Labelle was an American funk rock band that originated out of the Blue Belles, a girl group who were a popular vocal group of the 1960s and 1970s. The original group was formed after the disbanding of two rival girl groups in the area around Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, and Trenton, in New Jersey: the Ordettes and the Del-Capris, forming as a new version of the former group, then later changing their name to the Blue Belles (and further Bluebelles). The founding members were Patti LaBelle (born Patricia Holte), Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx, and Sarah Dash.

As the Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre: "Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)", "You'll Never Walk Alone", and "Over the Rainbow". After Birdsong departed to join The Supremes in 1967, the band, following the advice of Vicki Wickham, changed its look, musical direction, and style to re-form as the progressive soul group Labelle in 1971. Their recordings of that period became cult favorites for dealing with subjects not typically addressed by female black groups. Finally, after adapting glam rock and wearing outlandish space-age and glam costumes, the band found success with the proto-disco smash hit "Lady Marmalade" in 1974, leading to the album Nightbirds achieving gold success. They were the first contemporary pop group and first black pop band to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. They were also the first black vocal group to appear on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine.

Each of the band members later went on their own after the end of a tour in 1976, going on to have significant solo success. Nona Hendryx followed an idiosyncratic muse into a solo career that often bordered on the avant-garde; but reaching a new audience with the respected 2017 release "Shine", by Soul Clap, which was a widely played in clubs in the UK, US clubs and Ibiza while being picked and released by the famous record label Defected Records Sarah Dash became a celebrated session singer; and Patti LaBelle enjoyed a very successful Grammy-winning career, with several top-20 R&B hits between 1982 and 1997, a number-one pop hit with "On My Own", and lifetime-achievement awards from the Apollo Theatre, World Music Awards, and BET Awards.

The group reunited for their first new album in 32 years, Back to Now in 2008. They performed together regularly until the death of Dash on September 20, 2021, at the age of 76.

History

Origins
In 1959, a fifteen-year-old teenager, Patricia "Patsy" Holte won her first talent contest in high school. Following this, she sought to form her own singing group the following year called the Ordettes. Holte formed the group with singers Jean Brown, Yvonne Hogen and Johnnie Dawson. The group gained a local following. Dawson was eventually replaced by Sundray Tucker. By 1961, Jean Brown and Yvonne Hogan had ditched the group to get married and Patti and Sundray carried on as soloists.

Later in 1961, Patti and Sundray's manager Bernard Montague contacted two singers from the Trenton, New Jersey singing group the Del-Capris, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash. Eventually Hendryx and Dash became official replacements for Brown and Hogan as the Ordettes. The group soon began working with musician Morris Bailey. Bailey and Montague's schedule led to Tucker leaving the group after which another singer, Cindy Birdsong, from Camden New Jersey, joined the group. The grouping of Holte, Dash, Hendryx and Birdsong toured the Chitlin' Circuit, gaining a following in the eastern U.S.

In 1962, Chicago-based group The Starlets had traveled to Philadelphia to do sessions for producer Bobby Martin and record label owner Harold Robinson, president of Newtown Records. One of the sessions included a cover of the standard, "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman". At the time of the song's release, the group had a hit with the song "Better Tell Him No" and were unable to promote the song due to them being signed to another label. The song was credited under the name "The Blue Belles". The Ordettes auditioned by singing the song. Before hearing the group, Robinson turned them down due to being unimpressed with Patti's looks but upon hearing her singing, he changed his mind and signed the group to Newtown.

When "I Sold My Heart" became popular, Robinson sent the Ordettes to promote it under the assumed name of the Blue Belles. After a televised performance at American Bandstand featuring the Ordettes, the Starlets' manager sued Harold Robinson and Bobby Martin. Around the same time, Robinson was also sued for having another group use the name "Blue Belles". Following the aftermath of the ordeals, Robinson gave Patti Holte a new name, "Patti LaBelle", and the group's name was rechristened as Patti LaBelle and The Blue Belles.

Sweethearts of the Apollo
Following several releases such as "Academy Award" and "Tear After Tear", the group recorded their first national hit under their new name in 1963 with the release of the ballad, "Down the Aisle (The Wedding Song)", first released under Newtown, before it received national distribution from King Records. As a result, the record reached the top 40 on both the pop and R&B charts, formally launching the group to national stardom. Frequent performances at the Apollo Theater helped to give the group the nickname "Sweethearts of the Apollo". Newtown released two albums on the group before Harold Robinson sold Newtown in 1963. Cameo-Parkway soon signed them and re-released the Newtown single, "You'll Never Walk Alone", at the end of the year. The record became another top-40 hit for the group in 1964 and became one of Patti LaBelle's first signature performances. They later recorded another charted hit with "Danny Boy". In 1965, the group opened for the Rolling Stones during a lengthy American tour. Shortly afterwards, Atlantic Records signed the act to the label, in hopes of bringing the group mainstream success. Their first Atlantic single, "All or Nothing", briefly made a dent on the pop charts in 1966. They had a notable entry as background singers of Wilson Pickett's first major hit, "634-5789 (Soulsville, U.S.A.)". In 1966, Atlantic released the group's first studio album, Over the Rainbow, which included "All or Nothing" and the title track, later to be a standard for Patti.

Around this time, the group also began touring Europe, mainly in the UK, where they performed on the show, Ready, Steady, Go. During club performances, the group was backed up musically by a pub band called Bluesology, whose pianist was a teenager named Reg Dwight, later known as Elton John. Following the UK tour, the group kept in touch with one of the show's producers, Vicki Wickham. In early 1967, the group had another charted single with the song "Take Me for a Little While" and released their second Atlantic album, Dreamer. Around this time, Aretha Franklin had signed with Atlantic Records, leading Atlantic to focus its efforts on her rather than on the Blue Belles. That same year, Cindy Birdsong abruptly left the group to join The Supremes, replacing original member Florence Ballard. After completing a tour where Sundray Tucker briefly rejoined the group to fill in for Birdsong, the remaining members carried on as a trio.

As grittier soul and heavy rock dominated much of Atlantic's time, the group was let go from their contract in 1970. Bernard Montague, who was managing groups such as The Delfonics, also left them, leaving them seeking new managers. After nearly signing a contract with Herb Hamlett and Frankie Crocker, they eventually picked Vicki Wickham to work with them. Wickham later credited Dusty Springfield with convincing her to hire the group to perform on Ready, Steady, Go in London.

Reinvention
Wickham advised the group to move to London and change their entire image and sound, much to the chagrin of Patti LaBelle, who feared the group would alienate their older fans with a new laid back "earthier" look. Wickham also advised them to change their name to simply "Labelle". Ditching the wigs and dresses, Labelle settled on Afros and jeans. They debuted this new look while backing The Who during a stop in New York. Following this, Labelle signed a contract with Track Records, The Who's label, which received distribution from Warner Bros. Records. In 1971, the group released their first album, simply titled Labelle, quickly following it up with the 1972 album Moon Shadow. The albums featured the group bringing in gospel soul renditions of rock hits such as "Wild Horses" and "Won't Get Fooled Again". While not commercially successful, the albums were critically acclaimed and established the act as a progressive soul unit, recording more daring material such as "Morning Much Better" and "Touch Me All Over".

In 1971, Labelle were invited to record backing vocals to a covers album being recorded by Laura Nyro. The resulting album, Gonna Take a Miracle, led to the group reaching the charts for the first time and establishing a rapport with Nyro, who later invited them to perform with her at Carnegie Hall. In 1973, they recorded an album for RCA Records titled Pressure Cookin', featuring a wildly interpretive covers medley of the songs "Something in the Air" and "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised". It was around this time that Labelle changed up their act again. Under the advice of Larry LeGaspi, the group began performing in space suits, feathers, and studded costumes.

Success
In 1974, Wickham had the group signed to Epic Records where they recorded their breakthrough album, Nightbirds, in New Orleans with producer Allen Toussaint. While Hendryx eventually wrote the majority of the album, Epic released the Kenny Nolan and Bob Crewe composition "Lady Marmalade" as a single in August 1974. The song's rock-soul mixture helped the song to sell to listeners and by March 1975, the song had become the group's first number-one single, reaching the top of both the Billboard Hot 100 and the R&B singles chart. It also became an international hit. The album also included the follow-up hit "What Can I Do for You?".

Nightbirds eventually sold more than one million copies and was certified gold. During the album's promotion, the group became the first rock group to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. Wickham billed the October 6, 1974 performance "Wear Something Silver", to adapt to Labelle's own silver-colored space outfits, worn by Patti LaBelle. Building on their success, in the spring of 1975, Labelle became the first African-American vocal group to make the cover of Rolling Stone. Later in 1975, the group released a critically acclaimed follow-up, Phoenix. That same year, the group contributed background vocals to several songs on Elton John's hit album, Rock of the Westies. In 1976, they released their third album for Epic, Chameleon, which included the tracks "Get You Somebody New", "Isn't It a Shame" and "Who's Watching the Watcher".

Breakup
Despite critical acclaim for their follow-ups to the Nightbirds album, Phoenix and Chameleon failed to repeat the success of Nightbirds as the group struggled to have another hit. By 1976, tensions had developed within the group, with the act's three members splintered on its sound and direction. Patti LaBelle had wanted the group to record more soul, Nona Hendryx wanted the group to go further into funk rock, and Sarah Dash wanted to record songs in a more disco direction.

