The goldcrest (Regulus regulus) is a tiny passerine bird in the kinglet family. Its colourful golden crest feathers gives rise to its popular name. The scientific name, R. regulus, means king or knight.

There are several subspecies. The bird has a very large distribution range: much of the Palearctic and the islands of Macaronesia and Iceland. Birds from the north and east of its breeding range migrate to winter further south.

The goldcrest breeds in coniferous woodland and in gardens, It builds its compact, three-layered nest on a tree branch. Ten to twelve eggs are incubated by the female alone. The chicks are fed by both parents, and second broods are common.

This little bird is always on the move as it searches for insects to eat. In winter it is often found with flocks of tits. It may be killed by birds of prey or carry parasites, but its large range and population means it is doing quite well. It is not a  conservation concern.

References

Passeri
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
National symbols of Luxembourg

Goldcrest


Juan Alvarado y del Saz (1856–1935) was a Spanish lawyer and politician.

He was Minister of Naval Defense of Spain and Minister of Economy and Property of Spain, Minister of Justice of Spain and Minister of External Affairs during the reign of Alfonso XIII.

Starting as a lawyer, he began his political life in the Partido Posibilista and in 1893 the Partido Liberal as one of its military representatives.

He was elected deputy to Congress for the Province of Huesca in the successive elections celebrated between 1886 and 1923, was Minister of Navy between 6 July and 30 November 1906 in a government presided over by José López Domínguez. Between 21 October 1909 and 9 February 1910 he would occupy the Ministry of the Treasury in a cabinet presided over by Segismundo Moret.

Later he served as Minister of Justice from 11 October 1913 to 19 April 1917, and Minister of State until the 11 June 1917 under the presidency of Manuel García Prieto.

He died in 1935.

19th-century Spanish lawyers
1856 births
1935 deaths
Economy and finance ministers of Spain
Foreign ministers of Spain
Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) politicians
Justice ministers of Spain

Juan Alvarado y del Saz


Haemobilia is a medical condition of bleeding into the biliary tree. Haemobilia occurs when there is a fistula between a vessel of the splanchnic circulation and the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system.  It can present as acute upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding. It should be considered in upper abdominal pain presenting with UGI bleeding especially when there is a history of liver injury or instrumentation.

First recorded in 1654 by Francis Glisson, a Cambridge professor.

Presentation
Quincke's triad of upper abdominal pain, upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and jaundice is classical but only present in 22% cases.

It can be immediately life-threatening in major bleeding. However, in minor haemobilia, patient is haemodynamically stable despite significant blood loss being apparent.

Causes

The causes of haemobilia include trauma (which can be accidental or iatrogenic due to procedures such as cholecystectomy), instrumentation (especially after ERCP), gallstone, inflammatory conditions ranging from ascariasis to PAN, vascular malformation, tumors, coagulopathy, and liver biopsy.

Diagnosis
Combination of EGD, CT scan and angiography depending on clinical situation, bearing in mind that haemobilia may present many days after injury. Cholangiography is performed if there is a percutaneous access or if ERCP is undertaken.

Management
Most bleeding from instrumentation are minor and would settle spontaneously.

When indicated, management is directed towards stopping bleeding and relieving obstruction if present, which is achieved either by surgical ligation of hepatic artery or by endovascular embolisation. Endovasculartrans-arterial embolisation (TAE) is preferred initially because of high success rate and less complication. TAE involves the selective catheterization of a hepatic artery followed by embolic occlusion. Surgery is indicated when TAE has failed or sepsis present in biliary tree or drainage has failed.

References

External links

 CT of the abdomen with hemobilia

Gastroenterology
Bleeding
Hepatology

Haemobilia


Giovanni Kminek-Szedlo, née Jan Kmínek-Szedlo (April 22, 1828 – November 24, 1896) was a Czech–Italian Egyptologist.
He is usually remembered as the first Egyptologist from what nowadays is the Czech Republic but since he spent most of his life and fulfilled his whole career in Italy, he is usually not seen as the founder of Czech Egyptology, a figure rather identified in the later František Lexa.

Biography
Born in Prague in 1828, he graduated from high school in 1846 in Plzeň and in the next two years he attended the Faculty of Arts of the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague.
A sympathizer of the revolutionary events of 1848, in this year Kminek-Szedlo was forced to join the Austrian army and was later dispatched in Northern Italy.

After leaving the army he remained in Italy to continue his studies, Italianizing his given name in Giovanni. He got a job in the newly founded (1871) Archaeological Civic Museum of Bologna initially as a demonstrator, but later he managed to become the curator of the Egyptian collection. Since 1878 he was appointed lecturer in Egyptology at the University of Bologna, and around this period he extensively published works mainly regarding the Egyptian collection of Bologna. His best remembered work is a catalogue of the entire collection, published in 1895 and still in use nowadays; almost all of the artifacts has a code name KS (followed by a number) after the two initials of his last name.

Giovanni Kminek-Szedlo died in Bologna in November 24, 1896.

Significant works
Il grande sarcofago del Museo di Bologna, Bologna, 1876
Saggio filologico per l'apprendimento della lingua e scrittura egiziana, e la interpretazione della inscrizioni geroglifiche che si leggono sui monumenti del Museo Civico di Bologna, Bologna, 1877 Available online
Grammatica hieroglyphica, 1879
L'Egitto moderno e l'Egitto dei Faraoni. Cenni di confronto, Bologna, 1880
Museo Civico di Bologna. Catalogo di Antichità Egizie, Torino 1895 (reprint Wiesbaden 1981)

References

Annuario dell'Università di Bologna, 1897–1898, p. 229 n.
O.S.N. 14, Praha 1899, p. 422.
Curto, S., in Atti del Convegno "La Lombardia e l'Oriente", Milano 1963, pp. 120–126.
Hostovská, O., "Der tschechische Ägyptologe Giovanni Kminek-Szedlo (1828–1896)", Archiv Orientální 66 (1998), pp. 351–368.
Vachala, B., "První český egyptolog", N.O. 40 (1985), pp. 246–248.
Vachala, B., "Giovanni Kminek-Szedlo, der erste tschechische Aegyptologe", Archiv Orientální 54 (1986), pp. 89–91.

