The Great Ape Project (GAP), founded in 1993, is an international organization of primatologists, anthropologists, ethicists, and others who advocate a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The rights suggested are the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture. The organization also monitors individual great ape activity in the United States through a census program. Once rights are established, GAP would demand the release of great apes from captivity; currently 3,100 are held in the U.S., including 1,280 in biomedical research facilities.

The Great Ape Project (book)
The 1994 book The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity, edited by philosophers Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, features contributions from thirty-four authors, including Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins, who have submitted articles voicing their support for the project. The authors write that human beings are intelligent animals with a varied social, emotional, and cognitive life. If great apes also display such attributes, the authors argue, they deserve the same consideration humans extend to members of their own species.

The book highlights findings that support the capacity of great apes to possess rationality and self-consciousness, and the ability to be aware of themselves as distinct entities with a past and future. Documented conversations (in sign languages) with individual great apes are the basis for these findings. Other subjects addressed within the book include the division placed between humans and great apes, great apes as persons, progress in gaining rights for the severely intellectually disabled (once an overlooked minority), and the situation of great apes in the world today.

World Declaration on Great Apes

The Great Ape Project is campaigning to have the United Nations endorse a World Declaration on Great Apes. This would extend what the project calls the "community of equals" to include chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. The declaration seeks to extend to non-human great apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.

Right to life
The declaration states that members of the community of equals, which includes humans, have an essential right to life and may not be killed except in certain strictly defined circumstances such as self-defense.

Protection of individual liberty
The declaration states that members of the community of equals are not to be deprived of their liberty, and are entitled to immediate release where there has been no form of due process. Under the proposed declaration, the detention of great apes who have not been convicted of any crime or who are not criminally liable should be permitted only where it can be shown that the detention is in their own interests or is necessary to protect the public. The declaration says there must be a right of appeal, either directly or through an advocate, to a judicial tribunal.

Prohibition of torture
The declaration prohibits the torture, defined as the deliberate infliction of severe pain, on any great ape, whether wantonly or because of a perceived benefit to others.
Under International Human Rights Law this is a jus cogens principle and under all major human rights documents it cannot at any time be derogated by any State.

Opposition
Professor Colin Blakemore, head of the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom from 2003–2007, is opposed to granting rights to non-human apes, stating "I can see no current necessity for the use of great apes, and I'm pleased that they're not being used and that every effort is being made to reduce the use of other primates. But I worry about the principle of where the moral boundaries lie. There is only one very secure definition that can be made, and that is between our species and others." Blakemore suggests that it would be necessary to perform research on great apes if humans were threatened by a pandemic virus that afflicted only humans and other great apes. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection described Blakemore's stance as "backward-looking".

Recent developments

United States
A study commissioned by the National Institute of Health (NIH) and conducted by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) concluded in a report (see report brief) released on 15 December 2011 that "while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in past research, most current use of chimpanzees for biomedical research is unnecessary".  The primary recommendation is that the use of chimpanzees in research be guided by a set of principles and criteria, in effect to greatly limit government-funded research using chimpanzees.  Falling short of calling for the out-right ban of using chimpanzees for research, the report acknowledged that new emerging, or re-emerging diseases may require the use of chimpanzees, echoing Professor Colin Blakemore's concern.

Francis Collins, Director of NIH announced on the same day the report was released that he accepted the recommendations and will develop the implementation plan which includes the forming of an expert committee to review all submitted grant applications and projects already underway involving the use of chimpanzees. Furthermore, no new grant applications using chimpanzees will be reviewed until further notice.

On 21 September 2012, NIH announced that 110 chimpanzees owned by the government will be retired.  NIH owns about 500 chimpanzees for research, this move signifies the first step to wind down NIH's investment in chimpanzee research, according to Francis Collins.  Currently housed at the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana, 10 of the retired chimpanzees will go to the chimpanzee sanctuary Chimp Haven while the rest will go to Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio.
However concerns over the chimpanzee's status in the Texas Biomedical Research Institute as "research ineligible" rather than "retired" prompted NIH to reconsider the plan and it announced on 17 October 2012 that as many chimpanzees as possible will be relocated to Chimp Haven by August 2013 and eventually all 110 will move there.

On 22 January 2013, a NIH task force released a report calling for the government to retire most of the chimpanzees the U.S. government support.  The panel concluded that the animals provide little benefit in biomedical discoveries except in a few disease cases which can be supported by a small population of 50 primates for future research.  Other approaches such as genetically altered mice should be developed and refined.

On 13 November 2013, the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate passed The Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance and Protection Act, approving the funding to expand the capacity of Chimp Haven and other chimpanzee sanctuaries, thus allowing the transfer of almost all of the apes owned by the federal government to live in a more natural and group environment than in the laboratory.  The transfer is expected to take five years when all but 50 chimpanzees, which will remain with the NIH, will be "retired".

Germany
The Great Ape Project achieved many of its goals in its early years: New Zealand completely banned invasive experiments on great apes in 1999, as did the Balearic Islands (an autonomous region of the monarchy of Spain) in 2007, deciding to implement certain fundamental rights for great apes in their code of law. However, the project entered a long period of political stagnation in Europe. All hopes that the achievements on the Balearic Islands would spark off further steps on the mainland of Spain and from there to other European countries proved to be futile. Efforts in Spain were largely curtailed due to the influence of the Catholic Church, obstructing the project's goals. In 2011, however, the project was given an official relaunch in Germany, supported by the Germany-based Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung.

Great Ape Project Germany filed an official law initiative in spring of 2014, to have the aforesaid fundamental rights for great apes implemented into the constitutional law of  the Federal Republic of Germany. The goal was (and still is) to have the animal welfare law extended to specifically grant the great apes the rights needed, to give them the chance, to have legal guardians representing their interests. In analogy to infants or of people suffering from dementia or Alzheimer disease, who cannot speak for themselves, legal guardians could file lawsuits against anyone violating the fundamental rights of the apes. Right now there are only animal protection laws, giving the animals no active legitimization.

See also

 Great ape language
 Great ape personhood
 Great ape research ban
 Great Ape Trust
 Great Apes Survival Partnership
 International primate trade
 Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
 Non-human primate experiments

References

Further reading
 The Great Ape Project: Equality beyond humanity. 1993. Editors, Peter Singer and P. Cavalieri., Fourth Estate publishing, London, England. Pp. 312.
 Poala Cavalieri. 2015. "The Meaning of the Great Ape Project". Politics and Animals. 1 (1): 16-34.
 Peter Singer. 1993. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, U.S.A. Pp. 395.
 Peter Singer. 2002. Animal Liberation. HarperCollins, New York, U.S.A. Pp. 324.

External links

Organizations established in 1993
Animal rights organizations
Apes
Jane Goodall
Primate conservation
Organisations based in São Paulo

Great Ape Project


David Perley Lowe (August 22, 1823 – April 10, 1882) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a representative from Kansas from 1871 to 1875.

Biography
He graduated from the Cincinnati Law College in 1851 and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. He moved to Mound City, Kansas, in 1861 and continued the practice of law.

Career
He was a member of the State senate in 1863 and 1864 and served as a judge of the sixth judicial district 1867-1871. He moved to Fort Scott in 1870 and was elected as a Republican to the Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses (March 4, 1871 – March 3, 1875). He was chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Forty-third United States Congress) but declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1874.

After Congress
He was appointed chief justice of Utah Territory by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1875. He returned to Kansas and settled in Fort Scott, Bourbon County, and was again elected judge of the sixth judicial district of Kansas in 1879 and served until his death in Fort Scott, Kansas, April 10, 1882.

His interment was in Evergreen Cemetery.

Legacy
Perhaps best remembered for his support of civil rights legislation, Lowe was quoted by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1961 in Monroe v. Pape, discussing Congressional debate of the 1871 Civil Rights Act (Ku Klux Klan Act): "While murder is stalking abroad in disguise, while whippings and lynchings and banishments have been visited upon unoffending American citizens, the local administrations have been found inadequate or unwilling to apply the proper corrective. Combinations, darker than the night [which] hides them, conspiracies, wicked as the worst felons could devise, have gone unwhipped of justice. Immunity is given to crime, and the records of the public tribunals are searched in vain for any evidence of effective redress." Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 175 (1961), quoting Cong. Globe, 42nd Cong., 1st Sess., App. 166-167.

References

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771–Present

1823 births
1882 deaths
University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Republican Party Kansas state senators
Kansas state court judges
Utah Territorial judges
People from Fort Scott, Kansas
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas
19th-century American politicians
Chief Justices of the Utah Supreme Court
19th-century American judges

David P. Lowe


Harbor Freight Tools, commonly referred to as Harbor Freight, is an American privately held tool and equipment retailer, headquartered in Calabasas, California.
It operates a chain of retail stores, as well as an e-commerce business. The company employs over 26,000 people in the United States, and has over 1,400 locations in 48 states.

