Andreas Reinicke is a German diplomat and currently the German Ambassador to Tunisia. He has been the European Union Special Representative for the Middle East Peace Process. Alberto Oggero, an Italian diplomat, served as his deputy until 31 December 2013. Reinicke was appointed by the Council of the European Union on 23 January 2012, and his mandate was repealed on 1 January 2014, following proposals to the Political and Security Committee (PSC) by High Representative of EU for Common Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton.

Renicke's tasks and the role of EU interlocutor was assumed by Helga Schmid, deputy secretary-general for political affairs of the European diplomatic service, the EEAS. Ambassador Marc Otte of Belgium held the post of EU Special Representative for the Middle East Peace process till February 2011.

Reinicke was also the EU envoy to the Quartet on the Middle East tasked to support the work of the EU High Representative, the herself the EU Principal within the Quartet.

Historical mandate
Reinicke's mandate was based on several EU policy objectives including:

(a) A comprehensive peace to be achieved on the basis of the relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions, the Madrid principles, the Roadmap, the agreements previously reached by the parties and the Arab Peace Initiative;

(b) A two-State solution with Israel and a democratic, contiguous, viable, peaceful and sovereign Palestinian State living side by side within secure and recognised borders enjoying normal relations with their neighbours in accordance with UN Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002) and 1402 (2002) and the Madrid principles.

(c) A solution to the Israeli-Syrian and Israeli-Lebanese conflicts.

(d) A solution to resolve the status of Jerusalem as the future capital of two states and a just, viable and agreed solution to the problem of Palestinian refugees.

(e) Following-up of the peace process towards a final status agreement and the creation of a Palestinian state including strengthening the role of the Middle East Quartet ('the Quartet') as guardian of the Roadmap.

Biography
Reinicke is the Ambassador of Germany to Tunisia was the Ambassador of Germany to Syria from 2008 till January 2012. Prior to this assignment he held several senior posts at the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was the Head of the Near East Division, the Head of the Representative Office of Germany in Ramallah. He was also posted to Tel Aviv and New York.

Education
He holds a LL.M from University of Cambridge (UK) and a Ph.D. in Law from the University of Giessen. He speaks German, English and French.

Honours
 2020 : Grand officier of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia

References

External links
 EU Special Representatives
 The EU and the Middle East Peace Process
 The Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA)

European Union diplomats
People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Ambassadors of Germany to Syria
Living people
University of Giessen alumni
German officials of the European Union
Ambassadors to Tunisia
Year of birth missing (living people)

Andreas Reinicke


Malcolm Shepard Knowles (August 24, 1913 – November 27, 1997) was an American educator. He was active in developing theories of adult education. His ideas about self-directed learning have gained international recognition.

Biographical information
Malcolm Shepard Knowles was born on August 24, 1913 in Montana. His family moved to West Palm Beach, Florida, when he was a young boy. He graduated from Palm Beach High School in 1930. In 1934, he graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts.  Soon after graduation he married Hulda Fornell. From 1940 to 1943, he worked as Director of Adult Education at the Boston Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1943. In 1946, he moved to Chicago to work as the Director of Adult Education at that YMCA. During that time, he also worked on a Master of Arts at the University of Chicago. He earned the masters degree in 1949. He continued his studies at the University of Chicago, earning his PhD. He then spent 14 years at Boston University as an associate professor of adult education with tenure.  He became a member of the faculty of North Carolina State University School of Education in 1974. He also taught at Fielding Graduate University in Santa Barbara, CA and at the University of Arkansas. He died of a stroke on November 27, 1997 in Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Selected bibliography

Knowles, M. S., & Knowles, H. F. (1955). How to develop better leaders. New York: Association Press.
Knowles, M. S., & Knowles, H. F. (1959). Introduction to group dynamics. Chicago: Association Press. Revised edition 1972 *published by New York: Cambridge Books.
Knowles, M. S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16(10), 350–352, 386.
Knowles, M. S. (1973). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company. Revised Edition 1990.
Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.
Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.
Knowles, M. S., et al. (1984). Andragogy in action: Applying modern principles of adult education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

References

Other websites
 Website about Knowles
 Smith, M. K. (2002). Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy, the encyclopedia of informal education
 Fiorini, Deborah (2003). Malcolm Knowles' Personal Vitae

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2014
1913 births
1997 deaths
Academics from Massachusetts
Harvard University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Academics from North Carolina
University of Arkansas

Malcolm Knowles


Matthew George Millen (born March 12, 1958) is an American former professional football player and executive in the National Football League (NFL). Millen played as a linebacker for 12 years for the Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders, San Francisco 49ers, and Washington Redskins, playing on four Super Bowl-winning teams and winning a Super Bowl ring for each of the three franchises for which he played.

Following his NFL playing career, Millen was a football commentator for several national television and radio networks. His last job before joining the Lions was as a member of the number two broadcast team for NFL on Fox, and the color commentator for Monday Night Football on Westwood One. On February 1, 2009, he joined the NBC broadcast team for pre-game analysis of Super Bowl XLIII. He has also been employed by ESPN as an NFL and college football analyst, and by the NFL Network as a color commentator on Thursday Night Football.

In 2001, Millen was hired as president and chief executive officer of the Detroit Lions and served in that position until 2008. His eight-year tenure as head of Detroit Lions led to the worst eight-year record in the history of the modern NFL (31–84, a .270 winning percentage), leading to fan outrage, and ultimately his termination from the franchise on September 24, 2008. Millen assembled the personnel and coaching staff of the 2008 Lions, which became the first team to go 0–16. It stood as the worst single-season record in NFL history until 2017, when it was tied by the 2017 Cleveland Browns who went winless in the season. He is generally regarded among the worst general managers in the history of modern sports.

In 2015, Millen returned to broadcasting with Fox NFL and debuted on the Big Ten Network.

Early life and education
Millen was born and grew up in the Hokendauqua section of Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Allentown. He attended Whitehall High School in Pennsylvania's Lehigh Valley region. Whitehall High School competes in the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference, an elite high school athletic conference known for producing a great number of National Football League and other professional athletes, and Millen was a standout football player for the school.

Whitehall High School later permanently retired Millen's Whitehall football jersey number (#83) in honor of his high school, collegiate, and NFL football accomplishments, making him one of only three Whitehall High School football players, along with fellow Whitehall High School alumni and NFL stars Saquon Barkley (#21) and Dan Koppen (#77), to have their Whitehall jersey numbers permanently retired in the school's history.

In April 2022, Millen also was inducted into the Lehigh Valley Sports Hall of Fame.

Penn State Nittany Lions
Millen was recruited from Whitehall High School by Penn State, where he played for the Nittany Lions in the 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979 seasons. In 1978, Millen was named an All-American defensive tackle for Penn State.

Career

National Football League
Following his career at Penn State, Millen entered the 1980 NFL Draft and was selected by the Oakland Raiders with the draft's 43rd overall selection in the second round.

During his 12-year National Football League playing career, Millen played for the Raiders, the San Francisco 49ers, and the Washington Redskins. He won a Super Bowl with each of these teams, including two with the Raiders (one when the team was based in Oakland and one during their stint in Los Angeles). He won one Super Bowl each with the 49ers and Redskins, though he was deactivated for Super Bowl XXVI while with the Redskins.

During his NFL career, he was selected to play in the Pro Bowl in 1988.  Millen finished his 12 NFL seasons with 11 sacks and nine interceptions, which he returned for 132 yards, and eight fumble recoveries. He also returned seven kickoffs for 72 yards. Tackles were not yet being officially recorded at that time.

Television and radio
Following his professional football career, Millen worked as a color commentator for CBS TV (which teamed him with Sean McDonough, Paul Olden, Mike Emrick, and Tim Ryan), and for Fox (which teamed him with Dick Stockton). He also provided game analysis for the radio broadcasts of Monday Night Football, working alongside Howard David on CBS's Westwood One radio network.

At Fox, Millen came to be considered the number-two analyst for its nationally broadcast games, behind John Madden (who had been teaming for years with Pat Summerall). He filled in for Madden, alongside Summerall, on the 1997 American Bowl game because John Madden had fears of flying.

Millen returned to broadcasting when he served as a studio analyst for NBC's coverage of Wild Card Saturday, his first television appearance in an analyst role since the 2000 NFC Divisional Playoffs, and reprised that role for NBC on their coverage of Super Bowl XLIII.

On June 15, 2009, Millen was named the lead analyst for the NFL Network's Thursday Night Football telecast, replacing Cris Collinsworth.  He was also a color analyst for ESPN College Football telecasts, teaming with Sean McDonough, Joe Tessitore, and Bob Wischusen. Since 2015, Millen has provided color commentary for college games on the Big Ten Network and occasionally for NFL on Fox.

Detroit Lions management
In 2001, Millen left broadcasting to assume the job of the Detroit Lions' CEO and de facto general manager. At that time, Millen had no prior player development or front office experience.  When first approached by owner William Clay Ford, Sr. about the job, Millen told him "Mr. Ford, I really appreciate this, but I'm not qualified."  Ford responded "You're smart. You'll figure it out."

