Day" by Jarrett J. Krosoczka
 "The Magic Acorn" by Ursula Vernon
 "Babymouse: The Quest for Recess" by Jennifer L. Holm and Matthew Holm
 "Jiminy Sprinkles in 'Freeze Tag'" by Eric Wight
 "300 Words" by Dan Santat
 "The Rainy Day Monitor" by Raina Telgemeier and Dave Roman
 Comics Squad #2: Lunch! (2016) Edited by Jennifer L. Holm and Matthew Holm
 "Crazy Little Thing Called Lunch!" by Cece Bell
 "Snoopy in...Lunchtime Beagle" by Peanuts
 "Babymouse: Lunch Table Champion" by Jennifer L. Holm and Matthew Holm
 "The Case of the Missing Science Project" by Jason Shiga
 "Pikput & Cullen in...Worst Day Ever!" by Cecil Castellucci and Sara Varon
 "Lucy & Andy Neanderthal: Cave Soup" by Jeffrey Brown
 "Lunch Bomb 1943" by Nathan Hale
 "Lunch Girl and the Ominous Origin" by Jarrett J. Krosoczka
 Comics Squad #3: Detention! (2017) Edited by Jennifer L. Holm, Matthew Holm, and Jarrett J. Krosoczka

Anthology contributions
 Shelf Life: Stories by the Book (2003), edited by Gary Paulson
 Contains "Follow the Water" by Jennifer L. Holm
 Friends: Stories about New Friends, Old Friends, and Unexpectedly True Friends (2005)
 Contains "My Best Friend" by Jennifer L. Holm

Book introductions
 Anne of Avonlea by L. M. Montgomery (originally published 1909) - Introduction
 Too Much Information by Gene Ambaum and Bill Barnes (2012) - Foreword

Selected awards and honors
 Newbery Honor Awards
 2000 for Our Only May Amelia
 2007 for Penny from Heaven
 2011 for Turtle in Paradise
 2011 Golden Kite Award for Turtle in Paradise 2013 Eisner Award for Best Publication for Early Readers for Babymouse for President2014 California Book Awards Gold Medal Juvenile winner for The Fourteenth Goldfish
 2015 E. B. White Read Aloud Award for The Fourteenth Goldfish''

Notes

References

External links

 Babymouse series (official)
 Squish series (official)
 Stink Files series (official)

 Audio Interview (MP3), December 2007
 Interview by Miss Erin, January 2007

Living people
1968 births
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American children's writers
American historical novelists
American women children's writers
American women novelists
Dickinson College alumni
Newbery Honor winners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Women historical novelists

Jennifer L. Holm


The Uhrencup is a club football tournament, held annually in Grenchen and Biel in Switzerland. The Uhrencup is seen as a testament to the major influence that is exercised by the local watchmaking industry on the cultural lives of the area's residents ( is German for "watches"). The tournament usually features four teams (sometimes more), each playing two matches, and is held in July as a friendly tournament, the format of which tends to be fluid. For the teams taking part, the tournament is a welcome opportunity to prepare for the upcoming football season.

Origin
Founded in 1962 by representatives of Grenchen's watchmaking industry, the first Uhrencup was held to celebrate the inauguration of the new grandstand at the local Brühl stadium. Due to the tournament's reverberating success it was repeated the following year and, thanks to the sponsoring from the local watch industry, it continues to be held annually (with the exception of 1967, 1974 and 2012).

History

Established as an international tournament (1962–1968)
The first Uhrencup in 1962 already featured an international line-up. Together with the two local clubs FC Grenchen and FC Biel-Bienne, the Belgian team Cercle Brügge and Italian team AC Como also took part in the tournament. Due to its success and because it attracted about 20,000 spectators, it was repeated the following year.

The English side Ipswich Town won the tournament in 1963 and the Dutch team Sparta Rotterdam was the second international representative. A year later German club Karlsruher SC and the French team Nîmes Olympique competed in the Uhrencup. In 1965 Lanerossi Vicenza won the competition, Maccabi Tel Aviv also took part. In 1966 and again in 1968 FC Sochaux took part, winning the first of the two competitions, but not being at all successful two years later. In 1967 the competition was not held.

Uhrencup as regional event (1969–2002)
At the end of the 1967–68 Nationalliga A season Grenchen were relegated and therefore the tournament lost its international significance. From here on it was mainly Swiss sides that took part in the Uhrencup and it turned into a regional event. FC Basel took part for the first time in 1969 and won the cup 5–3 in the final against Biel-Bienne, Wenger, Hauser (twice), Balmer and Odermatt scoring the Basel goals. A year later Basel defended the title with an 8–7 win after penalties following a 5–5 at full-time.