History
In 1977, Eric Smidt and his father, Allan Smidt, started Harbor Freight and Salvage in a small building in North Hollywood, California. The company began as a mail order tool business that dealt with liquidated and returned merchandise. As the business grew, its name was changed to Harbor Freight Tools. In 1985, Eric Smidt was named president of the company at age 25; he served under that title until 1999, when he became chief executive officer. From the mid-1980s to 2010 Harbor Freight was headquartered in nearby Camarillo, California.

Retail stores

In 1980, Harbor Freight Tools opened its first retail store in Lexington, Kentucky, to sell returned merchandise from its mail order business. The original location was at 1387 East New Circle Road. It later moved to 1301 Winchester Road, Suite 213. The venture proved successful, and Harbor Freight Tools began to open stores across the United States. As of 2023, Harbor Freight Tools operates over 1,400 retail stores in 48 states.

Exclusive brands
Harbor Freight sells many tools under in-house brands, sourced directly from manufacturers. These include:
 Bauer
 Central Pneumatic
 Chicago Electric
 Daytona
 Drill Master
 Hercules
 Icon
 Predator
 Pittsburgh and Pittsburgh Pro
 Quinn
 Titanium
 U.S. General
 Vulcan
 Warrior

Quality assurance
Harbor Freight tests their tools in their own quality assurance facility located in Camarillo, California.

Website
Harbor Freight's website went online in 1997. It had a modest catalog of products, a brief "About Us" section and an order form for the printed catalog. There were also links to a customer service page with delivery times and return policies. In all, the original site had 10 landing pages. The  Harbor Freight website has over 79,000 indexed pages. The Harbor Freight website had over 31 million monthly visits as of 2023, mostly within the United States, according to Similarweb.

Corporate affairs

Harbor Freight Tools is headquartered in Calabasas, California. Harbor Freight has distribution space in Camarillo, California, Moreno Valley, California, Dillon, South Carolina, and Joliet, Illinois newly opened. It closed a distribution facility in Oxnard, California, in early 2013.

On April 4, 2013, Harbor Freight Tools announced a $75 million expansion project for the Dillon distribution center, which opened on November 22, 2015, adding 1 million square feet to the facility and 200 new jobs.

In 2022, Harbor Freight Tools opened a distribution center in Joliet, Illinois, spanning 1.6 million square feet in size and creating 800 new jobs.

In 2023, Harbor Freight Tools was certified as a Great Place to Work. According to the Great Place to Work Institute, 90% of employees at Harbor Freight Tools say it is a great place to work compared to 57% of employees at a typical U.S.-based company.

Investor relations
In 2012, Harbor Freight, through Credit Suisse, secured a $750 million loan to refinance existing debt and fund a dividend for the company's private shareholders.

Philanthropy
Harbor Freight Tools states "one of our core values is giving back to the great communities where we live, work and serve. With respect and humility, we strive to support and strengthen communities, big and small, across the United States." The company supports K-12 education, veterans, and police and fire organizations with donations and gifts of tools and equipment.

On January 9, 2013, CEO Eric Smidt, through Harbor Freight Tools, donated $1.4 million of tools and equipment to the Los Angeles Unified School District's (LAUSD) Career Technical Education.

In 2016, Eric Smidt formed The Smidt Foundation to house Harbor Freight Tools for Schools and support other education, health, safety, and community needs. The Harbor Freight Tools for Schools Prize for Teaching Excellence awards more than $1.5 million annually to skilled trades teachers and their schools.

In February 2018, Cedars-Sinai announced a $50 million gift from Eric and Susan Smidt and The Smidt Foundation to create the Smidt Heart Institute.

In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Harbor Freight Tools committed to donate its entire supply of N95 masks, face shields, and nitrile gloves to U.S. hospitals which had a 24-hour emergency room.

Criticism and legal action
Harbor Freight Tools was sued by a group of its store employees in 2012, who alleged that they were misclassified as "exempt" from overtime payments as "managers" under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Harbor Freight Tools won a declassification of the class action; that is, the court found that all the individual situations were not similar enough to be judged as a single class, and that their claims would require an individual-by-individual inquiry, so the case could not be handled on a class basis.

In 2015, a class action lawsuit was filed against the company by customers, claiming that the tool company falsely advertised "normal" prices for products that were higher than an advertised "sale" price, when the item had never been offered at the original, higher price. Consumers claimed that this practice misled them into thinking that the item was on sale and they were getting a deal. The company settled, paying consumers up to $33,000,000.

References

External links
www.harborfreight.com — Harbor Freight Tools official site

Companies based in Calabasas, California
Home improvement retailers of the United States
Retail companies established in 1977
1977 establishments in California

Harbor Freight Tools


Michael Wagener (born 25 April 1949) is a German former record producer, mixer and engineer from Hamburg, best known for his work with many popular American hard rock and heavy metal bands in the late 1980s. He is particularly renowned for his multi-amping and re-amping techniques. Wagener's works have sold over 90 million albums worldwide.

History and career
Wagener was the original guitarist for the German band Accept. When he turned 18, he was drafted into the German army and was stationed 350 miles away from home. This made it difficult for him to practice with the rest of the band and hence he quit the band. After completing his military service, Wagener began working as an audio engineer in Hamburg in 1972. Through a friendship with singer Don Dokken, Wagener moved to Los Angeles. In 1981 he produced the first Dokken album, and would go on to produce such seminal albums as Skid Row's self-titled debut, which sold five million copies in the US alone. Wagener also mixed Metallica's 1986 classic Master of Puppets. He also engineered the single version of Janet Jackson's "Black Cat", his only pop collaboration.

Wagener has produced or mixed platinum selling albums by Mötley Crüe, W.A.S.P., Overkill, Accept, Great White, Stryper, Poison, Keel, Alice Cooper, Lordi, Extreme, Megadeth, Janet Jackson, Ozzy Osbourne, Dokken, Metallica, White Lion and Skid Row.

Wagener believes that "psychology is a big part of getting great results out of musicians." He also argues that the work of a real producer is sometimes undermined or ignored by some bands who feel they can produce their albums on their own once they work with a producer. Comments Wagener:
Some [bands] are very open minded and you can make suggestions about musical changes or ideas and they will pick it up and make it their own. Others don't want a lot of outside influences, because they are scared it would take away from their creativity or credit. In those cases, if you want to achieve a certain result, you have to plant a "creative seed" which, in a few days will turn into the result you are looking for, but it still seems like it was all the idea of the musician him/herself. The downside, of course is, that the musician looks at it as if he did ALL the work and the producer "didn't really do anything". The logical next step for those kind of musicians is to produce their next album themselves, their ego telling them they don't need a producer and, like in the above mentioned case, they might fall flat on their face, and come up with an album that doesn't sell anywhere near what the previous one did.Wagener announced his retirement on his 72nd birthday, on 25 April 2021.

Select discography
Accept - Breaker (engineer)
Accept - Restless and Wild (engineer, mixer)
Accept - Balls to the Wall (mixer)
Accept - Russian Roulette (engineer)
Alice Cooper - Constrictor (engineer, mixer)
Alice Cooper - Raise Your Fist and Yell (engineer, mixer)
Bonfire - Fireworks (producer)
Bonfire - Point Blank (producer, song writing)
 Dark Avenger - Tales of Avalon: The Lament (mixer)
Dokken - Breaking the Chains (producer)
Dokken - Tooth and Nail (mixer)
Dokken - Under Lock and Key (producer)
Extreme - Pornograffitti (producer)
Flotsam and Jetsam - No Place for Disgrace (mixer)
Great White - Out of the Night EP (producer, engineer, mixer)
Great White - Great White (producer)
HammerFall - Renegade (producer, engineer, mixer)
Helloween - Chameleon (mixer)
Wolf Hoffmann - Classical (producer)
Janet Jackson - "Black Cat" (Single Version) (engineer)
Kane Roberts - Saints and Sinners (mixer)
Keel - Keel (producer)
King's X - Ogre Tones (producer)
King's X - XV (producer)
Lordi - Babez for Breakfast (producer, mixer)
Lordi - To Beast or Not to Beast (producer, mixer)
Malice - In the Beginning (producer, mixer)
Megadeth - So Far, So Good...So What! (mixer)
Metallica - Master of Puppets (mixer)
Mötley Crüe - Too Fast for Love (mixer)
Outrage - Life Until Deaf (producer)
Outrage - Who We Are (producer)
Overkill - Under the Influence (mixer)
Ozzy Osbourne - No More Tears (mixer)
Raven - All for One (producer)
Saigon Kick - Saigon Kick (producer, mixer)
Sergeant Steel - Men On a Mission (mixer)
Skid Row - Skid Row (producer, engineer, mixer)
Skid Row - Slave to the Grind (producer, mixer)
Skid Row - Revolutions per Minute (producer)
Smashed Gladys - Social Intercourse (mixer)
 Street Fighter - Shoot You Down (producer, engineer, mixer)
Stryper - Soldiers Under Command (producer, engineer)
Testament - Low (mixer)
The Rasmus - Black Roses (mixer)
 TKillya - Intensity (producer, engineer, mixer)
Warrant - Dog Eat Dog (producer)
W.A.S.P. - Inside the Electric Circus (mixer)
White Lion - Pride (producer)
White Lion - Big Game (producer)
X - Ain't Love Grand! (producer)

References

External links
Official website
Wagener's full production discography

German record producers
German audio engineers
1949 births
Living people
Musicians from Hamburg
Accept (band) members
Engineers from Hamburg

Michael Wagener


Christopher Alexander Roger Helm (born  Dundee, 1 February 1937 – 20 January 2007) was a Scottish book publisher, notably of ornithology related titles, including the Helm Identification Guides.

