The Oakland Estuary is the strait in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, separating the cities of Oakland and Alameda and the Alameda Island from the East Bay mainland. On its western end, it connects to San Francisco Bay proper, while its eastern end connects to San Leandro Bay.

Early history

Although the estuary was used by Native American tribes inhabiting the local area since about 4000 BC, the earliest recorded history of the Oakland Estuary dates primarily from events extending back to the 19th century, as detailed in a research study conducted by Earth Metrics for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Earth Metrics, 1990)(Shreffler, 1994).  The Oakland Estuary and tributary stream channels were used for shipping transport regularly by the 1850s; early maritime commerce featured movement of lumber and cattle hides. At this time land west of Lake Merritt Slough consisted of undeveloped marshlands.  In 1853 the first dredging project of this estuary was initiated, to enable ferry service to San Francisco.  By the late 19th century further landside development occurred featuring wharf expansions, railroad service and shipbuilding.
The estuary was dredged by the Army Corps of Engineers, making Alameda an island in 1913. Coast Guard Island, originally known as Government Island, was formed in 1913 by the dredging project that extended the Oakland Estuary to San Leandro Bay.

Crossings

The estuary is spanned by two underwater tubes and three bridges.  They are, from west to east:
Webster Street Tube
Posey Tube
Park Street Bridge
Fruitvale Bridge
High Street Bridge

Facilities
Facilities along the navigable route include the Port of Oakland, Naval Air Station Alameda and Coast Guard Base Alameda located on an island in the strait. Jack London Square is a publicly accessible mixed-use waterfront and marina area where the museum ship, , is docked. There are several marinas, some with liveaboards.

Further reading
 Historical research of land use and industry in the federal ship channel study area, Oakland, California, Earth Metrics Inc., prepared for and published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District, San Francisco, California (1990)
 Shreffler, D.K., R.M. Tilson, B.I. Wells and J.Q. Word, Tier one ecological evaluation of proposed discharge of dredged materials from the Oakland Harbor to ocean waters , Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory, prepared for and published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, San Francisco District, San Francisco, California (1994)

References

Geography of Alameda County, California
Straits of California
San Francisco Bay
Geography of Alameda, California
Geography of Oakland, California
Bodies of water of Alameda County, California

Oakland Estuary


"Living After Midnight" is a song by English heavy metal band Judas Priest. It was originally featured on their 1980 album British Steel, which was their first gold album in the United States selling more than 500,000 copies (and eventually went platinum for selling at least one million). The song speaks to the hedonistic, rebellious spirit of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and is among the band's most popular songs.

Background
The song title came about when Glenn Tipton awakened Rob Halford with his loud guitar playing at 4 AM, during the band's stay at Tittenhurst Park to record British Steel. Halford commented to Tipton that he was "really living after midnight", and Tipton replied that Halford's comment was a great title for the song he was working on.

Video
The music video, directed by Julien Temple and shot live at the Sheffield City Hall, begins with drummer Dave Holland playing an invisible drum kit. During the guitar solo, fans on the front row play along with their cardboard guitars (which were the prominent fan symbols of the new wave of British heavy metal movement).

Reception
PopMatters said, "'Living After Midnight' still sticks in the craws of some fuddy-duddy metal old-timers, but as trite as this little party anthem is, its hook is irresistible and glorious, the sound of a band learning that it never hurts to have a little fun once in a while. The song is oddly clean-cut, hedonism rendered a little innocent, and kind of sweet." BBC agreed it, "epitomised the new breed of radio friendly metal".

In 2012, Loudwire ranked the song number five on its list of the 10 greatest Judas Priest songs, calling it, "Perhaps the greatest Judas Priest song to sing along with," and in 2019, Louder Sound ranked the song number three on its list of the 50 greatest Judas Priest songs.

Cover versions
This song has been covered by The Donnas on their album The Donnas Turn 21 (2001), by Saul Blanch on the tribute album Acero Argentino: Tributo a Judas Priest (2006), by L.A. Guns on Hell Bent Forever: A Tribute to Judas Priest (2008) and by Iron Savior as a bonus track on the Japanese release of their Condition Red (2002) album.

It was covered by Disturbed on the Tribute to British Steel (2010) CD by Metal Hammer UK music magazine, incorporating the opening drum salvo from "Painkiller". It also appears as one of the bonus songs available with some distributions of Asylum (2010), and also features on their B-sides compilation album The Lost Children (2011).

Charts

Personnel
 Rob Halford – vocals
 Glenn Tipton – lead guitar
 K. K. Downing – rhythm guitar
 Ian Hill – bass
 Dave Holland – drums

References

1980 singles
Judas Priest songs
Songs written by Rob Halford
Songs written by Glenn Tipton
Songs written by K. K. Downing
1980 songs
Columbia Records singles
Music videos directed by Julien Temple

Living After Midnight


The Sanseer Mill is a historic 19th-century mill at 282 Main Street Extension in Middletown, Connecticut.  It was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Relationship to surroundings

This large brick structure is one of three industrial buildings that share a secluded, well-kept site in South Farms district. Separated from Main Street Extension by trees and undergrowth, the landscaped grounds are behind a row of East Main Street buildings. This, the largest structure, adjoins a brick building south; nearby to the east is a large barn-like structure.

Since redeveloped during the 1980s, the address of the complex is 282 Main Street Extension. The previous entrance to East Main Street still exists as an exit.

Significance

This large brick building was constructed probably a short time after the Russell Manufacturing Company obtained the property in 1884. The site, formerly developed by the Sanseer Manufacturing Company, includes a brick building which had been that company's main shop, built in 1845. The Russell Manufacturing Company, established in 1834, produced a great variety of cotton and elastic woven goods. By 1894, it was the nation's largest manufacturer of suspenders, employing 900 workers in the company's seven groups of mills. This mill, powered by steam, probably housed weaving looms as did the other two buildings nearby. These structures formed the company's Sanseer Mill complex. In 1937, Philip Bliss purchased the property, which primarily used the property for office and storage space for the P&H Bliss Company.

The structure has  two dominant vertical elements: a four-story stairwell extends from the middle of one side and a tall rectangular stack stands close by. The main entrance displays a small wooden portico. Its columns and plain entablature, painted white, contrast with the building's brick walls.

This structure, one of the least altered early mills in the area, reflect the substantial development South Farms underwent following the American Civil War. During the late 19th century, the district experienced marked industrial and residential growth, primarily influenced by the success of the Russell Manufacturing Company.

Current Use and Condition

The Sanseer Mill was redeveloped into modern office space in the early 1980s. During the 1990s to 2003, the building was owned by Whitney Garlinghouse, owner of The Garlinghouse Company, an architectural house plan company, which housed its offices in the complex. The old buildings were maintained in original condition at great expense. The property was purchased by Dinar Chaudhury in 2006.

As of 2011, the complex is partially occupied by numerous tenants, including John Conroy, DMD of Conroy Orthodontics, Anthony Onofrio, DMD and Pamela Moore, DMD of Middlesex Dental Associates, Roger Lane, DC of the Middletown Chiropractic Center, Jeffrey Palmer, OD and Dorothy Robison Collins, OD of the Palmer Eyecare Center, New England Residential Services, RaMa Luna Yoga Studio, and New England Geosystems, LLC (GIS consultants). In 2021, Life Finishing School replaced RaMa Luna Yoga Studio on the third floor of building C. In 2023 the Pieper Veterinary Group moved into two of units.

See also

Russell Company Upper Mill another mill owned by Russell in Middletown
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Connecticut

References

Middletown, Connecticut Historical and Architectural Resources. Volume II, Card Number 95B. Robert Svec. September 1978.
Middletown, Connecticut Historical and Architectural Resources. Volume II, Card Number 95A. Robert Svec. September 1978.

