The Malaguti Madison is a scooter produced by the Malaguti motorcycle manufacturer in four generations: the first three from 1999 to 2011 at the historic Malaguti factory in Castel San Pietro Terme and the fourth from 2019 is produced in China by Zongshen-Piaggio joint venture.

First generation
Presented in November 1998 at the Bologna Motor Show, the Madison was the first model of the Malaguti house in the maxiscooter segment after a production consisting mainly of fifty scooters. At the presentation the 250 model was shown which adopted a four-stroke Yamaha engine, horizontal single cylinder with liquid cooling that allowed to reach 125 km/h. Aesthetically it had a sporty and sleek design and it came. The name Madison derives from the homonymous American artery, but also from a tribe of North American Indians. Shortly after the debut, the versions with reduced displacement were also announced: the 125 and 150. Production and sales started in the spring of 1999 with the range consisting of 125, 150 and 250 engines.
In September 2001 the range was enriched with two new engines alongside the three in the range: the new 180 and the top of the range Madison K400 with 400 engine. The 180 is fitted with a Piaggio engine and inherits details and finishes from the 250 included the ICE system that signals the presence of ice in case of temperatures below 4°C. The 400 adopts a new Franco Morini four-stroke 383 cm 31 HP engine.

Second generation

In May 2002 an aesthetic facelift made its début that updates the lights and the front shield and the range changes nomenclature by introducing a distinctive letter in front of the engine volume: R125, T150, R180, the new S200 destined to replace the old 250 and the top. K400 range (name that had already been adopted at the debut of this model). The 200 engine is of Piaggio origin. The other engines are updated to the Euro 2 standard.

In 2003 the engine 150 and 180 left the scene.

In the spring of 2004 the Madison 250 RS made its debut, an updated version of the previous 250 that received a slight aesthetic restyling with new higher quality plastics and the new Piaggio Quasar engine that delivers 22 horsepower at 8250 rpm and a maximum torque of 20.2 Nm at 6500 rpm This engine replaces the old Yamaha 250.

Production of the second series ends at the beginning of 2006. From its debut in 1999 to 2006, over 75,000 units have been sold.

Third generation
Designed by Engines Engineering with the style elaborated at the Malaguti style center, the third series of the Madison is a totally new model and presents a new design with a more pointed and streamlined nose and new multireflector headlamps with the arrows positioned in the front shield and the rear-view mirrors now mounted on the handlebar. The new frame is more rigid and compact with a reduced wheelbase of 80 mm to 1410 mm total, the suspension compartment is from Paioli and has a front with a 36 mm fork, while at the rear it adopts a pair of shock absorbers adjustable in spring preload. The braking system features pairs of 240mm discs: the front 240mm disc with 2-piston hydraulic caliper, and the rear 240mm disc with hydraulic caliper. The tires are larger than the 14 "tubeless type, from 120/70 tofront and 140/60 at the rear. The saddle has a ground clearance of 795 mm, 40 mm less than the old series.

The third generation is renamed by the Madison 3 house and the first model to debut is the 250 with Piaggio Quasar four-stroke engine, which thanks to the new frame and lower center of gravity has a reduced weight of 5 kg for a total of 158 kg.

In July 2006, the 125 model was also presented, equipped with a Euro 3 approved four-stroke Piaggio engine. The weight of the 125 is 153 kg.
The Madison 3 owned 95% of the components of Italian production.
The 400 model was no longer proposed with the third generation as it was replaced by the Malaguti SpiderMax 500 maxiscooter.

The Madison production ended in April 2011 following the financial difficulties of the parent company that forced the closure of the Castel San Pietro factory.

Fourth generation

In 2018 the Malaguti family granted the Austrian group KSR the license to use the brand in order to launch new models. In 2018, KSR presented a new range of Piaggio-origin Malaguti-branded vehicles at EICMA; among these is the new Madison which is none other than the old Gilera Nexus/Aprilia SR Max of which KSR had acquired the production rights once it left the scene. The new Madison is therefore the result of a rebadge operation, that is, it differs from the original Nexus only for the front logo and for the fully digital instrumentation as well as for the 300 engine, of Piaggio origin and Euro 4 approved. Both the motor and the whole scooter are made in China from the Zongshen-Piaggio joint venture.

Rieju Cityline, the Spanish version
In 2012, the Spanish company Rieju acquired the assembly lines and the license for the Phantom and Madison models following the closure of the Malaguti plant in Castel San Pietro. The two models will be presented at EICMA 2013 and will be re-launched on the market from March 2014 in an updated version, assembled in the Catalan factory in Rieju and rebranded respectively Rieju RS 50 and Rieju Cityline.

The Cityline had slight aesthetic updates, the engines were of Piaggio origin and the braking system was updated with a new 260 mm front disc. It went out of production in 2017.

References

External links

Malaguti motorcycles
Motor scooters
Motorcycles introduced in 1999
Single-cylinder_motorcycles
Maxi scooters

Malaguti Madison


The South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF) was a militia in South Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) in uneasy alliance with the Government of Sudan.

The SSDF provided security for Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) garrisons and for oilfields in the north of South Sudan, and in return was given arms and ammunition, although SSDF political leaders remained deeply suspicious of the Khartoum-based government.
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 9 January 2005 ended hostilities between the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and the government. A year later, the Juba Declaration of 8 January 2006 provided for integration of SSDF soldiers into the SPLA.
The SSDF chief of staff Major General Paulino Matip Nhial signed the Juba Declaration and was appointed deputy Commander in Chief of the SPLA.

References

Works cited

Further reading

Factions of the Second Sudanese Civil War
Rebel groups in South Sudan
Rebel groups in Sudan
Separatism in Sudan
South Sudanese nationalism
2006 disestablishments in Africa

South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)


Richard Michael Schulze (born 25 march  1941) is an American billionaire businessman. He is the founder of Best Buy and was chairman and CEO. On the Forbes 2016 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked number 722 with a net worth of US$2.4 billion.

Early life and education
Richard M. Schulze was born and raised in Saint Paul, Minnesota, where he attended Central High School. He subsequently spent time in the U.S. Air Force with the Minnesota Air National Guard. After the Air Force, he worked as a consumer electronics salesman.

He has an honorary degree from the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul.

Career
In 1966, mortgaging his home, he founded an audio equipment store named Sound of Music in Saint Paul. The company expanded to nine stores, and after a tornado destroyed one, he had a "tornado sale" at one location with a very large selection of goods and low prices. The sale was a hit, and he renamed the chain Best Buy and shifted the model to a superstore format with 18,000-sq-ft stores, everyday low prices, and a heavy advertising budget. The format was very popular and thanks to increased demand for consumer electronics (especially with the advent of VCRs), the chain grew to 40 stores in 1989. Thereafter, he eliminated the commission model (customers disliked aggressive sales) and expanded Best Buy's offerings to include computer software, music, movies, and computer hardware. In 1994, he increased the average store size to between 45,000 and 58,000 sq ft. In 1995, the chain had $5 billion in sales and 155 stores. In 1996, Best Buy added appliances and kitchen utensils to its lineup.

In May 2012, Schulze announced that he was stepping down as Best Buy chairman after an investigation found that he knew that the CEO was having a relationship with a female employee and did not alert the audit committee.

As announced on August 6, 2012, Schulze made a bid to buy out the Best Buy company. According to the report, he already owned 20% of the company. This news caused the share price of Best Buy to go up slightly. By late February, talks between Best Buy Co. and Schulze ended. Private equity investors and he sought three board seats in exchange for acquiring a minority stake in the company, but he was not able to line up the funding.

On March 25, 2013, Best Buy Co. Inc. announced that Schulze would rejoin the company that he founded with a new title: chairman emeritus. The Richfield, Minnesota-based retailer also announced that two former executives, Brad Anderson and Al Lenzmeier, will serve as Schulze's representatives on the board of directors. They are key Schulze allies who had advised him on his attempt to buy the company.

Philanthropy
In 2000, Schulze donated $50 million to the University of St. Thomas, at the time the largest donation to a Minnesota college or university. The money went to help open the UST School of Law, featuring the prominent Schulze Grand Atrium, as well as the Schulze School of Entrepreneurship, part of the St. Thomas College of Business and located in Schulze Hall ; both schools are in downtown Minneapolis. Schulze sits on the Board of Governors of the UST School of Law.

In 2014, after fire destroyed the Naples, FL YMCA, the Richard M. Schulze Family Foundation donated $1.5 million for restoration.  And in 2018, Schulze through his Family Foundation donated $750,000 to the Sky Family YMCA in Bonita Springs, Florida.

