is a Japanese subscription video on demand service owned by KDDI and TV Asahi. It was launched as , also known as au Video Pass, in 2012 and was renamed to Telasa in 2020.

History

KDDI announced on May 15, 2012, that they would launch a subscription video-on-demand service for 590 yen per month. This service, called Video Pass, was specifically designed for au smartphones.

As of 2014, Video Pass had approximately 1,000 titles available for its subscription-based video-on-demand service, and around 3,000 titles available for rental, including newly released content.

June 2014, KDDI started a separate subscription video-on-demand service called Anime Pass in collaboration with Kadokawa, which focused on anime content and was available for 400 yen per month. This service was different from Video Pass.

On August 20, 2015, KDDI and TV Asahi announced a business partnership to exclusively distribute TV Asahi content on Video Pass.

On January 12, 2016, KDDI announced that it would be discontinuing Anime Pass on April 30 of the same year. Instead, Video Pass would expand its anime content, and the catch-up distribution of anime programs currently being aired on TV would be more than doubled. Video Pass had already been providing popular anime titles such as Naruto and Gundam series, with around 40% of its members reportedly watching anime content. The genre had consistently been at the top of the list of most viewed genres on the platform.

On August 2, 2018, KDDI made Video Pass available for use by users other than au subscribers.

On December 12, 2019, KDDI and TV Asahi announced that they would establish a joint venture to handle their video streaming services. The joint venture was set to inherit Video Pass business by March 2020. The president of the joint venture was appointed as Takashi Yamamoto, the representative director of KDDI.

While Nippon TV operates Hulu Japan with two million members (as of March 2019), Fuji TV operates FOD, and TBS Television and TV Tokyo operate Paravi, TV Asahi did not have a platform to distribute its own videos. With this joint operation, TV Asahi entered the fixed-rate video service business, which it had not previously pursued. The reason why the two companies joined forces is because, from the perspective of TV Asahi, KDDI has a user base as a mobile carrier. Additionally, they possess 5G technology, which will be a strength for future video distribution expansion. From the perspective of KDDI, compared to Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, they have a weakness in having fewer original content. The same mobile carrier, NTT Docomo, operates dTV with a membership of 4 million people (as of June 2018). On the other hand, while Video Pass exceeded one million members in 2018, it had been struggling to grow since then.

On April 7, 2020, Video Pass was rebranded as Telasa and started streaming TV Asahi's content.

References

External links

KDDI
TV Asahi
Internet television streaming services
Subscription video on demand services
2012 establishments in Japan
Internet properties established in 2012
2020 establishments in Japan
Internet properties established in 2020
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
PlayStation 4 software
PlayStation 5 software
Xbox One software
Xbox Series X and Series S software

Telasa


The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority () is the civil aviation authority of Sudan. The head office is in Khartoum.

The Air Accident Investigation Central Directorate, a part of the CAA, is the air accident investigation agency of Sudan.

Air Navigation Center
The Air Control Center, part of the Air Navigation Center (ANC, ) department, serves as the country's air navigation building. It is located on a  area east of Khartoum International Airport. This center includes multiple buildings: the main building, and a secondary building which houses the administration premises and the air traffic control simulator. The main building houses the equipment room, the area control centre, and the central maintenance centre.

It was established after a 1996 seminar on the future of air navigation held by the civil aviation authorities of Sudan. This seminar recommended the establishment of a new air navigation centre. On 3 May 2005 the Sudanese government signed a contract with "Fo-Hong", a Chinese company, to have the centre built.

Investigations
 Sudan Airways Flight 109

Notes

External links

 Sudan Civil Aviation Authority (Archive)

Government agencies of Sudan
Sudan
Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents
Aviation organisations based in Sudan
Civil aviation in Sudan

Sudan Civil Aviation Authority


A central angle is an angle whose apex (vertex) is the center O of a circle and whose legs (sides) are radii intersecting the circle in two distinct points A and B. Central angles are subtended by an arc between those two points, and the arc length is the central angle of a circle of radius one (measured in radians). The central angle is also known as the arc's angular distance. The arc length spanned by a central angle on a sphere is called spherical distance.

The size of a central angle  is    or    (radians). When defining or drawing a central angle, in addition to specifying the points  and , one must specify whether the angle being defined is the convex angle (<180°) or the reflex angle (>180°). Equivalently, one must specify whether the movement from point  to point  is clockwise or counterclockwise.

Formulas
If the intersection points  and  of the legs of the angle with the circle form a diameter, then  is a straight angle. (In radians, .)

Let  be the minor arc of the circle between points  and , and let  be the radius of the circle.

If the central angle  is subtended by , then

If the central angle  is not subtended by the minor arc , then  is a reflex angle and

If a tangent at  and a tangent at  intersect at the exterior point , then denoting the center as , the angles  (convex) and  are supplementary (sum to 180°).

Central angle of a regular polygon

A regular polygon with  sides has a circumscribed circle upon which all its vertices lie, and the center of the circle is also the center of the polygon. The central angle of the regular polygon is formed at the center by the radii to two adjacent vertices. The measure of this angle is

See also
Chord (geometry)
Inscribed angle
Great-circle navigation

References

External links
 interactive
 interactive
Inscribed and Central Angles in a Circle

Angle
Circles
Elementary geometry
Angle

Central angle


Edgar Leslie Bainton (14 February 18808 December 1956) was a British-born, latterly Australian-resident composer. He is remembered today mainly for his liturgical anthem And I saw a new heaven, a popular work in the repertoire of Anglican church music, but during recent years Bainton's other musical works, neglected for decades, have been increasingly often heard on CD.

Early life and career
Bainton was born in Hackney, London, the son of George Bainton, a Congregational minister, and his wife, Mary, née Cave. Bainton later moved with his family to Coventry and he showed early signs of musical ability playing the piano; he was nine years old when he made his first public appearance as solo pianist. He was awarded a music scholarship to King Henry VIII Grammar School in Coventry in 1891, and in 1896 he won an open scholarship to the Royal College of Music to study theory with Walford Davies. In 1899 he received a scholarship to study composition with Sir Charles Villiers Stanford. At college he became friends with George Dyson, William Harris and especially Rutland Boughton, whose friendship and support continued throughout Bainton's career. Bainton kept a notebook listing nearly all his compositions, the first entry being his first known surviving work, Prelude and Fugue in B minor for piano, written in 1898.

In 1901 Bainton became piano professor at the Newcastle upon Tyne Conservatory of Music. He became involved in the local musical scene, composing, playing and conducting and in 1905, he married a former student, Ethel Eales, with whom he had two daughters. Ethel was an excellent pianist and singer, and a founder member of the Newcastle Bach Choir He became the Principal of the Conservatory in 1912, and acquired property for its expansion. Alfred Wall was on the staff there, and Bainton also became friendly with William Gillies Whittaker. The family lived at Stocksfield, near Hexham.  Bainton would take long country walks, frequently accompanied by Wilfred Gibson, who introduced Bainton into the literary circle surrounding Gordon Bottomley. Bainton set many of Bottomley's poems and wrote an opera to one of his lyric dramas. He introduced his local area to previously unknown works by Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Arnold Bax, among others. He developed friendships with poet Elliott Dodds and cathedral organist William Ellis.

Prisoner of war and freedom
In the summer of 1914 Bainton visited Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but was arrested after war broke out. As a male enemy alien of military age he was sent to the civilian detention camp at Ruhleben, near Berlin, where he remained for the next four years. Bainton was put in charge of all the music at the camp and became acquainted with Ernest MacMillan, Edward Clark and Arthur Benjamin, among other later successful musicians.  He maintained many of these friendships throughout his career. In March 1918 his health deteriorated and he was sent to The Hague to recuperate. Following the Armistice, he became the first Englishman to conduct the Concertgebouw Orchestra, in two concerts of British music before returning to England.

Bainton's life returned to normal and he returned to Newcastle to resume work at the Conservatory (which his wife Ethel had taken charge of in his absence). His choral works became features of the Three Choirs Festivals. Touring Australia and Canada from April 1930 to January 1931, he took a break from composing, and from August to December 1932 he visited India, giving a piano recital for the Indian Broadcasting Company. The poet and musician Rabindranath Tagore made him a guest in Calcutta and introduced him to Indian music. In 1933, Sir Edward Bairstow awarded him an honorary Doctor of Music at Durham University.

Australia
The New South Wales State Conservatorium of Music was impressed by his display of skills in 1930, and offered him the directorship in the summer of 1933. Accordingly, in 1934 Bainton and his family started a new life in Australia.

Bainton conducted the choral and orchestral classes at the Conservatorium, and founded the Sydney Opera School. At the Conservatorium he taught Australian composers including Miriam Hyde. Expatriate Australian composer Vincent Plush (b. 1950) writes that when Arnold Schoenberg applied for the position of teacher of harmony and theory at the Sydney Conservatorium in 1934, Bainton turned down the application on the grounds of "modernist ideas and dangerous tendencies." An anonymous colleague of Bainton's allegedly remarked that Schoenberg was Jewish.

Coinciding with Bainton's arrival in Sydney were moves to form a permanent professional orchestra for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, which occasionally went under the name of the New South Wales Symphony Orchestra.  It was later renamed the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. Bainton conducted that ensemble's inaugural concert in 1934.

He introduced music previously unheard in Australia, such as Elgar's Symphony No. 2 in 1934; Bax's Third Symphony; and works by Debussy, Sibelius, Delius, and Walton, among others. In 1944, the premiere production by the Conservatorium Opera School of Bainton's opera The Pearl Tree received acclaim from the press and public alike. An additional night's performance was given due to demand, and on this latter occasion a bust of Bainton was unveiled in the foyer.

Australia then had a mandatory retirement age of 65, but Bainton continued to conduct (temporarily with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra), and gave lecture tours in Canada. In 1956, a heart attack severely affected his health, and on 8 December he died at Point Piper in Sydney. His wife had predeceased him by only a few months.

Recordings
Some of Bainton's music, both chamber and orchestral, has been recorded in recent years on the Chandos record label and on Dutton Epoch. Previously his work was almost completely neglected in the record or broadcast medium.

