In the physical sciences, relaxation usually means the return of a perturbed system into equilibrium.
Each relaxation process can be categorized by a relaxation time τ. The simplest theoretical description of relaxation as function of time t is an exponential law  (exponential decay).

In simple linear systems

Mechanics: Damped unforced oscillator
Let the homogeneous differential equation:

model damped unforced oscillations of a weight on a spring.

The displacement will then be of the form . The constant T () is called the relaxation time of the system and the constant μ is the quasi-frequency.

Electronics: RC circuit
In an RC circuit containing a charged capacitor and a resistor, the voltage decays exponentially:

The constant  is called the relaxation time or RC time constant of the circuit. A nonlinear oscillator circuit which generates a repeating waveform by the repetitive discharge of a capacitor through a resistance is called a relaxation oscillator.

In condensed matter physics

In condensed matter physics, relaxation is usually studied as a linear response to a small external perturbation. Since the underlying microscopic processes are active even in the absence of external perturbations, one can also study "relaxation in equilibrium" instead of the usual "relaxation into equilibrium" (see fluctuation-dissipation theorem).

Stress relaxation
In continuum mechanics, stress relaxation is the gradual disappearance of stresses from a viscoelastic medium after it has been deformed.

Dielectric relaxation time

In dielectric materials, the dielectric polarization P depends on the electric field E. If E changes, P(t) reacts: the polarization relaxes towards a new equilibrium, i.e., the surface charges equalize. It is important in dielectric spectroscopy. Very long relaxation times are responsible for dielectric absorption.

The dielectric relaxation time is closely related to the electrical conductivity. In a semiconductor it is a measure of how long it takes to become neutralized by conduction process. This relaxation time is small in metals and can be large in semiconductors and insulators.

Liquids and amorphous solids
An amorphous solid such as amorphous indomethacin displays a temperature dependence of molecular motion, which can be quantified as the average relaxation time for the solid in a metastable supercooled liquid or glass to approach the molecular motion characteristic of a crystal. Differential scanning calorimetry can be used to quantify enthalpy change due to molecular structural relaxation.

The term "structural relaxation" was introduced in the scientific literature in 1947/48 without any explanation, applied to NMR, and meaning the same as "thermal relaxation".

Spin relaxation in NMR

In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), various relaxations are the properties that it measures.

Chemical relaxation methods

In chemical kinetics, relaxation methods are used for the measurement of very fast reaction rates. A system initially at equilibrium is perturbed by a rapid change in a parameter such as the temperature (most commonly), the pressure, the electric field or the pH of the solvent. The return to equilibrium is then observed, usually by spectroscopic means, and the relaxation time measured. In combination with the chemical equilibrium constant of the system, this enables the determination of the rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions.

Monomolecular first-order reversible reaction
A monomolecular, first order reversible reaction which is close to equilibrium can be visualized by the following symbolic structure:

A <=> B

In other words, reactant A and product B are forming into one another based on reaction rate constants k and k'.

To solve for the concentration of A, recognize that the forward reaction (A ->[{k}] B) causes the concentration of A to decrease over time, whereas the reverse reaction (B ->[{k'}] A) causes the concentration of A to increase over time.

Therefore, , where brackets around A and B indicate concentrations.

If we say that at , and applying the law of conservation of mass, we can say that at any time, the sum of the concentrations of A and B must be equal to the concentration of , assuming the volume into which A and B are dissolved does not change:

Substituting this value for [B] in terms of [A]0 and [A](t) yields
 which becomes the separable differential equation

This equation can be solved by substitution to yield

In atmospheric sciences

Desaturation of clouds

Consider a supersaturated portion of a cloud. Then shut off the updrafts, entrainment, and any other vapor sources/sinks and things that would induce the growth of the particles (ice or water). Then wait for this supersaturation to reduce and become just saturation (relative humidity = 100%), which is the equilibrium state. The time it takes for the supersaturation to dissipate is called relaxation time. It will happen as ice crystals or liquid water content grow within the cloud and will thus consume the contained moisture. The dynamics of relaxation are very important in cloud physics for accurate mathematical modelling.

In water clouds where the concentrations are larger (hundreds per cm3) and the temperatures are warmer (thus allowing for much lower supersaturation rates as compared to ice clouds), the relaxation times will be very low (seconds to minutes).

In ice clouds the concentrations are lower (just a few per liter) and the temperatures are colder (very high supersaturation rates) and so the relaxation times can be as long as several hours. Relaxation time is given as
 where:
D = diffusion coefficient [m2/s]
N = concentration (of ice crystals or water droplets) [m−3]
R = mean radius of particles [m]
K = capacitance [unitless].

In astronomy
In astronomy, relaxation time relates to clusters of gravitationally interacting bodies, for instance, stars in a galaxy. The relaxation time is a measure of the time it takes for one object in the system (the "test star") to be significantly perturbed by other objects in the system (the "field stars"). It is most commonly defined as the time for the test star's velocity to change by of order itself.

Suppose that the test star has velocity v. As the star moves along its orbit, its motion will be randomly perturbed by the gravitational field of nearby stars. The relaxation time can be shown to be

where ρ is the mean density, m is the test-star mass, σ is the 1d velocity dispersion of the field stars, and  is the Coulomb logarithm.

Various events occur on timescales relating to the relaxation time, including core collapse, energy equipartition, and formation of a Bahcall-Wolf cusp around a supermassive black hole.

See also
Relaxation oscillator
Time constant

References

Time in physics
Time in astronomy
Celestial mechanics
Equations of astronomy

Relaxation (physics)


The Plessey Company plc was a British electronics, defence and telecommunications company. It originated in 1917, growing and diversifying into electronics. It expanded after World War II by acquisition of companies and formed overseas companies.

It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. In 1989, it was taken over by a consortium formed by GEC and Siemens which split the assets of the Plessey group.

The majority of Plessey's defence assets were amalgamated into BAE Systems in 1999 when British Aerospace merged with the defence arm of GEC, Marconi Electronic Systems (MES). The Plessey Microsystems division was the subject of a management buyout in 1988 becoming Radstone Technology, which survives today as part of Abaco Systems based in Towcester, Northamptonshire. The bulk of Plessey's telecommunications assets were acquired by Ericsson through its 2005 acquisition of Marconi Communications, a successor company of GEC.

History

Early history
The Plessey company was founded in 1917 in Marylebone, central London. The original shareholders were Thomas Hurst Hodgson, C. H. Whitaker, Raymond Parker and his brother Plessey Parker. A talented German engineer, William Oscar Heyne, was employed by the company. Heyne later became the managing director and chairman of Plessey and was one of the key figures in the development of Plessey during the 1920s and 1930s. The company moved to Cottenham Road in Ilford early in 1919. In 1925, the original company was wound up and a new one was formed with a greater share capital. Most of the early work carried out by the company was in mechanical engineering.

The Clark connection
An early customer of Plessey was a galvanising company called British Electro Chemists. One of that company's shareholders was Byron G. Clark, an American, who was also a business associate of T. H. Hodgson, one of the founders of Plessey. The Clark family would eventually dominate the management of Plessey for most of its history. Byron's son Allen George Clark joined the company in 1921, and went on to become a driving force behind the development of Plessey, followed later by his sons John Allen Clark, and Michael William Clark, both of whom rose to prominent positions in the company.

Electrical manufacturing
During the 1920s Plessey began to diversify into electrical manufacturing. Important contracts included the manufacture of early radios for Marconi and the production of telephones for the General Post Office. In order to increase production, Plessey moved to Vicarage Lane, Ilford, in 1923. In 1929, the television pioneer John Logie Baird had his first production televisions made by Plessey. The company also produced the first British-made portable radio in the same year.

The manufacture of electrical components became an area of growth for Plessey. A vast array of components was manufactured, many under licence from overseas companies. Plessey became one of the largest manufacturers in this field as the radio and television industries grew. In 1936/7, turnover was more than £1 million and Plessey became a public company on 17 March 1937.

Aircraft components
Aircraft components was another market into which the company diversified. In 1936, Plessey obtained a number of important manufacturing licences from American companies such as Breeze Corporation for aircraft multi-pin electrical connectors, Federal Laboratories for Coffman starters (an explosive cartridge device used to start aircraft engines), and Pump Engineering Services Corporation for the manufacture of Pesco fuel pumps. Plessey went on to produce large numbers of these fuel pumps for Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, and in 1940 the fuel pump for Britain's first jet engine was also supplied by Plessey.

World War II
During World War II, Plessey produced a vast array of components and equipment for the war effort, including shell cases, aircraft parts, and radio equipment such as the R1155 (receiver), and T1154 (transmitter). In all, 161,500 pieces of wartime electronic equipment were produced.

To allow greater production, Plessey converted five miles of twin tunnel, built for a new extension to the London Underground Central line from Leytonstone to Newbury Park, into a factory. The company also built a new factory at Swindon in Wiltshire, and opened several other shadow factories around the country to produce munitions. Caswell, Northamptonshire became the site of Plessey's first dedicated research centre in 1940. The wartime workforce of Plessey grew to over 10,000.

Post World War II
With the end of the war the company's orders dropped from £5 million in 1944/5 to £263,000 in 1946 and the workforce fell to less than 6,000. Radio and television sales were the main area of activity until the renewed demand for defence products with the onset of the Korean War. From a turnover of £5 million in 1949/50, there was an increase to £32 million in 1959/60.

In 1951, the Electronics Division was started by Michael Clark. By 1955, this had expanded to become the Electronics and Equipment Group with 5,000 staff. The following year the Roke Manor research facility was set up under the direction of H. J. Finden near Romsey, Hampshire. Plessey produced an early integrated circuit model in 1957, before the patents of Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild. In the 1960s the Group continued to expand, setting up facilities at places such as West Leigh (Havant, Hampshire) and Templecombe, Somerset.

In 1961 Plessey merged with Ericsson Telephones and Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Company of Liverpool, to become Britain's largest manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, including the majority of the country's crossbar switches. Alongside the Telecommunications Division, three other businesses were set up: Plessey Avionics and Communications, Plessey Radar and Plessey Marine. In 1970, the Command and Control unit was set up at Christchurch, Dorset, which became the centre of the Plessey Defence Systems business. In 1979, a major subsidiary was set up, Plessey Electronic Systems, which incorporated the three businesses and by 1986 achieved sales of over £500 million and employed 15,000.

