Salma Yaqoob (born 15 August 1971) is a British political activist and psychotherapist who served as the Leader of the Respect Party from 2005 until 2012, representing the party on Birmingham City Council.

She led the Birmingham Stop the War Coalition and is a patron of Stop the War Coalition UK. She unsuccessfully stood to be the Labour Party candidate for Mayor of the West Midlands in the 2021 mayoral election, finishing third out of three candidates.

She has been a spokesperson for Birmingham Central Mosque.

Yaqoob has also contributed to news outlets, including HuffPost, The Guardian and the New Statesman.

Early life
Yaqoob's parents, Mohammed and Gubzubda Yaqoob, emigrated to the UK from Pakistan in the early 1950s, and her father worked in a mill before joining the Royal Mail. Yaqoob was born in Bradford on 15 August 1971: the family later moved to Birmingham, where she was raised. She describes herself as having been a "tomboyish girl" who played football on the streets of Alum Rock.

Yaqoob was inspired to become politically active following the September 11 attacks, claiming to have been spat at on the streets of Birmingham in the days following.

Professional career
Yaqoob runs a part-time psychotherapy practice.

She is employed as a Community Engagement Senior Manager at the Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust.

In April 2014, she was appointed Independent Chair of the Stakeholder Council of Birmingham South Central Clinical Commissioning Group.

Political career

Respect

2005 general election
At the 2005 general election, she stood as the Respect candidate for the Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath constituency against Labour MP Roger Godsiff, with the backing of the Muslim Association of Britain. She finished in second place, ahead of the Liberal Democrat and Conservative candidates, and with 27.5% of the total vote.

2006: elected as Respect councillor
Yaqoob was elected with 49.4% of the vote in the Sparkbrook ward of Birmingham City Council in the 2006 local elections. She was re-elected to the post in May 2010.

2010 general election
Yaqoob stood in the 2010 general election for the Respect Party in the Birmingham Hall Green constituency, and came second to Roger Godsiff of the Labour Party, trailing by 3,799 votes.

Yaqoob attained 13.9% of the vote, chiefly from the Labour incumbent – the Labour candidate lost 11.7% of the total vote, election-to-election. The Green Party, after a members' vote, had stood down its candidate in favour of Yaqoob. She was endorsed by then-Green Party leader Caroline Lucas and the retiring Labour MP for Birmingham Selly Oak, Lynne Jones.

In 2011 Yaqoob claimed to have been offered a choice of two 'safe seats' by the Labour Party, one in Birmingham and one in the Black Country, in the lead-up to the 2010 general election. She stated she had declined the offer.

Yaqoob became the leader of the Respect Party, making her the only Muslim female leader of a Parliamentary political party in British history.

Council ceremony in 2011
At a Birmingham City Council meeting in early February 2011, Yaqoob and another Respect Party councillor, Mohammed Ishtiaq, sat with their arms folded and refused to participate in a standing ovation at a meeting at which Britain's most highly decorated serving marine and Afghanistan veteran Lance Corporal Matthew Croucher, GC, RMR was a guest. This led to widespread criticism from other councillors, including allegations that it was a disrespectful act. The two councillors argued they were protesting against "false patriotism" by politicians, while defending their own history of support of individual troops.

Martin Mullaney, a Liberal Democrat councillor, alleged afterwards that Yaqoob would have applauded were the 21 July failed bombers being honoured. He later apologised for this claim.

Media appearances for Respect
Yaqoob has made six appearances on the panel of BBC One's Question Time programme. Her first appearance was in Skegness, 19 January 2006, shortly before her election as a councillor. She returned in Preston (October 2006), followed by her home town of Birmingham on 8 February 2007 and Bath on 12 February 2009.

On 10 December 2009, Question Time was held in Wootton Bassett, a town where the bodies of UK troops killed in Afghanistan pass through and are informally mourned. Salma Yaqoob stated that she "would be proud to have my sons defend this country" and argued for better support for UK troops and their withdrawal from Afghanistan.

She made her sixth appearance on the show on Thursday 10 June 2010, when it was broadcast from Plymouth. She was joined on the panel by Ben Bradshaw, Jeremy Hunt, Katie Hopkins and Toby Young.

Yaqoob has also made appearances on The Politics Show, This Week, Daily Politics, 10 O'Clock Live, and Frost Over The World.

Independent

Resignation as councillor and leaving Respect
On 7 July 2011, Yaqoob announced her intention to stand down as a Birmingham City councillor, citing health reasons.

On 11 September 2012, Yaqoob announced her resignation from the Respect Party after what she described as a difficult few weeks and a breakdown in relations. Yaqoob had distanced herself from comments made by George Galloway about rape and the allegations made against Julian Assange. In an interview with Aida Edemariam of The Guardian, Yaqoob said that she was being forced into making a "false choice" between Galloway's "anti-imperialist stances" and defending women's rights. Green Party MP Caroline Lucas and Labour MP Richard Burden publicly offered their support to Yaqoob.

In December 2015, it was reported that Yaqoob had applied to become a Labour Party member in Hall Green. The local constituency executive committee refused her membership, because she had previously stood against Labour candidates and previously opposed the Iraq War.

Hands off Birmingham schools
Yaqoob co-led the "Hands off Birmingham schools" group, which was set up in 2014 in response to Operation Trojan Horse.

Iain Duncan Smith "scrounger" comment
In 2014 episode of Question Time which went viral online, Yaqoob called the then-Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Iain Duncan Smith "patronising" for his views on poverty. She also said that Duncan Smith "labels poor people as scroungers when [he] claim[s] £39 for a breakfast" and "live[s] on [his] wife's estate and [has] taken a million pounds of taxpayers' money, that's what I call scrounging". Duncan Smith denied claiming the money for his breakfast or labelling poor people as "scroungers".

2017 general election
Yaqoob stood in the 2017 general election as an independent candidate in the Bradford West constituency. She came third with 13.9% of the votes, 2.7% behind the second-placed Conservative Party candidate. Her standing was mired in controversy, after complaints by Labour HQ about her use of photographs of her with Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn and her claims that she was a pro-Corbyn candidate. Responding to the complaint, Yaqoob stated that "at no point in the leaflet do I make the claim of an endorsement from Jeremy Corbyn or the Labour Party." A spokesperson for the party later clarified that "there is only one Labour Party candidate in Bradford West and that is Naz Shah." In response, Yaqoob claimed that the statements made by Labour constituted "malicious accusations" and said that Shah was playing a "petty political game".

Labour Party

2020 West Midlands Mayoral Candidacy
In September 2019, Yaqoob announced that she had applied for the Labour Party candidacy for Mayor of the West Midlands in the 2021 West Midlands mayoral election, an executive position responsible for the metropolitan county of the West Midlands despite her previous opposition to the Iraq war. The current position is held by Conservative Andy Street. Her campaign for the candidacy was framed around progressivism, anti-austeritism and the Green New Deal.

Yaqoob's application was criticised in a leaked email written by Labour MP Naz Shah published in October 2019. In this Shah bitterly criticised Yaqoob, calling her "despicable", following the 2017 campaign in which Yaqoob stood against her, concluding: "I believe she endorsed misogyny, patriarchy and biradri politics". In a Guardian article, Yaqoob denied running such a campaign, but issued a statement stating that "I did not run or endorse a campaign of misogyny, patriarchy and clan politics. Even as a political opponent I showed her respect as a woman and a public figure". She also said: "As shadow equalities and women minister, I would hope Naz Shah would welcome the principle of women coming forward for political office – even those she disagrees with. I am saddened that she is lobbying nationally to limit the right of local Labour members to make their own choice by seeking to remove me from even a potential shortlist." Yaqoob retained the support of Momentum head Jon Lansman, and was eventually endorsed by Momentum. In the first round she received 26% of the vote, less than the two other candidates.

Death threats
Yaqoob has received death threats from Islamist and far right extremists.

In 2005, she faced harassment and death threats from al Ghurabaa, an extremist Islamist group later banned under the Terrorism Act 2006. Al-Ghurabaa claimed that it is apostasy for Muslims to participate in Western elections, and its members defaced her election posters with the word "Kafir". Yaqoob believed she was being targeted for being a Muslim woman in the public eye and for working with churches and synagogues.

In August 2009, Birmingham man Stuart Collins appeared in court charged with threatening to kill Yaqoob and with racially and religiously aggravated harassment.

In 2013, she was threatened with having her throat cut in an online article which talked about "smashing Pakistani people, taking a nail bomb into a Mosque and rioting in Birmingham" and said: "If that Salma Yaqeubs [sic] there, cut her f*****g throat."

