Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (; 10 August 1888 – 21 January 1940) was the fifth and youngest son and youngest child of King George I of Greece, belonging to a dynasty which mounted and lost the throne of Greece several times during his lifetime. Much of his life was spent living abroad.

Family background
Christopher was born at Pavlovsk, Imperial Russia, son of King George I of Greece and Queen Olga, a Russian grand duchess by birth. He was the youngest of their eight children, being twenty years younger than their oldest child, Constantine. He was called "Christo" in the family. His older brothers were future King Constantine I, George, Nicholas and Andrew.

Christopher, like his siblings, was a polyglot, speaking Greek, English, Danish, Russian, French, and Italian. The siblings spoke Greek to one another, and used English with their parents. The parents, however, spoke German to each other.

The Greek royal family maintained close relations with the Danish royal family, to which they also officially belonged. The Hellenic royal line was a cadet branch of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg dynasty which had mounted the throne of Greece in 1863.

Early adulthood
When Christopher came of age he joined the Hellenic Navy, although apparently he would rather have studied the piano. While a young man, he was apparently offered no fewer than three different thrones - those of Portugal, Lithuania, and Albania - but he declined them all, as he did not wish the stress of royal duties.

He was briefly engaged to Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife in about 1910 (Alexandra's mother, Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife, was a daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, herself an older sister of George I of Greece, Christopher's father). The engagement was terminated when disapproving parents learned of the liaison.

First marriage

On 1 January 1920, Christopher married a very wealthy American widow, Nonnie May "Nancy" Stewart Worthington Leeds, at Vevey, Switzerland. His bride, a once-divorced and once-widowed commoner at least a decade older than the prince, was nonetheless recognised as Christopher's dynastic wife by his family (at the time of the engagement and wedding, the Greek royal family lived frugally in exile, and as Christopher was last in the dynasty's order of succession, any children he fathered would not impact the succession rights of other Greek dynasts). Her fortune, estimated in the tens of millions of dollars, was inherited from her second husband, a tin millionaire, and substantially eased the Greek royal family's exile during the 1920s. The wedding followed a six-year engagement while the royal court-in-exile negotiated the terms and arrangements of the marriage.

Shortly after their marriage, Princess Anastasia developed cancer, and died in London on 29 August 1923, leaving no children from this marriage. Prince Christopher did, however, have a stepson, William Bateman Leeds Jr (1902–1971), who had, in 1921, married Princess Xenia Georgievna of Russia. She was Christopher's niece through his elder sister, Marie of Greece, Grand Duchess George of Russia.

Second marriage and family
Prince Christopher later remarried; his second wife was Princess Françoise of Orléans (25 December 1902 – 25 February 1953).

Françoise was a daughter of Jean d'Orléans, Duc de Guise, Orléanist pretender to the throne of France, by his wife/first cousin, Isabelle d'Orléans.  Isabelle was, in turn, a daughter of Philippe, Comte de Paris by his wife and first cousin, Infanta Isabel de Orléans y Borbon.

The couple were married in 1929 in Palermo, Italy; the civil ceremony was on 10 February, and the religious one on 11 February. They were childless for a decade, then one child was born to Françoise: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark was born in Rome in 1939, shortly before Prince Christopher's death.

Opinion on Anna Anderson
In 1927, Prince Christopher paid a visit to the Long Island home of William and Xenia Leeds, respectively his stepson and niece. Xenia had taken an interest in the strange case of a woman, Anna Anderson, who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II.

As Prince Christopher explained, "That was her story, and, fantastic as it was, there were many who believed then − and still believe − in her, among them one or two members of the Imperial Family." He went on, "Dozens of people who had known the Grand Duchess Anastasia were brought to see the girl in the hope that they might be able to identify her, but none of them could come to any definite conclusion." Prince Christopher described her: "In the first place she was unable to speak Russian, which the Grand Duchess Anastasia, like all the Czar's children, had talked fluently − and would only converse in German."

Summing up, he said of her, "The poor girl was a pathetic figure in her loneliness and ill health, and it was comprehensible enough that many of those around her let their sympathy over-rule their logic.... She was unable to recognise people whom the Grand Duchess Anastasia had known intimately, and her descriptions of rooms in the different palaces and of other scenes familiar to any of the Imperial Family were often inaccurate."

Opinion on monarchy
Prince Christopher recorded his thoughts on monarchy and those aspiring to it: "Nothing under the sun would induce me to accept a Kingdom. A crown is too heavy a thing to be put on lightly. It has to be worn by those born to that destiny, but that any man should willingly take on the responsibility, not being constrained by duty to do so, passes my comprehension."

Death
Prince Christopher of Greece died in Athens on 21 January 1940, aged 51.

Ancestry

References

Books

External links
 Christopher of Greece

1888 births
1940 deaths
People from Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg
House of Glücksburg (Greece)
Danish princes
Greek princes
Burials at Tatoi Palace Royal Cemetery
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Greece
Sons of kings


In finance and economics, a monetary authority is the organization which controls the money supply of a currency. Their goal is to control inflation, interest rates, real GDP or the unemployment rate. With its monetary tools, a monetary authority is able to effectively influence the development of short-term interest rates for that currency. However, they can also influence other things which control the cost and availability of money.

A monetary authority is usually a central bank or currency board. Central banks usually have a some independence from the government and its political decisions. However, depending on the political set-up, governments can sometimes have almost total control over monetary policy if they are allowed to influence or control their central bank.

References

Currency

Monetary authority


Chhota Bheem is an Indian animated comedy-adventure television series. This show available in English, Hindi, Telugu and Tamil.

Outline
The series was created by Rajiv Chilaka. Premiered in 2008 on Pogo TV, it focuses on adventures of a boy named Bheem and his friends in the fictional kingdom of Dholakpur. In this series, Bheem and his friends are usually involved in protecting Raja Indravarma, the king of Dholakpur and his kingdom from various evil forces. Sometimes they also help other kingdoms. It is one of the most popular animated series for children in India. There are also currently 47 movies that are based on the show.

Plot
The series is set in the fictional kingdom of Dholakpur somewhere in rural India. The series revolves around Bheem, sometimes referred to as Chhota Bheem due to his small age, He is a nine-year-old boy who is brave, strong and intelligent. Bheem's rival is Kalia, who is envious of Bheem's popularity, Kalia along with his sidekicks who are always jealous of Bheem, they are twin brothers named Dholu and Bholu with their "Ustaad" Kalia, they always plot to embarrass and defeat Bheem, but never succeed. Most of the initial stories revolted around Bheem and his friends Raju, Jaggu and Chutki and rivalry with Kalia and his friends. Bheem gets his strength from laddoo, an orange Indian sweet. However, as the series has progressed, this Kalia topic has been adopted as the subject less often, although Kalia is still just as eager prove himself superior to Bheem, A large number of episodes also focus on Bheem and his team solving various problems affecting the village. Fighting Misty evils that seek to harm Dholakpur or its inhabitants and their antics which often get them into trouble during early days. Broadcaster Pogo TV has stressed that storyline be kept simple and mysteries and complex plot avoided as all cost as the viewers where too young to understand but today, there are no restrictions.

Characters

Main
Chhota Bheem: Bheem is the main protagonist of the show. He is an adventurous, fun-loving but virtuous boy who is gifted with superhuman strength. This strength can be powered up by consuming laddoos, his favorite food. Bheem appears bare-chested, wearing an orange dhoti and a gold pendant. He has brown hair.

His power is a boon for his village, Dholakpur, which is constantly beset by all kinds of problems. Bheem is beloved and respected by the village for being l kind and using his strength to help those who are poor, wronged, or needy, and may be considered a little guardian of the villagers and the animals in and around Dholakpur. Bheem is often seen defeating enemies who attack Dholakpur or harm the villagers, like the evil demon Kirmada, the robber Mangal Singh, and the evil witch. Having gained king Raja Indraverma's trust, Bheem discusses the village issues with the ministers of the kingdom. Being intelligent and strong he represents Dholakpur in various matters and competitions.

Chutki: Chutki is a 7 year old young girl and the daughter of Tuntun Mausi, the sweet-maker. She often helps Bheem sneak laddoos from her mother's shop. Chutki is the brains of the team. She wears a purple floral lehenga and has her brown hair in twin braids. Her name means young or little one.

Chutki is Bheem's closest friend and he often relies on her to solve any puzzles or difficult situations with her intelligence. She first met Bheem, Raju, and Jaggu when Bheem saved her from a raging bull. While she is responsible for her household chores and gentle towards everyone and other creatures, she can be tough when the situation demands it.

In many episodes and films, she is depicted as being good at martial arts. Chutki frequently supplies Bheem with laddoos on missions to boost his strength.

Raju: Raju is a daring, and mischievous boy, whose role model is Bheem. He is a bald toddler who wears nothing but his blue underpants.

Raju's size belies his courage, which he gets from his father, commander of the King's army. Raju also wants to be the commander of the Army. He is a prodigy at archery and has won the "Arjuna Cup". Raju is also very articulate and intelligent for his age, being able to converse and follow along with his older friends on their adventures with no difficulty.

Raju is a diminutive form of Raja and means "king".

Jaggu: Jaggu is a blue, talking monkey. Jaggu has a special way of solving problems, using tricks accompanied by his sense of humor. Bheem learns useful techniques like swinging from trees from him. Whenever they are really hungry, Jaggu assists them in stealing laddus. He also loves playing tricks on Kalia, Dholu, and Bholu.

Kalia: Kalia is an envious bully. He is depicted as an ambitious boy who is always outshone by Bheem. He has two fearful lackeys, Dholu and Bholu, twin brothers who sometimes help him with his plans and, at other times, quickly abandon him. He often blows his own trumpet by claiming he is the strongest and most courageous person. Whenever any problem arises, he runs away. Despite his competitive personality, he also helps the gang out with important matters, such as an attack on Dholakpur. He is depicted as a tall and overweight boy wearing only a short tied-up grey dhoti and lots of gold jewelry.

Kalia is a nickname that means "dark one" or "tan-skinned".

Dholu and Bholu: Dholu and Bholu are identical twins and followers of Kalia. Though they are not strong themselves, they bask in Kalia's strength. Despite their support for a bully, they have kind hearts and have also won a trophy for their close brotherhood. But sometimes, they argue among themselves and get scolded by Kalia. Their clothing differentiates them, each twin wears a similar set of olive green and brown turban, t-shirt, and pants with opposite coloring.

