William Marshall Chamberlain Hodgson (March 18, 1912 – October 27, 1988) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1985, as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Background
Hodgson was born in Nobleton, Ontario to a family of seven children. He was educated at Bolton and worked as a dairy farmer. He and his wife Eliza raised four children, two sons and two daughters.

Politics
He won election to the King Township school board in 1946, and later served as councillor, deputy reeve and reeve of the community from 1949 to 1962. He also served as warden of York County in 1959, and was chair of the King Township planning board from 1963 to 1967.

He was elected to York North riding in the Ontario legislature in the 1967 provincial election, defeating Liberal candidate Tom Taylor by 2,127 votes in York North. He was re-elected in 1971, 1975, 1977, and 1981, and served as a backbench supporter of the John Robarts, William Davis and Frank Miller administrations. Hodgson was defeated in the 1985 election, losing to Liberal Greg Sorbara by 4,095 votes.

He died of cancer in 1988.

References

External links

1912 births
1988 deaths
Canadian people of British descent
Mayors of places in Ontario
Members of the United Church of Canada
People from King, Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs

William Hodgson (Canadian politician)


Robert Angus Smith FRS (15 February 1817 – 12 May 1884) was a Scottish chemist, who investigated numerous environmental issues. He is known for his research on air pollution in 1852, in the course of which he discovered what came to be known as acid rain. He is sometimes referred to as the 'Father of Acid Rain'.

Education and early life

Born at Pollokshaws, Glasgow, Smith was educated at the University of Glasgow in preparation for ministry in the Church of Scotland but left before graduating. He worked as a personal tutor and, accompanying a family to Gießen in 1839, he stayed on in Germany to study chemistry supervised by Justus von Liebig, earning a PhD in 1841.

Career and research
On returning to England the same year, he again considered Holy Orders but instead was attracted to Manchester to join the chemical laboratory of Lyon Playfair at the Royal Manchester Institution. Here he became involved in some of the environmental issues of the world's first industrial city (see History of Manchester). Playfair left for greener pastures in 1845 and Smith worked at making a living as an independent analytical chemist. After some initial alarming experiences, Smith refused to take on expert witness work which was a staple of consulting scientists of the day and which he saw as corrupt. Consequently, when the Alkali Inspectorate was established by the Alkali Act 1863, Smith's integrity made him the natural candidate. As Queen Victoria's Inspector of Alkali Works, he was the prototype of the scientific civil servant. He held the post until his death. He is buried in the graveyard of St Paul's Church on Kersal Moor, Salford

In 1872 Smith published the book Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology, which presents his studies of the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation. These studies include the discovery, in 1852, of acid rain in northern British cities, a consequence of the burning of coal rich in sulfur. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1884. After his death his collection of about 4,000 books was acquired by the library of Owens College, Manchester. They are now in the John Rylands University Library, the successor of the college library.

Spiritualism

Smith with his friend William Crookes, attended a séance on 21 April 1870 in London. He sent Crookes 15 letters on spiritualism between April 1869 and 1871. Smith did not choose to write widely about spiritualism as he believed it might damage his scientific reputation. He was a member of the Society for Psychical Research from 1882 to 1884. After he died, 89 books on the occult were discovered in his library.

Awards and honours
Smith was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1857.

Publications

On Sewage and Sewage Rivers (1855)
Disinfectants and Disinfection (1869)
Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology (1872)
Chemical and Physical Researches (1876)
Loch Etive and the sons of Uisnach: With Illustrations (1879)
A Centenary of Science in Manchester (1883)

References

Bibliography

1817 births
1884 deaths
Air pollution in the United Kingdom
Atmospheric chemists
Atmospheric scientists
Burials in Greater Manchester
Fellows of the Royal Society
History of Manchester
British parapsychologists
Scottish chemists
Scottish environmentalists
Scottish spiritualists
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
Alumni of the University of Glasgow

Robert Angus Smith


In graph theory, path coloring usually refers to one of two problems:
 The problem of coloring a (multi)set of paths  in graph , in such a way that any two paths of  which share an edge in  receive different colors. Set  and graph  are provided at input. This formulation is equivalent to vertex coloring the conflict graph of set , i.e. a graph with vertex set  and edges connecting all pairs of paths of  which are not edge-disjoint with respect to .
 The problem of coloring (in accordance with the above definition) any chosen (multi)set  of paths in , such that the set of pairs of end-vertices of paths from  is equal to some set or multiset , called a set of requests. Set  and graph  are provided at input. This problem is a special case of a more general class of graph routing problems, known as call scheduling.
In both the above problems, the goal is usually to minimise the number of colors used in the coloring. In different variants of path coloring,  may be a simple graph, digraph or multigraph.

References
The Complexity of Path Coloring and Call Scheduling by Thomas Erlebach and Klaus Jansen
A compendium of NP optimization problems by Viggo Kann (problem: Minimum Path Coloring)

Graph coloring

Path coloring


Charles William Lancaster (1820–1878) was a British gunmaker and improver of rifles and cannon.

Biography
Lancaster was the eldest son of Charles Lancaster, gunmaker, of 151 New Bond Street, London. He was born at 5 York Street, Portman Square, London, on 24 June 1820. On leaving school he entered his father's factory, where he practically learnt the business of a gunmaker and soon became a clever designer of models, a thoroughly skilled workman, and a mechanician of high order. The study of rifled projectiles and the construction of rifles was his chief pleasure, and he soon attained the highest skill as a rifle shot.

In 1846, Lancaster constructed a model rifle with which he experimented at Woolwich with success at distances of 1,000 and 1,200 yards (920 and 1,100 m). The Duke of Wellington then ordered some similar rifles for the Rifle Brigade at the Cape of Good Hope. The years 1844 and 1845 were devoted to solving the problem of rifled cannon. In July 1846, he submitted to the Board of Ordnance a plan for firing from rifled cannon smooth-sided conical projectiles; the required rotary motion coming from a sabot fitted to the base of the projectile, the base having a V cross-piece cast in it. Further experiments, however, did not encourage him to go on with this scheme.

In 1850, he conceived the idea of the oval bore as the proper form for all rifled arms and cannon; with which his name is associated. In order to publicize his invention, he constructed full-size working models of the 68-pounder, the largest gun then in the service, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. At the request of the government, these models were not exhibited, but a 68-pounder oval-bore gun, made and rifled at Birmingham, with accurately turned shells, was sent to Shoeburyness for trial. The shooting of this gun directed attention to the oval-bore system, and in the succeeding experiments made at Woolwich, Lancaster assisted the War Department and for some time superintended the production of the guns in the Royal Arsenal. In 1852, he experimented upon the .577 pattern Enfield rifled musket and sent to the school of musketry at Hythe some specimens of carbines bored on his peculiar system. The device was considered satisfactory. In January 1855, the Lancaster carbine was adopted as the arm for the Royal Engineers and was used by members of the corps until it was superseded by the Martini-Henry rifle in 1869. During the Crimean campaign, oval-bored rifle cannon were used and did good service and were, it is said, the first rifled guns used in active service by the army and navy. Shortly after the war, heavier guns were required for armour-piercing, and the experiments carried out at Shoeburyness, in which Lancaster assisted, led to a complete revolution in rifled artillery. For the oval-bore system of rifling, he received substantial rewards from the government. His transactions with the War Office, however, led to disputes, and he scheduled his claims in a pamphlet but was unsuccessful in obtaining the recognition of his services to which he considered himself entitled. Between 1850 and 1872, he took out upwards of twenty patents, chiefly in connection with firearms but including a joint patent with John Hughes for iron plating ships in 1860. His last invention was a gas-check, applicable to large rifled projectiles.

He traveled much in Russia, where the Czar had a special gold medal of large size struck in his honour. He was elected an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 6 April 1852 and wrote a paper in their Minutes of Proceedings (xl. 115), "On the Erosion of the Bore in Heavy Guns". While making arrangements for retiring from business, he was seized with paralysis and died at 151 New Bond Street, London, on 24 April 1878. He married in 1868 Ellen, daughter of George Edward and Ann Thorne of Old Stratford, Northamptonshire, by whom he had two daughters.

See also
 68-pounder Lancaster gun
 Lancaster pepperbox

References

Attribution

External links

1820 births
1878 deaths
English inventors
Gunsmiths
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery

Charles William Lancaster


The 7-bone roast (also known as the center-cut pot roast) or 7-bone steak is from the chuck section of the steer or heifer and it includes a cross cut of the shoulder blade.  The bone is shaped like the numeral "7", which gives these cuts their name. The steak differs from the 7-bone roast only in thickness: 7-bone steaks are cut - to -inch thick.

Like most of the chuck, the 7-bone roast or "steak" is generally considered a rather tough cut of meat and is most suitable for a long cooking in liquid at a low heat, such as braising.

Butchering

According to the USDA Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications (IMPS) the "Blade Portion, Boneless" of a beef chuck butchers to 22–25 lbs in a smaller animal (Range A) and in excess of 34 lbs in a large animal (Range D).

See also

References

Cuts of beef

7-bone roast


Jeffrey Mumford (born June 22, 1955) is a U.S. composer whose orchestral works have been performed by the National Symphony Orchestra, Minnesota Orchestra, Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and American Composers Orchestra. His music has been especially praised by The New York Times as being "a philosophy of music making that embraced both raw passion and a gentle imagistic poetry."  Mumford's compositions, though thoroughly modern, are evocative, exploring the sensuous and tactile nature of sound in subtle and sophisticated ways.

Mumford was born in Washington, D.C., and holds degrees from the University of California, Irvine (B.A., 1977) and the University of California, San Diego (M.A., 1981). He was a student of Elliott Carter and Lawrence Moss.

Mumford, along with poet Bruce Weigl, holds the rank of Distinguished Professor in the Division of Arts and Humanities at Lorain County Community College in Ohio. Formerly he taught at the Washington Conservatory of Music (1989–99), served as Artist-in-Residence at Bowling Green State University (1999-00), and served as assistant professor of composition and Composer-in-Residence at the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music.

