Sirens is a 1994 film, based on the life of artist Norman Lindsay, written and directed by John Duigan and set in Australia during the interwar period.

Sirens, Four Weddings and a Funeral and Bitter Moon—all released in the US within weeks of one another—were the films that brought Hugh Grant to the attention of American audiences.

Plot
Tony, an Anglican priest newly arrived in Australia from the United Kingdom, is asked to visit the notorious artist Norman Lindsay, out of the church's concern about a blasphemous painting of the crucifix that the artist plans to exhibit.

Estella, the priest's wife, accompanies him on the visit to the artist's bucolic compound in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales. There, they meet Lindsay's wife, Rose, two models, Pru and Sheela, and the maid, Giddy, all of whom pose for Lindsay. Devlin, the half-blind "odd-job" man, also poses for Lindsay.

Initially, Tony and Estella are both disturbed by the frank conversations about human sexuality in which the members of the bohemian group all participate. They are further startled by the amount of nudity they encounter, both in the studio and outside. As the story unfolds, both Tony and Estella find themselves observing the young women bathing naked in a nearby pool and instead of turning instantly away, each pauses to watch.

Joining the models to swim one morning, Estella is shocked when they bathe naked (she and the maid have come in swimming costumes). Estella is further shocked when Devlin arrives on the scene and the naked women flirt with him, knowing that he cannot see them. On a later occasion, Estella observes the two models caressing the maid, and joins them in stroking her. She doesn't realise that her husband, walking nearby, observes this and is disturbed by the scene's sexual content. At another time, Estella observes Devlin sunbathing naked, and flees when she realises he knows she is there.

Estella is increasingly affected by the sensuality of her surroundings and the bohemian attitude towards sexuality. Her relationship with her husband includes intimacy and commitment, but lacks passion.

The surroundings and the lives of the models are siren calls that lead Estella to fantasize with increasing intensity, and (with encouragement from the models) act on a few of her impulses. She suffers morning-after remorse about a late-night visit to Devlin. Influenced by supportive words from her husband, who had witnessed her earlier intimacy with the models, Estella shares a passionate moment with her husband.

While Tony is outraged to discover his wife's naked likeness included in one of Lindsay's paintings of a group of naked women, Estella merely observes that it is a good likeness, thus deflating her husband's moral outrage and threats to sue. The next day, Tony and Estella leave the bucolic compound. They travel back home on a train in a shared suite and, showing a changed attitude, Estella caresses Tony with her stocking-covered foot. She falls asleep on the train, and dreams she is naked on a cliff with the other women.

Cast
 Hugh Grant as Reverend Anthony Campion
 Tara Fitzgerald as Estella Campion
 Sam Neill as Norman Lindsay
 Elle Macpherson as Sheela
 Portia de Rossi as Giddy
 Kate Fischer as Pru
 Pamela Rabe as Rose Lindsay
 Ben Mendelsohn as Lewis
 John Polson as Tom
 Mark Gerber as Devlin
 Vincent Ball as Bishop of Sydney

Production
The film was a long-standing project of John Duigan:

The starting point was the idea of doing something on the tension between the church's teaching and the sensual side of life. I have always felt that the church's actual teachings on this issue—since I experienced it first-hand as a boy at school—reflected some biases, particularly against the place and role of women in the church, and the place of women's sensuality. I wanted to deal with these sorts of issues but I also wanted to explore them in a comic context. It's a film about sensuality but if you don't have a humorous aspect, then I think you're missing out on a particular dimension of the sensuality.

He originally pitched the project to Kennedy Miller after making Fragments of War but they passed.

Duigan said that what drew him to cast Grant: "Hugh has the capacity to be a terrific player of light comedy, in the tradition of Cary Grant and David Niven. He has the same ease and urbanity in the way he moves and talks." Grant told Farber what he brought to the character of the Anglican priest:

I kept looking at the part and wondered how I could crack it, because he was such a straitlaced character. And then I realized that if he thought he was trendy and avant-garde, that added a whole new swing to it. I see him as quite the star of his theological college, probably quite daring with his Turkish cigarettes. And I imagine that he even makes the occasional sexual reference in his conversation after a couple of glasses of sherry. But confronted with the real McCoy, in the form of Elle Macpherson without her clothes, he's hopeless.

Most of the film is set at what is now the Norman Lindsay Gallery and Museum, which was the original home of the real-life Lindsay with sequences filmed at the railway station at Mount Victoria, New South Wales.

Reception

Critical response

Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: "Sirens is best watched as a soft-core, high-minded daydream about the liberating sensuality of art...[it] has an archly intelligent performance from Mr. Grant, who turns the priest's embarrassment into a real comic virtue. Ms. Fitzgerald, who made a strong first impression in Hear My Song, is again a forceful presence, even when acting out the story's giddy erotic fantasies." Maslin said the film "often verges on silliness and desperately overworks the symbolic importance of snakes. Still, it's hard not to enjoy a film whose most intellectually daring character—Mr. Neill's stern Lindsay—claims to have spent a previous life in Atlantis."

Hal Hinson of The Washington Post was less forgiving: he called the ideas presented by the film "warmed-over D. H. Lawrence" and the film, a "peculiar, not entirely undesirable sort of art-house hybrid, like a marriage between Masterpiece Theatre and Baywatch", citing "scenes, like the one in which Estella is brought to orgasm by the tender, knowing hands of a blind laborer, [that] are almost laughable."

Roger Ebert, guessing incorrectly that the inspiration for Neill's character was Augustus John, noted that Sirens has "no particular plot"; he also called it a  "good-hearted, whimsical movie which makes no apologies for the beauty of the human body and yet never feels sexually obsessed."

Year-end lists
 Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – William Arnold, Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 Best "sleepers" (not ranked) – Dennis King, Tulsa World
 Honorable mention –  Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News
 Honorable mention – Michael Mills, The Palm Beach Post
 Honorable mention – Michael MacCambridge, Austin American-Statesman

Box office
Sirens grossed million at the box office in Australia,  million in the United Kingdom, and million in the United States and Canada.

Home media
Sirens was released on DVD by Miramax Films in May 1999 and Echo Bridge Home Entertainment in May 2011. Umbrella Entertainment released Sirens on DVD in May 2010 and later, on Blu-ray, in March 2013. The Umbrella Entertainment disc releases are compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, script, press clippings, stills gallery, an ABC Lively Arts interview with Norman Lindsay, an informal home movie chat with Hugh Grant and John Duigan, and audio commentary with John Duigan and Sue Milliken.

