A custodian bank, or simply custodian, is a specialized financial institution responsible for providing securities services. It provides post-trade services and solutions for asset owners (e.g. sovereign wealth funds, central banks, insurance companies), asset managers, banks and broker-dealers. It is not engaged in "traditional" commercial or consumer/retail banking like lending.

In the past, the custodian bank purely focused on custody, safekeeping, settlement, and administration of securities as well as asset servicing such as income collection and corporate actions. Yet, in the modern financial world, custodian banks have started providing a wider range of value-adding or cost-saving financial services, ranging from fund administration to transfer agency, from securities lending to trustee services.

Definition
Custodian banks are often referred to as global custodians if they safe keep assets for their clients in multiple jurisdictions around the world, using their own local branches or other local custodian banks ("sub-custodian" or "agent banks") with which they contract to be in their "global network" in each market to hold accounts for their respective clients. Assets held in such a manner are typically owned by larger institutional firms with a considerable number of investments such as banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds and pension funds.

History

Early history
In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy established a Committee on Corporate Pension Plans. 2 years later, Studebaker Auto Manufacturer shuttered its business and operations, and it failed to provide pensions to the approximately 7,000 employees affected. Hence, in 1974, U.S. President Gerald Ford proposed an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA Act), protecting the employee benefit plans' standards.

Since the Act has become effective, employers could not hold and keep their pension fund assets. Instead, they are obligated to appoint external custodians to safekeep the assets. Also, they are required to appoint trustees and depositories to ensure the pension funds are operated in the best interest of the pension holders and aligned to the investment mandates.

Further Developments
And now, more banks have developed a wide range of custody and related services (securities services), and have been keen on developing new technologies (e.g. blockchain, API, distributed ledger) and aligning with the fast-moving regulatory requirement, such as digital assets.

Client Segments & Products
The securities services industry mainly serves two types of clients: 1) Asset Owners & Managers and 2) Banks, Brokers & Dealers.

Asset Owners & Managers
The client segment of Asset Owners & Managers includes asset management companies, alternative asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, central banks, family offices and prime brokers.

The bank may offer the following products & services:

Banks, Brokers & Dealers
The client segment of Banks, Brokers & Dealers includes global custodians, banks, brokers and dealers.

The bank may offer the following products & services:

Importance of Custodian
Using US definitions, a person who owns street name securities and who is not a member of an exchange holds the securities through a registration chain which involves one or more custodians. This is due to the perceived impracticality of registering traded securities in the name of each individual holder; instead, the custodian or custodians are registered as the holders and hold the securities in a fiduciary arrangement for the ultimate security holders. However, the ultimate security holders are still the legal owners of the securities. They are not merely beneficiaries of the custodian as a trustee. The custodian does not become at any point the owner of the securities, but is only a part of the registration chain linking the owners to the securities.
Global securities safekeeping practices vary substantially, with markets such as the UK, Australia and South Africa encouraging designated securities accounts in order to permit shareholder identification by companies.

The definition of "shareholder" is generally upheld by corporate law rather than securities law. One role of custodians (which may or may not be enforced by securities regulation) is to facilitate the exercise of share ownership rights, for example and processing dividends and other payments, corporate actions, the proceeds of a stock split or a reverse stock split, the ability to vote in the company's annual general meeting (AGM), information and reports sent from the company and so forth. The extent to which such services are offered are a function of the client agreement together with relevant market rules, regulations and laws.

Industry Profile

Industry Size
As of 2022, the market size (as measured by revenue) of the Custody, Asset & Securities Services industry in the US is $32.5bn, with a YoY 2.9% growth between 2017 and 2022.

Industry Players
Many investment banks and banks offer securities services. Generally, the division of securities services is either grouped with Global Markets to form a larger umbrella of Markets & Securities Services (MSS) or falls under the umbrella of Corporate Banking or Transaction Banking.

For instance, Citi and HSBC restructured and combined their Global Markets and Securities Services divisions in 2019 and 2020 respectively.

Players include (in alphabetical order):

 BNP Paribas: Securities Services
 BNY Mellon: Securities Services
 Citi: Markets & Securities Services
 Crédit Agricole/Santander: CACEIS Investor Services
 Deutsche Bank: Corporate Banking
 HSBC: Markets & Securities Services
 J.P. Morgan: Markets & Securities Services
 Mizuho: Institutional Services
 MUFG: Investor Services
 Northern Trust: Asset Servicing
 Royal Bank of Canada: Investor & Treasury Services
 SMBC: Custody and Securities Services
 Société Générale: Global Markets and Investor Services
 Standard Chartered: Financial Markets
 State Street: Asset Servicing

Industry Ranking

Global
According to the Asset under Custody League Table  by Global Custodian, custodian banks' assets under custody and/or administration (AUC/AUA) are:

′ Assets under custody only

Regional
According to the Global Custody Survey 2020 by Global Investor Group, the top custody regional players are:

Notable Industry Acquisitions

2000 to 2010
In November 2002, State Street announced that it had acquired global custody business with assets under custody of approximately €2.2 trillion of Deutsche Bank's Global Securities Services (GSS) business for $1.5 billion, subject to adjustment.

In July 2003, HSBC announced the agreement to acquire 82.19% of Korean fund administrator Asset Management Technology (AM TeK) for $12.47 million in cash, which was the biggest fund administrator in South Korea, with $24 billion of assets under administration.

In August 2003, U.S. Bancorp acquired corporate trust business of State Street for $725 million.

In October 2004, Citi acquired ABN AMRO's direct custody, securities clearing, and fund services businesses in selected European and Asian markets for around $50 million.

In November 2005, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was purchasing the corporate trust and institutional custody businesses of Wachovia Corporation.

In July 2006, HSBC announced that it was acquiring Westpac sub-custody operations in Australia and New Zealand for $112.5 million, making the British bank the leading sub-custody and clearing player in Australia and New Zealand.

In July 2007, the merger between Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation had been finalised to create BNY Mellon, which is the largest custodian and asset servicer with more than $18trn in assets under custody and administration at that time.

In July 2007, State Street confirmed that it was acquiring Investors Financial Services for $4.2 billion.

Also in July 2007, the French bank BNP Paribas announced an acquisition of a minority stake of 33.4% in the capital of SLIB, which had been a 100% subsidiary of Natixis prior to the acquisition.

In November 2009, J.P. Morgan Chase acquired ANZ's custodian services business, including access to more than 100 clients and US$90.71 billion in assets under custody.

In April 2010, Standard Chartered acquired Barclays African custody business, which had assets under custody of $3.8 billion.

One month later, in May 2010, State Street announced the completion of its acquisition of Intesa Sanpaolo's Securities Services business (ISPSS) for €1.28 billion in cash.

Since 2011
In April 2013, Citi announced that it was acquiring ING Group's Custody and Securities Services Business in Central and Eastern Europe with €110 Billion in assets under custody. In the same month, Standard Chartered acquired custody business in South Africa from Absa Bank.

In February 2018, Butterfield Bank announced that it was purchasing Deutsche Bank's Global Trust Solutions business in the Cayman Islands, Jersey and Guernsey.

In March 2020, Citi announced that it was buying Royal Bank of Canada's custody business in Australia.

In January 2021, U.S. Bancorp acquired the debt servicing and securities custody services client portfolio of MUFG Union Bank, with approximately 600 client relationships and $320 billion in assets under custody and administration.

In September 2021, State Street announced that it was acquiring Brown Brothers Harriman's Investor Services business, including its custody, accounting, fund administration, global markets and technology services, for $3.5 billion in cash. However, in November 2022, State Street and BBH announced the termination of this transaction.

In January 2022, Standard Chartered announced an agreement to acquire 100% ownership of RBC Investor Services Trust Hong Kong Limited from RBC Investor & Treasury Services, expanding its custodian business to MPF and ORSO schemes trusteeship business in Hong Kong.

Self-Directed Retirement Account Custodians (US)
According to the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in the US, various retirement accounts such as: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, or 401k plan accounts require that a qualified trustee, or custodian, hold IRA assets on behalf of the IRA owner. The trustee/custodian provides custody of the assets, processes all transactions, maintains other records pertaining to them, files the required IRS reports, issues client statements, helps clients understand the rules and regulations pertaining to certain prohibited transactions, and performs other administrative duties on behalf of the self-directed retirement account owner.

Self-directed retirement account custodians (also known as "self-directed IRA custodians" or "self-directed 401k custodians") should not be confused with a custodian bank, which strictly provides safekeeping for securities. While a self-directed retirement account custodian can provide custody for securities, typically it will specialize in non-security assets, or alternative investments. Examples of alternative investments would be: Real Estate, precious metals, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas LPs, horses, and intellectual property. These types of assets require a specialization on the part of the custodian due to the complexity of the documentation required to keep the alternative investments in compliance with the IRC.

Mutual Fund Custodian
A Mutual Fund Custodian refers typically to a custodian bank or trust company (a special type of financial institution regulated like a "bank"), or similar financial institution responsible for holding and safeguarding the securities owned by a mutual fund. A mutual fund's custodian may also act as one or more service agents for the mutual fund such as being the fund accountant, administrator and/or transfer agent which maintains shareholder records and disburses periodic dividends or capital gains, if any, distributed by the fund. The vast majority of funds use a third party custodian as required by SEC regulation to avoid complex rules and requirements about self-custody.

A mutual fund retirement account (IRA, SEP etc.) custodian, however, refers to the plan administrator and recordkeeper such as noted above, which may not necessarily be the same institution providing custody services to the investments of the overall fund.

See also
Central securities depository
Escrow
Custodial account
Securities market participants (United States)

References

Banking
Corporate law

Custodian bank


Valentin Paniagua (December 23 1936 – October 26 2006) was a Peruvian politician. He was the President of Peru from 2000 to 2001. After Fujimori has fled Paniagua, was temporarily appointed by Congress to the presidency to organize and conduct new free elections. He headed Peru from November 22, 2000 to July 28, 2001.

Biography
Paniagua's father was from Bolivia, but spent most of his life in Peru. Valentin Paniagua was born in Cusco, where he received his secondary education and began his higher education, then in Lima, at the University of San Marcos, he graduated from higher education on the topic of constitutional law. Subsequently, he began a private law practice and later a political career. In 1963, he was elected to Congress from the City of Cusco from the Popular Action Party. After Fernando Belaunde came to power, Paniagua, despite his young age for such a position, was appointed Minister of Justice under the first Belaounda government.

