Syphon Filter 3 is a third-person shooter video game developed by Bend Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation. It is the third installment in the Syphon Filter franchise and a sequel to 2000's Syphon Filter 2. It was added on January 17, 2023 as part of PS Plus Premium Classic Catalog.

Plot
Secretary of State Vince Hadden brings in Gabriel Logan, Lian Xing and Lawrence Mujari to testify in Congress about their relationship to the Agency. He believes all three to be guilty, and questions them after they assassinate Shi-Hao from a hotel in Japan. The three do not realize that Hadden is involved in the conspiracy, and is looking for scapegoats.

Gabe begins by describing the first Syphon Filter investigation. He and Lian went to Costa Rica to find missing Agent Ellis. When they arrive, the two see that Erich Rhoemer has ordered Ellis killed, but Gabe must continue his mission and identify what Rhoemer was doing at the drug plantation. Gabe chases Rhoemer onto an airplane despite his Agency superior Edward Benton denying him permission. Gabe did not know back then that Benton and the Agency controlled Rhoemer, who escaped from the plane.

Mujari testifies next, and tells Hadden how he once worked for a resistance during the Apartheid era in South Africa. At the Pugari Gold Mine, he discovered that mining slaves had caught a deadly plague and the mine owners were covering it up. Mujari retrieved samples and gave them to Teresa Lipan.

When it's Lian's turn to testify, she details her first encounter with Gabe during the Soviet–Afghan War and her role in the Costa Rica operation. Meanwhile, Gabe goes to Ireland with MI6 agent Maggie Powers in an effort to scuttle a shipment of Syphon Filter, denying possession to the consortium and the local IRA cell. On board the S.S. Lorelei, Gabe plants several explosives and finds a document that will point to a virus test site in Australia. He also looks for any information on the mysterious arms consortium that controls the Agency. Gabe uncovers a mole in MI6, Nigel Cummings, who is aiding them. He kills Nigel and secures the last viral transport on the docks. The Lorelei is sunk with all hands lost.

Back in Washington, D.C., Gabe talks about his first meeting with Benton during the Soviet–Afghan conflict. Benton claimed to be a CIA agent transporting weapons to Afghans rebelling against the Soviets, but when Gabe and Ellis escorted the convoy, the Afghans attacked them. Gabe reaches Kabul and meets Lian, who sets up the diversion. However, a tank gets in their way, so Gabe destroys it. He learns that Benton was supplying arms to the Soviets, and was really an Agency operative.

As Hadden questions Gabe, Lian teams up with Maggie to abduct Dr. Elsa Weissenger from the Australian test site. Elsa is ready to betray the conspirators since Aramov left her behind, and she has Lian assemble a vaccine for aborigines held captive by Commander Silvers. Silvers plans to kill the test subjects, so Lian kills him first. When she returns to Elsa, Lian finds her gone.

Hadden accuses Gabe of lying and corruption. He believes Gabe murdered Teresa, but Teresa surprises him by appearing herself. Agency operative Jason Chance had only injured her, not killed. She describes her first meeting with Gabe during her time as an officer with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. A group of NSA agents headed by Colonel Silvers were posing as FBI to eradicate a private militia that had recovered data from a government satellite. Gabe, as an Agency operative, saved her life, and helped her when she rescued the wife and son of the militia leader. She left the ATF and joined the Agency.

Teresa faked her death to find the people behind the Agency. Her investigations into Aramov yielded a connection to Hadden himself. Before Gabe can apprehend him, Mara kills Hadden. She and several consortium terrorists take over the Senate building, but Gabe prevents her from detonating any explosives. He chases her onto a train full of hostages, and wounds her.

In a post-credits cutscene, Mara escapes despite being incarcerated. Gabe decides to find her, but for now the Syphon Filter crisis appears to be over with the death of Hadden. Gabe will become the new Agency director, and free it from corruption. Little does he know that an operation is ongoing near the S.S. Lorelei wreck site. People are recovering the viral crates, and Mara is heard laughing, setting the stage for Syphon Filter: The Omega Strain.

Release
The game was originally slated for release on 25 September 2001, but the fallout of the September 11 attacks forced Sony to postpone the release while modifying the marketing campaign. The game was released on 6 November. The game's original cover had Gabe and Lian in action inside a courtroom that had a U.S. flag in the background amidst a swirl of gas. The anthrax scare following the attacks resulted in the cover being changed to a simple one showing Gabe's and Lian's faces, while the header line "United States Federal Bureau of Investigation" on the back cover was changed to "Agency Mission Briefing".

Reception

Syphon Filter 3 received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

Tommy Layton reviewed the PlayStation version of the game for Next Generation, rating it four stars out of five, praising the graphics, gameplay, story and level design.

References

External links

2001 video games
Criminal law video games
Impact of the September 11 attacks on the video game industry
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Syphon Filter
Third-person shooters
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in 1984
Video games set in 1987
Video games set in 1994
Video games set in 1999
Video games set in 2001
Video games set in Afghanistan
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in Costa Rica
Video games set in Ireland
Video games set in Montana
Video games set in Tokyo
Video games set in South Africa
Video games set in Washington, D.C.
Soviet–Afghan War video games
Video games about terrorism

Syphon Filter 3


Sal Fish (born May 2, 1939 in Los Angeles, California) is a retired CEO/President of SCORE International, the leading sanctioning body in the sport of desert racing.

The SCORE race series include the Baja 1000, Baja 500, San Felipe 250, Primm 300, Laughlin Desert Challenge and Las Vegas Terrible's Cup. Fish earned an industrial relations degree at the University of San Francisco. Having first raced in Mexico in 1970, Fish started his entrepreneurial career in desert racing in 1973 when the late Mickey Thompson, founder of SCORE International, recruited him. Fish brought innovation to SCORE, organizing class rules, implementing safety procedures, and transforming the Baja 1000 into one of the most recognized motorsports events in the world today. In 1985 Fish brought unity to the sport when SCORE formed a combined series with Walt Lott and High Desert Racing Association (HDRA). Fish later teamed up with CFO, Ted Johnson to purchase SCORE International from Thompson in 1986 and HDRA in 1993.

Award
Fish is a 2006 inductee in the Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame.

Sal Fish was named the 2003 BFGoodrich Tires Motorsports Person of the Year.

References

Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame (PDF file)

External links
 SCORE International

1939 births
Living people
Off-road racing
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Racing drivers from Los Angeles

Sal Fish


Kumbandidza (Pinch that takes much flesh).

Kumbandidzira (1. Press. Squeeze, 2. Pinch - taking much flesh).

Kurerutsa Mutauro

Andimbandidzira munwe negonhi ndichirizarira: he caught my finger in the door when I was closing it.
Vanhu vanombandidzirana mubhazi: people get crushed together in the bus.

hurapi

Kumbandidza


Samuel "Sam" Rothschild (October 16, 1899 – April 15, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 102 games in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Rothschild was the first Jewish player in the NHL. He played for the Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Americans. He was the last surviving member of the 1926 Stanley Cup champion Maroons.

Early life
Rothschild was born in Sudbury, Ontario, to Daniel and Annie Rothschild, the city's first Jewish settlers. Daniel Rothschild was a merchant in the city, whose retail and office property is listed on the city's register of historic properties.

Playing career
Rothschild played hockey in the Montreal area for Montreal Harmonia, McGill University, and the Montreal Stars before returning home to play for the junior Sudbury Wolves in 1919. He played the next four seasons with the senior Sudbury Wolves before joining the expansion Montreal Maroons in 1924, becoming the first Jewish player in the NHL. He played three seasons with the Maroons before being sold to the Pirates in 1927. He finished the 1927–28 season with the New York Americans after being suspended by the Pirates in December 1927. It was his last season in the NHL.

Post-NHL career
Following his retirement from the NHL Rothschild took up coaching, and coached the junior Sudbury Wolves to the 1932 Memorial Cup championship. He married Eva Yackman in 1933.

He was also a prominent supporter of curling in the city, including stints as president of the Northern Ontario Curling Association and the Canadian Curling Association from 1957 to 1958, and securing the city's status as host city of the 1953 Brier. He was later inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame.

As well, he served for two years on Sudbury's city council. He died at a hospital in Sudbury on April 15, 1987.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
List of select Jewish ice hockey players

References

External links

1899 births
1987 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Curling Canada presidents
Jewish Canadian politicians
Jewish Canadian sportspeople
Jewish ice hockey players
Montreal Maroons players
New York Americans players
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
Sudbury, Ontario city councillors
Stanley Cup champions
Ice hockey people from Greater Sudbury

Samuel Rothschild


Good Boy! is a 2003 American science fiction comedy film directed by John Hoffman, based on the book Dogs from Outer Space by Zeke Richardson; Hoffman and Richardson collaborated on the screen story, while Hoffman wrote the screenplay. The film stars Liam Aiken as Owen Baker, as well as the voices of Matthew Broderick, Delta Burke, Donald Faison, Brittany Murphy, Carl Reiner, Vanessa Redgrave, and Cheech Marin as the abundant dog characters in the film.

