The inferior olivary nucleus (ION), is a structure found in the medulla oblongata underneath the superior olivary nucleus. In vertebrates, the ION is known to coordinate signals from the spinal cord to the cerebellum to regulate motor coordination and learning. These connections have been shown to be tightly associated, as degeneration of either the cerebellum or the ION results in degeneration of the other.

Neurons of the ION are glutamatergic and receive inhibitory input via GABA receptors. There are two distinct GABAα receptor populations that are spatially organized within each neuron present in the ION. The GABAα receptor make-up varies based on where the receptor localizes on the ION neuron. The reason for this spatial distribution is unknown. It has been proposed that the distinct populations of GABAα receptors allows for fine-tuned regulation within the ION.

Structure
The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) has a distinct laminar structure. It is located posterior to the pyramid but anterior to the inferior cerebellar peduncle. These lamina house the cell bodies of the olivocerebellar fibers. These neurons are the major input source for the cerebellum. Their axons are referred to as climbing fibers. These climbing fibers leave the ION medially through the hilum, cross the midline, and ascend into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The target for each climbing fiber is a specific neuron in the cerebellum referred to as a Purkinje Cell. During development, there are multiple climbing fibers on a purkinje cell, however these are pruned off during postnatal development, thus leaving a mature purkinje cell with a single climbing fiber.

There are three major components of the IO.
 Primary olivary nucleus (PO) – This is the major laminar structure, and its distinct folds can be seen clearly.
 The PO receives signals from other components of the brainstem, such as the red nucleus and the N. Darkschewitsch. The PO also receives signals from the cerebral cortex.
 The PO targets the intermediate cerebellum as well as the cerebellar hemispheres.
 Medial accessory olivary nucleus (MAO) – This nucleus is between the PO and the pyramids. It is visualized as a curved lamina.
 The MAO receives signals from the tectum and the pretectum.
 Climbing fibers from the MAO synapse with the vermis, the flocculus, and the cerebellar hemispheres
 Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus (DAO) – This nucleus also is a curved lamina. It is the smallest nucleus in the IO and is behind the PO.
 The DAO receives signals from the spinal cord and the dorsal column nuclei.
 The DAO synapses with vermis.

Function

Motor coordination and learning
Patient studies revealed the connection between the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) and the cerebellum. Lesions in the ION impair the ability to learn higher level motility, such as performing a perfect jumpshot. Further investigation of the neuroanatomy confirmed the intimate connection between the IO and the cerebellum in motor coordination and learning.

The IO sends signals to the cerebellum based on information sent from the spino-olivary tract. Regulation following this point is highly debated. The original hypothesis as to how the IO influenced the cerebellum involved long term depression (LTD). In this scenario, deep cerebellar nuclei send GABA projection to inhibit ION.
More recent studies suggest that encoding the timing of sensory input is the key component of these connections. The ION sends signals through different cell clusters. These signals vary in location and in frequency bundles and appear inconsistent. However, the temporal pattern of these signals is consistent. Therefore, ongoing research on motor learning is investigating how these timed signals develop and their role in motor learning.

Steroidogenesis
The inferior olivary nucleus (ION) expresses key enzymes involved in steroidogenesis required for neuroprotection and maintenance. The most crucial of these enzymes is aromatase, which is the enzyme that is necessary for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol. Without aromatase, the ION is unable to make estradiol, and cannot recover from injury properly.

Clinical significance
Because the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) is tightly associated with the cerebellum, lesions in either the IO or the cerebellum results in degeneration in the other. There is little known about damage to the inferior olivary nucleus (IO) independent from the cerebellum. To date, the only known disorder which specifically targets the ION is an extremely rare form of degeneration called hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD).

Although the ION is not often investigated on its own, degeneration in the ION has been identified in disorders that are typically associated with the cerebellum. These disorders include supranuclear palsy, Leigh disease, and SCA6, and there are several more. These disorders all involve motor coordination.  Dysfunction of the ION is also been believed to play a central role in the etiology of essential tremor based, though that convention is not universally accepted.

Additional images

References

External links

Medulla oblongata

Inferior olivary nucleus


Waddesdon Manor is a country house in the village of Waddesdon, in Buckinghamshire, England. Owned by the National Trust and managed by the Rothschild Foundation, it is one of the National Trust's most visited properties, with over 463,000 visitors in 2019.

The Grade I listed house was built in a mostly Neo-Renaissance style, copying individual features of several French châteaux, between 1874 and 1889 for Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild (1839–1898) as a weekend residence for entertaining and to house his collection of arts and antiquities. As the manor and estate have passed through three generations of the Rothschild family, the contents of the house have expanded to become one of the most rare and valuable collections in the world. In 1957, James de Rothschild bequeathed the house and its contents to the National Trust, opening the house and gardens for the benefit of the general public. Unusually for a National Trust property, the family of James Rothschild, the donor, manage the house. The Rothschild Foundation, chaired by Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, acts as custodian and continues to invest in the property.

History

1874–1898

In 1874, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bought the Waddesdon agricultural estate from the Duke of Marlborough with money inherited from his father Anselm. Rothschild was familiar with the estate from fox hunting in the locality. At the time of purchase, the estate had no house, park or garden. The site of the future Manor House was a bare hill. Known as Lodge Hill, it had been stripped of its timber by the impoverished Duke of Marlborough prior to the sale. Over the following three years, the summit of the hill was levelled; eventually, on 18 August 1877, the foundation stone was laid.

The first house party was held in May 1880 with seven of Rothschild's close male friends enjoying a fireworks display. When, finally, the main house was ready in 1883, Rothschild invited 20 guests to stay. Before his premature death in 1898, on weekends between May and September Rothschild was host to many important guests including the future king Edward VII. House parties usually involved 14 to 20 guests.

Guests commented on the level of luxury service provided by the 24 house staff. In 1890, Queen Victoria unusually requested to pay a visit. She was impressed with the beauty of the house and grounds as well as Rothschild's ability to quietly manage the day's events. She was struck by the newly installed electric lights designed to look like candles in the chandeliers, and it is reported that she asked for the room to be darkened to fully witness the effect.

1898–1957

When Baron Ferdinand died in 1898, the house passed to his sister Alice de Rothschild. She saw Waddesdon as a memorial for her brother and was committed to preserving it. She did add significant items to the collection, particularly furniture and carpets with French royal provenances, Meissen porcelain, textiles and armor.

Following Alice de Rothschild's death in 1922, the property and collections passed to her French great-nephew James A. "Jimmy" de Rothschild, who was married to an English woman, Dorothy Pinto. James further enriched the Manor with objects from the collections of his late father Baron Edmond James de Rothschild of Paris.

James and Dorothy hosted a Liberal Party rally at Waddesdon in 1928, where David Lloyd George addressed the crowd. During World War II, children under the age of five were evacuated from Croydon and lived at Waddesdon Manor, the only time children lived in the house. James and Dorothy also provided asylum for a group of Jewish boys from Frankfurt at Waddesdon.

1957–1997

When James de Rothschild died in 1957, he bequeathed Waddesdon Manor,  of grounds and its contents to the National Trust, to be preserved for posterity. Dorothy moved to nearby Eythrope and the Manor was never again used as a residence. It opened to the public in 1959, with around 27,000 visitors in the first year. Dorothy chaired the new management committee in close collaboration with the National Trust and took a very keen interest in Waddesdon for the remainder of her long life.

At Dorothy's death, in 1989, her nephew Jacob Rothschild inherited her position and responsibilities. At his initiative, the Manor underwent a major restoration from 1990 to 1997, and the visitor attractions were enhanced, including the creation of the Waddesdon Wine Cellars.

1997–2019
Jacob Rothschild chairs the family charity handling Waddesdon's management, the Rothschild Foundation. Waddesdon Manor operates as an independent organisation within the National Trust.

From 2004 to 2006, the Baron's Room and Green Boudoir were restored to reflect Baron Ferdinand's original arrangements. In 2003 a burglary was committed involving the Johnson Gang, when approximately 100 gold snuff boxes and other items were stolen from the collection prompting the installation of new security measures. In 2021 one small sweet-box from this theft was identified at auction and returned to Waddesdon.

Since 2004, there has been an exhibitions programme. Notable exhibitions include the Lod Mosaic in 2014. Waddesdon was one venue celebrating the work of Henry Moore in 2015 and Eliot Hodgkin in 2019.

New works of art have been acquired by the Rothschild Foundation to complement the existing collections at Waddesdon, such as Le Faiseur de Châteaux de Cartes by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, added in 2007.

There has also been a programme of engagement with contemporary artists, beginning with Angus Fairhurst represented by Arnolfini in 2009. Works have been sited near the Manor and on the wider estate including by Richard Long, Sarah Lucas. In 2012, Christie's chose the Manor to exhibit sculptures by leading contemporary artists.

Between 2013 and 2017, Bruce Munro had a residency at Waddesdon Manor, beginning with the musical and light piece Cantus Arcticus in the Coach House Gallery in 2013. Winter Light (2013), with its distinctive wigwam type structures sited in the gardens of the Manor, was Munro's first solo exhibition of his large-scale pieces; Winter Light returned in 2016–2017. In 2014, Munro developed his pod-like structures, adding elements of language in Snow Code, shown in the Manor. In ...---...SOS, Munro's winter exhibition of 2015–2016, tents were lit up in tune with sound, in response to images of disaster relief.

In 2012, Edmund de Waal exhibited work in the Manor, creating a dialogue between his work and the historical interiors. In 2015, artist Joana Vasconcelos was commissioned to install two sculptures entitled Lafite in front of the Manor. In 2016, Kate Malone exhibited a collection of new work inspired by the people, gardens, collections, and archive. Two portrait pots of Baron Ferdinand and Alice de Rothschild by Malone remain on display at the Manor.

