Guayas is a coastal province in Ecuador. It is bordered tae the wast bi Manabí, Santa Elena, an the Paceefic Ocean (as the Gulf o Guayaquil); tae the east bi Los Ríos, Bolívar, Chimborazo, Cañar, an Azuay; tae the north bi Los Ríos an Bolívar; an tae the sooth bi El Oro an the Paceefic Ocean.

Wi a population o ower 3 million fowk, it is the maist populous province in Ecuador. It is the fowert lairgest province in the kintra in terms o aurie. The lairgest ceety o Ecuador, Guayaquil, is locatit athin the province.

Geography
Guayas' natural terrain is vera diverse. The province haes nae elevations, except for the Coastal Range, which stairts in Guayaquil an goes tae Manabí. The auries wast o the Coastal Range are desertic, wi an average temperatur o 23 °C. The auries east o the range belang tae the Guayas Watershed. They are quite humid an fertile, especially in the north o the province, wi an average temperatur o 30 °C in the humid saison (December–Mey) an 25 °C in the dry saison (Juin–November).

Hydrography
The maist important river in the province is the Daule River, which flows frae the north tae join the Babahoyo River tae form the Guayas river. The province is pairt o the lairgest river basin in Sooth Americae wast o the Andes Muntains.

Roads
Guayas haes its awn seestem for numberin roads. Housomeivver, this seestem is unkent for maist residents, so it is no regularly uised.

The inter-provincial roads are an aa numbered wi the naitional seestem. Even routes travel north-sooth; odd routes travel east-wast. The inter-provincial roads that cross the province are the follaein:
Ecuador Heich-gate 15 (Vía del Pacífico; Paceefic Wey)
Ecuador Heich-gate 25 (Troncal de la Costa; Coastal Main Wey)
Ecuador Heich-gate 40 (Transversal Austral; Austral Crossin Wey)

History

Pre-Hispanic culturs
The native cultur livin in Guayas is the Huancavilca Cultur. Exactly afore the European discovery o Americae, the Huancavilca Cultur wis livin in the province. They are the ancestors o a lairge pairt o the population o the province.

Spaingie conquest an unthirldom
Guayaquil wis foondit on August 14, 1534 (its foundation is celebrated on Julie 25). Durin the Spaingie conquest, Guayaquil became ane o the maist important ports in Sooth Americae. The ceety became free on October 9, 1820, an the Guayaquil Depairtment (ane o the oreeginal subdiveesions o Ecuador) wis foondit suin efterwards. It consistit on the Manabí Province, an the Guayaquil Province, which wis later renamed Guayas. The Guayaquil Province includit the territory o what nou is Peruvian Tumbes, an the day's Los Ríos an El Oro. The provinces wur separatit frae Guayas in 1860 an 1884, respectively.

Urbanization
In recent decades, there haes been a massive exit frae landwart auries tae the main ceeties (especially Guayaquil). This haes creatit a problem in Guayaquil, as maist o the migrants muive tae municipal auries, creatin shantytouns, wi nae services like water or electricity.

Demographics
Guayas is the maist populous province in the kintra. The estimatit population o the province in 2003 wis aboot 3,360,000 fowk. A lairge percentage o the population are mestizos, i.e. descendants o baith Spaingie an indigenous fowks, there are an aa big commonties o fowk that descend frae Italians, Lebanese an German fowk.

Poleetical diveesions
The province is dividit intae 25 cantons. The follaein table leets each wi its population as o the 2001 census, its aurie in square kilometres (km²), an the name o the canton seat or caipital.

See an aw
 Provinces o Ecuador
 Cantons o Ecuador

References

Freemit airtins
  Gobierno Provincial del Guayas , offeecial wabsteid

Provinces o Ecuador
States an territories established in 1820

Guayas Province


Cephalotaxus oliveri is a coniferous shrub or small tree in the family Taxaceae. It is native to China and possibly to Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and eastern India.

Description
Shrubs or small trees up to 4 m tall. The bark is yellow to grayish brown and scaly. The leafy branchlets are oblong-elliptic in outline. Leaves are borne at 55-70° to branchlet axis. The pollen-cone is borne on the lower side and toward the distal end of terminal branchlets. The buds develop before the subtending leaves expand. Seeds cones are solitary. Seeds are obovoid, ovoid, or almost globose. Pollination occurs Mar-Apr while seeds mature from Aug-Oct.

Habitat and ecology
Cephalotaxus oliveri occurs in subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests, coniferous and mixed forests, at altitudes between 300 and 1,800 meters above sea level. It is an understorey shrub, occurring in the shrub layer mixed with several genera of angiosperms such as Rhododendron, Camellia, Cotoneaster, Deutzia, Lonicera, Berberis, Buddleia, Euonymus, Hydrangea, Prunus and other species.

Uses
This species is exploited for its bark, twigs, roots and seeds, which contain anti-carcinogenic alkaloids, for medicinal purpose. It is also cultivated as an ornamental shrub both in and outside China.

Status
This species has a wide range and a large population, but it has experienced population reduction of more than 30% over the last 90–100 years due to exploitation of the plant for medicinal purposes and the loss of habitat due to deforestation by logging and agricultural expansion. The reduction is likely to continue, so this species is listed as Vulnerable based on the past declines.

References

Flora of China
oliveri
Vulnerable plants

Cephalotaxus oliveri


The Sri Aurobindo Ashram is a spiritual community (ashram) located in Pondicherry, in the Indian territory of Puducherry. The ashram grew out of a small community of disciples who had gathered around Sri Aurobindo after he retired from politics and settled in Pondicherry in 1910. On 24 November 1926, after a major spiritual realization, Sri Aurobindo withdrew from public view in order to continue his spiritual work. At this time he handed over the full responsibility for the inner and outer lives of the sadhaks (spiritual aspirants) and the ashram to his spiritual collaborator, "The Mother", earlier known as Mirra Alfassa. This date is therefore generally known as the founding-day of the ashram, though, as Sri Aurobindo himself wrote, it had "less been created than grown around him as its centre."

History

Life in the community that preceded the ashram was informal. Sri Aurobindo spent most of his time in writing and meditation. The three or four young men who had followed him to Pondicherry in 1910 lived with him and looked after the household. Otherwise, they were free to do as they wished. The Mother and French writer Paul Richard met Sri Aurobindo in 1914 and proposed that they bring out a monthly review; but after the outbreak of World War I, they were obliged to leave India, and Sri Aurobindo had to do almost all of the work on the review himself, helped a little by the young men who were living with him. In April 1920 the Mother returned to Pondicherry, and soon the community began to take the form of an ashram, more because the sadhaks "desired to entrust their whole inner and outer life to the Mother than from any intention or plan of hers or of Sri Aurobindo." After the ashram was given formal shape in 1926, it experienced a period of rapid growth, increasing from around 24 in the beginning of 1927 to more than 150 in 1934. The membership leveled off in 1934 owing to a lack of suitable housing.

During these years there was a regular routine. At 6:00 every morning, the Mother appeared on the ashram balcony to initiate the day with her blessings. Sadhaks would have woken very early and completed a good portion of the day's work including meditation and then assembled under the balcony to receive her blessings.

As the ashram grew, many departments came up and were looked after by the sadhaks as part of their sadhana: the offices, library, dining room, book/photograph printing, workshops, sports/playground, art gallery, dispensary/nursing home, farms, dairies, flower gardens, guest houses, laundry, bakery, etc. The heads of the departments met the Mother in the morning and took her blessings and orders. She would meet the sadhaks individually again at 10 am and, in the evening at 5:30 pm, she would conduct meditation and meet the sadhaks.

In addition, four times a year Sri Aurobindo and the Mother used to give public Darshans (spiritual gatherings where the guru bestows blessings) to thousands of devotees gathered to receive grace.

Present

Once confined to a few buildings in one corner of Pondicherry, the ashram's growth has caused it to expand physically in all directions. Today, Ashramites live and work in more than 400 buildings spread throughout the town. The central focus of the community is one group of houses, including those in which Sri Aurobindo and the Mother dwelt for most of their lives in Pondicherry. This interconnected block of houses—called "the Ashram main-building", or more usually just "the Ashram"—surrounds a tree-shaded courtyard, at the centre of which lies the flower-covered "Samadhi". This white marble shrine holds, in two separate chambers, the physical remains of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother.

Today, Pondicherry has become an important destination for spiritual seekers as well as tourists. Thousands of visitors from all over the world come to the ashram.

The visiting hours for the visitors are from 8 am to 12 noon and then again from 2 pm to 6 pm.

Aims and ideals
The Ashram, according to Sri Aurobindo, "has been created with another object than that ordinarily common to such institutions, not for the renunciation of the world but as a centre and a field of practice for the evolution of another kind and form of life which would in the final end be moved by a higher spiritual consciousness and embody a greater life of the spirit."

The practice of Integral Yoga, Sri Aurobindo explained, "does not proceed through any set mental teaching or prescribed forms of meditation, mantras or others, but by aspiration, by a self-concentration inwards or upwards, by self-opening to an Influence, to the Divine Power above us and its workings, to the Divine Presence in the heart, and by the rejection of all that is foreign to these things."

The complete method of Integral Yoga aims to transform human life into a divine life. In Sri Aurobindo's yoga, the highest aim is the state of being one with the Divine, without the renunciation of life in the world. For such a fulfillment of the consciousness, the urge for perfection must not be confined to a few individuals. There must be "a general spiritual awakening and aspiration in mankind" as well as "a dynamic re-creating of individual manhood in the spiritual type." This would lead eventually to the emergence of a new type of being, the gnostic being, which "would be the hope of a more harmonious evolutionary order in terrestrial Nature".