Dholu means "drummer" and Bholu means "innocent".

Recurring
Indumati: Indumati is the Princess of Dholakpur and daughter of Indraverma and the elder sister of Ravi Varma. She is a kindhearted 7-year-old girl. She is also a friend of Bheem, Chutki, Raju, Jaggu, Kalia, Dholu, and Bholu. She has blue eyes, and reddish brown hair, and wears a blue and gold with an orange flower adorning her hair. While she seldom joins the gang on missions, she is a trusted friend and supports them.

Indraverma: The King of Dholakpur and the father of Indumati and Ravi Varma. He lives in a palace on top of a hill overlooking Dholakpur. He mostly relies on Bheem for any crisis in the kingdom and trusts the boy greatly.

Kichak: Kichak is a teen wrestler from Pehelwanpur. Like Kalia, Kichak is also jealous of Bheem, since Bheem is more popular than him. But he is defeated on all occasions. Kichak's jealousy towards Bheem is a bit more severe than Kalia's. Other members in Kichak's gang include Chhotta Mannu, Birju, Popatya and Motu.

Chhota Manu: He is also a character from Pehelwanpur. Chhota Manu is physically strong and clever. He is a rival of Raju, whom he never managed to defeat. He is a sidekick as well as a friend of Kichak, making various plans to defeat Bheem.

Daku Mangal Singh: Mangal Singh is a bandit who used to terrorize Dholakpur when he was free. But he was arrested by Bheem. He often comes to rob Dholakpur. His villain rival was Khan Singh, and his brother was Daku Amangal Singh.

Dhooni Baba: Dhooni Baba is a sage who lives in a cave. In the former episodes, he was called "Baba Bol Bachchan". He had a body smeared with ash and was seen meditating on some needles. Indeed, Dhoni means "incense". Later, his body has no ash smeared and he walks with a walking stick. He is described as a sage who knows almost everything and has divine powers. He gives advice and also a solution to Bheem and his friends.

Tuntun: Tuntun, or Tuntun aunt, She is Chutki's mother. She owns a sweet shop where she sells her famous homemade laddoos. Bheem often aggravates her by stealing laddoos, but she is also kind-hearted like Chutki. Sometimes she gives Bheem laddoos to make him stronger and help him defeat his enemies.

Professor Shastri Dhoomketoo: He is an inventor who lives In Gyanpur ("village of knowledge"). He often ends up getting problems with his inventions, like getting his inventions stolen, or malfunctioning. His inventions include the time machine, a hot air balloon, a super-fast bicycle, etc.

Bheem's Family
Bheem has a family of five members:

Mother: Bheem's unnamed mother lives with him in their home. She is shown as a cameo in many episodes and some movies.

Grandfather- Bheem's grandfather is also a fighter like Bheem. Bheem resembles his grandfather in the fighting. His grandfather owns a magical trunk having magical items in it. He also likes laddoos. Some of his magical items include his magical telescope, in which he protected some fairies from Goblings(demons), magical comb which made hair growth faster,etc. The trunk also included an umbrella which he gifted to Bheem for his bravery.

Father: He was shown in the episode ''Diwali Dhamaka'' and was responsible for bringing the two-headed demon to Dholakpur. But also gives an idea to Bheem regarding that demon's death. But in the movie Bheem in the city, Bheem's father, whose name is Abhimanyu, works in Raunak Sheher.

Grandmother: His grandmother is never shown in the series but was shown in an advertisement.

Shivani: Bheem's foster sister is Shivani. She lives in Pehelwanpur and runs a dhaba there named "Shivani ka Dhaba". Her father is falsely imprisoned by the cruel king, and to free him she needs 500 gold coins. But the pehalwan (wrestler) Dabbu tries to take over the Dhaba. Bheem comes to her rescue and even frees her father from jail. Their close relationship is demonstrated in an episode where she sent Bheem a letter on Raksha Bandhan, not writing much, leading Bheem to think something was suspicious and going to see her. After he solved her problems she tied a rakhi on his wrist.

Others

Buri Jadugarni (transl. The Evil Sorceress): Buri Jadugarni is an evil sorceress who is an enemy of Bheem. She tried to become the queen of Dholakpur but never succeeded because of Bheem and his team. She is also called Buri Pari (transl. Evil Fairy) or Buri Chudail (transl. Evil Witch).

Acchi Jadugarni (transl. The Good Sorceress): She is a good Sorceress who helps Bheem in defeating Buri Jadugarni. She is also called Achhi Pari (transl. Good Fairy). She lives in Agadam, a place of good wizards and witches, or the forest of Dholakpur.

Avi Chacha: He is another scientist who lives in Dholakpur. He is also a friend of Professor Shastri Dhoomketu. He invented many gadgets but all were destroyed.

Kaptaan Singh: He is the head captain of a ship of Dholakpur, Dholakpur Queen.

Raaka: He is the sidekick of Daku Mangal Singh.

Daku Chacha: He is an experienced dacoit uncle of Daku Mangal Singh.

Kirmada: He is a demon who tries to attack Dholakpur, since he had lost his war against Dholakpur 500 years ago, when he was alive and was a king of a kingdom and conquered all the surrounding kingdoms. He has appeared in the Chhota Bheem Aur Krishna film series and was also in a few of the Super Bheem film series.

Zimbara and Mayandri: They are the siblings of Kirmada.
Tabora: Son of Kirmada.

Kallasura and Chalchaaya: They are the sons or successors of Kirmada.

Guests
Ganesh: Ganesh was shown in the movie Chhota Bheem and Ganesh in the Amazing Odyssey and was also shown in some episodes and other films.

Krishna: Krishna is a character who appears in a few episodes and she also appeared in the Chhota Bheem Aur Krishna film series.  He also appears in one of the top recent films of Chhota Bheem, which was released in October 2021. Its name was Chhota Bheem Ki Citti Pitti Gul.

Hanuman: Hanuman is an Indian god that Bheem met in this Chhota Bheem movie, Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman.

Coco: He was a fictional monkey character which had come in the advertisement of Chocos. He protected Chocoland, which is abundant in chocolate and had a chocolate volcano and chocofall.

Development
Rajiv Chilaka wanted to create his own intellectual property instead of working for other companies. He established his animation studio Green Gold Animation in 2001. He had to struggle as no TV channel was ready to pick up the Indian animation content and most Indian contents aired were mythological in nature. His company produced Vikram Betal and Krishna animation shows which convinced Pogo TV to give chance. After five years of conception, Chhota Bheem made his first appearance in 2008 on Pogo TV. It succeeded and continued to run. He is financed by Samir Jain, who belongs to the famous Jain-cum-Agarwal business family from Meerut. Raj Viswanadha, who did the writing for the first four years of Bheem before leaving the series, Arun Shendurnikar, Nidhi Anand are prominent among those who have written the stories for the show.

Influences
Rajiv Chilaka had conceived an adventurous young boy with the strength and attributes of Bhima from  living in an unspecified period in medieval India. He was also influenced by his childhood spent with Disney's animated shows, Tintin, Amar Chitra Katha and other superhero comics.

Spin-offs
Mighty Raju

Mighty Raju is the first spin-off series of Chhota Bheem. It is about the character Raju in the modern world, who has superpowers and is known as "Mighty Raju". He lives in the modern city, AryaNagar.

Arjun – Prince of Bali

Arjun - Prince of Bali  is the second spin-off series of Chhota Bheem. It is based on the Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali character Arjun. Arjun is the young prince of Bali. It features his adventures with his friends and pet Zimbu, a baby tiger. Each episode consists of two stories and is targeted for kids up to 13 years of age. The series show the adventures of Arjun during his childhood. It exists in the same timeline as Chhota Bheem. The series aired from 1 June 2014 to 11 September 2016 on Disney Channel India.

Super Bheem

Super Bheem is third spin-off series of Chhota Bheem. It was going to launch in 2017, but it was launched in May 2016 with the birthday special movie Main hoon Super Bheem. It is an updated version of Bheem with superpowers. Super Bheem is based on the 24th movie of Chhota Bheem, Chhota Bheem: Sky Dragon. The Super Bheem show is 3D animation whereas Chhota Bheem is traditional 2D animation. It originally premiered on Pogo TV in 2017 but it also aired in 2019 on Cartoon Network India.

Mighty Little Bheem

Mighty Little Bheem is the fourth spin-off. It launched in 2019 on Netflix. It is intended for younger children. In this series, the story's focus is on 1 - 2 year old Bheem. Another thing to note is that in this series, Kalia (Bheem's Friend) is known as Vijay instead.

Chhota Bheem Kung Fu Dhamaka

Chotta Bheem Kung Fu Dhamaka is the fifth spin-off of Chotta Bheem. It launched on January 12, 2020. It was the third series in 3D CGI format. The series is based on the Chhota Bheem film of the same name.

Indian animated television series
2010s anime television series

For an update, Chhota Bheem and others are an Indian film actors and actresses, they live in Dholakpur, in Hyderabad. They all speak Hindi, Telugu and Engish. See in this: http://www.woodsdeck.com/movies/14890-chhota-bheem-himalayan-adventure-2016

Chhota Bheem


David Miner (born November 15, 1969) is an American television producer and talent manager who is known for his work as an executive producer on 30 Rock, Parks and Recreation, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Master of None and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt.

Early life
Miner attended Skidmore College where in 1988 he founded the school's first improvisational comedy group and in 1990 created and produced the National College Comedy Festival, an ongoing annual event for over 25 years.  He also worked as a summer intern at The Second City in Chicago.

Career
Upon graduation, Miner returned to New York where he soon became a Producer and company member with the city's longest running improvisational theater,  Chicago City Limits. In 1995 he relocated to Los Angeles to join talent management and production firm 3 Arts Entertainment, where he rose to Partner. Miner is the manager of Tina Fey.

Awards and nominations
In addition to winning three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series for producing 30 Rock, Miner has received 16 additional Emmy nominations as well as Golden Globe and Peabody Awards.

