Richard Mervin Bissell Jr. (September 18, 1909 – February 7, 1994) was an American Central Intelligence Agency officer responsible for major projects such as the U-2 spy plane and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He is seen as one of the most important spymasters in CIA history.

Early years
Richard Mervin Bissell Jr. was the son of Richard Bissell, the president of Hartford Fire Insurance. He was born in the Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut, and went to Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts. Two of his fellow pupils at Groton were Joseph Alsop and Tracy Barnes. He studied history at Yale University, turning down membership in Skull and Bones, and graduating in 1932, then studied at the London School of Economics. He returned to Yale where he obtained a Ph.D. in economics in 1939. His brother, William, also attended Yale and became a member of Skull and Bones.

Marshall Plan
In July 1947, Bissell was recruited by W. Averell Harriman to run a committee to lobby for an economic recovery plan for Europe. The following year he was appointed as an administrator of the Marshall Plan in Germany and eventually became head of the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA). Bissell worked with the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) in diverting counterpart funds of the ECA to OPC operations in Europe.

Georgetown Set

Bissell moved to Washington, D.C., where he associated with a group of journalists, politicians, and government officials that became known as the Georgetown Set. Originally formed in 1945–1948 by Frank Wisner, Stewart Alsop, Thomas Braden, Philip Graham, David K. E. Bruce and Walt Rostow—a group of former Office of Strategic Services veterans from World War Two—the grouping would expand its informal membership around the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. The group would grow to include Ben Bradlee, George Kennan, Dean Acheson, Desmond FitzGerald, Joseph Alsop, Tracy Barnes, James Truitt, Clark Clifford, Eugene Rostow, Charles "Chip" Bohlen, Cord Meyer, James Angleton, William Averell Harriman, John McCloy, Felix Frankfurter, John Sherman Cooper, James Reston, Allen W. Dulles and Paul Nitze.

Work with CIA
Bissell worked for the Ford Foundation for a while but Frank Wisner persuaded him to join the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

U-2 'spy plane'
In 1954 he was placed in charge of developing and operating the Lockheed U-2 'spy plane'. Bissell and Herbert Miller, another CIA officer, chose Area 51 in 1955 as the site for the test facility for the U-2, and Bissell supervised the test facility and its build up until he resigned from the CIA.    The U-2 spy plane was a great success and within two years Bissell was able to say that 90% of all hard intelligence about the Soviet Union coming into the CIA was "funneled through the lens of the U-2's aerial cameras". This information convinced President Dwight D. Eisenhower that Nikita Khrushchev was lying about the number of bombers and missiles being built by the Soviet Union. The photographs debunked the allegations of a "bomber gap," the belief that the Soviets had an advantage over the United States in the number of strategic bomber aircraft that could reach the other country. However, because of the great shroud of secrecy erected by the CIA around the source of the information, the U-2 spy plane program, the hysteria in some American circles based on the allegations of the bomber gap was not publicly put to rest.

In 1956, after the Soviet Union protested the first U-2 overflights, Bissell initiated Project RAINBOW to develop radar camouflage for the aircraft.  When this was unsuccessful, he initiated GUSTO to develop a follow-on aircraft.  This evolved into Project OXCART, under which the CIA developed and operated the Lockheed A-12.

Vision for the CIA
Bissell delivered an address at the CIA entitled "The Stimulation of Innovation" in 1957 that called for funding the research and development of groundbreaking new technologies for intelligence gathering and surveillance. He acknowledged that such surveillance may entail "gray activities" by the CIA, surveillance that the CIA may not have the legal right to undertake. But he urged that the dubious legal status of such activities should not preclude the CIA from pursuing them. He also advocated that the CIA implement  covert political actions in target countries.

CIA Deputy Director for Plans
After Frank Wisner suffered a mental breakdown in September 1958, Bissell replaced him as the CIA's Deputy Director for Plans (DDP). Bissel officially assumed the office on 1 January 1959. Richard Helms stayed on as Bissell's deputy. The Directorate for Plans reportedly controlled over half the CIA's budget and was responsible for covert operations. (DDP oversaw plans to overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, Patrice Lumumba, Rafael Leonidas Trujillo, Ngo Dinh Diem, and others.  Bissell's main target was Fidel Castro.)

As DD/P, Bissell also oversaw the early stages of Project OXCART, the development of the Lockheed A-12.

He also played a key role, as CIA Program Manager, in the development of the Corona program.

In March 1960, President Eisenhower approved a CIA plan to overthrow Castro.  (See Operation 40). The strategy was organized by Bissell. Sidney Gottlieb of the CIA Technical Services Division was asked to come up with proposals that would undermine Castro's popularity with the Cuban people. (Gottlieb also ran the MK-ULTRA project from 1953–1964.) These schemes were rejected and instead Bissell decided to arrange Castro's assassination.

In September 1960, Bissell and Allen W. Dulles, the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), initiated talks with two leading figures of the Mafia, Johnny Roselli and Sam Giancana. Later, other crime bosses such as Carlos Marcello, Santo Trafficante Jr. and Meyer Lansky became involved in this first plot against Castro. The strategy was managed by Sheffield Edwards; Robert Maheu, a veteran of CIA counter-espionage activities, was instructed to offer the Mafia $150,000 to kill Fidel Castro. The advantage of employing the Mafia for this work is that it provided CIA with a credible cover story. The Mafia were known to be angry with Castro for closing down their profitable brothels and casinos in Cuba. If the assassins were killed or captured the media would accept that the Mafia were working on their own.  The Mafia played along in order to get protection from the FBI.

Bay of Pigs Invasion plans

In March 1960 a top-secret policy paper was drafted entitled: "A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime" (code-named JMARC), "to bring about the replacement of the Castro regime with one more ... acceptable to the U.S. in such a manner as to avoid any appearance of U.S. intervention." This paper was based on operation PBSuccess, the policy that had worked so well in Guatemala in 1954. In fact, Bissell assembled the same team as the one used in Guatemala:  Tracy Barnes, David Atlee Phillips, Jacob Esterline, William "Rip" Robertson, E. Howard Hunt and Gerry Droller (aka "Frank Bender").  Added to the team were Jack Hawkins (Colonel), Desmond FitzGerald, William Harvey and Ted Shackley.

President-elect John F. Kennedy was given a copy of the JMARC proposal by Bissell and Allen W. Dulles in Palm Beach, Florida on 18 November 1960. According to Bissell, Kennedy remained impassive throughout the meeting. He expressed surprise only at the scale of the operation.

In March 1961 John F. Kennedy asked the Joint Chiefs of Staff to vet the JMARC project. As a result of "plausible deniability" they were not given details of the plot to kill Castro. The JCS reported that if the invaders were given four days of air cover, if the people of Trinidad, Cuba joined the rebellion and if they were able to join up with the guerrillas in the Escambray Mountains, the overall rating of success was 30%. Therefore, they could not recommend that Kennedy go along with the JMARC project.

At a meeting on 11 March 1961, Kennedy rejected Bissell's proposed scheme. He told him to go away and draft a new plan. He asked for it to be "less spectacular" and with a more remote landing site than Trinidad. It appears that Kennedy had completely misunderstood the report from the JCS.

Bissell now resubmitted his plan. As requested, the landing was no longer at Trinidad. Instead he selected Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). This was 80 miles from the Escambray Mountains. What is more, this journey to the mountains was across an impenetrable swamp. As Bissell explained to Kennedy, this meant that the guerrilla fallback option had been removed from the operation.

As Allen W. Dulles recorded at the time: "We felt that when the chips were down, when the crisis arose in reality, any action required for success would be authorized rather than permit the enterprise to fail." In other words, he realized that the initial invasion was likely to fail, but believed that Kennedy would agree to any additional military support required to prevent this outcome. According to Evan Thomas (The Very Best Men): "Some old CIA hands believe that Bissell was setting a trap to force U.S. intervention." Edgar Applewhite, a former deputy inspector general, believed that Bissell and Dulles were "building a tar baby." Jake Esterline was very unhappy with these developments and on 8 April attempted to resign from the CIA. Bissell convinced him to stay.

Invasion fails

The operation tried to rely on Radio Swan, broadcasts being made on a small island 100 miles off the Honduran coast by David Atlee Phillips, calling for the Cuban Army to revolt. They failed to do so.

At 7 a.m. on April 18, Bissell told Kennedy that the invasion force was trapped on the beaches and encircled by Castro's forces. Then Bissell asked Kennedy to send in American forces to save the men. Bissell expected him to say yes. Instead he replied that he still wanted "minimum visibility." The invasion failed.

That night Bissell had another meeting with John F. Kennedy. This time it took place in the White House and included General Lyman Lemnitzer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations. Bissell told Kennedy that the operation could still be saved if American warplanes were allowed to fly cover. Admiral Burke supported him on this. General Lemnitzer called for the Brigade to join the guerrillas in the Escambray Mountains. Bissell explained this was not an option as their route was being blocked by 20,000 Cuban troops.

As Evan Thomas points out in The Very Best Men, "Bissell had been caught in his own web. 'Plausible deniability' was intended to protect the president, but as he had used it, it was a tool to gain and maintain control over an operation.... Without plausible deniability, the Cuba project would have been turned over to The Pentagon, and Bissell would have become a supporting actor."

Post-CIA
As a face-saving exit from the CIA, John F. Kennedy offered Bissell the post as director of a new science and technology department. This would leave him in charge of the development of the Lockheed A-12, the new spy plane that would make the U-2 obsolete. Bissell turned down the offer and in February 1962 he left the Central Intelligence Agency and was replaced as head of the Directorate for Plans, by Richard Helms.

Bissell became head of the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) in 1962. IDA was a Pentagon think tank set up to evaluate weapons systems. Later he worked for United Technologies in Hartford, Connecticut (1964–74), which supplied weapons systems. He also worked as a consultant for the Ford Foundation.

In February 1994, Bissell died at his home in Farmington, Connecticut. His autobiography, Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs, was published two years later.

See also

References

Bibliography
Bissell, Richard M. Jr., with Jonathan E. Lewis and Frances T. Pudlo. Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996).
Kornbluh, Peter. 1998. Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba. The New Press. New York.
Pedlow, Gregory W. and Donald E. Welzenbach. The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 1992. .
 Online PDF copy
Taubman, Phil. Secret Empire: Eisenhower, the CIA, and the Hidden Story of America's Space Espionage (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).

