In the mathematical theory of special functions, the Pochhammer k-symbol and the k-gamma function, introduced by Rafael Díaz and Eddy Pariguan  are generalizations of the Pochhammer symbol and gamma function. They differ from the Pochhammer symbol and gamma function in that they can be related to a general arithmetic progression in the same manner as those are related to the sequence of consecutive integers.

Definition
The Pochhammer k-symbol (x)n,k is defined as

and the k-gamma function Γk, with k > 0, is defined as

When k = 1 the standard Pochhammer symbol and gamma function are obtained.

Díaz and Pariguan use these definitions to demonstrate a number of properties of the hypergeometric function. Although Díaz and Pariguan restrict these symbols to k > 0, the Pochhammer k-symbol as they define it is well-defined for all real k, and for negative k gives the falling factorial, while for k = 0 it reduces to the power xn.

The Díaz and Pariguan paper does not address the many analogies between the Pochhammer k-symbol and the power function, such as the fact that the binomial theorem can be extended to Pochhammer k-symbols. It is true, however, that many equations involving the power function xn continue to hold when xn is replaced by (x)n,k.

Continued Fractions, Congruences, and Finite Difference Equations

Jacobi-type J-fractions for the ordinary generating function of the Pochhammer k-symbol, denoted in slightly different notation by  for fixed  and some indeterminate parameter , are considered in
in the form of the next infinite continued fraction expansion given by

The rational  convergent function, , to the full generating function for these products expanded by the last equation is given by

where the component convergent function sequences,  and , are given as closed-form sums in terms of the ordinary Pochhammer symbol and the Laguerre polynomials by

The rationality of the  convergent functions for all , combined with known enumerative properties of the J-fraction expansions, imply the following finite difference equations both exactly generating  for all , and generating the symbol modulo  for some fixed integer :

The rationality of  also implies the next exact expansions of these products given by

where the formula is expanded in terms of the special zeros of the Laguerre polynomials, or equivalently, of the confluent hypergeometric function, defined as the finite (ordered) set

and where  denotes the partial fraction decomposition of the rational  convergent function.

Additionally, since the denominator convergent functions, , are expanded exactly through the Laguerre polynomials as above, we can exactly generate the Pochhammer k-symbol as the series coefficients

for any prescribed integer .

Special Cases

Special cases of the Pochhammer k-symbol, , correspond to the following special cases of the falling and rising factorials, including the Pochhammer symbol, and the generalized cases of the multiple factorial functions (multifactorial functions), or the -factorial functions studied in the last two references by Schmidt:

 The Pochhammer symbol, or rising factorial function:
 The falling factorial function:
 The single factorial function:
 The double factorial function:
 The multifactorial functions defined recursively by  for  and some offset :  and

The expansions of these k-symbol-related products considered termwise with respect to the coefficients of the powers of  () for each finite  are defined in the article on generalized Stirling numbers of the first kind and generalized Stirling (convolution) polynomials in.

References

Gamma and related functions
Factorial and binomial topics

Pochhammer k-symbol


Sparganothoides capitiornata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Guatemala.

The length of the forewings is 9.1–10.2 mm for males and 9.9–10.7 mm for females. The ground colour of the forewings is yellowish brown to brown, with a scattering of brown scales and spots. The hindwings are grey. Adults have been recorded on wing in June and July and in October and November, probably in two generations per year.

Etymology
The species name refers to the protuberances of the head and is derived from Latin capitis (meaning head) and ornatus (meaning ornament).

References

Moths described in 2009
Sparganothoides

Sparganothoides capitiornata


Shadows and Fog is a 1991 American black-and-white comedy film directed by Woody Allen and based on his one-act play Death (1975).  It stars Allen, Mia Farrow, John Malkovich, Kathy Bates, David Ogden Stiers, Jodie Foster, Lily Tomlin, John Cusack, Madonna, and Kenneth Mars. It was filmed on a  set at Kaufman Astoria Studios, which was the biggest set ever built in New York. It was also Allen's last film for Orion Pictures.

Shadows and Fog is an homage to German Expressionist filmmakers Fritz Lang, G. W. Pabst and F. W. Murnau in its visual presentation, and to the writer Franz Kafka in theme. Critical reception of the work was lukewarm.

Plot
Kleinman is awakened from his sleep by a vigilante mob, which claims to be looking for a serial killer and therefore to be needing his help. Kleinman's landlady gives him a bag containing pepper. Irmy and her boyfriend Paul, a pair of circus performers, quarrel about getting married and having a baby. Paul leaves and goes to another tent where he has sex with Marie, another artist. Seeing this, Irmy runs to the city and enters a brothel. A student named Jack, besotted by Irmy, offers her increasingly large sums to have sex with him. She finally succumbs when the sum reaches $700.

Kleinman visits a coroner's house and has a glass of sherry with him. But after he leaves, the coroner is murdered by the killer. Kleinman comes to the police station to protest a local family's eviction. There, the police talk about the coroner's murder, saying that they have a clue about the killer in the fingerprints on the sherry glass. A panicked Kleinman meets Irmy in the police station, who had been arrested at the brothel for prostitution. She protests against the police calling her "whore," and in the confusion Kleinman confiscates the evidence. Irmy is allowed to leave the police station after a $50 fine, and she meets Kleinman outside. Together they start exploring the city, seeing its different scenes — a man peeping into a woman's room, a starving mother and child, a church — and decide to go back.

Paul arrives in the city looking for Irmy. He goes into a bar where Jack is having a drink. The student reflects on the wonderful experience he had with "a sword-swallower," shocking Paul. Kleinman and Irmy return to his place to stay but are refused entry by his fiancée. They go to the pier but are ambushed by the vigilante mob who find the sherry glass in Kleinman's pocket. Thinking him to be the killer, they decide to lynch Irmy and Kleinman, but the latter uses the pepper spray and they escape.

Meanwhile, Irmy and Paul meet, and at first Paul is ready to kill Irmy for sleeping with another man. They break off their fight when they find the starving woman murdered, and the baby lying on the ground. They decide to keep the child and return to the circus. Kleinman comes to the brothel searching for Irmy but is unable to find her. From his rival at work, he learns about the circus leaving the town and decides to follow it. At the circus, Kleinman meets the magician Armstead, whom he greatly admires. The murderer arrives and tries to kill them but is thwarted by Armstead. Kleinman becomes Armstead's assistant on the circus and Irmy and Paul continue their careers as circus performers, while raising their newfound child.

Cast

Woody Allen – Kleinman
Victor Argo – Hacker's Vigilante #2
Kathy Bates – Prostitute
Philip Bosco – Mr. Paulsen
Charles Cragin – Spiro
John Cusack – Student Jack
Mia Farrow – Irmy
Jodie Foster – Dorrie
Fred Gwynne – Hacker's Follower
Robert Joy – Spiro's Follower
Julie Kavner – Alma
Steven Keats – Hacker's Vigilante #3 (uncredited)
Michael Kirby – Killer
William H. Macy – Cop with Spiro
Madonna – Marie
John Malkovich – Paul (The Clown)
Kenneth Mars – Magician
Kate Nelligan – Eve
Donald Pleasence – Doctor
James Rebhorn – Hacker's Vigilante #1
John C. Reilly – Cop at Police Station
Wallace Shawn – Simon Carr
Kurtwood Smith – Vogel's Follower
Josef Sommer – Priest
Lily Tomlin – Jenny
David Ogden Stiers – Hacker
Daniel von Bargen – Hacker's Vigilante #4

Soundtrack

The Cannon Song from Little Threepenny Music (1928) - By Kurt Weill - Performed by Canadian Chamber Ensemble
The Cannon Song from Little Threepenny Music (1928) - By Kurt Weill - Performed by London Sinfonietta
When Day Is Done (1926) - Written by Robert Katscher & Buddy G. DeSylva - Performed by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra
Ja, Ja die Frau'n sind meine schwache Seite - Written by Kurt Schwabach & Augustin Egen - Performed by Jack Hylton and His Orchestra
Prologue from the Seven Deadly Sins (1934) - Music by Kurt Weill - Text by Bertolt Brecht
Alabama Song(1930) - By Kurt Weill (1927) & Bertolt Brecht - Performed by Marek Weber
Moritat from the Three Penny Opera (1928) - By Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht - Performed by Berlin Staatsoper
When the White Lilacs Bloom Again (1928) - Music by Franz Doelle - Poem by Fritz Rotter - Performed by The Jack Hylton Orchestra

Reception

Box office
After its premiere in 1991, Shadows and Fog opened to wide release on March 20, 1992 in 288 North American cinemas.  In its first three days, it grossed $1,111,314 ($3,858 per screen).  It finished its run with $2,735,731.

Its production budget has been estimated at $14 million.

Critical response
Shadows and Fog received a mixed response from critics and holds a 52% positive "Rotten" rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes from 27 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Shadows and Fog recreates the chiaroscuro aesthetic of German Expressionism, but Woody Allen's rambling screenplay retreads the director's neurotic obsessions with derivative results."

Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the film modest praise, writing,"Like 'Zelig,' 'Shadows and Fog' is a pastiche of references to the works of others, but it's a brazen, irrepressible original in the way it uses those references."  He added, "A note of caution: 'Shadows and Fog' operates on its own wavelength. It is different. It should not be anticipated in the manner of other Allen films. It's unpredictable, with its own tone and rhythm, even though, like all of the director's work, it's a mixture of the sincere, the sardonic and the classically sappy."  Variety similarly wrote, "Exquisitely shot in black & white, Woody Allen's Shadows and Fog is a sweet homage to German expressionist filmmaking and a nod to the content of socially responsible tales since narrative film began. Allen's fans will regard this as a nice try that falls short."

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post wrote:

In 2016 film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey ranked Shadows and Fog as one of the worst movies by Woody Allen.