Plot
Owen Baker (Liam Aiken) is a 12-year-old who has been working as the neighborhood dog-walker so he can earn the privilege of getting a dog of his own. Owen's hard work pays off when his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Baker (Kevin Nealon and Molly Shannon), let Owen adopt a scruffy Border Terrier that he names Hubble (voice of Matthew Broderick). Owen has little time to make lasting friends, due to his parents' renovation and reselling of houses, so he hopes Hubble will be his best friend.

Owen does have a friend named Connie Flemming (Brittany Moldowan), a girl his age who lives in the neighborhood, but he is also bullied by two boys named Frankie (Hunter Elliott) and Fred (Mikhael Speidel). Soon after the adoption of Hubble, Owen finds out that his new abnormally intelligent dog actually came from outer space. Owen wakes up the next morning to discover that he can now understand every word Hubble says—including the ominous phrase: "Take me to your leaders."

Owen learns that dogs came to Earth thousands of years ago to colonize and dominate the planet. Hubble, who is really named Canid 3942, has been sent by the powerful Greater Dane (voice of Vanessa Redgrave) on a mission from the Dog Star Sirius 7 to make sure dogs have fulfilled this destiny.

The dogs Owen walks include pampered Poodle Barbara Ann (voiced by Delta Burke), rambunctious Boxer Wilson (voiced by Donald Faison), nervous Italian Greyhound Nelly (voiced by Brittany Murphy) and Connie's gassy Bernese Mountain Dog Shep (voiced by Carl Reiner).

Despite the best efforts of Owen and this rag-tag group of neighborhood dogs to convince Hubble that everything is fine with Earth's dogs, Hubble soon discovers the awful truth about Earth dogs: "You're all pets!" Things get worse when Hubble learns that the Greater Dane is headed for Earth to do her own inspection. If things don't look right, all dogs on Earth will be recalled to Sirius.

Owen and Hubble have to work together to prepare the neighborhood dogs for a visit from the Greater Dane and her Chinese Crested Dog henchman (voiced by Cheech Marin). Owen, Hubble, Connie, and their canine pals set out to whip the other dogs into shape so that they can pass muster.

Owen's efforts fail and the Greater Dane recalls all dogs from Earth. Upset, Owen repairs Hubble's communicator and sends him a message declaring how much he loves him. The Greater Dane hears the message and is left curious by it so she approaches Hubble for his opinion on why the dogs on Earth are subservient to humanity when they should be ruling it. Hubble believes that the dogs and humans have formed a bond of love and loyalty. When asked where his own loyalty lies, Hubble asks the Greater Dane to refer to him as Hubble rather than Canid 3942, showing his bond with Owen. As a result, the Greater Dane sends the Earth dogs back and declares them a different breed. Hubble is allowed to return as well, but on the condition that he removes Owen's ability to communicate with dogs. Owen's parents choose to remain in town for once and Hubble starts to fit in as an Earth dog.

Cast
 Liam Aiken as Owen Baker
 Molly Shannon as Mrs. Baker
 Kevin Nealon as Mr. Baker
 Brittany Moldowan as Connie Fleming
 George Touliatos as Mr. Leone
 Patti Allan as Ms. Ryan
 Hunter Elliott as Frankie
 Mikhael Speidel as Fred
 Benjamin Ratner as Wilson's Dad
 Peter Flemming as Wilson's Other Dad
 D. Harlan Cutshall as Mr. Fleming
 Brenda M. Crichlow as Mrs. Fleming
 Paul Vogt as Dog Catcher
 Emanas as Good Boy

Voices
 Matthew Broderick as Hubble, a Border Terrier
 Donald Faison as Wilson, a Boxer
 Brittany Murphy as Nelly, an Italian Greyhound
 Delta Burke as Barbara Ann, a Poodle
 Carl Reiner as Shep, a Bernese Mountain Dog
 Vanessa Redgrave as The Greater Dane, a Great Dane
 Cheech Marin as The Greater Dane's Henchman, a Chinese Crested Dog

Production
In June 2002, it was announced MGM had greenlit Good Boy, a co-production with the Jim Henson Company about an alien dog coming to Earth from Sirius, the Dog Star, to investigate interstellar reports that his fellow canines have abandoned their original plan to take over the planet. During the announcement, both MGM and Henson representatives expressed intentions for the film to serve as a franchise with similar expansion to series such as Beethoven, Air Bud, and Balto.

Special effects
The bulk of the digital effects in Good Boy! involved digitally altering the facial features of the dogs so that in the film, they appear to be talking or expressing a different emotion (sometimes called CG muzzle replacement). These effects were produced by Rainmaker Studios.

Reception
The film's domestic total gross was around $37 million, with a worldwide gross of around $45 million. Good Boy! received mixed reviews from critics, earning a 44% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 87 reviews.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the film's special effects, saying "Sometimes it works to show their lips moving (it certainly did in Babe), but in Good Boy! the jaw movements are so mechanical it doesn't look like speech, it looks like a film loop. Look at Babe again and you'll appreciate the superior way in which the head movements and body language of the animals supplement their speech."

A stop-motion short film animated by the BBC, Hamilton Mattress, accompanied the film's theatrical release.

Home media
Good Boy! was released on DVD and VHS on March 2, 2004.

References

External links

2003 films
2000s science fiction comedy films
American science fiction comedy films
2000s English-language films
Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh
Films about dogs
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films directed by John Robert Hoffman
Films about pets
Films shot in British Columbia
The Jim Henson Company films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
20th Century Fox films
2003 comedy films
2003 directorial debut films
Films produced by Lisa Henson
2000s American films

Good Boy!


Sivaganga is the headquarters of the Sivaganga district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is also the headquarters of the Sivaganga taluk. The town is located at a distance of  from Madurai and  from the state capital Chennai.It is the important city in this district for official and commercial purpose.

Sivagangai kingdom was founded by Sasivarna Periya Oodaya Thevar in 1730. The town was subsequently ruled by his successors and ultimately by Velu Nachiyar under the stewardship of Maruthu Pandiyar. They were against the British Empire, but ultimately lost to them in 1790. The Company appointed Gowry Vallaba Periya Oodaya Thevar as the Zamindar of Sivaganga in 1801, whose successors continued with chaos until India's independence in 1947. It was under Ramnad district until 1984 and subsequently a part of the newly formed Sivaganga district. The town is known for agriculture, metal working and weaving. The region around Sivaganga has considerable mineral deposits.

Sivaganga is administered by a municipality established in 1965. As of 2011, the municipality covered an area of  and had a population of 40,403. Sivagangai comes under the Sivaganga assembly constituency which elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years and it is a part of the Sivaganga constituency which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town and it also has rail connectivity. The nearest seaport, Thoothukudi Port, is located  from Sivaganga, while the nearest airport, Madurai International Airport, is located  from the town.

Demographics

According to 2011 census, Sivaganga had a population of 40,403 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 3,880 were under the age of six, constituting 1,985 males and 1,895 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 9.59% and .07% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 83.86%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 10184 households. There were a total of 14,145 workers, comprising 164 cultivators, 294 main agricultural labourers, 246 in house hold industries, 11,406 other workers, 2,035 marginal workers, 54 marginal cultivators, 127 marginal agricultural labourers, 173 marginal workers in household industries and 1,681 other marginal workers. Sivaganga town had a growth of 25% during the decades of 1991 and 2001. The population density of the town has nearly doubled in the decades of 1981, 1991 and 2001. Spread over area of , the density increased from 3500 person per km2 in 1981 and to 4800 person per km2 in 1991. The development was largely concentrated along the whole town area.

As per the religious census of 2011, Sivaganga had 84.75% Hindus, 10.07% Muslims, 4.66% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists and 0.49% following other religions.

References

Other sources

Sivaganga district

Sivaganga


Kate Riley is a British-American international sports television presenter and journalist currently working for CNN International.

Early life
Riley was born in Bakersfield, California, to an American mother and English father, and spent time as a child in Hong Kong, Brunei, Cameroon and the United Kingdom. After attending the Ipswich High School for Girls in England, she studied for her master's degree in broadcast journalism at Cardiff University in Wales in 2005 and 2006.

Prior to her broadcasting career, Riley studied geography at Leicester University in England. From 2004 to 2005 she was controller of the university's radio station, Lush FM.

Career
After graduating from university, Riley worked for BBC Radio Norfolk from September 2007 until 2011 as a journalist. She then moved onto BBC Look East, also based in Norwich, where she did some presenting and sports reporting work. From November 2010 until October 2011, she also worked as a sports reporter and bulletin reader for BBC Radio Cambridgeshire.

She briefly worked for Essex FM in 2007 as the sports editor, while joining the Premier League Productions and Fox Sports (USA) teams in 2012. Riley joined NBC Sports in August 2012, providing breaking news on the Premier League to the American news channel from England. She also featured as Match Day Live TV reporter, and continues to freelance for NBC Sports. In August 2012, Riley also joined IMG Media, reporting on the Premier League to a global audience.

