William Matthew Tilghman Jr. (July 4, 1854 – November 1, 1924) was a career lawman, gunfighter, and politician in Kansas and Oklahoma during the late 19th century. Tilghman was a Dodge City city marshal in the early 1880s and played a role in the Kansas County Seat Wars. In 1889 he moved to Oklahoma where he acquired several properties during a series of land rushes. While serving as a Deputy U.S. Marshal in Oklahoma, he gained recognition for capturing the notorious outlaw Bill Doolin and helping to track and kill the other members of Doolin's gang, which made him famous as one of Oklahoma's "Three Guardsmen".

Tilghman never achieved the household-word status of his close friends Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson but nevertheless remains a well-known figure of the American Old West. His memoirs were made into a 1915 film that he directed and starred in as himself.

Tilghman died in 1924 at the age of 70 after being shot by a corrupt prohibition agent on the streets of Cromwell, Oklahoma. Much of the fame that he has since achieved has been attributed to the efforts of his second wife, who published his biography in 1949. In 1960, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Early life

William Matthew Tilghman Jr. was born on July 4, 1854, in Fort Dodge, Iowa. He was the third of six children born to William Matthew Tilghman Sr. (1820–1908) and his wife Amanda Shepherd (1830–1915).

In 1857, the Tilghman family relocated to the newly created Kansas Territory and settled on a farm near Atchison. At the age of seventeen, Bill Tilghman won a contract to supply buffalo meat to the men building the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. From September 1, 1871, to April 1, 1872, Tilghman is reputed to have killed 3,300 buffalo. He would claim this was the "all time record" in later years. According to Zoe Tilghman, his second wife, he also killed two Cheyenne braves when they confronted him, as he feared they would torture him.

Dodge City

According to his second wife, Tilghman first became a lawman in September 1874, when he signed on as a deputy under Sheriff Charles E. Bassett (1847–1896) of Ford County, Kansas. Despite this claim, there is no record of Tilghman serving as Bassett's deputy. Sometime during the summer of 1877, the 23-year-old Tilghman married a 16-year-old widow named Flora (Kendall) Jefferson (1861–1900). The marriage was an unhappy one almost from the start, but nonetheless produced four children: Charles, Dorothy, William, and Viona.

Early in 1877, Tilghman and Henry Garris opened the Crystal Palace Saloon in Dodge City. A local paper reported during the summer that "Garris and Tilghman's Crystal Palace is receiving a new front and an awning, which will tend to create a new attraction towards the never ceasing fountains of refreshment flowing within." Barely a year later, during the spring of 1878, Tilghman and Garris sold the Crystal Palace Saloon.

Bill Tilghman's first documented service as a lawman began on January 1, 1878, when he became a deputy under Sheriff Bat Masterson. Within a month of his appointment, Tilghman was charged with being an accessory to an attempted train robbery. On February 12, the charges against him were dropped for lack of evidence. Tilghman was again suspected of a crime two months later, on April 16, when he was arrested by Masterson on a charge of horse theft. Once again the charges were dismissed. Troubles of a different sort came up on March 8, 1879, when Masterson had to sell his deputy's Dodge City house at auction, apparently to satisfy a judgment.

City Marshal

On November 6, 1883, Patrick F. Sughrue (1844–1906) was elected sheriff of Ford County and Bill Tilghman became his deputy. During this period, Tilghman also owned a Dodge City saloon called the Oasis, which he sold to his brother Frank in early April 1884. According to a local paper, "William Tilghman, Esq, proprietor of the 'Oasis,' has sold out to his brother Frank, who will refit and fix up and make everything smooth and harmonious to the visitor."

Tilghman gained his first important position as a lawman on April 10, 1884, when he was appointed city marshal of Dodge City. On May 2, 1884, the citizens of Dodge presented Tilghman with a solid gold badge. In her biography of her husband, Tilghman's widow wrote that Tilghman and Assistant Marshal Ben Daniels ran "Mysterious" Dave Mather out of Dodge during late July 1885. Mather's 1992 biographer said the story does not add up for many reasons. The most obvious is that Mather was scheduled to stand trial for murder at the time, which raises the question of why Dodge City's marshal and assistant marshal would run out an indicted man rather than confine him. On March 9, 1886, Tilghman resigned as city marshal to tend to his ranch. The great blizzard of 1886 wiped out the livestock on many ranches in the area, including a ranch that Tilghman owned.

Even after resigning as city marshal, Tilghman still held a commission as a Ford County deputy sheriff. Law enforcement duties brought him to Farmer City, Kansas on his thirty-fourth birthday – July 4, 1888 – where he shot and killed a man named Ed Prather. The local paper reported that Prather "made frequent threats against Wm. Tilghman, the deputy sheriff, who took all the abuse from the excited man without offering any retaliation ... in conversation with Mr. Tilghman, he became very abusive and threatened to put an end to him right there, and suiting action to his words, he threw his hand upon his revolver; but Mr. Tilghman was too quick for him and held a revolver in his face. Mr. T. ordered him three times to take his hand off his gun, and would have disarmed him if he had been near enough; but Prather sought a better position, but Tilghman pulled the trigger and Prather was a dead man. A coroner's jury ... after a thorough examination of the circumstances, returned a verdict of justifiable killing."

Gray County War

In January 1889, Bill Tilghman was one of several Dodge City gunfighters involved in the Gray County War, a county seat war fought between the rival Kansas towns of Ingalls and Cimarron. During a pitched battle between the two factions, one man was killed and five were wounded. Tilghman escaped with nothing more serious than a sprained ankle.

Oklahoma

On April 22, 1889, the first of the celebrated Oklahoma land rushes took place. The city of Guthrie, which had not existed the day before, had an instant population of 15,000. One member of that population was Bill Tilghman, who built a commercial structure on his Oklahoma Avenue lot and used the rent from it to help re-establish himself as a rancher. For the remaining thirty-five years of his life, Tilghman was an Oklahoman. Another land rush was held on September 22, 1891, and Tilghman established a ranch. During this period, Oklahoma was suffering from the depredations of numerous outlaws, most notably Bill Doolin and his gang, the Wild Bunch. In May 1892, Tilghman was appointed a Deputy U.S. Marshal in Oklahoma. He joined forces with fellow deputy marshals such as Heck Thomas, Chris Madsen, Frank Canton, and Bud Ledbetter to wage total war on the outlaws active in the territory.

In the Cherokee Strip land rush of September 16, 1893, the new town of Perry, Oklahoma was created, and Bill Tilghman was appointed city marshal of Perry on October 21. Heck Thomas was hired as assistant marshal. Both Tilghman and Thomas retained their commissions as deputy U.S. marshals. Once law and order was established in Perry, Tilghman went back on the trail of the Doolin gang.

A famous but completely fictitious story tells of how Tilghman entered a "dugout" on January 8, 1895. Tilghman supposedly detected the tips of several rifles pointed at him from hidden positions in the dugout. According to this story, one of the hidden outlaws attempted to shoot Tilghman in the back, but was prevented from doing so by Bill Doolin himself, who stated: "Bill Tilghman is too good a man to shoot in the back." This much-repeated tale has its origin in a 1915 pamphlet which was sold in conjunction with Tilghman's motion picture The Passing of the Oklahoma Outlaws. In 1937, Chris Madsen, Tilghman's fellow marshal, commented on the yarn as follows: "I like Bill Tilghman ... but Bill, when he got into the moving picture business, had to make a record whether it was right or not ... Bill was a little inclined to be romantic."

Slowly but surely, the Doolin gang was all but exterminated. Chris Madsen's posse killed "Tulsa Jack" Blake on April 4, 1895; George "Bitter Creek" Newcomb and Charley Pierce were killed on May 2. Then on September 6, 1895, Tilghman and two other deputy marshals tracked down William F. "Little Bill" Raidler. After being ordered to surrender, Raidler opened fire and was brought down by a blast from Tilghman's shotgun. The outlaw survived his wounds and was sentenced to ten years.

Capture of Bill Doolin

The high point of Tilghman's career came on January 15, 1896, when he single-handedly captured Bill Doolin, the putative leader of the Wild Bunch. Tilghman trailed Doolin to the health resort in Eureka Springs, Arkansas. Entering a bathhouse, he spotted Doolin seated in the lobby, though Doolin failed to recognize Tilghman, who suddenly began wrestling with the outlaw. After a brief struggle, Tilghman subdued Doolin without a shot being fired. Once Doolin was in custody, Tilghman wired U.S. Marshal Evett Dumas Nix in Guthrie, Oklahoma: "I have him. We will be there tomorrow. Tilghman." The following day, some 2,000 people jammed the Guthrie railroad station to see Tilghman bring in Doolin.

The remainder of the Doolin gang was soon killed or captured. A posse killed George "Red Buck" Waightman on March 4, 1896, and "Dynamite Dick" Clifton was rounded up shortly afterward. Tilghman's glory for capturing Bill Doolin quickly evaporated when Doolin escaped from jail on July 5, less than six months after his capture. Doolin was finally tracked down by Heck Thomas and his posse and was shot to death on August 24, 1896. Tilghman never received the reward money for Doolin's capture, which the state of Oklahoma refused to pay after Doolin escaped.

The last two members of the Doolin gang were accounted for when "Dynamite Dick" Clifton was killed on November 7, 1897, followed by the death of "Little Dick" West on April 8, 1898. Following the demise of the Wild Bunch, Tilghman, Heck Thomas, and Chris Madsen became known collectively as the "Three Guardsmen" of Oklahoma.

Later years

In 1899, Tilghman established the Oakland Stock Farm, which bred thoroughbred horses. Bill traveled to Kentucky for two of his studs. One of them was Chant, the winner of the 1894 Kentucky Derby. Prosperous and popular, Tilghman easily won election as sheriff of Lincoln County, Oklahoma in 1900. He was re-elected two years later. Flora Kendall Tilghman died at the age of 39 on October 12, 1900. Bill and Flora Tilghman had had an unhappy marriage and were living apart at the time of her death. Contrary to latter-day reports, there is no evidence that they were divorced at the time.

