Edward George Hemmerde, KC (13 November 1871 – 24 May 1948) was an English rower, barrister, politician, and Georgist.

Education, the Law and family
Hemmerde was born at Peckham, south London, the son of James Godfrey Hemmerde and his wife Frances Hope. His father was a bank manager with the Imperial Ottoman Bank. Hemmerde was educated at Winchester College and University College, Oxford. At Oxford he was a successful single sculler, and won the Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta in 1900, beating the previous winner American B H Howell. He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1897 and established his law practice. In 1908, he took silk and was appointed Recorder of Liverpool in 1909, although his relations with the city authorities there were seldom good. He married Lucy Elinor Colley at Chelsea, London, in 1903 but they were divorced in 1922. They had a son (who was killed in 1926) and a daughter.

Liberal candidate
Hemmerde first tried to enter Parliament at the general election of 1900 when he fought Winchester. He was next selected by Shropshire Liberals for a by-election at Shrewsbury expected in 1904. However, there was no by-election and he remained to contest Shrewsbury at the 1906 General Election. He was soon after elected as a Liberal Party Member of Parliament for the East Denbighshire constituency at a by-election on 14 August 1906, the sitting Liberal MP, Samuel Moss, having resigned to take up an appointment as a county court judge.

Liberal MP

Hemmerde held his seat in East Denbighshire until 1910. In November 1910, he announced that he had been asked by the party leadership to give up his seat in Wales and fight the Conservative, Lord Charles Beresford who, as a naval man had been involved in bitter political clashes with the government over the funding of the navy and who represented Portsmouth. Hemmerde was publicly reluctant to do so but nevertheless agreed. However it is clear that Hemmerde was encountering difficulties in East Denbighshire with the local party organisers over a number of issues. They felt he did not attend enough to constituency business or visit the seat for important local occasions. They felt he was spending too much time on his legal practice and was not spending enough money on constituency organisation. These troubles obviously made the prospect of transferring to another seat attractive. There were rumours that the Whips' Office had offered to pay Hemmerde's outstanding debts if he did so. However Hemmerde was unsuccessful in the contest in Portsmouth in the December 1910 general election. Not wishing to be out of Parliament, Hemmerde began looking for another seat and in 1912 he was selected as the candidate for North West Norfolk for the by-election pending there following the death of Sir George White the sitting Liberal MP. Hemmerde won the seat, albeit with a reduced majority, and represented the area until 1918. In Parliament Hemmerde was one of the principal advocates of the movement for the taxation of land values and often found himself at odds with the official land policy of the Liberal Party, although he could be emollient on the issue.

The Coupon and defection to Labour
According to one historian of the Liberal Party, Hemmerde was regarded as a supporter of H. H. Asquith until the occasion of the Maurice Debate of 9 May 1918 when the Asquithian Liberals voted against the Lloyd George led coalition government on a motion arising from criticisms by the recently sacked Director of Military Operations that the Prime Minister had misled Parliament concerning British troop strength on the Western Front. Hemmerde decided to support the government in the Maurice Debate and was rewarded with an invitation to No. 10 Downing Street and, according to his own account, was promised government endorsement at the forthcoming general election. In the event however he was denied the Coalition Coupon at the 1918 general election and finding himself out of Parliament defected to the Labour Party in 1920. He was the first Labour MP for Crewe from 1922 to 1924.

Scandal
Hemmerde was associated with a City financial scandal in 1913 and in 1922 was involved in a separate court case concerning his personal finances. It was reported that although there was a just claim against him for the money lent him he avoided payment by pleading the Statute of Limitations. After this incident, although he retained his Recordership and continued to practice law on the Northern Circuit he withdrew from political life.

Playwright
Hemmerde was also a playwright. In 1912 he wrote the play A Maid of Honour under the pseudonym, Edward Denby. He co-authored (with Francis Neilson, a fellow MP) the plays, A Butterfly on the Wheel (1922) and The Crucible. In his own name he wrote the plays Proud Maisie (1915) and A Cardinal's Romance and jointly with Cicely Fraser, The Dead Hand.

References

The Rowers of Vanity Fair – E Hemerde

External links

1871 births
1948 deaths
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of University College, Oxford
English male rowers
British male rowers
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
British sportsperson-politicians

Edward Hemmerde


The Secret Panel is Volume 25 in the original The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories published by Grosset & Dunlap.

This book was written for the Stratemeyer Syndicate by Harriet S. Adams in 1946. Between 1959 and 1973 the first 38 volumes of this series were systematically revised as part of a project directed by Harriet Adams, Edward Stratemeyer's daughter. The original version of this book was shortened in 1969 by Priscilla Baker-Carr resulting in two slightly different stories sharing the same title.

Plot summary

Innocently responding to a motorist's request that they shut off a light at his home, the Hardy Boys discover a deep mystery: the man used the name of a man, John Mead, that Chief Collig claims died five years earlier in a car accident, and no known heir. Adding to the mystery, the Mead mansion's doors have neither knobs nor visible keyholes. Only after speaking to a locksmith do they learn that the locks were concealed.

Meanwhile, their father Fenton assigns them to investigate a lead in the kidnapping of a doctor that may lead down the trail to a local boy who fell in with a local thief, a master criminal, who's a relation to the boy. The Hardy boys are to locate a traffic signal that hums like someone singing faintly, and drive ten minutes from it in each direction, then investigate the area for a "secret panel".

Fenton's mystery ends up intertwining with the Mead mansion and the master criminal, who's been carrying out a series of break-ins and thefts without triggering the alarm systems. It turns out that the deceased Mr. Mead was an electronics genius who developed a device that could open any lock and defeat alarm systems, but asked that, upon his death, it be turned over to the FBI. The master criminal had befriended Mr. Mead, found out about the device, and stolen it. The motorist the boys met was, in fact, John Mead's namesake nephew, who was not known to authorities and investigators in Bayport.

References

The Hardy Boys books
1946 American novels
1946 children's books
1969 American novels
1969 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's books set in the United States

The Secret Panel


The Charles Paddock Zoo is a small  community zoo located in San Luis Obispo County, California, in the City of Atascadero, California. It is the only zoo in the Central Coast area of that U.S. state. It is home to an endangered male Malayan tiger named Menderu.

Accredited since 1991, the zoo is one of the smallest zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).

History

The Charles Paddock Zoo was started by Charles "Chuck" Paddock, a county park ranger, in the county animal shelter in 1955. Paddock would nurse wild animals back to health, and by 1959 his menagerie contained over 125 birds and mammals. In 1963 the animals were moved to the current location adjacent to the Atascadero Lake Park, just off State Route 41, and the new zoo was named Atascadero Children's Zoo.

In 1979, the City of Atascadero took over management of the zoo after it was incorporated. The name was changed to Charles Paddock Zoo in honor of its founder in 1980.

In 2010, while the zoo was under review for re-accreditation, it started a series of renovations and maintenance updates including new roofs, repaving, new public fencing, and a long list of other smaller projects. A new entrance to the zoo was opened on 9 November 2010. In April 2019, the zoo opened the Thelma Vetter Red Panda Experience, home to red pandas, asian ratsnakes, and various birds.

Exhibits and animals

The zoo is home to more than 100 animals representing 45 species.

Birds

Birds at the zoo include black-necked stilt, Inca tern, Mandarin duck, ring-necked parakeet, ringed teal, roseate spoonbill, scarlet ibis, Sulawesi ground dove, and white-faced whistling duck in the aviary, blue and gold macaw, double yellow-headed amazon parrot, salmon-crested cockatoo, and scarlet macaw at the Parrot Pond, as well as burrowing owl, Caribbean flamingo, emu, great horned owl, and helmeted guineafowl.

Mammals

Mammals at the zoo include Jacob's sheep in the barnyard, titi monkey in the South American exhibit, and African crested porcupine, Bennett's wallaby, black-handed spider monkey, Channel Island fox, fossa, Malayan tiger, mara (Patagonia cavy), prehensile-tailed porcupine, Prevost's squirrel, red river hog, red ruffed lemur, slender-tailed meerkat, and white-fronted marmoset.

Reptiles and amphibians
Reptiles and amphibians at the zoo include Aldabra giant tortoise, Burmese python, carpet python, desert tortoise, European pond turtle, giant Asian hill tortoise, Gila monster, South American red-footed tortoise, and African bullfrog (burrowing frog).

The Central Coast Zoo Society

The Central Coast Zoo Society, originally formed in 1962 as the Children's Zoo Friendship Society, has formed partnerships with both the City of Atascadero and the Zoo Director to "support and promote the Charles Paddock Zoo, its exhibits, the educational and scientific programs, and the conservation and preservation of wildlife."

The present

Plans for the future include a new fisher exhibit and a new Indo-Burma exhibit to include a tiger, red pandas, and a reptile house for Komodo dragons.

Notes

External links

Zoo page on Atascadero City Web site

Zoos in California
Tourist attractions in San Luis Obispo County, California
Buildings and structures in San Luis Obispo County, California
Buildings and structures in Atascadero, California
Atascadero, California

Charles Paddock Zoo


nesC (pronounced "NES-see") is a component-based, event-driven programming language used to build applications for the TinyOS platform. TinyOS is an operating environment designed to run on embedded devices used in distributed wireless sensor networks. nesC is built as an extension to the C programming language with components "wired" together to run applications on TinyOS. The name nesC is an abbreviation of "network embedded systems C".

Components and interfaces
nesC programs are built out of components, which are assembled ("wired") to form whole programs. Components have internal concurrency in the form of tasks. Threads of control may pass into a component through its interfaces. These threads are rooted either in a task or a hardware interrupt.

Interfaces may be provided or used by components. The provided interfaces are intended to represent the functionality that the component provides to its user, the used interfaces represent the functionality the component needs to perform its job.

In nesC, interfaces are bidirectional: They specify a set of functions to be implemented by the interface's provider (commands) and a set to be implemented by the interface's user (events). This allows a single interface to represent a complex interaction between components (e.g., registration of interest in some event, followed by a callback when that event happens). This is critical because all lengthy commands in TinyOS (e.g. send packet) are non-blocking; their completion is signaled through an event (send done). By specifying interfaces, a component cannot call the send command unless it provides an implementation of the sendDone event. Typically commands call downwards, i.e., from application components to those closer to the hardware, while events call upwards. Certain primitive events are bound to hardware interrupts.

