Jacob Cornelisz Schout (c.1600 – after 1627), was a Dutch Golden Age member of the Haarlem schutterij.

Biography
He was born in Haarlem as the son of the judge Cornelis Jacobsz Schout, and was a flag bearer of the white brigade (and therefore bachelor) of the St. George militia in Haarlem from 1612 to 1627. He was portrayed three times in schutterstukken: by Frans Hals in The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1616, by Pieter de Grebber in 1619, and again by Hals in The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1627. He was succeeded as a flag bearer by Pieter Schout.

He died in Haarlem.

References

Jacob Cornelisz Schout in De Haarlemse Schuttersstukken, by Jhr. Mr. C.C. van Valkenburg, pp. 68, Haerlem : jaarboek 1958, ISSN 0927-0728, on the website of the North Holland Archives

1600s births
1630s deaths
Frans Hals
People from Haarlem

Jacob Cornelisz Schout


Robert F. Almgren is an applied mathematician, academic, and businessman focused on market microstructure and order execution. He is the son of Princeton mathematician Frederick J. Almgren, Jr.  With Neil Chriss, he wrote the seminal paper "Optimal execution of portfolio transactions," which Institutional Investor said "helped lay the groundwork for arrival-price algorithms being developed on Wall Street." In 2008 with Christian Hauff, he cofounded Quantitative Brokers, a financial technology company providing agency algorithmic execution in futures and interest rate markets. He is currently Chief Scientist at QB and a visiting professor in Operations Research and Financial Engineering at Princeton University.

Education
Robert Almgren completed a B.S. in physics and a B.S. in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then an M.S. in Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. He received his Ph.D. in Applied and Computational Mathematics from Princeton University in 1989, with a dissertation under Andrew Majda on the resonant interaction of acoustic waves in gaseous combustion.

Early career
He was a Visiting Member at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU, then took a postdoctoral position at the University of Paris 7 under Claude Bardos. From 1993 to 2000, he was an assistant professor in mathematics at the University of Chicago, where his research focused on free boundary problems in liquid droplets and crystal growth, and where he helped to found the Master of Science in Financial Mathematics program. From 2000 to 2005, he was an associate professor (tenured) at the University of Toronto, where he was director of the Masters in Mathematical Finance program. In 2005, he left academia to become Head of Quantitative Strategies and a managing director in the Electronic Trading Services group in Bank of America, where he developed the Instinct algorithm for adaptive trade execution in small-cap equities.

Significant research
His best-known paper is "Optimal execution of portfolio transactions" in 2000 with Neil Chriss. This paper introduced a simple model for permanent and temporary market impact, and proposed that optimal trade execution trajectories are a balance between trading slowly to minimize market impact, and trading rapidly to reduce volatility risk relative to an arrival price or implementation shortfall benchmark. This work has been widely cited  and extended by Almgren and others. In 2005, with a group of quants at Citigroup, he published an empirical model for equity market impact which became a central ingredient in Citi's BECS portfolio management system.

References

21st-century American mathematicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
Princeton University alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Academic staff of the University of Toronto

Robert Almgren


World Sanskrit Day, also known as Vishva-Samskrita-Dinam (), is an annual event focused around the ancient Indian language Sanskrit that incorporates lectures about the language and is aimed to promote its revival and maintenance. It is celebrated on Shraavana Poornima, that is the full moon day of the Shraavana month in the Hindu calendar. This generally corresponds with the month of August in the Gregorian calendar. The Sanskrit organisation Samskrita Bharati is involved in promoting the day.

Shraavana Poornima, i.e. Raksha Bandhan, is considered to be the festival of remembrance and worship of sages and worship for their dedication. In Vedic literature it was called Shravani. On this day, before the study of Vedas in Gurukulas,  Yajñopavita - sacred thread - is worn. This ceremony is called Upanayana or Upakarma Sanskar. The old Yajñopavita is also changed on this day. Priests also tie raksha-sutras to the hosts. Rishis are considered the original source of Sanskrit literature, hence Shravani Purnima is celebrated as Rishi Parv and World Sanskrit Day. This day was chosen because the academic year in ancient India started on this day. On this day, students started the study of Vedas in the gurukulas. From the full moon of the month of Paush to the full moon of the month of Shraavana, the studies are stopped to learn other Vedantic scriptures. This tradition is still unbroken in modern Vedic schools. The World Vedic Day is on 11 July.

In 1969, the Ministry of Education of Government of India issued instructions to celebrate Sanskrit Day at the Central and State levels. Since then, Sanskrit Day is celebrated all over India. On this occasion, Sanskrit Kavi Sammelan, writer's seminar, students' speeches and verse recitation competition etc. are organized, through which Sanskrit students, poets and writers get a proper platform.

See also
 Sanskrit revival

References

Hindu festivals in India
Observances held on the full moon
Sanskrit
1969 establishments
Sanskrit revival

World Sanskrit Day


Darren Troy (born 28 February 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

Troy, a utility, came to Geelong from Kerang. An Under-19s player initially, he broke into the seniors for the first time in the final round of the 1983 VFL season, against Hawthorn at Kardinia Park.

After not making a VFL appearance in 1984, Troy left Geelong for South Adelaide, where he played in 1985 and 1986. He won their best and fairest award in 1986.

In 1987, Troy returned to Geelong and this time was able to establish a place in the team, with 18 games that year. He made another 15 appearances in 1988, then six in 1989 and another six in 1990.

Troy went back to South Adelaide in 1991. He captain-coached Geelong Football League side Leopold in 1993 and 1994. From 1995 to 1997, Troy was captain of Newtown & Chilwell, in the same league.

References

1964 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Geelong Football Club players
South Adelaide Football Club players
Leopold Football Club (Geelong) players
Newtown & Chilwell Football Club players
Living people

Darren Troy


The Rogers-Whitaker-Haywood House, also known as the Fabius Haywood House, is a historic home located near Wake Crossroads (formerly Rogers Crossroads), Wake County, North Carolina, an unincorporated community northeast of the state capital Raleigh. The original -story house, now the west end, was built in 1771. It has a stone exterior chimney on the west end. Now one large room, it may originally have been arranged as a hall-parlor plan; it formerly had a door between the two south windows and a straight stair with winders in the northeast corner.

About 1812 the house was enlarged by the addition of a free-standing second room to the east of the first building. Either soon or immediately, the space between the two buildings was enclosed to form a central passage, with two shed rooms on the north side, and the stair was rebuilt approximately in its original location, but opening into the passage. There is no visible interior woodwork from the 1771 period; the entire interior is finished with vernacular Federal woodwork. Although both main chimneys are built of stone, doubled shouldered, and with later brick stacks, the stonework of the east chimney consists of larger and finer cut stone, suggesting a later construction date than the west chimney.

The northeast shed room is heated by a fireplace with an exterior chimney. To the east, between the two chimneys, is a pair of lighted pent closets with early shelving. The southeast room has a door to the exterior sheltered by a shed porch with thick turned early 19th century columns. The side door, typical of North Carolina vernacular design, suggests that the exterior kitchen was to the east of the main house. Between the unheated northwest shed room, which opens only into the southwest room, and the passage is a lighted closet with a built-in beaufat consisting of glazed doors over drawers over a lower cupboard section. There is a similar beaufat, with arch-top lights, in the large southwest room. The closet opens only into the passage. The three principal rooms have flat paneled wainscot; the passage wainscot is a double range of panels with the stiles "breaking joint" like brickwork. All doors in the house are raised paneled on the "good" side and flat paneled on the back and are hung on their original butt hinges.

In the garret, the stair rises into an unheated central space the width of the passage below. To the east and west are heated chambers with simple transitional Georgian / Federal chimney pieces. The central space is lighted by one dormer window on the north wall. This gabled dormer was reconstructed in the 1970s within the original framed opening. The reconstruction is probably inaccurate; the original probably had a shed roof. The chambers are lighted only by pairs of casement windows with their original hinges on either side of the chimneys.

In the 1970s the house retained all of its Federal period interior paint colors. The passage and southeast room had dark olive green trim with doors grain-painted as yellow pine; the southwest room had white trim, light blue plaster, and grain-painted pine doors; the pent closets had blue trim and shelves with white-painted wood sheathed walls; the passage closet beaufat was blue with the glazed doors painted red; the northeast room had white trim; the garret chambers had green trim; the center room in the garret had blue trim, with white-painted wood sheathing above the wainscot and a balustrade with a red newel and yellow square pickets.

In the yard in the 1970s, a late 19th-century kitchen survived northwest of the house. It had been moved in the 20th century from a position southeast of the house and its chimney demolished. Northwest of the house, an early unlined well was embellished in the 1970s by an early 19th-century combination well shelter and storage building which formerly stood on the original site of the 1775 Lane-Bennett house near Macedonia in Wake County.

In the early 1970s, other interesting features on the place included, west of the house, the original roadbed of the Oxford-Smithfield Stage Road; the "cook's house" (now collapsed/demolished), a late 19th-century replacement of an earlier stone chimneyed structure which burned; a 19th-century packhouse; a late 19th-century outhouse; and a crude 20th-century shelter for an automobile.