Industrial buildings completed in 1885
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Middletown, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Connecticut
Belts (clothing)

Sanseer Mill


Olubowale Victor Akintimehin (born September 21, 1984), better known by his stage name Wale ( ), is an American rapper. He first gained recognition in 2006 when his song "Dig Dug (Shake It)" became popular in his hometown of Washington D.C., leading to Wale gaining local recognition as he continued recording music for the regional audience. Wale met English DJ-producer Mark Ronson in 2006, and signed to his label Allido Records in 2007. While signed to Ronson, Wale released several mixtapes which slowly amassed national attention as he appeared on MTV and various Black America-focused magazines.

In 2008, a three-label bidding war resulted in Wale signing with Interscope Records for US$1.3 million, releasing his debut studio album Attention Deficit in November of the following year. The album was under-shipped and underperformed commercially, but was met with positive reception and marked Wale's first Billboard Hot 100 entry with its lead single, "Chillin" (featuring Lady Gaga). He would reach wider recognition with his guest feature on Waka Flocka Flame's 2010 single "No Hands", which became Wale's highest-charting song to date as it peaked at number thirteen on the Hot 100. In early 2011, Wale signed with Florida rapper Rick Ross' Maybach Music Group, where he and the label's cohorts would release a compilation album, Self Made Vol. 1 in May of that year.

Later the same year, his single "Lotus Flower Bomb" (featuring Miguel) would reach the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, earn a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Song, and precede his second studio album, Ambition (2011). The album, exploring less-lighthearted topics of introspection, was released in November 2011 to further commercial and critical success, reaching number two on the Billboard 200. His third and fourth albums, The Gifted (2013) and The Album About Nothing (2015), would both debut at number-one on the Billboard 200, with the former album spawning Wale's most successful single as a lead artist: "Bad" (featuring Tiara Thomas or Rihanna).

Wale shifted for lighter lyricism and aimed for wider female appeal with his fifth studio album, Shine (2015). Supported by the lead single "My PYT", it was released to a decline in commercial and critical reception. Three extended plays (EP's) would precede his sixth album Wow... That's Crazy (2019), supported by the lead single "On Chill" (featuring Jeremih). The song would reach number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100, while its parent album saw a slight commercial improvement at number seven on the Billboard 200. It was followed up with his seventh album, Folarin II (2022). The same year, Wale appeared in the film Ambulance directed by Michael Bay.

Biography

1984–2007: Early life and career beginnings
Olubowale Victor Akintimehin was born on September 21, 1984, age 39 in Northwest, Washington, D.C. His parents were both from the Yoruba ethnic group of southwestern Nigeria and came from Austria to the United States in 1979. Wale's family first lived in the  Brightwood  neighborhood of Northwest, Washington, D.C., and then moved to Montgomery County, Maryland, when Wale was 10. In 2002, he graduated from the Quince Orchard High School in Gaithersburg and moved to Largo in Prince George's County. Wale attended Robert Morris University and Virginia State University on football scholarships, then transferred to Bowie State University. However, he dropped out due to academic reasons. Wale's love of the game of football and the team then known as Washington Redskins has led to a longstanding rumor that Wale had a tattoo of tight end Chris Cooley. He is the cousin of actor Gbenga Akinnagbe, who is best known for playing Chris Partlow on HBO's The Wire. Wale's first recorded track, called "Rhyme of the Century", became his first song to be played on the local radio. In 2006, he was featured in the "Unsigned Hype" column of The Source magazine and later signed to a local label, Studio 43. The track "Dig Dug (Shake It)" became popular in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Virginia and was a tribute to Ronald "Dig Dug" Dixon, who was a percussion player for the go-go band Northeast Groovers. The song became the most requested song by a local artist in Washington, D.C. radio history and Wale was the first local artist to get some BDS spins since DJ Kool in the early 1990s. The song was included in Wale's first mixtape, Paint a Picture.

In July 2006, Wale found representation in Daniel Weisman, a former club DJ and promoter who had no previous experience in management. Weisman had been tipped off about the rapper by a friend in Washington, D.C. and connected with him through Myspace. In September 2006, after dropping another go-go influenced single, called "Breakdown" (sampled from Huck-A-Bucks "Sexy Girl") has been getting a mention on The Washington Post, Wale released his first non-go-go original single, called "Uptown Roamers". On September 14, 2006, "Uptown Roamers" debuted on XM Radio Channel 66, where it was played twice in one day. Both "Breakdown" and "Uptown Roamers" were on Wale's second mixtape, Hate Is the New Love. The song "Breakdown" was featured on the video game Madden NFL 09.
Wale won the award for "D. C. Metro Breakthrough Artist of the Year" at WKYS's Go-Go Awards in November 2006. On December 15, The Fader magazine associate editor Nick "Catchdubs" Barat visited Wale for an interview and photo shoot, which appeared in the March 2007 issue of The Fader. Manager Weisman told HitQuarters that the Fader feature, given the magazine's music/culture/fashion orientation, laid an important foundation for Wale to position himself as a "cool, smart, up-and-coming hip-hop artist who might actually be Drake".

2007–2009: National attention and major label signing
In January 2007, Wale released a new single to radio called "Good Girls" produced by Gerard Thomas and Demario Bridges for TeamMusicGroup (LeTroy Davis). Wale later appeared on Mark Ronson's remix of Lily Allen's "Smile" and was a headliner on Ronson's UK tour that year promoting Ronson's second album Version. In June 2007, Wale signed to a production deal with Ronson's Allido Records. Wale released his third mixtape, 100 Miles & Running, on July 11, as a free download on his Myspace page. This mixtape includes features from Mark Ronson, Daniel Merriweather, Amy Winehouse, and Lily Allen. It was released on the same day as his performance at the Highline Ballroom, in Manhattan. The Highline show was to promote the US release of Mark Ronson's album and included performances by Mark Ronson, Wale, Saigon, and Daniel Merriweather. Jay-Z, Beyoncé, Kanye West, Maroon 5, Clive Davis, Eve and Danny Masterson were all in attendance. There, Wale was interviewed by MTV News correspondent J. D. Tuminski for his first national TV feature on August 16. With Ronson, Wale performed "W. A. L. E. D. A. N. C. E. ", a remix of Justice's "D.A.N.C.E." from Wale's 100 Miles mixtape, at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards in Las Vegas. The Washington Post profiled Wale on the front page of the Sunday Style section in the October 21, 2007, edition. He was also featured on the cover of the 150th issue of URB along with French electro group Justice.

In March 2008, Wale signed a joint venture deal with Mark Ronson's Allido Records and Interscope, joining Rhymefest and Daniel Merriweather as Allido artists. Epic Records, Atlantic Records, and Def Jam all competed to sign Wale. On May 30, Wale released his fourth mixtapeThe Mixtape About Nothing, heavily produced by Best Kept Secret. Wale said that the television show Seinfeld inspired The Mixtape About Nothing: "the TV show's 'honest dialogue' mirrors his lyrical style, which frequently references pop culture and politics while avoiding gangster-rap bluster".
After signing with Interscope, Wale began recording tracks for his major label debut: in a 2008 interview with Express, a newspaper published by the Washington Post Company, Wale announced that he was recording a song with Chrisette Michele called "Shades", which discusses inter-black racism. Wale also appeared on Interscope label mate DJ Greg Street's single "Dope Boys" which samples Hip Hop classic T.R.O.Y. alongside Lupe Fiasco and Kardinal Offishall. Rapper Young Chris of rap duo Young Gunz also began plans for a collaboration mixtape with Wale.

On June 19, 2009, Wale released his fifth mixtape, Back to the Feature, on which eleven of the tracks were produced by 9th Wonder, with contributions also coming from Mark Ronson and others. The album's title, a play off the name of the movie Back to the Future, referred to the fact that a lengthy list of rappers joined Wale on the songs, including K'naan, Tamere Guess, Talib Kweli, Joell Ortiz, Beanie Sigel, Curren$y, J. Cole and Bun B. The mixtape received positive reviews from Vibe magazine and website Pitchfork Media, but Colin McGowan of Cokemachineglow commented that it represented neither "a step forward or back [for the artist] so much as shouting-in-place. "
Wale did a guest performance on "Change", a song by the Australian singer-songwriter Daniel Merriweather. It was written by Merriweather and Andrew Wyatt and produced by Mark Ronson. It was released on January 30, 2009, in the United States and Canada, and February 2, 2009, in the UK (where the song peaked at no.8). The song is included on Merriweather's album Love & War.
On September 13, Wale, alongside the DC-based musicians of UCB (Uncalled 4 Band)- The Board Administration artists, served as the official house band for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.