See also
 Age of Consent (film)
 Cinema of Australia

References

External links

Sirens at Oz Movies

1994 comedy-drama films
1994 films
Australian comedy-drama films
Australian sex comedy films
British comedy-drama films
British erotic drama films
British sex comedy films
1990s English-language films
Films directed by John Duigan
Films scored by Rachel Portman
Films set in New South Wales
Australian independent films
British independent films
1994 independent films
1990s sex comedy films
1990s erotic drama films
Norman Lindsay
Films set in the 1930s
1990s British films

Sirens (1994 film)


Telephone numbers in Macau are eight-digit numbers. Fixed land line numbers start with 28, while mobile (cellular) phone numbers start with 6. Calls from Macau to mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Portugal are treated as international calls.

The telephone number for emergency services – Police, Fire Service and Ambulance – is 999 for all telephone lines. In addition to 999, two more emergency hotline numbers 110 (mainly for tourists from mainland China) and 112 (mainly for tourists from overseas) can be dialed, however calls made to 110 and 112 are redirected to the 999 call centre. 993 is used for the reporting of serious crimes to Polícia Judiciária (Judiciary Police) for investigation, use this hotline for organised crime reporting, gambling crimes, homicide and drug transport.

Government regulator

Prior to 1999 telephone regulation was under the Direcção dos Serviços de Correios e Telecomunicações (CTT) or Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones under the Secretary for Transport and Public Works.

Since 1999 telephone numbers are under the responsibility of the Direcção dos Serviços de Regulação de Telecomunicações (DSRT) or Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation under the Secretariat for Transport and Public Works.

Numbering scheme and format

 28xx xxxx - Residential/Business/Government (fixed line)
 6xxx xxxx - Cellular/Mobile phones
 8xxx xxxx - Business/Government (fixed line)

Telecom operators

 (Fixed line and mobile) – Companhia Telecomunicações de Macau, S.A.R.L. (CTM)
 (Mobile) – Hutchison Telephone (Macau) Co. Ltd
 (Mobile) – SmarTone Mobile Communications (Macau) Co. Ltd
 (Mobile) – China Telecom (Macau) Co. Ltd

See also
 Telecommunications in Macau
 Telephone numbers in Hong Kong
 Telephone numbering plan

References

 Direcção dos Serviços de Regulação de Telecomunicações (DSRT)
 ITU allocation data

Macau
Communications in Macau
Macau-related lists

Telephone numbers in Macau


Lieutenant-Colonel Henry James Grasett  (June 18, 1847 – September 30, 1930) was a Canadian army and militia officer who served as a Toronto police chief. He is the longest-serving police chief in the history of the Toronto Police, having served for 34 years from 1886 to 1920 as chief constable.

Life and career

Early life
Grasett was the third son of the Reverend Henry James Grasett, the Rector of St. James Cathedral in Toronto, and Sarah Maria Stewart. He was educated at a Toronto private school and at Leamington College for Boys in England.

Military service
At 19, he returned to Canada and joined the Canadian Militia. He fought on the Niagara Peninsula during the Fenian raid of 1866 with the 2nd Battalion, Volunteer Militia Rifles of Toronto, In 1867, he joined the British Army serving as an ensign with 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot in Canada and England and rose to the rank of lieutenant by the time he retired to Toronto in 1875, where he became a partner in a firm of shipping and commission merchants. In 1885, he was given the rank of lieutenant colonel in the militia and put in command of the 10th Battalion Royal Grenadiers which fought in several battles during the North-West Rebellion of 1885.

Toronto Police
On December 1, 1886, Grasett was appointed Chief Constable of Toronto. During his command of the Toronto Police he saw the force grow from 172 to 662 men. Under Grasett, the police remained largely British and Protestant in composition. Patrolmen were armed for the first time under Grasett. He also oversaw innovations such as the institution of an electric call box and signal system, patrol wagons, bicycles, motorcycles and ultimately police cars and also reorganized the morality squad and department of detectives.  Training and promotion was modelled on the military.

Grasett served as vice-president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police in 1902 and as president of the Chief Constables' Association of Canada in 1906.

Unlike previous Toronto chief constables, Grasett largely refrained from making controversial public statements except during World War I when he spoke out against foreigners in Toronto and banned outdoor anti-conscription meetings. He was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George in 1916 for his contributions to the war effort.

In 1918, dissatisfied with wages, discipline and work conditions, Toronto police constables unionized, joined the Toronto Trades and Labour Council, and went on strike. At the provincial commission that was created to investigate the unrest, Grasett expressed his opposition to one of the union's key demands, promotion by seniority.

Grasett retired as chief constable in 1920, at the age of 73. He died of pneumonia at his home in 1930 and was buried in St James' Cemetery. He was survived by his widow Alice Katherine Parke, who he had married in 1887 in Brompton, London. Alice Katherine was a great-niece of Charles Parke, a Deputy Lieutenant of Dorset in England. They had no children.

References

1847 births
1930 deaths
Toronto police chiefs
Canadian Army officers
Canadian Militia officers
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Deaths from pneumonia in Ontario
Burials at St. James Cemetery, Toronto
Queen's Own Rifles of Canada officers
Royal Regiment of Canada
Royal Regiment of Canada officers

H. J. Grasett


Harold John Spencer (30 April 1919 – 2003) was an English professional association footballer who played as a wing half. He started his career at Burnley, where he turned professional in 1937. However, he had to wait until the 1946–47 season to make his debut for the Clarets, which came in a 1–1 draw with Coventry City on 31 August 1946. He went on to play a total of four league games for Burnley before moving to Wrexham in July 1950. He spent just one season in Wales and made eleven league appearances for the club.

References

1919 births
2003 deaths
Footballers from Burnley
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Burnley F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
English Football League players

Harold Spencer (footballer)


Tingmiatornis (meaning "bird that flies") is a genus of flighted and possibly diving ornithurine bird from the High Arctic of Canada. The genus contains a single species, T. arctica, described in 2016, which lived during the Turonian epoch of the Cretaceous.

Description

Given the small number of bones that are referrable to Tingmiatornis, it is difficult to infer much about the animal. However, the thickness of the cortical bone (on average, ) and the relative length of the humerus suggest that it was apparently a flighted bird that also likely was capable of diving, similar to the possible hesperornithine Pasquiaornis. Tingmiatornis can be differentiated from the latter by numerous traits including larger size, a more globe-shaped dorsal condyle on the humerus, an olecranon process of the ulna that does not project outward as strongly, as well as a smaller bicipital tubercle of the ulna.

