Requiem sharks are sharks of the family Carcharhinidae in the order Carcharhiniformes. They are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) and include such species as the bull shark, lemon shark, spinner shark, blacknose shark, blacktip shark, grey reef shark, blacktip reef shark, silky shark, dusky shark, blue shark, copper shark, oceanic whitetip shark, and whitetip reef shark.

Family members have the usual carcharhiniform characteristics. Their eyes are round, and one or two gill slits fall over the pectoral fin base. Most species are viviparous, the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as small as  adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark, up to  adult length in the oceanic whitetip shark. Scientists assume that the size and shape of their pectoral fins have the right dimensions to minimize transport cost. Requiem sharks tend to live in more tropical areas, but tend to migrate. Females release a chemical in the ocean in order to let the males know they are ready to mate. Typical mating time for these sharks is around spring to autumn.

Requiem sharks are among the top five species involved in shark attacks on humans; however, due to the difficulty in identifying individual species, a degree of inaccuracy exists in attack records.

Etymology
The common name requiem shark may be related to the French word for shark, requin, which is itself of disputed etymology. One derivation of the latter is from Latin requiem ("rest"), which would thereby create a cyclic etymology (requiem-requin-requiem), but other sources derive it from the Old French verb reschignier ("to grimace while baring teeth").

The scientific name Carcharhinidae was first proposed in 1896 by D.S. Jordan and B.W. Evermann as a subfamily of Galeidae (now replaced by "Carcharhinidae"). The term is derived from Greek  (karcharos, sharp or jagged), and ῥί̄νη (rhinē, rasp); both elements describe the jagged, rasp-like skin. Rasp-like skin is typical of shark skin in general, and is not diagnostic to Carcharhinidae.

Evolutionary history
The oldest member of the family is Archaeogaleus lengadocensis from the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) of France. Only a handful of records of the group are known from prior to the beginning of the Cenozoic. Modern carcharinid sharks have extensively diversified in coral reef habitats.

Hunting strategies

Requiem sharks are extraordinarily fast and effective hunters. Their elongated, torpedo-shaped bodies make them quick and agile swimmers, so they can easily attack any prey. They have a range of food sources depending on their location and species that includes bony fish, squids, octopuses, lobsters, turtles, marine mammals, seabirds, other sharks and rays. They are often considered the "garbage cans" of the seas because they will eat almost anything, even non-food items like trash. They are migratory hunters that follow their food source across entire oceans. They tend to be most active at night time, where their impressive eyesight can help them sneak up on unsuspecting prey. Most requiem sharks hunt alone, however some species like the whitetip reef sharks and lemon sharks are cooperative feeders and will hunt in packs through coordinated, timed attacks against their prey.

Classification
The 59 species of requiem shark are grouped into 11 genera:
 Genus Scoliodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838
 Scoliodon laticaudus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838 (spadenose shark)
 Scoliodon macrorhynchos Bleeker, 1852 (Pacific spadenose shark)
 Genus Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816
Carcharhinus acronotus Poey, 1860 (blacknose shark)
 Carcharhinus albimarginatus Rüppell, 1837 (silvertip shark)
 Carcharhinus altimus S. Springer, 1950 (bignose shark)
 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides Whitley, 1934 (graceful shark)
 Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos Bleeker, 1856 (grey reef shark)
 Carcharhinus amboinensis J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (pigeye shark)
 Carcharhinus borneensis Bleeker, 1858 (Borneo shark)
 Carcharhinus brachyurus Günther, 1870 (copper shark)
 Carcharhinus brevipinna J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (spinner shark)
 Carcharhinus cautus Whitley, 1945 (nervous shark)
 Carcharhinus cerdale C. H. Gilbert, 1898 (Pacific smalltail shark)
 Carcharhinus coatesi Whitley, 1939 (Coates's shark)
 Carcharhinus dussumieri J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (whitecheek shark)
 Carcharhinus falciformis J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (silky shark)
 Carcharhinus fitzroyensis Whitley, 1943 (creek whaler)
 Carcharhinus galapagensis Snodgrass & Heller, 1905 (Galapagos shark)
 Carcharhinus hemiodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (Pondicherry shark)
 Carcharhinus humani W. T. White & Weigmann, 2014 (Human's whaler shark)
 Carcharhinus isodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (finetooth shark)
 Carcharhinus leiodon Garrick, 1985 (smoothtooth blacktip shark)
 Carcharhinus leucas J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (bull shark)
 Carcharhinus limbatus J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (blacktip shark)
 Carcharhinus longimanus Poey, 1861 (oceanic whitetip shark)
 Carcharhinus macloti J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (hardnose shark)
 Carcharhinus melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (blacktip reef shark)
 Carcharhinus obscurus Lesueur, 1818 (dusky shark)
 Carcharhinus perezi Poey, 1876 (Caribbean reef shark)
 Carcharhinus plumbeus Nardo, 1827 (sandbar shark)
 Carcharhinus porosus Ranzani, 1839 (smalltail shark)
 Carcharhinus sealei Pietschmann, 1913 (blackspot shark)
 Carcharhinus signatus Poey, 1868 (night shark)
 Carcharhinus sorrah J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839 (spot-tail shark)
 Carcharhinus tilstoni Whitley, 1950 (Australian blacktip shark)
 †Carcharhinus tingae
 Carcharhinus tjutjot Bleeker, 1852 (Indonesian whaler shark)
 Carcharhinus obsolerus White, Kyne, and Harris, 2019  (lost shark)
 Genus Glyphis Agassiz, 1843
 Glyphis gangeticus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Ganges shark)
 Glyphis garricki Compagno, W. T. White & Last, 2008 (northern river shark)
 Glyphis glyphis (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (speartooth shark)
 Glyphis sp. not yet described (Mukah river shark)
 Genus Lamiopsis Gill, 1862
 Lamiopsis temminckii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (broadfin shark)
 Lamiopsis tephrodes (Fowler, 1905) (Borneo broadfin shark)
 Genus Nasolamia Compagno & Garrick, 1983
 Nasolamia velox (Gilbert, 1898) (whitenose shark)
 Genus Negaprion Whitley, 1940
 Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell, 1837) (sicklefin lemon shark)
 Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868) (lemon shark)
 †Negaprion eurybathrodon (Blake, 1862)
 Genus Prionace Cantor, 1849
 Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) (blue shark)
 Genus Rhizoprionodon Whitley, 1929
 Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837) (milk shark)
 Rhizoprionodon lalandii (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (Brazilian sharpnose shark)
 Rhizoprionodon longurio (D. S. Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) (Pacific sharpnose shark)
 Rhizoprionodon oligolinx V. G. Springer, 1964 (grey sharpnose shark)
 Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey, 1861) (Caribbean sharpnose shark)
 Rhizoprionodon taylori (Ogilby, 1915) (Australian sharpnose shark)
 Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (J. Richardson, 1836) (Atlantic sharpnose shark)
 Genus Loxodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1838
 Loxodon macrorhinus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (sliteye shark)
 Genus Isogomphodon Gill, 1862
 Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839) (daggernose shark)
 Genus Triaenodon J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837
 Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell, 1837) (whitetip reef shark)

† = extinct

See also
 Shark meat

References

External links
 Requiem Shark Photo Gallery (Bahamas)
 Elasmo-research
 International Shark Attack File

Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Barton Warren Evermann
Extant Valanginian first appearances

Requiem shark


Akram Hussein Chehayeb (; born 17 October 1947) is a Lebanese Druze politician who is a member of the Progressive Socialist Party headed by Walid Jumblatt. Cheheyab is a long-term member of the parliament and has also served in different cabinet and parliamentary posts.

Early life and education

Chehayeb was born in Aley on 17 October 1947. He received a bachelor's degree in biology from the Arab University of Beirut and a master's degree in history from Cairo University in 1982.

Career
Chehayeb was a supporter of the Baath party and Saddam Hussein during his youth. Then he became a member of the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) in 1979. He worked as a history professor at Lebanese University in Aley. In 1984, he became office manager of Jumblatt. From 1985 to 1991 he served as the director of the PSP in Damascus. In 1992, he won the election, being a representative for Beirut. In the 1996 elections, Chehayeb won the Druze seat in Aley. Chahayeb served as minister of environment from 1996 to 1998. He also won the same seat in the general elections of 2000. From 2005 to 2009 he was the head of Lebanese environment committee. In 2009, he was appointed minister of displaced to the cabinet headed by then prime minister Saad Hariri, replacing Raymond Audi. Chehayeb's tenure ended in 2011, and he was succeeded by Alaaeddine Terro as minister.

Chehayeb also won Druze seat in Aley in the 2009 general election, and is part of the National Struggle Front bloc, which is under the control of Walid Jumblatt.

In February 2013 Akram Chehayeb became part of Tammam Salam's government as minister of agriculture. His term ended on 18 December 2016 when a new government led by Saad Hariri was formed.

Personal life
Chehayeb is married to Salma Jurdi Chehayeb and has four children.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
People from Aley District
Beirut Arab University alumni
Cairo University alumni
Lebanese Druze
Academic staff of Lebanese University
Progressive Socialist Party politicians
Agriculture ministers of Lebanon
Displaced ministers of Lebanon
Education ministers of Lebanon
Environment ministers of Lebanon
Higher education ministers of Lebanon
Members of the Parliament of Lebanon

Akram Chehayeb


Syed Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur ( – 5 February 1765) often known as Mir Jafar, his full, formal name Shuja ul-Mulk, Hashim ud-Daula, Nawab Ja'afar 'Ali Khan Bahadur, Mahabat Jang was a Bengali Sunni Muslim remembered for the agreement he made with the British when he was Nawab of Bengal. This agreement meant that the Army of Bengal surrendered to the British army and were killed at the Battle of Plassey. This was the start of the British rule in Bengal. He also gave his daughter Nazia Begum in marriage to the British governor of Bengal, James Patrick Peters. The marriage ceremony of James Peters and Nazia Begum began in the year 1760, a year after the British victory at Plassey. On the wedding night, Nazia Begum and James Peters engaged in sexual intercourse while Mir Jafar watched. This was to prove the superiority of the British over not only the Indian nation but also the Indian women.

