Jurijs Popkovs (born 6 July 1961) is a Latvian football manager and former player. He last managed the Latvian Higher League club FK Spartaks Jūrmala.

Playing career
Jurijs Popkovs was born in Kiev, Ukraine. His first professional club was Dynamo Minsk which he joined in 1980. In four years which he stayed with Dynamo he made only one appearance in the Soviet Top League. In 1984 Popkovs joined FK Daugava Rīga which under the management of Jānis Skredelis was then on the up-rise. With Daugava Popkovs made 309 appearances until 1991 scoring 33 goals. He rarely missed a game for Daugava and together with Aleksandr Kanischev and Genādijs Šitiks he formed the strong midfield on the Daugava squad.

In 1993 transferred to Sweden where he joined Visby IF Gute where he played for 2 seasons, scoring 14 goals in 43 matches. During the 1995 Virslīga season for which Popkovs had started with Amstrig Rīga as a player he was offered to replace club's coach Georgijs Gusarenko.

Popkovs also played for Latvia national football team in early 1990s, making in total 18 appearances for Latvia.

Coaching career
Popkovs' first club as a manager was the one where he finished playing - Amstrig Riga (renamed to Daugava in 1996). In 1996 and 1997 Daugava finished second in the Latvian league behind Skonto FC, proving Popkovs as one of the best club managers in Latvia. In 1998 when Daugava was on the road to bankruptcy, Popkovs became head coach of Liepājas Metalurgs which he brought to second place in Virslīga in 1998 and 1999. In 2000 Popkovs was fired from Metalurgs as the club still couldn't stop the hegemony of Skonto in the Latvian league. In 2001, he took up PFK Daugava, a team with no big ambitions and little finance. Both the 2001 and 2002 seasons PFK Daugava finished fifth in the Latvian league, but after the 2002 the team dissolved.

In 2003 Popkovs took up the new and ambitious team FK Jūrmala with which he won the 1st Latvian league and earned a promotion for 2004 Virslīga. In 2004 Jūrmala proved itself as a tough team by finishing 5th in its debut year, just two points behind one of the league heavyweights - Dinaburg FC. However the team owners ambitions for the team to climb higher failed to materialize - in 2005 it finished 6th and in the middle of the 2006 season when Jūrmala was again struggling Popkovs was fired.

Popkovs sat without a club the entire 2007 season, but after the end of the season he was appointed head coach of FK Blāzma Rēzekne, Virslīga newcomers.

In July 2009 he moved to FK Tauras Tauragė in neighbouring Lithuania mid-way through A lyga season, but left the team just after a season.

In September 2011 he joined Jūrmala-VV in the Latvian Higher League. In March 2012 the team was renamed to Daugava Riga and he stayed in the manager's position. He left the club in December 2012, being replaced by Virginijus Liubšys.

In September 2013 Popkovs was appointed by the Latvian Higher League club FK Spartaks Jūrmala, as he replaced Aleksandrs Stradiņš, who had worked with the team since July 2013. Popkovs was replaced by Fabio Micarelli in December 2013.

Popkovs has also worked with Latvia national under-21 football team.

References

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyiv
Soviet men's footballers
Latvian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Daugava Riga players
FC Dinamo Minsk players
FC Gute players
Latvia men's international footballers
Latvian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania
Latvian football managers
Latvian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Lithuania
FK Tauras Tauragė managers
FK Daugava (2003) managers

Jurijs Popkovs


Aria edulis, the whitebeam or common whitebeam, is a species of deciduous tree in the family Rosaceae. It is native to most of Europe as well as North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) and temperate Asia (Armenia, Georgia). Typically compact and domed, with few upswept branches and almost-white underside of the leaves, it generally favours dry limestone and chalk soils. The hermaphrodite cream-white flowers appear in May, are insect pollinated, and go on to produce scarlet berries, which are often eaten by birds.

The cultivars A. edulis 'Lutescens', with very whitish-green early leaves, and A. edulis 'Majestica', with large leaves, have both have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

The berries are edible when overripe (bletted).

References

aria
Flora of Europe

Aria edulis


The Portinari Chapel (Italian: Cappella Portinari) is a Renaissance chapel at the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio, Milan, northern Italy. Commenced in 1460 and completed in 1468, it was commissioned by Pigello Portinari as a private sepulchre and to house a silver shrine given by Archbishop Giovanni Visconti in 1340 containing the relic head of St. Peter of Verona, to whom the chapel is consecrated. The architect is unknown, the traditional attribution to Michelozzo having been succeeded with equal uncertainty by attributions to either Filarete or Guiniforte Solari, architect of the apses of the Certosa di Pavia and the church of San Pietro in Gessate in Milan.

The commission
The Portinari Chapel, which has been described as a work of Tuscan architecture in Lombardy, was commissioned by the Florentine nobleman Pigello Portinari (1421–1468), who became the representative in Milan of the Medici bank in 1452. (His younger brother Tommaso, also a Medici banker and patron, would commission the Portinari altarpiece from Hugo van der Goes in 1475.) The building was intended to function both as a family chapel and mortuary and to house the relics of Saint Peter of Verona who, as patron saint of inquisitors, was of particular importance to the Dominicans of Sant'Eustorgio: their convent had housed the Milan inquisition since the 1230s.

Above the chapel's altar a donor portrait from 1462, sometimes attributed to Giovanni da Vaprio, depicts Pigello Portinari kneeling in prayer before Peter of Verona. This image may be the origin of the legend that Peter appeared in a vision to Pigello, commanding him to build a chapel in which his remains might be honourably preserved. Pigello Portinari was interred here in 1468, but the saint's head remained in the sacristy and his tomb was not moved into the chapel until 1737.

Description
The chapel is located at the eastern end of the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio. From the exterior it is a compact cubic brick building with a lower-roofed, projecting square apse. The main body of the chapel is surmounted by a dome with sloping tiled roof supporting a high lantern, framed by four turrets. The dome of the apse is protected by an octagonal structure, again capped with a tiled roof.

Internally the chapel has architectural features that bear similarity to the Sagrestia Vecchia by Filippo Brunelleschi. The interior spaces are defined by architectural orders, pilasters, architraves, mouldings, pendentives and a ribbed dome with all the details picked out in grey stone that contrasts with the flat plaster surfaces. These architectonic features are in places richly ornamented with formal motifs in relief.

A number of the surfaces have been painted in fresco in the Lombardy manner by Vincenzo Foppa. In the pendentives supporting the dome are tondi  with the Doctors of the Church while on the side walls are four Scenes from the life of St. Peter of Verona. Above the arch which marks the entrance to the apse is an Annunciation and, facing it above the arch which forms the entrance to the chapel, an Assumption of the Virgin. The frescos were rediscovered in 1878 and restored at the beginning of the twentieth century.

In 1736 the elaborate marble sepulchre of Peter of Verona, commissioned in 1336 from Giovanni di Balduccio (a pupil of Giovanni Pisano), was moved from the basilica into the Portinari Chapel and placed at the back of the apse; the following year a marble altar was erected in front of it, on which was placed the silver shrine containing the saint's head. In the 1880s the sepulchre, which had been hidden away awkwardly behind the altar, was moved into the main body of the chapel and placed somewhat off-centre, where it would be well lit by the lateral windows, and where it still stands. The head, however, is today conserved in a small adjacent chapel.

The Chapel also includes a number of paintings by anonymous Lombard artists, including frescoes such as the Miracolo della nuvola e Miracolo della falsa Madonna, and a depiction of the martyrdom of St Peter Martyr.

See also
 History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
 History of Italian Renaissance domes
 History of early modern period domes

References

Further reading
Edith Wharton, Italian Backgrounds (London: Macmillan, 1905), pp. 164–6, provides a designer's response to the chapel as it was at the start of the twentieth century. A preview of this section, from a 2009 reprint, is available from Google Books.

External links

15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1468
Roman Catholic churches in Milan
Renaissance architecture in Milan
Tourist attractions in Milan

Portinari Chapel


In Canadian football, the three-minute warning is given when three minutes of game time remain on the game clock in the first and second halves of a game. (If the ball is in play when the clock reaches 3:00, the three-minute warning is given immediately after the ball is declared dead.) The three-minute warning stops the game clock in all cases. American football has a two-minute warning.

Rule changes after the warning
 The game clock stops whenever the ball is dead.
 The game clock starts on the snap after any kickoff, kick from scrimmage, open field kick, change of possession, incomplete forward pass, score, or the ball being carried out of bounds, accepted penalty, or fouls on both teams. If a foul is declined, the non-offending team can choose to start the game clock on the snap.
 The game clock does not run on convert attempts.
 Since the 2006 CFL season, CFL teams cannot use instant replay challenges to dispute rulings during the final three minutes of the second half.  However, a replay official may initiate a review during this time.
 The penalty for a "time-count violation" by the offence—failure to place the ball legally into play within 20 seconds of it being declared ready for play (a foul known as "delay of game" in American football, which is a different foul in Canada)—dramatically changes at the warning. Before the warning, the penalty is 5 yards with the down repeated. After the warning, the base penalty changes to loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards with the down repeated on third down. Additionally, if the referee deems a time-count violation on third down to be deliberate, he has the right to require the offence to put the ball legally into play within 20 seconds or lose possession (similar to the unfair act clause in American football). However, the enforcement of time-count violations on convert attempts does not change at the warning; it remains 5 yards with the down repeated.
 In the CFL a team can call only one timeout after the three-minute warning in the second half. Teams receive two timeouts per game, thus if none are used prior to the final three-minute warning then the second timeout is effectively lost. Football Canada rules do not provide any timeouts.

