Paul Vaughn Butterfield (December 17, 1942May 4, 1987) was an American blues harmonica player, singer and bandleader. After early training as a classical flautist, he developed an interest in blues harmonica. He explored the blues scene in his native Chicago, where he met Muddy Waters and other blues greats, who provided encouragement and opportunities for him to join in jam sessions. He soon began performing with fellow blues enthusiasts Nick Gravenites and Elvin Bishop.

In 1963, he formed the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, which recorded several successful albums and was popular on the late-1960s concert and festival circuit, with performances at the Fillmore West in San Francisco, the Fillmore East in New York City, the Monterey Pop Festival, and Woodstock. The band was known for combining electric Chicago blues with a rock urgency and for their pioneering jazz fusion performances and recordings. After the breakup of the group in 1971, Butterfield continued to tour and record with the band Paul Butterfield's Better Days, with his mentor Muddy Waters, and with members of the roots-rock group the Band.  While still recording and performing, Butterfield died in 1987 at age 44 of an accidental drug overdose.

Music critics have acknowledged his development of an original approach that places him among the best-known blues harp players. In 2006, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Butterfield and the early members of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2015. Both panels noted his harmonica skills and his contributions to bringing blues music to a younger and broader audience.

Career
Butterfield was born in Chicago and raised in the city's Hyde Park neighborhood. The son of a lawyer and a painter, he attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, a private school associated with the University of Chicago. Exposed to music at an early age, he studied classical flute with Walfrid Kujala, of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Butterfield was also athletic and was offered a track scholarship to Brown University.  However, a knee injury and a growing interest in blues music sent him in a different direction. He met guitarist and singer songwriter Nick Gravenites, who shared an interest in authentic blues music.  By the late 1950s, they were visiting blues clubs in Chicago, where musicians such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, and Otis Rush encouraged them and occasionally let them sit in on jam sessions. The pair were soon performing as Nick and Paul in college-area coffee houses.

In the early 1960s, Butterfield met aspiring blues guitarist Elvin Bishop. Bishop recalled:

Eventually, Butterfield, on vocals and harmonica, and Bishop, accompanying him on guitar, were offered a regular gig at Big John's, a folk club in the Old Town district on Chicago's near North Side. With this booking, they persuaded bassist Jerome Arnold and drummer Sam Lay (both from Howlin' Wolf's touring band) to form a group with them in 1963. Their engagement at the club was highly successful and brought the group to the attention of record producer Paul A. Rothchild.

Paul Butterfield Blues Band

During their engagement at Big John's, Butterfield met and occasionally sat in with guitarist Mike Bloomfield, who was also playing at the club.  By chance, producer Rothchild witnessed one of their performances and was impressed by the chemistry between the two. He persuaded Butterfield to bring Bloomfield into the band, and they were signed to Elektra Records. Their first attempt to record an album, in December 1964, did not meet Rothchild's expectations. To capture their sound better, Rothchild convinced Elektra president Jac Holzman to record a live album. In the spring of 1965, the Butterfield Blues Band was recorded at the Cafe Au Go Go in New York City. These recordings also failed to satisfy Rothchild, but the group's appearances at the club brought them to the attention of the East Coast music community.  Rothchild persuaded Holzman to agree to a third attempt at recording an album., securing the band more engagements outside of Chicago. At the last minute, the band was booked to perform at the Newport Folk Festival in July 1965.  Maria Muldaur, with her husband Geoff, who later toured and recorded with Butterfield, recalled the group's performance as stunning; it was the first time that many of the mostly folk-music fans had heard a high-powered electric blues combo. Among those who took notice was festival regular Bob Dylan, who invited the band to back him for his first live electric performance.  With little rehearsal, Dylan performed a short, four-song set the next day with Bloomfield, Arnold, and Lay (along with Al Kooper and Barry Goldberg). The performance was not well received by some and generated a controversy, but it was a watershed event and brought the band to the attention of a much larger audience.

The band's debut album, The Paul Butterfield Blues Band, was released in 1965, reaching number 123 in the Billboard 200 album chart. On March 28, 1966, Butterfield appeared on the CBS game show To Tell the Truth. At the end of his segment, he performed "Born in Chicago" with the house band. In August 1966, the band released their second album, East-West, which reached number 65 in the album chart.

In England in November 1966, Butterfield recorded several songs with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, who had recently finished the album A Hard Road. Butterfield and Mayall contributed vocals, and Butterfield's Chicago-style blues harp was featured. Four songs were released in the UK on a 45-rpm EP, John Mayall's Bluesbreakers with Paul Butterfield, in January 1967.

The Butterfield Blues Band changed its lineup, with Arnold and Davenport leaving the band, and Bloomfield going on to form his own group, Electric Flag. The band added bassist Bugsy Maugh, drummer Phillip Wilson, and saxophonists David Sanborn and Gene Dinwiddie. This lineup recorded the band's third album, The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw, in 1967. It was Butterfield's highest-charting album, reaching number 52 on the album chart.  Most of this lineup performed at the seminal Monterey Pop Festival on June 17, 1967.

The band's next album, In My Own Dream, released in 1968, continued to move away from the band's Chicago blues roots towards a more soul-influenced, horn-based sound, with Butterfield singing only three songs. It reached number 79 in the Billboard album chart. By the end of 1968, both Bishop and Naftalin had left the band. In April 1969, Butterfield took part in a concert at Chicago's Auditorium Theater and a subsequent recording session organized by record producer Norman Dayron, featuring Muddy Waters backed by Otis Spann, Mike Bloomfield, Sam Lay, Donald "Duck" Dunn, and Buddy Miles. Such Waters warhorses as "Forty Days and Forty Nights", "I'm Ready", "Baby, Please Don't Go", and "Got My Mojo Working" were recorded and later released on the album Fathers and Sons. Waters commented, "We did a lot of the things over we did with Little Walter and Jimmy Rogers and Elgin Evans on drums [an early configuration of Waters's band] ... It's about as close as I've been [to that feel] since I first recorded it". To one reviewer, these recordings represent Paul Butterfield's best performances.

The Butterfield Blues Band was invited to perform at the Woodstock Festival on August 18, 1969. The band performed seven songs, and although its performance did not appear in the film Woodstock, one song, "Love March", was included on the album Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More, released in 1970. In 2009, Butterfield was included in the expanded 40th Anniversary Edition Woodstock video, and an additional two songs appeared on the box set Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm.

The album Keep On Moving, with only Butterfield remaining from the original lineup, was released in 1969. It was produced by veteran R&B producer and songwriter Jerry Ragovoy, reportedly brought in by Elektra to turn out a "breakout commercial hit". The album was not embraced by critics or long-time fans. It reached number 102 in the Billboard album chart.

A live double album by the Butterfield Blues Band, Live, was recorded March 21–22, 1970, at The Troubadour, in West Hollywood, California. By this time, the band included a four-piece horn section in what has been described as a "big-band Chicago blues with a jazz base".
After the release of another soul-influenced album, Sometimes I Just Feel Like Smilin''' in 1971, the Paul Butterfield Blues Band disbanded. In 1972, a retrospective of their career, Golden Butter: The Best of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, was released by Elektra.

Better Days and solo
After the breakup of the Butterfield Blues Band and no longer under contract with Elektra, Butterfield retreated to Woodstock, New York, where he eventually formed his next band, Paul Butterfield's Better Days, with drummer Chris Parker,  guitarist Amos Garrett, singer Geoff Muldaur, pianist Ronnie Barron and bassist Billy Rich. In 1972–1973, the group recorded the albums Paul Butterfield's Better Days and It All Comes Back, released by Albert Grossman's Bearsville Records. The albums reflected the influence of the participants and explored more roots- and folk-based styles.  Although without an easily defined commercial style, both reached the album chart. The band did not last to record a third studio album, but its album Live at Winterland Ballroom, recorded in 1973, was released in 1999.

Butterfield next pursued a solo career and appeared as a sideman in several different musical settings. In 1975, he again joined Muddy Waters to record Waters's last album for Chess Records, The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album. The album was recorded at Levon Helm's Woodstock studio with Garth Hudson and members of Waters's touring band. In 1976, Butterfield performed at the Band's final concert, "The Last Waltz", accompanying the Band on the song "Mystery Train" and backing Muddy Waters on "Mannish Boy".  Butterfield kept up his association with former members of the Band, touring and recording with Levon Helm and the RCO All Stars in 1977 and touring with Rick Danko in 1979. A 1984 live performance with Danko and Richard Manuel was recorded and released as Live at the Lonestar in 2011.

As a solo act with backing musicians, Butterfield continued to tour and recorded Put It in Your Ear in 1976 and North South in 1981, with strings, synthesizers, and funk arrangements.  In 1986, he released his final studio album, The Legendary Paul Butterfield Rides Again, which was an attempt at a comeback with an updated rock sound. On April 15, 1987, he participated in the concert "B.B. King & Friends", with Eric Clapton, Etta James, Albert King, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and others.

Legacy
Aside from "rank[ing] among the most influential harp players in the Blues",
Butterfield has also been seen as pointing blues-based music in new, innovative directions.  AllMusic critic Steve Huey commented,

In 2006, Butterfield was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Blues Hall of Fame, which noted that "the albums released by the Butterfield Blues Band brought Chicago Blues to a generation of Rock fans during the 1960s and paved the way for late 1960s electric groups like Cream".  The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted the Paul Butterfield Blues Band in 2015. The induction biography commented that "the Butterfield Band converted the country-blues purists and turned on the Fillmore generation to the pleasures of Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Little Walter, Willie Dixon and Elmore James".