On July 15, 1903, the 49-year-old Tilghman married for a second time. The bride, Zoe Agnes Stratton (1880–1964), was 26 years younger and a graduate of the University of Oklahoma. Bill and Zoe Tilghman had three sons named Tench, Richard, and Woodrow.

Politician

The 19th Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis between July 6 and 9, 1904. Alton Brooks Parker (1852–1926) received the nomination for president. Tilghman was part of the Oklahoma delegation, and was part of a group of Democrats who journeyed to Parker's home to inform him of his nomination. While in New York, Tilghman looked up his old friend Bat Masterson, who was now a journalist working for the New York Morning Telegraph. Masterson introduced Tilghman to President Theodore Roosevelt, who defeated Alton Brooks Parker in the 1904 election. Tilghman's being a Democrat probably accounted for his failure to receive the appointment from Roosevelt that he coveted above all others – U.S. Marshal of Oklahoma. Roosevelt had offered the position to Masterson, who turned it down. For a while Roosevelt also considered Chris Madsen (who had served with the Rough Riders), but the appointment finally went to someone else. Tilghman was never in the running. President Roosevelt remained fond of Tilghman, however, and invited him to be his special guest at the inauguration of William Howard Taft as president on March 4, 1909. With his powerful political connections, Tilghman easily won election as an Oklahoma state senator in 1910. Following his term in the senate, Tilghman became chief of police in Oklahoma City on May 8, 1911. He served two years and helped rid Oklahoma City of much of its criminal element.

Movie star

Instead of writing his memoirs, Tilghman recounted his Oklahoma adventures in cinematic form. On January 18, 1915, Tilghman, Evett Dumas Nix, and Chris Madsen formed the Eagle Film Company. Nix had the title of president, Tilghman was vice-president and treasurer, and Chris Madsen was designated as secretary. After a screenwriter, cameraman, and cast were hired, filming began on The Passing of the Oklahoma Outlaws. Tilghman produced with Nix and Madsen, directed with Kent, wrote with Lute P. Stover, and starred in the film as himself. Nix, Madsen, and Roy Daugherty also appeared as themselves. The film had its premier in Chandler, Oklahoma, on May 25, 1915. Tilghman took the film on the road for several years, during which he appeared on stage and gave lectures. The Passing of the Oklahoma Outlaws originally ran for about 96 minutes. Today, only thirteen minutes of the film survive. Academic Frank Richard Prassel called the film "a major source of popular disinformation", as it features staged scenes purported by the filmmakers to be real.

Death

In 1924, at the age of 70, Tilghman entered Cromwell, Oklahoma, as a special investigator. He had previously clashed there with a corrupt U.S. prohibition agent, Wiley Lynn, and confronted him on October 31 when he heard that Lynn was drunkenly discharging his gun. Tilghman attempted to take Lynn into custody without using his own pistol, and, with the help of a bystander, disarmed Lynn. However, Lynn pulled a second pistol and shot Tilghman several times; Tilghman died the following day. In a controversial trial, Lynn was acquitted of murder after pleading self-defense. Lynn was later shot and killed in a gunfight in 1932.

Governor Martin E. Trapp (1877–1951) directed that Tilghman's body lie in state in the rotunda of the Oklahoma capitol building and be attended by an honor guard. Tilghman's pall bearers included Governor Trapp, former Governor J.B.A. Robertson, Oklahoma Attorney General George Short, and U.S. Marshal Alva McDonald. Tilghman was the third person ever and first police officer to have received such honors. He was buried in Chandler, Oklahoma. A park in the town is named for him.

Film and television portrayals
In 1956, actor Donald "Don" Kennedy (b. 1920) played "Deputy Bill Tillman" in an episode called "Dodge City Gets a New Marshal" on the syndicated television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp.

On February 13, 1960, actor Brad Johnson played Tilghman in an episode called "The Wedding Dress" on the syndicated television series Death Valley Days (season 8, episode 18). Actress Mary Webster was cast as Mrs. Tilghman.

In 1981, Tilghman was portrayed by Rod Steiger (1925–2002) in Cattle Annie and Little Britches, a 97-minute film which also starred Burt Lancaster (1913–1994) as Bill Doolin.

On August 22, 1999, TNT broadcast the made-for-television film You Know My Name, which starred Sam Elliott (b. 1944) as Bill Tilghman, Carolyn McCormick (b. 1959) as Zoe Tilghman, and Arliss Howard (b. 1954) as Wiley Lynn. The film was a highly fictionalized account of Tilghman's final months and death.

In 2019, Tilghman was portrayed by Ken Arnold in a movie entitled Bill Tilghman and the Outlaws, also starring Robert Carradine as Frank James and Johnny Crawford as William S. Hart.

See also
 List of Old West lawmen

Notes

References

Further reading
 Bird, Roy. "Bill Tilghman's Day in Jail." True West, November 1991.
 DeArment, Robert K. Ballots and Bullets: The Bloody County Seat Wars of Kansas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
 DeMattos, Jack. "Gunfighters of the Real West: Bill Tilghman." Real West, November 1979.
 Masterson, W.B. (Bat) "Famous Gun Fighters of the Western Frontier: 'Billy' Tilghman." Human Life Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 4. July 1907.
 Miller, Floyd. Bill Tilghman: Marshal of the Last Frontier. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1968.
 Miller, Nyle H. and Snell, Joseph W. Why the West Was Wild. Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1963.
 Parsons, Chuck. "James Elder Was Close Friend of Bill Tilghman." NOLA Quarterly, Vol. III, No. 1, Summer 1977.
 Samuelson, Nancy B. Shoot From the Lip: The Lives, Legends and Lies of the Three Guardsmen of Oklahoma and U.S. Marshal Nix. Sacramento, CA: Shooting Star Press, 1998.
 Shirley, Glenn. West of Hell's Fringe: Crime, Criminals, and the Federal Peace Officer in Oklahoma Territory, 1889–1907. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978.
 Shirley, Glenn. Guardian of the Law: The Life and Times of William Matthew Tilghman (1854–1924). Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 1988.
 Tilghman, Zoe A. Outlaw Days: A True History of Early-Day Oklahoma Characters, Revised and Enlarged From the Records of Wm. Tilghman. Oklahoma City: Harlow Publishing Company, 1926.
 Tilghman, Zoe. A. Marshal of the Last Frontier: Life and Services of William Matthew (Bill) Tilghman. Glendale, CA: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1964.

External links
 ODMP: City Marshal William Matthew Tilghman
 Bill Tilghman bio
 Dodge City Lawmen
 Matt Braun, Outlaw Kingdom: Bill Tilghman Was The Man Who Tamed Dodge City, 1995.
 Zoe Tilghman, "My husband helped tame the West", Life Magazine, May 18, 1959, p. 111

1854 births
1924 deaths
1924 murders in the United States
19th-century American people
20th-century American people
People from Fort Dodge, Iowa
People from Dodge City, Kansas
People from Guthrie, Oklahoma
People from Oklahoma City
People from Chandler, Oklahoma
Democratic Party Oklahoma state senators
United States Marshals
American murder victims
Lawmen of the American Old West
People murdered in Oklahoma
Deaths by firearm in Oklahoma
Gunslingers of the American Old West

Bill Tilghman


Derek Ford (6 September 1932, Essex – 19 May 1995) was an English film director and writer, most famous for sexploitation films such as The Wife Swappers (1970), Suburban Wives (1971), Commuter Husbands (1972), Keep It Up, Jack (1973), Sex Express (1975) (also filmed in a graphic hardcore version), What's Up Nurse! (1977) and What's Up Superdoc! (1978).

Career

Ford began as a writer in collaboration with his brother Donald Ford (died 1991), originally for radio before progressing to television (The Saint, Adam Adamant Lives!) and film (The Yellow Teddy Bears, The Black Torment, A Study in Terror and Hell Boats).  Ford's first foray into directing, Los Tres Que Robbaran Una Banco, made in Spain in 1961 was an unhappy experience, around the same time Ford entered sexploitation when he was asked to re-edit and film additional sequences for a Swedish sex film called Svenska Flickor I Paris, eventually released as Paris Playgirls.

Ford's directing career began proper in the late sixties when he entered into partnership with producer Stanley Long, resulting in three films including the massively successful The Wife Swappers, released in America as The Swappers with the tag line "remember when all the guy next door wanted to borrow was your lawnmower?".

Ford's early seventies films were mainly shot in London and Maldon, Essex where he lived, while hardcore scenes meant for the European versions of his films were shot in secret at his own house, with his then wife Valerie acting as assistant, wardrobe & makeup.  Interviewed in the book, Keeping the British End Up, fellow director Ray Selfe referred to Ford as "a male nymphomaniac", and themes of swinging, wife swapping and outwardly respectable people living double lives run throughout Ford's work.

In the 1970s the two most well-known Ford films in America were Groupie Girl (1970) and Sex Express (1975) starring Heather Deeley. Released as Diversions in the U.S, Sex Express premiered in the Kips Bay area of Manhattan and was nominated for best foreign film by the Adult Film Association of America.

In Italy he directed Erotic Fantasies (1978) aka Proibito erotico and back in England he quit as the director of Don't Open till Christmas (1984). In the mid-eighties after his divorce, Ford was left to bring up his two children on his own. At this time he attempted to find more mainstream work and dissociate himself from his past, but what little work came his way would drag him back to exploitation film.  He directed La Casa delle Orchidee (The House of Orchids) in Italy in 1983, in which (returning to the themes of The Wife Swappers) a group of Italian women join a 'dare club', and co-directed a Hills Have Eyes rip-off in Sweden called Blood Tracks which also features a brief cameo role from Ford as a location scout for a rock video (Ford's only other known acting role is as "Circus Santa Claus" in Don't Open Till Christmas). He was also involved in writing a never-made softcore sitcom called Park Lane. Ford's final film, The Urge to Kill, starring Peter Gordeno & Sarah Hope-Walker has never been given an official release, although clips from it appear in the 2005 documentary The Wild, Wild World of Dick Randall, and several bootlegs of it have surfaced over the years.  The film was eventually given an official DVD release in France on 1 April 2014 by the Uncut Movies label.

