Lane Monte Kiffin (born May 9, 1975) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the Ole Miss Rebels. Kiffin formerly was the offensive coordinator for the USC Trojans football team from 2005 to 2006, head coach of the National Football League's Oakland Raiders from 2007 to 2008, head coach of the University of Tennessee Volunteers college football team in 2009, and head coach of the Trojans from 2010 to 2013. He was the youngest head coach in modern NFL history at the time when he joined the Raiders (until in 2017 when Sean McVay joined the Rams), and, for a time, was the youngest head coach of a BCS Conference team in college football. Kiffin was the offensive coordinator at the University of Alabama from 2014 until 2016, when he was hired to be the head coach at Florida Atlantic, a position he held until December 2019, when he became the head coach at Ole Miss.

Playing career
Kiffin is the son of longtime NFL defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin. He graduated from Bloomington Jefferson High School in Minnesota in 1994, and committed to Fresno State University to play college football. He played backup quarterback for the Bulldogs, giving up his senior season to become a Student Assistant Coach for position coach Jeff Tedford. According to teammate David Carr, Monte Kiffin forbade his son from quitting the team because of lack of playing time, so Lane became a coach instead. Kiffin graduated from Fresno State in 1998.

Coaching career

Early positions
Kiffin worked as a graduate assistant for one year at Colorado State University. In 1999, while he was working with the offensive line, the Rams played in the Liberty Bowl. Kiffin secured a job with the Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL as a quality control assistant for one year. He was then hired by head coach Pete Carroll as a tight ends coach at USC.

USC Trojans assistant coach
Kiffin began working with the University of Southern California (USC) staff during the 2001 season and became the wide receivers coach prior to the 2002 season. For the 2004 season, he added the duties of passing game coordinator, and he was promoted to offensive coordinator along with Steve Sarkisian who returned as USC's assistant head coach and quarterbacks coach for the 2005 season after Norm Chow left USC for the same position with the NFL's Tennessee Titans. In addition to his duties as offensive coordinator, Kiffin took the reins as recruiting coordinator that year. Along with these duties, Kiffin continued as the wide receivers coach. Under Kiffin and Sarkisian, the 2005 USC offense produced numerous school records, averaging 49.1 points and 579 yards per game and becoming the first in NCAA history to have a 3,000 yard passer (Matt Leinart), two 1,000 yard rushers (Reggie Bush and LenDale White), and a 1,000 yard receiver (Dwayne Jarrett). Steve Smith fell a few yards short of also surpassing 1,000 yards in receiving. In Kiffin's three years as recruiting coordinator at USC, the Trojans had the top ranked recruiting class in college football every year. In 2006, the Trojans finished first in the Pac-10 in passing efficiency by averaging 142.8 passer rating, produced two, 1,000-yard receivers – Dwayne Jarrett (1,105) and Steve Smith (1,083) – and a 3,000-yard passer John David Booty, with 3,347 yards. The team produced top 20 statistics in most NCAA offensive categories and concluded with a 32–18 win over the then #3 ranked team the University of Michigan in the Rose Bowl.

Kiffin helped guide USC to a 23–3 record during his tenure as offensive coordinator, an 88.5% win percentage; however, in June 2010, the NCAA retroactively declared Reggie Bush ineligible for the entire 2005 season, and forced USC to vacate all of its 2005 wins. Litigation from former coach Todd McNair to fight his defamation and to overturn those vacancies went on for ten years, before the defamation suit finally was settled through mediation in July 2021. The wins remained vacated, as announced by the NCAA two days later.

Oakland Raiders
Raiders' owner Al Davis hired the 31 year-old Kiffin on January 23, 2007, making him the youngest head coach in Oakland Raiders history, and signed Kiffin to a two-year contract worth about $4 million with a team option for 2009. Pro Football Hall of Fame Coach John Madden was 32 when he was elevated to the head post by Davis in 1969. Davis had been known to select young, up-and-coming coaches in their thirties; those hires who fared well include John Madden, Mike Shanahan, and Jon Gruden. All have won Super Bowls, though Madden is the only one of the three to win a championship with the Raiders. Davis himself was 34 when he began his tenure as coach of the Raiders. Age 31 at the time of his hiring by the Raiders (32 when he coached his first game), Kiffin became the youngest head coach in modern NFL history (i.e. since 1946); he also surpassed the New York Jets' Eric Mangini and the Pittsburgh Steelers' Mike Tomlin as the youngest head coach since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.

On August 12, 2007, in his NFL head coaching debut, Kiffin and the Raiders won their preseason opener 27–23 over the Arizona Cardinals. Kiffin vehemently opposed the selection of LSU quarterback JaMarcus Russell in the 2007 NFL Draft, who would eventually be regarded as one of the biggest draft busts in NFL history. Russell held out until September 12, and did not make his first start until December 2, long after the season was effectively over. Kiffin recorded his first regular season win as an NFL head coach on September 23, 2007; the Raiders defeated the Cleveland Browns by a score of 26–24 when defensive lineman Tommy Kelly blocked a late Cleveland field goal. At his end-of-the-season press conference, Kiffin told the media and his players that he had many plans and changes he was going to make in the 2008 offseason. When asked by his players about rumors that Kiffin was interested in open coaching positions in college football, he told them he never thought the rumors were important enough to address because he was never planning to leave.

Departure from the Raiders
On January 25, 2008, ESPN NFL analyst Chris Mortensen reported that Davis, who was not known for being patient with his coaches, tried to force Kiffin to resign after his first season ended with a 4–12 record. A source allegedly close to Kiffin told Mortensen that Kiffin would not resign, and would not sign the letter of resignation that would cause him to forfeit his $2 million salary for the remaining guaranteed year of his contract. However, the Raiders denied the story, while Kiffin refused to comment.

On September 15, 2008, NBC Sports reported Davis was unhappy with Kiffin, and intended to fire him as soon as the following Monday or Tuesday. On September 30, 2008, Davis fired Kiffin over the telephone. At the televised news conference announcing the firing, Davis called Kiffin "a flat-out liar" and said he was guilty of "bringing disgrace to the organization". The Raiders said the move was made for cause, meaning they would terminate his contract immediately without paying the $2.6 million that was left on it for 2008. Kiffin later added in an interview with ESPN that he was not proud to be associated with Davis's accusations and was actually more embarrassed for Davis than himself. The Raiders subsequently released a letter Davis sent to Kiffin on September 12 that warned him that he was on the verge of being fired for "conduct detrimental to the Raiders," including repeated instances of making excuses and outright lies. Kiffin's post-firing press conference was canceled. Kiffin filed a grievance against the Raiders, claiming that he was fired without cause, but on November 15, 2010, an arbitrator ruled that Davis did indeed have cause to fire Kiffin. Kiffin's short tenure as the Raiders' head coach ended with a 5–15 record. Offensive line coach Tom Cable was given interim head coaching duties for the remainder of the 2008 season and was later made their permanent head coach on February 4, 2009.

Several of his former Raider staff expressed interest as Kiffin began assembling his new staff at the University of Tennessee. On December 15, 2008, Raiders head coach Tom Cable lashed out at Kiffin for hiring one of his assistants, James Cregg, with two weeks remaining in the NFL season. Cable called the timing of Cregg's departure "wrong in the business of coaching" and indicated he had lost respect for Kiffin and planned to confront him about it. Nothing further was said publicly regarding the incident.

Despite the animosity between the Raiders and Kiffin, he released a statement following Al Davis's death in October 2011 stating that although their relationship had not ended well, he appreciated the opportunity Davis had given him and had "nothing but the greatest respect" for the late Raiders owner.

Tennessee Volunteers
On November 28, 2008, multiple media outlets reported that Kiffin would be the next head football coach for the University of Tennessee Volunteers in 2009, replacing head coach Phillip Fulmer, who was fired. Tennessee formally introduced Kiffin as the school's 21st head football coach on December 1, 2008, in a 2:00 p.m. news conference.

At the age of 33, Kiffin was hired by Tennessee and became the youngest active head coach in Division I FBS, surpassing Northwestern's Pat Fitzgerald.

Kiffin signed a memorandum of understanding with the University of Tennessee on November 30, 2008. The deal included $2 million in 2009, with additional performance bonuses, including a $300,000 bonus if Tennessee was to compete for the national championship. His salary was set to increase over the six-year-deal, reaching a high of $2.75 million in 2014. The average salary of the deal was $2.375 million. If Kiffin had been fired in 2009 or 2010, the school would have to pay him $7.5 million under a buyout clause; after the 2012 season, the buyout clause decreased to $5 million. Kiffin's contract stated that if he resigned, he would have to pay UT $1 million in 2009, with the sum decreasing by $200,000 each year of his contract.

Kiffin led the Vols to a 7–6 record in 2009, an improvement from their 5–7 record in 2008. Highlights included wins over South Carolina, Georgia, and Kentucky. However, the season was marred by losses to UCLA, Florida, Auburn, Alabama, and Ole Miss, as well as a 23-point blow-out loss to Virginia Tech in the Chick-fil-A Bowl. After one season as coach, Kiffin left the Vols during the 2010 recruiting season to accept the head coaching job at the University of Southern California after Pete Carroll left to go to the Seattle Seahawks.

Remarks and accusations
On February 5, 2009, during a Tennessee booster breakfast at the Knoxville Convention Center, Kiffin accused Urban Meyer, then head coach of the Florida Gators and subsequently head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes, of violating NCAA recruiting rules.

While Kiffin accused Meyer of violating NCAA rules, he incidentally violated a Southeastern Conference rule that prevented coaches from mentioning a recruit by name. Kiffin's accusations against Meyer were mistaken.
Southeastern Conference commissioner Mike Slive issued a public reprimand to Kiffin because of the comment. In addition to the SEC's public reprimand, Florida Athletic Director Jeremy Foley demanded a public apology from Kiffin. Kiffin issued a public apology one day after making the comment. In a statement released by the University of Tennessee, Kiffin wrote, "In my enthusiasm for our recruiting class, I made some statements that were meant solely to excite those at the breakfast. If I offended anyone at the University of Florida, including Mr. Foley and Urban Meyer, I sincerely apologize. That was not my intention."

Kiffin generated further controversy when he told wide receiver recruit Alshon Jeffery that if Jeffery chose the Gamecocks, "he would end up pumping gas for the rest of his life like all the other players from that state who had gone to South Carolina." Jeffery went on to sign with the University of South Carolina Gamecocks, became the second round, 45th pick overall in the 2012 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears, and, subsequently, a member of the Super Bowl LII champions, the Philadelphia Eagles. Kiffin denied making the statement, however the incident was corroborated by Jeffery's high school coach Walter Wilson, who was listening to Kiffin's remarks on speakerphone.

