Anita Borg (January 17, 1949 – April 6, 2003) was an American computer scientist celebrated  for advocating for women's representation and professional advancement in technology. She founded the Institute for Women and Technology and the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing.

Education and early life
Borg was born Anita Borg Naffz in Chicago, Illinois. She grew up in Palatine, Illinois; Kaneohe, Hawaii; and Mukilteo, Washington. Borg got her first programming job in 1969. Although she loved math while growing up, she did not originally intend to go into computer science and taught herself how to program while working at a small insurance company. She was awarded a PhD in Computer Science by New York University in 1981 for research investigating the synchronization efficiency of operating systems supervised by Robert Dewar and Gerald Belpaire.

She died from brain cancer, in Sonoma, California on 6 April 2003.

Career
After receiving her PhD, Borg spent four years building a fault tolerant Unix-based operating system, first for Auragen Systems Corp. of New Jersey and then with Nixdorf Computer in Germany.

In 1986, she began working for Digital Equipment Corporation, where she spent 12 years, first at the Western Research Laboratory. While at Digital Equipment, she developed and patented a method for generating complete address traces for analyzing and designing high-speed memory systems. Her experience running the ever-expanding Systers mailing list, which she founded in 1987, led her to work in email communication. As a consultant engineer in the Network Systems Laboratory under Brian Reid, she developed MECCA, an email and Web-based system for communicating in virtual communities.

In 1997, Borg left Digital Equipment Corporation and began working as a researcher in the Office of the Chief Technology Officer at Xerox PARC. Soon after starting at Xerox, she founded the Institute for Women and Technology, having previously founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing in 1994.

Advocacy for technical women
Borg passionately believed in working for greater representation of women in technology. Her goal was to have 50% representation for women in computing by 2020. She strove for technical fields to be places where women would be equally represented at all levels of the pipeline, and where women could impact, and benefit from, technology.

Systers
In 1987, Borg founded Systers, the first email network for women in technology. While attending the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP), she was struck by how few women were present at the conference. She and six or seven other women met in the ladies' room and talked about how few women there were in computing. A dozen of the women at the conference made plans to eat lunch together, and that is where the idea for Systers was formed.

Systers was established to provide a private space for its members to seek input and share advice based on their common experiences. Systers membership was limited to women with highly technical training and discussions were strictly confined to technical issues. Borg oversaw Systers until 2000. Systers occasionally tackled issues that were not highly technical but pertained to its members. In 1992, when Mattel Inc. began selling a Barbie doll that said math class is tough, the voices of protest that started with the Systers list played a role in getting Mattel to remove that phrase from Barbie's microchip.

Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing
In 1994, Anita Borg and Telle Whitney founded the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing. With the initial idea of creating a conference by and for women computer scientists, Borg and Whitney met over dinner, with a blank sheet of paper, having no idea how to start a conference, and started to plan out their vision. The first Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing was held in Washington, D.C., in June 1994, and brought together 500 technical women.

Institute for Women and Technology
In 1997, Borg founded the Institute for Women and Technology (now the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology). Two important goals behind the founding of the organization were to increase the representation of women in technical fields and to enable the creation of more technology by women. When founded, the institute was housed at Xerox PARC, although it was an independent nonprofit organization. The institute was created to be an experimental R&D organization focusing on increasing the impact of women on technology and increasing the impact of technology on the world's women. It ran a variety of programs to increase the role of technology, build the pipeline of technical women, and ensure that women's voices affected technological developments.

In 2002, Telle Whitney took over as president and CEO of the institute, and in 2003, it was renamed in honor of Borg. Since its foundation, the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology has increased its programs in the United States and expanded internationally, more than quadrupling in size.

Awards and recognition
Borg was recognized for her accomplishments as a computer scientist, as well as for her work on behalf of women in computing. She received the Augusta Ada Lovelace Award from the Association for Women in Computing for her work on behalf of women in the computing field in 1995. In 1996 she was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 1999, President Bill Clinton appointed her to the Presidential Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, and Technology. She was charged with recommending strategies to the nation for increasing the breadth of participation fields for women.

In 2002, she was awarded the 8th Annual Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment. Also in 2002, Borg received an Honorary Doctor of Science and Technology degree from Carnegie Mellon University

Borg received the EFF Pioneer Award from the Electronic Frontier Foundation and was recognized by the Girl Scouts of the USA, as well as listed on Open Computing Magazine's Top 100 Women in Computing. Borg was also a member of the board of directors of the Computing Research Association and served as a member of the National Research Council's Committee on Women in Science and Engineering.

Legacy
In 1999, Borg was diagnosed with a brain tumor. She continued to lead the Institute for Women and Technology until 2002. She died on April 6, 2003, in Sonoma, California.

In 2003, the Institute for Women and Technology was renamed to the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology, in honor of Borg.

Several other awards and programs honor Borg's life and work. Google established the Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship in 2004 to honor the work of Borg.  this program is known as the Women Techmakers Scholars Program. The program has expanded to include women in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering offers the Anita Borg Prize, named in her honor.

References

American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
1949 births
2003 deaths
American founders
American nonprofit executives
Women nonprofit executives
Women founders
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Scientists at PARC (company)
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
People from Honolulu
People from Palatine, Illinois
People from Mukilteo, Washington
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Engineers from California
Engineers from Washington (state)
Engineers from Illinois
Engineers from Hawaii

Anita Borg


In law, a concurring opinion is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. The concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.

Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect).  The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion.  Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944).

Concurring opinions by region
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment

Terminology at the various courts
At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
 In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to conc. opn.

Notes

References

Legal terms

Concurring opinion


Karl Holz (27 December 1895 – 20 April 1945) was a German Nazi Party politician. He was Gauleiter of Gau Franconia and rose to the rank of Gruppenführer in the Sturmabteilung (SA).

Early years
He was born the fifth child of a heliographer, also named Karl Holz. He finished Volksschule and an apprenticeship as a salesman, working thereafter as a clerk. During World War I, Holz served in a number of Prussian units between 1915 and 1918: Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment 16, Infanterie-Regiment 144, Infanterie-Regiment 79, and Jäger-Regiment 2 on the Western Front. He sustained a number of wounds. After the war ended, he returned in September 1919 and took a job as an official in Nuremberg, but eventually was discharged due to his political activities. In 1920 he joined the German-Socialist Party (Deutschsozialistische Partei). In 1921 its chairman, Julius Streicher joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP), bringing with him enough members of the German-Socialist Party to almost double the size of the NSDAP overnight.

Nazi career
Holz officially joined the Nazi Party on 11 November 1922 and his membership number was 77. Holz also joined the Sturmabteilung (SA).
Quite early on, Holz established a close relationship with Streicher. In 1924, Holz was elected to the Nuremberg City Council, serving till 1932 and eventually serving as leader of the Nazi faction. Between 1927 and 1933, he held the post of editor of Der Stürmer, Streicher's anti-Semitic weekly newspaper. He advanced to editor-in-chief during the years 1933 and 1938. Holz boasted many penalties for political crimes (by his own count 17, and among those 5 prison sentences). In 1929, the Gauleiter office in Upper Franconia, went to the Bayreuth Kreisleiter Hans Schemm, despite Streicher's support for Holz. In 1932 Holz was elected to the Bavarian Landtag and in November 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag. Also from 1933 to July 1934 Holz served as NSDAP Kreisleiter of Nuremberg City.

As of 1 January 1934, Holz became Deputy Gauleiter to Streicher in Gau Franconia. In November he was promoted to the rank of SA-Brigadeführer. However, on 20 April 1940, in connection with the Streicher irregularities involving the Aryanization of Jewish assets, Holz was temporarily stripped of all his offices.

World War II
He was called up for military service with  Panzer Regiment 25 and saw combat in France, being severely wounded in June 1940. He also served in the Russian campaign the next year.

On 4 April 1942, he was returned to party service, becoming the Acting Gauleiter in Franconia, in succession to Hans Zimmermann. On 9 November 1942, he was promoted to the rank of SA-Gruppenführer. On 16 November 1942, he was appointed the Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau. Finally, in December 1944, Hitler appointed Holz as the permanent Gauleiter for Franconia.

Holz led the defense of Nuremberg with Wehrmacht and Volksturm troops. After American troops of the 3rd Infantry Division had all but taken Nuremberg on 18 April 1945, Holz barricaded himself in the Palmenhofbunker at the Nuremberg Police Presidium along with a small group, among whom was the city's mayor, Willy Liebel. It has been assumed that Holz shot Liebel in the Palmenhofbunker owing to the latter's efforts to surrender the city to put a stop to the fighting, and because of the longstanding rivalry between the two men over control of the local Nuremberg Nazi Party. Holz met his own end in the same place on 20 April – coincidentally Hitler's birthday – but whether it was suicide or an injury sustained in the battle is unknown.

References

Sources

1895 births
1945 deaths
Gauleiters
Sturmabteilung officers
Politicians from Nuremberg
Politicians from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1939), 2nd class
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Prussian Army personnel
German Army personnel of World War I
Nazi propagandists
Recipients of the German Order (decoration)
German military personnel killed in World War II

Karl Holz (Nazi)


Jeanne Mance Park, formerly known as Fletcher's Field, is an urban park in the Plateau Mont-Royal borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Named after the co-founder of Montreal, Jeanne Mance, the park is located along Park Avenue, opposite Mount Royal, and just south of Mount Royal Avenue. It has an area of 14 hectares. It is considered to be one of Montreal's large parks.

