The UCF Knights  are the athletic teams that represent the University of Central Florida in unincorporated Orange County, Florida near Orlando. The Knights participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I (FBS for football) as a member of the Big 12 Conference. Since men's soccer is not sponsored by the Big 12, they play in the Sun Belt Conference.

The university has asked to be identified as UCF when being referenced as opposed to Central Florida. Television networks and other media outlets, most notably ESPN, were initially slow to adopt this policy, but had mostly adapted by 2017. The "Knights of Pegasus" – as the nickname was originally called – was a submission put forth by students, staff, and faculty in 1970 who wished to replace UCF's unpopular original mascot, the Citronaut, which was a mix between an orange and an astronaut. The Knights were also chosen over "Vincent the Vulture," which was a popular unofficial mascot among students at the time. From 1993 through 2007, the teams were known as the Golden Knights. In 1994, Knightro debuted as the Golden Knights' official athletic mascot. Since 2014, the Citronaut has made a limited return for some "throwback" games in football.

UCF sponsors 16 varsity sports: 6 for men (baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, and tennis; the minimum number of men's sports required for a Division I school) and 10 for women (basketball, cross country, golf, rowing, soccer, softball, tennis, indoor track & field, outdoor track & field, and volleyball). UCF also used to sponsor a men's wrestling team, but it was discontinued after the 1986 season.

The Knights 16 varsity teams have combined to win 89 conference championships and two national championships as of the end of the 2020–21 school year, albeit neither of the national championships were bestowed by the NCAA, making them one of just three Power Five conference members to never win a NCAA national championship. One Golden Knights athlete, Aurieyall Scott, has won an individual NCAA championship. Scott won the 60 meter dash at the 2013 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championship. The UCF cheerleading team (which is not considered a varsity team) has captured three national titles at the College Cheerleading and Dance Team Nationals.

Athletic facilities on the campus include the 45,300-seat FBC Mortgage Stadium, the 10,000–seat Addition Financial Arena, 3,000–seat Venue, John Euliano Park, the UCF Soccer and Track Stadium, and the UCF Softball Complex.

UCF was invited to join the Big 12 Conference on September 10, 2021, and accepted the invitation later that day. The American Athletic Conference announced on June 10, 2022 that UCF had been approved for an early exit of the conference following the 2022-23 season (albeit with an increased buyout cost), permitting them to enter the Big 12 Conference for the 2023-24 season.

History

Conference affiliations

The UCF varsity athletic program was a charter member of the Sunshine State Conference in 1975. The school moved up to Division I in 1984. In its first years in D-I, UCF was a member of the American South Conference, merging into the Sun Belt Conference in 1991. Women's sports in Division I played in the New South Women's Athletic Conference until 1990, when the American South began organizing women's sports. In 1992, UCF joined the Trans America Athletic Conference (TAAC) in all D-I sports except football, which remained independent. In 1996, UCF was advanced to I-A (FBS) in football, and initially remained independent in football until becoming a football-only member of the Mid-American Conference in 2001, the same year the TAAC became the Atlantic Sun Conference (which rebranded itself as the ASUN Conference in 2016). UCF joined Conference USA (C-USA) in all sports in 2005. It was announced in 2011 that UCF would join the Big East, the conference changed its name to the American Athletic Conference (AAC) in 2013. UCF started playing in the AAC in 2013.

In September 2021, UCF received and accepted a membership offer to the Big 12 Conference. They became members of the Big 12 on July 1, 2023.

Mascot

The university's first mascot was the Citronaut, which was designed by Norman Van Meter, the brother-in-law of FTU's then-president Charles N. Millican. The Citronaut made an official appearance on a university publication, the cover of the 1968–69 student handbook. The sports teams were originally known as the "Knights of the Pegasus" – UCF's first official mascot – beginning with their first intercollegiate competitions in 1970. The moniker was switched to "Golden Knights" in 1993 as a solution to poor merchandise sales. In 2007, UCF announced that they would be dropping "Golden," and would be known as the "Knights." The mascot of the athletic teams is Knightro, a black knight with golden armor.

Facilities
In 2007, UCF made major changes to its athletic program. A new "athletic village" on the north end of campus known as Knights Plaza was developed. It included new sports facilities such as the new UCF Arena (later CFE Arena and now Addition Financial Arena) connected to the existing Venue at UCF and a new 45,000-seat football stadium originally known as Bright House Networks Stadium, later as Spectrum Stadium and the stadium's nickname of Bounce House, and now as FBC Mortgage Stadium, a new softball complex, and the first Division I indoor football practice facility in the state. This made UCF the first school to ever open a new football stadium and basketball arena at the same time, for the 2007–08 season. The athletic village also includes the already existing Jay Bergman Field and UCF Soccer and Track Stadium. The area was built in a downtown style with four towers of student housing including approximately 1000 beds, retail and restaurant areas, and a new pedestrian mall connecting the front of the new arena to the student union, known as Memory Mall. To mark the start of the new era, the teams names were reverted to "Knights" from the "Golden Knights" on May 4, 2007. In addition, new logos and uniforms were unveiled for all of UCF's athletic programs.

Sports sponsored

Basketball

Men's basketball

UCF played its first intercollegiate basketball game before the team even had a nickname. In the Division II era, under Torchy Clark, UCF found great success including a DII Final Four appearance.

UCF has been a member of Division I since 1985, and has advanced to the NCAA tournament 5 times (1994, 1996, 2004, 2005, 2019) 4 under coach Kirk Speraw and once under current coach Johnny Dawkins. UCF competed in the Atlantic Sun Conference (formerly called the Trans America Athletic Conference and now the ASUN Conference) from 1992 until 2005 when all sports joined C-USA, and plays in Addition Financial Arena. UCF made their debut in the C-USA Championship Tournament in the 2006 season, falling to Houston in the second round and closing out the season with the program's first losing record (14–15) since 2000–01. The Knights made a huge turnaround in the 2006–07 season, finishing 2nd in conference play to Memphis with an overall record of 22–9.

The UCF Men's Basketball team played its first exhibition game in the 9,400-seat UCF Arena (now Addition Financial Arena), with an 86–78 win over the Saint Leo Lions, on November 3, 2007. Their first regular-season game in the venue was a 63–60 victory over the Nevada on November 11. Their first home C-USA game was against the Tulsa Golden Hurricane on January 11, 2008. The game was won by the Knights in triple overtime. On December 1, 2010, the Knights upset the #16 Florida Gators 57–54 at the new Amway Center in downtown Orlando, giving the Knights their first victory over a top 20 opponent as well as their first victory over the Gators. Following a 10–0 start to the 2010–11 season, the Knights were nationally ranked for the first time in program history. At the time, UCF was one of nine unbeaten teams, and one of only four schools to be ranked in the BCS standings and the AP men's basketball poll. In 2019, the Knights defeated the number 8 ranked  Houston Cougars and ended the nations longest home winning streak at 33. With this win, they entered the AP poll for the first time since the 2010-2011 season; peaking at number 19 in the country. At the end of the season, they were selected for the NCAA Tournament as a number 9 seed. In the first round, they defeated 8 seed VCU with a score of 73-58. In the second round, they faced number 1 seed  Duke. They came a layup away from pulling off the upset win with a score of 76-77. Despite the heartbreaking loss, the game is seen as one of the most important games in UCF athletics history.

Women's basketball

UCF first joined the AIAW for women's basketball in 1977–78.  To conclude the 1979–80 season, the team won the Division-II Florida State Championship, before falling in their first game of the national tournament. They were promoted to AIAW Division I in its last year of existence, 1981–82, and made it to that year's District I tournament quarterfinals, before joining the NCAA in 1982–83.

The women's basketball team have made the NCAA Division I tournament in 1996, 1999, 2009, 2011, 2019, 2021, and 2022. They won the TAAC/Atlantic Sun regular-season title in 1999, 2003 and 2005, before joining C-USA.  In 2009, UCF's women's basketball team shocked the C-USA by going 11–5 in conference play after going 2–11 in non-conference games and 10–20 the previous year, and swept through the 2009 Conference USA women's basketball tournament, dominating Southern Miss in overtime to win the championship game, 65–54, and earn its third Division I tournament appearance. In 2022, the Knights won the AAC title; going 14-1 in the conference and 26-3 overall. This earned them a number 24 overall final season ranking in the AP and coaches poll, as well as an automatic bid into the NCAA Tournament as a 7-seed. They defeated the 10-seed Florida Gators in the first round, and lost in the second round to 2-seed UConn by 5 points.

Baseball

The baseball team is led by head coach Rich Wallace, who will enter his first season as head coach in 2024 for UCF's inaugural season in the  Big 12. Prior to the hiring of Wallace, Greg Lovelady had headed the Knights since 2016. The Knights only made one NCAA championship appearance under Lovelady's leadership that came in his first season in 2017, but did have winning records in every season under him and a shared  AAC title with the  Houston Cougars (also in 2017). Jay Bergman had been head coach since 1976 but was fired on May 1, 2008, after allegations arose of sexual harassment towards a male equipment coach. Bergman had a large amount of success in this position, leading UCF to eight Atlantic Sun Championships and nine NCAA Regional Appearances, and brought UCF to a national ranking of #8 in 2001. In honor of his long-term success with the Knights, on February 3, 2001, UCF opened and dedicated Jay Bergman Field, which has since been renamed to John Euliano Park.