At the close of the eighties Ford left the film business and attempted a second career as an author, writing two books. The two books he wrote were Panic on Sunset (1989), and The Casting Couch (1990) ("the true story of broken dreams, disillusionment and fallen idols"). Panic on Sunset concerns George Schapner, the stressed out manager/agent of Velma Torraine a vamp of the silent screen whose heavy Brooklyn accent spells the end of her career as the 'talkie' era approaches.  A visit to a Hollywood whorehouse specialising in celebrity look-a-likes provides George with an unlikely solution to their problem.  The Casting Couch was a collaborative effort with the late agent Alan Selwyn, and is credited under the joint pseudonym "Selwyn Ford". Confusingly the book portrays Selwyn Ford as an actual person.  A non-fiction expose of early Hollywood à la Hollywood Babylon, among the allegations in the book are that Joan Crawford once appeared in a stag film (in a chapter entitled "Joan Crawford – A Star is Porn"), and that Bella Darvi had worked as a prostitute in a Parisian brothel of which Ford had "benefited from a conducted tour of in 1959".  One of the final chapters "The Long Killing of Marilyn", alleges Marilyn Monroe was murdered as a result of an affair with Robert F. Kennedy.  Ford bases this assumption on a meeting "Selwyn Ford" had with the actor Peter Lawford, in 1984 over a never made, Italian financed film called Bloody Mary, in which an actress is abducted and forced to have an abortion after having an affair with a powerful, married man.  Upon reading the script Lawford is said to have remarked "are you crazy, do you want to get us all fucking killed", and walked off.  Ford's conclusion was that Lawford had interpreted the script as having parallels with Monroe and Kennedy (something Ford denies in the book), and that Lawford's heated reaction validates his claims over Monroe's death. Recent evidence uncovered by filmmaker Philippe Mora would appear to offer credibility to Ford's claim.
A third book Bella, about Darvi and Darryl Zanuck was never completed, Ford died after a heart attack in a branch of WH Smith.

Ford's 1975 film The Sexplorer aka The Girl From Starship Venus garnered a famous fan in director Quentin Tarantino. Tarantino, who owns a private print of the film, commented; "Even as a kid I knew I would get things from The Girl From Starship Venus that I wouldn't get from the Hollywood films". It is regularly screened at "The Best of QT Fest" presented by the Austin Film Society and uStudio, where Quentin brings the best of his personal collection of movies. Tarantino also showed the film at the "LA Grindhouse Film Festival" at the New Beverly Cinema in March/April 2007.

Filmography
 This, That and the Other (1969)
 Groupie Girl (1970)
 The Wife Swappers (1970)
 Secret Rites (1971)
 Suburban Wives (1971)
 Commuter Husbands (1972)
 Keep It Up, Jack (1973)
 Sex Express (1975)
 The Sexplorer (1975)
 What's Up Nurse! (1977)
 What's Up Superdoc! (1978)
 Erotic Fantasies (aka Proibito erotico) (1978)
 La Casa delle Orchidee (aka For Members Only) (1983)
 The Urge to Kill (1989)

See also
 Stanley Long
 Pete Walker (director)
 Norman J. Warren

References

Further reading

X-Rated – Adventures of an Exploitation Filmmaker by Simon Sheridan (Reynolds & Hearn Books) (2008)

Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema by Simon Sheridan (fourth edition) (Titan Publishing, London) (2011)

External links

 BFI: Derek Ford

1932 births
1995 deaths
British casting directors
English film directors
People from Tilbury
20th-century English screenwriters

Derek Ford


Irruptive growth is a growth pattern over time, defined by a sudden rapid growth in the population of an organism. Irruptive growth is studied in population ecology. Population cycles often display irruptive growth, but with a predictable pattern subsequent decline. It is a phenomenon typically associated with r-strategists.

Irruptive growth occurs when a species reproduces rapidly. It is especially common in large herbivores, such as pronghorn or elk (red deer), which have high fecundity and delayed density-dependent effects on recruitment. All populations show logistic growth, but in species which exhibit irruptive growth this is especially rapid. Populations of some species initially show a lack of response to density-dependent factors that limit population size as it nears the carrying capacity of the environment. The exhibition of irruptive growth is dependent on a number of elements including resource availability, degree of both interspecific and intraspecific competition, and strength of predator-prey relationships. In ecosystems with more than one species feeding on a certain resource, the populations of certain species can irrupt in non-predictable ways depending upon the complex feedback mechanisms caused by competition. A species population may sometimes irrupt when predators are removed, or when favourable weather causes food supplies to rapidly increase.

Similar to white-tailed deer in North America, roe deer in Europe have shown similar fecundity even as the population density doubles three or four times. The deer are able to irrupt because the species is able to double its population yearly and populations show delayed response to density-dependent factors, in other words -the females remain just as fertile despite having lower body weights and other characteristics affiliated with overpopulation.

Irruptive growth patterns are also seen in mammal herbivores with a relatively small body size, or such creatures in Arctic ecosystems which are subject to population cycles. In cases where a single herbivore prey species is dominant in an ecosystem, there is likely to be a strong link with predator species which serves to control the population (see Lotka–Volterra equations). The populations of rabbits and house mice introduced Australia show irruptive growth, for example. A possible reason may be that after drought ends, they reproduce at a rapid rate while predator reproduction is still seasonal in occurrence. This allows for the population to explode and to be limited more by a return of dry conditions than by predators. Invasive species which can reproduce rapidly may show this pattern of growth because when a new area is being colonized predator species are often not present to limit growth, and there is little intraspecific and/or interspecific competition in early settlement of a location which means there is abundant resource availability.

K-strategist and r-strategist species

Species that are r-strategist (species that evolve according to r-selection) are characterized by rapid development, early reproduction, small body size, and shorter lifespans, whereas K-strategist species (species that evolve according to K-selection) exhibit slow development, delayed reproduction, large body size, and longer lifespans.

Species that are r-strategist are more likely to exhibit irruptive growth than K-strategist species. r-selection leads to high productivity, while K-selection leads to high efficiency. Productivity refers to the number of offspring produced, whereas efficiency refers to the probability of survival of individual offspring.

The human species is K-strategist; that is, each mating pair has a small number of offspring, of which the majority will survive to adulthood and reach reproductive age. r-strategist species, such as some insects and most plants, have very large numbers of offspring, the majority of which will die before reaching physical maturity. If there is a change in their environment, more of these offspring may survive than is typical, leading to irruptive growth. Because K-strategist species have less offspring they are less likely to exhibit irruptive growth.

See also
Population growth
Ecological overshoot
Population planning

References

Population ecology

Irruptive growth


Rock n Roll is a song by singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. This song is on her self titled album which was released in 2013. The song is a message to her fans that even though she is older now, that doesn't take away the fact that she's still the same rock chick she introduced herself as in 2002. This song has a similar feel to her other song titled "Smile" (which is on her "Goodbye Lullaby" album, released in 2011). They both express how the young lady still has some edge to her despite the changing times. In the "Rock n Roll" music video, Avril plays a bisexual character and at one point in the video, she kisses her partner on the lips before she gets in a car crash. The music video really adds to the idea that this song is about simply not giving a flip and just having fun with your life.

Avril Lavigne songs

Rock n Roll


Romulea bulbocodium is one of the best-known species from the genus Romulea. The plant, a member of the family Iridaceae, is native to the Mediterranean region (southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East) and Sudan. It has many varieties and is occasionally used as ornamental plant.

The species has a small rootstock - a corm which can be found in sandy and rocky soils. It produces long and slender leaves. The plant looks much like the popular Crocus.

The blooms are small and with six tepals. Most varieties have purple or violet blooms, but white or yellow also occur.

The ovary is 3-locular and the seeds are brown, pellet-like, circular grains.

References

bulbocodium
Flora of Sudan
Garden plants
Flora of Malta

Romulea bulbocodium


The Tzadikim Nistarim (, "hidden righteous ones") or Lamed Vav Tzadikim (,x"36 righteous ones"), often abbreviated to Lamed Vav(niks), refers to 36 righteous people, a notion rooted within the mystical dimensions of Judaism. The singular form is Tzadik Nistar ().

Origins
The existence of 36 righteous people is first mentioned in the Talmud:
There are no fewer than 36 righteous people in the world who greet the Shekhinah in each generation.

Another Talmudic passage mentions the righteous people, most of them unknown, who sustain the world. However, it gives a number other than 36:
"A homer of barley, and a letech of barley" () - [this refers to] 45 righteous who cause the world to be sustained ...  30 in the land of Israel and 15 here [in Babylonia]. Abaye said: And most of them can be found in the synagogue, under the upper room [i.e. among the unhonored masses].

These two sources were combined into the idea that the world is sustained by 36 righteous people. The combination may have derived from the fact that to "greet the Shekhinah" was originally associated with Temple service, and Temple service was considered to sustain the world (Pirkei Avot 1:2).

The idea of 36 righteous became fully fleshed out in later generations:
As a mystical concept, the number 36 is even more intriguing. It is said that at all times there are 36 special people in the world, and that were it not for them, all of them, if even one of them was missing, the world would come to an end. The two Hebrew letters for 36 are the lamed, which is 30, and the vav, which is 6. Therefore, these 36 are referred to as the Lamed-Vav Tzadikim.

The idea is particularly prominent in Hasidic Judaism. Tzvi Elimelech Spira of Dinov, for example, wrote that "in every generation, there are great righteous people who could perform wondrous acts, but the generation is not deserving of that, so the stature of the righteous people is hidden and they are not known to the public; sometimes they are woodchoppers or water-drawers."

Revealed and hidden righteous
The Baal Shem Tov wrote that "just as there are 36 hidden righteous, there are 36 revealed righteous."

Commenting on  ("...those who lead the masses to righteousness will be like the stars forever and ever"), the midrash explains that "just as the stars are sometimes revealed and sometimes hidden, so, too with righteous people. And just as there are innumerable clusters of stars, so, too, there are innumerable clusters of righteous people," which indicates that there are significantly more than 36 in the world.