Millen was the Lions' CEO for seven full seasons, from 2001 to 2007; during that time, the club compiled a record of 31–81 (with at least nine losses each season). Detroit's .277 winning percentage was among the worst ever compiled by an NFL team over a seven-year period; only the Chicago Cardinals of 1939-45 (10-61-3, .141) and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of 1983–1989 (26–86, .234) were less successful.

During the early part of Millen's tenure (2001–2003), the Lions failed to win a road game for three years (0–24) before opening the season with a win at the Chicago Bears in 2004. Overall, the Lions went 8–50 on the road during the Millen era.  Millen himself admitted to an interviewer in 2008 that the team's record under his leadership has been "beyond awful."  The Wall Street Journal said that NFL executives admit in private that Millen "has made more bad draft decisions than anyone else in two centuries."

Despite the team's record on the field, Millen was the second-highest paid general manager in the NFL.  With a draft record that included a number of high first-round draft picks who were considered poor choices, including Charles Rogers, Joey Harrington, Mike Williams, and others, and widespread disappointment among fans, the Detroit media, and even some players, Millen received a five-year contract extension from Ford at the start of the 2005 season. Following the team's 3–13 performance in 2006, Ford announced that Millen would be retained as general manager for at least another season, because, according to inside sources to the Ford family, they still believed that Millen was the best general manager that the Lions ever had.
On September 24, 2008, Millen was confirmed to no longer hold his positions with the Lions. Whether he was dismissed or resigned was unclear. It was later reported by a team official that Millen was actually fired.

Competition committee
Millen was named to the NFL competition committee on August 4, 2006.

"Fire Millen" movement

The chant began to spread during a college basketball game between Michigan State and Wichita State at The Palace of Auburn Hills on December 10, 2005. It started when ousted Lions coach Steve Mariucci was shown on the big screen, prompting a standing ovation for Mariucci and a loud chant of "Fire Millen!" The chant was then heard during various home and away games of the other Detroit sports teams. It was also heard during Michigan and Michigan State basketball games. Former Pistons power forward Rasheed Wallace even took part in the chant during a late timeout in a December 16, 2005 game against the Chicago Bulls. A "Fire Millen" sign was shown in the background of a February 3, 2007 broadcast of ESPN College GameDay at the University of Kansas.  One large sign with the "Fire Millen" slogan was removed by NCAA officials at the NCAA Division II Football Championship in Florence, Alabama.

"Fire Millen" turned up in a background sign in the sports-oriented comic strip Gil Thorp on February 20, 2006.

The "Fire Millen" chant returned in force to Ford Field during the second half of the 2006 Thanksgiving Day game between the Detroit Lions and the Miami Dolphins, when former Lions quarterback and first-round pick Joey Harrington, often a scapegoat for the Lions problems, led the Dolphins to a 27-10 victory over the Lions, dropping the Lions' record to 2-9. More "Fire Millen" chants were heard at wrestling events, including WWE's WrestleMania 23 at Ford Field and TNA's Bound for Glory. For 2008, the "Fire Millen" chants were back in force during the game against the Green Bay Packers.

Other protests
On December 6, 2005, Detroit sports talk radio station WDFN announced the "Angry Fan March", also known as the "Millen Man March", in protest of Millen's contract extension.

On December 9, 2005, in protest of Millen's poor record, one Detroit Lions fan site, known as "The Lions Fanatics," led by owner Dan Spanos organized an "orange out" event, which encouraged Lions fans to show up at Ford Field clad in hunter's orange, the color of their opponent that week, the Cincinnati Bengals.

In a game against the Chicago Bears on December 24, 2006, another group of fans, led by Herbert Nicholl Jr., planned a walkout protest towards the end of the first half to express their disgust with Millen's management.

Terminated from the Lions
After a 0-3 start to the 2008 season, Lions vice chairman and Ford Motor Company Executive Chairman William Clay Ford, Jr., told reporters on September 22, 2008, if it were up to him, he would fire Millen. Despite this, the elder Ford claimed he had no plans to dismiss Millen.

Two days later, however, on September 24, 2008, Millen's tenure as team president and general manager ended. Lions owner William Clay Ford later announced that Millen had been relieved of his duties as Lions general manager and team president. The Lions finished the 2008 season with a record of 0–16 and did not win again until Week 3 of the 2009 season.

On the January 3, 2009, edition of NBC's Football Night in America, Millen admitted his role in the team's downfall, saying he would have fired himself after the 2008 season.

During the pre-game show for Super Bowl XLIII, WDIV-TV, the NBC affiliate in Detroit, ran a ticker on their website, asking viewers to question his credibility as an NBC Sports panelist, given his past with the Lions; over 36 pages of comments were posted on the station's website.

Personal life
Millen is married to Patricia Millen. They have four children and ten grandchildren.

Millen was diagnosed with the rare disease amyloidosis in 2017. In Millen's case, the disease affected his heart, reducing it to operating at about 30 percent capacity. Millen was told he needed a heart transplant to continue living. As he waited for one, he began chemotherapy to rid himself of the amyloidosis.  The transplant surgery was performed successfully at Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey on Christmas Eve 2018.

Controversies
On January 5, 1986, at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, after losing the AFC divisional playoff game to the New England Patriots, Millen intervened in an on-field dispute between Raiders player and teammate Howie Long and Patriots general manager, Patrick Sullivan, by punching Sullivan in the face. Sullivan said the punch made him "see stars" and that he required stitches. Millen later called the incident "a good hit."

In December 2003, following a Detroit Lions 45–17 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium, Millen came under fire after a postgame incident with former Lions and then-Chiefs wide receiver Johnnie Morton.  Millen tried to congratulate some of the Chiefs players near the Chiefs' locker room, when he confronted Morton, who claimed that he wasn't going to say anything to Millen. When he walked by him, Millen said, "Hey Johnnie." Morton ignored him, and then Millen replied, "Nice talking to you," and Morton replied "Kiss my ass."  That's when Millen shouted, "You faggot! Yeah, you heard me. You faggot!" at Morton, which was heard by a member of the Chiefs public relations staff and a columnist for The Kansas City Star. After he was informed of Millen's remarks, Morton replied, "I apologize for what I said, but I never expected anything like that. What he said is demeaning and bigoted." Millen apologized for his remarks. There had been bad blood between the two since Morton was released by the Lions after the 2001 season, and Morton felt like Millen "tossed him aside."

On April 24, 2010, at the 2010 NFL Draft in Manhattan, Millen referred to fellow ESPN commentator Ron Jaworski as a "Polack," after which he made an on-air apology, stating that he "didn't mean anything" by the remark.

References

External links

 "Matt Millen" at Pro-Football-Reference.com
 "Matt Millen" at Fox Sports
 "The Life and Career of Matt Millen" at Pro Football History

1958 births
Living people
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football linebackers
College football announcers
Detroit Lions executives
ESPN people
Heart transplant recipients
Los Angeles Raiders players
National Football League announcers
National Football League general managers
National Football League team presidents
NFL Europe broadcasters
Oakland Raiders players
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Players of American football from Allentown, Pennsylvania
San Francisco 49ers players
Washington Redskins players
Whitehall High School (Pennsylvania) alumni

Matt Millen


Electronic Awakening is a 2011 American documentary film which investigates the spiritual history of electronic music culture. Told from an ethnographic perspective, the film explores the international Electronic Dance Music (EDM) phenomenon as the re-emergence of shamanic ritual. In addition to interviewing people whose lives were changed by the claimed transcendent experiences on the dancefloor, anthropologist and film's creator AC Johner  ponders the cause of this mind-altering effect and suggests that the repetitive, mathematically perfect rhythms and oscillations of EDM have the power to create a communal hive mind. The electronic beatscape propelled by the emergence in the late 1980s and early 1990s of something new and freshly synched. The primary emphasis of the documentary is the deeply spiritual basis of the cultures and practices that have developed around these parties, particularly trance music and the possibilities this spirituality might offer for ravers and the world in general. It is one of the first full-length documentaries to uncover the spiritual and transformational elements of EDM culture as a central theme.

Production
Filming began in August 2006 in the form of university research, under a grant from Appalachian State University. The first footage collected were recorded interviews for director AC Johner's  thesis work in anthropology. With growing popularity of EDM and the collected research, AC Johner continued filming over a period of 5 years featuring such Transformational festivals as Burning Man, Earthdance, Boom Festival, and Shambala Festival. In 2008, Johner licensed the project with his company, Federation of Earth Productions LLC. By the start of post-production over 200 hours of footage had been collected, 100 of which were formal interviews. In 2010, a successful Kickstarter campaign granted Johner finishing funds as well as a partnership with Keyframe-Entertainment to complete production.

Post production
Post-production was carried out under AC Johner's Federation Of Earth Productions LLC. It also involved collaboration with Advanced Multimedia Operatives (AMMO), Julian Reyes of Keyframe-Entertainment joining as an executive producer, and Drew Martinez of Beechwood Cottage Films as editor. All editing, on-line, titles and effects were utilizing Final Cut Pro, Adobe After Effects, and Motion.

Release
Electronic Awakening showed at Egyptian Theater in Hollywood, California, in March 2012. While never given an official theatrical release it quickly gained popularity  within the electronic music community spawning independent screenings of the film at raves and music festivals all over the world. The film was released world-wide on Video-on-Demand through Gravitas Ventures on December 21, 2012. The DVD was released by North Atlantic Books and Random House.