Filmography
Greetings from Tucson (2003)
The Tracy Morgan Show (2003–2004)
Carpoolers (2007)
Human Giant (2007–2008)
30 Rock (2006–2013)
Parks and Recreation (2009–2015)
Brooklyn Nine-Nine (2013–2021)
Mulaney (2014)
Master of None (2015–2021)
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (2015–2019)
The Good Place (2016–2020)
Great News (2017–2018)
Abby's (2019)
Tacoma FD (2019–present)
Sunnyside (2019)
Never Have I Ever (2019–present)
Mr. Mayor (2021–2022)
Rutherford Falls (2021-2022)
Girls5eva (2021-present)
Hacks (2021-present)
Mulligan (2023-present)
Primo (2023-present)

References

External links

American television producers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1969 births
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Skidmore College alumni

David Miner (television producer)


Ur was the one of the world's first cities, in Mesopotamia. It was a Sumerian city-state, founded around 3,800 BC. There are written records dating from the 26th century. Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the River Euphrates on the Persian Gulf. It is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank,  from Nasiriyah, Iraq.

Ziggurat
In the Sumerian city, the Ziggurat of Ur was a skyscraper over the city. It was about 20 metres (66 feet) tall. The only level that remains today is the bottom. There were big staircases to get up and down. They tell a lot about the people who built them. Sumerians had no tools and machinery like us. They were careful brick builders. Brickmakers formed mud bricks that were perfect. After drying they took them to the site and set them in place with bitumen. Bitumen is a thick sticky black stuff. It's like asphalt, the stuff they use to pave roads. They braided reeds so they would be stronger, and hooked them up like steel cables. Later the Ziggurat became more than a place for gods. There were workshops for craftworkers. For the priests, there were temples to do worship.

Social classes
Ur had three social classes. The richer, like government officials, priests, and soldiers, were at the top. The second level was for merchants, teachers, laborers, farmers and craftmakers. The bottom were for slaves captured in battle. Burials at Ur give insight into people's social standing. Kings and queens were buried with treasure. Since irrigation gave Ur abundant crops, not everybody needed to work on farms. People learned other skills. Sir Leonard Woolley found a tablet that listed Ur's special workers. The chisel workers made sculptures, the gem cutters made gems, and the fullers stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The metal workers made weapons.

References

Mesopotamia

Ur


Roger Dale Bowling (December 3, 1944 – December 26, 1982) was an American songwriter who specialized in country music.

Biography
Bowling was born in Helton, Leslie County, Kentucky.

As a recording artist, he placed seven singles on the Billboard country chart, all with songs he co-wrote. His highest-charting single as an artist was "Yellow Pages", which peaked at number 30 in 1981. He also performed the opening theme song "Heal It" (Byron Hill/Mike Reid), and the closing credits song "Friday Night Fool" (which he wrote) for the feature film The Exterminator (1980), on Embassy Pictures.

He committed suicide in Wiley, Georgia, at the age of 38, after being diagnosed with terminal cancer a year earlier.

Work
His best-known songs include:
 "Blanket on the Ground" a number one hit for Billie Jo Spears in 1975
 "Lucille" (co-written with Hal Bynum), a number one hit for Kenny Rogers and named CMA Song Of The Year in 1977
 "Coward of the County" (co-written with Billy Edd Wheeler), a number one hit for Kenny Rogers in 1979
 "I'd Like To Sleep Til I Get Over You", a number five hit for Freddie Hart in 1975
 "Southern California" (co-written with George Richey and Billy Sherrill), a number five hit for George Jones and Tammy Wynette in 1977
 "'57 Chevrolet" in 1972

References

1944 births
1982 suicides
1982 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American singer-songwriters
American country singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Kentucky
People from Harlan, Kentucky
People from Leslie County, Kentucky
Singer-songwriters from Kentucky

Roger Bowling (songwriter)


Twinaxial cabling, or twinax, is a type of cable similar to coaxial cable, but with two inner conductors in a twisted pair instead of one. Due to cost efficiency it is becoming common in modern (2013) very-short-range high-speed differential signaling applications.

Legacy applications

IBM
Historically, twinax was the cable specified for the IBM 5250 terminals and printers, used with IBM's System/34, System/36, System/38, and IBM AS/400 midrange hosts, and with IBM Power Systems machines running IBM i. The data transmission is half-duplex, balanced transmission, at 1 Mbit/s, on a single shielded, 110 Ω twisted pair.

With twinax seven devices can be addressed, from workstation address 0 to 6. The devices do not have to be sequential.

Twinax is a bus topology that requires termination to function properly. Most twinax T-connectors have an automatic termination feature. For use in buildings wired with Category 3 or higher twisted pair there are baluns that convert Twinax to twisted pair and hubs that convert from a bus topology to a star topology.

Twinax was designed by IBM. Its main advantages were high speed (1 Mbit/s versus 9600 bit/s) and multiple addressable devices per connection. The main disadvantage was the requirement for proprietary twinax cabling with bulky screw-shell connectors.

Physical layer
Signals are sent differentially over the wires at 1 Mbit/s (1 μs/bit ± 2%), Manchester coded, with preemphasis. The signal coding is only approximately differential and not completely differentially balanced. In general, one of the two signal lines is driven to −0.32 V ± 20%, while the other carries 0 V. This, itself, could be considered as two differential signals of ±0.16 V superimposed on a −0.16 V common mode level. However, to provide preemphasis, for the first 250 ns (1/4 bit time) after a signal is driven low, the negative signal line is driven to −1.6 V. During this time, the common-mode voltage is −0.8 V.

This signal is designed to provide a minimum of ±100 mV at the end of 152 m (500 feet) of cable.

The two wires are denoted A and B.  To encode a 0 bit, A>B for the first half of the bit time, and A<B for the second half.  A 1 bit is the opposite.  Thus, each signal line is driven low for either 500 or 1000 ns at a time, of which the first 250 ns is emphasized.

The plug consists of two pins of the same gender.

Data link layer
A message begins with five normal 1 bits (A driven low for 500 ns, then B driven low for 500 ns) for bit synchronization, followed by a special frame sync pattern, three bit times long, that violates the usual Manchester encoding rules.  A is driven low for 1500 ns, then B is driven low for 1500 ns.  This is like a 1 bit sent at 1/3 normal speed (although the preemphasis pulses remain 250 ns long).

This pattern is followed by up to 256 16-bit data frames.  Each data frame consists of a start bit of 1, an 8-bit data field, a 3-bit station address, and an even parity bit (which includes the start bit, so it equivalent to odd parity over the data and address fields only).  This is then followed by three or more fill bits of 0.  Unusually for an IBM protocol, the bits within each frame are sent lsbit-first.

All messages are sent between the controller (master) and one slave device.  The first frame in a message from the controller contains the device's address, from 0 to 6.  The address field of following frames can be any value from 0 to 6, although is usually set to the device's address as well.  The final frame in a message includes an address of 7 (all ones) as an end-of-message (EOM) indicator.  A single-frame message does not have an EOM indicator.

When a command calls for a response, the device is expected to respond in 30 to 80 μs.  A device's response also consists of up to 256 frames, and includes its address in all frames but the last.  In this case, a single-frame response includes the EOM address, and the controller assumes it comes from the device it most recently addressed.

Generally, the first frame in a message is a command byte, and following frames are associated data.

MIL-STD-1553
MIL-STD-1553 specifies that the data bus should have characteristic impedance between 70 and 85 ohms, while the industry has standardized on 78 ohms.  Likewise the industry has generally standardized on the cable known as twinax cable that has a characteristic impedance of 78 ohms.

Current applications

Networking (Direct-Attach Copper)

Direct-Attach Copper (DAC) is a type of standard cabling used in Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) ethernet, initially defined with , which provides 10 Gigabit Ethernet over either an active or passive twinax cable assembly and connects directly into an SFP+ housing. An active twinax cable has active electronic components in the SFP+ housing to improve the signal quality; a passive twinax cable is mainly just a straight "wire" and contains few components.  Generally, twinax cables shorter than 7 meters are passive and those longer than 7 meters are active, but this may vary from vendor to vendor.  SFP+ Direct Attach Copper (DAC) is a popular choice for 10G Ethernet reaches up to 10 m due to low latency and low cost.

One major application is connecting network hardware through their SFP+ interfaces. This type of connection is able to transmit at 10 gigabits/second full duplex speed over 5 meter distances. Moreover, this setup offers 15 to 25 times lower transceiver latency than current 10GBASE-T Cat 6/Cat 6A/Cat 7 cabling systems: 0.1 μs for Twinax with SFP+ versus 1.5 to 2.5 μs for current 10GBASE-T specification. The power draw of Twinax with SFP+ is around 0.1 watts, which is also much better than 4–8 watts for 10GBASE-T.

As always with cabling, one of the consideration points is the bit error ratio (BER). Twinax copper cabling has a BER of better than 10−18 according to Cisco, and therefore is acceptable for applications in critical environments.

Cables must not be bent below their minimum bend radius, which depends upon cable size as expressed in AWG. The table on the right summarizes minimum values typically admitted for SFP+ sustained bend radiuses.

This SFP+ twinax DAC is also referred to as "10GBASE-CR" or "10GBASE-CR1" by some manufacturers, even though there is no IEEE or other standard with that name.

Higher rates
A 40 Gbps QSFP+ (Quad SFP+) was defined in 2012. 802.3ba-2010 defines 40 Gigabit Ethernet over this connection as "40GBASE-CR4" and a 100 Gigabit connection over three of these connections named 100GBASE-CR10 (now in phase out).

SFP28, which runs at 28 Gbps for 25 Gigabit ethernet (25GBASE-CR1), was defined in 2014; a quad version (QSFP28) capable of running 100 Gbps was also defined. The newer QSFP28 connection runs "100GBASE-CR4" ethernet (802.3bj-2010).

SFP112 was defined in 2018, with 100 Gbps per pair. All these versions retain the same length limit.

SATA 3.0 cables

SATA 3.0 cables are implemented using twinax.

DisplayPort
Many manufacturers of DisplayPort cabling are also using twinax configurations to accommodate the strict insertion loss, return loss, and crosstalk requirements for the 2.7 Gbit/s signaling rate.

MIL-STD-1553
The cable used to connect the MIL-STD-1553 bus and stub devices has a characteristic impedance of 78 ohms at 1 MHz. A 2-conductor twisted-pair cable known as twinax is used to connect the bus and stub devices. The insulated pairs are balanced and have an overall shielding braid around the pairs. The twisting of the signal-carrying pairs theoretically cancels any random induced noise caused by the pair. The two internal dielectric fillers separate the braid from the pairs to minimize the leakage capacitance to ground. The fillers also assist in uniform twisting of the pairs. The 90% braid coverage protects the pair from external noise. The PVC outer jacket cable is suitable for laboratory use, while the high-temperature rated outer jacket cable is applicable for vehicle use.

