Space Complexity is a concept in theoretical computer science, specifically Complexity Theory, which is used to measure and describe the efficiency of an algorithm in terms of the amount of memory they will require to store the information they need. Algorithms, when implemented in computer programs, require two main resources when the program is executed: time and memory. Memory, particularly, may be expensive in large quantities. Therefore it is often desirable to make modifications to an algorithm so as to reduce its space complexity, that is, make it use less memory when run.

Space Complexity and Input Size
As with time complexity, space complexity is usually given in terms of the input size, using Big-O notation. Usually, the input size is given as a number  that refers to an amount of elements that need to be considered to solve a problem. The space complexity is then often given as a function that gets larger as  increases. This function indicates how quickly the memory requirement grows when  is very large.

Auxiliary Space Complexity refers to the amount of storage space that the algorithm will use besides the storage space which is already used for the input data. As the input data for any algorithm will have to be stored in memory, it is often more important to know whether the algorithm can operate "in place", i.e. without a need for memory that will grow as  gets large.

Relationship With Time Complexity
The other resource that algorithms consume is time. The so-called time complexity of an algorithm is measured in the same way and is more commonly taught first in courses covering algorithms. It is worth noting that there is a relationship between the auxiliary space complexity of an algorithm and its time complexity: since the former measures the amount of data that is created after the algorithm begins, the time complexity is always greater than the auxiliary space complexity.

Computer science

Space complexity


An alternative exhibition space is a space other than a traditional commercial venue used for the public exhibition of artwork. Often comprising a place converted from another use, such as a store front, warehouse, or factory loft, it is then made into a display or performance space for use by an individual or group of artists. According to art advisor Allan Schwartzman "alternative spaces were the center of American artistic life in the '70s."

United States

1970s
A prominent wave of alternative spaces in the United States occurred in the 1970s, with the first spaces established in 1969, including the Taller Boricua, founded by Puerto Rican artists in New York, Billy Apple's APPLE, and Robert Newman's Gain Ground, where Vito Acconci produced many important early works. Philadelphia's Painted Bride Art Center also opened in 1969. Some date the start of the tendency from 1970, when 112 Greene Street was founded in New York and with the early curatorial work of Alanna Heiss. The Basement Workshop, an Asian American alternative space for arts and community activism, opened in Chinatown, NYC, in 1970, and the alternative space A.I.R. Gallery opened in Soho in September 1972 as a women's co-op gallery. The Kitchen, an avant-garde performance space, was established in New York in 1971. Around the same time, And/Or Gallery opened in Seattle, Washington, the first alternative space of its kind in the Pacific Northwest. It was founded by Anne Focke. Bonnie Sherk's Crossroads Community (The Farm), another early alternative space, was established in San Francisco in 1974. Real Art Ways, in Hartford, Connecticut, was founded in 1975.

The wave of alternative spaces that emerged in the US through the mid-1970s were typically organized by collectives of artists whose interests were focused on conceptual art, mixed media, electronic media, diversity and performance art. For instance, Franklin Furnace Archive in New York was established in 1976 by Martha Wilson to exhibit performance work. LACE in Los Angeles and Washington Project for the Arts showed performance and video work. One of the most enduring alternative spaces in New York, P.S 1, was founded in 1976. Exit Art in Manhattan opened in 1982. In 1981 the New Museum staged the exhibition "Alternatives in Retrospect: An Historical Overview 1969–1975", guest curated by Jacki Apple. This exhibition looked at early New York alternative galleries, Gain Ground, Apple, 98 Greene Street, 112 Greene Street Workshop, 10 Blecker Street, Idea Warehouse and 3 Mercer. The exhibition was documented with a publication and video.
Macdonald argues that such spaces emerged in the wake of art practices in the 1960s and 1970s that reacted against the presumed neutrality of the "white cube" gallery space.

Alternative Spaces exhibition
In Chicago, the exhibition Alternative Spaces curated by Lynne Warren at the Museum of Contemporary Art catalogued the scores of artists and artists' spaces to emerge during that period, including Artemisia Gallery (1973–2003), ARC Gallery (1973–), Gallery Bugs Bunny (1968–1972), N.A.M.E. Gallery (1973–1997), NAB Gallery (1974–1984), and Randolph Street Gallery (1979–1998). Earlier waves in Chicago produced the Hyde Park Art Center (1939–) and Contemporary Art Workshop (1950–2009), while later spaces included 1019 W. Lake St./Noise Factory (1981–1985), W.P.A. Gallery (1981-?) and Axe Street Arena (1985–1989). Hundreds of artists enacted those spaces, including Jim Nutt, H.C. Westermann, Ed Paschke (HPAC), Leon Golub, Nancy Spero (CAC), Hollis Sigler, Vera Klement (Artemisia), Phil Berkman and Gary Justis (N.A.M.E.).

Demise in the U.S.
Among the factors contributing to the demise of alternative spaces in the late 1980s in the USA was the reduction of public funding for artists and for the arts. With the election of Ronald Reagan as President came a restructuring of federal supports, such as an end to the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) program, through which some artists found employment, and restrictions placed upon the National Endowment for the Arts. The net result of the rightward ideological movement in government – with its open hostility to non-traditional art – was that 'alternative artists' were not only de-funded, they and the galleries that featured them were prominently criminalized. By the 1990s, NEA funding was significantly reduced, and so was the number of non-profit galleries.

Europe
In Europe the culture of alternative exhibition spaces differs somewhat from the situation in the United States and has a strong root in the squatting counterculture, which is not illegal in every European country. Also many countries have governmental art funding structures that support many off spaces. In the Netherlands there is OT301, W139 and ADM (evicted) (all in Amsterdam), Roodkapje (Rotterdam), Nest (The Hague), Sign (Groningen). In the UK there is the MK Gallery in Milton Keynes and formerly projects such as 491 Gallery and 121 Centre. Belgium has Het Bos in Antwerp. Liebig 12 is an alternative exhibition space in Berlin. In Vienna there is Moë. Ljubljana has Metelkova with many alternative art spaces, and Copenhagen has alternative spaces in Freetown Christiania. Grand Palais, Lokal-int or Kaskadenkondensator_Basel are an alternative art spaces in Switzerland. The website OFFOFF offers an overview of the swiss scene. Hirvitalo is in Helsinki, Finland. In Moldova, coalition of independent cultural sector developed Casa Zemstvei as an alternative exhibition space in 2012.

References

Visual arts exhibitions
Contemporary art

Alternative exhibition space


Widening participation (WP) in higher education is a major component of government education policy in the United Kingdom and Europe. It consists of an attempt to increase not only the numbers of young people entering higher education, but also the proportion from under-represented groups (those from lower income families, people with disabilities and some ethnic minorities).

In this way it is hoped to redress the inequalities in participation between social classes. Widening participation is one of the strategic objectives of the Office for Students (OfS).  The issue of widening participation became a political issue after the Laura Spence Affair which hit the headlines in 2000, and after the University of Bristol admissions controversy in 2003, which concerned alleged biases against and in favour of state schools, respectively.

The Office for Students is pursuing this policy through a number of measures, including the payment of financial incentives to universities and by funding the Uni Connect programme.

This policy is linked to the previous Labour government's target of increasing participation in higher education to 50% by 2010.

See also
 Academic inflation
 Affirmative action
 Office for Students

References

Further reading
Young participation in higher education by Mark Corver HEFCE 2005/03
Review of widening participation research: addressing the barriers to participation in higher education, Report to HEFCE by University of York, Higher Education Academy and Institute for Access Studies, July 2006
How to think about widening participation in UK higher education, Report to HEFCE by Professor Sir David Watson, July 2006
Review of widening participation research: addressing the barriers to participation in higher education, Report to HEFCE by University of York, Higher Education Academy and Institute for Access Studies, September 2006

External links
Role of the Office for Students (OfS) in promoting equal opportunities in higher education
Widening participation in higher education in England, Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General, HC485 Session 2001–2002: 18 January 2002
DfES White Paper: The future of Higher Education, 2003
HEFCE: Widening participation
DfES Higher Education

Educational stages
Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom
University and college admissions in the United Kingdom

Widening participation


Hendrikus (Hennie) Johannes Maria Stamsnijder (born 21 July 1954 in Enter, Overijssel) is a Dutch former professional cyclo-cross and road racing cyclist.

Stamsnijder was military cyclo-cross world champion in 1975. In 1976 he took part in the Olympic Games. In 1979 he won the Essen cyclo-cross and the amateur Dutch road race championship. In 1980 he turned professional for DAF Trucks, finishing third in the cyclo-cross world championship.

Stamsnijder's greatest success was becoming cyclo-cross world champion in 1981 in Tolosa in the Basque Country. On a muddy course he left the Belgian Roland Liboton and the Swiss champion Albert Zweifel behind him to take the title. Stamsnijder was the first Dutch world cyclo-cross champion and that year he was named sportsman of the year.

Stamsnijder rode the Tour de France in 1980 and 1981, but it was cyclo-cross that brought his greatest victories, winning the Superprestige classification in 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1989 with 14 wins in Superprestige races.

In 1989 Stamsnijder ended his career when his son fell ill. He became the coach of the Dutch cyclo-cross team and is now a manager of Shimano sports marketing. His son, Tom Stamsnijder, is a professional for Argos-Shimano.

