Ernst Bernhard Wilhelm Busch (6 July 1885 – 17 July 1945) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during World War II who commanded the 16th Army (as a Generaloberst) and Army Group Centre.

During World War I, Busch served as an infantry officer and was retained in the postwar army of the Weimar Republic. He steadily rose in seniority and by 1936 was a general and commander of the 23rd Infantry Division. During the invasion of Poland, he commanded VIII Army Corps. In 1940, he was appointed commander of the 16th Army; he led it during the 1940 Battle of France and Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union.

By October 1943, Busch was the commander of Army Group Centre but he was dismissed in June 1944 after the collapse of his command during the Red Army's Operation Bagration. He was later the commander of Army Group Northwest in the final months of the war and died as a prisoner of war in England.

Early life and World War I
Busch was born on 6 July 1885 at Essen in the Ruhr district of Germany. In 1904, having graduated from the Gross Lichterfelde Cadet Academy, he joined the Imperial Army as a Fahnenjunker (officer cadet). He was initially posted to the Westphalian 13th Infantry Regiment but was later assigned to the 57th Infantry Regiment, in which he was commissioned a Leutnant (second lieutenant). In 1913, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) and received further training at the War Academy.

During World War I, Busch served mostly on the Western Front, initially as a company commander. Within months of the beginning of the war, he had been awarded both the first and second classes of the Iron Cross. In 1915, he was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) and then appointed a battalion commander in the 56th Infantry Regiment. He fought in several battles across the Artois, Flanders, and Champagne sectors of the front. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords in 1917 and the following year received the Pour le Mérite.

Interwar period
After the war, Busch was retained in the postwar Reichsheer. He mostly served in a series of staff positions for the next several years, including a period as Inspector of Transport Troops and as a battalion commander in the 9th Infantry Regiment. An ardent supporter of Adolf Hitler, he received a series of rapid promotions from 1933. He soon held the rank of Oberst (colonel) and was commander of 9th Infantry Regiment, which was based at Potsdam, and in 1935 was promoted to Generalmajor and given command of the 23rd Infantry Division. During the tensions of 1938 between Hitler and the two senior officers in the Wehrmacht, Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg and Generaloberst Werner von Fritsch, Busch sided with Hitler. At this stage of his career, Busch was a General der Infanterie (General of Infantry) and was commander of Wehrkreis VIII.

World War II

Invasion of Poland and France
On the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Busch was commander of the VIII Army Corps which participated in the invasion of Poland as part of the 14th Army. It captured the city of Kraków, reached the Vistula River and advanced as far as Lviv. During the campaign in Poland, he was twice awarded the Clasp to the Iron Cross.

The following year Busch led the 16th Army, which consisted of 13 infantry divisions, during the Battle of France and covered the left flank of General der Panzertruppe Heinz Guderian's XIX Panzer Corps. During the later stages of the fighting in France, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross  and this was followed by a promotion to Generaloberst on 19 July 1940. Once the campaign in France was completed, Busch's 16th Army remained in the country until early 1941, when it was transferred to Poland.

Invasion of the Soviet Union
When Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, commenced in late June 1941, the 16th Army controlled seven infantry divisions. Assigned to Army Group North, and operating on its southern flank during the advance into the Baltic States and Russia, it captured Staraya Russa in August. By December, the 16th Army had been considerably expanded, and Busch now had nine infantry divisions along with two motorised divisions, with one more in reserve, under his command. When the Red Army began its winter offensive in January 1942, several parts of his army became encircled and Staraya Russa was nearly lost. Busch had to resort to his reserve to ensure his forces could hold onto the city. The commander of Army Group North, Generaloberst Georg von Küchler, became dissatisfied with Busch's performance and wanted to relieve him of command. Permission to do so was denied. The Red Army offensive shifted focus towards Army Group Centre which relieved the pressure on the 16th Army. Busch was able to relieve his encircled troops although it took several months and required his army to be reinforced.

For the remainder of 1942 and into 1943 the 16th Army's sector was relatively quiet, with the Red Army directing its offensive operations against the 18th Army, which was besieging Leningrad. On 1 February 1943, Busch was promoted to Generalfeldmarshall but this owed more to Hitler's patronage than to his leadership of the 16th Army. Six months later, he received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross he had been awarded during the campaign in France.

On 28 October 1943, Generalfeldmarshall Gunther von Kluge, the commander of Army Group Centre, was injured in a vehicle accident and Busch was named as his replacement. Army Group Centre controlled 76 divisions across four field armies. Fifty-four of these divisions were infantry, which included six from Hungary, and there were also five Panzer divisions. However, few divisions were at full strength and over the coming months Busch amalgamated several of them. Others were low quality, particularly the Hungarian divisions and also the eight Luftwaffe Field Divisions that were also part of two of his armies. By June 1944, his command numbered 38 infantry divisions.

Busch had to contend with several attacks when the Red Army commenced its winter operations in late 1943. He showed little independence in exercising his command and often deferred to Hitler's orders without protest. When fighting around Vitebsk threatened to cut off one of the divisions of Generaloberst Georg-Hans Reinhardt's 3rd Panzer Army, he had to seek Hitler's permission to allow it to withdraw. Hitler declined and the division was only saved when Reinhardt, on his own initiative, ordered it to retreat. In May 1944, Busch also conceded to Hitler's instructions to transfer his LVI Panzer Corps to Army Group North Ukraine despite this leaving his own command with minimal tanks.

An increased build-up of Soviet forces opposite Army Group Centre was largely ignored by Busch. Despite some of his subordinates' efforts to reduce their frontage, he refused to let them do so and blindly reiterated Hitler's orders that there be no retreat. In particular, the towns of Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, and Bobruisk were to be held in force. Busch had attempted to query this with Hitler but was rebuffed and ridiculed. This only strengthened Busch's resolve to follow Hitler's directives without question. By mid-June, the 700,000 troops of Army Group Centre were outnumbered by 2,500,000 Soviet soldiers. When the Soviet summer offensive of 1944, Operation Bagration, began on 22 June, Army Group Centre's 34 divisions were overwhelmed by nearly 120 Red Army divisions. His army commanders immediately sought permission to withdraw to the Dnieper River but this was denied by Busch, who insisted their positions be held. Within two days, most of his divisions were effectively destroyed. Having overseen the loss of 250,000-300,000 men (25 full divisions), the biggest defeat for Germany on the Eastern Front, Busch was relieved of his command by Hitler on 28 June. He was replaced by Field Marshal Walter Model who managed to stop the advance of the Red Army, but not until it reached the Vistula. In the meantime, Busch became depressed after his sacking which effectively came about because of his adherence to Hitler's orders.

Army Group Northwest
Having gradually returned to favour with Hitler, Busch was recalled to duty on 20 March 1945 when he became head of Army Group Northwest. Tasked with defending the portion of German coastline along the North Sea, he had few resources and lacked the respect of many men under his command. Busch surrendered to Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery on 4 May 1945. He died in a prisoner of war camp in Aldershot, England, on 17 July 1945, and was initially buried at Aldershot Military Cemetery before his remains were later re-interred at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery.

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1885 births
1945 deaths
Burials at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery
German Army personnel of World War I
German Army World War II field marshals
German people who died in prison custody
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Military personnel from Essen
Military personnel from the Rhine Province
Prisoners who died in British military detention
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class with a Star
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Reichswehr personnel

Ernst Busch (field marshal)


Charles Geoffrey "Geoff" Corkish MBE MLC (born 25 May 1953) is a Manx politician, who is currently a Member of the House of Keys for Douglas West.   He was elected at the 2006 General Election, topping the polls beating Home Affairs Minister and Chief Minister candidate John Shimmin and former MHK Geoff Cannell.

Mr Corkish has stated his opposition to social media and a belief that forums that do not support the Manx Government should be banned.

Early life
Born on 25 May 1953 to William Douglas Corkish and Margaret Elizabeth Corkish (née Cringle), he was educated at Pulrose Infants School, Demesne Road School and Douglas High School for Boys. He later went on to work for the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company from 1969 to 2006, rising to be Communications Director. He is also the Chairman of the Arts Council and his interests include singing. He was awarded an MBE in the 2007 New Year's Honours.

He is currently a member of the Department of Tourism and Leisure and the Department of Trade and Industry.

He was elevated to the Legislative Council, after having been elected on 18 May 2013 in the first round.

Mr Corkish is now retired as of February 2018

Personal life
Corkish has been married to Muriel (née Curphy) since 1976, they have 2 children together and has 1 granddaughter. Corkish also holds freemasonry membership.

References

Members of the House of Keys 2006–2011
Members of the House of Keys 2011–2016
Manx people
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
1953 births

Geoff Corkish


The 1925 serum run to Nome was when dog sled teams transported medicine to the sick children of Nome. It is also called the Great Race of Mercy and The Serum Run. Leonhard Seppala and his dog Togo travelled the longest and most dangerous part of the journey.  But a musher named Gunnar Kaasen and Balto became the most famous because they did the last part.

