Great Dixter is a house in Northiam, East Sussex, England. It was built in 1910–12 by architect Edwin Lutyens, who combined an existing mid-15th century house on the site with a similar structure brought from Benenden, Kent, together with his own additions. It is a Grade I listed building. The garden, widely known for its continuous tradition of sophisticated plantsmanship, is Grade I listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

House

The original Northiam house, known as Dixter, dating from the mid-15th century, was acquired by a businessman named Nathaniel Lloyd in 1909. He had a 16th-century house in a similar style moved from Kent and the two were combined with new work by Lutyens to create a much larger house, which was rechristened Great Dixter. It is a romantic recreation of a medieval manor house, complete with great hall, parlour, solar and yeoman's hall.

Garden
Lloyd and Lutyens began the garden at Great Dixter, but it was Lloyd's son Christopher Lloyd, a well known garden writer and television personality, who made it famous. The garden is in the arts and crafts style, and features topiary, a long border, an orchard and a wild flower meadow. The planting is profuse, yet structured, and has featured many bold experiments of form, colour and combination. The garden is currently managed by Fergus Garrett, who worked closely with Lloyd up until his death in 2006 as Head Gardener and introduced a number of innovations  into the planting scheme.

In the grounds of Great Dixter are three 18th-century oast houses, under a common roof, and a 15th-century barn. These are Grade II* listed.

Management
The house and garden are open to the public from the end of March to late October each year, while the nursery is open year-round. In 2003, the Great Dixter Charitable Trust was established by Christopher Lloyd to ensure the property was preserved after his death.  Education is at the heart of the trust's work. A number of  student placements and scholarships are offered every year to ensure that the skills of managing an intricate, complex garden are passed on.  In addition, study days, week-long Symposia, workshops and lectures are held frequently

References

External links

Official site
Daily pics from Great Dixter Garden

Gardens in East Sussex
Country houses in East Sussex
Grade I listed buildings in East Sussex
Grade I listed houses
Historic house museums in East Sussex
Houses completed in 1912
Arts and Crafts architecture in England
Works of Edwin Lutyens in England
1912 establishments in England
Hall houses
Northiam

Great Dixter


William Stubbs (1835 or 1836 – 16 March 1914) was a British trade union leader.

Stubbs grew up in Leek, Staffordshire, and became a shoemaker.  He was a supporter of trade unionism, and became the secretary of the Silk Dyers' General Society in the town, and by 1872 was also the secretary of the Silk Twisters' Society by 1872, while remaining a shoemaker.  He was also active in the Ancient Order of Foresters.

In 1872, the unions put in a claim for a 10% wage increase, which they stated would still leave them earning less than other workers in the industry had already received.  This was denied, and so Stubbs led a strike, increasing the demand to a 20% increase with extra for overtime.  When the owners offered 10%, Stubbs persuaded the union to settle.  He remained leader of the unions, but they declined in membership.

In 1884, the Amalgamated Society of Silk Pickers was established, and Stubbs also became its secretary.  This was followed by the foundation of the Amalgamated Society of Winders, Fillers and Braid Makers in 1889, the Amalgamated Society of Silk Spinners and Throwsters in 1890, and the Amalgamated Society of Female Silk Operatives in 1892, Stubbs leading them all.  Yet all these unions remained very small, membership in 1892 ranging from 230 for the Pickers, down to 33 for the Spinners.  The Dyers dissolved at some point, but a new Leek Amalgamated Society of Silk and Cotton Dyers was established in 1897, again under Stubbs' leadership.  Stubbs also served on Leek Board of Guardians from 1901 to 1907, and 1908 onwards.

William Bromfield came to prominence in the Leek union movement, and began taking over as leader of many of the unions.  By 1907, Stubbs was secretary only of the Twisters and the Pickers.  He supported the formation of the Leek Textile Federation that year, and was nominated as its secretary, but was defeated by Bromfield.  He died in 1914, still in office.

References

1830s births
1914 deaths
General secretaries of British trade unions
People from Leek, Staffordshire

William Stubbs (trade unionist)


The Dermis Probe is a book by Idries Shah published by Octagon Press in 1970. A paperback edition was published in 1989 and again in 1993. The stories presented in the book are also available in an audio format.

Shortly before he died, Shah stated that his books form a complete course that could fulfil the function he had fulfilled while alive. The Dermis Probe can therefore be read as part of a course of study on Sufism.

Content

The Dermis Probe is a collection of teaching stories and proverbs drawn from Sufi tradition. The book also contains a section of supporting notes;

"These notes are of varying subject: sometimes amplification of the theme, sometimes book references, sometimes biographical; some stories, too, have no note at all, though not many, being either self-explanatory or – in Sufi style – entities in themselves which should not be interfered with."

The title piece is a modern retelling of the "Blind men and an elephant" published by Sanai of Ghazna in Afghanistan. This story was later published by Sanai's student, the poet and mystic Jalaludin Rumi in his Masnavi in the latter half of the thirteenth century.

Shah's adaptation begins with a conference of scientists, from different fields of expertise, presenting their distorted conclusions on the material which the camera is focused upon. As the camera slowly zooms out it becomes clear for the first time that the material under examination is the hide of an African elephant. The words "The Parts Are Greater Than The Whole" then appear on the screen.

This retelling formed the script for a short four-minute film by the animator Richard Williams. The film was chosen as an Outstanding Film of the Year and was exhibited at the London and New York City film festivals.

Reception

The Guardian review commented that; "Shah's materials take people by surprise...such a sharp angle to our current conventions...like a peep-show into a world which most people do not imagine exists."

The New York Times book review wrote that "...The Dermis Probe develops the theme of patterns of material – arrangements: it is necessary to remember that the position of a story and its relation to others – which may be in other volumes – can be important."

References

External links
 Official Idries Shah Foundation website
Free online book on the ISF website

Sufi literature
Books by Idries Shah
1970 books

The Dermis Probe


Nightfall: Escape is a  survival horror game developed and published by Filipino company Zeenoh Inc. The game was created for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux, and was released as a full game on June 26, 2016, for the Steam platform. The player controls Ara Cruz, a field journalist who is assigned to investigate an old mansion that lead to a series of mysterious disappearances. Nightfall: Escape received mixed positive and negative reviews from critics, but it was praised for its narrative story and the uniqueness of the monsters used. Nightfall: Escape was awarded as the Most Outstanding Narrative Story by the Department of Information and Communications Technology in collaboration with the Game Developers Association of the Philippines, and the Animation Council of the Philippines held an awards night ceremony for games and animation on November 27, 2015, at SM Mall of Asia Cinema 5.

The development of Nightfall: Escape began in October 2014 as a mobile game but later upgraded into a PC game for the Steam platform soon after the announcement campaign in Kickstarter and Square Enix collective. Although after a few months, the team decided to back out of Kickstarter and open the game in early access in the Steam platform. The game has gotten "greenlit" by the Steam Greenlight service, available for download on the Steam platform ever since the Pre-Alpha PC Version on May 11, 2015, while the beta version was released on May 30, 2016.

Gameplay
Nightfall: Escape is a survival horror game set in a haunted mansion homed by  Philippine mythical creatures. Its presentation is similar to Silent Hill, where the protagonist gets trapped in an alternate dimension with no escape.

The player's character, Ara, is initially equipped with a flashlight, but eventually obtains a shard that would let her use a "bloodlight" to see hints and items being hidden in plain sight. This feature is very useful though there are setbacks as the characters visibility to some monsters become eminent. This feature also drains the life of the character, although her life is able to regenerate. The player is able to collect tools and weapons to use in some scenarios. The player must unlock the mystery of the haunted mansion as light shards collected in the game shows the historical events that circulates around it. Other items are hidden for the player collect to help solve various puzzles in the mansion.

The game also comes with a pause screen menu where they can view 3 different divisions which are the Inventory, Bestiary and Gallery. The inventory of the game features a grid system, which is automatically opened when the player interacts with unlockables, and puzzles. The Bestiary together with the Gallery however is featured in a Panel System. The Bestiary section is where they can see the stories or origin of the monsters they encounter throughout the game and, lastly, the Gallery is where the player is able to see the monsters' 3D models that are equivalent to collectibles or trophies.

Plot
Nightfall: Escape puts the player in the perspective of Ara Cruz, a field journalist who was given a chance to investigate the mysterious disappearances in a remote area which started to rise. She soon realises that the disappearances has something more than what they seemed. With no help from her reliable assistant Jolo, she must uncover the mystery that surrounds the abandoned mansion infested with creatures where she thought only existed in lores. Either she will uncover the story of the missing people or become another number in the count.

Story
In 1899, during Spanish rule in the Philippines, there lived a wealthy mestizo family, the Dela Vega. They had a daughter named Maria, who was enthusiastic and kind to everyone. She befriends the son of a family's maid named Simon, who is the errand boy. They eventually became lovers. At the outbreak of the Philippine–American War, Simon decided to enlist in the army to defend the country. Due to circumstances, he became a prisoner of war.

With the Spanish and American occupation ceased, he returns home and sought out Maria dela Vega. At a gathering in the mansion, he sneaks in and pretends to be a guest. He soon unravels her family's legacy and her engagement to another rich man. The news enrages him and he has a heated confrontation with Maria. Enraged, Simon rapes and kills Maria, and kills her fiancé. Filled with guilt, the man takes his own life by hanging himself on a balete tree.

In 2008, a journalist named Ara Cruz was in need of finding news worthy of saving the newspaper company that she works for. She receives information of people disappearing in an abandoned mansion in a secluded area in the Northern Philippines. Ara, together with her assistant Jon "Jolo" Luigi, drive to the abandoned mansion at night to uncover the story themselves. Much to Ara's need of assistance, Jolo falls asleep during their travel, leaving her to enter the haunted property alone, fighting hordes of zombies along the way. In the end, she defeats Simon's evil form and helps the souls of Maria and Simon reunite, where they depart to the afterlife. Ara quickly escapes the now-burning mansion and is then attacked by a Manananggal. After the end credits, Ara is seen returning to her office where she picks up Maria's mirror that she got from the mansion. Her reflection suddenly changes into a demonic look. It is unknown if this is an illusion or if she is possessed by the Manananggal.

