Marat Mubinovich Safin (; ; born 27 January 1980) is a Russian former world No. 1 tennis player and former politician. He achieved the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) top singles ranking on 20 November 2000. Safin began his professional tennis career in 1997, and held the No. 1 ranking for a total of nine weeks between November 2000 and April 2001. He won his first major title at the 2000 US Open, defeating Pete Sampras in the final, and his second at the 2005 Australian Open, defeating Lleyton Hewitt in the final. Safin helped lead Russia to Davis Cup victories in 2002 and 2006. Despite his dislike of grass courts, he became the first Russian man to reach the Wimbledon semifinals in 2008.

At the time of his retirement in November 2009, he was ranked world No. 61. In 2011, he became a member of the State Duma representing the United Russia party. In 2016, he became the first Russian tennis player inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Safin is also the older brother of former women's WTA world No. 1 player Dinara Safina. They are the only brother-sister tandem in tennis history to have both achieved No. 1 singles rankings.

Early life
Safin was born in Moscow to Tatar parents, Mubin ("Mikhail") Safin and Rauza Islanova. He speaks Russian, English, and Spanish. Safin does not speak Tatar and does not feel like he has to apologize about it. His parents are former tennis players and coaches. His younger sister, Dinara, is a former world No. 1 professional tennis player and silver medalist at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. Safin's father managed the local Spartak Tennis Club, where Safin trained in his youth.

At the age of 14, Safin moved to Valencia, Spain to gain access to advanced tennis training programs which were not available in Russia. Safin says he grew "very fast ... with no muscles" and that he moved to Spain because clay courts were "better for the knees".

In a 2008 interview with USA Today, Safin identified himself as a Muslim, stating, "I'm Russian, but I'm 100% Muslim. All the Muslim people are passionate, stubborn. We have hot blood." However, ten years later in an interview for Alexander Golovin of Sports.Ru, he stated that though he believes in something that had created the world but doesn't really believe in personal God.

Tennis career

Early career
Safin started his professional career in 1997. In 1998, Safin consecutively defeated Andre Agassi and defending champion Gustavo Kuerten at the French Open. He won his first ATP title at the age of 19, in Boston, and later in 1999 he reached the Paris, Bercy final, losing a closely contested four-set match to No. 1 Andre Agassi.

World No. 1 and Grand Slam history

Safin held the No. 1 ATP ranking for 9 weeks during 2000 when he won his first Grand Slam tournament at the US Open, becoming the first Russian in history to win this tournament in the men's singles draw, by defeating Pete Sampras in straight sets. He barely missed finishing the year as No. 1, the top spot being overtaken by Gustavo Kuerten at the last match of the season, the final of the 2000 Tennis Masters Cup and ATP Tour World Championships (3-0 win over Andre Agassi).

Safin reached three more Grand Slam finals, all at the Australian Open (2002, 2004, and 2005). He has cited nervousness as the reason for his loss in the 2002 event, and physical exhaustion for the 2004 loss. He defeated Lleyton Hewitt in the 2005 final to secure his second Grand Slam in five years. En route to this final, he defeated top-ranked Roger Federer in a five-set semifinal match. Safin described the match as "a brain fight." He also defeated future ten-time Australian Open champion Novak Djokovic, who was making his first appearance in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament, in the first round losing just three games.

His best result at Wimbledon was reaching the semifinals in 2008, beating No. 3 Novak Djokovic en route. He often lost in the first or second rounds in other years, although he made the quarterfinals in 2001, losing in four sets to eventual champion Goran Ivanišević. Safin dismissed his performance in the 2001 tournament as a result of luck. Safin disliked playing on grass. Safin has said: "It's difficult to [break serve]. It's difficult to play-off the baseline because [of] a lot of bad bounces." With Safin's semifinal performance at Wimbledon in 2008, he became the fourth of five active players at the time to reach the semifinals in all four Grand Slams, joining Roger Federer, David Nalbandian, and Novak Djokovic. Other active players have since then joined the list.

Masters Series
Safin won five ATP Tennis Masters Series titles during his career. His first was in 2000 when he won the title in Toronto, Canada. He had three wins (2000, 2002, and 2004) in Paris, France, and one in 2004 in Madrid, Spain.

Tennis Masters Cup
In 2004, Safin reached the semifinal of the Tennis Masters Cup in Houston, Texas, where he was defeated by Federer, 6–3, 7–6(20–18). The second-set tiebreak (20–18) was the third-longest tiebreak in the Open Era. Safin also reached the semifinals in 2000.

Davis Cup
Safin helped Russia achieve its first Davis Cup victory in 2002, with a 3–2 tie-breaking win against France in the final round at the Palais Omnisports Paris Bercy. His Russian team included Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Mikhail Youzhny, Andrei Stoliarov, and captain Shamil Tarpischev. The team made Davis Cup history by being the second to win the event after losing the doubles tie-breaker, and becoming the first team to win a (live-televised) five-set finals match by coming back from a two-set deficit. Safin helped Russia to win the Davis Cup in 2006. After a straight-sets defeat by David Nalbandian in his first match, his doubles victory (partnering Dmitry Tursunov) against Nalbandian and Agustín Calleri and singles victory against José Acasuso drove Russia to victory.

In the 2009 Davis Cup quarterfinal tie, Russia was upset by the Israel Davis Cup team on indoor hard courts at the Nokia Arena in Tel Aviv. Russia was the top-ranked country in Davis Cup standings, and the stage was set by Safin, who prior to the tie told the press:  "With all due respect, Israel was lucky to get to the quarterfinals." Safin was held out of the first day of singles, and then went on to lose the clinching doubles match in five sets partnered with doubles specialist Igor Kunitsyn.

Injury history

A succession of injuries hindered Safin's progress throughout his career.

In 2003, he missed the majority of the season due to a wrist injury.

During the 2005 clay-court season, Safin suffered a knee injury, which he played through all the way up to Wimbledon with the help of pain killers and anti-inflammatories. Safin was subsequently defeated in the early rounds of each of the seven tournaments he played between the Australian Open and the French Open, culminating in an early round defeat at the French Open. Safin made a surprise finals appearance at the Wimbledon tune-up tournament in Halle on grass. He lost the final narrowly to the defending champion, Federer.  He only played one tournament in the summer hard-court season, in Cincinnati, where he lost in the quarterfinals to Robby Ginepri. He also missed the Tennis Masters Cup.

Injuries continued to bother Safin in 2006. Although Safin made appearances at the 2006 ATP Masters tournaments at Indian Wells, Miami, Monte Carlo, Rome and Hamburg, his ranking plummeted to as low as No. 104. He began to recover in time for the 2006 US Open, in which Safin defeated No. 4 David Nalbandian in a riveting second-round match. Safin then lost in the fourth round to No. 16 Tommy Haas, also in a fifth-set tiebreaker. Positive performances at the Thailand Open, where he was narrowly edged out by No. 7 seed, James Blake, and the Kremlin Cup in Moscow, the first all-Russian final at that event, losing to compatriot, Ukrainian-born Nikolay Davydenko, marked Safin's recovery. Despite the injury, Safin still posted seven wins against top ten players in 2006, fourth-most on the ATP tour behind just Federer (19), Nadal (10), and Blake (8).

Later career

2007

Safin did not play any warm-up tournaments in the run-up to the Australian Open. As Safin was forced to miss the tournament in 2006 because of injury, 2007 was his first Australian Open since he captured the title in 2005. Safin lost against sixth seed Andy Roddick in his third-round match in a grueling 3-hour match. Roddick commented after the match, "With Marat you know you are going to get an emotional roller-coaster. You just have to try and focus on yourself and I was able to do that tonight.

In April, Safin won the deciding quarterfinal Davis Cup rubber against France, beating Paul-Henri Mathieu in straight sets.

Safin reached the third round at Wimbledon, before falling to the defending champion Roger Federer. In July, Safin announced that he and his coach Alexander Volkov were parting ways, and that his new coach would be former pro Hernán Gumy. He won the doubles title at the Kremlin Cup in Moscow in October, his first ATP-level title since the 2005 Australian Open.

2008
Safin prepared for the Australian Open at the invitational exhibition tournament, the AAMI Kooyong Classic in Melbourne. Other players in the field were Roddick, Fernando González, Nikolay Davydenko, Marcos Baghdatis, Ivan Ljubičić, and Andy Murray. Safin was victorious in his opening match, defeating Andy Murray. before losing in his second match to Andy Roddick, 6–3, 6–3.

In the third-place play-off, Safin rebounded from the Roddick loss and overpowered the prior year's Australian Open runner up Fernando González. Safin won his first-round match at the Australian Open against Ernests Gulbis in straight sets. He was ousted in the second round after a grueling five-set match against Baghdatis.

In February, Safin was granted wildcards into the tournaments at Memphis and Las Vegas. In Memphis, he was edged out by his 2002 Australian Open opponent, Thomas Johansson in the first round. In Las Vegas, he was defeated by Lleyton Hewitt during the semifinals. Safin was defeated by Hewitt once again.

In March, Safin lost in the first round of Indian Wells and Miami, to Jürgen Melzer and qualifier Bobby Reynolds, respectively. In the Davis Cup between Russia and the Czech Republic, Safin defeated No. 9 Tomáš Berdych in a five-set encounter, after being two sets down. This was the first time in his career that he had come back to win a match after being down two sets.