In September 1985, the Rogers-Whitaker-Haywood House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

See also
 List of Registered Historic Places in North Carolina

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1771
Federal architecture in North Carolina
Houses in Wake County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Wake County, North Carolina

Rogers-Whitaker-Haywood House


George Hamilton may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 George Hamilton IV (1937–2014), American country music performer
 George Hamilton (actor) (born 1939), American actor
 George Hamilton (musician) (1901–1957), father of the actor George Hamilton
 George Hamilton (Resident Evil), fictional character in the video games Resident Outbreak File #1 and File #2
 George Heard Hamilton (1910–2004), professor of art history at Yale University
 George Rostrevor Hamilton (1888–1967), English poet and critic

Military
 Sir George Hamilton, Comte d'Hamilton (died 1676), Irish soldier in French service
 George Hamilton (soldier) (aft. 1658 – aft. 1728), Scottish soldier, member of parliament for Anstruther Burghs, and Jacobite
 George FitzGeorge Hamilton (1898–1918), British Army officer

Politics

U.K. and Ireland
 Sir George Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Donalong (c. 1607–1679), Irish baronet
 George Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Abercorn (c. 1636 – bef. 1683), Scottish nobleman
 George Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Strabane (1636/7 – 1668), Irish peer
 George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney (1666–1737)
 George Hamilton (MP for Wells) (c. 1697–1775), member of parliament for Wells and for St Johnstown, Donegal
 George Hamilton (Irish judge) (1732–1793), Irish politician, barrister and judge
 George Hamilton (1732–1796), MP for Augher
 George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen (1784–1860), prime minister of the United Kingdom in 1852–1855
 George Alexander Hamilton (1802–1871), British politician and civil servant
 George Baillie-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Haddington (1802–1870), British politician
 Lord George Hamilton (1845–1927), British politician
 Sir George Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Ilford (1877–1947), British politician
 George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk (1906–1994), Scottish nobleman and politician

Other political figures
 George Hamilton (city founder) (1788–1836), Canadian politician and founder of Hamilton, Ontario
 George Wellesley Hamilton (1846–1915), Canadian politician
 George William Hamilton (1786–1857), planter and politician in Jamaica

Sports
 George Hamilton (footballer) (1917–2001), Scottish footballer
 George Hamilton (broadcaster) (born 1951), association football commentator with RTÉ
 Eppie Hamilton (George Hamilton, born 1900), American baseball player

Religion
 George Hamilton (1699 moderator) (1635–1712), moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
 George Hamilton (1805 moderator) (1757–1832), Church of Scotland minister  and moderator of the General Assembly
 George Hamilton (canon) (1718–1787), canon of Windsor
 George Hamilton (archdeacon) (1823–1905), archdeacon of Lindisfarne and of Northumberland

Other
 George Hamilton (lumber baron) (1781–1839), lumber baron in the Ottawa Valley
 George Ernest Hamilton (1800–1872), English civil engineer in South Australia
 George Hamilton (Australian police officer) (1812–1883), senior South Australian police commissioner
 George Douglas Hamilton (1835–1911), New Zealand run holder and station manager
 George Henry Hamilton (1875–1948), president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
 George Hamilton (Northern Ireland police officer) (born 1967), chief constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland from 2014
 Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea (died between 1631 and 1657), undertaker in the Plantation of Ulster

George Hamilton


The American Postal Workers Union (APWU) is a labor union in the United States. It represents over 200,000 employees and retirees of the United States Postal Service who belong to the Clerk, Maintenance, Motor Vehicle, and Support Services divisions. It also represents approximately 2,000 private-sector mail workers.

History

Postal workers in the United States first won collective bargaining rights after the U.S. postal strike of 1970. Two organizations of postal clerks emerged in the 1890s; they merged in 1899 into the United National Association of Post Office Clerks (UNAPOC).

It was too conservative for the AFL, which in 1906 sponsored the National Federation of Post Office Clerks (NFPOC), which soon surpassed the UNAPOC. NFPOC grew from 16,000 members in 1922, to 36,000 in 1932, and nearly 50,000 by 1940. It did not engage in strikes, but spent much of its efforts in opposing hostile Congressional legislation. Additional rivals were formed in the 1930s, but the first serious rival was the National Postal Clerks Union (NPCU) that began in 1958; by 1970, the NPCU had reached a membership of 80,000.

Merger discussions dragged on for years, until finally the NFPOC, UNAPOC, the National Postal Transport Association, and others merged in 1961 as the United Federation of Postal Clerks. In 1971 five unions combined into the American Postal Workers Union. They were the United Federation of Postal Clerks, the National Postal Union, the National Association of Post Office and General Service Maintenance Employees, the National Federation of Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees, and the National Association of Special Delivery Messengers, with a combined membership of 280,000.

On August 20, 2007, the previously independent National Postal Professional Nurses (NPPN) merged with the APWU. As a result of this merger, the members of the NPPN were granted membership in the Support Services Division of the APWU. The NPPN-APWU represents over 90 occupational health nurses who are employed by the Postal Service. This 2007 merger was the first merger of any postal unions in the United States since the U.S. postal strike of 1970.

S. 1507
On Thursday, July 30, 2009, the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee voted, 12–1, in favor of S. 1507 (Postal Service Retiree Health Benefits Funding Reform Act of 2009), which would provide financial relief to the Postal Service. An amendment, offered by Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK), requiring the arbitrator to take into consideration the financial health of the Postal Service when deciding Postal Union contracts, was added prior to its passage. Sen. Joe Lieberman (ID-CT), chairman of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, and Sen. Tom Carper (D-DE), chairman of the subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government information, Federal Services and International Security, supported the amendment, and voted with committee Republicans for its adoption. The American Postal Workers Union, National Postal Mail Handlers Union, the NALC and the NRLCA have all voiced opposition to S. 1507 with its inclusion of the arbitrator amendment.

American Postal Workers Accident Benefit Association
This Association was organized as a fraternal benefit society for railway clerks by five men in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1898. The original name of the association was the National Association of Railway Postal Clerks. The name of the society was changed to Railway Mail Association in 1904, and the National Postal Transport Association in 1949. In 1961 it became the United Federation of Postal Clerks Benefit Association. It adopted its present name in 1972.

Membership is open to all members of the American Postal Workers Union who are employed as postal workers. In 1979, there were 23,000 members in 604 local branches. Branch meetings are held concurrently with meetings of the American Postal Workers Union. In addition to insurance benefits, the APW-ABA sponsors blood banks, Boys Scouts troops, conducts drives for community and medical research funds, and visits sick and disabled members. The highest authority is the National Convention, which meets biennially. Headquarters are in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

There is a brief initiation ritual, in which the candidate pledges to support the US constitution, the laws of the society, become acquainted with the history of the society and defend its principles. The candidate also pledges "to be considerate to the widow and the orphan; the weak and the defenseless; to defend freedom of thought and expression; and to promote the spirit of fraternity." There are no religious elements in the ritual, though the regular order of business includes provisions for an invocation.

In 1979, the American Postal Workers Accident Benefit Association was a member of the National Fraternal Congress of America, however it does not appear on the current list of members of the Congress, now known as the American Fraternal Alliance.

Presidents
1971: Francis S. Filbey
1977: Emmet Andrews
1980: Moe Biller
2001: Bill Burrus
2010: Cliff Guffey
2013: Mark Dimondstein

See also
 United States Postal Service
 National Association of Letter Carriers
 National Postal Mail Handlers Union
 National Rural Letter Carriers' Association

References

External links

 Seattle APWU News (1970-1991), from the Labor Press Project

AFL–CIO
UNI Global Union
United States Postal Service
Postal trade unions
Trade unions established in 1971

American Postal Workers Union


In mathematics, the complex plane is used to help visualize complex numbers. The vertical line is called the imaginary axis, and the horizontal line is called the real axis. Any complex number can be written as a+bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the principal square root of -1. In the complex plane, you go a spaces on the real axis, and b spaces on the imaginary axis. The complex plane can also be expressed in the form of polar coordinates, where the size of the line is equal to the square root of a squared plus b squared, and the direction is an angle.

The complex plane can be used to draw the graphs of some functions, called complex functions, that can be used to study all kinds of things, like cars, airplanes, atoms and electricity.

Complex conjugates

Every complex number z=a+bi has a complex conjugate. It is written as  and is equal to a-bi. The complex number and its conjugate can be represented on the complex plane—as mirror opposites about the real axis.

Related pages

 Riemann sphere

References

Complex analysis

Complex plane


Niko Bolas is an American music producer, sound engineer, and consultant. He is also a business developer in the fields of virtual reality and Internet radio. In 1989, Bolas founded Fakespace Music with Mark Bolas, Ian McDowall, and Christian Greuel. In 1995, Fakespace developed the Soundsculpt Toolkit, a software interface which lets music communicate with  graphical elements of virtual reality.

In 1999, Bolas became the CEO of Sonicbox, Inc., an Internet radio company he founded with Mark Bolas and McDowall. Sonicbox changed its name to iM Networks Inc.; it developed and marketed the first internet radio device which was sold in consumer stores through a licensing agreement with the Philips Consumer Electronics Company. iM Networks Inc. received three patents for streaming technologies and put the "iM Band(TM)" alongside AM and FM on the radio dial, allowing consumers to access Internet radio content from around the world.

His current music enterprises are DayDream VR and The Surf Shack Studio in Ventura, California.

Among his most notable production works are Neil Young's This Note's for You, Freedom, Living with War,  and Barn, Warren Zevon's Sentimental Hygiene, Steve Perry's first solo album Street Talk, and Melissa Etheridge's debut self-titled album. Bolas is known for his clear and loud recordings of vocals.

In the early 1980s, Bolas collaborated with American hard rock band KISS. He worked on their album Creatures of the Night, recording Eric Carr's drums. Bolas appears in the cover of the Toto album, Fahrenheit (1986); he is the guy walking in the photograph and watching a woman. Bolas is a friend of Jeff Porcaro; Porcaro wanted Bolas on the cover.

References

External links

 neeks.com - Niko Bolas' personal site
 http://www.blackbirdstudio.com/
 http://web.me.com/essphillips/BlackbirdPro/Home.html
Niko Bolas Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (2015)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American record producers
American audio engineers

Niko Bolas


Sensational spelling is when a word is spelled wrong on purpose. This may be done for creativity, advertising, or humor.

These are many brands with sensational spelling, including Krispy Kreme Doughnuts (which should be spelled "crispy cream"), Froot Loops (fruit loops), Mortal Kombat (mortal combat) and Hasbro's Playskool (playschool). It can also happen with common nouns, such as drive-thru (drive through), blu-ray (blue ray) "lite" items (light).

Some websites on the internet also gain fame from sensational spelling, such as Google, flickr, Tumblr.

Spelling

Sensational spelling


Edward Jervis Jervis, 2nd Viscount St Vincent (1 April 1767 – 25 September 1859) was a Viscount in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Early life
Jervis was born Edward Jervis Ricketts, the second son of William Henry Ricketts and Mary Jervis.  Mary Jervis was the daughter of Swynfen Jervis, Rector of Meaford, Staffordshire and the sister of Admiral of the Fleet John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent.  He inherited the viscountcy of St Vincent in 1823 by special remainder on the death of his uncle and changed his name by Royal Licence to Edward Jervis Jervis.

Jervis resided at the family seats of Meaford Hall and Little Aston Hall, both in Staffordshire.  He was Lord of the Manor of Little Aston.