Departure from Tennessee
Kiffin's departure for USC in 2010 after just one season as head coach of the Volunteers upset many students and fans of the University of Tennessee. When Tennessee athletic director Mike Hamilton was asked for an assessment of Kiffin's tenure coaching the Volunteers, he responded with just one word: "Brief." Hundreds of students rioted on campus at the news of Kiffin's departure. Knoxville police and fire department were brought in after students blocked the exit from the Neyland Thompson Sports Center and started several small fires.

USC Trojans

On January 12, 2010, Kiffin returned to USC to become the Trojans' head coach. This came following Pete Carroll's departure from USC to become the head coach of the Seattle Seahawks.

In June 2010, after a prolonged four-year investigation into whether former USC running back Reggie Bush and his family had accepted financial benefits and housing from two sports agents in San Diego while he was a student athlete at USC, the NCAA imposed sanctions against the Trojan football program for a "lack of institutional control," including a two-year postseason ban, the loss of 30 scholarships over three years, and the vacation of all wins in which Bush participated as an "ineligible" player, including the 2005 Orange Bowl, in which the Trojans won the BCS National Championship. The severity of these sanctions has been criticized by some NCAA football writers, including ESPN's Ted Miller, who wrote, "It's become an accepted fact among informed college football observers that the NCAA sanctions against USC were a travesty of justice, and the NCAA's refusal to revisit that travesty are a massive act of cowardice on the part of the organization."

2010 season

In 2010, his first season at USC, Kiffin's Trojans team finished the season with an 8–5 record but were ineligible for post-season play due to the NCAA sanctions. After the NCAA issued a guideline allowing current USC juniors and seniors to automatically transfer from USC without having to sit out a year, several USC players left before the start of the 2010 season, including Malik Jackson and Byron Moore to Tennessee, Travon Patterson to Colorado, D.J. Shoemate to Connecticut, Uona Kaveinga to BYU, and Blake Ayles to Miami, among others.  Seantrel Henderson, who had signed a letter of intent to USC, was granted a release by Kiffin and immediately enrolled at Miami.  Both Kiffin and former head coach Pete Carroll publicly referred to this NCAA-transfer exception as "free agency" because it allowed current USC players to be targeted for transfer opportunities and granted them immediate eligibility at their transfer destination. USC played the 2010 season with just 71 scholarship players, some of whom were redshirt candidates who did not play, instead of the normal NCAA allowance of 85 scholarship players.

Season highlights included a 48–14 win over the California Golden Bears in which quarterback Matt Barkley tied the USC record for touchdown passes in a game by completing five in just the first half to put the Trojans up 42–0 at halftime. After losing to rival Notre Dame for the first time in eight years, USC bounced back to close their season with a win over cross-town rival UCLA to retain the Victory Bell.  Quarterback Matt Barkley returned after missing the previous week and threw one of the team's two touchdown passes. Allen Bradford led the Trojans by gaining 212 yards rushing and catching a 47-yard touchdown pass.

2011 season

In 2011, Kiffin coached the Trojans to a 10–2 record (7–2 in the Pac-12), despite being ineligible for post-season play for the second consecutive season. On May 26, 2011, the NCAA's Appeals Committee upheld the sanctions against USC, after ruling that the use of precedent was not allowed under NCAA Bylaws, so the USC football team could not participate in the Pac-12 Football Championship Game (although they held the best record in the South division) or play in a bowl game during the 2011–12 season. The BCS announced June 6, 2011, that it had stripped USC of the 2004 title, though USC still retains the 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships.

Season highlights included road wins against the California Golden Bears, Notre Dame Fighting Irish, and Oregon Ducks. Kiffin's Trojans lost in triple overtime to the Stanford Cardinal, who were led by quarterback Andrew Luck, but they bounced back by winning their last four games and defeating the UCLA Bruins 50–0 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which extended the Trojans' victory streak against the Bruins to five.

USC ended the season with two thousand-yard receivers (Robert Woods and Marqise Lee), a thousand-yard rusher (Curtis McNeal), and a 3,000-yard passer (Matt Barkley) for the first time since the 2005 season, when Kiffin was the offensive coordinator.

2012 season

Kiffin for the first time became a voting member of the USA Today Coaches' Poll, but he resigned after just one vote amidst controversy over his preseason selection of USC as No. 1. After being informed that Arizona coach Rich Rodriguez had voted the Trojans as the top team, Kiffin told reporters, "I would not vote USC No. 1, I can tell you that much." However, USA Today, citing the need to "protect the poll's integrity", revealed that Kiffin had voted his team for the top spot. Kiffin apologized and explained that his comments were from the perspective of an opposing coach voting for USC.
The Trojans finished the season with a 7–6 record overall and a 5–4 record in Pac-12 conference play. The Trojans were ranked #1 in both major polls at the start of the season, but a lackluster season (including a .500 record in conference play and a loss to archrival UCLA) left them unranked by the end of the season. Prior to 2012, the last time a team that was the pre-season ranked #1 finished the season unranked was USC in 1963.

2013 season and firing

The Trojans lost their first two conference games of the 2013 season against Washington State and Arizona State, making Kiffin's record 4–7 in his last eleven games. During the Washington State opener, USC fans began filling the Coliseum with boos and, late in the game, chants to "fire Kiffin." On September 28, 2013, after the 62–41 loss to Arizona State, USC Athletics Director Pat Haden fired Kiffin hours after the game, when the team arrived back in Los Angeles at 3 a.m. Kiffin was called off the team bus that was preparing to head back to campus from Los Angeles International Airport and taken to a small room inside the terminal where Haden told Kiffin he was being dismissed. After the meeting, Haden rejoined the team bus, and they headed back to campus with Kiffin's bags, leaving Kiffin behind at the airport. Haden supposedly met with USC president Max Nikias in the third quarter and they decided Kiffin should be terminated. Haden formally announced the decision to dismiss Kiffin the next day. Assistant coach Ed Orgeron took over for Kiffin and led the team to a 6–2 finish, including an upset win against Stanford at the Coliseum. USC won the 2013 Las Vegas Bowl under interim head coach Clay Helton against Fresno State. Former USC associate head coach and Washington head coach Steve Sarkisian was hired by Haden following the season.

Alabama Crimson Tide
In December 2013, Kiffin spent eight days in Tuscaloosa, Alabama reviewing the Alabama Crimson Tide football team's offense. On January 9, 2014, after Michigan hired Alabama offensive coordinator Doug Nussmeier, Kiffin interviewed for the vacant coordinator job. Kiffin was offered the job as offensive coordinator at Alabama and accepted on January 10.

In 2014, Kiffin was a finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach.

On January 2, 2017, three weeks after having accepted the head coaching job at Florida Atlantic, but electing to remain as the Alabama Offensive Coordinator through the playoffs, Kiffin was instead relieved of his duties as OC. He was replaced by another former USC head coach and his successor at that job, Steve Sarkisian, for the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship 35–31 loss against Clemson and for the upcoming season.

Florida Atlantic Owls
On December 12, 2016, Kiffin accepted the head coaching position at Florida Atlantic University. After a 1–3 start, the FAU Owls reeled off ten straight wins, culminating in the Conference USA (C-USA) football championship against University of North Texas, 41–17, on their home field. FAU was slated to play the University of Akron in the Boca Raton Bowl on December 19, 2017. Before the game against Akron, it was announced on ESPN that Kiffin and FAU had agreed to a new deal that would keep him on for the next ten years through the 2027 season. John Kelly, the president of FAU, was quoted in the article as saying, "This is further proof of FAU's unbridled ambition . . . I thought we could be a Top-25 program and we need a coach who can do that, he's on the verge of doing that. We're obviously looking toward keeping Lane long term." Kiffin led the Owls to a 50–3 victory over Akron in the Boca Raton Bowl, culminating in a 11–3 season in his first year. The 11–3 season was the first season over .500 for the FAU Owls since 2008, and the first time they have achieved over ten wins while competing at Division 1 football. The 2017 FAU football season is only the 4th time in school history they had a winning record in Division 1 football. In 2019, Kiffin once again led FAU to a 10-win season and a second C-USA championship.

Ole Miss Rebels

On December 6, 2019, it was reported that Kiffin was close to accepting the head coaching position at Ole Miss.
On December 7, following FAU's blowout win in the C-USA championship game over UAB (49–6), it was confirmed by Ole Miss AD Keith Carter that Kiffin would be the next head coach at Ole Miss.
On December 9, Lane was officially introduced as the 39th head football coach at Ole Miss. Kiffin's four-year contract totaled $16.2 million and would pay him $3.9 million in 2020 with a $100,000 yearly increment thereafter. Kiffin won his first game at Ole Miss in the second game of the 2020 season at Kentucky, a 42–41 win in overtime. In Kiffin's first season Ole Miss finished 5–5 with a 4–5 record in the SEC leading to a 2021 Outback Bowl invitation. After winning the Outback Bowl Kiffin was given a one-year contract extension by Ole Miss (the maximum extension Ole Miss could offer since Mississippi state law only allows four-year total contracts for university employees), however financial details were not immediately released. New contract details were released in August 2021 and amounted to $21 million in base pay through 2024, with $4.5 million paid out in 2021 and over $5 million in each of the remaining three seasons.

Prior to the 2021 season, Kiffin led Ole Miss to become the first NCAA football team 100% vaccinated against COVID-19. This was particularly notable because at the time of Ole Miss' announcement the state of Mississippi ranked 49th out of 50 in COVID-19 vaccination rates. Kiffin tested positive for COVID-19 two days before the 2021 Ole Miss opener in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game with Louisville and would not make the trip with the team. With a 31–21 victory in the Egg Bowl against rival Mississippi State, the Rebels would finish the 2021 regular season 10–2. This was the first time in Ole Miss school history that they finished the regular season with 10 wins.

Personal life
Lane and his ex-wife Layla Reaves, who is a University of Florida alumna, have three children. Kiffin's brother, Chris, was a defensive lineman at Colorado State University and is the linebackers coach for the Houston Texans. Kiffin's former father-in-law, John Reaves, was a former starting NFL and USFL quarterback who played college football for the Florida Gators. On February 28, 2016, Lane and Layla announced that they were separating and had mutually decided to divorce.

Head coaching record

NFL

College

 ‡ Ineligible for Pac-12 title, bowl game and Coaches Poll due to NCAA sanctions.*Kiffin was fired on September 29, 2013.

 ** Departed Florida Atlantic for Ole Miss before bowl game

References

External links
 Ole Miss Rebels bio
 Collegiate coaching statistics at Sports-Reference.com

1975 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Colorado State Rams football coaches
Fresno State Bulldogs football coaches
Fresno State Bulldogs football players
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
Oakland Raiders head coaches
Tennessee Volunteers football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Florida Atlantic Owls football coaches
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
Colorado State University alumni
Sportspeople from Lincoln, Nebraska
Sportspeople from Bloomington, Minnesota

Lane Kiffin


Barbara Bennett (1940s–2000) was an American sideshow attraction. Her stage name was "World's Smallest Mother". Her bones were disfigured. In the 1970s, she attended a sideshow, and decided that she wanted to be an attraction. She joined the Hall & Christ show with her similarly afflicted daughter and her husband Ed. Audiences accused her of being a male attraction in drag, Peter Moore, who suffered the same sort of disfigurements. She worked the Hall & Christ show for eight years, then bought it. After four years, she retired. She went on to have three more children. She died on Christmas Day of 2000.