Plessey were partners in the development of the Atlas Computer in 1962 and in the development of digital telephone systems, including System X, from the late 1970s. In 1988, Plessey's Telecommunications Division merged with that of GEC to become GEC Plessey Telecommunications. Plessey Naval Systems was formed in 1986 by the merger of Plessey Marine with Plessey Displays, which had been part of Plessey Radar.

In 1967 or 1968, English Electric was subject to a takeover bid by Plessey, but chose instead to accept an offer from GEC.

Plessey were among the first firms to use computers. Their Training Department developed an interactive management game (PITDEX) using TeleType printer/keyboards to link to LEASCO computers in the United States via standard telephones and acoustic couplers.

Plessey also pioneered the gathering and consolidation of accounting information from around the world using in-house software. Each of their 140 management reporting entities used HP125s with DIVAT (data input, validation and transmission) software. Nearly 450 validation rules ensured accuracy within and between various reports. The data were then transmitted to Ilford where a HP 3000 ran Fortran software for consolidation and reporting—also on HP125s.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, Plessey manufactured a series of computer systems and peripherals compatible with Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-11. By 1972, Plessey designed the first industrial capability-based security computer, a fault-tolerant multiprocessor system called Plessey System 250. Plessey was also the lead contractor for the Ptarmigan communications system supplied to the British Army, which adopted the System 250 architecture.

UK air defence
In 1959 AT&E, later Plessey, became the prime contractor for a new UK air defence system, known by the company under the name Plan Ahead and, from 1961, as Project Linesman. To enable the system to be designed and built without too much information becoming public knowledge, a new factory called "Exchange Works" was built in Cheapside in Liverpool city centre, where young employees were granted exemption from conscription.

At the heart of the system, installed in a huge building in the middle of a council housing estate in West Drayton, was the computer room, occupying an area of around  and filled with around 1,000  racks of electronics, including mainly the XL4 computer, based entirely on germanium transistors and using a computer language developed at Exchange Works in the 1950s and 1960s. The secure status of the factory attracted many other secret contracts and led to it becoming one of the major designers and manufacturers of cryptographic equipment. Exchange Works is now luxury flats.

South Africa
The South African roots of Plessey can be traced to the acquisition of AT&E and Ericsson in 1963, and a Cape Town based company, the Instrument Manufacturing Company (IMC), acquired in 1964.

At the time, IMC was in the process of industrialising a unique South African invention, the Tellurometer, the first successful microwave electronic distance measurement equipment. The instrument was invented by Dr. Trevor Lloyd Wadley of the Telecommunications Research Laboratory of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), also responsible for the Wadley loop receiver, which allowed precision tuning over wide bands, a task that had previously required switching out multiple crystals.

South African insurance and investment company Sanlam bought 26% of Plessey South Africa in 1974, with first right of refusal to purchase more of the company. These shares were later transferred to Sankorp, Sanlam's industrial holdings company. In 1989, when GEC-Siemens took control of the Plessey Company, Sankorp indicated its intention to purchase the remaining 74% of shares in the South African subsidiary.

Australia
Plessey had a manufacturing plant in Sydney, Australia that made defense equipment and TVs.

GEC takeover bid
In December 1985, GEC launched a takeover bid for the Plessey Company, valuing the group at £1.2 billion. Both Plessey and the Ministry of Defence were against the merger, since GEC and Plessey were the two largest suppliers to the MoD and in many tenders the only competitors. In January 1986, the bid was referred to the Monopolies & Mergers Commission (MMC), whose report published in August advised against the merger. The government concurred and blocked GEC's bid.

In 1988, Plessey and GEC merged their telecom units to form GEC Plessey Telecommunications (GPT), at the time the UK's leading telecommunications manufacturer.

GEC Siemens takeover
In 1988, GEC and Siemens set up a joint holding company, GEC Siemens, to launch a hostile takeover of Plessey. Their initial offer was made on 23 December 1988, valuing Plessey at £1.7 billion. Again, Plessey rejected the offer and again it was referred to the MMC. The original proposal envisaged joint ownership of all of Plessey's defence businesses, with GPT and Plessey's North American businesses split in the ratios 60:40 and 51:49 respectively. The level of GEC's involvement in the Plessey defence businesses was not likely to meet with regulatory approval and in February 1989, GEC Siemens announced a new organisation. In an effort to head off the bid, Plessey announced in May 1989 the closure of its compound semiconductor business in Towcester, Plessey 3-5. The takeover was completed in September 1989.

Break-up of the business
In April 1990, GEC and Siemens agreed a new structure of ownership of the Plessey businesses:

GEC acquisitions
In the UK
Plessey Aerospace
Plessey Avionics
Plessey Crypto
Plessey Materials
Plessey Naval Systems
Plessey Semiconductors
Plessey Research Caswell
Plessey Microsystems
In North America
Plessey Aero Precision Corp
Plessey Dynamics Corp
Plessey Electronic Systems Corp (including ES Marine Systems)
Sippican
Plessey Materials
Leigh Instruments

Siemens acquisitions
Siemens Plessey Radar
Siemens Plessey Defence Systems
Siemens Plessey Controls
Siemens Plessey Australia
Siemens Plessey Assessment Services
Roke Manor Research

Jointly owned
GEC Plessey Telecommunications: 60% GEC and 40% Siemens

Disposals
Birkby Plastics (1989-1990)
Hoskyns Group
Plessey Valdarno S.p.A. (Italy), sold to Magnetek in 1991
51% share in Plessey Telenet acquired by minority partner in 1992
74% share in Plessey South Africa acquired by minority partner Sankorp

Subsequent history

UK
In 1997, British Aerospace and DaimlerChrysler Aerospace acquired the UK operations and the German part of Siemens Plessey Systems, respectively.

By 1997, the GPT name disappeared in the UK and the company was known as Siemens GEC Communication Systems (SGCS), which later became Siemens Communications. In August 1998, GEC acquired Siemens' 40% stake in GPT (by now only existing as a legal entity) and merged GPT with the telecoms units of its other subsidiaries, namely Marconi SpA, GEC Hong Kong and ATC South Africa, to form Marconi Communications. In December 1999, GEC's defence arm Marconi Electronic Systems was amalgamated with British Aerospace to form BAE Systems.

The remainder of GEC was renamed to Marconi plc, and Marconi Communications became its principal subsidiary. This company was affected by the dot-com bubble and was restructured into Marconi Corporation in 2003, then collapsed in 2005. Most of it (including Marconi Communications) was bought by Ericsson and the remainder became Telent.

The part of GPT which evolved into Siemens Communications would eventually become Siemens Enterprise Communications in 2008.
GEC Plessey Semiconductors (GPS) was purchased by Mitel Semiconductors of Canada in 1998. After a number of downsizes, including the purchase of the power semiconductor and silicon on sapphire operation at Lincoln, Lincolnshire by Dynex Semiconductor in 2000, the company renamed itself Zarlink Semiconductor in 2001. The GPS fabrication plant in Plymouth was acquired by Xfab.

Plessey Semiconductors Ltd
After the sale of the Roborough site in Plymouth to Xfab, the original Plessey Semiconductors site at Cheney Manor, Swindon continued to operate under the Zarlink Semiconductor name until it was sold to MHS Industries in early 2008. In February 2009, the UK business was forced into receivership following the collapse of the parent MHS Electronics business in France. After a subsequent management buyout the company traded as Plus-Semi Ltd.
The Roborough site ( 8" and 6" lines) was re-acquired from Xfab on 1 January 2010 and the company renamed as Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. The new company transferred its bipolar processes on silicon and SOI into the 8" Plymouth facility during 2010, exploiting the combined technology base in the development of new processes and products in a number of markets. The Swindon site on the Cheney Manor Industrial estate in the west of the town was demolished in July 2012. In 2011/2, Plessey acquired the rights to disruptive GaN-on-silicon technology by acquisition of CamGaN, a startup company, from Cambridge Enterprises.

Using the GaN-on-silicon technology and semiconductor expertise, Plessey Semiconductors Ltd manufactured solid state lighting, horticultural lighting and medical sensing products. Their GaN-on-silicon i2LED high power LEDs and Stellar Orion Beam Forming modules, launched in autumn 2016, which enabled new form factors of lighting products and remove critical design constraints for lighting product designers. In horticulture, the Plessey Attis Growlight was at the forefront of an engineering approach to LED based plant grow lights which was then developed into a new brand, Hyperion Grow Lights. The company's medical products were based on the EPIC sensor, which were used in the advanced portable ECG monitoring device, Impulse, and was also the basis of an R&D program, named Warden, to develop driver alertness monitoring devices in automotive and aeronautical applications.

In 2017, Plessey pivoted the focus of the business to the R&D and manufacturing of microLEDs (micro light-emitting diodes) as a market disrupting display technology for a wide range of applications, including: Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, smartphones, televisions, smartwatches, head-up displays, head-mounted displays and more.

Plessey continues to operate in the Roborough site with leading-edge 150mm and 200mm wafer processing facilities to undertake design, test and assembly of products, and a comprehensive suite of photonic characterisation and applications laboratories.

Their original microLED product was an illuminator for display light engines (DMD and LCOS), which offered a 40% reduction in light engine size whilst delivering higher energy efficiency. They have now upgraded to full-field emissive microLED displays that combine very high-density RGB pixel arrays with high-performance CMOS backplanes to produce very high-brightness, low-power and high-frame-rate image sources. These are innovative products that are widely recognised within the industry with many accolades from prestigious electronics, engineering and display industry award programs, including: Elektra Awards 2017, British Engineering Excellence Awards 2017, National Technology Awards 2018, CES Innovation Awards 2019 and Electronics Industry Awards 2019.

In March 2019, Plessey used their GaN-on-silicon technology, which natively emits blue, to innovatively engineer the early layers within the process to emit native green, opening more opportunities for markets such as military. Plessey also achieved the world's first GaN-on-silicon monolithic, wafer to wafer bonding, in May which was a massive breakthrough for not only the company but the industry.