He is remembered by the people of Bengal and Pakistan. The word "mirjafar" in Bengali and the phrase "meer jafar" in Urdu now are often used to mean traitor.

Mir Jafar was an influential figure in the history of Bengal during the 18th century. He was born in the early 1690s and hailed from a noble family. Mir Jafar initially served as a commander in the army of Nawab Alivardi Khan, the ruler of Bengal. However, in 1757, during the Battle of Plassey, he betrayed the Nawab and colluded with the British East India Company. This treacherous act resulted in the British victory over the Nawab's forces, marking a significant turning point in the colonization of India by the British. In return for his betrayal, Mir Jafar was installed as the puppet Nawab of Bengal by the British. His reign as Nawab was marred by corruption and subservience to the British, which led to discontent among the people. Mir Jafar's name became synonymous with betrayal, and he is often remembered as a traitor in Indian history.
1691 births
1765 deaths
Indian monarchs
18th century in India

Mir Jafar


Vimeiro () is a freguesia (civil parish) in the municipality of Lourinhã in west-central Portugal. It is in the District of Lisboa. The population in 2011 was 1,470, in an area of 7.08 km².

Vimeiro was the site of the 1808 Battle of Vimeiro, where British forces under the Duke of Wellington defeated the French, ending the first French invasion of Portugal.  A monument was dedicated in Vimeiro on August 21, 1908, the 100th anniversary of the battle, by Manuel II of Portugal.

References

External links
 Columbia Encyclopedia entry

Freguesias of Lourinhã

Vimeiro


Lisa Rogak is an American author, primarily of biographies and other non-fiction books. She is also a freelance magazine writer.

Barack Obama: In His Own Words, which Rogak edited, hit the New York Times bestseller list. Her biography of Stephen King, Haunted Heart, was nominated for a 2010 Edgar Award for Best Critical / Biographical Work.

Rogak grew up in Glen Rock, New Jersey and now lives in New Hampshire.

Partial bibliography
 Pretzel Logic: A Novel, Williams Hill Publishing, 1999
 Howard Dean: In His Own Words, St. Martin's Griffin/Thomas Dunne Books, 2003
 Death Warmed Over: Funeral Food, Rituals, and Customs from Around the World, Ten Speed Press, 2004
 Stones and Bones of New England: A Guide to Unusual, Historic, and Otherwise Notable Cemeteries, Globe Pequot, 2004
 The Man Behind the Da Vinci Code: An Unauthorized Biography of Dan Brown, Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2005
 Barack Obama: In His Own Words, PublicAffairs, 2008
 A Boy Named Shel: The Life and Times of Shel Silverstein, St. Martin's Griffin/Thomas Dunne Books, 2009
 Michelle Obama: In Her Own Words, PublicAffairs, 2009
 Haunted Heart: The Life and Times of Stephen King, St. Martin's Griffin/Thomas Dunne Books, 2010
 And Nothing But the Truthiness: The Rise (and further rise) of Stephen Colbert, St. Martin's Griffin/Thomas Dunne Books, 2011
 Dogs of War: The Courage, Love, and Loyalty of Military Working Dogs, St. Martin's Griffin/Thomas Dunne Books, 2011
 Dogs of Courage: The Heroism and Heart of Working Dogs Around the World, St. Martin's Press, 2012
 Dan Brown: The Unauthorized Biography, St. Martin's Press, 2013
 One Big Happy Family: Heartwarming Stories of Animals Caring for One Another, St. Martin's Press, 2013
 Angry Optimist: The Life and Times of Jon Stewart, Thomas Dunne Books, 2014
 Cats on the Job: 50 Fabulous Felines Who Purr, Mouse, and Even Sing for Their Supper, St. Martin's Press, 2015
 The True Tails of Baker and Taylor: The Library Cats Who Left Their Pawprints on a Small Town . . . and the World, St. Martin's Press, 2016
Rachel Maddow: A Biography, St. Martin's Press/Thomas Dunne Books, 2020
Who is Alex Trebek?: A Biography, St. Martin's Press/Thomas Dunne Books, 2020

References

External links
 Lisa Rogak's Website
 Lisa Rogak on the Macmillan Website

American biographers
Edgar Award winners
Living people
Writers from New Jersey
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women biographers
21st-century American women

Lisa Rogak


Tove Marika Jansson (; 9 August 1914 – 27 June 2001) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish author, novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. Brought up by artistic parents, Jansson studied art from 1930 to 1938 in Stockholm, Helsinki and Paris. Her first solo art exhibition was held in 1943. Over the same period, she penned short stories and articles for publication, and subsequently drew illustrations for book covers, advertisements, and postcards. She continued her work as an artist and writer for the rest of her life.

Jansson wrote the Moomin novel series for children, beginning publication in 1945 with the release of The Moomins and the Great Flood. The following two books, Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll, published in 1946 and 1948 respectively, were highly successful, and sales of the first book increased correspondingly. For her work as a children's author she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966, and in 2016 Jansson was included in The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame.

Starting with the semi-autobiographical  (Sculptor's Daughter) in 1968, Jansson wrote six novels, including the admired  (The Summer Book), and five short story collections for adults.

Early life

Tove Jansson was born in Helsinki, in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire at the time. Her family, part of the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland, was an artistic one: her father, Viktor Jansson, was a sculptor, and her mother, Signe Hammarsten-Jansson, was a Swedish-born graphic designer and illustrator. Tove's siblings also became artists: Per Olov Jansson became a photographer and Lars Jansson an author and cartoonist. Whilst their home was in Helsinki, the family spent many of their summers in a rented cottage on an island near Porvoo,  east of Helsinki; among other things, the Söderskär Lighthouse island off Porvoo in the Gulf of Finland served as an important source of inspiration for her later literature (see Moominpappa at Sea).

Jansson went to  in Helsinki and then studied at University College of Arts, Crafts and Design, in Stockholm in 1930–1933, the Graphic School of the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts in 1933–1937, and finally at  and  in Paris in 1938. She displayed a number of artworks in exhibitions during the 1930s and early 1940s, and her first solo exhibition was held in 1943.

At age 14, Jansson wrote and illustrated her first picture book  (Sara and Pelle and Neptune's Children). It was not published until 1933. She also sold drawings that were published in magazines in the 1920s.

During the 1930s Jansson made several trips to other European countries. She drew from these for her short stories and articles, which she also illustrated, and which were also published in magazines, periodicals and daily papers. During this period, Jansson also designed many book covers, adverts and postcards. Following her mother's example, she drew illustrations for Garm, an anti-fascist Finnish-Swedish satirical magazine.

She was briefly engaged in the 1940s to Atos Wirtanen. During her later studies, Jansson met her future partner Tuulikki Pietilä. The two women collaborated on many works and projects, including a model of the Moominhouse, in collaboration with Pentti Eistola. This is now exhibited at the Moomin museum in Tampere.

Work

Moomins

Jansson is principally known as the author of the Moomin books. Jansson created the Moomins, a family of trolls who are white, round and smooth in appearance, with large snouts that make them vaguely resemble hippopotamuses.

The first Moomin book, The Moomins and the Great Flood, was written in 1945. Although the primary characters are Moominmamma and Moomintroll, most of the principal characters of later stories were only introduced in the next book, so The Moomins and the Great Flood is frequently considered a forerunner to the main series. The book was not a success, but the next two installments in the Moomin series, Comet in Moominland (1946) and Finn Family Moomintroll (1948), brought Jansson some fame. The original title of Finn Family Moomintroll, , translates as The Magician's Hat.

The style of the Moomin books changed as time went by. The first books, written starting just after the Second World War, up to Moominland Midwinter (1957), are adventure stories that include floods, comets and supernatural events. The Moomins and the Great Flood deals with Moominmamma and Moomintroll's flight through a dark and scary forest, where they encounter various dangers. In Comet in Moominland, a comet nearly destroys the Moominvalley (some critics have considered this an allegory of nuclear weapons). Finn Family Moomintroll deals with adventures brought on by the discovery of a magician's hat. The Exploits of Moominpappa (1950) tells the story of Moominpappa's adventurous youth and cheerfully parodies the genre of memoir. Finally, Moominsummer Madness (1955) pokes fun at the world of the theatre: the Moomins explore an empty theatre and perform Moominpappa's pompous hexametric melodrama.

In addition to the Moomin novels and short stories, Tove Jansson also wrote and illustrated four original and popular picture books: The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My (1952), Who will Comfort Toffle? (1960), The Dangerous Journey (1977) and An Unwanted Guest (1980). As the Moomins' fame grew, two of the original novels, Comet in Moominland and The Exploits of Moominpappa, were revised by Jansson and republished.

Critics have interpreted various Moomin characters as being inspired by real people, especially members of the author's family, and Jansson spoke in interviews about the backgrounds of, and possible models for, her characters.

Pietilä's personality inspired the character Too-Ticky in Moominland Midwinter and Moomintroll and Little My have been seen as psychological self-portraits of the artist. Jansson referred to Moomintroll as her alter-ego.