References

1954 births
Living people
People from Wierden
Cyclo-cross cyclists
Dutch male cyclists
UCI Cyclo-cross World Champions (men)
Cyclists from Overijssel

Hennie Stamsnijder


Gouadji Kao is a commune in the Cercle of Koutiala in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. The commune covers an area of 150 square kilometers and includes 5 villages. In the 2009 census it had a population of 10,579. The village of N'Togonasso, the administrative centre (chef-lieu) of the commune, is 42 km northeast of Koutiala.

References

External links
.

Communes of Sikasso Region

Gouadji Kao


Jon Gordon Jenkins (born 17 June 1958) is an Australian virologist, information technologist and former state parliamentarian who represented the Outdoor Recreation Party in the New South Wales Legislative Council from 2003 to 2007.

Early life
Jenkins commenced a combined Law/Science degree at Macquarie University, then decided to pursue a career in the natural sciences and medicine. He graduated BSc (Hons) and completed a  PhD degree, being awarded the University Prize for his postgraduate work in virology, which was followed by studies of viral coat proteins, protein structure prediction, artificial intelligence in medicine, virtual surgery and 3D imagery construction.

Prior to being elected to Parliament, Dr Jenkins worked in private industry and as a medical-education consultant. He was a lecturer in the Medical and IT schools at Bond University in Queensland and was retained for a time as an adjunct professor.

Parliamentary career
Jenkins was appointed in October 2003 to fill a casual vacancy from the resignation of Malcolm Jones. He resigned the seat in February 2007, not contesting the March election.  He professed himself to be "anti-Green" and constructed a vitriolic web page "Dedicated to Debunking Junk Green Science".

References

1958 births
Living people
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Academic staff of Bond University
Australian virologists
21st-century Australian politicians

Jon Jenkins


Nduese Essien  (born 2 February 1944) was a Nigerian National Assembly representative from Akwa Ibom state from 1999 to 2007, the position he held at the House of Representatives includes the leader of south-south parliamentary caucus and chairman of House committee on anti corruption, National Ethics and value under the late president Umaru Yar'Adua, and he later appointed him into the technical committee in the Niger Delta. He was also appointed Federal Minister of Lands, Housing & Urban Development on 6 April 2010, when acting president Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet.

Early career

Essien was born on 2 February 1944 in Nta Isip-Ikot Ibiok, Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.
He attended Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, where he obtained a B.Sc. in business administration in 1972.
Essien's first job was with The Chronicle newspaper in the commercial department. In 1974 he became a lecturer at the College of Technology, Calabar.
He left to start a business consultancy practice in 1979, and later ran a successful company marketing books for students.

Political career

In 1979 Essien was the Public Relations Officer of the National Party of Nigeria in Eket.
He remained active in local politics, and in 1999 was selected as People's Democratic Party (PDP) National Assembly candidate for the Eket, Onna, Esit Eket and Ibeno constituency in Nigeria. He was elected, and in April 2003 was reelected, leaving office in May 2007.

During his first term, Essien chaired the South South Parliamentary Caucus, and was a member of committees on internal affairs and women's affairs. In 2003, he was appointed chairman of the House Committee on Anti-Corruption, National Ethics and Values.
He was also appointed chairman of the Nigerian Chapter of the African Parliamentarians Network against Corruption, and was later elected regional director in charge of West Africa.
After leaving office in 2007, he was a member of the National Technical Assessment Committee on the Niger Delta region.

Following his 6 April 2010 appointment as Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, Essien said land reform and provision of housing were key items in the administration's seven-point agenda.
On 13 April 2010 he pledged to revamp decaying housing estates and to deliver 54,500 new houses within the next 10 months.

References

1944 births
Living people
Federal ministers of Nigeria
Peoples Democratic Party members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
National Party of Nigeria politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)

Nduese Essien


"I Still Believe" is a song written and composed by Antonina Armato and Giuseppe Cantarelli, and originally recorded by pop singer Brenda K. Starr for her eponymous second studio album, Brenda K. Starr (1987). It is a ballad in which the singer is confident she and her former boyfriend will be together again one day. It is Starr's biggest hit in the United States, reaching the top-twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 and being considered her signature song. "I Still Believe" was covered by American singer Mariah Carey, a former backup singer for Starr before she achieved success, for her #1's album in 1998 and released as a single in 1999.  It was also recorded by Cantopop singer Sandy Lam in 1989.

Background and authorship/composition
After releasing her first record, I Want Your Love (1985), and not achieving success with it, Brenda K. Starr recorded "I Still Believe" as one of the songs for her self-titled second album, which was released in 1987. The song was written and composed by Antonina Armato and Giuseppe Cantarelli, and produced by Eumir Deodato. It is a pop ballad based on a real life relationship of one of its songwriters, Armato: Armato's former boyfriend had proposed to her, but she felt that the timing was not right. He was not pleased, and pushed her into an ultimatum: to get married or break up. Even though Armato loved her boyfriend at the time, she stuck to her convictions and the couple broke up. To deal with her emotional pain, Armato wrote and composed the song in collaboration with Cantarelli.

Reception
Justin Kantor of Allmusic praised the track for being "passionately dramatic and heartfelt". It was released as the second single from Starr's self-titled album in 1988, and peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, becoming Starr's first—and only—top twenty single on the Hot 100. Its music video comprises scenes of Starr singing the song in a warehouse intercut with scenes of her walking past many romantic couples. Starr also recorded the song in Spanish, as "Yo Creo En Ti," which she released as a single. In 1998, she recorded a salsa version of the song on her album No Lo Voy a Olvidar, as "I Still Believe/Creo en Ti." The Spanish version peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Latin Tropical Airplay chart.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Mariah Carey version

Background and release
While choosing new material to record for her first compilation, #1's, Mariah Carey decided to cover "I Still Believe" as a tribute to Brenda K Starr, as she had been Starr's backing singer in the late 1980s and Starr had helped jump-start Carey's career by handing a demo tape to CBS Records executive Tommy Mottola, who had then signed Carey to her first recording contract. She explained that the song "reminds me of the fact that not long ago I was a teenage girl with nothing to my name but a demo tape, my voice, and my ability to write songs. Brenda K. Starr treated me like a 'star' and gave me a shot." During an interview for Entertainment Tonight, she further commented:
"I'm really glad that I got a chance to remake the song 'I Still Believe,' because the album is called '#1's' and this is the first song that I sang as a professional singer. I would go on the road with Brenda. I was a little skinny kid with no money that she took under her wing and she was so nice to me. I auditioned to be her back-up singer and she hired me and she used to bring me clothes and food, and she really took care of me like a big sister. A lot of people wouldn't have done that. The main thing was that she believed in me and it's really hard to get people to listen to your tapes. [...] She was always real cool and helpful and supportive. I always loved this song. When I sing it now, it reminds me of those times."

"I Still Believe" was released as the compilation's second single in the United States on February 8, 1999. In the United Kingdom, the track was released as two CD singles and a cassette single on March 29, 1999. Carey's version derives from both pop and R&B music, being produced by Carey with Stevie J and Mike Mason. According to EMI Music Publishing, the song was written in the key of G major and set in a moderately slow tempo of 59 beats per minute, while Carey's vocal range from G3 to D6.

Remixes
A remix of the song was produced by Carey and Damizza titled "I Still Believe/Pure Imagination," which was included on the CD single with the original version and three other remixes, released on February 23, 1999. It differs significantly from the original, as it retains none of the music and only minor lyrical elements. The melody is based heavily on interpolations of the song "Pure Imagination," which Gene Wilder sang, in character as Willy Wonka, in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, and the song features rapped and sung parts by Krayzie Bone (of Bone Thugs-N-Harmony) and Da Brat. An abbreviated version of "I Still Believe/Pure Imagination," without Da Brat and more from Krayzie Bone, can be found on Bone's album Thug Mentality 1999. According to Jose F. Promis of Allmusic, "[t]he mix is, nonetheless, breezy, laid-back, and typical of mid-'90s urban/hip-hop, and features da Brat saying "lose the ego," all the while self-aggrandizing herself."

Several other remixes of the song were created, and each was carefully overseen by Carey, who re-recorded her vocals for all of them. Stevie J, who co-produced the original song, enlisted the help of rappers Mocha and Amil to join Carey on a remix he was developing. Although it contains completely new musical elements (with no music derived from the original and only small lyrical elements), Carey, Stevie J and the rappers do not receive songwriting credit. David Morales created several remixes of the song, including the "Classic Club" mix. It retains the song's original music and chord progressions with Carey's original vocals and considerable ad libs. Other remixes by Morales include The King's Mix and the Eve of Souls mix, which do not contain complete vocals of the song, and feature little more than ad libs over club beats.

Critical reception

Carey's version received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Chuck Taylor of Billboard praised the track for featuring "one of the most relaxed, breeziest vocal performances Miss Mariah has ever served up, alongside a simple arrangement that allows her voice to shine through." Taylor also noted that "[t]he track also ably walks the line between R&B and pop: For listeners who may have lost the faith with Carey's ventures into hip-hop, this will reel them back into the fold. But it's also no step backward. Newer fans will love the less-glossy production and the soulful grip that Carey puts around this song of yearning and ache." Devon Powers of PopMatters called it "a noteworthy cover even if you can't recall who did it first." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic picked the track as one of the best on her compilation The Ballads (2008), calling it a "mammoth hit." Meanwhile, Jose F. Promis of the same publication compared both versions, writing that Carey's version "pales somewhat in comparison to Starr's more passionate interpretation." He was positive with the "Morales' Classic Club Mix", describing it as "a standard, but well-made dance remake, [...] quite smooth, with Carey giving a great vocal performance."

