Exsanguination is losing enough blood to cause death.  A person does not have to lose all of their blood to exsanguinate.  People can die from losing half to two-thirds of their blood.

The average adult has about 4 to 6 liters of blood (9 to 12 US pints) in their body. The average man has more blood than the average woman, and people who weigh more or are taller than others have more blood.  This means a person can die from losing 2 1/2 to 4 liters of blood.  To compare, this is five to eight times as much blood as people usually give in a blood donation.

Children and babies have much less blood than adults, and can exsanguinate by losing much less blood than adults.

Exsanguination is often called bleeding to death or bleeding out.  It is a medical emergency.

Definition
Doctors define exsanguination this way:
 The patient has lost over 40% of their blood (2 to 2.4 liters in an average adult)
 The patient is still losing blood
 The bleeding is so bad that if it is not stopped quickly, the patient will die

Types of bleeding

Bleeding can be external or internal.

"External" means "outside the body."  External bleeding is visible - it can be seen outside the body.  For example, a person who cuts their hand and has blood on their hand is having external bleeding.

"Internal" means "inside the body."  Internal bleeding cannot be seen, because it is inside the body.  For example, a person who is bleeding into their brain because of a stroke is having internal bleeding.

Sometimes, bleeding can be both internal and external.  A person can exsanguinate from internal bleeding, external bleeding, or both.

Causes
Exsanguination is usually caused by major blood vessels getting injured or breaking open.  Smaller blood vessels bleed less, and bleed slower, so it is harder to exsanguinate if they are injured.

Injuries

Exsanguination can be caused by trauma (injuries).  Out of all people who die from injuries, 30-40% die from exsanguination.  Up to half of these people (33-56%) die before they even get to the hospital.

Penetrating trauma (an injury where something breaks the skin) is one of the most common causes of exsanguination.  This is especially true for gunshot wounds to places like the heart, chest, or head, which all have major blood vessels in them.

Other injuries that can cause exsanguination include:
 Injuries which cut major arteries, like the aorta, carotid artery (in the neck), or femoral artery (in the groin and legs)
 Motor vehicle accidents
 Amputation of an arm or leg

A person can exsanguinate from internal bleeding if:
 They are bleeding into their chest or abdomen (for example, because of blunt force trauma)
 They break their pelvis
 They break both of their femurs (thigh bones)

Exsanguination is one of the most common causes of death in soldiers at war.  It is usually caused by gunshot wounds, motor vehicle accidents, or explosions.

Medical problems

Some medical problems can make a person exsanguinate by bleeding internally.  These problems include:
 An aneurysm in the aorta that breaks.  This can cause a person to exsanguinate in just a few minutes.
 Sepsis, which can cause the infection to eat away at the walls of the blood vessels.  Eventually the walls break and the blood vessels start to bleed.
 Bleeding after childbirth.  Around the world, one woman dies every two minutes from exsanguination after childbirth.  Most of these deaths happen in developing countries.
 Bleeding from the spleen, liver, or intestines
 A very bad peptic ulcer
 A tumor that eats into a major blood vessel, like a tumor in the neck that eats into the carotid artery and makes it start bleeding

Effects

If a person is losing blood very quickly (for example, from a broken aortic aneurysm), they will only be conscious for 20 seconds to a few minutes.  If blood loss is slower, and the person does not get medical treatment, they may be conscious for a few hours.  However, they will get more and more confused and tired as they lose more blood.  Eventually the person will go into a coma because there is not enough blood left in their body to bring oxygen to their brain.  Finally their heart will stop and they will die.

Exsanguination is a syndrome
Doctors call exsanguination a syndrome (a group of symptoms), because it causes so many problems in the body.

Hypothermia
Blood helps keep us warm.  Because of this, losing a lot of blood causes hypothermia.

Coagulopathy
Coagulopathy means that the blood no longer clots normally.  When a person loses blood, they also lose the platelets and blood-clotting proteins the blood carried.  These platelets and proteins make the blood clot.  If a person loses too much blood, they will not have enough platelets or proteins left to make the blood clot.

Acidosis
Acidosis means that the body makes too much acid.  Usually, the body makes energy out of oxygen carried in the blood and glucose (sugar); this is called aerobic respiration. If a person loses a lot of blood, there will not be enough oxygen in the blood that is left to make energy this way. The body switches to anaerobic respiration and makes energy out of glucose without needing oxygen. However, this creates many acidic waste products (chemicals that the body does not need, which are left over after the body does chemical reactions). Eventually, these waste products can build up so much that they poison the body. This is called acidosis.

Arrhythmia
When the heart does not get enough blood, it can start beating in ways that are not normal.  When this happens because of exsanguination, it usually means that the patient is close to dying.

Shock
If a person loses enough blood, they will go into shock.  This means the body's most important organs are not getting the blood, oxygen, and nutrients they need to survive.  It also means that the body is not able to get rid of waste products, like acids.  If shock gets bad enough, it will kill the person.

Treatment

First aid

First aid is an important first step in treating exsanguination.  Things that regular people can do to help include:
 Calling 9-1-1 or another local emergency telephone number immediately
 Trying to stop the bleeding by:
 Pressing against the place that is bleeding
 If the person is bleeding from an arm or leg, lifting the arm or leg above the level of the person's heart
 Making a tourniquet and wrapping it tightly above where the person is bleeding
 Laying the person down and raising their legs, if possible
 If the person is coughing or vomiting blood, turning them on their side so they do not choke
 Keeping the person warm
 Trying to help the person stay calm

If possible, a person giving first aid should wear gloves any time they touch another person's blood. The sick or injured person may have an infection that can be spread through blood, like HIV or hepatitis. Wearing gloves will protect the person giving first aid from getting these infections.

First aid saved many lives during the Boston Marathon bombings, when ordinary people used belts for tourniquets or used their own hands to press against bleeding wounds.  The three people who died in the bombings died right away. There were many other people who were hurt badly enough that they could have exsanguinated. For example, some people's legs were blown off by the bombs. However, because of the help of ordinary people giving first aid (and because of emergency medical services), everyone who did not die right away survived.

Emergency medical treatments
Emergency medical treatments for exsanguination include:
 Tests, like ultrasounds or CT scans, to find the cause of bleeding if it is internal
 Surgery to fix the cause of the bleeding
 Treatments to warm the body up
 Blood transfusions
 Giving fluids, like saline, through a needle into a vein to add to the amount of fluid that is in the person's body
 Giving medications to decrease acidosis

Risk factors

Risk factors for exsanguination
There are some risk factors which make a person more likely to exsanguinate.  A few examples are:
 Being on anticoagulants (blood-thinning medications).  These can make even a small wound bleed dangerously.
 Having a blood clotting disorder, like hemophilia
 Alcoholism.  Drinking too much alcohol can damage the liver.  If the liver is damaged, it cannot make blood-clotting proteins (like fibrinogen) as well as a healthy liver does.  This makes alcoholics more likely to bleed dangerously if they get hurt.  Liver damage can also lead to a problem called esophageal varices, which can cause a person to exsanguinate by throwing up blood.
 Advanced cancer.  Of everyone who has advanced cancer and is not getting treated for their cancer, up to one in 10 people have dangerous bleeding.

Risk factors for death from exsanguination
When a person is exsanguinating, they are more likely to die if:
 They do not get into surgery quickly enough
 They have hypothermia, with a temperature under 34° C (93.2° F)
 Their blood is more acidic because of acidosis
 They needed to be given more than 4 liters of blood, or over 10 liters of fluids, to replace the blood they lost
 They lost more than 15 mL of blood per minute (losing blood this fast, the person would exsanguinate in less than 30–40 minutes)
 They have lower numbers of platelets when they first get to the hospital
 They are elderly

Related pages
 Blood
 Bleeding
 Arterial bleeding (one of the most dangerous kinds of bleeding)
 Blood clotting (also called "coagulation")
 Blood vessels
 Blunt force trauma
 Aneurysm
 Platelets
 Fibrinogen (a blood-clotting protein made in the liver)

References

Blood disorders
Medical emergencies

Exsanguination


Edward Richard Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Liverpool (9 August 1834 – 20 February 1920), was a British journalist and Liberal politician.

Russell was a newspaper man who also involved himself in politics. Born in London, he was largely self-made, rising to become Editor of the Liverpool Daily Post, a position he held for almost fifty years. He is reputed to have been a man of great ability, with high religious and moral standards. Well-travelled, an advocate of Temperance, and regarded as able public speaker, he supported the Liberal Party and was a founder of the Liverpool Parliamentary Debating Society. He corresponded with leading figures of the day, for example Annie Besant and H. H. Asquith. In 1865 he left Liverpool for London where he worked for the Morning Star and other newspapers. In writing parliamentary reports, he came to know members of government and was a friend of William Ewart Gladstone.

When Russell returned to Liverpool in 1869, it was as editor of the Daily Post, which, under his leadership, became known as a leading provincial newspaper. From 1885 to 1887 Russell was Liberal MP for the constituency of Glasgow Bridgeton, then in 1893 he was knighted. In 1919, the year before his death, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Russell of Liverpool, of Liverpool in the County Palatine of Lancaster.

Works
 Irving as Hamlet (1875)
 True Macbeth: A Lecture (1875)
 Ibsen: A Lecture Delivered at University College, Liverpool (1894)
 Garrick: A Lecture (1895)
 That Reminds Me (1899)
 Arrested Fugitives (1912)

Arms

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

1834 births
1920 deaths
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Scottish Liberal Party MPs
Barons created by George V

Edward Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Liverpool


The Western Society for French History (WSFH) is, along with the Society for French Historical Studies, one of the two primary historical societies devoted to the study of French history headquartered in the United States.

The WSFH was founded in 1974, and "seeks to promote the study of French and Francophone history."

From 1974 to 2015 the WSFH published an annual, peer-reviewed journal, Proceedings of the Western Society for French History. In 2015 the title of the journal was changed to The Journal of the Western Society for French History. The Journal is a peer-reviewed, scholarly journal published in an open-access, online format with the Scholarly Publishing Office at the University of Michigan Library.

External links
 https://www.wsfh.org/

Organizations established in 1974
Historical societies of the United States
1974 establishments in the United States

Western Society for French History


The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing is a 2003 statement which defines the concept of open access and then supports that concept.

The statement
On 11 April 2003, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute held a meeting for 24 people to discuss better access to scholarly literature. The group made a definition of an open access journal as one which grants a "free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit, and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship" and from which every article is "deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository".

