Astoria City Hall is the current city hall for the town of Astoria, Oregon, United States. Built in 1923 to house a bank, the building became the city hall in 1939, and it has remained Astoria's seat of government for more than 75 years.

History
The three-story building was constructed in 1923, as the Astoria Savings Bank, to replace that bank's previous building on the same site, destroyed by fire. The bank went out of business in 1929, as a result of the stock-market crash of that year.  Clatsop County acquired the building in 1936, and in 1938 the city of Astoria used a Public Works Administration grant to fund the conversion of the building into a new city hall, to replace the Old Astoria City Hall, built in 1904–05. The city offices, as well as those of the Astoria School District, moved into the new city hall at the end of March 1939.  The move put Astoria's city hall in downtown, an improvement in public access over the "isolated" previous location at the edge of downtown.

A major modification made in the 1970s was the addition of a second floor, through extension of a mezzanine level.  That addition was a new "middle floor", between the original two floors. The city council chambers are located on that second floor, and what then became the third floor is occupied by most of the city staff's offices.

In 1998, the building was designated a contributing property in the Astoria Downtown Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 22 of that year.

2011 remodeling

A $1.2 million remodeling of the building began in late summer 2011 and was completed in April 2012. During the work, the city offices were temporarily moved to space at the Astoria Yacht Club.

Along with restoration of the building's entrance and open lobby, the work included the addition of fire sprinklers and other safety and lighting improvements. Installation of a new, ADA-compliant elevator was also included in the project, replacing a small, non-compliant elevator. The council chambers were changed from an L-shape, which had made it difficult for people in part of the room to see and hear the activities, to a square shape, expanding the room's capacity from around 60 people to around 80. The chambers were also reoriented to face the Columbia River (north). Windows along that portion of the building's east side, formerly used for a staff lounge, were made part of the council room.

The old bank vaults are still in place, their locks disabled, and the 2011 remodeling included refitting one of them as an office and copy room. Certain period features were restored. These included the return, from the Flavel House Museum, of a vintage chandelier in the lobby. It had adorned that space during the building's years as a bank and remained until 1949, but had hung in the music room of the Flavel museum since then.

See also
Albert W. Ferguson House

References

External links

Bank buildings in Oregon
City Hall
City halls in Oregon
1923 establishments in Oregon
Public Works Administration in Oregon
Historic district contributing properties in Oregon

Astoria City Hall


Elliot Louis Vallejo [vuh-LAY-ho] (born May 17, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at UC Davis.  He retired from the National Football League in 2010, received his Master's in Systems Engineering and now works as a Systems Engineer at Key Technology.

Early years
Vallejo played football while at Palma High School in Salinas, California. He was also a member of the wrestling and track & field teams.

College career
Vallejo played at UC Davis. He transferred there from UCLA in 2002.  He received his B.S. in Materials Sciences and Engineering.

Professional career

Arizona Cardinals
Vallejo signed a free agent contract on April 30, 2007 with the National Football League's Arizona Cardinals, but was released the following training camp.  He signed with the Cardinals' practice squad on September 3, 2007, and was re-signed to the team on December 31, 2007.

In 2008, Vallejo made the 53 man roster before being released and signed the practice squad on November 26. Vallejo was activated from the practice squad on December 19 when Clark Haggans was placed on injured reserve.

Vallejo suffered a fractured kneecap during training camp in August 2009. He was waived/injured on August 26 and subsequently reverted to injured reserve. He was released with an injury settlement on September 3.

Oakland Raiders
Vallejo was signed to the Oakland Raiders' practice squad on December 14, 2009. He was released on December 22.
He retired with the Oakland Raiders on June 8, 2010.

External links
Arizona Cardinals bio
Oakland Raiders bio
UC Davis Aggies bio
UCLA Bruins bio

1984 births
Living people
Players of American football from Monterey County, California
Sportspeople from Monterey, California
American football offensive tackles
UCLA Bruins football players
UC Davis Aggies football players
Arizona Cardinals players
Oakland Raiders players

Elliot Vallejo


Sasha Caleb Victorine (born February 3, 1978) is an American former soccer player.

He spent his entire professional career in Major League Soccer in the United States, making over 100 appearances for both Los Angeles Galaxy and Kansas City Wizards, before finishing his career with Chivas USA. He also made four appearances and scored one goal for the United States national team, and represented his country at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Career

Youth and College
Victorine was born in Santa Ana, California. He played high school soccer at Rio Americano High School, and college soccer at UCLA, leading them to the NCAA title in 1997, and being named a first-team All-American in 1999. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Galaxy in the first round of the 2000 MLS SuperDraft.

Professional
Victorine spent five years with LA, winning the U.S. Open Cup in 2001 and the MLS Cup in 2002; his best season was 2001, when he scored seven goals and five assists. He was traded to Kansas City Wizards for a draft pick in 2005. Alternating between the attack and midfield, in six years in MLS, he scored 24 goals and 24 assists, adding four goals and two assists in the playoffs. Victorine was traded to Chivas USA on September 15, 2008, in return for allocation money.  He retired from professional soccer in March 2010.  He currently works in the Kansas City Wizards front office and also serves as a commentator on KCWE television station.

Throughout his career at UCLA, the Galaxy, and the US Olympic and national teams, Victorine was teammates with Peter Vagenas. The two Californians were born just four days apart.  Sasha retired from professional soccer in March 2010.  Since that time he has worked as a commentator for the Kansas City Wizards / Sporting Kansas City games on the KCWE & KSMO television stations respectively and is currently working in the role of Membership Development for Sporting Kansas City.

International
Victorine played for the United States in the 1999 Pan American Games and the 2000 Summer Olympics. He earned his first cap for the senior national team on October 25, 2000 against Mexico, and earned four caps total, scoring one goal. An attacking player for most of his career, US coach Bruce Arena played Victorine at right back.

Sports diplomacy
In November 2010, Victorine traveled to Cyprus as a SportsUnited Sports Envoy for the U.S. Department of State. In this function, he worked with Anthony Sanneh to conduct basketball clinics and events for 350 youth from underserved areas. In so doing, Victorine helped contribute to SportsUnited's mission to promote greater international understanding and inclusion through sport.

References

External links
 MLS player profile

1978 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
UCLA Bruins men's soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
Olympic soccer players for the United States
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Soccer players from California
Major League Soccer players
LA Galaxy players
Sporting Kansas City players
Chivas USA players
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
LA Galaxy draft picks
Men's association football midfielders
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in football
All-American college men's soccer players
Footballers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games

Sasha Victorine


The Mental Health Act 2001 is an Act of the Irish Parliament, the Oireachtas, which sets out the legal procedures for admissions and treatment in approved centres. It aims to protect the rights of everyone using the mental health services. It aims to ensure the patient's best interest is the most important aspect of mental health. The Act says that the patient has the right to receive good quality mental health care, and mental health services should be properly run and regulated. Under the act, mental health workers are obliged  to ensure the patient is treated in a way that respects their rights. The Mental Health Act 2001 was enacted by the Oireachtas of Ireland on 8 July 2001.  Most of the important provisions came into force on 1 November 2006.  Some less important sections came into force in 2002.

The Act provides for the involuntary civil admission of patients on grounds of mental disorder.  It also established the Mental Health Commission and the Inspectorate of Mental Health Services.  It established three-person (a consultant psychiatrist, a legal chair and a lay member)  Mental Health Tribunals which review the detention of patients on a regular basis. A patient has the right to attend their own tribunal. It also outlines the voluntary admission policy. Patients can leave the hospital at any time if they are under voluntary status. If staff feel that they may be a harm to themselves or to others they can hold them for up to 24 hours, and they will be reviewed by two consultant psychiatrists.

There have been a number of amendments to the Act since 2006.  A Revised Act, with amendments incorporated, is available on the Law Reform Commission site.

References

 Mary Keys, Mental Health Act 2001 (Dublin: Round Hall, 2002)
 Anne Marie O'Neill, Irish Mental Health Law (Dublin : First Law, 2005)
 Darius Whelan, Mental Health Law and Practice: Civil and Criminal Aspects (Dublin: Round Hall, 2009)

External links
 Mental Health Commission (Ireland)
 Mental Health (Citizens Information)
 Irish Mental Health Lawyers Association

2001 in Irish law
Acts of the Oireachtas of the 2000s
Mental health in Ireland

Mental Health Act 2001 (Ireland)


The Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum () is an anthropology museum in Puerto Williams, Isla Navarino, in southern Chile. It is the southernmost museum of the world. The museum hosts artifacts, maps and photographs related to the 10,000-year history of the Yahgan people, as well as European settlers since the 19th century. Samples of local flora and fauna are also displayed, as well as photographs and text from the founding of Puerto Williams.

History
Before the museum was founded, archaeological materials from the island's coastal areas as well as objects of historical interest were collected and exhibited in then-Mixed School N°3 of Puerto Williams.

The museum was proposed and built by the Chilean Navy in 1974, which had a base in the area. It was named after Martin Gusinde, an Austrian anthropologist who worked in Tierra del Fuego between 1918 and 1924. The structure is partly built of Alerce wood,

Exhibit

The goal of the exhibition is to "inspire the conservation of the cultural and natural heritage of the region". In two floors and three halls and , the museum offers a variety of perspectives on the history and culture of the region:

First floor
The first floor shows photographs, maps, objects as a synthesis of the history of the Yahgan people, the first explorations by Europeans and Chileans (1520–1890), and the gold rush from 1890 to 1950.

Hall A
Articulating the Myths, a Meeting of Perspectives: The reproduction of a traditional canoe is displayed in the center of the hall to symbolize the spirit and heart of the Museum: to serve as a vessel that enables people to travel to other shores of understanding.

Hall B: Secrets of the Canoe World
 Primordial Patagonia: describes the prehistory of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, which is generally considered to date from around 11,000–12,000 years ago, towards the end of the Ice Age, when the first bands of land-based hunter-gatherers reached Última Esperanza Sound, the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego.
 Nomads of the Sea: explores the period as the sea waters fell, human groups quickly populated the region, adapting to live there and make use of the marine resources of the region, with groups building and sailing small canoes on the ocean.
 The Yahgans: the southernmost hunters, fishers and gatherers on Earth
 Trace of a Presence: social organization among the Yahgan: property, dwellings, marriage and family, political life, clothing, etc.
 An Unknown Land: describes the diverse geographies, climates, fauna, flora and landscapes contained in Patagonia.
 The Ceremonial Enchantment: the Yahgan legacy of religious ideas and moral precepts as expressed in their rituals
 The Encounter with Others: encounters with Europeans and colonization, and results for the Yahgan
 Today is Yesterday, they are and live like this: explores current lives of Yahgan descendants, who live in Villa Ukika.
 Secrets of the Canoe World: legends of the Yahgan.