1828 births
1896 deaths
Czech Egyptologists
Italian Egyptologists
Writers from Prague
Naturalised citizens of Italy
Immigrants to Italy
Charles University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bologna

Giovanni Kminek-Szedlo


The Al-Wathbah uprising () or simply Al-Wathbah (), which means The Leap in Arabic, was the term that came to be used for the urban unrest in Baghdad in January 1948. The protests were sparked by the monarchy's plans to renew the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty that effectively made Iraq a British protectorate. Nuri al-Said, the Prime Minister of Iraq, was planning on renewing, albeit in a revised form, this 1930 treaty that tied Iraq to British interests, allowed for the unrestricted movement of British troops on Iraqi soil, and provided significant protection to the British-installed Iraqi monarchy.

History

In 1947, the Iraqi monarchy entered into secret negotiations with the British government.  The various political parties in Iraq were not informed of the negotiations and instead, heard about them on the radio or read about them in the newspapers the following day. Although the news on the treaty sparked the al-Wathbah protests, it soon became clear that there were elements of unrest that went beyond the opposition to the treaty. The participants in the demonstrations included workers, students, and the urban poor, living on the outskirts of Baghdad. Many of the protests were orchestrated by the Iraqi Communist Party. The al-Wathbah "sprang from the same conditions of existence that had since the first years of the forties been making for the advance of communism." The rigid boundaries of class in Iraqi society, widespread poverty in the urban centers, a growing student population, all these factors contributed to the events of January 1948. In addition the purchasing power of workers was at a historic low, thus contributing to growing frustrations among salaried workers.

Timeline

January, 1948
On January 3, the Iraqi foreign minister, Fāḍil al-Jamālī, was reported to have said that the Iraqi people were "sensitive to the merits" of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi treaty. That night, the Independence Party held a secret meeting in its headquarters, planning a public protest against the government.

On January 4, students from al-Karkh and Al Adhamiya secondary schools joined up to protest the statements of al-Jamālī. They marched toward the School of Law, with the intent on continuing on toward the Royal Palace. When they arrived in the vicinity of the School of Law, police attempted to break up the protest. Students from the School of Law left their classrooms to join the protest (548). The police used clubs and fired shots to disperse the protest. Many students were wounded and thirty-nine were arrested (six of whom were members of the Iraqi Communist Party or the related party The National Liberation Party), and the School of Law was closed down.

On January 6, students from all colleges went on strike.

On January 8, the authorities released the arrested students. The strike ceased.

On January 16, it was announced that the Iraqi government had signed a treaty in Portsmouth, effectively renewing its alliance with Britain. At the announcement of the treaty a three-day strike of college students began during which they protested in the streets.

On January 16, there were large-scale student protests. Although the protests were somewhat spontaneous in nature, they coalesced through the organizing of several political organizations: The communist "Student Cooperation Committee," the Progressive Democrats, the Populists, the Kurdish Democrats, and the student wings of the National Democratic Party and the Independence Party.

On January 20 there was a large-scale student march. For the first time since the beginning of the unrest, other social groups joined the students: The Schalchiyyah workers and the poor shantytown dwelling migrants from South-Eastern Iraq known as the Shargāwiyyīn. The police responded by firing directly at the demonstrators. The demonstrators, however, did not disperse.

On January 21, the demonstrations escalated. The police fired on students who were transporting those who had been killed the day before. Members of the faculty at the School of pharmacy and medicine resigned from their posts. Protests spread in the streets including non-students and many Communists. "An atmosphere redolent of social revolution enveloped Baghdad."
That night, the king of Iraq annulled the treaty. The king's disavowal of the treaty split the opposition in two camps: those, like the Independence Party and the National Democrats called on a cease of protests. The Communists called on protesters to continue, seeing that they were close to overthrowing the government.

On January 23, new demonstrations convened, combining students, members of the Independence Party, workers, and Scuffles broke out between members of the Independence party and Communists.

On January 26, Jabr and Nūri returned to Baghdad from London. In a radio address that very night, Jabr asked that the people remain calm and stated that details of the treaty would soon be provided. Immediately, a great number of people went out on the streets. Many reported hearing machine-gun fire in the night.

On January 27, the Central Committee of the Communist Party released and distributed a manifesto that called for continued protests. It claimed that imperialists had infiltrated the demonstrations and acted in such a way as to justify the government's violent intervention. The manifesto called on the protesters to continue their struggle until the government was toppled and a democratic government established in its wake.

Students and workers, coming from the popular areas of Baghdad, gathered to protest. A large group attempted to cross the bridge into West Baghdad where they would meet with students and the Schalchiyyah rail workers. In Al-Rasafa, the police opened fire on a group of Communists, killing four. Despite their losses, they kept marching forward and arriving in Amīn square, they were stopped by new police reinforcement. On the other side of the river, new clashes broke out between protesters. They moved onto the Ma'mūn Bridge and the police fired directly onto the crowd with machine-guns, killing scores. Many fell into the river. Meanwhile, demonstrations in Amīn square escalated and again, police fired directly onto the crowds. While the demonstrators regrouped in various locations, the police withdrew.

It is estimated that 300 – 400 demonstrators were killed.