Safin's next tournament was in Valencia. He defeated No. 20-ranked and fourth seed Juan Carlos Ferrero. In spite of the fact that Ferrero is from the Valencia region, Safin was the more popular player, having been based in Valencia for many years and being a well-known Valencia CF fan. – local player Ferrero controversially favouring Real Madrid. He played Dutch teenager Robin Haase in the next round. He won the first set and was up 4–2 in the second set. However, Haase broke back to take it to a tiebreak. Safin had four match points, including one on his serve, but lost the tiebreak, and eventually the match. In the Monte Carlo Masters, Safin defeated Xavier Malisse, but then lost to No. 5 David Ferrer. He then entered the 2008 BMW Open in Munich, Germany, where he beat Carlos Berlocq in the first round. In the second round, he edged out Michael Berrer, but lost to Fernando González in his first quarterfinal of the year, and the first since June 2007 at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington, D.C. Safin entered the 2008 French Open but was eliminated in the second round by countryman and fourth seed Nikolay Davydenko, in straight sets.

Ranked at No. 75, Safin entered the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where he defeated Fabio Fognini in the first round. In the second round, he defeated No. 3 player and 2008 Australian Open Champion Novak Djokovic. Safin's victory came as a shock as Djokovic was described as a "serious contender" to win the tournament. In the third round, he played and defeated Italian Andreas Seppi. In the fourth round, he defeated Stanislas Wawrinka. This was the first time he had reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam since the 2005 Australian Open. Safin went on to defeat Feliciano López in the quarterfinals to set up a semifinal clash with defending champion Roger Federer. His run to the semifinals was his best record in Wimbledon and made him the first Russian man to ever reach a Wimbledon semifinal. Safin attributed his great run at Wimbledon to the hard work he was putting in with coach Hernán Gumy. Safin then played at the Swedish Open, on clay, in Båstad against Marc López, winning in the first round. He lost his second-round match against Potito Starace.

Safin was awarded a wild card into the Rogers Cup Masters tournament in Toronto. He beat Sam Querrey in the first round. Because of rain delays, he had to play his next match against Stan Wawrinka on the same day. He lost that match. Safin was seeded fifth for his next tournament, the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles. He defeated Americans John Isner and Wayne Odesnik in the first and second rounds, respectively, to advance to the quarterfinals, where he was defeated by Denis Gremelmayr.

At the US Open, Safin lost in the second round to Tommy Robredo. At the Moscow Kremlin Cup, he defeated Noam Okun, Julien Benneteau, Nikolay Davydenko, and Mischa Zverev, only to lose to another compatriot Igor Kunitsyn in the final. It was Safin's first final appearance since 2006, in the same event. Following the Kremlin Cup, Safin withdrew from the Madrid Masters event with a shoulder injury. His next event was the St. Petersburg Open, at which he lost in the second round. He then lost his first-round match at the final ATP tournament of the calendar: the Paris Masters, to Juan Mónaco. In the post-match conference, he raised the possibility of his retirement from the sport. Via a message posted on his official website, he said he was going to take a holiday and then seriously consider his options regarding his future in tennis. He finished the year 2008 ranked at No. 29.

2009

Safin started the 2009 season by playing in the Hopman Cup event in Perth with his sister, Dinara Safina. He arrived at the event sporting a bandaged right thumb, two black eyes, a blood-filled left eye, and a cut near his right eye, all suffered in a fight several weeks earlier in Moscow. In the 2009 Hopman Cup, the pair played off in the final representing Russia, but each was defeated in the singles rubbers. Safin said he had decided to play the 2009 season because of a great offer from his manager Ion Ţiriac, he made this decision despite not having a coach.

Safin withdrew from the Kooyong Classic tournament because of a shoulder injury, but recovered to play his first-round Australian Open match, which he won in straight sets over Iván Navarro of Spain. In the second round, Safin defeated another Spanish player, Guillermo García-López. In the third round, he came up against Federer and lost in straight sets. His next tournament was the Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships. He exited in the first round, losing to Richard Gasquet, and exited in the semifinals in doubles with David Ferrer. In March, Safin helped Russia advance to the Davis Cup quarterfinals by beating Victor Crivoi of Romania in the first rubber in straight sets.

Starting the year at No. 29 in the world, he placed in the top 20 during the year for the first time since the end of January 2006. His doubles ranking also improved from 300 to 195. In the first round at Wimbledon, at which he was seeded 14th, he was upset by 21-year-old American Jesse Levine.

Safin played at the Catella Swedish Open at Båstad, where he lost to Nicolás Almagro of Spain. He began his hard-court season by making it to the quarterfinals of the LA Tennis Open (his first quarterfinal of the season), where he lost to Tommy Haas.

He lost in the first round of the U.S. Open, his last Grand Slam, to Austrian Jürgen Melzer. After a second-round loss in the PTT Thailand Open, he found some late form, coming into the China Open tournament held in Beijing; beating José Acasuso in the first round. In the second round, he played Fernando González and produced a win. In the quarterfinals, he lost against top seed Rafael Nadal. As the tour rolled into Moscow for the Kremlin Cup, it marked the beginning of the end for Safin, as he played his last competitive matches in his native Russia. He defeated No. 6 Nikolay Davydenko in the first round, but lost in the second round. He then played at the 2009 St. Petersburg Open, reaching the semifinals.

Retirement
Safin's final tournament as a professional tennis player was at the 2009 Paris Masters. In the first round, he saved three match points with three aces against Thierry Ascione, eventually prevailing with a total of 24 aces and 41 winners. On 11 November 2009, Safin's career ended with a second-round defeat by reigning US Open champion Juan Martín del Potro, after which a special presentation ceremony was held on Centre Court at Bercy. Fellow tennis players who joined him in the ceremony included Juan Martín del Potro, Novak Djokovic, Gilles Simon, Tommy Robredo, Frederico Gil, Ivo Karlović, Albert Costa, Marc Rosset, and Younes El Aynaoui.

Playing style

Safin was often characterized as a powerful offensive baseliner. Boris Becker, in 1999, said that he had not seen anybody hit the ball as hard from both wings for "a long, long time". He has a strong and accurate serve and a great forehand, while also possessing one of the best two-handed backhands of all time. He was also capable of playing at the net, with his volleys also being effective. However, lack of consistency and motivation was described as Safin's ultimate weakness, starting after his victory at the 2005 Australian Open.

Safin generally dominated during the fast indoor hard/carpet season, which is usually during the last few weeks on tour; Safin considered grass to be his least favourite playing surface, despite the similarities between indoor courts and grass courts even though other opponents with similar playing styles generally dominate on it.

He is known as one of the most talented players ever during his time on the tour; however his career was hampered by persistent injuries and lack of determination that prevented the prolongation of his dominance, and is therefore agreed by many pundits and fans as one of the biggest underachievers in tennis.

Safin was also known for his emotional outbursts during matches, and smashed numerous rackets. Safin is estimated to have smashed 48 racquets in 1999. In 2011, Safin stated that during his career he broke 1055 racquets.

Equipment
Safin has used the Head Prestige Classic 600 since 1997 however throughout the years sported numerous paintjobs of the latest Head Prestige rackets (i.e. intelligence, Liquidmetal, Flexpoint and Microgel). His racquets used to be strung using Babolat VS Natural Team Gut 17L gauge, but he then switched to Luxilon Big Banger Original at 62 to 67 pounds. His apparel was manufactured by Adidas and he was the figurehead of the 'Competition' line from 2000 onward.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

1At the 2003 Australian Open, Safin withdrew prior to the third round.

Grand Slam tournament finals: 4 (2 titles, 2 runner-ups)

Post-retirement career
Since retirement Safin has been an official for the Russian Tennis Federation and a member of the Russian Olympic Committee. In 2011, he began playing at the ATP Champions Tour.

In December 2011, Safin was elected to the Russian Parliament as a member of Vladimir Putin's United Russia Party, representing Nizhny Novgorod.  On May 25, 2017, he voluntarily resigned from the position.

See also
 List of Grand Slam men's singles champions

Notes

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Australian Open (tennis) champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Hopman Cup competitors
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Olympic tennis players for Russia
People from Monte Carlo
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Russian male tennis players
Tennis players from Moscow
Tatar people of Russia
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) champions
Russian sportsperson-politicians
Tatar politicians
Tatar sportspeople
United Russia politicians
21st-century Russian politicians
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
Russian agnostics
Cultural Muslims
Sixth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Seventh convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
ATP number 1 ranked singles tennis players

Marat Safin


Gazar (also gazaar) is a silk or wool plain weave fabric made with high-twist double yarns woven as one.  Gazar has a crisp hand and a smooth texture.

Silk gazar is much used in bridal and evening fashion due to its ability to hold its shape.  Gazar was developed by the Swiss textile firm Abraham in collaboration with Basque couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga, who featured silk gazar in his collections of 1960–68.  Balenciaga's mastery of this gleaming, lightweight fabric with its "claylike" ability to hold its shape was exemplified by the  trapezoid wedding gowns in his collections of 1967 and 1968.

Notes

References

Silk
Woven fabrics

Gazar


Tytus Adam Działyński (1796–1861, son of Ksawery, father to Jan Kanty) was a Polish political activist and protector of arts and a Prussian politician.

Biography
He was a publisher of historical sources important for the Polish history, founder of Kórnik Library (Biblioteka Kórnicka), co-founder of Poznań Industrial Society (Towarzystwo Przemysłowe w Poznaniu), the Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences (Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk) and the president of the latter since 1858. He was also a participant of the November Uprising (1830/31) and Spring of Nations (1848). He was also a member of provincial parliament of the Grand Duchy of Poznan (1841-1846) and of the Prussian House of Representatives (1851-1853, 1858-1861).

Publications
 The Lithianian Statute (Statut litewski, 1841)
 Źródłopisma do dziejów unii Korony Polskiej i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego (1856–61) Sources to the history of union of the Crown of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 Acta Tomiciana (vol. 1–8, 1852–60).

