Stomach diseases include gastritis, gastroparesis, Crohn's disease and various cancers.

The stomach is an important organ in the body. It plays a vital role in digestion of foods, releases various enzymes and also protects the lower intestine from harmful organisms. The stomach connects to the esophagus above and to the small intestine below. It is intricately related to the pancreas, spleen and liver. The stomach does vary in size but its J shape is constant. The stomach lies in the upper part of the abdomen just below the left rib cage.

The term gastropathy means "stomach disease" and is included in the name of the diseases portal hypertensive gastropathy, hyperplastic hypersecretory gastropathy (Ménétrier's disease), and others. However, not all stomach diseases are labeled with the word "gastropathy"; examples include peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis, and dyspepsia.

Many stomach diseases are associated with infections. In the past it was widely but incorrectly believed that the highly acidic environment of the stomach would keep the stomach immune from infection. Many studies have indicated that most cases of stomach ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. One of the ways it is able to survive in the stomach involves its urease enzymes which metabolize urea (which is normally secreted into the stomach) to ammonia and carbon dioxide which neutralises gastric acid and thus prevents its digestion. In recent years, it has been discovered that other Helicobacter bacteria are also capable of colonising the stomach and have been associated with gastritis.

Having too little or no gastric acid is known as hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria respectively and are conditions which can have negative health impacts.  Having high levels of gastric acid is called hyperchlorhydria.  Many people believe that hyperchlorhydria can cause stomach ulcers.  However, recent research indicates that the gastric mucosa which secretes gastric acid is acid-resistant.

There are many types of chronic disorders which affect the stomach. However, since the symptoms are localized to this organ, the typical symptoms of stomach problems include nausea, vomiting, bloating, cramps, diarrhea and pain.

Gastritis
In the stomach there is a slight balance between acid and the wall lining which is protected by mucus. When this mucus lining is disrupted for whatever reason, signs and symptoms of acidity result. This may result in upper abdominal pain, indigestion, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and heartburn. When the condition is allowed to progress, the pain may become continuous; blood may start to leak and be seen in the stools. If the bleeding is rapid and of adequate volume it may even result in vomiting of bright red blood (hematemesis). When the acidity is uncontrolled, it can even cause severe blood loss (anemia) or lead to perforation (hole) in the stomach which is a surgical emergency. In many individuals, the progressive bleeding from an ulcer mixes with the feces and presents as black stools. Presence of blood in stools is often the first sign that there is a problem in the stomach.

Gastroparesis
Another very common long-term problem which is now more appreciated is gastroparesis. Gastroparesis affects millions of individuals and is often never suspected and most patients have a delay in diagnosis. Basically in gastroparesis, the stomach motility disappears and food remains stagnant in the stomach. The most common cause of gastroparesis is diabetes but it can also occur from a blockage at the distal end of stomach, a cancer or a stroke. Symptoms of gastroparesis includes abdominal pain, fullness, bloating, nausea, vomiting after eating food, loss of appetite and feeling of fullness after eating small amounts of food.

Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, even the stomach, although it's a rare presentation. Its main feature is inflammatory ulcers that can affect the total thickness of the stomach wall and can bleed but rarely perforate.
Symptoms include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diarrhea is also a symptom that can develop, so checking stools for the appearance of blood is important. It is possible for symptoms of Crohn's disease to remain with a person for weeks or go away on their own. Reporting the symptoms to a doctor is recommended to prevent further complications.

Cancers

Cancers of the stomach are rare and the incidence has been declining worldwide. Stomach cancers usually occur due to fluctuations in acidity level and may present with vague symptoms of abdominal fullness, weight loss and pain. The actual cause of stomach cancer is not known but has been linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori, pernicious anemia, Menetriere's disease, and nitrogenous preservatives in food.

Diagnosis

Endoscopy
There are many tools for investigating stomach problems. The most common is endoscopy. This procedure is performed as an outpatient and utilizes a small flexible camera. The procedure does require intravenous sedation and takes about 30–45 minutes; the endoscope is inserted via the mouth and can visualize the entire swallowing tube, stomach and duodenum. The procedure also allows the physician to obtain biopsy samples. In many cases of bleeding, the surgeon can use the endoscope to treat the source of bleeding with laser, clips or other injectable drugs.

X rays
Other radiological studies frequently used to assess patients with chronic stomach problems include a barium swallow, where a dye is consumed and pictures of the esophagus and stomach are obtained every few minutes. Other tests include a 24-hour pH study, CT scans or MRI etc.

References

External links

 Digestive Diseases A-Z The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Stomach disease


Jim Campbell (born 1977), also known by his pseudonym "Angry Jim", is an American storyboard artist, comic artist, and musician living in Brooklyn, New York.

Biography

Early life and illustration work
While studying at the Kansas City Art Institute, he founded the band Ottomen with fellow Illustration students David (Misung) Stevenson and George Garcia. In 2000, he moved to New York, and in 2001, he joined Meathaus, a comics art collective and the publisher of the Meathaus Anthologies. In 2004, he released his comic book series Krachmacher and began singing and playing guitar in a new band, Paper Fleet, with Joshua Inman (drummer, songwriter). The two soon added Jim's high school friend John TerLouw on bass. Jim's other work includes freelance illustration and coloring work for Tony Millionaire.

Campbell has also storyboarded for a multitude of shows including Adventure Time, Over The Garden Wall, Summer Camp Island, & the Drinky Crow Show, along with illustrating comics for Over The Garden Wall as well as writing and illustrating his own comic 'At the Shore'

References

External links

 Paper Fleet.com
 Ottomen.com

American comics artists
American indie rock musicians
Living people
1977 births
Kansas City Art Institute alumni

Jim Campbell (comics)


Cardiff Design Festival is an annual event organised by the University of Wales Institute, Cardiff in partnership with a number of Cardiff organisations, which  since its inception has included Design Wales, an organisation which has a pan Wales remit for supporting and encouraging the use of design. The Festival was first held in 2005, within the City Centre at the Park Plaza Hotel on Cardiff's Greyfriars Road, as well as a number of other events and seminars at various locations around the city.

The 2006 Cardiff Design Festival featured a portable exhibit, which showcased the "Best of Wales", featuring local companies including Asbri, Howies, Hoffi, Orangebox, Staziker Jones, Studio SDA, 6721, Elfen, and Attic 2. The exhibit was transported to the London Design Festival and Dutch Design Week.

The festival incorporates the Best of Welsh Design Awards, with the winners announced towards the end of the 18-day event. Past winners include digital media agency Carbon Studio, architects Hyde and Hyde and environmental designers BWA Design.

The festival has been organised from the outset by Olwen Moseley, of the Cardiff School of Art & Design, who describes it as "part of a global explosion" and a chance to reflect on the state of design in Cardiff and Wales.

References

External links
 Cardiff Design Festival – Official website

British design exhibitions
Festivals in Cardiff
Cardiff Metropolitan University
Arts in Cardiff

Cardiff Design Festival


Down-low (also "on the down low" or "on the DL") may refer to any activity or relationship kept discreet. It may refer to:

 Down-low (sexual slang), Men who identify as heterosexual but secretly have sex with other men

In music, Down low can refer to:
 Down Low (rap group), rap/hip hop group
 "Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)", the R. Kelly song
 Down Low (album), the Betzefer album
 "On The DL", The Pharcyde song

In television/film,
 "Down Low (film)", a 2023 comedy film
 "The Down Low", Episode 11, Season 6 of House M.D.

Down-low


Maricopa is a city in the Gila River Valley in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. With 66,290 residents as of 2022, Maricopa is the largest incorporated municipality in Pinal County.

History
Maricopa has had three locations over the years: Maricopa Wells, Maricopaville and Maricopa Junction; the latter gradually became known as Maricopa. It started as an oasis around a series of watering holes eight miles north of present-day Maricopa, and about a mile west of Pima Butte. European-American traders and travelers called it Maricopa Wells. Several of Arizona's rivers, the Gila, Santa Cruz, Vekol and Santa Rosa provided this oasis in the desert with an ample supply of water during this period of time.

During the late 1800s, Maricopa Wells was one of the most important relay stations along the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line and the later more famous Butterfield Overland Mail Route. Today, very little remains of this once bustling community, but it played an important part in the progress and development of the Southwest. It was one of the best-known spots in Arizona during this period of time because it had a reliable source of water, and offered an abundant supply of food. The peaceful Pima and Maricopa farmers who lived and farmed nearby sold supplies to travelers and migrants.

The most prosperous period of time for Maricopa Wells was in the 1870s. During this time the trading center at the Wells provided water and food for not only the east–west travelers, but those who traveled to the north to Phoenix. Fairly good roads had been built by James A. Moore, the proprietor at Maricopa Wells, to all points north, and the Wells was a constant hubbub of activity.

Maricopaville developed south and west of the Wells, following construction of a railroad line from this terminus to Phoenix. In 1879, the Southern Pacific Railroad was in the process of building a railroad line from Yuma to Tucson, and a second railroad line was to be built from Maricopaville, wrapping around the western edge of South Mountain into Phoenix. With the railroad, Maricopaville took on the appearance of a gold rush California boom town, as men worked day and night building hotels, saloons, warehouses, restaurants, theaters, etc. One local newspaper at the time reckoned that with its thousands of people and good location, Maricopaville would be an ideal choice for the location of the state capital.