Recalling the film's critical and commercial failure in his 2020 memoir, Apropos of Nothing, Allen joked that "the filming of Shadows and Fog went off without a hitch except for the movie." Allen also states in his memoir that he "knew the film was destined for commercial doom," but made the movie regardless, disdaining artistic fear he says would yield "safe middle-of-the-road projects," and, summarizing the finished product, added: "It's not a bad idea but you have to be in the mood for it, and marketing tests showed it did not appeal to homo sapiens."

References

External links

1990s vigilante films
1991 films
1991 comedy films
American films based on plays
American mystery films
American black-and-white films
Circus films
American comedy thriller films
Films directed by Woody Allen
Films shot in New York City
American neo-noir films
Orion Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Woody Allen
American vigilante films
Films produced by Robert Greenhut
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Shadows and Fog


Romance of Horn is an Anglo-Norman literature romans d'aventure ("adventure story") tale written around 1170 by an author apparently named "Thomas". The story became the basis for one of the earliest Middle English romances, King Horn, written around 1225.

Summary

The hero, named Horn, is the son of the king Aälof of Suddene (probably somewhere near Devon). Horn is orphaned after the Saracens kill his parents.  He and twelve companions then set sail in a boat only to end up on the shores of   Brittany, where he grows to manhood and falls in love with the king's daughter Rigmel. There he defends the kingdom from invading Saracens, but the king banishes him to Ireland after he is wrongfully accused of trying to usurp the throne. In Ireland, Horn again proves his heroism and is offered the hand of the king's daughter.  Horn refuses it and after some time returns to Brittany to rescue and marry Rigmel.

Translations
 The Birth of Romance: An Anthology. Four Twelfth-century Anglo-Norman Romances, trans. by Judith Weiss and Malcolm Andrew (London: Dent, 1992), ; repr. as The Birth of Romance in England: Four Twelfth-Century Romances in the French of England, trans. by Judith Weiss, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 344/The French of England Translation Series, 4 (Tempe, Ariz.: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009), .

References

Anglo-Norman literature
12th-century books
Romance (genre)

Romance of Horn


Frederick May (9 June 1911 – 8 September 1985) was an Irish composer and arranger. His musical career was seriously hindered by a lifelong hearing problem and he produced relatively few compositions.

Early years
Frederick May was born into a Dublin Protestant family who lived in the suburb of Donnybrook. His father, also named Frederick, was employed at the Guinness Brewery. May pursued his musical studies at the Royal Irish Academy of Music, where he was taught composition by John Larchet. In 1930, McCullough Pigott and Co. published his Irish Love Song. The same year he was awarded the Esposito Cup at the Feis Ceoil and as a result of this he was nominated as the first recipient of a new scholarship prize worth £100 to be spent on the further study of piano. In July he took his preliminary examination for the BMus at Trinity College Dublin before departing Dublin to utilise his scholarship in London. In September he enrolled at the Royal College of Music where his teachers included Charles Kitson, Ralph Vaughan Williams, R. O. Morris and Gordon Jacob. He took his final TCD examination in December 1931 submitting a string quartet and on 10 December his degree was conferred. During 1932 May's study was funded by the RCM's Foli Scholarship and in October May was awarded the Octavia Travelling Scholarship.

On 17 March 1933 there was a first orchestral run through of May's Scherzo for orchestra, and it received its first public performance on 1 December when it was heard as part of the Patron's Concert. Between the months of May and October May composed his Four Romantic Songs, which received their premiere in London at a Macnaghten-Lemare concert on 22 January 1934. At some point, probably in the second half of 1933, May followed in the footsteps of other Octavia Scholarship winners and travelled to Vienna to study with Egon Wellesz.

Life and career
On 1 January 1936, he took up the position of Director of Music at the Abbey Theatre Dublin, a position he retained until he was fired in 1948. His duties mainly consisted of leading the piano trio which bore the title "The Abbey Orchestra" in music during the intervals of productions. In 1936 he composed what is today his best known composition, the String Quartet in C Minor, but it was not premiered until 1948 when it was performed by the Martin Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London. This was followed by the Symphonic Ballad (1937), the Suite of Irish Airs (1937), Spring Nocturne (1938), Songs from Prison (1941) and the Lyric Movement for Strings (1942). May effectively ceased original composition at this point, the major exception being his late orchestral work Sunlight and Shadow, which was premiered in January 1956. Later work was confined to arrangements and the revision of earlier compositions.

Throughout his life May suffered from significant mental health issues which resulted in hospitalisation. He also experienced otosclerosis, as a result of which May was gradually to become increasingly deaf. In addition he suffered from severe tinnitus with constant ringing noises in his head. In later life he became homeless for a time due to alcoholism and slept at night in Grangegorman Asylum, Dublin. He was rescued by some friends led by Garech Browne whose record company Claddagh recorded the String Quartet in 1974.

Throughout his career May was an advocate of better musical education in Ireland and expressed his views on this and other musical matters through the medium of The Bell, a monthly journal dealing with the arts. He was a co-founder, along with Brian Boydell and Aloys Fleischmann, of the Music Association of Ireland (now "Friends of Classical Music"), set up in 1948 to promote art music as an integral part of the cultural life of Ireland. Later he became a member of Aosdána. He lived for the last years of his life at Clontarf orthopaedic hospital, Dublin. He died at the age of 74 and is buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery.

Music
May's compositions are few in number and he produced most of his small output in the 1930s and early 1940s. May's first significant work was the Scherzo for Orchestra, written while he was still a student in London. In 1936 he composed his String Quartet in C Minor, described in the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians as "one of the most individual statements from an Irish composer in the first half of the 20th century". May composed the quartet as his hearing was beginning to deteriorate and he later described it as "an appeal for release". The first performance of his Songs From Prison, a setting for baritone and orchestra of poems by Ernst Toller and Erich Stadlen, was broadcast on BBC Radio in December 1942. For fellow composer Arthur Duff, the work demonstrated that May was "more a follower of Mahler and Berg than a successor to (Charles Villiers) Stanford and (Hamilton) Harty".

Following a long break from composition, May produced what was to be his valedictory work in 1955. This was the nine-minute orchestral piece Sunlight and Shadows, given its first performance on 22 January 1956 by the Radio Éireann Symphony Orchestra at Dublin's Gaiety Theatre. Although this was his last original work, May did not abandon music completely. He produced arrangements of Irish music for Radio Éireann, which while not perhaps rewarding artistically did help to alleviate his always precarious financial situation. May also composed a number of songs for voice and piano and a short piece entitled Idyll for violin and piano. The latter was chosen as a set work for the junior violin competition at the Feis Ceoil in 2017.

Recordings
Suite of Irish Airs, Radio Éireann Symphony Orchestra, Milan Horvat (cond.), on: Decca (USA) DL 9843, LP (1958).
String Quartet in C Minor, Aeolian Quartet, on: Claddagh Records CSM2, LP (1974); re-issued on CD in 2020 (CSM2CD).
String Quartet in C Minor, Vanbrugh Quartet, on: Marco Polo 8.223888, CD (1996).
Sunlight and Shadow, Scherzo, Spring Nocturne, Suite of Irish Airs, Songs from Prison, RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra, Owen Gilhooley (baritone), Robert Houlihan (cond.), on: RTÉ lyric fm CD 135, CD (2011).
 Irish Love Song, Hesperus, Spring, Drought, The Little Black Boy, I Sing of a Maiden, Herdsman, April, Evening on Road, Dun Laoghaire, By the Bivouac's Fitful Flame, The Traveller, The Finch, Brimscombe, Communion, North Labrador, Garden Abstract, Dialogue, Four Romantic Songs; Owen Gilhooley (tenor), Catherina Lemoni O'Doherty (piano), Vanbrugh Quartet; on: DIT CMD 004 (CD accompanying the book edited by Mark Fitzgerald, see 'Bibliography', 2016).

Bibliography
 T.O.S. [Tomás Ó Súilleabháin?]: "Spring Nocturne: A Profile of Frederick May", in: Counterpoint 2 (1970) November, pp. 14–18.
 Kent Kay: ""Frederick May", in: The Irish Times, 12 December 1974.
 Fanny Feehan: " The Fiery Soul", in: Hibernia, 10 January 1975.
 Axel Klein: Die Musik Irlands im 20. Jahrhundert (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1996).
 Philip Graydon: Modernism in Ireland and its Cultural Context in the Music and Writings of Frederick May, Brian Boydell and Aloys Fleischmann (unpublished MA thesis, Maynooth University, 1999).
 Mark Fitzgerald: "Inventing Identities: The Case of Frederick May", in: Mark Fitzgerald & John O'Flynn (eds.): Music and Identity in Ireland and Beyond (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 83–101.
 Mark Fitzgerald (ed.): The Songs of Frederick May (Dublin: Dublin Institute of Technology, 2016) – with CD.
 Mark Fitzgerald: 'Retrieving the real Frederick May' (Journal of the Society of Musicology Ireland, 2019)
 Mark Fitzgerald: 'Mogu and the Unicorn: Frederick May's music for the Gate Theatre' (in A Stage of Emancipation: Change and Progress at the Dublin Gate Theatre, edited by Marguérite Corporaal and Ruud van den Beuken, 151–66. Liverpool University Press, 2021)

References

1911 births
1985 deaths
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Irish male musicians
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Aosdána members
Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium
Deaf classical musicians
Irish classical composers
Irish deaf people
Irish musicians with disabilities
Irish male classical composers
LGBT classical composers
Musicians from Dublin (city)
People from Donnybrook, Dublin
Pupils of Ralph Vaughan Williams

Frederick May (composer)


Hurricane Lili of 1996 was an intense storm. It caused over $662 million in damage and killed 22 people. It caused much damage in Central America, Cuba, Bahamas and United Kingdom. It also brushed southwestern Florida, but damage there was minimal. Winds of Lili peaked at 115 mph. Despite the heavy damage, the name Lili was not discontinued (retired) in the Spring of 1997.

Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
1996
1990s in weather

Hurricane Lili (1996)


A list MP is a member of parliament (MP) elected from a party list rather than from by a geographical constituency. The place in Parliament is because of the number of votes that the party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This happens only in countries which have an electoral system based wholly or partly on party-list proportional representation.

References

Voting systems

List MP


Itä-Häme is a morning tabloid newspaper published in Heinola in the Itä-Häme, Finland.

History and profile
Itä-Häme was established 1927 in Sysmä. The newspaper is headquartered in Lahti. It is part of the ESS company. Its chief editor is Jari Niemi. The paper is published six times per week. Its format was broadsheet until 2005 when the paper began to be published in tabloid format. It is the first Finnish newspaper which institutionalized the post of civic reporter in 2004.

The circulation of Itä-Häme was 13,900 copies. It was 12,000 copies in 2006. The paper had a circulation of 10,719 copies in 2010 and 10,427 copies in 2011.

References

External links
Official site

1927 establishments in Finland
Daily newspapers published in Finland
Finnish-language newspapers
Newspapers established in 1927

Itä-Häme (newspaper)


Lenaert Jacobszoon was a captain of the Dutch East India Company who, on 31 July 1618 in the vessel Mauritius, sighted North West Cape in the north-west of Western Australia mistakenly believing it to be a large island.  He also named the Willems River (presumed to be Ashburton River) and the Jocob Remmessens River (presumed to be Yardie Creek) in the same voyage.

On board the ship was supercargo Willem Janszoon, former captain of the Duyfken, who wrote to the Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam about the discovery of an island during the voyage.  Also on board was 25-year-old Anthony van Diemen who was later to push for the further exploration of the southern land and after whom Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) was named.

External links
http://gutenberg.net.au/aust-discovery.html

Explorers of Western Australia
Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company

Lenaert Jacobszoon


Bass Lake is a small lake in the southern portion of the Point Reyes National Seashore, northwest of Bolinas. The lake sits at an elevation of  and flows out south to the ocean via a  creek. Bass Lake is the largest of the five Coast Trail Lakes, which also include Pelican Lake, Crystal Lake, Ocean Lake and Wildcat Lake.

Geology
Much like the other nearby lakes in the southeast portion of the Point Reyes peninsula, Bass Lake occupies a natural synclinal depression formed behind blocks of rock displaced by landslides within the past 10,000 years. The depressions forming Crystal, Pelican and Bass lakes appear to have been caused by the Double Point Slide, which covers an area of about . The rocks involved in the landslide are shale, chert and sandstone, some similar to Miocene rocks of the Monterey Formation and others to Pliocene rocks from the Central Coast Ranges. The process that caused these slides is ongoing, with several nearby slides caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and others happening as recently as 1956.

Ecology
The lake is within the Southern Inverness Ridge region of the Point Reyes National Seashore, in an area of coastal scrub and grassland. In this coastal zone there are open stands of coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), often with native grasses such as California oatgrass (Danthonia californica) and purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra). The other dominant plants in this ecosystem are California sage brush (Artemisia californica), black sage (Salvia mellifera), sticky monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus), poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), California coffeeberry (Frangula californica) and tree lupine (Lupinus arboreus).

Around Bass Lake and the neighboring lakes are thick growths of willow (Salix sp.) In the lake margins there is common tule (Schoenoplectus acutus), California bulrush (Schoenoplectus californicus), cat-tail (Typha latifolia) and sedges (Carex sp. including Carex senta). The lake has been stocked with warm-water game fish.

Research in 1976 found that the lake supported a range of phytoplankton from the genera Anabaena, Cryptomonas, Cymbella, Fragilaria, Oocystis, Schroederia, Sphaerocystis and Staurastrum, as well as the species Ceratium hirundinella, Elakatothrix gelatinosa and Pseudokephrion conicum.

On the slopes above the coastal lakes, the flora is characterized by stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii).

Bass Lake is inland from the  Double Point Area of Special Biological Significance, established in 1974 primarily to protect the large population of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) that raise pups on the beach between April and June each year.

History
Prior to geological research in the 1960s that revealed the many pre-historic landslides, the area was considered to be sufficiently stable for the U.S. Army to construct an underground artillery control facility within the North Point headland directly west of Pelican Lake in 1944. These concrete structures were filled in by the National Park Service after it assumed control of the area, but they could be exposed by future landslides. The barracks for this facility were located near Bass Lake.

See also
 List of lakes in the San Francisco Bay Area
 List of lakes in California

References

Sources

Lakes of Marin County, California
Lakes of California
Wetlands of the San Francisco Bay Area

Bass Lake (Marin County, California)


A fire engine is a vehicle that is used
to help put out fires. It is also called a fire truck or fire apparatus. Fire engines are also used for other emergency calls. These can include hazardous materials spills, technical rescue incidents and emergency medical service incidents. What types of calls it is used depends on the area and local setup.

A fire engine takes firefighters from a fire station to a fire or other incident. Fire engines use flashing lights, loud sirens and horns to warn people that they are coming down the road and to get out of the way. These devices have been used for years to warn people when they are coming down the road. Fire engines also use communication equipment to contact their dispatcher or other emergency services vehicles.

A fire engine has many tools and equipment for fighting fires. Almost all engines have hoses, a pump, a water tank and breathing equipment. Some engines also have special tools and equipment. These might include generators, specialized rescue tools such as the jaws of life, equipment for hazardous materials spills and first aid or medical equipment.

History
In the Middle Ages, the only way to fight a fire was with buckets of water. In the 16th century, hand-powered pumps were invented. In the 19th century, the design of these pumps was improved. With them, horses could be used to take them to the location of a fire. Later, steam power was used to both run the pumps and move them to the fires. The first modern fire engine was invented in 1905 by Knox Automobile in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Types
There are several types of specialized fire service vehicles. They include:
Ladder company or truck company: Ladder or truck companies are found in large municipal fire departments. There are several types of ladder company designations. They include tower ladder companies, aerial tower companies and hook and ladder companies. The number of people on a ladder company varies. Ladder companies use ladders that are mounted in the rear or middle of the truck.
Water tender: A water tender is a vehicle which carries large amounts of water.
Heavy rescue companies: heavy rescue companies use special rescue tools and equipment that a normal fire engine does not have. These vehicles are used for automobile accidents and building collapses. The equipment often found on these vehilcle include the Jaws of Life hydraulic rescue systems, special rescue saws, air bags, specialized air-, electric- and battery-powered tools and generators.
Hazardous materials company: hazardous materials companies use special tools and equipment to deal with a many kinds of hazardous materials accidents. These include chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high yield explosives (CBRNE) incidents, train accidents and other incidents. These vehicles has special protective gear.
Airport crash tender: an airport crash tender uses a vehicle that has special tools and equipment that deal with emergencies at large airports.
Rescue ambulances or medic units: Rescue ambulances use vehicles for emergency medical services incidents. They provide services of either a paramedic or an  emergency medical technician.

Firefighting
Springfield, Massachusetts

Fire engine


Charles Dillon (Casey) Stengel was a famous baseball player and manager. He managed 3 teams in the MLB the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets and the New York Yankees. He also played for the Dodgers, San Francisco Giants and the Boston Braves. His grandmother was the brother of the famous judge, John Forrest Dillon.

Retired Numbers
Casey's number 37 was retired by the Yankees in 1970. Also by the Mets in 1967
 World Series won
1922, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1958

Teams

Player
Brooklyn Dodgers/Robins (1912-1917)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1918-1919)
Philadelphia Phillies (1920-1921)
New York Giants (1921-1923)
Boston Braves (1924-1925)

Manager
Brooklyn Dodgers (1934-1936)
Boston Braves (1938-1943)
New York Yankees (1949-1960)
New York Mets (1962-1965)

1890 births
1975 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Missouri

Casey Stengel


Theodore Luther "Luke" Bryan (born July 17, 1976) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He has released six studio albums as of 2015: I'll Stay Me, Who I Am, Doin' My Thing, Tailgates and Tanlines, and Crash My Party. He has also released four "Spring Break" Extended Plays as of 2014. I'll Stay Me produced the singles "All My Friends Say", "We Rode In Trucks", and "Country Man". The album Doin' My Thing produced the singles "Do I", "Rain Is A Good Thing", and "Someone Else Calling You Baby". The album Tailgates and Tanlines produced the singles "Country Girl (Shake It For Me)", "I Don't Want This Night To End", "Drunk On You", and "Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye". The album Crash My Party has produced the title track, "That's My Kind Of Night", "Drink A Beer", "Play It Again" and "Roller Coaster" as singles. & Easy A (2010)

Singles & Filmography
"All My Friends Say" (2007)
Rain Is A Good Thing (2010)
2010-Someone Else Calling You Baby
2010-Easy A
2011-I Don't Want This Night To End
2012-Drunk On You
2012-Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye
2013-Crash My Party
2013-That's My Kind Of Night
2013-Drink A Beer
2014-Play It Again
"Most People Are Good" (2018)

Studio albums
 I'll Stay Me (2007)
 Doin' My Thing (2009)
 Tailgates & Tanlines (2011)
 Crash My Party (2013)
 Kill the Lights (2015)
 What Makes You Country (2017)
 Born Here Live Here Die Here (2020)

Television
 American Idol (2018) - Judge

Related pages
List of country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
1976 births
Living people

Luke Bryan


The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international sporting event which are held every four years by the International Olympic Committee. The "Games", as they are often called, are held in a different city each time. It is a great honour for a city to be "awarded" (given) the right to hold the Olympic Games. Two years after the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games are held. The Winter Games were held in the same year as the summer Games from 1924 to 1992 and then switched to two years apart in 1994. These are always in a cold, mountainous place because the sports are all snow and ice sports such as skiing. Many more countries send athletes to the Summer Olympics than to the Winter Olympics

The Olympic Games were first held in Ancient Greece more than two thousand years ago. The first modern Summer Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. There were 200 athletes from Greece and 45 athletes from 13 other countries. Since 1904, medals have been given to the three best athletes or teams in each sport.

