Antonio Valero Osma (born 25 August 1955) is a Spanish actor.

Career
He began his career as actor in the theater in Catalan with the directors Fabia Puigserver, Albert Boadella and Pere Planella. He made his film debut with La Mitad del Cielo (1986) directed by Manuel Gutierrez Aragon. Among his film are: Adios pequena (1986) by Imanol Uribe; El Lute: camina o revienta  (1987), by Vicente Aranda; El Juego mas Divertido  (1987) by Emilio Martinez Lazaro: Despues del Sueño (1992), by Mario Camus and Intruso (1993) by Vicente Aranda.  He appeared in TVE in  La forja de un rebelde  (The Forging of a Rebel) (1990), directed by Mario Camus, where he had the starring role as the alter ego of Arturo Barea, author of the  novel.

Selected filmography
Mallorca Files episode 6 2021
 Pasaje al amanecer (2017)
 Aunque estés lejos (2003)
 Lista de Espera (2000)
 Intruso (1993)
 El Lute: camina o revienta(1986)
 Adios Pequena (1986)
 Half of Heaven (1986)

Notes

References
 Torres, Augusto, Diccionario del cine Español, Espasa Calpe, 1994.

External links

1955 births
Living people
People from Burjassot
Spanish male stage actors
Male actors from the Valencian Community
Spanish male film actors
20th-century Spanish male actors

Antonio Valero (actor)


Miguel Delaney is a Spanish-Irish football journalist and author. He is the chief football writer at The Independent.

Career
Whilst working in his native Ireland with the Sunday Tribune, Delaney was nominated for Young Journalist of the year at the National Media Awards, and was later nominated for the NNI Sports Journalist of the year award.  After starting at The Tribune Delaney went on to write for ESPN, Ireland's Sunday Independent, the pages of The Blizzard, Eurosport, The Daily Mirror, and The Belfast Telegraph.

He is the author of Stuttgart to Saipan: The Players' Stories which covered Ireland's qualification for international tournaments in 1988, 1990, 1994 and 2002; the book made the long list for the William Hill Irish Sports Book of the Year and included interviews with the likes of Liam Brady, Pat Bonner and Mark Lawrenson.

Delaney has appeared as a pundit on the BBC Radio 5 live 'Monday Night Club', The Anfield Wrap and Second Captains. Delaney can be heard most weeks during the football season contributing to The Indy Football Podcast. He has also guested on the Irishman Abroad  podcast series.

Delaney appeared on the BBC Two television programme Premier League Show debating the greatest ever Premier League side with Gabby Logan, Chris Sutton, Ian Wright and Wes Brown. He has also appeared on BT Sport Football Writers show, and Sky Sports Sunday Supplement.

Delaney was in 2019 nominated for sports journalist of the year at the British Journalism Awards  and football journalist of the year at the Football Supporters' Association awards. Miguel Delaney was shortlisted for the Writer of the Year at the Football Supporters' Association awards in 2020 and 2021.

Personal life
Delaney is half Irish and half Spanish and is bilingual. Delaney studied a journalism degree in Dublin at the DIT before completing a master's degree reading politics. Delaney described Hugh McIlvanney as his favourite sports writer.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of Dublin Institute of Technology
Association football journalists
Irish people of Spanish descent
Irish sports journalists
Sunday Independent (Ireland) people
Sunday Tribune people
The Independent people
Belfast Telegraph people

Miguel Delaney


Section 533 grants are a USDA rural housing rehabilitation program authorized under Section 533 of the Housing Act of 1949 (42 U.S.C. 1441 et seq.).  The Rural Housing Service (RHS) is authorized to make grants to capable organizations for:
(1) rehabilitating single-family housing in rural areas that is owned by low- and very low-income families;
(2) rehabilitating rural rental properties; and,
(3) rehabilitating rural cooperative housing structured to provide affordable housing to low- and very low-income occupants.
The homes must be located in rural areas and be in need of housing preservation assistance. Assisted families must meet the income restrictions (income of 80% or less of the median income for the area) and must have occupied the property for at least one year prior to receiving assistance.  Occupants of leased homes may be eligible for assistance if
(1) the unexpired portion of the lease extends for 5 years or more, and
(2) the lease permits the occupant to make modifications to the structure and precludes the owner from increasing the rent because of the modifications.

References

United States Department of Agriculture

Section 533 grants


Murdoch v Murdoch, also known as the Murdoch Case, was a controversial family law decision by the Supreme Court of Canada where the Court denied an abused ranch wife any interest in the family ranch. This case is most notable for the public outcry it created at the time and for what many   believe is Justice Laskin's most famous dissenting opinion.

Irene Murdoch, the wife of an Albertan rancher, submitted a claim for half the interest in the family ranch that was registered under the husband's name. The question put before the Court was whether there was an implied trust on behalf of the wife for all her years of labour on the ranch.

In a 4-1 decision, a majority of the Court dismissed the wife's application.  Speaking for the majority, Justice Martland upheld the trial judge's finding that the wife's labour was not beyond what was normally expected of a ranch wife.  Martland J. held that since there was no financial contribution nor intention to create a trust, there could be no resulting trust, relying on a similar English case, Gissing v. Gissing.

In dissent, Laskin J. argued that the Court did not need to examine intent in order to find a trust; rather a constructive trust based in equity could be found.

Laskin's dissent proved to be among his most famous. Many scholars, himself included, believed that his dissent was a major factor in his unexpected promotion to Chief Justice several years later.

Canadian feminists publicized the case across the country. The outcry against the decision contributed to substantial reforms to matrimonial property laws across the country, giving husbands and wives equal rights to property acquired during the course of the marriage.

Following the Supreme Court decision, Irene Murdoch started a new proceeding, a petition for divorce.  In the divorce proceedings, she was found to be entitled to a lump-sum award of $65,000 from James Murdoch, in place of monthly spousal maintenance.

References

Supreme Court of Canada cases
Canadian family case law
Canadian property case law
1973 in Canadian case law

Murdoch v Murdoch


Kipketer is a surname of Kenyan origin that means "son of Keter". It may refer to:

Alfred Kipketer (born 1996), Kenyan middle-distance runner and 2013 world youth champion
Sammy Kipketer (born 1981), Kenyan long-distance runner and 2002 Commonwealth Games champion
Valentine Kipketer (born 1993), Kenyan marathon runner
Wilson Kipketer (born 1972), Danish-Kenyan former middle distance runner and three-time 800 metres world champion
Wilson Boit Kipketer (born 1973), Kenyan former steeplechase runner and 1997 world champion

Kalenjin names

Kipketer


August Maramaa (before 1922 August Marfeldt; 6 April 1881 Aakre Parish, Tartu County – 26 December 1941 Vyatski Prison Camp, Kirov, Russia) was an Estonian politician, teacher and mayor of Viljandi from 1919-1921 and 1927-1939.

He graduated in 1902. He worked as a teacher and school leader in Viljandi Country and Viljandi. He published mathematics textbooks.

He was a member of I Riigikogu. On 15 September, he resigned his position and he was replaced by Aleksander Tulp. Maramaa was Mayor of Viljandi from 1919 until 1921, and again from 1927 until 1939.

On January 8 1941 he was arrested by the NKVD and deported to the Vyatski Prison Camp in Kirov, Russia, where he died on December 26th the same year.

Personal
Maramaa married Anna Roosson in 1909 (Anna Maramma, deported in June 1941) and had five children.

His son Harri Haamer was a teacher at St. Jacob's Congregation, Tartu Paulus Congregation, Tarvastu Peetri Congregation and Kõpu Peetri Congregations. His grandson Eenok Haamer is a teacher at Mustvee and Lohusuu Congregations and his granddaughter Maarja Haamer-Render is an Estonian signer. His brother was the chemist Jaan Maramaa.

Recognition

 1938 Order of the Estonian Red Cross III class

Commemoration
A sculpture of August Maramaa was opened next to Viljandi Town Hall in 2007. August Maramaa Puiestee (Boulevard) is also located in Viljandi.

References

1881 births
1941 deaths
People from Elva Parish
People from Kreis Dorpat
Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party politicians
Members of the Riigikogu, 1920–1923
Mayors of places in Estonia
Estonian schoolteachers
Estonian people who died in Soviet detention
People who died in the Gulag

August Maramaa


A liposome is a small artificial vesicle, spherical in shape, having at least one lipid bilayer. Due to their hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, particle size and many other properties, liposomes can be used as drug delivery vehicles for administration of pharmaceutical drugs and nutrients, such as lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines.  Liposomes can be prepared by disrupting biological membranes (such as by sonication).

Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol, but may also include other lipids, such as those found in egg and phosphatidylethanolamine, as long as they are compatible with lipid bilayer structure. A liposome design may employ surface ligands for attaching to desired cells or tissues.

Based on vesicle structure, there are seven main categories for liposomes: multilamellar large (MLV), oligolamellar (OLV), small unilamellar (SUV), medium-sized unilamellar (MUV), large unilamellar (LUV), giant unilamellar (GUV) and multivesicular vesicles (MVV). The major types of liposomes are the multilamellar vesicle (MLV, with several lamellar phase lipid bilayers), the small unilamellar liposome vesicle (SUV, with one lipid bilayer), the large unilamellar vesicle (LUV), and the cochleate vesicle. A less desirable form is multivesicular liposomes in which one vesicle contains one or more smaller vesicles.

Liposomes should not be confused with lysosomes, or with micelles and reverse micelles. In contrast to liposomes, micelles typically contain a monolayer of fatty acids or surfactants.

Discovery
The word liposome derives from two Greek words: lipo ("fat") and soma ("body"); it is so named because its composition is primarily of phospholipid.

Liposomes were first described by British haematologist Alec Douglas Bangham in 1961 (published 1964), at the Babraham Institute, in Cambridge. They were discovered when Bangham and R. W. Horne were testing the institute's new electron microscope by adding negative stain to dry phospholipids. The resemblance to the plasmalemma was obvious, and the microscope pictures served as the first  evidence for the cell membrane being a bilayer lipid structure. Their integrity as a closed, bilayer structure, that could release its contents after detergent treatment (structure-linked latency) was established by Bangham, Standish and Weissmann in the next year. Weissmann - during a Cambridge pub discussion with Bangham - first named the structures "liposomes" after the lysosome, which his laboratory had been studying: a simple organelle the structure-linked latency of which could be disrupted by detergents and streptolysins. Liposomes can be easily distinguished from micelles and hexagonal lipid phases by negative staining transmission electron microscopy.

Alec Douglas Bangham with colleagues Jeff Watkins and Malcolm Standish wrote the 1965 paper that effectively launched the liposome "industry". Around this time he was joined at Babraham by Gerald Weissmann, an American physician with an interest in lysosomes. Now an emeritus professor at New York University School of Medicine, Weissmann recalls the two of them sitting in a Cambridge pub and reflecting on the role of lipid sheets in separating the interior of the cell from the exterior milieu. This insight, they felt, was to cell function what the discovery of the double helix had been to genetics. Bangham had called his lipid structures "multilamellar smectic mesophases" or sometimes "Banghasomes". It was Weissmann who proposed the more user-friendly term liposome.

