International League of Humanists (ILH) is a non-profit international association of eminent humanists. Its headquarters are in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and its primary objective is promotion of worldwide peace and human rights. Its current president is Sonja Stiegelbauer.

History
ILH was established at a meeting held at the Inter-University Center in Dubrovnik, Croatia (then a part of Yugoslavia) in 1974. Its founders were notable peacemakers and humanists of that time: Linus Pauling, Ivan Supek, Aurelio Peccei, Sophia Wadia and Philip Noel-Baker. The First International Congress of ILH was held in Philadelphia in 1976.

Humanist associations

International League of Humanists


Silverton is a village in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. The village was formed out of Columbia and Sycamore townships, but withdrew from both and formed a paper township. The population was 4,908 at the 2020 census.

History

Formed out of Columbia and Sycamore townships, Silverton had its beginnings in the post-Revolutionary War land grants. In 1809 David Mosner opened a general store at the crossroads of Plainfield Pike and Montgomery Road. For the next several decades the surrounding town was known alternately as "Mosner" or "Enterprise". The Mosner name was formalized in 1861 when a post office opened under that designation.

In 1883 the Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway opened a line through town, connecting the area to Cincinnati by rail. Seth Haines and Robert Cresap platted Silverton's first subdivision shortly thereafter. It is widely accepted that the town was renamed Silverton in honor of Haines' wife, Elizabeth Silver Haines.

In 1884 the community was incorporated as the Hamlet of Silverton. The early subdivisions were designed to appeal to investors as well as prospective homeowners. These subdivisions were divided into large lots, as most of them had  frontages.

The hamlet slowly developed into a suburb over the next twenty years, with village status attained by general election in 1904. The village was by then served by the Interurban Railway & Terminal Company line, which ran along Montgomery Road (now U.S. Route 22), as well as the CL&N. Residents regularly commuted to jobs in Cincinnati.

By 1910 the village had a population of 459. Silverton grew over the next 50 years, attaining city status in 1961 with a population exceeding 5,500.

Around the beginning of the 20th century, the John C. Meier Grape Juice Company purchased land along the railroad line and began producing grape juice and wine in Silverton. Now known as Meier's Wine Cellars, it is both the oldest and largest winery in Ohio.

Silverton's demographics began to expand in the 1960s to include more African-American families. The "white flight" experienced by many other communities was not a factor in Silverton. Organizations like the Silverton Neighborhood Association were formed to break through cultural barriers and to promote dialogue between neighbors. As a result, Silverton transformed itself into a integrated community.

In 1974, Silverton elected its first African American Mayor, Richard F. Hunter, Sr. who served as a Silverton Councilmember previously. Mayor Hunter served the City of Silverton as Mayor over 20 years and longer than any mayor in the city's history.

Silverton received recognition as a Tree City USA community in 2008.

Geography
Silverton is located at  (39.191160, -84.402762).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 4,908 people living in the village, for a population density of 4,409.70 people per square mile (1,702.41/km2). There were 2,884 housing units. The racial makeup of the village was 47.5% White, 41.7% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.7% from some other race, and 6.4% from two or more races. 4.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,499 households, out of which 18.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.9% were married couples living together, 22.7% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 45.5% had a female householder with no spouse present. 53.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.9% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91, and the average family size was 3.07.

17.6% of the village's population were under the age of 18, 59.9% were 18 to 64, and 22.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.1. For every 100 females, there were 83.6 males.

According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the village was $46,029, and the median income for a family was $81,106. About 18.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over. About 60.6% of the population were employed, and 27.5% had a bachelor's degree or higher.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,788 people, 2,404 households, and 1,131 families residing in the village. The population decrease to below 5,000 reverted Silverton's legal designation to village instead of city. The population density was . There were 2,626 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 44.0% White, 51.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.

There were 2,404 households, of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.0% were non-families. 45.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the village was 43.3 years. 15.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 31% were from 45 to 64; and 16.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.2% male and 53.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,178 people, 2,534 households, and 1,256 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,662 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 45.52% White, 50.31% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.77% from other races, and 2.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.16% of the population.

There were 2,534 households, out of which 19.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 45.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the city the population was spread out, with 18.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 80.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,117, and the median income for a family was $43,633. Males had a median income of $27,682 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,971. About 5.8% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The Village of Silverton is a charter municipality and operates under the council-manager form of government, combining the strong political leadership of elected officials with the professional expertise of an appointed village manager.

Legislative authority under this form of government is vested in Village Council, the body that is chosen by the electorate. Council hires the manager to serve as the village's full-time chief executive officer.

Silverton Village Council consists of six members elected at-large to serve two year terms. In addition to appointing the village manager and passing legislation, Council approves the annual operating budget, contracts in the village's name, levies taxes, and appoints a village attorney.

The Mayor, who is directly elected to a two-year term, serves as the official and ceremonial head of the village and presides over all meetings of Council. He has the right to introduce legislation and to take part in discussion of all matters before Council with the right to vote in the event of a tie.

The village manager is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the village, implements Council action, hires and oversees the staff, prepares and implements the annual operating budget and keeps the elected officials advised of the village's financial viability.
.

Municipal services

Silverton offers a wide range of municipal services. The village is patrolled by the Hamilton County Sheriff's Office (HCSO) deputies. In 1999 the residents of Silverton and neighboring Deer Park voted to form the Deer Park Silverton Joint Fire District. The district offers fire protection and EMS/paramedic services to the communities of Silverton and Deer Park, as well as Golf Manor and portions of Columbia Township.

Residents of Silverton enjoy two parks: Ralph Ficke Memorial Park and Silverton Park.

Ficke Park was the larger of the two at . It offered a playground, baseball diamonds, a regulation size soccer field, full court basketball, hard court tennis and a batting cage. Two shelters were available for rental. Park events include an annual Easter egg hunt and a summer concert series.

The village council unanimously approved a land swap with Cincinnati Public Schools in order to build a new school on half of Ficke Park. The move is opposed by nearby residents, especially in neighboring Sycamore Township who argue that they were not consulted or informed of the proposed land swap. The land swap will likely be challenged on the premise that the land deed forbids the use of the land for anything other than a park or similar. On July 14, 2008, the Cincinnati Board of Education approved the land swap.

As a result of the land swap, CPS now owns half of Ficke park. The CPS owned half contains the shelters (that are no longer available for rental), the tennis courts (which no longer have nets), the playground and the basketball court. When construction for the new school begins, all these facilities will be lost. Some are scheduled to be rebuilt in the remaining half of the park.

Silverton Park is located in the center of town in a "village green" setting. The Kuhnell Museum, a replica of the village's original train depot, is located in the park. The museum is a source of great pride for Silverton residents. Johnny Kuhnell, the village's Chief of Police from 1946 to 1969, envisioned a replicated station as a focal point of the community, so he organized an effort to reconstruct the station. His goal was realized in 1974 when construction of the replica was completed. The museum was rededicated in honor and memory of Chief Kuhnell in 2001.

The station today serves as a museum dedicated to the preservation of Silverton history for future generations. Inside you will find photographs, articles and memorabilia related to the Silverton area from the 1800s to the present. Visitors will gain perspective on the village's history and the pride employed by area pioneers. The museum is open to the public on the second and fourth Sunday of each month from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m, April through September.

Notable people
 Barry Larkin, MLB Hall of Fame member and Gold Glove winner
 Carl Lindner, Fortune 500 CEO
 Roger Staubach, Heisman Trophy winner and NFL Hall of Fame quarterback

References

External links
 Village website
 Silverton Business Association
 Silverton Community Improvement Corporation
 Silverton Block Watch Association
 Deer Park Silverton Joint Fire District

Villages in Hamilton County, Ohio
Villages in Ohio
Populated places established in 1809
1809 establishments in Ohio

Silverton, Ohio


Bharya Athra Pora () is a 2013 Malayalam family film directed by Akku Akbar, starring Jayaram and Gopika in the lead roles. The cast and crew of 2008 film  Veruthe Oru Bharya came together to make the film, although it is not a sequel to the first film. The film was a commercial success.

Plot
Satyanathen is a teacher at Vivekodayam school, Thrissur. His wife Priya is a bank employee and they have a fourteen-year-old son Bhaskaran. Satyanathan is an alcoholic. After school hours, he can be seen with his friends in the local bar or at thekkinkad maithanam where they play cards. He is dissatisfied with his life and wife. He befriends some young men of the new generation whose lifestyle tempts him. During an outing to a beach he reveals to his newly formed friends that he is in love with a girl called Neena Kuruvila whose thoughts and personality match with his. Priya learns of this while logging on to his Facebook account without his knowledge. She then tells her close friends, who suggest she take him to a rehabilitation center. But Priya decides that she is not interested in taking any experiments and that she is disgusted with his behaviour. She files a joint petition for divorce and both sign it. They decide to live separately until the six months given by court to settle for their divorce. Satyanathen decides to live on first floor and Priya lives in ground floor with Bhaskaran. After some time, he notices a man dropping by to see Priya everyday and he becomes jealous. One day Neena decides to meet Satyanathen at beach side. She asked for 4 lakh rupees as help and flirts with him. But he adjusts and gives her that money not realizing it's a trap. Later on Satyanathen realizes that she is fake and had been taking money from many men outside and doing illicit affairs when the news about a raid flashes on TV. Bhaskaran has been telling the flashback to a doctor while he collapsed after running from police. The son sexually abuses his female friend and save it in a pendrive. Priya discovers that her son is a porn addict and Sathyanathen also finds it and thrashes him. Finally Dr Augustine brings Bhaskaran back to his home where he sees his friend Neha and breaks down. Satyanathen consoles him. Later on at the Family court, Priya and Satyanathen get divorced and expects them to change while living in the same house but separately. At the end of the movie Satyanathen and his son Bhaskaran takes an oath that they will change for good and Priya will return to them.