Components are statically linked to each other via their interfaces. This increases runtime efficiency, encourages robust design, and allows for better static analysis of programs.

External links

Embedded systems
Wireless sensor network
C programming language family

NesC


Jürg Gutknecht (born 3 January 1949 in Bülach) is a Swiss computer scientist. He developed, with Niklaus Wirth, the programming language Oberon and the corresponding operating system Oberon.

Biography
Jürg Gutknecht was full professor in the computer science department at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zurich) until April 2014.

From 1967 to 1970, he was a member of the real-time computing system programming group at Swissair. Then he studied mathematics at the ETH and worked in parallel at International Business Machines (IBM) as a student employee. In 1978, he received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in mathematics. He joined Niklaus Wirth's research team in 1981, working on the Lilith computer and Modula-2. After a sabbatical at PARC in 1984–1985, he developed, conjointly with Wirth, the Oberon operating system based on the Oberon language. With Peter Schweri, he developed the system Sakkara for the purpose of writing partiturs of typical constructive Peter-Schweri-art compositions for presentation on computer and internet. In 2013, Gutknecht released another Oberon-style programming language, named Zonnon.

Publications

External links
 Gutknecht personal webpage
 ETHZ Who's who

Swiss computer scientists
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Living people
1949 births
People from Bülach

Jürg Gutknecht


Edward Togo Salmon (May 29, 1905, in London, England – 1988) was an ancient historian best known for his work on the Samnites and the Romanization of Italy.

Life
Salmon was born in London, England, and was given his middle name after Admiral Togo who sank the Russian Fleet in 1905.

He was educated at the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, where he obtained his B.A. degree in classics and English.  He then went to the University of Cambridge where he received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees, followed by postgraduate studies in Italy.

Salmon is best known for his academic career at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, where he taught for 43 years from 1930.  He held the posts of Chair of the Department of History and Messecar Professor of History at McMaster, as well as the first Principal of University College and Academic Vice-President. He is the namesake of the university's Togo Salmon Hall. A fund named in his honor supports the classics at McMaster. He helped established the McMaster Museum of Art in 1967.

During the Second World War he was a news commentator on station CKOC.

Selected bibliography
 1944; rev. ed 1963, 1968. A history of the Roman world from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138.
 1967. Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge University Press.
 1970. Roman colonization under the Republic. Cornell University Press.
 1974. Polis and imperium : studies in honour of Edward Togo Salmon. Toronto: Hakkert.
 1974. The nemesis of empire. Oxford University Press.
 1982. The making of Roman Italy. Cornell University Press.

References

External links

The Making Of The Peace, 17 Apr 1947 (speech)

Canadian classical scholars
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Historians of antiquity
Classical scholars of McMaster University
1905 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Canadian historians
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

Edward Togo Salmon


Bourne is a market town and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the eastern slopes of the limestone Kesteven Uplands and the western edge of the Fens,  north-east of Stamford,  west of Spalding and  north of Peterborough. The population at the 2011 census was 14,456. A 2019 estimate put it at 16,780.

History

The Ancient Woodland of Bourne Woods is still extant, although much reduced. It originally formed part of the ancient Forest of Kesteven and is now managed by the Forestry Commission.

The earliest documentary reference to Brunna, meaning stream, is from a document of 960, and the town appeared in Domesday Book of 1086 as Brune.

Bourne Abbey, (charter 1138), formerly held and maintained land in Bourne and other parishes. In later times this was known as the manor of Bourne Abbots. Whether the canons knew that name is less clear. The estate was given by the founder of the Abbey, Baldwin fitz Gilbert de Clare, son of Gilbert fitz Richard, and later benefactors. The abbey was established under the Arrouaisian order. Its fundamental rule was that of St Augustine and as time went on it came to be regarded as Augustinian. The Ormulum, an important Middle English Biblical gloss, was probably written in the abbey in around 1175.

Bourne Castle was built on land that is now the Wellhead Gardens in South Street.

Bourne was an important junction on the Victorian railway system, but all such connections were severed after the Second World War (see Railways section). The business stimulus it brought caused major development of the town and many of the buildings around the medieval street plan were rebuilt or at least refaced. Improved communications allowed a bottled-water industry to develop and coal to be delivered to the town's gas works.

The local authority at the time, Bourne Urban District Council, was active in the town's interests, taking over the gas works and the local watercress beds at times of financial difficulty and running them as commercial ventures. Large numbers of good-quality council houses were built in the early 20th century.

Bourne sent many men to both world wars but was otherwise not much affected. During the Second World War a German bomber shot down in May 1941 crashed into the Butcher's Arms public house in Eastgate. The landlord, his wife and eight soldiers billetted across the road were killed, as were the bomber's crew. In a separate incident several bombs were dropped on the Hereward Camp.

The town

The town is located on a Roman road now known as King Street. It was built around some natural springs, hence the name "Bourne" (or "Bourn"). which derives from the Anglo-Saxon burna or burne meaning "water" or "stream". It lies on the intersection of two main roads: the A15 and the A151. The civil parish includes the main township along with the hamlets of Cawthorpe, Dyke and Twenty. In former years Austerby was regarded as a separate settlement, with its own shops and street plan, but is now an area of Bourne known as The Austerby.().

The ecclesiastical parish of Bourne is part of the Beltisloe Deanery of the Diocese of Lincoln and based at the Abbey Church of St Peter and St Paul, in Church Walk. Other religious congregations in the town include Methodist, Baptist, United Reformed and Roman Catholic churches.

Much of Bourne's 19th-century affluence came from the corn-trade boom that followed the mechanisation of fen drainage. The Corn Exchange in Abbey Road dates from 1870.

Governance

Lincolnshire County Council
Bourne has two County Council divisions:

Bourne North and Morton
Bourne South and Thurlby

South Kesteven District Council
Bourne has three District Council wards, two having two councillors and the new ward, Austerby, having three councillors.

Bourne East
Bourne West
Bourne Austerby

Bourne Town Council

Bourne Town Council has two wards which are identical to the South Kesteven District Council wards. Bourne East elects seven councillors to the town council and Bourne West eight.

From 1899 to 1974, Bourne had an urban district council in the former Parts of Kesteven. Under the Local Government Act 1972, Bourne UDC was dissolved into the newly formed South Kesteven district. Urban districts which disappeared in this way formed successor parishes and were given a dispensation to call their "parish" councils "town" councils, with their chairs to be known as mayor. These town councils were allowed to adopt the coat of arms granted to the former UDC.

A Bourne Rural District also existed from 1894 to 1931, when it was abolished to form part of a larger South Kesteven Rural District. The parish of Bourne had formed part of Bourne RD from 1894 to 1899. South Kesteven RDC had its own coat of arms, which disappeared along with that of Kesteven in 1974.

International links
Since October 1989, Bourne has been twinned with Doudeville, Seine Maritime, France.

Drainage
Parts of west Bourne are drained by one of two internal drainage boards, The Black Sluice IDB and the Welland and Deepings IDB.

Many houses in Bourne pay additional drainage rates to these authorities. Details of the designated flood risk areas can be found on a number of government web sites.

Education
Bourne Abbey Church of England Academy (primary)
Bourne Grammar School (secondary with sixth form)
Bourne Academy formerly Robert Manning Technology College (secondary with sixth form)
Bourne Westfield Primary Academy (primary)
Willoughby School (Special Educational needs)
Bourne Elsea Park Primary Academy (primary)

Communications

Road

Bourne Market Place is at the crossroads of the A15 road and the B1193.

Bus
There is a bus station at the top of North Street. The town's bus services provide a frequent public transport link to Peterborough, and are operated by the family-owned Delaine Buses. There is a daily long-distance coach between Grimsby and London Victoria, which stops at Bourne bus station.

Railways

The first local railway was the Earl of Ancaster's estate railway, which ran from the East Coast Main Line at Little Bytham, through the Grimsthorpe estate to Edenham.

Later Bourne had a railway station served by the Bourn and Essendine Railway (old spelling) line from Essendine to Sleaford and by the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (M&GN) connecting the Midlands to East Anglia. Timetabled passenger services on both lines had ceased by the end of February 1959.

Shipping
The Bourne-Morton Canal or Bourne Old Eau connected the town to the sea in Roman times.

Until the mid-19th century, the present Bourne Eau was capable of carrying commercial boat traffic from the Wash coast and Spalding. This resulted from the investment following the Bourne Navigation Act of 1780. Passage became impossible once the junction of the Eau and the River Glen was converted from gates to a sluice in 1860.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire. Television signals are received from the Belmont TV transmitter, the Waltham TV transmitter can also be received which broadcast BBC East Midlands and ITV Central programmes.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lincolnshire, Greatest Hits Radio Lincolnshire and Lincs FM.

The town's local newspapers are Bourne Local  and Stamford Mercury.

Sport
Bourne Town Football Club plays football in the United Counties Football League, whilst Bourne Cricket Club plays in the Lincolnshire ECB Premier League. These teams play their home games at the Abbey Lawn, a recreation ground privately owned by the Bourne United Charities.

Motor sports

The racing-car marques English Racing Automobiles (ERA) and British Racing Motors (BRM) were both founded in Bourne by Raymond Mays, an international racing driver and designer who lived in Bourne. The former ERA and BRM workshops in Spalding Road are adjacent to Eastgate House, the Mays' family home in the town's Eastgate.

Landmarks

There are currently 71 listed buildings in the parish of Bourne, the most important being Bourne Abbey and the Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul (1138), which is the only one scheduled Grade I.