References
 Hartzman, Marc. 2006. American Sideshow. Penguin. pp. 119–120. (pbk. edition).

1940s births
2000 deaths
American sideshow attractions

Barbara Bennett


In memoriam is a symphonic poem by the American composer Douglas Moore.

Moore wrote In memoriam in 1943 in memory of the young soldiers who died in World War II. It is Moore's darkest work and contrasts strongly with the ebullient Symphony in A major, which was written two years later. Most of the music is very elegiac as befits the piece.

The premiere was given by Howard Hanson in early 1944.

References

Compositions by Douglas Moore
Symphonic poems
1943 compositions
Funerary and memorial compositions

In memoriam (Moore)


A race track (racetrack, racing track or racing circuit) is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals (e.g. horse racing or greyhound racing). A race track also may feature grandstands or concourses. Race tracks are also used in the study of animal locomotion.

A racetrack is a permanent facility or building. Racecourse is an alternate term for a horse racing track, found in countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Hong Kong, and the United Arab Emirates. Race tracks built for bicycles are known as velodromes. Circuit is a common alternate term for race track, given the circuit configuration of most race tracks, allowing races to occur over several laps. Some race tracks may also be known as speedways, or raceways.

A race course, as opposed to a racecourse, is a nonpermanent track for sports, particularly road running, water sports, road racing, or rallying. Many sports usually held on race tracks also can occur on temporary tracks, such as the Monaco and Singapore Grands Prix in Formula One.

History
Some evidence remains of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations. The most developed ancient race tracks were the hippodromes of the Ancient Greeks and the circuses (circi) of the Roman Empire. Both of these structures were designed for horse and chariot racing. The stadium of the Circus Maximus in Ancient Rome could hold 200,000 spectators.

Racing facilities existed during the Middle Ages, and records exist  of a public racecourse being opened at Newmarket, in London, in 1174. In 1780, the Earl of Derby created a horse-racing course on his estate at Epsom; the English Derby continues to be held there today. Racecourses in the British Isles are based on grass, known as turf tracks. In the United States, the race tracks are soil.

With the advent of the automobile in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, race tracks were designed to suit the nature of powered machines. The earliest tracks were modified horse-racing courses. Racing automobiles in such facilities began in September 1896, at Narragansett Park in Cranston, Rhode Island. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was opened in August 1909.

Beginning in the early 1900s, motorcycle races were run on high, banked, wooden race tracks called board tracks. During the 1920s, many of the races on the AAA Championship circuit were run on such board tracks.
Modern racetracks are designed with spectator safety being paramount, following incidents of spectator and track marshals fatalities. These often involve run-off areas, barriers, and high fencing.

Sports

Racetracks are used for:

Animal sports

 Camel racing
 Greyhound racing
 Harness racing
 Horse racing

Human sports
 Bobsleigh
 Cycle sport
 Skeleton (sport)
 Track and field

Motor sports
 Auto racing
 Drag racing
 Kart racing
 Motorcycle racing
 Stock car racing
 Track racing (motorcycles)
 Truck racing
 Drift racing

Configurations

Some racetracks offer little in the way of permanent infrastructure other than the track; others incorporate spectator facilities such as grandstands, hospitality or facilities for competitors, such as pit lanes and garages, paddocks and stables. Several racetracks are incorporated into larger venues or complexes, incorporating golf courses, museums, hotels, and conference centres. Some racetracks are small enough to be contained indoors, for sports such as motocross, track cycling, and athletics.

Many racetracks are multi-use, allowing different types of sport on the same track, or incorporating many tracks in one venue. Commonly, running tracks are incorporated within general use or soccer stadiums, either permanently visible or covered by stands or pitches.

Many horse and motorsport tracks are configurable, allowing different routes or sections. Some venues contain smaller tracks inside larger ones, with access tunnels and bridges for spectators. Some racetracks incorporate a short course and a longer course which uses part of the shorter one, usually the main straight, such as Brands Hatch. The Le Mans road race venue is centred on a smaller permanent circuit within its complex.

Surfaces

Surfaces include:

 All-weather running track (Tartan) (athletics)
 Artificial turf (electric radio controlled off-road racing)
 Asphalt/tarmac (motorsports, athletics, cycling)
 Carpet (electric radio controlled racing)
 Concrete (motorsports)
 Dirt (horses, greyhounds, automobiles, motorbikes (track racing), stock cars, radio controlled off-road racing, cycling)
 Grass (horses, amateur motorsports, cross country running)
 Ice (speed skating – when on dirt tracks, bobsleighs, speed skating, ice motor racing)
 Sand (horses, camels, greyhounds, rally raid)
 Wood (cycling) (board track racing – now defunct)

Motorsport

Race tracks are primarily designed for road racing competition through speed, featuring defined start-finish lines or posts, and sometimes even a series of defined timing points that divide the track into time sectors. A racetrack for cars (i.e. a car track) is a closed circuit, instead of a street circuit utilizing temporarily closed public roads.

Race tracks can host individual or team sports. Racetracks can feature rolling starts, or fixed starts, with associated equipment (starting blocks, cages, wheel traps etc.) They invariably feature a pit lane, and usually timing equipment.

Track layout
Some car tracks are of an oval shape, and can be banked, which allows almost universal spectator views or high speed racing (cycling, stock cars). A famous one is Nardò where high-speed manufacturer testing often takes place, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Some oval tracks are variations on an oval shape, for practical reasons or to introduce varying difficulties such as Talladega (a tri-oval). Most race tracks have meandering circuits with many curves, chicanes and changes in height, to allow for a challenge in skill to the competitors, notably motocross and touring car racing – these tend to predominate throughout most of the world, but especially in Europe.

Road circuits

Flatter meandering motorsport courses are sometimes called 'road circuits', originating in the fact that the earliest road racing circuits were simply closed-off public roads. Some car racetracks are specifically configured in a long straight, namely drag racing.

True road circuits are still in use, e.g. the Australian GP has been run in Adelaide and continues to be in Melbourne on regular city streets. The most famous of these are the Monaco GP, and the Circuit de la Sarthe circuit in Le Mans, France. These are not permanent facilities built for racing (although parts of the Circuit de la Sarthe are purpose-built, and closed to the public).

Converted airfields
After World War II, many wartime airfields, particularly in Great Britain, were left without further use.  This coincided with a post-war boom in motorsport, and many airfields were converted to race tracks, where the circuit layout usually combined parts of the runways and the surrounding perimeter taxiways.  The famous British track at Silverstone is a former
Class A airfield, as are Castle Combe and Goodwood. The long runways were perfect for drag strips such as at Santa Pod Raceway.  This type of track also appears on the popular motoring show Top Gear, which is filmed at Dunsfold Aerodrome, in Surrey, United kingdom

See also

 Animal locomotion
 Auto racing
 List of motor racing circuits by FIA grade
 List of horse racing venues

References

External links

trackpedia.com Worldwide Motor Racing track wiki
racingcircuits.net Worldwide Motor Racing track database
When the going gets rough – tyres and track surfaces
AudioTrackGuides.co.uk Audio walkthroughs of motor racing circuits, for use with games.
Trackreviewers.com Motorsport Track Reviews and Information

Horse racing terminology

Sports venues by type

Race track


Anthony George Lyster (1852 – 17 March 1920) was born in Hollyhead, Wales. He was engineer-in-chief to the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board from 1897, when he succeeded his father, George Fosbery Lyster, until his retirement in 1913, when he was honoured with the presidency of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Among his work is Brunswick Entrance Locks, opened 1905, Vittoria Dock, opened 1909, and Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse. The latter was the largest warehouse in the world when built, and extends along the whole of the south front of Stanley Dock. The last dock Lyster built was the Graving Dock at Gladstone Dock.

He married on 3 December 1892 Frances Laura Arabella, former wife of the explorer and author Harry de Windt, and sister of the 1st Viscount Long of Wraxall. There were no children from the union. Lyster died at 10 Gloucester Gate, Regent's Park, London, on 17 March 1920, and was buried at Braden Lane, near High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. His estate was left in trust for a nephew, subject to the life interest of his widow.

References

External links
 Port Cities: – Anthony George Lyster, dock engineer (1852-1920) at www.mersey-gateway.org

British civil engineers
1852 births
1920 deaths
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Harbour engineers
19th-century British engineers
20th-century British engineers
English civil engineers

Anthony George Lyster


Triflic acid, the short name for trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, TFMS, TFSA, HOTf or TfOH, is a sulfonic acid with the chemical formula CF3SO3H.  It is one of the strongest known acids. Triflic acid is mainly used in research as a catalyst for esterification. It is a hygroscopic, colorless, slightly viscous liquid and is soluble in polar solvents.

Synthesis
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is produced industrially by electrochemical fluorination (ECF) of methanesulfonic acid:
 CH3SO3H + 4 HF ->CF3SO2F + H2O + 3 H2
The resulting CF3SO2F is hydrolyzed, and the resulting triflate salt is reprotonated. Alternatively, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid arises by oxidation of trifluoromethylsulfenyl chloride:
CF3SCl + 2 Cl2 + 3 H2O -> CF3SO3H + 5 HCl

Triflic acid is purified by distillation from triflic anhydride.

Historical
Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid was first synthesized in 1954 by Robert Haszeldine and Kidd by the following reaction:

Reactions

As an acid
In the laboratory, triflic acid is useful in protonations because the conjugate base of triflic acid is nonnucleophilic. It is also used as an acidic titrant in nonaqueous acid-base titration because it behaves as a strong acid in many solvents (acetonitrile, acetic acid, etc.) where common mineral acids (such as HCl or H2SO4) are only moderately strong.

With a Ka = , pKa = , triflic acid qualifies as a superacid. It owes many of its useful properties to its great thermal and chemical stability. Both the acid and its conjugate base CF3SO, known as triflate, resist oxidation/reduction reactions, whereas many strong acids are oxidizing, such as perchloric or nitric acid. Further recommending its use, triflic acid does not sulfonate substrates, which can be a problem with sulfuric acid, fluorosulfuric acid, and chlorosulfonic acid. Below is a prototypical sulfonation, which triflic acid does not undergo:
C6H6 + H2SO4 ->[\ce{SO3}] C6H5(SO3H) + H2O

Triflic acid fumes in moist air and forms a stable solid monohydrate, CF3SO3H·H2O, melting point 34 °C.