Musical works

Chamber music
 Quintet for Piano and Strings, Op. 9 (1904) (Lost)
 String Quartet, Op. 26 (1911) (Lost)
 String Quartet in A major (1919)
 Sonata for Viola and Piano (1922)
 Sonata for Cello and Piano (1924)

Chorus and orchestra
 The Blessed Damozel (lyrics by Dante Gabriel Rossetti), Op. 11 (with mezzo-soprano and baritone soloists).
 Sunset at Sea, Op. 20 (lyrics by Reginald Buckley), for chorus and orchestra
 The Vindictive Staircase, Op. 29 (lyrics by W. W. Gibson), a Humoreske for chorus and orchestra
 A Song of Freedom and Joy (lyrics by Edward Carpenter), Op. 24 for chorus and orchestra
 The Tower (lyrics by Robert Nichols), for chorus and orchestra
 The Dancing Seal (lyrics by W.W.Gibson), a Humoreske for chorus and orchestra
 A Hymn to God the Father (lyrics by John Donne), for chorus and orchestra
 Mignon's Requiem (lyrics by Goethe and Carlyle), for boys' voices, chorus and orchestra
 The Transfiguration of Dante, Op. 18, for soloists, chorus and orchestra
 To The Name above every name, (lyrics by Richard Crashaw), for soprano, chorus and orchestra

Church music
 And I Saw a New Heaven
 Fantasia on the plainsong melody Vexilla Regis
 Fiat Lux for "4-part chorus S.A.T.B."
 Who can number the Sands of the Sea? for "S.A.T.B."
 Open Thy Gates
 Christ in the Wilderness
 The Heavens Declare Thy Glory

Piano
 Variations and Fugue in B minor, op.1 (1898)
 The Making of the Nightingale (1921)
 Gardens of the Sea (1924)
 Willows (1927)

Songs and part songs
 Two Songs for Baritone and Orchestra, Op. 13 (Lyrics: Edward Carpenter)
 An English Idyll (Lyrics: Neville Cardus) for Baritone and Orchestra.
 Sweet Nightingale – English folk song, arranged Bainton
 Music for a Tragedy
 Music for film; 'Bush Policemen'''
 Four Dances: Morris Dance, Minuet, Pavane, Valse, Op. 21
 Celtic Sketches: Sea-Sorrow, Sea Rapture, Pharais, Op.23

 Symphonies and orchestral works
 Symphony No. 1 Before Sunrise for Contralto Solo, Chorus and Orchestra
 Symphony No. 2 in D minor
 Symphony No. 3 in C minor
 Symphony in B-flat A Phantasy of Life and Progress, Op. 5 (Lost)
 Symphonic Poem: Pomplia Symphonic Poem: Paracelsus (after Browning), Op. 8
 Suite: The Golden River, Op. 16
 Overture-Phantasy: Prometheus, Op. 19
 Three Pieces for Orchestra: Elegy, Intermezzo and Humoresque.
 Concerto Fantasia for Piano and Orchestra
 Pavane, Idyll and Bacchanal for Strings
 Rhapsody: Epithalamion Eclogue for OrchestraNotes

References
 Jones, Michael. 'Bainton, Edgar Leslie (1880–1956)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004. Online database article number 58729.
 Bainton, Helen. 'Bainton, Edgar Leslie (1880–1956)'. Australian Dictionary of Biography'', Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp. 146–147.
 Jones, Michael. 'Edgar Bainton (1880–1956): musical and spiritual traveller'. MusicWeb International, 1990. Retrieved 2011-10-10.

External links
 The Edgar Bainton (UK) Society
 Chandos UK has released 3 CDs of Edgar Bainton's music

1880 births
1956 deaths
English composers
Musicians from Coventry
Musicians from Hackney Central
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Academic staff of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music
People educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry
Pupils of Charles Villiers Stanford
World War I civilian detainees held by Germany
People from Stocksfield
Musicians from Northumberland
British emigrants to Australia
Musicians from Newcastle upon Tyne

Edgar Bainton


The Isthmian Canal Commission (often known as the ICC) was an American administration commission set up to oversee the construction of the Panama Canal in the early years of American involvement. Established on February 26, 1904, it was given control of the Panama Canal Zone over which the United States exercised sovereignty. The commission reported directly to Secretary of War William Taft.

It was initially composed of seven members, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt, directed to avoid the inefficiency and corruption that had plagued the French 15 years earlier. On May 6, 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed John Findley Wallace, formerly chief engineer and finally general manager of the Illinois Central Railroad, chief engineer of the Panama Canal project. Wallace was paid a $25,000 annual salary, the highest of any government employee at that time other than the president. In addition to the engineering and worker health problems, Wallace faced many bureaucratic challenges from the ICC, which had to approve essentially every significant decision Wallace made in the Canal Zone. With engineers filling out more than 1,000 work request forms weekly, even the simplest tasks often took months to complete. In addition to "make dirt fly", as directed by Roosevelt, Wallace was forced to use the often dilapidated infrastructure and equipment left behind by the French when they sold their concession.

The ICC was later reduced to three members on the recommendation of John Findley Wallace, the chief engineer. Overwhelmed, Wallace resigned abruptly in June 1905. In 1906 when a new chief engineer, John Frank Stevens, was appointed, he was not a member of the commission. He increasingly viewed the bureaucratic ICC as a serious hindrance and ended up bypassing the commission and sending requests and demands directly to the Roosevelt Administration in Washington.

The following year (1905) in Washington, D.C., Joseph Bucklin Bishop, an associate of Theodore Roosevelt and a strong editorial advocate for U.S. participation in the canal project, was appointed Executive Secretary of the Isthmian Canal Commission along with a new chairman, Theodore P. Shonts. Bishop was tasked with managing the commission's day-to-day matters, but also with ensuring public support for the canal through public relations and by keeping the project's official history. Bishop's promised $10,000 annual salary was relentlessly criticized by Roosevelt's opponents in Congress, mostly because it was twice what each of them made. Opposition newspapers joined in the criticism. In the summer of 1907, when escalating allegations of cronyism surrounding Bishop's appointment threatened appropriations for Panama Canal construction, Taft, surely with Roosevelt's quiet assent, ordered Bishop out of Washington to Panama, where the partisan political heat would be less intense. "I accept your decision without reluctance," Bishop informed Taft, "and shall go to the Isthmus, not sadly but cheerfully." It would not be his first trip to Panama. In the fall of the previous year, Bishop had gone ahead to advance Roosevelt's historic inspection tour, the first time a sitting president had journeyed outside the United States.

In 1907, the Isthmian Canal Commission hired photographer Ernest "Red" Hallen to photograph the progress of the canal, in order to satisfy both Washington and the American public. Hallen would go on to document the entirety of the Canal's construction and everyday life for the following 30 years. A major factor in the successful construction of the canal was the work of Army doctors William C. Gorgas and Robert Ernest Noble to identify mosquitoes as the carriers of diseases including yellow fever and malaria, then develop eradication campaigns for the mosquitoes and treatments for the diseases.

Joseph Bucklin Bishop would, except for month-long summer breaks, remain on the isthmus for seven years, serving clandestinely at first as Theodore Roosevelt's "eyes and ears". He reported back on the "astonishing" progress that Army Corps of Engineers Colonel George Washington Goethals and his team were making excavating the "big ditch", building dams and locks. Before long, Bishop became Goethals's trusted aide, serving as his first line of defense against workers with complaints and grievances. But Bishop's greatest achievement in Panama would be as founding editor of The Canal Record, a weekly newspaper for the thousands of workers in Panama. His regular reports of the cubic yards dug by rival work divisions, and the competitive baseball games they played, created a spirit of healthy competition that lifted worker morale and productivity. The "good news" of The Canal Record also built vital public support on newspaper editorial pages back home and in the halls of the United States Congress, where annual appropriations were required to keep the canal project moving forward.

References

Panama Canal Zone

Isthmian Canal Commission


E.402A/B is a class of electric locomotives mainly used on medium speed passenger trains (max 200 km/h services like InterCity or Frecciabianca) by the Italian railway company FS Trenitalia.

History
After the positive experiences from the locomotive Class E.632 with DC traction motors with thyristors, FS wanted to order a new generation high performance locomotives with AC traction motors (also called Induction, three-phase or asynchronous motors). At the beginning of 1990s FS studied, in collaboration with the two companies Ansaldo Transporti (mechanical part) and TIBB (electric part, the Italian part of the BBC company) a new locomotive that could haul both heavy goods trains and high speed trains, the later at speeds up to 220 km/h. The result was class E.402.0. Later, Siemens took over the development for the electric part.

A total of six prototypes have been built (E.402.000 - 005), which have seen a long phase of test runs before finally entering active service. The prototypes differ from the standard units because of the edgy shape of the driving cabin, similar to the one of E.632/633 locomotives, while the others have a more aerodynamic one.
Class E.402 was one of the first Italian locomotive fitted with induction motors.

Prototype
402.001…402.005 (tot 5)
First Batch
402.006…402.045 (tot 40)

In July 2014 FS made a contract with Spanish CAF to modernise 40 series production locomotives numbered E.402.006 - 045. The upgrade work also includes rebuilding the locomotives with a single cab. After modernisation the locomotives will be used on IC services.

E.402B

E.402B represent an evolution of the class E.402, with different driving cabins and equipment. 80 units have been built (numbered 101-180).

This locomotive, unlike its predecessor, is able to run under different voltages, the Italian standard 3 kV DC and the new high speed lines at 25 kV AC. Further, units 139-158 are able to run under French 1.5 kV DC (at half power), and are classified as E.402BF (F stands for Francia, France). They mount a single ATR90 pantograph and two single arm pantographs for use on French network (1.5 kV DC and 25 kV AC), and French safety systems (Vacma, radio, KVB). Curiously they haven't been authorized to go to Ventimiglia and Modane stations, which are on the border with France, and have 1.5 kV DC catenary.

E.402BF, also, can be used to remote command another locomotive of the same class, but not to be remote commanded from driving coach; on normal E.402B, this is reversed.

Today both classes are often seen hauling Intercity, sometimes freight services and are the only locomotives able to be remote commanded by Z1 driving cars via TCN, allowing push-pull services.

Technical details
Both locomotives have four asynchronous three-phase motors, but the traction circuit is different:
 E.402A has two three-phase inverters and two choppers (one per bogie) which can feed the motors with a variable voltage ranging from 0 to 4200 V, depending on catenary voltage (from a minimum of 1200 to 4000 V)
 E.402B uses a rectifier when under 25 kV and choppers when under 3 and 1.5 kV which feed the two water-cooled GTO inverters.

The auxiliary equipment (fans, compressors ecc.) are fed at 450 V 60 Hz AC voltage produced by two 210 kVA static converters.