After the coup organized by Velasco Alvarado, Valentin Paniagua was forced to leave politics and start teaching. During the military junta, the rule of Velasco and his follower Morales Bermudez, Paniagua remained in opposition to the government, considering their rule not constitutional. After holding free elections in 1980, Belaunde came back to power, his party won the parliamentary elections, and Panjagua was re-elected to Congress. On May 10, 1985, Paniagua became Minister of Education, but after a few months he left his post to continue working in Parliament, in the same year he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru. After the defeat of the Popular Action Party in the 1985 elections and the coming to power of Alan Garcia Perez, headed by APRA, Valentin Paniagua again found himself in opposition, becoming a serious opponent of the current government. During his reign, Garcia was a lawyer and taught constitutional law at the University of San Marcos.

In the 1990 elections, Paniagua with the majority of the Popular Action party supported the candidacy of Mario Vargas Llosa, but after an unexpected victory Fujimori went into opposition, and after the coup committed by Fujimori in 1992, he became a tough consistent opponent of the created regime.

References

1936 births
2006 deaths
Presidents of Peru

Valentin Paniagua


John Fox Slater (March 4, 1815 – May 7, 1884) was an American philanthropist who supported and funded the education of freedmen after the Civil War.

Early life and career
Slater, the son of John Slater (Samuel Slater's brother and partner), was born in Slatersville, Rhode Island (now a village within North Smithfield) in 1815 where his family was active in Slatersville Congregational Church and owned the local textile mills and village. John F. Slater was educated in academies at Plainfield, Connecticut, and Wrentham and Wilbraham, Massachusetts. At seventeen he entered his father's woollen mill in Hopeville, Conn., of which he took charge in 1836. This and other mills he owned in partnership with his brother, William S Slater, until 1873, when his brother took over the Slatersville Mills and he assumed sole ownership of the mills at Jewett City. In 1842 he removed from Jewett City to Norwich; there he helped to endow the Norwich Free Academy, to which his son presented the Slater Memorial Museum. Slater also endowed Park Congregational Church in Norwich and donated Slater Library. Slater died on May 7, 1884, and his funeral was held at Park Congregational Church, which he had attended.

Philanthropy

In 1882 he donated $1,000,000 to a board of ten trustees, incorporated in New York state, for the uplifting of the lately emancipated population of the Southern states, and their posterity, by conferring on them the benefits of Christian education. Among the original trustees of the Slater Fund were Rutherford B Hayes, Morrison R Waite, William E Dodge, Phillips Brooks, Daniel Coit Gilman, Morris Ketchum Jesup and the donor's son, William A. Slater; and among members chosen later were Melville W Fuller, William E Dodge, Jr, Henry Codman Potter, Cleveland H Dodge and Seth Low. In 1909 by careful investment the fund had increased, in spite of expenditures, to more than $1,500,000.

The fund was of great value in aiding industrial schools in the South, its largest beneficiaries being the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute of Hampton, Virginia, the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute of Tuskegee, Alabama, Spelman Seminary in Atlanta, Claflin University in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and Fisk University, in Nashville, Tennessee. At Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is the Slater State Normal and Industrial School, founded in 1892 and named after the founder of the fund; it is now part of Winston-Salem State University. Other state normal schools for African Americans received assistance from the fund, as did some Southern urban school boards.

Other

The John Fox Slater House in Norwich, Connecticut is another legacy.  His son William A. Slater presented the Slater Memorial Museum to Norwich Free Academy in memory of his father.

The John Fox Slater Elementary School in Washington, D.C., now closed, was named in his honor.  The building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

See also
John Slater (industrialist)

References

Sources

Citations

1815 births
1884 deaths
University and college founders
People from Windham County, Connecticut
People from North Smithfield, Rhode Island
American Congregationalists
People from Jewett City, Connecticut
19th-century American philanthropists

John Fox Slater


Fast draw, also known as quick draw, is the ability to quickly draw a handgun and accurately fire it upon a target in the process. This skill was made popular by romanticized depictions of gunslingers in the Western genre, which in turn were inspired by famous historical gunfights in the American Old West.

In modern times, fast draw can be seen both in sports and in military practices. The World Fast Draw Association (WFDA) is the international sanctioning body of the sport of fast draw. Unlike cowboy action shooting, fast draw is shot with special blanks or wax bullets. While some competitions are strictly against the clock, with the fastest time winning, many are set up as head-to-head single- or double-elimination matches.

History
The object of fast draw as a combative sport is to quickly draw one's pistol and fire with the most accuracy. The sport has been inspired by accounts of duels and gunfights which incorporated it during the Wild West, such as the Hickok–Tutt shootout, Short–Courtright duel, Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Long Branch Saloon gunfight and others, which in turn inspired the gunfights seen in Hollywood western movies. Gunfighters Jim Leavy and Tom Carberry became infamous for participating in at least two quick draw duels in their lifetimes. In the case of Jonathan R. Davis, the quick draw is also necessary for a gunman to fight back if he is ambushed. Though many gunfighters were remembered to be dangerous with a pistol during the American frontier, only a few known historical individuals have been noted by historians as "fast", such as Wild Bill Hickok, Doc Holliday, John Wesley Hardin, Luke Short, Tom Horn and Billy the Kid.

Although unlike the depiction seen in westerns, fast draw duels at that time were performed with the traditional dueling stance. Typically, historical Western duels were a crude form of the "Southern code duello," a highly formalized means of solving disputes between gentlemen with swords or guns that had its origins in European chivalry. During the Old West, the term "fast on the draw" or "quick on the draw" did not necessarily mean a person is swift on drawing a pistol, it actually meant that a person is aggressive and would draw his weapon at even the slightest provocation.

While the ability to draw a firearm quickly was a popular skill during the American frontier, modern fast draw is inspired more by gun duels in western films than historical gunfights. Most gunfights that occurred in the Old West were more spontaneous due to either alcohol consumption or heated squabbles. Duels, while also fought to uphold honor, were usually not formalized and sometimes were due to the heat of the moment. In these circumstances, the one who can draw, fire and hit his opponent first was usually the winner, but accuracy and calmness were also, and sometimes more, favored by actual gunmen in the era.

Holsters
In western movies, the characters' gun belts are often worn low on the hip and outer thigh, with the holster cut away around the pistol's trigger and grip for a smooth, fast draw. This type of holster is a Hollywood anachronism. Fast-draw artists can be distinguished from other movie cowboys because their guns will often be tied to their thigh. Long before holsters were steel-lined, they were soft and supple for comfortable all-day wear. A gunfighter would use tie-downs to keep his pistol from catching on the holster while drawing. Most of the time, gunfighters would just hide their pistols in their pockets, which was faster and more practical. Other gunfighters would use Bridgeport rigs that gave a faster and easier draw.

Sport
Fast draw is one of the fastest sports in the world. Every time is measured under one second, from the signal to draw to when the timer is stopped.  The current World Fast Draw Association (WFDA) record for Open Class Fast Draw in an event called Standing Balloons is .208 seconds - and that includes the time it takes to react, draw, fire and pop a balloon target at eight feet away. A world class competitor can draw and fire a shot in under half a second. Given that the average human reaction time is around 0.2 to 0.25 seconds, the round is over before most people can react.  The reaction times of the best fast draw shooters is 0.145 seconds, which means that the gun is cocked, drawn, aimed (from the hip), and fired in just over 0.06 seconds.  To establish a World Fast Draw Association record, a second shot must be fired in the same competition that is no more than 0.30 seconds slower than the first; this is intended to prevent a shot that anticipates the start signal from setting a record.  In competitions where two rounds must be fired, at separate targets, less than 0.10 seconds separate the shots.

In Open Class, or "traditional" fast draw competition, shooters must start with the gun holstered, and their hands not touching the gun, as opposed to the newer sport of Cowboy Fast Draw, where the competitors start with their hand on the gun.  A signal, usually both audible and visible, signals the shooter to fire.  A timer is started when the signal is given.  The shooter fires at either a metal plate (for wax bullets) or a balloon (for blanks).  The timer is rigged to stop on the sound of the wax bullet hitting the plate, or the balloon popping.  Different types of matches use one or more targets, and the shooter can fire from a standing position, or while walking towards or backing away from the target(s).

The exhibition shooter Bob Munden (1942-2012), proclaimed by the Guinness Book of World Records as "the fastest man with a gun who ever lived", could draw, fire, break a balloon target with a blank using a standard weight single-action revolver and return his gun to his holster faster than the blink of an eye. On his DVD "Outrageous Shooting," Munden was filmed shooting .16 of a second in an event called Walk and Draw Level.

In the military
Fast draw and quick draw can also be seen in real-life combat situations. It is an important skill that is still being taught and crafted in the military and the police. Draw speed is essential in a deadly force situation and soldiers are trained to be able to draw their sidearm and fire with speed and accuracy.

Accidents
In June 2011, a soldier named Sgt. Brent McBride played a game of quick draw with his fellow soldier and roommate, Sgt. Matthew Gallagher. The incident happened in their small trailer-like room in Al Kut, Iraq. During the game, McBride drew his pistol and shot Gallagher in the head at close range. McBride pleaded guilty at Fort Hood, Texas, court martial in March 2012 to involuntary manslaughter.

See also
Firearm as a blunt weapon
Cowboy action shooting
Gunspinning
Iaijutsu

References

External links
 Ohio Fast Draw Association
 Cowboy Fast Draw Association
 World Fast Draw Association
 Bob Munden - Fastest Man with a Gun who Ever Lived
 Online reaction time test

Shooting sports
North American martial arts
Firearm techniques
Cowboys
American frontier
Dueling
Western (genre) staples and terminology

Fast draw


Amir Ahmed Khan, Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad (5 November 1914 – 14 October 1973) was a prominent politician and leader of the All India Muslim League, during the Pakistan Movement.  He was against the partition of India. When the Muslim League passed the resolution at Lahore for a separate Pakistan, he stood against it and formed All India Jamhur Muslim League to counter the move. The first session of this party was held at Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Raja Saheb was elected its President and Dr. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi as General Secretary.
Later on he changed his mind under the influence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and supported the idea of a separate Muslim state. He said that "...the idea of a separate Muslim state in India [sic] stirred the imagination of the Muslims as nothing else had done before." Khan migrated to Pakistan. He did not like the political turmoil in Pakistan, so he moved to Iraq and finally to England. He was Director of the Islamic Cultural Centre in London. He died in London in 1973. Later on his descendants went back to live in India.