Football

UCF fielded an official varsity football team for the first time in 1979, under head coach Don Jonas.  Since then, the Knights have played in six bowl games, won six conference championships, produced 2 All-Americans, and two first-round draft picks. UCF has had some measure of success in football in its short NCAA history. It is the alma mater for NFL stars Brandon Marshall, Daunte Culpepper, Asante Samuel, Leger Douzable, and Bruce Miller among others. While UCF football can be traced back to its days as an NCAA Division III team under Jonas, it quickly moved up to Division II in 1982, and Division I-AA in 1990, finally matching the rest of its sports programs. In 1996, the program made its final ascension into Division I-A, now known as the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). UCF football plays as a member of the Big 12, where it has been a member since the 2023 season. The Knights play their home games at FBC Mortgage Stadium, the team's home field since 2007.

The Knights' most prominent historical football rivals are conference foes East Carolina and Tulsa, and former Conference USA rival Marshall. UCF's current main rival is in-state conference foe South Florida. For the beginning of the rivalry's existence, it was an inter-conference contest when South Florida was in the Big East and UCF in C-USA. Both schools are now members of the American Athletic Conference and play on Black Friday each year.

Since beginning play in 1979, the Knights have won three conference championships and four conference division titles. UCF won the C-USA East Division in 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2012, winning the conference championship game in 2007 and 2010. The Knights were also champions of The American in 2013. Before ascending to the FBS, UCF was a leading program in Division I-AA in the early 1990s. In 1990, UCF became the first school in history to qualify for the I-AA playoffs in its first season of eligibility. The Knights once again made the postseason in 1993, and were selected as the preseason No. 1 to start the 1994 season.

George O'Leary became UCF's head football coach in 2004 and had great success. The 2005 team won the school's first division championship, and earned their first trip to a bowl game, in the Knights first season in C-USA. In 2007, the Knights won their second division championship, and earned their first conference championship. During the 2009 campaign, UCF earned its first victory over a ranked opponent and third bowl appearance under O'Leary's watch. In 2010 earned their first top 25 ranking, second conference championship, and winning their first bowl game. In 2013, UCF went undefeated in conference play to win The American's conference championship in its inaugural season, earning the conference's automatic berth to a BCS game. The fifteenth-ranked Knights upset the sixth-ranked Baylor Bears 52–42 in the 2014 Fiesta Bowl to secure the program's first win a major bowl game, and pull off one of the biggest upsets of the BCS era. UCF finished the 2013 campaign by earning the program's first top-ten ranking, and with quarterback Blake Bortles being selected third overall by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2014 NFL Draft. Scott Frost became the head coach in 2016 as O'Leary effectively resigned from the program midway through the season in 2015.

UCF defeated #7 Auburn 34–27 in the 2018 Peach Bowl on January 1, 2018, to secure the school's second major bowl victory.  Citing the only undefeated season in the FBS, UCF administrators claimed a national championship football season on January 7 (the day before the College Football Playoff National Championship Game). The Colley Matrix, an NCAA-recognized selector, selected UCF as the top team in the country on January 9. It was the only selector to do so, as all other recognized selectors chose the winner of the College Football Playoff National Championship, the University of Alabama. The NCAA record book places UCF under the "Final National Poll Leaders" section, but since the beginning of the BCS era in 1998 has reserved the term "National Champions" for winners of the BCS, College Football Playoff, AP Poll, or Coaches Poll. UCF is the only team which actively claims a national championship that was not awarded by one of these polls since the beginning of the BCS era.

The decision to claim the championship earned the school exuberant praise from some national media outlets, but has been criticized by others.

Golf
The men's golf team was formed in 1979, and has appeared in NCAA Regionals 12 times, and have played in for the NCAA Championship four times. The last time the squad reached the championship was in 2009. The 2010 men's golf team were C-USA champions. The women's golf team was founded in 1982, and has made 9 NCAA Regional appearances, and has played for two NCAA Championship in 1996 and 2018.

Bryce Wallor is the head coach for the men's golf team, and Courtney Trimble is the head coach for the women's team. The Knights men's golf team plays its home matches at the Rio Pinar Country Club. The Knights women's golf team plays its home matches at the RedTail Golf Course. The Knight's golf teams practice at the UCF Golf Practice Facility, located near the UCF campus at the Twin Rivers Golf Club in Oviedo.

Numerous former Knight golfers have represented the UCF on the PGA and LPGA Tours, including Robert Damron and Cliff Kresge.

Women's rowing
The women's rowing team was formed in 1995. They have won 5 consecutive American Athletic Conference (AAC) Rowing championships, and have appeared in 6 NCAA Championships. The team matched their highest placement (18th overall) in their most recent 2019 appearance. This included their highest ever boat placement with the Varsity 4 boat coming in 14th. The team sit with UCONN Women's Basketball and USF Women's Soccer as the only sports in the AAC to win 5 consecutive conference championships. The 2020 season begun briefly with a sweep at the metro cup regatta, but was ended early due to COVID-19.

The Coaching team consists of Head Coach Becky Cramer and includes Assistant Coaches Rachel Klunder (Director of Operations), Mari Sundbo, and Montia Rice.

Soccer

UCF has produced a number of women's soccer stars. Most notably, Michelle Akers and Kim Wyant. Akers and Wyant were founding players on the United States women's national soccer team from 1985 to 2000. Akers helped them win the FIFA Women's World Cup in 1991 and 1999, and the 1996 Summer Olympics. Her career was so distinguished that Pelé named her among only two female players (along with fellow American Mia Hamm) on the FIFA 100 list of the greatest living soccer players in 2004.

The women's program made the final of the first ever official women's intercollegiate soccer championship in 1981, as well as the first NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship in 1982, losing the final in each year by the identical score of 1–0 to North Carolina.

The men's program has developed midfielder Eric Vasquez, who made his professional soccer debut with the Columbus Crew Major League Soccer. Vasquez later played for Miami FC in the United Soccer Leagues' First Division and the Orlando Sharks of the Major Indoor Soccer League before retiring due to injury. As well, former Knights Goalkeeper Ryan McIntosh initially signed a development deal with D.C. United of MLS. After a year with the D.C. United Reserve team, McIntosh signed with the Atlanta Silverbacks of USL Division One, where he led the team to the league final. The Silverbacks ended up losing to the Seattle Sounders. Both players were a part of the 2004 Central Florida Kraze amateur soccer team that won the Premier Development League's championship by defeating the Boulder Rapids Reserves, 1–0 at the UCF soccer stadium.

Former UCF goalkeeper Sean Johnson joined the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer in 2010. He made his pro debut on August 1 and defeated the LA Galaxy. He was a member of the United States U-20 men's national soccer team which qualified for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. On the women's team, Aline Reis, an All-American in her freshman year in 2008, was selected to the Brazil women's national football team for the first time in 2009, playing in a friendly against a local Brazilian team in July. Former women's goalkeeper Lynzee Lee played for the Buffalo Flash of the W-League. In 2010, both the men's and women's soccer teams advanced to the NCAA Tournament.

Softball

The Knights softball program is the youngest team at UCF. It was founded in 2002, and the team officially started competing in the Atlantic Sun Conference in that same year under head coach Renee Luers-Gillispie.  Since the program began, the Knights have won five conference tournament championships (2005, 2008, 2015, 2022, 2023), three regular season conference titles (2014, 2015, 2022) and have appeared in the NCAA tournament ten times (2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2021, 2022, 2023).
Cindy Ball-Malone became the 2nd head coach in UCF softball history in 2019. She has led the Knights to the NCAA Tournament in 2021, 2022 (super regional appearance), and 2023. The Knights also won back to back AAC tournament titles in their last two years in the AAC (2022 and 2023) and a regular season AAC title in 2022 under Malone.

The Knights softball team plays its home games at the UCF Softball Complex.

Tennis
The men's tennis team was formed in 1970. They reached the NCAA Division II Championship consecutively from 1974 to 1978, including a third-place finish in 1977. They won the A-Sun Championship three times from 2003 to 2005 under Bobby Cashman. The current men's coach is John Roddick, brother and coach for former tennis pro Andy Roddick.

The women's tennis team was formed in 1972. They have had 3 NCAA Division 1 Tournament appearances.

Track and field

The Knights women's track and field team has won ten total conference championships, eight in their nine years in the Atlantic Sun Conference, and won the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 C-USA outdoor title, and the 2011 C-USA indoor title. In 2011, the Knights were nationally ranked for the first time in program history, while at the same time ranking as the top team in the state, rising as high as No. 8 in the polls.

The head coach for the track and field program is Caryl Smith Gilbert, and the assistant coaches are Jeff Chakouian, Paul Brown and LaTonya Loche. Gilbert has coached four All-Americans during her tenure at UCF, including two-time All-American Jackie Coward.

The Knights track and field teams hold their outdoor home meets at the UCF Soccer and Track Stadium, which is part of Knights Plaza.

Former Sports

Wrestling
From 1970–1986, UCF sponsored a men's wrestling program. The team qualified for the NCAA Division II championship in 1979 and 1984, finishing in 26th and 29th out of 32 respectively; and the Division I championship in 1986, finishing 71st out of 76. The team was discontinued after 1986 due to financial reasons.