Significance
Along with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, the Bethesda Statement established "open access" as the term to describe initiatives to make research more widely and easily available.

The Bethesda Statement builds on the BOAI by saying how users will enact open access. Specifically, open access practitioners will put content online with a license granting rights for reuse including the right to make derivative works. The BOAI does not mention derivative works.

References

External links

The Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing

Academic publishing
2003 works
Open access statements


Casville Records (often stylized as Ca$hville Records) is an independent record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. It was started by rapper Young Buck in 2006. It was originally called G-Unit South. However, since Buck and 50 Cent had engaged in a feud while Buck was signed to G-Unit Records, he was kicked out and had to change the label's name because he could no longer use the G-Unit logo to distribute his music. Its artists are gangsta rap or southern rap musicians. It has so far signed acts such as Outlaws and Lil Scrappie and is currently being distributed by RED distrubution.

Other websites
 Official website

American record labels

2006 establishments in the United States

Ca$hville Records


Yakov Ivanovich Bulgakov (Russian: Яков Иванович Булгаков; 15 October 1743 – 7 July 1809) was a Russian diplomat best remembered as Catherine II's emissary in Constantinople in the 1780s.

Of noble parentage, Bulgakov attended the gymnasium of the newly founded Moscow University. His class fellows included Ippolit Bogdanovich, Denis Fonvizin, and Grigory Potemkin. It was Bulgakov who was sent to notify Augustus III about the demise of Empress Elizabeth. A year later, he was dispatched to Vienna to inform Maria Theresa of Austria about the coup d'état that brought Catherine II to the throne.

Together with his patron, Prince Nicholas Repnin, Bulgakov was active in Warsaw, where he served as a secretary at the Russian mission. After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, he accompanied Repnin to Constantinople, where they persuaded the Sultan to acknowledge the independence of Crimea. In 1777 Repnin and Bulgakov proceeded to the Congress of Teschen, which concluded the War of the Bavarian Succession. Four years later, Bulgakov went to Ukraine, charged with the task of delineating the new border with Poland.

On 20 May 1781, the Empress appointed Bulgakov her emissary at the Sublime Porte. His mission was to prepare and smooth the Russian annexation of Crimea. A free trade agreement, concluded between the powers in 1783, was his notable success. When the last Crimean khan submitted to Catherine's authority, there were fears that the Russian resident would be mobbed and lynched. However, Bulgakov did not allow himself to be entrapped by the intrigues of the French ambassador and, on 28 December, wrested from Sultan a grudging recognition of the occupation of Crimea, which effectively precluded a new war between the countries.

When Catherine visited Novorossiya in 1787, Bulgakov went to confer with her in Crimea. Upon his return to Constantinople, he was thrown into the dungeon of the Castle of Seven Towers, where he translated French authors and wrote letters to his monarch. The Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) erupted, but Bulgakov still managed to be useful to the Russian government, so much so that he succeeded in obtaining a plan of the Turkish naval offensive, drafted by the French ambassador Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier. Contrary to recommendations of British, Swedish and Prussian diplomacy, the Sultan found it prudent to set "the obnoxious Russian" free (24 November 1789) and to deport him from his dominions.

Bulgakov declined to be transported to Russia on a French frigate, instead sailing to Trieste, from where he travelled to Vienna, where he met the dying Joseph II. Passing through Iași (where Potemkin was negotiating a peace treaty with the Sultan), Bulgakov arrived to St. Petersburg. The Empress commended his service and awarded him with extensive estates in newly acquired Belarus. Thereupon he was dispatched as minister plenipotentiary to Warsaw, where he spent four years orchestrating the Polish–Russian War of 1792.

Following Catherine's death, Bulgakov administrated the governorates of Vilno and Grodno until 1799, when he finally retired on account of bad health. He was elected into the Russian Academy in 1795. The remainder of his life was spent in retirement in Moscow.

See also
Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy, Peter I's emissary in Constantinople
Ivan Neplyuyev, Anna I's emissary in Constantinople

References

1743 births
1809 deaths
Diplomats of the Russian Empire
Politicians from the Russian Empire
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
18th-century diplomats of the Russian Empire
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Poland
Imperial Moscow University alumni
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Yakov Bulgakov


Wolfgang Gratzer (born 1965 in Bad Vöslau) is an Austrian musicologist.

From 2011 to 2014, he was involved in the management of the interuniversity doctoral program "Art and Public". From 2015 to 2018, he was in charge of the 3-year inter-university doctoral program "The Arts and its Public Impact". Concepts - Transfer - Resonance.

References

External links
 Personal website
Current projects Homepage > Aktivitäten > Aktuelle Buch- und Veranstaltungsprojekte
 Website of the Institute for Musical History of Reception and Interpretation (University Mozarteum Salzburg)

1965 births
Living people
Austrian musicologists
University of Salzburg alumni

Wolfgang Gratzer


Martín Karadagián (April 30, 1922 — August 27, 1991) was an Argentine professional wrestler and actor.

Biography
Karadagián was born in the San Telmo ward of Buenos Aires to a Spanish mother and Armenian father. He learned Greco-Roman wrestling when he was a child, and won his first national championship in 1947.

Martin Karadagián wrestled in America from August to December 1949 wrestling in New York City and the surrounding east coast cities such as Asbury Park, New Jersey, Pottsville, Pennsylvania, and Passaic, New Jersey. He wrestled under the name "The Mighty Karadagián (often misspelled Karadijian)." He also held the nickname "the wild man of South America." He was undefeated during this time defeating men like Marvin Mercer, Mike Clancy, Steve Karras, The Golden Superman, and Sam Berg.

He began his career as an actor in the 1957 drama Reencuentro con la gloria  (Reencounter with Glory), in which he played a fighter who accidentally kills his opponent. He later appeared in Alberto Olmedo's 1963 comedy, Las Aventuras del Capitán Piluso en el castillo del terror (The Adventures of Captain Piluso at the Castle of Terror).

Karadagián became well known for his recurring role in the wrestling television show Titanes en el ring (Titans in the ring), which aired intermittently from 1962 to 1983. The series became popular elsewhere in Latin America, and during a 1974 episode filmed in Costa Rica, Karadagián reportedly entered into a bout with presidential candidate Gerardo Wenceslao Villalobos (who won).

Karadagián made his last film appearance, with the Titans of the Ring, in 1984. He appeared in a number of yogurt advertisements in his later years, but had developed diabetes, and ultimately had a leg amputated. He died in Buenos Aires in 1991, and was buried at La Recoleta Cemetery. A bust of likeness was later unveiled at his Pacheco de Melo Street gym.

Championships and accomplishments

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2008)

Filmography
Reencuentro con la gloria (1957)
Las Aventuras del Capitán Piluso en el castillo del terror (1963)
El hombre invisible ataca (The Invisible Man Attacks) (1967)
Titanes en el ring (1973)
Los superagentes y la gran aventura de oro (The Superagents and the Great Gold Adventure) (1980)
Titanes en el ring contraataca (1984)

References

External links

1922 births
1991 deaths
Argentine people of Armenian descent
People from Buenos Aires
Argentine male film actors
Argentine male stage actors
Argentine male television actors
Argentine male professional wrestlers
Armenian professional wrestlers
Deaths from diabetes
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery
20th-century Argentine male actors
Ethnic Armenian sportspeople
Argentine expatriates in the United States

Martín Karadagian


Scott Tyler Van Slyke (born July 24, 1986) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers and in the KBO League for the Doosan Bears.

The son of All-Star outfielder Andy Van Slyke, he was selected by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 14th round of the 2005 MLB Draft out of John Burroughs School in Missouri.

Early life
Scott Van Slyke was born in Chesterfield, Missouri, to Andy and Lauri Van Slyke. He is of Dutch ancestry and  grew up in St. Louis, where his father, Andy, played with the St. Louis Cardinals from 1983-86. Scott is the second of four children; his older brother, A. J., played in the Cardinals' minor league system from 2005-08. At the age of seven, he rescued his three-year-old brother Jared from drowning in a hot tub near the Pittsburgh Pirates' spring training camp in Bradenton, Florida.

Van Slyke began playing baseball at age five. He attended John Burroughs School in Ladue, Missouri, where he was named Missouri Gatorade Player of the Year in 2005. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 14th round of the 2005 amateur draft.

Career

Los Angeles Dodgers
Van Slyke made his professional debut with the Gulf Coast Dodgers in 2005, appearing in 24 games and hitting .282.

Van Slyke played for the Ogden Raptors in 2006, the Great Lakes Loons in 2007 and 2008 and the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino in 2008–09 before he was promoted to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes at the end of the 2009 season. He was named to the California League Post-season All-Star team in 2009. He began 2010 with the Chattanooga Lookouts in the Double-A Southern League, and again returned to Albuquerque to finish the season.

He started 2011 with Chattanooga, where he began spending more time at first base. He was selected to the mid-season All-Star game, and won the MVP award in the game. He was later also selected as a post-season all-star. In 130 games, he hit .348 with 20 home runs and 92 RBI. He led the Southern League in batting average for the 2011 season, and was selected as the Dodgers "Minor League Player of the Year". He was added to the Dodgers' 40-man roster after the season.

Van Slyke was called up to the Dodgers on May 9, 2012. He made his debut that night as a pinch hitter and recorded an RBI single in his first at-bat. He was the first Dodger to get a pinch RBI in his first at-bat since Carl Warwick on April 11, 1961.  Van Slyke hit his first Major League home run on May 20, 2012, as a pinch hitter against St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Marc Rzepczynski when he was given the green light to swing on a 3–0 count. The three-run home run gave the Dodgers the game-winning 6–5 lead.

On June 1, 2012, Van Slyke was part of a record-setting Dodgers lineup that featured the sons of five former Major Leaguers (along with Tony Gwynn Jr., Iván DeJesús Jr., Dee Gordon, and Jerry Hairston Jr.). This was the first time in Major League history this had ever occurred and was also the first time for a starting infield of four major league sons: first baseman Van Slyke, second baseman Hairston, third baseman De Jesus and shortstop Gordon. He played in a total of 27 games with the Dodgers and hit .167 with 2 home runs. In 95 games with Albuquerque, he hit .327 with 18 homers and 67 RBI. After the conclusion of the AAA season, he played with the Tiburones de La Guaira in the Venezuelan Winter League.