Cast
 Jayaram as Sathyanadhan Nair
 Gopika as Priya Sathyanadhan
 Master Ajai as Bhaskaran Sathyanadhan / Bhas
 Aju Varghese as Jeevan
 Sanju Sivram
 Balachandran Chullikkad as Rajendran
 Molly Kannamally as Thandamma
 Siddique as Dr. Rahman
 Sunil Sukhada as Principal
 Jayaraj Warrier as Sathyanathan Nair's friend
 Anwar Sherif as Jilan's friend
 Majeed as Dr. Abdhullah
 Sivaji Guruvayoor as Advocate Chellappan Kumar
 Reena Basheer as Zeenath
 Ambika Mohan as Family Court Judge

References

External links

Indian sequel films
Indian family films
Films shot in Thrissur
2010s Malayalam-language films
Malayalam films in series

Bharya Athra Pora


California Rangeland Trust is a conservation nonprofit organization founded in 1998. The Rangeland Trust claims to be the largest land trust in California, having conserved over  of rangeland on 90 ranches across 26 counties.

The Rangeland Trust remains focused on the quality standards of professional practices and is a Land Trust Alliance accredited organization. In California, there are over  of privately owned rangeland. The Rangeland Trust is actively looking for funding sources for the over  of rangeland on the waiting list.

The Rangeland Trust uses conservation easements as a tool to conserve rangeland properties. Working in close partnership with each property owner, the Rangeland Trust develops a customized legal agreement that inventories the land's agricultural, scenic, historical, and wildlife values and seeks to maintain the highest standards of animal husbandry and food production in a setting that sustains agriculture and habitat.

History

Steve Sinton was the Rangeland Trust's founding chairman. A graduate of Stanford University and the University of Colorado Law School, Stinton practiced water and environmental law in Sacramento, California and San Luis Obispo County for fifteen years before retiring to operate two family cattle ranches with his father and manage several commercial buildings in the City of San Luis Obispo. The Sinton family also operates a  vineyard.

Notable ranches

Notable ranches in the Trust's portfolio include:

 Yolo Land & Cattle Co., Yolo County
Yolo Land & Cattle Co. placed  into a conservation easement on March 25, 2005. This cattle ranch, located in the inner-coastal rangeland of the Blue Ridge Berryessa Natural Area, contains ponds, wetlands, streams and open spaces that provide habitat for many types of plants and wildlife.

 Ecker Ranch, Madera County
Ecker Ranch, a  ranch is now protected by an agricultural easement.

Tejon Ranch, Kern County
In 2000, California Rangeland Trust accepted the donation of a  easement as mitigation for a commercial development located in the northwest corner of Tejon Ranch. As a condition of approval for the development, Tejon Ranch Company donated an easement on nearby grazing land in order to protect the habitat for the San Joaquin kit fox and blunt-nosed leopard lizard.

Hearst Ranch, San Luis Obispo County
In 2005, the Hearst Corporation, American Land Conservancy, California Rangeland Trust, and the State of California completed a comprehensive conservation project that permanently protects the  Hearst Ranch.  A major component of the project is the conservation easement restricting future development on . The Hearst ranch is the largest privately owned working cattle ranch remaining on the California Coast.  The conservation easement ensures that the scenic, open space, agricultural and natural resource values of the ranch are preserved. California Rangeland Trust holds, monitors and enforces the conservation easement.

San Lucas Ranch,  Santa Barbara County
A conservation easement agreement was placed on December 27, 2007. Originally part of the historic Spanish land grant, Rancho Cañada de los Pinos, the owners purchased San Lucas Ranch in 1924. This donated easement on  of the working ranch preserves a piece of California's western heritage and habitat resources. It is part of a much larger unified ecological landscape which includes scenic mountain and riparian views of the Santa Ynez Valley and the surrounding mountain ranges. A primary value of this property is the Valley Oak savannah and grasslands that once covered most of the valley.

V6 Ranch, Fresno and Monterey Counties
In March 2001, a conservation easement protected the entire  ranch of John and Zee Varian near Parkfield, California that is part of the Diablo Range Project. The property is in one of the most productive grazing regions in the state and includes significant oak woodlands and other unique and important natural values.

Notes

External links
 California Rangeland Trust

Organizations based in California
Nature conservation organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1998

California Rangeland Trust


Marian-Jean Marinescu (born August 11, 1952) is a Romanian politician and member of PNL, part of the European People's Party–European Democrats. Elected to the Chamber of Deputies for Dolj County, he became a Member of the European Parliament in January 2007, with the accession of Romania to the European Union. He is a Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Romania.
Marian-Jean Marinescu has been vice-president of the PPE Group for two legislatures, chair of the PPE Working Group "Budgets and Structural Policies", coordinator of the PPE working group for the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021–2027, Vice-Coordinator of the Transport and Tourism Commission (TRAN), vice-president of the "Sky and Space" Intergroup, member of the Board of Directors of the European Agency for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GSA), ambassador and founding member of the Erasmus program for entrepreneurs .
In the new legislature 2019 - 2024, Marian-Jean Marinescu continues his activity in the committees of which he was a member previously, namely: member in the Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN), alternate member in the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) and an alternate member of the Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT), as well as coordinator of the PPE group for transport policies.
A fluent speaker of French and English, Marian-Jean Marinescu has a solid administrative experience at national level, being deputy in the Romanian Parliament, County Councilor - Dolj County Council - Municipal Councilor Local Craiova and Prefect - Dolj County Prefect Institution.
During the activity, Marian-Jean Marinescu was twice awarded the MEP of the Year (2014 and 2016), in the Research - Innovation section, the Personality of the Year Award in the field of aviation, granted by the European Business Aviation Association (EBAA) in 2017, Red Arrow Award 2017 for Europe's Essential Commitment - Future Business Austria Conference.
In the 2014 - 2019 legislature Marinescu was ranked the most active Romanian MEP, with a portfolio of 15 reports as principal rapporteur, 20 alternative reports and 5 opinion reports, as well as one of the ones more influential Romanian MEPs, according to VoteWatch's April 2019 ranking.

Born in Râmnicu Vâlcea, Marinescu graduated from the Bucharest Politehnica Institute's Faculty of Aerospace engineering in 1976, and subsequently worked as an engineer for Avioane SA and Aviation Institute branch in Craiova.

He entered politics in 1992, as a member of the PDL (known then as Democratic Party, PD), when he was elected a member of the Craiova City Council. Marinescu was elected vice-president of the PD local section in Craiova (1994) and Dolj County (1997), and, in 2001, Secretary for Dolj County and Oltenia. He served as prefect of Dolj under the Romanian Democratic Convention cabinet (1996-2000), and, after 2004, he was a member of the Dolj County Council, before winning a seat in the 2004 legislative election on the Justice and Truth common list.

In December 2020, Marinescu received the Transport & Tourism award at The Parliament Magazine's annual MEP Awards.

He is married with three children.

References

 Profile at the Chamber of Deputies site

External links
European Parliament profile
European Parliament official photo

1952 births
Living people
Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Councillors in Romania
Prefects of Romania
People from Râmnicu Vâlcea
Grand Officers of the Order of the Star of Romania
Romanian engineers
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
Democratic Liberal Party (Romania) MEPs
MEPs for Romania 2007
MEPs for Romania 2007–2009
MEPs for Romania 2009–2014
MEPs for Romania 2014–2019
MEPs for Romania 2019–2024

Marian-Jean Marinescu


Walter Wreszinski (March 18, 1880, in Mogilno (now Poland) – 9 April 1935) was a German Egyptologist and professor at Albertus University of Königsberg.

Education
He studied in Leipzig from 1898 to 1899, then in Berlin from 1899 to 1904 (under Adolf Erman). During this period he worked on the Dictionary of the Egyptian language.

In Berlin, he graduated in 1904 with a dissertation on The High Priest of Amon.

Following his graduation, he moved to Königsberg in 1909, initially as a lecturer, then from 1920 as honorary associate professor, and from 1927 as associate professor.

From 1921 to 1931 Wreszinski was editor of the Orientalist literature journal.

In 1934, after the Law for the Restoration of Civil Service was passed by the Nazi Party led government, Wreszinski lost his professorship by reason of his Jewish ancestry.

Works
The five-volume Atlas of Ancient Egyptian culture history is considered his masterpiece.
The high priest of Amon, Diss, Berlin 1904.
Egyptian inscriptions from the K.K. Court Museum in Vienna, Leipzig 1906.
The medicine of the ancient Egyptians I. The large medical papyrus in the Berlin Museum (Berl Pap. 3038). In facsimile and transcription with translation, commentary and glossary, Leipzig 1909.
The medicine of the ancient Egyptians II The London Medical Papyrus (BM 10059) and the Papyrus Hearst. Transcription, translation and commentary, Leipzig 1912.
The medicine of the ancient Egyptians III. The Papyrus Ebers. Transcription, translation and commentary, Leipzig 1913th
Lepsius: Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia, Volume V, 1913.
Atlas of ancient Egyptian cultural history, 5 vols, Leipzig 1913–1936.
Report on the photographic expedition from Cairo to Wadi Halfa. Order to prepare and collect material for my Atlas of ancient Egyptian history, culture, Leipzig 1927

Literature
Bierbrier, ML, Warren R. Dawson, Eric P. Uphill, Who's Who in Egyptology, London 1995, p. 452-453.

External links

1880 births
1935 deaths
20th-century German writers
German Egyptologists
German lexicographers
Jewish orientalists
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
Leipzig University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
19th-century German Jews
People from Mogilno
People from the Province of Posen
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century lexicographers

Walter Wreszinski


Sergio Ramírez Mercado (; born 5 August 1942 in Masatepe, Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan writer and intellectual who was a key figure in 1979 revolution, served in the leftist Government Junta of National Reconstruction and as vice president of the country 1985–1990 under the presidency of Daniel Ortega. He has been described as Nicaragua's "best-known living writer". Since the 1990s, he has been involved in the left-wing opposition to the Nicaraguan government, in particular in the  Movimiento de Renovación Sandinista. He was exiled from the country in 2021 and stripped of his nationality by the government in 2023.

Life and career
Born in Masatepe in 1942, he published his first book, Cuentos, in 1963. He received his law degree from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua of León in 1964, where he obtained the Gold Medal for being the best student.

In 1977 Ramírez became head of the "Group of Twelve", a group of prominent intellectuals, priests, businesspeople, and members of civil society who publicly stated their support for the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) in its struggle to topple the Presidency of Anastasio Somoza Debayle. The Group were forced into exile in Costa Rica, but their return was one of the key events heralding the end of the Somoza government. With the triumph of the Revolution in 1979, he became part of the Junta of the Government of National Reconstruction, where he presided over the National Council of Education. He was elected vice-president of Nicaragua in 1984 and was sworn in 1985.