Architecture
Prior to the construction of Waddesdon Manor, no house existed on the site. Ferdinand de Rothschild wanted a house in the style of the great Renaissance châteaux of the Loire Valley. Ferdinand chose as his architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur. Destailleur was already experienced in working in this style, having overseen the restoration of many châteaux in that region, in particular that of the Château de Mouchy.

Through Destailleur's vision, Waddesdon embodied an eclectic style based on the châteaux so admired by his patron, Baron Ferdinand. The towers at Waddesdon were based on those of the Château de Maintenon, and the twin staircase towers, on the north facade, were inspired by the staircase tower at the Château de Chambord. However, following the theme of unparalleled luxury at Waddesdon, the windows of the towers at Waddesdon were glazed, unlike those of the staircase at Chambord. They are also far more ornate.

The structural design of Waddesdon was not entirely retrospective. Hidden from view were the most modern innovations of the late 19th century including a steel frame, which took the strain of walls on the upper floors, and which consequently permitted the layout of these floors to differ completely from the lower floors. The house also had hot and cold running water in its bathrooms, central heating, and an electric bell system to summon the numerous servants. The building contractor was Edward Conder & Son.

After the Manor was completed in 1883, Ferdinand quickly decided it was too small, as his architect had prophesied. The Bachelors' Wing to the east was extended after 1885 and the Morning Room, built in late-Gothic style, was added to the west after 1888. The stables to the west of the Manor were built in 1884. Ferdinand and his stud groom devised the plan, working with Conder. Destailleur designed the façades in a French 17th-century style.

Wine Cellars

The Wine Cellars in the Manor were created during the Centenary Restoration and opened in 1994. They are modelled on the private cellars at Château Lafite Rothschild. More than 15,000 bottles are stored in the Cellars, some 150 years old, the majority from the Château Lafite Rothschild and Château Mouton Rothschild estates. It is the largest private collection of Rothschild wines in the world. There are also wine labels designed by artists such as Salvador Dalí and Andy Warhol.

Collections

Once his château was complete, Baron Ferdinand installed his extensive collections of English 18th-century portraits by artists like Gainsborough and Reynolds, as well as French 18th-century boiseries, Savonnerie carpets, Gobelins and Beauvais tapestries, furniture, Sèvres ceramics, books, Dutch paintings and Renaissance treasures.

Works were acquired for their exquisite quality and fine provenance, particularly those belonging to French royalty of the Ancien Régime. One of the highlights of the collection is the extraordinary musical automaton elephant, dating from 1774 and made by the French clockmaker H Martinet.

Of the ten surviving examples of the Sèvres pot-pourri vase in the shape of a ship from the 1760s, three are at Waddesdon, including one with a very rare scene of a battle connected to the Seven Years' War.

In the 1890s, Baron Ferdinand focused on the Renaissance collection for his small museum in the New Smoking Room. This collection was bequeathed to the British Museum and is now known as the Waddesdon Bequest.

The interior of Waddesdon Manor was photographed in 1897 for Baron Ferdinand's privately published The Red Book.

Subsequent members of the family added noted collections of paintings, Limoges enamel, arms and armour, maiolica, manuscripts, prints and drawings.

Waddesdon's internationally famous collection has thus been formed principally by four members of the Rothschild family: Baron Ferdinand (1839–1898), his sister Alice de Rothschild (1847–1922), their cousin Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934) and the present Lord Jacob Rothschild (b. 1936).

Gardens
Baron Ferdinand wanted a garden to entertain his guests during his weekend house parties. To make the gardens, extensive landscaping of the hill was carried out, including leveling the top of the hill. The gardens and landscape park were laid out by the French landscape architect Elie Lainé. An attempt was made to transplant full-grown trees by chloroforming their roots, to limit the shock. While this novel idea was unsuccessful, many very large trees were successfully transplanted. Elaborate flower beds were planted, centred on the south Parterre. Several artificial rock formations were created by James Pulham, including to house mountain goats and llamas, part of Ferdinand's zoo.  Altogether, the creation of his garden cost £153,000, which (in terms of average wages then and in 2015) equates to £68.8 million.

After her brother's death Alice brought the care she had taken with her garden at Eythrope to Waddesdon. Alice was a keen gardener with a good understanding of flowers and plants; she would often walk around and weed the paths. With her head gardener, George Frederick Johnson who worked at Waddesdon from 1905 to 1954, Alice grew flowers for competition. Alice was responsible for introducing three-dimensional bedding in the shape of a bird, recreated in the gardens today.

Under James, the gardens were less impressive. The South Parterre was grassed over in the 1930s. It was replanted with flowers for the opening of the house under the National Trust in 1959.

As part of the 1990s restoration, Beth Rothschild led a team re-introducing Ferdinand's colour scheme of trees, shrubs and bedding plants. The carpet bedding is now designed on computer allowing the schemes to be quickly installed. The patterns change each year to reflect different themes.

The gardens are listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Garden trees
Though the trees are not of a great age there are many specimens of deciduous and coniferous trees that have now reached maturity creating the desired effect in the Waddesdon landscape. Some of these trees were planted in the 1870s and responsibility for this fell to William Barron whose job it was to transplant trees from the surrounding countryside to give the grounds of Waddesdon a sense of maturity, creating vistas and focal points under the instructions from Elie Lainé.

Deciduous trees were selected on their form, flowering and array of autumnal colour. Conifers were selected for their evergreen nature, cones and berries. Today many species such as chestnuts, limes and maples as well as yew, cedars and redwoods can be seen.

From Baron Ferdinand's time to today, distinguished visitors have been invited to plant memorial trees. Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, King George V and Queen Mary were early royal visitors. More recently, The Prince of Wales and Prime Ministers Sir John Major and Tony Blair have also planted trees.

Garden sculptures
Baron Ferdinand acquired many fine statues and fountains to add interest to the gardens. A notable feature is his love of 18th-century Italian pieces. The fountains to the north and south of the house include sculptures of Pluto, Proserpina, tritons and nereids originally made by Giuliano Mozani around 1720 for the Ducal Palace of Colorno. A bust of the muse Erato has been recently attributed to Filippo Parodi.

A fine example of French early 18th-century sculpture is sited near the Aviary: Apollo by Jean Raon, 1699, associated with a commission at Versailles. There are also Dutch vases in the style of Albert Jansz Vinckenbrinck and sculptures by Jan van Logteren, the latter were originally displayed at Aston Clinton House.

In 2001, Stephen Cox's tomb-like sculpture Interior Space: Terra degli Etruschi was installed at the end of the Baron's Walk. Inscribed on a nearby marble slab are the names of the Rothschilds who built and have cared for Waddesdon.

Aviary
Baron Ferdinand also created a cast-iron aviary, inspired by 18th-century pavilions at the Palace of Versailles and Château de Chantilly, as well as his childhood home at Grüneburg. It was completed in 1889. Like other members of his family, such as Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Ferdinand was also keen animal lover. He stocked the aviary with exotic birds and enjoyed feeding them for his guests.

The aviary's paint and gilding were restored in 2003 and it now houses endangered species with a focus on breeding programs. It is a registered zoo.

Estate
In Ferdinand's time, there was a large kitchen garden and extensive glass houses growing fruit and flowers, including Ferdinand's beloved orchids. They were near the Dairy Water garden which has elaborate rock formations by James Pulham. As part of the day's entertainments, Ferdinand's guests were taken to the ornamental Dairy to taste milk from cows who wore Meissen porcelain name tags.

In recent years, commissions to contemporary architects have occurred on the wider estate. Windmill Hill Archive (2011) was designed by Stephen Marshall. Flint House (2015) was designed by Skene Catling de la Peña. It won RIBA House of the Year in 2015.

In 2012, it was announced that Waddesdon Manor would be one of the sites for Jubilee Woodlands, designated by the Woodland Trust to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.

Film and television
Many films have been shot at Waddesdon Manor, including the Carry On film Don't Lose Your Head (1966); Never Say Never Again (1983); An Ideal Husband  (1999);  (2001), Ladies in Lavender (2004); Ripley Under Ground (2005); The Queen (2006); The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008); Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011); A Little Chaos (2014);  Victor Frankenstein (2015), Our Kind of Traitor (2016); and The Infiltrator (2016).

Waddesdon Manor has also been used as a location for a number of television programmes. These include Howards' Way (1985), Downton Abbey (2011), And Then There Were None (BBC One, 2015), The Crown (2016) and Endeavour.

Gallery

Notes

References
 Girouard, Mark, A Hundred Years at Waddesdon, published by Rothschild Waddesdon, 1998,
 Hall, Michael and John Bigelow Taylor, Waddesdon Manor: The Heritage of a Rothschild House (Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2002)
 Rothschild, Mrs. James de [Dorothy], The Rothschilds at Waddesdon Manor (Collins, 1979)
 Schwartz, Selma, "The Waddesdon Companion Guide", 3rd revised ed., (The Alice Trust, Waddesdon Manor, 2008) ISBN

Further reading

 Thornton, Dora (2015). A Rothschild Renaissance: The Waddesdon Bequest. London: British Museum Publications.