Cast
 Daniel Pinchbeck
 Alex Grey
 Ken Kesey
 Goa Gil
 Terence McKenna
 Erik Davis
 Starhawk
 Dr. Robin Sylvan

Soundtrack
 Shpongle
 The Crystal Method
 Phutureprimitive
 Vibrasphere
 Solar Fields
 Random Rab

References

External links

 Piquenewsmagazine.com
 Theuntz.com
 Herald-review.com

2011 documentary films
Documentary films about electronic music and musicians
2011 films
American documentary films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Electronic Awakening


Spencer is a 2021 historical psychological drama film directed by Pablo Larraín from a screenplay by Steven Knight. The film is about Princess Diana's existential crisis during the Christmas of 1991, as she considers divorcing Prince Charles and leaving the British royal family. Kristen Stewart and Jack Farthing star as Diana and Charles respectively, joined by Timothy Spall, Sean Harris, and Sally Hawkins.

Spencer premiered at the 78th Venice International Film Festival on 3 September 2021, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 5 November 2021. The film grossed $25.2 million worldwide on an $18 million budget. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with Stewart's performance garnering widespread acclaim. For portraying Diana, Stewart was nominated for the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress.

Plot
On Christmas Eve 1991, the British royal family prepares to spend the Christmas holidays at the Queen's Sandringham estate in Norfolk. Among the attendees is Diana, Princess of Wales, whose marriage to Prince Charles has become strained due to his relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles. The staff of Sandringham prepare for the royals' arrival, and Diana drives around the Norfolk countryside. On the verge of a breakdown, she avoids heading to Sandringham until running into Royal Head Chef Darren McGrady. She notes that the long-abandoned neighbouring estate, Park House, was her childhood home. Then she notices a scarecrow in the distance and eagerly runs towards it with a nostalgic expression. Diana takes off its jacket, which once belonged to her father John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer, and goes back to her car.

When Diana arrives at Sandringham, her sons William and Harry are excited to see her, but she does not attempt to socialise with the rest of the royal family, who mostly ignore her. Diana's only friend at Sandringham is royal dresser Maggie, who encourages her to both combat the royal family and fulfil the obligations expected of her. Diana finds a book on Anne Boleyn in her bedroom. She begins to have dreams about Boleyn (including a hallucination of her at a Christmas Eve dinner where she imagines herself destroying a pearl necklace given to her by Charles and eating the pearls in her soup), eventually coming to believe that Boleyn's ghost is haunting her in her capacity as a fellow abandoned royal wife. Diana tries to visit her childhood home, but she is stopped by royal guards, who initially mistake her for an intruder.

On Christmas Day, Diana attends the service at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, where she notices Camilla among the gathered crowd and is photographed by numerous intrusive journalists. She holds a difficult conversation with Charles, who rebuffs her concern over William and Harry's participation in a pheasant shoot the next day and advises her to develop a stronger sense of separation between her public and private lives. Charles privately arranges for Maggie to be sent to London and spreads rumours that she had planted the Boleyn book in Diana's room and made critical comments about her mental health; McGrady denies that she had done so when Diana questions him.

Major Gregory attempts to encourage Diana to conform to the pressures of royal life by reminding her that the soldiers of the British Army die attempting to protect the interests of the Crown (and by extension her interests). Diana responds by stating that she never asked anyone to die for her and accuses him of planting the Boleyn book in her room as a warning, which he denies.

After imagining wounding herself with a pair of wire cutters given to her by McGrady, Diana avoids the formal Christmas Day dinner, instead running to her childhood home and gaining access to it with the wire cutters. Memories of her happier girlhood overtake her, and she dances from room to room while imagining her younger self. She considers committing suicide by throwing herself down a flight of stairs, but the hallucination of Boleyn stops her. Instead, she rips apart her pearl necklace.

On Boxing Day, Diana wakes up in her room to find that Maggie has been called back from London. The two travel to a nearby beach, where Diana talks about her mental and marital problems. Maggie responds by confessing that she is in love with Diana. After bidding Maggie farewell, Diana goes to the pheasant shoot, walks out in front of the crowd of hunters, and announces that she is taking William and Harry to London, to which Charles reluctantly agrees. Diana bids farewell to McGrady and Major Gregory returns the Boleyn book to the library. As they drive away, Diana and her children sing along to the song "All I Need Is a Miracle" by Mike and the Mechanics, passing the scarecrow again, now dressed in one of Diana's outfits. They drive to London, where they order KFC and eat by the River Thames. Diana looks across the river, uncertain of her future but no longer feeling burdened by royal responsibility.

Cast

Production
On 17 June 2020, it was announced that Pablo Larraín would direct Spencer, a film starring Kristen Stewart as Princess Diana. On 26 June 2020, it was reported that Neon had acquired the rights to distribute the film in the United States in a deal worth more than $4 million. In July 2020, STX Entertainment and DCM Film Distribution were set to distribute the film in the United Kingdom and Germany.

Filming
Filming began at the Schlosshotel Kronberg, Germany, in January 2021 with Timothy Spall, Sally Hawkins, and Sean Harris joining the cast. Other filming locations were the Schloss Marquardt in Marquardt, north of the city of Potsdam, and Nordkirchen Castle, the moated castle. On 25 March, production moved to the UK for the final stretch of filming, with Jack Farthing joining the cast as Prince Charles, and the film wrapped on 27 April 2021.

The film was shot on both Kodak Super 16mm and 35mm film stock by cinematographer Claire Mathon using the Arricam LT, and Arriflex 416 Plus. To achieve the film's specific look, she used a combination of Leitz Summilux and Zeiss Ultra 16 lenses.

In an interview with Kodak, Mathon said that shooting on film was their obvious choice, calling it a "necessity" and that "there was never a question about shooting digital or film". According to her, the only question was whether they would shoot the film in 16mm or 35mm film stock. She also revealed that she and Larraín reviewed sequences from various Stanley Kubrick films such as Barry Lyndon (1975) and A Clockwork Orange (1971) to learn about the style of camera movement, rhythm of the shots, and the use of short focal lenses.

Most of the film was shot on Super 16mm film format due to the lightness, and ergonomics of the equipment used while also revealing that economic advantages is also part of the reason. In some scenes where they want to minimize the grain, they opted for the 35mm film stock as it retains both softness and details on the darker part of the image.

Film processing and 4K 16-bit scans were done at Hiventy in Paris, while the cameras was supported by Arri Rental in Berlin, Germany.

Music

Jonny Greenwood composed the score. The score was released by Mercury KX on 12 November 2021. Writing for the You Discover Music website, Sharon Kelly described the soundtrack, stating: "Jonny Greenwood's genre bending music for the Spencer soundtrack combines free jazz and classical baroque."

Release
Spencer had its world premiere in competition at the Venice International Film Festival. It then screened at film festivals in Telluride, Toronto, London, Philadelphia, San Diego and Zurich.

The film was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and the United States on 5 November 2021.  It was the last film to be distributed by STX Entertainment in the United Kingdom before the distributor's UK division was shut down on July 28, 2022.

Reception

Box office
Spencer grossed more than $7 million in the United States and Canada, and $18.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $25.2 million.

In the United States and Canada, Spencer made $2.1 million from 996 theatres in its opening weekend. In its second weekend, the film played in 1,265 theatres and made $1.53 million.

Critical response

Upon the teaser trailer's release, Forbes reported that the role "thrusts" Stewart "into the Oscar race" for the Academy Award for Best Actress. After the film's world premiere, Variety also stated, "There's already been plenty of talk in Venice that the role will likely land Stewart her first Oscar nomination." The film received a three-minute standing ovation at its world premiere, with critics lauding Stewart's performance as Diana.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 83% of 351 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Spencer can frustrate with its idiosyncratic depiction of its subject's life, but Kristen Stewart's finely modulated performance anchors the film's flights of fancy." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film "rests on Stewart's shoulders and she commits to the film's slightly bonkers excesses as much as to its moments of delicate illumination" and wrote that "[not] everything lands in Spencer, and I often wondered if the film was so set on bucking convention that it would alienate its audience. But it tells a sorrowful story we all think we know in a new and genuinely disturbing light." Reviewing the film for The Daily Telegraph, Robbie Collin wrote: "The 31-year-old Stewart – who will be instantly and justifiably awards-tipped for this – navigates this perilous terrain with total mastery, getting the voice and mannerisms just right but vamping everything up just a notch, in order to better lean into the film's melodramatic, paranoiac and absurdist swerves." Drawing comparisons between the film and the Jacqueline Kennedy biopic Jackie (2016), also directed by Larraín, Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood stated that "Spencer is something else indeed, almost playing out in a conventional dramatic fashion, a more accessible approach in some ways, but also more ambitious as it is squarely from the point of view of its title character, purposely called Spencer to assure us that the person who once was, is well on the way to finding that very lost spirit again before it is too late."

Spencer was listed on many critics' top ten lists for 2021.