The earliest Games consisted of 42 events only, but it was expected that 10,500 athletes would compete in the 302 events on the program for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

List of modern Summer Olympic Games

Games in italics were cancelled or have not yet been held.

 1896 – Games of the I Olympiad – Athens, Greece
 1900 – Games of the II Olympiad – Paris, France
 1904 – Games of the III Olympiad – St. Louis, Missouri, United States
 1906 – Intercalated Games – Athens, Greece
 1908 – Games of the IV Olympiad – London, United Kingdom
 1912 – Games of the V Olympiad – Stockholm, Sweden
 1916 – Games of the VI Olympiad – Berlin, Germany - Cancelled due to World War I 1920 – Games of the VII Olympiad – Antwerp, Belgium
 1924 – Games of the VIII Olympiad – Paris, France
 1928 – Games of the IX Olympiad – Amsterdam, Netherlands
 1932 – Games of the X Olympiad – Los Angeles, California, United States
 1936 – Games of the XI Olympiad – Berlin, Germany
 1940 – Games of the XII Olympiad – Helsinki, Finland - Cancelled due to World War II 1944 – Games of the XIII Olympiad – London, United Kingdom - Cancelled due to World War II 1948 – Games of the XIV Olympiad – London, United Kingdom
 1952 – Games of the XV Olympiad – Helsinki, Finland
 1956 – Games of the XVI Olympiad – Melbourne, Australia / Stockholm, Sweden (Equestrian events)
 1960 – Games of the XVII Olympiad – Rome, Italy
 1964 – Games of the XVIII Olympiad – Tokyo, Japan
 1968 – Games of the XIX Olympiad – Mexico City, Mexico
 1972 – Games of the XX Olympiad – Munich, West Germany (now Munich, Germany)
 1976 – Games of the XXI Olympiad – Montréal, Quebec, Canada
 1980 – Games of the XXII Olympiad – Moscow, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russia)
 1984 – Games of the XXIII Olympiad – Los Angeles, California, United States
 1988 – Games of the XXIV Olympiad – Seoul, South Korea
 1992 – Games of the XXV Olympiad – Barcelona, Spain
 1996 – Games of the XXVI Olympiad – Atlanta, Georgia, United States
 2000 – Games of the XXVII Olympiad – Sydney, Australia
 2004 – Games of the XXVIII Olympiad – Athens, Greece
 2008 – Games of the XXIX Olympiad – Beijing, China / Hong Kong, China (Equestrian events)
 2012 – Games of the XXX Olympiad – London, United Kingdom
 2016 – Games of the XXXI Olympiad – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 2020 – Games of the XXXII Olympiad – Tokyo, Japan
 2024 – Games of the XXXIII Olympiad – Paris, France 2028 – Games of the XXXIV Olympiad – Los Angeles, California, United States 2032 – Games of the XXXV Olympiad – Brisbane, Australia Cancelled Games
 The 1906 Summer Olympics or 1906 Intercalated Games were discounted ex post facto'' by the IOC. All medals awarded during these games have not since been counted officially on total medal counts.
 The following games were cancelled due to the World Wars. The 1916 Summer Olympics were cancelled due to the onset of WWI; both Summer Olympics of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled due to WWII.
 Some summer events were held by the IOC in celebration of its Jubilee in Lausanne, despite the war that cancelled the 1944 Summer Olympics, at the Jubilee Celebrations of the IOC.

Related pages
Athletics at the Summer Olympics

References

Olympics-related lists

Summer Olympic Games


Henry Koster (c. 1793 – 15 May 1820), also known in Portuguese as Henrique da Costa, was an English coffee-grower, explorer and author who spent most of his short adult life in Brazil, writing about his travels, slavery, and other subjects.

His work was also published in French under the name of Henri Koster.

Life

The son of John Theodore Koster, of Liverpool, a sugar merchant, Koster was born in Portugal. In 1809 he was sent to Pernambuco because it was thought to be the way to improve his poor health. He sailed from Liverpool in a ship called Lucy on 2 November 1809, travelling with a family friend, and arrived in Recife, Brazil, on 7 December. He spent a year at Recife before beginning a programme of travels around the country. In 1812 he rented an estate at Jaguaribe, where he slept in a hammock in an unfinished church until he could get possession of the big house, bought slaves, and established himself as a fazendeiro, growing and exporting coffee. Koster spent the rest of his life in Brazil, except for short visits to England. While in Brazil, he pursued a particular study of the institution of slavery there, travelling widely, and began to write books about his experiences that were published in London. His works are considered the most detailed accounts of north-east Brazil written in English in his period.

Koster was a friend of the poet Robert Southey, who encouraged him to write his Travels in Brazil (1816), which was dedicated to Southey "in memorial of affectionate respect and gratitude". He began but did not finish a translation into Portuguese of Southey's multi-volume History of Brazil (1810–1819). Southey mentions the sad loss of his young friend Koster in his Sir Thomas Marc (1831).

He died in Pernambuco on 15 May 1820. A report of the death in The Gentleman's Magazine said he was "in his 27th year".

Major works
 Henry Koster, Travels in Brazil (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1816)
Voyage dans la partie septentrionale du Brésil, depuis 1809 jusqu'en 1815 (Paris: 1818)
On the Amelioration of Slavery (1816)

See also
 Manuel Arruda da Câmara

References

Bibliography

 Anderson Carvalho Sandes, British Travel Accounts and Maps: Henry Koster and the Making of Space in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (2010)

External links

Henry Koster, On the Amelioration of Slavery (at Archive.org, full view)

1790s births
1820 deaths
19th-century English non-fiction writers
British emigrants to Brazil
English travel writers
Businesspeople from Liverpool
English male non-fiction writers
19th-century English male writers
19th-century English businesspeople
Portuguese people of British descent

Henry Koster (author)


The White Army during the Russian Revolution was an alliance of various groups that opposed the Red Army of Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. White Army supporters included liberals, aristocrats, Cossacks, the Russian Orthodox Church, and some peasants. Eventually, the enemies of the Bolsheviks sent ships and troops to help the White Army. The Red Army defeated the White Army by being better organized and more united.

Russian Revolution

White Army


James Pennington, also known as Suburban Knight, is a DJ and producer with  Underground Resistance (UR), an independent record label based in Detroit, United States. Music by Pennington and other UR members was featured in the video game Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition, which is set on the streets of Detroit.

Pennington pioneered the Detroit techno scene since the mid-1980s with moody tracks like "The Art of Stalking" and "The Groove".

With the rise of Detroit's second wave in the early 1990s, Pennington became a mentor for Mike Banks and the Underground Resistance crew. With Underground Resistance, he released the singles "Nocturbulous Behavior" and "Dark Energy". He also featured on the Submerge label compilation Depth Charge, Vol. 3, and produced tracks for Underground Resistance's 1998 full-length Interstellar Fugitive. James' debut album My Sol Dark Direction was released to critical acclaim including both classics and new, unreleased productions.

References

1965 births
American techno musicians
Living people
African-American DJs
Electronic dance music DJs
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
Peacefrog Records artists

James Pennington


Amy Susan Bruckman (born 1965) is a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology affiliated with the School of Interactive Computing and the GVU Center. She is best known for her pioneering research in the fields of online communities and the learning sciences. In 1999, she was selected as one of MIT Technology Review's TR100 awardees, honoring 100 remarkable innovators under the age of 35.

Early life and education
Amy S. Bruckman was born in New York, New York. She attended the Horace Mann School, an Ivy Preparatory School in New York City, graduating in 1983. Following that, Bruckman attended Harvard University for her undergraduate studies, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics in 1987. She received a master's degree in 1991 from the Interactive Cinema Group at the MIT Media Lab, where she was advised by Glorianna Davenport. Her master's thesis described the Electronic Scrapbook, an intelligent home video editing system.

Bruckman went on to pursue a Ph.D. at the Media Lab in Mitchel Resnick's Epistemology and Learning Group. On January 20, 1993, Bruckman established MediaMOO, an online community for new media researchers and educators. The community, managed chiefly by Bruckman, developed a significant following for its time, eventually closing down seven years later. During this time, Bruckman also worked as a research assistant for Sherry Turkle on Turkle's influential book, Life on the Screen (1997). For her dissertation work, Bruckman developed MOOSE Crossing, a MOO-based constructionist learning environment in which young children could learn computer programming skills while building virtual objects.

Georgia Tech
Upon her graduation from MIT in 1997, Bruckman accepted a position as an assistant professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology College of Computing. As a new Georgia Tech faculty member, Bruckman founded the Electronic Learning Communities (ELC) Lab and began setting up a program of research incorporating her interests in online communities and constructionist learning. She founded the Undergraduate Research Opportunities in Computing (UROC) program at Georgia Tech in 1998, modeling it after MIT's UROP. In 1999, Bruckman's research was supported by a prestigious grant awarded by the National Science Foundation's Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) program. That same year, she was selected as one of Technology Review's 100 remarkable innovators under the age of 35. Her work at this time was described as "the most notable MOO research in education."

On July 22, 1999, Bruckman and graduate student Joshua Berman released The Turing Game, a multiplayer online game inspired by the Turing test that challenged players to explore issues of online identity. The game received national attention and was played by over 11,000 people from 81 countries and all seven continents.

In 2003, Bruckman received tenure and was promoted to the position of associate professor. In 2012, she was made a full professor. She was the interim chair of the School of Interactive Computing from July 2017 until December.

Bruckman currently directs the ELC Lab, the UROC program, and the Web Science initiative at Georgia Tech. She has published dozens of scholarly articles in peer-reviewed journals and has given invited presentations at high-profile academic conferences such as ICLS and CHI. Bruckman's most recent work, often done in conjunction with graduate students she advises, has dealt with topics in information ethics, game studies, social media use, computer-supported collaboration and wikis, and women in computing.

