Brechin Cathedral dates from the 13th century. As a congregation of the Church of Scotland, which is Presbyterian, the church is not technically a cathedral, in spite of its name.

It is in the Pointed style, but suffered maltreatment in 1806 at the hands of restorers, whose work was subsequently removed during the restoration completed in 1902. The western gable with its flamboyant window, Gothic door and massive square tower, parts of the (much truncated) choir, and the nave pillars and clerestory are all that is left of the original edifice. The modern stained glass in the chancel is reckoned amongst the finest in Scotland.

The cathedral is a category A listed building and the attached Round Tower is a scheduled monument.

Round Tower
Immediately adjoining the cathedral to the southwest stands the Round Tower, built about A.D. 1000. It is 86 ft.(26.21 m) high, has at the base a circumference of 50 ft.(15.3 m) and a diameter of 16 ft.(4.9 m), and is capped with a hexagonal spire of 18 ft.(5.5 m), added in the 14th century.  This type of structure is somewhat common in Ireland, but the only Scottish examples are those at Brechin and Abernethy in Perthshire.

The quality of the masonry is superior to all but a very few of the Irish examples.  The narrow single doorway, raised some feet above ground level in a manner common in these buildings, is also exceptionally fine.  The door-surround is enriched with two bands of pellets, and the monolithic arch has a well-preserved representation of the Crucifixion.  The slightly splayed sides of the doorway (also monolithic) have relief sculptures of ecclesiastics, one of them holding a crosier, the other a Tau-shaped staff.

Two monuments preserved within the cathedral, the so-called 'Brechin hogback', and a cross-slab, 'St. Mary's Stone' are further rare and important examples of Scottish 11th century stone sculpture.  The hogback combines Celtic and Scandinavian motifs, and is the most complex known stone sculpture in the Ringerike style in Scotland.  The inscribed St Mary's Stone has a circular border round the central motif of the Virgin and Child which echoes that on the Round Tower.

Present
Between 1999 and 2009, Scott Rennie was minister of Brechin Cathedral.

In February 2020, the Presbytery of Angus agreed to a dissolution motion, under which ownership of Brechin Cathedral transferred to the General Trustees of the Church of Scotland, who would shut down and sell the building. Nonetheless, the Brechin 2020 committee planned to mark the 800th anniversary of the cathedral on 7 June 2020. In the event this proved impossible due to Covid restrictions.

The Cathedral closed its doors for the final time as a sanctified church at a special service on 28 November 2021.

Led by Caroline Carnegie, Duchess of Fife, a committee of Trustees has been established to take over accountability for the care and development of the Cathedral with a stated intent to restore it to being a focal point and hub for the community and tourists alike.

See also
Bishop of Brechin
Brechin

References

 Brechin Cathedral and Round Tower, Lumina Technologies, July, 2005

External links

 Brechin Cathedral
 Brechin Cathedral Round Tower
 Brechin Round Tower
 Brechin Cathedral WebSite

Medieval cathedrals in Scotland
Cathedrals of the Church of Scotland
Church of Scotland churches in Scotland
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Angus
Category A listed buildings in Angus, Scotland
Listed cathedrals in Scotland
Protestant churches converted from Roman Catholicism
History of Angus, Scotland
Tourist attractions in Angus, Scotland
Culdees
Cathedral
Towers in Scotland

Brechin Cathedral


The term population biology has been used with different meanings.

In 1971 Edward O. Wilson et al. used the term in the sense of applying mathematical models to population genetics, community ecology, and population dynamics. Alan Hastings used the term in 1997 as the title of his book on the mathematics used in population dynamics. The name was also used for a course given at UC Davis in the late 2010s, which describes it as an interdisciplinary field combining the areas of ecology and evolutionary biology. The course includes mathematics, statistics, ecology, genetics, and systematics. Numerous types of organisms are studied.

The journal Theoretical Population Biology is published.

See also

References

External links

The Theory of Ecological Communities

Evolutionary biology
Ecology
Population

Population biology


T-116 was a minesweeper of the Soviet Navy during World War II and the Cold War. She had originally been built as USS Arcade (AM-143), an , for the United States Navy during World War II, but never saw active service in the U.S. Navy. Upon completion she was transferred to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease as T-116; she was never returned to the United States. The ship was renamed several times in Soviet service and was scrapped on 4 May 1963. Because of the Cold War, the U.S. Navy was unaware of this fate and the vessel remained on the American Naval Vessel Register until she was struck on 1 January 1983.

Career
Arcade was laid down on 8 June 1942 at Tampa, Florida, by the Tampa Shipbuilding Co.; launched on 7 December 1942; sponsored by Miss V. Zoll; and completed on 26 August 1943. She was transferred to the Soviet Navy that same day as T-116. She was never returned to U.S. custody.

On 5 September 1944, while on patrol in Kara Sea, T-116 attacked and sunk with depth charges the German submarine U-362.

In Soviet service the ship was renamed TB-23 on 11 July 1956, and SM-7 on 23 October 1962. The ship was eventually scrapped on 4 May 1963.

Due to the ongoing Cold War, the U.S. Navy was unaware of this fate. They had reclassified the vessel as MSF-143 on 7 February 1955, and kept her on the American Naval Vessel Register until she was struck on 1 January 1983.

References

External links
 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive – Arcade (MSF 143) – ex-AM-143 – ex-AMc-120

Admirable-class minesweepers
Ships built in Tampa, Florida
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Admirable-class minesweepers of the Soviet Navy
World War II minesweepers of the Soviet Union
Cold War minesweepers of the Soviet Union

Soviet minesweeper T-116


The Caproni Ca.120 was a three-engine monoplane bomber built by Caproni in the 1930s.

Design
The Ca.120 was a trimotor monoplane with a cantilevered high-wing configuration made of wood with two side members, equipped with compensated flaps and ailerons. The fuel tanks were placed between the two wing members. The wing lining was in plywood on the leading edge and in canvas for the remaining part. The fuselage, on the other hand, was made of welded steel tubes and presented the seat of the two pilots side by side on the leading edge of the wings. In addition, the wide fuselage behind the cockpit allowed a wide stowage of materials. The pointer was placed in front of a large glazed window under the seats of the two pilots. The central engine was placed at the front of the fuselage, which ended with adjustable tail empennage. The two wheels equipped with brakes were placed on amortized carriages placed under the side engines that were fixed to the wings at the front. The carriages were single axle with elastic strut and bracing on the main nodes of the fuselage. The rear wheel was amortized and adjustable.

Specifications

References

Ca.120
1930s Italian bomber aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Trimotors

Caproni Ca.120


Mother Krause's Journey to Happiness  (German: Mutter Krausens Fahrt ins Glück) is a 1929 German silent drama film directed by Phil Jutzi and starring Alexandra Schmitt, Holmes Zimmermann and Ilse Trautschold. The film was produced by the left-wing Prometheus Film, a German subsidiary of the Soviet company Mezhrabpom-Film. It depicts the cruelty of poverty and depicts Communism as a rescuing force that, alas, reaches Mutter Krause and the child that lives in Krause's apartment too late.

It was shot at the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin.

Plot
Mutter Krause and her two adult children, daughter Erna and son Paul, live in a tenement in Wedding, a cramped working-class district of Berlin. With them lives "the Tenant", a petty criminal, his fiancée Friede, a prostitute, and Friede's young child.

Mutter Krause is a quiet, long-suffering old woman who earns what little she can delivering newspapers. However, Paul is unemployed, earns little from ragpicking and often relies on her for money. One day, he spends the money collected from her customers on drink. Mutter Krause pawns her last valuable possession, a treasured memento of her late husband, but still has not enough to satisfy her obligation to her employer, who sacks her and takes her to court.

Erna begins dating Max, a young communist worker, who promises her to help her mother meet her debt. Paul is persuaded to join others to break into the same pawn shop to get money for the debt. When police are alerted, he gets away but is then arrested in front of his mother, who does not know of Max's promise. In despair, Mutter Krause turns on the gas in the apartment and kills herself, along with Friede's child.

Notes
The scene near the end depicting the political rally glorifies the marching forms of the Communist rally-goers.

The original German intertitles are written in  Berlin dialect.

References

Bibliography
 Kreimeier, Klaus. The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945. University of California Press, 1999.

