John 20:17 is the 17th verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament. It contains Jesus' response to Mary Magdalene right after he confronts her just outside his tomb after his resurrection. According to the longer ending of Mark's Gospel () Mary Magdalene is the first person to whom Jesus shows himself alive after his resurrection.

Content
The original Koine Greek, according to the Textus Receptus, reads:
λέγει αὐτῇ Ἰησοῦς· μή μου ἅπτου, οὔπω γὰρ ἀναβέβηκα πρὸς τὸν
πατέρα· πορεύου δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφούς μου καὶ εἰπὲ αὐτοῖς ἀναβαίνω πρὸς
τὸν πατέρα μου καὶ πατέρα ὑμῶν καὶ θεόν μου καὶ θεὸν ὑμῶν.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Jesus saith to her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended
to my Father; but go to my brethren, and say to them,
I ascend to my Father and your Father, and to my God and your God.

The English Standard Version translates the passage as:
Jesus said to her, "Do not cling to me, for I have not yet ascended
to the Father; but go to my brothers and say to them,
'I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.'"
For a collection of other versions see BibleHub John 20:17

Noli me tangere
An important issue is why Jesus prevents Mary from touching or holding him.  In Latin, this phrase is translated as noli me tangere. It is unclear why Jesus imposes this rule, especially since in John 20:27, he allows Thomas to probe his open wounds.  It also seems somewhat contradictory to the other Gospels, Matthew 28:9 states that the women who found Jesus "came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him." No mention is made of Jesus disapproving.

The passage does not make clear how Mary is touching him. H.C.G. Moule speculates that she likely grabbed his arm or hand to try and verify his physical existence. Biblical scholar Raymond E. Brown has listed a wide array of explanations for his injunction:
Jesus' wounds were still sore so he did not like being touched.
Kraft proposes that the prohibition was because it was against ritual to touch a dead body.
Chrysostom and Theophylact argue that Jesus was asking that more respect be shown to him.  This theory is sometimes linked to the notion that it was not appropriate for a woman to touch Jesus although it was fine for a man like Thomas.
C. Spicq sees the resurrected Jesus as the equivalent of one of the Jewish high priests who should not be sullied by physical contact.
Kastner, who believes that Christ returned in the nude, believes the prohibition was so that Mary would not be tempted by Jesus' body.
Mary should not touch Jesus because she should not need physical proof of the resurrection but should trust in her faith.
Bultmann sees the phrase as an indirect way of saying that the resurrected Jesus is not then tangible.
Moule considers Jesus' intervention to be not a prohibition on being touched but an assurance that the touching is not needed since he has not yet returned to the Father and is still firmly here on Earth. His use of the present tense is said to mean that he should not be touched just yet but could be touched in future.
Some link it with the next verse and state that they should be read as one to mean, "Do not touch me, but go tell my disciples of the news."
John Calvin's commentary argues that Jesus did not forbid simple touching but rather that Jesus had no problems until the women began to cling to him as if they are trying to hold him in the corporeal world at which point Jesus told them to let go. Some translations thus use touch for the seemingly-permitted actions in Mark and cling for the action Jesus chides Mary for in this verse.
Barrett mentions the possibility that between this verse and John 20:22, Jesus fully ascends to heaven.
R. Hepburn posits that while Matthew 28:9 records Mary Magdalene and the other Mary taking hold of Jesus' feet and worshiping Him after His resurrection, the encounter recorded in John 20:17 is a different (likely earlier) encounter when Mary Magdalene is alone with the risen Christ. She is not permitted to touch Him, thus preventing any possibility of the appearance of impropriety by having other witness(es).

There are also a number of scholars who have proposed alternative translations. They are not based on direct linguistic evidence but are rather attempts to synchronize the phrase with other parts of the Bible. There is also some evidence that the wording may have been mangled.
Some scholars eliminate the negative leaving the phrase as "touch me" and imply that Jesus is telling Mary to verify his physical form.
W.E.P. Cotter and others argue that the text should actually read "do not fear me."
W.D. Morris believes it should read "do not fear to touch me."

What not touching has to do with the ascension is also unclear. Barrett states that the phrase seems to have the paradoxical meaning that Jesus can be freely touched once he has ascended. Or rather, it may imply that her touch may somehow hinder his ascension into Heaven.

Jesus mentions that his ultimate fate is to return to his father, which is read as him making it clear that his resurrection has not made him king of the earth but king of heaven, and his return in physical form is only temporary.

Message to the disciples
Jesus then sends Mary to tell his brethren or brothers of the news.  Previously in the Bible the word "brethren" had been used to describe only Jesus' family, so this phrase is very unusual and also appears at Matthew 28:10; John Nolland suggests that there may be shared source used by the two evangelists. Jerome correlates Jesus' direction to the disciples, "Tell my brothers (nuntiate fratribus meis)" to meet Jesus in Galilee with Psalm 22: "I will tell forth (Adnuntiabo) your name to my brothers (fratribus meis)."

Mary delivers the message to his disciples, and scholars agree that they were whom Jesus was referring to as "brothers".  According to Alford this is said to show that since his resurrection a new closeness exists between Jesus and his followers and to confirm that even after the resurrection Jesus is fully human and a brother to other men.

The message Jesus gives Mary had been the subject of detailed analysis.  The assertion that God is both Father and God to Jesus is central to the Monophysitism/Diophysitism debate.  The Diphysitists take it as proof that Jesus as well as being God was also a human under God. This passage is often linked with Jesus now referring to his disciples as brothers.  Since they are now all brothers they share the same father in God.  Since the resurrection Jesus has been forged into a permanent link between humanity and God.

The message Jesus gives to Mary does not mention the resurrection, only that Jesus is soon returning to his father.  This is said to show that the great joy of the resurrection is not the return to life but rather joining with God as this is the only aspect of it Jesus felt necessary to immediately tell his disciples.  Some thus read the passage as meaning that to Jesus the ascension is far more important than the resurrection. Reading this verse in isolation or disregarding other notions, some even feel that there is no such thing as resurrection; it was purely ascension.

In Islam
A similar verse appears in the Quran when Allah will ask Jesus on judgement day if he told people to take him and Mary as deities besides Allah in Chapter 5 verse 117:

(Jesus will say) Never said I to them aught except what Thou didst command me to say to wit `Worship God my Lord and your Lord'; and I was a witness over them whilst I dwelt amongst them; when Thou didst take me up thou wast the Watcher over them and Thou art a Witness to all things. (Abdullah Yusuf Ali Translation)

I said not to them except what You commanded me - to worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord. And I was a witness over them as long as I was among them; but when You took me up, You were the Observer over them, and You are, over all things, Witness. (Saheeh International)

For a collection of other versions, see Noble Quran translations

The Godhead
John 20:17 has long been used to challenge the Trinitarian doctrine, which has been under debate before 200 A.D. This verse appears to suggest that Jesus too has a God above him. Or at least another God besides him.  Tertullian one of the early Catholic Church Fathers was utterly opposed to the doctrine of the Trinity.
SEE. Unitarianism, Trinitarianism

References

Sources

Brown, Raymond E. "The Gospel According to John: XIII-XXI" The Anchor Bible Series Volume 29A New York: Doubleday & Company, 1970.
John Calvin's commentary on John 20:16-18
Jesus Appears to His Disciples

20:17
John 20:17

John 20:17


The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario is the representative of King Charles III in Ontario. He or she carries out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties, such as approving laws. On 23 September 2014, Elizabeth Dowdeswell became Lieutenant Governor.

The lieutenant governors are appointed by the Governor General of Canada, based on the advise of the Prime Minister of Canada.

Government of Ontario

Lieutenant Governor of Ontario


Murringo is a small town in New South Wales. It is 25kms east of Young and 406 km west of the state capital, Sydney. The town was in the area often robbed by the bushranger, Ben Hall.

Early settlement
Europen settlers moved into the area in 1827. The first farm in the area was Marengo Station, 1833, owned by John Scarr. By 1840 there were about 40 people living in the area. When the town was laid out by the surveyors in 1849, they called the town Murringo. It has also been called Meringo, Marringa, Maringa, Muringo, Maringo and Marengo. In 1926 the town was officially called Murringo. In 1864, Ben Hall robbed John Scarr and his brother as they rode along the road to Burrowa.

The original plans included a market place, a big cemetery and large parks. When gold was found nearby at Lambing Flat in 1860, most of the people moved to the goldfields. Although there were only about 120 people living in the town, the people saved money and built the Christ Church Anglican Church in 1866. The foundation stone for the Sacred Heart Catholic Church was laid in 1871. A post office opened in 1857.

A number of historic buildings are still standing in Murringo. The church (1866), the Marengo Hotel, the police station (1880), the school (1870), school teacher's house (1879), the Plough Inn (a hotel) (built before 1860) and the Post Office (1857). A blacksmiths shop and cottage from the 1870's has been turned into a craft workshop.

Other websites
 Murringo Primary School
 Murringo.com, Virtual Village

References

Towns in New South Wales

Murringo


Gregorio Chil y Naranjo (born 13 March 1831, Telde, Gran Canaria, died 4 July 1901 Las Palmas) was a Spanish doctor, historian and anthropologist.

Biography
Chil was educated at home by his father before attending the Conciliary Seminary of Las Palmas, from which he graduated in 1847. Initially intending to study for the priesthood, he decided to study medicine in Paris, for which he received financial assistance from his uncle, the parochial vicar of the church of San Juan Bautista in Telde.

From 1848, he studied in Paris, gaining a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery and completing his doctorate in 1857. During this time, he acquired an interest in anthropology. After a brief period at the University of Cadiz, he returned to Gran Canaria and set up practice in Las Palmas. During this time he would frequently travel to attend anthropological conferences. He dedicated considerable time to the scientific and historical investigation of the first settlers of the Canary Islands. He read all he could by the ancient historians and chroniclers, and gathered as many objects and remains as he could: mummies, skulls, bones, ceramics, textiles and other objects. These would become part of the Museo Canario collection.

More than fifteen years of research resulted in the publication of Estudios históricos, climatológicos y patológicos de las islas Canarias. It was initially published in 1876, and was well received in the Canary Islands. However, on 30 April 1876 the Bishop of the Diocese of the Canary Islands, José María Urquinaona y Bidot initiated proceedings for excommunication, due to his agreement with the Society of Anthropology of Paris that defended the theories of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles Darwin on human origins.

