"Took" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the HBO original series The Wire. The episode was written by Richard Price from a story by David Simon & Richard Price and was directed by cast member Dominic West. It aired on February 17, 2008.

Plot

McNulty, Freamon, and Sydnor plot to get Templeton to take a phone call from the "serial killer." McNulty, posing as the killer, acts upset about Templeton's articles painting him in a sexual light and says that no more bodies will be found in Baltimore; instead, he will simply send pictures of his victims. Both the BPD and The Baltimore Sun prioritize the serial killer and resolve to see the case to its end. Freamon, now able to intercept cell phone images via his illegal wiretap on Marlo, runs up against a tougher code than he expected – a simple clock face showing a different time in each picture – and he needs more manpower to determine what these messages mean. McNulty, knowing the serial killer case is a hoax, sends his surveillance teams to Freamon while allocating the extra manpower assigned to him to allow other detectives to earn their overtime pay. McNulty is overwhelmed as the bosses offer him more and more men. Eventually, the fact that he's giving away time gets out and people come looking for it.

Knowing the truth about McNulty's hoax, Bunk refuses to attend a mandatory meeting about the serial killer and instead goes back to investigating the vacant murders. Carver brings in Michael to let Bunk interview him about his stepfather. Omar robs a Stanfield stash house, killing a soldier and flushing several kilos of heroin. He later traps and executes Savino Bratton, now working for Marlo. Later, Omar tells Michael that he will take out all Marlo's muscle until Marlo comes at him himself. Gus consults his old friend, Major Dennis Mello, about whether someone can go through the court system with a false name. Mello's answer casts doubt on Templeton's reporting. Gus and Corbett show disgust at Templeton's maudlin story about living with the homeless. Gus sends Sun reporter Mike Fletcher to research the homeless, which leads Fletcher to Bubbles' soup kitchen. Bubbles guides Fletcher to the Jones Falls Expressway, where he talks to local homeless. When Fletcher offers to pay Bubbles, he turns him down and tells him to "write it how it feels".

Senator Davis hires high-powered attorney Billy Murphy. Despite another round of incriminating testimony from Damien Price, Davis is able to charm the jury and present himself as a man of the people. To the shock of Bond and Pearlman, Davis is acquitted. Greggs, assigned to the homeless killings full-time, spends an entire day getting background information on the homeless victims. She plans to keep her ex-partner's son Elijah for the night. When Elijah can't sleep, Greggs sits with him in the apartment window and says goodnight to the denizens of the inner city à la Goodnight Moon.

Production

Guest stars

Peter Gerety as Judge Daniel Phelan
David Costabile as Thomas Klebanow
Sam Freed as James Whiting
Delaney Williams as Jay Landsman
Ed Norris as Ed Norris
Gregory L. Williams as Michael Crutchfield
Brian Anthony Wilson as Vernon Holley
Kara Quick as Rebecca Corbett
Brandon Young as Mike Fletcher
William F. Zorzi as Bill Zorzi
Dion Graham as Rupert Bond
Billy Murphy Jr. as himself
Donnell Rawlings as Damien "Day-Day" Price
Richard Belzer as John Munch
Thomas J. McCarthy as Tim Phelps
Crissandra Spencer as Reporter
Stanley Boyd as Cherry
Christopher J. Clanton as Savino Bratton
Edward Green as Spider
Kwame Patterson as Monk Metcalf
Thuliso Dingwall as Kenard
James Jorsling as Vincent
Jay Landsman as Dennis Mello
Michael Salconi as Michael Santangelo
Curt Boushell as Andy
David Goodman as Budget Advisor
Dennis Hill as Detective Christeson
Elijah Grant Johnson as Elijah
Kim Tuvin as Judge Emily Johnson
Stu Evered as Detective
Seymour Horowitz as Father
Rosemary Knower as Mother
Ken Ulman as Reporter Ken Ullman
Vickie Warehime as Patrol Sergeant

Stanley Boyd's name is misspelled in the credits as Stanely Boyd.

Uncredited appearances
Michael Stone Forrest as Frank Barlow
Derek Horton as Brian Baker
Todd Scofield as Jeff Price

Special appearance
Richard Belzer makes a cameo appearance as former Baltimore police detective John Munch, the character he portrayed on the Baltimore-based police drama Homicide: Life on the Street (1993–1999), and subsequently on the New York-based Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999–2014).  Clark Johnson's character, Augustus Haynes, walks into a bar to speak with Major Dennis Mello, played by Jay Landsman (the John Munch character was based upon Landsman from David Simon's non-fiction book Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets).  On Homicide, Johnson's character Meldrick Lewis owned a Baltimore bar with Munch.  As Haynes walks past him, Munch can be heard telling the bartender that he cannot ask a regular to pay his entire outstanding tab as "it just isn't done" and adds that he once owned a bar. As the audio of their conversation fades, the bartender can be faintly heard saying "Whatever, John."

References

External links
"Took" at HBO.com

The Wire (season 5) episodes
All articles with style issues
2008 American television episodes
Crossover television

Took (The Wire)


A Kuppe is the term used in German-speaking central Europe for a mountain or hill with a rounded summit that has no rock formation, such as a tor, on it. A range of such hills is called a Kuppengebirge. In geology the term also refers to corresponding stratigraphic forms. The term is similar to the English topographical and geological terms, knoll and dome. It is also analogous to the French word ballon which means a mountain with a rounded summit.

In cartography in German-speaking countries, the term is used more widely to refer to all eminences (biaxially convex landforms) i.e. including those with a more pointed appearance.

Kuppen are a common feature of many ranges within the German Central Uplands including the Rhön Mountains.

Derivation
Kuppe comes from the Middle High German language of the 18th century, probably deriving from the Late Latin/Common Roman word cuppa = "beaker", which then became commonly used in the sense of Haube ("helmet" or "covering") for a summit.

Geomorphology and geology
Kuppengebirge ("kuppe hills") is a geomorphological term. Their formation usually arises as a combination of certain types of rock and the onset of steady erosion processes.

Distribution
Kuppen are typical of the Central Uplands and the Prealps of Europe. For example, the many domed summits of the Fichtel Mountains or the Pohorje are called kuppen, but they also occur in hilly areas. In this connexion, for example, a part of the  Rhön Mountains is known as the Kuppen Rhön (Kuppenrhön) and Kuppe or Koppe is often part of the name of mountains and hills, e.g. the Wasserkuppe and the Schneekoppe.

Places where sedimentary beds have bulged and where rising oil or natural gas has accumulated, are also called kuppen.

References

Landforms

Kuppe


Venmegam is a 2014 Tamil-language film directed by director duo Ram-Laxman and produced by Sujatha Sunitha Combines. The film features Vidharth and Ishaara Nair in the lead roles, while Jaffer Hanni composes the film's music. The film was released on 21 February 2014 to mixed reviews.

Cast

Production

The film was first scheduled in April 2012 when Vidharth announced that he would star in a film titled Vilambaram, based on a real-life story, to be directed by twin directors Ram and Laxman, who had previously worked on different commercials. He began work on the project alongside another project titled Vanavedikkai directed by Praghadeesh, after another project, Kaatumalli, went into a production break. The film began its first schedule in July 2012 with the title changed to Venmegam. The film held a press meet in December 2013 and revealed the basic plot of the film, noting it would feature the bond between an artist and a school kid as a central theme.

Release
The film was released on 21 February 2014, opening in minimal screens as a result of two other bigger Tamil film releases on the same day, Bramman and Aaha Kalyanam. A critic from New Indian Express revealed "a more coherent screenplay and a clearer narration would have made the film a riveting experience" though the director duo should be "commended for tackling an issue rarely touched upon in films".

References

2014 films
2010s Tamil-language films

Venmegam


HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), the virus caused by AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) and is one of the most serious public health challenges in the world. However, the world is committed to preventing new HIV infections and ensuring that everyone living with HIV has access to HIV treatment. In 2019, an estimated 170 million people worldwide are infected with HIV, since 2010, the number of new HIV infections fell by 23%. For example, in one year, this is different from the number of people diagnosed with HIV in one year. Worldwide, about 81 percent of people living with HIV know their HIV status in 2019. The remaining 19% (about 710 million people) still need access to HIV testing services. Important way HIV testing is the gateway to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services.

HIV/AIDS pandemic by continent

Africa
HIV/AIDS is a major concern epidemic in Africa and cause of death in many parts of Africa. Although the continent contains about 15.2% of the world's population, Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for about 69% of HIV patients, and 70% of all AIDS deaths in 2011. In the North African countries have the lowest prevalence rates, as their populations usually share cultural patterns that reduce the spread of the disease, in contrast to what the desert countries did in Africa. Southern Africa is the most affected region on the continent. As of 2011, HIV has infected at least 10% of the population in Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Europe
AIDS cases in most countries in Western Europe have fallen to levels not seen since the initial outbreak; many people attribute this trend to active education campaigns, blood transfusion screening and increased condom use. In addition, since new AIDS treatments have proven to be effective (even if expensive) methods to suppress HIV, Western Europe's AIDS mortality rate has also fallen very much in the past few years. There are many ways to transmit HIV, including paid sex, sex between men, injecting drugs, mother-to-child behavior, and heterosexual behavior. However, many new infections in this area have occurred through contact with HIV-infected people in other areas. The prevalence of adults (15-49 years old) in the region is 0.3%, and there are currently 570,000 to 890,000 HIV-infected persons. Due to the availability of antiretroviral therapy, the number of deaths from AIDS has remained low since the trough in the late 1990s. However, in some countries, there is still a large number of undiagnosed HIV, and the evidence of resistance to antiretroviral drugs in some newly infected people in the region is worrying. In addition, the risky behaviors of men who come into contact with men have recently increased.

Asia
As of 2008, 4.7 million people in Asia were infected with HIV. The United Nations believes that the epidemic in Asia peaked in the mid-1990s, and that the annual rate of HIV infection subsequently decreased by more than half. Regionally, the epidemic has remained fairly stable since the 2000s.

North America
In 2016, it was estimated that 1.5 million adults and children were infected with HIV / AIDS in North America, excluding Central America and the Caribbean. 70,000 adults and children are newly infected each year, with an adult prevalence rate of 0.5%. 26,000 people die of AIDS in North America each year.

South America
At the beginning of 2018, there are almost about 1 million people living with HI /AIDS in South America. By the number of its population, Brazil is the country with the most HIV-positive people with 830,000 people. As of April 2018, Chile is the country with the most infections. While the Falkland Islands are the only territory where no cases were detected. The biggest problem that exists is discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS in less developed countries. This is due to ignorance of the disease, with outdated premises and the high religious population by influenced to other people.