Tingmiatornis also differs from Ichthyornis in the following ways: the head of the humerus is more rounded and projects further downwards; the deltopectoral crest of the humerus is narrower and curves slightly forwards; the secondary pneumotricipital fossa of the humerus is deeper; and the expansion of the humerus known as the bicipital crest is longer, with a slightly convex bottom edge that transitions smoothly into the rest of the humerus rather than being hatchet-shaped.

Discovery and naming
The remains of Tingmiatornis were found on Axel Heiberg Island in the High Arctic of Nunavut, Canada, in an as-of-yet unnamed -thick layer of Turonian rock between the Kanguk Formation and the Strand Fiord Formation. Radiometric dating places the age of these rocks at 92 Mya. The type specimen consists of a left humerus labelled with the specimen number NUFV 1960, kept in the Nunavut Fossil Vertebrate Collection of the Canadian Museum of Nature. Other specimens referred to Tingmiatornis consist of a partial humerus (UR 00.200, stored at the University of Rochester) and ulna (NUFV 1838).

The genus name of Tingmiatornis incorporates the Inuktitut word "Tingmiat", which means "those that fly". The species name, arctica, refers to the specimens being discovered in the High Arctic.

Paleoecology
A number of other vertebrates are known alongside Tingmiatornis from the locality on Axel Heiberg Island, including champsosaurs that measured  in length; fish including gar, bowfins, members of the extinct Vidalamiinae, and indeterminate teleosts; turtles, including Aurorachelys, Borealochelys, indeterminate eucryptodires, and indeterminate trionychids; and juvenile elasmosaurs, known from teeth. During the Turonian, the area would have been a large, freshwater to brackish bay situated at approximately 71° paleolatitude.

This habitat, which had a mean temperature of approximately 14 °C, would have been an ideal nesting ground for Tingmiatornis, although no eggs or nests have been found at the locality to date. The bowfins that swam in the surrounding water, which likely measured  in length, may have competed with Tingmiatornis for smaller fish, if the latter was a diving bird. Tingmiatornis may also have fished at night, much like the modern Western grebe; at this latitude, it would have experienced approximately two months of continuous darkness per year.

During the Late Cretaceous, high latitudes appeared to have been dominated by ornithurines as opposed to the more basal enantiornithines. This may be due to ornithurines exploiting more aquatic niches or having higher growth rates in highly seasonal climates; the latter likely did not apply as strongly to Tingmiatornis due to the warm local climate.

References

Prehistoric ornithurans
Turonian life
Late Cretaceous birds of North America
Fossils of Canada
Paleontology in Nunavut
Fossil taxa described in 2016

Tingmiatornis


Mefistofele is an Italian opera in a prologue, four acts and an epilogue; with music and libretto. It is by Arrigo Boito and is based on Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's play Faust. It was first performed in Milan, on March 5, 1868. A revised version was performed in Bologna, on October 4, 1875.

Recent performances
The opera was performed as part of the 2013/2014 season at the Croatian National Theatre, in Split. The director was Michał Znaniecki and the conductor was Nikša Bareza.

In August 2014, the opera was performed in the 13th Opera Festival of the Theatro da Paz in Belém, Brazil. Mefistofeles was played by Denis Sedov and Faust was played by Fernando Portari.

Principal characters

 Mefistofele - bass
 Faust - tenor
 Margherita - soprano
 Elena - soprano

Discography
 1931: Nazzareno de Angelis (Mefistofele), Antonio Melandri (Faust), Mafalda Favero (Margherita), Giannina Arangi-Lombardi (Elena); Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorenzo Molajoli - (Italian Columbia)
 1953: Giulio Neri (Mefistofele), Gianni Poggi (Faust), Rosetta Noli (Margherita), Simona Dall' Argine (Elena); Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Franco Capuana - (Elsa Music)
 1958: Cesare Siepi (Mefistofele), Mario Del Monaco (Faust), Renata Tebaldi (Margherita), Fiorana Cavalli (Elena); Orchestra e Coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Tullio Serafin - (Decca)
 1973: Norman Treigle (Mefistofele), Plácido Domingo (Faust), Montserrat Caballé (Margherita/Elena); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, London Symphony Orchestra, Julius Rudel - (EMI Classics)
 1982: Nicolai Ghiaurov (Mefistofele), Luciano Pavarotti (Faust), Mirella Freni (Margherita), Montserrat Caballé (Elena); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Oliviero de Fabritiis - (Decca)

References

Further reading
Ashbrook, William (1998), "Mefistofele", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Three. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc.
Ashbrook, William (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.
Borovsky, Victor (1988), Chaliapin, New York: Knopf.
Harewood, Earl of and Antony Peattie (Eds.) (1997), The New Kobbe's Opera Book, London: Ebury Press.
Sadie, Stanley, (Ed.)(1997), The New Grove Book of Operas New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

1860s operas

Mefistofele


Ulrich II of East Frisia, was count of East Frisia, (6 July 1605 – Aurich, 1 November 1648) was the fifth child and the third son of Enno III, Count of East Frisia and Anna of Holstein-Gottorp.  He inherited the East Frisia after the unexpected death of his brother Rudolf Christian on 17 April 1628.  He reigned during the Thirty Years' War.  East Frisia did not participate in the war, but general Ernst von Mansfeld quartered his troops in East Frisia, causing great distress.  The only exception was Emden because of the recently completed city wall, the city of Emden was protected against foreign troops.

Life
Historian tend to have a negative view of Ulrich II.  His brother Rudolf Christian died unexpectedly, from a stab in his left eye during an argument with a lieutenant in the army of general Matthias Gallas quartered at Berum Castle.  He accepted the position of Count of East Frisia only reluctantly.  He was said to prefer to enjoy himself about town, deriving great pleasure from alcohol and well-prepared meals.  In the face of the foreign troops quartered in East Frisia during the Thirty Years' War, he was rather passive and let his chancellors Wiarda and Bobart manage the country.  He even went so far as to build a Lustschloss, the Julianenburg in Sandhorst, for his wife Landgravine Juliana, in the middle of the war, while the population of East Frisia was suffering bitterly.  However, he also made some major decisions.  He leased out parcels of bog around Timmel in 1633; this is regarded as the starting point of the fen cultivation, which led to the creation of the Großefehn.  He also founded Latin schools, the Ulrichsgymnasium in Norden in 1631 and the Gymnasium Ulricianum in Aurich in 1646.  These still exist and bear his name today.