In 1879 a group of intellectuals led by Dr. Gregorio Chil y Naranjo founded the Museo Canario, which was initially based on the third floor of the Las Palmas City Hall. The museum was Chil's most important contribution to the Canary Islands. He retained his ties to this institution all his life, and devoted most of his work to it, occupying the position of director of the institution while his health permitted it.

Gregorio Chil y Naranjo died of heart disease at the age of 70 on 4 July 1901. In his will he declared that, upon the death of his wife, Rosenda Suárez Tascón, the house in which both had resided in the street of the Colegio de Las Palmas would become the headquarters of the Museo Canario.

References
 Juan Bosch Millares, Don Gregorio Chil y Naranjo: su vida y su obra, 2003, Museo Canario, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
 Manuel Ramírez Sánchez, Biography at Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (in Spanish)
 Historia de El Museo Canario, official website
 Naranjo Santana, Mari Carmen, Cultura, Ciencia y Sociabilidad en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria en el siglo XIX. El Gabinete Literario y El Museo Canario. 2016, Madrid, Mercurio Editorial.

1831 births
1901 deaths
19th-century Spanish physicians
Academics from the Canary Islands
Historians from the Canary Islands
19th-century anthropologists
Directors of museums in Spain
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church

Gregorio Chil y Naranjo


James Bindley (1737–1818) was an English official and antiquary, known as a book collector.

Life
The second son of John Bindley, a distiller, of St. John Street, Smithfield, London, he was born in London on 16 January 1737. He was educated at Charterhouse School under Lewis Crusius, and then went to Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he was elected to a fellowship (B.A. 1759, M.A. 1762).

In 1765 Bindley succeeded his elder brother John Bindley as one of the commissioners of the stamp duties, and in that capacity he served for upwards of fifty-three years. He was the senior commissioner from 1781 until his death, which occurred at his house in Somerset Place on 11 September 1818. A monument to his memory, by Josephus Kendrick, was erected in the church of St. Mary-le-Strand. At his death he was the "father" of the Society of Antiquaries of London, having been elected a fellow in 1765.

Collector

Bindley formed a collection of rare books, engravings, and medals, which were sold by auction after his death. Two series of sales, by Samuel Sotheby and Robert Harding Evans, raised over £20,000.

He read John Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, which are dedicated to him, in proof, and the subsequent Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century, suggesting emendations and adding notes. In the same way he assisted, at close of his life, his friend William Bray, in the publication of Evelyn's Diary.

Works
The only work Bindley published was A Collection of the Statutes now in force relating to the Stamp Duties, London, 1775.

See also
Lord Baltimore penny

References

Attribution

1737 births
1818 deaths
People educated at Charterhouse School
English book and manuscript collectors
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge

James Bindley


Gulaman, in Filipino cuisine, is a bar, or powdered form, of dried agar or carrageenan used to make jelly-like desserts. In common usage, it also usually refers to the refreshment sago't gulaman, sometimes referred to as samalamig, sold at roadside stalls and vendors.

History
Gracilaria, which produces agar, is known as gulaman or gulaman dagat in Tagalog. It has been harvested and used as food for centuries, eaten both fresh or sun-dried and turned into jellies. The earliest historical attestation is from the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1754) by the Jesuit priests Juan de Noceda and Pedro de Sanlucar, where golaman or gulaman was defined as "una yerva, de que se haze conserva a modo de Halea, naze en la mar" ("an herb, from which a jam-like preserve is made, grows in the sea"), with an additional entry for guinolaman to refer to food made with the jelly.

Gulaman can also be made from Eucheuma spp., which produces the similarly jelly-like carrageenan. Eucheuma is known as gusô or tambalang in the Visayan languages. Use of gusô to make jellies among the Visayans have been recorded in the even earlier Diccionario De La Lengua Bisaya, Hiligueina y Haraia de la isla de Panay y Sugbu y para las demas islas (c.1637) of the Augustinian missionary Alonso de Méntrida . In the book, Méntrida describes gusô as being cooked until it melts, and then allowed to congeal into a sour dish.

Description

Gulaman is the Filipino culinary use of agar, which is made of processed Gracilaria seaweed; or carrageenan derived from other farmed seaweed species like Eucheuma and Kappaphycus alvarezii which were first cultivated commercially in the Philippines.

It is usually sold dehydrated and formed into foot-long dry bars which are either plain or coloured. It is also commonly sold in powder form.

Uses
Gulaman bars are used in the various Filipino refreshments or desserts such as sago at gulaman, buko pandan, agar flan, halo-halo, fruit cocktail jelly, different varieties of Filipino fruit salads, black gulaman, and red gulaman.

Differences between gelatine and gulaman
The term gelatine (or "jelly") and gulaman are used synonymously in the Philippines, although they are very different products. While gelatine is an animal-derived protein, gulaman is a plant-derived carbohydrate made from seaweed. This distinction makes gulaman suitable for those who may not eat gelatine for religious or cultural reasons, such as for Muslims or vegans.

Gelatine dissolves in hot water but boiling water is necessary to dissolve gulaman. Unlike gelatine which sets at refrigerator temperature, gulaman sets at room temperature. While gelatine can melt at room temperature, it is uniquely thermo-reversible to its previous shape and form.

See also
Chondrus crispus
Kaong
List of Philippine desserts
Nata de coco
Sago
Tapioca balls

References

Philippine desserts
Edible thickening agents
Algal food ingredients
Vegan cuisine
Vegetarian dishes of the Philippines

Gulaman


Javier Pulido is a Spanish comic book artist working primarily for the American market. His notable works include Human Target, Robin: Year One, She-Hulk and The Amazing Spider-Man.

Early life
Born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Javier Pulido was a fan of comics from early childhood. He moved to Barcelona to study at the University of Fine Arts. Pulido was part of the second big wave of Spanish authors who introduced themselves on the American market in the 1990s, together with Germán García and Kano (following the example of the "first wave" formed by Carlos Pacheco, Salvador Larroca and Pasqual Ferry some years earlier). Pulido's style is heavily influenced by David Mazzucchelli and Steve Rude.

Career
While studying at the University of Fine Arts, Pulido started getting his first professional assignments, doing covers and illustrations for Marvel Spain. In 1996, he released Mentat, a four-issue miniseries which became his first and final work directly for the Spanish market. Less than a year later, he was contacted by Marvel Comics and since then has been working exclusively for Marvel, DC and its Vertigo imprint.

Bibliography
Interior comic work includes:

Forum Especial Salón del Comic '95: "Arde la ciudad" (script and art, Planeta DeAgostini, 1995)
Mentat #1-4 (script and art, Planeta DeAgostini, 1996–1997)
Star Trek: Early Voyages #16-17 (with Dan Abnett and Ian Edginton, Marvel, 1998)
The Incredible Hulk #468-469, 472-474 (with Joe Casey, Marvel, 1998–1999)
Hellblazer #142: "Setting Sun" (with Warren Ellis, Vertigo, 1999)
Flinch #13: "The Shaft" (with Brian Azzarello, anthology, Vertigo, 2000)
The Batman Chronicles #19: "Got a Date with an Angel" (with Steve Englehart, anthology, DC Comics, 2000)
Robin: Year One #1-4 (with Scott Beatty, Chuck Dixon and Marcos Martín (#4), DC Comics, 2000–2001)
Uncanny X-Men #400: "Supreme Confessions" (with Joe Casey, among other artists, Marvel, 2001)
Human Target (with Peter Milligan, Vertigo):
 Human Target: Final Cut (graphic novel, 2002)
 Human Target vol. 2 #1-5, 11-13, 18 (2003–2005)
Catwoman vol. 3 #17-19: "'No Easy Way Down" (with Ed Brubaker, DC Comics, 2003)
Breach #9-10 (with Bob Harras, DC Comics, 2005)
Untold Tales of the New Universe: Star Brand: "Adventures in the Mulletverse" (with Jeff Parker, Marvel, 2006)
Captain America 65th Anniversary Special: "Secrets of Iron and Fire" (with Ed Brubaker, Marcos Martín and Mike Perkins, Marvel, 2006)
The Immortal Iron Fist #12: "The Seven Capital Cities of Heaven: Round 5" (with Ed Brubaker, Matt Fraction, David Aja and Kano, Marvel, 2007)
All-Select Comics 70th Anniversary Special: "Murder on Another Planet" (with Marc Guggenheim, one-shot, Marvel, 2009)
The Amazing Spider-Man (Marvel):
 "Dark Reflection" (with Marc Sumerak, in Family #8, anthology, 2009)
 "Red-Headed Stranger: Epilogue — Chapter One" (with Fred Van Lente, in #605, 2009)
 "The Gauntlet: Sandman — Keemia's Castle" (with Fred Van Lente, in #615-616, 2009)
 "The Gauntlet: Rhino — The Walk" (with Joe Kelly, in #617, 2009)
 "The Gauntlet: Mysterio — Smoke & Mirrors" (with Dan Slott and Marcos Martín, in #620, 2010)
 "Peter Parker: The Fantastic Spider-Man" (with Dan Slott, in #658, 2011)
 "Just Another Day" (with Paul Benjamin, in #661, co-feature, 2011)
Black Cat vol. 2 #1-4: "The Trophy Hunters" (with Jen Van Meter and Javier Rodríguez (#2-3), Marvel, 2010)
Fear Itself: The Worthy #8: "The Monster Inside Me" (with Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, digital, Marvel, 2011)
Marvel Point One: "Behold, the Watcher" (with Ed Brubaker, anthology one-shot, Marvel, 2012)
The Shade vol. 2 #5-7 (with James Robinson, DC Comics, 2012)
Hawkeye vol. 4 #4-5, Annual #1 (with Matt Fraction, Marvel, 2013)
Green Lantern: New Guardians #18 (with Tony Bedard, among other artists, DC Comics, 2013)
Batman: Black and White vol. 2 #5: "Cat and Mouse" (with Keith Giffen, anthology, DC Comics, 2014)
She-Hulk vol. 3 #1-4, 7-12 (with Charles Soule, Marvel, 2014–2015)
Guardians Team-Up #9: "Guns & Rockets" (script and art, Marvel, 2015)
Scarlet Witch vol. 2 #5: "SHHH! A Whisper" (with James Robinson, Marvel, 2016)
X-O Manowar vol. 3 #50: "His Greatest Failure" (with Jody Houser, co-feature, Valiant, 2016)
Generation Zero #6 (with Fred Van Lente and Diego Bernard, Valiant, 2017)
Unfollow #14: "In the Future" (with Rob Williams, Vertigo, 2017)
Jessica Jones #11-12 (with Brian Michael Bendis and Michael Gaydos, Marvel, 2017)
Where We Live: "Hungry" (with Rob Williams, anthology graphic novel, Image, 2018)
Vault of Spiders #1: "The Web-Slinger" (with Cullen Bunn, anthology, Marvel, 2018)