But the railroad never built the anticipated line from Maricopaville into Phoenix.  Tempe also wanted to be on the railroad line and lobbied the territorial government to gain a stop. Officials agreed. The settlement known as Maricopaville was essentially rebuilt three miles to the east (to the present location of Maricopa) in the early 1880s, in order to accommodate the Maricopa & Phoenix line, planned to go through Kyrene and Tempe to the north on the way to Phoenix. The first train departed from Maricopa for Phoenix on July 4, 1887. All east–west rail travelers had to stop at Maricopa, and those who wanted to go north had to shift to the M & P Railroad.

Maricopa was officially incorporated as a city on October 15, 2003, becoming the 88th incorporated municipality in Arizona.  Between 2000 and 2010, the city's population grew from 1,040 residents to 43,482, an increase of 4080%. In 2018, estimates approved by the US Census Bureau and Arizona State Demographer's Office put Maricopa's population at 51,977 pushing the city over the 50,000 mark for the first time. Furthermore, data released from the official 2020 Census in August 2021 put Maricopa at 58,125, surpassing Casa Grande to become the most populous incorporated place in Pinal County and second most populous place in the county overall, behind the unincorporated San Tan Valley. Population of Maricopa has continued to grow, reaching 66,290 residents as of 2022; a 6.2% increase from 2021, making Maricopa the 12th fastest growing municipality in the United States and second fastest growing in Arizona (behind Queen Creek, which is partially in Pinal County).

A part of the city is within the boundaries of the Ak-Chin Indian Community. The small, federally recognized tribe has developed Harrah's Ak-Chin Casino and related resort, a multi-entertainment cinema complex, and operates a golf course; all are open to the public and draw attendees from Maricopa as well as the greater Phoenix area. In addition the tribe operates the Ak-Chin Regional Airport and an industrial park. A 2011 study said that its casino and resort made up a large part of the economy of Pinal County, in terms of number of jobs and revenue generated.

Geography and climate
Maricopa is located at  (33.056702, -112.046656).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all  land.

The topography in Maricopa is flat, with several mountain ranges 10 to 20 miles away.  The elevation of Maricopa is 1190 feet.

Surrounding municipalities

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 43,482 people, 14,359 households, and 11,110 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 17,240 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% White, 9.7% Black or African American, 2.0% Native American, 4.1% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 8.5% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. 24.4% of the population is Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 14,359 households, out of which 47.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 35% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.

According to 2009 Census Bureau estimates, the median income for a household in the city was $67,692, and the median income for a family was $69,818.  The per capita income for the city was $27,618. About 3.7% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line.

Infrastructure

Roads
Maricopa is primarily served by Arizona State Route 347, a north–south highway that connects to Interstate 10, approximately 14 miles north of Maricopa, as well as Arizona State Route 84 11 miles south of Maricopa. State Route 84 then ends at Interstate 8 approximately 6 miles west of State Route 347. Within Maricopa, State Route 347 is John Wayne Parkway. As it leaves the city for the Gila River Indian Community to the north or the Ak-Chin Indian Community to the south, the road changes names to Maricopa Road. A portion of old State Route 347 within Maricopa also exists as Maricopa Road.

Maricopa is also served by Arizona State Route 238, which connects Maricopa to the town of Mobile, which is incorporated into the city of Goodyear. Past Mobile, State Route 238 becomes a county route that connects to Arizona State Route 85 in Gila Bend. State Route 238 and Mobile Road designations are used interchangeably. State Route 238 ends at State Route 347, and continues east as Smith-Enke Road, a major east–west corridor for the city of Maricopa. Maricopa-Casa Grande Highway also makes up a major corridor for the city, connecting it to the city of Casa Grande. This road parallels the Union Pacific Railroad at a diagonal, ultimately becoming Plainview Street within Maricopa and Cottonwood Lane in Casa Grande.

Rail
Maricopa is located on a Union Pacific Railroad line. The city is currently the closest stop to Phoenix served by Amtrak's Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle trains. The Maricopa depot opened in 2001, originally in a converted passenger rail car but now in a metal building. Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach offers connecting service between Maricopa and Phoenix.

Utilities
Maricopa is served by the following utilities:

 Cable: Orbitel Communications
 Electricity: Electrical District #3
 Natural Gas: Southwest Gas
 Telephone/DSL: CenturyLink
 Water: Global Water (Santa Cruz Water Company, Palo Verde Utilities), Maricopa Domestic Water Improvement District

Bus
The City of Maricopa operates Maricopa Express Transit (MET), which provides local bus service.

Municipal organization
Maricopa is governed by a Council-Manager form of government. This type of government structure combines the political leadership of elected officials with the managerial experience of an appointed professional manager. The City Council and City Manager work as partners to direct and guide local government.

The Maricopa City Council consists of the Mayor and six City Council members. The Mayor is elected to serve a four-year term and the City Council members are elected to serve four-year terms on a rotating basis. City Council meetings are held on the first and third Tuesdays of the month.

There are 10 citizen advisory groups that guide the Maricopa City Council on a myriad of activity. They are the Board of Adjustment, Heritage District Advisory Committee, Industrial Development Authority Board, Merit Board, Parks, Recreation and Library Advisory Committee, Planning and Zoning Commission, Public Safety Personnel Retirement System Board, Transportation Advisory Committee and the Youth Council. Selection to these groups is by City Council action.

The City is organized into nine departments: the City Manager's Office, the City Clerk's Office, Community Services, Development Services, Economic Development, Finance, Fire, Human Services and the Police Department. More than 250 individuals work for the municipality.

Civic and nonprofit organizations
F.O.R. Maricopa - local food bank
Maricopa Gun Club- local gun club
Maricopa Historical Society - historical organization
Maricopa Motorcycle Riders  - local group of riders; all bikes allowed
Maricopa Seniors  - area senior citizen group
 MomDoc Charities
Pet Social Worker / Tails of Hope Rescue - local animal rescue group
Recycling Association of Maricopa (R.A.M.) - community drop-off recycling
Thunderbird Arena Community Council (TACC) - area organization supporting the renovation of the Thunderbird Farms Arena
 Maha Ganpati Temple of Arizona - Hindu Temple with Rajagopuram[main tower] built as per Dravidian architecture of South India. www.ganapati.org

Education facilities

Public school districts

Maricopa Unified School District
Mobile Elementary School District

Public elementary schools

 Butterfield Elementary School
 Maricopa Elementary School
 Mobile Elementary School
 Pima Butte Elementary School
 Saddleback Elementary School
 Santa Cruz Elementary School
 Santa Rosa Elementary School

Public middle schools

 Desert Wind Middle School
 Maricopa Wells Middle School

Public high schools

Desert Sunrise High School
Maricopa High School

Charter schools

 Leading Edge Academy Maricopa
 Legacy Traditional School-Maricopa Campus
 Sequoia Pathway Academy Maricopa
 A+ Charter Schools
 Heritage Academy Maricopa

Community college

 Central Arizona College

Notable people
Bristol Palin, daughter of former Alaska governor and vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, bought a house and lived in Maricopa for two years before returning to Alaska.
Former state senator Steve Smith resides in Maricopa.
Charles Smith (cowboy), lawman, friend of Wyatt Earp.

Notes

External links

 City of Maricopa

Cities in Arizona
Arizona placenames of Native American origin
Former census-designated places in Arizona
Cities in Pinal County, Arizona
Phoenix metropolitan area
Populated places established in 2003

Maricopa, Arizona


Game fish, sport fish or quarry refer to popular fish species pursued by recreational fishers (typically anglers), and can be freshwater or saltwater fish.  Game fish can be eaten after being caught, perserved as taxidermy (though rare), or released after capture.  Some game fish are also targeted commercially, particularly less bony species such as salmon and tuna.

Specimens of game fish whose measurements (body length and weight) significantly exceed the species' average are sometimes known as trophy fish, as such captures are often presented as bragging rights among fishers.

Examples

The species of fish prized by anglers varies with geography and tradition. Some fish are sought for their value as food, while others are pursued for their fighting abilities, or for the difficulty of successfully enticing the fish to bite the hook.
 Big-game fish or blue water game fish are large pelagic saltwater fish such as tuna, tarpon, grouper and billfish (sailfish, marlin and swordfish). Occasionally other predatory fishes such as sharks, barracuda and dolphinfish are also pursued. Large powerful freshwater fish such as alligator gar, lake sturgeon and flathead catfish can also be considered big-game fish.
 Freshwater fish targeted by anglers in North America include bass (especially black bass), salmon/trout, char, walleye/sauger, common snook, redfish, northern pike and muskellunge, sturgeon, gar and several catfish species. In Europe and Asia, large cyprinids (e.g. carps, barbels, breams, chubs, daces and tench), perches, freshwater salmonids (trout, graylings, whitefish and taimen), drum, pikes, catfish, eels and snakeheads are also popular, although many of them are regarded derogatorily as "trash fish", "dirt fish" or "pest fish" in America.
 In the United Kingdom, "game fish" refers specifically to salmonids other than graylings – that is, salmon, trout and char.  Other popular freshwater fish are called coarse fish.
 Small/medium-sized freshwater fish routinely sought by anglers are called panfish in the United States, because they typically can fit wholly into a normal cooking pan without needing to be cut or filleted. Examples are crappies, yellow perch, rock bass, bluegills and other sunfish (Centrarchidae). Panfish are often sought by younger, more inexperienced anglers, at least partly due to their proactivity to feed and the relative ease to be caught; although adult anglers sometimes consider them as "nuisance fish" due to their tendency to opportunistically strike the baits/lures intended for other larger fishes.