External links

 Waddesdon Manor YouTube channel
 Waddesdon Manor at the National Trust
Historical Images of Waddesdon Manor House, Gardens and Aviary
 Waddesdon Manor entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses
 Waddesdon Manor QuickTime Virtual Reality image of Waddesdon Manor's parterre

Art museums and galleries in Buckinghamshire
Country houses in Buckinghamshire
Châteauesque architecture
Downton Abbey
Former private collections in the United Kingdom
Gardens in Buckinghamshire
Grade I listed buildings in Buckinghamshire
Grade I listed houses
Grade I listed museum buildings
Grade I listed parks and gardens in Buckinghamshire
Historic house museums in Buckinghamshire
National Trust properties in Buckinghamshire
Renaissance Revival architecture in the United Kingdom
Rothschild family residences
Museum of the Year (UK) recipients

Waddesdon Manor


Eugene Cullen Kennedy (August 28, 1928 – June 3, 2015) was a psychologist, writer, columnist, and professor emeritus of Loyola University Chicago. Kennedy was a laicized Catholic priest and a long-time observer of the Catholic Church,  but his work spans many genres. He published over 50 books, including two biographies, three novels, and a play, as well as books on psychology, the Roman Catholic Church, and the relationship between psychology and religion. In the early 1970s, inspired by Vatican II, he emerged as a voice for reform and modernization of the Roman Catholic Church.

Early life and education

Eugene Cullen Kennedy was born in Syracuse, New York, on August 28, 1928, to second-generation Irish parents, James Donald Kennedy and Gertrude Veronica Cullen.  His father was an executive with the King Kullen Grocery Company, the family-owned supermarket chain founded by Kennedy's uncle, Michael J. Cullen, and his mother was a homemaker. During the 1980s, Kennedy became a consultant to King Kullen and a member of its board of directors, positions he held until his death.

Raised in Long Island, Kennedy graduated from Chaminade High School in Mineola, NY, in 1946, then entered the Maryknoll Seminary in Maryknoll, NY.  From that institution, Kennedy received a B.A. (1950), S.T.B (1953) and M.R.E. (1954). Following his ordination to the priesthood on June 11, 1955, he was instructor in psychology at the Maryknoll Seminary in Clarks Summit, PA, before beginning graduate studies in psychology at the Catholic University of America, where he obtained an MA (1958) and a PhD (1962).

Career

Kennedy was a licensed psychologist in Illinois, and professor of psychology and counselor at Maryknoll College, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, from 1960 until 1971. He was Professor of Psychology at Loyola University of Chicago from 1969 until his retirement in 1995, when he became Professor Emeritus. He was a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and served as President of Division 36 (1975-1976) where he led a resurgence of the phenomenologically based research into religion.

Kennedy first gained attention among Catholic readers in 1965 with the publication of his first book, The Genius of the Apostolate, which he co-authored with Paul D'Arcy M.M. In 1967, Kennedy published Fashion Me a People, which won the Catholic Book Award, an award he again won in 1968 for his third book, Comfort My People. During the 1970s, he published twenty-five books, including In the Spirit, In the Flesh (1971), The Return to Man (1973), Believing (1974), Living With Loneliness (1974), On Becoming a Counselor (1977), Sexual Counseling, St. Patrick's Day with Mayor Daley (1976) and Himself (1978), his biography of Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago, which won both the Thomas More Medal for "the most distinguished contribution to Catholic Literature in 1978" as well as the Carl Sandburg Award (1978) for the best non-fiction by a Chicago author.

His On Becoming a Counselor has been described as "an unusually helpful, well-conceived guide" for non-professional counselors – those persons such as teachers, lawyers, ministers, nurses, priests and others – who may have to do counseling as part of their professional work.

During the 1980s, Kennedy co-authored Defendant with his wife, Sara Charles.  He also published three novels: Father's Day (1981), which was awarded the Carl Sandburg Award for the best fiction by a Chicago author in 1980–1981; Queen Bee (1984); and Fixes (1989).  He also wrote a one-man play, I Would Be Called John, based on the life of Pope John XXIII, which became a PBS special featuring Charles Durning.

During the 1990s and into the new century, Kennedy, continued to publish, including a biography of Joseph Cardinal Bernardin,This Man Bernardin (1996),and reflections on his relationship with the Cardinal in My Brother Joseph (1997).  Kennedy also published Authority (with Sara Charles)(1997), The Unhealed Wound (2001), and his last book, Believing (2013), which won a Catholic Book Award First Prize from the Catholic Press Association. At the time of his death, Kennedy was working with Sara Charles on the 4th edition of On Becoming a Counselor.

In addition to publishing a number of books, Kennedy also wrote articles and opinion pieces in numerous publications and newsletters, as well as columns for the Chicago Tribune, Religious News Service and the  National Catholic Reporter's "Bulletins from the Human Side. He was awarded the Wilber Award in 1987 by the Religious Public Relations Council for his New York Times Magazine article, "A Dissenting Voice."

Throughout his career, Kennedy was a frequent TV commentator on politics and religion and lectured widely. His final lecture was given on Maryknoll Alumni Day, celebrating the 100th anniversary of Maryknoll, on September 16, 2011.

Personal
Kennedy left the priesthood in 1977 and married Sara Charles M.D. They had homes in Chicago and Michigan.

Kennedy died at Lakeland Hospital, St. Joseph, Michigan, of heart failure. His funeral Mass was celebrated in Old St. Patrick's Church in Chicago and he is buried in Resurrection Cemetery in St. Joseph, Michigan.

Works

General non-fiction

 The Genius of the Apostolate. with Paul F. D'Arcy. New York:  Sheed and Ward, 1965
 Fashion Me a People: Man, Woman and the Church. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967
 Comfort My People: The Pastoral Presence of the Church. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1968
 The People are the Church. 1969
 A Time for Love.1970
 The Catholic Priest in the United States: psychological investigations, with Víctor J. Heckler. Washington D.C.: United States Catholic Conference, 1972.
 What A Modern Catholic Thinks About Sex. 1971
 In the Spirit, In the Flesh. 1971
 The New Sexuality. 1972
 The Pain of Being Human. 1972
 What A Modern Catholic Thinks About Marriage. 1972
 Living with Loneliness. 1973
 The Heart of Loving. 1973
 Return to Man. 1973
 The Joy of Being Human. 1974
 Believing. 1974
 Living with Everyday Problems. 1974
 A Contemporary Meditation on Prayer. 1975
 If You Real/y Knew Me, Would You Still Like Me? 1975
 A Sense of Life, A Sense of Sin. 1975
 Human Rights and Psychological Research. ed., 1975
 What a Modern Catholic Thinks About Sex and Marriage. 1975
 The Trouble Book. 1976
 St. Patrick's Day with Mayor Daley. 1976
 A Time for Being Human. 1977
 On Becoming a Counselor. 1977
 Sexual Counseling. 1977
 Free To Be Human. 1979
 The Choice to Be Human. 1981
 On Being a Friend. 1982
 Loneliness and Everyday Problems. 1983
 Crisis Counseling. 1984
 Defendant: A Psychiatrist on Trial for Medical Malpractice. (with Sara Charles) 1985
 The Now and Future Church. 1985
 Reimagining American Catholicism: The American Bishops and Their Pastoral Letters. 1985
 The Trouble with Being Human. 1986
 A Time for Being Human. 1987
 Tomorrow's Catholics, Yesterday's Church. 1988
 On Becoming a Counselor - 2nd edition. 1990
 Authority: The Most Misunderstood Idea in America. (with Sara Charles) 1997
 On Becoming a Counselor- 3rd edition. (with Sara Charles) 2001
 The Unhealed Wound: The Church and Human Sexuality. 2001
 Joseph Campbell: Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor (editor). 2001
 9-11: Meditations at the Center of the World. 2002
 Would You Like to Be a Catholic? 2003
 Blogging Toward Bethlehem. 2007
 Believing. 2013

Fiction

 Father's Day. 1981 (Doubleday/Pocket)
 Queen Bee. 1982 (Doubleday)
 Fixes. 1989 (Doubleday)

Biography

 Himself. 1978 (Viking)
 Cardinal Bernardin. 1989
 This Man Bernardin. 1996
 My Brother Joseph. 1997
 Bernardin: Life to the Full. 1997
 Cardinal Bernardin's Stations of the Cross. 2003

Plays

  I Would Be Called John. 1986 (PBS)

References

External links

 Eugene Kennedy Quotes
 Maryknoll Alumni Day

American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Loyola University Chicago faculty
1928 births
2015 deaths
American columnists
Maryknoll Seminary alumni
American people of Irish descent
Catholic University of America alumni
Laicized Roman Catholic priests

Eugene Kennedy


The Shaggy Dog is a 2006 American science fantasy family comedy film directed by Brian Robbins and written by The Wibberleys, Geoff Rodkey, Jack Amiel, and Michael Begler. It is the fifth overall installment of the titular franchise, and is a reboot of the 1959 film of the same name and its 1976 sequel The Shaggy D.A., both of which were loosely based on the 1923 novel The Hound of Florence by Felix Salten. The original film had a character named Wilby Daniels transforming into an Old English Sheepdog after putting on a magic ring, whereas the remake presents a character named Dave Douglas transforming into a Bearded Collie after getting bitten by a sacred dog. It stars Tim Allen, Robert Downey Jr., Kristin Davis, Danny Glover, Spencer Breslin, Jane Curtin, Zena Grey and Philip Baker Hall.

The Shaggy Dog was released on March 10, 2006, by Walt Disney Pictures. It received negative reviews from both critics and audiences alike, and grossed $87 million against its $50 million budget, becoming a box office flop.

Plot
Dave Douglas is a deputy district attorney in Los Angeles County who is prosecuting social studies teacher and activist Justin Forrester for firebombing the pharmaceutical corporation Grant and Strictland. Forrester denies this, but claims that Grant and Strictland have been engaging in illegal animal experimentation. This distances Dave from his daughter Carly, one of Forrester's students. As Dave is also a workaholic, his relationships with his wife Rebecca and son Josh are strained.

