, whose name is often romanized Chin Kenichi, was a Japanese chef and restaurateur best known for his role as the Iron Chef Chinese on the television series Iron Chef (料理の鉄人). Nicknamed The Szechuan Sage, he wore a yellow outfit and rose into Kitchen Stadium holding a large Chinese chef's knife in his hand. He was the only Iron Chef to have held his position throughout the life of the show. He was born in Japan to a Japanese mother and a Chinese father of Japanese nationality, Chen Kenmin and his legal name was .

Background
Chen was the son of Chen Kenmin (陈建民), who is regarded as the father of Sichuan cuisine (四川料理) in Japan. Chen's special dish, "prawns in chili Sauce" (Ebi Chili) (干烧明虾), was an adaptation of a dish that his father had introduced to Japan. As a result, Chen was often compared to his father on the series, with some saying that Iron Chef helped the son exceed the skills of his father.

Iron Chef
Chen originally accepted his position on Iron Chef out of the need for a challenge, although the format of the show intrigued him. Even though he was the longest-serving Iron Chef and the only original Iron Chef, having been an Iron Chef for the series' six-year run, Chen had on several occasions considered leaving his position; among his reasons was the desire to tend to his restaurants, which had become booked every night since the show's start, as well as a bout of depression following the death of his mother. Ultimately, it was fellow Iron Chef Hiroyuki Sakai who convinced Chen to stay, with their agreement that should one leave the show, so would the other.

Because of his long tenure, Chen fought more battles than any of the other Iron Chefs, at 92
battles. He won 67, lost 22, and tied 3. He also enjoyed a run of 14 consecutive victories, the longest of any Iron Chef. His most memorable dish was chili prawns.

Despite his excellent record on the show, Chen often appeared endearingly surprised and relieved at victory. Arguably, his win over Japanese-Italian-French "fusion"-style chef Juinichi Itoh in the yogurt battle exemplifies this. He was also remarkable for his frequent tasting of food, frequently dipping his ladle into steaming concoctions for sampling, only to place the same ladle back in the food. The commentators to the show referred to this practice in humor as Chen's "eating".

Memorable matches
Among Chen's more memorable matches was one with challenger Dominique Corby of the Tour d'Argent, where, after the main battle (with foie gras as the theme ingredient) was fought to a tie, the overtime battle (with asparagus as the theme) also resulted in a tie—the only time that such an outcome occurred in the series. Rather than have Chen and Corby fight a second overtime battle, Chairman Kaga, the show's host decreed that both contestants were the winners, effectively calling the battle a draw.

As with other Iron Chefs, Chen "feuded" with a warring faction that acknowledged the worthiness of his culinary caliber who were determined to take him down. In his case, he battled with the chefs of Heichinrou restaurant in Yokohama, defeating two of their members before finally losing to their head chef in an overtime battle.

Takashi Saito (not to be confused with the baseball player), top apprentice of Chen Kenmin and coach of Chen Kenichi. Chen beat his tutor in a prawn battle. Saito re-created Kenmin's original prawns in chili sauce, while Kenichi created his father's modern version of the dish (canapé style with ketchup).
Junichi Itoh had one of the most interesting cooking styles in the world. He began practicing French cooking at age 18 and left for France at age 28 to further his skills. However, he left for Italy three years later and joined Enoteca Pincchiori, the same place Masahiko Kobe was trained. At age 32, he began training at a top Japanese restaurant to learn Japanese-style cuisine. When he was 35, he opened his restaurant L'Herlequin Bis in Tokyo. His French-Italian-Japanese fusion style cooking led Takeshi Kaga to ask him to be a challenger. Itoh accepted and went to Kitchen Stadium with Asako Kishi. To everyone's surprise, he chose Chen Kenichi as the opponent, saying he is interested in Chinese cuisine, but had never been trained at it. Kaga chose a difficult theme ingredient, plain yoghurt. Itoh was smiling while Chen was under great pressure. However, according to Kishi's comments at the end, all of Itoh's dishes used the yoghurt as a supporting ingredient instead of the main focus of the dish. This resulted in all four judges voting for Chen. This was quite a surprise to Chen, who pointed to himself in disbelief.
Katsuyo Kobayashi was the show's second female challenger and a popular TV chef in her own right, hosting Kyo no ryori (Today's cooking) on NHK. She allowed Chairman Kaga to choose the Iron Chef for her and he gleefully chose Chen, who had previously lost to Kitchen Stadium's first female challenger, Kyoko Kagata. At one point during the battle, in which potatoes were the theme ingredient, Kobayashi paid a brief visit to Chen's station to observe his cooking, which he wasn't very pleased about. Chen ultimately lost to Kobayashi, with the judges commenting that his potatoes tended to be undercooked or underplayed.

Outside Iron Chef
Chen was an avid baseball fan and stated that it would have been his choice to go professional but opted not to.

Outside of Iron Chef, Chen also ran the Shisen Hanten (四川飯店, lit. "Sichuan restaurant") group of restaurants located in Akasaka, Ikebukuro and Roppongi in Tokyo, as well as Tokushima city in Tokushima Prefecture; Kure, Hiroshima; Matsuyama, Ehime; and Hakata-ku, Fukuoka. The restaurant was inherited from his father and he was the third to run it after his mother took over.

The branch in Singapore, operated by his son , has earned two Michelin stars since 2016. It is located in the newly renovated 1000+ room  Hilton Singapore hotel, the largest in the Asia Pacific.

Death
According to Minken Kigyo, the company Chen established and was the former CEO, Chen died of interstitial lung disease on 11 March 2023, at age 67.

See also
 Chinese people in Japan

References

External links
Iron Chef Battle Database (in English)
Szechwan Restaurant in Japanese

1956 births
2023 deaths
Japanese chefs
Japanese people of Chinese descent
Japanese restaurateurs
People from Tokyo
Sichuan cuisine
Tamagawa University alumni

Chen Kenichi


Palestrina (ancient Praeneste; , Prainestos) is a modern Italian city and comune (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about  east of Rome. It is connected to the latter by the Via Prenestina. It is built upon the ruins of the ancient city of Praeneste.

Palestrina is the birthplace of composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.

Geography
Palestrina is sited on a spur of the Monti Prenestini, a mountain range in the central Apennines.

Modern Palestrina borders the following municipalities: Artena, Castel San Pietro Romano, Cave, Gallicano nel Lazio, Labico, Rocca di Cave, Rocca Priora, Rome, San Cesareo, Valmontone, Zagarolo.

History

Ancient Praeneste

Ancient mythology connected the origin of Praeneste to Ulysses, or to other fabled characters such as Caeculus, Telegonus, Erulus or Praenestus. The name probably derives from the word Praenesteus, referring to its overlooking location.

Early burials show that the site was already occupied in the 8th or 7th century BC. The ancient necropolis lies on a plateau at the foot of the hill below the ancient town. Of the objects found in the oldest graves, and supposed to date from about the 7th century BC, the cups of silver and silver-gilt and most of the gold and amber jewelry are Phoenician (possibly Carthaginian), but the bronzes and some of the ivory articles seem to be of the Etruscan civilization.

Praeneste was probably under the hegemony of Alba Longa while that city was the head of the Latin League. It withdrew from the league in 499 BC, according to Livy (its earliest historical mention), and formed an alliance with Rome. After Rome was weakened by the Gauls of Brennus (390 BC), Praeneste switched allegiances and fought against Rome in the long struggles that culminated in the Latin War. From 373 to 370, it was in continual war against Rome or her allies, and was defeated by Cincinnatus.

Republican Rome

Eventually in 354 and in 338 the Romans were victorious and Praeneste was punished by the loss of portions of its territory, becoming a city allied to Rome. As such, it furnished contingents to the Roman army, and Roman exiles were permitted to live at Praeneste, which grew prosperous. The roses of Praeneste were a byword for profusion and beauty. Præneste was situated on the Via Praenestina.

Praenestine graves from about 240 BC onwards have been found: they are surmounted by the characteristic cippus made of local stone, containing stone coffins with rich bronze, ivory and gold ornaments beside the skeleton. From these come the famous bronze boxes (cistae) and hand mirrors with inscriptions partly in Etruscan. Also famous is the bronze Ficoroni Cista (Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia, Rome), engraved with pictures of the arrival of the Argonauts in Bithynia and the victory of Pollux over Amycus, found in 1738. An example of archaic Latin is the inscription on the Ficoroni Cista: "Novios Plautios Romai med fecid / Dindia Macolnia fileai dedit" ("Novios Plautios made me in Rome, Dindia Macolnia gave me to her daughter"). The caskets are unique in Italy, but a large number of mirrors of precisely similar style have been discovered in Etruria. Hence, although it would be reasonable to conjecture that objects with Etruscan characteristics came from Etruria, the evidence points decisively to an Etruscan factory in or near Praeneste itself. Other imported objects in the burials show that Praeneste traded not only with Etruria but also with the Greek east.

Its citizens were offered Roman citizenship in 90 BC in the Social War, when concessions had to be made by Rome to cement necessary alliances. In Sulla's civil war, Gaius Marius was blockaded in the town by the forces of Sulla (82 BC). When the city was captured, Marius slew himself, the male inhabitants were massacred in cold blood, and a military colony was settled on part of its territory. From an inscription it appears that Sulla delegated the foundation of the new colony to Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, who was consul in 73 BC. Within a decade the lands of the colonia had been assembled by a few large landowners.

From the late Republic to the late Empire, markets, baths, shrines and even a second forum were built in the lower city, near today's Madonna dell'Aquila.

The empire

Under the Empire the cool breezes of Praeneste made it a favourite summer resort of wealthy Romans, whose villas studded the neighbourhood, though they ridiculed the language and the rough manners of the native inhabitants. The poet Horace ranked "cool Praeneste" with Tibur and Baiae as favoured resorts. The emperor Augustus stayed in Praeneste, and Tiberius recovered there from a dangerous illness and made it a municipium. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was at Praeneste with his family when his 7-year-old son Verus died.  The ruins of the imperial villa associated with Hadrian stand in the plain near the church of S. Maria della Villa, about three-quarters of a mile from the town. At the site was discovered the statue of the Braschi Antinous, now in the Vatican Museums. Gaius Appuleius Diocles (104after 146 AD), a Roman charioteer from Lamego in Lusitania (modern-day Portugal) who became one of the most celebrated athletes in ancient history and is often cited as the highest-paid athlete of all time, was living in Praeneste after his retirement and died there. Pliny the Younger also had a villa at Praeneste, and L. Aurelius Avianius Symmachus retired there.

