A Tory () is a person who holds a political philosophy known as Toryism, based on a British version of traditionalism and conservatism.

It may also refer to:

Given name

Female
Tory Marie Arnberger, American politician
Tory Burch (born 1966), American fashion designer
Tory Christman (born 1947), American critic
Tory Dent (1958–2005), American poet
Tory Fretz (born 1942), American tennis player
Tory Gavito, American attorney
Tory Lane (born 1982), American fetish model
Tory Mussett (born 1978), Australian actress
Tory Shepherd, Australian writer
Tory Tunnell, American producer
Tory Whanau (born 1983), New Zealand politician

Male
Tory Baucum (born 1960), American Anglican priest
Tory Bellici (born 1970), American TV personality
Tory Bruno (born 1961), CEO of the United Launch Alliance
Tory Carter (born 1999), American football player
Tory Cassis, Canadian singer
Tory Collins (born 1982), American football player
Tory Dickson (born 1987), Australian rules footballer
Tory Dobrin, American artistic director
Tory Epps (1967–2005), American football player
Tory Harrison (born 1987), American footballer
Tory Humphrey (born 1983), American football tight end
Tory James (born 1973), American football player
Tory Kittles (born 1975), American actor
Tory Lanez (born 1992), Canadian rapper
Tory Nixon (born 1962), American football player
Tory Nyhaug (born 1992), Olympic athlete
Tory Pragassa (born 1996), Kenyan swimmer
Tory Rocca (born 1973), American lawyer
Tory Rushton (born 1979), Canadian politician
Tory Verdi, American basketball coach
Tory Woodbury (born 1978), American football player

Surname
 Geoffroy Tory (c.1480–1533), French humanist and engraver
 Henry Marshall Tory (1864–1967), Canadian university administrator
 James Cranswick Tory (1862–1944), Canadian lawyer and politician
 John A. Tory (1930–2011), Canadian lawyer and father of John H. Tory
 John Tory (born 1954), former Leader of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, and currently the Mayor of Toronto
 John S. D. Tory (1903–1965), Canadian lawyer and father of John A. Tory

Fictional characters
 Tory Boy

Other
 Tory, from Tóraidhe, Irish Catholic soldiers in the mid-1600s who fought for the Confederation of Kilkenny
 Tory, referring to the Loyalist faction in the American Revolution.

Other uses
 Tory Redding, the female protagonist of the 1993 film Leprechaun, played by Jennifer Aniston
 Tory Creek (disambiguation)
 Tory Island, an island off the north-west coast of Ireland
 Tory, a ship of the New Zealand Company in 1839–1840
 , chartered by the Hudson's Bay Company from 1851–1852, see Hudson's Bay Company vessels
 Torys, a Canadian law firm and a member of the Bay Street Seven Sisters
 Tory, the code name of a nuclear reactor developed for Project Pluto
 Conservative Party (UK), a British political party nicknamed the Tories
 Conservative Party of Canada, a Canadian political party nicknamed the Tories (see: Blue Tory, Red Tory)

Related articles
 Tori (name)
 Tory Party (disambiguation)
 Torey, given name and surname
 Torry (disambiguation)
 Torny Pedersen
 Whigs, the traditional political rival of the Tories

Tory


Sylvester Williams Jr. (born November 21, 1988) is a former American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Broncos in the first round of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at North Carolina, where he earned All-American honors.

Early years
Williams was born in St Louis, Missouri, into a family with three older sisters and one younger brother.
He attended Jefferson City High School, and played football for only one season in high school, and started only one game.  Not being recruited by college programs, he assembled radiator parts for large combines before deciding to walk-on at Coffeyville Community College.  He had 52 tackles and two sacks in 2010.

College career
Williams transferred to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2011, and played for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team in 2011 and 2012.  As a junior in 2011, he had 43 tackles and 2.5 sacks. The following season, Williams was named to the All-ACC first team. He was also named an All-American by Pro Football Weekly.

Professional career
Coming out of North Carolina, Williams was a projected first round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and analysts. He attended the NFL combine and completed all of the required combine and positional drills. On March 26, 2013, Williams participated at North Carolina's pro day, along with Jonathan Cooper, Giovani Bernard, Brennan Williams, Travis Bond, Kevin Reddick, and nine other teammates, and opted to only perform positional drills for scouts and team representatives in attendance. Williams was ranked the fourth best defensive tackle prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and Sports Illustrated (behind Sharrif Floyd, Sheldon Richardson, and Star Lotulelei).

Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos selected Williams in the first round (28th overall pick) of the 2013 NFL Draft. He recorded his first career sack on December 12, 2013 in a loss to the San Diego Chargers. He had another sack the following week against the Houston Texans. On December 29, Oakland Raiders quarterback Terrelle Pryor bobbled a snap and Williams recovered it. As a rookie in 2013, Williams played 13 games with 22 tackles, 2 sacks, and a fumble recovery. The Broncos finished the season with a 13-3 record, clinching an AFC West and home field advantage throughout the playoffs, but lost to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 43-8 in Super Bowl XLVIII.

In the 2014 season, Williams played all 16 games, started 13 of them, making 22 tackles and a pass defended. The Broncos finished with a 12-4 record, clinching the 2nd seed and another AFC West pennant, but were defeated 24-13 by the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Round.

In the 2015 season, Williams started 15 games with 25 tackles and 2.5 sacks. The Broncos finished the season with a 12-4 record, clinching another AFC West pennant. The Broncos defense was ranked #1 in the NFL in the 2015 year. On February 7, 2016, Williams was part of the Broncos team that won Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10. In the Super Bowl, Williams recorded two tackles and defended a pass. The Broncos won the game by a score of 24–10, giving Williams his first career championship title after defeating the Carolina Panthers. It was also the first time in 17 years and third time in franchise history the Broncos won the Super Bowl.

Tennessee Titans
On March 10, 2017, Williams signed a three-year contract with the Tennessee Titans.

On March 17, 2018, Williams was released by the Titans.

Detroit Lions
On March 21, 2018, Williams signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Lions. He played in six games with four starts before being released on October 25, 2018.

Miami Dolphins
On October 31, 2018, Williams was signed by the Miami Dolphins.

New Orleans Saints
On May 13, 2019, Williams signed with the New Orleans Saints. He was released on August 31, 2019.

Los Angeles Chargers
On October 23, 2019, Williams was signed by the Los Angeles Chargers.

Denver Broncos (second stint)
On October 3, 2020, Williams was signed to the Denver Broncos practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on October 17, 2020. He was released on October 23, and re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted back to the active roster on October 27.

References

External links
Denver Broncos bio
North Carolina Tar Heels bio

1988 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football defensive tackles
Denver Broncos players
Detroit Lions players
Los Angeles Chargers players
Miami Dolphins players
New Orleans Saints players
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
Players of American football from Missouri
Sportspeople from Jefferson City, Missouri
Tennessee Titans players

Sylvester Williams (American football)


ME's Zoo was a privately owned zoo in Parker City, Indiana. The zoo covered over , and was home to more than 300 animals. ME's Zoo was especially popular in the weeks preceding Christmas, when the zoo grounds were decorated with more than 200,000 lights. The zoo closed on September 27, 2009.

History

In 1988, ME's Zoo, Inc. opened to the public Memorial Day weekend with 45 animals covering 55 acres.
The name was created from the first letters of the owners Max and Eileen Oren and the "s" for several people. In October 1986, Max was diagnosed with aplastic anemia. Max was only given a few weeks to live with this serious blood disorder but was offered experimental treatments that could prolong his life. He started treatments in January 1987. Believing this might be Max's last Christmas, his friends and neighbors decorated his property with over 10,000 lights to celebrate the Christmas season. Thousands of cars drove by the light display and the family began to receive cards and letters of encouragement.

Following the experimental treatments, Max was bedfast and receiving weekly blood transfusions. Max would speak of how many people drove out to the country farm to see the Holiday display of Christmas Lights and an idea was born. He was a very successful carnival game operator. He began to sell equipment and began to acquire more animals. One newspaper writer, Larry Shores, compared Max to the main character of the movie Field of Dreams. Once Max was healthy enough to be outside the Orens, friends and family built Max's dream a zoo.

In 1989, Max was diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia also known as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For the next several years, he awaited for a suitable bone marrow transplant donor. Over the next several difficult years, Max would entertain kids with bird shows with his favorite parrots. On days he was not feeling well, he would sit outside the gift shop. He also began to write poetry Thank you, Thank you, From ME's Zoo and Maybe You Weren't Like Me.

ME's Zoo grew to over 300 exotic animals. The zoo hosted over 1,800 teachers and school-aged children a week during the spring. Paul Cross, the animal curator, would hold many educational programs with Zeus the lion and other animals. The "ME's Zoo House of Lights" grew to over 200,000 lights, with displays, figures, Santa on the outdoor fireplace gazebo, and Omar the camel. In 1990, Max and Omar drew national media attention when he rode Omar in protest of the office of the Indiana Civil Liberties Union in downtown Indianapolis to protest ICLU's actions to stop the live nativity scene at Monroe Central Elementary.

On December 20, 1993, Max D. Oren lost his long battle with leukemia.  Eileen, Kim, Paul and many other family, friends, and volunteers continued Max's dream.

In 2003, Eileen married Bob Taylor, owner of Taylor Architects, Inc.  Taylor loved the zoo and continued to help support Max's dream. He purchased two white Siberian tigers for the zoo.

The zoo was a fixture in East Central Indiana for a generation but closed on September 27, 2009.

Operation

The zoo featured a wide array of animals, including primates, wild cats, bear, birds, llamas, deer, and reptiles. The zoo was open from 10 AM to 5 PM on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and from 12 PM to 5 PM on Sundays.  It was closed on Mondays and Fridays.

Throughout its existence, the zoo continued the Christmas lights tradition, with a display of over 180,000 lights that would be up from Thanksgiving through Christmas.

Facilities

In addition to the animal exhibits, the zoo included picnic areas, a  shelter for outdoor parties, a playground, and a gift shop.

Closing
A last-minute effort to relocate a Randolph County zoo (Me's Zoo) and a Parker City zoo (Me's Zoo) to Delaware County, where it could have drawn more visitors and become an economic development asset, had failed, and the zoo closed as scheduled September 27, 2009. The effort came too late in part because the zoo's animals already were promised to new owners and because the scope of the relocation – securing  of land and establishing a new zoo at a cost of more than $3 million – was too big a financial hurdle. More than 60 animals were shipped out September 28, the day after the zoo closed. More followed. The owners report that they have found new homes for all of the animals except the bison, which they intend to keep. Taylor said he and Oren have offered to consult on creating a new zoo if that interest continues.

Notes

References

External links
 (on Wayback Machine)

Zoos in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Randolph County, Indiana
Former zoos
Zoos established in 1988
Zoos disestablished in 2009

ME's Zoo


Thomas Jonathan Wooler (1786 – 29 October 1853) was a British publisher active in the Radical movement of early 19th century Britain, best known for his satirical journal The Black Dwarf.