References

1914 births
1973 deaths
Pakistani politicians
Princes and princesses
Pakistan Movement
Leaders of All India Muslim League

Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan


Austin Wade Petersen (born February 19, 1981) is an American producer, writer, political activist, and commentator. He was the runner-up for the Libertarian Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016, finishing second place to former governor Gary Johnson with 21% of the vote.

As of 2016, Petersen is the owner and CEO of a photo and video consulting firm called Stonegait LLC and is the founder of The Libertarian Republic and Liberty Viral, both libertarian news and commentary websites.

Early life
Petersen was born in Independence, Missouri, but raised on a farm in Peculiar, Missouri. He is the son of Donna and John D. Petersen. He studied at Missouri State University, where he graduated with a degree in musical theater.

United States presidential campaign, 2016
Petersen was running for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election for the presidential nomination for the Libertarian Party.

After Gary Johnson won the nomination for President of the United States of the Libertarian Party (United States), Petersen delivered a concession speech. During the speech, Petersen said, "You have my full support, my full respect, and my gun!" and proceeded to gift Johnson with a replica of George Washington's flintlock pistol. Petersen could not, however, endorse Johnson's preferred Vice Presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Governor, William Weld. He threw his support to ballot access lawyer Alicia Dearn. Afterwards, Gary Johnson threw away the pistol that Austin Petersen had given him.

Petersen has stated his intention to return home to spend time with his family, to relax, and to recover from the strenuous months of campaigning. He looks forward to supporting Gary Johnson's presidential campaign and working to further the ideals of the Libertarian Party (United States).

Post-political activities
A few months after losing the Libertarian Nomination for President Petersen has done Facebook Live streams where he talks about current political issues and has stated he is interested in running for President in 2020.

United States senate campaign, 2018
On July 4, 2017, Petersen announced that he is running under the Republican Party in the 2018 Missouri Senate race against current Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill.

References

Other websites

Personal website
Stonegaite Pictures official website
Austin Petersen at The Libertarian Republic

2016 United States presidential candidates
1981 births
Living people
American political commentators
American television presenters
American activists
Politicians from Missouri
People from Independence, Missouri
Republican Party (United States) politicians

Austin Petersen


"42" is the seventh episode of the third series of British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was first broadcast on BBC One on 19 May 2007. It was the first episode written by Chris Chibnall, the showrunner and lead writer of Doctor Who from the 11th series to the 2022 specials.

In the episode, the cargo spaceship SS Pentallian is on a crash course with the living Sun its crew ripped out a part of for cheap fuel. On board the ship, the Sun possesses and attacks the Pentallian crewmembers one by one for doing this.

According to the BARB figures this episode was seen by 7.41 million viewers and was the third most popular non-soap-opera broadcast on British television in that week.

Plot
The Tenth Doctor and Martha receive a distress signal from the SS Pentallian, a human spacecraft that is hurtling towards the sun of the Torajii system. The Doctor pilots the TARDIS towards it to help, but after arriving they are separated from the TARDIS by the rising temperatures on the ship. The ship's engines have failed and they have only 42 minutes left before the ship plunges into the Sun. They need to reach the bridge controls but find themselves separated from them by thirty deadlock sealed doors that are each password encoded. Martha teams with Riley to work their way through the doors, having to answer pub quiz questions in order to open each door. The Doctor helps the engineering team try to repair the engines. Martha uses her modified mobile phone to call her mother Francine on present-day Earth to answer one of the questions. Francine asks questions about the Doctor that Martha ignores.

One of the crew, Captain McDonnell's husband, Korwin, has been infected with something that is causing his body temperature to rise to incredible levels. They attempt to sedate him while they continue the repairs, but the sedative doesn't work and Korwin escapes. He dons a welding helmet and starts killing crew members before infecting a man named Ashton. As Martha and Riley continue to work through the doors, they encounter Ashton and take shelter in a nearby escape pod. Ashton launches the pod, but McDonnell freezes him to death in a stasis chamber. The Doctor activates a magnetic control that recovers the pod. He gets infected by the Sun, and learns that the Sun is actually a living being and that the crew illegally drew the Sun's heart to use as fuel, and now the Sun is trying to recover its lost parts. Martha puts the Doctor into a stasis chamber to save him from the infection, but Korwin appears and disables the chamber. The Doctor insists that Martha leave him and warns the crew to dump the fuel, which should allow them to escape.

Martha relays the Doctor's message to the crew. McDonnell encounters Korwin and apologises to everyone before blowing Korwin and herself out of the airlock. The ship vents its fuel and the engines restart, allowing them to pull away from the Sun. After Martha calls Francine again, a woman who was monitoring Francine's phone confiscates it and leaves.

Cultural references
The title of the episode was chosen as an homage to the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, written by Douglas Adams. Adams was a writer and script editor for Doctor Who in the late 1970s.

The Doctor asks the crew where their "Dunkirk spirit" is, referring to the evacuation and battle of Dunkirk.

A security question on "classical music" concerns Elvis Presley and The Beatles. The Doctor indirectly refers to the remix of "A Little Less Conversation", and name-drops the song "Here Comes the Sun".

A security question asks for the next number in a sequence. The sequence consists of consecutive happy prime numbers.

Production
The SS Pentallian was originally going to have the name SS Icarus. This was changed after the producers learned of the film Sunshine, which also involved a spaceship named Icarus falling into the sun.

Several elements of the episode had been reused from previous episodes. The stasis chamber is adapted from the prop used as the MRI scanner in "Smith and Jones", according to associate production designer James North. Likewise, the spacesuit the Doctor wears was previously seen in "The Impossible Planet" and "The Satan Pit" and has since been repainted, according to producer Phil Collinson in the online audio commentary for "42".

On 12 May 2007, the BBC website published a text-based "exclusive prologue" to the episode. Written by Joseph Lidster, it details the reactions of one of the characters, Erina Lissak, a recent addition to the crew of the Pentallian, as the ship's engines stop, a countdown to impact begins, and she unexpectedly meets the Doctor and Martha.

Doctor Who Magazine reported in the preview for this episode that the title "42" was chosen for the fact the episode is set in approximate real time. Producer Phil Collinson added in an episode commentary that the name was a reference to the real-time US television series 24. Writer Chibnall acknowledged that the title also references the work of Douglas Adams, which features the number 42, and said that "it's a playful title".

Chibnall goes on to compare the episode itself to "The Satan Pit", at least from a visual standpoint.

Cast notes
William Ash later played Sam in the Sixth Doctor audio drama The Condemned.

Vinette Robinson later played Rosa Parks in the Thirteenth Doctor episode "Rosa" co-written by Chibnall, who by this time had become showrunner.

Broadcast
Originally planned for broadcast on 12 May 2007, this episode was postponed by the BBC due to their coverage of the final of Eurovision Song Contest 2007. This in turn pushed the rest of the series back a week.

References

External links

Tenth Doctor episodes
2007 British television episodes
Television episodes written by Chris Chibnall
Television episodes set in outer space

42 (Doctor Who)


The Via di Francia, when it does not simply mean per via di Francia, "by way of France", was the designation in Italy of a medieval route that led from Paris to Rome. For instance, in documents drawn up at Paris, 3 August 1261, Iacopo, son of Sigerio dei Gallerani, recently freed, promises upon pain of 1000 marks, to return to Siena by mid-September, e di non riprendere la via di Francia and not to take the via di Francia once more.

A coastal stretch in Genoa retains the old name, and a stretch of the Via di Francia led from coastal San Remo to the shrine of the Madonna della Costa.

See also
Via Francigena

References

Medieval Italy
Roads in Italy

Via di Francia


Károly Bund (4 June 1869 – 16 May 1931) was a Hungarian professional forestry engineer and an early environmentalist, serving as executive secretary of Hungary's National Forestry Association (Országos Erdészeti Egyesület), from 1900 until his death.

Early life and education
He was born in Besztercebánya, Austria-Hungary (now Banská Bystrica, Slovakia), the only child of Emanuel Bund and Zsófia Ingruber, who had come from Elsaß-Lothringen, Germany.

Bund graduated in 1890 from the Academy of Mining and Forestry in Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica). After a year in the military, Bund became a technical clerk at the Forestry Directorate of Besztercebánya. In 1893, Bund passed Hungary's national forestry examination with a perfect score. This led to his appointment to the Ministry of Agriculture's forest planning and management division.

Bund married Irén Palmer, the daughter of a mining engineer in Szatmár County. They had four children. Their daughter Sarolta married Béla Horváth, a public servant and Secretary of State for the Interior.

Career

In 1900, Bund was elected executive secretary of the National Forestry Association. Under Bund's direction, the National Forestry Association worked to increase tree-planting in the Hungarian Plain, drafted new forestry laws, intensified efforts to protect natural forests and indigenous tree species, and protect the interests of forestry workers, both professional and skilled non-professional. Bund's main professional interest was forest planning and management, but he also was an expert in the study of tree growth, dendrology, phenology and genetics.

In 1906, at the Imperial Palace-Hofburg of Vienna, Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, conferred knighthood upon Bund, for his service to the country.

During Bund's career, he published 56 articles in which he was sole author, co-authored three others, and co-authored several books. With a colleague, he translated the Grundner-Schwappach tree-growth tables (Massentafeln) from German into Hungarian. These have been used in Hungary since that time. Bund was also editor of the Forestry Journal (Erdészeti Lapok) for 20 years.

Late years

After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, which deprived Hungary of 84% of its forest land, the National Forestry Association and the science of forestry in Hungary were in decline. The National Forestry Association could no longer afford to pay Bund a salary, so he worked evenings in part-time jobs in order to support his family. The strain of excessive work led to his death from heart failure in 1931 at the age of 62 in Budapest, Hungary.

References
 Országos Erdészeti Egyesület
 Keresö Online Lexicon (Encyclopedia)
 Teszár, Tibor, 1991. 125 éves az Országos Erdészeti Egyesület (125 years of the National Forestry Association). In Mikológiai közlemények, Clusiana 1–3. pp. 135–139, ISSN 0133-9095.