He has received grants from the Guggenheim Foundation, American Music Center, Ohio Arts Council, and ASCAP Foundation, and has been awarded seven Meet the Composer grants. His works have been recorded by the CRI label, and on Albany CDs, and his scores are published by Theodore Presser.

External links
Jeffrey Mumford's page at Theodore Presser Company
Official Website

Further reading

Interview with Jeffrey Mumford, March 15, 2001

20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
African-American classical composers
American classical composers
African-American male classical composers
Living people
1955 births
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Bowling Green State University faculty
Oberlin College faculty
21st-century American composers
American male classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American musicians

Jeffrey Mumford


James Sherman Wynn (March 12, 1942March 26, 2020), nicknamed "the Toy Cannon", was an American professional baseball player. He played 15 seasons as a center fielder; he spent ten of his fifteen seasons with the Houston Colt .45s / Astros before playing 2 All-Star seasons for the Los Angeles Dodgers and then two more seasons with three other teams. Wynn was nicknamed "The Toy Cannon" because his bat was described as having a lot of "pop" for his small size at  and  .

Professional career

Minor leagues
Wynn's career started in 1962 when the Cincinnati Reds signed him as an amateur free agent after he attended Taft High School. He played that season with the Tampa Tarpons in the Florida State League. He played mostly at third base, batting .290 with 14 home runs. After the season, he was drafted by the then Houston Colt .45s in the 1962 first-year minor league player draft.

Houston Astros (1963–1973)
Wynn began the 1963 season with the Double-A San Antonio Bullets in the Texas League, and while there split his time between shortstop and third base while batting .288 with 16 home runs in 78 games. He was promoted to the major leagues in July, and made his major league debut on July 10. Starting at shortstop, he went 1-for-4 with a stolen base. He split his time during the rest of that initial season between shortstop and the outfield, most often playing left field. He finished the season having played in 70 games, having 61 hits, four home runs, 27 runs batted in, four stolen bases and a .244 batting average.

Having struggled defensively at shortstop, Wynn was converted to a full-time outfielder in 1964. He opened the season as the Colt .45s starting center fielder, but was sent back to the minor leagues in June, with Mike White taking over. He was called up in September, and finished the season starting in center field. He ended the season having played 67 games, with 49 hits, five home runs, 18 runs batted in, five stolen bases, and a .224 batting average.

He played his first full season the following year, playing in 157 games; accordingly, he had 155 hits, 22 home runs, 73 runs batted in, 43 stolen bases and  a .275 batting average and a .371 on-base percentage.

His 1966 season ended abruptly after 105 games after breaking his left arm crashing into the outfield wall at Connie Mack Stadium chasing down a Dick Allen fly ball resulting in a game-winning, inside-the-park home run for Allen and the Philadelphia Phillies in the bottom of the 10th inning on August 1, 1966. He had 107 hits, 18 home runs, 62 runs batted in, 13 stolen bases, a .256 batting average and .321 on-base percentage.

His 1967 season was a return to form, as he played in 158 games, having 148 hits, 37 home runs (a career high), 107 runs batted in, 16 stolen bases, a .249 batting average and a .331 on-base percentage, was named to his first ever All-Star Game and finished 11th in the MVP voting, being edged out by Hank Aaron (and his 39 home runs) in the home run chase for the season in the final days of the season; it has been speculated Wynn may have lost a substantial number of home runs to the lengthy fences in the Astrodome, while Aaron played in the more homer-friendly Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. Aaron himself commented he considered Wynn the season's home run champion. Perhaps Wynn's most famous home run came on June 10 of the 1967 season at Crosley Field. The shot, which came in the eighth inning of the Astros' 8–3 loss to the Cincinnati Reds, cleared the 58-foot scoreboard in left-center field and landed on Interstate 75 outside the stadium. Five days later, Wynn became the first Houston batter to hit three home runs in one game as his Astros defeated the San Francisco Giants 6–2 at the Astrodome. In the first game of a doubleheader against the Pittsburgh Pirates one month later, on July 23, Wynn hit another tape measure home run, the ball clearing Forbes Field's center-field wall  from home plate.

The following season, he played in 156 games while having 146 hits, 85 runs, 26 home runs, 67 runs batted in, 11 stolen bases with a .269 batting average and a .376 on-base percentage, although he walked 90 times and struck out 131 times.

His 1969 season had its highs and lows, as he played in 149 games while having 133 hits, 113 runs, 33 home runs, 87 runs batted in, 23 stolen bases, 148 walks (leading the major leagues) for a .269 batting average and a .436 on-base percentage, although he struck out 142 times. He successfully got on base at least once in 52 straight games from June 4 to August 3; the mark was tied by Greg Gross six years later, which still stands as a franchise record. Wynn finished 15th in the MVP balloting.

The following year, he played in 157 games while having 156 hits, 82 runs, 27 home runs, 88 runs batted in, 24 stolen bases, 106 walks, 96 strike outs, and a .282 batting average with a .394 on-base percentage. In the 1971 season, he played in 123 games (his least since 1966), having 82 hits, 38 runs, seven home runs, 45 runs batted in, 10 stolen bases, 56 walks, 63 strike outs, with a .203 batting average and .302 on-base percentage. He returned to form the following season, playing in 145 games while having 148 hits, 117 runs, 24 home runs, 90 runs batted in, 17 stolen bases, 103 walks, 99 strikeouts, and a .273 batting average and a .389 on-base percentage. The 1973 season was his final one with the Astros. He played in 139 games, having 106 hits, 90 runs, 20 home runs, 55 runs batted in, 14 stolen bases, 91 walks, 102 strikeouts with a .220 batting average and a .347 on-base percentage.

Los Angeles Dodgers (1974–1975)

Wynn was traded from the Astros to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Claude Osteen and minor-league right-handed pitcher David Culpepper at the Winter Meetings on December 6, 1973. In his first season with the Dodgers, he played in 150 games, having 145 hits, 104 runs, 32 home runs, 108 runs batted in (a career high), 18 stolen bases, 108 walks, 104 strikeouts, with a .271 batting average and a .387 on-base percentage. He was named to the All-Star Game that season, while finishing 5th in the MVP balloting and being awarded by The Sporting News with the Comeback Player of the Year Award in helping the Dodgers win the National League pennant. In the 1974 NLCS, he had just two hits in 10 at-bats, although he walked nine times and had two runs batted in and scored four runs while they beat the Pittsburgh Pirates in four games. In the 1974 World Series, he went 3-for-16 while having two runs batted in and his only postseason home run was off Rollie Fingers in the 9th inning of Game 1 in a losing cause.

Wynn started 1975 well, although a bad shoulder injury limited his effectiveness at the plate and making throws from center field, thus he was moved to left field. In his second (and last season) with the Dodgers, he played in 130 games, having 102 hits, 80 runs, 18 home runs, 58 runs batted in, seven stolen bases, 110 walks, 77 strikeouts with a .248 batting average and .403 on-base percentage. He was named to the All-Star Game, his third and final selection. Wynn homered in the 2nd inning of the All-Star Game that year, leading the National League to a 6-3 victory.

On November 17, 1975, he (along with Lee Lacy, Tom Paciorek and Jerry Royster) was traded to the Atlanta Braves for Dusty Baker and Ed Goodson.

Atlanta Braves (1976)
In his only season with the Braves, Wynn played in 148 games, having 93 hits, 75 runs, 17 home runs, 66 runs batted in, 16 stolen bases, 127 walks (leading the major leagues), 111 strikeouts, a .207 batting average and a .377 on-base percentage.

On November 30, he was purchased by the New York Yankees.

New York Yankees / Milwaukee Brewers (1977)
Wynn spent the final year of his playing career mainly as a designated hitter for the New York Yankees and Milwaukee Brewers, having been released by the Yankees on July 14, then was signed as a free agent by the Brewers 12 days later. He played in 30 games for the Yankees and 36 for the Brewers, for a total of 66 games, garnering 34 total hits, one home run, 13 runs batted in, four stolen bases, 32 walks, 47 strikeouts, with a .175 batting average and a .289 on-base percentage.

On October 28, he was released by the Brewers.

Career statistics
In 1,920 games over 15 seasons, Wynn had 8,011 plate appearances and compiled a .250 batting average (1,665-for-6,653) with 1,105 runs, 285 doubles, 39 triples, 291 home runs, 964 RBI, 225 stolen bases, 1,224 base on balls, 1,427 strikeouts, .366 on-base percentage and .436 slugging percentage. Defensively, he posted a career .980 fielding percentage. Among players with a batting average of .250 or lower, he has the third highest wins above replacement (WAR) at 55.8, with only Graig Nettles and Darrell Evans having a higher WAR. He also had eight seasons with an Adjusted OPS+ of 130 (100 is considered league average) eight times.

Following  retirement

Wynn's number 24 was retired by the Astros on June 25, 2005, when the Astros played the Texas Rangers. Jason Lane, who wore Wynn's 24 before the ceremony, changed his number to 16 as a result.

Wynn previously served as a post-game analyst on Houston Astros television broadcasts on FSN Houston. He also served as a community outreach executive for the team.

In popular culture
In the 1995 film Apollo 13, television footage of Wynn rounding third base is shown as the Apollo astronauts broadcast what they erroneously think is a live feed to a national audience.

Death
Wynn died on March 26, 2020, two weeks after his 78th birthday, in Houston, Texas. No cause of death was given. He is survived by his wife Marie, his daughter Kimberly, and his son James Jr.

See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

References

External links

James Sherman "Jimmy" Wynn at Baseball Evolution Hall of Fame

1942 births
2020 deaths
African-American baseball players
American sportsmen
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Ohio
Houston Astros players
Houston Colt .45s players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Milwaukee Brewers players
National League All-Stars
New York Yankees players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
San Antonio Bullets players
Baseball players from Cincinnati
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ohio
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

Jimmy Wynn


Umdlalo udla ngokuchazwa njengohlobo lomdlalo wokuzonwabisa ofuna kushukunyiswe umzimba kwaye ubandakanya ukhuphiswano umzekelo njengebaseball, isoka, ibowling, okanye ibasketball. Ulutsha oluninzi kanti ke nabadala badlala imidlalo kunye noogxa babo. Amadoda ezemidlalo aqeqesha ukutitsha okanye ukulolonga amaqela okanye okanye umntu ngamnye bebabonisa okokuba bangaziphucula njani na. Imidlalo ingadlalwa ngaphakathi ezindlwini okanye nhaphandle

Some people like to watch other people play sports. Those who watch others playing sports are called fans. While some fans watch sports on television, others actually go to stadiums or other places where people pay to watch them in person. These fans are called spectators.