Covers only
Batman: Turning Points #1 (DC Comics, 2001)
Irredeemable #9 (Boom! Studios, 2009)
Letter 44 #1 (Oni Press, 2013)
The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 3 #7 (Marvel, 2014)
Death of Wolverine: Life After Logan #1 (Marvel, 2015)
Catwoman vol. 4 #41 (DC Comics, 2015)
Patsy Walker, A.K.A. Hellcat! #1 (Marvel, 2016)
The Green Hornet '66 Meets the Spirit #1 (Dynamite, 2017)
Vampirella vol. 6 #4 (Dynamite, 2017)
Ninjak vol. 3 #0 (Valiant, 2017)
Cave Carson Has a Cybernetic Eye #11 (DC's Young Animal, 2017)
Josie and the Pussycats vol. 3 #9 (Archie Comics, 2017)
Quantum and Woody vol. 3 #6 (Valiant, 2018)

References

1970 births
Living people
Spanish comics artists
People from Las Palmas
20th-century Spanish artists

Javier Pulido


Tuoba Liwei () was the first leader of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people, in 219–277. He was the ancestor of the future Northern Wei Dynasty and was thus posthumously honored as Emperor Shenyuan, with the temple name Shizu. Later, Emperor Wen of Western Wei changed his temple name to Taizu.

Family
Tuoba Shamohan (拓跋沙漠汗)
Tuoba Xilu (拓跋悉鹿/拓跋悉禄)
Tuoba Chuo (拓跋绰)
Tuoba Luguan (拓跋禄官)

277 deaths
Chieftains of the Tuoba clan

Tuoba Liwei


Better Than Sex is 2000 Australian film from director Jonathan Teplitzky starring David Wenham and Susie Porter. It is a romantic comedy of sorts, revolving around two people who have a one-night stand and start to question whether they want more.

Plot
Josh and Cin meet at a party in Sydney three days before he is due to return to London. Originally planning just to spend the night, Josh decides to stay at her flat until he has to leave for the airport. The two gradually grow closer, feeling a strong connection. However, when Cin's friend Sam comes over and flirts with Josh, they end up quarreling and he leaves. Once Josh cools down he relents and returns to Cin. Having both agreed that they were just having fun, he leaves to catch his plane the next day. At the last minute, he decides not to go and returns to Cin's flat only to find that she has followed him to London, not knowing he missed the flight. Josh can not find a flight for three days, but once he reaches London they are reunited and Cin decides to move there to be with him.

Cast

Awards
Won:
 2001 Australasian Performing Right Association: Best Film Score (David Hirschfelder)
Nominated:
 2001 Australian Recording Industry Association award for Best Original Soundtrack Album (David Hirschfelder)
 2001 Australian Film Institute Awards: Best Film (Bruna Papandrea, Frank Cox), Best Achievement in Direction (Jonathan Teplitzky), Best Original Screenplay (Jonathan Teplitzky), Best Performance by an Actor in a Lead Role (David Wenham), Best Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role (Susie Porter), Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role (Kris McQuade), Best Original Music Score (David Hirschfelder), Best Achievement in Production Design (Tara Kamath)
 2001 Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards: Best Actor – Male (David Wenham), Best Actor – Female (Susie Porter), Best Screenplay – Original (Jonathan Teplitzky)

Music
 "The Word" – David Hirschfelder and David Hobson
 "Open All Night" and "Mr Milk" – You Am I
 "Stay This Way" – Kylie Minogue
 "Gets Me Up" – Sneak

Box office
Better Than Sex grossed $1,266,018 at the box office in Australia.

References

External links

Better Than Sex at Oz Movies

2000 films
APRA Award winners
French romantic comedy-drama films
Australian romantic comedy-drama films
Films shot in Sydney
2000 romantic comedy-drama films
Films scored by David Hirschfelder
Fireworks Entertainment films
Samuel Goldwyn Films films
2000 comedy films
2000 drama films
Films directed by Jonathan Teplitzky
2000s English-language films
2000s Australian films
2000s French films

Better Than Sex (film)


The Ministry of Foreign Affairs () is the Azerbaijani government ministry which manages the foreign relations of Azerbaijan.  The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan was established on May 28, 1918, during the first Republic of Azerbaijan.

After Azerbaijan was occupied by the Red Army and became a part of the Soviet Union on 28 April, 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was abolished and was replaced by People's Foreign Affairs Commissariat (PFAC). The People's Foreign Affairs Commissariat, had little power because Azerbaijan was no longer independent and followed Soviet foreign policy. However, the Soviet government allowed the People's Foreign Affairs Commissariat of Azerbaijan to conduct certain ties with foreign countries.

After the Soviet Union ended and Azerbaijan gained its independence in 1991, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established, again in charge of the foreign policy of Azerbaijan.

Elmar Mammadyarov is the current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan since 2004.

Related pages
 Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan

Other websites

Azerbaijan
Politics of Azerbaijan
1918 establishments
1910s establishments in Azerbaijan

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)


Joseph Fitz Randolph (March 14, 1803 – March 20, 1873) was an American Whig Party politician who represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1837 to 1843 as part of a general ticket covering the entire state.

Early life and education
Randolph was born in New York City on March 14, 1803, and moved in his early childhood with his parents to Piscataway, New Jersey. He was educated by private tutors and in private schools, and prepared for the class of 1825 in Rutgers College, but did not enter. He studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1825 and commenced practice in Freehold Township, New Jersey as a prosecuting attorney for Monmouth County, New Jersey about 1836.

Career

U.S. Congress
Randolph was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Congresses, serving in office from March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1843. He served as chairman, Committee on Revolutionary Claims in the Twenty-sixth Congress. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1842.

Law
After leaving Congress, he  moved to New Brunswick in 1843 and resumed the practice of law. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1844, and served as a member of the committee appointed by the Governor in 1844 to revise the statutes of New Jersey.

He moved to Trenton in 1845 and was an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1845 to 1852. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in 1861 in an effort to prevent the impending war.

Death
Randolph moved to Jersey City in 1864, where he died in on March 20, 1873. He was interred in Easton Cemetery in Easton, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

Joseph Fitz Randolph from the Political Graveyard

1803 births
1873 deaths
New Jersey lawyers
Justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey
Politicians from Jersey City, New Jersey
Politicians from New Brunswick, New Jersey
People from Piscataway, New Jersey
Politicians from Trenton, New Jersey
New Jersey National Republicans
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers

Joseph Fitz Randolph


Lechler is an Italian paints and coatings manufacturer.

1858: the German origin
Lechler originated from the German company Christian Lechler und Sohn Nachfolger established in 1858 in Stuttgart by the chemist-pharmacist Christian Lechler. Christian's son, Paul Lechler, expanded the business and in 1878 sold it to his main collaborators to focus on other undertakings in the chemical field and spraying technology.
The company's longevity bears two hallmarks: continuity in the ownership succession model and management teams made up of people grown within the organisation with discontinuous presence at the helm of members of the owners' families, who were present in early years, then absent for decades to make a comeback as the company became a well-established name in the industry.

1889: opening of the Italian subsidiary
In 1889, the German company opened a subsidiary in Ponte Chiasso, Como. The Italian subsidiary was run by a German engineer, Ermanno Spindler. In the early years customers were small-sized non-specialist retailers, professional private users and businesses that employed Lechler products largely on iron and wood, e.g. coaches, railway wagons and carriages, tramway cars and furnishings.

1910: the Italian subsidiary becomes independent of the German parent
In 1910, as the German parent had decided to shut down the Italian subsidiary, three employees, Messrs. Brizzolara, La Regina and Rizzi asked a local bank Banco Edoardo Clerici, later renamed Banca Amadeo, to bring together a pool of financiers willing to invest in the business in which they too would buy a stake and also manage. The bank was quick to find enough investors interested in the venture and in February 1910 the partnership Chr. Lechler & Figlio Successori was formed in Como and it took over ownership and management of the Italian business.
Under the new management the industrialisation of the production process got started: electricity and the first machines began to be used, a specialised graduate was hired at the lab. The company's logo too was redesigned. As was the wont with other paints and coatings makers, the symbol of an animal – an eagle with spread out wings – was added to the Lechler company's name.

The 1920s: synthetic coatings
In the second half of the 1920s production gradually shifted from being almost entirely based on natural raw materials (linseed oil, natural resins and pigments obtained from metals) to increasingly using synthetic raw materials.
Largely employed to make explosives during World War I, nitrocellulose became commonplace in formulations of coatings for cars and other vehicles. Lechler was the first in Italy to develop, make and sell a product based on such a raw material, i.e. Lechleroid which dried fast, could be sprayed and came in a broad range of colours. In those same years, as the first alkyd resins became available the company developed a product line made up of coloured synthetic resin-based enamels Syntex.

The 1930s and 1940s: Onnik Manoukian
Between 1929 and 1944, the first generation of Italian Lechler partners gradually passed the baton to a new leadership team: Onnik Manoukian, a Zurich Polytechnic chemistry graduate who had joined Lechler in 1925 as Technical Director, and Aldo Bruschi, a manager hired in the same year. Onnik Manoukian was the man who drove Lechler's technology renewal for many years to come.

The years after WWII: development of the sales network
In the years after the Second World War company's growth was built on the small facilities in Ponte Chiasso, a lean internal organisation and a small network of sales agents covering the entire market. Sales were promoted and boosted by product quality itself, brand image investment was minimal. Relations with distributors and users were on a personal basis.

The 1950s and 1960s: new resins, new markets
Like in the 1920s the development of new raw materials by large chemical companies allowed paints and coatings makers to develop a whole new generation of innovative products. Thanks to novel polyurethane resins Lechler was fast to launch some products: Isofan, a name in vehicle painting, Dermophan, in leather painting, Acriplast and its derivatives for painting plastic items used in the automotive and interior design fields.

