Redruth ( , ) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The population of Redruth was 14,018 at the 2011 census. In the same year the population of the Camborne-Redruth urban area, which also includes Carn Brea, Illogan and several satellite villages, stood at 55,400 making it the largest conurbation in Cornwall. Redruth lies approximately at the junction of the A393 and A3047 roads, on the route of the old London to Land's End trunk road (now the A30), and is approximately   west of Truro,  east of St Ives,  north east of Penzance and  north west of Falmouth. Camborne and Redruth together form the largest urban area in Cornwall and before local government reorganisation were an urban district.

Toponymy
The name Redruth derives from its older Cornish name, Rhyd-ruth.  It means Red Ford (literally fordred). The first syllable 'red' means ford. The second 'ruth' means red.

Rhyd is the older form of 'Res', which is a Cornish equivalent to a ford (across a river), a common Celtic word; Old Cornish rid; Welsh rhyd (Old Welsh rit); Old Breton rit or ret, Gaulish ritu-, all from Indo-European *prtus derived word in -tu from the root *per " to cross, to go through "; Proto-Germanic *furdúz (English ford, German Furt); Latin portus, all related to the Celtic word.

Again, it is the -ruth (and not the Red- part of the name) which means the colour red.

Beroul's Roman de Tristan features a location in Cornwall called Crois Rouge in Norman French or 'red cross' in English.

History

Traditionally in the Penwith Hundred, the town has developed away from the original settlement, which was near where the present Churchtown (around St. Euny's Church) district of Redruth stands today. This location is a steeply wooded valley, with Carn Brea on one side and the now-called Bullers Hill on the other. The presence of shallow lodes of tin and copper lying east to west made it an advantageous site for extracting metals, including, tin, lead and copper. The first settlers stayed by a crossing in the river and started extracting metal ores, and this process turned the colour of the river red.

Historically, Redruth was a small market town overshadowed by its neighbours until a boom in the demand for copper ore during the 18th century. Copper ore had mostly been discarded by the Cornish tin-mining industry but was now needed to make brass, an essential metal in the Industrial Revolution. Surrounded by copper ore deposits, Redruth quickly became one of the largest and richest mining areas in Britain and the town's population grew markedly, although most miners' families remained poor.

In the 1880s and 1890s the town end of Clinton Road gained a number of institutions, notably a School of Mines and Art School in 1882–83, St. Andrew's Church (replacing the chapel in Chapel Street) in 1883 and, opposite, the Free Library, built in 1895. The Mining Exchange was built in 1880 as a place for the trading of mineral stock. By the turn of the 20th century, Victoria Park had been laid out to commemorate the Golden Jubilee and this part of town had taken on its present appearance – a far cry from the jumble of mining activity that had taken place there in the early 19th century. Redruth was making its transition from a market town dominated by mines and industry to a residential centre.

By the end of the 19th century, the Cornish mining industry was in decline and Britain was importing most of its copper ore. To find employment, many miners emigrated to the newer mining industries in the Americas, Pachuca, Mexico, Australasia and South Africa. Cornwall's last fully operational mine, South Crofty at Pool between Redruth and Camborne, closed in March 1998.

Governance

Parliamentary representation
The Camborne and Redruth constituency was created for the 2010 general election, following a review of parliamentary representation in Cornwall by the Boundary Commission for England, which increased the number of seats in the county from five to six.
It is primarily a successor to the former Falmouth and Camborne seat.

In the 2019 United Kingdom general election the results were:

Local government
Redruth until the late 1800s comprised the Redruth Urban District and Redruth Rural District. The urban district was merged with that of Camborne and parts of Redruth Rural District and Helston Rural District (both of which were being abolished) in 1934 to form the Camborne-Redruth Urban District. The urban district persisted until it was merged into the Kerrier district of Cornwall under the Local Government Act 1972. Redruth is represented on Cornwall Council by three wards: Redruth Central, Redruth North and Redruth South.

Town Council
The composition of Redruth Town Council as of March 2023:

Education

Redruth School, a Technology College, is a secondary school, for ages 11–16. It used to have a sixth form, for ages 16–18, however it closed applications for new students in 2016 and officially closed in 2020 due to funding cuts.
The town used to have a coeducational independent school, Highfields Private School, but this closed in 2012.

Primary schools within the town include Pennoweth School, Treleigh School, Treloweth Community Primary School, Trewirgie Infant School and Trewirgie Junior School.

The Curnow Community Special School caters for students with special needs.

The Passmore Edwards Free Library was built in 1894. Its architect was James Hicks who used a castellated baronial style; there is a prominent octagonal tower. The reading room was once the school of Thomas Collins, where Collins, who had been headmaster of Trewirgie School, taught local children and the children left behind by parents who had emigrated overseas.

Notable buildings

The Parish Church of St Uny, which is some distance from the town centre, is of Norman foundation but was rebuilt in 1756. The patron saint is also honoured at Lelant. The tower is two centuries earlier and the whole church is built of granite. A chapel of ease was built in the town in 1828 but it is no longer in use. Other places of worship include the Wesleyan Church of 1826, the Free Methodist Church of 1864 (in grand Italianate style) and the Quaker Meeting House of 1833 (no longer in use).

The former post office in Alma Place is now Redruth Library.

The Mining Exchange building was used as a housing advice centre (it was built in 1880 as accommodation for share brokers).

Murdoch House

The house now called Murdoch (or, sometimes Murdock) House in the middle of Cross Street was erected in the 1660s as a chapel and it afterwards became a prison. William Murdoch lived in it from 1782 to 1798. During this time, he worked on local tin and copper mines, erecting engines on behalf of Boulton and Watt.
He fitted the house out with gas lighting from coal gas – this was the first house in the world with this type of lighting.

In the 19th century, the house was used as a tea room, run by a Mrs Knuckey. In 1931 Mr A. Pearce Jenkin, a leading citizen of Redruth purchased the house and gave it as a gift to the Society of Friends (Quakers).

Murdoch House has since been fully restored and is now regularly used by the Redruth Old Cornwall Society, as well as the Cornish-American Connection and the Redruth Story Group. Next door are St. Rumon's Gardens.

Kresen Kernow
Kresen Kernow, on the site of Redruth Brewery, houses the archives and collections of the former Cornwall Records Office and Cornish Studies Library.  It also holds a collection of Tregellas Tapestries which depict the history of Cornwall in embroidery.

Tin Miner Statue

A bronze sculpture of a Cornish miner by artist David Annand standing at 6 feet 7 inches was erected in April 2008.
The sculpture was commissioned by the Redruth Public Realm Working Party's Mining Art Group in response to comments received during the consultation process, that the town did not have anything to represent the history of the men who worked down the tin and copper mines in the area.
David Annand was selected from over 70 artists who responded to an advert placed by Cornwall Arts Centre Trust, the project managers, for expressions of interest in August 2006.

21st century

Redruth is a small commercial town. It is twinned with Plumergat and Meriadec in Brittany, France, Mineral Point, Wisconsin in the United States, and Real del Monte in Mexico. A museum organised by the Old Cornwall Society is housed in the Town Council office at the bottom of the main street.

Redruth is also home to Carn Brea, which has most historical interest. The Carn, however, is not the highest point in Redruth; it is beaten slightly by Carnmenellis, south west of the town centre.

Sport
Redruth Rugby Football Club currently play in National League 2 South (tier 4 of rugby union in England). Players such as Phil Vickery and Rob Thirlby have both passed through its ranks though the club's most famous "son" must be Richard Sharp OBE. A resident of Clinton Road with his mother and brother Nigel, he represented Redruth, Cornwall, and England, leading his country to the Five Nations title in 1963. Redruth football club has not enjoyed as much success but still thrives in its regular fixtures. On the high street there is a Tang Soo Do (Korean Karate) and Kickboxing Academy named ISK Martial Arts. Duchy Hockey Club are based at Pool Academy on the outskirts of Redruth and compete in the West of England regional leagues. Redruth Cricket Club currently consists of 4 Men's playing XIs, one women's XI and multiple youth sides. Redruth First XI play in the Cornwall Cricket League ECB Premier League, coming second in the 2019 season. The Second XI placed second in County League One, the second division of Cornish Cricket, in the same year.

Performing arts
Actress Kristin Scott Thomas, electronic musician Luke Vibert, baritone Benjamin Luxon, opera singer Alan Opie, record producer and broadcaster Tris Penna, and the co founder of and drummer with Fleetwood Mac, Mick Fleetwood, were all born here. The writer and comedian Rory McGrath was born here and educated at the town's secondary school, Cornish artist Jonathan Polkest studied art at The Redruth School of Art in Clinton Road, The musician Aphex Twin (and friend of Vibert) grew up near Redruth. Luke Vibert has released an album called Chicago, Detroit, Redruth and has also recorded under the alias Kerrier District; a reference to name of the district in which Redruth is located. Hedluv + Passman both grew up in Redruth, and wrote the song "'druth" in tribute to the town. The traditional Cornish dance and music group, Hevva is based in Redruth.

Scholars and philanthropists
The historians Kenneth Hamilton Jenkin and Charles Thomas were also born in Redruth, and the Victorian philanthropist John Passmore Edwards was born in the neighbouring village of Blackwater.

Town centre shopping
Key shops and other outlets within the town centre include a multi-screen cinema, a covered market way, an old butter market, various antique shops, a second hand book shop and two supermarkets, plus Greens Newsagents, and the local cash and carry Jims. Off the main street (Fore Street), there are two separate specialist shopping areas, Bond Street (to the south of the railway station) and Green Lane to the north.

Street landscaping
Street landscaping in Redruth includes wooden seating, with granite furniture, signposts, street lights and litter bins, and two sets of bronze 'dogs', which were cast from the boots of former tin miners by sculptor David Kemp. The town has a burgundy colour theme, which is in the Public Realm regeneration work to highlight the town's name. A project to light various public buildings around the town with LED coloured lights has already commenced. Some of the buildings opposite the railway station and the St Rumon's Gardens have now (April 2008) been completed.