Mechanism

Encapsulation in liposomes
A liposome has an aqueous solution core surrounded by a hydrophobic membrane, in the form of a lipid bilayer; hydrophilic solutes dissolved in the core cannot readily pass through the bilayer. Hydrophobic chemicals associate with the bilayer. This property can be utilized to load liposomes with hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic molecules, a process known as encapsulation. Typically, liposomes are prepared in a solution containing the compound to be trapped, which can either be an aqueous solution for encapsulating hydrophilic compounds like proteins, or solutions in organic solvents mixed with lipids for encapsulating hydrophobic molecules.
Encapsulation techniques can be categorized into two types: passive, which relies on the stochastic trapping of molecules during liposome formation, and active, which relies on the presence of charged lipids or transmembrane ion gradients.
A crucial parameter to consider is the "encapsulation efficiency," which is defined as the amount of compound present in the liposome solution divided by the total initial amount of compound used during the preparation.
In more recent developments, the application of liposomes in single-molecule experiments has introduced the concept of "single entity encapsulation efficiency." This term refers to the probability of a specific liposome containing the required number of copies of the compound.

Delivery
To deliver the molecules to a site of action, the lipid bilayer can fuse with other bilayers such as the cell membrane, thus delivering the liposome contents; this is a complex and non-spontaneous event, however, that does not apply to nutrients and drug delivery. By preparing liposomes in a solution of DNA or drugs (which would normally be unable to diffuse through the membrane) they can be (indiscriminately) delivered past the lipid bilayer. Liposomes can also be designed to deliver drugs in other ways. Liposomes that contain low (or high) pH can be constructed such that dissolved aqueous drugs will be charged in solution (i.e., the pH is outside the drug's pI range). As the pH naturally neutralizes within the liposome (protons can pass through some membranes), the drug will also be neutralized, allowing it to freely pass through a membrane. These liposomes work to deliver drug by diffusion rather than by direct cell fusion. However, the efficacy of this pH regulated passage depends on the physiochemical nature of the drug in question (e.g. pKa and having a basic or acid nature), which is very low for many drugs.

A similar approach can be exploited in the biodetoxification of drugs by injecting empty liposomes with a transmembrane pH gradient. In this case the vesicles act as sinks to scavenge the drug in the blood circulation and prevent its toxic effect.
Another strategy for liposome drug delivery is to target endocytosis events. Liposomes can be made in a particular size range that makes them viable targets for natural macrophage phagocytosis. These liposomes may be digested while in the macrophage's phagosome, thus releasing its drug. Liposomes can also be decorated with opsonins and ligands to activate endocytosis in other cell types.

Certain anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin (Doxil) and daunorubicin may be administered encapsulated in liposomes. Liposomal cisplatin has received orphan drug designation for pancreatic cancer from EMEA.

The use of liposomes for transformation or transfection of DNA into a host cell is known as lipofection.

In addition to gene and drug delivery applications, liposomes can be used as carriers for the delivery of dyes to textiles, pesticides to plants, enzymes and nutritional supplements to foods, and cosmetics to the skin.

Liposomes are also used as outer shells of some microbubble contrast agents used in contrast-enhanced ultrasound.

Dietary and nutritional supplements
Until recently, the clinical uses of liposomes were for targeted drug delivery, but new applications for the oral delivery of certain dietary and nutritional supplements are in development.  This new application of liposomes is in part due to the low absorption and bioavailability rates of traditional oral dietary and nutritional tablets and capsules.  The low oral bioavailability and absorption of many nutrients is clinically well documented. Therefore, the natural encapsulation of lypophilic and hydrophilic nutrients within liposomes would be an effective method of bypassing the destructive elements of the gastric system and small intestines allowing the encapsulated nutrient to be efficiently delivered to the cells and tissues.

The term nutraceutical combines the words nutrient and pharmaceutical, originally coined by Stephen DeFelice, who defined nutraceuticals as "food or part of a food that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of a disease". However, currently, there is no conclusive definition of nutraceuticals yet, to distinguish them from other food‐derived categories, such as food (dietary) supplements, herbal products, pre‐ and probiotics, functional foods, and fortified foods. Generally, this term is used to describe any product derived from food sources which is expected to provide health benefits additionally to the nutritional value of daily food. A wide range of nutrients or other substances with nutritional or physiological effects (EU Directive 2002/46/EC) might be present in these products, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, fibres and various plants and herbal extracts. Liposomal nutraceuticals contain bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects. The encapsulation of bioactive compounds in liposomes is attractive as liposomes have been shown to be able to overcome serious hurdles bioactives would otherwise encounter in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract upon oral intake.

It is important to note that certain  factors have far-reaching effects on the percentage of liposome that are yielded in manufacturing, as well as the actual amount of realized liposome entrapment and the actual quality and long-term stability of the liposomes themselves.  They are the following:  (1) The actual manufacturing method and preparation of the liposomes themselves; (2) The constitution, quality, and type of raw phospholipid used in the formulation and manufacturing of the liposomes; (3) The ability to create homogeneous liposome particle sizes that are stable and hold their encapsulated payload.  These are the primary elements  in developing effective liposome carriers for use in dietary and nutritional supplements.

Manufacturing
The choice of liposome preparation method depends, i.a., on the following parameters:
 the physicochemical characteristics of the material to be entrapped and those of the liposomal ingredients;
 the nature of the medium in which the lipid vesicles are dispersed
 the effective concentration of the entrapped substance and its potential toxicity;
 additional processes involved during application/delivery of the vesicles;
 optimum size, polydispersity and shelf-life of the vesicles for the intended application; and,
 batch-to-batch reproducibility and possibility of large-scale production of safe and efficient liposomal products
Useful liposomes rarely form spontaneously. They typically form after supplying enough energy to a dispersion of (phospho)lipids in a polar solvent, such as water, to break down multilamellar aggregates into oligo- or unilamellar bilayer vesicles.

Liposomes can hence be created by sonicating a dispersion of amphipatic lipids, such as phospholipids, in water. Low shear rates create multilamellar liposomes. The original aggregates, which have many layers like an onion, thereby form progressively smaller and finally unilamellar liposomes (which are often unstable, owing to their small size and the sonication-created defects). Sonication is generally considered a "gross" method of preparation as it can damage the structure of the drug to be encapsulated. Newer methods such as extrusion, micromixing and Mozafari method are employed to produce materials for human use. Using lipids other than phosphatidylcholine can greatly facilitate liposome preparation.

Prospect

Further advances in liposome research have been able to allow liposomes to avoid detection by the body's immune system, specifically, the cells of reticuloendothelial system (RES). These liposomes are known as "stealth liposomes". They were first proposed by G. Cevc and G. Blume and, independently and soon thereafter, the groups of L. Huang and Vladimir Torchilin and are constructed with PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) studding the outside of the membrane. The PEG coating, which is inert in the body, allows for longer circulatory life for the drug delivery mechanism. Studies have also shown that PEGylated liposomes elicit anti-IgM antibodies, thus leading to an enhanced blood clearance of the liposomes upon re-injection, depending on lipid dose and time interval between injections. In addition to a PEG coating, some stealth liposomes also have some sort of biological species attached as a ligand to the liposome, to enable binding via a specific expression on the targeted drug delivery site. These targeting ligands could be monoclonal antibodies (making an immunoliposome), vitamins, or specific antigens, but must be accessible. Targeted liposomes can target certain cell type in the body and deliver drugs that would otherwise be systemically delivered. Naturally toxic drugs can be much less systemically toxic if delivered only to diseased tissues. Polymersomes, morphologically related to liposomes, can also be used this way. Also morphologically related to liposomes are highly deformable vesicles, designed for non-invasive transdermal material delivery, known as transfersomes.

Liposomes are used as models for artificial cells.

Liposomes can be used on their own or in combination with traditional antibiotics as neutralizing agents of bacterial toxins. Many bacterial toxins evolved to target specific lipids of the host cells membrane and can be baited and neutralized by liposomes containing those specific lipid targets.

A study published in May 2018 also explored the potential use of liposomes as "nano-carriers" of fertilizing nutrients to treat malnourished or sickly plants. Results showed that these synthetic particles "soak into plant leaves more easily than naked nutrients", further validating the utilization of nanotechnology to increase crop yields.

Machine learning has started to contribute to liposome research. For example,  deep learning was used to monitor a multistep bioassay containing sucrose-loaded and nucleotides-loaded liposomes interacting with a lipid membrane-perforating peptide. Artificial neural networks were also used to optimize formulation parameters of leuprolide acetate loaded liposomes
and to predict the particle size and the polydispersity index of liposomes.

See also
Azotosome
Lamella (cell biology)
Langmuir–Blodgett film
Lipid bilayer
Targeted drug delivery

References

External links

 Journal of Liposome Research

Membrane biology
Drug delivery devices
Dosage forms

Liposome


Center City Historic District is a grouping of 19 homes and one church located along the east side of Summit Avenue situated on a hill overlooking North Center Lake in Center City, Minnesota, United States.  It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.  Center City became the county seat of Chisago County in the 1870s, during a time of Swedish migration and settlement in the county.  The buildings in the historic district include the Chisago Lake Evangelical Lutheran Church, which was the main Swedish Lutheran parish in the area, as well as a number of residences built between 1888 and 1910.  The homes have moderate ornamentation and attention to architectural styling details of their period.

The Center City Historic District is significant as a link to the Swedish Lutheran population of the Chisago Lakes region during the area's most important period of development and as the county's finest concentration of late nineteenth and early twentieth century residences. When the railroad arrived in the Chisago Lakes region in 1881, the area witnessed significant growth. The residences  within the Center City Historic District, housed  merchants, tradesmen, professionals, politicians, and retired farmers. They are reflective of the growing prosperity of the region.

The Chisago Lake Evangelical Lutheran Church is the second-oldest Lutheran congregation in Minnesota.  It was founded in 1854 by Eric Norelius, who founded several other Lutheran churches in Minnesota.  Norelius was a divinity student and served for three months before returning to the seminary.  A permanent pastor arrived in 1855, and a wood-frame church was built in 1856.  A brick church was built in 1881–1883, but it was struck by lightning and burned in 1888.  The congregation rebuilt the church immediately, using the masonry contractors as before.  The bell was installed in the steeple in 1890, and a clock was installed in 1907.

References

Geography of Chisago County, Minnesota
Queen Anne architecture in Minnesota
Romanesque Revival architecture in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Chisago County, Minnesota

Center City Historic District


Mikhail Petrovich Shumayev (22 April 1924 - 5 February 1995) was a Soviet nuclear physicist, engineer and chemist. He was a co-developer of the RDS-37, the Soviet Union's first two-stage thermonuclear bomb.