She joined Sky Sports News as a TV reporter in December 2012, presenting bulletins and news while focusing on the Premier League and Football League Championship. Riley also co-hosted the daily 'Good Morning Sports Fans' program. Riley re-joined Fox Sports in 2014, reporting for the Australian version, before becoming a sports presenter for BFBS in the same year.

In February 2015, Riley joined Qatari-based Al Jazeera Media Network as a sports broadcaster. She continued her international work in June 2015, while working as an anchor of World Sport for CNN International in the Greater Atlanta area after a brief stint freelancing during the 2015 Women's World Cup in Canada.

Off screen, Riley has also hosted a number of events. She led the Colchester United end of season awards ceremony in 2014, as well as the Football Blogging Awards the same summer. Riley has also been involved with the Inside Line, Carling Fan Events at Wembley and London events for the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics.

Personal life
Riley speaks English, French, German and Basic Arabic. She supports Ipswich Town, her local club for a period of her childhood, and held a season ticket for five years prior to working full-time. While focusing on sport on camera, she also regularly competes in triathlons, marathons and half-marathons.

She is part of the Women In Football network, which was founded in 2007 to offer support to female peers in the male-dominated industry. Riley claims her interest in football was initially sparked during her time in Cameroon, with Roger Milla an influential football figure in the area at the time.

Her father, Brian Riley, made news in March 2015 when the former banker refused to give up his position in the Suffolk County Council, despite moving to the United States. The move proved controversial after it was revealed he would continue to claim his allowance despite being in California.

Riley married Omnimetrix President and CEO Walter Czarnecki in his hometown of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 10 February 2018.

References

Living people
People from Bakersfield, California
Journalists from California
CNN people
American expatriates in Cameroon
American expatriates in Hong Kong
American television hosts
American people of English descent
American women television journalists
British women television journalists
Television presenters with dyslexia
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women television presenters
British women television presenters
21st-century American women

Kate Riley


Green Grass of Wyoming is a 1948 American Western film directed by Louis King, and starring Peggy Cummins, Charles Coburn and Robert Arthur.

The screenplay, written by Martin Berkeley, is based on the third book in the popular, "My Friend Flicka" trilogy, written by Mary O'Hara. The film follows the further adventures of the McLaughlin family who live on a horse ranch in Wyoming. Marilyn Monroe appeared as an uncredited extra.

The original cast from the first two films did not reprise their roles in the third.

Plot
Beaver Greenway, a longtime horse owner with a drinking problem, is upset because one of his mares has been lured away by Thunderhead, the wild stallion that previously belonged to Rob and Nell McLaughlin. He goes to Goose Bar Ranch to assist in the hunt for the wild stallion, who is now well known for taking the Albino's place in stealing mares from many different states but the McLaughlins no longer have any control of the horse.

Ken McLaughlin returns home to his parents from a horse-buying trip with Crown Jewel, a trotter. Rob is skeptical about the purchase, more so when Crown Jewel develops altitude sickness in the Wyoming hills.

Ken goes on a date with Greenway's granddaughter Carey. A veterinarian advises Crown Jewel be put down due to her congested lungs, but Beaver Greenway, a former sulky driver, recommends a treatment that works.

Thunderhead returns and lifts the mare's spirits. Crown Jewel is taken to Ohio to compete in the Governor's Cup sweepstakes, where Ken McLaughlin has entered his own horse, Sundance. Ken was going to ride Crown Jewel, but Sundance wins. However, all of the McLaughlins are proud of Crown Jewel's effort, particularly when they learn she is pregnant.

Cast
 Peggy Cummins as Carey Greenway
 Charles Coburn as Beaver Greenway
 Robert Arthur as Ken McLaughlin
 Lloyd Nolan as Rob McLaughlin
 Burl Ives as Gus
 Geraldine Wall as Nell McLaughlin

Production
Parts of the film were shot in Strawberry Valley, Three Lakes, Kanab Race Track, Rockville Road, Panguitch Lake, and Cedar Breaks National Monument in Utah.

The final race during the last 18 minutes of the film was filmed in Lancaster, Ohio at the Fairfield County Fair Grounds.

See also
 List of films about horse racing

References

External links

1948 films
1948 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
Films about horses
Films directed by Louis King
20th Century Fox films
Films scored by Cyril J. Mockridge
Films set in Ohio
Films set in Wyoming
Films shot in Ohio
Films shot in Utah
Films based on works by Mary O'Hara
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Green Grass of Wyoming


Willem Hendrik Gispen (7 December 1890, in Amsterdam – 10 May 1981, in The Hague) was a Dutch industrial designer, best known for his Giso lamps and serially produced functionalist steel-tube furniture.

He studied design at the Academy for Visual Arts and Technical Science in Rotterdam (Academie van Beeldende Kunsten en Technische Wetenschappen) at the architecture department. He started in 1913, but left the Academy in 1915 partly due to the outbreak of the First World War. In April 1918 he married Anna C.J. Gisolf in Rotterdam. In 1916 he purchased a small smithy, which he would develop and extend to the well-known Gispen's Factory for Metalwork (Gispen's fabriek voor metaalbewerking n.v.). The success of the company was to a great extent based upon the qualities of Willem Hendrik Gispen as an industrial designer, designing many artistically en technically qualitative lamps and furniture. Many of these serial produced designs, like armchair no. 412, still belong to the highlights of Dutch design. With his Giso lamp-designs from the 1920s and 1930s he was a part of the international avant-garde interested in light innovations. The same can be said of his steel-tube chairs and furniture, with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Mart Stam and Gerrit Rietveld among his inspirations.

In 1949 W.H. Gispen left the firm, after which he worked for other furniture manufactories like Kembo. In 1981 the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam organized the first exposition about W.H. Gispen, dedicated to his lamp-designs from the years 1916-1949. It was the same year W.H. Gispen died on 10 May.

W.H. Gispen and the firm

Willem Hendrik Gispen grew up in Amsterdam and Utrecht. He was educated to be a primary school teacher and also acquired a teaching certificate in French. He decided in 1913 to study design at the Academy for Visual Arts and Technical Science in Rotterdam. At the academy he became acquainted with a number of people who would cooperate with him at a later date, like architect L.C. van der Vlugt and designer Ch. Hoffmann. After dropping the course in 1915, he worked voluntarily for one of his previous teachers. In 1916 he purchased a small smithy at the Coolschestraat in Rotterdam, where he started his own workshop in September 1916.

In the early years, Gispen's designs were much in line with the expressionism of the Amsterdamse School and the Art Nouveau. Besides ornamental wrought-iron work, Gispen produced things like firesides, lamps, wooden furniture and clocks. Gispen also designed his own advertisements.
In 1919 the workshop moved to the Voorhaven in Rotterdam Delfshaven. In the same year the new company name was introduced: Gispen's fabriek voor metaalbewerking. In 1920 he co-founded architects' circle Opbouw, whose discussions founded the base of Dutch functionalism. In the following years Gispen successfully experimented with quantity production of small cast brass lamps and bronze window and door profiles.

From 1923 onwards Gispen comes into (in)direct contact with multiple inspirational sources: the ideas of the Bauhaus through architect J.J.P. Oud, the style of H. Muthesius of the Deutsche Werkbund and the principles of the artists of De Stijl. These inspirations became reality in several large commissions. In 1925, at the international exhibition of Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris, not only did Gispen receive a medal for his ornamental iron-work, he also became acquainted with Le Corbusier, Constructivism and other French modernists.

In 1926 Gispen put his Giso lamps on the market, which were designed on the basis of the demands of Scientific Lighting, aesthetics and economics. He placed himself in the designers' vanguard by participating in the exhibition die Wohnung in Stuttgart, organized by the Deutsche Werkbund in 1927. Both in Oud's dwelling-row in the Weissenhofsiedlung and in the exhibition-hall in Stuttgart there hung Giso lamps. Gispen became inspired by objects such as the cantilever chairs of Mart Stam and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. In November 1927, Gispen presented his first tubular steel chair at De Rotterdamsche Kring. In 1928 the factory took the piano lamp designed for H.H. Kamerlingh Onnes by Gispen and Oud in serial production as the Giso 404, and achieved widespread recognition with it.

Gispen opened showrooms in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels and later in London, Paris and other cities abroad. Gispen's  wide reputation was also a result of active marketing. Leading representatives of the "New" Photography and Typography of the 1920s, such as Jan Kamman and Paul Schuitema, designed the product catalogs and other advertising material.   Despite their success, the firm was threatened with bankruptcy as a consequence of the Wall Street Krach. The naval architect W. van Osselen was appointed as co-director during a reorganisation. Van Osselen steered the firm in producing steel office furniture (starting with the Stalachrome-series), while W.H. Gispen himself remained focused on the home, balancing between functionalism and a 'weakened', 'cosy' version of it.