Response of the Princess' staff
Stewart's portrayal of Diana was hailed as one of the most accurate portrayals of the late Princess. Ken Wharfe, Diana's former bodyguard, commented, "Out of all the people who have played Diana over the past 10 years, she's the closest to her. She managed to perfect her mannerisms." Former Royal Chef Darren McGrady, who was portrayed by actor Sean Harris in the film, said, "Kristen Stewart is amazing as the princess, with her mannerisms and her voice ... the happy scenes of her with the boys, it was like her coming alive again. For real, Kristen Stewart played an amazing part." However, McGrady also pointed out that the film took considerable liberties, especially with its use of metaphors, but acknowledged that the film was a fictionalised take on what possibly could have happened.

Accolades

References

External links

 Official screenplay

2020s English-language films
2021 drama films
2021 films
2020s psychological drama films
American Christmas drama films
American psychological drama films
British Christmas drama films
British psychological drama films
English-language German films
English-language Chilean films
German Christmas drama films
German psychological drama films
Chilean Christmas films
Chilean drama films
Cultural depictions of the British Royal Family
Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn
Cultural depictions of Charles III
Cultural depictions of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
Cultural depictions of William, Prince of Wales
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth II
Films about British royalty
Films about Diana, Princess of Wales
Films about eating disorders
Films about depression
Films directed by Pablo Larraín
Films with screenplays by Steven Knight
Films scored by Jonny Greenwood
Films set in country houses
Films set in London
Films set in Norfolk
Films shot in Hesse
Films shot in North Rhine-Westphalia
Films shot in Potsdam
Films set in 1991
FilmNation Entertainment films
Films about mother–son relationships
Neon (company) films
Topic Studios films
Films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic
2020s American films
2020s British films
2020s avant-garde and experimental films

Spencer (film)


The New York Military Affairs Symposium (NYMAS), is an independent, not for profit educational body dedicated to the preservation and furthering of military history in the city of New York. The membership includes scholars, active and retired military personnel, and concerned civilians. NYMAS is devoted to increasing public knowledge, awareness and understanding of military history, arms control, international relations, defense policy, disarmament, civil-military relations, international security, Veterans Affairs and the interrelationship of war, society, and culture through the presentation and dissemination of diverse scholarly viewpoints - with particular reference to the history of warfare involving the United States and of Americans at war.

Background
NYMAS has it origins in the late 1970s, when some graduate students in military history from CUNY, members of the Arms Control Workshop at Columbia University, and a number of interested laymen began holding periodic informal study groups, at Columbia, the Loeb Student Center at New York University, the former CUNY Graduate Center on 42nd Street, and in private homes.  On occasion, members were able to arrange for distinguished historians and other scholars to meet with the group, often over dinner.

In 1982 NYMAS was incorporated as a not-for-profit academic organization under the laws of the State of New York.

Overview
Since incorporation, NYMAS has hosted more than a thousand guests, including scholars working in many diverse disciplines, as well as journalists, graduate students, active and former military personnel, museum curators, peace activists, novelists, diplomats, political leaders, documentarians, and many more.  Many guests have been well-established scholars or specialists in their fields, such as Sir Michael Howard, Gerhard Weinberg, Gary Sick, Geoffrey P. Megargee, Peter Paret, David Glantz, Morris Rossabi, Sir John Keegan, Thomas Fleming, Sir Jeremy Black, Gunther E. Rothenberg Ellen Schrecker, Sir Max Hastings, David Kahn, Susan Shwartz, Kevin Baker, Theodore Cook, and Christopher Duffy.  Most, however, have been younger scholars, a number of whom have subsequently attained some measure of fame, such as James S. Corum, Ross Hassig, David Petraeus, Peter Mansoor, and Arden Bucholz, to note but a few.

NYMAS currently presents twenty-three lectures each academic year. These are given by scholars, journalists, diplomats, active and retired military personnel, and knowledgeable laymen represent viewpoints all across the political spectrum. In addition, NYMAS usually holds two day-and-a-half conferences each year, bringing together scholars, veterans, diplomats, and others, to explore a particular topic in some depth, and occasionally holds special events.

Sampling of programs

A short list of some of the talks given over the years illustrates the breadth of interests and topics covered by NYMAS:
 "Imperialism and World System Formation: The Case of Teotihuacan"
 "Strategy and Technology in the American Civil War"
 "Ancient Greek and Roman Military Leadership"
 "The French Army and the Dreyfus Affair"
 "Islamic-Mongol Warfare"
 "'High Treason': The Stalinist Purges"
 "William Donovan, Mussolini, and the Ethiopian War"
 "Amphibious Warfare Doctrine in the Inter-War Years"
 "Fortification and Authority in Medieval Ireland"
 "Racism in the Frontier Army"
 "The Battle of Brooklyn"
 "Hell Fighters from Harlem"
 "Horses, Hitler, and the German Army"
 "The Jewish Contribution in The Civil War"
 "Winston Churchill and the Dardanelles"
 "Warfare in Roman Britain"
 "My Lai and the International Criminal Court,"
 "Taranto: Europe's Pearl Harbor?"
 "Warfare Among the Northwest Coast Indians"
 "Eighteenth Century British Amphibious Operations in the Caribbean"
 "Women Writers, National Socialism, and World War II"
 "Airpower in the Spanish Civil War"

NYMAS talks are frequently broadcast on CSPAN's American History TV

NYMAS conferences have dealt with such topics as "The New Balkan Wars", "1942: Year of Decision", "The Novelist and the Historian", "The Invasion of Japan, 1945", "Military Operations on the Eastern Front, 1944-1945", "Longstreet Reconsidered", which led to the publication of James Longstreet: The Man, the Soldier, the Controversy (1998), and "The Makers of Non-Western Strategy."

NYMAS often co-sponsors events, over the years having partnered with the CUNY Office of Veterans' Affairs, Independent Network News, the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy, the New York City CWRT, the New York University East Asian Studies Program, the Western Front Association, Weaponry (radio program) on WBAI, and other groups in arranging lectures or conferences.

In addition to lectures and conferences, NYMAS has occasionally sponsored or co-sponsored special events, such as museum tours, film screenings, staff rides, and historical re-enactments.

NYMAS book awards
NYMAS publishes a quarterly review of recent literature for members, and annually presents The Arthur Goodzeit Book Award, for the best new work in military history or a related field, and The NYMAS Civil War Award, which can go to a notable new book on the American Civil War or to a distinguished scholar for lifetime achievement. The award currently includes $1,000 prize money, courtesy of Robert and Martha Rowen.

The NYMAS website  carries a variety of resources, such as the current lecture schedule, scholarly papers, book extracts, podcasts of recent lectures, and other reference materials, including lists of books and scholars who have received the NYMAS awards.

Venue
NYMAS talks are generally held on Fridays at 7:00 pm during the academic year at the Soldiers', Sailors', Marines', Coast Guard and Airmen's Club (SSAMC) located at 283 Lexington Avenue, corner 37th Street in midtown Manhattan.

Legal status and administration
NYMAS is a tax exempt membership corporation chartered under the laws of New York State and is associated with the Society for Military History, Region 2.

Presidents of NYMAS:
 Prof. Brian R. Sullivan, Yale, The Naval War College, & National Defense University, 1982-1990
 Prof. David Syrett, CUNY, 1990-2004
 Prof. David Gordon; CUNY, 2004-date

Executive Directors:
 Geraldo Trombella
 Robert L. Miller 1945-2016
 Dan David
 Eugene Feit 1948-2010
 Kathleen Broome Williams

Selection of previous speakers and topics
Citation for all speakers and topics: NYMAS.org

References

External links

 The NYMAS Website http://nymas.org/
 NYMAS on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NewYorkMAS
 NYMAS audio podcasts and fulltext resources http://nymas.org/podcasts.html

Organizations based in New York City
Historical societies of the United States
Veterans' affairs in the United States
Murray Hill, Manhattan
Clubs and societies in New York City
Historical societies in New York City
1970s establishments in New York City

New York Military Affairs Symposium


DeWitt Wiley "Bevo" LeBourveau (August 24, 1896 – December 10, 1947) was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder who appeared in 280 Major League games played and 1,584 contests in Minor League Baseball over 17 seasons (1918–1934). Born in Dana, California, LeBourveau attended Santa Clara University. He stood  tall, weighed , batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

LeBourveau compiled a .349 lifetime batting average in the minors, leading the top-level American Association twice in hitting as a member of the Toledo Mud Hens, in 1926 (.377) and 1930 (.380). Each season he exceeded 100 runs batted in — the only times he passed the century mark in RBI during his career.

As a Major Leaguer, he played in 268 games over four years (1919–1922) with the Philadelphia Phillies, then a dozen more games in a 1929 trial with the city's American League club, the Athletics of Connie Mack.  In 788 at bats, he collected 217 hits, including 27 doubles and 11 triples as well as 11 home runs.  In the minors, his 2,315 hits included 120 home runs.

LeBourveau became a police officer in Placerville, California, after his baseball career ended in 1934; he died in his sleep at age 51 in Nevada City.

References

External links

 Find a Grave

1896 births
1947 deaths
Baseball players from California
Columbus Red Birds players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Little Rock Travelers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Montreal Royals players
Nashville Vols players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
Sportspeople from Shasta County, California
People from Placerville, California
Sportspeople from El Dorado County, California
Peoria Tractors players
Philadelphia Athletics players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Portland Beavers players
Seattle Giants players
Toledo Mud Hens players

Bevo LeBourveau


The mesopause is the point of minimum temperature at the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere atmospheric regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong radiative cooling from carbon dioxide, the mesosphere is the coldest region on Earth with temperatures as low as -100 °C (-148 °F or 173 K). The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact there are two mesopauses - one at about 85 km and a stronger one at about 100 km (62 mi), with a layer of slightly warmer air between them.

Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the mesopause anomaly). It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole. Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause. In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to gravity wave dissipation, which deposits momentum against the mean east–west flow, resulting in a small north–south circulation.

In recent years the mesopause has also been the focus of studies on global climate change associated with increases in CO2. Unlike the troposphere, where greenhouse gases result in the atmosphere heating up, increased CO2 in the mesosphere acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission. This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO2. Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study. Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out.

See also

 Jet stream
 Maximum parcel level

References

Atmospheric thermodynamics
Atmospheric boundaries
Atmosphere of Earth

Mesopause


James Kelly (1809–1895) was a founder of Chicago Tribune, serving as business manager among other roles when the first daily issue of the paper came out July 10, 1847, according to the recollection of a partner some 50 years later in the Tribune. The partner, Joseph K.C. Forrest, recalled his colleague as a "practical writer." But Kelly evidently left journalism for more profitable ventures: the recollection described him as involved in the wholesale leather trade.

Prior to producing the Chicago Daily Tribune, Kelly helped to create a literary journal, the Gem of the Prairie, which in the typically fast-moving style of frontier newspapers, experienced several name, format, and ownership evolutions prior to becoming the Tribune.

At the time of his death, The New York Times reported that Kelly was a man of property who "owned a great deal of property in and about Chicago."

References

1809 births
1895 deaths
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers

James Kelly (journalist)


Aida Semyonovna Vedishcheva (, born Ida Solomonovna Weiss, , 10 June 1941) is a Soviet and American singer. In the 1960s, she contributed songs to several film soundtracks, including the timeless hits: "Song About Bears", "Help Me", "Forest Deer", "She-bear's Lullaby", "I'll Wait for You", "Chunga-Changa", "Blue Water", "The First Spring" and many others.

Biography

Early life

Aida Vedishcheva was born in Kazan (administrative center of Tatar ASSR) in the doctor's family of scientist, professor of dentistry Solomon Weiss and surgeon Elena Emelyanova, who arrived from Kyiv just before World War II. In 1951, the Ministry of Health offered professor Weiss to open faculty of therapeutic dentistry in Irkutsk, Siberia. There, Vedishcheva finished her School and Music School.

Afterwards (by her parents' request), she enrolled into the Pedagogical Institute of the foreign languages, where she studied both the German and English languages and at the same time she was performing in the student theater of the musical comedy. Upon graduating from the institute, Vedishcheva left for Moscow, to fulfill her dream of becoming an actress-singer. She tried to enroll into the Mikhail Shchepkin Higher Theatre School but failed. After that, she began her singing career due to her strong and beautiful voice.

Music career
Aida Vedishcheva began her singing performance career in the early 1960s, in Orel State Philharmonic Society. Vedishcheva sang in the famous jazz orchestras of Oleg Lundstrem and later of Leonid Utyosov orchestras. From 1966 on, she was performing along with the "Meloton" ensemble (a variety theatrical performance "Singing Short Stories" was created) as well as the Vocal-instrumental ensemble (VIE) "Blue Guitars" led by Igor Granov. The same year (1966), Vedishcheva became a laureate of the First "All-Union Competition of Soviet Song". She achieved the national recognition after singing "Song About Bears" in 1967 for the movie Kidnapping, Caucasian Style (seven and a half million records were sold). The song from the movie-musical "Red, Blue, Green" (1967). In 1968, for the song "Geese, Geese" ("Gusi, gusi") she received a diploma at the Sopot International song festival (the Polish Baltic Sea coast). That was followed by such songs/movie soundtracks as "Volcano of Desires" ("Help Me") for the movie The Diamond Arm (1968), the soundtrack for the movie "White Piano" with the song "I'll Wait for You", "The First Spring". With the song "Comrade" (1970), Vedishcheva won the 1st prize on the competition at the Moscow radio station "Youth". The record of this song was sold by millions by the record firm "Melodia" and became the hymn of youth of 1970's. The next hit from Aida came with "Forest Deer" from the movie Way to go Nastia!". These popular songs of Ms. Vedishcheva has been sold by firm "Melodia" in circulation of 30 million copies.

Despite her great success among the listeners, she met numerous obstacles from the Soviet officials. One of the reasons was the anti-Semitism politics of Sergey Lapin, the chairman of All-Union Radio as well as her unauthorized performance in Sopot Festival shortly after the events of the Prague Spring (after which she was blacklisted by the USSR Ministry of Culture). Among such obstacles there were cases when her name not making into movies' credits, prohibition of concert tours abroad, even cancellation of concerts, cold receptions on television, erased tapes with her recordings on the radio. For example, her song "Forest Deer" was recognized as the Song of the Year, but on the television instead of Aida it was performed by Loktev ensemble. From the mid-1970s on, Vedishcheva's name disappeared from the credits of some movies and cartoons. In March 1980, she finally left with her mother and son to New York.

In New York, Vedishcheva had to start her singing career from the ground up. She enrolled in Brooklyn College, taking a course of theater program, where she studied American history of Hollywood, Broadway, cinematography, and dance. At first, Vedishcheva resided in New York City, then she moved to Los Angeles. In the US she was able to receive recognition, creating her own theatrical One Woman Show, performing at Carnegie Recital Hall, Avery Fisher Hall of Lincoln Center and other venues under the pseudonym "Amazing Aida" (that's how she was called by the press of Miami, Florida). At that time her repertoire included: numbers from the popular Broadway musicals and Hollywood movies as well as the great hits of French composer Michel Legrand, her Russian hits, as well as Jewish folk songs.

In the beginning of the 1990s, Aida Vedishcheva was diagnosed with stage III cancer. Despite doctors' precautions, Vedishcheva insisted on her surgery and went through chemotherapy - treatments to which the disease yielded.

Since 1989, she has repeatedly visited the Soviet Union, then Russia. In 2000, she took part in the Golden Smash Hit Festival in Mogilev.

In 1998, Vedishcheva put on the show Miss Liberty for the new millennium. After the September 11 attacks she wrote the musical "Masterpiece and the singing Liberty" and dedicated it to the Statue of Liberty. The musical was performed on Broadway in 2007.

In 1985, she moved to Los Angeles. In 2001, her biography was included in the Historical Book "Who is Who in Russian Speaking California", Copyright 2001 American Russian Business Council, Control Number 2002100217.

Soviet era golden hits of Aida

 Be With Me As Before (music Vladimir Shainsky, words А. Nagorniak)
 Cranes (music E. Khanok, words А. Dostal)
 Love (music О. Feltsman, words N. Olev)
 Answer (music S. Pozhalkov, words N. Malyshev)
 I'll Wait for You (music Aleksandr Zatsepin, words О. Gadjikasimov)
 Forest deer
 Geese, Geese (music S. Pozhalkov, words N. Malyshev)
 Comrade (music О. Ivanov, words А. Prokofyev)
 In Any Way You'll Be Mine (music Аleksandr Zatsepin, words Leonid Derbenyov)
 You Argued Without Purpose (music B. Savelyev, words V. Kharitonov)
 Simply the Aage is Such (music B. Savelyev, words М. Pliatskovsky)
 Be as it May (music Yan Frenkel, words М. Tanich)
 Steps in Grass (music Мichel Legrand, words I. Reznik)

In movies
 Three Plus Two - Let them talk (music A. Volkonsky, words S. Mikhalkov)
 Kidnapping, Caucasian Style — Song About Bears (music A. Zatsepin, words L. Derbenyov)
 White piano — Road Song (music А. Zatsepin, words О. Gadjikasimov)
 White piano — First Spring (music А. Zatsepin, words О. Gadjikasimov)
 White piano — Song about Dushanbe (music А. Zatsepin, words О. Gadjikasimov)
 The Diamond Arm — Help Me (music А. Zatsepin, words L. Derbenyov)
 Angel in a Skullcap - You'll still be mine (music А. Zatsepin, words L. Derbenyov)
 Visiting the Moscow police - Spring is music (music R. Mayorov, words A. Olgin)
 Way to go Nastia! — Forest Deer (music Y. Krylatov, words Y. Entin)

In cartoons
 Umka — She-bear's Lullaby (music Yevgeny Krylatov, words Yuri Yakovlev)
 Katerok — Chunga-Changa (music Vladimir Shainsky, words Yuri Entin)
 And Mom Will Forgive Me — Tovarisch (music Oleg Ivanov, words Alexander Prokofyev)

Partial discography
Studio albums
 1969 — Poyot Aida Vedishcheva (LP, «Melodiya» 33Д—26625)
 1974 — Aida Vedishcheva (LP, «Melodiya» С60—05165)
Compilations
 2003 — Zolotaya Collectsiya Retro (CD, «Bomba Music» BoMB 033-109)
 2005 — Ya Pesney, Kak Vetrom, Napolyu Stranu (CD, «Bomba Music» BoMB 033-169)
 2011 — Zvezdy Sovetskoy Estrady (CD, «Bomba Music» BoMB 033-669)
 2020 — Aida Vedishcheva (LP, «BCHX» BCHX 202010)