See also
 Glossary of Canadian football
 Two-minute warning
 One-minute warning

References

Canadian football terminology

Three-minute warning


Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (1380 – 22 February 1463) Seigneur of La Fayette, Pontgibaud, Ayes, Nébouzac, Saint-Romain and Montel-de-Gelat was a Marshal of France, namesake of and relation to Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.

Biography

Gilbert Motier de La Fayette (born 1380) was raised at the court of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. La Fayette served in the military under the command of Marshal Boucicaut in Italy. In 1409, after the evacuation of Genoa La Fayette returned to France. He became the Seneschal of Bourbonnais.

In 1413, during the Hundred Years' War, La Fayette fought with John I, Duke of Bourbon at Soubise, Charente-Maritime. In 1415, he fought with the Duke of Bourbon at Compiègne. La Fayette was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He served at Languedoc and Guyenne. La Fayette won victories against England and Burgundy in the Loire valley. In 1420, La Fayette was appointed Governor of Dauphiné and a Marshal of France. In 1422, La Fayette and John Stewart, Earl of Buchan commanded the Franco-Scottish troops at the Battle of Baugé. In 1424, at the Battle of Verneuil, La Fayette was taken prisoner by the English but was released after a short time.

In 1429, La Fayette with 300 men, fought with Joan of Arc during the relief of the Siege of Orléans and at the Battle of Patay.

On 17 July 1429, La Fayette attended the coronation of Charles VII in Reims and became a member of his Grand Conseil. With the exception of a short disgrace about 1430, due to the ill-will of Georges de la Trémoille, La Fayette retained royal favour throughout his life. In 1435, La Fayette was a signatory to the Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip the Good of Burgundy.

From 1445 to 1448, La Fayette contributed to reforms in the French army. For example, he established the use of military posts for the suppression of brigandage. In 1449, La Fayette was a signatory to the treaty with Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset.

In 1449, La Fayette fought for France Normandy against the English. On 19 October 1449, he received the surrender of the city of Rouen.

La Fayette died on 23 February 1462 in Auvergne. He was buried in the Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu. On his headstone, is the word Merito, an anagram of his name.

Family

La Fayette was the son of William Motier La Fayette, Seigneur of La Fayette, knight and man at arms of John, Duke of Berry. His mother was Marguerite Catherine Brun du Peschin, Dame de Pontgibaud. La Fayette had a brother, Barthélemy, Prior of Voulte and two sisters, Algaye, wife of Bérnaud du Lac, Seigneur du Montel and Gilberte, wife of Jean de Vassel, Seigneur de Vassel, a knight.

La Fayette's first wife was Dauphine de Monteith (1400-1423) whom he married in 1420. On 15 January 1423, he married his second wife, Jeanne de Joyeuse (1405-1466), daughter of Lord Randon de Joyeuse and Catherine Aubert, Lady Monteil Gelat. Jeanne had nine children, including:

 Charles, Seigneur of La Fayette (1425–1486). Charles was knighted at the siege of Rouen in 1449. In 1466, he commanded fifty Lances fournies. In 1468, Charles attended the Estates General and by 1480, was an adviser and chamberlain of the king.;
 Antoine, Seigneur of Bothéon Veauche and Goutenourouze (1426–1480). Antoine was a counselor and chamberlain of King Louis XI. In 1470, he became Captain of Roque-Servieres. In 1486, he was Captain of Nonette.
 Françoise (born 1427) who married Jacques Fourrier.
 Jean (1430-1490), a Knight of St. John.
 Louis (born 1431) who was a canon and a Count of Lyon.
 Catherine (c.1432-1484). Catherine married Hughes de Chauvigny, the Baron de Blot (1410-1468). Their son, Raynard de Chauvigny de Blot (died 1491), was Abbot of La Chaise-Dieu (1465-1491).
 Anne (born 1434) who married François de Maubec, Seigneur de Maubec and de Montlear.
 Jeane (born 1435) and,
 Gilbert IV, Lord of Saint-Romain (1440–1527). From 1474 to 1486, Gilbert was an esquire to Louis XI and Charles VIII of France. In 1490, he became maître d'hotel to Charles VIII. Gilbert married Isabeau de Polignac. Their son, Antoine (1474-1531) Seigneur of Pontgibaud, Montel de Gelat and of Rochedagoux was a knight. He became the Governor of Boulogne, Seneschal of Ll'on-Thieu and by 1515, a Grand Master of Artillery. Their daughter was Anne (1475-1524). She married Louis Lastic.

La Fayette also had a natural daughter, Louise (died 1456). In 1419, she married Jehan de La Roche who inherited the Château de Tournoël, subject to an usufruct. Jehan was killed during the Battle of Verneuil in August 1424 at age 22. Louise and Jehan had three children. In 1428, when Jehan's father, Nicolas died, Jehan's brothers claimed the Château de Tournoël from Louise, the widow. Château de Tournoël was sequestered by the seneschal until a judicial settlement occurred. In 1429, the Château de Tournoël was given to Louise and her children.

References

External links

Marshals of France
1380 births
1463 deaths
French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War
People of the Hundred Years' War
People from Auvergne
Medieval French nobility
15th-century French people
French untitled nobility

Gilbert Motier de La Fayette


Alon Cohen ((); born in Israel, 1962) is the co-founder of VocalTec Inc. (1989) and the co-inventor of the Audio Transceiver () that enabled the creation of Voice Over Networks products and eventually the VoIP industry. Cohen holds four US patents on different communications technologies. He is currently Executive VP and CTO at Phone.com.

Biography
Alon Cohen received an MBA and a BSC.EE from Tel Aviv University, both magna cum laude. He served in the Israel Defense Forces as part of the telecommunications wing.

Cohen resides in New Jersey with his wife and two sons.

Business career

In 1989, Cohen and Lior Haramaty founded VocalTec Communications Inc. in Herzliya, Israel. The tech company is the pioneer of the VoIP industry. They released the first internet phone in February 1995. He is also the inventor of the Audio Transceiver (U.S. Patent 5,825,771) that enabled the creation of Voice Over Networks products and eventually the VoIP industry. Cohen holds five US patents on communications technologies. VocalTec is the first company to provide Internet voice technology worldwide, and in 1996 was one of the earliest Internet IPOs (NASDAQ: vocl).

After leaving VocalTec, Cohen founded and managed a series of business ventures, including BitWine and RemoteAbility. He currently serves as Executive Vice President and CTO at Phone.com.

Cohen is a frequent speaker at industry conferences, serves on technical advisory boards or as a mentor of a number of companies, and has also served as an expert witness in VoIP patent litigation trials.

Cohen has an active blog where he writes about technology and innovations.

Awards and recognition

Cohen received the "VoIP Visionary Award" (2005) from Jeff Pulver's Pulvermedia and the VoIP Hall of Fame Award by TMCNET in 2015. Cohen was also named, by "The Marker", the leading Israeli business newspaper, as one of the "100 Most Influential Israelis" in Israel's High Technology history in September 2005.

Cohen represented the State of Israel in the United Nations negotiations of the ITU Study Group 16 for the development and ratification of global VoIP standards.

Cohen holds five US patents on different communications technologies, and co-authored more as part of VocalTec.

References

External links

 Executive Team at Phone.com

Israeli Jews
1962 births
Living people
21st-century Israeli inventors

Alon Cohen


Josh Kun is an American author, academic and music critic. Kun is Professor of Communication and Journalism and chair in Cross-Cultural Communication in the Annenberg School at the University of Southern California.
He also holds a joint appointment at USC's Department of American Studies and Ethnicity. He is the director of USC Annenberg's School of Communication, director of The Popular Music Project at USC Annenberg's the Norman Lear Center and co-editor of the book series "Refiguring American Music" for Duke University Press.

Kun serves on the boards of Dublab, Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, and the Latin American Cinemateca, and on the editorial boards of American Quarterly, the International Journal of Communications, and The Journal of Popular Music Studies. He has also worked as a consultant and curator with The Los Angeles Public Library, Walt Disney Concert Hall, The Autry National Center, and the Santa Monica Museum of Art. He is a 2016 MacArthur Fellow.

Biography
Josh Kun attended the Harvard School (prior to its merger with Westlake), a private university preparatory day school in Los Angeles, and then Duke University, where he received a B.A. in literature in 1993. He graduated from University of California, Berkeley, with a Ph.D. in ethnic studies. Prior to USC, he was an associate professor of English at the University of California, Riverside. His research focuses on the arts and politics of cultural connection, with an emphasis on popular music, the cultures of globalization, the US-Mexico border, and Jewish-American musical history.

In 2005, he co-founded Reboot Stereophonic, a non-profit record label dedicated to excavating lost treasures of Jewish-American music. Reboot has been featured in The New York Times and on National Public Radio. He is also a co-founder of the Idelsohn Society for Musical Preservation, which is named for Abraham Zevi Idelsohn, legendary Jewish musicologist and writer of the classic, "Hava Nagila." Idelsohn Society is committed to the belief that music creates conversations otherwise impossible in daily life. The Society's goal is to incite a new conversation about the present by listening anew to the past, focusing on stories of hybrid identities, eclectic communities, racial dialogue, and pioneering musical style, music that forces listeners to interrogate their own identities.