The Moomins, generally speaking, relate strongly to Jansson's own family – they were bohemian and lived close to nature. Jansson remained close to her mother until her mother's death in 1970; even after Tove had become an adult, the two often traveled together, and during her final years Signe also lived with Tove part-time. Moominpappa and Moominmamma are often seen as portraits of Jansson's parents.

Other writing
After Moominvalley in November Tove Jansson stopped writing about Moomins and started writing for adults. Jansson's first foray outside children's literature was  (Sculptor's Daughter), a semi-autobiographical novel published in 1968. After that, she wrote five more novels, including  (The Summer Book) and five collections of short stories. The Summer Book is the best known of her adult fiction translated into English. It is a work of charm, subtlety and simplicity, describing the summer stay on an island of a young girl and her grandmother. The girl is modelled on her niece, Sophia Jansson; the girl's father on Sophia's father, Lars Jansson; and the grandmother on Tove's mother Signe.

Wartime satire in Garm magazine

Tove Jansson worked as an illustrator and cartoonist for the Swedish-language satirical magazine Garm from the 1930s to 1953. One of her political cartoons achieved a brief international fame: she drew Adolf Hitler as a crying baby in diapers, surrounded by Neville Chamberlain and other great European leaders, who tried to calm the baby down by giving it slices of cake – Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc. In the Second World War, during which Finland fought against the Soviet Union, part of the time cooperating with Nazi Germany, her cover illustrations for Garm lampooned both Hitler and Joseph Stalin: in one, Stalin draws his sword from his impressively long scabbard, only to find it absurdly short; in another, multiple Hitlers ransack a house, carrying away food and artworks. In The Spectators view, Jansson made Hitler a preposterous little figure, self-important and comic.

Comic strip artist

Jansson also produced illustrations during this period for the Christmas magazines  and Lucifer (just as her mother had earlier) as well as several smaller productions. Her earliest comic strips were created for productions including  (, 1929),  (', 1930), and  (, 1933).

The figure of the Moomintroll appeared first in Jansson's political cartoons, where it was used as a signature character near the artist's name. This "Proto-Moomin", then called Snork or Niisku, was thin and ugly, with a long, narrow nose and devilish tail. Jansson said that she had designed the Moomins in her youth: after she lost a philosophical quarrel about Immanuel Kant with one of her brothers, she drew "the ugliest creature imaginable" on the wall of their outhouse and wrote under it "Kant". This Moomin later gained weight and a more pleasant appearance, but in the first Moomin book The Moomins and the Great Flood (originally ), the Immanuel-Kant-Moomin is still perceptible. The name Moomin comes from Tove Jansson's uncle, Einar Hammarsten: when she was studying in Stockholm and living with her Swedish relatives, her uncle tried to stop her pilfering food by telling her that a "Moomintroll" lived in the kitchen closet and breathed cold air down people's necks.

In 1952, after Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll had been translated into English, a British publisher asked if Tove Jansson would be interested in drawing comic strips about the Moomins. Jansson had already drawn a long Moomin comic adventure,  (Moomintroll and the End of the World), based loosely on Comet in Moominland, for the Swedish-language newspaper , and she accepted the offer. The comic strip Moomintroll, started in 1954 in the London Evening News. Tove Jansson drew 21 long Moomin stories from 1954 to 1959, writing them at first by herself and then with her brother Lars Jansson. She eventually gave the strip up because the daily work of a comic artist did not leave her time to write books and paint, but Lars took over the strip and continued it until 1975.

The series was published in book form in Swedish; books 1 to 6 have been published in English, Moomin: The Complete Tove Jansson Comic Strip.

Painter and illustrator
Although she became known first and foremost as an author, Tove Jansson considered her careers as author and painter to be of equal importance. She painted her whole life, changing style from the classical impressionism of her youth to the highly abstract modernist style of her later years. Jansson displayed a number of artworks in exhibitions during the 1930s and early 1940s, and her first solo exhibition was held in 1943. Despite generally positive reviews, criticism induced Jansson to refine her style such that in her 1955 solo exhibition her style had become less overloaded in terms of detail and content. Between 1960 and 1970 Jansson held five more solo exhibitions.

Jansson also created a series of commissioned murals and public works throughout her career, which may still be viewed in their original locations. These works of Jansson's included:
 The canteen at the  factory at , Helsinki (1945)
 The Aurora Children's Hospital in Helsinki
 The  restaurant of Helsinki City Hall – Transferred in 1974 to Helsinki Swedish-language Adult Education Centre "Workers' Institute" Arbis and in 2016 to a permanent Jansson exhibition at Helsinki Art Museum
 The  hotel at Hamina
 The Wise and Foolish Virgins altarpiece in Teuva Church (1954)
 A number of fairy-tale murals in schools and kindergartens including the kindergarten in Pori (1984)

In addition to providing the illustrations for her own Moomin books, Jansson also illustrated Swedish translations of classics such as J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (some used later in Finnish translations as well). She also illustrated her late work, The Summer Book (1972).

Theatre
Several stage productions have been made from Jansson's Moomin series, including a number that Jansson herself was involved in.

The earliest production was a 1949 theatrical version of Comet in Moominland performed at Åbo Svenska Teater.

In the early 1950s, Jansson collaborated on Moomin-themed children's plays with Vivica Bandler. In 1952, Jansson designed stage settings and dresses for Pessi and Illusia, a ballet by Ahti Sonninen () which was performed at the Finnish National Opera. By 1958, Jansson began to become directly involved in theater as Lilla Teater produced  (Troll in the wings), a play with lyrics by Jansson and music composed by Erna Tauro. The production was a success, and later performances were held in Sweden and Norway.

In 1974 the first Moomin opera was produced, with music composed by Ilkka Kuusisto.

Personal life

Jansson had several male lovers, including the political philosopher Atos Wirtanen, who was the inspiration for the Moomin character Snufkin. However, she eventually "went over to the spook side" as she put it—a coded expression for homosexuality—and developed a secret love affair with the married theater director Vivica Bandler.

In 1956 Jansson met her lifelong partner,  – or "Tooti", as she was known. In Helsinki they lived separately, in neighbouring blocks, visiting each other privately through an attic passageway. In the 1960s, they built a house on a tiny uninhabited island in the Gulf of Finland,  from Helsinki, where they would escape for the summer months. Jansson's and Pietilä's travels and summers spent together on the Klovharu island in Pellinki have been captured on several hours of film, shot by Pietilä. Several documentaries have been made of this footage, the latest being  (Haru, the lonely island) (1998) and  (Tove and Tooti in Europe) (2004). It is speculated that the character Too-ticky, a wise human who wears a red striped shirt and carries a briefcase, was inspired by Pietilä.

Jansson died on 27 June 2001 at the age of 86 from cancer. She is buried with her parents and younger brother, Lars, at the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

Family
 Viktor Jansson (born 1829) married Ida Maria Lemström (born 1842)
 Julius Viktor Jansson (1862–1892) married Johanna Theresia Karlsson (1864–1938)
 Viktor Bernhard Jansson (1886–1958) married Signe Hammarsten (1882–1970)
 Tove Marika Jansson (1914–2001), intimate partnership with Tuulikki "Tooti" Pietilä (1956–until death)
 Per Olov Jansson (1920–2019)
 Lars Jansson (1926–2000)
 Vivica Sophia Jansson (born 1962) married __ Zambra
 James Zambra (born 1989)
 Thomas Zambra (born 1992)
 Julius Edvard Jansson (born 1887) married Toini Maria Ilmonen

Cultural legacy
The biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books. Jansson received the writing award in 1966.

In 1968, Swedish public TV, SVT, made a documentary about Tove called Moomins and the Harbor (39 min.).

Jansson's books, originally written in Swedish, have been translated into 45 languages. After the  and books by Mika Waltari, they are the most widely translated works of Finnish literature.

The Moomin Museum in Tampere displays much of Jansson's work on the Moomins. There is also a Moomin theme park named Moomin World in .

Tove Jansson was selected as the main motif in the 2004 minting of a Finnish commemorative coin, the €10 Tove Jansson and Finnish Children's Culture commemorative coin. The obverse depicts a combination of Tove Jansson portrait with several objects: the skyline, an artist's palette, a crescent and a sailing boat. The reverse design features three Moomin characters. In 2014 she was again featured on a commemorative coin, minted at €10 and €20 values, being the only person other than the former Finnish president  to be granted two such coins. She was also featured on a €2 commemorative coin that entered general circulation in June 2014.

Since 1988, Finland's Post has released several postage stamp sets and one postal card with Moomin motifs. In 2014, Jansson herself was featured on a Finnish stamp set.

In 2014 the City of Helsinki honored Jansson by renaming a park in  as Tove Jansson's Park (, ). The park is located near Jansson's childhood home.

In March 2014, the Ateneum Art Museum opened a major centenary exhibition showcasing Jansson's works as an artist, an illustrator, a political caricaturist and the creator of the Moomins. The exhibition drew nearly 300,000 visitors in six months. After Helsinki the exhibition embarked on a tour in Japan to visit five Japanese museums.

In 2012, the BBC broadcast a one-hour documentary on Jansson, Moominland Tales: The Life of Tove Jansson.

From October 2017 to January 2018, the Dulwich Picture Gallery held an exhibition of Jansson's paintings, illustrations, and cartoons. This was the first major retrospective exhibition of her work in the United Kingdom.

With a new animated series, Moominvalley broadcast in 2019, Rhianna Pratchett wrote an article about the impact Tove Jansson had had on her father Sir Terry Pratchett; he called Jansson one of the greatest children's writers there has ever been and credited her writing as one of the reasons he became an author.