Marriages and children
Jervis married twice.  On 29 January 1790 he married Hon Mary Cassandra Twisleton, daughter of Major-General Thomas Twisleton, 13th Baron Saye and Sele.  They had two children before divorcing in 1799:

 Hon Maria Jervis (born ?, died 13 February 1869)
 Hon William Jervis Jervis (born 11 October 1794, died 1839), father of Carnegie Robert John Jervis, 3rd Viscount St Vincent (born 12 August 1825, died 19 July 1879)

On 14 April 1810 Jervis married Mary Anne Parker of Park Hall, Staffordshire with whom he had two further children:

 Hon Mary Anne Jervis (born c 1813, died 7 March 1893)
 Hon Edward Swynfen Parker-Jervis (born 3 February 1815, died 3 January 1896)

The 2nd Viscount's elder son William Jervis Jervis having pre-deceased him in 1839, he was succeeded on his death in 1859 by his grandson Carnegie Robert John Jervis, 3rd Viscount St Vincent. Viscountess St Vincent died on 3 January 1855.

References

External links
Pedigree 1 of Jervis of St Vincent
Pedigree 2 of Jervis of St Vincent

2
People from the Borough of Stafford
1767 births
1859 deaths


Hugh A. Robertson (May 28, 1932 – January 10, 1988) was an American film director and editor, born in Brooklyn, of Jamaican parents. While Robertson was credited as an editor for only three films, Midnight Cowboy (directed by John Schlesinger-1969) earned him the BAFTA Award for Best Editing and a nomination for the Academy Award for Film Editing, making him the first African American person to be nominated for an Oscar in the editing category.

Robertson subsequently edited Gordon Parks' film Shaft (1971), which was his last credit as a film editor. By this time Robertson had turned to directing. In addition to television programs and documentaries, he directed the feature Melinda (1972). He spent most of his remaining life in Trinidad and Tobago. There he produced and directed the film Bim (1975) and ran a filmmaking school. He returned to the United States in 1986.

References

Further reading
 Editor Jim Clark also worked on Midnight Cowboy as a "creative consultant", and writes about the editing of the film in his 2012 memoir.

External links

African-American film directors
1932 births
1988 deaths
Filmmakers from Brooklyn
Best Editing BAFTA Award winners
Film directors from New York City
American film editors
20th-century African-American people

Hugh A. Robertson


Arnold Frick (born 9 July 1966) is a retired male judoka from Liechtenstein, who competed for his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. There he was eliminated in the first round of the Men's Middleweight (– 86 kg) division by Senegal's veteran Akilong Diabone. Frick was one out of four judokas from Liechtenstein competing in South Korea; the other ones being Daniel Brunhart, Magnus Büchel, and Johannes Wohlwend.

References
sports-reference

1966 births
Living people
Liechtenstein male judoka
Judoka at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Liechtenstein

Arnold Frick


Tunisian cuisine, the cuisine of Tunisia, consists of the cooking traditions, ingredients, recipes and techniques developed in Tunisia since  antiquity. It is mainly a blend of Mediterranean and native Punics-Berber cuisine. Historically, Tunisian cuisine witnessed influence and exchanges with many cultures and nations like Italians, Andalusians, French and Arabs.

Like many countries in the Mediterranean basin, the Tunisian cuisine is heavily based on olive oil, spices, tomatoes, seafood and meat. Yet, it has a distinctive spiciness that differs it from surrounding cuisines.

Origins
Tunisian cuisine developed from Berbers, ancient Carthage, Rome, the Islamic conquest of the Maghreb, and the Ottoman Empire. The cuisine has been strongly influenced by French and Italian (especially Sicilian) cooking.

During its era of French colonial rule Tunisia marketed its difference to metropolitan France meaning it played on French perceptions of "difference" (Orientalism) to sell the produce of the colonies to France. The majority of restaurants that catered to international visitors did not serve authentic colonial cuisine. Exoticness and difference were emphasized instead in souks and eateries. The European settlers who traveled to and from France shared their food experiences with the metropolitan French, but authentic Tunisian cuisine did not become integrated into the popular cuisine coloniale category of French cuisine.

Ingredients

Unlike other North African cuisines, Tunisian food is quite spicy. A popular condiment and ingredient which is used extensively in Tunisian cooking, harissa, is a mix of ground chili peppers, garlic, and caraway or spices commonly sold together as a paste. It is usually the most important ingredient in different sauces and gravies. Westernised harissa mostly contains red chilies to replace black cumin, which is different from standard cumin. Other common spices include cumin or cumin seeds, garlic, caraway seeds, coriander seeds and paprika. A recipe for the sauce includes red chili peppers and garlic, flavored with coriander, cumin, olive oil and often tomatoes.

Like harissa or chili peppers, tomato paste is also an ingredient integral to the cuisine of Tunisia. Tuna, eggs, olives and various varieties of pasta, cereals, herbs and spices are also ingredients which are prominently used in Tunisian cooking.

Potatoes were introduced by European settlers in the early 20th century and have become a common ingredient in traditional salads, sauces and couscous. By 1990 one of the most common homemade foods with potatoes was French fries.

Tunisian culinary ingredients include the following typical elements:

 Condiments and flavorings: harissa, rose water, orange blossom water, jasmine water and geranium water.
 Eggs.
 Farm animals: lamb, veal, beef, camel and chicken.
 Fish and seafood: tuna, squid (calamari), octopus, anchovies, eel, sardines, mackerel, red snapper, sea bream, sea snails and sea bass.
 Fruits: lemon, oranges, figs, dates, olives, apricots, pomegranates and quince.
 Herbs: parsley, coriander, mint, basil, rosemary, oregano, bay leaves and thyme.
 Nuts: hazelnuts, almonds, chestnuts, pine nuts and peanuts.
 Spices: garlic, anise, saffron, cinnamon, caraway, coriander, cumin, fennel, fenugreek, ginger, white pepper, black pepper, red pepper and cloves.
 Vegetables: onions, bell peppers, carrots, chickpeas, tomatoes, capers, celery, turnips, potatoes, chili peppers (Baklouti peppers), cucumbers and eggplants.
 Other popular ingredients: honey.

Tunisians also produce grapes, wheat, barley and orchard fruits. Once fermented they become wines, as in Chateau Mornag which is a staple Tunisian wine, beers (Celtia, Berber or the Stella brand—now owned by Heineken of the Netherlands), brandy (Boukha—fig liqueur, Thibarine—herbal date liqueur, or other liqueurs made from pomegranates, dates, lotos (jujube), carobs or prickly pears and apple ciders. Scented waters with dark rose or blossom petals, similar to aguas frescas with flowers, have been called "scents from heaven".

Tabil, pronounced "tebel," is a word in Tunisian Arabic meaning "seasoning" (similar to adobo in Spanish) and now refers to a particular Tunisian spice mix, although earlier it only meant ground coriander. Paula Wolfert makes the plausible claim that tabil is one of the spice mixes brought to Tunisia by Muslims coming from Andalusia in 1492 after the fall of Granada. Today, tabil, closely associated with the cooking of Tunisia, features garlic, cayenne pepper, caraway seeds and coriander pounded in a mortar, then dried in the sun. It is often used in cooking beef, veal and game. Organs are traditionally staples of Tunisian cooking, such as tripe, lamb brains, beef liver and fish heads.

Due to the long coastline and numerous fishing ports, seafood has a prominent place in Tunisian cuisine. Fish can also be grilled, baked, fried, or stuffed and seasoned with cumin (kamoun). Squid, cuttlefish and octopus are served in hot crispy batter with slices of lemon, in a cooked salad, or stuffed and served with couscous.

Snails have been eaten in Tunisia since prehistoric times, as excavated mounds of shells, mixed with stone tools and artifacts from the Caspian civilization in the region of Gafsa have proven. Today, snails are still enjoyed in several regions, such as Hammamet, the central coast (Sahel) and Kairouan, but shunned in others.

Regional cuisines
Tunisia has different regional aspects. Tunisian cuisine varies from north to south, from the coast to the Atlas Mountains, from urban areas to the countryside, and along religious affiliations.

For instance, the original inhabitants of Tunis (the Beldiya), do not use harissa much; they prefer milder food, and have also developed their own breads and desserts.

Closer to the Atlas mountain range, game is favoured. A diet may be composed of quail, pigeons, squabs, partridge, rabbits and hare. In the Cap Bon, people enjoy tuna, anchovies, sardines, sea bass and mackerels. On the island of Djerba, where there is a dense Jewish presence, kosher food is consumed.

Despite the strong presence of fast food and restaurants in Sfax, people from the city enjoy their traditional dishes more than anything else. Sfaxians tend to add their own touch to the Tunisian cuisine. They have staple regional dishes such as marka which is a fish soup to which Sfaxians usually add vermicelli or couscous. The soup can also be eaten with barley bread or croutons. Charmoula is a dish made of baked raisins, onions and spices, traditionally eaten with salted fish on the first day of Eid al-Fitr. Sfax is also famed for its pastries. There are two kinds of Sfaxian pastries: daily pastry (locally called hlou Arbi) like makrouth, doria, and ghraiba, and high-range pastry for weddings and special ceremonies (like baklawa, mlabbes and ka'ak warka''').

The region of Gabes is famous for using hrous seasoning instead of harissa (hrous Gabsi is a paste whose main ingredients are 50% salt pickled onions, 50% dried red chili, unlike harissa which does not contain onions).

In Djerba, kosher cuisine is available as well as a myriad of restaurants offering a wide range of regional dishes like rouz djerbi and mainly seafood-based meals.

Main dishes

Couscous
Couscous, called kosksi, is the national dish of Tunisia, and can be prepared in many ways. It is cooked in a special kind of double boiler called a kiska:s in Arabic or couscoussière in French. The couscous used is typically fine-grained. Called kosksi in the Tunisian dialect, it is a tiny granule made from steamed and dried durum wheat. It is the most popular national dish. Couscous is a dish for all events. It is frequently served in an enormous traditional bowl with bits of meat and vegetables. It is served mostly on festive occasions and large gatherings, from weddings to funerals.

Meats, vegetables and spices are cooked in the lower pot. Cooking steam rises through vents into the container above. It is layered with whole herbs such as bay leaves and covered with a fine-grain couscous. The couscous pasta is therefore cooked with aromatic steam. During the cooking process, the couscous needs to be regularly stirred with a fork to prevent lumping, much as risotto is cooked.

The word couscous (alternately cuscus or kuskus) was first noted in early 17th century French, from Arabic kuskus, from kaskasa 'to pound', and is probably of Berber origin. The exact formation of the word presents some obscurities. The Berber root *KS means "well formed, well rolled, rounded". Numerous names and pronunciations for couscous exist around the world.

Couscous has been recognized on UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2018. This new designation by UNESCO is due to the worth of couscous and the tradition, practices, and ability that encompass it.