Championships
Upon joining the Big 12 conference, the Knights became one of three Power Five conference schools without a team NCAA National Championship, along with Kansas State and Virginia Tech. Two Knights teams have won national championships, though neither was awarded by the NCAA. The 1978 women's volleyball team captured UCF's first national team championship, three years before the NCAA began governing women's sports. The team won the AIAW Small College Division championship as Florida Technological University within days of university leadership's vote to change the school's name.

In 2017 the UCF Knights football team went undefeated and was selected by the Colley Matrix as its top team. The Colley Matrix is one of more than 40 polls, rankings, and formulas recognized by the NCAA in its list of college football's "national poll leaders" chosen by major selectors. Its selections since 1992 are recognized by the NCAA. The extent of NCAA recognition of all major selectors is in the form of acknowledgment in the annual NCAA Football Guide of the unofficial national champions, but the NCAA reserves the term "national champions" for team who won the College Football Playoff or Bowl Championship Subdivision National Championship games or were ranked first by either the AP or Coaches Polls (UCF is listed under the "national poll leaders" section). UCF was not selected to play in the College Football Playoff in 2017; all major selectors except for Colley Matrix chose Alabama as the 2017 national champion.

Two Knights athletes have won individual national titles as well, one of which came in an NCAA-sanctioned event. The first was when Aurieyall Scott won the 60-meter dash at the 2013 NCAA Women's Indoor Track and Field Championship. The other title came when Trey Hilderbrand won the Men's Singles title in the 2020 ITA Fall Indoor National Championship.

NCAA championships

 Individual (1)
 Aurieyall Scott – 2013 NCAA Division I Women's Indoor Track and Field: 60-meter dash

Non-NCAA championships

 Team (2)
 Men (1)
 Football (FBS): 2017 (non-consensus champion, Colley Matrix)
 Women (1)
 Volleyball (AIAW Small College Division): 1978
 Individual (1)
 Trey Hilderbrand – 2020 ITA Indoor National Fall Championship: Men's Singles

Club sports
The University of Central Florida through the Recreation and Wellness Center and the student government also fields a number of club sports of varying degrees of competitiveness, though most compete only with other teams from the southeastern part of the country. These sports are funded by the university's student government association. The club sports include bass fishing, bowling, running, cycling, fencing, golf, ice hockey, judo, jiu-jitsu, kiteboarding, lacrosse, paintball, racquetball, rugby, sailing, surfing, table tennis, taekwondo, team handball, tennis, triathlon, ultimate frisbee, men's volleyball, water polo, water skiing, wheelchair basketball, and wrestling.

Ice hockey
UCF's ice hockey team was founded in 1997 and competes in the Southern Collegiate Hockey Conference in Division II of the American Collegiate Hockey Association. The team plays its home games at the RDV Sportsplex in Maitland, Florida. Since becoming head coach in 1999, Sean Weaver led the Knights to eight consecutive national tournament appearances, and placed 3rd in the 2007–08 and 2010–11 seasons.

Lacrosse
UCF's men's lacrosse teams compete in the SouthEastern Lacrosse Conference of the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association  at the Division I level. The team was founded in 1997 and plays at the university's intramural fields. It is currently coached by Austin Ricci.

Rugby
Founded in 1988, UCF's Rugby Club plays in Division I of college rugby in the South Independent Conference against local rivals such as Florida State and South Florida. The Knights are led by Head Coach Jason Granich but has recently been changed to Raoul Besse. The Knights have enjoyed a lot of success over the last couple of years thanks to hard work, coaching, and some of the best conditioning in the league. They are back-to-back national champions in D1-AA and have won a handful of Rugby Sevens tournaments. The trajectory of the 2015 season is looking positive with the Knights qualifying for the National Sevens Championship, ranked number one in the SIRC South Division, and ranked 7th in the entire nation.

The Knights have had one of the better college rugby programs in Florida in recent years. In Fall 2011, UCF reached the finals of the Collegiate Rugby Florida Cup. The Knights finished the 2011–12 season ranked 17th with a record of 12–5, including splitting the season series against No. 6 ranked FSU.

In spring 2013, the Knights won the DI-AA national championship. They defeated Tennessee 31–17 in the round of 16, defeated Clemson 24–20 in the quarterfinals, and defeated Dartmouth 45–38 in the semifinals. UCF won the national championship by defeating Lindenwood in the final 27–25, with team captain Gerhard Veit also scoring two tries.

UCF repeated in 2014 as D1-AA national champion. They beat South Carolina in the quarterfinals (44-28) and San Diego in the semifinals(43-5). UCF defeated Arizona in the final behind the efforts of MVP Scott Watters. The final score was an impressive 64–13.

UCF has also had success in rugby sevens. UCF rugby won the first tournament in Estero in the Fall 2012 Florida Sevens Championship with a 4–0 record, including a 24–5 win over FSU in the final. The Knights went undefeated and beat UNF 36–15 in the final to win the 2012 Florida Cup. The Knights continued this in the 2015 tournament. The Knights (who were the lowest seed) dominated the top ranked team, Middle Tennessee with the final score 31–7. The Knights would go on to win all there matches, including the championship game against Georgia Tech edging them out 19–12.

War on I-4 rivalry

UCF's main rival is the University of South Florida Bulls, who are located 98 miles southwest in Tampa. The first meeting between the two schools was a baseball game in 1971, where the South Florida Golden Brahmans beat the Florida Tech Knights of the Pegasus 5–1. The close geographic proximity and the schools being founded around the same time (South Florida in 1956 and Central Florida in 1963) made the schools naturally become rivals. The two schools became conference foes for the first time in 2013, when UCF joined the American Athletic Conference. The rivalry gets its name from Interstate 4, which runs through both Tampa and Orlando.

The rivalry was officially recognized by both schools on September 21, 2016, when it was announced that a rivalry series between all 14 sports that both schools sponsor would begin (USF is the only one of the two schools to offer men's cross country, women's sailing, and men's track & field while UCF is the only one of the two schools to offer women's rowing). Each sport is worth six total points, and sports where the teams meet head to head multiple times in the regular season will have the six points divided by the number of games played, meaning the point system typically grants:

 2 points to the winner of each regular season baseball game (3 games per year)
 3 points to the winner of each regular season men's basketball game (2 games per year)
 3 points to the winner of each regular season women's basketball game (2 games per year)
 6 points to the higher finisher at the American Athletic Conference Women's Cross Country Championship
 6 points to the winner of the annual football game
 6 points to the higher finisher at the American Athletic Conference Men's Golf Championship
 6 points to the higher finisher at the American Athletic Conference Women's Golf Championship
 6 points to the winner of the annual regular season men's soccer match (3 points awarded to each side in the event of a draw)
 6 points to the winner of the annual regular season women's soccer match (3 points awarded to each side in the event of a draw)
 2 points to the winner of each regular season softball game (3 games per year)
 6 points to the winner of the annual regular season men's tennis match.
 6 points to the winner of the annual regular season women's tennis match.
 3 points to the higher finisher at the American Athletic Conference Women's Indoor Track & Field Championship
 3 points to the higher finisher at the American Athletic Conference Women's Outdoor Track & Field Championship
 3 points to the winner of each regular season volleyball match (2 matches per year)
 In the event of a tie in the overall competition, the athletic program that scores higher in the annual NCAA Graduation Success Rate will be awarded 1 extra point and crowned as the champion for that season. In the unlikely event that this is also tied, the series ends as a tie for that season and the previous winner retains the trophy.

Only regular season matches are counted toward War on I-4 point totals for the 10 sports in which the teams compete head to head, meaning if the teams meet in a conference or NCAA tournament that game doesn't count for War on I-4 competition purposes. The winner each year will take possession of a large trophy shaped like an Interstate road sign, which will be displayed on their campus for the following year. One side of the trophy reads "Tampa" and features the USF logo while the other reads "Orlando" and features the UCF logo. The winner of the annual Thanksgiving weekend football clash receives a similarly shaped "War On I-4" trophy. As of 2020, USF leads UCF in the all-time series for football (6–5), men's basketball (23–16), women's basketball (28–13), baseball (75–69), softball (18–12), men's soccer (26–7–4), men's tennis (34–8), women's tennis (19–7) and volleyball (49–39). UCF only leads in women's soccer (11–4–4), but UCF has won all three overall War on I-4 titles since 2016, and led USF in the 2019–2020 edition of the rivalries, but the title was not awarded due to spring sports being canceled by the NCAA because of COVID-19.

Spirit programs

Cheerleading
The UCF cheerleading squad has captured three national titles at the D1 College Cheerleading and Dance Team Nationals, in 2003, 2007 and 2020. In 2008, the WE Original weekly series Cheerleader U followed the UCF cheerleaders through an entire season. In 2013, the 2003 UCF Cheerleading Team, who won the UCA College Cheerleading Division IA national championship in 2003, was the first team inducted into the UCF Athletics Hall of Fame.

Marching Knights and KnightMoves

The Marching Knights were formed after the start of the football program in 1979, and is the largest and most visible student organization at the university. They are known for their high energy performances, unique and contemporary drill designs, and musical selections ranging from jazz, to pop, to classical. Over 300 members perform for fans at each home UCF football game and select away games, as well as any bowl games.

The university's coordinated dance team, KnightMoves, is considered to be one of the nation's top college programs, and features 12-18 girls each year. The team performs year round at school and athletic events, such as Spirit Splash, pep rally's, and football and basketball games. KnightMoves has finished in the top-10 at the College Cheerleading and Dance Team Nationals for the past two-years.

