Chin Peng (21 October 1924 – 16 September 2013), born Ong Boon Hua, was a Malayan communist politician, anti-fascist activist and long-time leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) or officially the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA).

During World War II, he fought as an anti-fascist guerrilla fighter in the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army against the Japanese occupation of Malaya. A determined anti-colonialist, he led the party's guerrilla insurgency in the Malayan Emergency (19481960), fighting against British and Commonwealth forces in an attempt to establish an independent socialist state. After the MCP's defeat and subsequent Malayan independence, Chin waged a second campaign (19681989) from exile against the newly formed government of Malaysia in an attempt to replace its government with a socialist one. This second insurgency came to an end with the Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989.

Chin Peng died at the age of 88, in Bangkok, Thailand, where he was cremated according to Buddhist rites.

Biography

Early years

Chin Peng was born Ong Boon Hua on 21 October 1924 into a middle-class family in the small seaside town of Sitiawan, in Perak state, Malaya. His ancestral home is Fuqing, Fujian, China. His father went to live in Sitiawan in 1920. He set up a bicycle, tire, and spare motor parts business with the help of a relative from Singapore, known as Ong Lock Cho.

Chin Peng attended a Chinese language school in Sitiawan. In 1937 he joined the Chinese Anti Enemy Backing Up Society (AEBUS), formed that year to send aid to China in response to Japan's aggression. According to Chin and Hack, he was not a communist then. He was in charge of anti-Japanese activities at his school, and was reportedly a supporter of Sun Yat-sen. By early 1939, he had embraced Communism. He planned to go to Yan'an, the renowned communist base in China but was persuaded to remain in Malaya and take on heavier responsibilities in the newly formed Malayan Communist Party.

In late 1939, when Chin Peng was in the 4th year of his secondary school education (known as senior middle-level one), his school announced that the senior middle section was to be closed due to lack of funds. He decided to continue his education in the Methodist-run Anglo-Chinese Continuation School, which operated in English, because it provided a good cover for his underground activities. He did not want to have to move to Singapore to continue with his education in Chinese. He left the school "for fear of British harassment" after just 6 months.
He was now focused fully on his political activities and became, from that point on, a full-time revolutionary. In January 1940 he was put in charge of three anti-Japanese organisations that were targeting students, teachers, members of cultural activities, and general labourers. At the end of January 1940, he was admitted to the Malayan Communist Party as a member.

Harassment by the authorities led him to leave his home town for Kuala Kangsar in July 1940. (This may be at the time when he left his school, refer to above). Later he spent a month in Taiping. In September 1940 the party posted him to Ipoh as a  Standing committee member for Perak. In December he attained full Party membership.

In early 1941 AEBUS was dissolved. Chin Peng became Ipoh District committee member of the Party. "He led student underground cells of three Chinese secondary schools and the Party's organisations of the shop assistants, domestic servants of European families, workers at brick kilns and barbers."

In June 1941 he became a member of the Perak State Committee.

Rise to prominence

Chin Peng rose to prominence during World War II when many Chinese Malayans took to the jungle to fight a guerrilla war against the Japanese. These fighters, inspired by the example of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), became known as the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA). Chin Peng became the liaison officer between the MPAJA and the British military in South-East Asia.

The Japanese invasion of Malaya began in December 1941. In 1942 Chin was the youngest of three members of the Secretariat of the Perak State Committee: Su Yew Meng was secretary and Chang Meng Ching  was the other member. In early 1943 the two senior members were captured by the Japanese, which left Chin Peng in charge. Contact with the Party's Central Committee had been lost; he attempted to re-establish it, travelling to Kuala Lumpur and meeting Chai Ker Meng. Later, party leader Lai Tek sent another Central Committee member, Lee Siow Peng (Siao Ping), to replace Chin as State Secretary. However, Lee Siow Peng was captured not long after while travelling to a meeting that was to be held in Singapore.

Thus the job of establishing contact with the British commando Force 136 fell to Chin Peng. The first party of that force, consisting of Capt. John Davis and five Chinese agents had landed in Malaya on 24 May 1943, by submarine. Chin Peng made contact with this armed group on 30 September 1943. He was active in his support for the British stay-behind troops but had no illusions about their failure to protect Malaya against the Japanese. In the course of this activity, he came into contact with Freddie Spencer Chapman, who called him a 'true friend' in his Malayan jungle memoir, 'The Jungle Is Neutral'.

In recognition of his service during the war, Chin was awarded an OBE (though it was subsequently withdrawn later by the British government), a mention in despatches and two campaign medals by Britain. He was elected the Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Malaya after the betrayal of previous leader Lai Tek, who had turned out to be an agent for both the British and the Japanese and had denounced the leadership of the Party to the Japanese secret police. Chin Peng was the most senior surviving member.

Before the Emergency

In 1948, the Federation of Malaya Plan replaced the Malayan Union plan, frustrating the CPM as they felt the plan was undemocratic and biased towards the Malay elites. They accused the British of forcing the Federation idea on the people by portraying it as a constitutional solution to Malaya's crisis. According to Chin, the central committee still adhered to Lai Teck's peace struggle strategy in facing the Federation, as they thought that the people of Malaya were still recovering from the horrors of the Japanese Occupation. To launch an armed rebellion so soon would not only cause them to lose the mass support they had been enjoying but, at the same time, also drive the already wary Malays to openly resist them.

Some scholars allege that the CPM received secret directives from Moscow agents on the methods and timing for a near-simultaneous uprising against colonial authorities during the Southeast Asian Youth Conference held in Calcutta on 19 February 1948 which eventually caused the CPM's insurrection. Chin denied it, stating that the conference argued against such a move. Laurence Sharkey, party secretary of the Australian Communist Party, informed Chin and the central committee of the conference's decision while stopping over in Singapore on his way home. In March 1948, the central committees were discussing new policies as the labour strikes were not bringing the results that they hoped for. Chin Peng estimated it would be a year or two before the British took actions against the CPM, leaving them ample time to prepare for a guerrilla war.

On 12 June 1948, the colonial government outlawed the burgeoning trade union federations amid a rising atmosphere of tension. Since then, there was no reduction in the level of violent activities, other than the neutralisation of trade unions. Political murders of informers, anyone found to be working against the labour movement or the CPM, non-Europeans considered enemies to the communist cause or strike-breakers who used thugs and gangsters to harass protesters rose. The murder of three Kuomintang leaders in Johor on 12 June had convinced the British that the communists were escalating the conflict in retaliation for outlawing the trade unions, while in the CPM's eyes these murders were just purely acts of intimidation. Chin again claimed that he was not aware of the murders at the time, although he approved of the later killing of the plantation managers who he claimed were harsh and cruel towards farmworkers.

The Emergency (1948–1989)

On 16 June 1948, three European plantation managers were murdered in Sungai Siput, which has generally been identified as the incident contributing to the Malayan colonial administration declaration of a state of emergency. Rather, Sze-Chieh Ng argued these murders were merely the final catalyst for a long-brewing crisis that had been going on since the trade unions began agitating in 1945. Historian Anthony Short feels that this was more of a panic reaction than a carefully considered move. According to him, the government had been powerless to deal with the unrest plaguing Malaya since 1945. According to Purcell's viewpoint, the Emergency was declared in response to increasing incidents of violence and lawlessness.

Many Singaporean historians and anti-communists allege that Chin Peng ordered the killings. Chin claimed he had no prior knowledge of the plot. He added that he barely escaped arrest, losing his passport in the process, and he lost touch with the Party for a couple of days. Chin became the most wanted man of the British government, with the government offering a reward of $250,000 for his capture. On 17 July 1948, CPM offices in Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Singapore, and other major cities were raided, followed by mass arrests of suspected communists and anti-government individuals on 21 July. The CPM was banned in July 1948.

In response to the Emergency and the mass arrests of its members, the CPM issued a call to its members to revive its disbanded wartime resistance army, the MPAJA, to take up arms again and escape to the jungles. In fact, since late May and early June the communists had been secretly setting up platoons in several states in preparation for an expected British crackdown in September. The sudden declaration of the Emergency in June, however, forced the MCP to hasten its plan, and they appealed to comrades and volunteers to join them in the struggle. The new guerrilla army, now known as the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), spent the first year of the Emergency reconsolidating and rearming.

At that time, the CPM was in chaos. Its members were dispersed in the jungle and operated without any command structure or central leadership. According to Chin, attacks were being carried out without his approval or knowledge and there was no coordination among units. The guerrillas endured heavy casualties were but made few or no strategic gains in those early months. Chin was desperate to assert control over the MNLA, which had been operating independently since June. It was not until August that some form of central authority was finally set up in the Cameron Highlands, with Chin ordering the guerrillas to adopt Mao Zedong's strategy of establishing liberated zones whenever they drove British forces from an area. However, this strategy failed. British forces continued to hound the guerrillas, who were often forced to retreat deeper into the jungles and disperse into smaller units. This was due to difficulties in resupply.  Moreover large units risked being detected and annihilated by British patrols.

Furthermore, the CPM was losing civilian support, and lacking material assistance and intelligence, the party suffered. Chin admitted they had wrongly assumed that the people would be willing support his men, as they had done during World War II. When that failed to happen, they resorted to force to satisfy their needs.

The CPM and MNLA also suffered under British propaganda, which labelled them "bandits" and "communist terrorists". Old suspicions and assumptions that the CPM had clandestine support from either the CCP or the Soviet Union had, over time, hardened into certainty. Records disclosed after the Cold War ended have finally disproved the convenient lie the British propagated more than half a century ago, revealing not only that the CPM had not sought external support but also that no agents from either China or Russia had even made contact with them. The only 'support' Chin recalled obtaining was the encouraging news that Mao's guerrillas had defeated Chiang Kai-shek's well-equipped and numerically superior KMT army in 1949.

Briggs Plan
In 1950, a series of strategies were introduced by the Director of Operations for the anti-communist war in Malaya, Lt. General Sir Harold Briggs, that later became known as the Briggs Plan. The plan, which aimed to defeat the guerrillas by cutting off their sources of civilian support, was a success. The creation of 'New Villages' under this plan restricted intelligence and food supplies for the CPM, and thus had a devastating effect on the guerrillas. Chin was well aware of this fact, since several times he nearly starved during those twelve years.