Meats
Preferred meats include lamb (kosksi bil ghalmi) or chicken (kosksi bil djaj), but regional substitutes include red snapper, grouper (kousksi bil mannani), sea bass (kosksi bil warqua), hare (kosksi bil arnab) or quail (kosksi bil hjall).

Pork consumption is forbidden to Muslims in Tunisia, in accordance with Islamic dietary laws.

Tajine
Tunisian tajines or tajine refers to a kind of quiche, without a crust, made with beaten eggs, grated cheese, meat and various vegetable fillings, and baked like a large cake. The Tunisian tagine is very different from the Algerian or Moroccan dish but similar to the Italian frittata or the eggah.

Seafood
A popular seafood specialty is poisson complet or the whole fish. The entire fish, excluding internal organs, is prepared and fire-grilled, but it can also be fried, grilled or sautéed. It is accompanied with potato chips and either mild or spicy tastira, made by frying green peppers, tomatoes, onion and a little garlic, all of which is finely chopped and served with an egg poached or sunny side up. Finely chopped fresh parsley is sprinkled on top; a drizzle of lemon juice and a pinch of sea salt complete the recipe.

Sauces
Tunisian sauces, which are closer to spicy broths, are an integral part of dishes. Otherwise olive oils are often used as sauces.Harissa or hrissa is often said to be a Tunisian sauce, but it is better described as an ingredient of Tunisian cooking or a seasoning. Harissa is made of red chili, garlic, salt, cumin, coriander, olive oil, and sometimes also caraway or mint.Kerkennaise and mloukhia are other frequently used sauces. Kerkennaise is made of capers, olive oil, tomato, scallions, coriander, caraway, cumin, parsley, garlic, white vinegar and paprika. Mloukhia is a dark green sauce served with shredded lamb or beef.

Dishes

 Asida—a sweet gruel pudding.
 Assidat zgougou—an Aleppo pine pudding.
 Baklawa—layers of thin pastry interspersed with ground pine nuts, almonds, hazelnuts and pistachios, brushed in golden butter, baked and dipped in a honey syrup.
 Bambalouni—fried sweet donut-like cake served with sugar.
 Berber-style lamb stew—A simple stew of lamb cooked with vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots, in a traditional clay pot.
Borzgane  A sweet and savory couscous that mixes crunchy dried fruits and tender meat. It is a festive couscous prepared to welcome spring.
 Bouza—rich and sticky sorghum puree.
 Brik—tiny parcels of minced lamb, beef, or vegetables and an egg wrapped in thin pastry and deep fried.
 Caponata- a sweet and sour stew of eggplant and other vegetables
 Chakchouka—a vegetarian ragout similar to ratatouille with chickpeas, tomatoes, peppers, garlic and onions, served with a poached egg.
 Chorba—a seasoned broth, with pasta, meatballs, fish, etc.
 Felfel mahchi—sweet peppers stuffed with meat, usually lamb, and served with harissa sauce.
 Fricasse—tiny sandwich with tuna, harissa, olives and olive oil, bearing no similarity to the classic continental European casserole of the same name.
 Guenaoia—lamb or beef stew with chillies, okra, and spices.

 Houria—cooked carrot salad.
 Kamounia—a beef and cumin stewKhobz mbesses—Tunisian semolina bread
 Khobz tabouna—traditional oven-baked bread, not a flat or pita-like bread.
 Koucha—shoulder of lamb cooked with turmeric and cayenne pepper.
 Lablabi—rich garlicky soup made with chickpeas.
 Langues d'oiseaux or "birds' tongues"—a type of soup with pasta shaped like rice grains.
 Makroudh—semolina cake stuffed with dates or almonds, cinnamon and grated orange peel.
 Masfouf—sweetened couscous, the Tunisian version of the Moroccan seffa.
 Makboubeh—tomato and pepper stew.
 Makloub—a folded-pizza sandwich, similar to a shawarma, made from pizza dough and filled with minced chicken, cheese, salad, harissa, mayonnaise and other sauces.Things We Love: Makloub | Better Things Ahead
 Makoud—potato and meat casserole (similar to a quiche).

 Marqa—slow-cooked stews of meat with tomatoes and olives, somewhat similar in concept to the Moroccan tajine stews.
 Mechouia salad—an hors d'oeuvre of grilled sweet peppers, tomatoes and onions mixed with oil, lemon, tuna and hard–boiled eggs.

 Merguez—small spicy sausages.
 Mhalbiya—cake made with rice, nuts and geranium water.
 Mloukhia—a beef or lamb stew with bay leaves. The name is from the green herb used, which produces a thick gravy that has a mucilaginous (somewhat "slimy") texture, similar to cooked okra.
 Nwasser (or nouasser, noicer) pasta —very thin, small squares of pasta made with semolina and all-purpose flour, flavoured with Tunisian bharat, a blend of ground cinnamon and dried rosebuds.
 Ojja—scrambled egg dish made of tomatoes and mild green chillies supplemented with various meats and harissa.
 Osbane—pieces of animal gut stuffed with meat, offal and chards, spinach, parsley and a small amount of bulgur or rice.
 Stuffed squid - The squid's pocket can be stuffed with a mix similar to the osbane stuffing (a majority of greens such as chards, spinach, parsley, a small quantity of sheep liver, cooked chickpeas, rice or bulgur and some onion and garlic, dry mint and harissa gathered together with raw egg) or have a stuffing exclusively made of greens, hard boiled eggs and the finely chopped calamari tentacles. There stuffed calamari can be eaten with couscous or directly in a spicy tomato sauce. They are a specialty from the Central coast region, particularly Sousse and Monastir.
 Tunisian salad—diced cucumber, peppers, tomatoes, and onions seasoned with olive oil and may be garnished with olives, eggs and tuna. It is analogous to the French Niçoise salad and Greek salad.
 Samsa—layers of thin pastry alternated with layers of ground roast almonds, and sesame seeds, baked in lemon and rosewater syrup.
 Shakshouka—a dish of eggs poached in a sauce of tomatoes, chili peppers, and onions, often spiced with cumin.
 Zitounia—ragout of veal or other meats simmered in a tomato sauce with onions, flavoured with olives.
 Torshi—pickled turnips, marinated with lime juice.
 Yo-yo—donuts made with orange juice, deep fried, then dipped in honey syrup.

See also

 Arab cuisine
 Maghrebi cuisine
 List of African cuisines

References

Further reading
 Tunisian cuisine article, from Vegetarian Times, July 2000 (Google Books)

Recipe books
 Tunisia Mediterranean Cuisine'', by: Konemann

External links
 News website Tunisia Live with a section on Tunisian Cuisine
 Tunisian cuisine at Tourism Tunisia
 Focus on Tunisia - Cuisine
 les jasmins de la tunisie
 les recettes des plats tunisiens

Tunisian culture
North African cuisine
Mediterranean cuisine
Maghrebi cuisine
Arab cuisine

Tunisian cuisine


Kalju Lepik (7 October 1920, in Koeru Parish – 30 May 1999, in Tallinn) was an Estonian poet who lived as an exile for most of his life.

Kalju Lepik published his first poems in 1939 in Tartu students' journals Iloli and Tuleviku Rajad ('The Paths of Future'). In 1940 he founded the art society Tuulisui, that continued its existence in Swedish exile from 1945 on. In 1943 and 1944 he fought as a conscript in the Waffen-SS unit Estonian Legion. He became a refugee in 1944 and settled in Stockholm for many years.

Kalju Lepik consistently defended the rights of the Estonian refugees in Sweden. In 1946 he founded in Stockholm the exile publishing house Eesti Raamat. In 1966 he became the head of the Baltic Archive in Sweden. From 1982 on, Lepik was the chairman of the Estonian Writers' Union in exile (Välismaine Eesti Kirjanike Liit). In 1990 and 1998, Kalju Lepik was awarded the Juhan Liiv poetry prize as well as the annual prize of Estonian literature in 1998.

Kalju Lepik's earlier poems are passionately patriotical. In addition, satire can be found. In Lepik's later poetry, pessimistic elements prevail. In his later years, he gradually discarded all kinds of political motives and exalted patriotic pathos.

Kalju Lepik was married to Asta Lepik. He is the father of the Estonian politician and diplomat Aino Lepik von Wirén (born 1961). His last collections of poetry were published in Estonia and he died there in 1999.

Notable collections of poetry
 Nägu koduaknas (Stockholm 1946)
 Mängumees (Stockholm 1948)
 Kerjused treppidel (Vadstena 1949)
 Merepõhi (Stockholm 1951)
 Muinasjutt Tiigrimaast (Lund 1955)
 Kivimurd (Lund 1958)
 Kollased nõmmed (Lund 1965)
 Marmorpagulane (Lund 1968)
 Verepõld (Lund 1973)
 Klaasist mehed (Lund 1978)
 Kadunud külad (Lund 1985)
 Öötüdruk (Tallinn 1992)
 Pihlakamarja rist (Tartu 1997)

References

1920 births
1999 deaths
People from Järva Parish
Estonian male poets
20th-century Estonian poets
20th-century male writers
Estonian World War II refugees
Estonian emigrants to Sweden
Estonian Waffen-SS personnel
Recipients of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 1st Class
University of Tartu alumni
Burials at Metsakalmistu

Kalju Lepik


Bethpage (formerly known as Central Park) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 16,658 at the 2020 United States Census.

History

The name Bethpage comes from the Quaker Thomas Powell, who named the area after the Biblical town Bethphage, which was between Jericho and Jerusalem in the Holy Land. Present-day Bethpage was part of the 1695 Bethpage Purchase. An early name for the northern section of present-day Bethpage was Bedelltown,
a name that appeared on maps at least as late as 1906.

On maps just before the arrival of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), the name Bethpage appears for a community now included in both the post office district and school district of the adjacent community of Farmingdale.
In 1841,
train service began to Farmingdale station, near a new settlement less than a mile eastward from what had previously appeared on maps as Bethpage. Schedules at that time do not mention Bethpage as a stop, but have a notation "late Bethpage".
On an 1855 map,
the location identified as Bethpage has shifted slightly westward to include a nearby area now called Plainedge.

Between 1851
and 1854,
the LIRR initiated a stop within present-day Bethpage at a station then called Jerusalem Station, and on January 29, 1857, a local post office opened, also named Jerusalem Station.
LIRR schedules listed the station also as simply Jerusalem.
Residents succeeded in changing the name of the post office to Central Park, effective March 1, 1867 (respelled as Centralpark from 1895 to 1899).
The Central Park Fire Company was organized in April 1910, and incorporated in May 1911. In May 1923 the Central Park Water District was created.

