Charles Gray (born Donald Marshall Gray; 28 August 1928 – 7 March 2000) was an English actor and voice artist who was well known for roles including the arch-villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever; Dikko Henderson in a previous Bond film, You Only Live Twice; Sherlock Holmes's brother Mycroft Holmes in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; and The Criminologist in The Rocky Horror Picture Show.

Early life
Gray was born in Bournemouth, Hampshire, the son of surveyor Donald Gray (died 1975), who had served as a Captain in the Royal Engineers, and Maude Elizabeth (née Marshall). Gray attended Bournemouth School alongside Benny Hill, whose school had been evacuated to the same buildings, during the Second World War. Some of his friends remember that his bedroom walls were plastered with pictures of film stars.

Stage career

By his mid-twenties, Gray had left his first job as a clerk for an estate agent to become an actor. He began his stage experience at the theatre club next to the Palace Court Hotel in Bournemouth, where he was a last-minute cast replacement in The Beaux' Stratagem. Gray surprised everyone, including himself, with the quality of his performance. He moved away from Bournemouth in the late 1950s, but his parents remained at the family home until their deaths.

On becoming a professional actor he had to change his name, as there was already an actor named Donald Gray. He chose Charles Gray partly because Charles was the name of his maternal grandfather, partly because he had a close friend named Charles, and partly because he thought it sounded nice. For his first appearance on Broadway, in the 1961 musical Kean, he went under the name Oliver Gray.

Charles Gray distinguished himself in theatrical roles, in the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre, London, at the Royal Shakespeare Company, Stratford-Upon-Avon and at the Old Vic. He received his vocal training at the RSC and became noted for his imposing presence.

Film and television

During the 1960s, Gray established himself as a successful character actor and made many appearances on British television. Work in this period included Danger Man, with Patrick McGoohan, and Maigret. Gray also appeared opposite Laurence Olivier in the film version of The Entertainer (1960) as a reporter. He played Jack Baker that same year in the Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Bullied Bowler". Perhaps his earliest appearance in an American TV series was in S2 E8 of "Rawhide", in which he played military officer Flagg in "Incident of the Haunted Hills" which aired 11/5/1959.

His breakthrough year was 1967, when he starred with Peter O'Toole and Omar Sharif in the Second World War murder-mystery film The Night of the Generals. The same year, he played Dikko Henderson, a British intelligence officer assigned to their Embassy in Tokyo, in the Bond film You Only Live Twice (1967). Four years later, he appeared as Ernst Stavro Blofeld in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever (1971), both films starring Sean Connery as James Bond.

Gray's most prolific work as an actor was between 1968 and 1979, when he appeared in more than forty major film and television productions. From this period, he is perhaps best known for portraying the Criminologist (the narrator) in The Rocky Horror Picture Show and a similar character, Judge Oliver Wright, in its sequel Shock Treatment (1981). This more expansive role is said to be the same character (the Criminologist in The Rocky Horror Picture Show is not named). In 1973, he played Lord Seacroft in the television series The Upper Crusts opposite Margaret Leighton, and in 1983, he starred alongside Coral Browne and Alan Bates in the award-winning made-for-TV film An Englishman Abroad. In 1985, he starred in an episode of the BBC-TV detective series Bergerac, entitled "What Dreams May Come?". Other well-known film work includes The Devil Rides Out, Mosquito Squadron, Cromwell and The Beast Must Die. In 1991, Gray co-starred with Oliver Tobias in the science-fiction film Firestar – First Contact for Ice International Films.

Later work
Gray portrayed Mycroft Holmes in both the film The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976) and opposite Jeremy Brett's Sherlock in four episodes of the Granada Television series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1984). In two episodes of the final Brett series, The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes, he had leading roles as Mycroft, the first because Edward Hardwicke, who played Doctor Watson, was busy on another project and the second as a result of Brett's illness.

Other television appearances included roles in Dennis Potter's Blackeyes, The New Statesman, Thriller, Upstairs, Downstairs, Bergerac, Porterhouse Blue plus a range of Shakespearean roles, such as Caesar in Julius Caesar and Pandarus in Troilus and Cressida. He dubbed for Jack Hawkins in the film Theatre of Blood and others after Hawkins's larynx was removed to combat throat cancer.

Death
Gray died of cancer in a London hospital on 7 March 2000 at the age of 71.

Selected filmography

 I Accuse! (1958) as Capt. Brossard
 Heart of a Child (1958) as Fritz Heiss
 Official Detective (1958) Episode: "Extortion" as King
 The Desperate Man (1959) as Dawson
 Follow a Star (1959) as Taciturn Man at Party (uncredited)
 Tommy the Toreador (1959) as Gomez
 The Entertainer (1960) as Columnist
 Man in the Moon (1960) as Leo
 Masquerade (1965) as Benson
 The Night of the Generals (1967) as General Herbert von Seidlitz-Gabler
 You Only Live Twice (1967) as Dikko Henderson
 The Man Outside (1967) as Charles Griddon
 The Secret War of Harry Frigg (1968) as Gen. Adrian Cox-Roberts
 The Devil Rides Out (1968) as Mocata
 The Nine Ages of Nakedness (1969) as Narrator (voice)
 The File of the Golden Goose (1969) as The Owl
 Mosquito Squadron (1969) as Air Commodore Hufford
 The Executioner (1970) as Vaughan Jones
 Cromwell (1970) as The Earl of Essex
 When Eight Bells Toll (1971) as Sir Anthony Skouras (voice, uncredited)
 Diamonds Are Forever (1971) as Ernst Stavro Blofeld
 Theatre of Blood (1973) as Solomon Psaltery (voice, uncredited)
 Tales That Witness Madness (1973) as Jack Hawkins Voice Double (voice, uncredited)
 On the Game (1974) as Narrator (voice)
 The Beast Must Die (1974) as Bennington
 Fall of Eagles (1974) as Mikhail Rodzianko
 The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) as The Criminologist – An Expert
 Seven Nights in Japan (1976) as Henry Hollander
 The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976) as Mycroft Holmes
 Three Dangerous Ladies as Mr. Santander (segment: The Island)
 Silver Bears (1978) as Charles Cook
 Richard II (1978) as Duke of York
 The Legacy (1978) as Karl Liebnecht
 The Mirror Crack'd (1980) as Bates, The Butler
 Ticket to Heaven (1981) as Musician
 Shock Treatment (1981) as Judge Oliver Wright
 Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982) as John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
 The Jigsaw Man (1983) as Sir James Chorley
 The Gourmet (1984) as Manley Kingston
  (1990) as Satan
 Firestar: First Contact (1991) as Commodore Vandross
 The Beano Video (1993) as Narrator #4 (voice)
 The Tichborne Claimant (1998) as Arundell

Notes

References

External links

 Obituary in The Guardian

1928 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from cancer in England
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male musical theatre actors
People educated at Bournemouth School
Actors from Bournemouth
20th-century English male actors

Charles Gray (actor)


Conrad John Schuck Jr. (born February 4, 1940) is an American film, stage and television actor. He is best known for his role as Sgt. Charles Enright in the 1970s crime drama McMillan & Wife. He also played Herman Munster in the late-1980s/early 1990s sitcom The Munsters Today, playing the role originated by Fred Gwynne in the 1960s sitcom The Munsters.

Schuck is also known for his work on Star Trek, often playing Klingon characters, as well as his recurring roles as Draal on Babylon 5 and as Chief of Detectives Muldrew of the New York City Police Department in Law & Order.

Life and career
Schuck was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Mary (née Hamilton) and Conrad John Schuck, a professor at SUNY Buffalo. He is of English and German descent.

He made his first theatrical appearances at Denison University, and after graduating continued his career at the Cleveland Play House, Baltimore's Center Stage, and finally the American Conservatory Theater, where he was discovered by Robert Altman.

His first film appearance was as Capt. Walter Kosciuszko "Painless Pole" Waldowski in M*A*S*H (1970). As Painless, Schuck holds a place in Hollywood history as the first person to say "fuck" in a major studio film. He went on to appear in several more Altman films: Brewster McCloud (1970), McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and Thieves Like Us (1974).

In 1970 he appeared as insurance salesman and former Minnesota Vikings lineman Frank Carelli in Episode 5 of the first season of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, "Keep Your Guard Up."

From 1971 to 1977, Schuck appeared as San Francisco Police Detective Sergeant Charles Enright in the television series McMillan & Wife and also starred as an overseer in the miniseries Roots. In 1976, he played Gregory "Yoyo" Yoyonovich in the short-lived series Holmes & Yoyo; both it and McMillan & Wife were created and produced by Leonard B. Stern for what is now NBCUniversal Television. Schuck starred in ABC's 1979 TV holiday special The Halloween That Almost Wasn't as the Frankenstein Monster. (He would again use the Universal International Frankenstein-monster makeup format in The Munsters Today; see below.) He played Ox, a jewel thief in "The Love Boat" S1 E15 "Caper" which aired 1/20/1978. In 1979 he starred in a short-lived TV series version of Turnabout, where he and Sharon Gless played Sam and Penny, a couple who trade bodies. Some installments from that comedy series were reedited into the made-for-TV film Magic Statue, named for the artifact that caused the body-swap.

In the 1970s–80s, Schuck was also a regular "guest celebrity" on game shows such as Pyramid, Hollywood Squares, Password Plus and Super Password and The Cross-Wits.

During this period, he made his Broadway debut playing Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks as a replacement in the role of the original Broadway musical comedy Annie at the Alvin Theatre, for a special three-week engagement. In 1980, he began appearing as a "regular replacement" for a year and a half, along with Allison Smith as Annie and Alice Ghostley as Miss Hannigan.

Later work
In 1986, Schuck took the role of Klingon ambassador Kamarag in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. He reprised the role in 1991 in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country.

Also in the 1980s, Schuck starred as Herman Munster in the syndicated situation comedy The Munsters Today, co-starring Lee Meriwether as Lily Munster. In character as Herman, a role Fred Gwynne originated in the 1960s, Schuck was made up as the Frankenstein Monster, according to the makeup format whose copyright NBCUniversal still owns, for the second time in his career; the first (see above) was in The Halloween That Almost Wasn't.

He guest starred in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as Legate Parn, Star Trek: Voyager as Chorus #3, Star Trek: Enterprise as Antaak, and Babylon 5 as Draal in "The Long, Twilight Struggle" (1995). In 1994, he appeared as Ralgha nar Hhallas (callsign Hobbes) in Wing Commander III: Heart of the Tiger.  He then guest-starred in several episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as the NYPD Chief of Detectives Muldrew.