Aftermath

On the evening of January 26, Salih Jabr fled to England. The king entrusted a Shi'ī religious scholar who had been involved in the 1920 uprisings with forming a new government.
The Iraqi government blamed foreign agitators for the January uprisings. They pointed to the Saudi support for the Independence Party and the Soviet links to the Communist party. They claimed that the Communist party received major donations from Jewish communists. However, records indicate that the Communist party spent very little money in January 1948, which supports the idea that the demonstrations were spontaneous and enjoyed widespread popular support.

The al-Wathbah uprising strengthened the Communist party. However, the new recruits were not trained and Fahd and 125 other senior communists were in the prison of Kut. The Communist Party more or less merged ideologically with the National Liberation Party and literally with the National Revolutionary Committee.

After the al-Wathbah the Communist party's ideology was radicalized. One of the major issues that came to the fore was whether the party should cooperate strategically with the national bourgeoisie against the monarchy.

However, in the spring of 1948 a number of protests and strikes took place.

 Railway strikes on March 18, April 14 and May 12.
 Strikes at the Port: April 4, April 6, May 2 and May 18
 The K3 oil pump was immobilized by workers from April 23 to May 15
 In April, the Communist Party organized the first national student congress, at which the General Union of Iraqi Students was founded.
 In April, peasants led an uprising in the village of Arbat. "The workers demanded wage increases, 'bread and shoes,' democratic rights, the release of political prisoners, and national independence"

In May, the demonstrations were ended by the government's declaration of martial law, following the outbreak of war in Palestine.

Although many different factions came together for the protests, and the Liberal and National Democrats cooperated with the Communist party, there was no further collaboration on their respective opposition to the monarchy. By the end of 1948, the Communist party was in shambles, many of its leaders in prison. It was ideologically discredited after it had followed the Soviet line of accepting the partition of Palestine and the establishment of Israel in the summer.
However, another effect of the al-Wathbah was that "the opposition parties responsible for organizing the demonstrations were discovering new, immediate forms of power, denied to them both by their small numbers and by the rigging of the parliamentary system. The al-Wathbah uprising helped pave the way for the 1952 Intifada, the overthrow of the monarchy in the 14 July Revolution, and the creation of a republic.

See also
List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1941 Iraqi coup d'état
14 July Revolution

References

Sources
 Batatu, Hanna. The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq's Old Landed Classes and of its Communists, Ba'thists, and Free Officers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
 Salucci, Ilario. A People's History of Iraq: The Iraqi Communist Party, Worker's Movements, and the Left 1924-2004. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2005.
 Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia
Conflicts in 1948
20th century in Baghdad
Civil wars of the 20th century
Kingdom of Iraq
1948 in Iraq
Protests in Iraq
Rebellions in Iraq

Al-Wathbah uprising


Thomas Cope (2 February 1827 – 18 September 1884) founded and operated a tobacco products manufacturing company in Liverpool from 1848, along with his brother, George Cope. This company was Cope Bros & Co.

Life
Thomas Cope was born to John Cope (1791–1884), a music professor originally from Ross On Wye, and Ellen Jones from Liverpool.

At the time of his death he was chairman of the Convalescent Home at Woolton, and the Consumptive Hospital in Mount Pleasant, Liverpool until his death and was one of the main benefactors.

He was a member of the Senate of University College Liverpool, which later became Liverpool University. G. H. Kendal, who was Principal of University College Liverpool at the time of Cope's death,  stated in a letter to the Liverpool Mercury that Thomas Cope had been "instrumental" in raising the fund for the Chemical Laboratories, to which he contributed the initial £600.

From 1881 he served as Justice of the Peace in Liverpool. and was the founding member and the first speaker of the Liverpool Parliamentary Debating Society.

By 1876, 1500 of the 2000 workers at the company's factory in Lord Nelson Street, Liverpool, were women. The company was praised for its working conditions for women by Charles Dickens and Emily Faithful.

Died on 18 September 1884 and was buried in Anfield Cemetery on 23 September 1884. Among the mourners were John Hignett of Hignett's Tobacco Company, Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle, and John Archibald Willox. The Liverpool Mercury newspaper reported up to 3000 people assembled by the graveside.

At the time of his death he was a director at the Liverpool Gas Company and also chairman of Richmond Cavendish, another tobacco products company based in Liverpool.

Innovation
Thomas Cope and his brother, George, applied for a patent in the United States for tobacco pressing equipment.

References

1827 births
1884 deaths
Businesspeople from Liverpool
19th-century English businesspeople

Thomas Cope (manufacturer)


White Lightning is a 1973 American action film directed by Joseph Sargent, written by William W. Norton, and starring Burt Reynolds, Jennifer Billingsley, Ned Beatty, Bo Hopkins, R. G. Armstrong and Diane Ladd. It marked Laura Dern's film debut.

Plot
Bobby "Gator" McKlusky is incarcerated in an Arkansas state prison for running moonshine. When he learns that his younger brother, Donny, was killed by Bogan County Sheriff J. C. Connors, he attempts to escape, but is re-captured after a short time. Gator knows the sheriff is taking money from local moonshiners, so he agrees to go undercover for the United States Department of the Treasury to try to expose the sheriff for his illegal financial transactions. But Gator has an ulterior motive for going after the sheriff; wanting revenge for his brother's murder. He has no intention of gathering evidence against any moonshiners.

The Feds give him a high performance Ford LTD, and direct him to contact Dude Watson, a local stock car racer and low-level whiskey runner, who has no choice but to cooperate because he is already on probation. To infiltrate the local moonshine industry, Dude introduces Gator to Roy Boone, one of the county's top runners who works for moonshiner Big Bear, who is also Sheriff Connor's enforcer. Gator starts an affair with Boone's girlfriend, Lou, and earns the trust of Roy and Big Bear as he slowly plots his revenge against the sheriff.