1869 births
1931 deaths
19th-century Hungarian botanists
20th-century Hungarian botanists
Hungarian environmentalists
Hungarian ecologists
Forestry academics
Hungarian-German people
Hungarian people of German descent
People from Banská Bystrica
Forestry in Hungary
Hungarian foresters
Forestry in Slovakia
People from Austria-Hungary

Károly Bund


Muireadhach I (also written as Murethach, Murdoch or Maurice) is the second known Mormaer of Menteith. He succeeded his father Gille Críst by the time of his appearance in a charter of William the Lion confirming the church at Moulin to Dunfermline Abbey. The charter is undated, but must have been written between 1189 and 1198. He appears again in a charter agreement between Gilbert, Prior of St Andrews, and the local Céli Dé  dating sometime after 1198.

Muireadhach Mór's right to the Mormaerdom was challenged at some stage by his younger brother, also called Muireadhach, hence Muireadhach Óg (in English, "the younger"). The case apparently went to arbitration, and the king decided on the right of Muireadhch Óg. On December 13, 1213, Muireadhach Mór resigned the Mormaerdom, taking lesser lands and titles in compensation. It is not known for how long Muireadhach Mór lived, nor is it known if he had any wives or offspring.

Bibliography
 Paul, James Balfour, The Scots Peerage, Vol. VI, (Edinburgh, 1909)
 Roberts, John L., Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 52

12th-century births
13th-century deaths
People from Stirling
Mormaers of Menteith
12th-century mormaers
13th-century mormaers

Muireadhach I, Earl of Menteith


Andreas Georgiou (, born Patras, 1960) is a Greek economist and former President of the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT). In June 2021, he became the European Parliament's representative at the European Statistical Governance Advisory Board, the body that provides an independent overview of the European Statistical System. Georgiou is a visiting lecturer and visiting scholar at Amherst College where he teaches statistical ethics and macroeconomics. He is also elected member of the Council of the International Statistical Institute and a member of the Committee on Professional Ethics of the American Statistical Association.

Biography
Georgiou completed his secondary education in Athens College, and studied at Amherst College, where he received his Bachelor of Arts (Summa Cum Laude) in Economics and in Political Science-Sociology. He went on to receive his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Michigan with specialization in monetary theory and stabilisation policy as well as in International Trade and Finance.

From 1989 to July 2010 he was staff of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). He has been head of missions, responsible for the preparation, negotiation, and monitoring of economic programs with IMF member countries. From March 2004 to July 2010 he was deputy division chief in the IMF Statistics Department. During that period, among other things, he led the work of the statistical program for the methodological development and dissemination of new indicators of stability of financial systems (Financial Soundness Indicators). He has taught economics at the University of Michigan and as a visiting professor at the University of Economics in Bratislava. In addition, he has conducted seminars and courses in statistical methodologies for IMF staff as well as state officials of more than 120 countries.

On 2 August 2010 he was appointed as President of the Hellenic Statistical Authority. On 2 August 2015, he surprisingly resigned from office with immediate effect.

In June 2021, the European Parliament elected Mr Georgiou near-unanimously to one of the seats on the seven-member European Statistical Governance Advisory Board (ESGAB).

In July 2016, the Greek Supreme Court upheld charges against Georgiou for having harmed the "national interest", with a possible sentence of up to 10 years in prison.

In June 2018, the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece ('Areopagus') sentenced him to two years on probation for violation of duty for not submitting in November 2010 the revised 2009 deficit and debt statistics of Greece for approval before transmitting them to Eurostat. On 18 September 2018, during a Special Meeting on National Statistical Offices' Professional Independence: Threats and Responses immediately prior to the XVI International Association for Official Statistics Conference in Paris, a special Commendation was awarded to Mr. Georgiou by six major international statistical organizations. This Commendation was given to "acknowledge Andreas Georgiou's upholding of the highest professional standards in his public service in the pursuit of integrity of statistical systems".

Georgiou's prosecution has been denounced as a violation of scientific freedom and human rights by the American Statistical Association's Committee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights and the editorial board of The Economist. The Financial Times reported, "The case has sparked outrage from economists and statisticians worldwide who believe Mr. Georgiou has become a scapegoat for Greece's political class."

See also
 Greek debt crisis of 2010
 First Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras (26 January 2015 – 27 August 2015)
 Judicial system of Greece

References

1960 births
20th-century Greek economists
21st-century Greek economists
Living people
Greek government-debt crisis
People from Patras

Andreas Georgiou


Electro Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process (ET-DSP) is a patented in situ thermal environmental remediation technology, created by McMillan-McGee Corporation, for cleaning contaminated sites. ET-DSP uses readily available three phase electric power to heat the subsurface with electrodes. Electrodes are placed at various depths and locations in the formation. Electric current to each electrode is controlled continuously by computer to uniformly heat the target contamination zone.

Difference from ERH

The difference between Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) and ET-DSP is heat transfer due to convection. Water injected around the ET-DSP electrodes is heated and flows radially toward the vacuum extraction wells heating the formation in the process. The difference between ERH and ET-DSP is shown in the governing equations.

The governing equation for electrical resistance heating (ERH) is given by,

where  is the bulk heat capacity of the formation, T is the temperature, t is the time,  is the thermal conductivity,  is the electrical conductivity, I is the electric current and L is the electrode length.

The governing equation for Electro Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process (ET-DSP) is given by,

where  is the density of water,  is the specific heat of water and Q is the water injection rate.

Process description

ET-DSP electrodes are placed into the contaminated zone and are designed so that conventional three-phase power can be used to heat the soil. The distance between electrodes and their location is determined from the heat transfer mechanisms associated with vapor extraction, electrical heating, and fluid movement in the contaminated zone.

To determine the ideal pattern of electrode and extraction wells, a multi-phase, multi-component, 3-D thermal model is used to simulate the process. Numerical modeling is also used to design the power delivery system (PDS), the power requirements from the utility and the project capital requirements.

Electrical heating increases the temperature of the soil and groundwater by conducting current through the resistive connate water that fills the porosity of the soil. The increase in temperature raises the vapor pressure of volatile and semi-volatile contaminants, increasing their ability to volatilize and be recovered through conventional techniques such as soil vapor extraction.

Controlling the heating process

ET-DSP utilizes a system of Time-Distributed Control (TDC) and Inter-Phase Synchronization (IPS) to control the power to the electrodes. This process controls the amount and timing of power sent to individual electrodes. If electrodes are in electrically resistive zones resulting in cold spots, the power to the electrodes can be increased in these areas to uniformly heat the formation. TDC and IPS controls the electrical sine wave of three-phase power to the millisecond such that each phase can be individually manipulated.

Numerical modeling and analysis

Prior to the implementation of the ET-DSP, site information such as surface infrastructure, surrounding land uses, short term site usage during remediation, subsurface lithology, depth to groundwater, plume characterization, type of contaminant, distribution of the contaminant and required time to attain target temperatures is collected. Numerical modeling and analysis simulation software combined with bench-scale experiments are used to determine the optimal thermal remediation strategy for the site.

Numerical modeling is important to determine optimum electrode configuration in terms of pattern type, shape, and separation; power supply requirements; power synchronization; optimal target temperature; and estimated time to attain the targeted temperature.

System components

Power delivery system (PDS)

The power delivery system (PDS) is a computer controlled three-phase current transformer. The PDS can come in a range of KVA (kilovolt amp) ratings and are fully modular for plug and play applications. Each PDS is equipped with voltage tap settings that allow the voltage to be increased to the electrodes in formations with varying resistivity. ET-DSP can heat soil matrixes that range from tight clays to sands and rock.

Electrode assembly

Electrodes for ET-DSP can be made in diameters up to 12", lengths up to 10 feet long and are rated for up to 180 °C (356 °F) at more than 50 kW.

Using three phase power synchronization means that electrode patterns are not geometrically limited. The electrode assembly does not overheat the adjacent soils due to an imbedded water circulation system (cooling system) inside each electrode.

Electrodes are fabricated from high temperature resistant materials and are connected to the PDS. Each electrode is installed in a borehole packed with granular graphite which is compressed to the surface of the electrode. Conductors are run from each electrode back to the PDS and can be installed either above or below grade.

Water circulation system (WCS)

The  water circulation system (WCS) provides water to the electrodes for the heat transfer due to convection and also cooling. The majority of the electrode's energy is concentrated at the ends due to the current density. By injecting water at the ends, the water is heated to steam temperatures and is transported throughout the targeted volume. This process dynamically strips more slightly volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and other non-volatile contaminants such as creosote.

Water is distributed down the inside plumbing of the electrode, exiting the electrode through slots near the base and then washes over the outer surface of the metal. Some of the water is transported out into the subsurface soils to maintain the current pathway. The rest re-enters the electrode through upper slots and is then re-circulated back to the water holding tank.

The amount of water that is directed into the formation is dependent on the permeability of the subsurface soils. Typical injection rates into the formation are usually on the order of 0.1 to 0.2 gpm (gallon per minute) per electrode.

Extraction system>

Typically, high vacuum systems like liquid ring pumps, rotary positive blowers, and rotary vane blowers are utilized for the extraction systems. Extraction systems must be capable of handling water (multi-phase extraction) during the extraction process.

Heating can be conducted at and below the groundwater table, and larger quantities of groundwater are extracted and treated through the system. The extraction system is connected to the header and set up to extract both groundwater and hydrocarbon vapors from the subsurface within the electrode array. All recovered groundwater is transferred into the treatment system and then discharged. Contaminant vapors can be discharged into the ambient air or combusted, dependent on local regulatory requirements.

Extraction wells and header system

Extraction wells are placed within the electrode array in order to maximize the recovery of the volatilizing hydrocarbons and are designed to control the groundwater to minimize the potential for offsite migration of the mobilized contaminant. Extraction wells are connected to an extraction header pipe, which is connected to the extraction system. Depending on the contaminant of concern either steel or an approved thermoplastic can be used in the header system.

Groundwater treatment system

Groundwater treatment systems remove dissolved contaminants and sediment from the groundwater. The treatment system typically consists of a sedimentation tank and an air stripper or granular activated carbon. Groundwater is transferred from the extraction system into the treatment system where the sediment and the dissolved-phase contaminants are removed. The clean effluent water is then discharged or removed by an approved method.