In 2017, a documentary titled Horn from the Heart: the Paul Butterfield Story premiered at the Newport Beach Film Festival.  Directed by John Anderson and produced by Sandra Warren, it won the Outstanding Achievement Award in Filmmaking: Editing.  In October 2018, the documentary was released nationally in select US theaters. It has received critical acclaim, including being named a New York Times Critic's Pick, as well as features in Rolling Stone, and The Wall Street Journal.

Harmonica style
Like many Chicago blues harp players, Butterfield approached the instrument like a horn, preferring single notes to chords, and used it for soloing. His style has been described as "always intense, understated, concise, and serious", and he was "known for purity and intensity of his tone, his sustained breath control, and his unique ability to bend notes to his will". In his choice of notes he has been compared to Big Walter Horton, but he was never seen as an imitator of any particular harp player.  Rather, he developed "a style original and powerful enough to place him in the pantheon of true blues greats".

Butterfield played Hohner harmonicas (and endorsed them). He preferred the diatonic ten-hole Marine Band model. He wrote a harmonica instruction book, Paul Butterfield Teaches Blues Harmonica Master Class, a few years before his death (it was not published until 1997).  In it, he explains various techniques, demonstrated on an accompanying CD.  Butterfield played mainly in cross-harp, or second position. Reportedly left-handed, he held the harmonica in a manner opposite that of a right-handed player, i.e., in his right hand, upside down (with the low notes to the right), using his left hand for muting effects.

Also like other electric Chicago blues harp players, Butterfield frequently used amplification to achieve his sound.  He has been associated with a Shure 545 Unidyne microphone, although producer Rothchild noted that around the time of a 1965 recording session, Butterfield favored an Altec harp microphone run through an early model Fender tweed amplifier.  Beginning with album The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw, he  used an acoustic harmonica style, following his shift to a more R&B-based approach.

Personal life
By all accounts, Paul Butterfield was absorbed in his music.  According to his brother Peter,

Producer Norman Dayron recalled the young Butterfield as "very quiet and defensive and hard-edged. He was this tough Irish Catholic, kind of a hard guy. He would walk around in black shirts and sunglasses, dark shades and dark jackets ... Paul was hard to be friends with." Although they later became close, Michael Bloomfield commented on his first impressions of Butterfield: "He was a bad guy.  He carried pistols. He was down there on the South Side, holding his own. I was scared to death of that cat". Writer and AllMusic founder Michael Erlewine, who knew Butterfield early in his recording career, described him as "always intense, somewhat remote, and even, on occasion, downright unfriendly". He remembered Butterfield as "not much interested in other people".

By 1971, Butterfield had purchased his first house, in rural Woodstock, New York, and began enjoying family life with his second wife, Kathy Peterson, and their infant son, Lee. According to Maria Muldaur, she and her husband were frequent dinner guests, which usually involved sitting around a piano and singing songs. She doubted her abilities, but "it was Butter that first encouraged me to let loose and just sing the blues [and] not to worry about singing pretty or hitting all the right notes ... He loosened all the levels of self-consciousness and doubt out of me ... And he'll forever live in my heart for that and for respecting me as a fellow musician."

Death
Beginning in 1980, Paul Butterfield underwent several surgical procedures to relieve his peritonitis, a serious and painful inflammation of the intestines. Although strongly opposed to heroin as a bandleader, he developed an addiction to it, which, according to Steve Huey in AllMusic's Butterfield biography, led to "speculation that he was trying to ease his peritonitis symptoms". The financial strain of supporting his drug habit was bankrupting him, and the deaths of his friend and one-time musical partner Mike Bloomfield, and manager Albert Grossman had shaken him. On May 4, 1987, at age 44, Paul Butterfield died at his apartment in the North Hollywood district of Los Angeles. An autopsy by the county coroner concluded that he was the victim of an accidental drug overdose, with "significant levels of morphine (heroin), ... codeine, the tranquilizer Librium and a trace of alcohol."

By the time of his death, Paul Butterfield was out of the commercial mainstream. Although for some, he was very much the blues man, Maria Muldaur commented "he had the whole sensibility and musicality and approach down pat ... He just went for it and took it all in, and he embodied the essence of what the blues was all about. Unfortunately, he lived that way a little too much."

Discography
In 1964, Butterfield began his association with Elektra Records and eventually recorded seven albums for the label. After the break up of the Butterfield Blues Band in 1971, he recorded four albums for manager Albert Grossman's Bearsville Records – two with Paul Butterfield's Better Days and two solo. His last solo album was released by Amherst Records. After his death in 1987, his former record companies released a number of live albums and compilations.

Studio albums
The Butterfield Blues Band
 The Paul Butterfield Blues Band (1965) (peaked at number 123 on the Billboard 200 album chart)
 East-West (1966) (No. 65 on Billboard 200)
 The Resurrection of Pigboy Crabshaw (1967) (No. 52 on Billboard 200)
 In My Own Dream (1968) (No. 79 on Billboard 200)
 Keep On Moving (1969) (No. 102 on Billboard 200)
 Sometimes I Just Feel Like Smilin (1971) (No. 124 on Billboard 200)

Paul Butterfield's Better Days
 Better Days (1973) (No. 145 on Billboard 200)
 It All Comes Back (1973) (No. 156 on Billboard 200)

Paul Butterfield
 Put It in Your Ear (1976)
 North–South (1981)
 The Legendary Paul Butterfield Rides Again (1986)

 Live albums
All by the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, except as noted.
 Live (1970)[2LP] –  reissued 2005 on CD with bonus tracks (Billboard 200 No. 72)
 Strawberry Jam (1996) – rec. 1966–68
 East-West Live (1996) – rec. 1966–67
 Live at Unicorn Coffee House – rec. 1966. released with several titles and dates, bootleg.
 Paul Butterfield's Better Days, Live at Winterland Ballroom (1999) – rec. 1973
 Paul Butterfield Band, Rockpalast: Blues Rock Legends, Vol. 2 (2008) – rec. 1978
 Rick Danko, Richard Manuel & Paul Butterfield, Live at the Lone Star, (2011) – rec. 1984
 Live in White Lake, N.Y. 8/18/69 (2015) – released as part of The Complete Albums 1965–1980
 Live at Woodstock (2020)[2LP]

 Butterfield compilation albums
 Golden Butter: The Best of the Paul Butterfield Blues Band (1972)[2LP] – Billboard 200 No. 136
 The Original Lost Elektra Sessions (1995) – rec. 1964
 An Anthology: The Elektra Years (1997)[2CD]
Paul Butterfield's Better Days, Paul Butterfield's Better Days: Bearsville Anthology (2000)
 Hi-Five: The Paul Butterfield Blues Band (2006) – EP

Compilation albums and videos with various artists
 Folksong '65 (1965)
 What's Shakin' (1966)
 Festival (1967 film, including 1965 appearance with Dylan)
 You Are What You Eat (1968 film soundtrack)
 Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More (1970, recorded 1969)
 Woodstock 2 (1971, recorded 1969)
 An Offer You Can't Refuse (1972, recorded 1963)
 Woodstock '79 (1991 video, filmed 1979)
 Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music (1994, recorded 1969)
 The Monterey International Pop Festival June 16–17–18 30th Anniversary Box Set (1997, recorded 1967)
 The Complete Monterey Pop Festival (2002 video, filmed 1967)
 Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm (2009, recorded 1969)
 Woodstock: 40th Anniversary Ultimate Collector's Edition (2009 video, filmed 1969)

As accompanist
 The Peter, Paul and Mary Album (1966), Peter, Paul and Mary, "The King of Names" with Butterfield, Bloomfield, and Naftalin
 John Mayall's Bluesbreakers with Paul Butterfield (1967 EP), John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers
 Blues at Midnight (released with several titles and dates), Jimi Hendrix, B.B. King, and others (bootleg of jam recorded 1968)
 Fathers and Sons (1969, reissued 2001 with bonus tracks), Muddy Waters
 Give It Up (1972), Bonnie Raitt
 2nd Right, 3rd Row (1972), Eric Von Schmidt
 Steelyard Blues (1973 film soundtrack), Mike Bloomfield, Nick Gravenites, Maria Muldaur, and others
 That's Enough for Me (1973), Peter Yarrow
 The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album (1975), Muddy Waters
 Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars (1977)
 Already Free (1977), Nick Jameson
 The Last Waltz (1978), the Band
 Elizabeth Barraclough (1978), Elizabeth Barraclough
 Hi! (1979), Elizabeth Barraclough
 Down by Law (1985), Deadline
 B.B. King & Friends (released with various titles and dates), B.B King, Eric Clapton, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and others (bootleg video of television special filmed 1987)
 Heart Attack (1990, recorded 1986), Little Mike & the Tornados

Tribute albums
 A Tribute to Paul Butterfield, Robben Ford and the Ford Blues Band (2001)
 The Butterfield/Bloomfield Concert, the Ford Blues Band, with Robben Ford and Chris Cain (2006)

NotesFootnotesCitationsReferences'''

External links

1942 births
1987 deaths
20th-century American singers
Chicago blues musicians
Harmonica blues musicians
Blues rock musicians
American blues harmonica players
American blues singers
Accidental deaths in California
Electric blues musicians
Singers from Chicago
Drug-related deaths in California
Elektra Records artists
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
Blues musicians from Illinois
Paul Butterfield Blues Band members
20th-century American male singers
Bearsville Records artists
Hyde Park Academy High School alumni

Paul Butterfield


Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa (30 March 1917 – 24 March 2010) was a noted Brazilian physician, biologist and geneticist.

Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa was born in Rio de Janeiro, where he did all his studies, first in natural history at the Federal District University (currently the State University of Rio de Janeiro), graduating in 1938; and subsequently medicine at the National School of Medicine of University of Brazil, graduating in 1941. He got his doctoral degree at the same school, in 1953 and soon afterwards went abroad on a scholarship for post-doctoral studies at Columbia University, in New York City, from 1953 to 1955. His teaching and research professional career began in 1942, when he accepted a position of assistant professor at the School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, a post he held until 1958. In that year he accepted a new position at the University of São Paulo, moving to São Paulo City, where he worked until his retirement. He attained a full professorship there in 1978 and was elected an emeritus professor in 1995. In 1964 and 1965 he was a Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison on a Fulbright Program fellowship.

As a scientific leader, Dr. Frota-Pessoa held many prominent positions, such as: specialist in Science Education of the Pan American Union (Organization of American States) in Washington, D.C. (1955–1956), consultant in Human Genetics for the World Health Organization (1961–1986), director of the Coordination Center of Brazil of the Multinational Program of Genetics of the Pan American Union (1968–1973), director of the Centro de Estudos sobre Currículo para o Ensino de Biologia (CECEB) from 1972 to 1979, president of the Brazilian Society of Genetics (1968–1970) and of the Latin American Association of Genetics (1969–1971), founding member of the Academy of Sciences of the State of São Paulo (1974). He published more than 130 research papers on genetics and about 500 popularization articles.

His main research interests were the systematics of Drosophila, the genetics of human populations, cytogenetics, medical genetics and genetic counseling, and genetics in psychiatry.

Dr. Frota-Pessoa was always one of the most active and respected enthusiasts for the teaching of biology and the popularisation of science and a promoter of public understanding of science. He actually taught science and biology in secondary schools of the public system of Rio de Janeiro from 1939 to 1958. Based on this experience, he wrote one of the first textbooks on biology for secondary education, which became a best-seller and was published in many editions. In all, he published 26 textbooks and 17 guides for science and biology teachers. For these efforts, he won the UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularisation of Science and the CNPq José Reis Award for the Divulgation of Science. He was also decorated by the Brazilian government with the Great Cross of the Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit and was awarded the 1989 Alfred Jurzikowyski Prize of the Brazilian Academy of Medicine, for relevant basic research for medicine.

Bibliography
 Vianna-Morgante AM, Azevedo ES, Otto PA, Opitz JM. Encomium: Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa. Am J Med Genet. 1996 Jun 28;63(4):581–4.
 Frota-Pessoa, O. 1957. The estimation of the size of isolates based on census data. Am. J. Hum. Genet. vol. 9, pp. 9–16.
 Frota-Pessoa, O. 1961. On the number of the gene loci and the total mutation rate in man. Amer. Nat. vol. 45, p. 217–222.
 Martello, N., Santos, J.L.F. and Frota-Pessoa, O. 1978. Risks of manifestation of Huntington chorea. J. Génét. Humaine, vol. 26, pp. 33–35.
 Mosalve, M.V., Erdmann, B., Otto, P.A. and Frota-Pessoa, O. 1980. The human Y chromosome: racial variation and evolution. Rev. Bras. Genet. vol. 3, p. 433–446.
 Zatz M., Betti R.T., Frota-Pessoa O. Treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with growth hormone inhibitors. Am J Med Genet. 1986 Jul;24(3):549–66.

External links
 Biography. Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
 Obituary (Portuguese)

1917 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Brazilian scientists
Brazilian geneticists
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
Brazilian science writers
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Academic staff of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Place of death missing
Academic staff of the University of São Paulo
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Rio de Janeiro State University alumni
Kalinga Prize recipients

Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa


Cross Country is the 14th novel in the Alex Cross series by James Patterson. According to the Library Journal it was the second most borrowed fiction book in United States libraries in 2009.

Plot
An African warlord known as the Tiger, aided by his crew of angry young men, horrifically murders author Eleanor 'Ellie'  Cox and her entire family. Alex Cross and girlfriend Bree Stone go investigate, when Alex recalls Ellie had been his one time girlfriend, whom he had loved at one point. He is instantly terrified by this so much he gets no sleep, does no work for the case, and stays up late at night, sitting in his bed. He then figures out the Tiger's next murder, and arrives on time to stop the Tiger and his gang of kids, where most of the villains escape including the Tiger and most of his gang. After gaining access from the CIA he plans on going to Nigeria, where he hopes to find and stop the Tiger, using the knowledge based on the Tiger's whereabouts. After convincing a bitter Nanna and nervous Bree, he goes on a plane trip to Nigeria, where he is annoyed by their customs. He is then kidnapped by 'cops' and put in jail, where his nose is broken, he is horribly injured, and starves as well as having to deal with no water. After nearly three days or more, he is bailed out by American Ian Flaherty who gives Cross advice to flee while he still can. He is then called by Bree who says there has been another murder by the Tiger.

Instead of listening to Flaherty, Cross instead goes to Sierra Leone, where he meets veteran and amputee, Moses, who feeds him and gives him water. Later that night, Cross, when alone by himself, is ambushed by the Tiger's gang, however, he escapes with Moses' help and buys a truck which he later gives to Moses. Father Bombata, a priest whom he met during the plane ride to Nigeria, informs him his cousin, Addane Tansi, may be able to help Alex, who meets Addane, a reporter who had, unbeknownst to Alex, befriended Ellie, who had gone to Nigeria some time before her death. Addane introduces Alex to her family and shares a kiss with him, which he refuses to think of because of Bree; Flaherty later reveals that the Tiger's real name is Abidemi Sowande. Alex and Addane go to a hobo camp where they are attacked by Janjaweed, ruthless men who rape, injure, and kill women and children. After barely escaping due to the 'Peacekeepers' who only do it so they gain no bad publicity, especially by Addane. After returning to Nigeria, Cross and Addane discover that Addane's family have been murdered. When trying to get closer, Cross and Addane are taken to jail by cops. Alex witnesses Addane get murdered by Tiger after being raped, and is released afterwards.

Heading home, he learns that Alex's family have been kidnapped by the Tiger, who then gives Alex coordinates to the hideout. Alex, Bree, and John Sampson go and defeat the Tiger's gang, while Alex follows Sowande (Tiger). Alex kills the Tiger. Ian Flaherty is revealed to be working with Sownande and is arrested. Shortly afterward, his family are found; Alex instantly thinks the CIA might have worked with the Tiger. Alex calls upon Merrill Snyder and Steven Millard, from the CIA, and arrests them, after discovering they and Flaherty were associated with Tiger. The book ends as Alex gets an alarming phone call from Kyle Craig, who has escaped from prison and wants revenge on Alex Cross after the events in the previous book.

Sequels
A sequel was released on August 29, 2009, entitled Alex Cross' Trial and was followed by six others featuring Cross, I, Alex Cross, Cross Fire, Kill Alex Cross, Merry Christmas, Alex Cross, Alex Cross, Run and Cross My Heart.

Reception
The novel has received a mostly negative response, and maintains a 2.5 rating (out of a possible five) on Amazon.com. Several critics have attacked the story's graphic scenes of violence and torture, and also claim that the prose style is of a very low standard. However, Fantastic Fiction thought that Cross Country "[is] The most heart-stopping, speed-charged, electrifying Alex Cross thriller yet." BestsellrrsWorld wrote, "Intense, suspensful, emotionally charged. . . One of Paterson's best novels to date." The book was a #1 New York Times Bestseller for many weeks and was a #1 in both Publisher and Entertainment Weekly, and #2 in the Wall Street Journal.

References

2008 American novels
Alex Cross (novel series)
Novels set in Africa
Little, Brown and Company books

Cross Country (novel)


The 1861 British loan to Morocco was made so that Morocco could meet the war indemnity demands of Spain after the Hispano-Moroccan War.

The 1860 Treaty of Wad Ras brought the war to an end. By terms of the treaty, Morocco was to pay Spain a war indemnity of 20 million duro (equivalent to $4 million 1861 US dollars)—far greater the balance of the Makhzen's treasury. To help pay the indemnity, Morocco took a loan from private investors in Britain. The loan, issued by Sirs Robinson, Fleming and Philippe P. Blyth, amounted to £501,200, of which the Sultan actually received £426,000. The British loan was to be repaid from half of the tariff revenue collected at Moroccan ports, to be overseen by European agents. The other half of the tariff revenue at Moroccan ports went toward the amount owed directly to Spain. The 5% interest rate was to be paid in London to the London and County Bank. The amortization of the loan was biannual.

Britain had interests in Morocco, as apparent in the Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856 and the activity of John Hay Drummond Hay.

The annual repayment of the loan represented 12% of Morocco's customs revenues, and it was repaid regularly up until 1882, when the loan was repaid in full. At this time, the British civil servants appointed by the British government to watch over the customs collection in Moroccan ports left the country.

References

Loans
Morocco–United Kingdom relations
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
1860s in Morocco

1861 British loan to Morocco


Radymno is a town and commune in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in Jarosław district, Poland. Between 1975–1998 the town was in Przemyskie Voivodeship.

In the past Radymno was a town of people with different faiths: Roman Catholic, Judaic and Greek Catholic. Most of the residents are now Roman Catholic. The town is in the Przemyśl Gate on a plateau in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, in the valley of the San River, on the left bank of the Rada River, on the international road A4 which runs from Jędrzychowice-Korczowa (State Border) to Lviv (Ukraine).