Notable people
Bourne is reputedly the birthplace of Hereward the Wake (in about 1035), although the 12th-century source of this information, De Gestis Herwardi Saxonis, refers only to his father as being "of Bourne" and to the father's house and retainers there.
Robert Mannyng (1264–1340) is credited with putting the speech of the ordinary people of his time into recognisable form. He is better known as Robert de Brunne because of his long period of residence as a canon at Bourne Abbey. There he completed his life's work of popularising religious and historical material in a Middle English dialect that was easily understood at that time.
William Cecil (1520–1598) became the first Lord Burghley after serving Queen Elizabeth I. He was born at a house in the centre of Bourne that is now the Burghley Arms.
Dr William Dodd (1729–1777), was an Anglican clergyman, man of letters and forger. He was prosecuted, sentenced to death and publicly hanged at Tyburn in 1777.
Charles Frederick Worth (1825–1895), son of a solicitor, lived at Wake House in North Street. He moved to Paris and became a renowned designer of women's fashion and the founder of haute couture. The French government awarded him the Légion d'honneur.
Sir George White (1840-1912), MP for North West Norfolk, a seat he held for twelve years until he died in 1912. He was knighted for public service in 1907.
Lilian Wyles (1885–1975) was the first woman officer of the Metropolitan Police's CID in 1922. The only daughter of the Bourne brewer Joseph Wyles, she started her police career in the women patrols, assisting young girls at risk.
Raymond Mays (1899–1980), son of a local businessman, was a successful motor racing driver and manufacturer.

References

External links

Bourne Website
Bourne historical summary (UK & Ireland Genealogy page)

Market towns in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
Towns in Lincolnshire

Bourne, Lincolnshire


Ferrodraco lentoni,  "Lenton's Iron Dragon", is a species of pterosaur. The only known fossil of the pterosaur was found in 2017 north east of Winton, Queensland, Australia.

The pterosaur had a wingspan of about four metres, and when on the ground walked on its four limbs. The name, Ferrodraco lentoni, comes from the Latin word, ferrum (iron), for the ironstone in which the fossil was found, and draco, the Latin word for dragon. The species also is named after Graham Thomas 'Butch' Lenton, who was the mayor of Winton.

Only small parts of 15 different pterosaurs have been found in Australia. Ferrodraco is the most complete specimen found. Scientists have been able to identify five vertebrae, eight limb bones, a large part of the jaw and skull, and 40 teeth. They believe that the pterosaur lived about 96 million years ago. That is in the Upper Cretaceous.

The fossil is similar to pterosaurs found in England, except that it has much smaller teeth. This might be because of the type of food it ate, perhaps a diet of fish. Bones of pterosaurs were thin, and hollow, and because of this, very few have survived.

Winton is well known as an area where dinosaur fossils are found, but this was the first pterosaur discovered here.

References

Pterosaurs

Ferrodraco


A mechanically powered torch is a torch that is powered by mechanical movement, such as winding a spring and using the stored energy to power it for a small amount of time. It has the advantage of not needing batteries to operate.

Related pages
Clockwork radio

Machines
Light sources

Mechanically powered torch


"Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation" is a Scottish folk song whose lyrics are taken from a poem written by Robert Burns in 1791, listed as number 5516 in the Roud Folk Song Index. It has continued to be associated with Scottish nationalism and also been referenced in other situations where politicians' actions have gone against popular opinion.

Background
In 1695, an Act of the Scottish Parliament set up the "Company of Scotland Trading in Africa and the Indies" generally just called the Company of Scotland. Although the Act limited investors to a maximum of £3000, simple maths shows that the investors found a way around this and on average invested £35,000 each (around £4 million in modern terms). A total of £400,000 was raised.

The main venture undertaken was the disastrous Darien Scheme, a very ill-advised idea to colonise Panama. Although the investors and shareholders had in effect lost everything by the start of 1699, the over-optimism and distances involved meant that money continued to be poured into an already pointless venture. The main investors, some 30 in number, were Scots or ex-Scots living in London. In the early 1700s a plan was devised, partly within the group, and partly with the necessary politicians, to reimburse the investors 100% of their loss (plus a small bonus) if (but only if) they negotiated the relinquishing of the Scottish Parliament and passed all parliamentary powers to England. If the 40 signatories to the Act of Union of 1707 are compared to those of the Company of Scotland the "rogues" can be identified. These include:

Adam Cockburn, Lord Ormiston
Francis Montgomerie of Giffen
Sir John Clerk of Penicuik
Sir Patrick Johnston, Lord Provost of Edinburgh and the broker of the deal

Scottish politicians signing the Act were:

Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick
John Erskine, Earl of Mar
James Ogilvy, Earl of Seafield
Archibald Primrose, 1st Earl of Rosebery
Sir David Dalrymple, 1st Baronet

Other shareholders compensated (but not signing the Act of Union) included:

James Foulis, 3rd Baronet of Colinton (as a commissioner for Edinburgh he possible jointly brokered the deal with Sir Patrick Johnston)
James Balfour of Pilrig
James Smollett of Bonhill (grandfather of Tobias Smollett)
Robert Chieslie of Dalry, former Lord Provost of Edinburgh (Robert died before the compensation was paid and his niece Rachel received the compensation)
Robert Corse a Glasgow sugar and tobacco merchant (Robert died before compensation was paid)
John Maxwell, Lord Pollok
John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton
Robert Blackwood of Pitreavie
Samuel McLellan, Lord Provost of Edinburgh in 1707 and first MP after the Union.

One Englishman was a member of the Company of Scotland and signatory to the Act, and certainly under modern rules would be deemed to have an unacceptable personal interest and motive in the Act:

John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)

History of the poem
"Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation" was written by Scotland's National poet Robert Burns in 1791. He decried those members of the Parliament of Scotland who signed the Act of Union with England in 1707. Burns contrasted their treachery to the country with the tradition of martial valour and resistance commonly associated with such historic figures as Robert the Bruce and William Wallace. The poet states that he wished to have lain in the grave with Bruce or Wallace, rather than having seen this treacherous sale of Scotland were it in his own lifetime.

The melody and lyrics were published in volume 1 of James Hogg's Jacobite Reliques of 1819 (no. 36).

Recordings
The song was revived in the 20th century by Ewan MacColl, whose recording of it can be found on the collection The Real MacColl. Steeleye Span later included it under the name "Rogues in a Nation" on their album, Parcel of Rogues, and it has been covered by numerous other musicians, including The Corries, Alastair McDonald, Jean Redpath, The Dubliners (Luke Kelly), Dick Gaughan, Makem and Clancy, Hamish Imlach, Old Blind Dogs, The Delgados, Jesse Ferguson—The Bard of Cornwall and Heelster Gowdie.

A spoken word version was recorded by Bill Drummond of The KLF as the closer of his solo album, The Man (1986).

Lyrics
The song's lyrics are in Lowlands Scots.

Fareweel to a' our Scottish fame,
Fareweel our ancient glory;
Fareweel ev'n to the Scottish name,
Sae fam'd in martial story.
Now Sark rins over Solway sands,
An' Tweed rins to the ocean,
To mark where England's province stands-
Such a parcel of rogues in a nation!

What force or guile could not subdue,
Thro' many warlike ages,
Is wrought now by a coward few,
For hireling traitor's wages.
The English steel we could disdain,
Secure in valour's station;
But English gold has been our bane -
Such a parcel of rogues in a nation!

O would, ere I had seen the day
That Treason thus could sell us,
My auld grey head had lien in clay,
Wi' Bruce and loyal Wallace!
But pith and power, till my last hour,
I'll mak this declaration;
We're bought and sold for English gold-
Such a parcel of rogues in a nation!

References

External links

Digitised copy of volumes 1 and 2 of The Relics of Jacobite Scotland by James Hogg, printed between 1819 and 1821, from National Library of Scotland.

Traditional ballads
Scottish folk songs
Scottish patriotic songs
Songs with lyrics by Robert Burns
Poetry by Robert Burns
1791 poems

Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation


The Dihing Patkai Festival is a once-a-year festival held at Lekhapani in Tinsukia district of Assam. The festival is named after the majestic Patkai range and the mischievous Dihing River. It is organized by the Government of Assam, providing the tourists with boundless chances for fun and feast.

This festival was first started in December 2002, and the then President of India Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam was the honourable chief guest .

Events
The festival incorporates indigenous Assamese communities fairs, tea heritage tours, golfing, adventure sports, and wildlife pleasure trip. Another attraction of the festival is that it offers a trip to the 2nd World War cemeteries. It also arranges for a trip to the Stilwell Road, which was once the passage to the golden land of Myanmar. Visitors can choose to go for an elephant safari and take a path into the wildness. Food Festival, Craft Fair, and Cultural Functions are also held during these days for the visitors. The Festival offers a wide range of adventure sports like angling, kayaking and parasailing. Trips to the Tea Gardens and the Digboi oil field are also a part of the festival.

Gallery

See also
Assamese Culture
Dihing River
Patkai

References

External links
Dehing Patkai Festival
Dehing Patkai Festival of Assam

Festivals in Assam
Festivals established in 2002
2002 establishments in Assam
Tinsukia district

Dehing Patkai Festival


Barry is a 2016 American drama film directed by Vikram Gandhi about Barack Obama's life at Columbia University in 1981. It stars Devon Terrell, Anya Taylor-Joy, Jason Mitchell, Ashley Judd, Jenna Elfman, Ellar Coltrane, Avi Nash, and Linus Roache. It was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released on Netflix on December 16, 2016.

Plot
In 1981, a 20-year-old Barack Obama, commonly known as Barry, arrives in New York City to attend Columbia University as a transfer student from Occidental College. Unable to contact his expected roommate, Will, Barry spends the night in the streets. The next day, Barry succeeds in contacting Saleem, a man he met at a party a few months back,  who welcomes him in his apartment. Later, Barry meets his roommate Will and they both begin to live in their off-campus apartment on 109th street. As they are walking to class, Barry meets his neighbors when one of them asks for a cigarette. In class, Barry is engaged as a student and participates in classroom debates about philosophy and American society. While in New York, he behaves as a man apart from everyone, not sure of what he has to do to feel accepted. During his political science class, Barry meets Charlotte, a nice girl who seems to have an interest for debates. When he is not in class, Barry is playing basketball.

While playing basketball, Barry soon gets nicknamed "The Invisible Man" by PJ, a graduate student at Columbia who grew up in the Grants Houses in Harlem. Later that night, Will and Barry both attend a frat party at Columbia where they see Charlotte again. Charlotte and Barry leave the party and go to a club downtown where they form a closer connection and begin to date.