During a show in Baltimore on December 3, 1976, Hendryx wandered off the stage and into the audience at the beginning of "(Can I Speak To You Before You Go To) Hollywood". Labelle's stage manager was able to steer Hendryx backstage, but Hendryx locked herself in her dressing room and beat her head against the wall until it began to bleed severely. She was removed from the theater in restraints.

After the incident, LaBelle advised the group to disband, fearing for the other members' well-being and that the mounting tension could also put an end to their friendship. Hendryx and Dash agreed and the trio formally announced their split at the end of 1976 after fourteen years together.

Solo careers and reunions
Following her departure from the Blue Belles, Cindy Birdsong enjoyed success as member of The Supremes, singing on hits such as "Up the Ladder to the Roof", "Stoned Love", "Nathan Jones" and "Floy Joy". Birdsong left the group in 1972 to start a family, returned in 1973, then left again in 1976, and thereafter only recorded sporadically as a solo artist in the 80s, briefly joining The Former Ladies of the Supremes alongside former Supremes members Jean Terrell and Scherrie Payne.

The Labelle song "(Can I Speak to You Before You Go To) Hollywood", from Pressure Cookin''', was allegedly written by Hendryx as a response to Birdsong's departure, featuring each member of the group singing verses. Sarah Dash found some solo success after signing with Don Kirshner's label, with the disco single "Sinner Man". Dash eventually sang backup for the Rolling Stones and sang for Keith Richards' spinoff group X-pensive Winos. The more experimental Nona Hendryx has recorded in various genres including hard rock, hip-hop, house and new age, and charting with the singles, "Keep It Confidential" and "Why Should I Cry?" Patti LaBelle became an international solo superstar following Labelle's breakup, recording crossover hits such as "New Attitude", "Stir It Up" and "On My Own", resulting in Grammy wins and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 1991, Patti LaBelle reunited with Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash on the track, "Release Yourself", from LaBelle's Grammy-winning album, Burnin. The trio reunited onstage at the Apollo Theater in 1991 to perform the song on LaBelle's second concert performance video while promoting the release of Burnin. In addition to "Release Yourself", Hendryx and LaBelle composed the gospel-flavored ballad "When You've Been Blessed (Feels Like Heaven)". In 1995, the trio reunited again for the dance single, "Turn it Out", for the soundtrack to the film, To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar. The song became their first charted hit in nineteen years peaking at number-one on the Billboard dance singles chart. Four years later, the original Blue Belles (including Cindy Birdsong) reunited to receive an award from the R&B Foundation for Lifetime Achievement. In 2006, the trio of LaBelle, Dash and Hendrix briefly came together to record a Hendryx-written track called "Dear Rosa" for the soundtrack to a film called Preaching to the Choir. In 2008, Labelle announced their reunion and released their first studio album in 32 years, the critically acclaimed Back to Now.

That year, the trio went back on tour together which carried through the spring of 2009. In an interview with the Toronto Star, Patti LaBelle explained why she, Dash and Hendryx waited over 32 years to record a full-length album: "You don't want to half-step something this important....it was about finding the right time and place. We were never ones to do anything on anyone else's time anyway; we were always unconventional. I still have my glitter boots to prove it."

The group performed a triumphant show at the Apollo Theatre in New York City on December 19, 2008. They continued to perform with each other sporadically; Dash sang with Patti LaBelle at a LaBelle concert two days before her death on September 20, 2021.

Legacy and influence
Years after their breakup in 1976, Labelle's influence has been reflected by groups such as En Vogue, Destiny's Child and The Pussycat Dolls, who recorded the Labelle hit, "Far As We Felt Like Goin'" from the Phoenix album. Their biggest hit, "Lady Marmalade" continues to be covered, with its successful covers being renditions by All Saints and the Grammy-winning number-one hit collaboration between singers Christina Aguilera, Pink and Mýa and rapper Lil' Kim in 2001 (recorded for the Moulin Rouge! soundtrack.) The song was also covered by Madchester-era indie group The Happy Mondays, who spliced it with "Kinky Afro". The group's 1960s hit, "You'll Never Walk Alone", was covered by Sam Harris (who also covered their rendition of "Over the Rainbow"), and sampled by Kanye West in an early version of his song, "Homecoming" (which sampled the group's "walk on" intro) while their 1970s hit, "Isn't It a Shame" was sampled by Nelly on his song, "My Place". Their 1973 song, "Goin' On a Holiday", was also sampled in several hip-hop songs (sampling the group's vocal bridge, "goin', goin', goin', goin'...on...").

The group has been called pioneers of the disco movement for the proto-disco singles "Lady Marmalade" and "Messin' With My Mind". In turn, "Lady Marmalade" has been also called one of the first mainstream disco hits (Jones and Kantonen, 1999). In 2003, "Lady Marmalade" was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 2009, their songs "It Took a Long Time" and "System" were featured in Lee Daniels' film Precious.

Lineups

The Blue Belles
1962
Patricia "Patsy" Holte1
Nona Hendryx
Sarah Dash
Cindy Birdsong

Patti LaBelle & The Blue Belles
1962–1967
Patti LaBelle
Nona Hendryx
Sarah Dash
Cindy Birdsong

1967–1970
Patti LaBelle
Nona Hendryx
Sarah Dash

Labelle
1970–1976, 2005–2009
Patti LaBelle
Nona Hendryx
Sarah Dash

 1 Holte changed her name to Patti LaBelle in 1962 after Harold Robinson was sued by a manager of a group, also called the Blue Belles, therefore becoming Patti LaBelle and Her Blue Belles'.

DiscographyAs The Blue Belles (aka Patti La Belle and Her Blue Belles; Patti LaBelle and The Bluebelles):You'll Never Walk Alone/Decatur Street  7" single (Parkway Records P-896, 1962)Tear After Tear/Go On (This is Goodbye)  7" single (Newtown Records NT-5007, 1962)Danny Boy/I Believe  7" single (Parkway Records P-935, 1962)Decatur Street/Academy Award  7" single (Newtown Records NT-5019, 1963)Sweethearts of the Apollo (Newtown Records, 1963)Sleigh Bells, Jingle Bells and Blue Belles (Newtown, 1963)On Stage (Cameo-Parkway, 1964)Over the Rainbow (Atlantic, 1966)Dreamer (Atlantic, 1967)As Labelle:Labelle (Warner Bros. Records, 1971)Moon Shadow (Warner Bros. Records, 1972)Pressure Cookin' (RCA, 1973)Nightbirds (Epic, 1974)Phoenix (Epic, 1975)Chameleon (Epic, 1976)Back to Now (Verve, 2008)With Laura NyroGonna Take a Miracle (Laura Nyro ft. Labelle) (Columbia, 1971)

See also
List of number-one hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
List of number-one dance hits (United States)
List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart

References

Other sources
Jones, Alan and Kantonen, Jussi (1999) Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco. Chicago, Illinois: A Cappella Books. .
LaBelle, Patti, with Laura B. Randolph (1996). Don't Block the Blessings: Revelations of a Lifetime''. New York, NY: Riverhead Books. .
VH1.com, "Labelle", by Steve Huey, Allmusic (accessed on June 29, 2008)

External links
 Labelle interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' June 2009

1962 establishments in Pennsylvania
1976 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
2005 establishments in Pennsylvania
2009 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
African-American girl groups
African-American rock musical groups
American funk musical groups
American musical trios
American soul musical groups
American vocal groups
Atlantic Records artists
Epic Records artists
Funk rock musical groups
Laura Nyro
Musical groups disestablished in 1976
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from Philadelphia
Musical groups reestablished in 2005
Progressive soul music groups
RCA Victor artists
Rock music groups from Pennsylvania
Verve Records artists
Warner Music Group artists

Labelle


The University of Trieste (, or UniTS, Formerly Regia Università degli Studi or The Royal University of Studies) is a public research university in Trieste in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region in northeast Italy. The university consists of 10 departments, has a wide and almost complete range of university courses and has about 15,000 students and 1,000 professors. It was founded in 1924.

The historical international vocation of the University of Trieste is witnessed by its intense and high-level activity: Trieste is the centre of many research facilities, with which the university is connected by cooperation agreements. Among them, there are the International School for Advanced Studies, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, the National Institute of Oceanography, the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste Facility, the Trieste sections of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) and Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), and many others, building up the so-called "sistema Trieste" (Trieste System).

Moreover, the number of international inter-university co-operation agreements rapidly increased these last years. These agreements involve staff and student mobility, both within EU Programmes like the Socrates programme and agreements exclusively concerned with research activities.

The 2014 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it second among Italian universities. In 2019, U.S. News & World Report placed it at #67 among the top 100 universities in the world for Space Science. In the 2018 Round University Ranking of world universities, it stands among the top 100 universities in Life Sciences and Medical Sciences.

History

Before World War I, when Trieste was still a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Italian-speaking population strongly supported the idea of building a university in the town, but Austrian authorities repeatedly rejected the proposal. After the annexation of Trieste to Italy, the already existing Superior School in Commerce was granted the same rights of similar schools in Italy, and in 1924 it was turned into a university, by king's decree (8 August 1924, n. 1338). In 1938, with the institution of the Law faculty, the second after the Economy and Commerce faculty, the university became a Studium Generale (General Studies) one, and thus was given the title of Regia Università degli Studi (The Royal University of Studies). In the same year, the construction of a new building to house the faculties began on the Scoglietto hill, in a position dominating the Old City. The building, which still hosts the directive board and some faculties, was designed by architects Raffaello Fagnoni and Umberto Nordio. The first stone was posed in a ceremony on 19 September 1938 in the presence of the Italian Prime Minister and other authorities.