References

External links

2016 video games
Fiction about photography
Video games about curses
Video games about ghosts
Indie games
Linux games
Video games based on mythology
MacOS games
Psychological horror games
Single-player video games
Steam Greenlight games
Survival video games
Video games developed in the Philippines
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in the Philippines
Video games set in abandoned buildings and structures
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games

Nightfall: Escape


The M1903 Springfield rifle was a bolt-action rifle used by the Military of the United States during both World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the early part of the Vietnam War.

The Springfield was based on the German G98 Mauser rifle. It holds up to five .30-06 Springfield bullets.

It was the US's main rifle during World War I. In 1936, it was replaced by the M1 Garand, a semi-automatic rifle. This was because semi-automatic rifles could fire bullets more quickly than bolt-action rifles. This was important because in World War I much of the fighting took place in trenches. In tight spaces like those in trench warfare, it is very important to be able to shoot quickly, and semi-automatic firearms do a better job at that than bolt-action rifles. However, it was still commonly used during World War II, and it became the main sniper rifle for the US. It was the main sniper rifle of the US until the early part of the Vietnam War.

Rifles

M1903 Springfield rifle


Frederico Guedes de Freitas (born Lisbon, Portugal; 15 November 1902 – 12 January 1980) was a Portuguese composer, conductor, musicologist, and pedagogue.

De Freitas studied at the National Conservatory, winning the Composition Prize in 1926 for his Nocturno for cello and piano. He also served as conductor of the Portuguese Broadcasting Company's chamber orchestra, as well as the assistant director of its symphony. In 1940 he created the Lisbon Choral Society, and from 1949 to 1953 he led the Oporto Symphony.

De Freitas composed in many different genres. His music ranges from polytonal to nationalist and pictorial in character. His works include a radio opera, ballets, and many other orchestral compositions, in addition to vocal, chamber music, and piano pieces.

References

Biography (in Portuguese)

Portuguese composers
Portuguese male composers
Portuguese conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Portuguese musicologists
Musicians from Lisbon
1902 births
1980 deaths
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century composers
20th-century musicologists
20th-century male musicians

Frederico de Freitas


Myanmar–Thailand relations refers to the current and historical relations between Myanmar (also known as Burma) and Thailand. Myanmar has an embassy in Bangkok. Thailand has an embassy in Yangon. Relations between Burma and Thailand focus mainly on economic issues and trade. There is sporadic conflict with Thailand over three disputed islands.

Country comparison

Military history

Burmese–Siamese War (1547-1549)

The Burmese–Siamese war of 1548 was the first of many wars fought between the Burmese of Pegu and the Siamese of Ayutthaya. The war began with an invasion by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty through the Three Pagodas Pass into Siamese territory, which presaged an attack on the capital city of Ayutthaya itself. The invasion came after a political crisis in Ayutthaya that had ended with the placing of Maha Chakkraphat on the Siamese thrones

The war is notable for the introduction of early modern warfare by Portuguese mercenaries. It is most notable in the history of Thailand for the valiant death in battle of Siamese Queen Suriyothai on her war elephant. As a result, the conflict is often referred to in Thailand as the War that led to the loss of Queen Suriyothai.

Burmese–Siamese War (1594–1605)

The Burmese–Siamese War (1594–1605) was the war caused by the vengeance of Siam towards the Burmese rule. King Naresuan of Ayutthaya was planning to conquer Burma. The war began with Siamese attacks on and occupation of the cities of Tenasserim and Myeik, then proceeded to Toungoo.

Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)

The Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) was the second military conflict between the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma and the Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty of Siam (Thailand), and the war that ended the four-century-old Siamese kingdom. Nonetheless, the Burmese were soon forced to give up their hard-won gains when the Chinese invasions of their homeland forced a complete withdrawal by the end of 1767. A new Siamese dynasty, to which the current Thai monarchy traces its origin, emerged to reunify Siam by 1770.

This war was the continuation of the war of 1759–1760. The casus belli of this war were also the control of the Tenasserim coast and its trade, and the Siamese support for the rebels in the Burmese border regions. The war began in August 1765 when a 20,000-strong northern Burmese army invaded northern Siam, and was joined in by three southern armies of over 20,000 in October, in a pincer movement on Ayutthaya. By late January 1766, the Burmese armies had overcome numerically superior but poorly coordinated Siamese defences, and converged before the Siamese capital.

The siege of Ayutthaya began during the first Chinese invasion of Burma. The Siamese believed that if they could hold out until the rainy season, the seasonal flooding of the Ayutthayan central plain would force a retreat. But King Hsinbyushin of Burma believed that the Chinese war was a minor border dispute, and decided to continue the siege. During the rainy season of 1766 (June–October), the battle moved to the waters of the flooded plain but failed to change the status quo. When the dry season came, the Chinese launched a much larger invasion but Hsinbyushin still refused to recall the troops. In March 1767, King Ekkathat of Siam offered to become a tributary but the Burmese demanded an unconditional surrender. On 7 April 1767, the Burmese sacked the starving city for the second time in history, committing atrocities that have left a major black mark on Burmese-Thai relations to the present day. Thousands of Siamese captives were relocated to Burma.

The Burmese occupation was short-lived. In November 1767, the Chinese again invaded with their largest force yet, finally convincing Hsinbyushin to withdraw his forces from Siam. In the ensuing Siamese civil war, Taksin's Thonburi forces emerged the sole winner by mid-1770. The Burmese had also defeated a fourth Chinese invasion by December 1769.

By then, a new stalemate had taken hold. Burma had annexed the lower Tenasserim coast but again failed to eliminate Siam as the sponsor of rebellions in her eastern and southern borderlands. In the following years, Hsinbyushin was preoccupied by the Chinese threat, and did not renew the Siamese war until 1775—only after Lan Na had revolted again with Siamese support. The post-Ayutthaya Siamese leadership proved more than capable; they defeated the next two invasions (1775–1776 and 1785–1786), and annexed Lan Na in the process.

Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)

Bodawpaya of Burma pursued his ambitious campaigns to expand his dominions. The Burmese-Siamese War (1785–1786) was called "Nine Armies War" by Siam because the Burmese came in nine armies. The armies surged into Lan na and Northern Siam, yet the governor of Lampang managed to partly halt the Burmese, waiting for the troops from Bangkok. As Phitsanulok was captured, Rama I himself led an army to the north.

In the south, Bodawpaya was waiting at Three Pagodas Pass. The Front Palace led his troops to the south the counter-attacked the Burmese came from Ranong through Nakhon Si Thammarat and the engagements occurred at Kanchanaburi. The Burmese also attacked Thalang (Phuket), where to governor had just died. Chan, wife of the governor, and her sister Mook gathered people to defend Thalang against the Burmese. Today, Chan and Mook are revered as two heroines opposing the Burmese invasions.

The Burmese proceeded to capture Songkhla. Upon hearing the news, the governors of Phatthalung fled. However, a monk named Phra Maha encouraged the citizens to turn up their arms against the Burmese. Phra Maha was later raised to nobility by Rama I.

As his armies were destroyed, Bodawpaya retreated, only to renew attacks the next year (1786). Bodawpaya, this time, didn't divide his troops but instead formed into single army. Bodawpaya passed through the Chedi Sam Ong and settled in Ta Din Dang. The Front Palace marched the Siamese forces to face Bodawpaya. The fighting was very short and Bodawpaya was quickly defeated. This short war was called "Ta Din Dang campaign".

19th century relations
In the 19th century, Burma became a colony of the British Empire. This prevented any Burmo - Siamese conflict.

20th century relations

World War II
In 1942, Thailand sent the Phayap Army to occupy the Shan State and Kayah State of Burma. The principal objective of the army commander was to procure opium.
Diplomatic relations were established in 1948.

21st century relations
Recently, Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva made clear that dialogue encouraging political change is a priority for Thailand, but not through economic sanctions. He also made clear to reconstruct temples damaged in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis. However, there were tensions over detained opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, with Thailand calling for her release. She was released in 2010.

Disputed territory
, sovereignty over three Andaman Sea islands remains disputed. The standing agreement, negotiated in February 1982, left undetermined the status of Ginga Island (Ko Lam), Ko Kham, and Ko Ki Nok at the mouth of the Kraburi River (Pakchan River). Subsequent negotiations in 1985, 1989, and 1990 made no progress. The two parties have designated the islands as "no man's land". Ongoing tensions in the area resulted in minor clashes in 1998, 2001, 2003, and 2013.

2010 Burma Border clashes

The 2010 Burma border clashes were a series of ongoing skirmishes between the Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and splinter brigades of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA). The clashes erupted along the border with Thailand shortly after the general election on 7 November 2010. An estimated 10,000 refugees have fled into nearby neighbouring Thailand to escape the violent conflict. There is concern that due to discontent with the elections, and speculations of electoral fraud, that the conflict could escalate into a civil war.

Modern political history

Present political relations
In 2018, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing received the Knight Grand Cross First Class of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant, after being nominated by King Maha Vajiralongkorn.

2021 unrests in Thailand and Myanmar
Both Thailand and Myanmar have been in chaos due to protests (2020–2021 Thai protests and 2021 Myanmar protests) against the military juntas in both countries; there has been solidarity between Thai and Burmese protesters. However, while Thai protests, despite its significance, is mostly peaceful, the Burmese protests were met with brutal repression. The Thai government, led by a former General himself, is accused of helping the Tatmadaw to maintain power in Myanmar, which was denied. At the same time, Burmese refugees have been flowing to Thailand, creating a border crisis and fear of COVID-19 spikes, in which the Thai government was also accused of trying to drive the refugees away, despite having guaranteed not to turn away the refugees.