A concentric bayonet plug known as "TRB" is used.

See also

 Coaxial cable
 IBM 5250
 Triaxial cable

References

External links
 Cisco 10GBASE SFP+ Modules
 MIL-STD-1553B Concepts and Considerations from MilesTek Corporation ()

Signal cables

Twinaxial cabling


Duomi Khan (多彌可汗) (died  646), personal name Bazhuo (拔灼), full regal name Jialijulixueshaduomi Khan (頡利俱利薛沙多彌可汗), was a khan of the Xueyantuo.  After the death of his father, the Zhenzhu Khan Yi'nan, he disputed with and killed his older brother, Yemang (曵莽), and became khan in 645. Then, reversing his father's peaceful policy with the Tang Dynasty, Duomi Khan immediately started incursions into their territory. This drew a heavy response from Emperor Taizong of Tang, who sent the generals Qiao Shiwang (喬師望), Zhishi Sili (執失思力), and Li Daozong to defend. They proved too strong for Duomi Khan's attacks, so he fled. But he did not live long. He was betrayed by his own vassal,  Huige, who rebelled and killed him.

Under Yi'nan
It is not known when Bazhuo was born, but it was known that he was not his father Yi'nan's oldest son—although throughout historical records, Yi'nan's oldest son was various referred to as Jialibi (頡利苾), Dadu (大度), and Yemang (曳莽), who might or might not be the same person—but as he was born of Yi'nan's wife, he was in an honored position at Yi'nan's court starting from early times in Yi'nan's reign.  As of 638, with Yi'nan having more than 200,000 soldiers under him, Yi'nan was said to have divided his army between Bazhuo and Jialibi, having Bazhuo command the army to the south and Jialibi to the north; it was further said that Emperor Taizong of Tang, in order to foster dissent between the brothers, created them both subordinate khan titles under Yi'nan and awarded them drums and banners, ostensibly to honor them.  In a reference that was either referring to the same event or not, Bazhuo and Yemang were described to have been both created subordinate khan titles, at Yi'nan's request, with Yemang given the eastern part of the khanate to govern over various tribes, with the title of Tulishi Khan, and with Bazhuo given the western part of the khanate to govern over the Xueyantuo people, with the title of Siyehu Khan.

See also
 Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo

Notes and references

 Tang Huiyao, vol. 96.

Xueyantuo khans
Tang dynasty people
646 deaths
Year of birth unknown
7th-century monarchs in Asia

Duomi Khan


Edward Haight (March 26, 1817 – September 15, 1885) was an American politician and businessman from New York City.  He served in Congress for one term, 1861 to 1863, during the American Civil War.

Biography
Haight was born on Park Place in New York City. He attended the common schools and was employed in a countinghouse early in life.  In 1838, he entered the firm of Cromwell, Haight & Co., dry goods importers on Maiden Lane.

In 1839, Haight married Sarah Louise Burgoyne, of Charleston, South Carolina. He moved to Westchester, New York (now in The Bronx, but then in Westchester County) in 1850. He was a director of the National Bank of New York. He organized the Bank of the Commonwealth of New York City in 1856, and was its president until 1870.  After 1870, he was in business with his son Edward Jr. in the brokerage firm of Haight & Company on Wall Street.

Congress
Haight was elected as a Democrat to the 37th United States Congress (March 4, 1861 - March 3, 1863).  He was a War Democrat and in 1862 was an unsuccessful candidate of the Union Party, as the Republican Party was known that year, for reelection to the 38th United States Congress.

Death
Haight died in Westchester, New York. He is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery in New York City.

References

External links
Congressional Biography of Edward Haight
Edward Haight entry at The Political Graveyard

1817 births
1885 deaths
American bankers
New York (state) Unionists
Politicians from New York City
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Burials at Trinity Church Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

Edward Haight (politician)


William I (died 16 April 963) is the first known member of the house of the Counts of Weimar.

Life
William was first mentioned in a 949 deed as a count (Graf) in Thuringia. Originating from the Saalfeld region, he held large estates around Weimar, Jena, and Apolda, possibly stemming from late Duke Burchard of Thuringia, whose sons were expelled by King Henry the Fowler in 913.

He was probably married to a daughter of the Babenberg duke Poppo of Thuringia, margrave of the Sorbian March, who had been deposed by the East Frankish king Arnulf in 892. William too appeared in the rank of a Thuringian margrave. From 953 to 955, he and several Wettin counts joined the revolt of Duke Liudolf of Swabia against King Otto the Great, wherefore he was temporarily deposed and exiled to the court of Otto's brother Duke Henry of Bavaria. By 956, however, William was re-installed into his offices.

He had at least three children:
William II (d. 1003), called the Great, succeeded his father as Count of Weimar, Duke of Thuringia from 1002
Poppo
Sigbert

963 deaths
Year of birth missing
House of Weimar
10th-century German nobility

William I of Weimar


The Stone Bridge (; ; ) is a bridge across the Vardar River in Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia, built by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. The bridge is also less frequently known as the Dušan Bridge (Macedonian and ,  Dušanov most) after Stefan Dušan, Emperor of Serbia.

The bridge is considered a symbol of Skopje and is the main element of the coat of arms of the city, which in turn is incorporated in the city's flag. It is located in Centar Municipality and it connects Macedonia Square to the Old Bazaar.

Architecture

The Stone Bridge is built of solid stone blocks and is supported by firm columns that are connected with 12 semicircular arcs. The bridge is  long and  wide. The guardhouse has recently been reconstructed.

History

The current Stone Bridge was built on Roman foundations under the patronage of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror between 1451 and 1469. Most of the Stone Bridge originates from the Ottoman period and throughout the centuries, the Stone Bridge was often damaged and then repaired. There is historical evidence that it once suffered during the great earthquake of 1555 which heavily damaged or destroyed four pillars. Renovations were carried out the same year. Some executions have also taken place on this bridge, such as the execution of Karposh in 1689.

Serbia acquired new territory in Macedonia after the Second Balkan War. Serbian army units, in collaboration with informal groups, began to arbitrarily destroy Ottoman buildings. To prevent further destruction, British consuls would persuade Serbian military commanders that certain constructions dated back to Stefan Dusan's empire. The Skopje Bridge is one such example.

By the German retreat from the city in November 1944, explosives were placed on the bridge by Nazis. Upon a request from city notables, the Germans gave up at the last minute and the bridge was saved from destruction. The last reconstruction of the bridge began in 1994. Over seven years during the Stone Bridge refurbishment of the 1990s, people were not allowed to cross the structure and for many craftsmen from the nearby Old Bazaar it resulted in negative economic effects. The watchtower shaped like a mihrab was reconstructed in 2008.

Two parts of Skopje that have symbolised its urban contrasts of "Ottoman" or "modern", the "historic" or "socialist", "Albanian" or "Macedonian" are split by the river Vardar and linked by the Stone Bridge. In the twenty first century, members of the majority and minority groups of the capital city view the stone bridge as representing the split between two parts of Skopje.

Gallery

See also
Ottoman architecture

References

Bridges completed in 1469
Bridges in Skopje
Pedestrian bridges in North Macedonia
Ottoman bridges in North Macedonia
Stone arch bridges
Old Bazaar, Skopje

Stone Bridge (Skopje)


Ceviche, cebiche, sebiche, or seviche () is a Peruvian dish consisting of fish or shellfish marinated in citrus and seasonings. Different versions of ceviche are part of the culinary culture of various Spanish-American countries along the Pacific Ocean where each one is native: Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru. In Peru it is considered a flagship dish and cultural heritage.

The fish is typically cured in lemon or sour lime juice, although sour orange was historically used. The dressing also includes some local variety of chili pepper or chili, replaced by mustard in some locations in Central America. The meat is usually marinated together with sliced or chopped onion and served with chopped cilantro. In Mexico tomato and avocado are also usually included, and the addition of tomato sauce is common except in Chile, Panama and Peru.

The ceviche accompaniments can also be different: in Ecuador, with plantain, canguil or chifles patacones, and in Colombia, Panama and Guatemala, with salty soda crackers. The northern varieties usually use cookies or toast as a garnish. In Mexico, it is served with corn tostadas or with crackers; in Panama an extra option is the spicy chombo chili pepper to taste, and in Peru it is served with garnishes of boiled root vegetables such as sweet potatoes, cassava or, very rarely, potatoes, and grains or seeds such as corn (boiled or roasted), legumes such as zarandaja, fried plantain (chifles), seaweed and lettuce; sometimes it can be accompanied by chilcano (broth made from fish heads).

Etymology

The first documented evidence of the term  is from 1820, in the patriotic song "La Chicha," considered the first Peruvian national anthem.

According to the Royal Spanish Academy, the word might have the same etymology as the Spanish term , which derives from Mozarabic , in turn descending from Andalusian Arabic , which also derives from Classical Arabic  (, meaning meat cooked in vinegar). It is ultimately from the unattested Middle Persian , from  ("vinegar") and  ("soup"), which also yielded the Persian word  (, a soup made with meat and vinegar). Another hypotheses is that it derives from the Quechua word , meaning fresh fish.

The name of the dish is spelled variously as , , , or , but the most common spelling is ceviche with v, which is an alternative spelling accepted by the Royal Spanish Academy. There are also other local variants of the name, including  and .

History
Various explanations of the dish's origins exist, with Peruvian researchers favoring a Pre-Hispanic origin. According to some historic sources from Peru, the predecessor of ceviche originated among the Moche, a coastal civilization that began to flourish in present-day northern Peru nearly 2,000 years ago. The Moche used the fermented juice from the local banana passionfruit. Recent investigations further show that during the Inca Empire, fish was marinated with chicha, an Andean fermented beverage. Different chronicles also report that along the Incan coast before the arrival of Spaniards, fish was consumed with salt and ají.

The dish is popular in the Pacific coastal regions of western South America. The technique of macerating raw fish and meat in vinegar, citrus, and spices (escabeche) was brought to the Americas from Spain and is linked to the Muslim heritage in Spanish cuisine. However, archeological records suggest that something resembling ceviche may have been indigenous to western South America as early as 2,000 years ago.