After several reviews and amendments, the CPM ordered the guerrillas to cease sabotage and terror operations and to develop closer ties with the middle-class to preserve their organizational strength. Chin would later admit in an interview in 1999 that this directive was a mistake as it allowed the British to press on with their attacks on the MNLA, whom they correctly assessed to be quite demoralised by then.

After Sir Harold Briggs died, Lt. General Sir Gerald Templer was appointed as the new commander, introducing aggressive strategies which differed from the Briggs Plan. These included interrogations, food rationing, large monetary rewards for captured or killed communists coupled with intense military operations, and the mobilisation of a large number of troops to hound the guerrillas. In 1953, the CPM relocated their headquarters to Betong, in southern Thailand. They reestablished its networks to connect the scattered units and review its strategy.

In late 1953 and early 1954, the war was at a semi-stalemate due to both the MNLA and the British being unable to decisively defeat one another. In early 1954, Siao Chang, a top CPM leader who had been sent to Beijing in late 1952 to deepen his Marxist–Leninist education while also serving as liaison to the CCP, announced a new direction for the party, which was to abandon the establishment of the People's Democratic Republic of Malaya and join with other Malayan political parties in a legal fight for Malaya independence. Chin described Siao as the CPM's 'insurance policy' in the event the central committee was eliminated.

Although this was not their decision, Chin and the other central committees decided to join the other Malayan parties, reasoning that the Malay politicians had achieved more for the independence movement within the last few years than the MNLA had since 1948. The Beijing announcement also revealed to the CPM that both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China had viewed the armed struggle in Malaya as untenable.

Baling Talks
On 24 September 1955, Chin wrote to Tunku Abdul Rahman offering to negotiate peace. On 17 October, talks between two government representatives and Chin Peng and another central committee of the CPM were held at Klian Intan. A new 'Eight Point Program' was introduced by the CPM to call for an end to the Emergency and a cessation of hostilities, a reform of Malaya's political system, expand democratic rights, support for world peace, and attention to other matters including education, health, welfare, and industrial production.

On 28 and 29 December 1955, the negotiations reached their peak at the small northern town of Baling in Kedah. Representatives from the Government were Tunku Abdul Rahman, David Marshall, the Chief Minister of Singapore, and Sir Tan Cheng Lock, the leader of the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA). The CPM was represented by Chin Peng, Chen Tian, and Abdul Rashid bin Maidin. The first day of the talks did not go well, as Chin wanted the CPM to be recognised as a legal party again, or for the leaders and members of the MNLA to at least be allowed to regain their freedom of movement and not face any legal persecution or imprisonment. Tunku Abdul Rahman rejected this request and demanded at the beginning of the meeting that the CPM fully surrender as the only way to peace, but then promised that those who surrendered would undergo a period of rehabilitation before being allowed to become free citizens again.

Chin again argued freedom of thought and choice must be recognised by the Malayan government if the new nation was to survive past its independence, as the people should have the right to decide which political path the nation should take rather than having that choice be decided by a select few in the government. Tunku Abdul Rahman rejected this as well and only promised freedom for the CPM members to join any existing political party after being cleared by the authorities.

On the second day of the talks, Chin promised that the CPM would stop fighting and lay down its arms if the Alliance government persuaded the British government to grant it authority over internal security and defence. Tunku Abdul Rahman accepted it as a challenge and promised that he would push for it on his upcoming trip to London. Great publicity was given in the media to this dramatic challenge from Chin Peng. The challenge, indeed, served to strengthen the Alliance government's bargaining position at the London talks. Anxious to end the Emergency, the British government agreed to concede those powers of internal security and defence and to accede to the demand for independence for Malaya by 31 August 1957, if possible. Chin claimed it was his challenge to Tunku Abdul Rahman that hastened the independence of Malaya. Tunku Abdul Rahman had acknowledged the importance of the Baling talks, writing in 1974 that "Baling had led straight to Merdeka (Independence)."

Regardless, the talks themselves ended without a consensus between the two sides. The talks finally collapsed but were regarded as both a success and failure for Tunku Abdul Rahman, as the talks made the British regard him as a strong leader who was tough on communism. His performance had also impressed the Colonial Office enough to grant Malaya independence. For the CPM, it was a very demoralising affair that nearly destroyed their already ailing struggle. The failure of the Baling Talks was a great blow for the CPM, since they now lost hope both of ending the war and of propagating their ideology. Due to the mounting combat casualties and the insecurity of food supplies, the members began surrendering to the government in exchange for monetary rewards and pardons.

In 1956, Chin wrote to Tunku Abdul Rahman offering to resume negotiations. This was rejected by Rahman in a broadcast on 2 April. By late 1958, the MNLA had lost almost 88% of its men, declining from an approximately 3000-strong army when they first rebelled in mid-1948 to no more than 350 men, as a result of casualties and surrenders.

In 1959, the central committees of CPM decided to demobilise their activities and to have the guerrillas reintegrate into society while continuing to promote their communist ideals until such a time when they could once again rise up in revolt. Chin then moved to south Thailand with the remnants of his forces during the latter part of the Emergency due to pressure from the Malayan security forces, which by 1952 totalled over 32,000 regular troops in Malaya, about three-fifths of whom were Europeans from the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia.

The Second Insurgency (1968-1989)
In 1961, members of the CPM central committee such as Chin Peng, Chen Tien, and Lee An Tung moved to Beijing to seek political advice and guidance from the more experienced Chinese Communist Party. Chin would, however, remain in Beijing for the next 29 years and the party would not lay down its arms until 1989. The reasons for this reversal of the party's decision to disband, according to Chin, was the advice given to him by the Vietnamese communist leaders in Hanoi, the opening of the second 'Vietnam War', which was followed by China's Cultural Revolution, all of which stressed a strong militant line to be taken by Asian communist parties.

While in Beijing, Chin Peng was also advised by Deng Xiaoping, to continue the armed struggle in Malaya as Deng felt the time was ripe for revolutions to take place in Southeast Asia. Deng insisted that the military struggle should not only be maintained but stepped up. Deng even promised financial support to the CPM if they should take up arms once again. Deng offered for this to remain a secret as the CCP did not wish to let it be known that they had been actively supporting Southeast Asia's communist movements. Chin reluctantly decided to acquiesce to Deng's suggestion. This was also the first time that the CPM had accepted foreign assistance in its struggle and it was with this financial backing that the second armed struggle in Malaya would be launched in 1968.

Meanwhile, back in Malaya, the Malayan government had declared the Emergency over on 31 July 1960 once they became confident the MNLA had ceased to be a credible threat, with the surviving guerrillas retreating to their sanctuary in southern Thailand. However, the insurgency continued with the insurgents increasing their attacks, ambushing military convoys, bombing national monuments, and assassinations of marked police officers and political 'enemy targets'. The insurgency, which began as a war against the British colonialists, was now transformed into a war against 'federalists, compressors capitalists and lackeys of British imperialism'. The Malayan government maintained a high-security alert by devoting one-third of its national budget to defence and internal security needs and requested British, Australian and New Zealand troops to remain in the country until its internal security and national armed forces could be built up and the foreign troops gradually phased out.

In 1970, the CPM's guerrilla bases in Thailand were hard hit by the trials and executions of supposed spies. Two breakaway factions were formed which condemned the purge. Chin, who was then based in China, denied involvement and later rehabilitated his accused comrades. During the 1970s and 1980s, the CPM intensified its activities and clashes with the security forces. These activities were due to a rivalry among three factions in the CPM over party purges and strategies, with each faction trying to outdo the other in militancy and violence.

However, in 1980, Deng Xiaoping refocused his priorities back on the Chinese bureaucracy after his return to power in 1978. He welcomed Lee Kuan Yew, the then-Prime Minister of Singapore and its leading political figure since independence from Malaysia, in a visit to Beijing. Chin recalled that Deng had not bothered to meet him since then. Finally, in December 1980, Deng summoned Chin. In the meeting, Deng demanded Chin to immediately close down all the CPM's radio stations which were broadcasting from China to Malaysia. When Chin asked Deng when he would like him to cease the broadcasting, Deng replied, "The sooner the better ... Lee (Lee Kuan Yew) asked me to stop the broadcasts immediately." Moreover, during his official visit to China, the second Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Abdul Razak held talks with Chinese communist leader Chairman Mao Zedong and urged him to stop giving aid to the CPM. The fourth Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad further succeeded in persuading China to downgrade its ties with the CPM. This was an important factor that contributed to the CPM's decision to end its armed struggle.

The End of the Emergency
The CPM finally laid down its arms in 1989. The death toll during the armed conflict totalled thousands. Those sympathetic to Chin Peng tend to portray the violence perpetrated by the CPM as defensive, while right-wing opponents tend to portray it as aggressive and unethical. Some have claimed a large number of civilian casualties was in contrast to the stance adopted by Mao Zedong and his policy of the Eight Points of Attention.

On 2 December 1989, at the town of Hat Yai in Southern Thailand, Chin, Rashid Maidin, and Abdullah CD met with representatives of the Malaysian and Thai governments. Separate peace agreements were signed between the MCP and both governments. One of the terms of the agreement was that MCP members of Malayan origin be allowed to return to live in Malaysia.

When all hostilities ceased, the total number of CPM members was 1,188; 694 were Thai-born and 494 claimed origins in Peninsular Malaysia. They were given a temporary grant and promised integration into Malaysia.

In Chin's opinion, peace could have been achieved as early as 1955 during the Baling Talks, if the British, Tunku Abdul Rahman and David Marshall had not demanded that the communist fighters capitulate and surrender but, rather, had allowed them to hand over or destroy their weapons in a mutually agreed way and then resume normal life with full political freedom, which was the broad outcome of the 1989 accords.

Application to return to Malaysia

Chin never officially returned to Malaysia after the 1989 Hat Yai Peace Accords but continued his exile in Thailand. He gave lectures at the National University of Singapore in 2004, using purposes of academic research as his reason to gain visitation permission from the Singaporean government. At the beginning of 2000, he applied for permission to return to Malaysia. His application was rejected by the High Court on 25 July 2005.

In June 2008, Chin again lost his bid to return to Malaysia when the Court of Appeal upheld an earlier ruling that compelled him to show identification papers to prove his citizenship. Chin maintained that his birth certificate was seized by the police during a raid in 1948. His counsel Raja Aziz Addruse had submitted before the Court of Appeal that it was wrong for the Malaysian government to compel him to produce the documents because he was entitled to enter and live in Malaysia under the peace agreement.