Some popular game fish have been introduced and stocked worldwide.  Rainbow trout, for instance, can be found nearly anywhere the climate is appropriate, from their native range on the Pacific Coast of North America to the mountains of southern Africa, and is now listed as one of the worst invasive species.

Game-fish tagging programs

As part of the catch-and-release practice encouraged to promote conservation, tagging programs were established. Some of their goals are to improve the management of fishery resources and to keep records on abundance, age, growth rates, migrations and breed identification.

Some well-known tagging programs in the United States are the South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program and the Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program. The South Carolina Marine Game Fish Tagging Program began in 1974 and it is now the largest public tagging program in the Southeastern United States. Anglers are trained and then receive a tag kit with tags, applicator, and instructions. When they tag a fish, anglers use a reply postcard they receive in advance to send the information on the tag number, tag date, location, species, and size. This program issues anglers who tag and release 30 or more eligible species within a year a conservation award. When an angler recaptures a tagged fish, they then should report the recapture. If possible, the tag number and the mailing address should be reported, along with the location and date of the recapture, as well with the measurement of the fish. The objective is to provide biologists with the necessary information to determine growth rate through an accurate measurement. The Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program started operations in 1995 and keeps records on recaptured fish since then. This is an annual program that starts in January and it is limited to 160 anglers. Anglers receive training workshops in February and March.

Records
The official guide to world salt- and freshwater fish records is the World Record Game Fishes, published annually by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA), which maintains records for nearly 400 species around the world. The records are categorised, with separate records for juniors, for the type of tackle and line used, for fly fishing, and locality records. The IGFA also organize the world saltwater championship tournaments.

See also
 Fishing tournament
 Coarse fishing
 List of freshwater game fish
 List of marine game fish
 Game (hunting)

References

Sources
 Dunn, Bob (2000) Saltwater Game Fishes of the World. Australian Fishing Network.

Recreational fishing

pt:Peixe esportivo

Game fish


Perspective Records is an American record label, launched in 1991 by the producing team Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, through a joint venture with A&M Records—which Jam & Lewis had had a prosperous working relationship with throughout the 1980s, with several of its major acts including Janet Jackson, The Human League, and label founder Herb Alpert.

Acts on Perspective's roster included Bobby Ross Avila, Smooth, Mint Condition, Lo-Key, Solo, Sounds of Blackness, Young Zee, and Ann Nesby.  From 1993 to 1996, A&M Records released most of its own urban acts through Perspective. Rapper Tech N9ne was one of the signees for the label, however he was released from the label due to creative differences. In 1997, Jam and Lewis resigned as the label's CEOs, but remained consultants. Over the next year, Perspective continued to release recordings by the current artists for the sake of fulfilling contractual obligations with them.   The company was dismantled, and absorbed into A&M Records, in early 1999—per the merger of A&M's PolyGram parent and Universal Music Group.

In 2018, Jam & Lewis reactivated Perspective Records under its current distributor, Virgin Music Label & Artist Services. The first album released under the label since 1998 was Peabo Bryson's album Stand For Love. In 2019, Mint Condition lead singer Stokley Williams signed to Perspective for the second time as a solo artist to release his second album, Sankofa.

Albums released on Perspective Records

Sounds of Blackness
 The Evolution of Gospel (1991)
 Africa to America: The Journey of the Drum (1994)
 Time for Healing (1997)

Lo-Key?
 Where Dey At? (1992)
 Back 2 Da House (1994)

Mint Condition
 Meant to Be Mint (1991)
 From the Mint Factory (1993)
 Definition of a Band (1996)
 The Collection (1991-1998) (1998)

Drama
 Open Invitation (1994)

4.0
 4.0 (1997)

Rufus Blaq
 Credentials (1998)

Smooth
 Reality (1998)

Bobby Ross Avila
 My Destiny (1993)

Raja-Nee
 Hot & Ready (1994)

Solo
 Solo (1995)
 4 Bruthas & a Bass (1998)

Ann Nesby
 I'm Here for You (1996)

Lisa Keith
 Walkin' in the Sun (1993)

Peabo Bryson
 Stand For Love (2018)

Stokley
 Sankofa (2021)

Soundtracks
 Mo' Money (1992)
 Kazaam (1996)

Shelved albums

Pudgee Tha Phat Bastard
 King Of New York (recorded in 1996, released in 2015 under Back 2 Da Source Records)

Young Zee
 Musical Meltdown (recorded in 1996, released in 2015)

References

See also
 List of record labels

American record labels
Record labels established in 1991
Vanity record labels
1991 establishments in the United States

Perspective Records


Jane Marie Lynch (born July 14, 1960) is an American actress, comedian, and singer. She is known for starring as Sue Sylvester in the musical comedy series Glee (2009–2015), which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award. Lynch also gained recognition for her roles in Christopher Guest's mockumentary films: Best in Show (2000), A Mighty Wind (2003), and For Your Consideration (2006).

Lynch had a recurring role in the sitcom Two and a Half Men (2004–2014), for which she received a nomination for a Primetime Emmy Award, as well as recurring roles in the drama series The L Word (2005–2009), the police drama series Criminal Minds (2006–2020), the drama series The Good Fight (2017–2022), and the period comedy series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017–2023), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award. From 2013 to 2020, Lynch hosted the game show Hollywood Game Night, which earned her two Primetime Emmy Awards.

Lynch has had roles in numerous mainstream comedy films, such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Role Models (2008), Paul (2011), and The Three Stooges (2012). She has lent her voice to numerous animated films, including Space Chimps (2008), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), Shrek Forever After (2010), Rio (2011), the Wreck-It Ralph film franchise (2012-2018), Escape from Planet Earth (2013), and UglyDolls (2019).

She is also known for her stage work including her role in Nora Ephron's off-Broadway play Love, Loss, and What I Wore in 2009. She made her Broadway debut as Miss Hannigan in the revival of Annie in 2013. She returned to Broadway as Mrs. Brice in another revival, Funny Girl, in 2022.

In 2013, Lynch received the 2,505th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the television category, located at 6640 Hollywood Blvd. Among her numerous accolades, Lynch has received five Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and a Golden Globe Award.

Early life
Jane Marie Lynch was born on July 14, 1960, in Evergreen Park, Illinois, and raised in Dolton, Illinois, the daughter of a banker father, Frank Joseph Lynch, and a homemaker-secretary mother, Eileen Lynch (née Carney). Her father was of Irish descent, his parents having come from Sonnagh, near Charlestown and Culduff, Killasser, near Swinford both in County Mayo respectively, and her mother was of Irish and Swedish ancestry. She was raised in a Catholic family and attended Thornridge High School. She graduated from Illinois State University in 1982 with a theater degree, and earned a master of fine arts degree from Cornell University in 1984.

Career

Early work
Lynch spent 15 years in Chicago, acting in the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and, at the time of her audition, was one of only two women picked to join The Second City comedy troupe. She then continued to hone her comical and improvisational skills at Annoyance Theater, playing Carol Brady in the theater's The Real Live Brady Bunch.  Andy Richter played Mike Brady in the New York shows.  He and Lynch became very good friends.

Film work
Lynch got her start in films in 1988, playing a small role in the film Vice Versa. In 1993, she had a secondary role as a doctor alongside Harrison Ford in The Fugitive. She also appeared, that same year, as a reporter in Fatal Instinct.

During the 1990s, she made numerous television commercials, including one for Frosted Flakes for an adult audience, directed by Christopher Guest. A few years later, Guest would remember Lynch as he chose actors for his 2000 dog show mockumentary Best in Show. Lynch played Christy Cummings, a butch lesbian personal dog handler to trophy wife Sheri Ann Cabot (Jennifer Coolidge). From there, she became a staple actress in Guest's casts, appearing in the director's A Mighty Wind (2003) as porn actress-turned-folk singer Laurie Bohner and in For Your Consideration (2006) as an entertainment reporter.

Audiences and critics took notice of Lynch for her turn in Judd Apatow's The 40-Year-Old Virgin. She told Fresh Airs Terry Gross that the role was originally intended for a man but also that, at the urging of Steve Carell's wife Nancy Walls, was offered to Lynch instead. From there, she took supporting roles in a series of films including Role Models, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Space Chimps, The Rocker, The Hammer, Another Cinderella Story, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Wreck-It Ralph and Spring Breakdown.

In Adventures of Power, a comedy about air-drumming released in 2008, Lynch reunited with Michael McKean, her former co-star from For Your Consideration, in the role of Aunt Joanie and starring alongside Ari Gold, Adrian Grenier, Chiu Chi Ling and Shoshannah Stern. In a role similar to that of her contributions as Sue Sylvester on the Fox musical comedy-drama series Glee, Lynch's role as the encouraging Aunt Joanie to Power, a young musician who plays the air drums because he never had access to musical instruments, promotes the initiative to support music education.

In Julie and Julia, she portrayed Dorothy McWilliams, Julia Child's sister. Entertainment Weekly dedicated an article on its website to the possibility of her performance receiving an Academy Award nomination. However, she was not nominated.