2009–10: Attention Deficit
Released on November 10, 2009, Wale's debut album, Attention Deficit, had primarily positive reception. Metacritic, which assigns a standardized score out of 100, rated the album 77 based on 21 reviews. It debuted at the number 21 spot on the Billboard 200 and sold 28,000 copies in its first week. Interscope claimed that the LP was undershipped and that was the reason for the low sales numbers. Daniel Weisman, Wale's manager, claimed that Interscope didn't ship enough copies of the album. The first single off Attention Deficit was "Chillin" (featuring Lady Gaga), followed by "Pretty Girls" featuring Gucci Mane and Weensey and "World Tour" (featuring Jazmine Sullivan). Other guest artists on the album included Pharrell Williams, Bun B, Chrisette Michele, K'Naan, Marsha Ambrosius, J. Cole, and Melanie Fiona.
In March 2010, Wale announced he and K'Naan would kick off a short co-headlining tour across the east coast of the US, beginning at the end of March in New York City. During this time, Wale was also in the studio with Gucci Mane, Waka Flocka Flame, Roscoe Dash, Sean Garrett, and Drumma Boy.

In May 2010, Wale abruptly canceled a scheduled performance at DC Black Pride, an annual black gay pride event. In an email to the event's organizer, Wale's manager claimed he was unaware it was a gay event when he agreed to perform. On May 28, however, it was announced he would perform alongside the headliner for free.

On August 3, 2010, Wale released his sixth mixtape, More About Nothing hosted by DJ Omega a follow-up to his critically acclaimed The Mixtape About Nothing under The Board Administration – an independent label co-founded with Marketing Executive Le'Greg O. Harrison. More About Nothing took the internet by storm resulting in 100,000 plus downloads in 90 minutes. More About Nothing creatively integrates sitcom material with rhyme and wordplay to present Wale's frustrations on his plight to reach mainstream acceptance and success. Features include Wiz Khalifa, Waka Flocka, Daniel Merriweather, UCB, Board Administration Artists' Tiara Thomas, Black Cobain, Fat Trel, and NBA Player and DC Native Kevin Durant.
In the last half of 2010, inspired by Kanye West's GOOD Fridays project, Wale re-released a track from one of his previous mixtapes for free-download on his own website every Thursday, calling this enterprise "Throwback Thursday". Guests on those tracks included Bun B, Pusha T, John Mayer, Lil Wayne and K'Naan.

2011: Signing to MMG and Ambition

On February 5, 2011, during Super Bowl XLV festivities, Wale announced his signing to artist Rick Ross' Maybach Music Group. He stated that he will still continue to be able to put out the music that he believes in, with the support of Rick Ross. In 2009, Wale signed to Jay-Z's Roc Nation for management, along with other artists such as J. Cole, Mark Ronson, Melanie Fiona and Rihanna. On May 6, 2011, Wale shared plans with MTV Networks regarding the potential release of two albums in 2011. Later the same month, he confirmed pre-production efforts for Ambition, his second album, slated for a fall 2011 release under Maybach and Warner Music Groups. Production for Ambition took place at ZAC Recording in Atlanta, Georgia with The Board Administration Producer Tone P. Anticipation for Ambition was incited through the release and heavy viral promotion of mixtape, The Eleven One Eleven Theory done under Wale's label, The Board Administration. The Eleven One Eleven Theory debuted August 17, 2011, on Life and Times in honor of Wale's Twitter milestone of reaching one million followers and was purposefully made with the intent to build widespread anticipation for the November 1, 2011, scheduled release date of Ambition. This marketing strategy was the brainchild of The Board Administration CEO Le'Greg O. Harrison and was executed through savvy social media integration, resulting in the first shut down of renowned file sharing site Hulkshare in the first 4 seconds of posting the link. Wale is the first mainstream artist to officially crash Hulkshare.

On September 7, 2011, Wale announced plans for a 32-city domestic tour titled The Ambition Tour, which initiated October 2, 2011, in Minneapolis Minnesota and has dates through December 2011.
The Board Administration Artist Black Cobain is the official opening act for each date and is followed by a rotation of various artists in select markets which include: Rick Ross, Meek Mill, Pusha T, J. Cole, Big Sean, Miguel, and more. The tour was booked by NUE Agency.
On September 28, 2011, Wale revealed that Ambition was complete and released the single "Lotus Flower Bomb", featuring Miguel on Twitter. On September 29, 2011, Funk Master Flex debuted Wale's song "Tats on my Arms", featuring Rick Ross. The next day, Wale released the album cover for Ambition. On October 14, 2011, Wale released the single "Focused", featuring Kid Cudi. The official Ambition track listing includes 15 songs. The Board Administration launched a robust social media campaign integrating never-seen-before social media strategy and savvy to virally promote Ambition. The promotional campaign included a five-part "making of" documentary, a Twitter campaign centered on a hashtag blitz–aptly named #Ambition, daily new music and video releases from Wale, and promotional materials for purchase through Warner Music Group and Maybach Music Group such as Ambition wristbands and graphic tees. These efforts were also supported by televised "making of" episodes through networks such as MTV that hosted Sucker Free Road to Release. The never-seen-before element of Wale's Ambition promo blitz included a partnership formed between the current most popular file sharing site Hulkshare and The Board Administration. Greater than 3 million people frequent Hulkshare daily, and through this collaboration could view banner ads on practically every Hulkshare download page flanked with Wale's profile and a clock counting down the days, hours, minutes, and seconds until the album released.

On October 27, 2011, Wale unveiled an Ambition snippet sampler on YouTube for people to preview the album. Later the same day, a private Ambition media listening event, held at the Gansevoort Hotel of Chelsea New York, was attended by music executives, bloggers, various artists, and hip hop heads.
On November 2, 2011, Myspace and Hot 97 presented a complimentary Wale and friends midnight Ambition release show at The Highline Ballroom in New York City. The event was hosted by Miss Info and featured special guest DJ Funkmaster Flex.
The album debuted number two on the Billboard 200, selling 162,600 copies in its first week. The album initially received mixed reviews, including a negative one in Wale's local Washington City Paper. However, the album currently holds a 69/100 score on Metacritic, signifying "generally favorable reviews. "

2012–2017: The Gifted, The Album About Nothing, Shine
On November 25, 2011, shortly after the release of Ambition, Wale announced on Twitter that he has already begun working on his third album. In an interview with UpVenue in January 2012, Wale confirmed the third album and said the focus would be about his growth as a person. In June
, he was featured on Maybach Music Group's second studio album Self Made II. He released a trailer for his mixtape Folarin on December 6. Folarin, hosted by DJ Clark Kent, was released on December 24. The mixtape features guest spots Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, Scarface, Nipsey Hussle, French Montana, Tiara Thomas, Lightshow, and Trinidad James among others. Production comes from Hit-Boy, Jake One, Cardo, Diplo, Beat Billionaire and Rico Love among others. Around this time, Wale also started working on his third studio album, which he stated would be released in 2013.

When speaking of his third studio album Wale would say, "it's going to have one sound, very, very soulful", and said that the first single, "Bad", "is a pretty good indication of the direction I'm going for this project." The album was set for release on June 25, 2013, with his fourth album coming a couple months after that. Wale announced he was collaborating with Jerry Seinfeld on his fourth studio album, which would be titled The Album About Nothing. He later said he was also collaborate with producer No I.D. on the album. He also confirmed he would release a collaboration mixtape with Meek Mill during 2013.