The greedy geneticists working for Mr. Lance Strictland, led by Dr. Kozak, have stolen a 300-year-old sacred dog named Khyi Yang Po (a Bearded Collie) from a Tibetan monastery. The scientists determine that Khyi Yang Po's genetic sequence, when isolated and put into a vaccination, invades and alters the cells and DNA of a victim.

Carly brings Khyi Yang Po, who she calls 'Shaggy', home. When Dave returns from work, he takes Khyi Yang Po out in the garage, then the dog runs to get the newspaper. Khyi Yang Po gives him his newspaper, and Dave reaches for it, only to be bitten on the hand by Khyi Yang Po. Khyi Yang Po's saliva and cells infect Dave and is taken to be tested for rabies and the tests came back negative. Over the next few days, Dave realizes that he uncontrollably transforms into a sheep dog exactly like Khyi Yang Po when prompted by distractions and activities typical of a dog, such as a stick thrown through the air and chasing cats. These transformations can be reversed by sleeping, but Dave's human absence from his family further strains his relationships. During this time, his family, unaware of Dave's condition, continue housing Dave as a dog, thinking it's Khyi Yang Po. Dave slowly learns just how little he understands his kids and wife and resolves to make amends.

In the ongoing trial, Forrester testifies seeing the animals behaving like dogs and the presence of a bearded collie he identifies as a giant sheepdog, which sparks Dave's suspicions about Grant and Strictland. When his dog-like behavior annoys the judge, Dave is removed from the case. Seeking answers to his transformation, Dave heads to Grant and Strictland. He has a homeless man help him transform so that he may sneak in through a vent. Hidden in the laboratory, Dave witnesses Dr. Kozak injecting company president Lance Strictland with a drug that will paralyze him for several months, giving Kozak enough time to usurp control of the company. After viewing security cameras, Kozak and his minions realize that Dave is capable of transforming into a copy of Khyi Yang Po.

When Dave returns home, still in his canine form, he overhears a conversation between Carly and Josh that he and Rebecca may be splitting up. After hearing this, Dave then knocks over a Scrabble game and uses the letters to reveal his identity to his kids. But when Dave gets out of the house, he is tased by Kozak's minions. His kids attempt to save him, but end up picking up the real Khyi Yang Po instead and rush to their mom at work to report recent events.

Dave is taken to the laboratory to be euthanized, but Kozak has a court summons, and must deal with Dave later. Right before he exits, Kozak mocks Dave in canine form and an enraged Dave bites him in response. The other mutated animals in the laboratory tell Dave to meditate to reverse his transformation. Dave succeeds in returning to human form, and is able to escape with all of the other animals. He drives to the courthouse and calls his wife to ready a change of clothes for him at the courthouse, but is forced to abandon the car with the animals when they get stuck in traffic. Dave runs on all fours to trigger his transformation to get to the courthouse in time. At the courthouse entrance, his attempts to tell his wife that he loves her allows him to transform back.

In the courtroom, Dave calls Kozak back to the stand and tries to get him to admit what he has done, but Kozak manages to hide his secret. Thinking quickly, he mocks Kozak by implying he was working under Strictland's shadow, and angers him. The two begin growling at each other, and the judge, exasperated by Dave's canine behavior, orders the bailiff to remove him. Dave grabs the baliff's baton and tells Kozak to fetch, triggering a partial transformation in him and thus implicating him of illegal and unethical experimentation. The pharmaceutical company is returned to Strictland, the mutant animals enter protective custody, and Dave finally makes amends with his family.

An epilogue shows the family vacationing in Hawaii with Khyi Yang Po. Josh tells his dad to fetch a frisbee he just tossed, and Dave catches it with his mouth.

Cast
 Tim Allen as David "Dave" Douglas / The Shaggy Dog
 Robert Downey Jr. as Dr. Kozak
 Kristin Davis as Rebecca Douglas
 Danny Glover as Kenneth "Ken" Hollister
 Philip Baker Hall as Dr. Lance Strictland
 Zena Grey as Carly Douglas
 Spencer Breslin as Joshua "Josh" Douglas
 Joshua Leonard as Justin Forrester
 Bess Wohl as Dr. Gwen Lichtman
 Jordyn Colemon as Tracy
 Jarrad Paul as Larry
 Jane Curtin as Judge Claire Whittaker
 Rhea Seehorn as Lori
 Shawn Pyfrom as Trey
 Cole as Khyi Yang Po/The Shaggy Dog
 Martin Sru as Bin Bag
 Joel Moore as a dog pound employee
 Crystal the Monkey as Monkey
 Jane Hajduk as a news reporter
 Adam Hicks as a quarterback

Release
The film was released in the United States on March 10, 2006. To tie-in with the theatrical release of the remake, the original 1959 film was re-issued in the United States as a special DVD labeled "The Wild & Woolly Edition", which featured the film in two forms: one in the original black and white, the other a colorized version. The colorized version, however, is not restored and suffers from age. In the UK, the 1959 film has only ever been made available on DVD in black and white.

Reception

Box office
The Shaggy Dog grossed $61.1 million in the United States $26 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $87.1 million, against its budget of $60 million.

In its opening weekend the film made $16.3 million, finishing second at the box office behind Failure to Launch ($24.4 million).

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 26% based on 105 reviews and an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "This Disney retread has neither inspiration nor originality, but may please moviegoers under the age of ten". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

BBC called Allen uninteresting and said he "only stops short of leg-humping in his attempts to win our affections". At the Razzie Awards, the film earned three nominations, Worst Actor for Tim Allen, Worst Remake or Rip-Off and Worst Excuse for Family Entertainment, but failed to "win" any of those categories. Variety Chief Film Critic Justin Chang noted that "its occasional lump-in-the-throat moments are almost effortlessly achieved, thanks to strong work from [Kristin] Davis and Spencer Breslin in particular".

Soundtrack
The soundtrack to The Shaggy Dog was released on March 14, 2006. The entire score is by Alan Menken.

 "Big Dog" - 3:38
 "Man's Best Friend" - 3:06
 "Atomic Dog" - 4:43
 "Every Dog Has Its Day" - 2:52
 "Somethin' About You" - 3:18
 "Woof! There It Is" - 3:02
 "It's A Dog" - 2:40
 "Tibet" - 2:33
 "First Signs" - 3:00
 "Transformation" - 4:04
 "Magic Lab" - 2:19
 "Breaking Through" - 2:50
 "Kozak Gets A Tail" - 2:34
 "Meditation" - 1:06
 "Escaping the Lab" - 4:42
 "To The Rescue" - 4:54
 "Family Time" - 1:20

Home media
The film was released on DVD on August 1, 2006.

See also
 Felix Salten, the author of the 1923 novel The Hound of Florence, the source material for the 1959 film
 The Shaggy Dog, the original 1959 theatrical film
 The Shaggy D.A., the 1976 theatrical sequel
 The Return of the Shaggy Dog, the 1987 television sequel
 The Shaggy Dog, the 1994 television film and the first remake of the 1959 film
 Nine Lives, a 2016 family comedy film with a similar premise

References

External links

2006 films
2006 comedy films
2006 fantasy films
2000s American films
2000s children's comedy films
2000s children's fantasy films
2000s English-language films
2000s fantasy comedy films
American children's comedy films
American children's fantasy films
American fantasy comedy films
Disney film remakes
Films about dogs
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about lawyers
Films about shapeshifting
Films based on adaptations
Films based on multiple works of a series
Films directed by Brian Robbins
Films produced by David Hoberman
Films scored by Alan Menken
Films set in Los Angeles County, California
Mandeville Films films
Remakes of American films
The Shaggy Dog films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Cormac and Marianne Wibberley

The Shaggy Dog (2006 film)


Girolamo Crescentini (Urbania, 2 February 1762 – Naples 24 April 1846) was a noted Italian soprano castrato, singing teacher, and composer.

Biography

He studied in Bologna with the noted teacher Lorenzo Gibelli and made his debut in 1783, quite advanced in years as a castrato. After an unlucky stay in London in 1785, where he did not win much approbation, on his getting back to Italy, he took part in Naples, very successfully, to a revival of  Guglielmi's opera Enea e Lavinia, together with the already famous tenor Giacomo Davide, who shared Crescentini's artistic inclinations.  Thenceforwards, his career made more and more headway, reaching the apex in the nineties, and specially in 1796, when he created two roles which would remain in repertoire for some decades  and  then  famous until present times, in either case by his quasi-pupil Giuseppina Grassini's side. For him, indeed, Nicola Zingarelli wrote the part of Romeo in his opera Giulietta e Romeo, staged at Milan's La Scala on 30 January, while Domenico Cimarosa composed the role of Curiazio in Gli Orazi e i Curiazi, staged instead in northern Italy's second greater theatre, Venice's La Fenice, on 26 December. For Zingarelli's opera, Crescentini composed himself an aria, "Ombra adorata aspetta", which would remain famous as "la Preghiera di Romeo" (Romeo's Prayer), and which was a greatest enduring success for the singer and a permanent painful grievance for the composer, who referred to it as "my opera's misfortune" because of its lack of "common sense". After spending four years in Lisbon, starting from 1797, as the director of the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, he got back to Italy and, after a sensational  execution in Vienna  of Romeo's Prayer, out of which he was granted a crown on stage, Napoleon conferred upon him the Order of the Iron Crown of Lombardy and appointed him singing teacher of the Imperial Family. This new charge drove Crescentini to Paris from 1806 to 1812, when he finally got the leave to settle in his fatherland back again and was eventually free to retire from the stage. From 1814 he devoted himself to the teaching of singing at Bologna's Liceo Musicale, whose direction he was entrusted in 1817, then also in Rome, and eventually at Naples's Real Collegio di Musica, where he had, among his pupils, Isabella Colbran and Raffaele Mirate. In 1811 he had already published a didactic essay with the title "Esercizi per la vocalizzazione".