A biopic, titled Tove, directed by Zaida Bergroth was released in October 2020.

Bibliography

The Moomin books

Novels
  (1945, The Moomins and the Great Flood)
  (1946, Comet in Moominland)
  (1968; reworked edition of Comet in Moominland)
  (1948, Finn Family Moomintroll; in some editions The Happy Moomins)
  (1950, The Exploits of Moominpappa)
  (1968, The Memoirs of Moominpappa; reworked edition of The Exploits of Moominpappa)
  (1954, Moominsummer Madness)
  (1957, Moominland Midwinter)
  (1965, Moominpappa at Sea)
  (1970, Moominvalley in November)

Short story collections
  (1962, Tales from Moominvalley)

Picture books
  (1952, The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My)
  (1960, Who Will Comfort Toffle?)
  (1977, The Dangerous Journey)
  (1980, Villain in the Moominhouse)
  (1993, Songs From Moominvalley; songbook. With Lars Jansson and Erna Tauro)

Comic strips
 , Books 1–7 (1977–1981, Moomin; Books 3–7 with Lars Jansson) (Books 1–6 released in English).

Other books

Novels
  (1972, The Summer Book)
  (1974, Sun City)
  (1982, The True Deceiver)
  (1984, The Field of Stones)
  (1989, Fair Play)

Short story collections
  (1968, Sculptor's Daughter) (semi-autobiographical)
  (1971, The Listener)
  (1978, lit. "The Doll's House and Other Stories", translated as Art in Nature)
  (1987, Travelling Light)
  (1991, Letters from Klara and Other Stories)
  (1998 compilation, Messages: Selected Stories 1971–1997)
 A Winter Book (Sort of Books, 2006). Selected and introduced by Ali Smith, from Sculptor's Daughter, Messages, The Listener, Letters from Klara, and Traveling Light.
 The Woman Who Borrowed Memories (New York Review Books, 2014). Selections from The Listener, The Doll's House, Traveling Light, Letters from Klara, and Messages. Translated by Thomas Teal and Silvester Mazzarella.

Miscellaneous
  (under the pseudonym of Vera Haij, 1933, Sara and Pelle and the Octopuses of the Water Sprite)
  (1993, Notes from an Island; autobiography; illustrated by Tuulikki Pietilä)
  (2019) (personal letters written by Tove, edited by Boel Westin and Helen Svensson)

Awards
 Hans Christian Andersen Award (gold medal, 1966)
 Award for State Literature (1963, 1971 and 1982)
 Swedish Academy Finland Prize (1972)
 Order of the Smile (1975)
 Pro Finlandia Medal (1976)
 Swedish Culture Foundation Honorary Award (1983)
 The Finnish Cultural Award (1990)
 Selma Lagerlöf Prize (1992)
 The Finland Art Prize (1993)
  (1994)
 The Swedish Academy Award (1994)
 The American-Scandinavian Foundation Honorary Cultural Award (1996)
 WSOY Literary Foundation Award (1999)

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Tove Jansson at www.moomin.com
 Tove Jansson at Schildts
 Tove Jansson and the altarpiece "Ten Virgins"
 Tove Jansson at WSOY
 thisisFINLAND: People – Tove Jansson: writer, painter and illustrator
 The Moomin Trove Comprehensive lists of Tove Jansson's Moomin books
 Tove Jansson and The Moomin Trove by Finland Travel Club
 Moominland Tales: The Life of Tove Jansson (BBC) by Eleanor Yule

 Jansson, Tove (1914–2001) at National Biography of Finland

1914 births
2001 deaths

Writers from Helsinki
People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish writers in Swedish
Writers from Uusimaa
Finnish comic strip cartoonists
Finnish children's writers
Finnish comics artists
Finnish fantasy writers
Finnish women illustrators
Finnish women short story writers
Finnish short story writers
Finnish women novelists
Finnish people of Swedish descent
Konstfack alumni
Bisexual novelists
Bisexual painters
Bisexual women artists
Bisexual women writers
LGBT comics creators
Finnish LGBT novelists
Finnish LGBT painters
Finnish bisexual people
Moomins
Tolkien artists
Finnish female comics artists
Female comics writers
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners
Selma Lagerlöf Prize winners
Finnish children's book illustrators
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Finnish women children's writers
Swedish-speaking Finns
20th-century Finnish novelists
20th-century Finnish women writers
20th-century Finnish women artists
20th-century Finnish LGBT people
Artists from Helsinki
20th-century short story writers
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
Finnish painters
Modern painters
Deaths from cancer in Finland

Tove Jansson


The CBS Broadcast Center is a television and radio production facility located on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is CBS's main East Coast production hub, similar to CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles as the West Coast hub. The Broadcast Center is one of three production facilities in Manhattan utilized by Paramount Global. The other two are the Ed Sullivan Theater, which hosts The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, along with the Times Square studios for CBS Mornings, located in the company's headquarters at One Astor Plaza.

Description
The nearly block-long facility at 524 West 57th Street in the Hell's Kitchen section of Manhattan serves as the headquarters of CBS News and its live streaming news channel, and is the main broadcast facility for CBS News, CBS Sports, New York City flagship O&O station WCBS-TV and CBS-owned independent station WLNY. In 2001, BET previously used studios for 106 & Park and other in-studio shows (both BET and CBS were part of Viacom until their 2006 separation by the Viacom/CBS split, later re-merged in 2019). CBS Media Ventures's nationally syndicated newsmagazine Inside Edition is also produced at the Broadcast Center.

The Broadcast Center is also the production base for CBS News Radio. The network's Master Control (aka Central Control) on the first floor also serves as the routing center for other programming distributed by Westwood One (formerly Dial Global). The radio network's flagship station WCBS (AM) was housed in the Broadcast Center from 2000 (moving from Black Rock, CBS's corporate headquarters at 51 West 52nd Street) until 2011 when it relocated to 345 Hudson Street in lower Manhattan, billed on-air as "The Audacy Hudson Square Broadcast Center."

In addition to the Broadcast Center, CBS has one other major studio in Manhattan — the Ed Sullivan Theater (CBS-TV Studio 50) at 1697 Broadway, the home of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. The General Motors Building (CBS-TV Studio 58), on Fifth Avenue and 58th Street, was the home of The Early Show until December 31, 2011. The Early Shows successor, the second incarnation of CBS This Morning (predecessor of CBS Mornings), premiered from newly constructed Studio 57 at the Broadcast Center on January 9, 2012.

The CBS Evening News moved into Studio 57 from Studio 47 (previously sharing space with the CBS News newsroom) in December 2016. It relocated from New York to Washington, D.C. in December 2019. ViacomCBS announced in May 2021 that CBS This Morning would vacate the Broadcast Center for the MTV Studios. The move was completed on September 7, 2021, when CBS This Morning rebranded to CBS Mornings.

History

Early history

The building in which the Broadcast Center is located formerly served as a dairy depot for Sheffield Farms. CBS purchased the site in 1952. The Center opened as the CBS Production Center in the late 1950s, when the network's master control, film and videotape facilities, and four studios were located in the Grand Central Terminal building.

CBS began using the 57th Street facility regularly for TV in 1963. The radio network, with offices at 1 East 53rd Street and studios at 49 East 52nd Street, near the old CBS corporate headquarters at 485 Madison Avenue, moved to the Broadcast Center in July 1964, while the television network's master control moved from Grand Central to the Broadcast Center in late 1964. The company spent $14.5 million to create what was, at the time, "the largest 'self-contained' radio and television production center in the United States and the most modern broadcasting plant of its kind in the world," as the New York Tribune put it in 1961.

From the 1950s to 1970s, another prominent CBS stage in New York was Studio 52 (now the disco-theater Studio 54) at 254 West 54th Street, around the corner from Studio 50. CBS also leased the Himan Brown studios at 221 West 26th Street, now Chelsea Studios, for several shows in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

CBS Broadcast Center and soap operas
Until January 2000, the Broadcast Center was home to CBS-TV's soap opera As the World Turns, which moved to JC Studios in Brooklyn. Former serials Love of Life, Search for Tomorrow, The Edge Of Night      before moving to ABC in December of  1975     Love is a Many Splendored Thing, Secret Storm, and Where the Heart Is were also produced at the Broadcast Center.

After a 37-year absence, Guiding Light returned to the Broadcast Center in September 2005, after 17 years at EUE/Screen Gems studios, 222 East 44th Street and 20 years at the CBS/Himan Brown studios at 221 West 26th Street. The show had been produced in Studio 45 at the CBS Broadcast Center from 1965 to 1968 before moving to West 26th Street. GL used Studios 42 and 45 until its final broadcast on September 18, 2009.

"From the ABC Broadcast Center..."
In 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced The Dana Carvey Show at the Broadcast Center for ABC. As a jab at CBS (ABC's competition), the show's opening credits had a man with a paper version of the ABC logo on a ladder outside of the Broadcast Center covering over the CBS Eye logo while the announcer proclaimed "From the ABC Broadcast Center...".

Recent history
In early 2012, it was announced The Nate Berkus Show would not be renewed. After a few months it was announced that Anderson Cooper's talk show would move into Studio 42 leaving its home in the Time Warner Center.

Also in 2012, CBS acquired the Riverhead, Long Island-licensed WLNY-TV (Channel 55, cable channel 10), setting up a duopoly with WCBS-TV. Following the merger, CBS moved that station's employees to the CBS Broadcast Center. Their former Melville facility was maintained as the WCBS/WLNY Long Island bureau offices until 2020 when it was taken over by an independent production company. WLNY currently carries one program from Broadcast Center: a 9pm newscast with WCBS's news personnel from Broadcast Center. Live from the Couch, a morning show airing parallel to CBS This Morning on WCBS, was broadcast on WLNY from 2012 until early 2014, when it was canceled due to low ratings.