Her book Should You Believe Wikipedia? was published in 2022.

Professional community  leadership
Bruckman has taken on many leadership roles in service to her professional community, notably for the ACM Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (CSCW) conference. She was the General Co-chair for the 2013 conference and subsequently served as Chair of the CSCW Steering Committee.

Recognition
In 2002, the American Educational Research Association presented Bruckman with the Jan Hawkins Award for Early Career Contributions to Humanistic Research and Scholarship in Learning Technologies.
She was elected to the CHI Academy in 2018.
She was also elected as an ACM Fellow in 2018 for "contributions to collaborative computing and foundational work in Internet research ethics".

See also
 Constructionism (learning theory)

References

External links
 Amy Bruckman's Home Page at Georgia Tech
 ELC Lab Home Page

1965 births
Living people
American mass media scholars
People in educational technology
Georgia Tech faculty
Harvard College alumni
Horace Mann School alumni
Human–computer interaction researchers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
MUD developers
MUD scholars
Scientists from New York City
American women social scientists
Video game researchers
Women technology writers
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
MIT Media Lab people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women academics

Amy S. Bruckman


The Erie Belle was a Great Lakes steam ship that exploded along the eastern shore of Lake Huron in 1883. The rusting remains of the ship's boiler lie on a beach south of Kincardine, Ontario.

Service history
Originally known as the Hector, the Erie Belle was built in 1862 in Cleveland, Ohio by Peck & Masters, serving as a tug in Lake Erie during the Civil War.  Following the war, she sailed for many years as a passenger and package freight steamer, serving the western end of Lake Erie, until sinking in the Detroit River in November 1873.  She was later raised and re-built, and in 1879 was sold to Daniel B. Odette of Windsor, who renamed her Erie Belle. Within a short period of time she was wrecked again, near Colchester, Ontario, following which she was repaired and once again returned to service, this time as a tug.

Demise
A two-week period beginning on 11 November 1883, saw several powerful storms hit the east shore of Lake Huron.  The schooner J. N. Carter was southward bound with a load of timber on November 15 when it overshot Kincardine harbour, and then blew ashore two miles south of the town as it attempted to turn and head north.  The Erie Belle was sent to rescue the Carter and arrived on the morning of the 21st.  Tow ropes were attached, but the Erie Belle initially was unable to move the stranded schooner.  While there are no reliable accounts of what caused the boiler to explode, a common theory is that the relief valve was wired shut in order to produce more steam, and as the engine over-heated and began to seize — further impeding the release of steam — the pressure reached the bursting point.  Four crewmen died in the ensuing explosion, while the remaining eight were blown overboard and rescued by the crew of the Carter.  The Carter was left to sit out the remainder of the winter, frozen in place, and was freed the following spring.  She continued service on the Great Lakes until eventually foundering in the Mississagi Strait in the late 1890s.

The boiler
Following the explosion, the remains of the ship were dragged closer to shore and disassembled, leaving the boiler about 20 metres offshore. An illegal attempt to salvage the boiler then pulled it to its current position close to the shoreline. Depending on the level of the lake from year to year, the boiler can be completely out of the water, or in shallow water within a metre of shore. The beach where the boiler now rests partly buried in sand, about  south of Kincardine's harbour, is named Boiler Beach.

The largest visible part of the boiler is the outer casing of the fire box, the lower end of the boiler, which is oriented toward the south.  The boiler is resting on what was originally the side through which fuel would have been stoked into the firebox.  The base of the flue, which would have carried smoke and exhaust gasses to the ship's funnel, is now nearly buried in the sand and points to the north.  Between the flue and the firebox is a tangled, broken area that would have originally held steam tubes.

References

External links
 Photograph of Erie Belle as she appeared in 1879

1862 ships
Ships built in Cleveland
Steamships of the United States
Steamships of Canada
Shipwrecks of Lake Huron
Maritime incidents in November 1883
Ships sunk by non-combat internal explosions
Buildings and structures in Bruce County
Tugboats on the Great Lakes

Erie Belle


A Winter Symphony is a Christmas album and the tenth studio album by the English soprano singer Sarah Brightman, released in November 2008.

Album information
The album borrows its name from Brightman's earlier 2008 album, Symphony.

A deluxe edition was released through Barnes & Noble, which included extra tracks and a DVD that featured documentary segments: "The Making of A Winter Symphony", a photo gallery, and Brightman's live performances of "Fleurs du Mal", "Symphony", "Let It Rain", and "Running" from NBC's Fashion on Ice Show.

Brightman chose a number of traditional songs from the season: "Silent Night", "In the Bleak Midwinter", and "Child in a Manger", as well as two versions of "Ave Maria", one being the classical piece by French composer Charles Gounod, and the other—in duet with tenor Fernando Lima—an original by Brightman and Mexican composer Jorge Avedaño. Included are also contemporary pop tunes, such as Vince Gill's "Colder Than Winter", a cover of Neil Diamond's "I've Been This Way Before" and Roy Wood's "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday". The set continues with a rendition of "Amazing Grace" and closes with a reading of "I Believe in Father Christmas" originally by Emerson, Lake & Palmer.

To promote the album, in the week of 15–22 December, Brightman's "Silent Night" was the iTunes "Free Single of the Week" and the video for "I Believe in Father Christmas" was launched to accompany the single. Brightman also performed at the "Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade", performing "Silent Night" on 23 December 2008, and it was broadcast by ABC on 25 December 2008.

A Winter Symphony won Classical Album of the Year at the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Track listing

Singles
 "Silent Night (iTunes only)" (2008)
 "I Believe in Father Christmas/I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday (promo-only)" (2008)

Chart performance

Selling about 14,000 copies in the first week in the United States, the album debuted at number thirty-eight on the Billboard Top 200. It also made another debuts such as the Top Classical Crossover Albums at number-three; It scored a number six in the Top Holiday Albums, being the first entry for Brightman on this chart and debuted at number-four on the Top Internet Albums. In Japan, the album debuted in the top 15, peaking at No. 12 selling 13,953 copies in its first week of release.

Charts

Certifications

References

Sarah Brightman albums
Albums produced by Frank Peterson
Christmas albums by English artists
Manhattan Records albums
2008 Christmas albums
Pop Christmas albums
Classical Christmas albums
Classical crossover albums

A Winter Symphony


Bit can have different meanings:
A digit in binary notation, either 0 or 1. This is like a light switch; either there is light or there is not.
A unit of measurement for the amount of data. This will be a multiple of 1 bit; only integers are allowed.
As a unit of measurement for information. In this context, 1 bit is the amount of information that is present in the selection of two equally probable options. In this meaning, real values as multiples are possible.
A small amount of anything either literal or theoretical.

Basic English 850 words

Bit


Don Droege is a former U.S. soccer defender who played seven seasons in the North American Soccer League and three seasons in the Major Indoor Soccer League.  He also earned eight caps with the U.S. national team between 1977 and 1979.

Youth and college
Droege grew up in St. Louis, Missouri and attended Christian Brothers College High School where he was the soccer team's 1971 and 1972 defensive MVP.  He was also co-captain of the 1972 team.  In addition to playing soccer, he was also a baseball letterman his senior year.  After graduating from high school, Droege attended St. Louis University, playing on the men's soccer team from 1973 to 1976.

NASL
In 1977, Droege signed with the Rochester Lancers of the North American Soccer League (NASL).  In December 1978, the Lancers traded Droege to the Washington Diplomats.  The Diplomats folded at the end of the 1980 season and Droege was selected by the New England Tea Men in the dispersal draft.  However, the Tea Men sold his contract to the Atlanta Chiefs for the 1981 season.  However, by that time the NASL's decline was accelerating and the Chiefs folded at the end of the season.  Droege moved again, this time to the Tulsa Roughnecks.  However, after eighteen games, the Roughnecks traded Droege to the Tampa Bay Rowdies in exchange for Njego Pesa and Terry Moore.  He saw time in seven games for the Rowdies in 1982.  In 1983, Droege finished his NASL career with the Chicago Sting.

MISL
In 1980, Droege signed with the Chicago Horizon of Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL).  The Horizon lasted only one season before folding.  Droege did not return to the MISL until he left the NASL in 1983.  That fall, Droege returned to Saint Louis to sign with the St. Louis Steamers. He spent two seasons with the Steamers before retiring from playing professionally in 1985.

National team
Droege's first game with the national team came in a 3–1 loss to Guatemala on September 18, 1977.  Nine days later, he came on as a substitute in a 3–0 loss to Mexico.  From that point on, he played the rest of the U.S. games in 1977.  He played in only one of the three U.S. games in 1978, then earned his last cap on May 2, 1979, in a 6–0 loss to France.

Droege was inducted into St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame in 2005.

References

External links
 NASL/MISL stats

1955 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Atlanta Chiefs players
Chicago Horizons players
Chicago Sting (NASL) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Soccer players from St. Louis
Saint Louis University alumni
Saint Louis Billikens men's soccer players
St. Louis Steamers (original MISL) players
Rochester Lancers (1967–1980) players
Tulsa Roughnecks (1978–1984) players
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993) players
United States men's international soccer players
Washington Diplomats (NASL) players
Men's association football defenders

Don Droege


Albanvale Football Club is an Australian rules football club located 18 km west of Melbourne in the suburb of Deer Park. Albanvale is affiliated with the Western Region Football League. The club had a brief stint in the Victorian Amateur Football Association between 1989 and 1991.

Known as the Cobras, the club was established in 1978 by a group of interested parents and youths from the fast-growing new community situated in the corridor between St Albans and Deer Park, who identified a need to create sporting opportunities for the young people of the area.

Albanvale ground location is at Robert Bruce Reserve on the corner of Station and Neale Roads, Deer Park. The oval started off as little more than a rough paddock and the "clubrooms" consisted of a simple tin shed. However, through the commitment of its members, committees and the assistance of the former City of Sunshine, permanent change-rooms which are still used today were constructed and a formal playing surface was prepared.