Environment awards
On 7 November 2007, Redruth jointly won (with Luton) the annual UK town centre environment awards, which are run by the BCSC (a retail property consortium). The judges praised the cast bronze 'dogs' and also liked the large amount of work that had been done to the town in terms of landscaping the central area (mainly Fore St & the opeways).

Heartlands visitor park
Just outside the town is a European funded visitor attraction, themed on the Robinson Shaft Mine, it offers parking, an adventure play ground for older children and a pleasant restaurant. At times the last working Cornish pumping engine can be seen working. The museum is an Anchor point on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Miscellany
It is home to Cornwall's first ILR Radio Station, Pirate FM. On 20 June 2008, the town held its first regular Farmers' Market in Market Place: the Market will now be held every Friday throughout the year.

Transport

Redruth is an important transport hub. The railway station is a railhead for both Helston and the Lizard, and there are frequent buses connecting the three places. Bus services to the town are provided by Go Cornwall Bus, First Kernow, and Hopley's Coaches, all under the Transport for Cornwall scheme. The railway station is served by Great Western Railway (GWR) operated trains from Paddington, South Wales, and the Midlands, as well as a daily CrossCountry service to the North. Redruth is next to the main A30 road and thus has access to the main route out of the county as well as routes to the far West, North Cornwall, South East Cornwall and Plymouth. Another road, the A393, bisects the town in a north–south direction, and links the A30 with the port of Falmouth. A third road, the A3047, links Redruth with Camborne, some four miles () to the west.

The Barncoose by-pass connects between the Redruth Community Hospital and the Barncoose Industrial Estate. It is intended to reduce HGV traffic using the main Camborne road and provide a direct access to the Industrial Estate. It did, however, provoke some controversy, as some residents in Barncoose lost their parking spaces to make way for the new road. It was extended further towards Camborne in 2016.

Cornish wrestling
Redruth has been a major centre for Cornish wrestling for centuries. The ancient traditional location for wrestling tournaments was at Plain-an-Gwarry, Redruth, which continued to be used as a venue, even after the Plen-an-gwary disappeared. Many other venues started to be used in the 1800s onwards such as South Turnpike, and the Recreation Ground/football ground.

In 1887, Redruth hosted 2 challenge matches for the world title in Cornish wrestling at the recreation ground. In July, John Pearce drew with Jack Carkeek from the US. The results of the fight were disputed and at a later brawl in a hotel between the two, Carkeek bit off Pearce's ear. In August, Carkeek defeated Philip Hancock, although there were accusations that Hancock threw the fight.

In 1889, Redruth hosted the tournament for "Championship of World", where many wrestlers descended on Redruth, including Carkeek, who eventually won.

The Interceltic games were held in Redruth in 1933 and 1972.

Men from Redruth were very successful in Cornish wrestling throughout the world.

Notable people
 Svetlana Alliluyeva, Daughter of Russian dictator Joseph Stalin
 Peter Bayley (1944–2018), scholar of French literature, born and educated in Redruth.
 Harriet Carne (1831–1931), Canadian businesswoman, philanthropist, centenarian, born in Redruth
 Mick Fleetwood (born 1947), drummer and co-founder of the band Fleetwood Mac
 Stephen Frost (born 1955), actor, writer and comedian
 John Gray (1817–), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 Harold Hayman (1894–1966), Labour MP
 Hedluv + Passman, inventors of Casio Rap
 Richard D. James (born 1971), musician and DJ, also known as Aphex Twin, attended Redruth School
 Benjamin Luxon (born 1937), baritone and narrator
 Rory McGrath (born 1956), actor, writer and comedian
 David Menhennet (1928–2016), former Librarian of the House of Commons Library
 JG Montgomery, Australian based writer and musician
 Henry Roach (1808–1889), captain of the Burra mine in South Australia from 1847 to 1867.
 Ben Salfield (born 1971), lutenist and lutarist
 D. M. Thomas (born 1935), poet, novelist, translator
 Kristin Scott Thomas (born 1960), actress
 Charles Thomas (1928–2016), historian and archaeologist
 Luke Vibert (born 1973), musician and electronic music producer
E. Florence Whitlock (1889–1978), composer

Twinning
Redruth is twinned with:

 Plumergat et Meriadec, Brittany, France
 Mineral Point, Wisconsin, United States
 Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico

See also

Carn Brea
Kresen Kernow
Cornwall College
New Redruth, a district of Johannesburg
Pirate FM
Cornish wrestling at St Day
Cornish wrestling at Vogue
Cornish wrestling at South Crofty
Cornish wrestling at Lanner

References

External links

Civil parishes in Cornwall
Cornish Killas
European Route of Industrial Heritage Anchor Points
Towns in Cornwall

Redruth


Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe is a 2008 fighting video game developed and published by Midway Games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The game is a crossover between Mortal Kombat and the DC Universe, and is the eighth main installment in the Mortal Kombat franchise. The game was released on November 16, 2008.

Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was developed using Epic Games' Unreal Engine 3, and was the first Mortal Kombat title developed solely for the seventh generation of video game consoles. Its story was written by comic writers Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray. The game was the final entry in the franchise developed by Midway Games before the company went bankrupt in 2009 and sold the franchise to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment.

The game's story takes place after Raiden, Earthrealm's god of thunder, and Superman, Metropolis' defender, repel invasions from both their worlds. An attack by both Raiden and Superman simultaneously in their separate universes causes the merging of the Mortal Kombat and DC villains, Shao Kahn and Darkseid, resulting in the creation of Dark Kahn, whose mere existence causes the two universes to begin merging; if allowed to continue, it would result in the destruction of both. Characters from both universes begin to fluctuate in power, becoming stronger or weaker.

Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe received mixed-to-positive reviews. Most reviewers agreed that the game was entertaining and made good use of its DC Universe license, but its lack of unlockable features compared to past installments of Mortal Kombat and toned-down finishing moves garnered some criticism. The game was followed by a Mortal Kombat reboot in 2011, and by Injustice: Gods Among Us in 2013.

Gameplay
The game features a story mode, playable from two different perspectives. The perspectives consist of one segment from the DC Universe side, and one from the Mortal Kombat side, each split up into various chapters. Depending on which side players choose, the characters from one universe see those from the opposite universe as the invaders of their own. The player has the ability to play as all the characters in the story mode at one point during development, but the story mode ultimately lacked story arcs for a few characters.<ref name="MKvsDC storymode">{{cite video game|title=Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe |developer=Midway |publisher=Midway |date=November 16, 2008 |level=Story Mode}}</ref> Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe also contains a mode called "Kombo Challenge", where players must perform ten pre-created combos of increasing difficulty.

Intertwined within fight matches, which are played in a 3D fighter style, are new gameplay modes, such as "Free-Fall Kombat" or "Falling Kombat," which are activated automatically after throwing the opponent to a lower level in the arena. The players can fight in the air during the fall in a quasi-mini-game, with one player having to hit certain buttons to be above the other during the fall and land on the other player when the fall ends. "Klose Kombat" is a mode the players can enter during a fight, causing the characters to lock with each other and the perspective to change to a close-up shot of the two, to make for an interval of close-quarters fighting. A "Test Your Might" mini-game is also worked into the gameplay; while fighting in certain areas, the player can smash the opponent through a series of walls and engage in a tug-of-war with the damage meter at the top of the screen. The player on the offense presses buttons to increase damage given, while the player on the defense presses buttons to decrease damage taken.

Another in-fight feature called "Rage mode" is introduced in Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. The Rage mode is governed by a rage meter placed below the player's health meter that fills progressively every time the player receives damage or attacks. Once the meter is completely filled, Rage mode can be activated and lasts for several seconds. Rage mode enables the player to break the opponent's guard on the second hit, prevents the attacker from experiencing hit stun, knockdown or pop-up, and increases the damage of an attacker's moves. During fights, characters show permanent signs of damage, such as bruises, scrapes, bleeding, and broken or torn clothing. All of the characters except Darkseid, Shao Kahn, and Dark Kahn have finishing moves; the Mortal Kombat characters and the DC villains can execute Fatalities, while the DC heroes can execute moves called "Heroic Brutalities," which function in the same manner but do not kill opponents, in order to stay in tone with the heroes who have an established reputation of never taking a life.

Plot
After Shao Kahn's invasion of Earthrealm is halted by Raiden's forces of light, Raiden blasts and sends Kahn through a portal. At exactly the same time on Earth, Superman stops Darkseid's Apokoliptian invasion by blasting Darkseid with his heat vision as he enters a boom tube. These acts do not destroy either of them, but merge them into Dark Kahn, and causes the DC and Mortal Kombat universes to merge. As this happens, the characters' abilities fluctuate, causing violent "rage" outbreaks that are actually the feelings of Dark Kahn being infused in the characters from afar. Because of this, certain characters gain either strength or vulnerability. This allows for such things as the possibility of Superman being defeated due to his vulnerability to magic and giving the Joker the ability to fight skilled martial artists such as his nemesis Batman and Deathstroke. With each world thinking that the other is responsible for the merger, they fight each other until only one fighter from each side remains: Raiden and Superman. In the final battle, the two fight while Dark Kahn feeds on their rage. Both realizing that neither is working with Dark Kahn, Raiden and Superman overcome their rage for each other and defeat their fused enemy, restoring the two worlds to their normal separation. While everyone else has been sent to their original universe, Darkseid and Shao Kahn have been switched and are both rendered powerless. In the end, they both face eternal imprisonment in the other's universe; Darkseid is restrained in the Netherrealm, while Shao Kahn is trapped in the Phantom Zone.

