The common bream (Abramis brama), also known as the freshwater bream, bream, bronze bream,  carp bream or sweaty bream, is a European species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is now considered to be the only species in the genus Abramis.

Range and habitat
The common bream's home range is Europe north of the Alps and Pyrenees, as well as the Balkans. They are found as far east as the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aral Sea. The common bream lives in ponds, lakes, canals, and slow-flowing rivers.

Description
The bream is usually  long, though some specimens of  have been recorded; it usually weighs . Its maximum length is , the record weight exceeds .

The common bream has a laterally flattened and high-backed body and a slightly undershot mouth. It has a bright silver colouration, though older fish can be bronze-coloured, especially in clear waters. The fins are greyish to black, but never reddish.

Similar-looking fish

The common bream can easily be confused with the silver or white bream (Blicca bjoerkna), in particular at the younger stages (see picture). The most reliable method of distinguishing these species is by counting the scales in a straight line downwards from the first ray of the dorsal fin to the lateral line. Silver bream have fewer than 10 rows of scales, while common bream have 11 or more. At the adult stage the reddish tint of the pectoral fin of the silver bream is diagnostic. Like other Cyprinidae, common bream can easily hybridise with other species, and hybrids with roach (Rutilus rutilus) can be very difficult to distinguish from pure-bred bream.

Immature specimens could also be confused with other European breams, such as the two Ballerus species or Vimba vimba.

Habitat

The common bream generally lives in rivers (especially in the lower reaches) and in nutrient-rich lakes and ponds with muddy bottoms and plenty of algae. It can also be found in brackish sea waters.

Feeding habits
The common bream lives in schools near the bottom. At night common bream can feed close to the shore and in clear waters with sandy bottoms feeding pits can be seen during daytime. The fish's protractile mouth helps it dig for chironomid larvae, Tubifex worms, bivalves, and gastropods. The bream eats water plants and plankton, as well.

In very turbid waters, common bream can occur in large numbers, which may result in a shortage of bottom-living prey such as chironomids. The bream are then forced to live by filter feeding with their gill rakers, Daphnia water fleas being the main prey. As the fish grows, the gill rakers become too far apart to catch small prey and the bream will not then grow bigger than .  If a common bream is malnourished, it can develop a so-called "knife back", a sharp edge along its back.

Spawning

The common bream spawns from April to June, when water temperatures are around . At this time, the males form territories within which the females lay 100,000 to 300,000 eggs on water plants. The fry hatch after three to 12 days and attach themselves to water plants with special adhesive glands, until their yolk is used up.

Because of their slender shape, the young fish are often not recognised as bream, but they can be identified by their flat bodies and silvery colour. At this stage, the fish are still pelagic, but after a few months, they acquire their typical body shape and become bottom-dwellers. By three to four years old, the fish are sexually mature.

Fishing

The freshwater bream is not generally caught for consumption. Common Bream are popular with sport and match fishermen. However, bream are not as hard fighting as most other fish native to the UK, as due to their flat, disc-shaped profile they are relatively easy to bring to the bank.
Bream will eat most baits, especially:
 Sweetcorn - two or three grains hooked or hair-rigged.
 Maggots/worms - two or three straight on the hook.
 Boilies - the large mouths of Bream will devour most boilies

Bream can be caught in rivers or lakes, with generous use of groundbait to attract the shoals. They are not shy fish. Float fishing on the bottom is another technique used. Ledgering (using just a lead weight to hold the bait down) with a cage feeder full of bait, often works better on larger rivers and lakes.

 the current European record common bream, caught with rod & reel, is , caught in the United Kingdom.

See also
 Bream (disambiguation)

References

External links

ITIS 163666

Abramis
Freshwater fish of Europe
Fish of Europe
Fish of the Caspian Sea
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Common bream


The William Brooks Farm, also known as the Washington Stanley Farm, is a farmsite located at 3521 Big Beaver Road in Troy, Michigan.  It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

History
Washington Stanley was born in Shaftsbury, Vermont in 1807. There he married a young wife, Lydia, and in 1826 moved with his wife and widowed mother to this site. He built a log cabin and began farming. Washington and Lydia Stanley had six children over the next 15 years, and when Lydia died, Stanley remarried Catherine Elisha Barringer in Macomb, Michigan, on 16 Feb 1842. In 1852, Stanley built the two-story fieldstone house that sits on the site.  Stanley died in 1873 and the farm passed to his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Frank Ford.

The Fords continued to farm the property, and in 1911 their daughter, Alta Ford Peabody, sold the farm to William Brooks.  The Brooks family used it as a dairy until 1960, when they sold most of the property to developers.  The Brooks family continued to live in the house until the mid-1970s, when they sold it to the Kresge Foundation.  The Foundation continues to use the property as their headquarters, and has connected the original farmhouse and barn with a modern addition in 2006.

Description
The William Brooks Farm consists of a farmhouse and various outbuildings, including a machine shop with a smokehouse, hog barns, dairy barns, a milk house, a silo, and a corn crib.  The farmhouse is a well-preserved two-story fieldstone Greek Revival structure built on a rectangular plan with side gables.  The windows are six-over-six anes with shutters. The front facade has a single-story, columned porch with Gothic detail, and the date of construction (1852) is carved into a stone block above the east-side window.  A covered porch is built on the rear.

References

Further reading

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Houses completed in 1852
Buildings and structures in Troy, Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Houses in Oakland County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Oakland County, Michigan
1826 establishments in Michigan Territory

Brooks Farm


Ryan Anthony Brown (born 15 March 1985) is an English former footballer who played as a left-back.

Starting his professional career with Port Vale in 2003, he played 44 first team games before being released not long after his 20th birthday. He spent a season with Leek Town before he switched to Northwich Victoria. He spent four years with Victoria, before switching to Altrincham in 2010. He switched to Stafford Rangers in January 2012 before making his return to Leek Town in November 2013. He signed with Kidsgrove Athletic in October 2014.

Career
Signed up to the Port Vale youth team since age nine, he made his senior debut for the club against Bristol City on 3 May 2003, and turned professional at Vale Park under Brian Horton three months later. After a further 41 appearances in league and cup games he was released by manager Martin Foyle in May 2005 after slipping below Craig James in the first team pecking order. Following a season in the Northern Premier League Premier Division with Leek Town, he was signed by Conference National newcomers Northwich Victoria in June 2006. In April 2008 he signed a two-year extension to his contract. However he was soon transfer listed and told he had no future at the club, though in October 2008 the club's leadership changed their mind on this matter. At the end of the season Victoria were relegated back into the Conference North.

With Northwich facing expulsion to the Northern Premier League, in February 2010 Brown joined Conference club Altrincham on loan, and the switch was made permanent in the summer. He suffered relegation with the club at the end of the 2010–11 season, which left both he and the club in the Conference North for the 2011–12 campaign. Outside of football, he worked as an engineer in his native Stoke. In January 2012, he left Altrincham to sign for Stafford Rangers of the Northern Premier League Premier Division. Rangers finished 16th in 2011–12 and 15th in 2012–13. He re-signed with Leek Town, now in the Northern Premier League Division One South, in November 2013. He helped the "Blues" to a third-place finish in 2013–14, securing a place in the play-offs, where they were knocked out by Belper Town at Harrison Park. He joined league rivals Kidsgrove Athletic in October 2014. The "Grove" finished 20th in the Northern Premier League Division One South in the 2014–15 campaign, 15th in the 2015–16 season, 12th in the 2016–17 season and 18th in the 2017–18 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English engineers
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Port Vale F.C. players
Leek Town F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
Kidsgrove Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players

Ryan Brown (footballer)


Nichole Ellyse Nordeman (born January 3, 1972) is an American contemporary Christian singer and songwriter.

Biography
Nordeman was raised in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where she played the piano in church. She got her start when she entered a Gospel Music Association (GMA) contest in Los Angeles, California and was noticed by a music producer.

She has won multiple GMA Dove Awards, including two awards for Female Vocalist of the Year. Her best-known songs include "Why", "This Mystery", "Holy", "Legacy", "Brave", and "What If". She also sang a song on the soundtrack Music Inspired by the Chronicles of Narnia, called "I Will Believe".

During 2006 and 2007, Nordeman wrote an editorial column for CCM Magazine called "Loose Ends . . . Confessions of an Unfinished Faith." She recorded the album Brave after giving birth to her son Charlie. Nordeman released the greatest hits album Recollection: The Best of Nichole Nordeman on March 6, 2007 featuring two new songs: "Sunrise" and "Finally Free".

Her song, "Real to Me" was featured on the video game Thrillville.

Her song "Crimson" on the album Brave is composed of original lyrics written by Nordeman sung over Chopin's Prelude in E min. Op 28.

Her song "Hold On (Love Will Find You)" was recorded by Paul Brandt for his album Risk, released in 2007.

Nordeman co-wrote the song "Forever Now" with American singer-songwriter David Wilcox.  "Forever Now" is on Wilcox's Airstream album, released in the US on February 26, 2008. She also co-wrote the song "Stained Glass Masquerade" with Casting Crowns' front man Mark Hall. The song appears on Casting Crowns' second album 'Lifesong' which was released on August 30, 2005.

She also wrote and recorded the song "Beautiful for Me" for the VeggieTales movie entitled: "Sweetpea Beauty", released mid-2010.

In 2011, Nordeman was approached to create a concept album for Zondervan's The Story campaign, in which churches nationwide go through nearly the entire Bible in one school year. Nordeman accepted and wrote 17 songs written from a first person perspective of characters of the Bible and applying them to today. This collection, Music Inspired by The Story, featured 24 popular contemporary Christian music artists and debuted at No. 11 on Billboards Hot Christian Albums chart in September 2011.

On May 18, 2015, Nordeman announced that she was working on a new album, The Unmaking. In a series of videos released recently she performed a series of stripped-down fan favorite songs.