Personal life
Schulze lives in Naples, Florida. He is a Catholic and was married to Sandra J. Schulze until her death in 2001, with whom he had four children. He is remarried to Maureen Schulze. On November 9, 1991, Minnesota Governor Arne Carlson designated the day as Richard M. Schulze Day.

References

External links
 Forbes 400
 Best Buy News Center: Biography: Richard Schulze

1941 births
Living people
American billionaires
American philanthropists
American chief executives
American people of German descent
Businesspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Best Buy people
People from Bonita Springs, Florida
Catholics from Florida

Richard M. Schulze


Eric Lynch (born October 20, 1978, in St. Louis, Missouri) is a  professional poker player.

Lynch resides in Olathe, Kansas. In 2006, he won a PokerStars $1 million guaranteed tournament and finished 24th at the 2006 World Series of Poker Main Event, earning $494,000. He placed 3rd in a pot limit Hold'em WSOP event that same year. In 2007, at the WSOP he placed 2nd in a pot limit Omaha event and 7th in a pot limit Hold'em event.

In January 2008, Lynch finished in 26th place winning $40,000, at the European Poker Tour's (EPT) PokerStars Caribbean Poker Adventure

Before turning pro he was an IT consultant. Lynch's internet poker screen names are "Rizen" and "Snkybluffalo" and is mostly seen at PokerStars and Full Tilt Poker.

As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $900,000. His 12 cashes at the WSOP account for $839,410 of those winnings.

Lynch, along with Jon Turner, Jon Van Fleet and Matthew Hilger, authored a book entitled Winning Poker Tournaments: One Hand at a Time Volume I The book offers an analysis of individual hands, different styles and a view into the TAG game of Pearljammer, the aggressive game of Apestyles, and the in between approach of Rizen.

In May 2009, the first day of the 40th World Series of Poker competition, Lynch signed with Lock Poker.

Bibliography
 Winning Poker Tournaments One Hand at a Time Volume I (2008)
 Winning Poker Tournaments One Hand at a Time Volume II (2010)

References

External links
 Official Site
 Compatible Poker bio and interview
 Fox sports: Online Poker Spotlight: RIZEN Rising part I, part II, and part III

1978 births
Living people
People from St. Louis
People from Olathe, Kansas
American poker players

Eric Lynch


New Penguin Shakespeare is a series of the works of William Shakespeare published from 1967 to 1987 as an imprint of Penguin Books. Printed in paperback the editions were very popular in schools where they were used for teaching Shakespeare.

This series took over from the Penguin Shakespeare "B" series edited by G. B. Harrison, which ran from April 1937 to September 1959 with 37 titles and which sold over 1.5 million copies. The "New Penguin Shakespeare" series ("NS") was edited by Terence Spencer and started in April 1967 with NS1 Romeo and Juliet. The books were accompanied by a new series of Shakespeare commentaries printed under the title "The Penguin Shakespeare Library" ("SL"), while on the spines of a few books in the prefix "PNS" has been used. A Midsummer Night's Dream, Richard II and The Comedy of Errors were edited by Stanley Wells while Richard III was edited by G. Blakemore Evans.

The New Penguin Shakespeare series offered a complete edition of Shakespeare's plays and sonnets. "Each volume has been prepared from the original texts and includes an introduction, a list of further reading, a full and helpful commentary, and a short account of the textual problems of the play."

At least four different series of covers were used over the 20 years the series was published. The covers for 31 of the first series featured woodcut print illustrations by English artist David Gentleman that placed his distinctive bold designs on a white background with the title in a simple Helvetica font. Gentleman worked on the covers from 1967 to 1977. The artist Pierre Clayette provided six covers for editions in the second series. Other covers in the series included 38 for series three by Paul Hogarth; Louisa Hare provided 30 designs for series four, with simple but effective designs of plain text on yellow or bluish background together with a drawing in Elizabethan-style rather like medieval engravings.

The series lists 38 volumes over the 20 years it was published from "NS1" to "NS41" but there are several gaps (33, 39–40). Venus and Adonis, Titus Andronicus and Cymbeline were not published in the series and the latter two were not published until 2001 and 2005 respectively in the current "Penguin Shakespeare" (with cover designs by Clare Melinsky) that superseded the New Penguin Shakespeare series.

References

Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Book publishing company imprints
British brands
Penguin Books books

New Penguin Shakespeare


This is a list of the principal government ministers during the reign of Elizabeth I of England, 1558 to 1603. From the outset of her reign, her chief minister was Sir William Cecil, later Lord Burghley. He died in 1598 and was succeeded by his son Sir Robert Cecil.

Other important ministers were Sir Francis Knollys and James Windebank.

Sources

 Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1894

English ministries
Elizabeth I
16th-century English politicians
Court of Elizabeth I

List of ministers to Elizabeth I


Blundellsands is an area of Crosby in the ceremonial county of Merseyside, England and in the historic county of Lancashire. It is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, and a Sefton council electoral ward. At the 2001 Census the population was recorded as 11,514. This area was not measured in the 2011 Census. For current figures see Blundellsands (Ward).

Description
Blundellsands is an area north to the city of Liverpool and to the west of Crosby with Hightown and Little Crosby to the north, Great Crosby and Thornton to the east and Brighton-le-Sands and Waterloo to the south. The area is served by Blundellsands & Crosby and Hall Road railway stations. Its shoreline, the northern part of Crosby Beach, includes parts of the popular exhibit, Another Place, designed by the sculptor Antony Gormley. Several of the Gormley statues are accessible from the Burbo Bank car park. The area is generally considered to be very affluent with many local celebrities, footballers, politicians, businessmen and wealthy people in general making up the vast majority of residents calling this their home.

Education
There are several independent and public schools in the area.

History
Blundellsands was named in honour of the famous Blundell family of Little Crosby, Catholic recusants during the English Reformation, who owned the land upon which the area was built, beginning in the 1870s. Thomas Mellard Reade (1832-1909) architect laying out the Blundellsands estate in 1868. He was also a civil engineer, and geologist and worked at Liverpool University.

Sport
Blundellsands is the home of Waterloo Rugby Club and the West Lancashire Golf Club.

Notable people
Gerald Gardner, the founder of Gardnerian Wicca, a denomination of the Neopagan religion of Wicca, was born in Blundellsands in 1884, although he lived there for only a few years.

TV presenter Anne Robinson's family home was at St Michael's Rd.

See also
Listed buildings in Blundellsands

References

External links

Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 23

Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Beaches of Merseyside

Blundellsands


Lord Havelock Vetinari is a fictional character created by Terry Pratchett for his Discworld books and is the ruler of the city-state of Ankh-Morpork.

The Colour of Magic
In the first book called The Colour of Magic, Rincewind is arrested by a character called the Patrician, ruler of Ankh-Morpork who tells him that he will kill him for counterfeiting unless Rincewind becomes a tour guide for the character Twoflower. The Patrician later hires assassins to murder Twoflower after being asked to do that by the leader of Twoflower's home country. The Patrician isn't given a name by the book.

Mort
In the book Mort, it's mentioned that Ankh-Morpork has a political system called "one man, one vote, the Patrician was the man, so he had the vote" meaning that it was an absolute monarchy with the Patrician in charge.

Sourcery

In Sourcery, it turns out that The Patrician is named Lord Vetinari and that he is "unfair and unjust but he is unfair and unjust to everyone without fear or favour" and that the only living thing he loves is his dog Wuffles. At the beginning of the book, Lord Vetinari is transformed into an animal and locked up but he is turned back into a human by the end.

Wyrd Sisters
In the book Wyrd Sisters, it turns out that the Patrician kills anyone who might be related to the last king of the city so he can continue to rule it.

Guards! Guards!
In Guards! Guards!, it turns out Lord Vetinari threatened every thief in the city and said that he would cut off their heads and kill their children unless they started a guild which would kill anyone who stole unless they were in the guild and which would pay Lord Vetinari to let them steal from everyone except for people who paid the Guild not to steal from them and which would have to pay a tax to Lord Vetinari.  Lord Vetinari is then betrayed by his sidekick Lupine Wonse who locks Vetinari in his own dungeon with Captain Samuel Vimes. Vetinari tells Vimes he would never create a dungeon that he didn't know how to escape so Vimes finds a secret passage but Vetinari remembers where in the dungeon he hid the key and escapes. After Wonse is killed, Vetinari tells Vimes that everyone is evil but there are some bad people on different sides but Vimes doesn't believe him. After Vimes leaves, Lord Vetinari admits he thinks Vimes is a good person.