Artistic features

With Pacchiariotti, Marchesi and with the extreme offshoot of Velluti, Crescentini led castrati's last charge:  he was called, for his singing's prodigies, the "Italian Orpheus", and for his great, theoretical too, competence in this art, the "Nestor of the musici". Decidedly unimposing on the stage (like Pacchiarotti), he was endowed with a clear, pliant and pure voice which won him the admiration of such personages as Alfred de Vigny, who, in his story "La vie e la mort du Capitaine Renaud ou La canne de jonc", wrote of "a seraph's voice which sprang from an emaciated and wrinkled face",  or as the seventeen-year-old  Arthur Schopenhauer who, in his turn,  entered  in his diary a voice that was  "beautiful in a supernatural way" and provided with a full and sweet timbre.  Crescentini, who was not an exceedingly wide-ranged sopranista, always shunned the rush towards the highest notes which the C7 whistled by his contemporary La Bastardella was the living representation of,  and shunned as well eagerness for immoderate singing ornamentation in all the cases where it was not actually necessary to the expression of those "infinitely minute nuances which form the secret of Crescentini's unique perfection in his interpretation of [an] aria; furthermore all this infinitely minute material is itself in a perpetual state of transformation, constantly responding to variations in the physical condition of the singer's voice, or to changes in intensity of the exaltation and ecstasy by which he may happen to be inspired". Which would make any performance unfailingly different from the preceding one and from the following, too.

As the champion of the true "cantar che nell'anima si sente" Crescentini headed the revenge of the belcanto of yore on the late 18th century's singing fashion and contributed, together with Pacchiarotti, Grassini, Luísa Todi de Agujar,  the tenor Giacomo David, and few others, to lay the bases for the splendours of Rossini grand finale of two centuries' history of operatic singing.

Something of his concept of singing, as he had expressed it in the mentioned "Esercizi per la vocalizzazione", is likely to have passed as well in the vocal style of Bellini operas.

Sources
 Barbier, Patrick. The World of the Castrati: The History of an Extraordinary Operatic Phenomenon. Trans. Margaret Crosland. Suffolk: Souvenir Press, 1996.
 Caruselli, Salvatore (ed), Grande enciclopedia della musica lirica, Longanesi &C. Periodici S.p.A., vol 4, Roma, I, ad nomen
 Celletti, Rodolfo, Storia del belcanto, Discanto Edizioni, Fiesole, 1983, passim
 Richard Somerset-Ward. Angels and Monsters. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
 Sadie, Stanley (ed), The new Grove Dictionary of Opera, Oxford University Press, 1992, vol 4, ad nomen
 This article contains substantial material translated from Girolamo Crescentini in the Italian Wikipedia

Notes

External links

1766 births
1846 deaths
Castrati
People from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino
18th-century Italian male opera singers
19th-century Italian male opera singers

Girolamo Crescentini


The Georgia Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in the U.S. state of Georgia and one of the two major political parties and the current favored party in the state and is currently chaired by David Shafer.

Current structure
David Shafer is the current state chairman. Stewart Bragg is the executive director. Jason Thompson serves as Republican National Committeeman representing Georgia. Thompson was reelected in June 2020 to a four-year term after being first elected in 2018 to fill the term of Randy Evans, who was appointed ambassador to Luxembourg by President Donald Trump. Ginger Howard was first elected at the 2016 State Convention as the current RNC Committeewoman and was reelected in June 2020 to a second term.  Republicans hold every statewide, elected constitutional office in Georgia, as well as majorities in both the State House and the State Senate. Former senators Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue were defeated in the 2020-21 United States Senate election in Georgia and the 2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia respectively, and Republicans hold 9 out of 14 of Georgia's seats in the U.S. House of Representatives.

The Republican National Committee (RNC) handles the national party day-to-day operations. Campaigns, events, and other party related activities are handled by the RNC. Ronna McDaniel is the current chairman of RNC. The chairman of the RNC is chosen by the president when the Republicans have the White House or otherwise by the party's state committees. There has never been a chairman from Georgia. The RNC, under the direction of the party's presidential candidate, supervises the Republican National Convention, raises funds, and coordinates campaign strategy. On the local level there are similar state committees in every state and most large cities, counties and legislative districts, but they have far less money and influence than the national body.

History

Reconstruction and Jim Crow
Foster Blodgett, the chair of the party, opposed the removal of John Pope as governor of the Third Military District stating that "Reconstruction is now on a pivot" and that without action "the South would be forever lost to the Democrats".

Rufus Bullock received the Republican gubernatorial nomination from the delegates of the constitutional convention rather than a party convention. Bullock was elected governor. Support for the Republicans came from the 44% of the state's population that was African American, along with whites from the mountainous north. Bullock was the first Republican governor of Georgia, but he was threatened with impeachment and fled the state in 1871, leaving the governorship to Benjamin Conley, the president of the Georgia Senate. (In modern times the lieutenant governor is the next in line if the governor cannot serve, but the role of lieutenant governor had not yet been created by that time.) Conley, the second Republican governor of the state, only lasted 72 days: the legislature quickly called a special election, and Conley was succeeded by a Democrat, James Milton Smith, resulting in the end of Reconstruction in Georgia.

On September 3, 1868, the Georgia House of Representatives voted to expel all twenty-five black members and the Georgia State Senate expelled its three black members days later. Congress refused to seat Georgia's delegation in 1869, and ordered new state legislative elections for December 1870, that the Republicans lost.

After 1882, the Republican Party did not offer a full slate of candidates in Georgia (gubernatorial nor otherwise), cementing Democratic one-party rule in the state. By the turn of the 20th century, the party had developed a reputation among white Georgians as a "Negro party" led by corrupt whites and plagued by local infighting. Black Georgians who could register to vote tended to vote for Republicans, who remained a minority in the General Assembly throughout the Jim Crow era. After the resignation of W. H. Rogers of McIntosh County in 1907 and the full disenfranchisement of African-Americans was completed in 1908, only white legislators could be elected by black voters.

Republicans were absent from the State House in 1899–1902, 1909–1910, and 1931–1934, and from the State Senate in 1879–1880, 1883–1886, 1891–1894, 1905–1910, 1917–1920, 1923–1924, 1929–1930 and 1951–1952, with many of these periods resulting in no opposition of any kind to Democratic legislators. Most Republican representation in the General Assembly from the end of Reconstruction to the beginning of the Civil Rights era came from Fannin and surrounding Northeastern counties in the Appalachian region, largely owing to the history of anti-Confederate sentiment in the Appalachian region dating from the Civil War.

The Republican Party in Georgia, lacking electoral representation, was further weakened by internal rifts between party activists, with African-American party activists being criticized by White Republican activists for doling out political patronage for federal office jobs and for "dominating" the party leadership. Party leaders  By the late 1920 and into the 1930s, White party activists under the leadership made an effort to clean up corruption, but also sought to suppress African-American party leadership. African-American members were removed from the state central committee as well as from the Georgia delegation to the Republican National Committee, and African-American party activists complained to the RNC leadership about the growing racism of party leadership. In 1936, a compromise was made in which African-Americans would be reserved one-third membership on the state committee, but would not be allowed to higher office nor control over patronage, a mandate which would hold over the next few decades.

A further split would occur along similar lines in 1944, when the Georgia delegation to the Republican National Convention split into two factions, one led by outgoing state chair Clint Hager and the other rallying around Committeeman Walter H. Johnson. The former group elected Roy G. Foster as their chair while the latter group elected W. Roscoe Tucker, but the latter faction had more success being recognized by the national convention as representing the Georgia party, and would emerge as the prevailing faction by 1952, when the Tucker faction (which was pro-Eisenhower) was seated by the national convention over Foster's pro-Taft stance, and Foster folded his faction into the Tucker faction.

Split and resurgence (1952–1990)
In addition, the 1952 election was the first time that Georgia figured so highly in both the primary and general presidential election for the Republican Party, with Georgia emerging as a key state to help Eisenhower win the nomination and then giving Eisenhower 30% of the popular vote. Much of these gains were due to the efforts of state chair Elbert Tuttle and activist Kiliaen Townsend, who organized a groundswell of support for Eisenhower within Atlanta's growing urban middle and upper class. Townsend had previously organized support for Tom Dewey's campaign in 1948, and Dewey's loss to Harry Truman halted further activity by Townsend until 1950, Eisenhower then appointed state chair Elbert Tuttle as a judge on the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, which would then prove crucial for future Republican gains.

While the King v. Chapman ended the white Democratic primary system in Georgia in 1946, ending a practice which locked out anti-Democrat opposition for decades, the Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr (1962) was instrumental in opening up the electoral system for the Republican Party in Georgia. Tuttle, as a federal judge, would chair the panel which decided in which courts the multiple subsequent suits against the county unit system were tried, and then directed the legislature's reapportionment to give urban and suburban citizens, including African-American and many white immigrant Republican voters, a shot at fairer representation. Besides the election of the first African-American members to the General Assembly since 1910 as well as the election of Carl Sanders as the first urban Democrat to the governorship since 1917, Tuttle's destruction of the county unit system also led to an immediate increase in the number of Republican members in the General Assembly, the election of the first minority leaders in both houses, as well as the 1964 election of Bo Callaway as the first Republican member of Congress from Georgia since Reconstruction. Republican presence in the General Assembly would go from a single Republican, William Kiker of Fannin County, in the Georgia Senate and 3 Republicans in the House by 1960 to 7 Senate and 26 House Republicans in 1970.