Salt and complex formation
The triflate ligand is labile, reflecting its low basicity. Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid reacts exothermically with metal carbonates, hydroxides, and oxides. Illustrative is the synthesis of Cu(OTf)2.
Cu2CO3(OH)2 + 4 CF3SO3H -> 2 Cu(O3SCF3)2 + 3 H2O + CO2
Chloride ligands can be converted to the corresponding triflates:
3 CF3SO3H + [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 -> [Co(NH3)5O3SCF3](O3SCF3)2 + 3 HCl
This conversion is conducted in neat HOTf at 100 °C, followed by precipitation of the salt upon the addition of ether.

Organic chemistry
Triflic acid reacts with acyl halides to give mixed triflate anhydrides, which are strong acylating agents, e.g. in Friedel–Crafts reactions.
CH3C(O)Cl + CF3SO3H -> CH3C(O)OSO2CF3 + HCl
CH3C(O)OSO2CF3 + C6H6 -> CH3C(O)C6H5 + CF3SO3H
Triflic acid catalyzes the reaction of aromatic compounds with sulfonyl chlorides, probably also through the intermediacy of a mixed anhydride of the sulfonic acid.

Triflic acid promotes other Friedel–Crafts-like reactions including the cracking of alkanes and alkylation of alkenes, which are very important to the petroleum industry. These triflic acid derivative catalysts are very effective in isomerizing straight chain or slightly branched hydrocarbons that can increase the octane rating of a particular petroleum-based fuel.

Triflic acid reacts exothermically with alcohols to produce ethers and olefins.

Dehydration gives the acid anhydride, trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, (CF3SO2)2O.

Safety
Triflic acid is one of the strongest acids. Contact with skin causes severe burns with delayed tissue destruction. On inhalation it causes fatal spasms, inflammation and edema.

Like sulfuric acid, triflic acid must be slowly added to polar solvents to prevent thermal runaway.

References

Inorganic carbon compounds
Reagents for organic chemistry
Superacids
Perfluorosulfonic acids

Triflic acid


Kevin Tkachuk (born September 11, 1976) is a former prop for the Canada national rugby union team and the Glasgow Warriors in Scotland.

After completing his studies at Kellogg College, Oxford University, he played rugby for numerous clubs, joining Glasgow in 2004. He has earned 34 caps for Canada including 5 as captain. He is 1.8m tall and weighs 115 kg.

Tkachuk has spent the summer playing for Canada, firstly in the Churchill Cup and then in the World Cup qualifiers.
Tkachuk joined up at Glasgow in 2004 after completing his studies at Oxford University. He has played for Oxford in the varsity matches from 2001 to 2003, and scored a try for them against Australia.

The Canadian international prop joined Glasgow from Pertemps Bees and made a big impact in his first season at Hughenden.
He captained Canada five times in 2004 and 2005 and made his debut for the Barbarians in May 2006 in the Murrayfield match against Scotland......

Only a few days before that match he was named Glasgow Warriors' Player of the Year at the Scottish Rugby Awards Dinner.
Later that year he returned to Canada's team for the 56–7 win against USA in the World Cup qualifying match in St John's, Newfoundland.

His first try for Glasgow was in the Celtic League victory against Ulster at Hughenden in October 2004, and he scored a second in the home win against Connacht two months later.

Tkachuk has also played for Campion Grads, Saskatchewan Prairie Fire (Rugby Canada Super League team), the Capilano and Castaway Wanderers clubs in British Columbia, and Henley Hawks in England.
Former wrestler, gridiron player and speed skater, Tkachuk was noted for his strength, mobility and commitment.

In 2016, Tkachuk became the rugby coach for St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Tkachuk became the Football coach and history teacher at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 2018.

References

External links
Glasgow profile
Scrum.Com

1976 births
Canadian rugby union players
Glasgow Warriors players
Oxford University RFC players
Living people
Sportspeople from Manitoba
People from Thompson, Manitoba
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Alumni of Kellogg College, Oxford
Canada international rugby union players
Birmingham & Solihull R.F.C. players
Rugby union props
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Kevin Tkachuk


Neka svemir čuje nemir (trans. May the Universe Hear the Unrest) is a double and the first live album by Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Bajaga i Instruktori, released in 1989.

The first five tracks on the album are studio tracks. "Na vrhovima prstiju", "Idem (Kao da ne idem, a idem)" and "Neka svemir čuje nemir" made their debut on the album, and "Tekila - Gerila" and "Tamara" are acoustic versions of the songs from the album  Pozitivna geografija.

One part of the live tracks was recorded on March 6, 1989, on the band's concert in Dom Sportova in Zagreb. the other part was recorded on September 15, 1989, on the band's performance at EBU Rock Festival in Novi Sad. The last track of the album is the recording of the journalist Dražen Vrdoljak announcing the band on their concert in Kulušić club in Zagreb, held on December 8, 1984.

The album features a live version of the song "Kad hodaš", originally recorded by Momčilo Bajagić's former band Riblja Čorba.

Track listing
All tracks written by Momčilo Bajagić except where noted.

Disc One
"Na vrhovima prstiju"
"Tekila - Gerila"
"Idem (Kao da ne idem, a idem)" (Ž. Milenković, M. Bajagić)
"Tamara"
"Neka svemir čuje nemir" (Indian traditional, M. Bajagić)
"Dvadeseti vek"
"Dobro jutro, džezeri"
"220 u voltima"
"Plavi safir"

Disc Two
"Kad hodaš"
"Ruski voz" (Ž. Milenković, M. Bajagić)
"Zažmuri"
"Poljubi me"
"Limene trube"
"Ja mislim 300 na sat"
"Tišina"
"Tonski zapis sa koncerta u Kulušiću 8.12.'84."

Personnel
Momčilo Bajagić - vocals, guitar, acoustic guitar, arranged by
Žika Milenković - vocals, arranged by
Miroslav Cvetković - bass guitar, backing vocals, arranged by
Saša Lokner - keyboards, backing vocals, arranged by
Nenad Stamatović - guitar, backing vocals
Vladimir Golubović - drums, backing vocals, arranged by

Additional personnel
Saša Habić - producer
Ivan Vlatković - producer ("220 u voltima" and "Tišina" only), recorded by
Mladen Škalec - recorded by
Milovan Macanović - recorded by ("220 u voltima" and "Tišina" only)
Petar Bojmić - engineer
Đorđe Petrović - engineer (on "220 u voltima" and "Tišina" only)
Zoran Vujkević - mixed by
Jan Šaš - mixed by ("220 u voltima" and "Tišina" only)

References

Neka svemir čuje nemir at Discogs
 EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006,  Janjatović Petar;

External links
Neka svemir čuje nemir at Discogs

Bajaga i Instruktori live albums
1989 live albums
PGP-RTB live albums

Neka svemir čuje nemir


Madrid (pronounced: "mah-drid or /məˈdrɪd/) is the capital and largest city of Spain. Madrid is in the middle of Spain, in the Community of Madrid. The Community is a large area that includes the city as well as small towns and villages outside the city. 7 million people live in the Community. More than 3 million live in the city itself. It is the largest city of Spain and, at 655 m (2,100 ft) above sea level, the second highest capital in Europe (after the Andorran capital Andorra la Vella).  It is the second largest city in the European Union.  As it is the capital city, Madrid is where the monarch lives and also where the government meets. Madrid is the financial centre of Spain. Many large businesses have their main offices there. It has four important footballs teams, Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid, Getafe, and Rayo Vallecano. People who live in Madrid are called madrileños.

Madrid was ruled by the Romans from the 2nd century. After AD 711 it was occupied by the Moors. In 1083 Spain was ruled again by Spaniards. Catholic kings ruled the country. By the mid-16th century it had become the capital of a very large empire. Spain was ruled by monarchs from the House of Habsburg, then the House of Bourbon. After the Spanish Civil War it was ruled by a dictator until the mid-1970s when it became a democracy.

Although it is a modern city, a lot of its history can be seen and felt as one walks along the streets and in the large squares of the city. There are beautiful parks, famous buildings, art galleries and concert halls.

History

During the history of Spain many different people have lived there. The Phoenicians came in 1100 BC, followed by Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths and Moors. It was not until 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs got power, that Spain became a united country. Jews and Moors, who had lived happily there for many years, were driven away. Spain became very rich because it conquered many overseas countries, especially in Central and South America. However, Spain fought many wars and lost much of its treasure. It was very poor in 1936 when the Civil War was fought. General Franco became a harsh dictator until 1975 when Juan Carlos I was brought back to Spain and made king. There is now a democratic government.

In prehistoric times people lived in the area which is now Madrid. The Romans lived there for several centuries. The origin of today's city really starts in the 9th century when Muhammad I had a small palace built where the Palacio Real stands today. The Moors built strong forts in Madrid in 865 and put a wall round the city. These walls stood until 1476 when they were knocked down. In 1561 Felipe I moved the royal court from Toledo to Madrid. Madrid had now become the capital of a very large empire. Over the next years and decades the Plaza Mayor was built and many great buildings and monuments, many of which still stand.

When Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile came to Madrid, Spain had become a very rich country. The 16th and 17th centuries are now known as the "Golden Century". Their grandson was the famous Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). He liked his court to be in Seville. His son, Philip II (1527–1598) moved the court to Madrid in 1561.

In the late 1800s there was a revolt, known as the First Spanish Republic. Later the monarchy was restored, but then there was a Second Spanish Republic followed by the Spanish Civil War. The Second Spanish Republic started on 14 April 1931 and was celebrated in La puerta del Sol which is the center of the city. Madrid suffered a lot in this war. It was bombed by airplanes.

During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, especially during the 1960s, south Madrid became very industrialized, and many people from the rural areas moved to Madrid especially to the south east of the city.

When General Franco died and democracy was restored, Madrid became more prosperous. During the 1980s and 1990s many new buildings were put up.

Madrid has been attacked many times by terrorists. This includes the bombing of a restaurant in 1985, killing 18 people and the of trains in 2004, killing over 190 people.

Geography
Madrid has a borderline cold semi-arid climate (BSk in the Köppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Most rain falls in autumn and spring. The winters are cool because it is high up, and occasionally it snows. The summers are hot and dry. Often the temperature is above 30 °C (86 °F) in July and August and can often reach 40 °C (104 °F). At night it is much cooler. This is why many offices and businesses are closed and people have a sleep (siesta) in the afternoon when it is hot. Then they come out again in late afternoon and often eat dinner late at night.

Buildings in Madrid

Spain's Royal Palace is in Madrid. It is one of the largest palaces in all of Western Europe. But the king and his family do not live there anymore; they live in a smaller palace, and only use the Royal Palace for important events, like meeting other kings and other official ceremonies. One can go inside the Royal Palace and learn about the history of Spanish monarchy.