Discography

Wide Eyed (1998)
This Mystery (2000)
Woven & Spun (2002)
Brave (2005)
Every Mile Mattered (2017)
 Fragile (2019)

Books
Love Story, Worthy Publishing (August 2012)

Slow Down—Embracing the Everyday Moments of Motherhood, Thomas Nelson Publishing (August 2017)

Awards
In 2003, Nordeman won four Dove Awards including Female Vocalist of the Year, Song of the Year, Songwriter of the Year, and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year all for her song for "Holy".

Nordeman has been nominated for two Dove Awards for Female Vocalist of the Year in the years 2006 and 2007.

References

External links

1972 births
Musicians from Colorado Springs, Colorado
American women pop singers
Christian music songwriters
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Texas
American performers of Christian music
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers
Singer-songwriters from Colorado

Nichole Nordeman


This was the first time that a daughter of the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua married with a Tuʻi Tonga. This would from now on strengthen the links between the two families. Kalo-afu-tonga was the first māʻitaki. The word is clearly related to the Sāmoan tama'itaʻi (lady).

Campbell's spelling her name as Kaluafotonga must be a mistake.

Kaloafūtonga/en


CODASYL, the Conference/Committee on Data Systems Languages, was a consortium formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language that could be used on many computers. This effort led to the development of the programming language COBOL, the CODASYL Data Model, and other technical standards.

CODASYL's members were individuals from industry and government involved in data processing activity.  Its larger goal was to promote more effective data systems analysis, design, and implementation.  The organization published specifications for various languages over the years, handing these over to official standards bodies (ISO, ANSI, or their predecessors) for formal standardization.

History

CODASYL is remembered almost entirely for two activities: its work on the development of the COBOL language and its activities in standardizing database interfaces. It also worked on a wide range of other topics, including end-user form interfaces and operating system control languages, but these projects had little lasting impact.

The remainder of this section is concerned with CODASYL's database activities.

In 1965 CODASYL formed a List Processing Task Force. This group was chartered to develop COBOL language extensions for processing collections of records; the name arose because Charles Bachman's IDS system (which was the main technical input to the project) managed relationships between records using chains of pointers. In 1967 the group renamed itself the Data Base Task Group (DBTG), and its first report in January 1968 was entitled COBOL extensions to handle data bases.

 In October 1969 the DBTG published its first language specifications for the network database model which became generally known as the CODASYL Data Model. This specification in fact defined several separate languages: a data definition language (DDL) to define the schema of the database, another DDL to create one or more subschemas defining application views of the database; and a data manipulation language (DML) defining verbs for embedding in the COBOL programming language to request and update data in the database. Although the work was focused on COBOL, the idea of a host-language independent database was starting to emerge, prompted by IBM's advocacy of PL/I as a COBOL replacement.

In 1971, largely in response to the need for programming language independence, the work was reorganized: development of the Data Description Language was continued by the Data Description Language Committee, while the COBOL DML was taken over by the COBOL language committee. With hindsight, this split had unfortunate consequences. The two groups never quite managed to synchronize their specifications, leaving vendors to patch up the differences. The inevitable consequence was a lack of interoperability among implementations.

A number of vendors implemented database products conforming (roughly) to the DBTG specifications: the best-known implementations were Honeywell's— originally General Electric's— Integrated Data Store (IDS/2), HP's IMAGE, Cullinet's Integrated Database Management System IDMS, ICL's 2900 IDMS (derived from Cullinet's product), Univac's DMS-1100, and Digital Equipment Corporation's DBMS for VMS (later known as Oracle Codasyl DBMS). Cullinet, originally known as Cullinane Database Systems, obtained the technology from B.F. Goodrich.  Cullinet was eventually sold to Computer Associates, which as of 2007 still sells and supports a version of IDMS.

ANSI and ISO adopted the CODASYL database specifications under the name Network Database Language (NDL), with work taking place within the same working group (X3H2) as SQL standardization. An ISO standard for NDL was ratified as ISO 8907:1987, but, as it never had any practical effect on implementations, it was formally withdrawn in 1998.

Some of the CODASYL committees continue their work today, but CODASYL itself no longer exists.  The records of CODASYL were donated to the Charles Babbage Institute.  CBI also hold the archival records for American National Standards Institute X3H2 records.

Interest in CODASYL gradually faded due to growing interest in relational databases beginning in the early 1980s.

See also
 Navigational database
 T. William Olle

References

Further reading
The Codasyl Approach to Data Base Management. T. William Olle. Wiley, 1978. .
 The Codasyl Model. J. S. Knowles and D. M. R. Bell, in Databases - Role and Structure, ed. P. M. Stocker, P. M. D. Gray, and M. P. Atkinson, CUP, 1984.
 Joseph M. Hellerstein and Michael Stonebraker "Readings in Database Systems", The MIT Press 2005 Page 8, , Library of Congress Control Number: 2004113624,

External links
Conference on Data Systems Languages Records, 1959-1987 {CODASYL}. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  CODASYL was a volunteer organization consisting of individuals from industry and government involved in data-processing activity. The organization was formed in 1959 to guide the development of a standard programming language, which led to the development of COBOL.  Collection contains minutes, correspondence, reports, documentation for COBOL, Nice Standard Control Language (NICOLA), the Journal of Development, and other publications from several CODASYL committees and task groups.
Conference on Data Systems Languages {CODASYL} Survey Report, 1968. "The CODASYL Systems Committee 1968 Survey of Data Base Systems" lists several dozen database systems surveyed by the group that created the CODASYL database standard.
American National Standards Institute. X3H2 records, 1978-1995. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.  The ANSI X3H2 Committee, formed May 1978, was originally charged with creating a standard for the CODASYL network data model. The resulting NDL (network database language) standard was finished in 1982. The committee work on standardizing the relational data model resulted in the SQL (structured query language) standard in 1984.

COBOL
Data modeling languages
History of software

CODASYL


Interlachen is a town in Putnam County, Florida, United States. The population was 1,403 at the 2010 census. The town is part of the Palatka Micropolitan Statistical Area and was named by a gentleman named Mr. Berkelmann from Germany who lived in Interlachen when the town was being incorporated. He said that since the town was located between 2 lakes and there were more than 28 lakes in the town, Interlachen, which means "between the lakes" would be an appropriate name.

Geography

Interlachen is located at  (29.622709, –81.894680).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which  is land and  (10.08%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,475 people, 537 households, and 381 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 616 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 78.44% White, 6.10% African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 11.19% from other races, and 3.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.83% of the population.

There were 537 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.9% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,962, and the median income for a family was $34,375. Males had a median income of $24,886 versus $17,841 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,920.  About 26.9% of families and 27.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.9% of those under age 18 and 18.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education

 Robert H. Jenkins, Jr. Elementary School (formerly known as Interlachen Elementary School until 2021)
 Interlachen High School (merged with C.H. Price Middle School and reverted back to previous name of Interlachen Jr.-Sr. High School in 2021)

History

From 1852 until 1892, the area was known as "Blue Pond". When the Florida Southern Railway came through Interlachen in the 1870s, the area opened up to settlers. The town developed economically as a winter vacation spot and citrus growing area. The town of Interlachen was incorporated in 1888. The Hastings Seed House was organized in 1889, moving to Atlanta, Georgia ten years later. In 1891, the Interlachen Town Hall burned down. Another was built to replace it the following year and it still stands—now housing a museum—and is also used as a place for presentations for certain festivals. When the Great Freeze hit in 1895, the town's tourism and citrus sharply declined. In 1895, Interlachen Academy was built; it is the oldest wooden school house in continuous use in Florida, which now serves as the location of the Interlachen High School's JROTC program. In 1926, Interlachen first gained electricity and Route 14, now State Road 20, was constructed through Interlachen. In the 1930s a train came through the town every two hours. But in 1969, with the decline of railroads, the Interlachen Railroad depot was razed. Currently, a caboose sits in the middle of the town as a reminder of the tourist haven the town once was.

References

External links

Town of Interlachen

Towns in Putnam County, Florida
Towns in Florida

Interlachen, Florida


The Taylor-Grady House, also known as the Henry W. Grady House, is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 634 Prince Avenue in Athens, Georgia, United States.  Built in the 1840s, this Greek Revival house is notable as the only known surviving home of Henry W. Grady (1850–89), managing editor of the Atlanta Constitution and a leading force in the reintegration of the American South in the Reconstruction Era that followed the American Civil War.  The house is operated by the Junior League of Athens, which offers tours and rentals for private events.

Description and history
The Taylor-Grady House is located in central Athens, at the northwest corner of Prince and Grady Avenues, set on a generously sized landscaped lot.  It is a rectangular two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof that is obscured by a parapet-like entablature that wraps around three sides.  The roof extends beyond the main bulk of the house on those three sides to form a gallery, which is supported by thirteen massive fluted Doric columns.  The building interior follows a center-hall plan, and retains a significant amount of interior finishes, including woodwork, plaster, and fireplace mantels.

The house was built in the mid-1840s for General Robert Taylor, an Irish immigrant, plantation owner, and leader of the state militia.  In 1863 the house was purchased by William S. Grady, who lived here with his family until 1872.  Grady's son Henry was at that time a child, but harbored fond memories of the house.  Grady achieved national prominence as the managing editor of the Atlanta Constitution, which became a major regional newspaper during his tenure.  In 1886, he gave a widely reprinted speech urging harmonious relations between northern and southern states, and encouraging northern investment to industrialize the South.  Grady is sometimes credited with promoting the phrase "New South" as a way to express these notions about the South.

The house was purchased by the City of Athens in 1966,  and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.  The Junior League of Athens maintains the house, which is open for rental for special occasions and for tours.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Clarke County, Georgia

References

External links

The Taylor-Grady House historical marker

National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in Georgia (U.S. state)
Historic house museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses in Athens, Georgia
Museums in Clarke County, Georgia
Tourist attractions in Athens, Georgia
National Register of Historic Places in Clarke County, Georgia

Henry W. Grady House


The W. C. Baker House is an airplane bungalow located at 301 E. Commerce in the city of Altus, Oklahoma. The house was built in 1917 for the sister of William Clarence Baker; however, Baker bought the house shortly afterward. Baker owned a local machine shop and cotton gin, and he served on Altus' original city council. The house has a typical airplane bungalow plan with a small second story above a low, multi-component first-floor roof, a design reminiscent of an airplane's cockpit. The house's design also includes many characteristic features of the Craftsman style, including overhanging eaves and exposed rafter tails. The porch features battered columns supporting its roof and decorative stickwork in its gable, both of which are typical Craftsman elements.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 16, 2005.