Following the 1932 opening of nearby Bethpage State Park, the name of the local post office was changed to Bethpage on October 1, 1936. The LIRR station was also renamed Bethpage station. The name Bethpage was, however, already in use by an adjacent community, which resisted suggestions of a merger and instead renamed itself Old Bethpage. The change from Central Park to Bethpage was one of the last complete name changes of Nassau County's post offices.

From 1936 until 1994, Bethpage was home to the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, which made, among other things, the F-14 Tomcat, the Navy version of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark and the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) for Moon landings, and for this reason Bethpage is mentioned in the 1995 film Apollo 13. Grumman was made famous by the performance of its F4F Wildcat fighter aircraft and its successor the F6F Hellcat, which shot down 5,223 enemy aircraft, more than any other naval aircraft. In 1994, Grumman was purchased by Northrop and formed Northrop Grumman. Although no longer headquartered in Bethpage, the company still retains operations there.

The Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, Bethpage (NWIRP) started operations in 1942, west of the Grumman site.

Altice USA (f/k/a Cablevision), is headquartered in Grumman's former main office.

In August 2015, a small airplane with engine trouble failed to reach Farmingdale airport, and was redirected to "Bethpage Airport" by the air traffic controller. However, the pilot could not find that airport because it was closed and had buildings on it, and the plane crashed on LIRR tracks.

Superfund site
Bethpage's history as a space and aviation center has left heavy metals, toxic waste, and radioactive byproducts dumped into the surrounding ground and leeching into the water. Bethpage as of 2012 has been declared a class 2 Superfund site. The rate of cancers and birth defects in Bethpage is statistically well above the national average, which many attribute to the polluted soil and ground water. Bethpage residents have taken action by filing a $500 million lawsuit against Grumman.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP, or Census Designated Place, has a total area of , all land.
For the 2000 Census, the boundaries of the CDP were adjusted compared to those of the 1990 census, with some territory gained and some lost.

The area is served by the Bethpage Post Office, ZIP code 11714, whose boundaries are slightly different from that of the CDP. The area is also served by Bethpage Union Free School District, Island Trees Union Free School District, Plainedge Union Free School District, and Hicksville Union Free School District, the boundaries of which include parts of some surrounding hamlets, including parts of Old Bethpage, Plainview, and Plainedge. The Town of Hempstead, on its website, includes a small part of Bethpage hamlet that is in the Levittown census-designated place.

Economy

The grocery chain King Kullen is based in Bethpage. USPS also has a sorting facility in the town that serves the New York region. Bethpage is also home to the North America Headquarters of technology company LogiTag and Altice, formerly known as Cablevision.

Bethpage is home to two movie studios. Gold Coast Studios has filmed major motion pictures in Bethpage including The Amazing Spider-Man 2 and Sisters, as well as the television series Pan Am and Kevin Can Wait. Grumman Studios also worked on The Amazing Spider-Man 2, and has filmed Avengers, Salt and broadcast The Sound of Music Live!

Goya Foods has its Long Island division in Bethpage.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 16,429 people, 5,710 households, and 4,516 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 5,788 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.8% White 85.8% Non-Hispanic White, 0.6% African American, 0.1% Native American, 5.5% Asian, 1.5% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7% of the population.

There were 5,710 households, out of which 32% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. Of all households 17.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $70,173, and the median income for a family was $78,573. Males had a median income of $53,404 versus $36,708 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,850. About 2.1% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
Bethpage was the home of the Grumman plant that produced the Apollo Lunar Modules, or LEMs.

Bethpage State Park offers five golf courses to choose from. One of them, the Black Course, was the site of the U.S. Open in 2002 and 2009. Tiger Woods won the event in 2002 and Lucas Glover in 2009. While the park and its five golf courses are located almost entirely within Old Bethpage and its offices are located within the neighboring Farmingdale postal district, it is easily accessed from Bethpage.

Bethpage Water District was announced as the best tasting drinking water in New York State at the New York State Fair in Syracuse in 2006. In 2010 chlorine was added to the drinking water following new Nassau County Board of Health regulations, leading many residents to complain that the taste of the water had declined.

Medal of Honor recipient Stephen Edward Karopczyc lived in Bethpage, and the former Karopczyc School in Bethpage (part of the Island Trees Union Free School District) was renamed for him. The school now houses the Island Trees Public Library.

The Town of Oyster Bay Ice Skating Center in Bethpage has an NHL-size rink for skating, and is home to the Long Island Blues special hockey team, who practice and play home games at the rink.

Education

Bethpage residents can be zoned for the Bethpage Union Free School District, the Plainedge Union Free School District, the Island Trees Union Free School District, or the Hicksville Union Free School District.

Additionally, Briarcliffe College used to have a campus in Bethpage.

Notable people
 Eric Asimov (born 1957), wine and food critic (The New York Times)
 Sophia Braeunlich (1854–1898), business manager, journalist
 Nicholas Braun (born 1988), actor
 Lori Carson (born 1958), singer-songwriter
 Jim Christian (born 1965), college basketball player, coach
 Jim Hodder (1947–1990), musician (Steely Dan)
 Jason Moss (1975–2006), attorney, author
 Alex Reynolds (born 1987), professional wrestler for All Elite Wrestling
 Joe Sambito (born 1952), Major League Baseball pitcher
 Rob Scuderi (born 1978), National Hockey League player
 Leslie Segrete (born 1975), designer, television personality
 Helen Slater (born 1963), actress, singer
 Gary Smulyan (born 1956), jazz musician
 Gavin Spielman (born 1972), painter
 Al Weis (born 1938), Major League Baseball infielder.

References

External links

 Bethpage Community

 1903 map showing Bethpage as Central Park – includes Bethpage Junction of LIRR, and a creek from area that emptied into the Atlantic

Census-designated places in Nassau County, New York
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Hamlets in Nassau County, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)

Bethpage, New York


"I'm a Truck" is a song recorded by American country music singer Red Simpson. It was released in November 1971 as the first single and title track from the album I'm a Truck. The song — sometimes known as "Hello, I'm a Truck" — became Simpson's biggest hit single, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in January 1972, and spending 17 weeks on this chart.

About the song
Producer Gene Breeden had been looking for artists for his label, Portland Limited, when he received a song called "I'm a Truck" from songwriter Robert Stanton. Breeden and Simpson met in Vancouver, Washington, in 1971, where Simpson agreed to record the song. That fall, it was picked up for national distribution by Capitol Records.

A truck's story never told
Although the song is about truck driving, "I'm a Truck" is specifically about life on the road through the eyes of a truck. Instead of giving praise to the hard work of the truck driver (as most truck-driving songs had), the truck — whose story is told in first-person narrative — takes a cynical look at the profession. For instance, he (the truck) paints the man who drives him as an arrogant braggart, citing as an example the truck driver's story to others of how he topped a long, steep hill with ease but, as the truck points out, conveniently forgets other situations such as missing a gear and causing the truck's engine to stall or nearly driving off the road when he misses a curve. In the former instance, a "Volkswagen bus full of hippies passed us like I was sitting up on jacks"; in the latter case, if it hadn't been for the truck's efforts to stay on the road, "we'd have both wound up in the ditch."

After bemoaning his thankless situation of never getting credit for the truck driver's job well done, he continues to muse about his life: The trucker flirts with waitresses but never tips them; he winds up parked next to a smelly cattle truck (instead of a pink Mack with "pretty mudflaps" and chromed stacks); the trucker beats on the tires with an iron (the truck wishes aloud he'd have "a flat on the inside dual" to teach the driver a lesson); and the trucker will probably "take out that tape cartridge of Buck Owens and play him again" (instead of the artist that the truck apparently really enjoys, Merle Haggard).

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1971 singles
Red Simpson songs
Capitol Records singles
Songs about truck driving
1971 songs

I'm a Truck


The age of majority is the age when a person becomes an adult by law. This means that they are legally in control over their own actions and decisions, and their parents are no longer responsible for them. When used this way, the word majority means having the full number of years to be an adult. The opposite is minority, which means being a minor or child. The law in a given place may never actually use the words "age of majority" when deciding when people become adults. The age of majority is a legally fixed age and idea of adulthood which is different in different places. It may not match the actual maturity of a person's body or mind. The age of majority is 18 in the vast majority of jurisdictions, but ages as low as 15 and as high as 21 exist in some.

Overview
Once a person reaches the age of majority, there are some things they can do that they could not do before. These may include buying stocks and marrying without having to ask for permission. The ages that these things can be done are different depending on where the person lives.

Even after a person reaches the age of majority, there may be other age-based rules that they still have to follow, such as the right to stand for office in elections or become a judge. For example, the youngest a person is allowed to purchase alcohol is 21 in all U.S. states even though the age of majority is 18 in most states. The age of majority in the Republic of Ireland is 17, but a person must be over 21 years old to stand for election.

Emancipation is when a child is freed from the responsibility and care of their parents or legal guardians before they reach the age of majority.

In almost all places, minors who are married are automatically emancipated. Some places also do the same for minors who are in the armed forces or who have a certain degree or diploma.