Their purpose

Mystical Hasidic Judaism as well as other segments of Judaism believe that there exist thirty-six righteous people whose role in life is to justify the purpose of humanity in the eyes of God. Jewish tradition holds that their identities are unknown to each other and that, if one of them comes to a realization of their true purpose, they would never admit it:

The Lamed-Vav Tzaddikim are also called the Nistarim ("concealed ones"). In our folk tales, they emerge from their self-imposed concealment and, by the mystic powers, which they possess, they succeed in averting the threatened disasters of a people persecuted by the enemies that surround them. They return to their anonymity as soon as their task is accomplished, 'concealing' themselves once again in a Jewish community wherein they are relatively unknown. The lamed-vavniks, scattered as they are throughout the Diaspora, have no acquaintance with one another. On very rare occasions, one of them is 'discovered' by accident, in which case the secret of their identity must not be disclosed. The lamed-vavniks do not themselves know that they are one of the 36. In fact, tradition has it that should a person claim to be one of the 36, that is proof positive that they are certainly not one. Since the 36 are each exemplars of anavah, ("humility"), having such a virtue would preclude against one's self-proclamation of being among the special righteous. The 36 are simply too humble to believe that they are one of the 36.

Lamedvavniks

Lamedvavnik (), is the Yiddish term for one of the 36 humble righteous ones or Tzadikim mentioned in kabbalah or Jewish mysticism. According to this teaching, at any given time there are at least 36 holy persons in the world who are Tzadikim. These holy people are hidden; i.e., nobody knows who they are. According to some versions of the story, they themselves may not know who they are. For the sake of these 36 hidden saints, God preserves the world even if the rest of humanity has degenerated to the level of total barbarism. This is similar to the story of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Hebrew Bible, where God told Abraham that he would spare the city of Sodom if there was a quorum of at least 10 righteous men. Since nobody knows who the Lamedvavniks are, not even themselves, every Jew should act as if he or she might be one of them; i.e., lead a holy and humble life and pray for the sake of fellow human beings. It is also said that one of these 36 could potentially be the Jewish Messiah if the world is ready for them to reveal themselves. Otherwise, they live and die as an ordinary person. Whether the person knows they are the potential Messiah is debated.

The term lamedvavnik is derived from the Hebrew letters Lamed (L) and Vav (V), whose numerical value (see Gematria) adds up to 36. The "nik" at the end is a Russian or Yiddish suffix indicating "a person who..." (As in "Beatnik"; in English, this would be something like calling them "The Thirty-Sixers".) The number 36 is twice 18. In gematria (a form of Jewish numerology), the number 18 stands for "life", because the Hebrew letters that spell chai, meaning "living", add up to 18. Because 36 = 2×18, it represents "two lives".

In some Hasidic stories, disciples consider their Rebbes and other religious figures to be among the Lamedvavniks. It is also possible for a Lamedvavnik to reveal themselves as such, although that rarely happens—a Lamedvavnik'''s status as an exemplar of humility would preclude it. More often, it is the disciples who speculate.

These beliefs are articulated in the works of Max Brod, and some (like Jorge Luis Borges) believe the concept to have originated in the Book of Genesis 18:26:

In popular culture
 In the 1880 play The Two Kuni-Lemls by Avrom Goldfaden, Pinkhsel surmises that Kuni-Leml, the man betrothed to his daughter Carolina, is a "lamed-vovnik" because of the mysterious changes to his behavior and ability. In fact, it is Max, Carolina's love interest, who keeps reentering the house disguised as Kuni-Leml.
 A play by Hans Rehfisch called Nickel and the 36 Righteous is a comedy in 3 acts (1925).
 Jorge Luis Borges has an entry for the "Lamed Wufniks" in his Book of Imaginary Beings (1957-1969).
 In the 1959 novel The Last of the Just by Andre Schwarz-Bart, one Just Man of the Lamed-Vov is designated in each generation of the family of Levy. Their legacy is traced over eight centuries. The original French title was Le Dernier des Justes.
 In the 1984 novel The Journeyer by Gary Jennings, Marco Polo is periodically saved from death by the 36. The rescuer's identity is never made explicit, and he may be more than one of the Righteous Men.
 In the 1991 issue "Three Septembers and a January", from Neil Gaiman's comic The Sandman, Death remarks to the soul of Joshua Norton: "they say that the world rests on the backs of 36 living saints – 36 unselfish men and women. Because of them the world continues to exist. They are the secret kings and queens of this world" with the implication that he was one of the Tzadikim.
 In the 1998 documentary The Cruise, it is suggested that the films subject, Tim "Speed" Levitch, a tour guide for Manhattan's Gray Line double-decker buses, is a Lamed Vovnick.
 In the 1999 novel Lords of Light: A Novel by Deepak Chopra, the Lamed Vav are depicted, one of them who betrayed God posing as the new Messiah.
 In the 1999 novel Keeping Faith by Jodi Picoult, the main character, Faith White, is believed to be one of the Lamed Vovnik by Rabbi Solomon.
 In the 2001 film Invincible by Werner Herzog, a fictionalized account of the life of Jewish strongman Zishe Breitbart (aka Siegmund Breitbart), a Berlin Rabbi tells Zishe (played by Jouko Ahola) that he may be one of the 36 just men who feel the suffering of the world.
 The 2003 movie Time of the Wolf by Michael Haneke makes reference to the 36, a secondary character hinted as being one of them.
 In the 2005 novel The History of Love by Nicole Krauss, Alma's brother Bird believes himself to be a Lamed Vovnik, one of the 36 special people in the world.
 The 2006 mystery thriller novel The Righteous Men by Sam Bourne deals with the murder of the righteous ones, one by one, and solving the murders.
 In the 2007 novel The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon, the protagonist, Detective Landsman's case involves the murder victim who may have been the Tzadik Ha-dor.
 The 2007 novel The Book of Names by Jill Gregory and Karen Tintori is a thriller based on the actual principles of the Kabbalah, which teaches that the world's existence requires that it be occupied by 36 Lamed vovniks.
 In the 2008 TV film God on Trial, a rabbi in Auschwitz is proclaimed by a fellow prisoners as one of the 36.
 In the 2009 Coen Brothers film, A Serious Man, the eulogy spoken by the rabbi at a funeral refers to the deceased, Sy Abelman, as perhaps having been a "Lamed Vavnik".
 In the 2009 novel Let the Great World Spin by Colum McCann, the narrator of the Book One mentions hearing of the myth of "thirty-six hidden saints" while in college and compares the actions of his Christian brother Corrigan to one of the saints.
 In the 2012 television series Touch, season 1, episode 9, "Music of the Spheres", Jacob "Jake" Bohm, a mute boy who mysteriously feels the suffering of those along his path and aims to positively adjust their fates, is revealed as possibly one of the "Lamed Vav Tzadikim" by a Hasidic man. In the second season of Touch, Jake and other people who have special gifts are referred to as members of the 36; throughout the episodes they are exploited for their capabilities and are hunted down by one who believes they hold too much power. The final episode features consideration of the Kabbalah and the mystical roots of the legend of the 36.
 In the 2013 novel Eyes Wide Open by Ted Dekker, the 36 are a group of children called Project Showdown. Orphans were raised by Christian monks to follow the path of light, in an attempt to rebirth the Earth into a new age.
 In the 2016 television series Transparent, season 3, episode 5, "Oh Holy Night", Rabbi Raquel Fine, while holding a lit candle, addresses the attendees of a Hinei with a discussion of the who the 36 people who sustain the world's righteousness may be. "Who are these 36? We don't know. Even the 36 don't know. So what is the lesson? The lesson is to treat each other...as if we might be one. Or who knows? You might be standing next to one now."
 In the 2017 television series Kevin (Probably) Saves the World, the title character is chosen to be a righteous soul who has to find and initiate the other 35.

Notes
  In Hebrew numerals, 30 is lamed (), and 6 is vav'' (). The number 36 is written .

References

External links
 Why Thirty-Six?

Jewish mysticism
Jewish religious occupations
Jewish theology

es:36 justos

Tzadikim Nistarim


Eldredge Public Library is the public library of Chatham, Massachusetts.  It is located at 564 Main Street, in a National Register-listed Romanesque Revival building donated by Chatham native Marcellus Eldredge.  It was designed by Boston architect A. M. Marble.

Architecture and history
The library is set at the southeast corner of Main Street and Library Lane in Chatham's central business district.  It is a 1-1/2 story brick and stone structure, with a slate roof and a granite foundation.  Its Romanesque Revival features include parapeted end walls, eyebrow dormers, and brownstone trim, including beltcourses, window trim, and corner quoining.  A 1968 addition, extending the building to the rear, was rebuilt in the early 1990s to more sympathetically resemble the original building.  The interior has floors of marble and oak, and lavish oak woodwork.

The Chatham library has its origins in a small library in South Chatham in 1875, and a library and reading room in Chatham village in 1887.  Marcellus Eldredge, a Chatham native who made a fortune as a brewer in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, offered the town a new library building, which was constructed in 1896 at a cost of $30,000.  The designer was the otherwise little-known Boston architect A. M. Marble.  Eldredge also established a $20,000 endowment to maintain the library.  This building was enlarged in 1968 to a design by Alger and Gunn of Hyannis, and again in 1991-92 by A. Anthony Tappe of Tappé Architects in Boston.

The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance in 1992.  It is the only major Romanesque Revival work in the town, and one of very few in Barnstable County.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

References

External links
 Eldredge Public Library - official site

Library buildings completed in 1896
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Libraries in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Public libraries in Massachusetts
1896 establishments in Massachusetts
Chatham, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Barnstable County, Massachusetts

Eldredge Public Library


The Albert Goldfield is an area of 1300 square kilometres (500 square miles) where gold was discovered in the outback of New South Wales in 1880. Gold was found at Mount Browne, which is  south west of Tibooburra. There were other finds at Good Friday, Easter Monday, Nuggerty, Pioneer Reef and Warratta Creek.

This is a very hot and dry area of Australia. Because of the shortage of water, towns were started at Milparinka and Tibooburra where there was water available. Towns at Albert and Mount Browne did not last for long because of the lack of water. By 1881 there were more than 2000 people living on the gold diggings or in the towns. Geologist William Henry John Slee was appointed resident Goldfield Warden.  The miners had to either take their dirt to one of the towns to use water to pan for the gold, or use a method called dry blowing. Dry blowing means breaking the dirt into fine particles and letting the wind blow away the dirt leaving the heavier gold behind. Life on the goldfields was hard, water was scarce, fresh fruit and vegetables were not available, and basics like flour were very expensive. Disease, including dysentery and typhoid were common.

By 1893 the gold rush had ended and most people had left the goldfields.

References

Other websites
 Mount Browne

Geography of New South Wales
19th century in Australia

Albert Goldfield


Kamchatka Krai is one of 85 federal subjects of Russia. It is located in the Asian part of Russia. It is grouped and governed as part of the Far Eastern District. The Far Eastern District contains ten other federal subjects too.

History
Local Koryak people lived in the region for a long time before European explorers first arrived. They were described to be war-like. In the 17th century, Russian explorers first arrived in the area. But the area's harsh climate, land and unfriendly natives made exploration difficult. Multiple fighting later broke out between the natives and the Russians throughout the 18th century. This was because the Tsar ordered more Russian explorations of the area. In 1768-1769, the smallpox disease nearly wiped out the population. The natives were finally brought under control because of the disease. In 1854, the area saw fighting between the Russians and the British and French during the Crimean War. In 1867, after the sale of Alaska to the United States, Kamchatka loss its importance. It was because travelers were no longer stopping over the area to go to Alaska. During the last months of World War II, the area became an important point for Soviet troops to invade Japan. After the war the area became a military zone. This zone was closed off to Soviet citizens till 1990 and foreigners till 1991. Today it remains as a Krai (federal subject) within Russia.

Geography

Kamchatka is found in the far eastern part of Siberia. Because of this, it has a subarctic climate, which have long, cold winters, and short, mild summers. Rainfall in the area is unusually higher than the rest of Eastern Siberia. This is because westerly winds blow in from the Sea of Japan. The landscape is mostly mountainous, with the Sredinny Mountain Range occupying a large part of the region. The Sredinny Range has the most amount of glacier in North-East Asia. The area also has a high density of mountains that are active volcanoes. These volcanoes are included as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The area is prone to volcano eruption and earthquake. This is because it lies around the Pacific Ring of Fire. There are plenty of animals, birds and plants in the area. It is because of the good climate, geography and low human population.

Demographics
Kamchatka's population at the end of the Soviet Union decreased for some time, according to data. It is currently increasing again. Most of the population live in cities and towns, like the capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Ethnic Koryaks and other natives compose of a very small percentage of the population. Russians compose a great majority of the population. Most people in Kamchatka practice Orthodox Christianity, while a sizable population are irreligious. Shamanism, which is a belief that worships spirits and nature, is still practiced by some natives in the area. Russian is taught and used commonly in Kamchatka. While native languages like Koryak, Itelmen or Chuvan are hardly taught or used at home.

Economy
The economy of Kamchatka is mostly based on fishing and processing of natural resources. These resources include wood, coal and gold, involving the lumber and mining industries. Kamchatka lies along major shipping routes. It thus provide services such as ship building, repairing and the moving of goods among ships. In the past, Kamchatka was part of the region's fur trade. This fur trade was connected with places like China and Alaska.

Politics
The Governor of Kamchatka is the leader of the Krai. The Governor is chosen by public vote every five years. The Kamchatka Legislative Assembly, is the Krai's parliament. The Legislative Assembly lawmakers are chosen similarly by the public every five years. The majority of lawmakers in the Legislative Assembly are currently from the United Russia party. The United Russia party is the ruling party of Russia. The Krai was formed on 1 July 2007 from the merge between Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug.

Transportation
Generally, Kamchatka is isolated from the rest of Russia. There are no railway and road linking it with the rest of Russia. Flying is the most convenient way of entering or leaving Kamchatka. There are several airports, like the Yelizovo Airport. Flights from these airports link Kamchatka to cities further away. However, there are no international flights into the area. Kamchatka also lies along major shipping routes. These shipping routes connect Kamchatka with Alaska and East Asia by sea.

References

Kamchatka Krai


Enrico Bandini (September 13, 1807 – February 27, 1888) was an Italian painter, active in Parma, Italy.

He trained in his native Parma, at the city's Academy of Fine Arts under Giovanni Tebaldi. He painted both portraits and sacred subjects. He painted a Supper at Emmaus for the church of Sala Baganza. He died in Parma.

References

1807 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Parma
19th-century Italian male artists

Enrico Bandini


Juno Therapeutics Inc was an American biopharmaceutical company founded in 2013 through a collaboration of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and pediatrics partner Seattle Children's Research Institute. The company was launched with an initial investment of $120 million, with a remit to develop a pipeline of cancer immunotherapy drugs. The company raised $300 million through private funding and a further $265 million through their IPO.

On January 22, 2018, Juno Therapeutics was acquired by biotechnology company Celgene for $9 billion.

In November 2019, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) announced that it has completed its acquisition of Celgene.

History
In December 2014 the company signed an agreement with Opus Bio, Inc for a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) cell product candidate targeting CD22.

In April 2015 the company entered into a collaboration with MedImmune (a subsidiary of AstraZeneca) investigating combination treatments for cancer. The trials will assess combinations of MEDI4736 and one of Juno's CD19 directed chimeric antigen receptor T cell candidates. In May 2015, the company announced its intention to acquire Stage Cell Therapeutics for up to $223 million. Later in the same month the company launched a collaboration, with Editas Medicine, to create CAR-T and high-affinity T cell receptor therapies to treat cancer, with the potential to generate up to $737 million-plus for Editas. In June, the company acquired X-Body for more than $44 million. In June, the company announced a 10-year partnership with Celgene valued at $1 billion. As part of the deal Celgene will pay Juno $150 million and acquire 9.1 million new Juno shares (valued at $93, existing Juno shares rose 26% to $58.38). Celgene will gain the right to sell Juno's therapies around the world. This partnership surpasses the previous highest record when Pfizer agreed to a deal with Merck KGaA in 2014.

In January 2016 Juno announced it had acquired AbVitro, allowing it to use next-generation single cell sequencing platforms to complement its ability to create T cells engineered to target a broad array of cancer targets. Later in July of the same year, the company announced it would acquire RedoxTherapies for $10 million.
This acquisition provides Juno with an exclusive license to vipadenant, a small molecule adenosine A2a (A2a) receptor antagonist that has the potential to disrupt important immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor microenvironment in certain cancers.
In August the company announced it would license rights from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Eureka Therapeutics for a novel, fully human binding domain targeting B-cell maturation antigen.

In January 2018, Celgene announced it would acquire Juno for $9 billion.

Drug approval
 Lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel), the company's autologous anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy with a defined composition of purified CD8+ and CD4+ CAR T cells for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphoma after at least two prior therapies. On February 5, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Breyanzi (lisocabtagene maraleucel), a cell-based gene therapy to treat adult patients with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma who have not responded to, or who have relapsed after, at least two other types of systemic treatment.

See also
 Gene therapy

References

Biopharmaceutical companies
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Biotechnology companies established in 2013
Pharmaceutical companies established in 2013
Health care companies based in Washington (state)
Companies based in Seattle
2013 establishments in Washington (state)
2018 mergers and acquisitions

Juno Therapeutics


Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar (1909–2001) was an Indologist and  Vedic scholar from Maharashtra, India. He was born in Satara on 17 March 1909 and died in Pune on 11 December 2001.

Education

Dandekar earned an M.A. in Sanskrit in 1931, and an M.A. in Ancient Indian Culture in 1933, both from Bombay University (renamed some years ago as Mumbai University). He joined Fergusson College in Pune in 1933 as a professor of Sanskrit and Ancient Indian Culture. In 1936, he went to Germany for further studies and received his doctoral degree from Heidelberg University in 1938 for his thesis Der Vedish Mensh.

Career
Upon his return from Germany, Dandekar continued to teach at Fergusson College. In 1950, he was appointed Professor of Sanskrit and Head of the Department of Sanskrit and Prakrit Languages at the University of Poona (now called Savitribai Phule Pune University, and before that the University of Pune). He served as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts during 1959-1965. In 1964, he became the Director of the Center of Advanced Study in Sanskrit at the University of Poona, and served in that capacity until 1974.

In 1939, Dandekar had become the Honorary Secretary of the renowned Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI), and he continued to function in that capacity till 1994, effectively running the Institute for fifty-five years. From 1994 until his death in 2001, he served as the vice-president of the Institute.

Dandekar was closely associated with numerous Indian and international organizations related to Indology, and he served and shaped these organizations in various manners. They included  the All India Oriental Conference, the International Congress of Orientalists, the World Sanskrit Conference, the Sanskrit Commission of the Government of India, and the Deccan College. He served as an adviser on Indology at UNESCO.

Along with a large number of other publications, Dandekar published a monumental six-volume Vedic Suchi (Vedic bibliography) in 1946.

Honors
Dandekar received many honors and awards, including the Padmabhushan title in 1962 from the President of India, and a Sahitya Akademi Fellowship in 2000.

References

External links

1909 births
2001 deaths
Marathi-language writers
People from Satara (city)
Indian Indologists
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
University of Mumbai alumni

Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar


Company in a Courtyard Behind a House (1663–1665) is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch painter Pieter de Hooch. It is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Amsterdam Museum, on loan to the Rijksmuseum.

The painting was documented in 1910 by Hofstede de Groot, who wrote:286. SCENE IN A COURTYARD BEFORE A SMALL HOUSE (or, The Lovers). Sm. 61 ; Suppl. 25 ; de G. 6. In front of a small house with a red roof, red brick walls, and white pilasters, a gentleman and a lady, in a red jacket and yellow skirt, are seated at a small table. The lady, sitting almost with her back to the spectator, is squeezing a lemon into a glass of wine. The gentleman, with his pipe in his right hand, looks on with interest. Behind the couple an older woman comes forward with a glass of beer. At the corner of the house to the right a servant-girl, standing on a tub, is scouring a brass pot. To the right is a wooden fence with an open garden-door, above which rise some trees. To the left of the group is a hedge with trees beyond. It is a fine and early work, dating from about 1660–65. "The brilliant sunshine of a fine afternoon lends a peculiar charm to the scene" (Sm.).
Signed on the bank to the left, "P D HOOG"; canvas, 24 inches by 18 1/2 inches. Imported into England by Chaplin. In the O'Niel collection in 1832, and in the Van der Hoop collection, Amsterdam, in 1842.

Now in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Van der Hoop bequest, No. 1251 in the 1903 catalogue (formerly No. 686).

See also
 List of paintings by Pieter de Hooch

References

External links
Company in a courtyard behind a house, c. 1663-1665 in the RKD

1660s paintings
Paintings in the Rijksmuseum
Paintings by Pieter de Hooch
Amsterdam Museum

Company in a Courtyard Behind a House


The Revelation Mountains are a small, rugged subrange of the Alaska Range in Alaska, United States. They mark the furthest western extent of the Alaska Range. The range is rarely visited because of the flying time necessary to get there and also because of the notoriously poor weather conditions that are prevalent in the range. The highest peak in the range is Mount Hesperus (9,828 feet/2,996 m).

Description
The Revelation Mountains are located approximately  west-northwest of Anchorage, and approximately 130 miles (210 km) southwest of Denali. They are accessed by small plane; the closest airports to the range are near Anchorage and in Talkeetna, which is also approximately 130 miles (210 km) away. This makes access to the range very expensive; the weather also creates the potential for delays in reaching the range (both to drop off climbers and to pick them up).

The principal peaks of the Revelation Mountains are granite spires, rising out of relatively low-elevation glacial valleys. The high vertical relief in the Revelations makes the range a very dramatic place and also creates challenging climbing conditions, despite the low absolute elevation of the peaks.

The Revelations are drained on the northwest by the Big River, one branch of which flows from the Revelation Glacier, which is the main glacier of the core of the range. On the southwest they are drained by the Swift River, while the valleys of the southeast side feed the Stony River. The east and northeast slopes lead to the Hartman and South Fork Kuskokwim Rivers.

History
The first recorded visit to the range occurred in July, 1967 by David Roberts and his party from the Harvard Mountaineering Club. The group achieved a few first ascents, and subsequently named the range and many of its notable peaks. In his American Alpine Journal article, Roberts writes of extremely bad weather, including very high winds that frequented the range, and also of challenging climbing conditions. The Roberts party spent 52 straight days in the range. Roberts named the range the "Revelation Mountains," and gave many of the peaks Biblical names because he had been reading aloud from the Bible as part of his English literature studies at the University of Denver and thought the apocalyptic descriptions in the Book of Revelation matched the landscape of the mountain range.

Selected peaks in the Revelation Mountains
 Mount Hesperus (9,828 feet/2,996 m). First ascent by Justin Lesueur (New Zealand) and Karl Swanson, Stephen Spalding (Alaska), May 1985.
 The Apocalypse (9,345 feet/2,848 m) First ascent by Clint Helander, Jason Stuckey, April 2013.
 The Angel (9,265 feet/2,824 m). First ascent by Greg Collins, Tom Walter.
 Mount Mausolus (9,170 feet/2,795 m). First ascent March, 2011 (Clint Helander, Scotty Vincik).
 The Four Horsemen (8,600 feet/2,621 m) First ascent by Greg Collins, Tom Walter.
 Golgotha (8,940 feet). First ascent March 28, 2012 (Clint Helander, Ben Trocki).
 South Buttress (9,345 ft). First ascent August 28, 1967 (Fetcher, G. Millikan, R. Millikan).
 Ice Pyramid (9,250 ft). First ascent May 3, 2009 (Clint Helander, Seth Holden).
 Obelisk (9,304 ft). First ascent March 22, 2015 (Clint Helander, John Giraldo).
 Exodus (8,385 ft). First ascent May 2008 (Clint Helander, Steve Sinor and Seth Holden).
 Mt. Patmos (~ 9,000 ft). First ascent August 22, 1967 (Hale, Roberts).
 Hydra Peak (~ 7,800 ft). First ascent July 29, 1967 (Fetcher, Hale, Roberts).
 The Sylph (~ 7,600 ft). First ascent August 20, 1967 (Roberts).
 The Cherub (~ 7,305 ft). First ascent August 4, 1967 (G. Millikan, R. Millikan, Roberts).
 Sentry Peak (~ 7,294 ft). First ascent August 3, 1967 (Hale, Roberts).
 Century Peak (~ 7,100 ft). First ascent July 28, 1967 (Fetcher, Hale, Roberts).
 Babel Tower
 P8351 (8,351 feet/2,545 m)
 Peak 9076 East face couloir, First ascent May 1994 IV 5.9 A1  (P. Gonzales, J. Funsten, S. Raynor) AAJ
 Peak 8910 NF to E ridge, First ascent May 1994 III 5.4 (P. Gonzales, J. Funsten, S Raynor) AAJ
 Peak 6780 S. Face couloir, First ascent May 1994 Ski, class 4 (P. Gonzales, J Funsten, S. Raynor) AAJ

References

 David S. Roberts, "First Ascents in the Revelation Mountains", American Alpine Journal 44(Vol. 16), 1968.
 Michael Wood and Colby Coombs, Alaska: a climbing guide, The Mountaineers, 2001.
 Revelation Mountains on Topozone
 Stephen Spaulding, "Hesperus", American Alpine Journal 60 (Vol. 28), 1986.

Alaska Range
Landforms of Bethel Census Area, Alaska
Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska

Revelation Mountains


Tuanku Antah ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Radin (1812 – 22 Oktober 1888) was the sixth Yamtuan Besar of Negri Sembilan. He ruled from 1869 to 1888, and tried to keep Negeri Sembilan independent from British rule. His son Tuanku Muhammad Shah succeeded him and modernised his state.

Early life

Tuanku Antah was the son of the late Yamtuan Radin, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan from 1824 to 1861, and of his consort, Tuanku Ampuan Intan Tunku Alang Husain.

One of his wives whom he married was Cik Puan Wan Siti binti Haji Doraman in which they lived at the Kampung Tanjung Jati, Kuala Pilah. They had issued 2 sons Tunku Putra Sulaiman Ibni Tuanku Antah and Tunku Laksamana Abdul Kahar Tuanku Antah.

History

Sungai Ujong

His struggle against the British began in March 1872 when Datuk Kelana Syed Abdul Rahman, who governed Sungai Ujong (modern-day Seremban) allowed the British to open a tin mine and set up their operations within his domain. With the help of British soldiers, he defeated his enemy Datuk Bandar Tunggal and burned Rahang.

As the appointment of a foreigner, Resident PJ Murray, into Datuk Kelana's court was seen by other local officials as an invitation of a British invasion, the officials crowned Tuanku Antah as the Yamtuan of Seri Menanti, who did not recognise Datuk Kelana's authority.

Datuk Kelana claimed Terachi as part of his territory in 1875, causing Tuanku Antah to get angry. He dismissed the local government there that supported Datuk Kelana. Resident PR Murray interpreted this as a breach against Datuk Kelana's administration, so he went to Terachi with 20 soldiers led by Lieutenant Hinxman, and an interpreter and doctor from Australia known as Dominic Daly to investigate, but they did not find any sign of disorder there. PR Murray returned to Sungai Ujong, but Daly travelled from Kampung Terachi to Kuala Pilah to measure their distances. Daly was turned away when his party stumbled unto 200 men who threatened them to leave, and requested PR Murray to help him.

Battle of Bukit Putus

Tuanku Antah mobilised 4000 soldiers in preparation for the oncoming British invasion, and was helped by several others: Datuk Siamang Gagap, the Tunku Besar of Tampin, and the people of Rembau, Jelebu, and Johol. His army marched into Bukit Putus and Paroi, where he warned PJ Murray not to interfere with his sovereignty by trespassing into Terachi. The British Resident then requested help from the Straits Settlements, who sent 20 soldiers led by Lieutenant Peyton from Melaka, while Lieutenant Hinxman and his troops immediately dug trenches and fortified their compound, due to uprisings. Lieutenant Hinxman also brought another army with him, consisting of 30 troops, 30 policemen, and 6 Arabs, to attack Tuanku Antah at Paroi, but they were outnumbered by the locals, who surrounded and defeated them, while Tuanku Antah's forces occupied a house along the banks of the Linggi River as their base of operations.

On 5 December 1875, the British used Datuk Kelana's cannons to fight against Tuanku Antah. After a one-hour-long shootout, Lieutenants Hinxman and Peyton advanced through a swamp to destroy Tuanku Antah's fort, but they were not able to find him, and Tunku Laksamana took his place to govern Seri Menanti.

Reinforced by 350 soldiers led by Governor Anson from Pulau Pinang, the British bombarded Tuanku Antah's fortress. Tuanku Antah was forced to retreat, and the British retook Paroi. With the arrival of the battleship HMS Thistle to Sungai Ujong, still more reinforcements arrived under Lieutenant Colonel Clay, who led his group of 280 soldiers to retake Bukit Sungai Ujong. He later led his troops through Langkap into Bukit Putus, where his forces defeated more of Tuanku Antah's soldiers, and advanced on to Seri Menanti. Notified of the British approaching to his capital, Tuanku Antah fled with his family to Johor, where they came into the protection of Sultan Abu Bakar.

Sultan Abu Bakar then advised him to make peace with the British. In May 1876, Tuanku Antah arranged a meeting with the four Undang-Undang of Negeri Sembilan between them and William Jervouis, the Governor of Singapore. Under a peace treaty between all the belligerents, the British agreed to allow Tuanku Antah to rule Seri Menanti, Johol, Ulu Muar, Jempol, Terachi, Gunung Pasir, and Innas, and renamed his title Yang Di Pertuan Seri Menanti while the other regions of Negeri Sembilan will continue to be ruled by their respective leaders, and Sungai Ujong remains under British rule.

Death
After two years of retreat into Johor, Tuanku Antah returned to Seri Menanti, where he lived there for eleven years. He died in October, 22 1888, at age 76 and was buried at the Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum.

References

History of Negeri Sembilan
Antah
Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan
Minangkabau people
Malaysian people of Minangkabau descent
1812 births
1888 deaths
19th-century monarchs in Asia

Antah of Negeri Sembilan


Andrew Upton (born 1 February 1966) is an Australian playwright, screenwriter, and director. He is the husband of the two-time Academy Award winner actress Cate Blanchett.

Career
As a playwright, Upton created adaptations of Hedda Gabler, The Cherry Orchard, Cyrano de Bergerac, Don Juan (with Marion Potts), Uncle Vanya, The Maids, Children of the Sun and Platonov for the Sydney Theatre Company (STC) and Maxim Gorky's The Philistines for London's Royal National Theatre.

Personal life
Upton and Cate Blanchett met in 1996 on the set of a TV show, and were married on 29 December 1997. They have four children: biological sons Dashiell John (born 3 December 2001), Roman Robert (born 23 April 2004), Ignatius Martin (born 13 April 2008), and adopted daughter Edith Vivian Patricia, whose adoption was confirmed on 6 March 2015.

They lived in Hunters Hill, New South Wales, Australia, for many years.

Following the sale of their property there in late 2015, Upton and Blanchett purchased in early 2016 a historic $6.25 million English manor, Highwell House, in Crowborough, East Sussex, England.

Variety has reported that around the same time the couple also purchased a modern-minded five-bedroom duplex apartment in downtown Sydney once owned by satirist Barry Humphries, and purchased from The Celebrity Apprentice Australia host Mark Bouris for an amount "somewhere in the neighborhood of $8 million".

References

Other websites

1966 births
Australian screenwriters
Australian movie directors
Australian playwrights
Living people
Writers from New South Wales

Andrew Upton


Cheekwood is a  historic estate on the western edge of Nashville, Tennessee that houses the Cheekwood Estate & Gardens.  Formerly the residence of Nashville's Cheek family, the  Georgian-style mansion was opened as a botanical garden and art museum in 1960.

History
Christopher Cheek founded a wholesale grocery business in Nashville in the 1880s. His son, Leslie Cheek, joined him as a partner, and by 1915 was president of the family-owned company.  Leslie's wife, Mabel Wood, was a member of a prominent Clarksville, Tennessee, family.  Meanwhile, Joel Owsley Cheek, Leslie's cousin, had developed an acclaimed blend of coffee that was marketed through Nashville's finest hotel, the Maxwell House Hotel.  Cheek's extended family, including Leslie and Mabel Cheek, were investors. In 1928, the Postum Cereals Company (now General Foods) purchased Maxwell House's parent company, Cheek-Neal Coffee, for more than $40 million.

After the sale of the family business, Leslie Cheek bought  of woodland in West Nashville for a country estate.  He hired New York residential and landscape architect Bryant Fleming to design the house and gardens, and gave him full control over every detail of the project, including interior furnishings.  The resulting limestone mansion and extensive formal gardens were completed in 1932. The estate design was inspired by the grand English manors of the 18th century.

Leslie Cheek died just two years after moving into the mansion. Mabel Cheek and their daughter, Huldah Cheek Sharp, lived at Cheekwood until the 1950s, when Huldah Sharp and her husband offered the property as a site for a botanical garden and art museum. The Exchange Club of Nashville, the Horticultural Society of Middle Tennessee and other civic groups led the redevelopment of the property aided by funds raised from the sale of the former building of the defunct Nashville Museum of Art.  The new Cheekwood museum opened in 1960.

Art museum
Cheekwood's art collection was founded in 1959 upon the holdings of the former Nashville Museum of Art and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The core holdings include broad collections of American art; American and British decorative arts; contemporary art, especially outdoor sculpture acquired for the Woodland Sculpture Trail.

Cheekwood's American art collection includes 600 paintings and 5,000 prints, drawings and photographs. The collection, assembled in the 1980s and early 1990s through a multimillion-dollar bequest, spans the history of American art. Its strength centers on The Eight. Other strengths include the world's largest collection of sculptures of William Edmondson, photographs by Louise Dahl-Wolfe, and a vast variety of post-Second World War prints. Recently, the Museum has pursued a consciously focused acquisition process, having added paintings by James Hamilton, William Bradford, and new contemporary sculpture for the Trail.

The core holdings of the decorative arts collection include the third-largest Worcester porcelain in the United States, and a 650-piece silver collection, spanning the 18th-20th centuries.

The Cheek Mansion is itself considered part of the collection. A year-long renovation, completed in June 2017, restored much of the original building, which revealed authentic features (wood and marble floors that had been carpeted), and conserved historical architectural motifs, such as the illusionist murals that line the main corridor.

The Contemporary Art collection, housed in the galleries created out of the estate's original garage and stables, is small but of high quality, including paintings by Larry Rivers, Andy Warhol, Robert Ryman, Red Grooms, and Marylyn Dintenfass. Additionally, seven small galleries were created in the old horse stable stalls to enable Cheekwood to display installation art.

The Ann & Monroe Carell Jr. Family Sculpture Trail, a collection of ten sculptures by international artists, extends the contemporary art collection into nature, focusing on a kind of intimate, outdoor art not commonly found in American museums.

Botanical garden

Extending across the grounds from the Museum of Art, the Botanical Garden encompasses the entire  site with an emphasis on display, education, and study.  The plant collections include boxwood, conifer, crape myrtle, daffodil, daylily, dogwood, fern, herb, holly, hosta, hydrangea, Japanese maple, magnolia, Southeastern US natives, redbud, and trillium.

Other attractions
In addition to the Museum and the Botanical Garden, Cheekwood operates two gift shops, and a restaurant called the Cafe 1929 which is located in the Frist Learning Center.

See also
 List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States

References

External links

Cheekwood official site

Art museums and galleries in Tennessee
Botanical art
Botanical gardens in Tennessee
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Museums in Nashville, Tennessee
Decorative arts museums in the United States
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Parks in Nashville, Tennessee
Art museums established in 1960
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee

Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art


There have been three baronetcies created for members of the Anstruther family, two in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and one in the Baronetage of Great Britain. Two of the creations are extant while one is extinct.

The Anstruther Baronetcy, of Wrae in the County of Linlithgow and of Balcaskie, Fife and Braemore in the County of Caithness, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 28 November 1694 for Robert Anstruther, subsequently Member of Parliament for Fifeshire. The fifth Baronet represented Fifeshire and St Andrews in Parliament. The sixth Baronet was Lord Lieutenant of Fife. The seventh Baronet succeeded his kinsman as twelfth Baronet of Anstruther in 1980 (see below). The titles have remained united ever since.

The Anstruther, later Anstruther-Paterson, later Carmichael-Anstruther, later Anstruther Baronetcy, of Anstruther in the County of Lanark, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 6 January 1700 for John Anstruther, Member of Parliament for Anstruther Burghs and Fifeshire. The second and third Baronets also represented Anstruther Burghs in Parliament. The third Baronet married Anne Paterson, daughter of Sir John Paterson, 3rd Baronet, and assumed the additional surname of Paterson. The fifth Baronet succeeded to the Carmichael estates on the death of his kinsman Andrew Carmichael, 6th Earl of Hyndford, in 1817, and assumed the additional name of Carmichael. The eighth Baronet represented Lanarkshire South in Parliament. The eleventh Baronet was succeeded in the baronetcy by his kinsman, Sir Ralph Hugo Anstruther, 7th Baronet, of Wrae, Balcaskie, Fife and Braemore (see above). The titles remained united.

The Anstruther, later Carmichael-Anstruther Baronetcy, of Anstruther in the County of Lanark, was created in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 18 May 1798 for John Anstruther, ten years before succeeding his elder brother as the fourth Baronet in the baronetcy of 1700 (see above). In contrast to his brother he did not assume the surname of Paterson. On the death of the eighth Baronet (the eleventh Baronet of the 1700 creation) in 1980 the baronetcy of 1798 became extinct.

There is also an Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe baronetcy in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom (1929). William John St Clair Anstruther-Gray was created a baronet in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom 4 July 1956, and created a life peer as Baron Kilmany in 1966.

Anstruther baronets, of Wrae, Balcaskie, Fife and Braemore (1694)

Sir Robert Anstruther, 1st Baronet (1658–1737)
Sir Philip Anstruther, 2nd Baronet  (1688–1763)
Sir Robert Anstruther, 3rd Baronet (1733–1818)
Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet (1804–1863)
Sir Robert Anstruther, 5th Baronet (1834–1886)
Sir Ralph William Anstruther, 6th Baronet (1858–1934)
Sir Ralph Hugo Anstruther, 7th Baronet (1921–2002) (succeeded as 12th Baronet of the 1700 creation in 1980)
Sir Ian Fife Campbell Anstruther, 8th Baronet (1922–2007)
Sir Sebastian Paten Campbell Anstruther, 9th Baronet (b. 1962)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Maximillian Sengtawan Pinitwong Anstruther (b. 1995).

Anstruther, later Anstruther-Paterson, later Carmichael-Anstruther, later Anstruther baronets, of Anstruther (1700)
Sir John Anstruther, 1st Baronet (c 1678–1753)
Sir John Anstruther, 2nd Baronet (1718–1799)
Sir Philip Anstruther-Paterson, 3rd Baronet (1752–1808)
Sir John Anstruther, 4th and 1st Baronet (1753–1811) (created a Baronet, of Anstruther in the County of Lanark, in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 18 May 1798)
Sir John Carmichael-Anstruther, 5th Baronet (1785–1818)
Sir John Carmichael-Anstruther, 6th Baronet (1818–1831)
Sir Windham Carmichael-Anstruther, 7th Baronet (1793–1869)
Sir Windham Charles James Carmichael-Anstruther, 8th Baronet (c. 1825–1898)
Sir Windham Robert Carmichael-Anstruther, 9th Baronet (1877–1903)
Sir Windham Frederick Carmichael-Anstruther, 10th Baronet (1902–1928)
Sir Windham Eric Francis Carmichael-Anstruther, 11th Baronet (1900–1980)
Sir Ralph Hugo Anstruther, 12th Baronet (1921–2002)
see above for further succession

Anstruther, later Carmichael-Anstruther baronets, of Anstruther (1798)
Sir John Anstruther, 1st Baronet (1753–1811) (inherited the baronetage created 1700 (see above) in 1808 and baronetcies henceforth united. See 1700 creation list for succession. This 1798 creation became extinct in 1980.

See also
Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe baronets
William Anstruther-Gray, Baron Kilmany

External links
Ancient Family tree

Portrait of Sir Windham Carmichael-Anstruther, 7th Baronet

References

thePeerage.com

Baronetcies in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
1694 establishments in Nova Scotia
Baronets

Anstruther baronets


The former District School No. 14 building is located on Academy Street in Pine Hill, New York, United States. It is a concrete-sided frame building erected in the mid-1920s.

It replaced an 1880s school on the site that had burned down. Architecturally it combines the Colonial Revival and American Craftsman styles, both popular at the time it was built. Its interior layout also reflects changes in school building standards issued by New York's Education Department in 1910 that ended the one-room schoolhouse era in rural areas such as that section of the Catskills.

Classes were held there until 1960, when all the small local school districts in that area of western Ulster County were centralized. Afterwards it went through a variety of commercial reuses. Later it was transferred to the Town of Shandaken, which has converted it into the local historical museum known as the Town of Shandaken Historical Museum.

In 1997 the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  It is located in the Pine Hill Historic District.

Building

The school is located on the east side of Academy Street a short distance south of state highway NY 28. The ground slopes down to the east. The neighborhood is mostly residential, with homes on lots with mature tree cover. A short distance to the southeast is the Morton Memorial Library and Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge, both also listed on the Register.

The building itself is a five-by-three-bay two-story structure on a raised concrete foundation. It is faced in flat boards covered in stucco and wire lath. The peaked roof is covered in asphalt shingles and pierced by a small octagonal belfry.

On the west (front) facade is a full-width projection a single bay deep, with a gabled central entrance bay projecting from it. Its roof has broad eaves supported by knee brackets. The rear has a projecting entrance at ground level, where the slope exposes the entire basement.

The main entrance's glazed double doors are framed in a Colonial Revival surround topped by a round-arched Palladian-style light. They open into an entrance vestibule with stairs leading to both the basement and upper story. The former, a gymnasium/auditorium, remains intact. In the latter, classroom walls have been removed to create an open space more in keeping with the building's current use. Flooring throughout the interior is the original maple tongue and groove planking. The walls and 12-foot (4 m) ceilings also retain their original plaster on lath.

History

What was known at the time as the District 10 school had been on the Academy Street site since 1884, when a local resident, Richard Hill, deeded the land to the district for that purpose. That building was located on the southeast corner of the site, just east of the present building.

In the early 1920s, it burned down. The community decided to rebuild on the site. The new school would be known as the District 14 school due to administrative changes to the area's districting.

A new building was authorized in 1924. Thomas Storey, a builder from nearby Arkville, was hired for the job. He finished it in May 1925, at a cost of $23,000 ($ in contemporary dollars), $3,000 over the amount originally budgeted and five months after his original expected date of completion. Classes were held in the building starting that September.

Its design combines two then-popular architectural styles. The hipped roof, belfry and entrance are hallmarks of the Colonial Revival style, while the brackets, exposed rafters, six-over-one sash windows and stucco finish are associated with the American Craftsman movement.

The building's design was also affected by new standards the state put out in 1910 for school buildings. These led many rural communities to abandon traditional one-room schoolhouses in favor of slightly larger multi-purpose buildings with several rooms that could be used for different educational purposes. They were meant to use natural lighting as much as possible, hence the high ceilings. The exterior stucco finish and interior plaster also met a new state requirement that frame structures be enclosed in incombustible material, adopted in the wake of the 1908 Collinwood school fire near Cleveland, which killed 175, most of them students.

The school stayed in use until 1960, when the small rural districts in the area were consolidated into what is today the Onteora Central School District. Four years later, the district transferred it to the then-village of Pine Hill, which used it for a while as a youth center. Later it would be used privately, serving as a coat manufacturing center and furniture repair shop. For those purposes, the walls upstairs were removed.

In 1985, when Pine Hill's residents voted to dissolve the village, title reverted to the Town of Shandaken, which eventually allowed its historical society to move in and start the museum which continues in operation. It has exhibits on all 12 of the hamlets in the town, a recreated schoolroom, and antiques.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ulster County, New York

References

External links
Museum Facebook page

Former school buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
School buildings completed in 1925
Catskills
Shandaken, New York
Defunct schools in New York (state)
History museums in New York (state)
Museums in Ulster County, New York
Historic district contributing properties in New York (state)
1925 establishments in New York (state)

District School No. 14


George Fitzgerald Smoot III (born February 20, 1945) is an American professor of astrophysics and cosmology. In 2006 he won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on cosmic microwave background radiation and COBE with John C. Mather. That work made it possible to measure black holes and cosmic radiation much more exactly than was possible before.

This work gave new evidence for the big-bang idea that the universe was once a big explosion. This work was completed using the Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (COBE). The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science."

Professor Smoot works for the University of California, Berkeley Department of Physics. In 2003 he was awarded the Einstein Medal.

Early life

Education
Professor Smoot was born in Yukon, Florida.  He went to Upper Arlington High School in Upper Arlington, Ohio until 1962. He studied mathematics for some time before going to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he was awarded two bachelor's degrees for mathematics and physics in 1966, and a Ph.D. in particle physics in 1970.

Smoots cousin, Oliver R. Smoot, also studied at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and was made famous for the Smoot measurement of the Harvard Bridge between Cambridge and Boston. The "Smoot" length was marked in paint over 360 times on the bridge and is repainted there every year. Oliver later worked as the Chairman of the American National Standards Institute.

Early research
Professor Smoot began to study cosmology, and went to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where he worked with Luis Walter Alvarez on the experiment HAPPE, a high up weather balloon for detecting antimatter in the upper atmosphere.

He then took up an interest in the microwaves in cosmic radiation which had been discovered by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson in 1964.  This work gave new evidence of what the universe is made of. Some researchers thought that the universe was rotating, which would mean that temperature of microwaves would seem different when measured from different angles. With the help of Alvarez and Richard A. Muller, Professor Smoot developed a radiometer to measure the difference in temperature from two angles 60 degrees apart. The radiometer was put on top of a Lockheed U-2 plane, but the measurements seemed to show that the universe was not rotating. It did, however, detect another difference in the microwave temperature on one side of the sky. They called this a dipole pattern and a Doppler effect of the Earth's motion.  A doppler effect happens because the Sun, and the Milky Way are moving at nearly 600 km/s.  They think this is caused by gravity from the Great Attractor.

COBE

The measurements from the radiometer showed that one side of the sky was different to the other but this was surprising because it was expected that many differences would be found all over the sky. Smoot was working on finding these smaller differences in the late 1970s when he gave NASA an idea to make a satellite with a detector that was similar to the one mounted on the Lockheed aeroplane. This detector would be much more powerful and it would not be affected by the atmosphere. NASA spent US$160  million on the satellite and named it the COBE. The COBE satellite was delayed after the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed, but was launched successfully on November 18, 1989. After more than two years, on 21 April 1992, the COBE research team claimed that the satellite had detected the small differences they were looking for. This was very important in the study of the early universe.  The study was "evidence for the birth of the universe". Professor Smoot said: "If you're religious, it's like looking at God."

More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers helped to make the COBE. John Mather was in control of the whole project and the experiments that made the COBE possible. George Smoot was in control of measuring the small differences in the temperature of the radiation.

Smoot worked with the San Francisco Chronicles journalist, Keay Davidson, to write a book called Wrinkles in Time, all about the team's work. In the book The Very First Light,  John Mather and John Boslough write more of the COBE story. Mathers book says that Professor Smoot was giving news of COBE to the press before NASA did. This made problems between Smoot and Mather in the past.

Recent work
After COBE, Smoot helped with another experiment with a stratospheric balloon called the MAXIMA experiment. This ballon took some better measurements than the COBE. Smoot has continued studying cosmic radiatin and now works on the third generation COBE satellite Planck. He is also working on the design of a Supernova/Acceleration Probe (SNAP), a satellite which is to measure dark energy.  He has also assisted in analyzing data from the Spitzer Space Telescope in connection with measuring far infrared background radiation.

References

Other websites
George Smoot official website at UC Berkeley
George Smoot biography at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
George Smoot curriculum vitae at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Smoot Group Cosmology official website at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Low gravity phase separator U.S. Patent 4027494  at the United States Patent Office
Nobel Prize announcement at the Nobel Foundation
 Contemplating the birth of the universe

1945 births
Living people
American astronomers
American astrophysicists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Florida

George F. Smoot


Taiping Prefecture () was an administrative region of China during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties that spanned roughly the areas of the modern day cities of Ma'anshan and Wuhu in Anhui Province. During the Ming Dynasty the prefecture was classified as part of Southern Zhili and later came under the administration of Anhui Province during the Qing Dynasty. Taiping Prefecture consisted of the three counties of Dangtu, Wuhu, and Fanchang. It was abolished in 1912 with the advent of the Republic of China.

References

External links

Former administrative divisions of China

Taiping Prefecture


Dai Woodham, MBE, BEM (5 September 1919 – 12 September 1994), born David Lloyd Victor Woodham, is remembered by many steam railway enthusiasts as the man who saved over 200 former British Railways steam locomotives from the scrap heap. Many of these were purchased by preserved railways and locomotive preservation groups and are now in active operation, including some permitted to haul passenger trains on the main line system.

His family owned Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry Docks, Barry, Wales.  In the 1930s, the Woodhams started to trade in scrap metal, and in 1957, the company began dismantling railway wagons as a result of the 1955 Modernisation Plan. This sought to reduce the British Railways wagon fleet from over one million to just 600,000 and to scrap and replace around 16,000 remaining steam locomotives with new 'standard' designs as well as diesel and electric powered types.

Dai Woodham was awarded the MBE in 1987 in recognition of a number of business initiatives which helped to create many jobs in the Barry Docks area.  Dai already held the British Empire Medal for bravery while serving with the Royal Artillery in Italy in World War II.

In 1994, Dai Woodham was diagnosed with lung cancer; he died on 12 September that year.

1919 births
1994 deaths
20th-century Welsh businesspeople
British people associated with Heritage Railways
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Deaths from lung cancer in England
Recipients of the British Empire Medal
Royal Artillery personnel
British Army personnel of World War II

Dai Woodham