External links

1929 films
Banned films in Nazi Germany
German silent feature films
Films of the Weimar Republic
1929 drama films
German black-and-white films
Films set in Berlin
Films directed by Phil Jutzi
Social realism in film
Films shot at Johannisthal Studios
Silent German drama films
1920s German films

Mother Krause's Journey to Happiness


Son Veng Racing Team is a Macanese auto racing team based in Taipa, Macau. The team has raced in the TCR International Series, since 2016. Having previously raced in the World Touring Car Championship and the Macau Road Sport Challenge amongst others.

World Touring Car Championship

Honda Accord Euro R (2012)
Having raced in the Macau Touring Car Championship for many season, the team entered the 2012 FIA WTCC Race of China with team owner and driver Kelvin Leong driving a Honda Accord Euro R. Leong qualified twenty fifth on the grid and finished fifteenth in race one and retired from the second race.

Chevrolet Cruze LT (2013)
Returning to the championship again in 2013, the team entered Jerónimo Badaraco for three final rounds of the season, driving a Chevrolet Cruze LT. Badaraco finished sixth in the Eurosport Asia Trophy standings, having a best finish of eighteenth in the second race in Japan.

TCR Asia Series
Returning to international racing, the team entered the 2016 TCR Asia Series with Neric Wei driving a Volkswagen Golf GTI TCR. Having missed the first two rounds in South Korea and Thailand, the team debuted in Chinese round held in Shanghai. Wei finished sixth in race one and fourth in race two.

TCR International Series

Volkswagen Golf GTI TCR (2016–)
After having raced in the 2016 TCR Asia Series, the team entered the 2016 TCR International Series with TCR Asia regular driver Neric Wei driving a Volkswagen Golf GTI TCR. Wei finished fifteenth in race one and was disqualified from the second race, after having originally retired from the race, having made contact with the spinning car of Rafaël Galiana.

References

External links

Auto racing teams in Macau
World Touring Car Championship teams
TCR Asia Series teams
TCR International Series teams
Auto racing teams established in 2008

Son Veng Racing Team


Pierre Roland (born Pierre Roland Christy; 14 April 1979 in Bengkulu, Indonesia) is an Indonesian actor.  He is known as Pierre Roland and is famous for his role as a super hero in a hit TV series "Gerhana" (RCTI,1999-2002). He has also appeared on films and other TV series as well as music videos, advertisements (magazines, television, billboards) and as TV presenter. His parents are of mixed Indonesian and European ancestry: father is English/Indonesian (Bengkulu) while his mother is Dutch/Indonesian (Javanese/Manadonese).

He is also a film producer with his first filmed produced by his own production house, Pilot Project Production, about a Balinese girl who lost her mother in the first Bali Bombing, titled "Angel's Cry".

Pierre Roland is currently in a few number of TV series in Indonesia, one of them is "Mimpi Manis", where he is acting alongside one of the most famous Indonesian Dangdut singers, Dewi Persik.

He is known to be one of the artists that do not like media exposure on his private life.

In the middle of July 2006, the public and media were shocked by the rumours that Pierre Roland was recently married. The wedding ceremony was a low profile one held at a church in Jakarta, attended only by family and friends. However, the information of the venue and time somehow leaked out on the day of the wedding day; causing the reporters to gather at the front of the church. At the end of event, the family and the guests managed to get the reporters mixed up (thinking that the bride and the groom had already left the venue). The wedding was said to be one of the very few unexposed weddings of Indonesian celebrities. A few days later, the couple finally made an official announcement in an interview by two Indonesian TV stations.

Pierre Roland's Indonesian-born Macau resident wife, Bonita Adela, gave birth to their first-born son, Olivier DeAngello Christy, at the Hospital Kiang Wu in Macau in 2007. Another son, Ezekiel Kramer Christy, was also born at the same hospital in Macau in 2010.

Trivia
 Pierre Roland is the nephew of high-profile Indonesian actor, Agus Melazt.
 Pierre Roland is a devout Christian.
 Pierre Roland's wife, whose family and relatives are mostly based in Macau, is the niece-in-law of former Indonesian actress Tjempaka Blanco (sister of Balinese painter Mario Blanco, and daughter of Spanish American turned Balinese painter Antonio Blanco with his Balinese wife Ni Ronji). She is of Mongolian, Chinese, Indonesian (Manadonese and Sundanese), and Dutch ancestry.

References

1979 births
Indo people
Indonesian people of Dutch descent
Indonesian people of English descent
Javanese people
Minahasa people
Indonesian Christians
Indonesian male film actors
Indonesian male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Jakarta
Indonesian film producers

Pierre Roland


Nosy Berafia is an island off the north west coast of Madagascar. It is the largest island in the Radama Archipelago. It is around 10 km long and 3 km wide. Its chief town is Antananabe, which houses the Mahabo royal tombs. Most people on the island are fishermen. There are also many coffee, mango, and jackfruit plantations on the island.

References

Islands of Madagascar
Geography of Madagascar

Nosy Berafia


De Stilte van het Naderen  (English title: Silence of the Soul) is a 2000 Dutch film directed by Stephan Brenninkmeijer.

Plot
When Jules Brasschaert, convicted and jailed for a crime he has committed several years ago, is pardoned he is a changed man. He found his peace with the help of his belief in God.
After a chance meeting with this man, Susan burns her bridges to be with him.
As it turns out she is to redeem herself of a childhood trauma.
While this is going on, Susan's fiancée is losing grips on his steady and well planned life and shows his true face.

Cast
 - Susan
 - Jules
Ronald Top - David

Awards
'Silence of the Soul' Won the 'Golden Crown Award' for Best Foreign Film at the ICVM festival, Atlanta USA in 2001.

External links

Dutch thriller films
2000 films
2000s Dutch-language films

De Stilte van het Naderen


Estadio Profesor Alberto Suppici is a multi-use stadium in Colonia, Uruguay.  It is currently used mostly for football matches.  The stadium holds 6,500 people. The stadium is named after Alberto Suppici, coach of Uruguay national football team during the 1930 World Cup. It is the home stadium of Plaza Colonia and hosted matches during the 2003 South American Youth Championship. The Estadio Profesor Alberto Suppici is also known as a venue for rugby union.

References

Buildings and structures in Colonia Department
Supicci
Supicci
Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes
Sport in Colonia Department

Estadio Profesor Alberto Suppici


Dylan ail Don () (in Middle Welsh) is a character in the Welsh mythic Mabinogion tales, particularly in the fourth tale, "Math fab Mathonwy". The story of Dylan reflects ancient Celtic myths that were handed down orally for some generations before being written down during the early Christian period by clerics. The story as it has been preserved therefore exhibits elements and archetypes characteristic of both Celtic pagan and Christian mythologies. His name translates as "Dylan the Second Wave."

In some interpretations of legend, Dylan represents darkness while his twin brother Lleu Llaw Gyffes represents light.  But the more common interpretation is that Dylan is a Welsh sea-god.  Dylan was killed by his uncle, and it has been said that "The clamour of the waves dashing upon the beach is the expression of their longing to avenge their son."

In Wales, Dylan is one of the most popular traditional Welsh names for boys.

Biography
In Math fab Mathonwy it is told that Dylan's great uncle Math would die if he did not keep his feet in the lap of a virgin when not at war. Math's original foot-holder, Goewin, is raped by Gilfaethwy who is punished severely when Math returns, turning Gilfaethwy and Gwydion into a series of mated pairs of animals. Math then marries Goewin to alleviate her shame, but must find a new virgin to hold his feet. Gwydion suggests his sister, Arianrhod.  Math magically tests Arianrhod to confirm that she is a virgin, at which point she gives birth to twin sons.

Dylan's baptism
One of the sons, Lleu Llaw Gyffes, is borne away by Gwydion as a "lump of flesh" and concealed in a chest until maturity, but the other, a sturdy blonde boy, was immediately forsaken by his mother yet was acknowledged by his great uncle Math and given the name Dylan.  As soon as Dylan comes in contact with his baptismal waters, he plunges into the sea and takes on characteristics of a sea creature, moving through the seawater as perfectly as any fish:
'So they had the boy baptised, and as they baptised him he plunged into the sea. And immediately when he was in the sea, he took its nature, and swam as well as the best fish that was therein.  And for that reason was he called Dylan, the son of the Wave'

Dylan's death
Dylan is accidentally killed by his uncle Gofannon in the end.
'And the blow whereby he came to his death, was struck by his uncle Gofannon. The third fatal blow was it called'.