See also
 Burmese–Siamese wars
 Foreign relations of Thailand
 Foreign relations of Burma
 History of Thailand
 History of Burma
 Myanmar–Thailand border

References

Further reading

 International Boundary Study No. 63 – February 1, 1966 Burma – Thailand Boundary

Thailand
Bilateral relations of Thailand

Myanmar–Thailand relations


Dimitar of Kratovo () was a 15th-century Slavic  writer and lexicographer, and one of the most important members of the  during the Ottoman Empire.

Biography
We know next to nothing about his life. In all probability he was a priest or, even more likely, a monk. Dimitar was active in mid-15th century at the time when his town, Kratovo was in the hands of Ottomans for more than half a century. However, ore rich vicinity of the town and the wealth that stemmed from this source made it an important center for various arts, not least literature.

In 1466 the Archbishop of Ohrid, Dorotheus, was searching for a learned men to translate the Syntagma of Matthew Blastares from Greek into Serbian because his cathedral seat did not have that book in the language that would be understood by natives. When he visited Kratovo he met Dimitar and appointed him to do this.

When Dimitar started the translation he noted the whole story saying that he began to translate the "Law Book" for Archbishop Dorotheus of Ohrid "from Greek language into Serbian" (v eže sastaviti mi pisaniem srbskoga jezika sočinenie, rekše knigu imenuemu zakonik) since the Cathedral Church in Ohrid did not have that book "in Serbian" (po jeziku srbskom) but only in Greek.

Work
After translating the Syntagma, Dimitar continued and in its nine pages (out of ten that survived) he noted down a list of metropolitans and archbishops under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. He continued with a brief Latin–Slavic dictionary of only sixty-seven words. This is followed by his "Epilogue" — an original literary text — in which Dimitar told the story of how the book came to be translated and gives us his thoughts on life, morals, religion, Church and society of his day and age. In the end the author left transcripts of two letters exchanged in 1456 between Archbishop Dorotheus and Moldavian duke Stephen the Great.

See also
 Saint Sava who is remembered as the father of Serbian medieval literature
 Teodosije the Hilandarian (1246-1328), one of the most important Serbian writers in the Middle Ages
 Elder Grigorije (fl. 1310-1355), builder of Saint Archangels Monastery
 Antonije Bagaš (fl. 1356-1366), bought and restored the Agiou Pavlou monastery
 Lazar the Hilandarian (fl. 1404), the first known Serbian and Russian watchmaker
 Pachomius the Serb (fl. the 1440s-1484), hagiographer of the Russian Church
 Miroslav Gospel
 Gabriel the Hilandarian
 Constantine of Kostenets
 Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Rus'
 Gregory Tsamblak
 Isaija the Monk
 Grigorije of Gornjak
 Rajčin Sudić
 Jakov of Serres
 Romylos of Vidin
 Jovan the Serb of Kratovo
 Nicodemus of Tismana
 Anonymous Athonite
 Grigorije Vasilije
 Kalist Rasoder

References

Hrvatska enciklopedija
Vladimir Kačanovski, Starine 12, 1880, p. 255
Kosta Kostić, Naši novi gradovi na jugu, Belgrade 1922

15th-century Serbian writers
Lexicographers
Translators from Greek
Translators to Serbian
People from Kratovo, North Macedonia
Serbs of North Macedonia
Medieval Serbian Orthodox clergy
Medieval European scribes

Dimitar of Kratovo


Jon Edward Ahlquist (27 July 1944 –7 May 2020) was an American molecular biologist and ornithologist who has specialized in molecular phylogenetics. He has collaborated  extensively with Charles Sibley, primarily at Yale University.
By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale.
In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal by the National Academy of Sciences. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on DNA-DNA hybridisation techniques, known as the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.
At that time, he was an associate professor of zoology at Ohio University.  In 1999, Ahlquist was retired.

See also
 Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy

References

American ornithologists
Living people
Ohio University faculty
1944 births

Jon E. Ahlquist


"My Favourite Time of Year" is a Christmas song performed by The Florin Street Band which was written and sung by British composer Leigh Haggerwood in 2010. His aim was to create a song with strong melodies that would match the classics, and bring back the Christmas magic that he felt had been missing from the UK charts for decades.  Haggerwood was disappointed by the yearly non-festive songs released by The X Factor finalists, and the protests that ensued which seemed more concerned with spiting Simon Cowell than bringing back Christmas songs. When writing the song, he recalled his own childhood in the early 1980s. "My Favourite Time of Year" evolves around a catchy, carol-like melody which weaves up and down the major scales of Eb and Bb. The song is piano-led with instrumentation that includes many traditional Christmas elements such as orchestral chimes, choral harmonies and string lines.

The Florin Street Band
Leigh Haggerwood's vision for the song included a Victorian-themed band. After several years of pitching the concept to major labels, who wouldn't compete with The X Factor, he eventually decided to fund it himself using his personal savings. He contacted his session musician friends and employed their services to record the song at Trevor Horn's Sarm Studios in London, England. He also hired The English Chamber Choir to perform the choral parts, and the song was recorded over seven days in August 2010. The large ensemble of musicians was collectively named The Florin Street Band and many of the musicians that performed on the recording also appeared in the music video.

Music video
Leigh's original vision for the song included a music video set in Victorian England. The intention was to depict a working-class man walking through snow-lined streets looking in on the festivities, and after a long search, it was agreed that British director Nick Bartleet would direct the video. Blists Hill Victorian Town at Ironbridge Museum's in Shropshire was chosen as the location due to its authentic recreation of a Victorian street which would become Florin Street in the video. As the project evolved, respected cinematographer John Perez - known for his work on Coldplay's "Viva la Vida" and videos by Beyoncé and Rihanna - offered his services. Over 100 cast and crew gathered for the overnight shoot at Blists Hill in October 2010, and due to the tight budget, the video had to be shot relatively quickly.

Reception
Owing to the lack of a major record company backing, it was initially very difficult to promote the song. Mainstream radio stations were resistant to airing the record because "it wasn't coming from a major label" which is often a benchmark. However, the song and video gained minor prominence through social networking sites. Its initial release on 6 December 2010 peaked at 14 in the UK Indie Breakers Chart.

In August 2011, the United States Army Band (known as "Pershing's Own") requested permission to arrange the song for their annual Christmas concerts at the DAR Constitution Hall in Washington D.C. "My Favourite Time of Year" was requested for use in popular TV and radio shows and Leigh received requests to perform it from schools, choirs, orchestras, churches, theatrical productions and youth groups. The song has been supported by Jamie Oliver, with whom Haggerwood started a band named Scarlet Division in 1988. It won the UK Songwriting Contest

Text Santa
Elements of the song were chosen to accompany ITV's Christmas charity appeal, Text Santa; The producers were keen to use "My Favourite Time of Year" as the theme music to the appeal, which Leigh Haggerwood agreed to. With his experience as a media composer, he re-versioned the song and created other original music for the shows.

Text Santa is a charity initiative first broadcast on UK television network, ITV, in 2011. The project aims to raise money and awareness for a selection of charities during the festive season and is heavily promoted by ITV in the form of TV shows, radio and sponsorship by brands such as Asda supermarkets and Vodafone.

Follow-ups
Florin Street Band released two follow-up Christmas singles with new videos prepared. The main vocals on both songs as in the case of the original song were by Leigh Haggerwood.

The first song was released on 15 December 2013 titled "Winter Wonder". The music video was shot at Tithe Barn at Englishcombe. The song won Best Christmas Song and Best Music Video in the 2014 UK Songwriting Contest. The three-track EP containing "Winter Wonder" also included the video edit of "My Favourite Time of Year".

The second Christmas song was released on 26 November 2015 titled "Light Our Way" and was tipped to be part of a Christmas musical under production. Some scenes were filmed in Ironbridge Museum, and some  outdoor scenes at the Wye Valley in Wales, Dartmoor and Exmoor National Parks in Devon, and Bath, Somerset.

Notes
Shropshire Tourism
PR Newswire Press Release
BBC News Article
Herts and Essex Observer
The Florin Street Band
Text Santa Homepage
Shropshire Live
Vodafone Big Top 40 - Florin Street Band Page
Jamieoliver.com Article

References

External links
Leigh Haggerwood Official website
My Favourite Time of Year - YouTube Video
Florin Street Band Facebook Page

British Christmas songs
2010 singles
2011 singles
2010 songs

My Favourite Time of Year


The Canal Zone Police was a U.S. Federal Government-based American overseas police force that consisted of more than 400 officers and was responsible for the security of Panama Canal Zone property, as well as general policing duties, using a wide range of transportation, including boats, horses, motorcycles, and patrol cars. The force was split into two divisions, Atlantic and Pacific, and operated about 25 stations. As a result of this, the Canal Zone was much safer. The force was disbanded on March 31, 1982, when law enforcement responsibilities for the former Panama Canal Zone passed to the Republic of Panama as mandated by the Torrijos–Carter Treaties of 1977. Today, the Panamanian National Police, the seniormost branch of the Panamanian Public Forces, is responsible for law enforcement on the wide Canal complex.

Between 1941 and 1957 three Canal Zone Police officers were killed in separate incidents. Each officer was on motorcycle patrol and was forced off the road by a speeding car. No suspects were ever charged with the killings.

Original Canal Zone Police uniforms were military with a campaign hat. Later uniforms were more in line with US state police. Headwear ranged from octagonal peaked cap to Stetson cavalry hat.

External links
CZP History by Chief William F. Kessler

Defunct federal law enforcement agencies of the United States
History of the Panama Canal Zone

Canal Zone Police


Eavan Aisling Boland (, ; 24 September 1944 – 27 April 2020) was an Irish poet, author, and professor. She was a professor at Stanford University, where she had taught from 1996. Her work deals with the Irish national identity, and the role of women in Irish history. A number of poems from Boland's poetry career are studied by Irish students who take the Leaving Certificate. She was a recipient of the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry.

Early life and education

Boland's father, Frederick Boland, was a career diplomat and her mother, Frances Kelly, was a noted painter. She was born in Dublin in 1944.