He died on 1 November 1648.  After his death his widow Juliana took over the regency because their children were still minors.

Ancestors

1605 births
1648 deaths
Counts of East Frisia

Ulrich II, Count of East Frisia


In linear algebra, a basis is a set of vectors in a given vector space with certain properties:

 One can get any vector in the vector space by multiplying each of the basis vectors by different numbers, and then adding them up.
 If any vector is removed from the basis, the property above is no longer satisfied.

The plural of basis is bases. For any vector space , any basis of  will have the same number of vectors. This number is called the dimension of .

Example
 is a basis of  as a vector space over .

Any element of  can be written as a linear combination of the above basis. Let  be any element of  and let . Since  and  are elements of , then we can write . So  can be written as a linear combination of the elements in .

Also, this process would not be possible for any vector  if an element was removed from . So  is a basis for .

The basis  is not unique; there are infinitely many bases for . Another example of a basis would be .

Linear algebra

Basis (linear algebra)


Arthur William Vanaman (May 9, 1892 – September 14, 1987) was a major general that served in the United States Air Corps and Air Force from 1920 until 1954. During the Second World War, he served as Chief of Staff for Intelligence for the Eighth Air Force. In June 1944, he was captured by the Germans, becoming the highest-ranked American POW in the European Theater of the Second World War.

Early life and family
Vanaman was born in Millville, New Jersey on May 9, 1892. He graduated from Drexel Institute of Technology in 1915 and studied aeronautical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1918. That same year, he married Blanche Garroway, with whom he had two children.

Air Force
Vanaman was commissioned a first lieutenant in the US Army Air Service on July 1, 1920. Through the 1920s and 1930s, he advanced through the ranks as a procurement and engineering officer. In 1937, he graduated from the Army War College. Soon after, he was appointed as an attaché to Berlin. In August 1941, Vanaman returned to the United States to take a post as Secretary of the Air Staff in Washington, D.C. By 1944, Vanaman had attained the rank of Brigadier General and was serving as Chief of Intelligence for the Eighth Air Force in England, under the command of Lt. Gen. Jimmy Doolittle. In this role, he was privy to many of the Allies' most highly classified programs, including Ultra.

Capture and imprisonment
On June 27, 1944, Vanaman went on a routine bombing mission as an observer. His B-17 was hit by flak and caught fire, causing the pilot to order the crew to bail out. Vanaman and four other airmen jumped, landing in the French countryside between Contay and Puisieux on the Somme. The rest of the crew stayed in the plane and returned safely to England once the fire went out. The four airmen were able to evade capture, but Vanaman, who had been injured in the jump, was immediately captured by the Germans. He became one of the highest-ranked American POWs of the Second World War.

Vanaman was imprisoned at Stalag Luft III. In 1945, Nazi officials separated Vanaman and Colonel Delmar T. Spivey from the other prisoners and brought them to Berlin in an attempt to conduct clandestine peace negotiations.

Later career
Vanaman remained with the Air Force until retiring in 1954 with the rank of Major General.

During his career, Vanaman was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, the Bronze Star, and the Belgian Croix de Guerre with Palms.

He died on September 14, 1987.

References

1892 births
1987 deaths
American prisoners of war in World War II
United States Army Air Forces generals of World War II
United States Army Air Forces generals

Arthur W. Vanaman


Richard A. Bennett (born April 20, 1943) is an American former college basketball coach who is best known for building the Wisconsin-Green Bay Phoenix men's basketball program into a mid-major power and revitalizing the Wisconsin Badgers basketball program.  Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he is the father of current Virginia Cavaliers head coach Tony Bennett and former Northern Illinois women's basketball head coach Kathi Bennett.

Early life
Bennett was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and raised in Clintonville, Wisconsin. He graduated from Ripon College in 1965 with a B.A. in education. At Ripon, Bennett played basketball (guard), football (halfback and return specialist), and baseball (third baseman) four years each.

Coaching career
Bennett had enormous success at each level of collegiate coaching in Wisconsin.  In the mid-1970s, he led Eau Claire Memorial High School to the state title game.  In the mid-1980s, he led the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point to an NAIA title game. In the early 1990s he brought the Green Bay Phoenix of UW–Green Bay to its first three NCAA tournament appearances.  And in 2000, after five years in Madison, he took the Badgers to the Final Four.

High school
Prior to collegiate coaching, Bennett coached at the high school level. In 1965, he became freshman basketball coach at West Bend High School in West Bend, Wisconsin. He coached at Mineral Point High in Mineral Point, Wisconsin, during the 1966–67 season. He then was varsity head coach at Marion High School in Marion, Wisconsin for two seasons from (1967–1969), New London High School in New London, Wisconsin (1969–1972), and Memorial High School in Eau Claire, Wisconsin (1972–1976). Bennett led Memorial to a runner-up finish to South Milwaukee at the WIAA State Tournament during the 1975–76 season.

Wisconsin–Stevens Point
Bennett began his collegiate coaching career at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point in 1976, where he won 173 games in nine seasons. While head coach, Bennett completed a master's degree in education with an emphasis in professional development in August 1979. He was named NAIA Coach of the Year after leading the 1983–84 squad to a 28–4 record and national runner-up finish.  That team featured future NBA All-Star Terry Porter and future Saint Louis University head coach Brad Soderberg.  In 2009, the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point renamed its basketball court Bennett Court to honor both Dick Bennett and his brother Jack Bennett.

Green Bay
In 1985, Bennett moved to the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay. The Green Bay Phoenix posted a 4–24 record the year before Bennett arrived, but had reached the second round of the NIT tournament by 1990.

Bennett's son Tony became the star of the team during the early 1990s. A guard who played several seasons in the NBA, Tony Bennett led the team to its first NCAA tournament berth in 1991, where the Phoenix lost to Michigan State in the first round. The following year, the UWGB rolled to a 25–5 and won its first regular season conference title, but lost in the conference tournament. After Tony Bennett's departure in 1992, the 1993–94 team won the conference title and tournament on its way to the NCAA tournament. There, the 12th-seeded Phoenix defeated 5th-seeded California, whose roster included Jason Kidd and Lamond Murray. In Bennett's final year with the Phoenix, his team returned to the NCAA Tournament where they lost to Big Ten champion Purdue.