He was born in Bol'shiye Alabukhi, Gribanovsky District, Voronezh Oblast. He left high school in 1941 and worked on a farm collective. From 1942, he fought on the Eastern Front (World War II) and was involved in the defence  of Stalingrad. He was discharged after being wounded in February 1943.

Between 1944 and 1945, he studied at the Ivanovo Institute of Chemical Technology before transferring to Moscow State University to study physics, graduating with honours in 1950. He was sent to KB-11, now the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics in the closed city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region, where he worked as a senior engineer on thermonuclear weapons in Igor Tamm's group. This group developed, tested and improved megatonne-yield thermonuclear weapons.
In 1955, he transferred to the Scientific Research Institute-1011. Later, his working group developed nuclear charges for an aerial bomb, the R-13 rocket and the X-20M cruise missile. For this work in equipping bombs and missile systems, he and his colleagues received the Lenin Prize in addition to other state awards for their involvement in the development of his country's nuclear defences. He wrote a further degree thesis in 1960 and was awarded a Ph.D. in 1968. Later he became head of the theoretical department of the 1011 group,  a role he remained in until 1990, when he became a chief researcher. He trained many scientists and was part of the committees and commissions which awarded state prizes, degrees and titles related to his areas of expertise. He retired in August 1991.

He died in Obninsk, Kaluga Oblast.

Awards
 1953: Medal "For Labour Valour" & Stalin Prize 2nd Degree.
 1958: Lenin Prize.
 1956, 1975, 1981: Order of Lenin.
 1976: Order of the October Revolution.
 1971: Hero of Socialist Labour.
 1985: Order of the Patriotic War 2nd Degree.

References

Soviet nuclear physicists
Soviet chemists
Soviet engineers
Moscow State University alumni
Heroes of Socialist Labour
1924 births
1995 deaths

Mikhail Shumayev


Try to Remember, is a 2004 mystery television film based on a short story ("The Funniest Thing Has Been Happening Lately") by Mary Higgins Clark that was shot in 2003 on location in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Plot
After twelve years of being away, Lisa Monroe returns to her usually quiet hometown of Milford to work as a police detective. She was recruited by her childhood friend, now Lieutenant Joe O'Conner. The first case on which she works as lead investigator is the death of Louise Dexter, her grandmother. Although the autopsy points to the death being accidental, Lisa finds evidence that implicates Jake Mitchell as the murderer. Jake Mitchell raped and killed Lisa's best friend Jenny Rand fifteen years earlier. Jake has been paroled and has returned to Milford to live. At his trial, he vowed revenge on the four people who testified against him, namely Louise, Sergeant Stuart Kling (Lisa's colleague who does not respect her investigative abilities), a security guard named Vinnie DiCampo, and Lisa herself. To some extent, all four feel guilty, but especially Lisa, about not preventing Jenny's death.  The killer is revealed as Fred Rand, Jenny's father, who kills all the people he blames for Jenny's death.

Cast

External links

2004 television films
2004 films
2000s mystery films
American psychological thriller films
Films based on American novels
2004 psychological thriller films
Films shot in Saskatchewan
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
American mystery television films

Try to Remember (film)


Megara Hyblaea () – perhaps identical with Hybla Major – is an ancient Greek colony of Magna Graecia in Sicily, situated near Augusta on the east coast,  north-northwest of Syracuse, Italy, on the deep bay formed by the Xiphonian promontory.  There were at least three (and possibly as many as five) cities named "Hybla" in ancient accounts of Sicily which are often confounded with each other, and among which it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish.

History
It was unquestionably a Greek colony, deriving its origin from the Megara in Greece; and the circumstances attending its foundation are related in detail by Thucydides. He tells us that a colony from Megara, under the command of a leader named Lamis (), arrived in Sicily about the time that Leontini was founded by the Chalcidic colonists, and settled themselves first near the mouth of the river Pantagias, at a place called Trotilon (Latin: Trotilus, modern Brucoli). From there they removed to Leontini itself, where they dwelt for a time together with the Chalcidians; but were soon afterwards expelled by them, and next established themselves on the promontory or peninsula of Thapsos (Latin: Thapsus, modern Magnisi), near Syracuse. They again relocated after the death of Lamis, and, at the suggestion of Hyblon, a Sicilian chief of the surrounding country, finally settled at a place afterwards called the Hyblaean Megara. (Thuc. vi. 4.) Scymnus Chius follows a different tradition, as he describes the establishment of the Chalcidians at Naxos and that of the Megarians at Hybla as contemporary, and both preceding the foundation of Syracuse, 734 BC. Strabo also adopts the same view, representing Megara as founded about the same time with Naxos (735 BC), and before Syracuse. (Scymn. Ch. 271-76; Strab. vi. p. 269.) It is impossible to reconcile the two accounts, but that of Thucydides is probably the most trustworthy. Thus the foundation of Megara may be placed about 726 BC. Professor Miller, in her reinvestigation of ancient source materials has determined that they point to various dates of foundation from 758 BC (per the Chronikon of Eusebius) to 728 BC (from her reconstructions of dates from Thucydides). Of its earlier history we have scarcely any information, but it would appear to have attained a flourishing condition, as 100 years after its foundation it sent out, in its turn, a colony to the other end of Sicily, where it founded the city of Selinus, which was destined to rise to far greater power than its parent city. (Thuc. vi. 4; Scymn. Ch. 291; Strab. vi. p. 272.)

Nothing more is known of Megara till the period of its destruction by Gelon of Syracuse, about 483 BC, who, after a long siege, made himself master of the city by a capitulation; but, notwithstanding this, caused the bulk of the inhabitants to be sold into slavery, while he established the more wealthy and noble citizens at Syracuse. (Herod. vii. 156; Thuc. vi. 4.) Among the persons thus removed was the celebrated comic poet Epicharmus, who had received his education at Megara, though not a native of that city. (Suda, under ; Diogenes Laërtius viii. 3.) According to Thucydides, this event took place 245 years after the foundation of Megara, and may therefore be placed about 483 BC. It is certain that Megara never recovered its power and independence. Thucydides distinctly alludes to it as not existing in his time as a city, but repeatedly mentions the locality, on the sea-coast, which was at that time occupied by the Syracusans, but which the Athenian general Lamachus, during the expedition against Syracuse (415–413 BC), proposed to make the headquarters of their fleet; his advice was not taken, and the next spring the Syracusans fortified it. (Thuc. vi. 49, 96.)

From this time we meet with repeated mention of a place named Megara or Megaris (Scyl. p. 4. § 6), which it seems impossible to separate from Hybla, and it is probable that the two were, in fact, identical. The site of this later Megara or Hybla may be fixed, with little doubt, at the mouth of the river Alabus (modern Cantera); but there seems much reason to suppose that the ancient city, the original Greek colony, was situated close to the remarkable promontory now occupied by the city of Augusta. It is difficult to believe that this position, the port of which is at least equal to that of Syracuse, while the peninsula itself has the same advantages as that of Ortygia, should have been wholly neglected in ancient times; and such a station would have admirably served the purposes for which Lamachus urged upon his brother generals the occupation of the vacant site of Megara (Thuc. vi. 49.).

Archaeology

Excavations carried on in 1891 led to the discovery of the northern portion of the western town wall, which in one section served at the same time as an embankment against floods—it was apparently more conspicuous in the time of Philipp Cluver, (Sicilia antiqua, Leiden, 1619) p. 133—of an extensive necropolis, about 1500 tombs of which have been explored, and of a deposit of votive objects from a temple. The harbour lay to the north of the town.

In the mid-seventh century, the city was organised according to a regularised plan. An agora emerged with stoas on its north and eastern sides. This is one of the earliest known agoras.

Notes

References

Ancient cities in Sicily

Megarian colonies
Dorian colonies in Magna Graecia
Archaeological sites in Sicily
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Italy
Former populated places in Italy
Buildings and structures in the Province of Syracuse
Greek city-states
Populated places established in the 8th century BC

Megara Hyblaea


Samuel Starkweather (December 27, 1799 – July 5, 1876) was the seventh mayor of Cleveland, Ohio from 1844 to 1845 and the fifteenth mayor of Cleveland from 1857 to 1858.

Starkweather was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island to Oliver and Miriam (Clay) Starkweather. He graduated from Brown College in 1822, tutored there until 1824, and then left to study law in Windham, Connecticut. Starkweather was admitted to the bar in Columbus in 1826. Starkweather moved to Cleveland soon after and joined the Cleveland Grays in 1837, where he took a prominent position in Cleveland politics. Starkweather was elected mayor in 1844, won reelection in 1845, and again in 1857 for a 2-year term. He was the first judge of the Cuyahoga Court of Common Pleas elected under the new Constitution and served a 5-year term.  Starkweather helped establish the first high school in Cleveland. He also promoted railroads in Cleveland and helped establish the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.

He was collector of the ports of Cleveland, and built a lighthouse of which he was superintendent in 1831. The US Treasury paid him $4,997.00 on the lighthouse and $113.30 for expenditures for it. The land cost $1,000.00. He also built a lighthouse on Turtle Island, Lake Erie, Port Clinton OH in 1832 for which the US Government paid him $1,068.43. The US Government also paid him in 1831 for the support and maintenance of the lighthouses, floating lights, beacons, buoys, and stakeages. He also built or established a marine hospital on which the US Treasury paid him $147.17.

Starkweather married Julia Judd on June 25, 1828. Their 4 children were Sarah, Samuel, William, and Julia. Starkweather is buried in Lake View Cemetery.

References
 The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History by Cleveland Bicentennial Commission (Cleveland, Ohio), David D. Van Tassel (Editor), and John J. Grabowski (Editor)
Starkweather, Carlton Lee, M.D.  Robert Starkweather and his Descendants, Knapp, Peck and Thomson, 1904.

External links

1799 births
1876 deaths
Politicians from Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Mayors of Cleveland
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
Brown University alumni
Ohio lawyers
Ohio Democrats
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Samuel Starkweather


Signe Rappe-Welden née Rappe (24 September 1879 – 21 May 1974) was a Swedish operatic soprano and voice teacher. She made her dëbut in 1906 in Mannheim, acclaimed for both her voice and acting ability. She performed in Vienna from 1908 to 1911 and received the title of court singer in Sweden in 1909. Her most successful role was that of Salome in Covent Garden in 1910, which she later performed with Richard Strauss as conductor. After a short period with the Royal Swedish Opera (1912–1913), she went on to give concerts in Europe and the United States.

Early life and education
Born in Stockholm on 24 September 1879, Signe Rappe was the daughter of General Axel Rappe (1838–1918) and his wife Anna née Sandahl (1855–1946). She was the second in a family of five children. On 30 December 1912, she married the pianist Sigge Heribert Lundén-Welden (1880–1959) with whom she had four children. She studied voice under the Swedish opera singer Thekla Hofer and later in Berlin under the German Therese Schnabel and the Hungarian Etelka Gerster.