In December 2012, Wale had announced he was planning on releasing a Go-go album: "I wanna do the album for me. This is the second time I'm announcing it, but I'm doing a Go-Go album after my album. And when I say Go-Go I don't mean like cheesy Go-Go. It's gonna be sequenced. It's gonna be me probably rapping only 40-percent on the album, but getting the sound out."

To build hype for The Gifted, Wale released "Sight of the Sun", a remix of the Fun. song of the same name. This was similar to the songs "Bittersweet" and "Fly Away", which he released prior to Attention: Deficit.

On September 9, 2014, Wale released the first single from the album The Album About Nothing titled "The Body" featuring American singer Jeremih. On November 17, 2014, Wale announced a 31-date US tour entitled the Simply Nothing Tour. The tour is in support of his upcoming 2015 album, The Album About Nothing. On December 24, 2014, Wale released the mixtape Festivus heavily themed by the Seinfeld holiday. Features on the mixtape included Chance The Rapper, A$AP Ferg, and Pusha T, among others.

On March 31, 2015, Wale released his fourth studio album The Album About Nothing, which featured Jerry Seinfeld, J. Cole, Usher, and SZA among others. It became his second No. 1 album in the United States. It was revealed that Wale would next serve as the Executive Producer for Maybach Music Group's next collaborative album Self Made 4.

Wale also recorded the original music theme for the popular ESPN sports talk show First Take, which features journalists/panelists Stephen A. Smith, Max Kellerman and moderator/host Molly Qerim. The two-hour show, which airs twice daily at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. on ESPN, features Wale's theme at the beginning of the show.

On April 28, 2017, Wale's fifth studio album, Shine was released, selling 28,000 units in its first week.

2018–present: It's Complicated, Self Promotion, Warner Records, Free Lunch, Wow... That's Crazy and Folarin II

After parting ways with Atlantic Records in February, Wale released a surprise four-track EP titled It's Complicated on March 13, 2018. Two months later, he release a second EP titled Self Promotion on May 8, 2018. The four-track EP had a single guest feature in R&B singer, Jacquees. On May 16, it was announced that Wale had been signed to Warner Records.  On September 14, he released a third EP titled Free Lunch, with guest appearances from long time friend and collaborator, J. Cole and Eric Bellinger. In December 2018, Wale released two tracks, "Winter Wars" and "Poledancer". His sixth album, Wow... That's Crazy was released on October 11, 2019. It included the single, "On Chill". On June 19, 2020, Wale released an EP, The Imperfect Storm.

On October 22, 2021, Wale released Folarin II, an album follow-up to his 2012 mixtape Folarin.

Musical style
In an interview with Flavorwire, Wale said that he incorporates elements of go-go in his music. Cyril Cordor of AllMusic described go-go as "a more raw, percussion-driven offshoot of disco" that originated in the Washington, D. C. area. Wale's early singles that were played primarily in his local metropolitan area heavily sampled 1990s go-go records. Reviewing Attention Deficit, David Jeffries of allmusic remarked that Wale had a "post-Kanye, post-Lil Wayne, alternative-meets-hardcore style" and commented that Wale's single "Chillin'", which featured Lady Gaga, "crafts an instant floor-filler out of a sample from the 1969 hit 'Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye'".

Personal life
Wale is a fan of the Washington Commanders. Also an avid professional wrestling fan, he has made several wrestling references on his songs. He hosts the annual WaleMania during WrestleMania weekend and has made several appearances on WWE television, where he hosted a rap battle between The New Day and The Usos on the July 4 episode of Smackdown Live in 2017, and was the guest commentator during Noam Dar and TJP's match on 205 Live in 2018. Wale escorted former NXT Tag Team champions The Street Profits to the ring for their title shot versus champions Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly on October 2, 2019. At WrestleMania 37, he escorted former Intercontinental Champion Big E to the ring versus champion Apollo Crews. Wale also performs Big E's new theme song as a singles competitor.

Discography

 Attention Deficit (2009)
 Ambition (2011)
 The Gifted (2013)
 The Album About Nothing (2015)
 Shine (2017)
 Wow... That's Crazy (2019)
 Folarin II (2021)

Other ventures
Wale teamed up with Philadelphia retailer Ruvilla, and ASICS for a product called "Bottle Rocket" Asics Gel Lyte III in 2015. In 2016, he teamed with ASICS again with a product that features gold and shades of black and blue.

Television appearance
Wale portrays Chango in season 3 of American Gods.

Awards and nominations

African Muzik Magazine Awards

|-
|2014
|Wale
|Best Male Diaspora
|

BET Awards

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| rowspan="2" | "Lotus Flower Bomb"
| Viewer's Choice
|
|-
| Best Collaboration
|
|-
|2014
|"LoveHate Thing"
|Centric Award
|

BET Hip Hop Awards

|-
| 2010
| Wale
| Best New Artist
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| rowspan="2" | "No Hands"
| Best Collaboration
|
|-
| Best Club Banger
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| rowspan="2" | "Lotus Flower Bomb"
| Best Hip-Hop Video
|
|-
| Perfect Combo
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| rowspan="2" | Wale
| Album Of The Year
|
|-
| Lyricist Of The Year
|
|-
|| 2015
| The Album About Nothing
| Album of the Year
|

Grammy Awards

|-
| 2013
| "Lotus Flower Bomb"
| Best Rap Song
|

MTV Video Music Awards

|-
| 2015
| "The White Shoes"
| Best Video with a Social Message
|

Nigeria Entertainment Awards

|-
|2010
|rowspan="2"|Himself
|Best International Artist
|
|-
|2014
|Diaspora Artist of the Year
|

Soul Train Awards

|-
| 2010
| Wale
| Best New Artist
|
|-
| 2012
| "Lotus Flower Bomb"
| Best Hip-Hop Song
|
|-
| 2012
| "Lotus Flower Bomb"
| Song of the Year
|
|-
| 2013
| Bad (feat. Tiara Thomas)
| Best Hip Hop Song of the Year
|

References

External links

 Wale Band

1984 births
Living people
American rappers
Nigerian male rappers
Allido Records artists
American male rappers
Songwriters from Washington, D.C.
American people of Yoruba descent
Bowie State University alumni
Pop rappers
Interscope Records artists
People from Gaithersburg, Maryland
People from Largo, Maryland
Rappers from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Robert Morris Colonials football players
Virginia State Trojans football players
Yoruba musicians
21st-century Nigerian musicians
American people of Nigerian descent
Music of Washington, D.C.
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
African-American male rappers

Wale (rapper)


Tedd T., born Tedd Andrew Tjornhom (CHURN-home), is a music producer, songwriter, arranger, programmer, and engineer.  He launched the independent record label Teleprompt Records in 2003 as a joint venture with Word/Warner Music Group. His interest in the music industry began in his teens while growing up in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His early work with Dez Dickerson (an early member of Prince's band "The Revolution") served as an introduction to the influential Minneapolis scene and later led him to Nashville.

Credits

References

Living people
American record producers
American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)

Tedd T


The Left Front () was an organization of left-wing intellectuals in Czechoslovakia, founded in 1929 on the initiative of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

History
Formed in 1930, which saw itself as the successor to the Devětsil Union of Modern Culture. The founding date was on October 18, 1929. On this day a general meeting of mainly members of Devětsil took place, in which some basic documents such as the programmatic statement of the new association were approved. The founding members were Karel Teige, Stanislav Kostka Neumann, Vítězslav Nezval, Bedřich Václavek, E.F. Burian, Vilém Závada, František Halas, Julius Fučík and later joined by Vladislav Vančura, Ivan Sekanina, Ladislav Štoll and others. The chairman of the newly found organisation became Zdeněk Nejedlý in 1932. The chosen name Levá fronta was a reference to the LEF in the Soviet Union.

The group was founded relatively quickly in other cities, first in Brno initiated by Jindřich Honzl and E. F. Burian; other local clubs emerged in 1931 in Boskovice, Žilina, Užhorod, Hradec králové and Ostrava.