Personal life
Yaqoob married her husband Aqil Chaudary, a GP, in 1996; they have three sons. Her family are supporters of Arsenal F.C.

Recognition
In 2006, Yaqoob received the Lloyds TSB Asian Jewel Award for Public Service Excellence, while Harper's Bazaar magazine named her in the top thirty list of British women, alongside Kate Winslet, all of whom they considered to be 'women shaping Britain'.

In 2008, she was voted to eleventh place in the Birmingham Posts Power 50 list of the most influential people in the city. She was included in the newspaper's list again in 2009. It called her "a doughty fighter for inner city areas". During this year, she was also included in The Daily Telegraphs annual list of 'Top 100 left wingers'.

In 2009, Yaqoob was included in the Muslim Women Power List run by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in association with The Times and Emel magazine.

In 2010, The Guardian newspaper said Yaqoob was "the most prominent Muslim woman in British public life".

In January 2015, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Birmingham City University.

See also
List of British Pakistanis

References

Sources
 Solidarity in Practice, Salma Yaqoob (p. 60, Stop the War: The story of Britain's biggest mass movement, Andrew Murray and Lindsey German, )

External links

 Salma Yaqoob official website archive
 Birmingham Respect – Salma Yaqoob news
 Salma Yaqoob official gallery
 The Guardian, Comment is Free: Salma Yaqoob
 Interview with Democracy Now! June 2006
 "War Is Muted as Issue in Britain, but Not for Its Muslims", New York Times, April 2005
 "Is Islam Endangering 'Europeannesess?'", ABC News, December 2004
 Salma Yaqoob speaking in Manchester about the need for an anti-war Unity Coalition. Video clip

Articles
 "Global and local echoes of the anti-war movement: a British Muslim perspective" , Salma Yaqoob
 "Hijab: a Woman's Right to Choose", Salma Yaqoob
 "Our leaders must speak up", The Guardian
 "The SWP takes a step backwards", International Viewpoint

1971 births
Living people
English Muslims
English people of Pakistani descent
English anti-war activists
Respect Party councillors
Respect Party parliamentary candidates
Leaders of the Respect Party
Councillors in Birmingham, West Midlands
Independent politicians in England
Politicians from Bradford
Alumni of Aston University
British Muslim activists
British women activists
Women councillors in England

Salma Yaqoob


America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It is a 2006 non-fiction book by the Canadian newspaper columnist and writer Mark Steyn. It forecasts the downfall of Western civilization due to internal weaknesses and Muslim population growth in Western countries and the world generally. Based on his own observations, Steyn says that the fall of the Western world is caused by three factors: demographic decline, unsustainability of the advanced Western social democratic state, and exhaustion of civilization. By 2007, Steyn's America Alone, had already convinced many American conservatives that there was an imminent and inevitable Muslim invasion. The Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC) filed Human rights complaints against Maclean's magazine—in which they accused the magazine of Islamophobia—with the Canadian Human Rights Commission, the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal and the Ontario Human Rights Commission, based partly on Maclean's publication of a chapter from Steyn's book, "The Future Belongs to Islam".

Overview
In America Alone, which is set in the context of the global war on terror, Steyn argues that "much of what we loosely call the Western world will not survive the twenty-first century, and much of it will effectively disappear within our lifetimes, including many if not most European countries." According to a July 1, 2007 The New Republic article, Steyn says that white people "are too self-absorbed to breed", while the Muslim population is increasing rapidly—the 20 million European Muslims in 2006, will have increased to over 150 million by 2015. As a result, there will be a "large-scale evacuation operations circa 2015". Europe will cede to Al Qaeda and "Greater France" will "remorselessly evolve into Greater Bosnia."

Steyn attributes the forecast fall of the Western world to three factors, demographic decline, unsustainability of the advanced Western social-democratic state, and exhaustion of civilization. Steyn based his argument of population decline on his own observation that European nations have low birth rates while Muslim nations have higher birth rates. Steyn wrote that in the 2000s, the population of the developed world declined from about 30% of world population to around 20%, while the population of Muslim nations increased from about 15% to 20%.

He argued that the advanced Western social-democratic state was unsustainable, based on his observation that the responsibilities of normal adults—such as care of the elderly, childcare, health care and insurance, have been slowly taken over by the state. Steyn argues that these programs erode humanity's basic sense of self-reliance to a point at which a more resilient group of people – Muslims in his view – will take control. He said that civilization is exhausted because Western nations are so focused on moral and cultural relativism—with "diversity" and "racism" as their new favorite words—that they are unable to see that their existence is threatened. Specifically, he argues that European nations have given up defending themselves and rely on America for their defense. He views anti-Americanism as a symptom of civilizational exhaustion, whether manifested by Muslims (to whom America symbolizes gay porn, children born out of wedlock, immodest women, and immorality) or by Europeans (to whom America symbolises a crude and radical Christianity, fat rednecks and uncontrolled firearms). However, in his view America is the most benign hegemonic power the world has ever seen. According to Steyn, America will be the last and only country—as all others will be taken over by Muslims—that will retain its sense of self-preservation, but this is not a given, as America's enemies know that it ran from Vietnam and they hope that America will continue to flee when faced with a challenge.

Steyn's final argument is that the Muslim world will not need to carry out an outright attack. Instead, Europe will collapse from "wimpiness" or "multicultural 'sensitivity,'" leading to betrayal of the state's core values. Thus, during the Danish 'cartoon jihad' of 2006, Jack Straw, then British foreign secretary, hailed the 'sensitivity' of Fleet Street in not reprinting the offending representations of the [so-called] Prophet."

In a 2016 post on his personal blog, "Ten Years, and Slightly Less Alone", Steyn wrote that his book America Alone was still the "biggest story of our time". He said that, "the west's leaders still can't talk about it, not to their own peoples, not honestly....I'm glad I brought up the subject. And it's well past time for others to speak out".

Steyn cites Robert D. Kaplan, author of The Coming Anarchy, who has referred to countries and regions where "scarcity, crime, overpopulation, tribalism, and disease are rapidly destroying the social fabric of our planet" as "Indian territory."  Steyn also refers to Thomas P. M. Barnett's 2006 book,  Blueprint for Action: A Future Worth Creating, in which he examines potential relations between the United States and Iran, Iraq, and the Middle East, China and North Korea, Latin America and Africa in the post-9/11 world. Steyn says that the "difference between the old Indian territory and the new is this: no one had to worry about the Sioux riding down Fifth Avenue. Today, with a few hundred bucks on his ATM card, the fellow from the badlands can be in the heart of the metropolis within hours. Here's another difference: in the old days, the white man settled the Indian territory. Now the followers of the badland's radical imams settle the metropolis. And another difference: technology. In the old days, the Injuns had bows and arrows and the cavalry had rifles. In today's Indian territory, countries that can't feed their own people have nuclear weapons."

Steyn dismisses the danger of climate change, The Population Bomb, The Limits to Growth, and nuclear winter.

Critical reception
The New Republic article said that by 2007, Steyn's America Alone, had already convinced the readers of the National Review—which he called "the bible of American conservatism"—of an imminent and inevitable Muslim invasion.

In his 2007 City Journal review, Christopher Hitchens praised the book as "an admirably tough-minded book." Hitchens said that, "Mark Steyn's book is essentially a challenge to the bien-pensants among us: an insistence that we recognize an extraordinary threat and thus the possible need for extraordinary responses. He need not pose as if he were the only one with the courage to think in this way."

The British novelist Martin Amis also reviewed the book in The Times and called Steyn as the "great sayer of the unsayable". Amis added, "I continue to hope that his admonitions will gain some momentum, despite the efforts of his prose style to impede it." Then President of the United States, George W. Bush, circulated copies to his White House staff after reading Steyn's book. According to Steyn, it was also read by Democrat vice-presidential nominee Joe Lieberman and Spanish prime minister José Maria Aznar. In a 2007 Spectator review by British politician and prominent Brexit campaigner, Michael Gove, he wrote that the fact that "many of Steyn's conclusions will be unpalatable to the European consensus only underlines how much a failure to face harsh truths has characterised the European response to the scale of the terrorist threat we face."

Daniel Johnson said that Steyn is as "damning as he is persuasive: from demographic suicide to the abdication of self-defence, he conducts a forensic analysis of the hollowing out of the high culture for which the Continent was still respected a generation ago."