Chart performance
Unlike the preceding single from #1's, "When You Believe," "I Still Believe" enjoyed more success within the United States than elsewhere, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. Though it was Carey's first single to chart on radio airplay points alone, its airplay was relatively low while sales were much stronger, "due to the maxi-single's packaging and marketing, which [...] contained five completely distinct versions," noted Allmusic's Promis. On the radio, the song managed to reach the top-ten in three charts: the Adult Contemporary (number eight), the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (number three) and the Rhythmic chart (number eight), only losing the top-twenty on the Mainstream Top 40 (number 21).> The song became Carey's seventh single to top on the Hot Dance Club Play. It was certified platinum by the RIAA, and was ranked 36 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1999 and 23 on her 25 Top Billboard Hit Songs list. It also entered the top ten in Canada (number nine) and Spain (number seven).

Elsewhere, the song was a moderate success. It reached the top twenty on the UK Singles Chart (number sixteen), becoming her nineteenth top twenty single. It reached the top-forty in four other countries, Belgium (Wallonia) (number twenty-five), France (number thirty-three), New Zealand (twenty-four) and Switzerland (thirty-one). In Australia, "I Still Believe" was Carey's first song to miss the top fifty since "Forever" had missed it there in 1997.

Music videos
The single's music video, which Brett Ratner directed, was shot in early December 1998 and drew heavy inspiration from Marilyn Monroe's 1953 visit to U.S. troops in Korea for a United Service Organizations show. It shows Carey (who emulates Monroe's make-up and hairstyles) visiting Edwards Air Force Base in California and singing for airmen and soldiers, while standing on a fighter jet, as Monroe had done during the Korean War. It premiered on January 12, 1999, on MTV's Total Request Live, as well as on Entertainment Tonight.

In an interview during the set of the music video, Carey commented:
"Brett Rattner is directing the video and he's a good friend of mine and he's also doing some great work right now. [...] We were talking and I wanted it to be a live performance and we just started going back and forth and I was saying how a lot of people in the service had written me letters and talked about various songs. 'Hero' being one of them. I remember when I put my first album out, people would write who were stationed overseas. It was in the winter of 1990, which was around the time of the Gulf War, so a lot of people were writing about listening to the album. I always used to watch old footage of performers going overseas, from Bob Hope to Marilyn Monroe singing for people in the service. I thought this would be a nice thing to do. So, we're doing the video but I'm going to do some more songs if I have it in me."

The video garnered mixed reviews, while Emmanuel Hapsis of KQED Arts picked it as her eighth best video, calling it "amazing," Chuck Taylor of Billboard gave a "C" rating, writing that "[s]eeing Carey coo and kiss and flip her neck to a series of faux surprised smiles, however, does make you wonder if you're watching a music video or a glamour shoot for Seventeen." Taylor also claimed that Mariah "never looked better, but [she's] too good a singer for such cheesy posturing." A video for the remix was commissioned and directed by Carey herself, showing her as a peasant girl in a Mexican village as she tends to her goats and gathers water for her family. Bone is portrayed as a pariah of sorts in the town, in whom Carey may have a romantic interest. Da Brat takes on the role of the community gringo, as she arrives in a car with a lot of money.

Formats and track listings
I Still Believe single
 "I Still Believe" — 3:55
 "I Still Believe/Pure Imagination" (feat. Krayzie Bone & Da Brat - Damizza Reemix) — 4:32
 "I Still Believe/Pure Imagination" (feat. Krayzie Bone & Da Brat - Damizza Reemix A Cappella) — 4:32
 "I Still Believe" (feat. Mocha & Amil - Stevie J. Remix) — 5:04
 "I Still Believe" (feat. Mocha & Amil - Stevie J. Clean Remix) — 5:04
 "I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix Edit) — 3:51
 "I Still Believe" (Morales' Classic Club Mix) — 9:05
 "I Still Believe" (The Eve Of Souls Mix) — 10:53
 "I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix) — 8:04
 "I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix Instrumental) — 8:05

I Still Believe EP
 "I Still Believe" — 3:54
 "I Still Believe / Pure Imagination" (Damizza Reemix) — 4:31
 "I Still Believe / Pure Imagination" (Damizza Reemix A Cappella) — 4:32
 "I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Remix) — 5:04
 "I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Remix) [Explicit] — 5:04
 "I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Remix A Cappella) — 5:05
 "I Still Believe" (Morales Classic Club Mix) — 9:04
 "I Still Believe" (Morales Classic Club Mix UK Edit) — 6:59
 "I Still Believe" (Morales Classic Club Mix Edit) — 3:51
 "I Still Believe" (The Eve of Souls Mix) — 10:53
 "I Still Believe" (The Eve of Souls Mix UK Edit) — 8:53
 "I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix) — 8:04
 "I Still Believe" (The Kings Mix Instrumental) — 8:05

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

|}

Release history

References

1988 singles
1999 singles
1980s ballads
Brenda K. Starr songs
Mariah Carey songs
Music videos directed by Brett Ratner
Pop ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads
Songs written by Antonina Armato
1987 songs
MCA Records singles
Columbia Records singles
Sony Music singles

I Still Believe (Brenda K. Starr song)


Rebecca Ann "Becky" Bereswill (born October 2, 1990) is an American figure skater. She is the 2008 Junior Grand Prix Final champion.  In 2014, she was cast as Elsa in the Disney on Ice version of Frozen.

Personal life
Rebecca Bereswill Jackson, nicknamed Becky, was born in 1990 in Houston, Texas. She is the elder of identical twins; her twin sister, Allison, is also a figure skater and track and field athlete.

Bereswill studied ballet with the Houston Ballet from age four to thirteen and appeared in a local production of The Nutcracker and Sleeping Beauty.

She attended pre-school through middle school at The Post Oak School in Bellaire, Texas, and then went next door to high school at the Episcopal High School in Bellaire, Texas. She graduated summa cum laude in 2009 and currently attends the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Figure skating career
Bereswill began skating at age seven with her sister. She competed on the regional and sectional level in the United States for many years. In the 2003–04 season, competing on the novice level, she won the silver medal at her regional championships to qualify for the sectional championships, where she placed 12th. The following season, she remained on the novice level and again won the silver medal at her regional championship to advance to sectionals, where she moved up from the previous year to place 7th. She moved up to the junior level in the 2005–06 season and qualified for sectionals, where she placed 5th and missed qualifying for the national championships by one placement. In the 2006–07 season, remaining on the junior level, she again qualified for her sectional championship, where she placed 8th on the junior level.

In the 2007–08 season, having moved up to the senior level, Bereswill won her regional championship and won the silver medal at her sectional championship to qualify for the United States Figure Skating Championships for the first time in her career. At the 2008 United States Figure Skating Championships, she placed 10th on the senior level. Following the national championships, she made her senior international debut at the AEGON Challenge Cup spring competition in The Hague, Netherlands and won the bronze medal.

In the 2008–09 season, she made her junior international debut. She won the silver medal at both her events on the 2008–09 ISU Junior Grand Prix circuit in Courcheval, France and Madrid, Spain. She qualified for the 2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final in Seoul, Korea. At the Final, she won the gold medal overall by placing fourth in the short program and second in the free skate. She is the last American to win this title.  At the 2009 U.S. Championships, Bereswill placed 18th and was not placed on the U.S. team to the 2009 World Junior Championships. During the 2009-10 season, she competed at the 2010 Finlandia Trophy and NHK Grand Prix in Nagano, Japan.

In May 2010, Bereswill began training in pair skating, teaming up with Trevor Young. They finished 10th at the 2011 U.S. Championships and parted ways in March 2011.

During the 2012-13 season, Bereswill won the Eastern Great Lakes Championship and won silver at the 2013 Midwestern Championships to qualify for the 2013 U.S. Championships in Omaha, Nebraska. In 2014, she was cast as Elsa in the Disney On Ice version of Frozen.

Track and field career
Bereswill competed in track and field for her high school, Episcopal High School.

She medaled in cross country running in 2007 at the Southwest Preparatory Conference Championships. She competed in the 4x800-meter relay at the 2008 Texas Relays at the University of Texas and won the gold medal in the high school division and broke their high school record in the process.

Programs

Single skating

Competitive highlights

Single skating

Detailed results

 SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

 SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

 SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

 QR = Qualifying round; SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

 QR = Qualifying round; SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

 QR = Qualifying round; SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

 QR = Qualifying round; SP = Short program; FS = Free skating

References

Other sources

 AEGON Challenge Cup 2008
 2008–2009 ISU Grand Prix Final
 Track & Field Results Profile
 Cross Country Results Profile

External links

 Tracings.net profile

American female single skaters
1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Houston
American identical twins
American twins
21st-century American women

Becky Bereswill


Windsor Colliery was a coal mine in the village of Abertridwr, Caerphilly.

Opened in 1895, it amalgamated with the Nantgarw Colliery in 1974, and closed in 1986. Ty'n y Parc (Welsh for "house on the park") housing estate now occupies the site.

Development
The sinking of two shafts of the Windsor Colliery commenced in 1895 by the Windsor Colliery Co. Ltd, to a depth of around 2,018 feet. The first coal was raised in 1902, with the workings connected underground to the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd for ventilation purposes. The mine was serviced by the Senghenydd branch line of the Rhymney Railway.