South Africa
In South Africa, following the successful GEC/Siemens takeover, after protracted negotiations in 1991, Plessey South Africa became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sankorp under the new name of Plessey Tellumat South Africa Limited (PTSA). The addition of the name Tellumat had a double symbolism, firstly for the company's commitment to exports, as it is the name of its UK-based export subsidiary. Secondly, the name derives from the Tellurometer, South Africa's world first electronic surveying development—and by implication, a commitment to ongoing electronic research and development.

PTSA continued to grow with a strong focus on telecommunications and defence products, particularly with a major expansion into large projects, rolling out the microwave backbone of MTN, one of South Africa's first GSM cellular networks and the installation of a fibre optic network and radio broadcasting system in Malaysia. A software division was formed through the acquisition of BSW data, largely staffed by engineers from the recently terminated South African space programme in which PTSA had also participated, both in the electronics of the launch vehicle and the satellite itself.

1995 was a landmark year in the history of the business in South Africa. The merger of PTSA and Tek Electronics, the consumer electronics audio and video products, manufacturer and distributor, (also wholly owned by Sankorp) took the business full circle back to its consumer electronics roots. This resulted in the renaming of PTSA back to the original name of Plessey South Africa Limited. The full acquisition of AWA-Plessey Communications, which Plessey jointly owned in Australia with Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Ltd (AWA) and had a similar product portfolio, resulted in penetration into the Pacific Rim market. The culmination of this growth was the company's listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) as the Plessey Corporation in the same year.  Trading started off at R4.80 a share. On the evening of 6 February 1996, a devastating fire swept through two bays of the White Road factory in Retreat, Cape Town causing huge damage to stock, instruments, plant and work in progress. No one was injured, but work was disrupted for several weeks. Large sections of the factory had to be rebuilt.

At the end of 1996, Plessey Corporation sold off the Sales and marketing business of Telefunken, Pioneer and Satellite TV.

In August 1998, Plessey Corporation was bought by Dimension Data Holdings and Worldwide African Investment Holdings for R1.6 billion. The new owners retained BSW Data, Plessey Solutions and Communications Systems. The remaining divisions, notably with a product development and manufacturing focus, were bought back by a combined management buyout supported by Rand Merchant Bank. The corporate name was changed to Tellumat Pty Ltd. Tellumat continues to develop and manufacture Plessey-branded products as before and operates in the defence, telecommunications and contract manufacturing markets.

Plessey barcodes

The name is also used to refer to a barcode symbology developed by Plessey, which is still used in some libraries and for shelf tags in retail stores, in part as a solution to their internal requirement for stock control. The system was first used in the early 1970s by J.Sainsbury to identify all of its products on supermarket shelves for its product restocking system. The chief advantages are the relative ease of printing using the dot-matrix printers, which were popular at the time of the code's introduction, and its somewhat higher density than the more common 2 of 5 and 3 of 9 codes.

Plessey barcodes use two bar widths. Whitespace between bars is not significant. The start element is a wide bar, and the stop element is two narrow bars. In between, the bars are in groups of four. High order bars appear leftmost. Narrow bars are 0 and wide bars are 1.

This symbology is not self checking, though a modulo 10 or modulo 11 checksum (or some combination of both checksums, depending on application) is usually appended.

References

External links
History of Plessey
Plessey history

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Avionics companies
Barcodes
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Electronics companies established in 1917
Electronics companies disestablished in 1989
Electronics companies of the United Kingdom
Electronics industry in London
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
Plessey
1917 establishments in England
1989 disestablishments in England
1989 mergers and acquisitions

Plessey


Serotiny is an ecological adaptation of some seed plants.

In these plants, seed release occurs in response to an environmental trigger. The most common and best studied trigger is fire. However, the term serotiny may refer more broadly to plants that release their seeds over a long period of time, irrespective of the trigger or whether release is spontaneous. In this sense, the term is synonymous with bradyspory.

References

Plant physiology

Serotiny


Orana Wildlife Park is New Zealand's only open-range zoo, sitting on 80 hectares of land, located on the outskirts of Christchurch. It opened in 1976, and is owned and operated by the Orana Wildlife Trust, a registered charity. The aims of the Trust are to provide quality recreational opportunities for local people and visitors to Christchurch; conserve endangered native and exotic wildlife; educate visitors (especially children) about environmental and conservation issues; and support research relating to endangered animals.

Orana generates over 95% of its income through gate takings and other trading activities. Fundraising is an essential focus; Orana must separately raise 100% of funds for all capital projects, improvements and animal transfers. Funds have been donated from a variety of sources, including philanthropic trusts, private donors and bequests. As of 2017, over $15M has been raised to develop the Park. All buildings and enclosures except the Great Ape Centre have been built in-house. Many local businesses have assisted in the Park's construction by donating materials, consultancy and equipment.

In 2013 the park suffered a number of setbacks, including an ape escape, snowstorms and wind damage, and was forced to close its doors for 10 days.

In 2015 Orana became home to New Zealand's only gorillas, with three males, including a silverback arriving at the park.

Current Animals

Orana is currently home to numerous animals from the following species:

	Addax
	African lion
	African wild dog
	American bison
	Black swan
	Black-and-white ruffed lemur
	Black-handed spider monkey
	Brown teal
	Cape crested porcupine
	Cheetah
	Common ostrich
	Common waterbuck
	Crested porcupine
	Egyptian tortoise
	Emu
	Forest gecko
	Giraffe
	Gold-striped gecko
	Helmeted guineafowl
	Kea
	Kererū
	Lace monitor
   Lady Amherst's pheasant
	Lowland nyala
	Meerkat
	Morepork
	New Zealand bellbird
	Orange-fronted kākāriki
	Plains zebra
	Ring-tailed lemur
	Scimitar-horned oryx
	Shingleback lizard
	Siamang
	Small-clawed otter
	Southern brown kiwi
	Southern white rhinoceros
	Springbok
	Sulphur-crested cockatoo
	Sumatran tiger
	Tasmanian devil
	Tibetan yak
	Tuatara
	Water buffalo
	Western lowland gorilla
	Whio

History and Key Events

1970–1975

The South Island Zoological Society was formed in 1970.

On 10 September 1976, Orana's first animals arrived from Australia, including 18 lions, 2 tiger cubs, 2 camels and 2 water buffalo. Orana Park (now Orana Wildlife Park) officially opened on 25 September 1976.

1976–1985
The park opened with 28 animals from six species. During the first ten years of operation, new animals were regularly added and Stage One of the African Plains, a major expansion, was completed.

Upon opening, Orana's main drawcard was the drive-through Lion Reserve, the first and only one of its type in New Zealand. The drive-through Lion Reserve operated from 1976 until 1995. Today, Orana operates a "Lion Encounter" and the experience is an 'historical nod' to the drive-through days.

In 1977, Timber Wolves arrived and the Farmyard was also created. Wolves were a visitor favourite for many years and the interactive Farmyard continues to be popular. In 1978, an island home was created for spider monkeys, the zoo's first species of primate.

Two pairs of rare Scimitar-horned oryx were transferred in 1979. Oryx symbolise what the Park's founders hoped for when Orana was formed. Oryx were declared extinct in the wild in 1984 but captive breeding programmes resulted in the species being re-established in protected areas. Orana was the first institution in the world to breed oryx by artificial insemination and over 80 oryx have been bred at the zoo.

In 1981 Stage One of the African Plains opened. This meant that visitors could view African savannah species, such as zebra and oryx, across water moats.

Giraffes were added in 1982. Orana has contributed to the managed zoo-based programme and over 15 giraffes have been bred, most of which were transferred to other zoos.

The South Island's first kiwi house was created in 1984. Today, Orana plays an important role in the captive component of the recovery programme. Over 20 kiwi from Orana have been released to the wild and chicks have also been transferred to other captive centres.

1986–1995
Orana's second decade of operation resulted in the steady arrival of new species and ongoing development. The direction of the zoo significantly altered with the closing of the drive-through Lion Reserve in 1995.

White rhinoceros were transferred to Orana in 1986. The addition of tuatara in 1987 commenced a focus on native reptiles that continued the following year with the creation of a new Reptile House. Orana presently maintains a comprehensive public collections of native geckos.

The Park continued to expand with the opening of Stage Two of the African Plains in 1988. This expansion included a new Giraffe House. In 1990, a restaurant was added that has since turned into a Function Centre.

The world's fastest land mammal, the cheetah, arrived in 1988 and since that time Orana has been involved in the zoo-based breeding programme for these swift cats. Cheetah have become one of Orana's flagship conservation species and over 24 cats have been raised to adulthood. Cheetah are a notoriously difficult species to breed in captivity. In 1991, a 'Cheetah Chase' was introduced. This public presentation gave visitors the opportunity to witness the speed of cheetah.

One of the most popular additions to the zoo occurred in 1991 with the arrival of meerkats. Due to a Telecom advertising campaign featuring these animals, visitation for the exhibit opening was one of the biggest days on record. These animals moved into a new exhibit named Kopje Rock which now also features porcupines. Orana has regularly bred meerkats.

A walk-through native bird aviary, complete with waterfall, was opened in 1994. This was built by the South Island Zoological Society. The aviary is home to a wide range of forest birds such as tūī, kererū, kākāriki and bellbird. Recently, tuatara and freshwater crayfish have been added to the aviary.

A significant shift in direction occurred in 1995. The present administration building, and large carpark, was opened. This resulted in the entrance of the zoo moving to middle of the Park. Visitors could no longer drive their cars through Orana. Rather, they walked or utilised a safari shuttle (first introduced in 1986). Scheduled animal feeds occur throughout the day, helping to break up the walking distance for visitors.

Closing the Park to cars also meant the drive-through Lion Reserve ended. The lion pride was relocated to a new habitat close to the new office building. Later, they were moved back to their current location.

1996–2005
Some significant changes took place including new experiences, the creation of a formal education programme and the acquisition of another attraction.

In 1996 New Zealand whio (blue duck) were added. Whio have become one of the Park's most important conservation species. Orana has regularly bred these highly threatened native birds for release to the wild, in various locations in the North Island.

African wild dogs arrived in 1998. These animals are one of the most threatened African carnivores. Initially Orana held a group of three males and then a pack of seven females.

In 1999, two new animal encounters were added.

Ibutho, New Zealand's first ever rhino calf, was born at Orana in 1999. This was a significant achievement as the reproductive rate of captive born rhinos in zoos is very low. To date, three rhino calves have been bred at Orana (the others in 2010 and 2014).