References
 Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914, Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989

1796 births
1861 deaths
Politicians from Poznań
Polish politicians
People of the Revolutions of 1848
People from the Grand Duchy of Posen
November Uprising participants
Members of the Sejm (Provinziallandtag) of Posen
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Tytus

Tytus Działyński


Cinemagraphs are still photographs in which a minor and repeated movement occurs, forming a video clip. They are published as an animated GIF or in other video formats, and can give the illusion that the viewer is watching an animation. A variation is a video snapshot (clip composed like a still photo, but instead of a shutter release it is captured using the video recording function with its audio track and perhaps showing minor movement such as the subject's eye blinks). Another variation is an audio snapshot (still photo linked to an audio file created at the moment of photo capture by certain cameras that offer this proprietary function).

Cinemagraphs are made by taking a series of photographs or a video recording, and, using image editing software, compositing the photographs or the video frames into a seamless loop of sequential frames. This is done in such a way that motion in part of the subject between exposures (for example, a person's dangling leg) is perceived as a repeating or continued motion, in contrast with the stillness of the rest of the image.

The term "cinemagraph" was coined by U.S. photographers Kevin Burg and Jamie Beck, who used the technique to animate their fashion and news photographs beginning in early 2011.

History
The first cinemagraph was recorded in 2011 when two photographers – Kevin Burg and Jamie Beck – put some movement into a photograph of model Coco Rocha for fashion photography for New York Fashion Week. "In the editing process, there's a moment when it all starts to come together, and it's magical every time. Even a simple blink is just so cool. It's like giving life to a marble statue", they commented.

See also
 Time-lapse photography
 Ken Burns effect
 QuickTime VR
 Worship presentation software often employs cinemagraphs

References

External links

 Cinemagraphs.com, showing the work of Burg and Beck

Photographic techniques
Animation techniques

Cinemagraph


Airtight is a 2014 American thriller film written, produced and directed by Derek Estlin Purvis and starring Aija Terauda, James Patterson, and Michael Engberg. A psychological thriller set in a New York mansion and an homage to Alfred Hitchcock, Airtight is based on the true events that inspired a play in the 1920s, an adaptation by Hitchcock in the 1940s and this feature film.

Plot
Bradley and Connor are intellectual elitists who've secretly been planning to murder a former college classmate and close friend, Ronald. Ronald has gathered all of his family and friends to make a big announcement. What Ronald doesn't know is that he will become the victim when Bradley and Connor decide that natural selection is no longer doing its job. It's up to them to force Ronald to defend himself and prove that only the strong survive. Unfortunately, he is physically overpowered, bound, gaged and put into an airtight, soundproof chest in the middle of the living room that will be the stage for the night's festivities. Once they've sealed the chest, there is only one hour's worth of air. He will slowly suffocate right beneath his closest friends and family without them ever knowing.

Cast
Aija Terauda as Leila
James Patterson as Connor
Michael Engberg as Bradley
Daniel Mian as Rupert
Beau Peregino as Ronald
Sage Kristien as Kendra
Lian Toni Amado as Sam
Chris Scarciotta as Wilson
Alex Tassinari as Holt
Brian Styk as Paramedic #4

References

External links

2014 films
American psychological thriller films
2014 psychological thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Airtight (film)


Duck confit ( ) is a French dish made with whole duck. In  Gascony, according to the families perpetuating the tradition of duck confit, all the pieces of duck are used to produce the meal. Each part can have a specific destination in traditional cooking, the neck being used for example in an invigorating soup, the garbure. Duck confit is considered one of the finest French dishes. Duck confit is also a traditional ingredient in many versions of cassoulet.

Traditional preparation
While it is made across France, it is seen as a specialty of Gascony. The confit is prepared in a centuries-old process of preservation that consists of salt curing a piece of meat (generally goose, duck, or pork) and then cooking it in its own fat.

The meat is rubbed with salt (which acts as a preservative), garlic, and sometimes herbs such as thyme, covered, and refrigerated for up to 36 hours, then cooked in an oven at a low temperature. The meat is slowly poached at least until cooked, or until meltingly tender, generally four to ten hours.

The cooked meat can be transferred to a container and completely submerged in the fat. Skipping the salt curing stage greatly reduces the shelf life of the confit.

Confit is also sold in cans, which can be kept for several years. The flavourful fat from the confit may also be used in many other ways, as a frying medium for sautéed vegetables (e.g., green beans and garlic, wild or cultivated mushrooms), savory toasts, scrambled eggs or omelettes, and as an addition to shortcrust pastry for tarts and quiches.

A classic recipe is to fry or grill the legs in a bit of the fat until they are well-browned and crisp, and use more of the fat to roast some potatoes and garlic as an accompaniment.
The potatoes roasted in duck fat to accompany the crisped-up confit are called pommes de terre à la sarladaise.

See also
 List of duck dishes

References

External links

 Three-in-One Recipe: How to Render Duck Fat, Create Duck Rinds, and Make Duck Confit (with pics)
Duck Confit Part 1 Prep and Roast

French cuisine
Duck dishes

Duck confit


Earl Warren High School, is a public secondary school located in Downey, California (United States). Warren High School enrolls students in grades 9-12 and is a part of the Downey Unified School District.

History

Del Ward was the first principal of Warren High school, in 1955, and the current principal is Cari White.

Earl Warren Senior High School was originally instituted by the Downey Union High School District, which operated Downey Union High School where grades 7-12 were taught.  When that district built and began to operate separate junior high schools teaching grades 7-9, Downey's only high school was redesignated as Downey Senior High School and comprised grades 10-12.  Eventually, in 1956, Downey incorporated as the City of Downey and a few years later, the Downey Unified School District was formed from several elementary school districts in Downey and the Downey Union High School District, which continued the junior high school and senior high school model until the early 1970s.  At that time, the junior high schools in Downey became "middle schools" teaching grades 6-8 and the senior high schools became 4-year high schools comprising grades 9-12.

After its inception, class sizes grew gradually larger as a reflection of the Post-War Baby Boom.  The class of 1970, with 715 students graduating was the largest to date and, by then, extra classrooms were needed.  A new library was built, thus freeing up former library space for classrooms.  A new physics laboratory was constructed alongside existing classrooms, as was a new electronics laboratory.  The band room was remodeled, made windowless and soundproof and outfitted with an air conditioning system.  Two prefabricated, freestanding modular classrooms were added next to the library in the late 1960s to help accommodate the growing student body.  At the same time, a swimming pool was finally constructed for aquatic sports.

In the mid-1960s, the student body raised funds to save an old olive tree that was going to be destroyed to make room for new construction somewhere in Downey; the tree was transplanted to the Warren campus and became a symbol of school spirit.

Originally, the campus had a central hot-water heating system, which was impractical because of the many disjunct buildings, mostly with four classrooms apiece, served by covered, outdoor hallways.  The heating pipes had corroded in the ground and at various points resulted in pools of boiling mud where the pipes had ruptured.  Many classrooms were without heat.  In 1971, new forced air heating systems were retrofitted into the original classrooms which were served by the defunct hot-water heating systems.

In 2015, Warren High was awarded the California Gold Ribbon Award, based on their adoption and integration of the California State University's Expository Reading and Writing Course (ERWC) curriculum.

The boys' and girls' locker rooms, along with the aquatic center, went through a large scale renovation in 2017.  The grand ceremony was conducted on 23 September 2017.

The name

Earl Warren had been one of the most popular governors of California and was subsequently appointed as Chief Justice of the United States.  While serving as Chief Justice, the Supreme Court came up with a number of notable rulings, including Brown v. Board of Education, which abolished the long-standing "separate but equal" doctrine that allowed segregated schools in the United States.

Earl Warren had been invited to and appeared at, the dedication of the school in 1955.  Indeed the school colors of blue and gold were adopted because they were the official colors of the State of California.  The California state animal, the bear, was designated as the school mascot, and indeed all the sports teams at Earl Warren High were known as "the Bears."  The school newspaper was called "The Justice," and the girls' drill team was known as the "Honeybears."  (Earl Warren's daughter Nina Warren was nicknamed "Honeybear".) In fact, the class rings were designed to show, among other things, the scales of justice on one side and a gavel on the other, referring to Earl Warren's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States.

Demographics
Demographics for the 2018-2019 school year: 88.9% Latino or Hispanic, 2.7% African American, 2.9% Asian American, 4.8% European American, 0.3% American Indian, 0.2% Mixed, and  0.2% Pacific Islander.

Notable alumni
Rick Burleson, former Major League Baseball player
Eric Hipple, Detroit Lions quarterback 1981-1986
Kerry King, co-founder and guitarist for Slayer
Bobby LaFromboise, Major League Baseball player
 Lena Park, Korean-American R&B singer
 Paul Ruffner, former BYU and pro basketball player
 Jeff Tedford, head football coach at Fresno State, previously at University of California, Berkeley
 Nicholaus Iamaleava, Tennessee Volunteers quarterback
 Wayne Stewart, former AFL and NFL tight end

References

External links

 Warren High School at Public Schools Report

High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Public high schools in California
Downey, California
1955 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 1955

Warren High School (Downey, California)


The 19th annual International Emmy Awards took place on November 25, 1991, in New York City. The award ceremony was hosted by Roger Moore and presented by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS). A&E TV network aired the awards on December 28 to more than 20 countries including Italy, Germany, Australia, Spain, Japan and China.

Judgment
This year's entries – 242 from 24 nations – were judged in New York City and Los Angeles by U.S.-based TV executives, distributors, buyers, producers, writers and directors. To ensure that programs are not judged on production values alone, judges are instructed to consider the concept behind a show as well as the execution.

Ceremony
International Emmy nominees were announced by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS) on November 10, 1991. A total of 18 TV shows were selected to compete for awards in six categories, 14 of which are in English language, including all nominated in the categories of documentary arts, popular arts program and children's program. The United Kingdom accounted for 10 of the 18 nominations. Three Australian programs were nominated, followed by Canada with two nominations, and France, Spain and Germany with one each. In addition to the programming awards, the International Academy honored Henry P. Becton Jr., President and General Manager of the WGBH Foundation, with the Directorate Award and documentary filmmaker Adrian Cowell, with the Founders Award. The award ceremony was produced by Joseph Cates, and broadcast by the Italian web site RAI.