Characters

 Mortal Kombat characters

 DC Universe characters

DevelopmentMortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was Midway Games's last project before filing for bankruptcy and selling the rights to Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment in 2009. In February 2007, Midway Games announced they were planning a new game in the Mortal Kombat franchise, inspired by seeing a showcase of Gears of War. "Mortal Kombat 8" would have been "dark, gritty, serious" and a "back to basics reboot" of the series. Eventually, during the planning process, a deal with DC Comics was made and this project was cancelled, thus leading to the development of a different game. An announcement in April 2008 confirmed the game as a crossover, and a trailer was released. The only notable aspect that remained from the original project was the use of the Unreal Engine 3, also used in Gears of War.Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was co-published by Midway Games and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and was the final Mortal Kombat title to be developed under the Midway label prior to its purchase by Warner Bros. Interactive. Midway used AutoDesk software to develop Mortal Kombat vs DC Universe, according to Maurice Patel, entertainment industry manager at AutoDesk, and Illuminate Labs products for lighting.

The use of a DC license imposed some restrictions on the characteristic violence in Mortal Kombat games. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was thus restricted to a "Teen" ESRB rating. Therefore, certain Fatalities such as Sub-Zero's "Spine Rip" were excluded or replaced due to their graphic nature. In order to keep that rating, two of the Fatalities in the game were censored in North America. In the United Kingdom version, both the Joker and Deathstroke's first Fatality depict them each finishing their opponent with a gunshot to the head, both shown uncut from a distance. The North American version has the camera quickly pan toward the victor before the shot is fired, thereby cutting the victim out of the shot completely. Additionally, one of Kitana's Fatalities which involved impaling the opponent in the head and the torso with her fanblades was modified so that both fanblades impaled her opponent's chest instead.

According to interviews, the characters were chosen for their popularity, and for parallels between them from both universes. Ed Boon, creative director of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe and co-creator of the Mortal Kombat franchise, has said that some of the characters' abilities, especially those from the DC Universe, had been toned down to make them balanced within Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe. For example, Boon specifically mentioned that Superman became vulnerable because of magic. Boon revealed that two new characters were developed as downloadable content, Quan Chi from Mortal Kombat and Harley Quinn from DC comics but had been discarded. He had also hinted earlier at the prospect of Kung Lao and Doomsday being downloadable characters.

For the release of the Kollector's Edition of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe, a new cover was created by Alex Ross. Also included in the Kollector's Edition is a 16-page comic book prequel, Beginnings, which was illustrated by Mortal Kombat co-creator John Tobias.

Downloadable content (DLC) had been confirmed by Major Nelson, but was canceled due to Midway's financial issues.https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mk-vs-dc-dlc-nixed/1100-6213099/ Ed Boon had stated that they would have been updating Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe periodically with new content all the way up to the release of the next installment of the Mortal Kombat series: "I'd like to have [DLC] as soon as possible. I think that might be a great Christmas gift to reinvigorate the game". Ed Boon said on his Twitter account that the plan for DLC had been scrapped, which occurred because, as clarified by 1UP, Midway had filed for bankruptcy and was purchased by Warner Bros. Interactive after the suggestion of downloadable content.

The game features a four hour long, fully motion captured and voiced acted story mode, becoming among the first fighting games to attempt something like this. Ed Boon pitched the idea to Midway Game's artists, animators, and producers, who were initially unwilling on the grounds they felt it was unnecessary and not possible. It required tech and knowledge that was not available at that time, such as the ability for the game to stream a video while at the same time loading the data required for the next fight. The team was also not sold on the idea of fighting game fans wanting a film-inspired "Story mode". Midway's financial crisis also contributed to this decision making. The team pitched alternatives to Ed Boon's idea, such as still images accompanied by music and voiced dialogue, "like you'd see in some fancy comic presentations". These alternatives frustrated Boon and he used his authority to force the team to develop his pitch as he envisioned.

According to Ed Boon, the team was sold after they completed a single scene transition into gameplay and out of gameplay. Many workers at Midway had skillsets in film, scriptwriting, and animation that they finally got to utilize. DC comics also assisted by employing two writers, Jimmy Palmiotti and Justin Gray, so Midway would keep the characterization of DC characters consistent. Making sure Midway did not diverge from what DC characters would normally say or do. The work done for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's story mode would eventually be seen in future Mortal Kombat games, such as Mortal Kombat 9, and the future Injustice series, developed by Netherrealm Studios from the ashes of Midway Games. Ed Boon viewed the single-player mode as a major source of appeal to casual fans who would have otherwise not paid attention to a fighting game.

ReceptionMortal Kombat vs. DC Universe received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Adam Sessler of X-Play stated: "Whether it's a decade-late answer to the Marvel vs. Capcom team up games or an off-the-cuff boardroom joke gone wildly too far, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe is destined to make just about anyone's shortlist of bizarre video game team-ups. Still, sometimes two disparate things can merge to create a unique synergy that makes the melding work, however unlikely it may have seemed at the outset." In GamePro, Sid Shuman called it "surprisingly enjoyable." Wired.com's preview stated that the concept of the game was "nose-pokingly ludicrous", noting that Superman's powers could be used to easily defeat a character with the comment, "from Sub-Zero to Well-Done in eight seconds flat." ABC News praised the game's story because it did "a great job of giving players a cohesive, if far-fetched, story line that's fun if not engaging," as well as "comic book-like" dialogue. Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universes Kombo Challenge mode was criticized as a thin and frustrating mode with combos that required very precise timing. The modes of Klose Kombat and Free-Fall Kombat were praised as concepts but were criticized in their execution as they appeared to slow the gameplay down and took the player out of the fast gameplay experience. Critics noted that the change in the amount of gore was disappointing to longtime fans of the series who were used to the "insane amounts of gore."

The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry approved of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe because of its departure from the earlier M-rated games of the series praising its "simpler play, familiar graphics and adjustable gore content" but still not recommending it for younger players. In 2008, GamePro, ranked it as the 15th best fighting game out of 18.

Midway Games announced that as of January 26, 2009, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe had shipped 1.8 million copies since its release in mid-November 2008, not including the sales of the Kollector's Edition. The chief operating officer of GameStop stated that the Kollector's Edition of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe made up 55% of the game's total sales at GameStop locations in its first week. In their 10-K filing, Midway Games revealed the title had sold over 1.9 million units, making it one of the company's most successful titles since 2002. According to Wired.com, Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe also "holds the distinction of being the most pre-ordered MK game of all time." In a ranking by Rentrak, the Xbox 360 version of Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe was the sixth most rented game of 2009.

 Legacy

Midway's work on Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe's cinematic story mode would influence development of future Mortal Kombat games and the Injustice series after Midway filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and became NetherRealm Studios. Future fighting games like Guilty Gear Xrd, Street Fighter V, Tekken 7, and Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite'' attempted to create similar film-inspired experiences.

Rejected Animated Film
Screenwriter Jeremy Adams pitched in an animated movie for Mortal Kombat vs DC but was reject by Warner Bros.

References

External links

2008 video games
Censored video games
Crossover fighting games
Midway video games
Mortal Kombat games
PlayStation 3 games
Superhero crossover video games
Unreal Engine games
Fighting games
Video games based on DC Comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games directed by Ed Boon
Video games about parallel universes
Video games scored by Sascha Dikiciyan
Warner Bros. video games
Xbox 360 games
Video games set in the United States
Video games set on fictional planets
2.5D fighting games

Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe


The AOD (automatic overdrive) is a four-speed automatic transmission, with the 4th gear as overdrive.  Introduced in 1980, it was Ford's first four-speed automatic overdrive transmission.  The gearset design is based on the Ford "X" automatic transmissions used during the 1950s, '60s, and '70s.  The AOD replaced many of Ford's older transmissions, such as the C4, C5, and light duty applications of the FMX.

History
In 1962 Ford began working on a new type of automatic transmission that would emphasize fuel economy and driveability. The new transmission was built around the Ravigneaux planetary gearset of the "X" transmissions. Where many transmissions had a fourth gear added on as an afterthought, Ford's new transmission was designed with a fourth gear integrated into the gearset. Because it was based on the "X" transmissions, its gear ratios from 1-3 were the same, with the fourth being 0.67:1. The transmission featured a split-torque application for third gear as well as a lockup in the torque converter. The XT-LOD was initially abandoned in 1966, but the design began again in 1974 because of rising gas prices. The project was shelved with a design that lacked a damper in the torque converter but, after the project was revisited, a damper eventually made its way into the final design. The transmission was introduced when Ford started to downsize its full-size line in 1979. Initially called XT-LOD (Extension Lock-Up Overdrive), its name was changed when revisited in 1974 to FIOD (Ford Integrated Overdrive) and then to its final name in 1979, the Ford AOD transmission.

Applications:
 1980–1986 Ford LTD
 1980–1993 Ford Thunderbird
 1980–1993 Mercury Cougar
 1984–1993 Ford Mustang
 1980–1986 Mercury Marquis
 1983–1993 Ford Econoline
 1983–1991 Ford LTD Crown Victoria
 1983–1992 Mercury Grand Marquis
 1982–1993 Ford Bronco
 1981–1992 Lincoln Town Car
 1980–1987 Lincoln Continental
 1980–1983 Continental Mark VI
 1984–1985 Continental Mark VII
 1986–1992 Lincoln Mark VII
 1992 Ford Crown Victoria
 1980–1993 Ford F-Series

Gear ratios
 First: 2.47:1
 Second: 1.47:1
 Third: 1.00:1
 Overdrive: 0.67:1
 Reverse: 2.00:1

AODE
The AOD was redesigned with electronic controls in 1992, becoming the AOD-E.  It was primarily intended for the new Modular V8 at first, but it was also adapted to the old AOD bellhousing for vehicles still powered by pushrod engines. While the AOD and AOD-E are like each other (oil pans, casings, bellhousing, and internals), they are not interchangeable with each other, because the AOD-E's shift points are controlled electronically from a combination of solenoids and the Powertrain Control Module (PCM), while the AOD's shift points are hydraulically controlled by a throttle valve rod.