History
The park was previously known as Fletcher's Field.  According to local tradition, the park was named after one Fletcher, who lived on the outskirts of the grounds and pastured his cows there.

The history of the park began at the end of the 19th century with the planning of Mount Royal Park and the city's acquisition of land on Mount Royal, which ran from the summit of the mountain to Esplanade Avenue, between Pine Avenue and Mount Royal Avenue. In 1878, Montreal's Crystal Palace was relocated to Fletcher's Field. The structure was destroyed by fire in July 1896. In 1879, Fletcher's Field was identified by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain as a notable source of Hyoscyamus niger, a psychoactive plant.

The park used as a military parade ground, as was Logan's Farm (now part of La Fontaine Park). During the Great War, troops were trained on Fletcher's Field. The Montreal Lacrosse Club and Royal Montreal Golf Club (as well as youth lacrosse and football clubs)  also used Fletcher's Field.

In September 1910, during the Montreal Eucharistic Congress, there was a campaign to rename the park in recognition of the founder of the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. The city of Montreal officially changed the name of the park to Jeanne Mance Park in 1990. The plaza entrance of Jeanne Mance Park opposite the Sir George-Étienne Cartier Monument is affectionately known as Place Fletcher's Field, serving as a reminder of the park's former name.

Features
 The park features playgrounds, one softball field, tennis courts with night lights, a soccer/football field with artificial turf, a children's swimming pool (in the summer) and an outdoor skating rink (in the winter).
 An Art Deco drinking fountain with an inscription in honour of Louis Rubenstein is located at the corner of Mount Royal Avenue and Park Avenue.
 Public washrooms beneath Place Fletcher's Field, the plaza opposite the Sir George-Étienne Cartier Monument on Park Avenue.

References

Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
Mount Royal
Parks in Montreal

Jeanne-Mance Park


George L. Spaulding (December 26, 1864 – June 1, 1921) was an American composer.

Spaulding was born in Newburgh, New York. He studied piano with local teachers. When he was sixteen he moved to Brooklyn, where he studied harmony for a short time with an organist of that city. Since that time he was entirely self-taught. For many years he was in the music publishing and selling business, first as a music clerk, and then in partnership with others.

His first adventures in musical composition were in the form of popular songs. Among these were "The Volunteer Organist", "Two Little Girls in Blue", and others which had very large sales at the time.

It was discovered, however, that he had a splendid talent for writing simple piano pieces with well defined melodies and effective harmony. These he turned out in great number, among his most popular being:
"Sing, Robin", "Sing - Pretty Little Song Bird", "Airy Fairies", "Child's Good Night", "Dollie's Dream", "June Roses", "Just a Bunch of Flowers", "Mountain Pink" and "Dreaming Poppies".

His Tunes and Rhymes for the Playroom, Souvenirs of the Masters, and Well Known Fables Set to Music are among the most widely used collections of easy piano pieces in book form. Two little operettas for children, A Day in Flowerdom and The Isle of Jewels placed Spaulding in the front rank among writers of juvenile entertainment material. His wife, Jessica Moore, a talented poet, wrote many of his verses.

Spaulding's works have served an important purpose in juvenile education. His elementary technical books have also made an interesting place for themselves.

By far the greater majority of his works were published by the Theo. Presser Co.

References

External links

1864 births
1921 deaths
American male composers
American composers
Musicians from New Rochelle, New York

George Spaulding


Traveller's Tales is a British video game developer and subsidiary of TT Games. The company was founded in 1989 by Jon Burton and Andy Ingram. The company was originally a small company, focused on its own games. It became much bigger after they developed games for larger companies such as Sega and Disney Interactive Studios. In 2004, development on Lego Star Wars: The Video Game began with Giant Interactive Entertainment, the exclusive rights holder to Lego video games. Traveller's Tales bought the company in 2005, and the two became one, known as TT Games.

Video game companies of the United Kingdom

Traveller's Tales


Ismail Youssef Awadallah Mohamed (; born 28 June 1964 in Giza) is a former Egyptian football player. He is currently the assistant manager of the Egyptian Premier League team; Zamalek. Ismail is the youngest brother of two football players; El Sayed and Ibrahim.

Playing career

Zamalek
Ismail played for Zamalek from 1984 through 1997. Youssef played a total of 325 matches for Zamalek in both the league and the cup.

National Team
Youssef played 97 international matches for the Egypt national football team. Notably, he played in the Egyptian squad that participated in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He played all of Egypt's matches. Youssef also participated in three African Nation Cups; 1992, 1994 and 1996.

Coaching career
Former Assistant manager of Egyptian national youth team under 20 years
Qualified for World Cup & Won African Cup of nations

Ismail Youssef coached El Gouna from 2007 till 2010. Ismail joined El Gouna FC after the sacking of Ramadan El Sayed following a disastrous run in the early stages of the competition.

He was hired as the head coach of Itesalat after leaving El Gouna in 2010 but resigned 10 months later to join the technical staff of his former club Zamalek SC as the assistant coach to Egyptian coaching legend Hassan Shehata.

He was hired as the assistant coach of Zamalek SC with Hassan Shehata, and he took command for only one match against TP Mazembe when Zamalek SC lose by 2 goals, he return to his position as assistant coach with the new manager Jorvan Vieira, leave the club after two matches when the season is finished.

Honors

As a Player
Zamalek
13 Titles for Zamalek as a player

Egyptian Premier League [4]: 1983-84, 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992-93.
Egypt Cup [1]: 1987-88.
African Cup of Champions Clubs [4]: 1984, 1986, 1993, 1996.
CAF Super Cup [2]: 1994, 1997.
Afro-Asian Club Championship [2]: 1987, 1997.

As a Coach
Egypt

African Youth Cup of Nations Champion 2003
As assistant manager of Egyptian youth team he qualified for World Cup under 20 years
As assistant manager of Egyptian youth team he qualified for African Nation Cup under 20 years

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Egyptian men's footballers
Egypt men's international footballers
Zamalek SC players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1988 African Cup of Nations players
1992 African Cup of Nations players
1994 African Cup of Nations players
1996 African Cup of Nations players
Egyptian football managers
Zamalek SC managers
Egyptian Premier League players
Men's association football midfielders

Ismail Youssef


Ján Chalupka (28 October 1791 - 15 July 1871) was a Slovak dramatist, playwright, publicist and Evangelical pastor.

Life
He was born in Horná Mičiná, into the family of Evangelical pastor Adam Chalupka, and was not the only member who chose literature: his brother Samo Chalupka was also a writer. Chalupka was educated at home, in Ožďany, Levoča, Prešov, Sárospatak and studied in Vienna and Jena. He was a teacher, from 1817 to 1824 a professor at a lyceum in Kežmarok and from 1824 until his death a pastor in Brezno.

Works
His main contribution into the Slovak literature was in drama. His activities were the impulse for the theatrical life in present-day Slovakia. He wrote mainly dramatic satirical works, where he criticized local patriotism, Magyarization aspects, conservatism, limited life goals etc. His first works were in Czech and Hungarian, but after 1848 he started writing in Slovak and translated originally Czech works into Slovak.

Drama
Cycle about Kocúrkovo (comedy, "Gotham City"):
 1830 - Kocourkovo, aneb: Jen abychom v hanbě nezůstali
 1832 - Všecko naopak, aneb: Tesnošilova Anička sa žení a Honzík se vydáva
 1833 - Trasořitka, anebo: Stará láska se předce dočekala
 1835 - Třináctá hodina, aneb: Však se nahledíme, kdo bude hlásníkem v Kocourkově
 1837 - Starouš plesnivec anebo Čtyry svadby na jednom pohřebe v Kocourkově
 1835 - A vén szerelmes, vagy a Tozházi négy völegény
 1854 - Dobrovoľníci
 1862 - Huk a Fuk anebo: Prvý apríl
 1862 - Černokňažník
 1873 - Juvelír

Prose
 1836 - Kocourkovo (a prosaic version)
 1841 - Bendeguz, Gyula Kolompos und Pista Kurtaforint. Eine Donquixottiade nach der neuesten Mode von P. P.

Other
 Geschichte der Generalsynoden beider evangelischen Konfessionen in Ungarn vom Jahre 1791 (History of general synods of both Evangelical confessions in Hungary since 1791)
 Schreiben des Grafen Karl Zay, Generalalinspektors der evang. Kirchen und Schulen Augsb. Konf. In Ungarn, an die Prefoessoren zu Leutschau (A letter of Earl Karl Zay, general inspector of evangelical churches and schools of Augsburg confession in Hungary, to professors in Leutschau)
 1842 - Zpěvník evanjelický aneb Písně duchovní staré i nové
 1846–47 - Kázně nedělní a svátečné

External links
 Ján Chalupka

1791 births
1871 deaths
People from Banská Bystrica District
19th-century Slovak people
Slovak Lutherans
Slovak dramatists and playwrights
19th-century dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Lutherans

Ján Chalupka


Jean-Antoine du Cerceau (12 November 1670 – 4 July 1730) was a French Jesuit priest, poet, playwright and man of letters.

Du Cerceau taught at several Jesuit colleges, where he composed several plays for the benefit of his students, who performed them on the college grounds. His work became popular, with performances being held at court, and Du Cerceau was made private tutor go the prince of Conti. In 1730 du Cerceau was accidentally shot and killed by his pupil. He was the most popular Jesuit dramatist, and his plays would be republished many times for more than a century after his death.