Inscriptions show that the inhabitants of Praeneste were fond of gladiatorial shows.

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia

Praeneste was chiefly famed for its great Temple of Fortuna Primigenia connected with the oracle known as the Praenestine lots (sortes praenestinae).

The Forum of Praeneste

Archaeologists working in the 1950s were able to identify the area around the Cathedral and
the Piazza Regina Margherita as the Forum of Ancient Praeneste.
The buildings of the forum comprised a central temple, whose walls were re-used for the cathedral, and a two-storey civil basilica consisting of four naves separated by columns, once roofed but today an open space. The basilica was flanked by two buildings, the easternmost containing a raised podium (suggestus) and the public treasury, the aerarium, identified by an inscription dating it to ~150 BC. At some later date (perhaps around 110-100 BC), the buildings flanking the basilica were each embellished with a nymphaeum with a mosaic floor. The western mosaic represents a seascape: a temple of Poseidon on the shore, with fish of all kinds swimming in the sea. The eastern building was decorated with the famous mosaic with scenes from the Nile, relaid in the Palazzo Colonna Barberini  in Palestrina  on the uppermost terrace (now the National Archaeological Museum of Palestrina).

In the forum area an obelisk was erected in the reign of Claudius, fragments of which can be seen in the National Archaeological Museum of Palestrina.

Roman gentes with origins in Praeneste
 Anicia gens
 Caecilia gens
 Opellia gens
 Selicia gens

Medieval history
The modern town is built on the ruins of the temple of Fortuna Primigenia. A bishop of Praeneste is first mentioned in 313.

In 1297 the Colonna family, which had owned Praeneste (then known as Palestrina) from the eleventh century as a fief, revolted against Pope Boniface VIII. In the following year the town was taken by Boniface's Papal forces, razed to the ground and salted by order of the pontiff.

In 1437 the rebuilt city was captured by Giovanni Vitelleschi, a condottiero in the service of the papacy, and once more utterly destroyed at the command of Pope Eugenius IV. It was rebuilt once more and fortified by Stefano Colonna in 1448. It was sacked in 1527 and occupied by the Duke of Alba in 1556.

Barberini Family

In 1630, the comune passed by purchase into the Barberini family. It is likely the transfer was included as one of the conditions of the marriage of Taddeo Barberini and Anna Colonna. Thereafter, the famously nepotistic family, headed by Maffeo Barberini (later Pope Urban VIII), treated the comune as a principality in its own right.

Patriarchs of the Barberini family conferred, on various family members, the title of Prince of Palestrina. During the reign of Urban VIII, the title became interchangeable with that of Commander of the Papal Army (Gonfalonier of the Church) as the Barberini family controlled the papacy and the Palestrina principality.

The Wars of Castro ended (while Taddeo Barberini held both titles) and members of the Barberini family (including Taddeo) fled into exile after the newly elected Pope Innocent X launched an investigation into members of the Barberini family. Later the Barberini reconciled with the papacy when Pope Innocent X elevated Taddeo's son, Carlo Barberini to the cardinalate and his brother Maffeo Barberini married a niece of the Pope and reclaimed the title, Prince of Palestrina.

Two members of the Barberini family were named Cardinal-Bishop of the Diocese of Palestrina: Antonio Barberini and Francesco Barberini (Junior), the son of Maffeo Barberini.

The Barberini Palace originally included the Nile mosaic of Palestrina.

Modern history
Palestrina was the scene of an 1849 action between Garibaldi and the Neapolitan army during his defence of the Roman Republic.

The centre of the city was destroyed by Allied bombings during World War II; but that brought the ancient remains of the sanctuary to light.

Main sights

The modern town of Palestrina is centered on the terraces once occupied by the massive temple of Fortuna. The town came to largely obscure the temple, the monumental remains of which were revealed as a result of American bombing of German positions in World War II. The town also contains remnants of ancient cyclopean walls.

On the summit of the hill at , nearly  from the town, stood the ancient citadel, the site of which is now occupied by a few poor houses (Castel San Pietro) and a ruined medieval castle of the Colonna family. The view embraces the Monte Soratte, Rome, the Alban Hills, and the Pontinian Plain as far as the sea. Considerable portions of the southern wall of the ancient citadel, built in massive cyclopean masonry consisting of limestone blocks, are still visible; and the two walls, also polygonal, which formerly united the citadel with the town, can still be traced.

A calendar, which according to Suetonius was set up by the grammarian Marcus Verrius Flaccus in the imperial forum of Praeneste (at the Madonna dell'Aquila), was discovered in 1771 in the ruins of the church of Saint Agapitus, where it had been used as building material.

The cathedral, just below the level of the temple, occupies the former civil basilica of the town, whose façade includes a sundial described by Varro, traces of which may still be seen. In the modern piazza the steps leading up to this basilica and the base of a large monument were found in 1907; evidently only part of the piazza represents the ancient forum. The cathedral has fine paintings and frescoes. In the Church of Santa Rosalia (1677) there is a noteworthy Pietà, carved in the solid rock.

The National Archeological Museum of Palestrina is housed inside the Renaissance Barberini Palace, the former baronial palace, built above the ancient temple of Fortuna. It exhibits the most important works from the ancient town of Praeneste. The famous sculpture of the Capitoline Triad is exhibited on the first floor. The second floor is dedicated to the necropoli and sanctuaries, while the third floor contains a large polychrome mosaic depicting the flooding of the Nile (Nile mosaic of Palestrina).

Famous residents
Palestrina was the home town of the 3rd-century Roman writer Aelian, and of the great 16th-century composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.

Thomas Mann spent some time there in 1895 and, two years later, during the long harsh summer of 1897, he stayed over again, with his brother Heinrich Mann, in a sojourn that provided the backdrop, nearly half a century later, for Adrian Leverkühn's pact with the Devil in Mann's novel Doktor Faustus.

In popular culture

In Inferno, Dante makes reference to advice given by Guido da Montefeltro to Pope Boniface VIII to entice the surrender of Palestrina in 1298 by offering the Colonna family an amnesty. The amnesty was never intended be honored, and instead Palestrina was razed to the ground.

In Voltaire's novel Candide a woman claims to be the daughter of Pope Urban X and the Princess of Palestrina.

A fictional account of Garibaldi's 1849 action at Palestrina appears in Geoffrey Trease's novel Follow My Black Plume.

Twin towns
 Füssen, Germany
 Bièvres, France, since 2007

See also
Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina
Praeneste fibula

References and sources
References

Sources

External links

Model of the Roman Sanctuary and its modern appearance
History and monuments of Palestrina
Full description of the Sanctuary, illustrated (Italian)
 www.comune.palestrina.rm.it/

Archaeological sites in Lazio
Cities and towns in Lazio
Roman sites in Lazio
Colonna family
Barberini family

Palestrina


Ephesians, is the forty-ninth book in the Christian Bible, and the tenth in the New Testament. This book is thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the people of Ephesus while he was imprisoned in Rome, around 62 A.D.  However, the words "in Ephesus" do not appear in the best and earliest hand copies of the letter, leading most textual critics, like Bart Ehrman, to regard the words "in Ephesus" as a later addition. Copies of the letter may have been sent to other churches also, since it contains no personal references to people at Ephesus.

The Church at Ephesus

Paul's first short visit of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts Chapter 18, verses 19–21. The work he began then was continued by Apollos (Acts Chapter 18 verses 24–26) and Aquila  and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the next year, he stayed at Ephesus "three years", and from there visited the western parts of Asia Minor. From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad "almost throughout all Asia Minor."

On his last journey to Jerusalem, the apostle landed at Miletus and, called together the leaders of the church from Ephesus, and said "good bye" to them expecting to see them no more. (Acts Chapter 20, verses 18–35)

Content of the letter

Frank Charles Thompson,  says that the main theme of Ephesians is to tell the newly converted Jews not to separate themselves from their Gentile fellow Christians. The unity of the church, especially between Jew and Gentile believers, is the main thing in the book. The purpose of the epistle, and to whom it was written, are matters of much speculation. It was regarded by C.H. Dodd as the "crown of Paulinism." meaning the most important part of Paul's teachings.

The author strongly tells the church again and again to have a certain view of salvation, which he then explains. Chapter 2, verse 6, states "By grace you have been saved through faith and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works so that no one should boast"

In Chapter 6 Paul tells about how families should treat each other.  He says that children should love their parents, fathers should not make their children angry, servants should serve their masters, and masters should not threaten their servants, since God does not favor any group above another.

The ending of the letter mentions truth, peace, salvation and prayer as "armor of God". that will enable the Christians to stand firm.

References

Other websites
Ephesians (KJV)
Ephesians (NIV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books

Epistle to the Ephesians


Fumaria occidentalis, the western ramping-fumitory, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Fumaria that is endemic to Cornwall. It is the largest of the British fumitories, and was discovered in 1904.

Distribution
Fumaria occidentalis is restricted to "the warmest districts in Cornwall", comprising the westernmost parts of mainland Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, from near Padstow around Land's End towards The Lizard. Within the Isles of Scilly, it only occurs on St. Mary's, although there are historical records of its occurrence on St. Martin's.

Description and ecology
Fumaria occidentalis is the largest fumitory to grow in the United Kingdom, with flowers  long. Their petals are initially whitish (except the dark pink tips), becoming pink later; the sepals are  by , and toothed towards the base. Its fruit are also larger than those of the other British species of Fumaria, at up to .

Fumaria occidentalis is an annual plant, flowering from March on the Isles of Scilly, but in May or June on the Cornish mainland. It can be locally abundant in various types of arable and waste land, including field edges and Cornish hedges.

Taxonomy
Fumaria occidentalis was first described by Herbert William Pugsley in 1904. In 1902, Pugsley had seen herbarium specimens that he could not assign to any British species, and encountered the plant in person in 1904 while in Cornwall "for a short holiday". The botanist Eliza Standerwick Gregory was also credited with the discovery of the Cornish fumitory. She reported that she found it on the edge of a wood at Lelant according to F. Hamilton Davey's 1909 Flora of Cornwall.

It is closely related to Mediterranean taxa such as Fumaria agraria.

References

occidentalis
Endemic flora of England
Plants described in 1904

Fumaria occidentalis


Abington Park, in the Abington district of Northampton, has lakes, aviaries, and a museum, as well as trees and grassy open spaces.