Career
Rappe-Welden's Swedish début was at a concert performance in Jönköping in 1902 as Delila in Handel's Samson. She went on to perform in concerts in Copenhagen, including the soprano parts from Mendelsohn's Elijah. Her operatic début was in 1906 in Mannheim where she appeared periodically from 1906 to 1908. She then performed as a guest in Berlin, Cologne, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden and Strasbourg. She was engaged by the Vienna Opera from 1908 to 1911 and by the Royal Swedish Opera from 1912 to 1913. She appeared as a guest in London at Covent Garden and at the Albert Hall, at the Paris Opera, and in New York and Chicago. She also went on tour in Sweden and Norway.

Among her successful roles were Salome, Elisabeth and Venus in Tannhäuser, Elisa in Lohengrin, Senta in The Flying Dutchman, Eva in The Master Singers, Rezia in Oberon, Aida, Desdemona in Otello and Marguerite in Faust. As a concert performer, she was particularly fond of singing music by Bach. She completed her career by teaching voice in Stockholm.

Signe Rappe-Welden died on 21 May 1974 in Danderyd.

Awards

In 1909, Rappe-Welden received the title of Hovsångerska (court singer) and in 1914 she was awarded the Litteris et Artibus.

References

1879 births
1974 deaths
Musicians from Stockholm
Swedish operatic sopranos
Voice teachers
Litteris et Artibus recipients

Signe Rappe-Welden


The Google Science Fair is a yearly, online, worldwide science competition. It is sponsored by Google, Lego, CERN, National Geographic, and Scientific American. The first competition took place in 2011. The science fair is open to 13–18 year old students around the world. Students make an explanation for something, do an experiment and write down their results.

References

Other websites

Science Fair
Science competitions

Google Science Fair


The Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands are American Indian tribes with similar cultures in the Southeast United States and northern border of Mexico. It is difficult to create boundaries for this region. This region shared many cultural elements with its neighbors. Neighboring regions include Northeastern Woodlands, Great Plains and a little bit of the Southwest region. The Southeast and Northeast Woodlands combined make the Eastern Woodlands. The region includes coastal area, hilly areas, part of the Appalachian Mountains, savanna grassland and forests. Tribes include the Five Civilized Tribes. They are Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole. The two large language groups were Caddoan and Muskogean.

History
There are no historical records of early Southeastern Woodlands Native peoples and their stories. Archaeologists study artifacts and remains from these people groups to better understand their history.

In the early periods, agriculture led to population growth. Two important cultures in early periods were the Poverty Point Culture and Mississippian Culture. The Poverty Point Culture was in Louisiana during the Archaic period from 2000–1000 BCE. Objects show that they were trading.  The Mississippian Culture was from 800 CE to 1500 CE. They grew corn and were mound builders.  Many groups were part of the  Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. These were religious and trading connections. In the 16th century, the Spanish invaded the Southeastern lands and used the encomienda system. Hernando de Soto traveled the Southeastern Woodlands and attacked settlements. Colonial attacks made tribes weaker. Europeans brought diseases that reduced population sizes. European colonization also led to changes in Southeastern Woodland cultures. Roman Catholic missionaries created missions and tried to convert Natives people In the 17th century.

In the 18th century, Natives were involved in international conflicts like the Seven Years' War.

In the 19th century, Natives were forced off their lands. Natives had different responses to the Indian Removal Act. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia case, the Supreme Court decided that the Cherokee had no right to sue. Creeks agreed to move, but a lot of Cherokee were forced to leave.

The 20th century included the Natives getting back their rights and sovereignty.

Culture
Southeastern Woodlands people lived in villages. A special building was often in the center of the settlement. This building was either a temple or for ceremonies. Some settlements had large fences around the settlement for defense. Hopewell tradition clans were named after animals.

The peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands went hunting for wild game and fishing. The main crop was corn. Corn allowed for larger populations. There was also winter squash and climbing beans. These three plants were often grown together. They are called the Three Sisters. Natives also grew other plants and used sunflower to make oil. Work was divided by gender. Men were active in hunting, trade and war. Women did mainly agriculture.

There was a lot of interaction with other regions like the Great Plains and Northeastern Woodlands people. Mound building may have come from regions in present-day Mexico. Mound building was common. Southeastern Woodlands natives often traded pottery and shells. These were valuable objects.

Chiefs led local settlement groups. These chiefs were often political and religious. There were also separate war leaders. Settlements had social hierarchy.

Families were based on matrilineal descent. This meant that things like inheritance of property were based on the mother's side. Exogamy was also common. This was when someone married somebody else outside of the clan. This could create more relations with other clans. Incest within a clan was not allowed and there were strict rule against it.

Native peoples believed in animism. According to this worldview, animals also had souls. Hunting was viewed as sacred. Animals had to be respected. The souls of killed animals could get revenge if they were not respected. Natives also believed that other objects besides plants and animals had spiritual power. There were often medicine people. They were also spiritual leaders.

Native Americans


The Dresser is a 1983 British drama film directed by Peter Yates and adapted by Ronald Harwood from his 1980 play The Dresser. It tells the story of an aging actor's personal assistant struggling to keep his employer's life together. The film stars Albert Finney, Tom Courtenay, Zena Walker, Eileen Atkins, Michael Gough, and Edward Fox.

Finney and Courtenay were both nominated for Academy Awards, BAFTA Awards, and Golden Globe Awards for their performances, with Courtenay winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama in a tie with Robert Duvall for Tender Mercies.

Plot
The plot is based on Harwood's experiences as dresser to English Shakespearean actor-manager Sir Donald Wolfit, who is the model for the character "Sir".

The film opens with a performance of Othello at a regional theatre in Britain during World War II. In the title role is an aging, once-famous Shakespearean actor identified to us only as "Sir" (Albert Finney). He is of the old, bombastic school of British acting, full of grand gestures and fine oratory. As the curtain comes down on the last act, and as the actors line up for their curtain call, Sir lectures them on the mistakes they've made during the performance, showing us that he is the leader of this travelling band of actors bringing Shakespeare to the provinces during wartime.

Waiting backstage is Norman (Tom Courtenay), who has been Sir's dresser for decades. Norman is an efficient, somewhat effeminate man who knows Sir's every whim and fancy, is used to his tirades and temperamental rants and is, for all intents and purposes, Sir's servant. As Norman waits for Sir to come offstage after a typically florid closing address to the audience, we see one way he copes with his job as he takes a nip from a little bottle of brandy always in his back pocket.

The company is hurrying to its next venue, the industrial city of Bradford, where Sir is to give his renowned portrayal of the title character in King Lear. The train nearly leaves without them, as Sir makes his stately progress through York railway station to the platform, Norman scurrying ahead to plead with the train guard to hold the train for Sir's arrival. But the train begins to pull out of the station, until Sir delivers a loud, commanding "STOP....THAT....TRAIN!" from the platform steps. The guard is taken aback, the train halts, and Sir placidly leads his company aboard.

Arriving in Bradford, however, another source of Norman's anxiety soon becomes clear, for it becomes obvious that Sir's mental capacities are rapidly fading. Norman rescues him from a confused, almost violent rant in Halifax town square near Piece Hall that lands Sir in hospital. As the company tries to decide what to do, Sir unexpectedly arrives at the theatre, disoriented and exhausted, saying he has discharged himself from hospital. Norman ushers Sir to the dressing room, fiercely resisting the stage manager's insistence that the show be cancelled, and insisting Sir will be ready to go on.

The middle section of the film takes place nearly entirely in the dressing room, as Norman struggles to prepare Sir for the curtain. Sir's wandering mind and nearly incoherent ramblings gradually become more focused as Norman gets him to concentrate on applying his makeup, remembering his lines; and we see how dependent the two men are on each other. Sir would have no career left without Norman; Norman, even worse, would have no life without Sir, to whom he has so long dedicated all his time and energy. By the time Sir's wife, referred to only as "Her Ladyship", who is playing Cordelia to her husband's Lear, arrives in the dressing room for the five-minute call, Sir is ready for the role he has performed 227 times.

The curtain rises for the opening dialogue among Lear's courtiers, but Sir seems to mentally drift away while waiting for his cue, much to Norman's distress, forcing the hapless actors on stage to improvise speeches while Norman struggles to convince Sir of his entrance. Air raid sirens sound, signalling the onset of an air raid; and, indeed, distant bombs that can be heard falling seem to rouse Sir and he strides on stage to deliver what all agree is his finest portrayal of Lear in his long career.

After the triumphant performance, however, Sir collapses from exhaustion and Norman helps him to his dressing room to lie down. Sir requests that Norman read from an autobiography he claims to have been writing. Although all Sir has written is the opening dedication, Norman reads aloud Sir's gracious "thank you"s to his audiences, his fellow actors, to Shakespeare, to stage technicians...but not a word about his dresser who has served him so long and loyally. About to protest, Norman discovers that Sir has died while he's been reading. Norman, by now slightly drunk from the evening's brandy nips, flies into a rage, accusing Sir of being a thankless old sod, and in his anger even madly scribbles an addition to Sir's writing thanking himself. But Norman's anger only temporarily covers his disorientation at losing the only life he has known for so many years and, as Norman tearfully admits, the only man he has ever loved. The film closes with Norman sprawled across Sir's body, unwilling to let go of his life and his love.

Cast

Productions
Goldcrest Films gave Ronald Harwood $60,000 to write the screenplay. They invested £1.5 million in the film and made a profit of nearly £300,000. In 1990 Jake Eberts of Goldcrest called it "the most pleasant production with which I have ever been associated."

Reception
The Dresser received good reviews upon its release. Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, in awarding the film four out of four stars, described the film as "a wonderful collection of theatrical lore, detail, and superstition....the best sort of drama, fascinating us on the surface with color and humor and esoteric detail, and then revealing the truth underneath." Joachim Boaz of Film Ruminations gave it 7 out 10 in 2010 and noted the film was "solid, well-acted, if somewhat forgettable drama". John Simon of the National Review said The Dresser is one of those rare cases where the film version was better than the stage original.

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of 15 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.0/10.

Box office
Goldcrest Films invested £1,456,000 in the film and received £1,744,000 in return making a profit of £288,000.

Awards and nominations

TV film
In 2015, the BBC produced a variant TV adaptation of the play, starring Anthony Hopkins, Ian McKellen and Emily Watson. It received positive reviews.

Popular culture
A vocal sample of Albert Finney uttering "227 Lears and I can't remember the first line" in The Dresser can be heard at the end of "P.C.P.", the closing song of the Manic Street Preachers' album The Holy Bible (1994).

References

External links

1983 films
1983 LGBT-related films
1983 drama films
British drama films
Films about actors
Films about old age
British films based on plays
Films directed by Peter Yates
Films set in England
Films set on the home front during World War II
Columbia Pictures films
Goldcrest Films films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films scored by James Horner
Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films with screenplays by Ronald Harwood
1980s English-language films
1980s British films

The Dresser (1983 film)


In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Jedi or  Jedi Knights are members of an old order, who use a power they call The Force.