Canadian newspaper publisher and author, Conrad Black in his review of Steyn's follow-up book After America: Get Ready for Armageddon referred to America Alone as extolling "...America's heroic status as the chief and only plausible resister to the degeneration of the West and the endless primitive depredations of militant Islam, carried out with the mischievous connivance of a greedy and malevolent China."

Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting criticized the book as "inarguably Islamophobic," and author Suhayl Saadi in the Independent referred to it as "hysterical".

In a March 2013 Ethnic and Racial Studies journal article, Nasar Meer wrote that the book was, "Remarkably similar to anxieties over western decline in the late 19th century."

The book has been considered to popularize the Eurabia theory of Bat Ye'or, whose work has been expressly cited by Steyn.

Human rights complaints
In December 2007, Mohamed Elmasry of the Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC) filed Human rights complaints against Maclean's magazine with the Canadian Human Rights Commission, the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal and the Ontario Human Rights Commission, accusing the magazine of publishing eighteen Islamophobic articles between January 2005 and July 2007. The articles in question included a column by Mark Steyn titled "The future belongs to Islam"—an excerpt from America Alone. The CIC said that Steyn's column was "flagrantly Islamophobic" and that it subjected Canadian Muslims to "hatred and contempt". The CIC's request for "equal space" to publish a response in Macleans was refused.

The CIC also filed a complaint with the Ontario Human Rights Commission. The Ontario Federation of Labour, with its 700,000 members, put pressure on all relevant parties, including Macleans' parent company, in support of the CIC complaint. The Ontario Human Rights Commission ruled that it did not have the jurisdiction to hear the complaint. The British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal heard the complaint in June 2008 and issued a ruling on October 10, 2008, dismissing the complaint. The Canadian Human Rights Commission dismissed the federal complaint on June 26, 2008, without referring the matter to a tribunal.

The case has been cited as a motivating factor in the repeal of Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act.

Halper and Clarke book
The title of Steyn's 2007 book echoes that of the best-selling Cambridge University Press scholarly 2005 publication by American Studies in the Department of Politics and International Studies' director, Stefan Halper, and Daniel Jonathan Clarke, America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order, which was also set in the context of the War on Terror. Halper and Clarke trace the early rise to prominence and influence of a small group of "radical intellectuals," the neoconservatives. The authors described how the neoconservatives succeeded in changing the global order by gaining control over American national security policy during the War on Terror. They persuaded US President George W. Bush to abandon the bipartisan diplomatic approach that had worked against the Soviet threat since the 1950s and to replace the consensus-driven approach with a neoconservative foreign policy, which promoted military confrontation and "nation-building."

See also

 The West's Last Chance: Will We Win the Clash of Civilizations?
 We Are Doomed: Reclaiming Conservative Pessimism
 The Death of the West
 Eurabia
 Danish cartoon controversy
 Jack Straw
 Reflections on the Revolution in Europe
 Niall Ferguson
 Christopher Caldwell
 Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within
 While Europe Slept: How Radical Islam Is Destroying the West From Within
 Human rights complaints against Maclean's magazine

Notes

References

Steyn, Mark (2016) "Never Mind the Prose Style...". SteynOnline.

External links
 A review of America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It by Theodore Dalrymple in Claremont Review of Books
 BookBites – Quotes from America Alone
 Excerpt from book
 Conversations with History : Mark Steyn , , University of California Television, 2007-03-14

Books about foreign relations of the United States
Books critical of Islam
Current affairs books
2006 non-fiction books
Conservative media in Canada
Conservative media in the United Kingdom
Conservative media in the United States
Eurabia
Anti-Islam sentiment in Canada

America Alone


Christopher Polhammar (18 December 1661 – 30 August 1751) better known as Christopher Polhem (), which he took after his ennoblement in 1716, was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist. He made significant contributions to the economic and industrial development of Sweden, particularly mining. He was ennobled by King Charles XII of Sweden for his contributions to Swedish technological development.

Biography
Polhem (Polhammar) was born on the island of Gotland in the village of Tingstäde, north-east of Visby. Originally the Polhem family came from Kingdom of Hungary, of possible Austrian descent.

Polhem's father Wolf Christoph Polhammer, born  in Kingdom of Hungary to an baron, moved from Hungary to  Swedish Pomerania because of religious persecution. Wolf Polhammer traded with Visby. He would eventually settle down to become a skipper.

Christopher Polhammar attended a German language school in Stockholm until the age of 8 when his father died. His mother, Christina Eriksdotter Schening who was from Vadstena in Östergötland, later remarried. As a result of conflicts with his stepfather, his private tuition was no longer paid and Polhem was sent to live with his uncle in Stockholm.

He took a job as a farmhand on Vansta, a property in Södertörn, Stockholm.  Quickly, he rose to the position of supervisor, being responsible for supervision and accounting, for which he was well suited by his affinity for mathematics. He worked at Vansta for ten years, during which period he constructed a workshop where he made tools, repaired and constructed simple machinery to earn money.

Hungering for knowledge within his fields of interest, mathematics and mechanics, he soon realized that he would get no further without learning Latin. Self-studies were attempted, but given up; Polhem realized he needed a tutor. In exchange for constructing a complex clock, he was given Latin lessons by a local vicar.

Word of Polhem's mechanical skill spread quickly and a member of the clergy wrote to Anders Spole, professor of mathematics at Uppsala University to recommend Polhem. Anders Spole, grandfather of Anders Celsius, presented two broken clocks to Polhem and offered to let him study under him if he could repair them. Polhem repaired the clocks with no difficulty and in 1687,  entered the University of Uppsala at the age of 26.

Personal life
Polhem married  Maria Hoffman (1671–1735) on 28 December 1691. Together they were the parents of eight children, born between 1692 and 1705.

In 1716, he was ennobled by King Charles XII of Sweden in gratitude of his services to the nation by the king and changed his surname from Polhammar to Polheim, which he later shortened to Polhem.

He and his son  Gabriel Polhem (1700–1772) were both elected members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1739, the same year the academy was founded.

Polhem died of natural causes in 1751 in Stockholm at the age of 90.

Career

Industrial

According to Polhem's autobiography, the event that marked the beginning of his career was the successful repair of the unfinished medieval (16th century) astronomical clock designed by Petrus Astronomus at Uppsala Cathedral, which had remained unfinished and broken for more than a century.

In 1690 Polhem was appointed to improve upon the current mining operations of Sweden. His contribution was a construction for lifting and transporting ore from mines, a process that was rather risky and inefficient at the time. The construction consisted of a track system for lifting the ore, as opposed to wires; the construction was powered entirely by a water wheel. Human labor needed was limited to loading the containers. Being new and revolutionary, word of Polhem's work reached King  Charles XI of Sweden who was so impressed with the work that he assigned him to improve Sweden's main mining operation; the Falun Mine in Dalarna.

Funded by the Swedish mining authority, Polhem traveled throughout Europe, studying mechanical development. He returned to Sweden in 1697 to establish laboratorium mechanicum in Stockholm, a facility for the training of engineers, as well as a laboratory for testing and exhibiting his designs. It has since become the prestigious KTH Royal Institute of Technology, whose history began with King Charles XI and his praise for Christopher Polhem for his mining efforts.

His greatest achievement was an automated factory powered entirely by water; automation was very unusual at the time. Built in 1699 in Stjärnsund, the factory produced a number of products including manufacture of knives, locks and clocks. Development of the factory was derived from the idea that Sweden should export fewer raw materials and instead process them within their own borders.
The factory met great resistance among workers who feared they would be replaced by machinery. Eventually most of the factory was destroyed in a fire in 1734, leaving only the part of the factory that produced clocks. The factory continued producing clocks, known for their high quality and low price. Although the popularity of the clocks diminished during the beginning of the 19th century, clock-making continues to this day at Stjärnsund, still producing around twenty clocks of the Polhem design per year.

Another product from the factory was the "Polhem locks" (Swedish: Polhemslås), essentially the first design of the variation of padlocks common today. Economically, the factory was unfeasible, but the king at the time, Charles XII, was supportive and gave Polhem freedom from taxes to encourage his efforts. The factory of Stjärnsund was visited by one of his contemporaries, Carl Linnaeus, who wrote about the factory in his diaries as "Nothing is more optimistic than Stjärnsund" (Swedish: Intet är spekulativare än Stjärnsund).

Polhem also contributed to the construction of Göta Canal, a canal connecting the east and west coasts of Sweden. Together with Charles XII of Sweden, he planned the construction of parts of the canal, particularly the canal locks in the 18th century; it was not to be finished until 1832, long after his death.