On April 2009, Chin's application to return to Malaysia was once again rejected by the High Court for the same reason as his previous attempt. The Malaysian government insisted that his possible return would cause people who lost their loved ones during the Emergency to relive their pain again.

In November 2009, Chin issued an apology to the victims and their family members for the atrocities committed by the CPM. However, the then-Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, Muhyiddin Yassin, replied that despite Chin's apology, he would still not be allowed to return to Malaysia due to his treason.

Death

Before his death, he lived in exile in Thailand. Contrary to one of the conditions of the 1989 peace agreement, he was not permitted to return to Malaysia.

Chin died of cancer at the age of 88 at a private hospital in Bangkok, with only his 50-year-old niece by his side, on the morning of 16 September 2013, the 50th anniversary of Malaysia Day, and the 90th birthday of Lee Kuan Yew. He was cremated according to Buddhist rites.

While Chin had previously voiced wishes to be buried in Sitiawan, his remains continued to be denied entry for burial in Malaysia by the Malaysian government, as it was claimed that the one-year window after the agreement to reapply for citizenship had long lapsed and Chin was assumed to have relinquished his rights to return. In November 2019, his remains were announced to have been returned in secrecy by a small action committee on 16 September 2019; his ashes were ceremoniously transported through Sitiawan before scattering at a hillside near Chemor and at sea.

Publications

Chin Peng co-authored his story with Singapore-based writers and publishers Ian Ward, who was formerly the Southeast Asia correspondent for the London conservative newspaper, The Daily Telegraph, and Ward's wife Norma Miraflor. The book named Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History, was published in 2003.

Another book, Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party by editors C. C. Chin and Karl Hack, was published by the Singapore University Press in 2004. This book details a series of meetings held in Australia that Chin Peng had attended with historians and military experts.

Media portrayal
In 2006, a documentary film about Chin Peng was made called The Last Communist. It was banned by the Ministry of Home Affairs of Malaysia.

Another documentary film about him called I Love Malaya was released.

Chronology

 21 October 1924: Birth.
 January 1940: Accepted as probationary member of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM); put in charge of Communist members in Sitiawan.
 4 July 1940: Leaves home.
 December 1941: Communists' offer of help accepted; joins the fight against the Japanese.
 10 January 1942: The first batch of the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA).
 1942: Meets future wife, Lee Khoon Wah.
 1945: World War II ends.
 January 1946: Awarded 2 war medals; boycotts tour of British bases; forced to sign letter of apology.
 Mid-October 1946: In Penang, Yeung Kuo reveals that Lai Teck has betrayed the CPM; Lai Teck subsequently absconds with most of party's money.
 6 March 1947: CPM Central Executive Committee meeting held to deal with Lai Teck controversy; Lai Teck fails to appear and is never seen by MCP again. Later, Chin Peng is elected secretary-general of MCP.
 1948: Three planters killed at Sungei Siput; Emergency declared; CPM was declared illegal.
 Late 1950: Harold Briggs arrives in Malaya and implements the Briggs plan – resettling people into "New Villages". If the people refused to move, the British would forcibly remove them and sometimes burn down their houses. This made it difficult for the Communists to gain food supplies from the "Min Yuen", their supporters in the villages.
 6 October 1951: Sir Henry Gurney, British High Commissioner in Malaya, is assassinated on Gap road to Fraser's Hill by Siew Ma.  It was a "chance" ambush by Siew Ma and his party and not a plan to assassinate Gurney.
 7 February 1952: Sir Gerald Templer, arrives to take the place of Gurney, and implements harsh measures against the Communists.
 28 - 29 December 1955: The Baling Talks was held with Chin Peng representing the Malayan Communist Party, Tunku Abdul Rahman representing the government of the Federation of Malaya and David Marshall representing the government of the Crown Colony of Singapore. The talks was unsuccessful due to surrender terms, which was unacceptable for the Malayan Communist Party.
 1960: The Emergency is officially declared over and Chin Peng went to China. However, fighting still continues. Ah Cheng @ Shan Ruhong replaces him as acting Secretary-General in Malaya. Special Malaysian government troops going by the name "Senoi Praaq" prove to be a thorn in Chin Peng's side.
 2 December 1989: The Peace Agreement of Hat Yai was signed between the Malayan Communist Party and the governments of Malaysia and Thailand. The long, hard war the British had preferred to term an Emergency was over.
 6–8 October 2004: Chin Peng visits Singapore for 3 days to speak at the Institute of South-east Asian Studies (ISEAS).
 2005: Chin Peng is pending to return to Malaysia. His hearing was scheduled for 25 May 2005, and the High Court postponed it to 25 July 2005. This application was subsequently rejected.
 June 2008: Chin Peng's lost his bid to return to Malaysia when the Court of Appeal demanded he showed identification papers to prove his Malayan citizenship.
 16 September 2013: Chin Peng died at Bumrungrad International Hospital in Bangkok. He was 88. According to the Bangkok Post, he was pronounced dead at 6.20am (GMT+8).

References

 劉鑒銓等人,青山不老-馬共的歷程,(2004)香港:明報出版社
 Cheah, B. K. (2009). The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948-90: Contesting the Nation-State and Social Change. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 11(1), 132-52. Retrieved from http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June09/14_Cheah_3.pdf  on 30 July 2017.
 Chin, C. C., and Karl Hack. eds. (2004). Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party. Singapore, SG: Singapore University Press.
 Chin, P. (2003). Alias Chin Peng: My Side of History. Singapore, SG: Media Masters.
 Ng, S. (May 2011). Silenced Revolutionaries: Challenging the Received View of Malaya's Revolutionary Past. Arizona, US: Arizona State University.
 O'Ballance, E. (1966). Malaya: the Communist Insurgent War, 1948-60. Hamden, US: Archon Books.
 Purcell, V. (1955). Malaya: Communist or Free? Stanford, US: Stanford University Press.
 Short, A. (2000). In Pursuit of Mountain Rats: The Communist Insurrection in Malaya. Singapore, SG: Cultured Lotus.
 Symon, A. (March 2003). Recalling Malaya's Communist Menace: Fact and Fiction on Chin Peng. IIAS Newslatter, 33, 32. Retrieved from http://iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL33_32.pdf on 30 July 2017.
 Taaffe, P. (4 February 2005). Review: 'My Side of History' by Chin Peng. Retrieved from http://www.socialistworld.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1604 on 30 July 2017.

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Chin Peng, My Side of History (2003)
 Ruslan of Malaysia: The Man Behind the Domino That Didn't Fall (2007)

External links
 Online biography
 Pathé Newsreel, January 1956

1924 births
2013 deaths
Malaysian exiles
Malaysian communists
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Malaysian politicians
People from Sitiawan
Malaysian independence activists
World War II resistance members
People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour
British Malaya military personnel of World War II

Chin Peng


Thomas Pride VC (29 March 1835 – 16 July 1893) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to a serviceman in the British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Pride was 29 years old, and a captain of the after guard in the Royal Navy during the Shimonoseki Expedition, Japan when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 6 September 1864 at Shimonoseki, Japan, Captain of the After Guard Pride was one of the two colour sergeants who accompanied Midshipman Duncan Gordon Boyes from HMS Euryalus when they carried the Queen's Colour into action in the capture of the enemy's stockade. They kept the flag flying in spite of the fierce fire which killed the other colour sergeant and severely wounded Pride. He and the midshipman, however, did not falter and were only finally prevented from going further forward by direct orders from their superior officer.

Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London.

References

1835 births
1893 deaths
People from Wareham, Dorset
Royal Navy sailors
British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross
Royal Navy personnel of the Second Opium War
British military personnel of the Shimonoseki campaign

Thomas Pride (VC)


LeRoy Neiman (born LeRoy Leslie Runquist, June 8, 1921 – June 20, 2012) was an American artist known for his brilliantly colored, expressionist paintings and screenprints of athletes, musicians, and sporting events.

Early life
Neiman was born in 1921 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the son of Lydia Sophia (née Serline), of Braham, Minnesota, and Charles Julius Runquist, who were married in 1918 and lived in Grasston, Minnesota (Kanabec County). He was of Turkish and Swedish descent ("as near as I can figure out", as he has said). His father deserted his family, and when his mother married his stepfather, John L. Niman (Neiman) in 1926, LeRoy changed to the new surname as well. His mother divorced Neiman about 1935, and married for the third time in about 1940, to Ernst G. Hoelscher, of St. Paul. She died in St. Paul on November 14, 1985, aged 87. LeRoy was raised in the Macalester-Groveland and Frogtown neighborhoods of St. Paul. The home he lived in the longest, from about 1940 to about 1955, still stands at 569 Van Buren Avenue.

Career

Neiman served in the U.S. Army during World War II. He worked as a cook until the end of the war, when his art skills were recognized and put to use painting sets for Red Cross shows. Following his return in 1946, Neiman studied briefly at the St. Paul School of Art, then at the School of The Art Institute of Chicago on the G.I. Bill. After graduating, Neiman served on the Art Institute faculty for ten years. During the time Neiman was teaching, he was exhibiting art in competitions and winning prizes. In 1954, Neiman began his association with Playboy magazine. Neiman had met Hugh Hefner while doing freelance fashion illustration for the Carson Pirie Scott department store chain, where Hefner was a writer. Hefner and Playboy art director Art Paul commissioned an illustration for the magazine's fifth edition. Hefner told Sports Illustrated, "I don't remember the moment. Our eyes did not meet across a crowded room." One day, after Hefner had started his magazine, he ran into Neiman on a street and asked him to become a contributor to Playboy. Among Neiman's contributions over the next 50 years, he created the Femlin character for the Party Jokes page, and did a feature for 15 years titled "Man at His Leisure", where Neiman would paint illustrations of his travels to exotic locations.

Beginning in 1960, he traveled the world observing and painting leisure life, social activities and athletic competitions including the Olympics, the Super Bowl, the World Series, the Kentucky Derby, championship boxing, PGA and The Masters golf tournament, The Ryder Cup, the World Equestrian Games, Wimbledon and other Grand Slam competitions, as well as night life, entertainment, jazz and the world of casino gambling.

In 1970, Neiman did the illustration for the 5th Dimension's album Portrait.

In 1994 Neiman was commissioned to create the illustrated logo for the Sherman Brothers musical Busker Alley.  The illustration was used for posters and also was recreated as a five story high mural on the St. James Theater on Broadway (New York).  In 1998, he did all the illustrations for a special "Sports" issue of The Nation magazine, for which he received the magazine's standard fee of $150.