He was born in Yorkshire and lived there for a short time before moving to London as a printer's apprentice. He worked for the radical journal The Reasoner, then became editor of The Statesman. His interest in legal matters led him to write and publish the pamphlet An Appeal to the Citizens of London against the Packing of Special Juries in 1817.

In response to the Gagging Acts (Treason Act 1817 and Seditious Meetings Act 1817) passed by the British government in January 1817, Wooler started publishing The Black Dwarf as a new radical unstamped (untaxed) journal. Within three months, he was arrested and charged with seditious libel. The prosecution claimed that Wooler had written articles libelling Lord Liverpool's government, but Wooler, defending himself by convincing the jury that although he had published the article, he had not written it himself, and therefore was not guilty. He continued to publish The Black Dwarf and to use it to argue for parliamentary reform.

Wooler was an active supporter of Major John Cartwright and his Hampden Club movement. In 1819, he joined the campaign to elect Sir Charles Wolseley to represent Birmingham in the House of Commons. Birmingham had not been given permission to have an election, and the campaigners were arrested and charged with "forming a seditious conspiracy to elect a representative to Parliament without lawful authority." Wooler was found guilty and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment.

After his most prominent patron, Cartwright, died in 1824, Wooler gave up publishing the Black Dwarf. For a while, he edited the British Gazette, but, after the Reform Act 1832 was passed, he gave up politics to become a lawyer, though Lincoln's Inn refused to admit him as a student in 1825. He attempted to obtain writ of mandamus against the Inn, but was unsuccessful. He then became a prisoners' advocate at the police-courts, and wrote books and pamphlets on the British legal system, including Every Man his Own Lawyer in 1845.

References

External links
Expanding ethical discourse in Wooler's Black Dwarf
Thomas Wooler

English activists
English non-fiction writers
English legal writers
1786 births
1853 deaths
English magazine editors
English male non-fiction writers

Thomas Jonathan Wooler


A bishōjo (美少女, literally "beautiful girl"), also called bishojo or bishoujo in English, is a cute girl character in Japanese pop culture. They are found in Anime, Manga, Visual novels, and Video games. Games that feature bishōjo characters are called bishōjo games.

See Also
Lolicon

Anime and manga terms

Bishōjo


Gilles Deleuze (, "zheel duh-LOOZ"); 18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher. He wrote about philosophy, literature, movie, and art. His most popular books were the two parts of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. The first part is called Anti-Oedipus (1972), and the second part is called A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Both books were written with his academic partner Félix Guattari. He also wrote Difference and Repetition (1968). Some people think that he is among the greatest philosophers. His work is considered very important in philosophy and art, including literary theory, semiotics, poststructuralism, and postmodernism.

Life
Deleuze was born in Paris and lived there most of his life. He went to school during World War II and later studied philosophy and history at the University of Paris. He started teaching philosophy in 1948, and taught at several universities. He married Denise Paul "Fanny" Grandjouan in 1956.

Deleuze worked at the University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis from 1969 to 1987. There he became friends and worked with Michel Foucault and Félix Guattari.

He had a lung removed in 1968 because he had tuberculosis. It was difficult for him to breathe for the rest of his life. He died by committing suicide in 1995.

References

1925 births
1995 deaths
French philosophers
French academics

Gilles Deleuze


Museum Lane runs between two of London's leading museums in South Kensington, namely the Science Museum to the north and the Natural History Museum (formerly the Geological Museum) to the south.  It runs to the west off Exhibition Road through a gateway connecting the two museums and connects with Queen's Gate. Opposite on Exhibition Road is the Henry Cole Wing of the Victoria and Albert Museum. The Dana Centre is just to the north at the Queen's Gate end.

The lane provided access to the "Exhibition of Science" at the Science Museum in 1951, part of the Festival of Britain. This included exhibits such as Ferranti's Nimrod, an early computer custom-built to play a computer game.

Museum Lane provides disabled access to the Natural History Museum. During the Exhibition Road Music Day there has been a Museum Lane stage as part of the festivities.

The postcode is London SW7 and the lane is within the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. The nearest London Underground station is South Kensington tube station to the south along Exhibition Road.

See also
 Museum Road, Oxford

References

Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Gates in England
Science Museum, London
Natural History Museum, London
Museum districts in the United Kingdom

Museum Lane


Ötzi the Iceman, or Otzi, is a well-preserved natural mummy of a man who lived about 5,300 years ago.

The mummy was found in September 1991 by two German hikers in the Schnalstal glacier, Ötzti Alps, near Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.

He is also known as the Iceman, Similaun Man, Frozen Fritz, and Man from Hauslabjoch. He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered a new picture of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.

Border issues

Ötzi was found on a mountain ridge, at the border between Austria and Italy. After the First World War, Austria had to give the southern part of Tyrol to Italy; it is now known as Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. At the time, the border was fixed on the watershed of that ridge. The problem with this is that the ridge is usually covered by a glacier, which was also the case in 1919 and 1920. When the border was fixed, the expert team supposed that the watershed was straight below the glacier. The border was fixed that way in 1922 and 1926. The body was found on the Austrian side of the slope. Measurements were done in 1993; they showed that the border is in fact 93 metres from the place where Ötzi was found, on Italian territory. Since 2006, there is a new contract which fixes the border between Austria and Italy: In the case of glaciers, the border is taken on the surface of the glacier, and no longer on the watershed below. This also means that the border is now variable, and depending on the state of the glacier, the place where Ötzi was found is in Austria or in Italy.

Ötzi's body and belongings are now displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano in the Southern Tyrol (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol).

Rewarding the finders

There was also a long legal struggle by the finders, plaintiffs Helmut and Erika Simon, for a suitable reward. After many court hearings, the provincial government agreed to pay Erika Simon €150,000. By that time 17 years had passed, and her husband was dead.

Cause of death
In 2001 X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he died, and a matching small tear on his coat.

The discovery of the arrowhead led researchers to think Ötzi died of blood loss from the wound, which would likely have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been available.

Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest. Cerebral trauma suggested a blow to the head. One of the cuts was to the base of his thumb that reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death.

At present it is believed that death was caused by a blow to the head. Researchers are unsure if this was due to a fall, or from being struck with a rock by another person.

Tattoos
Ötzi exhibits the oldest preserved tattoos in the world. These include 61 marks made from fireplace soot and ash.  There were groups of short, parallel, vertical lines to both sides of the lumbar spine, cross-shaped  marks on his right knee and right ankle, and parallel lines on his left wrist.

X-ray examination of his bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" in these areas. These tattoos may have been related to pain relief treatments similar to acupuncture.
If so, this is at least 2000 years before their previously known earliest use in China (c. 1000 BC).

Ötzi's DNA
DNA sequence analysis has shown that Ötzi had brown eyes, blood type 'O', was lactose intolerant, and was likely to suffer heart disease. He was more closely related to modern Corsicans and Sardinians than to populations in the Alps, where he was discovered. His ancestors probably came from the Middle East as agriculture became more widespread. He was also the first known case of a person infected by the Lyme disease bacterium. He was middle-aged.

References

Anthropology
Archaeological sites in Europe
Mummies
4th-millennium BC people

Ötzi the Iceman


Araratian Pontifical Diocese ( Araratyan Hayrapetakan t'em) is the largest diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church and one of the oldest dioceses in the world, covering the city of Yerevan and the Ararat Province within Armenia.

History
The origin of Araratian Pontifical Diocese dates back the beginning of the 4th century. With the Christianzation of Armenia, Saint Gregory the Illuminator established the Catholicosate of All Armenians in Vagharshapat, as well as the Araratian Pontifical Diocese and appointed Bishop Albianus as the first primate vicar of the newly-founded diocese. The name of the diocese is derived from Mount Ararat; the symbol of the Armenian nation. At first, the diocese included the territories of the Ararat plain, Nakhijevan, Kotayk and the western territories of Lake Sevan. It is believed that the diocese was commonly known as the Diocese of Yerevan between the 15th and 19th centuries. Under the Russian rule during the mid-19th century, the jurisdiction of the diocese was expanded to include the territories of Syunik and Shirak as well, followed by the area of Kars in 1878, covering almost the entire area of Eastern Armenia.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Araratian Pontifical Diocese had 643 churches, 13 monastic complexes and more than 150 schools functioning under its jurisdiction. In August 1920, upon a kontakion issued by Catholicos George V, the territory of Shirak was separated from the Araratian Diocese to form the Diocese of Shirak. After the Treaty of Moscow in 1921, the Araratian Diocese lost the territories of Kars and Nakhijevan. The diocese lost most of its properties under the Soviet rule between 1920 and 1991.

With the independence of Armenia in 1991, the Armenian Church was reorganized, most of the properties were returned to the church and many new dioceses were established based on the administrative divisions of Armenia.

Currently, the Araratian Pontifical Diocese is the largest diocese of the Armenian Church, with around 1.3 million people under its jurisdiction. The primate vicar of the diocese is Archbishop Navasard Kchoyan, serving since 1999. The diocesan headquarters are located in the capital Yerevan, next to the Saint Sarkis Cathedral.

Active churches
As of June 2017, the diocese has the below listed churches and chapels functioning under its jurisdiction, operating throughout Yerevan and Ararat Province, with the exception of the 17th-century Khor Virap monastic complex in Ararat Province, the Cathedral of Saint Gregory in Yerevan opened in 2001, and the Surp Anna Church in Yerevan opened in 2015, which are directly regulated by the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin.

Here is the list of churches, monasteries and chapels functioning under the jurisdiction of the Araratian Pontifical Diocese, along with their location and year of consecration:

Churches
In Yerevan

Katoghike Church, 1264
Saint Hakob Church of Kanaker, 1679
Zoravor Surp Astvatsatsin Church, 1694
Surp Gevork Church of Noragavit, 17th century
Saint John the Baptist Church, 1710
Saint Sarkis Cathedral, 1842
Surp Kiraki Church, 19th century
Holy Mother of God Church of Nork-Marash, 1995
Holy Vartanants Martyrs Church of Yerablur, 1998
Holy Mother of God Church of Malatia-Sebastia, 1998
Saint Sarkis Church of Nor Nork, 1999
Holy Mother of God Church of Avan, Yerevan, 2002
Holy Martyrs Church of Davtashen, 2003
Holy Trinity Church, 2005
Surp Khach Church of Charbakh, 2006
Holy Mother of God Church of Nor Nork, 2014
Holy Martyrs Church of Nubarashen, 2015

In Ararat Province

Surp Hakob Church, Ararat village, 1866
Saint Gregory Church, Byuravan, mid 19th century, rebuilt in 1999
Holy Mother of God Church, Dimitrov, 1868
Holy Mother of God Church, Verin Artashat, 19th century
Surp Hovhannes Church, Mkhchyan, 1890
Holy Mother of God Church, Dalar, 1890
Surp Sarkis Church, Argavand, 1897
Surp Hakob Church, Mrgavan, 1905
Saint George's Church, Kanachut, 1908
Holy Mother of God Church, Vedi, 2000
Surp Harutyun Church, Nerkin Dvin, 2000
Saint George's Church, Marmarashen, 2002
Holy Mother of God Church, Arevshat, 2006
Holy Mother of God Church, Shahumyan, 2009
Saint George's Church, Masis, 2009
Holy Mother of God Church, Norabats, 2014
Saint John the Evangelist's Church, Artashat 2015
Saint Thaddeus Church, Masis, 2015