Other major contributions made by Polhem were the constructions of dry docks, dams and  canal locks, which he designed together with his assistant and friend, Emanuel Swedenborg.

Other fields
Polhem was not only active within the field of mechanics, he actively wrote essays concerning medicine, social criticism, astronomy, geology and economics.

Curiosa
One ancestor to Béla Bartók, on his mothers side was Rozália Pallheim.

Notable  accomplishments
Founded Stjärnsunds manufakturverk in södra Dalarna  during 1700.
Reinvented the Cardan joint under the name of "Polhem knot" (Swedish: Polhemknut) independently of Gerolamo Cardano, the pioneer inventor.
Organized machinery into a "mechanical alphabet" and provided examples of such. Of 80 models carved in wood, 32 are still in the collections of the National Museum of Science and Technology (Swedish:Tekniska Museet) in Stockholm. Another 13 models of the "mechanical alphabet" are to be found in the Falun Mining Museum, Sweden.

Legacy
His image appeared reverse of the 500 Swedish kronor bank note which was issued between 2001 and 2016. The front featured a portrait of King Charles XI of Sweden.
 Polhem Prize () was named in his honor. The award is awarded by the Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers to significant contributors to industry and construction engineering.
 Christopher Polhem statue in bronze by Theodor Lundberg  is featured  outside the Drotten Church Ruin in Visby.
Christopher Polhem Monument in granite by Ivar Johnsson is located in Gothenburg.

See also
Emanuel Swedenborg

References

Citations

Sources

 Johnson, William A. (1963) Christopher Polhem, The Father of Swedish Technology (Hartford, CT Trinity College Press)
 Sorbom, Per (1985) Christopher Polhem, 1661-1751:  the Swedish Daedalus (Sveriges Tekniska Museum)
 Orrje, Jacob (2016)  Mechanics of patronage: Christopher Polhem and the changing regimes of the Swedish state (1680-1750)  (Artefact, 4 | 135–146)

External links
 Christopher Polhem featured on the 500 Swedish kronor banknote
 Christopher Polhem  (Kanalbyggare)
 Christopher Polhem Biography at Tekniska museet
 Biography on the site of the town Stjärnsund
 History of watchmaking at Stjärnsund
 Numericana entry on Christopher Polhem  coat of arms

1661 births
1751 deaths
People from Gotland
18th-century Swedish nobility
18th-century Swedish inventors
Swedish physicists
Uppsala University alumni
University of Harderwijk alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
17th-century Swedish businesspeople
18th-century Swedish businesspeople
Age of Liberty people
People from the Swedish Empire
Swedish people of Hungarian descent
18th-century Swedish scientists
17th-century Swedish inventors
Swedish industrialists
18th-century industrialists

Christopher Polhem


Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama movie starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington. It is about Andrew Beckett (Hanks), a gay lawyer who has AIDS. The people he works with find out and fire him. He thinks this is unfair and hires another lawyer (Washington) who does not like gay people.

Other websites

1993 drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
HIV/AIDS in movies
Legal movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
Movies set in Philadelphia
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
American legal movies
1990s legal movies
Movies about lawyers
1990s English-language movies
Movies featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance

Philadelphia (movie)


56–60 Bettington Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 56–60 Bettington Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Original buildings were constructed . This site was redeveloped in the mid-1980s, keeping the existing Victorian terraces at 56, 58 & 60 Bettington Street and incorporating them into new development on the corner of Bettington Street and Rodens Lane and further along Rodens Lane for one bedroom units. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1986.

A further development application was lodged in 2017 to redevelop the non-heritage-listed 1980s developments.

Description
Victorian two-storey terrace, painted stuccoed wall finish. 4 one-bedroom units are listed at this address. Storeys: Two; Construction: Painted stuccoed rendered masonry, corrugated galvanised iron roof, timber verandah. Painted timber joinery. Style: Victorian

The external condition of the property is good.

Heritage listing
As at 23 November 2000, the building makes a significant contribution to the streetscape of the immediate area owing to the sweeping curve of the facade at the corner of Bettington and Merriman Streets.

It is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.

56–60 Bettington Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

See also

Australian residential architectural styles

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register sites located in Millers Point
Victorian architecture in Sydney
Houses in Millers Point, New South Wales
Retail buildings in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
1870 establishments in Australia
Houses completed in 1870
Millers Point Conservation Area

56-60 Bettington Street, Millers Point


Air Bud: World Pup, also known as Air Bud 3, is a 2000 sports comedy film directed by Bill Bannerman. The third film in the Air Bud series, it was the 2nd to be filmed without Buddy, the canine star of the first film; Buddy died after production of the first film. Air Bud: World Pup was the first film in the Air Bud series not to be released theatrically in the U.S., opting to only be released on video, but was played in Philippine theaters for a limited time.

Plot
Teenager Josh Framm's mother, Jackie, has just married her veterinarian boyfriend, Dr. Patrick Sullivan (Dale Midkiff). Josh and his best friend, Tom Stewart (Shayn Solberg), just made their school's soccer team when their coach reveals that their team will become co-ed. Josh meets Emma Putter, an attractive, wealthy girl who just moved to Fernfield from England after her mother's death, who will not only be playing on his soccer team, but also has a golden retriever named Molly, who Buddy also finds attractive. Emma invites Josh to a party at her house and Tom arrives dressed up like a British soldier and looking quite silly wearing a kilt. At the same time, things work out between Buddy and Molly and they become infatuated on the second floor in Emma's house. Josh's sister, Andrea Framm (Caitlin Wachs) and her best friend, Tammy (Chantal Strand), want to scope out what's really going on at the party. Molly quickly has puppies with Buddy. Next, it is discovered that Buddy also has the uncanny ability to play soccer, but the soccer committee decided on the recommendation of chairman Jack Stearns to ban the Timberwolves from the soccer league all because they had Buddy on their team.

The Timberwolves were given two options: either remove Buddy from their team or remove their team from the league (either way, the Springbrook Spartans, the team Jack serves as coach of, would have rectified their 3-1 loss to the Timberwolves). Knowing Buddy was the star player, they naturally quit the league. When Jack's son, Spartans all-star captain Steve Stearns, learns that the Timberwolves have been banned from the league, he's outraged and confronts his father, leading to Jack calling Timberwolves coach Montoya and informing him that, after careful consideration, the committee had a change of heart and the Timberwolves were back in the league. Buddy has a uniform and is on the roster, leading Josh's soccer team to the state championship against the Spartans. However, trouble ensues when Buddy and Molly's six newborn puppies are kidnapped by a man called Snerbert (Martin Ferrero), who wants to sell them. Once they are caught by Josh, Andrea, Emma, and Snerbert's assistant, Webster (Don McMillan), the butler Emma's father, Geoffrey (Duncan Regehr), hired to help care for Molly during her pregnancy, threw Snerbert under the bus by revealing the motive for the kidnapping: Snerbert wanted to get rich, while Webster just wanted a puppy, something he always wanted since childhood. Webster subsequently offers to drive Andrea, Josh, Emma and Buddy to the stadium, which the Timberwolves were losing because Emma, Josh and Buddy were missing, while an army of dogs stayed behind to make sure Snerbert didn't try to go anywhere. The Timberwolves subsequently win the championship thanks to a game-winning goal by Buddy. Afterwards, Buddy helps the United States women's national soccer team win the FIFA Women's World Cup in a penalty shootout against Norway.

Cast
 Kevin Zegers - Josh Framm
 Martin Ferrero - Snerbert
 Dale Midkiff - Dr. Patrick Sullivan
 Caitlin Wachs - Andrea Framm
 Chilton Crane - Jackie Framm-Sullivan
 Brittany Paige Bouck - Emma Putter
 Shayn Solberg - Tom Stewart
 Miguel Sandoval - Coach Montoya
 Chantal Strand - Tammy
 Duncan Regehr - Geoffrey Putter
 Briana Scurry - Herself
 Brandi Chastain - Herself
 United States women's national soccer team players - themselves
 Alexander Ludwig - Cameo
 Don McMillan - Webster

Film location
Shooting took place in Vancouver. The soccer field and red brick buildings in the background are part of Shaughnessy Elementary School.

Release
Air Bud: World Pup was released directly to DVD and VHS on December 12, 2000 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment continued its line of Air Bud Special Edition DVDs with the release of Air Bud: World Pup Special Edition on June 16, 2010.

Mill Creek Entertainment reissued the film on January 14, 2020 on a 2-disc boxset also containing other Air Bud films owned by Air Bud Entertainment.

All five Air Bud films, including World Pup, arrived on Disney+ on October 1, 2023.