The next day, Charlotte and Barry watch a political debate on TV. While Barry is inattentive about politics and declares his love really lies in art, Charlotte tells him it's his "civic duty" to care about politics and their nation. As their love interest grows, Barry continues to wonder about his place in society, New York, and the condition of other black people in the city. The next day Charlotte and Barry go on a date in Central Park, and later that day after playing basketball within Columbia, Barry grabs lunch with PJ, who tells him he's majoring in finance and hopes to work at the New York Stock Exchange in Wall Street. Around Thanksgiving, at a bar with Barry and Saleem, Charlotte asks Barry to meet her parents. Barry refuses and Charlotte then asks him to meet them later on at her sister's wedding. Finally, Barry accepts. In Harlem, he experiences the contrast of black life in New York City, from speaking with friends and buying the book The Souls of Black Folk by  W. E. B. Du Bois to witnessing a vulgar confrontation between a white woman and a group of Black Hebrew Israelites. Later in the park, he attempts to write a long, overdue letter to his father in Kenya but struggles to find the words. After going back to Saleem's apartment, Charlotte and Barry are surprised to find Barry's mother, Ann Dunham, there. Charlotte asks a lot of questions of Ann about Barry's father and childhood as she is frustrated that Barry kept so much of his private life to himself. That night, Barry and his mom see a movie and walk around Central Park where he discloses to her that he is unsure about his place in New York and where he feels he should belong. Ann tries her best to reassure him, but the answers leave him unsatisfied. The next day, Barry is invited to a private club and is welcomed by Charlotte's parents Kathy and Bill and enjoys a nice dinner with them. Barry explains his early life to Charlotte's parents – his mixed race parents, their backgrounds, and his living situation in Hawaii, Indonesia and California, but Charlotte feels closed-off as Barry rarely discloses anything personal to her. While walking home Barry and Charlotte have an aggressive and potentially violent confrontation with a friend of his neighbor's, who resents his presence in the neighborhood and views Barry as an elitist. The following morning, Barry and Charlotte are walking in Harlem when Barry begins to feel uncomfortable as people are surprised to see him with a white woman.

At lunch this anxious feeling continues as Barry explains to Charlotte that everybody is looking at him. They have an argument which ends with Charlotte saying to Barry that she loves him. Barry, surprised, only responds "thank you", then leaves to go play basketball.

The following day, Barry is invited by PJ and the people in his basketball group to attend a party in Harlem. At the party, Barry learns about New York's housing projects and the treatment reserved to the lower classes. Barry also meets an attractive woman named Denise and is then punched in the face by Denise's boyfriend, who thought that Barry was attempting to seduce her. As Barry leaves the party drunk, he returns to campus only to be racially profiled by security guard Eddie and asked to show his ID to confirm he's a student. Barry begins to get into an angry argument with Eddie, but Thad, a white classmate from his political science class who is openly holding a beer can, intervenes. Frustrated by Thad's personality and his lack of acknowledgement of the double standards around him, Barry calls Thad an "asshole" and then goes to Charlotte's apartment where he attempts to hook-up with her. Charlotte refuses when she sees the wound on his face and tries to comfort him. While sitting on her bed looking at pictures she took of him -noting that almost none featured him- Barry gets in a fight with Charlotte and questions their relationship until Charlotte goes to sleep and leaves him alone.

A few days later on the day of Charlotte's sister's wedding, Barry receives a phone call. He learns that his father has died in a car accident. Shocked, Barry doesn't talk to Charlotte about it while they are on their way to her sister's wedding and becomes very closed off when Charlotte tries to understand what Barry is keeping to himself. At the wedding, Charlotte's mother introduces Barry to James and Grace Lee Boggs, a mixed race couple in their late 50s who were involved as civil rights activists in the 1960s. Barry confides in them about his inner turmoil and the confusion he has about his identity. The couple reassures him that, above all else, he is American and he is not obligated to choose a social standing. They tell him that he should take inspiration from the ones who came before him and to carry the baton of hope as far as he can. Finally, Barry receives advice that begins to comfort him and he starts to find peace within himself.

Later at the wedding, while they're dancing, it is assumed Barry breaks up with Charlotte as he simply leaves her on the dance floor; he then goes for a walk outside and reads the letter he was going to send to his father as he was finally trying to contact him. A few days later, Barry is playing basketball where he meets a young boy  who looks like him, and together they play HORSE. The boy asks him where he is from, a question Barry has always struggled to answer. Much more at ease with himself, Barry answers the question by saying, "I'm from a lot of places, but I live here now."

Cast
 Devon Terrell as Barry Obama
 Anya Taylor-Joy as Charlotte Baughman, a composite character based on Obama's several girlfriends while in college.
 Jason Mitchell as PJ
 Ellar Coltrane as Will
 Ashley Judd as Ann Dunham
 Jenna Elfman as Kathy Baughman
 Avi Nash as Saleem
 John Benjamin Hickey as Professor Gray
Tommy Nelson as Buzz
 Linus Roache as Bill Baughman
 Danny Hoch as Eddie
 Sawyer Pierce as Thad
 Robert G. McKay as James Boggs
 Marion Kodama Yue as Grace Lee Boggs

Production
In March 2016, it was announced Devon Terrell and Anya Taylor-Joy had been cast in the film, with Vikram Gandhi directing and producing the film from a screenplay by Adam Mansbach, with Teddy Schwarzman and Ben Stillman producing under their Black Bear Pictures banner, while Dana O'Keefe will also serve as a producer through her Cinetic Media banner. That same month, Jason Mitchell and Ellar Coltrane joined the cast of the film. In May 2016, it was announced that Famke Janssen had joined the cast.

Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2016. Shortly after, Netflix acquired global distribution rights to the film. The film was released on December 16, 2016.

Critical reception
Barry received positive reviews from film critics, and holds an 80% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 6.91/10. The critics' consensus states: "Barry opens a speculative window into a future president's formative college years, offering a flawed yet compelling glimpse of American history in the making." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 72 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

See also
Southside with You, a romantic drama film about Obama's first date with Michelle Robinson, also released in 2016.

References

External links

2016 films
2016 drama films
American drama films
Black Bear Pictures films
English-language Netflix original films
Hood films
Films about presidents of the United States
Films about Barack Obama
Films set in 1981
Films set in Columbia University
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Barry (2016 film)


CRC-based framing is a kind of frame synchronization used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and other similar protocols.

The concept of CRC-based framing was developed by StrataCom, Inc. in order to improve the efficiency of a pre-standard Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) link protocol. This technology was ultimately used in the principal link protocols of ATM itself and was one of the most significant developments of StrataCom. An advanced version of CRC-based framing was used in the ITU-T SG15 G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), which itself is used in several packet link protocols.

Overview of CRC-based framing
The method of CRC-Based framing re-uses the header cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which is present in ATM and other similar protocols, to provide framing on the link with no additional overhead. In ATM, this field is known as the Header Error Control/Check (HEC) field. It consists of the remainder of the division of the 32 bits of the header (taken as the coefficients of a polynomial over the field with two elements) by the polynomial . The pattern 01010101 is XORed with the 8-bit remainder before being inserted in the last octet of the header.

Constantly checked as data is transmitted, this scheme is able to correct single-bit errors and detect many multiple-bit errors.
For a tutorial and an example of computing the CRC see mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks.

The header CRC/HEC is needed for another purpose within an ATM system, to improve the robustness in cell delivery. Using this same CRC/HEC field for the second purpose of link framing provided a significant improvement in link efficiency over what other methods of framing, because no additional bits were required for this second purpose.

A receiver utilizing CRC-based framing bit-shifts along the received bit stream until it finds a bit position where the header CRC is correct for a number of times. The receiver then declares that it has found the frame. A hysteresis function is applied to keep the receiver in lock in the presence of a moderate error rate.

In links where there is already a byte lock mechanism present such as within an E-carrier or SDH frame, the receiver need only byte-shift (rather than of bit-shifting) along the receive data stream to find lock.

Length/HEC-Based Framing
An advanced, variable frame size version of CRC-Based framing is used in ITU-T SG15 G.7041 GFP links where it is known as Length/HEC-based framing. An offset to the next valid header is present in a fixed position relative to the CRC/HEC. The receiver looks for a position in the receive data stream following the rules that the header CRC/HEC is correct and the byte offset correctly points to the next valid header CRC/HEC.

Invention of CRC-based framing

StrataCom produced the first (pre-standard) ATM commercial product, the IPX. The IPX used 24 byte cells instead of ATM's 53 byte cells, and the field definitions were slightly different, but the basic idea of using short, fixed length cells was identical. StrataCom's first product had T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) based links which included a 5 bit header CRC, similar to ATM's 8 bit header CRC.

T1 is a time-division multiplexing (TDM) protocol with 24 byte payloads carried in a 193 bit frame. The first bit of each frame carries one bit out of a special pattern. A receiver finds this special pattern by sequentially looking for the bit position in the receive data where a bit from this pattern shows up every 193rd byte. It was convenient for StrataCom to make the length of one cell equal to the length of one T1 frame
because a useful T1 framer Integrated Circuit from Rockwell was on the market. This device found the 193 bit long TDM frame and put out the 24 bytes in a form that could be used effectively.

When it came time to produce a European product, the benefit of using 24 byte frames became a liability. The European E-carrier (E1) format has a 32 byte frame of which 30 bytes could carry data. The development team's first proposal used the HDLC protocol to encapsulate a sequence of 24 byte cells into a byte stream collected from the 30 byte E1 payloads. This was highly inefficient because HDLC has a heavy and data-dependent overhead.  The project team subsequently realized they could base the framing on the CRC. A circuit was designed which examined the incoming byte stream emerging from the E1 framer device and found a byte position for which the header CRC value was consistently correct. This team also went on to create a more error tolerant form of the technique.

A related technique was patented in 1984.  That technique uses the CRC to find the start of 50 bit frames composed of a 36 bit data payload, a 13 bit CRC, and a single 1 bit start-of-frame indicator.