An epidemic of diphtheria started in Nome, Alaska. It threatened the lives of many, mostly children. The medicine to treat the disease was called diphtheria antitoxin. Doctor Curtis Welch only had a supply of expired medicine. The weather conditions made it very hard to deliver any new medicine. It was decided that dog sled teams were need to bring it to Nome.

References

1925
Dogs
History of Alaska

1925 serum run to Nome


Smart pipe, related to a mobile network operator (MNO or operator), refers to an operator's network which leverages existing or unique service abilities, and the operator's customer relationships, to provide value beyond that of data connectivity only. The use of the term "smart" refers to the operator's ability to add value for added, and often unique, types of services and content beyond bandwidth and network speed only.

Among the commonly understood operational models for a MNO are smart pipes, walled gardens, and dumb pipes.

Examples
While there is no real industry standard definition of a smart pipe, there are several operators, bloggers, and researchers who have described aspects of a smart pipe which are generally accepted.

Network operator 3 led the way with the release of its X-Series line of devices in 2006. The X-Series platform bundles a set of services, several of which are unique to 3, and provides unlimited data access in exchange for a fixed monthly premium. While not necessarily a full realization of a smart pipe, 3 is one of the first operators to offer such a combination of bandwidth and value-added services for flat-rate pricing.

In addition to pricing, there is a set of services commonly viewed as parts of a smart pipe, such as:
 Location-based services
 Presence information
 Customer analytics
 Computing platforms, mobile or application
 Mobile operating systems
 User interfaces
 Personalization
 Application programming interfaces (APIs), for devices or networks
 Payment, Billing
 Directory assistance, directory services
 Quality of service

By exposing these types of services to the mobile ecosystem, network operators can maintain the value of their pipes while enabling entrepreneurs to create new business models and generate entirely new revenue streams.

The need for operators to innovate around a smart pipe is rising as they face rising pressure from media companies and new technologies, such as Apple's iPhone, Nokia's consumer portal Ovi, and even the open-access policies of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) introduced around its upcoming 700 MHz spectrum auction.

Recently, Arun Sarin, CEO of Vodafone, was criticized for some statements he made about how Vodafone will always have a unique relationship with its subscribers through its billing relationship. Although Sarin's point has been true traditionally, as the article points out there are several new threats to that exclusivity such as traditional credit card, Obopay, PayPal Mobile, and existing media companies like Google via the Android platform, Yahoo via Go, and Apple via iPhone.

See also
 Mobile phone
 Mobile network operator
 Walled garden (technology)
 Dumb pipe

References

Mobile technology

Smart pipe


Daniel Evans (born 15 November 1988) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays as a full-back.

Career
Evans was part of the Scarlets U16 team that formed part of an age grade clean sweep for the region in the inaugural season of the Reebok Regional Championships, and was part of the Scarlets U18 team that lost to the Ospreys in the U18 Final the following season. During the 2006–07 season, Evans turned out for the Scarlets U20 at fullback as they finished third in the Championship.

Evans was a regular performer for Llanelli RFC scoring a try in the Welsh Cup quarter-final against Pontypridd as Llanelli knocked the holders out to make their way through to the semi-finals.

In the following season, he was man-of-the-match in the Scarlets' 26–24 defeat of London Irish away, scoring a try that many believed would put him in the frame for a Wales recall in the Autumn. However, he missed out on selection, and again in the 2010 Six Nations.

In May 2012 Evans joined Newport Gwent Dragons Evans joined the Ospreys for the 2014–15 season.

Evans is a fluent Welsh speaker.

International career
Evans was selected for Wales at U18 level, participating in the 2005–06 season's Home Four Nations Championship. The 2006–07 season saw Evans called up to the Wales U19 squad for their spring internationals and subsequent IRB U19 World Championship bid. He played in all five of Wales' tournament matches, slotting a conversion over in the opening pool game against New Zealand U19. During the 2007–08 season he was selected for the Wales U20 squad to play in the 2008 U20 Six Nations and the 2008 Junior World Championships, he scored his only U20 try against Scotland U20 in a 27–10 win. In May 2009, Evans was called up to the senior Wales squad for the summer tour of North America. Evans appeared in both tour matches and made his Wales debut in the 32–23 win over Canada on 30 May 2009.

References

External links
Profile at scarlets.co.uk
Profile at wru.co.uk

1988 births
Ammanford RFC players
Living people
Llanelli RFC players
Dragons RFC players
Rugby union players from Swansea
Rugby union fullbacks
Scarlets players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
Ospreys (rugby union) players

Dan Evans (rugby union)


Jorge Pulido Mayoral (born 8 April 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central defender for SD Huesca.

Club career

Atlético Madrid
Born in Castillo de Bayuela, Castile-La Mancha, Pulido arrived in Atlético Madrid's youth system at the age of 10. He made his senior debut in the 2009–10 season, appearing with their reserves in the Segunda División B.

Pulido made his official debut with the Colchoneros first team on 10 November 2010, playing the entire 1–1 home draw against Universidad de Las Palmas CF in the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey (6–1 aggregate win). On 18 February of the following year, he extended his contract with the club by signing until 2014.

On 15 May 2011, benefitting from injuries to Diego Godín and Luis Perea and the suspension of Tomáš Ujfaluši, Pulido made his first La Liga appearance, playing the full 90 minutes – with a good overall performance – and being booked after committing a penalty in a 2–1 home victory over Hércules CF, as the team finally qualified to the UEFA Europa League. On 27 January 2012, he was loaned to fellow league side Rayo Vallecano until June.

Castilla and Albacete
After being a regular starter with Rayo, Pulido returned to Atlético in the summer of 2012, but after being again underplayed he moved across the city to Real Madrid on 19 July 2013, being assigned to the reserves in Segunda División. After suffering relegation with the latter he was released, subsequently joining Albacete Balompié also in that tier.

Pulido scored his first professional goal on 25 January 2015, his team's second in a 3–2 win at AD Alcorcón.

Sint-Truiden
In June 2016, after Albacete's relegation, Pulido moved abroad for the first time to Sint-Truidense V.V. of Belgium on a three-year deal. In the third game of the season, he was sent off in a goalless draw with R.S.C. Anderlecht for a foul on Trézéguet, earning him a two-match ban and €800 fine.

Huesca
After only one year abroad, Pulido was back in Spain's second tier on 6 July 2017 on a two-year contract at SD Huesca. He played all bar three matches as the Aragonese reached the top flight for the first time, scoring in the 2–0 away defeat of CD Lugo on 21 May 2018 that confirmed it.

The team was immediately relegated, and Pulido was sent off in his last two appearances of the campaign. In late January 2019, he agreed to a three-year extension at the Estadio El Alcoraz.

In 2019–20, Pulido captained Huesca to the second division title. He wore a new armband design in every away game to honour the host city, such as a guitar at Cádiz CF.

International career
Pulido participated in the 2008 UEFA European Under-17 Championship with Spain, helping his country to eventual victory in the tournament and scoring two goals.

Honours
Atlético Madrid
Copa del Rey: 2012–13

Huesca
Segunda División: 2019–20

Spain U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2008

Spain U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2010

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from the Province of Toledo
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Atlético Madrid B players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Rayo Vallecano players
Real Madrid Castilla footballers
Albacete Balompié players
SD Huesca footballers
Belgian Pro League players
Sint-Truidense V.V. players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium

Jorge Pulido


Thomas John Watson Jr. (January 14, 1914 – December 31, 1993) was an American businessman, diplomat, Army Air Forces pilot, and philanthropist. The son of IBM Corporation founder Thomas J. Watson, he was the second IBM president (1952–71), the 11th national president of the Boy Scouts of America (1964–68), and the 16th United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1979–81). He received many honors during his lifetime, including being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. Fortune called him "the greatest capitalist in history" and Time listed him as one of "100 most influential people of the 20th century".

Early life
Thomas Watson Jr. was born on January 14, 1914, just before his father, Thomas J. Watson, was dismissed from his job at cash register company NCR – an act which subsequently drove Watson Sr., to the foundation of the largest and most profitable digital computer manufacturer in the world, IBM Corporation. Two sisters followed Thomas Jr., Jane and Helen, before a final child, Arthur Kittredge Watson, was born.

Watson Jr. was raised in the Short Hills section of Millburn, New Jersey.

Both sons were immersed in IBM from a very early age. He was taken on plant inspections – his first memory of such a visit (to the Dayton, Ohio factory) was at the age of five –  and business tours to Europe and made appearances at annual gatherings for the company's elite sales representatives, the IBM Hundred Per Cent Club, even before he was old enough to attend school.