The next year the home team Grenchen won the cup for the second time, winning 3–1 against reigning Swiss Champions Basel, local boy Serge Muhmenthaler scoring one of the Grenchen goals. Neuchâtel Xamax won the Uhrencup 1972. Young Boys won the title 1973, Serge Muhmenthaler scoring a goal and winning his second Uhrencup title this time with his new team. In 1974 the competition was not held. Young Boys (1975) and Zürich (1976) were the next two cup winners. Serge Muhmenthaler reached his third Uhrencup Final with his third club in 1977 but was unable to repeat the success, the final ended in a 6–1 defeat against Neuchâtel Xamax. However reaching the final again in the next year Muhmenthaler won the 1978 Uhrencup with FC Basel 2–1 against the same finalists.

Basel won the title six times (1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988), Grenchen won it three times (1981, 1982, 1985), Servette (1984) and Young Boys (1987) during the following years. As international teams were again invited to participate Partizan Belgrade (1989), Górnik Zabrze (1990) and 1. FC Köln (1991) competed and won the tournament.

During the following years (1992 to 2002) the Uhrencup returned to being a Swiss-Internal tournament. The winners being FC Zürich (three times), Grenchen (twice) and FC Solothurn, Grasshoppers and Sevette each once. FC Subingen, a team from the 2. Liga (then fourth tier of the Swiss Football League) won Uhrencup in 1997.

New edition as an international tournament (2003–2011)
In 2003 a new organising committee took over the marketing of the Uhrencup and with added financial help it was again possible to invite international teams. Casino SW Bregenz, FC Schalke 04, 1. FC Kaiserslautern (twice), 1. FC Köln, Bayer Leverkusen, FC Red Bull Salzburg, Celtic Glasgow, Borussia Dortmund, Legia Warsaw and Panathinaikos Athens have participated during this period, but only Trabzonspor (2005) and Shakhtar Donetsk (2009) were able to win the title.

2010 was a truly international affair, with only one club (Young Boys) originating from Switzerland. The remaining competitors were Deportivo de La Coruña from Spain, the Dutch side Twente Enschede and the eventual winner VfB Stuttgart from Germany.

Basel won the competition for the twelfth time. In the 2011 event, they beat Hertha Berlin 3–0, and then went on to defeat West Ham 2–1 in their second game. The second Swiss team, Young Boys Bern, also won both matches against the international teams, but had a lower overall goal score with 6–3. To celebrate the 50th edition of the tournament, the current German champion Borussia Dortmund played a friendly game against the Swiss vice champion FC Zürich, which ended with a 1–1 tie.

Since 2013
In 2012 the tournament was not held, but was held in 2013 between 5 and 9 July with Basel and Grasshopper Club Zürich taking part. For Basel it was be the 29th time that they would take place; they have won the competition thirteen times. The tournament again took a hiatus, this time of two years before returning in 2015.

2011

Standings

Matches

2013

Standings

Matches

2015

Standings

Matches

2016

Standings

Matches

2017

Standings

Results

2018

Standings

Results

2019

Standings

Results

Uhrencup winners by year

Titles by team

Participation by club

See also
Swiss Super League
List of football (soccer) competitions

References

External links
 Official site

Swiss football friendly trophies
Recurring sporting events established in 1962
1962 establishments in Switzerland

Uhrencup


An apostolate is a Christian organization "directed to serving and evangelizing the world", most often associated with the Anglican Communion or the Catholic Church. In more general usage, an apostolate is an association of persons dedicated to the propagation of a religion or a doctrine. The word apostolate comes from the Greek word apostello, which means to "send forth" or "to dispatch". The Christian origin of the word comes from the twelve apostles who were selected by Christ; they had a "special vocation, a formal appointment of the Lord to a determined office, with connected authority and duties". An apostolate can be a Christian organization made up of the laity or of a specific Christian religious order.

Apostolate as ministry
Within Anglican theology and Catholic theology, "ministry" pertains to the administration of a sacrament; or the celebration of liturgy and all that pertains to the liturgical functioning of the Church; as such it is specific to those with Holy Orders. Laity have a different role, namely, to spread the truth of Christianity in the world through whatever means they can — this is properly called an apostolate. An example of a Catholic apostolate is Catholic Answers, run by laity whose mission is to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ and Catholicism in the world. Similarly, an example of an Anglican apostolate is The Saint Martin Apostolate of Prayer, whose aim is the "sanctification of all priests through the continual offering of prayers on their behalf by the faithful."

See also

 Apostle (Christian)
 Christian ministry, as age-specific ministry, creative and performing arts, community service and outreach.
 Lay apostolate
 Sodality

Further reading

References

Catholic theology and doctrine

Apostolate


Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona is a museum of local history and art in Rapperswil, canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

Location
The museum is situated in three Middle Ages buildings, remains of a former castle as part of the town walls of Rapperswil, as of today in the so-called Breny house, a keep, and in the Breny tower and an intermediate section that was a battlement of the town wall at Herrenberg hill. The buildings are situated between Schloss Rapperswil, Stadtpfarrkirche Rapperswil and Engelplatz square.