In the '30s, Thonet-Nederland summoned Gispen to court on account of breach of authorship of Mart Stam on the cantilever chair. According to the judge, because no patent was applied for, the 'Stam'-chair enjoyed no legal protection. Gispen now tried to fight the patent granted to Mies van der Rohe on his well-known cantilever chair. The trial dragged itself on, which only stopped when Mies's patent ran out.

During the Second World War metalwork was prohibited outside the war industry, so the factory began producing parts for the aircraft-industry. Gispen himself was put in prison in Scheveningen because he had co-signed a letter of protest against the Kulturkammer. After the war, Gispen found himself on more artistic grounds with painting and tensions between him and co-director Van Osselen grew.

In 1949 W.H. Gispen resigned. He remained active in the design related field, with several publications in the magazine Goed Wonen, lecturing at the Royal Academy in The Hague, co-founding the Kembo-factory in 1953 and so on. He also became more interested in designing architecture and at the age of seventy-nine he took up etching-lessons at the Royal Academy. He died on May 10, 1981.

Gispen's fabriek voor metaalbewerking still exists as Gispen International BV, producing mostly office furniture and high-end design furniture for the home, including some of the classics of W.H. Gispen himself. They also have a foundation, called Stichting Gispen Collectie, which takes care of the Gispen collections, preserving it, expanding it and informing the Dutch people about this piece of Dutch history.

References

External links

1890 births
1981 deaths
Dutch furniture designers
Dutch industrial designers
Dutch architects
Architects from Amsterdam
Artists from Rotterdam
Art Nouveau designers

W. H. Gispen


Yuan Yida () is a researcher from the Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is a leading researcher on Chinese surnames in mainland China, and has been working on statistical studies of surname distribution in the People's Republic of China over the past two decades.  He led the research on an updated, 2006 version of the Hundred Family Surnames, a text of popular surnames originally published in the Song Dynasty, encompassing 4100 surnames from 296 million individuals in 1110 counties.

Yuan Yida was born in 1947 in Shanghai, tracing his ancestry to Fenghua, Zhejiang. He spent much of his youth in Ningbo, before moving to Beijing and attending Beijing University. Between 1988 and 1992 he conducted research at Stanford University. In mainland China he has published more than 30 articles and two monographs.

In 1987, he estimated there were between 12,000 to 13,000 surnames in China.

He demonstrated that two individuals with the same surname in China could have received that surname from one of several different surnames in an earlier era, casting doubt over the notion that those who share the same surname today would be considered "belonging to the same family five hundred years ago".

He has remarked that fortune-telling based on surnames exists in China, labeling it "nonsense".  He claimed that research on surnames may invoke patriotic feelings in overseas Chinese by drawing them closer to other Chinese with the same surname.

References

Genealogists
1947 births
Living people
Writers from Shanghai
Peking University alumni
Stanford University faculty

Yuan Yida


Jeremy Eugene Bridges (born April 19, 1980) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football at Southern Mississippi. Bridges was also a member of the Arizona Cardinals, Carolina Panthers and Washington Redskins.

Early years
Bridges graduated in 1998 from South Pike High School in Magnolia, Mississippi, where he played football and was the Pike County, Mississippi Player of the Year as a senior.

College career
Bridges played college football at Southern Mississippi and graduated with a degree in sports administration.

Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
Bridges was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round (185th overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft, but was inactive for the entire season.

Arizona Cardinals
Bridges was claimed off waivers by the Arizona Cardinals on September 6, 2004 and made his first ever NFL start on October 10 at the San Francisco 49ers. He spent two seasons with the Cardinals.

Carolina Panthers
Bridges was signed by the Carolina Panthers as a free agent and started in the final 14 games of the 2006 season. He was released by the Panthers on February 25, 2009.

Washington Redskins
Bridges was signed by the Washington Redskins as a free agent on May 3, 2009. He was released during final cuts on September 5.

Second stint with Cardinals
Bridges re-signed with the Cardinals on September 8, 2009. He played in all 48 regular-season games from 2009–11, starting 16. He injured his thumb in the 2012 preseason, and was placed on injured reserve. He was waived in November after reaching an injury settlement.

Second Stint with Panthers
Bridges was signed mid-season by the Panthers on November 14, 2012, "as a stop-gap for their struggling offensive line." He was released three weeks later.

Personal life
Bridges was arrested prior to the start of training camp for the 2007 season and charged with misdemeanor assault for allegedly pointing a gun at a woman in a strip club parking lot in Charlotte, North Carolina.  After a trial in November 2007, he was found guilty and given a 60-day suspended sentence and one year unsupervised probation; he was also ordered to pay a $500 fine and do 60 hours of community service.  The Panthers suspended him for two games for the incident.

On Sunday, December 7, 2008, Bridges was arrested in Ballantyne, Charlotte, North Carolina and charged with simple assault and battery and communicating threats.  The arrest stemmed from a confrontation at a local restaurant.  The incident started when Bridges ordered a bottle of Dom Pérignon (wine) from the restaurant bar Saturday night and shook it up, causing the champagne to spew and get other patrons wet.  The restaurant manager alleges that Bridges then got into a verbal confrontation with another patron and then a physical confrontation with the bouncer, at which time the police were called.  Bridges admits that he shook and opened the champagne bottle, but denies any physical confrontation.  He was released on $2,500 bond.  He was inactive for the Panthers' game on December 8, 2008, but it is unclear if he will face any more punishment from either the Panthers or the NFL.

References

Former NFL player owes $107K in child support in Arizona

External links
Arizona Cardinals bio

1980 births
Living people
People from Magnolia, Mississippi
Players of American football from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Players of American football from Mississippi
American football offensive tackles
American football offensive guards
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Arizona Cardinals players
Carolina Panthers players
Washington Redskins players

Jeremy Bridges


John Duncan Mackie CBE MC (1887–1978) was a distinguished Scottish historian who wrote a one-volume history of Scotland and several works on early modern Scotland.

Biography
Born in Edinburgh, Mackie was educated at Middlesbrough High School and Jesus College, Oxford, where he took a first-class degree in history and won the Lothian Essay Prize. He was appointed as a lecturer in history at the University of St Andrews in 1909, aged 22. While at the university he introduced the subject of Scottish history into the curriculum.

During the First World War, he served in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and was awarded a Military Cross. He was wounded in both the stomach and in the shoulder. In both cases he received innovative treatment. For the stomach wound (caused by a machine-gun) he was treated at a military hospital in Rouen. Sterilised water was dripped right through his stomach and he recovered well. The shoulder wound was received in the last days of the war. He nearly had to have his arm amputated but he opted for a new treatment in which the nerve was knotted. However, he never regained full use of his left hand and suffered considerable pain for the remainder of his life. He returned to St Andrews after the war, before being appointed professor of modern history at Bedford College, University of London, in 1926.

He was Professor of Scottish History and Literature at the University of Glasgow from 1930 to 1957. It was during these years that he wrote The Earlier Tudors 1485-1558 (Oxford University Press). An influential volume, The Earlier Tudors was a new analysis of Tudor administration – the business of government. In 1957 he retired, and was appointed Historiographer Royal for Scotland.

Mackie returned to the University of Glasgow lecture hall in 1961 in the capacity of emeritus professor.

He died in Haslemere in 1978 and was buried at Grayswood church. His medals are in the regimental museum of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders at Stirling Castle. The Letters Patent appointing him Historiographer Royal were sent to the Hunterian Museum at the University of Glasgow

Bibliography
Pope Adrian IV, Oxford, 1907 (Blackwells)
Negotiations Between James VI and I and Ferdinand I of Tuscany, 1927
Cavalier and Puritan, 1930
Andrew Lang and the House of Stuart, 1935
The Complete Scotland: A Comprehensive Survey, Based on the Principal Motor, Walking, Railway and Steamer Routes, 1949
The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558, 1952
The University of Glasgow, 1451–1951: A Short History, 1954
A History of the Scottish Reformation, 1960
A History of Scotland, 1964

References

External links

20th-century Scottish historians
1887 births
1978 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Academics of the University of Glasgow
British Army personnel of World War I
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders officers
Recipients of the Military Cross
Writers from Edinburgh
Historians of Scotland
Academics from Edinburgh

John Duncan Mackie


Pippi Longstocking () is a fictional character who originally appeared in a series of children's books by Swedish author Astrid Lindgren. The character has since adapted into several movies and television series. Pippi means "quirky" in old Swedish slang. She was named by Lindgren's daughter Karin, who was nine years old at the time. She had asked for a story from her mother one day when she was home sick from school.

Pippi is an unusual and spirited nine-year-old girl. She has superhuman strength, and is easily able to lift her horse with one hand. She often mocks and tricks adults she encounters; she usually reserves her worst behaviour for the most condescending adults. Pippi only really gets angry when someone treats her horse badly. Like Peter Pan, Pippi does not want to grow up. She is the daughter of a pirate captain and has adventurous tales to tell. She has four best friends: her horse, a monkey, and the neighbour's children Tommy and Annika.

The first three Pippi Longstocking books were published by Rabén and Sjögren from 1945 to 1948. Another series of six books were published between 1969 and 1975. Two final stories were printed in 1979 and 2000. The books have been translated into 64 languages.