Notes and references

External links
 Official ITU-T website
 List of all ITU-T Recommendations

Network protocols
Asynchronous Transfer Mode

CRC-based framing


Nonbenzodiazepines (), sometimes referred to colloquially as Z-drugs (as many of their names begin with the letter "z"), are a class of psychoactive drugs that are benzodiazepine-like in uses, such as for treating insomnia and anxiety.

Nonbenzodiazepine pharmacodynamics are similar in mechanism of action to benzodiazepine drugs, acting as GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators of the benzodiazepine site, and therefore exhibit similar benefits, side effects, and risks. However, nonbenzodiazepines have dissimilar or entirely different chemical structures, so are unrelated to benzodiazepines on a molecular level.

Classes

Currently, the major chemical classes of nonbenzodiazepines are:

Imidazopyridines
 Alpidem
 Necopidem
 Saripidem
 Zolpidem (Ambien, Ambien CR, Intermezzo, Zolpimist, Edluar, Ivadal, Sanval, Stilnox, etc.)
Pyrazolopyrimidines
 Divaplon
 Fasiplon
 Indiplon
 Lorediplon
 Ocinaplon
 Panadiplon
 Taniplon
 Zaleplon (Sonata, Starnoc, Andante)

Cyclopyrrolones
 Eszopiclone (Lunesta, Valnoc, etc.)
 Pagoclone
 Pazinaclone
 Suproclone
 Suriclone
 Zopiclone (Imovane, Zimovane, Somnol, etc.)

β-Carbolines
 Abecarnil
 Gedocarnil
 SL-651,498
 ZK-93423

Others
 CGS-20625
 CGS-9896
 CL-218,872
 ELB-139
 GBLD-345
 HIE-124
 L-838,417

 NS-2664
 NS-2710
 Pipequaline
 RWJ-51204
 SB-205,384
 SL-651,498
 SX-3228

 TP-003
 TP-13
 TPA-023
 Y-23684

Pharmacology
The nonbenzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor. Like the benzodiazepines, they exert their effects by binding to and activating the benzodiazepine site of the receptor complex. Some nonbenzodiazepines can be subtype-selective, possibly providing anxiolytic effects with little to no hypnotic or amnesic effects or providing hypnotic effects with little or no anxiolytic effect.

Background
Nonbenzodiazepines have demonstrated efficacy in treating sleep disorders. There is some limited evidence that suggests that tolerance to nonbenzodiazepines is slower to develop than with benzodiazepines. However, data is limited so no conclusions can be drawn. Data is also limited into the long-term effects of nonbenzodiazepines. Further research into the safety of nonbenzodiazepines and long-term effectiveness of nonbenzodiazepines has been recommended in a review of the literature. Some differences exist between the Z-drugs, for example tolerance and rebound effects may not occur with zaleplon.

Pharmaceuticals

The first three nonbenzodiazepine drugs to enter the market were the "Z-drugs", zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. These three drugs are all sedatives used exclusively for the treatment of mild insomnia. They are safer than the older barbiturates especially in overdosage and they may, when compared to the benzodiazepines, have less of a tendency to induce physical dependence and addiction, although these issues can still become a problem. This has led to the Z-drugs becoming widely prescribed for the treatment of insomnia particularly in elderly patients. Almost a third of all prescriptions written for Z-drugs are for adults over the age of 65.

Long-term use is not recommended as tolerance and addiction can occur. A survey of patients using nonbenzodiazepine Z-drugs and benzodiazepine hypnotic users found that there was no difference in reports of adverse effects that were reported in over 41% of users and, in fact, Z-drug users were more likely to report that they had tried to quit their hypnotic drug and were more likely to want to stop taking Z-drugs than benzodiazepine users. Efficacy also did not differ between benzodiazepine and Z-drug users.

Effectiveness
A major systematic review and network meta-analysis of medications for the treatment of insomnia was published in 2022. It included the Z-drugs and found effect sizes (standardized mean difference (SMD)) ranging from 0.03 to 0.63 for these agents. More specifically, the SMDs were 0.45 (4weeks) and 0.03 (3months) for zolpidem, 0.51 (4weeks) for zopiclone, 0.51 (4weeks) and 0.63 (3months) for eszopiclone, and 0.19 (4weeks) for zaleplon. Eszopiclone had the most favorable profile and best evidence to support its use. For comparison, benzodiazepines had SMDs of 0.58 to 0.83, sedative antidepressants and antihistamines had SMDs of 0.30 to 0.55, the antipsychotic quetiapine had an SMD of 0.07, orexin receptor antagonists had SMDs of 0.23 to 0.44, and melatonin receptor agonists had SMDs of 0.00 to 0.13. The certainty of evidence varied and ranged from high to very low depending on the medication.

Side effects
The Z-drugs are not without disadvantages, and all three compounds are notable for producing side effects such as pronounced amnesia and more rarely hallucinations, especially when used in large doses. On rare occasions, these drugs can produce a fugue state, wherein the patient sleepwalks and may perform relatively complex actions, including cooking meals or driving cars, while effectively unconscious and with no recollection of the events upon awakening. While this effect is rare (and has also been reported to occur with some of the older sedative drugs such as temazepam and secobarbital), it can be potentially hazardous, and so further development of this class of drugs has continued in an effort to find new compounds with further improved profiles.

Daytime withdrawal-related anxiety can also occur from chronic nightly nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic usage such as with zopiclone.

Side effects can differ within the drug class due to differences in metabolism and pharmacology. For example, long-acting benzodiazepines have problems of drug accumulation especially in the elderly or those with liver disease, and shorter-acting benzodiazepines have a higher risk of more severe withdrawal symptoms. In the case of the nonbenzodiazepines, zaleplon may be the safest in terms of next-day sedation, and − unlike zolpidem and zopiclone − zaleplon has been found to have no association with increased motor vehicle accidents even when taken for middle-of-the-night insomnia due to its ultrashort elimination half-life.

Increased risk of depression
It has been claimed that insomnia causes depression and hypothesized that insomnia medications may help to treat depression. However, an analysis of data of clinical trials submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the drugs zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone found that these sedative hypnotic drugs more than doubled the risks of developing depression compared to those taking placebo pills. Hypnotic drugs, therefore, may be contraindicated in patients with or at risk of depression. Hypnotics were found to be more likely to cause depression than to help it. Studies have found that long-term users of sedative hypnotic drugs have a markedly raised suicide risk as well as an overall increased mortality risk. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia, on the other hand, has been found to both improve sleep quality as well as general mental health.

Other risks
Sleeping pills, including the Z-drugs, have been associated with an increased risk of death.

In older people this family of medications increases the risk of fractures and falls.

The Z-drug zaleplon may have fewer side effects compared to benzodiazepines.

Dependence and withdrawal management
Nonbenzodiazepines should not be discontinued abruptly if taken for more than a few weeks due to the risk of rebound withdrawal effects and acute withdrawal reactions, which may resemble those seen during benzodiazepine withdrawal. Treatment usually entails gradually reducing the dosage over a period of weeks or several months depending on the individual, dosage, and length of time the drug has been taken. If this approach fails, a crossover to a benzodiazepine equivalent dose of a long-acting benzodiazepine (such as chlordiazepoxide or more preferably diazepam) can be tried followed by a gradual reduction in dosage. In extreme cases and, in particular, where severe addiction and/or abuse is manifested, an inpatient detoxification may be required, with flumazenil as a possible detoxification tool.

Elderly
Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs, similar to benzodiazepines, cause impairments in body balance and standing steadiness upon waking; falls and hip fractures are frequently reported. The combination with alcohol increases these impairments. Partial but incomplete tolerance develops to these impairments. In general, nonbenzodiazepines are not recommended for older patients due to the increased risk of falls and fractures. An extensive review of the medical literature regarding the management of insomnia and the elderly found that there is considerable evidence of the effectiveness and lasting benefits of non-drug treatments for insomnia in adults of all age groups and that these interventions are underused. Compared with the benzodiazepines, the nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics offer little if any advantages in efficacy or tolerability in elderly persons. It was found that newer agents such as the melatonin agonists may be more suitable and effective for the management of chronic insomnia in elderly people. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics for insomnia lacks an evidence base and is discouraged for reasons that include concerns about such potential adverse drug effects as cognitive impairment (anterograde amnesia), daytime sedation, motor incoordination, and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls. In addition, the effectiveness and safety of long-term use of these agents remain to be determined. It was concluded that further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of treatment and the most appropriate management strategy for elderly persons with chronic insomnia.

Safety
A review of the literature regarding hypnotics including the nonbenzodiazepine Z-drugs concluded that these drugs carry a significant risk to the individual. The risks include dependence, accidents, and other adverse effects. Gradual discontinuation of hypnotics may lead to improved health without worsening of sleep. It is preferred that they should be prescribed for only a few days at the lowest effective dose and avoided wherever possible in the elderly.

New compounds
More recently, a range of non-sedating anxiolytic drugs derived from the same structural families as the Z-drugs have been developed, such as alpidem (Ananyxl) and pagoclone, and approved for clinical prescription. Nonbenzodiazepine drugs are much more selective than the older benzodiazepine anxiolytics, producing effective relief of anxiety/panic with little or no sedation, anterograde amnesia, or anticonvulsant effects, and are thus potentially more precise than older, anti-anxiety drugs. However, anxiolytic nonbenzodiazepines are not widely prescribed and many have collapsed after initial clinical trials and consumption halted many projects, including but not limited to alpidem, indiplon, and suriclone.

History
Z-drugs emerged in the last years of the 1980s and early 1990s, with zopiclone (Imovane) approved by the British National Health Service as early as 1989, quickly followed by Sanofi with zolpidem (Ambien). By 1999, King Pharmaceuticals had finalized approval with the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market zaleplon (Sonata, Starnoc) across the US. In 2005, the FDA approved eszopiclone (Lunesta) the (S)-enantiomer of zopiclone. That same year, 2005, the FDA finalized approval for Ambien CR, or extended-release zolpidem. Most recently, in 2012 the FDA approved Intermezzo (zolpidem tartate sublingual), which is marketed for middle-of-the-night insomnia, available in doses only half of the strength of immediate-release zolpidem tartrate to avoid residual next-day sedation.