Operators

See also
 FS Class E.403

External links
FS E.402B @ Trainspo

E.402
Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives
AnsaldoBreda locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Passenger locomotives
Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe

FS Class E.402


The Journal of Philosophy of Education is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain. The journal was established in 1967. The journal publishes articles relating to education or educational practice from a philosophical point of view. Specific topics addressed in previous articles include politics, aesthetics, epistemology, curriculum and ethics, and  historical aspects of the foregoing.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.798, ranking it 13th out of 34 journals in the category "History of Social Sciences" and 201st out of 206 in the category "Education & Educational Research".

References

External links

Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1967
Quarterly journals
Education journals
History of science journals
Philosophy journals
Philosophy of education

Journal of Philosophy of Education


Diane Wray Williams (born January 23, 1938) was an American businesswoman, educator, and politician.

Williams was born in Fremont, Ohio. She graduated from Syracuse University, in 1959, with a bachelor's degree in English. Williams lived in Moorhead, Minnesota with her husband and family. She was a business owner and a teacher. Williams served in the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1989 and 1990 and was a Democrat. She then served on the Moorhead City Council in 2004.

References

1938 births
Living people
People from Fremont, Ohio
People from Moorhead, Minnesota
Syracuse University alumni
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Schoolteachers from Minnesota
Women city councillors in Minnesota
Women state legislators in Minnesota
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives

Diane Wray Williams


Rājīv (Devanagari: राजीव, Bengali script: রাজীব) is a popular Indian, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan and Nepalese male name, also spelt Rajeev, Rajive, Rajib, Rajeeb, Rajiva and Rajiba.

It is said that the lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera), though it grows in muddy water, doesn't accumulate the mud particles onto it; such is the quality described as rājīv. Today, in several Indian languages, including Hindi, Telugu, Bengali, Madheshi, Nepali, Assamese, Marathi and Kannada, rājīv is the word for "lotus flower".

In the Rāmāyaṇa, Rāma's epithets include Rājīv-Lochan, meaning "one whose eyes are like lotus flowers".

Notable people named Rajiv, Rajive or Rajeev
Akshay Kumar, Indian-Canadian actor and martial artist (birth name Rajiv Hari Om Bhatia)
Rajeev, Indian Tamil language actor
Rajiv Anchal, film director
Rajive Bagrodia, American computer scientist
Rajiv Bapna, founder and director of Amkette
Rajeev Bikram Shah, Nepalese politician
Rajiv Dixit, Indian social activist and associated with Swadeshi movement
Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of India
Rajiv Goswami, political activist
Rajiv Gupta (technocrat), former general manager of Hewlett Packard's E-speak project
Rajiv Gauba (born 1959), Indian Administrative Service and Home Secretary of India
Rajeev Goyle, United States Congressional candidate from Kansas
Rajeev Khandelwal, Indian actor
Rajiv Joseph, American playwright
Rajiv Kapoor, Indian actor
Rajive Kumar (born 1958), Indian Administrative Service officer and former Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh
Rajiv Kulkarni, Indian former cricketer
Rajib Lochan Pegu, Indian politician
Rajiv Mehrotra, Indian journalist
Rajiv Menon,  Indian cinematographer and director
Rajeev Motwani, Indian professor of computer science
Rajiv Ouseph, English professional badminton player
Rajeev Paul, Indian actor
Rajiv Patel, musician
Rajiv Rai, director
Rajeev Ram, American tennis player
Rajiv Pratap Rudy, Bharatiya Janata Party politician
Rajiv Satyal, Indian-American comedian
Rajiv Shah, American government official
Rajiv Singh (born 1958 or 1959), Indian businessman
Rajeev Suri, chief executive officer of Nokia

Notable people named Rajib or Rajeeb
Rajib Ghosh, Indian footballer
Rajib Ghorui, Indian footballer
Rajib Banerjee, Indian politician
Rajib Boro, Indian footballer
Rajib Lochan Pegu, Indian politician
Rajib Dutta (born 1971), Indian former cricketer
Rajib Dutta (born 1980), Indian former cricketer
Rajeeb Dey, British entrepreneur
Rajeeb Samdani, Bangladeshi industrialist and art collector

Notable people named Rajiva
Rajiva Wijesinha, Sri Lankan writer

Indian masculine given names
Masculine given names

Rajiv


Augusta "Gussie" Clark (March 5, 1932 – October 13, 2013) was an American librarian, lawyer and politician. Clark was elected to an at-large seat on the Philadelphia City Council in 1979, becoming the second African-American woman to serve on the city council. (Ethel D. Allen, who served on the council from 1972 to 1979, was Philadelphia's first African-American councilwoman.)
 Clark served on the Philadelphia City Council from 1980 until her retirement in 2000.

Biography

Early life
Clark was born Augusta Alexander on March 5, 1932, in Uniontown, Alabama, to Harrison and Lula B. Alexander. She was raised in Fairmont, West Virginia, and earned her bachelor's degree from West Virginia State College, now known as West Virginia State University. She met her future husband, Leroy W. Clark, while both were students at West Virginia State, though they did not marry until 1960, when both were living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The couple had two children, Mark and Adrienne. She had moved to Philadelphia after college for professional reasons. She was a member of the Bright Hope Baptist Church from 1954 until 2013.

Career
Clark moved to Philadelphia when she was hired as an assistant on the now defunct Color magazine. Color, which was based on Life magazine, was targeted for African-American readers. However, Color folded and went out-of business. Clark became a graduate student at Drexel University soon after the magazine's closure, where she received a master's degree in library science. She worked as a librarian in Philadelphia. Clark next enrolled at the Temple University Beasley School of Law when she was 39 years old and earned her law degree.

Clark worked as on the election campaign of William H. Gray, who was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1978. Philadelphia community and political figures encouraged her to run for a seat on the Philadelphia City Council the following year. Augusta Clark was elected as a Democratic councilwoman-at-large in 1979, becoming only the second African-American woman to serve on the city council.

Clark served on the Philadelphia City Council, representing a citywide at-large seat, from 1980 to 2000. She became the chair of the council's Education Committee for twelve years. She was known as a vocal advocate for the School District of Philadelphia. She was an opponent of school vouchers, arguing the program would remove money from the public school system. Clark allied with the then-President of the Philadelphia City Council, John F. Street, to pass a 10% liquor tax, which was used as an additional source of revenue for public schools. Clark chaired the Public Property and Public Works Committee and served as the city council's Democratic majority whip for a time.

Clark retired from the city council in 2000. In a 2000 interview with The Philadelphia Inquirer, Clark explained that she felt it was the right time to retire, saying, "I think elected office is like poker...I think you have to know when to hold them and know when to fold them. And when you feel you have amassed a body of work that satisfies you."

Augusta Clark died at Lankenau Medical Center in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, on October 13, 2013, at the age of 81. She was survived by her two children, Mark and Adrienne, and four grandchildren. Her husband, Leroy W. Clark, died in 2007.

References

1932 births
2013 deaths
Philadelphia City Council members
Pennsylvania lawyers
African-American librarians
American women librarians
American librarians
Pennsylvania Democrats
Temple University Beasley School of Law alumni
Drexel University alumni
West Virginia State University alumni
People from Uniontown, Alabama
Politicians from Fairmont, West Virginia
Women city councillors in Pennsylvania
African-American city council members in Pennsylvania
African-American women in politics
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
Librarians from West Virginia
Lawyers from Fairmont, West Virginia
20th-century African-American lawyers

Augusta Clark


Pyeongwon of Goguryeo (ruled 559–590) the 25th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Pyeongwon was also known as 'Pyeonggangsanghowang'. His birth name was Yangseong (though the Suishu and Tangshu have him as Tang).

Reign
The years of Pyeongwon's rule are generally agreed upon by historians, but his year of birth has not been established with any degree of certainty. It is known that he was the eldest son of Yangwon of Goguryeo and became crown prince in 557, two years before assuming full power. He is said to have been courageous, and skilled in horseriding and archery.

By this time, royal power had been significantly eroded by the aristocracy. Concerned for the people, he encouraged agricultural and sericultural developments and reduced the royal cuisine.

He maintained tense but relatively peaceful relations with the Göktürks and the various Chinese dynasties, briefly battling the Northern Zhou at the Liaodong Peninsula in 577. He frequently sent tributes to the Chen Dynasty, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasty. As the Sui Dynasty united China, King Pyeongwon prepared for the impending war.

The southern border with the other two Korean kingdoms was relatively peaceful as the Silla-Baekje alliance fell apart. In 586, he moved the capital to Jangan fortress.

In 590(32nd year of regin), the king received the news that the state of Chen had fallen and was greatly alarmed. For defense purposes he ordered troops into training and the augmentation of military provisions.

The rule of Pyeongwon came to an end in 590, which is the year of his death according to Samguk Sagi, but there is no specific documentation to confirm the circumstances.

He was given the posthumous royal title of King Pyeongwon.

Family
Father: King Yangwon (양원왕, 陽原王)
Grandfather: King Anwon (안원왕, 安原王)
Grandmother: Middle Lady (중부인, 中夫人)
Unknown wife
Daughter: Princess Pyeonggang (평강공주, 平岡公主) – married On Dal (온달, 溫達).
1st son: Prince Won (원, 元)
2nd son: Prince Geonmu (건무, 建武)
3rd son: Prince Daeyang (대양, 大陽); father of King Bojang.

Popular culture
 Portrayed by Kil Yong-woo in the 2009 KBS2 TV series Invincible Lee Pyung Kang.
 Portrayed by Lee Yong-jik in the 2017 Netflix TV series My Only Love Song.
 Portrayed by  in the 2021 KBS2 TV series River Where the Moon Rises.

See also
History of Korea
List of Korean monarchs
On Dal

References

Goguryeo monarchs
6th-century births
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of death unknown
6th-century Korean people

Pyeongwon of Goguryeo


Lee Elbert Stine (November 17, 1913 – May 6, 2005) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago White Sox (1934–35), Cincinnati Reds (1936) and New York Yankees (1938).

Stine was born in Stillwater, Oklahoma. He signed with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League when he was just 16. Eventually, he debuted in the major leagues with the Chicago White Sox in 1934. In a four-season career, he posted a 3–8 record with 39 strikeouts and a 5.09 ERA in 143 innings.

Stine is best known for his historic role in pitching Lou Gehrig's 14th grand slam in 1934. After two years in Chicago, he played for the Reds in 1936, compiling a career high 121 innings with a 3–8 record and a 5.03 ERA. Injured a year later, he returned in 1938, pitching briefly for the Yankees.