Oceania
In this region, the national conditions regarding HIV and AIDS vary greatly. Part of the reason is the distance between the major islands in Oceania. The extensive development of the region also plays an important role. It is estimated that the prevalence of between 0.2 to 0.7 percent, there are currently 45,000 to 120,000 adults and children living with HIV. Papua New Guinea is one of the worst AIDS epidemic in the region. According to UNAIDS, since 1997, HIV cases in the country at a rate of 30% per year, by the end of 2006, HIV prevalence in the country is about 1.3% from the population.

Epidemiology
HIV/AIDS

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS


Doubletake is a BBC comedy programme, created by Alison Jackson. It made extensive use of celebrity look-alikes playing their doubles in apparently embarrassing situations, seen through CCTV cameras and amateur video, using distance shots and shaky camera-work to disguise the true identity of those being filmed.

External links
 Comedy Guide

BBC television comedy

Doubletake


Petko Rachov Slaveykov () (17 November 1827 OS – 1 July 1895 OS ) was a Bulgarian poet, publicist, politician and folklorist.

Biography

Early years and educational activity
Slaveykov was born in Tarnovo to the family of the coppersmith Racho. Slaveykov's great-grandfather's roots were in Yakoruda, Ottoman Macedonia, but later he moved to Tryavna. His grandfather settled afterwards in Tarnovo. His mother, Penka, died during the birth but miraculously, he survived. In the village of his mother, Vishovgrad, Petko saw nightingales (slavey in Bulgarian), which impressed him so much that he decided to change his family name to Slaveykov.

Slaveykov studied consecutively in Tarnovo, Dryanovo, Tryavna and the Transfiguration Monastery, and also self-educated himself by reading books in the monastery libraries near Tarnovo. He also read the noted Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya by Paisius of Hilendar, and later studied in Svishtov (under Emanuil Vaskidovich), extended his knowledge of Greek and got acquainted with the works of Western European and Serbian literature.

Slaveykov became a teacher in his home town in 1843, but was expelled for the famous satirical poem Tarnovo became famous for renowned Greek bishops, and consecutively taught in various towns, including Vidin, Vratsa, Pleven, Berkovitsa, Lyaskovets, Byala and Elena. He taught according to the Bell-Lancaster method and meanwhile continued to educate himself. Slaveykov worked as a teacher in the first class school in Elena and named it Daskalolivnitsata ("the Teacher Moulder").

Cultural activity and Istanbul period
Slaveykov engaged in important cultural and educational activity and had collected 2263 folk songs, sayings and proverbs until 1847. Nikola Mihaylovski introduced him to the Russian poets and writers of the time. Since 1852, Slaveykov began to print his first books: Smesena kitka, Pesnopoyka, Basnenik. He wrote the poem Boyka voyvoda in 1853 influenced by the revolutionary events surrounding the Crimean War (1853-1856), as well as many revolutionary songs. After the unsuccessful Uprising of Dyado Nikola in Tarnovo in 1856, Slaveykov concentrated his efforts in the awakening of the national consciousness among Bulgarians. As a teacher in Targovishte he issued the satirical newspaper Gayda and after working in Varna for some time left for Istanbul, where he was invited in 1864 to edit a full Bulgarian translation of the Bible (in an east Bulgarian dialect) by the Bulgarian Bible Society. The entire translation was printed in Istanbul in 1871 and was of great importance for the establishment of the east Bulgarian vernacular as the common one.

In Istanbul Slaveykov issued the newspapers Gayda (1863-1867) and Makedoniya (1866-1872) and the magazines Ruzhitsa (1871), Pchelitsa (1871), Chitalishte (1872-1873), Zvanchatiy glumcho (1872), as well as the newspapers Shutosh (1873-1874) and Kosturka (1874). He established himself as arguably the most famous Bulgarian writer in Istanbul in the time, issued more than 60 books, newspapers and magazines, both original and translated. He took part in the struggle for an autonomous Bulgarian church and later became a teacher in the newly established Bulgarian Exarchate. He was arrested for the article Dvete kasti i vlasti in the Makedoniya newspaper and accused of relations with the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee in Bucharest.

Revolutionary and political activity
In 1873 Slaveykov created the well-known poem Izvorat na Belonogata ("The Spring of the White-Legged") and founded the Bulgarian high school in Odrin in 1874, where he countered the Greek influence over the Bulgarians. Later a teacher in Stara Zagora, Slaveykov wrote revolutionary poems and was enchained and imprisoned after the April Uprising. In the Ottomans' massacre of Stara Zagora, his manuscripts and the 15,000 collected folk sayings were burnt and lost. After his liberation from Ottoman imprisonment by the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, he drew closer together with the Russian forces, led the detachment of General Mikhail Skobelev through the Balkan Mountains, witnessed the Battle of Shipka and accompanied the army to San Stefano near Istanbul.

After the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1878, Slaveykov struggled for a democratic constitution together with Petko Karavelov as a deputy in the first Grand National Assembly, became the Chairman of the National Assembly of Bulgaria in 1880, Minister of the Enlightenment and the Internal Affairs (1880-1881), issued the newspapers Osten (1879), Tselokupna Balgariya (1879), Nezavisimost (1880-1883), Tarnovska konstitutsiya (1884), Istina (1886), Sofiyski dnevnik (1886) and Pravda (1888).

Because of his pronouncedly democratic ideas and his participation in the political struggles he was arrested, forbidden to teach and his pension was reduced. Deeply embittered, he died on 1 July 1895 in Sofia.

Slaveykov had a total of eight children, among them the politicians Ivan Slaveykov and Hristo Slaveykov, the publicist Racho Slaveykov and the fellow poet Pencho Slaveykov.

Works

Both in his original and imitative works Slaveykov further developed the Bulgarian language. He wrote patriotic songs and poems, and love and landscape lyric poetry under the influence of Russian poets Aleksandr Pushkin, Afanasy Fet and Nikolay Karamzin. Parts of his historical patriotic poems likely influenced by Paisius' Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya have been preserved: Krumiada, Kralev Marko, Samuilka, Gergana. He issued two collections of folk songs, in 1860 and 1868, and restored the collected proverbs, numbering 17,000. Besides being a poet, writer and journalist, Slaveykov also left his mark on the Bulgarian literature as a translator, philologist, folklorist, the originator of Bulgarian children's literature and author of textbooks. He also worked in the spheres of geography, history and biography. He printed Balgarski pritchi, poslovitsi i harakterni dumi, researched the Bulgarian customs, ritual system, demonology and psychology, and wrote under many pseudonyms.

Honour

Slaveykov Peak in Imeon Range on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Petko Slaveykov.

Notes

Further reading

External links

Gabrovsko-to Uchilishte i Negovy-tie Pŭrvi Popechiteli, (The Gabrovo School and Its First Trustees) From the Early Bulgarian Imprint Collection at the Library of Congress
Smietka na dusheprikashtiky-tie V.E. Aprilova podadena N.N. Aprilovu, (Accounts of the executors of V.E. Aprilov submitted to N.N. Aprilov eng) From the Early Bulgarian Imprint Collection at the Library of Congress

1827 births
1895 deaths
People from Veliko Tarnovo
Liberal Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Government ministers of Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Bulgarian male writers
Bulgarian journalists
Bulgarian folklorists
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Translators of the Bible into Bulgarian
Bulgarian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
19th-century Bulgarian people
19th-century journalists
Male journalists
19th-century translators

Petko Slaveykov


Ivor Robert Stanbrook (13 January 1924 – 18 February 2004) was a British Conservative party politician and barrister. He represented Orpington as its Member of Parliament from 1970 to 1992.

Biography and early life

Stanbrook was born in Willesden, North London, the son of a laundry manager within the family business, the Sunlight Laundry. He was educated at Willesden High School, leaving at age 15, and became a legal assistant at Wembley Council, while taking a part-time degree in economics and law at Birkbeck College, University of London. He qualified as a pilot in 1943 and served with the RAF between 1943 and 1946. He completed postgraduate study at Pembroke College, Oxford then left for Nigeria in 1950 where he worked for ten years in the Colonial Service as District Officer in various regions of Northern and Western Nigeria, including Ilorin, Western Region.  On his return, he was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1960 and practised criminal law, and was also a night lawyer for the Daily Express.

Political career
In the 1966 general election, Stanbrook was the unsuccessful Conservative candidate for the safe Labour seat of East Ham South. At the next general election in 1970, he gained Orpington with a majority of 1,332, a seat that had been represented by Eric Lubbock of the Liberal Party since the 1962 by-election.

For more than two decades he was a combative and chronically rebellious backbencher, a man who knew his own mind and spoke it, and who was often critical of his own front bench. He was a member of the 92 Group and was initially regarded as being on the right in the Conservative Party, but it is probably fairer to categorise him as a traditionalist, and the positions he took were not altogether predictable. In later years he could more fairly be described as having mellowed in his views, especially on immigration and nationality.

Described by Matthew Parris as the "very hammer of lawlessness and crime", Stanbrook served on the Parliamentary Select Committee for Home Affairs from 1983 to 1991, but was blocked from becoming its chairman in 1987 by the Labour MPs on the committee. He was a leading member of the Conservative backbench committees on Home Affairs and Northern Ireland and chaired the Conservative backbench Constitutional Committee.

Less predictably, except to those who knew his earlier career, he took the chair in 1987 of the newly created all-party anti-apartheid group, to counter the activities of the pro-South African committee led by his Conservative colleague John Carlisle. He was critical of Margaret Thatcher for appearing to condemn sanctions more than she condemned apartheid and refused to criticise the African National Congress for resorting to violence. He backed the attempt of the Eminent Persons Group to end apartheid and subsequently urged that sanctions should be strengthened, arguing that the South Africans had no intention of changing and that they could only be induced to do so by pressure, and backed their continuance in 1990.

It was not the only issue where he was at odds with Thatcher. Stanbrook had supported entry into the EEC in 1971 and he remained a passionate European. He was critical of the use of the whips against Sir Anthony Meyer's leadership challenge and in March 1990 proclaimed that Michael Heseltine was the best alternative to Thatcher: he had "dynamism, style and a softer image". He backed Heseltine's leadership challenge in November 1990 and continued to support him in the second ballot. As a result, he faced efforts to deselect him in Orpington and these may have played some part in his decision not to fight another election.

In 1979 he had argued that the BBC should be prosecuted under the prevention-of-terrorism legislation and he remained an advocate of banning Sinn Féin and for taking a tough line with terrorists.