Reception
Michael Scheinfeld from Common Sense Media gave the film four stars out of five, saying the film "has a big heart and positive values involving sharing, cooperation, and friendship, but it never gets preachy or sappy".

See also
 List of association football films

References

External links

 Air Bud: World Pup at Allmovie

American sequel films
2000 films
Disney direct-to-video films
2000 direct-to-video films
Films about dogs
American association football films
American sports comedy films
American direct-to-video films
American children's comedy films
Films about animals playing sports
Air Bud (series)
2000s English-language films
2000s sports comedy films
Films shot in Vancouver
Dimension Films films
Films about animals
2000 directorial debut films
2000 comedy films
Canadian sports comedy films
Canadian children's comedy films
Canadian sequel films
Canadian direct-to-video films
2000s American films
2000s Canadian films

Air Bud: World Pup


The Potnia Theron (, , lit. "The Animal Queen") or Lady/Queen of Animals is a widespread motif in ancient art from the Mediterranean world and the ancient Near East, showing a central human, or human-like, female figure who grasps two animals, one to each side. Although the connections between images and concepts in the various ancient cultures concerned remain very unclear, such images are often referred to by the Greek term Potnia Theron regardless of culture of origin.

The term is first used once by Homer as a descriptor of Artemis and often used to describe female divinities associated with animals. The word Potnia, meaning mistress or lady, was a Mycenaean Greek word inherited by Classical Greek, with the same meaning, cognate to Sanskrit .

The oldest such depiction, the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük, is a clay sculpture from Çatalhöyük in modern Turkey, made c 6,000 BC. This motif is more common in later Near Eastern and Mesopotamian art with a male figure, called the Master of Animals.
Homer's mention of Potnia Theron refers to Artemis; Walter Burkert describes this mention as "a well established formula". An Artemis-type deity, a "Mistress of the Animals", is often assumed to have existed in prehistoric religion and often referred to as Potnia Theron with some scholars positing a relationship between Artemis and goddesses depicted in Minoan art.

An early example of Italian Potnia theròn is in the Museo civico archeologico di Monte Rinaldo  in Italy: a plate illustrates a goddess that wears a long dress and holds hands with two lionesses.

In the Aeneid, Virgil mentions that inside of Psychro's Cave, in Crete, lived the goddess Cybele whose chariot was drawn by two lions.

See also

Master of Animals
Inara (goddess)
Iphigenia

References

Further reading
 Douglas Van Buren, E. "Italian fictile antefixes of the Πότνια θηρῶν". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 24, 1922, n°2. pp. 93–100. DOI: Italian fictile antefixes of the Πότνια θηρῶν; www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1922_num_24_2_2200
 Kourou, Nota. "Potnia figures and cults in early Iron Age Aegean and Cyprus". In: Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes. Volume 45, 2015. Hommage à Jacqueline Karageorghis. pp. 181–199. DOI: Potnia figures and cults in early Iron Age Aegean and Cyprus; www.persee.fr/doc/cchyp_0761-8271_2015_num_45_1_1633

Animal goddesses
Archaeological sources on Greek mythology
Artemis
Greek goddesses
Iconography
Minoan religion
Women in art

Potnia Theron


Institut de Statistiques de l'Université de Paris (ISUP, roughly translated as "Paris Institute of Statistics" or literally to "Institute of Statistics of the University of Paris") is a graduate school of statistics based in Paris, in the fifth arrondissement. It offers specializations in actuarial sciences (finance and insurance), biostatistics as well as industry and services. The ISUP is considered one of the most prestigious centers of learning of statistics in France, reflected in the number of job offers received regularly, the strength of its alumni network, and wages offered to its students out of school, which place it in the "top 15-ranked" French Grandes Ecoles
Founded in 1922 by the mathematician Émile Borel, is the oldest and one of the most prestigious schools for statistics in France. Since 2018, the institute is affiliated to Sorbonne University and located on the campus of Jussieu.

History

Origin
The ISUP is the oldest training statistics in France: it was founded in 1922 (by the mathematician Émile Borel) 20 years before the ENSAE and 72 years before the ENSAI.
At the end of the Great War, Émile Borel, one of the greatest mathematicians of his time, was appointed to the Chair of Probability and Mathematical Physics at the University of Paris. So at this time, there is almost no teaching of statistics and the idea of applying mathematics to any specific field arouses contempt "real" mathematicians. Borel is confident that in economy - in Insurance, in particular - there is a demand. This intuition is the basis for the creation of the ISUP 1922. During the thirty years that followed, under the leadership of mathematical leaders, ISUP will initiate the introduction in France, the teaching of statistics and industrial applications, management or Operational Research.

Notable people from ISUP

 Émile Borel, Academician, fondator and first director
 Maurice Allais, Nobel Prize for Economics 1988, professor at l'ISUP during 21 years
 Georges Darmois, Academician, former director
 Daniel Dugué, Academician, former director, author for Encyclopædia Universalis (Calculation of probability)
 Jean-Paul Benzécri, Normalien, professor at ISUP, initiator of Data analysis
 Gérard Calot, Polytechnician, then student at ISUP, director of l'INED
 Paul Deheuvels, Academician, currently professor
 Dominique Strauss-Kahn, former Director of International Monetary Fund, former student.
 Éric Le Boucher, Director of economy magazine Enjeux-Les Echos.
 Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist, progenitor of Ecological economics, former student.

The ISUP today
The current headmaster is Olivier Lopez. Among teachers, traditionally shared with the University of Paris VI or with some ESSEC (partner school) or Dauphine (other actuarial school), several have a worldwide reputation for their research. These include Jean Jacod (the Franco-German Science Award 2008), Paul Deheuvels (a member of the Academy of Sciences), Gérard Biau (2003 prices young statistician of the French Society of Statistics).
On its website, the administration announced that it received 1,064 job offers in 2007, it represents more than 20 offers per student. The average compensation for hiring students ISUP makes the ISUP among major French schools that offer the best remuneration.

Programs
ISUP is a 3-year academic.

Core
 Optimization (mathematics)
 Measure Theory
 Integration theory
 Probability
 Data Analysis 'Univariate and multivariate'
 Statistics
 Software SAS
 Economics
 Stochastic processes
 Linear regression models
 Econometrics
 Inferential statistics
 Corporate finance
 Time series analysis
 Sampling theory
 Non-parametric statistical
 Segmentation and classification

Actuarial Sciences

 Financial Mathematics
 Insurance Mathematics
 Stochastic Calculus in finance
 Modern Portfolio Theory
 Insurance Regulation
 General insurance
 Life-insurance
 Reinsurance
 Accounting
 Pension Fund

Biostatistic

Industry risks

Research

LSTA
Most teachers take part in scientific research in the areas of statistics, most often at the Laboratory of theoretical and applied statistics (LSTA). It is a major laboratory of research in statistics thanks to the number and impact of publications. It has 8 professors (including a member of the Academy of Sciences), 10 Lecturers, 20 external and 80 doctoral and post-doctoral students.

See also
 Pierre and Marie Curie University
 Institute of Actuaries of France
 Society of actuaries

References

External links
 Official website
 Alumni website
 Site du LSTA, LSTA website
 Laurent Mazliak (2010)  Borel, Fréchet, Darmois: La découverte des statistiques par les probabilistes français. Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique December.

Grandes écoles
Schools in Paris
Universities and colleges established in 1922
1922 establishments in France
Statistics education
Sorbonne University

Paris Institute of Statistics


Raphael p'Mony Wokorach is a Roman Catholic prelate, who was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Nebbi, in Uganda, on 31 March 2021.

Early life and priesthood
Wokorach was born on 21 January 1961, at Ojigo Village in Wadelai, in the then Diocese of Arua, in present-day Arua District in the West Nile sub-region, in the Northern Region of Uganda.

He attended Ragem Primary School, before entering the highly selective Saints Peter and Paul Minor (Preparatory) Seminary at Pokea, in Arua, studying Sciences, Mathematics, Social Studies and Latin from 1975 until 1979, for his O-Level education. He transferred to the all-boys' boarding school, St. Joseph's College Ombaci, also in Arua, where he completed his A-Level education, graduating in 1982, with the equivalent of a high school diploma.

Between 1983 and 1987, Wokorach studied philosophy at Uganda Martyrs' National Major Seminary Alokolum, in Gulu, Uganda. In 1987, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy, by the Pontifical Urban University, in Rome. He continued with his studies in Kenya, graduating with a Master of Arts degree in Philosophy from the Catholic University of Eastern Africa in 1994.