Second Floor
The second floor presents a collection of local flora and fauna. It also displays photographs and documents related to the foundation of Puerto Williams in 1953.

Hall C: Tales of Discovery
 Discovery of the Territory by Europeans, its Exploration and Progressive Recognition, for Europeans, began during the 15th century and mapped new courses on the seven seas.
 Adventure in a New World: Significance of the discovery of the Strait of Magellan, proving the world was round.
 Sailing between Two Oceans: Dutch discovery (among Europeans) of the southernmost islands of the continent and the second interoceanic passage
 The Safe Route: sea route established for communication and trade; attracting fortune hunters and pirates
 Sovereignty over the Southernmost Lands: dispute between Chile and Argentina and resolution with the Boundary treaty of 1881
 Adventurers and Scientists: from 19th-century botanical collections, hydrographic investigations, astronomical observations and ethnographic accounts, plus meteorological, geographical and geological studies.
 Magellan, Beginnings of the Territory's Exploration: fur trade and artifacts of shipwrecks: foundations, instruments, objects, accessories, tools, merchandise, silverware; and gold fever,
 Life is Imposed in the Area: development and changes through land concessions and colonization, fishing concessions, anthropological missions.

Community work
The museum is involved in local or neighbourhood work across a range of services, including information and advice, counseling, advocacy and support: delivering a Wi-Fi zone, skill enhancement for teachers, art expositions, films exhibition, etc.

Stirling Pavilion

The Stirling Pavilion of the museum allow the public to better understand the evolution of the Stirling House as an Anglican mission, as well as the region.

The Stirling House is a prefab structure, planned and made of cast iron by the Iron Works of Mr. Hemming & Co., Old Ford, in 1869 for £265,00. on behalf of the South American Mission Society (SAMS). The overall size of the house was . The house had cellar (bricks), a firm roof with steel trusses, and walls covered with sheets of zinc. It was the first building erected by Europeans in Tierra del Fuego and was named for the missionary Waite Stirling, who had set up a mission at Ushuaia, living in a hut.

Towards the end of 1870 the house arrived (unassembled) in Port Stanley. It was transported to and built in Ushuaia in 1871. It was used as a residence by the missionaries Thomas Bridges and James Lewis and their families.

To extend their influence over the outer islands by a more central location, SAMS moved the house to the Baily Island in 1888. Leonard Burgleigh and his wife lived there as missionaries.

In 1894 the house was reinstalled at Tekenika Bay, on the southeast coast of Hoste Island. The missionaries were trying to set up a center in a location away from the abuses and crimes caused by the recent arrival of miners in Ushuaia.

The Yahgan continued to suffer high fatalities due to infectious disease. The land was poor and they were being encroached on by gold diggers. In 1907 the mission decided to move to the Douglas Bay area on the Navarino Island. The station in Ushuaia was closed and the remaining materials were sent to Douglas Bay. It became the center of all missionary work in the region. After the mission in Douglas Bay was finally closed in 1916, the house was used by a variety of residents.

In 2003 Casa Stirling was declared a Chilean National Monument. In 2004 it was moved by sea from Douglas Bay (at the Murray Channel) to Puerto Williams on the lands of the anthropological museum. It preserves and operates it as a historic house.

See also
 Puerto Toro

References

External links

 Yaghans, explorers and settlers: 10.000 years of Southern Tierra del Fuego Archipelago History, Museo Antropológico Martín Gusinde
 La Casa Stirling, Misiones Anglicanas entre los Yaganes de Tierra del Fuego, Gráfica LOM, 2012, Museo Antropológico Martín Gusinde

Museums in Magallanes Region
Yaghan
Navarino Island
Anthropology museums
History museums in Chile

Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum


For the song by Harold Arden and Ted Koehler, see When the Sun Comes Out

When Sun Comes Out is an album by the American Jazz musician Sun Ra and his Myth Science Arkestra. The album was originally released on Ra's own record label, Saturn, in 1963, and was the fifth album by the Arkestra to be put out, after Jazz by Sun Ra (1957), Super-Sonic Jazz (also 1957), Jazz in Silhouette (1959) and The Futuristic Sounds of Sun Ra (1961). The album was the first Saturn release to be taken from recordings made at the Choreographer's Workshop, New York. Other albums recorded there include Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow, Bad and Beautiful, Cosmic Tones for Mental Therapy and Other Planes of There.
'The New York period saw Ra focusing far more on percussion backdrops as opposed to horn arrangements (virtually everyone on the album gets a percussion credit), and everything from the percussion to the horn solos to Ra's piano playing took a more aggressive stance. John Gilmore's tenor solo on "Calling Planet Earth" throws the bop rule book out the window, and he is heard developing a more extended vocabulary of skronks and squeals. This track exemplifies the change in sound and focus from the Chicago days.... When Sun Comes Out is a first glimpse into an era that would culminate in some of the Arkestra's most renowned recordings.' Sean Westergaard
When reissued on Compact disc by Evidence in 1993, When Sun Comes Out was appended to the slightly earlier Fate In A Pleasant Mood.

Track listing

12" Vinyl
All songs by Sun Ra
Side A:
"Circe" - (2.34)
"The Nile" - (4.51)
"Brazilian Sun" - (3.50)
"We Travel The Spaceways" - (3.21)
Side B:
"Calling Planet Earth" - (5.30)
"Dancing Shadows" - (5.56)
"The Rainmaker" - (4.33)
"When Sun Comes Out" - (4.54)

Musicians
Sun Ra - Piano, Electric Celeste, Percussion
Walter Miller - Trumpet
John Gilmore - Tenor Sax, Drums, Percussion, Percussion
Teddy Nance - Trombone
Bernard Pettaway - Trombone
Marshall Allen - Flute, Alto Saxophone, Percussion
Pat Patrick - Baritone Saxophone, Bongos, Drums on We Travel The Spaceways
Danny Davis - Alto Sax
Ronnie Boykins - Bass
Clifford Jarvis - Drums
Lex Humphries - Drums on Calling Planet Earth
Tommy Hunter - Gong, Drums, Tape Effects
Theda Barbara - Vocals
Ensemble vocals

Recorded entirely at the Choreographer's Workshop, New York (the Arkestra's rehearsal space) in late 1962 or 1963.

Notes

Sun Ra albums
1963 albums
El Saturn Records albums
Evidence Music albums

When Sun Comes Out


Wilhelm August Rieder (October 30, 1796 – September 8, 1880), was an Austrian painter and draughtsman.

Rieder was born in Oberdöbling, the son of the composer Ambros Rieder (1771–1855). He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, where he first met and befriended Franz Schubert. Schubert's brother Ferdinand Schubert described Rieder's brother Johann as 'my only true friend' in a letter to Schubert on 3 July 1824. Rieder's aquarell of Schubert from 1825 was supposedly started when Rieder sheltered from a rainstorm in Schubert's lodgings at the Fruhwirth-Haus (Technikerstrasse 9). Schubert's friends thought it was a very good likeness: Leopold von Sonnleithner called it 'the most like him', whilst Josef von Spaun called it 'an extraordinarily good likeness'.

He subsequently painted a number of Schubert's portraits. Rieder also painted a number of religious and historical themed works. He became professor of drawing at the Institute of Engineering in Vienna in 1825, and in 1855 was appointed to a similar post  at the Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt. From 1857 he was assistant curator of paintings at the Belvedere palace.

References
 Constantin von Wurzbach : Rieder, Wilhelm August . In : Biographical Dictionary of the Empire of Austria. Volume 26, published by LC Zamarski, Vienna 1874, pp. 107–110 .
 Art Auction by CJ Wawra : catalog of the artistic legacy of the history painter Wilhelm August Rieder, Vienna: CJ Wawra, 1881.
 Wilhelm August Rieder. In : Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker, among others : general lexicon of visual artists from antiquity to the present. Volume XXVIII, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1934, p 322
 Prof. August Bangert : The 100th Death of W. A. Rieder, Perchtoldsdorf, 1980.
 G. Wacha : Wilhelm August Rieder . In : Austrian Biographical Encyclopaedia 1815-1950 ( ÖBL) . Volume 9 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 1988, , page 140
 Otto Erich Deutsch (ed.): Schubert: Memoirs by his friends (translation of the German edition, Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig, 1957 by Rosamond Ley and John Nowell), Wiesbaden : Breitkopf & Härtel, 1995,  .
 Otto Erich Deutsch (ed.): Schubert a documentary biography, Dent, London 1946
 Ernst Hilmar : Schubert [Image Biography ] , Graz : Akademische Druck-u Verlagsges, 2 . revised edition, 1996,  .
 Wilhelm August Rieder. In : Peter Clive: Schubert and his World, Oxford 1997.

1796 births
1880 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni

Wilhelm August Rieder


The Seditious Meetings Act 1817 (57 Geo. 3. c. 19) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which made it illegal to hold a meeting of more than 50 people.

Content
The provisions of the Act were similar to those of previous Seditious Meetings Acts, such as that of 1795, although more severe constraints were added. The law forbade all meetings of more than 50 people called "for the purpose...of deliberating upon any grievance, in church or state," unless the meeting had been summoned by an authorised official, or sufficient notice was provided by its organizers. In the latter case, the organizers were required at least five days prior to the meeting to either publicly advertise in a newspaper the time, place and purpose the event, or submit a notice to a clerk of the peace. The advertisement or notice needed to be signed by seven local persons, and a copy was to be forwarded to a justice of the peace.

Under the Act, justices of the peace, sheriffs and other officials were authorised to attend any meetings held within their jurisdictions. In the event that the meeting was found to be unlawful, they could order its participants to disperse. Anyone who ignored such an order was to be found guilty of a felony without benefit of clergy and put to death.

Special restrictions were placed on meetings of more than 50 people in any public place in the City or Liberties of Westminster or Middlesex County which was within one mile of the gates or Westminster Hall. These were outright banned whenever Parliament or other state bodies were in session, unless the meeting was held at St. Paul's Covent Garden, or if the meeting was convened for the election of Members of Parliament.