Accident
On 1 June 1902, a platform collapsed in the mine, tipping nine men into 25 feet of water, which had gathered in the sump. Three managed to escape drowning by clinging onto floating debris, but the other six lost their lives.

On the 8th April 1910 Thomas Isaac a Haulier at the mine was suffocated - Death certificate says Suffocation due to fall of rubble. The UK, Coal Mining Accidents and Deaths Index, 1878-1951 explains the death as follows - Fall of Roof on Horse Road Along Which He Was Passing With A Horse and Train. Several Settings of Timber Were Discharged By the Fall.

Operations
The colliery suffered from the 1920s economic downturn, as manpower slipped from 2,550 men in 1925 (the same year as maximum output of 2,550 tons of coal) to 860 ten years later. As a result, the colliery was taken over in the early 1930s by Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Company. Ownership passed to the National Coal Board in 1946.

During 1976, it became linked underground to the Nantgarw Colliery, and both collieries were worked as one unit, with coal winding and processing via Nantgarw. The majority of the Windsor work force transferred to Nantgarw on the last shift before the miners' summer holidays in 1976, but coal was still being raised in Windsor until the Christmas holiday. Production was later concentrated at Nantgarw, with Windsor kept open for ventilation, methane extraction and an emergency way out.

Closure
The whole Nantgarw/Windsor unit closed 6 November 1986.

References

Collieries in South Wales
Buildings and structures in Caerphilly County Borough
Underground mines in Wales

Windsor Colliery


The Charnley-Norwood House is a summer (winter) cottage designed by architects Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in 1890 in Ocean Springs, Mississippi on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The home was built as a vacation residence for James Charnley, a wealthy Chicago lumber baron, and its style represents an important change in American residential architecture known as Prairie School.

History
The Charnley-Norwood House was built in the early 1890s and restored in the 1980s, but was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005.  The estate is currently under the management of the Mississippi Gulf Coast National Heritage Area.

In 1890, Louis Sullivan, of Adler & Sullivan architecture firm in Chicago, designed the Charnley-Norwood house as a summer cottage for his friend James Charnley. Frank Lloyd Wright was a young draftsman in Sullivan's office at the time, but there is little evidence to suggest that Wright actually had a hand in the making of the 3,000 square foot cottage. Wright never once visited the site. In his autobiography, Sullivan recalls quickly designing the "two shacks" himself in March 1890, then the prepared plans were given to a local carpenter to construct. Beyond its experimental residential design, the Charnley-Norwood house stands out because of its association with two of America's greatest architects – Louis Sullivan, known as the "father of the skyscraper," and Frank Lloyd Wright, often called the "father of modern architecture."

Sullivan discovered the area while vacationing in New Orleans. He ran into wealthy friends, the Charnleys, who urged him to visit the "coastal paradise" they had recently explored. Ocean Springs, Mississippi was only a small village at the time, and provided a peaceful retreat from the hustle and bustle of Chicago. Sullivan's writings from the period describe the property as "[a] stately forest of amazing beauty… arranged as though by the hand of an unseen poet. Ah, what a delight, what luxury of peace within the velvety caressing air… the odor of the waters and the pines."

Sullivan and Charnley purchased adjoining gulf-side properties in Ocean Springs, MS to construct their two vacation residences. The Charnley-Norwood House Complex contains the main house as well as an octagonal guest cottage. The home sits on an acre of beachfront property at 509 East Beach Drive in Ocean Springs, MS, 39564.

The design of the homes and cottage differ significantly from Victorian architecture of the era. The T-shape bungalow style incorporates horizontal design, rooms that flow from one into the next, natural materials and large glass windows throughout. The interior floors, walls and ceilings of the Charnley-Norwood House are constructed of local heart and curly pine, while the exterior walls are clad using wood shingles. To accommodate residents during the muggy and hot Mississippi summers, the home's design efficiently utilizes large roof overhangs and covered porches at the south, west, and east sides of the house provide protection from the harsh, southern sun, while offering opportunities to enjoy the serene setting of the home. Numerous doors and operable windows are arranged along the exterior of the house to efficiently distribute both onshore and offshore breezes to cool the residence. Fireplaces located in each of the bedrooms, entry hall, and dining room supply warmth for the cooler winter temperatures.

Although the style is strikingly different from typical 19th century residential architecture, the forms used for the Charnley-Norwood house later became the hallmarks of modern architecture. The home represents a watershed in residential design, offering historians insight into the evolutionary forces that powerfully reshaped 20th century American residential architecture.

In 1895, Charnley sold the property to fellow Chicago businessman Frederick W. Norwood. Norwood's business operations were based near Brookhaven, MS, where he dealt in general merchandise as well as lumber. In 1897, the main house burned to the ground, but Sullivan modified and rebuilt it to nearly the same design. During the Norwoods' time in the home, Mrs. Norwood had a garden of Bon Silene roses planted out front. The blush-pink ruffled petals of these roses added to the charm of the property and provided the name the Norwoods used to refer to the estate, "Bon Silene."

Upon their construction, the Charnley-Norwood House and Sullivan Bungalow were two of only a few homes near the Eastern Beach of Biloxi Bay. The area was relatively undeveloped at the time and surrounded by wood and wetland. The Charnley-Norwood House is currently neighbored by a strip of beachfront homes along East Beach Drive in Ocean Springs, MS.

Hurricane Katrina restoration

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina's massive storm surge destroyed Sullivan's cottage and severely damaged the Charnley-Norwood House and guest cottage. Although the main house was knocked off its piers and moved during the storm, the building survived in spite of a severely compromised structure. With one side completely collapsed and the porch washed away, the house sat in a state of disarray. The brick foundation piers pierced through the floor in the front portion of the home where the structure landed after being floated by floodwaters.

Volunteers salvaged many pieces of the buildings from piles of debris that remained on the property. Recovered pieces were stored in large metal containers at the back of the complex. Sadly, due to the enormous cost required to restore the house to its previous state, two years passed before any significant progress could be made.

The Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) and the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources (MDMR) partnered to fund the $2.3 million acquisition and restoration project. Beginning in the spring of 2008, MDAH performed stabilization work on the home. In 2011, MDMR purchased the house and property for $1.4 million through the federal Coastal Impact Assistance Program (CIAP). MDAH contributed $300,000.

Contractor J.O. Collins completed the home restoration under the supervision of Albert and Associates Architects and the Mississippi Department of Archives and History Gulf Coast Field Office staff.

Present day

During his lifetime, Frank Lloyd Wright built 532 homes, museums, and office buildings. Of those, Wright designed only four homes in the state of Mississippi. Two of the four have been destroyed by hurricanes Camille and Katrina: the Welbie L. Fuller Residence, Pass Christian, MS; and Louis Sullivan Bungalow, Ocean Springs, MS, respectively. Fountainhead in Jackson, MS and Charnley-Norwood in Ocean Springs, MS remain. Of these two, Charnley-Norwood is the only home that is open to the public (Storrer, 2002).

The Gulf Coast National Heritage Area Program manages the property under the MDMR. The Heritage Area is a program designation though the United States National Park Service that recognizes conservation and preservation of historic properties, one of which being the Charnley-Norwood House. The home is open to the public weekly for tours and available for cultural and artistic events.

References

 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.007)

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Louis Sullivan buildings
Houses in Jackson County, Mississippi

Charnley-Norwood House


OO9, often also denoted as 009 or 00-9 is a model railway scale and gauge combination of 4 mm scale and  gauge tracks, which models a prototype track gauge of . It is a common choice in the United Kingdom for the modelling of narrow-gauge railways whose prototype gauges lie approximately between  and . The  track gauge is used by N gauge model railways, a common commercial scale, which means that a selection of wheels, track, and mechanisms is readily available.

 gauge railways were common in Britain, but the gauge implied by 9 mm at 4 mm scale -  - was quite rare - today only the Talyllyn and Corris railways in the UK use this gauge. However at 4 mm/foot scale, the differences to gauge required to correct this are barely perceptible by eye, and the wide use of 9 mm gauge in the modelling community is generally accepted to be an appropriate compromise. For example, the correct gauge for a 2-foot prototype would be 8 mm, but the resulting 1 mm difference from the OO9 standard is usually treated as insignificant by most modellers.

The 009 Society exists to connect modellers, issues a monthly colour newsletter ("009 NEWS"), commissions its own range of kits, and provides a popular second hand resale service.

There is a growing range of commercially available ready to run support for OO9, with a number of manufacturers announcing ranges of products, and small manufacturers making limited runs of models from time to time.

In November 2012, Peco announced the launch, during 2013, of a range of ready to run 009 coaches and wagons, based on prototypes of the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway. This was followed in the March 2013 edition of Railway Modeller Magazine, by Danish manufacturer Heljan announcing an 009 locomotive based on the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Manning Wardle 2-6-2Ts. Peco have since released ready to run carriages for the Glyn Valley Tramway (GVT), Ffestiniog Railway slate waggons and other general stock such as V tipper and 4 wheel flat wagons.