World War II slowed down the planned enlargement of the university. Indeed, the faculty of Engineering, although established in 1942, was restricted to naval engineering until the end of the war, while the opening of the faculty of Literature and philosophy, planned in 1943, was postponed till 1945. After the world war, Trieste was put under the joint control of the United Kingdom and the United States of America, in preparation for the establishment of a fully independent State, the Free Territory of Trieste, which nevertheless never came to exist. The Allied Government allowed the foundation of the new Literature and Philosophy faculty, instituted the faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, and completed the construction of the main building on the Scoglietto hill, inviting an emissary of the Italian government to the inauguration ceremony.

In 1954 Trieste was given back to Italy thanks to an agreement between the American and the Italian governments. To celebrate, the university awarded the President of the Italian Republic Luigi Einaudi a honoris causa degree in Economy and Commerce. In a short time new faculties were added (Pharmacy, Teaching Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Political Sciences), while also new buildings were inaugurated on the Scoglietto hill and in other parts of the town. In 1978 the School of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators was given the status of faculty; in 1997 the faculty of Psychology and in 1998 the faculty of Architecture completed the range of faculties currently present at the university.

Organization

These are the 10 departments into which the university is divided on the basis of the major reorganisation of the university's academic structure which took place in 2010:

 Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences
 Department of Physics
 Department of Engineering and Architecture
 Department of Mathematics and Geosciences
 Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
 Department of Life Sciences
 Department of Economic, Business, Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
 Department of Legal, Language, Interpreting and Translation Studies
 Department of Political and Social Sciences
 Department of Humanities

A Language Centre was established as an independent service on 1 January 2003. The centre provides fundamental support in the following areas: organisation and running of taught language courses in all the Faculties of Trieste University; organisation of Italian courses (beginner, intermediate and advanced level) for Erasmus students both going abroad and coming to Trieste.

Structures

The main campus is centered on the building in Piazzale Europa, on the Scoglietto hill, housing the Rector's office, the Administration offices, the Main Library and the faculties of Law and Political Sciences. Other buildings in the campus host the faculties of Economics, Pharmacy, Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences, Engineering, the Medical Institutes of Microbiology and Physiology, the towing tank, the Data Processing Centre, the Department of Chemical Sciences and the Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry. Within the premises are also sited the university canteen and three university dorms, run by the ARDISS - Agenzia Regionale per il Diritto agli Studi Superiori (Regional Agency for the Right to Higher Education).

Other departments are located in different parts of the town. The Department of Geological Sciences and the Department of Earth Sciences are accommodated in the buildings of the former psychiatric hospital, not far away from the main campus, inside San Giovanni Park.

In the heart of the city near the seafront, the old buildings of Via dell'Università and Via del Lazzaretto vecchio house the Department of Humanities, while the Narodni Dom* houses the Section of Studies in Modern Languages for Interpreting and Translation, the first advanced school of for interpreters and translators in Italy. *Restitution to the Slovenian community of Trieste in 2020.

The Faculty of Medicine and Surgery is located in several university compounds, particularly in structures annexed to the three town hospitals: Cattinara, Trieste General Hospital (Ospedale Maggiore), and Burlo Garofolo.

Far from the city centre, near the ICTP (International Centre for Theoretical Physics) there is the Department of Theoretical Physics, in the village of Miramare-Grignano, while the Department of Astronomy is housed near Trieste's two Astronomical Observatories: on San Vito hill and on the karst plateau, in Basovizza.

A few faculties are not in Trieste, but in other cities of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region and in the neighboring Veneto region. Particularly, in the Pordenone campus, there are undergraduate and graduate programs in Engineering and Education, while the Gorizia campus offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in International and Diplomatic Studies (part of the Faculty of Political Sciences) and three first-level degree: Business communication and human resource management, Economics and tourism management, Territorial policy. Finally, the Portogruaro campus in the Veneto region hosts the Teaching Sciences Department.

Trieste System
In 2020, Trieste was declared as the European City of Science and hosted the EuroScience Open Forum, the most important European event dedicated to science, technology, society and policy. Trieste International Foundation (TIF) is the promoter of Trieste System which is worldwide known as the 'United Nations System of Sciences'. Following international institutes located or headquartered in Trieste maintains collaborations, research and academic affiliations with the University of Trieste and offers programmes at different level from undergraduate to doctorate.

 Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste
  International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste
  AREA Science Park, Trieste
 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste
 The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Trieste, Italy
 Science Center Scientific Imaginary Trieste
 International Center for Science and High Technology (ICS) of UNIDO in Trieste
 Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, specialized in generating high quality synchrotron and free-electron laser light
 InterAcademy Panel on International Issues (IAP), transferred from the Royal Society of London, UK to TWAS in Trieste
 InterAcademy Medical Panel (IAMP), transferred from Washington, U.S. to TWAS in Trieste
 G77 Consortium on Science, Technology and Innovation for the South (COSTIS) in Trieste
 Astronomical Observatory of Trieste (INAF)
 National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Trieste
 National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Trieste
 Centre of Molecular Biomedicine (CBM) of the University of Trieste
 MIB School of Management Trieste

Campus
 San Giovanni Teaching Hub
 Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences
 Gorizia
 Pordenone: Since 1991, an additional satellite site has been established in Pordenone (located at Via Prasecco 4/1). At this site, the university offers degree courses in Production Engineering and Management, which are part of the Department of Engineering and Architecture's curriculum.
 Portogruaro, in the Province of Venice: In 1997, the University expanded its presence by creating a satellite site in Portogruaro, located in the Province of Venice. This site offers degree programs in Education.
 Orto Botanico dell'Università di Trieste (Botanical Garden of the University of Trieste): is maintained by University of Trieste. Founded in 1963, the Botanical Garden of the University of Trieste has an extension of about 2 square kilo meters plus two more woods on Mount Valerio.

Points of interest
 Orto Botanico dell'Università di Trieste, a botanical garden
 Radioincorso.it, a university web radio

Notable people

Notable faculty
 Luisa Accati, Sociology
 Stefano Bartolini, Political Science
 Václav Bělohradský, Philosophy
 Darko Bratina, Sociology
 Eugenio Colorni, Philosophy
 Gillo Dorfles, Humanities
Augusto del Noce, Philosophy
 Margherita Hack, Astrophysics
 Elvio Guagnini, Italian literature
 Gaetano Kanizsa, Psychology
 Marko Kravos, Slovene language
 Claudio Magris, German literature
 Pier Luigi Nimis, Botany
 Jože Pirjevec, History
 Dario Stevanato, Tax Law
 Giacomo Todeschini, History

Notable alumni
 Giovanni Bossi, former CEO, Banca IFIS
 Marino Busdachin, Secretary-General, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
 Alberto Conti, mathematician
 Luciano Fonda, physicist
 Salvatore Farina, General, Chief of Army Staff, Commander, Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
 Roberto Fico, President, Italian Chamber of Deputies
 Dario Floreano, computer scientist
 Antonio Giordano, physician
 Albert O. Hirschman, economist
 Andrea Illy, entrepreneur
 Dušan Jelinčič, journalist and novelist
 Clara Lovett, President (1993-2001), Northern Arizona University
 Fabio Mini, General (Ret'd) Army, author, columnist
 Stefano Patuanelli, politician, Minister of Economic development
 Carlo Pelanda, economist
 Jože Pirjevec, historian
 Alenka Rebula Tuta, poet and author
 Ermin Smrekar, architect
 Marta Verginella, historian
 Luca Visentini, Secretary-General, European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)
 Demetrio Volcic, journalist
 Lamberto Zannier, diplomat

Publications
Since 1999 the university's department of philosophy has published the journal Ethics & Politics [Etica & Politica] .

See also
 List of Italian universities
 List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)
 International School for Advanced Studies

References

External links

 University of Trieste Website
 University of Trieste Foreign Students
 University of Trieste International Relations
 University of Trieste Socrates Programme
 University of Trieste Language Centre

University of Trieste
Universities and colleges established in 1924
Education in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1924 establishments in Italy

University of Trieste


Zick may refer to:

Surname
A family of German artists:
Johann Martin Zick (1684–1753)
Johann Zick (1702–1762)
Januarius Johann Rasso Zick (1730–1797)
Carl Zick (fl. )
Conrad Zick (1773–1836)
Gustav Zick(1809–1886)
Alexander Zick (1845–1907)
Bob Zick (born 1927) American professional baseball player

Nickname
Zick, nickname for Isaac
Zick Rubin (born 1944), American psychologist and lawyer

Fiction
Ezekiel Zick, character from the comic book and animated series, Monster Allergy

See also
Zicker (disambiguation)
Zickhusen

Zick


Henry Boyle, 3rd Earl of Shannon, KP, PC (Ire) (8 August 1771 – 22 April 1842), styled Viscount Boyle from 1764 until 1807, was an Anglo-Irish politician and peer who was one of the last surviving members of the Parliament of Ireland. He represented County Cork in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1807. He then briefly served as Member of Parliament for Bandon in 1807, succeeding as Earl of Shannon later in the same year. He served as Custos rotulorum for County Cork from 1807 to his death. He was the first Lord Lieutenant of Cork from 1831 to his death.