In the Athabasca Oil Sands

The Electro Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process (ET-DSP) is currently being used in the Athabasca Oil Sands to thermally recover bitumen and heavy oil by E-T Energy Limited. This electrothermal process converts electromagnetic energy into thermal energy by inducing current through the formation using excitor electrodes. Considerable control can be effected over the path taken by the currents and over the temperature profiles that will develop in the deposit by varying the operating frequency and excitor spacing. Electrothermal processes are virtually free of problems related to very low initial formation injectivity, poor heat transfer and the near impossibility of adequately controlling the movement of injected fluids and gases.

References

External links
 McMillan-Mcgee Corporation Website
 E-T Energy Limited Website

Electricity


The Big F was an American rock band that was formed in Los Angeles, California, in 1988, by guitarist Mark Christian and former members of Berlin, bassist and vocalist John Crawford and drummer Rob Brill.

History
The Big F was formed in 1988 by John Crawford and Rob Brill after their previous band Berlin broke up. They were joined by guitarist Mark Christian, and later found themselves signed to Elektra Records, which released their self-titled debut album in 1989. Although the album failed to chart and received mixed reviews by music critics, it was supported by the singles "Kill the Cowboy" and "Doctor Vine", both of which received considerable airplay on MTV's Headbangers Ball and 120 Minutes as well as the Long Beach radio station KNAC.

Although The Big F never broke into the mainstream, they did establish a following within the underground music community, opening for such bands as Bad Religion, Soundgarden, Voivod, T.S.O.L. and many others. In 1992, Chrysalis Records signed The Big F and released their second album Is the following year. Despite receiving rave reviews, Is did not sell as well as expected, and The Big F soon broke up, due to internal tensions between band members.

After the breakup, guitarist Mark Christian would team up with bassist Kinley "Barney" Wolfe (Lord Tracy, The Cult) in the short-lived band Milk The Cow who released their sole self-titled effort in 1996.

Discography

Studio albums
The Big F (1989)
Is (1993)

Singles
"Kill the Cowboy" (1989)
"Doctor Vine" (1990)
"Patience Peregrine" (1993)

References

American alternative metal musical groups
Hard rock musical groups from California
Heavy metal musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
Musical trios from California
1988 establishments in California
1995 disestablishments in California

The Big F


Kari Lavoie (born Kari MacLean on December 25, 1977 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian curler.

Lavoie joined the team in 2007 replacing Tiffany Stubbings. Her resume until that point included winning three Northern Ontario Junior championships in 1996, 1997, and 1998 and the 2006 Northern Ontario Mixed championship. She played lead for Mike Assad, a team that finished with a 3-8 record at the 2007 Canadian Mixed Curling Championship and won the most Sportsmanlike Player award.

Lavoie won her first Ontario provincial women's title in 2009, when the McCarville rink won the 2009 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. Lavoie played in the 2009 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials in Edmonton, Alberta placing third and winning bronze.  She also repeated as Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts champion after going undefeated in Thunder Bay, Ontario  at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts she finished 3rd and winning bronze in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

In March 2011, she married Dan Lavoie in Mexico.

As of November 2011 Lavoie, has left her position as second, moving to fifth, as she is expecting her first child. Sarah Lang moved to the second position, while Liz Kingston was brought in at lead. She left the team in 2014.

Sources
CBC Sports. Grandslam Masters of Curling: Teams
The Windsor Star. Ontario steals win to open Scotties. February 21, 2009

1977 births
Canadian women curlers
Curlers from Northern Ontario
Living people
Curlers from Thunder Bay
Canada Cup (curling) participants

Kari Lavoie


Raphael is a given name derived from the Hebrew rāp̄ā'ēl (רָפָאֵל) meaning "God has healed". Raphael is one of the archangels according to Abrahamic tradition.  Popularized in Western Europe, it can be spelled Raphael, Raphaël, Rafael, Raffael, Raffaello, Raffiel, Refoel, Raffaele, or Refael depending on the language.

The name is attested as far back as c. 1350 BC, appearing in a letter of Pabi, Prince of Lachish in center Israel, to Pharaoh Akhenaton ("Now have I sent you Rapha-el.").

Translations
 Amharic: ሩፋኤል (Rufael)
 Arabic: رفائيل (Rāfāʿīl)
 Armenian: Ռաֆայել (Ṙafayel)
 Azerbaijani: Rafael
 Belarusian: Рафаэль (Rafaeĺ)
 Bengali: রাফায়েল (Rāphāẏēla)
 Brazilian: Rafael
 Catalan: Rafel
 Cebuano: Rapáel
 Chamorro: Rafet
 Chinese Simplified: 拉斐尔 (Lā fěi ěr)
 Chinese Traditional: 拉斐爾 (Lā fěi ěr)
 Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲫⲁⲏⲗ (Rapha'êl)
 Czech: Rafael
 Esperanto: Rafaelo
 Finnish: Rafael
 French: Raphaël
 German: Raphael
 Greek: Ραφαήλ (Rafaī́l)
 Gujarati: રાફેલ (Rāphēla)
 Hebrew: רפאל (Rafa'el)
 Hindi: रफएल (Rapha'ēla)
 Italian: Raffaello, Raffaele
 Japanese: ラファエル (Rafaeru)
 Kannada: ರಾಫೆಲ್ (Rāphel)
 Korean: 라파엘 (Lapael)
 Latin: Raphael
 Lithuanian: Rapolas
 Macedonian: Рафаел (Rafael)
 Maltese: Rafel
 Montenegrin: Rafailo (Рафаило), Rafail (Рафаил)
 Malayalam: റപ്പായേൽ (Rāppāēl)
 Mongolian: Рафаэль (Rafaeli)
 Nepali: रफाएल (Raphā'ēla)
 Old Norse: Raife, also nickname ''Raðulfr''
 Norwegian: Rafael
 Persian: رافائل (Rāfāel)
 Polish: Rafał
 Portuguese: Rafael
 Punjabi: ਰਾਫਾਈਲ (Rāphā'īla)
 Romanian: Rafael
 Russian: Рафаил (Rafail)
 Serbian: Рафаило (Rafailo)
 Slovenian: Rafael
 Spanish: Rafael (Rafa'el)
 Tagalog: Rafael, also nickname "Paeng"
 Tamil: ரபேல் (Rapēl)
 Telugu: రాఫెల్ (Rāphel)
 Thai: ราฟาเอล (Rā fā xel)
 Ukrainian: Рафаїл (Rafaīl)
 Urdu: رافائيل (Rāfāʿēl)

Raphael
Raphael (archangel), an archangel in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, after whom all or most other uses are named

Mononym
Raphael, or Raffaello Sanzio (1483–1520), Italian master painter and architect in the High Renaissance
Rafael (footballer, born 1990), a Brazilian football player who played for Lyon
Raphael (singer) (born 1943), Spanish singer
Raphael (musician) (born 1948), American musician
Raphael of Brooklyn (1860–1915), a saint in the Christian Orthodox tradition
Raphael of Lesbos (died 1463), Eastern Orthodox saint, see Saints Raphael, Nicholas and Irene of Lesbos
Patriarch Raphael I of Constantinople, Patriarch from 1475 to 1476
Patriarch Raphael II of Constantinople, Patriarch from 1603 to 1607
pseudonym of Robert Cross Smith (1795–1832)

Birth
Raphael Abramovitch (1880–1963), Russian bundist and communist politician
Raphael Almeida-Knüttgen (born 1991), Brazilian footballer
Raphael Sylvanus Amegashie (1927-2013), Ghanaian entrepreneur, accountant, and politician
Raphael Benjamin (1846–1906), British-born Australian and American rabbi
Raphael I Bidawid (1922–2003), Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1989–2003
Raphael Bob-Waksberg (born 1984), American comedian, writer and creator of BoJack Horseman
Raphael Botti (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Raphael Chukwu (born 1975), Nigerian football (soccer) player
Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal (1733—1777), itinerant Palestinian rabbi and preacher
Raphael Davis (born 1976), American mixed martial artist
Raphael Dwamena (born 1995), Ghanaian footballer
Raphael Gray (born 1981), British computer hacker
Raphael Gualazzi (born 1981), Italian singer and pianist
Raphael Holinshed (1529–1580), English chronicler
Raphael Holzdeppe (born 1989), German pole vaulter
Raphael Kalinowski (1835–1907), Polish saint in the Discalced Carmelite Order
Raphael Koster (born 1971), American game designer
Raphael Lasker (1838–1904), German-American rabbi
Raphael Lemkin, Holocaust survivor
Raphael Martelli (1811–1880), first Catholic priest in Toodyay, Western Australia
Raphael Matos (born 1981), Brazilian racing driver
Rafael "Rafi" Menco (born 1994), Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Holon in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Raphael Ohin (born 1995), Ghanaian footballer
Raphael M. Quaye (born 1975), Liberian basketball player
Raphael Saadiq (born 1966), American singer, songwriter, musician, guitarist, and record producer
Raphael Schäfer (born 1979), German footballer
Raphael Semmes (1809–1877), officer in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 to 1865
Raphael Warnock (born 1969), American pastor and U.S. Senator from Georgia

Fictional characters
 Raphael, one of the four Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
 Raphael Kirsten, a fictional character in the video game Fire Emblem: Three Houses
Raphael Sorel, a fictional character in Soulcalibur series of video games

Raphaël
Raphaël is a French masculine given name.
Raphaël Alibert (1887–1963), French politician
Raphaël Astier (born 1976), French modern pentathlete
Raphaël Bohren (born 1984), Swiss figure skater
Raphaël Bretton (1920–2011), French set decorator
Raphaël Chaume, French rugby union player
Raphaël Domjan, Swiss explorer
Raphaël Enthoven, French philosopher
Raphaël Garcia (born 1999), Canadian soccer player
Raphaël Géminiani (born 1925), French road bicycle racer
Raphaël Haroche (born 1975), French singer, known by the mononym Raphaël
Raphaël Ibañez (born 1973), French rugby union footballer
Raphaël Jacquelin (born 1974), French professional golfer
Raphaël Lakafia(born 1988), French rugby union player
Raphaël Lévy, trading card game
Raphaël Martinetti, Swiss businessman and President of the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles
Raphaël Nadé (born 1980), Ivory Coast / French football (soccer) player
Raphaël Nadjari (born 1971), French-Israeli writer and film and television director
Raphaël Piolanti (born 1967), French hammer thrower
Raphaël Poirée (born 1974), French biathlete
Raphaël Poulain (born 1980), French rugby union player
Raphaël Pujazon (1918–2000), French athlete and Olympian
Raphaël Rouquier (born 1969), French mathematician
Raphaël Salem (1898–1963), Greek-Sephardic mathematician
Raphaël Schellenberger (born 1990), French politician
Raphaël Varane (born 1993), French football (soccer) player
Raphaël Wicky (born 1977), Swiss football (soccer) player