The Act also established regulations for places where lectures or debates were held, requiring these to be licensed and allowing officials to inspect them. Universities and certain other institutions, however, were excluded from these provisions.

The legislation also suppressed secret societies and clubs, banning any such organization whose members were required to take an oath not authorized by law. It explicitly targeted the Spencean Philanthropists, outlawing them and any other society that advocated the "confiscation and division of the land." These restrictions did not extend to the Freemasons and Quakers, who were granted exceptions under the Act.

The regulations on assemblies and licensing requirements for public meetings took effect in London and the surrounding regions the day after its passage, and in the rest of the country after seven days. Ireland, however, was completely exempted from the terms of the Act.

Significance and repeal
The Act was passed by Lord Liverpool's government in March 1817. Parliament had become concerned with a perceived rise in radical activities by groups such as the Hampden Clubs and the Spencean Philanthropists, and several recent incidents, such as the Spa Fields riots of December 1816, an attack on the Prince Regent in January 1817, and the march of the Blanketeers that March, prompted the enactment of the Act.

Due to a sunset clause, sections 1 through 22 of the Act (which dealt with seditious meetings in general and licensing requirements for places for public debates) automatically expired on 24 July 1818, although they were temporarily revived in altered form by the Seditious Meetings Act 1819. Section 23, which banned public meetings within a mile of the gates of Westminster Hall, was largely suspended by the 1819 Act, but was reinstated after the latter's expiration in 1824; it was eventually fully repealed by the Public Order Act 1986.

References

See also
Treason Act 1817
Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1817
Sedition

Political repression in the United Kingdom
Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1817

Seditious Meetings Act 1817


Daniel R. Mulville (born 1939) is an American engineer who served briefly as Acting Administrator of NASA in 2001.

Early life
Born in 1939, Mulville received his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering in 1962, a master's degree in engineering in 1966 from The George Washington University and a Ph.D. in structural mechanics from Catholic University in 1974. He also attended the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1986.

Career

Early work
Mulville served as the Structures Technology Manager at the Naval Air Systems Command from 1979 to 1986. He led the development of structural design, test, and certification methods and was the program manager for development of composites for the AV-8B, F/A-18, and advanced aircraft and missile programs. He served as a program manager for Structures Research at the Office of Naval Research in 1975 and was a mechanical engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory involved in design and analysis of aircraft, missile and ship structures from 1962 to 1979.

NASA career
From 1986 to 1990, Mulville was Deputy Director of the Materials and Structures Division in the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology, NASA Headquarters. He managed the Advanced Composite Technology Program, the Control of Flexible Structures Program, and materials and structures elements of the Advanced Launch Systems, Space Exploration Initiative, and High Speed Civil Transport programs. Mulville also directed NASA's participation in the joint NASA/FAA Aging Aircraft Program.

From 1990 to 1994, Mulville was Director of the Engineering and Quality Management Division in the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, NASA Headquarters. In that position, he was responsible for development of NASA's engineering and quality assurance standards and procedures related to design and development of spacecraft and aeronautics systems.

Mulville served as NASA's Chief Engineer from 1995 to 1999. He was responsible for overall review of the technical readiness and execution of all NASA programs. He provided an integrated focus for Agency-wide engineering policies, standards, and practices. From 1994 to 1995, Mulville was NASA's Deputy Chief Engineer and was responsible for ensuring that development efforts and mission operations of the Agency were conducted on a sound engineering basis.

From January 1, 2000 to February 3, 2003, Mulville was the Associate Deputy Administrator, serving as the Administrator's most senior adviser. He reported directly to the Administrator and was responsible for planning, directing, and managing the daily operations and reinvention activities of the Agency.  He served briefly as acting Administrator of NASA, starting on November 19, 2001, as the result of the resignation of Daniel Goldin.  As an Associate Deputy Administrator, Mulville was the highest ranking NASA official at the time, due to the vacancy in the office of the Deputy Administrator.  He oversaw NASA's daily operations until the new administrator, Sean O'Keefe was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 21, 2001.

Muville retired from NASA after 16 years of service in February 2003.

Mulville has been awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and has received the Meritorious and Distinguished Executive Rank Awards for management and leadership.

References

1939 births
Administrators of NASA
Deputy Administrators of NASA
Catholic University of America alumni
George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Living people
Clinton administration personnel
George W. Bush administration personnel

Daniel Mulville


Pelican Lagoon is a seawater lagoon in the Australian state of South Australia located on the north coast of Kangaroo Island about  south east of Kingscote.  It was named by Matthew Flinders on 4 April 1802 after the large population of pelicans present in its waters and adjoining shorelines.  Its role as fishery hatchery had been identified by the early 20th century with the result that fishing in its waters has been restricted in varying degrees.

Since 1971, the entire lagoon was part of a marine protected area known as the American River Aquatic Reserve (abolished 2016), where all fishing and the collection of marine organisms is prohibited. Since 2012, the Pelican Lagoon Sanctuary Zone has been within Encounter Marine Park and managed by National Parks South Australia. The lagoon is probably the oldest marine protected area in South Australia, having been protected since 1914.

Description
Pelican Lagoon is a seawater lagoon located about  south of American River and about  south east of Kingscote.  The lagoon is bounded by Dudley Peninsula to the east, the main body of Kangaroo Island to the west, an isthmus connecting the above-mentioned bodies of land to the south and an unnamed peninsula to the north that separates it from Eastern Cove.  The lagoon is connected to Eastern Cove in Nepean Bay by an inlet named American River.  Hog Bay Road which is the main road connecting Penneshaw to Kingscote passes on the east and south sides of the lagoon.

The lagoon itself consists of two branches - one on the east side and the other on the west side which was described as being the 'southern branch' by Flinders in 1802.  The lagoon is drained of water by tidal flow via a narrow channel of  in depth and which passes through the west branch in order to reach the east branch.  The tidal flow is reported as being as high as .

The west branch has an average water depth of  presumably at low water while the eastern branch has several deeper areas - the majority of its north side ranges in depth from  and its south side has a number of deeper areas in the range of .

Islets
A number of islets are present within Pelican Lagoon.  Six of these are named as follows (from east to west): Rabbit Islet, Bird Islet, Goanna Islet, Pig Islet, Wallaby Islet, Shag Rock and Samphire Islet.

Flora and fauna

Flora

Terrestrial
The islands within the lagoon support heathlands dominated by Coastal Daisybush and Thyme Riceflower.  The coastline enclosing the lagoon supports a range of vegetation types dominated by heathlands of Acacia leiophylla and Orthrosanthus multiflorus, herb lands of Senecio odoratus, coastal mallee scrub of Eucalyptus diversifolia, samphire flats and grazed grasslands.

Intertidal and sub tidal
Samphire grows on the mud flats within the lagoon which are exposed at low water.  The subtidal areas of the lagoon are dominated by the seagrass species of Heterozostera tasmanica and Posidonia australis.  Various algae species are also present.

Fauna

Terrestrial
Waterbirds that use the lagoon include nine species that breed in the locality such as the chestnut teal, pied oystercatcher, sooty oystercatcher and caspian tern.  Seventeen waterbird species are listed on international migratory treaties with sixteen listed on the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA) and seventeen listed on the China-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA).  As of 1996, Black tiger snakes were reported as being present on the islands within the lagoon.

Intertidal and sub tidal
The lagoon is reported as a breeding site for the little penguin.  The lagoon supports a number of marine animal species considered to be commercially valuable.  These include  sand crab, king scallop, queen scallop, razorfish (Pinna bicolor), southern calamari, flathead, King George whiting, leatherjacket, red mullet, snook, Southern Sea garfish, tommy ruff, trevally and Western Australian salmon.  The lagoon is also reported as being home for a pod of bottle-nosed dolphins.

History

European discovery and use
The lagoon was discovered by Flinders on 4 April 1802 and was named in recognition of the large pelican population present at the time.
Since the establishment of South Australia, the lagoon has also been known as American River.  The islands within the lagoon were mined for guano under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.
As early as May 1905, fishing by the use of nets was prohibited both in Pelican Lagoon and adjoining waters in both American River and Eastern Cove.  As early as 1908, the role of 'Pelican Lagoon on the American River' as a hatchery area was acknowledged by the South Australian government via statements attributed to Mr. S. McIntosh, the then Deputy Chief Inspector of Fisheries.  By early 1925, the lagoon was reported as being closed to all types of fishing.  The islands within the lagoon first  obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967.

Ports and other settlements
Pelican Lagoon is bounded to the west by the locality of Muston and to the south and to the east by the locality of Pelican Lagoon which both include land zoned for residential accommodation

Protected area status
The lagoon is associated with three protected areas:
American River Aquatic Reserve, which covered the entire lagoon, but was abolished in 2016.
Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park, which includes five of the islands in the lagoon and much of the land on the peninsula to the north of the lagoon.
Since 2012, the Pelican Lagoon Sanctuary Zone has been within Encounter Marine Park and managed by National Parks South Australia. The lagoon is probably the oldest marine protected area in South Australia, having been protected since 1914.

The lagoon is also appears on a list of nationally important wetlands in South Australia as part of the "American River Wetland System".

Citations and references

Citations

References

Bays of South Australia
Kangaroo Island
DIWA-listed wetlands
Wetlands of South Australia

Pelican Lagoon


Igreja e Convento de Nossa Senhora do Carmo (Church and Convent of Our Lady of Mount Carmel), also Igreja do Carmo or Carmo's Church, is a church and convent complex in Luanda, Angola. Thanks to its good condition, the church is considered to be one of the country's most important religious monuments.

Under the patronage of Queen Luisa de Guzmán, the church was completed in 1689. It was built by the Carmelites who arrived in Luanda in 1659. The simple structure has a plain facade surmounted by a triangular gable. The building had seriously decayed by 1828 but was restored by Dominican priests. The interior is decorated with carved altars, gilded sculptures, frescos and Lisbon tilework.

References

Roman Catholic churches in Luanda
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1689
1689 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
1689 establishments in Africa
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Angola

Nossa Senhora do Carmo


Gopurangal Saivathillai is a 1982 Tamil language drama film written and directed by Manivannan. The film features Mohan, Suhasini and Radha in lead roles, while S. Ve. Shekher and Vinu Chakravarthy play supporting roles. The film had musical score by Ilaiyaraaja and was released on 15 October 1982. This was Manivannan's first film as director. It was remade in Telugu as Mukku Pudaka with Bhanu Chander, Suhasini and Vijayashanti, while Suhasini reprising her role from the original. It was remade in Kannada as Brahma Gantu (1985), and in Hindi as Naseeb Apna Apna (1986).