Family

He was a son of Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Shannon, and Catherine Ponsonby. His sister Catherine Henrietta Boyle married Francis Bernard, 1st Earl of Bandon. Their maternal grandparents were John Ponsonby, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons from 1756 to 1771, and his wife Lady Elizabeth Cavendish. Lady Elizabeth was a daughter of William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire, and his wife Catherine Hoskins. Her maternal grandparents were John Hoskins and Catherine Hale.

Career

Parliament of Ireland
Boyle was educated at Winchester College. He represented the borough of Clonakilty in the Irish Parliament from 1793 until 1797 and then County Cork from 1797 until the Act of Union in 1801. In 1798, he was also elected for Rathcormack, however, chose not to sit. According to his obituary in The Gentleman's Magazine, Boyle "took an active part in arming the yeomanry in Ireland." On 31 October 1796 Boyle was commissioned Captain of five different units, those of Castlemartyr, Cloyne, Cove, Imokilly and Middleton. At the time the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland were under personal union. The Yeomanry were volunteer regiments raised in many counties from yeomen. Their purpose was to strengthen the defence of the two Kingdoms which faced the threat of an invasion by the French First Republic.

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 was assisted by a French invasion force under Jean Joseph Amable Humbert. The rebellion and the invasion failed. To secure control of Ireland, the Parliament of Ireland and the Parliament of Great Britain negotiated a merger of the two kingdoms. The Act of Union 1800 resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The final passage of the Act in the Irish Parliament was achieved with substantial majorities, achieved in part, according to contemporary documents, through bribery, in the form of peerages and honours to critics to get their votes. Whereas the first attempt had been defeated in the Irish House of Commons by 109 votes against to 104 for, the second vote in 1800 produced a result of 158 to 115. By agreement, Ireland gained 100 seats in the British House of Commons and 32 seats in the House of Lords: 28 representative peers elected for life, and four clergymen of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland, chosen for each session.

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Boyle was among the new Members of the House of Commons, representing County Cork in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1807. There was no actual 1801 United Kingdom general election. All members of the House of Commons entered it by right of their previous election to seats in Great Britain or Ireland. County Cork also had a second representative in the person of Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald. They are both listed among the Members of the 1st UK Parliament from Ireland. Boyle and Fitzgerald run unopposed in the 1802 United Kingdom general election. They were both among the Members of the 2nd UK Parliament from Ireland.

On 6 August 1803, Boyle was commissioned captain of a sixth unit, that of Youghal. During the 1st and 2nd Parliaments Boyle was not listed as either a Tory or a Whig. However, he ran as a Whig in the 1806 United Kingdom general election. He was elected alongside George Ponsonby, a fellow Whig. Their faction was at the time under the leadership of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey.

In the 1807 United Kingdom general election, Boyle changed his constituency. Ponsonby and James Bernard were elected in County Cork. On 15 May 1807, Boyle was elected Member of Parliament for Bandon He succeeded Courtenay Boyle in the position. Henry was listed as a Tory on this occasion. Possibly indicating support for the political coalition led by William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. On 18 May 1807, Boyle was also elected in Youghal as a Whig. He succeeded James Bernard.

On 20 May 1807, the 2nd Earl of Shannon died. Henry succeeded him in his titles and left the House of Commons. He served as Custos Rotulorum of County Cork from 1807 to his death. Shannon entered the Privy Council of Ireland in 1808. That same year he became a Knight of St. Patrick. He was the first Lord Lieutenant of Cork from 1831 to his death.

His death reportedly followed "an illness of nearly two years' duration".

Marriage and children

On 7 June 1798, Boyle married Sarah Hyde, daughter of John Hyde of Castle Hyde. Her mother was Sarah Burton. Their twelve children were listed by order of birth in his obituary:

Lady Catharine Boyle, listed as "unmarried" in 1842.
The Honourable Richard Boyle, "died an infant in 1803".
Lady Sarah Boyle, listed as "unmarried" in 1842.
Lady Harriet Boyle, listed "deceased" in 1842.
Lady Louisa Grace-Boyle, unmarried in 1842.
Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Shannon (12 May 1809 – 1 August 1868).
Lady Jane Boyle, unmarried in 1842.
Lady Elizabeth Boyle, unmarried in 1842.
The Honourable Henry Charles Boyle, "Lieut. Royal Fusiliers". Married Catharine-Sophronia-Jane Ede in 1841.
Lady Charlotte-Anne Boyle, unmarried in 1842.
The Honourable Robert Francis Boyle, "born in 1818".
Lady Frances Boyle, "died in 1824, aged four years".

References

External links

Page of "Gentleman's Magazine" featuring his Obituary
 Introduction to Shannon Papers. PRONI

1771 births
1842 deaths
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Knights of St Patrick
Lord-Lieutenants of Cork
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Cork constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Whig (British political party) MPs for Irish constituencies
Henry
Earls of Shannon

Henry Boyle, 3rd Earl of Shannon


Hungry Hearts is a collection of short stories by Jewish/American writer Anzia Yezierska first published in 1920. The short stories deal with the European Jewish immigrant experience from the perspective of fictional female Jews, each story depicting a different aspect of their trials and tribulations in poverty in New York City at the turn of the 20th century. The stories were adapted into a film of the same name.

Synopsis

Wings
Shenah Peshah a young lonely janitress living a painfully secluded life in poverty. She is given hope when she meets a young sociologist who moves into her building to study the people he writes about and  she falls in love with him.

Hunger
A sequel to 'Wings', Peshah gets a job at a shirtwaist factory where one of the workers falls in love with her.

The Lost "Beautifulness"

A mother dances on the edge of self-destruction when she paints her kitchen white for her son returning home from the military but has her rent raised by her cruel landlord as a response.

The Free Vacation House
A woman being crushed by motherhood is offered a stay at a free vacation house but finds the strict humiliating living conditions worse than her life in poverty.

The Miracle
A Jewish girl travels to America to find love but finds hardship and loneliness.

Where Lovers Dream
Poverty separates a happy couple forever, marking their lives as lifestyles separate them.

Soap and Water
A student is denied her diploma because of her unsightly appearance due to her grueling life going to school and supporting herself in grinding poverty, making her rebel against the divisions of class.

"The Fat of the Land"
A mother goes from poverty to wealth, expecting happiness but only finding a cruel Catch-22.

My Own People
A young writer finds inspiration and purpose in the suffering of her brethren.

How I Found America

External links
Read the entire book, http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/yezierska/hearts/hearts.html

1920 short story collections
Short story collections by Anzia Yezierska
Jewish American short story collections
Houghton Mifflin books
Proletarian literature

Hungry Hearts (short story collection)


Pegboard Nerds is a Scandinavian electronic music group, consisting of Norwegian DJ Alexander Odden and Danish DJ Michael Parsberg. The name Pegboard Nerds is an anagram of the duo's surnames, Odden and Parsberg. The duo first met in 2005 and formed the group in 2011. Previously, their records were released under separate projects and both have been producing since the 1990s.

On 21 October 2015, the duo released Pink Cloud to fund breast cancer research which went to number 2 on iTunes Dance Albums, and into the Top 10 on Billboard Dance albums.

In 2015, their collaboration with Jauz, a single titled "Get on Up", was one of the top bass house songs of the year. "Superstar" with Nghtmre and Krewella was the number 1 dubstep song on the Beatport Dubstep Charts of May 2016 and peaked at 28 on Billboards Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart in October 2016. Their collaboration "Deep In The Night" with Montreal-based artist Snails was released in August 2016.

In 2017, the duo released Nerds by Nature with a remix EP being released later that year. The EP reached number 12 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums Billboard charts and received generally positive reviews.

Chart history

Discography

References

External links

 Official website

21st-century Norwegian musicians
21st-century Danish musicians
DJ duos
Dubstep musicians
Electronic dance music duos
Monstercat artists
Male musical duos
Electronic dance music DJs
Spinnin' Records artists

Pegboard Nerds


Portrait of a Seated Woman with a Handkerchief is a painting at the Art Gallery of Ontario, in Toronto. Today it is attributed to Carel Fabritius, but was previously considered a work by Rembrandt.

The work was sold in 1845 as part of the auction of the collection of Joseph Cardinal Fesch. It was later in the collection of Sir George Holford of Dorchester House, London. It was sold alongside the rest of the collection at Christie's in 1928. While still attributed to Rembrandt it was bought at auction by the Eaton's corporation for 30,000 Guineas. The company displayed the portrait at their College Park store and later at stores in Montreal and Winnipeg; at the time the only Rembrandt on public display in Canada. It was later moved to one of the private rooms of the College Street building and was then given as a retirement present to R.Y. Eaton. He loaned the painting to the Art Gallery of Toronto and his widow donated it in 1966. In 1959, it was one of six works stolen from the gallery. The thieves targeted the most valuable works also taking the Portrait of Isaak Abrahamsz. Massa and Rembrandt's Portrait of a Lady with a Lap Dog. Then still believed to be a Rembrandt, Woman with a Handkerchief had the highest value of those stolen according to the gallery's insurance.

The painting is signed "Rembrandt f. 1644" and this signature was long accepted as valid. It is today known that there are many works with Rembrandt signatures that were faked. Some of these are works produced in Rembrandt's workshop, often following an initial sketch of Rembrandt's. Others are pure forgeries with the signature added at a later date to increase its value. The painting does date from the era of Rembrandt, and the date could be accurate. It is rejected as the hand of Rembrandt as the hands and face of the portrait are painted in a distinctive style, and a style very different from Rembrandt's. The style is similar to the surviving works of Carel Fabritius, one of Rembrandt's most skilled pupils. There is still considerably scholarly debate over if the painting is truly one by Fabritius.