Publications

Sri Aurobindo Ashram is the primary publisher of the works of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. As of January 2015 it keeps some 200 publications in English in print, of which 78 are books by Sri Aurobindo, 44 books by the Mother, 27 compilations from their works, and 47 books by other authors. These books are printed at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, which has been in operation since the 1940s. They are distributed by SABDA, the Ashram's book distribution service, which has been in operation since the 1950s. SABDA also carries books relating to Sri Aurobindo, the Mother, and their yoga brought out by other publishers, making the number of English books on their list more than 600. The Ashram also publishes books in 17 other European and Indian languages, for a total of more than 550 publications. SABDA carries these and other non-English titles: in all there are 1678 titles in 23 languages.

The photographs of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother are printed in-house and is available from Ashram Reception Service. Sizes are available to suit table-top to large wall frames.

Collected works
The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo (new edition) are being issued in 37 volumes, of which 36 have been published. The Collected Works of the Mother have been issued in 17 volumes.

Periodicals
The Ashram publishes a number of journals relating to the philosophy and yoga of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. These are currently printed at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram Press, though several were earlier brought out in other cities. Some of Sri Aurobindo's works first appeared in these and other journals, among them The Advent, a quarterly, which has recently ceased publication. The most important journals in English are:
 Bulletin of Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education (English-French, formerly Bulletin of Physical Education), quarterly, Pondicherry, since 1949
 Mother India (English), monthly, Pondicherry, since 1949

The Ashram press also prints several journals published by other organizations. These include:
 All India Magazine (English and other languages), monthly, Pondicherry
 Bartika (Bengali), quarterly, Calcutta, since 1942
 Srinvantu, quarterly, Calcutta, since 1956
 World Union (English), monthly, Pondicherry

Governance

During the early years of the community, Sri Aurobindo and the Mother imposed very few rules on the sadhaks, because they wished them to learn to direct their lives by looking for the divine guidance within. After 1926, written rules were circulated. The main rules were an absolute prohibition of alcohol, drugs, sex and politics. There were also a number of guidelines for the smooth functioning of the collective life of the community. These rules were collected in Rules and Regulations of Sri Aurobindo Ashram, copies of which are given to all members.

The Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust was established in 1955 to administer the community and its assets. The trust board consists of five Trustees, the first of whom were chosen by the Mother herself. After her passing in 1973, the trustees have chosen replacements by consensus.

The main ashram departments are overseen by department heads who report to the Trustees.

The Ashram, a public charitable trust, is open to all. No distinctions of nationality, religion, caste, gender, or age are observed. Members come from every part of India and many foreign countries. A large number of devotees from Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu visit the Ashram every day, and support the activities of the Ashram in various ways. Many say that they have benefited from the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother. However, some feel that there is little mingling of ashramites and local people. According to a senior Ashram official, the practice of silence observed by the ashramites may have been misunderstood as rude behaviour.

Controversy
In compliance with the Central Government's Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, the Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust constituted an Internal Complaints Committee in April 2014.

In 2001, a female member was expelled from the ashram for violating a "mandatory rule". Thereafter she filed charges of sexual harassment against various members. These charges were dismissed by committees and government agencies, all of which found the charges false. The then chairperson of the National Commission for Women added that there "appeared to be malicious planning behind the complaints".

See also
Auroville (not part of Sri Aurobindo Ashram)
Sri Aurobindo International School (not part of Sri Aurobindo Ashram)
The Mother's International School (not part of Sri Aurobindo Ashram)
Integral Life (Link to Ken Wilber; not part of Sri Aurobindo Ashram)

References

External links

Ashram
Hinduism in Puducherry
Ashrams
New Age organizations
Integral thought
Hindu new religious movements
Hindu organizations
Buildings and structures in Pondicherry (city)
Religious buildings and structures in Puducherry
Religious organizations established in 1926
1926 establishments in India
Establishments in French India
Organisations based in Puducherry
Tourism in Puducherry

Sri Aurobindo Ashram


The Texas City Dike is a levee located in Texas City, Texas, United States that projects nearly  south-east into the mouth of Galveston Bay. It is flanked by the north-eastern tip of Galveston Island and the south-western tip of the Bolivar Peninsula. The dike, one of the area's most beloved and enduring landmarks, was originally designed to reduce the impact of sediment accumulation along the lower Bay.

The Bay itself connects the Houston Ship Channel, one of the nation's most important commercial waterways, and the Port of Houston with the Gulf of Mexico  distant. However, as Texas City expanded from its industrial roots to become a thriving residential community, the dike's purpose changed, and it became the city's best hope against a catastrophic incursion of water surging westward into the low-lying community from a hurricane landfall in the Bay. It was hoped that the dike, Texas City's primary defense against potential encroachment of water from Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, would lessen or even entirely deflect substantial damage to the city from such a potentially cataclysmic event.

The Texas City Dike juts out into Galveston Bay on the easternmost end of Texas City. The dike is parallel to and north of the 50-foot deep, 600-foot wide Texas City Channel, which allows shipping traffic to access the Port of Texas City. The dike's structure consists of a 28,200-foot-long (approximately 5.34 miles) pile dike paired with a rubble-mound dike that runs along the south edge of the pile dike (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2007). The Texas City Dike was built to protect the Texas City Channel from cross currents and excessive silting, although the channel must still be dredged frequently to prevent shoaling in the waterway.

Construction

The dike, whose construction was authorized by the Texas State Legislature in 1935, was constructed of tumbled granite blocks, ranging in size from that of a small suitcase to roughly that of a sub-compact car, with a wide paved road extending its entire length. Boasting numerous fishing piers, bait and tackle shops, and restaurants awash in local color, the dike is often referred to by locals as "the world's longest man-made fishing pier." Along its length, it offers magnificent views of the lower Bay, the constant stream of commercial shipping and private pleasure craft that ply its waves, and nearby coastlines and islands including the Bolivar Peninsula, Virginia Point, Pelican Island, and the East End of Galveston. It is also famous for the many brown pelicans that called it home year-round.
 Is roughly 5.3 miles long with an asphalt road 24 feet wide and 12 feet of shoulders on either side of improved crushed gravel.
 Has been advertised as the longest man-made pier.

Legal status

In general, individual US states have sovereign control over their coastal seafloors, including those under man-made structures, but the Texas City Dike is an exception.  An Act of the Texas Legislature in the mid-1930s ceded ownership of the dike along its length (and 500 feet on each side from the original centerline) to the Municipal government of Texas City.

Hurricane Ike damage

The dike was over-topped (and structures destroyed) by what was measured as an  storm surge driven into the Bay by Hurricane Ike. Significant waves were witnessed to batter the dike as early as the afternoon of Friday, September 12, 2008, fully twelve hours ahead of the tropical cyclone's arrival on nearby Galveston Island's East End. It is not known whether the destruction of the dike's structures occurred before, or following Ike's entrance into Galveston Bay proper at approximately 3:00 a.m. Central Daylight Time on Saturday, September 13, 2008. It was reopened on September 11, 2010, two days before the second anniversary of Hurricane Ike's destruction of the dike.

Residents of Texas City are given tags to enter the dike via automobile for free, while visitors outside the city must pay a $10 entry fee between 6 am and 9 pm during the summer months. Fines for littering the new dike cost $200, and vendors cannot sell on the dike.

In pop culture

A song, "Texas City Dyke", by Gene Kelton, is a play on words.

See also

Galveston Seawall

References

External links

Dikes in the United States
Buildings and structures in Galveston County, Texas
Texas City, Texas
Greater Houston
Galveston Bay Area

Texas City Dike


Solid is one of the four common states of matter. The molecules in solids are closely bound together, so they can only vibrate. This means solids have a definite shape that only changes when a force is applied. This is different to liquids and gases which move randomly, a process called flow.

Solids can resist forces applied to their surface.

When a solid becomes a liquid, this is called melting. Liquids become solid by freezing. Some solids, like dry ice, can turn into gas without turning liquid first. This is called sublimation.

Kinds of solids
The forces between the atoms in a solid can take many forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and make covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, like most organic compounds, are held together with "van der Waals forces" coming from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of solid come from the differences between their bonding.

Metals

Most metals are strong, dense, and good conductors of electricity and heat. The mass of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from boron to polonium, are metals. Mixtures of two or more elements in which the big component is a metal are known as alloys.

People have been using metals for many purposes since prehistoric times.
The strength and relialbility of metals has led to their widespread use in making of buildings and other things, as well as in most vehicles, many tools, pipes, road signs and railroad tracks. Iron and aluminium are the two most commonly used metals. They are also the most common metals in the Earth's crust. Iron is most commonly used in the form of an alloy, steel, which has up to 2.1% carbon, making it much harder than pure iron.

Since metals are good conductors of electricity, they are valuable in electrical tools and for carrying an electric current over long distances with little energy loss. Because of this, electrical power grids rely on metal cables to get electricity. Home electrical systems, for example, are wired with copper for its good conducting uses. The high thermal conductivity of most metals also makes them useful for stovetop cooking utensils.

Minerals

Minerals are natural solids formed through many geological processes and having a crystal structure with uniform physical things throughout..

Related pages
Liquid
Gas
Plasma

Other websites

Basic English 850 words
States of matter

Solid


Leigh Gerdine (22 June 1917 - 1 March 2002) was an American musician, composer, educator, civic leader and patron of the arts who was called "the spiritual father of the arts in St. Louis." A Rhodes Scholar, he served as President of Webster University and founded the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis.

Early life
Leigh Gerdine was born on June 22, 1917, in Sheyenne, North Dakota. He began playing the piano around age 8 and later played the saxophone in high school.

Education
Gerdine received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of North Dakota in 1938. He attended Lincoln College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, from which he received a bachelor's degree in music in 1940. In 1941, he completed his doctorate at the University of Iowa. He was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Eta Sigma, and the Blue Key honor societies.