Plagued by tendinitis and injuries, Stine returned to California to play for the Los Angeles Angels of the PCL in 1940. By 1943 he had joined the Navy during World War II and after discharge settled in Long Beach. He later worked as a parimutuel clerk.

Stine died in Hemet, California, due to complications from a stroke, at age 91.

References

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Oklahoma
People from Stillwater, Oklahoma
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
New York Yankees players
1913 births
2005 deaths

Lee Stine


The Jardin botanique de Lyon (English: Botanical Garden of Lyon), also known as the Jardin botanique du Parc de la Tête d'Or (Botanical Garden of the Golden Head), is an  municipal botanical garden located in the Parc de la Tête d'or in the 6th arrondissement of Lyon, France. It is open weekdays without charge.

History
The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to earlier botanical gardens dating to 1796; it is now described as France's largest municipal botanical garden. It contains about 15,000 plants, including 3,500 plants of temperate regions, 760 species of shrubs, a hundred species of wild roses, 750 varieties of historical roses, 200 varieties of peonies recognised by the Conservatoire Français des Collections Végétales Spécialisées (CCVS), 1,800 species of alpine plants, 50 varieties of water lilies, as well as 6,000 species in its greenhouses.

The garden's greenhouses enclose a total of  in area, and include a central pavilion for tropical plants including camellias over a hundred years old; a greenhouse-aquarium with Amazonian water lilies; a Dutch greenhouse containing carnivorous plants; small greenhouses with orchids; and small cold greenhouses with azaleas, cacti and so forth.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References

 Jardin botanique de Lyon
 Jardin botanique de Lyon: History (English)
 Ville de Lyon: Le Jardin Botanique (French)
 Loisirs Parc de la Tête d'Or (French)

6th arrondissement of Lyon
Lyon, Jardin botanique de
Lyon, Jardin botanique de
Tourist attractions in Lyon
Greenhouses in France

Jardin botanique de Lyon


Fotis Constantine Kafatos (; 16 April 1940 – 18 November 2017) was a Greek biologist. Between 2007-2010 he was the founding president of the European Research Council (ERC).  He chaired the ERC Scientific Council from 2006-2010. Thereafter, he was appointed Honorary President of the ERC.

Education
Fotis Kafatos graduated from the Lyceum Korais in Heraklion in 1958 and from Cornell University in 1961, where he was mentored by Thomas Eisner and assisted by the Fulbright Program and a scholarship from Anne Gruner Schlumberger. He earned his PhD at Harvard in 1965 for research on entomology, supervised by Carroll Williams.

Research and career
Fotis Kafatos was an influential Greek biologist, having had a pivotal role in triggering the interest of the Greek government for Science, with the establishment of the Faculty of Biology in the University of Athens, the Faculty of Biology in the University of Crete and the IMBB in Heraklion.

At the beginning of his career, he contributed to the development of the complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning technology and worked on the mechanisms of cellular differentiation leading to the formation of the eggs in insects. He has particular interest in malaria research and used his knowledge of  the genetics and molecular biology of insects  to understand how the insect vector copes with the Plasmodium parasite. He also participated in the sequencing of the genome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae completed in 2002.

He was Assistant Professor and later Professor and Chairman of the department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Harvard University, Professor of Biology at the University of Athens and at the University of Crete, director of the Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB) of the Foundation for Research & Technology – Hellas in Heraklion and third Director-General of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory from 1993 to 2005. From 2005 till his death, he had been a professor at Imperial College in London. In 2007, he was appointed as the first President of the European Research Council.

Awards and honours
Kafatos was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences since 1982 and of the American Academy.  He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2003 and was also a member of the French Académie des Sciences, the Pontifical Academy and the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). He was awarded the Louis-Jeantet 25th anniversary prize in 2008, the Robert Koch Medal in Gold in 2010, the BioMalPar.EviPalaR Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011, and the Leibnitz Medal in 2011.  He was also a recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and of the Greek Order of the Phoenix, as well as other awards and honorary degrees in Greece and elsewhere.

Personal life
Fotis Kafatos was the son of Constantine and Helen Kafatos, had two brothers named Antonis and Menas, and lived until age 18 with his family in Heraklion, Crete, Greece. He married Sarah Niles in 1967 and they had two daughters, Helen and Zoe Myrto, and four grandchildren.

External links

 Publications by F. Kafatos in PubMed
 Christos (Kitsos) Louis and Marian R. Goldsmith, "Fotis C. Kafatos", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2019)

References

1940 births
2017 deaths
Scientists from Heraklion
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Greek biologists
Cornell University alumni
Greek emigrants to the United States
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Academic staff of the University of Crete

Fotis Kafatos


Dengie is a hundred in the county of Essex, England.

It corresponded to the Dengie peninsula, with the inland, western boundary running from North Fambridge to just west of Maldon. It was known at the time of Domesday as Witbrictesherna (Wibrihtesherne) Hundred until the hundred court changed its meeting location.

See also
Hundreds of Essex

References

Hundreds of Essex

Dengie Hundred


Helvella latispora is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae of the order Pezizales. Ascocarps appear in late summer and autumn as pale stems up to 5 cm in height topped by a greyish saddle shaped cap.

Edibility
Consumption of this fungus is not recommended as similar species in the family Helvellaceae contain the toxin gyromitrin.

References

latispora
Fungi of Europe
Fungi described in 1898
Taxa named by Jean Louis Émile Boudier

Helvella latispora


Barbara Arrowsmith Young (born November 28, 1951) is a Canadian author, entrepreneur and lecturer. She is the founder of the Arrowsmith School in Toronto and the controversial Arrowsmith Program which forms the basis of the school's teaching method. In 2012 she published The Woman Who Changed Her Brain which combines an autobiographical account of her own severe learning disabilities and the method she developed to overcome them with case studies of learning disabled children who she claims overcame similar problems by using her method.

Early life
Arrowsmith Young was born in Toronto on November 28, 1951 to Jack and Barbara Young. Her father was an electrical engineer who worked for Canadian General Electric. Her mother was a teacher. As a child she had  exceptional visual and auditory memory, but it was coupled with several severe deficits in other areas, including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and problems with spatial reasoning, logic, and kinesthetic perception. With the help of her mother she eventually achieved basic literacy and numeracy. However, she struggled throughout elementary and high school.

Education
Despite her learning difficulties, she graduated with a BA.Sc in child studies from the University of Guelph in 1974. After graduating she worked for two years as the head teacher of the university's laboratory preschool before embarking on a master's degree in applied psychology at the University of Toronto's Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE). She completed her Masters dissertation, A follow up study of a clinical sample, in 1982. It examined the progress of 62 students who had been previously assessed as learning disabled at the OISE's education clinic.

In 1977 she had met Joshua Cohen, a PhD. student at OISE who also had learning disabilities and ran a small clinic for learning disabled children. Cohen introduced her to the work of Alexander Luria. According to Arrowsmith Young, Luria's 1971 book The Man with the Shattered World which documented the recovery under his treatment of the brain-injured soldier Lev Zasetsky was profoundly influential on her, as was the work of Mark Rosenzweig on neuroplasticity. Using the ideas of Luria and Rosenzweig, she began developing a series of exercises in 1978 which she states finally helped to overcome her learning disabilities.

Career

Arrowsmith Young and Cohen married in 1980 and opened the Arrowswmith School for learning disabled children in Toronto that same year. Its curriculum was based on the exercises which Arrowsmith Young had developed for herself and which came to be known as the Arrowsmith Program. She named the school after her paternal grandmother (born Louie May Arrowsmith in 1883), who as a young girl had been one of the pioneer settlers of Creston, British Columbia. The Toronto school gradually expanded and in 1991 she and Cohen opened a second school in Brooklyn, New York. The Toronto branch was wound down and closed. However, the New York school folded a few years later, and in 1994, Arrowsmith Young and Cohen's marriage ended. She returned to Toronto and re-opened the original school. Cohen remained in New York and died there in 2000.

The Arrowsmith Program

The re-opened Arrowsmith School in Toronto attracted increasing numbers of students and eventually opened other branches. The Arrowsmith Program was also franchised to other private schools and in some public ones as well. In 2012 she published The Woman Who Changed Her Brain, an autobiographical account of how she overcame her own severe learning disabilities combined with 30 case studies of learning disabled children who she says overcame similar problems by using her method.

Her method, which was the subject of a 2008 CBC documentary Fixing My Brain, has proved controversial. Psychiatrist Norman Doidge devoted one of the chapters in his book, The Brain That Changes Itself, to Arrowsmith Young and described her approach as "an important discovery". However, the Arrowsmith Program has been criticized by several neuroscientists, psychologists and cognitive scientists, including Anne Castles, Max Coltheart, Pamela Snow, Emma Burrows and Linda Siegel, for basing its claims on anecdotal evidence. They have noted that there have been no peer-reviewed studies published which use randomized controlled trials to evaluate whether it is actually more effective than any other "brain training" programs.

Additionally, other experts, including clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist Tim Hannan, speech pathologist Alison Clarke, and at least one human rights tribunal have made similar concerns, citing lack of evidence and improper tests on the program. Clarke even argues the program to be based on pseudoscientific methodology.

Robert Shepard, a clinical psychologist with twenty-five years of private practice, forensic and family health team experience, as well as a critic of Norman Doidge and his work, makes a ten point argument against the Arrowsmith Program. Explaining each point in short essay format, he argues that these are essential to marketing a product when no evidence exists that it actually works.

References

External links
 Barbara Arrowsmith Young's official website

1951 births
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian education writers
Canadian educators
Canadian women educators
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Living people
Writers from Toronto

Barbara Arrowsmith Young


was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Biography

Early life

Ōyama was born in Kagoshima to a samurai family of the Satsuma Domain. as a younger paternal cousin to Saigo Takamori. A protégé of Ōkubo Toshimichi, he worked to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and thus played a major role in the Meiji Restoration. He served as the commander of the Detached First Brigade during the Boshin War. At the Battle of Aizu, Ōyama was the commander of the Satchōdo's field artillery positions on Mount Oda. During the course of the siege, he was wounded by an Aizu guerilla force under Sagawa Kanbei.

