Freddy Maertens (born 13 February 1952) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist who was twice world road race champion. His career coincided with the best years of another Belgian rider, Eddy Merckx, and supporters and reporters were split over who was better. Maertens' career swung between winning more than 50 races in a season to winning almost none and then back again. His life has been marked by debt and alcoholism. It took him more than two decades to pay a tax debt. At one point early in his career, between the 1976 Tour and 1977 Giro, Maertens won 28 out of 60 Grand Tour stages that he entered before abandoning the Giro due to injury on stage 8b. Eight Tour stage wins, thirteen Vuelta stage wins and seven Giro stage wins in less than one calendar year.

Personal life
Maertens was the son of what his wife, Carine, described as a hard-working middle-class couple: Gilbert Maertens and Silonne Verhaege. His mother was the daughter of a shipbuilder in Nieuwpoort harbour. She had a grocery and newspaper shop, which delivered newspapers. Gilbert Maertens, the son of a self-employed bill-sticker, was a flamboyant and restless man who was a member of the local council and on the committee of the town football club. He ran a laundry with a staff of four behind his wife's shop.

Maertens is one of four brothers: he, Mario, Luc and Marc. Marc also rode as a professional. Maertens went to the St-Bernadus college in Nieuwpoort. He read enthusiastically and showed a talent for languages. He could make himself understood in French, Italian and English as well as his native Dutch by the time he turned professional. He then went to the Onze Lieve Vrouw [Holy Mother] college in Ostend.

Maertens and Carine Brouckaert met at a cycling club dance when she was 15. She had been sewing shoes for her father, a cobbler, since the previous year. The two were introduced by Jean-Pierre Monseré and his wife, Annie. Carine was Annie's niece. She had never heard of Maertens.

They married in November 1973 and rented a house in Lombardsijde. She said: "I got to know a young boy who was more adult than his years and who knew what he wanted: to be a professional bike rider. I fell for him. Not because I thought he could become a great rider but because I felt straight away that I could play a role in his life, that he needed me. Three years later we were married. Our dream had started. We didn't know then that it would turn into a nightmare".

On 25 May 1979 he flew to the United States to see a doctor, to confirm that he had no drug problems. He and a medical advisers flew from Amsterdam to New York City in a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. Maertens mentioned to his colleague, Paul de Nijs, that one of the engines made an odd noise. After Maertens disembarked in New York the plane continued towards Chicago but crashed on take-off when an engine fell off, killing 279.

Amateur career

Maertens rode his first race at Westhoek when he was 14, in 1966. The field included riders of 17 and 18, including some from France. The race was open to riders who did not have a licence from the Belgian federation, the BWB. He had trouble riding in a group. His second race went better. Among the riders he beat was Michel Pollentier, later a friend and a team colleague as a professional.

Maertens continued to ride unlicensed races in 1967. In 1968 he took his first licence from the BWB, riding in the nieuweling or beginners' class. He won 21 times and came second 19 times to a rider named Vandromme.

Maertens asked his father permission to leave school in his second year as a junior, or under-19, rider. He won 64 times as a junior. His father made him promise that he would train regardless of the weather.

Relationship with father
Gilbert Maertens gave his son his first bike, which Freddy Maertens described as "a second-hand thing that he'd got from a beach business for a bargain". Not until he won a race on that would he get a better one. The author, Rik Van Walleghem, said: "The training school that Maertens went through with his father was hard. Horribly hard. Gilbert never lost sight of anything. He knew how much and how often his son trained, what he ate and drank, how much he slept, who he went around with. He imposed a merciless regime. And he had an eye open for the slightest thing that would obstruct his son's progress. He worried, for instance, that Freddy's male hormones would get the better of his son and drive him into the arms of bewitching young girl who'd put the slides under his mission. Women were the devil's work; it had been like that in the Garden of Eden and little had changed since".

Gilbert caught his son flirting with a girl and took revenge by cutting his racing bike in half. He intervened with the army, when his son was called for national service, to ask that he not be given an easier time because of his reputation.

Maertens' relationship with his father affected the rest of his life. He rode well only when he had a dominant figure behind him: first his father, then Briek Schotte and then Lomme Driessens. His wife described him as trusting and vulnerable, that he needed care because otherwise he would be "like a bird waiting for a cat".

Professional career
Maertens won 50 times as a senior, including the national championship at Nandrin. In 1970 he came second to the Frenchman, Régis Ovion, in the world amateur championship. He competed in the individual road race at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He turned professional in 1972. The frame-maker Ernest Colnago and the former champion Ercole Baldini came to his house with an offer to join their SCIC team. They offered to support him in his last year as an amateur and then take him as a professional.

Gilbert Maertens was more impressed by the Belgian businessman, Paul Claeys, who had inherited the Flandria bicycle company. Flandria already sponsored Maertens' club, SWC Torhout, and Maertens rode a Flandria bike. Claeys came to the Maertens house with his team manager, Briek Schotte, a legend in Belgian cycling. Claeys offered Gilbert Maertens a concession for Flandria bikes, allowing him to sell them without first buying them. Maertens pushed his son to sign a contract for 40,000 francs a month as an amateur and then double in his first full year as a professional. The family needed the bike concession because Silonne Maertens had fallen ill and closed her shop.

Maertens said: "I would have preferred to go to SCIC and Colnago but my father said, 'You have to do something for us too.'"

Colnago and Baldini had promised more money and a gentle start as a professional. But with Flandria Maertens rode more than 200 road races a year and on the track and in cyclo-cross in the winter. He suffered what he called the poor organisation and penny-pinching attitude of Claeys and his Flandria company. He also complained about the weight of Flandria frames; rather than ride them, he had his frames made in Italy, by Gios Torino, and had them painted in Flandria colours.

He was never paid in 1979, his last season with Flandria, which had failed. It was the start of financial troubles with tax officials (see below).

Rik Van Wallaghem says Maertens was naïve as a new professional. Belgian racing was dominated by Eddy Merckx and Roger De Vlaeminck. Maertens did not observe an unwritten rule that new professionals establish themselves gradually and not try to humiliate established riders. Instead, Maertens, just 21, charged in and upset everyone by demanding they make room for him and make room quickly". What Van Wallaghem saw as his blunder was greeted, he said, by Belgian journalists eager to write of something else after years of Merckx's international domination. That worsened relations between them.

1973 world championship

Relations between the riders and their fans reached their nadir on 2 September 1973 in the world road championship around the Montjuich climb near Barcelona. Maertens had said he was not willing to ride for Merckx. That angered Merckx's supporters who, Maertens said, six times threw cold water over his legs.

Merckx broke clear on a hill. Maertens said none of the others took up the chase and so he chased by himself. Merckx was angry that Maertens, in his view, had sabotaged his chances of winning. Maertens was the better sprinter.

The two were unable to cooperate and were caught by Luis Ocaña and Felice Gimondi. Maertens agreed to lead Merckx in the sprint and allow him to win. He would be well paid, he understood – "a fantastic offer." But Maertens rode too fast for Merckx to stay with him. Gimondi rode in Maertens' shelter instead. Maertens realised too late and Gimondi won.

Enmity between Merckx and Maertens lasted decades. It ended in 2007 when the two met in a hotel in France.

"I was smoking a cigarette and he asked me for a cigarette. He said to me, 'Freddy, we have to talk about Barcelona.' I said, 'I think so too.' And then we spoke about it for three hours and we shook hands and everything was over".

Lomme Driessens
Guillaume "Lomme" Driessens was one of three father figures in Maertens' life (see above). He started as a masseur and soigneur for Fausto Coppi. Riders in his care won the Tour seven times. He was a team director from 1947 to 1984. He died in 2006.

Maertens said: "There was my father, then in the beginning as a professional I had Schotte, then I had Driessens..."
Driessens provoked the rivalry between Maertens and Merckx by insisting that far from Maertens' having betrayed Merckx by chasing him, Merckx had ensured that Maertens did not win. He had, he said, hidden his exhaustion and therefore his ability to win so as to mislead Maertens into losing. The historian Olivier Dazat said Merckx had dropped Driessens as manager of his teams and that Driessens had never forgiven him. Driessens had directed his Romeo-Smith team to ride all year against Rik Van Looy in similar circumstances and now he wanted his revenge against Merckx.

Maertens said: "I enjoyed working with Driessens. There were no problems. When you work with Driessens there are no problems. A lot of people complained about Driessens, saying he took the racers' money, that he did this, he did that. But in the morning, he was the first to wake you, he prepared your food. He was a fabulous organiser".

He was a dominant figure whose wish to control extended to standing over Carine Maertens to tell her she was not cooking minestrone correctly. Freddy Maertens said Driessens' visits and interventions meant they were no longer bosses in their own house.

Equipment war
The world championship at Barcelona was complicated by commercial interests. Professional cycling had been dominated by an Italian component maker, Campagnolo. A Japanese rival, Shimano, had recently entered the market. It supplied the Flandria team and designed a range of components specifically for it. Of the Belgian team, Maertens and Walter Godefroot used Shimano; Merckx and the others used Campagnolo.

The Belgian world championship team was training on the championship circuit two days before the race, along with some of the Italian team. Maertens said what he called the "big boss" [grand patron], since dead, at Campagnolo [named in his biography as Tullio Campagnolo] drove beside the group and shouted "Sort it out between you but Shimano mustn't be allowed to win the championship".

Maertens said Gimondi won because he pushed him into the barriers at the finish. When he demanded Belgian officials protest, he said, they answered: "We can't do that to our Italian friends".