Breny house and Breny tower
Breny house and Breny tower are part of the remains of the northeastern town walls of the medieval city of Rapperswil. The buildings date back to early 13th century AD, when the lords of Russikon (Russinger) built a residential tower respectively a small castle as servants (Ministerials) of the Counts of Rapperswil. In its present form, it was built in 1492 by the knight Hans of Landenberg from the Töss Valley replacing the former seat of the lords of Russikon. The Landenberg family officiated in Rapperswil as mayors and councils to 1530. Subsequent occupants were from 1530 to 1660 the Göldlin family, then the Good family, and from 1758 the Breny family. The former castle with its  high residential tower at the so-called Herrenberg ("castle hill") marked in the 16th century the urban expansion of the Middle Ages city to the northeast. The buildings were part of the northeasterly town walls at the bay of Kempraten on Lake Zürich shore heading to the so-called Herrenbergtor gate (broken in 1848).

The largely conserved residential facilities date back to the 16th century when the castle was owned by Thuring Göldli. The Gothic hall with beamed ceiling and flower garlands, like the other rooms in the initial stage of construction, is largely preserved. The living room is decorated with late Gothic and partly overpainted wall painting among them the coats of arms of the Landenberg and Hünenberg families (as of 1492). The Breny room ("Breny-Stube") and the Landenberg room (as of 1503) are in their original condition.

The very first roses in Rapperswil blossom at the Breny tower and at the Stadtpfarrkirche Rapperswil next to the Schloss Rapperswil because their medieval sandstone walls are exposed to the sun all through the year.

Museum of local history and art

History
Under the patronage of the transport association (Verkehrsverein) Rapperswil-Jona, the museum was established in 1943 as "Heimatmuseum lokaler Geschichte und Kunst" (museum of local history and art). As a legacy of the sisters Paulina and Henrika Breny, the buildings, as of today commonly called "Breny-Haus" and "Breny-Turm", are situated at former Obere Halsgasse, and administrated by the city of Rapperswil. In 2008, some Rapperswil residents petitioned local authorities to evict the Polish Museum from its home in the Rapperswil Castle, as two historical museum locations (Stadtmuseum and Polish Museum) estimated to be too expensive. The Polish Museum is conducting a petition campaign to retain the Museum in the castle; Stadtmuseum will be kept respectively in 2010/11 renewed at its actual location.

Activities

In December 2009, the project "Janus" presented the results of an evaluation for public vote by the citizens of Rapperswil-Jona. The city museum will be renewed from January 2010 to autumn 2011, and therefore will be closed for visitors. Its historical intermediate section between Breny house and Breny tower will probably replaced by a purposive construction integrated into the historic street-scape between Stadtpfarrkirche (parish church) and Engelplatz square. This new building serves both, as an exhibition space as well as connection between the two historical museum buildings. The formative north side of the town walls will be kept as it is. Investment and operating costs of around 5.6 million Swiss francs will be borne equally between local community and political community Rapperswil-Jona. Simultaneously with the realization of the project, the accumulated maintenance work on the facades, windows and roofs of the historic buildings and the town wall will be done.

Sights
Along with temporary exhibits, main sights are the prehistoric and Roman archaeological finds, particularly from the extensive excavations at Kempraten, the former Roman vicus Centum Prata. Other exhibits are medieval coat of arms of the city of Rapperswil, a goblet of Countess Elizabeth of Rapperswil, the late Gothic  living hall and religious goldsmiths, including the mitre, the crosier,  particulate monstrance from the monastery treasury of Premonstratensian Rüti Abbey. The intermediate section (as of October 2009) is home to the Breny and Göldli rooms with antique portraits from the Renaissance, the Curti room of Rapperswil silk merchants from the 15th century and the Greith room. In the Breny tower there are a scale model of the city of Rapperswil showing the city as it was in 1800, further information on history and the city fortifications as well as examples of medieval weapons, pharmacy, shoe-making and kiln ceramics from Rapperswil.

The previous conventional presentation of the collection objects was replaced in 2012/12 by a multimedia "history experience", i.e., by visual and audible interaction with the visitors.

Gallery

Cultural heritage
The building is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class B object of regional importance.

See also
 Rathaus Rapperswil
 Rüti Abbey

Literature
 Peter Röllin: Kulturbaukasten Rapperswil-Jona. Rapperswil-Jona 2005.