Statistics
 On December 31, 2007 the town had 5,710 residents
 City size - 13.6 km²
 Resources - natural gas, ceramic clay, mineral aggregates
 Status - an independent commune in Jaroslaw district, Subcarpathian Voivodeship

Monuments

 City Centre located in the by market square has a historic urban layout stretching 14th–15th century, transformed in later centuries due to road construction and building regulations. Within the city survived several historic buildings, mostly houses and tenements from the 19th and also the beginning of the 20th century.
 Near the market square the Parish Church of St. Lawrence is located, which was built in 1724-1730 in Baroque style. By the church there is a belfry from 1729 and a rectory of the second half of 18th century.
 Cemetery and the mortuary chapel from 19th-20th century
 Within the city there are several historic shrines
 Market hall was built around 1918 and the synagogue, which was also built in 1918

Tourism

 The biggest attraction is a lake ZEK. In the summer you can rent boats, in the angling season you can attempt to catch a fish.
 The San River

Culture
Jazz Festival Radymno
 From the year 2010 in Municipal Cultural Center take place Jazz Festival Radymno.
 On March 4, 2011 there was II Radymno Jazz Festival in Radymno.
 On 10 February 2012 in Dwór Kresowy there was III Radymno Jazz Festival, starring Lora Szafran and Marej Raduli.
 On February 23, 2013 in Dwór Kresowy took place IV Radymno Jazz Festival starring Magda Piskorczyk i Boogie Boys.
 On 20 February 2014 there was V Radymno Jazz Festival.
 On February 6, 2015 there was VI Radymno Jazz Festival, evening star was Ania Szarmach.
 On 8 April 2016 – there was VII Radymno Jazz & Rock Festival, starring Jazz Band Ball Orchestra, RSC(band).

Radymno Days
On July 25, 2010-the star of the evening was Andrzej Piaseczny.
From 17-18 July 2011-star evening Blue Café and Enej.
On July 15, 2012 – star of the evening was the band Bajm.
From 12 – 14 July 2013 – celebrities evenings Afromental and Maleo Reggae Rockers.
From 17 – 20 July 2014 - the star of the evening on July 19 was the team Combination.
From 29 - 31 May 2015 – star of the evening may 31 was a team.

Podkarpacki Review Choirs
 On April 9, 2011 at the St. Lawrence church took place V Podkarpacki Review Choirs, whose theme was songs of passion.
 On March 24, 2012 in the St. Lawrence church held the VI Podkarpacki Review Choirs.
 On March 23, 2013 in the St. Lawrence church held the VII Podkarpacki Review Choirs.
 On 5 April 2014 in the "The Sacred Heart of Jesus" church had taken place VIII Podkarpacki Review Choirs "songs of Passion".
 On March 21, 2015 at the  St. Lawrence church-IX Podkarpacki Review Choirs-the songs of Passion.
 From 12-13 March in the  St. Lawrence church-X Podkarpacki Review Choirs-The Songs Of Passion.

Other
 From 18-20 May, 2012 there was opening X motorcycle season.
 I Jurrasic Midsummer - on June 24, 2015.

Sport
Radymno is a small town, but it is highly developed in terms of sport. Currently in the city there are 4 sports club.

MKS Radymno

It is a football men's club. Military&Civil Sports Society operated in Radymno since 1934. Later, the name of this club has changed. Until now its name is MKS Radymno. The team has its own stadium, where we can find about 1000 seats. At the moment, MKS Radymno plays in the Fifth Division. There are 3 sections age. Currently, Grzegorz Olech is the president of the club.  (Official page [1] )

TKS "Żagiel" Radymno

It is a volleyball men's club. "Żagiel" is a relatively young club, because it has started its activity in 2010. That's the only club in the city, in which men can play the volleyball. There are 2 sections: senior and cadet. The senior's team play in the Second Podkarpacie League. Cadets play in Podkarpacie League Cadets. Zdzisław Koniuch is the founder and the president of the club. (Official page [2] )

KS Feniks Radymno

It is a volleyball women's club. Women's passion and involvement womens in volleyball were the main factors why this club was created. That was in 2012. Feniks Radymno has 2 sections: junior and youngster. From the beginning the team play in Amateur Volleyball League. Every year the club gets one of three places on the podium. Also every year Feniks with the president of the city are organize New Year's female Volleyball Tournament. (Official page [3] )

UKS Giganci Radymno
It is the youngest club in the city. The club was created by involved parents, in 2015. Giganci Radymno is mainly football club, but it has also a chess section. In the club yoy can find children aged 7 to 13 years. (Official page [4] )

Honorary citizens of the city
 Monsignor Ludwik Dyszynski – a former rector of Parish Radymno
 Wladysław Siara – a medical doctor, a soldier of the September Campaign
 Helena Pawelek – a retired teacher, founder and conductor of the choir Cantillena
 Monsignor Kazimierz Golenia – a former rector of Parish Radymno

Gallery

Cities in Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Radymno


Sophian Rafai (born 16 December 1986) is a Moroccan-French basketball player currently playing for Juvisy in the French Basketball League.

Rafai is a member of the Morocco national basketball team and competed for the team at the FIBA Africa Championship 2009.  After not playing in the team's first six games, Rafai got his first action at the tournament in the consolation bracket against Egypt.  In 23 minutes of action, Rafai impressed, scoring a team-leading 14 points on 7 of 8 shooting.

References

1986 births
Living people
Moroccan men's basketball players
French men's basketball players
People from Juvisy-sur-Orge
French sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Point guards
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Essonne

Sophian Rafai


Mid-America Christian University (MACU) is a private Christian university in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. MACU is an endorsed agency of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. MACU was initially founded as the South Texas Bible Institute in 1953 in Houston Heights, Houston, Texas.

More than 60 courses of study are offered through MACU's twelve academic schools.

History

The institution, now known as MACU, was founded on September 14, 1953, as the South Texas Bible Institute in Houston, Texas. It was chartered as a center for higher education. Dr. Max R. Gaulke established the institution with the help of the First Church of God.

In the fall of 1955, the curriculum of the institution was expanded to that of a four-year university and the name was changed to Gulf Coast Bible College. In 1966, Gulf-Coast Bible College became an associate member of the American Association of Bible Colleges and was granted full membership in 1968. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the regional accrediting association, granted full accreditation in 1978.

The Gulf Coast Bible College became a general agency of the Church of God (Anderson) in June 1968. The Executive Council of the Church of God accepted the college as a member organization. Additionally, the college also was granted membership on the Commission on Higher Education of the Church of God.

When the college was in the Houston Heights, it tried to establish a campus by buying houses and tearing them down. In 1984 the university announced that it was moving to Oklahoma City. Not all of the officials wanted to move to Oklahoma.

In September 1984 Odus Eubank, the vice president for academic affairs said that he did not want to go to Oklahoma. He resigned in the spring of 1985. The Gulf Coast Bible College relocated to Oklahoma City in June 1985, and changed its name to Mid-America Bible College. Eubank formed the Christian College of America of Houston with other pastors.

The institution adopted its current name, Mid-America Christian University, in 2003.

Academics
MACU offers Bible-based liberal arts programs and ministry education. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Through twelve academic schools, the university provides undergraduate degrees, graduate degrees and certificates. The university also offers a life experience program, allowing students to convert prior work, military, church, volunteer and general life experience into up to 30 hours of college credit towards their undergraduate degree program.

In 2019, the university announced a program called FastTrack. Through FastTrack, students can combine any undergraduate program with either a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or a Master of Arts in Leadership to complete both degrees in five years.

Military
MACU participates in the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill Yellow Ribbon Program and meets the cost per hour of $250 allotted for active military. The university staffs a dedicated office of veterans and family members of veterans to help current and former members of the armed forces with their educational experience.

Scholarships
MACU offers fourteen academic scholarships for incoming freshmen and college transfers based on factors such as GPA and ACT scores. Additional scholarships are available through church partnerships, athletics and through the university's general scholarship fund. Academic scholarship opportunities are also available for adult students pursuing bachelor's and master's degrees from the university.

Dream Scholarship Gala
Every year, MACU holds a Dream Scholarship Gala in Oklahoma City to raise funds for the university's general scholarship fund, called the Evangel Fund. The Dream Scholarship Gala was established in 2016 and has raised $485,000 for institutional scholarships to date.

Campus
The university campus consists of eight buildings set on a  plot. The main building has nearly two acres under the same roof. The college auditorium has the capacity of 670 seats, which is used for chapel, assemblies, and other special weeks.

Library

The Charles Ewing Brown Library, located on campus, offers the students and faculty access to resources for use in academic research as well as for personal pleasure. The Library's collection contains over 166,800 volumes, including: over 41,100 print book and periodical titles, over 58,200 electronic book titles, over 15,400 online periodical titles, and over 4,100 online government documents. It seats over 150 students and has 33 computer stations, two meeting rooms, and an Education Resource Center for students in the School of Teacher Education.

The C. E. Brown Library participates in the OK-Share card system provided by the Oklahoma Council of Academic Library Directors (OCALD).

Athletics
The Mid-America Christian (MACU) athletic teams are called the Evangels. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Sooner Athletic Conference (SAC) since the 2007–08 academic year. They are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the Central Region of the Division I level.

MACU competes in eight intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, soccer, softball and volleyball; and co-ed sports include eSports.

Men's basketball
In 2016, the men's basketball team won the Buffalo Funds NAIA Championship in Kansas City, Missouri. This was the school's first and only NAIA national title (although they have won several NCCAA titles).

Men's soccer
In 2018, the men's soccer team won the SAC conference tournament championship. This was the first SAC title MACU has claimed in any sport.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Bible colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)
Universities and colleges in Oklahoma City
Private universities and colleges in Oklahoma
Universities and colleges established in 1953
Evangelicalism in Oklahoma
1953 establishments in Texas
1985 establishments in Oklahoma

Mid-America Christian University


William Terrell Hodges (April 28, 1934 – January 4, 2022) was an American politician and lawyer. He was Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida between 1971 until his death in 2022. He was chief judge between 1982 until 1989. Hodges was nominated to the court by President Richard Nixon. He was born in Lake Wales, Florida.