Cheers

"Black and gold" is a cheer that is very popular at home games, with one part of the student section yelling "Black!", and the other part of the section answering back with their loudest "Gold!"  This can go back and forth for several minutes, with both sides competing to be the louder.

Another popular cheer at games occurs during the national anthem when students loudly exclaim "Knight" during the line, "Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there." This cheer is controversial within the fanbase, with many fans finding it disrespectful.

The University of Central Florida Fight Song is titled 'Charge On'.

In 2019, the UCF Cheerleading Team became national champions in the UCA Division 1A Gameday division.

Athletic facilities
Since 2000, the UCF has invested significant capital and effort in the construction, expansion and improvements of its major sports programs and their facilities. In 2007, UCF opened the new 45,000–seat FBC Mortgage Stadium, and the new 9,000 seat Addition Financial Arena. In 2011, the university renovated the UCF Soccer and Track Stadium, increasing capacity to over 2,000 and adding amenities such as clubhouses and restrooms. In 2011, UCF completed a major renovation of John Euliano Park, expanding it to a total capacity at 4,180.

Since 2017, the men's and women's tennis teams are the only teams who play their home games at a facility that isn't owned by the university, instead playing at the USTA National Campus in Lake Nona roughly 20 miles away from campus. The rowing team is the only other team that does not compete on campus, as the UCF Intercollegiate Rowing Center is on Lake Pickett, about eight miles from campus.

Notable alumni

As a competitor in college athletics, UCF has many notable student athletes, coaches and staff members, such as NFL players Blake Bortles, A. J. Bouye, Daunte Culpepper, Gabe Davis, Richie Grant, Brandon Marshall, Latavius Murray, Matt Prater, Josh Sitton, Asante Samuel, and twin brothers Shaquem and Shaquill Griffin; NBA players Taylor Hendricks and Tacko Fall; NASCAR driver Aric Almirola; and soccer stars Michelle Akers and Sean Johnson. Currently, more than 50 UCF alumni compete in professional basketball, football, baseball and golf.

Athletic directors

Notes

See also
List of college athletic programs in Florida

References

External links

Knights Email

1970 establishments in Florida

UCF Knights


The sulphury flycatcher (Tyrannopsis sulphurea) is a passerine bird which is a localised resident breeder from  Trinidad, the Guianas and Venezuela south to Amazonian Peru, northern Bolivia and Brazil.

This large tyrant flycatcher is found in savannah habitat with moriche palms. The nest is an open cup of sticks in the crown of a moriche palm, and the typical clutch is two cream-coloured eggs blotched with brown.

The adult sulphury flycatcher is 20.3 cm long and weighs 54g. The head and neck are dark grey, and there is a concealed yellow crown stripe. The upperparts are olive, and the wings and tail are brown. The underparts are yellow with a greenish tint to the upper breast and a white throat. The black bill is short and broad.

This species resembles the tropical kingbird, but is shorter, stockier, and has a shorter bill. The call is a loud squealing jweeez, quite different from the kingbird's twittering.

Sulphury flycatchers wait on an exposed perch high in a palm and sally out to catch insects in flight. They will also take some berries and other fruits.

The species is in its own genus-(monotypic), because of its bird voicebox anatomy, the syrinx.

References

External links
Sulphury Flycatcher photo gallery VIREO
Photo-Medium Res; Article oiseaux

sulphury flycatcher
Birds of the Amazon rainforest
Birds of the Guianas
sulphury flycatcher
Birds of Brazil

Sulphury flycatcher


Rolls-Royce Motors was a British luxury car manufacturer, created in 1973 during the de-merger of the Rolls-Royce automotive business from the nationalised Rolls-Royce Limited. It produced luxury cars under the Rolls-Royce and Bentley brands. Vickers acquired the company in 1980 and sold it to Volkswagen in 1998.  Bentley Motors is the company's direct successor; however, BMW acquired the rights to the Rolls-Royce trademark for use on automobiles and launched a new Rolls-Royce company shortly afterwards.

History
The original Rolls-Royce Limited had been nationalised in 1971 due to the financial collapse of the company, caused in part by the development of the RB211 jet engine.  In 1973, the British government sold the Rolls-Royce car business to allow nationalised parent Rolls-Royce (1971) Limited to concentrate on jet engine manufacture.

In 1980, Rolls-Royce Motors was acquired by Vickers.

A marketing survey in 1987 showed that only Coca-Cola was a more widely known brand than Rolls-Royce.

Sale to Volkswagen
In 1998, Vickers plc decided to sell Rolls-Royce Motors.  The leading contender seemed to be BMW, who already supplied internal combustion engines and other components for Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars.  Their final offer of £340m was outbid by Volkswagen Group, who offered £430m.

As part of the deal, Volkswagen Group acquired the historic Crewe factory, plus the rights to the "Spirit of Ecstasy" mascot and the shape of the radiator grille. However, the Rolls-Royce brand name and logo were controlled by aero-engine maker Rolls-Royce plc, and not Rolls-Royce Motors.  The aero-engine maker decided to license the Rolls-Royce name and logo to BMW and not to Volkswagen, largely because the aero-engine maker had recently shared joint business ventures with BMW.  BMW paid £40m to license the Rolls-Royce name and "RR" logo, a deal that many commentators thought was a bargain for possibly the most valuable property in the deal. Volkswagen Group had the rights to the mascot and grille, but lacked rights to the Rolls-Royce name in order to build the cars; likewise, BMW had the name, but lacked rights to the grille and mascot.

The situation was tilted in BMW's favour, as they could withdraw their engine supply with just 12 months notice, which was insufficient time for VW to re-engineer the Rolls-Royce cars to use VW's own engines. Volkswagen claimed that it only really wanted Bentley anyway, as it was the higher volume brand, with Bentley models out-selling the equivalent Rolls-Royce by around two to one.

Loss of Rolls-Royce marque
After negotiations, BMW and Volkswagen Group arrived at a solution.  From 1998 to 2002, BMW would continue to supply engines for the cars and would allow Volkswagen use of the Rolls-Royce name and logo.  On 1 January 2003, only BMW would be able to name cars "Rolls-Royce", and Volkswagen Group's former Rolls-Royce/Bentley division would build only cars called "Bentley".  The last Rolls-Royce from the Crewe factory, the Corniche, ceased production in 2002, at which time the Crewe factory became Bentley Motors Limited, and Rolls-Royce production was relocated to a new entity in Goodwood, England known as Rolls-Royce Motor Cars.

Despite losing control of the Rolls-Royce marque to BMW, the former Rolls-Royce/Bentley subsidiary retains many historical Rolls-Royce car assets such as the Crewe factory and L Series V8 engine.

Leadership
1971–1980 Sir David Plastow
1980–1986 George Fenn
1986–1994 Peter Ward
1994–1998 Chris Woodwark
1998–1998 Graham Morris

Cars
1965–1980 Silver Shadow—the first Rolls-Royce with a monocoque chassis; started with a 6.23 L V8 engine, later expanded to 6.75 L; shared its design with the Bentley T-series
1968–1991 Phantom VI
1971–1996 Corniche I-IV
1975–1986 Camargue styled by Paolo Martin with a Pininfarina body
1980–1998 Silver Spirit/Silver Spur—design shared with the Bentley Mulsanne

Bentley models were produced mostly in parallel with the above cars.  The Bentley Continental coupés (produced in various forms from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s) did not have Rolls-Royce equivalents.  Very expensive Rolls-Royce Phantom limousines were also produced.

Volkswagen Group era
1998–2002 Silver Seraph—This shared its design with the Bentley Arnage, which sold in much greater numbers.
2000–02 Corniche V—This two-door convertible shared its design with the Bentley Azure and was the most expensive Rolls-Royce until the introduction of the 2003 Phantom.

Rolls-Royce cars timeline

See also
Bentley
Rolls-Royce Limited
Luxury vehicle
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Further reading
Richard Feast, Kidnap of the Flying Lady: How Germany Captured Both Rolls-Royce and Bentley, Motorbooks,

References

External links

Video (RT 05:02) Showcasing 1988 Silver Spur.

Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Rolls-Royce
Volkswagen Group
Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers
British companies established in 1973
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1973

cs:Rolls-Royce
ja:ロールスロイス

Rolls-Royce Motors


Cypra Cecilia Krieger-Dunaij (9 April 1894 – 17 August 1974) was an Austro-Hungarian (more specifically, Galician)-born mathematician of Jewish ancestry who lived and worked in Canada.
Krieger was the third person (and first woman) to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics from a university in Canada, in 1930, as well as the third woman to have been awarded a doctorate in any discipline in Canada.
Krieger is well known for having translated two works of Wacław Sierpiński in general topology.
The Krieger–Nelson Prize, awarded annually by the Canadian Mathematical Society since 1995 for outstanding research by a female mathematician, is named in honour of Krieger and Evelyn Nelson.

Early life and education

Krieger was born on 9 April 1894 in Jasło in Galicia.
The town was then part of Austria-Hungary, but is in modern-day Poland.
Her parents, Moses and Sarah Krieger, had two sons and two daughters besides Cecilia.
Krieger began studying mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna in 1919, but moved with her family to Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1920.
Krieger earned a B.A in 1924 and a M.A in 1925 from the University of Toronto.
She obtained her Ph.D from the same university in 1930.
Her thesis, under the supervision of W.J. Webber, was entitled
"On the summability of trigonometric series with localized parameters—on Fourier constants and convergence factors of double Fourier series".