1974 world championship

Maertens alleges that a laxative was put in his drink during the world championship in Montreal in 1974. He was handed it while he was in the lead with Bernard Thévenet and Constantino Conti. He said his masseur, Jef D'Hont, had told Gust Naessens – Merckx's soigneur – that he was going to eat and asked him to hand a bottle to his rider. Maertens took the bottle because he trusted Naessens, with whom he worked from 1981 to 1983. Maertens said: "I got confirmation of that from Gust Naessens. I asked him, 'What did you do in Montreal?'" He said Naessens replied: "It was normal, Freddy. I was asked to give you your drink and I put something in it. You were too good for my guy, so I put something in it to block you". Merckx won.

Naessens, now dead, was also Tom Simpson's soigneur when he died in the Tour de France of 1967. The following year he was banned from working in cycling for two years.

1976 world championship

Maertens started favourite for the 1976 world championship, held at Ostuni, in Italy. He came to the race in good form and with the Belgian team lined in his support. His rival, Eddy Merckx, was in decline.

The race was over hilly eight laps, a total of 288 km. The first moves came on the last lap. Yves Hézard attacked, followed by Francesco Moser and Joop Zoetemelk. Maertens made his move seven kilometres later, with Tino Conti. Maertens and Conti regained the leaders in seven kilometres. Moser attacked twice again and Maertens stayed with him. Zoetemelk and Conti lost ground. Moser realised he had no chance in a sprint with Maertens. The Belgian won by two lengths.

1977 Tour of Flanders
The Ronde van Vlaanderen museum in Oudenaarde has in its window a lettered brick with the name of each year's winner. The 1977 race is shown as won by Roger De Vlaeminck. But above it is another, that reads: "Moral winner: Freddy Maertens."

Freddy Maertens was disqualified during the race after changing his bike on the Koppenberg hill. But he was not withdrawn from the race and he carried on riding with De Vlaeminck, a rival in another team. Maertens knew he could not win and he rode the last 80 km with De Vlaeminck in his shelter. Maertens says De Vlaeminck promised 300,000 francs, which De Vlaeminck denies. He says they never discussed money. Maertens says De Vlaeminck paid 150,000 francs, which Maertens gave to Michel Pollentier and Marc Demeyer for their help. Maertens expected a further 150,000 for his own services. De Vlaeminck says they never discussed money and the argument has never closed.

Successes

Freddy Maertens often benefited by the help of his team-mates, Michel Pollentier and Marc Demeyer. They cleared a path through the bunch in the style of an earlier sprinter, Rik Van Looy. Journalists called them the Three Musketeers.

In 1976 he won eight stages of the Tour de France. He won the points classification in 1976 and again in 1978 and 1981.

1977 Vuelta

Maertens won the 1977 Vuelta a España by winning 13 stages, half the total. He imposed his will "like a South American dictator", according to the writer Olivier Dazat. He won the prologue time-trial and led the race from start to finish. 14 of the 20 stages were won by Flandria, with Pollentier taking the other stage win.

1977 Giro

Maertens again took the lead at the start by winning the prologue. He kept it until Francesco Moser became the race leader on stage five. Maertens was expected to take the lead again after Mugello, when there would be a time-trial. He had already won seven stages. The finish at Mugello ended in a crash. Michel Pollentier led Marc Demeyer into the last few hundred metres, with Maertens behind Demeyer. One by one they moved aside to let Maertens through. But he crashed, with Rik Van Linden, and broke a wrist. He abandoned the race and the rest of the team would have returned to Belgium had Maertens not persuaded them otherwise.

Wilderness years

There followed a wilderness period in which he did little of note. He started big races but often stopped after 100 km, or was dropped on unremarkable hills.

It made his performance in the 1981 Tour de France and victory in the 1981 world championship in Prague the more remarkable and was regarded as one of the greatest comebacks in cycling history. In the Tour he won the points classification as well as five stages including the final stage into Paris. In the world championship he finished in front of Giuseppe Saronni and Bernard Hinault, two short and stocky riders like himself. Journalists wondered whether the era of tall, lean riders such as Merckx, Gimondi, and De Vlaeminck was over.

A year later his record faded again. He rarely finished races and shone only in round-the-houses races, where his contract fees were needed to pay his tax debts. He did not defend his title in the 1982 world championship at Goodwood, saying he had injured his knee on a gate. He became fatter and rode for small teams for equally small salaries.

Olivier Dazat said: "His employers sacked him and others stepped in to benefit from the publicity. Freddy often forgot to go to races and was fired again. The press and those around him begged him to stop".

Other successes

As well as the Tour, Vuelta and Giro, his stage race victories included Paris–Nice (1977), the Four Days of Dunkirk (1973, 1975, 1976 and 1978), the Tour of Andalucia (1974, 1975), Tour of Belgium (1974, 1975), Tour de Luxembourg (1975), Tour of Sardinia (1977) and Vuelta y Catalunya (1977).

Despite his sprinting dominance, Maertens never won a one-day classic, coming closest with second places in the Tour of Flanders (1973) and Liège–Bastogne–Liège (1976). He was disqualified from second place in the 1977 Ronde after changing his bike on the Koppenberg climb.

Maertens also won the season-long Super Prestige Pernod International in 1976 and 1977.

Riding style

Maertens was an aggressive rider who pushed high gears. He frequently rode 53 x 13 or 14. He was a talented time-triallist and an excellent sprinter. He nurtured another sprinter Sean Kelly. His time-trial record includes winning the Grand Prix des Nations in 1976.

Financial problems
Maertens and his wife were naïve about money. Carine Maertens said money "flooded in" when her husband reached the top as a professional. Maertens estimated his earnings throughout his career as 10–15 million French francs, "which was a lot of money in the 1970s".

Carine Maertens said: "We let ourselves be sweet-talked by sponsors, team directors, managers, architects, accountants, tax advisers, bankers, investment advisers, doctors. We believed all these people. We believed them because they dressed well and they'd been to school and they could talk well. We had no experience with money, fame, celebrity. We built far too large a villa, we borrowed money until we were raw, we invested in businesses we knew nothing about. We were honest people who trusted others, who never knew there was such nastiness in the world. By the time we realised what was happening, our bank accounts had been plundered. We had a chic villa and not a franc between us".

The Flandria team was riding the Giro d'Italia when it heard rumours of trouble at the Flandria company. He received only half his salary in 1978 and none of the cash to be paid without its being registered in the accounts. In 1979, he was not paid at all. He lost money entrusted to others to invest, including 500 000 francs in the Flandria Ranch, run by his sponsor. He also lost 750 000 francs in a furniture business which burned down. By then he was being challenged by the tax authorities. He won little of significance. He said he was riding for nothing during the day and spending every evening with lawyers. He still disputes the tax that the government demanded. He and his wife lost their house, their car and their furniture.

He owed interest on interest and lost all he had. He calculated his tax bill at 30 million francs [almost US$1 million]. He insisted he owed 1.5 million francs [US$50,000]. He spent long periods without a job and without unemployment benefit and his wife cleaned houses. The problems lasted 30 years. They ended on 10 June 2011. He felt so bitter about Paul Claeys – "not a good guy; he promised and promised and..." – that he refused to attend his funeral in 2012.

Doping
Maertens told L'Équipe that "like everyone else", he had used amphetamines in round-the-houses races but he insisted that he had ridden without drugs in big Tours – not least because he knew he would be tested for them. He was angry when Belgian television used his photograph as a backdrop to discussions about drug-taking in the sport. Rumours intensified when Maertens' successes became erratic.

Maertens was caught in drugs tests. He was first found positive after Professor Michel Debackere perfected a test in 1974 for pemoline, a drug in the amphetamine family that riders believed to be undetectable.

He was disqualified in the Flèche Wallonne of 1977 and found guilty the same year in the Tour de France, the Tour of Belgium and the Tour of Flanders. He also had a positive finding for cortisone in 1986.

Michel Pollentier is quoted as saying: "I told him I could see only one way out for him: to see a psychiatrist, advice he considered stupid. I've never hesitated to confess that I spent three weeks under the surveillance of Dr Dejonckheere at the St-Joseph clinic at Ostend and that after treatment I stayed under his control for another two years. Why hide it? It's impossible to come out of a situation like that without the help of a doctor."

Alcohol

Maertens drank champagne during races. And he was for a while salesman for Lanson, a champagne company. Journalists saw crates of champagne at his house and interpreted them as confirmation that he had a drinking problem.

Legend says that on the Friday before the world championship at Goodwood, England, he asked his taxi driver to join him for a pint of beer, "because he sweating so much." Lomme Driessens said: "Too much wine and not enough riding, that's his problem."

Maertens told a reporter, Guy Roger, that the stories were exaggerated. But he acknowledged later that he did have a problem. He attended meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous until word spread that he was there. Now he drinks only non-alcoholic drinks. His body, he said, reacted quickly to alcohol and he could get drunk on a single glass of beer.

Retirement

Maertens retired at the age of 35 in 1987 after deciding during a training ride that he no longer wanted to train in the wind and rain of Flanders. He worked as a salesman after retiring, including in Belgium and Luxembourg for Assos, a Swiss clothing company. He left Assos, he said, when supplies became erratic. He kept a distance from the sport. His weight rose to 100 kg. In 2000 he began to work in the Belgian National Cycling Museum ('Nationaal Wielermuseum') in his hometown Roeselare. Many visitors of the museum liked the presence of a real world champion during their visit. In 2008 he moved to the Centrum Ronde van Vlaanderen (Tour of Flanders Center) in Oudenaarde. In 2017, after health problems, he retired. He works when possible as a volunteer or special guest in both museums. The museum in Roeselare is now renamed to 'KOERS. Museum of Cycle Racing'. The bicycle shop "Maertens Sport" in Evergem on the outskirts of Ghent is owned by Freddy's brother Mario.