In July 2014, Bachmann announced a range of ready to run 009 products, starting with a Baldwin Class 10-12-D locomotive and a number of wagons, primarily used by the British War Department during World War I.  To date a range of Baldwin liveries have been released including models representing prototypes from the WHR, Ashover, Snailbeach, GVT and War Department. These have been launched alongside a range of wagons and a 'might have been' fictional Lynton and Barnstaple Baldwin locomotive named 'Sid'. Further Bachmann models representing Quarry Hunslet locomotives, small industrial diesels alongside further coaches and wagons are expected to arrive in the next couple of years after announcements in Bachmann catalogues. In 2015 Bachmann also introduced an OO9 line (marketed as "HO Scale on N-gauge track") based on the Skarloey Railway from their Thomas and Friends line. As part of their Skarloey line, Bachmann has introduced Skarloey and Rheneas products based on the Talyllyn Railway's two Fletcher, Jennings & Co. locomotives (Talyllyn and Dolgoch respectively) along with a Peter Sam model based on the Talyllyn's Edward Thomas (locomotive). A 3rd party industry emerged to offer replacement parts to convert the Bachmann locomotives into their real world inspirations, and Bachmann has announced plans to release modified tooling for a more realistic Talyllyn.

In late 2019 Peco announced a new joint venture with Japanese manufacturer Kato, together they plan to release models of the Ffestiniog Railway England and Double Fairlie locomotives. Peco are also planning to release Ffestiniog rolling stock including bug boxes, quarrymens coaches and larger bogie 'Bowsider' coaches.

The modeller can also choose from a wide range of plastic, white metal and etched brass kit manufacturers such as Dundas Models, Meridian Models, Mercian Models, GEM, Rodney Stenning, Worsley works, Narrow Planet, Nigel Lawton etc. Many of these companies attend narrow gauge focussed exhibitions - a diary of events is available to all on the OO9 society website (link below).

Some modellers also adapt models originally made for OO or utilise scratch building techniques. Many OO9 modellers also use H0e equipment, which although built for 3.5mm scale, not 4mm, is often close enough to work alongside OO9.

Standard H0e 'bemo' style loop couplings are most often used. A slimmer alternative also with a loop is the Greenwich coupling which is compatible with these standard couplings and can be magnetically operated. Some modellers use chopper couplings or repurpose couplers made originally for other scales such as DG couplings. MicroTrains or Kadee couplings intended for N gauge can also been used.

Related scales
Using N gauge 9 mm track to model narrow-gauge prototypes is also popular in HO scale model railways. In Europe, this is known as H0e while in the United States this is called HOn30 or HOn2. As the latter indicates, 9 mm in HO scale is  in the theoretical prototype, closer to  gauge.

 gauge lines (common in Ireland and the Isle of Man) are generally modelled in 4 mm scale but with  gauge track, which is known as OOn3.

Manufacturers
Nigel Lawton 009 – Industrial narrow-gauge rolling stock kits and micro motors.
Peco – 009 narrow-gauge style Track, Rolling Stock and accessories
Worsley Works – Rolling stock and loco 'scratch aid' kits
Bachmann Branchline – Locomotives, Rolling Stock and Buildings
Heljan – Locomotives
Fourdees – Locomotives

See also
 009 Society UK 009 modelling society and publisher of the 009 NEWS newsletter.
 HOn30 gauge and HOe gauge narrow-gauge railways in HO scale on N (9 mm/0.65 in) gauge track in 1:87 scale ratio
 Rabbit warren layout

References

External links

 009 Society
 Narrow Gauge North

4 mm scale
30 inch railways and modelling
Narrow gauge railway modelling

OO9


The Carnegie Free Library of Beaver Falls is a historic Carnegie library in the city of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States.  Erected as Beaver County's first library building, it was financed by Andrew Carnegie and designed by a leading Pittsburgh architect in grand architectural style that helped to redefine the image of the typical Carnegie library.  Numerous community organizations have used its space, which remains in continued use as a library, and it has been named a historic site.

History
In late 1883, community leaders formed a private library association, and a related lecture series was held to raise money through ticket sales.  Small enough that it could fit in a grocery store, the resulting collection experienced enough use that it could be seen to be too small for the community's needs, even though it was a subscription library.  The association continued sponsoring lectures, and one of their invited speakers was Andrew Carnegie: finding himself unable to accept their invitation, Carnegie donated a small amount of money to the association's finances.  His willingness to assist the association spurred leaders to seek money from him to construct an entirely new building.  After several years of negotiations, the industrialist agreed to contribute $50,000 toward a library building.

Their finances secured, the association bought a parcel of land in downtown Beaver Falls and contracted with Pittsburgh architect Frederick J. Osterling to design its new home.  Osterling's office produced a grand Neoclassical design, and construction began in 1899, although the building only opened for public use a week before Christmas 1903.  It quickly gained recognition: locals saw it as a landmark, and its grandeur attracted the attention of Carnegie and his assistant James Bertram.  Its construction marks a turning point in the architecture of Carnegie libraries in Pennsylvania: Carnegie and Bertram's disgust at the grand architecture of libraries such as Beaver Falls induced them to announce that future Carnegie libraries would be substantially smaller buildings with simpler standardized floor plans.

The first building in Beaver County built as a library, it immediately became a community center as well.  As property of the local school district, the library was soon integrated into scholastic activities; arts performances and commencements were held on its stage.  Moreover, it was the first building anywhere in Beaver County with space for stage performances, so it also hosted community events unrelated to the school board's activities.  Growing numbers of children in the city forced the school board to use some of the second floor for classrooms starting in 1915, and only in 1931 were all children able to be moved to a normal school building.  As the twentieth century progressed, events at the library became fewer, but it has remained a prominent piece of the community's culture and built environment.

Architecture
Two stories tall, the library is a Neoclassical building with Palladian influences.  Built of yellow brick, it occupies a raised stone foundation; the granite details at the top of the foundation sit  above the ground.  Multiple buttresses are placed on all sides but the rear (west), both supporting the roof and dividing the walls into segments.  Numerous windows are placed mid the buttresses; between the ordinary windows found in most places and the massive fanlight-topped stained glass window at the center of the facade, the building has so much glass (all uninsulated) that it suffers substantial heat loss because of the fenestration.  Even the highest parts of the library are pierced for lighting, as dormer windows and a skylight are located in various parts of the roof.  Many of the windows are trimmed with terracotta, while large stone risers project from the front on both sides of the stairs.  The most prominent part of the building is the entrance on the east front, which is framed by two pairs of columns and crowned with a prominent pediment.  Lesser facades are built on the northern and southern sides, while the western side's exposure to an alleyway has been extensively modified (e.g. the closing of windows) to discourage vandalism and theft.

Inside, the library features three floors.  Both the basement and first floor are comparable to those of other Carnegie libraries built at the same time: the utility rooms are placed in the basement, along with community meeting facilities, while the first floor centers on the reference/circulation desk and features space for stacks, adult reading rooms, and children's space.  Upstairs, the second floor is occupied by a genealogical library, the Beaver County Research and Resource Center for Local History, and the city's historical museum is located in the basement.

Most of the original performance hall in the basement was dismantled in 1961 with the goal of conversion into shelving and reading space, but it was soon renovated as space rented by a state government agency, the Bureau of Employment Security, before being re-converted for the city museum.  Few other major changes have been performed: the second-floor ceiling was lowered to improve heating efficiency, and a small wall was added atop the staircase to prevent people falling down the stairs, but the main floor's high ceilings have remained, and virtually all of the building's original never-painted woodworking survives.  Hand-carven details can be found throughout the building's walnut and oak trim, much of which also features larger components such as Ionic columns that appear to support the ceilings.

Preservation
By the mid-1980s, the governing board of Beaver Falls' school district had recognized the historic significance of the library's architecture: its unusual degree of preservation is partly the result of a board policy prohibiting changes that would detract from its status.  The building gained much wider recognition in 1985, when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places; it qualified both because of its architecture and because of its place in local history.  One of twenty such locations in Beaver County, it is the only one in Beaver Falls.  It continues to be used as a library, although the institution is now part of a larger library system serving the entire county.

References

External links

Beaver County Library System

Library buildings completed in 1903
Carnegie libraries in Pennsylvania
History museums in Pennsylvania
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Museums in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania
Frederick J. Osterling buildings
Public libraries in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania

Carnegie Free Library of Beaver Falls


The No. 1989 Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89) was a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was discovered in 1989 by NASA's Voyager 2 probe. Although it appears similar to Jupiter's spot, which is an anticyclonic storm (this is like a hurricane), it is believed that the Great Dark Spot is an atmospheric hole similar to the hole in Earth's ozone layer.

However, the insides of Great Dark Spots are mostly cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be much shorter, forming and disappearing once every few years or so. Based on pictures taken by Voyager and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend a little bit more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot.

Characteristics
The dark, elliptically-shaped spot (with initial dimensions of 13,000 × 6,600 km, or 8,100 × 4,100 mi) was about the same size as Earth, and was similar looking to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Around the Great Dark Spot, winds were measured blowing up to 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) an hour, the fastest in the Solar System. The Great Dark Spot is thought to be a hole in the methane cloud deck of Neptune. The spot was seen at different times with different sizes and shapes.

The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth. Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are made of mostly crystals of ice, Neptune's clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. And while Neptune's clouds usually form and then disappear within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

Neptune's dark spots are thought to happen in the troposphere at lower heights (or altitudes) than the brighter upper cloud deck features. As they are stable features that can last for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures.

Disappearance
When pictures were going to be taken of the Great Dark Spot again in November 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, it had gone away completely, leaving astronomers to believe that it had either been covered up or that it had just disappeared. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer able to be seen as a dark feature. Dark spots may disappear when they move too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown way.

However, a new spot that looked very much like the old spot appeared in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This new spot, called the Northern Great Dark Spot (NGDS), has remained able to be seen for several years.