Although a staunch European, Stanbrook also valued the Commonwealth and never ceased to urge the need to help Africa resolve its problems. He was appalled by the thought that Europe had food surpluses while parts of Africa were wracked by famine. His support for strict control of immigration was accompanied by a rooted hostility to racism.

Served as the secretary of the Home Affairs Committee from 1974 to 1977, as its vice-chairman, 1979–82, and as the secretary, 1979–81, vice-chairman, 1981–89, and chairman, 1990–91, of the Northern Ireland Committee. He also chaired the Constitutional Committee from 1984 until he stood down from Parliament and served as chairman of the Nigerian (1979–92), Zambian (1983–92) and Zimbabwean (1983) parliamentary groups. He had founded the British-Nigeria Association in 1961.

'A man of singular energy, invariably polite and quietly spoken, he could be sharp of tongue and often found brutal phrases in which to express his strong convictions. But the private man belied the public image. Colleagues described a much more considerate, even gentle figure, revelling in books and music, pleasant and amusing. Too rebellious perhaps ever to become a minister, he nevertheless left an ineffaceable mark on the parliamentary life of his time.' John Barnes for The Independent.

Family life
Stanbrook was married to Joan (née Clement) from 1946 until her death in 2000. Of his two sons, Clive Stanbrook was a barrister who died in 2018 and Lionel Stanbrook  a communications consultant. He had seven grandchildren. Clive's children are Fleur, Sophie, Ivor and Isabella. Lionel's children are Jessie, Ella and Gwen.

Later life
For a decade after 1980, he became a partner in Stanbrook and Hooper, the European law firm based in Brussels and founded by his son Clive. He gave up the legal profession in 1990 and, after his retirement from Parliament, concentrated on studying for a doctorate (on British Nationality) from the University of East Anglia which he obtained in 1995.

Author
Stanbrook's published works include:

References

Obituary The Guardian, 24 February 2004
 Obituary The Independent, 26 February 2004
Obituary The Daily Telegraph, 23 February 2004

1924 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Members of the Inner Temple
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
English barristers
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
People from Willesden
20th-century English lawyers

Ivor Stanbrook


Amy Krouse Rosenthal (born Amy Renee Krouse; April 29, 1965 – March 13, 2017) was an American author of both adult and children's books, a short film maker, and radio show host. She is best known for her memoir Encyclopedia of an Ordinary Life, her children's picture books, and the film project The Beckoning of Lovely. She was a prolific writer, publishing more than 30 children's books between 2005 and her death in 2017.  She is the only author to have three children's books make the Best Children's Books for Family Literacy list in the same year.  She was a contributor to Chicago's NPR affiliate WBEZ, and to the TED conference.

Books
Amy Krouse Rosenthal wrote for both adults and children. Rosenthal had several books on the New York Times bestseller list: I Wish You More, Uni the Unicorn, Plant a Kiss, Exclamation Mark, Cookies: Bite-Size Life Lessons, and Duck! Rabbit!. Duck! Rabbit! was read at the White House during the 2010 Easter Egg Roll. She was selected as the 2015 author for 'The Global Read Aloud', an eight-week program for classrooms around the world to engage with each other by reading the same books.

Her alphabetized memoir Encyclopedia of an Ordinary Life (published in 2005) was named one of Amazon's top ten memoirs of the decade.

Her follow-up, Textbook Amy Krouse Rosenthal, was published by Dutton Penguin Random House on August 9, 2016. It is the first book to include an interactive text-messaging component.

Along with her adult and children's work, Rosenthal had a keepsake journal line (ten titles in all) including Encyclopedia of Me: My Life from A to Z and The Belly Book: A Nine-Month Journal for You and Your Growing Belly.

Rosenthal's picture book Yes Day!, written by Tom Lichtenheld, has been adapted as a live-action Netflix Original film, Yes Day, released in March 2021. Another Netflix adaptation of her books, Bedtime for Mommy, will be released in November 2023 as Family Switch.

Films
Rosenthal made short films using her iPhone or Flip camera. Some invite further interaction from viewers, some are social experiments, and some build upon each other to become something else entirely. Her films include 17 Things I Made, Today is a Gift, ATM: Always Trust Magic, The Kindness Thought Bubble, The Money Tree and The Beckoning of Lovely.She held 'Beckoning of Lovely' events at the bean in Chicago's Millennium Park on August 8, 2008, September 9, 2009, October 10, 2010, and November 11, 2011.Chicago Magazine described The Beckoning of Lovely:

Other work
Rosenthal was a frequent contributor to TED. In 2011, 2012, and 2015, she was brought on as an "experiential designer", creating ideas and experiences implemented at the annual TEDActive conference. Additionally, she has given talks at TEDxSanDiego 2011 and at TEDxSMU 2012; she gave her first and most well-known TED talk, 'Notes on Life', at TEDxWaterloo (Canada) in 2010.

Her essays and articles have appeared in The New York Times, Hallmark Magazine, Parenting, O: The Oprah Magazine, and McSweeney's. Her website, whoisamy.com, was named one of the best official author websites, alongside Barbara Kingsolver and Stephen King.

Personal life
Rosenthal, a graduate of Tufts University, lived in Chicago. She had three children: Justin, Miles and Paris.

On March 3, 2017, at the age of 51, she announced that she was terminally ill with ovarian cancer, by way of a New York Times "Modern Love" essay. The essay was in the form of a dating profile for her husband Jason, to help him remarry after her death. "I am wrapping this up on Valentine's Day," she wrote, "and the most genuine, non-vase-oriented gift I can hope for is that the right person reads this, finds Jason, and another love story begins." She died ten days later at her home in Chicago, where she was born.

 Children's books
 Little Pea, illustrated by Jen Corace, Chronicle Books, 2005.
 Little Hoot, illustrated by Jen Corace, Chronicle Books, 2009.
 Little Oink, illustrated by Jen Corace, Chronicle Books, 2009.
 The OK Book, illustrated by Tom Lichtenheld, HarperCollins, 2007.
 Spoon, illustrated by Scott Magoon, Hyperion Books For Children, 2009.
 One Of Those Days, illustrated by Rebecca Doughty, Putnam, 2005.
 Yes Day!, with Tom Lichtenheld, HarperCollins, 2009.
 It's Not Fair, illustrated by Tom Lichtenheld, HarperCollins, 2008.
 Duck! Rabbit!, with Tom Lichtenheld, Chronicle Books, 2009.
 Bedtime For Mommy, illustrated by Leuyen Pham, Bloomsbury, 2010.
 The Wonder Book, illustrated by Paul Schmid, HarperCollins, 2010.
 Cookies: Bite Size Life Lessons, illustrated by Jane Dyer, HarperCollins, 2005.
 Sugar Cookies: Sweet Little Lessons on Love, illustrated by Jane and Brooke Dyer, HarperCollins, 2010.
 One Smart Cookie: Bite-Size Life Lessons For The School Years And Beyond, illustrated by Jane and Brooke Dyer, HarperCollins, 2010.
 Al Pha's Bet, illustrated by Delphine Durand, Putnam, 2011.
 This Plus That, illustrated by Jen Corace, HarperCollins, 2011.
 Plant A Kiss, illustrated by Peter Reynolds, Harper Collins, Winter 2011.
 Chopsticks, illustrated by Scott Magoon, Disney Hyperion, 2012.
 Wumbers, illustrated by Tom Lichtenheld, Chronicle, 2012.
 Exclamation Mark!, illus. Tom Lichtenheld, Scholastic, 2013 – winner of the 2015 California Young Reader Medal, primary grades
 I Scream Ice Cream: A Book of Wordles, illustrated by Sergio Bloch, Chronicle, 2013.
 Uni the Unicorn, illustrated by Brigette Barrager, Random House, 2014.
 Little Miss, Big Sis, illustrated by Peter Reynolds, HarperCollins, 2015.
 I Wish You More, illustrated by Tom Lichtenheld, Chronicle, 2015.
 Friendshape, illustrated by Tom Lichtenheld, Scholastic, 2015.
 Awake Beautiful Child, illustrated by Gracia Lam, McSweeney's, 2015.
 That's Me Loving You, illustrated by Teagan White, Random House, 2016.
 Uni the Unicorn and the Dream Come True, illustrated by Brigette Barrager, Random House, 2017.
 Dear Girl,, with Paris Rosenthal, illustrated by Holly Hatam, 2017.
 Don't Blink! illustrated by David Roberts, Random House, 2018.

 Adult books
 The Book of Eleven: An Itemized Collection of Brain Lint, Andrews McMeel, 1998.
 The Same Phrase Describes My Marriage and My Breasts: Before the Kids, They Used to Be Such a Cute Couple, Andrews McMeel, 1999.
 Mother's Guide to the Meaning of Life: What I've Learned on My Never Ending Quest to Become a Dalai Mama, Rodale Press, 2001.
 Encyclopedia of an Ordinary Life, Crown/Random House, 2005.
 Textbook Amy Krouse Rosenthal, Dutton/Penguin, 2016

 Journal line
 The Belly Book: A Nine Month Journal For Baby's First Year, Potter Style, 2006.
 Karma Checks: 60 Checks To Keep The World In Balance, Potter Style, 2007.
 Your Birthday Book: A Keepsake Journal, Potter Style, 2008.
 Words To Remember: A Journal For Your Child's Sweet & Amusing Sayings, illustrated by Ida Pearl, Potter Style, 2008.
 The Big Sibling Book: Baby's First Year According To Me, The Big Sib, Potter Style, 2009.
 The Grandparent Book: A Keepsake Journal, Potter Style, 2010.
 My Baby Book: A Keepsake Journal For Baby's First Year, Potter Style, 2010.
 The Bride-to-Be Book: A Journal of Memories from the Proposal to "I Do", Potter Style, 2011.
 Highlights of Your Life, with Sara Gillingham, Potter Style, 2014.
 Encyclopedia of Me: My Life from A to Z, Potter Style, 2014.
 A Week in the Life of Me'', Chronicle, 2015.

See also

Book talk
International Children's Digital Library
List of children's literature authors

References

External links

1965 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women writers
American children's writers
American memoirists
American women children's writers
American women memoirists
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Jewish American writers
Tufts University alumni
Writers from Chicago

Amy Krouse Rosenthal


Total offense (or total offence) is a gridiron football statistic representing the total number of yards rushing and yards passing by a team or player.  Total offense differs from yards from scrimmage, which gives credit for passing yardage to the person receiving the football rather than the person throwing the football.