The Jedi use The Force which gives them psychic powers. Their typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.

The Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life, serving others. They keep and defend the peace of the galaxy.

The opposite of the Jedi are the Sith, who follow the Dark side of the Force (using the force for evil).

Star Wars characters

Jedi


Kembangan is a district in West Jakarta, Indonesia. Kembangan is bounded by Pesanggrahan Subdistrict (South Jakarta) to the south, Tangerang Regency to the south and west, Cengkareng Subdistrict (West Jakarta) to the north, and Kebon Jeruk Subdistrict (West Jakarta) to the east. The City Hall of West Jakarta is located in this district.

Kelurahan (Administrative Villages)
The district of Kembangan is divided into six kelurahan or administrative villages :
 Kembangan Utara - area code 11610
 Kembangan Selatan - area code 11610
 Meruya Utara - area code 11620
Meruya Selatan - area code 11650
 Srengseng - area code 11630
 Joglo - area code 11640

Notable places

Puri Indah: Puri Indah area is 180 hectares is a CBD area that will consist of five star hotels, apartments, suites office towers, convention & exhibition center, international hospital and luxury shopping malls. It is developed and maintained by Pondok Indah Group.
St. Moritz: St. Moritz Apartment & Residences is a Super-block project by Lippo Group located in the business center of Puri Indah.

 West Jakarta City Hall
 Puri Indah Mall
 PX Pavilion @ St. Moritz
 Lippo Mall Puri
 Carrefour Puri Indah
 Hypermart Puri Indah
 Pondok Indah Hospital Puri Indah
 Puri Indah Market
 Srengseng City Forest
 Sekolah Menengah Negeri Atas Negeri 85
 Notre Dame school
 Ipeka Puri school
 Springfield School
 Mercu Buana University
 Lotte Mart

Housing Estates
 Komplek Migas 41 Srengseng
 Puri Indah
 Puri Kencana
 Puri Mansion
 Taman Permata Buana
 Taman Meruya Ilir
 Kavling DKI Meruya
 Taman Villa Meruya (Anwa Residence Puri)
 Taman Aries
 Permata Puri Media
 St. Moritz Penthouses & Residences

Toll Road Access

West Jakarta
Districts of Jakarta
Central business districts in Indonesia
Shopping districts and streets in Indonesia

Kembangan, Jakarta


Miroslav Kenanov (); born April 20, 1988, in Samokov) is a Bulgarian biathlete.

Kenanov competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics for Bulgaria. His best performance was 16th, as part of the Bulgarian relay team. He also finished 82nd in the sprint.

As of February 2013, his best performance at the Biathlon World Championships, is 9th, as part of the 2013 Bulgarian men's relay team. His best individual performance is 61st, in the 2012 sprint.

As of February 2013, his best Biathlon World Cup finish is 11th, as part of the Bulgarian men's relay team at Hochfilzen during the 2010/11 season. His best individual finish is 49th, in the sprint at Hochfilzen in 2011/12.

As of February 2014, his best performance at the Olympic games is 75th in the men's 20 km individual sprint at Sochi . This is his best finish at the Olympic winter games in his career.

References

1988 births
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Bulgarian male biathletes
Living people
Olympic biathletes for Bulgaria
People from Samokov
Sportspeople from Sofia Province
20th-century Bulgarian people
21st-century Bulgarian people

Miroslav Kenanov


Looting (also known as sacking, plundering, despoiling, despoliation, and pillaging) is to steal, especially as part of war, riot or other group violence. It may involve forcible robbery, but is not the same as robbery. Looting can result to damage of property and it is considered to be illegal and unethical

Property crimes

Looting


Smithfield ham is a specific form of country ham finish-cured in the town of Smithfield in Isle of Wight County in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia, U.S.

History
The first record of the commercial sale of cured "Smithfield Ham" is a receipt to Ellerston and John Perot on the Dutch Caribbean Island of St Eustatius, dating from 1779.

The Commonwealth of Virginia first regulated usage of the term "Smithfield Ham" in a 1926 Statute passed by its General Assembly stating:

The "peanut-fed" and "peanut-belt" stipulations were removed in 1966.  The present statute reads:

While it is unclear whether the green pork (the raw product of the cured ham) may come from hogs raised and slaughtered in other than Smithfield, Virginia, the statute stipulates that the six-month (minimum duration) curing clock is to begin when the green pork is "introduced to dry salt", and that through the entire duration of the process, the ham and its processing must occur within Smithfield, Virginia.  The statute also commands that any richer or more intense cure, obtained from an aging that is in excess of six months, must also be done within Smithfield, Virginia.

Gallery

See also

 List of hams
 List of dried foods
 Jinhua ham

References

Ham
Dried meat
Virginia culture
Cuisine of the Southern United States

Smithfield ham


AOL Inc. (previously America Online) is a U.S.-based online service provider and Internet service provider. It has been in business since 1985. Important services in the early years were online chat and online games. Most connections were dial-up. In 2001 AOL bought Time Warner. In 2009 after a spin-off from Time Warner they changed their name to AOL Inc. It was announced in May 2015 that Verizon Communications purchased AOL.

AOL Instant Messenger was a service which allowed users to communicate with any user currently online. AIM had millions of users worldwide. There were also other computer programs that could be used to talk with your AIM account, for example Trillian, Pidgin, Digsby, and AIM+. AIM was shut down on December 15, 2017.

Other AOL products are AOL Spyware Protection, AOL Safety and Security Center, ICQ, AOl Computer Check-Up, AOL Explorer, AOL TopSpeed, AOL Dialer, AOL One-Click Fixes and AOL Openride.

References

Other websites
 AOL US and headquarters
 AOL in other countries

American internet service providers
1985 establishments in the United States

AOL


Cusuco National Park is a national park in Honduras. It was established on 1 January 1959 and covers an area of .

Cusuco National Park is a  protected area in the Merendon mountains of northwest Honduras.  The park ranges from just above sea level in the west to  in the middle.  The park comprises a  core zone surrounded by a  buffer zone.  Cusuco encompasses several major habitats, including semi-arid pine forest, moist pine forest, moist broadleaf forest and dwarf forest (bosque enano) at elevations above .

The park is part of the Meso-American biodiversity hotspot (Conservation International 2006), a region characterised by exceptional species richness.  Cusuco also has great diversity of habitats and high beta diversity in many groups due to the large elevational gradients in the park. Cusuco supports exceptional biodiversity.  Some of the key features of the park include the globally threatened taxa which the park protects - especially amphibians (table 1), Baird's tapir, the assemblage of montane forest specialist birds, jewel scarab beetles, and the globally rare bosque enano (dwarf forest) habitat, which is characterised by Randia brachysiphon.  Cusuco is recognised as a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) due to the overlapping ranges of several globally threatened amphibian species. The integrity of the ecosystem is threatened by land cover change and unsustainable land management practices – particularly conversion of forest to coffee plantations - by human population growth and infrastructure intensification, overexploitation of large mammals, the amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, and climate change.

There is a visitors' center at .

References

National parks of Honduras
Protected areas established in 1959
Central American Atlantic moist forests

Cusuco National Park


Jeffrey Nielsen is founder of the Democracy House Project, and a published author.  He is also a philosophy instructor at Westminster College, Salt Lake City; and Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah.  He is perhaps best known for being both a supporter of gay marriage and a practicing Mormon.

Life
In 2006, Nielsen was a visiting lecturer of philosophy at Brigham Young University (BYU). After submitting an editorial to the Salt Lake Tribune that challenged the position of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), BYU's sponsoring institution, on same-sex marriage, Nielsen received a letter from Daniel Graham, the head of the Department of Philosophy, stating that once term classes ended, his contract would not be renewed. In the editorial, Nielsen criticized the church's support for a constitutional amendment that would prohibit gay marriage.

BYU instructors and employees contract themselves to not criticize the LDS Church as a condition of their employment. Nielsen was subsequently released from his duties in his local church congregation as well.

After his dismissal from BYU, Nielsen obtained positions teaching philosophy at Westminster College, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah.

Nielsen was educated at Weber State University and Boston College. At Boston College, he was a Teaching Fellow where he taught courses in logic and critical thinking, the history and philosophy of art and science as well as in ethics and epistemology. He has also taught in the philosophy department at Brigham Young University, where he taught courses in the ethics of leadership, reasoning and writing, as well as in the history and development of science. His teaching focuses on issues in ethics, moral decision-making, and democracy.

Nielsen is the author of the book The Myth of Leadership: Creating Leaderless Organizations. His most recent initiative has been to found the nonprofit Democracy House Project. The Democracy House Project is an educational initiative using his peer-based model to teach political literacy.

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

References

External links
The piece that caused Nielsen to be fired (LDS Authority and Gay Marriage)
Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU
Jeffrey Nielsen's Response to BYU Firing

News articles
Column on Gay Marriage Prompts Dismissal

American Latter Day Saints
21st-century American philosophers
American philosophy academics
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
Boston College faculty
Brigham Young University faculty
Historians of science
Living people
Utah Valley University faculty
Weber State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
LGBT and Mormonism
Latter Day Saint philosophers

Jeffrey Nielsen


Lauren Cecilia Fisher (née Gofton; born 28 April 1978), known professionally as  Lauren Laverne, is an English radio DJ, model, television presenter, author and singer. She was the lead singer and additional guitarist in the alternative rock band Kenickie. The group's album At The Club reached the top 10, although her greatest chart success came when she performed vocals on Mint Royale's single "Don't Falter". Laverne has presented numerous television programmes, including 10 O'Clock Live for Channel 4, and The Culture Show and coverage of the Glastonbury Festival for the BBC. She has also written a published novel entitled Candypop: Candy and the Broken Biscuits. She presents the breakfast show on BBC Radio 6 Music, and in 2018 became the host of the long-running radio show Desert Island Discs.

Early life and education
Born Lauren Gofton, she was brought up in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, in a large family. Her father was one of nine and her mother was one of six. One grandfather had been a shipbuilder, the other a coalminer. Her father, Leslie Gofton, was a sociology lecturer at Newcastle University, and her mother was a teacher. She first attended St Mary's Roman Catholic Primary School in 1982, where she befriended Marie Nixon, later to become a fellow Kenickie guitarist, and then St Anthony's Girls' Catholic School between 1989 and 1994, where she and Nixon met Emma Jackson. Laverne went on to study at City of Sunderland College from 1994 to 1996.

Career
During her time at college, Laverne, Nixon and Jackson, then all aged sixteen, formed Kenickie with Laverne's brother Peter, taking the stage names Lauren Laverne (originally Lauren Le Laverne), Marie du Santiago, Emmy-Kate Montrose and Johnny X (originally just X). Initially affiliated to the Slampt label and the local punk scene, the band later signed with EMI. In all, Kenickie achieved four top-40 hit singles and a top-10 hit album.