External links
 Oral History Interview with Richard M. Bissell Jr. – Harry S. Truman Library and Museum – July 9, 1971

1909 births
1994 deaths
American spies
Groton School alumni
People from Hartford, Connecticut
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
People of the Office of Strategic Services
Kennedy administration personnel
Yale College alumni
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni

Richard M. Bissell Jr.


Dale Roberts (April 12, 1940 – October 8, 2010) was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees in the 1967 season. Listed at , , Roberts batted right-handed and threw left-handed. He was nicknamed "Mountain Man".

Early life
Born in Owenton, Kentucky, Roberts was the son of Clarence A. and Julie E. Roberts (née Etherington). After graduating from Versailles High School, he served in the United States Naval Air Forces to a term of four and a half years.

Career
Roberts was signed by the Yankees as an amateur free agent in 1963, and initially assigned to the Harlan Yankees of the Appalachian League, a Rookie-class league. After pitching in 21 games, all but one as a relief pitcher, and a 4–3 record, he was promoted to the Shelby Colonels/Yankees of the class-A Western Carolinas League, and pitched in an additional two games, both of which he was credited with the loss. In 1964, he remained with the Shelby team, and pitched in 47 games while having a 3.53 ERA. For the 1965 season, he was assigned to the Binghamton Triplets of the class-A New York – Penn League. In 112 innings pitched in 45 appearances, he had a 6–4 record and a 3.21 ERA.

In 1966, Roberts was transferred to another class-A team, the Greensboro Yankees of the Carolina League. After appearing in 35 games for Greensboro, and having a 6–4 record and a 2.21 ERA, he was promoted the class-AAA Toledo Mud Hens of the International League. The Yankees switched affiliations for the 1967 season from the Mud Hens to the Syracuse Chiefs, also of the International League, and Roberts moved as well. For Syracuse, he had a 9–4 record and 2.97 ERA in 50 games pitched, when he was a late-season call-up by the Yankees to their Major League club. He appeared in two games for the Yankees; the first one occurred on September 9, when he pitched the final inning in a 7–1 loss to the Boston Red Sox, allowing one run on two hits and one base on balls. His second and last Major League appearance occurred on September 16, when he pitched the eighth inning in a 6–1 loss against the Cleveland Indians, and gave up one run on one hit, one intentional base on balls, and two hit batters. Roberts did not appear in another game for the Yankees, who traded him on December 7, 1967, along with Bob Tillman, to the Atlanta Braves for Bobby Cox.

His first assignment in the Braves organization began with the Shreveport Braves, a class-AA team in the Texas League. Toward the end of the season, Roberts was promoted to the Braves' class-AAA team, the Richmond Braves of the International League, and had a 1.93 ERA in eight appearances. He returned to Shreveport in 1969, and played the entire season with the club, appeared in 61 games, had a 2.29 ERA, and collected 14 saves. In 1970, his last season in professional baseball, Roberts began the season in Shreveport, made 33 appearances, and while his ERA was a low 2.80, he was moved to the Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), the class-AAA affiliate of the California Angels. He played in four games with the Islanders before being moved again, landing with the Eugene Emeralds, also of the PCL. He retired after when the season was completed.

Personal life
After his playing days, Roberts worked as an industrial electrician for several companies, including Texas Instruments and Osram Sylvania. On October 8, 2010, he died in Lexington, Kentucky, aged 70, at Chandler Medical Center located on the campus of University of Kentucky. He was survived by a daughter, two granddaughters, three brothers, and a sister.

References

External links

Retrosheet
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

1940 births
2010 deaths
Arizona Instructional League Braves players
Baseball players from Kentucky
Binghamton Triplets players
Eugene Emeralds players
Greensboro Yankees players
Harlan Yankees players
Hawaii Islanders players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Yankees players
Richmond Braves players
Shelby Colonels players
Shelby Yankees players
Shreveport Braves players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toledo Mud Hens players
People from Owen County, Kentucky

Dale Roberts (baseball)


The Blue Note Jazz Festival is an annual jazz festival that takes place in June in various venues across New York City. Hosted by the Blue Note Jazz Club, the festival features performances by renowned jazz artists who have been integral to the Blue Note Jazz Club or to jazz music in general. The inaugural festival took place on June 1, 2011, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City. In the course of one month, the festival featured over 80 performances in 15 different venues.

Venues
The Blue Note Jazz Festival is held in some of the most prominent music venues in New York City.  The festival is primarily held in the venues operated by the Blue Note Entertainment Group, the Blue Note Jazz Club and Sony Hall, and formerly the Highline Ballroom and B.B. King's Blues Club. However, performances have also been held in other notable establishments including Le Poisson Rouge, Mercury Lounge, the Katonah Museum of Art, the Beacon Theatre, the Town Hall, Terminal 5, and Central Park SummerStage.

Performers
As in the jazz club's history, the Blue Note Jazz Festival offers an undeniably comprehensive look into the "who's who" of jazz culture.  A list of noteworthy performers is provided below.

2011
Chris Botti, McCoy Tyner, Dave Brubeck, Brian Wilson, Bobby McFerrin, Chaka Khan, Lee Konitz, Bill Frisell, Dave Holland, Chris Potter, Gary Peacock.

2012
McCoy Tyner, Charles Tolliver, Lou Donaldson, Arturo Sandoval, Béla Fleck, Cassandra Wilson, Jerry Douglas, the James Carter Organ Trio, Michel Camilo, Stanley Clarke, and George Duke.

2013
Buffy Sainte-Marie, Chris Rob, The Hot Sardines, Dave Liebman, The Manhattan Transfer

2015
Buika, Natalie Cole, Buddy Guy, Abdullah Ibrahim

See also
List of jazz festivals

External links
Blue Note Jazz Club
Blue Note Jazz Festival Website

Jazz festivals in New York City
Jazz clubs in New York City

Blue Note Jazz Festival


Keith Stuart Richman (November 21, 1953 – July 30, 2010) was a California Republican politician. From 2000 to 2006, he served in the California State Assembly representing the 38th Assembly District based in Northwest Los Angeles County.

Born in Syracuse, New York, Richman graduated from Birmingham High School in 1971 and earned his Bachelor of Science in 1975 from the University of California, Davis, where he played baseball and was named an All-Conference pitcher.  As part of the 1972 UC Davis baseball team, he was named to the UC Davis Baseball Hall of Fame.  In 1998, he was named the Collegiate Alumnus of the Year by the American Baseball Coaches Association.

In 1978, Richman earned his Master of Public Health from the UCLA School of Public Health and his M.D. from the UCLA School of Medicine.

After graduating from UCLA, he was a medical doctor and served as the chairman of the board of Lakeside HealthCare, Inc., a health-care provider.  In January 2005 he received California's Radical Centrist of the Year Award from RadicalCentrism.org.

Richman was elected to the Assembly in November 2000 replacing Republican Tom McClintock and won re-election in 2002 and 2004.  Richman was elected Mayor of the City of San Fernando Valley in 2002, but was unable to take office, as the San Fernando Valley's bid to secede from Los Angeles failed after voters in the remainder of Los Angeles rejected independence for the Valley.

In 2006 he sought the Republican nomination for California State Treasurer but lost to Board of Equalization member Claude Parrish 56%-44%.

With his father, Dr. Monroe Richman, who had also previously held elective office (as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees), he practiced internal medicine in Sun Valley.  He also chaired the Valley Community Clinic Board.

Richman died at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on July 30, 2010, after a battle with brain cancer.

References

Interview with CaliforniaConnected.com
Satirical resolution supporting Pluto as a planet
Q&A with Policy Today
SCV Newsmaker of the week

1953 births
2010 deaths
Republican Party members of the California State Assembly
American healthcare managers
Deaths from brain cancer in the United States
Deaths from cancer in California
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
UCLA School of Public Health alumni
21st-century American politicians
Physicians from California

Keith Richman


Equine-assisted therapy (EAT) encompasses a range of treatments that involve activities with horses and other equines to promote human physical and mental health. The use of EAT has roots in antiquity, and EAT applies to physical health issues in modern form dates to the 1960s.  Modern use of horses for mental health treatment dates to the 1990s.  Systematic review of studies of EAT as applied to physical health date only to about 2007, and a lack of common terminology and standardization has caused problems with meta-analysis. Due to a lack of high-quality studies assessing the efficacy of equine-assisted therapies for mental health treatment, concerns have been raised that these therapies should not replace or divert resources from other evidence-based mental health therapies.

Terminology
An overall term that encompasses all forms of equine therapy is Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapy (EAAT). Various therapies that involve interactions with horses and other equines are used for individuals with and without disabilities including those with physical, cognitive and emotional issues. Terminology within the field is not standardized, and the lack of clear definitions and common terminology presents problems in reviewing medical literature. Within that framework, the more common therapies and terminology used to describe them are:

 Therapeutic horseback riding uses a therapeutic team, usually including a certified therapeutic riding instructor, two or more volunteers, and a horse, to help an individual ride a horse and work with it on the ground.
 Hippotherapy involves an occupational therapist, a physiotherapist, or a speech and language therapist working with a client and a horse. Different movements of the horse present challenges to the client to promote different postural responses of the client by the horse influencing the client rather than the client controlling the horse.   The word "Hippotherapy" is also used in some contexts to refer to a broader realm of equine therapies.
 Equine-assisted learning (EAL) is described as an "experiential learning approach that promotes the development of life skills ... through equine-assisted activities."
 Equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) does not necessarily involve riding, but may include grooming, feeding and ground exercises. Mental health professionals work with one or more clients and one or more horses in an experiential manner to help the clients learn about themselves and others, while processing or discussing the client's feelings, behaviours, and patterns. The goal is to help the client in social, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral ways.  Other terms for equine psychotherapy include Equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP), equine-assisted therapy (EAT), Equine Facilitated Wellness (EFW), Equine Facilitated Counselling (EFC) and Equine Facilitated Mental Health (EFMH).
 Interactive vaulting involves vaulting activities in a therapeutic milieu.
 Therapeutic carriage driving involves controlling a horse while driving from a carriage seat or from a wheelchair in a carriage modified to accommodate the wheelchair.
 Equine-Assisted Activities (EAA) incorporates all of the above activities plus horse grooming, and stable management, shows, parades, demonstrations, and the like.

Types

Most research has focused on physical benefit of therapeutic work with horses, though the most rigorous studies have only been subject to systematic review since about 2007.

EAAT have been used to treat individuals with neurological diseases or disorders such as cerebral palsy, movement disorders, or balance problems. It is believed the rhythmical gait of a horse acts to move the rider's pelvis in the same rotation and side-to-side movement that occurs when walking; the horse's adjustable gait promotes riders to constantly adjust to encourage pelvic motion while promoting strength, balance, coordination, flexibility, posture, and mobility.