Origins

The park contains the ruins of the former village of Abington, the site of a medieval manorhouse  with a mill attached, mentioned in the Domesday book in 1086. The Abington gallows used for the five hangings in 1612 following the Northamptonshire witch trials, amongst the first in England to use trial by ducking stool, are believed to have been situated at the crossroads in Abington Park. The village was enclosed and depopulated when the manor was enlarged and parklands created by the Thursby family in the late 17th century.

Abington Park Manor House

The museum was originally a manor house built at the turn of the 16th century. The Great Hall, now called the Oak Room because of its oak panelling, dates back to 1500. It was once home to William Shakespeare's granddaughter, Elizabeth Bernard née Elizabeth Hall, who was buried in 1670 in the adjacent late 12th-century church of St Peter and St Paul. Her second marriage was to Sir John Bernard or Barnard, the  MP for Huntingdon from 1660, who successively enlarged the house in the 1660s. It passed to the Thursby family in 1669 and was further enlarged and remodelled in the classical Georgian style between 1738 and 1743 by William Thursby. While owned by the Thursbys, the actor David Garrick planted a mulberry tree in the grounds in 1778, in recognition of his friendship with Anne Thursby. In 1821, during repairs to the church, all but the main tower of the church was blown down in a storm; the Thursbys rebuilt the main body of the church, which retains few of its original features.

In 1841 the manor was sold and its contents auctioned off. It was converted into a private lunatic asylum, called Abington Abbey Retreat, in 1845. The first director was Thomas Octavius Prichard, who was succeeded in 1847 by his cousin Thomas Prichard. The asylum was closed in 1892, when the Manor House and grounds were donated to Northampton Council. In 1994 the house was reopened as a museum after a complete restoration. The museum features displays about the social history of Northamptonshire (including a costume collection) and its military history (including artefacts from the Northamptonshire Regiment). The Museum of Leathercraft was also based in the house until 2016, when it moved to premises in the Grosvenor Shopping Centre in the centre of Northampton.

The Park

Abington Park has a bandstand which is suitable for hosting a selection of brass band, concert band, folk or jazz music. It was the venue for the annual 'Folk in the Park' festival until it moved to Delapré Park. The park also contains two lakes and a model boating lake, connected by a stream. The largest of the lakes was remodelled in the 1920s. There is also a play park, a cafe, tennis courts, outdoor table tennis, and a rose garden, as well as the church of St Peter and St Paul.

References

External links
Abington Park Museum
Museum of Leathercraft

Buildings and structures in Northampton
Tourist attractions in Northampton
Regimental museums in England
Fashion museums in the United Kingdom
Local museums in Northamptonshire
Museums established in 1899
1899 establishments in England
Parks and open spaces in Northamptonshire

Abington Park


Thomas Wessinghage (born 22 February 1952 in Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German former middle- and long-distance runner who won the 1982 European Championships' final over 5000 metres beating the British world-record holder David Moorcroft. Because he was already thirty at the time, and had been an international-level runner for a decade, this victory was a long-awaited one for him.  He admitted that he decided to run the 5,000 metres instead of the 1,500 metres, because he lost to Ovett and Coe so often in the shorter distance. The fairly slow pace of the 1982 European Athletics Championships 5,000-metre final favoured Wessinghage, because he was in top form - having set a European record at 2,000 metres shortly before the Championships - and because he was the fastest 1,500-metre runner in the final, having run that distance in 3 minutes 31.6 seconds in 1980. Shortly after he started his final sprint with over 250 metres to go, Wessinghage moved into a decisive lead, stretching it into five metres by 4,800 metres and almost doubling it by 4,900 metres (see, for example, "The Thousand Stars of Athletics" / Yleisurheilun tuhat tähteä, written by Matti Hannus and published in Finland in 1983; Pat Butcher, The Perfect Distance: Ovett&Coe: The Record-Breaking Rivalry, London:  Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 2004; "The Major Events of Top Sports Until 1982" / Huippu-urheilun suuret tapahtumat vuoteen 1982 asti, published in Finland in 1982; "The Great European Championships Book" / Suuri EM-kirja, published in Finland in 1990;  see tommytempo1's video about the race's last two laps on YouTube with the search words "Thomas Wessinghage").

In 1980 he set a German record of 3:31.58 min over 1500 metres which still has not been broken. In the same race Steve Ovett from the UK set a world record of 3:31.36 min. He was married to former Olympian Ellen Tittel. Wessinghage missed a great chance of winning an Olympic medal that year because West Germany joined the United States-led boycott. He was unlucky also in the other Olympic years of his competitive career: he was eliminated in the 1,500-metre heats in the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, and he got injured in a race before the 1984 Olympics (see Hannus, "The Thousand Stars of Athletics";  "The Big Olympic Book" / Suuri Olympiakirja, written and published by the "Runner" / Juoksija magazine's journalists and published in Finland in 1984).

In the 1983 inaugural World Athletics Championships, he was among the favourites to win the 5,000-metre title, but for some reason
he could not accelerate enough when it mattered the most - during the final lap - despite running at a steady rhythm earlier in the race.  Accordingly, he dropped from third to sixth during the last lap, and lost to the winner, Ireland's Eamonn Coghlan, by almost four seconds (see, for example, "World Athletics Championships 1983" / Yleisurheilun MM-kisat 1983, written by the "Runner" / Juoksija magazine's journalists and published in Finland in 1983).

His last major competitive race was in the 5,000-metre qualifying heats of the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart,
West Germany. In that race, he failed to advance to the final (see, for example, "The Great European Championships Book" / Suuri EM-kirja, published in Finland in 1990).

International competitions

1Did not finish in the final
2Representing Europe

External links

1952 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Hagen
German male middle-distance runners
German male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for West Germany
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for West Germany
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for West Germany
Medalists at the 1975 Summer Universiade

Thomas Wessinghage


Stegosaurides (meaning "Stegosaurus-shaped") is a genus of herbivorous thyreophoran (perhaps ankylosaurid or possibly stegosaurian) dinosaur. It lived during the Cretaceous. Its fossils were found in the Xinminbao Group near Heishan in Gansu Province in China. These fossils consist of fragmentary material, including dermal spine elements. The genus is occasionally misspelled as "Stegosauroides".

Discovery and species
In 1930, Anders Birger Bohlin during the Swedish-Chinese expedition of Sven Hedin excavated fossils at Hui-Hui-Pu, between the Heishan en Ku'an-t'ai-shan mountain ranges, near Xinminbao, in the west of Gansu. These included two vertebrae of about eleven centimetres in length and a dermal spine base.

The type species is Stegosaurides excavatus, formally described by Bohlin in 1953. The generic name combines Stegosaurus with the Greek ~eides, "-shaped", in reference to the presumed similarity with the vertebrae of Stegosaurus. The specific name means "hollowed out" in Latin and refers to two large depressions, one each on either side of the spine base. It is currently considered a nomen dubium as the material is so limited.

Phylogeny
Bohlin placed Stegosaurides in the Stegosauria. However, later authors often presumed it represented a member of the Ankylosauria, in an indeterminate position. The fossils resemble vertebrae of both groups in having strongly elevated diapophyses, but are more ankylosaur-like in that the neural arch is moderately tall. Uncertainty over the precise age of the Xinminbao Group adds to the difficulty of determining the affinities. Usually it is given as Early Cretaceous when both stegosaurs and ankylosaurs were present, but sometimes as Late Cretaceous when stegosaurs were probably extinct.

See also

 Timeline of ankylosaur research

Notes

Ankylosaurs
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1953
Taxa named by Birger Bohlin
Paleontology in Gansu
Nomina dubia
Ornithischian genera

Stegosaurides


The Legend of Jake Kincaid is an independent Western film directed by Alan Autry, and released in 2002. The movie is currently available for streaming on Netflix under the title, Forgiven.

The year is 1878 and Jake Kincaid is a man just out of prison, full of hate and hard on the trail of the men responsible for the crime for which he was wrongly imprisoned. Kincaid is bent on revenge and it seems that nothing can stand between him and the gold he was accused of stealing. That is until he finds himself in the small lumber town of Fairplay, California where he learns that love is more powerful than hate and redemption more valuable than gold.

Starring Alan Autry and David Hart from the long running CBS television hit In the Heat of the Night. Jake Kincaid is Autry's directorial debut.

Cast
Alan Autry as Jake Kincaid
David Hart as Sheriff Bob Logan
Kimberlee Autry as Emma
James W. Tuck as Luthor Hanks
Ray Appleton as Josh Quinn

Filmed at Old Town near North Fork, California.

References

External links
 Official site
 Jake Kincaid

2002 television films
2002 films
2002 Western (genre) films
Films shot in California

The Legend of Jake Kincaid


One Hour with You is a 1932 American musical comedy movie directed by Ernst Lubitsch and was based on the play Only a Dream by Lothar Schmidt. It stars Maurice Chevalier, Jeanette MacDonald, Roland Young, Genevieve Tobin, Charles Ruggles, Josephine Dunn, Richard Carle and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1932 and was a remake of the 1924 movie The Marriage Circle.

Other websites

1932 comedy movies
1930s American musical movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by Ernst Lubitsch
Paramount Pictures movies

One Hour with You


Khardung La (la means "pass" in Tibetan) is a high mountain pass located in the Ladakh region, Maqbuza Kashmir. It is at 5359 m above seal level.The local pronunciation is "Khardong La" or "Khardzong La" but, as with most names in Ladakh, the romanised spelling varies.
The pass on the Ladakh Range is north of Leh and is the gateway to the Shyok and Nubra valleys. The Siachen Glacier lies part way up the latter valley. Built in 1976, it was opened to public motor vehicles in 1988. Maintained by the Border Roads Organisation, the pass is strategically important to India as it is used to carry supplies to the Siachen Glacier Disputed.

The elevation of Khardung La is 5,359 m (17,582 ft).[1] Local summit signs and dozens of stores selling shirts in Leh incorrectly claim that its elevation is in the vicinity of 5,602 m (18,379 ft)[citation needed] and that it is the world's highest motorable pass.

Khardong La Pass


David Zakai (16 September 1886 – 15 January 1978) was a member of the Second Aliyah, a Hebrew teacher, a Histadrut leader, a Jewish journalist and publicist during the Yishuv era and for 30 years after the establishment of the state.

Early life in the Belarus
David Zakai was born in 1886 in the name of David Zhukovitzky in the town of Ostrowshitsky in the Minsk region, in the Russian Empire (today's Belarus), the son of Yitzhak Zhukovitzky (the descendant of Rabbi Yeshaya Zhukovitzer, an educated merchant, who wrote in HaMelitz and HaTzfira, and to on his mother's side to the house of Gitlin. He received traditional Jewish education in a cheider, then a yeshiva in Minsk.