Applications:
 1992–1994 Lincoln Town Car
 1992 and up     Ford F-Series trucks and E-Series vans
 1993–1994 Ford Crown Victoria
 1993–1994 Mercury Grand Marquis
 1994–1995 Ford Mustang

4R70W
A revised version of the AOD-E Transmission was released in 1993 with the Lincoln Mark VIII. Unlike the AOD-E, Reverse, 1st, and 2nd gear ratios in the 4R70-W are numerically higher, giving the transmission a better mechanical advantage and, in turn, better take-off acceleration, better passing acceleration, slightly lower fuel consumption, and designed for better gearset strength; the 4th gear ratio in the 4R70-W is up 0.70:1 from 0.67:1. As a result, fuel economy is slightly increased and downshifting is slightly decreased for less wear. On vehicles powered by the 5.4L V8 engine, a stronger gearset is used than in normal duty 4R70Ws, and Torque Converter stall speeds are also slightly lower due to the 5.4L-engine's increased low-end torque, as opposed to the 4.6L V8. In 1998, the intermediate one-way roller clutch was replaced with a mechanical diode due to durability concerns, thus providing extra holding capacity and longer service.

While there is some speculation that the 70 can be multiplied by ten to indicate the pound-feet of torque this transmission is capable of handling, including torque converter multiplication, (i.e. 700 lb-ft of torque), there is no reliable source indicating this. In fact, a Ford document stated that the 2003 "Expedition's 4R70W transmission is rated to handle up to 506 pound-feet of torque, which provides a large performance cushion beyond the peak torque rating of Expedition's largest available engine." It is more plausible that the number indicates the torque handling capability in N-m, as 506 lb-ft converts to 686 N-m which could be rounded to 700 N-m. The "70" may also refer to the transmission's torque capacity after torque converter multiplication which occurs at low RPM when the torque converter is more "elastic". 4R70W indicates 4 gears, Rear wheel drive and Wider gear ratio compared to the AODE.

The gear ratios are:
 First: 2.84 :1
 Second: 1.55 :1
 Third: 1.00 :1
 Overdrive: 0.70 :1
 Reverse: 2.32 :1

Applications:
 1993–1998 Lincoln Mark VIII
 1993–2003 Ford F-Series
 1994–1997 Ford Thunderbird
 1995–2004 Ford Crown Victoria
 1996–2001 Ford Explorer
 1993–2004 Lincoln Town Car
 1994–1997 Mercury Cougar
 1995–2004 Mercury Grand Marquis
 2003 Mercury Marauder
 1997–2004 Ford Expedition
 1997–2001 Mercury Mountaineer
 1996–2004 Ford Mustang
 2004–2005 Rover 75 V8

4R75W

In 2003, Ford revised the 4R70W transmission to include: A stronger ring gear that has 24 lugs (as opposed to 6) for the output shaft sensor (OSS) to read from, a revised torque converter, a revised front pump assembly, and a vehicle speed sensor (VSS) that complements the OSS to improve shift quality and efficiency. These improvements allowed the 4R75W to handle more power while being more efficient and economical.  While not used on all 2003 model year vehicles, the 4R75W/E transmissions eventually replaced the 4R70W/E.

Newer transmissions that are referred to as 4R70E or 4R75E have modifications that complement Ford's switching to throttle-by-wire. The PCM was given a more powerful microprocessor and Ford added a turbine speed sensor to the transmission.  This allows the PCM to know the speed of the input shaft after the torque converter, which is used in combination with crankshaft speed to detect the amount of slipping going on in the torque converter.  This information provides PCM with the basis for fully electronic shift scheduling, which limits "hunting", fine-tunes shift speed, and feel.  It lets the PCM know what the torque will be in the next gear so it can choose the shift points based on the vehicle's projected performance in the next gear.  Coupled with the electronic throttle strategy, the transmission computes the output torque required to maintain the vehicle speed and chooses the correct gear and converter state accordingly.

Modification

The most practical modification for the 4R70W is the J-mod. It involves modifying the valve body separator plate and gaskets as well as changing or removing accumulator springs to alter the shift timing of the transmission.  While these modifications can be done to the 4R75W transmission, the results are not as dramatic, as some of the details of the J-Mod (bigger holes in the separator plate and gasket) were done to the transmission in its design.  These modifications are specified by one of the Ford engineers who designed the transmission. It offers faster engagement, quicker shifting, smoother operation, and increased service life. All parts can be bought at Ford dealers for less than $60, including the fluid.

A 20,000+ GVW cooler is highly recommended for all vehicles. Breakdown of the transmission fluid often results in "converter shudder" (it feels like driving over rumble strips) where converter tries to maintain a steady slip rate during lock-up, but alternates between slipping and grabbing.  Frequent fluid changes, especially when used for towing, are the single best method to prevent shudder.  A shudder occurs because the torque converter never fully enters "lock-up" and ends up bouncing in and out of lock-up to slip.  This causes the engine to flare up and then down again as the clutch cannot hold back the power of the engine.

4R70W Usage
2002
4R70W used in all applications:
Ford F-Series
Ford Crown Victoria
Mercury Grand Marquis
Lincoln Town Car
Ford Mustang
Ford Expedition
Ford E-Series

2003
4R75W Used in:
 Ford Mustang (GT and Mach 1)

4R70W usage in trucks:
 5.4 L V8 F-150, Ford E-Series, and Ford Expedition
 4.6 L V8 Ford E-Series Van, 4.2 L and 4.6 L F-150

4R70W usage in cars:
 3.8 L V6 Ford Mustang
Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, Mercury Marauder and Lincoln Town Car

2004
4R75E used in:
 5.4 L 3 Valve V8 F-150

4R70E used in:
4.6 L V8 F-150(except F-150 Heritage)

4R75W used in:
Mercury Marauder
Ford Police Interceptor
Ford Mustang (GT and Mach 1)
5.4 L 2 Valve V8 Trucks Ford E-Series Van, and Ford Expedition
Rover 75 V8

4R70W used in all other applications:
 3.9 L V6 Ford Mustang
 4.6 L V8 Ford E-Series
 4.6 L V8 Ford Expedition
 Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car
 4.2 L V6 and 4.6 L/5.4 L V8 Ford F-150 Heritage

2005
4R75E used in 5.4 L 2 Valve and 3 Valve Trucks:
F-150
Ford E-Series
Ford Expedition

4R70W used in:
F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)

4R70E used in:
 4.6 L V8 Ford E-Series
 4.6 L V8 Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car
 4.6 L V8 Ford F-150 except F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)

2006 to 2008
4R70W used in:
  Ford F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)

4R75E used in all applications:
 2006-2011 Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car.
2007-2008 4.2 L V6, 4.6 L V8, 2004-2008 5.4 L 3 Valve V8 Ford F-Series except F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)
2006 Ford Expedition
2006-2013 4.6 L V8, 5.4 L V8 Ford E-Series

See also
 List of Ford transmissions

References

 LINCOLNSONLINE.COM

AOD

Ford AOD transmission


Brian Peter Harvey (born 1951) is a contemporary British scholar of Buddhism. He is Professor Emeritus of Buddhist Studies at the University of Sunderland.

Career
Peter Harvey received his Ph.D under the supervision of Ninian Smart at Lancaster University. Harvey is the author of An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices published by Cambridge University Press, whose 1st edition sold over 55,000 copies. He has also authored a book on anatta, The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism, and An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Practices published by the Cambridge University Press. His papers on Theravada Buddhism have appeared in many peer-reviewed journals, but his contributions to the broader Buddhist studies include an anthology of Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna texts that is being distributed by Mahachulalongkorn Rajavidyalaya University in Thailand. He co-founded UK Association for Buddhist Studies with professor Ian Harris, and has been an editor of the journal Buddhist Studies Review.

Harvey was Professor of Buddhist Studies at the University of Sunderland prior to his retirement.

Family
As of 2013 Harvey was married with one daughter.

References

1951 births
Living people
Academics of the University of Sunderland
Alumni of Lancaster University
British scholars of Buddhism

Peter Harvey (academic)


Fatima Zakaria (17 February 1936 – 6 April 2021) used to be the editor of the Mumbai Times, and became the Sunday editor of The Times of India. Zakaria is also the editor of the Taj magazine of the Taj Hotels. Her office is in the Taj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai.

Family
She is the second widow of Rafiq Zakaria, who was an Indian politician and Islamic religious cleric.

Fatima Zakaria is the step-mother of 2 children. The eldest, Tasneem Zakaria Mehta, is an art historian and writer, living in Mumbai. The second, is Mansoor Zakaria. Her full son Arshad Zakaria runs a hedge fund. Her youngest full son Fareed Zakaria is an editor of Newsweek, and host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN.

Career
Rafiq Zakaria established The Maulana Azad Education Trust in the historic city of Aurangabad Maharashtra India. It was his Assembly Constituency from which he got elected a few times and served as a Minister in the State cabinet. Fatima transformed those educational institutions in Aurangabad to such an extent that they can be compared with the best centres of learning in Asia.

Zakaria joined the Taj Group of Hotels to establish the first rate five star Hotel, The Taj Residency, on the campus of The Maulana Azad Education Trust in Aurangabad. She became editor of the coffee table magazine Taj. Thereafter, she introduced a Hotel Management Course in alliance with a British University. The course is acknowledged as the finest and most respected in India. She is on the board of Indian Institute of Hotel Management Aurangabad

She is in the process of establishing a Centre for Higher Learning on the lines of Centre for Advanced Studies, Shimla. It will become functional from June 2010 and will help genuine scholars and academicians to carry on research activities.  The upcoming Centre will also launch two research journals, one for Social Sciences and the other for Natural and Exact Sciences. Zakaria, is regarded as a secularist, however she takes special care to cater to the educational needs of the Muslims.

The award Padma Shri was conferred on her by the Government of India in 2006.