Dr. Kun's October 2009 exhibit "Last Exit USA" at the Steve Turner Contemporary Gallery in Los Angeles, focused on popular music exchanges between Mexico and the U.S. in the 1960s, complete with 44 album covers and two listening stations. According to the Los Angeles Times review of the exhibit, "Listening to Kun's selections is like visiting a world both familiar and strange, a sort of parallel universe that is disorienting, eye-opening, exciting."

As a critic and journalist, Kun is a regular contributor to The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Magazine, VIBE, Tu Ciudad Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Guardian, and Boston Phoenix.

Works

What is an MC If He Can't Rap to Banda? Making Music in Nuevo L.A.
What is an MC If He Can't Rap to Banda? Making Music in Nuevo L.A. is an article about cultural, especially musical, crossovers between the United States and Mexico, particularly between Los Angeles and Mexico. He analyzes the cultural implications and intersections in the song "No Hay Manera" by AKWID. To give some background, "No Hay Manera" was first popularized in 2003, and it aired on both KPWR 105.9, a popular R&B and hip-hop station in L.A., and La Que Buena (KBUE), one of Mexico's leading radio stations. The song samples brass and vocal samples from Banda El Recodo's rendition of the song "Te Lo Pido Por Favor" .

Essentially, Kun argues that "No Hay Manera" is a sufficient representation of the idea that cultural and musical hybridity is a form of authenticity, and that immigrant communities express their diaspora in an active, not passive (observatory), fashion. Firstly, Kun addresses the three musical "layers" that are contained in No Hay Manera, each addressing a different slice in time and altogether forming an authentic expression and representation of a "congealed history". More specifically, the layers form a narrative of the Mexican migration to Los Angeles and the creation of new cultural identities along the way and in Los Angeles. The three "layers" are: the original lyrics, the aforementioned sample of Banda El Recodo's rendition of "Te Lo Pido Por Favor", and the song "Te Lo Pido Por Favor" itself. The original lyrics resemble classic L.A. and Chicano hip-hop; specifically, the lyrics emulate the styles of popular L.A. MCs such as Snoop Dogg or Ice Cube, and the lyrics employ typical Spanish wordplay found in the Chicano hip-hop scene in the nineties. The sample of Banda El Recodo's rendition places a traditional Mexican musical style, banda, into a commercialized and widespread context, expressing the Mexican identity now inherent in the L.A. identity. The last layer, "Te Lo Pido Por Favor" written and recorded by Juan Gabriel in 1986, demonstrates the crossover between American and Mexican cultural elements, as Juan Gabriel, a symbol of Mexican music, was a product of both Mexican and American influences. Altogether, these layers confirm a Mexican heritage that is intertwined and mixed into the L.A. identity. Even further, the fact that these layers can be identified inside a single song and are expressed through the "young" and "individualized" medium of hiphop shows that AKWID does not engage in a passive reconnection to their Mexican heritage, but they are, in fact, creating their own, hybrid identities that contains Mexican and American elements. In this way, AKWID connects to their Mexican roots actively rather than passively, as they are creating, not observing. Hence, Kun argues that the musical layers and histories that can be identified in "No Hay Manera" demonstrate an active expression of an authentic, hybrid identity.

Awards
 Arts Writers Fellow with The Sundance Institute
 fellow of the Ucross Foundation and The Mesa Refuge
 2006 American Book Award, for Audiotopia: Music, Race, and America
 2007 Unity Award in Media, for his journalism on the US-Mexico border
 2007 finalist for Southern California Journalism Award.

Books
 Kun, J. & Montezemolo, F. (2011). Re-Assembling Tijuana: The Border City in the Age of Globalization.
 Kun, J. (2011). The Song Is Not The Same: Jews and American Popular Music. The Jewish Role in American Life Vol. 7. Annual Volume of The USC Casden Institute.
 Kun, J. & Pulido, L. (2011). Black and Brown Los Angeles: A Contemporary Reader.
 Kun, J. & Keeling, K. (2011). Special Issue on Sound: American Quarterly.
 Kun, J. & Bennett, R. (2008).
 Kun, J. (2005).

Exhibitions
 2010 Black Sabbath: The Music of Blacks and Jews. Co-curator. Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco.
 2009 Jews on Vinyl. Co-curator. Contemporary Jewish Museum (S.F.) & Skirball Cultural Center (L.A.)
 2009 Last Exit USA. Solo installation. Steve Turner Contemporary. Los Angeles, CA.

Academic publications
 Kun, J. (2011). "Playing the Fence, Listening to the Line: Sound, Sound Art, and Acoustic Politics at the US-Mexico Border." Performance in the Borderlands: A Critical Anthology. Eds. Harvey Young and Ramon Rivera-Servera. Palgrave.
 Kun, J. (2011). "The Tijuana Sound: Blues, Brass, and the Musical Borders of the 1960s." Transnational Encounters: Music and Performance at the U.S.-Mexico Border. Ed. Alejandro Madrid. Oxford University Press.
 Kun, J. (2011). "California Sueños." Boom: A Journal of California Studies. Issue 1, Volume 1. UC Press.
 Kun, J. (2011). "The Sound of '68: Notes on The Musical Legacy of Tlateloco." Kalfou. Special journal issue, "1968." University of Minnesota Press.
 Kun, J. (2010). "Black Sabbath." Liner notes essay. Black Sabbath: The Secret Musical History of Black-Jewish Relations. Idelsohn Society for Musical Preservation.
 Kun, J. (2010). "El Disco Es Cultura." The Record: Contemporary Art and Vinyl. Ed. Trevor Schoonmaker.
 Kun, J. (2010). "Tijuana and the Borders of Race." The Blackwell Companion to Los Angeles. Eds. William Deverell and Greg Hise.
 Kun, J. (2009). "Have An Hors D' Ouevrey Irvy: The Music of Jewish-American Food." Koscher & Co. Exhibition Catalog. Judisches Museum Berlin.
 Kun, J. (2009). "The Sound of the Desert Sublime." Convergence: Special Issue on "The Sonic West." Ed. Stephen Aron.
 Kun, J. (2009). "Mazel Tov, Mis Amigos." Liner notes essay. Juan Calle and His Lantzmen, Mazel Tov, Mis Amigos. Idelsohn Society for Musical Preservation.
 Kun, J. (2007). Abie the Fishman: On Masks, Birthmarks, and Hunchbacks. In E. Weisbard (Ed.), Listen Again: A Momentary History of Pop Music (pp. 50–68). Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
 Kun, J. (2005). Bagels, Bongos, and Yiddishe Mambos, or The Other History of Jews in America. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 23(4), 50–68.
 Kun, J. (2004). File under: Post-Mexico. Aztlan, 29(1), 271–277.
 Kun, J. (2004). What Is an MC If He Can't Rap to Banda? Making Music in Nuevo L.A. American Quarterly, 56(3), 741–758.
 Kun, J. (2002). Two Turntables and a Social Movement: Writing Hip-Hop at Century's End. American Literary History, 14(3), 580–592.
 Kun, J. (2002). Introduction to  by Mickey Katz.
 Kun, J. (2000). The Aural Border. Theatre Journal, 52, 1-21.

References

External links
 "Art review: Josh Kun at Steve Turner Contemporary", Los Angeles Times, October 23, 2009
 "The LAist Interview: Dr. Josh Kun", LAist, 2005.
 "Interview With Victoria Cuellar, Angeline Shaka, and Josh Kun", Hemispheric Institute of Performance [sic] and Politics, Spectacles of Religiosity, NYU, July 19, 2003
 "Conversation with Josh Kun", Pocha Nostra

University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Riverside faculty
University of Southern California faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American Book Award winners
MacArthur Fellows

Josh Kun


Christian Gregor (January 1, 1723 – November 6, 1801) was a Moravian composer and bishop.

Gregor was born to a peasant family living in the Silesian village of Dirsdorf, near Peilau and became a member of the Moravian Church when he was seventeen. He moved to Herrnhut, Germany in 1742, where he soon became organist and director of congregational music. He later served similar roles in Herrnhaag (1748) and Zeist (1749). He was ordained a Deacon in 1756, and was appointed to several administrative posts within the Moravian Church during which time he traveled extensively: Riga (1744) where he met Nicolaus Zinzendorf, North America (1770–1772), and a trip to Old Sarepta, Russia (1774) by way of Estonia, Latvia, and St. Petersburg. He was consecrated a bishop in 1789.
A translation into English of his Lebenslauf (autobiography) was completed in the 1960s.

Gregor is credited with the Moravian liturgical development of the late 18th century and the introduction of concerted anthems into worship services. Gregor edited the 1779 hymnal and the 1784 chorale book of the Unitas Fratrum. He composed several hundred musical works of which the majority are preserved in collections of the Moravian archives in Herrnhut, Germany, Christiansfeld, Denmark, and Moravian Music Foundation in the United States, as well as the University of Warsaw.

He died in Berthelsdorf, near Herrnhut, on November 6, 1801.