Rafael
Rafael Caro Quintero, Mexican drug lord
Rafael Correa, president of Ecuador
Rafael Edward Cruz, given name of U.S. politician Ted Cruz
Rafael Eitan, Israeli general, former Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, and politician
Rafael Trujillo, former Dominican president

Arts
Rafael Castillo, Mexican-American editor, author, academician
Rafael Arevalo, Mexican-American Composer
Rafael Bittencourt, Brazilian power metal composer and songwriter
Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos (1933-2014), Spanish conductor and composer
Rafael Kayanan, Filipino - American artist
Raffaello da Urbino (1483–1520), known as Raphael, Italian painter

Television
Rafael Araneda, Chilean television personality
Rafael L. Silva, Brazilian-American actor

Sports
Rafael Alarçón, Brazilian squash player
Rafael Alkorta, Spanish former footballer
 Rafael Álvarez (baseball) (born 1977), Venezuelan baseball player
 Rafael Álvarez (diver) (born 1971), Spanish diver
Rafael Arevalo, Salvadoran tennis player
Rafael Benítez, Spanish football manager
Rafael Carbonell, Cuban flyweight boxer
Rafael Dudamel, Venezuelan football manager and former player who played as a goalkeeper
Rafael Márquez, Mexican footballer
Rafael Medina, Mexican footballer
Rafael Mea Vitali, Venezuelan football defender
Rafael Montiel, Colombian road cyclist
Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player
Rafael Nepomuceno, Filipino bowler
Rafael Palmeiro, Major League Baseball player
Rafael Pascual, Spanish volleyball player
Rafael Ramos, Puerto Rican boxer
Rafael Romero, Venezuelan track and field athlete
Rafael van der Vaart, Dutch footballer
Rafael Zuñiga, Colombian boxer
Rafael dos Anjos, Brazilian mixed martial artist

Brazilian footballers
Rafael Araújo Silva (1988), currently playing for Corinthians
Rafael Cabral Barbosa (1990), currently playing for Napoli
Rafael Godoi Pereira (1985), currently playing for FK Laktaši
Rafael Pires Vieira (1978), currently playing for Mikkelin Kissat
Rafael Pereira da Silva (footballer born 1980), retired former footballer
Rafael Pereira da Silva (footballer born 1990), currently playing for Lyon
Rafael Schmitz (1980), currently playing for Valenciennes
Rafael Silva Nascimento (1984), currently playing for Vasco
Rafael Sóbis (1985), currently playing for Internacional
Rafael Vágner Dias Silva (1983), currently playing for Náutico

Saints
Rafael Arnáiz Barón, Spanish saint
Rafael Guizar Valencia, Mexican saint

Fictional characters (Movies, TV Show & etc)
 Rafael Barba, (Raúl Esparza) appearing on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 Rafael Cuevas, the main protagonist appeared in Benjamin Pascual's novel Lalaki sa Dilim (lit. A Man In The Dark)
 Rafael Solano, (Justin Baldoni), a principal character on Jane the Virgin
 Rafael, a toucan character in the animated film Rio, played by George Lopez
Dr. Rafael Salazar, the late Argentinian father of the titular character of the 2010-2013 Cartoon Network show Generator Rex.

Raphiael
Raphiael Putney (born 1990), American basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli National League

See also
Raphael (surname)
Raphael (disambiguation)
Rafael (disambiguation)
Saint Raphael (disambiguation)

References

Given names
Spanish masculine given names
French masculine given names
Theophoric names
Hebrew masculine given names
English masculine given names
Masculine given names
es:Rafael (nombre)
fr:Raphaël
no:Rafael

Raphael (given name)


Tairus (, a portmanteau of Тайско (Thai) and Русский (Russian)) is a synthetic gemstone manufacturer. It was formed in 1989 as part of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika initiative to establish a joint venture between the Russian Academy of Sciences and Tairus Created Gems Co Ltd. of Bangkok, Thailand. Today Tairus is a major supplier of hydrothermally grown gemstones to the jewellery industry. Later, Tairus became a privately held enterprise, operating out of its Bangkok distribution hub under the trade name Tairus, owned by Tairus Created Gems Co Ltd. of Bangkok, Thailand.

In the beginning, the team was led by the scientist and developer of the hydrothermal process, the late Alexander Lebedev, whose name was kept secret by the Soviet regime for many years, and Walter Barshai, who was appointed to be the Chairman of the Board of the Joint Venture Tairus. Their objective was to grow and to supply emeralds, rubies, sapphires, alexandrite and other gems to the jewelry industry. The driving force was late Academician Nikolai Dobretsov, former President of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tairus has achieved many scientific breakthroughs. For example, the development of the hydrothermally grown corundum, aquamarine and the development of a revolutionary process of horizontal crystallization for growing corundum (ruby), chrysoberyl and alexandrite.

After many years of development, scientists at Tairus had succeeded to commercially grow emeralds in a laboratory environment that resemble in color and have gemological properties that "overlap natural emeralds from various localities, especially those of low alkali-bearing stones from Colombia" (The Journal of Gemmology, 2006, Vol. 30, Nos 1/2, 59-74).

Products

The following are synthetic gemstones that were developed by Tairus scientists; they are alternately referred to as Tairus stones (e.g. "Tairus Ruby").
Floating zone ruby, synthesized in 1991 (no longer in production)
Hydrothermal ruby, synthesized in 1992 by Alexander Dokukin.
Hydrothermal aquamarine, synthesized in 1993.
Hydrothermal sapphires, in pink, green, orange, and blue.
Colombian color emerald, developed in 2004.

References

 Gemological Investigation of a New Type of Russian Hydrothermal Synthetic Emerald GIA Gems & Gemology, Spring 1996, Vol. 32, No. 1
 Tairus Hydrothermal Synthetic Sapphires Doped with Nickel and Chromium Published by GIA Gems & Gemology, Fall 1997, Vol. 33, No. 3
 The Journal of Gemmology, 2006, Vol. 30, Nos 1/2, 59-74

External links
Tairus Created Gems
Nikolai Dobretsov

Gemology
Crystallography
Diamond industry in the Soviet Union
Companies of the Soviet Union
Joint ventures
Soviet Union–Thailand relations

Tairus


Jai Krishan Kakubhai Shroff (screen name: Jackie Shroff) is an Indian actor. He has been working for four decades (about 40 years) in the Bollywood film industry. He has appeared in about 220 films in various Indian languages, including Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, Punjabi, Kannada, Bengali, Konkani and Bhojpuri.

Film
In 1983, Shroff made his acting debut in Dev Anand's movie Swami Dada. In 1983, Subhash Ghai gave him a lead (main) role in the movie "Hero," which was a success and brought Shroff to the public's attention.

After Hero, he did several films, amongst which were Andar Baahar. Jaanoo and Yudh were successful. In 1986 he did Karma which became the highest-grossing(earning) film of 1986.  In 1985, he starred in Shiva Ka Insaaf, which was both India's first superhero movie and the first 3D movie filmed in the Hindi language.

Family

Shroff's son Tiger Shroff is an actor.  Shroff's daughter Krishna Shroff is an assistant director.

Awards
 1990: Won: Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Parinda
 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Gardish
 1994: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Khalnayak
 1995: Won: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – 1942: A Love Story
 1996: Won: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Rangeela
 1997: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Agni Sakshi
 2002: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Yaadein
 2001: Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role – Mission Kashmir
 2003: Nominated: Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Devdas
 2007: Special Honour Jury Award for outstanding contribution to Indian cinema
 2014: Won: The Original Rockstar GQ
 2016: Won: HT Most Stylish Living Legend Award.
 2017: Won: Raj Kapoor Award - Received by yesteryear actress Rakhee Gulzar: 30 April 2017.
 2017: Won: Received the 20th anniversary of JP Dutta's Border movie Award: 12th June 2017.

References

Other websites

Indian actors
1957 births
Living people

Jackie Shroff


Stewart McDonald (February 20, 1925 – August 26, 2008), born Henry Stewart McDonald, III in Brooklyn, New York, grew up in Washington, D.C., and served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and Korean War veteran of the US AIr Force, including test pilot and aerial refueling.
He attended Cornell.  He began (pre-NASCAR) stock car racing in 1947. After recuperating from a crash, he attended the University of Miami and in 1948 began a long association with Cypress Gardens and the sport of water skiing including ABC Sports Color commentator and induction to the Waterski Hall of Fame in 1992.  He was the first president of the Florida Motion Picture & Television Association (FMTPA) in Tampa.  He was also an actor, model, movie producer, raconteur, public speaker, auto-mechanic, humorist, and writer. He was involved in many aspects of television advertisements including Cadillac, Vitalis hair products, and Mercury Outboard motors.  He operated water-ski schools in Biscayne Bay and Tampa Bay, was the first rated Senior Judge in 1959, and co-author of the American Water Ski Association Judges Manual and other AWSA manuals. He was a local group leader of the Quiet Birdmen for 32 years and chairman of the national executive committee for two years

While racing cars, involvement in the early days of barefoot water skiing, and even black-tie parties  he earned the nickname of "Barefoot Stew" and a reputation for vigorously independent thinking
He was the biological father of biologist George M. Church at MacDill Air Force Base in 1954.
He was director and master of ceremonies of the Water Ski Show at the San Antonio 1968 HemisFair.
He was inducted into the Water Skiing Hall of Fame in 1992. He died in 2008 at his home in Tampa, Florida. He was 83 years old.

References

1925 births
2008 deaths
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II

Stewart McDonald (water skier)


Bannoni, also known as Tsunari, is an Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea. It has approximately 1,000 native speakers. The Banoni people refer to their language as , but acknowledge the name Banoni and accept it as well.  technically translates to 'their truth'.