EAAT have also been used to treat other disabilities, such as autism, behavioral disorders and psychiatric disorders. Due to a lack of rigorous scientific evidence, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate if equine therapy for mental health treatment provides any benefit.

Therapeutic horseback riding
Therapeutic riding is used by disabled individuals who ride horses to relax, and to develop muscle tone, coordination, confidence, and well-being.

Therapeutic horseback riding is considered recreational therapy where an individual is taught by a non-therapist riding instructor how to actively control a horse while riding. It is used as exercise to improve sensory and motor skills for coordination, balance, and posture.

Most research has focused on the physical benefit of therapeutic work with horses, with the most rigorous studies being subject to systematic review since about 2007. Claims made as to the efficacy of equine therapies for mental health purposes have been criticized as lacking proper medical evidence due in large part to poor study design and lack of quantitative data. Ethical questions relating to its expense and its continued promotion have been raised in light of this lack of evidence. While such therapies do not appear to cause harm, it has been recommended they not be used as a mental treatment at this time unless future evidence shows a benefit for treating specific disorders.

Hippotherapy
Hippotherapy is an intervention used by a physical therapist, recreational therapist, occupational therapist, or speech and language pathologist.  The movement of the horse affects a rider's posture, balance, coordination, strength and sensorimotor systems.  It is thought that the warmth and shape of the horse and its rhythmic, three-dimensional movement along with the rider's interactions with the horse and responses to the movement of the horse can improve the flexibility, posture, balance and mobility of the rider. These therapy sessions can also include improvements in speech as well. Learning to use verbal cues for the horse, and to speak with the therapist is key to practicing use of speech. It differs from therapeutic horseback riding because it is one treatment strategy used by a licensed physical therapist, occupational therapist, or speech and language pathologists. They guide the rider's posture and actions while the horse is controlled by a horse handler at the direction of the therapist. The therapist guides both the rider and horse to encourage specific motor and sensory inputs. Therapists develop plans to address specific limitations and disabilities such as neuromuscular disorders, walking ability, or general motor function.

Equine-assisted psychotherapy
Equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) or Equine Facilitated Psychotherapy (EFP) is the use of equines to treat human psychological problems in and around an equestrian facility. It is not the same as therapeutic riding or hippotherapy.  Though different organizations may prefer one term over the other for various reasons, in practice, the two terms are used interchangeably. Other terms commonly used, especially in Canada, include Equine Facilitated Wellness (EFW), Equine Facilitated Counselling (EFC) and Equine Facilitated Mental Health (EFMH).

While some mental health therapies may incorporate vaulting and riding, some utilize groundwork with horses. Some programs only use ground-based work. There are also differences between programs over whether the horse is viewed as a co-facilitator, or simply as a tool.

The field of equine-assisted psychotherapy did not publicly become a part of the equine-assisted therapy world until the 1990s, although individuals had been experimenting with the concept prior to that time.  The first national group in the United States, the Equine-Facilitated Mental Health Association (EFMHA), now a part of PATH International, formed in 1996.  The mental health area of equine-assisted therapy became subject to a major rift when a second group, the Equine Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA) formed in 1999, splitting from EFMHA (now PATH) over differences of opinion about safety protocols.  Since that time, additional differences have arisen between the two groups over safety orientation, the therapeutic models used, training programs for practitioners, and the role of riding.  EAGALA itself had a further split between its founders in 2006 due to legal issues, with yet another new organization formed.

As a result, although PATH and EAGALA remain the two main certification organizations in the United States, there has been a significant amount of misunderstanding amongst practitioners, client, and within the scientific literature.  To resolve these differences, an independent organization, the Certification Board for Equine Interaction Professionals (CBEIP) formed, beginning in 2007, to promote professional credibility in the field. However, the world of equine-assisted psychotherapy remains disorganized and has not standardized its requirements for education or credentialing.

History
Horses have been utilized as a therapeutic aid since the ancient Greeks used them for those people who had incurable illnesses. Its earliest recorded mention is in the writings of Hippocrates who discussed the therapeutic value of riding. The claimed benefits of therapeutic riding have been dated back to 17th century literature where it is documented that it was prescribed for gout, neurological disorder and low morale. In 1946 Equine Therapy was introduced in Scandinavia after an outbreak of poliomyelitis.

Hippotherapy, as currently practiced was developed in the 1960s, when it began to be used in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as an adjunct to traditional physical therapy. The treatment was conducted by a physiotherapist, a specially trained horse, and a horse handler. The physiotherapist gave directives to the horse handler as to the gait, tempo, cadence, and direction for the horse to perform. The movement of the horse was carefully modulated to influence neuromuscular changes in the patient. The first standardized hippotherapy curriculum would be formulated in the late 1980s by a group of Canadian and American therapists who travelled to Germany to learn about hippotherapy and would bring the new discipline back to North America upon their return. The discipline was formalized in the United States in 1992 with the formation of the American Hippotherapy Association (AHA). Since its inception, the AHA has established official standards of practice and formalized therapist educational curriculum processes for occupational, physical and speech therapists in the United States.

Therapeutic riding as a therapy started with Lis Hartel from Denmark. Her legs were paralyzed from polio but with therapy she was able to win the silver medal for dressage in the 1952 Olympic Games. At about that time, in Germany, therapeutic riding was used to address orthopaedic dysfunctions such as scoliosis. The first riding centers in North America began in the 1960s and the North American Riding for the Handicapped Association (NARHA) was launched in 1969. Therapeutic riding was introduced to the United States and Canada in 1960 with the formation of the Community Association of Riding of the Disabled (CARD). In the United States riding for disabled people developed as a form of recreation and as a means of motivation for education, as well as its therapeutic benefits. In 1969 the Cheff Therapeutic Riding Center for the Handicapped was established in Michigan, and remains the oldest center specifically for people with disabilities in the United States.

The North American Riding for Handicapped Association (NARHA) was founded in 1969 to serve as an advisory body to the various riding for disabled groups across the United States and its neighboring countries. In 2011, NARHA changed its name to the Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH) International.

Horses used
In most cases, horses are trained and selected specifically for therapy before being integrated into a program. Therapy programs choose horses of any breed that they find to be calm, even-tempered, gentle, serviceably sound, and well-trained both under saddle and on the ground. As most equine-assisted therapy is done at slow speeds, an older horse that is not in its athletic prime is sometimes used.

Equine-assisted therapy programs try to identify horses that are calm but not lazy and physically suited with proper balance, structure, muscling and gaits.  Muscling is not generally considered to be as important as the balance and structural correctness, but proper conditioning for the work it is to do is required. Suitable horses move freely and have good quality gaits, especially the walk. Unsound horses that show any signs of lameness are generally avoided.

The welfare of the horse is taken into consideration.  Each individual animal has natural biological traits but also has a unique personality with its own likes, dislikes and habits.  Paying attention to what the animal is trying to communicate is helpful both in sessions of EAAT, but also to prevent burnout for the horse. Some programs refer to the therapy horse as an "equine partner". Other programs view the horse as a "metaphor" with no defined role other than to "be themselves." Equine Facilitated Wellness programs, particularly those following the EFW-Canada certification route view the horse as 'sentient being':  "The equine is a sentient being, partner and co-facilitator in the equine facilitated relationship and process".

Effectiveness
There is some evidence that hippotherapy can help improve the posture control of children with cerebral palsy, although the use of mechanical hippotherapy simulators produced no clear evidence of benefit. A systematic review of studies on the outcomes of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy was concluded in 2012 with a recommendation for a "large randomized controlled trial using specified protocols" because, although positive evidence was indicated by nine high-quality studies surveyed, the studies were too limited to be considered conclusive.

Overall, reviews of equine-assisted therapy scientific literature indicate "there is no unified, widely accepted, or empirically supported, theoretical framework for how and why these interventions may be therapeutic". The journal Neurology published a 2014 study finding inadequate data to know whether hippotherapy or therapeutic horseback riding can help the gait, balance, or mood of people with multiple sclerosis. Newer studies have found hippotherapy paired with traditional treatment can increase balance and quality of life in individuals with multiple sclerosis. There is no evidence that therapeutic horseback riding is effective in treating children with autism.

There is currently insufficient medical evidence to support the effectiveness of equine-related treatments for mental health. Multiple reviews have noted problems with the quality of research such as the lack of independent observers, rigorous randomized clinical trials, longitudinal studies, and comparisons to currently accepted and effective treatments. A 2014 review found these treatments did no physical harm, but found that all studies examined had methodological flaws, which led to questioning the clinical significance of those studies; the review also raised ethical concerns both about the marketing and promotion of the practice and the opportunity cost if patients in need of mental health services were diverted from evidence-based care. The review recommended that both individuals and organizations avoid this therapy unless future research establishes verifiable treatment benefits.

Accreditation and certification
The Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH) accredits centers and instructors that provide equine-assisted therapy. The Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association (EAGALA) focuses only on mental health aspects of human-equine interaction, and provides certification for mental-health and equine professionals.

In Canada, centers and instructors for Therapeutic Riding are regulated by CanTRA, also known as The Canadian Therapeutic Riding Association.  The field of Equine Facilitated Wellness is regulated by Equine Facilitated Wellness – Canada (EFW-Can) which provides a national certification program and certifies trainers and mentors to provide independent training at approved programs across Canada.

In the UK there are a growing number of training providers offering externally accredited Equine Assisted and Facilitated qualifications. There is currently no overarching regulating body in the UK. Some organisations are specifically offering therapeutic or coaching based approaches; others offer skills-based approaches which building on existing professional skills and practices.

The American Hippotherapy Association offers certification for working as a hippotherapist.  Hippotherapy Clinical Specialty (HPCS) Certification is a designation indicating board certification for therapists who have advanced knowledge and experience in hippotherapy. Physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists in practice for at least three years (6,000 hours) and have 100 hours of hippotherapy practice within the prior three years are permitted to take the Hippotherapy Clinical Specialty Certification Examination through the American Hippotherapy Certification Board. Those who pass are board-certified in hippotherapy, and entitled to use the HPCS designation after their name. HPCS certification is for five years. After five years the therapist can either retake the exam or show written evidence of 120 hours of continuing education distributed over the five years. Continuing education must include 50% (60 hours) in education related to equine subject matter: psychology, training, riding skills and so on; 25% (30 hours) in education related to direct service in the professional discipline and 25% (30 hours) in any other subject related to hippotherapy. An alternative is to provide written evidence of scholarly activity appropriate to the field of hippotherapy.  Acceptable scholarly activity may include graduate education in hippotherapy, publication of articles on hippotherapy in juried publications, scientific research related to hippotherapy, the teaching or development of hippotherapy, or acting as AHA-approved course faculty. AHA, Inc. now recognizes two different AHCB credentials: AHCB Certified Therapist and AHCB Certified Hippotherapy Clinical Specialist.