References

Houses in Jackson County, Oklahoma
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Bungalow architecture in Oklahoma
American Craftsman architecture in Oklahoma
1917 establishments in Oklahoma
Houses completed in 1917
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Oklahoma

W. C. Baker House


Saint Demetrius-Balș Church () is a Romanian Orthodox church located at 14 Decembrie 1989 Street, nr. 15, in Iași, Romania. It is dedicated to Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki.

The church was built in 1690 by medelnicer Ionașcu Balș (1663-1738). Belonging to the Moldavian style, it was devastated by fire in 1723; the blaze began in a nearby brick workshop or, according to other sources, in the church itself. Balș and his son Lupu rebuilt the church, adding stone walls and a new roof. Initially, the building was entered through an open terrace on the south side; its remnants can still be seen in the stonemasonry. There was a niche with an icon of Saint Demetrius, now partly hidden by a window. In 1781, a foyer was added on the western side, with a bell tower above. At that point, the entrance was moved to the west, through the closed foyer under the tower, while the other door was shut up behind a wall. For a long time, members of the Balș family financed the church, which had a separate administration, even though it was a filial of the Saint George-Lozonschi Church. Various princes of Moldavia, particularly members of the Mavrocordatos family, offered gifts to the parish.

In 1857, a grave was built for the Balș family in the vestibule, gathering remains from the cemetery in the churchyard. In 1900, eight headstones of the family were brought in from the cemetery and placed in the foyer walls. Five are in the Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, two in Greek and one is almost completely effaced. The plate for the crypt, made of Carrara marble, was vandalized by an individual who removed the Greek letters of gilt metal. A professor attempted to decipher the inscription in 1902, but could only make out a few words. At that point, another plaque was set up; the refurbishment was carried out by Gheorghe Balș.

Damaged by fire and earthquakes over time, the church was restored in 1897 by administrator Mihail Balș, following the plans of architect Iancu Catargiu. This is mentioned in a dedication above the entrance, and at the same time, a white marble plate with the names of several deceased was also installed. Serious repairs were undertaken in 1948-1952 in order to fix damage caused during World War II. New renovations took place in 1994-1998; the iconostasis was repaired and the interior was repainted in neo-Byzantine fresco. The church has two bells from 1690 and 1692, while the iconostasis was carved in classic Baroque around 1800.

The church is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.

Notes

Historic monuments in Iași County
Romanian Orthodox churches in Iași
Churches completed in 1690
1690 establishments in the Ottoman Empire

Saint Demetrius-Balș Church


Alan Henry Boswell (8 August 1943 – 24 August 2017) was an English football goalkeeper who made 479 league and cup appearances in a 12-year career in the English Football League. He was born in Walsall, England.

He began his career at Walsall in 1961, before moving on to Shrewsbury Town in 1963. He spent five years at the club, before winning a move to First Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1968. The next year he moved on to Bolton Wanderers, before signing with Port Vale in July 1972. He left Vale Park in May 1974, and later turned out for Oswestry Town.

Boswell died on 24 August 2017 at the age of 74.

References

1943 births
2017 deaths
English footballers

Alan Boswell


Founded in 1992 the Museum of Mining and Gothic Art Leogang ist located in Hütten, Leogang,Zell am See District, in the Austrian Province of Salzburg.

Its mission is to honor the 3000 years long mining tradition of the region. The museum's collection consists of mining exhibits and Gothic art. In the Middle Ages the mining profits were invested in Gothic art. The museum makes this connection visible upholding the motto flourishing mine equals flourishing art. Acquisition and exhibition priorities focus on sacred Gothic art. The Museum of Mining and Gothic Art Leogang exhibits works of art from its own collection as well as loan objects from renowned art museums and collectors.

Collection
The end of the Middle Ages was the heyday of mining in the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, even more so in Leogang. Thanks to the mining profits outstanding works of art could be commissioned which today rank among the finest Gothic art treasures in the world. The museum displays these treasures in twenty exhibitions on 1000 square meters of exhibition space, presenting the wealth of the archbishopric.

The Prayer Nut of Mary of Burgundy

One of the collection highlight is Mary of Burgundy´s Prayer nut. When
travelling Mary of Burgundy, once the wealthiest woman in Europe, child of Charles the Bold and wife of Maximilian of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor, used this miniature sculpture inside a sphere of boxwood as a pocket shrine attached to her rosary. The prayer nut is the size of a walnut and opens into two halves of
finely carved reliefs. The upper half of the prayer nut shows Maximilian of
Austria with the archducal coronet and Mary of Burgundy. They kneel in prayer in front of Saint George, the patron saint of the House of Habsburg. Saint Catherine with her attribute, the sword, John the Evangelist with the chalice and Saint Barbara with the tower occupy the lower half. The prayer nut is depicted on the cover of the Hours of Mary of Burgundy.

The Restitution of a Medieval Cross from Limoges

A Limoges enamel cross was donated to the museum. It dates to about 1200 and had been made in the earliest European enamel technique in Limoges, in the South of France. In collaboration with the Bavarian National Museum, the Museum of Mining and Gothic Art Leogang found out that the cross was looted art from the Polish princely family Czartoryski. It had been brought to Salzburg during World War II. The cross was of course restituted to the rightful owners without
recompense.

Directors
 1992 – 2022: Hermann Mayrhofer (amongst other awards he received the Polish Decoration of Honor Meritorious for Polish Culture and the Grand Order of Merit of the Province of Salzburg)
 2022 to present: Andreas Herzog

Special exhibition
2023 Romanesque Art
2022 Gothic Treasures– The Vogl-Reitter Collection
2022 Box Thalers – History in Coins
2019 Beautiful Madonnas #Salzburg. Cast Stone around 1400
2014: Gothic Madonnas on a Lion
2013: Gold and silver in the Archbishopric of Salzburg
2011: Leopold in Leogang - Rudolf Leopold Gothic Collection
2008 800 Years of Coined History. Coins of the Archbishopric of Salzburg
2005 Anton Faistauer. Tradition and the Modern
2003 Virgin Mary. Light in the Middle Ages
2000 Mining Patron Saints: Gothic Sculpture in the Alps

Awards
2021 Nominated for the European Museum of the Year Award
2003 Austrian Seal of Quality for Museums
2003 Museum Award of the Province of Austria

References

External links

 Wikipedia article in German
 Mission Statement
 Video presentation

Mining museums in Austria
Museums in Salzburg (state)

Mining and Gothic Museum


The situation of human rights in East Asia varies between the region's countries, which differ in history and political orientation, as well as between contexts within each country. Issues such as refugees fleeing East Timor, the Cambodian killing fields and freedom of speech in Singapore are just a few of the well-known human rights conflicts that have arisen in East Asian countries. The subject of human rights in East Asia is still highly topical at the present time.

History
Pre 1948

To completely understand Eastern Asia's early history, in relation to human rights, it is important to establish context. Academic experts have argued that it could be said Asia has no early history of 'human rights', as the term was created by western civilization. When western civilization's approach issues surrounding human rights, these rights are applicable to all individuals within all groups of people in society, and equal treatment is considered fundamental, regardless of socioeconomic status or relationship with the state. It is fair to say that most western people consider themselves entitled to human rights, while in Eastern Asian countries, there is no such expectation of these entitlements. The significant difference appears to stem from Eastern Asian countries focusing more on a person's basic duties than basic rights. The basic duties of an individual tend to rise from that persons socio-economic status.

1948 – present

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was implemented on 10 December 1948 by the United Nations. Therefore, we have officially witnessed 68 years of the United Nations approaching human rights issues on a global scale. The declaration was created after the end of World War II and was the first worldwide acknowledgement of the rights each individual human being is entitled to. When the UDHR was first created the United Nations was only made up of 51 member states, but after the surge of decolonisation's, beginning in the late 1940s, the UN is now made up of 193 nations. Since 1948, many Eastern Asian countries who were formally colonised have since achieved independence and have joined the UN, therefore acknowledging the UDHR and other major human rights treaties. There is currently no human rights body governing the Eastern Asian region, however the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) issued the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration in 2012.

ASEAN Human Rights Declaration

The first five articles of ASEAN Human Rights Declaration refer specifically to rights of individual people, and especially support the idea of human rights being an expectation to "women, children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, migrant workers, and vulnerable and marginalised groups". It is also noteworthy that Article 10 the declaration directly affirms the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, although this initially appeared to be a positive move by the ASEAN, the commission has recently come under criticism from international human rights groups due to a lack of action from the ASEAN governments when it comes to enacting the declaration. It has even been suggested the declaration was made with no genuine intentions behind it for true endorsement.

Asian Human Rights Commission

The Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) was founded in 1984 and continues to be an active, outspoken group who intend to promote human rights throughout Asia. The group is particularly interesting as it is completely independent from any state, and acts with the sole intention of promoting awareness on topical human rights issues within Asia. AHRC have stated "Many Asian states have guarantees of human rights in their constitutions, and many of them have ratified international instruments on human rights. However, there continues to be a wide gap between rights enshrined in these documents and the abject reality that denies people their rights. Asian states must take urgent action to implement the human rights of their citizens and residents."