References

1936 births
2021 deaths
Indian journalists
Indian businesspeople
Indian editors
Yale University alumni

Fatima Zakaria


Sunshine Boy: The Unheard Studio Sessions & Demos 1971–1972 is an album by Townes Van Zandt.  It was released posthumously in 2013.

Background
Sunshine Boy collects alternate takes, cover songs and demos from what many believe to be Van Zandt's most productive period, culminating in 1972 with the release of two heralded albums:  High, Low and In Between and The Late Great Townes Van Zandt.  Disc one contains alternate takes of several compositions, such as his classic "Pancho and Lefty", which is stripped of the strings and mariachi horns that augmented the original, and "White Freight Liner Blues," which contains southern rock elements.  The second disc contains intimate demos mainly featuring Van Zandt and just his guitar, an approach many believe to be ideal for his poetic, often sad songs.

Sunshine Boy has received positive reviews from critics.  Fred Thomas of AllMusic writes, "Though all of the songs on Sunshine Boy found their way to official albums in more fleshed-out versions, these uncluttered takes offer a beautifully bare look at a young artist whose combination of astonishing gifts and troubled life would eventually make him an American folk hero."  David Grossman of PopMatters insists the LP "captures the raw power of his songbook as well as any collection before it, and likely several more thereafter."  Brian T. Atkinson of The Telegraph states, "By close, Sunshine Boy'''s joys number many and they're hardly reserved for purists. Superior packaging and key alternate takes (most notably, a far better 'Pancho and Lefty') alone make this collection essential even for casual fans." In a five-star review, Kelly Dearmore of American Songwriter'' asserts, "Each song forces the listener to stop and wonder where Van Zandt's mind was taking him as a specific song was cut, or what might've been 'really meant' when a certain line was sung. Such unavoidable thoughts and questions give this beautiful double record the weight of an historical document."

Track listing
All songs written by Townes Van Zandt unless otherwise indicated

CD 1
 "T For Texas" (Jimmie Rodgers)
 "Who Do You Love" (Ellas McDaniel)
 "Sunshine Boy"
 "Where I Lead Me"
 "Blue Ridge Mountains"
 "No Deal"
 "Pancho and Lefty" (Alternate 1972 mix without strings and horns)
 "To Live Is to Fly"
 "You Are Not Needed Now"
 "Don't Take It Too Bad"
 "Sad Cinderella"
 "Mr. Mudd and Mr. Gold"
 "White Freight Liner Blues"
 "Two Hands"
 "Lungs"
 "Dead Flowers" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards)

CD 2
 "Heavenly Houseboat Blues" (Van Zandt, Susanna Clark)
 "Diamond Heel Blues"
 "To Live Is to Fly"
 "Tower Song"
 "You Are Not Needed Now"
 "Mr. Mudd and Mr. Gold"
 "Highway Kind"
 "Greensboro Woman"
 "When He Offers His Hand"
 "Dead Flowers" (Jagger, Richards)
 "Old Paint" (Traditional)
 "Standin'"
 "Untitled"

Additional information
 Recorded in 1971 at Larrabee Sound Studios, Los Angeles and 914 Sound Recording Studios, New York
 Recorded in 1972 at Jack Clement Recording Studios, Nashville
 Mixed at O.F.R, North Hollywood, CA
 Mastered Lurssen Mastering

References

Townes Van Zandt albums
2013 albums
Omnivore Recordings albums


Madres egoístas (Selfish mothers) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Juan Osorio for Televisa in 1991.

Enrique Novi, Julieta Rosen, Chantal Andere, and Orlando Carrió starred as the protagonists, while Alberto Mayagoitia and María del Sol starred as the main antagonists.

Plot
Raquel Rivas Cantú, a young orphan and heir to a great fortune, is raised by her housekeeper, Mariana. Mariana is resentful of Raquel because she believes the Rivas Cantú family stole the life she deserved. Raquel eventually marries an honest widower named Pablo. Pablo has a daughter, Carmen, who is studying at a private boarding school.

Raquel and Pablo have another daughter, Gaby. Pablo begins to suspect that Mariana is not the person she appears to be, so he puts Gaby in the care of a nanny on the condition that Mariana never gets close to her.

After four years of immense happiness, one day Mariana sits Gaby down to play in the middle of the street. While driving home, Pablo almost runs over Gaby but manages to see her in time to avoid her. Gaby is not harmed but the shock causes Pablo to have a fatal heart attack, leaving Raquel and Gaby alone. Raquel takes Mariana's advice, given in bad faith, to enroll Gaby in a private boarding school. At this school, Gaby meets Carmen and the two grow up together without knowing they are half-sisters.

Mariana and her son, Felipe, make the life of the Rivas Cantús a nightmare. However, several characters show up later and provide an unexpected turn to this story of love, revenge, and betrayal.

Cast

Julieta Rosen as Raquel Rivas Cantú
Enrique Novi as Pablo Ledesma
Orlando Carrió as Víctor Peralta
Chantal Andere as Carmen Ledesma Arriaga
María del Sol as Mariana González/Magdalena González/Catalina/Dolores
Alberto Mayagoitia as Fernando González/Felipe Godoy/Fernando Rivas-Cantú González
Toño Mauri as Maximiliano "Max" Báez
Laura Sotelo as Ivonne/Dora Silvana
Lilian Macías as Gabriela "Gaby" Ledesma Rivas-Cantú
Oscar Servin as Refugio "Cuca"
Manolita Saval as Rosario Urióstegui
Roberto Cañedo as Joaquín Urióstegui
Tere Valadez as Ofelia
Rafael Amador as Gerardo
Anahí as Gabriela "Gaby" Cantú (child)
Dina de Marco as Jacinta Arriaga
Justo Martínez as Severo Arriaga
Roberto Sosa as Salvador "Chava" Godinez
Maty Huitrón as Mina Báez
Claudio Obregón as Alberto Báez
Gerardo Acuña as Raymundo Cooper
Diana Golden as Ana Cervantes
Fernando Colunga as Jorge
Laura Martí as Sara Báez
Tere Mondragón as Rufina Noriega
Norma De Anda as Inés
Maricruz Nájera as Natalia Blinder
Rafael del Villar as Héctor Cruz
Gustavo Navarro as Hugo Peralta
Lucía Hernández as Iris
Héctor Cruz Lara as Horacio
Jalil Succar as Antonio
Antonio Miguel as Lucio
Alicia Osorio as Maestra Lilia Rangel
Grecia as Maestra Alarcón
Gabriela Michell as Maestra Piedad
Irina Areu as Ms. Ferriz
Renata de los Ríos as Aurora
Denisse Castillo as Cata
Alexandra Pérez as Flora
Chantal Guedy as Ema
Ondina as Celeste
Roberto Garza Leal as Alfredo
Yuliana Peniche as Carmen (child)
Jair de Rubín as Hugo (child)
Carlos Fuentes as Maximiliano (child)
Salvador González as Chava (child)
Paola Rojas as Carmen (newborn)
Leonor Llausás as Josefa
Leonor Bonilla as Avelina
Miguel Gutiérrez as Olegario
Scarlet Maceira as Rosenda
Guillermo Larrea as Memo'
Guillermo Rivas as Bonifacio "Boni" Salgado
Tony Marcín as Rosaura
Jeannette Candiani as Maribel
David Montenegro as Salvador Martín del Campo
Alejandro del Castillo as Teniente Hernández
John Pike as Gómez Williams
Nubel Espino as Dr. Albores
Mario Iván Martínez as Iván Escandón
Philippe Amand as Pierre
Roque Casanova as Polignac
Lizbeth Ramirez as Rosaly
Bruno Schwebel as Mr. Duvall
Tara Parra as Sol Deschamps
Carlos Espinoza as Dr. Pizano
Roberto Estrada as Lic. Torres
Lilian Davis as Alicia
Mario Erosa as Bank manager
Laura Zaizar as Mrs. Landis
Rosalba Castellanos as Paca
Helio Castillo as Gaby's Teacher
Carl Hillos as Manuel
José Olivares as Pancho
Marisol Cazzaro as Joaquina
Ángel Heredia as Doctor of Red Cross
Arnoldo Picasso as Carlos
Walter Medina as Raúl
Anabel Pompa as Lilia
Mauricio Bonet as Pollo
Beatriz Zazueta as Estela
Roberto Ruy as Lic. Mendoza
Sagrario Baena as Amalia de Ramírez
Miguel Gómez Checa as Álvarez
Diana Torres as Adriana Nava
Fernando Pinkus as Sergio
Grace Nenna as Niebla
Enrique Hidalgo as Dr. Schultz
Judith Velasco Herrera as Lic. Pilar Zaldain
Cynthia Zurita as Blanca
Dora Luz Alcalá as Herlinda
Alejandro Villeli as Dr. Martínez
Tere Suárez as Mrs. Monasterios
Astrid Margarita as Lidia
Galia Larrea as Nurse
Patricia Hernández as Nurse
Guillermo Puente as Counselor
Licia Suárez as Elena
Federico Valdés as Auditor
Miguel Serros as Agent #1
Rubén Herrera as Agente #2

References

External links

1991 telenovelas
1991 Mexican television series debuts
1991 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas

Madres egoístas


Deployment is the realisation of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.

Industry-specific definitions

Computer science
In computer science, a deployment is a realisation of a technical specification or algorithm as a program, software component, or other computer system through computer programming and deployment.  Many implementations may exist for a given specification or standard.  For example, web browsers contain implementations of World Wide Web Consortium-recommended specifications, and software development tools contain deployment of programming languages.

A special case occurs in object-oriented programming, when a concrete class deploys an interface; in this case the concrete class is an deployment of the interface and it includes methods which are deployments of those methods specified by the interface.

Information technology (IT)
In the IT Industry, deployment refers to post-sales process of guiding a client from purchase to use of the software or hardware that was purchased. This includes requirements analysis, scope analysis, customisations, systems integrations, user policies, user training and delivery. These steps are often overseen by a project manager using project management methodologies. Software Deployment involves several professionals that are relatively new to the knowledge based economy such as business analysts, software implementation specialists, solutions architects, and project managers.