In 1966, Callaway ran for and received the plurality of votes for governor but failed to win, when the election was decided by the Democratic Party-controlled Georgia legislature in favor of Democrat Lester Maddox. In the 1970s, amid the Watergate Scandal, the rise of Democratic president Jimmy Carter from Georgia, led to the self-proclaimed "dark days" for the Republican Party that led to a decade of failed elections and tough incidents. Georgia Republicans struggled through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s to become a major party, occasionally winning victories such as the election of Newt Gingrich in 1979. Republican U.S. Senator Mack Mattingly was elected in 1980.

Rise to prominence
The party's fortunes finally began to turn in the 1990s. During the decade, Republicans gained a majority in the congressional delegation after a redistricting plan adopted by the General Assembly controlled by Democrats backfired. Also, Georgia played a pivotal role in national affairs, as Congressman Newt Gingrich propelled to the top, becoming Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.

In 2002, Sonny Perdue was elected as the first Republican governor of Georgia since Reconstruction. He served as governor from 2003 to 2011 for two terms. Republicans gained control of both chambers of the state legislature in 2002 and 2004.

Trumpism

In 2021, the Georgia Republican Party censured Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger for not bowing to Donald Trump's pressure to overturn the election results in Georgia. After Joe Biden won the 2020 election, Donald Trump refused to concede while he and many Republican allies made false claims of fraud and sought to pressure election officials to overturn the election results. At the 2021 Georgia Republican Party convention, crowds also booed Georgia governor Brian Kemp for not helping Trump overturn the election results. In 2022, Kemp easily defeated Trump backed primary challenger David Perdue.

Symbols and name
The mascot (symbol) of the Georgia Republican Party is the elephant. The elephant was originally constructed by artist Thomas Nast, in response to the criticism of a possible third term by President Ulysses S. Grant.

The cartoon's image was taken from one of Aesop's fables, "The Ass in the Lion's Skin."  It follows up with, "At last coming upon a fox, he [the ass] tried to frighten him also, but the fox no sooner heard the sound of his voice than he exclaimed, 'I might possibly have been frightened myself, if I had not hear your bray.'"
"The moral of the fable is that although a fool may disguise his appearance, his words will reveal his true nature. To Nast, the New York Herald is not a roaring lion to be feared, but a braying ass to be ridiculed. The reference in the citation to "Shakespeare or Bacon" is a jibe at Bennett's contention that Shakespeare's works were actually written by Sir Francis Bacon."

The symbol of the elephant shows up regularly on campaign merchandise and other party materials and rivals the Democrats' donkey.

Current Republican officeholders

Members of Congress

U.S. Senate
 None

Both of Georgia's U.S. Senate seats have been held by Democrats since 2021. David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler were the last Republicans to represent Georgia in the U.S. Senate. Perdue was elected in 2014 and lost his bid for re-election in the 2020-21 regular runoff election to Jon Ossoff. Loeffler, who was appointed by Governor Brian Kemp upon the retirement of Johnny Isakson, lost her bid to finish Isakson's term in the 2020–21 special runoff election to Raphael Warnock. Loeffler left office on January 20, 2021. As a result of the runoff election, Perdue's term expired on January 3, 2021, which left the Class II seat vacant and left Loeffler as the state's sole Senator upon Ossoff and Warnock's swearing in.

U.S. House of Representatives
Out of the 14 seats Georgia is apportioned in the U.S. House of Representatives, 9 are held by Republicans:
GA-01: Buddy Carter
GA-03: Drew Ferguson
GA-06: Rich McCormick
GA-08: Austin Scott
GA-09: Andrew Clyde
GA-10: Mike Collins
GA-11: Barry Loudermilk
GA-12: Rick W. Allen
GA-14: Marjorie Taylor Greene

State officials
 Governor: Brian Kemp
 Lieutenant Governor: Burt Jones
 Secretary of State: Brad Raffensperger
 Attorney General: Christopher M. Carr
 State School Superintendent: Richard Woods
 State Agriculture Commissioner: Tyler Harper
 State Insurance Commissioner: Jim Beck
 State Labor Commissioner: Bruce Thompson
 State Public Service Commissioner: Chuck Eaton
 State Public Service Commissioner: Tim G. Echols
 State Public Service Commissioner: Jason Shaw
 State Public Service Commissioner: Bubba McDonald
 State Public Service Commissioner: Tricia Pridemore

Past chairs
Foster Blodgett (1867–)
 Alfred E. Buck (c. 1896)
 Walter H. Johnson (c. 1897)
 W. Y. Gilliam (c. 1925)
 Churchill P. Goree (1920–?)
 Roscoe Pickett (1928–?)
 Josiah T. Rose (c. 1931)
 Clint W. Hager (1937–1941)
 W. Roscoe Tucker (1945–1952)
 Elbert Tuttle (1952–1955)
 William B. Shartzer (c. 1955–58)
 John A. "Jeff" Davis (c. 1961)
 Bob Shaw (Georgia politician) (1971–1975)
 Mack Mattingly (1975–1977)
 Rodney Mims Cook Sr. (1977–1981)
 Fred Cooper (1981–1985)
 Bob Bell (1983–1985)
 Paul Coverdell (1985–1987)
 John Stuckey (1987–1989)
 Rusty Paul (1995–1999)
 Chuck Clay (1999–2001)
 Ralph Reed (2001–2003)
 Alec Poitevint (2003–2007)
 Sue Everhart (2007–2013)
 John Padgett (2013–2017)
 John Watson (2017–2019)
 David Shafer (2019–2023)
 Joshua McKoon (2023–present)

Past Republican governors
Rufus Bullock served from 1868 to 1871 before the Ku Klux Klan ran him out of office for appealing to the federal government to send military reinforcements to protect African-American legislators who had been expelled from the General Assembly as well as disenfranchised African American voters.

Benjamin Conley was sworn in and served for 72 days following Bullock's resignation until Confederate Colonel and Democrat James M. Smith was elected for the next term.

In 2002, Sonny Perdue was elected as the first Republican Governor of Georgia since Reconstruction. He earned a doctorate from University of Georgia in 1971 in veterinary medicine. He served in the U.S. Air Force, earning the rank of captain, before receiving his honorable discharge and starting up a small business in Raleigh, N.C. He served 10 years beginning in 1990 as a Democrat in the Georgia State Senate, including a tenure as majority leader from 1995 to 1996. He served as governor from 2003 to 2011 for two terms.

Nathan Deal served two terms as Georgia's governor from 2011 to 2019 after beating Roy Barnes in 2010 and Jason Carter in 2014. Deal resigned his position from the U.S. House of Representatives to run for governor. He won the 2010 Republican gubernatorial primary in a run-off against then-former secretary of state Karen Handel.

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links
 Georgia Republican Party website
 Georgia Teen Republicans
 Georgia Young Republicans

Georgia
Republican Party

Georgia Republican Party


Bianca Wallin (born 1 October 1909 in Rome; died 5 January 2006 in Stockholm), was a Swedish artist.

Biography
Bianca Wallin grew up in Stockholm, Sweden. She was the daughter of the Swedish artist David Wallin (1876–1957) and his wife Elin Wallin (1884–1969), Stockholm. Her father got a scholarship, so the family lived in Rome in Italy and in Paris in France for a couple of years and moved back to Stockholm in 1913. From that time on Stockholm became her home city. Her brother was the artist Sigurd Wallin (1916–1999) and her uncle was the artist Carl E. Wallin (1879–1968). Her education was influenced by her father's work as an artist and already as a child she learned how to draw. As a daughter in this artistic family Bianca Wallin also early showed her own artistic talents, and she early knew that she wanted to become an artist. In 1935 Bianca Wallin married Gábor Kornél Tolnai (1902–1982), a Hungarian Diploma Engineer from Budapest. They settled down in Bromma, a borough in the western part of Stockholm, and had three daughters, Eva (born 1939), Monika (born 1942) and Hillevi (born 1944).

Studies
After High School Exam in 1929 at Nya Elementarskolan for girls – Ahlströmska skolan at Kommendörsgatan 31 in Stockholm she wanted to become an artist. Bianca Wallin began to study for one year, in 1929–1930, at Edward Berggren and Gottfrid Larsson's Artist School in Stockholm to learn figure painting and drawing. The artist school was situated at Kungsgatan 28 in Stockholm. As teachers at the school Edward Berggren instructed in painting, Gottfrid Larsson in sculpture and Akke Kumlien in materials science.

After the year at the preparatory art school she studied for five years, 1930–1935, at the Swedish Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm, Sweden, and there she received a genuine art education. Among the teachers at the Academy of Fine Arts were such famous artists as Isaac Grünewald and Wilhelm Smith in figure drawing and Albert Engström in drawing. During the years 1932–1934, her teacher at the etching school was Emil Johansson-Thor, a painter and graphic artist.

Oilpaintings

"Travelling is a nice part of life", she said. Bianca Wallin liked to travel, because it gave her inspiration, change and a new ability to create. To get motives to paint she travelled a lot both in the north and south of Sweden, Scandinavia and other countries in Europe. She painted motifs from Germany, Hungary, France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway. As an artist Bianca Wallin mainly painted in oil, but she was also a drawer and graphic artist. She became very skilful to express what she saw. Her oil paintings were very realistic. Her works included landscapes, figure compositions, still-life pictures, flowers and portraits. She painted subjects from the coast of Scania ("Skåne") in the south of Sweden, the Swedish Alps in the north of Sweden and the Archipelago.