Laverne, Du Santiago and Montrose became as known for their funny and acerbic onstage banter and interview style as for their music, making all three of them popular contestants on comedy panel shows such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks. Laverne would later appear on Have I Got News for You.

In 2000, she brought out a solo EP, Take These Flowers Away, contributed a version of "In the Bleak Midwinter" to Xfm London's It's a Cool, Cool Christmas album, played at the Reading Festival, and made the top 20 for the only time in her singing career as vocalist on "Don't Falter" by Mint Royale. She was also working on a solo album at this time, but this was permanently put on hold by the collapse of Deceptive Records.

She subsequently provided guest vocals on the Divine Comedy's 2004 single "Come Home Billy Bird".

Television
Laverne's first television presenting role was for Play UK's series The Alphabet Show, with Chris Addison, made while Kenickie were still together. She subsequently presented Planet Pop and Loves Like A Dog for Channel 4, Fanorama for E4, Party in the Park with Melanie Brown and Pop for Five and Orange Playlist for ITV, as well as reporting for RI:SE, leading the house band on Johnny Vaughan Tonight and appearing as an expert in a music special of BBC One's Test the Nation. Later, she became one of BBC Two's main presenters for their coverage of the Glastonbury Festival and the host of ITV2's coverage of events such as the British Comedy Awards and the BRIT Awards.

She also presented a documentary for Sky One on the rise of popularity of the US hit TV Show Buffy the Vampire Slayer, called Buffy: Television With Bite. This was done when the show was returning for its sixth season in 2001.

In 2000, Laverne provided the voice of Shinobu in the BBC's one-off dub of Urusei Yatsura.

In 2003, Laverne was a regular team captain, along with Jason Byrne, on Elvis Has Left The Building a comedy music panel show hosted by Colin Murphy for BBC Northern Ireland.

In 2004 she was a regular guest on the quiz show HeadJam. In 2005, she became host of ITV's Saturday morning music show CD:UK, along with Myleene Klass and Johny Pitts. The show finished in April 2006.

in April 2006, Laverne appeared as guest host of Never Mind the Buzzcocks. In August, she presented Channel 4's coverage of the V Festival. In March 2007, she presented the NME Awards live from the Hammersmith Palais.

In July 2007, Laverne appeared on the satirical comedy show Mock the Week, and on Have I Got News for You on 14 December that same year. She appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks on 10 January 2008, this time as a guest. In September 2008, Laverne appeared again on Mock the Week.

In March 2008, Laverne appeared on the Lily Allen and Friends show with fellow Sunderland musicians the Futureheads, and on Would I Lie to You?.

From 2006 to 2010, she was a regular presenter with the weekly BBC arts magazine programme The Culture Show, alongside Mark Kermode. She also presented the second series of the late-night Channel 4 music show Transmission with T-Mobile opposite Steve Jones.

Laverne replaced radio DJ Jo Whiley on the talent show Orange Mobile Act Unsigned, which searches for the top unsigned acts in the country.

Laverne became a regular presenter in the new "magazine" format third series of It's Not Easy Being Green, first broadcast on BBC Two in January 2009. She also narrated Tough Guy or Chicken? on BBC Three in August 2009.

On 6 May 2010, she was a co-host of Channel 4's Alternative Election Night, along with Jimmy Carr, David Mitchell and Charlie Brooker. Starting 20 January 2011, she re-joined her co-hosts on Channel 4's satirical news programme 10 O'Clock Live.

Laverne narrates the animated series Tee and Mo about a little monkey and his monkey Mum, as shown on the CBeebies channel.

In May 2022, the BBC announced that Laverne would be one of the guest presenters to take over Richard Osman's role on Pointless.

In August 2023, the BBC announced that Laverne would be joining  as one of two additional co-presenters of The One Show, along with Roman Kemp.

Radio

Having previously sat in for BBC Radio 1's Steve Lamacq, Laverne joined Xfm London in 2002, co-hosting a Saturday morning show with Mark Webster, while occasionally standing in for various DJs on BBC Radio 6 Music, including Phill Jupitus' breakfast show where one morning she interviewed her own brother Pete (who records under the name J Xaverre) Laverne took over XFM's drivetime slot from Zoe Ball at the start of 2004, winning Best Newcomer at the Commercial Radio Awards in 2004.

She became host of the XFM breakfast show on 31 October 2005 after Christian O'Connell moved to Virgin Radio, but left suddenly in April 2007 to pursue her television interests. However, Laverne went on to guest present on BBC Radio 2.

Laverne joined BBC Radio 6 Music in June 2008 to present a Saturday weekend show before taking over the Monday to Friday morning (10:00 to 13:00) slot from George Lamb in November 2009. From January 2019, Laverne replaced Shaun Keaveny on the 6 Music Breakfast Show in a station schedule re-shuffle, which airs Monday – Friday, 07:30 to 10:30.

In 2014, Laverne guest-edited Woman's Hour on Radio 4, and in 2015 began hosting Late Night Woman's Hour, a spinoff series.

In September 2018, Laverne took over as host to Radio 4's Desert Island Discs when Kirsty Young took time off because of fibromyalgia treatment. It was later announced that Young would not be returning and Laverne would be her permanent replacement.

In June 2020, Laverne helped to launch m4d Radio, an internet radio station designed for people with dementia and their carers. As well as recording a welcome message for the radio station, Laverne spearheaded the station's #Song4You campaign, where celebrities and members of the public were encouraged to dedicate a song to someone they know who is affected by dementia.

Writing

In 2010, she published her first novel Candypop – Candy and the Broken Biscuits, about rock chick Candy Caine, 15, on her journey to the world's biggest music festival, Glastonbury. The book is published by HarperCollins.
Laverne was a columnist for The Guardian from 2012 to 2014, writing about style and British culture.

In April 2015, Laverne launched The Pool, an online platform aimed at women. The site was co-founded with writer and magazine editor Sam Baker and included features from Sali Hughes and Viv Groskop. The website also included regular podcasts and videos with Caitlin Moran. The platform entered administration in January 2019.

Discography

 Solo singles
 Take These Flowers Away EP (did not chart)
 "I Fell Out of a Tree"
 "Good Morning Sunshine"
 "Monkey Dance"
 "To Have a Home"
 "Some Kind of Other Presence"
 "If You Phone (Netmix)" (internet only bonus track)

 Other solo releases
 "Don't Falter", Mint Royale featuring Lauren Laverne, No.15 (w/b 31 January 2000)
 "In the Bleak Midwinter" (on It's A Cool Cool Christmas compilation) (did not chart)
 "Come Home Billy Bird", the Divine Comedy (uncredited vocalist), No. 24 (w/b 28 March 2004)

BBC Radio sessions
Evening Session, BBC Radio 1, August 2000
 "Don't Falter (acoustic)"
 "Mexico"
 "Thank You"
 To Have A Home

Air, BBC Radio Scotland, December 2000
 "Ian"
 "Open"

Personal life
Laverne married the television producer and DJ Graeme Fisher in County Durham in August 2005; the couple live in Muswell Hill, London, and she also has a flat in Sunderland. The couple had their first child in October 2007. On 30 March 2010, she announced on her BBC Radio 6 Music show that she was pregnant, and she gave birth to their second son in September 2010.

Laverne's mother, Celia Gofton, was elected a councillor for the Pallion ward in the City of Sunderland in 2006, and sought nomination as Labour candidate in 2008 in the Sunderland Central constituency but was defeated by Julie Elliott, who went on to win the seat for Labour in the 2010 general election. Her mother died in June 2022.

Laverne is a Roman Catholic. In 2011, she said, "Once a Catholic... It's like the Mafia - you don't get to leave. I'm not sure I'd want to, but I'm incredibly angry with the Church at the moment." She is a supporter of Sunderland AFC.

Politics
Laverne is a supporter of the Labour Party. In late 1996, on a children's TV programme, Laverne referred to the Spice Girls as "Tory scum" for their support for the Conservatives. This was before the 1997 general election.

In 2005, Laverne's passion for her home city resulted in her becoming an ambassador promoting and raising awareness of Sunderland. She received an honorary fellowship from the University of Sunderland in July 2009.

Laverne has been a vegetarian since the age of four.

References

External links

Lauren Laverne (BBC Radio 6 Music)
Cloudbusting with Lauren Laverne (BBC Radio 6 Music)
Desert Island Discs (BBC Radio 4)

1978 births
20th-century British guitarists
20th-century English women musicians
20th-century English women singers
20th-century English singers
21st-century British guitarists
21st-century English women musicians
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 2 presenters
BBC Radio 4 presenters
BBC Radio 6 Music presenters
Britpop musicians
English Roman Catholics
English guitarists
English radio DJs
English television presenters
English women guitarists
Labour Party (UK) people
Living people
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
Mass media people from Sunderland
British women radio presenters
20th-century women guitarists
21st-century women guitarists

Lauren Laverne


Libya Telecom & Technology (LTT) () was originally established in 1997 as a private company by Ahmed A. Al-Mosbahi. LTT remains a state owned monopoly which continues to dominate the Libyan ISP sector. LTT is Libya's most-used service provider, and much of the country's 5.6% (380,000 users 2016-17 rating ), Internet penetration is attributable to its DSL and WiMAX services. Ahmed A. Al-Mosbahi was the Chairman of LTT and all telecom companies in Libya. LTT announced their new LTT4G network on 6 March 2018, and since then it's available to the public.

After the Libyan Civil War and the subsequent collapse of the Gaddafi regime, LTT is trying to revamp its network and services. However, due to internal conflict and rising strain on services, many popular provisions have been plagued by network congestion and poor reception.

In March 2012, Saad Ksheer was appointed CEO of the company, following his previous posts with Microsoft and NCR in the US and UAE. Later Saad was sacked and replaced.

If a consumer poll were to be released on how well LTT supplies its networking service, it would ( speculatively ) receive one of the world's lowest internet providers ranking with much needed room for improvement.
LTT has informed its consumers that the slow speeds are due to poor reception, however this does not appear to be the case, as it seems that speeds are either capped or the network is simply not working
to its full potential as advertised and sold.

Libya is in dire need of up to standard 'Internationally accepted' Internet networking service speeds ( 2015 ), all of which are yet to be supplied by companies interested in investing in the young and extremely potential market with little competition in Libya.

Internet Censorship and Filtering
As of September 2013, Libya Telecom and Technology had implemented a filter system designed to omit pornographic media from viewing to the public.
The move to omit pornographic material was reportedly started by the Local Islamic Judicial Court of Tripoli archived under article 421 of criminal Penalties.
This move comes with the 2013 implementation of Islamic sharia law post 17 February revolution. While it is true that pornographic material is being omitted by LTT's local filtering system,
it has been found that non pornographic media has also been affected raising controversy on the move due to Libya's politically unstable environment.