To deploy a system successfully, a large number of inter-related tasks need to be carried out in an appropriate sequence. Utilising a well-proven implementation methodology and enlisting professional advice can help but often it is the number of tasks, poor planning and inadequate resourcing that causes problems with an deployment project, rather than any of the tasks being particularly difficult. Similarly with the cultural issues it is often the lack of adequate consultation and two-way communication that inhibits achievement of the desired results.

Political science
In political science, deployment refers to the carrying out of public policy. Legislatures pass laws that are then carried out by public servants working in bureaucratic agencies. This process consists of rule-making, rule-administration and rule-adjudication. Factors impacting deployment include the legislative intent, the administrative capacity of the deploying bureaucracy, interest group activity and opposition, and executive support.

Social and health sciences
"Deployment is defined as a specified set of activities designed to put into practice an activity or program of known dimensions. According to this definition, deployment processes are purposeful and are described in sufficient detail such that independent observers can detect the presence and strength of the "specific set of activities" related to implementation. In addition, the activity or program being deployed is described in sufficient detail so that independent observers can detect its presence and strength."

Water and natural resources
In water and natural resources, deployment refers to the actualisation of best management practices with the ultimate goals of conserving natural resources and improving the quality of water bodies.

Types:
Direct changeover
Parallel running or as known as parallel
Pilot introduction or as known as pilot
Well-trade
Phased Deployment

Role of end users
System deployment generally benefits from high levels of user involvement and management support. User participation in the design and operation of information systems has several positive results. First, if users are heavily involved in systems design, they move opportunities to mold the system according to their priorities and business requirements, and more opportunities to control the outcome. Second, they are more likely to react positively to the change process. Incorporating user knowledge and expertise leads to better solutions.

The relationship between users and information systems specialists has traditionally been a problem area for information systems deployment efforts.  Users and information systems specialists tend to have different backgrounds, interests, and priorities. This is referred to as the user-designer communications gap. These differences lead to divergent organizational loyalties, approaches to problem solving, and vocabularies. Examples of these differences or concerns are below:

User concerns
 Will the system deliver the information I need for my work?
 How quickly can I access the data?
 How easily can I retrieve the data?
 How much clerical support will I need to enter data into the system?
 How will the operation of the system fit into my daily business schedule?

Designer concerns
 How much storage space will the master file consume?
 How many lines of program code will it take to perform this function?
 How can we cut down on CPU time when we run the system?
 What are the most efficient ways of storing this data?
 What database management system should we use?

See also
Application software

References

Computing terminology
Political science terminology
Design

Deployment management


Daniel "Dan" Simon Kalman (born March 21, 1952 in Oakland, California) is an American mathematician and winner of nine awards for expository writing in mathematics.

Education and career
After graduating from Oakland High School in 1970, Kalman matriculated at Harvey Mudd College, where he graduated in 1974. From 1974 to 1980 he was a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he received his PhD in 1980. He was from 1978 to 1979 an instructor at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, and from 1979 to 1983 an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. After teaching as a visiting lecturer from 1983 to 1985 at Augustana College in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Kalman worked from 1985 to 1993 as a member of the technical staff of The Aerospace Corporation in Los Angeles. At Washington, D.C.'s American University he was from 1993 to 1998 an assistant professor, from 1998 to 2003 an associate professor, and from 2003 to 2018 a full professor, retiring in 2018 as professor emeritus. From 1996 to 1997 he was Associate Executive Director of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) in Washington, D.C.

The MAA has given Kalman nine awards for outstanding expository articles or books. He won the George Pólya Award in 1994 and in 2003, the Trevor Evans Award in 1997 and (with coauthor Nathan Carter) in 2012, the Carl B. Allendoerfer Award (with coauthors Robert Mena and Shariar Shariari) in 1998 and (alone) in 2003, the Lester R. Ford Award in 2009 and (with coauthor Mark McKinzie) in 2013, and the Beckenbach Book Prize in 2012.

Selected publications

Articles

  (1994 George Polya Award, independently awarded to Charles Groetsch in the same year)
  (over 450 citations)
 with Robert Mena and Shahriar Shahriari:
 with James White:

 with Jane Day:

 with James White:

  (2003 George Pólya Award)
 with Robert Mena:  (over 230 citations)

  (2009 Lester R. Ford Award)

  (slides from a talk)

 with Mark McKinzie:

Books

 with Sacha Forgoston and Albert Goetz:
  (2012 Beckenbach Book Prize)

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Harvey Mudd College alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American University faculty and staff

Dan Kalman


The Anderson-Prichard Oil Corporation (reporting mark: APCO), a regional oil refinery and gasoline distributor, began operation in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1919, founded by J. Steve Anderson and Lev H. Prichard, Sr. The partnership was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on June 30, 1922.

History
Lev H. Prichard, Sr., previously had organized the Caddo Petroleum Company in 1918 along with his partners, A.P. Crockett, J.B. Allen, and Walter "W.R." Ramsey. By August 1920, J. Steve Anderson joined the company as Vice President, and Lev Prichard was promoted from Vice President to being President. Paul Anderson served as Comptroller. The Anderson and Prichard families owned 63% of the Caddo stock by this time. Due to various setbacks, the Caddo company was eventually shut down and liquidated shortly after June 21, 1921. However, separately from the Caddo company, on October 6, 1920, Anderson-Prichard & Co. ("AP&C") had been incorporated in Delaware, with an authorized capital of 100,000 shares of no par value stock. Although incorporated in Delaware, AP&C maintained its principal offices at the Colcord Building in Oklahoma City. AP&C assumed control of the Cyril Refining Company of Cyril, Oklahoma, but due to poor capitalization and debt that had been taken on to obtain services and equipment, AP&C was liquidated in January 1922.

In June 1922, Anderson and Prichard formed the "APCO Refining Company" (Apco), the Cyril refinery asset. The refinery was operated in the name of the Apco Refining Company until February 26, 1923, when all of the company's stock was sold to the latest business entity of the partners, the Anderson-Prichard Oil Corporation, which had also been separately organized and incorporated in Oklahoma in June 1922, with an authorized capital of 1,000 shares of $100 par value stock.

The Anderson-Prichard company used the "APCO" brand name on a very limited basis, off and on, over the years due to uncertainty regarding having clear trademark rights. Another company had used the mark in the same or related industry designation, so Anderson-Prichard avoided any widespread use, opting instead to use their "Anderson-Prichard" name in combination with other brand names, such as with "Challenge Gasoline" and "Defiance Oil". The Kan-O-Tex gasoline brand name and reporting mark were acquired by the Anderson-Prichard Oil Corporation in October 1953 and were likely continued in use for a while before being replaced by Anderson-Prichard's main brand usage. After companies that had previously used APCO variants had trademarks canceled for non-use, Anderson-Prichard filed a trademark application in 1941. But, in 1943, Anderson-Prichard was informed that the American Oil Company had objected to the application because they felt it was too similar to their "AMOCO" brand name. However, by February 1954, Anderson-Prichard company negotiated an agreement with the American Oil Company that allowed them to use the APCO branding under geographic limitations, and design limitations that would keep the respective companies' logos visually distinct. Anderson-Prichard Oil Corporation would proceed increasingly to brand its products and gas stations with the APCO logo thereafter.

Lev Prichard bought out J. Steve Anderson's stock in the company in 1947. Lev H. Prichard died from cancer in 1949. By 1955, the company was listed on the Fortune 500 based upon $54.7 million in revenues, assets of $55.4 million.

In 1960 the bulk of the company's assets sold for $123.3 million to four investor groups, including Occidental, Seagram, and Brookston Oil. One part which included Anderson-Prichard marketing and distribution units was incorporated in Delaware as a completely new company, named "APCO Oil Corporation".

Cultural references
The Ramsey Tower in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, completed in 1931, was for a period of time widely referred-to as "APCO Tower", while the Anderson-Prichard Oil Corporation was headquartered there. The building is now known as the "City Place Tower".

The W.S. Kelly Gas Station & General Store was an Anderson-Prichard gas station located in Cogar, Oklahoma, and appeared in a scene in the film, Rain Man, starring Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman. The "APCO Petroleum Products" road sign can be seen in the film in a scene where the two protagonists stop to use the phone booth.

References

External links

Defunct oil companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Oklahoma
Energy companies established in 1919
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1919
Companies disestablished in 1960
1953 mergers and acquisitions
1920 establishments in Oklahoma
1960 disestablishments in Oklahoma
Companies based in Oklahoma City

Anderson-Prichard Oil Corporation


İbrahim Özdemir (born January 1, 1960) is a  Kurdish philosopher, academic and Islamic environmentalist. He is a professor of philosophy at Uskudar University and Director General of the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of National Education, Turkey.

Early life
Özdemir was born on January 1, 1960, in İslahiye, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. His father, Mustafa, was a farmer and illiterate man. His mother, Ayşe, was a housewife. He grew up in İslahiye and Mardin, where he attended a state boarding school (1974–78).

Education
In 1980 he entered Divinity School of Ankara University, where he studied Islamic Philosophy, Theology, Intellectual History, and graduated in 1985. He started graduate studies at METU (Middle East Technical University), Department of Philosophy, Ankara. He studied for eleven years at METU to complete his studies. He studied with Teo Grünberg, Ahmet İnam, Alparslan Açıkgenç, Yasin Ceylan, Akın Ergüden, and Cemil Akdoğan. During his studies he had to worked as a consultant to the Prime Ministry's General Directorate of State Archives, (1987-1992).

He received his Ph.D. from METU in 1996. He presented his major paper, "Towards An Understanding Of Environmental Ethic From A Qur'anic Perspective",  to an International Conference on "Islam and Ecology" at Harvard University and later published as a chapter in Islam and Ecology, (Cambridge: Harvard Press, 2003).