In the game of football, progress is measured by advancing the football towards the opposing team's goal line.  The team on offense can make progress during the play by advancing the ball from the line of scrimmage.

When the offensive team advances the ball by rushing the football, the player who carries the ball is given credit for the net gain, measured in rushing yards.  When the offensive team advances the ball by pass reception, the player who throws the ball earns passing yards and the player who receives the ball earns receiving yards.  The total of rushing yards and passing yards (but not receiving yards) is known as total offense.  Although the ball may also be advanced by penalty, these yards do not contribute to total offense.  Progress lost via quarterback sacks are classified differently, depending upon the league and/or level of football.

In the NFL, the formula for a quarterback's total offense is:

When defenses are measured on total offense allowed, it is called total defense.

Some definitions of individual total offense give credit to both the passer and receiver for passing yards.  Thus, if a quarterback catches a pass in a trick play, or a non-quarterback throws a pass, some statistical issues arise.

Steve McNair holds the NCAA career and single-season total offense/game records.  Case Keenum, B. J. Symons, and David Klingler hold the total offense career, single-season and single game records.

In the NFL, Patrick Mahomes holds the single season record for total offense with 5,420 yards in 2022. Tom Brady holds the NFL's career record with 86,761 yards.

NCAA definition
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) defines total offense as the total of net gain rushing and net gain forward passing: receiving and runback yards are not included in total offense. (at pg. 206).

See also
Glossary of American football

Notes

American football terminology

Total offense


Schlumberger Canada Ltd v Canada (Commissioner of Patents) is a decision of the Federal Court of Appeal concerning the patentability of software inventions within the context of the Patent Act (Canada). At issue was the patentability of a method of combining and analyzing borehole measurements for oil and gas exploration using a computer programmed according to mathematical formulas. The Federal Court of Appeal held that the use of a computer "does not change the nature" of the discovered invention and that the process at issue was a "mere scientific principle or abstract theorem" and therefore not an "invention" within the meaning of the Patent Act.

More broadly, the case stands for the proposition that the use of a computer neither adds to, nor subtracts from, the patentability of an alleged invention.

Background
In oil and gas exploration, data is collected by taking measurements using instruments lowered into boreholes in geological formations. However, these measurements are not always useful to geologists. Schlumberger researchers (the appellants) developed a method to combine and analyze measurements to yield more meaningful information. The application described a process where the borehole measurements were recorded to magnetic tape and processed by a computer for mathematical processing and display.

Arguments by the Parties

Respondent's Arguments
The Commissioner of Patents argued that a computer program, even if it satisfied the novelty and utility requirements for patentability, was not an "invention" as defined in section 2 of the Patent Act.

Appellant's Arguments
Schlumberger argued that the invention was not the computer program, but rather the process of "transforming measurements into useful information." Schlumberger argued that the definition of "invention" in the Patent Act did not exclude inventions involving computers and so there was no reason the process was not a patentable invention.

Federal Court of Appeal Ruling
The court found in favour of the government, ruling that the application did not disclose a patentable invention.

The court started by observing that a mathematical formula would fall within the phrase "mere scientific principle or abstract theorem", then in section 28(3) of the Patent Act, for which "no patent shall issue". The court noted that if the calculations in the invention were performed by men rather than computers, then they would not be patentable.

The court reasoned that there was nothing new in using computers to make mathematical calculations. The court then rejected the appellant's argument that the operations were steps in a process, finding that, if the contention were true, it would have the effect that the "mere fact" of the use of a computer to perform the calculations would transform an unpatentable discovery (a mathematical formula) into patentable subject matter. The court found this unacceptable, holding that "the fact that a computer is or should be used to implement discovery does not change the nature of that discovery."

In view of the above, the Court dismissed the appellant's appeal.

See also
 Subject matter in Canadian patent law
 Software patents under Canadian patent law

References

Canadian patent case law
1981 in Canadian case law
Federal Court of Appeal (Canada) case law


Nāgasena was a Sarvāstivādan Buddhist sage who lived around 150 BC. His answers to questions about Buddhism posed by Menander I (Pali: Milinda), the Indo-Greek king of northwestern India, are recorded in the Milindapañhā and the Sanskrit Nāgasenabhiksusūtra.
According to Pali accounts, he was born into a Brahmin family in the Himalayas and was well-versed in the Vedas at an early age. However, he later converted to Buddhism.

Milinda Pañha
There is almost universal agreement that a core text was later expanded by numerous other authors, following a question and answer pattern established in the early books. The version extant today is very long, and has signs of inconsistent authorship in the later volumes.  There is no agreed-upon point at which Nagasena's authorship may be said to end (and the work of other hands begins), nor has this been perceived as an inherently important distinction by monastic scholars.

The text mentions that Nagasena learned the Tripiṭaka under the Greek Buddhist monk Dhammarakkhita near Pātaliputta (modern Patna). He also reached enlightenment and became an arhat under his guidance.

Other personalities mentioned in the text are Nāgasena's father Soñuttara, his teachers Rohana, Assagutta of Vattaniya and another teacher named Āyupāla from Sankheyya near Sāgala.

Thai tradition
There is a tradition that Nagasena brought to Thailand the first representation of the Buddha, the Emerald Buddha. According to this legend, the Emerald Buddha would have been created in India in 43 BC by Nagasena in the city of Pātaliputta.

Nagasena is not known through other sources besides the Milinda Panha and this legend.

Depictions
Nāgasena is one of the Eighteen Arhats of Mahayana Buddhism. His traditional textile depiction shows him holding a khakkhara in his right hand and a vase in his left; an excellent example can be seen on one of the thangkas in the Cleveland Museum of Art collection. "This figure [conforms with the image of] the arhat Nagasena, shown in Jivarama's sketchbook of 1435" who also holds a vase.

A similar depiction can be seen in the collection of Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum (Qianlong era, 18C: thangka with silk appliqué.)

More modern statues often show a bald, elderly monk scratching his ear with a stick to symbolize purification of the sense of hearing.  An adherent of Buddhism should avoid listening to gossip and other nonsense so that they are always prepared to hear the truth.

References

Bibliography

2nd-century BC Buddhist monks
Buddhist apologists
Indian Buddhist missionaries
Arhats
Indian royal advisors
Brahmins

Nagasena


Flour Bluff Independent School District is a public school district based in Corpus Christi, Texas (USA).

The district serves the Flour Bluff area of Corpus Christi as well as high school students from the London Independent School District.

In 2009, the school district was rated "Recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.

Schools
Flour Bluff High School (Grades 9-12)
Flour Bluff Junior High School (Grades 7-8)
Flour Bluff Intermediate School (Grades 5-6)
Flour Bluff Elementary School (Grades 3-4)
Flour Bluff Primary School (Grades 1-2)
Flour Bluff Early Childhood Center (Grades PK-K)

References

External links

School districts in Nueces County, Texas
Education in Corpus Christi, Texas

Flour Bluff Independent School District


Bernhard Hoetger (4 May 1874 in Dortmund – 18 July 1949 in Interlaken) was a German sculptor, painter and handicrafts artist of the Expressionist movement.

Life
Hoetger was the son of a Dortmund blacksmith, he studied sculpture in Detmold from 1888 to 1892, before directing a workshop in Rheda-Wiedenbrück. After a spell at the Düsseldorf Arts Academy, he took a trip to Paris, where he was deeply influenced by Auguste Rodin, but also got to know Paula Modersohn-Becker. Later he was able to familiarise himself with Antoni Gaudí. In 1911, Hoetger was called up to the Darmstadt Artists' Colony, where he was to remain for some time.

Böttcherstraße
In 1914, inspired by Modersohn-Becker, he moved to Worpswede. It was here where he met the Bremen entrepreneur Ludwig Roselius, with whom he would go on to make his masterpiece, Bremen's Böttcherstraße, in an Expressionist style. In particular he was responsible for the Atlantis House, which reflected the race-theories of the Nazi ethnographer Herman Wirth.

HAG-TURM
He also designed the HAG-TURM, a building sponsored by Roselius's firm Kaffee HAG at the 1928 Pressa International Press Exhibition. The HAG-Turm was a  tower. This was built in 70 days. The building had ten storeys which contained all the working machinery necessary to create a working factory. 37 flags were on display on the front of tower representing the global reach of the company. Statistical and historical information was provided about coffee production, highlighting the part played by Café HAG. Scientific and medical experts were also present to provide further information to the public. Café HAG had become famous for their process of decaffination and so there was also information about the bad effects of caffeine on human and animal health.

Nazi party links
Although Roselius was an ardent supporter of Nazism, Hitler denounced the art  and architecture in the Boettcherstrasse. Roselius contemplated suicide, but his secretary Barbara Goette intervened with Hitler in Berlin and Café HAG, Roselius' corporation, invested heavily in Focke-Wulf consequently outmanoeuvering Hitler. Like his patron Ludwig Roselius, Hoetger sympathised with the Nazi ideals and became a member of the Nazi Party. He moved to Berlin in 1934 and tried, in vain, to instill himself through his art into the party, but in 1936 Hitler declared it to be degenerate art. Expelled from the party, in 1943 Hoetger fled to Switzerland, where he died in 1949.

References

External links

1874 births
1949 deaths
German architectural sculptors
German Expressionist painters
19th-century German painters
German male painters
20th-century German painters
Artists from Dortmund
People from the Province of Westphalia
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
German male sculptors
19th-century sculptors
Nazi Party members
19th-century German male artists

Bernhard Hoetger


The Keepsake Stories is the title given to three short stories by Sir Walter Scott which appeared in The Keepsake for MDCCCXXIX, a literary annual published for Christmas 1828. The short stories were entitled "My Aunt Margaret's Mirror", "The Tapestried Chamber, or The Lady in the Sacque", and "Death of the Laird's Jock".

Charles Heath had originally planned for Scott to become the editor of the annual, offering him £800. Scott refused but accepted £500 for these three stories, which had been intended for Scott's collection Chronicles of the Canongate, but had already been rejected by its editor Robert Cadell. The annual also included Scott's "Description of the Engraving Entitled A Scene at Abbotsford".