Books
There are three full-length Pippi Longstocking books:
 Pippi Longstocking (1945)
 Pippi Goes on Board (1946)
 Pippi in the South Seas (1948)

There were three original picture books that were translated into English:
 Pippi on the Run (1971)
 Pippi's After Christmas Party (1950)
 Pippi Longstocking in the Park (2001)

There are many picture books and short books based on parts of chapters from the original three, including:
 Pippi Goes to School (1999)
 Pippi Goes to the Circus (1999)
 Pippi's Extraordinarily Ordinary Day (1999)

Adaptations

Movies
The first movie about Pippi Longstocking was filmed in 1949. The movie was based on three of the books, but several storylines were changed and characters were removed and added. Pippi's character was played by Viveca Serlachius. It was directed by Per Gunvall and released on October 20, 1950.

An American movie version from Columbia Pictures was released in 1988. It was called The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking, although it actually just retold the original story. The movie was directed by British director Ken Annakin. It starring Tami Erin as Pippi with Eileen Brennan, Dennis Dugan, John Schuck and Dick Van Patten in supporting roles.

Television

Shirley Temple's Storybook episode
In 1961, the NBC children's television series Shirley Temple's Storybook showed an episode about Pippi Longstocking. It was the 15th episode in the show's 2nd season. The 60-minute episode first aired on 8 January 1961. The episode is historically important. It was the first time a child played Pippi in a television or movie adaptation, the first American television or movie adaptation of the book, and the first television or movie adaptation of the book in color.

The episode stars (among others) child actor Gina Gillespie as Pippi Longstocking, Renie Riano as schoolteacher Miss Lindquist, and Tor Johnson as circus strongman Mighty Adolf. Pippi defeats bullies and burglars, and out-performs a circus strongman. The episode has been released to DVD.

1969 television series
A Swedish television series, Pippi Longstocking, was created in 1968. The stories were based on the books. The first episode was broadcast on Sveriges Radio TV in February 1969. It was a co-production between Sweden and West Germany. Several German actors had roles in the series. Inger Nilsson played Pippi.

Astrid Lindgren had been unhappy with the 1949 adaptation. She wrote the script herself for this version. The series was directed by Olle Hellbom who also directed several other Astrid Lindgren adaptations. This version is the most well-known version in Sweden and other European countries.

Soviet television movie
A television movie version, Peppi Dlinnyychulok, was released in 1982 by Mosfilm. It was produced by Margaret Mikalan, and starred Mikhail Boyarsky, Lev Durov and Tatiana Vasilieva. Pippi was played by Svetlana Stupak, and her singing voice was provided by Svetlana Stepchenko.

ABC Weekend Special television special
In 1985, Carrie Kei Heim played Pippi in the ABC Weekend Special called Pippi Longstocking. It was directed by Colin Chilvers. It was shown in two parts: on November 2 and November 9.

References

More reading

Other websites

The home of Pippi Longstocking
Pippi Longstocking and Astrid Lindgren

Movie characters
Television characters
Characters in written fiction

Pippi Longstocking


In 2001, the Vancouver/Victoria, British Columbia, television market saw a major shuffling of network affiliations, involving nearly all of the area's broadcast television stations. This was one of the largest single-market affiliation realignments in the history of North American television, and had a number of significant effects on television broadcasting across Canada and into the United States.

Origins

The realignment resulted from Canwest Global Communications's acquisition of Western International Communications (WIC) in 2000. In most of the markets where a WIC-owned station was involved in the deal, the acquisition gave Canwest Global independent stations that were integrated into either the latter company's Global Television Network or the newly formed CH television system; in one case, a CTV-affiliated station (CFCF-TV in Montreal) was sold directly to CTV to become an owned-and-operated station (O&O) of the network. In Vancouver, however, the acquisition gave Canwest Global one of the most lucrative prizes in the entire country: control of CHAN-TV (channel 8, more commonly known as "BCTV"), the market's CTV affiliate and highest-rated television station.

CHAN's relationship with the CTV network in the years prior to the realignment had been rocky. Historically, CHAN and some of the other affiliates in Western Canada had resented the dominance of the affiliates in the eastern part of the country, especially Toronto flagship CFTO-TV (channel 9), in the production of network programming, in regards to both entertainment shows and news programming. The station had desired for years to host a national news program; when it was rebuffed by CTV, it instead launched the early-evening Canada Tonight on the WIC station group in 1993.

These issues were exacerbated when the original owner of CFTO, Baton Broadcasting, which had been steadily buying out CTV affiliates across the country, took control of the network itself in 1997 and shortly thereafter revamped the CTV schedule to incorporate the programming of the former Baton Broadcast System. That same year, Baton launched a new Vancouver station, CIVT (channel 32, known on-air as "Vancouver Television" or "VTV").

Since CTV did not previously offer a network schedule covering the entire day (or even all of primetime), these changes meant that CTV now maintained two different programming streams: a base "network" schedule which aired on all CTV stations, both O&Os and affiliates, under the network's existing affiliation agreements; and a separate "non-network" block of programming which aired in its entirety on O&Os, although CTV would offer rights on a per-program basis to affiliates in markets where the company did not have a station of its own. In much of Canada, this was a meaningless distinction, as most CTV stations were already O&Os — but in Vancouver, the network programming aired on CHAN while the O&O programming aired on CIVT.

CHAN's Victoria-based sister station CHEK (channel 6) was itself a CTV affiliate and therefore carried the same stream of network programming as CHAN; however, since the Vancouver stations' footprint covered much of the Victoria area and vice versa, CTV network programs would usually air on CHEK on alternative nights and/or in different timeslots compared to CHAN.

This meant that for the four years between CIVT's launch and the 2001 realignment, CHAN and CIVT were effectively in competition with each other for programming to which CTV held the broadcast rights – the network sometimes reclassified programs from one stream to the other, possibly to help boost CIVT in the Vancouver ratings, in any event often leaving CHAN with little control over portions of its own program schedule because it could lose programs to CIVT at the network's discretion. It was also widely expected, although not publicly confirmed by CTV until after Canwest announced its plans for CHAN, that the network would simply transfer all of its programming to CIVT when its affiliation agreements with CHAN and CHEK ended.

As a result of the WIC takeover, Global assumed ownership of CHAN and chose to retain it instead of its existing O&O CKVU-TV (channel 10), which had less transmitting power. Due to rules on media ownership set forth by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which prohibit common ownership of two or more English language stations in a major market that have the same city of license, Global could not retain both stations simultaneously with CHEK in Victoria, so it put CKVU on the market. CKVU's sale to CHUM Limited for CA$125 million was announced on April 13, 2001, and was approved by the CRTC on October 15 of that year.

CHAN and CHEK's affiliation agreements with CTV were originally due to end in September 2000; in view of the uncertainty surrounding the local media landscape, CTV and Canwest renewed those agreements for an additional year, set to expire on September 1, 2001, which became the date for the affiliation switch.

Affiliation changes and new stations

At the time, the only broadcast television stations in Vancouver and Victoria to be unaffected by the switch were CBC Television O&O CBUT and Télévision de Radio-Canada O&O CBUFT (CHNM-TV, currently part of the Omni Television system, did not sign on until 2003). Further complicating the situation were the launches of CHNU in Fraser Valley on September 15 and CIVI in Victoria on October 4, which caused various changes to cable channel lineups within the region.

CKVU became a de facto Citytv station on the date of the affiliation switch, with its programming immediately provided and scheduled by CHUM Limited. However, as its sale to CHUM had not yet been finalized, the station was branded as "ckvu13" and did not officially adopt the Citytv brand name until 2002.

Effects in Vancouver

The affiliation switch took place on September 1, 2001. However, as that date fell on the Labour Day long weekend, some changes resulting from the switch (such as the new 5:00 to 7:00 a.m. timeslot for CIVT's morning newscast, for example) did not occur until September 4.

CHAN's local newscasts had historically been the overwhelming ratings leader in the Vancouver market, leaving CIVT's news team in the position – a rarity for CTV – of having to build a reputation and an audience against the market dominance of another station. To that end, CIVT recruited Bill Good and Pamela Martin from CHAN to serve as its primary anchor team. CIVT also adopted "BC CTV" as its on-air branding; it is widely believed that this brand name was deliberately chosen to confuse viewers, as CHAN had previously been branded "BCTV" and continued to call its news operation BCTV News on Global until 2006 (although CHAN began to de-emphasize the hybrid branding in 2003). CIVT changed its on-air brand to simply "CTV" exactly ten months later on July 1, 2002; "CTV British Columbia" (or, occasionally, "CTV9," in reference to CIVT's channel number on most Vancouver area cable providers) is used where disambiguation from the network or other CTV O&Os is warranted.