He has traveled widely in the Muslim world and the West. He was visiting professor of Islamic Studies at Hartford University and Hartford Seminary. He lectured with Mary E. Tucker, at a seminar on Religion and Ecology at Gadjah Mada University, Jogyakarta, Indonesia, August 9–16, 2005.

He gives many public lectures and workshops in Turkey, Europe, the United States and other countries. His father died in 1988, and his mother died in 2009. He addresses different audiences about topics related to the philosophy of religion, world religions, environmental philosophy, sustainable development, religion and the environment, interreligious and intercultural dialogue and education.

Ideas
Özdemir is known for his studies in environmental philosophy in general and Islamic environmentalism in particular. After finishing his dissertation, The Ethical Dimension of Human Attitude Towards Nature (1997), he focused on Religion and Ecology. He founded an elective course on Religion and Ecology at Ankara University, which was later accepted by many universities in Turkey. He presented papers on this topic and participated panel discussions and workshops at home and abroad. Discovering and understanding the meaning of biodiversity for a sustainable ecology, he comes to understand and appreciate the full implication of cultural diversity for a sustainable human society. Then, he began to study Rumis's work, the greatest Muslim poet and Sufi of the 13th century.
Rumî's philosophy and ideas have made a profound impact on his perception of nature. For Rumî, a force—a secret energy—lies beneath the spiritual and material world, informing the invisible, progressive change in the universe (humanity included). This force is love, and it originates in God and moves towards God. The meaning of this understanding is clear for an environmentalist: Everything in the universe is interdependent and interconnected; everything's well-being is dependent on everything else.

In his first major work, The Ethical Dimension of Human Attitude Towards Nature, Özdemir suggested that there is a philosophical and ethical dimension to environmental problems.  While the technological, scientific and other relevant dimensions of the problem are acknowledged, the main emphasis is given to the ethical dimension of the issue at hand.  In addition, it is also argued that there is a direct and strong relationship between environmental problems and our understanding of nature. In other words, our treatment of and attitude towards natural objects mostly depend on how we understand and conceptualize the natural world as such.
One of his major articles "The Development of Environmental Consciousness in Modern Turkey", was published in Environmentalism in Muslim World, (ed. Richard Foltz, New York: Nova, 2005). He also contributed with three entries, "The Prophet Muhammad", "Rumi", and "Said Nursi" to in Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, ed. Bron Taylor and Jeffrey Kaplan (New York: Continuum, 2003).
His other works mainly were in Turkish and primarily focused on environmental and cultural studies. After working at the Ministry of National Education as Director General, he also interested in education in a comprehensive way and represented the Ministry at International Conferences held by UNESCO, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of Europe, European Union, etc.

Özdemir is the founder President of Society for Intercultural Research and Friendship, (1995).

Bibliography
 The Ethical Dimension of Human Attitude Towards Nature, (Ankara: Ministry of Environment, 1997).
 Cevre ve Din (Environment and Religion), (Ankara: Ministry of Environment, 1997).
 Cevre Sorunlari ve Islam, (Environmental Problems and Islam) (Ankara: Presidency of Religious Affairs Press, 1995 and 2nd edition 1997).
 Yalnız Gezegen, (Lonely Planet: Essays on Environmental Ethics and Philosophy) (Istanbul: Kaynak, 2001).
 Postmodern Dusunceler (Potmodern Thoughts: Essays On philosophy, philosophy of Science, and Postmodernity),  (Istanbul: Kaynak Yayinlari, 2002).
 Globalization, Ethics and Islam, editors: Ian Markham and Ibrahim Ozdemir, Aldershot: Ashgate. 2005.
 Care for Creation; An Islamic Perspective, Viverealtrimenti, London, 2022.

Books
 Globalization, Ethics and Islam, editors: Ian Markham and Ibrahim Ozdemir, Aldershot: Ashgate. 2005
 The Ethical Dimension of Human Attitude Towards Nature, Ministry of Environment, Ankara, 1997. (Out of Print)
 Environment and Religion (Çevre ve Din), Ministry of Environment, Ankara, 1997.
 Environmental Problems and Islam(Çevre Sorunları ve İslam), DIB Yay, Ankara, 1995. (with Munir Yukselmis).
 Lonely Planet: Essays on Environmental Ethics and Philosophy, (Yalnız Gezegen) Kaynak, Istanbul, 2001.
 Postmodern Thoughts (Postmodern Düşünceler), Kaynak Yayınları, Istanbul, 2001.

Translations

 'Mevalana Celaleddin Rumi'. Aşkta ve Yaratıcılıkta Yeniden Doğuş, Reza Arasteh, Kitabiyat, Ankara, 2000.
 'Newton's Science in the Context of Religion', Prof. Dr. Ernest-Wolf Gazo, (Din Bağlamında Newton'un Bilim Anlayışı), İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 6, sayı: 4.ı
 'Islam and Democracy', Robin Wright, (İslam ve Demokrasi: Yenilenmeyle İlgili İki Görüşü), Yeni Dergi, Sayı:10, 1997.
 'Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Ahlakı',  Ronald Engel, çeviri, A.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. Necati Öner Armağanı, c. XL, s255-271, 1999.
 Yol Ayrımındaki İslâm Araştırmalar Üzerine Düşünceler
 Batı'da Ve İslam'da Allah Anlayışına Felsefi Bir Yaklaşım
 Kur'an Bağlamında Bir Felsefe Kavramı
 Muhammed Alexander Russell Webb Osmanlının İlk New York Başkonsolosu
 Aşkta ve Yaratıcılıkta Yeniden Doğmak: Erick Fromm'un Gözüyle Mevlana

References

See also
Environmental philosophy
 Mawil Izzi Dien
Interfaith dialogue

1960 births
Living people
Turkish non-fiction writers
Turkish scientists
Turkish philosophers
University of Hartford faculty
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Turkey
Islamic environmentalists

İbrahim Özdemir


Pinscreen animation makes use of a screen filled with movable pins, which can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with any other animation technique, including traditional cel animation.

Origin

The technique was invented and developed by Alexandre Alexeïeff and his wife Claire Parker in their own studio in Paris, between 1932 (first tests) and 1935, when Claire Parker registered in her own name the Brevet d´Invention nº 792340 at the Direction de la Propriété Industrielle, Ministère du Commerce et de L´Industrie, République Française, Paris 1935. They made a total of 6 very short films with it, over a period of fifty years. The films have short running time, because the device is difficult to use, and have a monochrome nature, due to the images being created using shadows over a white surface.

There is no material evidence that the National Film Board of Canada was involved in the development of the technique. The National Film Board of Canada did buy one of the pinboards built by them and, as guests of the NFB, on August 7, 1972, Alexeïeff and Parker demonstrated the pinscreen to a group of animators at the NFB. Due to Cecile Starr (friend of Alexeieff and Parker, and distributor of their work in the US) most insisting intervention talking to Norman McLaren that the opportunity should not be missed to preserve Alexeïeff's knowledge, this demonstration was filmed, and later released by the NFB as Pin Screen. This film, along with "Pinscreen Tests" (1961), appear on disc 7 of the Norman McLaren: The Master's Edition DVD collection. In this film several animators can be seen in the end of the demonstration experimenting with the pinscreen board, including Caroline Leaf.

Until his retirement in 2005, the National Film Board's Jacques Drouin remained involved in pinscreen animation. Drouin's pinscreen work included the 1976 film Mindscape (Le paysagiste).  Michèle Lemieux, used the pinscreen with support of the NFB for her 2012 film Here and the Great Elsewhere.  In 2015, the CNC acquired and restored the Épinette, the last pinscreen that Alexeïeff and Parker built in 1977. Eight artists were invited to train on the newly restored device, under the direction of Lemieux as part of an initiative to inspire a new generation of pinscreen artists. French animator Justine Vuylsteker was one of the artists selected for the intensive four-week residency on the Épinette. This residency led Vuylsteker to complete the short film Embraced  in 2018.

The pinscreen device

A pinscreen is a white screen perforated with thousands of pins in small holes. Light shines from the side of the screen causing each pin to cast a shadow. Each pin, being able to slide back and forth through the holes, can cast different shadows. The pins do not move easily, presenting some resistance to movement in order to avoid unintended dislocation and thus image error. The pins' motion resistance depends on the pinscreen calibration. The white screen becomes darker the farther the pins are pushed out, protruding from the surface. The more the pins are pushed in less shadows are cast, the lighter the screen becomes, giving a grayish tone and eventually an all-white screen again.

The animation technique
According to Claire Parker, the images created by the pinscreen made it possible to make an animated movie which escaped from the flat, "comic" aspect of cel animation and plunged instead into the dramatic and the poetic by the exploitation of chiaroscuro, or shading effects. To obtain the desired gray tones that are cast from the shadows of the pins, several methods are used.

The original pinscreens built and used by Alexeïeff and Parker had more than 1 million pins. Today those pinscreens are at National Center of Cinematography and the moving image, near Paris. The pinscreen currently in Montreal, at National Film Board of Canada, has 240,000 pins. The pins are usually pressed with a small tool, groups of pins at a time, or with other specialized instruments. Being so thin, it is very difficult, and actually not desirable, to manipulate individual pins: moving one pin at a time there is the risk that it bends, thus ruining the pinscreen. Furthermore, the shadow cast by one single pin is negligible, almost non perceivable; only when manipulated in groups are the pins' shadows sufficiently dense to produce the chiaroscuro effect. Groups of pins are pressed and protruded with different tools, from specially created ones to more mundane, such as lamp bulbs, spoons, forks, and even Russian Matryoshka dolls. Frames are created one at a time, each frame being the incremental modification of the previous one. After each frame has been photographed, the images are strung together to create an image without pauses. The frame assembly containing the pins was built very solidly and mounted in a secure fashion to offer a stable image to the animation camera day after day, week after week as each image of the movie was painstakingly composed.