Countries and subdivisions
This is a list of the age of majority in various countries (or administrative divisions):

Age 16
 Cuba
 Kyrgyzstan
 Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan
 Scotland

Age 17
 North Korea

Age 18
 All countries of the European Union (with exceptions as listed)
 Albania
 Afghanistan
 American Samoa, United States
 Andorra
 Argentina
 Armenia
 Angola
 Australia
 Azerbaijan
 Bahamas
 Barbados
 Belarus
 Bhutan
 Bolivia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Brazil (though one may vote at the age of 16)
 Brunei
 Bulgaria
 Burundi
 Cambodia
 Canada (provinces of Nova Scotia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan)
 Chile
 China
 Colombia
 Costa Rica
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Croatia (16 if minor marries or has a child)
 Cyprus
 Czech Republic
 Djibouti
 Dominican Republic
 Dominica
 Ecuador
 El Salvador
 Estonia
 Fiji
 France
 Gabon
 Germany
 Greece
 Ghana
 Gibraltar
 Guatemala
 Guernsey
 Guinea (minors are emancipated upon marriage)
 Guyana
 Haiti
 Hong Kong
 Hungary
 Iran
 India
 Indonesia (minors are emancipated upon marriage)
 Ireland
 Italy
 Israel
 Isle of Man
 Jamaica
 Jersey
 Kenya
 Laos
 Latvia
 Lebanon
 Liechtenstein
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg
 Macau
 North Macedonia
 Malaysia
 Malta
 Mauritania
 Mauritius
 Mexico
 Moldova
 Monaco
 Montenegro
 Nepal
 Netherlands
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Panama
 Paraguay (minors are emancipated upon marriage)
 Peru
 Philippines
 Poland (minors are emancipated upon marriage)
 Portugal
 Qatar
 Romania
 Russia
 Rwanda
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saudi Arabia
 Senegal
 Serbia
 Seychelles
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 South Africa
 Spain
 Sudan
 Sweden
 Switzerland (14 if parents agree)
 Syria
 Taiwan
 Tajikistan
 Tanzania
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 United Kingdom, (except Scotland)
 United States, (Exceptions: AL, IN, NE, NJ, 19;  CO, MS, NY, PR, 21)

 Ukraine
 Uruguay
 Venezuela
 Vietnam
 Yemen
 Zimbabwe

Age 19
 Canada (provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon)
 South Korea
 United States, (Exceptions)
	* Alabama,
	* Indiana,
	* Nebraska,
	* New Jersey

Age 20
 Denmark (incl. Faroe Islands and Greenland, minors are emancipated at 18)
 Finland (minors are emancipated at 18)
 Iceland (minors are emancipated at 18)
 Japan
 New Zealand
 Norway (minors are emancipated at 18)
 Taiwan
 Thailand (minors are emancipated upon marriage)

Age 21
 Bahrain
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Egypt
 Eswatini
 Honduras
 Lesotho
 Madagascar  (minors are emancipated upon marriage)
 Namibia
 Singapore
 United States, (Exceptions)
	* Colorado, * Mississippi, * New York, * Puerto Rico

References

Related pages
 Age of consent

Legal terms

Age of majority


In chemistry, metal aquo complexes are coordination compounds containing metal ions with only water as a ligand. These complexes are the predominant species in aqueous solutions of many metal salts, such as metal nitrates, sulfates, and perchlorates. They have the general stoichiometry .  Their behavior underpins many aspects of environmental, biological, and industrial chemistry. This article focuses on complexes where water is the only ligand ("homoleptic aquo complexes"), but of course many complexes are known to consist of a mix of aquo and other ligands.

Stoichiometry and structure

Hexa-aquo complexes

Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula , with  or 3; they have an octahedral structure. The water molecules function as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond with it. Typical examples are listed in the following table.
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!Complex!!colour!!electron config.!! distance (Å)||water exchangerate (s−1, 25 °C)!!M2+/3+ self-exchangerate (M−1s−1, 25 °C)
|-
|
| violet
| (t2g)1
|2.025
|
|
|-
|
| violet
| (t2g)3
|2.12
|
|fast
|-
|
| green
| (t2g)2
|1.991
|
|fast
|-
|
| blue
| (t2g)3(eg)1
|2.06 and 2.33
|
|slow
|-
|
| violet
| (t2g)3
|1.961
|
|slow
|-
|
| pale pink
| (t2g)3(eg)2
|2.177
|
|
|-
|
| pale blue-green
| (t2g)4(eg)2
|2.095
|
|fast
|-
|
| pale violet
| (t2g)3(eg)2
|1.990
|
|fast
|-
|
| pink
| (t2g)5(eg)2
|2.08
|
|
|-
|
| green
| (t2g)6(eg)2
|2.05
|
|
|-
|
| blue
| (t2g)6(eg)3
|1.97 and 2.30
|
|
|-
|
| colorless
| (t2g)6(eg)4
| 2.03-2.10
| fast
|
|-
|}

Tutton's salts are crystalline compounds with the generic formula  (where , , , , , or ). Alums, , are also double salts. Both sets of salts contain hexa-aquo metal cations.

Tetra-aquo complexes
Silver(I) forms , a rare example of a tetrahedral aquo complex. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) were once thought to form square planar aquo complexes.

Octa- and nona- aquo complexes
Aquo complexes of lanthanide(III) ions are eight- and nine-coordinate, reflecting the large size of the metal centres.

Binuclear-aquo complexes

In the binuclear ion  each bridging water molecule donates one pair of electrons to one cobalt ion and another pair to the other cobalt ion. The Co-O (bridging) bond lengths are 213 picometers, and the Co-O (terminal) bond lengths are 10 pm shorter.

The complexes  and  contain metal-metal bonds.

Hydroxo- and oxo- complexes of aquo ions
Monomeric aquo complexes of Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, and Os in oxidation states +4 to +7 have not been reported. For example,  is unknown: the hydrolyzed species  is the principal species in dilute solutions. With the higher oxidation states the effective electrical charge on the cation is further reduced by the formation of oxo-complexes.

Aquo complexes of the lanthanide cations
Lanthanide salts often or perhaps characteristically form aquo complexes.  The homoleptic tricationic aquo complexes have nine water ligands.

Reactions
Some reactions considered fundamental to the behavior of metal aquo ions are ligand exchange, electron-transfer, and acid-base reactions.

Water exchange
Ligand exchange involves replacement of a water ligand ("coordinated water") with water in solution ("bulk water"). Often the process is represented using labeled water :

In the absence of isotopic labeling, the reaction is degenerate, meaning that the free energy change is zero.

Rates vary over many orders of magnitude. The main factor affecting rates is charge: highly charged metal aquo cations exchange their water more slowly than singly charged cations. Thus, the exchange rates for  and  differ by a factor of 109. Electron configuration is also a major factor, illustrated by the fact that the rates of water exchange for  and  differ by a factor of 109 also. Water exchange usually follows a dissociative substitution pathway, so the rate constants indicate first order reactions.

Electron exchange
This reaction usually applies to the interconversion of di- and trivalent metal ions, which involves the exchange of only one electron. The process is called self-exchange, meaning that the ion appears to exchange electrons with itself. The standard electrode potential for the following equilibrium:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Standard redox potential for the couple M2+, M3+ (V)
! V!!Cr!!Mn!!Fe!!Co
|-
| −0.26||−0.41||+1.51||+0.77||+1.82
|}
shows the increasing stability of the lower oxidation state as atomic number increases. The very large value for the manganese couple is a consequence of the fact that octahedral manganese(II) has zero crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE) but manganese(III) has 3 units of CFSE.

Using labels to keep track of the metals, the self-exchange process is written as:

The rates of electron exchange vary widely, the variations being attributable to differing reorganization energies: when the 2+ and 3+ ions differ widely in structure, the rates tend to be slow. The electron transfer reaction proceeds via an outer sphere electron transfer. Most often large reorganizational energies are associated with changes in the population of the eg level, at least for octahedral complexes.

Acid–base reactions
Solutions of metal aquo complexes are acidic owing to the ionization of protons from the water ligands. In dilute solution chromium(III) aquo complex has a pKa of about 4.3:

Thus, the aquo ion is a weak acid, of comparable strength to acetic acid (pKa of about 4.8). This pKa is typical of the trivalent ions. The influence of the electronic configuration on acidity is shown by the fact that  () is more acidic than  (), despite the fact that Rh(III) is expected to be more electronegative. This effect is related to the stabilization of the pi-donor hydroxide ligand by the (t2g)5 Ru(III) centre.

In concentrated solutions, some metal hydroxo complexes undergo condensation reactions, known as olation, to form polymeric species. Many minerals are assumed to form via olation. Aquo ions of divalent metal ions are less acidic than those of trivalent cations.

The hydrolyzed species often exhibit very different properties from the precursor hexaaquo complex. For example, water exchange in  is 20000 times faster than in .

See also
 Hydration number
 Ligand field theory
 Metal ammine complex
 Metal ions in aqueous solution

References

Coordination complexes
Inorganic chemistry
Water chemistry

Metal aquo complex


In finance, a high-yield bond (non-investment-grade bond, speculative-grade bond, or junk bond) is a bond that is rated below investment grade by credit rating agencies. These bonds have a higher risk of default or other adverse credit events, but offer higher yields than investment-grade bonds in order to compensate for the increased risk.

Default risk
As indicated by their lower credit ratings, high-yield debt entails more risk to the investor compared to investment grade bonds. Investors require a greater yield to compensate them for investing in the riskier securities.

In the case of high-yield bonds, the risk is largely that of default: the possibility that the issuer will be unable to make scheduled interest and principal payments in a timely manner.  The default rate in the high-yield sector of the U.S. bond market has averaged about 5% over the long term. During the liquidity crisis of 1989-90, the default rate was in the 5.6% to 7% range. During the COVID-19 pandemic, default rates rose to just under 9%. A recession and accompanying weakening of business conditions tends to increase the possibility of default in the high-yield  bond sector.

Investors
Institutional investors (such as pension funds, mutual funds, banks and insurance companies) are the largest purchasers of high-yield debt. Individual investors participate in the high-yield sector mainly through mutual funds.

Some institutional investors  have by-laws that prohibit investing in bonds which have ratings below a particular level. As a result, the lower-rated securities may have a different institutional investor base than investment-grade bonds. .

U.S. market and indices
U.S. high-yield bonds outstanding as of the first quarter of 2021 are estimated to be about $1.7 trillion, comprising about 16% of the U.S. corporate bond market, which totals $10.7 trillion. New issuances amounted to $435 billion (~$ in ) in 2020.

Indices for the high-yield market include:
 ICE Bank of America US High Yield Total Return Index,
 Bloomberg Barclays US Corporate High Yield Total Return Index,
 S&P U.S. Issued High Yield Corporate Bond Index, and
 FTSE US High-Yield Market Index.

Some investors, preferring to dedicate themselves to higher-rated and less-risky investments, use an index that only includes BB-rated and B-rated securities. Other investors focus on the lowest quality debt rated CCC or distressed securities, commonly defined as those yielding 1500 basis points over equivalent government bonds.

Usage

Corporate debt
The original speculative grade bonds were bonds that once had been investment grade at time of issue, but where the credit rating of the issuer had slipped and the possibility of default increased significantly. These bonds are called "fallen angels".

The investment banker Michael Milken realized that fallen angels had regularly been valued less than what they were worth. His experience with speculative grade bonds started with his investment in these. In the mid-1980s, Milken and other investment bankers at Drexel Burnham Lambert created a new type of high-yield debt: bonds that were speculative grade from the start, and were used as a financing tool in leveraged buyouts and hostile takeovers. In a leveraged buyout (LBO), an acquirer would issue speculative grade bonds to help pay for an acquisition and then use the target's cash flow to help pay the debt over time. Companies acquired in this manner were commonly saddled with very high debt loads, hampering their financial flexibility. Debt-to-equity ratios of at least 6 to 1 were common in such transactions. This led to controversy as to the economic and social consequences of transforming firms through the aggressive use of financial leverage.