Chapels
Saint Ananias' Chapel, Yerevan, 1889
Surp Khach Zoravor Chapel, Yerevan, 1991
Surp Karapet Chapel, Berkanush, rebuilt in 2006

Inactive/ruined churches and monasteries
This is an incomplete list of inactive or ruined churches and monasteries in the territory regulated by the Araratian Pontifical Diocese:
Holy Mother of God Chapel of Avan, Yerevan, 4th century
Katoghike Tsiranavor Church of Avan, Yerevan, 591
Surp Hovhannes Chapel of Avan, Yerevan, 12-13th centuries
Aghjots Vank near Goght and Garni, 13th century
Hovhannes Karapet Monastery near Lusashogh, 13th century
Holy Mother of God Church of Kanaker, Yerevan, 1695
Holy Mother of God Parochial Church of Avan, Yerevan, 19th century

References

Armenian Apostolic dioceses
Christianity in Armenia
Yerevan
Ararat Province
Oriental Orthodox dioceses in Armenia
Mount Ararat

Araratian Pontifical Diocese


Softcore pornography or softcore porn is commercial still photography, film, or art that has a pornographic or erotic component but is less sexually graphic and intrusive than hardcore pornography, defined by a lack of visual sexual penetration. Softcore pornography includes stripteases, lingerie modeling, simulated sex and emphasis on the sensual appreciation of the human form. It typically contains nude or semi-nude actors involved in love scenes and is intended to be sexually arousing and aesthetically beautiful. The distinction between softcore pornography and erotic photography or art, such as Vargas girl pin-ups, is largely a matter of debate.

Components
Softcore pornography may include sexual activity between two people or masturbation. It does not contain explicit depictions of sexual penetration, cunnilingus, fellatio, or ejaculation. Depictions of erections of the penis may not be allowed, although attitudes towards this are ever-changing. Commercial pornography can be differentiated from erotica, which has high-art aspirations.

Portions of images that are considered too graphic and may be hidden in a variation of ways, such as the use of covered hair or clothing, particularly positioned hands or other body parts, carefully positioned foreground elements in the scene (often plants, pillows, furniture, or drapery) or carefully chosen camera angles.

Pornographic filmmakers sometimes make both hardcore and softcore types of a film, with the softcore version using less explicit angles of sex scenes or using the other techniques to "tone down" any objectionable feature. The softcore version may, for example, be edited for the in-house hotel pay-per-view market.

Total nudity is commonplace in several magazines, as well as in photography and on the Internet.

Regulation and censorship
Softcore films are commonly less regulated and restricted than hardcore pornography, and cater to a different market. In most countries, softcore films are eligible for movie ratings, usually on a restricted rating, though many such films are also released unrated. As with hardcore films, availability of softcore films varies depending on local laws. Also, the exhibition of such films may be restricted to those above a certain age, typically 18. At least one country, Germany, has different age limits for hardcore and softcore pornography, softcore material usually receiving a FSK-16 rating (no one under 16 allowed to buy) and hardcore material receiving a FSK-18 (no one under 18 allowed to buy). In some countries, broadcasting of softcore films is widespread on cable television networks, with some such as Cinemax producing their own in-house softcore films and television series.

In some countries, images of women's genitals are digitally manipulated so that they are not too "detailed". An Australian pornographic actress says that images of her own genitals sold to pornographic magazines in different countries are digitally manipulated to change the size and shape of the labia according to censorship standards in different countries.

History
Originally, softcore pornography was presented mainly in the form of men's magazines, in both still photos and art drawings (such as Vargas girls), when it was barely acceptable to show a glimpse of a woman's nipple in the 1950s. By the 1970s, mainstream magazines such as Playboy, Penthouse, and especially Hustler showcased nudity.

After the formation of the MPAA rating system in the United States and prior to the 1980s, numerous softcore films, with a wide range of production costs, were released to mainstream movie theatres, especially drive-ins. Emmanuelle and Alice in Wonderland received positive reviews from noted critics such as Roger Ebert.

See also

 Ecchi
 Erotic photography
 Fan service
 Sexploitation film

References

Nudity in film

Softcore pornography


John Kenneth Pochée, OAM (21 September 1940 – 10 November 2022) was an Australian jazz drummer and bandleader. As drummer, bandleader and organizer he played a major role in the history of Australian jazz.

His career as a professional musician began in 1956. He formed The Last Straw in 1974 and also played with the Judy Bailey Quartet from 1974 to 1979. From 1978 he played, recorded and toured internationally with The Last Straw, The Judy Bailey Quartet, The Engine Room, Ten Part Invention and Bernie McGann's trios and quartets. As a drummer he was a self-taught, original stylist, playing left-handed on a right-handed drum kit.

Biography
Born in Sydney in 1940, Pochée began his musical career in 1956, playing at the El Rocco and the Mocambo, Sydney's major jazz venues of that time. In the 1960s he worked as a professional musician with various groups in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide. In 1974 he formed The Last Straw and also played and recorded with the Judy Bailey Quartet from 1974 to 1979. The 1970s were an exceptional time for jazz in Sydney and these two groups were in big demand, working at most major venues including The Basement, Sydney Festival and Horst Liepolt's "Music is an Open Sky" concerts

The original line up of The Last Straw was Bernie McGann and Ken James (saxes), John Pochée (drums and leader), Dave Levy (piano), and Jack Thorncraft (bass). Along with original material from Bernie McGann, Dave Levy and Ken James their repertoire also included pieces written by Thelonious Monk and Charles Mingus. When Dave Levy left the Straw in 1975 the piano chair was taken over by Tony Esterman, and the band's lineup generally remained intact for the ensuing years, the only personnel change being in the bass chair with Ron Philpott and then Lloyd Swanton taking over from Thorncraft in the 1980s. Apart from a three-year break in the late-1970s the Straw continued to play until 1999, a 25 year run as unequalled by any other contemporary Australian jazz group until Ten Part Invention in 2011.

In 1987 The Last Straw recorded an album that was nominated for an ARIA award for Best Australian Jazz Record (1991). They did three overseas tours, New Zealand (1988), Russia for the Australia Council for the Arts (1990) and the Montreal Jazz Festival (1989). In 1990 The Last Straw won First Prize for Best Band at the Leningrad International Jazz Festival.

Pochée's musical relationship with saxophonist Bernie McGann started in the early days of the Mocambo and the El Rocco and from the early 1980s he was a member of Bernie McGann's trios and quartets, performing at Ronnie Scott's in London and concerts in Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, India and Malaysia in 1988, Russia in 1990 and Canada in 1993 and 1996. They also toured Europe in 1996 and the US in 1997. Their recordings won four Aria Awards for Best Australian Jazz Record and two Mo Awards for Best Jazz Group. In 2003 they expanded to a quartet with the addition of trumpet player Warwick Alder, touring Europe and the UK in 2004.

In 1986 he formed the ten-piece ensemble Ten Part Invention, which was committed to performing exclusively the works of Australian composers. Over the years this band recorded four albums and performed at most major Australian jazz venues and festivals including the Wangaratta Festival of Jazz and performances on national ABC television. This band received numerous awards: three MO awards (1990, 1996 and 2000), the Australian Music Foundation Award (2000) and an Australian Music Centre Award (2000). In 1994 they toured South East Asia for five weeks and also the Philippines, China and Taiwan in 1998. In September 2004 John Pochée led Ten Part Invention on a two-week tour of the US after the group were invited to the Chicago Jazz Festival, where he had performed with the Bernie McGann Trio in 1997. They also performed at The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Universities and Jazz Clubs.

The original rhythm section of Ten Part Invention was Roger Frampton (piano), Steve Elphick (bass), and John Pochée (drums) and this trio also achieved considerable success as the stand-alone unit The Engine Room. They toured Russia in 1989, being the first Western band to tour there following Glasnost, and they played at various jazz venues during the 1980s and 1990s, sometimes working as a quartet when joined by top Australian jazz musicians such as Dale Barlow, Warwick Alder and Daryl Pratt and with international artists Lee Konitz, Steve Lacy, James Carter and Vincent Herring.

Pochée played, toured and recorded with many other high profile international jazz musicians including saxophonist Dewey Redman and pianists Barry Harris, Andrew Hill, Kirk Lightsey, Stan Tracey, Don Pullen and the guitarist Emily Remler.

Pochée also worked prolifically as a freelance professional musician. He toured Australia and New Zealand with Shirley Bassey as her personal drummer in 1969 and 1970, and in the late 1970s and the 1980s was Musical Director for the successful show group The Four Kinsmen making 8 trips to the US with them, appearing on The Bob Hope Show and performing in Las Vegas. At one time or another he played with most Sydney jazz musicians, including performances with jazz group The Heads, The Ken James Reunion Band, The Chuck Yates trio, The Peter Boothman group and with vocalists Joe Lane and Susan Gai Dowling.

Pochée contributed to many jazz committees, from the inaugural committee of The Jazz Action Society in 1974, to 1976. He spent 15 years on the Jazz Co-ordination Association of NSW and 20 years on the Sydney Improvised Music Association (SIMA). He also served on the Australia Council in Australia's bicentennial year 1988.

In 2007 Pochée was elected President of the Professional Musicians' Club (est 1906) after serving as a Director since 1986.

Ill-health forced him to retire as a player at the end of 2014, but he continued to take an active interest in music, managing Ten Part Invention, which celebrated its 30th anniversary in March 2016.

Recognition
The Last Straw was nominated for an ARIA award for Best Australian Jazz Record in 1991 and the Bernie McGann Trio won 4 ARIA awards for Best Australian Jazz Record.

With his own bands and the Bernie McGann trio he won five ARIA and five 'MO' awards.

Pochée received the Australian Jazz Critic's Award for drums in 1990 and 1992. In 1992 he also performed an improvised duet with the celebrated Classical pianist Roger Woodward at The Sydney Spring Festival. He was elected to the Monsalvat Jazz Festival Roll of Honour in 1996.

At the Australian Jazz Awards in 2006 he was the third inductee into the Graeme Bell "Hall of Fame" for "Career Achievement." Described as "Overseas Ambassador and Jazz Pioneer" he was nominated for a Classical Music Award in 2007 for "Long Term Contribution to the Advancement of Australian Music".

In 2008 he delivered the sixteenth annual Bell Jazz Lecture at Waverley Library, Sydney.

On Australia Day 2014 he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for services to the Arts as a Jazz Musician (OAM).

On 22 August 2017, he received the Distinguished Services to Australian Music award at the APRA Music Awards of 2017.

John Pochée died on 10 November 2022, at the age of 82.