My Aunt Margaret's Mirror

Plot summary
Sir Philip, who had married for money and quarrelled with his brother-in-law, determined on the declaration of war in 1702 to join the Duke of Marlborough's army in Flanders as a volunteer. Receiving no tidings of him for many months, Lady Jemima resolved to consult a doctor from Padua, who had the reputation of being able to show his visitors their absent friends, and what they were doing. Accordingly, she and her sister, disguised as soldiers' wives, went to him secretly, when he at once told them their real names and the information they desired. Having enjoined absolute silence, and changed his dress to that of an eastern necromancer, he led them into a room hung with black and lighted with torches, containing a large mirror behind an altar, on which were two swords, an open book, and a human skull. Gradually the mirror ceased to reflect these objects, and they saw the interior of a foreign church, in which Sir Philip was about to be married to a beautiful girl, when a group of officers entered, one of whom advanced towards the bridal party, arid swords were drawn on both sides. The scene then vanished, and the mirror again reflected the contents of the room. Restoratives were now offered to the ladies, and they were conducted to their carriage, the professor handing Lady Bothwell a composing draught for her sister.

A few days afterwards news arrived from Holland that Sir Philip's nuptials with the daughter of a rich burgo-master were actually about to be celebrated, when Major Falconer, who happened to be in the town, and had come with some brother officers to witness the ceremony as an amusement, recognised and denounced the would-be bigamist, accepted a challenge from him, and was killed. Lady Jemima never recovered from the shock, the Italian disappeared to escape arrest as a Jacobite, and Sir Philip having, in his old age, sought in vain a reconciliation with Lady Bothwell, eluded pursuit as a murderer and died abroad.

Basis
The basis for the story above is thought to be the life of Eleanor, Countess of Stair who died in 1759.

Characters
 Sir Philip Forester
 Lady Jemima, his wife
 Lady Bothwell, his wife's sister
 Major Falconer, their brother
 Baptista Damiotti, a Paduan doctor

The Tapestried Chamber

Plot summary
This is a ghost story. While travelling through the western counties, the general's attention was attracted by a picturesquely situated old castle, and, on inquiry at the inn where he changed horses, he learnt that its owner was a nobleman who had been his schoolfellow. He accordingly determined to call upon his lordship; and, having been persuaded to be his guest for a week, he was conducted at bedtime to an old-fashioned room, hung with tapestry, but comfortably furnished, and well lighted by two large candles and a blazing fire. The next morning Lord Woodville was informed by his servant that the general had been wandering in the park since an early hour and when he appeared at the breakfast table his countenance was haggard, his clothes carelessly put on, and his manner abstracted; moreover, he announced that he must depart immediately. Drawing him aside from the other visitors, his host pressed him for an explanation, and, after declaring that he would rather face a battery than recall the events of the night, he reluctantly narrated what he had undergone.

Just as he was falling asleep he heard the rustling of a silk gown, and the tapping of high-heeled shoes, and then the figure of a woman passed between the bedstead and the fireplace. At first her back was towards him, but she slowly turned, and he distinctly saw the features of a corpse, bearing traces of the most hideous passions. He started up, and she sat on the bed, advancing her face within half a yard of his, upon which all his courage forsook him and he swooned. On recovering his senses she had disappeared, but he was afraid to move until daybreak, when he hurried from the room thoroughly unnerved. Lord Woodville was deeply impressed, for the chamber had the reputation of being haunted; and as he conducted the general through his picture gallery, he suddenly started as he caught sight of a portrait, exclaiming, "There she is!" and it proved to be the likeness of an ancestress whose crimes were incest and murder.

Characters
 General Browne, returned from the American war
 The landlord of an inn
 Lord Woodville, of Woodville Castle
 The apparition of a woman

Death of the Laird's Jock

Plot summary
Armstrong had been known during his father's lifetime as the Laird's Jock, or son; and being possessed of great strength and courage, had distinguished himself in the use of a two-handed sword, bequeathed to him by a Saxon outlaw, in many of the single combats which took place between the English and Scottish borderers during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

He had, however, grown old, and was bed-ridden, when his only son accepted the challenge of an English champion. But his heart swelled with joy at the news, and having entrusted the lad with his celebrated weapon, he insisted on being wrapped in plaids and carried to the spot selected for the encounter, attended by his daughter. His followers gazed sadly on their chieftain's withered features and shrunken form; but when the combatants met, and the Englishman brandished the sword over his fallen antagonist, the old laird, reanimated for an instant with his former vigour, sprang from the rock on which he was seated, and, having uttered a cry like that of a dying lion rather than a human being, sank into the arms of his clansmen broken-hearted, not at the death of his boy, but at their wounded honour, and the irreparable loss of his weapon.

Characters
 John Armstrong, the Laird of Mangertown
 His son
 His daughter
 Foster, an English champion

A Scene at Abbotsford

The Keepsake for MDCCCXXIX contains a fourth prose work by Scott, pp. 258–61, which is listed in the Table of Contents as "A Scene at Abbotsford"; "Author of Waverley". The same title appears in the List of Plates — four column headings: Subjects, Painters, Engravers, Page — "A Scene at Abbotsford"; "R. Landseer, A.R.A."; "D. Smith"; "258".

The plate "Scene at Abbotsford." (with dot, no definite article) faces page 258, where the work by Scott begins under this two-part three-line heading (all caps with the third line small caps, viewed at Google Books):
 Description of the Engraving Entitled
 A Scene at Abbotsford.
 By the author of Waverley.
Some coverage of The Keepsake in contemporary newspapers implies that the illustrations, usually about 20 engravings reproduced as plates, are the main feature of the annual gift book, or the only reason to pay its high price. According to the "Description", the scene features a venerable wolf hound owned in its retirement by Sir Walter Scott; set in the owner's apartment, with a deer hound and two hawks provided by the painter Mr. Landseer.

Sources

Paula R Feldman. Introduction to the re-edition of The Keepsake for 1829. Broadview Press, 2006.
 The Keepsake for MDCCCXXIX. Google Books. Full interior view with text search. Catalogued as "The Keepsake: 1829".

Short stories by Walter Scott
Scotland in fiction
1828 short stories

The Keepsake Stories


The First Battle of Valencia was an attack on the Spanish city of Valencia on 26 June 1808, early in the Peninsular War. Marshal Moncey's French Imperial troops failed to take the city by storm and retreated upon Madrid, leaving much of eastern Spain unconquered and beyond the reach of Napoleon.

Background
The Spanish conventional warfare started
with the Battles of El Bruch. By the summer of 1808 large parts of Spain had rebelled against the French invaders, but Napoleon believed that he was facing a series of minor insurrections. Accordingly, he ordered a number of small columns to be sent out from Madrid to deal with the rebels.

Marshal Moncey was given a column of 9,000 men to restore order in Valencia. Moncey had a choice of routes. The longer slow route led via Almansa, while the shorter quicker route cut across mountains. Moncey shared Napoleon's belief that he was facing a local insurrection, and chose to take the quicker mountain route.

The French were faced by a much wider revolt against their occupation of Spain. The Valencian Junta had a force of 7,000 regular troops and a much larger number of levies and volunteers with which to oppose the French. The commander of the Spanish force, the Conde de Cervellon, expected Moncey to take the easier route, and so left the mountain passes almost undefended. Moncey was able to sweep aside small Spanish forces at the River Cabriel (21 June) and the Cabrillas defile (24 June), arrived outside Valencia on 24 June.

The Arrival at Valencia

The city was not entirely undefended. Three battalions of regular troops, supported by 7,000 Valencian levies, all under the command of Don José Caro, a naval officer, were defending a position at San Onofre, four miles outside the city. Moncey was forced to spend most of 27 June fighting this force, eventually forcing it to retreat back into the city.

Valencia was not defended by modern fortifications. Instead, the city was surrounded by a wet moat and its medieval walls. However, the surrounding area was very flat, and the Spanish were able to flood it, forcing Moncey to concentrate his attack on a limited number of gates on the southern side of the city. The defenders outnumbered the French. There were around 20,000 armed men in Valencia, of whom around 1,500 were regulars and 6,500 levies with at least a little training. They also had a number of artillery guns, which were well placed to protect the gates. The gates were also protected by barricades built up over the previous few days.

Moncey was not expecting the Spanish to put up a serious fight at Valencia. On 28 June he ordered two brigades to attack the city, one against the gate of San José and one against the gate of Quarte. Both attacks failed, although the French did reach the front of the barricades. Moncey then attempted to use his field artillery to bombard the Spanish defences, but his guns were soon silenced by the Spanish guns within the city.

Moncey then ordered a second assault, this time against three gates (San José, Quarte and Santa Lucia). This attack was also beaten off, with higher casualties than the first. Moncey simply did not have enough men to capture Valencia when faced with such determined resistance. The French had not expected to be assaulting a defended city, so Moncey's column contained no siege guns.

Moncey's Failure
After the failure of this second assault, Moncey realised that the situation was hopeless. He was also aware that the Spanish army that he had bypassed by crossing the mountains would be approaching. He decided to abandon the expedition to Valencia, and move back towards Madrid. This time he decided to take the Almanza road. There was always the chance that this would produce an open battle, which the French were confident they would win. In the event the Spanish moved to defend the mountain passes, believed that the French would return by their original road, and the two armies missed each other again.

Outcome
Estimates of the French losses at Valencia vary wildly, from as low as 300 up to 2,000. They were probably nearer 1,100, with 800 wounded and 300 dead. Moncey's failure in front of Valencia was the first indication that the Spanish would prove to be very determined defenders of fortified positions. It was soon overshadowed by the disastrous French defeat at Baylen on 19 July, which saw a French army under General Dupont defeated in open battle, but it played just as important a role in ending any chance of a quick French victory in Spain.

Aftermath
The Spanish conventional warfare proceeded with the First siege of Zaragoza.

See also
Baltasar Calvo
 Timeline of the Peninsular War

Notes

References

External links

Valencia
Valencia
Valencia
Battle of Valencia
Battle of Valencia (1808)
History of Valencia
June 1808 events

Battle of Valencia (1808)


The Whin Sill or Great Whin Sill is a tabular layer of the igneous rock dolerite in County Durham, Northumberland and Cumbria in the northeast of England. It lies partly in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and partly in Northumberland National Park and stretches from Teesdale northwards towards Berwick.

It is one of the key natural features of the North Pennines. A major outcrop is at the High Force waterfall in Teesdale. Bamburgh Castle, Dunstanburgh Castle, Lindisfarne Castle and stretches of Hadrian's Wall all strategically take advantage of high, rocky cliff lines formed by the sill.

The Whin Sill complex is usually divided into three components: Holy Island Sill, Alnwick Sill and the Hadrian's Wall-Pennines Sill, which were created by separate magma flows, but at about the same time.

The Little Whin Sill is an associated formation to the south, in Weardale.