Born in Dundee, he was raised in Forfar, where his father was a Presbyterian minister. The family moved to Tunbridge Wells at the start of World War II, and he was educated at Harrow School, then, after active duty in Cyprus with the Highland Light Infantry (as National Service), he graduated in classics and law from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1960.

Having worked for Macmillan, he set up and, in turn, sold each of Croom Helm (founded in 1972, bought by Associated Book Publishers in 1986 and merged into the Routledge imprint in 1992), Christopher Helm Publishers and Pica Press (both of the latter pair being bought by A & C Black, now part of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc).

He was an active member of the council of the British Ornithologists' Union, becoming vice-president in 1995.

In the 1970s, he served as a Labour councillor in the London Borough of Wandsworth.

He married twice: in 1967 to Caroline Price, they had two sons, Alexander (who died from cystic fibrosis) and Zebedee; their marriage was dissolved in 1976; and in 1979 to Amanda Thomas, with whom he had a daughter Annabel and another son, Tom.

References

Christopher Alexander Roger Helm (1937-2007) (obituary), Nigel Redman in British Birds, Vol. 100, NO. 4, pp251–2, April 2007

External links
Obituary in The Independent
Obituary in The Guardian

People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British ornithologists
Ornithological publishing companies
Scientists from Dundee
Highland Light Infantry officers
1937 births
2007 deaths
Politicians from Dundee
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in the London Borough of Wandsworth
20th-century British zoologists

Christopher Helm


Feba Radio is a British-founded broadcasting network. It is driven by Christian values rather than by government or commercial aims.

It was established in 1959 in the UK as the Far Eastern Broadcasting Associates (FEBA, later known as Feba Radio)  associated with Far East Broadcasting Company (FEBC) operating in United States and Philippines and the Far East Broadcasting Associates of India (FEBAI).

History
Initially, Feba Radio (UK) was an idea initiated by Douglas Malton and John Wheatley who, together with other individuals in UK, were interested in supporting what FEBC-USA was doing. FEBC-USA had difficulty reaching audiences in North India and identified Seychelles as a promising location to build an international shortwave transmitting station for this purpose.

Seychelles
Seychelles was a British crown colony, and in 1968 Feba Radio (UK) was incorporated as a charity and a company with the primary aim of planning, building and operating a radio station there. It was unique in having the antennas built over a lagoon 1 km (1,000 yards) offshore.  The station was in many ways modelled on FEBC-USA's station in Manila, providing for multi-lingual programme production close to the station.  Most of Feba's activity was in Seychelles, as a foreign company, with a small support operation in UK.

In 1970, Feba Radio (UK) began regular shortwave broadcasts from their station in Seychelles using temporary equipment.  The next four years saw the development of studios, offices, housing, transmitters, and the offshore "reef" antenna system. The oil crisis during this period seriously increased electricity cost and heightened the need for good strategic planning.  Thereafter milestones in developing the Feba Radio network were often linked to international conferences held roughly every two years.

Move to offshore antennas
In  June 1976, there was an international conference in Seychelles at a time when the nation of Seychelles gained independence and the offshore antennas were approved for use after a two-year delay, so the temporary antennas were dismantled and transmitted power levels were increased to 100 kW. Feba Seychelles' schedule was expanding to cover Southwest Asia, the Middle East and Africa. An English news service was introduced with the intention of expanding that into other languages.  The English used on Feba programmes is predicated on the idea that most of the audience are not native speakers, and it uses a vocabulary and pacing ("Feba English") similar to that used in Simple English.

In April 1979, an international conference was held in the newly leased UK office in Addlestone. For various reasons several key staff were repatriated to UK and began to operate a "headquarters" office there.

In November 1981, an international conference in Mussoree, India, resolved that Feba should increase its role in programme production, rather than simply broadcasting other organisations' programmes.  This was to be done by staff in the listening areas, not by moving them to Seychelles, and provision was made for up to 50% of each programme service to be "in-house" production.

In May 1984, there was another international conference in Seychelles. Feba was challenged to expand into a second large shortwave station in Sierra Leone but instead decided to focus on improving programming. There followed a decade of vigorous activity.

"World by 2000"
In June 1986, there was an international conference in Flevohof, Netherlands, during the  International Christian Media Convention (ICMC). With other major Christian broadcasters, Feba entered into the ambitious "World by 2000" commitment to enable everyone to hear about Christianity on the radio in a language that they could understand.

In September 1988 there was an international conference in Singapore, and in September, 1991, another international conference in Sheffield, UK, jointly with the FEBC-USA partners.

In October 1994 in another international conference in Hove, UK, there was an attempt to move away from the idea of Feba UK being "headquarters" and to try to make each national operation as autonomous as possible despite the practicalities of centralising the schedule of broadcasting through the limited facilities (essentially the antenna coverage) of the one station in Seychelles and optimising its use cost-effectively. In January 1996 there was an international conference in Tagaytay, Philippines.

The end of the Cold War
In 1996 the Government of Seychelles gave Feba early warning that their East Coast land reclamation activity was likely to bring development which was incompatible with continuing operation of Feba's station within five years. As it happened the recent end of propaganda broadcasting associated with the Cold War and apartheid meant that surplus shortwave transmission capability was beginning to be marketed attractively in Feba's area. This stimulated Feba to consider two things: more of an emphasis on "people with something to say" rather than on the nuts and bolts of operating a radio station; and creation of an international Feba structure instead of one depending on Seychelles as a hub.

In May 1998, another international conference was held in Worthing, UK. Around 1999 the tightening regulation of charities in the UK caused Feba to seriously change direction regarding international structure. This was essentially so that Feba Radio (UK) could demonstrate good accountability for the use of funds raised in the UK which were handed to Feba staff in other countries to spend. This second attempt at an international structure became very unwieldy.  In February 2000, another international conference, held jointly with FEBC-USA was held in Larnaca, Cyprus.  In February 2002, another conference was held in Johannesburg, South Africa.  .

Closure of Seychelles station
In 2003 the large station in Seychelles was closed, although Feba Radio continues to use radio in many ways in the region.  In January 2004, another joint conference with FEBC-USA was held in Bali, Indonesia.  In January 2006, the international conference was held in Pretoria, South Africa.

In January, 2008, another international conference was held in High Leigh, UK, joint with FEBC-USA's partners. Feba-UK began working with a third, compromise, international structure based on agreements with each partner which are tailored to the requirements of each partnership rather than one-size-fits-all.

See also
 Specialized English, a controlled natural language of English, developed by Feba

References

External links
Feba on the web
 Feba UK
 Feba South Africa
 Feba Communications Trust
 Feba India
 Feba Zimbabwe

Radio stations established in 1959
Christian organizations established in 1959
International broadcasters
Shortwave radio stations
Christianity in Seychelles
Mass media in Seychelles
1950s establishments in Seychelles
1959 in Seychelles
India–Seychelles relations
Far East Broadcasting Company

Feba Radio


Monticello is a hamlet west of Richfield Springs located at the corner of CR-24 and CR-25 in the Town of Richfield, Otsego County, New York, United States. The community is known by its historic name of Monticello. (In recent state use it may also be referenced as "Richfield"; however, in normal use, the name Richfield always refers to Richfield Springs.) It was once a busy hamlet along the Skaneateles Turnpike. The source of Hyder Creek is near the hamlet. Richfield Springs bears a street over a hill on the southwest of the village called Monticello Street, which leads directly to the hamlet.

History

The little village of Monticello is located three miles west of Richfield Springs, on the old Skaneateles turnpike. It contains a population of 140. The business is represented by three stores, one hotel, three wagon-shops, two blacksmith-shops, and one cheese-factory. The surface of this portion of the township is broken or hilly; the land is fertile, and particularly adapted to grazing. Cheese is the great staple. During the past year (1877) 146,746 pounds were sold from the factory owned by Hiram C. Brockway. Large quantities of hops are also raised.

Among the most prominent of the early settlers were Darius Carey, Willard eddy, Obadiah Beardsley, John Woodbury, Seth Allen, Joseph Allen, Elijah Martin, Samuel Colwell, Amasa Firman, and Abner Ames.

John Woodbury lived to an advanced age, occupying until his death the farm upon which he first settled, now owned by his son, Daniel H. Woodbury.

