The Jackson 5, later the Jacksons, is an American pop band composed of members of the Jackson family. The group was founded in 1964 in Gary, Indiana, and for most of their career consisted of brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael. They were managed by their father Joe Jackson. The group were among the first African American performers to attain a crossover following.

The Jackson 5 performed in talent shows and clubs on the Chitlin' Circuit, then signed with Steeltown Records in 1967 and released two singles. In 1968, they left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown, where they were the first group to debut with four consecutive number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with the songs "I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There". They also achieved sixteen Top-40 singles on the chart. The group left Motown for Epic Records in early 1976, with the exception of Jermaine, who was replaced by youngest brother Randy. At Epic, they released four studio albums and one live album between 1976 and 1981, including the successful albums Destiny (1978) and Triumph (1980) and the singles "Enjoy Yourself", "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", and "Can You Feel It".

The brothers also released solo albums, most successfully Michael. In 1983, Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on the Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever TV special. They released the Victory album the following year, followed by an extensive tour which also featured songs from Michael's solo albums. After the Victory tour, Michael and Marlon left the group. The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label. In 2001, the Jacksons reunited on Michael's 30th Anniversary Celebration TV special. The four eldest of the brothers embarked on their Unity Tour in 2012 following Michael's death, and they planned several major performances for 2017.

The Jackson 5 have sold more than 100 million records worldwide. In 1980, the brothers were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as the Jacksons. They were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997. Two of the band's recordings ("ABC" and "I Want You Back") are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll and, alongside "I'll Be There", were also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

History

Early years

The five Jackson brothers' interest in music was bolstered by their father Joe Jackson. In 1964, Joe found Tito playing with his guitar after a string broke, and he was impressed enough to buy him his own guitar. Tito, Jermaine, and Jackie later formed their own group, with Michael (age 5) playing congas and childhood friends Reynaud Jones and Milford Hite playing keyboards and drums in 1965. Marlon joined on tambourine in August 1965, when Evelyn LaHaie suggested that the group name themselves the Jackson Five Singing Group.

In 1966, the group won their first talent show at Theodore Roosevelt High School in Gary. Jermaine performed the Temptations' "My Girl", and Michael performed Robert Parker's "Barefootin'". Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer eventually replaced Hite and Jones. During their early performing years, the Jackson 5 would perform at other talent showcases at several other Gary schools and halls and theaters in Gary and the Chicago area. In August 1967, the boys were eventually booked into venues such as Chicago's Regal Theater and Harlem's Apollo Theater, winning the talent competitions on both shows that year, winning the Apollo competition on August 13. Afterwards, it's claimed Gladys Knight sent a tape of the boys' demo to Motown Records, hoping to get them to sign, but their tape was rejected and sent back. In July 1967, the group recorded an early version of a song that would later be their first single, "Big Boy", for One-derful Records, however, the group was also rejected by that label.

In November 1967, Joe Jackson signed the group into Steeltown Records, a label founded and owned by record producer Gordon Keith. With Keith at the helm, they recorded "Big Boy" again that same month. The song would later be released as a single in January 1968. By March, Keith had managed to sign the Jackson 5 into a distribution deal with Atlantic Records, where "Big Boy" and another single, "We Don't Have to Be Over 21 (To Fall in Love)", were distributed. "Big Boy" eventually moved 10,000 copies. By March, Keith booked the boys to perform for their first paying gig at the Apollo Theater where they opened for Etta James. That month, Keith had "Big Boy" distributed through Atlantic Records and was working on a record contract for the boys on that label when he learned that Joe Jackson had tried to get in touch with Motown through his attorney Richard Arons.

During July 1968, the boys opened for Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers, at the Regal Theater. After being blown away by Michael's performance, Taylor sent the boys to Detroit where he set up a recorded Motown audition, which took place at Motown's official headquarters on Detroit's Woodward Avenue on July 23, 1968. Motown chief Berry Gordy, who had initially rejected their tape, refusing to sign any more "kid acts" after Stevie Wonder, changed his mind once he viewed Taylor's tape. On July 26, Gordy returned to Detroit where he had Joe Jackson and the boys sign their first year-long Motown contract. The recording of their first album was delayed due to a contract dispute with Keith. While negotiations were continuing to get the Jacksons out of Steeltown, the group performed at strip clubs to make extra income.

Finally on March 11, 1969, a day before Marlon's 12th birthday, the Jackson Five signed an exclusive seven-year contract with the label. After initial recordings at Detroit's Hitsville U.S.A. failed to impress Gordy, he sent the Jacksons to Hollywood. In August, Motown's PR machine, led by Suzanne de Passe, started to pass off the group as having been discovered by Supremes lead singer Diana Ross. When the group opened for record industry insiders at the Los Angeles club, the Daisy, Michael was billed as an "eight-year-old sensation", though he was several days shy of his 11th birthday. Shortly after the Daisy performance, the Jackson Five performed a cover of "It's Your Thing" at the Miss Black America Pageant in New York. By September, Gordy had set up the new songwriting and producing team, The Corporation, to write exclusively for the Jackson Five. After recording "I Want You Back" that same month, the single was released in early October and the Jacksons promoted the song on programs such as the Hollywood Palace and the Ed Sullivan Show. Their debut album, Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5, was released in December 1969.

Jacksonmania

The Jackson family represents a colossus in music history. They defined black American music as a commercial entity for longer than anyone.  With an average age of 12 when they turned professional, Michael, Marlon, Jackie, Jermaine and Tito were arguably the original boy band. Thousands of fans waited for the Jackson 5 wherever they went, and they had to be escorted by the police. During the height of Jacksonmania, crowds would pile up on top of each other to get closer to the stage. Early footage shows girls climbing over seats to get closer, with police officers trying to control the situation. When the Jackson 5 performed at The Forum, in Inglewood, California in 1970, they attracted nearly 19,000 fans. Thousands of more fans were turned away due to the Forum's capacity limits.  The concert grossed more than $105,000, a record at that time.  The Forum concert is featured on Live at the Forum. The tours got bigger as they evolved. The Jackson 5 performed to sold-out concerts with record-breaking attendance nationally and internationally, including Africa, Asia and Europe. The excitement of Jacksonmania was worldwide. Motown established a Jackson 5 brand. Ike & Tina Turner opened for the group, and veteran Jerry Butler and the Rare Earth (one of Motown's most popular white groups) were also opening acts for them. By the 70s, they were one of the world's most famous groups.  Jacksonmania set the tone for the music industry for years to come.

The Jackson 5 became Motown's main marketing focus and the label capitalized on the group's youth appeal, licensing dozens of products, including the J5 heart logo on Johnny Jackson's drum set, the group's album covers, stickers, posters, and coloring books, as well as a board game and a Saturday morning cartoon; The Jackson 5ive produced by Rankin/Bass. The black publication Right On! began in 1971 and focused heavily on the Jackson 5, with members adorning covers between January 1972 and April 1974. The Jackson 5 was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine at a time when Rolling Stone didn't usually cover kid acts. They also graced the covers of Life  and Ebony. The group appeared in several television specials including Diana Ross' 1971 special, Diana!. They starred in their first of two Motown-oriented television specials Goin' Back to Indiana  in September; their second was The Jackson 5 Show which debuted in November of the following year. The group often joined Bob Hope on USO-benefited performances to support military troops during the Vietnam War.

In order to continue increasing sales, Motown launched Michael Jackson's solo career in 1971 with the single "Got to Be There", released in November. His 1972 song "Ben" became his first to top the charts. Jermaine was the second to release a solo project; his most successful hit of the period was a cover of the doo-wop song "Daddy's Home".

The Jackson 5 single "I Want You Back" topped the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1970. They released two more number-one singles: "ABC" and "The Love You Save". The single "I'll Be There" was co-written and produced by Hal Davis and became the band's fourth number-one single, making them the first recording act to have their first four singles reach the top of the Hot 100. All four were almost as popular in other countries as they were in the United States. The Jackson 5 released a succession of four albums in one year and replaced The Supremes as Motown's best-selling group. They continued their success with singles such as "Mama's Pearl", "Never Can Say Goodbye", and "Sugar Daddy", giving them a total of seven top-ten singles within a two-year period.