References

External links

 Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona website
 Stadtmuseum Rapperswil on Tourist Information Rapperswil-Jona

Art museums and galleries in Switzerland
History museums in Switzerland
Local museums
Buildings and structures in Rapperswil-Jona
Tourist attractions in Rapperswil-Jona
Castles in the canton of St. Gallen
Museums established in 1943
1943 establishments in Switzerland
Museums in the canton of St. Gallen
Cultural property of regional significance in the canton of St. Gallen

Stadtmuseum Rapperswil-Jona


Grains Research and Development Corporation is an Australian research statutory corporation founded in October 1990 under the Primary Industries and Energy Research and Development Act, 1989 (PIERD Act). It invests in projects and partnerships to drive profitability and productivity in Australia's grains industry. It is funded by the Australian government and a levy on graingrowers, which is determined by the industry's peak bodies Grains Producers Australia (GPA) and Graingrowers Ltd (GGL).  The Department of Agriculture is the relevant government department.

References

External links

1990 establishments in Australia
Funding bodies of Australia
Grain industry of Australia
Research and development in Australia


Christian Perrin, known by his stage-name Christian, was a French actor and singer in operetta, born in Paris, 1 January 1821, and died there in December 1889. He had a long and successful career in Paris from the 1850s up to his death.

Life and career
After his beginnings in provincial theatres, Christian made his debut in the French capital at the Théâtre des Délassements-Comiques in April 1847. His career took off with roles in Claude le Riboteur, Polkette et Bamboche, Sur la gouttière, La Bouquetière des Innocents and in revue. He moved to the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques in 1849 and appeared in many plays, such as Les Filles en feu, Le Bal du sauvage, La Courte-paille, Le Festin de Balthazar, Le Postillon de Crèvecœur. From 1855 at the Théâtre des Variétés appearances included Furnished Apartment, Le Théâtre des Zouaves, Le Fils du Diable, L'Homme n'est pas parfait, Les Compagnons de la truelle and Les Mousquetaires du carnaval.

His first appearance for Offenbach was in the successful premiere of La Périchole in 1868 where he played Panatellas. Christian was popular with audiences through his reputation for his ad-libbing.

He featured in other revivals such as La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein and La belle Hélène (Agamemnon). He also appeared in the opérettes of Hervé such as Le mot de la fin and La veuve du Malabar. He appeared at the Théâtre de l'Odéon from 1870 to 1872 and then briefly at the Variétés before re-joining Offenbach at the Gaîté where he appeared in the premiere of Le Voyage dans la lune and in revised versions of Orphée aux Enfers (as Jupiter) and Geneviève de Brabant (Golo). When the 'Théâtre-Lyrique' opened at the Gaîté after Offenbach's departure, he even undertook the opéra comique repertoire, including La poupée de Nuremberg, Giralda (Don Japhet), Les rendez-vous bourgeois and Le sourd (Doliban).

In January 1875 he was withdrawn from the revival of Les brigands after a complaint from a government minister to the theatre management that Christian had introduced the actor playing Gloria-Cassis in the tones of catholic liturgy.

Renowned for his constant wit, on the mirror of his dressing-room was pasted the inscription « Les raseurs sont priés de ne pas moisir ici » (Bores should not hang around here). According to Vanloo, his over-the-top performance as a sea-sick passenger in the vaudeville Coco at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in June 1878 led him to pun « Que diraient mes administrés s'ils me voyaient avoir le mal de maire ? » - as he was at the time the mayor of a commune near Chantilly.

The revival by Castellano of Le voyage dans la lune at the Théâtre du Châtelet in 1877 brought him back to operetta. From 1878 Christian rejoined the Variétés where he featured in new stage works – Le Tour du Cadran, Coup de foudre, Le Voyage en Suisse, Les Variétés de Paris, Mam'zelle Nitouche (as Château-Gibus), La Cosaque, Mam'zelle Gavroche, Mes Anciennes – alongside popular revivals, L'Homme n'est pas parfait, La belle Hélène (Calchas), La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein (Boum), Le Père de la débutante, Les brigands (Pietro), La princesse de Trébizonde (Cabriolo), and Barbe-bleue (Popolani).

Christian suffered a stroke at the Variétés on 20 November 1889 after a dress rehearsal for the revue Paris-Exposition and died shortly afterwards. His last words were apparently « I am dying just like Molière ».

References

1821 births
1889 deaths
19th-century French male opera singers
French male stage actors
Male actors from Paris
Perrin, Christian
19th-century French male actors

Christian Perrin


Mats Qviberg (born 1953 in Stockholm) is a Swedish businessman. Together with his close business partner Sven Hagströmer, Qviberg is in control of a group of companies which include Hagströmer & Qviberg and Investment AB Öresund.

Youth and Education
Mats Qviberg was born in central Stockholm. His father worked at a factory owned by General Motors. Qviberg went to school in Bromma outside the city centre and completed his military service in Strängnäs.