Under his full name of "Conrad John Schuck," he opened in the role of Daddy Warbucks in the 1997 Broadway revival of Annie and in 2005 and 2006 toured nationally in the role. He later appeared in the films Holy Matrimony and String of the Kite.

In 2013, he appeared as Senator Max Evergreen in Nice Work If You Can Get It. Most recently, Schuck joined the cast of writer/director Chris Blake's (a.k.a. Christopher Blake Johnson) indie horror film, All Light Will End.

Personal life
Schuck married actress Susan Bay, with whom he had a son, Aaron Bay-Schuck. The couple divorced in 1983. He married his current wife, painter Harrison Houlé, in 1990.

Filmography
 1970 Mary Tyler Moore Show as Frank Carelli
 1970 MASH as Captain "Painless Pole" Waldowski
 1970 The Moonshine War as E.J. Royce
 1970 Brewster McCloud as Officer Johnson
 1971 McCabe & Mrs. Miller as Smalley
 1972 Hammersmith Is Out as Henry Joe
 1973 Blade as Reardon
 1974 Thieves Like Us as Chicamaw
 Holmes and Yo-yo 1976-1977

 1979 Turnabout (TV Series) as Sam Alston/Penny Alston
 1979 Butch and Sundance: The Early Days as "Kid" Curry / Harvey Logan
 1979 Just You and Me, Kid as Stan
 1981 Earthbound as Sheriff De Rita
 1984 Finders Keepers as Police Chief Norris
 1986 Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home as Klingon Ambassador
 1987 Outrageous Fortune as Agent Atkins
 1988 The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking as Captain Efraim Longstocking
 1989 My Mom's a Werewolf as Howard Shaber
 1989 Second Sight as Lieutenant "Noogie" Manoogian
 1990 Dick Tracy as Reporter
 1991 Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country as Klingon Ambassador
 1994 Holy Matrimony as Markowski
 1994 Pontiac Moon as Officer
 1995 Freakazoid! as Arms Akimbo (voice)
 1995 Demon Knight as Sheriff Tupper
 2001 The Curse of the Jade Scorpion as Mize
 2014 Closer to God as Sydney
 2018 All Light Will End as Psychiatrist

References

External links

1940 births
American people of English descent
American people of German descent
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Denison University alumni
Living people
Male actors from Boston
Singers from Massachusetts
American Conservatory Theater alumni

John Schuck


Fred and George Weasley are characters in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. They are twins and brothers of Harry Potter's best friend Ron Weasley; younger than Bill, Charlie, and Percy, but older than Ginny and Ron. They're in the middle of the seven Weasley children.  They have red hair and are proud to be Weasleys. In the movies, both twins are tall and skinny. In the books they are described as shorter and stockier than Ron.

Although these two are not very big characters in the seven-book installment, they play some big roles in a few books. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the twins show Harry the Marauder's Map that they found that leads to many useful and helpful things. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (their seventh year), the two escape Hogwarts and the new Defense Against The Dark Arts teacher, Professor Umbridge and left a fantastic fireworks show and a giant "W". The students found it amusing and use the phrase "rolling a Weasley" to describe disappointment at something and wanted to go away. Fred and George are also involved in Harry's big study group that is called D.A. (Dumbledore's Army). In the beginning of Half-Blood Prince, Ron, Hermione, and Harry, followed by Ginny, Mrs. and Mr. Weasley, visit the twins in their new joke shop. They are excited to see them and show all their new joke shop supplies. In Deathly Hallows, Fred Weasley gets killed outside the room of requirement by an explosion presumably by Augustus Rookwood, breaking the hearts of many Harry Potter fans. George gets his ear accidentally cut off by Severus Snape using Sectumsempra. George marries Angelina Johnson.

Fred and George are usually described as determined, mischievous, and very sneaky. They get scolded by their mother, Molly Weasley for many things that they  do (for example, Apparating right in front of her eyes in Order of the Phoenix.)

The actors who portrayed Fred and George are James and Oliver Phelps respectively. Oliver is actually the older twin, but Fred is older than George. Two differences between the Phelps twins is that Oliver has a mole on the right side of his neck, while James does not and James has a slightly deeper voice than Oliver.

Harry Potter characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1997

Fred and George Weasley


Llanpumsaint (; Welsh "Llan" church + "pum" five + "saint" saint(s)) is a village and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales. In the 2001 UK Census, Llanpumsaint community had a population of 595. It is not to be confused with Pumsaint, a small village some distance away on the River Cothi. The population increased in 2011 to 734, and thus the percentage of Welsh speakers declined.

Llanpumsaint community comprises the neighbouring hamlet of Nebo, the spiritual community and temple at Skanda Vale and a number of farms.

According to the 2001 Census, 50% of those living in Llanpumsaint community are able to speak, read and write Welsh, this is well above the 39% average recorded for Carmarthenshire in the same census.

Location
Llanpumsaint is located on a minor road that joins the B4336 just north of Bronwydd Arms and the A486 at Llandysul and Pentrecwrt. The village straddles the River Gwili between Bronwydd and Llanllawddog, at the confluence of two small tributaries, Nant-cwm-cerwyn and Nant Aeron. The nearest major settlement is Carmarthen, approximately  away by road.

The community is bordered by the communities of: Llanfihangel-ar-Arth; Llanllawddog; Bronwydd; and Cynwyl Elfed, all being in Carmarthenshire.

History

Foundation
The name Llanpumsaint translates as "Parish of the Five Saints" ("Llan" means church or enclosed area of land). The five saints were brothers named Gwyn, Gwynno, Gwynoro, Ceitho and Celynin who came from the nearby hamlet of Cynwyl Gaeo. They were sons of Cynyr Barbtruc (or "cut-beard"; Welsh: "Cynyr Farfdrwch") and descendants of Cunedda the Imperator (Welsh: "Cynyr Wledig").

The five brothers are said to have built the Llanpumsaint Parish Church around the 5th or 6th Century. It is thought that they built the church on a pre-existing pagan site. There are also five pools in Nant-cwm-cerwyn which are named after each of the saints. These pools were the destination for pilgrimages to the village during the Middle Ages. Such pilgrimages tended to take place around the time of St. David's Day.

The names of the five saints appear elsewhere in the area. One of the brothers, Ceitho, is the patron saint of Llangeitho in Ceredigion where he founded an abbey and lived as a hermit there within. Another example is St Celynin's Church in the neighbouring community of Bronwydd which was built as a missionary church to Llanpumsaint in 1894.

Evidence of medieval settlement at Pant Glas
At Allt Pant Glas, to the south of Llanpumsaint village, there are earthworks indicating the site of a possible medieval timber castle of the motte and bailey or ringwork form.

Railway village 1864-1965

In 1860 the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway was opened. "Llanpumpsaint" station was opened in 1864 when the line was extended as far as Llandysul. At the height of its operation, the Carmarthen Aberystwyth Line linked Llanpumsaint to Carmarthen in the south (connecting to the West Wales Line) and to Cardigan, Aberaeron and Aberystwyth (connecting to the Cambrian Line) in the north.

The railway served the village for over 100 years until the line finally closed (having ceased carrying passengers in February 1965 and the station). Freight trains continued to pass through the village on their way between Felin Fach and Carmarthen until 1973 when the line was finally closed and lifted.

The dismantled railway still passes through the village and, until recently, the original "Llanpumpsaint" station sign could be seen in front of the Railway Inn. In neighbouring Bronwydd, a 1 mile long section of the line was reopened in 1978 for tourists and named the Gwili Railway. The Gwili Railway aims to eventually restore the railway as far as Llanpumsaint. Plans are currently underway to extend the line Southwards to the site of Abergwili Junction. However, the logistics of restoring the track as far north as Llanpumsaint (there are around seven derelict bridges crossing the Gwili between Conwyl Elfed and Llanpumsaint) mean that there is currently no timetable for restoration.

Llanpumsaint Parish Church
Llanpumsaint Parish Church (The Church of St Celynin, Ceitho, Gwyn, Gwyno and Gwynoro) is a medieval church belonging to the Church in Wales. The precise age of the church is unknown. At the time of the Religious census of 1851, the parish priest William Henry Powell attested that the church had been "...consecrated from time immemorial." There is a 6th-century Ogham stone in the churchyard which may give some indication of the church's age. The original church building was restored in 1882. An extension to the nave and the porch date from 1933.
The east window of the nave was designed by Mildred "Elsi" Eldridge, the wife of renowned Welsh poet R. S. Thomas.

Very near to Llanpumsaint Parish Church is Bethel Presbyterian Chapel which was originally built in 1796. Nearer to the old railway line there is also Caersalem Baptist Chapel which was built in 1904.

Skanda Vale

Skanda Vale, also known as "The Community of the Many Names of God", is an interfaith temple/monastery located in the Llanpumsaint Community, at a distance of  from Llanpumsaint village. The temple holds festivals which are attended by pilgrims from all over the UK and even further afield. Skanda Vale also runs a hospice and is a registered charity.

Valli the elephant was given to Skanda Vale as a gift from the Sri Lankan president in 1981.

Notable people
Martha Llwyd (1766-1845) Welsh poet and hymnist.
William Williams (1788-1865) Welsh businessman based in London, Radical MP 1835–1847 and 1850–1865
David Owen (Brutus) (1795-1866), a satirical writer, editor and preacher.
Timothy Davies (politician) (1857-1951) Welsh businessman based in London, Mayor of Fulham, Liberal MP 1906-1920
Jennie Eirian Davies (1925-1982), Welsh politician and magazine editor.

References

External links
Llanpumsaint community website
GENUKI: Llanpumsaint
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Llanpumsaint and surrounding area

Communities in Carmarthenshire
Villages in Carmarthenshire

Llanpumsaint


Detachment Hotel (also known as "the Kennedy Bunker") is the name used to refer to a small  bunker complex on Peanut Island, Florida. It was originally designed for use by the President of the United States, specifically John F. Kennedy, in the event of a nuclear war. Constructed in 1960, the bunker was closed less than three years later, and its existence was declassified in 1974. From 1998 to 2017, it was open to the public as a historic site.

Early history
The decision to construct a presidential bunker in Florida was driven by the location of a Kennedy family home in Palm Beach, Florida. In the event of a nuclear attack, then-President John Kennedy could be evacuated to the Detachment Hotel site from Palm Beach by helicopter in about five minutes.