In 1787, Seth Allen, Joseph Allen, and Elijah Martin took up a large tract of land in the vicinity of the Hyder Creek, a part of which now comprises the farms of Willis Perkins and Lydia Allen. Elijah Martin felled the first tree ever cut on this tract of land. West of the land, in this vicinity, was then owned by the Banyers of Albany, and could be purchased at the government price of $1.25 per acre. One of the descendants of Elijah Martin, Mrs. Collins Loomis, is still living in this village. Joseph Allen has numerous descendants, some occupying the old farm at the present time. Rd Eddy lived to be ninety-six years of age. Mrs. Elizabeth Beardsley, a daughter of Mr. Eddy, is still living, and is in her eighty-fifth year. Samuel Colwell settled upon the farm now owned by his son, James Colwell, in 1792, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred twenty years since. Amasa Firman, Abner Ames, and Elisha Andrus have sons still living in town, all of whom have passed the allotted age of threescore and ten years.

A town library was established at an early period; the exact date I m unable to learn. But Levi Beardsley, in his "Reminiscences of Otsego," speaks of its existence long before 1810. This library now contains 900 volumes. There is also a circulating library containing 150 volumes.

The Otsego Herald was the first paper taken in town, and was the only paper for many years that the inhabitants had an opportunity of reading.

The first store was opened by Whitman Randall, and stood near the old cemetery in the western part of the village. A few rods east of this old store a house is still standing which was formerly owned by Jedediah P. Sill, and used by him for a gun-shop. A button-factory was also in this settlement.

The first school-house was built in 1803. It was located where the hotel now stands. At present, there are one public and two private schools. Jacob Brewster kept the first hotel (or tavern), in 1799. Mrs. Ezra Carey is one of his descendants. The second hotel was built by Benjamin Rathbun, in 1816. A. A. Jacobsen is the present proprietor. The first physician was Dr. Howes, who located here in 1814. In 1816, Dr. Horace Manley, who is still living at Richfield Springs, became associated with him in the practice of medicine.

In 1815 there was quite a cluster of houses, and the people desired not only a habitation, but a name for this little hamlet. A meeting was called, a ballot-box used, and one was to deposit a name to suit his fancy, and the first name drawn was to be the name of the village. Joseph Beardsley, son of Obadiah Beardsley, threw in the name of "Monticello." As this was the first drawn, it became the name. Mr. Beardsley being a staunch Democrat of the Jeffersonian order may account for his selection.

This place has always been justly celebrated for the longevity of its inhabitants. Within the radius of three-fourths of a mile there are now living ten persons whose united ages amount to eight hundred and eleven years, viz.: Gardner Sloan, one hundred; Mrs. Calvin Eaton, eighty-five; Mrs. Mason Corbin, eighty-five; Mr. David Andrus, eighty; Mr. Thomas Ames, eighty; Mrs. E. M. Shepherd, seventy-seven; Mrs. Charles Tuttle, seventy-eight; Mr. Isaac Huntley, seventy-seven; Mr. Albert Coats, seventy-two; Mr. Laman Brockway, seventy-seven. "Had Ponce de Leon extended his research to the regions of Richfield, he might not have found the fountain of immortal youth but he would have found that by breathing our invigorating mountain air his life would doubtless have been greatly prolonged."

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Otsego County, New York

Richfield (hamlet), New York


Matthias Schumann is a rower who competed for East Germany. He was world champion in the eight event in 1978.

In 1977, Schumann came third in the GDR national championships in a team made of rowers from SC Dynamo Berlin. Schumann won the national title in the eight in 1978. A composite team made up from the champion and vice-champion was sent to the 1978 World Rowing Championships on Lake Karapiro, New Zealand, where the team defended their title.

At the 1979 national championships, Schumann came third in the eight in a team made solely from his club. The team had the same result at the 1980 championships. Also in 1980, Schumann started with Heiko Schulz in the coxless pair and they took out the national championship title; however, the Olympic rowing team did not participate in the national championships that year. In 1981, Schumann and Schulz managed to defend their national title. They came fourth at the 1981 World Rowing Championships in coxless pair.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
East German male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for East Germany
Living people

Matthias Schumann


The Argentina national under-20 football team is the representative of Argentina in FIFA-sponsored tournaments that pertain to that age level.

Argentina is the most successful nation in the FIFA U-20 World Cup, winning the competition a record six times. The team has participated in 17 of the 23 World Championship events, since the 1979 edition, which they won. Argentina has also won five South American Youth Championships.

Many of Argentina's top players came through the ranks of the youth teams, including  Sergio Agüero, Pablo Aimar, Nicolás Burdisso, Esteban Cambiasso, Ángel Di María, Ramón Díaz, Fernando Gago, Diego Maradona, Jorge Burruchaga, Javier Mascherano, Lionel Messi, Juan Román Riquelme, Oscar Ruggeri, Gabriel Calderón, Sergio Goycochea, Sergio Romero, Maxi Rodríguez, Luis Islas, Luciano Galletti, Juan Pablo Sorín, Franco Costanzo, Walter Samuel, Javier Saviola, Jorge Borelli, Leonardo Biagini, Diego Simeone, Carlos Tevez, Erik Lamela, Éver Banega, Manuel Lanzini and Pablo Piatti, among others.

History

1979: The first world title

Argentina did not participate in the first FIFA World Youth Championship in Tunisia, but appeared at the next edition held in Japan. The team, coached by César Luis Menotti with the help of Ernesto Duchini (who had previously chosen the players and working with them), won the tournament, showing a fine style of play consisting of high possession of the ball, diverse kinds of passes, dribbling, a solid defense and a powerful offensive line that scored a total of 20 goals in the tournament. Diego Maradona and Ramón Díaz were the team's most notable players. The tournament was also the first official championship played by Maradona in a national team. After his frustration of 1978, Maradona made the most of his performances during the tournament, being the best player of the team due to his passing moves, dribblings to rivals, his accuracy to shot free kicks and the six goals he scored.

Argentina debuted in Group B, thrashing Indonesia 5–0 in their first match, beating Yugoslavia 1–0 in the second and defeating Poland in the third match, 4–1. The youth squad finished first in the group with ten goals scored and only one conceded. En route to the final, Argentina hammered Algeria 5–0, then defeated arch-rival Uruguay 2–0. In the final against the Soviet Union on 7 September, the team won 3–1, becoming the World Youth Champions for the first time. Ramón Díaz won the Golden Shoe as the topscorer, with eight goals, while Maradona was awarded the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament.

Apart from Maradona and Díaz, other notable players of the team were Juan Simón, Hugo Alves, Gabriel Calderón, Juan Barbas and Osvaldo Escudero. That team is still regarded as one of the best Argentine national squads ever.

1981–91: The dark decade

Argentina attended the next tournament, hosted by Australia in 1981. They were defeated 2–1 by hosts Australia, then achieved a draw with England (1–1) and beat Cameroon 2–1. Argentina did not qualify to the next stage, however, earning only three points after three matches played.

The team made a much better performance at the 1983 championship in Mexico, reaching the final with Brazil. On the first round, Argentina thrashed China PR 5–0, then defeated Austria 3–0 and beat Czechoslovakia 2–0. The team finished first in the group with zero goals conceded. In the quarter-finals, Argentina defeated Netherlands 2–1 (after Marco van Basten had opened the scored for the Oranje) and Poland 1–0 in the semi-finals. On 19 June 1983, Argentina played the final against Brazil, falling 1–0 at the Estadio Azteca. The team was coached by Carlos Pachamé, designated by the Senior team coach, Carlos Bilardo, to work with youth players.

Some of the players of that team were goalkeeper Luis Islas, defenders Fabián Basualdo, Jorge Theiler, Carlos Enrique; midfielders Mario Vanemerak, Oscar Acosta and Roberto Zárate; and forwards Claudio García, Jorge Luis Gabrich and Oscar Dertycia.

Argentina did not qualify for the 1985 and 1987 championships (played in the Soviet Union and Chile respectively), but the team participated in the tournament held in Saudi Arabia as one of the three qualified in the South American championship. Argentina was defeated by Spain in the first match. The team recovered winning the second game to Norway 2–0, but although it lost the last match to Iraq, Argentina qualified for the second round. In the knockout stage, the team was beaten 1–0 by Brazil.

For the 1991 championship held in Portugal, Argentina was coached by Reinaldo Merlo, who was designated by then-senior coach Alfio Basile as it had been in the precedent era.

Argentina made its worst campaign in youth tournaments, finishing last in their group with only one point earned from three matches. The team lost to Korea united team 1–0 in the first match, then were defeated by hosts Portugal 3–0 in a match where three Argentine players (Claudio París, Mauricio Pellegrino and Juan Esnáider) were sent off for their rough play which culminated in a brawl on the pitch between both teams. As a result, FIFA punished the Argentina Football Association (AFA) with a two-year suspension, as well as a one-year suspension for Esnáider and a two-year suspension for Norberto Recassens (one of the representatives of the AFA), both of whom insulted the referees in their dressing room at the end of the match.

Some of the players that took part of that team were goalkeeper Leonardo Díaz, defenders Diego Cocca, Mauricio Pochettino and Pellegrino; midfielders París, Walter Paz Hugo Morales and Christian Bassedas; and forwards Marcelo Delgado and Esnáider.

Pékerman era: the golden years
Because it was banned, Argentina did not participate in the 1993 World Cup in Australia. The Argentina Football Association (AFA) had opted to name a new coach entirely independent from the senior team coach as had been until then. Selected was José Pékerman, who, despite not having much previous experience, convinced the AFA to hire him.