Mythological elements
In literature on Celtic mythology, the character Dylan is sometimes taken to be the vestige of an ancient Celtic God. According to this line of thinking, representation of Dylan in Welsh literature and in folklore alludes to the attributes of his supposed divine ancient Celtic prototype. Squire (2000:158) prefers to see in Dylan the remnants of a god of darkness:
"[T]wo sons were born at one birth – Dylan and Lleu, who are considered as representing the twin powers of darkness and light. The clamour of the waves dashing upon the beach is the expression of their longing to avenge their son. The sound of the sea rushing up the mouth of the River Conwy is still known as "Dylan's death-groan". A small promontory on the Carnarvonshire side of the Menai Strait, called Pwynt Maen Tylen, or Pwynt Maen Dulan, preserves his name."

Dylan's rock is located north of the Church of St Beuno's Church at Clynnog Fawr on the seashore, which must be on or near the location of his grave as told in Englynion y Beddau (Stanzas of the Grave) of the Black Book of Carmarthen xxxii:"ynydvna ton tolo." (Where the wave makes a sullen sound)

"Bet dilan llan bevno. (The grave of Dylan in Llan Beuno.)On the other hand, MacCulloch (1911, Ch. VI) has preferred to see Dylan simply as the remnants of a local sea-god of Gwynedd (North Wales):

'Dylan, however, has no dark traits and is described as a blonde. The waves lament his death, and, as they dash against the shore, seek to avenge it. His grave is "where the wave makes a sullen sound," but popular belief identifies him with the waves, and their noise as they press into the Conwy is his dying groan. Not only is he Eil Ton, "son of the wave," but also Eil Mor, "son of the sea." He is thus a local sea-god, and like Manannan identified with the waves, and yet separate from them, since they mourn his death. The Mabinogi gives us the débris of myths explaining how an anthropomorphic sea-god was connected with the goddess Arianrhod and slain by a god Govannon.'

Genealogy
In the Mabinogion, Dylan's mother, Arianrhod, is the daughter of Dôn and the sister of Gwydion and Gilfaethwy. Her Uncle, Math ap Mathonwy, is the King of Gwynedd, and during the course of the story, Arianrhod gives birth to her two sons; Dylan ail Don and Lleu Llaw Gyffes through magical means.

In the Welsh Triads, we are given a context for an actual Arianrhod who appears as the daughter of Beli Mawr and the sister of Caswallawn (the historical Cassivellaunus). Whether this reference is the result of the merging of a myth and history is unclear. It is possible that a later historic Arianrhod has become identified and merged with an earlier legendary/mythological Arianrhod.

Literary reference
Dylan is the subject of a eulogy entitled Marwnad Dylan Ail Don attributed to the bard Taliesin:
One God Supreme, divine, the wisest, the greatest his habitation,
when he came to the field, who charmed him in the hand of the extremely liberal.
Or sooner than he, who was on peace on the nature of a turn.
An opposing groom, poison made, a wrathful deed,
Piercing Dylan a mischievous shore, violence freely flowing
Wave of Iwerdon, and wave of Manau, and wave of the North,
And wave of Prydain, hosts comely in fours.
I will adore the Father God, the regulator of the country, without refusing.
Creator in Heaven, may he admit us into merry.

Etymology
The etymology of the name Dylan is somewhat complex. In Welsh, there is a bound item dylanw- which appears in dylanwad 'influence,' dylanwadol 'influential' and dylanwadu 'to influence'. This element dylanw- appears itself to be a compound of the prefix dy- and the noun llanw 'tidal flow'. The prefix dy- appears in numerous words in Welsh and is reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as *dī- with the meaning of 'off, away'. The item llanw is reconstructed in Proto-Celtic as *φlanwo- 'flood, filling.' This *φlanwo- may plausibly have had a reduced form *φlanu- 'flood.' This etymology is echoed in the following Gaelic (Irish) words:

[tuinne] nf. in : gob na tuinne, the water edge
[tòn] nf. g. tòine; d. tòin; pl.+an, the fundament
[tonn] nm. g.v. tuinn; pl.+an and tuinn, wave, surge, billow

References

Further reading
Bromwich, Rachel (2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University Of Wales Press. .
Ellis, Peter Berresford (1994). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. (Oxford Paperback Reference) Oxford University Press. .
Ford, Patrick K. (1977). The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. University of California Press. .
Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). The Mabinogion. New York: Penguin. .
Guest, C. (translator) (1877). The Mabinogion. Chicago: Academy Press Limited.
MacCulloch, J. A.  (1911). The religion of the ancient Celts. New York: Dover Publications. .
MacKillop, James (1998). Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford University Press. .
Squire, C. (1905). The mythology of the British Islands: an introduction to Celtic myth, legend, poetry and romance. London & Ware: UCL & Wordsworth Editions Ltd.
Wood, Juliette (2002). The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art. Thorsons Publishers. .

External links
 Celtic Gods and their Associates
 Proto-Celtic — English lexicon
 Arianrhod

Welsh mythology
Welsh gods

Dylan ail Don


Henry II (18 April 1503 – 25 May 1555), nicknamed Sangüesino because he was born at Sangüesa, was the King of Navarre from 1517, although his kingdom had been reduced to a small territory north of the Pyrenees by the Spanish conquest of 1512. Henry succeeded his mother, Queen Catherine, upon her death. His father was her husband and co-ruler, King John III, who died in 1516.

King of Navarre
After the latest failed reconquest attempt of Navarre in 1516, John III died, followed by Catherine I's demise in her independent dependencies of Béarn (1517). Heir apparent Henry was proclaimed King of Navarre, and was lavishly crowned in Lescar. The title was also claimed by Ferdinand II of Aragon, who had invaded the realm in 1512 and usurped the title, and the claim was continued by his grandson Charles V. Henry II enjoyed the protection of Francis I of France.

Henry II was thirteen when becoming King in February 1517, and his sister Anne of Navarre functioned as his regent until he became fifteen and was declared of legal majority on 18 April 1518. As Henry was often absent from Navarre, his sister Anne continued to act as his regent there when he was absent.

After ineffectual conferences at Noyon in 1516 and at Montpellier in 1518, an active effort was made in 1521 to establish him in de facto sovereignty in Pamplona and occupied territory. A French and Navarrese expedition made another attempt at reconquering occupied Navarre, but were ultimately repelled by Charles after the Battle of Noain (June 1521).

In 1525, Henry was taken prisoner at the Battle of Pavia, but he contrived to escape under a guise and in 1526, married Margaret, sister of King Francis I and widow of Charles, Duke of Alençon. In 1530, after the Treaty of Cambrai between Castile and France, Charles V evacuated the northernmost county (merindad) of Navarre, Lower Navarre, allowing Henry to seize it. The Pyrenean border between Lower and Upper Navarre now constitutes the Franco-Spanish border in this sector.

Henry had some strong sympathy with the Huguenots, and was fluent in both French and Spanish, according to the seigneur de Brantôme. He died at Hagetmau on 25 May 1555.

Marriage
In 1526, he married Margaret of Angoulême who became known as Marguerite de Navarre (11 April 1492 – 21 December 1549) and had issue:
 Jeanne III of Navarre (16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572); mother of Henry IV of France
 John (7 July 1530 – 25 December 1530)

Ancestry

References

Sources

|-

1503 births
1555 deaths
16th-century Princes of Andorra
16th-century Navarrese monarchs
Counts of Bigorre
Counts of Évreux
Counts of Foix
Dukes of Albret
Modern child monarchs
Viscounts of Béarn
Burials at Lescar Cathedral

Henry II of Navarre


Barry Strachan Gardiner (born 10 March 1957) is a British politician who served as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change and Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade from 2016 to 2020. A member of the Labour Party, he has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Brent North since 1997.

The son of an Olympic footballer, Gardiner was born and educated in Glasgow before being moved to Hertfordshire to be educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College. After studying at the University of St Andrews, he worked in the Student Christian Movement and considered a career in the Episcopal Church. He then studied philosophy at Harvard University and researched the subject at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He became involved in local government in Cambridge and was the youngest person to be elected mayor of the city in 1992. Leaving local government in 1994, he worked in marine arbitration before being elected for Brent North at the 1997 general election.

Gardiner served in Tony Blair's New Labour government from April 2004 to June 2007 as a junior minister in the Northern Ireland Office, Department of Trade and Industry and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs respectively. After holding junior positions on the Official Opposition frontbench under Ed Miliband and Jeremy Corbyn, Gardiner served in Corbyn's Shadow cabinet as Shadow Energy and Climate Change Secretary from June to July 2016. He subsequently served as Shadow International Trade Secretary and Shadow Minister for International Climate Change until returning to the backbenches in April 2020.