Albanvale Football Club currently has approximately 260 registered players competing in Under 10, Under 13, Under 15, Under 18, Reserve and Senior grades. Many of the players have had a long association with the Club and it is not unusual for players to achieve significant career milestones as 150 or 200 games whilst still playing within the Junior ranks.

The Club is competitive at all levels with a number of premiership victories at different Junior levels.

External links
 Official site

Western Region Football League clubs
Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
1978 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1978
Victorian Amateur Football Association clubs
Sport in the City of Brimbank

Albanvale Football Club


Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God is the debut album by the Transit Kings.  It featured guest appearances from The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr and comedian Simon Day. The Times called it "Orb-lite" and proclaimed it to be "Deep Forest-style sludge".

Though Jimmy Cauty left the Transit Kings before the release of Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God, he received a credit as composer on seven of the album's tracks.

Track listing
"The West End Of A Duck Going East" (6:12)
"Stop Over (Dance With Me)" (0:10)
"Concourse" (7:16)
Vocals - Juliet Russell
"Boom (Bombay)" (5:42)
Vocals - Missy MC
"Oh Shit" (4:02)
Strings" - Chi3
"Baby Don't" (5:17)
Trumpet, Flugel - Quentin Collins
"Japanese Cars (Album Mix)" (4:56)
"Free Free" (8:08)
Strings - Chi3
Vocals - Jonathan Kydd, Juliet Russell, William Butler Yeats
"Blooze Tracks" (5:19)
"America Is Unavailable" (Album Mix) (5:21)
Guitar - Johnny Marr
"Wagon Wheels" (6:06)
Trumpet, Flugel - Quentin Collins
"The Last Lighthouse Keeper" (6:38)
Vocals - Simon Day
Extra Tracks on the Japanese release:
"Butterflies" (4:31)
"America is Unavailable" [sss ding dong mix] (4:41)

References

2006 debut albums

Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God


The Davenant Centre, situated in Whitechapel in the East End of London, England, was known as a 'centre of excellence' for youth services in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The Davenant Centre was built to remember the community work of the Reverend Ralph Davenant, Rector of Whitechapel, who left a legacy to educate forty boys and thirty girls. A building was first erected on the Whitechapel site of the present Davenant Centre in 1660. A school was built following the death of Reverend Ralph Davenant in 1680 and re-built and expanded in 1818 and 1896. The rear building of the present Davenant Centre has a Grade II Renaissance Style Listing.

The Davenant Centre is part of the East End community and was in regular use by voluntary groups in Tower Hamlets.

See also
Reverend Ralph Davenant
Davenant Foundation School
Christopher Seward
Davenant International
Loughton
Whitechapel

External links

Davenant Centre
New London Architecture: Davenant Centre
Bassac Listing
Davenant Foundation School
Davenant International website

Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Education in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Community centres in London
Whitechapel

Davenant Centre


The lands of Daldowie in Glasgow, Scotland lie astride the River Clyde on the south and the North Calder Water to the east (marking the boundary with South Lanarkshire), and stretch to the present area of Broomhouse in the north (on the opposite side of the M74 motorway, with both areas served by Junction 3A).

Daldowie Crematorium was constructed in 1952 by Lanarkshire County Council and opened in 1955, on the grounds of the historic Daldowie House – home of the Stewarts of Minto and George Bogle of Daldowie. His son, George Bogle the younger made an expedition to Tibet as the first British envoy to China. An elegant house was built in the 1730s and extended in the 1830s by a local ironmaster, John Dixon; of which only the dovecote survived. It was one of a string of estates strung out along the River Clyde  from Dalmarnock–, through Westthorn and Dalbeth to Easterhill, which went from being country seats in the 18th century, through an exploitation of their iron and coal deposits in the 19th century, to the commercial and residential uses which predominate today; aside from the crematorium and its garden grounds, the area is now dominated by a waste water treatment works, including a waste-to-fuel facility which produces biomass briquettes from the sewage solids.

See also
Daldowie Dovecot

References

External links

 Photograph of Daldowie House in the 19th Century
 Online remembrance at Daldowie Crematorium
Daldowie Crematorium at Gazetteer for Scotland

Areas of Glasgow
History of Glasgow

Daldowie


Lamberto Sposini (born 1952) is an Italian journalist and television presenter.

Born in Foligno, Sposini started his career as a journalist for the newspaper Paese Sera, then in 1978 he became a collaborator of RAI TV, working as a redactor, a correspondent and as a news speaker of TG1.  In 1991 he moved to Mediaset, where he co-founded the TG5 and became one of its news speaker.   After a short comeback at TG1 which he left in 2006 as a result of the disagreements with the new editor in chief Carlo Rossella, in 2008 he became the presenter of La Vita in diretta, a Rai 1  television program broadcast in the afternoon. In April 2011 Sposini was affected by a severe brain hemorrhage and retired from showbusiness.

References

1952 births
Living people
People from Foligno
Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Italian television presenters

Lamberto Sposini


Sullivan's index also known as Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE) is a method to compute life expectancy free of disability. It is calculated by formula:
Life expectancy  duration of disability
   Health expectancy calculated by Sullivan's method is the number of remaining years, at a particular age, that an individual can expect to live in a healthy state. It is computed by subtracting the probable duration of bed disability and inability to perform major activities from the life expectancy. The data for calculation is obtained from population surveys and period life table. The Sullivan's index collects mortality and disability data separately, and this data is almost often readily available. The Sullivan health expectancy reflects the current health of a real population adjusted for mortality levels and independent of age structure.

See also
 Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
 Quality-adjusted life year (QALY)
 Healthy Life Years

References

External links
 Definition of Sullivan's index

Health economics
Life expectancy

Sullivan's Index


Stilt houses (also called pile dwellings or lake dwellings) are houses raised on stilts (or piles) over the surface of the soil or a body of water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection against flooding; they also keep out vermin. The shady space under the house can be used for work or storage.

Arctic

Houses where permafrost is present, in the Arctic, are built on stilts to keep permafrost under them from melting. Permafrost can be up to 70% water. While frozen, it provides a stable foundation. However, if heat radiating from the bottom of a home melts the permafrost, the home goes out of level and starts sinking into the ground. Other means of keeping the permafrost from melting are available, but raising the home off the ground on stilts is one of the most effective ways.

Indo-Pacific

Raised rectangular houses are one of the cultural hallmarks of the Austronesian peoples and are found throughout the regions in Island Southeast Asia, Island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia settled by Austronesians. The structures are raised on piles, usually with the space underneath also utilized for storage or domestic animals. The raised design had multiple advantages, they mitigate damage during flooding and (in very tall examples) can act as defensive structures during conflicts. The house posts are also distinctively capped with larger-diameter discs at the top, to prevent vermin and pests from entering the structures by climbing them. Austronesian houses and other structures are usually built in wetlands and alongside bodies of water, but can also be built in the highlands or even directly on shallow water.

Building structures on pilings is believed to be derived from the design of raised rice granaries and storehouses, which are highly important status symbols among the ancestrally rice-cultivating Austronesians. The rice granary shrine was also the archetypal religious building among Austronesian cultures and was used to store carvings of ancestor spirits and local deities. While rice cultivation wasn't among the technologies carried into Remote Oceania, raised storehouses still survived. The pataka of the Māori people is an example. The largest pataka are elaborately adorned with carvings and are often the tallest buildings in the Māori pā. These were used to store implements, weapons, ships, and other valuables; while smaller pataka were used to store provisions. A special type of pataka supported by a single tall post also had ritual importance and were used to isolate high-born children during their training for leadership.

The majority of Austronesian structures are not permanent. They are made from perishable materials like wood, bamboo, plant fiber, and leaves. Because of this, archaeological records of prehistoric Austronesian structures are usually limited to traces of house posts, with no way of determining the original building plans. Indirect evidence of traditional Austronesian architecture, however, can be gleaned from their contemporary representations in art, like in friezes on the walls of later Hindu-Buddhist stone temples (like in reliefs in Borobudur and Prambanan). But these are limited to the recent centuries. They can also be reconstructed linguistically from shared terms for architectural elements, like ridge-poles, thatch, rafters, house posts, hearth, notched log ladders, storage racks, public buildings, and so on. Linguistic evidence also makes it clear that stilt houses were already present among Austronesian groups since at least the Late Neolithic.

Arbi et al. (2013) have also noted the striking similarities between Austronesian architecture and Japanese traditional raised architecture (shinmei-zukuri). Particularly the buildings of the Ise Grand Shrine, which contrast with the pit-houses typical of the Neolithic Yayoi period. They propose significant Neolithic contact between the people of southern Japan and Austronesians or pre-Austronesians that occurred prior to the spread of Han Chinese cultural influence to the islands. Rice cultivation is also believed to have been introduced to Japan from a para-Austronesian group from coastal eastern China. Waterson (2009) has also argued that the architectural tradition of stilt houses in eastern Asia and the Pacific is originally Austronesian, and that similar building traditions in Japan and mainland Asia (notably among Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic-speaking groups) correspond to contacts with a prehistoric Austronesian network.

In South Asia, stilt houses are very common in Northeast India, specifically the Brahmaputra Valley regions of Assam, which is extremely prone to regional flooding from the Brahmaputra. These houses are known as chang ghar in Assamese, and as kare okum in Mising; chang ghar are traditionally built by the Mising people, who live along the Brahmaputra. Unlike many forms of traditional architecture, including stilt architecture, in South and Southeast Asia, the construction of chang ghar is making a resurgence and increasing in popularity, as a result of climate change increasing regular flooding in Assam, and the stilts of the chang ghar is adapted to flooding in the first place. The height of the stilts of the chang ghar is determined by the height of the water during the last major flood.