Though the FSLN lost power to the UNO coalition headed by Violeta Barrios de Chamorro in 1990, Ramírez continued to serve as the leader of the Sandinista block in the National Assembly until 1995, when he founded the Movimiento de Renovación Sandinista (MRS) because of his differences with other leaders of the FSLN, such as former president Daniel Ortega, on issues of democratic reform. He has since become retrospectively critical of certain Sandinista policies that he views as having turned the country against the FSLN.

He made an unsuccessful bid for president on the MRS ticket in 1996. Since then, Ramírez has retired definitively from politics and his literary work has gained international recognition and his novels have been translated into several languages. He recently won the "Carlos Fuentes" prize, awarded by Mexico, in recognition of his life long work. During this period, he lived in Managua but traveled extensively.

He married his wife, Gertrudis "Tulita" Guerrero Mayorga, in 1964. He has three children: Sergio, María, and Dorel and eight grandchildren.

In June 2021, he was forced into exile during repression of the opposition in the lead-up to the 2021 Nicaraguan general election; the government issued a warrant for his arrest in September. In February 2023, the Nicaraguan government stripped him, along with 93 other people, of his nationality. The United Nations Refugee Agency called the move "arbitrary" and said "[t]he exercise of fundamental rights, including freedom of expression, freedom of assembly or other rights associated with a person's political views, can never justify the deprivation of nationality."

His home in Masatepe was seized by Nicaraguan authorities on July 1, 2023.

Writings
Ramírez began his literary career as a short story writer. His first story, "The student", was published in 1960 in Ventana, a magazine in  León. His first book, published three years later, was a collection of stories, but the following, published in 1970, was a full-length novel. Since then, he has alternated these genres with essays and journalism. His international breakthrough came in 1998 when he won the Alfaguara Prize with his novel Margarita, How Beautiful the Sea.

In 1990, he founded La Quincena, a political journal based in Managua that would be published for ten years. He is presently a columnist for La Prensa as well as several newspapers around the world, including El País, La Jornada, El Nacional, El Tiempo and La Opinión. He is also the Director of Carátula, a  Central American cultural e-magazine.

In January 2000, he was awarded the first "José María Arguedas Narrative Prize" from the Casa de las Américas. He has taught at the University of Maryland from 1999 to 2000 and again in 2001, and has been visiting professor at various major universities in the United States and Europe. He is also the President of , the most important literary festival in the region.

On 16 November 2017, Ramírez won the Spanish Ministry of Culture's Cervantes Prize, the most prestigious literary prize in the Spanish-speaking world.

In 2018, the Council of Ministers of Spain granted Spanish citizenship to Ramírez.

In February 2023, Ramírez was stripped of Nicaraguan citizenship by the Nicaraguan authorities.

His 2021 novel, Tongolele no sabía bailar (Tongolele Didn't Know How to Dance) is a detective novel examining the 2018 protests. Copies of the book were seized by Nicaraguan customs officials.

Awards and honors

Latin American Short Story Award 1971 from Imagen magazine, Caracas, for his short story collection "De tropeles y tropelias".
 1990, for Divine Punishment
Order Carlos Fonseca, the highest honor conferred by the FSLN (1990)
Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters (France, 1993)
Alfaguara Prize 1998 to Margarita, how beautiful the sea
Prix Laure Bataillon 1998 for Best Foreign Novel published in France for Un ballo in maschera (Le bal des masques, Éditions Rivages, 1997)
Casa de las Américas Novel Prize 2000 José María Arguedas for Margarita, how beautiful the sea.
Presidential Honor Medal, Pablo Neruda´s Centennial (Chile, 2004)
Masatepe´s Favorite Son, awarded by the Municipal Council (2005 Nicaragua)
 (Chile, 2011).
Officer of France´s Arts and Letters (France, 2013)
Carlos Fuentes International Award for Literary Creation in Spanish Language granted by the Government of Mexico, through the National Council for Culture and Arts (Mexico, 2014)
Miguel de Cervantes Prize (2017)

Novels and short stories
Cuentos (1963)
Tiempo de fulgor (1970)
De Tropeles y Tropelías (1971)
El Pensamiento vivo de Sandino (1975)
Charles Atlas también muere (1976)
¿Te dio miedo la sangre? (1978)
Castigo Divino (1988) (Divine Punishment, 2015)
Clave de Sol (1993)
Un baile de máscaras (1995)
Cuentos Completos (1998)
Margarita, está linda la mar (1998; Premio Alfaguara de Novela)
Adiós muchachos (1999)
Mentiras Verdaderas (2001)
Catalina y Catalina (2001)
Sombras nada más (2002)
Mil y una muertes (2004)
El Reino Animal (2006)
Catalina y Catalina, Alfaguara México, 2001. Contiene 11 cuentos:
La herencia del bohemio, El pibe Cabriola, La partida de caza, Aparición en la fábrica de ladrillos, Perdón y olvido, Gran Hotel, Un bosque oscuro, Ya todo está en calma, La viuda Carlota, Vallejo y Catalina y Catalina
Ómnibus, antología personal, cuentos, Editorial Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, 2008
Juego perfecto, Editorial Piedra Santa / Amanuense Editorial, Guatemala, 2008; 11 cuentos
El cielo llora por mí, novel, Alfaguara, 2009 (The sky weeps for me, McPherson & Company, 2020)
Perdón y olvido, antología de cuentos: 1960 - 2009 (2009)
La fugitiva, novel, Alfaguara, 2011
La girafa embarazada, children's short story (2013)
Flores oscuras, Alfaguara, 2013. Contiene 12 relatos:
Adán y Eva, La puerta falsa, La cueva del trono de la calavera, Ya no estás más a mi lado corazón, Las alas de la gloria, La colina 155, No me vayan a haber dejado solo, Ángela, el petimetre y el diablo, El mudo de Truro, Iowa, El autobús amarillo, Abbott y Costello y Flores oscuras
Lo que sabe el paladar. Diccionario de los alimentos de Nicaragua, compendio en comidas y recetas, 2014
Juan de Juanes, relatos, Alfaguara México, 2014
Sara: sus páginas beben del mito bíblico de Abraham y Sara 6
A la mesa con Rubén Darío, short stoaries, 2016
Ya nadie llora por mí, crime novel, Alfaguara, 2017
Tongolele no sabía bailar,  Alfaguara, 2021
Ramírez participated in the Stock Exchange of Visions project in 2007.

Essays and testimonies

 Mis días con el rector, Ediciones Ventana, León, Nicaragua, 1965; artículos publicados en el diario La Noticia a raíz del fallecimiento del rector de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Mariano Fiallos Gil
 Hombre del Caribe, Editorial EDUCA, Costa Rica, 1977 (biografía de Abelardo Cuadra)
 El muchacho de Niquinohomo, ensayo biográfico sobre Sandino, Unidad Editorial "Juan de Dios Muñoz", Departamento de Propaganda y Educación Política del FSLN, 1981 (reeditado en 1988 por la editorial Vanguardia, Managua)
 Pensamiento vivo de Sandino, 2 tomos, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, Managua, 1981
 Balcanes y volcanes, Editorial Nueva América, Buenos Aires, 1983
 El alba de oro. La historia viva de Nicaragua, Editorial Siglo XXI, México, 1983
 Estás en Nicaragua, Munhnik Editores, Barcelona, 1985
 Las armas del futuro, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, Managua, 1987
 La marca del Zorro, Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, Managua, 1989; 17 horas de conversación con el comandante guerrillero Francisco Rivera
 Quintero en septiembre de 1988
 Confesión de amor, con prólogo de Ernesto Cardenal; Ediciones Nicarao, Managua, 1991
 Oficios compartidos, Editorial Siglo XXI, México, 1994
 Biografía Mariano Fiallos, Editorial Universitaria, León, Nicaragua, 1997
 Adiós muchachos, Alfaguara 1999; una memoria de la revolución sandinista
 Mentiras verdaderas, Alfaguara México, 2001
 El viejo arte de mentir, Fondo de Cultura Económica, México, 2004
 El señor de los tristes, ensayos literarios, Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, 2006
 Tambor olvidado, Aguilar, San José, Costa Rica, 2007
 Cuando todos hablamos, Alfaguara, 2008; contiene más de 200 artículos publicados en su blog en el portal literario El Boomeran(g)

References

External links
Sergio Ramírez - Official Website
Sergio Ramírez - Official Facebook Page
Sergio Ramírez - Official Twitter
Stock Exchange Of Visions: Visions of Sergio Ramírez (Video Interviews)
Miami Herald article that includes comments from Ramírez
Biography with focus on literature

1942 births
Living people
People from Masaya Department
Vice presidents of Nicaragua
Members of the National Assembly (Nicaragua)
Nicaraguan male writers
Nicaraguan short story writers
Male short story writers
Sandinista National Liberation Front politicians
Opposition to Daniel Ortega
Sandinista Renovation Movement politicians
People of the Nicaraguan Revolution
Nicaraguan novelists
Male novelists
20th-century novelists
21st-century novelists
20th-century short story writers
21st-century short story writers
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers
20th-century Nicaraguan writers
21st-century Nicaraguan writers
National Autonomous University of Nicaragua alumni
Premio Cervantes winners

Sergio Ramírez


Brusciano is a municipality in the Metropolitan City of Naples, in Italy, on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius.
Situated inland north-east of Naples, 10 miles from center city, the ancient village of rural vocation has developed along the way National Puglia, in the stretch that connects the east of the capital and Pomigliano d'Arco and  Nola.

Its territory in the middle of the plain bell sits in the shadow of the area Vesuvius, is between the slopes of Monte Somma and the plain of Acerra is crossed by Regi Lagni. Has a particular geological origin: ash, lava and volcanic tuff resulting from the Vesuvius formed the substrate on which it was formed on local soil. The surface layer shows a depth of order few meters, with a particular composition of elements and sandy-clay mixed with volcanic ash, lava and pumice.