Decline
The Jackson 5's records began falling on the charts by 1972, despite Michael and Jermaine's solo successes. The Corporation had produced most of their hit singles, but they split up in 1973. The brothers focused on the emerging disco craze and recorded the song "Get It Together", followed by their hit "Dancing Machine", their first to crack the top ten since "Sugar Daddy" nearly three years before. Despite those successes, most of the Jackson 5's follow-ups were not as successful, and Joe Jackson grew tired of Motown's uneasiness to continue producing hits for the brothers by 1973. He began producing a nightclub act around his sons and daughters, starting in Las Vegas and expanding to other states.

By 1975, most of the Jacksons opted out of recording any more music for Motown, desiring creative control and royalties after learning that they were earning only 2.8% of royalties from Motown. The Jacksons announced their conclusion to depart from Motown at a press conference at the Rainbow Grill in Manhattan, New York City. Joe Jackson then began negotiating to have the group sign a lucrative contract with another company, settling for Epic Records, which had offered a royalty rate of 20% per record; he signed with the company in June 1975. Absent from the deal was Jermaine Jackson, who decided to stay with Motown following his marriage to Hazel Gordy, and Randy Jackson replaced him. Even though the group announced their departure from the label, they still remained under contract to Motown until March 1976. Motown sued them for breach of contract but allowed the group to record for Epic, as long as they changed their name because Motown owned the name Jackson 5. The brothers thus renamed themselves the Jacksons.

The Jacksons CBS/Epic Records
In November 1976, following the debut of the family's weekly variety series, the Jacksons released their self-titled CBS debut under the Philadelphia International subsidiary, produced by Gamble & Huff. Featuring "Enjoy Yourself" and "Show You the Way to Go", the album went gold but failed to generate the sales the brothers had enjoyed while at Motown. A follow-up, Goin' Places, fizzled. Renewing their contract with Epic, the Jacksons were allowed full creative control on their next recording, Destiny, released in December 1978. Featuring their best-selling Epic single to date, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", written by Michael and Randy, the album sold over a million copies. Its follow-up, 1980's Triumph, also sold a million copies, spawning hits such as "Lovely One" and "Can You Feel It". In 1981, they released their fifth album, a live album that eventually sold half a million copies. The live album was culled from recordings of performances on their Triumph Tour.

In between the releases of Destiny and Triumph, Michael released the best-selling solo effort, Off the Wall. Its success led to rumors of Michael's alleged split from his brothers. After Triumph, Michael worked on his second Epic solo release, which was released in November 1982 as Thriller, which later went on to become the best-selling album of all time, winning eight Grammy Awards including Album of the Year, plus producing two number-one hit singles, "Billie Jean" and "Beat It", and three breakthrough MTV music videos, "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and the 14-minute zombie-themed music video "Thriller". In March 1983, with Jermaine, the Jacksons performed on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, the same show where Michael debuted the moonwalk during a solo performance of "Billie Jean".

Following the success of the reunion, all six brothers agreed to record a sixth album for Epic, later released as Victory in 1984. Their biggest-selling album to date, it included their final top ten single, "State of Shock". The song was actually a duet between Michael and Mick Jagger and did not feature participation from any other Jackson besides Marlon and Jackie, who were credited as background vocalists. Most of the album was produced in this way, with each brother essentially recording solo songs. Another hit was the top 20 single "Torture", a duet between Michael and Jermaine, with Jackie singing several parts. In the same year, the brothers participated in filming a Pepsi commercial where Michael suffered burns to his scalp due to a pyrotechnic fault. In July 1984, the Jacksons launched their Victory Tour, which was overshadowed by Jackie's leg injury, ticket issues, friction between the brothers, and a shakeup in the promotion and marketing team, initially headed by Don King, who was later fired. Michael announced he was leaving the group after their final performance at Dodger Stadium that December to continue his solo career. The following January, Marlon Jackson also announced he was leaving the group to pursue a solo career.

In 1987, the Jacksons released the single "Time Out for the Burglar", which was included on the soundtrack of the Whoopi Goldberg comedy film Burglar (1987). In 1989, the remaining quartet of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Randy released the album 2300 Jackson Street. After a brief promotional tour, the group went into hiatus and never recorded another album together. Following the release of one solo album, Marlon quit the music business in 1989. and invested in real estate. Randy has not been active in the industry since he disbanded the group Randy & the Gypsys in 1991.

Reunion, death of Michael
In September 2001, nearly 17 years after their last performance together, all six Jackson brothers reunited for two performances at Madison Square Garden for a 30th anniversary special commemorating Michael's solo career, which aired in November. In early 2009, the four elder brothers began filming a reality show to make their attempt on reuniting the band, later debuting in December 2009 as The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty. During the middle of the project, Michael had announced his concert comeback in London was scheduled on July 13, 2009. Michael died that same year on June 25, putting efforts on hold.

Later in 2009, the surviving Jacksons recorded background vocals to add to Michael's 1983 demo of "This Is It", which became the theme song to the concert film Michael Jackson's This Is It. The radio-only single was released in October of that same year. The song returned the Jacksons to the Billboard charts, not on the  Hot 100, but at number nineteen on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. The surviving members of the Jacksons were in talks of planning a reunion concert tour (which was to serve as a tribute to Michael) for 2010, and were in talks in working on their first new studio album in over 20 years. Neither plan was put into action. In September 2010, Jermaine Jackson held his own tribute concert to Michael in Las Vegas. In 2011, Jackie Jackson released a solo single to iTunes. Jermaine released his first solo album in 21 years, I Wish U Love.

In August 2011, there was a discord between the brothers concerning a tribute concert dedicated to Michael. While Jackie, Tito, and Marlon were present with mother Katherine and sister La Toya for a tribute concert in Cardiff at the Millennium Stadium for a press conference concerning the tour, a couple of days later, both Randy and Jermaine issued a statement denouncing the tribute tour as the date of it occurred around  Conrad Murray's manslaughter trial in relation to Michael's death. The show carried on with Jackie, Tito and Marlon performing without Jermaine. In October 2011, the Jacksons were featured artists on Japanese-American singer Ai's single, "Letter in the Sky". The song was a tribute to Michael and was the group's first single in 22 years. The song served as the theme song for the Michael Jackson Tribute: Live in Tokyo concert that took place December 13 and 14th, 2011 at Yoyogi National Stadium in Japan. The single was a modest hit in Japan, charting at number 14 on the Japan Oricon Singles Chart and number 36 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100.

Since 2012
In April 2012, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon announced that they would reunite for several United States concerts for their Unity Tour. Thirty-eight dates were announced; The eleven shows in the U.S. were canceled. The tour started at Casino Rama in Orillia, Ontario, Canada on June 20, 2012. Thirty-two additional dates were eventually added, and the tour ended on July 27, 2013, in Atlantic City, United States.

On January 7, 2016, the Jacksons performed at Planet Hollywood Las Vegas, at a concert event, naming it "Heal the World: A Tribute to Michael Jackson". A big-name roster of music stars performed the music of Michael Jackson at the concert.

On June 15, 2018, the four Jacksons; Tito, Jackie, Marlon and Jermaine accepted plaques bearing the Detroit city keys during a high-ticket private party that launched the second Detroit Music Weekend festival. Detroit police chief James Craig, who presented the honors, declared the Motown group "truly Detroiters". The Jacksons headlined and performed at Detroit Music Weekend Festival on the 16th. They were also honored with a 90-minute tribute concert featuring Jackson 5, the Jacksons, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson and Rebbie Jackson hits, with guest appearances by Blue Note saxophonist David McMurray and Herschel Boone for Kid Rock's Twisted Brown Trucker Band. The concert finale was Michael Jackson's "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" with Greg Phillinganes, a Detroit native who worked with the Jacksons as a session player and tour musical director.

January 10, 2019, the Jacksons headlined and performed at Trustpower Baypark Stadium and Trustpower Arena (A Summer's Disco) in Mount Maunganui, New Zealand. Kool & The Gang, Village People, The Pointer Sisters, Sister Sledge and Sounds of the Supremes also performed.
On January 12, 2019, the Jacksons did their first show in Australia out of 6 for the Summer Series Australian Tour. They performed at The Domain in Sydney. January 13, they performed in Brisbane at Sandstone Point Hotel. January 15, they performed at Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre in Gold Coast, Queensland. January 16, they continued performing at Arts Centre Melbourne  in Melbourne. January 18, they performed at Adelaide Entertainment Centre in Adelaide. January 19, the Jacksons did their last show in Australia, performing at Sandalford Winery in Perth. All shows in Australia were sold out.