At home his father's discipline was erratic and often harsh. Around the time he was thirteen, Watson suffered from clinical depression.

Talking to a reporter in 1974, Watson described his relationship with his father; "My father and I had terrible fights ... He seemed like a blanket that covered everything. I really wanted to beat him but also make him proud of me." But this relationship was not all negative: "I really enjoyed the ten years (working) with him". In his book he says; "I was so intimately entwined with my father. I had a compelling desire, maybe out of honor for the old gentleman, maybe out of sheer cussedness, to prove to the world that I could excel in the same way that he did."

Watson attended the Hun School of Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey. He claimed in his autobiography that as a child he had a "strange defect in his vision" that made written words appear to fall off the page when he tried to read them. As a result, Watson struggled in school, and he acknowledged that Brown University reluctantly admitted him as a favor to his father. He graduated with a business degree in 1937.

After graduating, Watson became a salesman for IBM but had little interest in the job. The turning point was his service as a pilot in the Army Air Forces during World War II. His brother "Dick" (Arthur) Watson had dropped out of Yale. Watson became a Lieutenant Colonel flying military commanders. Tom Jr. later admitted to journalists that the one career he would have liked to follow was an airline pilot. Piloting came easily to him and for the first time, he had confidence in his abilities. Toward the end of his service, Watson worked for Major General Follett Bradley, who suggested that he should try to follow his father at IBM. Watson regularly flew Bradley, the director of lend-lease programs to the Soviet Union, to Moscow during the war. On these trips, he learned Russian, which would later serve him well as the American Ambassador to the Soviet Union.

Watson returned to IBM at the beginning of 1946. He was promoted to be a vice president just six months later and was promoted to the board just four months after that. He became Executive Vice-president in 1949.

IBM president
Watson became president of IBM in 1952 and was named as the company's CEO shortly before the death of his father, Watson Sr., in 1956. Up to this time IBM was dedicated to electromechanical punched card systems for its commercial products.
Watson Sr. had repeatedly rejected electronic computers as overpriced and unreliable, except for one-of-a-kind projects such as the IBM SSEC.
Tom Jr. took the company in a new direction, hiring electrical engineers by the hundreds and putting them to work designing mainframe computers.
Many of IBM's technical experts also did not think computer products were practical since there were only about a dozen computers in the entire world at the time. Even the supporters of the new technology underestimated the potential. Cuthbert Hurd, brought in from the Atomic Energy Commission's Oak Ridge National Laboratory to determine if there was a market, predicted "... he could find customers for as many as thirty machines."

Even so, until the late 1950s the custom-built US Air Force SAGE computerized tracking system accounted for more than half of IBM's computer sales. The company made little profit on these sales but, as Tom Jr. said "It enabled us to build highly automated factories ahead of anybody else, and to train thousands of new workers in electronics."

Tom Jr.'s decision was justified; in the longer term, it redirected IBM to its later position dominating the computer market. Even in the short term it paid off; for revenues more than tripled in six years, from $214.9 million in 1950 to $734.3 million in 1956. This dramatic rate of growth almost matched the wartime years; a better than 30% compound growth rate that Tom Jr. maintained for much of the twenty years of his leadership of IBM. It was a record even better than that of his father.

Despite the presence of his son, Thomas Sr. kept a firm grip on the reins until 1955.  Tom Jr. described the position of his father as "He wanted to make me head of IBM, but he didn't like sharing the limelight."

Tom Jr. took over effective control in a dramatic moment; though the formal handover took place a few months later. The occasion was signing the Consent Decree which was offered by the government after its latest anti-trust investigation. Tom Jr. saw that the Consent Decree, which sought to strip IBM of half its card-making capacity, was largely irrelevant since the future was in computers rather than cards. There was another condition: IBM had to sell machines outright as well as lease them. This had repercussions in the late 1960s when leasing companies recognized the financing loophole that it created.

Behind this decision was another: spending more on research and development. IBM was only spending 3% on research and development at that time when other high technology companies were spending between 6% and 9%. Tom Jr. learned the lesson, and thereafter – at least until the 1990s (when, even then, Louis V. Gerstner Jr. only dropped it to 6%) – IBM consistently spent 9%. By comparison, the equivalent figure for Japan was 5.1%, though its high technology companies exceeded even the IBM level, with the 1983 spending for Canon being 14.6% and that for NEC being 13.0%.

This training program was to take him, over the next five years, through many of IBM's operating groups. Tom Jr. believed his most important influence was Albert Lynn Williams, a CPA, who became president of IBM in 1961.
Although the initiative, and as such much of the credit for the birth of the information revolution, must go to Tom Jr., considerable courage was also displayed by his then aging father who, despite his long commitment to internal funding, backed his son to the hilt; reportedly with the words "It is harder to keep a business great than it is to build it."

In 1968, Tom Jr. fired computer scientist Lynn Conway because he feared the news of her transition would affect the company's reputation.

Research and development
Prior to his time, IBM had primarily emphasized the sales organization, with a reasonable range of products. Tom Watson Jr., however, promoted a research and development structure.

The first result of this was the IBM 7030 Stretch program to develop a transistorized "supercomputer"; it failed to meet its price and performance goals, at a reported cost of $20 million. Although embarrassing in terms of the rumors that drifted to the outside world, it would not however be the last IBM computer series to be terminated and the cost was small in IBM's terms; and the experience gained was invaluable.

The three computer families that eventually emerged from 1958 onwards comprised the IBM 7070 and IBM 7090 for large government business and large businesses, the IBM 1620 for smaller customers in the scientific community, and the IBM 1401 for commercial use by smaller organizations. Despite the fact that many observers believed that Tom Jr was frittering away the resources his father had built up, these new ranges were remarkably successful, doubling IBM's sales once more over the six years from 1958 ($1.17 billion) to 1964 ($2.31 billion), maintaining IBM's dramatic growth rate virtually undiminished at approaching 30% compound. The effect was that IBM had become independent of outside funding.

In the early 1960s he oversaw the IBM System/360 project, which produced an entire line of computers that ran the same software and used the same peripherals. Since the 360 line was incompatible with IBM's previous products, it represented an enormous risk for the company. Despite delays in shipment, the products were well-received following their launch in 1964 and what Fortune magazine called "IBM's $5 Billion Gamble," in the end, paid off.

Organizational structures
Perhaps Watson's most enduring contribution to IBM was its organizational structure, since new products, no matter how successful, carry a company for at most a few years. In 1956, in a move that became a bi-annual event, he reorganized IBM on divisional lines, to give a decentralized organization, with five major divisions in the US. The new structure comprised:

Data Processing Division – selling to (and servicing) commercial customers
Federal Systems Division – selling to (and servicing) the US government
Systems Manufacturing Division
Components Manufacturing Division
Research Division

Smaller units were Electric Typewriter, IBM World Trade, Service Bureau Corporation, Supplies Division; and Time Division (sold off in 1958).
Watson said "We had a superb sales organization but lacked expert management organization in almost everything else". His goal was to redirect IBM to absorb the shocks of change, including change from its own innovation.

He introduced the terminology "line and staff". In his words: "By the mid-'50s just about every big corporation had adopted the so-called staff-and-line structure. It was modeled on military organizations going back to the Prussian army in Napoleonic times."
His organization "... provided IBM executives with the clearest possible goals. Each operating man was judged strictly on his unit's results, and each staff man on his effort toward making IBM the world leader in his specialty."

The final element of formal organizational change was the isolation of headquarters staff in Armonk, New York. This was said by him to be in order to be near his family in Connecticut.

His first book in 1963 discussed his management philosophy.

Honors
Watson received the Silver Buffalo Award from the Boy Scouts of America in 1955 for his service to youth. He was the national president of the BSA from 1964 to 1968. His father had also served on the national executive board and was International Commissioner in the 1940s.

Lyndon B. Johnson in September 1964 awarded Watson the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest award a U.S. president can bestow on a civilian.

Watson was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1976.
He was awarded the Vermilye Medal in 1967.
In 1987 Fortune magazine hailed Watson on its cover as "the greatest capitalist in history."
In 1998 he was included on TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century.

Retirement

Watson left IBM in 1971 on his doctor's advice after having a heart attack. After recovering, he was appointed by Jimmy Carter to be Ambassador to the Soviet Union, serving from October 29, 1979, to January 15, 1981.  Prior to this service he was the Chairman of the General Advisory Committee (GAC) which was set up by President Kennedy to give advice to the President about America's nuclear defense policy.