Van Slyke was designated for assignment on December 12, 2012, and removed from the 40-man roster. With Albuquerque at the start of 2013, he hit .397 with 9 homers and 30 RBI in 34 games.

The Dodgers purchased his contract on May 10, 2013, and brought him back up to the Majors. He wound up splitting time between Albuquerque and Los Angeles the rest of the season. With the Dodgers, he hit .240 with 7 home runs and 19 RBI. His biggest moment was a pinch-hit walk-off home run against the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 10.

In 2014, Van Slyke was a backup in a crowded Dodgers outfield that also included Yasiel Puig, Andre Ethier, Matt Kemp, and Carl Crawford. He regularly started against left-handed pitching in a platoon role, first with Ethier and later with Crawford. Van Slyke finished the 2014 regular season hitting .297, with 8 home runs and 29 RBIs in 98 games. He led the team in slugging percentage and on-base plus slugging.

In 2015, he hit .239/.317/.383 in 96 games with six homers and 30 RBI. He battled left mid-back and right wrist issues for much of the season, which negatively affected his performance. Following the season, he agreed to a one-year, $1.225 million contract with the Dodgers for 2016, avoiding salary arbitration.

Van Slyke again struggled with injuries in 2016 and played in just 52 games, hitting .225./.292/.314 with one home run and seven RBI. A back injury hampered him at the start of the season, and his right wrist injury recurred, ending his season in early August. In late August, he underwent arthroscopic surgery on his wrist in order to resolve the issue. On December 1, 2016, he signed a one-year, $1.325 million contract with the Dodgers to avoid arbitration and remain with the team for 2017.

Cincinnati Reds
Van Slyke was traded to the Cincinnati Reds, along with minor league catcher Hendrik Clementina in exchange for Tony Cingrani on July 31, 2017. On August 9, 2017, he was designated for assignment by the Reds.

Miami Marlins
On January 13, 2018, Van Slyke signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins.

Doosan Bears
On June 26, 2018, he signed with the Doosan Bears of the KBO League. He was released on September 20, 2018.

Acereros de Monclova
On July 9, 2021, after several years out of professional baseball, Van Slyke signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. He became a free agent after the 2021 season without appearing in a game.

Personal life
Van Slyke and his wife, Audrey, are Christian and are active in Bible study groups. They have one son, Jackson.

See also

List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
American people of Dutch descent
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Christians from Missouri
Doosan Bears players
Great Lakes Loons players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Inland Empire 66ers players
KBO League outfielders
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Louisville Bats players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
New Orleans Baby Cakes players
Ogden Raptors players
Oklahoma City Dodgers players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Yaquis de Obregón players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
John Burroughs School alumni

Scott Van Slyke


General Sir William Medows KB (31 December 1738 – 14 November 1813) was British Army officer. He entered the army in 1756 and saw action in North America, the Cape, and India. In 1788 he was appointed Governor of Bombay, transferring to become Governor of Madras in 1790.

That year, at the head of 15,000 men, he attacked Tipu Sultan of Mysore. In a see-saw campaign he was slightly wounded, mishandled a crucial assault and attempted suicide before the war ended in Britain's favour. In 1801 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Ireland as a full general.

Military career
Sir William was the son of Philip Medows, deputy ranger of Richmond  Park, and Lady Frances Pierrepont, daughter of William Pierrepont, Earl of Kingston  who married in 1734.

Following on from his years at Eton (1755-56), he entered the British Army as an ensign in the 50th Regiment of Foot in 1756. In 1760 he went with his regiment to join the allied army under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who as Frederick the Great's lieutenant was defending western Germany against the French. Medows remained in Germany till March 1764. In 1769 he obtained the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 5th Regiment of Foot, exchanging in September 1773 into the 12th Light Dragoons.

Marriage

In 1770, Medows enjoyed a romantic friendship with his second cousin, Lady Louisa Stuart, then aged thirteen, a daughter of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Medows was then thirty-two, and Lord Bute considered him unsuitable and put a stop to it. Lady Louisa was bitterly disappointed, and never married. Later the same year, Medows married another lady, Frances Augusta Hammerton.

North America, the Cape, and India

In September 1775 Medows exchanged into the 55th Regiment of Foot, which was due to be sent to the Thirteen Colonies to fight in the American Revolutionary War. On 14 May 1776, he was detached from the 55th to command the 1st Battalion of Grenadiers, a temporary formation created by combining the Grenadier companies of half the regiments in General Howe's army. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Brandywine in September 1777, where he was severely wounded commanding his Grenadiers. In November of 1777, following the death of Lt-Col William Walcott of wounds he received at the Battle of Germantown, Medows exchanged back into the 5th Regiment in place of the deceased Walcott. He remained in command of the 1st Grenadier Battalion, however, and led them in action once again at the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778. In October of 1778, in preparation for the British invasion of the West Indies, Medows relinquished command of his Grenadiers. Medows, now holding the local rank of Brigadier General, commanded the Advance Corps of General James Grant's army during the Battle of St. Lucia in December of 1778, once again highly distinguishing himself.

He returned to Great Britain in 1780, and was now made colonel of the 89th Regiment. Medows held a high command in the expedition sent out under Commodore Johnstone against the Cape of Good Hope in 1781. A skirmish occurred with the French admiral, Suffren, (also bound for the Cape) at Porto Praya in the Cape Verde Islands on 16 April 1781, and on arriving at the Cape of Good Hope the British found that Suffren had anticipated them and landed such strong reinforcements that an attack would be useless. Johnstone now decided to return to Europe. Medows, however, having heard that the British in the south of India were being hard pressed by Haider Ali, sultan of Mysore, sailed with three of the ships and a large body of troops to Madras (now Chennai), where he arrived on 13 February 1782. He accompanied Colonel William Fullarton in an expedition from Madras against Mysore, but the sudden conclusion of peace soon put a stop to the campaign.

Governor of Bombay

In September 1788 Medows received the posts of Governor of Bombay and commander-in-chief of the Bombay Army. He remained there until January 1790, when he was transferred to become Governor of Madras and commander-in-chief of the Madras Army. A war with Tipu Sultan, Hyder Ali's son and successor as sultan of Mysore, had arisen, and Lord Cornwallis, the governor-general, now instructed Medows to open the campaign. Starting from Trichinopoli at the head of 15,000 men on 15 June 1790, Medows crossed the frontier into Mysore, and advanced in a westerly direction. On 22 July the army arrived at Coimbatore, which was found evacuated by the enemy. While he was able to secure the district, he spread his forces too thinly, and Tipu counterattacked against the smaller detachments, and Medows was forced to withdraw his forces to a few strong points in late 1790.

Lord Cornwallis then announced his intention of undertaking sole command of the British army. Medows served under Cornwallis through the campaigns of 1791 to 1792, and commanded the right column in the night attack on the Seringapatam redoubts on 6 February 1792. His attack was misplaced; in the dark of night he ended up capturing a different fortification than the one intended; in doing so, he dangerously exposed the British flank.  Tipu attacked the weak point, and very nearly recovered his position, slightly wounding Cornwallis in the process. Tipu eventually sued for peace, and the fighting ended on 25 February while terms were negotiated.  The next day, Medows attempted suicide, inflicting three bullet wounds on himself.  While the reason for this is unknown, Cornwallis never blamed Medows for his actions on 26 February.

Peace was eventually agreed, with Tipu agreeing to the Treaty of Seringapatam on 18 March. Medows resigned the prize-money (nearly £5,000) which fell to his share and distributed it among the troops. He left for Great Britain in August 1792.

Later career

On 14 December of that year he was made a Knight of the Bath, on 12 October 1793 he was made a lieutenant-general, and in November 1796 he was appointed to the command of the 7th Dragoon Guards. At the brevet promotion of 1 January 1798 he was made a general and received the post of Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Wight. In 1801 he succeeded Cornwallis for a short space as Commander-in-Chief, Ireland.

He died at Bath on 14 November 1813, aged 74.

References

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1738 births
1813 deaths
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Governors of Bombay
Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland
Commanders-in-chief of Bombay
Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment officers
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
12th Royal Lancers officers
55th Regiment of Foot officers
Royal Irish Fusiliers officers
7th Dragoon Guards officers
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
73rd Regiment of Foot officers
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland

William Medows


Switch Bitch (1974) is a book of adult short stories by British writer Roald Dahl. Four stories, originally published in Playboy between 1965 and 1974, are collected. They are linked by themes of rape by deception: in each one, some major act of cunning, cruelty, or hedonism underpins the sexuality.

The book is notable for its introduction of the Uncle Oswald character, a wealthy hobbyist and gadabout who stars in both the first and last stories. (Although the first story seemingly presages his imminent decline and death.) He later appeared in Dahl's comic novel for adults, My Uncle Oswald. Oswald is a male fantasy figure described as "the greatest fornicator of all time", his adventures recounted by a nephew who inherits his diaries and decides to edit them for publication. Despite the stories in Switch Bitch being dark and cynical in tone, the Oswald tales are also humorous and satirical, resembling crude comic anecdotes.

Contents and introductions

"The Visitor"

Wealthy gadabout Oswald Hendryks Cornelius is stranded in Cairo when a Syrian businessman picks him up by the side of the road and offers him a room for the night in his desert mansion. While there Oswald meets the man's wife and daughter, both of whom are extremely beautiful. A midnight liaison occurs and Oswald wonders whom it was he spent the night with, when the businessman reveals to him new information that could be fatal.

"The Great Switcheroo"

Two middle-class suburban men at a neighbourhood party devise a ruse whereby each can sleep with the other's wife, without either wife realising the deception. They compare sexual techniques beforehand, and one receives a rude awakening the morning after.

"The Last Act"

After being widowed a woman reconnects with the man she left for her late husband years ago. The man is a gynaecologist, recently separated, and unbeknownst to the woman still harbours a grudge for her breaking off their relationship. He begins to seduce her, and a terrible revenge ensues.

"Bitch"

Oswald Cornelius becomes entangled with a Belgian olfactory expert who claims to have discovered an eighth smell-related nerve that, when stimulated, unlocks certain aspects of human sexual experience. The expert develops a perfume to stimulate the nerve, causing chaos when it is exposed during a high society dinner for an American women's movement that Oswald is attending.