Early life and career
Barry Gardiner, the son of Olympic footballer John Gardiner, was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His mother trained as a surgeon and was the first woman to win the gold medal for surgery at the University of Glasgow. He was educated at the independent High School of Glasgow and Haileybury and Imperial Service College in Hertfordshire. He received an undergraduate Master of Arts from the University of St Andrews before serving for two years as full-time Scottish Regional Secretary of the Student Christian Movement. As a young man, he planned to become an Episcopal priest and began identifying politically with democratic and Christian socialism.

In 1983, Gardiner was awarded a Kennedy Memorial Trust scholarship to study Philosophy at Harvard University under John Rawls, returning to conduct doctoral research at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge for three years from 1984.  He was elected as a councillor to Cambridge City Council in 1988 becoming Mayor of Cambridge in 1992, the youngest mayor in the city's 800-year history. He left the council in 1994. Before his election to Parliament, he worked as a senior partner in shipping insurance and arbitration.

Parliamentary career

In government: 1997–2010
Gardiner contested the Greater London constituency of Brent North at the 1997 general election, defeating the incumbent Conservative MP Rhodes Boyson by 4,019 votes. Following his election, he moved from Cambridge to Hertfordshire. He made his maiden speech on 4 July 1997.

Gardiner served on the Procedure Committee, the Select Committee on Broadcasting, the Public Accounts Committee and the Joint Committee on Consolidation of Bills. He was Chair of the PLP Departmental Committee for Culture, Media and Sport and Vice-chair of the PLP Departmental Committee for the Treasury. He was the Chairman of the Labour Friends of India, and has lectured at the Academy of National Economy in Moscow. He is a former vice-chair of Labour Friends of Israel and remains a member.

Gardiner became Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Minister of State at the Home Office Beverley Hughes in 2002. In 2004, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Northern Ireland Office, moving to the same position at the Department of Trade and Industry following the 2005 general election. He moved to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in a May 2006 reshuffle and left the Government in June 2007, to once again serve as a PPS, this time to the Business Secretary.

New Prime Minister Gordon Brown appointed Gardiner as his special representative on forestry in July 2007. He left this role "by mutual consent" on 13 September 2008 after joining other Labour MPs in declaring an MP should stand against Brown, accusing him of "vacillation, loss of international credibility and timorous political manoeuvres that the public cannot understand".

Gardiner's expenses in 2008–2009 were ranked 129 out of 647 MPs whilst his 2007–2008 expenses were ranked 369. He claimed for a second home, despite his constituency being near Westminster. After the 2010 general election, the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority published new expenses rules replacing funding for a second home with a London Allowance of £3,760 for MPs with seats within 20 miles of Westminster. Those who kept their seats and already owned a second home had profits "recouped". The Legg Report requested Gardiner repay £174.17 for mortgage interest overpaid in 2005–06 although he voluntarily repaid £15,404.07 by April 2009.

In opposition: 2010–present

Early opposition career: 2010–2016

Gardiner was re-elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,028 votes. Upon his re-election, he was described by Andrew Roth in The Guardian as "One of the best educated and most internationally experienced MPs". He nominated David Miliband in the 2010 Labour Party leadership election.

Between 2011 and 2013, Gardiner served as Ed Miliband's Special Envoy for Environment and Climate Change. In June 2013, Gardiner and Conservative MP Tim Yeo jointly tabled an amendment to the Energy Bill which proposed establishing by 2014 a decarbonisation target for the UK's electricity generating sector, to be achieved by 2030. The amendment was narrowly defeated.

Gardiner was appointed as Shadow Minister for Natural Environment and Fisheries in July 2013. In this role, Gardiner criticised the lack of prosecutions of leading players ten months after David Cameron promised that everything possible would be done to deal with crime relating to the horse meat scandal. "The extraordinary thing is that because of its clout, industry has been able to commit what appears to be a criminal offence – selling the public horsemeat falsely labelled as beef – and just say they are sorry and didn't know". He gave his support in 2014 to the first annual Hen Harrier Day demonstrations in Derbyshire to highlight the illegal persecution of UK raptors. In January 2015, he admitted the push by the previous Labour government to encourage car-buyers to opt for diesel vehicles in a bid to protect the environment was "wrong", identifying that a "massive problem for public health" had been created.

Shadow Cabinet: 2016–2020
When Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015, Gardiner moved to becoming Shadow Minister for the Department of Energy and Climate Change. Following a string of Shadow Cabinet resignations in June 2016, Gardiner replaced Lisa Nandy as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change. In June, the department was abolished and he became Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade and Shadow Minister for International Climate Change.

Gardiner supported the development of Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, rejecting criticism of Chinese involvement in the project despite military and intelligence figures warning ministers that such involvement posed a threat to national security. He urged Theresa May to tell China that Britain wanted strong investment in infrastructure projects and described her decision to halt the deal as "politically stupid" and tantamount to "closing UK Plc down". He criticised May for negotiating a "rip-off deal" over its development.

In October 2017, Gardiner became involved in a complaint by Boeing to the US Department of Commerce. Boeing claimed Bombardier Aerospace was 'dumping' aircraft in the US by selling them below the cost of production, due to large Canadian government subsidies. The US Department had suggested the solution was a 300% tariff on Bombardier CSeries being sold to Delta Air Lines, which would adversely affect prospects for the sale. A major employer in Belfast, a punitive tariff again Bombardier would threaten more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs. Boeing's complaint against Bombardier had made no reference to its own multibillion-dollar tax breaks from Washington state. Gardiner seized on this and accused Boeing of hypocrisy, insisting all aircraft manufacturers require government subsidies; he labelled Boeing "the king of corporate welfare" and a "subsidy junkie", and suggested the company was trying to "crush a competitor". Boeing replied their illegal-subsidies complaint against Bombardier was about selling aircraft below the cost of production and not anti-competitive, saying it merely wanted "fairness" in "following trade rules".

In response to the murder in 2018 of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, Gardiner said "We must look very carefully again at the relationship we have with Saudi Arabia. What we would do certainly at the moment, and I think the government should do this, is to suspend all arms sales to the kingdom."

In January 2020, Gardiner received India's highly prestigious Padma Shri award for his work in the field of public affairs. He endorsed Rebecca Long-Bailey in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election. Following Keir Starmer's victory in the contest, he was stood down from the Shadow Cabinet in April of that year.

Return to the backbenches: 2020–present
After following government social distancing guidelines from March to June 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gardiner joined Black Lives Matter protesters in London as they marched outside Parliament. Since the protest had ignored government guidelines, he took a test for COVID-19 but tested negative for the virus.

On the backbenches, Gardiner began organising a cross-party effort to bring in legislation banning fire-and-rehire practices by employers. In this role, he helped the Labour whips office to organise the defection of Conservative MP Christian Wakeford to the Labour Party in January 2022.

Links to Chinese Communist Party agent
In 2017 The Times revealed, from September 2015 to February 2017, Gardiner had received £182,284 in disclosed cash donations from Christine Lee & Co, a firm of solicitors which acts as the chief legal adviser to the Chinese embassy. Before this, his constituency party received cash donations from the firm of £22,500 between 2009 and 2015. The paper also revealed part of this money was used to fund the employment of Daniel Wilkes, son of the firm's founder Christine Lee, in his parliamentary offices. Gardiner said the son was hired via an open recruitment process and was appointed on merit. Alistair Graham, former chair of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, called the situation "bizarre" and said "there are clearly questions to be answered". After The Times 2017 piece, Gardiner received a further £200,000 from Lee. Gardiner received a total of £425,000 from Lee.

In January 2022 Lee was declared by MI5 to be an agent working for the United Front Work Department of the Chinese Communist Party, who was covertly "involved in political interference activities in the UK". Lee's son was employed by Gardiner's constituency office until the MI5 classification was announced. The Times said Gardiner generally took a pro-Beijing position in his shadow portfolio dealings, but the donations were disclosed and there was no suggestion of impropriety on Gardiner's part. Gardiner wrote a letter saying the amounts he received were used to fund researchers and Lee had no influence in the appointment or management of these individuals.

Personal life
Gardiner is married to Caroline Smith and has employed her as an office manager and executive secretary. Following the 2017 general election, employing family members was banned for new MPs, however the restriction was not retroactive. They have four children; one of whom, Jacob Gardiner-Smith, is a footballer.