Military career

In 1870, Ōyama was sent overseas to the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in France (August 1870 – March 1871) to study and was appointed the official Japanese military observer to the Franco-Prussian War.  He also spent three years (July 1871 – October 1874) in Geneva studying foreign languages, and became fluent in Russian. In 1872, he was sent by the Japanese government to the United States to study at Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York. Ōyama Iwao is the first recorded Japanese customer for Louis Vuitton, having purchased some luggage during his stay in France. After promotion to major general, he went to France again for further study, together with Kawakami Sōroku. On his return home, he helped establish the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, which was soon employed in suppressing the Satsuma Rebellion, although Ōyama and his elder brother were cousins of Saigō Takamori.

In the First Sino-Japanese War, Ōyama was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Japanese Second Army, which after landing on Liaotung Peninsula, carried Port Arthur by storm, and subsequently crossed to Shantung, where it captured the fortress of Weihaiwei. After the war, Ōyama was disparaged by American reporter Trumbull White for failing to restrain his troops during the Port Arthur Massacre.

For his services Ōyama received the title of marquis under the kazoku peerage system, and, three years later in January 1898, he became a field-marshal. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 he was appointed the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese armies in Manchuria. As Supreme Commander of the Japanese Manchurian Army, Ōyama had complete authority over all Japanese land operations during the war, and personally directed the tactics of Japanese forces in all major battles, winning the Battle of Liaoyang and repulsing Russian counter-attacks at the Battle of Shaho and the Battle of Sandepu. He was replaced by General Kodama Gentarō briefly during early 1905 due to illness, but recovered to direct Japanese forces in the final Battle of Mukden.

After Japan's victory, Emperor Meiji elevated him in September 1907 to the rank of , the highest rank of the Empire of Japan.

Political career and death

As the War Minister in several cabinets and as the Chief of the Army General Staff,  Ōyama upheld the autocratic power of the oligarchs (genrō) against democratic encroachments. However, unlike Yamagata Aritomo, Ōyama was reserved and tended to shun politics. From 1914 to his death he served as the , and in this capacity attended the accession ceremony of the Emperor Taishō, which took place in Kyoto in November 1915.

In 1906, Ōyama was awarded the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. His Japanese decorations included Order of the Golden Kite (1st class) and Order of the Chrysanthemum.

Ōyama died at the age of seventy five in 1916, and was accorded a state funeral. Ōyama was a large man, and enjoyed large meals. His weight exceeded , and may have contributed to his death, possibly arising from diabetes.

Personal life

Family

Ōyama's first wife Sawa died of puerperal disorder. Second wife Sutematsu (a survivor of the Battle of Aizu, a sister of former Aizu retainers Yamakawa Hiroshi and Yamakawa Kenjirō) was one of the first female students sent to the United States as part of the Iwakura Mission in the early 1870s. She spent eleven years there, graduating from Vassar College in 1882. In the next year she accepted her former enemy's proposal.

Ōyama was Emperor Meiji's first candidate for rearing future emperor Hirohito as a sort of surrogate father in 1901, in accordance with royal customs, but Ōyama declined and the role instead went to Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi.

Ōyama's first son Takashi, a navy cadet, died in the accidental explosion and sinking of the cruiser  in 1908. Second son Kashiwa (ja) became an archaeologist after he retired from army.

House

Ōyama, who spoke and wrote several European languages fluently, also liked European-style architecture. During his tenure as the War Minister, he built a large house in Tokyo modelled after a German castle.

Although he was very pleased with the design, his wife Sutematsu did not like it at all, and insisted that the children's room be remodelled in Japanese style, so that they would not forget their Japanese heritage. The house was destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 or possibly by American air raids during World War II .

Kimigayo

In 1869, the British military band instructor John William Fenton, who was then working in Yokohama as an o-yatoi gaikokujin, told the members of Japan's military band about the British national anthem "God Save the King" and emphasised the necessity of a similar national anthem for Japan. The band members requested artillery Captain Ōyama Iwao, who was well versed in Japanese and Chinese literature, to select appropriate words and Ōyama selected the poem which came to be used in Japan's national anthem kimigayo.

Honours

From the Japanese Wikipedia

Japanese
  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1 November 1882; Second Class: 9 November 1877)
 Count (7 July 1884)
  Imperial Japanese Constitution Promulgation Commemorative Medal (25 November 1889)
  Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (5 August 1895)
 Marquess (5 August 1895)
  1894–95 Sino-Japanese War Medal (18 November 1895)
  1904–05 Russo-Japanese War Medal (1 April 1906)
  Order of the Golden Kite, First Class (1 April 1906; Second Class: 5 August 1895)
  Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906; Grand Cordon: 3 June 1902)
 Prince (21 September 1907)
  Imperial Accession Commemorative Medal (10 November 1915)
 Silver gift cup set (1 April 1916)
  First World War Medal (1 April 1916)

Court order of precedence
 Senior sixth rank (May 1871)
 Senior fifth rank (24 February 1875)
 Fourth rank (16 December 1879)
 Senior fourth rank (24 May 1880)
 Third rank (27 December 1884)
 Second rank (19 October 1886)
 Senior second rank (20 December 1895)
 Junior First Rank (10 December 1916; posthumous)

Foreign
  Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (20 March 1883)
  Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Prussia (4 February 1884)
  Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the Kingdom of Italy (9 February 1885)
  Knight First Class of the Order of the Iron Crown of Austria-Hungary (9 February 1885)
  Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Eagle of the Russian Empire (1885)
  Order of the Crown of Thailand, 1st Class (1 May 1891)
  Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class of the Ottoman Empire (27 May 1891)
  Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown with swords (22 March 1906)
  Order of Merit (OM) of the United Kingdom (5 April 1906)
  Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France (27 December 1906; Grand Officer: 13 April 1883)

Other
Namesake of Oyama, British Columbia, a small town in British Columbia, Canada and Oyama Regional Park in Saskatchewan, Canada.

Ancestry

See also
Kimigayo
Katsura Ōyama

Notes

References
 Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins. ;

 Jansen, Marius B. and Gilbert Rozman, eds. (1986). Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ;  OCLC 12311985
  Jansen, Marius B., (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 44090600
 Keene, Donald. (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. New York: Columbia University Press. ; OCLC 46731178

Further reading

 Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao ("元帥公爵大山巌〔本編〕) ", with separate volume of Appendix. Oyama gensuiden kankokai (ed), 1935. Digital. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries.
 Based on 1940 edition.
 Gensui koshaku Oyama Iwao Nempu ("元帥公爵大山巌 年譜"), by another group Oyama gensuiden kankojo (ed), 1940. Available only at the NDL and partner libraries. **

External links

National Diet Library
 1,564 Original/microfisch items for Iwao Oyama (1842 – 1916), list of items  available as pdf format . Some are published on Digital Collection, NDL.

|-

1842 births
1916 deaths
Military personnel from Kagoshima Prefecture
People from Satsuma Domain
Marshals of Japan
Ministers of the Imperial Japanese Army
Nobles of the Meiji Restoration
Shimazu retainers
Kazoku
People of the Boshin War
Japanese military personnel of the First Sino-Japanese War
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Honorary members of the Order of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Deaths from diabetes
Imperial Japanese Army officers

Ōyama Iwao


An Entertaining Tale of Quadrupeds (Medieval Greek: Παιδιόφραστος διήγησις τῶν ζῴων τῶν τετραπόδων) is a Byzantine poem composed in the 14th century AD by an unknown author. It is notable for its cross-genre literary style, encompassing satire, didactic and romance (see Byzantine literature). The text takes the form of a dialogue between different domestic and wild animals, in a convention presided over by the King of the animals, the Lion.

Dating
The poem itself states that it was written on 15 September 1364. Modern commentators have generally accepted that the poem was written within 10–20 years either side of this date. It was probably written before 1382, as a specific kind of hat (Greek: σαρπούζιν; Arabic: sharbūsh) worn by Muslims in Mamluk Egypt was banned that year. The style and vigour of the text also suggest that the poem was written before the forced vassalage of the remaining Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire.

Author

Name
The author of the poem is unknown. The first verses of the Greek version form the acrostic 'ΔΙΟΓΕΝΟΥΣΘΕ' ('Diogenousthe'), which could suggest the author's name was Diogenes/Digines (Greek: Διογένης). The name is otherwise unknown in this context, and therefore the author's identity remains a mystery.

Social position
There are some indications in the text about the social position of the author in his 14th-century context. Much like the majority of literate persons in the Byzantine Empire at this time, the author was probably associated with the Byzantine Church, possibly a monk, scribe or secretary. This is supported by several clues in the poem. Firstly, the text ends with a reference to Psalm 33.16. Secondly, the author displays anti-Catholicism and anti-Semitism, characteristic of Byzantine clergy at this time. There are no allusions to personal relationships and marriage, though references to genitalia are plentiful.

Style
The text is in the form of a poem. The meter is composed of 15 syllables. Each section is separated by a Caesura between the 8th and 9th syllable. There are a total of 1082 verses and 36 stanzas.

Genre
The genre of the Tale is not clearly defined. There are features of Allegory, Bestiary, Fable/Beast fable and Epic poetry.

Allegory
The central allegory of the Tale is the depiction of Animal society, with its various characters and traits, as an allusion to contemporary Byzantine society. Many of the characters could fulfill numerous positions in Byzantine society: the Lion, a figure of supreme importance and power (Emperor, Patriarch of Constantinople, Pope); the Fox, a wily trickster (Court eunuch); the Elephant, a redundant giant (Co-Emperor).

Fable/Beast Fable
See: Beast fable

Bestiary
The Tale plausibly falls into the category of Bestiary. It lists many animals, both domestic and wild, among its protagonists: Lion, Elephant, Bear, Boar, Deer, Donkey, Horse, Wolf, Cheetah, Leopard, Dog, Fox, Hound, Ox, Buffalo, Hare, Goat, Nanny (female Goat), Ewe (female Sheep), Camel, Cat, Rat, Monkey, Sheep. Notably, neither birds nor insects feature in the entire story.

Epic poetry
Some aspects of the Tale are similar to the epic poetry, such as the Iliad and the Epic of Gilgamesh. Principally, the focal point and climax of the story is a battle between the two sides in the story. Alongside this, the fighting focuses on hand-to-hand combat:

Language
The Tale is written in Greek. The style of the language suggests that it was written down, as opposed to being recorded from an oral sources. The Tale is immediately remarkable for its use of profane language.

Koine and 'Atticising' Greek
Much in line with contemporary Byzantine literature, the Greek is a mixture of Koine, with close links to the spoken language of the day, and Attic Greek, a language of prestige and learning.