At present, there is a great variety of sports available, for example:
 Athletics
 Field athletics
 Long jump
 Triple jump
 Pole vault
 High jump
 Hammer throw
 Discus throw
 Javelin throw

Umdlalo


Khichu or Khichiyu is a dough for making papad. People also eat it as a snack. It is made from rice flour, but, other flours are sometimes used. The snack is ready by cooking flour in water like porridge with cumin seeds and an alkaline salt called Papad Khar (An alkaline salt with major components as sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) and then steaming the lump. It is often served with oil and chilli powder.

Indian food

Khichu


The Royal Regiment of Artillery, commonly referred to as the Royal Artillery (RA) and colloquially known as "The Gunners", is one of two regiments that make up the artillery arm of the British Army.  The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises thirteen Regular Army regiments, the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and five Army Reserve regiments.

History

Formation to 1799
Artillery was used by the English army as early as the Battle of Crécy in 1346, while Henry VIII established it as a semi-permanent function in the 16th century. Until the early 18th century, the majority of British regiments were raised for specific campaigns and disbanded on completion. An exception were gunners based at the Tower of London, Portsmouth and other forts around Britain, who were controlled by the Ordnance Office and stored and maintained equipment and provided personnel for field artillery 'traynes' that were organised as needed.

These personnel, responsible in peacetime for maintaining the forts with their garrison artillery (or coastal artillery), were the first regular artillerymen, organised in 1540 under the Master-General and Board of Ordnance, but paid directly by the Exchequer. The regular artillerymen of the District Establishments were responsible for upkeep of the fort and maintenance of equipment, and would be brought up to strength in wartime with untrained personnel drafted in from the British Army or the Militia. The post of Captain of Fort was replaced (at least in England, if not in its colonies) with that of Governor following the Restoration. When Marlborough was restored as Master-General of the Ordnance in 1714, he initiated a series of reforms, which included splitting the existing Ordnance Service into artillery and sappers or engineers. The artillery were formed into two marching companies, each of 100 men, in 1716.

These marching companies were renamed the "Royal Artillery" in 1720. These were increased to four companies and on 1 April 1722 grouped with independent artillery units at Gibraltar and Menorca to form the Royal Regiment of Artillery; the first commander was Colonel Albert Borgard, a Dane who served in the British army since 1698.

Aside from the Master Gunner of England, the detachments in each fort formed a District Establishment that included a Captain of Fort, a Master-Gunner or Chief-Gunner, and a number of other ranks, including Gunners, Gunner's Mates, Quarter-Gunners, and Matroses. Their numbers were extremely small; as late as 1720, the total establishment for the whole of Britain was 41 master gunners and 178 gunner assistants. Although the Royal Artillery increasingly involved itself with the coastal artillery in Britain, also, the District Establishments remained independent until February 1771, when the Royal Artillery formed eight Invalid Companies (made up of personnel no longer fit for expeditionary service) into which they were absorbed (although the District Establishments would still rely on drafts of sailors, British Army soldiers, Militia infantrymen, or Volunteers to bring the batteries up to wartime strength until the formation of Militia Artillery and Volunteer Artillery in the 1850s).

During the 18th century, the British regular military forces, including the Board of Ordnance's military corps (the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers and later the Royal Sappers and Miners) and the British Army (composed mostly of infantry and cavalry) became increasingly professional (various reserve, or local, forces also existed, including: the Militia, or old Constitutional Force, normally made up of infantry units; the mounted Yeomanry; and Volunteer units of various types, normally raised only during wartime), particularly in the fields of artillery and engineering; Britain lagged behind others in this area, with Vauban establishing the French Corps royal des ingénieurs militaires as far back as 1690.

A cadet company was formed at the Royal Military Academy or RMA Woolwich in 1741; this trained artillery and engineering officers for the regiment, the East India Company and the Royal Irish Artillery. In 1757, it split into two battalions, each of twelve companies; by 1780, it contained 32 companies in four battalions, two "invalid companies" used solely for garrison duties and the Royal Artillery Band, with a total strength of 5,241 men and officers.

Originally based in the Royal Arsenal, beginning in 1770 the regiment was rehoused in the Royal Artillery Barracks on Woolwich Common. A major innovation in 1793 was the establishment of the Royal Horse Artillery, designed to provide mobile fire support for cavalry units.  The same year saw the foundation of the Corps of Royal Artillery Drivers to provide transport for the artillery.

Fixed Coastal Artillery batteries were generally manned in peacetime by a handful of Royal Artillery personnel primarily responsible for maintenance, who were reinforced in wartime by drafts of infantrymen from the British Army or the Militia, or by temporarily-raised Volunteer Artillery corps. This was to remain the case through the Naploeonic Wars.

1800–1899

The regiment was involved in all major campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars; in 1804, naval artillery was transferred to the Royal Marine Artillery, while the Royal Irish Artillery lost its separate status in 1810 after the 1800 Union. This period also saw development of the Congreve rocket; based on an existing Indian design, these were the first solid-fuel projectiles used by the British army and two rocket troops were established in 1814. Their use in the War of 1812 is referenced in the line "rocket's red glare" which appears in the Star-Spangled Banner.

The Militia, which had been a paper tiger since the end of the Napoleonic Wars, was re-organised under the Militia Act 1852 in response to the threat of invasion by France, changing it from a conscripted force to one made up of volunteers who engaged for terms of service. The force continued to be a reserve tasked with home defence, embodied for annual training, and for the duration of wars or emergencies. The Militia had been principally an infantry force to this date, but Militia Artillery units were added from this point, and some existing Militia Infantry regiments were converted to coastal artillery. The role of the Militia Artillery was to man coastal defences and fortifications in wartime, relieving the Royal Artillery (RA) for active service.

The Royal Artillery (and also of the Royal Engineers, Royal Sappers and Miners, the Commissariat Department, and various barracks, ordnance stores, and transport departments) was transferred to the British Army when the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855 (the administrative branches of the Board were absorbed by the War Office) and the War Office School of Gunnery established in Shoeburyness in 1859. When the British East India Company was dissolved in 1862, its artillery function was absorbed by the Royal Artillery, giving it a total strength of 29 horse batteries, 73 field batteries and 88 heavy batteries. Military expenditure estimates for 1872 list the regimental strength as a total of 34,943 men and officers, including those in India.

Although the Militia and the Volunteer Force remained separate forces, during the latter half of the Nineteenth Century they were re-organised through a succession of reforms, and increasingly integrated with the British Army.<ref>Militia Lists and Musters 1757 1876: A Directory of holdings in the British Isles", by Jeremy Gibson and Mervyn Medlycott. Fourth Edition. Federation of Family Historical Societies (Publications) Ltd, Bury, Lancashire. 2000. First published 1989. </ref> In 1882, the Militia Artillery units lost their individual identities, becoming numbered brigades organised within Royal Artillery territorial divisions (two brigades of horse artillery, four brigades of field artillery and eleven territorial divisions of garrison artillery). In 1889 the number of divisions was reduced to three, and the Militia Artillery brigades were renamed again, mostly regaining some variation of their original territorial names.

Post 1881, militia artillery officers wore for a brief time five button serge foreign service frocks with ball buttons and silver lace. Post 1890, officers transitioned to pocketed examples, again with ball buttons but the frocks varying from pure blue serge to other examples with scarlet facings.

Prior to 1882, each Militia Artillery unit in the United Kingdom wore a unique badge. Between 1882 and 1889, Militia Artillery brigades wore a divisional badge based on that of the Royal Artillery, except that the lower scroll and upper scroll, which on the Royal Artillery badge were inscribed "Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt" and "Ubique" (which indicated the regular Royal Artillery, like the Royal Engineers, served everywhere), were respectively inscribed with the name of the territorial division name (by example, North Irish Division) and left blank or covered in a spray of laurel (as the Militia and Volunteer Force were both home defence forces, the members of which could not be sent abroad on expedition without their consents). From 1889 to 1902, the lower scroll was inscribed with the name of the unit (by example, Antrim Artillery) and the upper scroll left blank or covered in a spray of laurel. Grenade badges, whether worn as a collar badge or elsewhere, lacked the scroll inscribed "Ubique" that was part of the regular Royal Artillery version. Militia Artillery units were made up of Militia officers and other ranks, with a Permanent Staff made up of seconded Royal Artillery officers and senior other ranks, including a single officer acting as both Commandant and Adjutant (where a suitably qualified Militia officer was unavailable to serve as Commandant), or only as Adjutant where the Commandant was a Militia officer.

Units from the Royal Engineers and Royal Artillery were in Australia, even after Federation.

1900 to present day

On 1 July 1899, the Royal Artillery was divided into three groups: the Royal Horse Artillery of 21 batteries and the Royal Field Artillery of 95 batteries composed one group, while the coastal defence, mountain, siege and heavy batteries were split off into another group named the Royal Garrison Artillery of 91 companies. The third group continued to be titled simply Royal Artillery, and was responsible for ammunition storage and supply. Which branch a gunner belonged to was indicated by metal shoulder titles (R.A., R.F.A., R.H.A., or R.G.A.). The RFA and RHA also dressed as mounted men, whereas the RGA dressed like foot soldiers. In 1920 the rank of Bombardier was instituted in the Royal Artillery.