The 1970s: the start of a systemic model in product formulation and the organisation
The 1970s marked the beginning of modernisation for Lechler: the management team got renewed with the entry of the sons of the two owners (engineer Noubar Manoukian and Renato Bruschi), and the organisation and technical structures were reinforced by the hiring of numerous technical staff and some graduates. The new facilities in Como-Rebbio were a reflection and a mirror of this renewal and a true industrial landmark. The new facilities embodied the convergence of the innovative industrial engineering drive of engineer Noubar Manoukian and the architectural vision and talent rooted in Italian rationalism of architect Manouk Manoukian. The company's modernisation was accompanied and supported by the progressive introduction of information technology across the company's functions: R&D, production, finance. The rationalisation and integration of the formulation and colour inventory into a systemic platform fit for a variety of tinting equipment responded to the increasing demand for diversified product and colour ranges (Isofan, BSB, Extralucido, Isoakryl and RS systems).

The 1990s: the facilities in Foligno, water-based paints, European offices
In the 1990s a new production site was opened in Foligno, central Italy, initially for the production of home decoration and construction products and later expanded to include modern units for water-based products. In these years the company began to expand abroad: first into Europe with the opening of offices in the UK, France, Spain and Germany, then into the rest of the world with the establishment of a distributors' network. Product R&D was boosted and the company launched new environmentally friendly automotive refinish product lines (Hydrofan and Macrofan) and sophisticated multipurpose systems for industrial and decorative applications (Lechsys and DAC).

Recent years
In the 2000s (decade) the Company changed into a joint-stock company run by a strong management team that reorganised the business around four core areas: Refinish, Industry (Lechler Tech), Decorative (Chrèon), Yachting (with the acquisition of the Stoppani brand) and Habitat (with the acquisition of the IVE brand).

Since the 1990s Lechler has been working with ASI, the Historic Car and Motorcycle Club of Italy, on the research, preservation and standardisation of colour and painting cycle schemes for the restoration of vintage cars and motorcycles. These joint efforts have led to the creation of the Lechler-ASI Official Registry of Historic Motorcycle Colours, that stores information about the colours used by motorcycle manufacturers organised by make, model and year of manufacturing.
Lechler also works with artists Fabrizio Musa, Mariko Mori, Marco Della Torre and Raymundo Sesma to find paint solutions that meet their needs.

Notes

Bibliography
 Gianfranco Brenni (a cura di), Fabbriche di vernici e memorie storiche, Sviluppo chimica S.p.A., Milano 1995.
 Paul Gehring, Paul Lechler. Großkaufmann und Fabrikant, Sozialreformer, Gründer des deutschen Instituts für ärztliche Mission, 1849–1925 in Max Miller, Robert Uhland (Hg.), Schwäbische Lebensbilder, Bd. 6, Stuttgart, 1957, 401–428.
 Elke Elizabeth Hamacher, Paul Lechler und die Wohnungsfrage um 1900, Zeitschrift fur Unternehmensgeschichte, Beiheft 31, Wiesbaden, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1984.
 Akzo Lesonal 125 Jahre Lack-Ideen. 1858–1983. Fortschritt hat Tradition, Feuerbach, 1983.
 Agop Manoukian, Lechler. Storia e racconti di un marchio – Vol. 1: Vernici e Smalti dal 1858, Venezia, Oemme edizioni, 2008. .
 Agop Manoukian, Lechler. Storia e racconti di un marchio – Vol. 2: Cent'anni di Lechler italiana, Venezia, Oemme edizioni, 2010. .
 Agop Manoukian, Fabio Camozzi, Luciano Valli (a cura di), Lechler. Storia e racconti di un marchio – Vol. 3: Attraverso le immagini, Venezia, Oemme edizioni, 2010. .

External links
 Lechler S.p.A. Sito ufficiale
 Giuseppe Pagani, Banche e credito a Como tra otto e novecento: le società bancarie in accomandita semplice, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, 2005

Paint manufacturers
Chemical companies of Italy
companies based in Lombardy
Como
Italian brands
Companies established in 1858
1858 establishments in Germany

Lechler


Abd ar-Rahman V () was an Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.

In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia), two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Córdoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada (1017), and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir (1023–1024). Both were the mere puppets of factions, who deserted them at once. Abd-ar-Rahman IV was murdered the same year he was proclaimed at Cadiz, in flight from a battle in which he had been deserted by his supporters. Abd-ar-Rahman V was proclaimed caliph in December 1023 at Córdoba, and murdered in January 1024 by a mob of unemployed workmen, headed by one of his own cousins.

References

1001 births
1024 deaths
Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba
11th-century caliphs of Córdoba

Abd al-Rahman V


wowOwow was a U.S.-based website publication run by Joni Evans.

History
The website was launched by chief executive officer Joni Evans, Mary Wells Lawrence, Liz Smith, Lesley Stahl and Peggy Noonan in March 2008.

In September 2010 the project was merged into PureWow, aimed at a younger audience, and the website redirects to the newer one.

Contributors
Website contributors included Marlo Thomas, Candice Bergen, Lily Tomlin, Whoopi Goldberg, Jane Wagner, Joan Ganz Cooney, Sheila Nevins, author Julia Reed, Joan Juliet Buck, Cynthia McFadden, Jean Chatzky and "Miss Manners" Judith Martin.

Content
The website includes stories written by the wowOwow contributors, as well as wowOwow "Friends," in the "A Friend Stopped By" section of the website. Their stories vary from one or two sentences in response to the "Question of the Day" feature to several pages of commentary, diary format reporting, or transcribed conversations and interviews. News and political topics covered include the 2008 presidential election, the death of Tim Russert, and Iraq.

wowOwow "Friend" Adelle Lutz has covered the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis in East Asia from the Burma/Thailand border, wowOwow "Friend" actress Ashley Judd has contributed her diaries from Rwanda, and wowOwow "Friend" Monica Crowley has provided political opinion pieces on such topics as oil prices and Saudi Arabian leadership.

Notes

External links

2008 establishments in New York (state)
Online magazines published in the United States
Internet properties established in 2008
American women's websites

WowOwow


Clock is a 2023 American science fiction horror film written and directed by Alexis Jacknow in her feature-length debut, based on her 2020 short film of the same name. The film stars Dianna Agron. It was released on Hulu in the United States on April 28, 2023, and on Disney+ internationally.

Plot

Ella is 37 and uninterested in having kids despite pressure from her friends and family. Her father, the grandchild of Holocaust survivors, urges her to reconsider. Her husband Aiden suggests that she visit a doctor, Dr. Webber, for breast cancer screening. At the doctor's, Ella explains her trepidations about childbirth and her wish that her biological clock would kick in. Dr. Webber says Ella's clock might be broken, then suggests an experimental treatment. Ella leaves to enroll in the study under the guise of working on an important work project, which she backs out of by phone. She meets Dr. Elizabeth Simmons, who claims that she can fix Ella's clock with an implant and hormones. Ella begins taking the prescribed pills.

During a Rorschach test, Ella hallucinates a very tall woman, a family of dead bugs, and a grandfather clock. Dr. Simmons suggests that the clock represents Ella's fear of ending her family line and that she's ready for the next step in the treatment. In a sensory deprivation chamber designed to make her face her fears, Ella sees herself with a baby swinging from between her legs like a pendulum, as well as terrifying scenes of childbirth. She screams to be let out. When the chamber opens, she sees the tall woman standing at her tank, runs, but slips and hits her head. She passes out. When Ella awakes, Dr. Simmons tells her that a strong reaction to the treatment is a good sign. Ella watches the surveillance footage and sees that the person standing outside the tank was the attendant. Ella agrees to the last procedure, the insertion of the implant, and returns home.

Ella and Aiden attend a party at her pregnant friend Shauna's house. Ella hallucinates a spider again and attempts to smash Shauna's belly with a heavy book, but Aiden stops her. Shauna is unsettled, though still wants her to design her nursery.  The side effects continue; Ella loses her colour vision, hears the tickings of a grandfather clock, and sees normal people as the tall woman. She keeps this from Dr. Simmons to avoid being pulled from the study. As she has an episode in Shauna's nursery, Shauna walks in and discovers that Ella has been "decorating" the room with horrors, painting the tall woman and other objects of her hallucinations and nailing jagged pieces of wood on the wall. The friends argue, and Shauna's water breaks. Ella smears the amniotic fluid on her own face and is thrown out of the house by Shauna's wife.

Ella is summoned to her dad's, as he has fallen and broken his arm. As he speaks, the ticking of the grandfather clock behind him grows louder. Ella grabs tools from the cupboards and attacks the clock amidst her father's protests. She tears it apart piece by piece, reveling in its destruction.  Aiden finds Ella sitting at home in shock, with cuts on her hands. She explains what happened, and he consoles her. As he cleans her wounds, she tells him she's ready for a baby. They have sex and are immediately interrupted when the implant cuts Aiden's genitals. He asks her to grab gauze from his bag. Ella sees the treatment facility logo on the bag and confronts him. Aiden admits he met Dr. Simmons at a trade show and plotted to have Dr. Webber suggest the study to Ella. In a rage, Ella aggravates his injury and leaves.

Ella drives to the facility and confronts Dr. Simmons before other participants. They argue, and Ella asks for the implant to be removed. Dr. Simmons refuses. Ella begins to remove it with pliers and is stopped by the tall woman. When Ella knocks her down, the tall woman turns into Dr. Simmons. Ella rips the implant out of herself and is able to see colors again. Several police cars arrive; Ella flees by car. Stopped near the edge of a cliff, Ella answers a call from Aiden. He tells her that he called the cops after seeing what she did to her father. Ella is bewildered, then realises the clock she tore apart was actually her father. She leaves the car in despair and is handcuffed by the cops. She runs for and jumps off the edge of the cliff.  Ella lies at the bottom of the cliff, by the edge of the water, with no visible injuries. She watches a strange fish-like creature crawl out of the water towards her.