Loan-words
The two sources of loan-words in the Tale come from the East and the West.

Themes
There are several themes present in the text. These include the reversal of the established order, comedy, and loyalty to the church and loyalty to the state.

References

14th-century poems
Byzantine literature
Works of unknown authorship

An Entertaining Tale of Quadrupeds


Quonochontaug is a coastal lagoon in the towns of Charlestown and Westerly, both in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. It is the most saline of nine such lagoons (often referred to as "salt ponds") in southern Rhode Island.

Geography
Quonochontaug Pond is the deepest and most saline of the salt ponds.  It is connected directly to the sea by a breachway that was stabilized with rock jetties by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s.  And, as in the other ponds, sand eroding from the ocean side of the barrier beach is transported through the breachway into the pond where it settles and creates expanding shoals.  In contrast to the other ponds, however, much of "Quonnie's" western barrier beach remains in a protected, undeveloped state even though it is privately owned.

The town boundary between Westerly and Charlestown cuts through the middle of the pond.  Water quality in past years has been very good because the pond is relatively deep, well flushed by the tides, and development has been limited.  Quonnie is the least intensely developed of any of the ponds.  Most of the development is residential and much of it is occupied only seasonally.  Like all of the ponds, Quonnie is an important nursery for winter flounder, young striped bass, blue fish, and tautog.  Bay scallops fluctuate in abundance from year to year, but in a good year, they are often found in this salt pond.

In the past few years, development pressures have increased dramatically, even though the watershed area is relatively small and a large portion of it is wet, red maple swamps.  Much of the available remaining land is being subdivided into building lots.

This text is from Salt Pond Watchers Summary Data Report 1985 – 1987, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island Technical Report No. 10, October 1990, by P. Kullberg, V. Lee, and M. Platt.
Often referred to by locals as "Quonnie Pond", or "Quonnie", the lagoon is bounded on the south by coastal beaches, with a narrow breach way, created by the Army Corps of Engineers in the 1950s, providing access to Block Island Sound, and the Atlantic Ocean. The westernmost side of Quonnie is the site of the Weekapaug Inn, whose restaurants overlook the lagoon.

See also
Quonochontaug, Rhode Island

References

Charlestown, Rhode Island
Lagoons of Washington County, Rhode Island
Saline lakes of the United States
Westerly, Rhode Island

Quonochontaug Pond


Nigella Lucy Lawson (born 6 January 1960) is an English food writer, television cook, food critic, author, and television presenter.

She attended Godolphin and Latymer School, London. Having been rejected from Clare College, University of Cambridge , she then took a year out and applied to Lady Margaret Hall at the University of Oxford. After graduating from Oxford, Lawson started work as a book reviewer and restaurant critic, later becoming the deputy literary editor of The Sunday Times in 1986. She then embarked upon a career as a freelance journalist, writing for a number of newspapers and magazines. In 1998, her first cookery book, How to Eat, was published and sold 300,000 copies, becoming a best-seller. Her second book, How to Be a Domestic Goddess, was published in 2000, winning the British Book Award for Author of the Year.

In 1999, Lawson hosted her own cooking show series, Nigella Bites, on Channel 4, accompanied by another best-selling cookbook. Nigella Bites won Lawson a Guild of Food Writers Award; her 2005 ITV daytime chat show Nigella met with a negative critical reaction and was cancelled after attracting low ratings. She hosted the Food Network's Nigella Feasts in the United States in 2006, followed by a three-part BBC Two series, Nigella's Christmas Kitchen, in the UK, which led to the commissioning of Nigella Express on BBC Two in 2007. Her own cookware range, Living Kitchen, has a value of £7 million, and she has sold more than 8 million cookery books worldwide to date.

Early life
Nigella Lawson was born in 1960 in Wandsworth, London, one of the daughters of Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby (1932–2023), a business and finance journalist who later became a Conservative MP and Chancellor of the Exchequer in Margaret Thatcher's government, and his first wife Vanessa Salmon (1936–1985), a socialite and the heiress to the J. Lyons and Co. fortune. Both her parents were from Jewish families. Her given name was originally suggested by her grandmother. Her family owned homes in Kensington and Chelsea.

Nigel and Vanessa Lawson divorced in 1980, when Nigella was 20. They both remarried: her father that year to a House of Commons researcher, Therese Maclear (to whom he was married until 2008), and her mother, in the early 1980s, to philosopher A. J. Ayer (they remained married until her mother's death). As her father was at the time a prominent political figure, Nigella found some of the judgements and preconceptions that were formed about her frustrating. She has attributed her unhappiness as a child, in part, to the problematic relationship she had with her mother.

Lawson's mother died of liver cancer in Westminster, London at the age of 48. Lawson's full-blood siblings are her brother, Dominic, former editor of The Sunday Telegraph, sister Horatia, and sister Thomasina, who died of breast cancer, in her early thirties, in 1993; She has a half-brother, Tom, who is currently headmaster at Eastbourne College, and a half-sister, Emily; Tom and Emily are her father's children by his second wife. Lawson is a cousin to both George Monbiot and Fiona Shackleton through the Salmon family.

Ancestry
Taking part in the third series of the BBC family-history documentary series, Who Do You Think You Are?, Lawson sought to uncover some of her family's ancestry. She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany, leaving Lawson surprised not to have Sephardi ancestry, as she had believed. She also uncovered that her maternal great-great-great-grandfather, Coenraad Sammes (later Coleman Joseph), had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft. His daughter Hannah married Samuel Gluckstein, who was in business with Barnett Salmon of Salmon & Gluckstein. They had several children, including Isidore and Montague Gluckstein, who together with Salmon founded J. Lyons and Co. in 1887, and Helena, who married him. One of the children of Helena and Barnett Salmon was Alfred Salmon (1868–1928), the great-grandfather of Nigella Lawson.

Education
Lawson spent some of her childhood in the Welsh village of Higher Kinnerton. She had to move schools nine times between the ages of 9 and 18, and consequently she described her school years as difficult. "I was just difficult, disruptive, good at school work, but rude, I suspect, and too highly-strung", Lawson reflected. She was educated at several independent schools, among them Ibstock Place School, Queen's Gate School and Godolphin and Latymer School. She worked for many department stores in London, and went on to graduate from  Lady Margaret Hall at the University of Oxford with a second-class degree in medieval and modern languages. She lived in Florence, Italy, for a time.

Career

Early work
Lawson originally worked in publishing, first taking a job under publisher Naim Attallah. At 23, she began her career in journalism after Charles Moore had invited her to write for The Spectator – her father had previously been editor at the same publication, and her older brother soon would take up the same role. Her initial work at the magazine consisted of writing book reviews, after which she became a restaurant critic there in 1985. She became the deputy literary editor of The Sunday Times in 1986 aged 26.

She attracted publicity in 1989 when she admitted voting for Labour in an election, not her father's Conservative Party, and then criticised Margaret Thatcher in print. Regarding her political relationship with her father, Lawson has stated, "My father would never expect me to agree with him about anything in particular and, to be honest, we never talk about politics much."

After The Sunday Times, she embarked upon a freelance writing career, realising that "I was on the wrong ladder. I didn't want to be an executive, being paid to worry rather than think". In the United Kingdom, she wrote for The Daily Telegraph, the Evening Standard, The Observer and The Times Literary Supplement, and penned a food column for Vogue and a make-up column for The Times Magazine, as well as working with Gourmet and Bon Appétit in the United States. In 1995 Lawson left a two-week stint at Talk Radio early after making a statement that her shopping was done for her, apparently due to its incompatibility with the radio station's desired "common touch".
In the mid-1990s she occasionally hosted TV press-reviews slot What the Papers Say, and was co-host, with David Aaronovitch, of Channel 4 literary-discussion series Booked. In 1998 she repeatedly guested on Channel 4 cookery series Nigel Slater's Real-Food Show.

1998–2002: First cookery books and Nigella Bites
Lawson had an established sense of cooking from her childhood, having had a mother who enjoyed cooking. She conceived the idea of writing a cookbook after she observed a dinner party host in tears because of an unset crème caramel. How to Eat (1998), featuring culinary tips on preparation and saving time, sold 300,000 copies in the UK. The Sunday Telegraph dubbed it "the most valuable culinary guide published this decade".

Its successor, How to be a Domestic Goddess (2000), focuses primarily on baking. The Times wrote of the book that it "is defined by its intimate, companionable approach. She is not issuing matronly instructions like Delia; she is merely making sisterly suggestions". Lawson rejected feminist criticism of her book, adding that "[s]ome people did take the domestic goddess title literally rather than ironically. It was about the pleasures of feeling like one rather than actually being one." The book sold 180,000 copies in four months, and won Lawson the title of Author of the Year at the British Book Awards in 2001, fending off competition from authors such as J. K. Rowling. How to Eat and How to be a Domestic Goddess were published in the U.S. in 2000 and 2001. As a result of the book's success, The Observer took her on as a social affairs columnist.

Lawson next hosted her own cooking show television series, Nigella Bites, which ran from 1999 to 2001 on Channel 4, followed by a Christmas special in 2001. Victor Lewis-Smith, a critic usually known for his biting comments, praised Lawson for being "formidably charismatic". The first series of Nigella Bites averaged 1.9 million viewers, and won her the Television Broadcast of the Year at the Guild of Food Writers Awards and the Best Television Food Show at the World Food Media Awards in 2001. The show yielded an accompanying best-selling recipe book, also called Nigella Bites, for which Waterstone's book stores reported UK sales of over 300,000. The book won the WH Smith Lifestyle Book of the Year award.

The Nigella Bites series, which was filmed in her home in west London, was later broadcast on American television channels E! and Style Network. Lawson said of the US release, "In the UK, my viewers have responded to the fact I'm trying to reduce, not add to, their burden and I'm looking forward to making that connection with Style viewers across the US". Overall, Lawson was well received in the United States. Those who did criticise her often suggested she was too flirtatious; a commentator from The New York Times said, "Lawson's sexy roundness mixed with her speed-demon technique makes cooking dinner with Nigella look like a prelude to an orgy". The book of Nigella Bites became the second best-selling cook book of Christmas 2002 in America. The series was followed by Forever Summer with Nigella in 2002 on Channel 4, the concept being, "that you cook to make you still feel as though you're on holiday". Fellow food writer Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall condemned the concept as "cynical and reckless" and referred to the book as Fuck Seasonality.