There has also long been speculation over the identity of the sitter. Aaltje van Uylenburgh, a cousin of Rembrandt's wife Saskia, is the most common conjecture. The pose of the sitter suggests the painting was paired with a portrait of the woman's husband. A painting known as Portrait of a Scholar is of the same size and general style. It today hangs in Cologne and is believed to depict J.C. Sylvius, van Uylenburgh's husband. The two paintings are also recorded as having been sold together in a sale in 1811.

References
A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings - Volume II: 1631-1634. Bruyn, J., Haak, B. (et al.), Band 2, 1986,
"Rembrandt Painting Given Private View." The Globe and Mail. Saturday June 23, 1928.

1640s paintings
Collections of the Art Gallery of Ontario
Paintings by Carel Fabritius
Seated Woman with a Handkerchief
Stolen works of art


The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus.

The median nerve originates from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, and has contributions from ventral roots of C5-C7 (lateral cord) and C8 and T1 (medial cord).

The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the disability that results from the median nerve being pressed in the carpal tunnel.

Structure
The median nerve arises from the branches from lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, courses through the anterior part of arm, forearm, and hand, and terminates by supplying the muscles of the hand.

Arm
After receiving inputs from both the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, the median nerve enters the arm from the axilla at the inferior margin of the teres major muscle. It then passes vertically down and courses lateral to the brachial artery between biceps brachii (above) and brachialis (below). At first, it is lateral to the artery and lies anterior to the shoulder joint; it then crosses anteriorly to run medial to the artery in the distal arm and into the cubital fossa. Inside the cubital fossa, the median nerve passes medial to the brachial artery. The median nerve gives off an articular branch to the elbow joint. A branch to pronator teres muscle arise from the median nerve immediately above the elbow joint.

Forearm
The median nerve continues in the cubital fossa medial to the brachial artery and passes between the two heads of  the pronator teres, deep to the bicipital aponeurosis (aponeurosis of biceps) and superficial the brachialis muscle. It crosses the ulnar artery (branch of brachial artery) while being separated by the deep head of the pronator teres. It then travels between the flexor digitorum superficialis (above) and flexor digitorum profundus (below). The median nerve is accompanied by the median artery (a branch of anterior interosseous artery) during this course. Then,  about 5 cm above the flexor retinaculum (wrist), it emerges between the flexor digitorum superficialis (medially) and the flexor carpi radialis (laterally) into the hand.

The main trunk of the median nerve innervates the superficial and deep groups of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm with the exception of flexor carpi ulnaris. The median nerve does this by giving off two branches as it courses through the forearm:

Muscular branches are given off in the cubital fossa to supply flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor digitorum superficialis.
The anterior interosseous branch is given off in the upper part of the forearm, courses with the anterior interosseous artery and innervates flexor pollicis longus and the lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus (the ulnar half is supplied by ulnar nerve, as is the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle). It ends with its innervation of pronator quadratus. In addition to its supply to muscles, this nerve also supplies the distal radioulnar joint and wrist joint.

The median nerve also gives off sensory and other branches in the forearm. The palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve arises at the distal part of the forearm. It supplies sensory innervation to the thenar eminence of the palm and the central palm. Articular branches are given to the elbow joint and proximal radioulnar joint. Vascular branches supply the radial and ulnar arteries. Meanwhile, a communicating branch is given to the ulnar nerve.

Hand
The median nerve enters the hand through the carpal tunnel, deep to the flexor retinaculum along with the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicis longus. From there, it is divided into recurrent muscular branch and digital cutaneous branch:
 The muscular branch (also known as recurrent branch) supplies the thenar muscles (opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, and superficial part of flexor pollicis brevis)
Digital cutaneous to the proper palmar digital branch and the common palmar digital branch: The proper palmar digital branch gives out three digital branches to the lateral one and a half digits (two digital branches to the thumb, one digital branch to the lateral side of the index finger). The digital branch to the index finger also supplies the first lumbrical. The common palmar digital branch divides further into two branches. Both the medial and lateral branches supply the second and third interdigital clefts with adjoining index, middle, and lateral half of ring finger. The lateral branch also supplies the second lumbrical.

Variation

The naturally occurring anomalies of the median nerve are:
 Bifurcation of the median nerve typically occurs after the nerve exits the carpal tunnel; however, in a small percentage (5-10%) of individuals, the median nerve bifurcates more proximal in the carpal tunnel, wrist, or forearm.
 During gestation, a median artery that serves the hand retracts.  However, in some individuals, the median artery does not retract and follows the course next to the median nerve into the hand.
 Martin-Gruber anastomoses can occur when branches of the median nerve cross-over in the forearm and merge with the ulnar nerve to innervate portions of the forehand.
 Riche-Cannieu anastomosis can occur when a connection exists between recurrent branch of the median nerve and deep branch of the ulnar nerve of the hand.

Function
The median nerve is the main nerve of the front of the forearm. It supplies the muscles of the front of the forearm and muscles of the thenar eminence, thus controlling the coarse movements of the hand. Therefore, it is also called "labourer's nerve".

Arm
The median nerve has no voluntary motor or cutaneous function in the brachium. It gives vascular branches to the wall of the brachial artery. These vascular branches carry sympathetic fibers.

Forearm
It innervates all of the flexors in the forearm, except flexor carpi ulnaris and that part of flexor digitorum profundus that supplies the fourth and fifth digits. The latter two muscles are supplied by the ulnar nerve (specifically the muscular branches of ulnar nerve).

The main portion of the median nerve supplies these muscles:

Superficial group:
 Pronator teres
 Flexor carpi radialis
 Palmaris longus

Intermediate group:
 Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

The anterior interosseus branch of the median nerve supplies these muscles:

Deep group:
Flexor digitorum profundus (only the lateral half)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Hand
In the hand, the median nerve supplies motor innervation to the first and second lumbrical muscles. It also supplies the muscles of the thenar eminence by a recurrent thenar branch. The rest of the intrinsic muscles of the hand are supplied by the ulnar nerve.

The median nerve innervates the skin of the palmar (volar) side of the index finger, thumb, middle finger, and half the ring finger, and the nail bed. The radial aspect of the palm is supplied by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, which leaves the nerve proximal to the wrist creases. This palmar cutaneous branch travels in a separate fascial groove adjacent to the flexor carpi radialis and then superficial to the flexor retinaculum. It is, therefore, spared in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Clinical significance

Injury
Injury of median nerve at different levels causes different syndromes with varying motor and sensory deficits.

At the shoulder
 Injury can occur at the brachial plexus

Above the elbow
 Common mechanism of injury: a supracondylar humerus fracture
 Motor deficit:
 Loss of pronation of forearm, weakness in flexion of the hand at the wrist, loss of flexion of radial half of digits and thumb, loss of abduction and opposition of thumb.
 Presence of an ape hand deformity when the hand is at rest, due to an hyperextension of index finger and thumb, and an adducted thumb
 Presence of benediction sign when attempting to form a fist, due to loss of flexion of radial half of digits
 Sensory deficit: loss of sensation in lateral  digits including their nail beds, and the thenar area

At the elbow
 Entrapment at the level of the elbow or the proximal forearm could be due to the pronator teres syndrome.

Within the proximal forearm: anterior interosseous syndrome
 Injury to the anterior interosseous branch in the forearm causes the anterior interosseous syndrome
 Common mechanisms: tight cast, forearm bone fracture
 Motor deficit: loss of pronation of forearm, loss of flexion of radial half of digits and thumb
 Sensory deficit: none

At the wrist
 Common mechanism: wrist laceration
 Motor deficit:
 Weakness in flexion of radial half of digits and thumb, loss of abduction and opposition of thumb
 Presence of an ape hand deformity when the hand is at rest may be likely, due to an hyperextension of index finger and thumb, and an adducted thumb. Nevertheless, an ape hand deformity is not a requirement for a carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosis.
 Presence of a benediction sign when attempting to form a fist, due to weakness in flexion of radial half of digits
 Sensory deficit: loss of sensation in lateral  digits including their nail beds, and the thenar area

Within the wrist: carpal tunnel syndrome
 Common mechanism: carpal tunnel syndrome, an injury by compression in the carpal tunnel, without transection of the median nerve, due to overuse by activities such as keyboard typing and cooking
 Motor deficit:
 Weakness in flexion of radial half of digits and thumb, weakness in abduction and opposition of thumb
 Presence of an ape hand deformity or when attempting to form a fist, the benediction sign, due to compression of the median nerve, as opposed to complete median nerve palsy
 Sensory deficit: numbness and tingling in lateral  digits including their nail beds, but excluding the thenar eminence which is supplied by the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve Unlike in wrist laceration,  sensation still occurs in the area of the central palm. Sensation is not lost because the palmar cutaneous branch runs above the flexor retinaculum, and is not affected in compression in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Assessment

When symptoms of tingling, numbness, pain, or muscle weakness occur, various assessments are conducted, including patient-reported subjective surveys, provocative tests meant to elicit or exacerbate symptoms, sensory and motor function tests, and diagnostic equipment.
 Common patient-reported measures of symptoms and function are the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ)and, its short version, the CTS-6, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and the Upper Limb Functional Index.
 Provocative testing to examine free movement and gliding for the entire length of the median nerve is completed using an upper limb tension test. Phalen's, Tinel's, and Durkan's tests are used to assess compression at the wrist in the case of carpal tunnel syndrome.
 Sensory testing is conducted across the dermatomes associated with sensory functioning of the median nerve using monofilaments or two-point discrimination instruments. Motor function tests focus on examining the use of the thenar muscles within the hand most affected by median nerve injury. Common functional tests include the evaluation of grip and pinch strength using dynamometry and gross and fine motor coordination ability using the Purdue pegboard, 9-hole peg test, and other assessment tools.
 Electrodiagnostic testing using surface or needle electromyography is a widely used diagnostic assessment that can identify a specific location of nerve compression/injury or rule out other central nervous system conditions that could mimic a median nerve injury. Sonographic imaging can evaluate the median nerve's size, shape, and movement for comparison to normative values and identify locations or causes of nerve compression to support intervention selection, particularly within the carpal tunnel.