Cast
 Dianna Agron as Ella
 Melora Hardin as Dr. Elizabeth Simmons
 Jay Ali as Aidan
 Grace Porter as Shauna
 Saul Rubinek as Joseph
 Stefan Sims as Harvey

Production
The film originated with a short film by Jacknow of the same name, with the feature length version commissioned in 2020 by 20th Digital Studio. The film has Leal Naim as producer with Alex Hansen co-producing. David Worthen Brooks, Arbi Pedrossian, and Jenna Cavelle are executive producers. According to Jacknow, the horror genre allowed her to get the film made: "It's just a really great genre for getting out message-based material. I got to talk about female body autonomy in a movie that's going to be on Hulu because it's a horror film." Dianna Agron was cast in the lead role.

Release
Clock had its world premiere at the Overlook Film Festival in New Orleans on March 31, 2023. The film was released on April 28, 2023 on Hulu in the United States, and on Disney+ internationally.

Reception

James Croot of Stuff called Clock one of the most "disturbing, thought-provoking horrors conceived in a long time," complimented the film's approach on human nature, and praised the performance of Dianna Agron. Haleigh Foutch of Collider included Clock in their "Best Horror Movies on Hulu Right Now" list, describing it as a "meditation on the pressures women face around reproduction," saying, "The film has a lot to say about its themes and perfectly uses the thriller medium to manifest and physicalize the internal struggles that aging women deal with on a daily basis." Mary Beth McAndrews of Dread Central gave the film a grade of 3 out of 5 stars, writing, "Despite some third-act stumbles, Clock is a shocking experience supported by stunning performances from Dianna Agron and Melora Hardin."

References

External links

2023 films
2023 science fiction horror films
2020s American films
2020s English-language films
2020s pregnancy films
20th Digital Studio films
American pregnancy films
American science fiction horror films
Features based on short films
Hulu original films

Clock (film)


HSBC Bank (Panama) S.A. was a subsidiary of HSBC Holdings plc headquartered in Panama City, Panama. The bank provides Personal banking, Corporate banking and Treasury services to Panama. In 2013 Bancolombia Group acquired HSBC Panama and renamed it as Banistmo.

History
The HSBC Group operated in Panama since 1972, when The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation opened the representative office in Panama City that year. Approval to operate as a licensed banking institution in Panama City was granted in 1973 and in the Colón Free Trade Zone in 1993.

HSBC Bank (Panama) was incorporated on 1999, consistent with the HSBC Group's strategy of creating the global brand, HSBC. In 2000, HSBC acquired the banking operations of Chase Manhattan Bank in Panama. In 2005, HSBC acquired the group of companies trading under the brand name Financomer, which entered the personal lending market in Panama in 1986.

In November 2006, HSBC acquired Grupo Banistmo, the leading banking group in Central America and gave HSBC access to new markets, with offices in Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. The merger of HSBC Bank (Panama) and Grupo Banistmo was successfully completed in 2007. But the subsidiary of Grupo Banistmo, Primer Banco del Istmo, was retained until it merged into HSBC Bank (Panama) in 2009.

Central America banking

Costa Rica
Banco HSBC (Costa Rica) S.A. operates around 40 branches throughout the major cities. HSBC entered Costa Rica in the summer of 2007; it was introduced under the promotional campaign "HSBC is the new name of BANEX". HSBC acquired Banex and has assumed operations in all of its branches. Banco Nacional de Costa Rica (BNCR) and BAC San Jose (Grupo BAC) is HSBC's largest competitor in the market.

Colombia
HSBC Colombia S.A. acquired as part of the purchase of Grupo Banistmo SA in 2006.

See also

Primer Banco del Istmo

External links
 HSBC Bank (Panama) website
HSBC Panama was sold to Bancolombia and operated under the name "Banistmo"
List of Banks in Panama

Banks of Panama
Panama
Companies based in Panama City

HSBC Bank Panama


Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy, ostensibly making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution.

Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or sortition (at the Greco-Roman time, sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic of classical democracy).

The concept of a mixed government was studied during the Renaissance and the Age of Reason by Niccolò Machiavelli, Giambattista Vico, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes and others. It was and still is a very important theory among supporters of republicanism. Various schools have described modern polities, such as the European Union and the United States, as possessing mixed constitutions.

Ancient Greek philosophers
Plato in his book The Republic divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"):
democracy: government by the many
oligarchy: government by the few
timocracy: government by the honored or valued
tyranny: government by one for himself
aristocracy: government by the best (Plato's ideal form of government)

Plato found flaws with all existing forms of government and thus concluded that aristocracy, which emphasizes virtue and wisdom, is the purest form of government. Aristotle largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his Politics three types (excluding timocracy) are discussed in detail. Aristotle considers constitutional government (a combination of oligarchy and democracy under law) the ideal form of government, but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an abrupt and chaotic process known as the kyklos or anacyclosis. In his Politics, he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government. One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government.

Polybius argued that most states have a government system that is composed of "more than one" of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.

Roman Era

The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by Polybius, who saw the Roman Republic as a manifestation of Aristotle's theory (Millar, 2002). Monarchy was embodied by the consuls, the aristocracy by the Senate and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the assemblies. Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity.  Polybius was very influential and his ideas were embraced by Cicero (Millar, 2002).

Middle Ages
St. Thomas Aquinas argued in his letter On Kingship that a monarchy, with some limitations set by an aristocracy and democratic elements, was the best and most just form of government. He also emphasized the monarch's duty to uphold the divine and natural law and abide by limitations imposed on the monarch by custom and existing law.

Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment
Cicero became extremely well regarded during the Renaissance and many of his ideas were embraced. Polybius was also rediscovered and the positive view of mixed governments became a central aspect of Renaissance political science integrated into the developing notion of republicanism. In order to minimise the misuse of political power, John Calvin advocated a mixture of aristocracy and democracy as the best form of government. He praised the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its overlords and magistrates". To further safeguard the rights and liberties of those who are ordinary, Calvin also favored the distribution of power to several political institutions (separation of powers). Mixed government theories became extremely popular in the Enlightenment and were discussed in detail by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. Apart from his contemporaries, only Montesquieu became widely acknowledged as the author of a concept of separation of powers (although he wrote rather on their "distribution").

According to some scholars, for example, Heinrich August Winkler, the notion also influenced the writers of the United States Constitution who based the idea of checks and balances, in part, upon the ancient theory. The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the 19th century. This political system had its roots in two closely related developments in seventeenth-century England. First, a series of political upheavals—the Civil War (Puritan Revolution), the exclusion crisis of 1679–1681, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Second, an intense public debate about the best, most liberal and most stable form of government. Its main participants were John Milton, John Locke, Algernon Sidney and James Harrington. Their thinking became the basis of the radical Whig ideology. It "described two sorts of threats to political freedom: a general decay of the people which would invite the intrusion of evil and despotic rulers, and the encroachment of executive authority upon the legislature, the attempt that power always made to subdue the liberty protected by mixed government. The American Revolution revealed that this radical Whig understanding of politics had embedded itself deeply in American minds. [...] Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestant culture that had always verged on Puritanism. That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin". 18th-century Whigs, or commonwealthmen, such as John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon and Benjamin Hoadly "praised the mixed constitution of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and they attributed English liberty to it; and like Locke they postulated a state of nature from which rights arose which the civil polity, created by mutual consent, guaranteed; they argued that a contract formed government and sovereignty resided in the people". So mixed government is the core of both the British form of modern-era democracy, constitutional monarchy, and the American model: republicanism.

The "father" of the American constitution, James Madison, stated in Federalist Paper No. 40 that the Constitutional Convention of 1787 created a mixed constitution. Madison referred to Polybius in Federalist Paper No. 63. However, much more important was that "most" ideas that the American Revolutionaries put into their political system "were a part of the great tradition of the eighteenth-century commonwealthmen, the radical Whig ideology".

Modern era

United States
One school of scholarship based mainly in the United States considers mixed government to be the central characteristic of a republic and holds that the United States has rule by the one (the President; monarchy), the few (the Senate; aristocracy), and the many (House of Representatives; democracy). Another school of thought in the U.S. says the Supreme Court has taken on the role of "The Best" in recent decades, ensuring a continuing separation of authority by offsetting the direct election of senators and preserving the mixing of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy.

European Union
According to a view, in the European Union context the Commission President represents the rule by the one while the Commission represents the aristocratic dimension and the Parliament represents the democratic dimension.

See also
Anacyclosis
Constitutionalism
Constitutional economics
Crowned republic
Fusion of powers
Rule according to higher law
Plato's Republic
Aristotle's Politics
Separation of powers

References

External links
Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers
De Republica Anglorum, Sir Thomas Smyth's description of the English Constitution under Queen Elizabeth I

Constitutional law

Mixed government


Hurricane Mitch was the most powerful storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Mitch was one of the most powerful storm ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. Mitch was the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane because it killed 11,000-18,000 in Central America and Mexico, it is second only to the Great Hurricane of 1780. Mitch also caused over $5 billion in damage. Because the damage and deaths were very high, the name Mitch was retired and will never be used for a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean again. It was in 1998 and hit Florida, Central America,  and the Yucatán Peninsula.

Meteorologic history

On October 10 a tropical wave moved off of Africa. It stayed as a tropical wave because the conditions in Atlantic wasn't good enough for it to become a tropical depression or tropical storm. The tropical wave became Tropical Depression Thirteen on October 22, because conditions became better. On October 23 Tropical Depression Thirteen strengthened and became Tropical Storm Mitch. Tropical Storm Mitch made a small loop after becoming a tropical storm and then turned north.

Tropical Storm Mitch strengthened and became Hurricane Mitch on October 24. Hurricane Mitch then turned west. Mitch strengthened very fast and on October 26 Mitch reached its top winds. Its top winds were are 180 mph making it a category 5. Mitch stayed as a category 5 turned south.

Mitch started weakening on October 27 and by October 29 Mitch was only a category 1. On October 29 Hurricane Mitch made landfall in Honduras, with the winds at 80 mph. Mitch quickly weakened into a tropical storm. Tropical Storm Mitch moved very slowly and almost froze over Honduras. Tropical Storm Mitch weakened into a tropical depression as it entered Guatemala.

As Tropical Depression Mitch entered Mexico it became a remnant low and was not a tropical depression anymore. The remains entered the Bay of Campeche and became Tropical Storm Mitch again on November 3. Mitch moved northeast and made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula. Mitch weakened into a tropical depression over the Yucatán Peninsula. Once Tropical Depression Mitch reached the Gulf of Mexico it became Tropical Storm Mitch. Tropical Storm Mitch continued northeast and made landfall in Naples, Florida on November 5 as a tropical storm with the winds at 65 mph.