When the sheriff discovers Gator is working for the federal government, Connors sends Big Bear after him. Barely escaping with his life, Gator hides with Lou at Sister Linda's Home for Unwed Mothers. Gator knows the Feds will want evidence against the sheriff and the moonshiners, but Connor's men find him first. Gator escapes in his LTD, and intentionally goads Connors into pursuing him. After a drawn out car chase, Gator tricks Connors into jumping his patrol car over an embankment and into the river. Connors drowns after his car sinks, as Gator watches.

With Connors dead and no evidence against any of the moonshiners, the disappointed Feds escort Gator and Lou out of Bogan County as the sheriff's funeral procession passes nearby.

Cast
 Burt Reynolds as Bobby "Gator" McKlusky
 Jennifer Billingsley as Lou
 Ned Beatty as Sheriff J. C. Connors
 Bo Hopkins as Roy "Rebel Roy" Boone
 Matt Clark as "Dude" Watson
 Louise Latham as Martha Culpepper
 Diane Ladd as Maggie
 R. G. Armstrong as "Big Bear"
 Conlan Carter as Deputy
 Dabbs Greer as Pa McKlusky
 Lincoln Demyan as The Warden
 John Steadman as "Skeeter"
 Iris Korn as Ma McKlusky
 Stephanie Burchfield as Jenny
 Barbara Muller as Louella
 Laura Dern as Sharon Anne, Maggie's Daughter (uncredited)

Production
The film was originally called McKlusky. It was announced by Levy-Gardner-Laven in October 1971 as part of a seven-picture slate they intended to make for United Artists over two years. It was an original script by Norton, who often wrote for the producers. The villain of the script was based on the real life Sheriff Marlin Hawkins.

Reynolds' casting was announced in February 1972. He had worked with the writer and producers previously on Sam Whiskey in 1969.

Reynolds called the film "the beginning of a whole series of films made in the South, about the South and for the South. No one cares if the picture was ever distributed north of the Mason-Dixon line because you could make back the cost of the negative just in Memphis alone. Anything outside of that was just gravy. It was a well done film. Joe Sargent is an excellent director. He's very, very good with actors. And it had some marvellous people in it whom nobody had seen before. Ned Beatty for example. I had to fight like hell to get Ned in the film."

The film was almost directed by Steven Spielberg, who had previously made three TV movies (1971's Duel, 1972's Something Evil and 1973's Savage) and decided to direct White Lightning the same year. "I spent two-and-a-half months on the film," said Spielberg, "met Burt once, found most of the locations and began to cast the movie, until I realized it wasn't something that I wanted to do for a first film. I didn't want to start my career as a hard-hat, journeyman director. I wanted to do something that was a little more personal." So he quit White Lightning and went to do Sugarland Express, which he found more challenging for three reasons, "the changing relationships among the trio in the car, the nature of 'the chase,' and how to handle the digressions."

Joseph Sargent signed to direct in May. Filming began July 15, 1972. Shooting took place in and around Little Rock, Arkansas. Hal Needham did stunts in the film.

The film's music was written by Charles Bernstein. Some of this score was also used by Quentin Tarantino in his 2003 film Kill Bill: Volume 1 and his 2009 film Inglourious Basterds. Bernstein's score was released by Intrada Records in May 2010.

Reception
The film has a score of 75% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 8 reviews.

Roger Greenspun of The New York Times called it "a fairly awful movie" with "endless car chases, which are a crushing bore." Variety characterized the film as "hit-and-miss," adding, "Reynolds is quite up to all the demands of his smashing role, as he forges toward his goal. Too often, though, too much footage is devoted to incidentals that detract." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that "what sets 'White Lightning' apart from a demolition derby is the special work of the entire cast in creating a totally believable world out of characters that we've seen countless times before ... Only an abrupt ending keeps 'White Lightning' from achieving some level of greatness." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times called it "that scarce commodity, a stirring, satisfying summer-weight entertainment ... Reynolds delivers a varied, screen-commanding star turn which is a pleasure to watch." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that the film "begins straight and then starts messing around at random. The inevitable result is an expendable movie, neither straightforward crime melodrama nor consistent shaggy-dog comedy." Clyde Jeavons of The Monthly Film Bulletin declared, "Moonshine melodrama with a veneer of serious intent which is rapidly planed away by Burt Reynold's frivolous acting and Joseph Sargent's weakness for car chases."

A sequel, Gator, was released in 1976.

Legacy
On the TV series Archer, the film and its sequel are favorites of the title character, Sterling Archer, though he believes Gator to be the stronger installment. He gets the films easily confused, though, as he believes several key scenes from White Lightning to be in the sequel.

Reynolds later said the film "was a breakthrough in that area of blending comedy and action. And it made a lot of money, so other people began trying to do the same thing. They thought, 'Well, he smashed up sixty cars and it made a lot of money, so we'll do a hundred crashes.' But that had nothing to do with its success as a comedy."

Trivia
The movie's title "White Lightning" denotes chiefly in Midland and the Southern US a very high proof of moonshine or homemade whiskey.  This pure grain alcohol is typically colorless and usually not aged.  The term was first recorded in the early 20th-century.

See also
 List of American films of 1973

References

External links

 Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture

1973 films
1970s action comedy films
American action comedy films
Films about alcoholic drinks
Films about automobiles
Films directed by Joseph Sargent
Films scored by Charles Bernstein
Films set in Arkansas
Films set in prison
United Artists films
1973 comedy films
Films about police corruption
Moonshine in popular culture
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

White Lightning (1973 film)


William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, KG (1561 – 29 September 1642) was an English nobleman and politician. Stanley inherited a prominent social position that was both dangerous and unstable, as his mother was heir to Queen Elizabeth I under the Third Succession Act, a position inherited in 1596 by his deceased brother's oldest daughter, Anne, two years after William had inherited the Earldom from his brother. After a period of European travel in his youth, a long legal battle eventually consolidated his social position. Nevertheless, he was careful to remain circumspect in national politics, devoting himself to administration and cultural projects, including playwriting.