At the University of Toronto

While pursuing her Ph.D, Krieger was appointed as an instructor in 1928 and promoted to lecturer in 1930 when she completed her Ph.D.
Krieger continued working at the rank of lecturer until she was promoted to assistant professor at the University of Toronto in 1942.
She taught in both the department of engineering and the department of mathematics.
Krieger married Dr. Zygmund Dunaij in 1953.

Retirement

Krieger continued at the rank of assistant professor until her retirement in 1962.
However, she continued teaching after her retirement: for five years at the University of Toronto, leaving in 1968 upon the death of her husband and for six more years at Upper Canada College, a private school in Toronto, until her own death in 1974.

Publications

In 1934, Krieger published an English translation of Sierpinski's book Introduction to General Topology. She also translated General Topology by Sierpinski in 1952, adding a 30-page appendix on infinite cardinals and ordinals.

Recognition

Krieger was a strong supporter of women in mathematics. In honour of the contributions of Krieger and Evelyn Nelson, the Canadian Mathematical Society created the Krieger–Nelson Prize in 1995. It is awarded to an outstanding woman in mathematics.

Notes

External links

 Cecilia Krieger archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

Polish women mathematicians
20th-century Polish mathematicians
1894 births
1974 deaths
People from Jasło
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Austro-Hungarian Jews
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian women mathematicians
Polish women scientists
20th-century Polish scientists
Polish women academics
20th-century Canadian women scientists
20th-century Polish women scientists
Polish emigrants to Canada

Cecilia Krieger


Kettle Island is an unincorporated community and coal town in Bell County, Kentucky, United States. Kettle Island is located on Kentucky Route 1630 near Kentucky Route 221,  east-northeast of Pineville. Kettle Island has a post office with ZIP code 40958, which opened on March 15, 1912. The community also had a station on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

There are two possible explanations for the community's name. The first is that early settlers did laundry in a common kettle on an island in Straight Creek. The second is that hunters used an iron kettle on the same island as a landmark.

In 1930, an explosion at the Pioneer Mine in Kettle Island killed 16 miners.

References

Unincorporated communities in Bell County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Coal towns in Kentucky

Kettle Island, Kentucky


David Llewellyn-Smith (born 16 March 1967) is an Australian writer and independent publisher in the field of macroeconomics.

Early life and education
Llewellyn-Smith was born in Sydney, Australia.

Career
Llewellyn-Smith was the founding publisher of The Diplomat, an Australian international business and politics magazine, in 2000, and was its publisher and later Editor-in-Chief for eight years. The magazine published special issues "Global 100", "FDI 100" and "SMEGlobal100" in conjunction with Ibisworld. The magazine was sold in 2007 and it now operates online as an international relations website for the Asian region.

In 2009, Llewellyn-Smith co-authored The Great Crash of 2008 with Australian economist Ross Garnaut. The book was published by Melbourne University Press. The authors attribute the global financial crisis to four factors: global imbalances; global housing bubbles, the emergence of "clever money" and increasing greed.

Also in 2009, Llewellyn-Smith created "The Distillery", a five-day-per-week morning column in the Business Spectator. The column critiqued business commentators in major newspapers and remains in circulation in 2014.

In 2010, Llewellyn-Smith contributed to foundation of MacroBusiness, an Australian economics and markets blog. And in 2012 he founded Macro Investor, an independent investment newsletter.

Llewellyn-Smith's articles on economics and political economy have been published in The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and the ABC's The Drum.  He is frequently quoted in news reports on economic topics.

Criticism

In 2022, in response to a proposed security deal between the Solomon Islands and China, Llewellyn-Smith called for Australia to invade the islands and "engineer regime change in Honiara".. In response, South China Morning Post's Alex Lo stated in an opinion piece that Llewellyn-Smith's position was "irrational", and that it "would have been funny if the piece was written by just another right-wing head case".

Notes and references

1967 births
Living people
Australian economics writers

David Llewellyn-Smith


Daniel Ray Hull (1890–1964), sometimes stated Daniel P. Hull, was an American landscape architect who was responsible for much of the early planning of the built environment the national parks of the United States during the 1920s. Hull planned town sites, designed landscapes, and designed individual buildings for the Park Service, in private practice, and later for the California State Parks. A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Early life and education
Hull was born in Lincoln, Kansas on April 29, 1890, the son of O. U. Hull,  and studied landscape architecture and city planning at the University of Illinois, receiving his degree in 1913. Hull was one of four students who studied intensively with civic planner Charles Mulford Robinson, who had published numerous texts on city planning. Hull received his Master of Landscape Architecture degree from Harvard University in 1914. Following a grand tour of Europe, Hull began to work in California. Hull had married Emma Dorothy Kammeger of Manhattan, Kansas., One of his first projects was the planning of the Montecito Country Estates subdivision in Montecito, California, working as well with Daniels, Osmont and Wilhelm in San Francisco. Daniels was at the time the Park Service's General Superintendent, and was in charge of a number of park improvement projects.

Early career
Hull was a U.S. Army officer during World War I, planning Army facilities in the Cantonment Division. From the Army, Hull moved to the National Park Service, which had been established in 1916 to assist chief Park Service landscape architect Charles Punchard. Punchard died in 1920 and Hull took over his position at age 30. The largest project in the Park Service at the time was the re-planning of the Yosemite Valley, and Hull moved there to oversee the work, assisted by a friend from his studies at the University of Illinois, Paul P. Keissig. At the same time, Hull initiated overall master planning projects for Yellowstone, Sequoia, Grand Canyon, and Mesa Verde national parks, as well as an overall plan for Yosemite. Hull's plans for Yosemite embodied the informal, natural principals promulgated by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. In addition to master planning, Hull worked on specific projects such as the administrative district at Mesa Verde and the Ash Mountain headquarters complex at Sequoia. In 1920 Hull was assigned the planning effort for Grand Canyon Village, a large-scale town planning exercise that sought to establish order at the previously haphazard South Rim of the Grand Canyon.

National Park Service Rustic
At a smaller scale, Hull directed design efforts on new administrative structures at the Giant Forest in Sequoia, using local materials such as rubble stone, logs and wood shingles to achieve an intentionally rustic look, a style that quickly evolved into the National Park Service Rustic style. Under the direction of Hull, the Landscape Engineering Division followed up by planning the Grand Canyon Superintendent's Residence in 1921, where the style was more consciously rustic and less referential to the Swiss Chalet style that prevailed among park concession structures at Grand Canyon and elsewhere. In 1922 Hull designed three ranger stations for Yellowstone. Hull is specifically credited as architect on a number of buildings, indicating his versatility and technical ability.

As the volume of Park Service building grew, Hull directed architects who implemented rustic design principals, including  Myron Hunt at Yosemite Village and Thomas Chalmers Vint, who would become Hull's deputy in 1923. Hull also worked with independent architects such as Gilbert Stanley Underwood and Herbert Maier. Hull became close friends with Underwood, whom he had known from Illinois and  Harvard, and moved the Landscape Division to Los Angeles, subletting space in the Underwood and Company offices in 1923. Hull continued in private practice during the winter months, with declining involvement through 1926, when he was described as a part-time employee. In 1926 Hull was investigated by the Department of the Interior, who found that his shared offices with Underwood, and his work arrangements in which Hull in his public capacity reviewed and approved his own work as a private contractor, amounted to a conflict of interest. Park Service Director Horace Albright recommended that Hull be dismissed, but then-Assistant Director Arno B. Cammerer supported Hull until 1927, when it became apparent that Hull was not meeting his Park Service obligations. In 1927 the Landscape Division moved to San Francisco. Hull resigned and Vint took over the director's position.

Later career
Following his departure from the Park Service, Hull kept up involvement in park design, working with architect Albert C. Martin on the 1927 Furnace Creek Inn in Death Valley and with Underwood on the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite. Hull worked with Olmsted in 1927 on a survey of California for potential state park properties. During the Great Depression Hull approached Albright about a return to the Park Service, but was rebuffed by Albright.  In 1934 Hull became Chief Landscape Engineer for the California State Park system. Hull published a design guide in 1944 that established the principles of the National Park Service Rustic style as a standard in the California parks. Hull died in Alhambra, California in 1964.

Works
 Montecito Country Estates
 Administration Building at Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park
 Ash Mountain Administrative Complex, Sequoia National Park
 Yosemite Village, Yosemite National Park
 Lake Ranger Station, Yellowstone National Park
 Grand Canyon National Park Superintendent's Residence (1921), a National Historic Landmark
 Grand Canyon Village (1924), a National Historic Landmark District, master plan
 Old Faithful Lodge (1927), Yellowstone National Park, assisted Gilbert Stanley Underwood
 Ahwahnee Hotel (1927), Yosemite National Park, assisted Gilbert Stanley Underwood
Fall River Pass Ranger Station, Fall River Pass, Estes Park, Colorado (Hull,Daniel P.), NRHP-listed
Fern Lake Patrol Cabin, Fern Lake, Estes Park, Colorado (Hull,Daniel P.), NRHP-listed
Mendocino Woodlands Recreational Demonstration Area, 11301 Little Lake Road, Mendocino, California (Hull, Daniel R.), NRHP-listed
Milner Pass Road Camp Mess Hall and House, Milner Pass Rd., Estes Park, Colorado (Hull,Daniel L.), NRHP-listed
Work within Muir Woods National Monument, Muir Woods Rd., Mill Valley, California (Hull, D.; Nickel, E.; Skidmore, L.), NRHP-listed
Willow Park Patrol Cabin, Fall River Rd., Estes Park, Colorado (Hull,Daniel P.), NRHP-listed
Willow Park Stable, Fall River Pass, Estes Park, Colorado (Hull,Daniel P.), NRHP-listed
Work within Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite, California (Underwood,G.S.;Hull,D.;Vint,T.), NRHP-listed

Hull was also responsible for a number of buildings and landscape planning projects in Yellowstone, Glacier, Mount Rainier, Sequoia, Carlsbad Caverns, Rocky Mountain and Mesa Verde National Parks.