HBO satire show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, Showtime talk show Desus & Mero a are also recorded at the Broadcast Center. TBS news satire show Full Frontal with Samantha Bee recorded from the Broadcast Center from its 2016 premiere until the pandemic, before moving to home taping for several months. After that, the latter show moved to Connecticut and a smaller studio without an audience.

On March 12, 2020, one day after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, the CBS Broadcast Center was closed for disinfection after two employees tested positive for COVID-19. Production of WCBS newscasts was assumed by KCBS-TV, while CBS This Morning was moved to CBS News's Washington studio (used for the CBS Evening News since December). The Broadcast Center reopened on a limited basis on March 14, 2020, starting with the Saturday edition of CBS This Morning from Studio 57; on March 18, ViacomCBS announced that its operations would again temporarily relocate from the Broadcast Center, with CBS This Morning moving to the set of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert at the Ed Sullivan Theater and KCBS-TV again producing WCBS-TV's newscasts. From March 20, WCBS-TV newscasts were presented from the studios of New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets broadcaster YES Network in Stamford, Connecticut, before moving back again to the Broadcast Center, beginning on April 17 with the morning newscast. On the June 21, 2020, broadcast of 60 in 6, Seth Doane partially covered the Broadcast Center's exposure to COVID-19 in a piece titled CBS News Battles COVID-19. The piece mentions that CBS News flew in staffers, including those located in Seattle and Rome in early March 2020 to begin filming promotional material for 60 in 6, which brought COVID-19 positive individuals in close contact with CBS employees which resulted in the shutdown of the CBS Broadcast Center.

Potential sale
In June 2023, CBS chief George Cheeks told staff that the company was exploring a sale of the building. The Broadcast Center remains one of the last major pieces of CBS real estate still owned by Paramount. The company previously sold the CBS Building (also known as Black Rock), as well as Television City in Los Angeles.

Studios
 33: 60 Minutes, former home of The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite
 41: The Drew Barrymore Show
 42: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver / Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel
 43: CBS Sports / CBS Sports Network (CBS co-productions of NCAA March Madness coverage with Turner Sports)
 44: CBS Sports Network
 45: CBS Sports (mostly Paramount+) / Inside Edition
 46: WCBS-TV & WLNY
 47: CBS Weekend News (Sunday)
 57: CBS News Streaming Network, CBS Morning News, former home of CBS This Morning
 57 Newsroom: CBS News Streaming Network

References

Broadcast Center
Recording studios in Manhattan
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Mass media company headquarters in the United States
Television studios in the United States
Entertainment companies based in New York City
Grand Central Terminal
57th Street (Manhattan)

CBS Broadcast Center


Alfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), born Alfonso Raimúndez, he was called the Emperor (el Emperador). He was given rule in Galacia alongside his mother Urraca of León in 1107. Alfonso became the King of Galicia in 1111. He became King of León and Castile in 1126 after his mother's death. Alfonso adopted the style of Emperor in his charters. In 1135 in a ceremony at the court of Leon he was officially recognize as Emperor. He was the son of Urraca of León and Raymond of Burgundy. He was the first of the House of Burgundy to rule in the Iberian peninsula. During his rule Portugal declared independence, in 1128. It was recognized as being independent in 1143.

References

Castile and León
1105 births
1157 deaths

Kings of Leon

Alfonso VII of León and Castile


The great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), is the largest species of the Hammerhead shark group. It can be identified by the shape of its "hammer" (called the "cephalofoil"), which is wide and has an almost straight margin at the front, and by its first dorsal fin which is tall, and is sickle-shaped.

Description
thumb|left|250px|The underside of the Great hammerhead shark
Like all other hammerhead sharks, the great hammerhead has a streamlined body and a "hammer" on its head. They have usually been confused with the scalloped hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead shark, but adult great hammerhead sharks can be identified by their wide cephalofoil which has an almost straight margin at the front, and by their first dorsal fin, which is tall and sickle-shaped. The cephalofoil is usually around 1 to 1.5 meters long.

Great hammerhead sharks are around 2.85 to 5.5 meters long, and weigh around 450 kg, but the longest ever found was 6.1 meters long. The heaviest ever found was a 4.4 meter long female, which weighed 580 kg, and was caught off Boca Grande, Florida. But the female weighed this much because it was pregnant. The top part of the great hammerhead is gray-brown or green, and the belly is white.

Home
The great hammerhead shark is found in tropical waters around the world, between the latitudes 40°N to 37°S. In the Atlantic Ocean it is found from North Carolina to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and from Morocco to Senegal, and the Mediterranean Sea. It is found all along the rim of the Indian Ocean, and in the Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyu Islands to Australia, New Caledonia, and French Polynesia, and from southern Baja California to Peru. It's said to be found off Gambia, Guinea, Mauritania, Sierra Leone, and Western Sahara, but this has not been confirmed. Great Hammerhead Sharks can be found from inshore waters which are less than 1 meters deep, to a depth of 80 meters offshore. They live mainly in coral reefs, but have been found in lagoons and deep water near land.

Behaviour
Even though great hammerheads are apex predators, young pups have been seen eaten by bull sharks. Yellow jacks have been seen rubbing themselves against great hammerhead sharks, probably to get rid of parasites. Pilot fish have been seen swimming with great hammerheads.

Reproduction
Great hammerheads are viviparous, meaning they give live birth. Females are pregnant for around 11 months, before giving birth to a litter of 6-56 pups. When they are born, the pups are around 50–70 cm (20 to 28 in) long. Males mature when they are about 2.3 to 2.8 meters long, and weigh around 51 kg. Females mature when they are about 2.5 to 3 meters long, and weigh around 41 kg. Great Hammerhead Sharks live for around 20–30 years, but the oldest Great Hammerhead Shark ever found was said to be 40–50 years old.

Feeding
Great hammerhead sharks are known to hunt at dawn and at dusk. They feed on crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, mollusks like squid and octopuses, bony fish like tarpon, sardines, herrings, sea catfish, toadfish, porgies, jacks, croakers, groupers, flatfish, boxfish, and porcupine fish. They also eat other sharks like smoothhounds and grey reef sharks. Great Hammerhead Sharks have been known to eat others of their kind.

Great hammerhead sharks' favourite prey are rays and skates; its favourite type of ray are stingrays. The venomous spines of the stingrays don't seem to affect them, because a great hammerhead shark caught off Florida had 96 venomous spines found in and around its mouth.

The cephalofoil of the great hammerhead shark is said to be used to pin stingrays down, because agreat hammerhead shark was found attacking a stingray in the Bahamas; the great hammerhead first pinned the stingray down by hitting the stingray with its cephalofoil, and then it grabbed the stingray in its jaws and started to rip apart the stingray by shaking its head rapidly.

Another great hammerhead shark was found attacking a spotted eagle ray in open water; the Great Hammerhead Shark first bit off one of the ray's pectoral fins, and then pinned the ray down with its cephalofoil, and then ate the ray head-first.

Human interactions
Although they have been said to be dangerous towards humans, Great Hammerhead Sharks rarely ever attack humans. Divers have reported that Great Hammerhead Sharks are shy and avoid humans, but there have been reports of Great Hammerhead Sharks approaching divers closely and even chasing them. In 2009, the International Shark Attack File listed 34 attacks caused by a shark which belonged in the Sphyrna genus, but it is not confirmed if the shark was a Great Hammerhead Shark or not. The great hammerhead shark has been confirmed to be responsible for one provoked attack.

Conservation status
The great hammerhead shark has been listed as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), because of fishing for its fins, which are made into shark fin soup, for its skin which is made into leather, and their liver oil for vitamins. Populations of the Great Hammerhead Shark have decreased by 50% because of fishing.

References
  BBC-Great Hammerhead Shark
  Great Hammerhead Shark-Cool Facts and Information
  FLMNH- Great hammerhead shark

Sharks

Great hammerhead shark


The East Sitting Hall is located on the second floor of the White House, home of the president of the United States. First used as a reception room for guests of the president (the Lincoln Bedroom and the Queens' Bedroom were originally offices of the chief executive), it is now a family parlor with access to the east rooms on the second floor.

The room is entered from the second floor corridor on the west side of the room. A large fanlight window on the east side of the room faces the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, the East Colonnade, the East Wing, and the U.S. Treasury. Two disguised doors allow access to a closet and a staircase up to the third floor.

Charles Dickens wrote this about the room during the administration of John Tyler:

[W]e went upstairs into another chamber, where were certain visitors, waiting for audiences. At sight of my conductor, a black in plain clothes and yellow slippers who was gliding noiselessly about and whispering messages in the ears of the more impatient, made a sign of recognition, and glided off to announce him. We had previously looked into another chamber fitted all round with a great bare wooden desk or counter [probably the Anteroom, today's Treaty Room], whereon lay piles of newspapers, to which sundry gentlemen were referring. But there were no such means of beguiling the time in this apartment, which was as unpromising and tiresome as any waiting-room....

Because the East Sitting Hall is situated above the East Room (which has a 22-foot ceiling), access to the East Sitting Hall was originally by way a small set of stairs from the Stair Landing. During the Truman reconstruction, the room was reduced by the addition of a lavatory and side stair to the third floor; the steps were replaced with a ramp through an arched corridor.

Sister Parish, the first interior designer brought in to decorate during the Kennedy restoration, created the original concepts of the redesigned East Sitting Hall, which became a repository of furniture and memorabilia associated with the life of President James Monroe.