Nevertheless, some historians believe that ceviche originated during colonial times in present-day Peru and Ecuador. They propose that a predecessor to the dish was brought to the area by Andalusian women of Moorish background who accompanied the Conquistadors and that this dish eventually evolved into what nowadays is considered ceviche. The Peruvian chef Gastón Acurio further explains that the dominant position that Lima held throughout four centuries as the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which at one point included most of western South America, allowed for popular dishes such as ceviche to be brought to other administrative provinces in the region, and in time becoming local cuisine incorporating regional flavors and styles.

National Geographic and Taste Atlas recognize the origin of Ceviche in Peru.
The Peruvian origin of the dish is supported by chefs including the Chilean Christopher Carpentier and the Spaniard Ferran Adrià, who in an interview stated, "Cebiche was born in Peru, and so the authentic and genuine [cebiche] is Peruvian."

The first recipe of this dish was published by Manual Atanasio Fuentes in "The Guide of Lima."

Its origin is also attributed to places ranging from Central America to Polynesia. In Ecuador, it may have had its origins in coastal civilizations, as Ecuador shares cultural heritages (such as the Inca Empire) and a wide variety of fish and shellfish with Peru. The Ecuadorian position traces the origin of ceviche to the harvest of the Spondylus shell in the years 3500 BC to 1500 BC in the Valdivia Culture which had a diet that used marine products that were later used in ceviche. The Spanish, who brought citrus fruits such as the lime from Europe, may have originated the dish in Spain with roots in moorish cuisine. Peruvian historian Juan José Vega supports the theory put forward by Fernando Rueda García, historian of Málaga and a member of the Andalusian Ethnology Commission, who suggests that it was Moorish slaves who created the cebiche by mixing local and foreign ingredients that were arriving on the Iberian Peninsula.

Preparation and variants
Ceviche is marinated in a citrus-based mixture, with lemons and limes most commonly used. In addition to adding flavor, the citric acid causes the proteins in the seafood to become denatured, appearing to be cooked. Because the dish is eaten raw and not cooked with heat, it must be prepared fresh and consumed immediately to minimize the risk of food poisoning. Acid marinades will not kill bacteria or parasitic worms, unlike the heat of cooking. Traditional-style ceviche was marinated for about three hours. Modern-style ceviche, popularized in the 1970s, usually has a very short marinating period. The appropriate fish can marinate in the time it takes to mix the ingredients, serve, and carry the ceviche to the table.

Ceviche is often eaten as an appetizer; if eaten as a main dish, it is usually accompanied by side dishes that complement its flavors, such as sweet potato, lettuce, maize, avocado, or cooking banana.

Most Latin American countries have given ceviche its own touch of individuality by adding their own particular garnishes.

South America
In Peru, ceviche has been declared part of the country's national heritage and has even had a holiday declared in its honor. The classic Peruvian ceviche is composed of chunks of raw fish, marinated in freshly squeezed key lime, with sliced onions, chili peppers, salt and pepper. Corvina or cebo (sea bass) was the fish traditionally used. The mixture was traditionally marinated for several hours and served at room temperature, with chunks of corn on the cob and slices of cooked sweet potato. Regional or contemporary variations include garlic, fish bone broth, minced Peruvian ají limo, or the Andean chili rocoto, toasted corn or cancha and yuyo (seaweed). A specialty of Trujillo is ceviche prepared from shark (tollo or tojo). Lenguado (sole) is often used in Lima. The modern version of Peruvian ceviche, similar to the method used in making Japanese sashimi, consists of fish marinated for a few minutes and served promptly. It was developed in the 1970s by Peruvian-Japanese chefs, including Dario Matsufuji and Humberto Sato.  Many Peruvian cevicherías serve a small glass of the marinade, which is called leche de tigre or leche de pantera, as an appetizer along with the fish.

According to a study of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) about innovation in Peruvian Cuisine and its connection with Peruvian cultural diversity (2022), an example of the impact on gastronomy of culture and population diversity throughout its territory —in which fishers, farmers and chefs come together— is the great variety of ceviches offered by Peruvian marine cuisine. In his book Ceviche Power (2015), Gaston Acurio  documents the different nuances through the tour of the ceviche route through Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, La Libertad, Ancash, the Lima coast, Lima, Ica, Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna. This great diversity has motivated different chefs to create new types of ceviches.

In Ecuador, the classic ceviche is made up of pieces of fish pickled in lemon juice and cooked or shrimp cooked using the tomato juice or water along with the shrimp shells, with sliced red onions, sliced tomatoes, salt, pepper, cilantro, and oil. The mixture is traditionally marinated for several hours and served with a bowl of toasted corn kernels as a side dish; fried green plantain chunks called "patacones", or thinly sliced plantain chips called chifles. In some regions, ceviche is served with rice on the side. Ceviches in Ecuador are seasoned with tomato sauce, mustard, and oil. The Manabí style, made with lemon juice, salt, and the juice provided by the cooked shrimp itself, and sometimes topped with peanut butter, is very popular. Occasionally, ceviche is made with various types of local shellfish, such as black clam (cooked or raw), oysters (cooked or raw), spondylus (raw), barnacles (cooked percebes), among others mostly cooked.  Well-cooked sea bass (corvina) or bicuda (picudo), octopus, and crab ceviches are also common in Ecuador. In all ceviches, red onion, lemon juice, cilantro, salt, and oil are ubiquitous ingredients.

In Chile, ceviche is often made with fillets of halibut or Patagonian toothfish and marinated in lime and grapefruit juices; finely minced garlic and red chili peppers and often fresh mint and cilantro are added. and often fresh mint and cilantro are added. On Easter Island, the preferred fish is tuna, marinated in lemon juice and coconut milk.

In Colombia, cebiches or shrimp cocktails, oysters, crabs, squid, chipi chipi, among others, and combinations of them are prepared. The sauce includes tomato sauce, mayonnaise, garlic sauce, cilantro, chopped white onion, lemon juice, among other seasonings. They are accompanied with salty soda cracker.

North and Central America and the Caribbean

In Mexico, the U.S., and some parts of Central America, it is served either in cocktail cups with tostadas or as a tostada topping and taco filling. In Mexico, when served in a cup with tomato sauce, it is called a ceviche cocktail. Shrimp, octopus, squid, tuna, and mackerel are also popular bases for Mexican ceviche. The marinade ingredients include salt, lime, onion, chili peppers, avocado, and cilantro (coriander). Cut olives and tomatoes are often added to the preparation.

In El Salvador and Nicaragua, one popular ceviche recipe is ceviche de concha negra ("black conch ceviche"), known in Mexico as pata de mula ("mule's foot"). It is dark, nearly black, with a distinct look and flavor. It is prepared with lime juice, onion, yerba buena, salt, pepper, tomato, Worcestershire sauce, and sometimes picante (any hot sauce or any kind of hot pepper) as desired.

The dish includes marinated fish, lime juice, salt, ground black pepper, finely minced onions, cilantro, and finely minced peppers in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. It is usually served in a cocktail glass with a lettuce leaf and soda crackers on the side, as in Mexico. Popular condiments are tomato ketchup, mayonnaise, and Tabasco sauce. The fish is typically tilapia or corvina, although mahi-mahi, shark, and marlin are also popular.

In Panama, ceviche is prepared with lemon juice, chopped onion, celery, cilantro, assorted peppers, and sea salt. Ceviche made with corvina (white sea bass) is very popular and is served as an appetizer in most local restaurants. It is also commonly prepared with octopus, shrimp, and squid or served with small pastry shells called "canastitas."

In the Caribbean, ceviche is often made using mahi-mahi prepared with lime juice, salt, onion, green pepper, habanero, and a touch of allspice. Squid and tuna are also popular. In Puerto Rico and other places in the Caribbean, the dish is prepared with coconut milk. In the Bahamas and south Florida, a conch ceviche known as conch salad is very popular. It is prepared by marinating diced fresh conch in lime, chopped onions,  and bell pepper. Diced pequin pepper or Scotch bonnet pepper is often added for spice. In south Florida, it is common to encounter a variation to which tomato juice has been added.

Health risks
Bad sanitary conditions in its preparation may lead to illness. Aside from contaminants, raw seafood can also be the vector for various pathogens, viral and bacterial, as well as larger parasitic creatures. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration and studies since 2009, specific microbial hazards in ceviche include Anisakis simplex, Diphyllobothrium spp., Pseudoterranova decipiens and Pseudoterranova cattani, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes in raw seafood dishes such as ceviche. The Latin American cholera outbreaks in the 1990s may have been attributed to the consumption of raw cholera-infested seafood that was eaten as ceviche.

The American Dietetic Association urges women to avoid ceviche during pregnancy due to the health risks it introduces if not prepared properly.

See also

  marinated in vinegar, garlic and parsley eaten in Spain
 , cooked or raw fish or meats in an acidic marinade
 , sometimes referred to as "Philippine ceviche"

Notes

References

Bibliography

Bahamian cuisine
Belizean cuisine
Chilean cuisine
Citrus dishes
Colombian cuisine
Costa Rican cuisine
Ecuadorian cuisine
Fish dishes
Florida cuisine
Guatemalan cuisine
Mexican cuisine
National dishes
Nicaraguan cuisine
Panamanian cuisine
Peruvian cuisine
Pascuense cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Salvadoran cuisine
Uncooked fish dishes

Ceviche


Robert Charles Joseph Edward Sabatini Guccione ( ; December 17, 1930 – October 20, 2010) was an American photographer and publisher. He founded the adult magazine Penthouse in 1965. This was aimed at competing with Hugh Hefner's Playboy, but with more explicit erotic content, a special style of soft-focus photography, and in-depth reporting of government corruption scandals and the art world. By 1982 Guccione was listed in the Forbes 400 wealth list, and owned one of the biggest mansions in Manhattan. However, he made some extravagant investments that failed, and the growth of free online pornography in the 1990s greatly diminished his market. In 2003, Guccione's publishers filed for bankruptcy and he resigned as chairman.

Early life
Guccione was born in Brooklyn, New York, of Sicilian descent and raised Catholic in Bergenfield, New Jersey, the eldest child of Anthony, an accountant, and Nina, a housewife. An altar boy, he considered but rejected entering the priesthood. He attended high school at Blair Academy, a prep school in Blairstown, New Jersey.

In his teens, Guccione married his first wife, Lilyann Becker. The couple had a daughter, Tonina (1949-2020). The marriage failed, and he left his wife and child to go to Europe to be a painter. He eventually met an English woman, Muriel Hudson, moved to London with her, and married her. They had four children.