He graduated with a degree in business from Stockholm School of Economics.

Early career
Qviberg started his career with Swedish bank SEB, where he became a stockbroker in 1981. He was incredibly successful and in 1984 he joined Carnegie Investment Bank, a major player on the Swedish financial markets.

Hagströmer & Qviberg
In 1990, Qviberg became a partner in Hagströmer's company and it was renamed to reflect that. Together with Hagströmer, Qviberg built a financial empire beginning with the acquisition of Investment AB Öresund in 1992. Through partly unconventional methods many companies were taken over, sometimes upsetting traditionalist Swedish businessmen like Percy Barnevik. Barnevik served on the Board of Directors of AB Custos, an ancient investment company, which Qviberg and Hagströmer gradually took over.

Today, he control a number of companies. Qviberg is the Chairman of Öresund.

At the end of August 2010, it turned out that HQ Bank didn't have enough money to operate as a bank according to Swedish law, due to risky and failed speculation at the internal trading department at the bank. Sunday the 29th of August 2010, the Swedish "Finance Inspection" (FI, Finansinspektionen) withdrew their permission to operate as a bank. The bank was closed for several days after the 29th. According to Swedish media, approximately 900 customers had money on their accounts which exceeded the Swedish bank guarantee of 500,000 SEK. A report written by FI says that HQ Bank's department for risk control had a weak position at the bank.

Political Views
Mats Qviberg has been known to make comments on current affairs. He has defined himself as allmänborgerlig, which means he is a supporter of Sweden's centre-right parties.

He caused some controversy during the campaign preceding the referendum on the Euro in 2003. He first came out in support of the Euro, even taking part in advertisements for Sweden in Europe. Meanwhile, Sven Hagströmer was an outspoken opponent of the euro. Close to the referendum, Qviberg changed his mind and joined the no side. When Prime Minister Göran Persson was asked to comment upon Qviberg's defection, Persson claimed that he did not know who Qviberg was. Qviberg replied by saying that Persson was a bully and that he was probably lying.

In early 2006, Qviberg drew attention to himself again by writing a series of articles in Svenska Dagbladet attacking the trend of corporate social responsibility and stated Ayn Rand as a major inspiration for his own ethics.

In late 2010, Qviberg again drew attention to himself after saying that he won't vote for the Christian Democrats (KD), which he claims to have done in the past. The reason for not voting on KD in the September 2010 election would, according to Mr Qviberg, be that the minister of the finance markets (who is a Christian Democrat) had made a statement that it was correct to withdraw the permission for HQ to operate as a bank.

Personal
He lives with his wife in Lidingö. He is the second richest individual in that municipality. His son, Johan, sits on the Board of Directors of one of the companies which Qviberg is connected to. His other children are Anna and Jacob, Jacob being the youngest.

References

1953 births
Living people
Stockholm School of Economics alumni
Businesspeople from Stockholm
Stockbrokers

Mats Qviberg


Parang Chandong (also spelled as Parang Candong, Parang Candung, Duku Candong or Duku Candung) is a traditional chopper used by the Dayak people (Iban people) of the Baram River in Borneo.

The Parang Candung is also the primary weapon of Sari Panji, a character in the Rajé Ngalam tale of Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Recently in the west, the Parang Chandong was popularized by Raymond Mears and is sometimes referred to as Ray Mears Parang.

This parang is also not to be confused with the Candung in Lampung language, which refers to another type of golok in Lampung, Indonesia.

Description
The blade's edge is convex. The back is concave and curves towards the edge at the point. The centre of gravity lies near to the tip. The wooden scabbard's two parts are held together by means of rattan strips. The scabbard may be finely decorated, for instance with open-work carvings of floral motifs.

See also

Buko (cleaver)
Parang Latok

References

Indonesian culture
Weapons of Indonesia
Weapons of Malaysia
Machetes
Borneo

Parang Chandong


The Masonic Temple in Washington, District of Columbia is a building from 1903. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, and is also on the D.C. Inventory List of Historic Sites. The building currently houses the National Museum of Women in the Arts.

History
The  Masonic temple is a Renaissance Revival style building. The building was the headquarters of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia.  It replaced an older building constructed in 1870 at 9th and F streets (which as of 2013 is still standing).  Initially drafted by architect Waddy B. Wood, the main building was completed in 1908 in an effort to bring the City Beautiful movement to Washington, D.C. Notably, Wood was recognized as being especially supportive of women architects during his lifetime. The lot that was known as "Seven Oaks" was bought for $115,000 in 1899. As the building was originally designed, the upper floors were reserved for Masonic rites, the middle floors were office space, and an auditorium on the first floor was meant to be rented out as a source of income. From 1941 until 1983, the auditorium was used as a public movie theater.