On March 1, 2019, the Jacksons performed at Treasure Island Resort & Casino in Welch, Minnesota, The Commodores also performed. March 3, they performed at St. Maarten's Heineken Regatta at the Port de Plaisance Resort, Casino and Yacht Club in Netherlands Antilles. March 16, they performed at Espaço das Américas, in São Paulo, Brazil. All three shows were sold out.

In January 2020, the Jacksons visited Chicago, Illinois and Gary, Indiana for the groundbreaking of a new Hard Rock Casino in Gary which will play repository to Jacksons memorabilia while bringing 2,000 jobs. They were interviewed by Chicago Sun-Times and Windy City Live. They also visited their old school in Gary where they donated their appearance fee to provide 170 bicycles to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America youth. They also got $61,000 donated to the club by Walmart, Hard Rock and Spectacle whose plan is to have a Jackson family museum and restaurant at the casino.

The Jacksons travelled to Jakarta on February 29, 2020, to perform at Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, at Pekan Raya Jakarta(PRJ).

On February 10–15, 2021, the Jacksons set sail for the Ultimate Disco Cruise. They performed at the Happy Days Festival at Imber Court, in Esher, United Kingdom on August 28, 2021. This was a tribute to their late brother Michael Jackson. On August 29, 2021, the Jacksons performed at Klein Strand, W festival in Ostend, Belgium. They celebrated their 50th  anniversary as well as honoring Michael.
The Jacksons performed at the Parx Casino's XCite Center in Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania, in United States, September 10, 2021. This show carried the tradition of supporting Universal Family of Schools.
On November 20, 2021, the Jacksons (Disco Ball Presents: The Jacksons), performed at sold-out Hard Rock Live, in Hollywood, Florida, in United States.
On December 31, 2021, the Jacksons performed at a sold-out Salles des Etoilles in Monte Carlo, France.

On February 18, 2022, the Jacksons performed at the first casino venue since they partnered with Hard Rock Cafe international. First stop was Hard Rock Casino in their hometown Gary, Indiana. Second stop was on February 21 at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tampa. They continued with a performance at Seminole Casino Hotel Immokalee on February 23. February 24, they performed at Seminole Casino Coconut Creek in Coconut Creek, Florida.
From February 26, to March 3, 2022, the Jacksons set sail yet again performing at the Ultimate Disco Cruise. The cruise departed from Miami sailing to Mexico. Kool & The Gang, KC and the Sunshine Band, and DJ Robbie Leslie also performed.
On June 4, 2022, at a sold-out Casino Creek Casino Resort in Brooks, California, the Jacksons performed their biggest hits.
The Jacksons did two concerts in June, 2022 in United Kingdom. First concert was June 11, at The Cambridge Club Festival, Childerley Orchard in  Cambridge where they headlined. Diana Ross, Nile Rodgers & Chic (band), Level 42, Mica Paris, Gabrielle and Corinne Bailey Rae also performed. Second concert in United Kingdom was on June 18. The Jacksons headlined Fantasia:In The Park Concerts in  Promenade Park, Maldon, Essex. Other acts were Matt Cardle,
Bjorn Again and Sabrina Washington.
On August 7, 2022, the Jacksons headlined and performed at a sold-out International Festival of Carthage in Carthage (Tunisia). On August 25, 2022, the Jacksons headlined and performed at a sold-out Mouratoglou Festival-Dinner Concert at Mouratoglou Hotel & Resort in Antibes, France., and on August 27, the Jacksons headlined and performed at a sold-out New York State Fair in Syracuse, New York.
On September 4, 2022, the Jacksons headlined and performed at a sold-out Weekender Festival in Jersey, Channel Islands.
The Jacksons returned to Toronto, Ontario, Canada on September 9, 2022, after 5 years. They headlined "Strangers in the night" charity gala in benefit of four Canadian charities: Children Believe, Believe to Achieve Organization, Canadian Health Champions, and Your Support Foundation.

Legacy

In 1969, after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., there was a time when Black power movement and the civil rights movement were disintegrating. It was during this time that The Jackson 5 would emerge. The Jackson family was important to black culture. After the Lyndon B. Johnson administration declared the black family broken with the Moynihan Report, Motown and the Jackson family gave America and the world renewed faith in the American dream with an idealized image of domestic bliss. Black ascensionism was in the air. The Jackson family presented to America and the world a new positive image of black families. They changed the perception of the African-American male worldwide. The brothers became a household name and appealed equally to black and white audiences, breaking racial barriers.

In September 1971, The Jackson 5ive (TV series) ran as part of ABC's Saturday morning cartoon lineup. Jackson 5ive animation director Bob Balser insisted that the series would not include violence. The series was one of the first cartoon representations of a black family that did not include cheap gags and stereotyping. The Jackson 5 solved their problems with music and intellect as role models for families and their children.

In 1977, The Jackson 5 were among a small group of artists eligible to receive the newly minted Madison Square Garden Gold Ticket Award for selling over 100,000 tickets to their concerts there. They received the award from Madison Square Garden when they played there as the Jacksons in 1981. On September 3, 1980, the brothers were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as the Jacksons. As The Jackson 5, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. Two of the band's recordings ("ABC" and "I Want You Back") are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, while the latter track also included in the Grammy Hall of Fame. On September 8, 2008, the Jacksons were honored as BMI Icons at the annual BMI Urban Awards.

In 1992, Suzanne de Passe, Jermaine Jackson, and Stan Margulies worked with Motown to produce The Jacksons: An American Dream, a five-hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of the Jackson family in a two-part special on ABC. The series tells the story of a hard working black family and their path to success and the American Dream.

The rise of The Jackson 5 in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with the rise of a similar musical family, The Osmonds. The white Mormon brothers from Utah, were thought to be an imitation of the black Jackson 5. Michael and Donny, the lead singers from each group developed a friendship. They both went on to pursue successful solo careers. Influenced by the Temptations, the Supremes, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Sammy Davis Jr., The Teenagers and Sly & the Family Stone, the Jackson 5 eventually served as the inspiration for several generations of boy bands including New Edition, Boyz II Men, Menudo, New Kids on the Block, NSYNC, the Jonas Brothers, Backstreet Boys, One Direction, Silk Sonic, BTS and many more.

In 2017, on their 50th anniversary, the Jacksons released The Jacksons: Legacy, their first official behind-the-scenes chronicle book. The book includes new interviews and unseen photographs, and it tells the story of the  Jackson family  in their own words.

On June 15, 2018, the Jacksons accepted plaques bearing the keys to Detroit city. Detroit police chief James Craig, who presented the honors, declared the Motown group "truly Detroiters." They were also honored with a 90-minute tribute concert featuring Jackson 5, the Jacksons, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson and Rebbie Jackson hits. The concert finale was Michael Jackson's "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" with Greg Phillinganes, a Detroit native who worked with the Jacksons as a session player and tour musical director.

On May 13, 2021, the Jackson family got official 2300 Jackson street highway signage. The signs declaring the "Home of the World-Famous Jackson 5" were placed along Interstate 80/94 as well as on local roads to direct motorists to the Jackson family home at 2300 Jackson street in Gary, Indiana. Lieutenant Governor of Indiana Suzanne Crouch and state Sen.Eddie Melton were present.

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards
The Jackson 5/Jacksons were nominated for a total of three Grammy Awards throughout their career.

|-
|
| "ABC"
| Best Contemporary Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus
|
|-
|
| "Dancing Machine"
| Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group
|
|-
|
| Triumph
| Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group
|
|-

Grammy Hall of Fame
Three of the Jackson 5's songs were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

|-
|rowspan="1"| 1999 ||rowspan="1"| "I'll Be There" || Grammy Hall of Fame ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1999 ||rowspan="1"| "I Want You Back" || Grammy Hall of Fame ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2017 ||rowspan="1"| "ABC" || Grammy Hall of Fame ||
|-

NAACP Image Awards
The Jackson 5 has won four NAACP Image Awards throughout their career.

|-
| 1970 || The Jackson 5 || Best Vocal Group ||
|-
| 1971 || The Jackson 5 || Best Vocal Group ||
|-
| 1972 || The Jackson 5 || Best Vocal Group ||
|-
| 1980 || The Jacksons || Best Vocal Group ||

United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. They awarded The Jackson 5 with a "Special Commendation" for positive role models in 1972.

|-
| 1972 || The Jackson 5 || Special Commendation for Positive Role Models ||
|-

Congressional Black Caucus

|-
|| 1975 ||| The Jackson Five || Inducted As Honorary Members  ||
|-

Organization of African Unity

|-
| 1974 || The Jackson 5 || For strengthening Afro-Americans ||

BMI Awards

Broadcast Music, Incorporated (BMI) is one of two major United States performing rights organization, along with ASCAP. It collects license fees on behalf of songwriters, composers, and music publishers and distributes them as royalties to members whose works have been performed.