Winners

References

International Emmy Awards ceremonies
International
International

19th International Emmy Awards


Gorodovikovsky District (; , Başntan rayon) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Gorodovikovsk. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 17,295, with the population of Gorodovikovsk accounting for 55.3% of that number.

History
The district was established in 1920. Until April 1960, the district was known as Zapadny District (, i.e., Western District).

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Gorodovikovsky District is one of the thirteen in the Republic of Kalmykia. It is divided into one town (an administrative division with the administrative center in the town (an inhabited locality) of Gorodovikovsk) and six rural administrations, which comprise eighteen rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Gorodovikovsky Municipal District. The Town of Gorodovikovsk is incorporated as an urban settlement, and the six rural administration are incorporated as six rural settlements within the municipal district. The town of Gorodovikovsk serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.

References

Notes

Sources

Districts of Kalmykia

States and territories established in 1920

Gorodovikovsky District


HMS Tartar was a  destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service in most of the naval theatres of World War II. She had an eventful career, eventually receiving the nickname 'Lucky Tartar' due to her numerous escapes from dangerous situations. She was one of only four from the sixteen Royal Navy-operated Tribal-class destroyers to survive the war.

Description
The Tribals were intended to counter the large destroyers being built abroad and to improve the firepower of the existing destroyer flotillas and were thus significantly larger and more heavily armed than the preceding . The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The destroyers were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . During her sea trials Tartar made  from  at a displacement of . The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of  at . The ships' complement consisted of 190 officers and ratings, although the flotilla leaders carried an extra 20 officers and men consisting of the Captain (D) and his staff.

The primary armament of the Tribal-class destroyers was eight quick-firing (QF) 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark XII guns in four superfiring twin-gun mounts, one pair each fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. The mounts had a maximum elevation of 40°. For anti-aircraft (AA) defence, they carried a single quadruple mount for the  QF two-pounder Mk II "pom-pom" gun and two quadruple mounts for the 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) Mark III machine gun. Low-angle fire for the main guns was controlled by the director-control tower (DCT) on the bridge roof that fed data acquired by it and the  rangefinder on the Mk II Rangefinder/Director directly aft of the DCT to an analogue mechanical computer, the Mk I Admiralty Fire Control Clock. Anti-aircraft fire for the main guns was controlled by the Rangefinder/Director which sent data to the mechanical Fuze Keeping Clock.

The ships were fitted with a single above-water quadruple mount for  torpedoes. The Tribals were not intended as anti-submarine ships, but they were provided with ASDIC, one depth charge rack and two throwers for self-defence, although the throwers were not mounted in all ships; Twenty depth charges was the peacetime allotment, but this increased to 30 during wartime.

Wartime modifications
Heavy losses to German air attack during the Norwegian Campaign  demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the Tribals' anti-aircraft suite and the RN decided in May 1940 to replace 'X' mount with two QF  Mark XVI dual-purpose guns in a twin-gun mount. To better control the guns, the existing rangefinder/director was modified to accept a Type 285 gunnery radar as they became available. The number of depth charges was increased to 46 early in the war, and still more were added later. To increase the firing arcs of the AA guns, the rear funnel was shortened and the mainmast was reduced to a short pole mast.

Construction and career
Authorized as one of nine Tribal-class destroyers under the 1936 Naval Estimates, Tartar was the seventh ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy. The ship was ordered on 19 June 1936 from Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson and was laid down on 26 August at the company's Wallsend, Tyne and Wear, shipyard. Launched on 21 October 1937, Tartar was commissioned on 10 March. The ship cost £341,462 which excluded weapons and communications outfits furnished by the Admiralty. She was equipped for use as a Flotilla leader.

After commissioning she was assigned to the 2nd Tribal Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, and was later transferred to the re-designated 6th Destroyer Flotilla. A period of trials and exercises was interrupted by the sinking of the submarine  in Liverpool Bay on 1 June 1939. Tartar was one of the Home Fleet ships sent to the scene of the accident to assist in search and recovery efforts, and formed the Headquarters ship for rescue operations. Further work-up exercises revealed defects, and Tartar was under repair in Devonport Dockyard until the end of July 1939, after which she joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow.

Home Waters: the North Sea
On the outbreak of the Second World War, she carried out a number of activities with her flotilla, including screening major warships, intercepting blockade runners and commerce raiders and anti-submarine patrols.  On 24 November, she was deployed with other Home Fleet ships to search for the German light battleships  and  after the sinking of the armed merchant cruiser .

By December she was experiencing extensive leaking due to high speed operations in heavy weather conditions. This was a defect common to the Tribal-class destroyers, and Tartar was under repair at the yards of Alexander Stephen and Sons in Govan on the River Clyde until 29 December. January and February 1940 were spent escorting convoys to and from Norway, and screening fleet units. In March, she and  escorted the ocean liner  through the Western Approaches on her maiden voyage, before moving to Rosyth to carry out convoy escort duties.

In April, Tartar escorted convoys HN-24 and HN-25, with breaks to search for German warships operating in the North Sea. She then supported allied operations off Norway, including escorting the damaged cruiser  and covering the evacuation of allied troops from Åndalsnes and Molde. She continued to operate off Norway until the end of May, at which point she returned to Scapa Flow. She was back in the North Sea in early June, escorting the aircraft carrier  and the battleship . She also escorted a number of allied evacuation convoys, and carried out another unsuccessful search for Scharnhorst and Gneisenau after the sinking of the aircraft carrier .

Tartar then embarked in an anti-submarine patrol with sisters  and . On 19 June she rescued survivors from a torpedoed Portuguese merchant vessel, and on 20 June, in company with Mashona, she seized control of the Swedish destroyers  and . After intense diplomatic activity they were later returned to Sweden.  In the meantime, Tartar became the Leader of the 6th Flotilla whilst her sister  was under repair. Tartar herself needed repairs in mid July after sustaining damage to her rudder.

On 8 August she was temporarily assigned to Force H whilst providing an escort for ships bound for Gibraltar. On 5 September she was an escort for ships of the 1st Minelaying Squadron during minelaying in the Northern Barrage. A further refit at Devonport followed in October, which included work to repair leaks from the water feeds and the replacement of the twin 4.7 inch gun mounting in "X" position with twin 4 inch HA mounting to improve anti-aircraft defence. This work lasted until December, when Tartar returned to Scapa Flow as the Leader of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla.

In January and February 1941 she was used to escort a number of minelaying operations in the North Sea. On 1 March she was one of the destroyers escorting the landing ships of Operation Claymore to the Lofoten Islands, and then provided support for the landing operations. On 3 March she sank the German merchantman  at .  Whilst carrying out this duty on 4 March, she intercepted the German trawler Krebbs and captured her with a boarding party. An Enigma machine and supporting documents were recovered and later transported to Bletchley Park to assist decryption efforts. In May Tartar was deployed to defend the Atlantic convoys. During these duties, she was present at the sinking of the German battleship . After this, on 28 May Tartar was returning to Scapa Flow with Mashona, when they came under heavy air attack west of Ireland, and Tartars action report states: "...It is believed that all attacking aircraft were H.E. 111's. Occasionally a F.W. Condor was seen shadowing astern. It is estimated that about 50 aircraft took part in the attacks over a period of 13 hours..." The Mashona was hit and badly damaged, eventually capsizing, but in return Tartar shot down an He 111 bomber. Tartar was able to rescue 14 officers and 215 ratings, and transported them to Greenock. During this engagement " Tartar used her Fuze Keeping Clock  to aim her 4.7" guns and "...Every gun was used, the 4.7" in controlled fire and the 4" and close range weapons firing independently. 290 rounds of 4.7", 255 rounds of 4", 1,000 rounds of pom pom and 750 rounds of .5 machine gun ammunition were fired."

Arctic Ocean
Tartar resumed her duties with the Home Fleet in June 1941, when she was attached to a small force whose aim was to capture a German weather ship to obtain an Enigma coding machine and associated documentation. On 26 June she escorted the cruiser  with Bedouin from Scapa Flow to the waters off Jan Mayen Island. On 28 June the task force spotted the  and a boarding party from Tartar seized control of the vessel, recovering important documentation. Tartar then sank Lauenburg with gunfire. On 27 July she carried out reconnaissance of Spitsbergen to assess the possibility of using the island as a refuelling base for Russian convoys.

Tartar continued to operate in the Arctic Ocean throughout August. On 2 August she destroyed the weather station at Bear Island and evacuated Russian nationals to Murmansk from the island. Tartar accompanied the destroyer  while transporting King George VI to Scapa Flow. On 17 August she screened the battleship  that was carrying Winston Churchill back from his Atlantic Charter meeting with President Roosevelt. Shortly thereafter, Prince of Wales overtook an eastbound convoy of 73 ships, turned around and passed through the convoy again so that the Prime Minister and the merchant ships could greet each other.  When Prince of Wales arrived on the River Clyde, Tartar embarked the Prime Minister and took him to Greenock for his return to London.

On 20 August Tartar escorted the troopship  and support ship  to Spitsbergen to establish a garrison. Having successfully achieved this, she then escorted Empress of Australia to Murmansk, carrying members of the Russian and Norwegian populations of the island. She then underwent a refit, carried out by Green and Silley Weir, Royal Albert Dock, London, which lasted from September until mid-October. The work included removing the original mainmast to improve gunnery arcs, shortening the after funnel, relocating depth charge positions and installing the Type 285 gunnery radar for main armament fire-control. She returned to Scapa Flow after the completion of these works and became the Leader of the 6th Flotilla.