References

1723 births
1801 deaths
People from Dzierżoniów County
People from Austrian Silesia
German male composers
German composers

Christian Gregor


The Centre Congregational Church is a historic Congregational church on Province Road (New Hampshire Route 107) in Gilmanton, New Hampshire. Built in 1826–27, it is one of the region's best examples of a late Federal-period church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description and history
The Centre Congregational Church is located in the village center of Gilmanton, on the north side of Province Road just west of its junction with New Hampshire Route 140. It is a two-story wood-frame structure with a gable roof. Its main block is rectangular, with an unusually deep entrance pavilion topped by a full pediment and two-stage square belltower. The main entrance is a large double door flanked by paired columns, supporting an entablature and projecting cornice. It is flanked by a pair of large arched windows, and there is a recessed molded panel with a decorative swag above the doorway. The belltower's first stage is a simple square clapboarded section, and the second stage uses corner pilasters and arched louvers. The interior retains original flooring and woodwork, as well as kerosene light fixtures (although these are no longer used). Alterations include the removal of some of the original pews to make way for an organ.

The church was built in 1826-27 for a local Congregationalist congregation, created by some sort of religious division with the First Congregational Church. The building avoided the fate of similar surviving period churches, the updating of its interior during the Victorian period, because the town's population declined during that time.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Belknap County, New Hampshire

References

United Church of Christ churches in New Hampshire
Congregational churches in New Hampshire
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Churches completed in 1827
19th-century United Church of Christ church buildings
Churches in Belknap County, New Hampshire
1826 establishments in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Belknap County, New Hampshire
Gilmanton, New Hampshire

Centre Congregational Church


Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum () is a 2018 South Korean found footage horror film directed by Jung Bum-shik. Based on a real-life psychiatric hospital of the same name, it stars Wi Ha-joon, Park Ji-hyun, Oh Ah-yeon, Moon Ye-won, Park Sung-hoon, Yoo Je-yoon and Lee Seung-wook in the lead roles. The narrative centers around a horror web series crew that travels to an abandoned asylum for a live broadcast in order to garner views and publicity.

The film opened theatrically in South Korea on 28 March 2018 and in the United States on 13 April 2018. A commercial success, it also became the third most-watched horror film in South Korea after A Tale of Two Sisters and Phone. Later, it was screened at the 20th Udine Far East Film Festival.

Plot
Two boys are recording their exploration of the abandoned Gonjiam Psychiatric Hospital, where rumor states that the ping pong-loving director of the hospital killed all of the patients and went missing. The two head to Room 402, the intensive care unit, which no one has been able to open before. They try to open the door but suddenly hear a ping pong ball. Their broadcast abruptly ends but not before catching a glimpse of a ghostly face. After seeing news of the teenagers' disappearance, Ha-Joon, owner of YouTube channel "Horror Times", decides to explore the building.

Ha-Joon gets together a group of six people (three girls: Ah-Yeon, Charlotte, and Ji-Hyun; and three boys: Sung-Hoon, Seung-Wook, and Je-Yoon) for a live broadcast. Ha-Joon stays at their base camp off the road to control the broadcast while the rest of the group will go inside. It is then revealed to the audience — but not the livestream viewers or the women in the group — that Ha-Joon, Sung-Hoon and Seung-Wook have scripted out this ghost-hunting scenario just like all previous Horror Times videos, including planting scares for the viewers and women to react to. Outside, the group tie underwear to a tree as a marker. Inside, Charlotte pours holy water in a small dish to record its reactions. In the director's office, they find a group photo with all the patients and staff. Ji-Hyun and Charlotte find a doll in the lab, which they later discover has moved on its own. They see that it is the same doll held by one of the patients in the group photo. Outside, Ha-Joon experiences their campsite's propane burners turn on by themselves as well as glitches and power outages in his equipment, temporarily separating him from the group.

Je-Yoon and Ah-Yeon try to open the door to Room 402, while the other four explore the "Group Treatment Room," where there are many strange coffins with holes in them. When Ji-Hyun puts her hand in a hole, her hand is pulled and wounded. Disturbed, Ji-Hyun and Charlotte decide to abandon the project and leave the asylum. Ha-Joon reviews footage of all six participants standing together and becomes disturbed as well, unsure who filmed it if all six were in the shot. Seung-Wook and Sung-Hoon, unsettled from seeing actual paranormal activity, continue onward with their scripted investigation after receiving a promise from Ha-Joon that they will receive more pay if they do. They see a wheelchair moving by itself in the basement. Everything in the room begins to float, and both boys are knocked out by flying objects. Seung-Wook awakes and is dragged away by an invisible force.

Outside, Charlotte and Ji-Hyun encounter the underwear marker more than once, revealing that they are somehow going in circles. Ji-Hyun goes into a trance and her eyes open completely black. Frightened, Charlotte flees toward the base camp but finds herself back at the asylum in Room 402. Ji-Hyun is in a corner with the doll. Charlotte looks down to see the doll from earlier on her foot. A naked man appears and Charlotte is attacked and pulled into the darkness.

Sung-Hoon wakes and runs to Je-Yoon and Ah-Yeon, who are still trying to open the door to Room 402. Sung-Hoon informs them (and now the live audience) that previous things were scripted but now that real paranormal forces have attacked them, they need to rescue Seung-Wook. Suddenly, a ping-pong ball bounces toward them and Charlotte's screaming is heard from inside Room 402. The infra-red cameras start to flash, detecting a presence. Room 402 opens and the screen goes dark.

Sung-Hoon, Je-Yoon, and Ah-Yeon find themselves in a dark room with no exit, standing in knee-deep water. Numerous ghosts appear and they are possessed one after the other and eventually swallowed by the darkness. Ha-Joon, seeing his view count nearly reaching 1 million views, goes to investigate and gets strangled to death, seemingly by the ghost of the director herself. The last one remaining, Seung-Wook, awakens and finds himself strapped to a wheelchair and is the final one to be pulled into Room 402.

The epilogue shows that despite everyone's continued broadcast, the livestream had actually cut off after Sung-Hoon admitted the stream was supposed to be scripted. The viewers, none the wiser, mock the failed stream. Additionally, the view count had only peaked at 503 viewers instead of the near-million that Ha-Joon saw on his monitor. In the final scene, the dish of holy water starts to boil.

Cast
 Wi Ha-joon as Ha-Joon
 Park Ji-hyun as Ji-Hyun
 Oh Ah-yeon as Ah-Yeon
 Moon Ye-won as Charlotte
 Park Sung-hoon as Sung-Hoon
 Yoo Je-yoon as Je-Yoon
 Lee Seung-wook as Seung-Wook
 Park Ji-a as Hospital Director / Director's Ghost

Production
The film takes place in the former Gonjiam Psychiatric Hospital in Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province, purportedly one of Korea's most haunted locations. In 2012, CNN Travel selected it as one of "7 freakiest places on the planet."

Most of the scenes in the film were filmed in the National Maritime High School in Busan, with the production team adhering closely to the floor plan of the actual hospital to recreate exactly the same exterior and hallways.

Controversy
Before the release of the film, the owner of the asylum filed a lawsuit against the film being shown in theaters, claiming that the film will have negative effects on the sale of the building. However, a Seoul court in late March 2018 ruled in favor of the film being shown. On 28 May 2018 Gonjiam Psychiatric Hospital was demolished.

Release
The film released in South Korea on 28 March 2018.

In April 2018, just days after the film was released, actor Lee Seung-wook who made his debut with the film announced his departure from the entertainment industry. The actor, who was reportedly absent from promotional activities for the film, cited personal reasons for the decision.

Reception
Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum came in first at the domestic box office on March 28, 2018, alongside the openings of Hollywood film Ready Player One and local film Seven Years of Night, collecting  from 198,369 admissions. Remaining at the top spot for the next four days, the film earned  from 1.37 million admissions in its opening weekend and accounted for 40% of the total weekend box office receipts, the biggest March opening ever achieved by a Korean film.

After three weekends, Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum  has attracted near to 2.6 million viewers and accumulated  in box office takings, the second biggest gross for a Korean horror film, behind 2003's A Tale of Two Sisters.

Aedan Juvet of Bleeding Cool claimed the film "mastered" found footage horror, naming it amongst some of the best of its genre. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that  of critics have given the film a positive review based on  reviews, with an average rating of .

Awards and nominations

See also
 Grave Encounters, a 2011 Canadian film with a similar setup
 Guimoon: The Lightless Door, a 2021 horror film with a similar setup

References

External links

 Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum at Naver Movies

2018 films
South Korean horror films
2018 horror films
2010s ghost films
Camcorder films
Films about filmmaking
Films about spirit possession
Films set in abandoned buildings and structures
Films set in psychiatric hospitals
Films set in Seoul
Films shot in Seoul
Found footage films
Showbox films
South Korean supernatural horror films
Warner Bros. films
2010s South Korean films

Gonjiam: Haunted Asylum


Ek Saudagar is a 1985 Hindi film which starred Rajinikanth and Sharat Saxena.

Plot
Kishore (Rajinikanth) is a dedicated union worker for several years. Since the employees are concerned about their working conditions and wages, he represents them diligently. He meets with the new manager of his organization, Shanti, and both fall in love. Both meet the approval of their respective families, and are married. For sometime both live in harmony. But soon dark clouds form over their heads, as Kishore must head a workers' strike, and Shanti opposes him.

Cast
 Rajinikanth as kishore
 Sharat Saxena as Madhu

References

External links

1985 films
1980s Hindi-language films

Ek Saudagar


Arandaspida is a taxon of very early, jawless prehistoric fish which lived during the Ordovician period.  Arandaspids represent the oldest known craniates, a proposed group of chordates that contain all chordates with a cartilage-derived skull (i.e., lampreys, armored agnathans, and gnathostomes), and hagfish. The group represents a subclass within the class Pteraspidomorphi, and contains only one order, the Arandaspidiformes. The oldest known genus of this group is Sacabambaspis found in South America.