He was an avid sailor and pilot. He named 7 successive sailboats after Palawan, the last in 1991.  Watson sailed  one of his Palawans further up the Northern coast of Greenland than any non-military ship had done previously, receiving the New York Yacht Club's highest award and the Cruising Club of America's Blue Water Medal.  He traveled the route of Captain Cook in exploring the Pacific.  He flew helicopters, jets, and stunt planes, and was the first private citizen to receive permission from Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in 1986 to fly to all the time zones of the Soviet Union (a route he had previously done as a pilot ferrying General Bradley) in a jet he piloted himself.

Personal life
Watson married Olive Cawley (1918–2004) in 1941. They had six children.

He had homes in Greenwich, Connecticut; North Haven, Maine; Stowe, Vermont; Vail, Colorado; New York City; and Antigua. He died in Greenwich on December 31, 1993, of complications following a stroke. He was 79.

Philanthropy

Watson was the principal benefactor of the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship (which supports students to study a topic of personal interest for a year) and other charitable gifts.
Watson contributed to the Watson Pavilion at Greenwich Hospital in Connecticut, which named the Olive and Thomas J. Watson Jr. Pavilion (a wing) after him and his wife. He was also the principal benefactor of Owls Head Transportation Museum in Owls Head, Maine. He was on the board of directors of the Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation and helped bring a factory employing over 300 people to the community that made cables, including ones for the US space program.

Columbia University
After leaving IBM, Watson donated tens of millions of dollars to Columbia University from 1975 onward. These included the Thomas J. Watson Library of Business and Economics and several smaller building grants.
Watson funded a Columbia East Campus residence hall named Watson House.

See also

 History of IBM
 Smugglers' Notch Ski Resort

References

Further reading

Rodgers, William; Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM, Stein and Day, 1969 SBN 8128-1226-3
 Tedlow, Richard S. (2003). The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM's Founding Father and Son. New York: HarperBusiness.
Watson Jr., Thomas J., (1963) A Business and its Beliefs – The Ideas that Helped build IBM (McKinsey Lectures), M–H, 1963, 107pp

 Watson Jr., Thomas J. (1993) Pacific Passage: A South Pacific Adventure with Sailor, Explorer, Aviator and Former IBM Chief Executive Tom Watson, Mystic Seaport, 1993, 179pp (Originally published in 1980 as Logbook for Helen)

External links

Oral history interview, April 25, 1985. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.  Interviewer was Arthur L.C. Humphreys
IBM biography of Watson Jr.

1914 births
1993 deaths
American aviators
Brown University alumni
Hun School of Princeton alumni
IBM employees
Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
People from Millburn, New Jersey
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States Army Air Forces officers
Ambassadors of the United States to the Soviet Union
20th-century American diplomats
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Blue Water Medal recipients
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
New York Yacht Club
American technology chief executives
20th-century American businesspeople
Presidents of the Boy Scouts of America
Military personnel from New Jersey

Thomas J. Watson Jr.


Juliobriga (, , ) was the most important urban centre in Roman Cantabria, as stated by numerous Latin authors including Pliny the Elder. The site has traditionally been identified with ruins in the village of Retortillo (Cantabria) and its Villafría district, in the municipality of Campoo de Enmedio.

History
The founding of Juliobriga, during the Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC), made it a powerful symbol of Roman domination of the tribes of the Cantabri. The city was named after the reigning emperor Augustus and his adopted family name, the gens Julia, with the Celtic toponym element -briga, common in Iberia.

Due to its strategic location in the Besaya valley, Juliobriga was able to control trade between the Douro river and the Bay of Biscay. Juliobriga grew slowly, reaching its peak between the end of the 1st century and the early 2nd century AD. Following that, its population began to decline, until the city was completely abandoned in the 3rd century.

Rediscovery
The ruins of Retortillo were first identified with Julióbriga in the second half of the 18th century by Enrique Florez. Numerous historians and archaeologists have worked on the site since, including some of Spain's foremost. The ruins of Juliobriga were declared a Heritage Site () by the Spanish Government on March 29, 1985.

References

History of Cantabria
Roman towns and cities in Spain
Archaeological sites in Spain
Populated places established in the 1st century BC
Former populated places in Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Cantabria

Juliobriga


Marius and Jeannette () is a 1997 French film directed by Robert Guédiguian. It won the Louis Delluc Prize and the César Award for Best Actress, and received César nominations for Best Film, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress, Most Promising Actress and Best Writing. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
Marius and Jeannette live in the same working-class apartment complex in Marseille, in close proximity to their neighbors. The lame Marius is a security guard at an abandoned cement works, and since the company has gone out of business and the plant will soon be demolished, he is squatting in order to save money. Jeannette is a single mother raising her two children on her own on a meagre supermarket checkout operator salary. They meet when Jeannette tries to steal two cans of paint from the cement lot, and Marius catches her and tries to chase her. The following day Marius comes to her door to apologize and brings her the two cans of paint. A relationship soon develops between them, but as both have been wounded by marital difficulties and life in general, they are hesitant to become committed. It does not help that Jeannette's romantic fantasy notions are different from Marius' practical ideas. The two must learn how to love again in order for their relationship to blossom.

Cast
 Ariane Ascaride as Jeannette
 Gérard Meylan as Marius
 Pascale Roberts as Caroline
 Jacques Boudet as Justin
 Frédérique Bonnal as Monique
 Jean-Pierre Darroussin as Dédé
 Laetitia Pesenti as Magali, Jeannette's Daughter
 Miloud Nacer as Malek, Jeannette's son
 Pierre Banderet as Monsieur Ebrard

Awards and nominations
 Butaca Awards (Spain)
 Nominated: Best Art House Film
 César Awards (France)
 Won: Best Actress – Leading Role (Ariane Ascaride)
 Nominated: Best Director (Robert Guédiguian)
 Nominated: Best Film
 Nominated: Best Actor – Supporting Role (Jean-Pierre Darroussin)
 Nominated: Best Actress – Supporting Role (Pascale Roberts)
 Nominated: Best Writing (Robert Guédiguian and Jean-Louis Milesi)
 Nominated: Most Promising Actress (Laetitia Pesenti)
 Goya Awards (Spain)
 Nominated: Best European Film
 Lumières Award (France)
 Won: Best Film
 Sant Jordi Awards (Spain)
 Won: Best Foreign Actress (Ariane Ascaride)
 Won: Louis Delluc Prize

References

External links

1997 films
French romantic comedy-drama films
1990s French-language films
Films featuring a Best Actress César Award-winning performance
Films directed by Robert Guédiguian
Films set in Marseille
Best Film Lumières Award winners
Louis Delluc Prize winners

Marius and Jeannette


The Fazl Mosque (English: The Grace Mosque) also known as The London Mosque, is the first purpose-built mosque in London, England. It was opened on 23 October 1926 in Southfields, Wandsworth. At a cost of £6,223, the construction of the mosque and the purchase of the land on which it stands, was financed by the donations of Ahmadi Muslim women in Qadian, Punjab, British India, with support from the British Muslim convert Khalid Sheldrake. Between 1984 and 2019 the Fazl Mosque was the residence of the caliphs of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and therefore its de facto international headquarters. The administrative headquarters now lies at the site of the Islamabad, Tilford.

History

The design of the Place is credited to Thomas Mawson. The plans form part of the Mawson archive held by the Cumbria Archive Service.

The foundation stone was laid in 1924 by Mirza Bashir-ud-Din Mahmud Ahmad, the second Caliph, who was visiting London as the representative of Islam at The Conference of Living Religions that was being held at the Imperial Institute in South Kensington. The foundation ceremony of the mosque was attended by 200 guests. Building of the place began in September 1925 and was completed 10 months later. It was named the Fazl Mosque by the caliph.

The Place was due to be formally opened by Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia who, however, was stopped from doing so by the Foreign Secretary of the King of Saudi Arabia only a few hours before the ceremony was to start. The planned inauguration, nevertheless, went ahead and Khan Bahadur Sheikh Abdul Qadir, ex-Minister of Punjab Legislative Council, formally opened the mosque on 4 October 1926. Around 600 distinguished guests representing numerous countries, as well as local MPs and other dignitaries attended the ceremony and the function was well reported in the press.

The Place accommodates 150 worshippers and is also known as the London Mosque. Its first Imam was Maulana Abdul Rahim Dard and its first muezzin (caller to prayer) was Mr Bilal Nuttall. Since 1926 the London Mosque has had eleven Imams. The current incumbent is Ata'ul Mujeeb Rashid who has served as Imam since 1983.

Caliph's residence

In 1984 the Government of Pakistan promulgated Ordinance XX which prohibited Ahmadis from any public expression of the Islamic faith, rendering the caliph unable to perform his duties as the leader of the Community. In response Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth caliph, left Pakistan and migrated to London, provisionally moving the Ahmadiyya headquarters from Rabwah, Pakistan to the Fazl Mosque in London.