The facility was built by the United States Naval Construction Forces ("Seabees") over the course of one-to-two weeks in December 1960, the month prior to Kennedy's inauguration, and was designed to house up to 30 people for 30 days. Access to the facility is through a tunnel of corrugated metal tubing, hardened overhead with lead plating and  of dirt. An emergency exit exists opposite the main entrance. The facility also contains a decontamination room and radio room.

The Detachment Hotel site is located near to a small United States Coast Guard station, which provided cover for the project; official communications said the construction was being done to build storage facilities for the nearby station. It is possible Kennedy visited the Detachment Hotel site. According to official files, Kennedy participated in drills that would have taken him to the location on two separate occasions, while a witness has recalled seeing the presidential yacht Honey Fitz operating near Peanut Island at least twice during the Kennedy presidency.

Public opening
The bunker was closed in 1963 following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and its existence declassified in 1974. Largely abandoned and forgotten, it fell into disrepair in the 1990s. Maintenance of the site was subsequently assumed by the Palm Beach Maritime Museum who restored the facility and opened it to the public in 1998 under the name "the Kennedy Bunker". As of 2016 it was the subject of a dispute between the museum and the Port of Palm Beach, which owns the site. The Port of Palm Beach assumed control of the Kennedy Bunker in 2017 and the Maritime Museum, including the Bunker, was closed. Park officials are not able to say with confidence when, or if, it may reopen.

See also
 Orange One
 Tagansky Protected Command Point

Notes

References

Bunkers
Cold War
Presidency of John F. Kennedy
Air raid shelters
Continuity of government in the United States
Historic sites in Florida
Government buildings completed in 1960
1960 establishments in Florida
Buildings and structures in Palm Beach County, Florida

Detachment Hotel


The Big Sleep is a 1978 neo-noir film, the second film version of Raymond Chandler's 1939 novel of the same name. The picture was directed by Michael Winner and stars Robert Mitchum in his second film portrayal of the detective Philip Marlowe (following Farewell, My Lovely three years earlier). The cast includes Sarah Miles, Candy Clark, Joan Collins, and Oliver Reed, also featuring James Stewart as General Sternwood.

The story's setting was changed from 1940s Los Angeles to 1970s London. The film contained material more explicit than what could only be hinted at in the 1946 version, such as homosexuality, pornography, and nudity. Mitchum was 60 at the time of filming, far older than Chandler's 33-year-old Marlowe (or the 1946 film's 38-year-old Marlowe played by Bogart who was 44 at the time).

Plot
In 1970s England, private detective Philip Marlowe (Robert Mitchum) is asked to the stately home of General Sternwood (James Stewart), who hires Marlowe to learn who is blackmailing him. While at the mansion, he meets the general's spoiled and inquisitive daughter Charlotte (Sarah Miles) and wild younger daughter Camilla (Candy Clark).

Marlowe's investigation of the homosexual pornographer Arthur Geiger (John Justin) leads him to Agnes Lozelle (Joan Collins), an employee of Geiger, and to Joe Brody (Edward Fox), a man that Agnes has taken up with. He also discovers Camilla at the scene of Geiger's murder, where she has posed for nude photographs, and takes her home safely to a grateful Charlotte.

Returning to the crime scene, Marlowe is interrupted by gambler Eddie Mars (Oliver Reed), who owns the house where Geiger's body was found. Mars' wife Mona hasn't been seen in a while and may have run off with Rusty Regan (David Savile), Charlotte's missing husband. Due to Charlotte Regan's gambling debts, Mars appears to have a hold over Charlotte as well.

Camilla tries to get her pictures back from Brody, who is now in possession of them. Marlowe intervenes but Brody is shot and killed by someone unseen.

A man named Harry Jones (Colin Blakely) comes to Marlowe with a proposition. He is working with Agnes now, and she is willing to sell information as to Mrs. Mars' whereabouts. But on the night Marlowe shows up for their meeting, Harry is poisoned by Lash Canino (Richard Boone), a hit man working for Eddie Mars.

Marlowe pays Agnes for the address. He tracks down Canino at a remote garage, where he is overpowered and taken prisoner. Mars' supposedly missing wife Mona (Diana Quick) is there as well. At a moment when Canino is out, Marlowe persuades her to set him free. In a shootout, he then kills Canino.

Camilla appears to be grateful to Marlowe and asks him to teach her how to use the gun so that she can protect herself. He takes her to a wood and sets up an empty can on the ruins of a Roman castle for her to use as a target. She points the gun at him and pulls the trigger repeatedly, but Marlowe was prepared for this and had given her a gun loaded with blanks. She becomes hysterical at the ruse and he takes her home. It turns out that the emotionally disturbed Camilla had murdered her sister's husband Rusty and that Charlotte had covered everything up with Eddie Mars' help.

After confronting Charlotte with the facts, Marlowe tells her to have Camilla hospitalized. He then drives away from the Sternwood residence the same way he came in, hoping that the gravely ill general will never know the complete truth.

Cast
 Robert Mitchum as Philip Marlowe
 Sarah Miles as Charlotte Sternwood Regan
 Richard Boone as Lash Canino
 Candy Clark as Camilla Sternwood
 Joan Collins as Agnes Lozelle
 Edward Fox as Joe Brody
 John Mills as Inspector Jim Carson
 James Stewart as General Sternwood
 Oliver Reed as Eddie Mars
 Harry Andrews as Norris the butler
 Colin Blakely as Harry Jones
 Richard Todd as Commander Barker
 Diana Quick as Mona Grant
 James Donald as Inspector Gregory
 John Justin as Arthur Geiger
 Simon Fisher Turner as Karl Lundgren
 Martin Potter as Owen Taylor

Production
The film was originally developed for United Artists, as when that studio bought the Warner Bros. library they obtained the remake rights. It went to the Rank Organisation before eventually finding finance via Lew Grade. Michael Winner said an American was meant to adapt it but did not agree with changing the locale to Britain so Winner did it first. "I've changed the storyline far less than in the Hawks film", said Winner.

Diana Quick performs the song "Won't Somebody Dance with Me", a ballad composed by Lynsey De Paul.

Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 and wrote that "despite all the great costumes and sets and London locations they're given to work with, the actors don't seem engaged". Janet Maslin of The New York Times described the film as "senselessly gaudy" and "overloaded with big names, and in this case the net effect of an all-star cast is to make an already confusing mystery even harder to follow". Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and wrote: "All of the zigs and zags of the original story are in the remake; what's missing is the enthusiasm. Talented actors such as Edward Fox and Oliver Reed sleepwalk through their parts." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times panned the film as "a flat, routine procedural detective mystery utterly devoid of any film noir atmosphere". Arthur D. Murphy of Variety wrote: "The production is handsome, but in the updating and relocation a lot has been lost." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote: "Everything is out of whack in this transposition of Chandler's material. The actors seem to be going through the motions, but they look wrong, sound wrong and inhabit the wrong settings." John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the location and time change had "destroyed the crucial geographical and temporal context of Chandler's novel; almost every aspect of the narrative now seems ludicrously out of place". He added that Winner "ploughs step by step through the complicated plot with a curious lack of interest in, among other things, the nature of his hero's character".

Home media
The Big Sleep has been released twice on DVD:

 Artisan Home Video (now Lionsgate) under license from Carlton Media (successor in interest to ITC Entertainment) on April 30, 2002 as a Region 1 fullscreen DVD.
 Shout Factory, under license from ITV Studios (successor in interest to ITC Entertainment and Carlton Media) on September 23, 2014 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD.

The Big Sleep was released in high-definition on Blu-ray by Shout Factory on February 20, 2018 as part of a two movie package along with Farewell, My Lovely (1975 remake). Both the 1946 version (featuring Humphrey Bogart) and this version have been released on Blu-ray.

References

Further reading
 Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 32–33.

External links

1978 films
1978 crime films
British crime films
British neo-noir films
Films based on American novels
Films based on mystery novels
American detective films
British detective films
Films directed by Michael Winner
Films scored by Jerry Fielding
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in London
ITC Entertainment films
United Artists films
Philip Marlowe films
American crime films
American neo-noir films
Films produced by Elliott Kastner
Films with screenplays by Michael Winner
Films produced by Michael Winner
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
1970s British films

The Big Sleep (1978 film)


Mason Kass Hoffenberg (December 1922 – 1 June 1986) was an American writer best known for having written the satiric novel Candy in collaboration with Terry Southern.

Biography
Hoffenberg was born in New York City into a wealthy Jewish family. His father, Isidore Hoffenberg, was a successful self-made businessman. Sent to a military academy, he dropped out, but later attended Olivet College.

Hoffenberg was drafted in 1944 and became a member of the Army Air Force. He was stationed in England and later in Belgium, France and Germany as part of the post-war Allied occupation army. He returned to New York and studied at the New School on the G.I. Bill, though he continued to return to Paris, where he used his G.I. benefits to study at the Sorbonne. In New York, he lived in Greenwich Village and was roommates with James Baldwin. Hoffenberg poached girls interested in Baldwin, who told Hoffenberg he was bisexual; the two were not intimately involved. He became part of the Village literary scene of the 1950s, where he knew Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.

Back in Paris, he married a Frenchwoman in 1953, with whom he had two children, Juliette and Daniel. Working for Agence France Presse, he became friends with other American expatriates, including William S. Burroughs. He also was one of the writers who wrote "dirty books" for the Olympia Press, which brought him into collaboration with Southern. According to Hoffenberg, Terry Southern and I wrote Candy for the money. Olympia Press, $500 flat. He was in Switzerland, I was in Paris. We did it in letters.  But when it got to be a big deal in the States, everybody was taking it seriously. Do you remember what kind of shit people were saying? One guy wrote a review about how Candy was a satire on Candide. So right away I went back and reread Voltaire to see if he was right. That's what happens to you. It's as if you vomit in the gutter and everybody starts saying it's the greatest new art form, so you go back to see it, and, by God, you have to agree.

Hoffenberg said that he tried to interest Maurice Girodias, of Olympia Press, in Burroughs's Naked Lunch, but the publisher was initially not interested, though he published the book later.

Hoffenberg never had another writing success after Candy, unlike Southern, who became famous. He wrote the erotic novel Sin for Breakfast, published by Sphere (London) in 1971. In Paris, he became a heroin addict and then kicked the habit with the help of methadone. He eventually became an alcoholic.