See also
 Occupational therapy
 Physiotherapy
 Riding for the Disabled Association (UK)
 Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH) (US)
 Horseback riding simulators

Notable examples
 Smoke the Donkey

References

External links
 Federation of Riding for the Disabled International
 American Hippotherapy Association (AHA)
 Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH)
 CanTRA, Canadian Therapeutic Riding Association
 Athena Herd Foundation  (ACCPH)

Psychotherapies
Equine therapies
Mind–body interventions
Animal-assisted therapy
Physical therapy
Occupational therapy

Equine-assisted therapy


Magpie Mine is a well-preserved disused lead mine near the village of Sheldon in Derbyshire, England, in the parish of Ashford in the Water. The walled enclosure of five lead mines (Magpie Mine, Dirty Red Soil, Great Red Soil, Maypit and Horsesteps) is a protected Scheduled Monument.

Mid-Derbyshire has a history of industrial lead mining going back to Roman times. Lead mining at this site goes back to at least the 17th century. The Shuttlebark vein of lead ore was officially opened in 1682. Magpie Mine is recorded back to 1740. After over 200 years of operation, Magpie Mine closed in 1958 and was the last working lead mine in Derbyshire. The Peak District Mines Historical Society now manages the site and has undertaken much restoration work.

Between productive, profitable times, there were closures for several years in 1793 and in 1835 because of floods, disputes and drops in the price of lead. In 1833 a bitter dispute led to three miners from the neighbouring Maypitt Mine being suffocated by smoke from fires lit deliberately by miners from the Magpie Mine. A murder trial followed but all of the 24 suspected culprits were freed because they had been provoked and it was also unclear which of them was actually responsible.

The renowned mining engineer John Taylor took over management of the mine in 1839 and he established a complex of new limestone buildings and innovative equipment. The square chimney (renovated in 2016) and the circular chimney were both built in 1840. The agent's house, smithy, winding house (now demolished), circular gunpowder house and engine reservoir (to supply boiler and cooling water to the engines) were all constructed in the 1840s. In 1869 the Cornish engine house replaced an earlier engine house building and the winding engine was installed, with the winding drum that still remains. The main shaft was sunk in 1823 and is over 200m deep. The underground channel used to drain floodwater from the mines (the sough) was built from 1873 to 1881 and runs about  to its outlet into the River Wye to the north (carrying several million litres of water per day). The mine closed with financial troubles in 1883. It was operating for brief spells between 1913 and 1923 but was then only reopened again in 1950, before finally closing down in 1958. The existing steelwork frame of the headgear above the main shaft and the corrugated iron winding house are from the 1950s. The underground mine shafts are now all closed for safety.

A reproduction horse gin has been set up at the Red Soil mine shaft, where the original horse-powered winding gear was used to lift lead ore up to the surface.

There is visitor access to the site along footpaths from Sheldon (about 500m north) and from lanes to the west, south and east.

See also
 Odin Mine

References

Lead mines in England
Mines in Derbyshire
Scheduled monuments in Derbyshire
Tourist attractions of the Peak District

Magpie Mine


Chiarissimo d'Antonio Fancelli (died 1632) was an Italian sculptor and architect of the late-Mannerist and Baroque periods, mainly active in Tuscany. Domenico Pieratti and Giovanni Battista Pieratti were his pupils. It is unclear how he fits into the large pedigree of Tuscan sculptors including Cosimo and Luca Fancelli.

When Cosimo II de' Medici built the Loggia del Grano in Florence, Chiarissimo Fancelli provided a bust of Cosimo, and a fountain on the corner of the building, the Fontana del Mascherone.

References
 ULAN record.
 Baldinucci, Filippo (1728). Notizie de' Professori del Disegno, Da Cimabue in qua, Secolo V. dal 1610. al 1670. Distinto in Decennali. Stamperia S.A.R. per li Tartini, e Franchi (Googlebooks entry). p. 136.

1632 deaths
17th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
Italian Baroque sculptors
Year of birth unknown

Chiarissimo Fancelli


Jean-Baptiste Charpentier the Elder (1728, Paris - 3 December 1806, Paris) was a French Rococo portrait painter, associated with the Royal Court. He is best known for portraits of Marie-Antoinette and Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre. He also painted members of the Duke's family. His early works were mostly genre scenes.

Life and work
He was probably related to Jean Charpentier (?-1777), a painter and gilder who served as one of the last directors of the Académie de Saint-Luc, an Académie that he attended, beginning in 1760. Later, he became a teacher there. He had wanted to enter the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture but declined to apply, probably due to obtaining a position with the Penthièvre family. He also found portrait painting to be a more profitable pursuit than genre scenes. For the most part, he had an easy career.

He married Anne-Catherine Le Prince, daughter of the Painter to the King, Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. After the Académie of Saint Luc was suppressed, he continued to exhibit at the Salon de la Correspondance of the Académie royal and became a good friend of Jean-Baptiste Greuze. He exhibited there until 1785. When the French Revolution abolished academic privilege, he switched to the Salon de Louvre and exhibited there from 1791 to 1799. He also returned to his earlier genre work, creating charming scenes from the lives of the common people.

References

External links

 More works by Charpentier @ ArtNet

1728 births
1806 deaths
18th-century French painters
French portrait painters
Rococo painters

Jean-Baptiste Charpentier the Elder


Supercop 2 () is a 1993 Hong Kong action film directed by Stanley Tong and starring Michelle Yeoh.  It is a spin-off of Jackie Chan's Police Story film series involving the character Yeoh portrayed in Supercop.

Although Jackie Chan only has a cameo appearance in this film, some DVD covers prominently featured Chan, misleading audiences into thinking he is one of the main characters. He reprises his role as Inspector Chan, but in drag to catch a criminal in drag wearing the same wig and clothes.

Plot
After the mission from Supercop, Inspector Yang participates in neutralizing a terrorist incident during which she narrowly survives, and is awarded the Highest Distinction for the mission. Her boyfriend Chang, a war veteran who works as a security guard and bravely helped Yang in her mission, is frustrated that Yang gets a mere medal for risking her life. Growing disillusioned with the prospects in Mainland China, the ambitious Chang leaves for Hong Kong, promising to one day come back a millionaire and marry Yang.

Some time later, the Hong Kong police encounters a heavily armed gang of highly trained robbers. Suspecting them to be ex-militaries from the Mainland, the police asked for assistance from the Chinese Public Security. Yang is dispatched to Hong Kong to provide intelligence sharing, working with Inspector Lee, who has an awkward crush on Yang.

Yang helps Lee track down the robbers' safehouse. Although the robbers have rigged explosives in the building to ambush the police, Chang, who leads the gang, hesitates after seeing Yang, resulting in one of their member being killed and another arrested. In order to free the arrested man, who is a demolition specialist crucial to an upcoming heist, Chang contacts Yang and rekindles their relationship, and manages to stage a successful breakout. Yang suspects Chang's part in the crime, but cannot bring herself to accuse Chang. She is then ordered to return to Mainland, although she convinces Lee to let her stay on the case.

The robbers then perform a daring heist on the Central Bank, masterminded by Roger Davidson, the designer of the Bank's vault security. After successfully breaking into the vault, Davidson double-crosses Chang's gang. Chang survives the betrayal and chases down Davidson's crew in an underwater subway tunnel, killing Davidson's men and mortally wounding Davidson.  Yang, who has infiltrated the bank during the heist, arrives and confronts Chang, trying to convince him to surrender.  When Chang is distracted by Yang, the dying Davidson detonates a bomb, causing the tunnel to flood. Knowing his injury will only hinder their survival, Chang pushes Yang and Lee past the lock gate, sacrificing his own life for the person he loved.

Cast
 Michelle Yeoh as Interpol Inspector Jessica Yang Jian-wa / Jessica Yang Cien-hua
 Yu Rongguang (as Yu Rong Guang) as David Chang Fung, Vietnam veteran and Yang's ex-boyfriend
 Emil Chau as RHKP Inspector Martin Lee Kwong-ming
 Athena Chu as Annie May Lee, Lee's younger sister
 Louis Fan (as Fan Sui Wong) as Alan Kwok Shao-long, Lee's partner and May's boyfriend
 Bill Tung as "Uncle" Bill Wong, RHKP deputy commissioner
 Alain Guernier as Roger Davidson, designer of the Central Bank Vault
 Bowie Lam as George Ho Chu, Chang's right-hand man
 Dick Wei as Ah Shuen / Chuen
 Joe Cheung as Jewelry shop manager / Fung's Man in Hospital (2 roles)
 Chan Mei-kei as Bank manager
 Yukari Oshima as Red Terrorist at the Beginning
 Mars as Jewelry Store Customer
 Alien Sit as Po
 Sam Wong as Chun
 Bruce Law as Ping
 Jackie Chan as Inspector "Kevin" Chan Ka-Kui (cameo)
 Eric Tsang as Jewel Robbing Leader (cameo)
 Jon M. Chu

Alternative titles
(original title)
Chiu kup gai wak
Argentina
Projecto S
Australia
Project S
Brazil (video title)
Policial Acima de Tudo
Brazil
Police Story 3, Parte 2: Policial Acima de Tudo
Canada (French title)
Chiu kup gai wak
Canada (English title)
Supercop 2
China (Cantonese title) (poster title)
超級警察2 超級計劃
Denmark (video title)
Once a Cop
Finland
Once a Cop
France
Project S
France (video box title)
Supercop 2
Germany
Mega Cop
Greece
Supercop 2
Hong Kong (English title)
Project S
Hong Kong (English title) (series title)
Police Story 3: Supercop 2
Hong Kong (Mandarin title)
Chao ji ji hua
Hungary
Volt egyszer egy zsaru
Japan
プロジェクトS
Japan (Rōmaji title)
Purojekuto S
New Zealand (English title)
Project S
Philippines (English title)
Supercop 2
Poland
Policyjna opowieść 4: Projekt S
Romania
Supercop
Russia
Супер полицейский 2
Slovenia
Projekt S
Spain
Supercop 2
Sweden
Once a Cop
UK
Project S
UK (video box title)
Project S: Police Story 4
USA
Supercop 2
USA (alternative title)
Once a Cop
International (English title) (alternative title)
Project S
International (English title)
Supercop 2

Box office
In Hong Kong, the film grossed HK$9,337,853, as of 8 November 1993. In US dollars, this was .