Location
The exact location of the Banoni people and the region where their language is spoken is Banoni Census Division, Buin Sub-District, Bouganville Province, Papua New Guinea. The Bouganville Province is technically an island in between Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Geographically speaking, the region of the island where Banoni is spoken is near and on the coast of Empress Augusta Bay in the southwest Bouganville province. Villages are separated from the coast by swamps at the bottom of Motopena Point. The villages in which Banoni is spoken are Mabes, Mariga, Kongara, Dzarara. There is a speech variety which is different but mutually intelligible with that of other villages by the names of Mokui, Mokovi, Mavaraka, Iaba, Koiare and Kegiri. The villages of the Bouganville province are divided up into regional groups, the North group, the East group, and the West group. The West group is the group of the Banoni along with the Piva. The Banoni and the Piva are very similar. It has been observed that the Banoni and the Piva interact with each other, though the frequency of contact between Banoni speakers and their non-Austronesian neighbors has yet to be determined. One of the non-Austronesian speaking neighbors to the Banoni is that of the language Choiseul, which is just a few miles to the southeast of Bouganville and it shows no resemblances to any languages spoken on Bouganville. It has been observed that none of the Oceanic languages from Buka to the Shortlands relate closely to any other language found off the island of Bouganville. The speech or language of Mabes, a small village on the Bouganville island, is the origin of where the study where all of the most current information recorded on Banoni took place.

Previous studies
Banoni speakers were completed by German ethnographers and travelers. The earliest recordings or mentions of the Banoni language and its people dates back only a century and a half ago. Freiherr von Schleinitz sailed into a bay, which he named Kaiserin Agusta Bai, now referred to as Augusta Bay. It is known that then it was under Banoni control, like it is now. As recorded, the ethnographer of the expedition did not see any villages but did see twenty-one men in a plank canoe. Some of the most important works are those of Friederici, who recorded works on the Banoni in the years 1912 and 1913. However, the first World War in Europe put an end to early studies and research on Bouganville. Friederici mentioned that a few of the men knew some words in English, suggesting previous contact with English speakers whether it be via whaling, traders or blackbirders. Other significant mentions of the Banoni people came later through writings of Ray in 1926, Oliver in 1949, Allen and Hurd in 1965 and Capell in 1971. Oliver recorded that after the Germans left their research to attend the war in Europe, the Australians promptly took over the small German garrison, but did not pay much attention to the estimated 45,000 Bouganvilleans. Capell used data to support his claims, unlike many previous researchers, and he was able to record a larger body of work than others.

Phonology
The Banoni language has a simple syllable structure. Like numerous other Oceanic languages, it distinguishes five vowel qualities. When two like vowels follow each other they are combined to an elongated sound that usually has a drop in pitch, though this change in the tone does not altern the meaning.

Unlike related languages from the Solomon Islands, Banoni's voiced stops are entirely oral, not prenasalized like in Fijian.

Voiced bilabial stop:

            'beach'

Voiced alveolar stop:

           'three'

Unlike in English, the voiced dentals  and  are not just different by vocal usage, but also by point of articulation: the  is produced further back than the . According to Banoni speakers, this causes the sound to be 'clearer'.

Orthography with broad phonetic transcription of the simple syllables
The five contrastive vowels in Banoni are the following:

The main points of articulation in the consonant system of the Banoni language are labial, dental or alveolar, palatal, and velar. These combine with the five vowels to form the following simple syllables:

Morphology
As Banoni is an Austronesian language, its morphemes are similar to those in the languages of Malaysia, Madagascar, Philippines and Polynesia.

The Banoni language is a part of the Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian languages because of its similarities to Polynesian, Micronesian and Melanesian languages.

Vowel lengthening is present in the Banoni language and changes the meaning of certain words, for example  'turtle' vs.  'new'.

Syntax
Banoni has a combination of SVO (subject–verb–object) and VSO (verb–subject–object) word orders.

Generally the subject comes before the verb, and the object follows the verb almost always. However, the subject can sometimes follow the verb. The majority of such cases are in dependent clauses, with only a few in a few independent clauses.

Noun structure

"(TP) = Temporal Phrase

SP = Subject Phrase (may precede or follow VOP immediately)

OP = Object Phrase [may precede VP under as yet unspecifiable conditions]

IOP = Indirect Object Phrase

Oblique = Locative, temporal, instrumental, and probably other types of phrases occur in sentence – finally. Ordering among these is unknown. Sentences having more than two phrases outside the verb phrase are quite unusual."

External links
 Link to Paradisec recordings of the Bannoni language.

References

Sources

Northwest Solomonic languages
Languages of Papua New Guinea
Languages of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville

Bannoni language


Beate Grimsrud (28 April 1963 – 1 July 2020) was a Norwegian novelist and playwright. She was born in Bærum. Her best known books are Continental Heaven from 1993, Å smyge forbi en øks from 1998, and Søvnens lekkasje  from 2007.

Her novel En dåre fri from 2010 was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature. She wrote the script for the movie Ballen i øyet from 2000. She was awarded the Dobloug Prize in 2011.

Grimsrud died of breast cancer on 1 July 2020, aged 57.

References

1963 births
2020 deaths
Norwegian novelists
Screenwriters
Norwegian playwrights

Beate Grimsrud


The  Longfellow–Hastings House, also known as the Octagon House, is an historic octagon house that was located at 85 South Allen Avenue in Pasadena, California. The house was built in 1893 by Gilbert Longfellow, who had previously built a similar house on the Atlantic coast. The two-story house has a frieze and a dentilated cornice and was originally surrounded by a verandah. It is one of the few octagon houses remaining in the Western United States.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 2, 1982. It is now located at the Heritage Square Museum, its home since the mid-1980s.

References

External links

Octagon houses in California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena, California
History of Los Angeles County, California
Houses in Pasadena, California

Longfellow–Hastings House


The basilinna () or basilissa (), both titles meaning "queen", was a ceremonial position in the religion of ancient Athens, held by the wife of the archon basileus.  The role dated to the time when Athens was ruled by kings, and their wives acted as priestesses (Hiereiai).  The duties of the basilinna are described in the pseudo-Demosthenic speech Against Neaira, which is the main source of evidence about the position.

The laws which set out the qualifications for a basilinna were inscribed on a stele which stood in the sanctuary of Dionysus at Limnai.  She was expected to be of Athenian birth and not previously married, though Noel Robertson argues that these requirements may have been ignored as inconvenient.

The most important duty of the basilinna appears to have been taking part in a sacred ritual marriage to the god Dionysus as part of the Anthesteria.  This ceremony seems to have taken place at the Boukoleion, near the Prytaneion.  Most scholars consider that this would have happened on the second day of the festival ("Choes").  However, Robertson suggests that it in fact happened on the first day of the festival ("Pithoigia").  Ludwig Deubner has proposed a full reconstruction of the ceremony, in which Dionysus was taken in a procession to the sanctuary at Limnai and married to the basilinna; both the basilinna and Dionysus were then taken in a wedding procession to the Boukoleion, where the marriage was consummated, with the archon basileus playing the part of Dionysus.

The basilinna was also responsible for administering an oath to the gerarai, women priests apparently appointed by the archon basileus.  This took place on the second day of the Anthesteria, and Robertson argues that it must have taken place after the wedding.

References

Works cited

Further reading
 Otto, Walter F. Dionysus, Myth and Cult. Spring Publications (1989).

Ancient Athenian religious titles
Ancient Greek priestesses

Basilinna


Vincent Fang Kang, GBS, JP (born 7 May 1943 in Shanghai) is the leader of the Liberal Party of Hong Kong. He is a Hong Kong entrepreneur in the garment industry and a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the Wholesale and Retail functional constituency.

Early life, education and business career
Fang was born in Shanghai, China on 7 May 1943 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He moved to Hong Kong and attended Wah Yan College, an eminent Jesuit all-boys secondary school in Hong Kong, graduating in 1962. He later obtained both his bachelor's and master's degrees in Science of Textiles Engineering from the North Carolina State University in 1967 and 1969 respectively. After he returned to Hong Kong, he became the Chief Executive of the Toppy Company (Hong Kong) Ltd, a garment company located in Kwai Chung and also managing director of Fantastic Garments Limited.

Fang has been an Independent Non Executive Director of The Wharf (Holdings) Limited since July 1993. He also served as honorary advisor of Hong Kong Retail Management Association, chairman of the Association of Better Business & Tourism Services and the Director of The Federation of Hong Kong Garment Manufacturers.

Legislative Councillor
Fang is a core member of the pro-business Liberal Party. In the 2004 Legislative Council election, he succeeded Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee to serve as member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong through Wholesale and Retail functional constituency when Chow contested in the geographical constituency direct election in New Territories West.

In 2008 after Chairman James Tien Pei-chun and Vice-chairwoman Selina Chow both resigned from the posts after their defeat in the Legislative Council election, he became the vice-chairman with Tommy Cheung Yu-yan. He acted as Chairman when Miriam Lau Kin-yee resigned as chairwoman after she failed to bid for a seat in Hong Kong Island in the 2012 Legislative Council election. He became the Leader of the Liberal Party in 2014, when James Tien was stripped from the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference after calling for Chief Executive CY Leung to resign during the 2014 Hong Kong protests.

In April 2010, Fang's suggestion that the minimum wage should be set at HK$20 per hour drew fire both from the public and from his own party. His statement made a case for those in the community who criticise functional constituency lawmakers as disconnected from the worries and realities of the public at large. He also had the lowest attendance and voting record among lawmakers in the 2008–2012 Legislative Council.

Fang has been appointed member of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (2000–2006), Hong Kong Tourism Board (2003–2009) and Hong Kong Housing Authority (2009–2015). He is also a member of the Operations Review Committee of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) and a board member of the Hong Kong Airport Authority (2005–2011). He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) by the Hong Kong SAR Government in 2008.

References

External links

Official Site of Vincent Fang
Official Biographies of Legislative Councillors
Toppy Group

1943 births
Living people
Hong Kong textiles industry businesspeople
Politicians from Shanghai
Liberal Party (Hong Kong) politicians
Businesspeople from Shanghai
North Carolina State University alumni
HK LegCo Members 2004–2008
HK LegCo Members 2008–2012
HK LegCo Members 2012–2016
The Wharf (Holdings)
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2017–2021

Vincent Fang (entrepreneur)


Blue Ridge is a community in Houston, Texas, United States that used to be a distinct unincorporated area in northeast Fort Bend County. The community, which was also known as Hobby, is located on a ridge of Oyster Creek,  east of Richmond. The section of Blue Ridge within the Houston City Limits is known as the Fort Bend-Houston Super Neighborhood #41.