In 1983 the building was put up for sale by the Freemasons and was purchased that year by the National Museum of Women in the Arts.  The interior of the building was renovated, with the auditorium converted into a special events space.  The museum opened in 1987.

References

Masonic buildings in Washington, D.C.
Masonic buildings completed in 1903
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Neoclassical architecture in Washington, D.C.

Masonic Temple (Washington, D.C.)


Cristiano Gimelli (born 15 February 1982) is an Italian football defender.

Gimelli played at Serie D clubs at Rome. In September 2004, he signed a 5-year contract with Lazio. He went on loan to Casale, Viterbese of Serie C2, before joined Lanciano in co-ownership deal. In June 2007, he returned to Lazio, but went on loan to Serie D club F.C. Rieti in mid-2007, Flaminia Civita Castellana in mid-2008 and Civitavecchia in September 2008.

External links

Italian men's footballers
SS Lazio players
SS Virtus Lanciano 1924 players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Rome
1982 births
Living people
ASD Civitavecchia 1920 players

Cristiano Gimelli


The Conversations at Curlow Creek is a historical novel written by the prominent Australian author David Malouf. It was first published in 1996 by the Random House publishing group.

Plot summary

The story takes place in 1827 on an isolated farm at the fictional locality of Curlow Creek in the mountains of the colony of New South Wales. The two main characters are Michael Adair, an Irish-born officer in the colonial mounted troopers, and Daniel Carney, an Irish escapee and bushranger. Adair had been dispatched from Sydney to oversee Carney's hanging and he arrives at Carney's temporary prison—a stockman's hut—on the night before he is due to be executed.

The narrative details conversations held by Adair and Carney throughout the cold night as they explore their shared Irish heritage. The novel is also peppered with Adair's reminiscences of his aristocratic childhood in County Galway. As the plot progresses, Adair develops sympathy for Carney despite his criminal past and impoverished background. The novel ends with Adair presumed to have let Carney escape into the bush—though as with many of David Malouf's novels, the ending is ambiguous and the reader does not know for sure the fate of the hero.

Notes
Dedication: "To Peter Straus."

Awards
The Age Book of the Year Award, Fiction Prize, 1996: shortlisted
Miles Franklin Award 1997: shortlisted

1996 Australian novels
Novels by David Malouf
Australian historical novels
Fiction set in 1827
Novels set in New South Wales
Novels set in Ireland
Chatto & Windus books
County Galway

The Conversations at Curlow Creek


Alexander Wilson (25 May 1953 – 26 October 1993) was a writer, teacher, landscape designer, and community activist.

Born in Ottawa, Illinois, Wilson grew up in Oakland, California. In 1977, he moved to Canada, where he lived and worked in Toronto, Ontario.

Wilson advocated restoring indigenous plant species to the urban landscape, thereby promoting urban biodiversity and reconnecting urban dwellers with the natural history of the place in which they live. He believed that combining ecological restoration and community gardening could be a way to nurture and improve not only urban ecosystems, but also social and economic relations. In his book, The Culture of Nature: North American Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez (1991), he dealt with the ways in which culture informs and constructs our understanding of "nature", and he examined the colonisation and appropriation of nature by the city (particularly via the automobile).

Wilson established the Garrison Creek Planting Company with artist Stephen Andrews (his life partner) and horticulturist Kim Delaney. He also designed the landscaping for the AIDS Memorial, Cawthra Park, itself designed by Patrick Fahn. Following Wilson's death from AIDS-related causes, his own memorial plaque was added to the others in the park.

On an urban lot near his house Wilson created a reclaimed garden that, after his death, friends tried to buy and preserve. Though they were unsuccessful in that project they did find another downtown lot on which a garden was created and named in his memory, the Alex Wilson Community Garden, which opened in June 1998 at 552 Richmond Street West in Toronto.

A plaque in the park includes a quoted passage from The Culture of Nature:
"We must build landscapes that heal, connect and empower, that make intelligible our relations with each other and the natural world."

Bibliography
 The Culture of Nature: North American Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez. Toronto: Between the Lines, 1991.

References
 Alex Wilson Community Garden. Accessed 26 April 2006.
 Anglo-American Name Authority File, s.v. "Wilson, Alexander, 1953-", LC Control Number nr 99031324. Accessed 26 April 2006.
 Bébout, Rick. Promiscuous Affections : A Life in The Bar, 1969-2000; "1993: June through (nearly) December". Accessed 26 April 2006.
 Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives; Church & Wellesley: Photos. Accessed 28 April 2006.
 Davies, Ioan. Theorizing Toronto. Accessed 28 April 2006.
 Orsini, David. Remembering Alex Wilson. Accessed 27 January 2007. Originally appeared in Wildflower: North America's Magazine of Wild Flora, Autumn 1993.