In 2002 Lawson also began to write a fortnightly cooking article for The New York Times, and brought out a profitable line of kitchenware, called the Living Kitchen range, which is sold by numerous retailers. Her range's value has continued to grow, starting at an estimated £2 million in 2003.

2003–2006: Nigella Feasts and BBC contract

In November 2003, Lawson oversaw the menu and preparations for a lunch hosted by Tony Blair at Downing Street for George W. Bush and his wife during their state visit to the UK. Former First Lady of the United States, Laura Bush, is said to be a fan of Lawson's recipes and once included one of her soups as the starter for the 2002 presidential Christmas dinner. Lawson's fifth book, Feast: Food that Celebrates Life, released in 2004, made sales worth £3 million. London's Evening Standard wrote that the book "works both as a practical manual and an engrossing read. ... Nobody else writes so openly about the emotional significance of food." Lawson appeared frequently on American television in 2004, conducting cookery slots on talk shows such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show.

In the UK in 2005, Lawson started to host a daytime television chat show on ITV1 called Nigella, on which celebrity guests joined her in a studio kitchen. The first episode debuted with a disappointing 800,000 viewers. The show was met with a largely negative critical reaction, and after losing 40% of its viewers in the first week, the show was cancelled. She later commented to Radio Times that on her first show, she was almost too frightened to come out of her dressing room. Lawson added that having to pretend to be interested in the lives of the celebrities on her show became too much of an effort.

Her third food-based television series, called Nigella Feasts, debuted on the Food Network in the United States in Autumn 2006 for a 13-week run. Time magazine wrote a favourable review of the show; "the real appeal of Feasts ... is her unfussy, wry, practical approach to entertaining and quality comfort food. Feasts will leave you wishing for an invite".

Lawson was next signed to BBC Two to host a three-part cookery show entitled Nigella's Christmas Kitchen, which began on 6 December 2006 and aired weekly. The first two episodes secured the second highest ratings of the week for BBC Two, with the first episode debuting with a strong 3.5 million. The final episode went on to become the top show on BBC Two the week that it was aired. Nigella's Christmas Kitchen won Lawson a second World Food Media Award in 2007. Her influence as a food commentator was also demonstrated in late 2006, when after she had lauded goose fat as being an essential ingredient for Christmas, sales of the product increased significantly in the UK. Waitrose and Tesco both stated that goose fat sales had more than doubled, as well as Asda's increasing by 65% from the previous week. Similarly, after she advised using prunes in a recipe on Nigella's Christmas Kitchen, Waitrose had increased sales of 30% year on year.

2007–2009: Nigella Express and Nigella's Christmas
Nigella's Christmas Kitchen led to the commissioning of a 13-part cookery series about fast food entitled Nigella Express. She said, "The recipes aren't particularly healthy. That said, I wouldn't describe them as junk." The show became another ratings success and one of BBC Two's top-rated shows each week. The first episode debuted with 2.85 million viewers, a high percentage above the channel's slot average. The second episode's viewing figures rose to 3.3 million, and the series peaked at 3.4 million on 22 October 2007.

Her influence with the public was again demonstrated when sales of Riesling wine increased by 30% in the UK after she had incorporated it into her Coq au Riesling recipe on Nigella Express. In December 2007 she appeared on BBC's The Graham Norton Show and revealed that she had once eaten 30 pickled eggs for a £1,000 bet, saying "How stupid to challenge me! I made them all put their money on the table in front of me. The next day I had scrambled eggs for breakfast."

Lawson came under criticism when viewers complained that she had gained weight since the debut episode of the series. The Guardian however, noted, "the food matches her appearance – flawless, polished and sexy". The rights to Nigella Express were sold to Discovery Asia. The series was nominated at the 35th Daytime Emmy Awards in the United States for Outstanding Lifestyle Program, and Lawson herself for the Outstanding Lifestyle Host.

The accompanying book to Nigella Express was released in the UK in September 2007, US in November 2007, and in Australia in 2008. Sharing the same name as the television series, the book became another best-seller in the UK, and was outselling television chef Jamie Oliver by 100,000 copies, according to Waterstone's. It was reported that over 490,000 copies had been sold by mid-December in the UK. Furthermore, the book was number one for a period on Amazon UK's best-selling books, and was ninth on their overall list of Christmas best-sellers in any category. Paul Levy of The Guardian wrote that the tone of the recipes was "just right. One of the appealing things about Nigella's brief introductions to each of them is that she thinks not just as cook, but as eater, and tells you whether they're messy, sticky or fussy." In January 2008, Lawson was estimated to have sold more than 3 million books worldwide. Her Christmas book was released in October 2008 and the television show in December of the same year. An American edition of the book "Nigella Christmas" with a different cover photograph was released in November 2009 with an accompanying book tour of several US cities and a special on the USA's Food Network.

2010–2014: Nigellissima and The Taste

Lawson was featured as one of the three judges on a special battle of Iron Chef America, titled "The Super Chef Battle", which pitted White House Executive Chef Cristeta Comerford and Iron Chef Bobby Flay against chef Emeril Lagasse and Iron Chef Mario Batali. This episode was originally broadcast on 3 January 2010. Lawson's cookbook Kitchen: Recipes from the Heart of the Home (2010) is a tie-in with the TV series "Nigella Kitchen". This was shown in the UK and on the Food Network in the United States.

Nigellissima: Instant Italian Inspiration was released in 2012. The 8-part TV series entitled Nigellissima was broadcast by the BBC. Lawson obtained work experience in Italy during her gap year.

She travelled to the United States in 2013 and starred alongside Anthony Bourdain in the reality cooking show The Taste. The UK version of the show began airing on 7 January 2014 on Channel 4. Lawson was granted a visa to travel to the United States and travelled there for a continuation of the series. In 2014, Lawson was hired by a chocolate company to appear in an advertisement, the advertisement was filmed in New Zealand in May for a local confection manufacturer Whittaker's.

2015–present: Simply Nigella, Eurovision and Australian Television
The UK and US series of The Taste were both completed and in autumn 2015 Lawson began Simply Nigella for BBC 2. The focus was on comfort food, familiar dishes that are simple and quick to cook.

Lawson was spokesperson for the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015, giving the twelve points to Sweden's Måns Zelmerlöw and his song "Heroes", which went on to win the contest.

It was reported on 18 January 2016, that Lawson would make a return to Australian television, joining the eighth series of MasterChef Australia as a guest judge, alongside the returning judges. She returned to the show for the tenth series in 2018 and eleventh series in 2019.

In 2022, it was announced that Lawson would be returning to Australian television as a judge on the twelfth season of 7 Network's My Kitchen Rules. Lawson co-hosted and judged the first six episodes of the season alongside long term judge Manu Feildel before leaving the series after the first round of instant restaurants. In 2023, it was announced that Lawson would be returning to the show for its thirteenth season as a judge in Kitchen HQ alongside fellow returning judges Manu Feildel and Colin Fassnidge.

Presenting style and image
Though Lawson has enjoyed a successful career in cookery, she is not a trained chef, and does not like being referred to as a "celebrity chef". Furthermore, she does not see herself as a cook or an expert in her field. However, many have described her as a chef nonetheless. Throughout Lawson's television programmes, she emphasises that she cooks for her own pleasure, for enjoyment, and that she finds cooking therapeutic. When deciding upon which recipes to feature in her books, she takes the view of the eater, stating, "If it's something I don't want to carry on eating once I'm full, then I don't want the recipe ... I have to feel that I want to cook the thing again."

Lawson has adopted a casual approach to cooking, stating, "I think cooking should be about fun and family. ... I think part of my appeal is that my approach to cooking is really relaxed and not rigid. There are no rules in my kitchen." One editor, highlighting the technical simplicity of Lawson's recipes, noted that "her dishes require none of the elaborate preparation called for by most TV chefs".

Lawson has become renowned for her flirtatious manner of presenting, although she argues "It's not meant to be flirtatious. ... I don't have the talent to adopt a different persona. It's intimate, not flirtatious". The perceived overt sexuality of her presentation style has led to Lawson being called the "queen of food porn". Many commentators have alluded to Lawson's attractiveness, and she was once named as one of the world's most beautiful women. She has been referred to as "stunningly beautiful, warm, honest, likeable and amazingly normal", as well as being described as having "flawless skin, perfect white teeth, a voluptuous body, ample height and lots of lush, brown hair." Lawson has also been voted "Sexiest Celebrity Chef".

The media have also noted Lawson's ability to engage with both male and female viewers; The Guardian wrote, "Men love her because they want to be with her. Women love her because they want to be her." Chef Gary Rhodes said that viewers were attracted to her smile rather than her cooking. Despite often being labelled as a "domestic goddess", she insists that she exhibits very few of the qualities associated with the title.

Personal life

First marriage and children

Lawson met journalist John Diamond in 1986, when they were both writing for The Sunday Times. They married in Venice in 1992, and had a daughter, Cosima, and a son, Bruno. Diamond was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1997 and died in March 2001, aged 47. One of his last messages to Lawson was, "How proud I am of you and what you have become. The great thing about us is that we have made us who we are." His death occurred during the filming of Nigella Bites; "I took a fortnight off. But I'm not a great believer in breaks", Lawson said; she suffered a bout of depression following the funeral. After Diamond's death, Lawson kept all of the press clippings in what she called her "Morbidobox".

Second marriage
Lawson married art collector Charles Saatchi in September 2003.

In June 2013, photographs were published by The Sunday People of Lawson being grabbed around the neck by Saatchi, during an argument outside a London seafood restaurant. According to a witness, Lawson was very distressed by the incident. Saatchi later described the pictures as showing only a "playful tiff" and his trying to emphasise a point. After a police investigation of the incident, Saatchi was cautioned for assault, and Lawson left the family home. Lawson said in court Saatchi subjected her to "intimate terrorism", that he threatened to destroy her unless she cleared him in court. Subsequently, while giving evidence, Lawson claimed casual cruelty and controlling behaviour by Saatchi made her unhappy and drove her to occasional drug use. She cited as examples that Saatchi prevented her entertaining at home and punished her for going to a birthday party of a woman friend. She was not beaten but was left emotionally scarred.

Saatchi announced his divorce from Lawson in early July, stating that he had "clearly been a disappointment to Nigella during the last year or so" and the couple had "become estranged and drifted apart". Lawson made no public comment in response; however, court papers showed that it was Lawson who applied for divorce, citing ongoing unreasonable behaviour. On 31 July 2013, seven weeks after the incident, the pair were granted a decree nisi, ending their ten-year marriage. They reached a private financial settlement.