Television work
Lynch has appeared in many television series, including The X-Files, L.A. Law, Judging Amy, The West Wing, 7th Heaven, Glee, Desperate Housewives, Friends, NewsRadio, Married With Children, 3rd Rock From The Sun, Dawson's Creek, Felicity, Arrested Development, Lovespring International, Two and a Half Men, Veronica Mars, Weeds, Boston Legal, L Word, Criminal Minds, Help Me Help You, Gilmore Girls, New Adventures of Old Christine, Psych, Monk, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, The King of Queens and Frasier. She also starred with John Hannah and William Fichtner in 2002's MDs and has appeared in the crime drama Criminal Minds as Spencer Reid's schizophrenic mother.

In 2008 she narrated Out & Proud in Chicago, a documentary which tells about LGBT life in Chicago from the Civil War to 2008 through the stories of 20 everyday Chicagoans, from age 30 to age 80.

Beginning in 2009, Lynch appeared as a regular cast member of the Fox series Glee. The role echoed previous guest appearances in The X-Files and Veronica Mars, being her third time cast as a harsh high school teacher. She won glowing reviews for her role as the aggressive cheerleading coach, Sue Sylvester. Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Lynch alone makes Glee worth watching." Before her work with Glee, she was a series regular on the Starz comedy Party Down. Though the series was renewed for a second season, Lynch would not be returning, due to her work on Glee.

Even in Glees early days, Lynch continued to pursue other projects. Lynch hosted Saturday Night Live on October 9, 2010; the news of her hosting was accidentally broken to her by her Glee boss, Ryan Murphy, by text message. Lynch had also guest-starred on the Nickelodeon comedy iCarly as Pam Puckett, Sam Puckett's mother, in the episode "iSam's Mom."

Beginning on July 11, 2013, Lynch hosted the NBC game show Hollywood Game Night. The show had two teams made up of members of the public (civilians) and celebrities competing in various party games, with a chance for the civilians to take home up to $25,000.

Lynch was the co-host of the NBC special New Year's Eve with Carson Daly on December 31, 2013, alongside Carson Daly, host of The Voice.

In 2015, Lynch guest-starred in the television series Girl Meets World in the episode "Girl Meets Farkle's Choice".

On February 21, 2017, Lynch appeared on The Price Is Right as a Celebrity Charity Week contestant.

In March 2013, Lynch was announced as executive producer of comedy web series Dropping the Soap. Lynch starred in the series and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series. The series premiered on Dekkoo and was made available on digital platforms including Amazon Video.

In 2017, Lynch portrayed Janet Reno for the Discovery Channel television series, Manhunt: Unabomber.

Also in 2017, Lynch guest-starred in Episode 7 of Marvelous Mrs Maisel as popular but dislikeable comic Sophie Lennon.  Lynch returned in the role for two episodes at the end of the second season.

In 2019, Lynch joined the main cast of Final Space as A.V.A., the A.I. of the Crimson Light.

In May 2020, it was reported that Lynch will appear in a recurring role on the Netflix comedy series, Space Force.

On July 8, 2020, it was reported by Vulture, that Lynch would host a revival of The Weakest Link on NBC. The show debuted on September 29, 2020.

In November 2021, Lynch voiced Ole Golley in the Apple TV+ animated series Harriet the Spy.

Lynch also plays a recurring character in the comedy mystery television series, Only Murders in the Building.

Other work
Lynch wrote and starred in the award-winning play Oh Sister, My Sister. Originally produced in 1998, the play kicked off the Lesbians in Theater program at the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center in 2004.

She starred in Comcast's XFinity ads, mainly with two different laptops and two different colored Persian cats. She also stars in LG Corp.'s Text Ed campaign to educate drivers about the dangers of texting while driving.

Lynch's first experience hosting an awards show was in 2010 when she hosted the 2010 VH1 DoSomething Awards. It was announced that she will be hosting the 2011 VH1 DoSomething Awards, airing on VH1 on August 18. Lynch hosted the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18, 2011, only the third woman in Emmy history to host the awards show solo. According to the edition of September 19 of The Hollywood Reporter, Lynch hosting the Emmys did not help ratings, as viewing was down 8% year over year and eight million fewer people watched the Emmys than watched Michael Vick's return to Atlanta on Sunday Night Football on NBC (21.5 million for Eagles-Falcons, 13.5 million for the Emmys).

An autobiography written by Lynch, titled Happy Accidents, was published in the fall of 2011 by Hyperion Voice. Lynch was inspired to write the book after reflecting upon the successes of her past year and wishing she could have told her more anxious, younger self to not worry as much. The memoir also includes detail about her years as an alcoholic and her success in battling this addiction. Lynch is openly lesbian and married Lara Embry in 2010. A self-proclaimed animal lover, Lynch has four rescue dogs. She has recorded a PSA for PETA encouraging the adoption of shelter animals, and she sponsors an annual adoption event at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena. She was the commencement speaker for Smith College's class of 2012 where she received an honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts.

In March 2012, Lynch was featured with Martin Sheen, Jamie Lee Curtis, Chris Colfer and Brad Pitt in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play 8 – a staged re-enactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage – as Maggie Gallagher. The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights.

Lynch made her Broadway debut as Miss Hannigan in Annie for a limited engagement lasting from May 15 to July 14, 2013. She took the place of Katie Finneran.

In 2014, Lynch joined the Ban Bossy campaign as a spokesperson advocating leadership roles for girls.

In 2015, Lynch debuted See Jane Sing, a cabaret show in which she sings along with Kate Flannery from The Office and Tim Davis from ABC's Boy Band, accompanied by the Tony Guerrero Quintet. The show continues to tour around the country. In 2016, Lynch released A Swingin' Little Christmas, a nostalgic Christmas album featuring the See Jane Sing ensemble and released on Lynch's own KitschTone Records label. The album received substantial airplay around the country and landed on the Billboard AC Chart's Top 10. In 2017, Lynch recorded a Christmas single with actor Dick Van Dyke. The song was composed and produced by Tony Guerrero and was released by KitschTone Records.

In 2020, Lynch directed her first two TV commercials for the production company STORY, and joined its roster of commercial directors.

In October 2021, she was cast in the Broadway revival of Funny Girl as Rosie Brice. Her stint ran from opening on April 24, 2022, to an expected August 14, 2022 conclusion.

In 2022, Lynch was named honorary "mayor of Funner", the putative location of Harrah's Resort Southern California. In this role, Lynch promotes the resort, including its additional vegan food options and non-alcoholic beverages as Lynch does not eat animal products nor drink alcohol.

Personal life

Lynch married Lara Embry, on May 31, 2010, in Sunderland, Massachusetts. In June 2013, Lynch announced that they were divorcing. Their divorce was finalized in January 2014.

In November 2021, Lynch married longtime partner Jennifer Cheyne in Santa Barbara, California.

Lynch is deaf in her right ear. She speculated to Craig Ferguson on a July 19, 2013 broadcast of The Late Late Show that the deafness was most likely caused by having had a high fever as an infant.

Awards and nominations

For playing Sue Sylvester in Glee, she won a Primetime Emmy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, TCA Award, Satellite Award, and People's Choice Award. Lynch has received five Primetime Emmy Awards from twelve nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Awards from six nominations, and a Golden Globe Award from two nominations. In 2013, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

References

External links

 PlanetOut interview
 AfterEllen.com interview with Jane Lynch
 Panel discussion with Jane Lynch at Outfest 2010
 Jane Lynch  video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1960 births
Living people
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from Los Angeles
American autobiographers
American film actresses
American game show hosts
American people of Irish descent
American people of Swedish descent
American actors with disabilities
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Audiobook narrators
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Cornell University alumni
Illinois State University alumni
Lesbian comedians
Lesbian memoirists
LGBT people from California
LGBT people from Illinois
American LGBT rights activists
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People for the American Way people
People from Dolton, Illinois
People from Evergreen Park, Illinois
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
American lesbian actresses
American LGBT comedians
American activists with disabilities
LGBT people with disabilities

Jane Lynch


Harriett Abrams ( 1762 – 8 March 1821, in Torquay) was an English soprano and composer. Particularly praised for her performances in the repertoire of George Frideric Handel, Abrams enjoyed a successful concert career in London during the 1780s. Music historian Charles Burney praised the sweetness of her voice and her tasteful musical interpretations.

Biography

Abrams was born into a large musical family of Jewish descent. Her younger sister Theodosia Abrams Fisher (d Torquay, 4 November 1849) was a professional contralto and her youngest sister Eliza Abrams (d Torquay, 21 August 1831) was also a concert soprano and pianist. Other family relatives included Miss G. Abrams, who sang at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane with Harriett's for two seasons and sang in concerts in the early 1780s; Jane Abrams, who first sang in a benefit concert organized by Harriet in 1782; William Abrams, who played the violin; and Charles Abrams, who played the cello. The violinist Flora Abrams may have also been a relative but the connection is uncertain.

Abrams studied singing, music theory, and composition with composer Thomas Arne before make her professional opera début as the little gypsy in May-Day, or The Little Gipsy on 28 October 1775 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. The opera was written specifically for her by librettist David Garrick and Arne who composed the music. Although possessing a fine voice, Abrams had little stage personality and spent most of her career as a concert performer.