References

Cities and towns in Campania
Mount Vesuvius

Brusciano


Anand Rajaraman is a Web and technology entrepreneur.  He is the co-founder of Cambrian Ventures and Kosmix. Rajaraman also co-founded former Junglee Corp. and played a significant role at Amazon.com in the late 1990s.

Personal life and education
Rajaraman was born in Chennai, India. He has an MS and a PhD (2001) in Computer Science from Stanford University, under Jeffrey Ullman, and a Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science from IIT Madras (Class of 1993).

Career

Together with four other engineers, Rajaraman founded Junglee Corp. in 1996. Junglee Corp. pioneered Internet comparison shopping. Junglee Corp. was acquired by Amazon.com Inc. in August 1998 for 1.6 million shares of stock valued at $250 million.
Rajaraman went on to become Director of Technology at Amazon.com, where he was responsible for technology strategy. He helped launch the transformation of Amazon.com from a retailer into a retail platform, enabling third-party retailers to sell on Amazon.com's website. Third-party transactions now account for almost 25% of all US transactions, and represent Amazon's fastest-growing and most profitable business segment.
Rajaraman also was an inventor of the concept underlying Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk.

Rajaraman and his business partner, Venky Harinarayan, co-founded Cambrian Ventures, an early stage VC fund, in 2000. Cambrian went on to back several companies later acquired by Google.  Cambrian has funded companies like Mobissimo, Aster Data Systems and TheFind.com.  In April 2011, Kosmix was acquired by Walmart.

In addition to acting as a consulting assistant professor in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University, Rajaraman is a special partner to NeoTribe Ventures and publishes a blog called Datawocky, on which he discusses data mining techniques in search, social media, and advertising.

References

External links

 Kosmix
 TheFind
 Mobissimo
 Asterdata
 Cambrian Ventures
 Datawocky
  Forbes - Technically Chaotic

American computer businesspeople
American chief executives
Businesspeople in online retailing
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
IIT Madras alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Anand Rajaraman


The Hochkarspitze is a 2,484 m high mountain in the Karwendel on the border between Bavaria and Tyrol. It is part of the Northern Karwendel Chain, which runs initially northwards before swinging east at the Wörner. The Hochkarspitze lies east of the Wörner summit and is the highest point of the massif that it forms jointly with the Wörner.

The Hochkarspitze may be climbed in a difficult mountain tour from the south, partly over trackless terrain (sure-footedness and a head for heights are required).

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Bavaria
Mountains of Tyrol (state)
Two-thousanders of Austria
Karwendel
Two-thousanders of Germany

Hochkarspitze


The siege of Kars, in 1744, occurred during the Ottoman-Persian War of 1743-1746. Nader Shah, ruler of Persia, laid siege to the city on 29 July 1744.

Prelude
After the Iranian army under the command of Nader Shah suffered a major defeat in the Siege of Mosul in 1743, the Governor of Mosul, Abdülcelilzade, negotiated an armistice with Hüseyin Pasha, including the exchange of prisoners. Then, as Governor of Baghdad returned Kirkuk and Erbil to Ottoman Empire, which he occupied by agreement with Ahmed Pasha, Basra also lifted the siege.

In the winter of 1743-1744 Nader Shah engaged in rebellions (some of which were supported/encouraged by the Ottomans). Nader, who barely neutralized the Lezgin's attacks from Dagestan in December 1743, and within the country, Persian Beylerbeyi Taki Khan's Shiraz and he encountered the Esterabad-based uprisings of the Qajars. Ottoman Empire completed its military preparations on the Iranian front, with the help of Baghdad Governor Ahmed Pasha's distraction policy against Nader Shah, who suppressed them until Nowruz, and Kars Serasker (former Grand Grand Vizier) Nişancı Ahmed Pasha, to the Eastern Anatolian Seraskier Aleppo Governor Kazıkchı Hüseyin Paşa and Iraq to the Seraskier Governor of Baghdad Ahmed Pasha was appointed.

The commander of the garrison at Kars, Nişancı Ahmed Pasha, was ordered to support the Iranian prince Safi Mirza, who claimed the throne. Nader Shah's first his goal was to eliminate this danger, and after he caught and blinded Safi Mirza, he sent him to Kars. He then attacked towards Kars.

Siege

The Iran army under the command of Nader Shah crossed Arpaçay via Tabriz-Nakhchivan and arrived in front of Kars on 29 July 1744. After Nader Shah set up his headquarters on a hill south of the city, he had metrics dug around the Kars fortress. He then sent a letter to the garrison commander, Nişancı Ahmed Pasha, with an offer of surrender. Nader claimed there was no need to employ artillery to capture the castle as it would be sufficient to simply cut off the castle's water supply.

Ahmed Pasha left the offer unanswered. The Persian army took the necessary defensive measures around the castle before they arrived, made the lake larger by pouring water from Kars stream into Kars Lake, had a wide and deep ditch dug around the castle, built two-meter-long trenches with cannons, and fortified them with cannons. had formed a line of defense

Despite these preparations, the chain of command in the Ottoman garrison showed weakness and gave the Serasker's order.
When a group of disobedient Ottoman soldiers wanted to leave the castle and attack the Iranian army, Ahmed tried to establish order, at least partially, by sending Veli Pasha as a commander. The Ottoman troops were unsuccessful and retreated to the castle.

Thereupon, Nader Shah, who wanted to tighten the siege, decided to connect Kars with Erzurum.
He moved his headquarters to the village of Kümbet on the Kars-Erzurum road to cut him off and started the attacks. However, in ten general attacks carried out in a month, the Iranian army had to withdraw with heavy losses as the Ottomans knew Persian weaknesses of in siege warfare. The most severe of these attacks happened on 25 August. However, the Iranians were still unable to break through the castle's defenses. Two Hans and 1,700 soldiers from the Iranians, two Pashas, and 80 soldiers from the Ottomans. soldier died.

Nader Shah, who could not bring down the castle with his attacks, turned to his familiar tactic to cut off the water of the castle. Although he tried to change his bed by blocking the Kars Stream by placing the cotton equivalents he had brought from Revan by camels on 2 September, between the tree stakes, but with the onset of heavy autumn rains, the Kars Stream regained its old bed.

Nader Shah, who could not get results from this tactic, invited the Ottoman ambassador Defterdar Kesriyeli Ahmet Efendi to his headquarters and offered new peace offers, but these were not accepted either.

Thereupon, Nader Shah intensified the siege from 13 September 1744. The Ottoman forces in the castle were deployed as follows: Tırhala Beylerbeyi Murteza Pasha, at the Behrampaşa Gate Ankara, Nevşehir, under the command of the Janissaries in Gözcütepe At the head of the soldiers of the Niğde and Kütahya banners Trabzon Governor Selim Pasha, at the bastion in front of the Mosque Erzurum Governor Veli Pasha, Mustafa Pasha to the right wing, to the western bastion Izmit soldiers, militias, and under the command of Levent, Nişancı Ahmed Pasha was deployed. The camp sergeant commanded the artillery forces placed in front of the hill inside the castle. The hill slopes were held by soldiers from the Alâiye, Karahisar and Icel banners. Bayrakdar Ahmed Pasha, who guarded these troops, commanded the Timurpasa Bastion metris Karaman Beylerbeyi Abdullah Pasha.

Nâder Shah, leaving his headquarters around Kümbet, approached the castle he had besieged with trenches and towers, and started salvo fire towards Timurpaşa Bastion with field artillery (18 September). He was planning a general offensive the next day. However, the Ottoman garrison left the fortress before dawn and surrounded the Iranian army, preparing to attack with the huruç operation they carried out. Leaving all their weight with nine field guns, the Iranian army fled (September 19).

For three weeks following this general attack, the Iranian army took positions in a valley leading towards the castle and continued the bombardment with the fire of 16 large cannons. However, the bombardment did not destroy the fortress, and the onset of severe cold increased the losses. Finally, on 9 October 1744, Nader Shah gave the order to withdraw after an unsuccessful siege of 73 days.

References

Citations

1744 in the Ottoman Empire
Conflicts in 1744
18th-century sieges
Siege of Kars (1744)
Ottoman–Persian Wars
Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire

Siege of Kars (1744)


Eureka often refers to:

 Eureka (word), a famous exclamation attributed to Archimedes
 Eureka effect, the sudden, unexpected realization of the solution to a problem

Eureka may also refer to:

History
 Eureka Rebellion, an 1854 goldminers' rebellion in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
 Eureka Flag, the battle flag of the Eureka Rebellion
 Tehran Conference, codenamed Eureka, an Allied meeting during World War II

Businesses
 Eureka (company), a manufacturer of vacuum cleaners
 Eureka! Restaurant Group, California-based hamburger restaurant chain
 Eureka! Tent Company, an American company
 Kværner Eureka, a Norwegian engineering and construction services company

Media and entertainment

Characters
 Eureka O'Hara, an American drag queen, popularized on Rupaul's Drag Race
 Eureka (Oz), Dorothy Gale's cat in The Wizard of Oz, so named because Uncle Henry found her
 Eureka (Eureka Seven), a main character in Eureka Seven

Film and television
 Eureka (1983 film), a British-American drama directed by Nicolas Roeg
 Eureka (2000 film), a Japanese drama directed by Shinji Aoyama
 Eureka (2023 film), an Argentine drama directed by Lisandro Alonso
 Eureka! (Canadian TV series), a 1980s Canadian educational series
 Eureka! (2022 TV series), a 2020s American educational series
 Eureka (British TV series), a 1980s British educational series
 Eureka (2006 TV series), an American science fiction series aired 2006–2012
 Eureka (soundtrack), a 2008 soundtrack album
 Eureka TV, a British children's science show aired 2001–2005

Music
 Eureka (Jim O'Rourke album), whose title track was featured in the 2000 film
 Eureka (Mother Mother album)
 Eureka (Rooney album), 2010
 Eureka (Leslie Clio album)
 "Eureka" (song), 2014 song by Sakanaction

Literature
 Eureka (University of Cambridge magazine), published by the Cambridge University Mathematical Society
 Eureka (Italian magazine), a monthly comic magazine published between 1967 and 1989
 , a monthly general art magazine with a focus on poetry and criticism
 Eureka: A Prose Poem, a 1848 essay by Edgar Allan Poe
 Eureka, a monthly science magazine for primary school students in Malayalam language published by Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad, Kerala, India
  Eureka (journal), the original name of the Canadian mathematical problem-solving journal Crux Mathematicorum