Gerdine subsequently studied piano in London with Louis Kentner for 2 years.

Military service
During World War II, Gerdine served in the U.S. Air Force. He enlisted as an aviation cadet but subsequently went into the intelligence service. He served as aide to General John K. Cannon and was decorated with the French Croix de Guerre, Bronze Star Medal and German Occupation Medal.

Career
Gerdine began his teaching career as an associate professor of music at Mississippi State College for Women.

In 1948, Gerdine joined the faculty of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. While at Miami University, he served as the executive secretary of the music department.

Gerdine joined Washington University in St. Louis as head of the music department in 1950. During his time at Washington University, Gerdine also served as director of the St. Louis Civic Chorus and as president of the Musicians' Guild.

In 1970, Gerdine joined Webster University as President. He oversaw a large increase in the student population at Webster in his tenure. Attendance at the university increased from 1,300 in 1970 to 10,000 in 1990, the year of his retirement. The Leigh Gerdine College of Fine Arts at Webster University was named in his honor.

Opera Theatre of Saint Louis
In 1976, Gerdine co-founded the Opera Theatre of Saint Louis. Its young opera artist program, Gerdine Young Artists, was named in his honor.

National Medal of the Arts
In 1989, Gerdine was awarded the National Medal of Arts by George H. W. Bush in recognition of his distinguished career as a musician and educator and for his enlightened patronage of the arts in St. Louis.

Death
On March 1, 2002, Gerdine died of an apparent heart attack at the age of 84.

References

1917 births
2002 deaths
University of North Dakota alumni
American Rhodes Scholars
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Webster University
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
United States Air Force airmen
20th-century American academics
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Miami University faculty
University of Iowa alumni

Leigh Gerdine


Gesamtkunstwerk is a German word meaning "total artwork".

Richard Wagner used gesamtkunstwerk in creating his operas. In the Classical era, there was more emphasis on the music in an opera. But in the Romantic era, there was more of an emphasis on personal expression. Wagner made his operas into movie-like performances.

Art

Gesamtkunstwerk


Fort Davis (Irish: Dún an Dáibhisigh; previously Fort Carlisle), is a coastal defence fortification close to Whitegate, County Cork, Ireland. Together with similar structures at Fort Mitchel (Spike Island), Fort Camden (Crosshaven), and Templebreedy Battery (also close to Crosshaven), the fort was built to defend the mouth of Cork Harbour. Though used as a fortification from the early 17th century, the current structures of the 74-acre site date primarily from the 1860s. Originally named Fort Carlisle and operated by the British Armed Forces, the fort was handed-over to the Irish Defence Forces in 1938, and renamed Fort Davis. The facility is owned by the Department of Defence, and is used as a military training site with no public access.

History
The coastline at Whitegate, north of Roche's Point, is at a strategic position overlooking the entrance to Cork Harbour – one of the world's largest natural harbours, and historically of defensive and naval importance to Ireland and the region. One of the earliest documented fortifications at this point was built prior to 1607, and came to be known as "Prince Rupert's Tower" (for Prince Rupert of the Rhine). By the period of the Williamite War (1689–1691) additional coastal defence fortifications were in place on the site, and known as "King John's Fort" (for John, King of England). Together with Fort Camden, this fort fell to Williamite forces under the Duke of Marlborough in the lead-up to the Siege of Cork (1690). Additional construction works were undertaken from the 1790s, and some of these tunnels and structures were used during the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) to house French prisoners of war.

By the mid-19th century the defences had been renamed to Fort Carlisle (for Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle a previous Lord Lieutenant of Ireland). In the 1850s, a Royal Commission gave renewed consideration to the strategic importance of the harbour, and proposed enhancements to the defences at Fort Mitchel (Spike Island), Fort Camden (Crosshaven), and Fort Carlisle. During the 1860s Fort Carlisle was therefore redeveloped along the lines of other "Palmerston Forts" in the region. Some of this development took advantage of 19th century advancements in the use of concrete.

During the First World War (1914–1918), the harbour was used as a naval base to cover the "Western Approaches", and Fort Davis was used to complement the defences of Fort Camden on the opposite side of the harbour entrance. Royal Garrison Artillery Coastal Defence units were stationed in the fort at this time. The fort did not see significant action during the Irish War of Independence – although a number of graves in the fort's military cemetery date from this period. Following the war, under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the harbour defences remained in the control of British government. These Treaty Port installations, including Fort Carlisle, were handed-over to the Irish authorities in 1938. The fort was renamed Fort Davis for Thomas Davis – who was the chief organiser of the Young Ireland movement. (Similarly, "Fort Westmoreland" on Spike Island was renamed "Fort Mitchel", and "Fort Camden" near Crosshaven was renamed "Fort Meagher").

During "the Emergency" (1939–1945), elements of the Coastal Defence Artillery (CDA) of the Irish Artillery Corps operated from the fort. By the mid- to late-20th century the CDA was merged into other artillery regiments of the Irish Army, and the fort primarily used as a training site. The site remains in the ownership of the Department of Defence and is used by the Irish Army for exercises, ceremonial "gun salutes" and other training purposes.

Layout

The features of the fort date primarily to developments in the 19th century, when – at peak – the fort had upwards of 20 guns.

On the landward side, a dry-moat, ramparts, terreplein, caponier and flanking batteries defended the approaches. The dry-moat is  deep and  wide at points, and was originally crossed by a drawbridge. The star shaped landward defences included three musketry caponiers, and a simple terreplein with movable guns.

On the seaward side, land batteries were trained on the harbour from eight gun emplacements. These batteries were built with a number of underground shelters, vaulted magazines, and linked in places by bunkered tunnels. Though changed over time, the batteries were originally constructed to include:
 Main emplacement – Dating from the Napoleonic era, this is triangular in layout with one full bastion, two demi-bastions and one semi-circular bastion
 Number 1 battery – As with several of the fort's other batteries, this dates from the Victorian reconstruction. Originally it had Moncrieff mountings for four RML 7 inch guns (later reconstructed for three QF 12-pounder guns)
 Number 2 battery – Casemated with shields for two RML 10 inch guns
 Number 3 battery – Moncrieff mountings for four RML 7 inch guns
 Number 4 battery – Casemated for four RML 10 inch guns (later converted to an oil store)
 North Battery – Two BL 6 inch coastal defence guns
 Rupert's Tower Battery – Two RML 12 inch guns (later rebuilt for two BL 6-inch Mk VII guns)
 South Battery – Two BL 9.2 inch guns

Other features of the fort include a military cemetery, a waterfront pier for sea-borne access, and a number of over-ground barracks and support buildings.

Evidence of torpedo defences were discovered at the fort during clearing works in 2015.

See also
 List of Irish military installations

References

Davis
Buildings and structures in County Cork
Davis, Fort

Fort Davis, County Cork


Kapiʻolani (December 31, 1834 – June 24, 1899) was the queen of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi as the consort of Mōʻī (king) Kalākaua, who reigned from 1874 to his death in 1891, when she became known as the Dowager Queen Kapiʻolani. Deeply interested in the health and welfare of Native Hawaiians, Kapiʻolani established the Kapiʻolani Home for Girls, for the education of the daughters of residents of the Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement, and the Kapiʻolani Maternity Home, where Hawaiian mothers and newborns could receive care.

Early life and family
Kapiʻolani was born December 31, 1834, in Hilo on Hawaiʻi Island to High Chief Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole of Hilo and High Chiefess Kinoiki Kekaulike of Kauaʻi, the daughter of King Kaumualiʻi, the last king of an independent Kauaʻi before its cession to Kamehameha the Great. Her two younger sisters were Kapoʻoloku Poʻomaikelani (1839–1895), who married Hiram Kahanawai, and Kinoiki Kekaulike (1843–1884), who married David Kahalepouli Piʻikoi.

Her full name was Kapiʻolani Napelakapuokakaʻe. Her namesake was her great-aunt High Chiefess Kapiʻolani, who plucked the ʻōhelo berries and openly defied the goddess Pele as a dramatic demonstration of her new faith in Christianity. Kapiʻolani is composed of three words (ka piʻo lani) and literally means "the arch [of] heaven (rainbows signified the presence of royalty)". Her secondary name, Napelakapuokakaʻe, translates to "the sacred flesh of Kakae".

She was raised in Hilo until the age of eight when she was sent to be raised in the district of Kona, on the western side of the island of Hawaiʻi. She went to Honolulu on Oʻahu when she was sixteen and came under the guardianship of King Kamehameha III.

Kapiʻolani was brought up to read and write in the Hawaiian language. Although she learned to understand a few English words and phrases, like many Native Hawaiians she never learned to speak it fluently and required a Hawaiian translator when communicating with English speakers. Kapiʻolani became a member of the Anglican Church of Hawaiʻi after it was established in 1862.

Marriage to Nāmākēhā
On March 7, 1852, Kapiʻolani married High Chief Bennett Nāmākēhā, a member of the House of Nobles in Honolulu. She was almost eighteen years old, while her husband was thirty years her senior. He was an uncle of Queen Emma, the wife of Kamehameha IV, on her father George Naʻea's side. This made her aunt by marriage to Queen Emma, whom she served as her highest ranking lady-in-waiting. Nāmākēhā and Kapiʻolani had no children, although a pregnancy resulted in a miscarriage. For his health the couple voyaged on The Morning Star, a missionary vessel, for months among the Gilbert Islands (present day Kiribati) but in vain. Nāmākēhā died on December 27, 1860, at Honolulu.