Career achievements

Road

Amateur
1971
 1st  Road race, National Amateur Road Championships
 2nd  Road race, UCI Road World Amateur Championships
1972
 1st GP Roeselare
 1st Omloop Het Volk U23 (nl)
 1st Omloop van de Westhoek
 2nd Ronde Van Vlaanderen Beloften
 4th Circuit des Frontières
 5th Flèche Ardennaise

Professional
1973
 1st  Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 5b (ITT)
 1st Scheldeprijs
 1st Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 1st Leeuwse Pijl
 1st Omloop van de Westkust
 1st Tour du Condroz
 1st GP Roeselare
 2nd  Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 2nd Tour of Flanders
 2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 2nd Elfstedenronde
 2nd Tour of the Flemish Ardennes
 2nd Omloop van de Westkust
 3rd Dwars door België
 3rd Rund um den Henninger Turm
 3rd Omloop van de Grensstreek
 3rd Omloop van Oost-Vlaanderen
 3rd Liedekerkse Pijl (fr)
 4th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 4th Boucles de l'Aulne
 5th Paris–Roubaix
 5th Gent–Wevelgem
 8th Road race, National Road Championships
 8th Amstel Gold Race
 9th Grand Prix de Wallonie
1974
 1st  Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
1st Prologue a & b, Stages 1, 2, 4, 5 & 6
 1st  Overall Tour de Luxembourg
1st Stages 1 & 2
 1st Tour of Leuven
 1st  Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 1st Omloop van Midden-Vlaanderen
 1st Nokere Koerse
 1st Elfstedenronde
 Tour of Belgium
1st  Points Classification
1st Stages 2, 3 & 4
 1st Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 1st Izegem Koers (nl)
 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
 2nd Critérium des As
 3rd Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 3b (ITT)
 3rd Brabantse Pijl
 3rd Omloop van Oost-Vlaanderen
 4th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 4th Amstel Gold Race
 4th Coppa Ugo Agostoni
 4th Rund um den Henninger Turm
 5th Paris–Tours
 5th Overall GP du Midi Libre
 5th Boucles de l'Aulne
 5th GP Roeselare
 6th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
 6th Gent–Wevelgem
 6th La Flèche Wallonne
 6th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 6th GP Union Dortmund
 7th Paris–Roubaix
 8th Omloop Het Volk
 9th Milan–San Remo
 9th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 9th Gran Piemonte
1975
 1st  Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
1st Stages 1a, 1b, 5, 6 & 7b
 1st  Overall Tour of Belgium
1st  Points classification
1st Stages 1a (ITT), 1b & 2
 1st  Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 3b (ITT)
 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 1st Paris–Tours
 1st Paris–Brussels
 1st Tour of Leuven
 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st  Points classification
1st Prologue, Stages 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4 & 7b (ITT)
 1st Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 1st GP Roeselare
 2nd Amstel Gold Race
 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 2nd Coppa Ugo Agostoni
 2nd Trofeo Baracchi (with Michel Pollentier)
 2nd Hyon-Mons
 3rd Scheldeprijs
 3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 3rd Gran Premio di Lugano
 3rd Critérium des As
 4th La Flèche Wallonne
 4th Milano–Torino
 4th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 4th Rund um den Henninger Turm
 5th Giro di Lombardia
 5th Overall Paris–Nice
1st  Points classification
1st Stage 2
 6th Paris–Roubaix
 8th Tour of Flanders
 9th Milan–San Remo
1976
 1st  Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 1st  Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stage 2b (ITT)
 1st Super Prestige Pernod International
 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 1st Amstel Gold Race
 1st Rund um den Henninger Turm
 1st Züri-Metzgete
 1st Grand Prix des Nations
 1st Brabantse Pijl
 1st  Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 1st Trofeo Baracchi (with Michel Pollentier)
 1st Critérium des As
 1st Stage 1b Escalada a Montjuïc
 1st Stage 2 & 3 Tour of Corsica
 1st Liedekerkse Pijl (fr)
 1st Heusden Koers
 2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
 2nd Tour de Wallonie
 2nd Omloop van de Grensstreek
 2nd G.P Betekom
 3rd Overall Tour of Belgium
1st Stage 1a (ITT)
 3rd La Flèche Wallonne
 4th Overall Paris–Nice
1st  Points classification
1st Prologue, Stages 2, 3, 4, 6a & 6b
 4th Paris–Brussels
 4th Tour du Condroz
 5th Tour of Flanders
 5th GP Roeselare
 6th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
 7th Overall Tour de Suisse
1st  Points classification
1st  Combination classification
1st Prologue & Stage 1
 8th Overall Tour de France
1st  Points classification
1st Prologue, Stages 1, 3 (ITT), 7, 18a, 18b, 21 & 22a (ITT)
Held  after Prologue & Stages 1–8
 8th Overall Ronde van Nederland
1st  Points classification
1st Stages 5a & 5b (ITT)
1977
 1st  Overall Vuelta a España
1st  Points classification
1st  Sprints classification
1st Prologue, Stages 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11a (ITT), 11b, 13, 16 & 19
 1st  Overall Paris–Nice
1st  Points classification
1st Prologue, Stages 1a, 1b, 2 & 7b (ITT)
 1st  Overall Volta a Catalunya
1st  Points classification
1st Prologue, Stages 1, 3b, 4b & 7a (ITT)
 1st  Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1st Stages 1b, 4, 5a & 5b (ITT)
 1st  Overall Giro di Sardegna
1st Stage 1
 1st Omloop Het Volk
 1st Trofeo Laigueglia
 Giro d'Italia
1st Prologue, Stages 1, 4, 6a, 6b, 7 & 8a
Held  after Prologue & Stages 1–4
Held  after Prologue & Stages 1–8b
 1st Stage 1 Tour de Suisse
 1st Stage 3 Ronde van Nederland
 1st Delta Profronde
 1st G.P Malderen
 1st Super Prestige Pernod International
 2nd Tour of Flanders
 2nd Trofeo Baracchi (with Joop Zoetemelk)
 2nd Giro del Mendrisiotto
 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 5th Milan–San Remo
 5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 5th Amstel Gold Race
 8th Overall Escalada a Montjuïc
 8th Paris–Brussels
 8th Grand Prix de Wallonie
 9th Overall Tour of Belgium
1978
 1st  Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
1st Stages 2a & 2b
 1st Omloop Het Volk
 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 1st Tour du Haut Var
 1st Châteauroux Classic
 Tour de France
1st  Points classification
1st Stages 5 & 7
 1st Stage 7a Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 1st Stage 5 Tour de Suisse
 1st Heusden Koers
 2nd Overall Tour of Belgium
1st  Points Classification
 2nd Overall Vuelta a Mallorca
 1st Stage 2b
 2nd De Kustpijl
 2nd Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 4th Paris–Roubaix
 4th Amstel Gold Race
 5th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
 6th Trofeo Laigueglia
 8th Tour of Flanders
 9th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 9th Gent–Wevelgem
1979
 9th Primus Classic
1980
 1st Stage 1 Cronostafetta
 3rd Omloop van West-Brabant
 6th Tour of Flanders
 6th Giro di Campania
 6th Trofeo Pantalica
1981
 1st  Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 Tour de France
1st  Points classification
1st Intermediate sprints classification
1st Stages 1a, 3, 12a, 13, & 22
 Vuelta a Andalucía
1st  Points Classification
 1st Stage 4
 3rd Omloop van West-Brabant
 7th Milan–San Remo
 10th Dwars door West-Vlaanderen
1982
 1st Hyon-Mons
 9th Overall Three Days of De Panne
1983
 1st G.P du Printemps à Hannut (fr)
 7th Grand Prix Pino Cerami

Track

1975
2nd Six Days of Grenoble, Madison
 3rd  National Track Championships (fr), Madison (with Walter Godefroot)
1976
 1st Six Days of Dortmund (with Patrick Sercu)
 2nd Six Days of Antwerp (with Dieter Kemper)
 3rd National Track Championships (fr), Madison (with Marc Demeyer)
1977
 1st  National Derny Championships
 1st Six Days of Antwerp (with Patrick Sercu)
 2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Danny Clark)
 2nd Six Days of Milan (with Marc Demeyer)
 2nd  National Track Championships (fr), Omnium
3rd  European Championships, Omnium (with Patrick Sercu and Danny Clark)
1978
 1st Six Days of Antwerp (with Danny Clark)
3rd  European Championships, Omnium (with Roman Hermann and Danny Clark)

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

Classics & Monuments results timeline

Major championship results timeline

Records

 Most stage wins in 1 Tour de France: 8 in 1976 (record shared with Charles Pélissier and Eddy Merckx)
 Most stage wins in 1 Vuelta a España: 13 in 1977
 Most Grand Tour stage wins in 1 season: 20 in 1977 (13 stages in the Vuelta a España and 7 in the Giro d'Italia)
 Most wins in Four Days of Dunkirk: 4 in 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978
 Most wins in Bruxelles–Meulebeke: 3 in 1973, 1974, 1975

Awards and honours

 Ruban Jaune: From 1975 to 1997 (record)
 Gan Challenge: 1976, 1977
 Swiss Mendrisio d'Or: 1976
 Belgian Sportsman of the Year: 1981, Runner-up: 1976
 Introduced in the UCI Hall of Fame: 2002
 Memoire du Cyclisme – 20th Greatest Cyclist of all Time: 2002
 Honorary Citizen of Middelkerke: 2004
 Bust in Lombardsijde: 2005
 CyclingNews 10th Sprinter of All Time: 2011
 UCI Top 100 of All Time: 3,955 points
 Procyclingstats.com – All Time Wins Ranking: 10th place (147 wins)

See also
 List of doping cases in cycling

References

External links

 Official Tour de France results for Freddy Maertens

Further reading
"Fall From Grace" by Freddy Maertens and Manu Adriaens, , 1993, Ronde Publications, Hull.