From an early age he was drawn to the idea of Jewish national revival and the revival of the Hebrew language. After completing his studies, he served as a Hebrew teacher in Hebrew in "Hadar Matokan" in the Mogilev Region and at a Hebrew school for girls in the Kherson Region.

In the Land of Israel
After his marriage, 1909, he immigrated to Israel with his wife Rachel, after David had visited it in the summer of 1908. In Israel, he served again as a teacher in the villages of Gedera and Beer Tuvia. He was a member of the Labor movement and wrote notes in the HaPoel HaTsair. Among the friends of David was the writer Yosef Haim Brenner.

In the summer of 1914 he went to accompany a group of high school students from Herzliya to their parents' homes in Russia, and due to the outbreak of the First World War, he could not return to Israel until Passover 1920. Upon his return he became the director of the Ahdut HaAvoda cultural committee.

With the establishment of the Histadrut in 1920, he was briefly the temporary secretary general until David Ben-Gurion was elected in 1921 as the first secretary general.

At the recommendation of David Ben-Gurion, David Zochovitzky changed his surname to Zakai (Hebrew for innocent), slightly resembling the original name in sound.

Until the founding of the newspaper Davar in 1925, he edited the publication of the Histadrut ("Pinkas") and the publication of Achdut HaAvoda, "Kuntras", where he also published his column Turim. With the founding of Davar, he joined the staff of the newspaper in which he published his columns, was a member and the secretary of the editorial board, the editor of the night editor and for a while also the general editor. His signature, Z. David, accompanied him throughout his years in Davar. [3] In his section Short, he spoke succinctly of his life experiences, events from the life of the Yishuv and the Jewish people, and wrote about people, books and intellectuals. The "Short" articles were grouped into two books. He was an amateur astronomist and reviewed celestial bodies in his monthly column "BaShamayim" (In Heaven).

At the time of the 1929 riots, a weapon of the Haganah was hidden in the cellar of his home in Tel Aviv, on the Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael (later Ben Gurion Boulevard). The telescope at his roof did double duty for the Haganah to guard the region. In the yard of his home, there was a tiny meteorological station, which reported for many years the amounts of precipitation measured.

Zakai served as the delegate to the 19th Zionist Congress in Lucerne, 1935. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Teachers Union, a member of the Education Committee, and wrote in Education.

In the State of Israel
In the 1950s, he lectured on Kol Israel and in various forums on Aggadah and Midrashim of the Sages. In 1956 he won the Sokolov Prize for journalism.

Family
In 1909 he married Rachel, daughter to Rabbi Avraham Aaronsohn Hacohen. Rachel's brother was the author Zalman Yitzhak Anochi.

His son Yaakov was active in the Haganah, his daughter Hanna served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service of the British Army, and Avraham was the first commander of the Palyam and an officer in the Israeli Navy.

Death and legacy
David Zakai died in Tel Aviv in 1978, at the age of 91. He was buried in the Nahalat Yitzhak cemetery. Zakai was survived by two sons and a daughter and seven grandchildren.

References

1886 births
1978 deaths
Burials in Israel
General Secretaries of Histadrut
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Jews from the Russian Empire
Israeli journalists
Israeli political writers
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Jews from Ottoman Palestine
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish socialists
Jewish writers
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Jewish educators
Burials at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery
20th-century journalists
People from Minsk Region
Ahdut HaAvoda politicians
Zionists from the Russian Empire
Belarusian Zionists

David Zakai


France Ahčin (August 13, 1919 - June 21, 1989) was a Slovene sculptor. He studied sculpture at the academy in Florence between 1943 and 1945. He emigrated to Argentina in 1947. He created many portraits, reliefs and little plastic art in burned clay and bronze. He is the author of many sculptures in churches in Buenos Aires.

Biography

Early life and Argentina
He grew up in Domžale, Slovenia. His father was a tailor, but he did not follow his steps, although he had his talent, which he decided to develop in a different way. His first works of art date to when he was 14 years old, when he mostly used wood for making sculptures. He attended the technical secondary school in Ljubljana, and later moved to Florence with his uncle, Ivan. Both emigrated to Argentina in 1947. France made sculptures for many churches, and many of his sculptures are in the church of Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, in Santos Lugares, provincia de Buenos Aires, as well as the church Maria Reina in Lanus.

In the late 60's he had the idea of starting his own ceramic industry. He took advantage of the use of clay and the industrial ovens to bake many of his works of art. Still, wood was one of his favourite materials. As from the 1980s, he started using the fast-growing wood from the tree "kiri", which is very easy to work with and is of fine appearance.

Returning home
Although his life in Argentina was successful, he always pined for his hometown and country. His dream came true in January 1989, when he travelled to Slovenia with 107 works of art, all of which he donated to his motherland, just a few months before dying back in Argentina, on 21 June 1989.

References
 Slovenski veliki leksikon (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 2003)

1919 births
1989 deaths
Yugoslav emigrants to Argentina
20th-century Slovenian sculptors
20th-century Slovenian male artists
People from Domžale
Yugoslav sculptors

France Ahčin


Operation Delphin was an anti-partisan operation in the Independent State of Croatia that took place in World War II, from 15 November to 1 December 1943. The objective of the mission was to destroy the Partisan elements on the Dalmatian islands off central Dalmatia.

The Axis forces included:
 114th Jäger Division (main force)
 264th Infantry Division (elements)
 Küstenjäger-Abteilung (Coastal Raiders Battalion) "Brandenburg"
 DKM Flak cruiser Niobe, 1 destroyer, several gunboats, 2 armed steamers, 3 Siebel ferries, and numerous smaller ships, boats and landing craft.

Result
The operation, which was amphibious, it ran relatively according to plan, but most of the Partisans appear to have avoided engaging the German forces. Some of them escaped to the island of Vis farther out into the Adriatic. It is not thought that the operation was very successful.

References

Delphin
Delphin
Delphin
Delphin
November 1943 events
December 1943 events

Operation Delphin


Narębski Point is a headland on the south-east coast of the Barton Peninsula, at the south-western end of King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica with an average elevation of  above sea level. Korea's King Sejong Station lies  to the north-east.

Antarctic Specially Protected Area
The land adjacent to the point has been designated an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA 171) primarily to protect its ecological, scientific and aesthetic values from human interference. The size of the site is about 1 km2. It is geologically complex and rich in flora and fauna, with an extensive cover of mosses and lichens There are large colonies of chinstrap and gentoo penguins. Other birds recorded as breeding at the site in smaller numbers are brown and south polar skuas, kelp gulls, Antarctic terns, Wilson's storm petrels, southern giant petrels and snowy sheathbills.

References

Antarctic Specially Protected Areas
Headlands of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
Seabird colonies
Poland and the Antarctic
Penguin colonies

Narębski Point


Herman Kwan Hoi-San () (born Kwan Ming-kok; October 23, 1925 – September 11, 2006) was a Hong Kong actor. His English name was Herman Kwan. Kwan started off as a Cantonese opera actor in street theatre before joining New Voice Opera Troupe (新聲劇團). He also started singing for early Hong Kong film soundtracks and moved on to act in films, mostly adaption of opera in Cantonese. He became famous and acted in many lead roles. When Hong Kong films started to move towards Mandarin, Kwan's career faltered and joined TVB and acted in various roles. Directors and filmmakers rediscovered his talent and cast him in many supporting roles in films. In 2001, Kwan suffered a stroke and was left mute and paralysed. He died in 2006.

Career
Kwan at an early age, followed his father Kwan Yiu-fai (關耀輝), studied Cantonese opera. At 11, he started playing in public. At the time, Cantonese opera was mainly street theatre: actors were acting on a stage built in front of a temple or a market. He left Guangzhou for Hong Kong after World War II. Later, Kwan Hoi San will join the greatest troupes of that time, such as the New Voice Opera Troupe (新聲劇團) which featured Yam Kim-fai.

In the 1940s, Kwan started singing for the Hong Kong-produced Cantonese films soundtracks. Cantonese cinema was booming then and stars from the Cantonese opera moved on to act in them. Kwan followed suit and started acting in films soon after. The films were often adaptations from the Cantonese opera repertoire. His first movie is Huet Chai Huet Seung (血债血偿). His fame as a cinema actor quickly goes beyond the one he had built as a theatre actor. He often acts with famous actors such as Cho Tat-wah, Cheung Ying, Lau Hak-suen and Shih Kien. This beautiful era wherein he was the young lead last until the end of the 1960s, when the arrival of the Mandarin language productions from the Shaw Brothers will impose juvenile faces to the public, such as Jimmy Wang Yu, David Chiang Da Wei or Yueh Hua. Kwan Hoi San and his friends had then to accept this change.  Some returned to theatre, others continued to do movies in Cantonese while participating in productions shot then in Mandarin in big studios such as Shaw Brothers or Cathay Asia Films. Other also will integrate television, then still on its early stage, where they will meet again some filmmakers that have also turned toward TV.

Kwan Hoi-san's cinema career went downhill until the mid-1970s. In 1976, he joined TVB, which he didn't leave up until the early 2000s. During his television period, he quickly became a great and must-have supporting part in the soaps. Not unlike in cinema, Kwan Hoi San was able to perform all kinds of characters in the small screen without troubling his audience. He was, from one series to another, a good family man, a Kung-fu master, a machiavellian godfather, a minister of the emperor, a Taoist magician, a firm manager, a historical character or also a traitor to the country. The part he was the most often attributed was the one of the patriarch of a rich family in decay, in the long emblematic series of the channel. Other stars from TVB have confronted him more than once in the long series of the channel: Chow Yun Fat, Carol Cheng Yu Ling and Simon Yam Tat Wah in Brothers/Tsan Ching (亲情), Adam Cheng Siu Chow in Clan of Intrigues/Chor Lau Heung (楚留香), Andy Lau Tak Wah and Tony Leung Chiu Wai in The Duke of Mount Deer/Luk Ding Kei (鹿鼎记), Felix Wong Yat Wah and Ray Lui Leung Wai in Kung Fu Master of Fat Shan/Fat San Chan Sin Sang (佛山赞先生), Stephen Chow Sing Chi in The Justice of Life/Ta Loi Chi Kong Woo (他來自江湖) or also Lau Ching Wan in The Battle Among The Clans/Dai Heung Kong (大香港). In 1982, in The Demi-Gods and Demi-Devils/Tin Lung Pa Po (天龙八部), he crossed the path of Leung Kar Yan, but also Kwan Chung (关聪), one of his sons.