Honours and awards
 2020: Padma Shri of

Notes

References

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Barry Gardiner MP
 Barry Gardiner Allowances

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1957 births
British Christian socialists
British socialists
Living people
People educated at the High School of Glasgow
People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Harvard University alumni
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Friends of Israel
Mayors of Cambridge
Northern Ireland Office junior ministers
Politics of the London Borough of Brent
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Politicians from Glasgow
Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs

Barry Gardiner


Fundamental breach of contract, is a controversial concept within the common law of contract. The doctrine was, in particular, nurtured by Lord Denning, Master of the Rolls from 1962 to 1982, but it did not find favour with the House of Lords.

Whereas breach of condition is a serious breach that "denies the plaintiff the main benefit of the contract", fundamental breach was supposed to be even worse, with the result that any exclusion clause limiting the defendant's liability would automatically become void and ineffective. Also, whereas breach of condition gives the plaintiff the option to repudiate, fundamental breach automatically discharges the entire contract.

Although the concept caused some excitement in the 1950s and 1960s, the concept was regarded as flawed by the Law Lords, whose decision in the Suisse Atlantique case substantially curtailed the doctrine, which has now been effectively "laid to rest" in England and Canada. The relevant concept in English Law, where a fundamental aspect of a contract is breached, is repudiatory breach.

Background – the law of deviation

The origins of the idea of fundamental breach  may be traced to early cases on the  doctrine of deviation. In Davis v. Garrett  Tindal C.J. stated that a carrier's deviation from the agreed voyage route amounted also to a deviation from the terms of the contract, including its exceptions or limitation clauses provided by such a contract. This view was adopted in the leading cases of Leduc v Ward (1888)  and Glynn v Margetson (1893).

In Leduc v Ward, a vessel bound from Fiume (modern day Rijeka) to Dunkirk headed instead towards Glasgow, sinking in a storm in the Clyde estuary. The court held that even though the shipper may have known of the planned deviation, the parol evidence rule meant that the route described in the bill of lading was conclusive, and that the deviation was actionable, preventing the carrier from invoking the protection of the "perils of the sea" exemption.

Similarly, in Glynn v Margetson, a vessel carrying Seville oranges from Malaga to Liverpool deviated from the agreed route, by heading first to Burriana (near Valencia). This deviation caused delay and deterioration of the perishable cargo. The carrier relied on a 'liberty clause' in the bill of lading which purported to allow the vessel 'liberty to visit any port in any order'. In the House of Lords, Lord Herschell LC declared the liberty clause to be an exemption clause in disguise, adding "the main object of this bill of lading is the carriage of oranges from Malaga to Liverpool". He thus established the "main purpose rule", holding that no exclusion clause would be allowed to cut into the main purpose of any contract.

Tate & Lyle v Hain Steamship Company was a further deviation case following this approach.

Adoption of fundamental breach within contract law
Although the 19th century cases were maritime cases, the idea of the "main purpose" caught on in the general law of contract after Lord Greene MR, in Alderslade v. Hendon Laundry Ltd.(1945), labelled the fundamental term as 'the hard core of the contract'.

In Karsales  v Wallis [1956] EWCA Civ 4 a buyer inspected a car dealer's used Buick car and agreed to buy it. The car was later delivered at night, and had been towed. When the buyer inspected the car in the morning, it would not work and it was clear it had been involved in an accident, and there were other changes: its tyres had been replaced by old ones, body parts were missing, and the engine's cylinder head was detached, revealing burnt valves. This was a serious breach, but the dealer sought to rely on a clause in the contract which read "No condition or warranty that the vehicle is roadworthy or as to its age, condition or fitness for any purpose is given by the owner or implied herein."

Although the clause was clear and well drafted, the Court of Appeal declared that a "car" was a "vehicle capable of self-propulsion", and accordingly this Buick was not a proper car. Following Glynn v Margetson and using its "main purpose" concept, the court held that the dealer was "in breach of a fundamental obligation" and so could not rely on any exclusion clause.

This decision was clearly fair to the buyer, and Karsales v Wallis soon became the leading case on "fundamental breach". As a matter of law, under the doctrine of fundamental breach of contract, exclusion clauses were deemed not to be available to a party in fundamental breach of the contract. However, all was not well, as business people felt alarmed that an agreed contract term could be set aside by a court; there seemed to be no "certainty".

Also, there arose some confusion as to what "fundamental breach" actually was. Some alleged it was a breach that went to "the root of the contract", a breach so fundamental it would permit the distressed party to repudiate the contract and claim damages. However, since both common law and statute already recognised that while that breach of warranty entitled a claimant only to damages, any breach of condition would entitle a claimant to both repudiation and damages, it seemed that fundamental breach offered nothing new.

Resolution – the Suisse Atlantique
The matter came to a head in 1966 in the House of Lords decision in Suisse Atlantique Societe d'Armement Maritime S.A. v. N.V. Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale. The case involved a two-year time charter to export coal, the shipowners to be paid freight dependent on tonnage of cargo carried. If laytime (the allowable period for the charterer to arrange loading and unloading) were exceeded, the charterers were to pay demurrage of $1,000 per day. The charterers caused huge delays and few round trips were made. Demurrage totalled only $150,000, so the owners claimed damages for their full losses, saying they should not be limited to the demurrage terms because the charterer's gross delays amounted to fundamental breach.

The House of Lords boldly held that Karsales Ltd v Wallis had overstated the law, and that whether or not a fundamental breach extinguishes any protection that the defendant might rely on was a "question of construction" and not a "question of law". Although the demurrage clause was so absurdly low that it amounted to an exemption clause, nevertheless its existence plainly showed that the parties had contemplated the possibility of delay, so delays would not amount to fundamental breach.

After the Suisse Atlantique decision, there was a series of cases where the Court of Appeal patently ignored the House of Lords' findings. One such case was Harbutt's "Plasticine" Ltd v Wayne Tank and Pump Co Ltd. The House of Lords was less than amused, and in the 1980 Photo Productions case they emphatically reaffirmed their decision in the Suisse Atlantique. Lord Wilberforce effectively overturned the "rule of law" doctrine of Karsales Ltd v Wallis and instead maintained a strict "rule of construction" approach whereby a fundamental breach is determined by examining the full circumstances, such as the parties' intentions at the time of the contract.

These two cases (the Suisse Atlantique and Photo Productions) thus formed the definitive statement of the law up to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.

More recently, this law was successfully applied in two cases related to carriage of goods by sea and application of limitation clauses under the Hague-Visby Rules: Daewoo Heavy Industries Ltd. v. Klipriver Shipping Ltd. and The Happy Ranger. In Internet Broadcasting Corporation Ltd. t/a NETTV v MAR LLC t/a Marhedge (2009), Moss J ruled that a court "would expect to see 'clear' language in the sense of 'strong' language" before accepting that a contract exempted one of the parties from the consequences of a repudiatory breach. In that particular case he concluded that the wording did not extend to the deliberate personal repudiatory breach which the defendant had exhibited.

Although the Suisse Atlantique case has taken the sting out of the fundamental breach idea, in deviation itself little has changed. Glynn v Margetson still holds, so that not only may deviating carriers be denied the protection of exemption clauses expressly in the contract, they will also be denied the protection of implicit exemptions such as Article IV of the Hague-Visby Rules. However, given the general move in the common law away from strict liability to a standard of "reasonable care" (or "due diligence"), this may change in due course. One commentary on Marhedge noted that in that case the repudiatory breach was the personal action of the company's president and "controlling mind", but warned that legal interpretation might differ in a case where the decision to repudiate was the collective decision of a board of directors.

Canada
The doctrine of fundamental breach has been "laid to rest" by the Supreme Court of Canada in Tercon Contractors Ltd. v. British Columbia (Transportation and Highways) in 2010. In its place, the court has created a three-step test to evaluate the application of exclusion clauses. The first step is to evaluate the exclusion clause in the factual context of each case to determine if it applies to the material circumstances. The second step is to evaluate if the exclusion clause was unconscionable at the time of incorporation. The final step is to evaluate whether the exclusion clause should not be enforced on public policy grounds.

See also
 Maxine Footwear Company Ltd. v. Canadian Government Merchant Marine Ltd (1957)
 Breach of contract
 Pacta sunt servanda, a brocard or basic principle of law
 Terms in English contract law

Notes

References

Contract law
Legal doctrines and principles

Fundamental breach


Bubungan Dua Belas (in Malay bubungan (or bum bungan) is roof, dua belas is twelve) or House of Twelve Roofs is located in Jalan Residency, at the foot of Bukit Subok Forest Reserve Recreational Park and about one mile from south of the center of Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. It was formerly the official residence of British residents and high commissioners in Brunei and was built in 1906 during the tenure of the first resident Malcolm Stewart Hannibal McArthur. It is one of the oldest surviving building in Bandar Seri Begawan. It served as a gallery that exhibits the long-standing relationship between the sultanate and the United Kingdom. The museum is currently closed for renovations.