Nāmākēhā and Kapiʻolani were appointed the caretakers of Prince Albert Kamehameha, the only child of Emma and Kamehameha IV. Kapiʻolani was the royal child's chief nurse. The prince died at the age of four, on August 27, 1862, possibly from appendicitis. Historian Helena G. Allen later claimed that Queen Emma blamed Kapiʻolani for the child's death. The prince was under Kapiʻolani's care when he was doused with cold water by the king to calm him during a tantrum. This was traditionally thought to have induced the brain fever which killed the prince. Historian George Kanahele concludes there is little to no evidence of this animosity. Queen Emma wrote Kapiʻolani a very kind reply in her March 1863 letter, "Dear Kapiʻolani, my companion in the caring of my son. You were my son's favorite, your chest must be filled with hurt. You were our third companion... ."

Visiting British dignitaries Jane, Lady Franklin and her niece Sophia Cracroft met "Madame Nāmākēhā" in June 1861. Cracroft wrote:

Queen of Hawaiʻi
Kapiʻolani was remarried on December 19, 1863, to David Kalākaua in a quiet ceremony conducted by an Anglican minister. Their wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the time of mourning for King Kamehameha IV.
Her second husband was an aspiring high chief and politician who served in the House of Nobles, the Privy Council of State and held many other court and government posts during the reigns of Kamehameha IV, Kamehameha V and Lunalilo. Although unsuccessful in his attempt for the throne in 1873, Kalākaua defeated Queen Dowager Emma to succeed Lunalilo as the monarch of Hawaiʻi on February 12, 1874. Kapiʻolani became queen consort of Hawaii upon the accession of her husband to the Hawaiian throne.
One of the couple's first acts was to conduct a royal progress of the Hawaiian Islands. From March to May 1874, they toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauaʻi, Maui, Hawaiʻi Island, Molokaʻi and Oʻahu. The royal pair were enthusiastically received by the people.

Their marriage remained childless. A clinical analysis into the cause of Kalākaua's death led to speculation that the king may have been infertile since Kapiʻolani had a miscarried pregnancy with her previous marriage. Thus, she and her sister Poʻomaikelani adopted, in the tradition of hānai, their sister Kekaulike's three sons. Kapiʻolani took David Kawānanakoa and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole and Poʻomaikelani adopted Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui. In 1883, Kalākaua made Kapiʻolani's nephews princes of Hawaiʻi with the style of Highness in honor of his coronation. After the death of Kekaulike in 1884, Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani assumed legal guardianship over all three boys.

Coronation

Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani were crowned in a coronation ceremony on February 12, 1883. They were denied this in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election. Under Minister of Finance Walter M. Gibson, the 1880 legislature appropriated $10,000 for a coronation. The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over a two-week period. A special octagon-shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12, 1883, ceremony. Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5,000, with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow. Two crowns of gold and precious stones were commissioned in the United Kingdom, while the wardrobes of Kapiʻolani, the other royal ladies and their attendants were also ordered from abroad.

Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani, accompanied by their royal retinue, came out of the palace onto the event grounds. The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King's official titles. The news coverage noted, "The King looked ill at ease". Chief Justice of Hawaii's Supreme Court Albert Francis Judd officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king. The crown was then handed to Kalākaua, and he placed it upon his head. Kalākaua then placed the smaller crown on Kapiʻolani and stated, "I place this crown upon your head to share the honours of my throne." According to a later apocryphal tale, the king had trouble fitting the crown on the queen's elaborate hair. Her ladies-in-waiting tried in vain to rearrange her hairpins and combs, but the crown still could not fit into place. Thus, the king impatiently jammed the crown onto her head causing her to wince in pain.

The ceremony ended with the choir singing, and a prayer. A planned post-coronation reception by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice. Today, Kalākaua's coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the Royal Hawaiian Band.
That evening, the royal couple hosted a state dinner, and there was a luau at a later day. The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds. Regattas, horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period. Due to weather conditions, the planned illumination of the palace and grounds on the day of the coronation happened a week later, and the public was invited to attend. Fireworks displays lit up the sky at the palace and at Punchbowl Crater. A grand ball was held the evening of February 20.

Medical philanthropy
Kapiʻolani shared in her husband Kalākaua's vision of Hoʻoulu Lāhui (increasing the nation) and developed an interest in the health problems plaguing the Hawaiian population at the time. She established the Kapiʻolani Maternity Home, where Hawaiian mothers, as well as their newborn babies, could receive care.

Kapiʻolani frequently visited Kakaʻako Branch Hospital on Oʻahu, which served as a receiving station for leprosy patients from all over the islands, and befriended Mother Marianne Cope and the other Sisters of Saint Francis. Sister Leopoldina Burns later described how the queen would sit with the sisters drinking coffee and attempting to learn each other's languages.

On July 21, 1884, Kapiʻolani visited the Kalaupapa Leper Settlement on Molokaʻi. Accompanying her was her sister-in-law Princess Liliʻuokalani, the latter's husband John Owen Dominis, and Dr. Eduard Arning. The queen met Father Damien, the Belgian priest who had been caring for the patients for the last decade, and was given a tour of the peninsula including the every homes of the afflicted by luna (resident superintendent) and patient Ambrose K. Hutchison. One of the concerns Hutchison brought to the queen's attention included the welfare of non-leprous children living on the island born to couples with leprosy. Kapiʻolani promised to build a home for these children. After the royal visit, the patients' living conditions improved significantly.

On November 9, 1885, the Kapiʻolani Home for Girls at Kakaʻako was founded for the education of daughters of parents with leprosy with funds raised by the queen's charitable organization. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani officiated at the dedication ceremony along with Walter Murray Gibson, who was also the president of the Board of Health. During the ceremony, the queen unlocked the doors of the home and presented the key to Mother Marianne Cope. On the same occasion, Cope was decorated with the Royal Order of Kapiʻolani by the king for her service to Hawaiians afflicted with leprosy.

Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria

In April 1887, Kalākaua sent a delegation to attend the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in London. It included Kapiʻolani, Princess Liliʻuokalani and Liliʻuokalani's husband John Owen Dominis, as well as Court Chamberlain Colonel Curtis P. Iʻaukea acting as the king's official envoy of the King and Colonel James Harbottle Boyd acting as aide-de-camp to the Queen.

The party landed in San Francisco and traveled across the United States visiting Washington, D.C., Boston and New York City, where they boarded a ship for the United Kingdom. While in the American capital, they were received by President Grover Cleveland and his wife Frances.

In London, Kapiʻolani and Liliʻuokalani were granted an audience with Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace. She greeted both Hawaiian royals with affection and recalled Kalākaua's visit in 1881. They attended the special Jubilee service at Westminster Abbey and were seated with other foreign royal guests, and with members of the Royal Household. Kapiʻolani wore a peacock feathered dress design by her Special Equerry James Washington Lonoikauoalii McGuire.

Shortly after the Jubilee celebrations, they learned of political unrest in Hawaii. Under the threat of death, Kalākaua was forced to sign the Bayonet Constitution which limited the power of the monarch and increased the influence of Euro-American interests in the government. The royal party canceled their tour of Europe and returned to Hawaii.

Widowhood, death and funeral
In declining health, Kalākaua traveled to California aboard the USS Charleston on November 25, 1890. While traveling, the king suffered a stroke in Santa Barbara and was rushed back to San Francisco. He died two days later on January 20. The news of Kalākaua's death did not reach Hawaiʻi until January 29 when the Charleston returned to Honolulu with the king's remains. In Kalākaua's will drafted in 1888, he left all his private property to Kapiʻolani. A proposed line of succession also stated placed Kapiʻolani third-in-line to the throne after Liliʻuokalani and their niece Princess Kaʻiulani with a provision that Kapiʻolani would serve as a regent in the case that Kaʻiulani ascended before reaching the age of majority.

After the death of her husband and the accession of her sister-in-law Liliʻuokalani to the throne, Queen Dowager Kapiʻolani retired from public life and seldom attended formal social events. Liliʻuokalani ruled for two years before she was overthrown, on January17, 1893. After a brief transition under the Provisional Government, the oligarchical Republic of Hawaiʻi was established on July4, 1894, with Sanford B. Dole as president. During this period, the defacto government, which was composed largely of residents of American and European ancestry, sought to annex the islands to the United States against the wishes of the Native Hawaiians who wanted to remain an independent nation ruled by the monarchy.
Kapiʻolani lived out the remainder of her life at her private residence Pualeilani in Waikīkī where the Hyatt Regency Waikiki now stands. Prior to her final illness, she signed over her vast landholdings worth over $250,000 to her nephews Prince Kawānanakoa and Prince Kūhiō. Her health began to fail two years before her death, and she suffered three strokes over this period. During her last days, she was in a comatose state and died on June 24, 1899, at age sixty-four.

Hawaii was annexed to the United States under the Newlands Resolution, a joint resolution of Congress, on August 12, 1898, but the territorial government was not formally established until April 30, 1900. Thus, the Republic of Hawaii's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ernest Augustus Mott-Smith announced the royal funeral to the foreign consular agents in Honolulu. Her body lay in state at Kawaiahaʻo Church for public viewing and her funerary services were performed by the Anglican Bishop Alfred Willis at 2:00 pm on July 2. After the service, a state funeral procession brought her remains for burial at the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at Mauna ʻAla. Included among the members of Hawaiian society at her funeral procession were the former royal family: her nephews Prince Kawānanakoa and Prince Kūhiō, her brother-in-law Archibald Scott Cleghorn and her sister-in-law Liliʻuokalani. Officials of the Republic of Hawaii including Sanford B. Dole (still referred to as president) and members of the United States Army and Navy also attended the procession. She was interred in the mausoleum joining her husband and the rest of the House of Kalākaua. In a ceremony officiated by Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, her remains, and those of her husband's family, were transferred for a final time to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel.