Wisconsin
In 1995, Bennett replaced Stan Van Gundy at the University of Wisconsin–Madison as the head coach of the men's basketball team.  In Bennett's first year, the Wisconsin Badgers earned a bid in the NIT.  A year later, the Badgers notched their first winning record in Big Ten Conference play since 1974, and only their second since 1954.  He coached Wisconsin to three NCAA tournament appearances, including the 2000 Final Four.  The Badgers had played in a total of three NCAA tournaments in their entire history prior to his arrival.  Bennett also coached Wisconsin to its first ever 20-win season in 1998–99. Bennett resigned three games into the 2000–01 season citing burnout. During his tenure at Wisconsin he was 94–68 (.580) from 1995–2000.

Washington State Cougars
After two years off, Bennett was hired at Washington State University on March 29, 2003. He faced a daunting rebuilding project. Making strong defense a cornerstone, he started building around veterans Thomas Kelati and Jeff Varem and brought in what arguably was the greatest recruiting class in school history in 2004 (Kyle Weaver, Derrick Low, Robbie Cowgill, Chris Henry, Daven Harmeling and Josh Akognon). Bennett stayed three seasons at WSU. The team did not post a winning record, but they did secure wins over teams they traditionally could never beat: UCLA, Arizona and Stanford.  Bennett retired following the 2005–06 season and handed the program to his son and associate coach Tony Bennett.  Tony proceeded to guide the Cougars to back-to-back NCAA Tournament appearances and a Sweet-16 showing in 2007–08.

Coaching Awards
1982 Wisconsin State University Conference Coach of the Year
1985 Wisconsin State University Conference Coach of the Year
1985 NAIA District IV Coach of the Year
1985 NAIA Area IV Coach of the Year
1990 Mid-Continent Conference Coach of the Year
1992 Mid-Continent Conference Coach of the Year
1992 NABC District 11 Coach of the Year
1994 Basketball Times Midwest Coach of the Year
1994 NABC District 11 Coach of the Year
2007 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame

Legacy
Bennett recruited players who were willing to place teamwork and discipline ahead of personal statistics. His players excelled in the classroom as well as on the court. While few NBA players emerged from his programs, most of his players have gone on to success in other careers, including coaching. He was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007.

Bennett is best known for devising the "pack line" defense, a gap defense that clogs up potential driving lanes and prevents ballhandlers from getting to the paint.  His son continued using the "pack line" after succeeding him at Washington State, and took the defense with him to Virginia.  His influence on defense brought him fame in the 2014 NCAA Tournament, when four teams in the Sweet 16 (Arizona, Dayton, Virginia and Wisconsin) used the "pack line."

Background and family
Bennett went to high school in Clintonville, Wisconsin and graduated from Ripon College. His son, Tony Bennett, was hired as Washington State's head men's basketball coach after his father's retirement. Three years later, Tony accepted his current position as head men's basketball coach at the University of Virginia. Bennett's daughter, Kathi Bennett, has served as the head women's basketball coach the University of Evansville, Indiana University Bloomington, and Northern Illinois University. His brother Jack Bennett, retired as head men's basketball coach at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point after winning back-to-back NCAA Division III national titles, in 2004 and 2005. Another brother, Tom Bennett, died of AIDS-related complications at age 38 in January 1996.

Head coaching record

College

See also
 List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach

References

1943 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Basketball players from Pittsburgh
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Green Bay Phoenix men's basketball coaches
Guards (basketball)
High school basketball coaches in Wisconsin
People from Clintonville, Wisconsin
Ripon Red Hawks men's basketball players
University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point alumni
Washington State Cougars men's basketball coaches
Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball coaches
Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers men's basketball coaches

Dick Bennett


Yang You (; born 17 October 1917) is a Chinese scientist and former president of Sanda University between 1992 and 1997. Yang is the teacher of Huang Xuhua (father of China's nuclear submarines), Xu Qinan (general designer of Jiaolong), Zhu Yingfu (general designer of Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning), and Zeng Hengyi (designer of China's first offshore oil drilling vessel).

Yang is a member of the Jiusan Society, he was a member of its 6th Central Committee, a member of its 7th Standing Committee, vice-president of its 8th and 9th Central Committee, and honorary vice-president of its 10th Central Committee.  He was a delegate to the 5th and 6th National People's Congress. He was a member of the 7th and 8th Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Name
Yang's first name, You, was given by Sun Bingwen (one of the early leaders of the Communist Party of China), who adapted it from the sentence  in the Classic of Poetry.

Biography
Yang was born in Beijing on October 17, 1917. His father Yang Zongjiong was a senior statesman of the Kuomintang. His ancestral home is in Jurong, Jiangsu. He primarily studied at Sun Yat-sen University Primary School and Jinling Middle School. In 1930 he entered Peizheng High School, where he began to like shipbuilding. In 1935 he arrived in the United Kingdom at the age of 18 to begin his education at the University of Glasgow. Every summer in university, he went to Kerr Shipyard to train as an apprentice and a draftsman.

Yang returned to China in May 1940, in the midst of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and became a lecturer at Tongji University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, then exiled in Chongqing because of the war. He served as an engineer of Chongqing Minsheng Machinery Factory between 1940 and 1944. In November 1944 he was sent to shipyards and schools across the East Coast of the United States to study ship design and construction, production planning management, and engine repair. He returned toChina in January 1946 and successively served as engineer of the Navy Jiangnan Shipbuilding Bureau, Navy Qingdao Shipbuilding Bureau and Shanghai Naval Machinery College.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he successively served as professor at Tongji University and Dalian Institute of Technology, director of Dalian Shipyard, assistant chief engineer of the Sino-Soviet Shipbuilding Company. In 1955, Dalian Institute of Technology was merged into Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Yang moved to Shanghai with the institute. Yang became the founding director of the Institute of its Ship and Marine Engineering in September 1978. In May 1980 he concurrently served as vice-president of Zhenjiang Shipping College. In November 1981 he was elected as a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In December 1992 he was appointed president of Sanda University, and held that office until December 1997.

References

1917 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Chinese centenarians
Men centenarians
Engineers from Beijing
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Members of the Jiusan Society
Chinese naval architects
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Academic staff of Tongji University

Yang You (scientist)


The  is a series of large four-wheel drive vehicles manufactured by Nissan in Japan and sold throughout the world.

The Patrol has been available as either a short-wheelbase (SWB) three-door or a long-wheelbase (LWB) five-door chassis since 1951. The LWB version has been offered in pickup truck and cab chassis variants. Between 1988 and 1994, Ford Australia marketed the Patrol as the Ford Maverick. In some European countries, such as Spain, the Patrol was marketed by Ebro as the Ebro Patrol. In 1980 in Japan, it was rebadged and alternately sold at Nissan Prince Store locations as the Nissan Safari.