Belgian male cyclists
UCI Road World Champions (elite men)
Tour de France prologue winners
Vuelta a España winners
Belgian Tour de France stage winners
Tour de France Champs Elysées stage winners
Belgian Vuelta a España stage winners
Belgian Giro d'Italia stage winners
Cyclists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Belgium
Doping cases in cycling
Belgian sportspeople in doping cases
1952 births
Living people
People from Nieuwpoort, Belgium
Tour de Suisse stage winners
Sportspeople from West Flanders
Super Prestige Pernod winners

Freddy Maertens


Lionel Jefferson is a fictional character in the American situation comedy, All in the Family and it's spin-off The Jeffersons. He is the son of George Jefferson and Louise Jefferson. Three actors play Lionel. D'Urville Martin plays Lionel in the two pilot episodes of All in the Family from the late 1960s but the episodes are not put on television. Mike Evans plays Lionel in All in the Family and the first season of The Jeffersons. Damon Evans plays Lionel after Mike Evans left but Mike came back to play the character in 1979.

Fictional African-American people
Television characters
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s

Lionel Jefferson


Rigo Peralta is a Dominican artist living in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States.

Early life
Mario Rigoberto Peralta was born in San José de las Matas, Dominican Republic. He studied at the National Academy of Fine Arts in Santiago, Dominican Republic.

He emigrated to New York City in 1989 and studied at the Art Students League of New York. From 2002–2003, he served as the art director of the Casa de la Cultura Dominicana.

Currently
Peralta now lives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and is a resident artist at the Banana Factory in the South Side of Bethlehem. He paints mainly in oil and is known for his surrealist pieces. His inspiration includes the growing automated nature of mankind, religion, sex, and his nationality. He was recently commissioned by the Sands Casino in Bethlehem to produce a series of paintings depicting both the community and the newly renovated steel mill.

His work has been the subject of solo exhibitions in 2005 at the Monsoon Gallery Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the Maquinas Universal the North Light Loft Gallery Allentown Pennsylvania, in 2006 at Extreme at the Rio 2 Gallery. New York and in 2007 at the Baum School of Art.

In 1996 he exhibited his work Spiritual Essence at the Boricua College, Gallery Graham Center, Brooklyn, New York. He exhibited his work Mas Alla de Aqui or More There of Here in 1997 at the 97th Street Branch Library in New York. In 1999 he made had another professional exhibit with  Witness of the Time which debuted at the Fort Washington Penthouse in New York. More recently, his exhibition, Transition debuted at the Ellarslie Museum in Trenton, New Jersey in 2004

Collective exhibitions
Collective showings including the 1993 Art is Ageless exhibition at the North Concourse Gallery, Albany, New York. He participated in the 1996 Faces of America's Lucent Technologies in Warren, New Jersey, and the 1999 Sintesis de un Lenguaje at the Pearl Gallery, New York.

Awards
2010	Lehigh –Art- Alliance 75th Annual Fall Juried Exhibition at Allentown Art Museum Air Products Foundation Award

2010	Arts Ovation award Outstanding Achievement in the Visual Arts:

2010 	Order of Merit citizen, a recognition for Dominicans who had excelled.

2009   The Dominican American Cultural association

2007 	Dominican National award, a recognition presented to Dominicans of excellence and pride.

In 2003 he became the first Dominican artist to receive a Presidential invitation to the White House. In 2008 he was presented with the National Dominican Prize by President Leonel Antonio Fernández Reyna of the Dominican Republic.

References

External links
 The Banana Factory Website
 Rigo Peralta's website
 Spanish language website featuring Rigo's work

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Dominican Republic artists
Art Students League of New York alumni

Rigo Peralta


Stanley Park is a neighbourhood of the West End in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  It is designated as the area lying between Denman Street and the boundary of Stanley Park proper.  It is high density, like most of the West End, and is known for being a more affluent area of the West End and, once away from Denman Street, also one of the quietest on the downtown peninsula.  Condominium properties facing the park are some of the most expensive in the city.  The extreme southwest of the area overlaps with the English Bay neighbourhood.

Neighbourhoods in Vancouver

Stanley Park (neighbourhood)


Sigh of His Highness is a Chinese historical television series based on the life of Prince Gong, an influential Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing dynasty. The series was directed by Li Wenlong and starred Chen Baoguo as Prince Gong. It was first broadcast on Sichuan TV in China in 2006.

Plot
The series is set in 19th-century China under the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Prince Gong is a younger half-brother of the Xianfeng Emperor, but their relationship is somewhat strained because they previously competed for the succession to their father's throne. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, when the Anglo-French forces close in on Beijing, the Xianfeng Emperor flees to the Chengde Summer Palace in Hebei and orders Prince Gong to stay behind in the capital, Beijing, to make peace with the enemy. After enduring humiliation and manoeuvring his way through complex negotiations, Prince Gong signs the Convention of Beijing on behalf of the Qing Empire with the British, French and Russians. With this achievement, he not only improves his political standing in the imperial court, but also earns the respect of the foreigners.

The following year, the Xianfeng Emperor dies in Chengde. His young son, Zaichun, succeeds him as the Tongzhi Emperor. Before his death, the Xianfeng Emperor had appointed the senior minister Sushun and seven others to serve as regents for his son until he is old enough to rule on his own. In November 1861, with support from the Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an, Prince Gong launches the Xinyou Coup and succeeds in seizing power from Sushun and the regents. In the next four years, Prince Gong reaches the pinnacle of his political career as he is appointed Prince-Regent and placed in charge of important state and military affairs, including control over the Grand Council. He also has the opportunity to take the throne but refrains from doing so. He spearheads the Self-Strengthening Movement and introduces new policies in his attempts to modernise China and maintain friendly relations with other countries.

Over the years, however, Prince Gong's relationship with Empress Dowager Cixi deteriorates as she becomes more power-hungry and he starts distancing himself from her. At the same time, the Empress Dowager's position in the imperial court gradually becomes more prominent, especially after the death of her son, the Tongzhi Emperor. The Tongzhi Emperor's cousin Zaitian, who succeeds him as the Guangxu Emperor, becomes a puppet ruler under Empress Dowager Cixi's control. Over time, Empress Dowager Cixi consolidates power in her hands and becomes the sole de facto ruler when her co-regent, Empress Dowager Ci'an, dies under mysterious circumstances. Prince Gong's standing in the imperial court declines as Empress Dowager Cixi increasingly distrusts him and gradually reduces his power by removing him from key appointments.

In 1885, Prince Gong falls from grace after shouldering the blame for the Grand Council's indecisiveness on whether to fight or make peace during the Sino-French War. As a consequence, Empress Dowager Cixi relieves him from his appointments and forces him to retire. In 1894, following the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War, Prince Gong returns to the imperial court to handle the crisis. However, despite his efforts, he fails to prevent another Qing defeat at the hands of the Japanese. He eventually dies of illness four years later.

Cast

 Chen Baoguo as Prince Gong
 Yuan Li as Empress Dowager Cixi
 Wang Gang as Sengge Rinchen
 Wang Yan as Jiajia
 Song Jia as Empress Dowager Ci'an
 Qin Yan as Sushun
 Du Zhiguo as the Daoguang Emperor
 Wang Huichun as Zuo Zongtang
 Dai Chunrong as Empress Xiaoquancheng
 Luo Xiangjin as Suyi
 Wang Hui as the Xianfeng Emperor
 Xu Qiwen as Ming'er (Prince Gong's concubine)
 Lu Yong as Baojun
 Liu Wei as Wenxiang
 Feng Shaofeng as Ronglu
 Xi Huiling as Rong'er (Yehenara Wanzhen)
 Bai Qinglin as Consort Li
 Pan Hongliang as An Dehai
 Wang Gang as Prince Chun
 Zeng Ang as Li Lianying
 Shen Tonghua as Li Hongzhang
 Gu Yang as the Tongzhi Emperor
 Wan Changhao as the Tongzhi Emperor (young)
 Wang Zhongwei as He Fan
 Xu Guang as Zaicheng
 Dai Yun as Zaicheng (young)
 Xia Zhixiang as Cao Yuying
 Kelin as Hede
 Wang Jianguo as Guiliang
 Guo Dong as Zeng Guofan
 Zhang Bingqi as Zhu Xueqin
 Hong Yin as Li Hongzao
 Yue Ding as Zaiyuan
 Yao Jianming as Duanhua
 Ni Jiali as Yuzi
 Tu Liman as Bailing (Gulun Princess Rongshou)
 Zhu Li as Bailing (young)
 Ren Xihong as Zeng Guoquan
 Huang Wei as Woren
 Dong Zhongcheng as Xu Tong
 Zhang Wenyi as Weng Tonghe
 Zhao Le as Prince Dun
 Shi Jipu as Jia Zhen
 Jin Bo as the Guangxu Emperor
 Gao Wei as Shengbao
 Mi Yang as Empress Jiashun
 Li Xiang as Zhiduan
 Zhang Lei as Zhenling
 Cai Xuan as Shuiling
 Anatoly Shanin as Harry Smith Parkes

Broadcasts in other regions
Hong Kong's TVB Jade first aired the series on weekday nights from 26 April 2007. Starting on 12 May, the series was broadcast on weekend afternoons instead. On 24 June, TVB stopped airing the series and the remaining episodes were broadcast from 1 September to 16 October 2008 on weekday nights.