Characteristics
The head armor of arandaspids is elongated, fusiform, with a rather flat dorsal shield, and a bulging ventral shield. In the anterior part of the dorsal shield are two closely set holes, which have been thought to be a paired pineal opening, but which are more likely the external openings of the endolymphatic ducts.

The eyes, surrounded by a sclerotic ring, are housed in a notch at the anterior end of the dorsal shield. The nostrils are not clearly located, but may have been situated between the eyes. Ventrally, the ventral lip of the mouth is armed with long series of small oral plates which recall those of heterostracans.

The gill openings are probably numerous (more than 15) and minute. They opened between the diamond-shaped platelets which separate the dorsal from the ventral shield.

The body is covered with rod-shaped scales arranged in chevrons, and the tail is probably pad-shaped and diphycercal. The dermal bones of arandaspids consist of aspidine (acellular bone) and are ornamented with oakleaf-shaped tubercles which seem to contain no dentine. The sensory-lines were housed in narrow grooves between the tubercles.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy based on the work of Mikko's Phylogeny Archive, Nelson, Grande and Wilson 2016 and van der Laan 2018.
 Order †Arandaspidiformes Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977
 Family †Aseraspididae Halstead 1993
 Genus †Aseraspis Dineley & Loeffler 1976
 Family †Arandaspididae Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 [Porophoraspididae Halstead 1993; Sacabambaspidae]
 Genus †Andinaspis Gagnier, 1991 non Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977
 Genus †Apedolepis Young, 1997
 Genus †Arandaspis Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977
 Genus †Areyongalepis Young, 2000
 Genus †Pircanchaspis Erdtmann et al., 2000
 Genus †Porophoraspis Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977
 Genus †Ritchieichthys Sansom et al., 2013
 Genus †Sacabambaspis Gagnier, Blieck & Rodrico, 1986

See also
Astraspida
Heterostraci

References

Pteraspidomorphi
Ordovician jawless fish
Vertebrate subclasses
Early Ordovician first appearances
Late Ordovician extinctions

de:Pteraspidomorphi#Arandaspida

Arandaspida


Alice Hinda Lichtenstein is an American professor and researcher in nutrition and heart disease. In 2006, Shape magazine named Lichtenstein one of ten "Women Who Shaped the World". In 2019, Tamar Haspel called her a "grande dame of nutrition."

Education
Lichtenstein earned a B.S. in nutrition from Cornell University, M.S. in Nutrition from the Pennsylvania State University, and M.S. and D.Sc. in nutritional biochemistry from Harvard University. She completed her post-doctoral training at the Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine.

Positions
Lichtenstein is the Stanley N. Gershoff Professor of Nutrition Science and Policy at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy of Tufts University. She is also director and senior scientist of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and professor of medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine.

Lichtenstein is currently a member of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences. She served on multiple National Academy of Sciences committees, most recently the Review of Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. She is executive editor of the Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter.

Research interests
Lichtenstein has spent her research career assessing the interplay between diet and heart disease risk factors. In her capacity as director of the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Lichtenstein oversees research projects on a wide range of nutrition and cardiovascular disease related topics. Her research interests have included trans fatty acids; soy protein and isoflavones; sterol and stanol esters; modified vegetable oils with different fatty acid profiles, glycemic indexes and biomarkers of nutrient and food intake. Investigations have been conducted in animal models, cell systems, humans, and in population-based studies. Systematic review methods are also applied to the field of nutrition.

Diet guidelines for Americans
Lichtenstein was vice-chair of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. She also served on the 2000 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. This committee develops a scientific report that informs the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Lichtenstein is the primary author of the American Heart Association's Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations, and served on the task forces on practice guidelines for the 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology's Guideline on the Treatment Of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults and Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk.

Popular press
Lichtenstein is a frequent contributor to the media, which can sometimes struggle to report nutrition stories accurately when the science is preliminary. For example, she provided a cautionary note to The New York Times when a 2014 meta-analysis found that saturated fat was not implicated in heart disease. She told Anahad O'Connor that it would be unfortunate if the study resulted in people eating too much butter and cheese. NPR said she wrote a letter to the editor at The New York Times correcting Mark Bittman when he announced that "Butter Is Back" and that she cited a 2013 review by the American Heart Association that recommends limiting saturated fat. And she explained for The Washington Post that it would be a shame if people overconsumed grass-fed beef in the false hope that it contains a generous amount of omega-3 fatty acids when in fact it contains very little. She gave a summary of the 2015 scientific report for the U.S. dietary guidelines to Hari Sreenivasan for PBS Newshour.

Publications
Lichtenstein is the author of nearly four hundred peer-reviewed articles and numerous book chapters.

In 2005 she co-authored Strong Women, Strong Hearts with Miriam E. Nelson and Lawrence Lindner. She is associate editor of the Journal of Lipid Research.

Awards and honors
In 2018 Lichtenstein received the Alumni Award of Merit from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and the Supelco Research Award from the American Oil Chemists Society, the first woman to receive the award since its inception in 1968. She received an Honorary Lifetime Membership Award in Recognition of Extraordinary Expertise and Contributions to Clinical Lipidology from the National Lipid Association, and was elected as a Fellow of the American Society for Nutrition. In 2019 she received the Conrad A. Elvehjem Award for Public Service in Nutrition from the American Society for Nutrition. She has numerous other awards dating back to the 1970s, including an honorary Ph.D. in 2005, from the University of Eastern Finland.

References

External links
 Alice H Lichtenstein - Tufts faculty directory
 PubMed - Lichtenstein+AH

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American food scientists
Cornell University College of Human Ecology alumni
Pennsylvania State University College of Health and Human Development alumni
Harvard University alumni
Tufts University faculty

Alice H. Lichtenstein


Carmen up to Data is a musical burlesque with a score written by Meyer Lutz. Set in Seville, the piece was a spoof of Bizet's 1875 opera Carmen. The libretto was written by G. R. Sims and Henry Pettitt.

After a tryout in Liverpool in September 1890, the piece premiered at the Gaiety Theatre, London, on 4 October 1890, produced by George Edwardes. It starred Florence St. John in the title role, Letty Lind as Mercedes, Jenny Dawson as Escamillo, Maria Jones as Michaela, Blanche Massey as Morales, Horace Mills as Remendado, E. J. Lonnen as José and Arthur Williams as Captain Zuniga.

The piece was a success and toured throughout the English-speaking world, reaching Australia by 1892.

Background
Bizet's Carmen had first been produced in English in London in 1878 at Her Majesty's Theatre, starring Selina Dolaro and Durward Lely. An earlier burlesque of Carmen, called Carmen: or, Sold for a Song, by Robert Reece, had also been produced at the Folly Theatre in 1879, and several other burlesques followed. Burlesque of opera or classical works was popular in Britain from the 1860s to the 1880s. Other examples at the Gaiety include The Bohemian G-yurl and the Unapproachable Pole (1877), Blue Beard (1882), Ariel (1883, by F. C. Burnand), Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed (1883), Little Jack Sheppard (1885), Monte Cristo Jr. (1886), Miss Esmeralda (1887), Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim (1887), Mazeppa, Faust up to Date (1888), Ruy Blas and the Blasé Roué (1888), Cinder Ellen up too Late (1891), and Don Juan (1892, with lyrics by Adrian Ross).

John Hollingshead managed the Gaiety Theatre from 1868 to 1886 as a venue for variety, continental operetta, light comedy, and numerous musical burlesques composed or arranged by the theatre's music director, Wilhelm Meyer Lutz. Hollingshead called himself a "licensed dealer in legs, short skirts, French adaptations, Shakespeare, taste and musical glasses."  In 1886, Hollingshead ceded the management of the theatre to George Edwardes, whom he had hired in 1885.  Edwardes expanded the burlesque format from one act to full-length pieces with original music by Lutz, instead of scores compiled from popular tunes, and choreography by the theatre's dance-master, John D'Auban.  Nellie Farren, as the theatre's "principal boy," and Fred Leslie starred at the Gaiety for over 20 years.  Leslie wrote many of its pieces under his pseudonym, "A. C. Torr".  In the early 1890s, as Burlesque went out of fashion, Edwardes changed the focus of the theatre from musical burlesque to the new genre of Edwardian musical comedy.

Critical reception
In the December 1890 issue of Punch magazine, the reviewer wrote, "In calling their burlesque Carmen up to Data possibly the two dear clever boys who wrote it intended some crypto-jocosity of which the hidden meaning is known only to the initiated in these sublime mysteries. Why 'Data'?  On the other hand, 'Why not?' However attractive or not as a heading in a bill of the play, the Gaiety Carmen is, on the whole, a merry, bright, and light burlesque-ish piece."

References
 Adams, William Davenport. A dictionary of the drama (1904) Chatto & Windus
 Hollingshead, John. Good Old Gaiety: An Historiette & Remembrance (1903) London: Gaiety Theatre Co

Notes

External links
Photo of E. J. Lonnen in the piece
New York Times review
Sketches of the production
Information about Burlesque from the PeoplePlay UK website
Poster and further information from the PeoplePlay UK website
Images of the characters

Musicals by Meyer Lutz
1890 musicals
West End musicals
Musicals based on operas
Musicals set in Spain
Carmen
Works by George Robert Sims

Carmen up to Data


Ahaziah (, "Yah has grasped"; also , Ochozias in the Septuagint and the Douai-Rheims translation) was the eighth king of the northern Kingdom of Israel and the son of Ahab and Jezebel. Like his father, he reigned from Samaria. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 850–849 BC, while E. R. Thiele offers the dates 853–852 BC.