Stilt houses are also popular in Kerala in the Kerala backwaters, another regions with high rainfall and regular flooding from monsoons. Although stilt houses in the Kerala Backwaters have been a traditional method of house construction for many years, following the disastrous 2018 floods in Kerala, many more stilt houses have been constructed recently and utilize concrete as well as timber for their pillars.

Stilt houses in China known as guījiǎfángwū () because Chinese stilt house structures inspired from a turtle and built over water surface (e.g. rivers).

In the late 20th century, stilt houses in extremely calm ocean water became a popular form of tourist lodging known as overwater bungalows; the trend began in French Polynesia and quickly spread to other tourist locations, especially in tropical locales.

Americas

Stilt houses were also built by Amerindians in pre-Columbian times. Palafitos are especially widespread along the banks of the tropical river valleys of South America, notably the Amazon and Orinoco river systems. Stilt houses were such a prevalent feature along the shores of Lake Maracaibo that Amerigo Vespucci was inspired to name the region "Venezuela" (little Venice). As the costs of hurricane damage increase, more and more houses along the Gulf Coast are being built as or converted to stilt houses.

Stilt houses are also still common in parts of the Mosquito Coast in northeastern Nicaragua, and in northern Brazil as well as the bayou parts of the Southern United States and the hurricane prone Florida Keys.

Africa
Stilted granaries are also a common feature in West Africa, e.g., in the Malinke language regions of Mali and Guinea.

Europe

In the Neolithic, the Copper Age and the Bronze Age, stilt-house settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) regions. Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marsh in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.

Early archaeologists like Ferdinand Keller thought they formed artificial islands, much like the Irish and Scottish crannogs, but today it is clear that the majority of settlements were located on the shores of lakes and were only inundated later on.

Reconstructed stilt houses are shown in open-air museums in Unteruhldingen and Zürich (Pfahlbauland). In June 2011, the prehistoric pile dwellings in six Alpine states were designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A single Scandinavian pile dwelling, the Alvastra stilt houses, has been excavated in Sweden. Herodotus has described in his Histories the dwellings of the "lake-dwellers" in Paeonia and how those were constructed.

In the Alps, similar buildings, known as raccards, are still in use as granaries. In England, granaries are placed on staddle stones, similar to stilts, to prevent mice and rats getting to the grain.

In Italy there are several stilt-houses settlements, for example the one on the Rocca di Manerba del Garda.

In Scotland there used to be prehistoric stilt houses called crannogs.

Types
 Diaojiaolou – Stilt houses in southern China.
 Heliotrope – A concept house designed by Rolf Disch with a single stilt, optimized for harnessing solar power.
 Kelong – Built primarily for fishing, but often doubling up as offshore dwellings in the following countries: Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore.
 Bahay Kubo – The traditional house type prevalent in the Philippines.
 Palafito – Found throughout South America since Pre-Columbian times. In the late 19th century, numerous palafitos were built in Chilean cities such as Castro, Chonchi, and other towns in the Chiloé Archipelago, and are now considered a typical element of Chilotan architecture.
 Pang uk – A special kind of house found in Tai O, Lantau, Hong Kong, mainly built by Tankas.
 Papua New Guinea stilt house – A kind of stilt house constructed by Motuans, commonly found in the southern coastal area of PNG.
 Queenslander – Stilt house common in Queensland and northern New South Wales, Australia.
 Chaang Ghar – A type of stilt house built in Assam state of India. It is mainly found in flood-prone areas of the Brahmaputra river valley.
 Thai stilt house – A kind of house often built on freshwater, e.g., a lotus pond.
 Vietnamese stilt house – Similar to the Thai ones, except having a front door with a smaller height for religious reasons.

Tourism
Stilt houses as water villas are common in the Maldives and Assam.

Gallery

See also
 Pfahlbaumuseum Unteruhldingen – an English-language article about the stilt house museum in Unteruhldingen, Germany
 Pit-house
 Post in ground
 Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps
 Rumah Melayu
 Stiltsville
 Treehouse
 Venice
 Wood pilings

References

External links

 View on OSM wiki

Coastal construction
House types

Stilt house


The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a 1948 American Western film written and directed by John Huston. It is an adaptation of B. Traven's 1927 novel of the same name, set in 1925, and follows two downtrodden men (played by Humphrey Bogart and Tim Holt) who join forces with a grizzled old prospector (Walter Huston, the director's father), in searching for gold in Mexico.

The Treasure of the Sierra Madre was one of the early Hollywood productions to be shot on location outside the United States (in the state of Durango with street scenes in Tampico, Mexico), but many scenes were filmed back in the studio and elsewhere in the U.S. In 1990, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
In 1925, in the Mexican town of Tampico, labor contractor Pat McCormick recruits Fred C. Dobbs and Bob Curtin, two broke American drifters, as roughnecks to help construct oil derricks for $8 per day (). When the project is completed and the men return to Tampico, McCormick skips out without paying them.

The two vagrants encounter an old man named Howard in a flophouse. A loquacious ex-miner, he talks to them about gold prospecting and the perils of striking it rich. Dobbs and Curtin run into McCormick at a cantina, and collect their back wages after a bar fight. When Dobbs hits a small jackpot in the lottery, he, Curtin and Howard have enough money to buy supplies to go prospecting in the interior.

Departing Tampico by train, the three help repulse a bandit attack led by "Gold Hat". North of Durango, the trio heads into the remote Sierra Madre mountains. Howard proves to be the hardiest and most knowledgeable of the three. After several days of arduous travel, he spots gold the others had missed.

The men toil under harsh conditions and amass a fortune in placer gold. But as the gold piles up, Dobbs becomes increasingly distrustful of the other two. The men agree to divide the gold dust immediately and hide their shares.

On a supply trip to Durango, Curtin is spotted making purchases by a Texan named Cody. Cody secretly follows Curtin back to the encampment. When he confronts the three men, they lie about what they are doing there, but he is not fooled. He boldly proposes to join their outfit and share in any future takings. Howard, Curtin and Dobbs discuss it and vote to kill him. As they announce their verdict, pistols in hand, Gold Hat and his bandits arrive. They claim to be Federales. After a tense parley, a gunfight ensues, and Cody is killed. A genuine troop of Federales suddenly appears and pursues Gold Hat and his gang. The three prospectors examine Cody's personal effects. A loving letter from his wife reveals that he was trying to provide for his family. Moved by the letter, Howard and Curtin agree to give part of their share to Cody's family, but Dobbs declines to do the same.

Howard is called away to assist local villagers with a seriously ill little boy. When the boy recovers, the next day, the villagers insist that Howard return with them to be honored. Howard leaves his goods with Dobbs and Curtin and says he will meet them later. Dobbs and Curtin constantly argue until one night when Dobbs shoots Curtin and takes all the gold. Curtin survives, crawling away and hiding during the night.

Finding Curtin gone, Dobbs flees but is ambushed at a waterhole by Gold Hat and his men. They first toy with him, then kill him. The bandits mistake the bags of gold dust for sand and dump them, taking only the burros and supplies. The gold is scattered by the strong wind. Curtin is discovered by Indios and taken to Howard's village, where he recovers.

Gold Hat's gang tries to sell the stolen burros in town, but a child recognizes the brands on them (and Dobbs's clothes, which the bandits are wearing) and reports them to the authorities. The bandits are captured and summarily executed by the Federales.

Howard and Curtin return to Durango in a dust storm hoping to reclaim their gold, only to find empty bags. At first shaken by the loss, they then grasp the immense irony of their circumstances, and burst into laughter. Howard decides to return to the village to accept an offer of a permanent home and a position of honor, and Curtin sells their recovered property to return to the U.S., where he will seek out Cody's widow. As Curtin leaves, another empty bag is seen lying next to a cactus.

Cast

Production notes

Pre-production
Director John Huston first read the novel by B. Traven in 1935 and thought the material would make a great movie with his father in the main role. Based on a 19th-century ballad by a German poet, Traven's book reminded Huston of his adventures in the Mexican cavalry. After a smashing success with his directorial debut The Maltese Falcon, Huston started to work on the project. The studio had George Raft, Edward G. Robinson, and John Garfield in mind for the three main roles, but then World War II intervened. Vincent Sherman was set to direct a version of the story during the World War II years until his script fell afoul of the 1930 Motion Picture Production Code for being derogatory toward Mexicans.

Casting
By the time Huston came back from making several documentaries for the war effort, Humphrey Bogart had become Warner Brothers' biggest star. When Bogart first got wind that Huston might be making a film of the novel, he immediately started badgering Huston for a part. Bogart was given the main role of Fred C. Dobbs. Before filming, Bogart encountered a critic while leaving a New York nightclub. "Wait till you see me in my next picture", he said. "I play the worst shit you ever saw".

Traven initially disagreed with Huston's decision to cast his father Walter Huston as Howard, preferring Lewis Stone, but eventually came to agree with Huston. Walter Huston also questioned his son's choice. He still saw himself as a leading man and was not keen on being cast in a supporting role. His son was able to convince him to accept. John Huston rated his father's performance as the finest piece of acting in any of his films. On seeing Walter Huston's performance, Bogart famously said "One Huston is bad enough, but two are murder".

Huston originally wanted to cast Ronald Reagan as James Cody. Jack L. Warner instead insisted on casting Reagan in another film. Bruce Bennett was cast in the role. A few notable uncredited actors appear in the film. In an opening cameo, John Huston is pestered for money by Bogart's character, directed by Bogart. Robert Blake also appears as a young boy selling lottery tickets.

A photograph included in the documentary accompanying the DVD release shows Ann Sheridan in streetwalker costume, with Bogart and Huston on the set. Many film-history sources credit Sheridan for a part. Co-star Tim Holt's father, Jack Holt, a star of silent and early sound Westerns and action films, makes a one-line appearance at the beginning of the film as one of the men down on their luck.

Filming
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre was one of the early Hollywood films to be filmed on location outside the U.S. (in the state of Durango and street scenes in Tampico, Mexico), but many scenes were filmed back in the studio and elsewhere in the U.S. Filming took five and a half months.