Other famous buildings are: The Prado Museum, the Temple of Debod, the Santiago Bernabeú Stadium and the Cuatro Torres Business Area.

Art galleries
There are a lot of very big and important art museums in Madrid. The most famous ones are the Prado Museum, the Queen Sofia Museum, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza museum. These show off paintings, sculptures, and other works of art from some of the most famous artists in the world.

Many famous, important, and valuable works of art are in these museums. For example, the Queen Sofia museum has a famous painting by Pablo Picasso, called Guernica. Picasso painted this painting to show how sad and angry it made him when the German Nazis destroyed a town in Spain called Guernica in 1937. Picasso had said that the painting should never return to Spain until it was a democracy again. Once that happened, they built the Queen Sofia museum just to have a good place to put it.

Other sights

There are many other sights to see in Madrid. Many people go to see the Plaza Mayor which was a market place. The Plaza de la Villa was another famous market place. There are a lot of shops along the Gran Via. Real Madrid football fans celebrate at the Plaza de Cibeles. Two famous gates to see are the Puerta del Sol and the Puerta de Alcalá. A more recent landmark is the Almudena Cathedral.

Madrid has some lovely parks. The Retiro Park is the most famous. The Cristal Palace can be found in this park.

The Plaza de Toros is visited by many tourists. Bullfights take place there.

References

Other websites
 Madrid's official tourist website
 Madrid´s English on line magazine
 French wiki entry explaining more about Guernica
 WorldFlicks in Madrid: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps

Capital cities in Spain
9th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Spain

Madrid


Abubakar Dangiwa Umar (born 21 September 1949) was governor of Kaduna state in Nigeria from August 1985 to June 1988 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida.
After retiring from the army in 1993, he became a social critic and the founder of Movement for Unity and Progress, a political party.

Birth and education

Umar was born on 21 September 1949 in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State.
His father was a school teacher and administrator with the traditional title of Wazirin Gwandu who became a member of the House of Representatives in Lagos (1954 - 1964) and Commissioner for Works in the North-Western State (1968 - 1975).
He was educated at Government College, Sokoto (1964 - 1968), Nigeria Defence Academy, Kaduna, (1967 - 1972), Nigeria Army Armored School, Ibadan, (1972),  US Army Administration School, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, USA (1976), Royal Armour School, Kentucky, USA (1977 - 1978), Command and Staff College, Jaji (1978 - 1979 and 1982 - 1983), Bayero University, Kano (1979 - 1981), Harvard University, USA (1988 - 1989).

Military career

Umar joined the Nigerian Army in 1967 and was commissioned as Second Lieutenant in March 1972.
He held various positions, including ADC to Major General Hassan Usman Katsina, Deputy Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters.
Umar was appointed General Staff Officer in the Department of Armour, Army Headquarters.
At the time of the coup of 27 August 1985 in which General Ibrahim Babangida assumed power he was a Major and Chairman of the Federal Housing Authority (1984 - 1985).
He supported the coup, and after it succeeded he was appointed Governor of Kaduna State. Later he was promoted to Lt. Colonel.

Umar was Military Governor of Kaduna State from September 1985 to June 1988, during a period when funding was scarce.
He had to deal with a serious religious crisis within the state in 1987, becoming unpopular with all sides of the dispute.
He said "If you win a religious war, you cannot win a religious peace [...] Since the killing started how many Christians have been converted to Islam? How many Muslims have been converted to Christianity? It is an exercise in futility".

In 1993, he was Colonel and Commander of the Armoured Corps Center and School.
He was opposed to the annulment of the 12 June 1993 presidential election, and started looking for support within the army for installing the elected president M.K.O. Abiola. In October, he was detained on suspicion of conspiracy, but was not charged. After being released he resigned his commission.

Later career

After retirement, Umar became chairman and chief executive, Work and Worship (Gas Company) Nigeria Limited, Kaduna.
Umar was a vocal critic of the General Sani Abacha regime, and joined the G-18 group of politicians that publicly opposed Abacha's plan to become president.
During the Nigerian Fourth Republic he was outspoken on many issues.
In June 2000, he said the concept of a monolithic Northern region was obsolete and unnecessary.
He warned defeated candidates in the 2003 elections to exercise restraint and follow the law in appealing the results.
In March 2004, he wrote a letter to President Olusegun Obasanjo in which he accused him of being an accomplice in the annulment of the 12 June 1993 Presidential election.

In June 2004, he said that the government's unpopular economic policies were creating social unrest.
In May 2005, he spoke out against the forced retirement of a deputy governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria and accused the government of insincerity in its fight against corruption.
He strongly opposed proposals to let Obasanjo run for a third term.
In January 2008, he supported the controversial removal of Nuhu Ribadu as Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission on the basis that Ribadu was insufficiently experienced, and had carried out the directives of President Olusegun Obasanjo without question.
In August 2009, he accused President Umaru Yar'Adua of nepotism in his appointments.
In December 2009, he called on the ailing President to resign.

In a June 2014 interview, he stressed the importance of dialogue to resolve the Boko Haram insurgency, saying:

"I don't think there is connivance between military people and Boko Haram ... I think there must be unity of purpose; the nation must be united in this very dangerous war against Boko Haram. The only way Boko Haram can succeed is if the nation gets divided and it is up to the federal government to unite the public against Boko Haram."

References

Nigerian Army officers
1949 births
Living people
Governors of Kaduna State
Participants in the August 1985 Nigerian military coup
Nigerian Defence Academy alumni

Dangiwa Umar


SimCity is a computer game where the player has to build a city. They can do whatever they want to their city. It can be built from the ground up or it can be destroyed by a hurricane or a UFO.

History
Sim City was made by game maker Will Wright and first released by the company Maxis. They are now owned by Electronic Arts. The game was first officially released in 1989.

It was very popular because the game had no end. A player could not win or lose. This was the start of all simulation games.

Gameplay
At the start, the player has to build power plants. Power plants make power so the city can have electricity. By building power lines, power is connected to the different areas of the city. Water needs to be pumped in from a river using pipes to connect them to the city.

Smaller areas are marked out. These are made either residential, commercial, or industrial zones. Zones are the only places where buildings can develop. Every city needs the right amount of each zone otherwise the city will not grow.

Roads, schools and hospitals must all be built for the city to get better. Parks and libraries make more people want to move to the city. Railways and highways provide ways to connect to other neighborhoods.

Sequels
After the first game, many more were created. These were made up of three games, with spin-offs and expansion packs. These were:
 SimCity 2000
 SimCity 3000
 SimCity 3000 Unlimited
 SimCity 3000 UK Edition
 SimCity 4
 SimCity 4 Rush Hour
 SimCity 4 Deluxe Edition
 SimCity DS
 SimCity DS 2
 SimCity Societies
 SimCity Societies Destinations
 SimCity (2013)

1989 video games

SimCity


The Madai Vadukunda Shiva Temple is believed to have been constructed by "Kolathiri" Kings during the medieval period on a plateau land generally known now as "Madai Para" in Madai Village, Kannur Taluk, and District of Kerala State. This is situating 22 km north of Kannur, the Headquarters Town. The "Kolathiri" Kingdom is an inherent branch of the erstwhile "Mooshaka" Dynasty, which ruled the "Ezhimala" empire during the 5th to 8th Century. About 1200 years back a branch of their dynasty had migrated and settled down at Madai, which was then an important port and trading center, 4 km south of Ezhimala. They constructed castles and temples and established their headquarters on "Madai Para", a significant plateau land lying at about 150 ft height from the sea level having sight to an extent of 20 km from all sides. Sree Vadukunda Siva Temple was thus constructed on "Madai Para" in the southwest corner of it at a holy spot due to the presence of the divine power of "Swayambhoo" of lord Siva.

See also
 Temples of Kerala

External links
Vadukandasivan

Hindu temples in Kannur district
Shiva temples in Kerala

Madai Vadukunda Shiva Temple


Peterhouse is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1284 and is the oldest college. It is also one of the smallest ones, with less than 400 total students.

In 1280, Hugo de Balsham, the person who created the college, was first allowed to keep some students following the same rules of Merton College, Oxford. At first, they stayed where St John's College is now. Four years later, they bought some land near the Church of St Peter in Trumpington Street, where Peterhouse is still found now. Over the years, Peterhouse has been centre of many important events. It was here that many discussions about religion and the Protestant Reformation took place. Peterhouse was also the second building in England to get electricity, after the Palace of Westminster.

Some very important people have studied here. Five of them have won Nobel Prizes:
Max Perutz and John Kendrew - Chemistry (1962) for finding out the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography.
Sir Aaron Klug - Chemistry (1982) for developing crystallographic electron microscopy.
Archer Martin - Chemistry (1952) for inventing partition chromatography.
Michael Levitt

Others include:
Henry Cavendish, a scientist who discovered hydrogen
James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist
Eudora Welty, an author and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who was a Prime Minister of Great Britain

References

Other websites

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1284 establishments
13th-century establishments in England

Peterhouse, Cambridge


is a platform game developed by Sega and released as an arcade video game in May 1984. It was licensed to Bally Midway for distribution in the United States. In Flicky, the player controls the eponymous blue bird and must gather all the small birds called Chirps in each round and bring them safely to the exit. There are cat and lizard enemies which can disperse the Chirps and kill the player, but Flicky can use items on the playing field to protect herself and the Chirps from danger.

The idea for Flicky came from Sega senior leadership, who wanted to exceed the success of Namco's Mappy (1983). Yoji Ishii and Yoshiki Kawasaki developed Flicky at Sega over one year. Originally, the game simply had the player catch ambiguous dots in a maze. Taking inspiration from a popular song in a Japanese variety show, Kawasaki gave the game an urban theme and bird characters. The game was originally titled "Busty", then "Flippy", before finally settling on "Flicky".

Flicky was first ported to the SG-1000 in Japan, and then later to other Japanese home consoles. In 1991, Flicky was released in North America and Europe on the Sega Genesis. The character has made cameo appearances in other Sega games, most notably within the Sonic the Hedgehog series.

Gameplay

Flicky is a platform game in which the player takes control of a flightless blue bird named Flicky. With only the ability to run side-to-side and jump, the player must collect all the small, yellow birds called "Chirps" and take them to the exit to clear each round. According to game artist Yoshiki Kawasaki, Flicky is just a friend to the Chirps although some players may think she is a mother to them. The Chirps follow Flicky in a chain until they are collected at the exit. Bonus points are awarded for bringing multiple Chirps back in a single chain. There are 48 total stages. Each stage takes place on a single wraparound screen that scrolls horizontally with Flicky always in the center. After all the stages are completed, the game loops infinitely on an increased difficulty mode.