He is a member of the Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (Latin: Missionarii Comboniani Cordis Iesu), also known as the Comboni Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, the Verona Fathers, or the Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and originally called the Sacred Heart of Jesus(Congregatio Filiorum S. Cordis Iesu), a male religious institute of papal law: the members of this congregation, known merely as Comboni, bear the letters MCCI. It was founded on June 1, 1867 by Italian priest Daniel Comboni.

Wokorach was ordained priest on 25 September 1993 at Wadelai Parish, in Arua Diocese, by Martin Luluga, the Bishop of Gulu at that time. He served as priest in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nebbi, until 31 March 2021.

As bishop
He was appointed bishop on 31 March 2021 by Pope Francis. He replaced Bishop Sanctus Lino Wanok, who served as Bishop of Nebbi from 8 February 2011 until 23 November 2018, when he was transferred to Lira Diocese as Bishop. During the absence of a bishop at Nebbi (2018 to 2021), Monsignor Emmanuel Odaga served as the Diocesan Administrator. He is expected to be installed as Bishop of Nebbi Catholic Diocese on 14 August 2021.

Wokorach was consecrated bishop on 14 August 2021, at Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral, Nebbi, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nebbi by Archbishop John Baptist Odama, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gulu, assisted by
Archbishop Luigi Bianco, Titular Archbishop of Falerone and Papal Nuncio to Uganda, Bishop Giuseppe Filippi, M.C.C.I., Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotido
and Bishop Sanctus Lino Wanok, Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lira.

See also
 Uganda Martyrs
 Roman Catholicism in Uganda

References

External links
Rev. Fr. Raphael Wokorach Appointed New Bishop Nebbi Diocese As of 31 March 2021.

1961 births
Living people
People from Arua District
People from Northern Region, Uganda
Catholic University of Eastern Africa alumni
Pontifical Urban University alumni
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Uganda
People educated at St. Joseph's College Ombaci
Roman Catholic bishops of Nebbi

Raphael p'Mony Wokorach


Edmund Anthony Jefferson Maynard (10 February 1861 – 10 January 1931) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire from 1880 to 1887 and captained the side for two seasons.

Maynard was the son of Edmund Gilling Maynard, of West House, Chesterfield. He was educated at Harrow School, where he was a member of the cricket eleven in 1879 and played his first game for Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 1880. He was at Trinity College, Cambridge and played cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club from 1881 to 1883. After leaving Cambridge he travelled extensively, shooting bear in the Rocky Mountains in 1882, and ibex and other species of deer in India and Kashmir in 1883 and 1884. He played regularly for Derbyshire from 1880 to 1887, appearing in 37 matches. He captained the side in 1885 and 1886 and for part of 1887. He also played occasionally for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). He was a right arm batsman and a slow right hand bowler.

Maynard played 47 first-class matches and had 85 innings for Derbyshire and Cambridge University together. His highest score was 84, but his batting average was 8.88. As a bowler he delivered 68 balls for 53 runs, completing four maiden overs and taking 2 wickets. His bowling average was therefore 26.5. After Maynard's term as captain, Derbyshire were dropped from the league.

Maynard became a Justice of the Peace for Derbyshire. He was a keen rider to hounds and hunted with the Fitzwilliam Hunt at Cambridge, the Rufford Hunt, and the Meynell Hunt. In 1907 he bought Hoon Hall near Hilton, Derbyshire, and demolished the old building to create a new family home in the Arts and Crafts style. He named this Hoon Ridge, and many years later it became a Rest Home.

Maynard died at Hoon Ridge aged 69.

In 1887 Maynard married Margaret Blanche Sitwell, elder daughter of Mr. R. S. Wilmot Sitwell. Their son John Wilmot Maynard was killed in action in 1915.

References

1861 births
1931 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English cricketers
Derbyshire cricket captains
Cambridge University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers from Chesterfield, Derbyshire

Edmund Maynard


The German Clock Museum () is situated near the centre of the Black Forest town of Furtwangen im Schwarzwald (Germany), a historical centre of clockmaking. It features permanent and temporary exhibits on the history of timekeeping. The museum is part of the local technical college (Hochschule Furtwangen).

About the museum
The German Clock Museum is devoted to the history of timekeeping devices. A major focus is on clockmaking in the Black Forest, both as a cottage industry and on an industrial scale. The museum has an extensive collection of clocks and other artefacts relating to horology, not just those from the Black Forest, but also clocks and watches from around the world and spanning from prehistoric times to the present. The collection includes early cuckoo clocks from the 18th century as well as the prototypes of the modern Black Forest souvenir. The work of Robert Gerwig formed a primary basis of the museum.

Chronology
1852: Robert Gerwig, Director of the Grand Ducal Baden Clockmaking School in Furtwangen, began to collect old clocks as witnesses of traditional handicrafts.

1858: The collection is exhibited for the first time at the Black Forest Industry Exhibition in Villingen.

1874: Historical clocks together with contemporary products of the region are put on display in the newly built trade hall.

1925: The first printed collection catalogue of the Adolf Kistner Historical Clock Collection already lists over 1,000 clocks.

1959: A new building is opened on the site of the old wooden building that had fallen into decay.

1975: The state of Baden-Württemberg purchases the important clock collection from the Kienzle clock factories and transfers it to the museum. Due to the expansion of its collection to include pocket watches and Renaissance clocks, the "Historic Clock Collection" is renamed in 1978 to the "German Clock Museum".

1992: The current museum building is opened. Today, the German Clock Museum is part of Furtwangen University.

Exhibits
Since 2010, the museum has put on a permanent exhibition, covering an area of 1,400 square metres, of the development of clocks and the concept of timekeeping in Western countries. In addition to improvements in the accuracy of timepieces, it also demonstrates the various requirements that clocks and watches met in order to satisfy the needs of the time. Thus, in addition to prize exhibits, the museum also displays objects that, despite their low value, were historically very important. This distinguishes the German Clock Museum from clock collections that display objects that were rather rare and expensive compared with those in typical everyday use.

The circular tour is divided into the sections covering the following themes:

 History of Clocks and Time up to Industrialisation;
 Black Forest Clocks;
 Pocket Watches and Wristwatches;
 Modern Times and Mechanical Musical Instruments.

History of Clocks and Time up to Industrialisation
Until well into the 20th century, clocks were based on the (apparent) course of the sun and the stars in the sky. This connexion is clearly built into the works of the priest-mechanics of the 18th century with their clockwork models of the cosmos.

In addition to the astronomic calendar clock of Benedictine father and later mathematics professor, Thaddäus Rinderle, of 1787 (Inv. 16-0033), the Copernican Planetarium (Inv. 43-0002, 1774) and a globe clock (Globenuhr, Inv. 43-0001, before 1788) by Philipp Matthäus Hahn are part of the collection.

Wooden clocks from the Black Forest
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Black Forest supplied the world with low cost clocks. In many small clockmaking workshops, clocks with wooden movements were made which, thanks to the cheap raw material, the use of special tools and machines and specialised craftsmen, were inexpensive and faced no real competition.

A wooden clock face with a white background and colourfully painted motif decorated the Black Forest clocks during the whole of the 19th century. With a colourless, protective varnish the clock faces were resistant to moisture and dirt. From the second half of the 18th century, the varnished plate clock (Lackschilduhr) dominated the European market. Later, it found its way overseas and to the Far East. The design of the clock plate varied depending on the country being exported to. Black Forest traders, the clock carriers (Uhrenträger), sold the clocks locally.

Clock industry in the Black Forest
In the second half of the 19th century, clock factories displaced the traditional manufacture of clockmaking in the home. Initially relatively small firms emerged that specialised in the production of short runs of qualitatively high value clocks based on the traditional prototype. Over time the factories that became successful were those, especially in the Württemberg (eastern) half of the Black Forest and neighbouring Baar region, that embraced new types of clock, like alarm clocks, that were suited to industrial processes. In most households there was a clock suited to each room, from the alarm clock to the kitchen clock to the sideboard or wall clock.

Pocket watches
In the 16th and 17th centuries the sometimes voluminous neck clocks (Halsuhren) were more of an expensive piece of jewellery than an accurate timepiece. Not until the time around 1800 were the first pocket watches available for the landed gentry and for science, but at best they displayed minutes. As a result of industrial manufacturing in the second half of the 19th century, however, the pocket watch became an everyday item.