In the meantime, Kwan Hoi San kept on working in the cinema industry with more or less outstanding parts. In the 1980s, just like a Bill Tung Biu, Kwan Hoi San found a second fame within cinema thanks to his successful television career. Young filmmakers, including those who knew him from TV sets, rediscovered him, and offered him interesting supporting parts. When he was well directed, the result was, for an example, Brothers From Walled City, or Hong Kong, Hong Kong. In the latter, he acts an old violent single man who ends up marrying Cherie Chung Chor Hung, an illegal immigrant coming from China and in love with Alex Man Chi Leung.

Kwan Hoi San had also the honour of presiding over the association of Cantonese opera companies of Hong Kong.

In 1991, he won the Hong Kong Film Award and the Taiwanese Golden Horse in the best male supporting role category for his part in Lee Rock by Lawrence Ah Mon. Western viewers can see his part in Project A and Project A II by Jackie Chan, where he plays the superior of the star, hunched up in his third-rate uniform. Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung Kam Bo were enjoying paying tribute to past Cantonese cinema stars by reuniting them in their productions. Kwan Hoi San in Hard Boiled was the old godfather for whom things were much too complicated because of the young generation of gangsters, led by Anthony Wong Chau Sang, and he was "betrayed" by Tony Leung Chiu Wai.

In 2005, TVB (which dropped him after his accident) paid a tribute to Kwan Hoi San during a special show. Kwan Hoi San had participated in more than 300 films and TV soaps.

Personal life
Kwan liked to drink and smoke. He was also a collector of paintings, Chinese calligraphies and pipes. He had three sons and three daughters from four wives, although his first three marriages were never legally registered. Kwan's first wife was also an actress who came from Guangdong and together they have an adopted daughter. During a tour in south Vietnam, he met his second wife (黃麗). He had two sons (關楚雄) (關聰) and a daughter (關婉清) with her. His third wife (葉娥瑞) is a Malaysian and they have a daughter (關至瑩). Kwan met his fourth wife (曾娣蓉), a Singaporean, in 1969 and they have a son (關可維).

In 2001, he suffered from an apoplexy attack and was left paralysed and mute. His condition improved but relapsed at time. On the morning 11 September 2006, Kwan's fourth wife noticed that he was not feeling well and sent him to Kwong Wah Hospital. Kwan died shortly later from complications arising from high blood pressure and diabetes.

Filmography

Films

References

1925 births
2006 deaths
TVB veteran actors
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong male television actors
Male actors from Guangzhou
Male actors from Guangdong
Musicians from Guangzhou
Hong Kong male Cantonese opera actors
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors
20th-century Hong Kong male singers
20th-century Chinese  male  singers
Chinese male film actors
Chinese male television actors
20th-century Chinese male actors
21st-century Chinese male actors
Singers from Guangdong

Kwan Hoi-san


Palmópolis is a municipality in the northeast of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.  Its population in 2020 was 5,349 inhabitants in a total area of 436 km².

Overview
Palmópolis belongs to the Almenara statistical microregion.  The elevation of the municipal seat is 600 meters.  It became a municipality in 1993.  This municipality is located on the Braço River, 10 km. west of the state boundary with Espírito Santo.

The main economic activities are cattle raising, and subsistence farming.  The GDP was R$20,127,000 (2005).  There was 01 banking agency in 2006.  There were 95 automobiles in 2007.  The main crop was coffee.  In the health sector there were 03 health clinics.  The score on the Municipal Human Development Index was 0.615 (medium).  This ranked Palmópolis 811 out of 853 municipalities in the state, with Poços de Caldas in first place with 0.841 and Setubinha in last place with 0.568. See Frigoletto  for the complete list.
Degree of urbanization: 50.30% (2000-the national average was 81.75%)
Illiteracy rate: 31.00% (2000—the national average was 13.63)
Infant mortality rate: 33.33% (2000—the national average was 18.91)
Life expectancy: 65.4 (average of male and female) (2000)
Percentage of urban area with sewer connections: 20.70% (2000—the national average was 69.52%)

See also
List of municipalities in Minas Gerais

References

Statistics from IBGE
Indicadores Minas—info on health and education
Citybrazil
Frigoletto

Municipalities in Minas Gerais

Palmópolis


São Gabriel was the flagship of Vasco da Gama's armada on his first voyage to India in 1497–1499.

The other three ships
Velho indicated that the sources agreed that the armada contained four ships, but there was disagreement about the names. These were the other three ships according to him:
 São Rafael: The sister ship of São Gabriel,  built by the same builder at the same time for the same purpose. It was of similar dimensions as São Gabriel. Paulo da Gama, Vasco's brother, was the captain, other people include João de Coimbra, pilot, and João de Sá, clerk.
 Bérrio, also known as São Miguel: This caravel was named after its former owner. Only carrying lateen sails, it was the smallest and swiftest of the convoy with a tonnage of 50–90 t. Key people were: Nicolau Coelho, captain, Pedro Escobar pilot, and Álvaro de Braga, clerk.
 A supply ship, name São Miguel: The ship was a carrack of about 110 or 200 tons with Gonçalo Nunes as captain.

Provisions
The provisions of the convoy were based on the expectation that the voyage would last three years; merchandise intended for the Indian market was also brought along. This merchandise included wash basins, clothes, sugar, honey, corals, glass beads and trinkets, and turned out to be neither adequate in quality nor in quantity for its purpose. Daily rations were calculated to be 1.5 pounds biscuit, 1 lb beef or 0.5 lb of pork, 2.5 pints water, 1.25 pints wine (customary, also against scurvy), plus 0.3 gill of vinegar, and 0.6 gill of oil. On fasting days meat was substituted by rice, fish, or cheese. Other provisions included flour, lentils, sardines, plums, almonds, garlic, mustard, salt, honey, sugar. Fresh fish was caught en route, and supplies were replenished in harbors including oranges (to prevent scurvy).

The ships also carried a number of padrões, pillars of stone headed by the cross and bearing the seal of Portugal and used as markers to claim land.

Operational history
The armada left Restelo near Lisbon on July 8, 1497. After rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the armada anchored at the Aguada de São Brás (Mossel Bay) where the supply ship was broken up and its contents distributed on the others. The three ships sailed further North along the African coast to Malindi, East Africa. After crossing the Indian Ocean they reached the harbor of Calicut at the Malabar coast in India on May 20, 1498.

The return crossing of the Indian Ocean took over three months and many of the crew members got sick from scurvy and died. With a diminished crew São Rafael became superfluous; the vessel was burned at East Africa after the transfer of its crew and provisions. The remaining two vessels got caught in a storm near the Cape Verde islands and separated. At that time both ships were leaking and in poor shape.

Bérrio under Nicolau Coelho's command arrived at Cascais near Lisbon on July 10, 1499, and São Gabriel without Gama and directed by João de Sá came in one month later. Gama had left São Gabriel on its final leg and commissioned another vessel to bring him with his dying brother Paulo to the Azores before he returned to Portugal in early September 1499.

Cultural depictions
São Gabriel is depicted in the 2011 Indian film, Vasco da Gama.

References

Carracks
Naval ships of Portugal
Exploration ships
Individual sailing vessels
15th-century ships
Age of Sail ships of Portugal
History of Kerala
Age of Discovery ships

São Gabriel (ship)


Clement Francis Rogers (1866 – 23 June 1949) was an English theologian, who was professor of pastoral theology at King's College London.

Rogers, the son of Professor James Rogers, was born in 1866 and educated at Westminster School and Jesus College, Oxford.  He was ordained deacon in 1890 and priest in 1891, and became a lecturer at King's College London in 1906 having spent time working in parishes in Yorkshire and London.  He became a professor in 1919, retiring in 1932 and becoming an emeritus professor. He served as Chaplain of King's College London from 1932-1936. His works included books based on his experiences talking about Christianity at Hyde Park and theological works.

References

1866 births
1949 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Academics of King's College London
Chaplains of King's College London
English theologians
20th-century English Anglican priests

Clement Rogers


Dania Hall was a cultural center and performing arts space in the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood of Minneapolis. Completed in 1886, the building was destroyed by an accidental fire in 2000 at the outset of an extensive renovation project.

Early history
The five-story building, located at 427 Cedar Avenue South, was designed by the Norwegian-born architect Carl F. Struck for Society Dania, an organization founded by Danish immigrants.  The large auditorium making up the third and fourth floors included a proscenium stage and horseshoe balcony.  Its main floor could accommodate up to six hundred chairs or be cleared for dancing. There were offices and a small meeting room on the second floor while the ground level and basement were for commercial retail use. A multi-purpose facility, Dania Hall served as a gathering place for Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, and the larger community. It hosted banquets, bazaars, concerts, dances, plays and evenings of Scandinavian vaudeville.

The Norwegian author Knut Hamsun, who lived in Minneapolis during the 1880s, gave a series of literary lectures at the newly built Dania Hall. His farewell address there in 1888 included material that would later appear in the book: Fra det moderne Amerikas aandsliv (The Cultural Life of Modern America).

In the 1920s and 1930s many Scandinavian-American artists performed at Dania Hall. Among them were the Olson Sisters, Olle i Skratthult, Ted Johnson and his Midnight Suns and Thorstein Skarning and his Norwegian Hillbillies. The Snoose Boulevard Festival, which ran from 1972 through 1977, brought back the music and humor of that period with performances at the Cedar Theater, Coffeehouse Extemporé, New Riverside Café and Mixed Blood Theatre.  Dania Hall, the chief symbol of the area's Scandinavian past, flew a banner from Sweden from its tower during the event but was not used as a venue due to the poor condition of the building.

Later years
By the 1960s the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood had undergone significant change and was no longer at the center of Scandinavian-American activities.  In 1963 Society Dania sold Dania Hall to Phil Richter, whose pharmacy had occupied the building's first floor since 1948. Even as Dania's meeting hall was abandoned by the Scandinavian-American community it attracted large numbers of young people, who went there in the 1960s and 1970s to hear T.C. Atlantic, the Paisleys and other rock bands as well as the reggae music of Shangoya. In later years the auditorium was no longer in use, having been denied a permit for public gatherings without additional exits and other improvements.