Working sections soon emerged, specializing in various fields: the literary section, which was probably the most important, included doctors, philosophers, sociologists and economists. In 1931, Filmová a fotografická skupina (Film-Foto Group, also known as "fi-fo") was formed, prompted by film historian Lubomír Linhart who became its spokesman. The architects who founded their own section were particularly active – Architonická sekce Levé fronty (AsLeF, the Architectural Section of the LeF), initiated by Karel Teige and involved prominent architects such as Jaromír Krejcar, Jiří Kroha, Jiří Novotný and others. While the orientation towards poetism, later increasingly accompanied by epic elements, predominated in poetry, the active forces of the architecture section were first influenced by purism (in particular influenced by Le Corbusier), to later become protagonists of functionalism and above all of constructivism.

In its programmatic statement, Levá fronta described its goals, which was to propagate socialist culture and promote cooperation between the progressive intelligentsia and the working class. The statement also stated that the grouping was non-political and not linked to any political party, although as time went on, some aspects of the Levá fronta became more open about its connections and cooperation with the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.

The activities of the organization ceased to exist in 1938.

Journals and publications
Its eponymous journal Levá fronta, were among the best-known and driving forces of the Marxist-influenced artistic avant-garde of the 1920s and 1930s in Czechoslovakia.

In Prague it appeared from 1930 to 1933, the editor-in-chief was Stanislav Kostka Neumann. It was also published in Brno (1931), and the local group in Ostrava published its own Kampaň magazine. The journal devoted a lot of space to the question of Marxism, particularly from the perspective of the increasingly important struggle against fascism.

See also
LEF

References

External links
Encyclopedia entry on Levá fronta from CoJeCo.cz (Czech article with English framing)

Politics of Czechoslovakia
Organizations based in Czechoslovakia
1929 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Organizations established in 1929
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1938 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
Anti-fascist organizations

Left Front (Czechoslovakia)


In the United States tax system, the two-percent haircut, otherwise known as the two-percent floor, is a limitation on miscellaneous itemized income tax deductions and is codified under Internal Revenue Code IRC § 67(a).

IRC § 67(a) states that a taxpayer can deduct "miscellaneous itemized deductions" only to the extent that the aggregate of such deductions exceed two percent of the taxpayer's adjusted gross income.

Miscellaneous itemized deductions
Miscellaneous itemized deductions are everything except the twelve itemized deductions listed in IRC § 67(b). When considering whether something would qualify as a miscellaneous itemized deduction, and thus subject to the two-percent haircut, a taxpayer should refer to the twelve itemized deductions listed in IRC § 67(b). If the deduction at issue is listed, then it is not a miscellaneous itemized deduction and is not subject to the two-percent haircut. Itemized deductions listed in IRC § 67(b) are regular itemized deductions.

The policy reason for the two-percent haircut is quite evasive. We may be able to gauge Congress' intent with the two-percent haircut by looking at the possible reasons for including certain items. The most significant expense that is categorized as a miscellaneous itemized deduction is the unreimbursed business expenses of an employee. It is a possibility that Congress imposed the two-percent haircut on these expenses in order to weed out portions that may have been personal in nature, as major employee expenses are generally reimbursed by the employer anyway. However, this policy rationale doesn't make much sense when one considers Congress' unlimited allowance of many personal expense deductions (some above-the line). The two-percent haircut is a thing of mystery.

Application
As the two-percent haircut is a floor threshold for deducting miscellaneous itemized deductions, a taxpayer's deductions must exceed two-percent of the taxpayers adjusted gross income.

For example, suppose a taxpayer in year one has an adjusted gross income of $100,000. Two percent of her adjusted gross income is $2,000. To be able to deduct miscellaneous itemized deductions in calculating taxable income, her miscellaneous itemized deductions must exceed $2,000. If she has miscellaneous itemized deductions of $5,000, she may deduct $3,000 ($5,000–$2,000=$3,000). If she has miscellaneous itemized deductions of only $1,000, she will not be able to deduct anything because her deductions do not exceed the $2,000 (2%) floor.

Significance

The two-percent haircut is one example of why a taxpayer would prefer an above-the-line deduction to a below-the-line deduction. Itemized deductions are taken "below-the-line" (after adjusted gross income has been calculated). Above-the-line deductions are not subject to the two-percent haircut. Additionally, above-the-line deductions are advantageous because they may be taken regardless of whether or not a taxpayer chooses to itemize his or her below-the-line deductions.

See also
Taxation in the United States

Notes

Taxation in the United States

Two-percent haircut


Sonia Vinci (born 1971) is a former journalist and co-anchor of Nine News in Perth.

She began a journalist in 1990 at Perth radio 6PR and later became Australia's youngest female news director. During her time at 6PR, Sonia also worked at Channel Seven Perth as a weekend journalist for Seven News, and also read sports news for Seven's Footy Show in 1994.

She later worked for regional station GWN as a news anchor before returning to 6PR and the Channel 9 in 2000. She worked initially as a stand-by news anchor, but later became weeknight anchor, and with Dixie Marshall was part of Australia's first female duo news team from 2003–2007.

In January 2008, Nine announced that Vinci would host a new Western Australian version of A Current Affair. However, it was announced in July that Vinci would not proceed with her new position, with a view to "spending more time with the kids".

References

External links
 NineMSN
 Channel Nine Perth

Australian journalists
Living people
1971 births

Sonia Vinci


Jasy Jatere  is the name of an important figure in Guaraní mythology. One of the seven cursed children of Tau and Kerana, Jasy Jatere is one of the most important gods among the Guaraní speaking cultures of South America, especially in Paraguay.

Mythology

Description
Jasy Jatere, which means literally "a little piece of the moon", is unique among his brothers in that he does not have a monstrous appearance. He is usually described as being a small man or perhaps a child, with light blonde hair and sometimes blue eyes. He is fair in appearance, sometimes described as even beautiful or enchanting, and carries with him a magical wand or staff, sometimes described as a golden cane, although what clothing he wears, if any at all, does not seem to be an important part of the legend. Like most of his brothers he dwells in the wild, he is considered to be the protector of the yerba mate plant. Sometimes he is also viewed as a protector of hidden treasures.

Relations with children
Jasy Jatere is also considered to be the lord of the siesta, the traditional mid-day nap taken in many Latin American cultures. According to one widespread version of the myth, Jasy Jatere leaves the forest and wanders the villages looking for children who are not napping during their siesta. Although he is generally invisible, it is said that he shows himself to the children he finds not napping, and that any who look upon his staff fall into a trance. He may even lure them into the forest with a distinct whistle.

What happens to such entranced children differs depending upon which version of the story is told. Many Guaraní myths have multiple versions because there existed no written version of the language, and all myths have survived as word of mouth tales only. In the fairer version of the tale, Jasy Jatere is considered a friend of such disobedient children, taking them into hidden places in the forest to play and feeding them with honey and fruit. At the end of the siesta, when all are weary from the play, Jasy Jatere gives them a magical kiss them back to their  with no memory.

Most versions of the story are  back to a cave where he puts out their eyes and imprisons them for an untold amount of time, sustaining them with wild fruits and berries until they become feral like animals. Still more gruesome tales say that the children are brought back to his brother Ao Ao, a cannibalistic creature who feeds upon their flesh. These versions of the myth are told in a similar vein to the Bogeyman, designed to frighten children into being obedient and taking a nap during their siesta. Paraguayan parents are known to warn their children not to wander off alone during siesta to prevent being kidnapped by Jasy Jatere.

It is said that Jasy Jatere's power stems from the magical staff that he carries, and if one is able to take it from him, he breaks down and cries like a little child. In this state, one may ask him for the treasures that he is protecting in return for the staff, not unlike a captured leprechaun who must reward his captor with a pot of gold.

See also
 Pombero
 Kurupi

References
Heisecke, M. V. (no date). Una historia de Jasy Jatere. Asunción: Fausto Cultural.