Following the separation of the regular garrison companies into the Royal Garrison Artillery in 1899, the Militia Artillery units were re-titled accordingly in 1902 (by example, The Antrim Royal Garrison Artillery (Militia), which would usually be rendered Antrim R.G.A (M)). The badge adopted was the same as that of the regular Royal Regiment of Artillery, from that point including the "ubique" and "Quo Fas Et Gloria Ducunt" scrolls, with a letter "M" fixed at the bottom of the gun badge, and on the body of the grenade on the grenade badge (also with the "ubique" scroll), whether worn on the collar or on a cap. Alternately, Ubique was replaced on scrolls with the name of the city, county or colony for which the unit was named.

When the Volunteer Force and the Yeomanry in the United Kingdom (including the Volunteer Artillery) were merged to create the Territorial Force in 1908, the Militia was re-designated the Special Reserve. At the same time, plans were made to convert all of the Royal Garrison Artillery (Militia) units to Special Reserve Royal Field Artillery, but all Home units other than The Antrim Royal Garrison Artillery (Militia) (converted in 1956 to 74 (Antrim Artillery) Engineer Regiment (V)) were instead disbanded in 1909 (although Militia Artillery units remained in some of the colonies, and these were not re-designated as Special Reserve; The most notable of these was the Bermuda Militia Artillery, which, like the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, formed part of the garrison of the important Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda where the regular Royal Artillery had first posted a company in 1794, following the French Revolution).History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army, by Colonel KW Maurice-Jones, DSO, RA. Royal Artillery Institution, 1959. The remainder of the Special Reserve was re-designated as the Militia again after the First World War and permanently suspended. The Territorial Force was renamed the Territorial Army.

The division of the Royal Regiment of Artillery lasted until 1924, when the RFA, RHA, and RGA amalgamated once more to become one regiment. In 1938, RA Brigades were renamed regiments. During the World War II there were over 1 million men serving in 960 gunner regiments. In 1947 the Riding Troop RHA was renamed the King's Troop Royal Horse Artillery and, in 1951, the title of the regiment's colonel-in-chief became Captain General. When The Queen first visited the Troop after her accession, it was expected that it would become "The Queen's Troop", but Her Majesty announced that in honour of her father's decision it would remain "The King's Troop".

The Royal Horse Artillery, which has separate traditions, uniforms and insignia, still retains a distinct identity within the regiment.

Before World War II, Royal Artillery recruits were required to be at least  tall. Men in mechanised units had to be at least  tall. They initially enlisted for six years with the colours and a further six years with the reserve or four years and eight years. They trained at the Royal Artillery Depot in Woolwich.

From its beginnings, the Royal Artillery has been based at Woolwich, in south-east London. In 2003 it was decided to move the headquarters to Larkhill on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire (the RA's training ground, where the Royal School of Artillery has been based since 1915). In 2012, however, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery was relocated to Woolwich from their former headquarters in St John's Wood.

The Royal Artillery today
The Royal Artillery is equipped with a variety of equipment and performs a wide range of roles, including:
 Surveillance and target acquisition/unmanned air systems
 Commando and airborne artillery
 Self-propelled artillery
 Multiple launch rocket systems
 Air defence
The Captain General of the regiment is King Charles III. The post was previously known as Colonel-in-Chief until King George VI expressed the desire to be known as Captain General. The head of the regiment is the Master Gunner, St. James's Park.

The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises both Regular (full-time) and Reserve (part-time) units. The Royal Regiment of Artillery is unusual in that it has sub-units that often move between regiments, or are placed into suspended animation. See List of Royal Artillery Batteries.

Regular Army
The Royal Regiment of Artillery comprises one ceremonial troop and 13 Regular Army regiments, and are designated by a number and the name Royal Artillery (RA) or Royal Horse Artillery (RHA):
Regular regiments of the Royal Horse Artillery

 The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery – His Majesty's Mounted Ceremonial Battery. A ceremonial unit equipped with 13 pounder guns for the firing of Royal Salutes. Now located in Woolwich Garrison.
 1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery – equipped with AS90 self-propelled artillery and based in Larkhill Garrison.
 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery – (The Liverpool and Manchester Gunners) are equipped with Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) based at Albemarle Barracks outside Newcastle-Upon-Tyne.
 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery – (The Airborne Gunners) are equipped with L118 105mm light guns and are currently held at Very High Readiness, as part of 16th Air Assault Brigade, based at Merville Barracks, Colchester.

Regular regiments of the Royal Artillery
 4 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Fighting Fourth) are equipped with L118 105mm light guns at Alanbrooke Barracks in Topcliffe.
 5 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Yorkshire Gunners) are equipped with Surveillance and Target Acquisition assets and are based at Marne Barracks in Catterick, North Yorkshire.
 12 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Lancashire and Cumbrian Gunners) are the Army's Close Support Air Defence unit equipped with Starstreak HVM on the Self Propelled HVM Stormer armoured vehicle and are based at Baker Barracks, Thorney Island.
 14 Regiment Royal Artillery – are the Training and Support Regiment based at Stirling Barracks in Larkhill Garrison.
 16 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The London Invicta Gunners) are the Army's Medium Range Air Defence unit equipped with Sky Sabre and are based at Baker Barracks, Thorney Island.
 19 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Scottish Gunners) are equipped with AS90 self-propelled artillery and MSTAR radar at Larkhill Garrison.
 26 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The West Midland Gunners) are equipped with Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and EXACTOR 2 at Larkhill Garrison.
 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Commando Gunners) are equipped with the L118 105mm light gun, and are currently part of 3 Commando Brigade. Most batteries are currently based at the Royal Citadel, Plymouth, with one battery (148 (Meiktila) Battery) based at RM Poole and 7 (Sphinx) Battery based at RM Condor, Arbroath.
 32 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Wessex Gunners) are equipped with Unmanned Air Vehicles and are based in Roberts Barracks in Larkhill.
 47 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Hampshire and Sussex Gunners) – are equipped with the Thales Watchkeeper WK450 and are based in Horne Barracks in Larkhill.

Army Reserve
 National Reserve Headquarters, Royal Artillery – (NRHQ RA) – An administrative group which oversees recruitment, as well as a specialist pool of gunnery instructors, naval gunfire liaison officers, forward air controllers and personnel supporting formation headquarters in the Army, all divisions and most brigades. Based at Royal Artillery Barracks, Woolwich Garrison with batteries in Larkhill Garrison and Bath.
 101 (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery – Equipped with Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and paired with 26 Regiment RA. Has batteries in Gateshead, Blyth, Newcastle, Hexham, South Shields, Catterick, and Leeds.
 103 (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery – Equipped with L118 light gun. Has batteries in St Helens, Bolton, Liverpool, Douglas, Manchester, Bulwell, and Wolverhampton.
 104 Regiment Royal Artillery – Equipped with the L118 light gun. Has batteries in Newport, Abertillery, Bristol, Worcester, and Plymouth.
 105 Regiment Royal Artillery – (The Scottish & Ulster Gunners) – Equipped with the L118 light gun. Has batteries in Edinburgh, Newtownards, Coleraine, Glasgow, Arbroath, Kirkcaldy, Shetland, and Livingston.
 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery – The Army's only Reserve Air Defence unit. Equipped with the Starstreak missile and currently a part of 7th Air Defence Group, with batteries in Grove Park, Portsmouth, and Southampton.

Equipment

Air defence
The Royal Artillery utilises two air defence weapons:
 Sky Sabre - Operated by the 7th Air Defence Group since 2021, replacing Rapier. This system consists of Land Ceptor missiles, SAAB Giraffe AMB radars and Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Modular Integrated C4I Air & Missile Defense System (MIC4AD), all mounted on MAN trucks.
 Starstreak HVM – Starstreak HVM is a very short range air defence (VSHORAD) system that is a continuation of the Blowpipe and Javelin series. It is operated as either a shoulder-launched weapon, in the lightweight multiple launcher mode, or mounted on the Alvis Stormer armoured vehicle. The weapon is operated by 12 Regiment RA and 106 Regiment RA.

Close support artillery
The Royal Artillery field the following close support/offensive support weapons:
 MLRS – The multiple launch rocket system provides a precision fire capability out to a range of 85 km. Operated by 26 Regiment Royal Artillery and 101 (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery, and 3 Regiment Royal Horse Artillery, which reroled in 2023 to the MLRS.
 AS-90 – The AS-90 is an armoured 155mm self-propelled gun and is utilised by 1st Regiment RHA and 19 Regiment RA.
 L118 light gun – The light gun is a 105 mm gun. It is operated by 4th Regiment RA, 7th (Para) Regiment RHA, 29 (Commando) Regt RA, as well as three Army Reserve regiments – 103 Regiment RA, 104 Regiment RA and 105 Regiment RA.
 Exactor (Spike NLOS) – A vehicle-mounted high-precision guided missile. It is currently solely operated by 26th Regiment RA since 2020.
 BAE Archer - Deal with Sweden announced on the 16th of March 2023 to replace part of the 32 AS-90 transferred to Ukraine. The ownership is to be transferred before the end of March 2023, and it will be operational from April 2023. It is announced as an interim replacement before a decision is made regarding the replacement program of the AS-90 that should take place before 2030.

Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR)
 MAMBA (mobile artillery monitoring battlefield array) uses radar to track enemy mortar and artillery shells out to a range of 40 km.  It can be used to predict the point of impact, thereby giving a number of seconds warning, but is usually deployed to trace the point of origin of mortar/artillery rounds and then provide correction for counter-battery fire.  It is operated by 5th Regiment RA.
 ASP (advanced sound-ranging program) is an acoustic triangulation system that used a series of sensor posts (microphones) to triangulate the point of origin and point of impact of enemy mortars and artillery.  It is operated by 5th Regiment RA.
 Thales Watchkeeper WK450 (UAV) is operated by 47 Regiment Royal Artillery.
 Desert Hawk III UAV – the DH3 is a hand-launched UAV. It is operated by 32 Regiment Royal Artillery.

Ceremonial
 13 pounder – The King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery retains six operational First World War-era QF 13 pounders for use as state saluting guns.