Highlights
Among the highlights of its permanent exhibits are:

 The late 20th century Hans Lang clock, a one-of-a-kind, ultra-complicated, astronomical clock
 One of the earliest electrically impulsed pendulum clocks, by Alexander Bain (United Kingdom, ca. 1845)
 The unique astronomical clock made in 1787 by Benedictine priest Thaddãus Rinderle at St. Peter's Abbey in the Black Forest
 The monumental musical automaton clock of ca. 1880 by August Noll
 A mechanical orrery (planetarium) and a Weltmaschine by "Priestermechaniker" Philipp Matthäus Hahn
 One of the early clocks (Paris, 1680) using a pendulum as a time standard, an invention of Christiaan Huygens
 Several large mechanical musical instruments (street organs )
 An extensive display documenting the history of the cuckoo clock and the many styles of cuckoo clocks made over time
 An easy-to-follow but comprehensive display outlining the history of the wristwatch

Tourism and visitors
Around one third of visitors book a personal guided tour during which clocks and musical instruments are set in motion. Especially during the holidays children may build and decorate a clock in the "clock workshop". For school classes, the museum offers themed workshops in modules, some of which are designed to match the education syllabus. The collection has 8,000 items and about 1,300 clocks are permanently displayed. As well as clocks, the collection includes a company documents archive and a specialist library of German-language literature.

In 2006, the museum was one of 365 places selected to represent Germany in the federal chancellor's competition Land of Ideas. In 2008, the museum was awarded the distinction of being an "anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage". At the same time, the museum became a milestone on the German Clock Road that links places in the region associated with clockmaking.

In 2010, the museum had 60,000 visitors.

Similar museums

Cuckooland Museum (Tabley, England)
Mussee Internationale d'Horlogerie (La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland)
Dorf- und Uhrenmuseum (Gütenbach, Germany)
National Watch and Clock Museum (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States)
Museum für Uhren und mechanische Musikinstrumente (Oberhofen am Thunersee, Switzerland)
Royal Observatory, Greenwich (Greenwich, London, England)
Museum Speelklok (Utrecht, The Netherlands)
Przypkowscy Clock Museum (Jedrzejow, Poland)

See also

 German Clock Road
Black Forest clockmakers
 Black Forest Clock Association
 Black Forest
 List of largest cuckoo clocks

Notes and references

External links

Horological museums in Germany
German clockmakers
Black Forest
Buildings and structures in Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis
Museums in Baden-Württemberg
Culture of Baden-Württemberg
Folk museums in Germany
Tourist attractions in Baden-Württemberg

German Clock Museum


Wardour Castle or Old Wardour Castle is a ruined 14th-century castle at Wardour, on the boundaries of the civil parishes of Tisbury and Donhead St Andrew in the English county of Wiltshire, about  west of Salisbury. The castle was built in the 1390s, came into the ownership of the Arundells in the 16th century, and was rendered uninhabitable in 1643 and 1644 during the Civil War. A Grade I listed building, it is managed by English Heritage and open to the public.

History

Construction and design
In the 1300s, the land on which the castle was built was owned by the St Martin family until Sir Lawrence de St Martin died in 1385. Later in that year the land was acquired by John, the fifth Baron Lovell.

In 1392 or 1393, Baron Lovell was granted permission by King Richard II to build a castle on the site.  It was constructed using locally quarried Tisbury greensand, and the master mason was William Wynford. The design was inspired by the hexagonal (six-sided) castles then in fashion in parts of the Continent, particularly in France (with similarities being noted to the château de Concressault); but its own design is unique in Britain.  The inclusion of several self-contained guest suites was also unique in Britain at that time.

Arundells
After the fall of the Lovell family following their support of the Lancastrian cause during the Wars of the Roses, the castle was confiscated in 1461 and passed through several owners until bought by Sir Thomas Arundell of Lanherne in 1544. The Arundells were an ancient and prominent Cornish family, the principal branches of which were seated at the manors of Lanherne, Trerice, Tolverne and Menadarva in Cornwall. The family held several estates in Wiltshire.

The castle was confiscated when Sir Thomas – a staunch Roman Catholic – was executed for treason in 1552, but in 1570 was bought back by his son, Sir Matthew Arundell, later a Sheriff and Custos Rotulorum of Dorset. Arundell greatly altered the castle, with windows being enlarged and classical doorways and niches being added. The work would likely have been completed by around 1578, since this is the year inscribed above the entrance.

Civil War

The Arundells, led by Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, subsequently became known as some of the most active of the Roman Catholic landowners in England at the time of the Reformation; they were naturally Royalists in the Civil War. During that conflict, Thomas Arundell, 2nd Baron Arundell of Wardour, was away from home on the King's business and had instructed his wife, Lady Blanche Arundell, aged 61, to defend the castle with a garrison of 25 trained fighting men.

On 2 May 1643 Sir Edward Hungerford, with 1,300 men of the Parliamentarian army, demanded admittance to search for Royalists. He was refused and laid siege, setting about the walls with guns and mines. After five days the castle was threatened with complete destruction. Lady Arundell agreed to a surrender, and the castle was placed under the command of Colonel Edmund Ludlow.

Lord Arundell having died of his wounds after the Battle of Stratton that same month, Henry 3rd Lord Arundell, the son of Thomas and Blanche, brought a Royalist force to reclaim the castle. By November 1643 he had blockaded Wardour, and after mining the walls blew up much of it, obliging the Parliamentary garrison to surrender in March 1644.

Replacement by New Wardour Castle
The family slowly recovered power through the English Commonwealth and the Glorious Revolution, until the eighth Baron, Henry Arundell, borrowed sufficient funds to finance rebuilding. This was done by the prominent Palladian architect James Paine, who built New Wardour Castle some distance to the north-west, leaving Wardour Old Castle as an ornamental feature.

In stylistic terms, the "New Castle" is not a castle at all, but a symmetrical neoclassical country house with a main block built around a central staircase hall and two flanking wings. Paine integrated the ruins of the Old Castle into the surrounding parkland, intending it to be viewed as a romantic ruin.

Characteristics of Old Wardour

Front door and entrance

The castle's ground level was altered around the 18th century.

In the Middle Ages, the ground sloped away more steeply than today so that the building stood at the top of a low ridge of land. As usual with mediaeval castles, the approach to the main door was protected by a deep ditch crossed by a drawbridge, with a portcullis inside the doorway.

Between the towers at the level of the battlements are the remains of a projecting gallery or barbican which would have been used to defend the front entrance.

Above the portal over the front entrance is the Arundell coat-of-arms and a description of the Arundell's possession of Wardour, erected by Sir Matthew Arundell in 1578 to celebrate his recovery of the property after the family lost it when Sir Thomas Arundell was executed in 1552. Above the coat of arms is the head of Christ in a niche with the inscription Sub nomine tuo stet genus et domus.

Central courtyard
In the 1570s, most of the original medieval windows and doors would have been replaced. In the centre of this interior courtyard, there is a well. Evidence gathered from other castles from the same era suggests that there would have been an elaborate and impressive roof over the well, carved and painted with the emblems of the Lovells and the Arundells.

In 1644 when the south-west side of the castle was blown up during the Civil War, the courtyard changed from a dark and claustrophobic place to a light, spacious sanctuary. It was in the shape of a hexagon, surrounded by four or five storeys.

Great Hall
At the top of the stairs leading from the courtyard, any medieval visitor would have found themselves in a passageway that, on the left, led into the great hall behind a wooden screen with arched openings. This room was the formal heart of the castle, where the whole household would meet for feasts and special occasions. The walls were covered in rich fabrics that concealed machinery that controlled the two portcullises.

In the 1570s, Matthew Arundell refurbished the great hall. A new musicians' gallery was built above the wooden entrance screen. The fireplace was reshaped and new wooden panels were put in place of the wall hangings and banners. The doorway leading from the great hall into the lobby was also redesigned. The tall windows and the old wooden roof were retained, and it is thought that this was to preserve some elements of Lord Lovell's castle.

Lobby
The lobby was a narrow room which was used to entertain guests with sweetmeats after the meal while the tables were being cleared in the great hall to create space for dancing. Such spaces were popular features of medieval houses.

In the 1570s Matthew Arundell had the room fitted with new fireplaces and altered the stairs in the north tower at the same time, to give a more private approach to the upper rooms.

Upper rooms
Today, very little remains of the upper rooms, which once would have been the most inviting part of the castle. Like the great hall, they were high rooms with intricate wooden roofs. Each room would have had two tall windows looking out upon the landscape and a third looking into the courtyard.

By 1605, the upper rooms had been converted to a gallery, a long room with many windows, as was popular in the upper floors of Elizabethan houses.