In the 1960s, he replaced his literary friends with friends from the pop music world, including Bob Dylan, whom he met in London. Living in Swinging London in the 1960s, he befriended Marianne Faithfull, Mick Jagger and Yoko Ono. In the late 1960s, he moved back to America, first to New York City and later to Woodstock, New York, living for a time with Richard Manuel of The Band. He then lived in Mallorca, Spain before permanently returning to Manhattan in 1978.

He died of lung cancer at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City on 1 June 1986.

References

External links

 "Mason Hoffenberg Gets in a Few Licks" by Sam Merrill

1922 births
1986 deaths
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American expatriates in France
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Olivet College alumni
Writers from New York City
American erotica writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)

Mason Hoffenberg


Bracket matching, also known as brace matching or parentheses matching, is a syntax highlighting feature of certain text editors and integrated development environments that highlights matching sets of brackets (square brackets, curly brackets, or parentheses) in languages such as Java, JavaScript, and C++ that use them. The purpose is to help the programmer navigate through the code and also spot any improper matching, which would cause the program to not compile or malfunction. If a closing bracket is left out, for instance, the compiler will not know that the end of a block of code has been reached. Bracket matching is particularly useful when many nested if statements, program loops, etc. are involved.

Implementations
Vim's % command does bracket matching, and NetBeans has bracket matching built-in.
Bracket matching can also be a tool for code navigation. In Visual Studio C++ 6.0, bracket matching behavior was set to ignore brackets found in comments. In VSC 7.0, its behavior was changed to compute commented brackets.
IntelliJ IDEA's Ruby on Rails plugin also enables bracket matching. It has been proposed that Perl 5 be modified to facilitate bracket matching. The Microsoft Excel 2003 formula bar has parentheses matching. Its implementation shows all the pairs of parentheses as different colors, so it is possible to easily analyze them all at once.

Example
In this example, the user has just typed the closing curly brace '}' defining a code block, and that brace and its corresponding opening brace are both highlighted.

 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
 {
     System.out.println(i);
 }│

See also

References

User interface techniques
Text editor features

pt:Realce de sintaxe#Parênteses correspondentes

Bracket matching


Crash is a Canadian-British drama movie set in Toronto, Ontario. It was written and directed by David Cronenberg. The movie is based on the 1973 novel of the same name. The movie is about people taking sexual pleasures from vehicle accidents. The movie stars James Spader, Deborah Kara Unger, Elias Koteas, Holly Hunter and Rosanna Arquette. It is rated NC-17 as a result of graphic language and explicit sexual content. Crash was released in 1997 in the U.S. It created strong controversy when it was released.

Other websites

1996 drama movies
1990s LGBT movies
1996 thriller movies
1990s British drama movies
British LGBT movies
British thriller movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian thriller movies
Obscenity controversies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
NC-17 rated movies
Toronto
Canadian LGBT movies
Movies directed by David Cronenberg
1996 independent movies

Crash (1996 movie)


Ligdia adustata, the scorched carpet, is a moth of the family Geometridae.

Etymology
The species Latin name adusta, meaning burnt, refers to the scorched appearance of the wings of these moths.

Description
The wingspan is 25–30 mm. The basic color of the wings is glossy white, creamy white or light brownish. The basal area of the forewings is dark brown and can sometimes be slightly blue-grey. Across the forewings near the outer margin there is a blue-grey and brown wavy band. Hindwings are whitish with wavy pale brown lines on the slightly wavy outer edges. The underside of the wings is suffused with reddish brown.

Larvae are moderately stout, bright green with red dorsal spots, a red lateral blotch on the 1st—2nd abdominals and red marks on claspers; a rare variety is grey-brown. The pupae are red-brown with blackish wings.

Ligdia adustata has two generations per year (bivoltine species). The adults fly in April–May, and later in July–August, but the flight season varies greatly, depending on the location within the distribution range. These moths are active from dusk onwards.

The larvae feed on spindle (Euonymus europaeus, Euonymus verrucosa and on Berberis species. The species overwinters as a pupa.

Distribution
This species can be found in most of Europe and in the Near East.

Habitat
This moth is common in various environments, mainly in shrubs, deciduous forests, thickets, parks and gardens.

References

External links

Lepiforum.de

Abraxini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Michael Denis
Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller

Ligdia adustata


Red beans and rice is a dish popular in Louisiana. Red beans are made with red kidney beans, meat (like ham or sausage), and vegetables (like onions, bell pepper, celery or garlic). These things are cooked together slowly in a pot to make the red beans. The red beans are then poured onto cooked white rice. The rice can be steamed or boiled. Once the red beans and the rice are done, the red beans are served over the rice like a sauce. There is usually about an equal amount of red beans and rice, but some people like to have more red beans or more rice.

Red beans usually take several hours to make. Many people let the beans cook slowly all day. People in New Orleans used to make red beans when they did their laundry. They did this because they did not need to pay attention to the beans while they cooked. The beans could cook slowly while they did the laundry. People in New Orleans used to do laundry on Monday, so it is traditional in New Orleans to eat red beans and rice on Monday.

American food
Rice dishes

Red beans and rice


Félix Alphonse Raugel (27 November 1881 – 30 December 1975) was a French musician, conductor and musicologist.

After studying at the conservatory of Lille where he obtained the first prize for viola, he continued in Paris where he worked in harmony, pipe organ (with Abel Decaux), counterpoint (with Albert Roussel) and musical composition (with Vincent d'Indy).

He became conductor at the Haendel Society, Kapel meister at the Saint-Eustache church in Paris then director of the Philharmonic Orchestra of Reims for 50 years. He was also choirmaster at the , participated in the "Société des Études Mozartiennes", was appointed head of the Choirs of the French Broadcasting (ancestors of the ), vice president of the , and a member of the "Commission des monuments historiques".

Félix Raugel was also an historian of the organ and the author of several works about the instrument, and also Palestrina, L'oratorio, and Le chant choral.

References

External links
 Félix Raugel on musimem.com
 Félix Raugel on Encyclopédie Larousse
 Félix Raugel on the Académie française

20th-century French musicologists
People from Saint-Quentin, Aisne
1881 births
1975 deaths

Félix Raugel


Kuyper College is a ministry-focused Christian leadership college in Grand Rapids, Michigan that educates and trains Christian leaders for ministry and service. Through the integration of an academic curriculum and a Reformed worldview, they provide students who desire a biblical and academic college experience with the opportunity to live life through the filter of scripture.

History

Kuyper College was founded in 1939 as Reformed Bible Institute. RBI had a three-year curriculum that offered a track into foreign and domestic missions. In 1970, after a five-year redesign of the curriculum and programs, the Michigan Department of Education gave the school the right to confer a four-year Bachelor degree. As a result, RBI changed its name to Reformed Bible College. On April 21, 2006, RBC once again changed its name, this time to Kuyper College after Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920). Kuyper was Prime Minister of The Netherlands from 1901–1905 and a theologian. He also played an important role in founding de Vrije Universiteit. Pre-seminary, youth ministry, and cross-cultural missions programs are part of the Bible curriculum, and social work, education, accounting, communication, business and other majors.

Academics
Kuyper is focused on Christian service regardless of vocation, so it not only offers ministry programs, but a range of degree programs in social work, business, communication, education, and others all within a Reformed perspective. The student-to-faculty ratio is 11 to 1.

In the 2013–2014 school year, 261 students total were enrolled at Kuyper. In 2015, there are 245 students total.

Accreditation
Kuyper is approved and regulated by the Board of Education of the State of Michigan. It is also accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), and the Higher Learning Commission (HLC). In addition, the college social work program is accredited with the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE).

The college is a member of the National Association of Christian College Admissions Personnel (NACCAP), and has endorsed that body's "Principles of Good Practice." Kuyper holds affiliate membership within the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities.

Sources

Grand Rapids Press, Friday, April 21, 2006

External links
Official website

Universities and colleges in Kent County, Michigan
Liberal arts colleges in Michigan
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Christian Reformed Church
Universities and colleges established in 1939
Education in Grand Rapids, Michigan
1939 establishments in Michigan
Private universities and colleges in Michigan

Kuyper College


José Ramón Carabante (born 1952 in Málaga) is a Spanish businessman, who owned the Hispania Racing
Formula One team. Carebante owns a number of Spanish businesses including Grupo Hispania, a property management company with a variety of interests in Europe and America, and the CB Murcia basketball team. He was a shareholder in the Campos Meta F1 team, which had gained an entry for the 2010 Formula One season, before taking full control when the team ran into financial difficulties shortly before the start of the season. The team was renamed to Hispania Racing F1 Team (HRT) after Carabante's Grupo Hispania company. HRT continued to struggle financially throughout its first year of racing, and Carabante sold the team to investment company Thesan Capital in July 2011. The HRT team eventually folded at the end of 2012.

References

1952 births
Living people
Formula One team owners
People from Málaga

José Ramón Carabante


Alcohol companies are sponsors of major association football teams and tournaments. Branding has been voluntarily removed from children's replica kits and banned outright in France. Alcohol cannot be consumed in parts of English football grounds with view of the pitch, or anywhere in Scottish grounds outside of corporate hospitality.

In England, football had a drinking culture, which declined from the late 1990s due to foreign managers such as Arsène Wenger and an increased focus on health and fitness. Some star footballers have suffered from alcohol abuse up to the point of death, and others have committed alcohol-related crimes such as drink driving. Conversely, other players abstain from alcohol, including for reasons of faith.

Alcohol and players

English football had a drinking culture as could be seen by the example of Arsenal's Tuesday Club. One of the first managers to challenge this and promote the health and performance benefits of abstinence was Frenchman Arsène Wenger, who was hired by Arsenal in 1996. In 2016, he said that there was no longer a drinking culture in English football as players were aware of the risks.

Players who died due to chronic alcohol abuse include Northern Irishman George Best (59) and Brazilian Garrincha (49). Players who had long-term issues with alcohol include Tony Adams, Paul Merson, Paul Gascoigne, Gary Charles, Jimmy Greaves and Brian Clough. Footballers convicted of drunk driving include Yaya Touré, Wayne Rooney, Craig Bellamy, Charlie Adam and Hugo Lloris.

Muslim footballers do not consume alcohol and celebrations have been altered to avoid exposing them to alcohol. Notable non-Muslim footballers who abstain from alcohol include Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale, Jermain Defoe and Harry Kane.

Alcohol and fans
In 1985, the consumption of alcohol in the stands of English football grounds and stadium areas with views of the pitch was banned in order to curb hooliganism. This applies in the highest five tiers (Premier League to National League). In 2021, former sports minister Tracey Crouch considered changes to this rule, believing that it encouraged fans to drink quickly at half time. The idea was criticised by Mark Roberts, the police's leader on football.