LTT has recently 'seemingly' implemented forced restriction on YouTube videos, blocking viewers from seeing videos flagged by the community as inappropriate. LTT is also blocking users from accessing any major proxy sites.
While under the guise to protect users from 'inappropriate' content, it appears political websites and anything deemed unfavorable to whoever's agenda is at LTT are also being blocked. These blocks are more questionable and controversial than they are useful and protective.

LTT's censorship filter affects any aspect regarding the reproductive system in humans, and or any words deemed "immoral",
the recognition software does not discriminate between educative websites and adult websites, barring users from accessing information regarding reproduction, pregnancy, and medical - educative websites. Any input into a search engine with inappropriate words are instantly flagged by the system and access is denied.

Services

Note: As of 2015 - 2016, LTT, still holding a monopoly on internet service provision in Libya, has achieved world status rating of 'Slowest internet in the world'.
According to a new report from Akamai, the average internet connection speed in Libya is the slowest in the world at 0.5 Mbit/s.
This puts Libya behind Bangladesh, which has an average connection speed of 1.0 Mbit/s, and Bolivia, Cameroon, Botswana, and Yemen with speeds of 0.9 Mbit/s.

ADSL Services are deemed slower than the new LibyaMax services due to disorganized cable infrastructure requiring adequate maintenance and repair
providing consumers slower than expected internet speeds. Cable infrastructure especially in the Tripoli Residential capital area ( Omar Al-Mukhtar ) can be observed as being disorganized and damaged, with old copper wiring still serving the typical household and not providing the intended-advertised services. LTT Headquarters is near the capital - 'Al-Shat Road / Coastal Road' where Residential areas are most dense, hence cable infrastructure is inevitably disorganized and poorly maintained, bringing about poor service delivery to typical households in and out of the capital area.

WiMax service delivery is also ineffective due to large numbers of users connecting to major wireless hotspot antennas simultaneously. Although efforts were made by LTT
to counter large numbers of connections in densely populated areas, service delivery still remains ineffective and slow (2017).

Services 2017
Notable speed differences:
During Ramadan Iftar time, 8:00, for about one hour time, speed rates return to normal speeds, confirming that the infrastructure is overloaded with users using the same channels for WiMax services.
It also appears, that Libya Telecom technology has been using Bandwidth throttling to change internet speeds in different areas of Tripoli to minimize bandwidth congestion.
Around 6:00 a.m, internet speeds reach full speeds at around 250 kbit/s as stated in the contract between users and LTT, however, bandwidth speeds fall as low as 10 kbit/s after 9:00 am on daily basis for many
around the capital area, Tripoli.

Internet Access Solutions
Dial-up Internet Access
LTT4G (4G+)
LibyaADSL (ADSL2+)
LibyaMAX (WiMAX)
LibyaPhone (MVNO Mobile)
Libya FTTH (Fiber to the home)
Satellite (DVB-RCS) Access

Data Network Connection Solutions
Data Network via Wireless
Data Network via VSAT

Communication Solutions
VSAT
Microwave
GSM
3G
HSPA+
4G

Value-Added Services
Webhosting and E-mail Services
Network Security Services

Consultation Services
Technology and Communications

References

External links

Internet service providers of Libya
Companies established in 1997
Libyan brands
Economy of Tripoli, Libya
Government-owned companies of Libya
Government-owned telecommunications companies

Libya Telecom & Technology


Mike Tyson vs. Marvis Frazier was a professional boxing match contested on July 26, 1986. The fight took place at the Glens Falls Civic Center in Glens Falls, New York, USA.

Tyson won the fight via knockout in the first round, attaining victory within thirty seconds. This would prove to be the fastest knockout victory of Tyson's career.

Fight information

Broadcast information
The Tyson-Frazier fight was carried by ABC as part of its Wide World of Sports anthology series. Jim Lampley was the lead commentator, with Alex Wallau as the analyst.

Background
Tyson had been keeping busy throughout the first two years of his professional career. Entering 1986, he had fought a total of fifteen fights and won each one by knockout, with only one lasting longer than three rounds and eleven ending in the first round. Prior to fighting Frazier, Tyson had fought nine times in 1986 and defeated all but two fighters by knockout, as former championship challenger James Tillis and Mitch Green had taken him to decision victories; he also had initially defeated Jesse Ferguson by disqualification, but the fight result was changed to a knockout. Entering this fight, Tyson was rated #2 in the World Boxing Council's ratings.

The son of former world champion Joe Frazier, Marvis was trained by his father and was regarded as an up-and-coming prospect who might some day become the heavyweight champion. Frazier would eventually get a chance to fulfill those predictions, as in only his eleventh professional fight, he challenged for the linear heavyweight championship against champion Larry Holmes on November 25, 1983. in a bout that was not recognized as a title fight by the WBC. Holmes, who would later be stripped by the WBC for accepting this fight over a mandatory defense against Greg Page, dominated the younger Frazier and knocked him out in one round.

Following his loss to Holmes, Frazier rebounded to win his next six fights, including unanimous decision victories over Tillis and future world champion James "Bonecrusher" Smith, to get back into contention. Frazier, however, came into his fight with Tyson as an overwhelming underdog, leading some to criticize his father, manager and trainer Joe for overmatching him.

The fight
Tyson quickly had Frazier on the defensive, using his left jab to back Frazier into the ropes. Frazier then retreated to the corner where Tyson continued to use his left jab before unleashing two consecutive uppercuts, the second of which knocked Frazier unconscious. Tyson then landed several more blows before Frazier fell to the canvas, slumped against the ropes. Referee Joe Cortez began to count to ten, but as Frazier was clearly unresponsive, stopped the count at five and ended the fight. The fight lasted only 30 seconds, and was the quickest victory of Tyson's professional career.

Aftermath
Tyson continued his blistering pace after this fight, taking a fight against Jose Ribalta less than a month after fighting Frazier and then facing Alfonzo Ratliff three weeks after that. He won both of those fights by knockout, with Ribalta lasting until the tenth round and Ratliff the second, setting up his contest against Trevor Berbick in November where he made history and became the youngest heavyweight champion in boxing history.

Frazier, meanwhile, only fought three more times after Tyson knocked him out. After his last fight in 1988, Frazier became a minister and began working with prisoners through Prison Fellowship International.

References

Frazier
1986 in boxing
Boxing in New York (state)
Sports in Glens Falls, New York
1986 in sports in New York (state)
July 1986 sports events in the United States

Mike Tyson vs. Marvis Frazier


The siege of Philippsburg was a siege of the fortress of Philippsburg during the Franco-Dutch War.

History
In French hands since 1644 - with Breisach, it was then their only bridgehead on the east bank of the River Rhine and so Vauban had fortified it. This made it a constant threat to the Holy Roman Empire's west flank and at the outbreak of the Franco-Dutch War it became the jumping off point for several French incursions into the Palatinate and Neckar area. The garrisons of its outlying towns of Kißlau, Schwetzingen and Bruchsal were destroyed in spring 1676 and the Empire decided to lay siege to the fortress itself.

Charles V, Duke of Lorraine began the siege with a 40,000 strong imperial force on 23 June. The French commander Charles de Faultrier du Fay had just under 2,800 men and a French relief effort failed, leading to du Fay's surrender on 17 September. Only 1,500 French troops survived but these were allowed to march out with full military honours. 3,000 imperial troops were put in place to garrison the fortress, which remained in Imperial hands until its French recapture in 1688.

Citations

References

External links
http://www.club-rheingrafvonsalm.de/html/ab_1600.html

Conflicts in 1676
1676 in Europe
Philippsburg
Franco-Dutch War
Sieges involving the Holy Roman Empire
Sieges involving France

Siege of Philippsburg (1676)


Abd al-'Aziz ibn Muhammad al-Qahiri al-Wafa'i known as Ibn al-Aqba'i (1408–1471) was an Egyptian astronomer and mathematician in the 15th century. He was born in 811 H.E. (1408 AD) and died in 876 H.E (1471 AD). Some sources say that he died in 874 or 879 H.E. He was a student of Ibn al-Majdi and Nur al-din al-Naqqash. He became a time keeper at the Mu'ayyad Mosque in Cairo. He also became the chief of the time keepers of the Azhar mosque and the Maridani Mosque. He was interested in the calculation of the local times of cities based on their latitude and longitude. He invented an astronomical device called Da'irah al-Mu'addal.

He wrote about 40 books and 20 treatises on mathematics and astronomy, none of them published. Among his works is the manuscript Risalah al-'Amal bi al-Rub' al-Mujayyab

References

1408 births
1471 deaths
Scientists who worked on qibla determination
15th-century astronomers
Medieval Egyptian astronomers
Medieval Egyptian mathematicians
Medieval astronomers
Scholars from the Mamluk Sultanate

'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i


Two Comrades Were Serving (, translit. Sluzhili dva tovarishcha) is a 1968 Soviet war film directed by Yevgeny Karelov with a script by Yuli Dunsky and Valeri Frid. The film is about the Russian civil war, in particular, the battle for the Crimean peninsula.

Plot
Two comrades and soldiers of the Red Army, Andrei Nekrasov (O. Yankovsky) and Ivan Karyakin (R. Bykov) were sent by their regimental commander (A. Papanov) on a reconnaissance mission to film the White Army fortifications on the way into Crimea (Perekop). After filming, the engine on their airplane stalled and they were forced to land in unfriendly territory.

As the culmination of a series of misadventures, the friends were going to be executed as spies by their own side. The Colonel appears in time to stop the firing squad.

The second part of the film narrates the assault on Perekop and the Red Army invasion of the Crimea.

The film also features Vladimir Vysotsky as Brusentsov, a cynical and disillusioned officer in Wrangel's Army. He shot Nekrasov down at the end of the film. Karyakin hums his friend's favorite song - "The bullet whizzed and aha!..". Vysotsky's character later shot himself during the Evacuation to Constantinople.

The film's focus is the friendship between two decidedly different characters. Nekrasov is intelligent and war-weary, while Karyakin is simple-minded, yet idealistic and energetic.

Cast
Oleg Yankovsky as Andrei Nekrasov
Rolan Bykov as Ivan Karyakin
Anatoli Papanov as regiment commander
Nikolai Kryuchkov as platoon commander
Alla Demidova as Commissar
Vladimir Vysotsky as Alexander Brusentsov
Iya Savvina as Alexandra
Nikolai Burlyayev as Sergey Lukashevich
Pyotr Krylov as chief of staff
Rostislav Yankovsky as Colonel Vasilchikov
Roman Tkachuk as White Guard officer
Nikolai Parfyonov as White Guard officer
Juozas Budraitis as  member of  Red Staff
 Veniamin Smekhov as Baron Krause

Production

The theme song was included on Lubeh's 1995 album, Kombat.

References

External links

1968 films
1960s war comedy-drama films
Russian Civil War films
Films set in 1920
Films set in Crimea
Soviet black-and-white films
Soviet war comedy-drama films
Mosfilm films
1960s Russian-language films
Vladimir Vysotsky

Two Comrades Were Serving


Meleager is a bronze sculpture of the mythological figure Meleager by the Italian Renaissance sculptor Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, known by his contemporaries as L'Antico, and to art history as "Antico".. The sculpture is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

The sculpture

The sculpture was made  in Mantua in Italy, by the leading sculptor Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, known by his contemporaries as L'Antico. It is in cast bronze, part-gilded and with silver inlaid eyes. The sculpture measures  high from the bronze base, and weighs .