See also
Jackie Chan filmography

External links

1993 films
1993 action thriller films
1993 martial arts films
Police detective films
Cantonese-language films
Hong Kong action thriller films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Kung fu films
Golden Harvest films
Film spin-offs
Films shot in Hong Kong
Films directed by Stanley Tong
Films scored by Michael Wandmacher
Police Story (film series)
1990s police procedural films
1990s Hong Kong films

Supercop 2


The Grain Futures Act (ch. 369, , ) is a United States federal law enacted September 21, 1922 involving the regulation of trading in certain commodity futures, and causing the establishment of the Grain Futures Administration, a predecessor organization to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.

The bill that became the Grain Futures Act was introduced in the United States Congress two weeks after the US Supreme Court declared the Futures Trading Act of 1921 unconstitutional in Hill v. Wallace 259 U.S. 44 (1922).  The Grain Futures Act was held to be constitutional by the US Supreme Court in Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen 262 US 1 (1923).

In 1936 it was revised into the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). The act was further superseded in 1974 by establishing the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. In 1982 the Commodity Futures Trading Commission created the National Futures Association (NFA).

See also
National Futures Association
Commodity Exchange Act
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Futures exchange
Futures contract

References

External links
 US CODE--TITLE 7

Commodity markets in the United States
United States federal commodity and futures legislation
1922 in American law
Grain trade

Grain Futures Act


John Murray (born July 4, 1987) is an American-Polish professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for GKS Katowice in the Polska Hokej Liga. In 2014, he won the PHL playoff championship with Ciarko PBS Bank KH Sanok and again in 2018 and 2019 with GKS Tychy. He also plays for the Poland men's national ice hockey team.

Playing career

Junior
Murray played minor hockey with the Philadelphia Jr. Flyers until the age of 16. At 16 years of age, Murray left home for Youngstown, Ohio, to play for the North American Hockey League's Youngstown Phantoms. He played in 21 games that season. For the next two seasons, Murray played for the United States Hockey League's Sioux Falls Stampede, where his teammates included T. J. Oshie, Andreas Nödl, Jay Barriball and Alex Kangas. In his first season with Sioux Falls, Murray had a dismal record of 7–13–2 and a goals-against average of 3.24 but he still managed to have a save percentage of .902%, thanks mostly to one shutout. The next season, Murray had a GAA of 2.14 while allowing only 68 goals, the same as he did the year before, as well as a much-improved record of 23–7–1 and three shutouts. He also had a save percentage of .930%, both of which were second-best in the USHL that season. Murray and teammate Alex Kangas found themselves both ranked in the Final Central Scouting for the 2006 NHL Entry Draft for North American goaltenders with Kangas ranked tenth and Murray ranked 22nd. (Both had slipped through the draft the year before.) Kangas was chosen 135th overall by the Atlanta Thrashers but Murray was not drafted.

Murray then began to contemplate his future. He considered playing for the University of Maine but he did not have a scholarship. His agent then contacted him with a job offer with the OHL's Kitchener Rangers. The Rangers had lost their #1 goaltender, Dan Turple, to graduation after being signed by Atlanta. On May 25, 2006, considering the length of the OHL schedule, Murray signed with the Rangers, eventually taking the #1 job away from sophomore goaltender Mark Packwood. After Packwood was traded to the Oshawa Generals, rookie Charles Lavigne (now with the Québec Remparts) backed up Murray for the rest of the 2006–07 OHL season. Murray finished the 2006–07 season with a record of 40–9–3, a 2.58 GAA, a .909% save percentage and five shutouts. He represented the Western Conference at the 2007 OHL All-Star Classic in Saginaw, Michigan.

During the 2007 offseason, Murray was signed to a professional tryout contract by the Columbus Blue Jackets. During a game against the rookies of the Dallas Stars, former OHL foe James Neal cross-checked Murray in the shoulder after making a save. The cross-check separated Murray's shoulder and it broke his collarbone in two places. Thinking that he would have had a spot on the Syracuse Crunch, Murray was sent back to Kitchener as an overage player. The Rangers, however, had two new rookie goaltenders, Josh Unice and Mavric Parks, as well as three overagers already on their roster. On December 7, 2007, the Rangers traded Murray to the Kingston Frontenacs, who desperately needed a goalie after Anthony Peters was hit by a car and broke his leg in an accident in Windsor. The next night, Murray was in goal for his first game of the 2007–08 season, starting against his former team. He allowed six goals on 50 shots against. On January 25, 2008, Murray was involved in a fight with Niagara IceDogs goaltender Lucas Lobsinger which resulted in a two-game suspension. Murray finished the season with a 12–15–1 record, a 3.78 goals-against average and a .901% save percentage. During his two OHL seasons, Murray also accumulated 37 penalty minutes.

Professional
After the Kingston Frontenacs missed the playoffs in 2008, Murray was signed by the ECHL's Reading Royals. In his first ECHL start, against the Elmira Jackals at First Arena in Elmira, New York, he recorded a 38-save shutout en route to being named the first star of the game. In the summer of 2008, Murray was signed to the ECHL's newest franchise, the Ontario Reign. Murray did well in Ontario, earning a berth at the 2009 ECHL All-Star Game in Reading. After Jeff Zatkoff came back from an injury, however, Murray found himself traded to the now-defunct Mississippi Sea Wolves in February 2009. He played in only two games for Mississippi, both of them losses. During the period of time between the ECHL All-Star Game and his trade, Murray was recalled by the Syracuse Crunch while Dan LaCosta was recalled by the Columbus Blue Jackets.

In the summer of 2009, Murray was signed to a two-way contract between the Manitoba Moose of the AHL and the Victoria Salmon Kings of the ECHL. After starting the 2009/10 season with the Salmon Kings, his job was taken away when the Calgary Flames assigned both David Shantz and Matt Keetley to the team. Murray was claimed by the Johnstown Chiefs, an ECHL team in his home state of Pennsylvania. With the Chiefs having folded, Murray was to return to the Salmon Kings in 2010/11; instead, he opted to sign with HK Partizan as a free agent. As a Partizan Murray had an outstanding season.  He posted a 1.97 GAA (goals against average) and a 0.933 save percentage in the regular season and led his team to victory over the HK Olimpija to become the 2010–2011 Slohokej League Champions and later Serbian Hockey League Champions.  In the Serbian Hockey League Championships against the KHK Crvena Zvezda Murray in two games posted a 0.951 save percentage and a 1.5 GAA.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Johnstown Chiefs players
Ice hockey players from Pennsylvania
Kingston Frontenacs players
Kitchener Rangers players
Kulager Petropavl players
Mississippi Sea Wolves players
Ontario Reign (ECHL) players
Orlik Opole players
HK Partizan players
Polish ice hockey goaltenders
Naturalized citizens of Poland
Quad City Mallards (CHL) players
Reading Royals players
Rio Grande Valley Killer Bees players
KH Sanok players
Sioux Falls Stampede players
Sportspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Syracuse Crunch players
GKS Tychy (ice hockey) players
Victoria Salmon Kings players
Youngstown Phantoms players
American expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
American expatriate ice hockey players in Serbia
American expatriate ice hockey players in Kazakhstan
American expatriate ice hockey players in Poland

John Murray (ice hockey, born 1987)


Matthew Baker (born February 25, 1988, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) is an American soccer player.

Career

College and Amateur
Baker attended Allentown Central Catholic High School. He set school records for most goals in a season (40) most career assists (43), goals (76) and points. He earned First Team All-State, First Team All-Area and All-Lehigh Division I First Team honors. He also was named to the Salisbury All-Tournament Team. He ranked among the region's all-time top 20 in both goals and points, becoming the 40thknown player in region to score 30-plus goals in a season. Led the Lehigh Valley Conference and Colonial League in scoring and received Lehigh Division Honorable Mention honors as a sophomore. Led team to a second-place finish in district play in 2004-05 and four years played.

Baker joined the Pitt Panthers after graduating from Allentown Central Catholic High School for four years of college soccer at the University of Pittsburgh. He was his team's team leader in points and goals in his freshman year in 2006 as well as earning Big East Rookie of the Week Honors. In 2009, Baker was voted team captain and earned Most Valuable Player. He was a Big East Academic All-Star all four years. In 2009, he earned a spot on the Big East Academic All Star team. He was also selected as the University of Pittsburgh's Male Scholar Athlete of the Year.

During his college years Baker also played for Pennsylvania Stoners and the Pocono Snow in the National Premier Soccer League, alongside his Riverhounds teammate Alex Weekes. The Stoners went on to win the NPSL National Championship in 2008.

Professional
Baker turned professional in 2010 when he signed to play for the Pittsburgh Riverhounds in the USL Second Division. He made his professional debut on April 17, 2010, in the team's 2010 season opener against the Real Maryland Monarchs, and went on to make 18 appearances for the Riverhounds in his debut pro season. He earned Team of the Week honors and finished the season with three assists.

Baker asked to be released by the Riverhounds at the end of the 2010 season to pursue a career in Brazil. He received a contract offer from Flamengo Paraibano of the second division in Brazil. Living conditions forced the team to fold leaving Baker without a team. He signed to play for Reading United in the USL Premier Development League in 2011. Baker has also played in Philadelphia Union Reserve team matches.

References

External links
Pittsburgh bio

1988 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Pittsburgh Panthers men's soccer players
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
Reading United AC players
USL Second Division players
USL League Two players
Sportspeople from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Soccer players from Pennsylvania
American expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Men's association football midfielders

Matthew Baker (soccer)


A Good Marriage is a novella by American writer Stephen King, published in the collection Full Dark, No Stars (2010).

Plot
Darcy Anderson has been married to Bob, an accountant from Portland, Maine, for 27 years. They have a happy yet humdrum relationship, running a mail order business selling and appraising rare coins. One day, while Bob is away on business, Darcy goes into the garage to search for batteries. When she rummages through Bob's belongings, she stumbles across a pornographic magazine showing sadomasochistic images. Unnerved by the magazine—and that it is in Bob's possession—Darcy finds a secret compartment behind the garage's baseboard and makes a more horrific discovery: a small box containing the ID cards of Marjorie Duvall, a victim of a serial killer called "Beadie".