References

American landscape architects
1890 births
1964 deaths
Rustic style architects
People from Alhambra, California
Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
People from Lincoln Center, Kansas
University of Illinois alumni

Daniel Ray Hull


The term sixth chord refers to two different kinds of chord, the first in classical music and the second in modern popular music.

The original meaning of the term is a chord in first inversion, in other words with its third in the bass and its root a sixth above it. This is how the term is still used in classical music today, and in this sense it is called also a chord of the sixth.

In modern popular music, a sixth chord is any triad with an added sixth above the root as a chord factor. This was traditionally (and in classical music is still today) called an added sixth chord or triad with added sixth since Jean-Philippe Rameau (sixte ajoutée) in the 18th century. It is not common to designate chord inversions in popular music, so there is no need for a term designating the first inversion of a chord, and so the term sixth chord in popular music is a short way of saying added sixth chord. There are three main types of added sixth chords: major sixth, minor sixth and minor flat sixth.

Triad inversion

In early music, what is today called a sixth chord or first inversion in classical music was considered an autonomous harmonic entity with the root named by the bass, while it was later simply considered an inversion of a chord with the bass being the third (not the root) and the root being the sixth (not the bass). A first-inversion C major chord is shown below.

Alternatively, rather than as a six three chord, the note may be analyzed as a suspension or appoggiatura, "first resolved and later... retained as a part of the chord, no resolution taking place."

The dominant chord's fifth may be substituted by the chord's sixth, analyzed as its thirteenth:

Added sixth chords
In jazz, what is called a sixth chord was traditionally called an "added sixth chord". As the name suggests, this is a triad with an added sixth interval.

Major sixth
The major sixth chord is a major triad and the additional sixth interval is major. For example, a major sixth chord built on C (denoted by C6, or CM6) consists of the notes C, E, G, and the added major sixth A.

These are the same notes as those of an A minor seventh chord – whether such a chord should be regarded as an added sixth chord or a seventh depends on its context and harmonic function. To explain the analyses as added sixth chords, against common practice period theory, provides the example of the final tonic chord of some popular music being traditionally analyzable as a "submediant six-five chord" (added sixth chords by popular terminology), or a first inversion seventh chord (possibly the dominant of the mediant V/iii). According to the interval strengths of the added sixth chord, the root of the strongest interval of the chord in first inversion (CEGA), the perfect fifth (C–G), is the root (C).

Minor sixth
The minor sixth chord (sometimes: minor major sixth, or minor/major sixth) consists of a minor triad with a tone added a major sixth above the root. Thus in C, it contains the notes C, E, G, and A.

This chord might be notated Cm6, CmM6, Cmin/maj6, Cmin(maj6), etc. Note that Cm6 has the same notes as F9 with the root omitted, i.e. the notes F (omitted), A, E, C, and G. These notes form a tetrad with several enharmonic equivalents: C–E–G–A might be written as Cm6, F9, F9 (no root), Am75, B79, AMaj79, or Balt. Many jazz chord charts use these chord notations indiscriminately, particularly in the choice of minor sixth versus dominant ninth chords. Thus, in some cases when a Cm6 is indicated, the F9 is in fact a better harmonic choice, i.e. closer to the composer's harmonic intent; or vice versa. Analysis of the movement of the root, in the presence of dominant-functioning harmonies, will generally indicate which enharmonic chord is the appropriate notation choice. In some cases, the harmony is ambiguous.

Unlike the major sixth chord which is often substituted for a major triad, the minor sixth is more versatile and plays a number of different harmonic roles due to its identity as an inversion of the half-diminished seventh chord. The presence of the perfect fifth interval over the root also means that this voicing is more stable than the half-diminished seventh chord. An extension of the concepts of major and minor to tetrads, referrred to as otonality and utonality respectively, considers this chord to be the utonality to the dominant seventh chord.

Minor flat sixth
The minor flat sixth chord is a minor triad and the additional sixth interval is minor, which is referred to as a flat sixth. Thus in C, it contains the notes C, E, G, and A.

This chord might be notated Cm6. It also shares identity as an inversion of the major seventh chord.

In popular music

Instances of the sixth chord crop up in popular music towards the end of the 19th century, for example in Johann Strauss II's "The Blue Danube" waltz. Richard Taruskin sees Strauss's use of the added sixth chord as the "one stylistic idiosyncrasy… that went from him into the general idiom of European (or European-style) music, and that is the freedom with which the sixth degree of the scale is harmonized."
The sixth chord was a common feature of the harmony of jazz and popular music during the entire twentieth century.  One of the attractions of the chord is its tonal ambiguity.  The harmony contains within it aspects that are both major and minor.  Kurt Weill's song "Mack the Knife" from the Threepenny Opera (1928) uses the chord from the start, resulting in "a sort of bitonality: A minor in the melody, C major in the harmony."

The trombone riff that opens Glenn Miller's "Tuxedo Junction" (1940) is a well-known example from the Swing era. Later popular songs that feature sixth chords include: The Beatles' "She Loves You" (1963), "Help!" (1965)  and "The Fool on the Hill" (1967), Arthur Kent and Sylvia Dee's "Bring Me Sunshine" (1968), The Young Rascals' "Groovin'" (1967), Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" (1975), Steely Dan's "Bad Sneakers" (1975) and Styx's "Babe" (1979).

In classical music
An unusual use of this chord at the start of a work occurs in Beethoven's Piano Sonata in E major, Op 31 No. 3 (1802):
According to Denis Matthews, "the most striking moment in the sonata is its opening, where an ambiguous added-sixth chord on the subdominant resolves itself through a series of halting steps, rhythmically and harmonically, towards the tonic."

In the opening section of his Fantasy-Overture, Romeo and Juliet, Tchaikovsky uses the minor added sixth chord to striking effect:

Debussy frequently used the sixth chord, for example in his piano prelude General Lavine-Eccentric (1913), whose idiom alludes to the popular idioms of cakewalk and ragtime of the early 1900s.  The following passage "is in F major; its seeming pentatonicism (C–D–F–G–A) is found to be the outline of the tonic added sixth chord, plus the G as passing tone…"

Maurice Ravel's 1920 ballet La Valse, which contains subtle echoes of the late 19th century Viennese Waltz, incorporates added sixth chords in its harmony:

The timeless, meditative closing bars of Gustav Mahler's song "Abschied" from Das Lied von der Erde (1909) fully exploit the expressive power and ambiguity of the sixth chord.  "The final sonority, the famous added-sixth chord, is particularly ingenious... because it fuses the two principal keys of Das Lied (A minor and C major)."

Alban Berg's Violin Concerto (1935) ends with a "tonic triad of B flat, with added sixth  [that] follows a harmonic progression found frequently in 1930s dance-band arrangements." However, Richard Taruskin points out that Berg's "chord thus created, B flat, D, F, G had an important poetic resonance", as it echoes the ending of Mahler's "Abschied." Stravinsky's Symphony in Three Movements (1945) "incorporates elements of American popular music, most famously the final chord, a Hollywood added-sixth chord of ever there was one." (Stravinsky himself later criticized his choice of the final D sixth chord as 'commercial.' ) Messiaen's "Louange à l'immortalité de Jésus", the final movement of his Quartet for the End of Time (1941) opens with a meditative theme "played entirely over a 6-4 chord with added sixth"

Special kinds of sixth chords
The Neapolitan sixth is the first inversion of a major triad built on the flattened supertonic (second degree of the scale) – a Neapolitan sixth in C major, therefore, consists of the notes F, A, and D.

There are a number of augmented sixth chords. Each of them has a major third and augmented sixth above the bass. When these are the only three notes present, the chord is an Italian sixth; when an augmented fourth is added above the bass, the chord is a French sixth; while adding a perfect fifth above the bass of an Italian sixth makes it a German sixth (the etymology of all these names is unclear). All usually have the  (sixth degree of the scale, A in C major, for example) as the bass note – in this case, they tend to resolve to the dominant.

Sixth factor
The sixth factor of a chord is six scale degrees above the root. Conventionally, the sixth is third in importance to the root, fifth, and third, being an added tone. It is generally not allowed as the root since that inversion resembles a seventh chord on the sixth rather than an added tone on the original note. In jazz chords and theory, the sixth is required due to it being an added tone.

The quality of the sixth may be determined by the scale or may be indicated. For example, in a major scale, a diatonic sixth added to the tonic chord will be major (C–E–G–A) while in minor it will be minor (C–E–G–A).