Related pages
 Small Dark Spot

References

Other websites
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/neptune.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/neptune/atmosphere/N_clouds_GDS.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960508.html
http://intranet.dalton.org/departments/science/Astro/planets/Neptune/the%20dark%20spot.htm
http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/neptune_006.htm
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000hst..prop.5096S

Neptune

Great Dark Spot


Shahs of Sunset is an American reality television series that aired on Bravo. The series debuted on March 11, 2012, and ended on August 29, 2021. The series followed a group of Iranian Americans living in Beverly Hills (and the greater area known as "Tehrangeles"), who are trying to juggle their active social lives and up-and-coming careers while balancing the demands of their families and traditions. It is the second American reality television show about Iranians after E!'s Love Is in the Heir in 2004. The series originally focused on Reza Farahan, Golnesa Gharachedaghi, Sammy Younai, Asa Soltan Rahmati, Mike Shouhed, and Mercedes Javid. Of the original shahs, Younai left after the first season and Soltan Rahmati departed after the sixth. The remaining shahs joined in later seasons, Rose and Vand in the seventh. Past shahs include Lilly Ghalichi (seasons 2–3), Asifa Mirza (season 4) and Shervin Roohparvar (seasons 5–6).

Work on the fourth season was underway when Ryan Seacrest Productions (RSP) and Bravo denied the show's post-production crew a union contract.  The crew went on strike with the support of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees. Bravo fired the crew and the fourth season had been delayed. Eventually, RSP "ratified a union agreement, ending the month-long strike." The fourth season of Shahs of Sunset premiered on March 2, 2015. In June 2015, the show was renewed for a fifth season which premiered April 10, 2016. On October 27, 2016, the show was renewed for a sixth season which premiered Sunday, July 16, 2017. In April 2018, the show was renewed for a seventh season.

In January 2020, Bravo announced that Shahs of Sunset would return for its eighth season on February 9, 2020, with Destiney Rose, Golnesa "GG" Gharachedaghi, Mercedes "MJ" Javid, Mike Shouhed, Reza Farahan, and Nema Vand returning as main cast members. Sara Jeihooni joins in a supporting, friend role.

In April 2022, it was announced that Shahs of Sunset had been canceled after nine seasons.

Cast

Reza Farahan
Born in Tehran, Iran in 1973, raised in Beverly Hills, Reza Farahan is a real estate agent in Los Angeles. Married to Adam Neely, Farahan is openly gay and often struggles with gossip and prejudice regarding his sexuality. He wanted to participate in the show after seeing news reports of the suicides of teenagers who were bullied because they were gay, and he wanted to help by portraying a positive image of both gay people and Middle Easterners. Reza's husband Adam, a former fashion model, works for Ryan Murphy in post-production on his various shows. Reza and Adam have been involved since 2010, and their engagement was featured in the third-season finale. In season four, Adam and Reza have complications in their relationship and call off their wedding after tumultuous issues arise inside their group of friends following a fake rumor of the drunk MJ carrying the gay couple's love child. Reza and the gang continue on Reza and Adam's wedding trip to Thailand. His father is Jewish, and his mother is Muslim. In an episode, he reveals his father converted to Islam to marry his mother. When his parents' marriage ended in divorce, his father moved back to New York City to be with his Jewish family; in an episode, it's revealed that Farahan's paternal grandmother pressured his father and rejected Reza because he was not Jewish. He works with MJ at Keller Williams Realty.

Golnesa "GG" Gharachedaghi
Gharachedaghi is an entrepreneur who begins the show unemployed and financially dependent on her father. She comes from a wealthy, nominally Muslim family. She lunches with her friends during the day and socializes at night. She has eight tattoos, including one on the inside of her lip.  With a fiery, combative personality, she claims to have been kicked out of a number of schools while growing up due to fighting. Growing up she attended Jewish daycare, Catholic preschool and Loyola Marymount University. Her father is Mahmoud Gharachedaghi, architect and principal at GA Architecture and Planning, who appears on the show starting in season one. Over the second season, she launches "GG's Extensions", a brand of hair extensions, with her sister Leila. In December 2012 she told Andy Cohen that she was engaged to Omid Kalantari, who has a recurring role in season 2. The two broke off their engagement the following month.

Mike Shouhed
Shouhed is real estate agent in Los Angeles. He is a graduate of UCLA. After losing some money in the Las Vegas commercial real estate market, he has moved back home to rebuild. He and his family are Persian Jews. Shouhed married Jessica Parido on March 29, 2015 at the Biltmore Hotel in L.A. According to the documents, the couple separated on August 1, 2015, and less than eight months after they tied the knot, Parido filed for divorce from Shouhed on November 20, 2015 citing irreconcilable differences. Nearly a year after Parido filed for divorce from her ex-husband, a judge signed off on the divorce documents; the date of termination on their marriage is October 21, 2016. They share no children together. In July 2022, Shouhed was charged with 14 criminal charges stemming from an alleged domestic violence incident involving his fiancée Paulina Ben-Cohen.

Mercedes "MJ" Javid
Javid is a real estate agent living in the Hollywood Hills. She was born on August 16, 1972. MJ grew up conscious of her weight and was put on diet pills by a physician at age 14 in order to try to lose extra pounds, though she later quit them. MJ and her mother have a very difficult relationship and argue frequently on the show. MJ and her father, however, were very close before his death in February 2018. She works with Reza at Keller Williams Realty. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature from California State University, Northridge in 2002. During the season 2 reunion, Javid admitted she is a felon, having been convicted of bank fraud in 1994. On April 21, 2018, Javid married Tommy Feight at the Jeremy Hotel in Los Angeles. On April 17, 2019, Javid gave birth to a son, Shams Francis Feight. She was taken to the ICU due to "complications" during labor and later revealed on Instagram that she "can never carry a baby again." MJ now has a youtube channel with her husband Tommy: https://www.youtube.com/c/TilltheDirtwithTommyandMJ

Destiney Rose
(Seasons 7–9) (friend in season 6)

Destiney Rose first became known to television viewers as one of the stars of The People's Couch. Destiney appeared on the show with her sister Cathy, and at the time was a general manager at a nightclub, where Cathy worked under her as a supervisor and bartender. As Shahs of Sunset began filming, Destiney was scaling back her life in the nightclub industry and working in party planning as she tried to get a more healthy work environment.

She got involved in Shahs being a good friend of co-stars Reza Farahan and Shervin Roohpavar. In an October 2018 Watch What's Happening Now episode, Reza claimed he has known Destiney Rose since she was 1 month old.

Nema Vand
(Seasons 7–9)

Nema Vand is a former talent executive turned bicoastal director. Vand joined the cast of Shahs of Sunset in season 7 (2018). Born in New York, but raised in Los Angeles, Vand has helped create award winning content for brands such as Adidas, Nike, Ford, Jordan, Target, Samsung, among many more. A relative newcomer to the group, Vand's career is now focused on directing original content in the digital media space. In 2021, Vand directed an acclaimed short film on the artist, Beeple. Vand was previously married and speaks openly about having grown up without his mother or sister, his love for Rose wine, and reconnecting with his Persian culture. Vand was previously known  for having  been the only person to defeat a Moose in a UFC style match, pinning the moose on 3 separate occasions. He graduated from UCSD and started his first company at 26.

Asa Soltan Rahmati
(Seasons 1–6) (guest appearance in season 7)

Rahmati is an entrepreneur and artist from Venice, California. Her paintings were published in the art book Imagining Ourselves, published by the International Museum of Women in San Francisco. Over the second season, she developed and launched Diamond Water, a bottled water that is alkaline water put in contact with diamonds before being bottled. She is from a Persian family; her parents and her brother, Arta, all appear on the show. Soltan Rahmati has been in a relationship with Jermaine Jackson Jr., the eldest child of Jermaine Jackson since 2010 and he has appeared in the second season. The couple gave birth to their son Soltan Jackson on January 20, 2017. She graduated from UCLA with a double major in Psychology and Philosophy. She claims her family left Iran as political refugees when she was a young girl; she grew up in Europe before moving to Los Angeles as a teenager.

Sammy Younai
(Season 1) (friend in season 2) (guest appearances in seasons 3–4, 7)

Younai is a residential developer in Beverly Hills, specializing in building multimillion-dollar homes. Sammy comes from a Persian-Jewish family. His family left Iran and moved to Florida when he was young, later moving to Beverly Hills when he was a teenager. During season 1, he worked with celebrity developer Mohamed Hadid on a 48,000-square-foot, $58-million house in Bel Air called The Crescent Palace.

Neelufar Seyed "Lilly" Ghalichi
(Seasons 2–3)

Ghalichi is an entrepreneur and blogger that other characters describe as a "Persian Barbie". She founded a lingerie-inspired line of swimwear known as Swimgerie that later merged with another swim line to be renamed Have Faith Swimgerie. She also founded her own line of eyelashes known as Lilly Lashes. Raised in Houston, Texas, she comes from a Persian Muslim family. Her sister Yassamin has appeared on the show, and her brother Mohammed is a cardiologist. She attended the McCombs School of Business at The University of Texas at Austin and Loyola Law School in Los Angeles, graduating in 2008. Ghalichi has had an on-again, off-again relationship with a Houston-based lawyer named Ali; after she graduated from law school in Los Angeles, they became engaged, and she moved back to Texas to live with him. They later broke up due what she described as bad habits, notably cheating on her. She also struggles with her conservative family due to her decision to leave law and pursue a career in fashion and beauty. She was the subject of controversy after joking during an episode that HIV/AIDS can be spread from a used pair of bikini bottoms and issued an apology. Ghalichi's involvement with the show was discontinued at the end of season three, having separated herself from the cast in season 3.