Bob phones Darcy and senses her distress. Afterwards, Darcy looks up Beadie online and cross-checks Bob's business records with the locations of the murders, finding that Bob was close to most of the crimes. When Darcy wakes up the next morning, she finds that Bob has deduced her discovery and returned home early. He calmly explains his insanity to his horrified wife, recounting how he and a sadistic friend named Brian Delahanty—nicknamed "BD", from which "Beadie" was derived—planned a school shooting as teenagers. Delahanty was hit by a truck before they could carry it out, but Bob claims he had "infected" him with "certain ideas", resulting in his homicidal urges.

Bob claims that after he started his family with Darcy, his murderous alter ego receded and he was not driven to kill again for several years. He pleads to Darcy to put the matter behind them, for the sake of herself and their family. After mulling it over, Darcy feigns an agreement to do so, on the condition that he bury Duvall's ID cards deep in the woods. Bob believes Darcy has put the truth behind her; however, she is trying to think of a way to stop him from killing again. A few months after Darcy's discoveries, an elated Bob finds a rare 1955 doubled die cent, and the couple goes out to celebrate. When Bob becomes drunk from champagne, Darcy devises a plan to murder him.

Upon arriving home, Darcy has Bob fetch some Perrier while she waits for him upstairs, ostensibly for sex. However, when Bob arrives, Darcy pushes him down the stairs, breaking his arm, neck, and back. She then manages to shove a plastic bag and a dish cloth down his throat, killing him. After removing the evidence of murder, Darcy manages to convince the police and the children that Bob died in a drunken accident, and is not suspected of committing any foul play. Darcy assumes the ordeal is over.

However, not long after Bob is buried, a retired detective named Holt Ramsey visits the house. Ramsey spent years investigating the Beadie murders and had questioned Bob. Ramsey tells Darcy that he suspected Bob was the killer, since his Chevrolet Suburban was seen in the vicinity of each victim. Darcy realizes that Ramsey has figured out her role in Bob's death. Once she admits the truth, Ramsey assures her that she "did the right thing" and leaves; before he does, she tells him about Delahanty. Darcy realizes that Bob was close to being caught and wasn't as smart as he thought he was, and finds that she can now be at peace with herself.

Background
In the afterword for Full Dark, No Stars, King stated that the character of Bob Anderson was inspired by Dennis Rader, the infamous "BTK Killer". Like Rader, Anderson gruesomely tortures and kills his victims, then mails his victims' identification to the police; Anderson's victims, like Rader's, are women and children. Also like Rader, Anderson is a pillar of the community who is well regarded by his friends and colleagues. King said that he felt inspired to write the story after the public outcry against Rader's wife, Paula, who had been married to him for 34 years yet seemed to have no knowledge of his crimes.

Film adaptation

On May 19, 2012, it was announced that Will Battersby and Peter Askin were producing an adaptation of A Good Marriage with Askin directing Stephen King's screenplay of his own novella. On September 11, 2012, Joan Allen was announced as the lead in the film. Anthony LaPaglia and Stephen Lang were later added to the cast.

Reception
Terrence Rafferty of The New York Times wrote, "King works the double motifs deftly and guides the narrative to a satisfyingly cathartic climax—after which he supplies a nifty denouement". Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post wrote, "Through his mastery of detail and his deceptively effortless narrative voice, King transforms this disquieting material into a disturbing, fascinating book." Tim Martin of The Daily Telegraph wrote that the story starts off with a familiar premise but ends "with some far more troubling and resonant points about justice and forgiveness". Doug Johnstone of The Independent called the story "King at his absolute best". Carol Memmott of USA Today called it the best story of the collection and wrote, "It's a grim reminder that you can never really know the people you love, and it's a warning about how the little things in life can be the tipping point toward a living nightmare."

In the wake of the novella and its subsequent film, Kerri Rawson, the daughter of Dennis Rader, spoke publicly, claiming that King had exploited both her family and her father's victims with the story.

See also
 Stephen King short fiction bibliography

Footnotes

2010s novellas
American novels adapted into films
Mariticide in fiction
Novellas by Stephen King
Novels about serial killers
Charles Scribner's Sons books

A Good Marriage


Kristina Krepela (born 4 September 1979) is a Croatian actress, the best known for playing in movies La Femme Musketeer and The Hunting Party and in telenovela Ne daj se, Nina, the Croatian version of Ugly Betty.

Career
Krepela trained on the Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb.

Her first role was in the short-movie Leptir (Butterfly), in 2003. Her next role was not so small. She played the Spanish Infanta Maria Theresa in Hallmark Channel television movie La Femme Musketeer, along with Gérard Depardieu, Michael York, Nastassja Kinski, John Rhys-Davies and Susie Amy.

She returned to Zagreb, taking role of Ivana in Croatian telenovela Ljubav u zaledju (Love in the Offside). In 2007, she had a little appearance in the movie The Hunting Party, along with Richard Gere.

Since October 2007, Krepela has played Barbara in Ne daj se, Nina (Don't Give Up, Nina), Croatian version of Ugly Betty and unknown woman in Game of Thrones .

Filmography

References

External links

Croatian actresses
1979 births
Living people
Actresses from Zagreb

Kristina Krepela


Solimana was a minor West African state of the nineteenth century with a capital at the fortress town of Falaba.  Situated on rich slave-trading routes in what is now Sierra Leone, Solimana was visited in 1822 by Alexander Gordon Laing and in 1869 by William Winwood Reade, making it nominally British.

In 1884, Mandinka conqueror Samori joined the king of Kaliere in attacking Solimana, then under the rule of Manga Sewa.  After Samori's general N'fa Ali destroyed a number of surrounding villages, the Mandinka forces began a five-month siege of Falaba itself.  With the city's residents starved nearly to death, Manga Sewa gathered his family in Falaba's gunpowder magazine and lit a torch, simultaneously killing himself and breaching Falaba's walls.

The territory of Solimana was then briefly assimilated into Samori's Wassoulou Empire.  Following Samori's own fall several years later, it was claimed by the British and incorporated into the Crown Colony of Sierra Leone.

External links
Brief biography of Manga Sewa

History of Sierra Leone
Former countries in Africa
States and territories disestablished in 1884
19th century in Africa

Solimana (state)


Charles Lemert (born 1937) is an American born social theorist and sociologist. He has written extensively on social theory, globalization and culture. He has contributed to many key debates in social thought, authoring dozens of books including his text Social Things: An Introduction to the Sociological Life, 5th edition (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011). From 1982 to 2010, he taught at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. He currently lives in New Haven, Connecticut with his family.

Lemert is distinguished as a theorist in the US, most notably for introducing French theory to American sociology. His first book Sociology and the Twilight of Man: Homocentrism and Discourse in Sociological Theory (Southern Illinois University Press, 1979) drew from theoretical contributions of the likes of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida in order to critique humanism in sociological theory. Lemert is also known for his instructional texts: Social Theory: The Multicultural and Classic Readings (Westview Press, 2004)  and Thinking the Unthinkable: The Riddles of Classical Social Theories (Paradigm Publishers, 2007).

He maintains a column called Slow Thoughts for Fast Times for the online journal Fast Capitalism and edits the Great Barrington Books series for Paradigm Publishers and New Social Formations series for Rowman & Littlefield.

Career
Education

Lemert received his PhD from Harvard University in 1972 after completing work at Andover Newton Theological School and Miami University in Ohio. While a graduate student in the Harvard Department of Social Relations, Lemert studied with Talcott Parsons and Robert Bellah. His dissertation advisor was the theologian Harvey Cox.  At the time he completed his dissertation he was a fellow of the Center for Urban Studies (a joint center with MIT and Harvard). He also received an honorary doctorate from the University of the West of England in 2004.

Positions

Lemert is John C. Andrus Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Wesleyan University, where he taught from 1982-2010. Currently, he is Senior Fellow of the Center for Comparative Research at Yale University and he teaches at the Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis.

In 2014, he was appointed the inaugural Vice Chancellor's Professorial Fellow at the University of South Australia, where he contributes to the Hawke Research Institute. He has delivered numerous public lectures and masterclasses at the Hawke Research Institute, University of South Australia's flagship research institute in the social sciences, humanities and creative arts. Some of his lectures have appeared on programs broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).

Previously, he was Professor of Sociology at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale from 1977-1981. He has also held several visiting scholarships at various institutions, including Centre de Sociologie Européenne: Education et Culture, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques, Trinity College (Connecticut), Columbia University, and MIT. He is a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.

He is currently Pastoral Associate for the Homeless, Trinity Church on the Green, an Associate in Community Relations and Board Member, at Neighborhood Housing Services of New Haven, a Vice-Chancellor's Professorial Fellow at The Hawke Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, and Senior Research Scholar, Sociology, Yale University.

Recent works

Introduction to Contemporary Social Theory, with Anthony Elliott (Routledge, 2014)
Uncertain Worlds: World-Systems Analysis in Changing Times, with Immanuel Wallerstein and Carlos Aguirre Rojas, (Paradigm, 2013)
The Structural Lie: Small Clues to Global Things (Paradigm, 2011)
Why Niebuhr Matters (Yale University Press, 2011)
Globalization: A Reader, with Anthony Elliott, Daniel Chaffee, Eric L. Hsu (Routledge, 2010)
Thinking the Unthinkable: The Riddles of Classical Social Theories (Paradigm Publishers, 2007)
Durkheim's Ghosts: Cultural Logics and Social Things (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
The Souls of W.E.B. Du Bois, with Alford A. Young, Jr., Jerry G. Watts, Manning Marable & Elizabeth Higginbotham (Boulder & London: Paradigm Publishers, 2006)
Deadly Worlds: The Emotional Costs of Globalization, with Anthony Elliott (Rowman & Littlefield NA, 2006; world rights: Routledge, UK, 2005 as The New Individualism)
Social Things (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005; 3e revised & enlarged; 2005). 2e 2001; 1e 1997. German and Danish editions, 2004
Postmodernism Is Not What You Think (Paradigm Publishers, 2005; 2e revised & enlarged; forthcoming) Original publisher: Blackwell, 1997.  Portuguese/Brazilian Edition, 2001; with a new preface
Sociology After the Crisis (Paradigm Publishers, 2004; 2e revised & enlarged). Original publisher: Perseus Books, 1995-2002
Globalization: An Introduction to the End of the Known World (Routledge/Paradigm, 2015)
Americans Thinking: An Introduction to American Social Theory (Routledge/Paradigm, 2018)
 Silence and Society (Routledge/Paradigm, 2018)
 Uncertain Futures: Theories of Capitalism, with Kristin Plys (Routledge/Paradigm, 2018).

References

External links
Faculty Page at University of South Australia
Video of Lecture entitled "Future of the World" delivered at Flinders University of South Australia, March 14, 2007.