History
The area now known as Blue Ridge was a part of Stephen F. Austin's first colony. The site itself began to be permanently occupied in the late 19th century. As an independent community Blue Ridge did not have any post offices. The W. Allen Robinson family arrived in Blue Ridge in 1894, and in the 1890s the family established a ranch headquarters. Oil was discovered near Blue Ridge in 1919, and a salt mine opened shortly afterwards. In 1925 gas was discovered in the area. As resources were discovered, banks and gambling houses opened and the Handbook of Texas stated that Blue Ridge became a "boomtown". In 1936 the  Blue Ridge State Prison Farm incorporated the area, and most Blue Ridge residents were staff members at the facility. Blue Ridge acted as a satellite work camp for the Central Prison Farm.

In 1958 the Texas Department of Corrections voted to sell the prison lands to private developers. The houses were developed in the 1960s and 1970s. Parts of the area were annexed by Houston in the early 1970s. The first population figure for the community was of the year 1970, when the community had 50 residents and no businesses. The former prison inmate housing compound is the current location of Willowridge High School.

Cityscape
The Houston Fort Bend Super Neighborhood has its boundaries as Beltway 8, Fondren Road, Hiram Clarke Road, and McHard Road. Its area is almost . Many churches of various ethnic groups and religions are supported by the Blue Ridge community. Carol E. Vaughn of the Houston Chronicle said that the  area, before the formation of the super neighborhood, "has considered itself a stepchild of sorts in the past, an area unwittingly passed back and forth between parents." Half of the community has a Missouri City zip code (77489) west of Chimney Rock - a majority of residents still refer to this section as Missouri City even though it is not located inside the Missouri City city limits. Residents who still use the Missouri City designation are known as Missouri City by Choice residents.

Government
Blue Ridge is within Houston City Council District K. Prior to 2011 it was a part of city council district D.

In the final Mayor of Houston election before 2002, over 6,000 people there voted for Lee P. Brown.

Transportation
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) operates public bus services.

In 1990 members of the Ridgegate and Briargate subdivisions protested proposed bus services from METRO.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Blue Ridge is within the Fort Bend Independent School District. The community is within the East Division, controlling school board slots 5 through 7. As of 2008 the board members in the slots are Laurie Caldwell, Steve Smelley, and David Reitz, respectively. As an independent community Blue Ridge did not have any schools.

Zoned schools include:
 Blue Ridge Elementary School
 Briargate Elementary School
 Ridgegate Elementary School
 Ridgemont Elementary School
 Christa McAuliffe Middle School
 Willowridge High School

Blue Ridge Elementary School was occupied in August 1969. Ridgemont was occupied in August 1973. Briargate was occupied in the fall of 1977. Willowridge's phase one began construction in February 1978 and opened in September 1979. Ridgegate was occupied in January 1981. McAuliffe was occupied in the northern hemisphere fall of 1986. Phase two of Willowridge was completed in the summer of 1992.

Public libraries

The Stimley-Blue Ridge Library of the Houston Public Library is located at 7007 West Fuqua in Blue Ridge. In 1997 the library was named after Sherman E. Stimley, the first African-American law associate of the firm Vinson & Elkins. In 1985 Stimley started the first consulting company exclusively dealing with tax-exempt bond law that was headed by an African-American in Houston. Stimley had books as an interest.

Parks and recreation

The Blueridge Park, operated by the City of Houston's Parks and Recreation Department, is in Blue Ridge. Fort Bend County operates the Post Oak Park. The  park includes three baseball fields, one concession stand, one softball field, and one toilet facility.

See also

References

External links

Neighborhoods in Houston

Blue Ridge, Houston


The Library of Celsus is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, now part of Anatolia, Turkey. It was built in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, known as Celsus.

Celsus paid for the construction of the library with his own personal wealth. Celsus was Consul in 92 AD, Governor of the Roman province of Asia in 115 AD, and a rich and popular local citizen. He was a native of nearby Sardis and amongst the first Greek men to become a consul in the Roman Empire. He is honoured both as a Greek and a Roman on the library itself.

The library was built by his son, Gaius Julius Aquila (Consul 110 AD), and completed in 135 AD.

The library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. Celsus is buried in a sarcophagus beneath the library, in the main entrance. which is both a crypt containing his sarcophagus and a sepulchral monument to him. It was unusual to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honour for Celsus.

History
The library was built in Ephesus, a Greek city in Asia Minor.
The building is important as one of few remaining examples of an ancient Roman-influenced library. It also shows that public libraries were built not only in Rome itself but throughout the Roman Empire.

The interior of the library and all its books were destroyed by fire in the devastating earthquake that struck the city in 262. Only the facade survived. About 400 AD, the library was used for other purposes. The facade was completely destroyed by a later earthquake, likely in the late Byzantine period.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the facade was restored. It now serves as a prime example of Roman public architecture. The building had a single hall which faced east toward the morning sun, as Vitruvius advised, to benefit early risers. Beside the entrances are four pairs of Ionic columns on pedestals.  A set of Corinthian columns stands directly above the first set, adding to the height of the building. It is thought there once may have been a third set of columns.

This type of facade with inset frames and niches for statues is like that found in ancient Greek theatres,  and so is described as "scenographic".

References

Libraries in Asia
Buildings and structures in Ancient Greece
Buildings and structures in Turkey
World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Roman buildings and structures
1st-century buildings and structures

Library of Celsus


Chapter 12 of Title 11 of the United States Code, or simply chapter 12, is a chapter of the Bankruptcy Code. It is similar to Chapter 13 in structure, but it offers additional benefits to farmers and fishermen in certain circumstances, beyond those available to ordinary wage earners. Chapter 12 is applicable only to family farmers and fishermen.

History

Background
For much of the history of bankruptcy law in the United States, there was no provision applicable specifically to farmers. The 1898 Bankruptcy Act contained no special provisions, with one exception that farmers were immune from an involuntary bankruptcy petition. Section 75 was enacted by the Bankruptcy Act of 1933 and provided specific provisions for farmers. However, many of these provisions were limited in scope, and ultimately required the voluntary cooperation of mortgagors and creditors.

In addition, section 75, as it was originally conceived, was a temporary measure. It was scheduled to expire on March 3, 1938.

The Frazier-Lemke Act expanded the scope of section 75, providing for stronger protections available to farmers operating under bankruptcy protection. These changes too were initially temporary, but they were extended a number of times until they ultimately expired on March 31, 1949.

By and large, after the expiration of section 75, farmers were subject to the same rules of bankruptcy as other debtors. The application of the same rules was the case after the passage of the Bankruptcy Code of 1976 until 1986.

Passage
Chapter 12 was added to the Bankruptcy Code in 1986 by the Bankruptcy Judges, United States Trustees, and Family Farmer Bankruptcy Act of 1986. It went into effect on November 26, 1986.

The modification of the bankruptcy code was intended as an emergency response to tightening agricultural credit in the early and mid-1980s, in the middle of a number of notable bank failures.

The Act was to originally expire on October 1, 1993, but it was extended a number of times without expiring until it was made permanent by the 2005 BAPCPA.

Description

Definitions
Under chapter 12, a "family farmer" is defined as an individual who owns and is engaged in a faming operation (which includes farming, tillage of the soil, dairy, ranching, crops, poultry and/or livestock, and production of poultry and/or livestock) with aggregate debts of less than $10,000,000. At least half of these debts must arise from the farming operation, and the farmer must receive more than 50% of gross income from farming in the preceding tax year.

A family farmer may also be defined as a corporation or partnership at least 50% owned by one family who conduct farming operations, with at least 80% of its value derived from farming assets and aggregate debts of less than $10,000,000 (at least 50% of which must derive from the farming operation). The corporation or partnership may also not have publicly traded stock in order to be defined as a family farmer.

Implementation
Chapter 12 provides additional benefits not available under chapter 13 and chapter 11. These benefits include higher debt ceilings than those under chapter 13, and more advantageous exemptions.

While each Chapter 12 reorganization will look different depending on the business, the process follows a general outline. First, farmers should find an attorney to help assess their eligibility and guide them through the planning process. Farmers will have 14 days after filing a chapter 12 petition to file all supplementary information such as income, debts, and the like. Once this has been filed, the court will send a notice to all parties involved, including creditors. Between 21 and 40 days after the petition is filed, a meeting between the debtor and the creditors will be held (sometimes called a 341 meeting) in order to review documents, ask questions, and verify the petition's accuracy. Within 90 days of filing, the debtor must file a chapter 12 plan with the court, which will be confirmed or denied within 45 days of filing. Once confirmed, the plan will be implemented and payments will begin (chapter 12 does not include a 30 day requirement such as under chapter 13). Payments are submitted to the plan trustee, who distributes to creditors. Once payments are complete, the debts are discharged by the court.

Features that distinguish it from other bankruptcy chapters

 Eligibility Criteria: Chapter 12 is available exclusively to family farmers and family fishermen who meet specific eligibility criteria. These criteria include, but are not limited to, requirements related to income, debt limits, and the nature of the farming or fishing operation.
 Debt Adjustment Plan: Upon filing for chapter 12, the debtor proposes a debt adjustment plan outlining how their debts will be reorganized and repaid. This plan typically spans a period of three to five years and must be approved by the bankruptcy court.
 Creditor Protections: Chapter 12 provides certain protections for creditors to ensure that they receive a fair distribution of the debtor's assets. These protections include the establishment of a trustee who oversees the debtor's compliance with the repayment plan and the right of creditors to object to the plan.
 Discharge of Debts: Successful completion of the repayment plan results in the discharge of certain debts, relieving the debtor from personal liability for those obligations. However, certain debts, such as taxes and debts incurred through fraud, may not be dischargeable.

Impact and Significance
Chapter 12 has had a significant impact on the agricultural and fishing industries in the United States. By providing a tailored bankruptcy framework, it has facilitated the reorganization and recovery of countless family farmers and family fishermen, allowing them to preserve their businesses, assets, and way of life. It has also contributed to the stability and sustainability of these industries, ensuring the continued production of food and resources for the nation.

References

Title 11 of the United States Code
United States bankruptcy legislation

Chapter 12, Title 11, United States Code