List of obsolete weapon and equipment

Surface-to-air missiles
 Blowpipe
 Javelin
 Starburst
 Thunderbird
 Rapier

Unmanned aerial vehicles
 BAE Systems Phoenix - operated by the 32nd Regiment Royal Artillery from 1999 to 2008.
 Canadair CL-89 Midge
 Radioplane BTT
 Black Hornet Nano
 Honeywell RQ-16 T-Hawk

Nuclear weapons 1950s–1990s
Surface-to-surface tactical ballistic missiles
 Corporal – In service with the 27th and 47th Guided Weapons Regiment RA from 1954 to 1966. See Project E
 Honest John – In service with the 24th, 39th, 47th and 50 Missile Regiment Royal Artillery from 1960 to 1977.
 Lance – In service with the 50 Missile Regiment Royal Artillery from 1976 to 1993.

Nuclear capable artillery
 155-mm M109 howitzer
 203-mm (8-inch) M110 howitzer – See Project E
 203-mm (8-inch) M115 howitzer

Nuclear artillery shells
 W33 – In service until 1992. See Project E
 W48

Colonel Commandants
The Royal Artillery, due to its large size, has 11 Colonel Commandants and a Master Gunner concurrently. As of June 2021, these are:
 Lieutenant General Sir Andrew Gregory, KBE, CB (also Master Gunner, St James's Park)
 Lieutenant General Richard Nugee, CB, CVO, CBE
 Lieutenant General Stuart Skeates, CBE
 Major General Neil Marshall, OBE
 Major General Robert Weighill, CBE
 Major General William Bramble, CBE
 Major General Jeremy Bennett, CBE
 Brigadier Ian Harrison, CBE
 Colonel Barry Jenkins
 Vacant Vacant''

Order of precedence

Royal Horse Artillery

Royal Artillery

In the British Army Order of Precedence, the Household Cavalry is always listed first and always parades at the extreme right of the line. However, when the Royal Horse Artillery is on parade with its guns it will replace the Household Cavalry at the extreme right of the line.

Museum
The Regimental museum, "Firepower" located in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich closed in 2017.

Affiliations
  – Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
  – Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery
  – Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery
  – Regiment of Artillery
  – Regiment of Artillery
  – Sri Lanka Artillery
  – Singapore Volunteer Artillery
  – Armed Forces of Malta
  – Rejimen Artileri Diraja
  – The Royal Gibraltar Regiment
  – South African Artillery Formation

The Royal Artillery have a traditional rivalry with the Royal Engineers (the Sappers).

See also

 List of Royal Artillery Batteries
 Artillery
 Honourable Artillery Company
 Royal Artillery Mounted Band
 Royal Artillery Band
 Royal Artillery Memorial
 Royal Artillery Barracks
 Royal School of Artillery
 Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum
 Bermuda Militia Artillery
 Royal Malta Artillery
 Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery
 Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery
 Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery
 Manx Regiment
 List of vehicles used by the British Army

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Royal Regiment of Artillery

British administrative corps
Military units and formations established in 1722
Military units and formations of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War
Organisations based in the United Kingdom with royal patronage
Artillery units and formations of the British Army
1722 establishments in Great Britain
Artillery administrative corps

Royal Artillery


The flag of the Federated States of Micronesia was adopted on 30 November 1978. The blue field represents the Pacific Ocean. In an echo of U.S. heraldic practice, the stars represent the four federated states: Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae and Yap, arranged like the points of the compass.

History
The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was administered by the United States under the auspices of the United Nations after World War II. In the 1950s, the residents had protested the adoption of a flag, citing the lack of a cohesive identity for the disparate group of islands, and the scheme was dropped.

The trust territory first adopted a flag on 24 October 1962, which featured a design of six white stars around a shade of blue based on the flag of the United Nations. The flag was designed by Gonzalo Santos and officially approved in 1965 by the National Congress. The six stars represented the districts of Yap, Truk, Pohnpei, Palau, Marshall Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands; the latter three did not become part of the eventual Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in 1979.

A four-star variation of the former trust territory flag was adopted on 30 November 1978 prior to independence; Kosrae was split from Pohnpei and is represented by the fourth star. The blue shade based on the United Nations flag was substituted for a darker blue after the FSM ascended to the Compact of Free Association with the United States on 3 November 1986.

Design
The four white stars are oriented in a circle with none of the "rays" pointing inwards, adorning a shade of blue representing the Pacific Ocean. The ratio of the flag is 10:19 and the width of each star to the flag is 1:5, though it is permissible to reproduce the flag in other dimensions for unofficial purposes.

Historical flags

State flags

References

Flags introduced in 1978
National flags
Flag

Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia


William F. Brown (29 November 1919, in Tampa, Florida – 6 September 2010, in Kennewick, Washington) was an American welding engineer, professional engineer and magnetic pulse welding expert.

Life and career

Brown was born in Tampa, Florida and grew up in the Blue Ash and St. Bernard suburbs of Cincinnati, Ohio. He graduated in Sycamore Union High School in 1939, where he excelled academically as well as having success in basketball and football. In high school, he also learned to play the game of golf. He enjoyed the sport immensely, spending weekends and summers caddying at the Kenwood Country Club in Cincinnati. He had the privilege to caddy for Sammy Snead and other golf legends during his years at the golf club.

In 1937, Brown began working for Towsley Trucks, Inc., in the machine shop as a laborer. As he learned the skill of welding, he developed a passion for welding engineering and metallurgy. Due to his excellent work ethic, he was promoted to Superintendent in charge of the Metal and Welding Department. Towsley Trucks Inc. commended Bill for his honesty, integrity and his willingness to work under any and all conditions.

Brown attended Ohio State University from 1951 and graduated in 1955 with two major accomplishments: he obtained a Bachelor of Science Degree in Welding Engineering and got awarded a Professional Engineering License. Brown excelled in academics and earned many scholarships during his university years, e.g. the 1954–55 Welding Engineering scholarship of $150 was awarded to him by the American Welding Society. He worked in the engineering lab and taught welding theory part-time.

After graduation, Brown worked for General Electric (GE) in Cincinnati, Ohio, until he transferred to GE Hanford, on the Columbia River in Richland, Washington, in 1961. When GE spun off Hanford, he went to work for Battelle Northwest and finally for Westinghouse Hanford, both in Richland, Washington. Brown was a Fellow Engineer working at Westinghouse when he retired in 1989.

At Westinghouse, he was responsible for the development of magnetic pulse welding machines. The magnetic pulse welding process was successful in producing welds within advanced stainless steel fuel pin rods for the Fast Flux Test Facility reactor. He later represented Westinghouse Hanford taking the magnetic pulse welding process to Japan, his last great accomplishment before retiring.

Inventions

Throughout his career, Brown was granted many patents and was recognized for many technical accomplishments:

He co-invented a welding machine for automated closure of nuclear fuel pins by magnetic pulse welding, in which the open end of a length of cladding was positioned within a complementary tube surrounded by a magnetic pulse welding machine. Seals were provided at each end of the tube, which could be evacuated or receive tag gas for direct introduction to the cladding interior. Loading of magnetic rings and end caps was accomplished automatically in conjunction with the welding steps carried out within the tube.

He co-invented an automated loading system for nuclear fuel elements with a gravity feed conveyor, which permitted individual fuel pins to roll along a constrained path perpendicular to their respective lengths. The individual lengths of fuel cladding were directed onto movable transports, where they were aligned coaxially with the axes of associated handling equipment at appropriate production stations. The fuel pins were inserted as a batch prior to welding of end caps.

He co-invented an enlarged funnel, which was releasably mounted at the open end of a length of cladding by an encircling length of shrink tubing, which securely engages the outer surfaces of both the funnel and cladding. The shrink tubing overlapped an annular shoulder against which pulling force could be exerted to remove the tubing from the cladding. The shoulder could be provided on a separate collar or ring, or on the funnel itself.

He also co-invented an automated welding machine for the closure of nuclear fuel pins by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW also known as TIG welding), in which a rotating length of cladding was positioned adjacent to a welding electrode in a sealed enclosure. An independently movable axial grinder was provided in the enclosure for refurbishing the used electrode between welds.

Family

Brown married Mary Catherine Boring on 8 July 1944, whom he had met while they were both serving in the army during World War II, in which he was a welding instructor at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland. In 1951, Bill and Mary moved to Columbus, Ohio and built up a family of five children.

Societies
Brown was a member of the American Society for Metals the American Welding Society and the American Nuclear Society.

Patents and publications

 David W. Christiansen and William F. Brown: 'Automated closure system for nuclear reactor fuel assemblies', Patent Number: 4542267, Filing Date: 30 November 1982.
 David W. Christiansen, William F. Brown and Jim M. Steffen: 'Automated fuel pin loading system.' Patent Number: 4548347, Filing Date: 30 November 1982.
 David W. Christiansen, Jim M. Steffen, William F. Brown: 'Funnel for fuel pin loading system.' Patent Number: 4537741, Filing Date: 30 November 1982.
 David W. Christiansen, William F. Brown: 'Gas tungsten arc welder with electrode grinder.' Patent Number: 4480171, Filing Date: 30 November 1982.

References and further information
 Obituary: William F. Brown Sr. Tri-City Herald serving Kennewick, Richland and Pasco, 9 September 2010.
 Ralph Schäfer, Pablo Pasquale and Stephan Kallee:The Electromagnetic Pulse Technology (EMPT): Forming, Welding, Crimping and Cutting
 John McGinley: Electromagnetic Pulse Technology as a Means of Joining Generation IV Cladding Material, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, ICONE17, 12–16 July 2009, Brussels, Belgium.

1919 births
2010 deaths
American mechanical engineers
People from Blue Ash, Ohio
People from Hamilton County, Ohio
People from Columbus, Ohio
Engineers from Ohio

William F. Brown (engineer)


William James Mortimer (died May 20, 2010), sometimes known as Jim Mortimer, was the publisher, president and editor of the Deseret News from 1985 to 1996 and publisher of the newspaper from 1996 to 2000.

Biography
Mortimer graduated from Logan High School, received his bachelor's degree from Utah State University and journalism degree from Columbia University. After serving as a U.S. Army second lieutenant during the Korean War, he returned to Utah and married Paula Ann Deline.