Neiman sponsored and supported several organizations from coast to coast that foster art activities for underprivileged children such as The LeRoy Neiman Center for Youth in San Francisco and the Arts Horizons LeRoy Neiman Art Center in Harlem. He also has established facilities at various colleges, including the LeRoy Neiman Center for Print Studies at Columbia University in New York and the LeRoy Neiman Campus Center at his alma mater, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Neiman donated $5 million to the School of the Art Institute, which funded the construction of the Neiman Center at the School.

He received five honorary doctorates and numerous awards, a lifetime achievement award from the University of Southern California, an induction into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, and proclamations and citations. He received The Order of Lincoln award (the State's highest honor) on the 200th birthday celebration of Abraham Lincoln given by the Governor of Illinois in 2009. He authored twelve books of his art. A documentary on his jazz painting, The Big Band, had its world premiere in Los Angeles in February, 2009.

Neiman produced about six different serigraph subjects a year, generally priced from $3,000 to $6,000 each. Gross annual sales of new serigraphs alone topped $10 million. Originals can sell for up to $500,000 for works such as Stretch Stampede, a mammoth 1975 oil painting of the Kentucky Derby. In addition to being a renowned sports artist, Neiman has created many works from his experience on safari, including Portrait of a Black Panther, Portrait of the Elephant, Resting Lion, and Resting Tiger. Some of his other subjects include sailing, cuisine, golf, boxing, horses, celebrities, famous locations, and America at play. Much of his work was done for Playboy magazine, for which he still illustrated monthly until his death.

Neiman worked in oil, enamel, watercolor, pencil drawings, pastels, serigraphy and some lithographs and etching. Neiman was listed in Art Collector's Almanac, Who's Who in the East, Who's Who in American Art, Who's Who in America, and Who's Who in the World. He was a member of the Chicago Society of Artists. His works have been displayed in museums, sold at auctions, and displayed in galleries and online distributors. He is considered by many to be the first major sports artist in the world, challenged only in his later years by a new generation of artists like Stephen Holland and Richard T. Slone. His work is in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian, the Whitney Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the State Hermitage Museum in Russia, Wadham College at Oxford and in museums and art galleries the world over, as well as in private and corporate collections.

Personal life
Neiman married Janet Byrne in 1957. They lived in New York City, their home base for over five decades, until Neiman's death. Their residence, inside a New York City landmark, the Hotel des Artistes over the Café des Artistes on West 67th Street, originally intended for painters, is made up of double-height rooms that overlook Central Park. Norman Rockwell once lived there, as well as celebrities Rudolph Valentino, Noël Coward, CNN founder Reese Schonfeld and former mayor John Lindsay. Neiman's painting studio, offices, and home are on one floor, his archives on another, his penthouse at the top.

Later years
Neiman continued to paint after having his right leg amputated, the result of arterial insufficiency, at a New York hospital in April 2010. Neiman's autobiography, titled All Told: My Art and Life Among Athletes, Playboys, Bunnies, and Provocateurs was published on June 5, 2012.

Awards
Leroy Neiman was inducted as a Laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2009 as a Bicentennial Laureate.

Death
Neiman died on June 20, 2012, twelve days after his 91st birthday, in New York City. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

Books

References

External links

 LeRoy Neiman Foundation

1921 births
2012 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of Swedish descent
American printmakers
Artists from Saint Paul, Minnesota
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Playboy people
American amputees
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
United States Army soldiers

LeRoy Neiman


Forensic evidence is a way of using forensic science to find out who someone is using technology to look at stuff they've touched. It is commonly used at places where crimes have taken place and are being investigated.

One of the most common types of evidence is fingerprints. When someone touches something, they leave their fingerprint on it. Using technology, people can look at the fingerprint on the object that was touched and find out who touched it.

Forensics

Forensic evidence


The Children's Museum of Bogotá (Fundación Museo de los Niños) was a privately managed museum foundation in Bogotá, Colombia's capital city, established in 1986 and aimed at teaching children about science, technology, culture and arts. The foundation operated the Children's Museum in an 8,000 m2 (86,000 ft.²) building in the geographical centre of Bogotá, in which over 23 different modules and hundreds of individual exhibits were housed. The museum served approximately 150,000 visitors per year — 69% of them children under 11 years of age that come to "learn by playing" in the exhibits.

In 2018, it became a park for children. Its main attractions are bouncing houses, bicycle rides, and races for kids.

In addition to guided tours, the Children's Museum conducted workshops, special vacation programs for children and highly structured events for schools.

To celebrate their 15th anniversary, the museum invited the most important young Colombian artists to each paint a mural on the museum walls. This resulted in a collection of 42 murals which have become a landmark for art students in Bogotá. Another highly important program of the Museum is the Computer Clubhouse – an international program promoted by the Intel Corporation and the Museum of Science, Boston. Computer Clubhouse teaches children of low income families computer skills for computer animation, graphic design, composing and editing, as a means to close the digital divide in the society. An introduction to robotics is also included in this program.

In the outer gardens of the museum, a real Boeing 720 aircraft (without actual function, fuel, electricity or engines) was present to teach children the basics of aeronautics. The airliner was donated by Avianca (the biggest airline in Colombia) in the mid-1980s.

The museum also featured a room with a small representation of a city's roads to teach children traffic signs and behaviour while driving or walking on the streets

External links
Museo de los Niños de Bogotá

Children's museums
Museums in Bogotá
Child-related organisations in Colombia
1986 establishments in Colombia

Children's Museum of Bogotá


Nanjing Museum. Nanjing Museum covers an area of 70,000 square meters. Itis located at the southern foot of the beautiful Purple Gold Moutain, with Zhongshan Gate of the city on its east side and the remains of the imperial palace of the early Ming Dynasty on its west side.

Nanjing Museum , China's first comprehensive state museum,was initiated by Cai Yuanpei and president of the state Central Research Academy. It was originally planned to build three exbition halls including Humanity. Handicraft and Nature halls, but only the hall of Humanity was completed which is the current main building. It imitate the style of Liao-Dynasty architecture, with the roof covered with golden tiles and looking solemn and magnificent.

After 1949, when new China was founded, the museum entered into a new era of development. In March, 1950, it was renamed as Nanjing museum and a number of major excavation activities were conducted in following years.

Buildings and structures in Nanjing
Museums in China

Nanjing Museum


The handover of Hong Kong, or the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong (also called "the Handover" or "the Return" in mainland China) was when the country that controlled Hong Kong was changed from the United Kingdom to China. The handover happened on 1 July 1997. Before this day, British Hong Kong was controlled by the United Kingdom as a colony and a British Dependent Territory. After the handover, Hong Kong became a special administrative region (SAR) of China.

The handover was the end of British control of Hong Kong. They governed over it for 156 years. Because the number of people living in Hong Kong was 6.5 million in 1997, it was the majority of people (97%) living in all British Dependent Territories. Some people think that the handover was the end of the British Empire.

History

Background
The United Kingdom controlled many parts of India by the 1830s. Their goal in this land was to grow cotton so that they didn't have to buy so much from the United States. They were not able to grow cotton, but they found out that they could grow poppies in India and turn them into opium. The British smuggled opium into China so that they could buy tea. This was one of the reasons the Opium Wars happened, when Britain and China fought with each other. After the Opium Wars, the two countries signed three different treaties with the Qing Empire, who controlled China at the time.

Britain was given the power to control the land of Hong Kong in these treaties:
 In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking gave Britain control of Hong Kong Island forever
 In 1860, the Convention of Peking gave control of the Kowloon Peninsula forever as well
 In 1898, the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory gave control of the New Territories and the islands around Hong Kong for 99 years until 1997

Problems
Even though the British did not control the New Territories forever, this part of Hong Kong was developed as quickly as the other parts of Hong Kong. Because there was not enough land and natural resources in Hong Kong Island and Kowloon, a lot of infrastructure was also built in the New Territories. When Britain and China began talking about what would happen to Hong Kong after 1997, many people thought it was very hard to separate the New Territories and the rest of Hong Kong and only give the New Territories back to China.

References

Other websites
  by the BBC World Service

20th century in Hong Kong
1997 in the United Kingdom
1990s in China

Handover of Hong Kong


Nannie Kelly Wright, born Nannie Scott Honshell (September 8, 1856 - December 12, 1946) was the only known American female ironmaster.

Early life
Nannie Scott Honshell was born in Catlettsburg, KY, the daughter of Captain Washington Honshell, a riverman who was one of the founders of Cincinnati's White Collar line. As the daughter of a riverman, she travelled widely throughout her childhood.

Marriage to Lindsey Kelly
On October 8, 1879, Nannie Honshell married State Senator Lindsey Kelly, the son of a pig iron magnate. Lindsey Kelly was the owner/manager of Center Furnace, a charcoal iron furnace in Lawrence County, OH. When he died in 1902 (as did their one child, Lindsey Kelly, Jr.), Nannie Kelly became sole proprietress of Center Furnace. She managed the furnace personally and travelled to Cincinnati weekly to work to sustain the profitability of the furnace. She also inherited from Lindsey Kelly the directorship of the Kelly Nail and Iron Company of Ironton, OH. As the iron ore industry began to decline, the Ohio State Journal noted that Mrs. Kelly "lived in the furnace region, in a primitive house; mined ore and limestone, endured a hard and rugged life, but ever bright, buoyant and full of social engagement with old friends, she lived in the constant hope of retrieving her fortune." Rumor had it at the time that she sometimes worked the furnaces in male clothing, but she always steadfastly denied this. In the end, she was successful at regaining her fortune, and shortly after the turn of the century, she was thought to be the richest woman in the world after Queen Victoria.

Second marriage and sale of Center Furnace
On October 26, 1906, Nannie Kelly married Daniel Gregory Wright, one of the central figures of the Philadelphia financial world at the time, and 21 years her junior. That same year, she sold the Center Furnace to the Superior Portland Cement company, cashing the largest check ($100,000) ever cashed in a local bank at the time. She caused a stir in the business community during these years by supporting President Theodore Roosevelt's anti-trust legislation. In 1919, Nannie Kelly Wright and Daniel Gregory Wright divorced, and in a move that shocked the entire region, Mr. Wright sought alimony from his wife.