Banqueting House

The Banqueting House was built between 1773 and 1774 as a place to entertain visitors. The architect was probably Capability Brown. The Banqueting House is now (2023) used as an exhibition centre.

Grotto

The grotto was built in 1792 by Josiah Lane of Tisbury utilising stones from the castle ruins. In addition to the grotto, a small stone circle incorporates three standing stones, removed from the now-vanished stone circle at Tisbury was created nearby.

In popular culture

The castle has featured in several films.

The castle, including the grotto on the north side of its grounds, appeared in the 1991 Kevin Costner feature Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.

The cover of Sting's album Ten Summoner's Tales was photographed inside Wardour Castle.

See also
 Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
 List of castles in England

References

Gallery

External links

English Heritage page

Buildings and structures completed in the 14th century
Castles in Wiltshire
Houses in Wiltshire
Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire
Ruins in Wiltshire
English Heritage sites in Wiltshire
Ruined castles in England
Arundell family

Wardour Castle


Elaeodendron melanocarpum is a species of shrubs or small trees endemic to northern Australia. The natural range extends from The Kimberley across The Top End to Cape York Peninsula and southwards to South East Queensland. The species occurs in monsoon forest and drier types of rainforests, commonly along streams.

Elaeodendron melanocarpum was previously included in the genus Cassine; however, now it is considered that only three African species belong to Cassine.

Description
Elaeodendron melanocarpum can grow as a small trees up to 15 m tall, however the more common growth form is a straggly shrub growing in rocky locales. The glossy green leaves are opposite, and oval or elliptical in shape. Flowers are small and white, with separate male and female flowers. Fruits are black and fleshy, up to 2 cm long, with a stony endocarp. Overall the fruit resembles an olive or a small plum, and this is the origin of the common names for of olive plum, false olive and black olive.

Gallery

References

Sapindales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Western Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
melanocarpum
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Elaeodendron melanocarpum


Morazán () is a municipality in the El Progreso Depairtment o Guatemala.

Morazán is situatit at 349.5 m abuin sea level, an covers a terrain o 329 km².
employment is owergrown nou o mony opportunities thare are in Morazán.  Agricultur is the dominant trade, an hintle o the population wirks faimily-awned fields.  Opportunities for eddication hae nou been mair available its heicher frae kindergarten tae learnin bein a teacher. Thare are mony sports tae be done. Friendly fowk an mony stored tae search aroond.

Ane annual festival "Feria del pueblo" is celebratit frae December 22 tae Dizember 26 each year.

Freemit airtins

Municipalities o the El Progreso Depairtment
Populatit places in the El Progreso Depairtment

Morazán, El Progreso


Split Lip is a band responsible for the Midwestern emo-core sound, together with bands like Endpoint, and a group they inspired, The Get Up Kids.  After gaining acclaim in the small international hardcore community for their debut album, the band switched gears to more country-leaning pop rock and changed the name of their band to Chamberlain, re-releasing their second album under the new moniker.

History
The band started as a youth crew inspired straight edge group in the Indianapolis, Indiana suburb of Carmel around singer Steve Duginske and bass player Curtis Mead, along with Clay Snyder. A mutual friend introduced the trio to young drummer Charlie Walker, and not long afterward, the quartet recorded their first demo and began playing shows. The addition of guitarist Adam Rubenstein from another local band, Decrepit, shifted them musically a bit and then new singer Dave Moore completed the group. The band played regularly with another local act, Hardball, and their Louisville, Kentucky friends Endpoint and started to build a following. Split Lip's second demo, entitled "A New Beginning" - a reference to the  addition of Rubenstein and Moore, was still very youth crew oriented and went as far as to include a song about their local crew - but also dabbled in politics, and began to show the future direction of personal emotion-filled lyrics that the band would come to be known for. This demo attracted the attention of Pennsylvania-based Smorgasbord Records, and the band was invited to contribute a song for the "Voice of the Voiceless" animal-rights compilation, which also included Endpoint, as well as Youth of Today and Majority of One.

With this exposure, the band began playing shows throughout the midwest, including numerous trips to St. Louis and Louisville, as well as the standards of Indianapolis and Bloomington, Indiana. After an initial trip to the Newspace in Dayton, Ohio, the band developed a tight working relationship with the Dayton band Stronghold, and it was the members of Stronghold who convinced Doghouse Records to release Split Lip's music. The band's debut 7" on Doghouse Records firmly established their sound, and with the Doghouse distribution, allowed a much wider audience. In 1992, the band was invited to be a headliner at the first More than Music Festival in Dayton, and instantly developed a national reputation as one of the premier bands of the fledgling emo-core genre.

After recording the landmark "For the Love of the Wounded" in the spring of 1993, the band set out on their first U.S. tour. The release of "For the Love..." was delayed until the fall, but upon its release, the album became an overnight success, helping to define the emerging modern emo-core genre with its passionate sound and poetic, introspective lyrics.

1994 saw the band re-grouping, and working on material for their next record, and continuing to play shows in the midwest. During the summer of 1994, they again hit the road, this time focusing on the western US with Endpoint and Shift.

In late 1995, the band again returned to Detroit to record "Fate's Got A Driver." It was this record that set the gold-standard for emo-core. The intricate guitar work and soulful emotive lyrics laid the foundation for bands to come, such as The Get Up Kids. The summer of 1995 saw the band hit the road again, this time with Ohio's Colossus of the Fall, and DC's Samuel. It was during this month-long outing that the decision came to change the name and the direction of the band. Moore and Rubenstein returned to the studio in late 1995 and re-recorded the vocals and re-mixed the album, and Chamberlain was born.

A final Chamberlain studio album, "The Moon My Saddle," was recorded in the summer of 1998 and released later that year by Doghouse. The group continued performing for another two years, but without Snyder (who was not replaced, Mead (replaced by Showermast/Red Devil, Blue Devil's Seth Greathouse) and Walker (replaced by Uvula's Wade Parish).

Matt "The Naked Bear" Reece carried a lot of drums, as well as sang some backing vocals. A shout out to Reece is also audible at the end of their Operation Ivy cover on the Songs You May or May Not Have Heard Before record (he also sings the second verse.)

Reunion
On the heels of a mini-Chamberlain reunion at the 2008 South by Southwest festival that featured Moore, Rubenstein, Walker and Mead, Split Lip reformed with Snyder in May 2009 for a series of shows culminating in the Burning Fight book release show in Chicago. The show celebrated the release of the '90s hardcore book of the same name released by Revelation Records. Aside from the Chicago date, two other shows were played in Louisville and Indianapolis in May, followed by a December performance at New York's Bowery Ballroom. Prior to these gigs, Snyder hadn't played with the band since 1998.

Split Lip/Chamberlain will be touring with The Gaslight Anthem and Tim Barry starting in mid-July. The band will be selling a 7-inch single on tour, featuring its first new music since splitting in 2000: "Raise It High" on the A-side, with a newly recorded version of the old song "The South Has Spoiled Me" on the B-side. "The South Has Spoiled Me" includes vocals by Gaslight Anthem singer Brian Fallon and piano by Jonathan Cohen, who played on the original version.

Post-Split Lip/Chamberlain Projects
 Charlie Walker played drums for the band Institute alongside former Bush frontman Gavin Rossdale, as well as New End Original with Jonah Matranga of Far
 Curtis Mead lives in Los Angeles, California and played bass for Little Wolverines and currently Model/Actress.  Model/Actress now includes Chuck Walker on drums for their support slot with Mudhoney in LA on 14 November 2008.
 Adam Rubenstein released a solo album under the name "Adam Dove".
 David Moore is writing and recording a solo album, in addition to playing in the country-soul band Chevy Downs.
 Adam Rubenstein and David Moore contributed a track to Doghouse Records' Bob Dylan tribute album.

Discography

Visual discography of Split Lip / Chamberlain:
http://uniontown.virb.com/

Full Lengths
Check it here: Visual discography of Split Lip / Chamberlain:
http://uniontown.virb.com/
 For the Love of the Wounded 1993, Doghouse Records
 Fate's Got a Driver 1995, Doghouse Records
 Songs You May or May Not Have Heard Before: Archived Music for Stubborn People 1995, Doghouse Records

Demos and EPs
 Demo 1990
 A New Beginning 1991
 Soul Kill 1992, Doghouse Records
 Union town 1994, Anti-Matter Fanzine

Compilation Appearances
 "Evolution" 1991, appeared on "Voice of the Voiceless", Smorgasbord Records

External links

American emo musical groups
Straight edge groups
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Doghouse Records artists

Split Lip