Reception
The stories have been criticised for their cruel and misogynistic elements. The central conceit of "The Last Act", in particular, has been described by Jeremy Treglown, Dahl's biographer, as having "no purpose as a mechanism other than to lead to a crudely sensationalist conclusion", and by British novelist Zoe Heller as describing "in obscene detail the rape of a menopausal woman by a gynecologist." In the same article for The New Republic she commented generally on Dahl's later adult stories: "the sexual sadism is at its crudest and the 'wit' at its most vestigial...[they] are almost unbearable to read."

Despite this negative reception, the stories have also been praised. Alfred Hitchcock, for whose television programme Dahl's story "Man from the South" was adapted, was fond of "The Visitor" and in later life recounted its plot on American talk shows as a dark joke.

See also

Kiss Kiss

References

Short story collections by Roald Dahl
1974 short story collections
Michael Joseph books
Thriller short story collections
Obscenity controversies in literature

Switch Bitch


Abba Mari ben Isaac of St Gilles was a prominent French Jewish official who flourished about the middle of the twelfth century, and lived at Saint-Gilles, near Lunel, in Languedoc.

According to Benjamin of Tudela, who visited the Jewish community of that place, Abba Mari held the office of bailli (magistrate) about 1165, having been appointed by Raymond V, who was friendly to the Jews. The monarch made St. Gilles the second capital of his country. That a Jew was in those times chosen to so high an office is a fact of some importance, as it goes far to show the position which the Jews occupied in southern France previous to the war with the Albigenses. The war lasted until 1229. Some scholars pretend to see in this Abba Mari the father of Isaac ben Abba Mari, the author of the 'Iṭṭur. In this work Isaac refers to his father as a prominent Talmudist, from which circumstance it is inferred that the subject of this sketch was not only a high official but also a Talmudic scholar—a deduction which has been completely set aside by Gross.

References

12th-century French rabbis
12th-century French judges

Abba Mari ben Isaac of St Gilles


The West Coast of the United States is a term that generally refers to the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. Depending on the context, it can also include Alaska and/or the state of  Hawaii. Almost 50 million people live in these five states. The region includes the cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Anchorage, Portland and San Diego.

Regions of the United States

West Coast of the United States


Henry Richmond Droop (12 September 1832 – 21 March 1884) was an English mathematician. He devised the Droop quota used in the Single Transferable Vote. He also may have been the first to write down what later became known as Duverger's Law, in 1869.

He married Clara Baily (ca. 1841 – 7 September 1921) on 17 August 1872 and was the father of archaeologist John Percival Droop (1882–1963).

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110819150834/http://ksimmon.sasktelwebsite.net/PS06/PS06_157.HTM
 Henry R. Droop, On Methods of Electing Representatives, Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 44, No. 2. (Jun., 1881), pp. 141–202 (Reprinted in Voting matters, No. 24 (Oct., 2007), pp. 7-46)
 William H. Riker Duverger's Law: Forty Years Later. From Grofman and Lijphart Electoral Laws and their political consequences 1986.

1832 births
1884 deaths
19th-century English mathematicians

Henry Richmond Droop


Rourkela () is a planned city located in the northern district Sundargarh of Odisha, India. It is the third-largest Urban Agglomeration in Odisha after Bhubaneswar and Cuttack. It is situated about  west of state capital Bhubaneswar and is surrounded by a range of hills and encircled by the rivers Koel, Sankha, & Brahmani. The city is also popularly known as Ispat Nagar and Steel City of Odisha as well. One of the largest integrated steel plants set up with German collaboration Known as Rourkela Steel Plant, of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). It also has one of the premier national level technical institute known as National Institutes of Technology (NIT Rourkela). Every year, on 3 March Rourkela Day has been celebrated.

The city has been selected as smart city in the third phase of the National Smart Cities Mission on 20 September 2016, which is to drive economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local area development. Rourkela has been declared India's Fastest Moving City (East Zone 2–10 Lakh). Rourkela is third largest city of Odisha state & categorised as a Tier-2 city.

History
The name Rourkela originates from the local language of Sadri which means "Your Village" (Rour = Your & Kela comes from the word "Kila" which means Village). It comes under Sundergarh district of the Indian state of Odisha.

The twin towns of Rourkela and Fertilizer Township, as well as their developed periphery, are located in areas that were once covered by dense forests. These forests were once a favourite hunting ground for the kings in the past. According to the census report of 2011, Rourkela has a population of  (Rourkela Industrial Township is  and Rourkela Town is ) and the urban metropolitan area population is 536,450. Then railway station of Rourkela was within the revenue village of Mahulpali.

India's first public sector steel plant facility was established in Rourkela with the help of German businesses Krupp and Demag. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the town was the largest German colony outside Germany.

There was a village called Durgapur in between Rourkela and Panposh stations. The construction of the sub-divisional court building was started in 1945 at the village Durgapur. Hence the nearby hills were also known as Durgapur Pahada (Durgapur Hills).  Today, it is known as Uditnagar. As a result, the two railway stations of Panposh and Rourkela came into recognition.

Following India's independence, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, wanted to make India an industrialized state in Soviet model of social development; giving wings to his dreams, Sri Biju Pattanaik convinced Pandit Nehru to consider the location of Rourkela for setting up a steel plant. The mineral-rich zone of Rourkela intersected by the rivers Brahmani, Koel and Sankha from two sides was aptly chosen for the same.

The preliminary survey for the steel plant at Rourkela was started in 1952 and the Government of Odisha issued a gazette notification on 16 February 1954. In accordance with the notification, the Government of Odisha acquired an area of about 80 square miles around Rourkela for the purpose of Steel Plant. The German private companies Krupp and Demag came forward to provide financial and technical help for the proposed steel plant at Rourkela. Krupp built Rourkela Steel Plant drawing from experience from its own works in Essen, Germany. The technical experts of the company advised the Government of India as well as the Government of Odisha for acquiring more land. As a result, a further area of 32 square kilometres was acquired out of 31 revenue villages. Almost 13,000 people in 2,424 families lost their dwelling. Later further  of land were acquired out of 31 revenue villages for the construction of Mandira Dam, a water embankment. Moreland was requisitioned for the purpose of constructing railway lines to Hatia and Barsuan. The construction of the Bondamunda Railway junction required the further acquisition of land which resulted in 20,000 people's displacement from their habitat. Though there was initial discontentment among the tribals about the land acquisition the authority largely resolved the land dispute, as many of the tribals were provided employment and accommodation. The displaced tribals were relocated to places such as Jalda, Jhirpani, Bisra, and Bondamunda. Their new settlement even extended beyond the river Koel.

Thousands of technical personnel from West Germany came to Rourkela to extend their technical assistance. Some of these Germans came with their family and their small diaspora created the 'Indo-German Club' to socialise. The club exists today with a well-stocked library known as Max Muller library. There are a plethora of local stories of Germans social encounters with tribals (local Adivasis) and people from other parts of India who had relocated themselves to Rourkela for employment. A large part of this population was from coastal and western Odisha who were trained by the German workforce to adapt to the steel plant's technology rigour. The steel plant, which was hugely surrounded by forest, many times witnessed wild animals straying into the plant area. A royal Bengal tiger's lugubrious death in the steel plant's massive blast furnace is a part of the city's folklore. There were also tales about the disappearance of Germans in the nearby Vedvyas cave and the dread whirlpool of river Koel. The river still accounts for human casualty as some day-trippers' wade into the water unaware of the maelstrom.

Geography
Rourkela is located at 84.54E longitude and 22.12N latitude in Sundergarh district of Odisha at an elevation of about  above mean sea level. The area of Rourkela is 200 square kilometers approximately. Being situated on the Howrah-Mumbai rail track, Rourkela had an added advantage of the steel plant being set up there. Red and laterite soils are found here which are quite rich in minerals. The area near Rourkela is rich in iron-ore hence a steel plant is situated in Rourkela. Bolani and Barsuan are the two most prominent mines situated near the town. Rourkela is situated in a hilly region. A small hill range named Durgapur Pahad runs through the heart of the city dividing it into plant area and the steel township. The name "Durgapur" comes from an old village that existed at the foothills long time ago before the plant was set up. The South Koel River and Sankha rivers meet at Vedvyas, Rourkela and flow as a single river called Brahmani.

City layout

The Rourkela city is divided into two separate townships under the Census of India as Steel Township and Civil Township. The Residential quarter's colony of Rourkela Steel Plant having eighteen sectors on record is called Steel Township and the other part is called Civil Township. One smaller township Fertiliser was renamed sector-22, as this township is within the purview of SAIL.

Steel Township is a modern industrial habitation mostly residential quarters, characterised by extensive green coverage under the Steel Plant Administration. A number of artistically crafted monuments not only add significant grace to the landscape of the township but also showcase the innovative usage of steel for creating objects of art.

The 16 km long Ring Road connects eighteen sectors and some major parts of the steel city including Chhend Colony, Civil Township, Udit Nagar, Basanti Nagar, Koel Nagar, Jagda, Jhirpani, Panposh, Fertiliser Township, Hamirpur, and Vedvyas.

Climate
Rourkela has a tropical climate and receives high rainfall during Southwest monsoon (June – September) and retreating Northeast monsoon (December – January). Average annual rainfall ranges between 160 and 200 cm. The minimum and maximum temperatures are in the range of 5 C to 49.7 C with a mean minimum and maximum temperature range of 12.0 C to 31.5 C during coldest and hottest months. Thirty six percent of the geographical area of the district has semi-evergreen or tropical dry deciduous forest.

Economy

Rourkela is the industrial capital of Odisha (Formerly Orissa). Rourkela, with a population of 6 lakhs and the first place in India to house the 1.8-million-ton integrated steel plant, joins the IT world through STPI. Location-wise it is integrated with infrastructure such as rail, road, air, abundant natural mineral resources such as water, land, power, rich pool of skilled people, top-rated social and civic infrastructure for reposing, and Universal friendliness. These factors have attracted many industrialists to choose Rourkela as their destination. Rourkela has never faced any sort of natural calamity whatsoever, except for some heavy rainfall. STPI has already set up and dedicated earth station in Rourkela to welcome the IT entrepreneurs for their uprising destination.