In 2000, Orana took over the operation of Southern Encounter Aquarium in Cathedral Square, central Christchurch. A kiwi house was added in 2002. The facility was lost in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

Asian small clawed otters arrived in 2000. A new habitat, near the meerkats, was created for them. Brown teal, a threatened native species, were added in 2004 and have become a key conservation focus. Pateke ducklings reared at Orana have regularly been released to the wild. The singing Siamang gibbons, Orana's first species of ape, were added in 2004 and three young ones have been raised.

2006–2013
The return of tigers, a new kea aviary and another zoo to operate were changes. However, earthquakes and storms caused significant damage.

A 6,000 square metre habitat for the critically endangered Sumatran tiger was completed in 2006 and Orana joined 21st Century Tiger. Orana's previous tigers died in 1999.

In October 2008, Orana took over the operation of Nelson's Natureland Zoo. The facility was due to close earlier that year. In December 2008, a new meerkat exhibit was created and a porcupine habitat opened in December 2010. Orana announced in 2012 that they were looking for new owners for Natureland because of financial difficulties; they sold it in 2013.

A walk-through kea habitat opened in 2009. The habitat simulates a regenerating beech forest. Visitors walk along a board-walk and exit through a musterer's hut, the main interpretation hub for the habitat. Four kea chicks have been bred in the aviary.

From 2010 until 2013, the zoo was closed for over 40 days, on nine separate occasions. Orana was fortunate to re-open after the devastating Christchurch earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 with little physical damage. The main impact of the earthquakes was significantly reduced visitation/income as typically 45% of the Park's visitors are from outside of Christchurch.

Orana suffered from a range of further damaging events. These included two floods, three major snow storms causing extensive exhibit damage including a power spike that blew many of the Park's switch boards. Additionally, four gale-force wind events occurred, the most significant of which happened in September 2013 when a severe gale wreaked havoc across Christchurch. This event left the zoo without power, water and communications for 8 days and closed to the public for 10 days. Despite the setbacks, visitor numbers progressively started to recover to pre-quake levels and staff set about creating significant new additions.

2014–2020
The most significant development was the creation of a Great Ape Centre for New Zealand's only gorillas.

Gypsy horses arrived in 2014. An outreach partnership was formed with Gypsy Royal Stud where Orana's horses are managed as part of the Stud's programme. The horses' arrival started a shift to rare/interesting breeds of domestic stock in the Farmyard.

Orana opened New Zealand's biggest Tasmanian devil habitat in December 2014. The Park joined the Save the Tasmanian Devil Programme raising awareness on these carnivorous marsupials that are threatened due to a contagious cancer.

On 30 July 2015, the park opened the Great Ape Centre at the time it housed 3 gorillas Fataki, Fuzu and Mahali.

2021-
On 14 May 2021, the youngest gorilla Mahali died.

In 5 June Nyala moved into the park two male (Doctor Bloomfield, Ijeffi) and three female (Masaai, Tsavo and Mopane)

On 31 December 2021 the Zoo announced that it is planning on building a $1.4M White Rhino Conservation Centre.

Exhibits And Future Exhibits

Exhibits

 Great Ape Centre
 Farmyard

Future exhibits
A Maud Island Frog Habitat is due to be completed for one of New Zealand's nationally endangered species.

The next major capital project is a New Zealand Native Centre to extend Orana's conservation efforts with native species.

A $1.4M White Rhino Conservation Centre is planned for the park.

Encounter Experiences

 Lion Encounter
 Hand Feed A Giraffe
 Kiwi Feed/Native Encounter
 Farmyard
 Meet A Rhino
 Tasmanian Devils
 Tiger feed

Conservation
Orana is a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), the Zoo Aquarium Association of Australasia (ZAA) and ZAA NZ. Through these memberships, Orana participates in managed breeding programmes for the species they hold.

Native fauna breeding success
Orana contributes to breed for release recovery programmes for kiwi, blue duck (whio) and brown teal (pateke). To date, over 80 pateke, 50 whio and 23 kiwi from Orana have been released to the wild. Additionally, the Park attracts a range of native species to live in the Park grounds (such as bellbird) through habitat restoration initiatives.

Exotic species success
Orana participates in 23 zoo-based breeding programmes for endangered species. Success has been achieved over the years with cheetah, scimitar-horned oryx, white rhinoceros and giraffe.

References

External links

1976 establishments in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Christchurch
Tourist attractions in Christchurch
Zoos in New Zealand
Zoos established in 1976

Orana Wildlife Park


Johann Ludwig Klüber (10 November 1762, Tann, near Fulda - 16 February 1837, Frankfurt am Main) was a German law professor, author and state official.

Biography
He was professor of law at the University of Erlangen (1786-1804), privat-referendar, state and cabinet counsel, in Karlsruhe (1804–07 and 1808–17), and professor of law at Heidelberg (1807–08). During the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), by government permission, he resided there and collected and published Akten des Wiener Kongresses in den Jahren 1814 and 1815 (8 vols., 1815–19). An enlarged edition (or just the most important portions according to NIE) was published 1830 under the title of Quellensammlung zu dem öffentlichen Rechte des Deutschen Bundes. Under Karl August von Hardenberg, chancellor of state for Prussia, he became privy councillor in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1817), and, under its auspices, he assisted in the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), and in political negotiations in Frankfurt and Saint Petersburg. In 1822 he published the second edition of his Öffentlichen Rechte des Deutschen Bundes, which brought on political persecution of both book and author. He resigned his government position and retired to Frankfurt, where he died.

Other prominent works of his are:
 Staatsrecht des Rheinbundes (1808)
 Kryptographik Lehrbuch der Geheimschreibekunst (1809)
 Le droit des gens moderne de l'Europe (1819, 2nd ed., 1874)
 Abhandlungen und Beobachtungen für Geschichtskunde, Staats- und Rechtswissenschaften (1830–34)
 Die Selbständigkeit des Richteramtes und die Unabhängigkeit seiner Urteile in Rechtsprechen (1832)
 Pragmatische Geschichte der nationalen und politischen Wiedergeburt Griechenlandes (1835)

References

1762 births
1837 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
German politicians
Jurists from Hesse

Johann Ludwig Klüber


Contacts between the Italian peninsula and the Armenian Highland go back to the Iron Age when the Etruscan civilization traded with the Kingdom of Urartu by way of Phrygia and Ancient Greece. Urartian bronzes; bull-headed cauldrons and pottery were excavated in various parts of Etruscan Italy, particularly in Tuscany. The Roman Republic played a pivotal role in the re-establishment of the Kingdom of Armenia in 189 BC. Antiochus III the Great was defeated at the Battle of Magnesia by the Romans which in turn allowed the Armenian strategoi of Antiochus, Artaxias and Zariadres to take control of an independent Armenian Kingdom. The Romans perceiving themselves as the legitimate successors of the Seleucids began to play a more aggressive role in the affairs of the Hellenistic world of Asia Minor starting with the acquisition of Pergamum in 133 BC. The Third Mithridatic War (75– 65 BC ) led Roman forces for the first time directly to the Armenian border. From that point on until the demise of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, Rome played a significant role in the affairs of Armenia and Armenians. This article explores the history of that relationship, a relationship which alternated between harmony and conflict.

Relations during the Roman Republic

Lucius Licinius Lucullus

In 72 BC the Pontic king Mithridates VI Eupator abandoned his kingdom after his forces were defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Cabira. He fled eastward seeking protection at the court of his son-in-law Tigranes II the Great in Greater Armenia. The Roman general Lucius Licinius Lucullus sent his legate Appius Claudius to Armenia as an emissary. Tigranes received Appius in Antioch. Tigranes was given an ultimatum: surrender Mithridates or face an all out war with Rome. Tigranes denied the Romans their prize and in 69 BC Lucullus launched the first Roman invasion of Armenia. Tigranes had already faced the Romans in battle when he had attempted to annex Cappadocia and was driven back by Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 92 BC, this time he gathered a stronger army backed by Greek mercenaries. The combined forces of Tigranes and Mithridates were defeated at the Battle of Tigranocerta by the Romans and both monarchs fled to Northern Armenia near the Iberian border. Lucullus systematically dissolved the Armenian Empire of Tigranes and freed the enslaved regions that Tigranes had captured from the Parthians. Tigranes attempted to secure an alliance with Phraates III of Parthia but naturally Phraates declined the offer and assumed neutrality for the time being. Parthian reluctance to interfere gave Lucullus the confidence to move ahead and attack the second capital of Tigranes in 68 BC at Artaxata. Following the Battle of Artaxata, Lucullus failed to capture either one of the monarchs yet again. Frustrated because of the rough terrain of Northern Armenia, Lucullus moved back south and plundered Nisibis which was held by the brother of Tigranes. This allowed Mithridates to regroup by raising a small army and slaughtering all the Romans in Pontus (two whole legions at Zela alone under the command of Valerius Trianus), he then awaited Median reinforcements from Tigranes at the citadel of Talaura in Lesser Armenia. Hearing news of this bloodbath, Lucullus ordered his troops to Lesser Armenia but the troops refused and instead agreed to move west and assume a defensive position in Galatia. Pontus and Armenia were now once again under the full control of Mithridates and Tigranes. The Roman Senate, greatly embarrassed by the outcome, voted to recall Lucullus.

See also
 Roman Armenia

References

Armenia in the Roman era
1st century BC in the Roman Republic
Foreign relations of ancient Rome

Roman relations with the Armenians


Elisabeth Radó (29 October 1899 – 3 April 1986) was a Yugoslavian singer and singing teacher from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Biography
Born in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which in the days before World War I was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She studied singing with her adoptive mother, the singer Maria Rado, and like many singers, was attracted to the capital city of Vienna, where she started her career as a concert and opera singer in the 1920s. She began giving singing lessons in 1931 and became one of the most respected singing teachers in the city. From 1950–1966, she taught singing at the Academy (now: University) of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna. She died in Vienna, on 3 April 1986.