History
The first house at the site of Bubungan dua belas was built by Great Britain's Consul General in Brunei  Spenser St. John during reign of Sultan Abdul Momin,  in 1856 as a temporary "leaf house" that was replaced in 1858 with a permanent building. That house fell into disrepair following Spenser St John departure to Haiti and by 1907 had become a jungle-eaten ruin.

In 1874, Inche Mohamed, a Malacca-born British citizen, was appointed as the Consul Agent and  in 1883 he had built on water over the Brunei River an official residence which became the new consulate and later courthouse on an additional Sultan awarded piece of land nearer the river. That house was commemorated during 100th anniversary of Bubungan dua belas by Brunei postal authorities $1 stamp. The house was demolished around 1940.

In December 1905 Sultan Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin allowed for a British Resident to be placed in Brunei. McArthur was appointed British Resident and in 1906 he had decided to build a new consulate on exactly the same spot as the former St John's house. The wooden Bubungan dua belas or the House of Twelve Roofs construction was completed by July 1907.
 The house served as a residence of a total of 25 British Residents and High Commissioners.

Renovations
The building was restored due to its historical and  architectural significance by a joint Brunei and United Kingdom project in 1998. Queen Elizabeth II took part at the  opening of the building as exhibition in April the same year. The building was renovated in 2007.  In 2015, reportedly the museum was closed for renovation. In 2022, renovations at the museum was completed.

See also
 List of museums in Brunei

References

Further reading

External links
 100th anniversary of Bubungan dua belas is commemorated by Brunei postal services department

Buildings and structures in Bandar Seri Begawan
Museums in Brunei
Historic sites in Brunei

Bubungan Dua Belas


Lao New Year, called Pi Mai (, ) or less commonly Songkran (, ), is celebrated every year from 13 or 14 April to 15 or 16 April.

History
Lao New Year is a popular English name for a traditional celebration known in Laos as "Pi Mai" or "Songkran" (in Lao language). Lao New Year is widely celebrated festival in Laos. The festival is also celebrated by the Lao in Australia, Canada, France, the UK and the US.

Lao New Year takes place in April, the hottest time of the year in Laos, which is also the start of the monsoon season. Lao New Year takes place at virtually the same time as the new year celebrations of many countries in South Asia such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Dai People of Yunnan Province), India, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.

Festival dates
The official festival lasts for three days from 14 to 16 April, although celebrations can last more than a week in towns such as Luang Prabang. The first day is the last day of the old year. Houses and villages are properly cleaned on the first day. Perfume, water and flowers are also prepared for the Lao New Year. The second day of the festival is the "day of no year", a day that falls in neither the old year or the new year. The last day of the festival marks the start of the new year. In Laos, Lao New Year is a government holiday, with state offices closed during those three days.

Traditions

Water

Water is used for washing homes, Buddha images, monks, and soaking friends and passers-by. Students first respectfully pour water on their elders, then monks for blessings of long life and peace, and last of all they splash water at each other. The water is perfumed with flowers or natural perfumes. Some people prefer flowers in the water to give a pleasing smell, as well as adding other things, like cologne and perfume. Over the years another tradition has developed with Lao New Year: people will smear or throw cream (shaving cream or whipped cream) or white powder on each other during the celebrations.

Sand

Sand is brought to the temple grounds and is made into stupas or mounds, then decorated before being given to the monks as a way of making merit. There are two ways to make the sand stupas. One way is to go to the beach, and the other way is to bring sand to the vat, or temple. Sand stupas are decorated with flags, flowers, white lines, and splashed with perfumed water. Sand stupas symbolize the mountain, Phoukhao Kailat, where King Kabinlaphrôm's head was kept by his seven daughters.

Animals
Another way to make merit at this time is to set animals free. The Lao believe that animals need to be free. The most commonly freed animals are tortoises, fish, crabs, birds, eels and other small animals.

Flowers
Flowers are gathered to decorate Buddha images. In the afternoons people collect fresh flowers. Senior monks take the younger monks to a garden filled with flowers, where they pick flowers and bring back to the wat to wash. People who didn't participate in the flower picking bring baskets to wash the flowers so the flowers can shine with the Buddha statues.
In the evening lao people usually go to the temple to worship the Buddhas.

Beauty pageant
There is an annual beauty pageant in Luang Prabang to crown Miss Pi Mai Lao (Miss Lao New Year). There are many beauty pageants in Laos, but the old capital Luang Prabang is known for its Nangsangkhan pageant. There are seven contestants, each one symbolizing one of King Kabinlaphrôm's seven daughters.

Music and dance
During Lao New Year, there are many spectacles including traditional Lao music and social dancing, molam, and lamvông, which translates to 'circle dancing'''. During the daytime many people go to the temple to worship, hoping to have a healthier and happier life in the new year. During the evening, people of all ages go to the temple for entertainment.

 Greetings
In greetings there are several ways to wish someone a happy Lao New Year. The most common expressions are sôk di pi mai, souksan van pi mai or sabaidi pi mai'', which can be translated into English as "Happy New Year".

See also
List of Buddhist festivals
South and Southeast Asian New Year

References

External links

 Sabaidee Pbeemai Lao Festival
 Lao New Year on ThingsAsian.com

New Year celebrations
Buddhist holidays
April observances
Observances on non-Gregorian calendars
Buddhist festivals in Laos

Lao New Year


The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics is a 1965 animated short film directed by Chuck Jones and co-directed by Maurice Noble, based on the 1963 book of the same name written and illustrated by Norton Juster, who also provided the film's script. The film was narrated by Robert Morley and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It won the 1965 Academy Award for Animated Short Film and was entered into the Short Film Palme d'Or competition at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival.

Story
The story details a straight blue line who is hopelessly in love with a red dot. The dot, finding the line to be stiff, dull, and conventional, turns her affections toward a wild and unkempt squiggle. Taking advantage of the line's stiffness, the squiggle rubs it in that he is a lot more fun for the dot. The depressed line's friends try to get him to settle down with a female line, but he refuses. He tries to dream of greatness until he finally understands what the squiggle means, and decides to be more unconventional. Willing to do whatever it takes to win the dot's affection, the line manages to bend himself and form angle after angle until he is nothing more than a mess of sides, bends and angles. After he straightens himself out, he settles down and focuses more responsibly on this new ability, creating shapes so complex that he has to label his sides and angles in order to keep his place. When competing again, the squiggle claims that the line still has nothing to show to the dot. The line proves his rival wrong and is able to show the dot what she is really worth to him. When she sees this, the dot is overwhelmed by the line's responsibility and unconventionality. She then faces the now nervous squiggle, whom she gives a chance to make his case to win her love. He makes an effort to reclaim the dot's heart by trying to copy what the line did, but to no avail. No matter how hard he tries to re-shape himself, the squiggle still remains the same tangled, chaotic mess of lines and curves. He tries to tell the dot a joke, but she has realized the flatness of it, and he's forced to retreat. She realized how much her relationship with the squiggle had been a mistake. What she thought was freedom and joy was nothing more than sloth, chaos and anarchy. Fed up, the dot tells the squiggle off how she really feels about him, denouncing him as meaningless, undisciplined, insignificant, and out of luck. She leaves with the line, having accepted that he has much more to offer, and the punning moral is presented: "To the vector belong the spoils."

Authorship
Though listed as being directed by Chuck Jones, the true acting director was Maurice Noble according to his own recollection, Noble being the long-term background artist and eventually credited co-director on numerous projects with Jones. Chuck Jones was one of the originators for the adaptation and did the first treatment for the short. However, the results did not please the producers, who asked Maurice Noble to take over, heavily vexing Jones. Noble recalls the hand-over happening somewhat dramatically as "Chuck, with a big scowl on his face, came in and threw all the pieces on my big brown bookcase; he stacked the whole picture like this: plunk, plunk, plunk...and stalked out of the room."

Legacy
The Dot and the Line served as the inspiration for a collection of jewelry by designer Jane A. Gordon. The short film also inspired The Dot and Line, a blog that publishes essays about cartoons and interviews with voice actors and creators including Genndy Tartakovsky, Andrea Romano, Brandon Vietti, Fred Seibert, and Natalie Palamides.