Derivation of name
Much of the early study of geology began in the British Isles, whence much of the terminology is derived. Quarrymen of Northern England used the term 'sill' to describe a more or less horizontal body of rock.  'Whin' was applied to dark, hard rocks.  As the intrusive igneous origin of the Whin Sill was determined in the 19th century, the term 'sill' was adopted by geologists for concordant, tabular intrusive bodies.

Geology

Towards the close of Carboniferous Period and in the early Permian, some 295 million years ago (Ma), crustal extension caused by movement of the Earth's tectonic plates during the Variscan orogeny allowed the emplacement of igneous intrusions of magma across much of northern England of a suite of tholeiitic dolerite intrusions. These were largely concordant with the strata of the existing country rock. On cooling, these crystallised and solidified to form the Great Whin Sill. It is dated at around 301- 294 million years old, thus spanning the Carboniferous/Permian boundary at 299 Ma.

It underlies much of south and east Northumberland and the Durham Coalfield.  Its maximum known thickness of around 70 metres occurs in the North Pennines.

Surface and subsurface records of the Great Whin reveal it is not always concordant over wide areas and often rises and falls in the stratigraphical succession in marked leaps and gentle transgressions different levels.

Studies of the petrology of the dolerites of the Whin Sill complex have revealed significant differences between the Little Whin Sill and the Great Whin Sill. The Little Whin Sill is olivine-bearing and believed to be composed of an early differentiate of the Whin dolerite magma. On the other hand, the Great Whin, non-olivine-bearing and slightly density graded, is a later differentiate of the Whin magma.

Two separate periods of Whin dolerite injection are confirmed by studies of vitrinite reflectance over the Alston Block where two periods of Whin contact metamorphism have been recognized. The two periods of Whin dolerite emplacement form part of the end-Carboniferous earth movements in northern England. They can be shown to have occurred between a period of compression from a W-SW direction and later gentle doming of the Alston Block near the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, dated about 300–295 Ma.

The lithology is notable in many respects, including well developed pegmatite segregations which can be found in Upper Teesdale.  Late stage hydrothermal mineralisation has filled the joints with pectolite.  The dolerite has been carbonated as metasomatic selvages into veins and joints and other flaws to produce 'White Whin'.  Thermal metamorphism of the country rock in the contact zone produced coarse grained marbles within the contact aureole in a small number of places in Teesdale.

Disused roadstone quarries along the course of the sill offer sections for its interpretation.

Effects on landscape and geography
The regolith supports alpine/Arctic flora which includes spring gentian (Gentiana verna), bird's-eye primrose (Primula farinosa), mountain avens (Dryas octopetala) and Teesdale violet (Viola rupestris). This is an example of the intimate interaction and dependence of geology and ecology.

The resistance to erosion of the dolerite gives rise to a number of striking geomorphological features such as High Force, Low Force, Cauldron Snout, High Cup Nick, Scordale and Holwick Scars.

See also
Allolee to Walltown SSSI
Bamburgh Coast and Hills SSSI
Burnfoot River Shingle and Wydon Nabb SSSI

References

Geology of Northumberland
Paleozoic England
Sills (geology)

Whin Sill


Earning to give involves deliberately pursuing a high-earning career for the purpose of donating a significant portion of earned income, typically because of a desire to do effective altruism. Advocates of earning to give contend that maximizing the amount one can donate to charity is an important consideration for individuals when deciding what career to pursue.

Proponents
In the 1996 book Living High and Letting Die, the philosopher Peter Unger wrote that it was morally praiseworthy and perhaps even morally required for people in academia who could earn substantially greater salaries in the business world to leave academia, earn the greater salaries, and donate most of the extra money to charity. Moral philosopher Peter Singer laid the foundations for effective altruism and earning to give in his 1971 essay "Famine, Affluence and Morality" and since advocated for donating considerable amounts of one's income to effective charitable organizations. Singer is a public proponent of effective altruism and endorsed earning to give in his 2013 TED talk. Associate Professor in Philosophy at Oxford University William MacAskill promoted earning to give as one possible high impact career in several news articles and in his 2015 book Doing Good Better: Effective Altruism and a Radical New Way to Make a Difference. MacAskill is the co-founder and president of 80,000 Hours, a nonprofit which conducts research on careers with positive social impact and provides career advice. Initially, the organization recommended earning to give as a career path with a high impact potential for effective altruists, though more recently it has deemphasised this approach, in favour of alternative paths like research, advocacy or policy reform. Dave Ramsey regularly encourages readers to "live like no one else" (by saving money and getting out of debt) so they can "give like no one else" (by being generous with their earnings).

In practice
Many of the people who practice earning to give consider themselves to be part of the effective altruism community. Some donate more than 50% of their income, more than the 10% required for the basic Giving What We Can pledge. They may live frugally to donate more money. Jobs in finance, particularly in quantitative trading, are popular for those pursuing earning to give.
Earning to give is sometimes more effective than working at a NGO, because if the NGO becomes ineffective, then one can switch to donating to a different charity on a moment's notice.

Debate
David Brooks criticized the concept in his column in The New York Times, arguing that, while altruists may start doing "earning to give" to realize their deepest commitments, their values may erode over time, becoming progressively less altruistic. Similarly, John Humphrys criticised this idea on the BBC Today programme, saying that people interested in becoming wealthy tend to be selfish and that idealistic young people will become cynical as they age. In addition, Brooks objected to the view on which altruists should turn themselves "into a machine for the redistribution of wealth." Peter Singer responded to these criticisms in his book The Most Good You Can Do by giving examples of people who have been earning to give for years without losing their altruistic motivation. William MacAskill also defended the practice against Brooks' criticisms in The Washington Post, arguing that even Friedrich Engels was earning to give to support the work of anti-capitalist Karl Marx financially. Dana Goldstein has also criticized earning to give, prompting a response from Reihan Salam.

Another concern was raised in the Oxford Left Review by Pete Mills, who wrote that lucrative careers perpetuate an unjust system.

Sam Bankman-Fried, at one point the wealthiest person in the world under 30, founded the cryptocurrency exchange FTX with the explicit goal of donating the vast majority of profits to cost-effective causes. Bankman-Fried started philanthropic foundations with some of his earnings, but upon a crisis leading to FTX's bankruptcy, staff from the FTX Future Fund publicly resigned, saying that they had "fundamental questions about the legitimacy and integrity" of Bankman-Fried's businesses. The crisis at FTX led to speculation about whether donations linked to the firm might be clawed back from organizations that Bankman-Fried's foundations funded. In some cases, donations have been clawed back from charitable organizations, including $200,000 that had to be returned in 2011 by charities funded by convicted fraudster Tom Petters.

Earning to give through jobs that may cause harm

Earning to give has been a subject of debate: High profile individuals and institutions within the movement have disagreed on when it is appropriate to work in morally controversial jobs. William MacAskill argued in 2014 that sufficient donations might justify an otherwise morally controversial career, since the impact of taking an unethical job is small if someone else would have taken it regardless, while the impact of the donations could be large. Singer compares the moral dilemma of whether or not to take a job at an investment bank to the decision to go fight on the front lines rather than stand guard in a death camp. According to Singer, from a consequentialist point of view, one should first of all consider whether one's role will make a difference. If you are easily replaceable with someone else, getting fired would not bring any benefit to the community, while, if you advance your career, it will be possible to make generous donations to trusted charities. Equally, a soldier who decided to sacrifice himself at the front rather than be employed in a death camp would result in his probable death and his replacement in the camp with someone who might be a sadistic murderer. According to Kenan Malik, "Not only does this logic defy our moral intuitions, it can also be applied less distastefully to justify almost any action, including Bankman-Fried's. He might have scammed investors but at least he gave more money to charity than another scammer might have done".

Singer has also said that even those who take a job complicit in causing harm can, for example, lobby the organization to change its harmful practices, which may be easier to do from their position inside the organization, or quit and blow the whistle on the organization, which might not be possible without gaining information while on the job. In 2017, 80,000 Hours recommended that it is better to avoid careers that do significant direct harm, even if it seems like the negative consequences could be outweighed by donations. This is because the harms from such careers may be hidden or otherwise hard to measure.

References

External links
Jeff Kaufman, 'History of earning to give', parts 1, 2, 3

Altruism
Charity
Donation
Giving
Philanthropy
Business ethics
Career development

Earning to give


The Emergence of Modern Turkey is a 1961 book written by historian Bernard Lewis, an expert in the history of Middle East and Islam.

The book covers the history of modern Turkey, from the decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire up to the present days.

Contents

Chapter I Introduction: the Sources of Turkish Civilization
Part I The Stages of Emergence
Chapter II The Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Chapter III The Impact of the West
Chapter IV The Ottoman Reform
Chapter V The Seeds of Revolution
Chapter VI Despotism and Enlightenment
Chapter VII Union and Progress
Chapter VIII The Kemalist Republic
Chapter IX The Republic after Kemal
Part II Aspects of Change
Chapter X Community and Nation
Chapter XI State and Government
Chapter XII Religion and Culture
Chapter XIII Elite and Class
Chapter XIV Conclusions: The Turkish Revolution
Select Bibliography
Maps

Notes

1961 non-fiction books
Political books
Books about the Ottoman Empire
History of the Republic of Turkey
Books by Bernard Lewis

The Emergence of Modern Turkey


Karl Wilhelm Georg von Grolman(n) (30 July 1777 – 1 June 1843) was a Prussian general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography
Grolman was born in Berlin. He entered an infantry regiment at the age of thirteen years, was commissioned as an ensign in 1795, a second lieutenant in 1797, a first lieutenant in 1804, and a staff-captain in 1805. While still a subaltern, he had become one of Scharnhorst's intimate friends, and he was distinguished for his energetic and fearless character before the War of 1806. He served as a staff officer from Jena to the Peace of Tilsit and won the rank of major for distinguished service in action. After the downfall of Prussia and the subsequent peace, Grolman was one of the most active as Scharnhorst's assistants in the work of reorganization during 1809. He joined the Tugendbund and endeavoured to take part in Schill's abortive expedition, after which he entered the Austrian service as a major on the general staff.

Thereafter he journeyed to Cadiz to assist the Spanish against Napoleon and he led a corps of volunteers in the defence of that port against Marshal Victor in 1810. He was present at the Battle of Albuera, at Saguntum, and at Valencia, and became a prisoner of war at Valencia. Soon, however, he escaped to Switzerland, and in 1813 he returned to Prussia as a major on the general staff. He served successively under Colonel von Dolffs and General von Kleist as commissioner at the headquarters of the Russian general Barclay de Tolly.