Elisabeth Radó was a woman with strong features, a rather square jaw, and a professorial demeanor. She was a teacher who obviously took her work quite seriously and was highly respected as a voice teacher in Vienna by such professional musicians as Mozart specialist Dr. Ernst Reichert. At one time, she had over 83 students singing in opera theaters throughout Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Not only was Elisabeth Radó a well-known teacher, she also had an excellent reputation as the teacher of many famous singers, among them baritone Eberhard Waechter and tenors Fritz Uhl, Waldemar Kmentt and Werner Krenn, singers who were in great demand as leading men at the Wiener Staatsoper and in all the major German opera houses. South African baritone George Fourie was one of her students, as was mezzo-soprano Gertrude Jahn or soprano Dorit Hanak. She also taught the Americans Kieth Engen, Emile Belcourt, Frederick Guthrie, and Joseph Meyers. These last were part of the large groups of Americans who came to Vienna after World War II to study opera, both because of the high quality of education found in that city and the low cost compared to study in the United States, as well as the abundant opportunities to start a career by singing in one of the many opera houses in the German-speaking countries of Austria, Germany and Switzerland. All of these singers recommended her highly.

References

Further reading
Alexander Rausch: "Radó, Elisabeth". In: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon. Online-Ausgabe, Wien 2002 ff., ; Printed: Band 4, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2005, .

1899 births
1986 deaths
Musicians from Mostar
Yugoslav women opera singers
Yugoslav people of Hungarian descent
Musicians from Austria-Hungary

Elisabeth Radó


The Faure Museum is an art museum situated at Aix-les-Bains in France in the department of Savoie. It is a museum of France, according to the law  n°2002-5 of January 4, 2002. It was founded in 1949 and comprised initially artworks from the private collection of Doctor Jean Faure (1862–1942), bequeathed to the city. The Faure Museum possesses the second collection in France of works by Rodin and the second collection of impressionist paintings of France.

Infrastructures

Building
The Faure Museum is installed in a villa of Italian style,  The Villa des Chimères (Villa of the Pipe Dreams). It was constructed in 1902. This building is of Genoese style from the 19th century. It possesses an entry surround by two columns. Its facade is decorated by a painted border representing stylized pipe dreams. The museum is open to the public, and wheelchair-accessible throughout.

Garden
The museum proposes a freely accessible garden to the public. There are several artworks in the garden among which a statue of Alfred Boucher and a statue of Mars Vallett, Enfants sous la neige (Children under the snow).

Collections
The Faure Museum shelters the collections constituted by Doctor Faure, between the two world wars, composed of impressionist paintings and sculptures, gathered along with his Parisian frequentations and particularly with the Parisian art dealer André Shoeller.

Sculpture
The Faure Museum possesses the second collection in France of works of Rodin (33 sculptures and studies)

Paintings
A remarkable collection of Impressionist paintings—and works by painters close by Impressionism, as those of Romanticism, Post-impressionism and Symbolism—was gathered, mainly by Doctor Faure, and further enriched with time by new acquisitions.

One can admire works of painters such as Corot, Boudin, Jongkind, Ravier, Puy, Cézanne, Sisley, Pissarro, Degas, Bonnard, Vuillard, Lebourg, Lebasque, Marquet, Robert Louis Antral, Charles Cottet, Jules Desbois, Edmond Aman-Jean, John Singer Sargent, Victor Vignon, Constant Troyon, Stanislas Lépine and also Adolphe Monticelli, Georges Michel, Jean Victor Bertin, Claude-Max Lochu...

Among the works in the collection:
 Judith Gautier by John Singer Sargent
 Paysage à Montgeron, Camille Corot
 Vue de Bonnières, Paul Cézanne
 Plage à Trouville, Eugène Boudin
 Pommier sous le soleil, Camille Pissarro
 L'écuyère, Pierre Bonnard
 Danseuses mauves, Edgar Degas
 La Seine à Argenteuil (1872), Alfred Sisley
 Aix les Bains depuis le Boulevard des Anglais and Portrait d'Auguste Rodin, Claude-Max Lochu

Other
 A body of memories of the stays in Aix-les-Bains of the poet Lamartine, in particular the reconstruction suggestive of his room in the pension Perrier where he lived in 1816 at the time of his meeting with Julie Charles.
 A collection of earthenwares and of ceramics, coming from the first museum of Aix-les-Bains, founded in 1872 by the painter and printmaker Ludovic Napoléon Lepic, friend of Degas.
 An eclectic collection of paintings and sculptures of the 17th to 20th century including Foujita, Fantin-Latour, Hayez, Carpeaux, Alfred Boucher, and Barye.

Expositions temporaries

The museum Faure organizes five temporary expositions per year. Here below a list of expositions having been organized within the museum:
 1987 : Jean-Michel Alberola
 1999 : Julien Bouvier
 2000 : Claude-Max Lochu
 2001 : Catherine Viollet
 2004 : Henriette Deloras
 2006 : 12 artists around Michel Butor
 2007 : Around Guernica, preparatory drawings from the painter Picasso for his monumental picture Guernica.

Attendance
Attendance of the museum calculated in number of entries.
 2000: 10 782 entries
 2001: 13 272 entries
 2002: 13 018 entries
 2003: 15 437 entries

Anecdotes
November 16, 1981, the museum was the target of a burglary. Two pictures of high value disappeared, one by Camille Pissarro and one by Renoir. On May 2, 2003, the curator of the museum, André Liatard, was warned by Sotheby's New York of the sale of a picture by Pissarro entitled Le marché aux poissons (monotype of 20 x 15 cm) that by vigilance had been identified in the database of the  Art Loss Register. The sale was then blocked at the request of the curator. An investigation started. It showed Emile Guelton had sold the painting at a gallery of art of San Antonio for $6,000 to $7,000. This salesman was known for flights of works of art. The city of Aix-les-Bains made efforts to recover the stolen work. The duality of the legislations of the United States and France in the matter being complex, the city decided to propose a sum of 4 750 € to recover the picture and compensate the current owner in the US. The New York court should soon take a decision. In case of acceptance, the picture will be able to be recovered at the embassy of the United States in Paris.

See also

 Aix-les-Bains

References

External links
Aix-les-Bains Musée Faure
 Museum presentation on the official site of the city hall d'Aix-les-Bains.
 Internet page on the museum Faure and its expositions in course.
 The museum Faure on the cultural site Evene.fr.
 Information on the site of the Ministry of the Culture.

Museums in Savoie
Art museums and galleries in France
Aix-les-Bains
Art museums established in 1949
1949 establishments in France
Auguste Rodin
Impressionism

Faure Museum (Aix-les-Bains)


Boris Furlan (10 November 1894 – 10 June 1957) was a Slovenian jurist, philosopher of law, translator and liberal politician. During World War II, he worked as a speaker on Radio London, and was known as "London's Slovene voice". He served as a Minister in the Tito–Šubašić coalition government. In 1947, he was convicted by the Yugoslav Communist authorities at the Nagode Trial.

Early life and career
He was born in a middle class Slovene family in Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today in Italy). He attended private Slovene language schools in Trieste. As a teenager, he attended an intensive English course at the local Berlitz language school, where he was a pupil of the Irish novelist James Joyce. After finishing the German language State gymnasium in Trieste in 1913, he went to study law at the University of Paris. After the break of World War I, he returned to Austria-Hungary, and enrolled in the University of Vienna. He finished his studies at the University of Bologna after the end of World War I. In 1920, he obtained a PhD from the University of Zagreb.

In 1920, Furlan returned to his home city of Trieste, which had become a part of the Kingdom of Italy. First, he worked as an assistant in the Josip Wilfan's law firm, establishing his own practice in 1925. In 1926, when Fascist Italianization was already in full advance, he managed to get a permit to publish a Slovene-language legal journal named Pravni vestnik (The Legal Herald), in which both Furlan and Wilfan published numerous text on legal philosophy and legal theory. The journal was abolished in 1928, as one of the last Slovene-language and Croat-language media prohibited by the Fascist regime. Between 1928 and 1930, Furlan worked as political advisor to Wilfan, who became one of the leaders of the Congress of European Nationalities.

In 1930, he escaped to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in order to escape Fascist persecution.  In 1931, he opened a law practice in Ljubljana, and in 1936 he became a professor of sociology of law at the University of Ljubljana.

Exile during World War II
In late March 1941, when Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact, Furlan was evacuated from the country with the help of the British intelligence service with which he had established a collaboration. After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and the Italian occupation of Slovenia, he was convicted to death in contumaciam by the Italian authorities. After a short stay in Palestine, Furlan travelled to the United States. Together with the liberal conservative Slovenian émigré politicians Izidor Cankar and Franc Snoj, Furlan propagated for the Yugoslav and Slovene cause. In 1942, he published a brochure titled Fighting Yugoslavia: The Struggle of the Slovenes, in which he articulated, among other, the Slovenian claims for the annexation of his native Julian March region to Yugoslavia.

In 1943, he moved to London, where he served as Minister of Education in the exile government of Miloš Trifunović between June and August 1943. In the first years of the war, Furlan supported the Chetnik resistance movement of Draža Mihajlović, but after early 1944, he became supportive of Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslav Partisans.

After the Yugoslav Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić recognized the partisan movement in June 1944, Furlan replaced Alojzij Kuhar as the official Slovene speaker of the Yugoslav government in exile for the Radio London. In summer 1944, he had several speeches directed to the members of the collaborationist Slovene Home Guard, urging them to join forces with the partisan forces. One of his speeches, titled A Clear Word from London was printed on leaflets which were dropped by Allied airplanes over Slovenia. In Autumn 1944, Furlan replaced Izidor Cankar as Minister for Culture and Telecommunication in the Provisional Government. In early 1945, he went to the liberated territories in southern Slovenia together with Franc Snoj.

Under the Communist regime
After the end of World War II, he became the dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana. He tried to maintain a critical attitude towards the Communist regime; among other things, he secretly translated George Orwell's Animal Farm.

In June 1947, he was arrested and tried at the so-called Nagode Trial, together with 31 other liberal democratic and left-wing Slovene intellectuals, such as Črtomir Nagode, Ljubo Sirc, Angela Vode and Franc Snoj. Furlan was accused of having been member of a Masonic lodge in the 1930s, of having maintained contacts with the British intelligence since the late 1930s; the main accusation regarded his translation of Orwell's Animal Farm and his friendly relations with the American Red Cross official Jack Hoptner.

In August 1947, he was sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted to 20 years of forced labour. He was released on parole after four and a half years because of illness.