Other media
 Eureka (musical), a 2004 Australian musical
 Eureka! (video game), a 1984 text adventure

Places

Australia

 Eureka, New South Wales, a suburb in Byron Shire
 Eureka, Queensland, a locality in the Bundaberg Region
 Eureka, Victoria, a small eastern suburb of Ballarat

Canada

 Eureka, Nova Scotia
 Eureka, Nunavut
 Eureka Pass, Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut
 Eureka Sound, Nunavut

New Zealand
 Eureka, New Zealand, rural settlement in the Waikato District

United States
 Eureka, California, the largest US city named Eureka
 Eureka, Colorado
 Eureka, Marion County, Florida
 Eureka, Miami-Dade County, Florida, part of Richmond West, Florida
 Eureka, Illinois
 Eureka College
 Eureka, Lawrence County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 Eureka, Spencer County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 Eureka, Kansas
 Eureka, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 Eureka, Missouri
 Eureka, Perry County, Missouri
 Eureka, Montana
 Eureka, Nevada
 Eureka, North Carolina
 Eureka, Oregon, an unincorporated community and ghost town
 Eureka, Pennsylvania
 Eureka, South Carolina, an unincorporated community in Aiken County, South Carolina
 Eureka, South Dakota
 Eureka, Texas (disambiguation)
 Eureka, Utah
 Eureka (Baskerville, Virginia), a historic home near Baskerville, Mecklenburg County, Virginia
 Eureka, Washington
 Eureka, West Virginia
 Eureka, Polk County, Wisconsin, a town
 Eureka, Winnebago County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 Eureka Center, Minnesota
 Eureka Center, Wisconsin
 Eureka County, Nevada
 Eureka Springs, Arkansas
 Eureka Township, Adair County, Iowa
 Eureka Township, Michigan
 Eureka Township, Dakota County, Minnesota
 Eureka Township, Valley County, Nebraska
 Eureka Valley (Inyo County), California
 Eureka Valley, San Francisco, California

Science and technology
 Eureka (organisation), an international research and development funding and coordination network
 Eureka (OPAC), a library search engine developed by RLG
 Eureka! (museum), a museum in Halifax, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
 The Eureka, a machine for generating Latin verses
 Eureka-147, a system for digital audio broadcast
 Eureka Streams, an open source software project
 Eureka theorem, a result of Gauss that every natural number is the sum of three triangular numbers
 5261 Eureka, an asteroid co-orbital with Mars
 Constantan, also known as Eureka, a metal alloy
 Heureka, a science centre in Vantaa, Finland
 Eureka, the transponder component of the World War II Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar
 Eureka: The Solver, numerical solver for mathematical systems of equations, released by Borland, 1987

Transportation
 Eureka (1900 automobile), an American automobile
 Eureka (1907 automobile), an American automobile
 Eureka (airship), a Zeppelin NT owned by Airship Ventures
 Eureka (French automobile), a French automobile
 Eureka (ferryboat), an 1890-built steam ferryboat now preserved in San Francisco
 Ameri-Cana Eureka, a Canadian ultralight aircraft

Other uses
 Eureka Diamond, the first diamond found in South Africa
 Eureka Mountain (Colorado), a summit in the Sangre de Cristo Range
 Eureka Prizes, annual Australian science prizes presented by the Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
 Eureka Shipyard, a shipyard of the early 20th century in New York State
 Eureka Tower, a 2006 91-storey residential building in Melbourne, Australia
 Disney's Eureka! A California Parade, a former parade in Disney's California Adventure Park
 Eureka! Program, a teen girls' achievement program run by Girls, Inc.
 Asociación Atlética Eureka, known as Eureka, a former football team in Argentina
 Eureka O'Hara, American drag queen

See also
 EURECA (disambiguation)

Eureka


Blitzkrieg is a German word, which means "lightning war" and refers to the high speed of a lightning bolt.

In blitzkrieg, the attacking motorized infantry armies move quickly, and are helped by tanks and aircraft. Slower-moving enemy units are overrun or surrounded and are often captured with little fighting. The slower units often become disorganized and are not yet ready to fight when they are captured.

The strategy of was developed in the 1930s, but the Wehrmacht seldom called it blitzkrieg.

This method worked well early in World War II during the invasions of Poland and France. It was mostly successful in Operation Barbarossa. Later in the war, the Allies learned to defeat German blitzkrieg attacks by defence in depth and by attacking the flanks of the attackers with reserve forces.

The Blitz refers to the German bombing of Britain, particularly London, during World War II, which destroyed over a million homes and killed over 40,000 people. It was supposed to quickly destroy industry and morale to make the British pressure the government to end the war. The Blitz was in response to the British bombing of German cities by the Royal Air Force. The Blitz began in September 1940 and continued until May 1941.

References

Military of Germany
World War II

Blitzkrieg


Opportunity is a locale and former census-designated place in Spokane County, Washington, United States. The population was 25,065 at the 2000 census.

History
The name Opportunity was selected in 1905 as the winning entry in a naming contest. The area has been a city neighborhood of Spokane Valley since the city incorporated in 2003.

Geography
Opportunity is located at  (47.646994, -117.241064).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 25,065 people, 10,242 households, http://www.city-data.com/city/Opportunity-Washington.html#top and 6,667 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 10,827 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.52% White, 1.01% African American, 1.01% Native American, 1.29% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.67% of the population.

There were 10,242 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 25.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,658, and the median income for a family was $44,230. Males had a median income of $35,435 versus $25,860 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,116. About 6.3% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

References

Geography of Spokane County, Washington
Former census-designated places in Washington (state)
Spokane Valley, Washington

Opportunity, Washington


Fuke Zen was a branch of Zen Buddhism which existed in Japan from the 13th century until the late 19th century. Fuke monks were noted for playing the shakuhachi flute as a form of meditation. It was characterized in the public imagination of Japan by the Fuke Zen monks playing the shakuhachi flute while wearing a large woven basket hat that covered their entire head as they went on pilgrimage.

Buddhism
Religion in Japan

Fuke Zen


Pike of Blisco, or Pike o' Blisco, is a mountain in the Lake District in Cumbria, England. Located between the valleys of Great Langdale and Little Langdale, its relative isolation from neighbouring fells together with slopes falling away immediately from the summit in all directions mean it has excellent views: the view of the Langdale Pikes across Great Langdale is particularly arresting.

The name Pike of Blisco is the form used on Ordnance Survey maps. The influential guidebook writer Alfred Wainwright preferred Pike o' Blisco (he refers to Pike of Blisco as its "Sunday name"), and wrote, "the man has no blood in his veins who does not respond eagerly to its fine-sounding, swashbuckling name".

Topography

Pike of Blisco stands on the complex ridge of high ground descending south-eastward from the Scafell massif. The ridge incorporates Esk Pike, Bow Fell, Crinkle Crags and Cold Pike before turning sharply north-eastward to Pike of Blisco; it then makes a further abrupt northerly diversion around Blea Tarn to connect to Lingmoor Fell. To the north of Pike of Blisco is the Oxendale branch of Great Langdale, while Little Langdale stands to the south east. The two valleys drain eastward, joining beyond Lingmoor Fell. To the south of Pike of Blisco is the  summit of Wrynose Pass, which links Little Langdale with the Duddon Valley, and beyond the pass lies Swirl How and the Coniston Fells.

Between Cold Pike and Pike of Blisco is a wide grassy depression at . On the southern side is the source of the River Duddon, while to the north is Red Tarn, a feeder of Great Langdale Beck. Red Tarn is an elongated pool whose stony bed can be seen through clear shallow waters, reputed to hold trout. Its name comes from the colour of the surrounding soil rather than the water itself. The tarn forms a focal point for walkers, as the wide path from the summit of Wrynose Pass to Great Langdale runs beside it, with a further path branching off across its outflow towards Crinkle Crags. The main path was originally made to serve Red Crag Mine, which now consists of a series of pits and trial borings for iron ore, concentrated about  north of the tarn. The mine was worked from 1860 to 1875 but never achieved commercial success.

Pike of Blisco itself consists of the steep, conical summit area above Red Tarn along with a swathe of hilly country spreading out to the south and east. The summit is defended by Kettle Crag to the north and Black Wars to the west, with Black Crag abreast the ridge descending southward to Wrynose Pass. The eastern part of the fell is centred upon the subsidiary top of Blake Rigg at around  in an area of rocky outcrops and small tarns. From Blake Rigg a ridge runs north east to cross the summit of the Blea Tarn road at . This pass, narrow and steep even by Lakeland standards, links the two Langdales and is named for the large tarn which sits beneath the eastern crags of Blake Rigg. Its waters hold trout, perch and pike, and the easily accessible shoreline features in many a photograph of the Langdale Pikes.

Geology
The interbedded volcaniclastic sandstone, tuff and lapilli-tuff of the Blisco Member predominate, with an intrusion of rhyolite running across the eastern slopes.

Summit
Unusually for Lake District fells, Pike of Blisco's summit is clearly visible from the valley below, in this case Great Langdale. (Consequently, a good view of the valley may be obtained from the summit.) Before 1959 the summit was crowned with a tall, conical cairn which could be seen from the valley, but between 1958 and 1959 it was apparently vandalised. It has subsequently been rebuilt, although it does not appear as tall today as it does in Wainwright's 1958 drawing.
 Panorama

Ascent routes

There are two distinct routes to the summit from the popular walkers' resort of Dungeon Ghyll at the head of Great Langdale. One goes via Stool End farm at the foot of Bowfell; from here it follows the public footpath over the Oxendale Beck and up to Red Tarn, at around  above sea level, before ascending Pike of Blisco's steep west face. The other route, which takes a generally more even gradient, climbs the mountain's east face using a path that starts from the Little Langdale road.

It is also possible to climb Pike of Blisco from Little Langdale, via a public footpath from Wrynose Bridge on the road to Wrynose Pass, about  from the head of the valley. An alternative route from this direction, recommended by Wainwright, involves scrambling up a gully in the crags above the valley head, then walking across pathless terrain to the summit. The easiest route of ascent, however, is from the Three Shire Stone at the head of the Wrynose Pass, where vehicles may be parked at .