The Jacksons were honored with the BMI Icons award in 2008 and two of their songs, "Never Can Say Goodbye", and "Dancing Machine", were awarded to songwriters Clifton Davis in 1972 and Hal Davis, Dean Parks and Don Fletcher in 1975 respectively at the BMI Pop Awards; those awards weren't received by the Jackson 5.

BMI Urban Awards

|-
| 2008 || The Jacksons || BMI Icon Award ||

Atlanta International Film Festival

|-
| 1984 || The Jacksons || Bronze Medal Award (Pepsi TV ads) ||
|-

Hollywood Walk of Fame
The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, California, United States, that serves as an entertainment hall of fame. It is embedded with more than 2,000 five-pointed stars featuring the names of celebrities honored by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce for their contributions to the entertainment industry.

The Jacksons received their star in 1980.

|-
| 1980 || The Jacksons || Hollywood Walk of Fame Star ||

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is a museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States, dedicated to recording the history of some of the best-known and most influential artists, producers, and other people who have in some major way influenced the music industry.

All of the original members of the Jackson 5 was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997. Only Randy Jackson was not inducted alongside his brothers. They were subsequently inducted by Diana Ross and Berry Gordy.

|-
| 1997 || The Jackson 5 || Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ||

Vocal Group Hall of Fame
The Vocal Group Hall of Fame (VGHF) was organized by Tony Butala, also the founder (and now only surviving original member) of the Lettermen, to honor outstanding vocal groups throughout the world. Headquartered in Sharon, Pennsylvania, it includes a theater and a museum.

The Jackson 5 were inducted in 1999.

|-
| 1999 || The Jackson 5 || Vocal Group Hall of Fame ||
|-

Band members

Current members
 Jackie Jackson – lead vocals, tambourine, percussion (1965–1989, 2001, 2012–present)
 Tito Jackson – vocals, lead guitar, synthesizer (1965–1989, 2001, 2012–present)
 Marlon Jackson – vocals, conga, tambourine, percussion (1965–1985, 2001, 2012–present)
 Taryll Jackson – vocals (2023–present)

Former members
 Michael Jackson – lead vocals, conga, tambourine, percussion (1965–1984, 2001; died 2009)
 Randy Jackson – piano, percussion, keyboards, conga, vocals (1971 (officially 1975)–1989, 2001)
 Jermaine Jackson – lead vocals, bass guitar (1965–1975, 1983–1989, 2001, 2012–2020)

Timeline

Discography

Motown releases (as Jackson 5)
 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 (1969)
 ABC (1970)
 Third Album (1970)
 Jackson 5 Christmas Album (1970)
 Maybe Tomorrow (1971)
 Lookin' Through the Windows (1972)
 Skywriter (1973)
 G.I.T.: Get It Together (1973)
 Dancing Machine (1974)
 Moving Violation (1975)

CBS/Epic releases (as the Jacksons)
 The Jacksons (1976)
 Goin' Places (1977)
 Destiny (1978)
 Triumph (1980)
 Victory (1984)
 2300 Jackson Street (1989)

Tours

 The Jackson 5 First National Tour (May 2 – December 30, 1970)
 The Jackson 5 Second National Tour (January 2 – October 15, 1971)
 The Jackson 5 US Tour (December 27, 1971 – October 5, 1972)
 The Jackson 5 European Tour (November 2–12, 1972)
 The Jackson 5 World Tour (March 2, 1973 – Late December 1975)
 The Jackson 5 Final Tour (February 2–14, 1976)
 The Jacksons Tour (May 19 – 24, 1977)
 Goin' Places Tour (January 22 – May 13, 1978)
 Destiny World Tour (January 22, 1979 – January 13, 1980)
 Triumph Tour (July 8 – September 26, 1981)
 Victory Tour (July 6 – December 9, 1984)
 Unity Tour (June 20, 2012 – July 27, 2013)

See also

 List of number-one hits (United States)
 List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)
 List of number-one dance hits (United States)
 List of highest-grossing concert tours

Notes

References

Sources

 George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
 Bierbaum, Tom (November 18, 1992). Week's Nielsen win easy as ABC . Variety.
 Cadman, Chris and Craig Halstead. Michael Jackson: the Early Years. Authors Online.
 Green, Dave (producer/director). (January 29, 2005). VH1 News Presents: Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood [television broadcast]. New York, NY: MTV Networks.
 Manning, Steve. The Jacksons. Indianapolis. Bobbs-Merrill. 1976.
 Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown: Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. .

External links

 'Jackson Five' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page
 The Jackson Five Video Archive
 Jackson 5 on The Ed Sullivan Show
 Image of The Jacksons performing on stage in Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium during the Victory Tour, 1984. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
 Jackson 5 at Houston Livestock Show & Rodeo (1974) from Texas Archive of the Moving Image

Jackson family (show business)
African-American musical groups
American boy bands
American disco groups
American funk musical groups
American musical quintets
American pop music groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
American soul musical groups
Bubblegum pop groups
Child musical groups
Epic Records artists
Sibling musical groups
Motown artists
Musical groups disestablished in 1989
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from Indiana
Musicians from Indiana
Philadelphia International Records artists
1962 establishments in Indiana

The Jackson 5


The 2023 New Zealand general election was held on 14 October 2023 to determine the 54th Parliament of New Zealand. Voters elected 120 members to the New Zealand House of Representatives under the mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting system, a proportional representation system in which 72 members were elected from single-member electorates and 48 members from closed party lists.

The incumbent centre-left Labour majority government, led by Chris Hipkins, tried to win a third term in government. However, they were defeated by the centre-right National Party, led by Opposition Leader Christopher Luxon, in a landslide. National will need support from the ACT party (and possibly also New Zealand First) to form government.

At the 2020 election, the centre-left Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, won an outright majority in the House. The main opponents to the Labour government is the centre-right National Party, led by Christopher Luxon, and the right-wing ACT party, led by David Seymour.

On 19 January 2023, Ardern announced she would resign as Labour leader and prime minister before 7 February.

Candidates

Opinion polls

Notes

References

Other websites
Electoral Commission website

Elections in New Zealand
2023 elections
2020s in New Zealand

2023 New Zealand general election


Cronberry Eglinton Football Club was a football team based in the now tiny hamlet of Cronberry in East Ayrshire, Scotland.

The club was originally formed as a junior side in 1885 but between the years of 1891 and 1895 Eglinton were registered as a senior club with the Scottish FA and permitted to enter the Scottish Cup. In 1892 they were founder members of the first but ill-fated South of Scotland Football League. They were also founder members of the Ayrshire Junior Football Association in 1889.

Eglinton had been preceded by an earlier club, Cronberry FC which was formed in 1880 but folded just two years later.

In the early years Cronberry played in navy & white striped shirts with navy shorts but after 1895, and to mark a return to junior status, changed to black & white.

The football club took its unusual suffix from the Eglinton Iron Company who developed the villages of Lugar and Cronberry in the 1840s to provide housing for workers at the nearby colliery and ironworks.

During the 1920s many of the pits in the East Ayrshire coalfield closed down and the men moved away in search of work. In 1928 the Eglinton Iron Company, by then owned by William Baird & Co, closed leaving the local economy decimated.

Cronberry Eglinton FC survived until the South Ayrshire Junior Football League collapsed in 1932.

Honours
South Ayrshire Junior Football League Champions, 1927–28

Famous Players
Glenbuck-born Bill Shankly began his footballing career as a right-half for Cronberry Eglinton FC in 1931–32 season following of the demise of his home town side, the legendary Glenbuck Cherrypickers in 1930.

References

Defunct football clubs in Scotland
Association football clubs established in 1885
Association football clubs disestablished in 1932
1885 establishments in Scotland
1932 disestablishments in Scotland
South of Scotland Football League teams
Football in East Ayrshire

Cronberry Eglinton F.C.