See also
 West Sitting Hall

References
Abbott James A., and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1998. .

External links

 White House Historical Association: Residence second floor
 White House Museum: East Sitting Hall

Rooms in the White House

East Sitting Hall


Roberto Sánchez Ramos (born 1960 in San Juan, Puerto Rico) is a Judge of the Court of Appeals of Puerto Rico and  former Attorney General of Puerto Rico, appointed in 2005 by Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá. Before becoming Attorney General, Sanchez Ramos served as Solicitor General of Puerto Rico. He is the son of former Governor of Puerto Rico Roberto Sánchez Vilella. His mother, Jeannette Ramos Buonomo, is a retired judge of the Puerto Rico Court of Appeals, and his grandfather was Ernesto Ramos Antonini, who for many years was the Speaker (President) of Puerto Rico's House of Representatives. Also, his aunt was Ivette Ramos Buonomo, a retired professor at University of Puerto Rico's Law School. He was born while his father Roberto Sánchez Vilella was governor of Puerto Rico.

Among his more notable opinions as an appellate judge is a 2016 case in which he overturns a Superior Court decision declaring Puerto Rico's Arms Control Law in violation of the United States Constitution's Second Amendment.

Career and education
After law school, Sanchez Ramos clerked for Justice Federico Hernández Denton of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and for Federal Appellate Judge A. Wallace Tashima of the Ninth Circuit.

Education
LL.M., Yale Law School, 1998
J.D., University of Puerto Rico Law School, 1993
B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989

External links
Puerto Rico Department of Justice website

Living people
1960s births
Puerto Rican lawyers
University of Puerto Rico alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Secretaries of Justice of Puerto Rico
Yale University alumni

Roberto Sánchez Ramos


Enekbatus clavifolius is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.

The spreading shrub typically grows to a height of  and blooms between July and September producing pink-purple flowers. The species shares features with Enekbatus cryptandroides, both of which have to have ten stamens that are oppositely arranged to the sepals and petals. They also have tuberculate and usually often fruit containing many smooth seeds partly covered by an adherent scurfy layer.

It is found in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia between Merredin and Nungarin where it grows in sandy-gravelly soils over laterite.

The species was first formally described as Baeckea clavifolia by the botanist Spencer Le Marchant Moore in 1920 as part of the work  A contribution to the Flora of Australia. published in the Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. It was reclassified to the Enekbatus genera in 2010 by Barbara Rye and Malcolm Trudgen in the work Enekbatus, a new Western Australian genus of Myrtaceae with a multi-locular indehiscent fruit. as published in the journal Nuytsia

References

clavifolius
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 2010
Taxa named by Spencer Le Marchant Moore

Enekbatus clavifolius


"Love Potion" is the twenty-first single by Japanese recording artist Alisa Mizuki. It was released on August 21, 2002, as the fifth single from Mizuki's fourth compilation album History: Alisa Mizuki Complete Single Collection. The title track is a Japanese-language cover Christina Aguilera's "Genie in a Bottle" (1998). The Japanese lyrics were written by . The song served as theme song for the fourth and final season of the Fuji TV drama Nurse no Oshigoto.

The A-side and theme song for the drama was initially announced to be a cover of Madonna's "Crazy for You" (1985), however "Genie in a Bottle" ended up being the song Mizuki covered for the drama. The said cover of "Crazy for You" subsequently went unreleased.

"Love Potion" is Mizuki's second single to be issued in CCCD format.

Chart performance
"Love Potion" debuted on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart at number 30 with 7,260 copies sold in its first week. The single charted for three weeks and has sold a total of 13,490 copies.

Track listing

Charts and sales

References

2002 singles
Alisa Mizuki songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
Songs written by Steve Kipner
Songs written by Pam Sheyne
2002 songs
Songs written by David Frank (musician)
Avex Group singles

Love Potion (song)


Richard Stanley Nickel (May 31, 1928 – April 13, 1972) was a Polish American architectural photographer and historical preservationist, who was based in Chicago, Illinois. He is best known for his efforts to preserve and document the buildings of architect Louis Sullivan, and the work of the architecture firm of Adler & Sullivan.

Early life
Richard Nickel was born in the Chicago neighborhood of Humboldt Park in a two-flat located at 4327 W. Haddon. He was raised by first-generation Polish Americans with his grandfather John Nikiel, born in Posen, Germany in 1880. Richard's father, Stanley, a driver for the Polish Daily News, Americanized the surname to Nickel in the face of Anti-Polish sentiment. The family soon moved to 4329 W. Crystal where a young Richard attended grammar school at St. Cyril and Methodius. It was here that Richard first became fascinated by light as he stared at the saintly figures drawn in stained glass. Nickel would tell a reporter in 1969 "That makes an impression on you that you never completely forget. It might be subconscious and, at some point, something triggers it."

The family moved to a second floor apartment at 2457 N. Rockwell in the Logan Square community, while Nickel was in fifth grade and enrolled at St. John Berchman's School. At the time the neighborhood was predominately Polish, and years later Nickel described it as the "Polish neighborhood where I became happily abnormal". The family lived near Logan Boulevard, an area lined with historic mansions and wide parkways that would later become recognized as a Chicago Landmark. More important was his father Stanley's acute interest in photography which Richard would take up as well.

In 1948 after leaving the Army, Nickel was given a victory medal and subsequently enrolled at the Institute of Design, which became part of IIT- The Illinois Institute of Technology. The school was housed in the former Chicago Historical Society building, located at 632 N. Dearborn (northwest corner of Dearborn and Ontario streets).

Nickel married a young Polish American girl named Adrienne Dembo at St. Wenceslaus Church, noted for its Art Deco design, on June 10, 1950. Shortly after, Richard was recalled to serve in the Korean War. After Richard's return a few years later, he was a changed man, with recurring nightmares that he was still in Korea. His mother-in law commented that she saw him as a "casualty of war." The marriage finally ended in divorce.

Photography and historic preservation

During the urban regeneration of the 1960s and 1970s, scores of 19th century buildings in Chicago were being demolished. Among these were the works of Louis Sullivan and of other architects designing in the Prairie School style.

By this time many of the buildings were neglected, with little public interest in their retention.  Nickel encountered Sullivan's work while photographing the architect's buildings for a school project at the IIT Institute of Design in Chicago under Aaron Siskind. Studying and photographing Sullivan's buildings quickly became an obsession for him. Ultimately, he devoted much of his life to photographing them, hoping to produce a comprehensive photographic compendium. Some were documentation projects for the federal HABS—Historic American Buildings Survey.

Richard Nickel came to believe that such buildings were an important part of Chicago's architectural and cultural heritage. Realizing that the pace of urban renewal and development seriously threatened many of these historic buildings, Nickel campaigned and lobbied for their preservation.  Celebrated buildings such as the Garrick Theater and the Chicago Stock Exchange were torn down despite the best efforts of Nickel and others to preserve them. However, after Nickel's death, his crusade gained momentum and was responsible for many of Sullivan's buildings eventually being spared. Of the ongoing threat to Chicago's buildings Nickel said "Great architecture has only two natural enemies: water and stupid men."

In the cases where he was unable to protect a building, Nickel extensively photographed both its interior and exterior to archive the craftsmanship and attempt to preserve the buildings' character in his images. He also stripped some of the doomed buildings of their distinctive ornamentation before their destruction.  Dozens of such items were sold to Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) and are still on display.

Richard Nickel documented many of the architectural masters of Chicago, photographing the work of Burnham & Root, Holabird & Roche, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, C. F. Murphy Associates, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.

Residence
Nickel's home at 1810 West Cortland Street in Bucktown, Chicago served as his base for photography and salvage operations. Infatuated with the brick building's front elevation, simple floor plan, and history, Nickel referred to it as his "Polish Palazzo". He worked hard to restore the building.

Death and legacy
Richard Nickel was killed on April 13, 1972, while attempting to salvage more architectural items when a portion of the old Chicago Stock Exchange building collapsed on him. His body went unnoticed for some four weeks, until it was uncovered by demolition workers on May 9. He is buried in Chicago's Graceland Cemetery, not far from Louis Sullivan.

The 1994 book by Richard Cahan, They All Fall Down: Richard Nickel's Struggle to Save America's Architecture, is about Nickel's lifelong effort, with friend and architect John Vinci, to preserve Chicago's architectural heritage. Richard Cahan and Michael Williams co-edited a collection of Nickel's photography, titled Richard Nickel's Chicago: Photographs of a Lost City.

Works
Nickel's black-and-white photos have been displayed at the Art Institute of Chicago and elsewhere. The Richard Nickel Committee and Photographic Archive, a non-profit organization was devoted to preserving the photographer's work for more than 40 years, and holds the copyrights for most of his pictures.

Nickel died without completing a book that he had begun in the 1950s, of his large collection of photographs of Sullivan's work that he took. The book was finally completed and published in 2010, The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan — by Richard Nickel, with Aaron Siskind, John Vinci, and Ward Miller.

Richard Nickel Archive
Richard Nickel's works, which include negatives, photographs, and research papers, have been donated to the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago by the Richard Nickel Committee in 2010.

The Richard Nickel Archive collection is accessible to the public at the Art Institute, along with a finding aid to the collection. Also, more than 1,300 images from the Richard Nickel Committee's donated collection are available for viewing online at the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries' website pages for the Richard Nickel Archive.

Numerous duplicate photographs have been donated over time to other institutions, including The Arts Club of Chicago, the Society of Architectural Historians, Landmarks Illinois, and Preservation Chicago. Photographs of the Garrick Theatre were donated by the Richard Nickel Committee to the collection of the Polish Museum of America in Chicago.