Pike of Blisco is often climbed as a circuit around the head of Great Langdale incorporating Crinkle Crags and Bowfell, sometimes extended to include Rossett Pike and even the Langdale Pikes.

References

Marilyns of England
Fells of the Lake District
Hewitts of England
Nuttalls
Borough of Copeland
South Lakeland District

Pike of Blisco


The Butch Cassidy Sound System is an alias used by the UK's Michael Hunter who has composed music for the Grand Theft Auto computer games San Andreas and IV. His rendition of the song "Cissy Strut" featured in series 4, episode 14 of the BBC TV show Waterloo Road, and has been featured on a compilation album compiled by Belle & Sebastian. The song "The Putney" was featured in Babylon Central, a film written and directed by Eric Hilton of Thievery Corporation. Echo Tone Defeat, the follow-up album to the debut Butches Brew, was released in 2012.
He also records under the pseudonym Pablo.

References

External links

British reggae musical groups

The Butch Cassidy Sound System


Barbara Hendricks (born November 20, 1948) is an American operatic soprano and concert singer. Hendricks has lived in Europe since 1977, and in Switzerland in Basel since 1985. She is a citizen of Sweden following her marriage to a Swedish citizen.

Early life and education
Hendricks was born in Stephens, Arkansas. Growing up, she sang and took voice lessons and was often asked to sing solos. She graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and chemistry at the age of 20. She attended the Aspen Music Festival and School and then attended Juilliard School of Music in New York, where she studied with mezzo-soprano Jennie Tourel and participated in master classes led by soprano Maria Callas. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in music.

Musical career
In 1974, Hendricks made her professional operatic debut in Europe at the Glyndebourne Festival and in America at the San Francisco Opera. During her career, she has appeared at major opera houses throughout the world, including the Opéra National de Paris, the Metropolitan Opera, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and La Scala. In 1998 she sang Liù in the historical performance of Turandot at the Forbidden City in Beijing. Hendricks has performed more than twenty roles, twelve of which she has recorded.

Hendricks has appeared on film as Mimì in La bohème, and in 1995 she sang the role of Anne Truelove in the Swedish film Rucklarens väg, an adaptation of Stravinsky's opera The Rake's Progress. In 2007, she appeared in the film Disengagement by Amos Gitai and starring Juliette Binoche. She also recorded Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde, which is the main theme for the film.

Hendricks also performs jazz music and made her jazz debut at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1994. Since that time, she has performed at major jazz festivals around the world. Hendricks is also known for her love of chamber music and has organized a number of chamber music festivals.

In 2004, at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, she created the role of Angel in the world premiere of Péter Eötvös' opera Angels in America, after the play by Tony Kushner.

In January 2006, she left EMI, and created the new label Arte Verum for which she records exclusively.

In 2018, Hendricks sang "La Marseillaise" with the Choir of the French Army at the interment ceremony of Simone Veil in the Panthéon.

Humanitarian work

Since 2000, Hendricks has been a member of the Council of the Foundation for the Refugee Education Trust (RET). The RET is dedicated to post-primary education of refugee youth all over the world.

In 1991 and 1993 Hendricks gave two concerts in the war-torn formerly Yugoslavian cities of Dubrovnik and Sarajevo. She performed in Sarajevo  with the Sarajevo Opera Chorus and jazz musician Sinan Alimanović. In 1998 she founded the Barbara Hendricks Foundation for Peace and Reconciliation, which seeks to facilitate reconciliation where conflicts have already occurred.

In 2001 she performed at the Nobel Prize ceremony in Oslo at the invitation of Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Kofi Annan. In May 2002, she performed at the East Timor Independence Day Ceremony.

Awards
In 1986, Hendricks was made a Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres; in 1992 she was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. In 2000, she was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts. In 2001, Hendricks received the Lions Clubs International Award for the work of her foundation. In 2015, Hendricks received the honorary degree Doctor of Fine Arts from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

References
Notes

Sources
 Adapted from the article Barbara Hendricks , from Wikinfo, licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.

External links

[ AllMusic biography]
Interview

Interview with Studs Terkel, April 3, 1978

20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century American women opera singers
African-American women opera singers
American operatic sopranos
Swedish operatic sopranos
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
Swedish jazz singers
Aspen Music Festival and School alumni
People from Stephens, Arkansas
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Goodwill Ambassadors
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Knights of the Legion of Honour
1948 births
Living people
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
21st-century Swiss women opera singers
21st-century American women

Barbara Hendricks


The Nationalist Faction was the main enemy of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil war. It was funded / supported by Nazi Germany, Facist Italy and the Republic of Portugal. During it's short existance as simply the Faction, it made great achievements to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for itself (only Spain)

Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)


Anna-Lisa Björling (née Emy Anna-Lisa Berg; 15 March 1910 – 24 November 2006) was a Swedish opera singer and actress. She was married to tenor Jussi Björling, from 1935 until his death in 1960.

Born in Stockholm, Anna-Lisa was a soprano who had studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. After her marriage to Jussi Björling in 1935, Anna-Lisa focused on her family life and their children for ten years. When the children were older she resumed her musical studies, and made a very successful comeback at the Royal Swedish Opera in 1948, where she performed various roles until the late 1960s.

In Sweden and occasionally abroad, she performed duets with her husband Jussi Björling, for television specials and other events. She had also appeared in some Swedish films, both as an actress and singer in the 1930s.

She was sometimes credited as Anna-Lisa Berg or Anna-Lisa Björling Barkman.

She died in Stockholm in 2006, at age 96.

Selected filmography
1932 - Svarta rosor
1932 - Landskamp
1932 - Hans livs match
1931 - Skepp ohoj!
1931 - Falska miljonären

Sources
SvD - Anna-Lisa Björling Barkman död (short news report of her death with a mini biography) (from TT Spektra - Sweden)
Björling, Anna-Lisa: Mitt liv med Jussi (My Life with Jussi), Stockholm, Bonnier, 1987 (Sweden).

1910 births
2006 deaths
Singers from Stockholm
Swedish film actresses
20th-century Swedish women opera singers
Swedish operatic sopranos

Anna-Lisa Björling


The Oil Raider is a 1934 American action film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet and starring Buster Crabbe, Gloria Shea and George Irving. It was produced on Poverty Row as a second feature and was distributed by independent company Mayfair Pictures.

Plot
Dave Warren, a wildcatter, has uncovered a potentially profitable oil well but needs more money to keep drilling. He borrows fifty thousand dollars from an investment banker Varley. When Varley's financial interests suffer a severe collapse he needs urgent money and hires men to sabotage the drilling so that he can foreclose and use the oil to recover his fortunes. However, his own daughter Alice has fallen in love with Warren.

Cast
Buster Crabbe as Dave Warren
Gloria Shea as Alice Varley
George Irving as J. T. Varley, Investment Banker
Max Wagner as Simmons, a Troublemaker
Emmett Vogan as Jim Walker
Harold Minjir as Morrison
 Tetsu Komai as 	Chinese Cook
 Tom London  as Oil Well Driller
 Chuck Morrison as Oil Well Driller
 Hal Taliaferro as	Oil Well Driller

References

Bibliography
 Pitts, Michael R. Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. McFarland & Company, 2005.

External links

1934 films
1930s romance films
1930s action adventure films
1930s English-language films
American black-and-white films
American action adventure films
American romance films
Mayfair Pictures films
Films directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet
1930s American films

The Oil Raider


Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center (Ukrainian: Меморіальний центр Голокосту «Бабин Яр»), officially the Foundation and Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center, is an educational institution that documents, explains and commemorates the Babi Yar shootings of September 1941 and aims to broaden and sustain the memory of The Holocaust in Eastern Europe, taking into account geopolitical changes during the 20th century. On September 29, 2016, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, together with public figures and philanthropists, initiated the creation of the first Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. The Memorial Center is planned to be opened in Kyiv, Ukraine, in 2025/26.

Babi Yar
On September 29–30 1941, in Babi Yar, a ravine in Kyiv, the Nazis slaughtered more Jews in two days than in any other single German massacre, killing 33,771 Jews. In total, from September 29, 1941, until October 1943, the Nazi occupation authorities killed nearly 100,000 people in and near Babi Yar.

History
On September 29, 2016, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, together with public figures and philanthropists, initiated the creation of the first Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center. In his opinion, the creation of the Holocaust Memorial in Babi Yar can become a symbol of the unity of the nation and mother of greatness for the whole world.  Poroshenko himself and the Mayor of Kyiv, Vitali Klitschko, were present at the ceremony.

On March 19, 2017, the Supervisory Board of the Memorial was founded. The Supervisory Board is headed by the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Israel Natan Sharansky and consists of philanthropists German Khan, Mikhail Fridman, Victor Pinchuk, and Pavel Fuks, the chief rabbi of Kyiv and Ukraine Yakov Dov Bleich, artist Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, world heavyweight champion Volodymyr Klitschko, the former Director-General of UNESCO Irina Bokova, former President of Poland Alexander Kwasniewski, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany Joschka Fischer.

On October 19, 2017, the leadership of the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center met with the Prime Minister of Ukraine Volodymyr Groysman. The Prime Minister expressed support for the project to build a memorial complex in Kyiv to commemorate the victims of Babi Yar, and noted the importance of preserving historical memory in order to prevent the recurrence of past mistakes in the future.

On 6 October 2021, following the 80th anniversary of the massacre, the Memorial Center released the first 161 names of Nazi soldiers who were perpetrators of the crimes at Babi Yar. It described the release of names as the first installment of ongoing research into those who committed the murder of 33,771 Ukrainian Jews on September 29 and 30, 1941.

On 1 March 2022, the site of Babyn Yar was claimed to have been hit by Russian missiles and shells during the (part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine) battle of Kyiv, killing at least five people. Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Andriy Yermak, chairman of the Ukrainian Presidential Office, condemned the missile attack, as did Israeli leaders including Foreign Minister Yair Lapid and Diaspora Affairs Minister Nachman Shai. Ynet journalist Ron Ben Yishai reported that Babi Yar remained unscathed after the Russian attack.