Human-rights controversy in East Asia

Differences to Western Civilization

When looking at the different approaches western and eastern civilizations take to human rights, a former senior minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew said this: "The Confucianist view of order between subject and ruler helps in the rapid transformation of society ... in other words, you fit yourself into society – the exact opposite of the American rights of the individual. I believe that what a country needs to develop is discipline more than democracy. Democracy leads to undisciplined and disorderly conditions." Generally speaking, western people are more suspicious of their powerful government officials. Selfless, uncorrupted government officials are considered a rarity rather than norm and theories of people in power being involved in bribery or fraud are all too often proven true. Western civilization has a political history based around the people overcoming struggles to take their freedom, which is considered by most to be an innate right of human beings. Eastern Civilization's tend to take a different approach to their relationship with the state, with the people holding their state officials in a higher esteem. Leaders in East Asian countries are generally believed to be honourable and of superior intellect to the majority of the population. Historically speaking, even some of the most autocratic leaders of Eastern countries have been voted back into office by their own people. This holds true with the concept that western people are more concerned with their own rights, whilst eastern civilization focuses more on their duties to the state. Individuals in Eastern Asian countries may complain about their leaders in private, but mass protests are uncommon and the sense of trust is their governments usually remains intact. It could be said that East Asia promotes the concept that individual independences may need to be sacrificed in order for the country to maintain a state of prosperity and order. Advocacy groups, international establishments, and Western governments tended to emphasize civil and political rights, such as freedoms of speech, assembly, and the press, exactly the types of rights most likely to create political hostilities. Demands for human rights protections were often made simultaneously with demands for democratization. Asian governments pushed back by emphasising the united economic, social, and cultural rights such as entitlements to education, health, and decent standards of living.

Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is unfortunately on the increase in Asian countries. Women and children appear to be the most vulnerable to become the victims of this black market trade. They are generally trafficked with the intention of being used for commercial sex, domestic work, and construction work. Children are also in demand for factory or farm work or in the entertainment sector. Trafficking amounts to a severe breach of human rights, victims are obviously forced into situations unwillingly, suffer physical and mental abuse and social stigmatization. Traffickers target families who are socioeconomically poor. Human trafficking in the area of Eastern Asia is a very serious problem, especially in Southeast Asia, and one of the region's biggest human rights issues. Human trafficking is not just a problem in the Asian region, it appears to grow as a black market sector in areas that suffer from poverty, yet are also affected by globalisation, meaning many areas of the world are being affected by a rise in the trade. A mix of disadvantaged individuals placed underprivileged situations and manipulative people in a position of wealth and power create an environment for trafficking to develop. Many eastern nationals have attempted to take measures to end trafficking within their country by increasing security measures and imposing harsher penalties on traffickers, but so far attempts have been largely unsuccessful. In 2014 a study was conducted which established approximately two thirds of the victims of human trafficking were from the Asian region.

Women's Human Rights in Asia

Introduced over twenty years ago, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of the United Nations (Women's Convention) is the first and most extensive international treaty addressing the human rights of women. The implementation of the Women's Convention by the UN General Assembly in 1979 signifies a crucial breakthrough in the international acknowledgement of the cause of women's rights. Many Asian nations, developed or third world, have consistently breached women's rights. These include, "trafficking of prostitutes, bride burning, crimes against women and exposure to sexually transmitted diseases." Some states that have acknowledged and ratified the convention are still failing to conduct themselves in accordance with the regulations, often due to  Cultural relativism. Women's groups in Eastern Asia appear to be facing an unfavorable struggle in their battle against the discrimination, mainly due to lack of public awareness that the Women's Convention is applicable in their home country. Many Asian women are not aware of the possible protection they could seek under international human rights law. This also relates to many other gender identity human rights issues faced by individuals in Asian countries. While it does appear that progress is being made, many Eastern Asian countries still are falling short of what is required by the 1979 Women's Convention.

See the following for more details on each country:
 China
 Hong Kong SAR
 Macau SAR
 Japan
 Mongolia
 North Korea
 South Korea
 Taiwan

See also
List of human rights articles by country
Human rights in Europe
Human rights in the United States
Human rights in Central Asia
Cambodia Human Rights Portal (Sithi)
Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR)

References

Human rights by region
Politics of East Asia

Human rights in East Asia


George Kokines (November 17, 1930 – November 26, 2012) was an American painter, active in Chicago and New York City from the early 1960s until his death in 2012.

Life

Kokines was an alumnus of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

In 1966, he relocated to Greenwich Village, Manhattan.  He maintained a studio in SoHo through the 1970s and worked at two Soho artist bars, the Broome Street Bar and Fanelli's.  Later studios were located in Long Island City (in Queens) and lower Manhattan, where he witnessed firsthand the collapse of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.  This event affected his life and his work for the remaining years of his life.

Kokines died of leukemia at his home in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, on  November 26, 2012.

Work

His large and colorful abstract expressionist oil paintings earned notice in the early 1960s, especially in Chicago. In 1962, he won the Art Institute  of Chicago Mr and Mrs Frank G. Logan Art Institute Prize at the annual Chicago and Vicinity annual exhibition.  Although described as an abstract expressionist, Kokines told an interviewer "All contemporary painting should defy description." Kokines's paintings from this period were noted for their "fierce movement and polyphonic complexity" and "organic surrealist overtones." His paintings and drawings were featured in several group and solo shows in Chicago galleries,. and was included in the Whitney Museum Annual Contemporary Painting show in 1963.

There was a local censorship scandal in Chicago when the Chicago Public Library Cultural Center removed his paintings from display after a library visitor complained that they were obscene. Others defended the paintings, which were purchased by Hugh Hefner.

In the 1980 and 90s, Kokines used textured surfaces out of cement and plaster onto which he painted or scratched images and writing. "Painting is the way of creating a visual writing that stimulates an inner knowing before it can be put into words." In the late 1990s, Kokines produced a series of paintings called Etudes, featuring organic plant-like forms in containers painted on top of black and white lithographs of a piano.

Among Kokines's final works is a group of panels based on the events of September 11, 2001, which he witnessed firsthand.  The series was shown together in 2011 in Elgin, Illinois.  About these paintings, he said, "I wanted a memorial, not an autopsy. I didn't want to be in the disaster business."

References

Further reading

The ABC's of Illinois Censorship, 1965  McCoy, Ralph E. Illinois Libraries, 48:372-77, May 1966. M37

 Happenings Micheal Kirby, E.F. Dutton Co.,Inc. 1965, pp 255
Abstract Painting Book 111 Margaret Harold, Allied Publications Inc.
American Art 1963, University of Illinois, 1963

External links

1930 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Painters from Chicago
American abstract artists
20th-century American male artists

George Kokines


Acacia inaequilatera, commonly known as kanji bush, baderi,  camel bush, fire wattle, kanyji bush or ranji bush is a tree  in the family Mimosaceae.  Endemic to Australia, it is widely distributed in the semi-arid Triodia country eastwards from Karratha, Western Australia into the Northern Territory.

Description
Kanji bush is a gnarled tree or shrub with a single trunk, corky bark, spiny foliage and stems. It grows to a height of between  but can reach as high as . It has thick, rough, corky, dark grey to black coloured bark on the main trunk that is often scarred by fire. Like most Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are a blue-grey colour, with a curved midrib and a short spine at the tip. There is also a pair of curved spines at the base of each leaf. The leathery phyllodes have an asymmetrically ovate to elliptic shape. They are  in length and  wide and the apex terminates in a needle-sharp tip. Unusually for Acacia species, the flowers are not pure yellow, but rather yellow with a reddish purple centre. The flowers occur between May and October. are held in spherical clusters about  in diameter. The pods are flat and curved, up to  long and  wide. They can be strongly curved to coiled and are raised high over the seeds and slightly constricted between. The pods have a pale maroon colour when young but deepen to a mid-brown or pinkish-purplish brown as they age. The dull dark brown seeds within are arranged longitudinally oblique within the pod. Each seed has a length of  and has an obloid to globose shape.

Kanji bush is very fire tolerant and colonises rapidly after a bushfire. It is able to regenerate from or and resprout from the base or epicormically It is short-lived, lasting less than ten years.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Karel Domin in 1926 in the work Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens as published in Bibliotheca Botanica. It was reclassified as Racosperma inaequilaterum in 2003 and transferred back to the genus Acacia in 2006. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word inaequilatera meaning with unequal sides, referring to the very asymmetric phyllodes. A. inaequilerata is closely related to Acacia trudgeniana and has inflorescences and phyllodes resembling those of Acacia marramamba, it is also often confused with Acacia pyrifolia.

Distribution
It has a scattered distribution throughout arid areas of the north western tip of South Australia, the south western parts of the Northern Territory and the Pilbara and southern parts of the Kimberley regions of Western Australia where it is found on rocky hillsides, stony hills and plains growing in sandy to loamy stony soils. It is often part of tall shrubland communities with a spinifex understorey.

Uses
Indigenous Australians used the seeds of the plant as raw bush tucker or after roasting over a fire or grinding the seeds into a flour and preparing as damper. After grinding the seeds can also be used to make a beverage resembling coffee. The seeds, as for most Acacia are quite nutritious and contain around 26% protein, 2% carbohydrate and 9% fat
Acacia seeds are highly nutritious and contain around 26% protein, 26% available carbohydrate, 32% fibre and 9% fat. An edible gum also exudes from the trunk and branches. The bark was also used for medicinal purposes to treat skin complains and sores by boiling in water or using the ash from burning it in fire. The tannins leached out of the bark in water make an astringent solution which were taken to treat diarrhoea and dysentery.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

External links

inaequilatera
Flora of the Northern Territory
Acacias of Western Australia
Fabales of Australia
Plants described in 1926
Taxa named by Karel Domin

Acacia inaequilatera


Olatokunbo Susan Olasobunmi Abeke "Toks" Olagundoye  (born 16 September 1975)  is a Nigerian actress. She is known for her role as Hayley Shipton in Castle, Jackie Joyner-Kersee in the ABC TV sitcom The Neighbors, Mel Medarda in the animated Netflix series Arcane, Countless Cleo in Carmen Sandiego, Nanefua Pizza  in Steven Universe, and Olivia Finch in the Paramount+ sitcom Frasier.

Early life
Olatokunbo Susan Olasobunmi Abeke Olagundoye was born on 16 September 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria, to a Nigerian father and a Norwegian mother. As a youth, she was educated in Nigeria, Switzerland, and England. She received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in theatre from Smith College.