The Patrol is available in Australia, Central and South America, South Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, and Western Europe, as well as Iran and the Middle East. For the 2011 model year, it was made available in North America as the upscale Infiniti QX56 (later renamed as Infiniti QX80), the first time that a Patrol-based vehicle had been sold in North America since 1969, and for the 2017 model year, it would be offered in that market as the Nissan Armada.

First generation (4W60; 1951-1960)

In September 1951, the 4W60 was introduced exclusively to Japanese Nissan dealerships. The overall styling was similar to the Willys Jeep. The 4W60 used the  3.7 L Nissan NAK engine from the Nissan 290 bus, but with part-time four-wheel drive and a four-speed manual transmission. The grille had a pressed-steel Nissan badge. A 4W70 Carrier-based wagon was available.

The 4W61 was introduced in August 1955; it changed the grille (with some chrome bars), a one-piece windshield that sits further back when folded, chrome strips on the hood, and unequally sized seats (passenger's side is wider than the driver's). The other big change was the engine. The 4W61 was powered by the new 3.7 L Nissan NB engine, producing , and later was powered by the  4.0 L Nissan NC engine. The grille badge was chrome and red and said "NISSAN".

In October 1958, the 4W65 Patrol replaced the 4W61. The 4W65 changed the grille, which now had all chrome bars and redesigned front fenders and hood. A "NISSAN" badge was on the grille and "Patrol" badges were added on the sides of the hood. An eight-seater hardtop wagon, the WG4W65, was added. The short-lived 4W66 Patrol was introduced in December 1956, powered by the  4.0 L P engine. The 4W66 was discontinued in June 1960. A wagon version of the 4W66 was called the Carrier, from 1956 to 1959.

4W70 series
The Nissan 4W70 Carrier was introduced in 1950 based on the Dodge M37. The 4W70 used the M37's chassis, but the 4W60 Patrol's drivetrain. The grille was narrower and the front fenders changed. The 4W72 was introduced in 1955 (the 4W71 designation was skipped) with changes to the hood, grille, and headlights. Power increased to 105 hp due to the new Nissan NC engine. Modifications again to the hood, fenders, and grille and an increase in power to  led to the 4W73, introduced in 1959 and powered by the Nissan P engine.

Second generation (60; 1959–1980)

The soft-top Nissan Patrol 60 (two-door;  wheelbase) and G60 (two-door;  wheelbase) were first sold in Australia in 1960. Left-hand drive L60/GL60 models were sold outside of Australia.

Canadian and American customers could get Patrols only from 1962 until 1969. Patrols were sold through Datsun dealerships, making it the only Nissan-badged vehicle sold in the USA until the early 1980s, when the Datsun marque was phased out (barring a small test batch of about 100 Nissan Cedrics that was also exported to the US in the early 60s). An extra-long wheelbase version, the H60, was also available.

The 4WD Nissan Patrol 60 series was produced in short, medium, and long wheelbase versions. It had a manual transmission type-F3B83L at first with three and later with four speeds, and a two-speed transfer case with part-time four-wheel drive. The motor was the P engine, a  inline overhead-valve six-cylinder, featuring bathtub-shaped combustion chambers and a fully balanced seven-bearing crank shaft. With two doors in front and one at the back and four seats (driver and companion in front, two parallel back seats), the extra-long wheelbase version (the H60) was available with eight-passenger capacity.

In 1963, the KG60 (and KGL60) hard-top models were introduced.

Nissan Australia claimed that the 60 series Patrol was the first vehicle to drive across the Simpson Desert in Australia, and built much publicity around the 50th anniversary of the event, including a re-enactment with a similar vehicle ending on 21 July 2012 to publicise the impending release of their new-generation Y62.

Jonga

Beginning around 1969, the Indian Army's Vehicle Factory Jabalpur  began assembling the quarter-ton Nissan Patrol as the Jonga, along with the Nissan 4W73. The name as per Indian army records is an acronym for Jabalpur Ordinance aNd Guncarriage Assembly. Both the Nissan vehicles were fitted with the same engines and shared many parts. The Jonga was briefly sold to civilian customers with a 4.0-litre Hino diesel engine in 1996, but demand was low, due to an uncompetitive price, as well as unappealing looks. Less than 200 units were sold. The Jonga served faithfully until the late 1990s, when it was replaced by the lighter Mahindra and Mahindra MM550. Auctioned ex-Army Jongas, stretched and converted to people carriers, still serve in some rural areas of India.

Third generation (160; 1980)

The 160 series was introduced in 1980 to replace the 60 series. In Australia, these are sold as the MQ Patrol. In 1980, the available engines were the L28, P40, and SD33. All models were available with a four-speed manual transmission, while a three-speed automatic was optional on long-wheelbase vehicles fitted with the L28 engine. All 160 series Patrols came with a two-speed offset transfer case, which featured a 1:1 high gear and a low gear.

All models had leaf -spring suspension. The SD33 vehicles feature 24-volt electronics. Different trim options and colors were available, with options including vinyl or carpet floors and blue or brown interior trim. Air conditioning and power steering were available on deluxe models.

The front differential in all models was C200. In Australia, the standard rear differential was the H233. Some versions featured limited slip differentials. A heavy-duty model rear differential was used in some pickup trucks and P40-engined wagons. This was the H260 model differential. In European markets, where less onerous off-road use was expected, the light-duty C200 rear differential was installed in some vehicles.

In 1983, the MQ was updated as MK Patrol, but this does not appear on any Nissan literature or service manuals. Nissan parts dealers do not recognise these initials. Updates included a revised front end with rectangular headlights and an upgraded front suspension. The four-speed gearbox was revised and a fifth gear was added for most models. The four-speed was still used in some lower specificationed units, presumably to run out stock. A high roof ("Super Roof") version of the wagon was added at the same time along with the SD33T turbo-diesel option. With , the turbodiesel can reach .

The naturally aspirated SD33 diesel engine was updated at this time. Revisions included the use of three piston rings instead of five, piston oil squirters, and a spin-on oil filter instead of a paper cartridge type. In Australia and some other parts of the world, the SD33-engined Patrols were revised to standard 12-volt electronics. To accommodate the turbodiesel's extra power, these models featured a larger clutch (270 versus 240 mm) and larger oil cooler (five rows versus three) than the naturally aspirated version.

These were the last Patrols to carry the Datsun brand; in line with the rest of the Nissan lineup, the Patrol lost its Datsun branding in 1984 in most markets.