Asifa Mirza
(Season 4) (guest appearance in season 5)

Mirza has made appearances in seasons 4 and 5.

Shervin Roohparvar
(Seasons 5–6) (friend in seasons 4, 7–9)

Roohparvar is an entrepreneur from Silicon Valley who found success in the tech, nightlife, and retail industries.

Casting timeline

Episodes

Reception

Community reaction

Before the show debuted, there was concern among the Iranian-American diaspora that Shahs of Sunset would promote an unwelcome image at a particularly tense historical moment. Firoozeh Dumas, author of Funny in Farsi, worried that "Americans have a chance to see a slice of materialistic, shallow and downright embarrassing Iranian culture. I just want to shout, 'We are not all like that!'" Two-time Mayor of Beverly Hills, Jimmy Delshad, voiced concerns that instead of showcasing the professional class of doctors, lawyers and business executives, the show would "take us back and make us look like undesirable people." Iranian American Novelist Porochista Khakpour took issue with the cast's self-description as "Persian" rather than "Iranian", but otherwise found the show to be just another reality television show in the "been-there-done-that Kardashian-Real-Housewives-Jersey Shore mash-up" with characters that reminded her of elements in those she grew up with in the diaspora. West Hollywood's City Council passed a resolution on March 22, 2012, condemning the show. Professor Gina B. Nahai lamented that the cast was "unattractive, unsophisticated, unproductive" and "consists entirely of every negative stereotype floating around this city about the community". Author and scholar Reza Aslan felt the concerns of the Persian community were overstated, commenting "Only the most moronic viewers would watch 'Shahs of Sunset' and extract an opinion about Iranians and Iran."

In response to criticism producer Ryan Seacrest dismissed the notion the series would cast the community in a bad light, describing the show as simply "escapism" that is "meant to be entertaining and fun." The president of Bravo described the cast members as representative of what the channel deems "affluencers:" 30-something, upscale, highly educated and influential."

The members of the cast have stated that they portray a more Americanized and modern version of Persians than those depicted in such films as 2012's Argo, where Iranians are depicted in ways they felt made them "savages" or "homeless people." Mike Shouhed has commented that the show's producers sometimes add to the confusion by using Arabic music on the show; Reza Farahan has received mistaken feedback complimenting Arab American culture.

Critical reaction
The show holds a 45 out of 100 score from Metacritic. Mike Hale's review in The New York Times commented that the show's characters "are a more diverting bunch than the high school football coaches and community activists of the well-meaning, admirable but prosaic All-American Muslim on TLC", but the "one really unfortunate thing about Shahs of Sunset is the way it exploits, and will in turn amplify, a previously localized phenomenon: the longstanding stereotyping of Los Angeles's Iranian-Americans as vulgar, materialistic show-offs who don't fit in among the city's supposedly more cultured elites." Tom Conroy of Media Life Magazine mentions that the show sparks some interest due to the cultural backgrounds of the cast, "but that is nearly outweighed by their dislikability." Verne Gay of Newsday described the show as "Another insufferable nose-pressed-against-the-glass reality romp that says the rich are just like you and me -- only rich, and exceedingly, tiresomely narcissistic." Linda Stasi of the New York Post wrote: "If the goal of Bravo's newest stereotyping gang bang, Shahs of Sunset, is to make Persians in LA look like egomaniacs, soulless bores whom you wouldn't want to spend five minutes with, let alone an hour, then they've succeeded."

Lawsuits

Kathy Salem
Los Angeles resident Kathy Salem alleged she was subjected to "demeaning and humiliating" situations while filming in Shahs of Sunset. Salem has settled her lawsuit against  Ryan Seacrest Productions. Per the settlement, she will be removed from the episode. Financial terms were not disclosed.

Labor dispute
On September 10, 2014, after receiving no response from Ryan Seacrest Productions (RSP) in reference to their pursuit of a union contract, the 16 post-production crew members of the series walked off of the job site. The Motion Picture Editors Guild (MPEG) called a strike against the show until it met the demands of its editors and assistant editors.  On September 26, Bravo took control of the production away from RSP and fired the entire editorial staff. Firing employees who are engaged in "protected union activity" is illegal, which is why Bravo took control away from RSP and act as though the strikers were not employees of Bravo. In response, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (I.A.T.S.E) "filed unfair labor practice charges against Bravo Media" and issued a press release saying, "Federal law protects employees' right to organize, including their right to strike. It is a violation of the National Labor Relations Act for an employer to retaliate in any way against employees for their exercising their rights under the law." "This is no longer just a fight about whether this crew gets health and retirement benefits," MPEG President Alan Heim said, "It's an unabashed attack on the right to organize." Picketing was called off on October 10 when RSP ratified a union agreement.

Kiara Belen
Kiara Belen, a former America's Next Top Model contestant, is suing Bravo, Ryan Seacrest Productions and other defendants over a scene in which she appeared "nearly fully nude" while changing in a dressing room in a 2017 episode of Shahs of Sunset. She filed the lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ryan Seacrest Productions, Ryan Seacrest Enterprises, Bravo Media, Truly Originals, and 50 unnamed defendants.

See also
 Iranian Americans
 Tehrangeles
 List of Persian-language television channels
 Glendale Life, an Armenian-American reality television series with a similar concept, which has received backlash from the Armenian community for stereotyping

References

External links

2010s American reality television series
2012 American television series debuts
2021 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Beverly Hills, California
Television series by Ryan Seacrest Productions
Bravo (American TV network) original programming
Iranian-American culture in California
Iranian-American culture

Shahs of Sunset


Dewi Muria Agung (born 16 December 1986), better known by her stage name Dewi Persik (also spelled Dewi Perssik) and nicknamed Depe after her monogram, is an Indonesian dangdut singer.

Biography
Persik was born Dewi Muria Agung in Jember, East Java on 16 December 1986. She is the youngest of four children born to Mochammad Aidil and Sri Muna. She also has some Chinese ancestry. She later became a dangdut singer, becoming noticed for her "saw move" (), so named because it resembles the back and forth movement of a saw. She was given the stage name Persik after the Indonesian word for peach, which is thought to bring good luck in Chinese culture. She is also known by the nickname "Depe".

During 2008, she raised controversy for her "vulgar" movements and outfits while performing onstage and was banned from performing in Tangerang and Bandung; Bandung mayor Dada Rosada stated that her "sexually provocative" movements did not qualify as art or culture. After she apologized and promised to keep her performances tamer, Minister for Youth and Sports Affairs Adhyaksa Dault said that she should be respected for "admitting her mistake".

Two years later, she raised controversy after several nude pictures of her were released online. The Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) reported her to the Jakarta police, alleging that the pictures violated the 2008 Bill against Pornography and Pornoaction. The FPI also made plans to throw rotten eggs at her house, and a spokesman compared her to Japanese pornographic actress Maria Ozawa. Persik later admitted that the pictures were of her, and that she often posed in the nude with her hair covering her breasts; however, she also noted that the pictures were meant to be private and that said that she was surprised that they had found their way to the internet.

During the filming of Arwah Goyang Karawang (The Dancing Spirit of Karawang), Persik got into a "catfight" with fellow actress Julia Perez. Both later filed police reports, with Perez later being brought to trial in May 2011.

In early 2011, Persik underwent hymen reconstruction surgery in As-Salam International Hospital, Cairo, Egypt after going on the hajj. She said that she didn't want to "disappoint her future husband"; she noted that she was proud of her secondary virginity. After facing incredulity, she produced medical records to prove that she was "officially" a virgin.

, she is expected to act in the horror/comedy Pacar Hantu Perawan (Boyfriend of a Virgin Ghost) along with an unnamed foreign porn star. She noted that, although there would be a love story in the movie, it would be chaste enough for Indonesian culture. She is currently managed by Ahmad Dhani's Republik Cinta Manajemen.

Personal life
Persik has been married two times. Her first marriage was to fellow dangdut singer Saiful Jamil; they were married on 26 June 2005 and divorced on 14 January 2008. Her second was to actor Aldiansyah Taher; they entered a siri marriage (unrecognized by the government, but recognized by tradition) on 4 July 2008, later splitting in 2009.

Case
Following her on-set clash with Julia Perez, Dewi Persik was in February 2014 sentenced to three months in jail by the Supreme Court.

Filmography

Film

TV Series

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

1985 births
Living people
21st-century Indonesian women singers
Indonesian dangdut singers
Indonesian film actresses
Indonesian stage actresses
People from Jember Regency

Dewi Persik


Anationalism is a political ideology originally made by Eugene Lanti and expanded on by others. Anationalists believe in some or all of the following

a) Extreme anti-nationalism,

b) Universalism,

c) Globalism,

d) The need for the education and organisation of the proletariat,

e) The idea that over time people have become connected language wise,

f) There is benefit in using Esperanto.

Political ideologies

Anationalism


Fife Scottish Omnibuses Ltd, is a bus operating company part of Stagecoach East Scotland based in Dunfermline, Scotland.

History
Stagecoach Fife can be traced back to 1909 and after buyout and mergers become part of Walter Alexander & Sons. In 1961 Walter Alexander & Sons was split into three separate companies with the Fife operations becoming Alexanders (Fife) with the colour Mason's ayres red to be used as the main fleet colour.