Collected Chirps will disperse if their chain comes in contact with an enemy. Some of the chirps wear sunglasses; these chirps behave more unpredictably when dispersed. There are two enemy types in the standard rounds, house cats called Tigers and green iguanas called Iggys. These enemies can be simply avoided but can also be defeated with throwable items available on some levels. These items include telephones, flower pots, cups, and bottles. Flicky can pick up an item by walking into it, and throw it by jumping. Sometimes diamonds may appear, which cannot be thrown but rather provide bonus points. There are also bonus rounds in which Flicky attempts to catch as many falling Chirps as possible in a net.

Development
The spark to develop Flicky came from Sega's desire to exceed Namco's Mappy (1983) which had become very popular in Japanese arcades. Sega game designer Yoji Ishii's boss wanted him to design a similar "dot eater" game but better.

Flicky was developed over the course of one year and was designed by Yoji Ishii in collaboration with artist Yoshiki Kawasaki. The game evolved from a simple game that Kawasaki first envisioned where the player would catch dots in a maze. He took inspiration from a popular song about sparrows on power lines from a 1970s Japanese variety show, Migoro! Tabegoro! Waraigoro!, and so made the main character a sparrow and the platforms and walls wires. However, he found the power line theme boring, and thus changed the background to an apartment building after taking inspiration from one outside his office window. Kawasaki felt that anyone who is around children has experienced the emotion of wanting to keep children safe from the outside and returning them safe to their home. From this, the team wanted to imbue a message to "protect the children" with the game, and according to Kawasaki, "it's that emotion that drives Flicky".

Kawasaki used a poorly calibrated graphics tablet to draw all the game graphics. The Chirps were originally ambiguous dots that would disappear when collected. Kawasaki changed this so the dots trailed the player, then increased their size to 8x8 pixels to make way for a more interesting design. The size was just large enough for a simple chick design. To add difficulty to the game, some Chirps were programmed to behave more unpredictably when touched by an enemy. These Chirps were given sunglasses and deemed the "bad" Chirps. When game testing began, the team had created 100 levels but only four background designs, and there was barely any space left in the game. Kawasaki was able to change the colors of the backgrounds to create more variety. After testing, Iggy was added to the game.

Flicky was originally titled "Busty", but an American Sega branch asked the team to change it because of the term's slang usage in English. The game was then titled "Flippy" but this was changed shortly before release. In 2002, Ishii stated this was because of trademark issues in the United States, but in 2018 said it was because "Flippy" was too similar to "Mappy". Flicky was released in arcades in May 1984.

Ports
Like many early 1980s Sega arcade games, Flicky was ported to the SG-1000 console. The port only retains 40 of the arcade levels, with some of them restructured, and does not feature the Iggy enemy. In addition, the behavior of the Chirps is slightly modified and some of the graphics were changed. This version was later ported to several other home platforms in Japan including the MSX, Sharp X1, Fujitsu FM-7 and NEC PC-8801. In 1991, Flicky was ported to the Sega Genesis and released in both North America and Europe. In Japan, this port was only released through Sega Meganet.

Reception

In July 1984, Game Machine listed Flicky as being the second most popular table arcade unit in Japan during that period.

The Genesis port of Flicky was reviewed by multiple Western publications, most of which found the game to have highly addictive and enjoyable gameplay while criticizing it for having poor graphics and sound. Reviewers noted poor initial impressions based on appearance and sound, finding the sprites to be simple, the colors garish, and the music repetitive. However, when they began to play the game, they found that the simple appearance complemented the simple yet engaging gameplay. Computer and Video Games described Flicky as a guilty pleasure and discussed its cute appearance in positive light. Reviewers from Electronic Gaming Monthly concluded that the game was aimed for children based on the game's cuteness aesthetic, and provided lower scores accordingly. Critics from both Computer and Video Games and Mean Machines wrote that employees in their offices were disappearing into their game room to play Flicky. Julian from Mean Machines wrote: "It's crazy, I know, that a game so crappy, so laughably-simple and pathetic sounding as this can prove to be more addictive, more challenging and more long-lasting than virtually any other Mega Drive game, but it's true." In 2017, Gamesradar ranked Flicky 42nd on their "Best Sega Genesis/Mega Drive games of all time."

Legacy
Numerous Sega video game compilations feature Flicky. A CD-enhanced version of the Genesis port was featured in Wondermega Collection, a compilation bundled with the Wondermega hybrid console in 1992. Wondermega Collection will be included as part of the Sega Mega Drive Mini 2 mini console in Japan, releasing in October 2022. The Genesis version was compiled into Game no Kanzume Vol. 1 (1994), a Sega CD compilation in Japan which featured CD quality remixes of the original soundtrack. The Genesis port was also featured in Sonic Mega Collection (2002), Sega Genesis Collection (2006), Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection (2009), Sega Mega Drive Classic Collection (2010), and even Genesis-based plug and play devices. The arcade version has been released in Japan on the Sega Ages: Memorial Collection Vol. 1 (1996) for the Sega Saturn, and the Sega Memorial Selection (1998) for Windows. Flicky has also been ported to mobile devices. The first port was in 2001 for the Sega Ages line in Japan. In March 2003, a similar variant appeared on the Sonic Cafe service, again exclusive to Japan. In 2007, the Sonic Cafe port was upgraded with better graphics and ported to North America for the Sega Mobile service. The Genesis port was released on Steam in 2010.

The Flicky character has made cameo appearances in several other Sega arcade games, effectively becoming a mascot for Sega's early arcade years. In Teddy Boy Blues (1985), she appears as a shooting target among other Sega mascots such as Pengo. In the puzzle game Bloxeed, she can be used as a special weapon to drop blocks on the playing field. She is also playable in SDI (1987) with the use of a cheat code. Flicky has a minor cameo appearance in Flash Point, where she will wish the player good luck before each round, and in the racing game Super Monaco GP (1989), where she appears on the racetrack banners and the game over screen. Flicky has also become an entire species and reoccurring minor character in the Sonic the Hedgehog series and is featured most prominently in Sonic 3D: Flickies' Island (1996), the game mechanics of which were inspired by Flicky. Flicky has continued to have minor cameo appearances in other Sega titles, including Shenmue (1999), Gunstar Super Heroes (2005), and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2007).

Notes

References

External links

Flicky playable for free on the Internet Archive

1984 video games
Fictional passerine birds
FM-7 games
MSX games
Mobile games
NEC PC-8001 games
NEC PC-8801 games
Platformers
Sega arcade games
Sega Genesis games
Sega video games
Sega System 1 games
SG-1000 games
Sharp MZ games
Sharp X1 games
Video games about birds
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games developed in Japan
Nintendo Switch Online games
Single-player video games

Flicky


There are many dishes considered part of French cuisine. Some dishes are considered universally accepted as part of the national cuisine, while others fit into a unique regional cuisine.  There are also breads, charcuterie items as well as desserts that fit into these categories which are listed accordingly as well.

Common dishes found on a national level
There are many dishes that are considered part of the French national cuisine today. Many come from haute cuisine in the fine-dining realm, but others are regional dishes that have become a norm across the country. Below are lists of a few of the more common dishes available in France on a national level.
 Chicken Marengo
 Hachis Parmentier
 Jambon-beurre
 Poulet chasseur

Common bread

 Ficelle – a thin baguette
 Baguette
 Flûte – a thicker baguette
 Boule – a 'ball'
 Pain de campagne
 Pain de mie

Viennoiseries

 Chausson aux pommes
 Chouquette
 Croissant
 Pain au chocolat
 Pain aux raisins
 Pain viennois

Common desserts and pastries

 Brioche
 Bûche de Noël
 Café liégeois'''
 Crème brûlée Croquembouche Croustade aux pommes Éclair Far Breton Fraisier Galette des rois Gateau au yaourt Macarons Madeleine Mille-feuilles Mousse au chocolat Pain perdu Quatre-quarts Saint Honoré SouffléArdennes
 Cacasse à cul nu (Potatoes, onions, and often bacon or sausage, cooked in a Dutch oven)

Lorraine
 Baba au rhum Bouchée à la reine (Shell puff pastry with cream sauce and chicken)
 Crepe et fruit Fuseau lorrain Glace Plombières Pâté lorrain Macarons de Nancy Madeleine (small traditional cake from Commercy with orange blossom)
 Potée Lorraine Quiche Lorraine (traditional tart with bacon, eggs and cheese)
 Tarte à la brimbelle (Myrtille) Tarte aux mirabelles Tête de veau TourteAlsace

 Baeckeoffe Carpe frites Choucroute garnie (sauerkraut with sausages, salt pork and potatoes)
 Coq au Riesling (the local Alsace variant of coq au vin)
 Knack / Saucisse de Strasbourg Kouglof (traditional brioche cake with almonds baked in a special bell shaped mould)
 Presskopf Rosbif à l'alsacienne (horsemeat)
 Spätzle Tarte à l'oignon Tarte flambée / FlammekuecheNormandy
 Matelote (fish stewed in cider)
 Moules à la crème Normande (mussels cooked with white wine, Normandy cider, garlic and cream)
 Tarte Normande (apple tart)
 Teurgoule (a baked rice dessert)
 Tripes à la mode de Caen (tripe cooked in cider and calvados)
  Poulet au cidre et aux carottes de Créances (Spicy chicken in cider with carrots)

Sud-Ouest
 Axoa Confit de canard Foie gras Garbure Magret de canard PiperadeLimousin
 Farcidure Flaugnarde Fondu creusois Pâté aux pommes de terre Tourtous aux rillettes d'oieBrittany

 Crêpes (a very thin type of pancake, often eaten filled with sweet or savory fillings)
 Far Breton (flan with prunes)
 Kig ha farz (boiled pork dinner with buckwheat dumplings)
 Kouign amann (galette made flaky with high proportion of butter)
 Haricots a la Bretonne (Beans, Bretton style)
 Poulet à la bretonne (chicken simmered in apple cider)

Loire Valley/Central France
 Andouillettes (sausage made with chitterlings)
 Rillettes (spreadable paste made from braised meat and rendered fat, similar to pâté)
 Gratin de blettes (spinach beet gratin)

Burgundy

 Bœuf bourguignon (beef stewed in red wine)
 Coq au vin (chicken braised in red wine, lardons and mushrooms)
 Escargots de Bourgogne (snails baked in their shells with parsley butter)
 Gougère (cheese in choux pastry)
 Jambon persillé (also known as Jambon de Pâques, a marbled ham with parsley)
 Oeufs en meurette (poached eggs in a red wine and pepper reduction sauce)
 Pôchouse (pauchouse; fish stewed in red wine)