January and February 1942 were spent escorting Russian convoys, including convoys PQ 7B, QP 5, PQ 12, PQ 13 and QP 9. On 8 March Tartar screened Home Fleet units carrying out an unsuccessful search for the German battleship . During these operations, she sustained damage to her forward gun mounting due to high-speed operations in rough weather. At the end of March she travelled to Hull for repair and refit at Brigham and Cowan's shipyard until June. From 17 February until 28 April 1942 Tartars captain was Commander R. T. White D.S.O.** (later Captain R. T. White D.S.O.**, 2nd son of Sir Archibald White, Bt., of Wallingwells).

Mediterranean

In August 1942, Tartar was assigned to support Royal Navy operations in the Mediterranean. She took part in Operation Pedestal as part of the escort. The convoy came under air and submarine attacks from 11 August after it was sighted by the Italian submarine Uarsciek. On 12 August, Tartar carried out depth charge attacks to drive off the , and together with the destroyer  drove off the . After the destroyer  was damaged in an air attack, Tartar took her in tow, and attempted to bring her to Gibraltar. On the way, she was the target of an unsuccessful attack by German submarine U-73 (1940) on 13 August, and after that it was decided that attempts to save Foresight were hopeless. Tartar took off Foresights crew, then scuttled her with a torpedo. After the culmination of Operation Pedestal, Tartar sailed to rejoin the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow.

On her return in September, she formed part of the escort for Convoy PQ 18 and then Convoy QP 14. In October, she returned to the Mediterranean to support Operation Torch, the allied landings in North Africa. During this deployment, from 8 November to 30 November, she screened fleet units and convoys, and carried out anti-submarine patrols. She was then attached to Force Q at Algiers, where she was assigned to intercept enemy supply convoys and escort allied convoys. She carried out these duties into February 1943, despite coming under attack on numerous occasions. On 28 April 1943, Tartar carried out an attack on E-boats near Marettimo, Sicily, and on 7 May she deployed with other destroyers of the Mediterranean Fleet to blockade the Cape Bon area to intercept craft attempting to evacuate enemy personnel from Tunisia.

In June, she was supporting operations off Pantelleria, and in July was escorting convoys as part of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 11 July, she rescued some 200 survivors from the hospital ship , which had been sunk by German air attack off the beach head. On 12 July Tartar sank the Allied Ammunition ship SS Baarn, which was on fire after being damaged in air attacks. On 13 July, she took the damaged destroyer  in tow to Malta, after Eskimo had been damaged by air attacks. In August, she supported the Allied invasion of Italy, by covering the landings at Calabria, and later the landings at Salerno. On 19 September, Tartar provided gunfire support during a German counter-attack, and subsequently came under attacks from radio-controlled glider bombs  She returned to the UK at the end of October and spent the last months of 1943, and January and February 1944, under refit at Devonport.

Home waters: the English Channel

In March and April 1944 she deployed as the Leader of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla with the Plymouth Command to carry out offensive patrols against coastal shipping off the French coast, as well as escorting allied convoys through the English Channel. In May she provided cover with the cruiser  for the minelayer , on a minelaying operation off the French coast in preparation for the Allied landings in Normandy. On 6 June she led the 10th Destroyer Flotilla into the English Channel to prevent German interference with the landings or the passage of convoys during Operation Neptune.

On 9 June she and the flotilla were in action against German warships. Though the German destroyers  and  were sunk, Tartar was damaged by return fire.  Her galley and bridge were hit and set on fire. Four men were killed and twelve wounded including Commander Jones. Her foremast hung over the side and all of the radar and communications were dead.  She returned to Devonport briefly to undergo temporary repairs, before resuming operations in the English Channel. On 7 July she intercepted and engaged minesweepers of the 46th German Flotilla off the Channel Islands and sank the minesweepers M4601 and M4605. On 6 August Bellona, Tartar,   and the Canadian destroyers  and  attacked a convoy off Saint-Nazaire, sinking the minesweepers M263 and M486, the patrol boat V414 and a coastal launch together with four small ships.

Far East
Tartar underwent another refit from November 1944 until February 1945, after which she was assigned to serve with the Eastern Fleet. In March 1945 she escorted several escort aircraft carriers to Gibraltar and then carried out exercises in the Mediterranean before departing for Trincomalee, where she arrived on 20 April. She was initially deployed with the 10th Destroyer Flotilla as a screen for the ships involved in a sweep of the Andaman and Nicobar areas. She then participated in bombardments of Car Nicobar and Port Blair, as well as covering Operation Dracula, the allied landings at Rangoon.

Further deployments included screening duties and attacks on enemy shipping, during which time she came under repeated air attacks, but without damage or casualties. She was then assigned to the planned Operation Zipper, but it was never carried out. She spent the rest of the war on escort and screening duties until the Japanese surrender. She was present at the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.

Post-war
After the end of the war, Tartar sailed for Penang on 7 September 1945 and from there to the UK, where she arrived at Plymouth on 17 November. She was paid off and placed in reserve in early 1946 after having been de-stored.  She was used as an Accommodation Ship for Reserve Fleet personnel before being placed on the Disposal List in 1947.

Tartar was sold to BISCO for breaking up on 6 January 1948 and arrived at J. Cashmore's yard in Newport, South Wales for demolition on 22 February. She had gained a total of twelve battle honours for her service in the war.

Battle honours

Inherited honours
Velez Malaga 1704
Ushant 1781
Baltic 1855
South Africa 1899-1900
Belgian Coast 1914-16

World War II
Norway 1940-41
Bismarck 1941
Arctic 1942
Malta Convoys 1942
North Africa 1942-43
Sicily 1943
Salerno 1943
Mediterranean 1943
Normandy 1944
English Channel 1944
Biscay 1944
Burma 1945

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

HMS Tartar's career
HMS Tartar at Uboat.net

Tribal-class destroyers (1936) of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Tyne
1937 ships
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom

HMS Tartar (F43)


The Lyceum Club of Dallas, established by the city's middle-class female establishment in 1931, promoted knowledge and comprehension of literature, music, art, drama, and later politics and international relations among women. Holding a steady membership of 45-75 women, the Dallas Lyceum club attracted notable individuals of the time, including musicians, authors, and government figures.

Background
Founded in 1931 by Mrs. Alma Thurman, the Lyceum Club provided a Southern counterpart to the women's club movement in the Northern United States.  The Lyceum Club's mission to explore all disciplines of the humanities paralleled the mission of the first women's club, Sorosis, based in New York City. The Southern counterpart that the Lyceum Club provided, however, presented a new take on the usual modes of study of the humanities by specifically calling attention and recognition to Southern artists, authors, and musicians.

Membership
The club steadily grew in membership numbers that it more than doubled in the first 25 years. The elected officials led the group using increasingly individual modes of leadership with each passing year. This is reflected in the Spring Parties of the club. While the first Spring Parties of the Lyceum Club took place as a simple tea party at the Dallas Country Club, by the 1950s, the Spring Party could be expected to have a Creole theme to reflect the club's study of Southern literature and art. This was due to the Creole background of the current president, who chose to focus the year's activities on Creole-influences in the humanities.

Official documents
The officials of the club would also issue official documents such as the official history of the club in increasingly creative methods, including poems, plays, and song verses. This change in the written histories serves as a clear sign of how members of the Lyceum Club not only studied the world of the creative arts, but also embraced the chance to participate in the creativity themselves. Thus, throughout the decades, the Lyceum Club continued to achieve its original goal to cultivate creativity and understanding of all variations of arts and literature through its bi-monthly meetings.

Notes

References

Lyceum Club (Dallas)
Women's clubs in the United States
Organizations established in 1931
History of women in Texas

Lyceum Club (Dallas)


Baptist Noel (2 November 1658 – 28 July 1690) was an English politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Rutland.

Baptist Noel was born on 2 November 1658. He was the second surviving son of Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden and Elizabeth Bertie. He succeeded his half-brother Henry in 1677.

He was a Justice of the Peace (JP) for Rutland from 1685 until his death and a JP and Deputy Lieutenant for Leicestershire from 1689 to his death. He was elected a Tory knight of the shire (MP) for Rutland in March 1685.

He died aged 31 and was buried at Exton, Rutland. He had married Susannah, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas Fanshawe of Jenkins, Barking, Essex. They had a son and three daughters. He was succeeded by the son Baptist who became the third Earl of Gainsborough.

References

 NOEL, Hon Baptist (1658-90) of North Luffenham, Rutland

1658 births
1690 deaths
People from North Luffenham
English MPs 1685–1687
Baptist
Younger sons of viscounts

Baptist Noel (MP)


WZBT (91.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Gettysburg College, located in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, United States.  WZBT broadcasts as an independent, student-managed, non-commercial FM radio station, serving the greater Adams County, Pennsylvania community with music, news, and other programs as an FCC licensed broadcast entity since 1978.  With an approximate broadcast radius of 35 miles from the center of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, WZBT reaches a wide audience located in south central Pennsylvania and upper Maryland.  Supervised by Gettysburg College administrators and faculty, and operated by the students of Gettysburg College, WZBT's purposes are to offer an effective means of responsible communication for students, faculty, staff, and community members, to be a source of information within and beyond the confines of the college, and to provide entertainment for its audience.

History

Founded in 1948 as WWGC, the station was formed as a student-run media club on the Gettysburg College campus.   The station was an on-campus only, closed-circuit radio system utilizing telephony transmission to dorm rooms and dining halls.  Financed by the Student Chest and fully administered by students, WWGC's first studio was located on the third floor of Breidenbaugh Hall and broadcast was limited to three hours per evening, six days per week.  During the fall of 1975, the Gettysburg College Board Of Trustees granted approval to WWGC-AM to transform from its closed-circuit AM frequency to a full service terrestrial radio FM station and received its first FCC license for educational FM broadcast in 1976.  With initial funding from the Parents' Committee that summer, WWGC was reborn as WZBT 90.3 FM on October 23, 1978.  It began as a 10-watt educational FM collegiate radio station with an effective radius of 1 mile that covered the entire campus and downtown Gettysburg area.