Kyrgyzstan has been in four Summer Games and four Winter Games as an independent state.  They have won three medals. The nation was part of the Soviet Union before 1992. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan was on the Unified Team.  Kyrgyzstan was at the 1994 Winter Olympics as their own country after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

List of medalists

References

Sport in Kyrgyzstan
Nations at the Olympics

Kyrgyzstan at the Olympics


Argyrodes rostratus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to the Seychelles, and can be found on Mahé, Île Sèche, Cerf, Conception, Silhouette, Curieuse, Cousin, Aride, Praslin, La Digue, Grand Sœur, Felicite, Marianne, Denis islands and the Alphonse and St. François atolls. It is found in woodland, shrubby habitat and gardens, and is a kleptoparasite of red-legged golden orb-web spiders. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

References

Theridiidae
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Spiders of Seychelles
Spiders described in 1877

Argyrodes rostratus


The Argus was a newspaper in the town of Fremont, California. Floyd L. Sparks was the longtime owner of The Argus, along with the Daily Review and the Tri-Valley Herald. It was last owned by Bay Area News Group-East Bay (BANG-EB), a subsidiary of MediaNews Group, who purchased the papers from Sparks in 1985.

The newspaper was scheduled to be closed down, with the last issue of the paper published on November 1, 2011. The Oakland Tribune, Alameda Times-Star, Hayward Daily Review, Fremont Argus and West County Times all published their last editions the same day. On November 2, subscribers will get copies of the new East Bay Tribune, a localized edition of The Mercury News. The plans were later reversed. In 2016, the paper was one of four that was merged into the East Bay Times.

References

External links
 Official site
 Archive at Newspapers.com

Mass media in Alameda County, California
Fremont, California
Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area
Defunct newspapers published in California
MediaNews Group publications

The Argus (Fremont)


The Esso Trinidad Steel Band was a steel band from Trinidad, active from 1942 to 1976.

History
The group began in 1942 as the Tripoli Steel Band, named after a lyric in the United States Marines' Hymn. In 1951, the group came under the leadership of Hugh Borde, who directed the ensemble to greater technical skill and established them as contenders in local Carnival competitions. In 1964, the group won the Steel Band Music Festival. The following year, the petroleum corporation Esso began sponsoring the group, who renamed themselves the Esso Trinidad Steel Band. Under Esso's sponsorship, the group grew to 28 members and was outfitted with uniforms and new instruments, and in 1967 they appeared at the Montreal Expo.

The band's performance at the Expo led to a record contract with ARC Sound, a label based in Toronto. Following this, Warner Bros. Records picked them up, and Van Dyke Parks produced a full-length album which was released in 1971. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording, but lost to Muddy Waters. Soon after the release of the album, Esso cancelled its sponsorship, so the group rechristened itself the Trinidad Tripoli Steel Band, and under this name toured internationally with Liberace. Parks recorded a one-hour documentary of the group's tour, and called them "the greatest group I've ever had the privilege to produce."

Hugh Borde and his family moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan in the United States in 1976, after which the Trinidadian group disbanded, but Borde's sons played under the name Trinidad Tripoli Steel Band in the United States, and released the albums Momentum in 1985 and Hot Like Fire in 1994.

References

Trinidad and Tobago musical groups
Steelbands
Musical groups established in 1942
Musical groups disestablished in 1976
1942 establishments in the British Empire

Esso Trinidad Steel Band


Sir John Angus Nimmo  (15 January 19097 July 1997) was an Australian judge. From 1972 to 1974 he was Chief Justice of Fiji.

He attended the University of Melbourne, and while living there was a member of the Commonwealth Tax Board of Review (1947–54). He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1957 and was an acting justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1963. He was also Deputy President of the Trade Practices Tribunal (1966–73), Deputy President of the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (1964–69), Chairman of the Health Insurance Committee of Inquiry (1968–69), additional Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory (1969–74), Commissioner inquiring into unlawful land subdivisions south of Darwin (1974–75), and Royal Commissioner into matters relating to Norfolk Island (1975–76).

From 1969 to 1977 he was a judge of the Australian Industrial Court, moving to the Australian Capital Territory in 1977 to become a judge of the Federal Court, a position he held until 1980.

In 1970 he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire, becoming a knight bachelor in 1972, when he was appointed Chief Justice of Fiji. He was also an Officer of the Order of St John of Jerusalem.

References

1909 births
1997 deaths
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Knights Bachelor
Judges of the Federal Court of Australia
Judges of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory
Judges of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Judges of the Supreme Court of Victoria
Chief justices of Fiji
Australian judges on the courts of Fiji
Judges from Melbourne
20th-century Australian lawyers
University of Melbourne alumni
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of St John
Knights Bachelor
20th-century King's Counsel
Judges of the Commonwealth Industrial Court
20th-century Australian judges
Australian King's Counsel

John Nimmo (judge)


David Sullivan (May 7, 1904 – January 23, 1976) was an American labor leader and president of the Building Service Employees International Union (BSEIU), the precursor to the Service Employees International Union, from 1960 to 1971.

Early life
Sullivan was born in Cork, Ireland, on May 7, 1904, to Stephen and Margaret (Fouhy) O'Sullivan.  He attended public school, but abandoned his education during high school. His brother Michael was a member of the Cork First Battalion of the IRA and was shot dead along with five other IRA Volunteers by British Crown Forces during the Irish War of Independence on 23 March 1921.  David O'Sullivan and his brother Thomas emigrated to the United States in 1925,  settling in New York City. Sullivan became a naturalized citizen in 1932. In 1930, Sullivan married the former Kathleen Connaire. The couple had five children.

Rise within Local 32B
Shortly after arriving in New York City, Sullivan took a job as an elevator operator. On April 19, 1934, BSEIU Local 32B was founded under the leadership of James Bambrick, who would become its first president. Sullivan became a charter member of the new union, and participated in strikes in 1934 and 1935.

Sullivan allied himself with George Scalise, president of a small BSEIU local of window washers and the international union's representative for the East Coast. When BSEIU president Jerry Horan died in April 1937, Scalise was elected BSEIU president with the assistance of the Chicago mob and Luciano crime family mobster Anthony Carfano. Scalise used his office to gain control over Local 32B and in 1938 engineered Sullivan's election as secretary-treasurer. Sullivan and another officer stuffed the ballot box to ensure victory. In 1940, Scalise was convicted of bribery, embezzlement and labor racketeering, and imprisoned.  Local 1 president William McFetridge was elected BSEIU president. Despite Sullivan's close relationship with Scalise, President McFetridge voiced total confidence in Sullivan's honesty.

On April 25, 1941, Local 32B President James Bambrick admitted that he had stolen $10,000 in union funds.  Although Bambrick accused Sullivan of being the real leader of the union (through his ties to Scalise), Sullivan adamantly denied any wrongdoing. Bambrick resigned as union president, and Sullivan succeeded him as interim president on June 19, 1941.  Sullivan won a full term as president on September 18.

Bambrick's charges, however, led to lengthy disputes between the international and Sullivan. Beginning in 1941, BSEIU President McFetridge attempted to repeatedly "try" Sullivan before various union bodies, but was rebuffed numerous times by state and federal courts. Sullivan was elected a BSEIU international vice-president in 1941, and by 1945 had solidified his power in the union. Sullivan's position on the international union's executive board eventually led McFetridge to end efforts to oust Sullivan. In part, Sullivan's stronger political position resulted from his union's growing membership: Local 32B now had more than 36,000 members in 5,000 office buildings and 22 department stores.

SEIU presidency
Sullivan was elected president of the BSEIU on May 5, 1960, after McFetridge retired.  Local 32B had grown to 37,500 members, while BSEIU had about 275,000 members.

McFetridge did not, however, retire quietly. He returned to his home local in Chicago and was elected the local's president. He also refused to give up his seat on the AFL-CIO executive council. McFetridge continued to assert effective control over BSEIU from afar, challenging Sullivan's decisions, interfering with his choices for staff and elected positions, and undercutting his policy choices. McFetridge was an advocate of the Marina City mixed-use development in Chicago, which he believed would provide numerous jobs for his members. McFetridge asked that BSEIU invest pension funds in the development, a plan which Sullivan opposed. Although he won BSEIU backing for the Marina City development, McFetridge lost control of BSEIU to Sullivan thereafter. McFetridge retired from the union in 1964, leaving Sullivan in unchallenged control.

BSEIU grew to 40,000 members during Sullivan's first four-year term in office. In 1968, the international union dropped the word "Building" from its title, adopting its current name.

Despite McFetridge's retirement as Local 1 president, he signaled that he wanted to retain his position on the AFL-CIO executive council.  For much of 1965, Sullivan lobbied AFL-CIO president George Meany and other union leaders to dump McFetridge.  But media attention to the average age of executive council members probably contributed more to McFetridge's retirement from the federation council. Sullivan was elected an AFL-CIO vice-president on December 14, 1965.