It shows the mythological figure of Meleager, who was the heir to the throne of Calydon, a city in Greece. The goddess Artemis was offended by Meleager's father, Oeneus, and so she sent a monstrous boar to attack the fields that supplied the city with food. Meleager is shown in the sculpture poised with a weapon about to spear the boar. The weapon is part-missing, broken at some time in the past, and the boar is completely missing - it may never have been part of the sculpture as the base has no space to accommodate it.

The design is known to have been based on a classical marble statue. At one time this marble was in the Renaissance Belvedere in Rome. By 1638 it was displayed in the Uffizi in Florence, where it was known as the "Contadino" or "Villano" ("the peasant"). The marble statue was destroyed on 12 August 1762 by a fire and resulting partial roof collapse at the Uffizi.

Meleager is probably the "figure of metal called the little peasant" ("il villanello") listed in an inventory dated to 1496. This list of possessions was made following the death of Gianfrancesco Gonzaga of Bozzolo, the third son of Marchese Ludovico Gonzaga of Mantua. L'Antico was court artist to three generations of the Gonzaga family.

Recent history
The sculpture was bought "on a hunch" by the art dealer Horace Baxter at "an obscure auction" in Kent for £16. He took the sculpture to the Victoria and Albert Museum, where it was immediately recognised by the curator and art historian John Pope-Hennessy as a major Renaissance work. Baxter sold the sculpture to the V&A Museum in 1960 for £4,000, a little under the then market value.

The sculpture was featured in the second episode of the BBC series Secrets of the Museum, first shown in March 2020, which looked at behind-the-scenes work on the collections of the V&A Museum. It showed how it has to be kept under very strict environmental conditions as the bronze is suffering from bronze disease.

Gallery

References

Further reading
Allison, Ann Hersey. 1994. The Bronzes of Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi called Antico, Vienna, pp. 49–50, 60, 167-171 (V&A version, pp. 168–171), ill. p. 167, 8.
Baker, Malcolm & Brenda Richardson (eds). 1999. A Grand Design: The Art of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London: V&A Publications.
Blume, Dieter. 1987. "Anticos Antike", in Städel-Jahrbuch II, pp. 179–204, esp. pp. 188–190, illus. 10 & 11.
Bober, P.P. & R.O. Rubinstein. 1986. Renaissance Artists and Antique Sculpture, a Handbook of Sources, Oxford, p. 144, fig. 112a.
Chambers, David & Jane Martineau (eds). 1981. Splendours of the Gonzaga: Catalogue, London: Victoria and Albert Museum IV.3.
Ebert-Schifferer, Sybille. 1985. Natur und Antike in der Renaissance, Frankfurt: Liebieghaus - Museum Alter Plastik.
Luciano, Eleanora (ed) in collaboration with Denise Allen and Claudia Kryza-Gersch. 2011. "Antico", in The Golden Age of Renaissance Bronzes, (exhibition catalogue, National Gallery of Art Washington 6 November 2011 – 8 April 2012; The Frick Collection, New York, 1 May-29 July 2012), London: Paul Holberton Publishing, inc. pp. 172, 192; pls 22 & 22a.
Pope-Hennessy, John Wyndham & Antonio Santangelo. 1961. Italian Bronze Statuettes, London: Arts Council no. 54.
Trevisani, Filippo & Davide Gasparotto (eds). 2008. Bonacolsi l'Antico: uno scultore nella Mantova di Andrea Mantegna e di Isabelle d'Este, Milano: Electa.
Williamson, Paul. 1986. "The NACF and the National Collection of Sculpture", in National Art-Collections Fund Review, pp. 80–81.
Williamson, Paul (ed). 1996. European Sculpture at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London: Victoria and Albert Museum, pp. 88–89.

External links
 V&A Collections description of Meleager.
 Conservation conditions needed for Meleager: clip from Secrets of the Museum.

Renaissance sculptures
Sculptures in the Victoria and Albert Museum
15th-century sculptures
Bronze sculptures in London
Mannerist sculptures

Meleager (L'Antico sculpture)


North America

Canada
Generally referred to as Aboriginal peoples in Canada when looking at the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples collectively.

Greenland

Mexico

This issue is complicated because a great majority of Mexicans are mestizos and therefore being part Native is not unusual as in Canada or the US. The list only include Indigenous proper and mestizos with an Indigenous parent. This list also includes a few Pre-Columbian figures considered remarkable in the history and culture of Mexico.

Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, writer, journalist and politician (Nahua)
Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, (d. 1648) Nahua historian, descendant of Ixtlilxochitl
Bartolomé de Alva, Nahua, younger brother of Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl
Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, tlatoani of Tenochtitlan
Domingo Arenas, Mexican revolutionary from Tlaxcala
Juan Badiano, Nahua translator
Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza, anarchist, feminist activist, typographer, journalist and poet (Caxcan)
Cajemé, Yaqui rebel leader
Jacinto Canek (1731-1761), Maya rebel leader
Chimalpahin (1579-1660), Nahua historian
Cuauhtémoc, last (Aztec) Tlatoani
Cuitláhuac, penultimate (Aztec) Tlatoani
Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Catholic Saint (Chichimeca)
Porfirio Díaz, President (Mixtec mother)
Pascual Díaz y Barreto (1876-1936), Huichol Roman Catholic prelate
Lila Downs, singer (Mixtec mother)
Emilio Fernández, film director, actor (Kickapoo mother)
Faustino Galicia Chimalpopoca professor, lawyer, and translator of the Nahuatl language.
Natalio Hernández (b. 1947) Nahua poet from Veracruz
Victoriano Huerta, President (Huichol mother)
Indio Mariano, rebel leader in Tepic
Luz Jiménez (1897-1965), Nahua storyteller
Benito Juárez, President (Zapotec)
La Malinche, translator of conquistador Hernán Cortés
Modesta Lavana, (1929-2010), Nahua healer
Florentina López de Jesús (1939-2014), Amuzgo weaver
Tomás Mejía, Otomi Mexican Army general
Moctezuma II, (Aztec) Tlatoani at the beginning of the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire
Diego Muñoz Camargo (c. 1529-1599), historian of Tlaxcala
Nezahualcóyotl, Tlatoani of Texcoco and poet in Nahuatl language
Nezahualpilli (1464-1515), Tlatoani of Texcoco
Martín Ocelotl (1496-?1537), Nahua priest/shaman executed by the Inquisition
Carlos Ometochtzin (d. 1539) Cacique of Texcoco, executed by the Inquisition
Daniel Ponce de León (b. 1980) Tarahumara professional boxer
Comandante Ramona, EZLN leader (Tzotzil)
Isabel Ramírez Castaneda (1881-1943), (Nahua) archeologist
María Sabina, shaman (Mazatec)
Comandante Tacho, EZLN leader (Tojolabal)
Refugio Tánori, Opata commander and supporter of the Second Mexican Empire.
Francisco Tenamaztle (fl. 1540s-50s) Caxcan leader in the Mixton War
Antonio Valeriano (c. 1521-1605), Nahua scholar, collaborator with Bernardino de Sahagún on the Florentine Codex
Felipe Santiago Xicoténcatl, 1804-1847 Nahua, general in the Mexican Army under Antonio López de Santa Anna

United States

Central America

The Caribbean
 Agüeybaná (The Great Sun) - "supreme cacique" in Puerto Rico
Agüeybaná II - Cacique in Puerto Rico
 Arasibo - Cacique in Puerto Rico
Hatuey (Taíno), Cacique in Cuba
 Hayuya - Cacique in Puerto Rico
 Jumacao - Cacique in Puerto Rico
 Anacaona - Cacique in Hispaniola (Taíno)
 Arawak - Cacique in Bahamas (Taíno)
 Caonabo - Cacique in Hispaniola (Carib)
 Guacanagaric - Cacique in Hispaniola (Taíno)
 Guarionex - Cacique in Hispaniola (Taíno)
 Cotubanama - Cacique in Hispaniola (Taíno)
 Enriquillo - Cacique in Hispaniola (Taíno)

Guatemala
Miguel Ángel Asturias, novelist, Nobel prize winner in literature
Rigoberta Menchú Tum, activist, Nobel prize winner in peace (Quiché)
Concepción Ramírez, activist, appears on the Guatemalan 25-centavo coin

Nicaragua
Myrna Cunningham, Miskita physician, feminist and Indigenous rights activist

South America

Bolivia
Roberto Mamani Mamani (b. 1962), Aymara painter
Alejandro Mario Yllanes (1913–1960), Aymara painter and printmaker
Evo Morales, Aymara politician, president of Bolivia
Bienvenido Zacu Mborobainchi, b. 1956, Guarayo politician

Brazil
 Daniel Munduruku
 Bebeto

Chile
Ainavillo (16th-century), Mapuche toqui
Butapichón (17th-century), Mapuche toqui
Cadeguala (16th-century), Mapuche toqui
Calfucurá (late 1770s–1873), Mapuche military leader from Patagonia
Caupolicán (died 1558), Mapuche toqui
Santos Chávez (1934–2001), Mapuche printmaker
Elicura Chihuailaf (born 1952), Mapuche poet

Colombia
Quintín Lame (1880–1967), Paez political leader and author

Ecuador
Camilo Egas, Mestizo, painter and educator, 1889–1962
Eugenio Espejo, Mestizo journalist, hygienist, lawyer, and satirical writer, 1747–1795
Oswaldo Guayasamín, Quechua painter and sculptor, 1919–1999
Eduardo Kingman, Mestizo painter, 1913–1998
Luis Macas, Quechua anthropologist and politician, born 1951
Mincaye, Hauo preacher and church elder, born 1935
Nina Pacari, Kichwa politician, lawyer and Indigenous leader from Cotacachi, born 1961
Antonio Vargas, Quechua politician

Peru
Tupac Amaru, military figure and last Inca
Túpac Amaru II (1738-1781), leader of massive Andean uprising against Spanish colonial rule
Túpac Katari (c. 1750-1781), leader of an Andean uprising
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, writer
Yma Sumac, Singer of self-identified Inca ancestry
Alejandro Toledo, President
Marcos Zapata (c. 1710–1773), Quechua Cuzco School painter
Magaly Solier, Quechua actress
Manco Cápac, Sapa Inca
Ollanta Humala, President of Peru
Q'orianka Kilcher, Quechua actress
Martín Chambi, Quechua photographer
Diego Quispe Tito, Quechua painter

See also

List of Indigenous artists of the Americas
List of writers from peoples Indigenous to the Americas

Notes

Indigenous
Indigenous people of the Americas
Indigenous people of the Americas

List of Indigenous people of the Americas