References

Cyclopyrrolones
Imidazopyridines
Pyrazolopyrimidines

GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Hypnotics
Sedatives

Nonbenzodiazepine


Christianity is the most widely professed religion in Malawi, with significant populations of the adherents of Islam and traditional faiths. Religious pluralism is both a prominent social value and enshrined in the country's constitution.

The Christian festivals of Christmas and Good Friday are recognised as the national holidays.

Demographics
Malawi is a majority Christian country, with a significant Muslim minority. Government surveys indicate that 87% of the country is Christian, with a minority 11.6% Muslim population. The largest Christian groups in Malawi are the Roman Catholic Church, of which 19% of Malawians are adherents, and the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP) to which 18% belong. The CCAP is the largest Protestant denomination in Malawi with 1.3 million members. There are smaller Presbyterian denominations like the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Malawi and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Malawi. There are also smaller numbers of Anglicans, Baptists, evangelicals, Seventh-day Adventists, and the Lutherans.

Most of the Muslim population is Sunni, of either the Shafi'i or Hanafi groups.

Other religious groups within the country include Presbyterians, Seventh-day Adventist, Anglicans and Pentecostals, Rastafari, Hindus, Bahá'ís, (0.23%) and a small number of Jews and Sikhs; atheists make up around 2% of the population.

Legal status
The constitution of Malawi prohibits discrimination based on religion and provides for freedom of conscience, religion, belief, and thought. It also specifies that eliminating religious intolerance is a goal of education in Malawi.

Religious instruction is mandatory in public primary schools, with no opt-out provision, and is available as an elective in public secondary schools.  In some schools, the religious curriculum is a Christian-oriented "Bible knowledge" course, while in others it is an interfaith "moral and religious education" course drawing from the Christian, Islamic, Hindu, and Bahá'í faiths. According to the law, local school management committees, elected at parent-teacher association meetings, decide on which religious curriculum to use. Private Christian and Islamic schools offer religious instruction in their respective faiths. Hybrid "grant-aided" schools are managed by private, usually religious, institutions, but their teaching staffs are paid by the government. In exchange for this financial support, the government chooses a significant portion of the students who attend. At grant-aided schools, a board appointed by the school's operators decides whether the "Bible knowledge" or the "moral and religious education" curriculum will be used.

Rastafarian children face obstacles to obtaining education, as school children in Malawi are generally required to shave their heads, and Rastafarian religious practice requires them to wear dreadlocks. This has resulted in several Rastafarian children being denied access to public schools, although the majority concede to shaving their heads and complying with the school's rules. Litigation is ongoing in 2023, but in the meantime, a High Court injunction was issued in 2020, compelling the Ministry of Education to allow all Rastafarian children to be enrolled in government schools. The MOE is also looking at a policy for Muslim children who wish to wear a hijab.

In 2007, it was noted that religious pluralism is enshrined by Malawi society, and members of Christian, Muslim, and Hindu faiths regularly engage in business and civil society together.

Religious freedom
In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also
Christianity in Malawi
Catholic Church in Malawi

References

Religion in Malawi

Religion in Malawi


The upper middle class is the socioeconomic rank above most of the middle class and below the upper class. According to sociologist Max Weber, people in the upper middle class usually have a good education (tertiary education, usually a university degree) and they earn enough money so they can live comfortably, without having to worry about money too much. For them, it is also important that their children get a similar education.

Social classes

Upper middle class


In the Northern Ontario bush, many families lived too far from communities to allow their children to attend school. As a way of providing education to these children of railroad workers, trappers, natives and other people of the bush the Canadian government instituted the school car system (in French: Des écoles sur rails). The school cars ran from 1926 to 1967, and stopped at each site on their route for three to five days out of a month.

References

Transport in Northern Ontario
Education in Ontario

1926 establishments in Ontario
1967 disestablishments in Ontario

School car


The  ISW Tytan  (Polish: Indywidualny System Walki Tytan "Individual Warfare System Titan") is a Polish Future Soldier military project. The project started in 2006 and is currently in its first stage of development.

First Polish industry proposal of the new battle gear has been shown on 2008 Future Soldier Fair in Czech Republic. The soldier modernization program developed by Bumar Group is called "Ułan 21"("Uhlan 21")

Main Objectives
 Creating new generation of battle uniforms
 Creating new generation of tactical equipment
 Developing new electronics and optics technologies
 Developing new communication systems
 Modernisation of equipment and adjusting it to current standards
 Researching new generation ballistic shields

Equipment
 Main Weapon
 Personal Computer (GPS system, Maps, Nightvision, Friend or Foe System, communications system, Weapon's crosshair system)
 Lithium-ion battery
 Helmet with display, headphones and microphone
 Modular body armor

Tests
Elements of battle gear will be tested by Zintegrowana Grupa Bojowa (Integrated Battle Group).
Group consists of:
 GROM soldiers who tested Land Warrior system in United States.
 Selected officers of 1.PSK
 Formoza operators
 Communications and IT experts
 German instructors from Infanterist der Zukunft (German future soldier program)

Proposed military equipment
Future soldier programs
Polish Land Forces

Projekt TYTAN


Richard Pischel (18 January 1849 – 26 December 1908) was a German Indologist born in Breslau.

In 1870 he received his doctorate from the University of Breslau under the guidance of Adolf Friedrich Stenzler (1807-1887). His graduate thesis was De Kalidasae Cakuntali recensionibus ("On the Recensions of Kālidāsa's Shakuntala"). In 1875, he received an appointment to the University of Kiel, where he was a professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics.

From 1885 to 1902, he was a professor of Indology and comparative linguistics at the University of Halle. At Halle, he collaborated with Karl Friedrich Geldner (1852-1929) on important Vedic studies (Vedische Studien; three volumes). In 1900 he was appointed rector of the University, and from 1886 to 1902, served as director and librarian of the Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (German Oriental Society).

In 1902 he was appointed professor of Indology at the University of Berlin. He died on 26 December 1908 in Madras shortly after setting foot in India, where he was scheduled to give a series of lectures. One of Pischel's better written efforts was the masterful Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen (Grammar of the Prakrit languages, 1900). Two years prior to his death, he published a book on the life and teachings of Buddha, titled Leben und Lehre des Buddha.

Well-known students of Pischel were Friedrich Schrader (not to be mixed up with Friedrich Otto Schrader (1876-1961)), who became known as a writer, newspaper editor and art historian in Constantinople, Baron Alexander von Staël-Holstein, who became a famous scholar of Central Asian languages and Sinology, and Karl Eugen Neumann, himself a Buddhist since the 1880s, and with his translations of texts by Buddha one of the founders of occidental "Neo-Buddhism", with a huge impact on contemporary writers and intellectuals such as Hermann Hesse and Thomas Mann.

References

External links
Richard Pischel, Kaschgar und die Kharoṣṭhī

1849 births
1908 deaths
Writers from Wrocław
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the University of Halle
German Indologists
People from the Province of Silesia
German male non-fiction writers
Writers from the Kingdom of Prussia

Richard Pischel


Cybex International (NASDAQ: CYBI) is an American fitness equipment manufacturer for commercial and consumer use. It produces mainly cardiovascular and strength equipment such as Arc Trainers, treadmills, stationary bicycles and steppers. Cybex markets its products through distributors in over 87 countries. The company has over 600 employees and its products are manufactured in their two manufacturing facilities, located in Franklin Park, Illinois, and Owatonna, Minnesota.

History
Cybex International was founded in the late 1960s as "The Cybex Ergometer Company" in Ronkonkoma, New York. It was acquired by Lumex, which was traded publicly on the American Stock Exchange. At that time, it manufactured isokinetic rehabilitation equipment. In 1995, Lumex sold its medical supply business and changed its name to Cybex (AMEX: CYB). In May 1997, Cybex merged with Trotter, Inc., primarily a manufacturer of treadmills, whose manufacturing facility was located in Medway. In this merger, UM Holdings, the owner of Trotter, Inc., gained 51% of Cybex's interests and publicly traded the company. In 1998, Cybex acquired Tectrix, a California-based manufacturer of primarily bikes and steppers; the production of which was moved to Cybex's manufacturing facility in Medway. Cybex acquired direct sales and distribution in the United Kingdom by its 2001 acquisition of Forza. Arc Trainer is its most recent product.

Acquisition by Life Fitness
As of January 20, 2016, Cybex International, Inc. was purchased by Brunswick Corporation for $195 million. As part of this purchase, Cybex is to join the Life Fitness portfolio of fitness brands, along with Life Fitness, Hammer Strength, InMovement, SciFIT, and Indoor Cycling Group (ICG).

Closure of Medway, MA manufacturing facility
As part of the integration process for Cybex International, Inc. and Brunswick Corporation/Life Fitness, the Medway, MA manufacturing facility, which employs approximately 150 people, will be shut down effective September 30, 2017. Component fabrication and engineering will be moved to other  locations, including the Cybex location in Owatonna, MN, Franklin Park, IL, and Rosemont, IL.

References

External links

Parent company website
Used Gybex Machines

Exercise equipment companies
Manufacturing companies based in Illinois
Rosemont, Illinois
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
2016 mergers and acquisitions
2019 mergers and acquisitions
Brunswick Corporation

Cybex International


The Christian Tabernacle () is an independent Chinese church founded by Wang Mingdao in Beijing in 1925. The Christian Tabernacle was founded without the help of foreign missionaries so in essence it was Chinese Christians preaching to the Chinese populace. From the beginning, this church has been administratively self-governing and financially self-sufficient.

Entry requirements

Wang Mingdao was especially tight on church entry. During the sixteen years from 1933-1949 only 570 new believers received baptism since new believers were required to bring another convert to the church before baptism was allowed. He said, "The sheep must have life, your behaviour of giving birth to more sheep shows that you have life". Therefore, being able to bring people to believe in the faith is evidence that indeed you are quite clear of the path to salvation. Although it does not mean that you have already received salvation, it shows that you are worthy to become one of their church members.
Once Wang Mingdao's strict entry requirements were satisfied, both the new converts' behaviour and lifestyle were to be closely observed and examined by church members for a brief time period. This was done in order to confirm that the new believer was sincerely behaving in a way that a Christian ought to behave and that their faith did have a solid foundation.