Guaraní legendary creatures
Guaraní deities
Fairies
Bogeymen

Jasy Jatere


Midden-Drenthe is a municipality in the province of Drenthe, the Netherlands. In 2019, 33,178 people lived there.

The municipality was created on 1 January 1998, in a merger of the former municipalities of Beilen, Smilde, and Westerbork. Between 1998 and 2000, the name of the municipality was Middenveld.

Municipalities of Drenthe

Midden-Drenthe


Poplar Forest is a plantation and retreat home in Forest, Bedford County, Virginia that belonged to Founding Father and third U.S. president Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson inherited the property in 1773 and began designing and working on his retreat home in 1806. While Jefferson is the most famous individual associated with the property, it had several owners before being purchased for restoration, preservation, and exhibition in 1984.

Poplar Forest was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971 and is now operated as a historic house museum by the nonprofit Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest. The corporation is also responsible for the ongoing archaeological study and restoration work at the property. The Corporation celebrated the completed restoration of Jefferson's villa retreat in April 2023.

History
The land upon which Poplar Forest was built shows archaeological evidence of having been populated by native peoples from the Paleo-Indian through Late Woodland periods. The 4,000-acre property was legally defined by a 1745 patent in which William Stith (a colonial minister and planter) assumed ownership, but did not live on the land. He passed ownership to his daughter Elizabeth Pasteur who sold it to her cousin Peter Randolph, who maintained ownership until 1764. John Wayles purchased the original property in 1764 and slowly added an additional 819 acres prior to 1770; he was the first to use slave labor on the property. Similar to Stith, Wayles did not live on the property due to his career as an attorney and businessman in Charles City County, Virginia.

Wayles' daughter Martha Wayles Skelton was married to Thomas Jefferson, and the couple inherited the full 4,819 acres when Wayles died in 1773. The Jeffersons did not immediately continue developing Poplar Forest, nor were they frequent visitors to the property – their focus was on developing Monticello, Thomas's political and legal career, and raising their family. Martha Jefferson died in 1782, and Thomas spent time away from Virginia in public service following her death, serving as Minister to France (1785–1789), Secretary of State (1790–1793), Vice President (1797–1801), and President (1801–1809).

Even in Jefferson's absence, the plantation was generating revenue from slave labor under the watch of a general steward and a team of overseers; the slave labor force at Poplar Forest produced annual tobacco and wheat crops after 1790.

Jefferson conducted annual visits to Poplar Forest beginning in 1810 and ending in 1823; He frequently brought his granddaughters Ellen and Cornelia Jefferson Randolph to the house after 1816, and always traveled to Poplar Forest with a small cadre of enslaved men and women who were based at Monticello. His visits ranged from a few days to weeklong stays.  Jefferson maintained sole ownership of the property and the slaves until 1790, when he gave 1,000 acres and six slave families to his daughter Martha and her husband Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. Randolph would later divide and sell the rest of Jefferson's landholdings; he also sold many of Jefferson's slaves to repay debts.

Near the end of his life, Jefferson sought to find permanent residents for the property, and his grandson Francis W. Eppes and wife Mary Elizabeth moved to Poplar Forest shortly after their 1823 marriage. Jefferson died in 1826 having made his last visit to Poplar Forest in 1823. The Eppeses sold Poplar Forest in November 1828 to William Cobbs; Cobbs assigned the task of managing the property to his son-in-law Edward Hutter in 1840 following his marriage to Cobb's daughter Emma. The period from 1745 to 1840, in which Poplar Forest was sold many times in quick succession many enslaved men, women, and children were separated from their families as the owners settled their predecessor's debts. The Cobbs–Hutter family maintained ownership of Poplar Forest into the twentieth century. The Hutter's son Christian purchased the property in the late nineteenth century and used it as a summer home and working farm into the 1940s employing labor from both black and white hired farmhands and tenant farmers.

Christian Hutter sold the property to James Watts' family in 1946; the Watts family operated Poplar Forest as a dairy farm and worked with Phelps Barnum and W. Stuart Thompson to restore the house to the way it appeared during Jefferson's time. They also did significant landscape development, and sold a majority of the remaining land to a developer who constructed a nine-hole golf course and a lake along the eastern and southern part of the property.

Dr. James Johnson purchased the house and 50 acres of land from the Watts family in 1980 and then the nonprofit Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest purchased the acreage and the remaining physical structures on the property in 1984. The organization has worked in recent years to reacquire land within the original plantation boundaries, and as of 2008 owned 617 acres of the original property. The Corporation celebrated the completed restoration of Jefferson's villa retreat in April 2023.

Architectural design

When construction began at Poplar Forest in 1806, Jefferson was President of the United States. He supervised the construction from Washington, DC. Thomas Jefferson was a self-taught architect known for his work at Monticello and the Virginia State Capitol; he frequently borrowed designs from classical sources, and was attracted to Palladio's classical architecture in the Veneto as well as designs from 16th century France. Jefferson designed Poplar Forest as his personal retreat house and selected the property because of its distance from his public life.

The octagonal house may have been the first of its kind to have been built in the United States. The house at Poplar Forest is made of brick and has an octagonal floor plan; it consists of a central square space and three sides made of elongated octagon rooms. There is an entry hall on the one side of the house, which is two smaller rooms divided by a short entry hall. There is a skylight in the central dining room. The dining room dimensions are 20' x 20' x 20', which makes it a perfect cube. Jefferson also added pedimented porticoes on low arcades that were attached to both the northern and southern facades as well as the east and west stairwells. Scholars agree that the retreat house at Poplar Forest is an excellent example of octagonal symmetry; Jefferson's design for the building reflects a consistent geometric approach likely made possible by his well-known proficiency in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and Newtonian calculus.

Post-Jeffersonian modifications and preservation

Under different owners, the main house underwent many alterations, and the plantation's acreage was incrementally reduced to 50 acres (20 ha) at the time of acquisition by the Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest. There was a fire in 1845; the Cobbs and Hutter families rebuilt in the Greek revival style and added an attic story for sleeping; this modified the interior plan of the house. The original walls, chimney, and columns remained after the renovation.

The Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest used early 19th-century building materials including heavy timber-frame construction, hemp sash cord, iron hardware from Colonial Williamsburg as well as 19th-century building techniques in their restoration work including column rendering and burning limestone to produce traditional lime mortar and plaster. The goal of the restorations is to restore Poplar Forest to Jefferson's original architectural vision.

Slavery
Enslaved men, women, and children were present on the property from 1766 through 1865, when slavery was formally abolished in the United States. Present-day knowledge of the slave populations and their contributions to Poplar Forest is based on both archaeological and archival evidence. John Wayles used slave labor to originally develop roadwork on the property, and when Thomas and Martha Jefferson inherited the land that included Poplar Forest from Wayles, they also inherited 135 enslaved men, women, and children as well as other tracts of land in Amherst, Cumberland, Charles City, Goochland, and Powhatan counties. Because Wayles chose to split his estate among several heirs, enslaved families were separated in order for his heirs to pay his debts.

As Jefferson turned more attention to Poplar Forest, he brought enslaved people from Monticello, Elk Hill, Indian Camp, and Judith's Creek, thus increasing the enslaved population at Poplar Forest. Jefferson kept consistent records of the enslaved people living at Poplar Forest; these records show that the enslaved population fluctuated between as few as 28 and as many as 95 enslaved individuals were working at Poplar Forest between the years 1774 and 1819. As an active participant in the slave trade, Jefferson sold and purchased enslaved people throughout the time he owned Poplar Forest, including the sale of 40 enslaved people from his various properties in Bedford County, Virginia in the 1790s. The Eppeses inherited the house, about 1,075 acres of land, and several enslaved men and women after Jefferson's death in 1826. The Cobbs and Hutter families also used slave labor on the property through emancipation and maintained some formerly enslaved people as hired workers following.