Awards
 :ru:КиноВатсон — "For the greatest input in the art of cinema"

References

External links
 Program with Aida Vedishcheva on the "Autoradio" (wma)
 Two interviews
 Interview to "Nezavisimaya gazeta"
 Aida Vedishcheva, a singer behind a scene ("Kopeika", February 10, 2006)
 Program "Celebrities"
 Somewhere in the world… («Moskovskij Komsomolets»)
 Aida Vedishcheva: nobody wanted to leave (Radio of Russia)
 Planida of Aida. Visiting the "Krugozor" journal, a legend of the Russian pop-music Aida Vedishcheva
 Aida at youtube

1941 births
20th-century American women singers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American sopranos
Brooklyn College alumni
Living people
Musicians from Kazan
Russian Jews
Russian pop singers
Russian sopranos
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Soviet women singers
Soviet Jews
Soviet pop singers
Soviet sopranos
20th-century Russian women singers
21st-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers

Aida Vedishcheva


The Victoria Park Viaduct is a major motorway viaduct carrying the Auckland Northern Motorway (State Highway 1) over the Victoria Park area in the Auckland city centre, New Zealand. Construction began in 1959, and the bridge was opened on 5 April 1962. Due to the high traffic volumes passing through on their way to and from North Shore City, and because the viaduct is only four lanes wide in total (while adjacent motorway stretches are at least six lanes), the bridge over the park is considered "one of the country's worst traffic bottlenecks", with around 200,000 vehicles a day.

After improvements to the Central Motorway Junction directly to the south in the early 2000s, Transit New Zealand, the highways authority, initially proposed a widening of the viaduct, which met with opposition from locals as well as from the Auckland City Council and the Auckland Regional Council, because it would further burden the Victoria Park area with more traffic and a larger overpass structure. In 2004, the authority agreed that instead of a second viaduct, the 'Vic Park Tunnel' should be built, carrying northbound traffic only west of the existing structure, freeing it for southbound traffic.

See also
Auckland Harbour Bridge
Central Motorway Junction
Newmarket Viaduct
Victoria Park, Auckland
Western Reclamation

References

Viaducts in New Zealand
Concrete bridges in New Zealand
Bridges in Auckland
State Highway 1 (New Zealand)
Auckland CBD

Victoria Park Viaduct


Victoria Symphony Splash is an annual event held in Victoria, British Columbia on the Sunday before BC Day. The event is produced by the Victoria Symphony and consists of the Victoria Symphony playing, live on a barge, in the middle of Victoria's Inner Harbour.  Also included in the event is a very large fireworks display, as well as live cannon fire, during the 1812 Overture.  The concert is led by Victoria Symphony Music Director Tania Miller. The 2016 event on July 31 will be the 27th Victoria Symphony Splash.

The free event leads to about 40,000 spectators gathered around the Victoria waterfront, as well as on the grounds of the British Columbia Parliament Buildings and The Empress Hotel. It is one of the largest annual symphony events in North America.  Hundreds of people also gather in boats and kayaks to watch the concert. Each year, a young soloist is a featured performer with the orchestra.

References

External links
Victoria Symphony
Victoria Symphony Splash

Culture of Victoria, British Columbia
Music festivals in British Columbia
Tourist attractions in Victoria, British Columbia
Classical music festivals in Canada

Symphony Splash


Saúl Mendoza Hernández (born January 6, 1967, in Mexico City) is a Mexican former wheelchair racer, who competed at the Olympic and Paralympic levels.

He acquired polio when he was 6 months old and grew up playing a variety of different sports. At the 2000 Olympic Games, he finished first in the demonstration event of Men's 1500m wheelchair. He finished second in the same event at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He won six medals in different athletics events at the Paralympic Games – 2 gold, 1 silver, and 3 bronze – in a career that spanned from Seoul 1988 to Beijing 2008. He was the flag-bearer for the Mexican team in the Sydney 2000 and Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games.

Mendoza won the Men's Wheelchair Race of the London Marathon in 2004 in controversial circumstances after following a police motorbike through a shortcut on the course near the turn-around at The Cutty Sark, cutting the course short by approximately 200m. He went on to finish the race with a comfortable lead ahead of British athlete David Weir and escaped disqualification. He went on to defend this title in 2005. He has also won the wheelchair division in the Twin Cities Marathon nine times.

The 2008 Paralympic Games were his sixth and final Paralympic appearance, as he had previously announced he would retire from competition after the Games. Online records indicate he competed in the 2012 Paralympics, and is currently active on Linked In, a professional networking group.

However, he returned to the sport to compete in the 2012 London Paralympic marathon on Sunday 9 September having earlier in the season set a new personal best of 1:24:23.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Mexican male wheelchair racers
Paralympic wheelchair racers
Paralympic athletes for Mexico
Paralympic gold medalists for Mexico
Paralympic silver medalists for Mexico
Paralympic bronze medalists for Mexico
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Olympic wheelchair racers for Mexico
Wheelchair racers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Wheelchair racers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Wheelchair racers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes from Mexico City
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2007 Parapan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Parapan American Games
20th-century Mexican people

Saúl Mendoza


Lambton County is a county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Plympton–Wyoming. The largest city in the county is Sarnia. The county was formed in 1849. It was named after John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham.

According to the 2011 census, 124,623 people lived in the county. Most people in the county work in manufacturing and retail trade. The Pinery Provincial Park is a popular tourist destination.

Counties of Ontario

Lambton County


Princess of Wales () is a royal title used in the United Kingdom. It is held by the wife of the Prince of Wales. It has been used since the first English Prince of Wales, in 1283.

The current Princess of Wales is Catherine, the wife of William, Prince of Wales.

There have been only ten Princesses of Wales, even though there have been a lot more than ten male heirs to the throne. The majority of Princes of Wales married after acceding to the throne as King. A number of other Princes of Wales died too young to marry.

Until 2022, the second wife of the past Prince of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, was the Princess of Wales, but did not use the title, out of respect for her husband's first wife, the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

The princess is usually entitled to the style of Her Highness.

References
Princesses of Wales by Deborah Fisher. University of Wales Press, 2005.
 'Tystiolaeth Garth Celyn' Y Traethodydd 1998,

More reading

Princess of Wales


The Group of Two (G-2 or G2) was a proposed informal special relationship between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America. Originally initiated in 2005 by C. Fred Bergsten as primarily an economic relationship, it began to gain wider currency and scope from foreign policy experts as a term recognizing the centrality of the Sino-American relations near the beginning of the Obama Administration. Prominent advocates include former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, historian Niall Ferguson, former World Bank President Robert Zoellick and former chief economist Justin Yifu Lin.

As two of the most influential and powerful countries in the world, there have been increasingly strong suggestions within American political circles of creating a G-2 relationship where the United States and China would work out solutions to global problems together, and to prevent another cold war.

History
The concept of a G-2 was first raised by noted economist C. Fred Bergsten in 2005. In 2009, Bergsten made the following arguments for such a relationship:

Zbigniew Brzezinski had been a vocal advocate for the concept. He publicly advanced the notion in Beijing in January 2009 as the two countries celebrated the 30th anniversary of establishing formal diplomatic ties. He views the informal G-2 as helpful in finding solutions to the global financial crisis, climate change (see Politics of global warming), North Korea's nuclear program, Iran's nuclear program, the Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, United Nations peacekeeping, nuclear proliferation, and nuclear disarmament. He called the principle of "harmony" a "mission worthy of the two countries with the most extraordinary potential for shaping our collective future".

Historian Niall Ferguson has also advocated the G-2 concept. He coined the term Chimerica to describe the symbiotic nature of the U.S.-China economic relationship.

Robert Zoellick, former president of the World Bank, and Justin Yifu Lin, the Bank's former chief economist and senior vice president, have stated that the G-2 is crucial for economic recovery and that the U.S. and China must work together. They state that "without a strong G-2, the G-20 will disappoint".

While widely discussed, the concept of a G-2 has not been fully defined. According to Brzezinski, G-2 described the current realities, while for former British Foreign Secretary David Miliband, a G-2 could emerge in the foreseeable future. Miliband proposes EU integration as a means to create a potential G-3 that consists of the United States, China and the European Union.

Former President Barack Obama and former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton have been very supportive of good relations between the two countries and more cooperation on more issues more often. Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger has stated that U.S.–China relationship should be "taken to a new level". Some experts have disagreed with the effectiveness of a G-2. However, Clinton has said that there is no G-2.

On June 2023, ideas on the G2 has resurfaced as a potential way to guide Sino-US relations.

The G-2 concept has been often evoked in international media during major bilateral meetings such as the Strategic and Economic Dialogue and state visits as well as during global summits like the G-20 meetings and the Copenhagen Summit.

See also
 Chimerica
 China–United States relations
 United States–China security cooperation
 East Asia island arcs
 EU three
 G7
 G8
 G20
 Most favoured nation
 State capitalism
 U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue

References

China–United States relations
Proposed international organizations
2005 neologisms

Group of Two


Viacom, Inc. (short for Video & Audio Communications) wis an American global mass media company wi interests primarily in, but nae limited tae, cinema an cable telly. It is the warld's saxt lairgest broadcastin an cable company in terms o revenue (behind The Walt Disney Company, Time Warner, Comcast, Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., an CBS Corporation, respectively).