Major works
Carmina, Poem in Latin, 1705
Les Incommodités de la grandeur, Heroic Drama, 1713
Opera. Nova editio, aucta et emendat, 1724
Histoire de la dernière révolution de Perse, 1728
Conjuration de Nicolas Gabrini, dit de Rienzi, tyran de Rome en 1347, completed by Pierre Brumoy, 1733
Histoire de Thamas Kouli-Kan, Sophi de Perse, 1740–1741
Réflexions sur la poésie françoise : où l'on fait voir en quoi consiste la beauté des vers, et où l'on donne des règles sûres pour réussir à les bien faire ; avec une défense de la poësie, et une apologie pour les sçavans, 1742
Théâtre du P. Du Cerceau à l'usage des collèges, New expanded edition of his life and works, 1822 Texte en ligne
Œuvres de Du Cerceau, contenant son théâtre et ses poésies, new edition with notes, and a preliminary essay on the author, 1828 Text online 1 2

External links
 Jean-Antoine du Cerceau on Data.bnf.fr

1670 births
1730 deaths
French Jesuits
18th-century writers in Latin
Writers from Paris
Neo-Latin poets
18th-century French poets
18th-century French male writers
18th-century French dramatists and playwrights
Latin-language writers from France

Jean-Antoine du Cerceau


Luton Aircraft Limited was a British aircraft manufacturer of Barton-in-the-Clay, Bedfordshire, and later Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire.

History
The company was founded to build the designs of C.H. Latimer-Needham and was based at Barton-Le-Clay Airfield, Bedfordshire. The company built two ultralight wooden aircraft designs by C.H. Latimer-Needham in 1936, the Buzzard and L.A.2. The L.A.2 was later rebuilt to become the L.A.3 the prototype for the successful Luton Minor ultralight homebuilt. The company sold the plans for the Luton Minor to homebuilders. In 1937 the L.A.5 Major was developed, it was a larger high-wing aircraft, only one was built.

The company moved to a new factory (the Phoenix Works) in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire. The company closed down when the works were destroyed by fire in 1943. In 1958 the designer C.H. Latimer-Needham and A.W.J.G Ord-Hume formed Phoenix Aircraft Limited who acquired the design rights for both the Minor and Major. Latimer-Needham further improved both designs to be sold as plans for homebuilders.

Aircraft
 1936 – Luton L.A.1 Buzzard I
 1936 – Luton L.A.2
 1936 – Luton L.A.3 Minor
 1936 – Luton L.A.4 Minor
 1937 – Luton Buzzard II
 1939 – Luton L.A.5 Major

References

Companies based in Bedfordshire
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Luton Aircraft


The Hohe Kisten is a mountain, , in the Ester range in the Bavarian Prealps and lies north of the Krottenkopf – the main summit of the Ester range.

The Hohe Kisten is a mountain with two distinct sides: a rocky northern side on which the summit section looks like a large box (German: Kiste = box), and a gentle southern side on which the summit barely stands out at all.

The summit may be reached on a straightforward mountain touring route from Wallgau. The climb from Eschenlohe into the Loisach valley thorough the Puster valley requires endurance and sure-footedness. Another approach is along the route near the arête from the Weilheimer Hut (1,946 m). For this one, it is worth considering using the Hohe Kisten as a crossing point: for example on a very long day tour from Eschenlohe via the Hohe Kisten and Weilheimer Hut to Oberau (using the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen railway) or as part of a longer tour through the Ester Mountains.

In the 1970s it was planned to build a cable car from Eschenlohe to the summit of the Hohe Kisten, The project, which also envisaged several ski lifts, failed due to opposition from the German Nature Conservation Federation, Bund Naturschutz.

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Bavaria
One-thousanders of Germany
Bavarian Prealps

Hohe Kisten


Cleo Walter Blackburn (September 27, 1909 - June 1, 1978) was an American educator. He was the founder and CEO for The Fundamental Board of Education and a member of the fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Indianapolis Urban League. He received a fellowship from the Rosenwald Foundation.

Early life and education
Blackburn was the grandson of a former slave, born September 27, 1909, in Port Gibson, Mississippi. He went to Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1928 from the family farm with $7.19 in his pocket.

Blackburn earned a bachelor's degree from the Butler University School of Religion in Indianapolis, Indiana, and a master's degree from Fisk University of Nashville, Tennessee. Blackburn also studied for a year at the Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation in Philadelphia, and was a Rosenwald Fellow at Indiana University. He served as the head of the Department of Sociology and Economics at Knoxville College in Tennessee, and as the head of the Department of Records and Research at Tuskegee Institute, now known as Tuskegee University. Then in 1935, while still working for the institute, Blackburn was offered the position of Superintendent of the Indianapolis social service agency, Flanner House. Blackburn was the Director of Flanner House from 1936 until his retirement in 1975. During his time there, he was also the President of Jarvis Christian College for a span of eleven years.

Career
Blackburn was involved in many clubs and organizations. He was the founder and CEO for The Fundamental Board of Education. Blackburn was an ordained minister with The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and also served as pastor of the Lea Avenue Christian Church for nine months. He was a member of the predominantly African American fraternity Kappa Alpha Psi, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Indianapolis Urban League, and was a 33rd Degree Mason. Blackburn held Honorary Doctorate Degrees from Northwest Christian College (now Northwest Christian University), Drake University, Indiana Central College (now University of Indianapolis), and Butler University.

Blackburn died June 1, 1978, in Indianapolis, IN. He suffered a heart attack while backing out of the driveway of a friend's residence. By the time of his death, Blackburn was credited with practically single-handedly molding Flanner House into a nationally recognized inner-city help project.

Contributions to Flanner House
Flanner Guild was formed in 1898 by the contributions of philanthropist Frank Flanner. Flanner donated two frame buildings to the Charity Organization Society with instructions to create a "Negro" community service center. In 1903 the organization was incorporated. This organization's goal were the promotion of the social and physical welfare of Negroes, more particularly the young, and the establishment and maintenance of industry and other means of education. In 1912 the Flanner Guild changed its name to Flanner House. A new phase of Flanner House development began in 1936 with the arrival of Cleo W. Blackburn to Flanner House as superintendent. On March 11, 1936 Blackburn reorganized Flanner House to include programs in five divisions: vocational aids, social services, health, housing, and self-help. Blackburn brought the skills, energy and vision necessary to build soundly on the achievements of his predecessors. By 1944, Blackburn had gained enough resources to build a new headquarters. Flanner House trained more than 1,500 African Americans for jobs in defense plants and other industries during World War II. They placed 12,000 people annually in jobs for the first decade after the war. In 1949 a shop building and cannery were added to Flanner House.

Under Blackburn's leadership, Flanner House began offering health examinations. Flanner House built the Herman G. Morgan Health Center in conjunction with the Marion County Health and Hospital Corporation. From 1947 to 1952, nearly 5,000 people received free examinations and health service there. Almost 44,000 people received medical care at the center in 1968. That same year, Flanner House opened up the Martindale Health center for low-income families.

The Board for Fundamental Education
In 1948, Blackburn founded the Board for Fundamental Education (BFE). The primary goal of the organization was to teach individuals the necessary skills to perform a job and to match them with job openings. The Board for Fundamental Education focused on applying the power of the education process to community needs and resources to help people live more useful, productive, and satisfying lives. The BFE had six main objectives.

 To strengthen the programs of existing demonstration centers in fundamental education.
 The addition of new demonstration centers.
 The development of definite relationships with associate and affiliate universities, orientation and involvement of staff.
 Training leaders at demonstration centers, as well as community leaders and other cooperating organizations and agencies working at the community level.
 The beginning of the development of teaching and instructional materials in fundamental education.
 Adopt a five-year budget to raise $860,000.00.

In 1954 BFE was the only African American organization founded by an African American to be granted a national charter by U.S. Congress. The charter allowed BFE to operate in every state, and from 1954 to 1967 it had 29 affiliates in as many states. The Board for Fundamental Education made agreements with many colleges and universities to set up BFE, and thus partnered with colleges such as Northland College, Jarvis Christian College, Purdue University, and Indiana University to strengthen programs in fundamental education. Blackburn served as the executive director of BFE from 1948 to 1969, then he became the President and CEO.

The Board for Fundamental Education and Flanner House worked together on programs throughout the African American community. They developed projects that helped with education, housing, community development, health, social services and better jobs. BFE and Flanner House had a housing program called the "sweat equity plan" that taught building skills to prospective homeowners who would help to construct their own homes.

Personal life
Cleo Walter Blackburn married Fannie Elizabeth Scott Blackburn. Blackburn and his wife had three children together: a son Walter Scott Blackburn; and two daughters, one by the name of Sara Blackburn Kimbrough and one named Harriet Virginia Blackburn Reynolds. He and his family lived on the second floor of Flanner House, when it was located at St. Clair and West Streets. Their son, Walter Scott Blackburn became an architect in Indianapolis, where he and his wife Alpha were both owners and CEOs of Blackburn Associates Architects, Inc.

Blackburn later married Dora Oma Atkins Blackburn, who was the owner of Atkins Flower Shop. Blackburn had no children with his second wife. Mrs. Blackburn was a graduate from Butler University and was a member of the predominantly African American sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha.