Retirement and death
Age, declining health and a changing SEIU membership led Sullivan to retire in 1971. The union had grown by 70% during his presidency, to 467,000 members. Large numbers of SEIU members were public sector or health care workers. A number of younger, more activist leaders whose bases of support lay in these two groups were challenging Sullivan for leadership. Sullivan retired, and California public sector labor leader George Hardy was elected his successor. Sullivan retired from the AFL-CIO effective as of the federation's fall convention.

After his retirement, Sullivan lived in Flushing, Queens, New York. He died there at Booth Memorial Hospital on January 23, 1976 at the age of 71.

Notes

References
"Accounting Asked of Union's Funds." New York Times. April 14, 1944.
"Bambrick Admits Stealing Union Funds." New York Times. April 26, 1941.
"Bambrick Aide Elected." New York Times. September 19, 1941.
"Bambrick Testifies of Threat On His Life." New York Times. August 23, 1944.
Beadling, Tom, et al. A Need for Valor: The Roots of the Service Employees International Union, 1902-1992. Washington, D.C.: Service Employees International Union, 1992.
Building Service Employees International Union. "Going Up!": The Story of Local 32B. New York: Building Service Employees International Union, 1955.
"Change for the Changeless." Time. December 22, 1961.
"Court Bars Trial of Union Official." New York Times. September 20, 1944.
"David Sullivan, 71, Dead." New York Times. January 25, 1976.
"David Sullivan Wins Post in Building Service Local." New York Times. June 20, 1941.
Fink, Gary M., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1984.
Fitch, Robert. Solidarity For Sale. New York: PublicAffairs, 2006.
Jacobs, James. Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement. New ed. New York: NYU Press, 2007.
Jones, David R. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Selects Meany's Council Choices." New York Times. December 15, 1965.
Jones, David R. "Labor Chiefs Pick Council Nominees." New York Times. December 12, 1965.
Jones, David R. "28 Nominees to Vie for 27 Top A.F.L.-C.I.O. Posts." New York Times. December 14, 1965.
"Leader of Local in City To Head Elevator Men." New York Times. April 22, 1960.
"New Chief Named By Service Union." New York Times. May 6, 1960.
"New Yorker Is Re-Elected By Building Service Union." United Press International. May 9, 1964.
"The Old and New Faces." New York Times. December 3, 1965.
Palladino, Grace. "When Militancy Isn't Enough: The Impact of Automation on New York City Building Service Workers, 1934-1970." Labor History. 28:2 (Spring 1987).
Raskin, A.H. "At 20, Local 32-B Is Still 'Going Up'." New York Times. April 18, 1954.
Raskin, A.H. "Room at the Top In Labor." New York Times. January 17, 1965.
Stetson, Damon. "Age Is A Problem In Labor Council." New York Times. February 22, 1965.
"Sullivan Disputes Bambrick On Funds." New York Times. August 29, 1944.
"Sullivan Ouster Blocked." New York Times. April 20, 1945.
"Sullivan Re-Elected Head of Local 32-B." New York Times. January 31, 1945.
"Wide 'Purge' Is On In Scalise Union." New York Times. October 11, 1940.
Witwer, David. "The Scandal of George Scalise: A Case Study in the Rise of Labor Racketeering in the 1930s." Journal of Social History. Summer 2003.
"W. L. M'Fetridge, Labor Leader, 75." New York Times. March 17, 1969.

External links
Building Service Employees' International Union. Investigation Committee files, 1939-1941. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.
Executive Office: David Sullivan Records at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
SEIU Local 32B-32J Records at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University

Presidents of the Service Employees International Union
1904 births
1976 deaths
American trade unionists of Irish descent
Activists from New York City
Trade unionists from New York (state)
Irish emigrants to the United States
Vice presidents of the AFL–CIO
Trade unionists from Cork (city)

David Sullivan (labor leader)


Iain Canning is an English film and television producer best known for producing the film The King's Speech (2010), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA award for Best Film and Best British Film, and for executive producing television series Top of the Lake, which was nominated for an Emmy, BAFTA and Golden Globe award.  He has been nominated for 3 Academy Awards and won 1, nominated for 5 BAFTAs and won 3, and nominated for 2 Emmy Awards and won 1.

Iain co-founded See-Saw Films with producing partner Emile Sherman in 2008. Their offices are based in London, UK and Sydney, Australia.

Career

Iain Canning co-founded See-Saw Films with Emile Sherman in 2008 and has produced several major films including Lion, winner of two BAFTA Awards, starring Dev Patel, Nicole Kidman and Rooney Mara, and The Power of the Dog, starring Benedict Cumberbatch, Kodi Smit-McPhee, Kirsten Dunst and Jesse Plemons. Canning produced Jane Campion's Emmy Award-nominated TV series Top of the Lake. The second series, Top of the Lake: China Girl, also directed by Campion, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival 2017. Elisabeth Moss reprised her Golden Globe-winning role as Detective Robin Griffin, which also starred Nicole Kidman and Gwendoline Christie.

Canning won an Academy Award in 2011 for The King's Speech directed by Tom Hooper. The film stars Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush and Helena Bonham Carter

In 2019, Canning produced short-form British comedy series, State of the Union, which premiered on Sundance TV. The first season starred Rosamund Pike and Chris O'Dowd and won three Emmy Awards including Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series. In 2021, the series was renewed for a second season starring Brendan Gleeson and Patricia Clarkson.

Also in  2019, Canning and Sherman teamed up with Garth Davis to form a new production company called I AM THAT, with Samantha Lang as head of development.

2021 saw the releases of British TV series The North Water, written and directed by Andrew Haigh, starring Jack O'Connell and Colin Farrell, and Australian TV series Firebite, written by Warwick Thornton and Brendan Fletcher and directed by Thornton, Fletcher and Tony Krawitz. Both series premiered on AMC+ in the United States.

In November 2021, Netflix released The Power of the Dog, which is See-Saw's second collaboration with Jane Campion. In 2022, the film won 2 BAFTAs including Best Film, and was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, with Jane Campion going on to win Best Director. The film originally premiered at the 78th Venice International Film Festival and Campion was awarded the Silver Lion for Best Director.

See-Saw's latest TV projects to release in 2022 include Slow Horses and The Essex Serpent for Apple TV+, and Heartstopper for Netflix. Upcoming films include Operation Mincemeat, which stars Colin Firth, Matthew Macfadyen, Kelly Macdonald, Penelope Winton and Johnny Flynn; The Stranger, which stars Sean Harris and Joel Edgerton; and Florian Zeller's The Son, which stars Hugh Jackman, Laura Dern, Vanessa Kirby and Zen McGrath.

Prior to founding See-Saw, Canning executive-produced the award-winning films Hunger directed by McQueen and Anton Corbijn's Control.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

References

External links

 See-Saw Films website

1979 births
Living people
LGBT film producers
English LGBT entertainers
English film producers
Producers who won the Best Picture Academy Award
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Film people from Bristol
Filmmakers who won the Best Film BAFTA Award
Golden Globe Award-winning producers

Iain Canning


Ninth Avenue, known as Columbus Avenue between West 59th and 110th Streets, is a thoroughfare on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Traffic runs downtown (southbound) along the full stretch from Chelsea to the Upper West Side, except for the lowermost three blocks (from Gansevoort Street to 14th Street) where traffic runs northbound carrying traffic from Greenwich Street.

Description
Ninth Avenue originates just south of West 14th Street at Gansevoort Street in the West Village, and extends uptown for 48 blocks until its intersection with West 59th Street, where it becomes Columbus Avenue – named after Christopher Columbus. It continues without interruption through the Upper West Side to West 110th Street, where its name changes again, to Morningside Drive, and runs north through Morningside Heights to West 122nd Street.

A one-block stretch of Ninth Avenue between 15th and 16th Streets is also signed as "Oreo Way". The first Oreo cookies were manufactured in 1912 at the former Nabisco headquarters on that block.

The portion of the avenue between 14th and 31st Streets was remodeled in 2008 with a bicycle lane between the eastern curb and the parking lane, followed by another portion between 77th and 96th Streets in 2011.