Discography
1967:  Jazz Australia 2 tracks with the Bernie McGann Quartet (CBS)
1974:  One Moment the Judy Bailey Quartet (Philips)
1976:  Colours the Judy Bailey Quartet (Eureka)
1983:  Jazz Action Society Sessions one track with the Ken James Re-Union Band (MBS-Jazz)
1985:	Jazz at the Soup Plus 1 track with the Bernie McGann Quartet plus 1 track with the Peter Boothman Quartet (MBS-Jazz)
1986:	At Long Last Bernie McGann Trio; international release (Emanem)
1987:	Kindred Spirits Bernie McGann Quartet with Bob Gebert; international release (Emanem)
1988:  For Duke, Monk And Bird Stan Tracey and Don Weller (UK) international release (Emanem)
1990:  Leningrad Jazz International (as co-leader) "The Engine Room Live at Leningrad Jazz Festival" – 1 track, Soviet Union release (Melodiya)
1990:	The Last Straw as leader of The Last Straw; winner of ARIA award (Spiral Scratch)
1991:	Ten Part Invention as leader of Ten Part Invention; ARIA nominated (ABC)
1992:	Ugly Beauty Bernie McGann Trio;	ARIA Winner (Spiral Scratch)
1992:	Wangaratta Jazz Volume One 1 track with the Bernie McGann Trio featuring Barry Harris; 1 track with the Bernie McGann Trio (Suburu)
1993:	Beyond El-Rocco 1 track with the Bernie McGann Trio; 1 track w. the Bernie McGann Quartet (Vox Australia)
1994:	Tall Stories as leader of Ten Part Invention (Rufus)
1995:	McGann x McGann Bernie McGann Trio + James Greening; ARIA Winner (Rufus) (USA release Terra Nova)
1995:	Bodgie Dada 1 track with The Last Straw; 1 track w. Ten Part Invention (ABC)
1996:	Full Steam Ahead as co-leader of The Engine Room; ARIA nominated (ABC)
1996:	Playground Bernie McGann Trio + Sandy Evans; ARIA winner) (Rufus) (USA release Terra Nova)
1996:	The Arrival Joe 'BeBop' Lane 2 live tracks w. McGann, Dale Barlow, Bob Gebert (Spiral Scratch)
1997:	Ugly Beauty Bernie McGann Trio; re-release on new label (Rufus)
1998:	Rent Party Susan Gai Dowling with the Bernie McGann Trio + David Levy (Rufus)
1999:	The 1987 Quartet Bernie McGann Quartet; re-release as CD	(KINDRED SPIRITS) (Rufus)
2000:	Bundeena Bernie McGann Trio; ARIA Winner (Rufus)
2000:	Unidentified Spaces as Leader – Ten Part Invention (Rufus)
2002: Where's Love Gone Susan Gai Dowling with Bernie McGann (Newmarket)
2002:	Wangaratta Live 1 track duet with John Pochee and Elliott Dalgleish; 1 track  Bernie McGann Trio (Jazz Head)
2005:	McGann Live at Side-On Bernie McGann Quartet (Rufus)
2005:	Ten Part Invention Live at Wangaratta as Leader – Ten Part Invention (ABC)
2005:	Blues For Pablo Too Bernie McGann Quartet (Rufus)
2006:	Colours Judy Bailey Quartet; re-release as CD (Birdland)
2009: Solar Bernie McGann Quartet with Warwick Alder & Roger Manins double album live at The Sound Lounge; rec. 2006   (Rufus)
2010: Ten Part Invention re-release with new notes as leader (ABC)
2010: Double Dutch Bernie McGann Quartet; double album recorded live at the Bimhaus, Amsterdam; rec 2004 (Rufus)
2012: Wending Bernie McGann Quartet; ARIA-nominated double album (Rufus)
rec.1999: forthcoming release Steve Lacy with The Engine Room live at the Basement, Sydney; as co-leader with Roger Frampton

References
(1979) Bissett, Andrew. Black Roots White Flowers – A History Of Jazz In Australia Golden Press Pty Ltd.
(1995) Clare, John. Bodgie Dada And The Cult Of The Cool University of NSW Press .
(1987) Johnson, Bruce. The Oxford Companion To Australian Jazz Oxford University Press
(1997) Page, Geoff. Bernie McGann  A Life In Jazz National Library of Australia
(1998) Sangster, John. Seeing The Rafters Penguin Books
(1999) Clare, John. Why Wangaratta? The Phenomenon of the Wangaratta Festival of Jazz Inc.
(2008) Sharpe, John. So You Wanted To Be A Jazz Musician? National Film and Sound Archive
(2009) Shand, John. Jazz – The Australian Accent  "John Pochee 10 Gallon Heart". University of NSW

Specific

External links
Ten Part Invention website  http://www.tenpartinvention.com/
Peter Boothman, "A Story of Jazz in Sydney"  http://www.myspace.com/peterboothman
Ten Part Invention, "The Three Mothers" by Roger Frampton (YouTube video)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WleQV6EJdew
Ten Part Invention, "Spirit Song" By Bernie McGann (YouTube video)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLXZzTYQfsE
John Pochee Ten Part Invention 2010 Perth  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7tr4EEIbjg

1940 births
2022 deaths
Australian jazz bandleaders
Australian jazz drummers
Male drummers
Male jazz musicians
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
The Last Straw (band) members

John Pochée


Cumnock (Cumnag in Gaelic) is a toun in East Ayrshire, Scotland. The toun sits at the confluence o the Glaisnock Watter an the Lugar Watter. Thare ur three neighbouring housing projects whilk lie juist ootbi the toun boundaries, Craigens, Logan an Netherthird, wi the former ironworks settlement o Lugar an a juist ootbi the toun, contributin tae a population o aroond 13,000 in the immediate locale.

This pairt o' Ayrshire haes seen human settlement fur ower 5,000 year. Thare ur mony bronze age burial sites aroond their nearbi area.

Etymology
The origin o the name "Cumnock" haes bin debated ower the years an mony interpretations hae bin offered.

Com-cnoc, (hollow o the hills)

com-oich, (meeting o the waters)

cam-cnoc, (crooked hill)

cumanag, (little shrine)

It's thocht that a steid o' worship haes existet in Cumnock fur ower 1,100 year, tho the records begin in aboot 1275. The patron  saint o  Cumnock is St Conval. James IV createt the toun as a burgh. Three castles existet in the parish o auld Cumnock, namely Borland, Terringzean an Lefnories or Lochnorris. Lefnories wis the lairgest an wis replaced as a dwelling by Dumfries Hoose, wi  ainlie the below grund foondations remainin, whilk wur excavatet  bi the Marquess o Bute in the late 19th century.

Cumnock housed mony miners, an  served as the merkat toun fur the ither, wee'er touns in the district, sic as Auchinleck, Lugar, Muirkirk, Ochiltree an New Cumnock.

Churches

The toun haes six churches, five protestant churches, the Congregational Kirk, Auld Cumnock Auld Parish Kirk, St Andrew's Kirk, Cumnock Trinity Kirk,Baptist Kirk, an the Roman Catholic St John the Evangelist (1878-1880), by airchitect William Burges fur the third Marquess o Bute.

Wellkent Fowk

 Mark Bennett, Scottish international rugby player
 James MacMillan, composer

Touns in East Ayrshire

Places o Scotland

Cumnock


The Virgo Supercluster (Virgo SC) or Local Supercluster is the large galaxy cluster that contains the Virgo Cluster and the Local Group. At least 100 galaxies and clusters are in it.

The diameter of Virgo SC is 33 megaparsecs (110 million light-years). It is one of millions of superclusters in the observable universe.

Background
When the first large sample of nebulae was published by William and John Herschel in 1863, it was seen that there is a marked excess of nebular fields in the constellation Virgo (near the north galactic pole).

In the 1950s, it was suggested that this excess was a large-scale galaxy-like structure, a "Local Supercluster". Debate went on during the 1960s and 1970s as to whether the Local Supercluster (LS) was actually a structure or a chance alignment of galaxies.
The issue was resolved with the large redshift surveys of the late 1970s and early 1980s, which showed a flattened concentration of galaxies along the supergalactic plane.

Structure
In 1982 R. Brent Tully showed it consists of two components: a flattened disk with two-thirds of the supercluster's luminous galaxies, and a roughly spherical halo containing the remaining one-third.
The disk itself is a thin (~1 megaparsecs) ellipsoid with a long axis / short axis ratio of at least 6 to 1, and possibly as high as 9 to 1.

Data released in June 2003 from a redshift survey lets astronomers compare the LS to other superclusters. The LS represents a typical poor (that is, it lacks a high density core) supercluster of rather small size. It has one rich galaxy cluster in the center, surrounded by filaments of galaxies and poor groups.

The Local Group is on the outskirts of the LS in a small filament extending from the Fornax Cluster to the Virgo Cluster. The Virgo Supercluster's volume is about 7000 times that of the Local Group or 100 billion times that of the Milky Way.

References

Galaxy clusters

Virgo Supercluster


Espacio Carta Abierta or Carta Abierta (English: Open Letter Spot) is a group of Argentine intellectuals who formed in March 2008 in defense of the Cristina Fernández de Kirchner government, which was facing a conflict with the agricultural sector.

Members of Espacio Carta Abierta made their first public appearance on 13 May of the same year in the Gandhi library, in Buenos Aires, present were Horacio Verbitsky, Nicolás Casullo, Ricardo Forster and Jaime Sorín. This was where they presented their first open letter, which was signed by more than 750 intellectuals and artists.

Some of the Members are:
 Federico Andahazi, writer
 Cristina Banegas, actress
 Fernando Birri, film director
 Jorge Boccanera, poet and journalist
 Rodolfo Braceli, writer
 Sergio Caletti, journalist
 Manuel Callau, actor
 Nicolás Casullo, writer and philosopher
 Patricio Contreras, actor chileno-argentino.
 Roberto Tito Cossa, actor and theater director
 Jorge Dubatti, crítico teatral and historian
 José Pablo Feinmann, writer and philosopher
 León Ferrari, painter
 Horacio Fontova, musician and actor
 Juan Forn, writer
 Ricardo Forster, philosopher and essayist
 María José Gabin, actress
 Jorge Gaggero, film director
 Norberto Galasso, historian
 Néstor García Canclini, anthropologist
 Juan Gelman, poet
 Octavio Getino, film director, narrador e investigador de medios de comunicación
 Julio Godio, sociologist
 Horacio González, sociologist, ex director de la Biblioteca Nacional Argentina.
 Eduardo Grüner, essayist
 Ricardo Halac, journalist and essayist
 Liliana Heker, writer, cuentista, novelista and Argentinian essayist.
 Carlos Heller, cooperativista, fundador y presidente del Banco Credicoop, diputado nacional
 Noé Jitrik, literary critic
 Eduardo Jozami, journalist, writer, activista, director del Centro Cultural de la Memoria «Haroldo Conti»
 Mauricio Kartún, dramaturgo and theater director
 Alejandro Kaufman, professor, crítico cultural and essayist
 Ernesto Laclau, political scientist and professor
 María Pía López (1969-), congresswoman
 Guillermo Mastrini (1967-), researcher and professor
 Mariana Moyano, journalist and professor
 Vicente Muleiro, journalist
 Luis Felipe Noé, artist
 José Nun, secretario de Cultura de la Nación
 Enrique Oteiza, engineer and professor
 Eduardo Tato Pavlovsky, psicoanalista, psicoterapeuta y actor
 Joan Prim, poet, musician, painter
 Adriana Puiggrós, politician and pedagogue
 Sergio Pujol, historian
 Lorenzo Quinteros, actor
 Eduardo Rinesi, philosopher and political scientist
 Guillermo Saccomanno, writer
 Federico Schuster, philosopher and professor (decano de Ciencias Sociales)
 Jaime Sorín, architect and dean of Facultad de Arquitectura
 Rodolfo Hamawi editor
Cristina Bejar psychologist
 Oscar Steimberg, semiologist and writer
 Gustavo Varela, philosopher
 Horacio Verbitsky, journalist
 Laura Yusem, theater director and professor

They self-define as nonpartisan, though they have been criticized for this assertion.