External links
  Sigh of His Highness on xinhuanet.com
  Sigh of His Highness official page on TVB's website

TVB dramas
Television series set in the Qing dynasty
Chinese historical television series

Sigh of His Highness


Mindelheim () was a minor state of Unterallgäu in Bavaria, Germany. It was part of the territory of Rechberg until 1467 when it was made a Lordship for the House of Frundsberg. It was raised to a Barony in 1569, was annexed by Maxelrain in 1586, annexed by Leuchtenberg in 1618, and created a Principality for John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, in 1705 for his service in the War of the Spanish Succession.

1705 Creation

In recognition of Marlborough's efforts as commander-in-chief of the Grand Alliance's armies Emperor Leopold I proposed in 1704 to make Marlborough a sovereign prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was created thus on 28 August 1704, then made Prince of Mindelheim on 18 November 1705 by Emperor Joseph I, and formally invested with this title on 24 May 1706 at the Imperial Diet. The principality was carved out of Imperial land in Swabia, and measured approximately fifteen square miles. The income from the Principality came to about £2,000 per annum, equivalent to about £475,000 in 2019.

Marlborough visited the principality only once in his life, in 1713, and stayed a mere four days. However he was well received by his subjects. He wrote of his visit 'I liked much better than expected but not so, as to think of living there'.

In 1713, as a conclusion of the war came about, Mindelheim was likely to be annexed by the Electorate of Bavaria. Marlborough succeeded in getting Mindelheim swapped for the county of Nellenburg in Further Austria, which was not elevated to be a principality. Mindelheim was duly annexed under the Treaty of Utrecht.

After the Treaty of Utrecht led to the loss of his Principality of Mindelheim, it was discussed to make John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough prince of Nellenburg. Austrian law did not allow for the elevation into a sovereign principality though, and the plan was dropped in or after 1717. Nellenburg, therefore, never became a principality or a state of the Holy Roman Empire.[1]

Lords of Mindelheim (1467–1559)
Ulrich X (1467–1478)
Georg II (1478–1528)
Casper (1528–1536)
George III (1536–1559)

Baron of Mindelheim (1559–1586)
George III (1559–1586)

Prince of Mindelheim (1705–1714)
John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough (1705–1714)

See also
 Mindelheim

References

Former states and territories of Bavaria
Mindelheim
Mindelheim
1467 establishments in Europe
States and territories established in 1467
1705 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire

Principality of Mindelheim


Roberto Dipiazza (born 1 February 1953) is an Italian entrepreneur and politician. A member of the centre-right party Forza Italia, he has been mayor of Muggia between 1996 and 2001 and mayor of Trieste between 2001 and 2011 and again since 2016.

Career
His working career started as a large-scale retail manager before setting up his own business enterprise in Trieste's province. His political debut happened in December 1996 when he was elected Mayor of Muggia as the leader of  a centre-right coalition. His administration claimed to have renovated the old town and to have revived tourism thanks mainly to the new Porto S. Rocco, considered one of the most highly rated yacht clubs in the northern Adriatic Sea, built with international entrepreneurs' support. He claimed also to have succeeded in improving cross border relations between Italy and Slovenia thanks to the setting up of new business relations between Italian and Slovene multi-utility (gas, water, electricity) companies. In 2000 he was named commendatore (an official title awarded for services given to the Republic of Italy) by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

In May 2001 he was elected Mayor of Trieste with the support of a centre right coalition for a first term. His political program focused on a new role for the city of Trieste linked to the eastern expansion of the European Union, the trade development of the port, the reorganization of the so-called porto vecchio, and the strengthening of the links between the city and its international institutes of advanced studies and applied research. During his first term (2001-2006) as Mayor of Trieste, the merger between Acegas (Trieste) and Aps (Padua) created the biggest multi-utility listed in the stock exchange in the north east of Italy. In 2004 the Italian financial newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore rated Trieste as the best city in Italy for urban quality of life and services. He also supported sports activities and became president of the second division basketball team Pallacanestro Trieste 2004. In the same year (2004) he was named  "grande ufficiale" (another official title awarded for services given to the Republic of Italy) by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (President in 1999-2006).

In May 2006 he was elected Mayor of Trieste for a second term with the support of a centre right coalition. His program for the new term supported the vision of a city becoming the "capital" of the Adriatic region: a city able to offer qualified services and founding its economical revival on trading and on increased port activities, Trieste's age-old tradition.

His administration claimed to have started a "renaissance" of the city, fuelled by new initiatives in scientific research and by the policy of making Trieste an exclusive centre for tourists, both from Italy and from central eastern European countries. The increase of holiday cruisers calling in Trieste, a result actually achieved by the Autorità portuale (an apolitical port-related institution), and the newly reconversion of the old fish market building into a contemporary art gallery were seen by his supporters as important steps in this direction. The goal to reduce the ICI (a local tax on Real estate) was Dipiazza's priority which implied a strict intervention on public expenses without touching the running of the municipality's administrative structure and services, and it was a matter of debate in the city whether the services were really not touched. Dipiazza left office in 29 May 2011.

As mayor of Trieste he was also in charge as President of the city lyric theatre "Giuseppe Verdi". In April 2013 he was a candidate for regional councilor in Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election for the list of PDL, the party of Silvio Berlusconi and Angelino Alfano: Dipiazza obtained a very high record of preferences in his constituency and he was elected as regional councilor. In May 2014 he was a candidate of NCD (Angelino Alfano's political party) for the European Parliament, but he was not elected. In June 2016 he was the candidate of FI (Silvio Berlusconi's political party) for the office of Mayor of Trieste with the support of NCD, Brothers of Italy, Northern League and other minor lists of the center right coalition: Dipiazza was elected against Roberto Cosolini (member of PD), the incumbent mayor of Trieste (2011-2016), for a new (the third) term.

References

External links
Trieste's Municipality Official Site

1953 births
Living people
People from Aiello del Friuli
Forza Italia politicians
Mayors of Trieste

Roberto Dipiazza


A kakap is a narrow river or coastal boat used for fishing in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei. They are also sometimes used as auxiliary vessels to larger warships for piracy and coastal raids.

Etymology
The name "kakap" comes from Malay word meaning "spy", "scout", "lookout". Thus, the name means "type of boat used for scouting".

Description
Kakap resemble pangajava but are smaller and lighter. It also uses a mast and rectangular tanja sail. The boards and planks on the hull are not nailed with iron nail, but are attached using a wooden dowel technique and reinforced with rattan bonds. Larger kakaps may reach eight meters in length and able to carry 8–10 crews.

The kakap jeram's hull is planked and built with frames, made by meranti (dipterocarp) wood. It has carved figurehead and ornamented sternpost. A washstrake made of bamboo splits sewn together with bamboo withies, and held in position by lashings. A heavy beam is fitted forward and used for winding the anchor cable and bitting it. The steering gear consist of a paddle held on the quarter on a stout upright and held at the neck by a rattan lashing.

It has 1 mast with junk sail. Average length of mast is 13 ft (4 m). The length of a kakap jeram is about 13 ft (4 m), the width is 7 ft (2.1 m), with 3 ft (91 cm) depth. It has a freeboard of 1 ft (30 cm) and crew of 3 men.

Role
In Selangor coast, the kakap is used as a fishing boat, under the name of kakap Jeram. Jeram is the name of a big fishing village in the Kuala Selangor district. Its name can be interpreted as "Jeram scouter".

For piracy activities, the kakap does not sail alone but often accompanies a penjajap and is used as an observer in piracy activities. If a merchant ship encounters such a boat, a penjajap or lanong must be hiding in the nearby waters. A kakap is also suitable for going along the beach and sailing to the river estuary. If attacked, a kakap can land easily on the beach or river bank to make it easier for the crew to escape to the mangrove or palm forest area while carrying the boat with them. Sea people use a kakap that can contain 20 people for piracy activities at sea.

See also

Penjajap
Salisipan
Kelulus
Junk (ship)
Pinisi
Kora-kora

References

Indonesian inventions
Boats of Indonesia
Military boats
Austronesian ships
Sailboat types

Kakap (boat)


Carl Jonas Love Ludvig Almqvist (28 November 1793  – 26 September 1866) was a Swedish author, romantic poet, romantic critic of political economy, realist, composer and social critic.

Biography
Carl Jonas Love Almqvist was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the son of War Commissioner Karl Gustav Almqvist (1768–1846) and Birgitta Lovisa Gjörwell (1768–1806), daughter of journalist and editor Carl Christoffer Gjörwell Sr. (1731–1811). Almqvist's younger half-brother was Director-General Gustavus Fridolf Almquist (1814–1886), who was the father of Agnes Hammarskjöld.

He studied at Uppsala University and then worked as a clerk in Stockholm. In 1823 he gave up his post, and in the autumn of the following year moved to Adolfsfors-Köla in northern Värmland where he and some friends, inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, intended to live out a rural idyll. It was there in 1824, that he married Anna Maria Andersdotter Lundström (1799–1868) and had two children. In 1828, he became a teacher at the experimental school Nya Elementar in Stockholm, where he was rector there from 1829 to 1841. Almqvist was ordained as a pastor in 1837, but could not find work, and after publishing Det går an in 1839 gave up that career altogether; supporting himself by working for various newspapers (including Aftonbladet and  Jönköpingsbladet).