Spanish production
Nissan acquired a 35.85% stake in Motor Ibérica in 1980, which was increased to 54.68% in 1982. In early 1983, the first Spanish-made Nissan Patrol left the plant in Zona Franca, near Barcelona. The first year's production, planned to be 4,000 to 5000 cars, was earmarked for Spain and Portugal. Exports were to follow during 1984. Nissan Ibérica-built Patrols originally received a Spanish-made Perkins MD27 four-cylinder diesel engine and Spanish transmission to meet local content regulations. Later on, this was replaced by the A428, which evolved into the A428T and then the A428II. Later yet, the RD28 and the RD28T were added to Spanish-made cars.

260 (1986–1993)

The 260 series was a facelifted version of the Spanish-built 160 (easily spotted by the rectangular headlamps) sold in Europe and available in SWB and LWB with L28, SD33, RD28 and RD28T engines. The SD-engined version, at least in the UK market, had a 24-volt electrical system. Nissan helped Nissan Ibérica amortize plant investments. The 260 Patrol later received a facelift with a new grille similar to that of the Y60 series which succeeded this generation elsewhere. Spanish production continued until 1994 for export and until 2002 for the Spanish domestic market.

Fourth generation (Y60; 1988)

The Y60 was radically different mechanically from its predecessors, as it was the first Patrol with coil-spring suspension, increasing comfort and improving rough-ground handling. All Y60 Patrols had a three-link live axle suspension set-up at the front, with all wagons (SWB, LWB, and SWB LW) adopting a five-link set-up at the rear. The utility model was available with both a leaf-spring rear axle, and from 1994 onwards, a choice of the same coil-spring rear axle as the wagons. Sway bars were included on both front and rear coil-spring live axles. Power steering was standard. Some wagon models had front and rear disc brakes, while the utility retained rear drum brakes. The introduction of a synchromesh on reverse gear was another improvement.

The alternative model codes of GR and GQ were applied to left- and right-hand drive models, respectively.

Most models had a rear limited slip differential and some variants had a vacuum or electric solenoid-operated manual rear differential lock. A rear sway bar release mechanism appeared on some models. Some Y60s had a power take-off-driven front-mounted winch, with an in-cab control lever to the right of the gearstick.

The Patrol was also branded as Safari in Japan, depending on which Japanese dealership was offering it – Safari at Nissan Prince Shop and Patrol at Nissan Bluebird Shop. The Safari was available with an optional 24V electrical system, instead of the standard 12V. This was the first series that placed the exterior dimensions in the higher tax bracket for the wider exterior measurement as defined in Japanese Government dimension regulations and the larger engines added a higher road tax obligation for Japanese owners.

The TD42 and TB42 were available with either a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic gearbox. The RD28T and the RB30 offered only a five-speed manual.

Trim levels in Australia included:
 DX with manual mirrors, no central locking, vinyl interior, optional AC, manual locking hubs
 RX (from 1995) with electric mirrors, central locking, carpet interior, AC, manual locking hubs
 ST with electric windows, electric mirrors, central locking, carpet interior, AC, automatic locking hubs
 Ti (from late 1989) was equipped with an electronic fuel-injected engine, electric windows, electric mirrors, central locking, velour and carpet interior, rear AC, seven-speaker sound system, alloy three-spoke wheels, and automatic locking hubs. It had a high roof design with sunroof until 1991. Leather and woodgrain trim was made standard in 1992 with the Series 2.

Several dealer-fitted accessories were available, including sunroofs, roof racks, tow bars, driving lights, cargo barriers, and side steps. The TD42 was available with an optional Safari turbocharger at some Australian dealers.

Trim levels in Europe varied by country. These include designations such as SLX, LX, LW, and many others in France. Finnish Patrols came standard with two batteries. LW (1996–1997) featured a lightweight body, reducing the weight by  and a special smaller body (). These were produced only for extreme off-road championships. The engine and chassis remained the same.

Two major updates came in Australia, one in 1992 (GQ Series 2), and one in 1995 (minor facelift). The most notable changes in 1992 were the introduction of fuel-injection on the TB42 motor, EGR valve and oil cooler on the RD28T, new seats, new trim, sound deadening, and side intrusion bars. Other 1992 Series 2 refinements included a revised transmission and suspension, and introducing bigger brakes, bigger wheels, and the standardization of limited slip differentials and auto-freewheeling hubs. This update included new seats, trim, and side intrusion bars.

In 1991, the rear indicators, tail lights, and brake lights were relocated to the bumper from the body to meet Australian Design Rules, but they remained unchanged in European versions. In 1994, another set of indicators was placed on the front quarter panel.

In August 1993, the TD42 was lightened to reduce fuel consumption and increase maximum engine speed. This had the side effect of weakening the engine. The original engine can be identified by its silver rocker cover, whereas the lightened engine featured a black rocker cover. The RD28T got some extra changes, moving the vacuum pump from behind the alternator to the top of the engine. Driver-side airbags appeared in some European models.

Changes in 1995 featured a minor facelift, with a redesigned front grille and the RX model entering Australia. Known weaknesses included vibrations from the front end (largely fixed under warranty), cracking hinges on the rear door (due to the spare tyre's weight), and rust on rear window frames. The RD28T and TB42 engines suffered from head gasket issues when driven with a heavy foot. European five-speed gearboxes suffered from bearing failures in fifth gear at high mileages. However, the TD42 was highly reliable. Patrols are known for their strong axles and good limited slip differential (when so equipped).

All wagons had a 100-liter main fuel tank with the utility having a 100-liter tank and the option of a 100-liter second tank.

Engine specifications

Fifth generation (Y61; 1997)

Y61 models first appeared in December 1997, available in 4.5- and 4.8-litre petrol, 2.8-, 3.0-, and 4.2-litre turbo-diesel and 4.2-litre turbo-diesel intercooler variants. The alternative model codes of GR and GU were applied to left- and right-hand drive models, respectively.

The drivetrain was changed in this model, including larger CVs and less synchros in the manual gearboxes. The differential housings were widened to fall inline with the new body shape, but centers remained the same (H233 and H260). Some petrol wagons received a coil version of the H260 differential.

Comfort levels were increased over GQ, especially in the seating and NVH areas.

GU IV onwards
For the 2005 model year a significant facelift model was released, with new headlights, box flares on each guard and larger tail lights. The troubles that plagued the ZD30 diesel around the variable turbo geometry were resolved by this refresh.