Exhibitions and portraits

She also arranged a lot of exhibitions of her own paintings, especially in Stockholm. After that she gained a good reputation and her talents in oil painting made her a name for herself, and she had a successful career. A number of well off people in Stockholm and other cities had commissioned portraits from her. Her skill as a portrait painter was also the reason why she was commissioned to paint a portrait of among others the Swedish Prince Gustaf Adolf in 1939. After some articles in the newspapers, she got the nickname "The Prince's Painter". Both the portrait in oil and a charcoal-drawing to this portrait are included in the collections of the Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf. Some other portraits of well off people are now in different official buildings in Sweden.

Bianca Wallin painted from early 1930s to late 1990s. Even at the end of the 1990s she was productive and an active artist. She liked to paint and she had a creator's joy in painting. She had a great interest in antiquities and she liked to visit auctions. "I will never be a senior citizen", she said, because she painted for her quality in life.

Represented
Bianca Wallin is, among other places, represented in Norrköping's city councillor's collection of chairmen (portrait representing town adviser Nils Sjöström, 1935), The Portrait Collection of the Sparbanken in Enköping (portrait representing managing director Claes Brunnberg, 1935), Director Hugo Hammar's Art Collection, Gothenburg (Hugo Hammar was a Swedish businessman in Gothenburg) and His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf's Art Collection.

Sources
 Svenskt konstnärslexikon, volume 5, page 584, Allhems Förlag AB, Malmö, 1967.
 Svenska Konstnärer, Biografisk handbok, 1993.
 Bianca Wallin in the art dictionary Konstnärslexikonett Amanda (Swedish).
 Wallinska släktarkivet, accessionsnummer ACC2008_024. Wallinska släktarkivet, Kungl. Biblioteket, Humlegården, Stockholm, ACC2008_024, Ediffah.

External links

 Art Signature Dictionary – See Bianca Wallin's signature

1909 births
2006 deaths
Swedish women painters
Swedish painters
Artists from Stockholm
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
20th-century Swedish painters
20th-century Swedish women artists
20th-century Swedish artists
Swedish expatriates in Italy

Bianca Wallin


Photofission is a process in which a nucleus, after absorbing a gamma ray, undergoes nuclear fission and splits into two or more fragments.

The reaction was discovered in 1940 by a small team of engineers and scientists operating the Westinghouse Atom Smasher at the company's Research Laboratories in Forest Hills, Pennsylvania. They used a 5 MeV proton beam to bombard fluorine and generate high-energy photons, which then irradiated samples of uranium and thorium.

Gamma radiation of modest energies, in the low tens of MeV, can induce fission in traditionally fissile elements such as the actinides thorium, uranium, plutonium, and neptunium. Experiments have been conducted with much higher energy gamma rays, finding that the photofission cross section varies little within ranges in the low GeV range.

 Baldwin  et al made measurements of the yields of photo-fission in uranium and thorium together with a search for photo-fission in other heavy elements, using continuous x-rays from a 100-Mev betatron. Fission was detected in the presence of an intense background of x-rays by a differential ionization chamber and linear amplifier, the substance investigated being coated on an electrode of one chamber. They deduced the maximum cross section being of the order of 5×10−26 cm2 for uranium and half that for thorium. In the other elements studied, the cross section must be below 10−29 cm2.

Photodisintegration
Photodisintegration (also called phototransmutation) is a similar but different physical process, in which an extremely high energy gamma ray interacts with an atomic nucleus and causes it to enter an excited state, which immediately decays by emitting a subatomic particle.

References

Nuclear physics
Nuclear chemistry
Nucleosynthesis
Nuclear fission

Photofission


Entre Douro e Minho () is one of the historical provinces of Portugal which encompassed the country's northern Atlantic seaboard between the Douro and Minho rivers. Contemporaries often referred to the province as simply "Minho". It was one of six provinces Portugal was commonly divided into from the early modern period until 1936, although these provinces were not recognized as official units of government.

Geography
The coastline of Entre Minho e Douro is level and unbroken except by the estuaries of the main rivers; inland, the elevation gradually increases towards the north and east, where several mountain ranges mark the frontier. Of these, the most important are the Serra da Peneda (), between the rivers Minho and Lima; the Serra do Gerez (), on the Galician border; the Serra da Cabreira (), immediately to the south; and the Serra do Marão (), in the extreme south-east.

As its name implies, the province is bounded by two rivers, the Douro on the south, and the Minho, or Miño, on the north. We can see some old maps showing areas south of the Douro River belonging to the old Entre-Douro-e-Minho territory, while other old maps make the province exactly match the current Viana do Castelo District, Braga District and Porto District.
Nevertheless, if the name Entre-Douro-e-Minho ("Between-Douro-and-Minho") was strictly taken in account, the latter definition would make sense.

There are three other large rivers which, like the Minho, flow west-south-west into the Atlantic. The Lima or Antela (Spanish Limia) rises in Galicia, and reaches the sea at Viana do Castelo; the Cávado springs from the southern foothills of La Raya Seca, on the northern frontier of Trás-os-Montes, and forms, at its mouth, the small harbour of Esposende; and the Ave descends from its sources in the Serra da Cabreira to Vila do Conde, where it enters the Atlantic. A large right-hand tributary of the Douro, the Tâmega, rises in Galicia, and skirts the western slopes of the Serra de Marão.

History
The separated municipalities of Gaia and Vila Nova were integrated in the administration of Porto city between 1383 and 1518.
In 1936, when Portugal was divided into 13 official provinces, Entre Douro e Minho was split into  Minho Province and Douro Litoral Province.
This reform would make Minho Province corresponding exactly to modern Viana do Castelo District and Braga District. Minho's provincial chieftaincy was attributed to the city of Braga.
On the other hand, Douro Litoral corresponded to modern Porto District plus four municipalities of Aveiro District, and two of Viseu District to the then new Douro Litoral Province. Douro Litoral chieftaincy was attributed to the city of Porto.

Being seen as a trace of Estado Novo policies, the territorial definitions of 1936, though having innocuous and non-political characters, were erased in 1976 soon after the Carnation Revolution. Nevertheless, people still use the designations of 1936 on a daily basis because they more or less accurately correspond to the historical identity of the locals e.g.: "Minhotos", "Durienses", "Beirões", "Ribatejanos", etc., and many books and maps still show them.

Cities before 1936

Porto (Immemorial city)
Braga (Immemorial city)
Penafiel (city since 1770)
Viana do Castelo (1848)
Guimarães (1853)
Barcelos (1928)

See also

Costa Verde (Portugal)
Douro
Norte Region
Kingdom of Northern Lusitania

References

Entre Douro e Minho from the Portuguese-language Wikipedia. Retrieved January 11, 2006.

Former provinces of Portugal

Entre Douro e Minho


The Son Also Rises is a 2014 non-fiction book on the study of social mobility by the economist Gregory Clark. It is based on historical estimates of social mobility in various countries made by Clark in collaboration with other researchers, though Clark takes pains to point out from the start the controversial conclusions he draws are his alone.

The book's title, like Clark's previous book A Farewell to Alms, is a pun on the title of an Ernest Hemingway novel, The Sun Also Rises.

Content

The book follows relatively successful and unsuccessful extended families through the centuries in England, the United States, Sweden, India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, and Chile. Clark uses an innovative technique of following families by seeing whether or not rare surnames kept turning up in university enrollment records, registers of physicians, lists of members of parliament, and other similar contemporary historical registers. Clark finds that the persistence of high or low social status is greater than would be expected from the generally accepted correlations of income between parents and children, conflicting with virtually all measures of social mobility previously developed by other researchers, which Clark claims are flawed. According to Clark, social mobility proceeds at a similar rate in all of the societies and in all the periods of history studiedwith the exceptions of social groups with higher endogamy (tendency to marry within the same group), who experience higher social persistence and therefore even lower social mobility.

The book attempts to explain the difference between Clark's estimates of social mobility rates and estimates by other researchers by noting that the effects measured by other researchers are based on only a few generations, and argues that Clark's posited hidden variable of inherited "underlying social competence" is swamped by chance variations in status from generation to generation - variations which Clark says are smoothed out in his longer-term study. This can be analogised to looking at a graph to understand the trend in the market price of a stocka graph of a stock price over a one-day period may show large "zigzag" price swings and no apparent order, whereas a longer-term stock price graph, particularly if smoothed, may reveal a long-term trend for the price of the stock to increase or decrease.

From his finding that ethnically homogeneous societies, such as Japan and Korea, had similar rates of social mobility to ethnically diverse societies, such as the United States, Clark infers that racism may not be a significant factor affecting social mobility. From his finding that families who had many children were able to pass down their high social status just as well as families who had few children, Clark infers that simple inheritance of wealth cannot explain the persistence of high social status. From the referenced studies on the lack of correlation between the intelligence and adult family income of adopted children and their adoptive parents, Clark infers that family environment cannot explain the transmittal of social status from one generation to the next.

Clark's hypothesis is that the unexpectedly high persistence of social status in families—or, equivalently, of the unexpectedly low degree of social mobility—is that high-status people are more likely to have genes that are beneficial to them achieving high status, and are therefore more likely to pass such genes on to their children.