Notes

Further reading
They All Fall Down: Richard Nickel's Struggle to Save America's Architecture — by Richard Cahan; 1994.
The Complete Architecture of Adler and Sullivan — Richard Nickel and Aaron Siskind, with John Vinci and Ward Miller; The Richard Nickel Committee, Chicago, IL; 2010
Richard Nickel Dangerous Years: What He Saw and What He Wrote — by Richard Cahan and Michael Williams; 2016.

External links

Art Institute of Chicago, Ryerson and Burnham Libraries: Richard Nickel Archive—online collection gallery
Art Institute of Chicago, Ryerson and Burnham Libraries: Richard Nickel Archive—finding aid
Art Institute of Chicago, Ryerson and Burnham Libraries: Richard Nickel Archive—collection description
WTTW: "The Richard Nickel Story"
Cityfilespress: Richard Nickel's Chicago

20th-century American photographers
Architectural photographers
Historical preservationists
Historic American Buildings Survey in Chicago
1928 births
1972 deaths
Accidental deaths in Illinois
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
American people of Polish descent
Artists from Chicago
Artists from Park Ridge, Illinois
Polish-American culture in Chicago
20th-century  American  historians
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni

Richard Nickel


The Su-57 is a fifth-generation stealth fighter aircraft developed by Russia's Sukhoi Company. It features advanced avionics, maneuverability, and weapons systems, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-ground missiles, and guided bombs. The aircraft is designed to excel in both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat scenarios and is intended to be the cornerstone of the Russian Air Force's fighter fleet. The Su-57 has been in development since 2002 and has undergone extensive testing, with production expected to ramp up in the coming years.

Sukhoi Su-57


Anderson v. Cryovac was a federal lawsuit concerning toxic contamination of groundwater in 1986 in Woburn, Massachusetts.

Case

The residents of Woburn, Massachusetts sued Beatrice Foods, the operator of a tannery; Cryovac, a subsidiary of W. R. Grace and Company; and UniFirst, a laundry service, for dumping chemicals that contaminated nearby groundwater. The occurrence of a cancer cluster and other negative effects on health led to revelations of water polluted primarily with trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene.

The first trial included contentious disputes over "splitting" the trial into separate liability and damages phases.The Court decided to let the jury decide first whether there was enough evidence to hold the defendants liable for the water contamination, and which defendants would be held responsible for any proven damages to the plaintiffs as a result of the contamination. This is called bifurcating the trial. If any of the defendants were determined by the jury to not be liable, then they would be dismissed from the second part of the trial to determine damages. W.R. Grace was found liable, and Beatrice was found not liable. Judge Walter Jay Skinner granted a motion for a mistrial put by W. R. Grace. Woburn residents then appealed that motion, along with Beatrice's not liable verdict. The Court of Appeal ordered a new trial.

The district court then found that a discovery error made by Beatrice impaired the plaintiffs' preparation process, but recommended that its earlier denial of motion for relief from judgment be sustained. On appeal, the circuit court judge held that: first, the district court did not abuse its discretion by its determination regarding pretrial discovery, namely, the district court had determined that the operator's failure to disclose a report during pretrial discovery did not warrant relief from judgment. Second, the judge held that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the operator's nondisclosure of a report was roughly equivalent to residents' improper continuation of prosecution of their claim, and thus that monetary sanctions should not be imposed upon either party. Finally, the judge found that the operator's nondisclosure of report did not constitute "fraud on the court" which would trigger entry of default.

On 22 September 1986, W.R. Grace settled with the plaintiffs for an undisclosed amount of money. However, many sources report that it was around $8 million (equivalent to roughly $ million in ).

Follow-up
On January 28, 1987, W.R. Grace was indicted by a grand jury of lying to the EPA about its usage and disposal of toxic waste. Anderson Regional Transportation Center was later built on the site and named in memory of James R. "Jimmy" Anderson (1968–1981), whose mother Anne was the main plaintiff.

Media
The book A Civil Action, published in 1996, documents the case and related events. The 1998 film of the same name, starring John Travolta as plaintiffs' lawyer Jan Schlichtmann, was drawn from the book and loosely based on the case and related events.

Bibliography
A Civil Action: A Documentary Companion, By Lewis A Grossman, Robert G Vaughn (West 2008) ()
Anderson v. Cryovac, C.A. No. 82-1672-S (D. Mass); (Anne Anderson et al. v. Cryovac Inc. W.R. Grace Inc., John J. Riley Company Inc., Beatrice Inc. et al. Superior Court Civil Action #82-2444, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Filed May 14, 1982.)
Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc., 96 F.R.D. 431 (D. Mass. 1983)
Anderson v. W.R. Grace & Co., 628 F. Supp. 1219 (D. Mass. 1986)
Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc., 805 F.2d 1 (1st Cir. Mass. 1986)
Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc., 862 F.2d 910 (1st Cir. Mass. 1988), on remand, Anderson v. Beatrice Foods Co., 127 F.R.D. 1 (D. Mass. 1989)
Anderson v. Beatrice Foods Co., 129 F.R.D. 394 (D. Mass. 1989), aff'd, 900 F.2d 388 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 891 (1990)

References

External links

1986 in Massachusetts
1986 in the environment
1986 in United States case law
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit cases
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts cases
United States environmental case law
United States water case law
Environmental issues in Massachusetts
Water pollution in the United States
Woburn, Massachusetts

Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc.


A pirogue ( or ), also called a piragua or piraga, is any of various small boats, particularly dugouts and native canoes. The word is French and is derived from Spanish piragua , which comes from the Carib .

Description
The term 'pirogue' does not refer to a specific kind of boat, but is a generic term for small native boats in regions once colonized by France and Spain, particularly dugouts made from a log. In French West Africa, the term refers to handcrafted banana-shaped boats used by traditional fishermen. In Madagascar, it also includes the more elaborate Austronesian lakana outrigger canoe.

Pirogues are usually propelled by paddles that have one blade (as opposed to a kayak paddle, which has two). It can also be punted with a push pole in shallow water. Small sails are built by local fishermen and they can also be employed. There are two types of sails with differences in their shapes, the square one is used mainly for fishing near the coast and is only useful for Tailwind, while the triangular-shaped ones are used to transfer goods from one place to another by maintaining a bowline direction. Outboard motors are increasingly being used in many regions.

Uses in military and piracy contexts

There are accounts of 17th and 18th century Caribbean pirates using pirogues to attack and take by force much larger vessels including sloops and even barca-longas. Pirogues were used extensively by pirates and buccaneers throughout the Caribbean, the now-Mexican and Gulf Coasts and the East Coast of what is now the United States. For the most part, though, such vessels were used for scouting or as tenders.

Pirogues were used by Lewis and Clark on the Missouri River and westward from 1804–1806, in addition to bateaux, larger flat-bottomed boats that could only be used in large rivers. Their pirogues were medium-sized boats of the company carrying eight rowers and a pilot, capable of carrying eight tons of cargo. Henry D. Thoreau writes of using heavy pirogues in his book The Maine Woods.

Louisiana

Pirogues in the United States are associated particularly with the Cajuns of the Louisiana marsh. The early Creole pirogues were cypress dugouts but today they are usually flat-bottomed boats. Pirogues are not usually intended for overnight travel but are light and small enough to be easily taken onto land. The design also allows the pirogue to move through the very shallow water of marshes and be easily turned over to drain any water that may get into the boat. A pirogue has "hard chines" which means that instead of a smooth curve from the gunwales to the keel, there is often a flat bottom which meets the plane of the side.

In his 1952 classic song "Jambalaya", Hank Williams refers to the pirogue in the line "me gotta go pole the pirogue down the bayou". Johnny Horton, an avid Louisiana fisherman who celebrated Cajun customs and culture, also mentions pirogues in his 1956 song "I Got a Hole in My Pirogue". Hank Williams, Jr. (son of the aforementioned Hank Williams) had a hit song in 1969 "Cajun Baby", which refers to the pirogue in the line "ride around in my old pirogue".

Doug Kershaw's 1961 hit "Louisiana Man" includes the line "he jumps in his pirogue headed down the bayou". Many online lyrics sites misunderstand this line, saying 'hero' or sometimes 'biro' instead.

See also
 Periagua, a cognate which became applied to a different kind of sailing vessel in the 18th century
 Perahu
 Mackinaw boat

References

External links
Pirogues: time-tested craft for hunters and fishermen

Types of fishing vessels
Cajun
West Africa
Symbols of Illinois

Pirogue


The Grand Han Righteous Army (大漢義軍) was a collaborationist Chinese army cooperating with the Empire of Japan in campaigns in northern China  and Inner Mongolia immediately prior to the official start of hostilities of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

History
The Grand Han Righteous Army was formed by minor warlord and commander of the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army Wang Ying after his defeat by the Imperial Japanese Army in what now part of Inner Mongolia in 1936.

Wang defected to the Kwantung Army and persuaded the Japanese to permit him to recruit unemployed Chinese soldiers in Chahar Province to form a mercenary army with Japanese advisors. He managed to recruit approximately 6,000 men, who were trained by the Japanese and organized into four infantry brigades in Japanese-occupied northern Chahar. The troops were armed with weapons seized from Northeastern Army armories and warehouses in northern China. That force was attached another Japanese proxy army, the Inner Mongolian Army, under the overall command of Mongol prince Demchugdongrub.