Plot

Arukkani is an illiterate village girl, and her father is upset at having not been able to find her a suitable groom. One day, her father meets his old friend Bhoothalingam and shares his sadness with him; Bhoothalingam proposes that his son Murali marry her, and Arukkani's father accepts. Murali is a handsome, educated man and a successful sales manager. On hearing of his father's plans, he is excited to meet his future bride. However, on his wedding day, he is shocked to see Arukkani, whom he considers ugly. He only begrudgingly marries her. Murali continues to resent her deeply for the way she looks.

Later, Murali takes a transfer through work to Bangalore, leaving behind his father and wife. In Bangalore, he becomes friendly with his modern and stylish colleague, Julie. They fall in love and marry, which means that Murali is cheating on Arukkani. Julie and Murali start their life. Two months later, Murali gets a telegram that his mother is sick and rushes home to find that it was a ruse. His dad forces him to take Arukkani with him to Bangalore. Grudgingly Murali brings her to Bangalore and purposefully loses her in the railway station. However, as a twist of fate, Julie's elder brother Stanley meets Arukkani and brings her to their house that night. Arukkani is shocked upon discovering the truth but keeps quiet on her husband's name to save Murali. Julie hires Arukkani as a stay in maid until her supposed husband returns. She eventually transforms Arukkani into a brown-skinned beauty and somewhat civilised girl.

A month later, both Arukkani and Murali's fathers make a visit to them. Arukkani's father discovers the truth and is shocked to the core, but Arukkani convinces him to not to reveal the truth to Murali's father, fearing for her husband's safety. Arukkani's father agrees with a heavy heart. He convinces Murali's father to leave at midnight so as to leave the couple at privacy. Both Murali and Stanley start to like Arukkani. Finally, Julie learns the truth and sends Murali away with Arukkani, keeping her own pregnancy a secret.

Cast

 Mohan as Murali
 Suhasini as Arukkani
 Radha as Julie
 S. Ve. Shekher as Stanley, Julie's brother
 Vinu Chakravarthy as Bhoothalingam
 Manobala as Pathani Bhai
 Loose Mohan
 Senthil
 Sabitha Anand
 T. K. S. Chandran
 Sundar
 Kamala Kamesh
 Nalini
 Vellai Subbaiah
 Master Haja Sheriff

References

1982 movies
Indian movies

Gopurangal Saivathillai


The Japanese Grand Prix () is a motor racing event in the calendar of the Formula One World Championship. Historically, Japan has been one of the last races of the season, and as such the Japanese Grand Prix has been the venue for many title-deciding races, with 13 World Drivers' Champions being crowned over the 36 World Championship Japanese Grands Prix that have been hosted. Japan was the only Asian nation to host a Formula One race (including the Pacific Grand Prix) until Malaysia joined the calendar in 1999.

The first two Formula One Japanese Grands Prix in 1976 and 1977 were held at the Fuji Speedway, before Japan was taken off the calendar. It returned in 1987 at Suzuka, which hosted the Grand Prix exclusively for 20 years and gained a reputation as one of the most challenging Formula One circuits. In 1994 and 1995, Japan also hosted the Pacific Grand Prix at the TI Circuit, making Japan one of only nine countries to host more than one Grand Prix in the same season (the others being Austria, Bahrain, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain and the USA). In 2007 the Grand Prix moved back to the newly redesigned Fuji Speedway. After a second race at Fuji in 2008, the race returned to Suzuka in 2009, as part of an alternating agreement between the owners of Fuji Speedway and Suzuka Circuit, perennial rivals Toyota and Honda. However, in July 2009, Toyota announced it would not host the race at Fuji Speedway in 2010 and beyond due to a downturn in the global economy, and so the Japanese Grand Prix was held at Suzuka instead. Suzuka has hosted the Japanese Grand Prix every year since 2009, apart from in 2020 and 2021 when the Grands Prix were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The event is due to take place at the Suzuka Circuit until at least 2024.

History

Origins

The first Japanese Grand Prix was run as a sports car race at the Suzuka Circuit  south west of Nagoya in May 1963. In 1964, the race was held at Suzuka again. This marked the beginning of motor racing in earnest in Japan. For the next eight installments, however, the non-championship Grand Prix was run at the Fuji Speedway,  west of Yokohama and  west of the Japanese capital of Tokyo. The circuit had a banked corner called Daiichi and was the scene of many fatal accidents. It was then run as a number of disciplines of motorsports, particularly Formula 2, sports cars and Can-Am-type sprint racing.

Formula One

Fuji Speedway

The first Formula 1 Japanese Grand Prix, in 1976, was held at the very fast 2.7-mile Fuji Speedway, minus the banking. The race was to become famous for the title decider between James Hunt and Niki Lauda as it was held during monsoon conditions. Lauda, who had survived a near-fatal crash at the German Grand Prix earlier in the season, withdrew from the race stating that his life was more important than the championship, as did Brazilians Emerson Fittipaldi and Carlos Pace. The torrential rain eventually stopped, and after a slow pit stop that put him down to 5th, Hunt drove hard and climbed up to 3rd, taking the 4 points he needed to win the title by the slender margin of one point over Lauda. American Mario Andretti won the race for his 2nd career win and first for Lotus, ahead of Frenchman Patrick Depailler in the Tyrrell P34. Hunt returned the next year to win the second Japanese Grand Prix, but a collision between Gilles Villeneuve and Ronnie Peterson during the race saw Villeneuve's Ferrari somersault into a restricted area, killing two spectators. Although originally scheduled for an April slot in the 1978 season (which was cancelled), the race did not reappear on the Formula One calendar for another decade, and the race did not return to Fuji for an even greater time.

Suzuka Circuit
The Japanese Grand Prix, originally scheduled for 7 April 1985 was cancelled as rebuilding parts of the Suzuka Circuit were too time consuming. On Formula 1's return to Japan in 1987, the Grand Prix found a new venue at the redesigned and revamped Suzuka Circuit. The circuit, set inside a funfair, was designed by Dutchman John Hugenholtz and owned by Honda, who used it as a test track. Most notable initially for its layout—Suzuka is the only figure-eight race track to appear on the F1 calendar—the demanding and fast Japanese circuit became very popular among drivers and fans, and it was to see some of the most dramatic and memorable moments in Formula One history.

The first event in 1987 was already a classic. It immediately saw another World Title decided, as Nigel Mansell crashed his Williams-Honda heavily in practice at the Snake Esses and consequently could not start the race due to aggravating an old back injury he had received in his Formula Ford days, effectively handing the title to his teammate Nelson Piquet; the 3rd and final title of his career. Austrian Gerhard Berger won the race for Ferrari, their first victory since 1985.

Alain Prost versus Ayrton Senna

Suzuka played a part in the feud between Frenchman Alain Prost and Brazilian Ayrton Senna. This long battle reached immense levels of controversy and media coverage; this struggle was between two men who were both considered to be by far the best drivers in Formula One at that time.

The 1988 race was a World Championship decider between Senna and Prost – who were McLaren teammates that year. Senna came in with a greater chance of winning the championship, as the points system in those days counted the best 11 results; Senna had retired from one more Grand Prix than Prost had and had been slightly less consistent than the Frenchman, yet this was actually to the Brazilian's advantage; the way the points system worked in those days meant that there was more room for him to score points. McLaren also had obtained superior and fuel-efficient Honda engines from Williams, had a car far better than any of the others, and had won every race of the season except the Italian Grand Prix – McLaren's only double retirement of the season. At the start, Senna made a very bad start, stalling on the grid but then managing to bump-start his car on the down-sloping pit straight. As a result, he dropped to 14th, while Prost took the lead. It then began to rain, and wet-weather specialist Senna stormed around the track, setting a number of fastest laps and passing car after car until he caught Berger in 2nd and then started to catch Prost rapidly. The Frenchman's gearbox was malfunctioning, and the Brazilian caught and passed Prost while the Frenchman was delayed by consistent backmarker Andrea de Cesaris. Senna won the race and his first Drivers' Championship with Prost finishing 2nd, despite the latter scoring more points overall.

The 1989 race was a highly anticipated race, and even with new regulations banning turbo-charged engines, the McLaren-Honda combination was still dominant, they had won 10 of 14 races so far in the season. This race turned out to be one of the most memorable in the sport's history. Prost and Senna, once again McLaren teammates for 1989, were both embroiled in an acrimonious personal feud that had started at the second race of the season and their relationship was, come the race weekend, at such a low point it was virtually non-existent. Very unusual for teammates of a racing team, there was almost zero communication going on between Prost and Senna, and was to the degree where the McLaren team were effectively running as 2 separate teams – with 4 to 5 times more people around Senna than Prost. This was because Senna had a closer relationship with the Honda engineers than Prost; Senna's popularity with the Japanese public thanks to his flat-out driving style benefited Honda in many different ways; and McLaren wanted a long-term partnership with Honda, as their engines were better than all the others. Both Senna and Prost went into the race weekend each knowing what the stakes were. Prost was 16 points ahead of Senna, and the Brazilian was facing nearly insurmountable odds: he had to win at Suzuka to stand any chance of staying in contention of winning the championship going into the next race, which he was obliged to win as well. Senna qualified on pole position 1.5 seconds ahead of Prost who was already working on his race setup in qualifying. Senna's set up meant he was faster around corners, while Prost opted for a set up that made him faster on the straights.

Come race day, the two McLarens were on the front row of the grid, and both McLaren drivers' emotions were running very high. As the starting lights flashed to green, Prost made an excellent start and jumped into the fast first corner ahead of Senna.  The two McLaren drivers immediately started to pull away from the rest of the field, with Prost and Senna setting the pace at the highest possible level they could muster. On lap 47, going through the ultra-fast 130R corner, the Brazilian attempted an ambitious pass going into the Casio chicane. Senna was in an awkward position to pass, being on the inside of his teammate, and tried to shove his way past Prost, but the Frenchman decided to be true to words he had said to Senna and McLaren boss Ron Dennis: he would not leave the door open as he had before and give up the position simply for McLaren to be embarrassed by a double retirement. And Prost did exactly that: as he turned into the right handed turn that made up the first part of the chicane, he turned into Senna, and the Frenchman's car hit the Brazilian's car and the two cars were interlocked and both slid off the track and up the chicane's escape road, the Honda V10 engines in both cars stalling.