Men at Arms
In the book, Men at Arms, it turns out that Lord Vetinari's first name is Havelock

Night Watch
In the book Night Watch, it turns out that Havelock Vetinari is an orphan who was raised by his aunt and that he trained as an assassin paying attention to stealth and poison and killed the evil Patrician Lord Winder.

Fictional people

Lord Vetinari


Vundavalli Arun Kumar (born 4 August 1954) is an Indian politician, lawyer, political analyst and a former Member of Parliament of India. He was elected to the 14th Lok Sabha and 15th Lok Sabha from Rajahmundry constituency of Andhra Pradesh. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party.

Early life
Vundavalli Arun Kumar was born in Rajahmundry, East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. His father, Vundavalli Venkata Subba Rao had a timber business and was the founder-president of the Rajahmundry Chamber of Commerce in the year 1944. His mother Smt. Vundavalli Lakshmi was the Founder-Secretary of the Guild of Service and Indian Red Cross Society, Rajahmundry Branch. He earned his bachelor's degree in commerce (B.Com.) from Government College, Rajahmundry, and also obtained a bachelor's degree in law (L.L.B) from C. R. Reddy Law College, Eluru.

Career

Jai Andhra Movement
Arun Kumar participated in the 1972 Jai Andhra movement as a student. He runs a weekly publication, Eevaram Janavaarta, that covers contemporary political issues.

Public Speaking and Translation
Arun Kumar is well known for his translation expertise and is very good orator and can deliver the exact message to the public. He acted as a translator for Congress Party President Sonia Gandhi and her son Rahul Gandhi whenever they had to address the people of Andhra Pradesh. He was a member of the Congress Working Committee.

Political career
Arun Kumar was known for his public speaking abilities and in 1983 he was noticed by then President, Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. With the encouragement and support from Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in 2004 and 2009, he won the Lok Sabha elections from Rajahmundry. In 2009, he won against two prominent film actors, Telugu Desam Party candidate, Murali Mohan, one of the richest actors in Telugu cinema, and Praja Rajyam Party candidate, Krishnam Raju, who had a great influence in Rajahmundry. He held various positions mentioned below.

Protest Against Ramoji Rao and Margadarsi Group
Arun Kumar has filed a case against Ramoji Rao and Margadarsi group stating that the group is performing illegal financial activities, the case is in the court and yet the result is to be heard.

Retirement from Election Politics
Vexed with the political scenario in the Indian Parliament, 2014, during the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh State in which his party Indian National Congress did not listen to his concern about the future of the state and moreover the absence of Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy (died in Sep, 2009) in his life let him to step down from election politics forever.

Protest to demand the implementation of AP Reorganisation Act, 2014
After the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh state the government at central was charges with BJP and at state it was taken over by TDP. Both TDP and BJP allied during elections and were of least concern in implementing the AP reorganisation act, 2014 and construction of Polavaram Project. Vexed with the group politics, Vundavalli Arun Kumar started writing letters to both the governments for explanation and has been demanding for open discussion regarding the same through various platforms and press meets.

Books
Arun Kumar has great concern about the newly formed state Andhra Pradesh and has written a book Vibhajana Katha criticizing both the parties Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party who ruthlessly divided the state of Andhra Pradesh without providing a proper solution for the newly born state without a capital city. He has been inviting the State Government which is ruled by Telugu Desam Party for discussion regarding the bifurcation act and strategies to be followed during the parliament sessions which the later people don't recognize.

Arun Kumar was a very close associate of then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy and has been very loyal to him and was heart broken with demise of Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. Arun Kumar wrote a book Y. S. R tho Undavalli Arun Kumar which was released by former Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister K. Rosaiah in which he wrote his experiences with Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy and how Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy could become people's leader.

Personal life
He married Jyothi (his family friend) and has one daughter named Sravanthi. His mother-in-law asked him to find a pensionable job to which he agreed and has written bank examinations in which he was not successful as he was purely interested in politics only. His mother-in-law was satisfied and happy when he became the Member of the Indian Parliament in 2004.

References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Telugu politicians
India MPs 2009–2014
India MPs 2004–2009
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
People from Guntur district

Vundavalli Aruna Kumar


Raúl Aguayo-Krauthausen (born July 15, 1980, in Lima, Peru) is a German disability rights activist. He was awarded the Order of Merit of Germany and is an Ashoka Fellow.

Early life and education
Krauthausen grew up in Berlin and attended one of the first inclusive schools as a child. He claims that going to this school is what laid the foundation stone for his career. After he finished school, Krauthausen decided to study social and business communication, which he says gave him a new perspective on life as a person with a disability.

Krauthausen has said that throughout his life, he never wanted to think much about his disability. His parents always tried to make him play with other kids who were disabled, but he thought this was weird. However, when he entered college and was the only person with a disability, he changed his view. He missed the contact he had with other disabled persons. This is when he decided to start his nonprofit organisation.

He studied Social and Economic Communication at the Berlin University of the Arts and Design Thinking at the HPI School of Design Thinking.

Career
Together with his cousin, Jan, he founded the nonprofit organisation Sozialhelden, which translates to social heroes, in 2004. He works alongside his colleague, Svenja Heinecke, on projects to make Germany and the rest of the world accessible. The organisation develops projects which address social issues and offer practical solutions in a spirit of diversity and inclusion. Their fundraising project , which raises funds for other nonprofit organisations through donated bottle recycling receipts, received the  prize from Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2008. In 2010, Wheelmap.org,  a crowdsourced online map for finding and marking wheelchair accessible places was launched by Sozialhelden. The map, which is available in 22 languages, is based on OpenStreetMap and operates under a Creative-Commons license. Wheelmap has worked with German phonebook provider, "Gelbe Seiten" to offer accessibility information about places that were already in the book. Krauthausen and his colleagues also invented Accessibility Cloud, a cloud that allows data on accessibility to be easily transferred to international organizations with the same goal. The overall goal of Krauthausen's nonprofit is "Disability Mainstreaming".

In addition to his work for Sozialhelden Raúl Krauthausen co-founded Selfpedia.de in 2013, an online self-help community for questions and advice pertaining to life with a disability. Raúl Krauthausen is a frequent guest on talk shows and a popular interview partner for journalists regarding topics related to disability rights, accessibility and inclusion.

In October 2016 Krauthausen went undercover in a German home for people with disabilities. He shaved his beard, cut his hair and even got rid of his signature hat. For five days he lived in the home and uncovered some harsh truths about the complete loss of independence that comes with being a disabled person in a care home. Krauthausen's undercover investigation was discussed by German politicians and decision-makers but did not lead to a change in legislation.

One of the newest Sozialhelden projects is Leidmedien.de, an online platform for journalists and others whose work involves the portrayal of people with disabilities. Through advocacy, articles, workshops and informational materials Leidmedien.de offers perspectives on life with a disability which steer away from stereotypes and clichés.

In 2014 Raúl Krauthausen developed a printable 3D mini ramp which can be used to overcome sidewalk curbs in a wheelchair.

Raúl Krauthausen has osteogenesis imperfecta, also known as brittle bone disease, and uses a wheelchair.

Krauthausen sees the Americans with Disability Act as a role model that he thinks Germany should follow. He believes that Germany doesn't score high in terms of accessibility in relation to other European countries.

Personal life
Krauthausen's partner is also disabled. Krauthausen says that he is fine with children being curious and asking him questions about his disability, but he is much stricter when it comes to adults and parents.

Awards
 2009: Deutscher Engagementpreis  (German Prize for Engagement)
 2010:  Deutscher Bürgerpreis (German citizen Price)
 2010:  Appointment as Ashoka Fellow
 2010: Inca-Award (Sozialhelden)
 2011: Vodafone Smart Accessibility Award
 2013:  Order of Merit of Germany (Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande) for his Engagement of Sozialhelden.
 2018: Grimme Online Award

See also
 Independent Living

References

External links

 own website
 leidmedien.de

1980 births
21st-century German inventors
Social entrepreneurs
German disability rights activists
German people with disabilities
Businesspeople from Berlin
German human rights activists
People with osteogenesis imperfecta
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Living people
Ashoka Fellows
Activists with disabilities
Peruvian emigrants
Immigrants to Germany
Berlin University of the Arts alumni

Raúl Aguayo-Krauthausen


Jaime Barrón Poveda (born 1959 in Sucre) is former mayor of the city of Sucre, Bolivia, representing the Pact of Social Integration (PAÍS) political party, which is closely aligned with the Inter-Institutional Committee of Chuquisaca. Following his election in the April 4, 2010 regional elections, Barrón was sworn in as mayor in late May. However, Barrón was also indicted for instigating the violence of May 24, 2008. His office as mayor was suspended due to the indictment and Veronica Berrios, of the Movimiento Al Socialismo party was chosen by the council as interim mayor in mid-June 2010. On June 19, Barrón formally resigned his position as mayor to make way for new elections, which can be held no earlier than January 2011. On November 15, by judge's order, Barrón was placed into detention to await trial.