Canadian gardeners
Canadian garden writers
Canadian community activists
Canadian horticulturists
Landscape or garden designers
American expatriates in Canada
1953 births
1993 deaths
Writers from Toronto
Urban theorists
Canadian gay writers
AIDS-related deaths in Canada
People from Ottawa, Illinois
20th-century Canadian botanists
20th-century Canadian LGBT people

Alexander Wilson (Canadian writer)


Karakaattam (  "karakam ( 'water pot') dance"), or Karagam Puja in the Caribbean, is an ancient folk dance of Tamil Nadu performed in praise of the rain goddess Mariamman. The ancient Tamil epic says that this type of dance derived from Bharatham and a  mixture of multiple forms of Tamil dance forms like Bharatanatyam postures and mudras. The offering of this dance is to the goddess to bless rain. The dance accompanies songs like folk Carnatic (Amrithavarshini).

The performers balance a pot on their head. Traditionally, this dance is categorized into two types:

Aatta Karakam symbolizes joy and happiness. It is mainly performed as entertainment.

Sakthi Karakam is performed only in temples as a spiritual offering.

Karakkatam invokes rain through a classical Tamil dance. The most common song employs Amrithavarshini Ragam (Ragamalika). Tamils believed that mother nature gives bountiful rain and protects the harvest.

Attire

Karakattam is traditionally performed in a saree. However, attire can vary as the main property is to have a karakam (Pot) on the head of the dancer. Common attire includes sarees or kurtha, colored towels and a pot.

The current karakattam fashion appears to have been corrupted, probably due to lack of support with Bharatanatyam purists dismissing the art as non-traditional and low class, as it has been reduced to more of a night glamour art, with young girls in skimpy clothing preferred as the performers and the audience having drunkards who come only to ogle and tease them. The Madras High Court issued a directive to disallow alcohol consumption when attending karakattam performances and to not do performances which are "obscene and vulgar".

Regional Variations

In Caribbean Shaktism
In Caribbean Shaktism, a tradition found among the Indo-Caribbeans of Tamil origin, Karakattam is known as Karagam Puja or Kalasa Puja. The tradition was brought to the Caribbean and South America via the Girmityas, indentured servants from the Indian Subcontinent.

The Karagam Puja takes place for three continuous days and devotees fast prior to the ceremonies. The festival honours the gods Kanchi Kamakshi and Madurai Meenakshi. The festival also honours the gods Kali/ Mariamma through a puja before the procession, Ganga Amman, and Kaateri Maa through a procession to the river where offerings on a board are thrown into the body of water and then the marlo pujaris enter trance and Sangili Karuppu and Madurai Veeran are honoured through some processions with stunts such as whipping, "taking oath" (which is putting a lit camphor on one's tongue to prove the devotee is truly in the trance and is said to purify the medium before they speak their words), and walking on hot coals before running to a pool made of milk. Other stunts can include piercing of the tongues and cheeks, dancing on sharpened machetes, and on this day, many animal sacrifices are also made.

The lotas are kept in the temple and consecrated accordingly, before being built with a coconut, several layers of neem leaves and oleander flowers. Three participants enter the Sami Aduthal stage and then two of them carry the Karagams (usually these two participants being boys before hitting puberty or women), and the other one receives the god Madurai Veeran and is dressed with a garland of oleander flowers and carries a staff topped with neem leaves.

In popular culture

In 1989, the Tamil movie Karagattakaran featured its lead actors Ramarajan, Kanaka and Kovai Sarala as performers of karakattam.  The movie went on to become very popular and an advertisement for the dance form, especially because of the music by Ilaiyaraja and the song, "Maanguyilae Poonguyile" with its karakattam choreography.

Apart from this, the devotional film Padai Veetu Amman released in 2001 had the lead actress Meena briefly performing karakattam dance in a festival song. Also, the 2002 Tamil film Sri Bannari Amman showed the central female devotee as a hereditary karakattam dancer. A song in the film featured karakattam dance.

References

External links
 Real Karagam performers
 A foreigner trying to dance Karagam
 Karagam dance in Sri Lanka by Children

Tamil dance styles
Articles containing video clips

Karakattam


John Graham "Mac" McVie (born 26 November 1945) is a British bass guitarist. He is best known as a member of rock groups John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Fleetwood Mac. He joined Fleetwood Mac shortly after its formation by guitarist Peter Green in 1967. He replaced bassist Bob Brunning.

In 1968, he married blues pianist and singer Christine Perfect, who became a member of Fleetwood Mac two years later. John and Christine McVie divorced, however, in 1977.

On 27 October 2013, Fleetwood Mac announced on their Facebook Page that McVie had been diagnosed with cancer and would be undergoing treatment. He has continued to play with the band during their 2014 On With The Show tour following an improvement in his condition.