CIVT's news ratings rose significantly: the station's 6:00 p.m. newscast attracted around 36,000 viewers in 2002; that number improved to 72,000 viewers by December 2010, and occasionally reaches as high as 100,000, though still well behind that of CHAN's 303,000 viewers from the same period. CIVT effectively became Vancouver's second-place television news operation, replacing CKVU, which lost approximately half of its audience and dropped to last place when it adopted the CityPulse format. CKVU's newscasts continued to struggle in the ensuing years, and the 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts were cancelled in 2006, ahead of CHUM's merger with CTVglobemedia and the subsequent sale of the Citytv stations (including CKVU) to Rogers Media in 2007 (CKVU continues to produce Breakfast Television, which was launched in 2002 in conjunction with the Citytv brand).

National impact
Across Canada, the most visible effects of the Vancouver realignment included:
 The launch of Global National, Global's nightly newscast which originates from CHAN's Burnaby studios (the weekday edition was presented from Ottawa between 2008 and 2010), and the associated establishment of Global's national news division;
 the integration of the former WIC-owned independent stations CHEK, CHCH (in Hamilton) and CJNT (in Montreal) into the CH television system; and
 the transformation of Citytv from a single independent station in Toronto into a full-fledged television system.

CHAN had – and continues to have – a much larger network of rebroadcasters than CIVT, meaning that CTV lost almost all of its terrestrial coverage in British Columbia outside of the Greater Vancouver and Victoria area, and to this day still relies on cable television, not terrestrial transmitters, to reach most of the province. This gave a significant boost to Global, and a corresponding handicap to CTV, in the national television ratings during the early 2000s. However, with CTV generally outspending Global on hit television series over the next number of years, and continuing reductions in the number of viewers relying solely on over-the-air broadcasts, this advantage had largely dissipated by 2006. As a consequence of continuing reductions of over-the-air-viewers, CBUT shut down its network of rebroadcasters in 2012, although that was the result of budget cuts to the CBC.

Impact in the United States
The realignment also had some effects in the United States, where Bellingham, Washington station KVOS-TV (channel 12), which had previously carried some Citytv programming due to its proximity to Vancouver, lost this programming source now that Citytv had its own station in the market. KVOS was also displaced from its prime position on cable providers in both Vancouver and Victoria to make room for CIVI, causing the station to lose significant market share in British Columbia.

Kevin Newman, then working for ABC News, left that network and returned to Canada as the anchor and executive editor of Global National; he held both positions until leaving Global in 2010.

References

See also
 Media in Vancouver
 2007 Canada broadcast TV realignment
 1989 South Florida television affiliation switch
 1994–1996 United States broadcast television realignment

Vancouver TV Realignment, 2001
September 2001 events in Canada
2000s in Vancouver
2001 in British Columbia
August 2001 events in Canada
Mass media in Vancouver

2001 Vancouver TV realignment


The Love Guru is an 2008 American romantic sports comedy movie set in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was directed by Marco Schnabel and starring Mike Myers. Romany Malco, Jessica Alba and Justin Timberlake co-star. In addition to starring in the movie, Myers wrote The Love Guru with Graham Gordy and produced it with Gary Barber. The movie was released by Paramount Pictures on June 20, 2008 and was rated PG-13.

Cast
Mike Myers as Guru Maurice Pitka
Jessica Alba as Jane Bullard
Romany Malco as Darren Roanoke
Meagan Good as Prudence Roanoke
Verne Troyer as Coach Punch Cherkov
Justin Timberlake as Jacques "Le Coq" Grandé
Telma Hopkins as Lillian Roanoke
Manu Narayan as Rajneesh - Pitka's assistant
John Oliver as Dick Pants
Ben Kingsley as Guru Tugginmypudha
Stephen Colbert as Jay Kell
Jim Gaffigan as Trent Lueders
Rob Huebel as Bar Patron / Cameo
Omid Djalili as Guru Satchabigknoba

People who appeared as themselves
Mike Myers
Mariska Hargitay
Kanye West
Val Kilmer
Morgan Freeman (voice)
Rob Blake
Deepak Chopra
Oprah Winfrey
Judi Dench (referenced by commentator Jay Kell (Stephen Colbert))
Jessica Simpson

Other websites
The Love Guru Official Movie Website

Guru Pitka's Book Club  "The Love Guru - The Official Book Club"

2008 romantic comedy movies
2000s sports comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American sports comedy movies
British romantic comedy movies
German romance movies
German comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Screenplays by Mike Myers
Movies produced by Mike Myers
Movies set in Toronto

The Love Guru


Anthony Arnold "Tony" Dagradi (born September 22, 1952) is an American jazz saxophonist.

Biography
Dagradi was born in New York City, and began playing alto saxophone when he was eight years old. In his professional career, he has primarily played tenor and soprano saxophone. He studied under Pepper Adams, Andy McGhee, Kidd Jordan, and Tony Aless in his youth, and was a student at Berklee College of Music (1970-1972). The following year he founded the ensemble Inner Visions, which included Ed Schuller and Gary Valente as sidemen. After touring with Archie Bell and the Drells, he relocated to New Orleans in 1977 and freelanced regularly with jazz and blues musicians in the city. He was a member of Professor Longhair's touring band in the final years of Longhair's life, touring the United States and Europe and recording with him on the album Crawfish Fiesta. In 1978 he cofounded Astral Project, a group which has been active on the New Orleans jazz scene for over forty years. In the 1980s he worked with Ramsey McLean, Carla Bley, and Bobby McFerrin. He earned a bachelor's degree at Loyola in 1986 and a master's degree at Tulane in 1990. In the 1990s he worked with, among others, Mose Allison and Ellis Marsalis, and is now professor of music at Loyola.

References

1952 births
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Living people
Loyola University New Orleans alumni
Loyola University New Orleans faculty
Jazz musicians from New York City
Tulane University alumni
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
American people of Italian descent
Astral Project members

Tony Dagradi


Landgravine Anna Sophia of Hesse-Darmstadt (17 December 1638 – 13 December 1683) was a German noblewoman who reigned as Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg under the name Anna Sophia II.

Early life

Anna Sophia was the daughter of George II, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, and Duchess Sophia Eleonore of Saxony. She was raised as Lutheran, received good education and grew up to be strictly religious.

As writer

In 1655, at the age of 17, Anna Sophia entered the Quedlinburg Abbey. In 1658, Anna Sophia published a book of spiritual meditations called Der treue Seelenfreund Christus Jesus. At first, Lutheran theologians regarded her book as suspect. They argued that the book equalized women with men, but it was later approved. Anna Sophia justified her work as was standard in the 17th century, saying that it was God's order. Being an abbess and Lutheran at the same time, Anna Sophia defended her choice to remain unmarried in her book. Her hymn Rede, liebster Jesu, rede was translated as Speak, O Lord, Thy Servant Heareth.

As nun and abbess

Anna Sophia had a lapse of faith after her sister, Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, converted to Roman Catholicism. She thought of leaving Quedlinburg to follow her sister's example, but ultimately changed her mind.

Despite suffering from "chronic cough", Anna Sophia was elected to succeed Anna Sophia I, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg, in 1681. The new princess-abbess selected Duchess Anna Dorothea of Saxe-Weimar as her coadjutor in 1683. Anna Sophia II died the same year, after only two years of reign, and was succeeded by Anna Dorothea.

References

Ancestry

Abbesses of Quedlinburg
Lutheran abbesses
17th-century German women writers
House of Hesse-Darmstadt
1638 births
1683 deaths
Landgravines of Hesse-Darmstadt
Daughters of monarchs

Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg


Cuisses (; ; ) are a form of medieval armour worn to protect the thigh. The word is the plural of the French word cuisse meaning 'thigh'. While the skirt of a maille shirt or tassets of a cuirass could protect the upper legs from above, a thrust from below could avoid these defenses. Thus, cuisses were worn on the thighs to protect from such blows. Padded cuisses made in a similar way to a gambeson were commonly worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries, usually over chausses, and may have had poleyns directly attached to them. Whilst continental armours typically had cuisses that did not protect the back of the thigh, English cuisses were typically entirely encapsulating, due to the English preference for foot combat over the mounted cavalry charges favoured by continental armies.

Cuisses could also be made of brigandine or splinted leather, but beginning around 1340 they were typically made from steel plate armour. From 1370 onward they were made from a single plate of iron or steel.

Citations

References

Western plate armour

Cuisses


The Temple of Jupiter Tonans (, ) was a small temple in Rome, dedicated by Augustus Caesar in 22 BCE to Jupiter, the chief god of ancient Rome. It was probably situated at the entrance to the , the sanctuary of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill, near the much older and larger Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. The temple was considered among Augustus's most impressive archaeological projects, and played an important role in the Secular Games, a religious and artistic festival that he revived in 17 BCE. It was also noted by Roman authors for the artworks, particularly statues, displayed in and around it.

Much of the temple's history is unclear, though it was mentioned in a fourth-century CE panegyric and may have been restored around the beginning of the second century CE. Nothing, except perhaps a small part of its foundations, survives of the temple. From 1555 until the nineteenth century, the Temple of Vespasian and Titus in the Roman Forum was misidentified as the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, but the Italian archaeologist Luigi Canina correctly identified the former temple during excavations in 1844.