As Rourkela has tag as Steel City and house of many heavy industries like Steel, Sponge Iron, Chemical, Fabrication, Cement etc. There are number of small to large manufacturing industries for economic activity in and around the city.
Steel Authority of India - Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP)
 NTPC-SAIL Power Company Limited, (NSPCL) Rourkela
 OCL India Limited in Rajgangpur
 Larsen & Toubro Fabrication Plant in Kansbahal
 Kalunga Industrial Estate
 Bondamunda-Rourkela Locomotive Shed (Indian Railway)
 Software Technology Parks of India (STPI), Rourkela

Civic Administration

The steel city is divided mainly into two separate townships under Census of India as Steel Township and Civil Township. The Steel Township is a modern industrial habitation under the Steel Plant Administration, while the other sections are under the Rourkela Municipal Corporation. Some rural areas of South Rourkela are managed by the Jalda Panchayat.

 Rourkela Municipal Corporation was declared as Municipal Corporation on November 2014. The civic body that governs the overall large section of Rourkela and look after the civic and infrastructural needs of the citizens.
Rourkela Development Authority was created by the Govt. of Odisha in the year 1995. The main objective of RDA is to undertake works pertaining to Construction of Housing Colony, Shopping Complex, Industrial Estate and to provide public amenities also undertake for Improvement & clearance of slums and re-development programmes in a planned manner.
 Rourkela Smart City Limited city has been selected as smart city in the third phase of smart city list in September 2016. The objective is to promote city that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and apply 'smart solutions'.

Central Water Commission has its sub-divisional headquarters near Panposh.

Demographics

 India census,  Rourkela Metropolitan Area had a population of 536,450. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Rourkela has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5% male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 69%. In Rourkela, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
 Density of Population – 6,696 per km2. approx.
 Sex Ratio – 835 Female per 1000 male.
 Per capita income – Highest in Odisha.
 Population (Census 2011) – 552,970 where as Rourkela Industrial Township (210,412) & Rourkela Town (273,217).
 Main Habitations in Rourkela – Civil Township, Koelnagar, Chhend Colony, Uditnagar, Steel Township (Eighteen Sectors), Fertiliser Township, Industrial Estate, Basanti colony, Railway colony, Jhirpani, Jagda, Panposh, Vedavyas, Bondamunda, Bisra and Kalunga.

Transportation

Road transportation
Towards the end of 1946, most of the existing roads of the Sundargarh District were constructed. One National Highway i.e. (NH-143) passes through Rourkela which runs from Chas-Ranchi-Rourkela-Barkote-Banarpal – Junction with (NH-55). About 30  km of this highway passes through in and around Rourkela. Though the finalization of the project is awaited the planning for four linings of this highway is under consideration. One more National Highway i.e. NH – 215 which runs from Rajamunda (in Sundergarh district) to Panikoili in Jajpur district.

Other than this the SH-10 which runs from Rourkela to Sambalpur is another good road used in a large way particularly after its renovation and up gradation in 1995. This highway has recently been upgraded to a four-lane highway under the Biju Expressway project. There are a number of other departmental roads in and around Rourkela stretched in different parts. From a civic point of view, the Steel City consists of two parts i.e. Steel Township and Civil Township. While the ring road constructed by Rourkela Steel Plant Authority which has surrounded the Steel Township the other part of the ring road is Civil Township. The Steel Township roads are also maintained by the RSP authority. There are a number of daily Bus Services from Rourkela to different parts of Orissa and also, a few, to neighboring states like Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. There are a number of city buses plying daily on different routes in the city. The new Bus Terminus at Uditnagar, Rourkela constructed by Rourkela Development Authority caters to various demands of Bus services to different parts of the states. Other than the New Bus stand, there are a number of ticket booking counters in different parts of the city for the public to book tickets for various destinations. In 2014, Government of Odisha decided to build Biju Expressway stretching from Rourkela to Jagdalpur

Railways
Rourkela Railway junction is situated on the Howrah-Mumbai line under Chakradharpur division of South-Eastern Railway. Apart from Rourkela Station, the other stations in Sundargarh District are Bondamunda, Panposh, Rajgangpur, Kalunga, Kansbahal, etc. The city is well connected through Railway to Howrah & Mumbai. Apart from this, the city enjoys direct connectivity to Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Ranchi, Ahmedabad, & Pune and other major city's' of India. Rourkela is a profit-generating junction of South-Eastern Railway. from Rourkela junction, one line also goes to Biramitrapur whereas two from Bondamunda towards Howrah and Hatia respectively. One more line goes from Bimalagarh to Kiriburu.

Bondamunda Loco Shed: Two locomotive sheds, one for steam locomotives and the other for diesel locomotives, was set up in the year 1950s. An electric locomotive shed was started in 1983 to accommodating WAM-4 locomotives, which is now accommodates 242 electric locomotives after expansion.

Air Transport
Rourkela Airport is a public airport serving Rourkela, Odisha, India. It is located near Chhend Colony, 6 kilometers west of the city centre. The airport's terminal is being upgraded to handle scheduled operations. Under UDAN scheme.
The airport is capable of handling ATR-72 type aircraft, an apron for parking of two aircraft at a time and a general aviation terminal.  The license for commercial usage of the airport was issued in January 2019. To handle commercial flights and traffic, the airport upgradation project involving expansion of the runway from 1,765 m to 1,930 m to handle larger aircraft, like the ATR-72 and De Havilland 8-400 aircraft, construction of a new apron, a parallel taxiway to the runway, a new passenger terminal building and a perimeter wall was taken up by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) at a cost of ₹ 64.24 crore, is underway.

Health Care

There are a number of hospital facilities in Rourkela. People from different parts of Odisha and other states for seeking better health care access and treatment. Major medical facilities in the city are Ispat General Hospital, Jaiprakash Hospital, and Rourkela Govt. Hospital.
 Ispat General Hospital
 Rourkela Government Hospital
 Super speciality Hospital
 Shanti Memorial Hospital
 ESIC Model Hospital
 Sub Divisional Hospital, Panposh
 Lifeline Hospital
 Community Welfare Society Hospital
 Vesaj Patel Hospital
 Lions Eye Hospital
 Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital
 Jaiprakash Hospital and Research Centre, Uditnagar
 Jaiprakash Hospital (Main Campus), Dayanand Nagar, Vedvyas

Tourism and recreation

Rourkela has three major recreation parks in Steel Township area. These are Indira Gandhi Park, Jubilee Park, and Ispat Nehru Park Udyaan along with the recently inaugurated Community Park at Civil Township and many other small parks in Civil Township area.

Bhanja Bhaban (comprising the Bhanja Kala Kendra and the Library) and Civic Centre hosts the State level and National Level Drama, Fashion and Dancing competitions throughout the year.

Hanuman Vatika a sprawling campus of area surrounding of 13 acres. statue of Hanuman is constructed with the height of 75 feet in the year of 1994. There are also a number of temples named as Bata Managla, Binayak, Vaishnodevi, Sarala, Dwadash Linga, Siva, Santoshi Maa, Maa Laxmi etc. constructed here for the devotees. Because of beauty scenario and green area, number of general visitors came to this place every day here.

The city has several cinemas, including Konark, UMA, Apsara, Deepak and Razzaq (presently all of them being turned into multiplex). A couple of multiplexes however have started recently, namely PSR Cinemas, Panposh Road and Cineplex, Shanti Towers. The latest attraction of the city is the new PVR multiplex opened inside the Forum Galleria mall in Civil Township. Several food courts like Ambagan Food Court, Sector 5 VIP Market, Sector 16 & 18 area street foods, Koel Nagar NAC Market, Khana Khazana, 7 AM & Max Restaurant and Bakery, The Cakery Bakery and Paris Bakery in New Rourkela, Green Chillyz behind Ambagan are some of the most visited places.

Major tourist destinations in and around Rourkela include:
 Hanuman Vatika, Civil Township
 Mandira Dam
 Vaishnodevi Temple, Rourkela (Replica of Vaishnodevi Temple)

Shopping Malls: Forum Galleria Mall in Civil Township, CROSSROAD Mall, Fe2 Arcade (Sector 5) and Pluto Plaza in Chhend shopping malls already started with reputed brand like Pantaloons, Shoppers Stop, Reliance Trends, Zudio, KFC, PizzaHut, Skechers etc. and many other brands available for shopping.

Education

Rourkela is one of the educational, technical and medical research hub of Western Odisha and even students from all parts of Odisha and some parts of neighboring states Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal come here to pursue higher education. city houses many English medium schools which provide CBSE and ICSE certificates to their students.

There are ICSE-ISC board schools like St. Paul's School, Mt. Carmel School, St. Joseph's Convent School, Ispat English Medium School, Indo English School, Chinmaya Vidyalaya(E.M.), MGM English Medium School, DeSouza's School, St. Thomas School, St. Mary's School, Loreto English School, Sri Aurobindo's Rourkela School. Most of them are missionary based organizations run by licensee trustees. The students of various schools in Rourkela represent their schools in various national and international level competitions including IMO, IChO, and NASA.

The CBSE board schools include Deepika English Medium School, Delhi Public School, Guru Nanak Public School (GNPS), Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School and St. Arnold school. The Central government has its own Kendriya Vidyalaya in Sector-6 and in Bondamunda. It also has notable Odia medium schools like Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir (Sector-6), Ispat Vidyalaya (Sector 18) and Baji Rout High School.

Government autonomous college Panposh

State-run co-ed undergraduate and postgraduate college located in Panposh of city Rourkela, Odisha, India. The college was established in the year 1961 as Government Science College but later on it was renamed as Government Autonomous College. The institution upholds the development of majority of student's mostly coming from economically weaker sections and Scheduled Tribe. The college is Accredited by NAAC with grade ['B'] certification. Presently Dr. Mr. Bijay Behera is the principal. The college has also center for Indira Gandhi National Open University for distance learners.

Utkalmani Gopabandhu Institute of Engineering, Rourkela also called the UGIE is a State Governmental Diploma Engineering Institution in the western Zone of Odisha, which was established in 1962 under the Directorate of Technical Education and Training (DTET), Odisha.

Rourkela has a Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital Rourkela and is the only city in Odisha to have a private medical college outside Bhubaneshwar. The local leaders have demanded a government medical college in Rourkela. There are over 15 colleges for arts, science, and commerce streams under the Sambalpur University. Some of the famous ones are Government Autonomous College, Rourkela Municipal College, Ispat College, SG Women's College. There are also private engineering & Management colleges like Rourkela Institute of Management Studies (RIMS), DAMITS, Rourkela Institute of Technology (RIT), Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (KMIPS), Padmanava College of Engineering (PCE) these colleges come under the jurisdiction of Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT) and the head office is located in Chennd, Rourkela.