In 1982, WZBT expanded to a Class A non-commercial radio broadcast entity and was reassigned to the 91.1 radio frequency. The station also increased its wattage from 10 to 128 watts, expanding its reach even further into the Gettysburg community.

In 1991, WZBT was displaced from its studio located in the College Union Building.  The station remained off-the-air for close to a year until the President's Council allocated the funds for the station to build its new studio on the first floor of the Plank Gymnasium.  WZBT was reborn again in the spring of 1992 in its new facilities and was given approval to move its transmitter off-campus to the WGTY tower in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.  With another increase to 180 watts, the station was able to broadcast a total radius of twenty miles.

In 2008, WZBT optimized its terrestrial coverage, with a new 500 watt transmitter placed at 213 feet at the new WGTY tower with FCC license approval to cover the entirety of Adams County, - giving WZBT an ERP of 350 watts as a Class A FM broadcast entity. Additionally, in 2008, WZBT also acquired a new radio automation system, and for the first time in its 60-year history, the station was able to broadcast twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.

Programming

WZBT's programming consists of both live DJ shows and fully programmed automation that plays a wide variety of music – from indie rock, modern rock, jazz, blues, folk, electronica, and Americana.   WZBT's live Internet stream allows individuals to listen to its programming without any geographic limits. It can be accessed via the station's streaming page  or on the TuneIn streaming platform.

WZBT was formerly CMJ Radio 200, Loud Rock, and Jazz reporting station until July 2016.  Currently, the station contributes it full airplay playlist to the Spinitron reporting and publishing service for the industry.

References

External links

 WZBT 91.1 FM at Gettysburg College

ZBT
ZBT
Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States
Gettysburg College
Radio stations established in 1978

WZBT


A crystal ball is a crystal or glass ball commonly used in fortune-telling. It is generally associated with the performance of clairvoyance and scrying in particular. Other names include crystal sphere, gazing ball, shew stone, and show stone. In neopaganism it is sometimes called an orbuculum.

History
By the fifth century CE, scrying using crystal balls was widespread within the Roman Empire and was condemned by the early medieval Christian Church as heretical.

The tomb of Childeric I, a fifth-century king of the Franks, contained a 3.8 cm diameter transparent beryl globe. The object is similar to other globes that were later found in tombs from the Merovingian period in France and the Saxon period in England. Some of these were complete with a frame suggesting an ornamental object. It has been pointed out that these mounts are identical to those of later globes also believed to be used for magic or divination, indicating that these crystal globes may have been used for crystallomancy.

John Dee was a noted British mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy, of which the use of crystal balls was often included.

Crystal gazing was a popular pastime in the Victorian era, and was claimed to work best when the Sun is at its northernmost declination. Immediately before the appearance of a vision, the ball was said to mist up from within.

The use of crystal balls for divination also has a long history with the Romani people. Fortune tellers, known as drabardi, traditionally use crystal balls as well as cards to seek knowledge about future events.

Art of scrying

The process of scrying often involves the use of crystals, especially crystal balls, in an attempt to predict the future or otherwise divine hidden information. Crystal ball scrying is commonly used to seek supernatural guidance while making difficult decisions in one's life (e.g., matters of love or finances).

When the technique of scrying is used with crystals, or any transparent body, it is known as crystallomancy or crystal gazing.

In stage magic
Crystal balls are popular props used in mentalism acts by stage magicians. Such routines, in which the performer answers audience questions by means of various ruses, are known as crystal gazing acts. One of the most famous performers of the 20th century, Claude Alexander, was often billed as "Alexander the Crystal Seer".

Optics

Optically, a crystal ball is a ball lens. For typical materials such as quartz and glass, it forms an image of distant objects slightly beyond the surface of the sphere, on the opposite side. Unlike conventional lenses, the image-forming properties are omnidirectional (independent of the direction being imaged)

This omnidirectional focusing can cause a crystal ball to act as a burning glass when it is brought into full sunlight.  The image of the sun formed by a large crystal ball will burn a hand that is holding it, and can ignite dark-coloured flammable material placed near it.

Famous crystal balls

A crystal ball was among the grave-goods of the Merovingian King, Childeric I (). The grave-goods were discovered in 1653. In 1831, they were stolen from the royal library in France where they were being kept.  Few items were ever recovered. The crystal ball was not among them.

The Sceptre of Scotland has a crystal ball in its finial, honoring the tradition of their use by pagan druids. It was made in Italy in the 15th century, and was a gift to James IV from Pope Alexander VI.

The Penn Museum in Philadelphia displays the third-largest crystal ball as the central object in its Chinese Rotunda. Weighing , the sphere is made of quartz crystal from Burma and was shaped through years of constant rotation in a semi-cylindrical container filled with emery, garnet powder, and water. The ornamental treasure was purportedly made for the Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century, but no evidence as to its actual origins exists. The crystal ball and an ancient Egyptian statuette which depicted the god Osiris were stolen in 1988. They were recovered three years later with no damage done to either object.

See also
 Crystal skull
 Gazing ball
 Magic Mirror (Snow White)
 Palantír
 Salvator Mundi (Leonardo),  da Vinci's "Savior of the World" painting depicting Christ holding a crystal ball
 Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Objects used for divination
Balls
Romani culture

Crystal ball


The jungguy frog (Ranoidea jungguy) is a tree frog from Australia.  It lives in Queensland.

This frog lives in rainforests near the Barron River and east to the Mirray River.  Some of these frogs also live near the Broken River.

The adult male frog is 3.1 to 4.8 cm long and the adult female frog is 4.4 to 7.1 cm long.  This frog is light brown with darker brown marks.    Some males turn partially yellow during the time of year when they try to attract females.    The front feet have no webbing and large discs for climbing.

In some places, this frog digs a small basin to lay eggs in.  The tadpoles stay in this basin until they become frogs.  The frog digs the basin in sandy ground where the sunlight comes through the trees.  The frog digs the basin close enough to a stream for water to seep through the sand into the basin.  In some species, a male frog digs a basin to impress a female so she will mate with him, but scientists think male jungguy frogs attract a female first and then dig the basin.

Scientists used to think this was the same frog as Litoria lesueuri.

References

Pelodryadidae

Jungguy frog


Titoism is a socialist political philosophy most closely associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War. It is characterized by a broad Yugoslav identity, socialist workers' self-management, a political separation from the Soviet Union, and leadership in the Non-Aligned Movement.

Tito led the Communist Yugoslav Partisans during World War II in Yugoslavia. After the war, tensions arose between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Although these issues alleviated over time, Yugoslavia still remained largely independent in ideology and policy due to the leadership of Tito, who led Yugoslavia until his death in 1980.

Today, the term "Titoism" is sometimes used to refer to Yugo-nostalgia across political spectrum, a longing for reestablishment or revival of Yugoslavism or Yugoslavia by the citizens of Yugoslavia's successor states.

Background

Initially a personal favourite of the USSR, Tito led the national liberation war to the Nazi occupation during World War II, where the Yugoslav Partisans liberated Yugoslavia with only limited help from the Red Army. Tito met with the Soviet leadership several times immediately after the war to negotiate the future of Yugoslavia. Initially aligned with Soviet policy, over time, these negotiations became less cordial because Tito had the intention neither of handing over executive power nor of accepting foreign intervention or influence (a position Tito later continued within the Non-Aligned Movement).

The Yugoslav regime first pledged allegiance, from 1945 to 1948, to Stalinism. But according to the Trotskyist (hence anti-Stalinist) historian Jean-Jacques Marie, Stalin had planned to liquidate Tito as early as the end of the 1930s, and again after the Spanish Civil War, during which Tito participated in the recruitment and to the organization of the Dimitrov Battalion, a Balkan unit of the International Brigades, some of whose ex-combatants will be assassinated by the Soviets.

Tito's agreement with Bulgarian leader Georgi Dimitrov on Greater Yugoslavia projects, which meant to merge the two Balkan countries into a Balkan Federation, made Stalin anxious. This led to the 1947 cooperation agreement signed in Bled (Dimitrov also pressured Romania to join such a federation, expressing his beliefs during a visit to Bucharest in early 1948). The Bled agreement, also referred to as the "Tito–Dimitrov treaty", was signed 1 August 1947 in Bled, Slovenia. It foresaw also unification between Vardar Macedonia and Pirin Macedonia and return of Western Outlands to Bulgaria. The integrationist policies resulting from the agreement were terminated after the Tito–Stalin split in June 1948, when Bulgaria was being subordinated to the interests of the Soviet Union and took a stance against Yugoslavia.

The policy of regional blocs had been the norm in Comintern policies, displaying Soviet resentment of the nation states in Eastern Europe and of the consequences of Paris Peace Conference. With the 1943 dissolution of Comintern and the subsequent advent of the Cominform came Stalin's dismissal of the previous ideology, and adaptation to the conditions created for Soviet hegemony during the Cold War.

Tito-Stalin split

Moreover, Stalin did not have  in Yugoslavia as he did in other countries of the Fourth Moscow Conference on the partition of Europe; the USSR had not obtained preponderance there, as it was agreed in the Percentages agreement that he would retain only 50% influence over Yugoslavia. Tito therefore benefited from a margin of maneuver far greater than that of the other Southeast European leaders.

When the rest of Eastern Europe became satellite states of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia refused to accept the 1948 Resolution of the Cominform which condemned the leaders of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia for allegedly abandoning Marxism-Leninism, and any communists who sympathised with Yugoslavia. The period from 1948 to 1955, known as the Informbiro, was marked by severe repression of opponents and many others accused of pro-Stalin attitudes being sent to the penal camp on Goli Otok in Yugoslavia. Likewise, real and accused Titoists or 'Titoites' were met with similar treatment in Eastern Bloc countries, which furthermore served to publicize the dangers of challenging subservience to Moscow, as well as to purge 'unwanted' individuals from their Communist parties.