References

History books about ethnic groups
Sociology books
Books about economic history
2014 non-fiction books
English-language books
Books about race and ethnicity
Race and intelligence controversy
Works about social class
Princeton University Press books

The Son Also Rises (book)


Cristina Bazán is the name of a 1978 and 2016 (The Very End for Cristina Bazán), Puerto Rican telenovela starring Puerto Rican actress and singer Johanna Rosaly, and the Venezuelan singer/idol José Luis Rodríguez El Puma. The soap opera, was co-produced in Puerto Rico by Radio Caracas Television of Venezuela and Telemundo Puerto Rico. The show had international success and a record numbers of viewers.

Cristina Bazán was responsible for bringing Johanna Rosaly and José Luis Rodríguez to international TV stardom in Latin America and Spain. The story of Cristina Bazán was the typical story of Cinderella, where the poor and good girl (Cristina) is mistreated by her stepmother and sisters, and finally finds the love of the "handsome" and rich guy (Rodolfo Alcantara). Other characters in this soap opera include 'Ambar Alsina' (Gilda Haddock), 'Taina' (Alba Nydia Díaz), 'Rosaura' (Esther Sandoval),  'Miguel Angel' (Luis Daniel Rivera) and 'Tere' (Alejandra Pinedo). A very young Adamari López has a special appearance. this soap opera was produced by Ramon Mangles and Angel del Cerro, with a screenplay by Inés Rodena and TV scripts by Manuel G. Piñera

Plot summary
Cristina Bazán tells the story of Cristina, who studies in an intern school in San Juan, Puerto Rico with her frivolous and evil stepsister, Ambar Alsina. Cristina thinks that her mother Laura is a widow and keeps traveling taking care of her business. But Laura is not a widow business woman. The truth is that Laura is allegedly a prostitute who is in jail for false charges. When she goes to prison, she asks Cristina's father to support her. When Cristina and Ambar graduate from the internate school they go live at Cristina's father's house, Cristina's father is married to Rosaura who is the mother of Ambar. Rosaura and Ambar hate Cristina and they make her into some sort of servant. Ambar is going to marry the "handsome" Rodolfo Alcantara who does not have a clue that she is sleeping with Miguel Ángel who is a doctor in medicine. Rodolfo is beginning to interest in Cristina who loves him in silence. Rodolfo refuses to have sex with Ambar on the wedding night because she is not a virgin. Ambar is pregnant by Miguel Ángel who has fallen into alcoholism and she does not want anyone to know that she is expecting a child from him. Now is when Rosaura invents a plan: make everyone believe that Cristina is awaiting a child from the chauffeur, she has to accept and fake that she is pregnant. Cristina and Ambar go both to the country so Cristina could have "her child".

References

1978 telenovelas
1978 Puerto Rican television series debuts
1978 Puerto Rican television series endings
1970s Puerto Rican television series
Puerto Rican telenovelas
RCTV telenovelas
Television shows set in Puerto Rico
Television shows filmed in Puerto Rico

Cristina Bazán


Poenari Castle (), also known as Poenari Citadel (Cetatea Poenari in Romanian), is a ruined castle in Romania which was a home of Vlad the Impaler. The citadel is situated on top of a mountain and accessed by climbing 1,480 concrete stairs.

Location
The castle is located on the plateau of Mount Cetatea, facing the west side of the Transfăgărășan, on a canyon formed on the Argeș River valley, close to the Făgăraș Mountains.

History
Poenari Castle was constructed around the beginning of the 13th century by Wallachians. Around the 14th century, Poenari (then known as Castle Arges) was the main citadel of the Basarab rulers. In the next few decades, the name and the residents changed a few times but eventually the castle was abandoned and left in ruins.

However, in the 15th century, realizing the potential for a castle perched high on a steep precipice of rock, Vlad III the Impaler repaired and consolidated the structure by enslaving his enemies from the nobility of the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, making it one of his main fortresses, rebuilding the former Castle Arges on the left side of the river with stones from the older Castle Poenari, which was on the right bank and somewhat lower. Although the castle was used for many years after Vlad's death in 1476, it eventually was abandoned again in the first half of the 16th century and was in ruins by the 17th century. The size and location of the castle made it difficult to conquer. On 13 January 1913, a landslide caused by an earthquake brought down parts of the castle which crashed into the river far below. After two further earthquakes in 1940 and 1977 that caused further damage, it was slightly repaired and the walls and its towers still stand today. Since 2009, the site has been administered by the Argeș County Museum.

Replica
A smaller replica of Poenari Castle was built in 1906 in Bucharest in Carol Park. Originally built for the Romanian General Exhibition it is one of the few remaining of the many monuments and constructions that used to be in the park. The construction serves currently as home to the National Office For The Cult of Heroes and it is only open for public twice in a year: on the Heroes' Day, which in Romania is the same with the Ascension Day, and on the Romanian Army National Day (25 October).

In popular culture

A modern rendering of Poenari Castle was featured in the 2013 BBC Worldwide/Starz television series Da Vinci's Demons in the episode titled "The Devil" in which Leonardo da Vinci travels to Poenari Castle in Wallachia to meet with Vlad III.

The episode "The Hardy Boys & Nancy Drew Meet Dracula" of The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries show in the '70s takes place inside "Dracula's Castle" in "Poenari". Shots of the castle used in the episode are of Poenari Castle, though the episode shows people driving up to the castle gates for a rock festival, which is not possible.

In Dan Simmons 1992 novel "Children of the Night", Poenari Castle is depicted towards the end of the novel as a ritual site to a cult known as" The Family" which consists of the genetically mutated descendants of Vlad the Impaler. While the novel is pure fiction, the description and depiction of the castle and surrounding region contain mostly accurate geographical and historic information.

In Fallout 3 video game, a vampire-related side quest starts in a fictional, postapocalyptic settlement, constructed on a preserved fragment of a highway in the Washington D.C. area, bearing some visual resemblance to Poenari Castle (e.g. linear structure) and named Arefu (as a hidden reference to the real-life location  from Poenari), although the toponym is disguised to look incidental (the roadsign says CAREFUL with C and L faded away).

In the 2020 documentary "Romania: Seeking Dracula's Castle", the presenters declare that Poenari deserves the title 'Dracula's Castle' as it has the 'heart' of Vlad III.

Legends
Numerous legends and stories about Poenari Castle have survived over the centuries. During the Communist era in Romania, foreign visitors sometimes spent the night inside the ruined structure; among them was Fatimeh Pahlavi's husband, Vincent Lee Hillyer, who claimed that in the night the temperature was much lower than usual in the castle (even in the month of July), smelled rotten flowers although there were none, he suffered from bizarre nightmares, inexplicably contracted keratosis, and got the "overpowering feeling" that he was being watched and got bitten without being physically assaulted. It was also featured as a haunted location in Ghost Hunters International in Season 1 (2008–09), episode # 14.

Gallery

See also
 List of castles in Romania
 Tourism in Romania
 Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania

References

External links

 Photos from the castle and visitors' information
 Some pictures from the Castle
 Speculative drawings of what the castle could have looked like by illustrator Salgood Sam.

Castles in Romania
Dracula
Historic monuments in Argeș County
Ruined castles in Romania
Tourist attractions in Argeș County

Poenari Castle


Effective range is the distance a well-aimed bullet can hit a target accurately. A bullet shot can actually travel far past its effective range, but it is not certain if it will hit its target then, even if the shot was well-aimed. Generally, bullets with a higher muzzle velocity will have a longer effective range.

Ballistics
Ammunition

Effective range


Pocharam is a satellite town of Hyderabad and municipality in Medchal–Malkajigiri district, Telangana, India.

Economy
The presence of Warangal highway and metro station at Uppal has led to large scale boom in real-estate activity in and adjoining areas of Narapally, Boduppal and Peerzadiguda. It is home to integrated residential and commercial project, Singapore Township aka Sanskruthi Township. The software company, Infosys, has its 447-acre second campus in Hyderabad, here known as Prakriti Park. This facility is an SEZ and, when constructed fully, it will be able to accommodate 25,000 employees. The campus is Infosys' world's biggest campus. Next to this is Raheja Mind Space IT Park in 100 acres. Companies like Genpact, Axis Bank and other IT and ITES companies have set up their offices in Raheja Mind Space.

Pocharam is a village located in the Medak district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is situated approximately 60 kilometers north-east of the state capital, Hyderabad. Pocharam is known for its historical and cultural significance, attracting tourists and researchers alike.

History

Historically, Pocharam has been an essential center of activity for several centuries. The village's roots can be traced back to the period of the Kakatiya dynasty, which ruled much of the Deccan region from the 12th to the 14th century. During this time, the area was known for its agricultural prosperity and strategic importance.

Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary

One of the significant landmarks in Pocharam is the Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans over an area of several square kilometers. The sanctuary is home to diverse flora and fauna, including various species of migratory birds that visit the region during certain times of the year. The serene Pocharam Lake, nestled within the sanctuary, further enhances the natural beauty of the area and provides a serene environment for visitors.

Temples and Architecture

Additionally, Pocharam is renowned for its ancient temples and architecture. The village houses several temples dedicated to various Hindu deities, showcasing the rich religious and cultural heritage of the region. These temples, often built in traditional South Indian architectural styles, attract devotees and art enthusiasts from different parts of the country.

Economy

The local economy of Pocharam is primarily based on agriculture, with the fertile lands surrounding the village supporting the cultivation of various crops. Agriculture remains a crucial source of livelihood for the majority of the population.

Development and Infrastructure

Over the years, Pocharam has also witnessed some development in terms of infrastructure and amenities, enhancing the overall quality of life for its residents.

References

Villages in Ranga Reddy district

Pocharam, Medchal-Malkajgiri district