Barrón's career has been in the University of San Francisco Xavier since 1979, where he served as docent, department director, deacon, vice rector, and finally rector. During 1981 and 1982, he was involved in activism against the country's military dictatorship. In recent years, he served as president of the Inter-Institutional Committee of the Interests of Chuquisaca. He is married to Martha Chavarría and has three children.

References

Living people
1959 births
Mayors of places in Bolivia
Pact of Social Integration politicians

Jaime Barrón


Anna Rönström (1847–1920) was a Swedish educator. She was a local pioneer of female education in Lund, and the founder of the secondary education school  (Higher Elementary School in Lund) for girls, also customarily known as  (Rönström School).

Life
Anna Rönström was a student of the Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm 1864–1867, and worked as a governess in Lund before she founded her own school for girls in 1871. The school was originally referred to as Rönström School () after its founder, and became the first school in Lund to provide secondary education to females in preparation for university studies.
In this, Rönström and her school was a typical representative of other female pioneers who opened the first secondary education schools for girls in different Swedish cities, comparable to other local pioneers such as Maria Henschen in Uppsala, Maria Stenkula in Malmö and Elsa Borg in Gävle.

In theory, Rönström was a conservative anti-feminist and in fact had a conservative view of women's education. She stated that women should be educated at home for a life in the home; that a school for women should be more of a second home rather than a school, training their students as parents raise their children rather than educating them; and that the education of females should be guided by religion: this was in fact typical of the conservative view in the contemporary debate of women's education. In practice, however, the school she created was in fact radical and adjusted to the modern views of equal education of men and women: the school provided its students all the education necessary to prepare for university studies. Also, unlike many other girls' schools of the same kind, it also provided the same mathematics level as secondary school did for boys; furthermore, it did not teach the French language, as schools for females normally did, but rather the German language, which was the language preferred in boys' secondary schools at the time. She also introduced home economics, which was a radical innovation at the time (1892). Her school was successful, granted state support in 1879 and communal support in 1882.

Rönström was also an influential participator in the , the annual national girls' school conferences. She introduced a teacher exchange between Denmark and Sweden in 1898, which became popular and functioned for many years.
In 1905, she also founded a women's teachers' seminary with Anna Heurlin, which was incorporated in her school. She is described as a skillful mathematician and became a member of the International Congress of Mathematicians at the meeting held in Rome in 1908.

The fate of her school was also typical: in 1933, it was united with its prime rival, the Lunds fullständiga läroverk för flickor from 1880, to form Lunds kommunala flickskola ('Lund Communal Girls' School'), which was in turn later made a co-educational school.

She was awarded the Swedish royal medal Illis Quorum Meruere Labores (commonly known as Illis quorum) in 1913.

References

Other sources
 Schånberg, Ingela (2004) De dubbla budskapen. Kvinnors bildning och utbildning i Sverige under 1800- och 1900-talen (Studentlitteratur)
 Heckscher, Ebba (1914) Några drag ur den svenska flickskolans historia: under fleres medverkan samlade (Norstedt & söner: Stockholm)

External links
Flickskolan hade stor betydelse för kvinnorörelsen (Popular Historia)
Rönströmska skolan (Alvin)

1847 births
1920 deaths
19th-century Swedish educators
20th-century Swedish educators
Swedish mathematicians
Women mathematicians
19th-century Swedish mathematicians
Recipients of the Illis quorum

Anna Rönström


Christianity is the largest religion in Northern Ireland. At the 2021 census, the prevalence rates for the main religions were: Catholic (42 per cent); Presbyterian (16 per cent); Church of Ireland (11.5 per cent); Methodist (2.4 per cent); Other Christian or Christian-related denominations (6.9 per cent); other Religions and Philosophies (1.3 per cent); those declaring no religion  (17.4 per cent) and religion not stated (1.5 per cent). The Catholic Church has seen a small growth in adherents, while the other Christian groups have seen a small decrease.

There are also small Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, Buddhist and Jewish communities. Belfast has a synagogue, a gurdwara, a mosque and two Hindu temples. There is another gurdwara in Derry.

Statistics

The 2001, 2011, and 2021 Census figures for Religion (not Religion or Religion Brought Up In) are set out below.

As of the 2021 Census, regarding religious background, four of the six traditional counties had a Catholic majority, one had a Protestant plurality, and one had a Protestant majority.

The religious affiliations in the local authority districts (themselves not merged since 2011" of Northern Ireland were as follows:

Religions broken down by place of birth in the 2011 census.

The religious affiliations in the different age bands in the 2011 census were as follows:

Christianity

Christianity is the main religion in Northern Ireland. The 2011 UK census showed 40.8% Catholic, 19.1% Presbyterian Church, with the Church of Ireland having 13.7% and the Methodist Church 5.0%. Members of other Christian churches comprised 5.8%, 17% stated they have no religion or did not state a religion, and members of non-Christian religions were 0.8%.

The Catholic Church is the largest single church. The Church is organised into four provinces though these are not coterminous with the modern political division of Ireland. The seat of the Archbishop of Armagh, the Primacy of Ireland, is St. Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh.

The Presbyterian Church in Ireland, closely -but not formally - linked to the Church of Scotland in terms of theology and history, is the second-largest church and largest Protestant denomination. It is followed by the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the state church of Ireland until it was disestablished by the Irish Church Act 1869. In 2002, the much smaller Methodist Church in Ireland signed a covenant for greater co-operation and potential ultimate unity with the Church of Ireland. The Church of Ireland is part of the Anglican Communion.

Smaller Protestant denominations such as the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland amongst Presbyterians and the Open Brethren exist in many rural communities. The Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland and the Assemblies of God Ireland are also organised on an all-Ireland basis, though in the case of the Assemblies of God this was the result of a recent reorganisation.

Comparison with Great Britain
In the 2011 census Northern Ireland had substantially more people stating that they were Christian (82.2%) than did England (59.4%), Scotland (53.8%) or Wales (57.6%). The proportion who stated that they had any religion was also higher in Northern Ireland (83%) than in England (68.1%), Scotland (56.3%) or Wales (60.3%). In Northern Ireland those who did not state any religion in the 2011 census amounted to 13.9% of the population, lower than in England (31.9%), Scotland (43.7%) or Wales (39.7%). This represented an increase from the 2001 census in those not stating a religion of 11.7% in Northern Ireland, lower than the increases in England (54.5%), Scotland (38.1%) or Wales (57.6%).

Secularisation in Northern Ireland has followed different paths within each of the two main communities, being at a more advanced stage within the mainly Protestant community in which it is reflected more often with a formal move away from the churches and by expressing no formal religious attachment, mirroring the pattern in Great Britain, whereas in the mainly Catholic community it is reflected by declining mass attendance but often with retaining a formal Catholic identification, mirroring the pattern in the Republic of Ireland. Those stating that they had no religion in the 2011 census were concentrated in largely Protestant areas, suggesting that they were mostly from a Protestant background.

Comparison with the Republic of Ireland
In their respective 2011 censuses Northern Ireland had a lower proportion of people stating that they were Christian (82.3%) than the Republic of Ireland (90.4%) and had a higher proportion of people stating that they had no religion or not indicating a religious belief (16.9%) than the Republic of Ireland (7.6%). While in the 2011 census 84.2% of people in the Republic of Ireland identified themselves as Catholic in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland only 40.8% identified themselves as Catholic.

Minor religions

Islam

While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who have immigrated since the late 20th century. At the time of the 2011 Census there were 3,832 living in Northern Ireland, although by the 2021 census, the Muslim population stood at 10,870 (or 0.57% of the population). The Belfast Islamic Centre states that roughly half of the Muslim population lives in Belfast alone. The Muslims in Northern Ireland come from over 40 countries of origin, from Western Europe all the way through to the Far East. This situation is reflected in comparably complex institutional arrangements.

Judaism

The earliest recorded Jew living in Northern Ireland was a tailor by the name of Manuel Lightfoot in 1652. The first Jewish congregation in Northern Ireland, Belfast Hebrew Congregation, was founded in 1870. In 2006, there were an estimated 300 Jewish people living in Northern Ireland.

Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'í Faith in Northern Ireland begins after a century of contact between Irishmen and Bahá'ís beyond the island and on the island. The members of the religion elected its first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly in 1949 in Belfast. The Bahá'ís held an international conference in Dublin in 1982 which was described as "…one of the very few occasions when a world event for a faith community has been held in Ireland". By 1993 there were a dozen assemblies in Northern Ireland. By 2005 Bahá'í  sources claim some 300 Bahá'ís across Northern Ireland.