Prost and Senna were both beached and Prost got out of his car promptly, knowing he had won the championship with Senna's apparent retirement whilst Senna waved towards a group of Suzuka's track marshals, who ran up to the two interlocked cars.  So they could separate the two cars, the marshals pushed Senna's car backwards onto the track, which put it in a dangerous position. The marshals then pushed his car forwards while Senna bump-started the engine, and he drove off. Even after being stalled for more than 30 seconds, the furious pace he and Prost had been running at put them both so far ahead of the rest of the field that Senna was still leading the race comfortably in front of Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini. Senna's front nose cone was damaged and going through the Degner bend, it came off; and he pitted to have it changed. Nannini had passed Senna while the Brazilian was in the pits, and after he stormed out of the pits, Senna drove as furiously as he had before, and within 2 laps while making up 2.5 seconds a lap on Nannini he caught and passed the Italian cleanly at the Casio chicane.  Senna took the chequered flag, but the podium ceremony proceeded to be delayed. A meeting between Senna, Prost, the McLaren management and FIA officials including the very unpopular FIA and FISA president Jean-Marie Balestre took place immediately post-race. It was thought that Senna was going to be disqualified for receiving external non-team assistance, which was against the rules, but that rule had a loophole: the rule read that if a driver was deemed to be in a dangerous position, they could be push started. But much to almost the entire Formula One paddock's astonishment, it was deemed that Senna was to be disqualified for bypassing the chicane and the marked track after making his way down an escape road bordering the circuit. Cutting the chicane was in effect bypassing the track to gain an advantage – and this was illegal. But this rule was not enforced and generally ignored in those days if a driver was negatively affected in terms of where they stood in the race – which Senna was not. Nevertheless, the Brazilian Senna was infuriated by the decision – and he later said that he struggled to cope for a long time with what happened. Nannini was handed the race victory as a result of Senna's disqualification, and McLaren appealed Senna's disqualification – which was not only denied by Balestre and the FIA but he was handed a $100,000 fine and a six-month suspension, both of which were eventually rescinded. Prost had won the Drivers' Championship for the third time – but this was not official until Senna's retirement from the Australian Grand Prix 2 weeks later, before which McLaren's appeal had been denied.

The 1990 event proved to be just as controversial as the 1989 event. Senna and Prost were once again first and second in the championship – the two men had won 37 of the past 46 Formula One championship races. But the roles had been reversed: the championship situation for Prost was the same as Senna's in the previous year. The Frenchman needed to win both of the final two races to defend the title. The race also was without defending champion Nannini, as his career ended just days after a helicopter crash. As shown in a video of the pre-race drivers' briefing, the drivers were discussing what was to be done if a car was in a dangerous position at the Casio Chicane. Senna was appalled at what he saw as a ridiculous interpretation of badly thought-out rules – and he walked out of the meeting as it was taking place. Senna qualified on pole position, three-tenths ahead of Prost, now driving for Ferrari, who had the next most competitive package that year behind McLaren. Senna requested to change the grid positions in order to move pole position to the cleaner left side of the road, where the racing line was. This was granted, but Balestre intervened and reverted the grid positions back to their original locations, meaning pole position would be on the dirty right side of the track, where all the bits of tire rubber had been thrown from the tires by the Formula One cars.  This meant Senna was off the racing line and it would be more difficult for him to make a better start. Frustrated and angry, Senna mimicked Prost's statement of the previous year saying he would not move over if Prost attempted to overtake in the first corner.  Senna started from pole, with Prost second (albeit on the racing line). Prost got ahead of Senna – but the more powerful Honda engine in Senna's McLaren meant that he was able to make up a bit of ground. Prost moved over to take the racing line, but Senna dived into the corner to Prost's right to pass him – and as a result he hit the side of Prost's Ferrari. Both cars went straight on and both drivers sped through the gravel trap at 160 mph (260 km/h) and crashed into the tyre wall at the end of the run-off area. Senna and Prost were both unhurt, and neither driver bothered to check to see if the other was okay. This accident meant that Senna won his second world Drivers' Championship. The crash looked somewhat dubious, and nothing was done to Senna by the FIA; because they had done nothing to Prost in 1989 for crashing to Senna, they could not do anything to Senna either, with the collision being declared a "racing incident" in the end. Furious and disgusted, Prost later described Senna as "a man without value". Both drivers have been accused of crashing into the other deliberately and thus the two situations as well as their comments after both incidents have tainted both drivers' reputations in the eyes of most but die-hard fans. Benetton driver Nelson Piquet won his first race in 3 years after Gerhard Berger went off and Nigel Mansell's Ferrari failed in the pits after a pit stop, and Piquet's new teammate Roberto Moreno finished 2nd.

1991–2006
1991 was yet again the showdown for the Drivers' Championship, and it saw Senna and this time Mansell in a competitive but rather unreliable Williams battle for the Drivers' Championship. Prost did not win a race in his uncompetitive Ferrari that year and it turned out to be his last race for the Scuderia that year; he was fired from the team after the race for describing the 643 as having handling like "a truck". This was the last straw for Ferrari; as Prost had been making unsavory comments about the Italian team for some time. The race started, and Mansell went off at the first corner on lap 10, and Senna won his 3rd Drivers' Championship in 4 seasons. Senna let his teammate Gerhard Berger through to win as a "thank you" gesture for his support all season. But during the post-race press conference, Senna then admitted that his actions in 1990 were indeed intentional, and he then called Balestre and the rest of the governing body "stupid people". He admitted that he did what he did the year before because of his refusal to put up with Balestre's continuously illegal manipulation of the Drivers' Championship.

1992 was the first year in which the Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka did not in any way determine the championship – Mansell had already won it 4 races before in Hungary with his all-dominant Williams. He retired from the race, as did Senna, and Mansell's teammate Riccardo Patrese took his only victory that year. 1993 was an interesting event; Senna took the lead from Alain Prost (who had won his 4th drivers' title at the previous race) and kept it; additionally, the changeable weather conditions played to Senna's advantage, who was known to be exceptional in wet-weather conditions. He was harassed, however, by Briton newcomer Eddie Irvine, who attempted to pass Senna and unlap himself while battling with Prost's British teammate Damon Hill. Senna won his 40th race in his career from Prost, but he wasn't all smiles. He sought out Irvine, had a heated discussion with the Northern Irishman and punched him in the side of the head; then Senna went on live television for post-race interviews, and used profanity on the live recording in frustration at Irvine, other drivers' alleged bad behavior on the track and at the media, who he claimed were "irresponsible" for sensationalizing some of Senna's dangerous on-track behavior.

By 1994, Prost had retired and Senna was killed at the San Marino Grand Prix, and the Japanese GP that year saw Hill and German Michael Schumacher battle for the Drivers' Championship. Hill crucially won the race ahead of Schumacher; Suzuka was hammered by a torrential downpour which made conditions very difficult for Hill as Schumacher was an acknowledged specialist in wet-weather conditions. 1995 saw an incredible drive from French-Italian Jean Alesi on dry slick tyres in damp conditions. It had rained at the start; but the track was drying. Alesi went into the pits on lap seven, around the time everyone else came in. The French driver began to lap Suzuka in his Ferrari 5 seconds faster than anyone else, and when he came out of the pits, he was 17th – but then over the course of 18 laps climbed to 2nd place, passing car after car while a number of the other cars changed to slick tyres as well. But then Alesi had to serve a drive-through penalty for jumping the start. This did not stop the emotionally highly-strung Alesi: he dropped down to 10th, but pushed hard; and began passing car after car. He then went into the pits and dropped to 13th from 8th as a result. Then he had gone off in the last corner on lap 20 but recovered, and as a result dropped further down the order to 15th.  He then went from 15th to 9th in one lap and got into 2nd again behind Schumacher, whom he caught up to and battled with for the lead. This remarkable performance was only to last 5 laps, however: Alesi's Ferrari's driveshaft failed as a result of his excursion earlier and he retired from the race. Schumacher won the race, having already won the Drivers' Championship at the Pacific Grand Prix at Aida.

1996 was the last race of the year, and it saw Williams teammates Jacques Villeneuve and Damon Hill's title struggle come to a showdown at Suzuka. Villeneuve lost a wheel on lap 37 and went off at the first sequence of corners, handing the drivers' title to Damon Hill; however, Hill was never as competitive as he was ever again in Formula One: team owners Frank Williams and Patrick Head decided earlier in the season not to renew Hill's contract.

1997 saw Michael Schumacher win and his title rival Jacques Villeneuve disqualified for ignoring yellow flags during one of the practice sessions.

1998 saw another dramatic title decider between Schumacher and Finn Mika Häkkinen.  The two drivers had dueled all season long and Hakkinen led Schumacher by four points heading in the final race at Suzuka.  Schumacher started on pole for the race but stalled on the grid, giving Hakkinen in second a clear track in front of him for the start.  Now starting from the back of the grid, Schumacher fought hard to catch up, setting numerous fastest laps in his effort to catch his rival.  However, on lap 28 a collision between backmarkers resulted in debris being scattered on the circuit.  Schumacher ran over the debris, puncturing his right rear tire.  The tire caused Schumacher's retirement three laps later, leaving Häkkinen to take victory and his first drivers' championship.

Hakkinen then won his second consecutive drivers' title in 1999, after a fight with Eddie Irvine, Schumacher's Ferrari teammate.

The next 5 events were all won by Ferrari; Schumacher won in 2000–2002 and 2004, and his teammate Rubens Barrichello won in 2003.  Schumacher won his 3rd title at the 2000 event: he took advantage of his superior speed in damp conditions during a mid-race rain shower to secure the race win and his first World Championship title for Ferrari.  This was Ferrari's first drivers' championship in 21 years.  Ferrari completed their domination of the 2002 season by reaching a total points tally of 221 points on the then-used 10-point scoring system. At the 2003 event, Schumacher endured one of the most trying races in his career, needing to come at least eighth, he started at fourteenth on the grid – but managed to secure the point he needed to take his sixth World Drivers' Championship, beating the record held by Juan Manuel Fangio.  Schumacher had an incident-filled race, having a collision with Takuma Sato and another near collision with his brother.  The qualifying session for the 2004 event, which was due to be held on 9 October, was postponed until race day after a typhoon hit Suzuka. This led to the idea of holding qualifying sessions on a Sunday morning (an idea that was abandoned half-way through the following year).