In June 1851 Almqvist fled Sweden on suspicion of fraud and poisoning attempts against an elderly usurer named Johan Jacob von Scheven, to whom he owed 18000 riksdaler. He arrived in the United States at the end of August and traveled widely under the name Lewis Gustawi. In Philadelphia, on the third anniversary of his departure from Stockholm, he bigamously married a 69-year-old guest-house proprietress, Emma Nugent. In 1865 Almqvist tried to return to Sweden, but only got as far as Bremen, where he lived under the name of E. Westerman and died in 1866.

He wrote many books and poems. Some dealt with his radical views on society and politics; in his novel Drottningens juvelsmycke, his main character, Tintomara, is neither male nor female, and arouses both men and women to fall in love, and in his novel Det går an, a woman lives with a man without being married to him. These books caused the church and state to condemn him and call him a dangerous revolutionary. However, he still maintained influence with his writings, and he is counted as one of the foremost Swedish social reformers of the 19th century.

Works

Many of his writings are included in the long series Törnrosens bok (1832–1851). Some of his musical compositions have been recorded.
 Parjumouf Saga ifrån Nya Holland (Stockholm, 1817), an early novel, published anonymously. It is the first Swedish novel set in Australia (which is termed Nya Holland, or New Holland, and also Ulimaroa)
 Amorina (1822, rev. 1839), novel
 Drottningens juvelsmycke (1834), novel.
 Translated as The Queen's Diadem by Yvonne Sandstroem (1992)
 Ormus och Ariman (1839)
 Om poesi i sak (1839), essay on poetics
 Det går an (1839), novel.
 Translated as Sara Videbeck and the Chapel by Adolph B. Benson (1919)
 Songes (1849), poetry.

Sara Videbeck
Sara Videbeck and the Chapel is the English translation of Almqvist's most famous work, whose Swedish title is Det går an. In it, sergeant Albert falls in love with Sara Videbeck, a glazier's daughter, during a steamboat trip between Stockholm and Lidköping. Sara is interested but outlines an egalitarian marriage without a formal wedding ceremony and without shared property. The novel ends with her asking, "Will this all do, Albert?" (), and his answer, "It will do" ( ). The novel is primarily an attack on lifelong marriage as an institution and the inability of women to become financially independent. The book's social tendency aroused lively debate and " literature" became a concept. (Fredrika Bremer's contribution was the 1843 A Diary.) The controversy over the work, however, forced Almqvist out of his post as rector at the New Elementary School, Stockholm.

References

External links

1793 births
1866 deaths
19th-century Swedish writers
19th-century male writers
19th-century classical composers
Romantic composers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish-language writers
19th-century Swedish male musicians
Uppsala University alumni
Romantic critics of political economy

Carl Jonas Love Almqvist


Daniel Thompson (1935 – May 6, 2004) was a Cleveland poet, civil rights activist and advocate for the homeless. Thompson became the first Poet Laureate for Cuyahoga County, Ohio.

Work
Thompson and Steven B. Smith co-edited "Crimes in the Dark: Reel-Life Art," also known as the "popcorn box" edition of ArtCrimes. It contained coupons for events in addition to the usual melange of poetry and images. ArtCrimes is consistent with the style of beat-era publications from the days of Kerouac, Corso and Ginsberg. One reviewer postulates that it is the most significant publication of the Cleveland underground art scene in recent history.

Thompson was an organizer of Junkstock, a poetry, art and music festival in the 80s. The highly acclaimed festival was held in a junk yard on Pearl Road in Cleveland. Thompson organized Cleveland's first poetry slam in 1992.

In 1992 Thompson was declared Poet Laureate of Cuyahoga County. The big book of Daniel: collected poems of Daniel Thompson edited by Maj Ragain, is published by Bottom Dog Press in 2011.

Music
Daniel Thompson performed on the 1996 CD "Genetic Memory" with percussionist Sam Phillips. Featuring the cut, "Tell Chief Wahoo", a commentary against the use of the Chief Wahoo logo by the Cleveland Indians, the "Genetic Memory" CD sold several thousand copies in the Cleveland area, and landed Sam Phillips an appearance on "The Howard Stern Show". In 1998 Daniel released a second CD, "Famous In The Neighborhood", as a companion piece to a poetry chapbook of the same name. On the CD, Daniel is backed by 2 Cleveland jazz legends, saxophonist Ernie Krivda, and (the late) guitarist Bill D'Arango, who joined Daniel for a 1998 showcase at The Jim Clevo Stage. Daniel also performed at The JCS in August 1998 as a special guest of the group Hostile Omish; clips of that performance are seen in the 2008 DVD documentary "Saints In The City", produced by Sam Phillips for Liberation Brew TV and widely featured on YouTube. A 2005 cover story in the now-defunct Cleveland Free Times, entitled, "Who Owns Daniel?", addressed the disputes over the ownership rights to Daniel's poems and recordings which arose after Daniel's death. Thompson also toured with the Cleveland percussion group Drumplay.

Civic activism
Thompson contributed poems to the Homeless Grapevine newspaper and wall calendar. The Northeast Ohio Coalition for the Homeless used these items to raise money. He protested against the name of the Cleveland "Indians" and their use of the "Chief Wahoo" logo. His poem "Tell Chief Wahoo" was used on t-shirts to promote awareness by the Committee of 500 Years of Dignity and Resistance.
In 1986, Thompson organized readings at the Justice center.

Thompson promoted the idea of renaming the University Circle portions of East Blvd. after Hart Crane and Langston Hughes. A street was named for him after his death, Daniel's Way can be found in downtown Cleveland. Cleveland poet Chris Franke failed to paint his house after being ordered by the city to do so. Thompson arranged a creative solution where Franke did community service: reading his poems to a soup-line audience at a homeless shelter.

Poetry collections
 ArtCrimes 4, 1988 edited by Thompson, Daniel
 Famous in the Neighborhood, 1989 Burning Press, Cleveland, OH
 Even the Broken Letters of the Heart Spell Earth, 1998, Bottom Dog Press
 The Rain Poet, 2004, Green Panda Press, Cleveland, OH
 Double X, 2004 Published by Jim Lang, (of Split Whiskey), Lakewood, OH
 Comforting the Dead, 2004, Green Panda Press, Cleveland, OH
 The Big Book of Daniel: Collected Poems of Daniel Thompson, edited by Maj Ragain, 2011 Bottom Dog Press, Huron, OH

References

External links

ArtCrimes poems of Daniel Thompson
Deep Cleveland: ArtCrimes 4 & 12 co-edited by Thompson
Profile at Drumplay

Writers from Cleveland
Underground poets
Homelessness activists
American civil rights activists
Street newspaper people
1935 births
2004 deaths

Daniel Thompson (poet)


NRK Klassisk is a digital radio channel operated by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) which broadcasts classical music 24 hours a day.

History
NRK Klassisk was launched in Oslo on 1 June 1995 as the world's first all-digital radio station (DAB), broadcasting 24 hours a day. The BBC and Swedish Radio, which launched their first digital radio stations in September 1995, caused NRK to bring forward its plans, so as to be the first in the world to use the DAB radio standard (Eureka 147).

Right from the start, the channel was in operation 24 hours a day with a staff of six, in a totally digital programme chain from production via DAB transmitter to receiver.

For broadcasting, the channel used the software BMS (Broadcast Media Server) from the Swedish company BCC. BMS made it possible to prerecord announcements through a digital mixer, together with jingles and background atmosphere, on the computer hard disk and to manage playback together with music recordings from CD and digital audio tape (DAT). The CDs were stored in juke boxes that held 360 each. Each juke box had two players, and when fully developed, NRK Klassisk had ten such juke boxes.

Present operation

NRK Klassisk staff broadcast morning programmes live. For the rest of the day and night, the system is programmed in shifts, so that the playlists are broadcast automatically. During holidays like Christmas and Easter, the broadcast of automatic playlists can go on for several days. Transmits at 80k/bits DAB+ on regional DAB networks.

External links
NRK Klassisk - schedule (in Norwegian)
NRK internet radio guide (in Norwegian)
NRK Klassisk (Internet radio)

NRK
Radio stations in Norway
Radio stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Norway
Articles containing video clips

NRK Klassisk


Progress M-07M (), identified by NASA as Progress 39P, is a Progress spacecraft which was used to resupply the International Space Station. It was the seventh Progress-M 11F615A60 spacecraft to be launched, the fourth for the year 2010 and has the serial number 407. The spacecraft was manufactured by RKK Energia, and is being operated by the Russian Federal Space Agency. It arrived at the space station whilst the Expedition 24 crew was aboard, and will remain docked for the entirety of Expedition 25, before departing during Expedition 26.

Launch and docking

Progress M-07M was launched by a Soyuz-U carrier rocket, flying from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The launch occurred at 10:22:28 UTC on 10 September 2010. The launch had previously been scheduled to occur at 11:11 UTC on 8 September 2010, however it was delayed due to unfavorable weather conditions. After the launch the spacecraft reached a preliminary orbit of . A series of engine firings over the next two days guided Progress M-07M to the rendezvous.

Docking with the aft port of the Zvezda module of the ISS had been scheduled for around 12:37 UTC on 10 September 2010, however due to the launch delay, it occurred on 12 September at 11:58 UTC. The approval to begin the 11-minute final approach was issued by the Russian flight controllers after assessing the systems during a brief stationkeeping hold with about  between the space station and the Progress spacecraft. The docking was executed flawlessly by the Kurs automated rendezvous system.

Cargo
Progress M-07M carried  of cargo to the International Space Station. This consisted of  of fuel,  of oxygen, and  of water. The remaining  was dry cargo, including components for the station's life support system, equipment for conducting maintenance and repairs, supplies for sanitation and hygiene, food, medical equipment, clothes and parcels for the cosmonauts aboard the station, cameras, and supplies for outfitting the Zarya, Poisk and Rassvet modules.