The good results were immediate: Argentina won the first World Cup contested with Pékerman as coach, held in 1995 in Qatar. In the first stage, Argentina defeated the Netherlands 1–0, then lost to Portugal 1–0 followed by a 4–2 win over Honduras, securing a second-place finish and progression to the quarter-finals, where they thrashed Cameroon by 4–0. In semi-finals, Argentina beat Spain 3–0 then defeated Brazil 2–0 in the final, exacting revenge from the 1983 tournament where the Brazilians won.

Some of its most notable players were Juan Pablo Sorín, Joaquín Irigoytía, Federico Domínguez, Mariano Juan, Ariel Ibagaza, Leonardo Biagini and Walter Coyette.

Argentina won its third title at the 1997 championship, hosted by Malaysia. The team defeated Hungary 3–0 and Canada 2–1, but lost to Australia 4–3. Argentina passed to the round of 16 where they defeated England 2–1. In quarter-finals, Argentina eliminated Brazil after winning 2–0, then beat the Republic of Ireland 1–0 in the semi-finals. In the final match, played on 5 July 1997, the squad defeated Uruguay 2–1 to win its third championship. The team also received the FIFA Fair Play Award in recognition to the good behaviour showed on the field.

Argentina showed the talent of notable players such as Leonardo Franco, Fabián Cubero, Leandro Cufré, Walter Samuel, Diego Placente, Esteban Cambiasso, Pablo Aimar, Juan Román Riquelme and Bernardo Romeo, many of them with already many matched played in the Primera División when the tournament began.

The performance during the 1999 World Championship in Nigeria was not so good. Argentina finished 3rd of 4 in the group, winning over Kazakhstan 1–0 at the debut but with a game lost to Ghana (1-0) and a 0–0 draw with Croatia. On the round of 16, Argentina was largely defeated at the hands Mexico by 4-1 and eliminated from the tournament.

In 2001 Argentina hosted its first Youth Championship. The team won its fourth title, the third championship in seven years. Argentina debuted in the José Amalfitani Stadium (the venue where the team played all its games in Buenos Aires) defeating Finland 1–0. The next game Argentina thrashed Egypt 7–1 (with three goals by Javier Saviola), and closed its participation in Group A by smashing Jamaica by 5–1. In the knockout round, Argentina successively eliminated China (2–1), France (3–1) and Paraguay (5–0), winning the tournament with a convincing 3–0 over Ghana at the final, played on 8 July at Vélez Sársfield. Argentina won its fourth youth title unbeaten, scoring 27 goals in 7 matches, conceding 4. River Plate's forward Javier Saviola was awarded with the Golden Shoe (as the topscorer with 11) and Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. Likewise, Argentina was awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award for the second-straight time. Apart from the multi-awarded Saviola, the national squad had a powerful team with most of its players being experienced playing at the domestic first division, notably Nicolás Burdisso, Leonardo Ponzio, Julio Arca, Leandro Romagnoli, Mauro Rosales, Andrés D'Alessandro and Maxi Rodríguez.

The 2001 championship was the last title won with Pékerman as coach, closing a brilliant era that brought back the prestige to Argentine football.

2003–07: The success continues
After the departure of Pékerman, former goalkeeper Hugo Tocalli was designed to replace him. With Tocalli as coach, Argentina made its debut at 2003 championship defeating Spain 2–1. The team also beat Uzbekistan (by the same score) and Mali (3–1). Argentina finished first and unbeaten the first stage. In the round of 16, the national squad beat Egypt 2–1, then defeated United States 2-1 but Argentina lost to Brazil 1–0 at the semifinals. The team was also defeated by Colombia in the 3rd place match so Argentina finished in the 4th position of the general table. Striker Fernando Cavenaghi was the top scorer of the tournament with 4 goals.

In 2004, Pékerman was appointed to coach the Argentina senior team ahead of 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying. One year later, Tocalli left the youth team to join Pékerman's coaching staff on the senior squad, so Francisco Ferraro was designated coach, won its fifth title at the World championship hosted by the Netherlands. Argentina lost to the United States in the first match, won against Egypt (2–1) and Germany (1–0) to qualify for the next stage. From the round of 16 to the semi-finals, Argentina successively eliminated Colombia (2–1), Spain (3–1) and Brazil (2–1) reaching the finals for the sixth time. On 2 July 2005, Argentina defeated Nigeria 2–1 in the final to win its fifth youth championship. Both goals were scored by Lionel Messi from the penalty spot. Messi was the leader of the team and his magical performances resulted in him winning both the top scorer and best player's awards.

In the 2005 team's squad, Lionel Messi was the star player and had already been a La Liga champion with FC Barcelona in the 2004–05 season. Other notable players for Argentina in that year were goalkeeper Oscar Ustari; defenders Ezequiel Garay and Julio Barroso, midfielders Pablo Zabaleta, Fernando Gago and Lucas Biglia and forwards Sergio Agüero and Neri Cardozo.

Two years later, the team won its second straight title at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, hosted by Canada. After a 0–0 draw in the debut with the Czech Republic, Argentina smashed Panama 6–0 and defeated North Korea 1–0 to secure qualification to the second round. In the knockout stage, Argentina eliminated Poland (3–1), followed by Mexico (1–0) and Chile (3–0) en route to the final. In the final, played on 22 July, Argentina won its sixth title after defeating the Czechs 3–1. Sergio Agüero, the top scorer of the championship with six goals, was also awarded the Golden Ball as best player. Other notable players on the squad were goalkeeper Sergio Romero, midfielders Éver Banega and Maxi Moralez and forwards Ángel Di María, Mauro Zárate and Pablo Piatti.

Since 2009: Struggle
However, Argentina's good performances couldn't be repeated at the following seven U-20 World Cups: failing to qualify for twice (2009, 2013) and being eliminated from the group stage at another two (2015, 2017).

Competitive record

FIFA U-20 World Cup Record

South American Championship U-20 Record

1Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Individual awards
In addition to team victories, Argentine players have won many individual awards at FIFA World Youth Cups.

Current squad
 The following players were called up for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
 Match dates: 20 May – 26 May 2023

Top goalscorers

HonoursFIFA U-20 World Cup Champions (6): 1979, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007
  Runners-up (1): 1983South American Championship U-20 Champions (5): 1967, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2015
  Runners-up (7): 1958, 1979, 1991, 1995, 2001, 2007, 2019
  Third Place (8): 1971, 1975, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1988, 2005, 2011Pan American Games Gold Medal (1):''' 2003
Notes

Former squads

FIFA World Cup

2023
2019
2017
2015
2011
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1991
1989
1983
1981
1979

Bibliography
 World Youth Cup (U-20) Overview (with links to each tournament) at RSSSF

References

External links

Argentina national football team
South American national under-20 association football teams
Youth sport in Argentina


Renée Valente Smidt (July 15, 1927 – February 20, 2016) was an American film and television producer, as well as casting executive. Valente produced more than 70 films and television movies, including A Storm in Summer, which earned her a Daytime Emmy Award in 2001. She also received an Emmy nomination 1979 as the producer of the Blind Ambition, a television miniseries which starred Martin Sheen and Rip Torn.

Valente became the first female President of the Producers Guild of America (PGA) during the 1980s. She also served as the female Vice President of Screen Gems & Columbia Pictures Television, the first woman to hold that position.

Valente, who was from New York, began her career as a part-time secretary for producer David Susskind at his production company, Talent Associates. She was eventually promoted to Talent's head of production. Valente departed Talent Associates to become a producer at NASA, where she produced a series of specials for the space agency. She then joined Screen Gem as the executive of talent and casting. Her credits as a television casting executive during the 1970s and 1980s included Circle of Fear, The Partridge Family and Police Woman.

In 1985, the Casting Society of America (CSA) honored Valente at the first annual Artios Awards. She also received a Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Award from Women in Film in 1987.

Renee Valente died at her home in Studio City, California, on February 20, 2016, at the age of 88. Her husband, art director Burr Smidt, died in 2000 after 40 years together. Valente and Smidt had originally met on the set of the 1961 television film, The Power and the Glory, which starred  Laurence Olivier, Julie Harris and George C. Scott.

References

2016 deaths
American film producers
Television producers from California
American women television producers
American casting directors
Women casting directors
Daytime Emmy Award winners
People from Studio City, Los Angeles
1927 births
21st-century American women

Renee Valente


A Baritone Guitar is a musical instrument used for genres like funk, metal, pop, and a huge range of other genres and styles.

The baritone guitar was initially a German acoustic guitar innovation over 100 years ago. When adapted for the early electric guitar market of the 1950s and 60s by manufacturers such as Fender and Danelectro, the instrument found its first popular footing in the hands of rockabilly forefather Duane Eddy. From that point, the scene expanded into 60s surf rock, the popular sounds of Glen Campbell and other country music contemporaries, and perhaps even more iconically, the spaghetti western soundtracks of Ennio Morricone.