Combinations of these assessments are useful for ruling out other conditions, identifying the location of nerve injury or compression, uncovering underlying causes of symptoms (such as tendonitis), determining the severity of the nerve injury, and developing individualized treatment plans based on patient characteristics. Such combinations of median nerve evaluations have been most widely validated in the assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Additional images

See also

References

External links

  - "Axilla, dissection, anterior view"

Nerves of the upper limb

Median nerve


Paul Bril (1554 – 7 October 1626) was a Flemish painter and printmaker principally known for his landscapes.  He spent most of his active career in Rome. His Italianate landscapes had a major influence on landscape painting in Italy and Northern Europe.

Life

Paul Bril is believed to have been born in Antwerp although his birthplace may have been Breda. He was the son of the painter Matthijs Bril the Elder.  Paul and his older brother Matthijs likely started their artistic training with their father in Antwerp. Paul may also have been a student of the Antwerp painter Damiaen Wortelmans who was specialised in the decoration of harpsichords.

Matthijs moved to Rome probably around 1575. Here he worked on several frescoes in the Vatican Palace. It is believed Paul joined his brother in Rome around or after 1582.

When Matthijs died in 1583, his brother likely continued his work, picking up many of Matthijs' commissions.  Paul's earliest known works date from the late 1580s. He established his reputation with commissions from Pope Gregory XIII in the Collegio Romano. His success was assured after Pope Sixtus V became his principal patron. Bril was part of a team specialized in landscape painting and thus participated in almost every assignment which entailed decorative landscapes, such as in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, the Vatican Palace and the Scala Santa. Another important early commission was the fresco cycle in the Santa Cecilia in Trastevere in Rome of around 1599.

Pope Clement VIII also became his patron and gave the artist a commission for a monumental seascape on the Martyrdom of St. Clement. Paul Bril completed this commission  in the Vatican Palace's Sala Clementina in collaboration with the brothers Giovanni and Cherubino Alberti (1600–02/3). In 1601 Paul received another major commission, to paint a series of large canvases featuring properties of the Mattei family. Paul further painted landscape frescoes in the Casino dell'Aurora of the Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi in Rome.

His patrons were among the most influential people in Rome and included members from the Colonna, Borghese, Mattei and Barberini families in Rome as well as Cardinal Federico Borromeo in Milan, Cardinal Carlo de' Medici in Florence and Duke Ferdinando Gonzaga in Mantua.

In 1621, Paul Bril became director of the Accademia di San Luca, the artists' academy in Rome. This was a clear sign of the high esteem in which he was held by his fellow artists in Rome as he was the first foreigner to hold this position.

He had many students including his son Cyriacus Bril, Luigi Carboni, Balthasar Lauwers, Willem van Nieulandt II, Pieter Spierinckx, Agostino Tassi and Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom.  Karel Philips Spierincks may also briefly have been his pupil.

Paul Bril died in Rome in 1626.

Work

Paul Bril initially painted in the late Mannerist style developed by his brother. These early landscapes are in the Flemish tradition inaugurated by Joachim Patinir and Pieter Bruegel the Elder and further developed by his own brother. Works from this early period were characterised by a picturesque arrangement of landscape elements and violent contrasts between light and dark. These early paintings also show strong contrasts of forms to create a sense of dramatic motion. Bril contrasted steep cliffs with chasms or dark, twisting trees growing from hills next to flat, sunlit pastures.

His style changed during his stay in Rome. His compositions became calmer and his style more classicising around 1605. This may have been due to the influence of Annibale Carracci and Adam Elsheimer. The works from this period have lower horizons and less abrupt transitions from foreground to background. The subjects are typically pastoral or bucolic scenes and mythological subjects.  This late style had a strong influence on the development of Flemish landscape painting and was crucial to Claude Lorrain's formation of the classical landscape.

Agostino Tassi may have been Paul's pupil. Tassi later became the master of Claude Lorrain. Paul Bril thus forms one of the links between the panoramic views of Joachim Patinir and the ideal landscape evolved by Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain. Bril is considered a precursor of the Dutch Italianates such as Cornelius van Poelenburgh and Bartholomeus Breenbergh, and, to a certain extent, of the Flemish and Dutch genre painters active in Rome known as the Bamboccianti.

Paul also painted small cabinet paintings on copper and panel commencing from the 1590s. Some of these he signed with a pair of glasses, a pun on the Flemish word bril which means "glasses". These small-scale paintings depicted subjects that he and his brother had rendered before on a large scale, such as tempestuous seascapes, hermits in the wilderness, travelling pilgrims, peasants among ancient ruins, hunters and fishermen.

A prolific draftsman, his drawings were popular with collectors and were copied by the many students who worked with him in his studio, which was a popular destination for Dutch and Flemish artists visiting Rome.

He often collaborated on paintings with Johann Rottenhammer. According to a dealer's letter of 1617, Rottenhammer painted the figures in Venice and then sent the plates to Rome for Bril to complete the landscape. Bril also collaborated with his friends Jan Brueghel the Elder and Adam Elsheimer, whom he both influenced and was influenced by.  His collaboration with Elsheimer is shown in a painting now in Chatsworth House.  Bril introduced Jan Brueghel the Elder to Cardinal Federico Borromeo, who subsequently became Brueghel's most important patron. He also let the Dutch landscape artist Bartholomeus Breenbergh live in his Roman residence for many years.

See also
 River View with Rocks, oil on copper anonymous copy of an original by Bril

References

Further reading
Peter and Linda Murray, The Penguin Dictionary of Art and Artists.  Fifth Edition: Revised and Enlarged (Penguin Books, London, 1988), 51.
Carla Hendriks, Northern Landscapes on Roman Walls: The Frescoes of Matthijs and Paul Bril. (Florence : Centro Di della Edifimi, c2003).
Rudolf Baer, Paul Bril: Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Landschaftsmalerei um 1600. (Munich: J.B. Grassi, 1930).
Hanno Hahn, Paul Bril in Caprarola. Miscellanea Bibliothecae Hertzianae, Roma, 1961.
Francesca Cappelletti, Paul Bril e la pittura di paesaggio a Roma, 1580-1630. (Rome: Ugo Bozzi, c.2006).
Louisa Wood Ruby, Paul Bril: The Drawings. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999).
Anton Mayer, Das Leben und die Werke der Brueder Matthaeus und Paul Brill. (Leipzig: K.W. Hiersemann, 1910).
Giorgio T. Faggin, Per Paolo Bril, in Paragone, CLXXXV, 1965.

External links

1554 births
1626 deaths
16th-century Flemish painters
17th-century Flemish painters
Artists from the Spanish Netherlands
Flemish Renaissance painters
Flemish landscape painters
Fresco painters
Painters from Antwerp

Paul Bril


Mester de Clerecía ("Ministry of Clergy") is a Spanish literature genre that can be understood as an opposition and surpassing of Mester de Juglaría. It was cultivated in the 13th century by Spanish learned poets, usually clerics (hence the name 'clerecía').

Unlike Mester de Juglaría, Mester de Clerecía was written on paper, not anonymous, with regular metre (the cuaderna vía) and done by educated authors. Also the topics are more serious: religious, historical and novelesque. The stanzas in them are composed of 4 alexandrine lines which contain 14 syllables each.

The most famous authors of this period are Gonzalo de Berceo and Arcipreste de Hita. The Poema de Fernán González is an example of anonymous mester de clerecía.

These poets carefully counted the number of syllables in each line and strived to achieve perfect lines. The line form is the Alexandrine line (14 syllables) with consonantal rhyme in stanzas of four lines each. This form is also known as the cuaderna vía or the fourfold way, and was borrowed from France and was popular until the late fourteenth century. Popular themes of these poets were Christian legends, lives of saints, and tales from classical antiquity. The poems were recited to villagers in public plazas. Two traits separate this form from the mester de juglaría: didacticism and erudition. Castilian priest and poet Gonzalo de Berceo was one of the greatest followers of the mester de clerecía. All of his works were religious; two of the most well known are Milagros de Nuestra Señora (about the miracles worked by the Virgin Mary) and Vida de Santa Oria. Fourteenth-century poet Juan Ruíz, also known as the Arcipreste de Hita, used the cuaderna vía in parts of his famous work Libro de buen amor. He introduced sixteen-syllable lines.

Medieval literature
Spanish literature

Mester de clerecía


Empress Dowager Du (杜太后, given name unknown,  902 – 17 July 961) was an empress dowager of imperial China's Song dynasty. She was the wife of general Zhao Hongyin and the mother of Emperor Taizu of Song, who founded the Song dynasty.

After her death, another son, Emperor Taizong, succeeded Emperor Taizu, claiming legitimacy on grounds of their mother's will, alleged to be sealed in a golden shelf at her death. Many historians believe that this was actually a fabrication by Emperor Taizong.