The 2005 race was one of the most exciting races of the season after many top drivers started near the back of the grid after the qualifying in variable weather. McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen won the race after starting from 17th place, overtaking Renault driver Giancarlo Fisichella at the beginning of the last lap – after Fisichella was blocked by a backmarker. At the 2006 event, Michael Schumacher led until an engine failure virtually ended his chances of an eighth championship, which went to Spaniard Fernando Alonso.

Fuji redevelopment
It was announced on 24 March 2006 by the FIA that future races will again be held at the redesigned Fuji Speedway (now owned by Toyota) in Oyama, Sunto District, Shizuoka Prefecture. The news of the Japanese Grand Prix moving to the circuit redesigned by Hermann Tilke was met with some trepidation, as the Honda-owned Suzuka was a favorite of many of the drivers and Hermann Tilke's tracks had received mixed reviews from the drivers and the fans.On 8 September 2007, it was announced that Fuji will alternate the Japanese Grand Prix with Suzuka, starting from 2009 onwards. The 2007 race was held in torrential rain and started behind the safety car. Lewis Hamilton took the victory while his McLaren teammate Fernando Alonso crashed heavily. Heikki Kovalainen finished 2nd, his best result until that date and Kimi Räikkönen 3rd, marking the first time that two Finnish drivers were together on the podium. In 2008, the first corner brought trouble for both the title contending McLarens and Ferraris, and Fernando Alonso was able to take the victory in a Renault. Felipe Massa was 7th after a penalty for a collision with title rival Lewis Hamilton, while Hamilton finished outside the points, having also served a penalty for an incident in the first corner.

Return to Suzuka

In July 2009, Toyota cited a global economic slump as the reason that the Japanese Grand Prix would not return to Fuji Speedway in 2010 and beyond. The speedway argued, according to the Associated Press, that "continuing to host F1 races could threaten the survival of the company". As a result, the 2010 Grand Prix was held at Suzuka, at which point it was announced that Suzuka would have exclusive hosting duties.

Both the 2009 and 2010 races were dominated by Red Bull and Sebastian Vettel, with Red Bull finishing 1–2 both years.  Sebastian Vettel secured his second World Championship in the 2011 Grand Prix with a third-place finish, while McLaren's Jenson Button (the only driver in the field who had a theoretical chance of beating Vettel to the title) won the race wearing a special tribute helmet to the people affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The helmet featured a design in the style of the Japanese flag, and he auctioned the helmet off afterwards to raise money for those caught in unfortunate circumstances during the times of the tsunami earlier that year.

Kamui Kobayashi took third place at the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix, after enduring race-long pressure from Jenson Button. Kobayashi became the first Japanese driver to finish on a Formula One podium in Japan in 22 years, after Aguri Suzuki in the 1990 Japanese Grand Prix, and was the third Japanese driver to finish on a Formula One podium after Suzuki and Takuma Sato in the 2004 United States Grand Prix.

The 2013 race was won by Sebastian Vettel for Red Bull, marking his fourth consecutive victory of the season as well as his fourth victory overall at Suzuka.  Vettel's teammate Mark Webber, who started the race on pole position, finished second behind his teammate, with Romain Grosjean taking the final podium position for Lotus.

In 2014 a typhoon struck the circuit during the race, causing controversy over the late-afternoon start time not being moved.  The race saw both the Mercedes of Nico Rosberg and Lewis Hamilton duel with each other for the lead, with Hamilton ultimately taking victory ahead of his teammate and Sebastian Vettel.  However, the race was marred by tragedy.  On lap 45, Adrian Sutil in the Sauber spun off the track at the Dunlop Curve, and as his car was being recovered by a crane, Jules Bianchi in the Marussia spun off track at the same area and smashed horrifically into the crane.  The race was red flagged immediately following the accident as conditions were deemed too dangerous to race.  Bianchi was unresponsive to marshals and team radio.  He was taken to a nearby hospital, where he was placed into a coma.  It was hoped that he would recover, but Bianchi died nine months later due to his injuries.  This led to changes to the circuit for the next year, with drainage gutters being created at the Dunlop Curve to allow water to runoff faster during a rainstorm, as well as the moving of a similar crane to prevent accidents such as Bianchi's from occurring in the future.

On 23 August 2013 it was announced that the contract for the Japanese Grand Prix had been extended until 2018. A further extension was announced in August 2018 to keep the race at Suzuka until 2021. But the 2020 edition due to be held on 11 October, was cancelled on 12 June due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The 2022 Japanese Grand Prix, held on 9 October 2022, was the first held at Suzuka since 2019. The race saw a delayed start due to torrential rain, which when the race began would lead to Carlos Sainz Jr. crashing his Ferrari and the race being red-flagged. 28 laps were run. Before the race was suspended, the FIA dispatched a recovery vehicle while the race was under double yellow flag conditions, which meant that the vehicle was on the track at the same time as the Formula One cars themselves - leading to a near-miss incident for Pierre Gasly, who at that time was driving for Scuderia AlphaTauri and had collided with an advertisement board, meaning that he had to make a quick pit stop and had to catch up to the safety car train, narrowly missing the vehicle. This was sharply criticised by drivers as Gasly's compatriot Jules Bianchi had lost his life due to a similar incident in 2014.

This race also saw some confusion regarding the awarding of points; it was widely believed that championship leader Max Verstappen would earn half points (19 instead of 25) due to less than 75% of the scheduled race distance being completed, which would mean he was one point short of claiming the championship. However, full points were awarded instead and Verstappen became the 2022 Formula One World Champion; he himself showed surprise when he found out that full points were awarded. This confusion was a result of a rule change implemented for 2022 which was introduced in response to the rain-disrupted 2021 Belgian Grand Prix. For the 2023 season, the points-awarding system was altered to utilise the sliding scale system to determine the points being given, regardless if it finishes under red or green flag conditions.

On 5 July 2023 it was announced that the Japanese Grand Prix has been moved from its traditional September/October date as it was in previous years, to a slot in April for the 2024 calendar, between the Australian Grand Prix and the returning Chinese Grand Prix as part of F1's regionalisation efforts.

Popularity
From its return to the Formula One calendar in 1987, the Japanese Grand Prix has become one of the most popular with spectators. For the 1990 race, three million fans entered a draw for the 120,000 available tickets, due to the popularity of Honda's world championship successes as an engine supplier to the Williams and McLaren teams, the fact that the country had produced its first full-time F1 driver in Satoru Nakajima, and Ayrton Senna's immense popularity in Japan. After Nakajima's retirement in  and Honda's withdrawal from competition the following year, interest went into decline despite the addition of the Pacific Grand Prix to the F1 calendar, an event also held in Japan during the  and  seasons. The 1995 Japanese Grand Prix was the first for which the allocated tickets did not sell out. Subsequently, the appearance of new Japanese drivers such as Takuma Sato and the entry of Honda and Toyota as full manufacturer teams has restored the event to its former popularity. However, Honda and Toyota left Formula One in 2008 and 2009 respectively, with both teams citing economic reasons.  Honda returned to Formula One as an engine supplier for McLaren in 2015, a partnership that lasted until 2018. Honda began supplying engines for Toro Rosso (now known as AlphaTauri) in 2018, and Red Bull Racing in 2019, before leaving Formula One again after the 2021 season. Honda supported the development of Red Bull Powertrains engines for the 2022 season and would assist RBPT engine development for the 2023 to 2025 seasons before moving to Aston Martin as a works engine supplier following the 2026 season.

Attendance
Official attendance numbers have been as follows.

Winners of the Japanese Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Between 1998 and 2005 built by Ilmor

** Built by Cosworth

By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

References

External links
Japanese Grand Prix at the Suzuka Circuit website

Formula One Grands Prix
National Grands Prix
Recurring sporting events established in 1963
1963 establishments in Japan

Japanese Grand Prix


Michael Chew Koon Chan, Baron Chan  (; 6 March 1940 – 21 January 2006) was a Singaporean-born British physician and life peer who sat in the House of Lords between 2001 and 2006.

Early life and education
Chan was born in Singapore on
6 March 1940 to Chieu Kim Chan, then headmaster of Raffles Institution and his wife Rosie.

Chan attended Raffles Institution before moving to the United Kingdom to study medicine at Guy's Hospital Medical School. He was trained as a paediatrician, specialising in blood diseases. He returned to Singapore after his studies, becoming a lecturer and consultant pediatrician at the University of Singapore, but returned to the United Kingdom in 1974 to study Von Willebrand's disease at the University of London Institute of Child Health at Great Ormond Street Hospital.

Medical career and politics
Chan moved to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine in 1976, where he remained as a senior clinical lecturer and consultant pediatrician until 1994. He was the director of the National Health Service Ethnic Health Unit in Leeds between 1994 and 1997, and was successively director of two NHS primary health trusts from 1999.

He was also active in the field of race relations, serving as an advisor to the Home Secretary and then as a Commissioner for the Commission for Racial Equality between 1990 and 1995, and as a member of the Sentencing Panel from 1999. He became a member of the Press Complaints Commission in 2002, and he was chairman of the Chinese in Britain Forum. He was a committed Christian and elder of the Liverpool Chinese Gospel Church, undertaking various charitable works, for which he was appointed MBE in 1991.

He was created a life peer (appointed members of the United Kingdom peerage whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers) on 2 June 2001, becoming Baron Chan, of Oxton in the County of Merseyside, chosen as a "People's Peer." He sat as a crossbencher. He became the second person of Chinese descent to take a seat in either of the Houses of Parliament, after Baroness Dunn. Chan together with his wife Irene Wei-Len Chee has two children, his son, Stephen, and daughter, Ruth.

Since Chan's death, Lord Wei has been the only ethnic Chinese Peer in the House of Lords, as Baroness Dunn gave up her seat in the Lords in order to retain her non-domiciled tax status following the passing of the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010.