Orbit raising manoeuvres
Progress M-07M was used for three manoeuvres to raise the orbit of the International Space Station. The first, which used eight of the Progress spacecraft's attitude control thrusters, was carried out on 15 September 2010. The engines ignited 09:04 UTC, and burned for 526 seconds, raising the orbit of the space station by  to , in preparation for the undocking and landing of Soyuz TMA-18 on 25 September 2010, and for the docking of Soyuz TMA-01M on 10 October 2010.

A second orbit raising manoeuvre was conducted at 19:41 UTC on 20 October 2010, in preparation for the docking of Progress M-08M. The manoeuvre lasted 228.7 seconds, and left the space station in an orbit with a perigee of  and an apogee of . Progress M-08M was launched on 27 October 2010, and successfully docked two days later.

The third manoeuvre was conducted on 22 December 2010, when eight thrusters were again used to raise the space station's orbit. This manoeuvre raised the orbit of the space station by  to  in preparation for the arrival of the Progress M-09M spacecraft, which is scheduled to launch on 28 January 2011, and for the docking of OV-103 on the STS-133 mission.

Undocking
It remained docked to the space station until 20 February 2011 when it undocked to make way for the Johannes Kepler Automated Transfer Vehicle. After undocking, it was deorbited to a destructive reentry over the spacecraft cemetery in the Pacific Ocean. Filled with trash and spent equipment on board the ISS, Progress M-07M drowned in the Pacific Ocean at 19:58 Moscow time.

See also

 2010 in spaceflight
 List of Progress flights
 Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

References

Spacecraft launched in 2010
Progress (spacecraft) missions
Spacecraft which reentered in 2011
Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets

Progress M-07M


Stanley Dewayne Burrell Jr. (born September 16, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player who last played for Energa Czarni Słupsk of the Polish Basketball League. Standing at , he plays the point guard position. Burrell played college basketball for Sean Miller at Xavier University (Cincinnati, OH). He was the starting guard for four seasons at Xavier and finished his career #12 on the All-Time scoring list (with 1,612 points). He also played in a school record 132 collegiate games.

Early life
Burrell was born to Wonda and Stanley Burrell in Fort Knox, Kentucky. Burell's parents divorced at an early age, leaving him and his brother, James Burrell, to be raised by their mother in her hometown of Indianapolis, Indiana. In Indianapolis, Burrell attended Ben Davis High School, where he led the team in scoring as a senior with 20.9 points per game and guided them to a Sectional Championship and a Regional Runner-up finish to Pike High School in 2003. Burrell was named to the 2003 Indiana All-Star Team and also the Star West Player of the Year. After completing his high school training, he signed a National Letter of Intent to attend Xavier University.

Prep-school season
After graduating from Ben Davis High School, Burrell did not go directly to Xavier University. Instead, he attended Hargrave Military Academy for the 2003–04 season. There he developed his game and body, so that he could have an immediate impact at Xavier. Burrell averaged 15.5 points per game and won the Prep-school National Championship.

College career
Burrell arrived at Xavier University for his freshman season (2004–05) ready to contribute immediately. He led Xavier in scoring as a freshman with 12.7 points per game. Only the 3rd freshman player to ever accomplish that feat. He was named to the Atlantic 10 All-Rookie Team and also the All-Championship Team.

In his sophomore season (2005–06), Xavier won the Atlantic 10 Conference Tournament and earned a trip to the NCAA Tournament (but lost in the 1st round to Gonzaga). Burrell again led Xavier in scoring, with 14.4 points per game, and also assists, with 3.3 assists per game. He was named to the All Atlantic 10 Conference Team.

In his junior season (2006–07), Xavier won the Atlantic 10 regular season championship and earned another berth into the NCAA Tournament (but lost in the round of 32 vs. Ohio State University). Burrell was the team's 2nd leading scorer, with 12.4 points per game, and also 2nd in assists, with 2.4 assists per game. He was again named to the Atlantic 10 All Conference Team.

In his senior season (2007–08), Xavier won its 3rd consecutive Atlantic 10 Championship and earned another berth to the NCAA Tournament (advancing to the Elite Eight before losing to UCLA). Burrell became one of the nation's top defenders and was named the Atlantic 10 Defensive Player of the Year. He was still also contributing 9.7 points per game and 3.8 assists per game.

Burrell received national attention for his senior season defensive effort: Seth Davis (Sports Illustrated and CBS) named Burrell as the Captain of his ninth annual "All-Glue" Team an SI.com column. Burrell was named to the National All-Defensive First Team (rivals.com) and the National Defensive All-America Team (collegeinsider.com). ESPN analyst Jay Bilas had him among his six National Defensive Player of the Year candidates...

College career statistics

(Statistics provided by GoXavier.com)

Professional basketball career
After graduating from Xavier University with a Communications and Liberal Arts degree, Burrell attended the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament in Virginia (where he tied the record for most assists in one game: 13 assists) and the 2008 NBA Pre-Draft Camp in Florida.

Burrell signed his first professional basketball contract for 1 year with KK Bosna of the Adriatic League. Burrell averaged 9.7 points and 2.4 assists per game, in just 17 games played. Burrell left the team in January 2009 (due to the team's financial problems) and signed with the Austin Toros of the NBA's Developmental League for the remainder of the season.

Due to him arriving so late in the season, Burrell only played a reserve role for the Toros. He averaged 6.5 points and 2.0 assists per game. The Toros reached the semifinals of the D-League playoffs that season.

After attending free-agent camp with the NBA's Memphis Grizzlies in May 2009, Burrell signed his 2nd professional contract for 1 year with Royal Basket Club Verviers-Pepinster of the Basketball League Belgium (BLB). In 31 games, Burrell averaged 10.8 points per game and led the entire Belgian League in assists with 142 (4.6 apg).

At the end of the 2009–10 season with Pepinster, Burrell was signed to a 1-year deal by Generali Okapi Aalstar of the Basketball League Belgium (BLB).

In 2010, Burrell began his 3rd professional basketball season as point guard for Generali Okapi Aalstar.

In 2011, Burrell signed with Energa Czarni Slupsk of the Polish League, where he led the team in scoring at 15.6ppg and 4.6apg

In 2012, Burrell signed with Bremerhaven of the German League, where he led the team in scoring at 16.2pp and 4.3apg

On July 9, 2013, he signed with Royal Halı Gaziantep.

In January 2014, Burrell signed with Bnei Herzlyia of the Israeli League.

In 2014, Burrell signed with the Hitachi Sunrockers of the Japanese League.

On December 15, 2014 he signed with Tsmoki-Minsk of the Belarusian Premier League. On February 17, 2015, he left Minsk (For a team financial crisis that resulted in late payments to all players) and signed with Hapoel Gilboa Galil of the Israeli League.

In 2015, Burrell signed with Apoel of the Cyprus League....
In January 2016, he then moved to a Eurocup Team, Olaj Szolnok, of the Hungarian League.... He averaged 15.2ppg and 4.4apg in the Eurocup.

On July 27, 2016, Burrel signed with Polish club Energa Czarni Słupsk. He left the club after appearing in three games.

References

External links
Stanley Burrell at eurobasket.com
Stanley Burrell at fiba.com
Xavier Musketeers bio
Turkish League bio

1984 births
Living people
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Belarus
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Hungary
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
APOEL B.C. players
Austin Toros players
BC Tsmoki-Minsk players
Eisbären Bremerhaven players
Gaziantep Basketbol players
Hargrave Military Academy alumni
Point guards
Sun Rockers Shibuya players
Szolnoki Olaj KK players
Xavier Musketeers men's basketball players

Stanley Burrell (basketball)


Emily Chebet Muge (born 18 February 1986) is a Kenyan professional long-distance runner who specialises in the 10,000 metres and cross country running. She is a two-time winner of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships, being the gold medallist in 2010 and 2013.

Chebet's first medal was a bronze in the 10,000 m at the 2006 African Championships in Athletics and she also ran in that event at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics.

Career

Early career
Emily Chebet was born in Ainamoi in the Bomet District, a small settlement in Kenya's Rift Valley Province. Her father Joel Rono was a runner and, after seeing the success of Caroline Cheptanui Kilel (another budding runner from the village), Chebet decided to stop her studies and join the Kericho track club to try to become a professional runner.

She made her first international appearance in the junior race at the 2003 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, where she finished in fifth place and won the junior team silver medal along with Peninah Jepchumba. She competed at meetings in Spain and Portugal in 2004, running in the 1500 metres, 3000 metres and a couple of 10K runs. The following year she missed a place on the national team in cross country but she set a 3000 m best of 8:53.46 minutes at the Meeting Gaz de France in Paris. After taking second place at the Kenyan Athletics Championships, Chebet had her first senior podium finish at the 2006 African Championships, where she was the bronze medallist behind fellow Kenyans Edith Masai and Isabella Ochichi. In 2007, she did not finish in the heat of Mombasa at the 2007 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, but she won the 10,000 m. She finished ninth in the 10,000 m at the 2007 World Championships. In her final outing of the year she helped Kenya to second place at the Chiba Ekiden Relay, having run the 5 km leg.

She skipped the 2008 and 2009 seasons as she married Edward Muge and the couple had their first child, Serah Cherono.