The author of the Books of Kings criticized him for following the ways of his father Ahab and his mother Jezebel, and for making Israel sin "in the way of Jeroboam the son of Nebat". Biblical commentator Albert Barnes notes that the phrase "in the way of his mother" does not occur anywhere else in the Hebrew Bible, and demonstrates the strong feeling of the writer of the Books of Kings as to the influence of Jezebel.

Reign

During his reign the Moabites revolted against his authority (). This event is recorded on the Mesha stele, an extensive inscription written in the Moabite language.

Ahaziah formed a business partnership with Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, in order to construct a fleet of trading ships. However, because Jehoshaphat had made an alliance with Ahaziah (who was doing the same evil as Ahab and Jezebel, his father and mother, in the kingdom of Israel) the ships were wrecked and never set sail.

His messengers, sent to consult Baal-Zebub (the god of prophecy in Ekron) regarding his recovery from the effects of a fall from the roof-gallery of his palace, were met on the way by Elijah, who sent them back to tell the king that, for his deeds and for seeking a god that was not the God of Israel, he would never rise from his bed (; ). According to the Second Book of Kings, he did not recover from his injuries and died.

Having no son, Ahaziah was succeeded as king of Israel by Joram, his younger brother.

Ancestors
These are ancestors of Ahaziah according to the Bible.

References

External links

9th-century BC Kings of Israel
Accidental deaths from falls
Omrides
Children of Ahab

Ahaziah of Israel


Fault grading is a procedure that rates testability by relating the number of fabrication defects that can in fact be detected with a test vector set under consideration to the total number of conceivable faults.

It is used for refining both the test circuitry and the test patterns iteratively, until a satisfactory fault coverage is obtained.

See also
 Automatic test pattern generation
 Design for Test

References

Hardware testing

Fault grading


Apedale Community Country Park is a  country park in the borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England. The park is unusual for the area as it was previously an opencast mine.

The area has a long history of mining, with the nearby former collieries at Silverdale and Holditch also having been redeveloped for other uses.

The park is considered by administration as a form of compensation to the residents of the area for the large amount of development that has taken place over recent years. The shallow mine at Holditch was redeveloped into a business park and an industrial estate, which led to significant capital gains for Staffordshire County Council. The amelioration of the park was part paid for out of these receipts.

Within the park is the Apedale Heritage Centre. The adjoining Moseley Railway Trust is currently running the first phase of the  narrow gauge Apedale Valley Light Railway extending further into the parkland. There is a series of tracks, waymarked routes and self-guided trails.

The country park is also the home of Newcastle Countryside Project and is bordered by the communities of Silverdale, Chesterton, Knutton and Cross Heath.

References

External links
Staffordshire County Council
Moseley Railway Trust
Apedale Heritage Centre

Country parks in Staffordshire
Tourist attractions in Staffordshire
Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme

Apedale Community Country Park


Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is an amino acid, representing an epsilon-carboxy derivative of lysine.

DAP is a characteristic of certain cell walls of some bacteria. DAP is often found in the peptide linkages of NAM-NAG chains that make up the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. When provided, they exhibit normal growth. When in deficiency, they still grow but with the inability to make new cell wall peptidoglycan.

This is also the attachment point for Braun's lipoprotein.

See also
 Aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in DAP synthesis
 Peptidoglycan
 Pimelic acid

Images

References

Alpha-Amino acids
Dicarboxylic acids
Non-proteinogenic amino acids

Diaminopimelic acid


Gregg Cagno is an American songwriter and touring performer in the singer-songwriter and folk genres.

Career
Born in 1969, Cagno grew up in Clinton, New Jersey and now lives in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He is a 2006 ASCAP award winner in the folk category, and was a finalist in the Kerrville Folk Festival's prestigious New Folk competition. Cagno has performed throughout North America in venues including The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts' Millennium Stage, Godfrey Daniels, Club Passim, Eddie's Attic, and Falcon Ridge Folk Festival. He currently records for Black Potatoe Records.

Mostly appearing solo, Cagno is sometimes accompanied by Karl Dietel on keys, violinist Carol Sharar, or Jimmy Heffernan on Dobro. In addition to performing, Cagno has taught songwriting and guitar workshops for the NJ State Teen Arts Festival and Young Composers festival.

Cagno's song "In Her Own Eyes" (co-written with Robert Meitus) is in the Smithsonian Folkways Recordings archives with the fast folk catalog. The title track of his first CD "Backroad Driver" was featured on NPR's Car Talk. His tune "Just the three of us" was an award winner at the 2002 South Florida Folk Festival.

Cagno learned his craft, and perfected his smooth baritone voice, as a teenager playing and volunteering at the Godfrey Daniels stage in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He began playing out regularly while a student at Rutgers University, and became a core of New Jersey's flourishing acoustic scene in the early 1990s (loosely centered on musician Spook Handy's weekly open mikes at New Brunswick's Corner Tavern). It was during this time that he met and began occasionally performing with Linda Sharar. After college, Cagno moved to Hoboken, New Jersey and quickly established himself as a leading figure in what was then one of the most important alt music scenes in America.

In 1995, Cagno teamed up with Sharar and Christian Bauman (Cagno and Bauman attended North Hunterdon High School together) and the bands The Marys, Big Happy Crowd and The Amazing Incredibles to create the musical collective Camp Hoboken. The name Camp Hoboken came from Cagno's regular camping spot at the Falcon Ridge Folk Festival. The artists collaborated on songs and performances until 1999, and released two recordings. Sharar, Cagno, and Bauman often toured under the Camp Hoboken name, frequently with the late Rachel Bissex. In interviews with National Public Radio and on Vin Scelsa's Idiot's Delight, Bauman said that the Camp Hoboken era was the basis for his third novel "In Hoboken" (2008) and that the character of James was loosely based on Gregg Cagno.

Discography
 Backroad Driver (1994)
 Tales From Sixth & Clinton (1997)
 Present Moment Days (2000)
 Simple Gifts (2002)
 Worth The Wait (2014)

References

External links
 Official website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American folk guitarists
North Hunterdon High School alumni
People from Clinton, New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
American folk musicians
Fast Folk artists

Gregg Cagno


Waldemar Theodor Ager (March 23, 1869 – August 1, 1941) was a Norwegian-American newspaperman and author.

Early life
Waldemar Theodor Ager was born at Fredrikstad, in Østfold, Norway. He grew up nearby in Gressvik, just across the Glomma River. He was the son of  Martinius Mathisen Ager (1834–1894) and Marie Fredrikke Mathea Johnsdatter Stillaugsen (1835–1913). Today, the street he lived on in Gressvik is named Waldemar Agers Vei in honor and in memory of Ager. In 1883, Ager's father emigrated to America by himself to start a tailoring shop. In 1885,  Waldemar Ager and his family went to join his father in Chicago.

Not long after his arrival in America, Ager and got his start in the newspaper business by becoming involved with Norden,  Chicago's largest-circulation Norwegian-language newspaper. He never held any high position at that newspaper, but it got him his start in the business. When Ager first arrived in America, he encountered a vibrant, thriving Norwegian-American community. Use of the Norwegian language was widespread. Hundreds of small-circulation Norwegian-language newspapers and dozens of large circulation Norwegian-language newspapers were in operation from Michigan to the Dakotas and everywhere Norwegian immigrants were living. At the time, the Norwegian-American community was constantly being reinforced by new immigrants from Norway.

Norwegian-American cultural and linguistic retention were at their height from the 1890s-1910s. Over a million Americans spoke Norwegian as their primary language in those three decades. It is estimated that over 3,000 Lutheran churches in the Upper Midwest used Norwegian as their sole language of worship. It is to the retention of this Norwegian-American culture that Waldemar Ager dedicated much of the rest of his life. He also championed many liberal political causes including women's suffrage, various farmer and labor movements, and prohibition.

Prohibitionist
Prohibition was very popular in the Norwegian-American community and Ager became one of the leaders of the movement. Ager personally helped form hundreds of total abstinence societies and Good Templar lodges across the Upper Midwest. Ager's prohibitionist beliefs and his fledgling newspaper career crossed paths for the first time when he became involved with a Norwegian temperance lodge in Chicago in the late 1880s. The lodge had a small-circulation monthly newspaper, and Ager began writing articles for it. Ager remained a teetotaler his entire life, before, during, and after the decade-long period of Prohibition in the United States.

Newspaper editor and writer
Ager's newspaper career began in earnest when, at the age of 23, he moved to Eau Claire, Wisconsin, after being offered a job at a Norwegian temperance newspaper called Reform. Ager was associated with Reform (both the newspaper and literal reform), for the rest of his life. The editor of Reform died in 1903 and Ager took over the position. Eventually Ager came to own the paper. Reform folded shortly after Ager's death in 1941.

In addition to his long newspaper career, Ager penned six novels and numerous collections of short stories. Although he never achieved the commercial success of his friend, Ole Edvart Rølvaag, Ager's body of work is thought to be on many levels, comparable with and sometimes superior to that of Rølvaag. A humorist in the tradition of Mark Twain, Ager specialized in character sketches, and dramatizing the tragicomic plight of the Norwegian immigrant.  Some of his more important works, translated into English, are Christ before Pilate, On The Way to The Melting Pot, Sons of The Old Country, and I Sit Alone.