Above the Lincoln Square neighborhood—where the ABC television network houses its corporate headquarters in a group of rehabilitated and modern buildings—Columbus Avenue passes through the Central Park West Historic District, stretching from 67th/68th Streets to 89th Street. There, the avenue presents a unified streetscape of 5- to 7-story tenement buildings of brick and brownstone with discreet Romanesque and Italianate details, employing cast terracotta details and panels and courses of angle-laid brickwork. Many ornate tin cornices remain. The buildings are separated in mid-block by the narrowest of access alleys, giving glimpses of Ailanthus foliage in the side-street yards. The repeated designs of three or four commercial speculative builders, using the same features and detailing, add to the avenue's architectural unity. There are several generously scaled pre-World War I apartment buildings and the former Endicott Hotel, as well as a small commercial block from the office of McKim, Mead, and White at 72nd Street.

Between 77th and 81st Streets, Columbus Avenue borders the American Museum of Natural History and Theodore Roosevelt Park.

Ninth Avenue reappears in the Inwood neighborhood as a short two-way street in two segments interrupted by the New York City Subway's 207th Street Yard. It runs from West 201st Street to West 208th Street, dead-ending at Inwood North Cove Park at the Harlem River, then picks up again at West 215th Street, and terminates at Broadway between West 220th Street and the Broadway Bridge, at the location where West 221st Street would normally be. The addresses along this upper stretch from 201st Street to Broadway are continuous with the lower portion of Ninth Avenue.

History
The Ninth Avenue Elevated was a passenger train that ran above Ninth Avenue, beginning in the nineteenth century. The lease for the line was assumed by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) on April 1, 1903. The line ran until it was closed and dismantled in 1940, following the purchase of the IRT by the City of New York, as it was made redundant by the city's Eighth Avenue subway line.

Ninth Avenue and Columbus Avenue were converted to carry one-way traffic southbound in two stages. South of its intersection with Broadway, the avenue was converted on November 6, 1948. The remaining stretch, to 110th Street, was converted on December 6, 1951.

In 2007, Ninth Avenue became the first major north-south avenue in Manhattan with a protected bike lane. The bike lane initially extended only from 23rd to 16th Street. A protected bike lane on Columbus Avenue was built between 96th and 77th Street in 2010–2011; the bike lane led to increases in vehicular speeds, since drivers were no longer stuck behind bicyclists. After a $231 million project that replaced some of the water pipes under Ninth Avenue, the segment between 59th and 50th Street was narrowed to three travel lanes in March 2023, and a painted sidewalk and protected bike lane were added.

The Ninth Avenue International Food Festival street fair is held every year in May.

Transportation
Ninth Avenue (Columbus Avenue) is served primarily by the M7 between 66th Street and 106th Street while the M11 between Cathedral Parkway and 14th Street. The M12, M79 SBS, M34A SBS, and M14D+ Select Bus runs on short portions of the street.

The 1 (2 during late nights) have a station on Columbus Avenue on the IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line at 66th Street and Broadway

Points of interest

 Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, on Ninth Avenue and 55th Street
 American Museum of Natural History
 Chelsea, neighborhood
 Church of St. Paul the Apostle
 Church of the Holy Apostles
 Fordham University
 Gansevoort Market
 Hell's Kitchen, neighborhood

 John Jay College
 Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, intersection of Columbus Avenue and Broadway (near 65th Street)
 Manhattan West
 Moynihan Station
 Port Authority Bus Terminal, 41st Street
 Roosevelt Hospital
 66th Street – the only subway station on Ninth or Columbus Avenues, serving the

Gallery

In popular culture
 Ninth Avenue is the setting of Saul Steinberg's View of the World from 9th Avenue.
 In the TV show Seinfeld, the street set on which most of the street scenes were filmed was based on Columbus Avenue.
 In the play The Zoo Story by Edward Albee, Jerry claims to live between Columbus Avenue and Central Park.

See also

References
Notes

External links

 New York Songlines: Ninth Avenue, a virtual walking tour

09
Chelsea, Manhattan
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
Upper West Side
Morningside Heights, Manhattan
Hamilton Heights, Manhattan
Washington Heights, Manhattan

Ninth Avenue (Manhattan)


Euglena is a large genus of unicellular protists: they have both plant and animal characteristics.

All live in water, and move by means of a flagellum. This is an animal characteristic. Most have chloroplasts, which are characteristic of algae and plants.

Euglenids are believed to descend from an ancestor that took up green algae by secondary endosymbiosis.

Over 1,000 species of Euglena have been described, and there are more to be discovered. Their relationships are being analysed.

Form and function
When acting as a heterotroph (animal), the Euglena surrounds a particle of food and consumes it by phagocytosis. When acting as an autotroph, the Euglena has chloroplasts which produce sugars by photosynthesis. The chloroplasts use the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

The number and shape of chloroplasts within Euglena varies greatly. Euglena are able to move through aquatic environments by using a large flagellum for locomotion. To detect light, the cell has an eyespot, a primitive organelle that filters sunlight into light-detecting, photo-sensitive structures. These structures, at the base of the flagellum, allow only certain wavelengths of light to register. With the aid of this photo-sensitive area,  the Euglena can shift its position to get better photosynthesis.

The mobility of Euglena also allows hunting. Most Euglena are considered mixotrophs: autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in the dark. Euglena do not have plant cell walls, but have a pellicle instead. The pellicle is made of protein bands that spiral down the length of the Euglena and lie beneath the plasma membrane.

Euglena can survive in fresh and salt water. In low moisture conditions, Euglena forms a protective wall around itself and lies dormant as a spore until environmental conditions improve. Euglena can also survive in the dark by storing starch-like paramylon granules inside the chloroplast.

Reproduction
Euglenas reproduce asexually by binary fission. There is no evidence of sexual reproduction. Reproduction includes transverse division and longitudinal division, which both occur in the active and encysted forms.

As a food source
Starting in 2005, the Tokyo-based Euglena Company now markets Euglena-based food and beverage products. The fitness of Euglena for human consumption had been thought about before, but this is the first attempt to cultivate and farm it. The company's main production facility is on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, where there is a favourable climate.

Euglena Company is also experimenting with the use of Euglena as a potential fuel source.

References

Protozoa

Euglena


A hill is a landform that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain. Hill is a  highland  of much lower elevation than a mountain. Normally it is not as steep as a mountain. By definition, a hill is often described as being lower than 600 meters (about 2,000 feet). However, some definitions say a hill is lower than 300 meters (about 1,000 feet). The surface of a hill is much more stable than that of a dune. Hill have long been used for hill forts

Pictures

Other websites

nds:Kommun Ås

Hill


David Barry Brudnoy (June 5, 1940 – December 9, 2004) was an American talk radio host in Boston from 1976 to 2004. His radio talk show aired on WBZ radio and he espoused his libertarian views on a wide range of political issues in a courteous manner. Thanks to WBZ's wide broadcast signal reach, he gained a following from across the United States as well as Canada. On December 9, 2004, he died from Merkel cell carcinoma after it had metastasized to his lungs and kidneys.

Background, education and first career
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, to a Jewish family, David Brudnoy was the only child of Doris and Harry Brudnoy. Harry was a dentist in the Minneapolis area, a profession he maintained for over 50 years. During his youth, David Brudnoy was known to be precocious, and in addition to reading a lot, he enjoyed collecting stamps. He was also interested in history, and thanks to the influence of his Aunt Kathie, with whom he was close for all of his life, he became interested in movies; he often attended them with her. Years later, Brudnoy would become known for his work as a film critic, and he remarked in his autobiography that his aunt had undoubtedly contributed to his success by taking him to so many films.

Although he did not articulate it at the time, he was also aware of certain homosexual attractions.  Years later, he would detail the confusion he felt, discussing his teenage and college years in his 1997 autobiography, Life is Not a Rehearsal.  During his childhood, Brudnoy and his family briefly lived in Macon, Georgia, and San Antonio, Texas; his father had enlisted in the United States Army Reserve and the moves were so that he could be near army bases.  Brudnoy first attended college in 1958, receiving a BA in Japanese Studies from Yale in New Haven.  He also received MAs from Harvard and Brandeis, and a PhD from Brandeis, focusing on East Asian studies and history.  He received an honorary doctorate from Emerson College in 1996.

As a professor, Brudnoy taught classes or was a guest lecturer at many major colleges and universities throughout Boston and New England, as well as in Texas: Boston University, Boston College, Northeastern University, Merrimack College, University of Rhode Island, Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, as well as Texas Southern University.  He was respected as an educator:  student evaluations for his courses at Boston University indicate that they were very well received, and former students were among those who wrote eloquent tributes to him when he died.  According to those students, he was such a devoted educator that even as he was dying, he made certain to finish grading their term papers.