Role in society and impact of stock market crash
Nannie Kelly Wright was a pivotal figure in Northern Appalachian society throughout her lifetime. Both of her weddings were lavish affairs far surpassing the most expensive local events of the day. She made 3 world tours and was a frequent party hostess, often giving souvenirs from around the world as party favors. On one trip to London, she was presented before the court of King Edward VII. On one such trip, she became fascinated by English castles and resolved to build one in Ironton. To make room for the castle, she moved her current house across the street in order to clear the block. The castle never materialized, however, and eventually the land was sold and a Catholic High School was built on the plot of land.

Nannie Kelly Wright lost most of her money in the 1929 stock market crash. Although she lived another 17 years, she was able to live comfortably merely by selling pieces of her large jewelry collection every few years.

Nannie Kelly Wright died on December 12, 1946, at the Marting Hotel in Ironton, Ohio.

References

1856 births
1946 deaths
American ironmasters
People from Catlettsburg, Kentucky
People from Ironton, Ohio
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American businesspeople
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Businesspeople from Ohio

Nannie Kelly Wright


Blasters of the Universe is a 1993 2-CD set by Bootsy's New Rubber Band. The album was first released on the P-Vine record label and then by Rykodisc in the US and the UK. In terms of musical personnel, the album features more P-Funk and Funk alumni than any other Bootsy Collins related release. It also contains one of the last tracks to feature original Parliament-Funkadelic guitarist Eddie Hazel, to whom the album is dedicated. The album also contains a lyric sheet and a comic book called "Back 'N' Dah Day: A Boot Tune Adventure".

Track listing

Disc 1:

"Funk Express Card" (Bootsy Collins)  5:53
"J.R. (Just Right)" (Bootsy Collins, Bernie Worrell, Frankie Waddy, Don Davis)  6:48
"Blasters of the Universe" (Bootsy Collins, Fred Wesley, Maceo Parker, Richard Griffith, Rick Gardner)  6:45
"Bad Girls" (Bootsy Collins, Joel Johnson, Lawrence Cornett, Anthony Cole)  5:40
"Back-N-The Day" (Bootsy Collins, Phelps Collins, David Spradley, Maceo Parker)  6:16
"Where R The Children" (Bootsy Collins, Cynthia Girty, Tony Walker, Carolyn Stanford)  4:36
"Female Trouble's (The National Anthem)" (Bootsy Collins)  4:33
"Wide Track" (Bootsy Collins, Fred Wesley, Mike Mitchell, Vince Campbell)  5:08
"Funk Me Dirty" (Bootsy Collins, George Clinton, Trey Stone)  5:39
"Blasters" featuring Eddie Hazel (Bootsy Collins, Eddie Hazel) 6:59
"Good Nite Eddie" (Bootsy Collins, Eddie Hazel, Gary James) 4:23
"A Sacred Place" (Bootsy Collins, Greg Fitz) 3:36
"Half Past Midnight" (Bootsy Collins)  2:37
"It's a Silly Serious World" (Bootsy Collins)  5:17

Disc 2:

"J.R. (Just Right)"  5:05
"Funk Express Card"  4:50
"Back N The Day"  6:28
"Bad Girls"  4:59
"Good Nite Eddie"  4:24
"Where R The Children"  4:21
"Funk Me Dirty"  5:53
"It's a Silly Serious World"  5:09
"A Sacred Place"  4:21

Personnel
Musicians and vocalists
Catfish Collins, Razor "Sharp" Johnson, Bernie Worrell, Eddie Hazel, David Spradley, Maceo Parker, Frankie "Kash" Waddy, Fred Wesley, Rick Gardner, Kush Griffith, The "Horny Horns", Mike Mitchell, Vince Campbell, Don "Tiger" Martin, "Sweat Band", Gary "Mudd Bone" Cooper, Robert P-Nut Johnson, George Clinton, Anthony Cole, Buddy Miles, Wes Boatman, Ronni Harris, "Godmoma", Cynthia, Tony, Carol, Bobby Byrd, Casper, The Player, Fuzz Face, Trey Stone, Super-T, Ron Jenning, Pretty Fatt-Sheila & Cynthia, Kristin Gray, Greg Fitz, Dee "Dirty Mugg" James, David Cox, Anthony Goodin

References

1993 albums
Bootsy Collins albums
Rykodisc albums
P-Vine Records albums

Blasters of the Universe


Alison Crum (born 23 November 1949, in the United Kingdom), is an English viol player.

Biography
She got her first viol while studying music at Reading University, and went on to study at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels with Wieland Kuijken and, later, with Jordi Savall at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. She has made around ninety recordings - mostly with the Consort of Musicke, the Dowland Consort, Musica Antiqua of London, and the Rose Consort of Viols - but also featuring as a soloist on two discs of Marais, and more recently with Laurence Cummings, on a recording of the three Bach gamba sonatas, and playing Italian virtuoso divisions on renaissance viols with Musica Antiqua on their 'Word Play' CD.

She is President of the Viola da Gamba Society of Great Britain, and is Professor of Viola da gamba at Trinity College of Music in London. She directs many courses for viol players, including the International Viol Summer School, attracting players from all over the world, and has had published a series of graded music books centred on her highly acclaimed textbook 'Play the Viol' - now in its fifth reprint. Her second book, 'The Viol Rules' was published in November 2009.

Discography
 Bach; Viola da gamba sonatas (Signum SIGCD 024)
 Marais; Greatest Masterworks (Naxos 8.550750 and 8.553081)
 Buxtehude; Jubilate Domino (Meridian CDE 84332)
 Elizabethon Christmas Anthems (Amon Ra CD-SAR-46)
 Lawes: Consort music for Viols, Lutes and Theorbos (Naxos 8.550601)
 Tomkins: Consort Music for Viols and Voices (Naxos 8.550602)
 Gibbons: Consort and Keyboard Music (Naxos 8.550603)
 Byrd: Consort and Keyboard Music (Naxos 8.550604)
 Jenkins: All in a Garden Green (Naxos 8.550687)
 Dowland: Consort Music and Songs (Naxos 8.553326)
 Purcell: Fantazias (Naxos 8.553957)
 Elizabethan Songs and Consort Music (Nazos 8.554284)
 Four Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal (DXL 1129)
 John Ward Consort Music: Upon a bank with roses (CPO 999 928)
 Alfonso Ferrabosco: Consort Music (CPO 999 859)
 Ah, Dear Heart (Woodmansterne 002-2)
 Lachrymae (Amon Ra CD-SAR-55)
 Born is the Babe (Woodmansterne 001-2)

References

External links
 Alison Crum's website
 Rose Consort of Viols's website
 Trinity College of Music biography

1949 births
Living people
Schola Cantorum Basiliensis alumni
Royal Conservatory of Brussels alumni
English viol players
British performers of early music
Women performers of early music
English expatriates in Switzerland
English expatriates in Belgium

Alison Crum


When a company imports a product from abroad, and sells it at home, even though  the manufacturer sells the product as well, this  is known as parallel import. Such products are real, they are not counterfeit. These imports are legal, but they happen without the permission of the company who sells these products. Very often, they are called grey product.

Parallel importing is done for different reasons:

 The product has been adapted to the specific market, and the versions are different.
 The price is different. The company who does the parallel import buys the product at a lower price abroad, and will sell it at a price that is higher, but still below the price of the product at home.
 Some people are able to obtain a better price, for example by buying abroad, or avoiding taxes. The idea is to give something back to those people who cannot get these benefits.

In the case of drugs, parallel importing may reduce the price of the drug, by introducing competition.

Bibliography

 The Gray Blog is a blog dedicated to parallel market legal issues.
 Australian Library and Information Association - Statement on Parallel Importing
 Statement on parallel import and export, or parallel trade
 Australian Productivity Commission 2009: "Restrictions on the Parallel Importation of Books" - The Australian Productivity Commission report, released 14 July 2009, presented original research to advocate the removal of parallel import restrictions on books.
Intellectual property law

Parallel import


The National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife was founded as a project of the Australian Museum on 3 June 1969 (as the National Photographic Index of Australian Birds) to compile a comprehensive collection of photographs of Australian bird species.  The founder, Donald Trounson, served as the project's chief executive officer until 1981, when he was succeeded by Ronald Strahan.  It was established in association with the National Library of Australia under the direction of a trust chaired by Sir Percy Spender and was the first systematic attempt to compile a comprehensive photographic  record of the birds of any country.  In 1977 it was expanded to include mammals and, in 1984, reptiles and frogs, with the aim of progressively including other animal groups to become the most comprehensive possible archive of photographs of Australian wildlife and to provide an expanding service to the public, to photographers and to biological science.  In November 1980 the Index was incorporated as a part of the Australian Museum and the trust dissolved.

Publications
During the first ten years of the project some 20,000 photographs of birds alone were submitted to the Index.  Images were evaluated by independent selection panels and assessed under three criteria: scientific value, technical quality and artistic appeal.  The existence of the Index collections has stimulated the production of high quality illustrated books on the Australian fauna, including the Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds in 1976, The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals in 1983, and Jim Flegg's Photographic Field Guide: Birds of Australia in 1995.

Birds of Australia series
The publication principally associated with the Index is a series of ten volumes on Australian birds published from 1982 to 1996.  It was conceived by Donald Trounson as a photographic equivalent of John Gould's Birds of Australia. Ronald Strahan, who was editor-in-chief of Volumes 3-10 says in his editorial foreword to the third volume:
"So many books are published on the avifauna of Australia that one needs a good excuse for adding to the list.  I have no difficulty or misgivings in justifying our publications, for they are a means of bringing to the public some of the treasures of the Australian Museum's National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife.  Established sixteen years ago as a primarily scientific reference, the Index has become a unique collection of the best work of Australia's most distinguished wildlife photographers and, almost inevitably, its informative content is inextricable from beauty.  In deliberate emulation of John Gould who, more than a century ago, based The Birds of Australia upon a collection of elegant lithographs, our books are based upon illustrations of birds that have been captured in action by the camera.  The illustrations come first and the text is a digressive commentary aimed at readers who may have no commitment to birds.  This is not to say that we eschew detail or accuracy; merely that we put details aside into synopses for consultation by those who require such information.  Our "Twentieth-century Gould" is designed as much for dipping into as for reading."