Becoming the empress dowager
In 960, her eldest surviving son Zhao Kuangyin staged a coup d'état to end the Later Zhou, forcing the 7-year-old Emperor Gong of Later Zhou to abdicate power and declaring himself the emperor of the new Song Dynasty. Upon hearing the news, Lady Du was not surprised and merely stated: "My son has always been ambitious." She was honored as the empress dowager in a grand ceremony before all ministers but did not appear happy. When asked why, she replied: "I heard it is very difficult to be a ruler. Being above all commoners, if an emperor governs according to the ethics, then he deserves all their respect. However, if he mismanages the sovereign, he can no longer be a commoner even if he begs. This is why I am worried." Emperor Taizu bowed and promised to remember that.

Promise of the Golden Shelf
Just a year later, Empress Dowager Du fell sick, and Emperor Taizu personally fed her medicine and attended her by her bed. When the illness worsened, minister Zhao Pu was summoned to record the will. Empress Dowager Du asked her son, "Do you know why you became an emperor?" In tears, Emperor Taizu could not answer. The mother asked again, and Emperor Taizu responded that it was all due to the blessings of her and the ancestors. "Wrong," the mother said, "It was because Emperor Shizong of (Later) Zhou made his young kid succeed him as the emperor. Had (Later) Zhou had an older emperor, how could you become one? When you pass away, remember to pass the throne to your younger brother. The country is wide, the population is large, an older emperor is the blessing of the dynasty." Emperor Taizu cried and nodded his head. Empress Dowager Du also told Zhao Pu: "You shall also remember and follow my words." This conversation was recorded by Zhao Pu with his signature at the end and sealed in a golden shelf to be kept by reliable palace attendants.

Family
The eldest of 8 children from an official family, Lady Du married general Zhao Hongyin upon reaching adulthood and bore him 7 children:

Zhao Guangji (赵光济), 1st son, died young
Zhao Kuangyin (赵匡胤), 2nd son, born in 927
Zhao Kuangyi (赵匡义), later called Zhao Guangyi (赵光义) and eventually Zhao Jiong (赵炅), 3rd son, born in 939
Zhao Kuangmei (赵匡美), later called Zhao Guangmei (赵光美) and eventually Zhao Tingmei (赵廷美), 4th son, born in 947
Zhao Kuangzan (赵匡赞), 5th son, died young
A daughter, originally married to Mi Fude (米福德), later married Gao Huaide after Mi's death
Another daughter who died young

Lady Du was a strict mother who taught the children to follow rules and traditions. Her husband Zhao Hongyin died in 956.

Notes and references

Sources

Song dynasty empresses dowager
10th-century Chinese women
900s births
961 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Baoding
People from Dingzhou

Empress Dowager Du


Osmo Olavi Kock (September 14, 1929, Hollola - September 15, 1994, Lahti) was a Finnish politician. Kock was Finnish People's Democratic League Member of Parliament between 1966-1970 and 1972–1974. He was member of Lahti City Council. Kock left Parliament when he became  Finnish Ambassador to East Germany, where he worked from 1974 to 1979. Later, he was Ambassador to Algeria from 1979 to 1983 and to Romania from 1987 to 1990.

Kock was elected as a member of the Southern constituency of the Häme County. In parliament he was member of  Legal Affairs Committee and constitutional committee. In the second law committee, Kock was also chairman. He was also a member of the Finnish delegation to the Nordic Council.

Kock graduated in 1949, became a lawyer in 1959 and a bachelor of law  in 1965. He worked as Executive Director of the Finland-Poland Association in 1951–1958, as a bank clerk in 1959 and as a lawyer in 1959–1961.

Between 1961 and 1971, Kocka served as Assistant Secretary for City of Lahti and from 1971 to 1974 as Director General of the Social and Health Department of the State Provincial Office of Kymi.

In addition to People's Democratic League, Kock influenced numerous other organizations. In 1949 he joined the Communist Party of Finland . Kock belonged to the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1969-1970, deputy from 1966 to 1969 and 1970 to 1972)  and led the party's Lahti District Committee. The dummy also had positions of trust in the Finnish-Polish Association, the Criminal Service, the Lahti Consumers' co-operative, the National Workers' Savings Bank, the Consortium of Consumers' Cooperatives, and the co-operative Wholesale store.

References

1929 births
1994 deaths
People from Hollola
Finnish People's Democratic League politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1966–1970)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1972–1975)
Ambassadors of Finland to East Germany
Ambassadors of Finland to Algeria
Ambassadors of Finland to Romania
20th-century Finnish lawyers
Finnish bankers

Osmo Kock


Kevin Peek (21 December 1946 – 11 February 2013) was an Australian guitarist, playing both rock and classical music, best known for his work with the progressive rock band Sky.

He was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and initially played classical percussion in the Adelaide Conservatorium of Music, before teaching himself the guitar. In 1967 Peek formed a Psychedelic pop, progressive rock group, James Taylor Move but left by May 1968, moving to London. He returned to Adelaide, Australia, to join a newly formed rock band Quartet which, despite a contract from England's Decca Records, proved unsuccessful. An Australian single "Now"/"Will My Lady Come" [Decca Y-8977] was released in 1969. The A-side is credited to Terry Britten; the B-side to Trevor Spencer, Alan Tarney and Peek.  For a time, following their move to London, he and his fellow Adelaide-born bandmates—guitarist Terry Britten, bassist Alan Tarney, and drummer Trevor Spencer—made their livings as session musicians together, playing with everyone from the New Seekers and Mary Hopkin (Earth Song, Ocean Song) to Cliff Richard, whose regular backing band they became on stage and on record during the 1970s. Peek also worked with Manfred Mann, Lulu, Tom Jones, Jeff Wayne (War of the Worlds), and Shirley Bassey, among others. He wrote the music for the internationally broadcast "Singapore Girl" television advertisements for Singapore Airlines.

In 1979, he joined the classical/progressive rock quintet Sky.  In association with classical guitarist John Williams, keyboardist Francis Monkman, bassist Herbie Flowers, and drummer Tristan Fry, Peek played on seven studio albums with the band, before departing in 1991. Peek recorded three albums—Guitar Junction, Awakening, and Life & Other Games— but achieved greater prominence through his work with Sky and his session work with Olivia Newton-John, Kiki Dee, Sally Oldfield, the Alan Parsons Project, and the London Symphony Orchestra (in association with Francis Monkman on their Symphonic Rock: British Invasion releases). He also played on various soundtracks, including Monkman's music for The Long Good Friday.

Peek was jailed for three years in 1994 for 28 counts of fraud over a scheme in which he admitted faking information provided to factoring financier Scottish Pacific. Following a failed business venture and bankruptcy, in 2010 he was again prosecuted in Perth, Western Australia on two counts of making a false statement to deceive or defraud. A full trial was originally scheduled for 2011, later adjourned until 2012 and ultimately never took place.

Peek died of melanoma in a Perth hospice on 11 February 2013, aged 66 years.

References

Australian rock guitarists
Australian classical guitarists
Australian male guitarists
Musicians from Adelaide
Musicians from Perth, Western Australia
2013 deaths
1946 births
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century guitarists
Sky (English/Australian band) members
20th-century Australian male musicians
Deaths from melanoma
20th-century classical musicians

Kevin Peek


David Parks (born December 22, 1943) is an American politician from Las Vegas, Nevada. A Democrat, he served in the Nevada Senate for 12 years, representing the state's 7th district in Clark County. He was elected to the Senate in November 2008, prior to which he had served in the Nevada Assembly since 1996. He was term-limited in 2020 and did not run for re-election.

Early life and career
Educated at the University of New Hampshire, Parks served in the United States Air Force between 1967 and 1971, and was stationed at Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas. He then earned an MBA at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

Political offices

A former assistant director of Clark County's Regional Transportation Commission, he was first appointed to the Paradise Town Advisory Board in 1991 and served three terms. He was elected the board's chairman in 1992 and served in that role until his election to the State Assembly in November 1996. He was re-elected comfortably in 1998 and 2000.

In 2002, longtime Republican opponent Tony Dane (who Parks defeated in 1996 and 1998) convinced a man also called David Parks to run against him for the Democratic nomination in the 41st Assembly district. Challenger Parks' name was removed from the ballot when it became apparent that he was not a resident of Clark County, nor indeed of Nevada. Incumbent Parks won the general election and was re-elected again in 2004 and 2006.

He was not a candidate for re-election to the Assembly in 2008 but instead ran for the Nevada Senate in the 7th district, seeking to succeed Dina Titus who mounted a successful bid for Congress. Three Democrats and three Republicans filed for the seat. In the primary election held on August 12, 2008, he faced a well-funded opponent but prevailed easily, winning 71 percent of the vote in a three-way race. He faced Republican Lindsay Nicole Madsen in the November general election, winning easily; he garnered 68% of the vote to her 32%.

In 2010, he ran to succeed Rory Reid on the Clark County Commission, losing the Democratic primary election to Mary Beth Scow by just 91 votes.

He was appointed to the Governor's Statewide AIDS Advisory Task Force in 1987 (serving until 1994) and again in 2002 (still serving).

Electoral history
David Parks was elected in 1996 to serve in the Nevada State Assembly in Clark District 41.

Personal

He is openly gay and was the first openly gay member of the Nevada Legislature. He is one of five openly LGBT members of the Nevada legislature, alongside Senators Pat Spearman and Kelvin Atkinson, as well as Assemblymen Andrew Martin and James Healey. His election campaigns have won the support of the Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund.