To support his family, Guccione managed a chain of laundromats until he got work as a cartoonist on an American weekly newspaper, The London American, while Muriel started a business selling pinup posters. He occasionally created cartoons for Bill Box's humorous greeting card company Box Cards.

Career
Penthouse began publication in 1965 in the United Kingdom and in North America in 1969, an attempt to compete with Hugh Hefner's Playboy. Although Playboy had always had a liberal bent and championed the Civil Rights Movement and other social justice causes, Guccione offered editorial content that was more sensational, and the magazine's writing was far more investigative than other men's magazines, with stories about government cover-ups and scandals. Writers such as Craig S. Karpel, James Dale Davidson and Ernest Volkman, as well as the critically acclaimed Seymour Hersh, exposed numerous scandals and corruption at the highest levels of the United States government. On the other hand, Playboy retained a certain conservatism and embraced mainstream American consumerism rather than rejecting it. During the late 1960s, feminist groups criticized the magazine for supporting women's liberation only in terms of making them free to engage in sexual relationships with men. While Playboy devoted extensive print to covering sports, one of Hugh Hefner's great passions, Guccione had no interest in them and never bothered discussing sporting events or athletes in Penthouse, instead preferring to cover the art world. The magazine was founded on humble beginnings. Owing to his lack of resources, Guccione personally photographed most of the models for the magazine's early issues.

As the magazine grew more successful, Guccione openly embraced a life of luxury; his former mansion at 14-16 East 67th Street on Manhattan's Upper East Side was said to be the largest private residence in the borough at . However, in contrast to Hugh Hefner, who threw wild parties at his Playboy Mansions, life at Guccione's mansion was remarkably sedate, even during the height of the sexual revolution in the 1970s. He reportedly once had his bodyguards eject a local radio personality who had been hired as a DJ and jumped into the swimming pool naked.

The magazine's pictorials offered more sexually explicit content than was commonly seen in most openly sold men's magazines of the era; it was the first to show female pubic hair, followed by full-frontal nudity and then the exposed vulva and anus. Up to the end of the 1960s, it was not acceptable to display anything more than a female's buttocks or breasts in mainstream publications and anything more risked obscenity charges. Only low-budget underground magazines displayed female genitals or explicit poses. However, the counterculture movement led to an increasingly liberated sexual attitude after which a series of court rulings struck down most legal restrictions on pornography. Penthouse has also, over the years, featured a number of authorized and unauthorized photos of celebrities such as Madonna and Vanessa Lynn Williams. In both cases, the photos were taken earlier in their careers and sold to Penthouse only after Madonna and Williams became famous. In Williams's case, this led to her forced resignation as Miss America 1984. The September 1984 issue in which Williams was first featured also included a layout with pornographic actress Traci Lords, who was only 15 when the photo shoot was done and was later revealed to be underage throughout most of her career. In the late 1990s, the magazine began to show more "fetish" content such as urination, bondage and "facials."

In the early 1970s, Guccione invested around US$45 million in construction of Haludovo Palace Hotel, a luxury hotel resort in Malinska on Krk Island near Rijeka on the northern Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia. He invested an additional $500,000 in advertisement. Despite Yugoslavia being nominally a communist country, it encouraged foreign investments. The entire project was designed by Yugoslav architect Boris Magaš and realized through Brodokomerc, a local company. Prior to that, the project needed to be authorized through a so-called workers' council, a process which Guccione described as "ridiculously easy". The hotel was officially opened in 1972. Staff included around 50 Penthouse Pets, and the guests included the former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. However, the hotel went bankrupt the very next year.

In 1976, Guccione used about US $17.5 million of his personal fortune to finance the controversial historical epic erotic film, Caligula, with Malcolm McDowell in the title role and a supporting cast including Helen Mirren, John Gielgud and Peter O'Toole. The film, released in late 1979, was produced in Italy (made at the Dear Studios in Rome) and was directed by Tinto Brass. Guccione also created the magazines  Omni, Viva, and Longevity. Later Guccione started Penthouse Forum which was more textual in content. In the early 2000s, Penthouse published a short-lived comic book spin-off entitled Penthouse Comix featuring sexually explicit stories.

In 1982, Guccione was listed in the Forbes 400 ranking of wealthiest people, with a reported $400 million net worth. An April 2002 New York Times article quoted Guccione as saying that Penthouse grossed $3.5 billion to $4 billion over the 30-year life of the company, with a net income of almost $500 million.

Awards and recognition
Guccione's editorial content was praised and recognized by some in the academic field. In 1975, for example, he was honored by Brandeis University for focusing "his editorial attention on such critical issues of our day as the welfare of the Vietnam veteran and problems of criminality in modern society."

Guccione was also praised by certain professional groups and associations for his dealings with them. In April 1978 he was named "Publisher of the Year" by the Atlantic Coast Independent Distributors Association in gratitude for his "leadership, his fair treatment and his continuing friendship with our members."

In 2013, director Barry Avrich made a film about Guccione's life entitled Filthy Gorgeous: The Bob Guccione Story. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2013. It was later broadcast in Canada on The Movie Network and Movie Central and in the United States on Epix in November 2013.

Decline and resignation
Several wildly unsuccessful investments by Guccione—including the Penthouse Boardwalk Hotel and Casino (which lost $160 million) and a (never-built) nuclear fusion power plant—added to his publishing empire's financial woes. Guccione's efforts to regain sales and notoriety, which included attempts to get Monica Lewinsky to pose for the magazine (which was parodied in a sketch on  Saturday Night Live in 1998) and offering the Unabomber a free forum for his views, failed to increase readership. With the rise of online access to (often free) pornography in the late 1990s, Penthouse's circulation numbers began to suffer even more.

In 2003, General Media, Penthouse publisher, filed for bankruptcy protection. Guccione resigned as chairman of the board and CEO of Penthouse International, Inc..

Legal dispute
In 2006, Guccione sued Penthouse Media Group for fraud, breach of contract, and conspiracy, among other charges. Some of the people named in the case included Marc Bell, Jason Galanis, Fernando Molina, and Daniel C. Stanton.

Other work
Guccione gave Anna Wintour her first job as a fashion editor at his magazine  Viva. He was an investor in the films Chinatown and The Day of the Locust.

Personal life

Family
Guccione's British raised son, Bob Guccione Jr. (born 1955), was given editorship of Spin, but father and son soon fell out over editorial decisions, and Bob Jr. eventually found independent investors to continue financing the magazine. They remained estranged for a long time, but reportedly reconciled before Guccione Sr.'s death in 2010.

Marriages
Guccione was married four times: he first married Lilyann Becker in his late teens. He married, secondly, to a British woman, Muriel Hudson, with whom he had four children. They divorced in 1979. His third marriage, in 1988, was to his long-time companion, Kathy Keeton, a native of South Africa. In 1997, Keeton died of complications from surgery to remedy an obstruction in her digestive tract after a long battle with cancer. She was 58. In her last few months, Keeton befriended an ex-model named April Dawn Warren, and gossip maintained that Warren was Keeton's hand-picked successor. After a long engagement, he and Warren wed in 2006 and they remained together until his death. Guccione continued to list Keeton on the Penthouse masthead posthumously as president, but later added Warren to the masthead after she had spent ten years as creative director of the magazine. Warren and Guccione were working on a book of reminiscences, Good to Know, until shortly before his death in 2010, at age 79. He died with Warren at his side.

Residence
Guccione brought artisans in from France and Italy to remodel the largest private residence in Manhattan (at 14-16 East 67th Street on the Upper East Side). As a tribute to Guccione, the artisans carved both his and his wife's faces into the marble columns near the entrance of the mansion. According to New York magazine, "It's one of the biggest private houses in Manhattan, with 30 rooms, and it costs $5 million a year to maintain."

In November 2003, the mansion was foreclosed on by Kennedy Funding of New Jersey, the mortgage holder, along with an affiliate of multibillion-dollar hedge fund Elliott Associates of New Jersey. In January 2004, a group of investors came to Guccione's aid during his eviction. A London-based investor, Jason Galanis, led the investment group which purchased the property for $26.5 million in cash. The house was purchased by NY Real Estate LLC, an entity set up to acquire the mansion. Galanis contributed $2.6 million, and two New York hedge funds, Laurus Funds and Alexandre Asset Management, made a mortgage loan of $24 million to NY Real Estate LLC, which was owned by Penthouse International, the parent and debtor-in-possession of General Media.

As a result of the continuing contentious bankruptcy, which lasted over a year, the promissory notes due to Laurus were considered in technical breach of covenants which resulted in severe financial penalties in excess of $8 million. Penthouse International elected to forgo refinancing the house due to the combination of the penalties and the unfavorable lifetime lease of $1 per year that was granted to Guccione, which made the property unmarketable. Laurus sued Guccione to take possession of the house from the tenant.

Guccione also lost his country house in Staatsburg, New York, as the 15-room Baroque-style stucco mansion on a 75-acre property on the Hudson River was foreclosed and sold for $4 million. The estate was purchased by actress Uma Thurman and hotelier André Balazs, and it is now known as Locusts on Hudson.

Art collection
Guccione was a painter whose art premiered at Nassau County Museum of Art as well as the Butler Institute of American Art. His art continues to hang in the Borghi Fine Art Gallery, is featured in the POBA - Where the Arts Live online collection, and is a part of the Filthy Gorgeous Media art collection. Bob Guccione was a world-renowned collector of fine art. Highlights of the Guccione collection included a portrait by Amedeo Modigliani and a Pablo Picasso portrait of the artist's son, Paulo. He owned paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Albrecht Dürer, El Greco, Marc Chagall, Salvador Dalí, Giorgio de Chirico, Edgar Degas, Fernand Léger, Gilbert Stone, Henri Matisse, Jules Pascin, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Georges Henri Rouault, Chaïm Soutine, and Vincent van Gogh.

The Guccione art collection was sold at auction by Sotheby's in November 2002 to pay Guccione's personal debts, originally incurred in the Atlantic City venture. The collection had been appraised by Christie's at $59 million two years prior. However, 9/11 had depressed the art market and the Guccione collection failed to sell for its appraised price. The aggregate sale price was $19 million, which was used to pay lender Swiss Re. Swiss Re sued Guccione in New York State Court for a $4 million shortfall on the loan balance. Much of the remaining personal collection of Bob Guccione's art, photographs, and memorabilia was acquired by entrepreneur Jeremy Frommer in early 2012. The acquisition included over 60 original Guccione Oils, as well as the original illustrations and photographs by artists such as Arthur Cummings, Bill Lee, Suze Randall, Earl Miller, Berth Milton Sr. and more. The highlight of the collection is the quarter of a million photographs that were taken by Bob Guccione, himself, throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The items obtained by Frommer were the inspiration for his company Jerrick Ventures LLC's creation of the website, Filthy Gorgeous Media, which debuted in June 2013.