After five years performing at Drury Lane, Abrams became a principal singer at the fashionable London concerts and provincial festivals, appearing regularly from 1780 to 1790. She notably sang annually in the Handel Commemoration in Westminster Abbey in 1784 and annually in the Handel festivals from 1784 to 1787. She also sang at the opening of the Concerts of Ancient Music in 1776 and returned there frequently through 1790. Abrams also appeared in various concert series organized by John Ashley, Venanzio Rauzzini, and Johann Peter Salomon and often performed in concerts and recitals with her sister Theodosia. The Public Advertiser, while praising Harriett's work as a soloist, commented in 1783 that the "Forte of the Sisters … lives manifestly in Duettos". During the 1790s Harriet's public performances became infrequent and she mostly appeared in private concerts with both her sisters. She did, however, give annual benefit concerts open to the public in 1792, 1794 and 1795 which were accompanied by Joseph Haydn on the piano.

Abrams composed several songs, two of which, "The Orphan's Prayer" and "Crazy Jane", became very popular. She published two sets of Italian and English canzonets, a collection of Scottish songs and glees harmonized for two and three voices, and more than a dozen songs, mainly sentimental ballads. A collection of songs published in 1803 was dedicated by Harriett to Queen Charlotte.

References

External links

1760s births
1821 deaths
English classical composers
Glee composers
18th-century British women opera singers
English operatic sopranos
British women classical composers
18th-century classical composers
Jewish opera singers
18th-century women composers
18th-century English singers

Harriett Abrams


Pierre Magnol (8 June 1638 – 21 May 1715) was a French botanist. He was born in the city of Montpellier, where he lived and worked for most of his life. He became Professor of Botany and Director of the Royal Botanic Garden of Montpellier and held a seat in the Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris for a short while. He was one of the innovators who devised the botanical scheme of classification. He was the first to publish the concept of plant families as they are understood today, a natural classification of groups of plants that have features in common.

Youth and education
Pierre Magnol was born into a family of apothecaries (pharmacists). His father Claude ran a pharmacy as did his grandfather Jean Magnol. Pierre's mother was from a family of physicians. Pierre's older brother Cesar succeeded his father in the pharmacy. Pierre, being one of the younger children, had more freedom to choose his own profession, and wanted to become a physician. He had become devoted to natural history and especially botany at an early stage in his life.
He enrolled as a student in medicine at the University of Montpellier on 19 May 1655.

By Magnol's time the city of Montpellier was already long established as an important commercial and educational centre. The University of Montpellier was the first French university to establish a botanic garden, donated in 1593 by King Henry IV of France for the study of medicine and pharmacology. Its medical school attracted students from all over Europe. Individuals well-known in medicine and botany such as Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), Guillaume Rondelet (1507–1566), Charles de l'Ecluse (1526–1609), Pierre Richer de Belleval (c. 1564-1632), and the great writer (and doctor) François Rabelais (c. 1493-1553), all studied at this university. So it was in one of the intellectual and botanical capitals that Magnol took his education. He got his doctor's degree (M.D.) on 11 January 1659. After receiving his degree, his attention once again shifted to botany, this time even more seriously.

Religion
Montpellier was a bastion of Protestantism and Magnol was raised in the tradition of Calvinism. At that time, Roman Catholicism was the official state church, but since the Edict of Nantes (1598), Protestants officially had religious freedom and the right to work in any field or for the state. The edict did not end religious persecution and discrimination. In his life, Magnol was several times denied a position because of religious discrimination. With the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Magnol renounced Protestantism and converted to Catholicism.

Career
In December 1663 Magnol received the honorary title brevet de médecine royal through mediation of Antoine Vallot, an influential physician of the king. No means of his financial stability are mentioned (Magnol did not have a wealthy family to support him) but it is suggested that he was practicing medicine and had an income out of that. From 1659 on he devoted much of his time to the study of botany and made several trips through the Languedoc, the Provence, to the Alps and to the Pyrenees. In 1664 there was a vacancy for 'Demonstrator of plants' in Montpellier and Magnol was proposed for the position. He was denied the appointment because of religious discrimination. This happened again in 1667 when he was the leading candidate for the chair of Professor of medicine.

Meanwhile Magnol had contacts with many prominent botanist and was highly esteemed by his contemporaries. He corresponded with John Ray, William Sherard and James Petiver (England), Paul Hermann and Petrus Houttuyn (Leiden), Jan Commelin (Amsterdam), J.H. Lavater (Zurich) and J. Salvador (Barcelona), among others.

In 1687, after his conversion to Catholicism, Magnol eventually became 'Demonstrator of plants' at the botanic garden of Montpellier. In 1693, recommended by Guy-Crescent Fagon (1638–1718), then court physician, and his own student Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708), he was nominated 'doctor to the kings court'. In 1694 he finally was appointed Professor of medicine at the University of Montpellier. Through intervention of Fagon, he received a brevet de professeur royale. Magnol was also appointed Director of the botanic garden in 1696, for a three-year period. After that, he received the title 'Inspector of the garden' for the rest of his life.

Magnol was one of the founding members of the Société Royale des Sciences de Montpellier (1706) and held one of the three chairs in botany. In 1709 he was called to Paris to occupy the seat in the Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris that was left empty when his former student Joseph Pitton de Tournefort died prematurely.

Among Magnol's students were Tournefort and the brothers Antoine and Bernard de Jussieu.

Major contribution to science
Magnol's most important contribution to science is without doubt the invention of the concept of plant families, a natural classification, based on combinations of morphological characters, as set out in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) (See under major works). His work may be regarded as one of the first steps towards the composition of a tree of life. In his Prodromus he developed 76 tables, which not only grouped plants into families but also allowed for an easy and rapid identification by means of the morphological characters, the same he used to compose the groups (Magnol, 1689).

Major works
1676, Botanicum Monspeliense, sive Plantarum circa Monspelium nascentium index. Lyon. [Flora of Montpellier, or rather a list of the plants growing around Montpellier]

1686, Botanicum Monspeliense, sive Plantarum circa Monspelium nascentium index. Adduntur variarum plantarum descriptiones et icones. Cum appendice quae plantas de novo repertas continet et errata emendat. Montpellier. [Flora of Montpellier, or rather a list of the plants growing around Montpellier, with descriptions and plates of several plants added. With an appendix that contains plants newly found and corrects previous errors]

1689, Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur. Montpellier. [Precursor to a general history of plants, in which the families of plants are arranged in tables]

1697, Hortus regius Monspeliense, sive Catalogus plantarum quae in Horto Regio Monspeliensi demonstrantur. Montpellier. [The royal garden of Montpellier, or rather a catalogue of the plants that are on show in the royal garden of Montpellier]

1720, Novus caracter [sic] plantarum, in duo tractatus divisus: primus, de herbis & subfructibus, secundus, de fructibus & arboribus. Montpellier, posthumous edition, attended to by his son, Antoine Magnol (1676–1759). [New character of plants, divided into two treatises: the first on herbs and small shrublike plants, the second on shrubs and trees]

Eponymy
In 1703 Charles Plumier (1646–1704) named a flowering tree from the island of Martinique Magnolia, after Magnol. The name was later adopted by William Sherard, when he did the nomenclatural parts of Hortus Elthamensis by Johann Jacob Dillenius, and The Natural History of Carolina by Mark Catesby, to denote a flowering tree now known as Magnolia virginiana, taking it for the same species as that described by Plumier. Linnaeus took over this name in the first edition of Species plantarum, including references to both Plumier's and Sherard's names. In this way, Magnolia became the generally recognized name of a large genus of ornamental flowering trees.

Notes and references

External links
 http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-M.htm
 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6244284d/f33.item.texteImage

17th-century French botanists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
Botanists active in Europe
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Montpellier
1638 births
1715 deaths

Pierre Magnol


Jeli Thuluth () is a calligraphic variety of Arabic script. This term was applied to writings in Thuluth script when the point of the pen employed was at least one centimeter broad. Jeli Thuluth was used in large panels and for inscriptions carved in stone on buildings or tombstones.

External links
 Hatvesanat.com (mainly )
 Calligraphy Gallery Jeli thuluth and other fonts

Arabic calligraphy

Jeli Thuluth


The Parmigiano dialect, sometimes anglicized as the Parmesan dialect, (al djalètt pramzàn) is a variety of the Emilian language spoken in the Province of Parma, the western-central portion of the Emilia-Romagna administrative region.

Terminology

The term dialetto, usually translated as dialect in English, is commonly used in reference to all local Romance languages native to Italy, many of which are not mutually intelligible with Standard Italian and all of which have developed from Vulgar Latin independently.  Parmigiano is no exception and is a variety of Emilian, not of Italian.

Classification

Parmigiano is a dialect of Emilian, which is identified as "seriously endangered" by UNESCO.

Emilian is part of the Gallo-Italic family, which also includes  Romagnol, Piedmontese, Ligurian, and Lombard. Among these, Ligurian in particular has influenced Parmigiano.

History
Parmigiano has much of the history as Emilian, but at some point, it diverged from other versions of that linguistic group. It now lies somewhere between Western Emilian, which includes Piacentino, and Central Emilian, which includes Reggiano and Modenese. Like the other Emilian dialects, it has fewer speakers than ever because of political, social and economic factors, but La Repubblica has suggested that it is changing. It is still declining but more slowly, as parents are keen to preserve their ancestral roots.

Its origins are with Gauls, who occupied the Parma area in around 400 BC, who had stayed there after the invasion of the Romans. The lexicon was therefore a type of Latin influenced by Gaulish. The Gauls, or Celts, left their mark on modern Parmigiano in some words today, such as gozèn "pig", scrana "chair" and sôga "rope". As a result of Spanish and especially French invasions, Parmigiani began to use words which came from a French language that had Latin roots. That is seen in tirabusòn "corkscrew" (similar to Modern French's tire-bouchon) vert "open" (French: ouvert), pòmm da téra "potato" (French: pomme de terre) and many other words.