Universities
National Institute of Technology Rourkela: NIT Rourkela is one of India's premier technical institutes and is recognised as an Institute of National Importance. Its foundation stone was laid by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru in the year of 1961. It was granted autonomy in 2002 and now functions independently under the Ministry of Education. Research at the institute carried out at one of the high-tech collaborative centers, such as the Centre for Robotics and Space Technology Incubation Centre.

Biju Patnaik University of Technology: (BPUT) headquarters in Rourkela came into being in November 2002 through an act of the Odisha state legislature and foundation stone was laid by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the hon'ble President of India. The main objective of university is to ensure a high quality of students coming out of the technical colleges through a common curriculum and uniform evaluation.

Sports

Hockey
The city becomes a sports hub with many stadiums and few sports academy in and around. The two stadiums are Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium, with synthetic astroturf built by SAIL and Ispat Stadium that consist of a basketball ground, a chess hall, and a well-maintained volleyball ground nearby as well. The indoor stadium at Sector-20 hosts the badminton and Table Tennis events. The number of academies in the city has produced many nationally and internationally acclaimed Hockey players. The Ispat stadium and a number of game specific facilities from Odisha Govt. and SAIL have played a key role in honing the talents of the youngsters.

India's former captains Dilip Tirkey, Ignace Tirkey and Prabodh Tirkey, deep defender Lazarus Barla started their careers in Rourkela. Rourkela has special hockey hostels for kids, upbringing the next generation players with some of the best amenities. It has produced a few Arjuna Awardees, including Minati Mohapatra. Olympians of repute like Paralympian Roshan and Rachita Mistry are from this city. Former hockey player and 1972 Summer Olympics Bronze medal winner, Michael Kindo, also happens to be a current resident of the city. Indian national cricketer Sanjay Raul and the Under-19 world cup representative Chandrakant Barik play from this city. Pabitra Mohan Mohanty, the former national 'B' champion in chess and second only to Viswanathan Anand in national 'A' category is a resident of this city.

Stadiums

Rourkela has an international hockey stadium with synthetic astroturf which has been host to World Junior Hockey Championship and been a training center to most of the international Hockey players of India. Ispat Stadium has been hosted for several Ranji Trophy matches and youth ODIs. The city has produced many reputed Ranji players in the recent times. RSP does promote various different sports like - Cycling, Boxing, Archery, Soccer, Cricket, Football, Basketball and other athletic workout.

Sport Stadium

 Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium
 Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium (Sector-5)
 Ispat Stadium (Sector-6)
 Biju Patnaik Indoor Stadium, Panposh

Media
Rourkela City has a radio station of All India Radio (A.I.R) on FM Band 102.6 MHz since 24 June 1995. AIR Rourkela has one transmission from 06:00 AM to 11:10 PM daily. Other privately owned radio channels include Radio 92.7 BIG FM, Choklate 104 FM, 98.3 Tarang FM and 91.9 Sarthak FM. These channels broadcast Hindi and Odia film and non-film songs, talk shows and other entertainment programmes. Private Digital media channels include Rourkela Shines, Satya News Alert also operates from Rourkela to provide local news.

Festivals
Being a cosmopolitan city, Rourkela celebrates festivals such as Utkala Dibasa, Ram Navami, Pana Sankranti (Odia new year), Devasnan Purnima, Raja, Rath Yatra, Raji Karma Puja, Nuakhai, Sarna Puja, Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Chhat Puja, Kartik Purnima, Ganesh Puja, Laxmi Puja, Vishwakarma Puja, Deepawali, Dola Yatra, Holi, Bengali Nababarsha (Poila Boishak), Good Friday, Christmas etc.

The City Fest named as 1st Brahmani River Festival in its first edition was from 1 to 3 February 2019. It showcased the rich tribal heritage that is present in and around Rourkela and Sundargarh District.

Notable residents
 Lazarus Barla, Indian hockey player
 Natraj Behera, former Odisha cricket team captain
 Samir Dash, entrepreneur
 Debasish Ghose, Noted Academic, Professor at Indian Institute of Science
 C. P. Gurnani, CEO & Managing Director of Tech Mahindra
 Harish Hande, Magsaysay Award winner
 Michael Kindo, Indian hockey player and Olympic medalist
 Ramendra Kumar, award-winning children's fiction writer
 Birendra Lakra, hockey player
 Rachita Mistry, Olympiad
 Bibhu Mohapatra, fashion designer, USA
 Mira Nair, film director and author
 Jual Oram, Current MP from Sundargarh, Chairman of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence and Former Union Minister for Tribal Affairs (2014–2019)
 Govinda Poddar, current Odisha cricket team captain
 Dilip Ray, MLA (Rourkela), founder of Mayfair group of hotels
 Biswapati Sarkar, writer and director
 Dilip Tirkey, former captain, Indian National Hockey Team
 Ignace Tirkey, former captain, Indian National Hockey Team
 Prabodh Tirkey, former captain, Indian National Hockey Team
 Binita Toppo, female hockey
 White Town, singer and musician, UK
 Amish Tripathi, author

References

Sundergarh district
Cities and towns in Kosala
Company towns in India
1954 establishments in Orissa
Smart cities in India

Rourkela


The Maiden Lane Bridge was a railroad bridge across the Hudson River between the city of Albany and Rensselaer County, New York. It was designed by Kellogg, Clark & Co., and was one of the largest bridges they designed. The bridge was owned and built by the Hudson River Bridge Company, which was owned jointly by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company which owned 3/4, and the Boston and Albany Railroad Company which owned 1/4. The Maiden Lane Bridge was often referred to as the "South Bridge", while the Livingston Avenue Bridge was referred to as the "North Bridge". The Livingston Ave. Bridge was used for freight (and through-traffic passenger trains) while passenger trains used the Maiden Lane Bridge for access to Union Station, which was completed less than 10 months later. The state of New York authorized construction on May 10, 1869, construction began in May 1870, and the first train crossed on December 28, 1871. The bridge consisted of four  long fixed spans, one  long draw span, seven  long spans over the Albany Basin, one  long span over Quay Street, and one  long span over Maiden Lane. All the spans except the one over Maiden Lane were double tracked, through, and pin connected; the span over Maiden Lane was also double tracked, but was a deck and plate girder span. A reconstruction of the bridge, except for the draw span, was done in 1899 by Pencoyd Bridge Company and finished by January 3, 1900. The bridge lasted until the 1960s, when the Albany–Rensselaer Amtrak station was built on the east side of the Hudson in the city of Rensselaer and Interstate 787 was built along the west side in Albany, thereby eliminating the need for the bridge.

See also
History of Albany, New York
Downtown Albany Historic District
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River

References

New York Central Railroad bridges
Boston and Albany Railroad bridges
Railroad bridges in New York (state)
Bridges completed in 1871
Swing bridges in the United States
Transportation in Albany, New York
Buildings and structures in Albany, New York
Bridges over the Hudson River
Bridges in Rensselaer County, New York
Plate girder bridges in the United States
Bridges in Albany County, New York
1871 establishments in New York (state)
1960s disestablishments in New York (state)

Maiden Lane Bridge


Pentre Berw () is a small village located on the island of Anglesey in north Wales. It lies about  south of the county town of Llangefni, and next to Gaerwen.

Description
The A5 and the A55 runs through the village as does the disused Anglesey Central Railway. Indeed, the village's most famous hotel The Holland Arms even had a station named after it. The village is located at the top of a gentle slope on the eastern edge of the Cors Ddyga - named after the 6th century Saint Tegai. A panoramic view of both the marshes Cors Ddyga on the Eastern side and Cors Malltraeth on the Western side of the Afon Cefni or Afon Fawr can be seen from the high ridge called Poncia Berw and Creigiau Coed on either side of the A55 and A5. This ridge running from Cardigan Bay across Anglesey to the North Sea is called the Berw Fault.

Berw and Esceifiog were termed as medieval townships.  Coal was mined at Cors Ddyga. Bell pits were sunk during the Tudor dynasty. From 1700 onwards to 1803 the mining process evolved to deep pits 109 yards deep using large horse winding machines to raise the coal. In 1815 the first steam engine was used to draw the basket and pump out the water by the 'Anglesey Coal Company Ltd.' working the Berw coal. By 1840 the pits were 200 yards deep. Water was extracted by large powerful engines. The Berw stack and colliery buildings are the sole remains of the industrious Coal mines of Anglesey. By 1997 the stack, smithy, store-house, office and cottage of the Berw Colliery was in a ruinous state facing demolition on health and safety reasons. On the eleventh hour Donald Glyn Pritchard secretary of the Pentre Berw Conservation Society sent an SOS- 'Save Our Stack' plea to the Anglesey Antiquarian Society which resulted in CADW within a fortnight sending two inspectors to Pentre Berw to inspect the site. D.G.Pritchard local representative of the AAS testified to the importance of listing the colliery. The site was listed by CADW and the buildings were reinforced and anchored by, RSPB (Cymru), Cadw and Rural Wales Council. The remains of the old Plas Berw was reinforced by the owners and CADW and the old church - Llanfihangel Pentre Berw was also restored and anchored by a grant from CADW. (Cadw report 2012)  The colliery lies in RSPB Cors Ddyga which was opened to the public on 18 July 2017.

Llanfihangel Ysceifiog (St Michael's church), although ruined, is a good example of a traditional Welsh church. It is situated just north of the village.

Plas Berw
Plas Berw, a country house which dates back from the early 17th century, is near the village. It is a Grade II listed building. The grounds cover some  and include formal gardens and a deer park. The grounds are listed as Grade II* on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

References

External links
photos of Pentre Berw and surrounding area on geograph

Villages in Anglesey
Registered historic parks and gardens in Anglesey
Llanfihangel Ysgeifiog

Pentre Berw


The Long Island Forensic Association is a non-profit organization which direct high school competitive speech events.  It is affiliated with the New York State Forensics League.

LIFA is a daughter league of the New York State Forensics League (NYSFL).

It is co-affiliated with the Long Island chapter of the National Catholic Forensic League (CFL).

The word "forensic" is an adjective meaning "of public debate or argument." The word is derived from the Latin word forensis, meaning "of the forum." The sense of the word "forensic" that means "pertaining to legal trials" dates from the 17th century (Oxford English Dictionary) and led to the use of the word "forensics" in reference to legal evidence.