Hodges died on January 4, 2022 in Orlando, Florida at the age of 87.

References

1934 births
2022 deaths
American judges
Lawyers from Florida
Politicians from Florida
People from Orlando, Florida
Republican Party (United States) politicians

William Terrell Hodges


Various sour soups,  characterized by their sour taste, are known in various East Asian, Southeast Asian, and the cuisines of Eastern Europe.

Asian origin

Samlar machu, a Khmer term for a category of sour soups.
Canh chua (literally "sour soup")  is a sour soup indigenous to the Mekong River region of southern Vietnam.
Sinigang, Philippine sour soup
Hot and sour soup
Tom kha kai
Tom yum
Lemon rasam - an Indian sour soup made with lemon juices
Dunt dalun chin-yei - drumstick sour soup (cuisine of Burma)
Sayur asem
Ikan kuah kuning - an Indonesia sour fish soup
Sour soup fish - a Guizhou cuisine in southern China

Slavic origin

 Beet borscht cooked in Eastern Europe has appreciable sour taste due to adding sour beet (or fermented beet juice) or sour cream.
 Borschts without beets are sour in general
 Kapusniak, Ukrainian and Polish soup made from sour cabbage (sauerkraut), millet and potatoes in meat broth
 Sour shchi, a sour cabbage soup in Russian cuisine
 Rassolnik, traditional Russian soup made with pickled cucumbers
 Sorrel soup
 Solyanka, thick, spicy and sour soup in the Russian and Ukrainian cuisine
 Okroshka, cold Russian soup traditionally made with kvass
 Sour rye soup, known as żur in Belarus and Poland, or kyselo in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
 Jota (Slovenian cuisine)
 Styrian sour soup (Slovenian cuisine)
 Vipava sour soup (Slovenian cuisine)

Romania and Moldova
Borș, term from the historic region of Moldavia for sour soups or fermented wheat bran, essential ingredient to cook Ciorbă.

See also
List of soups

List of sour soups


The Testing Block is a 1920 American silent Western film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring William S. Hart, Eva Novak, J. Gordon Russell, Florence Carpenter, Richard Headrick, and Ira McFadden. It was written by Lambert Hillyer and William S. Hart. It was released on December 26, 1920, by Paramount Pictures.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Nelly Gray (Novak), a member of a traveling show, is stranded when the manager abandons the troupe, and Sierra Bill (Hart), a member of a gang, helps with the gift of some gold. Although the gang leader has designs on the young woman, he agrees that the gang will fight it out among themselves and the last man standing will get her. Sierra Bill wins, and in a drunken fury forces Nelly to marry him. After the wedding he becomes the model husband and soon Sonny (Headrick) is born who is the apple of his father's eye. The gang leader returns with Rosita, a young Mexican woman, and discloses Sierra Bill's past to Nelly and suggests that he is even having an affair with Rosita. The gang leader directs Rosita through her cards to tell Sierra Bill that his wife is longing to leave him. Nelly agrees to leave with the trouble-maker, but with the promise that Sonny will soon join them. Sonny, however, is taken ill, and the husband and wife have a reunion at his bedside that brings a happy ending.

Cast
 William S. Hart as 'Sierra' Bill
 Eva Novak as Nelly Gray
 J. Gordon Russell as Ringe
 Florence Carpenter as Rosita
 Richard Headrick as Sonny
 Ira McFadden as Slim

Survival and Availability
The Testing Block has survived in complete form and a print is held by the Library of Congress. Much of the film was shot in and around Capitola, California, and to celebrate the film's 100th anniversary a scan of the LOC print was screened at the Capitola Community Center on January 26, 2020. Afterward the Capitola History Museum uploaded the film online, preceded by an introduction. Having been released in 1920, The Testing Block is in the public domain.

References

External links

 The Testing Block on YouTube (Library of Congress film scan uploaded by the Capitola Historical Museum)

1920 films
1920 Western (genre) films
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by Lambert Hillyer
American black-and-white films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1920s English-language films
1920s American films
English-language Western (genre) films

The Testing Block


Joseph Conrad Square is a small triangular square at Columbus Avenue and Beach Street, near Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, California.

History
The park was dedicated in 1971 by then Mayor Joseph Alioto and was named for sailor and novelist Joseph Conrad.  The project had been initiated by Wanda Tomczykowska, president of the Polish Arts and Culture Foundation.

Consideration was given to placing in the park the San Francisco Maritime Museum's copy of Jacob Epstein's 1924 bronze bust of Conrad, but the sculpture remains at the Museum due to concerns about potential vandalization if placed at the park.

External links

 Google map showing location of Joseph Conrad Square.

Squares in San Francisco
Joseph Conrad

Joseph Conrad Square


David William Duchovny ( ; born ) is an American actor, writer, producer and musician. He portrayed FBI agent Fox Mulder on the television series The X-Files (1993–2002, 2016–2018) and played the writer Hank Moody on the television series Californication (2007–2014), both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards. Duchovny appeared in both X-Files films, the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the same name and the supernatural-thriller The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008). He executive-produced and starred in the historically based cop drama Aquarius (2015–2016).

His film work includes minor roles in the coming-of-age black comedy Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991), and the family comedy Beethoven (1992). Also in 1992, he played Roland Totheroh in the biographical comedy-drama Chaplin with Robert Downey Jr. In the 2000's, he starred in Return to Me with Minnie Driver (2000), Evolution with Orlando Jones (2001), Connie and Carla with Nia Vardalos (2004), House of D with Robin Williams (2004), and The Joneses with Demi Moore (2009).

Duchovny holds a B.A. in English literature from Princeton University, and a M.A. in English literature from Yale University, and has since published five books: Holy Cow: A Modern-Day Dairy Tale (2015), Bucky F*cking Dent (2016), Miss Subways (2018), Truly Like Lightning (2021), and The Reservoir (2022).

Early life

Duchovny was born in New York City in 1960. He is the son of Amram "Ami" Ducovny (1927–2003), a writer and publicist who worked for the American Jewish Committee, and Margaret "Meg" (née Miller), a school administrator and teacher. He is the second son and the middle child of three children. He has an elder brother, Daniel (b. 1956) and a younger sister, Laurie (b. 1966). Duchovny's mother is a Scottish immigrant from Aberdeen, Scotland. His father was Jewish, and his mother was Lutheran. His father dropped the h in his last name to avoid the sort of mispronunciations he encountered while serving in the Army. In the Polish language, duchowny means 'clergyman', and in the Ukrainian language it means 'spiritual'. Duchovny's paternal grandfather was a Jewish emigrant from Berdychiv, Ukraine, and Duchovny's paternal grandmother was a Jewish emigrant from Congress Poland (now in Poland).

Duchovny attended The Collegiate School For Boys in Manhattan (where he was a classmate of John F. Kennedy Jr.) from which he graduated as head boy in 1978. He then attended Princeton University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa and summa cum laude in 1982 with an A.B. in English literature. He was a member of Charter Club, one of the university's eating clubs. In 1982, his poetry received an honorable mention for a college prize from the Academy of American Poets. The title of his senior thesis was The Schizophrenic Critique of Pure Reason in Beckett's Early Novels. He played junior varsity basketball at Princeton. He earned a Master of Arts in English Literature from Yale University and subsequently began work on a Ph.D. that remains unfinished. The title of his uncompleted doctoral thesis is Magic and Technology in Contemporary Fiction and Poetry.

Roots
Duchovny's great-great-grandfather and his family moved from Berdychiv (then in the Russian Empire, now in Ukraine) to Jaffa (then in the Ottoman Empire, now in Israel). In December 1914 his ancestors were among 6,000 Jews who were forcibly removed from their homes by Ottoman police, violently expelled from Jaffa, and deported by ship to Egypt.

Career
Duchovny appeared in an advertisement for Löwenbräu beer in 1987. The next year he appeared in Working Girl (1988). He had a small recurring role as Denise Bryson, a transgender DEA agent on the series Twin Peaks and played the narrator and host in the Showtime softcore erotica TV series Red Shoe Diaries. In 1992, he played the role of Rollie Totheroh in the biographic film Chaplin, directed by Richard Attenborough and based on the life of Charlie Chaplin. In 1992 he had a small role in the family film Beethoven.

In 1993, Duchovny began starring in the science fiction series The X-Files, as FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder, a conspiracy theorist who believed his sister had been abducted by aliens. The show evolved into a cult hit and became one of The Fox Network's first major television hits. According to The X-Files creator Chris Carter, Duchovny turned out to be one of the best-read people he knew. After getting the role, Duchovny thought the show would not last for long or make as much impact as it did. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz called Duchovny "amazingly smart". Spotnitz further stated that Duchovny was behind some of the main characteristic ideas behind Mulder. Also in 1993, Duchovny was cast alongside Brad Pitt and Juliette Lewis, in the Dominic Sena-directed thriller Kalifornia.

During The X-Files run, in between the fifth and sixth seasons, Duchovny co-starred alongside Gillian Anderson in a 1998 film also titled The X-Files that continued the storyline. He remained with the series until leaving the show in 2001, partly because of a contract dispute that occurred after season seven finished filming. Duchovny appeared in half of the season eight episodes, but did not appear in season nine until the series finale in 2002. He also provided the voice for a parody of his Mulder character in the episode "The Springfield Files" of the animated comedy series The Simpsons. Duchovny has been nominated for four Emmy Awards.