Assistants' fraud trial
On 27 November 2013, a trial of the former couple's two personal assistants, Italian-born sisters began in R v Grillo and Grillo. The Grillos were accused of fraudulently using the credit cards of Saatchi's private company. During court proceedings in early December, the sisters claimed that Lawson had permitted their use of the credit cards in exchange for their silence regarding her drug use. Questions regarding Lawson's drug use were allowed by the judge as part of the sisters' "bad character" defence. Lawson admitted to taking cocaine and cannabis but denied she had been addicted, stating, "I found it made an intolerable situation tolerable." On 20 December 2013, the two sisters were acquitted. Scotland Yard said that Lawson would not be investigated over the drug allegations.

Charles Saatchi was alleged to have started a smear campaign against Lawson in the British media through PR man Richard Hillgrove before the trial was over. Lawson's lawyers demanded that Hillgrove remove comments about her from his blog. Lawson said in court that ending her marriage to Saatchi had created intolerable conditions for herself and her family, describing Saatchi as "a brilliant but brutal man".

Lawson maintained she was "totally cannabis, cocaine, any drug, free" after the divorce.

On 30 March 2014 Lawson was not permitted to board a flight from London to Los Angeles. The US Department of Homeland Security explained that foreigners who had admitted drug taking were deemed "inadmissible". However, US authorities invited her to apply for a visa shortly afterwards, and she was granted a "waiver of inadmissibility" allowing her to travel to the US.

Interests and beliefs
In 2008 Lawson reported that she held a personal fortune of £15 million. Her husband Charles Saatchi was worth £100 million at that time. She said her two children should not inherit any of her money, saying: "I am determined that my children should have no financial security. It ruins people not having to earn money."

Lawson is of Jewish heritage. Both of Lawson's parents are Jewish and her upbringing was non-observant. Lawson is an atheist. In one of her newspaper articles, she said "most [women] simply have, somewhere, a fantasy about having sex, in a non-defining, non-exclusive way, with other women."

Lawson is a supporter of the Lavender Trust which gives support to young women with breast cancer. She first became involved with the charity in 2002 when she baked some lavender cupcakes to be auctioned at a fundraising event, which sold for a significant amount of money. She subsequently featured the recipe in her book Forever Summer with Nigella.

In December 2008, Lawson was criticised by animal rights groups for comments which suggested it would be morally acceptable to wear the fur of an animal that one had killed, and that she would be proud to wear the fur of a bear that she had hunted or "[gone] into battle" with.

It was revealed by leaked Whitehall documents in 2003 that Lawson declined an OBE from Queen Elizabeth II in 2001, explaining that "I'm not saving lives and I'm not doing anything other than something I absolutely love." As the daughter of a life peer, Lawson is entitled to the courtesy style of "The Honourable", and may thus be referred to as The Hon. Nigella Lawson; however, she does not use this courtesy style.

Lawson has stated that she believes cooking is "a metaphor for life", in the sense that "When you cook, you need structure [...] but just as importantly you need to be able to loosen up and go with the flow [...] you must not strive for perfection but, rather, acknowledge your mistakes and work out how you can rectify them". She has described cooking as "a way of strengthening oneself", in the sense that "being able to sustain oneself is the skill of the survivor".

Television credits

Awards
2000 – British Book Award – Author of the Year for How to Be a Domestic Goddess
2001 – WH Smith Book Award – How to Be a Domestic Goddess shortlisted for Lifestyle Book of the Year
2001 – Guild of Food Writers – Television Broadcast of the Year for Nigella Bites
2001 – World Food Media Award – Gold Ladle Best Television Food Show for Nigella Bites2002 – WH Smith Book Awards – Lifestyle Book of the Year for Nigella Bites2007 – World Food Media Award – Gold Ladle Best Food and/or Drink Television Show for Nigella's Christmas Kitchen2016 – Fortnum & Mason TV Personality of the Year
2021 – nominated for BAFTA for her pronunciation of mee-cro-wah-vay (microwave) during an episode of her series Nigella's Cook, Eat, Repeat.

BibliographyHow to Eat: Pleasures and Principles of Good Food, Chatto and Windus, John Wiley & Sons, (, 1998)How to Be a Domestic Goddess: Baking and the Art of Comfort Cooking, Chatto and Windus, (, 2000)Nigella Bites, Chatto and Windus, (, 2001)Forever Summer with Nigella, Chatto and Windus, (, 2002)Feast: Food that Celebrates Life, Chatto and Windus, (, 2004) or Hyperion (, 2004)Nigella Lawson, A Biography, Gilly Smith (, 2006)Nigella Express, Chatto and Windus, (, 2007)Nigella Christmas, Chatto and Windus (, 2008)Nigella Kitchen: Recipes from the Heart of the Home, Chatto and Windus (, 2010) Nigellissima: Instant Italian Inspiration, Chatto and Windus (, 2012)How To Be A Domestic Goddess, Chatto and Windus (, 2014)Simply Nigella, Chatto and Windus (, 2015)At My Table: A Celebration of Home Cooking, Chatto and Windus, (, 2017)Nigella's Cook, Eat, Repeat'', Chatto and Windus (, 2020)

References

External links

1960 births
20th-century British non-fiction writers
20th-century British women writers
20th-century atheists
21st-century British non-fiction writers
21st-century British women writers
21st-century atheists
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
British Book Award winners
Daughters of life peers
English Jews
English atheists
English broadcasters
English food writers
British restaurant critics
British gastronomes
English journalists
English people of Dutch descent
English people of Dutch-Jewish descent
English people of German-Jewish descent
English people of Latvian-Jewish descent
English television chefs
English television presenters
Food Network chefs
Jewish atheists
Jewish women writers
Living people
People educated at Godolphin and Latymer School
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Wandsworth
Saatchi family
Salmon family
The Sunday Times people
Writers from London

Nigella Lawson


The Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology is located in Bremen, Germany. It was founded in 1992, almost a year after the foundation of its sister institute, the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology at Marburg. In 1996, the institute moved into new buildings at the campus of the University of Bremen. It is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).

Currently, the institute consists of three departments with several associated research groups:
 Biogeochemistry (headed by Dr. Marcel Kuypers)
 Molecular Ecology (headed Prof. Dr. Rudolf Amann)
 Symbiosis (headed by Prof. Dr. Nicole Dubilier)

Additionally, the following research groups reside in the institute.
 Microbial Physiology (headed by Dr. Boran Kartal)
 Greenhouse Gases (headed Dr. Jana Milucka)
 Microbial Genomics and Bioinformatics (headed by Prof. Dr. Frank Oliver Glöckner)
 Flow Cytometry (headed by Dr. Bernhard Fuchs)
 Metabolic Interactions (headed by Dr. Manuel Liebeke)
 Microsensors (headed by Dr. Dirk de Beer)
 HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology (headed by Prof. Dr. Antje Boetius)
 MARUM MPG Bridge Group Marine Glycobiology (headed Dr. Jan-Hendrik Hehemann)
 Max Planck Research Group Microbial Metabolism (headed by Dr. Tristan Wagner)
 Marine Geochemistry Group (headed by Prof. Dr. Thorsten Dittmar)
 Max Planck Research Group for Marine Isotope Geochemistry (headed by Dr. Katharine Pahnke-May)

Degree programme
 The MPI for Marine Microbiology offers the PhD programme "International Max-Planck Research School (IMPRS) of Marine Microbiology" (Marmic) together with the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, the University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen.

References

External links
 Official site MPI-Bremen

Marine Microbiology
Genetics in Germany
Microbiology institutes


Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a type of gases that can move through the air easily. They are organic compounds, which means they contain carbon. They have a high vapor pressure, so they become gas at a low temperature. Most scents that we can smell come from molecules of VOCs.

VOCs are often made through burning. For example, burning fossil fuels makes VOCs. They are a common type of air pollution. High levels of VOCs in the air can affect breathing, affect the immune system, and cause allergies. They can also react with other chemicals and make smog.

Organic compounds
Air pollution

Volatile organic compound


Taiaroa is a genus of deep-water, solitary marine octocorals in the family Taiaroidae. Taiaroa is monotypic in the family Taiaroidae and contains a single species, Taiaroa tauhou. The species was first described by the marine zoologists Frederick M. Bayer and Katherine Margaret Muzik in 1976. The scientific name derives from "Taiaroa", the submarine canyon off New Zealand in which the first specimens were found and "tauhou", the Maori word for "strange".

Taxonomy
In 1973, a new species of solitary octocoral was dredged from the seabed off the Otago Peninsula, New Zealand, at a depth of . At first it was believed to be a species of burrowing sea anemone and it was given to marine biologist Dr. Cadet Hand for examination. He quickly realised it was an octocoral and sought the assistance of marine biologist Dr Frederick Bayer, who gave it the name Taiaroa tauhou. In 1976, the suborder Protoalcyonaria was re-established to accommodate it and further specimens which had been discovered. This higher-level taxon had been erected by Sydney Hickson in 1894 for non-colonial octocorals. However, there was doubt whether these were really solitary, or whether they were just the young forms of colonial species, and it became redundant when the genera included in it were all transferred to other taxa.

In 2022 the species was reclassified as a member of the newly erected order Malacalcyonacea.

Description
Taiaroa tauhou has a tall, cylindrical body held in place in soft substrate by numerous filaments attached to the base. The anthocodia, the upper part of the polyp bearing the eight pinnate tentacles and the mouth, can be fully retracted back into the anthostele, the rigid, lower part of the polyp. The anthostele is strengthened by spindle-shaped calcareous sclerites and has eight longitudinal ridges. It comprises more than half of the polyp's length. The largest individual examined had a total length of  and a maximum diameter of . The retractible anthocodia measured . The body wall is opaque and beige in colour. The filaments securing the polyp to the substrate are encrusted with sediment.

Biology
Taiaroa tauhou is a solitary coral that reproduces solely by means of sexual reproduction. It may be a hermaphrodite, as one individual examined contained both eggs and spermaries (sperm producing organs), but other individuals only contained eggs or were exclusively male. It is unclear whether the gonads in the bisexual individual were attached to the body wall. It may be that the males liberate spermaries which are ingested by the females, resulting in internal fertilisation, and this would mean that the animals are not hermaphroditic.

References

Protoalcyonaria
Invertebrates of New Zealand
Animals described in 1976

Taiaroa tauhou