Arms

References

Further reading
 Obituary (The Telegraph, 8 February 2006)
 Obituary (The Times, 8 February 2006)

1940 births
2006 deaths
British Christians
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
20th-century British medical doctors
British people of Chinese descent
Commissioners for Racial Equality
Crossbench life peers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People's peers
Singaporean paediatricians
British people of Singaporean descent
Singaporean Christians
Singaporean emigrants to the United Kingdom
Raffles Institution alumni
Life peers created by Elizabeth II

Michael Chan, Baron Chan


The Stasi Museum (also known in German as the Forschungs- und Gedenkstätte Normannenstraße) is a research and memorial centre concerning the political system of the former East Germany.  It is located in the Lichtenberg locality of Berlin, in the former headquarters of the Stasi (officially the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit), on Ruschestraße, near Frankfurter Allee and U-Bahn station Magdalenenstraße.

History

The centrepiece of the exhibition is the office and working quarters of the former Minister of State Security – i.e. head of the Stasi – Erich Mielke.  The museum is operated by the Antistalinistische Aktion Berlin-Normannenstraße (ASTAK), which was founded by civil rights activists in Berlin in 1990. It aims to foster the development of the museum as a "centre for the collection, preservation, documentation, rehabilitation and exhibition of evidence and research materials relating to East Germany".

In 2010 the German government announced its intention to take over the Stasi Museum, which led to a three-way dispute between ASTAK, local government in Lichtenberg, and the German national government over the future of the site. ASTAK subsequently announced that Building 1 of the Stasi headquarters, the museum's original location, would be reconstructed and renovated, and the museum would be temporarily moved to Building 22.

The museum has approximately 100,000 visitors per year.

Gallery

Erich Mielke's office

See also

Memorial and Education Centre Andreasstrasse (Erfurt)

References

External links

Home page in English

Museums in Berlin
Museums established in 1990
Buildings and structures in Lichtenberg
Cold War museums in Germany
1990 establishments in Germany

Stasi Museum


Birthday Candles is a play by Noah Haidle. It was originally scheduled to open on April 2, 2020, but was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It subsequently ran at the American Airlines Theatre from March 18 to May 29, 2022, starring Debra Messing as Ernestine Ashworth and directed by Messing's Tisch School of the Arts classmate Vivienne Benesch.

In the play, Ashworth recreates the same birthday cake each year as she ages from 17 to 101 without any external signs of aging, and Messing is on stage for the entire show. Birthday Candles was commissioned by Detroit Public Theatre in fall 2016, and Benesch oversaw a workshop during her tenure as artistic director of the Chautauqua Theater Company. Benesch directed a Chautauqua production in 2017 before it made its debut in Detroit in 2018.

References

External links

2017 plays
Broadway plays

Birthday Candles


Imparja Television Pty Ltd is a commercial television company servicing remote eastern and central Australia that began broadcasting on 2 January 1988. It is based in Alice Springs, where it has a studio and satellite uplink facility. It is controlled by Indigenous Australians and is widely regarded as a symbol of Aboriginal Australia.

The company produces one channel, Imparja Television. From the late 1990s to 2007, it also produced an additional channel, the Aboriginal content on it becoming known as ICTV, which was closed on 12 July 2007 to make way for the National Indigenous Television service.

Shareholders
Central Land Council
Tiwi Land Council
Northern Land Council
Warlpiri Media Association
Pitjantjatjara Council
Top End Aboriginal Bush Broadcasting Association (TEABBA)
Maralinga Tjarutja Trust

External links
Official Website

Television production companies of Australia
Indigenous Australian television
Mass media in Alice Springs

Imparja Television Pty Ltd


Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503–1542) was an English poet and diplomat. He gets credit for bringing the sonnet into the English language. A sonnet is a special type of poem with 14 lines. He was "the Renaissance ideal—soldier, statesman, courtier, lover, scholar, and poet."

Early life

Wyatt was born at Allington near Maidstone, Kent, England in 1503. His father was Henry Wyatt and his mother was named Ann Skinner. Henry Wyatt was loyal to King Henry VII of England. This allowed Henry to have many high-ranking positions in the King's court. Thomas Wyatt went to St John's College, Cambridge, from 1515 to 1522. He was twelve when he first entered the college. At age 17 in 1520, Wyatt married Elizabeth Brooke. His wife was the daughter of Lord Cobham. They had two children, Thomas and Bess. However, the marriage was unhappy. Wyatt once wrote a letter to his son that put blame in both parents for the bad marriage, "but chiefly [mostly] in her." Both Thomas Wyatt and his wife Elizabeth cheated on each other. After his wife had two children, the couple was separated.

Political career

Wyatt got his first position at court in 1516. In this year he was "sewer extraordinary," an attendant or page at the christening of Princess Mary. He was probably able to get this position so young because his father Henry had such a good reputation with the King. In 1524, Wyatt was named keeper of the King's jewels. In these early years at court, Wyatt met Anne Boleyn. Many thought they were lovers at this time, but there is no proof. In 1526, Wyatt began his career as a diplomat. Wyatt was sent to Paris, France with Sir Thomas Cheney. Cheney was one of the many people who liked Wyatt. In a letter, Cheney said Wyatt had "as much wit...as any young man hath in England."

A year later, Wyatt was sent to the Vatican in Rome and Venice, Italy with Sir John Russell. It was probably during these trips that Wyatt became interested in French and Italian poetry. While Wyatt was in Venice, he was taken prisoner by Spanish troops. They wanted England to pay 3,000 ducats to set him free. Today that is close to 300,000 USD. Wyatt escaped before the money was paid.

From 1528 to 1530, Wyatt was High Marshal of the town of Calais. During these years, Wyatt continued to have interest in French and Italian poetry. Two important poets he read were Petrarch and Ludovico Ariosto. From 1530 to 1536, King Henry VIII sent him on many shorter diplomatic missions. In 1533,  Wyatt represented his father in a position called "chief sewer" at Anne Boleyn's coronation (when she was made queen).

In May of 1534, Wyatt was imprisoned in Fleet Prison for killing one of the guard in London in a fight. This was a minor offense, so he was released quickly. But in 1536, Anne Boleyn was arrested and beheaded. She had been accused of having other lovers while married to King Henry. Around this time, Wyatt was also arrested and locked up in the Tower of London. No reason was given for Wyatt's arrest, but there were rumors that it had something to do with Anne Boleyn. It is still unclear today whether Anne Boleyn and Thomas Wyatt ever had an affair. Some of Wyatt's poems make this seem true. Nicholas Sanders, a Catholic poet, thought that Wyatt told King Henry VIII not to marry her because she was impure. He thought that Wyatt told the King about their affair to convince the King not to marry Anne. Sanders said that Wyatt was released because he had tried to warn the King that Anne would be a bad wife. Wyatt's grandson, George Wyatt, disagreed. George Wyatt said that his grandfather never had an affair with Boleyn because she rejected him. Whether or not Wyatt had a relationship with Boleyn, he was released from prison after a month. He was soon given several promotions. The promotions show that either the King forgave Wyatt or that he wasn't very mad at Wyatt in the first place. Soon, Wyatt became the Sheriff of Kent.

In 1537, Wyatt became a knight. He also began an affair with Elizabeth Darell, who had a son. Afterwards, he was sent to Spain to live in an embassy. His mission in Spain was to improve the relationship between the Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Charles V, and King Henry VIII of England. Emperor Charles V was unhappy with the King of England because he divorced the Emperor's aunt, Catherine of Aragon. This was especially bad because the King had originally asked the Pope for special permission to marry Catherine, who was the widow of the King's older brother Arthur. The embassy was a disaster. Sir Thomas Wyatt and the other ambassadors, Edmund Bonner and Simon Heynes, were all unsuccessful. Also, Bonner disliked Wyatt. Bonner accused Wyatt of treason (and of liking papists, or Catholics). These accusations were cleared by Thomas Cromwell. Cromwell was the chief minister to Henry VIII and often protected Wyatt.

In May 1539, Wyatt returned to London. In 1540, Cromwell was arrested and beheaded. Without Cromwell's protection, Bonner got Wyatt arrested for treason. King Henry VIII, who liked Wyatt, released him with a condition: Wyatt had to leave Darell and return to his wife. Even though Wyatt was forced to separate from Darell in 1541, she and their son were still in Wyatt's will when he died.

After Wyatt again had the King's favor, he was sent on more missions to France and Flanders. In 1542, he was elected a member of Parliament from Kent. On the 3rd of October of the same year,  Wyatt was sent to take an ambassador from Spain from Dorset to London. He rode for days with the ambassador but then Wyatt got sick from the journey. He fought a fever for three days and then died at Sherborne, Dorset. On October 11, 1542 he was laid to rest in the Horsely family vault in the church at Sherborne. Some poets wrote elegies (poems of mourning) for Wyatt. One of the most famous was by Wyatt's friend Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. He wrote: "Wyatt resteth here, that quick could never rest." Surrey also thought that Wyatt "reft Chaucer the glory of his wit" (i.e. he stole Chaucer's title as the wittiest writer).

Literary works

Wyatt wrote in many forms. These forms include sonnets, songs, lyric poems, and rondeaux. A rondeau is a strict poem with 13 lines and two rhymes. It also involves a repeat of the beginning of the first line. The repeat usually comes at lines 8 and 13. Sonnets are poems with 14 lines. Today we usually divide sonnets into English or Shakespearean sonnets and Italian or Petrarchan sonnets. Petrarchan sonnets are named for the Italian poet Petrarch. Petrarchan sonnets are grouped into an octave (a set of 8 lines) and a sestet (a set of 6 lines). It has the rhyme pattern abba abba cddece. Wyatt translated many of Petrarch's poems into English. Wyatt was the first to use the form we now call the Shakespearean sonnet. It is a poem of 14 lines grouped into three quatrains (a set of four lines) and a couplet (a set of two lines). It has the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg. William Shakespeare came after Wyatt, but he often used the type of sonnet Wyatt invented. In fact, Shakespeare used it so often that the sonnet form was named after Shakespeare instead of Wyatt.

Wyatt's songs, sonnets, lyric poems and rondeaux were usually about love. Few of his works were published while he was alive. Those that were published during his lifetime were usually published without his name attached. 96 of Wyatt's songs were published with Surrey's work in Songes and Sonettes, Written by the Ryght Honorable Lorde Henry Haward Late Earle of Surrey, and Other. This volume was published in 1557 by Richard Tottel. It is now more commonly called Tottel's Miscellany. He wrote other songs that were found in other manuscripts. The main theme of his 200 songs was how he was treated badly by his mistress. Wyatt writes about both sexual and political betrayal, and sometimes mixes the two. Wyatt wrote 31 sonnets. Ten of his sonnets were translations from Petrarch.