Legacy
Her medical legacy Kapiʻolani Maternity Home survives today as the Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children. Kapiʻolani Park in Waikīkī was named after the Queen by her husband Kalākaua. She is also the namesake of Kapiʻolani Boulevard, Kapiʻolani Community College and numerous businesses in Honolulu. One of her noted contributions to Hawaiian music was a love song she composed for her husband, "Ka Ipo Lei Manu". Kalākaua died in San Francisco before he could hear the song from his queen.

A portrait of Queen Kapiʻolani painted in August 1884 by Charles Furneaux, hangs at ʻIolani Palace.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and journals

Newspapers and online sources

Further reading

 Kapiolani, Queen. Papers, 1834–1899. M-82, Manuscript Collection Inventory. Hawaii State Archives.

External links

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1834 births
1899 deaths
Queens consort of Hawaii
House of Kalākaua
Hawaiian royal consorts
Hawaiian ladies-in-waiting
Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)
People from Hilo, Hawaii
Recipients of the Royal Order of Kalākaua
Recipients of the Royal Order of Kapiolani
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown
Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava
Hawaiian Kingdom Anglicans
Women who experienced pregnancy loss

Kapiʻolani


Abraham Louis Levin (December 16, 1880 – September 15, 1940) was an American physician and the inventor of the Levin Tube, which is still widely used for duodenal drainage after surgery and for management of trauma patients.  This procedure is known as nasogastric intubation.

Levin was born in Suwałki, Poland (née Levitansky).  He emigrated with his family to New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1902.  He graduated from Blinn Memorial College  in 1903 and subsequently earned his MD degree from Tulane University School of Medicine in 1907.  Levin completed post-graduate training in internal medicine and gastroenterology at Johns Hopkins University.  He spent most of his career as a practicing physician at Touro Infirmary of New Orleans.

In addition to his private practice of medicine, Levin served in the US Army Medical Corps in World War I at Camp Beauregard in Louisiana. Levin treated large numbers of trauma patients with gastrointestinal involvement during his military duty.  This was a period of extensive investigation into the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in the medical community.  Levin first published on his invention in 1921.  Initially, Levin envisioned diagnostic uses of his nasogastric drainage device, such as for gallbladder disease.  His 1927 publication anticipated the modern use of the invention for gastric decompression resulting from abdominal distention.

Levin died on September 15, 1940.  An annual Levin Memorial Address was established at Louisiana State University School of Medicine, and a Levin Memorial Award for the outstanding medical intern was established at Touro Infirmary.  Levin's cousin Samuel A. Levine (note the difference in spelling) is credited with defining the Levine's sign, used in cardiology.

References

American gastroenterologists
United States Army Medical Corps officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
1880 births
1940 deaths
Tulane University School of Medicine alumni
Blinn College alumni
20th-century American inventors

Abraham Louis Levin


The Best of Times is a one-shot television pilot that aired as a "CBS Special Presentation" on August 29, 1983. It was originally going to be a replacement series for Square Pegs, but dismal ratings for the pilot episode caused the network to not go further. The pilot was written by Bob Comfort and Rick Kellard and directed by Bill Bixby.

The show was intended to be an hour-long comedy-drama set in the 1960s, with the characters progressing from high school to college. Comfort complained, "When we first took it to NBC it was in an hour format. But Brandon Tartikoff [NBC's 34-year-old "Child of TV" President of Entertainment] didn't understand it. So then we took it took it to CBS and they immediately saw it as a half-hour comedy; maybe do it with three cameras on tape before a live audience. Then they said how about making it in contemporary times because CBS, at the time, was committed to doing Diner, which was set in the '60s."

Plot
Set in suburban Indiana, the show centers around three friends – smooth Pete Falcone (Robert Romanus), nerdy Neil Hefernan (Leif Green) and aspiring musician Dewey "The Phantom" Hooper (Chris Nash) – starting their freshman year at Ulysses S. Grant High School. Pete has made an agreement with his caring, but strict father Gene (Alex Rocco) that he will stay out of trouble this year, since Gene promised Pete he could have his own car, as Neil is the only one currently with a driver's license. On the way to school, they pick up two girls, brash Robin DuPree (Krista Errickson) and goody-goody Patti Eubanks (Hallie Todd), who takes a liking to Pete immediately. Patti enlists Robin's help to woo Pete at the upcoming freshman dance, as long as Patti pays her money. Dewey also has his hands full when the sadistic, hard-nosed vice principal Franklin T. Otto (William G. Schilling) reminds him that he will keep a close eye on Dewey for the entire semester as he is known for pranks and cutting classes.

A subplot consists of hulking resident bully Garth Stimlovich (Tony Longo) returning to town to settle a score with Pete when he ratted him out in a school incident, causing him to get expelled and placed in military school. He also knows Pete has been taunting Garth's younger brother, as well. One night, as Gene is fixing the sink in the kitchen, he mistakenly receives a threatening phone call from Garth, complete with racial slurs, saying a fight is going to happen. Knowing Pete is a part of this, Gene firmly tells him that even though he does not condone fighting of any kind, and that they have a deal going on, Pete has his permission to teach Garth a lesson, even if it might get Pete suspended from school. He also tells Pete that he will not tell his mother, Peggy, about it, either.

The night of the dance, the three hatch up a plan to get even with Garth's brother and his crony. Neil stands guard outside in the parking lot while Pete and Dewey act casual in the gymnasium. The two bullies corner Neil and he attempts to spray them with a hose, but discovers it is out of water. Pete and Dewey come to his rescue and push both bullies into a car trunk and lock it, but Garth shows up, in his military school uniform, and gives Pete a black eye, but Patti, hiding on the flatbed of a pickup truck, knocks Garth out cold with a trash can lid. To pay her back, Patti tells Pete to look her up in the phone book. The next morning, at breakfast, Peggy is infuriated about the fight and Pete's black eye and refuses to even talk about it. Pete is also confused about the advice Gene has given him and questions what kind of figure Gene is, his father or best friend, When Pete asks him who he is today, Gene briskly, but warmly, replies that he is his father.

Cast
Robert Romanus as Pete Falcone, a student
Krista Errickson as Robin DuPree, a student
Hallie Todd as Patti Eubanks, a student
Chris Nash as Dewey Hooper, a student
Leif Green as Neil Hefernan, a student
Alex Rocco as Gene Falcone, Pete's father
Arlene Golonka as Peggy Falcone, Pete's mother
Rosanna Locke as Theresa Falcone, Pete's sister

Production
The pilot was filmed in April 1983. The show's original working title was Changing Times. Robert Romanus and Hallie Todd also appeared together in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, though they did not share any scenes together.

Reception
The New York Times said that the pilot was "not bad", but says that it's hindered by trying to imitate the popular 1982 comedy-drama Diner: "It is supposed to be about the funny goings-on among the students at good old Grant High, but other elements — slices of life, pieces of drama — keep intruding."

The Manhattan, Kansas Mercury called the pilot "one of those forgettable shows that really has little to offer."

References

External links

1983 American television series debuts
1983 American television series endings
CBS original programming
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Television series by Lorimar Television

The Best of Times (TV pilot)


Erling Olsen (1901–1983) was a Norwegian trade unionist.

He was a trade unionist before the war, a secretary in Norwegian Union of Municipal Employees. He was also a member of Mot Dag for some time.

From 1940 Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. Together with people like Håkon Meyer and Kåre Rein he joined Fagopposisjonen av 1940 in 1940 and the Fascist party Nasjonal Samling in December 1940. Following the Milk strike a more Nazi-friendly leadership was installed in the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, with Odd Fossum as leader, Erling Olsen as deputy leader and Kåre Rein as secretary. Olsen was even acting leader from 10 September 1941 to 31 December 1942.

In the autumn, Håkon Meyer was fired as leader of the mega-union Forbundet for offentlige yrker. Olsen was installed as leader, serving for a short time. He was then fired, formally for alcohol abuse and economic irregularities, but he had also criticized Just Lippestad and Odd Fossum. In November 1942, Olsen had initiated his own campaign against "incompetence" in Nasjonal Samling, and posed the threat that if Lippestad did not remove incompetent elements, Olsen would make use of a ticket to London, claimed to be in his possession. Olsen tried to cooperate with Kåre Rein, who was of better standing, but Rein found Olsen and his supporters to "not hold water morally and character-wise". Olsen quarreled with Lippestad and Fossum during a study trip to Germany, and Fossum stripped him of the title as deputy leader of NS Faggruppeorganisasjon. Fossum even had Statspolitiet arrest Olsen, but he was released as Statspolitiet and Sikkerhetspolitiet found no grounds for incarceration.

In January 1943, Olsen was hired in a minor job in the Directorate of Labour (not to be confused with the later Directorate of Labour). He worked here in 1943 and from July 1944 to May 1945. He lost his position at the end of the war, but had since long faded into obscurity.

During the legal purge in Norway after World War II he was convicted of treason and in May 1946 sentenced to seven years of forced labour and confiscation of .

References

1901 births
1983 deaths
Mot Dag
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Norwegian trade unionists
People convicted of treason for Nazi Germany against Norway

Erling Olsen (trade unionist)


Niska Gas Storage Partners is a global gas storage service provider and the largest gas storage firm in North America. It operates business in Alberta, Canada and California, US and Oklahoma. The company owns a natural gas storage capacity of 225.5 billion cubic feet. It generates revenue by charging monthly natural gas storage fees to a variety of customers including institutions, gas generators, etc. AECO Hub, consisting of three sub-facilities located both in Canada and US, is the core storage facility of the company and is one of the most important natural gas producing sites in North America. The company has a market capitalization of $1.05 billion and an enterprise value of 1.05 billion.

History
The company is named after a Cree Indian word, niska meaning "Canada goose" indicating the company's root as the Canadian developer of the first major trading point for natural gas in Alberta.