Events
Each year, LIFA hosts speech, congress, and debate tournaments for honors in a wide variety of events which may lead to qualification for the New York State Championship tournament. These events include:
 Lincoln-Douglas Debate (LD)
 Public Forum Debate (PFD) (Ted Turner Debate)
 Foreign Extemporaneous Speaking (FX or IX)
 Domestic Extemporaneous Speaking (DX or USX)
 Original Oratory (OO)
 Dramatic Interpretation (DI)
 Humorous Interpretation (HI)
 Duo Interpretation (DUO)
 Student Congress (Congress)

See also
 New York State Forensics League (NYSFL)
 National Catholic Forensic League

External links
LIFA Website LIFA Website
 Official Website Website of the National Forensic League
 The Rostrum The NFL's official magazine
 Archive of Rostrum articles from the University of Vermont's Debate Central.
 NFL District Standings The Annual School standings within Each District of the National Forensic League.
 National Forensic League Manual National Forensic League Manual, that explains every aspect of the Organization.
 National Tournament Manual The Manual of the National Tournament, which covers all information regarding the Tournament.
 District Tournament Manual Information and Procedures involving the process of the District Tournament.

Student debating societies
Organizations based in New York (state)

Long Island Forensic Association


Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning is a 2004 Canadian horror film and a prequel to Ginger Snaps and Ginger Snaps 2: Unleashed. The third and final installment in the Ginger Snaps series takes place in 19th century Canada, following the ancestors of the Fitzgerald sisters of the two previous films: Ginger (Katharine Isabelle) and Brigitte (Emily Perkins), who are identical in all respects to their modern-day counterparts.

Plot
Each spring, a party from a fort travels to Hudson Bay to trade pelts for winter provisions, but, in 1815, nobody returns.

Brigitte and Ginger Fitzgerald are lost with their horse in the Canadian wilderness when they come across an abandoned camp. An elderly Cree seer woman appears, who warns that they must kill a boy to prevent one sister from killing the other.  As the sisters depart, unseen creatures track them and start howling, and their startled horse runs off. In the chaos ensuing, a Cree man (known as "The Hunter") saves and leads them to Fort Bailey, where they take refuge. Ginger explains to the fort's residents they are the daughters of a drowned trader and are seeking passage east.

The creatures are revealed as werewolves, which have besieged the fort for some time. Murphy, the fort's physician, inspects Brigitte's wound and applies a leech, surreptitiously testing for werewolf infection. They are given a room that belonged to Wallace's son. Awakened by a voice, Ginger investigates the corridors, where she eventually finds the source: a deformed boy kept in a small, bolted unlit room; he bites her shoulder as he flees.

When Ginger and Brigitte attempt to leave, James, the fort's leader, confronts them. While Ginger and James are fighting, werewolves attack, killing one of the residents. Reverend Gilbert, suspicious of the sisters' intentions, leads them to an allegedly safe building, which actually contains a werewolf. The werewolf attacks the sisters, but The Hunter appears and kills it. As Ginger and Brigitte are going to their room, Ginger's nose starts to bleed, a sign that she is infected.

The sisters discover the boy who bit Ginger is Wallace's son, Geoffrey. As Ginger sleeps, he sneaks into the bedroom and wakes her. She tries to grab him, but he gets away. Geoffrey accidentally kills a man named Seamus who investigates the noise he makes, and Ginger is framed for his murder. Brigitte is held captive by James as Ginger is taken away to test for lycanthropy. Wallace arrives to find James threatening to rape Brigitte. He dismisses James, and makes a deal with Brigitte: her sister's life in exchange for the sisters' silence regarding his son. Wallace and Brigitte find Ginger at the doctor's, strapped to the examination table and held at gunpoint, about to be tested with a leech. When Wallace demands they release Ginger, Murphy ignores the order. Wallace shoots him dead, which prompts the other men to leave.

Determined to kill Geoffrey, Ginger finds him mourning at his mother's grave. He tries to escape but is captured instead by the men, alerting them to the deception. Wallace arrives and kills his son himself. The sisters' protection at an end, Ginger is forced to leave, and Brigitte goes with her. Desperate for a cure, the sisters go to The Hunter's cave.

At the cave, The Hunter and elderly Cree seer reveal the sisters' coming had long been prophesied and that the Red and the Black would decide the destiny of the werewolf bloodline. Brigitte enters a trance-like state and has a vision of her destiny – The Hunter attempts to kill Ginger, but Brigitte kills her sister herself. As Brigitte emerges from the trance, she finds the seer is dead, killed by Ginger, who has fled. The Hunter offers to help Brigitte find Ginger but deceives her, leading her back to the fort.

Arriving at the fort, Brigitte is taken prisoner. Gilbert tells her to beg forgiveness to save her soul, but Brigitte rejects him. He drags her out onto the parade square and prepares to burn her alive but is interrupted by Wallace, who kills him. James engages Ginger in a fight, and she slashes his throat. Ginger opens the gates and ushers in the werewolves who chase down and maul the last of the fort's residents. Wallace is soon bitten and sets the fort on fire before killing himself. The Hunter urges Brigitte to kill her sister; instead, she kills him and flees with Ginger.

The prophecy broken, Brigitte and Ginger decide to run away together and vow to protect each other.  Brigitte then holds out her hand and presses a cut on it against a cut on Ginger's hand, mixing their blood and infecting herself.

Cast
 Katharine Isabelle as Ginger Fitzgerald
 Emily Perkins as Brigitte Fitzgerald
 Nathaniel Arcand as The Hunter
 JR Bourne as James
 Hugh Dillon as Reverend Gilbert
 Adrien Dorval as Seamus
 Brendan Fletcher as Finn
 David La Haye as Claude
 Tom McCamus as Wallace Rowlands
 Matthew Walker as Doc Murphy
 Fabian Bird as Milo
 Kirk Jarrett as Owen
 David MacInnis as Cormac
 Stevie Mitchell as Geoffrey

Production
Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning was shot back-to-back with Ginger Snaps 2: Unleashed.

Release
The film premiered at the Fantasia International Film Festival on 10 July 2004. After the disappointment of the second film's theatrical run, Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning was released direct-to-DVD. Lionsgate released it on 27 August in Canada and on 7 September in United States the same year.

Reception
Bloody Disgusting rated it 5/5 stars and said: "It surpasses its two predecessors by leaps and bounds". Joshua Siebalt of Dread Central rated it 2.5/5 and wrote that the film does not live up to the previous instalments of the series. Brett Cullum of DVD Verdict wrote: "It's not quite up to snuff with what came before, but it still takes Canadian horror above and beyond anything Hollywood has been cranking out lately".

Accolades

References

External links

2004 films
2004 drama films
2004 horror films
2000s English-language films
2000s Western (genre) horror films
Canadian Western (genre) horror films
Canadian drama films
Canadian teen films
Canadian werewolf films
Cree-language films
Direct-to-video prequel films
English-language Canadian films
Films about sisters
Films set in 1815
Films set in Canada
Films shot in Edmonton
Ginger Snaps films
Gothic horror films
Lionsgate films
2000s Canadian films
Canadian prequel films
Copperheart Entertainment films

Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning


Naré Maghann Konaté (died c. 1218) was a 12th-century faama (king) of the Mandinka people, in what is today called Mali. He was the father of Sundiata Keita, who founded the Mali Empire, and a character in the oral tradition of the Epic of Sundiata.

The Epic of Sundiata
In the Epic of Sundiata, Naré Maghann Konaté (also called Maghan Kon Fatta or Maghan the Handsome) was a Mandinka king who one day received a God-related hunter at his court. The hunter predicted that if Konaté married an ugly woman, she would give him a son who would one day be a mighty king. Naré Maghann Konaté was already married to Sassouma Berté and had a son by her, Dankaran Touman Keïta. However, when two Traoré hunters from the Do kingdom presented him an ugly, hunchbacked woman named Sogolon, he remembered the prediction and married her. She soon gave birth to a son, Sundiata, who was unable to walk throughout most of his childhood until 7 years old.
Malian people
1218 deaths
12th-century births

Naré Maghann Konaté


Minimax is a traditional machine learning algorithm that is used by computers to play strategic games. This simple logical algorithm is extremely powerful and since it uses the power of the recursive function of the computer, this algorithm is absolutely unbeatable. It is primarily used in games like chess, tic-tac-toe, Go, etc. However, in comparison to modern Neural Networks, and Deep Neural Networks, Minimax shows poor performance in big games like chess. However, in small games like tic-tac-toe, Minimax eventually outperforms the best AI.

Origin
The word "Minimax" comes from the abbreviated form of Minimizer-Maximizer. It is because, the algorithm uses 2 agents- Minimizer and Maximizer- to predict a game move.

Working
The working of Minimax is divided into 2 parts- Minimizer and the Maximizer.

In abstract, this algorithm calculates all possible combination of moves a player can play in a certain state of the game, and chooses the best possible move by simply calculating the winning potential of the each move which is based on no. of moves, no. of wins and no. of loses.

The algorithm has a recursive approach, which means it creates a tree of combination of moves based on the rules of the game.

Now, to calculate the best move in a given game state, the algorithm puts 2 agents- Minimizer and Maximizer to play against each other. Both these agents play based on calculating the best possible move. The Minimizer tries to make Maximizer lose and vice versa. In this way, the Minimizer and Maximizer simulates an entire game, which is then repeated for all sets of possible moves in the given game state. After the algorithm does all the simulation, it then chooses the move which created highest probability of win with lowest no. of moves. Hence it returns the next best move. And then the computer plays the move.

Advantages
This algorithm is completely unbeatable because it calculates all possible combinations of moves in a game. As a result, when playing against a minimax algorithm, the Computer either wins or draws.
 Minimax Algorithms are more accurate than neural networks.
 It is very simple to engineer by coding.
 This algorithm uses the computer's processing speed and memory efficiently, so it is potentially better than humans at playing.

Disadvantages

 It is extremely slow for big games like chess, as the possible number of combinations increases.
 Cannot play every type of games. For ex, Minimax algorithm cannot play Rock, Paper, Scissors.