Destruction and aftermath

In 1991 a fire severely damaged Dania Hall's roof and upper floors. The roof was replaced, and by decade's end a full-scale restoration of the building had begun. In the early morning hours of February 28, 2000 a fire broke out, engulfing the building and leaving a charred ruin.
 The arson squad ruled that the fire was unintentional, the result of a discarded cigarette. Nonetheless, questions about the blaze and the building's lack of insurance have engendered controversy.

A memorial gathering, attended by several hundred people, took place March 2, 2000, at the Cedar Cultural Center. During the meeting, individuals reminisced about Dania Hall and shared their thoughts about the century-old landmark. The audience also listened to recordings of two Swedish songs: Hälsa dem därhemma (Greet those at home) and Barndomshemmet (My childhood home). The singer, Olga Lindgren-Nilsen, had recorded the sentimental ballads in 1975 at the age of seventy-nine. The first wife of Olle i Skratthult, she appeared many times on the Dania Hall stage.

In October 2001 a commemorative pillar was erected at the former site of Dania Hall. The historic address, so important to the Scandinavian-American community and the Cedar-Riverside neighborhood, has subsequently remained a vacant lot awaiting development. Dania Hall's architect still has a presence in the area. A two-story building, designed by Carl F. Struck in 1890, remains in use at 521 Cedar Avenue South.

National Register of Historic Places
Dania Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and removed from the list after its destruction in 2000.   Two other buildings designed by Carl F. Struck are in the National Register of Historic Places: the Bardwell–Ferrant House at 2500 Portland Avenue South and the Pracna Building in the St. Anthony Falls Historic District. The main building of the Grain Belt Brewery in Northeast Minneapolis is also in the National Register of Historic Places.  Although Struck did not contribute to its design, he was the architect for an office building at 1215 Marshall Street NE that was part of the complex.

See also
The Snoose Boulevard Festival
Dania Hall (Racine, Wisconsin)
Notable buildings of the Danish Brotherhood in America

References

External links

Dania Hall digi-tour
Minnesota Daily articles
Then And Now: Dania Hall
Dania Hall at Placeography.
Dania Hall at Close Associates.
Dania Hall at the Library of Congress.
Gustavus Adolphus Hall at Placeography.
Dania Hall at Twin Cities Music Highlights.
Dania Hall at the City of Minneapolis website.
Dania Hall in the Minnesota Preservation Planner.
Holtzermann's Store at the Minnesota Historical Society.

Photos
Dania Hall commemorative pillar
Dania Hall at the Hennepin County Library.
Dania Hall at the Minnesota Historical Society.
Flag that flew from Dania Hall's tower in the 1970s
Olga Lindgren at the Minnesota Historical Society.
Pracna Building: designed by Carl F. Struck in 1890
521 Cedar Avenue South: designed by Carl F. Struck in 1890
Programs at Dania Hall
"Vaudeville evening" January 2, 1916
"The Father" January 23, 1916: a play by August Strindberg
"A Night in Falkenberg" February 9, 1919
"The People of Värmland" January 17, 1926: a play by F. A. Dahlgren
Book excerpt
Swedes in the Twin Cities at the MHS.
Dania Hall in Swedes in the Twin Cities
Online book
My Minneapolis: Nasjonalbiblioteket
28. Kristofer Janson and Knut Hamsun
45. The Cedar-Riverside Area
Historic American Newspapers
Dania Hall advertisements and articles
Streaming audio
Barndomshemmet sung by Olga Lindgren-Nilsen
Hälsa dem därhemma sung by Olga Lindgren-Nilsen

Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1886
Danish-American culture in Minnesota
Danish migration to North America
Demolished buildings and structures in Minneapolis
Demolished music venues in the United States
Disasters in Minnesota
History of Minneapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Former National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Norwegian-American culture in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Swedish-American culture in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Buildings and structures demolished in 2000

Dania Hall (Minneapolis)


Asher Tyler (May 10, 1798 – August 1, 1875) was a United States representative from New York. Born in Bridgewater, Oneida County, he was graduated from Hamilton College in 1817, studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Ellicottville, Cattaraugus County in 1836. He was an agent of the Devereaux Land Co., with headquarters at Ellicottville, and subsequently served in a like capacity for the Erie Co. He held several local offices and was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth Congress, holding office from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845. He moved to Elmira in 1846 and engaged in railroad operations. Tyler was one of the incorporators of the Elmira Rolling Mill Co., and in 1875 died in Elmira. Interment was in Woodlawn Cemetery.

References

1798 births
1875 deaths
People from Oneida County, New York
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians

Asher Tyler


John Edward Chevigny (August 14, 1906 – February 19, 1945) was an American football player, coach, lawyer, and United States Marine Corps officer who was killed in action on the first day of the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. He is best known for scoring the famous "that's one for Gipper" touchdown for Notre Dame on November 10, 1928, versus Army at Yankee Stadium. One of the Great Depression-era football stars, he was one of the best blocking backs for Knute Rockne's Notre Dame football team in the 1920s. Chevigny later served as the head coach of the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League in 1932 and the head football coach at the University of Texas from 1934 to 1936.

On August 18, 1979, Chevigny was inducted posthumously into the Indiana Football Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the St. Edwards University Athletics Hall of Fame.

Early life
Chevigny was born in Dyer, Indiana, the son of Julius Chevigny, a physician originally from the province of Quebec, Canada who had served in the United States Army, stationed in New York, during World War I, and Rose Ann Chevigny. He attended Catholic grade school in Dyer before moving to Hammond, Indiana, where he attended Hammond High School and played football at, and graduated president of his class in 1924. He had two brothers and two sisters.

University of Notre Dame
Part of the legend of Notre Dame football history was that Chevigny, who played three seasons as right halfback from 1926 to 1928, scored the winning touchdown against Army on November 10, 1928 (the 153rd birthday of the United States Marine Corps) in Yankee Stadium after Knute Rockne's famous "Win one for the Gipper" halftime speech (in memory of Notre Dame football great George Gipp) with Chevigny yelling, "That's one for the Gipper" as he crossed the goal line.

Knute Rockne had related the details about the famous game in an autobiography published in Collier's magazine in 1930. Actually, Chevigny scored the tying touchdown during the 3rd quarter against undefeated Army (then 6–0), to even the score 6–6, and Johnny O'Brien, also inspired by Rockne's speech, ran for the 12–6 game-winning touchdown. However, it was because of that game and Chevigny's touchdown during that game, that the legend of "the Gipper" was born.

Football coach and attorney
Chevigny became an assistant football coach under Rockne in 1929, and Notre Dame went undefeated that season and the next season winning two National Championships. Chevigny who received his Notre Dame law degree in 1931, left Notre Dame football after Rockne's death in an airplane crash March 31, 1931 and the 1931 football season.

He coached the Chicago Cardinals of the NFL to a 2–6–2 record in 1932, and left that position to become head coach at St. Edwards University, a sister school of Notre Dame, in Austin, Texas.

When the University of Texas began looking for a new coach in 1934, Chevigny was chosen for that position. He directed a 7–6 victory over his alma mater, Notre Dame, during the second game played in South Bend, Indiana. The Texas Longhorns finished the season at 7–2–1. The 1935 team didn't play as well and Chevigny finished his coaching career at the University of Texas with a 13–14–2 record in three seasons and was the only University of Texas head coach to have an overall losing record (a feat later matched by Charlie Strong).

In 1937, Chevigny resigned his Texas Longhorns coaching position and was appointed Deputy Attorney General of Texas. Following that, he worked in
the oil industry in Texas.

Military service

U.S. Army
In March 1943, Chevigny (then 36 years old) was drafted into the U.S. Army after trying to enlist and being rejected because of a football knee injury he received while playing at Notre Dame. He completed basic training at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Lawrence, Indiana. He was assigned afterwards to Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington, a training and staging base. A corporal, he had requested and was granted service in the Marine Corps. He received an honorable discharge from the U.S. Army on June 10, 1943, in order to be released for service in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve.

U.S. Marine Corps
Chevigny was directly commissioned a Marine Corps first lieutenant, going on active duty in the Marine Corps Reserve on June 11, 1943, in Seattle. The Marine Corps District Headquarters Induction and Recruitment Station in Seattle immediately used him in a public-relations enlistment poster photo wearing his summer officers service uniform. Afterwards, he was transferred to Officer Indoctrination and Physical Training schools at Camp Pendleton, California.

In September 1943, Chevigny was assigned to Camp Lejeune in New River, North Carolina, as a physical training instructor, athletic officer, and assistant coach of the Camp Lejeune football team. He soon became head coach, renaming the team (then 0–2–1) which was named the " Camp Lejeune All-Stars", to the "Camp Lejeune Leathernecks" (they finished 6–2–1). In late 1943, he requested an overseas combat assignment.

Iwo Jima and death
In January 1944, Chevigny reported for duty at Camp Pendleton, California. After brief duty as an instructor, he was assigned to Headquarters Company, Headquarters Battalion, Fifth Marine Division. He was sent with the 5th Division to Camp Tarawa, Hawaii, to train for the assault of Iwo Jima (Operation Detachment) which would include two other Marine divisions of the V Amphibious Corps. He was reassigned for duty as a liaison officer of H&S Company, 27th Marine Regiment, 5th Marine Division. He went with his unit to Iwo Jima aboard the attack transport, USS Rutland. The 27th Marines landed on "Red Beach 1" and "Red Beach 2" on February 19, 1945 (D-day). 1st Lt. Chevigny was one of the many hundreds of Marines and Navy corpsmen serving alongside them that were killed in action on the seven color-named and numbered landing zones, each 550 yards wide, that together stretched for two miles of beach on the southeast side of Iwo Jima.

 Burial place(s)
Chevigny was buried in the 5th Marine Division Cemetery on Iwo Jima and later was reburied in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (called the "Punchbowl"; dedicated in 1949) in Honolulu, Hawaii. His tombstone is located in Section C, Site 508.

Japanese surrender
Another legend surrounding Chevigny is that he had been given a fountain pen with the inscription "To Jack Chevigny, a Notre Dame boy who beat Notre Dame" following the Chevigny-coached Texas Longhorns' 7–6 upset of the Fighting Irish in 1934. On September 2, 1945, this pen was supposedly discovered in the hands of one of the Japanese officer envoys at the surrender of Japan on the battleship USS Missouri. The pen was sent back home, and the inscription was changed to read, "To Jack Chevigny, a Notre Dame boy who gave his life for his country in the spirit of old Notre Dame". The legend, which surfaced in 1945 in conjunction with the anniversary of the November 10, 1928 football game, has been a part of Notre Dame lore ever since. However, no one in the Chevigny family has seen or confirmed the existence of the pen, or that the inscription was changed.