Career
Olagundoye made her screen debuts on both TV and the big screen in 2002; in an episode of the television series The Education of Max Bickford; and in the film Brown Sugar  later that same year. She appeared opposite Ruby Dee in an off-Broadway production Saint Lucy's Eyes in April 2001, and in 2005 she cofounded the theater company Three Chicks Theatre, which produced Andrea Lepcio's One Nation Under in 2008. Olagundoye has guest-starred on Ugly Betty, Law & Order, CSI: NY, Switched at Birth, NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service and Prime Suspect. Her film credits include A Beautiful Soul, Come Back to Me, Absolute Trust and The Salon.

In 2012 Olagundoye was cast as a series regular in the ABC comedy series The Neighbors, playing the part of Jackie Joyner-Kersee until the series was canceled after two seasons in 2014. She later had starring roles in the two television pilots: Feed Me, opposite Mary-Louise Parker for NBC; and Amazon's Salem Rogers, co-starring with Leslie Bibb. In 2015, Olagundoye joined the main cast for the final season of the ABC comedy-drama Castle, in the role of British former MI6 operative Hayley Shipton, who joins Castle's P.I. firm.

From 2017 to 2021, she voiced Bentina Beakley for the 2017 reboot of DuckTales. In 2019 Olagundoye had a recurring role on the final season of Veep playing Senator Kemi Talbot. Olagundoye does the voice acting for Mel Medarda in Arcane: League of Legends (2021). In 2021, she had a recurring role on the ABC series The Rookie, and in 2022 was cast as one of the leads in the ABC revival of L.A. Law.

Personal life
On May 16, 2015, Olagundoye married Sean Quinn, whom she met on Twitter, after several years of dating. They have a son together.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

See also

 List of Yoruba people
 List of Nigerian actresses

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
20th-century Nigerian actresses
21st-century Nigerian actresses
Actresses from Lagos
Nigerian expatriate actresses in the United States
Nigerian film actresses
Nigerian people of Norwegian descent
Nigerian television actresses
Nigerian video game actresses
Nigerian voice actresses
Smith College alumni
Yoruba actresses
Actors in Yoruba cinema

Toks Olagundoye


The 1911 Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indian Industrial School as an independent during the 1911 college football season. Led by tenth-year head coach Pop Warner, the Indians compiled a record of 11–1 and outscored opponents 298 to 49. The season included one of the greatest upsets in college football history. Against Harvard, Jim Thorpe scored all of the Indians' points in a shocking upset over the period powerhouse, 18–15. The only loss for Carlisle came at the hands of Syracuse the following week, 12–11. Walter Camp selected Thorpe first-team All-American. One source claims Thorpe was "recognized as the greatest player of the year and a man whose kicking is likely to revolutionize the game." College Football Hall of Fame members on the team include Thorpe, Gus Welch, and  William "Lone Star" Dietz.

Schedule

Players

Line

Backfield

See also
 1911 College Football All-America Team

References

Carlisle
Carlisle Indians football seasons
Carlisle Indians football

1911 Carlisle Indians football team


Charles XII, sometimes Carl XII () or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.), was King of Sweden (including current Finland) from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of Wittelsbach. Charles was the only surviving son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder. He assumed power, after a seven-month caretaker government, at the age of fifteen.

In 1700, a triple alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony–Poland–Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of Holstein-Gottorp and provinces of Livonia and Ingria, aiming to draw advantage as the Swedish Empire was unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the Great Northern War. Leading the Swedish army against the alliance, Charles won multiple victories despite being significantly outnumbered. A major victory over a Russian army some three times the size in 1700, at the Battle of Narva, compelled Peter the Great to sue for peace, an offer that Charles subsequently rejected. By 1706, Charles, now 24 years old, had forced all of his foes into submission including, in that year, a decisively devastating victory by Swedish forces under general Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld over a combined army of Saxony and Russia at the Battle of Fraustadt. Russia was now the sole remaining hostile power.

Charles's subsequent march on Moscow met with initial success as victory followed victory, the most significant of which was the Battle of Holowczyn where the smaller Swedish army routed a Russian army twice the size. The campaign ended with disaster when the Swedish army suffered heavy losses to a Russian force more than twice its size at Poltava. Charles had been incapacitated by a wound prior to the battle, rendering him unable to take command. The defeat was followed by the Surrender at Perevolochna. Charles spent the following years in exile in the Ottoman Empire before returning to lead an assault on Norway, trying to evict the Danish king from the war once more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. Two campaigns met with frustration and ultimate failure, concluding with his death at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718. At the time, most of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated in the subsequent Treaty of Nystad. The result was the end of the Swedish Empire, and also of its effectively organized absolute monarchy and war machine, commencing a parliamentary government unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by Gustav III.

Charles was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well as an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. As for his famous reluctance towards peace efforts, he is quoted by Voltaire as saying upon the outbreak of the war: "I have resolved never to start an unjust war but never to end a legitimate one except by defeating my enemies". With the war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children. He was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora, who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and opted to surrender the throne to her husband Friedrich of Hesse-Kassel, who became King Frederick I of Sweden.

Royal title

His title in full as the king of Sweden was as follows:

The Sovereign and Supreme Lord, His Majesty, Charles XII, by the Grace of God, King of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends;  Grand Prince of Finland;  Duke of Uppland, Västergötland, Småland, Östergötland, Skåne, Södermanland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Northern Finland, Southern Finland, Estonia, Livonia, Karelia, Bremen, Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, Rostock, Kassuben and Wenden;  Count to Hälsingland, Närke, Värmland, Bohuslän, Dalsland, Halland, Blekinge, Gotland, Öland, Ångermanland, Westrobothnia, Gästrikland, Jämtland, Medelpad, Tavastland, Nyland, Ostrobothnia, Åland, Ösel, Savolax and Lapland;  Prince of Rügen;  Lord of Ingeria, Kexholm, Wismar and Narva;  so and Count Palatine by the Rhine;  Duke in Bavaria;  Count of Zweibrücken—Kleeburg;  as well as Duke of Jülich, Cleves and Berg;  Count of Veldenz, Sponnheim and Ravensberg;  Lord of Ravenstein etc. etc.. etc...

The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XII does not mean that he was the 12th king of Sweden by that name. Swedish kings Erik XIV (1560–1568) and Charles IX (1604–1611) gave themselves numerals after studying a mythological history of Sweden. He was actually the 6th King Charles.

Great Northern War

Early campaigns

Around 1700, the monarchs of Denmark–Norway, Saxony (ruled by elector August II of Poland, who was also the king of Poland-Lithuania) and Russia united in an alliance against Sweden, mainly through the efforts of Johann Reinhold Patkul, a Livonian nobleman who turned traitor when the "great reduction" of Charles XI in 1680 stripped much of the nobility of lands and properties. In late 1699, Charles sent a minor detachment to reinforce his brother-in-law Duke Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp, who was attacked by Danish forces the following year. A Saxon army simultaneously invaded Swedish Livonia, and in February 1700 surrounded Riga, the most populous city of the Swedish Empire. Russia also declared war (August 1700), but stopped short of an attack on Swedish Ingria until September 1700.

Charles's first campaign was against Denmark–Norway, ruled by his cousin Frederick IV of Denmark. For this campaign Charles secured the support of England and the Netherlands, both maritime powers concerned with Denmark's threats too close to the Sound. Leading a force of 8,000 and 43 ships in an invasion of Zealand, Charles rapidly compelled the Danes to submit to the Peace of Travendal in August 1700, which indemnified Holstein.
Having forced Denmark–Norway to make peace within months, King Charles turned his attention upon the two other powerful neighbors, King August II (cousin to both Charles XII and Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway) and Peter the Great of Russia, who also had entered the war against him, ironically on the same day that Denmark came to terms.

Russia had opened their part of the war by invading the Swedish-held territories of Livonia and Estonia. Charles countered this by attacking the Russian besiegers at the Battle of Narva (November 1700). The Russians outnumbered the Swedish army of ten thousand men by almost four to one. Charles attacked under cover of a blizzard, effectively splitting the Russian army in two and won the battle. Many of Peter's troops who fled the battlefield drowned in the Narva River. The total number of Russian fatalities reached about 10,000 at the end of the battle, while the Swedish forces lost 667 men.

Charles did not pursue the Russian army. Instead, he turned against Poland-Lithuania, which was formally neutral at this point, thereby disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament. Charles defeated the Polish king Augustus II and his Saxon allies at the Battle of Kliszow in 1702 and captured many cities of the Commonwealth. After the deposition of Augustus as king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Charles XII put Stanisław Leszczyński as his puppet on the Polish throne (1704).

Russian resurgence

While Charles won several decisive battles in the Commonwealth and ultimately secured the coronation of his ally Stanisław Leszczyński and the surrender of Saxony, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great embarked on a military reform plan that improved the Russian army, using the effectively organized Swedes and other European armies as role models. Russian forces managed to penetrate Ingria, where they established a new city, Saint Petersburg. Charles planned an invasion of the Russian heartland, allying himself with Ivan Mazepa, Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks. The size of the invading Swedish army was peeled off as Charles left Leszczyński with some 24,000 German and Polish troops, departing eastwards from Saxony in late 1707 with some 35,000 men, adding a further 12,500 under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt marching from Livonia. Charles left the homeland with a defense force of approximately 28,800 men, with a further 14,000 in Swedish Finland, as well as other garrisons in the Baltic and German provinces.

After securing his "favorite" victory in the Battle of Holowczyn, despite being outnumbered over three to one by the new Russian army, Charles opted to march eastwards on Moscow rather than try to seize Saint Petersburg, founded from the Swedish town of Nyenskans five years earlier. Peter the Great managed, however, to ambush Lewenhaupt's army at Lesnaya before Charles could combine his forces, thus losing valuable supplies, artillery and half of Lewenhaupt's men. Charles' Polish ally, Stanisław Leszczyński, was facing internal problems of his own. Charles expected the support of a massive Cossack rebellion led by Mazepa in Ukraine, with estimates suggesting Mazepa was able to muster about 40,000 troops. However, the Russians subjugated the rebellion and destroyed its capital, Baturin, before the arrival of the Swedish troops. The harsh climate took its toll as well, because Charles marched his troops to winter camp in Ukraine.