In 2005, over 80% of the principal amount of high-yield debt issued by U.S. companies went toward corporate purposes rather than acquisitions or buyouts.

In emerging markets, such as China and Vietnam, bonds have become increasingly important as short term financing options, since access to traditional bank credits has always been proved to be limited, especially if borrowers are non-state corporates. The corporate bond market has been developing in line with the general trend of capital market, and equity market in particular.

Debt repackaging and subprime crisis
High-yield bonds can also be repackaged into collateralized debt obligations (CDO), thereby raising the credit rating of the senior tranches above the rating of the original debt. The senior tranches of high-yield CDOs can thus meet the minimum credit rating requirements of pension funds and other institutional investors despite the significant risk in the original high-yield debt.

When such CDOs are backed by assets of dubious value, such as subprime mortgage loans, and lose market liquidity, the bonds and their derivatives become what is referred to as "toxic debt". Holding such "toxic" assets led to the demise of several investment banks such as Lehman Brothers and other financial institutions during the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–09 and led the US Treasury to seek congressional appropriations to buy those assets in September 2008 to prevent a systemic crisis of the banks.

Such assets represent a serious problem for purchasers because of their complexity. Having been repackaged perhaps several times, it is difficult and time-consuming for auditors and accountants to determine their true value. As the recession of 2008–09 hit, their value decreased further as more debtors defaulted, so they represented a rapidly depreciating asset. Even those assets that might have gone up in value in the long-term depreciated rapidly, quickly becoming "toxic" for the banks that held them. Toxic assets, by increasing the variance of banks' assets, can turn otherwise healthy institutions into zombies. Potentially insolvent banks made too few good loans creating a debt overhang problem. Alternatively, potentially insolvent banks with toxic assets sought out very risky speculative loans to shift risk onto their depositors and other creditors.

On March 23, 2009, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner announced a Public-Private Investment Partnership (PPIP) to buy toxic assets from banks' balance sheets. The major stock market indices in the United States rallied on the day of the announcement rising by over six percent with the shares of bank stocks leading the way. PPIP has two primary programs. The Legacy Loans Program will attempt to buy residential loans from banks' balance sheets. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation will provide non-recourse loan guarantees for up to 85 percent of the purchase price of legacy loans. Private sector asset managers and the U.S. Treasury will provide the remaining assets. The second program is called the legacy securities program which will buy mortgage backed securities (RMBS) that were originally rated AAA and commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) and asset-backed securities (ABS) which are rated AAA. The funds will come in many instances in equal parts from the U.S. Treasury's Troubled Asset Relief Program monies, private investors, and from loans from the Federal Reserve's Term Asset Lending Facility (TALF). The initial size of the Public Private Investment Partnership is projected to be $500 billion. Nobel Prize–winning economist Paul Krugman has been very critical of this program arguing the non-recourse loans lead to a hidden subsidy that will be split by asset managers, banks' shareholders and creditors. Banking analyst Meredith Whitney argues that banks will not sell bad assets at fair market values because they are reluctant to take asset write downs. Removing toxic assets would also reduce the volatility of banks' stock prices. Because stock is akin to a call option on a firm's assets, this lost volatility will hurt the stock price of distressed banks. Therefore, such banks will only sell toxic assets at above market prices.

EU member state debt crisis

On 27 April 2010, the Greek debt rating was decreased to "junk" status by Standard & Poor's amidst fears of default by the Greek Government. They also cut Portugal's credit ratings by two notches to A, over concerns about its state debt and public finances on 28 April.
On 5 July 2011, Portugal's rating was decreased to "junk" status by Moody's (by four notches from Baa1 to Ba2) saying there was a growing risk the country would need a second bail-out before it was ready to borrow money from financial markets again, and private lenders might have to contribute.

On 13 July 2012, Moody's cut Italy's credit rating two notches, to Baa2 (leaving it just above junk). Moody's warned the country it could be cut further.

With the ongoing deleveraging process within the European banking system, many European CFOs are still issuing high-yield bonds. As a result, by the end of September 2012, the total amount of annual primary bond issuances stood at . It is assumed that high-yield bonds are still attractive for companies with a stable funding base, although the ratings have declined continuously for most of those bonds.

See also
 Mezzanine capital
 Thomson Financial League Tables

References

External links

Bonds (finance)
Banking
Banking terms
United States housing bubble
Private equity
Credit risk

High-yield debt


Donald James McCrimmon (March 1, 1918 – November 8, 1992) was a provincial level politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1971 to 1982 sitting with the governing Progressive Conservative caucus. During his time in office McCrimmon was appointed by Premier Peter Lougheed to serve a term in the Executive Council of Alberta as  a Minister without portfolio responsible for native affairs from 1979 to 1982.

Political career
McCrimmon ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature in the 1971 Alberta general election. He won the electoral district of Ponoka defeating incumbent Neville Roper in a hotly contested four way race. His win helped the Progressive Conservative caucus form government that year.

The 1975 Alberta general election would see McCrimmon run against two challengers. He was returned easily to his second term after winning a slightly higher popular vote while the opposition vote would remain unchanged. McCrimmon would stand for a third term in office in the 1979 Alberta general election. His popular vote would remain almost unchanged from the 1975 election while his opponents would make gains but the vote was heavily divided.

After the election Premier Peter Lougheed appointed McCrimmon to the Executive Council of Alberta as Minister without portfolio responsible for Native Affairs. He held that portfolio until he retired from the Assembly at dissolution in 1982.

References

External links
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing

1918 births
1992 deaths
Members of the Executive Council of Alberta
People from Red Deer, Alberta
Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta MLAs

Don McCrimmon


In banking and accounting, the balance is the amount of money owed (or due) on an account.

In bookkeeping, "balance" is the difference between the sum of debit entries and the sum of credit entries entered into an account during a financial period. When total debits exceed the total credits, the account indicates a debit balance. The opposite is true when the total credit exceeds total debits, the account indicates a credit balance. If the debit/credit totals are equal, the balances are considered zeroed out. In an accounting period, "balance" reflects the net value of assets and liabilities to better understand balance in the accounting equation.

Balancing the books refers to the primary balance sheet equation of:
 Assets = liabilities + owners equity (capital)
The first "balancing" of books, or the balance sheet financial statement in accounting is to check iterations (trial balance) to be sure the equation above applies, and where assets and liabilities are unequal, to equalize them by debiting or crediting owner's equity (i.e. if assets exceed liabilities, equity is increased, if liabilities exceed assets, equity is decreased, both in the amount needed to balance the equation).

In addition to the balance sheet, the other primary financial statement (the P&L or Profit and Loss Statement) also is balanced against the balance sheet, generally by the use of a "plug" such as imputed interest.

References

Accounting terminology
Accounting journals and ledgers

no:Balanse (Økonomi)

Balance (accounting)


Engelbert Levin Schücking (May 23, 1926 – January 5, 2015), in English-language works often cited as E. L. Schucking, was a physics professor at New York University in New York City. His research interests were theoretical astrophysics, general relativity and cosmology.

Biography

Engelbert Levin Schücking was born on May 23, 1926, in Hörde, Westphalia. He manifested an interest in astronomy at a very early age, and by the age of fourteen, he was actively engaged in counting sunspots. He then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Münster, and later at Göttingen. His professors included prolific physicists Werner Heisenberg, Richard Becker and Robert Pohl.
He started working in the field of general relativity with the great German physicist Pascual Jordan in Hamburg, in 1952, and he earned his PhD there in 1955. It is with P.Jordan that he found the locus of his life's work, namely the geometric aspects of general relativity and Einstein's field equations.
He moved to the US in 1961, where he became Research associate, first at Syracuse, then at Cornell. He moved to the University of Texas at Austin in 1962, where he became Professor of Physics. There, he started a group working on general relativity, comprising such first rate physicists as Roger Penrose, Roy Kerr, Rainer K. Sachs and Jürgen Ehlers. In 1967, he was appointed as Professor of Physics at New York University, where he had many students, including some twenty successful PhD candidates. Some of these students went on to become famous specialists in the field of general relativity: Eli Honig, Richard Greene, C. V. Vishveshwara, to name but a few.

He published numerous papers and co-authored many books about gravitation, cosmology, as well as black holes. In December 1996 a symposium was held in his honor at New York University.

He died at the age of 88 on January 5, 2015, surrounded by family and friends in his Manhattan apartment in New York City, NY.

References

External links
Homepage at New York University
Engelbert Schucking Papers, New York University Archives

1926 births
American relativity theorists
German relativity theorists
German cosmologists
2015 deaths
20th-century German physicists

Engelbert Schücking


Mary Ting Yi Lui (born 1967) is Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University and head of Yale's Timothy Dwight College. She is Yale's first tenured professor specializing in Asian American Studies and the first Asian American female to serve as head of a Yale residential college. A former director of undergraduate studies and director of graduate studies for Yale University's American Studies program, she is also affiliated with Yale's Ethnicity, Race, and Migration program and its Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program. Lui is the author of The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City,  a co-winner of the 2007 Best Book Prize for History from the Association for Asian American Studies.

Background

Lui received her undergraduate degree from Princeton University in 1989 with an A.B. from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and a certificate in East Asian Studies. In 2000, she received her Ph.D. in history from Cornell University, studying under Asian American historian Gary Okihiro. Prior to arriving at Yale in 2000, Lui held appointments as a public historian at the Chicago History Museum, as the Charles Gaius Bolin Fellow at Williams College, and as a curator at the Museum of Chinese in America in New York City.

Writings

Mary Lui's first book The Chinatown Trunk Mystery: Murder, Miscegenation, and Other Dangerous Encounters in Turn-of-the-Century New York City examines the unsolved 1909 murder of Elsie Sigel to explore race, gender, and interracial sexual relations in the formation of New York City Chinatown, 1870–1920. Using a variety of English and Chinese-language sources such as census data, church records, reportage, and immigration files, Lui argues that coverage of the case magnified public hostility toward inter-racial relationships and further restricted Chinese mobility in New York City's Chinatown.

Lui is currently at work on a new book entitled Making Model Minorities: Asian Americans, Race, and Citizenship in Cold War America at Home and Abroad, which examines the history of Asian Americans and U.S. cultural diplomacy in Asia during the Cold War.