Ideology

Elements of Titoism are characterized by policies and practices based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist goals must be dictated by the conditions of that particular country, rather than by a pattern set in another country. During Josip Broz Tito's era, this specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of and often in opposition to the policies of the Soviet Union.

In contrast to Joseph Stalin's policy of "socialism in one country", Tito advocated cooperation between developing nations in the world through the Non-Aligned Movement while at the same time pursuing socialism in whatever ways best suited particular nations. During Tito's era, his ideas specifically meant that the communist goal should be pursued independently of (and often in opposition to) what he referred to as the Stalinist and imperialist policies of the Soviet Union. Through this split and subsequent policies some commentators have grouped Titoism with Eurocommunism or reformist socialism. It was also meant to demonstrate the viability of a third way between the capitalist United States and the socialist Soviet Union.

In fact, on the economic level, Tito simply took note of the inability of the Stalinist-type centralized bureaucratic economy to meet human needs and expanded the number and power of cooperatives and workers' councils, several years before Lieberman Reform and Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR, before Imre Nagy in Hungary, Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia, and Deng Xiaoping in China.

Throughout his time in office, Tito prided himself on Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union, with Yugoslavia never accepting full membership in Comecon and Tito's open rejection of many aspects of Stalinism as the most obvious manifestations of this. The Soviets and their satellite states often accused Yugoslavia of Trotskyism and social democracy, charges loosely based on Tito's socialist self-management, attempts at greater democratization in the workplace, and the theory of associated labor (profit sharing policies and worker-owned industries initiated by him, Milovan Đilas and Edvard Kardelj in 1950). It was in these things that the Soviet leadership accused of harboring the seeds of council communism or even corporatism. Despite Tito's numerous disagreements with the USSR, Yugoslavia restored relations with the USSR in 1956 with the Belgrade declaration and it became an associated member of the Comecon in 1964. Therefore, Yugoslavia once again strengthened its economic and political ties with the USSR.

Additionally, Yugoslavia joined the US-sponsored Balkan Pact in July 1953, a military alliance with two NATO member states — Greece and Turkey. The pact had been signed a few days before Stalin died, and the new Soviet government failed to develop any response. However, it was continually met with opposition by Albanian leader Enver Hoxha, who accused Tito and Yugoslavia for being agents of American imperialism. Tito signed this pact to bolster the defense of Yugoslavia against a potential Soviet military invasion. It also made the option of Yugoslavia's NATO membership more plausible at its time. Under this pact, any potential Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia could also lead to NATO intervention to help defend Yugoslavia due to the NATO memberships of Greece and Turkey. However, the foreign policy disagreements between the three countries in the pact eventually crippled the alliance itself, thus ending the possibility of Yugoslavia's NATO membership.

Some Trotskyists considered Tito to be an 'unconscious Trotskyist' because of the split with Stalin. However, other Trotskyists claimed that there were no fundamental differences in principles between Stalin and Tito, despite significant evidence suggesting the contrary. Most notably, Trotskyist writer Ted Grant published several articles criticizing both leaders in the British Trotskyist newspaper, of which he was the editor.

The "Titoist" regime adopted a policy of economic "self-management", generalized from 1950, wishing to put the means of production under social ownership of direct producers, thus excluding the formation of a bureaucracy as was the case in other communist regimes.

The propaganda attacks centered on the caricature of "Tito the Butcher" of the working class, aimed to pinpoint him as a covert agent of Western imperialism, pointing to Tito's partial cooperation with western and imperialist nations.

History

From 1949 the central government began to cede power to communal local governments, seeking to decentralise the government and work towards a withering away of the state. In the system of local self-government, higher-level bodies could supervise compliance with the law by lower-level bodies, but could not issue orders to them. Edvard Kardelj declared in the Assembly of Yugoslavia "that no perfect bureaucratic apparatus, however brilliant the people at the top, can build socialism. Socialism can grow only from the initiatives of the masses of the people." Rankovićism disagreed with this decentralisation, viewing it as a threat to the stability of Yugoslavia. Other socialist states also criticised this move for deviating from Marxism-Leninism with declarations that it "is an outright denial of the teachings of Marxism-Leninism and the universal laws on the construction of socialism."

The League of Communists of Yugoslavia retained solid power; the legislature did little more than rubber stamp decisions already made by the LCY's Politburo. The secret police, the State Security Administration (UDBA), while operating with considerably more restraint than its counterparts in the rest of Eastern Europe, was nonetheless a feared tool of government control. UDBA was particularly notorious for assassinating suspected "enemies of the state" who lived in exile overseas. The media remained under restrictions that were onerous by Western standards, but still had more latitude than their counterparts in other Communist countries. Nationalist groups were a particular target of the authorities, with numerous arrests and prison sentences handed down over the years for separatist activities. Although the Soviets revised their attitudes under Nikita Khrushchev during the process of de-Stalinization and sought to normalize relations with the Yugoslavs while obtaining influence in the Non-Aligned Movement, the answer they got was never enthusiastic and the Soviet Union never gained a proper outlet to the Mediterranean Sea. At the same time, the Non-Aligned states failed to form a third Bloc, especially after the split at the outcome of the 1973 oil crisis.

Industry was nationalized, agriculture forcibly collectivized, and a rigid industrialization program based on the Soviet model was adopted. Yugoslav and Soviet companies signed contracts for numerous joint ventures. According to the American historian Adam Ulam, in no other country in the Eastern Bloc was Sovietization "as rapid and as ruthless as in Yugoslavia".

Despite the initial thaw between the USSR and the Yugoslavian authorities following the signing of the Belgrade declaration, relations became tense again between the two countries after Yugoslavia sheltered Imre Nagy following the invasion of Hungary. Tito initially approved the Soviet military intervention in his letter to Khrushchev due to fears of Hungarian Revolution provoking a similar anti-communist and nationalist movement in Yugoslavia. Still, Tito later sheltered Nagy to prove Yugoslavia's sovereign status and non-aligned foreign policy to gain sympathy from the international community. The abduction and the execution of Nagy by the Hungarian government under János Kádár cooled the bilateral relationship between Yugoslavia and Hungary, despite Tito's initial support and recommendations of Kadar as the successor of Mátyás Rákosi and Nagy.

Yugoslavia backed Czechoslovakia's leader Alexander Dubček during the 1968 Prague Spring and then cultivated a special (albeit incidental) relation with the maverick Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu. Titoism was similar to Dubček's socialism with a human face while Ceaușescu attracted sympathies for his refusal to condone (and take part in) the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which briefly seemed to constitute a casus belli between Romania and the Soviets. However, Ceaușescu was an unlikely member of the alliance since he profited from the events in order to push his authoritarian agenda inside Romania.

After a significant expansion of the private sector in the 1950s and 1960s and a shift towards a more market-oriented economy, the Yugoslavian leadership did put a halt to overt capitalist attempts (such as Stjepan Mesić's experiment with privatization in Orahovica) and crushed the dissidence of liberal or democratic socialist thinkers such as the former leader Milovan Đilas, while it also clamped down on centrifugal attempts, promoting Yugoslav patriotism. Although still claimed as official policies, nearly all aspects of Titoism went into rapid decline after Tito's death in 1980, being replaced by the rival policies of constituent republics. During the late 1980s, nationalism was again on the rise one decade after the Croatian Spring, and inter-republic ethnic tensions escalated.

Reception

Titoism has been perceived very differently by international figures. During Stalin's lifetime, the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries reacted against Titoism with aggressive hostility. Participants in alleged Titoist conspiracies, such as the GDR historian Walter Markov, were subjected to reprisals, and some were even put through staged show trials that ended with death sentences, such as the Rajk trial in Budapest in 1949 or the Slánský trial in Prague in 1952. About forty important trials against "Titoists" took place during the Informbiro period, in addition to persecution, arrest and deportation of thousands of less prominent individuals who were presumed to hold pro-Yugoslav sympathies. In France, the Cominform ordered the central committee of the French Communist Party to condemn "Titoism" in 1948 With prominent members such as  writing of the need to hunt down "Titoist spies" within the party. After Stalin's death, the Soviet conspiracy theories around Titoism subsided  but continued. In the mid-1950s, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union temporarily reconciled. Nevertheless, Titoism was generally condemned as revisionism in the Eastern bloc.

Titoism has sometimes been referred to as a form of "national communism", a variant of nationalism. However, Walker Connor says that Titoism is more akin to "state communism", as the loyalty is to a state comprising multiple nations. Nationalism was, therefore a threat to Titoism.

In Marxist circles in the West, Titoism was considered a form of Western socialism alongside Eurocommunism, which was appreciated by left-wing intellectuals who were breaking away from the Soviet line in the 1960s. In the 1960s, political scientists understood Titoist state narrative as a form of socialist patriotism. Historian Adam Ulam was more critical of Titoism and writes that Titoism has always "retained its (albeit mild) totalitarian one-party character".

Muammar Gaddafi's Third International Theory, outlined in his Green Book which informed Libyan national policy from its formation in 1975 until Gaddafi's downfall in 2011, was heavily inspired by and shared many similarities with Titoism and Yugoslav workers' self-management.

Titoism gained influence in the communist parties in the 1940s, including Poland (Władysław Gomułka), Hungary (László Rajk, Imre Nagy), Bulgaria (Traicho Kostov), Czechoslovakia (Vladimír Clementis) and Romania (Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu).