Alcohol has been banned from any parts of Scottish football grounds since unrest at the 1980 Scottish Cup Final between Celtic and Rangers, excluding corporate hospitality areas. There was talk on revoking this ban for UEFA Euro 2020, which was opposed by the police.

Sponsorship

English football clubs sponsored by alcohol include Liverpool with Carlsberg (1992–2010), Newcastle United by Scottish & Newcastle (1980–2000), and Everton by Chang Beer (2004–2017). By the 2017–18 season, there were no longer any alcohol sponsors on shirts in the Premier League for the first time, as gambling companies predominated. In Scotland, rivals Celtic and Rangers shared Carling (2003–2010) and Tennent's (2010–2013) as sponsors before moving onto Magners and Blackthorn Cider, respectively. The rationale to sponsor both clubs was on the grounds of avoiding one set of fans boycotting their products because they sponsored the rival team.

English tournaments sponsored by alcohol include the Premier League by Carling (1993–2001), the FA Cup by Budweiser (2011–2014), and the EFL Cup by Worthington's (1998–2003) and Carling (2003–2012). In Scotland, such tournaments include the Scottish Cup by Tennent's (1989–2007) and the Scottish Football League by Bell's whisky (1994–1998; 1999–2006)

In June 2007, the Portman Group, representing Britain's drinks industry, voluntarily agreed to remove alcohol sponsors from replica kits for children. Owing to concerns about alcohol, Carling removed their branding from children's Celtic and Rangers kits in 2008 ahead of a Scottish legal ban on alcohol adverts appearing on children's kits which came into force in 2009.

Since the passing of the Loi Évin in 1991, it is illegal in France to use sponsorship to promote alcohol. For this reason, visiting foreign teams have to remove alcohol branding from their kits. There exists a loophole by which the branding of alcohol companies is permitted if it is explicitly promoting a low-alcohol beer with an ABV of under 1.2%; Carlsberg was able to sponsor UEFA Euro 2016 in France for this reason. At UEFA Euro 2020, French player Paul Pogba removed a sponsored bottle of non-alcoholic Heineken during a press conference; organisers then said they would no longer place beer bottles around Muslims such as Pogba.

In June 2019, North America's Major League Soccer allowed jersey and stadium sponsorship by liquor and gambling companies. As of November 2020, the only Central American countries banning the advertising of alcohol in sport were Costa Rica and Panama. A bill in Costa Rica then passed its first reading, prescribing a 6% tax on alcohol sponsorships, and ensuring that 20% of advertising fees would be spent on building and maintaining sports facilities.

In 2012, Spain banned sponsorship of alcohol with an ABV of 20% or higher, in sport. The compromise was due to breweries investing heavily in the game, including investment at grassroots level: in 2017 they invested €60 million, with sponsorships potentially doubling or trebling that amount.

See also
Smoking in association football

References

Alcohol
Alcohol
Alcohol
Sponsorships
Drinking culture
Association football fandom

Alcohol in association football


"Here Come the Hawks!" is the official fight song and introduction of the Chicago Blackhawks. The song was written by J. Swayzee and produced by the Dick Marx Orchestra and Choir in 1968. It is still played today during the pre-game video. An abbreviated rendition is also played following the end of each period on an organ. During games in November 2008, a video of current players singing the song (rather poorly in most cases) was shown during the second intermission.

External links
Original vocal recording of "Here Come The Hawks" on the Chicago Blackhawks website.
Original instrumental recording of "Here Come The Hawks" on the Chicago Blackhawks website.

Chicago Blackhawks
National Hockey League fight songs
1968 songs
Songs about Chicago

Here Come the Hawks


The Vistulan dialect () was a dialect of Low Prussian, which belongs to Low German. The dialect was spoken in West Prussia (today in Poland) around Zarnowitzer See, Danzig and Graudenz. It had a border to Mundart der Weichselwerder.

Geography
East Pomeranian had a border to Low Prussian according to Ē- and Ō-vowels running from Zarnowitzer See via Karthaus, West of Schöneck, to Preußisch-Stargard, to Bromberg and south of Vistula to East of Thorn. In West Prussian Kulmerland, East Pomeranian was spoken to Wąbrzeźno, Radzyń Chełmiński and Łasin.

It partly coincided with a transitional area of East Pomeranian and Low Prussian. The transitional area would end at about Chojnice (Konitz). Other places within this area included Bytów (Bütow), Lębork (Lauenburg), Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) and Toruń (Thorn). Within Low German in West Prussia, there was a major bundle of isoglosses in roughly the line Brodnica-Gardeja-Nowe and continuing somewhere between Kościerzyna and Chojnice.

The border of difference between a differentiation of nominative/accusative versus dative forms among  strong masculine and neutral plurals ran from Lake Gardno (Garder See) to Kościerzyna (Berent) to Kartuzy (Karthaus) via Skarszewy (Schöneck) to Świecie (Schwetz).
The Eastern border of the dialect area having gerunds mainly coincided with the Western border of realization of Middle Low German i and u as e respectively o.
 The border of realization of Middle Low German i and u as e respectively o apart from before Low German nt, ng nk and g for example op ran from Łebsko Lake (Lebasee), West of Lębork (Lauenburg)-Bytów (Bütow)-Kruschinsee-West of Starogard Gdański (Preußisch Stargard)-South and West of Vistula river.

There was gutturalization of -nd- to voiced velar nasal east of the border
Wicko (lake)-East of Sławno-East of Polanów-North, East and South of Miastko-Biały Bór-North and East of Czarne-Człuchów-West and South of Debrzno-Kamień Krajeński-North and East of Sępólno Krajeńskie- North of Czersk-West of Nowe.

Phonology
In Danzig (Gdańsk), it had High German a as ǫ before l in words such as ǫl for High German  and hǫle for High German . Another typical example is mǫn for High German . The dialect of Danzig also has mǭke for High German , nǭˠel for High German , šlǭˠen for High German  inter alia.
It had a and ä in cases such as nat and nät for High German Netz. It had ek ben I am for ek sī.

In Danzig in originally open syllables before k and x [ach-Laut], a became ɔ:.

In Vistula Delta, the palatal plosive was usually back, which is closer to the Chortitza form; the palatal plosive in some regions to the west of the Vistula River had a front variant which is closer to the Molotschna-Plautdietsch form.

s, z and comparable sounds were quite special near upper Drewenz river, the Southwestern corner of East Prussia, the extreme Southeast of Warmia, in the area around Stuhm, South of Marienburg, in some villages near Dirschau and another area. This was the Old Prussian-Polish border area.

History

Numerous words in the Danzig area were from Dutch, in particular nautical and commercial vocabulary.
Towards the end of the 18th century, the language spoken at home in long-established merchant families in Danzig was still Low German, this changed.
Use in Danzig has since then been restricted to workers and small artisans.
It was barely understood in privileged circles, but best by those who had the opportunity to hear it with their subordinates every day. In the countryside, Low German was still spoken by the landowners, if they preserved the rural way of life.
In the second half of the 19th century, Low German had a considerable decline.
Already in the age of the Teutonic Order there were Dutch colonists in Danzig.
Low German with Dutch remnants was often still spoken in Danzig by Mennonite families at home in the first half of the 19th century.
In 1780 a German hymnbook was introduced, partly translated from Dutch. Until then, the Danzig congregation had used Dutch songbooks.
Until the second half of the 18th century, Mennonite sermons were in Dutch.
By 1586 there were Mennonite congregations in both Graudenz and Danzig.