After Tropical Storm Mitch crossed Florida it became extratropical and was no longer a tropical storm. The remains were last seen on November 9 north of Great Britain.

Impact

Many countries of the in Central American Region had record amounts of rainfall.

Honduras
The worst affects from the hurricane were seen in Honduras, where Mitch caused 7,000 deaths and $3.8 billion in damage. In Honduras rainfall could have been up to 75 inches. Crops in Honduras were impacted very badly, Mitch destroyed, 58% of the corn output, 24% of sorghum, 14% of rice, and 6% of the bean crop. Mitch also destroyed 85% of banana, 60% of sugar cane, 29% of melons, 28% of African palms, and 18% of coffee. Just the crop damage from Hurricane Mitch in Honduras was at $900 million.

Nicaragua
Also in Nicaragua rainfall may have been up to 50 inches. The rains stopped a volcano in Nicaragua, instead the volcano caused a mudslide. The mudslide covered an area 10 miles long and 5 miles wide. Hurricane Mitch left between 500,000 and 800,000 people homeless. Damaged in Nicaragua totaled to $1 billion and at least 3,800 were killed in Nicaragua.

Florida
In the U.S. only Florida was affected. In Florida, Mitch destroyed buildings in the Keys that were damaged by Hurricane Georges. Mitch killed 2 people and left $40 million in damage.

Other places
Hurricane Mitch caused rain all the way down to Panama, where the hurricane killed 3 people.  Offshore in the Caribbean Sea the hurricane sunk a boat causing 31 people to drown. In Costa Rica Hurricane Mitch caused about 4,000 people to become homeless. Hurricane Mitch caused mudslides that affected nearly 800 miles of road. Hurricane Mitch left $92 million  in damage and killed 7 people.  In El Salvador the flooding from Mitch destroyed 37% of the bean production, 19% of the corn production, and 20% losses in sugar canes. Hurricane Mitch also killed 10,000 cattle. In El Salvador the damage from Mitch was at $400 million and 240 people were killed.  In Guatemala Hurricane Mitch caused 6,000 houses to be destroyed and damaged 20,000 others. Damage just the banana and coffee exports were at $325 million. Mitch caused a plane to crash leaving 11 people to get killed indirectly, Mitch also caused 268 people to get killed directly. Damages left from Mitch in Guatemala was at $748 million.  In Belize Mitch caused some crop damage and damage many roads. Damage in Belize was not as bad as it could have been. Mitch killed 11 in Belize, but no one knows the damage it caused.
Hurricane Mitch caused waves about 7 feet in Jamaica. Mitch killed about 3 people, but no one knows the damage. Also, a house in Spanish Town was destroyed.

Retirement

Because of the deaths and damage the name Mitch was removed and retired. Meaning, the name will not be used again to name a storm in the Atlantic Ocean. In 2004 the name Matthew was used instead. The name Matthew will be used again in 2010 because it was not retired.

References

1998 in Florida
1990s in Mexico
Deadly storms
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in Mexico
Hurricanes in the United States
History of Belize
20th century in Costa Rica
History of El Salvador
History of Honduras
20th century in Jamaica
20th century in Nicaragua
20th century in Panama
Retired tropical cyclone names
1990s in weather

Hurricane Mitch


A Tuna Christmas is the second in a series of comedic plays (preceded by Greater Tuna and followed by Red, White and Tuna and Tuna Does Vegas), each set in the fictional town of Tuna, Texas, the "third-smallest" town in the state.  The trilogy was written by Jaston Williams, Joe Sears, and Ed Howard.  The plays are at once an affectionate comment on small-town, Southern life and attitudes but also a withering satire of same.  The plays are notable in that two men play the entire cast of over twenty eccentric characters of multiple genders and various ages.  The first play, Greater Tuna, debuted in 1981 in Austin; A Tuna Christmas debuted in 1989 with touring ending in 2012 after Sears' retirement from the troupe.

Williams and Sears regularly toured the country to perform all four plays, with Howard directing.  Sears and Williams did command performances of both Greater Tuna and A Tuna Christmas at the White House for President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush.

A videotaped performance of A Tuna Christmas is available on VHS and DVD.

The play continues to be regularly performed across the country to positive reviews.

Cast of characters

Performed by Williams:

Arles Struvie - A disc jockey at radio station OKKK.
Didi Snavely - Owner of Didi's Used Weapons ("If we can't kill it, it's immortal")
Petey Fisk - Employee of the Greater Tuna Humane Society
Jody Bumiller - Youngest child of Bertha Bumiller
Stanley Bumiller - Aspiring taxidermist, fresh from reform school; twin to Charlene
Charlene Bumiller - Daughter of Bertha Bumiller and sister to Stanley and Jody; infatuated with Joe Bob Lipsey. As seen with Bertha Bumiller (Sears) at the Kennedy Center]
Vera Carp - Town snob and acting leader of the Smut-Snatchers of the New Order ("until the Rev. Spikes gets out of prison")
Dixie Deberry - Controller of the Tuna Electric Company
Helen Bedd - A waitress at the Tasty-Creme As seen with Inita Goodwin (Sears) at the Kennedy Center]
Farley Burkhalter - A "little person" and a patron of the Tasty-Creme
Garland Poteet- A soda distributor and one of Inita's many boyfriends

Performed by Sears:

Thurston Wheelis - A disc jockey at radio station OKKK
Elmer Watkins - The victim of a tragic flameshooter incident, Elmer was left with no eyebrows.
Bertha Bumiller - Housewife and mother to Jody, Stanley, and Charlene; member of the Smut Snatchers of the New Order ("Censorship is as American as apple pie, so shut up!")
Leonard Childers - Entrepreneur and radio personality on OKKK
R.R. Snavely - UFOlogist and husband to Didi
Pearl Burras - Aunt to Bertha, former riveter in Houston during World War II (the Japanese "never sank one of [her] ships!")
Sheriff Givens - Called "Rubber Sheets" due to his having wet the bed at church camp
Ike Thompson- a slow-witted highway worker
Inita Goodwin - A waitress at the Tasty-Creme
Phoebe Burkhalter- Presumably Farley's significant other, Phoebe is voiced by Sears but onstage is a wig behind a window manipulated by a stagehand
Joe Bob Lipsey - the "not-the-marrying-kind" director of the Tuna Little Theater's "troubled production" of A Christmas Carol

Plot

The plot of A Tuna Christmas centers on the town's annual Christmas Yard Display Contest, won 14 times in a row by Vera Carp.  A mysterious "Christmas Phantom", known for vandalizing the yard displays, threatens to throw the contest into turmoil.  Among the subplots are Stanley Bumiller's attempts to end his probation and leave Tuna, Bertha Bumiller's trying to hold her family together at Christmas time, and Joe Bob Lipsey's struggle to mount successfully his production of A Christmas Carol despite numerous vexations and obstacles.

Honors for A Tuna Christmas

Nominee, Outstanding Non-Resident Production, Helen Hayes Awards Non-Resident Production, 1990

Joe Sears:

Nominee, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Touring Production, Helen Hayes Awards Non-Resident Acting, 1990, 1998
Best Actor, Los Angeles Dramalogue Award, 1993.
Nominee, Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play, 1995.

Jaston Williams:

Nominee, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Non-Resident Production, Helen Hayes Awards Non-Resident Acting, 1990, 1998
L.A. Dramalogue Award

References

External links
 Official Web Site

 A Secret History of Tuna
 Interview with Jaston Williams, June 18, 1995. University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

American plays
1989 plays
Christmas plays
Plays set in Texas

A Tuna Christmas


The Song of Roland () is an epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major piece of French literature. It exists in different manuscript versions which shows its great popularity in from the 12th to 14th centuries.

The date of poem is somewhere between 1040 and 1115. An early version began around 1040. Additions and changes were made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. These are further divided into 298 poetic units called laisses. It was written to be performed, possibly to music. The author of the poem is unknown.

The epic poem is the oldest example of the chanson de geste. This was a literary form popular between the 11th and 15th centuries. It was all about legendary deeds and heroes.

Historical event
The poem is about an actual historical event that happened centuries earlier. In 778 Charlemagne invaded Spain. On his way through the Pyrenees he looted and plundered Basque lands. He found little resistance in Spain until he reached the city of Zaragoza. Charlemagne demanded they surrender. The city governor, Hussain Ibn al-Ansari, refused. Charlemagne then laid siege to the city but with little success. Finally the governor paid Charlemagne a large amount of gold in return for Charlemagne's army leaving the area. Charlemagne had a pending Saxon revolt at home so he needed little persuasion to leave.

As Charlemagne marched north back to France he again passed through Basque territory. His large army was deep in the Pyrenees in a long column on August 15, 778. His rearguard was commanded by Roland, one of Charlemagne's most trusted leaders. The rearguard was attacked starting the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Basques using their knowledge of the terrain were able to overcome the Frankish rearguard. But their job was to protect the main army so they fought to the last man. The Basques plundered the baggage trains and captured the gold Charlemagne was paid at Zaragoza. Before the Frankish army could turn to fight the Basques, they had gone. Roland and his men died as heroes.

Main characters in the poem
Baligant
Blancandrin
Bramimonde
Charlemagne
Ganelon
King Marsile
Naimon
Oliver
Roland
Turpin

References

Other websites
Song of Roland

Epic poems
11th-century works

The Song of Roland


Milton County, Georgia was a county in the U.S. state of Georgia that existed between 1857 and 1931. The county's capital was Alpharetta. In 1931, Milton County was merged with Fulton County in order to save it from bankruptcy during the Great Depression. Campbell County, located 50 miles to the south, suffered the same fate.

During the 2000s, residents of northern Fulton county expressed their desire to recreate Milton County, out of both economical and social reasons. A bill was brought to the Georgia state legislature, however it was rejected because Georgia's constitution prohibits the creation of more than 159 counties in the state.

1857 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia (U.S. state) counties

Milton County, Georgia


The Gen. Alexander Campbell House is a historic house on United States Route 1 in Cherryfield, Maine.  Built in 1790, the originally Federal-style house underwent a number of alterations in 19th century, and now has a somewhat Victorian appearance.  The house is notable for being built by Alexander Campbell, a leading figure of Down East Maine during the American Revolutionary War and the subsequent decades.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and is a contributing element of the Cherryfield Historic District.