Mortimer's first involvement with the Deseret News began at age 12 when he started as a carrier delivering the paper. He also worked part-time in the Logan bureau of the Deseret News during college. His career in printing and publishing started with the Deseret News in 1957 when he accepted a position as a reporter, then later became Assistant Business Editor. He then became Sales Manager at the Deseret News Press, then Senior Account Executive for Wheelwright Lithographing Company. He enjoyed 13 years at Deseret Book where he served as Vice President and General Manager for much of the 1970s. In 1979, Jim returned to the Deseret News Press. He was appointed Publisher, President and Editor of the Deseret News in 1985. His involvement with "Deseret" companies led to his appellation as "Deseret Jim." He retired in 2000.

He was very active in the community serving in many positions including president of the Printing Industries of Utah, a board member of Printing Industries of America, president of the Downtown Retail Merchants of Salt Lake, president of the Utah Retail Merchants Association, executive vice president of the Great Salt Lake Council Boy Scouts of America, chairman of Salt Lake Area Chamber of Commerce, chairman of the board at Pioneer Memorial Theatre, chairman of the Utah Partnership for Education and Economic Development, chairman of the board for Prevent Blindness Utah Chapter—now Friends for Sight, executive committee member for Salt Lake Convention and Visitors Bureau, board member of the Utah Symphony, president of the Salt Lake Kiwanis Club, lieutenant governor of Utah-Idaho District of Kiwanis International, president of Utah Press Association, board member of the Utah State University Alumni Association, chairman of Utah State University journalism department advisory board, an honorary colonel of Utah National Guard, and a member of the Guard's executive board. He chaired the first United Way campaign to raise $1,000,000.

Awards included Distinguished Citizen of the Year 1995 for the Boy Scouts of America, an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from Utah State University and election to the Utah Printer's Hall of Fame in 2010 for his significant contribution to the printing industry.

Mortimer was an active member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Latter-day Saint. His callings in the LDS Church included a Regional Representative,a Stake Patriarch, Stake President, Bishop and Executive Secretary of the Youth Correlation Committee. He also served as secretary to the LDS Church Scriptures Publication Committee from 1972 to 1981.  The members of the committee were Thomas S. Monson, Boyd K. Packer and Bruce R. McConkie. Mortimer was responsible for supervising the typesetting, printing and binding of the (then) new Latter-day Saint Edition of the King James version of the Bible and the new triple combination.

Mortimer died in Salt Lake City at age 77 on May 20, 2010, after a long illness. He was survived by his wife and seven children.

References
Utah State newsletter
Deseret News, Aug. 13, 2009
Ensign, Aug 1983, p. 35
"Mormon Times Obituary"

American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American newspaper editors
American newspaper publishers (people)
Patriarchs (LDS Church)
Regional representatives of the Twelve
Utah State University alumni
Deseret News people
Latter Day Saints from Utah
2010 deaths

William James Mortimer


Old Cairo (Arabic: مصر القديمة , Miṣr al-Qadīma, Egyptian pronunciation: Maṣr El-ʾAdīma) is a historic area in Cairo, Egypt, which includes the site of a Roman-era fortress, the Christian settlement of Coptic Cairo, and the Muslim-era settlements pre-dating the founding of Cairo proper in 969 AD. It is part of what is referred to as Historic Cairo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Miṣr al-Qadīma is also a modern administrative district in the Southern Area of Cairo, encompassing the area from the Cairo Aqueduct to the north, to the Ring Road in the south, and from the Khalifa cemetery to the east, to the Nile Corniche in the west, as well as Roda Island, or Manial al-Roda. It had 250,313 residents according to the 2017 census.

History

Roman fort and Coptic Cairo
The area around present-day Cairo had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta regions, which also placed it at the crossing of major routes between North Africa and the Levant. Memphis, the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom and a major city up until the Ptolemaic period, was located a short distance south west of present-day Cairo.

Around the turn of the 4th century, as Memphis was declining in importance, the Romans established a large fortress along the east bank of the Nile. The fortress, called Babylon, was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian (r. 285–305) at the entrance of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea that was created earlier by emperor Trajan (r. 98–115). While no structures older than the 7th century have been preserved in the area aside from the Roman fortifications, historical evidence suggests that a sizeable city existed. The city was important enough that its bishop, Cyrus, participated in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449.

The Byzantine-Sassanian War between 602 and 628 caused great hardship and likely caused much of the urban population to leave for the countryside, leaving the settlement partly deserted. The site nonetheless remained at the heart of the Coptic Orthodox community, composed of Egyptian Christians who separated from the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late 4th century.

Fustat in the early Muslim period

After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 during the period of the Rashidun Caliphate, the Arab commander Amr ibn al-As established Fustat () just north of the Roman fortress, on the eastern side of the Nile. At Caliph Umar's request, the Egyptian capital was moved from Alexandria to this new city.

Foundation of Al-Askar (Abbasid period)
The reach of the subsequent Umayyads Caliphs was extensive, stretching from modern-day Spain all the way to western China. However, they were overthrown by the Abbasids, who moved the capital of the Islamic empire to Baghdad. In Egypt, this shift in power involved moving control from the city of Fustat slightly north to a new Abbasid city called al-'Askar (). Intended primarily as a city large enough to house an army, it was laid out in a grid pattern that could be easily subdivided into separate sections for various groups, such as merchants and officers.

Foundation of Al-Qata'i (Tulunid period)
Local Egyptian governors gained increasing autonomy, and in 870, governor Ahmad ibn Tulun made Egypt into a de facto independent state, though still nominally under the rule of the Abbasid Caliph. As a symbol of this independence, in 868 ibn Tulun founded yet another capital, al-Qata'i, slightly further north of al-'Askar. The capital remained there until 905, when the city was destroyed.

Later history of Fustat

After the destruction of al-Qatta'i, the administrative capital of Egypt returned to Fustat. In the 10th century, under the Fatimids, the capital moved to nearby al-Qāhirah (Cairo), founded in 969. Cairo's boundaries grew to eventually encompass the three earlier capitals of al-Fusṭāṭ, al-Qatta'i and al-'Askar. Fustat itself was then partly destroyed by a vizier-ordered fire that burned from 1168 to 1169, as a defensive measure against the attacking Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.

By the end of the 15th century, the newer port of Bulaq was able to take over the role as the major commercial port from Old Cairo.

Modern district and population
Masr al-Qadima (Old Cairo) is a Cairo district in the Southern Area made up of one qism (police ward).

The district had 250,313 residents in  2017 spread over 12 shiakhas as follows:

Historical sites and attractions

Coptic Cairo and the Babylon Fortress

The area includes Coptic Cairo, a walled enclave on the site of the partly-preserved Babylon Fortress. Parts of the ancient fortress's walls, towers, and its gate are still visible. The enclave holds a high concentration of historic Christian churches such as the Hanging Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George, the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, the Church of Santa Barbara, and other Christian buildings. From the 11th century to the 13th century, the Hanging Church (also known as the Church of the Virgin) and the Church of Saint Mercurius (located a short distance north of the enclave), served as the seats of the Coptic Patriarchate and the residences of the Coptic Pope. The Church of Saint Barbara and the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus are also notable for being among Cairo's oldest preserved churches, dating from the late 7th or early 8th century.
The area also contains the Coptic Museum, which showcases the history of Coptic art from Greco-Roman to Islamic times, and the Ben Ezra Synagogue, the oldest and best-known synagogue in Cairo, where the important collection of historic documents known as the Cairo Geniza were discovered in the 19th century.

Count Gabriel Habib Sakakini Pasha (1841–1923), who had become a household name in his time, established the Roman Catholic Cemetery in Old Cairo.

Historical sites near the fortress

To the north of the Babylon Fortress is the Amr ibn al-'As Mosque, the first mosque in Egypt and the most important religious centre of what was formerly Fustat, but rebuilt many times since. A part of the former city of Fustat has also been excavated to the east of the mosque and of the Coptic enclave.

Nearby and to the northwest of Babylon Fortress and the mosque is the Monastery of Saint Mercurius (or Dayr Abu Sayfayn), an important and historic Coptic religious complex consisting of the Church of Saint Mercurius (mentioned above), the Church of Saint Shenute, and the Church of the Virgin (also known as al-Damshiriya). Several other historic churches are also situated to the south of Babylon Fortress.

Other nearby attractions
Further north is the Cairo Citadel Aqueduct, built during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods (from the 12th to 16th centuries) to supply water to the Cairo Citadel to the east. Long sections of the elevated aqueduct, as well as its intake tower near the river, are still standing today.

Located on the Nile River close to Coptic Cairo is Roda Island, which is connected by a nearby footbridge. Several historic monuments are located in the island, including the Nilometer, built in 861 on the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil. Although it was repaired and given a new roof in later centuries, its basic structure is still preserved, making it the oldest preserved Islamic-era structure in Cairo today.

In 2021, the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization was opened to visitors in a new building in Old Cairo, near ancient Fustat. The museum provides an overview of Egyptian history with artefacts drawn from the existing collections of other museums around the country. The 22 ancient royal mummies formerly housed in the Egyptian Museum at Tahrir Square were moved here in 2021.

Conservation and restoration
The effort to conserve Egypt's monuments has existed since the 19th century. In 1881, Khedive Tawfiq founded the Comité de Conservation des Monuments de l'Art Arabe.

In 1979, UNESCO designated Old Cairo, as part of wider Historic Cairo, as a World Heritage Site, calling it "one of the world's oldest Islamic cities, with its famous mosques, madrasas, hammams and fountains" and "the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century."

The archeological site of Fustat, which include excavations to the east of the main historical enclave, has been threatened by encroaching construction and modern development.

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

World Heritage Sites in Egypt

History of Cairo
Districts of Cairo
Historic districts

Old Cairo


In cryptography, the Full Domain Hash (FDH) is an RSA-based signature scheme that follows the hash-and-sign paradigm. It is provably secure (i.e., is existentially unforgeable under adaptive chosen-message attacks) in the random oracle model. FDH involves hashing a message using a function whose image size equals the size of the RSA modulus, and then raising the result to the secret RSA exponent.