Geographic distribution
Parmigiano is mainly spoken in the province of Parma. The vocabulary and vowels vary across the region, particularly between the urban and rural dialects, as there was once little mobility from within to outside the city walls. The dialect spoken outside Parma is often called Arioso or Parmense within the city itself, but variation is less pronounced than it once was. The dialect spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmigiano. Parmigiano subdialects have three forms:
Low Parmigiano, which is native to a northern part of the province that lies between the Po and the Via Aemilia and whose largest town is Colorno.
Western Parmigiano, which is heard around Fidenza and Salsomaggiore Terme and has been strongly influenced by Piacentino, another Emilian language.
High Parmigiano, which has been affected by Ligurian and is spoken in the Apennine region to the south.

An example of the variation is the word bombèn "very well". In 1861, the popular forms were moltbein and monbén, but it has also taken these forms: montben, mondbén, moltbén, moltbein, monbén, and mombén. In the "Western Parmigiano" it's used a variety of locutions with the same meaning of bombèn, such as bèn a bota or bèn da bòn.

Official status
Like other varieties of Emilian, Parmigiano is not recognised as a minority dialect in the European Union or in Italy. Since 27 June 2000, Italy has been a signatory of the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which aims to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe, but it has not ratified it.

Writing system

Parmigiano is written using the Latin alphabet, but spelling can vary within a dialect. It has never been standardised, and the language is rarely written.

Still, a number of Parmigani-Italian dictionaries have been published. Angelo Mazza and translator Clemente Bondi were prolific writers of poetry in Parmigiano. Most of the works were first published in the late 1700s or the early to mid-1800s.

Grammar
Parmigiano is a synthetic language like Italian and French (but much less so than Classical Latin) and shares several notable features with most other Romance languages:

 loss of Latin's declension and the neuter grammatical gender for nouns
 development of grammatical articles from Latin demonstratives
 new tenses formed from auxiliaries

Nouns and most pronouns are inflected for number (singular or plural); adjectives, for the number and gender (masculine or feminine) of their nouns; personal pronouns, for person, number, gender, and case; and verbs, for mood, tense, and the person and number of their subjects. Case is primarily marked using word order and prepositions, and certain verb features are marked using auxiliary verbs.

Negation
Parmigiano expresses negation in two parts, with the particle n attached to the verb (often adding the pleonastic particle "gh") and one or more negative words (connegatives) that modify the verb or one of its arguments. Negation encircles a conjugated verb with n after the subject and the negative adverb after the conjugated verb, For example, the simple verbal negation is expressed by n before the finite verb (and any object pronouns) and the adverb miga after the finite verb. That is a feature it has in common with French, which uses ne and pas. Pas derives from the Latin passus "step", and miga "breadcrumb" also signifies a small quantity (Ex. "A n'gh'o miga vist Zvan incó", meaning "I have not seen John today").

Samples

Here is a sample of Parmigiano, compared to Italian and English, but even within a dialect, there is variation.

Words

References

Bibliography

Emilian-Romagnol language
Province of Parma

Parmigiano dialect


A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government.

In most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation.

The word used may be  "commune" (for example, French commune, Italian comune or Swedish kommun), canton, district, civil parish or borough

Types of settlements

Municipality


Celebration Park is the largest and most frequented park in Federal Way, Washington.

The park is 83.5 acres and contains a children's play structure, four lighted baseball fields, four lighted soccer fields and trails and pathways connecting to the BPA Trail. It also includes a community center. It is located at 1095 S. 324th Street.

History
The land on which Celebration Park now sits was originally the Evergreen commercial airstrip, with a single northeast/southeast 2200-foot runway. Construction began in 1948. The airstrip was owned by 60 members of a flying club in Federal Way made up by Boeing employees which was founded in 1946. The airstrip was described as "pretty rough, adjacent to a junkyard, and the runway was just a slot cut through the tall fir trees with a very rough dirt and glacial rock runway that often dented propellers & tail feathers too."

The airport was used during the Seattle World Fair, by a charter service providing scenic tours of the Pacific Northwest, by law enforcement planes when patrolling the highways around the Federal Way area, and as an emergency landing strip for commercial flights which got into trouble after taking off from Sea-Tac. The airfield was in operation until 1979.

The idea for a community park on the area was first proposed in 1988 after proposals were made to build an office park on the land. The area was the only remaining open area in Federal Way. The land was purchased by the City of Federal Way in December 1990.

The name "Celebration Park" was chosen in 1992 following a naming contest with 75 entries by local residents.

In September 2006, was used to host the Senior Softball World Championships.

References

Parks in King County, Washington
Federal Way, Washington
Protected areas established in 1999
1999 establishments in Washington (state)

Celebration Park, Federal Way


The Nth Country Experiment was an experiment conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory starting in May 1964 which sought to assess the risk of nuclear proliferation. The experiment consisted in paying three recent young physicists who had just received their PhDs, though had no prior weapons experience, to develop a working nuclear weapon design using only unclassified information, and with basic computational and technical support. "The goal of the participants should be to design an explosive with a militarily significant yield", the report on the experiment read, "A working context for the experiment might be that the participants have been asked to design a nuclear explosive which, if built in small numbers, would give a small nation a significant effect on their foreign relations."

The experiment ended on April 10, 1967, after only three man-years of work over two and a half calendar years. According to a heavily redacted declassified version of the summary, it was apparently judged by lab weapons experts that the team had come up with a credible design for the technically more challenging implosion style nuclear weapon. It is likely that they would have been able to design a simpler gun combination weapon even more quickly, though in such a case the limiting factor in developing such a weapon is not usually design difficulty but rather the procurement of material (enriched uranium). The term "Nth Country" referred to the goal in assessing the difficulty in developing basic weapons design (not the development of the weapons themselves) for any potential country with a relatively small amount of technical infrastructure—if the United States was the 1st country to develop nuclear weapons, and the USSR the 2nd, and so on, which would be the Nth country?

Due to the increased amount of publicly available resources regarding nuclear weapons, it is reasonable to assume that a viable weapon design could be reached with even less effort today. However in the history of nuclear weapons, the development of fission weapons was never strongly hindered by basic design questions except in the very first nuclear weapons programs.

The Summary Report of the Nth Country Experiment was declassified—though heavily excised—in 2003.

Summary
In April of 1964, physicists David A. Dobson and David N. Pipkorn were hired by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (then known as Livermore Radiation Laboratory) to design a nuclear explosive with "militarily significant yield".

The following year, David Pipkorn dropped out of the project and was replaced by Robert W. Seldon, a captain in the United States Army Reserve. Like Pipkorn and Dobson, Seldon possessed a physics PhD and had no nuclear expertise.

The experiments completed by the physicists was split into three phases, each representing the "attainment of a physical level of understanding." Phase I being the understanding of basic concepts and considerations of bomb design, much like the process of creation that was originally undertaken by J. Robert Oppenheimer at Los Alamos. Phase II was the quantitative expansion of those basic concepts into practical application by making calculations for core mass, hole size, explosive thickness, etc. that are essential for the careful design of atomic weapons. Finally, Phase III was the "extension of Phase II" which involved actual implosion and fission calculations. Plutonium implosion style designs were then formulated. Certain aspects of the UCRL-50239 have been omitted from the report.

See also
John Aristotle Phillips — a Princeton undergraduate who apparently accomplished a similar feat as those in the Nth Country Experiment in 1977.
Nuclear terrorism
Smyth Report — first U.S. release on nuclear weapons technical information (1945)
United States v. The Progressive, et al. — a court case regarding Howard Morland constructing the design for the hydrogen bomb from public domain documents.

References

External links
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, "Summary Report of the NTH Country Experiment," W. J. Frank, ed., March 1967. (copy of original report in PDF format)
No Experience Necessary Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Dan Stober, March/April 2003, pp. 12
Atomic John A truck driver uncovers secrets about the first nuclear bombs.

Physics experiments
Nuclear secrecy
Nuclear proliferation
1964 in the United States
1964 in science

Nth Country Experiment


Celandine is a children's fantasy novel by Steve Augarde. It is the second book in the Touchstone Trilogy and was first published in 2006. Celandine is set ninety years before The Various, the first book of the trilogy. It follows the adventures of Celandine (born 1901) in the years 1914–1915, at the onset of World War I. Having run away from her detested boarding school, Celandine is too afraid to go home in case she is sent back. As she seeks shelter in the Wild Wood near her home, little does she think she will encounter a world where loyalty and independence is fiercely guarded, and where danger lurks in the most unlikely of places. Celandine's troubled character finds both refuge and purpose among the secret tribes of little people that she alone believes in.

Plot summary
The book starts out with Celandine running away from the boarding school she was sent to by her parents to 'pound all of the nonsense out of her'. It is her third escape attempt, after being sent back twice by her parents. She boards a train and meets a crippled soldier who appears to be no older than her brother Freddie, who died as a volunteer soldier. She aids him in lighting his cigarette. She also meets a nurse who upon Celandine's departure from their company exclaims "Do you know that extraordinary looking girl?"

She returns to her home farm but does not enter not wishing for an angry confrontation with her father. She climbs the hill and hoots; a signal apparently. A small child Celandine calls Fin appears out of nowhere and jumps her; smothering her with love and affection, begging for cake. This is where the back-story begins.