See also

 Arab socialism
 Ba'athism
 Economy of the former Yugoslavia
 Fidelism
 Goulash Communism
 Kemalism
 New Economic Policy
 Market socialism
 Marhaenism
 Praxis School
 Non-Aligned Movement
 Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations
 United States–Yugoslavia relations
 Total National Defense (Yugoslavia)
 Worker cooperative
 Yugoslavism
 Yugo-nostalgia
 Yugoslavs

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Tony Cliff. Background to Hungary (July 1958). Marxists Internet Archive. A contemporary Trotskyist perspective on Tito's clash with Moscow.
 Mircea Rusnac. "Procesul partizanilor anticomunisti din Banat 1949". Banaterra.eu.
 Mircea Rusnac. "Deportarea banatenilor Baragan 1951 din perspectiva istorica". Banaterra.eu.
 Vesna Peric Zimonjic (4 June 2009). "Balkans: Flirting With Marx, for Old Times' Sake". Inter Press Service. Ipsnews.net.
 Mike B. "Josip Broz Tito Internet Archive". Marxists Internet Archive

Anti-Stalinist left
Eponymous political ideologies
Josip Broz Tito
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Marxism–Leninism
Politics of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
State ideologies
Types of socialism
Yugoslavism

Titoism


Thomas Belasyse, 1st Viscount Fauconberg (1577 – 18 April 1653), styled Baron Fauconberg between 1627 and 1643 and Sir Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Baronet between 1624 and 1627, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1597 and 1624 and was raised to the peerage in 1627. He was an ardent supporter of the Royalist cause in the English Civil War.

Before the Civil War, Belasyse and his family had a long running confrontation with Sir Thomas Wentworth, a close advisor to King Charles I, primarily over local government issues in Yorkshire. This confrontation did not shake Belasyse's support for the monarchy and before and during the Civil War, he and his son Henry, were ardent supporters of the Royalist cause. Charles honoured Belasye in appreciation, but towards the end of the First Civil War, Belasye was forced to flee abroad. While he was in exile his estates were sequestered by Parliament because he was a known "delinquent", and on his return to England and as he refused to swear to the oath of abjuration he was convicted of recusancy.

Biography
Belasyse was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge in the early 1590s. He had Roman Catholic leanings, and married into a known recusant family, but stayed within the laws of the time and attended Anglican Church services. He entered Parliament in 1597 when he was elected to represent Thirsk, a seat his father had held, in the second from last Elizabethan parliament. He was knighted by James I and served as a justice of the peace in the North Riding. He remained active in national politics and represented Thirsk again in the 1614, 1621, and 1624 parliaments of James I.

During the early years of the reign of Charles I the Belasyse family sided with Sir John Savile, the custos rotulorum of the West Riding, against Sir Thomas Wentworth. The Savile's allied themselves with the Duke of Buckingham and it may have been through this political connection that on 25 May 1627 that Belasyse was raised to the peerage as Lord Fauconberg of Yarm.

After the assassination of Buckingham, Wentworth's influence at court grew and with it his power, while that of his political opponents Yorkshire waned. After Wentworths's appointment as president of the council of the north in 1628, Fauconberg and his son Henry were briefly imprisoned and they opposed the style of government that Wentworth's influence at court helped to foster.

With the impeachment and execution of Wentworth, now 1st Earl of Strafford, in 1641 Fauconberg political fortunes waxed. Like many of the gentry and nobility with Roman Catholic leanings he supported Charles I in his struggle with Parliament. During the summer of 1642, in the months before the war started while Charles resided in York, Fauconberg and his sons Henry and John were prominent supporters. His elder son Henry a Knight of the Shire signed a treaty of neutrality with Thomas Fairfax, (but its terms were rejected by Parliament) and John his other son commanded a regiment of Foot. Fauconberg's loyalty to Charles was rewarded on 31 January 1643 he was granted the title of Viscount Fauconberg of Henknowle, county Durham (his second son, John, was made Baron Belasys of Worlaby in 1645).

Fauconberg supported William Cavendish, Marquis of Newcastle, followed the fortunes of that nobleman in the siege of York, which held out three months against powerful Scottish and Parliamentary armies. When the Royalists garrison of York and a relieving army under the command of Prince Rupert lost the Battle of Marston Moor on 2 July 1644, Newcastle and Fauconberg escaped into exile, embarking at Scarborough, for Hamburg. While he was abroad his estates were sequestered for his delinquency, which he compounded by paying a fine of £5012 18s. He returned to the North Riding in 1649 but refused to swear the Oath of Abjuration and was convicted of recusancy. He died on 18 April 1653, and was buried in the parish church of Coxwold, in the county of York.

Family
Fauconberg married Barbara Cholmley (c. 1575 – 28 February 1619), the daughter of Sir Henry Cholmley of Roxby in Whitby Strand, a family noted for its recusancy. Their daughter Barbara Belasyse (1609/1610 – 1641) married in 1631 Sir Henry Slingsby of Scriven, 1st Baronet. His eldest son Henry predeceased him in 1647, his eldest son, Thomas, Fauconberg's grandson, inherited the title. Unlike his grandfather and father Thomas supported the Parliamentary cause, and later married Mary, a daughter of Oliver Cromwell. Fauconberg's second son John was raised to the peerage by Charles II as Baron Belasyse.

Notes

References

Further reading

1577 births
1653 deaths
Cavaliers
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
English MPs 1597–1598
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
Viscounts Fauconberg


Purr is a fragrance created by singer Katy Perry. Her love for cats gave her the idea to create this perfume and its design. The perfume comes in many scents. It was released in November 2010. It comes in cat-shaped bottles. In the United States, it can only be bought at Nordstrom.

Perfumery
Katy Perry

Purr by Katy Perry


The Hauch (English: Haugh of Urr) is a veelage in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. It is aboot 5 mile nor'nor'wast o Dawbeattie, 3 mile nor'east o Castle Douglas, 12.5 mile wast o Dumfries an 12.5 mile east o Kirkcoubrie.

Description

The veelage is situatit aside the River Urr. Scots haugh, fae the Auld English halh, healh "corner, neuk" means a river-meidae or level grund aside a burn". "Urr" fae the Cumbric or "a mairch, boond, or leemit".

The Hauch his ae public hoose, the Laurie Airms, that incorporates a pairt-time post office; ae kirk (Kirk o Scotland), a veelage haw, a Scoot bothy, an a smaw veelage green. The veelage no langer his ony shaps. It uised tae hae twa shaps, the tane includit a petrol fillin station, an the tither includit a fu-time post office, that reduce't tae pairt-time in later years. The last shap closed in 2009. Hardgate is a nearby clachan up the hill an the boonds are nae clear. Agricultur an tourism is the stoups o the local economy. The veelage is kent tae the locals as "The Haugh". The Australian suburb o Urrbrae wis name't efter the veelage.

River Urr

The River Urr is notit for saumon fishin. The river, kent as Urr Watter an aw, oreeginates at Loch Urr an flowes for 35 mile soothwart past Corsock, Glenlair, Auchendolly, Brig o Urr, The Hauch, an close tae Dawbeattie via Palnackie til the Solway Firth at Rough Firth.

Motte o Urr

The Motte o Urr is the site o a motte-an-bailey castle. Nouadays this medieval earthwark is said tae be the maist extensive bailey earthwark in Scotland. It lies aside the River Urr til the nor'wast o Dawbeattie. It dates fae the 12t century an kivers an aurie o aboot 5 acre. Nouadays the're excavations o waws. It is associatit wi Buittle Castle, datit til aboot 1230, that wis malafoustert early in the 14t century and belangt tae Dervorguilla o Gallowa an her guidman [John I de Balliol]] (the foonder o Balliol College at Varsity o Oxford).  Thegither thay buir the futur Keeng John Balliol.

Leetit biggins in Urr Pairish

 Crocketford, The Galloway Arms

 Larganlee Martyrs Monument And Tomb

 Meikle Kirkland

 Hardgate, Mckies Cottage And Byre Cottage

 Spottes Walled Garden And Stableyard

 Chapelton Steading And Old Grain Barn

 Crocketford, Anvil House (Former Smithy)

 Spottes Hall

 Bridgend Of Spottes

 Crocketford, The Galloway Arms Annexe

 Edingham Castle

 Newbank Mill House, Former Spinning Mill, Dyeing And Weaving Sheds And Weavers Cottages

 Urr Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) Churchyard With Retaining Walls And Gates

 Meikle Culloch Horsemill And Adjoining Barn

 Haugh Bridge, Bridge Over Urr Water, Near Haugh Of Urr

 Haugh Of Urr, Signpost At Junction Of B794 And U96

 Crocketford, Ashmount

 Meikle Dalbeattie Farmhouse Near Dalbeattie

 Spottes Bridge, Bridge Over Spottes Burn On Old Military Road

 Hardgate, Westwood Cottage, Near Haugh Of Urr

Gailerie

References

External links

Owerview of the veelage http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3245.html
Urr pairish kirk https://web.archive.org/web/20070627091830/http://www.dlbteparishch.f9.co.uk/page15.html
Pairish information http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/KKD/Urr/
Laich o Urr https://web.archive.org/web/20070701083935/http://www.glenlair.org.uk/vale_of_the_urr.asp
Unpublisht records for the piarish o Urr in Kirkcoubrieshirehttp://donjaggi.net/galloway/index.html
River Urr http://www.glenlair.org.uk/river_urr.asp
Motte o Urr http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst8406.html
Motte o Urr https://web.archive.org/web/20070928195711/http://thereformation.info/motte.htm
Buittle Castle http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=65002

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

The Hauch


Ambérieu-en-Bugey is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department in the east of France. In 2010, 13,835 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are the Ambarrois. The local economy is mostly based around commerce, industry, construction and agriculture. The most important monuments in the commune are the Château des Allymes, a castle from the 13th century and the Tour de Gy (officially called La maison forte de Saint-Germain), a fortified house from the 14th century. Both monuments are listed as monuments historiques. Famous people from Ambérieu-en-Bugey include Laure Manaudou and Florent Manaudou, both French swimmers.

Communes in Ain

Ambérieu-en-Bugey