Ager was also a popular orator, traveling the stump circuit for much of his career, speaking wherever Norwegian-Americans gathered.  For Syttende Mai in 1916, Ager shared a platform with William Jennings Bryan. The city of Eau Claire meant more to Ager than just a career. It was here that Ager met a  Norwegian immigrant girl from Tromsø, Norway, named Gurolle Blestren. Ager and Blestren married and raised nine children in a home that still stands near Half Moon Lake in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. The house, now known as the Brady Anderson and Waldemar Ager House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been designated a Literary Landmark by the National Association of Friends of Public Libraries.

Selected bibliography
Kristus for Pilatus. En Norsk-Amerikansk Fortælling (1910) (translation titled "Christ before Pilate: An American Story", published in 1924)
Oberst Heg og hans Gutter (1916) (translation by Della Kittleson Catuna, Clarence A. Clausen titled "Colonel Heg and His Boys", published in 2000)
Paa Veien til Smeltepotten (1917) (translation by Harry T. Cleven as "On the Way to the Melting Pot", published in 1995)
Gamlelandets Sønner (1926) (translation by Trygve Ager as "Sons of the Old Country", published in 1983)
Hundeøine (1929) (translation by Charles Wharton Stork as "I Sit Alone", published in 1931)

References

Other sources
Haugen, Einar (1989) Immigrant Idealist: A Literary Biography of Waldemar Ager, (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association)
Øverland, Orm (1996) The Western Home - A Literary History of Norwegian America (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association)
Gulliksen, Øyvind T. (2004) Twofold Identities: Norwegian-American Contributions to Midwestern Literature (Peter Lang International Academic Publishers)
Thaler, Paul (1998) Norwegian Minds-- American Dreams: Ethnic Activism Among Norwegian-American Intellectuals (University of Delaware Press)

External links
 Ager House
 Articles on Ager

20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Wisconsin Prohibitionists
American Lutherans
1869 births
1941 deaths
American male journalists
Writers from Fredrikstad
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American male novelists
American humorists
American male short story writers
Novelists from Wisconsin
Journalists from Wisconsin
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers

Waldemar Ager


The Dick Cheney hunting incident happened on February 11, 2006, when then U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney shot Harry Whittington, a 78-year-old Texas attorney, while participating in a quail hunt on a ranch in Kenedy County, Texas. Both Cheney and Whittington called the incident an accident.

On February 14, 2006, Whittington suffered a non-fatal heart attack and atrial fibrillation due to at least one lead-shot pellet lodged in or near his heart. Cheney did not speak publicly about the incident until February 15 in an interview with Fox News. Early reports indicated that Cheney and Whittington were friends and that the injuries were minor.  Whittington has since told the Washington Post that he and Cheney were not close friends but acquaintances and has not said if Cheney apologized.

References

2006 in the United States
2000s in Texas

Dick Cheney hunting incident


Valle del Cauca, or Cauca Valley (), is a department in western Colombia abutting the Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Santiago de Cali. Other cities such as Buenaventura, Buga, Cartago, Palmira and Tuluá have great economical, political, social and cultural influence on the department's life. Valle del Cauca has the largest number of independent (i.e., nonmetropolitan) towns with over 100,000 inhabitants in the country, counting six within its borders. Buenaventura has the largest and busiest seaport in Colombia, moving about 8,500,000 tons of merchandise annually.

Geography

The department of Valle del Cauca is located in the western part of the country, between 3° 5′ N and 5° 1′ N latitude and 75° 42′ W and 77° 33′ W longitude. It borders the departments of Risaralda and Quindío to the north, Cauca to the south, Tolima to the east, and Chocó and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The valley is geographically bounded by the Cordillera Central and Occidental and is watered by numerous rivers that empty into the Cauca River. The department is divided into four zones: the Pacific Fringe, which is humid and mostly jungle; the western mountain range, also humid and full of jungle, heavily deforested because of the paper industry; the Andean valley of the Cauca River, whose surrounding lands are the most fertile in the country; and the western ridge of the Cordillera Central. Valle del Cauca also administers Malpelo Island in the Pacific.

History

Prehistory

Hunter-gatherer societies
Palynological analyses performed by experts have determined that during the Superior Pleistocene some 40,000–10,500 years ago, the valleys of El Dorado and Alto Calima had Andean forests and sub-Andean vegetation. The discovery of projectiles indicated that there were communities of hunter-gatherers at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene. The extinction of the Pleistocenic megafauna in the beginning of the Holocene forced humans to adapt to their new environment, becoming hunter-gatherers. In the lower basin of the Calima River (Sauzalito River, El Recreo River, and El Pital River), archaeologists found the oldest traces of hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Valley of the Cauca River. According to these, in 5000 BC these societies already had some level of primitive agriculture and cultivated maize. There is little information about the years between 3000 and 1500 BC.

Ancient agricultural–pottery societies (1500 BC – 600 AD)
In 1500 BC the first agricultural–pottery society, the Ilama culture, appeared, extending along the Calima River (in what is now the towns of Restrepo and Darién). Its society had a social structure of cacicazgos ("chiefdoms") that prevailed until the arrival of the Spaniards. The Ilama economy was based on migratory agriculture using maize, yuca, and beans; hunting; fishing; textile manufacturing; and metallurgy. The chief or cacique was the head of the settlement and had chamanes ("spiritual leaders"), warriors, farmers, hunters, pottery men, and goldsmiths. By 100 AD, the Ilama had developed into the Yotoco, whom expanded the region of the Ilama further, down the Cauca River to the Pacific Ocean, and southward to the present-day region of Santiago de Cali (Cali).

The Yotoco were a highly stratified society, headed by caciques, who managed several settlements. They existed in the region until around 1200 AD. A rising population forced them to develop effective agricultural systems to meet food demand, which improved pottery and metalworking techniques. Yotoco agriculture — based on maize, yuca, beans, arracacha, and achiote, among other foods - was more diverse than that of the Ilama. The Yotoco experienced a decline beginning in the 6th century AD.

Pre-Columbian agricultural–pottery societies (600–1600)
This archeological period is called the Late Period and is divided into Late Period I (6th to 13th centuries) and Late Period II (14th to 16th centuries). In Late Period I the Valle del Cauca region was inhabited by the early Sonso culture, Bolo, Sachamate, and La Llanada. During Late Period II the region was inhabited by the late Sonso culture, Pichinde, Buga, and Quebrada Seca. Their development is attributed to population growth. Almost all the settlers in the area became subject to the rule of one main cacique.

Arrival of the Spanish and conquest

The first 67 Spanish explorers arrived in the area after founding the village of Popayán, in an expedition from Quito headed by Sebastián de Belalcázar. In the Valle del Cauca the explorers founded the village of Villa de Ampudia, named after one of them, Juan de Ampudia. By orders of Belalcázar the village was then moved to the Riviera of the Cauca River, within the Gorrones indigenous people's territory. In 1536, a Captain Muñoz ordered the city to be moved to the Valley, where the Village of Cali was founded on 25 July of that same year. Another Spanish explorer, , coming from the village of Cartagena de Indias, entered Cali on 23 December 1538 with a second group of explorers, but he returned to Cartagena, leaving many of his men behind including Pedro Cieza de León. A third group of explorers, led by Admiral Jorge Robledo under orders of , advanced to the North of the Valle del Cauca and founded the villages of Anserma (now part of Caldas Department; 15 August 1539), Cartago (9 August 1540), and Antioquia (25 November 1541), and under command of Pascual de Andagoya who came from Panama to Cali with a fourth group of explorers.

Department of Valle del Cauca
 The Department of Valle del Cauca was created by decree number 340 on April 16, 1910, which created 12 other departments in Colombia. The Valle del Cauca Department was a result of the union of four former departments: Cartago, Buga, and Cali.

Government
The government of Valle del Cauca is similar to the central government of Colombia, which has three branches of power: executive, legislative, and judicial, along with various control agencies with oversight capacity. The executive branch in Valle del Cauca is represented by the governor, the legislative branch is represented by the department assembly and its deputies, and the judicial branch is represented by four department-wide court systems: the Superior Tribunal of Cali, the Penal Court of the Circuit of Cali, the Administrative Tribunal of Valle del Cauca, and the Superior Military Tribunal for military cases. Valle del Cauca has 42 municipalities, each with a mayor, who is a popularly elected representative of the governor.