Scottish Bus Group was prepared for deregulation of the bus industry in 1986, and eventual privatisation, which resulted in Fife Scottish Omnibuses Ltd being created. Of the seven original SBG subsidiaries, Alexanders (Fife) was the only company to survive the reorganisation intact; it lost none of its operating area to any of the new companies formed and nor did it gain.  The only impact of the shake-up was the legal name change.

On its creation, the company kept the vibrant red and cream livery adopted by Alexander's Fife operations.  The SBG corporate 'Fife Scottish' fleet name style was adopted, however, in an unusually large size, and larger areas of cream were the only visible differences.  Some vehicles sported Best Bus In The Kingdom slogans as part of SBG's marketing drive, rather than Best Bus In Town or Best Bus Around; playing on Fife's proud history of once being a separate kingdom.

With the arrival of deregulation came the arrival of competition.  Fife had previously enjoyed being the sole operator throughout much of the region and its response to the new operators showed the company's intention to remain so. Despite the cities of Edinburgh and Dundee being on the edges of its operating area, Fife concentrated on protecting its home market rather than expanding into the cities to compete against the dominant operators there.  Rennie's of Dunfermline were the first challengers to Fife in and around that town, but by far the largest and most sustained competition came from local coach firm Moffat & Williamson, who built up a substantial network of services throughout much of Fife, mirroring the larger operator's network.  A "bus war" broke out across the region, and vehicles from both operators could be seen nose to tail on services such as that between Dundee and St Andrews.  Fife's passenger base seemed loyal, however, and Rennies would soon withdraw from Dunfermline and Moffat & Williamson would scale back its operations, though retaining pockets of strong competition in the industrialised towns in the south of the region.

Despite the competition, Fife remained the most profitable of the SBG subsidiaries and was seen by potential buyers as the 'jewel in the crown' of the state-owned bus group.  In July 1991, Fife Scottish was purchased by Stagecoach for £9.1m.  The red and cream livery was replaced by the Stagecoach corporate look of red, blue and orange stripes on a white background.  Stagecoach took a much more severe line with Moffat & Williamson, a strategy that drew criticism in the media for being predatory and uncompetitive.  However, it was a strategy that worked.  Moffat & Williamson would withdraw the majority of its competing services and Fife Scottish would once again become the sole operator in much of the kingdom, a position it enjoys today.

Now part of Stagecoach East Scotland, the company now trades as 'Stagecoach in Fife'.

During the 1980s, Fife Scottish provided coaches for Scottish Citylink, mainly from Fife to other destinations in Scotland.  Since privatisation, however, Fife Scottish has built up its own substantial network of express services under the Stagecoach Express banner.

Operation
From its head office, initially in Kirkcaldy, Fife Scottish operated throughout the ancient kingdom of Fife and beyond to Dundee and Edinburgh.  A network of express services also reach as far west as Glasgow.

Stagecoach is the largest operator in the region and is responsible for urban, rural and interurban services in the towns of St Andrews, Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath, Glenrothes, Leven and Kirkcaldy. Stagecoach operate to two park and ride sites in Fife, one at Ferrytoll just off the A90 towards Edinburgh, and the newly opened Halbeath Park & Ride, located off the A92 at Halbeath, which opened in November 2013 and has departures for Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Fife, as well as the Forth Valley Royal Hospital.

Routes
Stagecoach Fife has five Flagship routes:
 Services 19, 19A & 19B, running at a frequency of every 10 minutes from 7 am to 7 pm, every 20 minutes on Sundays and every 30 minutes during the evenings. The route runs from Rosyth to Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath, Lochgelly & Ballingry.
 Service 99 operates a 8-minute frequency during the day between St Andrews, Leuchars and Dundee.
 39/39A (via Thornton) which provide a 15-minute service between Kirkcaldy, Thornton & Glenrothes, serving the new entrance to the Victoria Hospital
 747: Edinburgh Airport to Ferrytoll and Halbeath Park and Rides.
 AB1 is a service that is operated with an autonomous bus between Edinburgh Park and Ferrytoll Park and ride, via Queensferry Slip Road.

From 2006 service 747 was introduced, which brought a new link between Dunfermline, Inverkeithing & Ferrytoll Park & Ride to Edinburgh Airport, South Gyle & Riccarton, and it was originally branded as "Airdirect" but since January 2011 the service was called "Jet 747". In 2010, the company introduced a new service, Route X42, in partnership with Fife Council to help provide a direct link between Kirkcaldy and Ninewells Hospital, via Glenrothes, Ladybank, Cupar and Dundee City Centre. This service has been replaced by services X54 and X58

Current Depots
 Aberhill (Methilhaven Road)
 Dunfermline (St Leonards Road).  Former Dunfermline & District Tramways tram depot.
 Glenrothes (Flemington Road)
 St Andrews (City Road).  Depot adjacent to bus station.

Former Depots
 Aberhill (Wellesley Road). Former Wemyss & District Tramways tram depot, replaced by the current Aberhill (Methilhaven Road) depot.  The former depot is now East Fife Indoor Bowling Club.
 Anstruther (Pittenweem Road). Closed 1981, building was then used by Fife Council roads department, until they moved out in 2007, building demolished, undeveloped.
 Cowdenbeath (Broad Street).  Former Dunfermline & District Tramways tram depot. Closed August 2015, due to Fife Council services tendered to other operators. Now used by Rennies (Owned by Stagecoach In Fife)
 Cupar (Crossgate).  Closed 1981, site redeveloped as an Argos Extra store.  Until 1996 some buses from St Andrews depot were outstationed overnight in the town centre car park.
 Dunfermline (Market Street). Smaller second depot in town centre which closed in the 1960s. The area has been redeveloped and it now occupied by Halfords, Carnegie Drive Retail Park. Subsequently the street outside the bus station from 1985 until 2007 was also known as Market Street, but this was not in the same location.
 Gallatown Works (Oswald Road).  Former Kirkcaldy Corporation Tramways tram depot, subsequently used as a central maintenance works until replaced by additional facilities at Esplanade.  Building demolished during the 1980s and the site was redeveloped as an industrial unit.
 Kelty (Oakfield St). Closed 1978.  This was the last Fife depot to go over to one person operation in 1977. Home of the famous Kelty Clippies, site demolished 2005, houses stand on site.
 Kirkcaldy (Esplanade).  Formerly the company's headquarters and largest depot, but closed in 2004 in favour of expansion of Aberhill and Glenrothes depots.  The central maintenance works on the opposite side of the road closed in the 1990s, and both sites have been cleared.
 Lochgelly (Auchterderran Road).  Closed 1982, site redeveloped as houses.
 Newburgh (The Shore).  Closed 1990s.  Building now used by a bus and coach repair business and for boat storage.

See also
 List of bus operators of the United Kingdom

References

'Fife Buses: From Alexanders (Fife) to Stagecoach' by Walter Burt.

External links
Stagecoach in Fife website
history of fife Scottish
Halbeath Park & Ride

Transport in Fife
Stagecoach Group bus operators in Scotland

Fife Scottish


Raudonė Castle is a residential castle (estate, manor) of the 19th century in Raudonė, Lithuania. Today it is used as a public school.

History
Bayersburg II Castle, an old Teutonic castle, stood here until the 16th century. The original castle is the setting of an East Prussian legend known as "The White Maiden of the Bayersburg". Raudonė was a royal manor, which Grand Duke Sigismund II August gave to Prussian merchant Krispin Kirschenstein. He built a Renaissance style manor house with a  cylindrical tower on the grounds of the old castle at the end of the 16th century.

The 18th century owners of the Raudonė estate, the Olędzki (Olendzki) h. Rawicz family, members of Polish nobility, commissioned Laurynas Stuoka-Gucevičius \ Wawrzyniec Gucewicz to renovate the castle. The next owner, the Russian Prince Platon Zubov, acquired the estate in the first half of the 19th century and his family transformed the castle yet again. Their architect was Cesare Anichini. The Neo-Gothic style building was built in 1877 as part of the castle building complex. It was used as a warehouse and a living place for servants. In 1923, the building was turned into mill. Today the whole complex is an example of 19th-century Neo-Gothic architecture. The last owners of the castle from 1898 to 1937, was Sophia Waxell, a granddaughter of Sophia von Pirch-Kaiserov who was niece of Platon Zubov, and her husband from Madeira, José Carlos de Faria e Castro. After early death of Sophia, the castle belonged to her husband, later on to her only son, Joseph Carlo de Faria e Castro and his wife Olga Kordashevski and their children Nikolai, Vladimir and Alexander. In 1937 the castle became property of the National Bank of Lithuania.

The castle is surrounded by an old park, in which rare trees grow: the silver fir, Swiss pine, grey walnut, line with nine trunks, Gediminas Oak. The Gediminas Oak, under which according to a legend the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas had a lunch, is no longer putting out leaves. The tower is open to public as an observation tower of Nemunas valley.

Gallery

See also

 List of castles in Lithuania

References
 Urban, William. The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. Greenhill Books. London, 2003, p. 133.
 Polski słownik biograficzny / komitet redakcyjny Władysław Konopczynski ... [et al.]. Publisher Kraków : Skład główny w ksieg. Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1935-. (set)

Castles in Lithuania
Gothic Revival architecture in Lithuania
Buildings and structures in Tauragė County
Tourist attractions in Tauragė County

Raudonė Castle