World champion
She had a significant breakthrough in 2010 as she won the senior women's race at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, out-sprinting Linet Masai (the world champion on the track) to take her first major world title. Chebet finished second in the 2010 Bay to Breakers. A few weeks later, she broke the course record at the Freihofer's Run for Women 5K; her six-second improvement on the record was the greatest ever in the race's history. She was defeated at the NYRR New York Mini 10K by national rival Linet Masai, but still finished as the runner-up with a time of 31:13. She ran in the 15K race at the Istanbul Eurasia Marathon competition and won with a minute to spare over runner-up Belaynesh Oljira. She returned to the grassy Spanish circuit in November but was defeated by a large margin at the Cross de Atapuerca by Genzebe Dibaba.

She missed the chance to defend her World Cross title in 2011 as she failed to finish at the Kenyan Cross Country Championships. She returned to defend her title at the Freihofer's Run for Women in June, but ended the race in third behind Ethiopians Mamitu Daska and Aheza Kiros. She was sixth at the Prague Half Marathon, setting a time of 1:12:00 hours for her debut outing over the distance. Chebet competed in South America for the first time at the Bogota Half Marathon in August and took third place on the podium. She ran one of the fastest 10K times of the year as runner-up at the Tilburg 10K, but her run of 31:18 minutes was still some way behind the winner Joyce Chepkirui. In November, she returned to train in Kenya and won the Tuskys Wareng Cross Country race.

Second world title
Chebet took the bronze medal and team title with Kenya at the 2012 African Cross Country Championships held in Cape Town. A knee injury ruled her out of the track and field season that year, but she returned in August and had runner-up finishes at the Falmouth Road Race, Beach to Beacon 10K and the Tilburg 10K (setting a best of 30:58 minutes at the latter).

She placed fourth at the national cross country trials but went on to win her second world title at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, beating off a challenge from Hiwot Ayalew to claim both the individual and team gold medals. In June she won her second title at the Freihofer's Women's Run. A runner-up placing at the Kenyan trials earned her selection for the 10,000 m at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics and she came close to a medal by running a personal best of 30:47.02 minutes, taking fourth place. She ended the track season with a 5000 m best of 14:46.89 minutes at the Weltklasse Zürich meet. Moving on to the roads, she was runner-up at the Prague Grand Prix and the Valencia Half Marathon, setting another best of 68:20 minutes at the latter event.

She is managed by Prague-based International Athletics Consultancy (IAC), with her IAAF Authorized Athletes' Representative being Zane Branson.

On 27 November 2015, Athletics Kenya announced that Chebet had used a WADA forbidden substance, the masking agent Furosemide, and she was sanctioned with a four-year competition ban, effective 15 July 2015.

Personal bests
1500 metres – 4:18.75 min (2005)
3000 metres – 8:53.46 min (2005)
5,000 metres – 14:46.89 min (2013)
10,000 metres – 30:47.02 min (2013)
 10 km – 30:58 min (2012)
Half marathon – 1:08:20 hrs (2013)

Achievements

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People from Bomet County
Sportspeople from Rift Valley Province
Kenyan female long-distance runners
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Kenya
World Athletics Cross Country Championships winners
Doping cases in athletics
Kenyan sportspeople in doping cases
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Kenya
Kenyan female cross country runners
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

Emily Chebet


The Júcar () or Xúquer () is a river in Spain, on the Iberian Peninsula. The river runs for approximately 509 km from its source at Ojuelos de Valdeminguete, on the eastern flank of the Montes Universales in the Sistema Ibérico. Its most important tributary is the Cabriel.

The Júcar River flows first southward and then eastward through the towns of Cuenca, Alcalá del Júcar, Cofrentes, Alzira, Sueca and Cullera, a town located near its mouth into the Gulf of Valencia in the Mediterranean Sea. It crosses the provinces of Cuenca, Albacete and Valencia.

In 1982, the river Júcar broke the Tous Dam, causing the biggest flood in Spanish history, with a flow speed of 16,000 cubic metres per second, killing more than 30 people. This flood was the most important one in the whole history of Spain because, at that time, the people had thought that the Tous Dam was indestructible. The flood was called La pantanada de Tous.

See also
 List of rivers of Spain
 Rambla del Poyo

References

External links

 Confederació Hidrogràfica del Xúquer
 Plataforma Xúquer Viu
 Projecte de seguiment de la qualitat del Xúquer

Rivers of Spain
Rivers of the Valencian Community
European drainage basins of the Mediterranean Sea

Júcar


Abigail Satinsky (born 1981) is an American arts organizer, curator and writer on socially engaged art.

Early life and education
Abigail Bette Satinsky was born in 1981, the daughter of Daniel Satinsky and Dinah Vaprin. She earned a Bachelor of Fine Art in 2003 from Carnegie Mellon University and a Master of Arts, dual degree in modern art history and arts administration and policy in 2009 from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Her thesis, submitted to the department of art history, theory and criticism, and the department of art administration and policy, was on the collaborative work of group material (from 1976 to 1996). Her partner is Anthony Romero.

Career
As a curator and programmer, her interest has been in championing interdisciplinary, process-based, and under-recognized artists' work, artist-run and collaboratively organized community projects, and highlighting how artists have worked within and in solidarity with social movements.  She is a founding member of Incubate (styled "inCUBATE"), a research collaborative on art economies, and co-initiator of Sunday Soup, an international micro-granting project. Satinsky cofounded and acted as codirector (along with Bryce Dwyer, Matthew Joynt and Roman Petruniak) of Incubate, a research group that curated, initiated and coproduced artist projects out of a Chicago store front from 2007 to 2009. Incubate became known for its Sunday Soup series, a micro-granting program which hosted dinner parties and used the proceeds to fund community-based artist projects voted on by the dinner guests. Incubate's work has been shown nationally, including Creative Time, Eyebeam Center for Art and Technology in New York, CEPA Gallery in Buffalo, Skydive in Houston, Autzen Gallery at Portland State University, the Devos Museum at Northern Michigan University and the Smart Museum of Art in Chicago.

From 2010 to 2015, Satinsky worked at Threewalls as associate director, where she edited two editions of Phonebook, in 2011 and 2015 (a national directory of artist-run spaces and projects). During this time she cofounded the Hand-in-Glove conference with Shannon R. Stratton, Bryce Dwyer and Elizabeth Chodos, and was one of the cofounders of Common Field, national initiatives on advocacy for small to mid-size nonprofits and grassroots artist projects, and Community Supported Art, a program to sell affordable artist editions modeled after community-supported agriculture.

Satinsky has worked with artists on solo exhibitions and projects while associate director at Threewalls, including Brandon Alvendia, Irina Botea (nominated for best time-based format by the International Association for Art Critics in 2014), Harold Mendez, Seth Kim-Cohen, Jaime Davidovich (with Daniel Quiles), Latham Zearfoss, ACRE TV, Rozalinda Borcila, Brian Holmes, Ashley Hunt, Taisha Paggett, Faith Wilding, and Mary Patten. She organized more than 100 programs over her time there which included artists and scholars Fred Moten, e-flux library, Laurie Palmer, Lane Relyea, Mary Jane Jacob, Daniel Joseph Martinez, and Michael Brenson. She also co-organized MDW Fair, an independent art fair showcasing Midwest artists and space.

She has taught on socially engaged art and curatorial practice at University of Illinois at Chicago, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Moore College of Art and Design and Tyler School of Art at Temple University. She is curator of exhibitions and programs at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts University.

Selected exhibitions and projects

 Radio Silence (2017-2018) (producer) with artist Michael Rakowitz and curator Liz Thomas with Mural Arts Philadelphia, a seven-episode radio broadcast and large-scale performance on Independence Mall in Philadelphia.
 Meadow Mansions (2016), an exhibit featuring the 18th century Mount Pleasant mansion in Fairmount Park. The group exhibition was commissioned by Fairmount Park Conservancy, Philadelphia Parks and Recreation, Audubon Pennsylvania, and the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and funded by ArtPlace with Design.
 A Modest Occupation (2013), The Luminary in St. Louis, MO, Transformer Gallery in Washington DC and Threewalls in Chicago.

Publishing
In 2014 Satinsky edited the book, Support Networks, part of the Chicago Social Practice History series (edited by Mary Jane Jacob and Kate Zeller in the Department of Exhibitions and Exhibition Studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago). She has published essays and articles on online platforms such as Art Practical and Temporary Art Review, and for organizations such as Open Engagement. She is a regular contributor to the Bad at Sports podcast and her writing has appeared in the Journal of Aesthetics and Protest, AREA Chicago, and Proximity Magazine. She contributed to podcast conversations with Bad at Sports which were collected in two edited volumes, Say It While You Still Mean It: Conversations on Art and Practice, Volumes 1 and 2, published by Open Engagement in Print. She was editor of the book Support Networks, published by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and University of Chicago Press, which chronicles socially engaged art in Chicago over the last one hundred years.

Satinsky has also co-authored essays and blog posts on the subject of socially-engaged art with partner Anthony Romero.

Awards
She was a fellow, John Nicholas Brown Center, Brown University, Providence, RI.

In 2016, she received the Art Journal Award for distinguished writing from College Art Association for her essay "Movement Building for Beginners".

References

External links
ART of the MOOC: Activism and Social Movements (video, 7:27)
Should You Care About the Art World? ~ Visiting Artist Presentation at ACRE (video, 1:13:09)
Valuing Labor in the Arts, Appropriate Technologies (essay)
Strategies of Sustainability Panel Discussion, Hand in Glove Conference, New Orleans, October 18, 2013. (video, 11:53)
 Creative Time Summit (video, 8:08)
 Rhizome Interview with InCUBATE (transcript)
 Art21 Interview (transcript)

American art curators
American women curators
Living people
1981 births
21st-century American women

Abigail Satinsky