References

Chinese Independent Churches
Christian organizations established in 1927
1927 establishments in China

Christian Tabernacle


The Honda CR-V is a compact SUV, manufactured since 1997 by Honda. It was loosely based on the Honda Civic. It debuted in Japan in 1996.

In 1997 the five-passenger compact utility vehicle was introduced in North America. At first it was available only as a four-wheel drive model. It was powered by a 126-horsepower 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine. Honda first began producing the CR-V in Sayama, Japan, and Swindon, UK, for worldwide markets. It added North American manufacturing sites in East Liberty, Ohio, in 2007; El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico, in late 2007; and Alliston, Ontario, Canada, in 2012.

The CR-V also is produced in Wuhan (Hubei province) for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company. They are a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The CR-V is Honda's second smallest utility vehicle, slotting between the smaller HR-V and the larger Pilot. In 2015 the CR-V was named Motor Trend SUV of the year.

References

CRV

Honda CR-V


Inchgarvie or Inch Garvie is a small, uninhabited island in the Firth of Forth. On the rocks around the island sit four caissons that make up the foundations of the Forth Bridge.

Inchgarvie's fortifications pre-date the modern period. In the days when boats were the only way to cross the Firth of Forth, the island was on the main route between North Queensferry in Fife and South Queensferry in Lothian. This made it strategically important. Although now uninhabited, Inchgarvie has been inhabited throughout various periods of history. The first recorded time was in the late 15th century.

Like nearby Inchmickery, its profile and colour makes it look like a small warship from a distance. It was armed with coast defence guns from 1901 until 1906, and again from 1908 until the 1930s.

Etymology
Inchgarvie's name is Gaelic in origin and means either "rough island" (from innis garbh) or "island of the rough place" (from innis gharbhaidh). An older theory links it to the Scots word "garvie",  which refers to the sprat. A commercial sprat fishery took place in the inner Forth until it was prohibited in 1983.

History

Records of Danish attacks on nearby islands, particularly Inchcolm as well as Fife and Lothian may mean that it was used in some capacity by them.

The island was licensed by King James IV to John Dundas of Dundas with the power to build a fort on 20 March 1491. John Dundas did not build the castle, and James IV himself ordered a strong tower to be built in 1513.

On 8 March 1514 Margaret, the widow of William Dundas of Dundas, undertook to manage the completion of the fortress that James IV and her father-in-law had begun building on her island. From 23 December 1514, Charles Dennison, Captain of Inchgarvie managed and fed a large royal construction team. The master mason was John of Cumbernauld, with his "servitor" John Strathauchin, who directed eight other masons and ten labourers. Margaret, Lady of Dundas gave them two boats. Two 'serpentine' guns and guns from Colstone were placed on the island after a visit by artillery experts in July 1515, and the island was equipped with a "blawing horne." There was also a chapel. The Laird of Dundas was paid £33 for repairing the fortress in March 1533.

The fort was captured by Richard Brooke in the Galley Subtile on 6 May 1544 during an attack on Edinburgh and demolished a week later. The English commander Lord Hertford wrote that it would have been useful to garrison Inchgarvie, but his orders from Henry VIII would not allow it. In 1547, after the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, Inchcolm and Inchkeith were fortified by the English, and held for two years; it is possible that Inchgarvie was fortified at this period too.

Prison
Between 1519 and 1671, the castle was used as a prison, and in 1580 Inchkeith and Inchgarvie were made a place of exile for the plague-stricken by order of the Privy Council. On 6 September 1627, the Laird of Dundas was invited to meet the Privy Council at South Queensferry and discuss building a modern fort on the island. Like Inchkeith, Inchgarvie had a quarantine hospital, and a prison. Oliver Cromwell had this demolished.

During the reign of Charles II as King of Scots, the island was subject to continued maintenance for defensive purposes. The island was inspected by Charles in 1651 before falling into disrepair after his army was defeated by Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester.

In 1707 the island is known to have been rented to Archibald Primrose, 1st Earl of Rosebery. In 1779, however, the island's fortifications were renewed once more, in response to the threat posed by John Paul Jones, American Naval Commander, who harassed British ships from a base in the Forth. These fortifications were never used in anger.

During the Napoleonic period, the threat from the sea meant gun batteries were created in 1806.

Forth Bridge

In 1878 the foundations for Thomas Bouch's Forth Bridge were laid on Inchgarvie (and their bricks remain), but after the Tay Bridge Disaster, these plans were abandoned, and the island languished until the west end of the island was extended with a pier, and used as the foundation for one of the Forth Bridge's cantilevers. The island, due to its proximity to the bridge, was also used as a construction office for the bridge, as well as accommodation for its workers within the re-roofed castle buildings. Some of the stone from the former castle was used to help build the caissons of the Forth Bridge.

Defence operations
The island became of renewed importance to the security of the Firth of Forth at the beginning of the 20th century. It was armed with two 12-pdr guns in 1901, in conjunction with gun emplacements on the mainland to the north (at North Queensferry) and to the south (at Dalmeny). Although the island's guns were removed from the approved armament in 1906, they were re-instated in 1908. The number of guns was increased to four in the early months of the First World War. The island's guns were removed from the approved armament of the Forth in the early 1930s.

The guns may have survived for drill and practice until the beginning of the Second World War, during which the island was armed only with machine guns. The island's defences were intended (until 1905) to cover the controlled minefield laid across the river and later to tackle fast-moving torpedo boats attempting to enter the naval anchorage above the Forth Bridge or to damage the lock gates of the Rosyth Dockyard.

Geology
Inchgarvie is of igneous origin, and partly made up of picrite. Studies of the landscape beneath the waters of the firth have revealed that the visible surface of Inchgarvie is only the top of a larger crag and tail structure similar in structure to Edinburgh Castle and the Royal Mile created by glacial action.

See also

 List of islands of Scotland

Notes

References

Citations

External links

Islands of the Forth
Uninhabited islands of Edinburgh
Scheduled monuments in Scotland
Former populated places in Scotland
Castles and forts of the Rough Wooing

Inchgarvie


Ken Sunshine (born March 12, 1948) is an American public relations consultant, co-CEO and founder of Sunshine Sachs Consultants. He began his career in New York City politics, including serving as chief of staff for Mayor David Dinkins.

Early life
Sunshine was raised on Long Island and graduated from the School of Industrial and Labor Relations of Cornell University in 1970 where he was involved in activities to promote social change and political change.

Career
Sunshine started as a community organizer and became a district delegate for George McGovern. He then ran the public relations department of ASCAP, where he supervised music events. In the 1970s, he joined Bella Abzug's Senate, mayoral and congressional campaigns with Harold Holzer.

From 1990 to 1993, Sunshine served as the chief of staff for Mayor David Dinkins, a job that included managing future New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio. In 1994, he worked on Mario Cuomo's gubernatorial campaign and is an advisor to New York Governor Andrew Cuomo. In 2013, he served on mayor-elect Bill DeBlasio's transition team.

Sunshine Sachs Consultants
In 1991, Sunshine launched the public relations firm Ken Sunshine Consultants. The company was renamed the following year to reflect principal Shawn Sachs's partnership. The initial clients included Barbra Streisand, 1199: The National Health Care Workers' Union and the 1992 Democratic National Convention working with Ron Brown, then chairman of the Democratic Party.

Sunshine Sachs specializes in corporate image programs, crisis communication, reputation management and issues management, consumer and lifestyle marketing, public affairs, media relations, event promotion, and communications skills training. In 2014, Sunshine Sachs was named the number one public relations agency in New York by New York Observer.

His clients have included John Thain, Barbra Streisand, Ben Affleck, and the convicted sex offender Harvey Weinstein. His best-known work includes representing Jussie Smollett who was criminally convicted for faking a hate crime as well as Justin Timberlake after a "wardrobe malfunction" at Timberlake's Super Bowl XXXVIII performance with Janet Jackson in February 2004. As of 2009, nine-tenths of his clients were not celebrities.

Wikipedia editing for clients
In June 2015, Sunshine admitted his firm had employed paid editors to edit clients' Wikipedia pages to remove negative material about them, violating the Wikipedia updated terms of service. Sunshine Sachs said its employees failed to make public their relationship with the firm when making edits, and a key employee was unaware of Wikipedia's updated policies on paid editing. All employees engaged in editing Wikipedia now make appropriate disclosures, Sunshine said.  Celebrities whose Wikipedia articles were edited by Sunshine Sachs include Naomi Campbell, Mia Farrow and Sarah Brightman. It was unclear if the celebrities themselves were aware of the edits.

The New York Times said an email to clients stated that "Sunshine Sachs has a number of experienced editors on staff that have established profiles on Wikipedia," and that "the changes we make to existing pages are rarely challenged." Sunshine said that he believed that his firm's edits to Wikipedia prior to June 2014, when the policy was changed, abided by Wikipedia policy.

Personal life
He is married to Nancy Hollander and they have two children. His son, Jason Hollander Sunshine, a Columbia-trained lawyer, is married to Samantha Helen London, a Barnard College graduate whose father, Barry London, served as vice chairman and president of Paramount Pictures's motion pictures group.

References

External links
 Sunshine Sachs website

Cornell University alumni
Living people
People from Long Island
American public relations people
Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia
Place of birth missing (living people)
1948 births

Ken Sunshine


The Lowrey organ is an electronic organ named for its developer, Frederick C. Lowrey (1871-1955). He was a Chicago-based industrialist and entrepreneur. It was in 1955, the year he died, that Lowrey's full-sized electronic organ was first commercially successful. It was called the Model S Spinet or Berkshire.
Lowrey had earlier developed an attachment for a piano. This added electronic organ stops on 60 notes while keeping the piano functionality. It was called the Organo. It was first sold in 1949 It was a successful competitor to the Hammond Solovox.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Lowrey was the largest manufacturer of electronic organs in the world. In 1989, the Lowrey Organ Company produced its 1,000,000th organ.
Up until 2011, Lowrey organs were built in LaGrange Park, Illinois. In 2011, it was announced that some models would be made in Indonesia.