References

1909 births
1978 deaths
People from Port Gibson, Mississippi
Settlement houses
20th-century American educators
20th-century African-American educators
Butler University alumni
Fisk University alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Indiana University fellows
Knoxville College faculty
Tuskegee University faculty

Cleo W. Blackburn


NetEase Cloud Music () is a Chinese freemium music streaming service developed and owned by NetEase, Inc. The streaming service was launched to the public on 23 April 2013. In April 2017 it received its series A financing of 750 million CNY (US$107 million), and was valued at 8 billion CNY (US$1.14 billion), making it a unicorn company. The main features of NetEase Cloud Music include playlists, live streaming, online karaoke, and social networking. As of May 2022, more than 450 thousand independent musicians have registered with NetEase Cloud Music, rising to over 611 thousand registered artists by December 2022  with a music database consisting of over 60 million songs. It is one of the biggest competitors in the Chinese music streaming business, primarily competing with Tencent's QQ Music.

Business service
NetEase Cloud Music operates under a freemium business model in which basic services are free whilst some enhanced features are available on a subscription basis. NetEase Cloud Music's primary income is has two components: music streaming services and social entertainment services. Similar to QQ Music, artists and labels can choose to restrict content to paying subscribers or have their albums purchasable on their website. Artists that allow album purchases of this type include Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande. Users who purchase albums can listen to their purchased songs without a membership.

Accounts and subscription
As of September 2022, NetEase Cloud Music currently offers three subscription types. Subscriptions are only purchasable by a mobile device, with iPhone payments processed via Apple's App Store.

Social entertainment service
NetEase Cloud Music's social entertainment services include such features as live streaming, virtual items, and online karaoke. These services help increase the platform's overall profit by encouraging users to become live streaming-related memberships or give virtual gifts to anchors. In NetEase Cloud Music's revenue for the first half of 2022, the social entertainment service and other revenue increased 57% to $2.48 billion.

Listening limitations
NetEase Cloud Music currently only operates in China. The official Android app of NetEase music is virtually unknown to listeners outside of China, for two reasons. First, the app is in Chinese and most of the tracks are playable in China only; and second, the app is not available on Google Play Store. NetEase app is available in Apple App store. However, its English version is currently not published.

Promotions

NetEase Depression Cloud
NetEase Cloud Music, China's leading music streaming service with over 800 million users, is home to "NetEase Depression Cloud", which refers to sentimental stories posted for likes in the comments section of songs. On 3 August 2020, NetEase Cloud Music officially launched a campaign to "cure comments" of feigned depression and provide emotional support to users who are genuinely struggling with mental health issues.

The phenomenon sparked a new meme dubbed "NetEmo(网抑云)", which took off after some users poked fun at depressed people. "It's midnight, NetEmo mode activated," read one meme featuring a clock and tears streaming down a face. On November 8, 2020, "NetEmo" was selected as one of the "China's Top 10 Trending Words in 2020" by Youth Digest, a Chinese magazine.

NetEase Cloud Music's H5 Advertisements
NetEase makes use of H5 advertisements, that is, interactive web page advertisements which can be disseminated among social media platforms. Based on the summary of users' behaviors on the platform, NetEase Cloud Music has created many trending H5 advertisements, such as "Annual Listening Reports", "Test Your Philosophical Temperament", "Jung personality test", and "Your Instruction Manual". These advertisements target a wide range of audiences.

Controversies

Jay Chou's songs removal incident
Jay Chou is one of the biggest pop stars in China. From 2015 to 2017, NetEase paid Tencent each year to sub-license Jay Chou's 808 songs. On April 1, 2018, after the sub-license lapsed, NetEase released a "Jay Chou Hot Song Collection" at a price of 400 yuan. Subsequently, Tencent Music sued NetEase Cloud Music for violating Audio and Video Producers' Rights and claimed 4.99 million yuan. According to the Music Licensing Cooperation Agreement signed by the two companies, NetEase Cloud Music should immediately removed licensed tracks and delete them from the servers.  The court supported part of the Tencent Music's claim, and ruled that NetEase Cloud violated the copyrights of Jay Chou's songs.

NetEase Cloud Music suspected of vulgar content
In June 2018, China's "Fight Pornography and Illegality" office interviewed the heads of NetEase Cloud Music, and asked it to vigorously clean up ASMR content involving pornography and vulgarity, and strengthen the supervision and review of related content.

Stable releases

 Source:

References

External links

NetEase
Music streaming services
Online music stores of China

NetEase Cloud Music


In electrochemistry, chronoamperometry is an analytical technique in which the electric potential of the working electrode is stepped and the resulting current from faradaic processes occurring at the electrode (caused by the potential step) is monitored as a function of time. The functional relationship between current response and time is measured after applying single or double potential step to the working electrode of the electrochemical system. Limited information about the identity of the electrolyzed species can be obtained from the ratio of the peak oxidation current versus the peak reduction current. However, as with all pulsed techniques, chronoamperometry generates high charging currents, which decay exponentially with time as any RC circuit.  The Faradaic current - which is due to electron transfer events and is most often the current component of interest - decays as described in the Cottrell equation. In most electrochemical cells, this decay is much slower than the charging decay-cells with no supporting electrolyte are notable exceptions.  Most commonly a three-electrode system is used. Since the current is integrated over relatively longer time intervals, chronoamperometry gives a better signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to other amperometric techniques.

There are two types of chronoamperometry that are commonly used: controlled-potential chronoamperometry and controlled-current chronoamperometry. Before running controlled-potential chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetries are run to determine the reduction potential of the analytes. Generally, chronoamperometry uses fixed-area electrodes, which are suitable for studying electrode processes of coupled chemical reactions, especially the reaction mechanism of organic electrochemistry.

Example
Anthracene in deoxygenated dimethylformamide (DMF) will be reduced (An + e− -> An−) at the electrode surface that is at a certain negative potential. The reduction will be diffusion-limited, thereby causing the current to drop in time (proportional to the diffusion gradient that is formed by diffusion).

You can do this experiment several times increasing electrode potentials from low to high. (In between the experiments, the solution should be stirred.) When you measure the current i(t) at a certain fixed time point τ after applying the voltage, you will see that at a certain moment the current i(τ) does not rise anymore; you have reached the mass-transfer-limited region. This means that anthracene arrives as fast as diffusion can bring it to the electrode.

History
In 1902, F. G. Cottrell deduced the linear diffusion on a planar electrode according to the diffusion law and Laplace transform, and obtained the Cottrell equation:

where
 is the current in amps;
  is the number of electrons;
 is the Faraday constant;
 is the area of the planar electrode in cm2;
 is the initial concentration of the analyte in mol/cm3;
 is the diffusion coefficient for species in cm2/s;
 is the time in seconds.
Under controlled-diffusion circumstances, the current-time plot reflects the concentration gradient of the solution near the electrode surface. The current is directly proportional to the concentration at the electrode surface.

In 1922, Jaroslav Heyrovský reiterated the chronoamperometric method when he invented the polarographic method. It can use the basic circuit of the polarograph. To connect the fast recorder or oscilloscope, the dropping mercury electrode is not used, instead, the static electrodes such as suspended mercury, mercury poll or platinum, gold and graphite are used. In addition, the solution is not stirred. In the presence of the inert electrolytes, the mass transfer process is mainly diffusion. Jarroslav Herovsky derived the chronopotentiometric method from the Cottrell equation. Chronopotentiometry  is an electrochemical method that can generate a stable current that can flow between two different electrodes.

Application

Controlled-potential (bulk) electrolysis

One of the application of chronoamperometry is controlled-potential (bulk) electrolysis, which is also known as potentiostatic coulometry. During this process, a constant potential is applied to the working electrode and current is monitored over time. The analyte in one oxidation state will be oxidized or reduced to another oxidation state. The current will decrease to the base line (approaching zero) as the analyte is consumed. This process shows the total charge (in coulomb) that flows in the reaction. Total charge (n value) is calculated by integration of area under the current plot and the application of the Faraday's law.

The cell for controlled-potential (bulk) electrolysis is usually a two-compartment (divided) cell, contained a carbon rod auxiliary anode and is separated from the cathode compartment by a coarse glass frit and methyl cellulose solvent electrolyte plug. The reason for the two compartment cell is to separate cathodic and anodic reaction. The working electrode for bulk electrolysis could be a RVC disk, which has larger surface area to increase the rate of the reaction.

Controlled-potential electrolysis is normally utilized with cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammetry is capable to analyse the electrochemical behavior of the analyte or the reaction. For instance, cyclic voltammetry could tell us the cathodic potential of an analyte. Since the cathodic potential of this analyte is obtained, controlled-potential electrolysis could hold this constant potential for the reaction to happen.

Double potential step chronoamperometry

Double potential step chronoamperometry (DPSCA) is the technique whose working electrode is applied by the potential stepping forward for a certain period of time and backward for a period of time. The current is monitored and plotted with respect to time. This method starts with an induction period. In this period, several initial conditions will be applied to the electrochemical cell so that cell is able to equilibrate to those conditions. The working electrode potential will be held at the initial potential under these conditions for a specified period (i.e. usually 3 seconds). When the induction period is over, the working cells switch to another potential for a certain amount of time. After the first step is completed, the working electrode's potential is stepped back, usually to the potential prior to the forward step. The whole experiment ends with a relaxation period. Under this period, the default condition involves holding the working electrode potential of initial state for another approximate 1 seconds. When the relaxation period is over, the post experiment idle conditions will be applied to the cell so that the instrument can return to the idle state1. After plotting the current as a function of time, a chronoamperogram will occur  and it can also be used to generate Cottrell plots.