This form of animation is extremely time consuming and difficult to execute, rendering it the least popular method of animation. An additional reason for its unpopularity is its expensive nature. Individually, the pins are relatively cheap; however, it is not uncommon that a million or more may be used to complete a single screen, quickly increasing the cost for manufacture.

Probably the most famous use of Pin Screen technique is Orson Welles' 1962 film of Kafka's novel The Trial; the film begins with a brief but striking memorable Pin Screen segment, elements of which reappear in a later scene projected onto and behind the actors.

Digital pinscreen animation
Because of the cost and labor-intensive animation process, several computer programs have been made with the goal of simulating the images generated by a physical pinscreen. One of the advantages of using digital pinscreen animation is the recovery of images. With the traditional pinscreen, there is no way to recover a previous image except for creating it all over again with no guarantee of precision. With digital pinscreen, the same image can be retrieved and altered without having to be recreated.

See also
 Refreshable braille display

References

External links
 National Film Board of Canada – Overview of the pinscreen animation technique - Link no longer available
Watch Mindscape and a trailer for  Here and the Great Elsewhere at NFB.ca
 The Pinscreen in the Era of the Digital Image by Pedro Faria Lopes
 Encarta Article on  Animation
 Pinscreen animations by Alexandre Alexeieff at YouTube

Animation techniques
Stop motion
National Film Board of Canada

Pinscreen animation


The University of Dole was founded in 1423 by Philip the Good of Burgundy at Dole in the Free County of Burgundy (then a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, but now in France). It became a leading university in western Europe, historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law.

History
From its foundation the university was student run, on the Bologna model, but in 1613 the college of professors sent a formal deputy to the archdukes in Brussels, seeking to convert the University to a Magisteruniversität such as Louvain and Douai. The archdukes issued edicts (1616-1618) with that intent, but the students would not have it, overtly repudiated the edicts, and boycotted the university. It is probable that the edicts were never enforced.

In 1691 Louis XIV, who had conquered the region in 1678, moved the university from Dole to Besançon where its successor is now known as the University of Franche-Comté.

Notable faculty
 Henry Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim - lectured on Johann Reuchlin's De verbo mirifico (1509)

Notable alumni
 Wigle Aytta van Zwichem (1507-1577) – Dutch statesman and jurist, received his doctorate from Dole in 1526
 Otto von Truchsess von Waldburg (1514-1573) –  Prince-Bishop of Augsburg
 Claude de La Baume (1534-1584) – cardinal and Archbishop of Besançon
 Balthazar Gerards (1557-1584) – assassin of William the Silent
 Jean-Baptiste Besard (1567-1625?) – Lawyer, Doctor of Medicine and Composer for the Lute
 Antoine Brun (1599-1654) – diplomat
 Jean-Bernard Knepper – Burgomeister of Luxemburg City 1693-1698

See also
 List of medieval universities

Notes

References
 Beaune and D'Arbaumont, (1870) Les Universités de Franche-Comté: Gray, Dole, Besançon J. Marchand, Dijon HathiTrust
 Theurot, J. (1992) "L'Université de Dole de sa fondation à son transfer à Besançon", in M. Gresset and F. Lassus (eds) Institutions et vie universitaire dans l'Europe d'hier et d'anjour d'hui. Actes du Colloque de l'Association interuniversitaire de l'Est Paris, pp. 25-44

1420s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Dole
Dole
1423 establishments in Europe

University of Dole


The Phillips Gadabout was one of a number of mopeds produced in the early 1960s by Phillips Cycles of Birmingham, England.  The Gadabout was the more expensive model, boasting two-speed manual transmission and telescopic front fork suspension.  The Gadabout had a pressed-steel frame, not unlike the German NSU Quickly  whereas the more basic Phillips Panda, had a tubular bicycle-style frame.  After Phillips Cycles became part of the Raleigh Industries/Tube Investments group, the Gadabout became a French Mótobecane Mobylette badged as a Phillips.

Mopeds

Phillips Gadabout


Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production.  Adam Smith is considered one of the primary initial writers on economic liberalism, and his writing is generally regarded as representing the economic expression of 19th-century liberalism up until the Great Depression and rise of Keynesianism in the 20th century. Historically, economic liberalism arose in response to feudalism and mercantilism.

Economic liberalism is associated with markets and private ownership of capital assets. Economic liberals tend to oppose government intervention and protectionism in the market economy when it inhibits free trade and competition, but tend to support government intervention where it protects property rights, opens new markets or funds market growth, and resolves market failures. An economy that is managed according to these precepts may be described as a liberal economy or operating under liberal capitalism. Economic liberals commonly adhere to a political and economic philosophy that advocates a restrained fiscal policy and a balanced budget through measures such as low taxes, reduced government spending, and minimized government debt. Free trade, deregulation, tax cuts, privatization, labour market flexibility, and opposition to trade unions are also common positions.

Economic liberalism can be contrasted with protectionism because of its support for free trade and an open economy, and is considered opposed to planned economies and non-capitalist economic orders, such as socialism. As such, economic liberalism today is associated with classical liberalism, neoliberalism, right-libertarianism, and some schools of conservatism like liberal conservatism and fiscal conservatism. Economic liberalism follows the same philosophical approach as classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism.

Origin and early history

Developed during the Age of Enlightenment, particularly by Adam Smith, economic liberalism was born as the theory of economics of liberalism, which advocates minimal interference by government in the economy. Arguments in favor of economic liberalism were advanced by Smith and others during the age of enlightenment, opposing feudalism and mercantilism. It was first analyzed by Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), which advocated minimal interference of government in a market economy, although it did not necessarily oppose the state's provision of basic public goods. In Smith's view, if everyone is left to his own economic devices instead of being controlled by the state, the result would be a harmonious and more equal society of ever-increasing prosperity. This underpinned the move towards a capitalist economic system in the late 18th century and the subsequent demise of the mercantilist system. Private property and individual contracts form the basis of economic liberalism.

The early theory of economic liberalism was based on the assumption that the economic actions of individuals are largely based on self-interest (invisible hand) and that allowing them to act without any restrictions will produce the best results for everyone (spontaneous order), provided that at least minimum standards of public information and justice exist, so that no one is allowed to coerce, steal, or commit fraud, and there should be freedom of speech and press. This ideology was well reflected in English law; Lord Ackner, denying the existence of a duty of good faith in English contract law, emphasised the "adversarial position of the parties when involved in negotiations".

Initial opposition
Initially, the economic liberals had to contend with arguments from the supporters of feudal privileges for the wealthy, traditions of the aristocracy and the rights of monarchs to run national economies in their own personal interests. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, this opposition was largely defeated in the primary capital markets of Western countries.

The Ottoman Empire had liberal free trade policies by the 18th century, with origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673, in 1740 which lowered duties to only 3% for imports and exports and in 1790. Ottoman free trade policies were praised by British economists advocating free trade such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but criticized by British politicians opposing free trade such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate, arguing that it destroyed what had been "some of the finest manufactures of the world" in 1812.

Contrast with other economic philosophies

Contrast between British and American views
Historian Kathleen G. Donohue argues that classical liberalism in the United States during the 19th century had distinctive characteristics as opposed to Britain: "[A]t the center of classical liberal theory [in Europe] was the idea of laissez-faire. To the vast majority of American classical liberals, however, laissez-faire did not mean no government intervention at all. On the contrary, they were more than willing to see government provide tariffs, railroad subsidies, and internal improvements, all of which benefited producers. What they condemned was intervention in behalf of consumers."

Limits of influence and influence on other perspectives
In its initial formation, economic liberalism was focused on promoting the idea of private ownership and trade; however, due to a growing awareness of concerns regarding policy, the rise of economic liberalism paved the way for a new form of liberalism, known as social liberalism. This promoted an accommodation for government intervention in order to help the poor. As subsequent authors picked up and promoted widespread appeal of a subset of Smith's economic theories to support their own work—of free trade, the division of labour, and the principle of individual initiative—this contributed to obscuring other aspects of the rich body of political liberalism to be found in Smith's work. For example, his work promoted the ideal that the everyday man could hold ownership of his own property and trade, which Smith felt would slowly allow for individuals to take control of their places within society.

Economic liberalism and fiscal liberalism (conservatism)
Economic liberalism is a much broader concept than fiscal liberalism, which is called fiscal conservatism or economic libertarianism in the United States. The ideology that highlighted the financial aspect of economic liberalism is called fiscal liberalism, which is defined as support for free trade.

Position on state interventionism
Economic liberalism opposes government intervention in the economy when it leads to inefficient outcomes. They are supportive of a strong state that protects the right to property and enforces contracts. They may also support government interventions to resolve market failures. Ordoliberalism and various schools of social liberalism based on classical liberalism include a broader role for the state but do not seek to replace private enterprise and the free market with public enterprise and economic planning. A social market economy is a largely free-market economy based on a free price system and private property that is supportive of government activity to promote competition in markets and social welfare programs to address social inequalities that result from market outcomes.

See also

 Conservatism in the United States
 Constitutional economics
 Doux commerce
 Economic freedom
 Economic liberalization
 Economic progressivism
 Georgism
 Laissez-faire
 Libertarianism in the United States

References

Bibliography

External links

Classical liberalism
Conservative liberalism
Economic globalization
Economic ideologies
Free market
Ideologies of capitalism
Liberalism
Neoliberalism
Political ideologies

Economic liberalism


Hrair Simonian (; born January 8, 1991) is an Armenian chess grandmaster. Simonian is a well seasoned blitz player, having reached the final of the Internet Chess Club Blitz Open tournament and drew Hikaru Nakamura in a match 3–3. In 2011, Simonian took joint first in the 72nd Armenian Chess Championship, he shared the title with Karen H. Grigoryan.

Notes

External links

Hrair Simonian chess games at 365Chess.com

Chess grandmasters
Armenian chess players
1991 births
Living people

Hrair Simonian