Wyatt also wrote three satires and a series of 7 penitential psalms. Both his psalms and his satires were in terza rima. Wyatt was the first to use terza rima in English. This form is where you have sets of three lines that rhyme in the following pattern: aba bcb cdc and on. He also brought ottava rima to English. Ottava rima is a set of eight lines with the rhyme pattern abababcc. For bringing so many different forms to English poetry, Wyatt was called "one of two chief lanterns of light" to future English poets by George Puttenham in 1598. The other lantern was the Earl of Surrey.

Wyatt's work was read less during the 17th Century, but was picked up again in the 18th and 19th Centuries. During this time, Tottel's Miscellany was seen as a marker for the beginning of "Italianized" English poetry. But readers from the 18th and 19th Centuries did not think Wyatt's work was as good as Shakespeare's or Sidney's, who came after him. Also, 18th and 19th century readers liked Surrey's poetry better than Wyatt's poetry. This was true even after they discovered that Wyatt's poetry came first. In his History of English Poetry (1781), Thomas Warton wrote that Wyatt "is confessedly inferior to Surrey.... He has too much art as a lover, and too little as a poet.'' This view changed in the 20th century between the two World Wars. Today, many scholars think Wyatt was the better poet.

References

More reading
 Gleckman, Jason. "Thomas Wyatt's epistolary satire: parody and the limitationsof rhetorical humanism." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 43.1 (2001): 29+.
 "Postscript." Sir Thomas Wyatt. Stephen Merriam Foley. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. 106–112. Twayne's English Authors Series 475.
 Powell, Jason. "Court Politics, Culture and Literature in Scotland and England, 1500–1540." Renaissance Quarterly 62.2 (2009): 608+.
 "Reading Thomas Wyatt's Hand." Sir Thomas Wyatt. Stephen Merriam Foley. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990. 1–33. Twayne's English Authors Series 475.
 Warnicke, Retha. The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family Politics at the Court of Henry VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 Wyatt, Thomas. Collected Poems. Ed. Joost Daalder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
 "Wyatt, Sir Thomas." Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1995.
 Zagorin, Perez. "Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Court of Henry VIII: The Courtier's Ambivalence.'' Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 23 (1993): 113–41.

1503 births
1542 deaths
English poets

Thomas Wyatt


A snotter is a rope or tackle used in sailing to tension the sprit on a spritsail, or a sprit boom on a sprit-boomed sail by pulling the lower end towards the mast. It is also used in a junk rig.

There are a great many variations on the snotter arrangement, and some more fastidious authors have referred to it as a snouter or snorter.

The origin of the nautical term is obscure. Hauling on the snotter sets the tension in the spar and thus governs how the sail is set.

On very small boats, typically with a single boomless spritsail, the snotter is a rope with eyes spliced into it, and is merely hooked into the fore end of the sprit and then jammed up the mast to force the upper end of the sprit into a pocket in the sail.

Spritsail

There are boomed spritsails, loose-footed spritsails and boomless spritsails.

Sprit Booms

The most common sprit-boom is found on a sprit-boomed leg-of-mutton sail. Sprit booms have been combined with a leech spar called a club; they have been used on foresails, like the jib. Some sailors have used a sprit boom on the standing lug sail.

Further reading
 Emiliano Marino, Sailmaker's Apprentice, International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2001),

Sailing rigs and rigging

Snotter


The Morris Dance is an English folk dance.

The earliest known English written mention of Morris dance is dated to 1448. It records the payment of seven shillings to Morris dancers by the Goldsmiths' Company in London.

The dance is done by a group of dancers wearing bells on their shins or shoes.

People danced this dance in their homes until it became a well known folk dance.

Dances
British culture

Morris dance


Pestana Group is a Portuguese tourism and leisure group. Its hotel chain Pestana Hotels and Resorts has 100 hotels with over 12,000 rooms. The group manages Pousadas de Portugal since 2003.

Organization

The firm's main activity is tourism, having also interests in industry and services. It manages hotel units in three different continents: Europe, South America, and Africa.  The countries it serves on those continents are [in alphabetical order]: Argentina, Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe, and South Africa.

The Pestana Group owns the Portuguese airline euroAtlantic Airways, and a stake in STP Airways, which is the national airline of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Besides the 91 hotels, the Pestana Group has six timesharing properties, three golf courses, two real estate/touristic properties, a gambling concession for a Casino, a participation in a charter airline, a travel agency and three Tour Operators.

In 2015, Pestana Group partnered with Cristiano Ronaldo to open a hotel chain under the CR7 brand. The first hotel was opened in 2016 in Funchal, above Museu CR7, later that year another hotel was opened in Lisbon.

In 2020, Pestana Group opened its second hotel in the United States in Manhattan.

The Pestana Group owns Empresa de Cervejas da Madeira, a company in Madeira island that produces and distributes Coral, Brisa and Laranjada, some of the top-selling local alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

History

The Pestana Group was founded by José Pestana and his brother Manuel Pestana, when they acquired the Atlântico Hotel in 1965. A new five-star hotel was built in its place, the work was completed in 1972. Later Jose Pestana sold his part of the business and when Manuel Pestana retired he left control of the company to his son, Dionísio Pestana.

In 2003, the Pestana Group took over the management of Pousadas de Portugal.

Gallery

References

External links
Pestana Group

Hotel chains in Portugal
Resorts in Portugal
Hospitality companies of Portugal
Hotels established in 1972
Portuguese brands

Pestana Group


(; , but usually translated as "safety" or "security") is, in many French-speaking countries or regions, the organizational title of a civil police force, especially the detective branch thereof.

Belgium
 Civil intelligence service

France

The French National Police was formerly called Sûreté nationale.

History
The Sûreté nationale, or Sûreté, began as the criminal investigative bureau of the  (Paris Police Prefecture) and did not function as the national command and control organization until much later, by which time it no longer had any detectives on its staff.

Both the Paris Police Prefecture's Brigade Criminelle and the Direction centrale de la Police judiciaire trace their history directly to the Sûreté.

The French Sûreté is considered a pioneer of all crime-fighting organizations in the world, although London's Bow Street Runners, founded 1749, served a similar purpose at times. Founded in 1812 by Eugène François Vidocq, who headed it until 1827, it was the inspiration for Scotland Yard, the FBI, and other departments of criminal investigation throughout the world. Vidocq was convinced that crime could not be controlled by then-current police methods, so he organized a special branch of the criminal division modelled on Napoleon's political police. The force was to work undercover and its early members consisted largely of reformed criminals. By 1820 – eight years after its formation – it had blossomed into a 30-man team of experts that had reduced the crime rate in Paris by 40%.

On 23 April 1941, the French police was nationalized under the Vichy regime, and each branch was placed under the prefect. The term Police nationale ("National Police") was then first used – with the sole exception of the Paris Police Prefecture. This organisational name was used during the Fourth and Fifth French Republic.

On 9 July 1964, the previously independent police in Paris were placed under the Sûreté nationale and 10 July 1966 saw the final reorganization into the National Police in its present form.

Notable original members
 Eugène François Vidocq – founder and first chief

Morocco
The national police force of Morocco is the Sûreté Nationale.

Algeria
The Directorate General for National Security is sometimes known as the Sûreté Nationale.

Canada
The provincial police force of Québec is called the Sûreté du Québec.

Switzerland
Sûreté is the name of the detective branch of the cantonal police of the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland.

In popular culture
 In Graham Greene's The Quiet American from 1955, the character "Vigot" is a Sûreté inspector.
 Peter Sellers plays the bumbling Sûreté inspector "Jacques Clouseau" in the Pink Panther series of films.
 Herbert Lom plays the bumbling Sûreté chief inspector "Charles Dreyfus" in the Pink Panther series of films.
 Louise Penny's Three Pines mystery novels feature "Chief Inspector Armand Gamache" of the Sûreté du Québec.
 In the theatrical cartoon shorts entitled The Inspector, the title character (voiced by Pat Harrington Jr) is a senior detective working for the Sûreté.

Notes

External links

Law enforcement in France
National Police (France)
Defunct law enforcement agencies of France

Sûreté


N Krishnamurthi Muniandy (born 24 July 1980) is a Malaysian cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, he has played for the Malaysia national cricket team since 1999, including two first-class matches.

Biography
Born in Penang in 1980, Muniandy made his debut for Malaysia in 1999, when he played one match in that year's Stan Nagaiah Trophy series against Singapore. The following year, he played all three matches in the series, also playing in the Saudara Cup match against Singapore, before playing one match in that year's ACC Trophy, against Kuwait.

In 2001, he played for Malaysia at the ICC Trophy in Ontario, playing five matches in the tournament. He played only in the Stan Nagaiah Trophy series in 2002, and only in the Saudara Cup match in 2003. In 2004, he played twice for a Malaysia Cricket Association Invitation XI against England A, also playing for Malaysia in the Saudara Cup match, an ACC Trophy match against Saudi Arabia, and an ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament match against Hong Kong. He also made his first-class debut in 2004, playing ICC Intercontinental Cup matches against Nepal and the UAE.

He played in both the Saudara Cup match and Stan Nagaiah Trophy series in 2005 and 2006, also playing ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament matches against Singapore, Hong Kong and Nepal in 2005, ACC Premier League matches against Hong Kong and Nepal in 2006, and five matches in the 2006 ACC Trophy. He most recently represented his country in the 2007 Saudara Cup match.

References

1980 births
Living people
Malaysian people of Tamil descent
Malaysian sportspeople of Indian descent
Sportspeople from Penang
Malaysian cricketers

Krishnamurthi Muniandy


Otto Rudolph Ortmann (1889-1979) was an American pianist, music researcher and educator, and author of the groundbreaking Physiological Mechanics of Piano Technique. He graduated from the Peabody Conservatory in 1917, where he remained as a member of its faculty, establishing a research lab there, and going on to serve as conservatory director from 1928 to 1942. His career was marked by a focus on the scientific exploration of the piano arts. Published in 1929, The Physiological Mechanics of Piano Technique: An Experimental Study of the Nature of Muscular Action as Used in Piano Playing, and of the Effects Thereof Upon the Piano Key and the Piano Tone, applied the laws of mechanics and physiology to the study of piano performance.

References

American pianists
Peabody Institute faculty
American male pianists
Goucher College faculty and staff

Otto Ortmann