During the Suiyuan campaign, the Inner Mongolian Army attacked Hongort on 15 November 1936. After several days of fighting, the attackers failed to capture the town. On 17 November, a Chinese counterattack surprised the invaders and led to a disorganized retreat. Taking advantage of the disorder among the Mongolian forces, Chinese general Fu Zuoyi made a flanking movement to the west of the Mongolian headquarters at Bailingmiao, attacked and captured it, and routed the defenders. The Japanese transported Wang and his Grand Han Righteous Army by trucks into a location near Pai-ling-miao and launched a counterattack, which failed dismally on 19 December. With the bulk of its men captured or killed, the Grand Han Righteous Army ceased to exist as an effective combat force, and the Japanese disbanded the remnants.

Sources

 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations)
 Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
 Jiangsu People's Publishing House
 Date published : 2005-7-1

 Online in Chinese:
  日本侵绥的战备企图和中日    Japanese invasion of Suiyuan to prepare their planned union of China and Japan

See also
Mengjiang

Second Sino-Japanese War
Mengjiang
Disbanded armies
Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan

Grand Han Righteous Army


David Lee Forst (born May 18, 1976) is an American baseball executive with the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball. He is the general manager of the Athletics.

Early and personal life
Forst was born in Santa Monica, California, and raised in Encino, California. He attended Brentwood School in Brentwood, Los Angeles. Forst's wife is Rebe Glass, a lawyer with the San Francisco law firm Cooley Godward Kronish. Glass and Forst met at Harvard, where Glass was captain of the soccer team and a member of the 1997 All-Ivy Team, Second Team. They have a son (Judah) and a daughter (Sasha), and live in Berkeley, California.

College
Forst attended Harvard University, where he played college baseball for the Harvard Crimson. Forst was the Crimson's starting shortstop and team captain, and in his senior year he batted .406/.437/.624, while setting a school record with 67 hits.  He was named an All-America third-team shortstop. He graduated cum laude with a bachelor's degree in sociology from Harvard in 1998.

Playing career
Forst attended spring training with the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1999. He played for the Springfield Capitals of the independent Frontier League in 1998 (batting .280/.350/.320; playing primarily third base) and 1999 (batting .294/.362/.376; playing primarily shortstop).

Front office career
In 2000, Forst sent his résumé to MLB teams and was hired by the Oakland Athletics as a scout. He became the Athletics' assistant general manager in 2004, succeeding Paul DePodesta. He turned down opportunities to interview for the general manager position with the Seattle Mariners and San Diego Padres. After the 2015 season, the Athletics announced that, with Billy Beane being promoted to executive vice president of baseball operations, Forst would be promoted to general manager.

References

External links

Living people
1976 births
People from Encino, Los Angeles
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Baseball shortstops
Harvard Crimson baseball players
Springfield Capitals players
Oakland Athletics executives
Major League Baseball general managers
Brentwood School (Los Angeles) alumni

David Forst


Web of Spies is the eleventh novel in the long-running Nick Carter-Killmaster series of spy novels.  Carter is a US secret agent, code-named N-3, with the rank of Killmaster.  He works for AXE – a secret arm of the US intelligence services.

Publishing history
The book was first published in January 1966 (Number A163F) by Award Books part of the Beacon-Signal division of Universal Publishing and Distributing Corporation (New York, USA), part of the Conde Nast Publications Inc. The novel was written by Manning Lee Stokes.

Plot summary
The story is set in September 1965. Carter is assigned to Mission Sappho – to kidnap British scientist Alicia Todd – holidaying on the Costa Brava with her Russian spy lover – or kill her if she resists.  Todd has developed a secret formula known as the Paradise Pill which has the ability to greatly enhance a soldier's morale and stamina. However, Todd has not left any written records of the formula and has committed the details to memory.

First, Carter contacts AXE agent Gay Lord in Tangier, Morocco.  She knows where Todd is staying from her dealings with die Spinne (The Spider) – a Spanish underground group who smuggle Nazis out of Europe.  Gay Lord kept tabs on the current whereabouts of the smuggled Nazis and reported back to AXE.  The Spider has recently fragmented into two factions – the largest led by Judas – Carter's adversary in Run, Spy, Run and The China Doll.  Gay Lord was a double agent; doctoring her reports to AXE about the location of the Nazis in exchange for cash to fund her extravagant lifestyle.  The smaller faction of The Spider (led by El Lobo) discovered her involvement and killed her.

Carter escapes from Tangier and travels to a villa near L'Estartit on the Costa Brava where Russian agent Tasia Loften is seducing Alicia Todd.  Carter discovers that Judas' men will raid the villa and attempt to kidnap Todd.  Carter arrives at the villa just as it is besieged by Judas' men.  Carter arranges a truce with the Russian spy in exchange for help in escaping the villa.  Under the influence of narcotics, Todd panics and bolts and is captured by Judas.

Carter and Tasia join forces to evade capture and rescue Todd.  They are summoned to meet Judas at the bullfighting arena in Girona where he intends to sell Todd to the highest bidder.  Tasia knows that Russia will be outbid by the Americans so she plants heroin on Carter causing him to be arrested on suspicion of drug trafficking before he can complete a deal with Judas.

Tasia follows Judas to a monastery near La Jonquera / Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste on the France-Spain border where Todd is imprisoned.  Carter is rescued from the police cells by the smaller Spider group led by Carmena Santos –  El Lobo's granddaughter.  They want Carter's help to kill Judas and reunite the two Spider factions.

Carter leads the assault on the monastery; he is to disable the electric fence, machine gun posts and searchlights to allow El Lobo's men to enter.  Inside the monastery, Tasia secretly contacts a Russian commando outpost in nearby Andorra to come to her assistance.  Carter betrays El Lobo's men by signaling that all is clear when in fact he has not disabled the monastery's security systems.  El Lobo and his men attack and a vicious firefight with Judas' forces ensues during which Carmena Santos is killed.

The Russian commandos arrive and join the assault on the monastery.  Sensing that the end is near, Judas imprisons Carter and Tasia in a sealed coffin perched on the monastery walls ready to be tipped into the moat and makes his escape with Alicia Todd by river.  Carter and Tasia escape from the coffin and follow Judas.  Judas and Todd are tipped into the water approaching some rapids and scramble to the river bank.  Judas bargains with Carter – his freedom in exchange for Todd.  Carter agrees but finds that Todd is already dead.  Judas escapes in Carter's car which is attacked by El Lobo's men seeking revenge for the causing the death of Carmena.  Judas is presumed to be dead.

After escaping a manhunt by the Spanish police and military, Carter and Tasia take refuge in Barcelona.  Carter discovers that Tasia succeeded in extracting some information from Todd before her death and takes it from her.  He leaves her some money and tells her she must choose to defect or return to Russia.

Back in the US, Carter learns that Tasia has returned to Russia but her fate is unknown.  The information she extracted from Todd was examined by experts and found to be worthless.

Main characters
Nick Carter (agent N-3, AXE; posing as author Kenneth Ludwell Hughes)
Mr Hawk (Carter's boss, head of AXE)
Tasia Loften (real name: Anastasia Zaloff; Russian agent posing as Todd's lover)
Alicia Todd (English pharmacologist)
Judas (leader of die Spinne, Carter's foe)
Skull (Judas' henchman)
El Lobo (leader of smaller faction of die Spinne)
Carmena Santos (die Spinne member, granddaughter of El Lobo)
Gay Lord (AXE agent based in Morocco)

References

1966 novels
Nick Carter-Killmaster novels
Novels set in Spain
Novels set in Barcelona
Novels set in the 1960s
Fiction set in 1965

Web of Spies


The Son of Robin Hood is a 1958 British CinemaScope adventure film directed by George Sherman, starring David Hedison and June Laverick.

Plot
The imposter son of Robin Hood gets locked up in the dungeon. His brother later gets locked up in the dungeon in the next cell. He calls out to him 'Robert, Robert' but he does not believe it his real brother saying that he lies in a foreign grave. He takes off a ring and ties it to some string and swings it to the next cell. When Robert sees the ring his brother tells him that it is the ring he gave him when he left for a foreign land that nobody else knows about and so he realizes that it really is his brother Jamie. He tells him that there is a plan to break him out of the dungeon. Then Jamie is taken to torture a forester Des Roches has captured. Jamie delays the torture until a guard interrupts with a blue cloak dropped by Deering Hood when she went to shoot the Hawk carrying a message from the traitor lady in the priory. Des Roches cries seize him but he uses the dagger given him to torture the forester and takes the guards sword. He engages in a sword fight managing to free the imprisoned forester. Together they escape and open the gate to the secret tunnel letting Little John, Deering and some of Robin Hood's allies into the castle of Des Roches. Jamie then goes back to fight Des Roches and kills him. Little John fights with the guards and manages to lower the drawbridge to let the rest of Robin Hoods men in and the castle is secured. Des Roches had won the support of many Lords and their Knights who are gathering for the coronation of the King in Winchester. But now without his leadership they can support the King at his coronation in place of Des Roches. Jamie declares his love for Deering and they kiss as acceptance of marriage. Jamie pardons Sylvia Des Roches' sister as she helped their cause to defeat Des Roches. Everyone lives happily ever after.

Cast

Critical reception
Leonard Maltin called the film a "Bland forest tale"; whereas Sky Cinema praised "The hearty features" of  George Woodbridge as a "robust Little John," though was less happy with the "somewhat rum casting" of George Coulouris as Alan A'Dale; but concluded, "Otherwise characterisation is in the best, full-blooded comic-strip tradition, as is the action, handled in highly professional style by the director. Laverick's finest hour."

References

External links

1958 films
1950s historical adventure films
Robin Hood films
British historical adventure films
20th Century Fox films
Films directed by George Sherman
1950s English-language films
1950s British films

The Son of Robin Hood