Head coaching record

College

Military awards
Chevigny's military decorations and awards:

Notes

References

External links

1906 births
1945 deaths
American football halfbacks
Camp Lejeune Marines football coaches
Chicago Cardinals head coaches
Chicago Cardinals coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
St. Edward's Crusaders football coaches
Texas Longhorns athletic directors
Texas Longhorns football coaches
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel killed in World War II
Sportspeople from Hammond, Indiana
Sportspeople from Lake County, Indiana
Coaches of American football from Indiana
Players of American football from Indiana
Military personnel from Indiana
Burials in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific

Jack Chevigny


The Harvard Computers were a team of women working as skilled workers to process astronomical data at the Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The team was directed by Edward Charles Pickering (1877 to 1919) and, following his death in 1919, by Annie Jump Cannon.

Other computers in the team included Williamina Fleming and Florence Cushman.  Although these women started primarily as calculators, they made significant contributions to astronomy, much of which they published in research articles.

History
Although Pickering believed that gathering data at astronomical observatories was not the most appropriate work, it seems that several factors contributed to his decision to hire women instead of men. Among them was that men were paid much more than women, so he could employ more staff with the same budget. This was relevant in a time when the amount of astronomical data was surpassing the capacity of the Observatories to process it. Although some of Pickering's female staff were astronomy graduates, their wages were similar to those of unskilled workers. They usually earned between 25 and 50 cents per hour (between $ and $ in ), more than a factory worker but less than a clerical one. In describing the dedication and efficiency with which the Harvard Computers, including Florence, undertook this effort, Edward Pickering said, "a loss of one minute in the reduction of each estimate would delay the publication of the entire work by the equivalent of the time of one assistant for two years."

The women were often tasked with measuring the brightness, position, and color of stars. The work included such tasks as classifying stars by comparing the photographs to known catalogs and reducing the photographs while accounting for things like atmospheric refraction in order to render the clearest possible image. Fleming herself described the work as "so nearly alike that there will be little to describe outside ordinary routine work of measurement, examination of photographs, and of work involved in the reduction of these observations".  At times women offered to work at the observatory for free in order to gain experience in a field that was difficult to get into.

Notable members

Mary Anna Palmer Draper
Mary Anna Draper was the widow of Dr. Henry Draper, an astronomer who died before completing his work on the chemical composition of stars. She was very involved in her husband's work and wanted to finish his classification of stars after he died. Mary Draper quickly realized the task facing her was far too daunting for one person. She had received correspondence from Mr. Pickering, a close friend of hers and her husband's. Pickering offered to help finish her husband's work, and encouraged her to publish his findings up to the time of his death. After some deliberation and much consideration, Draper decided in 1886 to donate money and a telescope of her husband's to the Harvard Observatory in order to photograph the spectra of stars. She had decided this would be the best way to continue her husband's work and erect his legacy in astronomy. She was very insistent on funding the memorial project with her own inheritance, as it would carry on her husband's legacy. She was a dedicated follower of the observatory and a great friend of Pickering's. In 1900 she funded an expedition to see the total solar eclipse occurring that year.

Williamina Fleming
Williamina Fleming had no prior relation to Harvard, as she was a Scottish immigrant working as Pickering's housemaid. Her first assignment was to improve an existing catalog of stellar spectra, which later lead to her appointment as head of the ''Henry Draper Catalogue'' project.  Fleming went on to help develop a classification of stars based on their hydrogen content, as well as play a major role in discovering the strange nature of white dwarf stars. Williamina continued her career in astronomy when she was appointed Harvard's Curator of Astronomical Photographs in 1899, also known as Curator of the Photographic Plates. She remained the only woman curator until the 1950s. Her work also led to her becoming the first female American citizen to be elected to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1907.

Antonia Maury
Antonia Maury was the niece of Henry Draper, and after recommendation from Mrs. Draper, was hired as a computer. She was a graduate from Vassar College, and was tasked with reclassifying some of the stars after the publication of the Henry Draper Catalog. Maury decided to go further and improved and redesigned the system of classification, but had other obligations and left the observatory in 1892 then again in 1894. Her work was finished with the help of Pickering and the computing staff and was published in 1897. She returned again in 1908 as an associate researcher.

Anna Winlock
Some of the first women who were hired to work as computers had familial connections to the Harvard Observatory's male staff. For instance, Anna Winlock, one of the first of the Harvard Computers, was the daughter of Joseph Winlock, the third director of the observatory and Pickering's immediate predecessor. Anna Winlock joined the observatory in 1875 to assist in supporting her family after her father's unexpected passing. She tackled her father's unfinished data analysis, performing the arduous work of mathematically reducing meridian circle observations, which rescued a decade's worth of numbers that had been left in a useless state. Winlock also worked on a stellar cataloging section called the "Cambridge Zone". Working over twenty years on the project, the work done by her team on the Cambridge Zone contributed significantly to the Astronomische Gesellschaft Katalog, which contains information on more than one-hundred thousand stars and is used worldwide by many observatories and their researchers. Within a year of Anna Winlock's hiring, three other women joined the staff: Selina Bond, Rhoda Sauders, and a third, who was likely a relative of an assistant astronomer.

Annie Jump Cannon
Pickering hired Annie Jump Cannon, a graduate of Wellesley College, to classify the southern stars.  While at Wellesley, she took astronomy courses from one of Pickering's star students, Sarah Frances Whiting.  She became the first female assistant to study variable stars at night.  She studied the light curve of variable stars which could help suggest the type and causation of variation.  Cannon, adding to work done by fellow computer Antonia Maury, greatly simplified [Pickering and Fleming's star classification based on temperature] system, and in 1922, the International Astronomical Union adopted [Cannon's] as the official classification system for stars....During Pickering's 42-year tenure at the Harvard Observatory, which ended only a year before he died, in 1919, he received many awards, including the Bruce Medal, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's highest honor. Craters on the moon and on Mars are named after him.

And Annie Jump Cannon's enduring achievement was dubbed the Harvard—not the Cannon—system of spectral classification.Cannon's Harvard Classification Scheme  is the basis of the today's familiar O B A F G K M system.  She also categorized the variable stars into tables so they could be identified and compared more easily.  These systems connect the color of stars to their temperature.

Annie Jump Cannon was the first female scientist to be recognized for many awards and titles in her field of study.  She was the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford and the Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences, and the first female officer in the American Astronomical Society.  Cannon went on to establish her own Annie Jump Cannon Award for women in postdoctoral work.

Henrietta Leavitt
Henrietta Swan Leavitt arrived at the observatory in 1893. She had experience through her college studies, traveling abroad, and teaching. In academia, Leavitt excelled in mathematics courses at Cambridge. When she began working at the observatory she was tasked with measuring star brightness through photometry.  She found hundreds of new variable stars after starting to analyze the Great Nebula in Orion and her work was expanded to study the variables of the entire sky with Annie Jump Cannon and Evelyn Leland.  With skills gained in photometry, Leavitt compared stars in different exposures.  Studying Cepheid variables in the Small Magellanic Cloud, she discovered that their apparent brightness was dependent on their period. Since all those stars were approximately the same distance from Earth, that meant their absolute brightness must depend on their period as well, allowing the use of Cepheid variables as a standard candle for determining cosmic distances. That, in turn, led directly to the modern understanding of the true size of the universe, and Cepheid variables are still an essential rung in the cosmic distance ladder.

Pickering published her work with his name as co-author.  The legacy she left allowed future scientists to make further discoveries in space.  Astronomer Edwin Hubble used Leavitt's method to calculate the distance of the nearest galaxy to the earth, the Andromeda Galaxy.  This led to the realization that there are even more galaxies than previously thought.

Florence Cushman
Florence Cushman (1860-1940) was an American astronomer at the Harvard College Observatory who worked on the Henry Draper Catalogue.

Florence was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1860 and received her early education at Charlestown High School, where she graduated in 1877. In 1888, she began work at the Harvard College Observatory as an employee of Edward Pickering. Her classifications of stellar spectra contributed to Henry Draper Catalogue between 1918 and 1934. She stayed as an astronomer at the Observatory until 1937 and died in 1940 at the age of 80.

Florence Cushman worked at the Harvard College Observatory from 1918 to 1937. Over the course of her nearly fifty-year career, she employed the objective prism method to analyze, classify, and catalog the optical spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars. In the 19th century, the photographic revolution enabled more detailed analysis of the night sky than had been possible with solely eye-based observations. In order to obtain optical spectra for measurement, male astronomers at the Harvard College Observatory expose glass plates on which the astronomical images were captured at night. During the daytime, female assistants like Florence analyzed the resultant spectra by reducing values, computing magnitudes, and cataloging their findings. She is credited with determining the positions and magnitudes of the stars listed in the 1918 edition of the Henry Draper Catalogue, which featured the spectra of roughly 222,000 stars.

See also
 Evelyn Leland
 Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
 Muriel Mussells Seyfert

References

Further reading

External links

 Women Astronomical Computers at the Harvard College Observatory
 Official Harvard Plate Stacks Website

American women astronomers
Harvard University staff
Sex segregation
History of physics
History of astronomy

Harvard Computers


Joseph John Hauser (January 21, 1899 – July 11, 1997), nicknamed "Unser Choe", was an American professional baseball player who was a first baseman in the major leagues from 1922 to 1929, with the Philadelphia Athletics and Cleveland Indians. Hauser's major league career was undistinguished, but he made a name for himself in the minor leagues, where he became the first player ever to hit 60 or more home runs twice in a professional career: 63 in 1930, and 69 in 1933.

Biography
After being discovered playing semi-pro ball in Waupun, Wisconsin, Hauser was signed to begin with Providence of the Eastern League in 1918, and found himself back in his hometown two years later, with the Milwaukee Brewers of the American Association. There he acquired the nickname "Unser Choe". As he told it, the predominantly German-immigrant fans would support him. If he was having a bad day at the plate and some fans were booing, others would admonish them with, "Das ist unser Choe!" -- German and German-English for "That is our Joe!"

He had his best major league year statistically in 1924, but a broken leg and slow recovery hampered his career in 1925 and 1926. In 1928, he seemed to get back on track, but his ability to hit major league pitching somehow vanished, and after 1929 he was through in the majors. He later blamed A's player-coach Ty Cobb for over-analyzing and impairing his hitting style.