The first scene in the film with Bogart and Holt was the first to be shot. The opening scenes, filmed in longshot on the Plaza de la Libertad in Tampico, show contemporary (1940s) cars and buses, despite that the story opens in 1925 as shown by the lottery number's poster.

Just as Huston was starting to shoot scenes in Tampico, the local government inexplicably closed the production. The cast and crew were at a complete loss to understand because Tampico's residents and government had so far been generous. One reason was that a local newspaper had printed a false story accusing the film of being unflattering to Mexico.

Huston soon found out why the newspaper skewered his production. When you wanted to do anything in Tampico, it was customary to bribe the editor of the newspaper, which the crew had failed to do. Fortunately, two of Huston's associates, Diego Rivera and Miguel Covarrubias, went to the president of Mexico. The libelous accusations were dropped, and a few weeks later, the editor of the newspaper was caught in flagrante and shot dead by a jealous husband.

Most of the Mexican extras were paid 10 pesos per day, the equivalent of $2, a considerable amount for an impoverished region at the time.

There were scenes in which Walter Huston had to speak fluent Spanish, a language he did not know. John Huston hired a Mexican to record the lines and then the elder Huston memorized them so well that many thought he knew the language. As with most of the Mexican actors selected from the local population, Alfonso Bedoya's heavily accented pronunciation of English proved a bit of a problem ("horseback" sounded like "whore's back"). Bogart knew only two Spanish words, "Dos Equis", a Mexican beer.

The fight scene in the cantina took five days to shoot. During the shooting of the entire film, John Huston pulled pranks on Bennett, Bedoya (along with Bogart), and Bogart. While most of the film was shot in Mexico, Jack L. Warner had the unit return to Hollywood when the budget started to exceed $3 million.

Though the dailies impressed Warner Bros., Jack L. Warner nearly went berserk with the weekly expenditures. After viewing one scene, Warner threw up his hands and shouted to producer Henry Blanke "Yeah, they're looking for gold all right—mine!" During another screening of dailies, Warner watched Dobbs stumble in the desert in search of water. Warner jumped up in the middle of the scene and shouted to a gaggle of executives "If that s.o.b. doesn't find water soon, I'll go broke!".

Warner had reason to be upset. John Huston and Blanke led him to believe that the film would be an easy picture to make and that they would be in and out of Mexico in a matter of weeks. Warner was notorious for not actually reading scripts and had assumed the film was a B-movie Western. As the full extent of Huston's plans became apparent, Warner became quite angry. He was especially unhappy with the way the film ended, arguing that audiences wouldn't accept it. The initial box-office take was unimpressive, but the film was a huge critical success and more than earned back its original investment of $3 million in its many rereleases.

As production dragged, Bogart, an avid yachtsman, was getting increasingly anxious about missing the Honolulu Race in which he usually took part. Despite assurances from the studio that his work would be done by then, he pestered Huston about finishing in time. Eventually, Huston grabbed Bogart by the nose and twisted hard. Bogart never again asked him to confirm when shooting was expected to finish.

The windstorm in the final scene was created by jet engines borrowed from the Mexican Air Force.

Edited scene
Huston's original filmed depiction of Dobbs's death was more graphic—as it was in the book—than the one that made it onto the screen. When Gold Hat strikes Dobbs with his machete, Dobbs is decapitated. Huston shot Dobbs's (fake) head rolling into the waterhole (a quick shot of Gold Hat's accomplices reacting to Dobbs's rolling head remains in the film, and in the next shot one can see the water rippling where it rolled in). The 1948 censors did not allow it, so Huston camouflaged the cut shot with a repeat shot of Gold Hat striking Dobbs. Warner Bros.' publicity department released a statement that Bogart was "disappointed the scene couldn't be shown in all its graphic glory." Bogart's reaction was: "What's wrong with showing a guy getting his head cut off?"

John Huston's screenplay

John Huston's adaptation of Traven's novel was altered to meet Hays Code regulations, which severely limited profanity in film. The original line from the novel was:

"Badges, to god-damned hell with badges! We have no badges. In fact, we don't need badges. I don't have to show you any stinking badges, you god-damned cabrón and chinga tu madre!"

The dialogue as written for the film is:

 Gold Hat: "We are Federales...you know, the mounted police."
 Dobbs: "If you're the police, where are your badges?"
 Gold Hat: "Badges? We ain't got no badges. We don't need no badges! I don't have to show you any stinkin' badges!"
Gold Hat's response as written by Huston and delivered by Bedoya has become famous, and it often is misquoted as "We don't need no stinking badges!" In 2005, the quotation was chosen as No. 36 on the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.

There are only two lines of female dialogue - a woman in Tampico gives her name to McCormick as Dobbs and Curtin are confronting him, and a woman speaks in Spanish as she gives Howard a piglet as a gift.

Themes
The film often is described as a story about the corrupting influence of greed. Film critic Roger Ebert expanded upon this idea, writing "The movie has never really been about gold but about character." Reviewers have also noted the importance of greed and gold and of nature and its desolateness as an influence on the actions of the men. However, the film's ability to comment on human nature generally has been doubted as Dobbs is evidently flawed from the outset.

Reception

According to Variety, the film earned $2.3 million in the U.S. in 1948. According to Warner Bros. records, it earned $2,746,000 domestically and $1,349,000 foreign.

At the 21st Academy Awards, The Treasure of The Sierra Madre received four nominations, and won three awards: Best Supporting Actor for Walter Huston, and Best Director and Best Writing, Screenplay for John Huston, his only Oscars. There has been controversy since the 1949 ceremony because of the academy's choice not to nominate Bogart for the Academy Award for Best Actor, a choice that modern critics and Academy members have since condemned. Bogart's performance has been named the best of his career. British actor Daniel Day-Lewis said that his second Oscar-winning performance as vicious oil baron Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood was heavily inspired by Bogart's portrayal of Fred C. Dobbs.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film is one of the few that have an approval rating of 100%, based on 50 reviews, and an average rating of 9.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads "Remade but never duplicated, this darkly humorous morality tale represents John Huston at his finest." The Treasure Of The Sierra Madre is now considered to be among the best films of all time, with some critics calling it Huston's magnum opus.

Awards and honors

In 1990, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The film was among the first 100 films to be selected.

Critic Leonard Maltin listed The Treasure of the Sierra Madre as one of the "100 Must-See Films of the 20th Century." The Directors Guild of America called it the 57th best-directed movie of all time.

Director Stanley Kubrick listed The Treasure of the Sierra Madre as his fourth favorite film of all time in a 1963 edition of Cinema magazine. Director Sam Raimi ranked it as his favorite film of all time in an interview with Rotten Tomatoes, and director Paul Thomas Anderson watched it at night before bed while writing There Will Be Blood. Director Spike Lee listed it as one of the "87 Films Every Aspiring Director Should See".

Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan has cited the film as one of his personal favorites and has said that Dobbs was a key influence in creating the character of Walter White. A key scene from the film was emulated in "Buyout", the sixth episode of the series' fifth season.

 American Film Institute recognition
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – No. 30
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills – No. 67
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes:
 "Badges? We ain't got no badges! We don't need no badges! I don't have to show you any stinking badges!" – No. 36
 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 38

In popular culture
The Stone Roses song "Fools Gold" was inspired by the film. Songwriter Ian Brown said "Three geezers who are skint and they put their money together to get equipment to go looking for gold...Then they all betray each other...That's what the song is about."

Fred C. Dobbs appears in the Looney Tunes short 8 Ball Bunny, delivering his signature phrase: "Say, pardon me, but could you help out a fellow American who's down on his luck?".

Blazing Saddles refers to the film with the (misquoted) line "We don't need no stinkin' badges!" UHF misquotes the same line as: "I don't need no stinkin' badgers!".

The Fallout: New Vegas expansion pack Dead Money was inspired by the film. The expansion takes place in the Sierra Madre Casino, a pre-war casino which supposedly has a fortune in gold hidden in its vaults. It's stated that many wasteland prospectors died looking for the treasure. At the end of the expansion, the player finds the gold but is forced to leave almost all of it behind, as it's too heavy to carry while they escape.

In "Troop Beverly Hills", the Wilderness Girls reject getting awards patches with this (misquoted) line from one of their Hispanic leaders; "We don't need no stinking patches".

References

Bibliography

External links

 Literature on The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
 The Treasure of the Sierra Madre on Lux Radio Theater: April 18, 1949

1948 films
1940s adventure drama films
1948 Western (genre) films
American adventure drama films
American black-and-white films
American Western (genre) films
Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
1940s English-language films
Films about capital punishment
Films based on German novels
Films based on works by B. Traven
Films directed by John Huston
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Henry Blanke
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films set in 1925
Films set in Mexico
Films shot in Mexico
Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award
Films with screenplays by John Huston
Films about mining
Contemporary Western films
Spanish-language American films
Films about treasure hunting
United States National Film Registry films
Warner Bros. films
1948 drama films
1940s American films

The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)


Ragged schools were free schools for poor children's education in nineteenth-century Britain. The London Ragged Schools Union was established in April 1844. They gave free education, food, clothes and other services. The classes were sometimes held in stables, lofts and railway arches. Most teachers were volunteers but there were some who were paid. About 300,000 children went to London ragged schools between 1844 and 1881.

The context
There was no legal structure which supported primary education in England until the second half of the 19th century. There were, however, Church of England schools.

Parliament did not lay down rules for education until 1870, the year of Forster's Education Act (Elementary Education Act of 1870). The Elementary Education Act 1880 (the Mundella Act) made school boards  enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years. Attendance officers might visit the homes of absent (truant) children. Children who were employed needed a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard. Employers of these children who could not show this were penalised.

The 1891 Elementary Education Act provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per head. This made primary education free. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11.

References

19th century in England
Education in England

Ragged school