References

Other websites
 Fleetwood Mac official website

1945 births
Living people
British bass guitarists
English rock guitarists
Musicians from London
Fleetwood Mac members

John McVie


The Jordan EJ10, and an updated version, the EJ10B, was the car with which the Jordan team competed in the 2000 Formula One season.

The chassis number was changed from its traditional format of (for example) Jordan 199 for 1999, to EJ10 to celebrate the team's tenth season in Formula One under Eddie Jordan.

Overview
After their successful 1999 campaign ended in a third-place finish in the constructors' championship, 2000 was seen as a massive disappointment. Although the car showed flashes of promise and usually competed for "best of the rest" honours after the dominant Ferrari and McLaren teams, the car proved disappointingly unreliable, only finishing 15 times out of a possible 34. In the end, the team slipped to sixth overall in the constructors' championship with just 17 points scored. The high points were Heinz-Harald Frentzen's two podiums at Interlagos and Indianapolis, and three front-row starting positions. In addition to the reliability problems of the EJ10, several points were also lost through incidents - including Frentzen crashing out late on from second place at Monte Carlo, and both cars being eliminated in a six-car pile-up on the opening lap at Monza.

During the course of the season, the team announced a works Honda engine deal for 2001, putting it in direct competition with BAR.  The car's designer, Mike Gascoyne, was also placed on gardening leave during the season after he expressed a desire to join Benetton the following year.

Jordan used 'Benson & Hedges' logos, except at the British, French and United States Grands Prix. In countries where advertising of tobacco products was not allowed, the Benson & Hedges text was replaced with "Buzzin Hornets".

Eddie Jordan later marketed a drink called EJ-10.

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

References

External links

Jordan Formula One cars
2000 Formula One season cars

Jordan EJ10


Bernarda Heimgartner (born Maria Anna Heimgartner, 26 November 1822 – 13 December 1863) was a Swiss Roman Catholic professed religious and the co-founder of the Sisters of the Holy Cross of Menzingen. Heimgartner founded this order alongside Theodosius Florentini in 1844 and served as its leader until three months before her death. She had become a professed religious of the Sisters of Divine Providence in 1843 and made her vows in 1844 before establishing her congregation.

Heimgartner's cause for sainthood commenced in 1952 under Pope Pius XII after being titled as a Servant of God. Pope John Paul II confirmed she had lived a life of heroic virtue and named her as Venerable on 26 March 1994.

Life
Maria Anna Heimgartner was born on 26 November 1822 in Switzerland as the fourth of six children of Heimrich Josef Heimgartner (1788–1836) and Anna Maria Trüb. Her father died in 1836 when she was fourteen and this forced her to assume greater home duties. Her maternal uncle – Karl – served as a church pastor.

Her initial education spanned from 1829 until 1837 in Fislisbach and then served as a nurse for children in Baden from 1838 until 1840. In 1840 – on the advice of her priest and confessor Theodosius Florentini – she received training as a teacher from Capuchin nuns.

She studied from 1841 until 1844 with the Ursulines in the German city of Freiburg in the Breisgau region. She entered the novitiate of the Sisters of Divine Providence in 1843. Heimgartner made her religious profession on 16 October 1844 in Altdorf in the name of "Bernarda" while relocating on 17 October 1844 to Menzingen.

Heimgartner and Florentini – with three others – established their congregation in October 1844 but conflicts with Florentini from 1854 to 1856 saw the separation of the two orders he co-founded: one in Ingenbohl and then her own.

Her time as the head of the order witnessed the establishment of a total of 59 homes and schools. Heimgartner would often mention that "our fountain of life is Divine Providence". In 1859 she was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. She relinquished her post as Mother Superior on 21 September 1863 to Sister Salesia Strickler.

Heimgartner died due tuberculosis on 13 December 1863. Her order was later aggregated to that of the Third Order of Saint Francis. As of 2005 there was 2132 religious in 244 houses while there were 138 German religious in 2013.

Beatification process
The beatification process commenced in two cities: Basel and Lugano. It started under Pope Pius XII in 1952 in an informative process that closed in 1955 – the 1952 opening saw the conferral of the title of Servant of God upon her.

Historians met to approve the cause in 1991 while the Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the diocesan process on 18 June 1993. Theologians and the C.C.S. both voted in favor of the cause in 1993 and 1994.

Heimgartner was accorded the title of Venerable on 26 March 1994 after Pope John Paul II recognized that she had lived a life of heroic virtue.

The miracle required for beatification was investigated in the place that it had occurred in and received C.C.S. validation in 2006.

References

External links
Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Sisters of the Holy Cross of Menzingen

1822 births
1863 deaths
People from Baden District, Aargau
Swiss Roman Catholics
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Swiss people
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Tuberculosis deaths in Switzerland

Bernarda Heimgartner