Guccione had a history of leveraging his prized asset. He borrowed $20 million from AIG, the insurance company. Subsequently, they refinanced with Swiss Re Insurance.

Illness and death
By 2004, Guccione, a heavy smoker, had undergone surgery for throat cancer and stated: "My cancer was only a tiny tumor about the size of an almond at the base of my tongue. The cure is probably every bit as bad as the disease. It's affected my ability to swallow ... the mobility of my tongue ... it makes it very difficult for me to talk." Guccione was later diagnosed with terminal lung cancer and died on October 20, 2010, at the age of 79, at Plano Specialty Hospital in Plano, Texas, with his wife April at his side.

References

External links
 Bob Guccione profile; accessed October 9, 2014.
 Bob Guccione biography, biography.com; accessed October 9, 2014.
 Most Expensive Homes In America 2003, forbes.com; accessed October 9, 2014.
 Bob Guccione: Penthouse king laid low, bbc.co.uk; accessed October 9, 2014.

1930 births
2010 deaths
Adult magazine publishers (people)
American pornographers
American people of Italian descent
American photographers
American publishers (people)
Blair Academy alumni
Deaths from cancer in Texas
Deaths from lung cancer
Penthouse (magazine) people
American magazine founders
People from Bergenfield, New Jersey
People from Staatsburg, New York
Obscenity controversies in literature

Bob Guccione


Harare (afore 1982 kent as Salisbury) is the lairgest an caipital ceety o Zimbabwe. It haes an estimatit population o 1,600,000, wi 2,800,000 in its metropolitan aurie (2006).  Admeenistratively, Harare is an independent ceety equivalent tae a province.  It is Zimbabwe's admeenistrative, commercial, an communications centre. The ceety is a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, an citrus fruits. Manufactures include textiles, steel, an chemicals, an gowd is mined in the aurie. Harare is situatit at an elevation o 1483 metres (4865 feet) an its climate falls intae the warm temperate category.

Harare is the site o the University o Zimbabwe, the lairgest institution o hichter learnin in Zimbabwe, which is situatit aboot 5 km north o the ceety. Numerous suburbs surroond the ceety, retainin the names colonial administrators gave them durin the 19t century, such as Warren Park, Borrowdale, Munt Pleasant, Marlborough, Tynwald an Avondale.

Sister ceeties
  Nottingham, Unitit Kinrick
  Munich, Germany
  Prato, Italy
  Lago, Italy

Caipitals in Africae
Provinces o Zimbabwe
Populatit places in Zimbabwe
Populatit places established in 1890

Harare


Jor-El was a fictional Superman character who was the father of Superman who died in the planet of Krypton when it was destroyed. He knew his planet would be destroyed but when he told his leaders, they did not listen try or stop the destruction since they did not believe it was true. So he built a rocket and sent superman to earth so superman would not die when the planet was destroyed. Years later an artificial intelligence that Jor-el created helped his son to learn the true power he holds and helps him become Superman. He was married to Lara Lor-Van.

He was played by Marlon Brando in Superman and by Russell Crowe in Man of Steel.

Other websites
 Jor-El at Smallville Wiki
 Jor-El (Kryptonian) at Smallville Wiki

Kryptonians
Superman

de:Superman#Herkunftsgeschichte
sv:Lista över figurer i Stålmannens universum#Jor-El

Jor-El


The financial model for a start-up is an exercise in creativity and forward-thinking. It's an opportunity for entrepreneurs to let their imagination run wild, finally voicing their visions on paper. As startups are generally risky investments, the financial model is a tool that helps investors evaluate the venture before committing funds. The main purpose of the startup financial model is to show investors that your company can reach profitability within a reasonable time frame and make them enough money to justify their investment.

Importance
Financial modeling is an integral part of the startup world. You can use models to predict future growth, understand the impact of certain decisions, and help raise funding. It's also a great tool to see how sensitive your business is to certain assumptions. You can change certain inputs to see how they affect your bottom line or different stages in your model. Models are also good tools for learning about new industries and understanding valuations (if you're looking at acquiring another business).

Types
Financial models are mathematical representations of a financial situation. They can range from simple to complex, depending on the purpose and users of the model. Different model types are appropriate for different purposes, such as long-term strategic planning or annual budgeting.

A company may use several different types of models at the same time. For example, a company may have a long-term strategic plan that it uses to inform its capital investment decisions, but it will also create an annual budget model to plan out how much cash it expects to spend and earn over the course of the year.

Examples

 3 Statement Model
 DCF Model
 Industry-Specific Model

Financial modeling for startups
Financial modelling for startups is the creation of a financial representation of a startup business. It's used to forecast future cash flows and profitability.

Financial modelling is often used to assess a company's current financial health, its valuation and its potential for future growth. Financial modeling for startups is often used to prepare a document known as a pitch deck. This document is presented to investors and contains information such as: the company's business model, its target market, how it will make money, founders' backgrounds and its revenue projections.

A financial model is not complete without a full set of business assumptions that make up the model. These assumptions are typically broken down by revenue, cost of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, depreciation and amortization (D&A) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). The process of building a startup financial model is usually referred to as financial modeling.

References

Finance

Financial modelling


Rhoecus (or Rhaecus, Rhœcus, Rhæcus, Rhoikos) () was a Samian sculptor of the 6th century BCE. He and his son Theodorus were especially noted for their work in bronze. Herodotus says that Rhoecus built the temple of Hera at Samos, which was destroyed by fire c. 530 BCE. In the temple of Artemis at Ephesus was a marble figure of night by Rhoecus. His name has been found on a fragment of a vase which he dedicated to Aphrodite at Naucratis. His sons Theodorus and Telecles made a statue of the Pythian Apollo for the Samians.

Rhoecus was also the name of a centaur, who together with another centaur called Hylaeus, tried to rape Atalanta, but she killed them both.

References

6th-century BC Greek sculptors
Ancient Samians
Centaurs

Rhoecus


Adewale Ademoyega (died February 21, 2007) was one of the five revolutionary Nigerian Army Majors who led the 1966 coup that ended the first democratic Nigerian government.

Early life and education
Adewale was born in Ode Remo in present-day Ogun State in southwestern Nigeria. He earned a degree in history from the University of London. He was one of the first graduates that enrolled as an officer in the Nigerian Army along with Lieutenant Colonels Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu and Victor Banjo, and Majors Olufemi Olutoye, Emmanuel Ifeajuna, and Oluwole Rotimi in the 1966 Nigerian army. Adewale Ademoyega was the last graduate to be commissioned directly into the Nigerian Army Infantry.

The Biafra War
During the Biafran civil war, Adewale fought in the "Nigerian Liberation Army", a part of the Biafran army led by Lieutenant Colonel Banjo.

Major Ademoyega was released from detention by Biafran Head of State Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu,  on August 13, 1966. He then formed the Biafran 19th Battalion and subsequently took over for Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna, who also helped with the 1966 coup as the chief of staff of the Liberation Army. Unfortunately for Major Ademoyega, Ojukwu received some intelligence that some officer would overthrow him. Major Ademoyega was detained along with several officers and comrades. Several of these officers would later be shot by Biafran forces. Maybe Ademoyega was spared however as he truly had nothing to do with this. He was detained for the remainder of the civil war.

Ademoyega was briefly 'freed' after the war. However, Federal forces put him right back in detention for his participation as part of the Liberation Army.

He was finally released along with twenty others during the 1974 Independence Day amnesty.

Why We Struck
Major Adewale Ademoyega's book about the military coup d'état is regarded as one of the most authoritative regarding the first Nigerian coup. He at length cleared some confusions on the happenings, and countered some rumours with valid proofs.

Death
Adewale Ademoyega died on February 21, 2007, after being ill for sometime.

References

Nigerian Army officers
Living people
Yoruba military personnel
Alumni of the University of London
Year of birth missing (living people)

Adewale Ademoyega


Jugoton was the largest record label and chain record store in the former Yugoslavia based in Zagreb, SR Croatia.

History
Jugoton was formed in 1947. It is notable for releasing some of the most important former Yugoslav pop and rock records. In addition, the company owned a widespread network of record shops across SFR Yugoslavia.

The company changed its name to Croatia Records in 1991, after Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia.

Artists
Jugoton notable for signing numerous eminent former Yugoslav pop and rock acts. Some of the artists that have been signed to Jugoton include:

Aerodrom
Ansambel bratov Avsenik
Silvana Armenulić
Atomi
Azra
Đorđe Balašević
Bele Vrane
Beograd
Halid Bešlić
Bezobrazno Zeleno
Bijele Strijele
Bijelo Dugme
Biseri
Borghesia
Bulevar
Cacadou Look
Crni Biseri
Crvena Jabuka
Crveni Koralji
Zdravko Čolić
Dah
Daltoni
D' Boys
Delfini (Split band)
Delfini (Zagreb band)
Denis & Denis
Devil Doll
Divlje Jagode
Dorian Gray
Dubrovački trubaduri
Du Du A
Dino Dvornik
Električni Orgazam
Faraoni
Film
Garavi Sokak
Grešnici
Griva
Grupa Marina Škrgatića
Grupa 220
Hari Mata Hari
Haustor
Hobo
Idoli
Indexi
Ibrica Jusić
Kameleoni
Tereza Kesovija
Kontraritam
Korni Grupa
Laboratorija Zvuka
Laki Pingvini
Leb i Sol
Josipa Lisac
Oliver Mandić
Đorđe Marjanović
Srđan Marjanović
Seid Memić
Slađana Milošević
Zana Nimani
Oko
Opus
Osmi Putnik
Parni Valjak
Partibrejkers
Pekinška Patka
Petar i Zli Vuci
Plavi Orkestar
Prljavo Kazalište
Profili Profili
Rani Mraz
Riblja Čorba
Rokeri s Moravu
Sanjalice
September
Slomljena Stakla
Ivica Šerfezi
Srebrna Krila
S Vremena Na Vreme
Šarlo Akrobata
Tajči
Time
Neda Ukraden
U Škripcu
YU Grupa
Zabranjeno Pušenje
Zana
Zlatni Dečaci
Zlatni Prsti
Žeteoci

Jugoton also released the influential compilation album Paket aranžman. Many artists that represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest were signed with Jugoton, including the 1989 winners Riva.