Criticism
They are accused to be an organic group that adheres politically to Cristina Fernández party, attack that relies on the fact that the group includes some State officials.

Grupo Aurora
A group of intellectuals called "Grupo Aurora" appeared in July of the next year. It was strongly critic of the government, and therefore they were an opposition organism of Carta Abierta.

Members:
 Marcos Aguinis
 Raúl Alfonsín
 Félix Luna
 Víctor Martínez
 Hipólito Solari Yrigoyen
 Daniel Sabsay
 Jorge Vanossi
 René Balestra

References

Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
2008 establishments in Argentina
Kirchnerite propaganda
Argentine propaganda organisations

Carta Abierta


Vaikuntha Ekadashi () is a Hindu occasion and festival. It is primarily observed by Vaishnavas, who regard it to be a special ekadashi. It coincides with Mokshada Ekadashi or Putrada Ekadashi. It is observed on the 11th lunar day of the waxing lunar fortnight of the solar month of Dhanu. This falls between 16 December and 13 January in the Gregorian calendar.

Legend
The origin of Vaikuntha Ekadashi is mentioned in a legend of the Padma Purana. There was once an asura named Murāsura, who was a nightmare to the devas, owing to a boon he had received from Brahma. They sought the assistance of Vishnu, who fought against the asura in a battle, but were unable to defeat him. He travelled to a cave called Simhavati in the vicinity of Badarikashrama, where he was pursued by Murāsura. There, Vishnu summoned Yogamaya, a goddess created from his divine energy, who slew the asura. Vishnu, who was pleased, offered the goddess the epithet 'Ekadashi', and declared that she would be capable of vanquishing the sins of all the people of earth. In Vaishnava tradition, it is held all those who observe a fast on the occasion and worship Ekadashi would attain Vaikuntha. Thus came into being the first Ekadashi, which was a Dhanurmasa Shukla Paksha Ekadashi.

According to a later story, there was once a Vaishnava king of Ayodhya called Ambarisha, who always maintained his vow of fasting for the occasion. Once, after three days of fasting for the occasion, he was about to break his fast, when the sage Durvasa appeared at his city's gates. The king received the sage with honour, and offered him a meal, which the latter accepted, but went first to perform his ritual ablutions. Even as Ambarisha waited for a long while, the sage did not return, and the auspicious moment of breaking his fast approached. He faced a dilemma: If he did not break his fast before the day was over, the act of his fasting would not bear fruit; However, if he ate a single morsel of food before Durvasa returned, that was regarded as disrespectful. He decided to simply sip some water, which broke his fast, but was hoped to not prove to seem insulting to the sage. Durvasa was infuriated when he returned, and tore a clump of hair from his head, which was sent charging to attack the king. The Sudarshana Chakra of Vishnu intervened to destroy the clump, which then proceeded to chase the sage. Durvasa fled, attempting to seek the protection of Brahma and Shiva, but the two deities denied him refuge. Finally, Durvasa begged for his life from Vishnu himself, who informed him that his salvation lay at the hands of his devotees. Accordingly, Durvasa sought forgiveness from Ambarisha, and was saved.

According to another legend, Vishnu opened the gate of Vaikuntha (his abode) for two asuras (demons) in spite of their being against him. They also asked for this boon: Whoever listens to their story, and sees the image of Vishnu coming out of the door called Vaikuntha Dvaram, would reach Vaikuntha as well. Temples all over India make a door kind of structure on this day for devotees to walk through.

Significance

Vaishnavism
Vaishnavas (Devotees of Vishnu) believe that 'Vaikuntha Dvaram' (the gate to Vaikuntha) is opened on this day. The Margashirsha Shukla Paksha Ekadashi in the Lunar calendar is known as a 'Mokshada Ekadashi.' Special prayers from the Vedas, Naalayira Divya Prabandham, Sri Vaikuntha Gadhyam, as well as the Vaikuntha Dvara Puja, Prakarothsvam (Sri Veli), Oonjal Seva (swing pooja), Oonjal Prabhandham, yagnas, discourses, and speeches are arranged at several Vishnu temples around the world on this auspicious day.

Vaikuntha refers to the abode of the Hindu preserver deity, Vishnu. Vaishnavas consider the feet of Vishnu to be Vishnupada, or Parama Padam (Ultimate feet), as it is regarded to be the realm for Vishnu and his devotees to reside in the suddha-sattva, or the supreme state of purity and goodness.

In Vishnu temples, Vaikuntha Ekadashi is part and parcel of Dhanurmasam (Margaḻi) vratam and its puja. Fasting for the entire month of Dhanurmasam is practised by several Vaishnavas, including temperance and food restrictions for Sri Vaishnavas.

According to the Vishnu Purana, fasting on Vaikuntha Ekadashi is equivalent to fasting on the remaining 23 ekadashis of the (Hindu) year. However, according to Vaishnava tradition, fasting is mandatory on all ekadashis of both Shukla paksha and Krishna paksha. Fasting on Ekadashi is considered holier than any other religious observation.  Complete fasting has to be observed on Ekadashi, the 11th day of the paksha. That is why the meal on the Dvadashi (the 12th day) is designed to be wholesome, nutritious, and filling.

Fasting
Vaikuntha Ekadashi fasting is an important aspect of those associated with it. People fast the whole day and keep vigil. Special prayers are offered to Vishnu and devotees engage in Japa (chanting of Vishnu's name) and Dhyana (Meditation). On 'Dashami', the previous day of the observance, devotees who take up Vaikuntha Ekadashi fasting are to take only lunch. On Ekadashi, the next day, they have to maintain a complete fast and engage in prayers and meditation of Vishnu. They are strictly prohibited from taking rice. That night, people keep vigil the whole night and visit the temple of Vishnu, mostly in the wee hours of the morning.

The Shaiva sect observes the day as Trikoti Ekadashi, a religious observance where adherents regard it to be the date when all the deities in the Hindu pantheon pay obeisance to Shiva.

Celebrations
The celebrations of the occasion span across all Venkateswara temples. The most important for this particular festival is considered to be in Srirangam which is specifically known for the Svarga Vasal opening. The next most important is considered to be in Tirupati in the Tirumala hills, which houses the highly venerated abode of Venkateswara.

Srirangam
At the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam Vaikuntha Ekadashi celebrations last for 20 days, divided into two parts: pagal pathu (morning part 10 days) and Ira pathu (night part 10 days). Vishnu, as the mulavar (central temple idol) of Ranganatha, is regarded to bless devotees in his Muthangi, an armuor of pearls, on all 20 days. On the 10th day of Pagal Pathu (previous day of Vaikuntha Ekadashi), the utsavar (processional idol), named Namperumal, is believed to bless devotees, in his form as Mohini.

On Vaikuntha Ekadashi, during daybreak, Namperumal is regarded to bless devotees, clad in an armour of diamonds and gems, and brought to the thousand-pillared hall from the sanctum sanctorum, through the northern gate known as Paramapada Vasal, the gate to Vaikuntha. This gate is opened once in a year, only on the occasion of Vaikuntha Ekadashi. It is said that anyone who goes through the Paramapada Vasal will attain Vaikuntha. For this reason, it is also known as the Svarga Vasal.

Tirupati
The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple also has a similar concept to celebrate Mukkoti Ekadasi, as it is known in the Telugu-speaking regions. Tirumala has a special entrance called Vaikunta Dvaram that encircles the sanctum sanctorum. The dvaram (gateway) is opened only on Vaikunta Ekadasi, and it is believed that any person who passes through this 'Vaikunta Dvaram' on this particular day attains Vaikunta. The temple witnesses heavy inflow of pilgrims and dignitaries for Vaikunta Ekadashi.

See also
Divya Desams
Ekadashi
Vaikuntha

Notes

References

Ekadashi
Hindu holy days
Vrata
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Tirumala festivals
Festivals in Andhra Pradesh
Festivals in Telangana
Culture of Tiruchirappalli
January observances
December observances
Hindu festivals

Vaikuntha Ekadashi


George Adams Leland  (7 September 1850 – 17 March 1924) was an American medical doctor and pedagogue, who assisted in the development of the physical education curriculum in Meiji period Japanese education.

Biography
Leland was born in 1850 in Boston, Massachusetts.  He attended Amherst College and studied medicine at Harvard Medical School, graduating in 1878. Amherst College had strong ties to the Sapporo Agricultural College in Japan through its connection with Vice Minister for Education Tanaka Fujimaro, who had visited Amherst during the Iwakura Mission and subsequently returned from 1874-1877 for further first-hand research on the American school systems with the aim of modernizing and westernizing education in the Empire of Japan. He approached Amherst president Julius H. Seelye for advice on establishing a curriculum for use in the new state schools being established in Japan. He also visited the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, after which he submitted a report to the Japanese government praising the Amherst style of physical education over the more regimented, military-drill style techniques then in use in Japan.

Seeyle recommended Leland, who was subsequently hired as a foreign advisor by the Meiji government, arriving in Japan on September 6, 1878. After touring several schools, he implemented a two-tier training regime at a Physical Education Teaching Centre, with a "heavy course" in gymnastics for athletes, and a "light course" for women and children, involving the use of dumbbells and introducing the sports of croquet, cricket and baseball. His first class of 21 physical education teachers graduated in 1881. Leland's contract was not renewed by the Japanese government for financial reasons, and he departed Japan on July 31, 1881.

Although Leland's teacher education facility was discontinued in April 1886, his theories and techniques were adopted by the Japanese high school system, and continue to be used to this day.

After departing Japan, Leland travelled to Europe, returning to Boston in October 1882, where he established a private medical practice, and also developed the gymnastics program for the YMCA.  He became President of the United States Society of Ear-Nose-Throat Specialists in 1912 and professor emeritus at Dartmouth Medical School in 1914 and senior surgeon at Boston City Hospital.

In 1919, Leland was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class, by the Japanese government. He died in 1924 in Boston.

Notes

American expatriates in Japan
Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji-period Japan
Foreign educators in Japan
American otolaryngologists
1850 births
1924 deaths
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Harvard Medical School alumni
Amherst College alumni

George Adams Leland


Aodh Ua Goirmghiallaigh, King of Partraige Cera, died 1206.