Two methods from chronoanalysis

Chronopotentiometry

The application of chronopotentiometry could be derived into two parts.  As an analytical method, the range of analysis is normally in the range of 10−4 mol/L to 10−2 mol/L, and sometimes it will be as accurate as 10−5 mol/L. When the analysis is in the extreme lower range of concentration, lower current density could be used. Also, to get the accurate concentration determination, the transition time could be extended. In this area of analysis determination, chronopotentiometry is similar to polarography. Waves that are separable in polarography is also separable in chronopotentiometry.

Chronopotentiometry is an effective method to study electrode mechanism. Different electrode will have different relationship between E and t in the chronopotentiometry graph. In this situation, E is the electrode potential in voltage and t is the reaction time in seconds. By the method of studying the relationship between E and t in the chronopotentiometry graph, we can get the information of mechanisms of electrode reactions, such as the electrode reaction of hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid. The chronopotentiometry experiment could be done in a very short time period, so it is a good method to study the adsorption behavior at the electrode surface. By studying the chronopotentiometry graph of electrode after adsorption of iron ions, it is proved that the adsorption of platinum on iron ions exists. By studying the chronopotentiometry graph of platinum electrode adsorbing iodine, it is proved that the adsorption of iodine occurs in the form of iodine molecules, not iodine atoms.

Chronocoulometry
Chronocoulometry is an analytical method that has similar principle with chronoamperometry, but it monitors the relationship between charge and time instead of current and time. Chronocoulometry has the following differences with chronoamperometry: the signal increases over time instead of decreasing; the act of integration minimizes noise, resulting in a smooth hyperbolic response curve; and contributions from double-layer charging and absorbed species are easily observed.

See also
 Electroanalytical methods
 Electrochemical skin conductance
 Potentiometric titration
 Voltammetry

References

Electroanalytical methods

Chronoamperometry


"A Death" is a short story by Stephen King, first published in the March 9, 2015 issue of The New Yorker, and collected in the November 3 collection The Bazaar of Bad Dreams. In his "Introduction" to the latter book, King suggests that he was somewhat inspired by The Hair of Harold Roux (1975), a novel by Thomas Williams, which King describes as the best book about writing ever written.

Set in the Dakota Territory, 1889, the story describes the arrest, trial, and conviction of Jim Trusdale, a simple-minded rancher's son, for a crime he may not have committed.

Synopsis
Sheriff Barclay and his deputies arrive at the ranch currently inhabited by Jim Trusdale. Trusdale's father, the owner, is being cared for elsewhere in his old age. They arrest Trusdale, who's reading Black Hills Pioneer by lantern light. Confused and resistant but calm, he's led away from the ranch in a funeral hack to the local jail. The path leads him through a crowd of townsfolk who jeer at him.

He's informed that the crime he's been accused of is the murder, robbery, and implied molestation of a ten-year-old girl, who was on her way to a sweet shop with a silver dollar given to her by her mother. Trusdale is accused because his hat was found inside her dress, a hat he treasured and always wore, but wasn't wearing and couldn't account for when he was arrested. The missing silver dollar is presumed to be either in his possession or discarded, since there's no record of him spending it, but no evidence is gained from a full-body strip search by Barclay.

As an economic measure the trial judge, Roger Mizell, also serves as the prosecuting attorney, a quirk of procedure described by a juror as "like a banker taking out a loan from himself and then paying himself interest", though no one seems to disapprove of this. The childlike Trusdale's simple-minded honesty, coupled with the shambolic nature of the judicial process, the absence of the silver dollar, and the townfolks' unruly determination to see Trusdale hanged, gradually convinces Barclay that he is innocent. Nonetheless, he is convicted, while all through the trial the sounds of a gallows being erected can be heard.

On the night before his execution Trusdale asks for steak and eggs with fries soaked in gravy and beer as his last meal, which Barclay pays for out of his own pocket. Trusdale then grows distressed, as he realizes that the food will never get a chance to pass naturally through his body before he dies. Firmly convinced of Trusdale's innocence and wanting one last chance to help him, Barclay tries to make him remember whether someone stole Trusdale's hat on the day of the murder. (No one at the trial could be sure whether he was wearing his hat when he left a local bar, and was last seen before the arrest). Trusdale tries but comes up with nothing.

The next day Barclay helps lead Trusdale up the steps towards the rope, which will hang him on the gallows before the assembled townsfolk. Trusdale panics and starts thrashing, almost knocking his guardians off of the steps, to the sadistic amusement of the crowd, which jeers at Trusdale. In the end he begs to be allowed to see the mountains before he dies, but the hood is pulled over his eyes and the trapdoor sprung while the priest reads Psalm 51, no one acknowledging his last request.

After the execution Barclay returns to the jail, sits in the cell where Trusdale spent his last days, and vomits into the bucket which had held Trusdale's last beer. Some hours later the local undertaker arrives and informs him that there's something he needs to see at the mortuary. When they arrive Barclay sees the missing silver dollar, which the undertaker discovered after Trusdale evacuated his bowels. Trusdale was, in fact, guilty, and had swallowed the dollar on becoming aware of the approaching posse at the start of the story, before swallowing it again every time he defecated in his cell. In wonderment at his former conviction that the man was innocent, Barclay says, "He went on saying he was innocent right to the end. He'll most likely stand at the throne of God saying the same thing." The story ends as the sound of a church congregation, singing the Doxology, is heard.

See also
Stephen King's short fiction bibliography

References

Short stories by Stephen King
Works originally published in The New Yorker
2015 short stories

A Death


Vietnam Standards (TCVN, ), or the Vietnamese National Standards (), are the national standards of Vietnam issued by the Vietnam Standard and Quality Institute, part of the Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality (STAMEQ). These standards are identified by the prefix "TCVN" followed by a number, a colon, and the year issued. For instance, "TCVN 4980:2006" refers to the national standard numbered 4980, issued in 2006.

Thousands of TCVNs have been issued for terminology, technology, experimentation and sampling procedures, labeling, packaging, transportation, and maintenance in areas such as mechanics, metallurgy, communication and transportation, construction, chemicals, petroleum, minerals, agriculture, food, consumer products, environment, safety, electricity, electronics, and informatics.

Some wide-reaching standards include: TCVN 5712, standardizing the Telex input method; TCVN 6909, standardizing the Vietnamese character set as a subset of Unicode 3.1; and TCVN ISO 9001 (equivalent to ISO 9001), regarding quality control systems.

See also
 GOST
 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)
 National standards (disambiguation)

External links
 Vietnam National Standard

Science and technology in Vietnam

Vietnam Standards


The Chicago Children's Museum is located at Navy Pier in Chicago, Illinois. It was founded in 1982 by The Junior League of Chicago who were responding to programming cutbacks in the Chicago Public Schools. Originally housed in two hallways of the Chicago Public Library, it soon began to offer trunk shows and traveling exhibits in response to capacity crowds on-site.

The museum moved a number of times over its initial years of existence while it continued to search for a permanent home. In 1995, the Museum thought it found that home when it reopened as an anchor tenant at Navy Pier on Lake Michigan. The new facility offered  of exhibition space and included three floors of educational exhibits, public programs and special events.  Upon the move to the Pier, the expansion made it the fourth largest children's museum in the United States.  The museum serves more than 650,000 people, both at its Navy Pier location and in communities in and around Chicago, each year.

Relocation

The Navy Pier space served the museum well for more than a decade, but in 2006, the Museum announced plans to expand further and move to another location at Daley Bicentennial Plaza in Grant Park that would more than double its exhibition space and allow for greater community access. Despite some strong support from the community especially from Mayor Richard Daley, the proposal has met with some resistance from others who feared that the museum's move will invade Grant Park's open space and set a precedent for other organizations moving to the park. The new facility at Grant Park was designed by the architecture firm of Krueck and Sexton Architects, who designed the Spertus Museum on Michigan Avenue.

By early 2011, museum officials affirmed their commitment to the plan but announced no new developments. Fundraising efforts had lagged while costs for the project had risen to an estimated $150 million. Crain's Chicago Business cited unnamed park officials who said that the museum will likely stay in its current location. At the same time, the Chicago Park District also awarded contracts to begin repairs on the garage under Daley Bicentennial Plaza. On October 25, 2011, the Chicago Park District unveiled a renovation plan for the northeast area of Grant Park that did not include the museum.  When asked about the museum, the park district's director of planning and development replied, "Well, they're not coming to Grant Park."

In late 2012, the museum announced it had agreed on a new, 90-year lease with Navy Pier. The agreement includes an expansion of the museum's presence at the Pier by nearly 50 percent (57,000 square feet to 84,000 square feet). Details of the expansion were expected to be announced in 2013.

References

External links
Chicago Children's Museum
CCM News on WindyChat.com

Children's museums in Illinois
Dinosaur museums in the United States
Museums in Chicago
Central Chicago
Natural history museums in Illinois
Science museums in Illinois

Chicago Children's Museum


Rehoboth is a historic former barn located on Aldridge Road in Chappaqua, New York, United States. It is a concrete structure that has been renovated into a house with some Gothic Revival decorative elements. In 1979 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

It was designed and built in the mid-19th century by newspaper editor and activist Horace Greeley as one of the agricultural experiments he dabbled in, testing whether concrete would make a good building material for farms. It was one of the first concrete structures in the country, and the first concrete barn. Greeley was so satisfied with the result he predicted that he would be remembered for it if nothing else.