Description and history
The General Alexander Campbell House is located on the north side of United States Route 1, near the eastern end of the village of Cherryfield, atop the village's highest point.  It is an L-shaped two story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, twin interior chimneys, and clapboard siding.  Its main entrance is centered in the southern (street-facing) facade, framed by pilasters and a gabled pediment.  It is flanked on either side by Italianate polygonal window bays; the upper story of the facade has five sash windows.  The western facade, the long portion of the L, has a porch extending along much of its length, with square posts, carved brackets, and a jigsawn balustrade.

Alexander Campbell was born in Georgetown, Maine in 1731, and was involved in military affairs during the French and Indian War, serving in the local militia during the siege of Quebec in 1759.  Sometime after 1768, he moved to Cherryfield, where he established a successful lumber mill.  During the American Revolutionary War he was again active in the local militia, serving in the defense of Machias in the 1777 Battle of Machias and in the 1779 Penobscot Expedition.  He was also politically active, reporting to the Massachusetts legislature (Maine then being a part of that state) on the state of affairs in eastern Maine.  He built this fine Federal period house in 1790, and died in 1807.  His descendants were responsible for the later Victorian alterations.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Maine

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Houses completed in 1790
Houses in Washington County, Maine
Cherryfield, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Maine
Historic district contributing properties in Maine

Gen. Alexander Campbell House


Pottery is the ceramic material which makes up potteryware. Major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery (plural "potteries"). Pottery also refers to the art or craft of a potter or the making of pottery. A dictionary definition is simply clay fired in a kiln.

Pottery objects are made from damp clay mixed with other materials. They are then fired in a special oven called a kiln at high temperatures. Firing makes the clay hard. The potter may then apply a glaze to the surface before firing the object again. The fired glaze makes the surface of the pottery shiny, decorative and water-tight.

Some potters make objects which are not useful and are really artistic objects or sculpture. Bare pottery objects without a glaze are called bisque or just earthenware. The finest pottery objects, made of porcelain or bone china are quite strong, yet are translucent.

History of pottery
Pottery originated before the Neolithic period. The earliest example we have is from eastern Europe, dating to 25,000 years ago or earlier. It is a female figurine known as the Venus of Dolní Věstonice, from a palaeolithic site in Moravia, Czech Republic. It may have been made as part of a fertility ritual. There are some similar figures from other nearby sites.

Since the invention of agriculture, and the building of cities, containers for food and drink have been found at almost all archaeological sites.

The Potteries
This means the area of Stoke-on-Trent in England, sometimes called the Staffordshire potteries. There were six towns, Tunstall, Burslem, Hanley, Stoke-upon-Trent, Fenton and Longton, which now make up Stoke-on-Trent.

The area was the centre of the English pottery industry. The area had local supplies of clay, salt, lead and coal. Canals were used to transport the product inland. It was a large exporter of pottery for about 200 years: roughly from 1760 to about 1960. Plastic crockery after World War II and cheap ceramic production in China largely destroyed the Stoke pottery industry.

References

 *

Pottery


Pozo may refer to:

People
 Alejandro Pozo (born 1999), Spanish footballer
 Angelica Pozo, American clay artist
 Arnulfo Pozo (born 1945), Ecuadorian cyclist
 Arquimedez Pozo (born 1973), Dominican baseball player
 Chano Pozo (1915–1948), Cuban jazz musician
 Chino Pozo (1915–1980), Cuban drummer
 Diego Pozo (born 1978), Argentine footballer
 Hipólito Pozo (born 1941), Ecuadorian cyclist
 Iván Pozo (born 1978), Spanish boxer
 José Ángel Pozo (born 1996), Spanish footballer
 Juan Carlos Pozo (born 1981), Spanish footballer
 Luz Pozo Garza (1922-2020), Spanish poet
 Mauricio Pozo (disambiguation)
 Octavio Pozo (born 1983), Chilean footballer
 Pablo Pozo (born 1973), Chilean football referee
 Pedro Pozo (fl. 1810), Spanish painter
 Rubén Pozo (born 1975), Spanish musician
 Yohel Pozo (born 1997), Venezuelan baseball player

Places
 Pozo, California, an unincorporated community in San Luis Obispo County
 Pozo Izquierdo, a small town on the island of Gran Canaria
 El Pozo, Sinaloa, Mexico
 El Pozo railway station, Madrid, Spain

Other uses
 Craugastor pozo, a frog of family Craugastoridae
 Pozo language

See also

Pozo


Charles Lyell, 3rd Baron Lyell, DL (27 March 1939 – 11 January 2017) was a British politician and Conservative member of the House of Lords.

Lord Lyell was the son of Charles Lyell, 2nd Baron Lyell and Sophie Mary Trafford (1916–2012).

He succeeded to the peerage in 1943 at the age of 4 when his father was killed in action during the Second World War and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. On the formation of a Conservative government after the 1979 general election, Lord Lyell was made a House of Lords whip, serving until 1984. He was then moved to the Northern Ireland Office as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State where he remained until he left the government in 1989.

With the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, Lord Lyell along with almost all other hereditary peers lost his automatic right to sit in the House of Lords. He was however elected as one of the 92 elected hereditary peers to remain in the House of Lords pending completion of House of Lords reform.

He was a supporter of Everton Football Club and a shareholder. He said
"I have been a great supporter, all round the world, of Everton Football Club. I am 200 miles from there now and 300 miles away when I am in Scotland. But thanks to the BBC World Service, when I have been in, for example, Seattle or elsewhere around the world, great happiness, or perhaps sometimes sadness, has been caused by Everton's results. I declare an interest also in that I am a shareholder."
However, his true football love was Forfar Athletic F.C. He was Honorary Patron of the Angus League Two side and had been a supporter since a young age. He was a regular visitor to Station Park, always sponsoring the last home game of the season.

He died on 11 January 2017. At that time, he was the third longest serving member of the House of Lords, after Lord Carrington and Lord Denham. The barony became extinct on his death.

References

Ministerial posts

External links
The Telegraph obituary

Lyell, Charles
Lyell, Charles
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Lyell, Charles Lyell, 3rd Baron
Lyell, Charles
Deputy Lieutenants of Angus
Schuyler family
Van Cortlandt family
English people of Dutch descent
Northern Ireland Office junior ministers
Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999

Charles Lyell, 3rd Baron Lyell


Roger Åkerström (born 5 April 1967) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey player, currently employed as an assistant coach with Luleå HF of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL, formerly named Elitserien).

Playing career
Born in Överkalix, Norrbotten, Åkerström grew up in Luleå. He was drafted in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft in the ninth round as 170th overall by the Vancouver Canucks, but he never played a single National Hockey League (NHL) game. Åkerström played for Luleå HF in 19 of his professional seasons and won the Swedish Championship with the team in 1996, scoring the Championship-clinching goal.

Åkerström is perhaps best known for being a former record holder as the player with the most Elitserien games—regulation and playoff games included—with 911 games, 792 of these with Luleå HF. This record, however, was beaten on 22 September 2011 when Linköpings HC forward Mikael Håkanson played his 912th Elitserien game.

Apart from Luleå HF, Åkerström also played three seasons for Västerås IK in the same league. He also spent one season in Italy, with the Bolzano-Bozen Foxes of the Serie A league. Internationally, Åkerström participated at the 1993 and 1994 World Ice Hockey Championships as a member of Sweden's national team, winning silver and bronze medals. He retired from ice hockey as a player after the 2006–07 season, which he played with Luleå HF.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Bolzano HC players
Luleå HF players
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
VIK Västerås HK players
Ice hockey people from Luleå
Swedish expatriate ice hockey people
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate ice hockey players in Italy

Roger Åkerström


Robert J. Bennett (June 27, 1938 – January 18, 2013), better known as Bobby Bennett, was an American singer, songwriter, choreographer, comedian, and musician, noted for being a member of the vocal group The Famous Flames from 1958 to 1968. During his time in the group, he served as a singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, comedian, emcee and dancer in the James Brown Revue. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Famous Flames in 2012.

Biography

Early life and career
Bobby Bennett was born Robert J. Bennett on June 27, 1938 in Burlington, North Carolina. The son of Robert and Inez Bennett, he was raised in Burlington's Rauhut Street in Alamance County, where it was called "Glencoe Road", and graduated from Jordan Sellars High School in 1957. According to his wife, Sandra, Bennett sang with the gospel group, the Harmonizing Five and traveled with them locally and to many East Coast and southern states from Maryland, DC and Virginia all the way to Florida. Following graduation, Bennett received a four-year sports scholarship to attend A&T University in Greensboro. During his time in college, Bennett majored in Agricultural Studies.

In the spring of 1958, Bennett left college for a summer break, finding work in New Jersey to earn funds for the following school year. Following this, he visited New York to see his old friend, J. C. Davis whose band, The Bucket-Heads, was playing for James Brown and The Famous Flames at the Rocklin Place in New York City as Davis had become Brown's first bandleader. Bennett and Davis were school buddies who did shows together while attending high school. Bennett eventually became Davis' valet.

The Famous Flames

While attending the performance, Bennett found out from Davis that one of the Famous Flames, Robert Gram, was leaving the show to get married and wasn't going to return. Davis insisted that Bennett should try out for the position because Davis felt that Bennett had the voice and talent. Auditions started at the Teresa Hotel in New York City. Bennett beat out twenty other hopefuls to get the position and became a full-fledged member of the Famous Flames in 1958, causing Bennett to permanently drop out of college. During the time Bennett joined, James Brown had not yet established himself as a dominant force in music and was himself considered still just a member of the Famous Flames. Brown's manager, Ben Bart, had caused a rift in the original lineup of the group after suggesting the group perform under the "James Brown and The Famous Flames" billing following the success of their first hit, "Please, Please, Please". When Bennett joined, the Famous Flames consisted of Brown, "Baby Lloyd" Stallworth and Johnny Terry.

Contrary to popular belief, The Famous Flames were not backup musicians.They were a singing group.