References

Companies based in Manhattan
Companies established in 2005
Media companies based in New York Ceety
Multinaitional companies based in New York Ceety
Publicly tradit companies based in New York Ceety
Companies leetit on NASDAQ
Companies umwhile leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge
Conglomerate companies o the Unitit States
Re-established companies
2019 mergers an acquiseetions
Conglomerate companies disestablished in 2019
Mass media companies disestablished in 2019

Viacom (2005–2019)


Sproat Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park near Port Alberni in British Columbia, Canada's Vancouver Island.  Its name derives from a lake named after 19th century entrepreneur and colonial official Gilbert Malcolm Sproat.

Petroglyphs
One of the park's most significant features is a panel of petroglyphs called "K'ak'awin" on lakeshore rocks depicting mythological figures. Though little is known of the origin of the prehistoric images, the area has been traditionally occupied by the Hupacasath First Nation.

Park features
The 39-hectare park on Highway 4 is 15 kilometres west of Port Alberni and is a popular recreation area featuring swimming and boating in Sproat Lake and camping. On the north shore of the lake, there is a popular boat launch, a small beach and 58 vehicle-accessible campsites in the park. The park is near the home base of Coulson Flying Tankers, which operates Martin Mars water bombers.

References

External links

Martin Mars - Coulson Flying Tankers

Alberni Valley
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Rock art in North America
Petroglyphs in Canada
Protected areas established in 1966
1966 establishments in British Columbia

Sproat Lake Provincial Park


Brian Mitchell is a musical artist who records and performs his own original music. He has also worked with artists such as Levon Helm & The Midnight Ramble Band, Bob Dylan, BB King, Al Green, Dolly Parton,  Buster Poindexter, and Allen Toussaint. Mitchell has appeared on five Grammy Award-winning recordings, three with Levon Helm, and one each with BB King and with Les Paul. In 2015, Brian was inducted into the New York Blues Hall Of Fame. He is known to have versatility on piano, Hammond B-3 organ, accordion, various vintage keyboards and harmonica, plus his distinct vocal stylings.

Mitchell is a native New Yorker and is a part of Manhattan's competitive live music scene. Known for kicking out high-energy performances, Mitchell's own original music features a unique blend of gutbucket blues, funky New Orleans style R& B, quirky Latin rhythms, and occasional visits into outer space.

Brian is currently performing throughout the country with The Weight, former members of The Band & The Levon Helm Midnight Ramble celebrating the music of The Band. He performs much of his original music with "The Brian Mitchell Band" as well as with his accordion power trio "Fatboy Kanootch" with Clark Gayton on tuba. He also performs funky electronica music with "House OF Diablo" featuring Shawn Pelton on drums and electronic percussion at various nightclubs and performance spaces around New York City.

Brian's work as a composer has been featured in TV, film, and theatre. His original music with "House Of Diablo" was featured in the Robert Altman movie "Tanner On Tanner". His blues piano stylings were used in Bill Sims music for August Wilson's Broadway play "8 Pianos".  Brian also cowrote the music for the AMC TV series "Hell On Wheels" with Marc Copely and James Dolan and recently, the song "Step Away" written by Brian and Christine Santelli was included on Bettye LaVette's Grammy nominated CD "Worthy".

Brian has made frequent TV appearances including performances on "The Late Show with David Letterman", "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", and "The Tonight Show" appearing with artists such as Dolly Parton, Dwight Yoakam, and Rosanne Cash. He has made an appearance on the soap opera "One Life To Live" as a mysterious piano man in the local hotel bar. Brian's accordion can be heard throughout Bob Dylan's version of the Dean Martin chestnut "Return To Me" on the HBO series "The Sopranos". Other special collaborations include accompanying actor Christopher Walken on accordion in the movie "Search and Destroy" and playing piano with Amy Helm in the Vera Farmiga directed film "Higher Ground".

Brian performed with Levon Helm in the Grammy award-winning DVD "Live At The Ryman" along with Robert Plant, Steve Earle, Emmylou Harris, Buddy Miller, and Sheryl Crow. On the PBS show "The Love For Levon Concert", he can be seen performing with Roger Waters, Gregg Allman & Warren Haynes, John Mayer, John Hiatt, John Prine, Mavis Staples, Lucinda Williams, Jakob Dylan, Dierks Bentley, Eric Church, and My Morning Jacket. On April 22, 2017, Brian performed on PBS once again with The Weight Band on "Live At The Infinity" and in November 2017, Brian appeared at The Woodland Festival in Namsos, Norway as the featured accordionist. In December 2017, Brian appeared at the 37th annual John Lennon Tribute at The Symphony Space performing the music of The Beatles "Sergeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band with Fatboy Kanootch.

His unique approach to performing and recording in the studio was the subject of a feature article in Keyboard Magazine. Subsequently, Brian has written various articles about his approach to performance as well as doing an interview with Allen Toussaint.

Recently, Mitchell released World Gone Mad as a member of The Weight Band. The project features contributions from Levon Helm, Jackie Greene and Stan Szelest.

References

External links

 Bio on Levon Helm's website
  "The Saint of New Orleans Piano" by Brian Mitchell. Interview of musician Allen Toussaint in Keyboard Magazine, November 2006.

Living people
American keyboardists
American accordionists
21st-century accordionists
Year of birth missing (living people)

Brian Mitchell (musician)


Rodney Perry (born September 15, 1970, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American comedian, actor and writer. He is most known for serving as co-host on BET's late night talk show The Mo'Nique Show where he provided laughs alongside actress and comedian Mo'Nique five nights a week from October 5, 2009, until the show ended on August 16, 2011.

Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Monroe, Louisiana, Perry found his way to comedy by way of the United States Navy, where he performed to some of his toughest audiences. He eventually moved to the Bay Area where he honed his comedic craft and perfected his stage show, which includes observations on everything from the workplace to the joys and occasional pains of raising a big family.

Career
For four seasons, Perry has served as co-host and Man on the Street for TV One's comedy competition Bill Bellamy's Who's Got Jokes? He's also appeared on HBO's Def Comedy Jam, BET's Comic View, Showtime's Jamie Foxx's Laffapalooza, Starz Network's Martin Lawrence Presents First Amendment Stand-Up, E! Network's Chelsea Lately and Byron Allen's Comics Unleashed. On the big screen, Perry joined Tyler Perry and a host of stars in Tyler Perry's 2011 film Tyler Perry's Madea's Big Happy Family. Perry has also teamed up with Tony Rock in the film The Last Laugh, a drama about comedy.  In addition to his nightly role on The Mo'Nique Show, Perry constantly tours with his stand-up act.  He is currently preparing to shoot his first comedy special, Rodney Perry All the Way Live, in summer 2011.

Filmography

Film

Television

Documentary

Comedy Special

References

External links
 Rodney Perry Official Website
 Rodney Perry Official Twitter
 Rodney Perry Official Facebook Page

1970 births
Living people
African-American male comedians
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
African-American television personalities
Male actors from Chicago
People from Monroe, Louisiana
African-American male actors
Comedians from Illinois
21st-century American comedians
Comedians from Louisiana
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

Rodney Perry


Woratep Rattana-umpawan (born August 1, 1969 in Bangkok) is a classical guitarist from Thailand.  He is the founder of the Thailand Guitar Society and the Asia International Guitar Festival, Bangkok.

Life
Woratep Rattana-umpawan began his guitar lessons when he was 12. He was the First Prize Winner of the Yamaha Guitar Festival Competition in Bangkok for three consecutive years from 1985-1987.  In 1987 he entered the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Chulalongkorn University and got a B.A. with second class honors in Western Music, majoring in Classical Guitar.

With his talents and skills in performance, he was invited to play solo in the "Chao Phraya Concerto" composed by Prof. Bruce Gaston in 1993.

Woratep was once again invited by one of the most famous musical institutions in Japan to perform in three recitals in April 2000. And in November 2000, he had an opportunity to take a private lesson with Mr. Eduardo Fernandez, the world famous guitarist, when Fernandez was performing a concert in Bangkok.

Woratep performs at international guitar festivals in many parts of the world and often in duo with Leon Koudelak.
His works such as Guitar Lai Thai I, II are available on cassettes and CDs.
Woratep is the first Thai classical guitarist who has performed worldwide at International Guitar Festivals is the first Thai classical guitarist to be well known in the world.

Teaching
In 1991 Woratep was Head of the Guitar Department at Chinatkarn Music School.

Woratep Rattana-umpawan is full-time teacher at the Conservatory of Music, Rangsit University in Bangkok and also taught at the Thailand Guitar Society. His influence and involvement in education had great influence on the younger Thai guitarist generation.

Guitars
Woratep uses a "Torres" replica by Yuichi Imai.

Discography
Guitar Lai Thai
Guitar Lai Thai vol.2

Editions
Two Thai Traditional Songs
(Soi Saeng Daeng, Kahmane Lai Kwa-ai,Chern Jao)
Edition "Homa Dream" HM099

References

External links
Biography and photo
 http://thailandguitarsociety.com
 http://aigf.weebly.com

Woratep Rattana-umpawan
Living people
1969 births

Woratep Rattana-umpawan


IPX/SPX stands for Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange. IPX and SPX are networking protocols used initially on networks using the (since discontinued) Novell NetWare operating systems. They also became widely used on networks deploying Microsoft Windows LANS, as they replaced NetWare LANS, but are no longer widely used. IPX/SPX was also widely used prior to and up to Windows XP, which supported the protocols, while later Windows versions do not, and TCP/IP took over for networking.