1937 births
American sociologists
Columbia University staff
Harvard University alumni
Southern Illinois University faculty
Wesleyan University faculty
Miami University alumni
Living people

Charles Lemert


Ching Siu-tung (Chinese: 程小東, born October 31, 1953), also known as Tony Ching, is a Hong Kong action choreographer, actor, film director and producer, who has directed over 20 films, including the critically acclaimed supernatural fantasy A Chinese Ghost Story (1987). He produced the expensive music video for "L'Âme-Stram-Gram" by the French singer Mylène Farmer in the style of A Chinese Ghost Story at a cost of €1 million. He studied in the Eastern Drama Academy and trained in Northern Style Kung Fu for 7 years.

Career
Ching began as an actor and martial arts instructor working in Hong Kong action cinema in the 1960s and 1970s (his father, Ching Gong, was a Shaw Brothers Studio director, and Ching Siu-tung had been trained in Peking opera as a child), but he made his directorial debut in 1982 with the ground-breaking wuxia classic Duel to the Death.

Ching worked with producer Tsui Hark on 1987's A Chinese Ghost Story, which became an international sensation, although it was usually Tsui Hark who took most of the plaudits. He continued to work with Tsui Hark, directing sequels to that film in 1990 and 1991, and co-directing all three parts of the Swordsman series, starting in 1990. Other directorial highlights included the highly successful Royal Tramp films (both 1992) which starred Stephen Chow and Brigitte Lin.

Ching continued his role as action director / choreographer throughout this period, and has continued to work in that role on high-profile international successes like Shaolin Soccer (2001), Hero (2002), and House of Flying Daggers (2004).

In 2002, Ching was nominated twice for Best Action Choreography at the Hong Kong Film Awards, and won in 2003 for his efforts on Hero. That same year, he made his American film debut, directing Steven Seagal in the direct-to-video feature Belly of the Beast. In 2006, he choreographed the action scenes in the Indian superhero film Krrish, for which he won a Filmfare Best Action Award and Zee Cine Award.

In 2008, Ching directed An Empress and the Warriors, in which he also served as action choreographer. The film stars Kelly Chen, Donnie Yen and Leon Lai.

Filmography

Director

Action choreographer

References

External links
Kung Fu Cinema interview

 HK cinemagic entry

Hong Kong film directors
1953 births
Living people
Hong Kong film producers
Action choreographers
Horror film directors
People from Anhui

Ching Siu-tung


Public Eye is a sustainability-oriented, politically and religiously independent solidarity development non-governmental organisation based in Switzerland.

Public Eye notably encourages Swiss politics and business to respect human rights and the environment in poor countries.

History and orientation
Erklärung von Bern, literally Berne Declaration, was founded in 1968 by the merger of signatories to a manifesto on "Switzerland and the Developing Countries" by a group of theologians, which objected to the growing differences in prosperity between the so-called first world and the third world. One thousand people signed the consequently called Erklärung von Bern, meaning declaration of Bern, and among other things declared to contribute 3% of their income towards development cooperation. On 6 January 1969 the manifesto was presented to the Swiss Federal Council.

In 1971, the movement was constituted into an association. EvB was since the 1970s financially worn from their then about 18,000 members, and is also financed by donations, legacies and the contribututions by volunteers. EvB operates also secretariats in Zürich and Lausanne. As of 2012, EvB was supported nationwide by 23,500 members and is mainly financed by membership dues and donations. At the annual general assembly in 2012, the linguistic regional branches with their individual chairmen were amalgamated into one overall national organization. As of 2016, the NGO is supported by over 25,000 members.

As a representative of the so-called dependency theory, the founder involved especially for the elimination of the dependency of the so-called developing countries by the developed countries and for a sustainable development cooperation. EvB also participated in the 1970s in the drafting of the Federal Law on Development Cooperation, and in 1992 related to the referendum against Switzerland's accession to the International Monetary Fund.

Renaming to Public Eye

At the general assembly on 23 May 2016, the members decided to change their organisation's name to Public Eye. EvB announced that the NGO's new name is forward-looking, and is already well established thanks to the former counter-summit of the same name that they organised to protest against the Davos World Economic Forum for 15 years. It is believed that Public Eye is more representative of the values, aims and methods of the organisation, and focuses on the issue of "business and human rights". The name change was implemented in mid-September 2016. Henceforth, the organisation publishes, five times a year, its magazine Public Eye Magazin (French: Public Eye – Le magazine).

Goals
In general, EvD demands in magazines and information campaigns, the creation of fair trade conditions, but also addressed nutrition awareness and health issues, among other things, the use of pesticides, biotechnology and genetic engineering and drug policy.

The focus is to improve the living conditions of the so-called underprivileged populations in other countries, so the EvB declared long-term aims. According to the aims, Switzerland has to formulate its policies in such a way that the Swiss economy does not prosper at the cost of other countries and their populations, by using its membership in international and multilateral organizations Switzerland. Therefore, also campaigns for fair relations between industrialized and so-called developing countries are to organize, as Switzerland is one of the financially richest nations in the world. There are also legally binding regulations to be established, on a national and international level – which compel also business enterprises based in Switzerland to adopt a just, sustainable and social code of conduct, and which render a company's observance of its responsibilities verifiable. According to the EvB's aims, enterprises based in Switzerland assume their corporate social responsibility. Multicorporate enterprises are committed to respecting human rights, labour laws and conventions, as well as socio-ethical, ecological, and peace-keeping norms of conduct, by supporting the entire value creation chain. The Swiss population has to be informed about the conduct of the Swiss business enterprises, and the Swiss policies with respect to developing countries, and therefore to enable the Swiss people to decide and act in a responsible fashion. EvB aims also to increase the awareness of the population with respect to their purchasing decisions, thus creating consumer attitudes which promote equitable economic relations with partner countries.

To achieve these aims, EvB carries out research and gathers information on issues of global justice, with a focus on economic issues and human rights. It also urges politicians and the Swiss government to aim fairer relations with poorer countries and calls on business enterprises to assume their social and ecological responsibilities worldwide and to respect human rights. EvB raises the level of awareness of the population with respect to conscious and sustainable consumption, and networks at home and abroad with other non-governmental organizations and grassroots movements.

Projects

Claro fair trade

The organisation Suisse Tiers Monde and OS3 are two projects initiated by EvB in 1977, and labelled as Claro fair trade what resulted in a first collaboration with Corr-the jute works situated in Bangladesh. In the following years the product line was expanded gradually, among them cane sugar from the Philippines and other agriculture products from the so-called third world countries, for example coffee from Tanzania, and tea from Sri Lanka, and the cooperative El Ceibo in Bolivia around 1985, and among other sustainable initiatives, it is financially supported by the Alternative Bank Schweiz ABS. The claro products are distributed in claro and associated Weltläden shops in Switzerland.

Alternative Bank Schweiz

Inspired by the goals of EvB and several organisations, among them various charities, but also Greenpeace and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and also initiated by a commission of the EvB, the Alternative Bank Schweiz (ABS) has since 1990 evolved from the alternative operation with a few people to a hierarchically structured company with departments and supervisors.

Public Eye Award

From 2000 to 2015, the Public Eye Awards event has been held by EvB and Greenpeace Switzerland in Davos as a counter-event to the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF), and to spotlight irresponsible business practices. Public Eye was intended as a counter-public view to the closed elitist circle of the WEF. Since 2005 Public Eye has awarded prizes for shameful conduct in order to draw attention to the dark side of the globalization championed by the WEF,
 and NGO's from over 50 countries have already nominated corporations for the Public Eye Awards. Following the announcement of the Lifetime Award winner on 23 January 2015, a closing conference was held in Davos, with the participation of the Yes Men, Sven Giegold, the Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action Attac co-founder and European Parliamentarian, and Adrian Monck as Managing Director and Head of Public Engagement of the WEF association, as well as Noreena Hertz, economy professor and best-selling author. According to Schweiz aktuell broadcast on 16 January 2015, a last public presence during the 2015 WEF was not guaranteed because of the massively increased security in Davos, which was confirmed by local politicians and by the police official.

Other projects
 1978: Fachstelle Aktion Finanzplatz Schweiz – Dritte Welt (AFP)
 1991: Max-Havelaar-Stiftung, not directly initiated, but massively supported by EvB's later press releases and so on
 2003: Tax Justice Network

Campaigns (excerpt)
 1976: "Jute statt Plastik" meaning to use bags made of jute rather than of plastics.
 1997: "Let's go fair - für gerecht produzierte Sportschuhe" related to shoes imported in Switzerland.
 Rohstoff-Kampagne 2014 to comprise a more sustainable handling of natural resources.
 fairfashion2014
 "Entlassung statt Lohnerhöhung bei Bata-Lieferanten" meaning pay increase instead of dismission at the distributor of Bata.
 Collapse of the Rana Plaza fabrication in Savar, Bangladesh. Public Eye takes part in the Clean Clothes Campaign.
 2016: "Dirty Diesel" campaign to force traders – especially Trafigura, but also Vitol, Addax & Oryx, Mercuria and Glencore –  to stop to prepare and sell "African quality" toxic fuel to Africa (with high levels of sulphur causing particulate matter pollution harming people's health). It is the campaign of Public Eye which received the largest international media coverage. The first concrete reaction is that Ghana reduced the maximum limit of sulphur in imported diesel from 3000 to 50 parts per million, from March 2017 (European limit is at 10 parts per million).

Literature
 Rohstoff - Das gefährlichste Geschäft der Schweiz. Salis, Zürich 2011, .
 Andreas Missbach: Saubere Rendite – Ökologisch und sozial verantwortungsvoll investieren. Ott Verlag, Bern 2007, .
 Anne-Marie Hollenstein, Regula Renschler, Rudolf Strahm: Entwicklung heisst Befreiung. Erinnerungen an die Pionierzeit der Erklärung von Bern (1968–1985). Chronos, Zürich 2008, .
 Renate Spörri: Der Einfluss der Erklärung von Bern auf den Bund. In: Von der Entwicklungshilfe zur Entwicklungspolitik,  published by P. Hug and B. Mesmer, Bern 1993.

References

External links

1968 establishments in Switzerland
Organizations established in 1968
Sustainability organizations
Sustainability in Switzerland
Economics of sustainability
Economy of Switzerland
Society of Switzerland
Anti-globalization organizations
Organisations based in Zürich
Human rights organisations based in Switzerland
Political organisations based in Switzerland
Think tanks based in Switzerland
Swiss Climate Alliance

Public Eye (organization)


The Opel Adam is a car produced by the German carmaker Opel. It was made between 2012 and 2019. It was named after its founder Adam Opel and is sold in the UK as a Vauxhall. It's known for having many personalisation options. Production ended in 2019 after a single generation.