In the past 20 years, there has been a marked increase in baritone electric guitar use and interest. The baritone guitar is often used by musicians of all stylistic backgrounds looking to replace or augment sounds produced by more conventional instruments or simply to add a new sound that is both familiar and strikingly fresh.

In the early days of the electric baritone guitar, Nashville names like Duane Eddy, and Glen Campbell put the instrument on the map in a big way along with the even lower-tuned Fender Bass VI. Furthering the signature sound of 1960s popular music, the Beach Boys founder and revered songwriter/producer Brian Wilson often used a baritone to arrange and write songs, finding a range of notes and tones that were otherwise unavailable to guitarists.

More recently, baritone guitars have been found in the hands of metal aficionados James Hetfield of Metallica, Brian 'Head' Welch of Korn, John Petrucci of Dream Theater, Pat O'Brian of Cannibal Corpse, and countless others. On another side of the rock spectrum, Eddie Van Halen, Dave Matthews, and Robert Smith have used the baritone frequently for recording.

Jazz giant Pat Metheny used a baritone guitar to record his 2003 solo album One Quiet Night and his 2011 solo album What's It All About. The recordings of Ani DiFranco are another great example of the baritone guitar's contributions to both jazz and sounds that bend and defy the constraints of genre.

In 2019, Snarky Puppy's Mark Lettieri released a baritone-centric solo album, Deep: The Baritone Sessions. Since then, he has since played both standard guitar and baritone guitar in Vulfpeck side-project The Fearless Flyers, and brought a new wave of popularity to the instrument among funk players.

Countless musicians look to Eastwood when considering baritone electric guitar options. Pat Smear of the Foo Fighters, Ian Mackaye from Minor Threat, and Albert Bouchard of the Blue Oyster Cult are all known to frequently use the Eastwood Sidejack Baritone on stage.

The legacy of the baritone electric extends well beyond the status of a "drop-tuned metal guitar"". The acoustic versions have been around since the 1800s, but the electric baritones – as we know them today – only hit the scene in the 1950s.
Plucked string instruments

Baritone Guitar


In aerodynamics, hypersonic speeds are speeds that are significantly faster than the speed of sound. Any speed faster than Mach 5 (five times faster than the speed of sound; 1,715 m/s at sea level) is said to be hypersonic.  Hypersonic speeds are distinguished from supersonic speeds, because air and aircraft act very strangely at hypersonic speeds; even stranger than at supersonic speeds.

Characteristics of Hypersonic Flow
When an aircraft is moving at hypersonic speeds, it is subject to certain special effects due to its speed. Some of these effects are:

Thin Shock Layer
As the plane goes faster, the density behind the shock wave increases. At the same time, the volume of the air behind the shock wave decreases. Because of this, the shock layer (the space between the aircraft's body and the shock wave) becomes very thin. This is important because it changes the way the plane has to be built.

Entropy Layer
As a plane goes faster, the entropy change across the shock wave increases.  This results in a strong entropy gradient.  This causes air around the aircraft to swirl like a vortex, in what is called "vortical flow."  This is important because it mixes with what is called the "boundary layer" around the aircraft.  A boundary layer is a small area of air around the plane which is moving slower than the air farther away from the aircraft.  When the vortical flow mixes with the boundary layer, the boundary layer is disrupted, and the aircraft becomes very unstable.

Viscous Interaction
At very high speeds, objects that are inside the atmosphere become very hot. This can cause the previously mentioned boundary layer of the plane to expand. When the boundary layer expands, the aircraft gets even hotter. Put simply, planes moving extremely fast experience lots and lots of drag and get very very hot. This process is caused by the viscosity of air, which is why this is called "viscous interaction."

Fun Fact
The adjective "sonic" was first used in the 1920s, from the Latin sonus, or "sound." Ever since, it's been used not only to describe things relating to sound, but also things that travel as fast as sound.

Other websites
Note:May not be simple
NASA's Guide to Hypersonics

Fluid mechanics

Hypersonic speed


Iestyn Thomas (born 15 December 1976) is a former Wales international rugby union player. In April 2012, he retired from rugby due to injury.

Club career
A prop forward, Thomas started his rugby career with home-town club Pontypool RFC, but later moved to the top division with Ebbw Vale RFC. He was Mike Ruddock's choice as captain as he successfully kept Ebbw Vale in the league and had an impressive campaigns in the Parker Pen Cup. In 2002, Thomas joined Llanelli RFC with 11 Welsh caps to his name. He progressed to the Scarlets regional team, for whom he played in more than 200 games over a nine-year career.

International career
Thomas made his international debut for Wales on 11 November 2000 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff against Samoa; Wales won the match 50–6. He then came off the bench in matches against the USA and South Africa.

Thomas played in three matches in the 2002 Six Nations, as well as playing two Tests against the Springboks in South Africa, and against New Zealand at the end of the year.

After playing in the 2003 Six Nations Championship, and playing in two Tests for Wales in June, Thomas was included in Wales' 2003 Rugby World Cup squad, where he played in three matches.

References

External links
Profile at scarlets.co.uk
Profile at wru.co.uk
Profile at ercrugby.com

1976 births
Living people
Barbarian F.C. players
Ebbw Vale RFC players
Llanelli RFC players
People educated at West Monmouth School
Pontypool RFC players
Rugby union players from Pontypool
Rugby union props
Scarlets players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Iestyn Thomas


Aengus mac Umor (modern spelling: Aonghus mac Úmhór) was a mythical Irish king.

The Fir Bolg of Connacht were ruled by King Aonghus mac Úmhór. Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh states that Aonghus led his people, the Tuath mhac nUmhoir, to the coast of Galway Bay and the Aran Islands, after being driven out by warfare with "Clann Chuian and the kindred of the Gaoidhil (Gaels)". The fortress of Dún Aonghasa on Inishmore, which legend states he built, is still called after him. O'Rahilly places these events in the 2nd century BC.

Aonghus's son, Conall Caol, settled with his people in what was then the kingdom of Aidhne.

See also
 Cian d'Fhearaibh Bolg
 Senchineoil

References
 Early Irish History and Mythology,  T.F. O'Rahilly, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1946 (reprinted 2003)
 Irish Kings and High-Kings, Francis John Byrne, Dublin (1971;2003) Four Courts Press,
  Leabhar Genealach. The Great Book of Irish Genealogies, Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh (ed. Nollaig Ó Muraíle), Dublin, De Burca, 2003–2004
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G105007/index.html

Fir Bolg
Kings of Connacht
Characters in Irish mythology
Legendary Irish kings

Aonghus mac Úmhór


Scione or Skione () was an ancient Greek city in Pallene, the westernmost headland of Chalcidice, on the southern coast east of the modern town of Nea Skioni.

Scione was founded  by settlers from Achaea; the Scionaeans claimed their ancestors settled the place when their ships were blown there by the storm that caught the Achaeans on their way back from Troy. It "was situated on one summit of a two-crested hill and on the slopes toward the sea... The hill with the fortifications and the pottery fragments constituted the acropolis of ancient Scione and the hill beyond was that on which the defenders encamped 'before the city.'"

It was a member of the Delian League.

Its moment of historical importance came during the Peloponnesian War, when just after the truce between Sparta and Athens in early 423 BCE, Scione revolted against Athens and was encouraged by the Spartan general Brasidas with promises of support. The Athenians sent a fleet to retake Mende and Scione; after securing the former, they besieged Scione. In the summer of 421 they finally succeeding in reducing it; they put the adult males to death, enslaved the women and children, and gave the land to Plataea, an ally of Athens. Tim Rood writes that "Thucydides lets us feel Skione's thirst for freedom," and says the result of his account "is not criticism of Skione's folly, but pathos." W. Robert Connor says that "the ultimate destruction of Scione was one of the most notorious events in the war, and almost any Greek reader would know of its fate."

By the time of the Roman Empire, Scione had "almost vanished out of existence.". However, according to recent surveys, Scione survived in the Roman (imperial) period as a vicus of the Roman colony of Cassandreia. Scione is mentioned by Roman-era geographers Pomponius Mela, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder.

The site of Scione is  southeast of the modern Nea Skione.

See also
Aethilla
Hydna of Scione

References

External links
The Ancient Coinage of Scione

Violence against men in Europe
Populated places in ancient Macedonia
Cities in ancient Macedonia
Geography of ancient Chalcidice
Greek colonies in Chalcidice
Achaean colonies
Members of the Delian League
Former populated places in Greece
Massacres of men
Kassandra, Chalkidiki

Scione


Twilite are a Polish duo playing indie-folk/singer-songwriter music featuring acoustic guitar and melancholic aura. The group consists of Paweł Milewski and Rafał Bawirsz.

The group started in 2006 in Ireland. Songs were recorded in domestic environment and have been published on 2nd and 3rd part of Offensywa compilation by Piotr Stelmach. In May 2008 Twilite has been noticed and invited by Kapsa brothers from Contemporary Noise Sextet to record in Electric Eye Studio pieces for debut album titled Bits and Pieces. The album is a summary of compositions from 2 years of living in Dublin. Album Bits and Pieces came into light on January 24, 2009.