Administrative divisions

Municipalities

Alcalá
Andalucía
Ansermanuevo
Argelia
Bolívar
Buenaventura
Buga
Bugalagrande
Caicedonia
Cali
Calima
Candelaria
Cartago
Dagua
El Águila
El Cairo
El Cerrito
El Dovio
Florida
Ginebra
Guacarí
Jamundí
La Cumbre
La Union
La Victoria
Obando
Palmira
Pradera
Restrepo
Riofrío
Roldanillo
San Pedro
Sevilla
Toro
Trujillo
Tuluá
Ulloa
Versalles
Vijes
Yotoco
Yumbo
Zarzal

Department's agencies and institutions

Universidad del Valle (University – Multiple Campuses) : Univalle is one of the largest and most respected universities in Colombia. It is entirely funded by the government.
 Hospital Universitario (University Health Centre)] : The University Health Centre of Valle located in the heart of Cali is designated as a level 4 hospital, the highest level in the national ranking system. Its E.R and traumatology centres are ranked among the country's busiest and most well trained.
Acuavalle (Department's water management and rural water supply Agency)
Bellas Artes (Fine Arts School): Until the 80's it was Colombia's most admired Arts School. Due to funding reductions and other problems, its influence gradually disappeared.
Beneficiencia del Valle (Department's Lottery): Currently, the biggest prize awarded is $1,200,000,000 COP (about US$500,000). In the Colombian system, regional lottery agencies run their own programs and prizes. Departments' budgets are largely funded by lottery agencies transfers.
Infivalle (Department's financial agency)
Indervalle (Department's sports Institution)
Industria de Licores (Department's Liquor Company): Aguardiente Blanco del Valle is the main product made by the company.
Telepacifico (Regional TV channel)
Incolballet (School of Ballet of Colombia)
Bibliovalle (Libraries Network) : The department runs a network of libraries in municipalities with no resources to run their own. The Central Department's library is located in Cali into the Rodrigo Lloreda Caicedo Science Center.

Economy

Valle del Cauca has a diversified economy. Its valley contains sugarcane, cotton, soy, and sorghum crops, and there are coffee crops in the mountains. The department is known for its sugar industry, which provides sugar to the markets of the rest of the country and nearby countries. The sugar is obtained from the large sugar cane plantations, which were introduced to the department by Sebastián de Belalcázar. The production by the city of Yumbo also stands out, where several companies are found, most prominently the paper and cement businesses. The port at Buenaventura is Colombia's main port on the Pacific coast, allowing for the import and export of goods, and is of great importance for the economy of both the department and the country.

Demographics

More than 80% of the population lives in cities or towns. The coverage of public services is among the highest in the country, with electrical power and education standing out the most.

Population

The capital of the department is Santiago de Cali, with approximately 2,800,000 inhabitants. It is made up of 42 municipalities, the most populous being, from north to south, Cartago (famous for its craftsmanship, embroidery, and the Casa del Virrey, "House of the Viceroy"), Roldanillo (location of the museum containing works by the artist Omar Rayo), Tuluá (located in the center of the department), Yumbo (an industrial center with more than 2,000 industries), Ginebra, Palmira, Buga, and Jamundí.

The population of nonmetropolitan towns with over 100,000 inhabitants is as follows (capital in italics):

Culture

Architecture

The Cauca Valley was historically a place dedicated to cattle and agricultural activities. For this reason, the region has not developed an artistic and European-influenced architectural style, as the relative near city of Popayán, located in the department of Cauca; instead, the department generates simple and pragmatic constructions, with a few exceptions. The material of the colonial constructions was basically of wood and bricks, with some use of stones.

Cuisine

The food most closely associated with the department is sancocho de gallina, a stew made with an old hen, potatoes, yucca, corn, and other ingredients; the characteristic flavor comes from a herb called cimarrón or recao (Eryngium foetidum).

References

External links

 City Population Colombia
 Gobernación del Valle del Cauca (Spanish)
 Alcaldía de Santiago de Cali (Spanish)
 Cali es Cali (Spanish)

Departments of Colombia
States and territories established in 1910
1910 establishments in Colombia

Valle del Cauca Department


Chorlton-on-Medlock is a district of Manchester in England. It is south of the city centre. The northern border is the river Medlock. It is sometimes mistaken for Chorlton-cum-Hardy, a different place in Manchester. The main campuses of the University of Manchester and the Manchester Metropolitan University are in Chorlton-on-Medlock. A group of hospitals including the Manchester Royal Infirmary and hospitals for women, children and the treatment of diseases of the eyes is also in the district. Famous residents of Chorlton-on-Medlock include Lloyd George, Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Gaskell.

Districts of Manchester

Chorlton-on-Medlock


Ronald Godfrey (1887–1968), full name Henry Ronald Godfrey, was an English motor car design engineer of the first half of the 20th century possibly best known for his successful Singer-engined  H R G thoroughbred sports cars built between 1935 and 1956.

Apprenticeship
Born near London, Ron met Archie Nash at London's Finsbury Technical School and after obtaining his City & Guilds diploma in Mechanical Engineering he completed an apprenticeship at Willans & Robinson in Rugby, Warwickshire where the slightly younger Archie soon followed him to do the same training.

G N
Godfrey and Nash then got together to produce the GN cycle car. A light-weight 90 degree Vee-twin-cylinder car first sold in 1911, it stayed in production through 1922. Ron Godfrey's major contribution was his design of the engine.

H R Godfrey Motors
When Archie Nash left the company in 1922 to form Frazer-Nash Godfrey left to provide a repair business H R Godfrey Motors to supply GN spares. They also offered rebuilds. This enterprise formed the basis of his partnership with Stuart Proctor, with whom he formed Godfrey-Proctor. Continuing the servicing of GN's, they produced their own car based on the Austin Seven, but the venture was unsuccessful, with only about 10 cars produced by the time the company ceased trading in 1928.

Nash & Thompson
In 1929 Ron joined a new partnership with Archie Nash in Kingston-upon-Thames, Nash & Thompson. It was described as contractors and armament engineers for the Admiralty and the Air Ministry. Archie designed the hydraulic gun turret that was to be widely used in World War II. In 1935 Archie Nash took this business into Parnall Aircraft and Ron Godfrey moved to a new enterprise.

H R G Engineering

In 1935, having raced at Brooklands, Ron Godfrey formed HRG Engineering (initial letters Halford Robins Godfrey) with Major E J "Ted" Halford and Guy Herbert Robins, who was previously with Trojan. H R G was based in Norbiton, with the first prototype shown at the end of 1935. Fully established in 1936, the company produced cars until 1956, and then reverted to development engineering work for others, before ceasing trading in 1966.

Their H R G car was a small true sports car in the vintage tradition sold at a realistic price. The prototype used a Meadows ED engine with a strengthened crankshaft. It could exceed 85 mph and handled excellently on the road. From 1939 the Meadows engine was replaced with a 1½ litre overhead camshaft Singer engine. When Ronald retired he had a very advanced new car on the drawing board but it was never put into production.

British Automobile Racing Club
H R Godfrey was a founder member of the British Automobile Racing Club.

Ron Godfrey retired in 1958 to a nearby water mill which he took great pleasure in rebuilding. He died in 1968.

References

 The Chain-Drive Frazer Nash by David A. Thirlby, MacDonald & Co. Ltd, 1965
 Frazer Nash by David A. Thirlby, The Haynes Publishing Group, 1977

External links
 Official website of the Frazer Nash Car Club

British automobile designers
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Brooklands people
1887 births
1968 deaths

Henry Ronald Godfrey


South Station Tower is a skyscraper under construction in Boston, Massachusetts, the high-rise portion of a three-building development. Construction on Phase 1 of the project, a 51-story, 678-foot tower with offices and condominiums, started in January 2020 and is expected to take 4 years. It will be built atop Boston's historic South Station complex, an example of transit-oriented development. The overall project will include condominium units, office space, a parking structure, and possibly hotel space. The property was initially proposed by Hines Interests and TUDC, a subsidiary of Tufts University.

Part of Phase I, an expanded bus station, will use a foundation put in place when the station was last renovated in the late 1980s. The high-rise tower will be supported by a new foundation constructed in the area between the existing station and the tracks. Foot traffic will be rerouted around construction areas.

History

South Station Tower was planned to break ground in 2008, with completion scheduled to occur in 2010, but the project stalled. Approval has been obtained for a project totaling . As of March 2016 the developer's website was updated stating the tower would begin construction early in 2017; the FAA had given approval in February for a tower reaching 677 feet. The developer's rights to build on the site were scheduled to expire in April 2017, but the state extended them until the end of the year. Construction was halted due to MBTA concerns, but Hines did not stop the project.

Development of the airspace above the southbound tracks has been delayed several times. The building was conceived by Tufts president Jean Mayer, who foresaw an "epicenter of high-profile medical research" in downtown Boston. In 1991, Tufts created a for-profit development subsidiary, TUDC LLC, and acquired the rights to the airspace. Development over the past decade has been complicated by Boston waterfront zoning restrictions, which require pedestrian access to the waterfront. In 1997, TUDC brought on Hines Interests LP as a development partner. In 2006, TUDC and Hines filed a Development Plan for the project.

Questions were raised in 2007 about the university's role in the project, and Tufts withdrew in 2009.

South Station Tower was originally designed with a height of 759 feet (231 m), which included a decorative spire. However, the project was downscaled in 2006.

In July 2016, the developer filed a "Notice of Project Change" with the Boston Planning and Development Agency (BPDA), proposing a number of changes in the project, including the addition of more residential space. The notice included a timeline calling for construction of the project's first building, the high-rise tower, to begin in 2017. In December 2016, the board of the BPDA approved construction of the project. It was delayed to December 2017, then delayed again to 2018 due to MBTA rights. Construction officially began in February 2020, with a five year completion timeline.

Design
Preliminary design was done by architect Cesar Pelli, whose designs are reminiscent of his Wells Fargo Center in Minneapolis. The structure has been LEED pre-certified "silver" and won the EPA's "Green design" award.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Boston

References

External links
Developer website
Architecture Boston on project
South Station Air Rights website

Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design basic silver certified buildings
Skyscrapers in Boston

South Station Tower