Grolman took part with Kleist in the victory of Kulm and recovered from a severe wound received at that action in time to be present at the Battle of Leipzig. He played a conspicuous part in the campaign of 1814 in France after which he was made a major general. In this rank be was appointed quartermaster-general to Field Marshal Prince Blücher and after his chief and Gneisenau, Grolman had the greatest share in directing the Prussian operations of 1815.

In the decision, on 18 June 1815, to press forward to Wellington's assistance, Grolman actively concurred, and as the troops approached the battlefield, he is said to have overcome the momentary hesitation of the commander-in-chief and the chief of staff; himself giving the order to advance.

After the Peace of 1815, Grolman occupied important positions in the Ministry of War and the General Staff of the new Prussian Army, being dedicated to reforming the latter. His last public services were rendered in Poland as commander-in-chief, and practically as civil administrator of Grand Duchy of Posen, where he did much to promote the extension of German influence. He was promoted general of infantry in 1837 and died on 1 June 1843 at Posen. His two sons became generals in the Prussian army and the Prussian 18th Infantry Regiment bore his name.

General von Grolman supervised and provided much of the material for Damitz's Geschichte des Feldzugs 1815 (Berlin, 1837-1838), and Geschichte des Feldzugs 1814 in Frankreich (Berlin, 1842-1843).

Family
He was the brother of Wilhelm Heinrich von Grolman.

Notes

References

Attribution
  This work in turn cites:
E. von Conrady, Leben und Wirken des Generals Karl von Grolman (Berlin, 1894–1896)

1777 births
1843 deaths
German untitled nobility
Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Prussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Military personnel from Berlin
People from the Margraviate of Brandenburg
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Von Grolman family

Karl von Grolman


Acanthostega (meaning 'spiny roof') was an extinct fishapod. It was one of the first vertebrates to have recognizable limbs. It appeared in the Upper Devonian about 365 million years ago, and was anatomically intermediate between lobe-finned fishes and the first tetrapods fully capable of coming onto land.

Description

Acanthostega had eight digits on each hand linked by webbing, and six digits on the rear legs. It had no wrists to support the animal's weight on land. Acanthostega also had a remarkably fish-like shoulder and forelimb. The front foot of Acanthostega could not bend forward at the elbow, and so could not bear the full weight of the body.  It was suitable for paddling or for holding on to aquatic plants. The animal had lungs, but its ribs were too short to give support to its chest cavity out of water. It had gills which were internal and covered like those of fish, not external and naked like those of some modern aquatic amphibians.
"This animal, though clearly a tetrapod, was primarily an aquatic creature whose immediate forerunners were essentially fish that never left the water. The discovery forced scholars to rethink the sequence in which key changes to the skeleton took place. Rather than portraying a creature like Eusthenopteron crawling onto land and then gaining legs and feet, as Romer postulated, the new fossils indicated that tetrapods evolved these features while they were still aquatic and only later co-opted them for walking".

There are many changes that allowed the pelvic girdle of Acanthostega to become a weight-bearing structure. In ancestral states, the two sides of the girdle were not attached.  In Acanthostega there in contact between the two sides and fusion of the girdle with the sacral rib of the vertebral column.  These fusions would have made the pelvic region more powerful and equipped to counter the force of gravity when not supported by the buoyancy of water.

Therefore, paleontologists think it probably lived in shallow, weed-choked swamps, the legs adapted to some other function than walking on land. Also, there is a change in the arrangement of teeth from previous types. At that period, for the first time, deciduous plants were flourishing and annually shedding leaves into the water, attracting small prey into warm oxygen-poor shallows which were difficult for larger fish to swim in. Both Ichthyostega and Acanthostega may have breathed air by sticking their heads above the water in these shallows.

Clack remarks on how the lower jaw of Acanthostega shows a change from the jaws of fish. It differs in having a small number of larger teeth in the outer row and smaller teeth in the inner row. Research based on analysis of the skull suggests the species may have bitten directly on prey at or near the water's edge. Markey and Marshall compared the skull with the skulls of fish, which use suction feeding as the main way to catch prey, and creatures known to have used the direct biting typical of terrestrial animals. Their results indicate that Acanthostega was adapted for what they call terrestrial-style feeding. This strongly supports the hypothesis that the terrestrial mode of feeding first emerged in aquatic animals. If correct, this shows an animal specialized for hunting and living in shallow waters in the line between land and water. Newer research also indicates that it is possible Acanthostega evolved from an ancestor that had more terrestrial adaptations than itself.

Discovery
fragments of the skull had been discovered in 1933 by Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh and Erik Jarvik. The famous fossil which showed the significance of this species was discovered by Jenny Clack in East Greenland, 1987.

Related species
Acanthostega is part of widespread evolutionary adaptive radiation in the late Devonian period. It started with purely aquatic finned tetrapodomorphs. Their successors did more air-breathing and had adaptions to the jaws and gills. They had a more muscular neck allowing freer movement of the head than fish have, and used their fins to raise the body of the fish. These features are seen in the earlier Tiktaalik, which like the Ichthyostega and Acanthostega is thought to have been primarily aquatic.

Related pages
Fishapod

References

Lobe-finned fish
Tetrapods

Acanthostega


The Persian Cossack Brigade or Iranian Cossack Brigade () was a Cossack-style cavalry unit formed in 1879 in Persia (modern Iran). It was modelled after the Caucasian Cossack regiments of the Imperial Russian Army. Until 1920, it was commanded by Russian officers, while its rank and file were composed of ethnic Caucasians and later on Persians as well. During much of the brigade's history it was the most functional and effective military unit of the Qajar dynasty. Acting on occasion as kingmakers, this force played a pivotal role in modern Iranian history during the Revolution of 1905–1911, the rise of Reza Shah, and the foundation of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Origin, purpose and makeup
The Cossack Brigade was formed by Nasir al-Din Shah in 1879, using as a model the Caucasian Cossack regiments of the Imperial Russian Army which had impressed him when travelling through southern Russia in 1878. Together with a Swedish-trained and officered gendarmerie, the Cossack Brigade came to comprise the most effective military force available to the Iranian crown in the years prior to World War I.

In spite of its name the brigade was not a typical Cossack force as employed in the neighbouring Russian Empire. The Cossack regiments of the Imperial Russian Army were based on a feudal-style system under which military service was given in return for long-term grants of land. By contrast the Persian Cossack Brigade was recruited on a conventional basis, from a mix of volunteers and conscripts. Neither did it have the status of a guards unit. However, it closely resembled a true Cossack-style cavalry unit. Late 19th century photographs (see example below) show Russian style uniforms, in contrast to the indigenous dress of other Persian forces at the time.

The rank and file of the brigade were always Caucasian Muhajir and later Persian as well, but until 1920 its commanders were Russian officers who were also employed in the Russian army, such as Vladimir Liakhov. Such secondments were encouraged by the Imperial Russian Government who saw the Cossack Brigade as a means of extending Russian influence in a key area of international rivalry. After the October Revolution in 1917, many of these Russian officers left the country to join the "White" forces. The command of the Persian Cossack Division was subsequently transferred to Iranian officers. Most notable among these officers was General Reza Khan, who started his military career as a private soldier in the Cossack Brigade and rose through its ranks to become a brigadier general.

Detailed history

At the time of the Persian Cossack Brigade's formation the Shah's royal cavalry was described as having no training or discipline. The Qajar state at this point was very weak, lacking any professional military forces. In wars against the British the royal cavalry had been defeated, and had even seen much difficulties against Turcoman nomads. The Tsar Alexander II approved Russian military advisors travelling to Persia to fulfill the Shah's request. The brigade was then formed in 1879 by Lieutenant-Colonel Aleksey Domantovich, a Russian officer.

Early development of the Cossack Brigade
Russian interests and lack of funding slowed the initial development of the brigade into a professional fighting force. The initial strength of the brigade was 400 men drawn from immigrants known as Caucasian muhajirs, who were descendants of Circassians and Transcaucasian Muslims who had migrated to Iran to avoid Russian rule. They possessed special privileges as a hereditary military caste. Domantovich made rapid progress with their training and the Shah ordered the strength of the new brigade to be increased to 600 men drawn from the regular army. The rapid progress of the Cossack Brigade caused concern in Russia due to fear that it may become a true fighting force rather than a tool of the Russian government. Domantovich was dismissed as commander in 1881 and replaced by the less effective Colonel Charkovsij, over the protests of the Shah. Charkovsij added four artillery pieces to the arsenal of the brigade in 1883 but made no other improvements. In 1886 Colonel Karavaev became commander. During his time, the brigade faced with budget cuts and thus had its numbers diminished. In 1890 Colonel Shneur took over and was unable to pay the men. After many desertions, combined with a cholera epidemic, the strength was reduced to 450 men, and eventually cut down to 200. Shneur left in 1893 leaving command to a junior officer. By this time the brigade was rapidly disintegrating and the Shah was under pressure to disband it and give the Germans control over army training. It was further cut to just 150 men with one Russian officer. At this point it seemed that the brigade would end as a failed experiment and be nothing more than a footnote in Persian history.

Turning point
The Persian Cossack Brigade was saved by the arrival of Colonel Kosagoskij who was to become the most effective commanding officer in its history. The immediate problem that he faced was the Muhajir aristocracy in the brigade, who considered themselves as an entitled elite. This privileged group often refused to work and reacted poorly to attempts at discipline. The Muhajir faction mutinied in 1895, dividing the brigade and seizing a large portion of its funds, encouraged by the Shah's son who was Minister of War. Under pressure from Russia the Cossack Brigade was reunified under Kosagoskij's command and the muhajirs were treated like other regular soldiers. The result was a great improvement in efficiency, resulting in a well-organized, well-trained, and obedient force.

Assassination of Nasir-ed-Din Shah
The first major event involving the brigade arose from the assassination of their founder, Nasir-ed-Din Shah on May 1, 1896. Chaos broke loose as different factions sought to take power, and mobs rampaged in the streets. The police were unable to control them and the regular army could not be relied upon to do so. Kosagovskij was given free rein by the Prime Minister Amin os-Soltan to "Act in accordance with your own understanding and wisdom." Kosagovskij quickly mobilized the brigade and had them occupy the whole of Tehran to keep order in the city. The brigade also became involved in intrigues between different factions of the Persian government. Nayeb os-Saltenah, the local commander of the forces in Tehran was likely to seize power from the legitimate heir, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, who was in Tabriz. Kosagovski, backed by the brigade, the Russians and British, warned Saltenah that only Mozaffar ad-Din Shah would be recognized as the legitimate heir. On June 7, 1896, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah entered Tehran escorted by the Cossacks. The brigade on this date established themselves as kingmakers and in the future would serve as important tools for both the Russians and the Shah in maintaining control of Persia. Russian influence inside Persia expanded tremendously as the brigade was able to exert massive control in internal Persian politics and intrigues.