There were numerous Mennonite congregations in West Prussia and East Prussia. Reimer distinguishes six West Prussian core groups according to families: The Flemish rural congregations, the Frisian rural congregations, the Frisian congregations in the upper Vistula lowlands, the Old Flemish congregations, the Flemish congregation of Danzig city area and the urban part of the Congregation of Elbing, the Frisian congregation of Danzig-Neugarten.
The Flemish Mennonites originated from a group of religiously persecuted Mennonites who had fled from Flanders and other parts of present-day Belgium to the Netherlands, the country of origin of the Mennonites, around the middle of the 16th century. Here many settled, especially in Friesland, and formed independent congregations in the towns of Franeker, Harlingen, Dokkum and Leeuwarden, which agreed on nineteen common articles of faith in 1560 and formed the association Ordinance der vier Steden. Among the agreements of the Ordinance was that a preacher elected by the local congregation should also be recognised in the other congregations of the association and thus had permission to work in them as well. It was also decided that conflicts within a single congregation should be settled by all the preachers of the associated congregations. In addition, a centralised welfare service for the poor was envisaged. The Frisian Brotherhood of Mennonite Congregations, saw especially in these three points of the Flemish the autonomy of the local congregation, one of its basic principles, in danger. Despite many efforts on various sides, a split could not be prevented. The schismatic tendencies in both groups were reinforced by the different practices of faith and life, but also by the fact that leading Mennonite personalities joined one or the other faction. For example, Leenaert Bouwens (1515-1582) sided with the Frisians, whereas Dirk Philips (1504-1568) on the side of the Flemish. In June 1567, the two parties separated and imposed a church ban on the other grouping. This split did not only affect Dutch Mennonitism, but continued in all Mennonite settlement areas. The attributes Flemish and Frisian had long ceased to be geographical designations of origin; they became intra-Mennonite denominational names.
The Old Flemish Mennonites were a denomination originating from a split from the so-called Flemish Mennonites around 1586 in Franeker. The derisive name Huiskoopers, by which the Old Flemish were also referred to, originated from a controversial house purchase made by Thomas Bintgens, an elder of the Flemish Mennonite Church, had made and which led to a split among its members. The external cause was a house purchase that Thomas Bintgens (also spelled Byntgens or Bijntgens), elder of the Old Flemish Parish in Franeker, had made for 700 guilders, but had the seller issue him with a receipt for 800 guilders. Jacob Keest, Joos Jans and Jakob Berends, also members of the municipal council, condemned this behaviour as a serious breach of the duty to truth. Bintgens tried to justify himself; he had only wanted to prevent later bids on the house with the consent of the seller. He then told the council that he was sorry about the whole thing and that he would rather pay for the house twice than harm anyone. The opposing side did not accept these arguments, but additionally accused Bintgen of having bought the property from an indebted drunkard and profligate. He should have spent at least part of the purchase price to pay off the seller's creditors. Behind the specific accusations were probably also differences of opinion with regard to the church ban. Keest and his faction criticised Bintgens' strictness in this context. The dispute not only divided the local congregation; delegates from surrounding Flemish congregations tried to settle the disputes, but carried the conflict into their congregations. The factions were initially referred to by the names of their representatives (Thomas Bintgens volk; Jakob Keest volk) and later as Huiskoopers and Contra-huiskoopers. The name Contra-Huiskoopers soon fell into oblivion. The followers of Keest were then the Sachten (= gentle, mild) Flemish or simply the Flemish in contrast to the stricter Old Flemish around Bintgens.
The group around Bintgens became the nucleus of the Old Flemish Mennonites, which subsequently spread to the Netherlands, East Frisia, West and East Prussia. Despite the designation Old Flemish Mennonites, many of them were Hollanders. Furthermore, many were not Dutch-speaking.
The Groningen Old Flemish split from the Flemish Mennonites in about 1630 because of their tendency to merge with other Mennonite groups. They soon founded the international Old Flemish Mennonite association Groninger Doopsgezinde Sociëteit with headquarters in Groningen. The internationally present Danzig Old Flemish, a grouping distinct from the Groningen Old Flemish, was given the designation Huiskoopers, which was no longer applied to the Groningen Old Flemish.
Possibly in 1665, the Ukowallists denomination founded by Uko Walles merged with the Groningen Old Flemish.
The term Ukowallists was thereafter also applied to the Old Flemish.
In contrast to other Mennonite denominations, the Old Flemish practised a stricter form of church bans; they also stood for a stricter form of church orders and placed value on a simple way of life. Between the second half of the 18th century and the first decades of the 19th century, the split was largely reversed in the aforementioned regions.
The Old Flemish integrated into Mennonitism in general, Groningen Old Flemish Sociëteit having been dissolved in 1815.
There were several languages spoken by Old Flemish Mennonites and several dialects of each.
Within the coastal area from Gdańsk to Elbląg, the denomination Flemish Mennonites once predominated among the Mennonites, whereas in Vistula valley the denomination Frisian Mennonites did.
There were Frisian Mennonites in Rudniki, Kwidzyn County (Rudnerweide), Sporowo (Sparrau), Pastwa (Pastwa), Kowalewo Pomorskie (Schönsee), Barcice, Pomeranian Voivodeship (Tragheimerweide) and Mała Nieszawka (Obernessau).
There were congregations of Frisian Mennonites in Gdańsk, Mątawy, Kowalewo Pomorskie and Barcice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. There was a congregation of Flemish Mennonites in Dziewięć Włók.
Gdańsk and Przechówko had an Old Flemish congregation each.
In 1808, the Gdansk Old Flemish Mennonite congregation merged with the Gdansk Old Frisian Mennonite congregation.
The Old Flemish parish of Stogi (Gdańsk) (Heubuden) had a branch in Pastwa, West Prussia, part of the parish in Jerczewo.
In West Prussia there was also the Old Flemish parish of Jeziorki, Świecie County (Kleinsee).
Among the most important surnames of Old Flemish Mennonites in Przechówko and Jeziorki and their descendants are, including variants, Becker, Buller, Foth/Voth, Janz, Jansen, Kryckert/Kroeker, Köhn, Nachtigall, Onrouw/Unruh/Unrau, Pankratz, Ratzlaff, Richert, Schellenberg, Sperling, Wedel.
Some members of the Old Flemish Mennonite congregation of Przechówko moved to Błotnica, Lubusz Voivodeship (Brenkenhoffswalde) and Głęboczek (Franztal), now in Poland, where they lived until 1945.
Przechówko was situated in a transitional area between the East Pomeranian dialect and Low Prussian.
The switch from Dutch to High German as language of worship was earlier among Frisian Mennonites, which probably was due to High German refugees in the same area. In urban congregations, the change of language of worship from Dutch to High German was later, which possibly was caused by contact to Dutch congregations.

Diaspora
Old Flemish Mennonites moved as far as Ukraine (then part of Southern Russia).
Some of the Flemish colonists of Chortitza Colony were from the Danzig area.
In general, the Mennonites migrated from the areas mentioned in the introduction to Chortitza Colony or Molotschna Colony in Ukraine.

Mennonites settled in West Prussia mostly in the three local areas of Nehrung (on the Baltic Sea), Werder (islands in the Vistula delta) and Niederung (south of the Werder), where they adopted the respective local Low German dialect as their everyday language. The dialect spoken on the Nehrung (spit) has many features of the dialect of Chortitza; and the dialect spoken in the Werder (islands of vistula river) shows strong similarity with the dialect of Molotschna.
Firmenich divided the dialects of the left bank of the Molotschna into: 1. Friesisch-Flamänd'sch, 2. Gröning-Holstein'sch, which is spoken mainly in Alexanderwohl, 3. the significant deviation -spoken in Waldheim and Liebenau- of the latter dialect, 4. the dialect of Gnadenfeld, 5. the dialect of Schardau and 6. the dialect of Hutterthal. He summarises the Molotschna and the Frisian dialect as Friesisch-Flamändisch. In Liebenau most people spoke the Molotschna dialect and in Schardau most people spoke the Frisian dialect.
One of three main groupings of Plautdietsch had its origin in the estate of a nobleman named Przechowka near Świecie in Poland.
It was not part of Molotschna-Plautdietsch, though spoken in Waldheim, Gnadenfeld and Alexanderwohl. Waldheim on Molotschna was founded by Mennonites from the Ostrog area.
Gnadenfeld, Waldheim and Alexanderwohl were Groningen Old Flemish settlements on Molotschna in Ukraine and traced their origin from Przechówko. The Waldheim-Gnadenfeld dialect was one of three varieties of Low German of the Mennonites in Molotschna.
This form of Low German differs more from that of the Molotschna or Chortitza than they do from each other.
The dialect was divided into Alexanderwohl dialect, Waldheim dialect and Gnadenfeld dialect.  In Hierschau in the Molotschna Colony in Ukraine, most of the inhabitants were Old Flemish from Brenkenhofswalde-Franztal.
One of the differences between Waldheim-Gnadenfeld dialect and Chortitza-Plautdietsch and Molotschna-Plautdietsch was the formation of the plural by endings, twalf for twelve instead of twölf as well as something comparable to gaut for good instead of goot.
The western part of East Frisian Low Saxon - as distinct to the eastern part of East Frisian Low Saxon - had the formation of the plural through endings instead of through umlaut, twalf instead of twölf for twelve and gaut instead of goot for good.
Speakers from Gnadenfeld have been reported to use the allophone [oː] in free variation with [ɔa] for pre-velar *ɔa (*œa) and allophone [əәʊ] in free variation with [oa] for pre-velar *oa (*øa). This is otherwise unknown in the Plautdietsch of other Mennonites.
These very distinctive linguistic features are even noticeable in Kansas nowadays.
In the Mennonite settlement Am Trakt founded in the 1850s in Russia, the settlers came directly from Prussia and founded the colony.
An application for emigration on the part of two people from Lubieszewo (Ladekopp) and Żuławki (Fürstenwerder) was effected for numerous people. In each of the two places there had been a congregation of Old Flemish Mennonites.
Becker was also a name in Gnadenfeld, Waldheim and Alexanderwohl.
Most of the residents of Alexanderwohl moved to the following areas: Marion County, Kansas Harvey County and McPherson County, Kansas. From Przechovka some moved to Brenkenhoffswalde and Franztal, in what is today Poland, where they used to live until 1945.
Mennonites who were descendants of Groningen Old Flemish from the Netherlands moved from Poland to near Ostrog in Russia.
Polish Mennonites in the southern Kulmerland in Poland near Grudziądz (Graudenz) and Chełmno (Culm) migrated to Volhynia. They spoke the local variety of their area, taking at further, also to Kansas.
In 1821, they were near Ostrog in Volhynia (Ukraine) in two villages, Karolswalde and Antonovka, with 38 families.
That is why they were called Ostrogers.
The first and leading inhabited village was Karolswalde, located four miles south of Ostrog.
In 1828, the neighbouring village of Karolsberge was settled.
In 1857, the settled villages also included Jadvinin and Dossidorf.
In 1874 Fürstendorf, Gnadenthal and Waldheim were added, but Dossidorf was not mentioned.
Another village associated with the group was Fürstenthal.
Nearly the entire group migrated to Canton and Pawnee Rock, Kansas, and Avon, South Dakota, in 1874.
Pawnee Rock, Kansas was founded in 1875 by Mennonite immigrants originating from Karolswalde. Most of the 175 inhabitants of 1956 were Mennonites of Polish and Russian Mennonite descent, and members of the New Hopedale Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite Church).

The members of the Emmanuel Mennonite Church (General Conference Mennonite) were of Karolswalde background, Karolswalde being settled by Mennonites from Graudenz, Culm, and Thorn areas.
Prussian Mennonites from Russia began moving to Kansas in 1876.
A larger group of them consisted of people from Alexanderwohl.
John Holdeman founded the Mennonite Church of God in Christ in 1859, initially with few members, some of whom converted from the Amish.
After 1878, immigrant Mennonites from Prussia, who had a different ethnic background from the previous members, were attracted to this church.
Most of them were frustrated, landless Ostrogers who soon became the majority. Some, however, were spiritually troubled Mennonites from the Kleine Gemeinde of Molotschna who had experienced traumatic internal divisions.
About 45-50 percent of Mennonite Church of God in Christ members are from the McPherson County group with names like Koehn, Schmidt, Unruh, Jantz, Becker, Nightengale, Wedel, Ratzlaff, and Jantzen/Johnson.
About 25-30 per cent have a background from the Canadian province of Manitoba with names such as Toews, Penner, Friesen, Giesbrecht, Loewen, Isaac, Wiebe and Reimer.
Prussian Mennonites founded Emmaus Mennonite Church, First Mennonite Church of Newton, and Zion Mennonite Church in Elbing. Members of First Mennonite Church (Newton, Kansas) were from Heubuden (Stogi).
Zion Mennonite Church (Elbing, Kansas, USA) had members who came from Stogi (Heubuden) and Lubieszowo (Ladekopp).
The Mennonite Church USA has First Mennonite Church of Newton and Zion Mennonite Church in Elbing, but not Emmaus Mennonite Church or any other church in Whitewater in its directory. These are not the only churches of Mennonite Church USA in the area. Alexanderwohl Mennonite Church is a Low German Mennonite Church, in Goessel, Kansas, US.
In Alexandertal, also called the Mennonite settlement of Alt-Samara in Russia, there were Mennonites from West Prussia who came from the area of the Great Werder east of Gdansk and from the Graudenz lowlands further upstream of the Vistula.