Within the mosque complex, a separate building consisting of a hall, offices, and a small apartment on the top floor for the Imam of the mosque was built beside the mosque earlier in 1967. Upon his migration, this apartment became the home of the caliph and following his death in 2003, the home of Mirza Masroor Ahmad, the fifth and current caliph. It remained the permanent residence of the caliph until 2019 when he relocated to Islamabad, Tilford.

Influence

In addition to the usual flow of MPs, mayors, councillors, scholars and students, The London Mosque has hosted a number of distinguished visitors from far and wide. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, visited the mosque several times and made his famous speech in its grounds when he decided to return to India to represent the Muslims in the sub-continent. The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Faisal Bin Abdul-Aziz also visited the mosque in 1935 as did his predecessor, King Saud.

Sir Chaudhry Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, the first Foreign Minister of Pakistan, a President of the International Court of Justice and President of the United Nations General Assembly, lived at the premises for many years. In July 2011 Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex of the UK also visited the mosque in his capacity as a Patron of 'The London Gardens Society' and thus took the opportunity to inspect the gardens of the Fazl Mosque, which have won numerous awards over the past few years. The Earl was also able to view a small exhibition about the history of the mosque. In October 2017 Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, visited the mosque where he met the fifth caliph, Mirza Masroor Ahmad to discuss the continued persecution of religious minorities in various parts of the world.

In 1955 the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya movement returned to the mosque when he visited Europe for further medical treatment after he was physically attacked in Rabwah, Pakistan. In London he also held a conference of all missionaries stationed in Europe. The third Caliph also visited the mosque on various occasions.

Expansion

As the range and frequency of activities in the mosque progressively increased there was need for more space. This increase saw the construction of the multi-purpose Mahmood Hall, as well as the Nusrat Hall, in the grounds of the mosque. From Sunday school classes and school visits, to question and answer sessions and international meetings, The London Mosque has been and continues to be a hive of activity promoting education and religious awareness.

From the premises of the mosque, the fourth Caliph was also able to launch the community's satellite TV channel Muslim Television Ahmadiyya International (MTA) in 1994 through which he could transmit televised messages globally to the community and have his sermons heard throughout the world.

With the expansion of The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the capacity of The London Mosque has become insufficient and further premises in Surrey and Morden were acquired for the Baitul Futuh Mosque. However, the historic significance and role of The London Mosque continues to ensure its special and indeed unique position for both the global Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as well as Britain.

Ahmadiyya Community

The Ahmadiyya Community began in 1889, under its founder Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Ahmad began the community upon allegedly having visions of the prophet Muhammad and thus proclaimed himself as a reformer of Islam. In 1920, after missionary work in London, the Ahmadiyya Community and its leader at the time, Hazrat Khalifa Masih II, decided London was a prime location for Islam to be represented. The Ahmadiyya women of India raised the money for which a one and one-quarter acre orchard land was bought for the construction of the Fazl Mosque.

The opening of the Fazl mosque was set to be inaugurated by Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia, however directly preceding the opening, the Prince reported he was unable to make it.

Design
The exterior of the Fazl Mosque consists of a green dome, with the apex of the dome standing 10m high. The dome rests on a square base, with four cupolas on each corner of the building.  The mosque is a blend of classic Mughal architecture and British contemporary styles. The mosque's use of modern construction and modern materials created a separation from orientalist architecture, a style of architecture seen in other early mosques in London such as the Shah Jahan Mosque. The blend of formal features mixed with contemporary styles led the mosque to be recognized as a grade II listed building.

T.H Mawson

Thomas Mawson along with his firm T.H Mawson and sons designed the Fazl Mosque. He had studied the architectural style of mosques during the reconstruction of Thessaloniki, a Greek port city. T.H Mawson at the time of the Fazl Mosque's contractions was considered to be a leading figure in landscape design. Mawson has been credited with designs of other grade II listed buildings such as the Pavilion of Bell Vue Park.

See also

Islamabad, Tilford
Ahmadiyya in the United Kingdom
Islam in the United Kingdom
Baitul Futuh Mosque
List of mosques in Europe

References

External links

Fazl Mosque (thelondonmosque.com)
All mosques in the UK and Ireland
Bashir Ahmad Rafiq (Imam of the Al Fazl Mosque 1972 - 1979)
List of Missionaries: The U.K. Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission
Building of Mosques Worldwide an Ahmadiyya Priority

Mosques completed in 1926
1926 establishments in England
Ahmadiyya mosques in the United Kingdom
Mosques in London
Mosque buildings with domes
Islamic organizations established in 1926
Religion in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Wandsworth

Fazl Mosque, London


Margaret Blair Young (born 1955) is an American author, filmmaker, and writing instructor who taught for thirty years at Brigham Young University.

Biography
Young's published work includes the novels House Without Walls (1991), Salvador (1992), and Heresies of Nature (2002) and the short story collections Elegies and Love Songs (1992) (which won an Association of Mormon Letters award) and Love Chains (1997). She also co-authored a trilogy of historical novels about Black Mormon pioneers titled Standing on the Promises with Darius Gray.  The trilogy, published between 2000 and 2003, was republished in revised and expanded form in 2012 and 2013.

Young scripted and helped direct a 2005 television documentary based on the life of Jane Elizabeth Manning James, "Jane Manning James: Your Sister in the Gospel."  The 20-minute documentary has been shown at This Is The Place Heritage Park in Salt Lake City, Utah, the 2005 annual conference of the Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR), and on public television (PBS).  Documentary filmmaker Scott Freebairn produced and directed the film.  More recently, Young served as the project director for the Utah chapter of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society's film The Wisdom of our Years.  In 2008, Young and Gray completed a long documentary titled Nobody Knows: The Untold Story of Black Mormons, which has been shown on PBS stations, in film festivals, and on the Documentary Channel.  Her award-winning play, I Am Jane, also about Black Mormon pioneer Jane Manning James, has been produced throughout the country. Young has also authored encyclopedia articles on Blacks in the western United States, and has served as president of the Association for Mormon Letters. In 2014 she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Whitney Awards and the Smith-Pettit Foundation Award for Outstanding Contribution to Mormon Letters.

Young's recent efforts have been directed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where she and her team are working to launch the film industry, which disappeared amidst the chaos of war and corruption in the 1990s.  She has teamed up with Tshoper Kabambi, Deborah Basa, and Ephraim Faith on film initiatives.  They work with Bimpa Production in Kinshasa, which is producing a film that Young has scripted and that Tshoper Kabambi is directing.  Young is also working on literacy and educational projects, and is teaching students at various schools throughout the DR-Congo how to create their own books, given the relative lack of books in the Congo.  In Lodja, DR-Congo, she works with Professor Abbé On'okundji Okavu Ekanga, author of Les Entrailles du Porc-épic: Une nouvelle éthique pour l'Afrique.  Mr. Okundji returned to his home village in the Congo to help it recover from the Congo war of 1998-2004.

Young is married to English professor Bruce Wilson Young (1950- ). Bruce is a BYU, Columbia and Harvard graduate who has written multiple essays and the book Family Life in the Age of Shakespeare.  They are the parents of four children, including vocal performer and music instructor Kaila Lifferth and writer Robbie Blair.

See also
 LDS fiction

References

Sources

21st-century American novelists
20th-century American historians
American women novelists
American Latter Day Saint writers
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Living people
Mormon bloggers
1955 births
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Historians of Utah
American women historians
21st-century American women writers
American women bloggers
American bloggers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
Novelists from Utah
Latter Day Saints from Utah
21st-century American historians

Margaret Blair Young


Maelan mac Cathmogha (died 848) was King of Maigh Seóla.

Origins

Maelan appears to be one of the earliest recorded kings of the territory of Maigh Seola, later known as Uí Briúin Seóla.

Magh Seola was surrounded to the east by the Soghain and the Uí Maine; to the south Conmaicne Máenmaige and the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne; to the west by the Delbhna Tir Dha Locha; to the north and far north-west, the Conmhaícne.

The Viking Wars

In the first half of the 9th century, Ireland experienced raids by Vikings. Some occurred in Connacht:

 812 - A slaughter of the heathens by the men of Umall (Clew Bay). A slaughter of the Conmhaícne by the heathens.
 813 - The slaughter at Umall by the heathens in which fell Coscrach son of Flannabra and Dúnadach, king of Umall.
 835 -All the country of Connaught was likewise desolated by them.
 837 - A battle was gained by the Gentiles over the Connaughtmen, wherein was slain Maelduin, son of Muirgius mac Tommaltaig, with numbers of others along with him.
 843 - An expedition by Turgesius, lord of the foreigners, upon Loch Ribh (Lough Ree, so that they plundered Connaught and Meath, and burned Cluain Mic Nois (Clonmacnoise, with its oratories, Cluain Fearta Brenainn, (Clonfert), Tir Da Ghlas (Terryglass), Lothra (Lorrha), and many others in like manner.
 844 - A battle was gained over the Connaughtmen by the foreigners, in which Riagan, son of Fearghus; Mughron, son of Diarmaid; and Aedh, son of Catharnach, with many others, were slain.
 847 - A fleet of seven score ships of the people of the king of the foreigners came to contend with the foreigners that were in Ireland before them, so that they disturbed Ireland between them.