In a February 2023 interview, art director of the Babyn Yar Memorial Foundation Ilya Khrzhanovsky mentioned that German Khan and Mikhail Fridman (at the time both under sanctions due to their alleged role in the 2022 Russian invasion) had withdrawn from the project and that Ronald Lauder had recently become a major donor. Khrzhanovsky himself resigned from the project on 5 September 2023.

See also
 Babi Yar memorials

References

External links

The Holocaust in Ukraine
Babi Yar
Holocaust museums
Museums in Kyiv
Proposed museums

Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center


Craig Alan Biggio (; born December 14, 1965) is an American former baseball second baseman, outfielder and catcher who played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Houston Astros, from 1988 to 2007. A seven-time National League (NL) All-Star often regarded as the greatest all-around player in Astros history, he is the only player ever to be named an All-Star and to be awarded Silver Slugger Award at both catcher and second base. With longtime teammates Jeff Bagwell and Lance Berkman, he formed the core of the "Killer B's" who led Houston to six playoff appearances from 1997 to 2005, culminating in the franchise's first World Series appearance in 2005. At the end of his career, he ranked sixth in NL history in games played (2,850), fifth in at bats (10,876), 21st in hits (3,060), and seventh in runs scored (1,844). His 668 career doubles ranked sixth in major league history, and are the second-most ever by a right-handed hitter; his 56 doubles in 1999 were the most in the major leagues in 63 years.

Biggio, who batted .300 four times and scored 100 runs eight times, holds Astros franchise records for most career games, at bats, hits, runs scored, doubles, total bases (4,711) and extra base hits (1,014), and ranks second in runs batted in (1,175), walks (1,160) and stolen bases (414). He also holds the NL record for most times leading off a game with a home run (53), and is one of only five players with 250 home runs and 400 steals. A four-time Gold Glove Award winner who led NL second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times, he retired ranking fourth in NL history in games at second base (1,989), sixth in assists (5,448) and fielding percentage (.984), seventh in putouts (3,992) and double plays (1,153), and eighth in total chances (9,596). He was the ninth player in the 3,000 hit club to collect all his hits with one team. Biggio also led the NL in times hit by pitch five times, with his career total of 285 trailing only Hughie Jennings' 287 in major league history.

One of the most admired players of his generation, Biggio received the 2005 Hutch Award for perseverance through adversity and the 2007 Roberto Clemente Award for sportsmanship and community service. The Astros retired the number 7 in his honor the year following his retirement. Since 2008, Biggio has served as special assistant to the general manager of the Astros. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, and is the first member of the Hall to be depicted in an Astros uniform on his plaque.

Early life

High school
Craig Biggio graduated from Kings Park High School in Kings Park, New York, where he excelled as a multi-sport varsity athlete. Most notably, after the 1983 season Biggio was awarded the Hansen Award, which recognized him as being the best football player in Suffolk County. However, Biggio's passion lay with baseball, such that he turned down football scholarships for the opportunity to play baseball for Seton Hall University.

College career
Although Biggio was an infielder, Seton Hall coach Mike Sheppard switched him to catcher because the team was in need of one. In 1986, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox. Biggio was an All-American baseball player at Seton Hall, where he played with other future Major League Baseball stars Mo Vaughn and John Valentin. Biggio, Vaughn and Valentin, along with Marteese Robinson, were featured in the book The Hit Men and the Kid Who Batted Ninth by David Siroty, which chronicled their rise from college teammates to the major leagues.

Biggio was selected by the Houston Astros in the first round (22nd overall) of the 1987 draft. Biggio remains Seton Hall's leader in triples, second in runs scored, and is in the top 10 in 18 other single-season and career categories. In 1996, Biggio was inducted into the Seton Hall Hall of Fame and had his number 44 retired in 2012.

Major league career

Early career

As catcher

Biggio was called up as a catcher midway through the 1988 season, having batted .344 in his minor league career. In 1989, his first full season, Biggio became the Astros' starting catcher. He won the Silver Slugger Award in 1989. He was a very speedy runner, and an adept base stealer. Astros management, in an attempt to keep the rigors of catching from sapping Biggio's speed, tried him in the outfield part-time in 1990, as he had played 18 games there in the minors. Yogi Berra mentioned Biggio's height in his book You Can Observe A Lot By Watching, saying, "I always identified with short catchers—they don't have to stand up as far".

Emergence of the "Killer B's"
The Astros acquired first baseman Jeff Bagwell prior to the start of the 1991 season, who, like Biggio, spent his entire major league career with Houston. A power hitter with higher-than-normal on-base skills, Bagwell played 15 seasons, thus completely overlapping his career with Biggio's and wound up Houston's career leader in home runs. The pair came to be known as the "Killer B's", synonymous with the Astros throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s. A prodigious offensive and defensive unit, during their 10 peak seasons from 1994 to 2003, they appeared in nine All-Star Games, won five Gold Gloves, ranked in the top five of the Most Valuable Player Award voting five times and averaged 226 runs scored. They totaled 689 home runs, 2,485 RBI and 3,083 runs scored while the Astros advanced to the postseason six times. Other players that the Astros later acquired whose names started with the letter B also were included in this distinction, including Derek Bell, Sean Berry, Lance Berkman, and Carlos Beltrán.

Biggio considered free agency with a team other than the Astros just once: after the 1995 season ended, teams such as the St. Louis Cardinals, Colorado Rockies, and the San Diego Padres; the Rockies and Cardinals were the most serious, with the former offering $20 million for four years while the latter approached him with a five-year, $25 million contract. However, Biggio took a four-year deal worth $22 million to stay with the Astros.

Shift to second base

The Astros finally convinced Biggio to convert to second base in spring training of 1992, even though Biggio had made the National League All-Star team as a catcher the year before. Biggio made the All-Star team for the second time in 1992, becoming the first player in the history of baseball to be an All-Star at both catcher and second base. It is rare for a major league catcher to make a successful transition to middle infielder; if a catcher changes positions, it is usually to first base, or occasionally to outfield or third base.

Biggio became known as a reliable, hustling, consistent leadoff hitter, with unusual power for a second baseman. He holds the National League record for most home runs to lead off a game, with 53. Manager Larry Dierker, hired in 1997 by the Astros, moved Biggio from the second spot in the lineup to leadoff. His statistics reflect this, having consistently good marks in hitting, on-base percentage, hit-by-pitch, runs, stolen bases, and doubles throughout his career. Between 1994 and 1999, Biggio led the National League in doubles three times, runs scored twice, and stolen bases once. Biggio was also known for intentionally keeping his batting helmet dirty. In 1997, he completed an entire season without grounding into a double play, becoming the fifth player to ever do so in MLB history. In 1998, he became the first player since Tris Speaker to collect fifty doubles and fifty stolen bases in the same season, doing so with his 50th stolen base on September 23 (Biggio and Speaker were the only players to record the feat in the 20th century). Biggio also excelled defensively at second base; between 1992 and 1999, Biggio led all National League second basemen in assists six times and putouts five times. He won four consecutive Gold Glove Awards from 1994 to 1997.

Career setbacks: Injury and the outfield
Biggio played 1,800 games without a trip to the disabled list until August 1, 2000, when he suffered a season-ending knee injury. In the play in which Biggio was injured, the Florida Marlins' Preston Wilson (who would later become Biggio's teammate) slid into second base, trying to stop a double play, and hit Biggio's planted left leg, tearing the ACL and MCL in Biggio's knee. Biggio rebounded with a good season in 2001, but had a lackluster performance in 2002, with only a .253 average, his lowest since entering the league; a highlight occurred on April 8, when he hit for the cycle for the only time in his career.

However, he improved slightly for the 2003 season, averaging .264 with 166 hits despite being asked by management to move to center field after the signing of free agent All-Star second baseman Jeff Kent. In 2004, he put up numbers more typical for his career, batting .281 with 178 hits, including a career-high 24 homers. Biggio moved to yet another new position, left field, midway through the 2004 season to accommodate Beltrán, who was acquired in a trade to help bolster the Astros' struggling offense. The Astros were 44-44 at the All-Star break. Having fired Jimy Williams for Phil Garner, the Astros went 48-26, which included a 36-10 stretch to end the year while narrowly clinching the NL wild card on the final day of the regular season. In the 2004 National League Division Series, the Astros were matched against the Atlanta Braves, which was the fourth time the two teams were playing each other in the past seven years, and the Braves had won each of the matchups. Biggio batted 8-for-20 (.400) in a series that went the full five game distance. In Game 4, he hit a home run, which was his first career postseason home run. In Game 5 in Atlanta, the Astros were attempting to clinch the series after blowing Game 4. In the seventh inning, leading 4-2 in the seventh inning, Biggio was at the plate with Jose Vizcaino at second base with two out. Biggio hit a single that drove Vizcaino in from second that would start a two-out rally, as Biggio and three further batters would go on to score to make a 9-2 lead. Two innings later, the Astros won the game 12-3 to clinch the first postseason series victory in Astros history.  The Astros went to the 2004 National League Championship Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. Biggio went 6-for-32 (.188) as the series went the full distance. Biggio had one RBI in the series, which was a leadoff home run in Game 7. The Astros led 2-1 in the sixth inning before the Cardinals rallied to win 5-2 to end the season.

Late career: Return to second base and milestones

World Series appearance (2005)
In February 2005, Biggio and Bagwell were inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame. After Kent left for the Dodgers, Biggio resumed playing at second base and set a new career-high with 26 home runs. He also reached 1,000 RBI, becoming the second Astro to do so, following Bagwell. On September 5 of that season, he helped the Astros against the Philadelphia Phillies in a critical game late in the season; the Astros were narrowly ahead of the Phillies (and other teams) for the lone Wild Card spot. The Phillies had taken the lead late 6-5 and had Billy Wagner in relief. However, with two out in the ninth inning and two men on base, Biggio hit a home run that gave the Astros the lead that they did not give up in an 8–5 victory (the Astros went on to win the Wild Card by one game).

As they had done the previous year, the Astros beat the Braves to advance to the NLCS. They avenged their previous loss to the St. Louis Cardinals in six games to win their first league pennant. In the clinching sixth game, Biggio did his part with a third inning single that drove in a run in the 5-1 victory. After having played 4,714 games and their entire major league careers together in Houston, Biggio and Bagwell appeared in their first and only World Series that year against the Chicago White Sox. The White Sox swept the Astros to secure the championship with the lowest run-scoring differential in a World Series sweep. Both Biggio and Bagwell received Baseball America'''s Lifetime Achievement Award after the 2005 season. On May 23, 2006, Biggio became the 23rd player in MLB history to reach 10,000 at-bats.