His own literary works are lost or unidentified, but in the 1890s he was put forward as one of the contenders to be the true author of the works of William Shakespeare, according to some proponents of the Shakespeare authorship question.

Early life
William Stanley was a younger son of Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, by his marriage to Lady Margaret Clifford. His maternal grandparents were Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland, and Lady Eleanor Brandon. Eleanor was the third child of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and of Mary Tudor. Mary was the fifth child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. His mother was the heiress presumptive of Queen Elizabeth from 1578 until her own death in 1596. After this, Anne Stanley, the daughter of his older brother Ferdinando, became the heir to the throne.

Travels
Stanley was educated at St John's College, Oxford. In 1582 he travelled to the continent to study in university towns in France and may also have attended Henry of Navarre's academy at Nérac. In 1585 he returned home but was once more sent to Paris as part of an embassy to Henry III of France. He then remained on the continent for a further three years of personal travels before returning home once more. He may have been accompanied on his travels by the young John Donne.

During his travels, William Stanley is said to have led an adventurous existence, being involved in duels and love affairs and travelling in disguise as a friar while in Italy. He is supposed to have also visited Egypt, where he fought and killed a tiger, then going on to Anatolia, where it is claimed he narrowly escaped being executed for insulting the prophet Mohammed; he was supposedly released because a Muslim noblewoman wanted to marry him. According to the story, he turned her down, travelling on to Moscow and then to Greenland, from where he returned to Europe in a whaling ship.

These colourful adventures are traceable to a popular ballad entitled Sir William Stanley's Garland, which exaggerates his three years away from England to "twenty-one years travels through most parts of the world". This was recorded in 1800 and its contents published in 1801. There is no extant documentary evidence for these supposed adventures, but the stories were regularly repeated in 19th-century biographies of the sixth Earl.

Inheritance dispute

After the death of his father in 1593, William as the second son was bequeathed a number of Manors and Lordships including Bicester, Oxfordshire; Holborn, Middlesex; Burton in Lonsdale, Yorkshire and West Lidford in Somerset, his elder brother Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, inherited the Earldom and its estates, but he died a few months later in April 1594, leaving three daughters but no sons. Ferdinando's daughters claimed their father's estates, while William inherited the titles of Earl of Derby and Baron Strange. A further complexity was that Ferdinando's eldest daughter Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven, became officially the heir presumptive to Elizabeth's throne in 1596 on the death of her grandmother. A complex legal dispute followed, which dragged on for many years. This led to a judgement that the Isle of Man, a possession of the 5th Earl, was forfeit to the Queen. However, the Queen ceded her right to it in recognition of the Stanley family's services. Stanley was granted Lathom and Knowsley, with other lands and estates in Lancashire, Cumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Wales, and elsewhere, while Ferdinando's daughters received estates linked to baronies and the Isle of Man, but they sold it to their uncle, the 6th Earl, and his title to it was later confirmed by James I. While retaining the title of Lord of Mann, Derby passed the administration of the Isle of Man to his niece, Anne Stanley. In 1612 he transferred the title to his wife, Elizabeth. Derby's assumption of the barony of Strange was not contested in his lifetime, but after his death, it was determined to have been incorrect, and a new creation of the barony was given to his son.

Career

The Stanley family, as the lawful heirs to the throne of England through Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor, were suspected of Roman Catholic sympathies.

There were many rumours surrounding the untimely death of Ferdinando Derby, who had been approached to lead an attempt to overthrow Queen Elizabeth, but had remained loyal to her. Due to the sudden and violent nature of his final illness, poisoning was widely suspected. Possibly because of the potential for military rebellion in alliance with Irish Roman Catholics, the 6th Earl was expressly forbidden by the Queen to take part in the Earl of Essex's campaign in Ireland.

He, therefore, limited his involvement with national politics, devoting himself primarily to the management of his estates and his dominant position in local administration in Lancashire and Cheshire. In 1603 he became a member of the Privy Council of England.

Queen Elizabeth granted Derby the Order of the Garter in 1601, while James VI and I appointed him Lord Chamberlain of Chester. A few years after the death of his wife, when Derby was "old and infirm, and desirous of withdrawing himself from the hurry and fatigue of life" he assigned his estates to his son James, retaining an annuity of £1,000. He bought a house by the River Dee just outside Chester, where he lived in retirement until his death on 29 September 1642.

Shakespearean authorship question

Derby is one of several individuals who have been claimed by proponents of the Shakespearean authorship question to be the true author of William Shakespeare's works. Derby's candidacy was first proposed in 1891 by the archivist James H. Greenstreet, who identified a pair of letters by the Jesuit spy George Fenner dating from 1599 in which he reported that Derby was unlikely to advance the Roman Catholic cause, as he was "busy penning plays for the common players."

Greenstreet argued that the comic scenes in Love's Labour's Lost were influenced by a pageant of the Nine Worthies only ever performed in Derby's home town of Chester. Greenstreet attempted to develop his ideas in a second paper, but died suddenly in 1892, leaving his arguments incomplete. The theory was revived in The Silent Shakespeare (1915) by the American writer Robert Frazer, who concluded that "William Stanley was William Shakespeare".

The idea was then taken up in France and was first advocated in scholarly detail when the Rabelais expert Abel Lefranc published his book, Sous le masque de William Shakespeare: William Stanley, VIe comte de Derby (1918). Several other authors later supported Derby's candidacy, sometimes as part of a group of writers.