During one such episode in 848, Maelan was slain by the foreigners. He is anachronistically referred to as lord of Ui Briuin of South Connaught.

External links
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005A/

References

 West or H-Iar Connaught Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, 1684 (published 1846, ed. James Hardiman).
 Origin of the Surname O'Flaherty, Anthony Matthews, Dublin, 1968, p. 40.
 Irish Kings and High-Kings, Francis John Byrne (2001), Dublin: Four Courts Press,

Nobility from County Galway
848 deaths
9th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown

Maelan mac Cathmogha


An octane rating is a measurement of how well fuels resist detonation. Modern engines use high degrees of compression. They therefore need fuel that does not detonate easily. Such fuel has a higher octane rating. The rating is done by comparing the fuel to the mixture of iso-octane and heptane that would detonate in the same way. Such a mixture of 90 percent iso-octane and 10 percent heptane has an octane rating of 90. Gas is available with lower octane ratings in the US than in Europe.
The octane rating of gasoline tells you how much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. When gas ignites by compression rather than because of the spark from the spark plug, it causes knocking in the engine. Knocking can damage an engine, so it is not something you want to have happening. Lower-octane gas (like "regular" 87-octane gasoline) can handle the least amount of compression before igniting.

Chemistry
Fuel

Octane rating


The University of Montenegro Faculty of Political Science (Montenegrin: Факултет политичких наука Универзитета Црне Горе/Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta Crne Gore) is one of the educational institutions of the University of Montenegro. The building is located in Podgorica and is shared with the university's faculty of law. The faculty is Montenegro's leading educational institution in political science.

History

The Department for Political Science was opened in 2003, as a part of the faculty of law. The department had 4 sectors: Diplomacy and International Relations, Social work, Journalism and the Politological-Administrative sector.

On May 3, 2006, the department was officially transformed into the Faculty of Political Science, comprising the following courses of studies:
 International Relations
 Journalism
 Social Policy and Social Work
 Politicology
 European Studies
In September 2006, a new course of studies was added – European Studies.

Since 2007, the whole studying process at the faculty is fully compatible with the Bologna declaration.

Organization

The Faculty of Political Sciences administrative chain of command consists of the dean, the vice-dean and the Faculty Council. The current dean of the faculty is Sonja Tomović-Šundić, while Nataša Ružić, assistant professor, is a vice-dean for teaching process, Olivera Komar, assistant professor, is a vice-dean for international cooperation and Boris Vukićević, assistant professor, is a vice-dean for development. The Faculty Council's members are the professors, the assistants' representatives and the representative of the students.

Academic staff

The Faculty of Political Sciences has among its academic staff some of the most eminent experts in the field of political sciences, as well as in a range of others (economy, sociology, philosophy, law, history, etc.) Amongst them, there are many widely recognized within the domestic and international academic community, as well as former or current high government officials. Some of the current members of the academic staff are:
 prof. Šerbo Rastoder, PhD – a prominent Montenegrin historian
 prof. Srđan Darmanović, PhD – current Ambassador of Montenegro to the United States of America
 prof. Gordana Đurović, PhD – former Minister of European Integrations of Montenegro
 prof. Ilija Vujačić, PhD – current dean of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Political Sciences
 prof. Čedomir Čupić, PhD – former chairman of the board of The Anti-Corruption Agency of the Republic of Serbia

Political Sciences
Political science education
Montenegro
Political Sciences
2006 establishments in Montenegro
Political science in Montenegro

University of Montenegro Faculty of Political Sciences


First Among Equals is a ten-part serial based on Jeffrey Archer's 1984 novel First Among Equals, produced by Granada Television for the ITV network and first shown in 1986.

As in the novel, the series follows the careers and personal lives of four fictional British politicians (Simon Kerslake, MP for Coventry Central and later Pucklebridge; Charles Seymour, MP for Sussex Downs; Raymond Gould, MP for Leeds North; and Andrew Fraser, MP for Edinburgh Carlton) from 1964 to 1991, with each vying to become Prime Minister. Several situations in the novel are drawn from Archer's own early political career in the British House of Commons. While the novel depicts the fictional characters interacting with actual political figures from the UK and elsewhere (including Winston Churchill, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, Margaret Thatcher, Douglas Hurd, Colonel Gaddafi, Gary Hart and Queen Elizabeth II), this adaptation uses different names for the real-life politicians.

The title of both the novel and the serial is a literal translation of the Latin term primus inter pares, a term used to refer to either the most senior member of a group of equals (peers) or to refer to someone who claims to be just one member of a group of equals when in reality he or she completely dominates said group. This phrase is used to describe the official constitutional status of the British Prime Minister within his Cabinet.

The series starred:

The serial used different names for real-life politicians:

Sequences set in the fictional Northumbrian constituency of Redfern were actually filmed much closer to Granada studios in Lancashire at Entwistle railway station, and at the Barlow Institute, Edgworth.

Granada constructed a full-scale replica set of the House of Commons chamber for the production, which for many years formed a central part of their Granada Studios Tour attraction, where visitors could see mock debates being performed on the set by actors. The set was also often used by other television productions wanting to set scenes in the Commons chamber, and in 2002 was purchased by the scriptwriter Paul Abbott so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial State of Play. Abbott, himself a former Granada Television staff writer, bought it personally as the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC. He currently keeps it in storage in Oxford.

References

External links

1986 British television series debuts
1986 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1980s British television miniseries
Political drama films
ITV television dramas
Television shows based on British novels
Television series by ITV Studios
English-language television shows
Television shows produced by Granada Television
Films scored by Richard Harvey

First Among Equals (TV series)


The Competition Act 1998 is the current major source of competition law in the United Kingdom, along with the Enterprise Act 2002. The act provides an updated framework for identifying and dealing with restrictive business practices and abuse of a dominant market position.

One of the main purposes of this act was to harmonise the UK with EU competition policy, with Chapter I and II of the act mirroring the content of Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty of Amsterdam (formally Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome).

Chapter I Prohibitions

Deals with restrictive practices engaged by companies operating within the UK that distort, restrict or prevent competition. These are primarily in the form of horizontal agreements (agreements to collude between firms on the same level of the supply chain such as retailers or wholesalers). These agreements could be to limit output, collusively share information, fix prices, tender collectively and share markets out.

Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) is responsible for prosecuting such firms who engage in these activities, and are able to levy fines up to 10% of annual global turnover for every year in which a violation has taken place up to a maximum of 3 years.

Exemptions from prohibition are available if the firm can demonstrate that these practices are in the interest of the consumer through increasing market efficiencies or advancing technical progress.

Chapter II Prohibitions

Chapter II deals with the abuse of a dominant position by a firm who uses practices such as
predatory pricing, excessive prices, refusal to supply, vertical restraints and price discrimination to maximise profit, gain competitive advantage or otherwise restrict competition.

In investigating alleged breaches of chapter II a two-stage process is involved. Firstly it must be identified if the firm actually possesses a dominant market position. This can be done through various concentration indices such as the Herfindahl-Hirchman Index (HHI). Generally if a firm is found to have a market share in excess of 40% then it is considered a threat to competition.

There are no exemptions to chapter II as by its very definition as "abuse" of a market position, one must be guilty of wrongdoing for the chapter to apply.

An example of the effects of the act is that in 2004, public schools were investigated for fee-fixing by the Office of Fair Trading, and in 2005 fifty of the leading schools (including Ampleforth, Eton, Charterhouse, Gresham's, Harrow, Haileybury, Marlborough, Rugby, Sevenoaks, Shrewsbury, Stowe, Wellington and Winchester) were ordered to raise £3 million between them to be spent on charities nominated by the pupils of the schools involved in the years 2001–2003, and were banned from further sharing of information on their  external fees.

References

External links

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998
United Kingdom competition law

Competition Act 1998


Callum John Smith (born 23 April 1990) is an English professional boxer. He held the WBA (Super) and Ring magazine super-middleweight titles from 2018 to 2020.  At regional level, he held the British and European super-middleweight titles between 2015 and 2017. In 2018 he won the World Boxing Super Series super-middleweight tournament, winning the Muhammad Ali trophy in the process.

As of October 2021, he is ranked as the world's best active light-heavyweight by BoxRec, and tenth-best by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and the Ring magazine, as well as the eighth-best active boxer, pound for pound, by BoxRec. He is the youngest of the Smith brothers—Paul, Stephen, and Liam—all of whom are professional boxers.