Protocol layers
IPX and SPX are derived from Xerox Network Systems' IDP and SPP protocols respectively. IPX is a network-layer protocol (layer 3 of the OSI model), while SPX is a transport-layer protocol (layer 4 of the OSI model). The SPX layer sits on top of the IPX layer and provides connection-oriented services between two nodes on the network. SPX is used primarily by client–server applications.

IPX and SPX both provide connection services similar to TCP/IP, with the IPX protocol having similarities to Internet Protocol, and SPX having similarities to TCP. IPX/SPX was primarily designed for local area networks (LANs) and is a very efficient protocol for this purpose (typically SPX's performance exceeds that of TCP on a small LAN, as in place of congestion windows and confirmatory acknowledgements, SPX uses simple NAKs). TCP/IP has, however, become the de facto standard protocol. This is in part due to its superior performance over wide area networks and the Internet (which uses IP exclusively), and also because TCP/IP is a more mature protocol, designed specifically with this purpose in mind.

Despite the protocols' association with NetWare, they are neither required for NetWare communication (as of NetWare 5.x), nor exclusively used on NetWare networks. NetWare communication requires an NCP implementation, which can use IPX/SPX, TCP/IP, or both, as a transport.

Implementations
Novell was largely responsible for the use of IPX as a popular computer networking protocol due to their dominance in the network operating system software market (with Novell Netware) from the late 1980s through the mid-1990s.

DOS
Novell's original NetWare client was written for DOS. Initial versions required a hard-linked protocol stack, where a separate executable would be created by the network administrator for each network card configuration on the network. This executable would be loaded at boot time and remain resident in memory until the system was shut down. Later implementations allowed the network stack to be loaded and unloaded dynamically, using pre-existing modules. This greatly simplified maintenance of client workstations on the network.

IPX/SPX was the de facto standard for DOS-era multi-user network games. Many games' longevity were extended through tunneling programs like Kali and Kahn which allowed them to be played over the internet instead of LAN-only. DOSBox emulates IPX over UDP.

Windows
Because of IPX/SPX's prevalence in LANs in the 1990s, Microsoft added support for the protocols into Windows' networking stack, starting with Windows for Workgroups and Windows NT. Microsoft even named their implementation "NWLink", implying that the inclusion of the layer 3/4 transports provided NetWare connectivity. In reality, the protocols were supported as a native transport for Windows' SMB/NetBIOS, and NetWare connectivity required additional installation of an NCP client (Microsoft provided a basic NetWare client with Windows 95 and later, but it was not automatically installed, and initially only supported NetWare bindery mode). NWLink was still provided with Windows (up to and including Windows Server 2003), but it is neither included with nor supported in Windows Vista. Its use is strongly discouraged because it cannot be used for Windows networking except as a transport for NetBIOS, which is deprecated.

For the most part, Novell's 32-bit Windows client software have eschewed NWLink for an alternative developed by Novell, although some versions permit use of Microsoft's IPX/SPX implementation (with warnings about potential incompatibility).

Others
For several years, Novell supplied a native NetWare client for OS/2. This was similar in structure to the client for DOS.

Novell also published an IPX client for Classic Mac OS called MacIPX. This was not only used by the Mac NetWare client, but also by games such as Doom and Warcraft III for multiplayer play.

Implementations have been written for various flavors of Unix/Linux, both by Novell and other vendors. In particular, Novell's UnixWare supported IPX/SPX natively. However, while UnixWare could act as a client to NetWare servers, and applications could optionally support IPX/SPX as a transport, UnixWare did not provide the ability to share files or printers on a NetWare network without an additional software package. Open Enterprise Server - Linux does not support IPX/SPX. The Linux kernel used to support IPX/SPX, but SPX support was removed in 2002, and IPX support was removed in 2018.

The open source FreeBSD operating system includes an IPX/SPX stack, to support both a NetWare file system client, nwfs, as well as NetWare server using Mars NWE (providing some functionality). OpenBSD dropped support with version 4.2, and 4.1 needed some work to compile with IPX.

Legacy
IPX usage has declined in recent years, as the rise of the Internet has made TCP/IP ubiquitous. Novell's initial attempt to support TCP/IP as a client protocol, called NetWare/IP, simply "tunneled" IPX within IP packets, allowing NetWare clients and servers to communicate over pure TCP/IP networks. However, due to complex implementation and a significant loss in performance due to the tunnelling overhead, NetWare/IP was largely ignored, except as a mechanism to route IPX through TCP/IP-only routers and WAN links. NetWare 5.x introduced native support for NCP over TCP/IP, which is now the preferred configuration. The successor to NetWare, Open Enterprise Server, comes in two flavors: OES-NetWare, which provides legacy support for IPX/SPX (deprecated), and OES-Linux, which only supports TCP/IP.

Both Microsoft and Novell have provided support (through Proxy Server/ISA Server and BorderManager respectively) for IPX/SPX as an intranet protocol to communicate through a firewall. This allows a machine using client software to access the Internet without having TCP/IP installed locally; the client software emulates a native TCP/IP stack and provides WinSock support for local applications (e.g. web browsers), but actually communicates with the firewall over IPX/SPX. In addition to simplifying migration for legacy IPX LANs, this provides a measure of security, as the use of the IPX protocol on the internal network provides a natural barrier against intruders, should the firewall be compromised.

One area where IPX remains useful is for bypassing VPN connections with security policies that prohibit communication with other LAN devices (such as printers and network-attached storage) via TCP/IP.

See also
 Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
 NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
 NetBIOS Frames (NBF)
 NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT)
 NWLink
 Communications protocol

References

Network architecture
Novell NetWare
XNS based protocols

IPX/SPX


The Hawaiian petrel or uau (Pterodroma sandwichensis) is a large, dark grey-brown and white petrel that is endemic to Hawaii.

Distribution
The Hawaiian petrel was formerly found on all the main Hawaiian Islands except Niihau, but today it is mostly restricted to Haleakalā crater on Maui; smaller populations exist on Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii, Waimea Canyon on the island of Kauai, Lānaihale on Lānai, and possibly Molokai.

It is also reportedly seen on the Galapagos Islands.  In 2013 a specimen was retrieved from Arizona near the Colorado River, marking the first inland North America record of this species.  On August 7, 2023, a Hawaiian petrel was reported near Cape Arago, proximate to Coos County, Oregon.   It is not the first record of the species in the state, and there are also reports of it from California.

Behavior

Feeding
Their diet consists of 50–75% squid, and smaller percentages of fish and crustaceans.

Breeding
These birds nest in burrows or rock crevices. Their breeding season extends from March to October. The female lays one white egg. When the chick hatches, the parents go out to sea and feed during the day, and return only at night. They pass their food on to the chicks by means of regurgitation. The chicks are charcoal-gray colored and were considered a delicacy by early Hawaiians. Scientists previously thought that the petrels remained relatively close to shore during the breeding season. New research employing microwave telemetry shows that the birds travel as far as Alaska and Japan during two-week-long feeding trips.

When returning to nest burrows at night, adults make a distinctive moaning "oo-ah-oo". At their burrows, adult birds also make a variety of yaps, barks, and squeals. The petrel's flight is characterized by high, steeply banked arcs and glides. Their wings are long and narrow with a wingspan of . The wings and tail are sooty-colored. Their feet are bicolored pink and black.

Status and conservation
The Hawaiian petrel is an endangered species. In addition to loss of habitat from development, the greatest threats to the petrel are feral cats, small Asian mongooses, and rats, all of which feed on the helpless chicks when they are inside their burrows. In Haleakalā National Park, great efforts are being made to reduce the number of feral animals, to preserve not only the Hawaiian petrel, but also many other rare Hawaiian birds that fall victim to predation. Wires injure the rare petrels and city lights disorient them, contributing to their decline. The Hawaiian petrel was once considered conspecific with the dark-rumped petrel of the Galápagos islands, but was recently split to its own species.

At the recommendation of federal wildlife officials, Hawaii switched to digital television on 15 January 2009, a month ahead of the nationwide FCC mandatory conversion, in order to preserve the nesting season of the uau. Biologists didn't have an accurate count of how many of the species remained, but estimated fewer than 1,000 nested on Haleakalā volcano, their primary nesting area. The earlier digital conversion allowed nearby analog transmission towers to be destroyed without disrupting the nesting season, which begins in February.

See also
Dark-rumped petrel

References
(2005).  Hawaii's Birds.  Hawaii Audubon Society. Sixth ed.

External links

BirdLife International. (2005). Species factsheet: Pterodroma sandwichensis. Downloaded from BirdLife International on Nov. 3, 2005.
Oikonos. (September 2007). New Project: The Mystery of the Uau. Oikonos
 Haleakalā National Park

Pterodroma
Biota of Kauai
Biota of Maui
Endemic birds of Hawaii
Birds described in 1884
ESA endangered species
Taxa named by Robert Ridgway

Hawaiian petrel