Duchovny caused controversy when it became public that he was the primary reason for The X-Files moving filming locations from Vancouver, British Columbia to Los Angeles in 1998. Many residents of Vancouver were upset with Duchovny over scripted jokes on Late Night with Conan O'Brien about the city's heavy rainfall, including one where he joked, "Vancouver is a very nice place if you like 400 inches of rainfall a day." (Duchovny's character Mulder would later reference this joke in the Season 5 episode "Schizogeny.") He also stated, "Of course, I'm tired of the rain. But if I wasn't married to a woman that lives in L.A., I'd stay in Vancouver. It's a lovely city." During the run of The X-Files, he also made several guest appearances in the cult TV satire The Larry Sanders Show, playing a fictionalized version of himself who is very attracted to Sanders. In the final episode of the series, he performed a parody of Sharon Stone's 'flashing' scene from Basic Instinct and a parody of Dr. Hannibal Lecter being introduced to Agent Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs.

Duchovny has guest-hosted Saturday Night Live twice (May 13, 1995, and May 9, 1998). Both shows were season finales.
In 1997 he played lead role as a disgraced doctor with a drug problem who after losing his medical license, takes a job with the mob in the film "Playing God"
In 2000 he starred in the feature film Return to Me, a romantic comedy/drama directed by Bonnie Hunt and co-starring Minnie Driver and Carroll O'Connor. In 2001, Duchovny starred as Ira Kane in the sci-fi comedy film Evolution, alongside Seann William Scott, and had a cameo as hand model J.P. Prewitt in the Ben Stiller comedy Zoolander. He appeared in a celebrity edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in May 2000. He got to the $250,000 question but answered his $500,000 question incorrectly and lost $218,000, leaving him with $32,000. He appeared on Celebrity Jeopardy! in 1995 and 2010.

Duchovny provided the voice of Ethan Cole in the 2005 video game Area 51, as well as that of the title character in the 2003 video game XIII. In 2003 Duchovny starred in the 84th episode of the HBO show Sex and the City. He played the role of Jeremy, Carrie Bradshaw's high-school ex-boyfriend, who has committed himself to a Connecticut mental health facility. In 2005, Duchovny provided the voice-over for a PSA radio campaign for Act Against Violence. In 2005, Duchovny, who had already made his directorial debut with an episode of The X-Files, wrote, directed, and appeared in the feature film House of D. The film starred Anton Yelchin, Robin Williams, and Duchovny's then-wife Téa Leoni in a coming-of-age tale. It received mostly poor reviews and little box office success. Duchovny also directed "Judas on a Pole," an episode of Bones, during the show's second season.

From 2007 to 2014, Duchovny played the troubled, womanizing novelist, Hank Moody, in the Showtime series, Californication. The portrayal landed him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2007. In March 2014, NBC announced that a new TV series, entitled Aquarius, would be produced starring Duchovny. Duchovny portrayed a 1960s police sergeant investigating small-time criminal and budding cult leader Charles Manson. In March 2015, Duchovny was announced as returning in a six-episode continuation of The X-Files. It premiered on January 24, 2016, on Fox.

In 2017, he decided to put his acting career on hold so he could focus on his career as a novelist and singer/songwriter. Duchovny's then last acting job was in the 11th season of The X-Files in 2018. He made his return to acting in The Craft: Legacy, the 2020 film sequel to The Craft.

Personal life
Duchovny and actress Téa Leoni married on May 13, 1997. They have two children, a daughter born in April 1999 and a son born in June 2002.

In 2008, the couple separated; Duchovny received treatment for sex addiction from August to October. Claims by the Daily Mail that he had an affair with Hungarian tennis instructor Edit Pakay led to legal threats and a retraction by the paper on November 15. In 2009, Duchovny and Leoni reunited but separated again on June 29, 2011. Duchovny filed for divorce in June 2014, and the couple had agreed to settlement terms by that August.

Duchovny is a vegetarian or pescetarian and is supportive of environmentalism, and an enthusiast of electric vehicle technology. He made an appearance at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival in support of the film Revenge of the Electric Car.

Acting credits

Film

Television

Video games

Audiobooks
 2015: Audiobook To Legend He Goes: A Tale from The Legend of Drizzt
 2017: Audiobook X-Files - cold cases - an Audible original
 2017: Audiobook X files - stolen lives - an Audible original

Discography and tours

Studio albums

Works
 2011: Introduction to: Coach: 25 Writers Reflect on People Who Made a Difference .
 2015: Holy Cow: A Modern-Day Dairy Tale, Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
 2016: Bucky F*cking Dent, Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
 2018: Miss Subways: A Novel, Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
 2021: Truly Like Lightning: A Novel, Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
 2022: The Reservoir: A Novella, Akashic Books .

References

External links

The Washington Post Interview with David Duchovny, April 2007 David Duchovny and the Drama of Television

1960 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American television directors
Television producers from New York City
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Collegiate School (New York) alumni
Film directors from New York City
American indie rock musicians
Living people
Male actors from New York City
People from Fire Island, New York
Writers from the Upper East Side
Actors from the Upper East Side
Princeton University alumni
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Actors from the Upper West Side
Writers from the Upper West Side
Jewish singers

David Duchovny


Daniel Brooks Baer (born January 6, 1977) is an American politician and former diplomat from Colorado currently serving as Senior Vice President for Policy Research at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Baer served in the Obama administration's State Department, first as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor from 2009 to 2013, and then as United States Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe from 2013 to 2017. In 2018, Governor John Hickenlooper appointed Baer as the executive director of the Colorado Department of Higher Education.

Early life and education
Baer is a native of Colorado. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in social studies and African American studies and was then a Marshall Scholar at Oxford University, where he earned master's and doctoral degrees in international relations.

Consulting, academic, and diplomatic career

From 2004 to 2007, Baer worked at the Boston Consulting Group as project leader.

He was then an Assistant Professor of Strategy, Economics, Ethics, and Public Policy at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University. He then joined the United States Department of State, where he was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor from November 23, 2009 to September 10, 2013. From 2013 to 2017, Baer was the United States Ambassador for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Colorado politics
In July 2017, Baer announced that he was running in the Democratic primary for the U.S. House seat for Colorado's 7th congressional district, held by Democrat Ed Perlmutter, who initially did not file to run for re-election in 2018. The district covers portions of Jefferson and Adams counties. Baer withdrew from the race after Perlmutter announced that he would seek reelection.

From 2017 to 2018, Baer was a diplomat-in-residence at the University of Denver's Josef Korbel School of International Affairs. In May 2018 Baer was appointed by Governor John Hickenlooper to serve as Executive Director of the Colorado Department of Higher Education.

In April 2019, Baer announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate seat held by Cory Gardner in the 2020 election. Baer entered the primary with a field of nine Democratic candidates seeking the party's nomination, running against John F. Walsh, Andrew Romanoff, Mike Johnston, Ellen Burnes, Alice Madden, and others. In September 2019, Baer dropped out of the primary and endorsed John Hickenlooper, who entered the race after ending his 2020 U.S. presidential bid.

Personal life
Baer is openly gay; in August 2014, he married his longtime partner Brian Walsh.

See also
List of LGBT ambassadors of the United States
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

References

External links

1977 births
21st-century American LGBT people
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
McDonough School of Business faculty
Harvard College alumni
Gay diplomats
American gay men
Living people
LGBT ambassadors of the United States
LGBT people from Colorado
Marshall Scholars
Colorado Democrats
Candidates in the 2020 United States Senate elections

Dan Baer


Carmen de Alonso (1909–1993) was the pseudonym of Carmen Margarita Carrasco Barrios, a Chilean author.

Biography
Carmen Margarita Carrasco Barrios was born in La Serena. She studied in Ovalle and Santiago and was awarded the title of Profesora normalista. She worked as a teacher in Santiago and held several positions at the Biblioteca Nacional.

She began to have success publishing short stories, and was a prolific contributor to newspapers and magazines, including the journal Atenea and her own column "Al Pasar" in the magazine Margarita. In the 1950s she became well known for her children's story collections Medallones de sol and Medallones de luna. In 1957 her story "La puebla" (later included in the 1962 collection La cita and many other anthologies) won the Mariano Latorre Prize for Folktales. In the early 1960s her anthologies Érase una amapolita and La casita de cristal were also popular.

Many of her stories were folktales set in Chile's northern region and touched on conditions of poverty, violence, and injustice. Alonso was recognized as one of the country's most distinguished writers about rural life, and her stories were collected in many books.

Works

Novels
 Anclas en la ciudad (1941)

Short story collections
 Gleba (1936)
 Provena (1938)
 Y había luz de estrellas (1950)
 La cita (1962)

Children's story collections
 Medallones de sol (1955)
 Medallones de luna (1956)
 Cantaritos (Leyendas americanas) (1958)
 Érase una amapolita: Nuevas leyendas americanas (1962)
 La casita de cristal (1962)

References

1909 births
1993 deaths
Chilean women novelists
Chilean women short story writers
People from La Serena
Chilean women children's writers
20th-century Chilean women writers
20th-century Chilean novelists
Writers from Santiago

Carmen de Alonso


Clive Orminston Abdulah (born 5 June 1927) is a retired Bishop of Trinidad who continues to serve the Church as an assistant bishop and a member of the Anglican Consultative Council.

Biography
Born in Woodbrook, Port of Spain, Trinidad, Abdulah attended Rosary Boys' School and Queen's Royal College, before continuing his education at the Universities of Pennsylvania (BA, 1950) and the University of Toronto.

He was ordained in 1954 and began his ecclesiastical career with a curacy in Kingston, Jamaica. He was then Rector of Highgate and Rural Dean of St Mary's in the same country before his elevation to the episcopate. He was the first black bishop of the Anglican church in Trinidad and Tobago and was the first West Indian bishop to serve on the board of directors of the Anglican Centre in Rome, Italy (from 1992 to 1995).