By the time of the decisive Battle of Poltava, in July 1709, Charles had been wounded, one-third of his infantry was dead, and his supply train had been destroyed. The king was incapacitated by a gunshot wound to the foot and was unable to lead the Swedish forces. With the numbers of Charles' army reduced to some 23,000, with many wounded or involved on the siege of Poltava, his general Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld had a clearly inferior force to face the fortified and modernized army of Tsar Peter, with some 45,000 men. The Swedish assault ended in disaster, and the king fled south to the Ottoman Empire with a small entourage, and set up camp at Bender with some 1,000 of his Caroleans ("Karoliner" in Swedish). The remainder of the army surrendered days later at Perevolochna under Lewenhaupt's command, most of them (including Lewenhaupt himself) spending the rest of their days in Russian captivity.

The Swedish defeat at Poltava marked the downfall of the Swedish Empire, as well as the founding of the Russian Empire.

Exile in the Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans initially welcomed the Swedish king, where he went to Abdurrahman Pasha, the commander of the Özü Castle, as he was about to fall into the hands of the Russian army, and he was able to take refuge in the castle at the last moment. Afterward, he settled in Bender at the invitation of its governor, Ağa Yusuf Pasha.

In the meantime, Charles sent Stanislaw Poniatowski and  as his messengers to Constantinople. They managed to indirectly contact with Gülnuş Sultan, mother of Sultan Ahmed III, who became intrigued by Charles, in which she took an interest in his cause, and even corresponded with him in Bender.

His expenses during his long stay in the Ottoman Empire were covered by the Ottoman state budget, as part of the fixed assets (Demirbaş in Turkish), hence his nickname Demirbaş Şarl (Fixed Asset Charles) in Turkey.

Eventually, a small village named Karlstad (Varnița) had to be built near Bender to accommodate the ever-growing Swedish population there.

Gülnuş Sultan convinced her son to declare war against Russia, as she thought that Charles was a man worth taking a risk for. Later on, the Ottomans and Russians signed the Treaty of the Pruth and Treaty of Adrianople to end the hostilities between them. The treaties dissatisfied the pro-war party, supported by King Charles and Stanislaw Poniatowski who failed to reignite the conflict.

However, the Sultan Ahmed III's subjects in the empire eventually got tired of Charles' scheming. His entourage also accumulated huge amounts of debts with Bender merchants. Eventually, "crowds" of townspeople attacked the Swedish colony at Bender and Charles had to defend himself against the mobs and the Ottoman Janissaries involved. This uprising was called "kalabalık" (Turkish for crowd) which afterward found a place in Swedish lexicon referring to a ruckus. The Janissaries did not shoot Charles during the skirmish at Bender, but captured him and put him under house-arrest at Dimetoka (nowadays Didimoticho) and Constantinople. During his semi-imprisonment the King played chess and studied the Ottoman Navy and the naval architecture of the Ottoman galleons. His sketches and designs eventually led to the famous Swedish war ships Jarramas (Yaramaz) and Jilderim (Yıldırım).

Meanwhile, Russia and Poland regained and expanded their borders. Great Britain, an adversary of Sweden, defected from its alliance obligations while Prussia attacked Swedish holdings in Germany. Russia occupied Finland (the Greater Wrath 1713–1721). After defeats of the Swedish army, consisting mainly of Finnish troops in the Battle of Helsinki (1713), the Battle of Pälkäne 1713 and the Battle of Storkyro 1714, the military, administration and clergymen escaped from Finland, which fell under Russian military regime.

During his five-year stay in the Ottoman Empire, Charles XII corresponded with his sister (and eventual successor), Ulrika Eleonora. According to Mrs. Ragnhild Marie Hatton, a Norwegian-British historian, in some of those letters Charles expressed his desire for a peace treaty which would be defensible in the future Swedish generations' eyes.  However, he emphasized that only a greater respect for Sweden in Europe would enable him to achieve such a peace treaty.  Meanwhile, the Swedish Council of State (government) and Estates/Diet (Parliament) tried to keep the beleaguered Sweden somehow organized and independent.  Eventually, in the autumn of 1714, their warning letter reached him.  In it, those executive and legislative bodies told the absentee King that unless he quickly returned to Sweden, they would independently conclude an achievable peace treaty with Russia, Poland and Denmark. This stark admonition prompted Charles to rush back to Sweden.

Charles traveled back to Sweden with a group of Ottomans, soldiers such as escorts and businessmen to whom he promised to repay his debts during his stay in the Ottoman Empire, but they had to wait several years before that happened. According to the prevailing church law in Sweden at that time, all who lived in the country, but were not members of the Swedish state church, would be baptized. In order for the Jewish and Muslim creditors to avoid this, Charles wrote a "free letter" so that they could practice their religions without being punished. The soldiers chose to remain in Sweden instead of difficult trips home. They were called "Askersson" (the word asker in Turkish means soldier). However, there are accounts implying that following the long stay for Charles to repay his debts, they got paid and left the country.

Pomerania and Norway

Charles agreed to leave Constantinople and returned to Swedish Pomerania. He made the journey on horseback, riding across Europe in just fifteen days. He traveled across the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary to Vienna and arrived at Stralsund. A medal with Charles on horseback, his long hair flying in the wind, was struck in 1714 to commemorate the speedy ride. It reads Was sorget Ihr doch? Gott und Ich leben noch. (What worries you so? God and I live still.).

After five years away, Charles arrived in Sweden to find his homeland at war with Russia, Saxony, Hannover, Great Britain and Denmark. Sweden's western enemies attacked southern and western Sweden while Russian forces traveled across Finland to attack the Stockholm district. For the first time, Sweden found itself in a defensive war. Charles' plan was to attack Denmark by striking at her possessions in Norway. It was hoped that by cutting Denmark's Norwegian supply lines the Danes would be compelled to withdraw their forces from Swedish Scania.

Charles invaded Norway in 1716 with a combined force of 7,000 men. He occupied the capital of Christiania, (modern Oslo), and laid siege to the Akershus fortress there. Due to a lack of heavy siege cannons he was unable to dislodge the Norwegian forces inside. After suffering significant losses of men and materiel, Charles was forced to retreat from the capital on 29 April. In the following mid-May, Charles invaded again, this time striking the border town of Fredrikshald, now Halden, in an attempt to capture the fortress of Fredriksten. The attacking Swedes came under heavy cannon fire from the fortress and were forced to withdraw when the Norwegians set the town of Fredrikshald on fire. Swedish casualties in Fredrikshald were estimated at 500 men. While the siege at Fredrikshald was underway, the Swedish supply fleet was attacked and defeated by Tordenskjold in the Battle of Dynekilen.

In 1718, Charles once more invaded Norway. With a main force of 40,000 men, he again laid siege to the fortress of Fredriksten overlooking the town of Fredrikshald. Charles was shot in the head and killed during the siege, while he was inspecting trenches. The invasion was abandoned, and Charles' body was returned to Sweden. A second force, under Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, marched against Trondheim with 10,000 men but was forced to retreat. In the march that ensued, many of the 5,800 remaining men perished in a severe winter storm.

Death
While in the trenches close to the perimeter of the fortress on 30 November (11 December New Style), 1718, Charles was struck in the head by a projectile and killed. The shot struck the left side of his skull and exited from the right. He died instantly.

The definitive circumstances around Charles's death remain unclear. Despite multiple investigations of the battlefield, Charles's skull and his clothes, it is not known where and when he was hit, or whether the shot came from the ranks of the enemy or from his own men. There are several hypotheses as to how Charles died, though none have strong enough evidence to be deemed true. Although there were many people around the king at the time of his death, there were no known witnesses to the actual moment he was hit. A likely explanation has been that Charles was killed by Dano-Norwegians as he was within reach of their guns. There are two possibilities that are usually cited: that he was killed by a musket shot, or that he was killed by grapeshot from the nearby fortress.

More theories claim he was assassinated: one is that the killer was a Swedish compatriot and asserts that enemy guns were not firing at the time Charles was struck. Suspects in this claim range from a nearby soldier tired of the siege and wanting to put an end to the war, to an assassin hired by Charles's own brother-in-law, who profited from the event by subsequently taking the throne himself as Frederick I of Sweden, that person being Frederick's aide-de-camp, André Sicre. Sicre confessed during what was claimed to be a state of delirium brought on by fever but later recanted. It has also been suspected that a plot to kill Charles may have been put in place by a group of wealthy Swedes who would benefit from the blocking of a 17% wealth tax that Charles intended to introduce. In the Varberg Fortress museum there is a display with a lead-filled brass button of Swedish origin that is claimed by some to be the projectile that killed the king.

Another odd account of Charles's death comes from Finnish writer Carl Nordling, who states that the king's surgeon, Melchior Neumann, dreamed the king had told him that he was not shot from the fortress but from "one who came creeping".

Charles's body has been exhumed on three occasions to ascertain the cause of death; in 1746, 1859 and 1917. The 1859 exhumation found that the wound was in accordance with a shot from the Norwegian fort. In 1917, his head was photographed and x-rayed. Peter Englund asserted in his essay "On the death of Charles XII and other murders" that the mortal wound sustained by the King, with a smaller exit wound than entry wound, would be consistent with being hit by a bullet with a speed not exceeding 150 m/s, concluding that Charles was killed by stray grapeshot from the nearby fortress. A 2022 study also found that iron grapeshot was likely to have killed the king, citing evidence from ballistic experiments as well as the absence of lead fragments in Charles's skull.

Academic research from University of Oulu and University of Helsinki concluded that Charles XII was likely killed by an enemy projectile.

Charles was succeeded to the Swedish throne by his sister, Ulrika Eleonora. As his duchy of Palatine Zweibrücken required a male heir, Charles was succeeded as ruler there by his cousin Gustav Leopold. Georg Heinrich von Görtz, Charles' minister, was beheaded in 1719.