Ua Goirmghiallaigh was king of an Irish population-group called the Partraige, believed to be of pre-Gaelic origins. Ua Goirmghiallaigh's branch of the Partraige were located around Lough Carra in what is now County Mayo, and have given their name to the parish of Partry and the Partry Mountains.

Ua Goirmghiallaigh is notable as almost the only member of the Partraige to occur in any of the extant Irish annals, which refer to his death by the Men of Cera in 1206. Nollaig Ó Muraíle believes this to refer to the Uí Fiachrach branch of the Cera, and not the Partraige Cera themselves.

The Book of Lecan states that Ua Goirmghiallaigh, with Ua Dorchaidhe, were co-chiefs of Partraige Cera. A branch of the latter family settled in Galway c. 1488, becoming one of The Tribes of Galway. One of their most famous members was the Irish Confederate, Patrick D'Arcy (1598–1668).

Ó Goirmghiallaigh is now generally rendered Gormally.

References

 Some Early Connacht Population-Groups, Nollaig Ó Muraíle, in Seanchas:Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and literature in Honour of Francis John Byrne, p. 175, ed. Alfred P. Smyth, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2000.

Nobility from County Mayo
13th-century Irish monarchs
1206 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Aodh Ua Goirmghiallaigh


Ormskirk is a market town in the West Lancashire district of Lancashire, England,  north of Liverpool,  northwest of St Helens,  southeast of Southport and  southwest of Preston.  Ormskirk is known for its gingerbread. In 2011 it had a population of 24,073.

Geography and administration
Ormskirk lies on sloping ground on the side of a ridge, whose highest point is  above sea-level, at the centre of the West Lancashire Plain, and has been described as a "planned borough", laid out in the 13th century. Ormskirk is an unparished area, surrounded by the parishes of Bickerstaffe, Aughton, Scarisbrick, Burscough, Lathom and Lathom South.

The town is located in the district of West Lancashire and is the site of the headquarters of West Lancashire Borough Council.

Since Ormskirk does not have a parish council, a voluntary association, Ormskirk Community Partnership, was created in 2009, with the support of the West Lancashire Borough Council, to act as a voice for Ormskirk. Ormskirk is home to Edge Hill University.

History
The name is Old Norse in origin and is derived from Ormres kirkja, from a personal name, Ormr (which means "serpent" or dragon), and the Old Norse word kirkja for church. Ormr may have been a Viking who settled here, became a Christian and founded the church but there are no other records or archaeological evidence to support this and Ormr's identity is unknown.

There is no reference to Ormskirk in the Domesday Book of 1086, but it has been suggested that it may have been part of Lathom at that time.  In about 1189, the lord of Lathom granted the church of Ormskirk to Burscough Priory, which does suggest that Ormskirk had been subordinate to Lathom before that date.

An open market is held twice weekly, on Thursdays and Saturdays, in the pedestrianised centre of Ormskirk. The location was originally the junction of the main roads to Preston, Liverpool and Wigan, and was marked by a market cross going back to medieval times. During the 18th and 19th centuries the Cross, as the junction was known, was the location of a large lamp mounted on an obelisk with a circular drinking fountain for both people and animals around the base. This was moved to the junction of St Helens Road and Moor Street to make room for the erection of the clock tower in 1876.

The fountain was then moved again to opposite the Drill Hall down Southport Road in the 1890s when space was needed to site the Disraeli statue. The market was established by a royal charter that was granted by Edward I in 1286 to the monks of Burscough Priory. Thursday has been market day in Ormskirk since at least 1292. The King also granted a borough charter to Ormskirk at about the same time, but this seems to have become extinct by the end of the 15th century.

The Ormskirk Poor Law Union was established in 1837, covering 21 parishes and townships from Tarleton to Simonswood, and from Birkdale to Skelmersdale. Ormskirk Union Workhouse was built in 1853 on Wigan Road and later became Ormskirk District General Hospital.

With its weekly markets, the town became a focal point for local farmers and their agricultural workers, cottagers, cow-keepers etc. to trade their goods and obtain necessities from the markets and from the retail establishments which were established along with public houses and inns. An engineering industry, based on making and mending agricultural machinery also developed.

The town became known for its gingerbread over the years when local women would bake the gingerbread in their own homes and then take it to the staging inns to sell to passengers. When the railway arrived in the mid 19th century, the local gingerbread sellers found a new market. They were allowed to sell their product to passengers travelling through the railway station. One particular customer Edward, Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, enjoyed the local gingerbread so much he sent orders to the town. The baking of gingerbread became part of the retail history of the town, with several local bakers claiming to have the original gingerbread recipe. A well known local woman, Sally Woods, was a recognisable figure on the market selling her gingerbread.

Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul

The Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul is believed to be on the site of the original kirk, on a sandstone outcrop, and is the oldest building in the town. Its exact age is unknown; the building does contain some fragments of Norman architecture.

The parish church has many connections with the Earls of Derby and the Stanley family. Many family members are buried in the church's Derby Chapel, including Thomas Stanley, the first Earl, who caused Richard III to lose his crown by changing sides at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and the Royalist James Stanley, the seventh Earl, who was beheaded at Bolton in 1651 after the Civil War. His body is buried in one coffin and his head in a separate casket.

This is one of only three parish churches in England to have a tower and a separate spire, and is unique in that it has both at the same end of the building. (The other two are St Mary's Church, Purton and St Andrew's Church, Wanborough, both near Swindon, in Wiltshire). Legend has it that Orme had two sisters, one who wanted a tower, and one who wanted a spire, and Orme built both to please both.

The 'steeple' in fact dates from the early 15th century, but the original blew down in 1731 and was rebuilt between 1790 and 1832. The large west tower was added to the church around 1548 to house the bells of nearby Burscough Priory following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. One of these bells can still be seen in the church.

Transport

The A59 is the main road, with Preston to the north and Liverpool to the south. The A570, from Southport, crosses the town from west to east and provides a link to the national motorway network at junction 3 of the M58, about three miles from the town centre. It then continues to St Helens before reaching the M62 at Junction 7, Rainhill Stoops. The town has its own bus station, Ormskirk bus station.

The town's railway station, which was refurbished at a cost of £1 million in 2009, is a northern terminus of Merseyrail, and the line continues, with a change from electric to diesel multiple units, through to Preston, after the direct service was partitioned in 1970. This line was promoted by the Liverpool, Ormskirk and Preston Railway in August 1846, but was completed by the East Lancashire Railway. The route and Ormskirk station opened on 2 April 1849, the undertaking being merged into the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway on 13 May 1859.

The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway built the Skelmersdale Branch line to Skelmersdale and Rainford Junction, which opened on 1 March 1858. Passenger services ended on 5 November 1956, goods to Rainford Junction finished on 16 November 1961 and to Skelmersdale on 4 November 1963.

Local economy
There is a Morrisons on Park Road, which was converted from a Safeway in 2005. The building was formerly home to the local gasworks, and the local Rover/Morris car dealership (Balmforths). The Two Saints is a modest retail park which opened in 2000 and contains a number of retailers including McDonald's, Argos, Mobility Store, Poundland, Aldi and a gym. In December 2013, when Blockbuster entered administration, its store at Two Saints closed. Ormskirk had an indoor market situated on Moorgate, but it closed in 2021 and was re-opened as a food and drink market in 2022. A Tesco Metro was located on Church Street, but it closed in April 2015.

An out of town business park, The Hattersley Centre, opened in February 2008, with a Home Bargains, Howdens, Tile Giant, Magnet, Jewson, Halfords (which closed in 2020) and a Plumbase. After Focus DIY went into administration, its store on the Hattersley Centre closed. The unit which it occupied was split into three, two being occupied by Home Bargains and The Food Warehouse by Iceland. An application for Asda to open in the unit was rejected in February 2011, after the application was submitted in August 2009. The centre was never fully occupied, and had been struggling since its completion. Netto closed down in August 2016, after the firm pulled out of the United Kingdom. The store had opened in November 2014.  2019 saw the Hattersley Centre expand with new units being built on adjacent unused land and occupied by Lidl and Toolstation. The expansion followed funding of £6.2M being secured from the Royal Bank of Scotland to clear the adjacent land and build new units. 2019 also saw Magnet vacate one of the units, but this was quickly occupied by Screwfix.

One of the last significant manufacturing businesses remaining in Ormskirk were Atkinson & Kirby, who make hardwood floors and employed 80 people. They relocated in September 2015 after operating from Ormskirk for over 100 years. Businesses in the town are mainly professional and financial services, such as solicitors, estate agents, and accountants.

Education
Ormskirk School (ages 11–18) is on Wigan Road in the east of the town, situated on a site formerly home to the demolished Cross Hall High School. The school is now part of the Endeavour Learning Trust. Ormskirk School is the result of a merger between Ormskirk Grammar School and Cross Hall High School. St Bede's Catholic High School (ages 11–16) is on St Anne's Road next to the A59 and Prescot Road, and opposite St Anne's Church. Edge Hill University is on the A570 St Helens Road heading east. West Lancashire College, a further education college, used to have a site in the town centre on Hants Lane but its students now have to travel to Skelmersdale. Ormskirk is also home to a public library.

Parks and open spaces
The town has three main parks and a number of other smaller play areas and open spaces.  The main parks are:-
 Victoria Park, named after Queen Victoria, is Ormskirk's oldest park, established towards the end of the 19th century.  It contains a monument to local heroes of the Boer War and Crimean War. It is located on the triangle of land between Knowsley Road, St Helens Road and Ruff Lane.
 Coronation Park, a large park in the town centre on Park Road, which has children's play areas, skateboard area, games area for football and basketball, fitness equipment, duck pond, bowling green, bandstand and wildlife meadow.  The Park was established in about 1905 by the former Ormskirk Urban District to commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII.  In 2012 the Ormskirk War Memorial was relocated here from its original site in front of the former Comrades' Club on Southport Road.
 Ruff Wood, a countryside park on the edge of the town, on Ruff Lane.