Founder Bobby Byrd, who had left in May 1957, wasn't a member at the time Bennett joined. Byrd's departure caused Brown to take control of the group, with the help of Ben Bart. Byrd would occasionally show up to mentor the act. Under Brown's insistence, Byrd rejoined the group as a member just before they were set to open for Little Willie John at their first appearance at The Apollo Theater on April 24, 1959. One of Bennett's first recordings as a Famous Flames member was with the song, "Good, Good Lovin'", which became a regional hit. Between 1960 and 1964, Bennett would participate in several hit recordings with the Flames including "Think", "Bewildered", "I Don't Mind", "Shout and Shimmy", "I'll Go Crazy", "Oh Baby Don't You Weep", "This Old Heart" and others.
Despite the frequently incorrect crediting of James Brown as the sole artist on these songs, they were recorded and made hits by the entire group, "James Brown and The Famous Flames". Bennett, along with the other Famous Flames, also wrote or co-wrote several songs with the group. By the early 1960s, the Famous Flames had established themselves as the top-ranked R&B group of the time, both on record and on tour.

Following their success, it was suggested that the group record a live album. The group's explosive, high energy live performances across America rarely failed in bringing audiences to states of frenzy. Their tight harmonies and explosive dance routines increased their popularity as they performed in venues such as The Regal Theater in Chicago, The Royal Theatre in Baltimore, the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, the Howard Theatre in Washington, D.C. and the Apollo in New York City. Despite King Records president Syd Nathan's protests that live albums didn't sell, Brown financed his own money to release the Live at the Apollo album in 1963, which eventually reached # 2 on the Billboard Pop Album Chart, and sold over a million copies, a feat unprecedented for a R&B album at that time. Like most of the material featuring the Famous Flames, they weren't credited with Brown on this album,(but they were included in the album's intro by Fats Gonder), though later reissues in the CD era would credit the group alongside Brown later on.  The group started experiencing mainstream success following the Apollo album and by 1965 had appeared in TV shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show, the Dick Clark-hosted shows, American Bandstand and Where the Action Is and other shows, both nationally and regionally. The group also began touring globally, performing in venues such as The Olympia in Paris, Royal Albert Hall in London and also appeared on the UK music show, Ready Steady Go! The group's popularity had become so massive that Bennett later said they couldn't leave their hotels to go sightseeing because "we were getting mobbed by people."

The group also appeared in two Hollywood motion pictures, The T.A.M.I. Show, which was a 1964
All-Star concert film, taped at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium on October 28 and 29, 1964 in which the group upstaged headliners The Rolling Stones; and 1965's Ski Party, a Frankie Avalon vehicle in which James Brown and The Flames were humorously cast as the "white bread" resort's all-black ski patrol. Both features were filmed by American International Pictures . Bennett contributed along with James and the other Flames on more hit live albums including the Billboard Top 10 Pop hit album Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal, where Bennett was responsible for the group's comedic stage routines, and James Brown and the Famous Flames Live at the Garden, though the actual show was at Cherry Hill's Latin Casino. Bennett also contributed to studio albums such as Think! and Showtime. The group's last studio recording with Brown was "Maybe the Last Time", released as the b-side to Brown's rock'n'roll hit, "Out of Sight" in 1964. In addition to recording for King Records, Bennett (and fellow Famous Flame "Baby Lloyd" Stallworth) also recorded several solo James Brown-produced singles for other labels, including the now defunct Loma Records, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records, where he recorded "Soul Jerk Pts. 1 & 2", under the billing, Bobby Bennett & The Dynamics.

As the group's fortunes increased, however, James Brown began to think in terms of solo success, apart from the Flames, helping to bring dissension within the group, which Bennett confirmed in an interview with the Cleveland Plain Dealer in 2012. Bennett noted the change, stating, "in the beginning, we all rode around in a station wagon, with each of us taking turns doing the driving." As the success grew, their mode of transportation changed. While some of the members had moved up to bus, Brown rode around in either by a Cadillac or a Learjet; Bennett noted this as being "the beginning of the separation of James Brown and the Famous Flames". The group's label, King Records, was of no help as they only posted Brown's image on the covers of their albums instead of the entire group, and also failed to sometimes mention the group's name in covers they did appear in, including the Pure Dynamite and Showtime albums. Brown had also taken control of the group's finances, allegedly taking the lion's share of profits from live performances and studio recordings for himself, while the rest of the group was put under a salary. When the other Flames balked at this process, Brown responded by using them less on his records, later stating that they "couldn't sing well". The Famous Flames continued to back Brown until further arguments over monies and royalties and the stress of being on the road led to Lloyd Stallworth walking out first in 1966 . Bennett also eventually left the James Brown Show in 1968. With their name on several releases between 1965 and 1968, but no Flames singing on record, much of the public, who had never seen the group perform live, mistakenly believed that the Famous Flames were Brown's band, instead of the vocal group they actually were.. The last single in which the Famous Flames received label credit was "Licking Stick" (King 6166) in 1968. Only Byrd participated in the recording with Brown, beginning a period in which the duo sung duets on several hits including "Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine", "Soul Power", "Make It Funky", "Talkin' Loud and Sayin' Nothing" and "Get Up, Get into It, Get Involved". Byrd didn't receive label credit on these songs. Because of this and other reasons, mainly financial disputes, Famous Flames founder, Bobby Byrd too, finally left for good in 1973.

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction in 2012
On April 14, 2012, Bobby Bennett was inducted retroactively with the rest of The Famous Flames, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. When the group's lead singer, James Brown, was inducted into the Hall of Fame's inaugural class in 1986, the other members of his group, Famous Flames members Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Johnny Terry, and Lloyd Stallworth, were not inducted. This caused a 26-year controversy, and puzzled many of the group's fans. Finally, in 2012, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame formed a special committee to discuss certain deserving pioneering groups that were not inducted with their lead singers in the Hall of Fame's initial years of inductions . As a result of this committee's decision, The Famous Flames, including Bennett, were one of the six groups automatically inducted into the Hall of Fame, without the need for nomination and voting, under the premise that they should have been inducted with James Brown back in 1986. Bennett, the sole surviving member of the Famous Flames at age 74, accepted on behalf of the group.

In an interview with the Rock Hall on the eve of The Flames' induction, Bobby said: "James (Brown) was a Flame. Bobby Byrd was a Flame. Lloyd Stallworth was a Flame, and Bobby Bennett (who's still here), was a Famous Flame also." "We performed all over the world. "We were the best out there: best dancers, best singers, we were good". Everyone else opened for us: The O'Jays, Four Tops, Temptations, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Gladys Knight and The Pips, Patti La Belle (and The Bluebelles). Everybody has worked with James Brown and The Famous Flames. We were the stars of every show that was out there".

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame awarded Bobby Bennett, and the other members of The Famous Flames, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry, posthumously on April 14, 2012.

In a 2012 interview with Goldmine, the famous Oldies music magazine, Bobby Bennett, the last surviving member of the Famous Flames, when asked how he'd like the group to be remembered, said:

"I want (people) to know one thing," replied Bennett.  "We were the Famous Flames… James Brown was a Famous Flame, Bobby Byrd was a Famous Flame, Lloyd Stallworth was a Famous Flame and Bobby Bennett was a Famous Flame…wherever we played, we were the Famous Flames. We were never the band, never. We were the 3 guys who danced (and sang) with him and the 3 guys who performed with him at every concert. We were not no 'band'''. We were the group that worked hard on stage and did a wonderful performance on stage for the whole public." Bobby's statement about The Famous Flames being a singing group and not'' "backup musicians" was also confirmed by Flames lead singer James Brown in a 1982 interview on The David Letterman Show.

Bennett died at his home in Maryland on January 18, 2013, of complications of diabetes, less than one year after the group's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction. Ten days later, on January 28, 2013, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website issued an article paying tribute to him. He is survived by his wife of many years, Sandi, and their children.

Actor/choreographer Aakomon Jones played Famous Flame Bobby Bennett in the James Brown biofilm "Get on Up", which opened in U.S.theatres on January 8, 2014. He also served as choreographer for the film.

In 2020, Bobby Bennett was posthumously inducted with the rest of The Famous Flames' members Baby Lloyd Stallworth, Bobby Byrd, and Johnny Terry into the National Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame, some seven years after the induction of Flames lead singer James Brown into the same organization.

References

External links

 The Official Facebook Page of The Famous Flames-by Bobby Bennett's widow Sandi Bennett
 Washington Post interview with Famous Flame Bobby Bennett
 The Cleveland Plain Dealer article: The Famous Flames: James Brown was their leader, but they were R&B legends, too (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2012)  By John Petkovic Friday, April 06, 2012
 "Keep On Doin'What You're Doin" Bobby Byrd, James Brown, and The Famous Flames
 The Famous Flames' Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame Induction Site
 The Famous Flames on the ''Future Rock Hall website
 Famous Flame Gets His Chance to Shine-from The Burlington Times-News-by Molly McGowan
 The Famous Flames-James Brown's Original Singing Group 1953-1968- blog from Charles Crossley's "Top of The Charts" Yuku website

 Goldmine Magazine interview with Bobby Bennett, the last surviving member of 2012 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame-inducted vocal group, The Famous Flames- by Bill Gordon

James Brown vocalists
The Famous Flames members
1938 births
2013 deaths
People from Burlington, North Carolina
King Records artists
Loma Records artists
African-American male dancers
African-American dancers
American male dancers
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American soul singers
American male singers
Deaths from diabetes
Singer-songwriters from North Carolina
African-American male singers

Bobby Bennett (The Famous Flames)


Ozzy & Drix is an American animated television series based on the 2001 movie Osmosis Jones. It aired on Kids WB from 2002 to 2004 and had reruns on Cartoon Network. Ozzy and Drix have been transmitted from a mosquito from Frank to Hector, where they protect a teenager's body from germs and other pathogens.

Voice cast
 Phil LaMarr as Osmosis "Ozzy" Jones
 Jeff Bennett as Drixenol "Drix" Koldreliff and Butane
 Vivica A. Fox
 Alanna Ubach as Mayor Spryman
 Brad Garrett as Ernst Strepfinger (season 1)
 Jim Cummings as Ernst Strepfinger (season 2)
 Tim Curry as Scarlet Fever and Nick O' Teen
 Tara Strong as Carbon Monoxide
 Frank Welker as Tar
 Carole Jeghers as Tiger-God

Home video
The show got a complete series DVD collection at the Warner Bros. website in 2018.

2002 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
Kids WB series

Ozzy & Drix