Strahan says in his foreword to the final volume in the series:
"In addition to creating an administrative basis for the project, Trounson's main contribution was to recruit a uniquely comprehensive photographic coverage of the birds of Australia, calling upon the resources of virtually every wildlife photographer – professional or amateur – in the nation."
"Altogether, some 40 people have been responsible for the creation of the series, which comprises almost 4000 pages.  Vincent Serventy edited the first two volumes, while I have had the honour, and travail, of supervising the remainder."
"Donald Trounson was highly skilled in raising funds from government and corporate sources.  He also obtained support from individual donors by introducing an arrangement whereby illustrations could be sponsored in return for tax-exempt donations.  The project remains indebted to these sponsors, many of whom expressed their faith more than a decade ago and have had the patience to see it gradually come to fruition.  With the conclusion of this enterprise, it can be said with some confidence that nothing of its size and scope, based on photographs, is likely to be produced for a long while."

Volumes
 Serventy, Vincent (Editor in chief). (1982). The Wrens and Warblers of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Serventy, Vincent (Editor in chief).. (1985). The Waterbirds of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Lindsey, Terence R. (Writer). (1986). The Seabirds of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Pringle, John Douglas. (Writer). (1987). The Shorebirds of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Boles, Walter E. (Writer). (1988). The Robins and Flycatchers of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Longmore, Wayne (Writer). (1991). Honeyeaters and their Allies of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Crome, Francis; & Shields, James. (1992). Parrots and Pigeons of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Olsen, Penny; Crome, Francis; & Olsen, Jerry. (1993). Birds of Prey and Ground Birds of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Strahan, Ronald (Editor). (1994). Cuckoos, Nightbirds and Kingfishers of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
 Strahan, Ronald (Editor). (1996). Finches, Bowerbirds and Other Passerines of Australia. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.

References

Notes

Sources

Photographic collections and books
Photography in Australia
Nature photography
Environmental organisations based in Australia
Organizations established in 1969
1969 establishments in Australia


Ashraf Mahmood Wathra was the 18th Governor of State Bank of Pakistan. He was appointed as the State Bank Governor on 29 April 2014 and served until 28 April 2017.

Wathra represents Pakistan in several international forums. He serves on the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund, Asian Clearing Union and ECO Trade and Development Bank. He is also the council member of Islamic Financial Stability Board. Since July 1, 2015, Wathra has been the co-chair of the Financial Stability Board - Regional Consultative Group for Asia (FSB-RCG Asia). He will serve as co-chair for a period of two years.

Wathra holds important positions within Pakistan including the member of Monetary and Fiscal Policies Coordination Board, National Financial Inclusion Strategy (NFIS) Council, National Executive Committee on Anti Monetary Laundering (AML), and chair of the Board of Institute of Bankers in Pakistan (IBP), NFIS Steering Committee, and Agricultural Credit Advisory Committee (ACAC).

Wathra's association with the SBP started when he assumed charge of the office of Deputy Governor, on March 11, 2013. The Federal Government notified his appointment as Deputy Governor, SBP on March 5, 2013, for a period of three years from the date he assumed office.

He has 35 years of commercial, corporate and investment banking experience. Prior to joining SBP, he had been associated with various international and national banks and worked in various regulatory regimes in leadership positions; including Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka etc. He also served as a member of Board of Directors of Habib Finance International Hong Kong, Habib Finance Australia and as First Vice Chairman of Himalayan Bank Nepal for several years.

He had started his career with Grindlays Bank Plc in 1978 and holds a master's degree in Business Administration and has attended numerous management courses at prestigious institutions around the globe.

See also

 State Bank of Pakistan
 Governor of State Bank of Pakistan
 National Bank of Pakistan
 Pakistani Rupee
 Banking in Pakistan

References

Governors of the State Bank of Pakistan
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ashraf Mahmood Wathra


Rotersand is a German electronic music act, formed in September 2002 by musician/producer Gun and singer Rascal with dance music producer/DJ Krischan J.E. Wesenberg joining them shortly after. Rotersand's music can generally be described as futurepop; the band themselves refer to it as "industrial pop."

History
Prior to Rotersand, Gun and Rasc had collaborated on various other projects, most notably Gun as one producer and Rasc as one member of the band The Fair Sex. Rotersand's debut release was the 'Merging Oceans' EP in 2003, followed by their debut album Truth Is Fanatic.  'Merging Oceans' peaked at #8 on the German Alternative Charts (DAC) and ranked #72 on the DAC Top Singles of 2003.

In 2005, they released the single 'Exterminate Annihilate Destroy', a precursor to their second album Welcome To Goodbye, both of which reached 1 on the DAC. The 2006 EP, Dare to Live, peaked at #2 on the DAC Singles chart.

The third Rotersand album, 1023, was released in 2007.

The band has toured Europe with Assemblage 23 and both Europe and the US with Covenant, it played at Dark City Festival and was one of the headlining acts at Infest 2006. Mark Jackson of VNV Nation joined them on stage at the M'era Luna Festival in Hildesheim Germany in August 2006, and the band appeared twice at the Wave Gotik Treffen.

After the discontinuation of Dependent Records at the start of 2007, the band signed to Trisol Records in 2008 and released the single "I cry", which was taken from the 2007 album '1023'. It also contains a DVD with live and interview material and reached the DAC's No.1 shortly after its release.

However, Rotersand had to cancel live shows in 2007, such as EBM Fest, due to physical exhaustion of lead singer Rasc.

2009 saw the release of the newest Rotersand MCD War On Error a teaser for the band's album Random Is Resistance, which was released in October of that year.

In the following years, Rasc experienced serious health issues, preventing him from singing and causing many Rotersand shows at e.g. Blacksun Festival 2008  and E-Tropolis 2011, to get cancelled. Eventually the band did not accept any more bookings for live shows. Rasc's health also prevented them from recording a new album.

A first new sign of life came in 2014 with the release of the Truth is Fanatic Again remix CD, which also contained the first new Rotersand song (Electric Elephant) in 6 years. On 10 December 2014, Christmas came early with the release of Rotersand's very own Christmas cover song 'You Better not Watch' (as Rotersanta).

In April 2016, a single, Torn Realities, was released, accompanied by a video. On 4 November 2016, the full album CapitalismTM was released.

On 5 July 2019, the single You Know Nothing was released.

Discography

Albums
Truth Is Fanatic (2003)
Welcome To Goodbye (2005)
1023 (2007)
Random Is Resistance (2009)
Truth is Fanatic Again (2014)
CapitalismTM (2016)
How Do You Feel Today? (2020)

EPs
Merging Oceans (2003)
Exterminate Annihilate Destroy (2005)
Dare To Live (2006)
I Cry EP (2008)
War On Error (2009)
Waiting To Be Born (2010)
Torn Realities (2016)
You Know Nothing (2019)

Limited edition releases
Electronic World Transmission (Limited 2004 Tour EP)
Social Distortion (Limited 12" vinyl)

References

Other sources

External links

Official Rotersand website
Rotersand at Myspace
Rotersand on discogs
Rotersand at last.fm

German electronic music groups
Metropolis Records artists
Dependent Records artists

Rotersand


The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The downstream sector is the refining of petroleum crude oil and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas, as well as the marketing and distribution of products derived from crude oil and natural gas. The downstream sector reaches consumers through products such as gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating oil, fuel oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as well as naphtha and hundreds of petrochemicals.

Midstream operations are often included in the downstream category and are considered to be a part of the downstream sector.

ISO definition
ISO 20815 defines "downstream" in its definition section as:
3.1.8 downstream
business process, most commonly in petroleum industry, associated with post-production activities.
Example: refining, transportation and marketing of petroleum products.

Byproduct sulfur
Crude oil is a mixture of many varieties of hydrocarbons and most usually have many sulfur-containing compounds. The oil refining process commonly includes hydrodesulfurization which converts most of that sulfur into gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Raw natural gas also may contain gaseous hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing mercaptans, which are removed in natural-gas processing plants before the gas is distributed to consumers.

The hydrogen sulfide removed in the refining and processing of crude oil and natural gas is subsequently converted into byproduct elemental sulfur. In fact, the vast majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from refineries and natural-gas processing plants.

Marketing
Marketing is the wholesale and retail distribution of refined petroleum products to business, industry, government, and public consumers.

See also

Coalbed methane
Extraction of petroleum
Hydrocarbon exploration
Midstream
Natural gas
Natural-gas condensate
Natural gas field
Natural-gas processing
Petroleum
Oil production plant
Oil refinery
Oil well
Upstream (petroleum industry)

References

Chemical process engineering
Natural gas
Oil refining
Petroleum industry
Petroleum production

Downstream (petroleum industry)


Jose Manuel Heredia Jr. (born 29 September 1954, San Pedro Town) is a Belizean politician. He is a Member of the Belize House of Representatives for Belize Rural South since 5 March 2003. He is also the Minister of Tourism since 8 February 2008, from 8 February 2008 to 8 March 2012 he was Minister of Civil Aviation in Belize. After the 2012 General Election and the reshuffle of cabinet, he was appointed to the Culture portfolio which made Minister of Tourism and Minister of Culture. He served as Minister of Culture 8 March 2012 to March 2018. Another cabinet reshuffle occured in 2018 and Heredia was appointed again as Minister of Civil Aviation.

Early life and education

Jose Manuel Heredia Jr was born on a bright sunny September 29, 1951 in San Pedro Town to Manuel Heredia Sr and Rosita Heredia. He was born into a family of four girls and three boys and grew up enjoying the clear waters surrounding La Isla Bonita. When he was a child, Heredia went canoeing out to the sea, fishing and snorkeling in Caribbean Sea. Those were his favourite activities to do in his past time.

For his Primary education, Heredia attended San Pedro Roman Catholic School, now known as the San Pedro police station. He studied there from 1961 to 1966, he was appointed as a Student Councillor in 1962 and served in that role until he graduated. The two story wooden building provided him with a sound education. On Reconition Day he was awarded the "Most Compassionate Student" and "Most Contributive Student" Award. After successfully completing his studies there he attended Saint John's College High School (SJCHS) for his Secondary education in Belize City and studied there from 1967 to 1970. Heredia's entire family made the move to the City. At SJCHS, Heredia studied Industrial Arts in 1969 and 1970 and was specialised in Welding. Heredia was again appointed as a Student Councillor in 1968 and after an unprecedented service, was appointed to the Student Council Executive Committee (EXCO) the following year serving as the Head of Games and Events. He proudly graduated in 1970, winning four awards.