Plantation and slave economics
Beginning in 1790, the enslaved community at Poplar Forest grew tobacco and livestock for profit, and later grew wheat. Records from Edward Hutter's tenure at Poplar Forest show that enslaved individuals were regularly tasked with tilling fields and digging ditches in addition to their work growing and harvesting plants to be sold at market. Enslaved people worked six days each week, and were also responsible for constructing and maintaining their housing structures. Scholars have determined that the enslaved community at Poplar Forest devised a commerce system amongst themselves; slaves were allowed a small plot of land on which to grow food and produce goods that could be traded or sold to fellow enslaved people as well as the owners' families and the outside market. Archaeologists at Poplar Forest have uncovered clothing accessories such as buttons, glass beads, gilt chains, aiglet/lace tips, and fancy buckles that were likely used as currency amongst slaves at Poplar Forest and the surrounding plantations.

Documents from the 19th century show that the transition from tobacco-based to mixed-crop plantation agriculture left Poplar Forest with an abundance of laborers; William Cobbs, in particular, is known to have hired out slaves from the plantation to external projects. Other enslaved individuals (including two women named Lucy and Matilda) are known to have had access to money during this time so that they could buy items on behalf of the Cobbs/Hutter families. Edward Hutter regularly leased slaves from Poplar Forest to businesses and planters in Bedford County.

Family networks
Records show that by the 1790s, there were seven different enslaved families represented at Poplar Forest. Jefferson encouraged common-law unions amongst the enslaved community, and recorded the birth dates of each enslaved child born on the property. He also rewarded women who married a fellow slave from Poplar Forest with a pot; archaeologists have found remnants of these gifts in archaeological studies of the property. Jefferson kept records of family connections – surviving records have allowed scholars to conclude that multiple generations of single families were enslaved at Poplar Forest and had relatives at other plantations in Virginia. William and Marian Cobbs inherited an enslaved family that included Mary and her daughters Lucy and Matilda (who are recorded to have worked as house slaves) as well as other siblings and extended family members.

Known enslaved people
Hannah was not born at Poplar Forest, but served there from the time she was a teenager until ca.1821. She married and had a family with a fellow slave, was literate, and worked for a time as Jefferson's housekeeper.

James (Jame) Hubbard was purchased by Jefferson when he was 30 and went on to oversee field laborers at Poplar Forest. He fathered six children with a fellow slave named Cate and fostered several others, and worked as a hogkeeper when he was older. Scholars are also able to trace his family members and their roles at Poplar Forest, which included Nace, Hannah, Nancy, Joan, James, and Phill.

Phill was born at Poplar Forest to James Hubbard and his wife Cate. Phill briefly worked at Monticello before returning to Poplar Forest, where he married Hanah and had a son. He died at age 33, reportedly of poisoning.

William (Billy) was born at Poplar Forest and violently rebelled against slavery by attacking an overseer on more than one occasion. Jefferson sent him and three others to Louisiana, where William attempted to run away, but was caught and sold.

John Hemmings never lived at Poplar Forest, but documentary records show that he was responsible for much of the interior woodwork in the retreat house at Poplar Forest.

Lydia Johnson lived at Poplar Forest when Edward Hutter owned the property. She named one of her children Ida Reeder, after Hutter's niece; expense records show that he purchased a dress for her as a gift. Lydia continued to work for the family after Emancipation until she died in 1919.

Will appears in a ledger from 1772 noting that he purchased rum, buttons, thread, and cloth.

Archaeology
There have been several archaeological digs at Poplar Forest since the archaeology program began in 1989. Archaeology has revealed several sites associated with the enslaved population at Poplar Forest as well as uncovered valuable information about Jefferson's original landscape surrounding his retreat. In Fall of 2022, Poplar Forest celebrated the completion of landscape restoration to the north side of the retreat villa.

More recent excavations focused on an area believed to have held paper mulberry trees; Jefferson planted two rows in order to help create naturalistic wings to complement the Palladian style of his retreat house. Archaeologists at Poplar Forest found stains in the ground indicating areas in which trees were previously planted, and their goal is to analyze the levels of charcoal and pollen to determine which areas were most likely the original location(s) for the paper mulberry trees. Other ongoing and future excavation plans include the area surrounding an antebellum slave cabin as well as Jefferson's ornamental plant nursery.

Slave sites
Archaeological excavations of Poplar Forest have yielded evidence suggesting that maps of Poplar Forest created in Jefferson's time were incomplete and did not illustrate the extent to which enslaved people were present.

Old plantation/North Hill site
The Old Plantation/North Hill is believed to have been established in the 1770s/1780s and was the site of the oldest slave farm structures at Poplar Forest dating from 1764. Maps suggest that the original structures included an overseer's house, large barn, and slave housing built over the course of 40 years. Scholars also refer to this area as the Old Quarter located to the south and west of the main house.

Quarter site
The Quarter site, also called the Wingo quarter farm, dates from 1790 to 1812 at Poplar Forest and was operational when Jefferson owned Poplar Forest; he gave the land on which it was located to Martha and Thomas Mann Randolph as a wedding present. Jefferson's surviving notes tell us that three carpenters were able to construct a slave cabin in three days and that the slaves most often lived next to their field or shop work sites. Documentary evidence suggests that the slave housing structures at Poplar Forest were made of logs and that several houses had two rooms that each measured 12.5 x 15 feet; this is corroborated by archaeological evidence suggesting that the slave structures contained root cellars designed by the occupants, which were used to store clothing, tools, and iron hardware. Archaeologists used soil stains to discover storage pits, burned tree roots, and postholes; this analysis also yielded fragments of glass, ceramics, and iron which were discovered to have been parts of plates, bottles, and cooking pots.

One other structure discovered is believed to have functioned as a smokehouse as well as a residence, while a third is believed to have been built later than the other two, and used primarily as housing. Soil analysis also suggests that there were fences in the slave quarters.

Excavations at this site also yielded a number of objects related to slave life at Poplar Forest. Archaeologists discovered iron saw files, gimlets, wedges, croze irons, and a hinge from a folding ruler; it is likely that these objects are from tools used by slaves either in their work assignments or in their personal space. Scissors, straight pins, and thimbles found at the site suggest that women sewed for both work and for their families. The excavations uncovered stoneware and earthenware that scholars believe to have been used to prepare food. Enslaved men and women at Poplar Forest ate fruits and vegetables as well as beef, pork, venison, opossum, rabbit, chicken, turkey, and fish, and possibly had access to firearms with which to hunt animals.

Site A
This is the newest of the three sites; current scholarship indicates that it was built in the 1830s and was operational until emancipation. Scholars believe that the site was home to a slave cabin likely occupied between 1840 and 1860. Archaeologists have uncovered a 3 ft. pit that would have been located underneath the floor of the cabin, postholes, and remnants of a shone chimney. The excavation at Site A has yielded buttons, straight pins, needles, thimbles, and the bone cap of a needle case; this suggests that this site may have been the home of a seamstress.

Present day
The Corporation for Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest has worked to restore Jefferson's plantation and retreat home since 1984, when the 501(c)(3) organization purchased 50 acres of land and the original buildings with the goal to preserve the estate for the educational benefit of the public. The corporation operates Poplar Forest as a historic house museum and cites their mission is to preserve, inspire, and tell the emerging story of Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest.

Poplar Forest first welcomed visitors in 1986, and now conducts guided tours thematically dedicated to the main retreat house and the enslaved community in addition to its ongoing restoration and archaeological work. The property is a National Historic Landmark and designated a Virginia History Trails site as part of Virginia's 2019 Commemoration.

See also
 Jeffersonian architecture
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Virginia

References

External links

Poplar Forest, State Route 661, Forest, Bedford County, VA: 75 photos, 10 color transparencies, 22 measured drawings, 6 data pages, and 6 photo caption pages at Historic American Buildings Survey
"Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest", website of the Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest
Thomas Jefferson's architecture, University of Virginia

Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Jefferson family residences
Thomas Jefferson buildings
National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
Octagon houses in Virginia
Museums in Bedford County, Virginia
Houses completed in 1826
Historic house museums in Virginia
Presidential homes in the United States
Plantation houses in Virginia
Presidential museums in Virginia
Palladian Revival architecture in Virginia
Houses in Bedford County, Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Virginia
1806 establishments in Virginia
Homes of United States Founding Fathers

Poplar Forest


Rustum Ghazaleh () also transl. from Arabic as Rostom Ghazale, Rustom Ghazalah, Rustom Ghazali; (3 May 1953 – 24 April 2015) was a Syrian military and intelligence officer.