Celandine was 10 when she first saw the "little people". She was resting under a tree where Fin finds her, soon followed by his Father/Guardian. Upon her return to her normal surroundings no one except Freddie believes her when she tells them what she saw.

[The above comprises the first 1½ chapters.]

The Name Celandine
Celandine is named after a flowering medicinal herb. It may either be Greater celandine of the poppy family, or Lesser celandine, a buttercup. The plant figures in all three volumes of the trilogy, but it is not clear from the descriptions which of the two Steve Augarde has in mind.

Characters
Celandine Howard, who is the main character of book and heroine. She is mischievous and trouble loving, much to the distress of her parents and governess. Growing up rich, she is slightly spoiled and selfish, but her heart is tender. She has light colored, wild hair, but  dark solemn eyes and eyebrows.
Freddie (Wyndham Frederick) Howard, who is Celandine's older by three years and favorite brother. He is sensitive and unselfish but unendingly brave. He loves a good adventure and was the one to suggest searching for the mysterious "small people" that Celandine saw in the trees. He also adores Celandine. He has light frizzy hair that would be like Celandine's if allowed to grow out; and light-colored eyes.
Thos (Thomas) Howard, who is Celandine's serious older by five years brother. He is quick tempered like his father. Dark eyes and hair.

Printed Editions
UK
 Hardcover: Celandine, David Fickling Books 2005,
 Paperback: Celandine, Corgi 2006,
US
 Hardcover: Celandine, David Fickling Books 2006,
 Paperback: Celandine, Yearling Books 2006,

Translations
France
 Paperback: Celandine, trans. Jean Esch, Editions Albin Michel 2012,
Germany
 Hardcover: Der Elfenwald, trans. Ursula Höfker, Arena Verlag 2006,
 Paperback: Der Elfenwald, trans. Ursula Höfker, Arena Verlag 2009,
 Paperback: Der Elfenwald, trans. Ursula Höfker, Arena Verlag 2011,

References

2006 British novels
2006 fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Young adult fantasy novels
British bildungsromans
British children's novels
British fantasy novels
Novels set in Somerset
Fiction set in 1914
Fiction set in 1915
2006 children's books
David Fickling Books books
Children's books set during World War I
Children's books set in Somerset

Celandine (novel)


Harvestmen are eight-legged arachnids. Even though they are arachnids like spiders, harvestmen are not spiders. They are in the order Opiliones.

More than 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered, although the real number of extant species may be more than 10,000. Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland. Fossil harvestmen look surprisingly similar to modern harvestmen. Apparently, the basic body shape of harvestmen has not changed much.

In some places, harvestmen are known by the name "daddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (Tipulidae) and the cellar spider (Pholcidae).

Many species of harvestmen are omnivores--they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.

Harvestmen are not dangerous to humans. None of the described species have poison glands. They are not "true" spiders even though they look like spiders in many ways. For example, harvestmen have no venom or silk glands; spiders have these.

Anatomy
Harvestmen have exceptionally long walking legs compared to their bodies, although there are also short-legged species. In harvestmen, the two main body sections (the abdomen and cephalothorax) meet at a wide point, so that they appear to be one oval structure. In more advanced species of harvestmen, the first five segments of the abdomen are fused into a "shield" on the harvestman's back called the scutum. In some species, this shield is only present in males. The second pair of legs is longer than the others and works as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.

The feeding apparatus (stomotheca) differs from other arachnids as they are able to eat their food in chunks, without needing to liquify it. Most species have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented horizontally. However, there are some eyeless species. Harvestmen also have no venom or silk glands, which true spiders have.

Further reading
 Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog (2005)
 Pinto-da-Rocha R. Machado G. & Giribet G. eds. 2007. Harvestmen – the biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press
 Pinto-da-Rocha R. & Kury A.B. 2003. Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships. Journal of Arachnology 31: 394-399. PDF
 Shultz, Jeffrey W. 1998. Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the "Cyphopalpatores" concept. Journal of Arachnology 26: 257-272. PDF

Other websites

Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on North American harvestmen
Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on European harvestmen
 University of Aberdeen: The Rhynie Chert Harvestmen (fossils)
  National Museum page Classification of Opiliones  A synoptic taxonomic arrangement of the order Opiliones, down to family-group level, including some photos of the families

References

Arachnids

Opiliones


Beehive was a Vietnam war era anti-personnel round packed with metal flechettes fired from an artillery gun most popularly deployed during that conflict. It is also known as flechette rounds or their official designation, antipersonnel-tracer (APERS-T). Typically, artillery gunners fire using indirect fire, firing at targets they cannot see by line of sight, with information provided by a forward observer. However, during the Vietnam War, there was a demand for a munition that could be fired directly at enemy troops, in cases where an artillery unit was attacked.

History
The flechette rounds were developed under a contract administered by Picatinny Arsenal and let to the Whirlpool Corporation in April 1957. The contract was named the "Beehive Program" referring to the way the flechettes were compartmentalized and stacked, looking like the traditional image of a conical beehive. It was commonly assumed by users in the service that the term referred to a supposed 'buzzing' sound its darts made when flying through the air. The first example was the 105mm howitzer M546 anti-personnel tracer (APERS-T), first fired in combat in 1966 and thereafter used extensively in the Vietnam War. Intended for direct fire against enemy troops, the M546 was direct fired from a near horizontally leveled 105 mm howitzer and ejected 8000 flechettes during flight by a mechanical time fuse. Green starshells were shot into the air prior to their use to warn friendly troops that such a round was being shot.

The 105mm howitzer round was not the only artillery piece provided with APERS-T. Beehive rounds were also created for recoilless anti-tank weapons: the 90 mm and 106 mm mounted on the M50 Ontos. APERS-T rounds were available for 90mm gun on M48 tanks and the 152mm gun on the M551 Sheridan armored reconnaissance/airborne assault vehicle. After the Vietnam War the 105mm tank gun M68 was also provided APER-T ammunition M494. APERS-T rounds in 40×46 mm were also available for the M79, M203, and M320 grenade launchers.

Subsequently, it was reported that the USSR had developed similar rounds for 122 mm and 152 mm artillery for use in indirect fire.

Beehive rounds became less popular in the United States following Vietnam, with low-angle air burst techniques such as Killer Junior supplanting the use of Beehive.

See also

Canister shot (or case-shot)
Lazy Dog (bomb)

References

Ammunition
Artillery operation
Anti-personnel weapons

Beehive anti-personnel round


William Severn (Los Angeles, 17 January 1938Ventura County, 26 March 1983) was an American child screen actor.

He was born William Churchill Roosevelt Severn, the son of Dr. Clifford Brill Severn (1890-1981) and his South African wife Rachel Malherbe (1897-1984). His parents had emigrated from South Africa to Los Angeles before he was born. He had seven siblings who were all child actors: Venetia Severn, Clifford Severn, Yvonne Severn, Raymond Severn, Ernest Severn, Christopher Severn and Winston Severn.

In 1957, Bill was captain of the Los Angeles Valley football team. With several of his siblings, he also worked part time in the family business, Severn Sporting Goods.

As an adult, he was a world-known evangelist, based in Ventura, California. His ministry took him and his family abroad, including Indonesia during the 1965 revolution, Israel, and the UK. He broadcast in the USA by the Trinity Broadcasting Network. He died in 1983 from a sudden heart attack at age 45. He was laid to rest in Pierce Brothers-Valley Oaks Memorial Park, in Westlake Village, California, beside his mother.

William Severn was known in his early films as the 'Little Billy Severn'. He made his first film appearance as Billy in Eagle Squadron, but his biggest role was as Peter Humphreys in Journey for Margaret.

Filmography

References

External links

1938 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
Burials at Valley Oaks Memorial Park
Male actors from Los Angeles
People from Ventura, California

William Severn


Arkady Nikolayevich Shevchenko (, ; October 11, 1930 – February 28, 1998) was a Soviet diplomat who was the highest-ranking Soviet official to defect to the West.

Shevchenko joined the Soviet diplomatic service, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as a young man and rose through its ranks to become an advisor to Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. In 1973, he was appointed Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations (USG). During his assignment at the UN headquarters, in New York City, Shevchenko began to pass Soviet secrets to the CIA because he could not objectively fulfill his mission of impartiality to the United Nations. In 1978, he cut his ties to the Soviet Union and defected to the United States, where he lived for the rest of his life.

Early life and education
Shevchenko was born in the town of Horlivka, in the east of Ukraine, and when he was five his family moved to Yevpatoria, a resort town in Crimea, on the Black Sea, where his father, a physician, was the administrator of a tuberculosis sanatorium. When Crimea was invaded by German forces in 1941, he, his mother, and the sanatorium patients were evacuated to Torgai, in the Altay Mountains of Siberia. The family was reunited in 1944 after the Germans retreated from Crimea. He later recalled how his father attended the Yalta Conference, in part on orders to observe and report on the health of US President Franklin Roosevelt.

Shevchenko graduated from secondary school in 1949 and that year was admitted to Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He studied Soviet law and Marxist, Leninist and Stalinist theory and was trained to become a foreign service diplomat. He married Leongina (Lina), a fellow student, in 1951. He completed the program in 1954 and continued with graduate studies.