In 629 games over 6 seasons in his major league career, Hauser compiled a .284 batting average (580-for-2044) with 351 runs, 80 home runs and 356 RBI. He recorded a .990 fielding percentage.

Back in the minors in 1930, Hauser played for the Baltimore Orioles of the International League and regained his hitting touch, slamming a then-professional record of 63 home runs in one season, in the cozy confines of Oriole Park. He also led the minors in homers in 1931. The Minneapolis Millers of the American Association thought Hauser would be a good addition to the even-cozier Nicollet Park, home of the Millers, and they were right. They bought his contract just before the 1932 season. After a slow start, Hauser hit 49 long ones to lead the Association in home runs. He might have hit more, and challenged the league record of 54 (set by Nick Cullop of the Millers in 1930), but he was rested to allow an injury to heal so that he would be healthy for the Junior World Series.

1933 was Hauser's career year. The league decided to cut its schedule from 168 to 154 games, and Hauser went homer-less in his first nine games, so his prospects for even reaching his previous year's total were in doubt. However, in the home opener, Hauser hit one out in his first at-bat, and then three more the next day, and the long balls began to accumulate. By the end of June, he had reached 32. He hit his 50th on July 27, in Milwaukee. He hit his 54th and 55th in Toledo a couple of weeks later, setting a new league mark. On August 20, he hit his 60th, the first player to hit 60 twice in a professional career. He tied and broke his own professional record by hitting his 63rd and 64th in St. Paul's Lexington Park on Labor Day. He pushed the total to 69, with his chance at 70 rained out. Hauser also collected 182 RBIs and a record-setting 439 total bases.

Hauser got off to a good start in 1934, but a fractured kneecap ended his season, and his career wound down after that. He played off and on for the Millers and then Sheboygan before hanging them up in 1943. Following his playing career, he ran a sporting goods shop in Sheboygan until retiring in 1984.

Hauser's 69 home runs was eventually matched by Bob Crues in 1948 and surpassed by the 72 of Joe Bauman in 1954. He remained the only player to hit 60 or more twice until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa accomplished the feat in 1998 and 1999.

See also
 History of baseball in the United States

References
Before the Dome, edited by David Anderson, Nodin Press, Minneapolis, 1993, pp. 75–77.

External links

1899 births
1997 deaths
Major League Baseball first basemen
Baseball players from Milwaukee
Philadelphia Athletics players
Cleveland Indians players
Minor league baseball managers
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Sheboygan Indians players
People from Waupun, Wisconsin
American Association (1902–1997) MVP Award winners

Joe Hauser


Andranik Nahapeti Margaryan (; 12 June 1951 – 25 March 2007) served as the Prime Minister of Armenia from 12 May 2000, when the President appointed him, until his death on 25 March 2007. He was a member of the Republican Party of Armenia. He succeeded the Sargsyan brothers: Vazgen Sargsyan, who was murdered during the Armenian parliament shooting on 27 October 1999 and Aram Sargsyan, whom the President appointed a week later, but fired on 2 May 2000.

Soviet Armenia
Andranik Margaryan was born on 12 June 1949 in Yerevan (in what was then the Armenian SSR of the Soviet Union) to a family of Armenian genocide survivors originally from Sason, Turkey. He studied cybernetics at the Yerevan Polytechnic University and graduated as a computer engineer. He first became engaged in Armenian politics in the late 1970s when he joined an illegal political party, the National United Party, that was campaigning for Armenia's secession from the Soviet Union.  He has served on the National United Party's board since 1973. Margaryan had been a longtime critic of the totalitarian government of the Soviet Union. He envisioned an independent, democratic Armenia. Police arrested him in 1974 and a court sentenced him to two years in Soviet labor camps for proliferating unpatriotic ideas and activities.

Armenian independence
In 1992 after Armenia's independence, Margaryan became a registered member of the Republican Party of Armenia (HHK), the first registered party in the 3rd Republic of Armenia. He influenced the party platform with the ideology he expressed as a member of the National United Party. He served as the Republican Party's Chairman of the Board from 1993 until his death. He had also been a member of the "Yerkrapah" Volunteer union since 1996 and served on the YVU's board.

In 2000 he was appointed Prime Minister of Armenia after the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting led to the murder of then prime minister Vazgen Sargsyan. Vazgen's brother, Aram Sargsyan, who the President appointed a week later as prime minister, was fired on 2 May 2000, leading to Andranik Markaryan being appointed as the 14th prime minister of Armenia. He had planned to resign after the 12 May 2007, elections in Armenia. Throughout his career, he was awarded the "Garegin Nzhdeh" medal by the Armenian Defense Ministry alongside the "Aram Manukian", "Fridtjof Nansen" and "Vazgen Sargsyan" medals.

Heart problems and death
Andranik Margaryan died of a heart attack on 25 March 2007, after nearly seven years in office, the second prime minister of Armenia to die in office and the first not related to an assassination. The head of Yerevan's municipal ambulance service reported that the prime minister was unconscious and his heart had stopped beating by the time two ambulance crews arrived at his apartment early in the afternoon. Margaryan was immediately given resuscitation treatment but did not respond.

Margaryan had a history of serious cardiac problems and twice underwent heart surgery, first in Armenia in 1999 and later in France. He regularly visited French and Russian clinics for medical examinations.

Andranik Margaryan is survived by a wife, two daughters, one son, and five grandchildren. In November 2011 his son Taron was elected Mayor of Yerevan.

Career outside politics
Apart from politics, Margaryan has also followed a career in scientific research. From 1972 until his arrest in 1974, he worked at the Yerevan branch of Scientific-Research Institute of Gas Industry as a senior engineer. After his release from the Soviet labor camps in 1977, he worked at the Scientific-Research Institute of Energy as chief engineer before moving on to find work in the Energy-Technical Factory as head of department in 1978. From 1979 to 1990, he worked at the Information Counting Centre of the Trade Ministry as the head of department of electronics.

From 1990 to 1994 he was the head of the information department at the State Department of Special Programs. He then settled to work in Armenia's State Architectural University as junior scientist from 1994 to 1995.

References

External links
Death report

1949 births
2007 deaths
Armenian dissidents
National Polytechnic University of Armenia alumni
Prime Ministers of Armenia
Turkish people of Armenian descent
Politicians from Yerevan
Republican Party of Armenia politicians
Burials at the Komitas Pantheon

Andranik Margaryan


Jean-Jacques Chevallier, (February 15, 1900 – May 23, 1983), was a 20th-century French professor, jurist and historian and Academician. Professor at the Paris Faculty of Law and Economic Sciences, member of the Academy of Political and Moral Sciences (1964–83), he left numerous works, in particular a major classic on "The Great Political Works from Machiavelli to Our Day" (Les grandes œuvres politiques: de Machiavel à nos jours), recently reissued with an update by Yves Guchet. Several subsequent historians in France have acknowledged his influence; Jean-Pierre Gross writes of "A chronological and historical account, in the tradition established by Jean-Jacques Chevallier", and according to the French jurist Georges Lavau: "We had a few masters who had explored certain territories, almost in solitude: André Siegfried, Raymond Aron, Jean-Jacques Chevallier, Georges Burdeau, Jean Stoetzel."

Family
Joseph Jean-Jacques Chevallier was born in Paris, France, the son of Jeanne Marie Demarquet and Joseph Rogatien Chevallier. His mother was a great-granddaughter of the Ecuadorian jurist José Fernández Salvador and a granddaughter of Charles Eloi Demarquet, one of Bolivar's principal aides-de-camp. His father was a military officer who was ordered to French Indochina the year after his son's birth and left a series of letters on Tonkin (part of what is now Vietnam) and Laos (collected and published in 1995).

Education
Through his early twenties, he accumulated studies and degrees: from 1918-1921 at the Faculty of Law in Paris; in 1922, at the Institut de Haut Enseignement commercial de Nancy; in 1924 he received a doctorate in political and economic sciences at Nancy; in 1925 he received a doctorate in jurisprudence at Nancy and became a professor of public law ("agrégé de droit public").

During this same period, he was also a prize-winning athlete: In 1920, he was French University Champion in foot racing, winning the 400m, and again in 1921, winning the 100m, 400m and 400m high jump; that year, he also won the 200m in the France-Switzerland athletic international; in 1922, he was again university champion of France in the 100m, 400m, 400m high jump and relay race. In 1924, he was Lorraine champion in the 400m. In 1925 he was again university champion of France in the 400m.

Career
He then began a lifelong career as a professor, starting in 1926 at the Grenoble Faculty of Law (constitutional law and international public law). He remained at this faculty until 1942. Though he was named to the Paris Faculty in 1939, the mobilization of 1939 resulted in this being canceled.

In 1931, he published L'Évolution de l'Empire britannique, his first major work. He continued to publish a long list of well-received books over the years.

In 1943, he became a professor at the Paris Faculty of Law until retiring in October 1970. Originally he taught constitutional law; from 1957 he held the chair of the doctorate of the history of political ideas. From 1943 to 1967, he was also professor at the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques, then the Institute of Political Studies of Paris (Institut d'études politiques de Paris)- known familiarly as "Sciences Po". From 1951 to 1956 he also taught constitutional law at the Hautes Études Commerciales (HEC).

From 1950 to 1951 and from 1951 to 1952, he was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

On March 2, 1964, he became a member of the Institut de France in the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, and in 1972 became the academy's president.

Selected works
 Barnave: ou, Les deux faces de la Révolution, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1979, 366 pp.
 Histoire de la pensée politique, Paris: Payot, 2006, 895 p.
 Histoire des institutions et des régimes politiques de la France de 1789 à nos jours, Dalloz, 1991 (8e éd.), 1028 pp.
 Histoire des institutions et des régimes politiques de la France de 1789 à 1958, Paris: Colin, 2001 (9e éd.), 748 pp.
 La Société des Nations britanniques (Académie de droit international de La Haye), Librairie du Recueil Sirey, Paris, 1939, 113 pp.
 L'Évolution de l'Empire britannique, Paris: Éditions Internationales, 1930, 1068 pp. 2 vols
 with Mario Albertini, Pierre Armaud, Henri Buch, L'Idée de nation, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1969, 232 pp.
 with Yves Guchet, Les grandes œuvres politiques: de Machiavel à nos jours, Paris: Colin, Collection « U », 2001 (new ed.), 303 pp.

Footnotes

References

External links
 Les membres titulaires de 1832 à nos jours... (Members - of the Academy of Political and Moral Sciences - since 1823)

1900 births
1983 deaths
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
20th-century French historians
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers

Jean-Jacques Chevallier