Broadcast career
Brudnoy began a career in broadcast commentary in 1971 on Boston's local PBS television station, WGBH-TV. In 1976, he took over as host of his friend Avi Nelson's radio show on WHDH, in the midst of the city's unrest over forced busing and  desegregation in schools. He took to the job with ease, and increasingly gained popularity. From 1981 to 1986, he appeared on former Top 40 station WRKO, which was now news and talk, before moving to local stalwart WBZ. The top-rated talk radio host in New England, he appeared in a regular weekday evening slot until his retirement.  At the end of his career, Brudnoy was, according to WBZ Radio's promotional materials, derived from Arbitron ratings, among the most-listened-to evening talk hosts in the United States.

Over the years, Brudnoy also appeared as a news commentator and host on local TV stations besides WGBH, including WCVB-TV (ABC), WNAC-TV, and WBZ-TV (CBS). He also appeared nationally on the CBS Morning News. He wrote movie reviews for Boston magazine and local community newspapers. During the 1970s he wrote articles for the National Review, and befriended its editor William F. Buckley Jr.  He also wrote for The Alternative (later known as The American Prospect) in the early 1970s, but quit because of the editor's unwillingness to adopt a more liberal position on gay rights. His articles have appeared in The New York Times, The New Republic, and The Saturday Evening Post.

In 1990, his WBZ show was canceled in favor of a less expensive syndicated show hosted by Tom Snyder, but a mass public response, including support from The Boston Globe and the Boston Herald, helped lead to his quick return to the station's lineup.

Brudnoy's popularity escalated him into the Boston media elite, and he was the host of numerous social gatherings at his upscale Back Bay apartment, mixing students, media personalities, and politicians. After his bout with AIDS, Brudnoy began broadcasting from his apartment four nights out of five, welcoming his radio guests into his home and eagerly offering them cocktails. When he returned to the air in early January 1995, after his first battle with HIV/AIDS kept him off the air for ten weeks, Boston Mayor Thomas Menino formally declared January 5 as "David Brudnoy Day" due to his popularity.

In 1997, Brudnoy was awarded the Freedom of Speech Award from the National Association of Radio Talk Show Hosts, and was nominated for the major market "Personality of the Year" Marconi Radio Award by the National Association of Broadcasters. In 2001, he celebrated his 25th anniversary on the air. He was inducted to the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame, posthumously, in 2008.

Politics and sensibilities
Brudnoy's strongly libertarian opinions were expressed with wit and thoughtfulness. He described his own manner as "less ideological and more empathic", in contrast to more recent figures of conservative talk radio. Many regard him as a unique radio host who was effective at injecting a different perspective into the political dialogue rather than merely cultivating a particular political segment of the population.

His non-partisan, thoughtful way of discussing issues helped him gain a large following despite being based in a staunchly Democratic region. Political figures from both ends of the spectrum praised him for his contributions to the local and national dialogue.  Among those who eulogized him when he died were liberals like Senator Edward M. Kennedy who said that David was uniquely fair to his guests.  "He couldn't care less about your party label, as long as you knew what you were talking about, because he always did"; and conservatives like then-Governor Mitt Romney who said that  Brudnoy was "... a friend to hundreds of thousands of people, most of whom he never even saw in person . . . David has left us all a huge inheritance. It's an inheritance rich in tolerance, in faith, in the greatness of humanity, in respect for all people..."

In 2000, Brudnoy declared himself a member of the Libertarian Party.

Although his father Harry was a practicing Jew and a member of a Minneapolis synagogue, David Brudnoy was an agnostic who disliked organized religion and was critical of religions that tried to impose their views on others. He did have a bar mitzvah in May 1953, but he was already becoming skeptical of religion and recalled that event as the last time he followed his religious traditions. Years later, he wrote several opinion pieces about his opposition to religious dogmatism.  But on the other hand, he also wrote favorably about the good that the church was capable of doing.  In one piece, he stated that "...the church itself, for Catholics and non-Catholics alike, is a bulwark of our society. Its severely overburdened clergy are crucial to the development of our youths, to comforting our elders, and to tending our sick."

But while he was a skeptic about the tenets of organized religion, during his late-2004 bout of serious illness he admitted he had prayed in various ways, including with a Catholic priest who was a friend of his; and he said that he had discussed religion with several of his Jewish friends, including political commentator Jon Keller and conservative newspaper columnist Jeff Jacoby.  But he said he did not expect to go to either a heaven or a hell.

Homosexuality
Brudnoy came to realize that he was homosexual early in life but successfully hid the fact for many years.  While at Texas Southern, he "adopted" a young, recently single mother, Patricia Kennedy, and for many years Brudnoy and Kennedy enjoyed a relationship of mutual convenience, with Brudnoy able to use Kennedy as a cover for his homosexuality, and in return serving as a surrogate father to her two young children.  Brudnoy did not reveal his homosexuality to his father and stepmother until his illness in 1994; his father Harry was 88 years old when Brudnoy finally phoned him to give him the news and also discuss the health crisis he was undergoing.  David was pleasantly surprised that his parents were supportive.  Brudnoy had previously come out to his aunt and uncle after they lost a son (also homosexual) to AIDS.

Brudnoy publicly revealed his homosexuality in 1994, after returning from hospitalization to overcome his long-hidden fight with AIDS. Despite the controversy, his ratings reportedly did not suffer as a result. The controversy was rekindled somewhat after the release of his autobiography, in which he described a history of sexual excesses.  Brudnoy did not attempt to mask his sexuality during his adult life, but also made no direct indications of it; it was well known among his colleagues in broadcasting long before he spoke publicly about it. His closest and oldest friend was psychologist Dr. Ward Cromer, with whom he took dozens of trips abroad, and who was incorrectly assumed by many to be Brudnoy's sexual partner. Neither of them used that phraseology to describe their relationship, preferring a more accurate title of "best friend".  When Brudnoy died, it was Cromer who became executor of his estate.

Illness
Brudnoy was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in 1988, but kept his treatment a secret until his condition became serious after he contracted pneumonia in 1994. He was absent from public life for some time to fight the disease. Comatose and near death at one point, he eventually returned to reasonable health.  It was at that time, in order to conserve his strength, that he broadcast his show from  his apartment in the Back Bay section of Boston during part of 1994.   Once he was able to return to the air,   Brudnoy announced the creation of a fund to fight AIDS.  His illness inspired him to publish his autobiography; at the time, it was not a best-seller, but after he died, it became a collector's item, since his publisher had originally let it go out of print and now many of his fans wanted copies of it.

In September 2003, he was diagnosed with Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare form of skin cancer. After hospitalization and treatment, including another period of being considered near death, the cancer went into apparent remission, and Brudnoy returned to work, with a strained voice, in March 2004. However, in November 2004, doctors discovered that cancer had spread into his lungs and kidneys, forcing him to undergo dialysis in addition to cancer treatment.

Brudnoy checked into Massachusetts General Hospital on December 3, 2004. On December 8,  Brudnoy made his last radio broadcast on his show via a deathbed interview with WBZ reporter Gary LaPierre.  The following day, Brudnoy ordered his doctors to remove all artificial life support systems, leaving him only with oxygen, morphine, and minimal food. He died hours after having the support removed, on December 9, 2004.

After a few days of on-air remembrance, Brudnoy's time slot was assigned to Paul Sullivan, who had previously taken over two hours of Brudnoy's shift when Brudnoy's illness necessitated reducing his show from five hours to three. Sullivan too would die of cancer, on September 9, 2007.

A public memorial was held for Brudnoy on February 27, 2005, at the Cutler Majestic Theater in Boston, arranged by his WBZ colleagues and Emerson College (which had previously awarded him an honorary doctorate). The memorial service included the participation of the brothers of the Phi Alpha Tau fraternity of Emerson College whom Brudnoy had mentored.

Works

Source:

References

Further reading

External links

 David Brudnoy  at Phi Alpha Tau
 David Brudnoy at the Massachusetts Broadcasters Hall of Fame

1940 births
2004 deaths
AIDS-related deaths in Massachusetts
Boston University faculty
American agnostics
American film critics
20th-century American Jews
American libertarians
American talk radio hosts
American television talk show hosts
Brandeis University alumni
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Deaths from Merkel-cell carcinoma
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Jewish agnostics
American LGBT broadcasters
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from Massachusetts
LGBT people from Minnesota
People with HIV/AIDS
Radio personalities from Boston
Television anchors from Boston
Yale College alumni
21st-century American Jews

David Brudnoy