Availability
The cartoon was released as a special feature on The Glass Bottom Boat DVD in 2005. The cartoon is also featured on the 2008 release of Warner Home Video Academy Awards Animation Collection and the 2011 release of the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1 Blu-ray box-set on the third disc as a special feature.  In 2005, Robert Xavier Rodriguez made a musical setting of the book for narrator and chamber ensemble with projected images, and in 2011 he made a version for full orchestra.

Notes
 This was one of only two non-Tom and Jerry animated short subjects to be released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after 1958. The other one is The Bear That Wasn't, the last animated short released by MGM.
 "The Dot and the Line" won the final award for an animated short for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and it was Chuck Jones' only award as a producer.
 This was one of two Juster books to be adapted for the big screen by Chuck Jones, although Juster had no involvement with the other, The Phantom Tollbooth.
Unlike other MGM Cartoons from 1963–67, the lion in this film's opening logo is Leo instead of Tanner.

See also
 List of American films of 1965

References

External links

1965 films
1965 animated films
1965 short films
1960s American animated films
1960s animated short films
Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
Films about mathematics
Short films directed by Chuck Jones
Films directed by Maurice Noble
Films scored by Eugene Poddany
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated short films
MGM Animation/Visual Arts short films
1960s English-language films

The Dot and the Line


Pyrilia is a genus of parrots in the family Psittacidae. It was recently split from the now-monotypic Pionopsitta, and then briefly moved to Gypopsitta. But as Pyrilia was published a few months before Gypopsitta, the latter is a junior synonym.

All are relatively short-tailed parrots that are restricted to forests in the Neotropics. Their head or face contrasts clearly with the mainly green body, and they have a brownish or olive patch on the chest.

Species

References

Bird genera
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte

Pyrilia


Burrenwood is a cottage orné or country house and estate near Castlewellan, County Down, Northern Ireland.

History
The ornamental wooded and cottaged demesne at Burrenwood was conceived by Theodosia Hawkins-Magill (5 September 1743- 2 March 1817), the Countess of Clanwilliam, a great Ulster heiress and landowner, the daughter and heir of Robert Hawkins-Magill, of Gill Hall, Dromore, Co. Down. Having inherited her father's estates centred on Dromore and Rathfriland, as a child in 1747, she married Sir John Meade, 4th Bart., (Meade was ennobled in 1766 & 1776), in 1765.

The house, a , horseshoe shaped, rustic villa and cottage ornée, was built near Castlewellan in the late eighteenth century.

It lies on some land conveniently half way between Theodosia Clanwilliam's mother's famous new house at Castle Ward, near Strangford Lough (the mother had married Bernard Ward after the early death of Robert Hawkins-Magill), the seventeenth century holdings of Alderman William Hawkins in and near Rathfriland, the infamous and similarly ancient Magill ancestral seat at Gill Hall, near Dromore, and the Greenore ferry which was caught by way of Newry, which at one time was plague ridden, avoidance of which is said to have been the incentive to build, in six weeks, the house by the Burren.

The Countess's second son, the General the Hon. Robert Meade (*29.2.1772–11.7.1852), Ensign in the 1st Foot (11.1787), Lt. Col. of the 31st Foot (wounded 1807), commander of forces in Madeira, Colonel of the 12th Regiment, Lt. General 4.6.1814, inherited the Rathfriland estate and the Burrenwood demesne which he extended; and it remained with his family for several further generations.
In 1808 he had married (20.6.1808) Anne Louise (d.1853), daughter and heir of the late General Sir John Dalling, 1st Bt.,  sometime Governor of Jamaica and later Commander in Chief at Madras. They had Robert (1809-); Theodosia (*27.1.1811-); John (*23.2.1812-); Louise; Anne; Catherine; Adelaide (*17.2.1818-), who married William Brownlow Forde (1823-1902), PC, MP, DL, JP, of Seaforde, in 1855; Rose (*8.1819-) and Caroline.

Burrenwood is comparable with the Swiss cottage at Cahir; Derrymore, Bessbrook, Newry, Co. Armagh (National Trust);  and the Petit hameau de la Reine at Versailles. All of which were in part inspired by Abbé Laugier, aka Marc-Antoine Laugier.
It lies between the forest parks of Lords Clanbrassill and Roden's Tollymore and Lord Annesley's Castlewellan, beside the Mourne mountains (the inspiration for C. S. Lewis's Narnia) and just inland from Dundrum bay at Newcastle.

References

Ulster Architectural Heritage Society: Historic buildings, groups of buildings, areas of architectural importance: In the Mourne area of South Down, P. J. Rankin, May 1975 (page 41).
Mark Bence-Jones, A Guide to Irish Country Houses, Constable, 1988.
Grace Dorothea Meade (1902–1977), (wife to Major John William Meade (1894–1984), transcript of one part of the BBC's: Houses of Ulster, Sunday, 21 November 1937.
Valerie Pakenham, The Big House in Ireland, Cassell & Co., 2000. (Has pictures of aristocratic cottages, but nothing directly relevant).

External links
Hawkins-Magill & Meade history from the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI): A.P.W. Malcolmson & Peter Houston.
Alternative link to the above info.
The Complete Peerage, ed. G. E. Cokayne, volume III.
Groves-Raines Architects. Photos of the north front. As above.
Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, from their publication of 1975.
Castle Ward
Derrymore
Ulster Museum's 1765 Reynolds portrait of Theodosia Magill.
Ulster Museum's 1765 Gainsborough portrait of Theodosia Magill.

Buildings and structures in County Down
Country houses in Northern Ireland

Burrenwood


Sergei Alexandrovich Belov (Russian: Серге́й Алекса́ндрович Бело́в; 23 January 1944 – 3 October 2013) was a Russian professional basketball player, most noted for playing for CSKA Moscow and the senior Soviet Union national basketball team.

He is considered to be one of the best European basketball players of all time, and was given the honour of lighting the Olympic Cauldron with the Olympic flame during the 1980 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in Moscow.

In 1991, Belov was named by FIBA as the Best FIBA Player ever.

References

1944 births
2013 deaths
Soviet basketball players
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees

Sergei Belov


Reactionary modernism is a term first coined by Jeffrey Herf in the 1980s to describe the mixture of "great enthusiasm for modern technology with a rejection of the Enlightenment and the values and institutions of liberal democracy" that was characteristic of the German Conservative Revolutionary movement and Nazism. In turn, this ideology of reactionary modernism was closely linked to the original, positive view of the Sonderweg, which saw Germany as the great Central European power neither of the West nor of the East.

Overview
Herf's application of the term to describe fascism has been widely echoed by other scholars. Herf had used the term to denote a trend in intellectual thought during the era, what German novelist Thomas Mann had described as "a highly technological romanticism" during the interwar years. Herf used the term in reference to a wide range of German cultural figures, including Ernst Jünger, Oswald Spengler, Carl Schmitt, and Hans Freyer.

Raphel Costra argues that fascism is a modernist movement, as its desire for revolutionary and total projects to remake society could only have emerged in the early 20th century when society and culture were permeated with modernist meta-narratives of cultural renewal. Fascism, in the words of historian Modris Eksteins, "was a desire to create mankind anew." David Roberts, in his 2016 book Fascist Interactions, argues that "by now it is widely held that fascism was not some revolt against modernity but the quest for an alternative modernity."

In various eras

Interwar Europe
Since Herf created the neologism, it has gained mainstream currency with historians in discussing the paradoxical European enthusiasm for paternalistic authoritarianism and volkish nationalism on the one hand, and new technological and political concepts on the other hand, all under totalitarian regimes.

Reactionary modernism has been explored as a theme in the interwar literature and broader political culture of Great Britain. It has been examined in the context of other European countries during the interwar period, including Romania, Greece, Sweden, and Spain. It has even been examined in the context of fascism in Japan. Other historians acknowledge the term's recognition of an influential trend in European philosophical, cultural and political thought during the period when fascism was on the rise.
Historian Nicolas Guilhot has broadened the scope of reactionary modernism, applying the term to trends in Weimar Republic industry, medicine (eugenics), mass politics, and social engineering. Reactionary modernism can be seen in the fascist concept of the New Man, as well as in art movements of Weimar culture that emphasized rationalism and embraced Futurism and the New Objectivity. Many Weimar period artists rejected the Futurists' fetishization of machinery and violence, for example the proponents of German Expressionism. Despite this, the return to order became a dominant theme in German culture and in that of other European countries.

Present day
Herf now applies the term to claim similarity to the governments of Iran under the Ayatollahs, the government of Iraq under Saddam Hussein, and extremist Islamist groups such as Al Qaeda. Other scholars, including Paul Berman, have also applied Herf's term to radical Islamism.