Two decades after Greeley's death, his daughter Gabrielle and her husband, the Rev. Frank Clendenin, pastor of a New York City Episcopal church, commissioned architect Ralph Adams Cram to remodel it into their house, which he named Rehoboth. They lived there for the rest of their lives, the remodeled house becoming one of the centers of Chappaqua's social life as the community completed its metamorphosis from country town to suburb. It has remained a private home since then.

Building
The house's  lot is on the east side of Aldridge, a dead-end street,  south of its intersection with Prospect Drive and Highland Avenue, both of which lead to King Street (New York State Route 120), the main road through Chappaqua. All the neighboring lots are of similar size, with more modern houses. Tall mature trees buffer them from neighboring properties.

Aldridge traverses a hill that rises steeply from the west, where downtown Chappaqua is located on one of the few level areas amid this generally hilly portion of Westchester County. To the east are similar residential lots on South Bedford Road (New York State Route 117). West, at the base of the hill, are Robert E. Bell Middle School and the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, another Register-listed property that was built by the Greeleys in memory of a daughter who died in childhood.

The driveway begins south of the house, goes east then turns north towards a carport, then east again. The house itself is set further back than its neighbors, at an angle slightly offset to the east. It is a three-story structure of two-foot-thick () load-bearing concrete walls topped with a steep gabled roof covered in shingles. Two chimneys pierce the roof. A small modern two-bay garage is attached to the north end. A two-story enclosed porch projects from the north end of the east (rear) facade.

Fenestration on the west (front) facade consists of three six-over-six double-hung sash windows on both stories, one near the north end and the other two closer to the south. They have plain sills and lintels. In the bay above the main entrance, on the second story, is an eight-over-eight double-hung sash window half the height of the others.

On the north and south facades there are two similar windows on the first and second stories, spaced closer on the lower floor. In the gable apex are three smaller pointed-arch windows. A metal ladder descends from the easternmost on the north facade. The south facade is similar but has a double window on the west side and a projecting two-story bay window on the east.

Just south of a single exposed basement window, wooden steps climb up to enter a projecting gabled vestibule from the north. It has four-over-four double-hung sash on all three sides, and glass in the west side of the gable. The entrance doors are in pointed arches.

They open into a large reception hall with tiled floor, and curving staircase. The pointed-arch motif is repeated in the door panels, banister spindles and on the chimney breasts of the fireplaces. The living room is the size of a ballroom, with exposed beams on its  ceilings and an exposed chimney.

History
In the early 1850s, Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune and a former congressman, bought a house in Chappaqua near the New York and Harlem Railroad station. In addition to giving his family a quiet and cool place to escape the city during hot summers, he also bought some land in the vicinity to use as a small farm, where he tested experimental agricultural techniques he had become aware of. His weekly column in the paper on the results of these tests made the Tribune one of the most widely read papers in rural America at that time.

One of the things he also wanted to test was whether concrete would be a good material for ancillary farm buildings, such as barns. At the time it was not known whether it would be able to withstand colder winters common in places like Chappaqua. Despite his lack of architectural experience, Greeley designed a dairy barn for his property to be built of concrete. He took advantage of the slope of the land to construct a building with entrances at all three of its levels—the top for hay, the second for cattle, and the ground floor for storage and waste removal. The model saved labor and money, and would be widely copied by others.

The barn became an attraction, drawing people to visit Chappaqua from far away. Greeley was proud of it, and considered it his finest accomplishment. "I calculate that this barn will be abidingly useful," he wrote in his autobiography, "long after I shall have been utterly forgotten." It remained standing and sound after his death in 1872, following his unsuccessful run for president.

Twenty years later, Greeley's daughter Gabrielle and her husband, the Rev. Frank Clendenin, who had (when in Chappaqua) been living in the family's old farmhouse in what is now downtown, decided to move. They commissioned architect Ralph Adams Cram, who at that time had just completed the Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine in Manhattan, to remodel the barn into a house.

On the exterior, his changes followed the neo-Gothic style of the church. He added a stepped gable and put shed dormer windows in the roof. He also added the pointed-arched attic windows, and put the same motif on the interior decor. Clendenin, pastor of another Manhattan Episcopal Church, St. Peter's, suggested the Biblical name "Rehoboth", meaning "wide open place" in Hebrew.

The Clendenins' move into the completed house mirrored the changes that were taking place in Chappaqua as a whole. The country town she had moved into with her family as a child was becoming a suburb, its farms being subdivided into homes for prosperous individuals who commuted by train to their jobs in the city, much as Gabrielle Greeley finally sold the remnant of her family farm to developers in the late 1920s who turned it into what is now downtown. Rehoboth, and especially its large ballroom, became the site of a number of important social events in the changing community, from dances and parties to political lectures and community meetings. The Clendenins lived there until their deaths in the 1930s.

In 1954, a later owner had the stepped gable and shed dormers removed, restoring to some extent the building's appearance when it had been a barn. At some point since its listing on the Register, the rear porch was added.

See also
Highland Cottage, first concrete house in Westchester County, built 1873
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York
William E. Ward House, first reinforced concrete structure built in the U.S., also in Westchester County

References

External links

Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Infrastructure completed in 1856
Buildings and structures in Westchester County, New York
New Castle, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York

Rehoboth (Chappaqua, New York)


Champions
National Association: Boston Base Ball Club

National Association final standings

Statistical leaders

Notable seasons
Boston Red Stockings pitcher Al Spalding has a record of 54–5 and leads the NA in wins. His 570.2 innings pitched ranks second in the league. He has 75 strikeouts, a 1.59 earned run average, and a 136 ERA+. At the plate, he has a .312 batting average and a 134 OPS+.
Boston Red Stockings first baseman Cal McVey leads the NA with 87 runs batted in and a .873 OPS. His 138 hits and 192 OPS+ both rank second in the league. He has a .355 batting average and 89 runs scored.

Events

January–March

April–June
May 3 – The Hartfords are caught using an illegal bat which had been whittled nearly flat on one side and painted black to conceal the altering.  The bat is thrown out and Hartford goes on to win the game.
May 5 – National of Washington gives up 20+ runs for the 5th consecutive game.
May 11 – The Red Stockings of St. Louis fall to the Chicagos 1–0, the lowest scoring game ever at the time.
May 21 – Only 10 days after it happened for the first time, the NA sees its second 1–0 game as Candy Cummings of Hartford outduels Bobby Mathews of Mutual.
May 22 – Pud Galvin makes his debut with the St. Louis Club.  Galvin will only pitch in 8 games for St. Louis and will not be seen in the major leagues again until 1879.
June 11 – George Hall of the Philadelphia Athletics, who will finish 2nd in the league with 4, homers in consecutive at-bats.

July–September
July 20 – Harry Wright learns that Albert Spalding, Deacon White, Ross Barnes and Cal McVey will jump to Chicago for the 1876 season.  The Chicago Tribune reports that Wright will return to Cincinnati to start a new team.
July 21 – Joe Start of Mutual hits 3 home runs and a triple in a Mutuals victory.
July 28 – Joe Borden of Philadelphia pitched professional baseball's first no-hitter in defeating Chicago 4–0.
September 6 – The Bostons win their 4th pennant in a row roughly 6 weeks sooner than they had in the previous 3 seasons.  Boston clinches with 16 games left to play in the schedule.
September 11 – The first professional women's game is played in Springfield, Illinois on a half-sized field.  The "Blondes" defeat the "Brunettes" 42–38.
September 24 – George Gage, President of the Chicago Base Ball Club, passes away after suffering a stroke.  William Hulbert will take over the team and drive the final nail in the NA's coffin by starting the National League during the off-season.
September 25 – Paul Hines commits 10 errors at 2nd base for Chicago in a loss.

October–December
October 10 – At a meeting of Chicago Base Ball Club stockholders, William Hulbert uses a proxy from the widow of the deceased George Gage to declare himself President of the team.  He names Albert Spalding as Secretary.
October 30 – Boston defeats Hartford 7–4 in what proves to be the final game in the history of the NA.  The Bostons claim the last 4 pennants in increasingly dominating fashion after the Athletics win the inaugural flag in 1871.

Births
1875 – Bill Magee [1]
January 7 – Kitty Bransfield
January 20 – C. I. Taylor
January 20 – Ernie Courtney
January 24 – Bunk Congalton
February 1 – Billy Sullivan
February 12 – Michael J. Kelley
February 18 – Walter Thornton
February 21 – Luther Taylor
February 25 – Johnny Kling [2]
February 28 – George Gillpatrick
March 3- John Kerin
March 14 – Wilbur Murdoch
March 28 – Jimmy Barrett
March 28 – Harry Gleason
April 2 – Ed Siever [3]
April 11 – Ossee Schreckengost
April 12 – Joe Corbett
April 13 – Kid Elberfeld
May 29 – Dave Fultz
June 25 – Bill Phyle
August 6 – Brownie Foreman
August 21 – Frank Isbell
August 31 – Eddie Plank
September 4 – Jack Gilbert
November 25 – Freddy Parent
November 30 – Myron Grimshaw
December 4 – Joe Corbett
December 17 – Jim McHale

Notes

Deaths
February 14 – Charlie Hodes, 26?, catcher/utility player from 1871 to 1874.
July 22 – Eb Smith, 28, umpire for one game during the 1872 National Association season.