Amateur career
As an amateur, Smith represented Rotunda ABC in Liverpool at domestic level, where he won the 2010 Great Britain welterweight title and 2011 Great Britain Middleweight title and GB Boxing internationally.

2010 Commonwealth Games
At the 2010 Commonwealth Games in New Delhi, India, Smith up kept family tradition by winning a silver medal in the welterweight division, following brothers Paul, who also won silver at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, England and Stephen who claimed a gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia. Triumphs over most notably Aston Brown of Scotland and Carl Hield of Bahrain saw Smith into the final only to be beaten by Northern Irish Paddy Gallagher.

2012 Olympic qualification tournament
Smith's bid to become GB Boxing's light-heavyweight (81 kg) representative at the 2012 Olympic Games in London ended in bitter disappointment and controversy at the final Olympic Qualification Tournament in Trabzon, Turkey.
After losing 16:14 in inexplicable fashion to Azerbaijan's Vatan Huseynli in the bout where a win would seal qualification, his hopes now relied on the man who had beat him in the previous round. As three light heavyweight Olympic places were available, the semi-finalist who lost to the eventual winner would take the third spot, however Smith's conqueror Huseynli lost to local Turkish boxer Bahram Muzaffer and Smith missed out on the third qualifying place. Soon after the tournament it was decided by AIBA that an invitational place at the Olympics was to be made available to a boxer of their choice and Smith had been short listed for the position but it was eventually decided in a cruel twist for the Englishman, that the place should be awarded to Boško Drašković of Montenegro, a man who Smith had convincingly out pointed earlier in the tournament. Drašković was eliminated from the Olympics in the first round.

Professional career

Early career
In October 2012 Smith followed his brothers into the professional ranks, under the promotional banner of Matchroom Sport, and like his siblings, would be coached by Manchester-based trainer Joe Gallagher. It was announced that he would make his debut on the undercard of Carl Froch vs. Yusaf Mack in Nottingham's Capital FM Arena on 17 November 2012. He scored a clear points win against Dan Blackwell over four rounds in his debut contest, however the victor was not entirely satisfied with his performance. The following month Smith returned to the ring for another four round contest at the London Olympia, his opponent was James Tucker and once again 'Mundo' won every round in a comfortable fashion.

In February 2013, on the undercard of Carl Frampton vs. Kiko Martinez at the Odyssey Arena in Belfast, Smith earned his first stoppage win as a professional, halting Irishman Tommy Tolan, who had previously been beaten by Smith's brother Paul, in the opening round. Smith's home debut, on the undercard of Bellew–Chilemba I, at Liverpool's Echo Arena saw another Smith win in similar fashion, again his opponent, Iain Jackson, didn't hear the bell to close the first round. Now 5–0, it was time for Smith to step up his level of opponent and be given a stiffer test than he had previously been provided, the man chosen to provide this test was Latvian Ruslans Pojonisevs, however Smith's ability and punching power may have been under-rated as he made short work of his opponent with another first-round knockout (KO). On 25 May 2013, on the Froch–Kessler II bill at London's O2 Arena, he met unbeaten Ryan Moore (3–0), Smith clearly demonstrated his superiority with an impressive fourth consecutive first-round KO.

Domestic and regional success
On 21 September 2013 Callum Smith defeated Patrick Mendy in a British record sixth first-round stoppage, and won the vacant English super-middleweight title. On 26 October Smith defeated Ruben Eduardo Acosta (27–8, 10 KOs) via sixth-round knockout to win the vacant WBC International super-middleweight title. Smiths next bout was against French boxer Francois Bastient (43–10, 18 KOs) at the Phones 4u Arena on 19 April. Bastient down in the third round, his corner threw in the towel despite him beating the count of referee Mr Finch.

On 17 May, Smith defeated Tobias Webb via 2nd-round knockout to retain the WBC International title. Smith then defeated 32 year old southpaw Vladine Biosse via unanimous decision on 12 July. Smith was ahead on all 3 judges scorecards by a long way. Smith next fought undefeated Mexican Abraham Hernandez (5–0, 3 KOs) on 16 August. This was Smiths first pro fight in the US where he won by first-round KO. On 4 October 2014 Smith knocked out Uruguayan veteran Rafael Sosa Pintos in round three. Pintos was down three times in the third round. On 22 November Smith fought in his first ever 12 round boxing match. This was also a WBC super-middleweight title eliminator, against 36 year old Serbian Nikola Sjekloca (28–2, 8 KOs). The bout went full 12 rounds, with all the judges scoring it (118–111, 118–110 and 120–108) all in favour of Smith.

Six months after his unanimous decision (UD) win over Sjekloca, Smith returned to action at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham on 9 May 2015 against Latvian Olegs Fedotovs. Smith won via first-round TKO. On 26 June Smith returned to Echo Arena for the fifth time of his pro career to take on French boxer Christopher Rebrasse (23–3–3, 6 KOs) for the vacant WBC Silver super-middleweight title. The fight went full twelve rounds with the judges scoring it (120–107, 118–110 twice) all in favour of Smith. On 7 November, Smith took on the unbeaten Brit Rocky Fielding (21–0, 12 KOs) at the Echo Arena. Fielding was down three times prior to the stoppage in the first round 5 seconds from the bell. Smith won the vacant British super-middleweight title.

On 2 April 2016 Smith fought French boxer Hadillah Mohoumadi (20–3–1, 15 KOs) at the Echo Arena. This was a WBC super-middleweight title final eliminator and also for the European super-middleweight title. Smith won via first-round TKO.

On 16 May Smith was added to the undercard of Tony Bellew's world title shot at Goodison Park on 29 May alongside heavyweight David Price and lightweight Sean Dodd. Smith joined his older brothers Paul and Stephen on the same card. Smith defeated Cesar Reynoso, via TKO in the sixth round. Smith knocked Reynoso down three times in the contest, dropping him with left hands in round one, four and five. The first knockdown of the fight came from a short left hook to the head of Reynoso in round one. Smith dropped Reynoso with lefts to the body in round four and five.

Smith next fought on the undercard of world middleweight championship fight Gennady Golovkin vs. Kell Brook at the O2 Arena on 10 September 2016. His opponent was announced to be 21-year-old Hungarian boxer Norbert Nemesapati. Smith retained his WBC Silver title retiring Nemesapati after six rounds in their scheduled twelve-round fight. The fight stopped after Smith connected with a hard left to the body. Following the post fight interview, it was noted that Smith was the mandatory for the WBC world title, but would wait until Badou Jack and James DeGale face off in a unification fight in early 2017 before fighting the winner.

Waiting for a world title shot, Smith announced he would fight again before the close of the year. The fight would take place on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Éric Molina on 10 December at the Manchester Arena. It was said that Smith would defend his Lonsdale title against mandatory challenger Luke Blackledge (21–2–2, 7 KOs). Smith successfully defended his British super-middleweight title after stopping Blackledge in the tenth round. Smith knocked Blackledge down in rounds three and eight with big power shots however, Blackledge was completely out in the tenth round with a left hook to the head which dropped him. The medical staff were brought into the ring to check on Blackledge and gave him an oxygen mask, but he was able to get up and leave the ring on his own two feet.

World Boxing Super Series

On 16 January 2017 the WBC ordered negotiations to begin for a fight between Smith and WBC champion Badou Jack (20–1–3, 12 KOs). This ruled out a potential unification rematch James DeGale was pursuing, although Jack also stated he planned on moving up to light-heavyweight. On 18 January, Jack officially vacated his WBC belt in order to move up to the light-heavyweight division. This meant that former champion Anthony Dirrell would next be in line for a world title fight. At the purse bid on 5 March, Ten Goose Boxing, on behalf of Al Haymon won with a bid of $1.6 million to control promotional rights of the fight. It was reported that Matchroom Sport, who promote Smith put in a bid of $1.2 million. Trainer Joe Gallagher confirmed the fight would take place on 9 September 2017 in Los Angeles. On 30 June, it was reported that the Dirrell camp were trying to move the location of the fight to Flint, Michigan, Dirrell's hometown. Eddie Hearn stated there was nothing in the contracts about allowing the date or venue to change, and they would stand firm on the fight taking place in Los Angeles. Hearn had hoped that Dirrell would join the World Boxing Super Series, so the fight could take place in the quarter-finals, but Dirrell had already refused to enter, meaning Smith would not enter either.

On 6 July 2017, it was confirmed that Smith had joined the inaugural World Boxing Super Series, where the winner would receive a prize money and the Muhammad Ali Trophy. Due to being WBC's number 1 ranked contender at super-middleweight, the WBC had said Smith would fight for their Diamond belt in the quarter-finals. Others in the tournament included WBA champion George Groves, Jürgen Brähmer and undefeated contenders Erik Skoglund and Jamie Cox.