Notable people
See :Category:People from Ormskirk

Other connections

 Robert Harkness (born), Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, FRS FRSE FGS., Queen's College, Cork.
 Tom Pearce (footballer) (football player for Wigan Athletic, born in Ormskirk and went to Ormskirk School)
 Billy Ayre (lived and died), football player and manager
 Mark Bonner (born), footballer
 Kieran Dowell (born), footballer at Norwich City and England U'20 World Cup Winner
 Wes Fletcher (born), footballer at York City
 Joseph Brandreth (born), physician
 Alexander Critchley (born) M.P. for Liverpool Edge Hill 1935–1945.
 Jon Culshaw (born), impressionist
 Vickey Dixon (born), hockey player and bronze medal winner at the 1992 Summer Olympics
 Richard Drummie, musician
 Duncan Ferguson (lives), footballer
 Marianne Faithfull, singer
 Alexander Goss (1814-1872), was a Roman Catholic Bishop, Bishop of Liverpool
 Helen Hayes (raised), MP for Dulwich and West Norwood (UK Parliament constituency) since 2015
Gavin Griffiths (born) Leicestershire County cricket player
 William Edward Heaton (born), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 James Hopwood Jeans (born), physicist, astronomer and mathematician
 Stuart Maconie (student), TV presenter
 Stephen James Bennett (born), Academic, musician and writer
 Edward Peck (academic administrator),(school) Vice Chancellor of Nottingham Trent University
 Tom Middlehurst, former Welsh AM and Education Minister.
 William Moorcroft, veterinary surgeon, horse breeding expert, explorer
 Nicholas Monsarrat (lived), novelist, author of The Cruel Sea
 Tony Morley (born), England and Aston Villa footballer, European Cup winner in 1982
 Jimmy O'Neill (lived), Irish international footballer
 Les Pattinson (born), former member of Echo & the Bunnymen
 Jonathan Pryce (student), actor
 Jack Renshaw, far-right activist and convicted terrorist
 John Rimmer (born), athlete and winner of two gold medals at the 1900 Summer Olympics
 Robbie Slater (born), Australian footballer
 John Souch (born), seventeenth-century painter
 Stephen Warnock (born), England and Liverpool footballer
 Nicole Webster (born), Australian marine scientist
 Helen Whitaker Girl Guide leader and Commissioner for British Guides Abroad
 The Ormesher Sisters, Victims of an unsolved double murder in 1956

Gallery

See also

 Listed buildings in Ormskirk
 Edge Hill University
 Ormskirk Urban District
 Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency)
 West Lancashire (UK Parliament constituency)

Notes

References
 Duggan, Mona (1998) Ormskirk, the Making of a Modern Town. Stroud: Sutton

External links

Towns in Lancashire
Market towns in Lancashire
Unparished areas in Lancashire
Former civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of the Borough of West Lancashire

Ormskirk


Brad Smith Motorsports  (formerly known as Hylton Engineering and James Hylton Motorsports) is a former NASCAR  and current ARCA race team. It was one of the oldest professional race teams in the United States, running from 1964 to 1994; 1997–99; 2001–2018. The team won two NASCAR Winston Cup Series races with James Hylton driving, the 1970 Richmond 500 and the 1972 Talladega 500. The team ran for many years in the Winston Cup before closing in 1995. The team was revived in 2007 when Hylton leased a car and a motor from Richard Childress Racing with the intent of becoming the oldest driver to start both the Daytona 500 and a NASCAR race. He then picked up sponsorship from Retirement Living TV. During practice, Hylton turned in a time of 48.150 seconds, which ranked him 15th. During the Duel race, Hylton was in a transfer position until, on the final restart, he lost 2nd gear and was unable to accelerate, and wound 22nd. Despite not making the race, Hylton stated that he did what he had wanted. His goal was to show that even though he was over 20 years older than any other driver, he could still be competitive.

After James Hylton died in a travel accident in 2018, driver Brad Smith and the rest of the team kept competing in the ARCA Racing Series, racing under the name Brad Smith Motorsports.

Present

After Hylton retired in 2013 as driver, he hired Sean Corr to drive the 2014 season.  In his first race with the team, he got a top 10. During the
2014 season, races that Sean Corr was racing, it was an alliance between Hylton's team and Corr's family owned Empire Racing. For 2015, Corr ran in Daytona, and was then replaced by Brad Smith.

During the ARCA 200 at Talladega, Austin Wayne Self spun in the Tri-oval, and collected Smith's, Radon.com Ford. Smith's car slammed the outside wall and then slid toward the inside wall. Just before impact, Smith's car hit a dip in the track and the front end shot off the ground. After impact with the inside wall, while still running at over 100 mph, the car slid up in turns 1 and 2 before sliding down to the infield. Smith was taken to a local hospital, where he had surgery on both ankles. Driver James Swanson has taken over in place of Smith. Swanson finished the season for the team.

Corr returned to Daytona in 2016. It is believed that Smith will return for the remainder of 2016. Smith was to run a second car, the 49, but the car was not prepared in time. Smith was able to score a career-high 6th place in points in 2016, followed by another top 10 points finish in 2017. 2018 would prove to be disastrous. With ARCA switching over to composite bodies, the team had acquired a new composite Ford body. While having a strong run at Daytona, Smith was involved in the late-race "big one". The following races would prove trying as well. Problems at Nashville relegated the team to a 22nd-place finish. The next race would be even worse, as the team was forced to withdraw from Salem after losing their only motor in practice. Talladega would prove no better, as the team was continuing to have issues. Before the green flag, Smith would pull the 48 down pit road with oil pressure issues, which could not be fixed, and relegated the team to the last position.

Tragedy would strike the team shortly after. While traveling back to the shop, team owner James Hylton, his son James "Tweet" Hylton Jr., and crew chief Terry Strange were involved in a single-vehicle accident on I-85 in Georgia. Strange was driving when he lost control of the team's GMC truck, which was hauling the race car and all the equipment and struck an embankment. Both Hyltons' died, while Strange was taken to the hospital with several broken bones. James Sr. was 83, and James Jr. was 61. The accident is currently under investigation by the Georgia State Patrol. The future of the team is currently in question, although the 48 car is entered under the Hylton banner with Brad Smith listed as the owner and as the driver for the race in Toledo, Ohio. The team has run every race since Smith took ownership, and the team now runs as Brad Smith Motorsports.

In 2020, Smith achieved his first ever top 10 finish at Winchester Speedway.

In 2021, Smith would achieve his best points finish of his career, finishing fifth in the final standings.

Smith and the 48 would return in 2022, starting off with a 28th place finish at Daytona.

References

ARCA Menards Series teams
Atlantic Championship teams

Brad Smith Motorsports


Sarajevo Tango is an anti-war comic book/graphic novel by Hermann initially released in 1995. Sarajevo Tango is also the first of Hermann's big works done in direct color, and according to several critics, one of his finest.

On the surface the book follows a crime story that takes place in Sarajevo during the Siege of Sarajevo (1992–1996). However, in the background Hermann clearly shows his disgust with the international community' in particular with its lack of action and decisiveness in preventing killings that occurred in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the entire war. Key figures such as Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Yasushi Akashi, General Lewis MacKenzie, and British diplomat Lord David Owen are portrayed in the book as active participants, though often under slightly modified names.

The book is dedicated to the innocent victims of Sarajevo siege and Bosnian war. Copies of Sarajevo Tango were sent to various politicians, United Nations, and government officials, artists, journalists and global celebrities. The book is also dedicated to Karim Zaimović, a young journalist and publicist killed in Sarajevo during the siege by Serbian mortar shells; and in part to Ervin Rustemagić, Hermann's personal friend and survivor of the Sarajevo siege.

English language rights to the book were awarded to Rustemagić's Strip Art Features. The book was also translated into Bosnian, Swedish, and Danish,

In 1995 Herman received the Durbuy-Grand Prix for Sarajevo Tango.

See also
 Fax from Sarajevo

References

1995 graphic novels
Dupuis titles
Non-fiction graphic novels
Bosnian War in comics
Siege of Sarajevo in comics

Sarajevo Tango


Bruschetta (, , ) is an antipasto (starter dish) from Italy consisting of grilled bread rubbed with garlic and topped with olive oil and salt. Variations may include toppings of tomato, vegetables, beans, cured meat, or cheese. In Italy, bruschetta is often prepared using a brustolina grill.

Types
A popular dish is bruschetta with tomatoes; one recipe popular outside Italy involves basil, fresh tomato, garlic and onion or mozzarella. Bruschetta is usually served as a snack or appetizer. In some countries, the prepared topping is marketed as bruschetta.

In the Abruzzo region of Italy, a variation of bruschetta made with a salame called ventricina is served. Raw pork products and spices encased in pig bladder are aged and the paste spread on open slices of bread which are sometimes grilled. The dish was developed as a way of salvaging bread that was going stale. In Tuscany, it is called fettunta, and it is usually served without toppings, especially in November, to taste the first oil of the season.

History
Bruschetta originated in Italy during the 15th century. However, the dish can be traced back to Ancient Rome, when olive growers would bring their olives to a local olive press and taste a sample of their freshly pressed oil using a slice of bread.

Etymology

The noun bruschetta (plural bruschette) comes from the Roman dialect verb bruscare, the equivalent of the Italian word abbrustolire which means 'to toast', or 'to roast over coals'. Toasting bread and soaking it with freshly pressed olive oil is "a practice probably as old as Rome itself".

In the United States, the word is sometimes used to refer to a prepared topping, sold in jars and usually tomato-based, instead of the bread, a sense which is unknown in Italian.

See also

 Garlic bread
 Crostini
 Crouton
 List of bread dishes
 List of toast dishes
 Pa amb tomàquet, a similar dish in Catalan cuisine
 Torricado, a similar dish in Portuguese cuisine

Notes and references

External links

 Food Timeline: Bruschetta & Garlic Bread

Italian cuisine
Appetizers
Bread dishes
Toast dishes
Cuisine of Abruzzo

Bruschetta


Reginald Wynn Owen FRIBA (23 July 1876 – 15 May 1950) was a British architect noted for his work for the London and North Western Railway.

He was born in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales, the sixth child of Elijah Wynn Owen and Elizabeth.

He trained as a diocesan architect in the Diocese of Bangor, articled to Peter Shearson Gregory from 1893 to 1896, and then at the University of Liverpool School of Architecture where he was assistant to Thomas Taliesin Rees from 1897 to 1898, where he won the Queen's Prize for Perspective in 1898. Then he was articled to Owen Roberts of Moorfields in 1898, John Clarke 1898 to 1899 and to Grayson and Ould from 1899. He started work with the London and North Eastern Railway in 1911 and moved to London. He is probably best known for the Euston Station War Memorial which was unveiled on 21 October 1921.

He was appointed Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects on 18 February 1901 and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects on 7 April 1930.

He died on 15 May 1950 and was buried in Vicarage Road Cemetery, Watford.

List of works

Two houses in Craven Drive, New Brighton, Liverpool
St Thomas' Church, Ashfield, Wavertree, Liverpool 1907 (closed in 2005)
Additions to the Euston dining rooms 1915
Nuneaton railway station 1915
London and North Western Railway War Memorial, Euston railway station, 1921
New Information Bureau, Euston Railway Station 1930
 North London Railway War Memorial, Broad Street station (now at Hoxton station)

References

20th-century Welsh architects
1876 births
1950 deaths
British railway architects
Associates of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
London and North Western Railway people
People from Beaumaris

Reginald Wynn Owen


Ursula Andress (born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss television and movie actress who played the Bond girls in Dr. No and Casino Royale. She also starred in many other movies besides that. Andress was born in Ostermundigen to a Swiss mother and German father.

Other websites

1936 births
Living people
Actresses who played Bond girls
Swiss movie actors
Swiss television actors
People from Bern-Mittelland District

Ursula Andress


Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus was procurator of Roman Britain from 61 to his death in 65.

He was appointed after his predecessor, Catus Decianus, had fled to Gaul in the aftermath of the rebellion of Boudica. Classicianus expressed concern to the Emperor Nero that the punitive policies of the governor, Suetonius Paulinus, would lead to continued hostilities. Nero despatched his freedman, Polyclitus, to lead an inquiry. An excuse, that Suetonius had lost some ships, was found to relieve him of command and replace him with Publius Petronius Turpilianus.