Hüttenpommersch

The area of Hüttenpommersch is not always included in its entirety within Low Prussian.
It was spoken of both sides of the border of Free City of Danzig.
It was spoken around Przywidz (Mariensee).
it had a transitional area to Low Prussian.
Within its area, Kashubian was spoken.

Palatal k becomes an affricate tx.

G of High German is realized as j.

See also
 Danzig German

References

Bibliography

Low Prussian dialect
German dialects
Languages of Poland
Languages of Ukraine

Vistulan dialect


The Itaewon Burger King Murder took place on April 3, 1997 when 22-year-old Hongik University student  Jo Jung-pil (Hangul: 조중필; born 1974) was stabbed to death at Burger King in Itaewon. Arthur Patterson, 17 at the time of the incident (born to an American father and a South Korean mother), was the main suspect. Patterson and his friend Edward Lee were arrested but they were released by the Supreme Court in 1998 due to lack of evidence and Patterson was banned from travelling to South Korea. In October 2012 it was announced Patterson will face extradition by South Korean police after a DNA test indicated traces of Jo's DNA, when Lee's didn't.

Arthur Patterson
Patterson was born in Los Angeles, California to a Caucasian American father and Korean mother. Patterson's father was a former soldier stationed in South Korea (where he met his wife). Arthur was described as a "Mexican gangster" who disrespected his family frequently and had alleged gang ties. At age 16, Patterson may have had previous legal arrests as a juvenile, may have been arrested and served 16 months in juvenile hall in California. Patterson's father was an American soldier based in Korea at the time of the incident. There, he met Korean American youth Edward Lee who was the son of a wealthy Korean family, living most of his life in the USA.

Murder of Jo Jung-Pil
Edward Lee and Arthur Patterson with 20 other male (mostly Korean-American youths) and female teenagers were hanging out on the 4th floor of a building in Itaewon on April 3, 1997, where they went to the first floor of the same building to order hamburgers from a Burger King outlet. As Patterson used his knife to cut his hamburger, the group started the conversation about knives. After the rest of the group went back to the 4th floor, Patterson and his friend Lee went to the bathroom, where they coincidentally came in contact with Jo Jung-Pil and stabbed him 9 times in the carotid artery using the knife. On April 4, the Department of the Army Criminal Investigation Division (CID) received an anonymous report and arrested Patterson. On April 6, after seeing Edward Lee on TV, Lee's father who returned from a business trip investigated him, as Lee denied his crime they met with a lawyer and confessed to the crime on April 8.

Murder controversy

The case became complicated as South Korean investigators did not investigate the case properly. The case had been investigated by Army CID, who gathered enough evidence to prosecute Patterson. As the South Korean investigators could not speak English, they also had problems interrogating which slowed down their initial investigation.  Both Patterson and Lee also claimed that the other person committed the actual murder. Also, people found it very suspicious that the crime scene was cleaned spotless after only two days, which is very unusual. In addition, the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) caused problems in finding witnesses and investigation.

Lee was convicted of murder while Patterson was convicted of possession of weapon.  After the first trial for the murder, it was ruled that Lee was guilty of murder. Lee was later acquitted by the Supreme Court of South Korea because of insufficient evidence. Patterson was convicted for possession of weapons and abandoned his appeal but was released from prison after his sentence was stopped. In the midst of this, the Ministry of Justice (Republic of Korea) did not extend the foreign travel ban for Patterson, three days before the foreign travel ban began he decided to depart to the United States making further investigation difficult. The family of Jo Jong-pil claimed damages against the country for being negligent during the first and second trial. The Supreme Court of Korea ruled that "the relationship between the negligence of the prosecutor and the bereaved families of the mentally damage is recognized".

Prosecution of Patterson was requested by Jo Jong-pil's family, after the film The Case of Itaewon Homicide was released, due to high public demand, another judgement had to be made.  The prosecutors at the Department of Justice petitioned for extradition on December 15, 2009.

Current status
After the murder case, Jo Jong-pil's parents requested a reinvestigation and Patterson the lead suspect who left to another country to attend, but the Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded they couldn't find him which slowed down the process. In 2009, the film adaptation of The Case of Itaewon Homicide and SBS's program I Want to Know It broadcast an episode multiple times and interest in the topic renewed. On October 10, 2011 it was reported that suspect Patterson was arrested and would be sent back to Korea with the cooperation of authorities. Patterson was arrested by the United States police and the United States California Court sentencing stated, "relating to Patterson's repatriation, custody of the prisoner is allowed while bail is denied".

Patterson left the country once he was judged innocent on other charges, it remains a controversy whether the statute of limitations was stopped in the legal community. If 'in a foreign country to escape criminal actions' isn't proven, meaning if the statute of limitations isn't stopped until 15 years past the murder date, the statute of limitation will expire in April 2012. To avoid the controversy of statute of limitations completion, prosecutors announced in December 2011 that Arthur Patterson would be prosecuted. Thus, on December 22, 2011 Arthur Patterson was prosecuted by the South Korean prosecutors.

The United States attorney responsible for the repatriation said that the two were accomplices. After investigation by South Korean prosecutors it was said they were accomplices and Patterson killed the victim, and Lee instructed the murder. However, the possibility for indictment of Lee has remained unclear.

October 2012, the U.S. federal court in Los Angeles ruled for Patterson to be extradited to South Korea.

However, Patterson submitted a habeas corpus petition to the federal court in the U.S. state of California, delaying his extradition. He was in custody at the Los Angeles Downtown Federal Detention Center.

On June 29, 2023, the original lawyer who prosecuted the murder case was found deceased in his apartment.

Final Sentencing
18 years after the crime, in September 2015, Patterson was extradited to Seoul to stand trial for the murder.  Patterson continued to claim his innocence throughout the trial, maintaining that Lee was the killer. In January 2016, Patterson was found guilty and sentenced to 20 years in prison, with the judge explaining that "the court decided on a life sentence, but in view of the defendant's age, of being under 18 at the time, the sentence will be 20 years in prison."

In Patterson's appeal the court confirmed his sentence.

Media
 March 6, 1999 SBSI Want to Know It broadcast an episode about this murder
 September 9, 2009 a film about this based on this case《The Case of Itaewon Homicide》was released.
 December 19, 2009 SBS I Want to Know It broadcast an episode about this murder
 November 11, 2011 Commissioner K broadcast an episode about this murder and crime related to the US army in Korea

Film

The Case of Itaewon Homicide, a 2009 South Korean film based on the event

References

External links
 There is a murder but there isn't a criminal - 신동아 1999년 4월호
 United States Forces Korea Crime Eradication Campaign Headquarters

South Korea–United States relations
Anti-American sentiment in South Korea
1997 murders in South Korea
Itaewon

Itaewon murder case


In the context of the film and television industries, to greenlight is to give permission to proceed with a project. It specifically refers to formally approving its production finance and committing to this financing, thereby allowing the project to proceed from the development phase to pre-production and principal photography. The power to greenlight a project is generally reserved to those in a project or financial management role within an organization. The process of taking a project from pitch to green light formed the basis of a successful reality TV show titled Project Greenlight. The term is a reference to the green traffic signal, indicating "go ahead".

At the Big Five major film studios in the United States and the mini-majors, greenlight power is generally exercised by committees of the studios' high-level executives.  However, the studio president, chairman, or chief executive is usually the person who makes the final judgment call.  For the largest film budgets involving several hundred million U.S. dollars, the chief executive officer or chief operating officer of the studio's parent media conglomerate may hold final greenlight authority.  In practical terms, greenlight power in the 21st century at major film studios means the power to commit the studio to spending about US$100 million, on average, for a feature-length motion picture designated for wide release for the North American market.  Historically, this power was exclusively held by white male executives in Hollywood, though the status quo has slowly begun to change since the turn of the 21st century.  UCLA reported in 2020 that senior management teams at Hollywood film studios were 93 percent white and 80 percent male.

Studio executives weigh many factors when deciding whether to greenlight films, of which a few include: the film already has a bankable star or director attached; the film has a "built-in audience" because it is related to an existing media franchise; the story resonates with a wide audience, evokes passionate emotions, or causes viewers to lean forward in eager anticipation of whatever happens next; the hero is likable and relatable; the film can be marketed to all four quadrants; and the film can be distributed widely through multiple windows and into multiple international markets.

References

Film production

Greenlight


James John Hill  (1811 – 27 January 1882), known also by his alias J. J. Hill, was an English landscape and portrait painter, known for his many rustic paintings and portraits of Lady Burdett-Coutts.

Early life and career
James John Hill was born sometime in 1811 in Broad Street, Birmingham to Daniel Hill, plater, and Elizabeth Rowlinson, the daughter of a brass founder. He was educated at Hazelwood School, a school founded by the educational reformer Rowland Hill (no relation), and he attended Joseph Barber's art academy in Great Charles Street, at the time being taught by his son Vincent. His fellow pupils included Thomas Creswick, James Tibbits Willmore, Thomas Baker, and Peter Hollins.

Having moved to London in 1839, Hill was elected in 1842 a member of the Society of British Artists. There, he became known as a 'popular contributor' among his fellow artists, showing off his artwork in a number of their exhibitions across the next forty years. He operated primarily in London, painting many portraits of Lady Burdett-Coutts, a Victorian philanthropist, and her many pets. He was allegedly a good friend of hers. His paintings were known to depict mainly girls and boys and their families residing in the countryside, nature being present in almost all of his artwork, and in his later career he moved from painting mainly portraits and people to painting landscapes. Most of his landscape paintings were inspired by his visit to Ireland in 1854. He found less success in painting landscapes than he did scenes of wildlife and people.

Later career

In his later life, Hill devoted himself primarily to painting landscapes and had a number of his paintings featured in London newspapers.

He died on 27 January 1882, aged 71, at Sutton House, London, having contracted bronchitis and was buried in a family grave on the west side of Highgate Cemetery.

Family

Hill had five children altogether. His first child – also James John Hill – was born to an unknown mother in 1838, and the other four – Daniel, Emily, Thomas and Alfred – to Harriet Parsons. His eldest son went on to become a marine engineer and had many children of his own. Hill's brother, Daniel Rowlinson Hill, was an architect based in Birmingham, and his cousin was Daniel Rowlinson Ratcliff, a lock and safe manufacturer and also an MP.