Welding career

After graduating, Heredia moved back to the island and began fishing with his Uncle, Francisco Arceo . Arceo was the Father of Heredia's Cousin and Long-time rival Patty Arceo. Arceo and Heredia fished for four months, until he heard of a great opportunity in Landyville in the Mainland. Bowen and Brown Distributers were planning to build their beer (Belikin) Factory and were in need of welders. Since he had majored in Welding, Heredia decided to take advantage of the opportunity and made the move to the Mainland where he remained for 14 months. With the ball in his court, Heredia along with others struggled to weld but in the end they manage to complete the project in time. After the project's completion, the manager of the Factory  offered Him a job as a Maintainace worker but Heredia chose to move back to San Pedro Town.

He returned to the Island In January 1972 and opened his own Welding shop on Prescador Drive and eventually became the manager of that shop. Due to his stellar experience in the Fishing industry, Heredia was appointed as the Director of the Caribeña Cooperative which he served for 30 years, he still had his passion for the open sea and went out on fishing trips with Guillermo Nunez and/or Severo Castillo at least once a week their catches were then sold to the Cooperative.

On 25 November 1975, only one short month after The Lions Club was formed in San Pedro Town.

1954 births
Living people
Belizean politicians

Manuel Heredia (politician)


The Fresh Kills Landfill was a landfill located in Staten Island, New York City. It was opened in 1947 as a temporary landfill. The area used to be a swamp. It became New York City's main landfill in the second half of the 20th century. At one time, it was the largest man-made structure in the world. It was closed in 2001.

At the height of its service in the 1960s, the contents of 20 barges, each having 650 tons of garbage, were added to the landfill every day. By 2001, the landfill was larger than the Statue of Liberty.

After the September 11 attacks, the landfill was used to sort one third of the debris from the World Trade Center site. Around two million tons of debris from the site was taken to the landfill for sorting.

The site of the landfill will become the Freshkills Park. Construction on the park began in 2008. It will be larger than Central Park. Construction on the park will last 30 years.

References

Other websites
 Freshkills Park Blog
 Staten Island Landfill: Fresh Kills

1947 establishments in the United States
2001 disestablishments in the United States

Staten Island
1940s establishments in New York (state)

Fresh Kills Landfill


The Owensboro and Russellville Railroad was a 19th-century railway company in western Kentucky in the United States. It operated from 1867 to 1873, when it was purchased by the Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville Railroad. Its former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-I CSX Transportation railway.

It connected with the Elizabethtown and Paducah (subsequently part of the Illinois Central and now the Paducah and Louisville Railway) at Central City in Muhlenberg County.

See also
 List of Kentucky railroads

Defunct Kentucky railroads
Defunct companies based in Kentucky

Owensboro and Russellville Railroad


Giovanni Bartolomeo Marliano (1488 - 26 July 1566) was an Italian antiquarian and topographer, most notable for his study of the topography of ancient Rome, particularly his seven-volume Antiquae Romae topographia, a complete treatment of the city's ancient topography. First published in 1534 and republished nine times, it remained the standard treatise on the city's topography until the 18th century. He lost a debate with Pirro Ligorio on the site of the Roman Forum, but was later proved right in that matter.

Life
Born to Gabriele Marliani in Robbio, Bartolomeo Marliano studied ancient Greek in Milan with Stefano Negri, a pupil of the Greek humanist Demetrios Chalkokondyles. He continued his studies at the University of Padua, where he also met the future cardinal Giovanni Morone. Just before 1525 he moved to Rome, where he was made a knight of the Order of Saint Peter by Pope Paul III. After 1544 Marliani distanced himself from the papal court to concentrate wholly on his studies. He became an Augustinian friar and moved to the Tor Sanguigna near Sant'Agostino in Campo Marzio. In 1549 he published Consulum, dictatorum ..., an edition of the Fasti Capitolini, which had been discovered in the Roman Forum two years earlier - that work had nine editions, including one by Francesco Robortello, published in 1555 in Venice with a supplement of extracts by the publisher.

As well as his topographical studies, Marliani also published several works on ancient Greek writers. In 1545 he published a single edition of a text by Sophocles, though he bequeathed manuscripts of the Iliad and Odyssey and works by Aristophanes, Pindar, Strabo, Lucian, Apollonius and other ancient Greek authors to the library at Sant'Agostino (the future biblioteca Angelica). He had probably used many of these manuscripts for his private reading. A document dating to 1560 shows he belonged to the 'Confraternita degli orfani e delle orfane', a charitable institution looking after male and female orphans which was supported by cardinal Giovanni Morone, with a fellow scholar of Marliani's. He also founded the 'Compagnia di S. Apollonia' which in January 1566, a few months after Marliani's death in Rome, was confirmed in a papal bull by Pope Pius V.

Antiquae Romae topographia

In Rome in 1534 published Antiquae, dedicating it to cardinal Giovanni Domenico De Cupis. Marliani based it on a minute analysis of ancient literature and epigraphy and the results of contemporary excavations. The work's first edition contained several errors, which its author attributed to his being absent while it was printed, but it was enthusiastically received and republished several times, with extracts also appearing in several other works and editions of ancient authors such as Livy, Sallust and Florus.

The same year François Rabelais published a corrected version dedicated to cardinal Jean du Bellay and stamped with the lion of publisher and humanist Sebastian Gryphius. In 1538 Thomas Platter added an extract from the work to his edition of topographical works by Pomponio Leto and 'Publio Vittore' (actually a pen-name for Platter). In 1544 Marliani republished the work, adding plans, views and cross-sections of ancient buildings. Later editions were based on this second edition. A translation into Italian by Ercole Barbarasa was published in 1548 and until the 18th century Marliani's work was being reprinted in Italy and other countries.

The work accurately located the Roman Forum, but that aspect was obscured by a fierce debate with Pirro Ligorio, who in Christian Hülsen's words was a "famous architect ... but as an antiquarian [only] an ambitious dilettante". Ligorio sited it between the Campidoglio and the Palatine Hill and strongly criticised Marliani's work. This forced Marliani to add an addendum to a 1553 reprint of 'Topographia', in which a reborn Romulus claims a different site for the Roman Forum, but the author replies to him "Romulus, having just crossed the Lethe and thus forgotten all the places in the city, you swear the same nonsense as Strepsiades." Ligorio emphatically supported his theory using invented inscriptions and monuments and so his opinion prevailed until early 19th century excavations proved Marliani to have been correct.

Works
 Antiquae Romae topographia, libri septem. Rome 1534 (original edition on Google-Books; Digitalised version from the edition by François Rabelais, Lione 1534).
 Hoc libello haec continentur Sophoclis tragici poetae vita non prius in lucem edita. Eiusdem poetae sententiae pulcherrimae. Rome 1545 (Digitalised version).
 Consulum, dictatorum censorumque Romanorum series una cum ipsorum triumphis, quae marmoribus scalpta in foro reperta est, atque in Capitolium translata. Rome 1549 (Digitalised version).

References

Italian antiquarians
Italian topographers
1488 births
1566 deaths
People from Robbio
Italian classical scholars
University of Padua alumni

Bartolomeo Marliani


Sajonia is a barrio (neighbourhood) of Asunción, the capital of Paraguay. It is located next to the Paraguay River and has a population of 14,873 people. This barrio is home to different social classes, but most predominantly middle- to upper-class families. The Carlos Antonio López Avenue runs through Sajonia.

Some important sites in this barrio are the Port of Sajonia, the Club Deportivo Sajonia (a social and sports club), the Spanish Hospital, the Navy Club and the Defensores del Chaco national stadiums, which is used mostly for football (soccer) games but it is also used for other activities such as rock concerts.

References

Neighbourhoods of Asunción

Sajonia


The  men's stationary target small-bore rifle, also referred to as the miniature rifle competition, was one of 15 events on the Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics programme.  Regulation of the equipment used in the event was done through proscribing ammunition weighing more than 140 grains, with a velocity of more than 1,450 feet per second, or having a hard metal base. Magnifying and telescopic sights were prohibited. Each shooter fired 80 shots, half at 50 yards and half at 100 yards.  Maximum score for a shot was 5 points, giving a maximum total possible of 400 points.

Twelve competitors from each nation were allowed to take part.  Because of a delay in the arrival of Barnes' registration, the British team registered Philip Plater as a replacement.  The original registration later arrived, resulting in Britain having 13 entrants.  Further confusion on the day of competition resulted in all 13 shooting, Plater going last.  Plater, who had scored 391 points to place first in the event and set a world record, was ruled to have been the illegal competitor and his score was invalidated.

Results

References

Sources

Men's rifle small-bore individual stationary

Shooting at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's stationary target small-bore rifle


Jungle Jim is the fictional hero of a series of jungle adventures in various media. The series began on January 7, 1934, as an American newspaper comic strip chronicling the adventures of Asia-based hunter Jim Bradley, who was nicknamed Jungle Jim. The character also trekked through radio, film, comic book and television adaptations.  Notable was a series of films and television episodes in which Johnny Weissmuller portrayed the safari-suit wearing character, after hanging up his Tarzan loincloth. The strip concluded on August 8, 1954.

Publication history
The strip was created by King Features Syndicate in order to compete with the popular United Feature Syndicate comic strip Tarzan, by Hal Foster.

Illustrator Alex Raymond and pulp magazine author Don Moore created the original strip as a topper to run above Raymond's Flash Gordon. Jungle Jim and Flash Gordon were launched simultaneously on January 7, 1934.  The character was named after Alex's brother Jim Raymond.

During World War II, artist Raymond enlisted as a Marine. Successors included John Mayo (creator of Future Eye) and Paul Norris (creator of DC Comics' Aquaman). Don Moore continued to script through the succession of artists. The strip, which never ran as a daily, came to an end in 1954.

From 1937 to 1947, the comic strip was reprinted in Ace Comics, published by David McKay. From 1949 to 1951, there were 11 original Jungle Jim comic books produced by Standard Comics. Dell Comics published 20 issues of Jungle Jim from 1953 to 1959; the last eight issues (#13–20) were written by Gaylord Du Bois.

King Features Syndicate published a single issue of Jungle Jim in 1967. This was designated #5 and was a reprint of Dell's issue #5 with a new cover by Wally Wood. Charlton Comics then picked up Dell's numbering for another seven issues (#22–28) in 1969–70 with stories scripted by Wood, Pat Boyette, Bhob Stewart, Joe Gill and others. Artists on the Charlton stories were Wood, Boyette, Steve Ditko, Roger Brand and Tom Palmer.