The sixth is octave equivalent to the thirteenth. If one could cut out the notes in between the fifth and the thirteenth and then drop the thirteenth down an octave to a sixth, one would have an added sixth chord (C–E–G–B–D′–F′–A′ minus B–D′–F′ = C–E–G–A).

See also
6/9 chord
thirteenth chord

References

External links

Chord factors
Chords
Chromaticism

Sixth chord


Frederick Bernard, Count Palatine of Gelnhausen (28 May 1697 in Gelnhausen – 5 August 1739, ibid.) was Count Palatine and Duke of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen.

Life
Frederick Bernard was the eldest son of the Duke and Count Palatine John Charles of Gelnhausen (1638-1704) from his second marriage, Esther Maria (1665-1725), the daughter of Baron George Frederick of Witzleben-Elgersburg.

In 1704, he succeeded his father as Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen.  He served in the French army as a colonel of the Royal Alsatian regiment.  He was a knight of the  Order of Saint Hubert.  A treaty of 1736 with Caroline, the regent of Zweibrücken, granted Frederick Bernard an annual allowance of .

Frederick Bernard died in 1739 without a male heir.  Gelnhause was inherited by his younger brother John.

Marriage and issue
Frederick Bernard married on 30 May 1737 in Arolsen to Ernestine Louise (1705-1782), the daughter of prince Frederick Anton Ulrich of Waldeck and Pyrmont.  Her mother was Frederick Bernard's cousin Louise of Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler.  Frederick Bernard and Ernestine Louise had two daughters:
 Caroline Louise (1738-1782)
 Ernestine Friederike Auguste (1739-1746)

Ancestors

References
 Johann Samuel Ersch: Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Section 2, H–N, part 21, Johann (Infant von Castilien) – Johann-Boniten, p. 189
 Maximilian V. Sattler: Lehrbuch der bayerischen Geschichte, Lindauer, 1868, p. 412
 Carl Renatus Hausen: Abhandlungen und Materialien zum neuesten deutschen Staatsrechte und Reichsgeschichte, vol. 5, p. 160 ff

Footnotes

People from Gelnhausen
House of Wittelsbach
Counts Palatine of the Holy Roman Empire
Dukes in Germany
1697 births
1739 deaths
18th-century German people


Private First Class Jose F. Valdez (January 3, 1925 – February 17, 1945)  was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the Medal of Honor — the United States' highest military decoration — for his actions near Rosenkranz, France, in the Battle of the Colmar Pocket during World War II.

Early years
Valdez was a Spanish-American born and raised in Gobernador, New Mexico (today a ghost town). He joined the United States Army at a recruiting station in Santa Fe, New Mexico in June 1944 (but was listed as a Utah Medal of Honor recipient). After completing his basic training, he was assigned to the 3rd Infantry Division.

World War II
The 3rd Infantry Division, which was under the command of Major General John W. O'Daniel, fought from North Africa through Sicily, Italy, France, and Germany during World War II.  On January 23, 1945, the 3rd Infantry Division was attacking German forces in Alsace as part of the Allied offensive to collapse the Colmar Pocket.

On January 25, 1945, Valdez was on patrol with 5 of his fellow soldiers at a small railway station near Rosenkranz, France, () when unexpectedly they confronted an enemy counterattack.  An enemy tank was headed towards the patrol and Valdez, upon his own initiative, opened fire against the tank with his automatic rifle, action which made the tank withdraw.  After Valdez killed 3 enemy soldiers in a firefight, the Germans ordered a full attack and sent in two companies of infantrymen.

Valdez offered to cover the members of his patrol when the platoon leader ordered a withdrawal.  He fired upon the approaching enemy and his patrol members were able to reach American lines.  Valdez was wounded and was able to drag himself back to American lines, however, he died three weeks later from his wounds.

Medal of Honor citation

Awards and recognitions

Awards
  Medal of Honor
  Purple Heart
  American Campaign Medal
  European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
  World War II Victory Medal
  French Croix de Guerre
  French Croix de guerre Fourragère

Honors

Valdez was buried with full military honors in the Santa Fe National Cemetery located in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
, a technical research ship in operation during the 1960s.
Valdez Elementary School, an elementary School dedicated in north Denver, Colorado.
PFC Jose F. Valdez Memorial Highway, a 106-mile stretch of U.S. Route 64, from Tierra Amarilla to Bloomfield, in New Mexico.
Jose F. Valdez U.S. Army Reserve Center, located in Pleasant Grove, Utah, headquarters of the 405th Civil Affairs Battalion.
A memorial to Valdez was dedicated in Gobernador, New Mexico, in 2002.
A memorial at All Veterans Memorial Park in Berg Park, Farmington, New Mexico, was dedicated in 2009 honoring three northwest New Mexico residents who received the Medal of Honor; Valdez, USMC LCpl. Kenneth Lee Worley, and Army SSG Franklin D. Miller.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients
Hispanic Americans in World War II

References

External links

1925 births
1945 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
American people of Mexican descent
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials at Santa Fe National Cemetery

Jose F. Valdez


is a 1969 Japanese adult animated fantasy film directed by Eiichi Yamamoto, conceived by Osamu Tezuka. The film is the first part of Mushi Production's adult-oriented Animerama trilogy, and was followed by Cleopatra (1970) and Belladonna of Sadness (1973).

The film was a hit in Japan with distribution box-office revenue of ¥290 million, but was largely ignored outside of the domestic market, receiving a limited release in the US. The English dub of the film was considered lost until anime distributor Discotek Media discovered and restored it, releasing it on Blu-ray alongside the original Japanese version on 24 November 2020. The English-dubbed version was cut to 100 minutes and was recorded in Italy. The film predates the more successful release of Fritz the Cat, the first American X-rated animated film, by three years.

Plot

Aldin, a poor, traveling water seller, falls in love with Miriam, a beautiful slave woman on auction in Baghdad, but Havasalakum, the son of the chief of police, buys her. Before he can take her home, a sandstorm interrupts the auction. Aldin uses the opportunity to steal away the slave woman, rescuing her from slavery. They hide from pursuing guards in a seemingly empty mansion. They have sex there and are secretly watched by the master of the mansion, Sulaiman, who locks them in and commands them to continue. Havasalakum and his guards invade the mansion, where he finds them and captures Miriam. Badli, the right-hand man of the chief of police, murders Sulaiman. Aldin is tortured and sent to prison by mistake for the murder of Sulaiman. Meanwhile, a heartbroken Miriam dies in childbirth.

One year later, Aldin is free and meets Badli in the desert. Aldin threatens to kill him but shows him mercy and lets him leave. Aldin finds the magic cave where Kamahakim and the forty thieves hide their treasure. Aldin follows a thief inside, and as the thieves are asleep, he begins stealing the treasure. Madia, a young female thief, awakens and threatens to kill Aldin, who convinces her to see the world with him. The two fly away on a magic wooden horse. While they are crossing the ocean, living hair pulls them down.

Aldin and Madia eventually find themselves in the Lotus Island, which is home to beautiful Sirens. Their queen, Lamia, invites them to stay, but Madia becomes jealous and does not trust them. She leaves on the magic horse while Aldin stays and has sex with the sirens. Lamia forbids Aldin from following her into her house in the woods at night, but he still does so, and he is shocked as Lamia and the sirens transform into serpents. The serpents chase him, but Aldin flees from the island and is rescued by sailors. He travels with the sailors to a mysterious island, which is inhabited by a man-eating giant who eats most of the crew while Aldin survives. Aldin then finds a magical, sentient ship that will take him anywhere and fulfill almost any of his wishes.

15 years later, two genies on a carpet come across a shepherd named Aslan, whom the female genie falls for. In hopes of keeping the other genie from risking death by being seen by the shepherd, the male genie brings a beautiful princess named Jalis, who is from Baghdad, but teleports her away when things start going wrong. The male genie, in a huff, leaves the female genie, as she transforms into a horse to help Aslan go to Baghdad. When Aslan and Princess Jalis cross paths in the desert, the genie disappears.

Meanwhile, Aldin, now a rich man, enters a competition in Baghdad, the winner of which will become king. He wins the competition by tricking his opponent onto his magical ship, and by commanding the ship to take him to the end of the world.  Aldin tries to use his power as the king to make Princess Jalis – who is Miriam's daughter – marry him, but she is in love with Aslan. Aldin commands the people to build a tower to heaven. The people hate him and revolt, led by Muhammad bin Sabaik, Aldin's second-in-command. Not prepared for the pressures of kingship, Aldin gives up the throne to travel the world as a poor man again, now seeing the value of freedom and peace.

Cast

Production
The Animerama series of adult animated feature films was conceived by Osamu Tezuka as an attempt to ensure animation could be accepted worldwide for all age groups and interests. This was in response to concerns about animation's reputation as being for children only. In addition to their erotic themes, they featured a mix of typical traditional animation with sequences of experimental uses of modern design, limited animation, and still paintings with influence from the UPA style and the works of Yōji Kuri. Elements within A Thousand and One Nights, such as the modeling of the main character on French actor, Jean-Paul Belmondo and the inclusion of rock music in the soundtrack underlined the aim to appeal to a worldwide market.