Rhône-Alpes

 Andouillette (a kind of sausage with tripe)
 Fondue savoyarde (fondue made with cheese and white wine into which cubes of bread are dipped)
 Gratin dauphinois (a traditional regional French dish based on potatoes and crème fraîche)
 Quenelle (flour, butter, eggs, milk and fish, traditionally pike, mixed and poached)
 Raclette (the cheese is melted and served with potatoes, ham and often dried beef)
 Soupe à l'oignon (onion soup based on meat stock, often served gratinéed with cheese on top)
 Tartiflette (a Savoyard gratin with potatoes, Reblochon cheese, cream and pork)
 Gratin de crozets savoyard (A Savoyard dish with square buckwheat pasta "les crozets de Savoie", cheese and ham)

Aveyron/Cantal
 Aligot (mashed potatoes blended with young Tomme cheese)
 Tripoux (tripe 'parcels' in a savoury sauce)
 Pansette de Gerzat (lamb tripe stewed in wine, shallots and blue cheese)
 Salade Aveyronaise (lettuce, tomato, roquefort cheese, walnuts)
 Truffade (potatoes sautéed with garlic and young Tomme cheese)
 Fouace (orange blossom water cake)
 Flaune (crust pastry dough filled with a mixture of eggs, sugar and orange blossom water, it looks like cheesecake)
 Farçous (salt and pepper mince made with pork meal, Swiss chard, parsley, eggs and flour)
 Soupe au fromage (soup with onions, garlic, cabbage, vine, stale bread, salt and pepper)
 Pascade (salted pancake)

Toulousain
 Cassoulet (made with beans, sausages and preserved duck or goose)

Languedoc-Roussillon
 Bourride (white fish stewed with vegetables and wine, garnished with aïoli)
 Brandade de morue (puréed salt cod)
 Cargolade (Catalan style of escargot)
 Clapassade (lamb ragout with olives, honey and licorice)
 Encornets farcis (cuttlefish stuffed with sausage meat, herbs)
 Rouille de seiche (squid prepared in a similar way to bourride)
 Trinxat (Catalan cabbage and potatoes)

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

 Aïoli (sauce made of garlic, olive oil, lemon juice, and egg yolks)
 Bouillabaisse (a stew of mixed Mediterranean fish, tomatoes, and herbs)
 Calisson (famous candy from Aix-en-Provence)
 Chichi (French churro from Marseille)
 Daube provençale (a braised stew of beef, vegetables, garlic, and wine)
 Fougasse (a type of bread, often found with additions such as olives, cheese, or anchovies)
 Gateau des rois (tortell, provençal variant of the king cake with glazed fruit)
 Gibassier (galette made with olive oil and spiced with anise, candied orange peel, and orange flower water, and dusted with baker's sugar)
 Navette (from Marseille)
 Oreilette (beignet eaten during carnival or Christmas)
 Pan-bagnat (sandwich with whole wheat bread, salade, hard boiled eggs, tomatoes, tuna or anchovies and olive oil)
 Panisses Pieds paquets (lambs' feet and tripe 'parcels' in a savoury sauce)
 Pissaladière (an antecedent of the much more popular pizza)
 Pompe à l'huile also called Fouace in Occitan (galette made with olive oil; one of the thirteen desserts of a Provençal Christmas)
 Quince cheese (a jelly-like confection made from the quince fruit)
 Ratatouille (a vegetable stew with olive oil, aubergine, courgette, bell pepper, tomato, onion and garlic)
 Salade Niçoise (various ingredients, but always with black olives and tuna)
 Socca (unleavened crepe made from chickpea flour, common along the Ligurian Sea coast both in France and Italy).
 Soupe au pistou (bean soup served with a pistou (cognate with Italian pesto) of fine-chopped basil, garlic and Parmesan)
 Tapenade (puree or finely chopped olives, capers, anchovies and olive oil)
 Tarte tropézienne (famous tarte from Saint-Tropez)

 Picardie
 Tarte à l'Badrée (Milk and cream cake)

French cuisine ingredients

French regional cuisines use locally grown vegetables, such as:

 Aubergines
 Carrots
 Courgettes
 Haricot verts (a type of French green bean)
 Leeks
 Mushrooms: oyster mushrooms, cèpes (porcini)
 Potatoes
 Shallots
 Truffle
 Turnips

Common fruits include:

 Apples
 Apricots
 Blackberry
 Blackcurrant
 Cherry
 Grape
 Oranges
 Peaches
 Pears
 Plums
 Raspberry
 Redcurrant
 Strawberry
 Tangerines
 Tomatoes

Meats consumed include:

 Beef
 Chicken
 Duck
 Foie gras
 Goose
 Horse
 Mutton and lamb
 Pork
 Quail
 Rabbit
 Squab
 Turkey
 Veal

Eggs are fine quality and often eaten as:

 Hard-boiled with mayonnaise
 Omelette
 Scrambled plain or haute cuisine'' preparation

Fish and seafood commonly consumed include:

 Calamari
 Cod
 Escargot (snails)
 Frog legs
 Herring
 Mussels
 Oysters
 Salmon
 Sardines, canned and fresh
 Shrimp
 Trout
 Tuna, canned and fresh

Herbs and seasonings vary by region and include:

 Fennel
 Fleur de sel
 Herbes de Provence
 Lavender
 Marjoram
 Rosemary
 Sage
 Tarragon
 Thyme

Fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as fish and meat, can be purchased either from supermarkets or specialty shops. Street markets are held on certain days in most localities; some towns have a more permanent covered market enclosing food shops, especially meat and fish retailers. These have better shelter than the periodic street markets.

See also
 List of French cheeses
 List of French desserts
 List of French soups and stews

Notes

References
Newman, Bryan. Behind the French Menu. French cuisine explained, 2013
Steele, Ross. The French Way. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

Dishes

hu:A francia gasztronómia
zh:法国烹饪

List of French dishes


The Magazine was a monthly digest entertainment magazine targeted for youth and published in Canada. In addition to music, movies, television, and contests, it featured a variety of articles on social issues such as the environment, healthy eating habits, and self-help in cooperation with Kids Help Phone.

On November 1, 2010, The Magazine celebrated its tenth anniversary as a monthly publication.

As of 2015, The Magazine had stopped publication and is now defunct due to low readership and subscription.

History
Community Programs Group, parent company to The Magazine has been producing children's entertainment since 1984. They started out making educational films about subjects such as bicycle safety & rules of the road (Right Riders), first aid, and alcohol and substance abuse (Mr. Finley's Pharmacy, Choose). In 1990, CPG partnered with Marvel to publish Spider-Man comics with drug awareness and safety messages. This became a series of five comics published with Marvel for distribution across Canada by police officers visiting elementary schools while on their safety talks.

In 1993, CPG began a publication called The New Jr. Jays Magazine. This magazine contained was lifestyle tips, Blue Jays facts and a comic strip that represented the diverse culture of the new generation of Canadian kids. The Jr. Jays magazines were given away at Blue Jays games and in schools by police officers. "The publication was considered an "icebreaker" for Police Officers throughout Canada during school visits."

The Jr Jays magazine ran from Spring 1993 right up until Fall 1998, at which point it became known as The Magazine - Not For Adults. The Jr. Jays comic strip continued to run, even though The Mag began to focus more on music, movies, TV and other popular entertainment. The Jr. Jays strip ran until the Fall 2000 edition of The Mag. In November 2000, The Mag started to be published on a monthly basis. It is sold at check-out counters at a variety of stores, such as A&P, Dominion, Foodtown, and 7-Eleven. The company's mission was to give back to the community. The entire cover price of The Mag was donated to the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police for youth programming and Kids Help Phone.

Literacy and charity remains to be an important part of The Mag's program. A portion of the cover price is regularly donated to Kids Help Phone and various community programs aimed at youth. The September/October 2009 edition marked The Mag's 100th issue.
In April 2011, The Magazine updated its website with a brand new look and archived content.

Comics
The Magazine has a long history of original comic strips which have come and gone over the years. Some of these include:

Catchy-22: This comic was a satirical look at what would happen if a disgraced ex-popstar went after the corrupt and vampiric music industry at a time when they were bogged down in a war with people who download music.
Doomsnight: A comic with strange places, strange people, and a new strange story every month.
Sc ool: This comic strip was the brainchild of Brooks Gray, about the day-to-day antics of D and his school friends.

As of February 2010, The Magazine does not print any comics. Instead, comics are available for reading on the online magazine.

The Magazine Online
The Magazine's official website included many features for its readers, most notably the MagBoard and the Blog. The MagBoard was a message board where members can post about a variety of topics. Comics, games, and wallpapers were available of the website. The board's most popular topic, TPAM, reached its 1000th page on 24 February 2010.

References

Children's magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1998
Magazines published in Toronto
1998 establishments in Ontario
Monthly magazines published in Canada
Defunct magazines published in Canada
2015 disestablishments in Ontario
Magazines disestablished in 2015
Entertainment magazines published in Canada

The Magazine


Taylor Field is a closed military airfield located 11 miles east-southeast of Montgomery, Alabama.  It was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States' entry into World War I in April 1917.

History

World War I
The property leased by the War Department consisted of 800 acres of land for which the government paid $4,000 a year as rent, with an option of purchase for $32,000. The land was leased 16 November 1917. It was the first military flying facility in Alabama.  The base was named Taylor Field, named after Captain Ralph L. Taylor of Stamford, Connecticut, who was commissioned a captain in the Nebraska National Guard Air Service on 3 May 1917, and ordered to active duty at Mineola Field (later Roosevelt Field), New York, on 23 May 1917.  Captain Taylor was an aviation instructor at Mineola field, and was killed in an accident on 2 August 1917.

Four service squadrons: 128, 129, 131 and 193, arrived at the field by April 16, 1918. In addition, there was the usual complement of quartermaster and sanitary and medical detachments. The Air Service used Taylor Field as a primary flight school with an eight-week course. The maximum capacity was 300 students. It had sixteen hangars, repair shops, warehouses, barracks, a hospital and nearly 200 Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" and De Havilland DH-4 "Gypsy Month" trainers. Aircraft assigned to the field were serviced by the Aviation Repair Depot of Montgomery, Alabama.

Active flying began on 2 May 1918. Major E. M. Hoffman, Signal Corps was the first officer in charge of the Flying Field. He was succeeded by 2nd Lt. Charles N. Monteith, July 9, 1918, who on October 2, 1918, was succeeded by 2nd Lt. Kenneth G. Fraser. The Field graduated 139 cadets. The total number of flying time was 20,619 hours, and 27 minutes.

Training units assigned to Taylor Field were:
 Post Headquarters, Taylor Field - October 1919
 128th Aero Squadron, April 1918
 Re-designated as Squadron "A",  July–November 1918
 131st Aero Squadron, March 1918
 Re-designated as Squadron "B",  July–November 1918
 193d Aero Squadron, March 1918
 Re-designated as Squadron "C",  July–November 1918
 129th Aero Squadron, April 1918
 Re-designated as Squadron "D",  July–November 1918
 Flying School Detachment (Consolidation of Squadrons A-D), November 1918-November 1919

The flying school trained 139 pilots in eight-week courses. Some deployed and fought in combat on the Western Front in France during World War I.