References

External links
1875 season at Baseball-Reference.com
Charlton's Baseball Chronology at BaseballLibrary.com
Retrosheet.org

1875 in baseball


Doctor Psycho is a fictional character appearing in DC Comics publications and related media, commonly as a recurring adversary of the superhero Wonder Woman. First appearing in Wonder Woman, issue #5 (1943), written by Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston, the character would become one of the Amazing Amazon's most persistent enemies, reappearing throughout the Golden, Silver, Bronze, and Modern Age of Comics.

Over the decades, Dr. Psycho has undergone several minor updates as comics continuities have shifted and evolved, though his distinctive physical appearance has remained largely faithful to artist Harry G. Peter's original 1943 design. After DC Comics rebooted its continuity in 1985 (in a publication event known as the Crisis on Infinite Earths), Wonder Woman, her supporting characters and many of her foes, were re-imagined and reintroduced. Prior to this reboot, Doctor Psycho demonstrated a command over the occult and was able to harness supernatural energies to project illusions. Since his Post-Crisis reintroduction, the character has been presented as an extremely powerful telepath and telekinetic. Despite these changes, Doctor Psycho has consistently been portrayed as a misogynistic person of short stature who has mental illness (ranging from mild obsessiveness to full-blown dissociation).

Doctor Psycho made his animation debut as a regular in Harley Quinn, voiced by Tony Hale.

Background
The character of Doctor Psycho was created by William Moulton Marston, creator of Wonder Woman and author of her original adventures, as an allegory of the folly of abnormal emotions such as misogyny and other hatreds, as well as to be another embodiment of what he called "less actively developed men" (emotionally misaligned) who needed emotional reform by a love leader (Wonder Woman).   William Moulton Marston's creation of Doctor Psycho drew upon his interest in metaphysics and spiritualism.  Marston, a psychologist, created Doctor Psycho as a murderous psychopath with an intense hatred of women. The character was partly inspired by actor Lon Chaney ("Man of a thousand faces") and partly by Marston's undergraduate advisor Hugo Münsterberg, who was opposed to women's suffrage and feminism, and was into metaphysics. Doctor Psycho was also one of several villains created for Wonder Woman who were occultists, beguiling the masses for their own self-enriching purposes.

As Wonder Woman's rogues and supporting cast were largely jettisoned during the period that Robert Kanigher wrote and edited the issues, Doctor Psycho remained one of the few villains to appear in the Golden, Silver, and Bronze Age adventures. The character was also one of the few such villains to be modernized in the early issues of the post-Crisis on Infinite Earths Wonder Woman.

Fictional character biography

Pre-Crisis
Doctor Psycho first appears as a pawn of the Duke of Deception. God of War, Mars, enraged that women were gaining power in Earth society and potentially threatening his ability to engulf the world in war, ordered Deception to discredit women. Deception called upon Doctor Psycho to set about eliminating women from the war effort.

Doctor Psycho, known as Cyril Psycho was revealed in flashback to have been a medical student who was frequently humiliated by his peers. He discovered that his fiancée Marva Jane Gray was in love with college athletic champion Ben Bradley. Bradley removed him as a rival for Marva's affections by stealing $125,000 worth of radium from the college lab and hunching down in disguise so that Marva would think she saw her diminutive fiancé as the culprit.

Convicted on the basis of Marva's testimony, Psycho seethed behind bars for years, planning his revenge while developing an intense hatred of all women. Upon his release, he tortured and killed Bradley, who falsely confessed that Marva was his willing accomplice. Psycho then kidnapped and tortured Marva, hypnotically compelling her to marry him, and then subjecting her to daily occult experiments.

Learning that he could use Marva as a medium for summoning ectoplasm he could use at will to fashion and animate human forms around his own misshapen body, he created a new career for himself as an occultist and sham psychic who developed a following of millions.

At Deception's urging, he used his fame as an occultist to campaign for eliminating women from the war effort by creating an ectoplasmic form purporting to be the spirit of George Washington, claiming that women were hindering the war effort. He also disguised himself as Colonel Darnell of Military Intelligence to frame female staff of military intelligence for espionage.

With the aid of Steve Trevor and the Holliday College girls, Wonder Woman disrupted his plot but was forced to let him go, unable to prove any of his crimes in a court of law. Doctor Psycho fixated his pathological hatred of women into fantasies of revenge against Wonder Woman.

Freed from Psycho's influence, Marva joined the WAACs and helped Wonder Woman expose Nazi saboteur Stoffer, who had disguised himself as General Scott.

Psycho was eventually imprisoned but escaped by faking his own death, kidnapping Marva and then his former secretary, Joan White, to use as mediums for his ectoplasmic power. He attempted to court Etta Candy in a disguise, but his cover was blown by Etta's suitor Oscar Sweetgulper and he was returned to prison.

In the Golden Age, Psycho's brother Ironsides was a brilliant geologist who was also a villain. Ironsides invented the Iron Giant's disguise. He did not, however, display any superpowers.

Psycho eventually realized that he could use Steve Trevor as a medium. Kidnapping Trevor, he fashioned an ectoplasmic dream of power from Trevor's unconscious mind and became the powerful "Captain Wonder", who teamed up with the Silver Swan to destroy Wonder Woman. His powerful form was destroyed when Trevor awakened from his slumber.

When the Monitor was testing heroes and villains in the run-up to the Crisis on Infinite Earths, he set up Doctor Psycho to retrieve ectoplasmic machinery from military intelligence and to fight with several of Wonder Woman's other rogues, but they were defeated by the combined might of Wonder Woman and Etta Candy, who used the ectoplasm machine to create a superpowered version of herself patterned after Wonder Woman.

Post-Crisis
Post-Crisis Dr. Psycho is introduced as Edgar Cizko, a telepath with the ability to enter and sometimes shape other people's dreams. Psycho was enlisted by Circe to create disturbing dreams for Wonder Woman's close friend, Vanessa Kapatelis, with the result that Wonder Woman would be forced to separate herself from her closest allies. This was part of a plot intended to leave Wonder Woman isolated and create widespread public fear of her fellow Amazons. Psycho later helps warp Kapatelis' damaged psyche to turn her into the new Silver Swan.

Dr. Psycho's plans are foiled and he subsequently spends some time as a patient in a mental facility, confined to a padded room and a straitjacket. Several members of the time-lost Legion of Super-Heroes were in telepathic range. When Saturn Girl mentally shouts for a lost member, this awakened Dr. Psycho enough for him to attack several staff members and flee. The call brought him to the Legion, whom he also attacks.

In the Villains United miniseries leading up to Infinite Crisis, Psycho has surfaced as a core member of Lex Luthor's Secret Society of Super Villains. Working with Talia al Ghul, he recruits many supervillains for the Society, and is rejected and successfully rebuffed by Catman. He threatens to have Catman kill himself. The presence of the man's loyal pack of lions convinces Psycho that he might be eaten if he forces Catman to harm himself. This rejection angers him, causing much grumbling for some time afterwards. He also spends time working with Deathstroke to capture one of the Marvel Family. Other members of the Society realize that Psycho is trying to mentally influence them. Unaffected, they brush it off as something to be expected.

After the events of the 6th issue of Infinite Crisis, Psycho travels with Warp to free Doomsday from captivity near the center of the Earth. He takes control of Doomsday, and uses him to spearhead a supervillain assault on Metropolis. The villains lose this battle.

One Year Later, Doctor Psycho is arrested and put on trial with Kate Spencer (Manhunter) as his defense attorney. Following his arrest, he is abandoned by the Society. During the trial, he uses his mind-controlling abilities to make Spencer dream of herself dressed as Wonder Woman in a scene reminiscent of the Roman Colosseum. Before the trial verdict could be revealed, his powers are returned to him as a result of his ties to the Society who had constructed the machine that was blocking them. He uses his telepathy to hold the people in the courtroom hostage.

This forces Spencer to try to put on her uniform but she instead reveals herself to Doctor Psycho as Manhunter. Psycho then makes Kate put on her suit, but drops his guard to sneak a kiss with her, resulting in him being stabbed in the stomach and head. This causes him to forget about Kate's alter-ego and lose his powers.

Doctor Psycho has lately been shown still in a position of authority with the Society in the Secret Six miniseries. He has been working with former enemy Cheshire for Vandal Savage and hiring various villains to put out hits on other Secret Six members. In the final issue of Secret Six (December 2006), he is stabbed repeatedly and seriously injured by the Mad Hatter.

He resurfaced with his powers restored and amplified by Circe in the Wonder Woman series beginning in 2006. He was assisting Cheetah and Giganta.

On the cover of Justice League of America vol. 2 #13, it shows Doctor Psycho as a member of the latest Injustice League.

During the Final Crisis storyline, Genocide was sent to the DMA (Department of Metahuman Affairs) Headquarters to retrieve Doctor Psycho, who is held captive there.

The New 52
In September 2011, The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Doctor Psycho first appears in Superboy; a con man psychic who practices seance, using his telepathy to steal identities of customers in Manhattan. The purpose of this guise is to hide from the H.I.V.E., who are hunting those with telepathic abilities. He first encounters Superboy after hearing about aliens in the city. His astral form is unintentionally pulled into Superboy's mind, who is fighting Plasmus.