Personal life
Charles never married and fathered no children of whom historians are aware. In his youth, he was particularly encouraged to find a suitable spouse in order to secure the succession, but he would frequently avoid the subject of sex and marriage. Possible candidates included Princess Sophia Hedwig of Denmark, Louisa Maria Stuart and Princess Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp – but of the latter he pleaded that he could never wed someone "as ugly as Satan and with such a devilish big mouth". Instead, he made it clear that he would marry only someone of his own choice, and for love rather than dynastic pressures. His lack of mistresses may have been due to a strong religious faith. Charles himself suggested in conversation with Axel Löwen that he actively resisted any match until peace could be secured  and was in some sense "married" to the military life. But that he was "chaste" occasioned speculation in his lifetime. Much later speculation that he was a hermaphrodite was quelled in 1917 when his coffin was opened and he was shown to have beard growth.

In his conversations with Löwen, he also stated that he did not lack taste for beautiful women, but that he held in his sexual desires for fear that they would get out of control if unchecked, and that if he committed to something like that, it would be forever. Some historians suggest that he resisted a marriage with Denmark which could have caused a family rift between those who dynastically favoured Holstein-Gottorp.  Historians such as Blanning and Montefiore believe he was in fact homosexual. Certainly a letter from Reuterholm suggested that Charles had indicated a closeness to the Elector Prince of Saxony, Maximilian Emanuel of Württemberg-Winnental, whom Charles described as "very pretty". But writing in the 1960s, Hatton argues that Württemberg was very much heterosexual and the relationship is just as likely to have been that of teacher-pupil.

Legacy

Exceptional for abstaining from alcohol and sex, he felt most comfortable during warfare. Contemporaries report of his seemingly inhuman tolerance for pain and his utter lack of emotion. His brilliant campaigning and startling victories brought his country to the pinnacle of her prestige and power, although the Great Northern War resulted in Sweden's defeat and the end of the empire within years of his own death. In his youth, renowned Russian general Alexander Suvorov considered Charles XII his hero together with Julius Caesar. Like Charles XII, Suvorov adopted an aggressive style of tactics and campaigning, seemingly inspired by the Swedish king.

Charles's death marked the end of autocratic kingship in Sweden, and the subsequent Age of Liberty saw a shift of power from the monarch to the parliament of the estates. Historians of the late 18th and early 19th centuries viewed Charles' death as the result of an aristocratic plot, and Gustav IV Adolf, the king who refused to settle with Napoleon Bonaparte, "identified himself with Charles as a type of righteous man struggling with iniquity" (Roberts). Throughout the 19th century's romantic nationalism Charles XII was viewed as a national hero. He was idealized as a heroic, virtuous young warrior king, and his fight against Peter the Great was associated with the contemporary Swedish-Russian enmity. Examples of the romantic hero idolatry of Charles XII in several genres are Esaias Tegnér's song Kung Karl, den unge hjälte (1818), Johan Peter Molin's statue in Stockholm's Kungsträdgården (unveiled on 30 November 1868, the 150th anniversary of Charles's death) and Gustaf Cederström's painting Karl XII:s likfärd ("Funeral procession of Charles XII", 1878). The date of Charles's death was chosen by a student association in Lund for annual torch marches beginning in 1853.

In his 1901 play Karl XII, August Strindberg broke with the heroization practice by showing an introverted Charles XII in conflict with his impoverished subjects. In the so-called Strindberg feud (1910–1912), his response to the "Swedish cult of Charles XII" (Steene) was that Charles had been "Sweden's ruin, the great offender, a ruffian, the rowdies' idol, a counterfeiter." Verner von Heidenstam however, one of his opponents in the feud, in his book Karolinerna instead "emphasized the heroic steadfastness of the Swedish people in the somber years of trial during the long-drawn-out campaigns of Karl XII" (Scott).

In the 1930s, the Swedish Nazis held celebrations on the date of Charles XII's death, and shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Adolf Hitler received from Sweden a sculpture of the king at his birthday. In the late 20th century, Swedish nationalists and neo-Nazis had again used 30 November as a date for their ceremonies, however these were regularly interrupted by larger counter-demonstrations and were abandoned.

Scientific contributions
Apart from being a monarch, the King's interests included mathematics, and anything that would be beneficial to his warlike purposes. He is credited with having invented an octal numeral system, as well as a more elaborate one with the base 64, which he considered more suitable for war purposes because all the boxes used for materials such as gunpowder were cubic. According to a report by contemporary scientist Emanuel Swedenborg, the King had sketched a model of his thoughts on a piece of paper and handed it to him at their meeting in Lund in 1716. The paper was reportedly still in existence a hundred years later but has since been lost.

Literature
Charles fascinated many in his time. In 1731, Voltaire wrote a biography of Charles XII, History of Charles XII. Voltaire portrays the Swedish king in a positive light, against the brutal nature of Peter the Great. The English man of letters Samuel Johnson wrote of Charles in his poem "The Vanity of Human Wishes":

Swedish author Frans G. Bengtsson and Professor Ragnhild Hatton have written biographies of Charles XII of Sweden.

In  1938 E. M. Almedingen wrote The Lion of the North: Charles XII, King of Sweden.

Charles XII figures quite prominently in Robert Massie's magnum opus Peter the Great.

Ancestors

In popular culture

He is referred to in the anime Legend of the Galactic Heroes as the Swedish Meteor; whose similarity to Reinhard von Lohengramm may portend the dynasty dying out without a successor.

August Strindberg's 1901 play Carl XII is about him.

The 1925 Swedish film Charles XII is a two-part silent epic starring Gösta Ekman the Elder portraying his reign.

In the 1968 Polish film Hrabina Cosel, Charles XII is portrayed by Daniel Olbrychski.

In the 1983 Swedish comedy film , Charles XII is portrayed by Gösta Ekman the Younger.

In 2007, Charles XII was portrayed by Eduard Flerov in the Russian drama The Sovereign's Servant.

Charles XII appears in the absurdist comedy A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence (2014), in which his army passes a modern-day cafe on their way to, and retreating from, the Battle of Poltava. He is played by Viktor Gyllenberg.

The Swedish power metal band Sabaton wrote an album named after him, which includes several songs about his life.

Battles of Charles XII

See also
List of unsolved murders
Gottorp Fury

Notes

References

Further reading

Bain, Robert Nisbet. Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish Empire, 1682–1719 (1899) online.
 Bengtsson, F. G. The Life of Charles XII, King of Sweden, 1697–1718 (1960). also published as The sword does not jest. The heroic life of King Charles XII of Sweden (St. Martin's Press 1960).
Browning, Oscar. Charles XII of Sweden (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1899).
Fielding, Henry (Translator), The Military History of Charles XII. King of Sweden, Written by the Express Order of His Majesty, by M. Gustavus Adlerfeld, to Which Is Added, an Exact Account of the Battle of Pultowa, Illustrated with Plans in Three Volumes (London: printed for J. and P. Knapton; J. Hodges; A. Millar; and J. Nourse, 1740). Reprinted by Gale Ecco, Print Editions (2010).
Gade, John (Translator), Charles the Twelfth King of Sweden: Translated from the manuscript of Carl Gustafson Klingspor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916). Reprinted by Merkaba Press (2017).
Glaeser, Michael. By Defeating My Enemies: Charles XII of Sweden and the Great Northern War, 1682–1721 (Helion & Co Ltd, 2020).
 Hattendorf, J. B., Åsa Karlsson, Margriet Lacy-Bruijn, Augustus J. Veenendaal Jr., and Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier, Charles XII: Warrior King (Rotterdam: Karwansaray, 2018).
 Hatton, R. M. Charles XII of Sweden (1968).
Hone, Michael. Charles XII of Sweden: Versus Peter the Great of Russia (Createspace Independent Pub., 2016).

 Peterson, Gary Dean. Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (McFarland, 2007).
Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de. History of Charles XII, King of Sweden (translated by W.H. Dilworth, 1760). Reprinted by True World of Books (2020).

External links

 The Swedish Meteor: the blazing career and mysterious death of Charles XII Smithsonian summary of assassination theories.
 Charles XII: on the centenary of his death 1818 The original Swedish text by Esaias Tegner, as well as parallel translations by J.E.D. Bethune (1848) and Charles Harrison-Wallace (1998) and a comment by the latter.
 The Great Northern War and Charles XII
 Charles XII and his Life and Death
 BBC News item: Who killed Sweden's Warrior King?
 Timeline of 1700–1720 in Sweden

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1682 births
1718 deaths
17th-century Swedish monarchs
18th-century Swedish monarchs
Battle of Poltava
Burials at Riddarholmen Church

Deaths by firearm in Norway
House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken
House of Wittelsbach
Male murder victims
Monarchs killed in action
People from Stockholm
Swedish monarchs of German descent
Swedish people of the Great Northern War
Unsolved murders in Norway
Uppsala University alumni
Sons of kings
Swedish military personnel killed in action

Charles XII of Sweden


Gothra is a village in the Bhiwani district of the Indian state of Haryana. Located in the Loharu tehsil, it lies approximately  south west of the district headquarters town of Bhiwani. , the village had 556 households with a total population of 2,631 of which 1,391 were male and 1,240 female.

Description
The village contains approximately 700 houses. Gothra has been able to gain popularity in its surrounding areas for a comparatively large number of military personnel and its temple. The village is surrounded by other smaller villages- Kushalpura, Gignaw, Jhanjhra, Singhani. Gothra is a famous village in Bawni (52 village of Sheoran Gotra spread in Loharu & Badhra tehsil). The people of Gothra village also participated in the freedom movement against Nawab of Loharu.

References

Villages in Bhiwani district

Gothra, Bhiwani


Fierle Peak is a sharp peak in Antarctica,  high, standing  east-southeast of Dyrdal Peak at the southern extremity of Saratoga Table in the Forrestal Range, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys conducted by U.S. Navy air photos, 1956–66. It inherits its namesake from the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Gerard R. Fierle, a meteorologist at Ellsworth Station during the winter of 1957.