A noted Freemason, Abdulah has spoken out about political deadlock in Trinidad.

Awards
Abdulah's awards include the Hummingbird Medal (Gold) and an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of the West Indies.

References

1927 births
Living people
Recipients of the Hummingbird Medal
Anglican bishops of Trinidad and Tobago
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of Queen's Royal College, Trinidad
People from Port of Spain

Clive Abdulah


Charlott Cordes (born 6 December 1988)  is a German fashion model from Hamburg, Germany. She was co-winner (along with Jeanna Krichel) of the Elite Model Look 2003 in Germany. Cordes placed among the top five at the international final of the contest in Singapore.  She was nominated for the German "New Faces Award 2005." In 2004 she modelled in fashion shows for Prada, Jil Sander, and Calvin Klein. She resides in Hamburg, Milan, Italy, New York City, and Barcelona, Spain. Her height is 5'9.5" (177 cm). She has blonde hair and green eyes.

Cordes has appeared on the cover of the Russian language version of Vogue which was photographed by Karl Lagerfeld
in April 2005. The same month she participated in advertising for Chanel. The following August
Walter Chin captured her image for the 25th anniversary jubilee issue of German Vogue. Cordes was photographed by Carter Smith for
American Teen Vogue and also appeared in Harper's Bazaar. Her advertising campaigns include work for Nivea, DKNY, Laurel, Rena Lange, Moschino, BGN, Fornarina, Tommy Hilfiger, Chanel, Givenchy, DeBeers, and Benetton.

She is represented by Model Management (Hamburg), Elite Model Management, Elite Paris, Elite Milan, Select (London, England), and Elite Barcelona.

References

External links

Charlott Cordes at Vogue.de Models
Charlott Cordes at One Thousand Models.com

1988 births
German female models
Living people
Models from Hamburg

Charlott Cordes


Ilex mucronata, the mountain holly or catberry, is a species of holly native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Minnesota, and south to Maryland and West Virginia.

Taxonomy
It was formerly treated in its own monotypic genus as Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes., known as "false holly", but transferred to Ilex on molecular data; it is closely related to Ilex amelanchier.

Description
Ilex mucronata is a deciduous shrub growing to 3 m (rarely 4 m) tall (or 6 to 10 feet high from the "Manual of Woody Landscape Plants" by Dr. Michael Dirr.) The leaves are alternate, simple, elliptic to oblong, (1 to 2.5" long and 3/4's as wide) 1.5–7 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, with an entire or finely serrated margin and an acute apex, and a 0.5–2 cm (1/4 to 1/2" long) petiole. The tiny flowers about 1/5" in diameter with 4 to 5 petals are inconspicuous, whitish to greenish-yellow, produced on slender peduncles 25 mm or more long; it is usually dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. The fruit is a red drupe 6–7 mm (1/4 to 1/3") diameter containing three to five pits.

Habitat
The plant does best in full sun, or part shade is good. It usually grows in moist or draining wet acid soils, often with the similar species of Common Winterberry, Ilex verticillata, but is also found on upland cliffs and slopes on hills and mountains. It develops a yellow autumn color. It is recommended for use in naturalistic landscapes. Its USDA hardiness zone recommendation is zones 4 to 6. The name "mountain holly" is also sometimes used for the related mountain winterberry (Ilex montana).

Gallery

References

External links

mucronata
Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of Michigan
Flora of Maryland
Flora of West Virginia
Flora of New Jersey
Flora without expected TNC conservation status

Ilex mucronata


Danusia May Francis-Reid (born 13 May 1994) is a retired British artistic gymnast who represented Great Britain and Jamaica in international competition. She was a reserve athlete for Great Britain's 2012 Olympic team. She attended UCLA and competed for the UCLA Bruins gymnastics team.  She represented Jamaica at the 2020 Olympic Games.

Junior career

2009
In July, Francis competed at the British Championships in Guildford, United Kingdom.  She placed second in the all around final with a score of 53.650. In event finals, she placed first on uneven bars scoring 13.650, joint first on balance beam scoring 13.600, and first on floor scoring 13.700.

Senior career

2010
In July, Francis competed at the British Championships in Guildford, United Kingdom.  She placed third in the all around with a score of 55.350.  Francis said, "I'm extremely happy. I've had a bit of a difficult run in with a few injuries so to be able to compete here in the first place was great, and gave me a chance to see where I stand compared to some of the other gymnasts. Having missed out on the Europeans, it was good to show the home crowd what I can do and win a medal."

2011
In February, Francis competed at the English Championships in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.  She placed third in the all around competition with a score of 52.650.

In April, Francis competed at the 2011 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Berlin, Germany.  In qualifications, she placed twelfth all around with a score of 54.400 which meant that she would move on to the final.  She said, "I started off really nervous as we were up on beam first but once Jenni went clear that helped me to relax a bit. The other pieces went well although I maybe played it a bit too safe on bars. The atmosphere was great and we could hear the British fans cheering for us, especially Beth and Hannah when we were on bars." In the all around final, Francis placed sixteenth with a score of 53.375.  Afterwards she said, "I'm mostly happy to have gone clean the whole week in my first major event as a senior. I have learnt a huge amount being here, particularly what it may be like to perform in front of a home crowd as the German fans went crazy for their gymnasts. I now have some understanding of what it may be like if I make it to London next year."

In May, Francis participated in the British Teams competition in Guildford, United Kingdom.  Her club, Heathrow, finished third and she placed third in the all around with a score of 52.900.

In July, Francis competed at the British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom.  She placed second in the all around with a score of 53.150.  Francis said, "I was slightly annoyed more than anything when I fell on beam but I tried to shake it all off and get back from there so I'm really pleased. I've got a new floor routine which has quite a lot in it so I found it quite hard stamina wise but was happy to finish with the music!"

In October, Francis competed at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Tokyo, Japan.  She contributed a vault score of 13.566 and a balance beam score of 14.141 towards the British team's fifth-place finish.

2012
In March, Francis competed at the English Championships in Kent, United Kingdom.  She placed second in the all around competition with a score of 54.650.

In May, Francis competed at the 2012 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Brussels, Belgium.  She contributed a beam score of 14.000 towards the British team's fourth-place finish.

At the end of May, Francis participated in the British Teams competition which acted as the first Olympic trial.  Her club, Heathrow, placed fourth and she placed second in the all around with a score of 55.100.

At the beginning of June, Francis competed at an international friendly with gymnasts from Finland and Spain in Ipswich, United Kingdom which was also the second Olympic trial.  She placed sixth in the all around competition with a score of 54.050 and third in the uneven bars final with a score of 13.850.

At the end of June, Francis competed at the British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom.
This is the third and final Olympic Trial to decide the gymnasts that will represent the United Kingdom at the Olympics.  She placed sixth in the all around competition with a score of 53.700.  In event finals, she placed eighth on uneven bars scoring 11.350 and fourth on balance beam scoring 13.800.

2015
In October, Francis returned to the elite gymnastics scene as a member of Jamaica's women's team at the 2015 World Championships. As a result of her performance, Francis was able to receive Jamaica a qualification spot to the 2016 Olympic Test Event.

2016
Senior Danusia Francis was awarded regular season All-American honors by the National Association of College Gymnastics Coaches (NACGC/W). She was also named to the 2016 Pac-12 All-Conference teams. On April 15, 2016, Francis was a co-champion of the balance beam competition at the 2016 NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championship.

2019
In October, Francis competed together with two other members of Jamaica's women's team at the 2019 World Championships. As a result of her performance in qualifications, Francis was able to receive an individual qualification spot to the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

"She finished 47th in the all-around [...] attaining a score of 50.982. Her Olympic qualification came as she finished among the top 20 athletes who were not on a qualifying team. She ranked ninth in the group of competitors. Francis participated in all four events in the qualifying round and achieved a score of 13.5 in the vault event, 12.35 in the uneven bars event, and 12.566 in both the balance beam and the floor exercise events".

2021
At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo Francis was due to take part in the women's individual all-around event. Two days prior to the competition Francis learned she had torn her anterior cruciate ligament. She therefore withdrew from the balance beam, the vault and the floor exercise. She chose to continue to compete in the uneven bars with her knee bandaged, scoring the lowest of any competitor as the judges deducted 6.5 points for various infractions and gave her only a 0.5 difficulty score. However, her 9.033 execution score was the highest for any athlete on uneven bars.

See also
 Nationality changes in gymnastics

References

External links

Danusia Francis at Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Coventry
English female artistic gymnasts
UCLA Bruins women's gymnasts
Jamaican female artistic gymnasts
English people of Jamaican descent
Gymnasts at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Jamaica
Gymnasts at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Jamaica
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Black British sportswomen
Citizens of Jamaica through descent

Danusia Francis


Graeme "Dreams" Wilkinson (born 31 March 1938) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne and Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

As a forward or ruckman, Wilkinson spent two seasons at Richmond after failing to make his mark with Melbourne. His 21 goals in the 1960 VFL season was enough to top Richmond's goal-kicking.

The next phase of his career took place in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association (NTFA) where he played with City-South. He made a total of 204 NTFA appearances for City-South and was their 'best and fairest' winner in 1968. As captain-coach during the 1960s, Wilkinson steered his club to premierships in 1962 and 1966 as well as a win over Hobart in the 1966 Tasmanian State Grand Final at York Park. Wilkinson represented Tasmania at the 1966 Hobart Carnival, amongst his six interstate games.

After retiring, Wilkinson was a commentator on ABC radio for the NTFA and Statewide League. He has also served the NTFL as an administrator.

Inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame in 2007, Wilkinson has also been honoured as the captain of the official City-South 'Team of the Century'.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1938 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Melbourne Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
City-South Football Club players
City-South Football Club coaches
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees

Graeme Wilkinson


The Newport Aquarium is a public aquarium in Newport, Kentucky, United States.

World Rivers
In the aquarium's first gallery, nine displays show freshwater fish from five continents of the world. There are hundreds of species in these exhibits, from the rainforests of Australia, the wetlands and caves of North America, tall grasses of  Asia, the Amazon of South America, and the center of Africa. The tanks in World Rivers hold 9,000 gallons of freshwater.

Wenlock River: Banded Rainbow fish, Pacific Blue Eye, Black Tandan Catfish, Gudgeon
Licking River: Rainbow darter, Rosefin shiner, Redside dace, Blue sucker, Two-toned Pared Sunfish
Mississippi River: Spotted gar, Spring cavefish, Stinkpot turtle
Cavefish: Blind cavfish, Northern cavefish
Mekong River: Bumblebee goby, Harlequin Rasboras, Blue gouarmi, Siamese algae eater, Danios, Thai Wood Shrimp
Rio Negro: Heckel duscus, Corydoras catfish, Black-winged hatchetfish, Goden pencilfish, Ram cichlid, Striped Headstander, Cardinal tetra, Neon tetra, Rummy-nose tetra, Red finned Congo tetra, Striped Krib, Slender teleo, Brichard's catfish, Deep Angelfish
Lake Malawi: Mbuna Cichlid, Malawi Eyebiter, Even-spotted Synodontius, Hapliningsteni
Congo River: Congo Tetra, Red Finned Congo Tetra, Green Rope Fish, Butterfly Fish
Lake Tanganyika: Black-fin cichlid, Golden julie, Mbu pufferfish, Moore's Lamprologus, Clavas, Shelldweller, Xenotilapia
Caribbean Cove: Near the end of World Rivers is the aquarium's first tunnel. This tank is home to lookdowns, live sharksuckers, porkfish, gruntfish, and green moray eels.

Shore Gallery
This gallery has over 500 animals in eight different exhibits. These are animals that live in the shallow areas of a water's edge.  The tanks in the Shore Gallery hold 6,120 gallons of water. This includes a touch pool where visitors can touch species of the New England shoreline in a 1,200 gallon, rocky, open-topped exhibit. The Surge Zone depicts an area of Hawaii where waves crash against the rocky shore and create tide pools.

Salt Marsh: Depicts the species that live in the brackish waters of Maryland's shores: Northern Diamondback Terrapin, Marsh Fiddler Crab, Sheepshead Minnow, Marsh Killfish, Mummichog, Periwinkle, Blenny, and Atlantic Silverside.
Tidal River: Showcases a river whose flow is affected by tides in Peninsula De Paria, Venezuela: Four-eyed Fish, Endler's Livebearers, and Orange-spotted Sunfish.
Mangrove Forest: This depicts the brackish mangrove forest along the Nigerian Coast in Africa: Butterfly Mudskipper, Diamond moonfish, Striped Painchax.

River Delta: Depicts a river delta in the Ganges River, Bangladesh: Banded Archerfish, Glass Catfish, Up-side down catfish, Green Spotted Puffer.
Florida Grass Bed: Depicts the tall, thick grasses of the Florida Keys: Scrawled Filefish, High Hat, Gramma Basslet, Orange Toadfish, Trumpetfish.

Flooded Crater: Depicts the Hanauma Bay, which was created when the ocean broke through the side of a volcanic crater and filled the crater with water: Lagoon Triggerfish, Pennant fish, Racoon Butterfly, Loggerhead sea turtle.

Surge Zone: Saddle Wrasse, Ornate wrasse, Sergeants, Sailfin Tang, Dascyilus, Hawaiian Flagtail, Squirrelfish, Arc-eyed Hawkfish.

Sand Flats: Depicts a sandy flat off the Southeastern coast of the U.S.: Silver pomfrets.

California Kelp Forest: This is the second tunnel of the aquarium, simulating a thick kelp forest near Anacapa Island, California

Other websites

Aquariums
Buildings and structures in Kentucky

Newport Aquarium


Sir Ernest William Moir (9 June 1862 – 14 June 1933) was a British civil engineer and the first Moir baronet. He is credited with inventing the first medical airlock  while working on the Hudson River Tunnel in New York in 1889.

Early life
The son of Alexander Mitchell Moir and of Scottish descent, he was born in London and was educated at University College School. At a young age he showed a great interest in mechanics and became expert in mechanical and engineering work while in college. Aged about 15, Moir joined the engineering works of Messrs. Robert Napier and Sons in Glasgow where he served an apprenticeship as a mechanical engineer. He studied engineering at University College London before joining the firm of William Arrol in Glasgow where he started in the drawing office. In his early career he also came into close contact with John Fowler, Benjamin Baker and John Wolfe Barry.

Engineering projects

Moir was the assistant to James Henry Greathead (1844–96) on the building of the London (City) & Southwark Subway, later the City & South London Railway (and now part of the Northern line) in the late 1880s. He was also involved in the construction of the southern cantilevers of the Forth Bridge.

After British consulting engineering expertise was required at the Hudson River Tunnel in New York City, Sir Benjamin Baker provided a report which facilitated $1.5 million of British investment, and in 1889 construction resumed with a contract let to British contractor S. Pearson & Son; Moir was originally resident engineer working for Sir William Arrol and designed an 80-ton steel tunnelling shield for each tunnel at Baker's directions. Moir became contractor's agent (for S. Pearson & Son) in January 1890, working there until British engineering efforts were suspended in 1891. While in New York  from May 1890 Moir invented an airlock chamber for treating decompression sickness when he noticed that about 25% of the workforce digging the Hudson River Tunnel were dying and was surprised to note that "nobody has seemed to care anything about it." He realised that the solution was recompression and his airlock was quickly applied throughout the industry. While Moir's treatment was effective it was too fast by modern standards but he began the process which would lead to the effective treatment of decompression sickness.

Upon his return to the UK from New York, Moir worked on other S. Pearson & Son projects including the Blackwall Tunnel (1892–1897), for which he designed the steel tunnelling shield and other plant, being praised by David Hay for his "originality, zeal, determination and genius" in carrying out the work. Later projects included expansion of the Surrey Commercial Docks and Seaham harbour, the Admiralty harbour at Dover (officially opened in 1909), and Valparaiso harbour in Chile.

He gained the rank of captain in the Royal Engineers (Volunteers) and was put on the Unattached List in 1908. Among his patents was one for a diving bell in 1921.

War service

During World War I Moir served on the Council of the Minister of Munitions for which service he was decorated with the award of Officer in the Legion of Honour. Described by David Lloyd George as "a man of exceptional ability and tact", initially Moir was responsible to Eric Geddes for machine gun production. Later Lloyd George appointed Moir to the Inventions Department of the Ministry of Munitions. Announcing this appointment to the House of Commons on 28 July 1915, Lloyd George stated:

I have appointed Mr E.W. Moir, a distinguished engineer who has already given valuable assistance to my department on a voluntary basis, to take charge of the new branch, and he will not only have an expert staff, but also a panel of scientific consultants on technical and scientific points.

However, Moir quickly found that the War Office was not inclined to co-operate fully with the Ministry. He wrote to Lloyd George about this in March 1915 which Lloyd George reprinted in full in his War Memoirs, using it as evidence of the difficulties and obstructiveness he had encountered as Minister of Munitions during the War.

The Moir Baronetcy, of Whitehanger in the parish of Fernhurst in the County of Sussex, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 11 July 1916 for him.

Moir produced a design for concrete machine-gun pillboxes. Designed to be constructed from a system of interlocking precast concrete blocks, with a steel roof, around 1500 Moir pillboxes were eventually produced (with blocks cast at Richborough in Kent) and sent to the Western Front in 1918.

Moir was the founder and head of Ernest William Moir & Co Ltd, engineers, and a Director of S Pearson & Son Ltd and was President of the Junior Institution of Engineers (a forerunner, 1902–1970, of the Institution of Incorporated Engineers, later the IET) in 1929.

During the 1920s, he also helped one of the first female civil engineers meet Institution of Civil Engineers requirements that design engineers have site experience; Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan left London to work on the Silent Valley Reservoir project in Northern Ireland, and was supervised by Moir, eventually becoming the first female member of the ICE in 1927.

Family life

Moir married Margaret Bruce Pennycook (1862–1942) on 4 June 1887.

Ernest William Moir died in 1933 aged 71 and is buried in the family plot at Brookwood Cemetery under a monument which is Grade II listed. This features a bronze profile portrait of Moir's son 2nd Lieutenant Reginald 'Rex' Moir (1893–1915) of the Royal Engineers, who died of meningitis in the Officers' Hospital in London. The angel sculpture surmounting the pedestal is by Lillian Wade. He was succeeded to the title by his second son, Sir Arrol Moir (1894–1957), named after William Arrol, his first benefactor.

He was survived by his wife Margaret, Lady Moir OBE, who described herself as "an engineer by marriage" as she had travelled with her husband on his many engineering projects. During World War I she organised the Weekend Relief Work Scheme whereby substitute workers covered for the women working in munitions factories allowing them time off. She herself worked as a relief lathe operator for 18 months. Lady Moir was a co-founder of the Women's Engineering Society in 1919. and an early member and president of the Electrical Association for Women.

References

Sources

1862 births
1933 deaths
People educated at University College School
Alumni of University College London
British civil engineers
19th-century British engineers
20th-century British engineers
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
Engineers from London

Ernest William Moir