Hinduism

Hinduism is a relatively minor religion in Northern Ireland with only around 200 Hindu families in the region. There are, however, three Mandirs in Belfast and by the 2021 census the Hindu population had risen to 4,190 (or 0.22% of the population).

History

The Troubles

The Troubles were a period of ethno-political conflict in Northern Ireland which spilled over at various times into Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland. The duration of the Troubles is conventionally dated from approximately 1968 to the signing of the Belfast Agreement in 1998. Violence nonetheless continued beyond this period and still manifests on a small-scale basis.

The principal issues at stake in the Troubles were the constitutional status of Northern Ireland and the relationship between the mainly-Protestant Unionist and mainly-Catholic Nationalist communities in Northern Ireland. The Troubles had both political and military (or paramilitary) dimensions.  Its participants included politicians and political activists on both sides, republican and loyalist paramilitary organisations, the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the British Army and the security forces of the Republic of Ireland.

See also
Demography of Northern Ireland
Religion in the United Kingdom
Religion in the Republic of Ireland

References

External links
Homepage of the Irish Bishops' Conference (Catholic)
CatholicIreland.net, Content-rich portal of the Catholic Church in Ireland
Presbyterian Church in Ireland
Church of Ireland
Methodist Church in Ireland
Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland
Assemblies of God Ireland

Religion in Northern Ireland


The Investiture of Zimri-Lim is a large colorful mural discovered at the Royal Palace of the ancient city-state of Mari in eastern Syria. The fresco, which dates back to the 18th century BC, depicts Zimri-Lim, king of Mari, receiving the rod-and-ring symbol (a ring and a staff, symbols of rule) from the goddess Ishtar. The painting was discovered in situ on its original wall located opposite the grand doorway to the podium which leads to the throne room of the palace. It was discovered by French archaeologist André Parrot during excavations at Mari in 1935–1936. The painting is now displayed at the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France.

Overview

The painting is composed of three vertical panels arranged symmetrically, with the two outer sections framing the central one. The middle panel is divided horizontally into two rectangular registers framed by six parallel lines of different colors. The painting's symmetry facilitates the reconstruction of the damaged part on the left panel.

The painting is said to reflect the actual architecture of the palace in which the mural was located. The lower register of the middle panel reflects the podium room in which the body of a statue of a goddess similar to the goddess Lama depicted in the mural was discovered. The statue had a vase from which actual water flowed. The podium room opens up to the throne room, where the investiture takes place. The palm trees depicted in the side panels represent actual trees that were planted in the palace's courtyard.

The upper register of the middle panel is the center of the mural and depicts the solemn scene of investiture. It is composed of five people standing against a blank background. Ishtar is depicted wearing her divine crown, with weapons sprouting from her shoulders and a sickle-sword in her left hand, and presenting the king with the rod-and-ring symbol. The king is extending his left hand to the goddess, while his right hand is depicted against his mouth in a symbol of prayer. On either side of the king and Ishtar stands a Lama deity, the minor goddess of intercession in Mesopotamia, wearing a horned headdress. To the right stands Ninshubur, the vassal of Ishtar.

The lower register is symmetrical, and symbolizes the fertility and prosperity of the coming reign of Zimri-Lim. It shows the goddess Lama dispensing water from a round vase. Plants are shown sprouting from the vase, and fish swimming in the flowing stream.

The outer panels depict a garden of palms and another mythical tree with a red trunk and blue leaves. A Lama deity is standing in the garden, on either side of the central scene, and raising her hands in prayer. Three mythic animals, a lion, a sphinx and a bull with a human head, are depicted each on a ground line. The animals are symmetrically placed on each side, and are turned towards the central scene in the painting. Flying doves, which symbolize the pacific aspects of Ishtar, counterbalance the lion which symbolizes her aggression.

The symbols and iconography of the mural are often compared to the figures atop the Stele of Hammurabi.

Restoration
The fresco was poorly preserved due to the region's conditions and the destruction of the palace in the fire when Hammurabi sacked the city in  1760 BC. The painting underwent several restorations and repainting, most of which was cleared recently by the Louvre. The cleaning revealed several details hitherto unseen, including the fish in the dispensed water. It also restored some brilliance to the colors of the painting.

Gallery

See also

 Art of Mesopotamia
 Statue of Ebih-Il
 Statue of Iddi-Ilum

References

Citations

Bibliography

18th-century BC works
1935 archaeological discoveries
Fresco paintings in France
Syrian art
Near Eastern and Middle Eastern antiquities in the Louvre
Archaeological discoveries in Mari, Syria
Sumerian art and architecture
Hammurabi
Paintings in the Louvre

Investiture of Zimri-Lim


Melaleuca virens, commonly known as lime bottlebrush, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to Tasmania in Australia. (Some Australian state herbaria continue to use the name Callistemon viridiflorus.) It is one of only two melaleucas endemic to Tasmania, the other being Melaleuca pustulata although another six also occur there. A small to medium shrub growing mostly in subalpine areas, it has hard, leathery, sharply pointed leaves and spikes of yellow or greenish flowers in early summer,

Description
Melaleuca virens is a shrub growing to  tall. Its leaves are arranged alternately and are  long,  wide, flat, elliptic to lance-shaped, sometimes slightly curved and taper to a sharp point. The side-veins are indistinct but the mid-vein and oil glands are visible on both surfaces.

The flowers are a shade of yellow to greenish-yellow and are arranged in spikes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering and also on the sides of the branches. The spikes are  in diameter and  long with 20 to 80 individual flowers. The petals are  long and fall off as the flower ages and there are 19-36 stamens in each flower, sometimes arranged in 5 groups. Flowering occurs from November to May and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules,  long.

Taxonomy and naming
Lime bottlebrush was first described in 1825 by John Sims from a specimen raised by seed in Fulham nursery. The description was published in Curtis's Botanical Magazine. In 1826 Sweet changed the name to Callistemon viridiflorus, publishing the change in Hortus Britannicus and in 2006, Lyndley Craven changed the name to Melaleuca virens.  That name has been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families but not by the Australian Plant Census.

The specific epithet (virens) is from the Latin word viridis meaning "green" referring to the flower colour of this species.

Distribution and habitat
Melaleuca virens occurs throughout Tasmania but is more common in wet places in mountain or colder areas of the state. It grows in swamps, in heath and on buttongrass plains.

References

virens
Flora of Tasmania
Plants described in 2006
Taxa named by Lyndley Craven

Melaleuca virens


The 1995 Australian Drivers' Championship was open to drivers of racing cars complying with CAMS Formula Brabham regulations and was contested over a three-round series.
Round 1, Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, Victoria, 5 March
Round 2, Oran Park Raceway, New South Wales, 2 April
Round 3, Mallala Motor Sport Park, South Australia, 4 June
Each round consisted of two races, with points were awarded on a 20-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2-1 basis to the top ten placegetters in each race.

The championship winner was awarded the 1995 CAMS Gold Star

Results

References

Australian Motor Racing Year, 1995
CAMS Manual of Motor Sport, 1995
Official Programme, Mallala, 4 June 1995
CAMS Manual On Line
www.formulaholden.com (retrieved 2001)

Australian Drivers' Championship
Drivers' Championship
Formula Holden

1995 Australian Drivers' Championship


The Nibelungids were a Frankish noble family descended from Childebrand, the younger full brother of Charles Martel.

They formed a cadet branch, alongside the Carolingians, of the Arnulfing− Pippinid house. The dynasty got its name from Childebrand's heir, Nibelung I ("The Historian").

Childebrand's immediate descendants held the County of the Vexin in the 9th century. The relationships between the various Childebrands and Nibelungs of the period are rarely attested in primary sources, leaving it to genealogists, prosopographers, and onomasticists to piece together possible lines of descent. It has been suggested that they were related to the family of William of Gellone and to the Counts of Autun, from which may have descended Ringard, the wife of Pepin II of Aquitaine.

The early Nibelungids were patrons of the continuation of the Chronicle of Fredegar, which is indicated in the Austrasian and Arnulfing emphasis in the continuation, as distinct from the Burgundian outlook of the original chronicle.

References

Levillain, L. "Les Nibelungen historiques et leurs alliances de famille." Annales du Midi, 49 (1937) 337–407.
Riché, Pierre. Les Carolingiens, une famille qui fit l'Europe. 1983.
Le Jan, Régine. Famille et pouvoir dans le monde franc (VIIe-Xe siècle). Publications de la Sorbonne: Paris, 1995.