The team behind A Thousand and One Nights, consisted of many notable Mushi Production members such as Eichi Yamamoto as director, Osamu Dezaki as art director and Takashi Yanase as character designer. The film is primarily scored by rock band, The Helpful Soul and also featured music composed by Isao Tomita with an orchestra conducted by Seiji Yokoyama. A reported total of 60,000 production staff were hired and 70,000 motion pictures were used to produce the film. Tezuka also invited several prominent Japanese authors, such as science-fiction writers Sakyo Komatsu and Yasutaka Tsutsui, to voice minor characters in the film.

The story was developed by Osamu Tezuka, with credited assistance from Kazuo Fukasaka and Hiroyuki Kumai, loosely based on A Thousand Nights and A Night, the English translated version of One Thousand and One Nights by Richard Francis Burton.

Reception
A Thousand and One Nights was a critical success in Japan, performing well with a distribution box-office revenue of ¥290 million. However, outside the country, the film was largely ignored with the English dub release in the US being so limited it wasn't rated and audience reception being generally negative at the time of release, according to Cartoon Research.

Ethan Halker from ZekeFilm criticized the film citing issues with its failure at achieving "superbly sensual eroticism", at times slightly disjointed and meandering narrative, problematic stereotyping and sexism, and a myriad of technical errors. At the same time, he praised the film's creative experimentation with its various successful attempts at stylization and the compelling animation and soundtrack, calling A Thousand and One Nights "a bold, experimental, wonderful, messy, frustrating film".

Two commonly addressed issues with the film regard its depiction of women and the Middle East. Halker notes how the women of A Thousand and One Nights are largely illustrated as "helpless dolls, bitter victims, or literal snakes and man-eaters" and points out how they are mostly defined by their relationships with men. Cartoon Research and the Tezuka Osamu official website both cite scenes of the main character feasting on pork and drinking wine despite being a Muslim as problematic and detrimental to the film's appeal to Muslim audiences.

See also
 Arabian Nights
 List of Osamu Tezuka anime
 List of animated feature-length films

References

External links

 A Thousand and One Nights in the TezukaOsamu.net database
 bcbd Senya Ichiya Monogatari
 bcdb cartoon characters

1969 anime films
1960s fantasy films
Japanese adult animated films
Films directed by Eiichi Yamamoto
Osamu Tezuka anime
Animated films based on One Thousand and One Nights
Japanese animated films
Anime and manga based on fairy tales
Discotek Media
Films scored by Isao Tomita
Genies in film
Human commodity auctions

A Thousand and One Nights (1969 film)


Guayana Esequiba is the name Venezuela gives to a region that it claims in the west of Guyana. Its area is 159,500 square kilometers.  For Guyana, this area is divided into the six administrative regions of Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara.

Spain made its first claim on this area in a report dated 10 July 1788:

It has been stated that the south coast of the Orinoco from the point of Barima, 20 leagues more or less inland, up to the creek of Curucima, is low lying and swampy land and, so, reckoning all this tract as useless, very few patches of fertile land being found therein, and hardly any savannahs and pastures, it is disregarded; so taking as chief base the said creek of Curucima, or the point of the chain and ridge in the great arm of the Imataka, an imaginary line will be drawn running to the south-south-east following the slopes of the ridge of the same name which is crossed by the Rivers Aguire, Arature and Amacuro, and others, in the distance of 20 leagues, direct to the Cuyuni; from there it will run on to the Masaruni and Essequibo, parallel to the sources of the Berbis and Surinama; this is the directing line of the course which the new Settlements and foundations proposed must follow.

In 1840, Venezuela claimed all of Guyana west of the Essequibo River – 62% of what was then British Guiana. Britain and Venezuela argued over the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela for much of the 19th century. On 21 February 1881, in a note to Lord Grenville, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Great Britain at that time, Venezuela suggested a border line starting from a point one mile to the north of the Moruka River, drawn from there westward to the 60th meridian, and running south along that meridian. This would have given the Barima District to Venezuela. The Government of Venezuela, in the case it made to the Arbitration Tribunal, changed its claim on the district just west of the Essequibo, and claimed that the boundary should run from the mouth of the Moruka River southwards to the Cuyuni River, near where it meets the Mazaruni River, and then along the east bank of the Essequibo to the Brazilian border. Britain and Venezuela accepted the decision of the Tribunal in 1899.

Venezuela raised the issue again in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to hear ideas from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. There are still diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative.

On recognizing the independence of Guyana on 26 May 1966, Venezuela said:

Venezuela recognizes as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River, and reiterates before the new State, and before the international community, that it expressly reserves its rights of territorial sovereignty over all the zone located on the west bank of the above-mentioned river. Therefore, the Guyana-Essequibo territory over which Venezuela expressly reserves its sovereign rights, limits on the east by the new State of Guyana, through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.

Venezuelan maps drawn since 1970 show all the area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone of Reclamation".

References

History of Venezuela
Geography of Guyana

Guayana Esequiba


The Philadelphia Quakers were a professional American football team that competed in the first American Football League in 1926 and won the league's only championship.

History

Owned by L. S. Conway, the Quakers played their home games in Sesquicentennial Stadium on Saturdays because of Pennsylvania's Blue laws prohibiting work or business on Sundays. Coached by Bob Folwell, the majority of the team played their college football in Pennsylvania. The Quakers had nine players (including Century Milstead, Charlie Way, Butch Spagna, and Bull Behman) who had previously played for various National Football League teams. The combined experience gave the team an edge in line play, particularly on defense (the Quakers yielded only five points per game for the 1926 season). The addition of All-American Glenn Killinger merely added to the defensive riches: he intercepted four passes in his league debut (November 4, 1926, in a 24-0 victory over the Rock Island Independents).

Unlike half of their league opponents, the Quakers had no financial connection with league founders C. C. Pyle and Red Grange; Conway had previously owned another Philadelphia Quakers football team in 1921, which was an on-field success but forced to disband when its player-sharing scheme with the NFL's Buffalo All-Americans was halted and a bid to join the NFL in  fell through. In addition to having a championship team, the AFL Quakers drew well in the stadium in the midst of the Sesquicentennial Exposition. When the fair ended (early November), the audience in the soon-to-be renamed Municipal Stadium diminished, but still drew well when the Quakers defeated the New York Yankees 13-7 on a Bob Dinsmore punt return that decided the game - and the league championship (November 27, 1926).

At the time of the championship-clinching game, the AFL had only four active teams (the Quakers, the Yankees, the Los Angeles Wildcats, and the Chicago Bulls), three of which were being subsidized by C. C. Pyle and Red Grange. The latter three teams played games in the last two weeks of the season while the Quakers started challenging National Football League teams for a "pro football championship game." The NFL champions Frankford Yellow Jackets were the first to refuse, claiming that their postseason schedule had been already set. Additional challenges by the Quakers were unanswered until Tim Mara, owner of the seventh place New York Giants, accepted the challenge, scheduling a game for December 12, 1926, at the Polo Grounds.

As the Yankees and the Bulls were playing the AFL's last official game (a 7-3 Yankees victory in Comiskey Park),  the Quakers and the Giants were battling in front of 5000 fans in the middle of a driving snowstorm. While the score was only 3–0 at halftime, Quaker errors led to the Giants winning the game 31–0. Both the Quakers and the AFL were no more.

At the end of the season, former NFL player Wilfred Smith of the Chicago Tribune presented a combined NFL-AFL All-Pro team in his column. Three Quakers were named to the second team: George Tully, Bull Behman, and Al Kreuz.

After the first AFL

Upon the completion of a New York Yankees 7–3 victory over the Chicago Bulls in Comiskey Park  on December 12, 1926, the first AFL was officially dead. The simultaneous 31-0 drubbing of the Quakers by the New York Giants in the Polo Grounds left the AFL champions in a similar state.

It was, however, not the end of the professional football career for five Philadelphia Quakers. The following men were on rosters of NFL teams in the 1927 season:

Bob Beattie – 1927 New York Yankees, 1929 Orange Tornadoes, 1930 Newark Tornadoes
Bull Behman – 1927–31 Frankford Yellow Jackets (player-coach 1930–31)
Adrian Ford – 1927 Pottsville Maroons, 1927 Frankford Yellow Jackets
Century Milstead – 1927–28 New York Giants
George Tully – 1927 Frankford Yellow Jackets

On the other hand, the pro football careers of several former NFL players ended with the 1926 Quakers:

Charlie Cartin – 1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets
Saville Crowther – 1925 Frankford Yellow Jackets
Doc Elliott – 1922–23 Canton Bulldogs, 1924–25 Cleveland Bulldogs
Glenn Killinger – 1921 Canton Bulldogs, 1926 New York Giants
Johnny Schott – 1920-23 Buffalo All-Americans
Butch Spagna – 1920 Cleveland Tigers, 1920-21 Buffalo All-Americans, 1924-25 Frankford Yellow Jackets
George Sullivan – 1924-25 Frankford Yellow Jackets
Whitey Thomas – 1924 Frankford Yellow Jackets
Charlie Way – 1921 Canton Bulldogs, 1924 Frankford Yellow Jackets

NOTE: Doc Elliott came out of retirement in 1931 to play for the Cleveland Indians.

References

External links
History of the Philadelphia Quakers

American Football League (1926) teams
American football teams in Philadelphia
Defunct American football teams in Pennsylvania
American football teams established in 1926
American football teams disestablished in 1926
1926 establishments in Pennsylvania
1926 disestablishments in Pennsylvania

Philadelphia Quakers (AFL)