While accepting Shakespeare's own authorship of the canon, Leo Daugherty, who wrote an account of Derby's life for the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, has argued in a recent book that Stanley is the Fair Youth of Shakespeare's sonnets and that Richard Barnfield is the "Rival Poet". Stanley was Barnfield's patron and the subject of his homoerotic sonnet cycle The Affectionate Shepherd, which implied a romantic relationship between the pair.

Family

On 26 January 1595, he married Elizabeth de Vere, daughter of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, and Anne Cecil. Elizabeth's maternal grandparents were William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, and his second wife Mildred Cooke. Mildred was the eldest daughter of Anthony Cooke and his wife Anne Fitzwilliam. It has been suggested that the occasion of their wedding was the inspiration for William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, and that the play was first performed at the couple's wedding festivities. In the early years the relationship was stormy, including claims that Elizabeth had had affairs with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Walter Ralegh. The relationship settled down as Derby's financial and social position stabilised. The couple had five children:

 James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby (31 January 1607 – 15 October 1651).
 Robert Stanley (d. 1632).
 Anne Stanley, Countess of Ancram (d. 1657). Married first Sir Henry Portman and secondly Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Ancram.
 Elizabeth Stanley. Died young.
 Elizabeth Stanley. Named after deceased older sister. Died young.

References

External links
 A biographical article on him
 Stanley's patronage of theater and/or music: Patrons and Performances Web Site

|-

|-

1561 births
1642 deaths
Lord-Lieutenants of Cheshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Lancashire
William
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
Knights of the Garter

6
Monarchs of the Isle of Man

William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby


The Last Dymaxion: Buckminster Fuller's Dream Restored is a 2012 documentary film directed by Noel Murphy. about Buckminster Fuller's 1933 Dymaxion car as well as Fuller himself.

The film features British architect Norman Foster, who called the car "an incredibly beautiful aesthetic object" and rebuilt the fourth Dymaxion car from drawings and study of the first three cars. In the film, noted automobile collector Jay Leno calls Buckminster Fuller a genius.  Buckminster Fuller's advocacy for humanity permeates the film.

Director Noel Murphy said describing "Buckminster Fuller as a car designer would be like describing Jimi Hendrix as a guitar tech". Fuller was a visionary environmentalist; his lightweight teardrop-shaped car spun on three wheels, held a dozen people and was originally meant to run on alcohol fuel. The documentary explores his other green innovations, including his geodesic domes and philosophical approach to architecture.

Story

Exploring Fuller's invention of the Geodesic Dome and its innovative structural system, the documentary also examines Fuller's early heavy drinking, expulsion from Harvard University and suicide attempt. In 1927, after Fuller had lost his 4-year daughter due to Polio and had lost his job, he contemplated drowning himself in the freezing waters of Lake Michigan. Fuller reported an "intense mystical experience" realizing he belonged to the universe and could not take his own life.

Production
Filming took place over two years and tells the story of Buckminster Fuller. The director Noel Murphy  traveled to England, Spain and all over the United States, researching, filming and interviewing Jay Leno and Norman Foster.
Fuller designed and built three car prototypes shaped like zeppelin and called them Dymaxion, short for Dynamic Maximum Tension. The filmmaker, Noel Murphy, a descendant of a General Motors founder, has spent about $100,000 so far, traveling to Fuller archives and New England factory sites and interviewing those interested in Fuller.
Murphy has acquired Fuller artifacts during his research, including a 1941 photo of a Dymaxion prototype taken just before an unsealed gas cap caused it to catch fire and be destroyed. One Dymaxion prototype survives, and was recently returned to the collection of the National Automobile Museum in Reno, Nevada. Murphy personally took part in the restoration at Crosthwaite & Gardiner, car restorers in East Sussex, England. It had spent years rusting on a farm before ending up at the museum. "Part of the car was destroyed but Bucky's true legacy was his thinking," the historian Jay Baldwin explains in the documentary.

Screening
The film has been screened at McPherson Museum of Art and History, Yale University and Earth Day Cabrillo College.

References

2012 films
American documentary films
2012 documentary films
Documentary films about automobiles
Buckminster Fuller
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

The Last Dymaxion


The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix is a Formula One motor racing event held at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari, often referred to as "Imola" after the town where it is located. The event takes the name "Emilia Romagna" from the Italian region where the circuit is located. The venue has previously hosted the Italian Grand Prix in 1980, and the San Marino Grand Prix from 1981 to 2006.

Fatal accidents

 Sauro Pazzagila - 1981 MotoGP (Qualifying)
 Roland Ratzenberger - 1994 Formula One (Qualifying)
 Ayrton Senna - 1994 Formula One (Race)

Formula One Grands Prix
Emilia-Romagna
Sport in Italy

Emilia Romagna Grand Prix


The Royal TESO N.V. is a private ferry company operating the only public boat service to and from the Dutch Wadden island of Texel. TESO stands for Texels Eigen Stoomboot Onderneming (in English: Texel's Own Steamboat Company).

Inhabitants of the island were dissatisfied with price and quality of the ferry service, as operated by the company Alkmaar Packet since 1882. In 1907 some of them formed an association, led by local physician Adriaan Wagemaker, to operate a (hired) ferry of their own. In 1908 the association was changed into a public company and islanders raised 75.000 guilders to build its first ship, which went into service in August that year. A nearly complete boycott of the services of Alkmaar Packet by the locals made that company withdraw in 1909.

3650 privately traded shares are held by 3100 shareholders, mostly residents of Texel. In 2007, TESO celebrated its centennial anniversary, and therefore was conferred the 'Royal' designation on Texel by Queen Beatrix.

Currently, the TESO operates a fleet of two ships, both able to carry 1750 passengers and up to 300 cars. They cross the Marsdiep, a deep-tide race between Den Helder and Texel in about 20 minutes.