Frankish noble families
Pippinids

Nibelungids


Nicholas M. Schenck (14 November 1880, Rybinsk, Russia – 4 March 1969, Florida) was a Russian-American film studio executive and businessman.

Biography

Early life
One of seven children, Schenck was born to a Jewish household in Rybinsk, a town on the Volga River in the Yaroslavl Governorate of Tsarist Russia. With his parents, he and his brothers, George and Joseph, emigrated to the United States in 1892 where they settled in a tenement on New York's Lower East Side. Subsequently, he relocated to Harlem, the population of which at that time consisted primarily of Jewish and Italian immigrants.

Upon his arrival in the United States, he and his older brother Joseph worked as a team running errands and selling newspapers while studying at the New York College of Pharmacy at night.

They subsequently began working in a drugstore in the Bowery. Within two years they had saved up enough money to buy out the drugstore's owner and opened another store on Third Avenue at 110th Street and began casting about for other business ventures.

Career

One summer day, the Schencks took a trolley ride to Fort George Amusement Park, in uptown Manhattan, and noticed that thousands of people were milling around idly waiting for the return trains. The brothers rented a beer concession and also provided some vaudeville entertainment. It was at this time that the Schencks made the acquaintance of Marcus Loew, a theater operator. Loew persuaded them to buy two film theaters and the brothers started to work with Loew in the theater business. Between approximately 1907 and 1919, they reinvested in real estate for nickelodeons, vaudeville, and eventually motion pictures.

In 1910, the Schencks' theaters were grouped into Loew's Consolidated Enterprises. Loew, having noted the brothers' success, advanced them capital, permitting them to purchase Palisades Amusement Park in Bergen County, New Jersey, directly across the river from Manhattan, in 1910. It remained in operation until 1971, although the brothers sold their interest in 1934.

Schenck eventually became Loew's right-hand man, helping him manage what rapidly grew into a vast theater chain. In 1919, Schenck was named as vice president and general manager of Loew's Inc.

Joseph relocated to Hollywood, eventually becoming president of United Artists Corporation. He helped shepherd Loew's acquisition of Metro Pictures in 1920 and Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to keep the theaters supplied with product.

Loew soon realized he needed someone in Hollywood to run his studio interests. Schenck seemed the obvious choice, but Loew concluded that he needed Schenck in New York to help run the theaters. He bought a studio headed by independent producer Louis B. Mayer in 1924, merging the Loew's Hollywood interests into Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with Mayer as studio chief. For reasons that remain unknown, Mayer and Schenck disliked each other intensely; Mayer reportedly called Schenck "Mr. Skunk" in private. It was the start of a testy relationship that would last for almost four decades.

In 1927, Marcus Loew died suddenly, leaving control of Loew's to Schenck. In 1929, William Fox, head of rival studio Fox Film Corporation, arranged to buy controlling interest from Schenck. When Mayer found out about the sale, he was outraged; although he was a Loew's vice president, he was not a shareholder and had no say in the deal. Mayer went to the Justice Department and, through his political connections, managed to get the deal stalled on antitrust grounds.

Shortly afterward, in the summer of 1929, Fox was seriously injured in a car accident. By the time he had recovered, the stock market crash had nearly wiped out his fortune. Schenck blamed Mayer for costing him millions, and this made an already icy relationship even worse.
However, due to the stock market crash, the Loew's–Fox deal would have been dead even if the Justice Department had given the deal its blessing.

By 1932, Schenck was running an entertainment empire that consisted of a thriving theater circuit and MGM. The conglomerate, which Schenck continued to manage closely from New York City, employed 12,000 people. Schenck, by demanding a tight production schedule, created tension with Mayer and Irving Thalberg, who was production chief until his early death in 1936. Nonetheless, thanks to Schenck's stringent management, MGM was successful, becoming the only film company that continued to pay dividends during the Great Depression.

Under Schenck's leadership, the studio produced a great quantity of films, and the studio system allowed it to retain a wide array of talent under its roof: Lon Chaney, Joan Crawford, Greta Garbo,  Jean Harlow, Wallace Beery, Clark Gable, Mickey Rooney, Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Judy Garland, Robert Taylor, the Jeanette MacDonald–Nelson Eddy team and many others. Schenck's adroit business sense made him a wealthy man. In 1927, he and Joseph were reported to be worth about $20 million (approximately $500 million in today's money, possibly more), with a combined yearly income of at least a million. By some estimates, Nicholas Schenck was the eighth richest individual in the United States during the 1930s.

After World War II

Although Schenck's power and prestige were at their peak after World War II, times were changing, as television loomed on the horizon. Like many in the motion picture industry, however, Schenck adamantly refused to get involved with the new medium. In 1951, Louis B. Mayer had a falling out with Schenck over Dore Schary's position at MGM and Mayer was forced out of the studio.

By the middle of the decade, the price of MGM shares was sagging and stockholders were growing restive. On December 14, 1955, Arthur M. Loew, the son of Marcus Loew, succeeded Nicholas Schenck as the company's president, although Schenck remained chairman of the board. The following year, when Arthur Loew resigned for health reasons, Schenck defied the other directors in the efforts to secure a new president. When Joseph R. Vogel became president, Schenck was named honorary chairman, but retired altogether later that same year.

Nicholas Schenck divided his last years between his estates at Sands Point, Long Island, and Miami Beach. The former, which he had purchased in 1942, consisted of a 20-acre (81,000 m2) property with a main house of 30 rooms, luxuriously appointed. It included a private movie theater and a 200-foot dock.

Personal life
Nicholas Schenck's first marriage ended in divorce. In 1927, he married socialite and former vaudeville entertainer Pansy Wilcox (1898–1987), whose brother was director Fred M. Wilcox. Her sister was actress Ruth Selwyn (1905–1954), wife of Edgar Selwyn.

Nicholas and Pansy had three daughters: Marti, who acted under the name Marti Stevens, Joanne (born August 1, 1932) and Nicola (born December 13, 1933 in New York). Nicola married actor Helmut Dantine; they had three children. She acted under the name Niki Dantine.

Schenck owned and raced Thoroughbred horses. His filly Cobul, who raced under his wife's name, won the 1958 Astoria Stakes.

Death
Schenck died following a stroke in Florida in 1969.

References

External links

1880 births
1969 deaths
American amusement park businesspeople
American film studio executives
American racehorse owners and breeders
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Film producers from New York (state)
Businesspeople from Florida
Businesspeople from New York City
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
People from Harlem
People from Rybinsk
Russian Jews
People from Long Island
People from Miami Beach, Florida
Loews Cineplex Entertainment
People from Sands Point, New York
Film producers from Florida
20th-century American businesspeople

Nicholas Schenck


"Love" is a song from Walt Disney's film Robin Hood with the lyrics and music by Floyd Huddleston and George Bruns. The lyrics were sung by Huddleston's wife, Nancy Adams instead of Monica Evans, who voiced Maid Marian for the rest of the film.

The song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song that a young Jodie Foster and Johnny Whitaker performed a singing duet together of their version on stage at the 46th Academy Awards, but lost to "The Way We Were" from the film of the same name.

The song was also used in the soundtrack for the 2009 film Fantastic Mr. Fox, directed by Wes Anderson, as well as on the 2023 Amazon.com Super Bowl ad "Saving Sawyer".

References

1973 songs
Disney songs
Depictions of Robin Hood in music
Songs written by Floyd Huddleston
Songs with music by George Bruns
Love themes
Walt Disney Records singles

Love (Disney song)


The 1923 Rose Bowl, played on January 1, 1923, was an American Football bowl game. It was the 9th Rose Bowl Game. The USC Trojans defeated the Penn State Nittany Lions 14-3. Leo Calland, a USC guard, was named the Rose Bowl Player of the Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. It was the first bowl game appearance for both the University of Southern California and Pennsylvania State University football teams. It was also the first Tournament of Roses football game held in the newly constructed Rose Bowl Stadium, although other games had been played in it prior to this one.

Stadium

The game now known as the Rose Bowl Game was played at Tournament Park until 1922 when it was known as the "Tournament East-West football game". Organizers of the Tournament of Roses realized that the temporary stands were inadequate for a crowd of 40,000+, and sought to build a better, permanent stadium.

The Rose Bowl was designed by architect Myron Hunt in 1921. His design, as well as the name for the stadium, was influenced by the Yale Bowl. The Arroyo Seco (translation "dry stream") was selected as the location for the stadium. The Rose Bowl was under construction from 1921 to 1922.