Exact security of full domain hash
In the random oracle model, if RSA is -secure, then the full domain hash RSA signature scheme is -secure where,
.

For large  this reduces to .

This means that if there exists an algorithm that can forge a new FDH signature that runs in time t, computes at most  hashes, asks for at most  signatures and succeeds with probability , then there must also exist an algorithm that breaks RSA with probability  in time .

References
Jean-Sébastien Coron(AF): On the Exact Security of Full Domain Hash. CRYPTO 2000: pp. 229–235 (PDF)
Mihir Bellare, Phillip Rogaway: The Exact Security of Digital Signatures - How to Sign with RSA and Rabin. EUROCRYPT 1996: pp. 399–416 (PDF)

Digital signature schemes
Theory of cryptography

Full Domain Hash


Leucism () is a wide variety of conditions that result in the partial loss of pigmentation in an animal—causing white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, or cuticles, but not the eyes. It is occasionally spelled leukism. Some genetic conditions that result in a "leucistic" appearance include piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, flavism, isabellinism, xanthochromism, axanthism, amelanism, and melanophilin mutations. Pale patches of skin, feathers, or fur (often referred to as "depigmentation") can also result from injury.

Details

Leucism is often used to describe the phenotype that results from defects in pigment cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to skin, hair, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all pigment cells fail to develop) or patches of body surface (if only a subset are defective) having a lack of cells that can make pigment.

Since all pigment cell-types differentiate from the same multipotent precursor cell-type, leucism can cause the reduction in all types of pigment. This is in contrast to albinism, for which leucism is often mistaken. Albinism results in the reduction of melanin production only, though the melanocyte (or melanophore) is still present. Thus in species that have other pigment cell-types, for example xanthophores, albinos are not entirely white, but instead display a pale yellow color.

More common than a complete absence of pigment cells is localized or incomplete hypopigmentation, resulting in irregular patches of white on an animal that otherwise has normal coloring and patterning. This partial leucism is known as a "pied" or "piebald" effect; and the ratio of white to normal-colured skin can vary considerably not only between generations, but between different offspring from the same parents, and even between members of the same litter. This is notable in horses, cows, cats, dogs, the urban crow and the ball python but is also found in many other species.

Due to the lack of melanin production in both the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and iris, those affected by albinism sometimes have pink pupil due to the underlying blood vessels showing through. However, this is not always the case and many albino animals do not have pink pupils. The common belief that all albinos have pink pupils results in many albinos being incorrectly labeled as 'leucistic'. The neural crest disorders that cause leucism do not result in pink pupils and therefore most leucistic animals have normally colored eyes. This is because the melanocytes of the RPE do not derive from the neural crest. Instead, an out-pouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup that, in turn, forms the retina. As these cells are from an independent developmental origin, they are typically unaffected by the genetic cause of leucism.

Genetics
Genes that, when mutated, can cause leucism include c-kit, mitf and EDNRB.

Etymology
The terms leucistic and leucism are derived from the stem leuc- + -ism, from Latin leuco- in turn derived from Greek leukos meaning white''.

Gallery

See also

 Albino and white squirrels
 Amelanism
 Dyschromia
 Erythrism
 Heterochromia iridum
 Albinism
 Melanism
 Piebaldism
 Vitiligo
 Xanthochromism

References

External links

Animal coat colors
Articles containing video clips
Bird colours
Dermatologic terminology
Disturbances of pigmentation
Genetic disorders with no OMIM

Leucism


Leslie George Seymour, JP (1 November 1900 – 15 April 1976) was a British company director and politician from the city of Birmingham.

Educated at Solihull Grammar School, Seymour left school at the age of 14 to work in a laboratory at a technical school. He then went into manufacturing industries, and became Managing Director of Improved Metallic Appliances Ltd. He was also involved in Conservative Party politics and was elected to Birmingham City Council from Small Heath ward in 1937. After losing his seat in 1946, he returned to the council from Rotton Park Ward in 1947 for two further terms before again being defeated in 1954. He specialised in the more mundane aspects of local government such as rating and valuation, although he was chair of the Civil Defence Committee in 1944.

Seymour was Conservative candidate in the safe Labour seat of Birmingham Ladywood at the 1951 general election. At the 1959 general election, he fought Birmingham Sparkbrook: the Labour incumbent Percy Shurmer had died shortly before polling day, and Seymour managed to defeat his underprepared successor as candidate.

A low-profile MP, Seymour was an instinctive right-winger and at the 1964 general election he called for legal restrictions on coloured immigration in overcrowded areas such as Sparkbrook. The Labour Party candidate Roy Hattersley was strongly opposed to racialism and regained the seat. After failing to regain his seat at the 1966 general election, Seymour retired. In 1974 he was made an Honorary Alderman of Birmingham.

References
M. Stenton and S. Lees, "Who's Who of British MPs" Vol. IV (Harvester Press, 1981)
"Birmingham Votes" by Christopher Phillips
Obituary, The Times, 21 April 1976.

External links

1900 births
1976 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1959–1964
Councillors in Birmingham, West Midlands

Leslie Seymour


The African Company of Merchants or Company of Merchants Trading to Africa was a British chartered company operating from 1752 to 1821 in the Gold Coast area of modern Ghana, engaged in the Atlantic slave trade.

Background
The company was established by the African Company Act 1750, and in 1752 replaced the Royal African Company which had been established in 1660. Unlike its predecessor, the African Company of Merchants was a regulated company, not a joint stock company: Clause IV of African Company Act 1750 stated:  "That it shall not be lawful for the Company, established by this Act, to trade to or from Africa in their corporate or joint Capacity, or to have any joint or transferable Stock, or to borrow, or take up, any Sum or Sums of Money, on their Common Seal".

The assets of the Royal African Company were transferred to the new company and consisted primarily of nine trading posts or factories: Fort William, Fort James, Fort Sekondi, Fort Winneba, Fort Apollonia, Fort Tantumquery, Fort Metal Cross, Fort Komenda and Cape Coast Castle, the last of which was the administrative centre. This coastal area was dominated by the indigenous Fante people.

African Committee
The company was managed by the African Committee, which was composed of nine committee members, three each from London, Liverpool and Bristol. The constitution stipulated that the committee should be elected annually from the general body of traders from these cities, who paid 40 shillings to be admitted to the company. According to the constitution, these committee members could only hold the post for three years. However, in 1772 a series of pamphlets were published claiming that the Committee members were not acting properly.

The company was funded by an annual grant approved by Parliament, which covered the costs of the London office and the forts. The committee had to report to the Exchequer, the Admiralty and, from 1782, the Secretary at War. John Shoolbred,(1740–1802), uncle of another John Shoolbred noted for his advocacy of vaccination, was secretary to the committee for several years.

The imperial government prohibited the African slave trade after 1807, although the company continued to operate for some years afterwards.  In keeping with the ethos of liberal reform, administrative authority over the African Company's territory was transferred to Governor Charles MacCarthy of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone having been founded as a refuge colony for freed formerly enslaved peoples. (Governor McCarthy was subsequently killed in the First Anglo-Asante War.)  In 1817, the company signed a treaty of friendship recognising the Asante claims to sovereignty over large areas of the coast, including areas claimed by the Fante.  However, after it became public knowledge that the company had continued the slave trade within its privately held territory, the British government abolished the company in 1821.

See also
List of committee members of the African Company of Merchants
Ashanti–Akim–Akwapim War
Thomas Edward Bowdich
List of members of the African Company of Merchants

References

British colonisation in Africa
Chartered companies
History of West Africa
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
History of Ghana
Economic history of Great Britain
1752 establishments in England
British companies established in 1752
British companies disestablished in 1821
1821 disestablishments in England
18th century in Africa
19th century in Africa
Economy of Ghana
African Company of Merchants

African Company of Merchants


Cookamidgera is a town, Parish of Ashburnham County and Cadastral suburb of Forbes shire and Parkes Shire in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

Originally known as Bindegandri, the town was renamed Cookamidgera on 29 August 1895.

Cookamidgera is a stop on the Broken Hill railway line which was opened in 1893. The passenger services stopped in the 1970s, and passengers alight at the nearby Parkes railway station.

Most retail and commercial activity has also left the town, with such services being obtained in the adjoining town of Parkes. The remaining services in the town are Rural Fire Service brigade, one church, Mechanics Institute and the rail platform.

References

Towns in New South Wales
Towns in the Central West (New South Wales)

Cookamidgera, New South Wales


Henry Notaker (born 15 July 1941) is a Norwegian journalist.

He was born in Halden. He graduated as cand.philol. from the University of Oslo, worked as journalist for the newspaper Aftenposten, and for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1970 to 2004. From 1976 to 1979 he was a foreign correspondent in Paris. Among his books are Revolusjon i Portugal from 1975, Cæsars barnebarn from 1982, and Appetittleksikon from 1997.

References

1941 births
Living people
People from Halden
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian journalists
Aftenposten people
NRK people
Norwegian food writers

Henry Notaker


Holy Water-Gate: Abuse Cover-up in the Catholic Church is a 2004 documentary which investigates the crisis that emerged within the Roman Catholic Church, as victims of child sex abuse by priests fight to bring their abusers to justice.  The film begins as a personal journey of filmmaker Mary Healey, who is also Catholic.  Through key players in the scandal, including victims, whistle-blower priests and a senior ranking U.S. Cardinal who is called upon by the Vatican to control an ever-growing storm, Holy Water-Gate brings the viewer deep within the institutional mind of the U.S. Catholic Church:  a powerful establishment that not only failed the victims for many years by not acknowledging their abuse, but also enabled some priests to continue to abuse more children by relocating them in other parishes.  This intensely personal and political story investigates the crisis and exposes the reluctance within the U.S. mainstream media for decades to report sexual abuse crimes against children by priests.