See also
 List of British artists
 Royal Society of British Artists
 Thomas Baker
 Lady Burdett-Coutts
 Thomas Creswick
 Peter Hollins
 James Tibbits Willmore

References

External links
 Sutcliffgalleries.com
 Invaluable.co.uk

1811 births
1882 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English landscape painters
English portrait painters
19th-century English painters
English male painters
Members of the Royal Society of British Artists
19th-century English male artists

James John Hill


The Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution () formerly Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan (Foundation of the Oppressed and Disabled or "MFJ") is a charitable bonyad, or foundation, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, the second-largest commercial enterprise in Iran behind the state-owned National Iranian Oil Company and biggest holding company in the Middle East.
The foundation used to be directly run by Khomeini.

It was founded in 1979 as a successor to the Pahlavi Foundation. As an economic, cultural, and social welfare institution, the foundation controls manufacturing and industrial companies, whose profits are used—according to the foundation—to promote "the living standards of the disabled and poor individuals " of Iran and to "develop general public awareness with regards to history, books, museums, and cinema."

The Mostazafan Foundation is associated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps where some of its head officials have come from.

History

Pahlavi Foundation
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi established the Pahlavi Foundation as a tax-exempt charity in 1958. This foundation held the assets of Mohammad Reza Shah, his predecessor, and many of his family, who later served on the corporate board and received commissions. The Pahlavi Foundation's wealth was estimated at $3 billion at its height. The Pahlavi Foundation was dogged by accusations of corruption.

The Pahlavi Foundation was said to have owned in Iran four leading hotels: the Hilton, the Vanak, the Evin and the Darband. The foundation gained international attention for purchasing the DePinna building on Fifth Avenue, New York, valued in 1975 at $14.5 million. Such investment in a foreign market by the Pahlavi Foundation gained media attention because in order to do such foreign investment the foundation had to register as an American charitable foundation with the declared aim of using the rental to pay for Iranian students studying in the United States.

The advantage of such charitable status was that the US authorities could not investigate the books of the Pahlavi Foundation in Iran.

Mostazafan Foundation
Following the Islamic Revolution, the Pahlavi Foundation was renamed the Bonyad-e Mostazafan (Foundation of the Oppressed), and its economic assets increased by more than double after the property of fifty millionaires was confiscated and added to the endowment.

A decade after the Revolution, the foundation's assets totaled more than $20 billion, and included "some 140 factories, 470 agrobusinesses, 100 construction firms, 64 mines, and 250 commercial companies." By 1994, the foundation conducted six trillion rials' worth of business transactions, compared with 5.5 trillion rials collected by the government in taxes. By 1996 the foundation began taking government funds to cover welfare disbursements.

Because of the Iran–Iraq War, the foundation was given the responsibility to supervise and aid veterans wounded in the war and the name Janbazan (disabled) added to it. Sometime before December 2005 the foundation changed its name back to Bonyad Mostazafan as the "Martyrs and War Veterans Foundation" took over war veterans affairs.

Important Revolutionary Guards who have headed the foundation include Mohsen Rafighdoost, who served as Minister of the Revolutionary Guards from 1982 to 1989 before heading the foundation until 1999; and Mohammad Forouzandeh, the chief of staff of the Revolutionary Guard in the late 1980s and later Defense Minister, who was head of the foundation from 1999 to 2014.

The United States imposed sanctions and blacklisted the Bonyad Mostazafan, an organization controlled by Khamenei. The sanctions froze U.S. assets and bared Americans from doing business with them. The foundation controls hundreds of properties confiscated since the 1979 revolution.

Status
Legally, the Mostazafan Foundation, is neither a public entity, nor a private one. It is classified as a nonprofit organization, in which the government cannot interfere in its affairs. The foundation only answers to the Supreme Leader.

Economic activity

The foundation is involved in numerous sectors of the economy, including shipping, metal, petrochemicals, construction materials, dams, towers, farming, horticulture, tourism, transportation, hotels, and commercial services. It controls 40% of Iran's production of soft drinks, including Zamzam Cola which it owns and produces; the newspapers Ettelaat and Kayhan. It "controls 20% of the country's production of textiles ... two-thirds of all glass products and a dominant share also in tiles, chemicals, tires, foodstuffs." Its total value was estimated by one source at "as much as $12 billion," by another as "in all probability exceed[ing] $10 billion."

Mostazafan's largest subsidiary is the Agricultural and Food Industries Organization (AFIO), which owns more than 115 additional companies. Some of the foundation's contract work also includes large engineering projects, such as the construction of Terminal One of the Imam Khomeini International Airport.

Mostazafan also has a history of soliciting contract work abroad. It currently maintains economic connections with countries in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and South Asia, as well as in Russia and other former states of the Soviet Union.

According to one of the foundation's former directors, Mohsen Rafighdoost, Mostazafan allocates 50 percent of its profits to providing aid to the needy in the form of low-interest loans or monthly pensions, while it invests the remaining 50 percent in its various subsidiaries. With over 200,000 employees, it owns and operates approximately 350 subsidiary and affiliate companies in numerous industries including agriculture, industry, transportation, and tourism. Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan represented approximately 10 percent of the Iranian government's annual budget in 2003. the MJF has an estimated value of more than $3 billion.

Controversies
As employers of approximately five million Iranians and providers of social welfare services to "perhaps several million more", bonyads such as Mostazafan "have a large constituency and are able to build support for the government among the working and lower classes." Nonetheless, the foundation has been subject to a number of controversies common to other bonyads in the years since its inception. The foundation and other bonyads are "exempt from official oversight as key religious leaders and former or current government officials control them. They enjoy virtual tax exemption and customs privileges, preferential access to credit and foreign exchange, and regulatory protection from private sector competition".

In 2003, there was talk of the foundation "spinning off its social responsibilities" and becoming "a purely commercial conglomerate," leaving open the question of who would own it and why it should exist as a foundation.

See also
 Bonyad
 Economy of Iran
 Foundation for the Preservation and Publication of Sacred Defense Works and Values

References

External links
 Bonyad-e Mostazafan va Janbazan (official website)

1958 establishments in Iran
Organizations established in 1958
Charities based in Iran
Front organizations
Foundations based in Iran
Organisations under the direct control of the Supreme Leader of Iran
Revolutionary institutions of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Mostazafan Foundation


Induction heating is a form of heating an electrically conductive material through the use of Eddy current.  Eddy currents use a changing magnetic field. That way, heat can be transferred over short distances without the objects actually touching.

Engineering

Induction heating


Tabernacle (Welsh: Y Tabernacl) is a Welsh-language Baptist chapel in The Hayes in the centre of Cardiff, Wales. It is a Grade II* listed building.

History and description

A chapel existed on the site from 1821, enlarged in 1840, then further enlarged and rebuilt between 1862 and 1865 in an Italianate style under local architect J. Hartland and Son. The front of the building has evidence of redevelopment rather than a complete rebuild, with one of the stair towers projecting beyond the main facade and the four upper windows appearing off-centre when viewed from inside.

The front of the building is set back from the main road behind a forecourt, fronted with wrought iron railings and two gate pillars. The chapel façade is two generous storeys including a stair tower at each corner. The upper level of the central façade is set back, with four prominent round-headed windows. At ground floor level there are four round-headed doorways in a similar style, with one of them behind the main entrance. The stair towers and façade are topped by a parapet, which includes the inscriptions BUILT 1821, TABERNACLE and REBUILT 1865. The façades have a painted stucco finish.

The main interior space is surrounded on all four sides by a high level gallery with a wrought iron balustrade, all supported on iron columns. The main ceiling is flat coffered with a large ceiling rose. A large arch at the back of the space encloses the organ and a wooden pulpit. Viewed from inside, the stained glass windows can be appreciated. The central pair of upper level round-headed windows portray colourful scenes from the Bible, with one being the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist in the River Jordan. The windows were installed in 1928 in memory of the previous minister, Charles Davies (d. 1927), though it is unusual to have images like these in a nonconformist church.

The chapel has been a listed building since 1975, currently Grade II*, as an "ambitious chapel ...with particularly fine interior".

Songs of Praise
On 1 October 1961 the Tabernacle Chapel was the location of the first broadcast of the BBC's long-running religious TV programme, Songs of Praise. The programme returned there again in June 2011 to film for the 50th anniversary edition.

References

External links

 Tabernacl Caerdydd (Tabernacle Cardiff) website
Artwork in Tabernacle Chapel, Cardiff

Chapels in Cardiff
Churches completed in 1865
Grade II* listed churches in Cardiff
1821 establishments in Wales

Tabernacle Chapel, Cardiff


Leigh Taylor-Young (born January 25, 1945, Washington, D.C.) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television programs. She played Elizabeth in Secret Admirer. She played Virginia in Jagged Edge. She also starred in the soap opera Peyton Place in the late 1960s.

American television actors
American movie actors
1945 births
Living people

Leigh Taylor-Young


Amy Yang (born July 28, 1989) also known as Yang Hee-Young is a Korean professional golfer. She plays on the United States-based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour and on the Ladies European Tour (LET). Since turning professional at age 17, she has six professional wins.

Yang began playing golf at age 10. She moved to Australia with her family at age 15 to play golf. In 2005 she won the "Queensland Amateur Championship", the youngest winner ever of that championship. In 2006, while still an amateur she won the ANZ Ladies Masters on the Ladies European Tour. Yang was also the youngest winner ever on the LET at age 16 years, 6 months and 18 days. She was given an exception to join the LET at age 17. Yang qualified for the LGPA on her first attempt.

References

Golfers

Amy Yang


The Jnaneshwari Express derailed on 28 May 2010 in West Midnapore district, West Bengal. It is believed that the track was bombed or sabotaged, damaging it.

Derailment
At that time The Communist Party of India (Maoist) arranged a four-day bandh in that area. State police said that the track of length about 46 cm was removed by the Maoist-Naxalites. At 1:30pm Jnaneshwari Super Deluxe Express train with 13 carriages which was travelling from Howrah to Mumbai derailed.

Casualties
At least 148 people were killed and over 200 others were injured. Compensation was announced Rs.5Lakhs for the family of the people who were killed.

References

2010 crimes
2010 disasters in Asia
2010 in India
Mass murder in Asia
Mass murder in the 2010s
May 2010 events
2010s murders in India
Railway accidents in India

Terrorist incidents in India in the 2010s
West Bengal
2010s disasters in India

Jnaneswari Express train derailment