The airfield closed in April 1919.

World War II

It was reopened as Gunter Auxiliary Airfield #5 during World War II and was used as an auxiliary landing field for the flight school at Gunter Army Airfield.   After the war, it was closed in July 1946.

Post-World War II

After World War II, the airfield was sold off to private owners, and the remaining structures were dismantled.  All the former hangars and structures of the military airfield have been torn down, though the remnants of a swimming pool remain are seen in aerial photos. There is an Alabama historical marker located on the south side of Ray Thorington Road across from Foxchase Drive. A subdivision named Avalon was developed in 2005 along the northwest border of the airfield's former location about 200 yards east of this marker, crossing over the former SW-to-NE runway. A dirt road to the east of Avalon runs along the same path as the former main entrance to the hangars, and a few homes were built along the east side of it in the 1950s. Lancelot Drive in Avalon crosses over the old main airfield road near where the dirt road terminates.

See also

 Alabama World War II Army Airfields
 List of Training Section Air Service airfields

References

External links
 Taylor Field

Defunct airports in Alabama
1917 establishments in Alabama
Airfields of the United States Army Air Service
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Alabama
Airports in Alabama
World War I airfields in the United States
World War I sites in the United States
1946 disestablishments in Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Alabama

Taylor Field (Alabama)


Oudh Commercial Bank or Awadh Commercial Bank was an Indian bank established in 1881 in Faizabad and operated until 1958 when it failed. It was the first commercial bank in India having limited liability and an entirely Indian board of directors. It was a small bank that had no branches and that served only local needs.

History
Before it failed it acquired the Bank of Rohilkund (or Bank of Rohilkhand), which Sir Yusef Ali Khan, Nawab of Rampur (1832–1887), had promoted over the objection of local moneylenders. Bank of Rohilkund was established in 1862, just after the acceptance of limited liability for banks. Bank of Rohilkund was the first promoted by a princely state; it too was a small bank.

Citations and references

Defunct banks of India
Banks established in 1881
1881 establishments in India
Awadh
Economic history of Uttar Pradesh

Oudh Commercial Bank


Lower gastrointestinal bleeding, commonly abbreviated LGIB, is any form of gastrointestinal bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract. LGIB is a common reason for seeking medical attention at a hospital's emergency department. LGIB accounts for 30–40% of all gastrointestinal bleeding and is less common than upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). It is estimated that UGIB accounts for 100–200 per 100,000 cases versus 20–27 per 100,000 cases for LGIB. Approximately 85% of lower gastrointestinal bleeding involves the colon, 10% are from bleeds that are actually upper gastrointestinal bleeds, and 3–5% involve the small intestine.

Signs and symptoms
A lower gastrointestinal bleed is defined as bleeding originating distal to the ileocecal valve, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. LGIB was previously defined as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, which included the aforementioned parts of the intestine and also included the last 1/4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum and ileum. This has been divided into middle gastrointestinal bleeding (from the ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal valve) and lower gastrointestinal bleeding which involves a bleed anywhere from the ileocecal valve to the anus.

The stool of a person with a lower gastrointestinal bleed is a good (but not infallible) indication of where the bleeding is occurring. Black tarry appearing stools medically referred to as melena usually indicates blood that has been in the GI tract for at least 8 hours. Melena is four-times more likely to come from an upper gastrointestinal bleed than from the lower GI tract; however, it can also occur in either the duodenum and jejunum, and occasionally the portions of the small intestine and proximal colon. Bright red stool, called hematochezia, is the sign of a fast moving active GI bleed. The bright red or maroon color is due to the short time taken from the site of the bleed and the exiting at the anus. The presence of hematochezia is six-times greater in a LGIB than with a UGIB.

Occasionally, a person with a LGIB will not present with any signs of internal bleeding, especially if there is a chronic bleed with ongoing low levels of blood loss. In these cases, a diagnostic assessment or pre-assessment should watch for other signs and symptoms that the patient may present with. These include, but are not limited to, hypotension, tachycardia, angina, syncope, weakness, confusion, stroke, myocardial infarction/heart attack, and shock.

Causes
The following are possible causes of a LGIB:
 Diverticular disease — diverticulosis, diverticulitis
 Colitis
 Ischaemic colitis
 Radiation colitis
 Infectious colitis
 Pseudomembranous colitis
 E. coli O157:H7
 Shigella
 Salmonella
 Campylobacter jejuni
 Hemorrhoids
 Neoplasm — such as colorectal cancer
 Angiodysplasia
 Bleeding from a site where a colonic polyp was removed
 Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
 Rectal varices
 Coagulopathy — specifically a bleeding diathesis
 Anal fissures
 Rectal foreign bodies
 Mesenteric ischemia
 NSAIDs
 Entamoeba histolytica
 Stercoral ulceration
 Dieulafoy lesion (rare)

Diagnosis

Diagnostic evaluation must be performed after patients have been adequately resuscitated. If an upper GI source is suspected, an upper endoscopy should be performed first. Lower gastrointestinal series evaluation can be performed with anoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, rarely barium enema, and various radiologic studies.

History
The history in these patients should focus on factors that could be associated with potential causes: blood coating the stool suggests hemorrhoidal bleeding while blood mixed in the stool implies a more proximal source; bloody diarrhea and tenesmus is associated with inflammatory bowel disease while bloody diarrhea with fever and abdominal pain especially with recent travel history suggests infectious colitis; pain with defecation occurs with hemorrhoids and anal fissure; change in stool caliber and weight loss is concerning for colon cancer; abdominal pain can be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, infectious colitis, or ischemic colitis; painless bleeding is characteristic of diverticular bleeding, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and radiation proctitis; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is a risk factor for diverticular bleeding and NSAID-induced colonic ulcer; and recent colonoscopy with polypectomy suggests postpolypectomy bleeding. Patients should be asked about symptoms of hemodynamic compromise, including dyspnea, chest pain, lightheadedness, and fatigue.

Physical findings

Orthostatic hypotension implies at least a 15% loss of blood volume and suggests a more severe bleeding episode. Evaluate for abdominal tenderness, masses, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. Additional key elements include a careful and thorough inspection of the anus, palpation for rectal masses, characterization of the stool color, and a stool guaiac card test to evaluate for the presence of blood.

Laboratory findings
Among the blood tests that should be performed are a complete blood count, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, electrolytes, and typing and cross-matching for transfusion of blood products.
A clotting abnormality and low platelet concentration in the blood should be immediately corrected if possible. Platelets should be maintained above 50,000/mL and clotting abnormalities should be corrected with vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma. Vitamin K should be taken orally unless the patient has cirrhosis or biliary obstruction, in which case it should be administered subcutaneously. The full effect of vitamin K is not obtained for 12–24 hours, unlike fresh frozen plasma which immediately reverses clotting abnormalities. The intravenous formulation of vitamin K reverses coagulopathy more quickly and may be used in cases of severe bleeding, however, patients should be monitored for anaphylaxis. The effects of fresh frozen plasma last about 3–5 hours and large volumes (> 2–3 L) may be required to completely reverse clotting abnormalities, depending on the initial prothrombin time. Recombinant activated factor VII has been approved for use in patients with hemophilia A and B with factor VIII and IX inhibitors. Evidence of possible benefit in patients with cirrhosis and GI bleeding has been demonstrated, although the optimal dose is unclear and recombinant activated factor VII is very expensive.

Anoscopy
Anoscopy is useful only for diagnosing bleeding sources from the anorectal junction and anal canal, including internal hemorrhoids and anal fissures. It is superior to flexible sigmoidoscopy for detecting hemorrhoids in an outpatient setting and can be performed quickly in the office or at the bedside as an adjunct to flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy uses a 65-cm long sigmoidoscope that visualizes the left colon. It can be performed without sedation and only minimal preparation with enemas. However, the diagnostic yield of flexible sigmoidoscopy in acute lower GI bleeding is only 9%. The role of anoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy in inpatients with acute lower GI bleeding is limited, as most patients should undergo colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy is the test of choice in the majority of patients with acute Lower GI bleeding as it can be both diagnostic and therapeutic. The diagnostic accuracy of colonoscopy in lower GI bleeding ranges from 48% to 90%, and urgent colonoscopy appears to increase diagnostic yield. This wide range in yield is partially explained by different criteria for diagnosis, as often if no active bleeding, nonbleeding visible vessel, or adherent clot is found, bleeding is attributed to a lesion if blood is present in the area. The presence of fresh blood in the terminal ileum is presumed to indicate a non colonic source of bleeding.
The overall complication rate of colonoscopy in acute lower GI bleeding is 1.3%. Bowel preparation is safe and well tolerated in most patients. The complication rate of colonoscopy in an unprepped colon may be higher. About 2–6% of colonoscopy preparations in acute lower GI bleeding are poor. Between 4 and 8 L of Golytely should be administered orally or via nasogastric tube until the effluence is clear.

Management

In most cases requiring emergency hospital admission, the bleeding will resolve spontaneously. If a patient is suspected of having severe blood loss they will most likely be placed on a vital sign monitor and administered oxygen either by nasal cannula or simple face mask. An intravenous catheter will be placed into an easily accessible area and IV fluids will be administered to replace lost blood volume. Endoscopic evaluation with a colonoscopy (and possibly an esophagogastroduodenoscopy to exclude an UGIB) should typically occur within 24 hours of hospital presentation.

If the person with LGIB is on low-dose aspirin for prevention of a first heart attack (i.e., the person has never had a heart attack before), stopping the aspirin is recommended. In contrast, if the person has previously had a heart attack, the aspirin should be continued despite the active LGIB due to the benefits of preventing another heart attack and consequent death outweighing the risk of bleeding. Dual antiplatelet therapy (e.g., use of both aspirin and clopidogrel) should continue if the person with a LGIB underwent stenting of the heart's coronary arteries within the last 30 days or a recent acute coronary syndrome episode (e.g., unstable angina or a myocardial infarction) within 90 days of the LGIB event. Individuals at high risk of another heart attack but not meeting the above criteria should continue their aspirin during the LGIB event but stop the other antiplatelet medication for 1–7 days following cessation of the bleed.

Predicting which patients will develop adverse outcomes, complications or severe bleeding can be difficult. One recent study identified poor kidney function (creatinine > 150 μm), age over 60 years, abnormal haemodynamic parameters on presentation (low blood pressure) and persistent bleeding within the first 24 hours as risk factors for worse outcome.

Surgical intervention is warranted in cases of LGIB that persist despite attempts to stop the bleeding with endoscopic or interventional radiology interventions.  It is most likely that a surgical consult will be ordered if the patient is unable to be stabilized by non-invasive techniques, or if a perforation is found that requires surgery (e.g., subtotal removal of the colon).

References

External links

Bleeding
Gastrointestinal tract disorders

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding