Adolph Carl von de Heyde Süssmilch (12 February 1875 – 6 December 1946), also known as  Adolph Carl Süssmilch, was an Australian geologist and educationist.

Süssmilch was born in Sydney, New South Wales, to German immigrants. He worked as an indent clerk and studied science part-time at Sydney Technical College, where he later taught geology and mining.

His first scientific paper (on basic plutonic rocks near Kiama) was published in the Royal Society of New South Wales journal in 1905. In 1911 he published what was to become a widely used textbook: An Introduction to the Geology of New South Wales. The next three decades he produced a total of nineteen published papers on various aspects of geology and the physical geography of New South Wales. In his later papers he turned to geomorphology and palaeozoic stratigraphy.

He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales (of which he was president in 1922) in 1939. Two years later, he became its 1941 Clarke memorial lecturer.

References
Süssmilch, Adolph Carl von de Heyde (1875 - 1946) at Bright Sparcs
G. P. Walsh, 'Süssmilch, Adolph Carl von de Heyde (1875 - 1946)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12, MUP, 1990, pp 139–140

Australian geologists
1875 births
1946 deaths

Carl Süssmilch


Paris, Texas is a 1984 drama road film directed by Wim Wenders, co-written by Sam Shepard and L. M. Kit Carson, and produced by Don Guest. It stars Harry Dean Stanton, Nastassja Kinski, Dean Stockwell, Aurore Clément, and Hunter Carson. In the film, disheveled recluse Travis Henderson (Stanton) reunites with his brother Walt (Stockwell) and son Hunter (Carson). Travis and Hunter embark on a trip through the American Southwest to track down Travis's missing wife, Jane (Kinski).

The film is a co-production between companies in France and West Germany, but it is English-spoken and was filmed primarily in West Texas. Cinematography was handled by Robby Müller, while the musical score was composed by Ry Cooder.

At the 1984 Cannes Film Festival, it won the Palme d'Or from the official jury, as well as the FIPRESCI Prize and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury. It went on to other honors and widespread critical acclaim praising mainly direction, acting, cinematography, emotional resonance and musical score.

Plot
Travis Henderson is seen wandering through the West Texas desert, bewildered and holding an empty gallon water jug. He wanders into a convenience store, opens a freezer, and starts eating ice before losing consciousness. A German doctor examines Travis and discovers that he is mute. The doctor goes through Travis's wallet and finds a card with a phone number on it. He calls the number, which belongs to Walt Henderson, Travis's brother.

Walt makes the journey from Los Angeles to Terlingua, Texas, to pick up Travis, who he had presumed was dead after not hearing from him for several years. Walt's wife Anne is slightly troubled by this, since she and Walt had adopted Travis's son, Hunter, as Hunter's biological mother Jane had been out of his life for years. Walt arrives in Terlingua and finds Travis wandering miles down the road from the clinic.

The two brothers begin their road trip back to Los Angeles. Walt grows increasingly frustrated with Travis's muteness and confronts him about his disappearance and abandonment of Hunter. At the mention of Hunter, Travis begins to cry, but still does not speak. The following day, Travis finally begins to speak and produces a photo of a plot of land, explaining to Walt that he purchased a property in Paris, Texas.

The brothers arrive in Los Angeles and Travis is reunited with Hunter. Hunter has little recollection of his father and is initially timid around him. Walt shows Hunter old home videos of them and Jane, and, after much persistence by Travis, Hunter begins to grow comfortable around his father. Anne tells Travis in confidence that Jane deposits monthly payments into a bank account for Hunter, and that the bank is in Houston. Travis becomes immediately determined to find Jane, and tells Hunter that he has to leave the following night. Hunter tells Travis that he wants to accompany him, though they do not have the permission of Walt and Anne.

Travis and Hunter embark on a road trip to Houston, with the two of them bonding and growing closer. They finally arrive at the bank on the day of the expected deposit and make a plan to locate Jane's car. Hunter spots Jane making a drive-in deposit, and the two follow her car to a peep show club where she works. Travis goes inside while Hunter waits in the car. The peep show is designed so that customers sit on one side of a one-way mirror with a telephone intercom to the performer. When Jane enters the room, Travis is unable to speak, and soon leaves without saying more than a few words to her. Travis is angry, driving to a bar and drinking while Hunter complains.

The following day, Travis drops Hunter off at the Meridian Hotel and goes back to Jane's workplace. He goes to Jane's room, this time turning his chair so it faces away from her. On the phone, he tells her a vague story about a man and a younger woman who met, quickly fell in love with each other, got married, and had a child. Jane is initially confused, but soon realizes that it is Travis on the phone. He tells her that after the child was born, the wife suffered from postpartum depression, becoming irritable and yearning for an escape. She would have dreams about running naked down a highway, but just as she was about to finally leave, he would appear and stop her. The now-alcoholic husband, fearing his wife's departure, tied a cowbell to her foot so he would be able to hear if she left in the night. On one night, the wife—having stuffed socks in the cowbell to muffle the sound—successfully snuck out, though the husband caught her and dragged her back home. He tied her to a stove with his belt and went to bed. When he woke up, the house was on fire and the wife and child were gone.

Jane turns the light off on her side and finally sees Travis. She expresses pain and regret over missing Hunter's childhood. Travis tells Jane that Hunter is in Houston waiting for her, and gives her Hunter's room number at the Meridian Hotel. That night, Jane and Hunter are reunited while Travis watches from the parking lot. Travis gets into his car and drives away, smiling to himself.

Cast
 Harry Dean Stanton as Travis Henderson
 Nastassja Kinski as Jane Henderson
 Dean Stockwell as Walt Henderson
 Aurore Clément as Anne Henderson
 Hunter Carson as Hunter Henderson

Production

Development

West German director Wim Wenders had travelled to the United States and stated he wished "to tell a story about America". The film is named for the Texas city of Paris, but not set there in any scene. Instead, Paris is referred to as the location of a vacant lot owned by Travis that is seen in a photograph, and is used as a metaphor. Wenders had taken photographs like it while location scouting in the Western United States earlier in his career, photographing locations such as Las Vegas and Corpus Christi, Texas.

Screenwriter Sam Shepard met Wenders to discuss writing and/or acting for Wenders' project Hammett. Shepard said he was uninterested in writing Hammett, but they considered loosely adapting Shepard's Motel Chronicles, and developed a story of brothers, one having lost his memory. Their script grew to 160 pages, as the brother-brother relationship lessened in importance, and numerous endings were considered. Little of the funding for the project originated from Germany.

The film shares similar traits to Wenders' 1974 film Alice in the Cities (Alice in den Städten).

Casting

Harry Dean Stanton had appeared in 100 films before Paris, Texas, with small roles in Cool Hand Luke and a large part in Repo Man, which came out the same year as Paris, Texas. He embraced the leading part of Travis, saying "After all these years, I finally got the part I wanted to play". However, Wenders also said Stanton was unsure of his part, and the age disparity between himself and the younger Nastassja Kinski (he was 34 years older). Wenders stated he had discovered Dean Stockwell as he was prepared to quit acting, finding no desirable roles and considering beginning a career in real estate. Hunter Carson was the son of co-screenwriter L. M. Kit Carson, and agreed to act while accompanied by his mother, Karen Black, who helped him memorize the dialogue.

Kinski wrote a diary for the character Jane to develop her backstory, imagining her emigrating from Europe, and getting more affection from Travis than she had from anyone. According to Stockwell, his character in early drafts was intended to travel with Hunter, Travis and Anne before Anne turned back to Los Angeles and Walt became lost in the desert, paralleling Travis in the first scene. Stockwell and Aurore Clément's parts were later reduced.

Filming
Wenders said the film, shot in only four to five weeks, with only a small group working the last weeks, was very short and fast. There was a break in shooting during which time the script was completed. Filmmaker Allison Anders worked as a production assistant on the film, while Claire Denis served as assistant director. Filming largely occurred in Fort Stockton and Marathon in the Trans-Pecos region of West Texas. The film marked Wenders' first time avoiding storyboarding completely, going straight to rehearsals on location before shooting.

Shooting had already started in 1983 when the screenplay was still incomplete, with the objective of filming in the order of the story. Shepard planned to base the rest of the story on the actors' observations and their understanding of the characters. However, when Shepard moved on to another job, he sent Wenders notes on how the screenplay should end instead. Shepard credited Wenders and L. M. Kit Carson with the idea of a peep show and the story's final acts. At the request of Wenders, Shepard composed Travis's climactic monologue to Jane, and dictated it over the phone to a secretary working on the film. The filmmakers opted not to portray a realistic peep show, as they needed a format that allowed for  more communication between the characters. Kinski could not see anyone, only a mirror, in the peep show scenes, and said this created a genuine feeling of solitude.

Challenges arose when the film ran short of finances, but Wenders was encouraged when they completed the scene with Kinski, remarking, "it dawned on me that we were going to touch people in a big way. I was a little scared by the idea".

Themes and interpretation

Robert Phillip Kolker and Peter Beickene wrote the film presents the United States as "a fantasyland, a place of striking images, a mise-en-scène of desert and city". Aside from the landscape, there are references to U.S. culture and film, and similarities to John Ford's 1956 film The Searchers. Academic Roger Cook argued there is a connection between the character of Travis and his surroundings observable on the ride to California. The character gradually moves from the "desolate" to civilization, and Travis continually tries to break away from this difficult transition. His vehicles of choice possibly also reflect his characterization, as his preferred rental car has a bump, and he switches to a clearly used 1958 Ford Ranchero for his return to Texas.

Thomas Elsaesser observed that many of the journeys in Wenders' filmography are in search of a woman. In the case of Paris, Texas, this is with the aim of "escaping her 'now' in order to find her as she was 'then'". Kolker and Beickene commented on the lack of touch, or even "emotional fulfillment" between Travis and Jane at the end, aside from their faces merging in the glass and their discussions of their emotions.

Marc Silberman examined how personal identity is also a theme in the film, as the name "Paris" is deceptive, conjuring images of France but referring to Texas. This is evident in what Travis refers to as "Daddy's joke" about Travis' mother being from Paris, and his belief that he was conceived there causes him to believe going there will achieve self-realization. Elsaesser believed the ending signified Travis sending Hunter in his stead to reunite with Jane. Elsaesser found this to be an example of a complicated system in which various characters see each other through fantasy, and remake each other as they desire. Travis' father had seen his mother as a Parisian, and this became "a sickness".

Cook opined that returning to the sanctuary of the road is Travis' response to having suffered the worst modern American experience, turning his son over to the boy's mother. Stan Jones suggested that the story involves a "European way of seeing", as Travis evolves from being a perceiver, to being a driving force, then back to being a perceiver, before finally withdrawing. Wenders said that the final scene, where Travis leaves Jane and Hunter behind, marked the beginning of the next chapter in his own filmography: "This scene for me had a liberating effect ... I let him disappear in my own way, and all my previous male characters went with him. They have all taken up residence in a retirement home on the outskirts of Paris, Texas."

Paris, Texas belongs in the road movie genre, while Guardian critic Guy Lodge suggested it could also be considered a Western. Stan Jones noted Mark Luprecht had classified Paris, Texas as a tragedy and had detected Oedipal themes in its depiction of family.

Style
Paris, Texas is notable for its images of the Texas landscape and climate. Wenders had emphasized roads in his earlier works, particularly his Road Movie trilogy, to depict "characters' journeys", with the setting of Texas removing the cultural boundaries of Europe. The opening gives an aerial perspective of the dry desert. Critic Emanuel Levy noted the shots that follow of "billboards, placards, graffiti, rusty iron carcasses, old railway lines, neon signs, motels". The film's production design was by Kate Altman. Cinematographer Robby Müller had frequently worked with Wenders, and the photography in Paris, Texas is characteristic of Müller's style, which director Steve McQueen defined as "a visual language to capture what appear to be men falling to their deaths in slow motion". Senses of Cinema critic Lee Hill also compared it to the art of Edward Hopper and Edward Ruscha.

The film is accompanied by a slide-guitar score by Ry Cooder, employing Blind Willie Johnson's "Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground", which Cooder hailed as "the most transcendent piece in all American music". Screen International editor Nick Roddick wrote the music gives "a quality of yearning to the bleakness of the landscape". In 2018, Cooder revealed a specific source of inspiration during an interview on BBC Radio 4: "[Wenders] did a very good job at capturing the ambience out there in the desert, just letting the microphones ... get tones and sound from the desert itself, which I discovered was in the key of E♭ ... that's the wind, it was nice. So we tuned everything to E♭".

Release

Paris, Texas competed at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival, with Wenders claiming that Stanton was so anxious about Cannes that they hired Sean Penn to assist with Stanton's preparations for the screening. Roddick remarked on how the film's affectionate portrayal of the U.S. was well received by European filmmakers at Cannes at a time of high anti-Americanism, given the presidency of Ronald Reagan.

Conflicts between Wenders' Road Movies company and distributor Filmverlag over how many copies of Paris, Texas should be released in West Germany following Cannes caused it to be initially denied a theatrical release there, so bus tours were launched to transport German viewers to Zürich for showings. Road Movies launched a lawsuit to sever ties with Filmverlag, and the film reached West German theatres eight months later.

It was screened at the Sundance Film Festival in 1985 and again in 2006 as part of the Sundance Collection category. It returned to Cannes for the Cannes Classics section of the 2014 Festival, after being restored by Cinepost. The film has been released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 by The Criterion Collection.

Reception

Critical reception
Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, writing "Paris, Texas is a movie with the kind of passion and willingness to experiment that was more common fifteen years ago than it is now. It has more links with films like Five Easy Pieces and Easy Rider and Midnight Cowboy, than with the slick arcade games that are the box-office winners of the 1980s. It is true, deep, and brilliant". Varietys Holly Willis praised the cinematography, and credited Wenders for a worthy European portrait of the U.S. Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review, writing, "The film is wonderful and funny and full of real emotion as it details the means by which Travis and the boy become reconciled. Then it goes flying out the car window when father and son decide to take off for Texas in search of Jane". David Denby criticized Paris, Texas in New York, calling it "lifeless" and a "fiasco". Texas Monthly boasted Paris, Texas was "The hottest Texas town in France", noting Le Monde placed a rave review of the film on its first page.

It has had an enduring legacy among critics and film aficionados.  In 2015, Guy Lodge of The Guardian named it a favorite Palme d'Or-winner, while Texas Monthly included it in its Best Texas Movies list for its depiction of Marathon, Texas. During the same year, Paris, Texas appeared on a posthumous list of Akira Kurosawa's 100 favorite movies. In 2016, Entertainment Weekly also included it in The 25 Best Texas Movies, while The Texas Observer critic Michael Agresta credited it with creating "a certain flavor of Texas cool". However, that year The Hollywood Reporter argued its prestige had lessened somewhat, naming it the 44th best Palme d'Or-winner to date. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Paris, Texas holds an approval rating of 94% based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "A quiet yet deeply moving kind of Western, Paris, Texas captures a place and people like never before (or after)".

Accolades
At Cannes, the film won three prizes: the Palme d'Or, the FIPRESCI Prize, and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury. The decision from the main jury on the Palme d'Or was unanimous, with one of the members being French cinematographer Henri Alekan, who would later work with Wenders on Wings of Desire.

Legacy
The Irish rock group U2 cited Paris, Texas as an inspiration for their album The Joshua Tree. Scottish rock bands Travis and Texas both took their names from the film. Musicians Kurt Cobain and Elliott Smith said this was their favorite film of all time. The film has also influenced later directors, with David Robert Mitchell, who made It Follows (2014), saying the aesthetics in its framing and composition were instructive. Wes Anderson was also inspired by Wenders' home movie scene with the photographs of the dead wife in The Royal Tenenbaums (2001).

In 1986, the photography Wenders took on his location scout for Paris, Texas was exhibited at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, France, under the title Written in the West. In 2000, these were published in a book also titled Written in the West, with additional material in Written in the West, Revisited in 2015.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Paris, Texas: On the Road Again – an essay by Nick Roddick at The Criterion Collection

1984 films
1984 drama films
1984 independent films
1980s drama road movies
1980s English-language films
1980s French films
1980s German films
English-language French films
English-language German films
Films about atonement
Films about brothers
Films about domestic violence
Films about father–son relationships
Films about mother–son relationships
Films directed by Wim Wenders
Films scored by Ry Cooder
Films set in Houston
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Houston
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Texas
Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award
Films with screenplays by Sam Shepard
Foreign films set in the United States
French drama road movies
French independent films
German drama road movies
German independent films
Palme d'Or winners
Paris, Texas
West German films

Paris, Texas (film)


WNNJ (103.7 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Newton, New Jersey and serving Sussex County.  It airs a classic rock radio format focusing on the 1970s, 80s and 90s, and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc.  The station is known as "103-7 NNJ The Tri States' Rock Station".  Several of the personalities on WNNJ are voicetracked from WAXQ New York and WXTB Tampa.  The studios and offices are on Mitchell Avenue in Franklin, New Jersey.

WNNJ is a Class B1 FM station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 2,300 watts. The signal covers Northwestern New Jersey and reaches parts of northeastern Pennsylvania and Orange County, New York.  The transmitter is on Gigi Lane in Branchville, New Jersey.Radio-Locator.com/WNNJ

History

MOR and Beautiful Music
The station signed on the air on .  The original call sign was WNNJ-FM, the sister station to WNNJ 1360 AM (now WTOC).  WNNJ-AM-FM were locally owned by Simpson Wolfe, incorporated as Sussex County Broadcasters.  Initially WNNJ-FM simulcast the Middle of the Road (MOR) format on 1360 WNNJ during the day. Then after WNNJ 1360 signed off for the night (WNNJ was a daytimer) WNNJ-FM played classical music in the evening.

In the mid-1960s, the FCC encouraged co-owned AM-FM stations to separate their programming.  WNNJ-FM was renamed WIXL and had an automated beautiful music format. The station played mostly easy listening instrumental cover versions of pop tunes along with a couple of soft vocals per hour.
There were similarly formatted stations heard in Sussex County from the Lehigh Valley and New York City which were more popular, so WIXL had trouble competing.

Country Music
The owners did a format study in the Summer of 1976. The conclusion was that country music fans were underserved in Sussex County. WHN was an AM country station from New York that played pop tunes mixed with country hits.  In Franklin, New Jersey, 102.3 WSUS played a format of 50% Top 40 hits and 50% country music. WSUS did switch formats at night to a top 40/rock format keeping the pop and country mix format during the day for the next few years. So it was decided that WIXL would go country full-time. In November 1976 WIXL 103.7 became "XL Country".  Two years later, its slogan was "The Home Of Great American Music".

As a country station, WIXL played deep cuts by well known country music artists. Some crossover material was heard but it was the hard core country sound that drove the station. Core artists included Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Tanya Tucker, Sonny James, Charlie Pride, Johnny Cash and Dolly Parton. The station also played an occasional bluegrass song along with a bluegrass show on Sunday evenings. Additionally the station had New York Mets baseball and New York Giants football as well as auto racing at some points.

In 1979, Simpson Wolfe sold WIXL along with WNNJ to Marvin Strauzer and Michael Levine under the name Group M Communications. The country music format continued on WIXL. In 1982, the format evolved to include more crossover material. Early in 1983, the bluegrass show was canceled. After that WIXL began mixing in crossover songs with a slight twang.  The playlist included "Turn Turn Turn by the Byrds, "You Were on My Mind" by We Five, and "Classical Gas" by Mason Williams. Well known crossover country artists like Kenny Rogers, John Denver, Linda Ronstadt, Rita Coolidge and Eddie Rabbitt were played as well as cuts by country rock artists like Neil Young, Lynyrd Skynyrd and The Eagles were added to the mix in moderation.

WIXL continued with a country format through most of the 1980s, but as demographics began to change, a format study was done late in 1986. The conclusion was that there was a need for another contemporary music station in the market. Plans for a format change were made early in 1988 for Labor Day weekend. However, competition heard these rumors.  Out of fear of being beaten by a competitor, WIXL dropped its country music format on May 28, 1988, at noon.

Contemporary Hits
This format change faced some controversy.  Now country music fans could only get their music on 97.1 WYNY in New York City which had a spotty signal but still could be received.  Later that year, Westwood One acquired the WYNY's Country Unit and moved it to 103.5 FM.  Because of 103.5 FM's proximity to 103.7, WYNY could no longer be received in the WIXL listening area. As a result, Sussex County residents could not get country music on the radio.  Finally, four years later, 106.3 WFMV became "Hot Country WHCY", bringing country music back to the area.

WIXL became a Top 40 (CHR) station, with the entire DJ staff staying on. WIXL became known as "Power 103".  Later that year, the station dropped the WIXL call letters and reverted to WNNJ-FM.

In 1992 the station dropped the Power 103 name to simply be known as 103.7 WNNJ-FM following the departure of PD Larry Bear.  The station followed an Adult Top 40 format until 1997, with much success. In the fall of 1996, WNNJ-FM 103.7 and WNNJ 1360 AM were sold to Nassau Broadcasting.  During this time management changes were made.

Classic Hits
In January 1997, half the airstaff exited and new DJs were mixed in. The station cut back the news department as well. The Adult Top 40 format was also dropped. WNNJ-FM then flipped to a pop-leaning rock format.  The station became known as "Classic Hits 103-7".  Musically Classic Hits 103-7 played rock oriented songs from 1964 to 1989.  Mixed in were harder rock hits as well as pop hits from the '70s that leaned toward rock, along with a few late 60s and early 80s titles.  The station earned high ratings with this format. In September 1998 Chuck Seese and Deanne Schulz were teamed to host the morning show, replacing Pat Butler.  DJs during this era included Christa Robinson, Chip Miller, Mike Malone, Vince Thomas, Brett Alan, Andy Roberts, Frank Bruno, and others.

More personnel changes came in August 2000, as a change in ownership was coming. Chuck Seese returned to Nassau's WSBG in Stroudsburg PA, and Schulz became a publicity executive. In the Winter of 2001 Nassau sold WNNJ-FM along with WNNJ 1360, WSUS, WHCY, and local marketing agreements for WDLC and WTSX, to Clear Channel Communications.  This was done in exchange for cash, WEEX, and WODE-FM in Easton, Pennsylvania. Those Lehigh Valley stations would become Nassau stations.

Classic Rock
Under Clear Channel management, Classic Hits 103.7 only made a few slight changes initially. But musically over the next few years the station moved to more of a regular classic rock format. In the fall of 2003, the station dropped the name "Classic Hits 103.7" and became "103.7 WNNJ The Tri State's Classic Rock Station". The airstaff changed gradually and by 2004 was totally different from what it had been under Nassau. It also added the nationally syndicated Nights with Alice Cooper show in the evenings. Eventually, the Alice Cooper show was dropped.

On July 1, 2008, WNNJ-FM officially changed its call letters to WNNJ, because 1360 WNNJ modified its format and changed its call letters to WTOC. Because the FM station no longer shared call letters with an AM station, the FM suffix was no longer needed.  From July 9, 2012 until early 2020, Gary Cee, formerly of WPDH, was the Program Director of WNNJ.

Facilities
WNNJ's transmitter is located in Frankford Township and transmits at 2,300 watts as a Class B1 FM station.  Originally the transmitter was in Andover Township in Springdale (a couple miles from where AM 1360's transmitter is still located). The station wanted to relocate the tower in Fredon but faced a opposition. Finally in 1986, the station began transmitting at the present location.

The studios were located outside of Newton for many years as well.  In September 2004, the studios and offices moved into state of the art facilities in Franklin on Mitchell Avenue along with other iHeartMedia stations in the Sussex County cluster, WHCY and WSUS.

Schedule
Currently, WNNJ's schedule is:

References

External links
The Rock Station 103.7 Website

NNJ
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in New Jersey
IHeartMedia radio stations

WNNJ


Jacob M. Bushue (born May 15, 1992) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for USL Championship club Las Vegas Lights FC.

Career

Youth
Bushue played youth soccer with the Chicago Magic from 2006 to 2010. Bushue's Chicago Magic team was a Dallas Cup Semi-Finalist in 2009. His teams also went to the US Soccer Academy Finals in both 2008 and 2009. Bushue was invited to the Adidas ESP Camp in 2008 and 2009.

College
He played college soccer at Indiana University from 2010 to 2013. During his career at Indiana, Bushue was a part of the team that won the 2012 National Championship. While at Indiana University, Bushue also won the 2010 Big Ten Conference regular season championship and the 2013 Big Ten Conference men's soccer tournament championship, and was named to the All-Tournament Team. During his career at Indiana, Bushue played in 86 games and made 79 starts for the Hoosiers, scoring 6 goals and 10 assists. After his career at Indiana, Bushue was invited to the 2014 MLS Draft Combine.

Professional
On January 15, 2015, Saint Louis FC of the USL announced the signing of Bushue for the 2015 season. He scored his first professional goal in a match on September 12 against the Charlotte Independence at World Wide Technology Soccer Park, and was named to the USL's Team of the Week for his performance.

On November 9, 2016 Saint Louis FC released Bushue

Bushue signed with the Finnish team Bollklubben-46 for the 2017 campaign. BK-46 plays in the third level of Finnish soccer as of 2017.

Bushue joined FC Haka for the 2019 season.

On January 13, 2022 he signed with Jaro.

Personal life
Bushue grew up in Champaign, Illinois. His parents are Doug and Katy Bushue. Jacob and his sister Megan became the first brother–sister combination to win the News-Gazette player of the year award. Bushue attended Champaign Centennial High School, graduating in December 2009.

Honors
FC Haka
 Ykkönen Winner: 2019

FF Jaro

 Ykköscup Winner: 2022

References

External links

Living people
1992 births
American expatriate men's soccer players
American men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Chicago Fire U-23 players
Ekenäs IF players
FC Haka players
FF Jaro players
Las Vegas Lights FC players
Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer players
Saint Louis FC players
Soccer players from Illinois
Sportspeople from Champaign, Illinois
USL Championship players
USL League Two players
Kakkonen players
Ykkönen players
Veikkausliiga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
American expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Bollklubben-46 players

Jacob Bushue


The Schenectady and Duanesburgh Railroad, incorporated in July 1873, was a predecessor of the Delaware and Hudson Railway that owned the  line between the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad at Schenectady and the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad at Delanson. It was incorporated on December 27, 1869, as the Schenectady and Susquehanna Railroad, and opened in about August 1872, always leased to the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The property was sold under foreclosure on July 10, 1873, and conveyed to the Schenectady and Duanesburgh Railroad on July 12. The company was merged into the Delaware and Hudson Company on August 4, 1903.

References

Defunct New York (state) railroads
Schenectady County, New York
Predecessors of the Delaware and Hudson Railway
Railway companies established in 1873
Railway companies disestablished in 1903
1873 establishments in New York (state)
American companies established in 1873

Schenectady and Duanesburgh Railroad


A gully is a landform created by running water, mass movement, or commonly a combination of both eroding sharply into soil or other relatively erodible material, typically on a hillside or in river floodplains or terraces. Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys, but are metres to tens of metres in depth and width, are characterized by a distinct 'headscarp' or 'headwall' and progress by headward (i.e. upstream) erosion.  Gullies are commonly related to intermittent or ephemeral water flow, usually associated with localised intense or protracted rainfall events or snowmelt. Gullies can be formed and accelerated by cultivation practices on hillslopes (often gentle gradients) in farmland, and they can develop rapidly in rangelands from existing natural erosion forms subject to vegetative cover removal and livestock activity.

Etymology
The earliest known usage of the term is from 1657. It originates from the French word goulet, a diminutive form of goule which means throat. It is possible that the term is connected to the name of a type of knife used at the time, a gully-knife.

Water erosion is more likely to occur on steep terrain because of erosive pressures, splashes, scour, and transport. Slope characteristics, such as slope length and amounts proportionate to slope length, affect soil erosion. Relief and soil erosion are positively correlated in southeast Nigeria. There are three types of topography: mountains, cuesta landscapes, and plains and lowlands. While highlands with stable lithology avoid gullying yet allow for vigorous runoff, uplands with friable sandstones are more prone to erosion.

Formation and consequences
Gully erosion can progress through a variety and combination of processes. The erosion processes include incision and bank erosion by water flow, mass movement of saturated or unsaturated bank or wall material, groundwater seepage - sapping the overlying material, collapse of soil pipes or tunnels in dispersive soils, or a combination of these to a greater or lesser degree.  Hillsides are more prone to gully erosion when they are cleared of vegetation cover, through deforestation, over-grazing or other means. Gullies in rangelands can be initiated by concentrated water flow down tracks worn by livestock or vehicle tracks. The eroded soil is easily carried by the flowing water after being dislodged from the ground, normally when rainfall falls during short, intense storms such as during thunderstorms.

A gully may grow in length by means of headward (i.e. upstream) erosion at a knick point. This erosion can result from interflow and soil piping (internal erosion) as well as surface runoff. Gully erosion may also advance laterally by similar methods, including mass movement, acting on the gully walls (banks) and by developing 'branches' (a type of tributary).

Gullies reduce the productivity of farmlands where they incise into the land, and produce sediment that may choke downstream waterbodies, and reduce water quality within the drainage system and lake or coastal system.  Because of this, much effort is investeinto the study of gullies within the scope of geomorphology and soil science, in the prevention of gully erosion, andthe  in remediation and rehabilitation of gullied landscapes.  The total soil loss from gully formation and subsequent downstream river sedimentation can be substantial, especially from unstable soil materials prone to dispersion.

When water is directed over exposed ground, gully erosion happens, removing soil near drainage lines. This may result in issues like divided properties, loss of arable land, diminished amenities, and decreased property values. Additionally, it can lead to sedimentation, discoloration of the water supply, and the creation of a haven for rodents.

Water rushing over exposed, naked soil creates gullies and ridges that erode rock and soil. When water rushes across exposed terrain, it erodes or pushes dirt away, creating rills. Gravity causes rift erosion to occur on a downward slope, with steeper slopes generating greater water flow. Sandier terrains are more commonly affected by rills, which are most prevalent during the rainier months. Gullies develop when a rill is neglected for an extended period of time, thickening and expanding as soil erosion persists.

The factors influencing gully erosion were investigated in Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria, utilizing SRTM data, soil samples, rainfall data, and satellite imagery. The findings indicated that the factors that had the biggest effects on gully erosion were slope (56%) and rainfall (26%), land cover (12%), and soil (6%). The investigation came to the conclusion that soil loss was significantly influenced by a particular component.

Effects of Gully

The effect of gully in an environment cannot be overemphasized. The loss of fertile farmland due to gully erosion is a serious environmental problem that lowers crop quality and may cause famine and food shortages. It also causes the soil to lose organic content, which has an impact on plant viability. As items washed from fields end up in rivers, streams, or vacant land, erosion also contaminates the ecosystem. Because of increased population expansion and increasing land demand, erosion is also a threat to the natural ecosystem, encroaching on natural forests. Important assets including homes, power poles, and water pipelines are also destroyed.

Prevention of Gully
Effective land management techniques can prevent gullies. These techniques include keeping vegetation along drainage lines, using more water, classifying drainage lines as distinct land classes, stabilizing erosion, preventing vermin, distributing runoff evenly, keeping soil organic matter levels high, and avoiding over cultivation. These tactics guarantee uniform rates of penetration and robust plant coverage.

One serious environmental problem endangering sustainable development is gully erosion. Gullying prevention and control methods are dispersed, lacking, and have low success and efficacy rates. This review attempts to make a valuable contribution to effective gully prevention and management techniques by combining information from previous research. It is possible to stop the creation of gullies by changing the way land is used, conserving water and soil, or implementing specific actions in areas with concentrated flow. Plant leftovers and other vegetation barriers can prevent erosion, although their usefulness is limited. The biophysical environment, terrain, climate, and geomorphology are examples of external elements that affect gully prevention and control.

Stabilising Gully

In order to lessen scouring, sediment buildup, and revegetation, stabilizing gullies entails altering water flow. Water can be securely moved from the natural level to the gully floor using a variety of structures, including drop structures, pipe structures, grass chutes, and rock chutes. Along steep gully floors, structural modifications can be required. Vegetation can reestablish itself thanks to sediments deposited over flatter gradients. Until the restoration is finished, damaged areas should be walled off.

Gully remediation in the Eastern Nigeria

Eastern Nigeria's people and ecology are seriously threatened by gully erosion. A research that focused on 370 families and nine risk regions evaluated the region's gully erosion issues. The greatest perceived problem, according to the results, was biodiversity loss, whereas damage to properties, roads, and walkways was ranked as the least important issue. This implies a notable variation in the average evaluations across impacted individuals, underscoring the necessity for long-term repair approaches. Reducing soil loss, raising public knowledge of environmental issues, passing environmental legislation, and giving residents funds to strengthen their coping mechanisms are all advised by the study.

In Agulu-Nanka, Southeast Nigeria, a study looked into the geoenvironmental causes driving gully erosion. It focuses on catchment management for gully erosion and geotechnical analysis. Through fieldwork, data was gathered utilizing GIS and GPS methods. According to the study, gully erosion occurs throughout, with Nanka/Oko having the highest concentration. Variations in length and depth are shown by the gully characteristic map, emphasizing the necessity of considering gully vulnerability and giving erosion hazards immediate attention.

Artificial gullies
Gullies can be formed or enlarged by a number of human activities.

Artificial gullies are formed during hydraulic mining when jets or streams of water are projected onto soft alluvial deposits to extract gold or tin ore. The remains of such mining methods are very visible landform features in old goldfields such as in California and northern Spain. The badlands at Las Medulas for example, were created during the Roman period by hushing or hydraulic mining of the gold-rich alluvium with water supplied by numerous aqueducts tapping nearby rivers. Each aqueduct produced large gullies below by erosion of the soft deposits. The effluvium was carefully washed with smaller streams of water to extract the nuggets and gold dust.

Termination of Gully
Gully initiation is the result of localized erosion by surface runoff, often focusing on areas where forest cover has been removed for agricultural purposes, uneven compaction of surface soils by foot and wheeled traffic, and poorly designed road culverts and gutters. Termination of gully processes requires water-resource management, soil conservation, and community migration. Gully erosion is localized in the Coastal Plain Sands, Nanka Sands, and Nsukka Sandstone of the Anambra-Imo basin region. The most affected deposits are unconsolidated or poorly consolidated and have short dispersion times. Public education is essential for a sustainable termination strategy, and collaboration between the government, donors, the private sector, and rural people is crucial.

On Mars

Gullies are widespread at mid- to high latitudes on the surface of Mars, and are some of the youngest features observed on that planet, probably forming within the last few 100,000 years. There, they are one of the best lines of evidence for the presence of liquid water on Mars in the recent geological past, probably resulting from the slight melting of snowpacks on the surface or ice in the shallow subsurface on the warmest days of the Martian year. Flow as springs from-deeper seated liquid water aquifers in the deeper subsurface is also a possible explanation for the formation of some Martian gullies.

Gallery

See also

  – a narrow gully with a steep gradient in a mountainous terrain

  – gully in Scotland or Northern England in rock

  – a shallow channel cut into soil by erosion from flowing water
 Terrace Crossing - a geographical zone between the sedimentation (downstream) part and the erosion (upstream) part of a river

References
 Oxford English Dictionary

External links

Environmental soil science
Slope landforms
Fluvial landforms
Erosion landforms
Canyons and gorges
Soil erosion
Valleys
Soil landforms

Gully


Juan de Córdova (born 1503, at Cordova in Andalusia, Spain, of noble parents; d. 1595 at Oaxaca, Mexico) was a Spanish Dominican friar, known for his studies of the Zapotec languages. It is not certain whether Córdova was his family name, or whether he assumed it from his native city after he became a Dominican.

Life

He was first a soldier, serving in Flanders as ensign. He then went to Mexico, and accompanied Coronado to New Mexico in 1540-42.

In 1543, he entered the Dominican Order at Mexico and was sent to Oaxaca in 1548, where he acquired the Zapotecan idiom and ministered to the Indians. He was named provincial in 1568.

Brought up under military discipline, he administered as provincial with such severity, that there were many complaints against him to the chapter that congregated at Yanhuitlan in 1570. He refused to comply with the admonitions of his superiors and change his methods, and was accordingly suspended. With the exclamation: "Benedictus Deus!" he received the notification of his deposition, and, declining the interference of the Viceroy Enriquez in his favour, retired to his convent at Tlacochauaya in Oaxaca, where he died after twenty-five years spent in retirement and in the study of the Zapotecan language and the customs of the natives.

Works

He composed a "Vocabulario de la Lengua Zapoteca, ó Diccionario Hispano-Zapoteco" (Mexico, 1571, or, according to Ycazbalceta, 1578). The "Arte en Lengua Zapoteca" appeared in 1578 at Mexico. Besides the linguistic part, this book contains note on the rites and beliefs of the Zapotecan Indians, and an account of their method of reckoning time, republished by Manuel Orozco y Berra.

References

External links
Complete digital facsimile of Arte en lengua zapoteca at the John Carter Brown Library
Complete digital facsimile of Vocabulario en lengua çapoteca at the John Carter Brown Library

Attribution
 The entry cites:
(*DAVILA PADILLA, Hist. de la Fundacion y Discurso &ca. (Madrid,1596);
BURGOA, Geográfica Descripcion (Mexico, 1674);
LEON Y PINELO, Epitome &ca. (Madrid, 1737–1738);
Nicolas Antonio, Bibliotheca hispana nova (Madrid, 1733–1738);
Beristain, Biblioteca &ca. (1883);
YCAZBALCETA, Bibliografia mexicana (Mexico, 1886).

1503 births
1595 deaths
Spanish Dominicans
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
Missionary linguists
People from Oaxaca
People from the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain
Dominican missionaries

Juan de Córdova


Astelia nervosa, also known as mountain astelia or, along with a number of other species, as bush flax, is a herbaceous plant native to New Zealand. A. nervosa has long, flexible, leathery leaves that are light green and grey in colour. The flowers are light brown to red in colour. The mature fruits are generally orange.

It is found in lowland to low alpine areas from the southern North Island south to Stewart Island.

References

Asteliaceae
Flora of New Zealand
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker

Astelia nervosa


Mojang Studios is a Swedish video game developer based in Stockholm. The studio is best known for developing the sandbox and survival game Minecraft, the best-selling video game of all time.

Mojang Studios was founded by the independent video game designer Markus Persson in 2009 as Mojang Specifications for Minecrafts development. The studio inherited its name from another video game venture Persson had left two years prior. Following the game's initial release, Persson, in conjunction with Jakob Porsér, incorporated the business as Mojang AB in late 2010, and they hired Carl Manneh as the company's chief executive officer. Other early hires included Daniel Kaplan and Jens Bergensten. Minecraft became highly successful, giving Mojang sustained growth. With a desire to move on from the game, Persson offered to sell his share in Mojang, and the company was acquired by Microsoft in November 2014. Persson, Porsér, and Manneh subsequently left Mojang, with Jonas Mårtensson replacing Manneh as CEO. In May 2020, Mojang was rebranded as Mojang Studios.

As of 2021, the company employs approximately 600 people. Helen Chiang is the studio head. Apart from Minecraft, Mojang Studios has developed Caller's Bane, Crown and Council, and further games in the Minecraft franchise: Minecraft Dungeons, Minecraft Legends, and the cancelled Minecraft Earth. It also released smaller games as part of game jams organised by Humble Bundle and published the externally developed Cobalt and Cobalt WASD.

History

Background and formation (2009–2010)

Mojang Studios was founded by Markus Persson, a Swedish independent video game designer and programmer, in 2009. He had gained interest in video games at an early age, playing The Bard's Tale and several pirated games on his father's Commodore 128 home computer, and learned to programme at age eight with help from his sister. Because he was a "loner" in school, he spent most of his spare time with games and programming at home. Following his graduation and a few years of working as a web developer, Persson created Wurm Online, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game, with colleague Rolf Jansson in 2003. They used the name "Mojang Specifications" during the development and, as the game started turning a profit, incorporated the company Mojang Specifications AB (an aktiebolag) in 2007. Persson left the project later that year and wished to reuse the name, so Jansson renamed the company Onetoofree AB and later Code Club AB. Meanwhile, Persson had joined Midas, later known as King.com, where he developed 25–30 games. He departed the company when he was barred from creating games in his free time.

In May 2009, Persson began working on a clone of Infiniminer, a game developed by Zachtronics and released earlier that year. Persson reused assets and parts of the engine code from an earlier personal project and released the first alpha version of the game, now titled Minecraft, on 17 May 2009, followed by the first commercial version on 13 June 2009. He reused the name "Mojang Specifications" for this release. In less than a month, Minecraft had generated enough revenue for Persson to take time off his day job, which he was able to quit entirely by May 2010. As all sales were processed through the game's website, he did not have to split income with third parties. The payment services provider PayPal temporarily disabled his account when it suspected fraud.

In September 2010, Persson travelled to Bellevue, Washington, to the offices of video game company Valve, where he took part in a programming exercise and met with Gabe Newell, before being offered a job at the company. He turned down the offer and instead contacted Jakob Porsér, a former colleague from King.com, to ask for aid in establishing a business out of Mojang Specifications. In response, Porsér stated that he would quit his job the following day, and they subsequently incorporated Mojang AB. While Persson continued working on Minecraft, Porsér would develop Scrolls, a digital collectable card game. Wishing to focus on game development, they hired Carl Manneh, the manager of jAlbum, Persson's previous employer, as chief executive officer. Other significant early hires included Daniel Kaplan as business developer, Markus Toivonen as art director, and Jens Bergensten as lead programmer.

Continued growth (2011–2013)

In January 2011, Minecraft reached one million registered accounts and ten million six months thereafter. The continued success led Mojang to start the development of a new version for mobile devices. Due to the incompatibility of the game's Java-based framework with mobile devices, this version was programmed in C++ instead. Another version, initially developed for Xbox 360, was outsourced to Scotland-based developer 4J Studios, which also used C++. Scrolls was announced by Mojang in March 2011. The studio's attempt to trademark the game's name resulted in a dispute with ZeniMax Media, which cited similarities between the game's name and that of the ZeniMax-owned The Elder Scrolls series. Kaplan stated in May 2011 that, due to many such requests in the past, Mojang was planning to publish or co-publish games from other indie game studios. Its first, Cobalt from Oxeye Game Studio, was announced in August. An early version of the game was made available in December 2011, with the full game released in February 2016 for Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Windows. A multiplayer-focused spin-off, Cobalt WASD, was also developed by Oxeye Game Studio and released by Mojang for Windows in November 2017 after some time in early access.

For the full release of Minecraft, Mojang held Minecon, a dedicated convention event, in Las Vegas on 18–19 November 2011, with Minecraft formally being released during a presentation on the first day. Thereafter, Minecon was turned into an annual event. Following Minecrafts full release, Persson transferred his role as lead designer for the game to Bergensten in December 2011.

Around this time, Manneh had discussion with a plethora of venture capital firms, including Sequoia Capital and Accel Partners, but turned all of them down as the company did not require any funds. Sean Parker, the co-founder of Napster and former president of Facebook, Inc., offered to privately invest in Mojang in 2011 but was turned down as well. At the time, the studio ruled out being sold or becoming a public company to maintain its independence, which was said to have heavily contributed to Minecrafts success. By March 2012, Minecraft had sold five million copies, amounting to  in revenue. In November, Mojang had 25 employees, and total revenues of  in 2012. In 2013, it released an education-focused version of Minecraft for Raspberry Pi devices, and—after the exclusivity clause penned with Microsoft over the availability of the game's console edition on Microsoft's platforms had expired—announced editions of the game for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita. In October 2013, Jonas Mårtensson, formerly of gambling company Betsson, was hired as Mojang's vice-president. That year, Mojang recorded revenues of , of which  were profit.

Microsoft subsidiary (2014–present)
Persson, exhausted from the pressure of being the owner of Minecraft, published a tweet in June 2014, asking whether anyone would be willing to buy his share in Mojang. Several parties expressed interest in this offer, including Activision Blizzard, Electronic Arts, and Microsoft. Phil Spencer, the head of Microsoft's Xbox division, urged Microsoft's newly appointed chief executive Satya Nadella to purchase Mojang to set out "a pretty bold vision" for Microsoft's gaming business. Furthermore, the company had  in offshore bank accounts that it could not bring back to the United States without paying repatriation taxes. Nadella separately stated the possible use of Minecraft with the HoloLens, Microsoft's mixed reality device, to have been a major factor in pursuing the acquisition. The company first approached Mojang regarding a potential acquisition in June 2014, making its first offer shortly thereafter. Mojang subsequently hired advisers from JPMorgan Chase.

Microsoft's agreement to purchase Mojang for  was announced on 15 September 2014. Persson, Porsér and Manneh were the only shareholders at this time, of whom Persson owned 71% of shares. The acquisition was finalised on 6 November and Mojang became part of the Microsoft Studios branch. As part of the transaction, Persson received , while Porsér and Manneh got  and , respectively. All three subsequently left Mojang and Mårtensson succeeded Manneh. Every employee who remained with the company for six months thereafter was awarded a bonus of roughly  (after taxes), deducted from Persson's share. Under the oversight of Microsoft's Matt Booty, Mojang's integration was minimal, leaving its operations independent but backed by Microsoft's financial and technical capabilities. The approach shaped how Microsoft would acquire other gaming companies.

Scrolls was released out-of-beta in December 2014 and development of further content ceased in 2015. Also in December 2014, Mojang and Telltale Games jointly announced a partnership in which the latter would develop Minecraft: Story Mode, an episodic, narrative-driven game set in the Minecraft universe. In April 2016, Mojang released Crown and Council, a game entirely developed by artist Henrik Pettersson (who had been hired in August 2011), for free for Windows. An update in January 2017 introduced Linux and macOS versions. Mojang discontinued support for Scrolls online services in February 2018 and re-released the game under a free-to-play model and with the name Caller's Bane in June. Aiming to expand the Minecraft franchise with further games, Mojang developed two spin-offs: Minecraft Dungeons, a dungeon crawler, and Minecraft Earth, an augmented reality game in the vein of Pokémon Go. They were announced in September 2018 and May 2019, respectively.

Minecraft Classic, the original browser-based version of Minecraft, was re-released for free on its ten-year anniversary in May 2019. By this time, Minecraft had sold 147 million copies, making it the best-selling video game of all time. Persson was explicitly excluded from the anniversary's festivities due to several controversial statements of his involving transphobia and other issues; an update for Minecraft released the March before also removed several references to Persson. On 17 May 2020, Minecrafts eleventh anniversary, Mojang announced its rebranding to Mojang Studios, aiming to reflect its multi-studio structure, and introduced a new logo. Minecraft Dungeons was released later that month for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. In June 2022, the studio announced the action-strategy game Minecraft Legends.

Games developed

Game jam games
Mojang partnered with Humble Bundle in 2012 to launch Mojam, a game jam event to raise money for charity, as part of which Mojang developed the shoot 'em up mini-game Catacomb Snatch. 81,575 bundles including the game were sold, raising . The following year, Mojang developed three mini-games for Mojam 2. The studio also participated in Humble Bundle's Games Against Ebola game jam in 2014 with three further mini-games.

Unreleased games
In 2011, Persson and Kaplan envisioned a hybrid of Minecraft and Lego bricks and agreed with the Lego Group to develop the game as Brickcraft, codenamed Rex Kwon Do (in reference to the film Napoleon Dynamite). The game has also been described as a first-person shooter. Mojang hired two new programmers to work on the game, while a prototype was created by Persson. However, Mojang cancelled the project after six months. Upon announcing the cancellation in July 2012, Persson stated that the move was performed so that Mojang could focus on the games it wholly owned. Daniel Mathiasen, a Lego Group employee at the time, later blamed the cancellation on a series of legal hurdles that the Lego Group had put in place to protect the product's family-friendly image. Kaplan lamented that the staff at Mojang had felt more like consultants on the project, rather than its designers. The Lego Group also considered acquiring Mojang at this point but later decided against doing so as they had not foreseen that Minecraft would become as popular as it would at one point be.

In March 2012, Persson revealed that he would be designing a sandbox space trading and combat simulator in the likes of Elite. Titled 0x10c, it was to be set in the year 281,474,976,712,644 AD in a parallel universe. The project was shelved by August 2013, with Persson citing a lack of interest and a creative block. Minecraft Earth was made available as an early-access game in November 2019 for Android and iOS. In January 2021, it was announced that the game would be withdrawn from sale in June that year, with all player data deleted in July. Mojang Studios cited the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as primary reason for the game's closure, as its effects conflicted with the game's concept.

Games published

Legal disputes

Scrolls naming dispute
In August 2011, after Mojang had attempted to trademark the word "Scrolls" for their game, ZeniMax Media, the parent company of The Elder Scrolls publisher Bethesda Softworks, issued a cease and desist letter, claiming that Scrolls infringed on ZeniMax's "The Elder Scrolls" trademark, that Mojang could not use the name, and that ZeniMax would sue the studio over the word's usage. Persson offered to give up the trademark and add a subtitle to Scrolls name, however, as Mojang ignored the cease and desist letter, ZeniMax filed the lawsuit in September. Bethesda's Pete Hines stated that Bethesda was not responsible for the lawsuit, rather the issue was centred around "lawyers who understand it". Mojang won an interim injunction in October, the ruling being that Scrolls and The Elder Scrolls were too easy to differentiate, though ZeniMax could still appeal the ruling. In March 2012, Mojang and ZeniMax settled, with all "Scrolls" trademarks and trademark applications being transferred to ZeniMax, who would in turn licence the name to Mojang for use with Scrolls and add-on content, but not for sequels or any other games with similar names.

Uniloc USA, Inc. et al v. Mojang AB
On 20 July 2012, Uniloc, a company specialising in digital rights management technologies, filed a lawsuit against Mojang, stating that the licence verification system in Minecrafts Android version infringed on one of Uniloc's patents. The case was Uniloc USA, Inc. et al v. Mojang AB and was filed with the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. In response to hate mail, Uniloc founder Ric Richardson denied his involvement, claiming to have only filed the patent. The patent was invalidated in March 2016.

Putt-Putt cease and desist
In July 2013, the minigolf chain Putt-Putt issued a cease and desist letter against Mojang and Don Mattrick (who was previously affiliated with Minecrafts Xbox 360 version but had since joined Zynga), alleging that they infringed on its "Putt-Putt" trademark. Attached to the letter, which Persson shared on Twitter, was a Google Search screenshot showing videos of user-created maps using the name. Alex Chapman, Mojang's lawyer, stated "I think there is clearly a misunderstanding here as to what Minecraft actually is. It's a game that, amongst other things, allows people to build things. Mojang doesn't control what users build and Mojang doesn't control the content of the videos users make. Suing Mojang for what people do using Minecraft is like suing Microsoft for what people do using Word."

Notes

References

External links

2014 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Stockholm
First-party video game developers
Markus Persson
Microsoft subsidiaries
Swedish companies established in 2009
Video game companies established in 2009
Video game companies of Sweden
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Xbox Game Studios

Mojang Studios


Shirlee Emmons (August 5, 1923 – April 16, 2010) was an American classical soprano, voice teacher, and author on vocal pedagogy. She began her career in the early 1940s as a concert soprano, eventually becoming one of the original singers in the Robert Shaw Chorale in 1948. She branched out into opera in the 1950s; performing mainly with regional companies in the United States. She achieved several honours as a performer, including winning the Marian Anderson Award in 1953 and an Obie Award in 1956.

In 1964 Emmons abandoned her career as a singer to begin a second career as a voice teacher which lasted until her death 46 years later. She taught on the faculties of several universities, including Boston University and Princeton University, and gave masterclasses and guest lectures at schools like the University of California and Westminster Choir College. Several of her students have had successful singing careers, including Metropolitan Opera stars Harolyn Blackwell and Hei-Kyung Hong. She co-authored 4 books on the art of singing, penned a biography on tenor Lauritz Melchior, and also contributed articles to numerous music publications.

Early life and education
Born in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, Emmons was the daughter of Myron Emmons and Irene Emmons (née Kortendick). She attended P.J. Jacobs High School in her native town from which she graduated in 1940. She then entered Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin where she earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1944 and was later awarded an honorary doctorate from the university in 2000. She pursued further studies at the Curtis Institute of Music under Elisabeth Schumann and studied in New York City with William Herman. In 1950 she was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship which enabled her to study opera in Italy at the University for Foreigners Perugia and with conductor Mario Cordone at the Music Conservatoire "Giuseppe Verdi", Milan. She later studied with Berton Coffin and at the University of Mary Washington.

Singing career
Emmons began her career as a concert soprano in cities in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and in Chicago in the early 1940s. In 1947 she gave her first performance in New York City as the soprano soloist in Ludwig van Beethoven's Mass in C major with the Collegiate Chorale under conductor Robert Shaw at Town Hall. She performed with that choir and Shaw again at Town Hall in the world premiere of Peter Mennin's Symphony No. 4 in 1949. In 1948 she joined Shaw's newly formed Robert Shaw Chorale with whom she performed both as an ensemble member and as a soloist into the early 1950s. She made several recordings with the group on the RCA Victor label. She also appeared as a soloist on a number of occasions with the Dessoff Choirs under conductor Paul Boepple in the 1950s; including appearing with the choir at Carnegie Hall as the soprano soloist in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Mass in C minor (1954, with tenor John McCollum) and George Frideric Handel's Israel in Egypt (1957).

In 1953 Emmons won the Marian Anderson Award and that same year was featured on the very first program of the Lauritz Melchior Show. She also toured Brazil in recital that year under the auspices of the National Music League. In 1955 she sang the title role in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. In 1956 she portrayed Guadalena in the American Opera Society's production of Jacques Offenbach's La Périchole at Town Hall with Jennie Tourel in the title role. That same year she portrayed Susan B. Anthony in Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All Off-Broadway in New York, a performance for which she won an Obie Award. In 1957 she created the role of Sister Rose Ora Easter in the world premiere of Jack Beeson's opera The Sweet Bye and Bye  at the Juilliard School. That same year she sang Fiordiligi in Mozart's Così fan tutte and the title role in Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos at the Santa Fe Opera. She also sang at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, Italy and performed in leading roles with the NBC Opera Theatre.

Voice teacher and author
Emmons abandoned her performance career in favor of teaching in the mid 1960s. She served on the voice faculties of numerous institutions during her lifetime, including Columbia University (1964–1967), Princeton University (1967–1981), Boston University (1982–1989), the American Institute of Musical Studies in Graz (1983, 1985), Rutgers University (1990–1993), the State University of New York (1990–1996), and the City University of New York (1990–1997). She was also a visiting professor at Daegu University (1998) and Myongji University (2002), and operated a private voice studio in New York City from 1964 until her death in 2010. Three of her notable pupils were operatic sopranos Harolyn Blackwell, Hei-Kyung Hong, and Patrice Michaels.

In 1994 Emmons became the first female chair of the American Academy of Teachers of Singing, a position she held for several years. She co-authored four books on the art of singing: The Art of the Song Recital, Power Performance for Singers, Researching the Song, and Prescriptions for Choral Excellence. She also wrote a biography on legendary tenor Lauritz Melchior, Tristanissimo, and contributed articles to a variety of music publications; including American Music Teacher, The Classical Singer, The Journal of Voice, The NATS Journal, and The Singer's Foundation Magazine.

References

External links
Official Website of Shirlee Emmons
Family memorial page

1923 births
2010 deaths
American operatic sopranos
Boston University faculty
City University of New York faculty
Columbia University faculty
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Lawrence University alumni
Academic staff of Myongji University
Obie Award recipients
People from Stevens Point, Wisconsin
Princeton University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
State University of New York faculty
University of Mary Washington alumni
Università per Stranieri di Perugia alumni
Voice teachers
20th-century American women opera singers
American music educators
American women music educators
American women academics
21st-century American women

Shirlee Emmons


The Maypole, Birmingham is a location on the A435 road on the southern edge of Birmingham England, between Druids Heath and Highter's Heath and bordering the Bromsgrove district of Worcestershire. It has a population of 2.260 according to the 2011 Census.

Attractions

Attractions include an Aldi, a Sainsbury's, Travelodge hotel and various fast food outlets including a JAQKS Chicken and a Starbucks.

Transport

The Maypole is also situated close to major transport links, such as the M42 via the A435 Hollywood bypass. The A435 intersects the M42 at junction 3, close to both the M5 and M40 intersections which lie west and east of junction 3 respectively. The Maypole is located about 7 miles south of Birmingham city centre which is connected by the 50 bus route which runs through the Maypole and terminates adjacent to the Selfridges building in the City Centre. The 50 bus route is one of the most regular bus routes in Europe, arriving at Maypole every 5 minutes. Solihull can be reached by the 49 bus route which runs every 20 minutes and which also runs in the other direction to Cotteridge. Bus route 2 also runs every 20 minutes to Yardley Wood.

Local amenities

The area is served by a number of shops including banks and food outlets. The famous Arsenal striker and commentator Alan Smith attended Hollywood Primary School which is situated on Pickenham Road close to the Emmanuel Church.

Notable events

Back in 2008, a troubled group of students attending Baverstock Sports College made headlines when they donned patriotic garb on St. George's Day, April 23. Local newspapers reported that the boys, aged 15 were told by staff to have their St George's Day crosses washed out of their hair and face or be sent home. Anthony Fuller, aged 15, who lives in Druids Heath, said: "We were made to celebrate South Africa Day a couple of weeks ago, but when it comes to our own national day, the school does this. I thought it was bang out of order." His Mom Pauline, 31, said "He just had a red stripe through his hair and a cross on the side of his face. It was just for a bit of fun. There was nothing political about it." The incident came as St George's Day was celebrated in Birmingham with events including a curry festival, a big city walk and a performer dressed as St George handing out flowers.

References

Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands

Maypole, Birmingham


The Brooklyn Bushwicks were an independent, semi-professional baseball team that played its games almost totally in Dexter Park in Queens from 1913 to 1951. They were unique at their time for fielding multi-ethnic rosters. They played what amounts to exhibition games against barnstorming Negro league teams, minor league baseball teams, and other semi-pro teams. The Bushwicks were owned by Max Rosner, who hired many former major league players to play on his club, including Dazzy Vance and others. Many of the famous players of the time came to play exhibitions at Dexter Park including Jackie Robinson, Dizzy Dean, Hank Greenberg, Joe DiMaggio, Satchel Paige, Whitey Ford, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and Joe Medwick.  Until he became friends with Rosner, Ruth demanded upfront payments in cash before agreeing to personal appearances.  The DiMaggio picture was taken during his debut year with Yankees.

The Bushwicks played in the Serie Interamericana from 1946 to 1950, winning the  tournament 4 times.

The great black stars, Josh Gibson, Cool Papa Bell and many others often opposed the Bushwicks. The team appeared on New York City television and on radio as well. The team's picture appeared in three different Spalding Guides. A book on the Bushwicks by Thomas Barthel entitled, "Baseball's Peerless Semipros: The Brooklyn Bushwicks of Dexter Park," was published in 2009.

Notable players

 Sam Nahem (1915–2004), Major League Baseball pitcher

References

Defunct baseball teams in New York City
Sports in Brooklyn

Brooklyn Bushwicks


Sam George is an American professional surfer, writer, director and screenwriter.  A former competitive surfer, in 1983 George became a contributing editor at Surfing magazine in San Clemente, California, later becoming the magazine's senior editor. His monthly column "Caught Inside" ran until 1990, when he left Surfing and began work at Surfer magazine. George worked at Surfer from 1990 to 1998, when he left the magazine to work on a book project and to help start and edit a free tabloid called SurfNews. He returned to Surfer as executive editor in 2000, a position he held until 2005, when he left the magazine to concentrate on documentary film projects.

In 2007, George directed the documentary The Lost Wave, about his discovery of an indigenous surfing tradition in São Tomé and Príncipe. George has traveled extensively throughout his career, having explored the coastlines of over 40 countries and is credited with the discovery of new surf breaks in West Africa, the Andaman Islands and Madeira. Still very active in surfing, George continues to compete in standup paddle races and tandem events.

Filmography
Writer, Riding Giants (2004) directed by Stacy Peralta
Writer/director, The Lost Wave  (2007)
Writer, Crips and Bloods: Made in America (2008)
Co-Director and Writer, Hollywood Don't Surf! (2010)
Director and Writer, "Hawaiian: The Legend of Eddie Aikau" (2013)

References

External links

The Encyclopedia of Surfing

Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male film actors
Sportswriters from California

Sam George (surfer)