In 1952, he moved to the small Upper Carniolan town of Radovljica to escape the daily intimidations to which he was subjected in the Slovenian capital. In November 1953, he was reportedly attacked by agents of the Yugoslav secret police, in which he suffered severe injuries.

He died in Ljubljana or Radovljica at the age of 62 and was interred in the cemetery in the Vič neighborhood of Ljubljana.

Essential bibliography
Pojem prava (The Concept of Law; Trieste, 1921)
Crocejeva teorija prava (Croce's Theory of Justice; Trieste, 1921)
Cankarjev Hlapec Jernej v luči pravne filozofije (Ivan Cankar's Short Story The Bailiff Yerney in the Light of Philosophy of Law; Trieste, 1926)
Filozofija prava i opšte nauke o pravu (Philosophy of Law and General Legal Precepts; Belgrade, 1931)
Problem realnosti prava (The Problem of Reality of Law; Ljubljana, 1932)
Benedetto Croce (Ljubljana, 1934)
Teorija pravnega sklepanja (The Theory of Legal Inference; Ljubljana, 1934)
Filozofske osnove pojma nevarnosti v kazenskem pravu (The Philosophic Bases of the Concept of Danger in Criminal Law; Ljubljana, 1936)
Politični nazor T. G. Masaryka (The Political Views of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk; Ljubljana, 1937)
Socialna filozofija Anatola Francea (The Social Philosophy of Anatole France; Ljubljana, 1937)
Problem pravne kavzalnosti (The Problem of Juridical Causality; Ljubljana, 1938)
Racionalizem in revolucija (Rationalism and Revolution; Ljubljana, 1939)

Other
In 1998, the Slovenian writer Drago Jančar wrote a short story about Furlan, titled "Joyce's Pupil". The story was translated into English by Andrew B. Wachtel in 2006.

Boris Furlan was the father of the renowned physician Borut Furlan.

See also
Liberalism in Slovenia

Notes

References

External links
Bibliographical Lexicon of the Slovenian Litoral (Primorski slovenski bibliografski leksikon), pp.393-394.
Peter Vodopivec, ed., Usoda slovenskih demokratičnih izobražencev: Angela Vode in Boris Furlan, žrtvi Nagodetovega procesa ('The Fate of the Slovenian Democratic Intelligentsia: Angela Vode and Boris Furlan, Victims of the Nagode Trial'; Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 2001).

Philosophers of law
Lawyers from Ljubljana
Slovenian translators
English–Slovene translators
Yugoslav politicians
Slovenian people of World War II
University of Vienna alumni
University of Bologna alumni
Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
Slovenian prisoners sentenced to death
Politicians from Trieste
Italian Slovenes
Politicians from Ljubljana
Yugoslav prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Yugoslavia
1957 deaths
1894 births
20th-century translators
Yugoslav lawyers

Boris Furlan


Over-redemption Insurance (also sometimes called Over-redemption Coverage) is a type of insurance that is purchased by businesses to protect themselves financially in the event that a promotion ends up becoming more successful than was originally anticipated and/or budgeted for. Over-redemption insurance is commonly used by retailers, advertising agencies and brand managers to reduce the financial risk of a running a marketing or sales promotion.

How Over-redemption Insurance works
Since it is difficult to predict how successful a company's promotion will end up becoming, unexpected costs can easily accumulate if both the cost and success of the promotion are underestimated. With over-redemption insurance, if a company goes over the promotional budget they had originally planned for, the financial risk of those increased costs gets transferred to the insurer, thus protecting the company's budget.

How Over-redemption Insurance is rated
Insurance companies rate over-redemption insurance based upon a number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to: what type of company is requesting the insurance and how long they've been in business, if the promotion is new or being renewed, the duration which the promotion is being held, the target area of the product, the number of units sold, the cost per unit, the number of units the company will be using during the promotion, the monetary value of the coupon, whether or not any advertising costs are applicable, previous promotions and/or redemptions results, and of course, the desired amount of insurance that the client is requesting.

An example of over-redemption insurance would be if a company is running a promotion in which consumers must collect a certain number of proofs of purchase from a yogurt lid in order to receive a $100 prize. The company may predict a 20% response rate (i.e. 20% of all consumers will participate in the promotion and actively collect the yogurt lids). In case the promotion ends up becoming vastly more popular than the company initially intended, they may call an insurance company to purchase the coverage, paying a premium to cover unforeseen promotional costs, if the promotion reaches a response rate above 20%. A company may choose to either purchase coverage for up to the full 100% response rate, from 20–50% response, or coverage as their budget allows.

Types of insurance

Over-redemption insurance


Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is a kind of farming where a lot of money and labour are used to increase the yield that can be obtained per area of land. The use of large amounts of pesticides for crops, and of medication for animal livestocks is common. This is a contrast to traditional agriculture, which does not get as much output per area. When agriculture is intensified, this means that the amount of work needed goes up, until the worker is replaced by a machine. At that point, there will only need to be a few workers to operate the machines. Intensive farming has often been done as a response to rising population levels. It is criticised, because the standards of animal welfare are low. Intensive animal farming leads to increased pollution and to health issues.

Modern day forms of intensive crop based agriculture involve the use of mechanical ploughing, chemical fertilizers, plant growth regulators or pesticides. It is associated with the increasing use of agricultural mechanization, which have enabled a substantial increase in production, yet have also dramatically increased environmental pollution by increasing erosion and poisoning water with agricultural chemicals.

History

Agricultural development in Britain between the 16th century and the mid-19th century saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and output. This in turn contributed to increase in population growth.

Industrial agriculture arose in the Industrial Revolution. By the early 19th century, agricultural techniques, implements, seed stocks, and cultivars had improved so much.

Horse-drawn machinery such as the McCormick reaper improved harvesting. Inventions such as the cotton gin reduced the cost of processing. During this same period, farmers began to use threshers and tractors that were powered with steam. In 1892, the first gasoline-powered tractor was successfully made. Mechanical harvesters, planters, transplanters, and other equipment were then developed, further improved agriculture. These inventions increased yields and allowed individual farmers to manage larger farms.

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) were discovered to be very important in plant growth. This led to the manufacture of synthetic fertilizers, further increasing crop yields.

The discovery of vitamins and their role in nutrition, in the first two decades of the 20th century, led to vitamin supplements, which in the 1920s allowed some livestock to be raised indoors, reducing their exposure to adverse natural elements.[citation needed]

Following World War II synthetic fertilizer use increased rapidly.

The discovery of antibiotics and vaccines improved the raising of livestock by reducing diseases. Developments in refrigeration as well as food processing technology made it possible to transport goods over long distances.

There are concerns over the sustainability of industrial agriculture, and the environmental effects of fertilizers and pesticides. This has led to people buying organic food. It has also led to the funding for the development of sustainable technology.

Characteristics
Intensive farming has many characteristics. They include:

 Large capital/finance requirements
Use of lots of agrochemicals (e.g. pesticides and fertilizer)
Improved varieties of crops and animals
Lots of surplus yield for sale
Use of modern techniques and machinery
It is performed on huge plots of land
Reliance on skilled labour
Very high yields

References

Agriculture

Intensive farming


Public relations is a term that refers to the management of communications between an entity such as an organization or a celebrity, and stakeholders, internal or external, such as investors, employees, communities, customers or clients. It is concerned with reputation building, and is often considered to be a subset to marketing, advertising, or corporate communications.

History of Public Relations in India
Public Relations, despite being over a century old across the world, began in India in the 1950s, when a group of public relations practitioners formed the PR Society of India in 1958 in Bombay under the leadership of Kali H. Mody.  He led the body till 1960, followed by Arthashastra S. Mandietta who was the President from 1961 till 1965, and Farruk S. Mulla Mulla, who became the President from 1966 to 1969.  It was under Farruk S. Mulla, this informal body was registered under the Indian Societies Act XXVI of 1961, in 1966, and he became the founder President of Public Relations Society of India.

At the same time, around 1965, another body, the Public Relations Circle was founded and registered in Kolkata.  It was the first-ever association of professional PR practitioners in eastern India.

In 1968, the first All India Public Relations Conference was held in Mumbai, where the members of the Calcutta Public Relations Council decided to disband the regional body, and merged with the Public Relations Society of India to strengthen the national body. Another significant contribution of this conference was the adoption of the International Code of Ethics (also called Code of Athens) on 21 April 1968.

President Farrok S. Mulla was able to extend the reach of the PR body by establishing Regional Chapters at Delhi, Madras, and Calcutta.

One of the landmark achievement of this professional body of PR practitioners was to bring together leading international PR experts to India when Mumbai hosted the 9th Public Relations World Congress from 19 to 23 January 1982 with active participation of International Public Relations Association (IPRA).  At that time, the PRSI was headed by K.S. Neelakandan, Director, Public Relations with Pfizer Limited, who was also the Executive Chairman of the World Congress.

Though there were several individuals and small companies, which started even before that, they offered PR with the limited scope of media relations only. It was only natural that the entrepreneurs who began these services came from a background of journalism, seen as a natural hunting ground for the nascent PR industry.

Growth of Public Relations in India

According to a report by PRCAI titled 'State of the Industry Survey 2019' , PR industry in India grew 12% to reach Rs 1,600 cr in 2019. Though conventional Media Relations continues to be the key revenue source for agencies, the revenue share of digital and social media services increased from 12 per cent in FY18 to 16 per cent in FY19. According to the report, among sectors, Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), Information Technology (IT), Travel and Government (both central and state) have driven the industry's growth, with a 44% contribution to the revenue.

Public Relations as a practice has grown over the years with many advertising agencies including PR services in their portfolio besides mushrooming of independent PR consultants to full-fledged PR agencies.

However, the growth can be attributed to several professional bodies who in their own right had been engaging communicators by conducting conferences, seminars, workshops and upgrading their skills.

Some of these professional bodies include Public Relations Society of India, Public Relations Council of India, Association of Business Communicators of India, Public Relations Consultants Association of India, and Global Forum for Public Relations.

Since 2006, the Public Relations Council of India has been organising the "Global PR Conclave" where veteran PR practitioners are inducted into the Hall of Fame and Chanakya Awards are also conferred to various individuals and organisations for their PR campaigns under diverse categories.

In 2010, The Holmes Report, an international report that rates PR agencies across the globe, awarded Blue Lotus Communications the Indian Consultancy of the year for 2010.