In the early 2000s, the company acquired the former Manchester Gas Storage facility in Oklahoma, which was renamed Salt Plains Gas Storage, which is one of the three facilities that make up for AECO Hub. The company operated its business under the name, Niska Gas Storage, in 2006 when the natural gas storage business was acquired by Riverstone Holdings LLC. Four years later, the company launched an initial public offering

References
Notes

External links
Official website

Companies based in Houston
Companies established in 2006
Natural gas storage
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange

Niska Gas Storage Partners


La casta. Così i politici italiani sono diventati intoccabili (The Caste: How Italian Politicians Became Untouchable) is an Italian book, written by Sergio Rizzo and Gian Antonio Stella, two journalists from the Italian national newspaper Corriere della Sera, detailing the amount of graft and corruption in Italian politics. It was published in 2007, and became a bestseller.

References

2007 books
Italian books

La Casta


USS Mullany (DD-528), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Rear Admiral James Robert Madison Mullany (1818–1887).

Construction and career
Mullany was originally Beatty (DD-528) but was renamed on 28 May 1941. Laid down 15 January 1942 by Bethlehem Steel Co., Union Plant, San Francisco, Calif., she was launched 10 October 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Elton W. Grenfell; and commissioned 23 April 1943.

 Service in the United States Navy

After shakedown and training off San Diego and escort duty in the Aleutians, Mullany joined the 7th Fleet in the southwest Pacific in December 1943. Her first action came 2 to 4 March 1944 when she protected minesweepers clearing the approaches to Seeadler Harbor, Admiralty Islands, prior to the amphibious landings on Los Negros, the island forming the northeastern side of the harbor. Attracting Japanese gunfire, Mullany silenced the Japanese harbor defenses with 5 inch fire, enabling the minesweepers to complete their vital mission. For the next 2 days Mullany fired to support American troops fighting ashore.

Screening 7th Fleet flagship  during the invasion of Leyte Gulf, Mullany fired to help drive off nine separate enemy air attacks from 20 to 29 October, then sailed for overhaul at San Francisco. After training near Hawaii in January 1945, she joined Task Force 54 (TF 54) for the invasion of Iwo Jima, to which she escorted troop transports. After firing in the preinvasion bombardment, she supported troops landing and fighting ashore, hitting caves and machinegun nests on Mount Suribachi 19 February.

While on anti-submarine picket duty guarding the Okinawa invasion force on 6 April 1945, Mullany opened fire on a Japanese kamikaze plane at 17:45. A few seconds later the fighter was smoking from numerous hits, but somehow managed to stay together. Skipper Comdr. Albert O. Momm ordered the ship to turn out of the kamikaze's path, but couldn't get out of the way in time. The plane slammed into the aft deckhouse. Before damage control parties could remove all the wounded from the twisted metal and exploding ammunition, the ship's depth charges exploded. In the next 20 minutes three more enemy aircraft attacked stricken Mullany. Her forward gunners downed two and drove the other away.

An hour later, Momm received a report that the bulkhead of one of the aft magazines was hot and an explosion was apparently imminent. Many of the ship's officers had seen the disastrous consequences of a magazine explosion, and at 18:29 Momm gave the order to abandon ship.   stood by to take on survivors while her rescue and assistance team continued to spray water on Mullany. The  rescued 70 members of the Mullany crew from the water. The Execute then came alongside and helped fight the fires. In the next hours  came alongside the burning ship and extinguished the flames. Since the expected explosion had been prevented by punctured fuel and water tanks flooding the compartments above the hot magazine, Commander Momm took a skeleton crew back aboard at 23:00. After the fires were extinguished the Execute attempted a tow using her sweep gear. At first the Mullany was in tow at low speed. With an increase in speed the sweep cable snapped and the tow attempt was discontinued. The Mullany crew then succeeded in lighting off one boiler, and Mullany limped off on one shaft for Pearl Harbor and San Francisco, arriving 29 May. Courage and determination had saved their ship, but 21 of her crew were killed, nine missing, and 36 wounded.

Completely repaired, Mullany put to sea 25 September for the Panama Canal and duty with the Atlantic Fleet, until decommissioning 14 February 1946 to join the Reserve Fleet at Charleston, South Carolina

Recommissioned 8 March 1951, Mullany rejoined the Atlantic Fleet and by January 1954 had made three deployments to the Mediterranean to join in the peace-keeping missions of the 6th Fleet.

With her squadron, Destroyer Squadron 18 (DesRon 18), Mullany departed Newport, R.I. 1 December 1954 for San Diego, where the squadron was redesignated DesRon 21 for service in the Pacific Fleet. In the next 10 years, Mullany served eight times in the western Pacific with the 7th Fleet, joining in patrol and training operations essential to the protection of freedom in Asia.

Veteran Mullany returned to combat during her ninth cruise to the coast of Asia, screening carrier  in flight operations off Vietnam in 1965, as well as serving as harbor defense ship at Da Nang. On 6 July 1965, Mullany's five-inch guns were fired in anger for the first time since Okinawa. This time it was in support of the U.S. 7th Marine Regiment landing at Qui Nhon. During that cruise Mullany encountered the first known Soviet spy ship off the coast of Vietnam. The "Ivan",as Mullany's crew dubbed her, was disguised as a fishing vessel. Mullany "shadowed" the Ivan for several days, collecting vital intelligence before turning over the shadowing duty to a fleet tug. The following year she returned to the coast of Vietnam to seek out and destroy craft moving enemy supplies. From 20 to 30 November 1966, she destroyed 28 enemy watercraft and damaged 26 others with her 5 inch guns. She screened  until sailing for San Diego in March 1967. Following an overhaul at Long Beach, Mullany spent the remainder of the year conducting refresher training and local operations off the coast of California.

In February 1968, she once again deployed to the Western Pacific. On 24 April 1968 the positions of the 1st Battalion, 26th Marines at Wunder Beach were hit by 11-15 rounds of fire from the ship killing two Marines. On 9 July 1968, Mullany left Vietnamese waters for the last time. During 137 days at sea, she had steamed 46,468 miles, nearly twice around the Earth. Over a career that spanned 25 years, she would have circumnavigated the globe more than 40 times. After a visit to Auckland, New Zealand, she returned to San Diego in September.

Based in Long Beach, Mullany spent the next two years steaming up and down the West Coast as a reserve training ship. By 1971, Mullany was the oldest destroyer on active service. She was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register 6 October 1971, and sold to the Republic of China for $150,000, plus $3,000, "administrative charges."

 Service in the Republic of China
On 9 December 1969, the ship underwent an overhaul and Wujin No. 1 special shipyard at the No. 1 Naval Shipyard. the original Mark 37 fire control and command system was replaced with Wuyi fire control and command system. In 1971, the completion in May greatly increased the combat power of the ship.

Transferred to the Republic of China Navy 6 October 1971, the ship was renamed Chin-yang (慶陽).

In December 1974, the ship began the installation of the Hsiung Feng II missile at the Navy's No. 1 Shipyard. The Installation was completed in May 1975.

On April 2, 1975, at 10:10 a.m. DDG-909 successfully launched the first Surface-to-Air missile in ROC Navy history, and that marks the missile era for the ROC Navy. DDG-909 Chin-Yang was in service of ROC Navy for 26 years and through 20 Commanding Officers. The mission was patrolling the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters to convoy offshore-islands-support-and-supply, task flotilla and various missions. She played an important role on the Navy force built-up and fleet combat readiness, secure the safety of Taiwan Strait and Maritime communications.

The ship's weapon system was gradually modified and In January 1976, her number was changed to DD-947.

Later on 1 October 1979, her number was changed to DD-909.

The ship was later modified by Wujin No. 1 to become a missile destroyer, DDG-909.

She was stricken 16 July 1999 and sunk as an artificial reef on 1 November 2001.

The ship's anchor and propeller is on display at Mantou Military History Park, Tainan. One of her gun, the other anchor and propeller is on display at the Yuanzhiluxiuxian Park, Tainan. Another 5-inch gun has been moved aboard the museum ship USS Sarsfield with her anchor and propeller is located in Dayuan.

Awards
Mullany received seven battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links

history.navy.mil: USS Mullany
navsource.org: USS Mullany
hazegray.org: USS Mullany
 Navy memorial digital archives - Yang class destroyers

Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy
Ships built in San Francisco
1942 ships
World War II destroyers of the United States
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Vietnam War destroyers of the United States
Heng Yang-class destroyers
Maritime incidents in April 1945
Maritime incidents in 2001

USS Mullany (DD-528)


Two: A Film Fable is a 1964 Indian black-and-white short film directed by Satyajit Ray. The film was made under the banner of Esso World Theater at the request of a non-profit American public broadcasting television, PBS. It was made as part of a trilogy of short films from India. The other two films in the trilogy featured Indian Sitar player, Pandit Ravi Shankar and a Ballet troupe from Mumbai, then known as "Bombay". Ray, who worked prominently for Bengali cinema, was requested to make a film in English language with a Bengali setting, however Ray being an admirer of silent film decided to make a film without any dialogue as a tribute to the genre.

The short film shows an encounter between a child of a rich family and a street child, through the rich kid's window. The film is made without any dialogue and displays attempts of One-upmanship between kids in their successive display of their toys. The film portrays the childlike rivalry with the help of world of noise and that of music. The film is among less known films of Ray but experts rated the film as one of Ray's best. It is often regarded as a prelude to another Ray film, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (1969). Made during the Vietnam War, experts believe that the film makes "a strong anti-war statement"[which experts] as it ends with street kid's flute sound overpowering sound of expensive toys.