When she was six, Boland's father was appointed Irish Ambassador to the United Kingdom; the family followed him to London, where Boland had her first experiences of anti-Irish sentiment. Her dealing with this hostility strengthened Boland's identification with her Irish heritage. She spoke of this time in her poem, "An Irish Childhood in England: 1951".

At 14, she returned to Dublin to attend Holy Child School in Killiney. She published a pamphlet of poetry (23 Poems) in her first year at Trinity, in 1962. Boland earned a BA with First Class Honors in English Literature and Language from Trinity College Dublin in 1966.

Career

Teaching and Professorial roles
After graduating, Boland held numerous teaching positions and published poetry, prose criticism and essays. She taught at Trinity College Dublin, University College, Dublin, and Bowdoin College, and was a member of the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa. She was also writer in residence at Trinity College Dublin, and at the National Maternity Hospital.

In 1969, Boland married the novelist Kevin Casey, they would have two daughters together. Her experiences as a wife and mother influenced her to write about the centrality of the ordinary, as well as providing a frame for more political and historical themes. According to her friend Gabrielle Calvocoressi, she "loved gossip like fish love water."

In the late 1970s and 1980s, Boland taught at the School of Irish Studies in Dublin. From 1996 she was a tenured Professor of English at Stanford University where she was the Bella Mabury and Eloise Mabury Knapp Professor in the Humanities and Melvin and Bill Lane Professor for Director of the Creative Writing program. She divided her time between Palo Alto and her home in Dublin.

Poetry
Eavan Boland's first book of poetry was New Territory published in 1967 with Dublin publisher Allen Figgis. This was followed by The War Horse (1975), In Her Own Image (1980) and Night Feed (1982), which established her reputation as a writer on the ordinary lives of women and on the difficulties faced by women poets in a male-dominated literary world.

Boland was writer in residence at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, in 1994. During this time she composed 'Night Feed' and 'The Tree of Life', and her work remains on a plaque in the hospital garden.

Several of her volumes of poetry have been Poetry Book Society Choices in the UK, where she is primarily published by Carcanet Press. In the United States her publisher is W. W. Norton.

Her poem "Quarantine" was one of 10 poems shortlisted for RTÉ's selection of Ireland's favourite poems of the last 100 years in 2015.

Former Irish Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, quoted from her poem "The Emigrant Irish" in his address to the joint houses of the US Congress in May 2008.

On March 15, 2016, President Obama quoted lines from her poem "On a Thirtieth Anniversary" (from "Against Love Poetry" 2001) in his remarks at a reception in the White House to celebrate St Patrick's Day.

In March 2018 RTE broadcast a documentary on her life as a poet called "Eavan Boland: Is it Still the Same?". In the same year, Boland was commissioned by the Government of Ireland and the Royal Irish Academy to write the poem "Our future will become the past of other women" to be read at the UN and in Ireland during the centenary commemorations of women gaining the vote in Ireland in 1918.

Editing and translating
Boland co-edited The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic Forms (with Mark Strand; W. W. Norton & Co., 2000). She also published a volume of translations in 2004 called After Every War (Princeton University Press). With Edward Hirsch, she co-edited "The Making of a Sonnet: A Norton Anthology of the Sonnet" (W. W. Norton & Co., 2008).

Awards

In 1976, Boland won a Jacob's Award for her involvement in The Arts Programme broadcast on RTÉ Radio. Her other awards include a Lannan Foundation Award in Poetry and an American Ireland Fund Literary Award.

Her collection In a Time of Violence (1994) received a Lannan Award and was shortlisted for the T. S. Eliot Prize.

In 1997 she received an honorary degree from University College Dublin. She also received honorary degrees from Strathclyde University and Colby College in the US in 1997, and the College of the Holy Cross in 1999. She received one from Bowdoin College in 2004. In 2004 she also received an honorary degree from Trinity College Dublin.

Boland received the Bucknell Medal of Distinction 2000 from Bucknell University, the Corrington Medal for Literary Excellence Centenary College 2002, the Smartt Family prize from the Yale Review and the John Frederick Nims Award from Poetry Magazine 2002.

Her volume of poems Against Love Poetry was a New York Times Notable Book of the Year.

Her volume Domestic Violence (2007) was shortlisted for the Forward prize in the UK. Her poem 'Violence Against Women' from the same volume was awarded the James Boatwright III Prize for Poetry for the best poem published in 2007 in Shenandoah magazine.

In 2012, Boland won a PEN Award for creative nonfiction with her collection of essays, A Journey With Two Maps: Becoming a Woman Poet published in 2012.

In 2016 she was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2017 she received the Bob Hughes Lifetime Achievement Award at the Bord Gáis Energy Irish Book Awards.

On 25 May 2018 she was elected an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy. Boland received the Irish PEN Award for Literature in 2019.

Death and legacy

Boland was writer in residence at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, in 1994. During this time she composed 'Night Feed' and 'The Tree of Life', and her work remains on a plaque in the hospital garden.

Boland died in Dublin on 27 April 2020, aged 75.

In 2020, Boland was posthumously awarded the Costa Book Award for poetry for her final collection The Historians.

Publications

Poetry
 23 Poems. Dublin: Gallagher, 1962.
 Autumn Essay. Dublin: Gallagher, 1963.
 Eavan Boland Poetry/Prose Joseph O'Malley. Dublin: Gallagher, 1963.
 New Territory. Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1967.
 W. B. Yeats and His World. With Micheál Mac Liammóir. London: Thames, 1971; New York: Thames & Hudson, 1998.
 The War Horse. London: Victor Gollancz, 1975.
 In Her Own Image. Dublin: Arlen House, 1980.
 Introducing Eavan Boland. Princeton, New Jersey: Ontario Review P, 1981.
 Night Feed. Dublin: Arlen House, 1982. Reissue: Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1994.
 The Journey and Other Poems. Dublin: Arlen House, 1986; Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1987.
 Selected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1989.
 Outside History. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1990.
 Outside History: Selected Poems 1980–1990. New York: Norton, 1990.
 In a Time of Violence. New York: Norton, 1994; Manchester: Carcanet, 1994.
 Collected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
 Penguin Modern Poets: Carol Ann Duffy, Vicki Feaver, Eavan Boland. London: Penguin, 1995.
 An Origin Like Water: Collected Poems 1967–1987. New York: Norton, 1996.
 The Lost Land. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1998.
 The Lost Land: Poems. New York: Norton, 1998.
 Against Love Poetry. New York: Norton, 2001.
 Code. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2001.
 Three Irish Poets: An Anthology: Eavan Boland, Paula Meehan, Mary O'Malley. Ed. Eavan Boland. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2003.
 After Every War: Twentieth-Century Women Poets. Trans. Eavan Boland. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2004.
 New Collected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2005.
 Domestic Violence. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2007; New York: Norton, 2007.
 Irish Writers on Writing. Ed. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2007.
 Literary Genius: 25 Classic Writers Who Define English & American Literature. Ed. Joseph Epstein. Philadelphia, PA: Paul Dry Books, 2007. (Illustrated by Barry Moser)
 Selected Poems by Charlotte Mew. Ed. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2008.
 New Collected Poems. New York: Norton, 2008.
 The Making of a Sonnet: A Norton Anthology. Ed. With Edward Hirsch. New York: Norton, 2008.
 A Journey with Two Maps: Becoming A Woman Poet. (prose essays) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2011; New York: Norton, 2011
 New Selected Poems (poems) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2013.
 Eavan Boland: A Poet's Dublin: Edited by Paula Meehan and Jody Allen Randolph. (poems) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2014.
 A Woman Without A Country (poems) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2014; New York: Norton, 2014.
 Eavan Boland: A Poet's Dublin: Edited by Paula Meehan and Jody Allen Randolph. (poems) New York: WW. Norton, 2016.
 The Historians: Poems. (poems) New York: WW. Norton, 2020.

Prose

 Object Lessons: The Life of the Woman and the Poet in Our Time. New York: Norton, 1995; Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1995.
 The Making of a Poem: A Norton Anthology of Poetic Forms. Ed. Eavan Boland and Mark Strand. New York: Norton, 2000.
 The Making of a Sonnet: A Norton Anthology. Ed. With Edward Hirsch. New York: Norton, 2008.
 A Journey with Two Maps: Becoming A Woman Poet. (prose essays) Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2011; New York: Norton, 2011.

See also

Irish poetry
 List of Irish writers

Further reading

 Allen Randolph, Jody. Eavan Boland. Contemporary Irish Writers. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2014.
 Allen Randolph, Jody. Eavan Boland: A Sourcebook Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2007.
 Allen Randolph, Jody. Eavan Boland: A Critical Companion. New York: Norton, 2008.
 Allen Randolph, Jody, and Anthony Roche, eds. Special Edition: Eavan Boland. Irish University Review 23.1 (Spring/Summer 1993).
 Allen Randolph, Jody, ed. Special Issue: Eavan Boland. Colby Quarterly 35.4 (Dec. 1999).
 Haberstroh, Patricia Boyle, Women Creating Women: Contemporary Irish Women Poets. Syracuse University Press (Syracuse, NY), 1996.
 Hagen, Patricia L., and Thomas W. Zelman. Eavan Boland and the History of the Ordinary. Bethesda, MD: Academica Press, 2004.
 Müller, Sabina J. Through the Mythographer's eye : Myth and Legend in the work of Seamus Heaney and Eavan Boland. Tübingen : Francke, 2007
 Villar-Argáiz, Pilar. Eavan Boland's Evolution As an Irish Woman Poet: An Outsider within an Outsider's Culture. Ceredigion, UK: Mellon, 2007.
 Villar-Argáiz, Pilar. The Poetry of Eavan Boland: A Postcolonial Reading. Bethesda, MD: Academica Press, 2008.
 Rióna Ní Fhrighil.  Briathra, Béithe agus Banfhilí: Filíocht Eavan Boland agus Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill. An Clóchomhar: Dublin 2009
 Allen Randolph, Jody. Eavan Boland (Contemporary Irish Writers).  Bucknell University Press, 2013.
 Campbell, Siobhan, O'Mahony, Nessa (editors):. Eavan Boland: Inside History. Arlen House, 2016,