Early life
Ghazaleh was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Qarfa village in Daraa Governorate on 3 May 1953.

Career
Ghazaleh joined the Syrian Arab Army as a first lieutenant and platoon commander of a mechanized infantry (BMP-1) unit in 1973, just in time for the Yom Kippur War but did not see frontline combat. He later trained in artillery and military intelligence in the Soviet Union. He was later an artillery spotter and commander of a mechanized battalion during the Lebanese Civil War. He was appointed by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in December 2002 to succeed the late Ghazi Kanaan as head of Syrian military intelligence in Lebanon. He frequently traveled to the Bekaa valley where he had a residence and his headquarters in Anjar, and has been accused of involvement in the Bekaa drug trade and other smuggling ventures.

In early 2005, the killing of Rafik Hariri led to intense pressure on Syria. Ghazale's and Kanaan's foreign assets were frozen by the United States for their role in the alleged occupation of Lebanon and other suspected irregularities. Syria eventually withdrew its 15,000 man strong army. Ghazaleh relocated to Syria. However, some Lebanese and foreign observers alleged that Syria keeps interfering with Lebanese politics through parts of its intelligence apparatus left behind in the country; Syria denies the charges. Kanaan later allegedly committed suicide.

In September 2005, Ghazaleh was questioned on the Hariri assassination by United Nations investigator Detlev Mehlis. In December 2005, former Syrian vice president Abdul Halim Khaddam accused Ghazaleh of political corruption, dictatorial rule in Lebanon and of threatening Hariri prior to his death. After the withdrawal from Lebanon little was heard of him. However, at the beginning of the protests in Daraa, Ghazaleh was sent by Bashar al-Assad to assure locals of the president's good intentions. He reportedly told them: "We have released the children" – a reference to several teenagers who were arrested for writing anti-government graffiti inspired by the events in Egypt and Tunisia. In May 2011, the European Union said Ghazaleh was head of military intelligence in Damascus countryside (Rif Dimashq) governorate, which borders Daraa governorate, and was involved in the repression of dissent in the region. He is considered part of Assad's inner circle.

On 24 July 2012, Ghazaleh was appointed chief of political security. He is allegedly opposed to the prominent role played by Hezbollah and other foreign fighters (in particular Iranians) in the Syrian civil war, a stance which led to him being attacked by the bodyguards of the pro-Iranian Lt. Gen Rafiq Shahadah in early 2015.

Death
Ghazaleh was severely beaten by the bodyguards of Lt. Gen. Rafiq Shahadah over a disagreement the two had regarding Iranian involvement in the 2015 Southern Syria offensive, with news emerging two months later that Ghazaleh had died on 24 April 2015 after complications from a severe head wound which resulted in him having been clinically dead for several weeks prior. A figure close to Syrian government officials claimed the argument had been over fuel smuggling, while a Lebanese journalist suspected that Ghazaleh was "gotten rid of" due to the role he could have played in the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Saad Hariri stated that Ghazaleh had contacted him the day before he was beaten, wanting to appear on television to announce details regarding the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, while an analyst claimed Ghazaleh had seen the end was near for the Syrian government and wanted to defect. Syrian government media failed to report Ghazaleh's death.

References

1953 births
2015 deaths
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region politicians
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Rustum Ghazaleh


E. Kidd Bogart (born January 23, 1978 in Los Angeles, California) is a multi-faceted American music executive and songwriter who has contributed to a long list of internationally successful artists. He is the son of Casablanca Records founder Neil Bogart and music manager Joyce Bogart-Trabulus, who managed KISS and Donna Summer.

Music career
From a very young age he wanted to carry on the family tradition and began working at Interscope Records as an intern when he was 16 years old. Former Interscope Records president Tom Whalley took a chance on him when Bogart turned 18 and promoted him into the A&R department. Under Whalley's supervision, Bogart helped coordinate of various projects, most notably for 2Pac as a project coordinator and hip-hop icon Eminem as an A&R. It was also widely reported that Bogart was responsible for finding and bringing Eminem into Interscope Records.

By the age of 21, Bogart had transitioned into management while working as an A&R consultant for Warner Bros. Records. In his managerial career, he formed the now-defunct BAT Management with partners Walter "Walt Liquor" Taylor and Jordan Feldstein. Under BAT Management and along with other managers Joseph "3H" Weinberger, Justin Trugman and Todd Bird, he was responsible for and/or assisted in the careers of Grammy Award winning Maroon 5 (then known as Kara's Flowers), Planet Asia, Mystic, Styles of Beyond and various other artists. Bogart played an integral role in Maroon 5 signing with Octone Records with Feldstein, who still manages the band.

In 2002, Bogart founded Casbah Artists Management with his then-wife Cheryl Costanzo (now divorced), in tribute to his late father. Under Casbah, Bogart managed former Dreamworks recording artist Vishiss. During the making of the record, Bogart met future collaborator J. R. Rotem, a producer on the record.

In the summer of 2004, Bogart began working for the Agency for the Performing Arts as an Agent in the Concerts Department. In 2006, Bogart's APA roster included OneRepublic, The Outline, DJ Graham Funke, DJ Stonerokk and Planet Asia, among others.

While working at the agency, Bogart, inspired by Costanzo to do so, developed an all-female R&B trio called Raw Candy. Bogart then teamed up with Rotem and music executive Zach Katz and the three created a look and sound for the girls. Bogart was largely responsible for the artistic vision and writing the songs, Rotem for producing and composing the songs, and Katz as the business executive.

After failing to garner significant interest for the group, Bogart, Rotem and Katz released the girls from their contract and made deals for Bogart/Rotem-penned compositions for other major record-label projects, most notably the number-one hit "SOS", performed by Rihanna. In 2006, as Bogart's song writing began to be more in demand, he left the Agency to pursue writing full-time.

He has written for artists and groups such as Sean Kingston, Britney Spears, Beyoncé, Rihanna, Jennifer Lopez, Natasha Bedingfield, Blake Lewis, Paula DeAnda, Ashley Tisdale, Mýa, Paris Hilton, Jesse McCartney, Hayden Panettiere, NLT, Brandy, Wynter Gordon, Paula Deanda, Nick Lachey, Donna Summer, Jessi Malay, Jordyn Taylor, Nikki Flores, Lalaine, Kesha, The Veronicas, Corbin Bleu, Lucy Walsh, The Cheetah Girls, Keke Palmer, Hilary Duff, Varsity Fanclub, Frankie J, Heidi Montag, Steph Jones, Sophia Fresh and Christina Milian, among others. He currently resides in Los Angeles, where he creates most of his music at Rotem's Chalice Studio C and The Writing Camp's Campground Studios.

In 2006, Rotem founded his own record and publishing label, Beluga Heights, along with manager Zach Katz and hired Bogart as head writer. Bogart co-wrote four songs on the debut album from Beluga Heights first artist Sean Kingston, including the Top 10 smash "Take You There". In 2008 it was reported that 2 of the tracks on Donna Summer's release Crayons had been co-written by Bogart.

Bogart recently joined forces with songwriters David "DQ" Quiñones and Erika Nuri to form The Writing Camp, a writing team based in Hollywood, California. The Writing Camp, along with Victoria Horn and Rodney Jerkins, wrote Brandy's debut single "Right Here (Departed)" from her 2008 album Human. Chosen as the album's leading single and Brandy's first release with Epic Records, following her split from Atlantic Records in 2005, the song was released via Brandy's official website on August 13, 2008.

References

1978 births
Living people

E. Kidd Bogart