Beside two all-Poland tours, Twilite performed on Open'er Festival (2009) and as a support for José González, The Whitest Boy Alive or The Twilight Singers.
In May 2010 EP  Else was released for free download which producers were Piotr Maciejewski (Muchy, Drivealone) and Maciej Frycz. It was published under polish Ampersand Records and was promoted with clip Fire promoted by Polish, French, Greek and Turkish edition of MySpace.

On March 28, 2011 Quiet Giant, the second longplay was released. It consists of 12 compositions, richer in musical arrangements than the one before. There appear drums, piano, electric guitar, clarinet and trumpet. The guests include Swedish singer Billie Lindahl (known as Promise and the Monster), trumpeter Maciej Fortuna or Max Psuja, drummer of Kumka Olik. Piotr Maciejewski (playing drums, piano and guitars) and Maciej Frycz were producers of the album. The album gathered very favorable opinions.

Discography
 Quiet Giant (2011)
 Else EP (2010)
 Bits and Pieces (2009)

References

Polish musical groups
Male musical duos

Twilite


The Shadow is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in 1930s pulp novels, and then in a wide variety of media.  Details of the title character have varied across various media. But The Shadow is generally a crime-fighter who works alone instead of with the police. He usually has psychic powers. He poses as a "wealthy, young man about town". The Shadow is one of the most famous adventure heroes of the twentieth century.  He has been featured on the radio, in a long-running pulp magazine series, in comic books, comic strips, television, serials, video games, and at least five motion pictures. The radio drama is well-remembered for those episodes voiced by Orson Welles.

The Shadow first appeared on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program Detective Story Hour. After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of The Shadow Magazine on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by Gibson.

On September 26, 1937, The Shadow radio drama began with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue," in which The Shadow was characterized as having "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." As in the magazine stories, The Shadow was not given the literal ability to become invisible.

The introduction from The Shadow radio program "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" was spoken by actor Frank Readick Jr.. American English speakers often have heard of this phrase, even if they have never listened to the radio show. These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' Le Rouet d'Omphale ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode The Shadow reminded listeners that, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay... The Shadow knows!"

References

Other websites
 The Shadow radio recordings by Orson Wells

Characters in written fiction

The Shadow


Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and a prodrug to both.  It is also spelled phenethylline and fenetylline (INN); other names for it are amphetaminoethyltheophylline and amfetyline. The drug was marketed for use as a psychostimulant under the brand names Captagon, Biocapton, and Fitton. It is now illegal in most countries and is produced primarily for illicit use. Syria is considered to be the world's largest producer of the drug, contributing 80% of its global supplies.

History
Fenethylline was first synthesized by the German Degussa AG in 1961 and used for around 25 years as a milder alternative to amphetamine and related compounds. Although there are no FDA-approved indications for fenethylline, it was used in the treatment of "hyperkinetic children", in what would now be called attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, less commonly, for narcolepsy and depression. One of the main advantages of fenethylline was that it does not increase blood pressure to the same extent as an equivalent dose of amphetamine and so could be used in patients with cardiovascular conditions.

Fenethylline was considered to have fewer side effects and less potential for abuse than amphetamine. Nevertheless, fenethylline was listed in 1981 as a schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and it became illegal in most countries in 1986 after being listed by the World Health Organization for international scheduling under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, even though the actual incidence of fenethylline abuse was quite low.

Pharmacology
The fenethylline molecule results when theophylline is covalently linked with amphetamine by an alkyl chain.

Fenethylline is metabolized by the body to form two drugs, amphetamine (24.5% of oral dose) and theophylline (13.7% of oral dose), both of which are active stimulants. The physiological effects of fenethylline therefore seem to result from a combination of these two compounds, although how is not entirely clear, and seems to involve a synergistic effect between amphetamine and theophylline produced following metabolism. The pharmacological actions of fenethylline before cleavage also remain poorly established, though it appears to act directly at several serotonin receptors.

Abuse and illegal trade

Abuse of fenethylline of the brand name Captagon is common in the Middle East, and counterfeit versions of the drug continue to be available despite its illegality. Captagon is much less common outside of the Middle East, to the point that police may not recognize the drug. Captagon production and export has become a big industry sponsored by the Syrian government, with revenue from its exports contributing to more than 90% of its foreign currency. The Assad regime's annual Captagon merchandise is estimated to have been worth US$57 billion in 2022, about three times the total trade of all Mexican drug barons.

Many of these counterfeit "Captagon" tablets contain other amphetamine derivatives that are easier to produce, but are pressed and stamped to look like Captagon pills. Some counterfeit Captagon pills analysed do contain fenethylline, indicating that illicit production of this drug continues to take place. These illicit pills often contain "a mix of amphetamines, caffeine[,] and various fillers", which are sometimes referred to as "captagon" (with a lowercase "c").

Fenethylline is a popular drug in Western Asia, and American media outlet CNN reported in 2015 that it is allegedly used by militant groups in Syria. Later research demonstrated that it was the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad that has been financing Captagon production and sponsoring networks of its drug dealers in coordination with the Syrian intelligence. It is manufactured locally by a cheap and simple process. In July 2019 in Lebanon, captagon was sold for $1.50 to $2.00 a pill. In 2021 in Syria, low-quality pills were sold locally for less than $1, while high-quality pills are increasingly smuggled abroad and may cost upwards of $14 each in Saudi Arabia.

According to some leaks, militant groups export the drug in exchange for weapons and cash. According to Abdelelah Mohammed Al-Sharif, secretary general of the National Committee for Narcotics Control and assistant director of Anti-Drug and Preventative Affairs, forty percent of users between the ages of twelve and twenty-two in Saudi Arabia are addicted to fenethylline.

Increasing usage and seizures
According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Saudi Arabia received seven tonnes of Captagon in 2010, a third of the world supply. In 2017, Captagon was the most popular recreational drug in the Arabian Peninsula.

In October 2015, a member of the Saudi royal family, Prince Abdel Mohsen Bin Walid Bin Abdulaziz, and four others were detained in Beirut on charges of drug trafficking after airport security discovered two tons of Captagon (fenethylline) pills and some cocaine on a private jet scheduled to depart for Riyadh, the Saudi capital. The following month, Agence France-Presse reported that the Turkish authorities had seized two tonnes of Captagon — about eleven million pills — during raids in the Hatay region on the Syrian border. The pills had been produced in Syria and were being shipped to countries in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.

In December 2015, the Lebanese Army announced that it had discovered two large-scale drug production workshops in the north of the country and seized large quantities of Captagon pills. Two days earlier, three tons of Captagon and hashish were seized at Beirut Airport, concealed in school desks being exported to Egypt.

References to the drug were found on a mobile phone used by Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, a French-Tunisian who killed eighty-four civilians in Nice on Bastille Day 2016.

In May 2017, French customs at Charles de Gaulle Airport seized seven hundred fifty thousand Captagon pills being transported from Lebanon to Saudi Arabia. In 2017, two other consignments of pills were found at Charles de Gaulle Airport: in January, heading for the Czech Republic, and in February, hidden in steel moulds. Further investigation showed that the seized products mainly contained a mixture of amphetamine and theophylline.

In January 2018, Saudi Arabia seized 1.3 million Captagon pills at the Al-Haditha crossing near the border with Jordan. In December 2018, Greece intercepted a Syrian ship sailing for Libya, carrying six tonnes of processed cannabis and three million Captagon pills. In July 2019, a shipment of thirty-three million Captagon pills, weighing 5.25 tonnes, was seized in Greece coming from Syria. In July 2019, eight hundred thousand Captagon pills were found on a boat in the United Arab Emirates. In August 2019, Saudi customs at Al-Haditha seized 2,579,000 Captagon pills found inside a truck and a private vehicle.

In February 2020, the UAE found thirty-five million Captagon pills in a shipment of electric cables from Syria to Jebel Ali. In April 2020, Saudi Arabia seized 44.7 million Captagon pills smuggled from Syria, and citing drug smuggling concerns, imposed an import ban on fruits and vegetables from Lebanon, causing the price of Lebanese lettuce to plummet. On 1 July 2020, an anti-drug operation coordinated in Italy by the Italian Guardia di Finanza and Customs and Monopolies Agency seized fourteen tonnes of amphetamines, labeled as Captagon, smuggled from Syria and initially thought by the Italian authorities to have been produced by ISIS, which were found in three shipping containers filled with around 84 million pills, in the southern port of Salerno.

In November 2020, Egypt seized two shipments of Captagon pills at Damietta port coming from Syria. The first had 3,251,500 tablets, while the second contained 11 million tablets. In December 2020, Italian authorities seized about 14 tonnes of Captagon arriving from Latakia, Syria, and heading towards Libya, numbering about 85 million pills, worth around $1 billion.

In January 2021, Egyptian authorities seized eight tons of Captagon and another eight tons of hashish at Port Said, from a shipment that arrived from Lebanon. In February 2021, Lebanese customs seized at Beirut port a shipment of 5 million Captagon pills hidden in a tile-making machine, intended for Greece and Saudi Arabia. In April 2021, Saudi authorities discovered 5.3 million Captagon pills hidden in fruits imported from Lebanon.