References

External links
 Audio: Eavan Boland's 'Journey' from the KQEDs Forum podcast] "Eavan Boland's Journey from KQED "Forum" with Michael Krasny on NPR Audio: Eavan Boland reads "The Wife's Lament" from The Word Exchange: Anglo-Saxon Poems in Translation Audio: Eavan Boland reads "Atlantis-A Lost Sonnet" from Domestic Violence''
 Essay on Science of Cartography by Eavan Boland
 Eavan Boland at Academy of American Poets
 Interview at Academy of American Poets
 Eavan Boland page at the Poetry Foundation
 Eavan Boland Notebook at Poetry magazine
 An Interview with Jody Allen-Randolph
 An Interview at Caffeine Destiny
 Eavan Boland at Irish Writers Online
 Eavan Boland:"Letter to a Young Woman Poet"
 Address by Taoiseach Bertie Ahern to US Congress April, 2008
  Eavan Boland poem:Quarantine
 Eavan Boland in Iowa 2009
 Stanford, The Dish: Eavan Boland wins Pen Award
 Bookslut: Review of "A Journey with Two Maps"
 The New Republic, Obituary for Seamus Heaney August 30 2013
 The Writers Almanac with Garrison Keillor "The Necessity for Irony" September, 2013
 The Guardian, The Saturday Poem:The Long Evening of their Leavetakings November2 2013
 PN Review: Introduction to the Collected Poems of Denise Levertov, November 2013

1944 births
2020 deaths
Irish women poets
Jacob's Award winners
Writers from Dublin (city)
Radio personalities from the Republic of Ireland
20th-century Irish poets
20th-century Irish women writers
21st-century Irish poets
21st-century Irish women writers
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
International Writing Program alumni
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
The New Yorker people
People educated at Holy Child Killiney
Irish PEN Award for Literature winners
Broadcasters from County Dublin

Eavan Boland


Giuseppe Ferrandino (born 24 January 1958) is an Italian comic book author and novelist.

Ferrandino studied medicine at the University of Naples without completing his degree, but following instead his passion of working as a comic strip scriptwriter.
At the end of the seventies, he produced a series of renowned scripts, for publications such as Nero, Lanciostory, Dylan Dog, and Mickey Mouse, reaching the peak of his scriptwriting popularity in the 1980s.

In 1993, his novel Pericle il nero (Pericles the Black Man) was published by Granata Press, hardly noticed by the Italian readership. However, after being translated into French by Gallimard, the novel was republished in 1998 in Italy by Adelphi Edizioni, with great success. The story is constructed as an American noir, with a realistic Neapolitan dialect and strong characters, often verging on the grotesque as represented by the pulp literary genre.

In 1999, his second novel, Il rispetto, ovvero Pino Pentecoste contro i guappi (Respect, or Pino Pentecoste against the Blabbermouths), was published by Adelphi, followed by the fairy tale Lidia e i turchi (Lydia and the Turks) published by Mondadori. Other successful novels have been published by Ferrandino, among which Spada (Sword) (2007), a reprise of Dumas' Three Musketeers.

In 2007 American director Abel Ferrara produced the film version of Ferrandino's 1st novel, with Italian actor Riccardo Scamarcio in the starring role.

Ferrandino lives in Rome, although he often spends lengthy periods in Chicago.

Bibliography
 Pericle il Nero, Granata Press, 1993
 Périclès le Noir, Gallimard, 1995
 Pericle il Nero, Adelphi, 1998
 Pericle der Schwarze, Suhrkamp, 2000
 Pericles de Zwarte, Amsterdam, 2001
 Pericle den svarte, Oslo, 2002
 Il rispetto (ovvero Pino Pentecoste contro i guappi), Adelphi, 1999
 Respekt oder Pino Pentecoste gegen die Maulhelden, Suhrkamp, 2001
 Le respect : Pino Pentecoste contre les camorristes, Gallimard, 2004
 Lidia e i Turchi, Mondadori, 1999
 Saverio del Nord Ovest, Bompiani, 2001
 Cento modi per salvarsi la vita con un pacchetto di sigarette senza fumarlo, Bompiani, 2001
 Spada, Mondadori, 2007
 Rosmunda l'inglese, Mondadori, 2008

Notes

External links
 Giuseppe Ferrandino biography on RAI International
 Giuseppe Ferrandino o la rapidità, article by F. De Michele, 2004

Italian comics writers
Italian male writers
Pulp fiction
Writers from Naples
1958 births
Living people
University of Naples Federico II alumni

Giuseppe Ferrandino (writer)


Adolf Schirmer (1 October 1850 – 11 August 1930) was a Norwegian architect.

Personal life
Adolf Schirmer was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer and Sophie Ottilia Major (1821–1861). He was a brother of Herman Major Schirmer and nephew of Herman Wedel Major. In November 1878 in Braunschweig he married Hildur Koch (1856–1914). He died in August 1930 in Bærum.

Career
His initial training was with his father's practice and at the Royal School of Drawing under sculptor Julius Middelthun. He stayed a short period in Germany in 1870, before being employed by Georg Andreas Bull in Christiania from 1871 to 1872. He then took lessons at the Bauakademie in Berlin and École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, graduating in 1874.

Schirmer ran his own company in Christiania until 1886. In 1887, he was appointed the state's building inspector with responsibility for the state-owned properties. He has designed several public buildings, however for most major projects he was responsible for regulation and planning. Among Schirmer's most known work is the New Renaissance central section of the National Gallery, which was started by his father, but taken over by Adolf after his father had a disagreement with the owner. Other prominent works include the Trondhjems Sparebank building (1882), today the head office of Sparebanken Midt-Norge, Privatbanken i Trondhjem (1883), parts of Ullevål University Hospital (1886) and  the Customs House (Tollboden) in Oslo (1896). One of his first known works was a stabbur built at Frognerseteren outside Oslo, and an early example of national romanticism.

Schirmer was also a judge in several architectural competitions and an active member of the Norwegian Engineer and Architect Association. He was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1888 and Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1896.

Gallery

References

1850 births
1930 deaths
People from Bærum
Architects from Oslo
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog

Adolf Schirmer


Lanczos filtering and Lanczos resampling are two applications of a mathematical formula. It can be used as a low-pass filter or used to smoothly interpolate the value of a digital signal between its samples.  In the latter case, it maps each sample of the given signal to a translated and scaled copy of the Lanczos kernel, which is a sinc function windowed by the central lobe of a second, longer, sinc function.  The sum of these translated and scaled kernels is then evaluated at the desired points.

Lanczos resampling is typically used to increase the sampling rate of a digital signal, or to shift it by a fraction of the sampling interval.  It is often used also for multivariate interpolation, for example to resize or rotate a digital image.  It has been considered the "best compromise" among several simple filters for this purpose.

The filter is named after its inventor, Cornelius Lanczos ().

Definition

Lanczos kernel

The effect of each input sample on the interpolated values is defined by the filter's reconstruction kernel , called the Lanczos kernel.  It is the normalized sinc function , windowed (multiplied) by the Lanczos window, or sinc window, which is the central lobe of a horizontally stretched sinc function  for .

Equivalently,

The parameter  is a positive integer, typically 2 or 3, which determines the size of the kernel. The Lanczos kernel has   lobes: a positive one at the center, and  alternating negative and positive lobes on each side.

Interpolation formula
Given a one-dimensional signal with samples , for integer values of , the value  interpolated  at an arbitrary real argument  is obtained by the discrete convolution of those samples with the Lanczos kernel:

where  is the filter size parameter, and  is the floor function. The bounds of this sum are such that the kernel is zero outside of them.

Properties
As long as the parameter  is a positive integer, the Lanczos kernel is continuous everywhere, and its derivative is defined and continuous everywhere (even at , where both sinc functions go to zero).  Therefore, the reconstructed signal  too will be continuous, with continuous derivative.

The Lanczos kernel is zero at every integer argument ,  except at , where it has value 1.  Therefore, the reconstructed signal exactly interpolates the given samples: we will have  for every integer argument .

Lanczos resampling is one form of a general method developed by Lanczos to counteract the Gibbs phenomenon by multiplying coefficients of a truncated Fourier series by , where  is the coefficient index and  is how many coefficients we're keeping. The same reasoning applies in the case of truncated functions if we wish to remove Gibbs oscillations in their spectrum.

Multidimensional interpolation

Lanczos filter's kernel in two dimensions is

Evaluation

Advantages

The theoretically optimal reconstruction filter for band-limited signals is the sinc filter, which has infinite support. The Lanczos filter is one of many practical (finitely supported) approximations of the sinc filter.  Each interpolated value is the weighted sum of  consecutive input samples.  Thus, by varying the  parameter one may trade computation speed for improved frequency response.  The parameter also allows one to choose between a smoother interpolation or a preservation of sharp transients in the data.  For image processing, the trade-off is between the reduction of aliasing artefacts and the preservation of sharp edges. Also as with any such processing, there are no results for the borders of the image. Increasing the length of the kernel increases the cropping of the edges of the image.

The Lanczos filter has been compared with other interpolation methods for discrete signals, particularly other windowed versions of the sinc filter.  Turkowski and Gabriel claimed that the Lanczos filter (with ) is the "best compromise in terms of reduction of aliasing, sharpness, and minimal ringing", compared with truncated sinc and the Bartlett, cosine-, and Hann-windowed sinc, for decimation and interpolation of 2-dimensional image data. According to Jim Blinn, the Lanczos kernel (with ) "keeps low frequencies and rejects high frequencies better than any (achievable) filter we've seen so far."

Lanczos interpolation is a popular filter for "upscaling" videos in various media utilities, such as AviSynth and FFmpeg.

Limitations
Since the kernel assumes negative values for , the interpolated signal can be negative even if all samples are positive.  More generally, the range of values of the interpolated signal may be wider than the range spanned by the discrete sample values.  In particular, there may be ringing artifacts just before and after abrupt changes in the sample values, which may lead to clipping artifacts.  However, these effects are reduced compared to the (non-windowed) sinc filter. For a = 2 (a three-lobed kernel) the ringing is < 1%.