Academy Film Archive, part of the Academy Foundation, took an initiative to restore Satyajit Ray's films and could successfully restore 19 Ray films. Two was preserved in 2006. The film's original script was included in a book named Original English Film Scripts Satyajit Ray, put together by Ray's son Sandip Ray.

Plot
The film begins with a rich kid (Ravi Kiran) shown to be playing with his toys and enjoying the bottled soft drink possibly symbolising the imperialist capitalist First World. While playing, he overhears a sound and curiously overlooks the window to see a slum kid playing a flute, possibly symbolising the exploited Third World. In order to show off his toys, the rich kid takes out his toy trumpet to make loud sounds. The street kid then goes back to his hut and returns playing a small drum to which rich kid shows his battery-powered monkey drummer toy. When the street kid comes out home-made mask and bow and arrow, rich kid wears various masks including one of a demon, native American and Cowboy brandishing swords, spears, and guns. Disappointed, the street kid returns to his hut and the rich kid also goes back to play with his toys with a sense of sadistic satisfaction.

While playing, the rich kid notices a kite flying in the sky, through the window. Curious to know who is flying the kite, the rich kid runs to the window to see the slum kid holding the kite string, Manja. Furious on seeing the street kid happily flying the kite, the rich kid gets his slingshot to attack the kite. Unable to aim properly, he then gets his toy air-rifle and successfully shoots down the kite and taunts the poor street kid with a sense of cruel satisfaction. The Street kid then returns to his hut with tears in his innocent eyes and a torn kite and gives up on trying to be friends with the rich kid.

The rich kid then comes back to his toys and starts playing all of them, with each making its own sound. The film ends when rich kid could still hear the flute sound through the window despite the loud noises of his toys and ponders over his deeds as the toy robot he had left playing hits the toy tower and makes it fall to the ground.

Since it was made during Vietnam War, it is very probable that the rich bossy kid and the poor street kid are personifications of the United States of America and Vietnam respectively.

Credits

Cast
 Ravi Kiran Karla as Rich Kid
  Street Kid

Crew
 Editor: Dulal Dutta
 Art direction: Bansi Chandragupta
 Sound designer: Sujit Sarkar
 Cinematographer: Soumendu Roy
 Music direction: Satyajit Ray

Restoration
After Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Satyajit Ray an honorary Academy Award in 1992 for Lifetime Achievement, Academy Film Archive, part of the Academy Foundation, which mainly works with objectives as "preservation, restoration, documentation, exhibition and study of motion pictures" took an initiative to restore and preserve Ray's films. Josef Lindner was appointed as a preservation officer and Academy could successfully restore 19 Ray titles so far. The academy has restored the movie 'Two' in 2016 and has uploaded the movie in their YouTube Channel.

In media
Satyajit Ray mentioned about Two and its timing in his biography Portrait of a Director: Satyajit Ray by Marie Seton that he considered that the film "packs quite a punch in its ten (actually 15) minutes". The film had its first public screening at Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata. On 19 January 2008, a week-long exhibition "Art of Ray: A Ray Society Exhibition" was inaugurated by then Governor of West Bengal, Gopalkrishna Gandhi and showcased Two. At "Ray Festival 2009", Satyajit Ray Society screened Two along with other three Ray documentaries, namely Rabindranath Tagore, The Inner Eye and Sukumar Ray on 7 May 2009. The film's original script was included in a book named Original English Film Scripts Satyajit Ray, put together by Ray's son Sandip Ray along with an ex-CEO of Ray Society, Aditinath Sarkar, which also included original scripts of Ray's other films.

References

External links

1965 films
1964 short films
1964 films
Films directed by Satyajit Ray
Indian short films
Anti-war films
Indian silent films
1964 drama films
1965 drama films

Two (1964 film)


Zurbahan is a mountain in the district of Hekimhan, Malatya Province, Turkey. It is located in Upper part of Euphrates in Eastern Anatolia. The altitude of it is . It is noticeable from  away in open sky. It has  mineral resources and sweet water which waters apricot gardens on the slope of the mountain foot. According to the late Metin Kara, people of Hekimhan thinks that Zurbahan mountain has some kind of mystic powers. Therefore, it is well respected and beloved. It is the unofficial symbol of Hekimhan county. Further information and the picture of Zurbahan is given in this link

References

Mountains of Turkey
Landforms of Malatya Province

Zurbahan


Jerky is lean and trimmed meat that has been cut into strips and dried (dehydrated) so it will not spoil. Normally, the drying includes adding salt. It prevents the growth of bacteria before the meat has finished the dehydrating process. The word jerky is from the Quechua word ch'arki. The word means "dried, salted meat".

Store-bought jerky often has sweeteners, like brown sugar.

Jerky is ready-to-eat, does not need to be prepared further and can be stored for months without being chilled.

Most fat must be trimmed from the meat before drying. Fat increases the chance of spoilage. (Modern vacuum packing and preservatives have helped stop these risks.) The meat must be dried quickly during the critical period where the meat is not yet dry.

References

Snack foods
Meat

Jerky


Teaching machines were originally mechanical devices. They presented educational materials and taught students. They were first invented by Sidney L. Pressey. His machine originally administered multiple-choice questions. When the machine was set so it moved on only when the student got the right answer, tests showed that learning had taken place. Much later, Norman Crowder developed the Pressey idea much further.

B.F. Skinner was responsible for a different type of machine which used his ideas on how learning should be directed with positive reinforcement.

There is extensive experience that both methods worked well, and so did programmed learning in other forms, such as books.
The ideas of teaching machines and programmed learning provided the basis for later ideas such as open learning and computer-assisted instruction.

Quotes
Edward L. Thorndike in 1912: "If, by a miracle of mechanical ingenuity, a book could be so arranged that only to him who had done what was directed on page one would page two become visible, and so on, much that now requires personal instruction could be managed by print".
Pressey in 1932: "Education was the one major activity in this country which has thus far not systematically applied ingenuity to the solution of its problems". (p. 668). He thought the machine he developed would lead to an "industrial revolution in education" (p. 672).

References

Machines
Education

Teaching machine


Johann Friedrich Schultz, also known as Johann Schultz (11 June 1739, Mühlhausen – 27 June 1805, Königsberg), was a German Enlightenment Protestant theologian, mathematician and philosopher. He is best known as a close personal friend and trusted expositor (a person who explains complicated ideas) of Immanuel Kant. Johann Schultz was a Hofprediger (second court chaplain) and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Königsberg.

Personal life
Schultz studied theology and mathematics at the Collegium Fridericianum at Königsberg University, where Immanuel Kant lectured, and matriculated on 24 September 1756. Ludwig Borowski, one of Kant's early biographers stated that Schultz was one of the best students of Kant, and this is often repeated in the literature, but Schultz denied ever having attended a lecture.

Schultz initially worked as a private tutor within Königsberg before undertaking employment as a pastor in Starkenberg between 1766 and 1769, taking similar employment at Löwenhagen between 1769 and 1775 before returning in 1775, to Königsberg to work as a Deacon at the Altroßgarten church. On 6 July 1775 he  received his magister degree and on 2 August 1775, he took his examination for promotion of habilitation with a disputation on acoustics. He worked as a lecturer over the winter of 1775 and 1776. In 1777, he was made Hofprediger at Königsberg castle church.

Schultz's appointment as professor of mathematics to the government on 11 August 1786 was recommended by the Königsberg senate, at the same time that Kant was serving as rector at Königsberg. As a professor of mathematics, he had a duty to provide lectures, which he did in arithmetic and geometry in the summer, and trigonometry and astronomy in the winter.  Apart from a lecture series in metaphysics during the first half of his second year, and pedagogy that each professor took turns offering, Schultz offered mathematics lectures, focusing on  pure and applied mathematics: Arithmetic, Geometry, Trigonometry, Algebra, finite and infinite analysis, Astronomy, Mechanics and Optics. Schultz used Christian Wolff's Treatise of Algebra and Leonhard Euler Elements of Algebra (French: Élémens ďalgebre) and his own text for arithmetic, geometry and trigonometry.

Schultz first met the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte between July and October 1791 when Schultz helped Fichte acquire a teaching position close to Danzig. Fichte described Schultz in correspondence as:

He has an angular Prussian face, but honesty and kindness shine forth from it

They continued to write to each other to discuss ideas, even when Fichte left Danzig.  The relationship between Schultz and Fichte was more convoluted than it would otherwise be, as Johanna Eleonore, née Büttner (1751–1795), Schultz's wife, was romantically linked to Fichte. Fichte left Königsberg sooner than he initially planned.

Schultz became friends with Kant late in life.

Literature
Schultz published poetry in his early life, and several Latin texts on theology in 1787 and 1791. However, most of his literature was concerned with creation of mathematical texts, including the explanation of Immanuel Kant's new critical system (critical philosophy, transcendental idealism). Schultz wrote and successfully published several mathematical texts including Foundation of Pure Mathematics in 1790, a Brief System of Mathematics first published in 1797 with new editions in 1805 and 1806. However most of his interest was in the work concerning the Parallel Lines Postulate with papers published in 1780, 1784 and 1786. In 1788 he wrote Attempt at a precise theory of the infinite (German: Versuch einer genauen Theorie des Unendlichen) which was an entrant for the 1786 Berlin Academy prize essay question asking for a:

clear and precise theory of mathematical infinity

Although Schultz was unsuccessful in this entry, the essay preceded certain features of Georg Cantor's theory of transfinite numbers. The work, although similar to work undertaken by the mathematicians Wenceslaus Johann Gustav Karsten, Georg Simon Klügel, and Johann Heinrich Lambert, would eventually result in the development of non-Euclidean geometry.