The Holmes Report also awarded the consultancy of the year award for 2011 to Corporate Voice | Weber Shandwick. Corporate Voice Weber Shandwick's campaign for Gillette India won India's first PR Lion at Cannes in 2010.

In 2011, IPRCCA, India Public Relations and Corporate Communications Awards (IPRCCA), instituted an award for PR agencies.

In 2015, Indian PR Industry professionals came together to create School of Communications & Reputation (SCoRe) - India's first post-graduate institute in public relations and corporate communications. In 2015, the Public Relations Consultants Association of India (PRCAI) endorsed the PG Diploma at the School of Communications & Reputation making it the only Public relations programme in the country endorsed by the association.

In 2017, Marketing Interactive awarded "Most Creative PR Stunt - South East Asia" in PR Awards 2017 to the Indian PR firm ARM Digital, for their campaign "Tea for Trump".

In 2018, Adfactors PR became the first Indian firm to have a revenue upwards of Rs 150 crore per annum and stood at 70th rank in The Holmes Report's Top 250 Global PR Agency Ranking The largest competitor to Adfactors PR is PRNews Journal, as of 2018.
In 2021 Public Media Solution is growing fast and holding no.1 position under Reputation Management Agencies.

In 2018, Avian WE, formerly known as Avian Media, founded by Nikhil Khanna in 2004, and headquartered in Delhi merged into the US-based PR agency WE Communications as a strategic investment. Avian WE was awarded Giant PR Consultancy of the year 2021 by IPRCCA. Avian WE was also awarded Agency of the Year (Large) 2021 by Kaleido Awards.  In 2022 Worthy Wellness Foundation a PR agency founded in 2022 by Rajendra Saini and Harshit Bajpai.  Headquartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh has given award known as Rashtriya Pratishtha Puraskar to about 1000+ individuals for contributions to the society.

PR Controversies in India

Satyam Scam

On January 7, 2009, Ramalinga Raju, the erstwhile chairman of Satyam Ltd., India's leading IT firm, made an admission of conscious fraud & misreporting perpetrated by him over several years. The media who had eulogized him till then, suddenly turned on him with a vengeance, conscious that they had also failed in their duty as watchdogs of businesses. This crisis, coincided with the peak of the global crisis and held the potential to snowball into a credibility & trust issue for brand India and its IT firms, where several billion dollars worth of services were being outsourced every year. The crisis also impacted several companies associated with Satyam including EMRI (Emergency Medical Response Institute), a not-for-profit endeavour (for running free ambulance services) in which Satyam had committed 5% of running costs with the balance 95% coming from various state governments.

However, the Indian government took quick action and set up an interim board consisting of industry stalwarts for the company to assess the true worth of Satyam and to seek a suitable investor & management. The swiftly conducted and fiercely contested bid was won by Mahindra & Mahindra and Satyam was merged with a group IT company.

Radiagate Scam
After the global slowdown that hit Indian Public relation agencies in 2008, it took a further hit in November 2010 due to what has come to be known as the 'Radiagate' scam. Open Magazine in an exposé, covered the story of Niira Radia's nefarious power-dealings. An Income Tax phone tap collected more than 5000 tapes and hundreds of these tapes were leaked and found their way into Outlook magazine's website. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) interrogated Radia several times and as a fallout of the tapes, the Telecom minister, A. Raja, with whom Radia had close links was also forced to resign.  Several prominent journalists like Barkha Dutt and Vir Sanghvi were also in the middle of the quagmire, caught in power-lobbying conversations with Radia.

References

Economy of India
India
Public relations

Public relations in India


In diplomatic usage, head of mission (HOM) or chief of mission (COM) from the French "chef de mission diplomatique" (CMD) is the head of a diplomatic representation, such as an ambassador, high commissioner, nuncio, chargé d'affaires, permanent representative, and sometimes to a consul-general. Depending on the context, it may also refer to the heads of certain international organizations' representative offices. Certain other titles or usages that would qualify as a head of mission or equivalent also exist. While they are primarily referred to by the other titles mentioned above, it is common for the diplomatic corps of a country to use deputy head of mission or deputy chief of mission (DCM) as the primary title for the second in command of a diplomatic mission.

In diplomatic missions and foreign services where ambassadors may be political appointees rather than career diplomats, the deputy chief of mission may be the senior career foreign service professional and generally understood to be more than a "deputy."

Heads of offices of international organizations below this diplomatic rank who are that organization's senior official in country, such as a project manager, and of private sector organizations and firms are commonly called "chiefs of party" to distinguish them from "chiefs of mission."

Chef de Mission is also the title of the team manager of a national delegation in major international multi-discipline sporting events, such as the Olympic Games.

References

Diplomacy
Diplomats by role

Head of mission


The Eliphalet Austin House is a historic residence in the community of Austinburg, Ohio, United States.  Constructed by the community's namesake founder, it has been greatly modified by later owners, and it has been named a historic site.

The Connecticut Land Company was formed in the late eighteenth century to settle and develop the section of western Connecticut that later became the Connecticut Western Reserve region of Ohio.  Eliphalet Austin joined the company and purchased wide tracts of land throughout the region, including present-day Austinburg Township, which bears his name.  He settled at present-day Austinburg in 1799 and, according to local tradition, arranged for the construction of the present house in 1811.  As northeastern Ohio developed, he became regionally prominent: his land holdings were located in multiple counties, he was responsible for carrying the mails, he operated a cattle-dealing operation, and he was a state senator from 1829 to 1831.  Austin's descendants inherited his property after his death.

Austin's house is a brick structure in the Italianate style.  Its appearance is radically different from that of its earliest years; it appears that the present appearance was the result of an extensive remodelling project conducted under the auspices of Austin's grandson Louis B. Austin during the 1860s.  Precise documentation of the remodelling is not extant, but numerous details are typical of the 1860s, and no extant building anywhere in the United States is known to have employed the Italianate style before 1844.

In 1975, Austin's house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying for inclusion both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place as the home of a regionally significant man.  It is one of three National Register-listed properties in Austinburg Township, along with the nearby Congregational Church of Austinburg and the L.W. Peck House in the community of Eagleville.

References

Houses completed in 1815
Houses in Ashtabula County, Ohio
Italianate architecture in Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Ashtabula County, Ohio

Eliphalet Austin House


Keep on the Sunny Side: June Carter Cash – Her Life in Music is a compilation album by June Carter Cash which spans from 1939 with The Carter Sisters and Mother Maybelle on the radio to her 2003 album Wildwood Flower. It was released in 2005.

Track listing
Disk 1
"Keep on the Sunny Side"
"Oh Susannah"
"Root, Hog or Die"
"Baby, It's Cold Out There"
"Country Girl"
"Foggy Mountain Top"
"Fair and Tender Ladies"
"He's Solid Gone"
"Juke Box Blues"
"No Swallerin' Place"
"Love, Oh Crazy Love"
"He Went Slippin' Around"
"Well I Guess I Told You"
"Strange Woman"
"The Heel"
"How Did You Get Away from Me?"
"Tall Loverman"
"Without a Love to Call My Own"
"Ring of Fire"
"Keep on the Sunny Side"

Disk 2
"Jackson"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"The Loving Gift"
"A Good Man"
"Ole Slewfoot"
"Losin' You"
"The Shadow of a Lady"
"Gatsby's Restaurant"
"Once Before I Die"
"The L&N Don't Stop Here Anymore"
"East Virginia Blues"
"Gone"
"Appalachian Pride"
"I Love You Sweetheart"
"Another Broken Hearted Girl"
"Song to John"
"The Far Side Banks of Jordan"
"Diamonds in the Rough"
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?"
"Keep on the Sunny Side"

Personnel
June Carter Cash - Vocals & Autoharp

References

2005 compilation albums
June Carter Cash compilation albums


Socrates is a 1971 Spanish-Italian-French television film directed by Roberto Rossellini. The film is an adaptation of several Plato dialogues, including The Apology, Euthyphro, Crito, and Phaedo.

Plot
The film tells the personal and historical events of the last period of the life of Socrates, the famous Athenian philosopher. The historical background is the period of the decay of the Greek Polis and of the democracy of Athens: the opening scene shows the demolition of the city walls by the Spartans, now victors of the Peloponnesian War, with the subsequent establishment of the Government of the Thirty Tyrants (404 BC).

The city is in turmoil for the defeat and humiliation suffered, as well as for the organization of military counter-moves for the liberation (which will lead to the fall of the Thirty the year following the establishment of the Regime). In this context it is introduced the character of Socrates, now seventy years old and engaged every day in his philosophical research with a large following of young people.

During the film many excerpts from some of Plato's famous Dialogues are presented, including Hippias major, Euthyphron, Republic, Crito, Socrates' Apology and Phaedo. There are also some explicit quotations, by a detractor of Socrates, of The Clouds, the comedy of Aristophanes in which the philosopher is described as a scoundrel, expert in sophisms and rhetoric, able to always make the unjust cause just.

These references contribute to outline the thought and philosophy of Socrates: the awareness of one's ignorance as a necessary prerequisite for the search for truth; the Socratic method that uses dialogue as a means for philosophical investigation; irony and maieutics as moments of the dialogue itself; the importance of virtue in achieving happiness; contempt for money, power and other material values; the opposition to the Sophists and their abuse of rhetoric as an instrument to flaunt a false wisdom; the criticism of the validity of the writings.

In the background is the reconstruction of his family and economic situation: the philosopher lives in poverty with his three children and his wife, Xanthippe, a shrewish woman with hysterical attitudes, continually critical of her husband. who does not provide for the maintenance of the family and the house, intent only on his philosophical investigation which she considered a useless waste of time.

The aforementioned historical and political events, however, determine the decay of democracy in Athens even after the expulsion of the Thirty Tyrants. The Athenians, upset by the events, are less and less democratic, mentally open and tolerant with those who show themselves critical in comparisons of official culture and traditional values. Socrates pays the highest price for this climate of tension and insecurity, as he is unjustly accused and condemned for having, according to the accuser Meletus, corrupted the youth with his "teachings" and despised the gods and the traditional religion of Athens.