Like other former Yugoslav labels, Jugoton also had a licence to release foreign titles for the Yugoslav market including notable international popular music stars such as:  Rick Astley, The Beatles, David Bowie, Kate Bush, Deep Purple, Eurythmics, Iron Maiden, Kraftwerk, John Lennon, Madonna, Gary Moore, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, Pink Floyd, Public Image Limited, Queen, The Rolling Stones, Scorpions, U2, Whitesnake, Kim Wilde and others.

Competition
Other major labels in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were: PGP-RTB and Jugodisk from Belgrade, Suzy from Zagreb, Diskoton from Sarajevo, ZKP RTLJ from Ljubljana, Diskos from Aleksandrovac, and others.

Legacy

Yugonostalgia

Jugoton, as an important part of the former Yugoslav culture is one of the subjects of Yugonostalgia.

The former Jugoton record shop located in the main shopping mall in Skopje (Gradski Trgovski Centar), North Macedonia, still operates under the same name managed by the Macedonian record label Lithium Records.

An example of different kind is the online radio and web tv station called Jugoton which operates in the Yugoslav diaspora in Vienna, Austria. It plays music from the former Yugoslavia, but also from all the contemporary former Yugoslav countries, including pop, rock and folk. However, it is not formally related to the actual Jugoton, and not all the Yugoslav artists represented in its program were really signed to the label.

Yugoton

Yugoton is a Polish tribute album to the former Yugoslav rock scene released in 2001. Its title is a nod to Jugoton.

See also
List of record labels

References

External links
Croatia Records official website

Croatian record labels
Yugoslav record labels
Croatian music history
Yugoslav rock music
Record labels established in 1947
Record labels disestablished in 1990
1947 establishments in Yugoslavia
Companies based in Zagreb
State-owned record labels

Jugoton


The Sobel operator, sometimes called the Sobel–Feldman operator or Sobel filter, is used in image processing and computer vision, particularly within edge detection algorithms where it creates an image emphasising edges. It is named after Irwin Sobel and Gary M. Feldman, colleagues at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). Sobel and Feldman presented the idea of an "Isotropic 3 × 3 Image Gradient Operator" at a talk at SAIL in 1968. Technically, it is a discrete differentiation operator, computing an approximation of the gradient of the image intensity function. At each point in the image, the result of the Sobel–Feldman operator is either the corresponding gradient vector or the norm of this vector. The Sobel–Feldman operator is based on convolving the image with a small, separable, and integer-valued filter in the horizontal and vertical directions and is therefore relatively inexpensive in terms of computations. On the other hand, the gradient approximation that it produces is relatively crude, in particular for high-frequency variations in the image.

Formulation
The operator uses two 3×3 kernels which are convolved with the original image to calculate approximations of the derivatives – one for horizontal changes, and one for vertical. If we define A as the source image, and Gx and Gy are two images which at each point contain the horizontal and vertical derivative approximations respectively, the computations are as follows:

where  here denotes the 2-dimensional signal processing convolution operation.

Since the Sobel kernels can be decomposed as the products of an averaging and a differentiation
kernel, they compute the gradient with smoothing. For example,  can be written as

The x-coordinate is defined here as increasing in the "right"-direction, and the y-coordinate is defined as increasing in the "down"-direction.  At each point in the image, the resulting gradient approximations can be combined to give the gradient magnitude, using:

Using this information, we can also calculate the gradient's direction:

where, for example,  is 0 for a vertical edge which is lighter on the right side (for  see atan2).

More formally

Since the intensity function of a digital image is only known at discrete points, derivatives of this function cannot be defined unless we assume that there is an underlying differentiable intensity function that has been sampled at the image points.  With some additional assumptions, the derivative of the continuous intensity function can be computed as a function on the sampled intensity function, i.e. the digital image.  It turns out that the derivatives at any particular point are functions of the intensity values at virtually all image points.  However, approximations of these derivative functions can be defined at lesser or larger degrees of accuracy.

The Sobel–Feldman operator represents  a rather inaccurate approximation of the image gradient, but is still of sufficient quality to be of practical use in many applications.  More precisely, it uses intensity values only in a 3×3 region around each image point to approximate the corresponding image gradient, and it uses only integer values for the coefficients which weight the image intensities to produce the gradient approximation.

Extension to other dimensions
The Sobel–Feldman operator consists of two separable operations:
 Smoothing perpendicular to the derivative direction with a triangle filter:
 Simple central difference in the derivative direction:

Sobel–Feldman filters for image derivatives in different dimensions with  :

1D:

2D:

2D:

3D:

3D:

4D:

Thus as an example the 3D Sobel–Feldman kernel in z-direction:

Technical details

As a consequence of its definition, the Sobel operator can be implemented by simple means in both hardware and software: only eight image points around a point are needed to compute the corresponding result and only integer arithmetic is needed to compute the gradient vector approximation.  Furthermore, the two discrete filters described above are both separable:

and the two derivatives Gx and Gy can therefore be computed as

In certain implementations, this separable computation may be advantageous since it implies fewer arithmetic computations for each image point.

Applying convolution K to pixel group P can be represented in pseudocode as:

N(x,y) =  Sum of { K(i,j).P(x-i,y-j)}, for i,j running from -1 to 1.

N(x,y) represents the new matrix resulted  after applying the Convolution K to P, where P is pixel matrix.

Example

The result of the Sobel–Feldman operator is a 2-dimensional map of the gradient at each point. It can be processed and viewed as though it is itself an image, with the areas of high gradient (the likely edges) visible as white lines. The following images illustrate this, by showing the computation of the Sobel–Feldman operator on a simple image.

The images below illustrate the change in the direction of the gradient on a grayscale circle. When the sign of  and  are the same the gradient's angle is positive, and negative when different. In the example below the red and yellow colors on the edge of the circle indicate positive angles, and the blue and cyan colors indicate negative angles. The vertical edges on the left and right sides of the circle have an angle of 0 because there is no local change in . The horizontal edges at the top and bottom sides of the circle have angles of − and  respectively because there is no local change in . The negative angle for top edge signifies the transition is from a bright to dark region, and the positive angle for the bottom edge signifies a transition from a dark to bright region. All other pixels are marked as black due to no local change in either  or , and thus the angle is not defined. Since the angle is a function of the ratio of  to  pixels with small rates of change can still have a large angle response. As a result noise can have a large angle response which is typically undesired. When using gradient angle information for image processing applications effort should be made to remove image noise to reduce this false response.

Alternative operators

The Sobel–Feldman operator, while reducing artifacts associated with a pure central differences operator, does not exhibit a good rotational symmetry (about 1° of error).  Scharr looked into optimizing this property by producing kernels optimized for specific given numeric precision (integer, float…) and dimensionalities (1D, 2D, 3D). Optimized 3D filter kernels up to a size of 5 x 5 x 5 have been presented there, but the most frequently used, with an error of about 0.2° is:

This factors similarly:

Scharr operators result from an optimization minimizing weighted mean squared angular error in the Fourier domain. This optimization is done under the condition that resulting filters are numerically consistent. Therefore they really are derivative kernels rather than merely keeping symmetry constraints. The optimal 8 bit integer valued 3x3 filter stemming from Scharr's theory is

A similar optimization strategy and resulting filters were also presented by Farid and Simoncelli. They also investigate higher-order derivative schemes. In contrast to the work of Scharr, these filters are not enforced to be numerically consistent.

The problem of derivative filter design has been revisited e.g. by Kroon.

Derivative filters based on arbitrary cubic splines was presented by Hast. He showed how first and second order derivatives can be computed correctly using cubic or trigonometric splines by a double filtering approach giving filters of length 7.

Another similar operator that was originally generated from the Sobel operator is the Kayyali operator, a perfect rotational symmetry based convolution filter 3x3.

Orientation-optimal derivative kernels drastically reduce systematic estimation errors in optical flow estimation. Larger schemes with even higher accuracy and optimized filter families for extended optical flow estimation have been presented in subsequent work by Scharr. Second order derivative filter sets have been investigated for transparent motion estimation. It has been observed that the larger the resulting kernels are, the better they approximate derivative-of-Gaussian filters.

Example comparisons
Here, four different gradient operators are used to estimate the magnitude of the gradient of the test image.

See also
 Digital image processing
 Feature detection (computer vision)
 Feature extraction
 Discrete Laplace operator
 Prewitt operator

References

External links

 Sobel edge detection in OpenCV
 Sobel Filter, in the SciPy Python Library
 Bibliographic citations for Irwin Sobel in DBLP
Sobel edge detection example using computer algorithms

Feature detection (computer vision)

Sobel operator


In mathematics, a condensation point p of a subset S of a topological space is any point p such that every neighborhood of p contains uncountably many points of S. Thus "condensation point" is synonymous with "-accumulation point".

Examples
If S = (0,1) is the open unit interval, a subset of the real numbers, then 0 is a condensation point of S.
If S is an uncountable subset of a set X endowed with the indiscrete topology, then any point p of X is a condensation point of X as the only neighborhood of p is X itself.

References

 Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd Edition, Chapter 2, exercise 27
 John C. Oxtoby, Measure and Category, 2nd Edition (1980),
 Lynn Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr., Counterexamples in Topology, 2nd Edition, pg. 4

Mathematical objects
Topology

Condensation point


In Tuamotu mythology, Vahieroa marries Matamata-taua or Tahiti-to'erau, and on the night of the birth of their son, the great Tuamotuan hero, Rata, the parents go fishing and are snatched away by the demon bird belonging to Puna, king of Hiti-marama, "an island north of Pitcairn and Elizabeth but long since swallowed in the sea."

The bird Matatata'ota'o bites off the chief's head and swallows it whole. The wife is placed head downward as a food holder in the house of Puna's wife Te-vahine-hua-rei (Beckwith 1970:261).

See also
Vahi-vero
Wahieroa - Māori
Wahieloa - Hawaii
Vahieroa (Tahitian mythology)

References
M. Beckwith, Hawaiian Mythology (University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu) 1970.

Tuamotu mythology

Vahieroa (Tuamotu mythology)