Production in Syria

The drug is playing a role in the Syrian civil war. The production and sale of fenethylline generates large revenues which are likely used to fund weapons, and fenethylline is used as a stimulant by combatants. Poverty and international sanctions that limit legal exports are contributing factors.

In May 2021, the UK newspaper The Guardian described the effects of Captagon production in Syria on the economy as a dirty business that is creating a near-narco-state. Drug money flowing into Syria is destabilizing legitimate businesses, positioning it as the global centre of Captagon production, with increased industrialization, adaptation, and technical sophistication. In June 2021, Saudi authorities at Jeddah port seized fourteen million Captagon tablets hidden inside a shipment of iron plates coming from Lebanon. In the same month, Saudi authorities seized a shipment of 4.5 million Captagon pills, smuggled inside several orange cartons, at Jeddah port. In July 2021, Saudi customs discovered 2.1 million Captagon pills at Al-Haditha hidden in a tomato paste shipment.

The New York Times reported in December 2021 that the Syrian Army's elite 4th Armoured Division, commanded by Maher al-Assad, whose brother Bashar al-Assad is the ruler of Syria, oversees much of the production and distribution of Captagon, among other drugs. The unit controls manufacturing facilities, packing plants, and smuggling networks all across Syria, and had started to deal in crystal meth. The division's security bureau, headed by Maj. Gen. Ghassan Bilal, provides protection for factories and along smuggling routes to the port city Latakia and to border crossings with Jordan and Lebanon. In the wake of sanctions against the Assad government, Jihad Yazigi, editor of The Syria Report, reported that Captagon is now "Syria's most important source of foreign currency".

Synthesis

Reaction mechanism

Theophylline (1) is alkylated using 2-bromochloroethane (2) in a substitution reaction to give 7-(2-Chloroethyl)theophylline (aka Benaphyllin, Eupnophile) (3). 7-(2-Chloroethyl)theophylline forms a three-carbon ring substructure by displacing the remaining halogen leaving group in an intramolecular substitution reaction. The three-carbon ring substructure is deformed by the primary amine in amphetamine (4), giving fenethylline (5).

Reaction conditions
Theophylline (1) is allowed to react with 2-bromochloroethane (2) by refluxing both compounds at 90°C for 18h. The produced 7-(2-Chloroethyl)theophylline (3) is filtered and purified. After purification, compound 3 is mixed with
amphetamine (4) in a mixture at 100°C for 17 hours to produce fenethylline (5).

Compound identification
Since fenethylline is a highly controlled drug, a variety of identification methods are needed in order to regulate it. Many identification methods with different samples have been tested. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been proven as an accurate tool to identify fenethylline in solid samples, as well as in urine and hair samples.

See also
 Amfecloral
 Cafedrine
 Famprofazone
 Fencamine
 Theodrenaline
 ZDCM-04

References

Substituted amphetamines
Xanthines
Codrugs
Adenosine receptor antagonists
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents
Stimulants
1961 introductions
Illegal drug trade

Fenethylline


John Trevor Hayes  (21 January 1929 – 25 December 2005) was a British art historian and museum director. He was an authority on the paintings of Thomas Gainsborough.

Early life
Hayes was educated at Ardingly College and read modern history at Keble College, Oxford after which he undertook a postgraduate diploma at The Courtauld Institute of Art.

Career
In 1954, he became assistant keeper of the London Museum in Kensington Palace, the forerunner to the modern Museum of London. He developed an interest in Gainsborough after realising that British artists had hitherto been neglected by art-historical scholarship. Taking advantage of a Commonwealth Fund fellowship, he travelled to the United States and spent a year as a Research Scholar at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts from 1958 to 1959. After his return, he curated a Gainsborough exhibition for the Arts Council and in 1962 he received his PhD for research into Gainsborough's landscape paintings. He was visiting professor of fine arts at Yale University from 1960 to 1970.

From 1970 to 1974, Hayes was director of the London Museum, overseeing its move to new premises on London Wall. In 1974, he was subsequently appointed director of the National Portrait Gallery, succeeding Sir Roy Strong in the post. The duties that came with the NPG directorship did not curtail Hayes's scholarly activities, however, and during his tenure he managed to curate a major Gainsborough exhibition at the Tate and the Grand Palais, Paris), and numerous smaller ones, including one of Graham Sutherland's work. Under his aegis, the NPG's annual portrait award (now the BP Portrait Award) was established in 1980, and two regional outposts for the gallery opened at Beningbrough Hall in Yorkshire and Bodelwyddan Castle in Denbighshire. Plans to move the institution to larger premises in London were never realised, although a new block for staff was built across the road from the Gallery's Victorian building.

Later years
After his retirement in 1994, Hayes continued in his scholarly work, curating a further Gainsborough exhibition in Ferrara and serving as vice-president of the Walpole Society.

Archive
The John Hayes Archive is held at the Paul Mellon Centre and available for public consultation. It includes research notes surrounding Hayes' publications and proposed publications on Thomas Gainsborough, Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Rowlandson, and Graham Sutherland. The material on Sutherland includes letters written between Hayes and the artist. The archive consist largely of correspondence, notes, photographs, journal offprints and drafts of publications.

Selected publications
Thomas Gainsborough. Tate Gallery, London, 1980.
The Letters of Thomas Gainsborough, Paul Mellon Centre by Yale University Press, 2001.
Gainsborough and Rowlandson: a New York private collection, Private Publication, New York, 1998.
Thomas Gainsborough, Ferrara Arte, 1998.
London in paint: oil paintings in the collection at the Museum of London, Museum of London, 1996.
British paintings of the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
The Art of Thomas Rowlandson, Arts Services International, 1990.
The Landscape Paintings of Thomas Gainsborough; a critical text and catalogue raisonné, Philip Wilson for Sotheby Publications, 1983.
The art of Graham Sutherland, Phaidon, 1980.
Portraits by Graham Sutherland, National Portrait Gallery, 1977.
Gainsborough: paintings and drawings, Phaidon, 1975.
Richard Wilson, Purnell & Sons, 1966.

External links
 The John Hayes Archive
 Dictionary of Art Historians entry
 Telegraph Obituary

References

1929 births
2005 deaths
People educated at Ardingly College
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art
English art historians
English curators
Directors of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English male non-fiction writers
New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century English male writers

John Hayes (art historian)


Apinan Poshyananda was born in Bangkok, Thailand in 1956.  He is one of the most renowned curators and art writers in the Asian region.

Biography

Education
Poshyananda received an MFA degree from the University of Edinburgh, and a PhD in art history from Cornell University.

Career
Poshyananda is now Permanent Secretary for the Ministry of Culture, Thailand. Before joining the Ministry of Culture, he acted as the chief curator of the Art Center of Academic Resources, Chulalongkorn University.

Contribution to contemporary art
Poshyananda eagerly promotes Thai contemporary artists by sending them overseas to participate in such major international art exhibitions. With his expertise in art and culture, as well as his great contribution to the art world, he then became an internationally recognized curator.

In 2001, Poshyananda was awarded the Outstanding National Research Award by the National Research Council of Thailand.

Selected works
 Traditions/Tensions (New York, U.S.A., traveling, 1996)
 1st and 2nd Asia Pacific Triennial (Brisbane, Australia, 1993, 1996), Thai and Australian section, respectively
 Appointed as a commissioner for the Asian section of 24th São Paulo Biennale (Brazil, 1998)
 9th Sydney Biennale (1992)
 4th Istanbul Biennale (1994)
 1st Johannesburg Biennale (1995)
 1st Liverpool Biennale (1999)
 Curating solo exhibitions by Nobuyoshi Araki, Yasurmasa Morimura, Choi Jeong Hwa, Zhang Peili, Hung Liu, Marina Abramović and Mella Jaarsma
 Organizing numerous exhibitions including one-person shows by Pinaree Sanpitak, Chatchai Puipia, Kamol Phaosavasdi, Vasan Sitthiket, Jakapan Vilasaneekul, Pratuang Emjaroen, Manit Sriwanichpoom and Araya Rasdjarmrearnsook.
 Organizing a solo show by Montien Boonma in New York
 Joining the exhibition Beyond Paradise of the Moderna Museet in StockholmGuest as a guest curator.
 Selecting contemporary Nordic art to travel to Asia in 2002
 International advisor for 1st Echigo-Tsumari Triennal (2000), 1st Yokohama Triennal (2001), and the art acquisition committee of The Asia Society, New York.
 Author of Modern Art in Thailand (OUP, 1992) and Western-style Painting and Sculpture in the Thai Royal Court (Bangkok, 1993)
 One of the curators writing for Fresh Cream (Phaidon, 2000)
 Co-author of a major text book on modern and contemporary Asian art, published in New York
 Co-editor of Over Here (The New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York)
Artistic director of the Bangkok Art Biennale

References

Apinan Poshyananda
Cornell University alumni
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1956 births
Living people
Apinan Poshyananda
Apinan Poshyananda

Apinan Poshyananda