History
From 1918-1940's, Frederick Lowrey experimented with electronic organ design. He tried different methods of tone generation. In the 1940s he fixed on the Eccles-Jordan circuit. This is a stable flip-flop oscillator. It became a Lowrey hallmark. The Lowrey organ relied on all-electronic tone generation. This was different to its main competitor, the Hammond organ.  Hammond used electromechanical  until 1975. Lowrey led Hammond in the development of automatic accompaniment features. In 1968, automatic rhythm was added. In 1970, the Genie model added automatic left hand and pedal. Lowrey originally targeted the home entertainment market. Lowrey also produced theatre organs and a full 2-manual with pedal church organ.

Notable users
In the 1960s and 1970s, Lowreys were used by some rock groups.

Garth Hudson, the keyboardist of The Band, played a Lowrey Festival organ on many of the group's most notable songs.
Its sound can be heard prominently on the 1968 recording of "Chest Fever", which begins with a Bach-inspired prelude/intro.

The Beatles' 1967 song "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" included use of a Lowrey organ. It was used to help create a fairground atmosphere.
A Lowrey DSO Heritage organ was used to produce the opening for "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".

The Who song "Baba O'Riley" used a Lowrey Organ, on a percussive "marimba repeat" setting, to give the synthesizer-like background noise.

Mike Oldfield made use of the instrument quite extensively on his Tubular Bells album, and on several later albums as well. The Gotye song State of the Art was written to showcase the sounds of the Lowrey Cotillion model D-575.

Later Models
From 1966 to 1971, Lowrey produced combo organs for the guitar maker Gibson. The most popular of these was made in 1966, called the Kalamazoo K-101, but was soon renamed the Gibson G-101. The Gibson branded organs' design and circuitry were based on Lowrey's "T-1", "T-2", "TLO-R" and "Holiday" spinet models. They had several additional features that made their sound distinctive from the Lowrey models. The extra effects included "Repeat", "Glide", and "Trumpet Wow-wow".

In the late 1970s, selling features of Lowrey home organs included Magic Genie Chords, Track III Rhythm and the Automatic Organ Computer.

In the 1980s, Lowrey launched the MicroGenie series of portable organs. These had built-in speakers. Some models could run on batteries. They including the MicroGenie V60, V100/101, V105, V120, V125 and MicroGenie Pro V600 (which was programmable and had MIDI capability).

Purchase by Kawai
In 1988, Lowrey was purchased by Kawai.

On October 5, 2018, Vice-President of Lowery Division of Kawai America Corp., Seijiro Imamura, announced that Lowery Organ production would cease in January 2019.

References

Other websites

 Lowrey Organ

Lowrey organ


This is a list of suburbs in the Auckland metropolitan area, New Zealand, surrounding the Auckland Central Business District. They are broadly grouped into the local government areas that existed from 1989 to 2010.

Auckland central
This area is the former Auckland City.

Arch Hill
Auckland CBD
Avondale
Blockhouse Bay
Balmoral
Blackpool
Eden Terrace
Eden Valley
Ellerslie
Epsom
Freemans Bay
Glendowie
Glen Innes
Grafton
Greenlane
Greenwoods Corner
Grey Lynn
Herne Bay
Hillsborough
Kingsland
Kohimarama
Lynfield
Meadowbank
Mission Bay
Morningside
Mount Albert
Mount Eden
Mount Roskill
Mount Wellington
Newmarket
Newton
New Windsor
Onehunga
Oneroa
Onetangi
One Tree Hill
Ōrākei
Oranga
Ostend
Ōtāhuhu
Owairaka
Palm Beach
Panmure
Parnell
Penrose
Point England
Point Chevalier
Ponsonby
Remuera
Royal Oak
Saint Heliers
St Lukes
St Johns
Saint Marys Bay
Sandringham
Stonefields
Surfdale
Tāmaki
Te Papapa
Three Kings
Waikowhai
Wai o Taiki Bay
Waterview
Wesley
Western Springs
Westfield
Westmere

North Shore
This area is the former North Shore City.

Albany
Bayswater
Bayview
Beach Haven
Belmont
Birkdale
Birkenhead
Browns Bay
Campbells Bay
Castor Bay
Chatswood
Cheltenham
Crown Hill
Devonport
Fairview Heights
Forrest Hill
Glenfield
Greenhithe
Hauraki
Highbury
Hillcrest
Long Bay
Lucas Heights
Mairangi Bay
Marlborough
Milford
Murrays Bay
Narrow Neck
Northcote
Northcote Point
North Harbour
Northcross
Okura
Oteha
Paremoremo
Pinehill
Rosedale
Shelly Beach
Rothesay Bay
Schnapper Rock
Stanley Bay
Stanley Point
Sunnynook
Takapuna
Torbay
Totara Vale
Unsworth Heights
Waiake
Wairau Valley
Westlake
Windsor Park

South Auckland and eastern suburbs
This area is the former Manukau City.

Airport Oaks
Beachlands
Botany Downs
Brookby
Bucklands Beach
Burswood
Chapel Downs
Clendon Park
Clevedon
Clover Park
Cockle Bay
Dannemora
East Tāmaki
East Tāmaki Heights
Eastern Beach
Farm Cove
Favona
Flat Bush
Golflands
Goodwood Heights
Greenmeadows
Half Moon Bay
Highland Park
Hillpark
Howick
Huntington Park
Kawakawa Bay
Mahia Park
Māngere
Māngere Bridge
Māngere East
Manukau
Manukau Heights
Manurewa
Manurewa East
Maraetai
Meadowlands
Mellons Bay
Middlemore
Murphys Heights
Northpark
Orere Point
Ormiston
Ōtara
Pakuranga
Pakuranga Heights
Papatoetoe
Randwick Park
Settlers Cove
Shamrock Park
Shelly Park
Silkwood Heights
Somerville
Sunnyhills
The Gardens
Totara Heights
Tuscany Estate
Waimahia Landing
Wattle Cove
Wattle Downs
Weymouth
Whitford
Wiri

Papakura
This area is the former Papakura District.

Alfriston
Ardmore
Conifer Grove
Drury
Longford Park
Ōpaheke
Pahurehure
Papakura
Runciman
Red Hill
Rosehill
Takanini

Pukekohe
This area is part of the former Franklin District.

Ararimu
Āwhitu
Bombay
Buckland
Clarks Beach
Hunua
Karaka
Karaka Harbourside
Kingseat
Manukau Heads
Paerata
Paparimu
Patumahoe
Pollok
Pukekohe
Waiau Pa
Waiuku

West Auckland
This area is the former Waitakere City.

Anawhata
Cornwallis
Bethells Beach
Glen Eden
Glendene
Green Bay
Henderson
Henderson Valley
Herald Island
Hobsonville
Huia
Karekare
Kaurilands
Kelston
Konini
Laingholm
Lincoln
McLaren Park
Massey
New Lynn
Oratia
Parau
Piha
Rānui
Royal Heights
Sunnyvale
Swanson
Te Atatū Peninsula
Te Atatū South
Titirangi
Waiatarua
Westgate
West Harbour
Western Heights
Whenuapai

Rodney
This area is the former Rodney District.

Algies Bay
Arkles Bay
Army Bay
Big Omaha
Dairy Flat
Dome Forest
Dome Valley
Glorit
Gulf Harbour
Hatfields Beach
Helensville
Huapai
Kaipara Flats
Kaukapakapa
Kumeū
Leigh
Mahurangi East
Mahurangi West
Mangakura
Manly
Makarau
Matakana
Matakatia
Millwater
Muriwai
Omaha
Orewa
Parakai
Pakiri
Point Wells
Port Albert
Puhoi
Red Beach
Redvale
Riverhead
Sandspit
Shelly Beach
Silverdale
Snells Beach
South Head
Stanmore Bay
Tapora
Tauhoa
Taupaki
Tāwharanui Peninsula
Te Arai
Te Hana
Ti Point
Tindalls Beach
Tomarata
Wade Heads
Waimauku
Wainui
Waitoki
Waiwera
Warkworth
Whangaparaoa
Whangaripo
Whangateau
Wharehine
Wellsford
Woodhill Forest

See also
Jafa (includes discussion of some suburb-based Auckland stereotypes)

List of suburbs of Auckland


A herd is a large group of animals.  Herd may also refer to:

In zoology:

 Bachelor herd, gatherings of juvenile male animals who are still sexually immature
 Herding, the act of bringing individual animals together into a group
 Herding dog, dog that either has been trained in herding or that is a member of a breed developed for herding

In sports:

 David Herd (footballer), Scottish former football player
 Fred Herd, Scottish professional golfer from St Andrews
 Sandy Herd, Scottish professional golfer from St Andrews

In psychology:

 Herd behavior, situations in which a group of individuals react coherently without there being any co-ordination between them
 Herding instinct, social tendency in humans to identify with and model many behaviors and beliefs after a larger group of individuals with whom they identify

In music:

 The Herd (album), the self-titled first album from the Australian hip hop band
 The Herd (band), Australian hip hop outfit from the suburbs of Sydney
 The Herd (UK band), English pop group

In other fields:

 David Herd (anthologist), Scottish anthologist
 Herding Cats, phrase
 Richard Herd, American character actor in television and film
 Herd (film), a short film directed by Mike Mitchell (director)

Herd (disambiguation)


The 1953 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula Libre motor race held at Albert Park Street Circuit, Victoria, Australia on 21 November 1953.  The race, which had 40 starters, was held over 64 laps of the five kilometre circuit for a total of 322 kilometres. It was organised by the Light Car Club of Australia and Army Southern Command.

It was the eighteenth Australian Grand Prix. While much of the Grand Prix's history to this point had taken place on public road or street circuits, this was the first time it had been held on a circuit in a major population centre. The circuit was laid out on public roads surrounding the Albert Park Lake in inner Melbourne.

The race was won by Doug Whiteford, his third and final Australian Grand Prix victory, equalling the feat achieved by Bill Thompson in the 1930s. It was also the largest margin of victory in the race's history, Whiteford winning by six laps for a margin of 30 kilometres.

Classification
Results as follows.

Notes
 Winner's average speed: 82.85 mph
Fastest lap: Stan  Jones – 2'03

References

Grand Prix
Australian Grand Prix
Motorsport at Albert Park
Australian Grand Prix

1953 Australian Grand Prix