Algorithms
Artificial intelligence
Video games

Minimax


KE, ke, and variations may refer to:

Language
 Ke (kana), the romanisation of the Japanese kana け and ケ
 Small ke (ヶ), a Japanese character, a small form of ke (ケ)

People
 Ke (surname) (kē, 柯), a transliteration of a common Chinese surname
 Ké, stage name of New York  singer/songwriter/actor Kevin Grivois

Places
 Kenya (ISO 3166 code KE)
 County Kildare, Ireland
 Košice, Slovakia

Science and technology

Biology and medicine
 In toxicology, a Key Event or KE is an element in a chain of biological events (or adverse outcome pathway) that eventually leads to adverse effects.
 KE family, medical name for a family of Pakistani origin exhibiting a severe speech disorder
 Kinetic energy penetrator or KE penetrator, a type of ammunition designed to penetrate vehicle armour
 Elimination rate constant, a value used in pharmacokinetics to calculate the rate at which drugs are removed from the system
 The Chinese name of Lithocarpus glaber, the Japanese oak, a tree species

Computing and the internet
 .ke, internet top-level domain for Kenya
 Knowledge engineering, in computer science and in cognitive science

Physics
 Coulomb constant (ke), in physics
 Kinetic energy, in physics

Other uses
 Ke (unit), a traditional Chinese unit of decimal time lasting either 14.4 minutes or 15 minutes
 Korean Air (IATA airline designator KE)
Operation Ke, the successful Japanese withdrawal from Guadalcanal in the Second World War
 KE Adventure Travel LTD is a worldwide tour operator based in Keswick, United Kingdom.
 The model name for the first generation Mazda CX-5.

KE


Major General Sir Douglas Anthony Kendrew,  (22 July 1910 – 28 February 1989), often known as Joe Kendrew especially during his rugby career, was an officer of the British Army who served in the Second World War and the Korean War, an international rugby player, and the 22nd Governor of Western Australia from 1963 to 1974.

Early life, family and rugby career
Douglas Anthony Kendrew was born in Barnstaple, Devon, England on 22 July 1910: he was the elder son of Alexander John Kendrew, and was educated at Uppingham School. He married in 1936 Nora Elizabeth Harvey, of Malin Hall, County Donegal; the couple had a son and a daughter. His daughter Marcia subsequently married Colonel Richard Abel Smith, the son of Sir Henry Abel Smith, a Governor of Queensland.

Kendrew played rugby union for England 10 times and was captain of the team in 1935. He was a member of the 1930 British Lions tour of Australasia but did not represent the Lions in any of the test matches. He captained the Army Rugby Union team in the Army Navy Match against the Royal Navy winning 11–8, on 2 March 1935. In that match he played in a formidable front row of prop Frank Whitcombe and hooker A. J. A. Watson, in a famous victory with the Army team having only 13 players; for most of the match the scrum packed down with only six forwards due to injuries.

Military career
Kendrew joined Uppingham School Officer Training Corps, and attained the rank of cadet under officer.

Kendrew was commissioned as a second lieutenant with the Leicestershire Regiment Supplementary Reserve of Officers on 18 January 1930, and joined the regiment on 28 August 1931. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1934, captain in 1939 and major in 1946 (he held appointments as acting or temporary major, lieutenant colonel, colonel and brigadier at various times and ended the war as a war substantive lieutenant colonel). From November 1936 until December 1938 he served as assistant instructor and instructor at the Tank Driving and Maintenance School (subsequently the Armoured Fighting Vehicle School) at Bovington Camp. Kendrew was then an instructor at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst until 1 September 1939, two days before the Second World War began.

During the war, Kendrew served in North Africa and Italy as a brigade major with the 36th Brigade from 1942. From 12 February 1943 until 18 March 1943 he was a general staff officer, 2nd grade (GSO2) (Operations) at First Army headquarters in Tunisia. He commanded the 6th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment, of 138th Infantry Brigade in 46th Infantry Division, in North Africa and Italy in 1943 and served as commander of the 128th (Hampshire) Infantry Brigade in Italy, Middle East, Greece and Austria between 1944 and 1946. His leadership and bravery saw the distinction of him being awarded the Distinguished Service Order three times during this period.

After the war, from June until November 1946, Kendrew was general staff officer, 1st grade (GSO1) (Infantry) at Central Mediterranean Forces headquarters. Two training appointments followed immediately: until August 1948 he was commandant at the School of Infantry of the British Army of the Rhine and then commandant at the Army Apprentices School, Harrogate until 13 September 1950. Kendrew had been appointed several times as acting and temporary lieutenant colonel, colonel and brigadier from March 1943 and on 28 July 1951 he received the permanent rank of colonel. He was appointed to the Adjutant General's and Quartermaster General's Staff, Northern Ireland District in October 1950 and served there until 27 September 1952.

During the Korean War, as a temporary brigadier, Kendrew commanded the 29th Infantry Brigade, Commonwealth Division and received the rare distinction of a fourth award of the DSO. In 1954 and 1955 he served at the Imperial Defence College. He was Brigadier A/Q at the adjutant general's & Quartermaster General's Staff at Headquarters Northern Command (York) from 10 March 1955 until 28 September 1956.

Kendrew was appointed in the temporary rank of major general as general officer commanding and director of operations Cyprus District in October 1956 until October 1958, during a turbulent period of British rule. In September 1958 he survived an assassination attempt by EOKA fighters, which killed one of his escorts. During his time in Cyprus, Kendrew's permanent rank was advanced to brigadier on 19 April 1957, and then to that of major general on 29 June.

For two years from December 1958, Kendrew was director of infantry at the War Office in London. He was the director of information at the War Office from 1959 to 1960 and then head of British Defence Liaison Staff at the British High Commission to Australia in Canberra from 1961 to 1963. He retired from the army on 1 September 1963.

Governorship and retirement
As a retired officer, Kendrew became Colonel of the Royal Leicestershire Regiment from May 1963 until the reorganisation in September 1964, when he became Deputy Colonel of The Royal Anglian Regiment, holding the post until August 1965.

Kendrew was appointed Governor of Western Australia on 23 September 1963, serving until 6 January 1974. His term was extended twice.

Kendrew was honorary colonel of the Special Air Service Regiment, RWAR Australia in 1965; president of the Knights of the Round Table (1975–83); commissioner, Royal Hospital, Chelsea (1974–80).

Kendrew died on 28 February 1989 at Islip, Northamptonshire.

Awards and decorations
 Knight Commander of Order of St Michael and St George (12 July 1963)
 Companion of the Order of the Bath (1 January 1958 – New Year's Honours 1958)
 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (21 December 1944 (Italy))
 Distinguished Service Order and Three Bars (1 June 1943 (North Africa), 13 January 1944 (Italy), 4 May 1944 (Italy) and 8 December 1953 (Korea))
 Mentioned in Despatches (23 September 1943 (North Africa))
 Honorary LLD from the University of Western Australia (1969)
 Knight of the Order of St John (June 1964)

Tribute
In April 2012, the former RAF Cottesmore in Rutland was renamed Kendrew Barracks after him.

References

External links
British Army Officers 1939–1945
 The Constitutional Centre of Western Australia
Generals of World War II

|-

1910 births
1989 deaths
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies
Army rugby union players
British Army major generals
British Army personnel of the Korean War
British Army brigadiers of World War II
British military personnel of the Cyprus Emergency
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
England international rugby union players
Governors of Western Australia
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Knights of the Order of St John
Leicester Tigers players
People educated at Uppingham School
Military personnel from Barnstaple
Royal Leicestershire Regiment officers
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Rugby union players from Barnstaple
Rugby union props

Douglas Kendrew


"HOFX" is a 12" EP by NOFX that includes two songs from the Punk in Drublic period. Both songs later appeared on 45 or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough to Go on Our Other Records.

The record is limited to 8,300 copies with 1,000 on picture discs and the remaining 7,300 are randomly colored splatter.

The cover art is a photograph of the band with Don Ho in Hawaii.

Track listing
"We Ain't Shit"
"Drugs Are Good"

References

NOFX EPs
1995 EPs
Fat Wreck Chords EPs

HOFX


Ali S. Khan is an American practicing physician and former Director of the Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response (PHPR) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since July 2014, he has served as Dean of the College of Public Health and Retired Assistant Surgeon General at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska.

Education
Ali Khan received his Doctor of Medicine from the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, NY, and completed a joint residency in internal medicine and pediatrics at the University of Michigan.  He later went on to pursue a Masters of Public Health (MPH) from Emory University.

Career
Khan's federal career began in 1991 when he joined CDC and the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officer. Dr. Khan has focused his career on bioterrorism, global health, and emerging infectious diseases.  While serving as the interim Director for CDC's global infectious disease activities, he designed CDC's joint global field epidemiology and laboratory training program.  Dr. Khan helped design and implement the President's Malaria Initiative, a $1.2 billion, five-year project to reduce the burden of malaria and relieve poverty in Africa. He has also been engaged in polio and guinea worm eradication. Additionally, Khan proposed the BioPHusion program as a new public health initiative to improve knowledge exchange for all public health practitioners. BioPHusion was used during the H1N1 pandemic to identify emerging cases and plan response actions.

Khan's initial work in emergency preparedness started in 1999 when he helped establish CDC's bioterrorism program, which upgraded local, state, and national public health systems to detect and rapidly respond to bioterrorism. As deputy director of the bioterrorism program, Khan created the Critical Agent list, which has remained the basis for all biological terrorism preparedness.  Dr. Khan also published the first national public health preparedness plan, initiated syndrome based surveillance, and designed key focus areas to improve local and State capacities to respond to emergencies. Khan used these preparedness efforts during the first anthrax attack in 2001, during which he directed the CDC operational response in Washington, D.C.

Prior to becoming Director of PHPR in August 2010, Dr. Khan served as Deputy Director of CDC's National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID).  He has responded to and led numerous domestic and international public health emergencies, including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, monkeypox, Rift Valley fever, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the Asian tsunami, and the initial public health response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans.

In 2016 Khan published The Next Pandemic: On the Front Lines Against Humankind's Gravest Dangers (with William Patrick). In it he recounts some of his experiences responding to outbreaks all over the world, including many of those mentioned above. Besides his personal experiences, he also provides a great deal of background information for readers interested in public health and emerging diseases.

References

External links
 Khan's "Public Health Matters" blog
 Khan's faculty page at the University of Nebraska Medical Center

American Muslims
American public health doctors
Living people
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention people
American people of Indian descent
Rollins School of Public Health alumni
University of Michigan alumni
SUNY Downstate Medical Center alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps admirals

Ali S. Khan