Foreign service
In 1956, Shevchenko joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as an attaché and was assigned to the OMO (, Department of International Organizations at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the USSR), a branch of the Foreign Ministry dealing with the United Nations and NGOs. In 1958, he was sent to New York City on a three-month assignment to represent the Soviet Union at the annual UN General Assembly as a disarmament specialist.

Shevchenko attended the 1962 Geneva Committee on Disarmament Negotiations as a member of the Soviet delegation. The next year, he accepted an assignment as Chief of the Soviet Mission's Security Council and Political Affairs Division at the United Nations. Since that was a permanent posting, his family accompanied him to New York City. He continued in that post until 1970 when he was appointed advisor to Andrei Gromyko. His duties covered a broad range of Soviet foreign policy initiatives.

In his disarmament role, Shevchenko had a close view of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Soviet leadership's perspective of it. He later described it in an interview with WGBH.

In 1973, Shevchenko was promoted and became an Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations. Although he was nominally employed by the United Nations and owed his allegiance to the international organization, he was in practice expected to support and to promote Soviet aims and policies. He eventually became resentful of the restrictions that his Soviet superiors subjected him to that prevented him from carrying out his duties as an Under Secretary objectively.

Espionage
The early 1970s were a time of détente between the Eastern Bloc and NATO nations. SALT I, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, the Helsinki Accords, and other international agreements were negotiated during this time. According to Shevchenko's memoirs, he became increasingly disillusioned with real Soviet attitudes toward these international agreements.

He had immediate access to the inner workings of the Soviet foreign policy establishment and felt that the Soviet government was cheating on the intent of the agreements for short-term political gain, which would be ultimately to its own disadvantage. He also stated clearly that Soviet leaders, while pretending to respect the UN, actually disdained it and viewed it solely as a means to advance Soviet interests covertly or otherwise. Furthermore, Moscow's requirement for him, as a UN officer, to put Soviet interests ahead of UN interests but to pretend otherwise was a violation of the UN Charter. He also came to believe that the Soviet's internal economic policies and their insistence on hard-line communist centralization of power were depriving the Russian people of their freedom and ability to better themselves and their country.

His long years of exposure to Western democracies convinced him that the Soviets were "taking the wrong path" economically and politically. He also was tired of and bitter about not being free and not being able to speak freely, and he wanted personal freedom. He briefly considered resigning his position with the UN and returning to the Soviet Union in an attempt to change the system from within, but he soon came to the realization that it would have been an impossible task, as he had neither the power nor the influence to effect any significant change. He did not like that option because he felt that such a life in retirement would be meaningless.

By 1975, he had decided to defect. He made contact with the CIA to seek political asylum. However, the CIA pressured him to continue at his UN post and to supply them with inside information on Soviet political plans. Although fearful of the consequences if he were to be found out by the KGB, he reluctantly agreed with the idea that if he wanted to fight against the regime's existence, that was an opportunity to do so in a way with real effect or power.

For the next three years, he became in effect a "triple agent". Outwardly, a dedicated servant of the United Nations but covertly promoting Soviet political aims and secretly reporting the Soviets' hidden political agenda to the CIA.

In early 1978, he became aware of increased KGB surveillance of his movements. Suddenly, on March 31, 1978, he received a cable from Moscow that summoned him to return to the Soviet Union for "consultations".

Suspicious of the demand and realizing that if he flew to Moscow, he might never be permitted to return to his UN duties or even to leave the Soviet Union, he called his CIA contact and demanded for it to fulfill their promise of political asylum.

Defection
Shevchenko often wrestled with how he would broach the idea of upcoming defection with his wife, Leongina. He knew that she would probably react angrily and refuse to accede. He ended up never telling her until he left a note for her right before he rushed out the door on April 10, 1978 while she slept.

His plan, at least consciously, was that she could read the note and catch up with him soon if she chose to, which he hoped would occur. However, when he called her the next day, a KGB man answered the phone. He surmised that as soon as she had read the note, she called the KGB. She was immediately whisked back to Moscow, where she died mysteriously, supposedly by suicide, less than two months later. Shevchenko surmised that in trying to gain leverage in her predicament, she may have threatened senior party members with exposure of their corruption, which made killing her the easiest solution.

He also later admitted to himself that the reason he never told her in advance about his defection was he knew she would probably get angry and expose his plan to the KGB. In the Soviet Union Shevchenko was tried in absentia and sentenced to death.

Later life
From 1978 to his death 20 years later in Bethesda, Maryland in the United States, Shevchenko lived and supported himself by written contributions to various publications and on the lecture circuit. In 1985, he published his autobiography, Breaking With Moscow in which he described Soviet Russia as, among other things, a gangster economy in which the KGB played a prominent role.

In the summer of 1978, the FBI ordered a 22-year-old Washington call girl named Judy Chavez for Shevchenko. Chavez later went public with the affair and published a book in 1979, Defector's Mistress, The Judy Chavez Story.

Shevchenko died on February 28, 1998, and was buried in Washington, DC.

See also
 List of Eastern Bloc defectors

References

Bibliography

Arkady Shevchenko. Breaking With Moscow, 1985 - excerpts published online
Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate. St. Martins' Press, 1994.
Memoirs of Arkady Shevchenko's son

1930 births
1998 deaths
American spies against the Soviet Union
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Deaths from cirrhosis
People from Horlivka
Soviet diplomats
Ukrainian SSR emigrants to the United States
Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Soviet officials of the United Nations
Soviet defectors to the United States
People sentenced to death in absentia by the Soviet Union

Arkady Shevchenko


Naz is a former municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

The municipalities of Dommartin, Naz, Poliez-le-Grand and Sugnens merged on 1 July 2011 into the new municipality of Montilliez.

History
Naz is first mentioned around 1200  as Nars.

Geography
Naz has an area, , of .  Of this area,  or 69.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 21.4% is forested.   Of the rest of the land,  or 6.8% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.4%.  Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.  Of the agricultural land, 53.8% is used for growing crops and 15.4% is pastures.

The municipality was part of the Echallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Naz became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, on a Bend Argent three Shovels bendwise Gules.

Demographics
Naz has a population () of 137.  , 13.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 52.2%.  It has changed at a rate of 33.3% due to migration and at a rate of 18.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population () speaks French (87 or 95.6%) with the rest speaking German

Of the population in the municipality 29 or about 31.9% were born in Naz and lived there in 2000.  There were 35 or 38.5% who were born in the same canton, while 18 or 19.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 6 or 6.6% were born outside of Switzerland.

In  there were 5 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 death of a Swiss citizen.  Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 4 while the foreign population remained the same.  The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 7 and the non-Swiss population increased by 6 people.  This represents a population growth rate of 10.1%.

The age distribution, , in Naz is; 30 children or 22.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 19 teenagers or 14.0% are between 10 and 19.  Of the adult population, 14 people or 10.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old.  26 people or 19.1% are between 30 and 39, 24 people or 17.6% are between 40 and 49, and 16 people or 11.8% are between 50 and 59.  The senior population distribution is 4 people or 2.9% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 3 people or 2.2% are between 70 and 79, there are  people or 0.0% who are between 80 and 89.

, there were 47 people who were single and never married in the municipality.  There were 41 married individuals, 2 widows or widowers and 1 individuals who are divorced.

 the average number of residents per living room was 0.63 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room.  In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least  as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.  About 62.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).

, there were 26 private households in the municipality, and an average of 3.3 persons per household.  There were 4 households that consist of only one person and 6 households with five or more people.  Out of a total of 29 households that answered this question, 13.8% were households made up of just one person.  Of the rest of the households, there are 5 married couples without children, 16 married couples with children  There was one single parent with a child or children.

 there were 14 single family homes (or 46.7% of the total) out of a total of 30 inhabited buildings.  There was 1 multi-family building (3.3%), along with 10 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (33.3%) and 5 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (16.7%).  Of the single family homes 6 were built before 1919, while 6 were built between 1990 and 2000.  The multi-family building was built between 1996 and 2000.

 there were 35 apartments in the municipality.  The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 9.  There were 1 single room apartments and 21 apartments with five or more rooms.  Of these apartments, a total of 24 apartments (68.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6 apartments (17.1%) were seasonally occupied and 5 apartments (14.3%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 39.74% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the Green Party (24.07%), the SP (16.64%) and the PdA Party (6.62%).  In the federal election, a total of 39 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 52.0%.

Economy
, Naz had an unemployment rate of 3%.  , there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector.  No one was employed in the secondary sector.  1 person was employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector.  There were 43 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 48.8% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 7.  The number of jobs in the primary sector was 6, all of which were in agriculture.  There were no jobs in the secondary sector.  The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1, in the sale or repair of motor vehicles.

, there were 3 workers who commuted into the municipality and 35 workers who commuted away.  The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 11.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering.  Of the working population, 2.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 79.1% used a private car.

Religion
From the , 17 or 18.7% were Roman Catholic, while 56 or 61.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.  15 (or about 16.48% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 3 individuals (or about 3.30% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Naz about 29 or (31.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 15 or (16.5%) have completed additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).  Of the 15 who completed tertiary schooling, 46.7% were Swiss men, 40.0% were Swiss women.

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 30 students in the Naz school district.  In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.  During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 296 children of which 96 children (32.4%) received subsidized pre-school care.  The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years.  There were 19 students in the municipal primary school program.  The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 11 students in those schools.

, there were 3 students in Naz who came from another municipality, while 31 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

References

External links

Former municipalities of the canton of Vaud

Naz, Switzerland