The defense of Socrates, presented as in the "Apology" written by Plato, is clear, linear and calm, but it is not enough to avoid capital punishment in the form of suicide. He himself rejects any other type of sentence (such as prison, exile or the payment of a fine), provocatively proposing, as a just "punishment", to be hosted at the Prytaneion as a worthy citizen, and accepting the verdict of his judges. He also refuses the possibility offered to him by his friends to escape from prison before the execution of the sentence, faithful to his philosophical convictions whose pillars are justice and unconditional respect for the laws.

The film ends with the suicide of the philosopher, who is forced to drink a poison obtained from hemlock and who, until his last breath, does not stop reasoning and talking with his friends about life, death and the immortality of the soul.

Production
Rossellini wanted to make a film on Socrates many years before starting production. He would joke that like the Athenian philosopher he failed to make money. Location shooting could not take place in Greece because of the dictatorship so the movie was filmed in Patones Arriba, a town in Spain that was dressed up to look like Athens. Most of the script is lifted directly from de la Rochefoucauld's translations of Plato dialogues, particularly the Apology. Christian symbolism is also used heavily in this film. Socrates refers to his followers as his "disciples" and they all drink from a chalice in a scene heavy with symbolism.

Cast
Jean Sylvère as Socrates
 as Xanthippe, Socrates' wife
Giuseppe Mannajuolo as Apollodorus, Socrates' disciple
Ricardo Palacios as Crito, Socrates' disciple
Antonio Medina as Plato, Socrates' disciple
Julio Morales as Antisthenes, Socrates' disciple
Emilio Miguel Hernández as Meletus, Socrates' accuser
Emilio Hernández Blanco as Ipperide
Manuel Angel Egea as Cebes, Socrates' disciple
Jesús Fernández as Cristobulus, Socrates' disciple
Eduardo Puceiro as Simmias, Socrates' disciple
José Renovales as Phaedo, Socrates' disciple
Gonzalo Tejel as Anytus, supporter of Socrates' accuser
Antonio Requena as Ermete
Roberto Cruz as an old man
Francisco Sanz as an actor
Antonio Alfonso as Euthyphro, Socrates' disciple
Juan Margallo as Critias, Socrates' disciple
Román Ariznavarreta as Callicles, Socrates' disciple
Francisco Calalá as Lysias, Socrates' disciple
Adolfo Thous as Ippio
Bernardo Ballester as Teofrasto
Jean-Dominique de La Rochefoucauld as Phaedrus, Socrates' disciple
César Bonet as Priest
Jerzy Radlowsky as Giullare
Pedro Estecha as Focione
Rafael de la Rosa as Thrasybulus, Socrates' disciple
Simón Arriaga as Servant bringing hemlock
Iván Almagro as Hermogenes, Socrates' disciple
Constant Rodriguez as Aristefo
Stefano Charelli as Efigene
Luis Alonso Gulias as Echino
Jesus A. Gordon as Lamprocles, Socrates' son
José Luis Ortega as younger son of Socrates
Elio Seraffini as Priest

References

External links

essay on Socrates by Frank Miller
Socrates at CineDataBase

1971 films
1971 drama films
1970s biographical drama films
1970s historical drama films
Italian biographical drama films
French biographical drama films
1970s Italian-language films
Spanish biographical drama films
Biographical films about philosophers
Cultural depictions of Socrates
Cultural depictions of Plato
Films about philosophy
Films set in ancient Greece
Films set in the 4th century BC
Films set in Athens
Films set in Greece
Films directed by Roberto Rossellini
Films scored by Mario Nascimbene
Films shot in the Community of Madrid
1971 in Italian television
1970s Italian films
1970s French films

Socrates (film)


Laban was a person in the Book of Genesis whose name is Hebrew for white.

Laban's father Bethuel was the son of Nahor, who was a brother of Abraham. Laban and his father Bethuel arranged for Laban's sister Rebecca to marry Isaac. Laban had two daughters Leah and Rachel.

When Jacob asked Laban to let him marry Rachel, Laban had Jacob work for him as a shepherd for seven years and then tricked him into marrying Leah instead because Leah was the older sister. Laban then made Jacob work another seven years to marry Rachel.

After that Laban hired Jacob as a shepherd and cheated him for the next six years. Then Jacob decided that he couldn't continue working for Laban so he left Laban's country with his wives Rachel, Leah, Bilhah and Zilpah and all their children and sheep but Jacob made sure not to take anything that belonged to Laban. But Rachel stole Laban's idols and took them with her without telling Jacob.

So Laban left to kill Jacob but then the Lord appeared to Laban in a dream and told him not to hurt Jacob. So Laban didn't. To convince Laban that he didn't do it, Jacob cursed the person who stole Laban's idols to die.  Then Laban looked in Rachel's tent but she hid the idols so Laban and Jacob made peace.
Old Testament people

Laban


Fred Rosner is a professor of medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the director of the Department of Medicine at Queens Hospital Center. He is also the chairman of the Medical Ethics Committee of the State of New York.  He is, moreover, an expert on Jewish medical ethics and on the medical writings of Moses Maimonides.

Rosner was born and grew up in Berlin, Germany, where, at the age of three, he and his brother were on the last of the Kindertransport boats to the United Kingdom.  After the end of the Second World War, Rosner immigrated to the United States and was an undergraduate at Yeshiva University. He qualified as an MD at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, with the first graduating class in 1959.

He is a diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine and is board certified in his specialty of hematology. Among his many awards are the American Medical Association's Isaac Hays, MD, and John Bell, MD, Award for Leadership in Ethics and Professionalism; the Bernard Revel Memorial Award from the Yeshiva College Alumni Association for Distinguished Achievement in the Arts & Sciences; and the Lawrence D. Redway Award for Excellence in Medical Writing from the Medical Society of New York.

Rosner has published eight books on Jewish medical ethics, including Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics (Ktav, 1991); Medicine and Jewish Law I, II and III (Jason Aronson, 1990 and 1993); Pioneers in Jewish Medical Ethics (Jason Aronson, 1997); and Biomedical Ethics and Jewish Law (Ktav, 2001). He also translated Avraham Steinberg's seven-volume Encyclopedia Hilchatit Refuit from Hebrew into English as the Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics.

His other books include: an English translation of Julius Preuss's classic reference work Biblical and Talmudic Medicine (reprinted in 1993) and the Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Bible and the Talmud (Jason Aronson, 2000).  He is also the translator and editor of Moses Maimonides' Medical Writings (seven volumes published by the Maimonides Research Institute, Haifa), A Medical Encyclopedia of Moses Maimonides (Jason Aronson, 1998), and The Medical Legacy of Moses Maimonides (Ktav, 1998). Dr. Rosner is recognized as an authority on this giant of Jewish thought and medieval medicine.

He has also published almost 800 articles and thirty-nine chapters in books on all aspects of Jewish medical ethics and Jewish medical history, and on many other topics, including haematology, leukemia, anaemia, immunology, and general medicine.

Rosner is an internationally known authority on medical ethics, having lectured widely on Jewish medical ethics throughout USA, and has served as visiting professor or lecturer in Israel, England, France, Germany, Mexico, Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia.

References

American hematologists
Bioethicists
German emigrants to the United States
Yeshiva University faculty
Jewish medical ethics
Living people
Jewish scientists
New York University faculty
Albert Einstein College of Medicine alumni
German Orthodox Jews
American Orthodox Jews
Year of birth missing (living people)

Fred Rosner


The Moses Taft House is a historic house at 111 East Wallum Lake Road in Burrillville, Rhode Island.  The -story side-gable Cape style house was built in 1786, and is a well-preserved example of early Federal architecture.  It exhibits the typical five-bay facade, with the entry in the center bay, and a large central chimney.  The house underwent a major restoration in the 2000s.  Moses Taft, an early owner of the house, was a farmer and operated a nearby grist mill on the Clear River, with Seth Ross, who
resided on Eagle Peak Road.

Moses Taft, a 19th-century resident of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, spent time with Samuel W. Scott in Burrillville, but this house is not his namesake, it was built 26 years prior to his birth.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island
 Moses Taft House (Uxbridge, Massachusetts), former home of Moses Taft, a 19th-century American industrialist

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Federal architecture in Rhode Island
Houses completed in 1786
Houses in Providence County, Rhode Island
Burrillville, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island
1786 establishments in Rhode Island

Moses Taft House (Burrillville, Rhode Island)


Cold Lake is a large lake in Central Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The lake straddles the Alberta / Saskatchewan border, and has a water area of . It is also one of the deepest lakes in Alberta with a maximum depth of . It has around 24 known species of fish and is a major ice fishing lake. Cold Lake is also major stop for many migrating birds, and is home to one  of the largest warbler populations in Alberta. A surface of  lies in the province of Alberta.

The city of Cold Lake is located on the shore. Excepting the western shore, the lake is surrounded by protected areas such as the Cold Lake Provincial Park in Alberta and the Meadow Lake Provincial Park in Saskatchewan. The Cold Lake 149 A and B Indian reserves of the Cold Lake First Nations are established on the western and southern shores respectively. Cold Lake House was a trading post built by the Montreal traders in 1781 near present day Beaver Crossing, Alberta, south of Cold Lake.

The Martineau River flows from Primrose Lake into Cold Lake, which in turn discharges through the Cold River. The Cold River travels through a series of lakes in Meadow Lake Provincial Park and ends as it empties into Lac des Îles. The Waterhen River, which is a major tributary of Beaver River, is the primary outflow for Lac des Îles and it continues east where it meets Beaver River, a major tributary of the Churchill River.

The lake has a native legend of a large lake monster, the "kinosoo", with many residents claiming to have evidence or have seen it. Although some sources claim it has  max depth, sonar scans of certain areas of the lake have yielded depths of over , and evidence of glacial ice under the lake, would yield an even greater depth if one wanted to count it as water depth as well.

Fish species
Fish species include walleye, sauger, yellow perch, northern pike, lake trout, lake whitefish, cisco, burbot, white sucker, and longnose sucker. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan angling licences are valid on the entire lake.

See also
Ethel Lake
List of lakes of Alberta
List of lakes of Saskatchewan
Tourism in Saskatchewan

References

External links

Beaver River No. 622, Saskatchewan
Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87
Lakes of Alberta
Lakes of Saskatchewan
Borders of Alberta
Borders of Saskatchewan
North West Company forts
Division No. 17, Saskatchewan

Cold Lake (Alberta)