The method is one of the interpolation options available in the free software GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP). One way to visualize the ringing effect is to rescale a black and white block graphic and select Lanczos interpolation.

When using the Lanczos filter for image resampling, the ringing effect will create light and dark halos along any strong edges.  While these bands may be visually annoying, they help increase the perceived sharpness, and therefore provide a form of edge enhancement.  This may improve the subjective quality of the image, given the special role of edge sharpness in vision.

In some applications, the low-end clipping artifacts can be ameliorated by transforming the data to a logarithmic domain prior to filtering.  In this case the interpolated values will be a weighted geometric mean, rather than an arithmetic mean, of the input samples.

The Lanczos kernel does not have the partition of unity property.  That is, the sum  of all integer-translated copies of the kernel is not always 1.  Therefore, the Lanczos interpolation of a discrete signal with constant samples does not yield a constant function.  This defect is most evident when .  Also, for  the interpolated signal has zero derivative at every integer argument. This is rather academic, since using a single-lobe kernel (a = 1) loses all the benefits of the Lanczos approach and provides a poor filter. There are many better single-lobe, bell-shaped windowing functions.

See also

Bicubic interpolation
Bilinear interpolation
Spline interpolation
Nearest-neighbor interpolation
Sinc filter

References

External links
 Anti-Grain Geometry examples: image_filters.cpp shows comparisons of repeatedly resampling an image with various kernels.
 imageresampler: A public domain image resampling class in C++ with support for several windowed Lanczos filter kernels.

Signal processing
Multivariate interpolation

Lanczos resampling


Flip Flap Railway was the name of a looping wooden roller coaster which operated for a number of years at Paul Boyton's Sea Lion Park on Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York. The coaster, which opened in 1895, was one of the first looping roller coasters to operate in North America. It was also notable for its engineering as well as the extreme G-forces that this engineering inflicted on riders.

History and design
The first looping roller coasters were built in Europe in the mid-1800s. These rides, known as "centrifugal railways", were initially designed to be temporary installations and they achieved little success.

The Flip Flap Railway was tested in Toledo, Ohio in 1888 by designer Lina Beecher before the coaster was moved to Coney Island. The coaster was tested with sand bags and monkeys before human riders were allowed on the coaster. The coaster had a single rail and riders rode two-to-a-car and sat in tandem. Sea Lion Park developer Boyton liked Beecher's coaster and decided to move it to Sea Lion Park.

Flip Flap Railway was shut down along with Sea Lion Park in 1902. While Sea Lion Park was replaced with Luna Park in 1903, Flip Flap Railway was not retained as it was not as popular.The 2-person cars also meant that it was difficult to turn a profit on the coaster.

Ride experience
Like the earlier centrifugal railways in Europe, Flip Flap Railway was notorious for the extreme g-forces that it produced in its riders. The circular nature of the coaster's loop, as well as its relatively small diameter of 25 feet, meant that it could produce forces of approximately 12 g. This caused riders to often experience discomfort and neck injuries from whiplash. Modern looping roller coasters use teardrop-shaped loops to greatly reduce these g-forces.

See also
Loop the Loop (Coney Island), the second looping roller coaster built on Coney Island.
Loop the Loop (Young's Pier), a looping coaster built in Atlantic City, New Jersey which was sometimes called Flip Flap Railway as well.
Loop the Loop (Olentangy Park), Lina Beecher's only other roller coaster. A looping steel coaster built at Olentangy Park near Columbus, Ohio.

References

Coney Island
Demolished buildings and structures in Brooklyn
Former roller coasters in New York (state)

Flip Flap Railway


Gracetown is a small town in Western Australia.  It is located  south of the Perth central business district, and   north-west of the township of Margaret River in the Augusta-Margaret River Shire Council area on the coast at Cowaramup Bay.

History
The first recorded use of the area was as a holiday area and later in 1957 it was proposed that the area should be developed as a camping and caravan park. Instead the government decided that the area would be developed as a townsite.
The area was surveyed in 1961 and the bulk of the townsite was planned. Sale of lots within the townsite occurred in 1963, the same year the town was gazetted.

It was named in honour of local Western Australian heroine Grace Bussell.

In 2021, the new locality of Yebble was created from non-residential parts of Gracetown and Burnside.

Facilities
The Cape to Cape Track runs across the beach to the west of the town and it is one of the few towns located along the track.

There is a general store located in the town that provides a variety of goods and limited services. There are many holiday homes within the town that are available to rent all year round.

Surfing

The town is well known for its many surfing spots. North Point is a powerful break that provides good tube rides for surfers. South Point is popular because it works well when the breeze is onshore and Huzzas, in the middle of the bay, is a less powerful wave that is popular whenever it breaks. The main beach area, located in the bay, is an easily accessible swimming beach suitable for families with small children. Close to Gracetown are several other excellent surfing locations. The Cowaramup Bombora ("Cow Bombie") surf break, location of 2011 and 2015 Oakley Big Wave award-winning rides, is 2 km offshore west of Gracetown.

Huzzas Cliff
In September 1996, five adults and four children were killed in a cliff collapse while watching a surfing carnival on the local beach close to town. The victims were sheltering underneath a rock overhang at the base of the limestone cliff during a rain storm when the cliff collapsed without warning. The Gracetown Grommets junior surfing competition has been held since then in memory of the dead.

A rehabilitation project was commenced on the cliff tops overlooking the site where the tragedy occurred, following funding by the state government, in 1997. Stairways, a lookout shelters and fencing were built and vegetation replanted to stabilise the cliffs over Cowaramup Bay.

Shark attacks
In 2004 a surfer, Bradley Smith, was attacked and killed by a great white shark at a beach close to town.
The town was again struck by tragedy in 2010 when Nick Edwards, a 31-year-old man died after being attacked by another great white shark at South Point, a beach close to town. The man was attacked while surfing and was found unconscious after being washed up on rocks near the beach with a huge gash on his leg. Passers by tried to resuscitate the man who did not regain consciousness and was pronounced dead on arrival at Margaret River hospital. In November 2013 a 35-year-old surfer died after a shark attack.

See also
 Surfing locations in South West Western Australia

References

External links
 Augusta-Margaret River Shire Council

Coastal towns in Western Australia
Surfing locations in South West Western Australia
Cape to Cape Track
Shire of Augusta–Margaret River

Gracetown, Western Australia


"Power" is a song by American hip hop performer Kanye West. It was released as the main single from his album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. It peaked at #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It got very good reviews from critics.

Info
The song is performed by Kanye West. It has extra vocals from the soul singer Dwele. It was co-produced by West and Symbolyc One. The song has samples from "21st Century Schizoid Man" by King Crimson, "Afromerica" by Continent Number 6 and "It's Your Thing" by Cold Grits.

2010 songs
Kanye West songs

Power (Kanye West song)


Ueda Sōko (上田宗箇) (1563 – 30 May 1650) was a warlord who lived during the Momoyama and early Edo Periods. He is best known for founding the Ueda Sōko-ryū, a warrior class school of Japanese tea ceremony from Hiroshima. Ueda Sōko went by the name Satarō (佐太郎) in his younger days and later Shigeyasu (重安). He received his Zen practitioner's name of Chikuin (竹隠) by the 111th patriarch of Daitoku-ji, Shunoku Sōen. Today his death plaque is enshrined at the Sangen-in sub-temple of Daitoku-ji, beside that of his long time teacher in the Way of Tea, Furuta Oribe. Sōko was held in high esteem by Toyotomi Hideyoshi for military exploits and as a tea master. In the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Sōko sided with Toyotomi's Western Army and was thus defeated. During the Siege of Osaka Summer Campaign (1615), Sōko fought with Asano Yoshinaga on the Tokugawa side, and for this Sōko was given a pardon by Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 1619, the Tokogawa shogunate assigned the Geishū Domain to Asano Nagaakira and Sōko relocated to Hiroshima serving Nagaakira. Sōko was given a fief of 17,000 koku of rice in west Hiroshima (present day Hatsukaichi and Ōtake) and the role of Chief Retainer of the Geishū Domain for the Asano.

In 1632 (Year nine of Kan'ei Era) at the age of 70, Sōko retired from military duties and devoted himself to the Way of Tea. He immersed himself in a life of chanoyu: crafting tea equipage such as bamboo flower vases, chashaku tea scoops and firing raku ware tea bowls. Sōko developed his own school of chanoyu known as the Ueda Sōko-ryū. The school of Japanese tea ceremony continues in its 16th generation today, with an unbroken bloodline to Ueda Sōko.

Ueda Sōko the Warrior and Daimyo
In 1585 (Year 13 of Tenshō), Sōko was recruited as a samurai under Toyotomi Hideyoshi and awarded land equivalent of 10,000 koku of rice in Echizen. This gave Sōko daimyō status. Under Hideyoshi, Sōko was assigned the role of supervisor for the construction of the temple for the great Buddha statue at Hōkō-ji temple in Kyoto. Sōko was distinguished as a warrior for his exploits in the Kyūshū Campaign, Siege of Odawara, and Hideyoshi's Korean Campaigns. After many years of military success, in 1594 (Year three of Bunroku Era) Hideyoshi awarded his niece to Sōko in marriage. Sōko sided with Hideyoshi's Western Army in the Battle of Sekigahara. After the Western Army's defeat, Sōko was welcomed by Hachisuka Iemasa the daimyo of Awa Province. As tea master to Iemasa, Sōko instructed chanoyu and built gardens and tea houses while in Tokushima. After three years serving Iemasa, Sōko was solicited by Asano Yoshinaga to join his clan ruling Kishū Province. Sōko came to Hiroshima in service of the Asano Clan as Chief Retainer (karō 家老) and tea master of the Hiroshima Domain in 1619.