Cultural critic Richard Barbrook argues that members of the digerati, who adhere to the Californian Ideology, embrace a form of reactionary modernism which combines economic growth with social stratification.

Criticism of the Herf thesis
Thomas Rohkrämer criticized the concept of reactionary modernism, arguing "It is simply not strange or 'paradoxical to reject the Enlightenment and embrace technology at the same time', but a common practice in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany as well as in many other countries. Instrumental reason and technology are available for an endless number of different purposes, many of which are not humane or enlightened". Support for this view also came from Roger Griffin, who argued "fascism as an ideology and movement can be seen as proposing a radical alternative to liberal and socialist visions of what form modernity ideally should take. It represents an uncompromising rejection both of thorough-going liberalism and extreme 'modernism', whose logical culmination it sees as relativism, anomie, subjectivism, and the loss of definitive meaning and 'eternal' values. It is an attempt to re-anchor modern human beings within that highly modern phenomenon, the totalitarian state (a term used positively by Fascism) through consciously manipulated historical, national and racist myth (all deeply modern ideological constructs)".

See also
Dark Enlightenment
Fascism
Metamodernism
Retrofuturism
Revolt Against the Modern World (Julius Evola)
Ideology of Ioannis Metaxas

References

Modernism
Political ideologies
Theories of aesthetics
1980s neologisms
Conservative Revolutionary movement

Reactionary modernism


Lois Dodd (born 1927 in Montclair, New Jersey) is an American painter. Dodd was a key member of New York's postwar art scene. She played a large part and was involved in the wave of modern artists including Alex Katz and Yvonne Jacquette who explored the coast of Maine in the latter half of the 20th century.

Biography
Lois Dodd received education at the Cooper Union in New York City from 1945 to 1948. She was the only woman founder of the Tanager Gallery, which was integral to the Tenth Street-avant-garde scene of the 1950s where artists began running their own coop galleries. She exhibited at Tanager Gallery from 1952 to 1962. From 1969 to 1976, she exhibited at the Green Mountain Gallery. From 1971 to 1992, Dodd taught at Brooklyn College and at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, where she served on the Board beginning in 1980 and is now Governor Emerita.  In 1992, she retired from teaching at Brooklyn College. Since 1954, her work has been the subject of over fifty one-person exhibitions. Dodd is an elected member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters and of the National Academy of Design. She currently lives in New York and works in Maine.
In a 2011 interview, Dodd said of the original Tanager gallery: "In 1952...I was married to Bill King and we had an apartment on 29th Street. Ely was born in '52 at just about the same time we opened the gallery. Angelo Ippolito, Charles Cajori, Fred Mitchell, King, and myself were the original group. Bill King and I were in Italy on his Fulbright where we met Angelo and Fred there on the G.I. Bill. Cajori had been at Skowhegan with Bill. We had reunited in New York after our return from Italy...It was on 4th Street in this tiny space that had been a barbershop. The elevated subway was still running up and down the Bowery. There was a bar across the street and a lot of Bowery guys were around the corner, completely different than it is now."

As part of the wave of New York modernists to explore the coast of Maine just after the end of the Second World War, Dodd helped to change the face of painting in the state. Along with Fairfield Porter, Rackstraw Downes, Alex Katz, Charles DuBack, and Neil Welliver, Dodd began spending her summers in the Mid-Coast region surrounding Penobscot Bay. Attracted by inexpensive old farmhouses, verdant fields, and the bright sunshine, they sought both companionship and an escape from the demands of city life. The break from the city and its urbane art circles allowed them the freedom to explore new modes of painting, both landscapes and figures, that were anathema in the era of Abstract Expressionism.

Work
Dodd is known primarily for her observational paintings of landscapes, nudes and still lives. As the artist stated in an interview, "I would find it, see it, and say 'that's exciting' but I don't want to set things up." It is in her finding and framing of the everyday that something quietly original and deeply felt permeates the work. By painting her immediate circumstances, Dodd rejected the sources that others of her generation took as a given: mass media, popular culture, and the bright surfaces of a comfortable life. There is nothing glitzy about the work, neither in its subject matter nor in her use of materials. She does not celebrate excess, ownership, or leisure, nor does she condemn it. Whether or not she intends her refusals to be a comment on the work of those around her, her paintings embody an implicit critique of those who believe acquisitiveness, possession, and leisure are integral to the pursuit of happiness. She is currently represented by Alexandre Gallery in New York.

Exhibitions

Catching the light  This was the first career museum retrospective for Dodd in 2013. It features paintings that represent the places and subjects that have mattered most to her in her 60 years as an artist. They include views of New York City's Lower East Side as seen from her apartment windows and imagery from the woods and gardens of Maine, and some winter scenes by her family's home in New Jersey. The exhibition featured about 51 works that ranged in date from the 1950s to 2010s.

Other recent exhibitions include:
 (2019) Lois Dodd: Flashings, Philipp Haverkampf Galeire, Berlin Modern Art, London
 (2019) Downtown Painting, curated by Alex Katz, Peter Freeman, Inc., New York, NY
 (2019) LandEscape: New Visions of the Landscape from the Early 20th and 21st Centuries, Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, NY
 (2019) Lois Dodd: Paintings and Drawings, Ogunquit Museum of Modern Art, Ogunquit, Maine
 (2018) Lois Dodd: Early Work, Alexandre Gallery, New York, New York
 (2017) Lois Dodd: Windows and Reflections, List Gallery, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA

In addition to her numerous exhibitions, her work remains in the collections of many art museums including Bowdoin College Art Museum; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; Cooper Hewitt Museum; National Portrait Gallery, Washington D.C.; Museo dell'Arte, Udine, Italy; The Whitney Museum Print Collection, New York; Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine; Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut; National Academy of Design, New York, New York; Kalamazoo Art Center, Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Knoxville Museum of Art, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Awards and honors
Grants and Awards
 2007 Benjamin West Clinedinst Medal, Artists' Fellowship
 2005 Augustus St. Gaudens Distinguished Alumni Award, Cooper Union
 2004 Honorary Degree Old Lyme Academy
 1991 American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, Hassam, Speicher, Betts and Symons Purchase Prize
 1990 National Academy of Design—Henry Ward Ranger Purchase Award
 1987 Cooper Union Distinguished Alumni Citation
 1987 National Academy of Design—Leonilda S. Gervas Award
 1986 American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award
 1971 Ingram Merrill Foundation Grant
 1962 Longview Foundation Purchase Award
 1959–1960 Italian Government Study Grant

Memberships
 1998 to date American Academy & Institute of Arts & Letters
 1990–1993 Colby College Museum Advisory Board
 1988 to date National Academy of Design
 Chairperson, Board of Governors 1986–1988, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture
 Board of Governors 1980 to date, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture
 1977 Board of Advisors, Artist's Choice Museum
 1972–1974 Board Member, the Lower East Side Printshop, East 4th Street, New York
 1972–1975 Chairperson, Cooper Square Community Development Committee
 1962–1975 Artist's Housing committee, Cooper Square
 1952–1962 Tanager Gallery, a founder

References

External links
Lois Dodd, at 95, is finally getting her largest museum show yet. NY Times, March 31, 2023. Many photos of her artworks.
 John Yau, Taking Stock of Painting Today August 2018
 https://paintingperceptions.com/conversation-with-lois-dodd/ March 2015
 https://hyperallergic.com/45378/lois-dodd-alexandre-gallery/ January 2012
 Art review: Lois Dodd done justice in Ogunquit Press Herald July 2018
 Faye Hirsch, Why Artist Lois Dodd, One of Our Keenest Observers of the Everyday World, Has Been Painting Windows for 50 Years Artnet news January 2018
 Lois Dodd exhibit at the Kemper: 'All it is, is what I saw'; Kansas City Star June 2012
 Lois Dodd: A serious painter gets long-overdue retrospective; Lincoln Journal Star May 2012
 Art In Review; Lois Dodd 'Windows and Doorways: Paintings of Three Decades'; New York Times
 Sebastian Smee "Behind the window, beneath the hat" Boston Globe September 5, 2016
 Jennifer Samet, "Beer with a Painter: Lois Dodd" Hyperallergic March 28, 2015

1927 births
Living people
American women painters
Painters from New Jersey
Artists from Montclair, New Jersey
Cooper Union alumni
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
Brooklyn College faculty
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
National Academy of Design members
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

Lois Dodd