References

External links
 Assembly homepage

1943 births
Living people
Gay politicians
LGBT state legislators in Nevada
Democratic Party Nevada state senators
Democratic Party members of the Nevada Assembly
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
University of New Hampshire alumni
American LGBT military personnel
United States Air Force airmen
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American LGBT people

David Parks (politician)


John Edward Hopcroft (born October 7, 1939) is an American theoretical computer scientist. His textbooks on theory of computation (also known as the Cinderella book) and data structures are regarded as standards in their fields. He is the IBM Professor of Engineering and Applied Mathematics in Computer Science at Cornell University, Co-Director of the Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies at Peking University, and the Director of the John Hopcroft Center for Computer Science at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

Education
He received his bachelor's degree from Seattle University in 1961. He received his master's degree and Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1962 and 1964, respectively. He worked for three years at Princeton University and since then has been at Cornell University. Hopcroft is the grandson of Jacob Nist, founder of the Seattle-Tacoma Box Company.

Career
In addition to his research work, he is well known for his books on algorithms and formal languages coauthored with Jeffrey Ullman and Alfred Aho, regarded as classic texts in the field.

In 1986 he received the Turing Award (jointly with Robert Tarjan) "for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures." Along with his work with Tarjan on planar graphs he is also known for the Hopcroft–Karp algorithm for finding matchings in bipartite graphs. In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2005 he received the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award "for fundamental contributions to the study of algorithms and their applications in information processing."
In 2008 he received the Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award "for his vision of and impact on computer science, including co-authoring field-defining texts on theory and algorithms, which continue to influence students 40 years later, advising PhD students who themselves are now contributing greatly to computer science, and providing influential leadership in computer science research and education at the national and international level."

Hopcroft was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1989 for fundamental contributions to computer algorithms and for authorship of outstanding computer science textbooks.

In 1992, Hopcroft was nominated to the National Science Board by George H. W. Bush.

In 2005, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Sydney, in Sydney, Australia. In 2009, he received an honorary doctorate from Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. In 2017, Shanghai Jiao Tong University launched a John Hopcroft Center for Computer Science. In 2020 the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen opened a Hopcroft Institute for Advanced Information Sciences and designated him as an Einstein professor.

Hopcroft is also the co-recipient (with Jeffrey Ullman) of the 2010 IEEE John von Neumann Medal
"for laying the foundations for the fields of automata and language theory and many seminal contributions to theoretical computer science."

Awards
 1986. Turing Award
 1989. National Academy of Engineering Member
 1994. ACM Fellow
 2005. Harry H. Goode Memorial Award
 2008. Karl Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award
 2010. IEEE John von Neumann Medal
 2016. Friendship Award (China)

Selected publications
 Books
 2017. Foundations of Data Science. (with Avrim Blum and Ravindran Kannan)
 2001. J.E. Hopcroft, Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation Second Edition. Addison-Wesley.
 1983. Alfred V. Aho, J.E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Data Structures and Algorithms, Addison-Wesley Series in Computer Science and Information Processing.
 1974. Alfred V. Aho, J.E. Hopcroft, Jeffrey D. Ullman, The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms, Addison-Wesley Series in Computer Science and Information Processing.
 1969. Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata. (with Jeffrey D. Ullman), Addison-Wesley, Reading MA.

References

External links
 John E. Hopcroft at Cornell University

American computer scientists
1939 births
Living people
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Turing Award laureates
Cornell University faculty
Stanford University alumni
Seattle University alumni
20th-century American engineers
21st-century American engineers
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Computer science educators
American textbook writers
American electrical engineers

John Hopcroft


Cao Rui (died 13 June 233) was a prince in the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was a son of Cao Pi, the first emperor of Wei. His mother, whose family name was Pan (潘), was a concubine of Cao Pi holding the rank of shuyuan (淑媛; translated "Decent Concubine"). He was enfeoffed as the Prince of Yangping County (陽平縣王) in 226 after his half-brother, Cao Rui (曹叡; note the different character for Rui), succeeded their father as the emperor of Wei (with the posthumous title of "Emperor Ming of Wei"). In 232, his title was changed to Prince of Beihai (北海王). He died in 233 and had no offspring.

In 234, Since Cao Rui (曹蕤) had no descendants, Emperor Ming designated Cao Zan (曹贊), a descendant of Cao Ju, as (deceased) Cao Rui's heir and enfeoffed him as the Duke of Chang District (昌鄉公). In 238, Cao Zan was promoted to Prince of Rao'an (饒安王). In 246, during the reign of Cao Fang, Cao Zan's title was changed to Prince of Wen'an (文安王). Throughout the reigns of the subsequent Wei emperors, the number of taxable households in Cao Zan's princedom increased until it reached 3,500.

See also
 Cao Wei family trees#Ladies Pan, Zhu, and Qiu
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

Year of birth unknown
233 deaths
Cao Wei imperial princes

Cao Rui (Prince of Beihai)


Terence John Davies MBE (24 September 1933 – 5 August 2021) was a Welsh international full back who played club rugby for Swansea and Llanelli. He won 21 caps for Wales and was selected to play in the British Lions on the 1959 tour of Australia and New Zealand. Davies was seen as the last of the great Welsh full backs, before the 'No direct kicking into touch' rule was introduced in the late sixties and changed the full back role.

Early and club career
Born in Llwynhendy in 1933, Davies was an international Welsh Youth with Bynea, before making his debut for Swansea, against Ebbw Vale in 1951. He gave an excellent performance and soon was a regular in the squad, facing the South Africans for Swansea on 15 December later that year. Given the kicking duties against the Springboks, it wasn't the best performance from Davies, who missed a drop goal, penalty and an easy conversion; the points lost would have changed the result to a Swansea victory.

Davies was a notoriously heavy and accurate tackler, and was a reliable rear-guard defence against break away wingers, but he suffered physically through it. In the 1953–54 season he dislocated his shoulder for the first time and in a pre-season tour of Romania with Swansea in 1954 he shattered his shoulder when a heavy tackle took him into a concrete surround. His rugby career looked over until his shoulder was wired back together in a successful operation. In 1956, Davies left Swansea and joined Llanelli, the club he would remain with for the rest of his career, even when offered an £8,500 to transfer to Leeds.

In 1960 the South Africans played Llanelli as part of their tour. Davies was more than aware that in an earlier game against Swansea, the Springbok Francois Roux, had taken out Malcolm Rogers in a late tackle as Rogers had kicked a clearance. The tackle had sent Rogers to hospital with a dislocated shoulder and Davies was expecting Roux to try the same on him. When the South Africans played Llanelli, Davies was placed into the situation he had predicted. He collected a high ball at full back position and saw Roux closing in on him. Instead of kicking the ball clear, Davies, expecting the high tackle, kept the ball and swung his shoulders into Roux, knocking him to the ground. Roux recovered quickly but missed the next game. Davies later described Roux as a "...silly little man".

International career
Davies made his international debut for Wales against England on 17 January 1953 in a home game at the Cardiff Arms Park. Although Davies scored a penalty kick, it was the only score that Wales could muster, and they lost 8–3. Davies was selected for the remaining three games of the Championship, winning them all, with Davies scoring another penalty against Scotland. Injury kept Davies from international rugby until 1957, when he returned against England. The match against Ireland during the same campaign saw Davies's kicking win the match. In a game played in extremely muddy conditions, the Welsh pack took control and two penalty goals from Davies was enough to give Wales the victory.

The 1958 Five Nations Championship game between England and Wales at Twickenham has become synonymous with Terry Davies. In a match where the Welsh team played without the Prince of Wales's feathers due to a mistake by the manufacturers, Davies had an opportunity to take the lead for Wales with a penalty kick. The mark was fifty yards out, and against the wind but Davies's kick was true and would have won the game but the ball hit the crossbar and bounced back. That night a group of Welsh supporters climbed the posts and cut down a section of the offending crossbar and took it back to Wales. Davies, a timber merchant, offered to replace it.

In 1959, Davies was selected for the British Lions on their tour of Australia and New Zealand. Davies should have been chosen for more matches, but a leg injury and some questionable selection choices restricted his appearances. During the second Test against New Zealand, Davies received a leg injury in the first quarter of an hour, but remained on the pitch to kick a penalty and a conversion. Although the Lions lost the game, Davies played well in the Final Test which the Lions won.

During the 1960 season, Wales faced the touring South Africans and Davies was chosen to captain the Welsh team. At the beginning of the game Davies won the toss for Wales and chose to play into the strong wind. Wales kept the Springboks at bay in the first half trailing to a single penalty from Keith Oxlee, but failed to score in the second half even with the wind now behind them. Davies would captain Wales on two more occasions, but would play his last international game in 1961 against France.

International matches played
Wales
  1958
  1953, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961
  1953, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961
  1953, 1957, 1959
  1953, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961
  1960

British Lions
 1959, 1959

Personal history
In 2013, Davies was awarded the MBE for services to the communities of Bynea and Llanelli.

Davies died on 5 August 2021, at the age of 87.

Bibliography

 Davies, Terry; Thomas, Geraint (2016). Terry Davies, Wales's First Superstar Fullback. Y Lolfa

References

1933 births
2021 deaths
Rugby union players from Carmarthenshire
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union fullbacks
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales
Wales rugby union captains
Wales international rugby union players
Swansea RFC players
Llanelli RFC players
Bards of the Gorsedd

Terry Davies