A number of regular season games were played there before the actual Tournament of Roses football game to try out the new stadium.  USC had actually already played three games in the new stadium: USC lost to California in the very first game in the stadium on October 28, 1922, and defeated Idaho and Washington State in the new stadium to close out their season.  The Olympic Club also played a football game there.  The stadium was dedicated officially on January 1, 1923.

Teams

Penn State Nittany Lions

In the 1921 season, Penn State was 8–2–0 with wins over Navy, Georgia Tech, and Washington. In the 1922 season the Lions opened with wins over St. Bonaventure, William and Mary, Gettysburg, Lebanon Valley. By mid October they were viewed as a likely candidate to be invited to play in the Rose Bowl. On October 21, the Nittany Lions got their fifth straight season win against Middlebury for their homecoming game. Penn State was officially extended an invitation by the Tournament committee, and they accepted.

The Lions tied Syracuse 0–0 at the Polo Grounds in New York city in front of their largest seasonal crowd to date, 25,000. Then the Nittany Lions lost to Navy 0–14 in Washington D.C., breaking a 30-game undefeated streak on November 3. Despite the loss, the Tournament selection committee re-affirmed its choice. They beat Carnegie Tech, but the Tournament committee still faced controversy. They re-affirmed their decision again. The Nittany Lions then lost to in-state rivals Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh.

USC Trojans

The Trojans opened 5-0 to start the season. This was the first season of competition in the Pacific Coast Conference for the USC Trojans. The first PCC conference game was against California. The very first game in the Rose Bowl stadium was the regular season contest on October 28, 1922, when Cal defeated USC 12-0. This was the only loss for USC, and California finished the season undefeated. Cal declined the invitation to the 1923 Rose Bowl game by vote of the associated students. This made the deciding games to be whether Cal would defeat Washington by more than 12, and whether USC would defeat Stanford on November 11. USC went on to beat Occidental and Stanford. The Trojans then played  Idaho, and Washington State in the new Rose Bowl stadium and defeated both. The Trojans actually finished fourth in the PCC behind Cal, Oregon, and Washington. The PCC committee held a mail vote. The Trojans were given the berth on the basis of the defeat of Washington State and the tie between Washington and Oregon on Thanksgiving Day. The Trojans received six of eight conference votes.

Game summary
The 29-member Penn State traveling party left State College, Pennsylvania, by train on December 19. They stopped in Chicago and the Grand Canyon. They arrived in Pasadena, California, on December 24. The Nittany Lions worked out in the Rose Bowl stadium, alternating with the Trojans. Lions coach Bezdek was noted for changing their play style frequently.

The morning of the game on January 1, the team watched the Tournament of Roses Parade. The Lions left in several taxi cabs at 11 a.m. for the drive to the Rose Bowl, but as the 2:15 p.m. kickoff approached, the team was delayed by post-parade traffic. Only after the cab drivers drove over the lawns of local residents did the Penn State team finally reach the Rose
Bowl stadium.
When the team arrived, they found kickoff already had been delayed by 10 minutes. Penn State coach Hugo Bezdek and USC coach Gus Henderson almost came to blows as Bezdek successfully lobbied game officials for additional warmup time. The game finally started an hour late and ended in moonlight, with sportswriters lighting matches in order to finish their stories.

Penn State scored first on a  20-yard drop-kick field goal by Mike Palm. Roy "Bullet" Baker rushed for 123 yards and one touchdown for the Trojans. The Lions were held to five first downs and 104 yards.

Scoring

First Quarter
Penn State - Field Goal, Palm

Second Quarter
USC - Touchdown Campbell, PAT Hawkins

Third Quarter
USC - Touchdown Baker, PAT Hawkins

Fourth Quarter
no score

Aftermath

The nearby Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum also was under construction during this time and would be completed in May 1923. It would become the home stadium for both USC and UCLA for decades until UCLA moved to the Rose Bowl for its home games in 1982.

Penn State's share of the proceeds, $21,349.64, was directed toward the $2 million Emergency Building Fund and in particular the construction of Varsity Hall (now Irvin Hall) on campus.

The game was the first USC game attended by Giles Pellerin, at the time a high school student. Pellerin, who became known as the "Super Fan", would go on to attend 797 consecutive USC football games over a period of 73 years until his death at age 91 just outside the same stadium in 1998.

References

Bibliography

Penn State football history (PDF copy available at gopsusports.cstv.com )
USC Trojans football media guide (PDF copy available at www.usctrojans.com)

Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Game
Penn State Nittany Lions football bowl games
USC Trojans football bowl games
Rose Bowl
January 1923 sports events

1923 Rose Bowl


The American Bobtail is a breed of cat.  It has a short "bobbed" tail about one-third to one-half the length of a normal cat's tail. This is because of a genetic mutation that affects the way their tail develops. This mutation also happens with the Manx cat.

The American Bobtail looks like the Japanese Bobtail, but they are not in the same cat breed family. The genetic mutations for their bobbed tails are different because the gene for the American Bobtail's tail is dominant and the Japanese Bobtail's is recessive.

Appearance

American Bobtails can have either short or long-haired fur coats. Their coat is shaggy instead of fluffy. They can have any color of eyes and coat. They look like a "wild" tabby cat. Their eyes are almond shaped.  They have a long and strong body. Their tail is short, but the end of it can be seen above their back. It can be straight or curved, slightly knotted or may have bumps. These cats take two to three years to grow from kittens into adult cats.

Behavior
American Bobtails are playful and have a lot of energy. They are friendly and are not shy. These cats are intelligent. Some have been clever enough to escape from rooms and cages with closed and latched doors. Since they are playful and want attention, they will beg for it by meowing or just by hopping into laps.

History
An urban legend says that Bobtail cats began by cross mating a domestic tabby cat and a wild bobcat.  Their unusual tail is really an accidental genetic mutation in the cat world. It  may be related to the Manx gene, which is also dominant. The first Bobtail cat's parents were a short-tailed brown tabby cat male named Yodie and a seal point Siamese female in the late 1960s. This cat was born in Arizona near an American Indian reservation. Yodie's family breed was not known.  It was thought to have been a bobcat and domestic cat hybrid because of its stubby tail.

The breed was first recognized by The International Cat Association in the United States, in 1989.

References

Other websites

American Bobtail Breeders Association
American Bobtail Guide

Cat breeds
Chromosomes

American Bobtail


Dr. Rafael Francisco "Frank" Moya Pons is one of the leading contemporary historians of the Dominican Republic. He has published many important books in the history and cultural heritage of the country. One of his best-known works is Manual de historia dominicana (1992), now in its tenth edition which is a staple work of Dominican historiography. In 1985 he authored the book Between Slavery and Free Labor: The Spanish, in 1998 The Dominican Republic: A National History
and in 2007 	History of the Caribbean: plantations, trade, and war in the Atlantic world. He has also conducted much work into slavery in the Dominican Republic and Caribbean.

Moya has a Degree in 'Philosophy' at the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD); has a Master in both 'Latin American History' and 'European History' at Georgetown University. Moya has a Ph.D. in 'Latin American History', 'Economic Development' and 'Quantitative Methods' from Columbia University.

Moya Pons has taught history at the Pontifical Catholic University Mother and Teacher in the Dominican Republic, in Columbia and Florida universities in the USA, and has been Research Professor at City College.

Moya was President of the Dominican Academy of History. In 2013, he published Bibliografía de la Historia Dominicana 1730-2010.

References

20th-century Dominican Republic historians
Dominican Republic male writers
Living people
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo alumni
Georgetown University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University faculty
Academic staff of the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra
University of Florida faculty
Dominican Republic people of Catalan descent
Government ministers of the Dominican Republic
White Dominicans
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Dominican Republic historians

Frank Moya Pons


DigiCash Inc. was an electronic money corporation founded by David Chaum in 1989. DigiCash transactions were unique in that they were anonymous due to a number of cryptographic protocols developed by its founder. DigiCash declared bankruptcy in 1998 and subsequently sold its assets to eCash Technologies, another digital currency company, which was acquired by InfoSpace on Feb. 19, 2002.

History
David Chaum is associated with the invention of Blind Signature Technology. In 1982, while studying at the University of California, Berkeley, Chaum wrote a paper describing the technological advancements to public and private key technology, in order to create this Blind Signature Technology. Chaum's Blind Signature Technology was designed to ensure the complete privacy of users who conduct online transactions. Chaum was concerned with the public nature and open access to online payments and personal information. He then proposed to construct a system of cryptographic protocols, in which a bank or the government would be unable to trace personal payments conducted online. This technology became fully implemented in 1990, through Chaum's company, DigiCash.