Adam
Front wheel drive vehicles
2010s automobiles

Opel Adam


Sir George Hutchins (died 1705) was an English lawyer and politician, a Member of Parliament and king's serjeant.

Life
He was the son and heir of Edmund Hutchins of Georgeham in Devon. On 19 May 1666 he entered Gray's Inn, and was called to the bar there in August of the following year.

At Easter 1686 Hutchins was made serjeant-at-law by James II, and in May 1689 was chosen king's serjeant to William III, who knighted him the following October. He became Member of Parliament for  in the 1690 English general election. In May 1690 he succeeded Sir Anthony Keck as third commissioner of the Great Seal, and acted until the elevation of Sir John Somers as Lord Keeper on 22 March 1693.

Hutchins then resumed practice at the bar, and claimed his right to retain his former position of king's serjeant. The judges decided against him, on the ground that the post was merely an office conferred by the crown; but the king settled the question by reappointing him his serjeant on 6 May. He died at his house in Greville Street, Holborn, on 6 July 1705.

Family
Hutchins married, first, Mary, daughter of Sir William Leman, 1st Baronet, who died in 1695; they had at least three children. His second wife was Sarah, daughter of Sir William Leman, 2nd Baronet, and so niece to his first wife, whom he married in 1697.

On the marriage in 1697 of his two daughters, Hutchins gave each of them a portion of £20,000. The husband of Anne, the second daughter, was William Peere Williams. The younger daughter, Mary, married Richard Minshall.

Notes

Attribution

Year of birth missing
1705 deaths
English barristers
Serjeants-at-law (England)
English MPs 1690–1695
Members of Gray's Inn
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Barnstaple

George Hutchins (lawyer)


Naomi Weston Childers (November 15, 1892 – May 9, 1964), was an American silent film actress whose career lasted until the mid-20th century.

English ancestry, child actress
She was born of English parentage in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. Later in life she took pride in being descended from a long line of British ancestors. Her childhood was spent in St. Louis, Missouri, where she was educated in the Maryville convent. Childers began acting at the age of three, reciting at a notable function. She played a Chopin number at an adult recital at age eight. Characterized by her wisdom in theater and silent films, she performed various performances with the great creator of silent films, Charles S. Chaplin. It was not until 1942 that Childers left the talkies. When she was ten Childers performed the title roles in both Red Riding Hood and Alice in Wonderland at the Odeon Theater in St. Louis. In 1912 she played in The Great Name and Madame X. The theatrical presentations featured Henry Kolker and Dorothy Donnelly. When she was 11 years old, Childers won a contest for interpretation and gave a series of readings at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis.

On Broadway, Childers appeared in The Great Name (1911) and Ready Money.

Hollywood films
Childers was in movies beginning in 1913. She appeared in The Turn of the Road (1915) and The Writing on the Wall (1916). She was associated with the Vitagraph company for four years. Her most popular role was in Womanhood, the Glory of the Nation. In this film she performed a most modern characterization of Joan of Arc. In 1917 she began working with the Commonwealth Company. Childers possessed a preference for comedy, yet she was in constant demand to play more serious roles. Her character work in motion pictures was a strong asset. In the 1919 Sam Goldwyn film Lord and Lady Algy, Childers was cast in the leading feminine role. She depicted the wife of the young Lord Algy, played by Tom Moore. As a titled Englishwoman she revealed a cold exterior, but retained a warm nature.

Physical beauty

The Motion Picture Studio Directory of 1916 contains a biographical sketch of Childers as well as a physical description of the actress. In that reference she is described as "5 ft. 7 in." in height; 130 pounds; with "light complexion, golden brown hair, [and] blue eyes". Childers' good looks were highly regarded at the peak of her career. She was once voted the most beautiful woman in Japan, and contemporaries also compared her in appearance to the legendary Sarah Bernhardt. Often employed as a model, Childers enjoyed the attention of artists across the United States, many of whom referred to her as "the girl with the Grecian face."

Personal life
In 1919, Childers became engaged to Harold Darling Shattuck, the head of a large candy making company. Their wedding was scheduled for June, but was postponed until fall, because Childers was in Texas for an event. The actress referred to her fiancé as her Chocolate Soldier.

In December 1929, she was given a divorce from Luther A. Reed, Hollywood scenario writer and motion picture director, on grounds of desertion. The superior court of Los Angeles, California awarded Childers custody of an eight-year-old son and granted $250 a month alimony. Childers alleged Reed deserted her following nine years of married life.

Poverty and death
When Louis B. Mayer discovered Childers had come into hard times in later years, he granted her a lifetime contract from MGM. She continued to play numerous, often uncredited, roles into the early 1950s. Childers died in Hollywood, California in 1964, age 71. She is buried at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery.

Partial filmography
 Mr. Barnes of New York (1914)
 Anselo Lee (1915)
 The Man Who Couldn't Beat God (1915)
 The Price of Fame (1916)
 Womanhood, the Glory of the Nation (1917)
 Lord and Lady Algy (1919)
 After His Own Heart (1919)
 The Divorcee (1919)
 The World and Its Woman (1919)
 Shadows of Suspicion (1919)
 The Gay Lord Quex (1919)
 Human Desire (1919)
 Blind Man's Eyes (1919)
 Duds (1920)
 Earthbound (1920)
 Courage (1921)
 Hold Your Horses (1921)
 Mr. Barnes of New York (1922)
 Success (1923)
 Restless Wives (1924)
 Virtuous Liars (1924)

References

Bibliography
 Fresno, California Bee, "Naomi Childers Reed Divorces Scenario Writer", Friday, December 13, 1929,
 La Crosse, Wisconsin Tribune, "News Notes from Movieland", Wednesday, May 3, 1918, Page 3.
 Madison, Wisconsin Capitol Times, "News Notes from Movieland", Thursday Afternoon, December 20, 1917, Page 4.
 Newark, Ohio Daily Advocate, "Amusements", Wednesday, December 17, 1919, Page 8.
 Sandusky, Ohio Star-Journal, "News Notes from Movieland", Monday, November 27, 1916, Page 9.
 Charles Foster, Stardust and Shadows, 2000, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 208.

External links

1892 births
1964 deaths
Actresses from St. Louis
American child actresses
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Elocutionists
20th-century American actresses

Naomi Childers


The Singing Ringing Tree is a wind powered sound sculpture resembling a tree set in the landscape of the Pennine hill range overlooking Burnley, in Lancashire, England.

Completed in 2006, it is part of the series of four sculptures within the Panopticons arts and regeneration project created by the East Lancashire Environmental Arts Network (ELEAN). The project was set up to erect a series of 21st-century landmarks, or Panopticons (structures providing a comprehensive view), across East Lancashire as symbols of the renaissance of the area.

Designed by architects Mike Tonkin and Anna Liu of Tonkin Liu, the Singing Ringing Tree is a  tall construction comprising pipes of galvanised steel which harness the energy of the wind to produce a slightly discordant and penetrating choral sound covering a range of several octaves. Some of the pipes are primarily structural and visual elements, while others have been cut across their width enabling the sound. The harmonic and singing qualities of the tree were produced by tuning the pipes according to their length by adding holes to the underside of each.

In 2007, the sculpture won (along with 13 other candidates) the National Award of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) for architectural excellence.

In March 2017, a second Singing Ringing Tree was set on the outskirts of Austin, Texas in the United States in the rural area of a small town called Manor.

While the exact location is unknown, Tonkin Liu also helped in the creation of a third sculpture which is found somewhere in Saudi Arabia.

The "Singing Ringing Tree" sculpture was donated to the City of Abilene in July 2022 by its owner in the Austin, Texas, area. The anonymous donor covered the installation and moving costs, which were arranged by the Abilene Cultural Affairs Council. The council contracted with JK Welding to dismantle and reassemble the sculpture, which is composed of nearly 27 tons of pipes, east of the Frontier Texas! museum in the grassy median where Treadaway Boulevard splits and flows into South 1st St. The sculpture's position has been optimized to maximize the wind blowing across the pipes, taking advantage of wind channeled through two nearby underpasses. However, the sculpture is mostly silent in the Abilene location, with director of the Abilene Cultural Affairs Council admitting that "most [visitors] haven't heard it yet." The reason why the tubes have failed to consistently produce noise is unknown.

See also
Sibelius Monument Helsinki
Blackpool High Tide Organ
Halo (artwork)
Aeolus Acoustic Wind Pavilion

References

Birch, Amanda (3 August 2007), "Tonkin Liu's Singing Ringing Tree puts panpipes into park panorama", in Building Design (bdonline.co.uk). Retrieved 5 June 2008.
 East Lancashire Environmental Arts Network (2005),
 Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) (22 June 2007), RIBA National and European Awards. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
 Carlson, Amanda (9 September 2020), "The rise of Houston jack-of-all-trades shop JK Welding", in The Welder. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
FOX West Texas TV station. (July 12, 2022). "Rare Singing Ringing Tree Sculpture Set to Find New Home in Abilene." [Source]
Abilene Reporter-News. (July 22, 2022). "Abilene's in for a 'Treet': Singing Ringing Sculpture Installation." [Source].

External links
Sound and video on Sound Tourism site
YouTube videos

Sound sculptures
Wind-activated musical instruments
Outdoor sculptures in England
Buildings and structures in Burnley
2006 sculptures
Steel sculptures in England
2006 establishments in England

Singing Ringing Tree (sculpture)


Crosscurrents is a half-hour evening news magazine from KALW Public Radio in San Francisco. The show launched on August 4, 2008 and is hosted by Hana Baba. The show's tagline is "Context, culture and connection from around the Bay Area."

Crosscurrents airs Monday through Thursday from 5 to 5:30 p.m. on 91.7 FM in the San Francisco Bay Area and streams live. The show is also available as a podcast.

Members of the Crosscurrents team have been honored by the Society of Professional Journalists Northern California Chapter, San Francisco Peninsula Press Club, Public Radio News Directors Inc. and the Radio Television Digital News Association.

Crosscurrents is funded through a combination of grants and listener contributions to KALW.

Show contents
Crosscurrents shows combine coverage of key local news stories with sound-rich features highlighting the arts and culture of the Bay Area.

References

External links
 Crosscurrents official website
 KALW official website

American talk radio programs
American public radio programs
American news radio programs

Crosscurrents (radio program)