Bibliography

 (anon.), Review of Kant's Inaugural Dissertation, in the Königsbergsche Gelehrte und Politische Zeitungen (22–25 November 1771). Reprinted in Reinhard Brandt (op cit.), pp. 59–66. Transl. by James C. Morrison (op cit.), pp. 163–70.
 Vorläufige Anzeige des entdeckten Beweises für die Theorie der Parallellinen (Königsberg, 1780). 2nd ed.: 1786.
 Entdeckte Theorie der Parallelen, nebst einer Untersuchung über den Ursprung ihrer bisherigen Schwierigkeit (Königsberg: D. C. Kanter, 1784).
 Erläuterungen über des Herrn Professor Kant Critik der reinen Vernunft (Königsberg: C. G. Dengel, 1784). 2nd ed.: 1791. Transl. by James C. Morrison (op cit.), pp. 3–141.
 (anon.), Review of J. A. H. Ulrich, Institutiones logicae et metaphysicae scholae suae scripsit (Jena: Cröker, 1785), in Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung (13 December 1785), pp. 247–49. Translated into English in Brigitte Sassen, tr. and ed., Kant's Early Critics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 210–14.
 Darstellung der vollkommenen Evidenz und Schärfe seiner Theorie der Parallelen (Königsberg: G. C. Hartung, 1786).
 Prüfung der Kantischen Critik der reinen Vernunft, 2 vols. (Königsberg: Hartung, 1789; Nicolovius 1792). Reprinted in Aetas Kantiana, 1968.

Other publications
 Reflections on the Empty space. Betrachtungen über den leeren Raum. Königsberg, 1758
 De geometria acustica seu solius auditus ope exercenda. Königsberg, 1775
 De geometria acustica nec non de ratione 0:0 seu basi calculi differentialis. Königsberg, 1787
 Elementa theologiae popularis theoreticae. 1787
 Attempt at a precise theory of the infinite. Versuch einer genauen Theorie des Unendlichen. Königsberg, 1788
 Rudements of Pure Mathematics. Anfangsgründe der reinen Mathesis. Königsberg. 1790
 Elements of Practical Theology. Elementa theologiae practicae. 1791
 Defense of critical letters to Mr Emanuel Kant through his critique of pure reason, primarily against the Bornischen attacks. Vertheidigung der kritischen Briefe an Herrn Emanuel Kant über seine Kritik der reinen Vernunft, vornehmlich gegen die Bornischen Angriffe. Göttingen, 1792
 A Brief Concept of Mathematics. Kurzer Lehrbegriff der Mathematik. Königsberg, 1797, 1805, 1806
 Bd. Kurzer Lehrbegriff der Arithmetik, Geometrie, Trigonometrie und Landmesskunst.
 Bd. Kurzer Lehrbegriff der mechanischen und optischen Wissenschaften.
 Popular Foundations of Astronomy. Bd. Populäre Anfangsgründe der Astronomie.
 Very light and short development of some of the most important mathematical theories. Sehr leichte und Kurze Entwickelung einiger der wichtigsten mathematischen Theorien. Königsberg, 1803
 Foundations of pure mechanics, which are the foundations of pure natural science. Anfangsgründe der reinen Mechanik, die zugleich die Anfangsgründe der reinen Naturwissenschaft sind. Königsberg, 1804

References

1739 births
1805 deaths
People from Bagrationovsky District
People from East Prussia
18th-century German mathematicians
19th-century German mathematicians
18th-century German Protestant theologians
19th-century German Protestant theologians
German philosophers
18th-century philosophers
19th-century philosophers
Enlightenment philosophers
18th-century German writers
18th-century German male writers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg

Johann Friedrich Schultz


Gebhard Fürst (born 2 December 1948 in Bietigheim, Baden-Württemberg) is a German Roman Catholic bishop. He is the Bishop of Rottenburg-Stuttgart.

Fürst began his career attending the Collegium Ambrosianum in Stuttgart, where he studied Greek and Hebrew, in 1969.  He then studied theology at the Faculty of Catholic Theology at the University of Tübingen (1970) and at the University of Vienna (1971 to 1973). In 1975, he passed the necessary theological exams. He then entered the Seminary of Rottenburg-Stuttgart in Rottenburg am Neckar. He was ordained as a deacon in Nürtingen in 1976 and, a year later, he was ordained as a priest by Bishop  Georg Moser in the Basilica of St. Vitus in Ellwangen an der Jagst. That same year, he became the vicar at St. Joseph's Church in Stuttgart.

In 1986, Fürst became the Director of the Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart and a member of the Caucus of Bishop Ordinaries. The next year, he received his doctorate in fundamental theology for his work Sprache als metaphorischer Prozess. Johann Gottfried Herders hermeneutische Theorie der Sprache (Speech as a metaphorical process.  Johann Gottfried Herder's Hermeneutic Theory of Language). In 1993, he was  Chairman of the leadership circle of the Catholic Academy of Germany.  Fürst was made an honorary chaplain to the Pope (Monsignor) in 1999 and, a year later, the eleventh Bishop of Rottenburg-Stuttgart.

Today, Fürst is the Chairman of the Prize Committee of the "Aleksandr Men Prize for Cultural Ecumenism". He is also a member of the Culture Board of the State Capital of Stuttgart, a leading member in the Board of Trustees of the Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Society of Friends and Patrons of the Academy. Fürst has further memberships in the History Club of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart, in the Diocesan Institute, in the Theological Commission of the Consortium of the Christian Church in Baden-Württemberg (ACK), and in the Women's Commission of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart (since 1999).  Bishop Fürst belonged to the national Ethics Council as the representative of the Catholic Church from 2001 to May 2004. The council was established by a 2001 decision of the German Cabinet.

Fürst is a member of A.V. Alania Stuttgart chapter of the Cartellverband der katholischen deutschen Studentenverbindungen.

In 2009, Fürst criticized the lifting of the excommunication of Bishop Richard Williamson and said that it had led to "external and internal alienation from the church on the part of many believers, to a betrayal of trust especially among Jewish sisters and brothers in their relationship to the Church, and to a considerable disturbance in the Christian-Jewish dialogue."

Views by Fürst
In 2017, Fürst supported female ordination for deacon.

Works
 Sprache als metaphorischer Prozess: Johann Gottfried Herders hermeneutische Theorie der Sprache, Mainz: Matthias-Grünewald-Verl, 1988.
 "'Kirche braucht Kulturstationen'. Ein Gespräch mit Akademiedirektor Gebhard Fürst," in: Herder Korrespondenz 53 (1999)182-187.
 Zäsur: Generationswechsel in der katholischen Theologie/Akademie der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart. Hrsg. von Gebhard Fürst. - Stuttgart: Akad. der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart, 1997.
 Höllenerfahrungen in Literatur und Kunst (1998)
 Dialog als Selbstvollzug der Kirche? Ed. Gebhard Fürst. - Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1997.
 Dialog als Selbstvollzug der Kirche? (Quaestiones disputatae 166) Hrsg.: Gebhard Fürst. Verlag Herder Freiburg i. Br./Basel/Wien 1997
 Das heilige Buch der Menschen. Johann Gottfried Herders hermeneutische Sprachtheorie der Bibel. Ein Beitrag zur Herder-Forschung, in: Fides quaerens intellectum: Beiträge zur Fundamentaltheologie. [Max Seckler zum 65. Geburtstag]/Ed. Michael Kessler. Tübingen 1992
 Wechselbekenntnisse: auf dem Weg zur Normalität; aus einer Ost-West-Begegnung in turbulenter Zeit, Ed. Gebhard Fürst, Stuttgart: Akad. der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart, 1992.
 Dialog und Gastfreundschaft: 40 Jahre Akademie der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart 1951 – 1991, [Ed. der Akademie der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart. Verantw. für den Inhalt: Gebhard Fürst]. - Stuttgart: Akad. der Diözese Rottenburg-Stuttgart

References
This article is based on the German Wikipedia entry.

External links

  Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
  Biography
  Bischof Fürst zum Dialog Naturwissenschaft - Glaube
  Academy of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart

1948 births
Living people
People from Bietigheim-Bissingen
Roman Catholic bishops of Rottenburg
21st-century German Roman Catholic bishops
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in Germany

Gebhard Fürst


Leander Paes and Nenad Zimonjić were the defending champions, but they did not participate together this year.  Paes partnered Martin Damm, losing in the second round.   Zimonjić partnered Max Mirnyi, losing in the second round.

Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor won in the final 6–2, 6–7(4–7), [10–5], against Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski.

Seeds
All seeds receive a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
Draw

Torneo Godo
2006 Torneo Godó

2006 Torneo Godó – Doubles


A Carnival Christmas is the third EP by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse, released on December 6, 1994, by Psychopathic Records. It was reissued in 1997 by Island Records with alternate artwork. The reissue removed the EP's final two tracks. The first two songs on the EP are included in the compilation Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2. It is the 5th overall release by Insane Clown Posse.

Production

"Santa Killas" contains a sample from the Cher song Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves.
"Santa Killas" featured a guest verse by Mike E. Clark and Fink the Eastside G, a local rapper. ICP had a falling out with Fink after he stole money from Psychopathic Records.

Legacy

"Santa Killas" has the first known use of the Juggalo slang "Whoop whoop!" which later became a greeting among fans.
"Santa Killas" and "It's Coming" were removed from the EP when it was reissued by Island Records. ICP explained that the tracks were "outdated". "It's Coming" is a teaser for ICP's then-upcoming album, Riddle Box, which was the third Joker's Card. In October 2016 it was announced that ICP will be rereleasing the EP on vinyl in late 2016.

Track listing

Personnel
 Violent J – vocals, composer
 Shaggy 2 Dope – vocals, turntables
 Fink the Eastside G – guest vocals
 Mike E. Clark – turntables, production, guest vocals, engineer, mixing

References

Insane Clown Posse albums
1994 EPs
1994 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists

A Carnival Christmas