In January 2015, Dynamite Entertainment announced a new series of Jungle Jim as part of their "King:Dynamite" series. This version of Jungle Jim is written by Paul Tobin and illustrated by Sandy Jarrell.

Characters and story
Unlike the  protagonists of Tarzan, Ka-Zar, Kaanga and other comics with jungle themes, Jim Bradley was based in Southeastern Asia rather than Africa, and he was a hunter rather than a wild man in a loincloth.

Other characters included the large, strong native Kolu (who served his white comrade Jim in a manner somewhat similar to the character of Lothar in Mandrake the Magician). The femme fatale Lille DeVrille was added to the cast two years after the strip's debut.

The comic's early years generally featured stories revolving around pirates, slave traders and other common jungle antagonists. As World War II approached, Jungle Jim, like many American comics, developed a wartime theme, with Jim fighting the Japanese, and it moved from its position as a topper strip to its own independent Sunday page.

Other media

Radio
Syndicated by Hearst and sponsored by the Comic Weekly, The Adventures of Jungle Jim radio series premiered November 2, 1935. Matt Crowley had the title role for three years, until Gerald Mohr stepped in as Jungle Jim beginning April 24, 1938. Vicki Vola and Franc Hale portrayed Shanghai Lil, and Juano Hernandez was the Hindu servant Kolu. Each episode ran 15 minutes. Several episodes were based directly on the comic strip, such as The Ghost of the Java Sea. Gene Stafford scripted for producer Jay Clark. Glenn Riggs was the announcer, among others. In the opening episode, "The Bat Woman," Jungle Jim meets Miss Chalmers, and Jacques LaBarr gets into a barroom fight with Jim.

Serial
A 12-part Jungle Jim movie serial by Universal Pictures, starring Grant Withers, was released in 1937.

Feature films
Columbia Pictures produced a series of 16 Jungle Jim B-movies from 1948 to 1955, set in Africa and starring Johnny Weissmuller, who had gained fame playing Tarzan. In the last three of these movies, the name "Jungle Jim" was not used. Rather the main character was referred to in the films as "Johnny Weissmuller", with Weissmuller essentially playing an idealized version of himself, as did cowboy stars Roy Rogers and Gene Autry. This was because these three features were produced concurrently with a "Jungle Jim" TV series starring Weissmuller produced by Columbia's Screen Gems (see below) and the series at that point had the rights to the brand "Jungle Jim." (The "Weissmuller" jungle character was otherwise indistinguishable from Jungle Jim, and the final three films are commonly referred to as "Jungle Jim movies" though that is not technically accurate.)

Jungle Jim (1948)
The Lost Tribe (1949)
Mark of the Gorilla (1950)
Captive Girl (1950) co-starred Buster Crabbe
Pygmy Island (1950)
Fury of the Congo (1951)
Jungle Manhunt (1951)
Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land (1952)
Voodoo Tiger (1952)
Savage Mutiny (1953)
Valley of Head Hunters (1953)
Killer Ape (1953)
Jungle Man-Eaters (1954)
Cannibal Attack (1954)
Jungle Moon Men (1955)
Devil Goddess (1955)

TV series
A single-season Screen Gems television series ran in 1955–56, as Jungle Jim. There were 26 episodes, all starring Weissmuller. (See Jungle Jim (TV series))

Comic strip reprints

 Jungle Jim. Street Enterprises Menomonee Falls, Wis. , 1971 (reprints July 14 – October 27, 1935 strips)
 Jungle Jim. Pacific Comics Club, Papeete, Tahiti (reprints April 12, 1936 – June 30, 1937)
 Jungle Jim. Pacific Comics Club, Papeete, Tahiti (reprints March 20, 1938, – August 7, 1938)
 Jungle Jim. Pacific Comics Club, Papeete, Tahiti (reprints August 14, 1938 – May 21, 1939)
 Jungle Jim. Pacific Comics Club, Papeete, Tahiti (reprints September 15, 1940 – May 4, 1941)
 Jungle Jim. Pacific Comics Club, Papeete, Tahiti (reprints June 15, 1941– 20 December 1942)
 The Official Jungle Jim Annual. : Pioneer Comics, Las Vegas, NV  1989
 The Official Jungle Jim Sundays: v. 1  Pioneer Comics, Las Vegas, NV, 1989 (reprints July 14, 1935 – May 16, 1937)
 The Official Jungle Jim Sundays: v. 2, Death In The Jungle Pioneer Comics, Las Vegas, NV, 1989 (reprints May 16, 1937 – March 12, 1939)
 Definitive Flash Gordon and Jungle Jim Volume 1: 1934–1936 San Diego, Calif. IDW Publishing.
 Definitive Flash Gordon and Jungle Jim Volume 2: 1936–1939 San Diego, Calif. IDW Publishing
 Definitive Flash Gordon and Jungle Jim Volume 3: 1939–1941 San Diego, Calif. IDW Publishing
 Definitive Flash Gordon and Jungle Jim Volume 4: 1942–1944 San Diego, Calif. IDW Publishing

Merchandise

In 1957, Louis Marx and Company marketed a Jungle Jim playset with character figures and generic jungle figures (hunters, natives, wild animals).

See also
Congo Bill
Bomba the Jungle Boy
Ramar of the Jungle
Tarzanesque

References

External links
 Jungle Jim at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016.
 Strickler, Dave. Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924–1995: The Complete Index. Cambria, California: Comics Access, 1995.
 Jungle Jim comic books
 Zoot Radio, free old time radio show downloads of Jungle Jim.

Charlton Comics titles
1934 comics debuts
1954 comics endings
Film series introduced in 1948
American comics characters
Comics characters introduced in 1934
Dell Comics titles
Film serial characters
Jungle (genre) comics
Jungle superheroes
Jungle men
American radio dramas
1935 radio programme debuts
Radio programs based on comic strips
Comics adapted into radio series
American comics adapted into films
Comics adapted into television series
Male characters in comics

Jungle Jim


Liberalism is a way of thinking about politics and government. It emphasises the idea of freedom, and believes that the best countries are the ones that are freest. liberals all believe that everyone equally deserves to be free. However, liberals have disagreed about what gives people freedom and what takes it away.

Beliefs

Liberals can be broadly divided into two groups. Classical liberals believe that the main threat to freedom is the government. They believe that politicians are often keen to increase their own power, and that they can easily become tyrants. Classical liberals point to examples such as Nazi Germany, Taliban Afghanistan and North Korea as examples of countries led by tyrants. In these countries, human rights are ignored, lots of people are put in prison and worked to death, and there is no way to vote out the government at an election.

Classical liberals therefore emphasise the importance of democracy and human rights. They believe that countries need clear and strict laws that stop the government from removing the rights of individuals. Often, these rights are protected by a constitution. In some countries, such as the United States, the right to own a gun is protected so that people are always able to overthrow their government if it becomes a tyranny.

Classical liberals often also tend to believe that the government should make few rules about the economy. They often blame economic problems on bad decisions made by the government. They also believe that people have a right to own things, and that overly high taxes ignore this human right.

In contrast, modern liberals believe that the main threat to freedom comes from poverty. They suggest that poverty takes away choices from people, and that this stop them from being able to enjoy being a human. They believe that the Industrial Revolution and economic crises such as the Great Depression significantly reduced freedom. Therefore, they believe that the government should tax rich people to allow it to pay for things for poorer people (such as schools, hospitals and welfare payments). Their goal is to create equality of opportunity, where everyone is able to have an equal chance to be happy. This disagrees with the classical liberal view that the government should not tax people too highly or be closely involved in the economy.

Classical liberals are often members of conservative organisations and so are sometimes considered right-wing. Modern liberals share many similar views with social democrats and are seen as left-wing.

Philosophy
In the old days, kings or queens told people what to do (a form of government called a Monarchy), and there was very little freedom. A few hundred years ago, philosophers such as John Locke, Simón Bolívar, John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham began to write about freedom. Earlier writers, such as Marcus Aurelius, had written about freedom, but this time the idea caught on. The United States of America was the first country to have a constitution which was based on the ideas of John Locke which were similar to those of Mill and Bentham, and which guaranteed certain rights to all citizens, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to assemble (get together in groups), the right to bear arms (weapons), and the right to ask their government to take action (right of petition) or to remove from office rulers they did not like (right of referendum).

Another idea that became popular around this time was the idea of free trade. A leading philosopher who promoted free trade was Adam Smith.

Liberalism today
Most of the wealthy countries in the world today are liberal democracies with more or less free trade. An exception to this rule are the oil-rich countries, not all of which are liberal or democratic. Most of the poor countries in the world are dictatorships, with heavy restrictions on trade. China is a poor country which is rapidly becoming rich, and is trying the experiment of combining dictatorship with free trade. Whether it is possible to have the advantages of free trade without other freedoms remains to be seen.

Liberalism around the world
All liberal governments support free elections, and this idea is defended in the legal systems of many countries. However, many countries have elections, but they are not free. This is because opposition candidates cannot use the mass media to publicize their ideas. This situation leads to long-term stability, and to rule by elite groups or dictators. That situation exists in Russia and almost all the former states of the Soviet Union to the east.

United States
The government of the United States was created based on a belief in democracy and personal freedom. However the word "liberalism" has taken on a different meaning in modern times. Liberals in the United States still believe in supporting democracy and freedom, but many liberals also support other ideas. While not all liberals agree on everything, most liberals in the United States agree:

 That equal opportunity for all people is a good goal
 That government should provide some level of education and healthcare to all people, even if some taxes have to be increased to achieve this goal
 That richer people should pay more of their income in taxes than poor people
 That liberties and freedoms are very important and should be protected
 Most liberals in the United States believe that peace is at least somewhat important, and that government should work together with other countries and not start as many wars on their own

Liberals in the United States are also sometimes called "Progressives". The biggest liberal political party in the modern United States is the Democratic Party. However, the Green Party is seen to be more 'left', or liberal than the Democrats.

Australia
Liberals in Australia have many different ideas about government than liberals in the United States. Most liberals in Australia believe that government should not increase taxes, and would like a government that has lower taxes and less power over the economy. The main liberal political party in Australia is the Liberal Party of Australia. The Liberal Party also believes that government should support traditional values and morals, something which many conservatives believe as well.

Notes

Related pages
 Political economy
 Neoliberalism
 Constitutional economics
 Conservatism

Liberalism