Movie details
 Title: Holy Water-Gate: Abuse Cover-Up in the Catholic Church
 Running Time: 56 Minutes
 Country: Australia, Canada, Italy
 Genre: Biography, Law & Crime, Social History

List of broadcasts
Austria, ORF September 7, 2011 (German language version).
The Documentary Channel, USA 2010, 2011.
Austria ORF, February 23, 2010 (German language version).
SBS Australia 2004 - 2006,
TVE Spain 2005 (Spanish language version),
DR Denmark 2005 (Subtitled),
RTSI Switzerland 2005 (Italian language version),
CBC Canada 2004 - 2006,
ShowTime, USA 2005.

Screenings
Rhode Island International Film Festival, August 2005.
Abuse Survivors Network Conference, Chicago, IL, June 2005.
Cine Awards, Washington, DC, June 2005.
Cable Car Cinema Providence, RI, April 2005.
Coolidge Corner Theatre, Brookline, MA January, 2005.
University of Rhode Island, November 2004.

Reviews and awards
"Director/writer/producer Mary Healey and co-producer Louise Rosen use the abuse that took place in Rhode Island during the 1980s and '90s as a springboard to investigating the Catholic Church's penchant for covering up accusations of sexual abuse by members of the clergy. A pastor in Cranston, Father James Silva abused children for years before his crimes were brought to the attention of the Diocese of Providence. Transferred to 12 different parishes over the course of the next 16 years, Father Silva's patterns of abuse continued unabated, the parents at each new parish never realizing that their churchgoing children were in the care of a genuine sexual predator. In another shocking case, a priest reported to police by his two victims was assigned a scant six months of therapy and assigned to a new parish after the official report mysteriously vanished and no official charges were made. In many cases, when victims' advocates, other priests, or reporters attempted to reveal similar cases to the public, they were repeatedly blocked and/or harassed by church officials and—in some cases—the perpetrators themselves. Why is the Catholic Church willing to work so hard to keep these cases from the public, especially when they seem well aware that by doing so they're putting more children directly in harm's way?"" - Jason Buchanan, Rovi, The New York Times.

"Rhode Island filmmaker Mary Healey-Conlon's documentary gives the victims of the Catholic Church a collective voice. It's chilling to hear grown men and women describe their sexual abuse at the hands of trusted priests while seeing footage of those very priests flash across the screen. It's shocking to hear, from the mouth of a perpetrator priest, about the 'homoerotic' church-run treatment centers, or about how boys over the age of 14 were considered 'fair game as long as you didn't get caught.' And it's distressing to hear, through Healey-Conlon's personal narrative, how Church leadership opted for administrative solutions (the 'geographical cure'). In just under an hour, Healey-Conlon offers a crash course in the historical, legal, religious, and cultural aspects of the Church's scandal. But the film never feels superficial. We are, as one survivor says, 'learning about what we don't want to learn about,' and through that process, gaining a necessary 'knowledge of evil.'" -  Deirdre  Fulton, The Boston Phoenix, 2005'.Holy Water-Gate'' was the Grand Winner of the Rhode Island International Film Awards for Best Documentary in 2005.

Recipient of the CINE Golden Eagle Award, 2005.

References

Films about child abuse
Media coverage of Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals
2005 films
2005 documentary films
Documentary films about crime in the United States
American documentary films
2000s American films

Holy Water-Gate


The Ebbw Vale Garden Festival of Wales (National Garden Festival 1992) attracted over two million visitors to Ebbw Vale in South Wales.

Background

The national garden festivals were a high-profile 1980s initiative by the then Conservative government in response to criticism of their alleged neglect of areas hit by the decline of heavy industry. Environment Minister Michael Heseltine proposed that derelict land should be reclaimed for a Garden Festival as a symbol of the rebirth of such areas. The festivals were held every two years. The first such festival was held in Liverpool in 1984. Subsequent festivals were held in Stoke-on-Trent (1986), Glasgow (1988), Gateshead (1990) and Ebbw Vale Garden Festival (1992) which eventually won the competition. The festivals were highly successful in attracting millions of visitors from all over the country to industrial areas long ignored by British tourists. However they did not always lead to the hoped-for long-term injection of private investment in the affected areas.

The festival
Ebbw Vale was chosen as the last British Garden Festival site (1992) because of the waste land which had been the British Steel steel and tin works, part of which had been demolished in the early 1980s. The festival began on 1 May 1992 and ran until 4 October 1992. As well as gardens, plant exhibitions and fairground-style attractions the festival also featured a funicular railway, the Ebbw Vale Garden Festival Funicular.

The Festival Park (Garden Festival) site is now occupied by over 1,000 houses, a fishing lake, Festival Church, an owl sanctuary, a large environmental sculpture of Mother Earth, woodlands and a shopping centre.

Clock

A mechanical clock known as "In the Nick of Time" by sculptor Andy Plant was installed on the site. The clock was commissioned and paid for by Newport Council at a cost of £100,000. On the hour, the structure would open to reveal the hidden characters inside. After the festival event the clock was relocated to John Frost Square, Newport. The clock is currently located on the roundabout leading to the Glan Llyn development behind Newport Retail Park in Newport. The clock no longer opens.

See also
 Ebbw Vale Garden Festival Funicular

References

External links

Unofficial Garden Festival Wales website
Festival Church
Festival Park Owl Sanctuary
Funicular Railway

National garden festivals
1992 in Wales
Garden Festival
Garden festivals in Wales
1992 festivals

Ebbw Vale Garden Festival


The Most Basin (also known as North Bohemian Basin; , ) is a structural basin and geomorphological mesoregion of the Czech Republic. It is named after the city of Most. It forms the southwestern and central parts of the Ústí nad Labem Region. It is among the richest European deposits of lignite, which has been extracted here since the second half of 19th century, mostly by extensive surface mining.

Geomorphology
The Most Basin is a mesoregion of the Podkrušnohorská Macroregion within the Bohemian Massif. It is further subdivided into the microregions of Žatec Basin and Chomutov-Teplice Basin.

A flat landscape without peaks is typical for the Most Basin. The highest point of the territory is a contour line near Libouchec, at  above sea level. There are several low hills with an elevation of 350–380 in the southwestern part of the basin.

Adjacent landscapes
The basin lies between the Central and Eastern Ore Mountains to the north and the Rakovník Uplands to the south. To the east the basin borders on the Central Bohemian Uplands and the foothills of Elbe Sandstone Mountains as well as in the southeast on the geomorphological region of the Lower Ohře Table. In the west it reaches the Doupov Mountains.

Geology
The Most Basin is a depression filled with Tertiary sediments. Its main filling is of Miocene age and they are mainly volcanic rocks, pyroclastic sediments, clays and sands together with important deposits of lignite and ceramic clays.

Geography
The Most Basin has an area of  and an average elevation of . The territory has an elongated shape from southwest to northeast.

There are several significant watercourses in the area. The largest rivers are Ohře and Bílina. The area is rich on reservoirs and artificial lakes as a consequence of land reclamation after coal mining. The largest bodies of water are lakes Milada, Most and Matylda, and the Nechranice Reservoir.

Natural conditions have given rise to larger settlements in the area. The largest cities and towns in the Most Basin are Chomutov, Litvínov, Jirkov, Žatec and Krupka. Partly located in the territory are Ústí nad Labem, Most, Teplice, Kadaň and Bílina.

Economy
The basin is known for lignite mining. 30–40 thousand tonnes of coal are mined here every year.

The region is largely agricultural. The area around Žatec is well known for hops cultivation. Saaz hops or Žatec hops is a protected designation of origin.

Gallery

See also

Energy in the Czech Republic

References

Further reading

External links
Information about the North Bohemian lignite field

Ústí nad Labem Region
Coal mining regions in the Czech Republic
Landforms of the Czech Republic

Most Basin


Loma Alto de la Bandera is a mountain in the Dominican Republic located within Valle Nuevo National Park, which is in the province of La Vega Province. During the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24), the mountain was mapped, catalogued, and measured to a height of 9324 ft. (2842 m), with a prominence of 4961 ft. (1512m). Due to the peak's relative proximity to Santo Domingo, the mountaintop is coated with telecommunications towers, including those used for air traffic control at Las Américas International Airport.

References

Mountains of the Dominican Republic

Loma Alto de la Bandera


George Beckwith Bradley (February 5, 1825 – January 9, 1916) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on February 5, 1825, in Greene, Chenango County, New York, the son of Orlo Fuller Bradley (1799–1845) and Julia (Carter) Bradley (1804–1891). He attended the common schools. Then he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Woodhull, Steuben County, New York. On July 11, 1850, he married Hannah Eliza Lattimer (born 1826).

He was a member of the Constitutional Commission of 1872–1873.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (27th D.) from 1874 to 1877, sitting in the 97th, 98th, 99th and 100th New York State Legislatures.

At the New York state election, 1878, he ran on the Democratic ticket for Judge of the New York Court of Appeals but was defeated by Republican George F. Danforth.

He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court (7th D.) from 1884 to 1895, and sat on the General Term (now the Appellate Division) from October 16, 1893, until the end of 1895, when he retired upon reaching the constitutional age limit. On February 21, 1896, Bradley was designated by Gov. Levi P. Morton to hold extraordinary special terms of the Supreme Court in Corning for the remainder of the year, to dispose of backlogged business. On September 30, 1896, Bradley was appointed again to the Appellate Division, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Calvin E. Pratt.

He died on January 9, 1916, in Corning, New York.

Sources
 Life Sketches of Government Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1875 by W. H. McElroy and Alexander McBride (pg. 46f) [e-book]
 GENERAL NOTES in NYT on October 19, 1883
 Appointed by Gov. Flower in NYT on October 17, 1893
 TO HOLD SPECIAL TERMS OF COURT in NYT on February 22, 1896
 A Retired Judge to Resume in NYT on October 1, 1896
 Ex-Justice George B. Bradley in NYT on January 10, 1916
 Bradley genealogy at Bradley Foundation

1825 births
1916 deaths
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
People from Greene, New York
New York Supreme Court Justices
People from Woodhull, New York
19th-century American judges

George B. Bradley