Ferry companies of the Netherlands
Transport companies established in 1907
Water transport in the Netherlands
Dutch companies established in 1907

Royal TESO


Matt Fink (born February 8, 1958), better known as Dr. Fink, is a keyboardist, producer, and songwriter best-known for playing keyboards in Prince's band, The Revolution. At Prince concerts, he was distinguished onstage for performing dressed in a surgical mask and scrubs. He has also worked with artists, songwriters and producers, including The Time, Lipps Inc., The Jets, Vanity 6, David Z., Bobby Z., P. Diddy, The Rembrandts, Phil Solem, PC Munoz, 7 Aurelius, Steve Nathan, Shock G, Kris Vanderheyden Bray, Criss Starr, and Marc Mozart.

Fink has won three Grammy Awards, three American Music Awards, and numerous RIAA gold and platinum awards for his work with Prince and The Revolution.

Life and career
Fink joined Prince's band in 1978, which later became The Revolution and worked with him until 1991. His work with Prince included his work with The Revolution, The NPG, Madhouse, and the 1984 film and album Purple Rain, which has sold over 25 million copies worldwide.

His work with Prince includes co-writing credits on the songs "Dirty Mind", "Computer Blue", "17 Days", "America" and "It's Gonna Be a Beautiful Night", as well as studio session credits on the albums Dirty Mind, Controversy, 1999, Purple Rain, Around the World in a Day, Parade, Sign o' the Times, Lovesexy, The Black Album, and Graffiti Bridge.

In 1987, Fink opened his own studio facility in Minneapolis, now called "The Operating Room," where he works on other projects such as his Sony Acid Loop libraries titled Dr. Fink's Funk Factory and Matt Fink's StarView Session Keys which is also part of the quartet of the Artist Integrated Sample Libraries.

After his tenure with Prince, he became staff producer/engineer for Minneapolis-based record label K-Tel/Dominion Entertainment, from 1991 to 1996 where he produced and recorded fifteen specialty album projects. In 2001, he released the solo album Ultrasound. Other credits include video game soundtracks for Headgames/Activision, work with King Show Games on both voiceover and music for casino game machines, PBS documentaries, and various advertising spots.

In 2007, Fink signed an exclusive management deal with the German-based management and production company, Mozart & Friends, where he worked on various projects for Universal Music Group, Warner Bros. and Sony Entertainment.

Most recently as an executive music producer, he gathered some of the finest musicians/composers for the Rhythm Rumble video game created by Pixelakes.

After Prince's passing in 2016, Dr. Fink reunited with The Revolution, who had a song featured in the 2019 Netflix feature, Wine Country starring Amy Poehler, Maya Rudolph, Rachel Dratch, Ana Gasteyer, and Tina Fey.

Currently, he works with New York-based company V-Media Entertainment as Director of Catalogue and Licensing and staff producer/engineer for their Minneapolis-based recording studio River Rock Studios.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
American funk keyboardists
American pop keyboardists
American rhythm and blues keyboardists
American rock keyboardists
American soul keyboardists
Songwriters from Minnesota
Record producers from Minnesota
New Power Generation members
The Revolution (band) members
Musicians from Minneapolis
21st-century American keyboardists

Doctor Fink


Daala is a video coding format under development by the Xiph.Org Foundation under the lead of Timothy B. Terriberry mainly sponsored by the Mozilla Corporation. Like Theora and Opus, Daala is available free of any royalties and its reference implementation is being developed as free and open-source software. The name is taken from the fictional character of Admiral Natasi Daala from the Star Wars universe.

The reference implementation is written in C and published, together with its source code, as free software under the terms of a BSD-like license. Software patents are being filed for techniques used in and developed for Daala. Those patents are freely licensed to everybody to use for any purpose. However, the patent holders reserve the right to use them to counter patent infringement lawsuits filed by others.

Since June 20, 2013, the development is accompanied by a series of sporadically published posts on the underlying technology on the website of the Xiph.Org Foundation. The Daala project is one of the collaborators in the IETF's NETVC project.

Design goals
Daala is aimed to be a suitable proposal for a new video coding standard for the Internet and real-time applications.
Therefore, it is meant to be usable free from patent licensing constraints and to be openly documented to enable widespread adoption. Also, it is being designed to cover a broad spectrum of use cases.

Daala is projected to eventually perform as well as if not better than other modern formats. The developers want to rely less on improving traditional design principles incrementally as such effort is observed to deliver decreasing returns after many years, and tends to grow complexity. (All widely adopted designs to date share the same basic design that dates back to H.261 from three decades ago.) Instead, the higher risk of researching and trying new basic techniques is expected to yield unprecedented and potentially more useful algorithms. Such an approach also makes software patent infringement less likely.

Moreover, possibilities for parallel processing are considered and hardware support is being pursued.

Daala is intended to be a high-efficiency video coding format for use cases similar to those of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC or H.265) and VP9.
It has been stated that the performance goal is to be a generation beyond HEVC and VP9.

Technology
As a basic technology Daala uses an unconventional discrete cosine transform with overlapping blocks. This reduces the blocking artifacts characteristic of other video codecs that use the discrete cosine transform (DCT) directly, without the need for additional filtering against blocking artifacts.

The coefficients are coded by Perceptual Vector Quantisation (PVQ, a spherical vector quantisation), which models human perception.

All substreams that the encoder produces are coded to one bitstream by a range encoder.

History
Within the family of Xiph.Org multimedia formats, Daala is the successor to Theora from 2004. Problems with agreeing on video formats for WebRTC and successes in the development of the audio coding standard Opus are being cited as motivations for developing a video coding standard. Following up on the successful standardisation of Opus at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), it was planned to also develop a worldwide video coding standard there. The purpose of Daala is to provide an initial proposal for the development of that standard. Therefore, it is hoped to be transformed by or reassembled with a lot of useful contributions by other parties.