History

The temple was the third of four temples in Rome built by the emperor Augustus, after the Temple of Caesar and the Temple of Apollo Palatinus (dedicated in 29 and 28 BCE respectively) and before the Temple of Mars Ultor, dedicated in 2 BCE. Augustus vowed its dedication in 26 BCE to celebrate his escape from being struck by lightning while on a military campaign in Spain against the Cantabri. It was consecrated on 1 September 22 BCE. According to the French archaeologist Pierre Gros, construction likely began in the middle of 24 BCE, after Augustus's return to Rome from Spain.During the Secular Games, a religious and artistic festival revived by Augustus in 17 BCE and celebrated periodically thereafter, the temple was used as one of four centres from which the fifteen priests known as the  would issue purifying agents () – torches, sulphur and bitumen – to the Roman people.

According to Augustus's biographer Suetonius, it was among Augustus's most important architectural works, alongside the Forum of Augustus, the Temple of Mars Ultor and the Temple of Apollo Palatinus. Augustus himself visited the temple frequently. It was considered to be comparatively small. Unusually for Roman temples, its walls were constructed entirely of solid blocks of marble. According to a depiction of the temple on a coin of Augustus, minted around 19 BCE, its portico was hexastyle (that is, constructed with six columns across its front) and built in the Corinthian order.

According to the Roman polymath Pliny the Elder, writing in the first century CE, the temple contained a bronze cult statue of Zeus (the Greek counterpart of Jupiter) made by the fourth-century BCE Athenian sculptor Leochares, while statues of the deities Castor and Pollux by the fifth-century Corinthian sculptor Euphranor were situated in front of the temple. The inclusion of statues by noted Greek artists, especially of the fourth and fifth centuries BCE and the archaic period, was almost universal in the temples built or restored by Augustus in Rome, and has been described by the modern archaeologist Susan Walker as a means of turning Rome into a "moral museum".
According to an anecdote related by Suetonius, Augustus dreamed that Jupiter had castigated him for building the temple, as it had reduced the number of visitors to the older and grander Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the same hill: in response, Augustus declared the Temple of Jupiter Tonans to be merely a gatekeeper to that of Jupiter Capitolinus, and hung bells (), which were often hung on the doors of houses, on its pediment. Gros has suggested that this story may have been concocted to explain an older, forgotten belief, by which the bells were intended to serve an apotropaic (protective) function against lightning.The temple is not known to have featured among the extensive reconstructions undertaken by the emperor Domitian () following the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE. A relief on the early second-century CE Tomb of the Haterii shows a hexastyle temple which might be that of Jupiter Tonans. It is generally held that this relief shows public monuments worked on by the tomb's founder, Quintus Haterius, a  (building contractor). It was mentioned in a panegyric by the fourth-century CE poet Claudian. It is not clear whether other references to the temple in Latin poetry, such as by the first-century CE poet Statius, likely refer to this structure or to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

In 1555, the Italian architect Pirro Ligorio misidentified the partial remains of the Temple of Vespasian and Titus in the Roman Forum as belonging to the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, and these ruins were mislabelled as such in an engraving by the eighteenth-century Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi. Excavations begun in 1811–1812 by the papal architect  eventually confirmed the correct identification of the ruins, though it was not until 1844 that the archaeologist Luigi Canina labelled them as such. A concrete foundation between the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the Temple of Saturn has been conjectured as part of the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, but otherwise no remains of the temple are known to have survived.

Location on the Capitoline Hill

The precise location of the temple is uncertain; it is believed to have located towards the south-east of the Capitoline. Based on Suetonius's comment about it being a "doorkeeper" to the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, it is considered to have been located close to the entrance to the , the sanctuary of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. A tentative identification has been made between the temple and a building shown at the eastern edge of the  on the third-century CE map of Rome known as the .

Footnotes

Bibliography

Jupiter Invictus
1st-century BC religious buildings and structures
Jupiter Invictus

Temple of Jupiter Tonans


Rathong is a glacier in West Sikkim district of India. It is the source of the Rathong river and extends from Rathong La in the north, to the top of Chowrikiang Valley in the south. It is fed by Mt. Rathong () and the ice falls of the Kabru group of peaks. The Himalayan Mountaineering Institute of Darjeeling has set up a permanent base camp at Chowrikiang to impart ice-craft training in Rathong Glacier. Hence, the glacier is well-known to mountaineers all over the world. At present, due to global warming, the glacier is receding rapidly and a number of glacial lakes have formed.

See also
 List of glaciers

References

Glaciers of Sikkim

Rathong Glacier


The first Sachem was a sloop of war in the United States Navy during the American Revolutionary War.

The Continental brigantine , commanded by Captain John Barry, captured the sloop , a tender to British frigate , off the Delaware Capes on 7 April 1776, after a fierce, one-hour fight. Lexington escorted her prize to Philadelphia where Edward was libeled on 13 April, condemned on 29 April, and purchased by the Marine Committee of the Continental Congress on 2 May. Renamed USS Sachem, the sloop was fitted out under the direction of 17-year-old Joshua Barney who received his commission as a lieutenant while the ship was being prepared for sea. Shortly before Sachem was ready for action, Captain Isaiah Robinson assumed command of the sloop.

On 6 July, Sachem, carrying dispatches for Barry who was patrolling the mouth of the bay, dropped down the Delaware. The orders directed Barry to put to sea in Lexington. Since Barry declined the suggestion that the two ships cruise together, they parted after clearing the capes. On 12 August, Sachem fought brigantine, Three Friends, for over two hours before the British letter of marque surrendered.

Robinson sent the prize to Philadelphia for adjudication and, since Sachem had suffered substantial damage in the battle, she followed Three Friends into port for repairs.

After Sachem was back in fighting trim, she was placed under the direction of the Secret Committee which handled procurement matters for the Continental Congress. Few details of her subsequent operations have survived. It is known that she sailed for the West Indies on 29 March 1777 carrying dispatches for William Bingham, the Continental agent in Martinique. These letters were duplicates of earlier messages which had gone astray when the frigate  was diverted to Charleston, South Carolina for repairs after losing two masts.

It is said that Sachem was burned in the Delaware River the following autumn to avoid capture by the British, but evidence to substantiate this claim is scant.

References

Ships of the Continental Navy
Sloops of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in 1777
1776 ships

USS Sachem (1776)


Negue Djogo adalah seorang opsir dan politikus Chad.

Ia adalah opsir berdarah Sara yang dilatih oleh Prancis. his first prominent assignement came in 1966 when, still a lieutenant, he was made by President François Tombalbaye prefect of the key Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (BET) region, which France, Chad's former colonial power, had evacuated only in 1964, four years after the independence of the country. He was among those accused of misrule by the French Administrative Reform Mission (MRA) in 1969, for his contempt of Muslim traditions and especially of the dia, the blood wealth.

All the same, under Tombalbaye Djogo made a fast career and became general and Chief of Staff of the Chadian Armed Forces (FAT), when he was arrested by the President on March 23, 1975 in what was yet another of many purges in the army. He did not remain long in jail: on April 13 a military coup removed Tombalbaye. Immediately freed from jail, the coupists offered him the presidency of the new military junta, but when he declined they asked Félix Malloum, who on April 15 assumed the position of new head of state of the country.

Malloum's military government crumbled in 1979 when the Prime Minister Hissène Habré, a former Muslim warlord, broke with the President on February 12 and attacked the capital N'Djamena with his militia, the Armed Forces of the North (FAN). The army's Head of staff, general Nguemourou, reacted weakly and finally resigned the command to Djogo on February 14. His authority was early contested by the colonel Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, the head of the gendarmerie, the military police, which was the sole unit of the army that did not disintegrate in the battle; and when the FAT, defeated, left the capital for Southern Chad on April 15, Kamougué was in command while Djogo remained at N'Djamena.

The rift was becoming evident already in the second peace conference held at Kano in Nigeria between April 3 and April 11, when all factions were invited to form a Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT). Djogo was able to eclipse here Kamougué, and as a result Djogo was nominated vice-president of the new government sworn in on April 29, as representative of the FAT. President became Lol Mohamed Shawa, a protegé of Nigeria, Habré Defense Minister and Goukouni Oueddei Interior Minister. Djogo was also proclaimed commander-in-chief of the new armed forces that were to unite the old FAT and the militias.

The government did not live long, principally for the exclusion from the GUNT of important Libya-supported militias, which promptly formed a counter-government, the Democratic Revolutionary Council (CDR), led by Ahmat Acyl. Also, many countries refused to recognize the new government: Djogo experimented this personally at the 6th Franco-African Summit held at Kigali on May 21 and May 22. Djogo had been entrusted with leading the Chadian delegation at the summit, when doubt on the GUNT's representativity voiced by a number of delegates brought to the abrupt departure of the Chadians.