Style of Chanoyu
Ueda Sōko attended Rikyū's chanoyu practice (the Japanese Way of Tea) as a student for six years before becoming a student of Furuta Oribe for 24 years. Sōko was very close to Furuta Oribe and reverence for his teacher can be seen in the design of Wafūdō (tea villa built on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle). Sōko more or less replicates Oribe's tea house 'Ennan 燕庵' in the tea house 'Enshō 遠鐘' (meaning 'distant resonance of a temple bell') built at Wafūdō. The only difference is the addition of an additional tatami mat in size, requested by Asano Nagaakira. In Enshō, Sōko recreated an 'Oribe-kaku' tea room. This is small, wabi-cha tearoom with an extra tatami mat added to the left of the alcove to form a small passageway. The mat can be partitioned off or used to accommodate more guests. After koicha (thick tea), the extra mat called shōban-datami is used as a corridor for the guests to pass from the small wabi-cha tea room to the larger kusari-no-ma tea room (the shōban-datami is also used for vassals to wait for their lord during tea proceedings). In the left wall of the alcove of an Oribe-kaku tearoom there is a window made with woven wicker that opens to the shōban-datami space. Oribe hung flower vases on this wicker window. All this was copied by Sōko. Oribe favoured the spacious, kusari-no-ma style tea room that takes its name from a hanging kettle suspended by a chain from the ceiling. Sōko also reproduced this at Wafūdō as a shin (formal) tea room. In Sōko's tea garden at Wafūdō, he uses a 'naka-kuguri' (small opening in a high wall) for guests to pass between the outer and inner roji (tea garden) – again used by Oribe.

Sōko assisted Oribe in establishing a distinct genre of chanoyu for the warrior class referred to as buke sadō (武家茶道) or 'warrior tea'. As a dedicated tea disciple of Oribe, Ueda Sōko designed the Wafūdō tea complex inside Hiroshima Castle to conduct the new sukiya onari format. This shows that he and Oribe where in close communication during the time Oribe contrived this new format of chanoyu with Tokugawa Hidetada.

From Sōko's tea house design and the provisions he made for conducting chaji (formal tea gatherings), Sōko's style of chanoyu appears to be one that favoured a flow in proceedings, where guests experienced different gardens and tea rooms in the space of one gathering. This is in line with Oribe's style of tea rather than Rikyū's (Rikyū favoured small, two mat tearooms and gatherings where guests would keep to one room for the duration).

Sōko's tea aesthetics were also influenced by Rikyū. In the Notes from Sōko (Sōko-sama o-kikigaki) manuscript it is written: "The tips of Oribe's chashaku are free-flowing curves, but the tips of Sōko's chashaku have a bent or sharp angle, reminiscent of Rikyu's chashaku". Sōko is considered to have harmonised both Rikyū's wabi aesthetics and Oribe's aesthetics of hyōge (warped and playful).

Unlike Rikyū and Oribe who commissioned tea wares from artisans, Sōko made his own tea wares. In this pursuit he was one of the first warrior class teaists to craft o-niwa-yaki, tea bowls and other ceramic tea utensils fired in the garden of their castle residence (o-niwa-yaki means "fired in the garden").

The spirit of Ueda Sōko's chanoyu can be seen in the layout of his tea villa, Wafūdō. Pine trees were planted on the crossing bridge from the shoin residence to the tea pavilion to suggest crossing over to Jōdo (Buddhist Pure Land) During battle campaigns, Sōko would pass the time waiting for enemy forces by carving tea scoops. Examples are the chashaku named teki-gakure (waiting for the enemy). The only extant calligraphy work of Sōko is the single line scroll 'I welcome no layman to my abode'「門無俗士駕」(mon (ni) zokushi (no) ga nashi). The implication of the characters is "Upon mastering oneself through discipline and cultivating morality, those without such education and taste for the arts cease to appear at one's door". Throughout a life lived in the turbulent Warring States period, Sōko pursued a style of chanoyu that developed quietude for the mind and strength of spirit, deeply influenced by Zen morality.

Sōko created his school of tea with view for it to be transmitted through future generations. Sōko invested the teaching of his style of chanoyu into two families, the Normura and Nakamura. This role was called chaji azukari or Chief Retainers of the Teaching of Chanoyu. The first of these were Nomura Kyūmu and Nakamura Mototomo. The families also served as Sōko's vassals, controlling fiefs of 100 koku of rice each, given to them by Sōko. Under Sōko's direction, the Nomura and Nakamura families taught and conducted chanoyu for the Asano and Ueda families. It is thanks to this structure that the Ueda Sōko-ryū continues to the present day.

Teacher, Furuta Oribe

Ueda Sōko learned from Furuta Oribe for 24 years. Daimyō Asano Yoshinaga had Ueda Sōko question Furuta Oribe about chanoyu on his behalf (in the position of Yoshinaga's Chief Retainer and tea master). Sōko recorded Oribe's responses and delivered them to Asano Yoshinaga. The studious work of Sōko compiling Oribe's teachings survives in the manuscript known variously as Question and Answer with Oribe (茶道長問織答抄) and A Record of Sōho's Enquiries to Oribe (宗甫公古織江御尋書). It is one of the central documents for understanding the chanoyu of Furuta Oribe. The manuscript was shared with tea master for the Tokugawa shogunate, Kobori Enshū. This proves that Ueda Sōko and Kobori Enshū shared intimate correspondence on chanoyu. Both were leading disciples of Furuta Oribe.

The tradition of sukiya onari (the shōgun visiting a daimyōs residence for a formal tea gathering) started during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada, the second generation Tokugawa shōgun. Furuta Oribe was Hidetada's tea master at this time and assumed a directorial role in the development of sukiya onari, a format of tea gathering especially for the warrior class, designed for entertaining the shōgun and daimyō. Following Oribe's ideas, Ueda Sōko designed the Wafūdō tea complex inside Hiroshima Castle to cater for the new sukiya onari format. After entering the castle gates for an official visit, the shōgun would first enter a roji (tea garden) and participate in chanoyu (a formal tea gathering) as the first part of the visit. The tea gathering would proceed from the sukiya (wabi-cha tearoom) to the kusari-no-ma (formal room with hanging kettle). Upon concluding chanoyu, the shōgun would cross to the shoin reception complex via a covered bridge where traditional entertainment from the time of the Ashikaga shogunate would take place. The current home of the Ueda Sōko-ryū is a reconstruction of the Wafūdō built by Ueda Sōko on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle. As such, it provides a rare example of the warrior style of chanoyu developed by Furuta Oribe and Ueda Sōko.

Gardens by Ueda Sōko
Before his fame as a tea master, Sōko gained fame in the arts through his skill as a landscape gardener for palaces and temples throughout Honshū and Shikoku.

Omotegoten Garden of Old Tokushima Castle, Tokushima

(Designated National Place of Scenic Beauty)
Garden of the Hachisuka Family on the grounds of Tokushima Castle.

Ni no Maru Garden, Nagoya Castle

Designated National Place of Scenic Beauty.  Designed and built under order from Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1614 (First year of Genna Era).

Shukkei-en, Hiroshima

Designated National Place of Scenic Beauty. Built as a second residence, Shukkei-en was also called the 'lake residence', of Lord Asano, the Daimyo of the Geishū (Hiroshima) Domain. This garden was built in the walkaround style of early Edo Period daimyo gardens.

Nisinomaru Garden, Wakayama Castle

Designated National Place of Scenic Beauty.  Sōko was assigned to the reconstruction of Wakayama Castle and the design and construction of the Nisinomaru Garden.

Hōkō-ji, Kyoto
Hideyoshi assigned Sōko as supervisor of the construction of the Daibutsuden (temple housing a large icon of the Buddha) at Hōkō-ji Temple.

Wafūdō, Hiroshima Castle
Sōko constructed a second wafūdō tea house complex on the main residence of the Ueda family on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle. This Wafūdō reflected the original Wafūdō built in Kishū Province. The Hiroshima Wafūdō included a sukiya tearoom called Enshō, a kusari-no-ma tearoom called Kenkei and the training complex Ankantei. As part of the construction Sōko planted a pine at the summit of Shijōyama mountain. The pine is known as Sōko Matsu ("Soko's Pine") and the mountain is also known as Sōkoyama ("Mount Sōko").

Death
Ueda Sōko died at 88 years of age. His oldest son was required to serve the Edo Bakufu which left his second eldest son, Shigemasa, to become heir of the Ueda family in Hiroshima. When Shigemasa died on 10 April at age 44, Sōko abstained from food and water from the same day until passing away 21 days later on 1 May (by the lunar calendar). According to Sōko's biography, on the morning of the 1st, Sōko rose, purified his mouth, drank tea and lay down dead. Sōko's ashes were ground into dust and set adrift on the current of the Seto Inland Sea.

References

Further reading
 上田家茶書集成, published by 広島市教育委員会, Hiroshima 2005
 Ueda, Sōkei; Ueda, Sōkō (2011). The Ueda Sōko Tradition of Cha-no-yu, Introductory Edition 入門編 上田宗箇流茶の湯. Hiroshima: 株式会社第一学習社. pp. 120–124. .
 上田, 宗源; 上田, 宗嗣 (1993). 上田宗箇流茶の湯. 株式会社第一学習社. pp. 225–263. .
 武家茶道と広島文化~その精神と現代性 Samurai Tea & Hiroshima Culture: The Spirit & Modernity, Lecture given by Ueda Sōkei, 16th Grandmaster of the Ueda Sōko-ryū and broadcast on NHK Radio.

External links
 Official Homepage (Japanese)
  Official Branch Homepage (English)

Samurai
Japanese warriors
1563 births
1650 deaths

Ueda Sōko


Hypobromite is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO-. It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to hypochlorite. Hypobromites are the salts of hypobromous acid. Hypobromite is a disinfectant. Some white blood cells oxidize bromide to hypobromite with peroxide and use the hypobromite to kill germs. Bromides can be added to pools along with chlorine to make hypobromite, which disinfects the pools.

Hypobromites are made by dissolving bromine in a basic solution. Hypobromite disproportionates to bromate and bromide when heated.