After learning of Superboy's origin, which remains unknown to Superboy, he attempts to befriend him. The two are attacked by agents of H.I.V.E, which they defeat. They form an alliance against the organization. During their investigation, they run into a girl with psionic powers named Sarah, her powers manifest into a being called Decay; she had been previously experimented on by the H.I.V.E.

He later appears in Teen Titans vol. 4 #11, where he is on the Metropolis prison talking with Psimon. Then he appears in Teen Titans vol. 4 #13, where he is trying to get Raven's powers, but he accidentally looks into her mind, where he sees her killing him.

Later during the "Trinity War" storyline, Question gives Superman a newspaper clipping stating that Doctor Psycho was sighted in Khandaq the day when Doctor Light was killed. This causes Superman, Question, and the Justice League to go after Doctor Psycho. Superman, Question, and the others arrive in Pittsburgh to confront Doctor Psycho. Martian Manhunter looks into Doctor Psycho's mind and learns that he was sent to Kahndaq by the Secret Society, but did not do anything to control Superman's mind.

During the "Forever Evil" storyline, Doctor Psycho is among the villains recruited by the Crime Syndicate to join the Secret Society of Super Villains. Then he appears in Justice League vol. 2 #29, where he is sent by the Society, along with the Fearsome Five and Hector Hammond, to fight against Cyborg and the Metal Men. He ends up being defeated by Gold.

DC Rebirth
After the events of DC Rebirth, Doctor Psycho's history had been altered. Using his illusions to pose as a scientist for A.R.G.U.S. named Dr. Edward Carne, Doctor Psycho was first seen after Vanessa Kapatelis was defeated and brought into custody by Wonder Woman. As Doctor Carne, Psycho told Wonder Woman that when Vanessa woke from her comatose state that he would be there for her.

Doctor Psycho later appeared as a member of the Cabal alongside Per Degaton, Queen Bee, Amazo, and Hugo Strange.

Later, Doctor Psycho was one of several powerful psychics kidnapped by Amanda Waller to hack into Brainiac's mind.

In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Doctor Psycho is among the villains that attend an underground meeting held by the Riddler, where they talk about the Superman Theory.

Powers and abilities
Doctor Psycho is a skilled occultist and utilizes psionic powers to traumatize or terrify those who stand in his way. In two original appearances, he hypnotizes his victims to draw ectoplasm into the physical world, which Psycho shaped into various disguises.

In The New 52 continuity, Doctor Psycho possesses psychokinetic capabilities, although Edgar has stated that he had possessed every one of them imaginable. However, he does not have the enough energy required to use his abilities in their fullest capacity. He can overcome this weakness by siphoning mental energies from other psychic individuals, such as Superboy.

Other versions

Wonder Woman: Earth One
Doctor Psycho appears as a primary antagonist in the second volume of Wonder Woman: Earth One by writer Grant Morrison and artist Yanick Paquette. This version of the character is of average height and named Dr. Leon Zeiko, a hypnotist and pick-up artist who manipulates Wonder Woman.

In other media

Television
 Doctor Psycho appears in the Powerless episode "Emergency Punch-Up", portrayed by an uncredited Ronnie Zappa.
 Doctor Psycho appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Tony Hale. This version is described as "an angry misogynist dwarf with telekinesis". Additionally, he has a Napoleon complex, which stemmed from not being able to ride a Ferris wheel due to his short stature as a child; reportedly became a villain after the Ferris wheel collapsed, which made him realize he enjoyed seeing people suffer; and was originally a member of the Legion of Doom until he was ousted for calling Wonder Woman and his wife Giganta the "C-word" on live television and being divorced by the latter. Over the course of the first two seasons, he reluctantly joins forces with Harley Quinn's crew to get back into the world of supervillainy and reconciles with his estranged son Herman until Harley gains, then relinquishes, control of a Parademon army. Furious over this, he quits the crew and joins forces with the Riddler to obtain a mind control helmet so he can enslave the Parademons that Harley left behind and most of her crew and strikes a deal with Darkseid to kill Harley in exchange for an army large enough to take over the world. After he is ultimately foiled by Harley, Ivy, and the Justice League, he is subsequently sent to Arkham Asylum, where he gains better control of his emotions with help from the recently elected Mayor Joker's rehabilitation program and has started an anger-management podcast that he runs from within his cell in the third season.

Video games
 Doctor Psycho appears in DC Universe Online. This version is a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains who runs a LexCorp-funded experimental facility within Metropolis General Hospital. In the villain campaign, the players help him capture Supergirl so he can study her DNA on Lex Luthor's behalf. In the hero campaign, the heroes defeat Psycho and rescue Supergirl.
 Doctor Psycho appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.

Miscellaneous
 Doctor Psycho appears in Dr. Psycho's Circus of Crime, by Paul Kupperberg and published by Capstone as part of their DC Super Heroes line of illustrated children's books.
 Doctor Psycho appears in a flashback depicted in Teen Titans Go! #54.
 Doctor Psycho appears in All-New Batman: The Brave and the Bold #4. He and several Wonder Woman villains join forces with an assortment of Batman villains to crash their respective enemies' wedding, but are swiftly defeated by the Justice League and the Amazons.
 Doctor Psycho appears in Wonder Woman '77 Special #1. This version possesses telepathic machines and is imprisoned in a mental institution.
 An alternate universe incarnation of Doctor Psycho appears in issue #2 of the Justice League: Gods and Monsters tie-in comics. This version is Dr. Jackson Alpert, a former member of the CIA's MKUltra program who disagreed with his superiors and conducted experiments on unwilling and unaware subjects using psychotropic drugs so he could "set them free" and bring them to the next stage of human evolution. After leaving the CIA, Alpert traveled to New York to continue his experiments, turning his subjects into wild, violent creatures in the process. After acquiring Bekka / Wonder Woman's Mother Box's crystal gems, Alpert accelerated his research, founded the Eternity Institute in Switzerland, became a recluse, developed extraordinary advances in science, medicine, and technology, and secretly harvested the Justice League's DNA over the course of the next 40 years. Additionally, he created the Forever People as a result of his efforts to further develop humanity and lead them to a new world of peace and order. In his dying years, he evolves into Imperiex using the League's DNA and the Forever Formula, but is killed by Bekka.

See also
 List of Wonder Woman enemies

References

Characters created by William Moulton Marston
Comics characters introduced in 1943
DC Comics characters who have mental powers
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics male supervillains
DC Comics telekinetics
DC Comics telepaths
Fictional characters with dwarfism
Fictional characters with energy-manipulation abilities
Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators
Fictional illusionists
Fictional physicians
Golden Age supervillains
Wonder Woman characters
Characters created by H. G. Peter
Astral projection in popular culture

Doctor Psycho


CFXU-FM, branded as The Fox, is a radio station broadcasting at 93.3 FM in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is the campus radio station of St. Francis Xavier University.

History
The station was conceived in 1969 by several students who used a home built 5 watt AM transmitter kit (Heathkit) to broadcast out of the common room of Fraser House (Bishop's Hall). Amateur announcers spun their own records on a simple turntable and microphone system. The station was called VOX (Voice Of Xavier). The pirate radio station featured volunteer announcers offering a rock format. VOX was extremely popular with the student body and could be picked up on car and home radios in the Antigonish town area. The success of VOX sparked interest in establishing a more formal and funded "radio" station. CRTC licensing issues prevented a higher power transmitter being utilized hence the pirate format was abandoned in favor of a wired residence speaker system. Used turntables and broadcast quality microphones were acquired and a functioning broadcast studio was built in the basement of the old Student Union building (The Old Chapel next to Mockler Hall). Radio St F.X. began closed circuit broadcast in 1970. Radio St.F.X. was a voice for student opinion, popular music and had a major role in campus politics of the era.  The broadcast studio was subsequently moved to a more modern facility in the basement of the new Student Union Building (Bloomfield Centre) in 1971. The "Radio St. F.X Society" functioned with Student Union funding and support and became a venue for many St. F.X. students with interest in communications and media production. Numbers of student volunteers worked to provide news and music programming. The original VOX dream of broadcasting locally with an actual licensed transmitter did not die and the society awaited less stringent Canadian Radio Television Commission rules to apply for a local low power broadcast license.

In 1981, CFXU began broadcasting in student residences at 690 AM via carrier current. This system used the ordinary electrical wires of the university buildings as an antenna. Students in residence could listen using an AM radio receiver.

In 1984, CFXU also began broadcasting on through Eastlink cable's Antigonish system. Anyone with cable television could listen to the station through their television.

In October 1999, CFXU broadcast its signal over the internet by way of a streaming MP3 signal using Shoutcast. They were the first Canadian university radio station to do this.

In 2002, the station was granted a developmental FM license from the CRTC.

In late September 2006, the station was successful in its application to the CRTC for a campus community broadcast license and broadcast ability increase. This new license will enable the station to grow in size over the next 3 to 4 years. The station is run on a day-to-day basis by a small but dedicated staff of full-time students and is funded by the St. FX Student Union.

On July 22, 2008, Radio CFXU Club, the licensee proposed to amend the licence by changing the frequency from 92.5 MHz (channel 223LP) to 93.3 MHz (channel 227LP). That application was approved on August 12, 2008.

References

External links
The Fox

Fxu
Fxu
St. Francis Xavier University
Radio stations established in 1970
1970 establishments in Nova Scotia

CFXU-FM