First experimental code already existed in 2010.
First steps in moving from merely investigating coding techniques to having a functional prototype were planned to start on May 27, 2013.
On May 30 an alpha prototype of Daala was used to stream video over the Internet.

On September 17, 2014, it was generally stated that it could produce better results than its peers up to about 0.5 bits per pixel.

According to Timothy Terriberry, another year of development is needed as of January 2015.

After several preliminary meetings, a respective working group with the mission to develop an Internet Video Codec (NetVC) officially commenced activity on May 18, 2015.
Among other contributions, a series of coding techniques from Daala were officially proposed to the group.

On September 1, 2015, Mozilla announced that the Alliance for Open Media would use elements of Daala to develop a royalty free video format, AOMedia Video 1.

NETVC

On March 24, 2015, Daala was presented to the IETF as a candidate for their Internet Video Codec (NETVC) video standard. Daala coding techniques have been proposed to the IETF for inclusion into NETVC.

See also

 WebM – a video file format for royalty-free use in the HTML5 video element
 AV1 - a next-generation video coding format in development by the Alliance for Open Media that uses elements from Daala and other modern video coding formats
 Comparison of video codecs

Further reading

References
 Monika Ermert, Volker Zota, March 25, 2015 (heise.de): Lizenzfreier Videocodec Daala geht ins WebRTC-Rennen

External links

Free video codecs
Open formats
Xiph.Org projects

Daala


Wonderful Life () is a 2005 South Korean television series starring Kim Jaewon, Eugene, Lee Ji-hoon, Han Eun-jung and Jung Da-bin. It aired on MBC from March 7 to April 26, 2005 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.

Synopsis
Han Seung-wan (Kim Jaewon) travels to Singapore to visit his first love, Lee Chae-young (Han Eun-jung). At the airport, he bumps into a young woman named Jung Se-jin (Eugene), and they accidentally swap passports. While Se-jin is on her way to the address listed on Seung-wan's passport, she meets Min Do-hyun (Lee Ji-hoon), who kindly gives her a piggyback ride. When Seung-wan and Se-jin finally meet at Chae-young's apartment, Seung-wan agrees to give back Se-jin's passport on the condition that she help him track down his missing girlfriend. To Seung-wan's shock, they discover that Chae-young is in a relationship with Do-hyun, whom she'd met in Australia. Heartbroken, Seung-wan goes drinking with Se-jin and turns to her for comfort, and they end up having a one-night stand in a hotel in Sentosa.

The morning after, Se-jin tells Seung-wan that she'd been a virgin and that he should "take responsibility" for their sexual encounter. The immature Seung-wan leaves her, and returns home earlier than scheduled. Back in Korea, his father kicks him out of the house for spending too much money on liquor, and he contacts Se-jin again. She agrees to help him earn money to pay back his father, but soon realizes that her increased appetite and vomiting of late are symptoms of pregnancy. She buys a pregnancy test while in disguise, and runs into Do-hyun again. After confirming that she's pregnant, Se-jin tells Seung-wan that she's leaving Korea and study abroad in Australia.

A year later, Se-jin's older sister crashes Seung-wan's father's birthday party, carrying his daughter, Shin-bi (Jung Da-bin). Their parents force Seung-wan and Se-jin to get married for the baby's sake, but the two draw up a list of rules that they must abide by, including the freedom to pursue their own careers and individual love lives, as well as a possible divorce in five years' time. Unprepared for the twin responsibilities of a quickie marriage and young parenthood which were thrust upon them, the two bicker and gradually figure things out. Seung-wan takes a job in his father's construction business to support the family, but is forced to leave for mandatory military service shortly after.

Upon his return, the reunited Seung-wan and Se-jin face new challenges. While the former juggles chores due to his continuing studies to become a pilot, the latter struggles to find employment in a job market that discriminates against her for being a mother. Chae-young gets her an interview at the Kidsbear company where she works, though her assistance hides jealous intentions; aware of Do-hyun's feelings for Se-jin, Chae-young plots to regain her former boyfriend Seung-wan by breaking up the family. Se-jin gets hired by Kidsbear, but she and her husband continue to deal with relationship problems brought on by Chae-young's interference.

But when Shin-bi is diagnosed with leukemia and Seung-wan and Se-jin desperately search for a viable bone marrow donor, they realize how much they love each other and the family they've created.

Cast
 Kim Jaewon as Han Seung-wan
 Eugene as Jung Se-jin
 Lee Ji-hoon as Min Do-hyun
 Han Eun-jung as Lee Chae-young
 Jung Da-bin as Han Shin-bi
 Joo Hyun as Han Bum-soo, Seung-wan's father
 Sunwoo Yong-nyeo as Yoon Tae-hee, Seung-wan's mother
 Kim Hye-ok as Pyo Jae-kyung, Se-jin's mother
 Choi Joon-yong as Han Seung-pil, Seung-wan's older brother
 Yoon Hyun-sook as Baek Hyun-joo, Seung-pil's wife
 Kim Hyo-jin as Jung Il-jin, Se-jin's older sister
 Kim Seung-min as So Chang-myung, Seung-wan and Do-hyun's classmate at the flight academy
 Lee Hye-sook as Do-hyun's stepmother
 Kim Hee-jung as Hyung-wook's mother

Ratings
In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.

References

External links
 Wonderful Life official MBC website
 Wonderful Life at  MBC Global Media

MBC TV television dramas
2005 South Korean television series debuts
2005 South Korean television series endings
Korean-language television shows
South Korean romance television series
Television series by JS Pictures

Wonderful Life (2005 TV series)