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Bromite
Perbromate

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Hypobromite


Thomas Martin (also Thomas Martyn) (1521-1593), of Winterbourne St. Martin, Dorset; Steeple Morden, Cambridgeshire, and London, was an English lawyer, controversialist and politician. He was prominent in the trial of Thomas Cranmer.

Martin was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Saltash in October 1553; Hindon April 1554, November 1554 and 1555; and Ludgershall in 1558.

Early life and education
A younger son of John Martyn, gentleman, he was born at Cerne, Dorset.

He educated first at Winchester School and then at New College, Oxford. He became a Fellow of his college 7 March 1538, and after two years of probation, in 1539 admitted perpetual fellow. He is said to have acted as Lord of Misrule during some Christmas festivities at the college. Subsequently, he travelled with pupils in France, and took the degree of doctor of civil law at Bourges. In 1553 Martin resigned his fellowship at New College. He was admitted a member of the College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons 15 January 1555.

Politics
Around 1555, he was official of the archdeaconry of Berkshire, chancellor to Stephen Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, with whom he was in favour, and a master in chancery.

Martin took a conspicuous part in the proceedings against Bishop Hooper, Rowland Taylor, John Taylor, alias Cardmaker, and John Careless. In the prosecution against Archbishop Cranmer he was effective in bringing out the oaths Cranmer swore in 1533. It appears that he interfered to procure the discharge of Robert Horneby, the groom of the chamber to Princess Elizabeth, who had been committed to the Marshalsea for refusing to hear mass. In May and June 1555 he was at Calais, apparently in attendance on Bishop Gardiner, then lord chancellor. In July 1556 he was one of the masters of requests, and he was employed with Sir Roger Cholmeley to examine Silvester Taverner on a charge of embezzling the queen's plate. They were empowered to put him to such tortures as by their discretion should be thought convenient.

In June 1557 he was one of the council of the north, and in the following month a commissioner with the Earl of Westmorland, Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall, and Robert Hyndmer, LL.D., for the settlement of certain differences between England and Scotland, which had been occasioned by the inroads of the Grahams and others. On 13 May 1558 he and others were authorised to bring to the torture, if they should so think good, one French, a prisoner in the Tower of London.

He was vilified in particular by John Bale, and after the accession of Queen Elizabeth he kept a low profile.  In 1587 he was incorporated doctor of the civil law at Cambridge. Commissions to him and other civilians to hear admiralty cases were issued in 1591 and 1592.

Relationship with the crown
His treatise against the marriage of priests and monks, finished in 1553 with the assistance, it is said, of Nicholas Udall, was esteemed by Queen Mary, to whom it was dedicated; she granted him a commission to make Frenchmen and Dutchmen free denizens, and this he executed with such success in the spring of 1554 that he made himself a gentleman. He was incorporated D.C.L. at Oxford 29 July 1555, when he was sent there as one of the queen's commissioners.

In September 1556 it was intended that he should succeed Nicholas Wotton as ambassador at the French court; but in the following month he was despatched by the privy council to Philip II of Spain at Ghent, concerning the contemplated marriage of the Duke of Savoy to the Princess Elizabeth, and also with respect to the trade between England and the States of the Low Countries. The king sent him to the States to treat with them on the latter subject.

During Mary's reign he was Member of Parliament, for Saltash and for Hindon, several times.

Works
Martin's works are:

 A Traictise declaryng and plainly prouyng that the pretensed marriage of Priestes, and professed persones, is no mariage, but altogether unlawful, and in all ages, and al countreies of Christendome, bothe forbidden, and also punyshed. Herewith is comprised in the later chapitres a full confutation of Doctour Poynettes boke entitled a defense for the marriage of Priestes, London, May 1554, dedicated to Queen Mary. John Poynet, whose book had appeared in 1549, published, apparently at Strasburg, a rejoinder to Martin entitled An Apologie in 1556. A Defence of priestes mariages, another answer to Martin's treatise, London [1562?], with a preface and additions by Matthew Parker, has been assigned to both Poynet and Sir Richard Morysin.
 Orations to Archbishop Cranmer, and Disputation and Conferences with him on matters of Religion, 1555 and 1556. Printed in John Foxe's Actes and Monuments.
 Certayne especiall notes for Fishe, Conyes, Pigeons, Artochokes, Strawberries, Muske, Millons, Pompons, Roses, Cheryes, and other fruite trees, 1578, manuscript in the Lansdowne collection in the British Library, No. 101, ff. 43–9.
 Historica Descriptio complectens vitam ac res gestas beatissimi viri Gulielmi Wicami quondam Vintoniensis Episcopi et Angliæ Cancellarii et fundatoris duorum collegiorum Oxoniæ et Vintoniæ, London, 1597, and in a very limited edition, privately printed by John Nicholas, Warden of New College, Oxford, 1690. Martin took the substance of his work from the Life of Wycliffe written by Thomas Chandler.

Notes

1521 births
1593 deaths
People from West Dorset District
People from South Cambridgeshire District
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1554
English MPs 1554–1555
English MPs 1555
English MPs 1558
English legal professionals
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Fellows of New College, Oxford
People educated at Winchester College
Members of Doctors' Commons

Thomas Martin (lawyer)


H. Roger Tatarian  (1917–1995) was vice-president and editor-in-chief of United Press International, a worldwide news-reporting service that supplied stories to thousands of newspapers, magazines, and broadcast outlets.

Background and youth
Tatarian's family came to the United States from Bitlis, Turkey. The son of a shoemaker, he grew up in Fresno, California amid the same Armenian-American community that produced Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright William Saroyan. At Longfellow Junior High School, Tatarian's English teacher asked him to write for the school paper, the Longfellow Poet. He became sports editor and set his sights on a career in journalism.

With UPI
Tatarian graduated from Fresno State College in 1938 with a degree in political science. He went to work for UPI that same year and became a war correspondent during World War II. His career as a news reporter and editor took him to farflung outposts. Over  34 years with UPI, he worked his way up through the organization, becoming general news manager for Europe, the Middle East, and Africa;  bureau chief in both London and Rome; and news editor in Washington, D.C. (During his residency in Rome he became fluent in Italian.) Tatarian eventually became the top editor of the news service, which at the time was a rival to the Associated Press.

Recognition
Tatarian served as a Pulitzer Prize nomination juror in 1960, 1961, and 1985. Awards and honors included the Elijah Parrish Lovejoy Award, a special citation by Ohio University, and an honorary doctorate in law from Colby College in Maine in 1980. He was named a fellow of the Society of Professional Journalists-Sigma Delta Chi in 1972 and was among the first group inducted to the Hall of Fame of the society's New York chapter.

Active retirement
After his retirement from UPI, Tatarian returned to his hometown and joined the journalism faculty of California State University, Fresno. He also served as a writing coach and consultant to newspapers, notably the hometown Fresno Bee. He wrote a regular column for the paper and delivered commentary on local public television. He also served as advisor to various local and state governmental boards. Tatarian was especially well known for reaching out to talented young news professionals with advice and encouragement.

Tatarian wrote Day of Mourning, Day of Shame, a collection of essays published by Word Dancer Press.

He and wife Eunice were married for 55 years until his death. Their only child, son Allan Tatarian (1941-2007), was a longtime Fresno radio personality, also known by the on-air name Allan Rogers.

External links
 Roger Tatarian Chair in Journalism
 Colby College honorary degree

20th-century American journalists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American print editors
American reporters and correspondents
American journalism academics
California State University, Fresno faculty
Journalists from California
American people of Armenian descent
Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award recipients
Writers from Fresno, California
California State University, Fresno alumni
American male journalists
20th-century American male writers
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United States
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
People from Bitlis
1917 births
1995 deaths

Roger Tatarian


Randall Y. Iwase (born December 1, 1947) is an American politician and former Hawaii State Senator. In 2006 he announced his candidacy for the Hawaii Democratic Party's nomination for Governor of Hawaii.

He ran on a platform emphasizing reform in the education sector, citing his beliefs in the importance of universal education learned from his own working-class background. The popular incumbent Republican governor defeated Iwase by a substantial margin, in spite of a favorable Democratic climate in 2006.

Early years
Randy Iwase was born in Honolulu.  His mother was divorced and because of financial hardship in Hawai'i just after World War II, moved to the Island of Hawai'i to live with Randy's Big Island grandparents.

Later, his family moved back to an Ala Moana Boulevard, Honolulu, and lived with his other grandparents in relative hardship.

He attended and graduated from Kaimuki High School.

After high school he attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa during a time of optimism and technological advancements. Iwase earned his bachelor's degree with honors, there. He applied to and attended the University of San Francisco School of Law and earned his Juris Doctor degree.

Iwase married his wife Jan in 1977 and has three sons Justin, Jarand, and Jordan.

Career
Randy Iwase returned to Hawai'i with his JD degree and worked as a deputy attorney general and also served as Majority Floor Leader, Hawai'i State Senator (Majority Whip), and executive director of the Aloha Tower Development Corp.

2006 gubernatorial race
Iwase won the Democratic primary by a substantial margin without serious opposition and faced Republican incumbent Governor Linda Lingle.

Only one debate occurred in the duration of the campaign, giving the relatively unknown Iwase statewide television exposure.

According to filings with the Hawai'i state Campaign Spending Commission, the Iwase campaign had only raised $241,973 as of September 23, 2006.  This was in contrast to a record $6.37 million raised by his opponent, Governor Linda Lingle. The large difference in available funds was cited as an insurmountable obstacle for Iwase.

Instead, the Iwase campaign focused on using Internet technology. In addition to a classic webpage with campaign press releases and schedules, it featured videos, online contributions, links, a discussion/feedback board, blogs, as well as an RSS/Atom newsfeed.

Randy Iwase was defeated by over twenty-five points, 63 percent to 35 percent, in the general election, as Governor Lingle's personal popularity and well funded media campaign overwhelmed Iwase.  His campaign's financial difficulties and late start offset the congressional Democratic "wave" of 2006.

References

External links
 Campaign website

1947 births
Hawaii politicians of Japanese descent
Democratic Party Hawaii state senators
Living people
Politicians from Honolulu
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
University of San Francisco alumni

Randy Iwase