As the brigade was numerically enlarging and drastically growing in military strength, eventually civilian volunteers were also accepted into its ranks, including members of ethnic and religious minorities. For example, from the mid-1890s until 1903, the highest-ranking Persian officer in the brigade was the chief of staff, Martiros Khan Davidkhanian, an Armenian from New Julfa, near Isfahan, who had been educated at the Lazarevskiĭ Institute, a secondary school for Armenians founded in Moscow by an Armenian merchant.

By 1903 the brigade was reported to have grown to 1,500 men, with 200 Russian officers. This proportion of officers to other ranks was far higher than the one to thirty ratio that was usual in armies of that period and was regarded with concern by contemporary British commentators, who noted that the brigade was effectively under the direct control of the Imperial Russian Legation in Tehran. The brigade itself now included cavalry, infantry and artillery elements. It was independent of the regular Persian Army and under the command of a colonel of the Russian General Staff with the local rank of Field Marshal. The Persian rank and file were paid regularly on a monthly basis, at a cost amounting to 40,000 roubles.

Role during the Revolution of 1905–1911
The second major event the Cossack Brigade played a role in was the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, as a result of intense political pressure and rebellion. Mozaffar ad-Din Shah gave in to the rebels, and died shortly after signing the Constitution. It was the Persian Cossack Brigade that helped keeping his son Muhammad Ali Shah on the throne. As a consequence however, he was considered to be a Russian puppet. He later attempted to overthrow the government established by the Constitution using the Persian Cossack Brigade in January 1907. It surrounded the Majles (parliament) and shelled the building with heavy artillery. He was briefly successful and with the help of Colonel Liakhov, the brigade commander, he governed Tehran for a year acting as a military dictator. Liakhov was appointed military governor of Tehran. In the ensuing civil strife forces from Azerbaijan led by Sattar Khan and Yeprem Khan retook Tehran from the Cossack Brigade, it forced the Shah to abdicate. Here the brigade failed in ensuring the power of the Shah. Nonetheless, the brigade retained a great deal of importance as a tool for both the Russians and the Shah. Furthermore, Russian influence greatly expanded during this time period with Russian forces occupying several parts of Iran (mostly the north), and the country became divided into spheres of influence between the Russians and the British as agreed in the Anglo-Russian Agreement signed in August 1907.

Role in World War I
World War I spilled over into Persian territory as Ottoman, Russian, and British forces entered Persia. The Russian Command in 1916 expanded the Cossack Brigade to full divisional strength of roughly 8,000 men. The brigade engaged in combat against Ottoman troops and helped to secure Russian interests in northern Persia. The British-created South Persia Rifles performed the same function in southern Iran for the British.

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the British took over the Cossack Brigade and removed Russian officers, replacing them with British and Iranian ones. This was an important transition point in the history of the brigade as it now came under complete British and Iranian control and was effectively purged of Russian influence.The  Following the war Persia found itself devastated and divided as various regions of the country had broken away. In the 1920s, to re-exert central control, the Shah deployed the Cossack Brigade to crush the Azadistan movement in Tabriz. It was successful here but less effective in putting down another rebellion movement in the North, called the Jangali movement.

Role in the rise of Reza Shah

With Iran in chaos and facing fragmentation there was a political vacuum in Tehran, which had no functioning government. It is in this context of fragmentation and disorder that Reza Khan, an officer from the Cossack Brigade, rose to power as Iran's "man on horseback" who would save the country from chaos. Reza Khan had joined the brigade when he was sixteen years old and became the first Persian to be appointed as Brigadier-General of the brigade. He had risen rapidly through the ranks of the brigade following the British purge though he had learned much from the previous Russian officers. On 14 January 1921, the British General Ironside chose to promote Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. After General Ironside promoted Reza Khan, members of the brigade approached Alexander Khan Setkhanian, the Chief of Staff of the brigade, to consider opposing Reza's rise. As Setkhanian had been fond of Reza when Reza had served under his command, Setkhanian chose not to oppose the takeover. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan led his 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade based in Qazvin and Hamadan to Tehran in 1921 and seized the capital. With this coup Reza Khan established himself as the most powerful person in Iran. Although the coup was largely bloodless and faced little resistance, Setkhanian remained one of the last generals to pledge his loyalty to the new Shah. Seeking his assent, Reza visited Setkhanian at the Davidkhanian mansion on Sepah Street. While circumnavigating the pond, Setkhanian pledged his loyalty, and subsequently sat for a portrait in full regalia for the new regime.

Reza Khan's later modernization and enlargement of the army would use the Cossack Brigade as its core. Prior to World War I the Cossack Brigade constituted, together with the Swedish-trained gendarmerie, the only truly professional military forces in Iran. With his expanded forces and the Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan launched military actions to eliminate separatist and dissident movements in Tabriz, Mashhad, and the Jangalis in Gilan, Simko and the Kurds. The brigade, with a strength of 7,000–8,000 men at the time, was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces to form the new Iranian Army of 40,000 which would be led by Iranian officers, many of them friends and cronies of Reza Khan from his days as an officer in the Cossack Brigade. These officers from the Cossack brigade received appointments and patronage in key positions in the new government and military. Using the Cossack Brigade as a springboard, Reza Khan found himself able to place himself in a position of power, centralizing the country, removing the Shah and crowning himself as new Shah, thus establishing the Pahlavi dynasty. He was then called Reza Shah.

Commanders

Notable senior officers
General Martiros Khan Davidkhanian
General Eskandar Khan Davidkhanian
General Alexander Khan Setkhanian
General Teymūr Khan Ayromlou
General Mohammad-Hosayn Ayrom
Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi
Sar Karim Buzarjomehri
Amanullah Jahanbani
Sepahbod Ahmad Amir-Ahmadi
Hassan Alavikia
Fazlollah Zahedi
Colonel Assadollah Hosseinpoor

Stations
Major
Tabriz, Rasht, Mashhad, Tehran, Esfahan, Qazvin

Minor
Hamedan, Bandar Anzali, Kermanshah

Military ranks and non-military titles
Commandant
Second-in-Command
Chief of Staff
Intendant
Atriyad Commander
General (regimental commander)
Major (battalion commander)
Captain (company commander)
Lieutenant
Second Lieutenant
Sergeant-major
Platoon Sergeant
Section Sergeant
Corporal
Drummer, Trumpeter, Cossack
Medical Officer, Accountant, Assistant Accountant, Clerk, Armourer

See also
 Cossacks
 Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia
 Persian Gendarmerie
 Ethnic cleansing of Circassians

Footnotes

References
Keegan, John. World Armies. Macmillan Press, 1979.

Atkin, Muriel Cossack Brigade Iranica
Cronin, Stephanie. The Army and the creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1910–1926, Tauris Academic Studies, 1997.
Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.
Hambly, Gavin R.G. . "The Pahlavi Autocracy: Riza Shah." The Cambridge History of Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 6. Print.
Kazemzadeh, F.. "The Origin and Early Development of the Persian Cossack Brigade." American Slavic and East European Review 15 (1956): 351–363.
Kazemzadeh, F.. "Iranian Relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921." The Cambridge History of Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 9. Print.
Savory, R. M. "Modern Persia." Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. (1970) 595–626.

Military units and formations established in 1879
Cossack diaspora
Cossack military units and formations
Military units and formations of Iran
Military history of Russia
Military history of Qajar Iran
Iran–Russia relations
Military units and formations disestablished in 1921
1879 establishments in Iran
1921 disestablishments in Iran

Persian Cossack Brigade


André Lhote (5 July 1885 – 24 January 1962) was a French Cubist painter of figure subjects, portraits, landscapes and still life. He was also active and influential as a teacher and writer on art.

Early life and education
Lhote was born 5 July 1885 in Bordeaux, France, and learned wood carving and sculpture from the age of 12, when his father apprenticed him to a local furniture maker to be trained as a sculptor in wood. He enrolled at the École des Beaux-Arts in Bordeaux in 1898 and studied decorative sculpture until 1904.

Whilst there, he began to paint in his spare time and he left home in 1905, moving into his own studio to devote himself to painting. He was influenced by Gauguin and Cézanne and held his first one-man exhibition at the Galerie Druet in 1910, four years after he had moved to Paris.

Career
After initially working in a Fauvist style, Lhote shifted towards Cubism and joined the Section d'Or group in 1912, exhibiting at the Salon de la Section d'Or. He was alongside some of the fathers of modern art, including Gleizes, Villon, Duchamp, Metzinger, Picabia and La Fresnaye.

The outbreak of the First World War interrupted his work and, after discharge from the army in 1917, he became one of the group of Cubists supported by Léonce Rosenberg. In 1918, he co-founded Nouvelle Revue Française, the art journal to which he contributed articles on art theory until 1940.

Lhote taught at the Académie Notre-Dame des Champs from 1918 to 1920, and later taught at other Paris art schools—including the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and his own school, Academy André Lhote which he founded in Montparnasse in 1922.

His students included Henri Cartier-Bresson, Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Elena Mumm Thornton Wilson, Kristin Saleri, Adamson-Eric, Simon Elwes, William Crozier, William Geissler, William Gillies, Elvire Geblesco Bibesco, Kuno Veeber, Charlotte van Pallandt, Wesley E. Johnson, Sava Šumanović, Margaret Lefranc, Shirley Russell, Gwyneth Johnstone, Paul Kane, Julie van der Veen, Michael Wishart, Lino Spilimbergo, Amalia Nieto, Héctor Sgarbi, Tamara de Lempicka, Nancy van Overveldt, Sarah Marindah Baker, Genevieve Pezet, Shokouh Riazi, Javad Hamidi, Eren Eyüboğlu, Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Elizabeth Rivers and Helen Stewart.

Lhote lectured extensively in France and other countries, including Belgium, England, Italy and, from the 1950s, also in Egypt and Brazil. In Egypt, Lhote worked with Effat Nagy using Egyptian archaeology as subject matter for their work.

His work was rewarded with the Grand Prix National de Peinture for 1955, and the UNESCO commission for sculpture appointed Lhote president of the International Association of Painters, Engravers and Sculptors.

Death
Lhote died in Paris in 1962.

Gallery of works

References

External links

 André Lhote at artcyclopedia.com

 Agence Photographique de la Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Elysées

1885 births
1962 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
Cubist artists
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Painters of the Return to Order

André Lhote