References

Yale University faculty
21st-century American historians
1967 births
Living people
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni
Cornell University alumni
Historians of Asia

Mary Ting Yi Lui


Lunéville ( ; German, obsolete: Lünstadt ) is a commune in the northeastern French  department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.

It is a subprefecture of the department and lies on the river Meurthe at its confluence with the Vezouze.

History

Lunéville was a renowned resort in the 18th century, known as the capital of Lorraine. The grand Château de Lunéville, built in 1702 for Leopold, Duke of Lorraine to replace an older palace, was the residence of the duke of Lorraine until the duchy was annexed by France in 1766. The château was designed in the style of Versailles to satisfy Leopold's wife, Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, the niece of Louis XIV, and became known as the "Versailles of Lorraine". It includes a chapel designed by Germain Boffrand. Leopold and his wife were the parents of Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (through him they were the grandparents of Marie Antoinette).

The last duke of Lorraine was Stanislaus I, the former king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. A devout Catholic, an author and a philanthropist, Stanislaus had a church built and several follies in his gardens for the amusement and education of visiting Polish and Lithuanian nobility and followers of the Enlightenment. The more famous visitors to his court were Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, André Morellet, and Montesquieu. After the death of his father-in-law in 1766, Louis XV of France annexed the duchy and turned the castle into a barracks, but much of the original construction has survived, and what remains is open to the public and the château's intricate parterre gardens, designed by Yves Hours (a pupil of André Le Nôtre) in 1711 and Louis de Nesle in 1724, are a public park today.

It was over the nearby Parroy Forest, directly east of Lunéville, only some 11 months after the outbreak of World War I, that the first aerial victory by a fighter aircraft armed with a synchronised machine gun occurred on July 1, 1915, as the German Fliegertruppe officer Kurt Wintgens forced down an Aeronautique Militaire Morane-Saulnier L parasol monoplane.  Neither member of the French air crew was seriously wounded, while the French aircraft's Gnome Lambda engine received multiple hits to disable the aircraft.

Treaties
The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House, one of the houses built up against the château gardens of Lunéville, on 9 February 1801 between the French Republic and the Austrian Empire by Joseph Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl.

Another treaty, signed in Germany, was the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871). It made Lunéville into a border town that attracted people from Alsace and Moselle who relocated to keep their French nationality. A new period of economic prosperity, known as the Belle Époque, restored some of the glory of Stanislas's ducal court of the 18th century.

Industry

Lunéville faience, a kind of unglazed faience produced from 1723 at Lunéville by Jacques Chambrette, became the Manufacture Royale du Roi de Pologne ("Royal Factory of the King of Poland") after Stanislaus sponsored it in 1749. The earthenware first became famous for its detailed figurines and in the 20th century for its art deco designs, and it still exists today as "Terres d'Est".

In 1858, the glass factory of Croismare was built. It became famous when the Müller brothers settled there in 1897 and began creating Art Deco glass designs.

Louis Ferry-Bonnechaux discovered a technique using beads and sequins on embroidery in 1865. His craft was widely copied and became known as Lunéville Point, and its heritage can still be seen in modern haute couture.

A subsidiary of the Dietrich company, Lorraine-Dietrich moved to Lunéville after the 1871 treaty of Frankfurt. Today it is known for its trailers, but it started off as a manufacturer of cars and railway equipment.

Demographics
The population of Lunéville in 2019 was 17,867.

Notable people
Stanisław I Leszczyński (1677–1766), King of Poland 1704-1709, 1733-1736 (reigned as Stanislaus I), then Duke of Lorraine until his death at Lunéville where he spent 30 years in exile.
 Muller Frères, an art nouveau glass production company
 Georges de La Tour lived in Lunéville for much of his career
 Émilie du Châtelet who lived a long time in Lunéville and died there

Lunéville was the birthplace of :
Nicolas Beatrizet, 16th century engraver
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, 1712
François Nicolas Benoît, Baron Haxo, 1774 June 24
René Basset (1855–1924), orientalist
Marie Bobillier (1858–1918), musicologist
Louis Émile Gratia (1878–1962), musicologist
Henri Basset (1892–1926), son of the above, linguist and historian
André Basset (1895–1956), younger brother of the above, linguist, orientalist
Jean Bastien-Thiry, (1927–1963), attempted assassination of president de Gaulle
 Claude Ponti (1948-), children's author and illustrator.

Geology
In 1874, a fossil Bennettitalean stem excavated from the area near the city was described as Cylindropodium liasinum by Saporta, which was reassigned in 2016 to the genus Cycadeoidea under Cycadeoidea cylindrica.

Twin towns
Lunéville is twinned with:

 Schwetzingen, Germany, since 1969

See also
Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department

References

External links

Official website (in French)

Communes of Meurthe-et-Moselle
Subprefectures in France
Meurthe-et-Moselle communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Duchy of Lorraine

Lunéville


John Francis Filmer  (born in Tatura, Victoria, Australia on 16 September 1895 and died in Wellington, New Zealand on 19 July 1979) was an Australian-born scientist who later emigrated to New Zealand to continue his scientific research career.

Early life

Filmer spent his early life in Western Australia and won a Government Exhibition Scholarship which took him to the University of Melbourne from which he graduated B.V.Sc. in 1916.

In the First World War, Filmer served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps in Greece and Salonika.

Research success

On his return to Australia, Filmer commenced private practice in Katanning in Western Australia.  In 1925, he joined the Department of Agriculture in Fremantle. Filmer worked on the problem of Denmark Disease or enzootic marasmus.

During his period in Western Australia, Filmer, in collaboration with E. J. Underwood, achieved a major research success which was to prove of incalculable benefit to agriculture in New Zealand and throughout the world. "Bush sickness" had imposed severe restrictions on animal production in New Zealand.  The use of iron compounds had resulted in a partial though precarious control of the disease.  Filmer and Underwood showed that the beneficial effect of iron compounds resided in the minute amount of cobalt present as an impurity.  This meant that the way was open for complete control of bush sickness and allied wasting diseases.  The two men suggested that the effect of cobalt on cattle and sheep might be mediated through "some growth factor for whose formation cobalt is necessary".  This clearly foreshadowed the discovery of vitamin B12 and proof that the role of cobalt as an essential trace element is exerted through this vitamin.

Later career

Filmer moved to Victoria in 1936 and took up the position of Veterinary Research Officer with the Western Districts Research Association in Camperdown.  He emigrated to New Zealand in 1938 where he soon became director of the Animal Research Division of the Department of Agriculture, a position he held until his retirement in September 1960.  Soon afterwards, the University of Melbourne conferred on Filmer the degree of D.V.Sc. for a thesis on his work on cobalt deficiency.

Filmer was Secretary to Section L of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science (ANZAAS) in 1926 and was president and life member of the New Zealand Animal Production Society.  In 1954, Filmer was elected an honorary Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.  He was President of the New Zealand Grasslands Association in 1955.

In 1961, Filmer was awarded the Fellowship of the Royal Society of New Zealand. In the same year, he was appointed a Companion of the Imperial Service Order in the Queen's Birthday Honours.

Filmer was twice president of the New Zealand Veterinary Association and he was elected a life member in 1961.

In 1968, Massey University conferred on Filmer the degree of Honorary Doctor of Science and in 1971 he was elected a Life Fellow of the Australian College of Veterinary Scientists.

Bibliography

 Australian Veterinary Journal. 1979, 55:453.
 Whitten, L.K., Obituary: John Francis Filmer. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, September 1979, Vol. 27(9), p186.

References

Australian veterinarians
Male veterinarians
1895 births
1979 deaths
New Zealand Companions of the Imperial Service Order
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
People from Victoria (state)
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
University of Melbourne alumni
Royal Army Veterinary Corps officers
New Zealand veterinarians
New Zealand scientists

Jack Filmer


Michael Hobart Seymour (1800–1874) was an Anglo-Irish Protestant clergyman and religious controversialist.

Life
He was born on 29 September 1800, the sixth son of John Crossley Seymour, vicar of Caherelly (d. 19 May 1831), who married in January 1789 Catherine, eldest daughter and coheiress of Rev. Edward Wight, rector of Meelick in Limerick. Aaron Crossley Hobart Seymour was his brother. In 1823 he graduated B.A. of Trinity College, Dublin, and proceeded M.A. in 1832. He was admitted ad eundem at Oxford on 2 June 1836, and comitatis causa on 26 October 1865.

Seymour was ordained deacon in 1823 and priest in 1824. The first thirty-four years of his life were passed in Ireland in clerical work. He was also secretary to the Irish Protestant Association. An untiring polemicist, he became very unpopular in Ireland, and about 1834 migrated to England. For several years he was evening lecturer at St George the Martyr, Southwark, afternoon lecturer at St Anne, Blackfriars, and travelling secretary for the Reformation Society.

In January 1844 Seymour married, at Walcot church, Bath, Maria, only daughter of General Thomas of the East India Company's service, and widow of Baron Brown-Mill (George Gavin Browne Mill),  physician to Louis XVIII. From that time he resided, when in England, at Bath, and did not hold any preferment in the church. In September 1844 Seymour and his wife travelled by easy stages to Rome.

Seymour died at 27 Marlborough Buildings, Bath, on 19 June 1874, leaving no issue, and was buried at Locksbrook Cemetery on 25 June.

Works
Seymour contributed to newspapers, published pamphlets, and lectured against the Roman Catholic Church. He brought out in 1838 a new edition, with five appendices, of John Foxe's Acts and Monuments of the Church.

He described his visit to Rome in two books, 'A Pilgrimage to Rome,' 1848, 4th edit. 1851, and 'Mornings among the Jesuits at Rome; being Notes of Conversations held with certain Jesuits in that City,' 1849 (3rd edit. 1850; 5th edit. 1852). The first book was criticised in 'A brief Review by A. M.,' Bath, 1849, and the second in The Rambler, iv. 144–9 (1849). Seymour had a rhetorical way of marshalling his facts, and his deductions could not always be relied upon. But he followed up his attack in 'Evenings with the Romanists. With an introductory chapter on the Moral Results of the Romish System,' 1854; 2nd edit. 1855. This was issued at New York in 1855, and in the same year was reissued at Philadelphia in an edited form. It was also translated into Spanish, and had a large circulation in Mexico.

A lecture on 'Nunneries,' issued in 1852, involved him in a controversy with Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman, who published a reply.

References

Attribution

1800 births
1874 deaths
Irish writers
19th-century Irish Anglican priests

Michael Hobart Seymour