Bye mid-summer it was clear that the end of Shawa's government was at hand. Nigeria opened new rounds of negotiation for the formation of a more compehensive government; after a first failure, the second conference held at Lagos was more successful, and all factions, including the CDR, signed the Lagos Accord on August 21. As a result o new GUNT was formed on September 3, with Goukouni as new President and Kamougué vice-president.

Djogo tried to politically reemerge by attacking Kamougué. The occasion came on March 1 1980, when he promoted in N'Djamena a manifesto for the formation an unitarian decentralized state, but he obtained little support for it, mainly some officers that had not followed Kamougué in 1979 and also some functionairies tied to the former Tombalbaye Regime.

When Habré, who had broken with the GUNT in 1980, conquered N'Djamena in 1982 and made himself new President, the other northern factions of the GUNT refused to surrender and reunited their forces in the BET Prefecture. While Goukouni remained its president, its military forces were united under the command of Djogo, who proved himself an able general defeating Habré's forces at Gouro and Ounianga in 1982. He was also the nominal commander of the GUNT's new army, the National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération National or ALN), which with massive Libyan mansupport inflicted a crushing blow to Habré's forces between June and August 1983.

In 1984 Djogo broked with the GUNT, unhappy of its internal disputes. He formed in Paris in 1985 the Democratic Front of Chad (Front Démocratique du Tchad or FDT), a coalition of groups that opposed both Goukouni and Habré. But Habré was able to win over the party in peace talks held at Libreville in Gabon under the patronage of the President Omar Bongo, which included also Alphonse Kotiga's Codos and Acheick ibn Oumar's CAC-CDR. Djogo signed for his party on December 23 1985. In exchange Djogo became Minister of Justice, but Habré remains in full control with his National Union for Independence and Revolution (UNIR) sole legal party. And even if Djogo insisted in a press conference held on March 4 1986 that the FDT's goal was to restore democratic liberties, he remained unsurprisingly vague.

In mid-1988 he was shifted to the Ministry of transportation and civil aviation, and finally entered in 1989 in the Central Committee of the UNIR with other former opposition leaders. His downfall came in 1990 with the ruin of Habré, who was overthrown by Idriss Déby; from then he lost any political importance.

Referensi

Negue Djogo


The 1996 Argentine Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 7 April 1996 at Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, Buenos Aires. Despite suffering a bout of food poisoning, Damon Hill made it three wins out of three, with Jacques Villeneuve helping Williams complete their second one-two of the season. Jos Verstappen scored his only point of the season, Andrea Montermini his only finish of the season. This was the first race of 1996 where no drivers failed to meet the 107% time.

Pedro Diniz was involved in two major incidents during the race. First he collided with Luca Badoer, whose Forti was flipped and landed upside down in the gravel, forcing the marshals to bring out the safety car. Trackside marshals were heavily criticized for their delay in aiding Badoer's escape from the car; ultimately the Italian was forced to crawl out from underneath the Forti (the explanation for which was later given by the marshals that an uncharacteristic delay in the safety car picking up the race leader had caused confusion on the trackside). Diniz managed to continue and made a pit stop as the safety car was preparing to pull in - only to retire when he came back onto the circuit and his Ligier burst into flames, because a safety-valve in the fuel tank had jammed open, with the safety car staying out for three extra laps as a result.

Classification

Qualifying

Race

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

References

Argentine Grand Prix
Argentine Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Argentine Grand Prix

1996 Argentine Grand Prix


Ancahuasi, Quechua Ankawasi (anka eagle, wasi house, "eagle house"), is one of nine districts of the province Anta in Peru.

Ethnic groups
The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (84.86%) learnt to speak in childhood, 14.89 	% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).

See also
 Killarumiyuq
 Yanaqucha

References

1986 establishments in Peru

Ancahuasi District


was the 18th emperor of Japan,  according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Hanzei to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Hanzei-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
According to Nihonshoki and Kojiki, he was a son of Emperor Nintoku.  The eldest son would become known as Emperor Richū.

Hanzei was the brother of Richū.  Hanzei's enthronement by-passed Richū's two sons.  Few other details have survived.

Events of Hanzei's life
Very little is known about the events of Hanzei's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

Hanzei's reign is described as a time of peace. He died quietly in his palace.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Hanzei.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun) at Sakai.  Hanzei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kofun period

References

Other websites

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Hanzei


Christmas Album is a late-1968 album by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass. It was the group's eleventh release.  The LP edition of the album was issued twice. The original edition had the cover photography filling the front and back sides of the album jacket.  For the reissue, the photos were reduced to half size and placed in the center of a white background.  Although the Brass' albums were out of print for a good many years, the Christmas Album was released on CD in the 1980s (with the CD release sporting the altered cover artwork), with annual reappearances in record stores at Christmastime.  The album was re-released again on CD by the Shout!Factory label in 2006 as were many of the other Tijuana Brass albums.  The Shout!Factory release restored the original artwork to the front cover and featured the original back cover on the included CD booklet. Another CD re-release occurred on October 23, 2015 (Herb Alpert Presents label, remastered), this time restoring the original artwork to the front and back.

The album contains a mixture of popular Christmas-season music, mostly American secular standards. Exceptions include the Bach piece "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring," and a traditional Hispanic number, "Las Mañanitas." The latter song's arrangement, provided by marimbist Julius Wechter, is near identical to one used by Wechter's Baja Marimba Band several years earlier, on their 1965 album For Animals Only.  The songs's title literally means "The Little Mornings;" the song is traditionally sung on the morning of one's birthday celebration, or the day of a religious figure such as a saint (or, in this case, Jesus).

The cover features the image of Alpert, who is Jewish, dressed as Santa Claus while playing his trumpet.

Collaborating with Alpert in the production was his usual cadre of musicians: Nick Ceroli (drums/percussion), Bob Edmondson (trombone), Tonni Kalash (trumpet), Lou Pagani (keyboards), John Pisano (guitars/mandolin) and Pat Senatore (bass).  Perennial sideman, Julius Wechter, appears on marimba and percussion.  Alpert provides lead vocals on "The Christmas Song" and "The Bell That Couldn't Jingle," and there are also appearances by a studio choir and string instruments, arranged by Shorty Rogers.

Track listing

Side 1
"Winter Wonderland" (Richard B. Smith, Felix Bernard) – 3:02
"Jingle Bells" (James Pierpont, arranged by Herb Alpert and John Pisano) – 3:08
"My Favorite Things" (Rodgers and Hammerstein) – 3:01
"The Christmas Song" (Mel Tormé, Robert Wells) – 3:38
"Las Mañanitas" (Traditional; arranged by Julius Wechter) – 2:57

Side 2
"Sleigh Ride" (Leroy Anderson) – 3:56
"The Bell That Couldn't Jingle" (Burt Bacharach, Larry Kusik) – 2:55
"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) – 3:44
"Jingle Bell Rock" (Joe Beal, Jim Boothe) – 1:50
"Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring" (Johann Sebastian Bach) – 3:26

References

1968 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Herb Alpert albums
Albums produced by Jerry Moss
Albums produced by Herb Alpert
Albums recorded at Gold Star Studios
Albums arranged by Shorty Rogers
A&M Records albums
Shout! Factory albums

Christmas Album (Herb Alpert album)


Enantiornithes is a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense). They are the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era.

Most had teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds. Over 80 species of enantiornitheans have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so probably not all are valid species.

Enantiornitheans became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, as did the hesperornithids and all other non-avian dinosaurs. The Enantiornithes are thought to have left no living descendants.

The name "Enantiornithes" means "opposite birds", from Ancient Greek enantios (ἐνάντιος) "opposite" + ornithes (όρνιθες) "birds" . The name was coined by Cyril Alexander Walker in a landmark paper which established the group. In his paper, Walker explained what he meant by "opposite":

This refers to an anatomical feature. The articulation of the shoulder bones has a concave-convex socket joint which is the reverse of the joint in modern birds.

References

Cretaceous birds

Enantiornithes


A bot is a computer program which acts automatically. It may do things that a person wouldn't normally do, or take a long time to do.  It is an automated or semi-automated tool or script. They may be simple, or advanced and complex:
Software agents acts for a user doing things which the user programs it for. Software agents which interact with people (such as chatbots) have features which make this possible, such as natural language processing.
More advanced agents:
Intelligent agents can use artificial intelligence.
Autonomous agents change the way they do things to achieve the same objectives. Also, there are multi-agent systems which can work together to get a result which could not be done by a single agent.
Mobile agents can move (relocate) their working to different processors.

Issues with bots
Societies are going through a rapid learning process at present. The freedom of bots to mine data is challenged. By mining data is meant collecting information about use, and about users, so as to advance some commercial or other purpose. In the European Union, for example, bots must now ask for permission to mine data from users. Before, they could collect any data they liked from users inorder to promote the welfare of the companies that used them.

There is a Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases. It is a directive of the European Union in the field of copyright law, made under the Treaty of Rome. The need to protect the data of users is a more recent development.

Data mining is certain to be extremely important in the future. On Wikipedia the use of bots is frequent (see link above), but the use of data mining is minimal.

References

Software

Bot