3,000 career hits (2007)

On June 28, 2007, Biggio became the 27th player in the history of Major League Baseball to join the 3,000 hit club, with a single against Colorado Rockies pitcher Aaron Cook. Though Biggio was tagged out on the play attempting to stretch it into a double, drawing the throw allowed a run to score. The game action paused while Biggio shared the moment with his wife and children. Longtime friend and former teammate Jeff Bagwell emerged from the Astros clubhouse to congratulate him. Biggio became the first player in Astros history to accumulate 3,000 hits. It was Biggio's third hit of the game, and he went on to accumulate two more later in the game, one in the ninth inning and one in the eleventh inning. He became the first player in history to record his 3,000th hit and have five hits in the same game. Biggio's 3,000th hit came on the same day that Frank Thomas hit his milestone 500th career home run, both marks which are considered to guarantee induction into the Hall of Fame.

In anticipation of Biggio's reaching 3,000 hits, the Astros installed a digital counter just left of center field displaying his current hit total.

With 668 doubles, he ended his career in fifth place on the all-time list. Biggio also holds the record for the most doubles by a right-handed hitter. He is the only player in the history of baseball with 3,000 hits, 600 doubles, 400 stolen bases, and 250 home runs. He ranks 20th on the all-time hits list, though of those 20 players he ranks 19th in career batting average.

Biggio fell nine home runs short of joining the career 300–300 club (300 homers and 300 stolen bases). He would have become only the seventh player to achieve the feat. Incidentally, this also caused him to fall short of the 3,000 hits, 300 homers and 300 stolen bases mark; he would have been only the second player in history to reach that club, the other being Willie Mays.

Retirement

On July 24, 2007, Biggio announced his retirement, effective at the end of the season (his 20th season with the club, a franchise record). Hours later, with the Astros locked in a 3–3 tie with the Los Angeles Dodgers, Biggio hit a grand slam in the 6th inning. The Astros went on to win the game 7–4.

In the penultimate game of his career, Biggio started as a catcher and caught 2 innings for the Astros. He also hit a double in his first at-bat of the game.

A sellout, record-breaking crowd packed Minute Maid Park on September 30, 2007, to witness Biggio's final game. He recorded his final career hit, a double in the first inning, and scored his final career run that same inning. In his final career at-bat, he grounded the ball to third baseman Chipper Jones, who threw out the hustling Biggio by half a step. He left the field to a standing ovation from the fans, and when he was replaced defensively in the top of the 8th inning he shook hands with umpires and teammates and left to another standing ovation as he waved to the fans. The Astros won the game 3–0.

Biggio finished his career with 3,060 career hits, 668 doubles, 291 home runs, 1,175 RBI, 414 stolen bases, and a .281 batting average.

Post-retirement
Biggio has been a special assistant to the general manager since 2008. In this role, he works in several areas, including with the baseball operations staff in its major and minor league player development programs with special emphasis on instruction, the amateur draft and scouting, and major and minor league talent evaluation. Biggio was involved in the selection of new Astros Manager Bo Porter in 2012. Additionally, Biggio participates in the club's community development program.

Hit by pitch
Over his career, Biggio gained a reputation for being hit by pitches; some observers criticized him due to the fact that many of the pitches hit him on his sizable elbow pad. Some have even gone so far as to proclaim him the "king of hit batsmen". On June 29, 2005, Biggio broke the modern-era career hit-by-pitch record, previously held by Don Baylor with 267. He is second to only Hughie Jennings on the all-time list with 287. Despite being hit by a record number of pitches, Biggio never charged the mound, and had no serious injuries as a result of being hit by a pitch.

In his final season, however, Biggio was only hit three times. He was hit fewer times total between 2006 and 2007 (nine times in 2006, total of 12) than he was in 10 of his previous 11 individual seasons. In August 2007, the satirical online newspaper The Onion referenced this in the article "Craig Biggio Blames Media Pressure For Stalling at 285 Hit-By-Pitches". Biggio sent an arm guard to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in recognition of his high hit-by-pitch total.

Number retirement

On May 23, 2008, during a pre-game ceremony, Biggio received an award for MLB.com's This Year in Baseball 2007 Moment of the Year award for his 3,000th hit. On June 28, the Astros announced that they would retire Craig Biggio's jersey. The Houston Astros retired his No. 7 jersey on August 17, 2008, prior to the start of a game versus the Arizona Diamondbacks. Biggio was the ninth player in Astros history to have his number retired.

Hall of Fame candidacy
Biggio first appeared on the writers' ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013, the earliest possible year of consideration. He led all Hall of Fame vote-getters by being named on 68.2% of ballots cast. However, this was 39 votes shy of reaching the 75% threshold required by the BBWAA for induction. The following year he once again failed to garner enough votes to be inducted, finishing two votes shy with a voting percentage of 74.8%. This ties him with Nellie Fox (1985) and Pie Traynor (1947) for smallest margin not to get into the Hall, which received criticism.

On January 6, 2015, Biggio was rewarded for his career by being elected to the Hall of Fame. He received 82.7% of the votes and was inducted into the hall on July 26, 2015. He was the first member of the 3,000 hit club to be elected not on the first ballot. On July 29, 2021, Biggio was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame's board of directors.

Work in the community
Biggio has received awards from various organizations, including the Hutch Award (2005) and being named one of Sporting News''' Good Guys (2004). The Hutch Award is given to a player that shows competitiveness and never gives up. Part of the reason Biggio was given the award was for his multiple position changes, but also because of his work in the community and inspiring other teammates to participate as well. He also received the Roberto Clemente Award in 2007. The Roberto Clemente Award "recognizes the player who best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team".

Biggio has been a supporter and lead spokesperson for the Sunshine Kids Foundation for over a decade and almost the entirety of his playing career. The organization supports children fighting cancer with exciting activities for themselves and their families. Biggio helps the organization by raising awareness of the organization by wearing a small yellow sun on his cap for interviews, batting practice, and spring training games and by holding a celebrity golf tournament in Houston each spring. Biggio hosts an annual party at Minute Maid Park for about 100 Sunshine Kids to play baseball with Biggio and some of his teammates.

With the 2006 annual golf tournament, Biggio has raised over $2 million for the organization. During 2007 spring training, MLB informed Biggio that he would no longer be allowed to wear the small yellow sun on his cap during interviews, photoshoots, or spring training. Biggio had worn the Sunshine Kids pin for over a decade. This edict was big news in Houston, and Houstonians, long known for their charitable nature and unconditional love of Biggio, reacted very negatively to MLB. After the public uproar, MLB relented and Biggio was allowed to wear the Sunshine Kids pin as he had done since becoming a spokesperson.

Personal life

Biggio was arrested in June 1989 and charged with drunk driving in Harris County, Texas. Astros teammate Ken Caminiti was a passenger in the car at the time of the arrest. At trial, the arresting officer testified that Biggio handed him $200 in what he believed was a bribery attempt. On October 5, he was found guilty. The following day, he was sentenced to two years of probation and 50 hours of community service and fined $350.

Biggio and his wife, the former Patty Egan, have three children: sons Conor and Cavan, and daughter Quinn. Cavan currently plays for the Toronto Blue Jays. They live in Houston. From 2008 to 2013, Biggio was the head varsity baseball coach at St. Thomas High School. Biggio coached St. Thomas to back-to-back Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) Class 5A state baseball titles in 2010 and 2011.

Both of Biggio's sons played for the St. Thomas baseball team. Cavan hit a home run in the team's 2011 championship game, while older brother Conor provided the winning offense in St. Thomas' semi-final victory. In Summer 2012, Conor played left field for the North Adams SteepleCats of the New England Collegiate Baseball League; in Summer 2013, he played outfield and second base for the North Shore Navigators of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League.

Biggio and his family have a home in Spring Lake, New Jersey that they named "Home Plate". Biggio's father-in-law is Assemblyman Joseph V. Egan, a member of the New Jersey legislature. Biggio is Catholic.

Awards and highlights

Recognition

Statistical highlights

Annual statistical achievements
Notes: Per Baseball-Reference.com. †– led Major Leagues.

Other distinctions
 Holds National League record for most career lead-off home runs in a career with 53, third in MLB behind Alfonso Soriano and Rickey Henderson
 Second player with 50 stolen bases and 50 doubles in same season (1998). The only other player to accomplish this is fellow Hall of Famer Tris Speaker for the Boston Red Sox in 1912.
 First player in baseball history not to hit into a single double play while playing an entire 162-game season (1997) Two players, Augie Galan (1935) and Dick McAuliffe (1968), had previously played an entire season with the same feat, but did not play in as many games in their respective seasons.
 146 runs scored in 1997 was most of any National League player since the Phillies' Chuck Klein scored 152 in 1932
 Hit for the cycle against the Colorado Rockies, the sixth in Astros history (April 8, 2002)
 Craig, alongside his son, Cavan (who hit for the cycle for the Toronto Blue Jays on September 17, 2019), joined Gary Ward and his son Daryle as only the second father and son duo to hit for the cycle in MLB history.
 Astros career leader on list for games played, at-bats, runs scored, hits, doubles and extra-base hits.
 Holds the record for most regular-season games played before his first World Series appearance with 2,564.

See also

 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
 3,000 hit club
 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Houston Astros team records
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
 List of Major League Baseball doubles records
 List of Major League Baseball career assists leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a second baseman leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players who hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise
 List of Major League Baseball retired numbers

References

External links

Sabermetrically comical analysis following Craig's HBPs

1965 births
Living people
Asheville Tourists players
Gold Glove Award winners
High school baseball coaches in the United States
Houston Astros players
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Major League Baseball second basemen
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League stolen base champions
Sportspeople from Smithtown, New York
Baseball players from Suffolk County, New York
People from Spring Lake, New Jersey
Baseball players from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Seton Hall Pirates baseball players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Tucson Toros players
All-American college baseball players
Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox players
American Roman Catholics
American people of Italian descent
Catholics from New York (state)

Craig Biggio