References

Mountains of Queen Elizabeth Land
Pensacola Mountains

Fierle Peak


Laurence Freeman OSB (born 17 July 1951) is an English Benedictine monk and Catholic priest. He belongs to the Monastery of Sta Maria di Pilastrello, in Italy, of the Congregation of Monte Oliveto Maggiore. He is the Director of the World Community for Christian Meditation (WCCM), Prior of its Benedictine Oblate community and also Director of Bonnevaux, the International centre of the WCCM in France.

Biography
Born in England in 1951, he was educated by the Benedictines and studied English literature at New College, Oxford. Before entering monastic life he worked in the fields of banking and journalism and at the United Nations.

His spiritual teacher, whom he succeeded, was the Irish Benedictine monk John Main OSB. In 1975, Freeman joined John Main at his monastery in London, Ealing Abbey, in starting the first Christian Meditation Centre. This led to an invitation from the Archdiocese of Montreal, Quebec, Canada to start a new kind of Benedictine community of monks and lay members dedicated to the practice and teaching of meditation in the Christian tradition.  Meditation was integrated into the Office and Eucharist as it is still done in the WCCM and at Bonnevaux.

Freeman and Main started the Benedictine priory of Montreal in 1977. From this emerged over the following years the global spiritual family of WCCM.

Freeman studied theology at the Université de Montréal and at McGill University. He made his solemn monastic profession of religious vows in 1979 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1980 by Bishop Leonard Crowley in Montreal.

After John Main's death in 1982, Freeman continued the work of teaching meditation that soon began to develop into a global community. He began to teach widely around the world through talks, retreats and writings. He participated in the 1990-91 John Main Seminar led by Fr Bede Griffiths OSB Cam at which the WCCM was formally established.

In 1991 he returned to live in England to establish the international centre of the newly formed World Community for Christian Meditation that is now present in over 100 countries.

Strongly committed to inter-religious dialogue and international peace initiatives, between 1998 and 2000 Freeman took part in the historic "Way of Peace" programme – a series of Christian-Buddhist dialogues with the Dalai Lama in India, Italy and Belfast. The programme continued in 2013 with further dialogues in Sarnath, India. In 2006 he co-hosted a meeting at York University exploring the common ground between Christianity and Islam. He was a keynote speaker at the World Parliament of Religions in Melbourne, Australia, in 2009.  In 1995, he led the John Main Seminar 'On Jesus' which was the seed of his book 'Jesus: The Teacher Within'

Freeman was awarded the Order of Canada in 2010 in recognition of his work of interfaith dialogue and the promotion of world peace.

Freeman's work also involves encouraging the teaching of meditation to children and university students. In 2005 he founded the John Main Centre for Meditation and Inter-Religious Dialogue at Georgetown University in the United States and sees the contemplative dimension of knowledge as an essential characteristic of all true education. In 2010 he launched the Meditatio outreach programme of WCCM to mark the celebration of its twentieth anniversary. Its seminars, forums and workshops engage in dialogue with the secular world and produces publications and resources on the themes of education, mental health, business, addiction and recovery, interfaith, environment and social justice.

In 2014 he began the MBA course 'Meditation and Leadership' at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University which led to many initiatives in the business world and other fields emphasising the connection between personal and organisation transformation.

In 2018 Freeman became Director of Bonnevaux, near Poitiers France which is the International Centre of the WCCM where he resides with a community living the Rule of St Benedict in a contemplative and contemporary way.

Writings
Freeman is the author of many books, including Light Within, Jesus: The Teacher Within and Good Work: Meditation for Personal and Organisational Transformation. His retreats and talks and 'video lectios' are widely viewed on the internet and the WCCM website: wccm.org. He is the principal editor of John Main's works.

 Good Work (2019)
 Christian Meditation: Essential Teaching Weekend (2019)
 Sensing God: Learning to Meditate During Lent (2016)
 Christian Meditation: Six-Week Introductory Course (2016)
 Beauty's Field: Seeing the World (2014)
 Why are we here? (2012)
 The Goal of Life (2012)
 First Sight: The Experience of Faith (2011)
 Jesus, the Teacher Within (2010)
 The Selfless Self (2009)
 Christian Meditation: Your Daily Practice (2007)
 The Inner Pilgrimage (2007)
 A Simple Way (2004)
 A Pearl of Great Price (2002)
 Common Ground (1999)
 Web of Silence (1998)
 Aspects of Love (1997)
 A Short Span of Days (1991)
 Light Within: Meditation As Pure Prayer (1986)

References

External links
 Freeman's profile on the World Community for Christian Meditation website
 Meditation with Children - Directed by Laurence Freeman OSB
 Christian Meditation Groups - A Pearl of Great Price, Laurence Freeman OSB, author
 Christian Meditation as an 11th Step Recovery Program
 La Meditación Cristiana
 The John Main Center and inter-religious dialogue, Georgetown University - Founder Father Laurence Freeman
 Fr Laurence Freeman page, Russian WCCM site
 Fr Laurence Freeman page, Ukrainian WCCM site

1951 births
Living people
People educated at St Benedict's School, Ealing
Alumni of New College, Oxford
English Benedictines
Université de Montréal alumni
McGill University alumni
20th-century English Roman Catholic priests
21st-century English Roman Catholic priests
Officers of the Order of Canada
Christian mantra meditation

Laurence Freeman


Symphony of Six Million is a 1932 American Pre-Code drama film directed by Gregory La Cava and starring Ricardo Cortez, Irene Dunne and Gregory Ratoff. Based on the story Night Bell by Fannie Hurst, the film concerns the rise of a Jewish physician from humble roots to the top of his profession and the social costs of losing his connection with his community, his family and with the craft of healing.

Plot

Felix '"Felixel" Klauber, a brilliant young man from a tight-knit Jewish family living in New York City's Lower East Side ghetto,  becomes a physician, as he has wanted to do since childhood, eventually establishing himself as a Park Avenue doctor catering to the wealthy after working his way up from being a doctor at a Lower East Side clinic. He is spurred on in his ambitions by an older brother, who is materialistic and uses Felix's love for their mother to insist that Felix better his station in life for the benefit of his family.

Felix's success causes him to become estranged from both his family and the community back in the old neighborhood, including his childhood friend Jessica, who has been disabled with a spine malady since she was young girl. Jessica becomes a teacher of blind children. Felix begins ignoring the clinic he established in the old neighborhood as well as his familial and community obligations. A blind child, a student of Jessica, perishes as Felix is tardy in offering his help.

Felix operates on his beloved father, who has a brain tumor, and is mortified when he dies on the table. He turns away from surgery and his gift of healing, concentrating on catering to well-heeled hypochondriacs. Then, Jessica—who has loved Felix all her life—requires an operation on her spine. Can he overcome his fears and insecurities to save her life?

Cast

Production
After David O. Selznick became RKO's head of production in late 1931, he put  the melodrama Symphony of Six Million (originally titled Night Bell after the Fannie Hurst story it is based on) into production, overseen by Pandro S. Berman. Selznick insisted that the original screenplay be rewritten to reclaim the ethnic touches from Hurst's story. Selznick likely wanted the film to serve as a mirror on to Jewish life, both of immigrants and their assimilated children. He himself changed the name of the film (a reference to New York City's population) as it was  "more dramatic and dignified" than Night Bell. He also directed RKO music department chief Max Steiner to use symphonic music for the score and to have music throughout the picture.  This was innovative as "talkies" rarely had an extensive score.

The film never mentions the word "Jew" or specifically points out that the characters are indeed Jewish. But it does include Jewish prayers, such as the Shema, recited in Hebrew, and many of the musical motifs are based on identifiably Jewish folk and liturgical tunes.  The plot also incorporates a Pidyon Ha-Ben, the Jewish ritual Redemption of the First Born.  The film incorporates newsreel footage with recreations of the Lower East Side to provide a sense of verisimilitude.

The movie was a box-office and critical success and helped to establish Irene Dunne as an up-and-coming star. Both Selznick and Berman were proud of the picture, with Berman later saying it was the "first good movie" he had produced. Selznick, too, was proud of the movie as it was one of his most personal films.

Movie critic Mordaunt Hall of the New York Times gave the film a positive review: It elicits steady attention during its every second... There are a number of excellent scenes of the thronged east-side thoroughfare and here and there some light touches of this Jewish family life....

References

External links

 Symphony of Six Million, Immortal Ephemera
 Symphony of Six Million, Lolita's Classics

1932 films
1932 drama films
RKO Pictures films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films directed by Gregory La Cava
Films set in hospitals
Films set in New York City
Culture of New York City
Films about Jews and Judaism
American drama films
Films based on works by Fannie Hurst
1930s American films

Symphony of Six Million


Dennison Fork is a stream located northwest of Lock Haven, about 6.9 miles from Renovo in Noyes Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The stream is located south east of Cooks Run. The Dennison Fork branches off from the Fish Dam Run stream, which branches off from the south side of the West Branch Susquehanna River.

The Dennison Fork is located along the Chuck Keiper Trail within the Sproul State Forest.

On May 31, 1985, a tornado ripped through North Central Pennsylvania. As a result, over 8,000 acres of forest land in the Sproul State Forest was flattened. The Dennison Fork Trail, located on the Chuck Keiper Trail was damaged severely. As a result, the trail in this area has been relocated. The only access to the Chuck Keiper Trail is via Pennsylvania Route 144, through the vastly underpopulated and lonely plateau between Renovo and Snow Shoe, Pennsylvania.

The Dennison Fork was most likely named after the Dennison family that settled and resided in Clinton County, Pennsylvania as early as the 1840s. The Dennison family moved between Leidy, Keating and Noyes Townships in Clinton County, but maintained possession of a parcel of land on the banks of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Noyes Township, known as the Dennison tract.

See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
Chuck Keiper Trail

References

Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River
Rivers of Clinton County, Pennsylvania

Dennison Fork (Fish Dam Run tributary)