Classicianus died in London in 65. London had been destroyed by Boudica only four years before, so Classicianus must have overseen considerable reconstruction. His funerary monument was erected by his wife Julia Pacata, daughter of Julius Indus, a nobleman of the Gaulish Treveri who became commander of the Ala Gallorum Indiana cavalry unit. The stone was re-used in the medieval wall of London, and, reconstructed, is now in the British Museum.

He may have been related to the Julius Alpinus who was executed after leading the Helvetii of Aventicum against Aulus Caecina Alienus, or the Julius Classicus who led a unit of Treviran auxiliary cavalry in Otho's army, both in 69.

References

Ancient Romans in Britain
1st-century Romans
65 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Ancient Roman equites
Alpinus Classicianus, Gaius

Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus


Scribbly was a Dutch comic strip, created by Jan-Paul Arends. It ran daily in the Dutch edition of the Metro free newspaper from 1999 to 2010. Seven albums have been published containing the daily strips. The comic is known for its weird cast, and its tendency for parodying well-known films, books and famous people.

Cast
 Scribbly is the eponymous protagonist. He is a schizophrenic and lives in an institute for people who are mentally disturbed.
 Psychotron is Scribbly's super-hero alter ego, in a few strips where he deludedly wears a red cape, which allows him to think he can fly.
 Frits is Scribbly's voice-inside-his-head.
 Quibus is an animated sheet of paper who is usually Scribbly's friend.
 Doctor Psilo leads the House for the Mentally Disturbed.
 Zark is an extraterrestrial alien who looks like a giant pickle with an antenna. He can use the antenna for radio reception, remote control, as well as hearing Frits. He hails from planet Zortian II.
 Kraz is Zark's brother. He lives on the same planet where Zark used to live.
 Waverider is Zark's super-hero alter ego, who has no known powers.
 Doe-ran is a haunting spirit, in the shape of a floating mask, that was initially summoned by Quibus to torment Scribbly. He is a powerful magician.
 Draakje is a little dragon that doesn't talk and has a tendency of breathing fire at inconvenient moments. He barks just like a dog.
 Olav is a huge man who is a porter at the House. He shouts a lot.
 V-252 is a friendly robot from outer space with a television on his belly. He is married to another robot, and they have a toaster for a child.
 H-Nibal is a huge killer robot from outer space, who was eventually defeated by D-2120.
 Mildred is a nurse at the House, who keeps an eye on the patients using Meneer Pollepel.
 Pollepel is a ladle with a drawn-on angry face. When used, he scares the patients.
 Eddy is one of the newer patients in the House, and is a naughty baby duck. He likes wine, and drives around the house in a pink toy Cadillac.
 Geestenclub are four ghosts who incidentally appear in the comics.
 Flumpy is a huge bee, who is the mascot of the brand of cereal eaten in the House.
 Giovanni is a shrimp, who is sometimes being drawn by Zark in an attempt to create a comic book. Giovanni lives in Garnaalsmeer.
 Zen is a robot who thinks for himself, created by V-252.

Albums
 "Ik hoop dat die ene goeie erin staat" (I hope that good one is in here)
 "Ik snap ze nooit" (I never get them)
 "Doe maar iets creatiefs" (Make it something creative)
 "Daar moet je een stripje over maken" (You should make a comic about that)
 "De verzonken stad van Zahn-Luac" (The lost city of Zahn-Luac)
 "Een opsteker van jewelste" (A big stroke of luck)
 "Meer wafels, minder misdaad" (More waffles, less crime)
 "Het is maar een droom, jongen" (It's just a dream, son)
 "Absurdor"

Sources

External links
 The Dutch Scribbly website
 Unofficial fansite for Scribbly fans
 Unofficial fansite for Eddy fans

Dutch comic strips
1999 comics debuts
2010 comics endings
Gag-a-day comics
Satirical comics
Parody comics
Comics characters introduced in 1999
Comics set in the Netherlands
Fictional characters with schizophrenia
Dutch comics characters
Fictional Dutch people
Male characters in comics
Parodies of films
Parodies of television shows

Scribbly


John Kobal (born Iwan Kobal; 30 May 1940 – 28 October 1991) was an Austrian-born British based film historian responsible for The Kobal Collection, a commercial photograph archive related to the film industry.

Biography
Iwan Kobal (named after his father) was born in Linz, Austria. The family emigrated to Canada when Kobal was ten and settled in Ottawa.

Kobal had a short-lived career as an actor in early 1960s London. He was an inveterate collector: magazines, postcards, pictures, any movie memorabilia. It was a chance encounter with Marlene Dietrich in Montreal, Canada in the late 1950s that led Kobal to develop his affection for the Golden Age of Hollywood. He used his contacts from a BBC freelance appointment in New York from 1964 to acquire Hollywood related photographs, and start The Kobal Collection, eventually numbering about 500,000 images dating from the end of the silent era to contemporary movies.

The author of 30 books, Kobal is credited with essentially 'rediscovering' the great Hollywood Studio photographers – including George Hurrell, Laszlo Willinger, Clarence Sinclair Bull, Ted Allan - who were employed by the movie studios to create the glamorous, iconic portraits of the most famous and intriguing stars of the day that now epitomise Hollywood.

Kobal was responsible for organizing the first exhibition of Hollywood related photographs at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 1974. He reunited these forgotten artists with their original negatives and produced new prints for many subsequent exhibitions mounted worldwide at, amongst others, National Portrait Gallery, London; Museum of Modern Art, New York; National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC and LA County Museum, Los Angeles.

The critic John Russell Taylor has described Kobal's contribution to film studies as "unique" and added "Serendipity played some part in this too: by accident, John's timing was spot on. When he became interested in the men behind the images, almost all of them were still alive and reachable. But it was John who realized their importance, sought them out, and was ready to acquire, preserve and protect hundreds of the original negatives at a time when no one else gave a damn about them. For those who knew him, John regularly tops their lists of "The Most Memorable Person I Ever Met". For those who didn't, one can best quote Sir Christopher Wren's tombstone: If You Seek His Monument, Look Around You."

Kobal died aged 51 of HIV-related pneumonia in London.

His final biography, The Lost World of DeMille (University Press of Mississippi), was not published until 2019.

The John Kobal Foundation
The John Kobal Foundation, to which he donated his archive of fine art prints and negatives, was established as a registered charity at the end of 1992 and presented an annual award for portrait photography - John Kobal Photographic Portrait Award - at the National Portrait Gallery, London between 1993 and 2002. Since 1999, it has had no connection with The Kobal Collection and is a totally separate entity.

In recent years, the foundation sponsored, amongst other projects, the John Kobal Book Award in association with the Royal Photographic Society; John Kobal New Work Awards to help towards the costs of photographers creating or exhibiting new work; the National Media Museum Bursary Awards for emerging photographers; John Kobal New Work Award commissioned portraits (from 2012 to 2018) of an emerging person in the British Film Industry for the National Portrait Gallery (as part of their annual Taylor Wessing Awards - the successor to the original John Kobal Photgraphic Portrait Award); and, a John Kobal Residency Award (from 2015 to 2017), with Photo London, enabling an artist to spend two months in New York making work and meeting contacts at galleries, museums and with collectors.

In January 2023, it announced The John Kobal Foundation Fellowship, worth £50,000, to be awarded every two years to an artist or collective who, in the view of an international selection board appointed by the Foundation, has established an outstanding body of lens-based work. The winner of the inaugural John Kobal Foundation Fellowship was South African photographer Lindokuhle Sobekwa.

References

External links
The Kobal Collection

1940 births
1991 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in England
British film critics
British people of Austrian descent
British gay writers
Photo archives in the United Kingdom
Photography awards
Photo archives in the United States
Austrian gay writers
20th-century Austrian LGBT people
20th-century British LGBT people

John Kobal


Vendel is a village at Tierp Municipality in Uppland, Sweden.
The village overlooks Vendelsjön, a long inland stretch of water near the Vendel river which has its confluence with the river Fyris.  Vendel was the site of an ancient royal estate, part of Uppsala öd, a network of royal estates meant to provide income for the medieval Swedish kings. A large number of archaeological finds have been found here, which have given their name to the Vendel Period.

Vendel Church (Vendels kyrka) was probably begun to be built in Romanesque style during the latter half of the 13th century. Around 1450, the church was vaulted with brick vaults. The church is most noted for its murals by Johannes Iwan who worked in Uppland during the 15th century.

Archaeological research

In 1881 to 1883, several excavations by Swedish archaeologist Hjalmar Stolpe  (1841–1905) revealed 14 graves in and just beyond the south-east corner of the churchyard. Several of the burials were contained in boats up to 9 m long, and they were richly furnished with arrangements of weapons (including fine swords), helmets, cauldrons and chains, beads, shields, tools etc.

The helmets from Graves 1, 12 and 14 bear close comparison to the helmet from the early 7th century ship-burial at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, England, with die-stamped plaques depicting scenes of warriors. The shield from Grave 12 at Vendel is also very comparable to the Sutton Hoo shield, and has a stamped metal strip mount which is actually die-linked to an equivalent piece at Sutton Hoo. The Vendel boats were identified by the presence of many ship-rivets, and accompanied by many animal sacrifices (mainly horses) within the burials. A later grave (Grave 3) contained an important set of bridle-mounts for a horse. These graves date between the later 6th to 8th centuries.

At Husby near Vendel there is a large mound which local tradition calls Ottarshögen from Ottar  also known as Ohthere and hög, meaning mound or barrow. Ohthere is associated with the person of that same name in the epic Beowulf. An excavation in 1917 revealed the remains of a powerful man who was buried at the beginning of the 6th century, the time of Ohthere. Other graves of similar date, associated with Ohthere's family, are at Old Uppsala.

Vendel has given its name to a period (the Vendel Age) in the Scandinavian Iron Age, and to the corresponding Vendel style in art. It has often been suggested that the Germanic Vandals, or at least their kings or rulers, were connected to the site. In this it is coupled with the name of a companion site at Valsgärde in the same region. The close comparisons with the 27-metre ship burial at Sutton Hoo show a direct connection between the armourers producing work found at the two sites, a connection central to the understanding of both. The Sutton Hoo burial is often associated with King Rædwald of East Anglia, (ruled c 599-624), who in his later reign (c 616-624) was most powerful among the rulers of the English kingdoms.

See also
Valsgärde

References

Other sources
Judith Jesch (2012) The Scandinavians from the Vendel Period to the Tenth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective (Boydell & Brewer, Limited)

Related reading
Ture  Arne: "Vendel före vendeltiden" (Fornvännen 27, 1932, s. 1-22)
Sune Lindqvist: "Sköld och svärd ur Vendel I" (Fornvännen, 1950, s. 265-280)
Nils Åberg: "Vendelgravarna och Uppsala högar i deras historiska miljö" (Fornvännen 44; 1949; s. 193-204)

Archaeological sites in Sweden
Germanic archaeological sites
Iron Age Europe
Viking ship burials
Vendel Period
Uppland

Vendel