Smith vs. Skoglund
At the draft Gala, which took place at the famous Grimaldi Forum in Monaco, Smith, who was second-seeded, chose to fight Swedish contender Erik Skoglund (26–0, 12 KOs). Smith explained why he chose Skoglund, saying he felt Skoglund was 'stylistically the best fight' for him. On 19 July, Smith confirmed the fight would take place at the Echo Arena in Liverpool on 16 September 2017. It would also be the first fight of the series. Smith also admitted, on paper, Skoglund is the best boxer he would fight. Skoglund, who had previously fought in Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Germany, said he had no issues with traveling to England, as he was looking to prove himself. Smith dropped Skoglund in the eleventh round en route to win the fight via UD in a hard-fought exciting contest. Smith and Skoglund both showed immense respect for each other throughout the buildup and after the fight. The three judges scored the fight 116–112, 117–110 and 117–111 in favour of Smith, who advanced to the next round tournament and claimed the vacant WBC Diamond belt.

Smith vs. Holzken
On 27 October 2017, 39 year old former world champion Jürgen Brähmer (49–3, 35 KOs) defeated American boxer Rob Brant to advance to the semi-finals against Smith, with the fight scheduled to take place in early 2018. A couple days later, Smith spoke out stating he would like the fight to take place in his home city of Liverpool, however would be open to fighting anywhere else. On 15 November, promoter Kalle Sauerland stated the fight could take place in Liverpool at the Echo Arena or Germany. Smith's trainer Joe Gallagher believed a fight in Germany would be unfair on Smith, due to Germany being known for its contentious decisions and home fighters receiving questionable wins. He later went on to state the fight should take place on neutral ground, mentioning Monte Carlo, Dublin and Amsterdam as potential locations. On 11 January 2018, the fight was finally announced to take place at the Arena Nürnberger in Nuremberg, Germany on 24 February. On 20 February, four days before the fight, German website boxen1.com reported that Brähmer had withdrawn from the tournament after failing to overcome an illness he had been fighting for a week. Comosa stated the event would still go ahead with a replacement to be announced. 34 year old Dutch kickboxer and boxer Nieky Holzken (13–0, 10 KOs), who was scheduled to fight on the undercard against Dmitry Chudinov, became the frontrunner to replace Brähmer. In a short statement, Brähmer stated he had a 'feverish infection' and apologised to his fans. Promoter Kalle Sauerland later confirmed that Holzken was the reserve fighter and would replace Brähmer and fight Smith.

Smith booked himself a place in the final of the tournament after defeating Holzken via unanimous decision. The three judges scored the fight 118–110, 117–111 and 117–111 in favour of Smith. He used his jab from the opening bell and managed to control the distance throughout the fight, also managing to land his right hand successfully on many occasions. Holzken was the faster and frequently more aggressive fighter, however Smith was far more busier in each round. Each round was the same with Smith standing straight up, jabbing constantly and throwing right hands. In the post-fight, Smith stated, "He was tough but I landed a lot jabs and my hand hurts a little bit. He was awkward, novicey but I'm not engaging in a shoot-out. I'm the better boxer." George Groves faced off with Smith immediately after the interviews took place.

Smith vs. Groves
On 13 February, it was announced that the final of the super-middleweight tournament would take place at the O2 Arena in London on 2 June 2018. The final was made up after George Groves (28–3, 20 KOs) defeated Chris Eubank Jr. on 17 February and Smith defeating Holzken on 24 February. On 26 February, Groves tweeted that he would be going into surgery. He wrote, "We will be applying to the @WBSuperSeries for a one-month extension and are hopeful of securing this." He hoped to return to the ring by July. On 9 May, Kalle Sauerland explained that Groves could potentially be replaced by Eubank Jr. in the final of the tournament against Smith, however there would be confirmation on the final in the next 10 days. Sauerland stated, "We're working at the moment on all the solutions and scenarios, where George [Groves] is fit and where he isn't. We're hopeful [Groves will be fit], so we'll see. You can't start the tournament and then have the final lingering into the next tournament. I'm sorry, that's not going to happen. We can push a month, but we can't push it back by three or four months. We have a substitute system. We said that from day one, and that's the situation. We want Groves in the final, but if that's not possible and he doesn't declare himself fit in the next 10 days, we have to find a solution." On 28 May, it was said that Groves would be declared fit with the fight to take place on 14 July. By 6 July, there was still no date set, however according to Kalle Sauerland, the bout was expected to take place in September and likely not in the UK, with some rumours hinting there was a strong interest from Las Vegas and Middle East. Smith's trainer Joe Gallagher confirmed contracts had been signed. On 27 July, Sauerland announced the fight would take place at a 10,000 capacity arena at the King Abdullah Sports City Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 28 September 2018. It was revealed the prize money on offer for the final was £6.1 million, with the winner taking a larger percentage.

After a tight match with the fighters level on the judges' scorecards, Smith defeated Groves via seventh-round KO. The size difference was noticeable as the fight was fought closely throughout the opening six rounds with back and forth action. Early in the fight, Groves established his jab whilst trying to avoid any power shots from Smith, whilst Smith was connecting with his right hand. Smith had more success in round three after a counter-right hand buckled Groves' legs. In round six, Smith backed Groves against the ropes and landed two strong jabs. He later landed a clean left hook which forced Groves to move back. Midway through round seven, Groves landed two body shots, however leaving himself open, Smith landed a left hook, which again shook Groves and forced him to retreat backwards. Groves was hurt at this point and Smith went after Groves against the ropes and landed numerous shots, including a hard body shot and an uppercut, ultimately sending Groves to the canvas. Groves managed to get to one knee, before referee Luis Pabon finished the ten-count, giving Smith the win. After the fight, Smith said, "It's been a long time coming, and there's times when you think, 'I've waited this long for chance. If I don't take it, when will another one come?'... I've said for a long time I'm a big believer in me own abilities. I know how good I am and I knew I'm good enough to become a world champion and become the best on the planet, and I believe I've done that." Groves made no excuses, claiming the shoulder was never an issue in the fight. He also ruled out retirement. Muhammad Ali's daughter presented Smith with the trophy. Smith claimed the WBA super-middleweight title along with the vacant Ring magazine title. Smith became the third super-middleweight after Joe Calzaghe and Andre Ward to win The Ring title. There were four official judges' scorecards. One judge had it even after six rounds at 57–57, two judges had Groves ahead 59–55 and 58–56 and one judge had Smith ahead 59–55.

Smith vs. N'Dam N'Jikam
On 1 June 2019, on the Anthony Joshua vs Andy Ruiz Jr. undercard, Smith fought Hassan N'Dam N'Jikam, ranked No. 13 by the WBA at super middleweight. Smith dominated N'Dam from the start, dropping him once in the first round, once in the second round and a final third time in the third round. N'Dam gave it his all and even managed to beat the third count, but he didn't seem fit to continue and the referee waved off the fight.

Smith vs. Ryder
On 23 November 2019, Smith defended his WBA and The Ring super-middleweight titles for the second time against domestic rival John Ryder, who was ranked No. 1 by the WBA and No. 4 by the WBC. Smith emerged victorious via unanimous decision, with one judge scoring the bout 117–111 while the other two scored it 116–112. The result was viewed as controversial by spectators, with many believing Ryder had won.

Smith vs. Álvarez

On 19 December 2020, Smith attempted the third defence of his WBA and The Ring super middleweight titles against Canelo Álvarez. The vacant WBC super middleweight title was also on the line. Smith was beat down by Álvarez over twelve rounds, suffering a detached left bicep injury, and never seemed to be able to affect Álvarez with his shots. The scorecards were 117–111 and 119–109 twice in favour of Álvarez.

Light-heavyweight

Smith vs. Castillo
Following his first professional loss against Canelo Álvarez, Smith moved up in weight and made his debut in the light-heavyweight division against former WBA title challenger Lenin Castillo, on the undercard of Anthony Joshua vs. Oleksandr Usyk on 25 September 2021. Smith defeated Castillo via a brutal second-round knockout that resulted in the latter being stretchered out of the ring.

Smith vs. Bauderlique
On 20 August 2022, Smith fought Bauderlique in a WBC world title eliminator on the undercard of Oleksandr Usyk vs Anthony Joshua II. Smith finished the fight with a left hook at 1:53 of the fourth round in Jeddah. With this victory, Smith earned his shot at unified light heavyweight world champion Artur Beterbiev, who holds the IBF and WBO titles as well as the WBC belt.

Professional boxing record

References

External links

Callum Smith profile at Matchroom Boxing

English male boxers
Living people
1990 births
European Boxing Union champions
Commonwealth Games medallists in boxing
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
British Boxing Board of Control champions
World Boxing Association champions
World super-middleweight boxing champions
The Ring (magazine) champions
Welterweight boxers
Boxers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games

Callum Smith