Technology
DigiCash was a form of early electronic payment, which required user software to withdraw notes from a bank and designate specific encrypted keys before it can be sent to a recipient. This advancement of public and private key cryptography allows electronic payments to become untraceable by the issuing bank, the government, or a third party. This system of Blind Signatures through DigiCash software improved security for its users through the issuance of secured keys, which prevented third parties from accessing personal information through online transactions. The Mark Twain Bank, later acquired by Mercantile bank, located in Missouri was the only U.S. bank that supported DigiCash systems. Deutsche Bank, based in Germany, was the second backing bank of DigiCash systems.

Bankruptcy
DigiCash was unable to grow the company successfully through the expansion of its user base. Chaum stated in an interview in 1999 that the DigiCash project, and its technology system, entered the market before e-commerce was fully integrated within the Internet. In 1998, DigiCash filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy and in 2002 the company was sold for assets. A more modern implementation of the DigiCash approach is provided by Taler Systems SA as Free Software with the "GNU Taler" protocol.

See also
 Bitcoin
 Digital currency
 Ecash

References

Payment systems
Online payments

DigiCash


Mary Ann Redmond (born 3 November 1959 in Richmond, Virginia) is an American singer known for her soulful and wide-ranging vocal style in popular and jazz music. She is based in the greater metropolitan Washington, D.C., area, but has performed in several locations in the United States and in other countries.  Both her live performances and her five CDs to date have earned her acclaim from audiences and recognition from the music industry, although she has never achieved national fame on a par with many of the performers she has worked with, such as Mary Chapin Carpenter. She is primarily a regional artist and has won 24 Washington Area Music Awards (Wammies).

Beginnings

Redmond was born in Richmond, Virginia, the youngest of three children. As a child she attended St. Elizabeth's Parochial School, where at the age of 6 she performed the song "Dominique," made famous by The Singing Nun. Later, she joined up with her brothers Jimbo and Jack in a band singing pop tunes. Redmond eventually attended Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) where she studied opera and voice while playing gigs at nights with the Jack Diamond band. As her career progressed, Redmond left VCU to sing with a series of bands and casino lounge acts during the 1980s. In addition to pop music, she performed jazz and blues tunes as well, developing a broad repertoire.

First album

In the mid 1990s, Redmond began singing with a band led by saxophone artist Al Williams. Tired of the road life, she settled in the Washington, DC area and with the Williams band recorded her first album, Prisoner of the Heart, first released in 1994 (a remixed version was re-released in 2002). It was around this time that the major recording company Motown signed Mary Ann Redmond to a development deal. However, before she had the opportunity to record or release any product, a change in personnel at the label resulted in her being dropped from Motown. Rather than seek another major label, Redmond founded an independent music company, Spellbound Music, to handle both her albums and her original songs. With the exception of her third album Here I Am, all of Redmond's material has been released on the Spellbound label.

Going solo

In 1995, Mary Ann Redmond formed her own supporting band and went out as a solo act, performing at Washington-area clubs and private parties. One of her first major shows was at the famed jazz club Blues Alley. This performance was recorded and released as Mary Ann's second CD, Live At Blues Alley. Redmond became increasingly well known, earning awards and positive reviews in major trade publications such as Billboard. Other artists began to seek her out, and she occasional worked with other performers in duos for specific shows. One of her friends was another upcoming artist of the period, Eva Cassidy. Redmond and Cassidy had different vocal styles but they admired one another's work, and performed together one night at "Fleetwoods," and when Cassidy was stricken with cancer, Redmond sang at a Georgetown benefit to raise funds for her. Following Cassidy's death in 1996, Redmond added her vocals to a version of Cassidy's song, "Hear," creating a recorded duet that is now considered a special track by fans of both women.

After meeting fellow performer Jon Carroll, a member of Mary Chapin Carpenter's band, Carroll produced Redmond's 2000 CD, Here I Am. The album includes a song written by Mary Chapin Carpenter for Redmond, "Alone but Not Lonely." Another band member, John Jennings, later produced Redmond's 2005 release Send the Moon. Redmond also joined the others to perform during a USO show for the U.S. Armed Forces in Bosnia in 1999.

Today

Mary Ann co-wrote Love Me Anyway with Todd Wright, that was covered as a duet on Celine Dion's and Johnny Hallyday's 2012 French CDs.  Celine's CD, Sans Attendre, has sold over 3 million copies.

The lineup of the Mary Ann Redmond Band is subject to change over the years and as of 2013 she is working with guitarist Dan Leonard (and sometimes Michael Ault or Keith Grimes), bassist Mike Tony Echols and drummer Deren Blessman.

The Mary Ann Redmond Band performs every Sunday night (well almost every Sunday night) at Flanagan's Harp & Fiddle in Bethesda, Maryland.

Mary Ann completed a new Jazz CD, Compared To What, with Paul Langosch and Jay Cooley, released in the summer of 2013, which includes Love Me Anyway.

Since 1992, Mary Ann has won 24 Wammies (Washington Area Music Awards). In 2013 Ms. Redmond was awarded 3 Wammies for Blues/traditional RB female vocalist, song of the year for Love Me Anyway, and songwriter of the year with Todd Wright.  She received her latest Wammie for 2014 in the category of Blues/traditional RB female vocalist.

References

External links
Official website

1959 births
Living people
Musicians from Richmond, Virginia
American jazz singers
Singers from Virginia
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Jazz musicians from Virginia

Mary Ann Redmond


"Diamonds and Toads" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 called Contes de ma mêre l'oye (). The volume was intended for the king's niece, and included four other tales by Perrault.  It was first published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight prose fairy tales by Perrault. "Le Doie Pizzelle" () is a similar tale in Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1550-53). Other versions of Perrault's tale exist, including one collected in Hesse by the Brothers Grimm. Iona and Peter Opie write, "The theme of this tale is one of the most popular in the world, that of the proud and the privileged being brought low, and the meek and down-trodden being raised above them."  Christopher Betts believes the tale was intended for a young audience, "old enough to appreciate that the unkind sister is 'rude' ... but not enough to object to the scarcely disguised nannyish advice."

Story
A widow has two daughters. The elder is ugly, selfish and rude. The younger is beautiful, kind and polite. The younger is sent to fetch water from a spring. An old woman dressed in rags (a fairy in disguise) asks for a drink of water. The girl politely gives her one. In thanks, the fairy causes diamonds and roses to drop from the girl's mouth whenever she speaks. At home, her mother is amazed. She sends her elder daughter to the spring. The girl meets a grandly-dressed lady (the fairy) who asks for a drink of water. The girl responds rudely. The fairy causes snakes and toads to drop from her mouth.  At home, her mother is furious. She blames the younger sister. The girl runs into the woods. She meets a prince who falls in love and marries her. The elder sister dies after running away from home. A rhyming moral tells the reader that politeness and gentle words are worth more than jewels. They may bring unexpected rewards.

Gallery
Illustrations of the tale by Laura Vlentine fr Aunt Louisa's Nursery Favorite (1870).

References

 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 98–9.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault

Diamonds and Toads


General William Edmeston (died 1804) was a British Army officer who owned an estate in New York State.

As a captain in the 48th Regiment of Foot, he was posted to North America in 1755 with his brother, Lieutenant Robert Edmeston, to fight in the French and Indian War.

In 1763, by royal proclamation, the brothers were each awarded 5,000 acres (20 km2) of land in the colonies for their military service. They attempted to establish their claims in what was then a disputed part of the New Hampshire Grants, now Vermont. However, in 1770 they decided to locate on the east bank of the Unadilla River in New York State just west of George Croghan's Otsego patent, in what is now the Town of Edmeston in Otsego County. They established their homes on the land, which became known as the Mount Edmeston Tracts. The transactions were facilitated by Percifer Carr, who had been a sergeant in the 48th with Edmeston and when the Edmeston brothers later returned to England, Carr would be employed as caretaker of their land.

When the American War of Independence broke out in 1775 Edmonston was arrested by the Americans and sent to Boston to be exchanged, after which he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 48th Foot. He was captured by a French privateer in 1779, but he made his way to England the following year and spent the remainder of the war serving in Europe as a lieutenant-colonel, first with the 48th Foot but from 1782 to 1783 with the 50th Foot.

Between 1793 and 1796 he was the Colonel of the short-lived 95th Regiment of Foot and in 1802 he was appointed Colonel of the 1st Royal Veteran Battalion. He was promoted full general in 1803.

He died the following year and was buried at Hanwell, Middlesex on 3 July 1804.

References

James H. Pickering, New York in the Revolution: Cooper's Wyandotté Published in New York History, Vol. XLIX, No. 2 (April 1968)

1804 deaths
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the French and Indian War
People from Edmeston, New York
Year of birth unknown
48th Regiment of Foot officers

William Edmeston