That same year, Nissan stopped selling the Safari in Japan due to poor sales. Nissan also made a two-door pickup version of the Y61 series available as cab chassis and with a style side tray in some markets. Although a new model was launched, this Y61 series still sells for offroad enthusiasts but with few options.

Its TB48DE engine is very popular among the tuning community in the middle east, especially in the UAE. The TB48DE engine is easily modifiable and is shown to be able to handle over  for several sand hills and sand drag challenges in the region.

As of 2014, Nissan discontinued the fifth generation model worldwide, except for South Africa, the Middle East, Paraguay, Haiti, Philippines, Nepal, Bolivia, Sri Lanka, and some African and Eastern European countries where the 4x4 competed against the Toyota Land Cruiser (J70). In Australia, the Y61 was sold until 2016, alongside the Y62.

Several special edition trims have been also been released in respective regions where the Y61 was and are currently being sold, of which some of them are The Presidential edition and 4XPRO edition (Philippines), The Legend edition (Philippines, South Africa and Australia), The 'Special' Super Safari edition (Middle East), The Falcon edition (Middle East), Gazelle, Gazelle Storm and Gazelle X editions (Middle East).

The Y61 is also still being produced for and used by United Nations agencies across different countries as well as some military branches and government sectors. They are mainly being used as security escorts vehicles, chief personnel carriers and off pavement patrol units.

Sixth generation (Y62; 2010)

The all-new, sixth generation, Y62 series Nissan Patrol was launched on 13 February 2010 in Abu Dhabi. A luxury version (Z62) was sold as the Infiniti QX56 from 2010 (the first time that a Patrol-based vehicle had been sold in North America since 1969), which was later renamed the Infiniti QX80 in 2013. The Y62 was introduced in North America under the Armada nameplate in 2016, for the 2017 model year. It was presented as a replacement for the Titan-based first generation Nissan Armada (WA60).

As of 2017, the Y62 is powered by either a  /  4.0-litre VQ40DE V6 engine for the entry level XE and SE trims or a more powerful  /  5.6-litre VK56VD V8 engine for the upper level trims. The NISMO edition uses a tuned version of the 5.6-litre V8 producing 28 additional horsepower. Prior to the introduction of the 4.0-litre V6, a lower output  /  5.6-litre VK56DE V8 was designated for the entry level trims.

As of 2017, all models come with a 7-speed automatic transmission although Nissan previously offered a 5-speed automatic and also a 6-speed manual for the entry level trim. A variable 4×4 mode package allows switching between four drive modes: sand, on-road, rock and snow. A Hydraulic Body Motion Control System is available. An electronic-locking rear differential, hill start and hill descent control, as well as lane-departure warning, computer assisted braking and stability control. The Infiniti version launched in the United States in 2010, the first Patrol sold there since the 60 series. The Nissan Patrol launched in Australia in early 2013.

The Nissan Patrol is offered in various different trim levels in the Middle East: XE, SE, SE-Platinum City, LE, LE-Titanium, LE-Platinum City and NISMO Edition. In Australia the Ti and Ti-L trim levels are offered.

Facelift
In June 2014, a minor facelift arrived, with revised tail lights with red elements present, globe housings and built-in LED headlights. A new tan interior was added and new sets of wheels.

Nissan introduced a limited-run Patrol Black Special Edition in 200 units. These cars offer several enhancements such as red seats, chrome detailing and a black matte exterior paint scheme.

The Patrol received a more significant, second facelift in 2019. Changes include a new front bumper featuring a deeper apron and a traditional round housing. The vehicle will be equipped with Nissan's Intelligent Mobility driver-assistance features like lane keeping assist, forward collision warning, automatic emergency braking for front and rear, rear cross traffic alert, and blind spot monitoring.

In December 2021, the 70th Anniversary was launched in the Middle East. It features a redesigned grille and the interior gets a 12.3-inch infotainment screen with wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto connectivity along with new 10.1-inch rear entertainment screens.

Patrol Desert Edition
The Desert Edition comes with the 400 hp 5.6-litre (5552cc) engine, manually-adjusted cloth seats, navigation and regular suspension instead of the hydraulic body-control system.

Patrol Nismo
On launching the Nismo brand in the Middle East, the Nissan Patrol Nismo was introduced at the launch event in Dubai along with the GT-R Nismo and 370Z Nismo. Unlike the standard Patrol, the Nismo version comes with (5.6-litre) V8 with  engine tuned by Nissan's Takumi craftsmen. The suspensions is upgraded with Bilstein shocks and fitted with 22-inch forged-alloy wheels.

References

External links

 Nissan Patrol  at Nissan's global website
 Nissanh Heritage Nissan Safari

Patrol
Cars introduced in 1951
Full-size sport utility vehicles
Off-road vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Flagship vehicles

Nissan Patrol


Bernhard Ramstad (born 29 December 1946) is a Norwegian actor, theatre instructor and director.

He made his debut at Trøndelag Teater in 1966. He was formally employed there from 1968 to 1970, and then worked at Nationaltheatret from 1970 to 1971, Hålogaland Teater from 1971 to 1977 and Telemark Teater from 1977 to 1986. From 1986 to 1989 he was the director of Hålogaland Teater. In 1989 he was hired at Det Norske Teatret. He has also appeared on the screen. He chaired the Norwegian Actors' Equity Association from 1994 to 1999. Ramstad played the role of the storytelling grandfather in the 2013 Ylvis viral music video "The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)", after first appearing on the 2011 season finale, "Mr. Saxobeat", of "I kveld med Ylvis" (Tonight with Ylvis").

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
Norwegian male stage actors
Norwegian male film actors
Norwegian theatre directors
People from Tønsberg

Bernhard Ramstad


The Oeldorf Group was a musicians' collective active in Germany in the 1970s. Based in the village of Oeldorf, near Cologne, their performances emphasized live-electronic music.

History
The Oeldorf Group was founded in 1972 or 1973 and remained active until about 1978 or 1979. Live-electronic music was a particular emphasis, though they also performed all kinds of new and avant-garde music, as well as traditional repertory.) In fact, contrast of old and new music was an essential feature of the Oeldorf Group's concerts.

The group took its name from the village of  (a part of the municipality of Kürten, 40 kilometers east of Cologne and seven kilometers from the central village of Kürten), where they lived and worked in a rented farmhouse. They had their own studio for electronic music and studio productions, and in the barn adjacent to the house they were able to present concerts for audiences up to about 300 people, although they also performed in various other places. They also published their own music. The core members were Peter Eötvös (at that time best known as a composer) who performed electronics and keyboards, his wife, the pianist Pi-hsien Chen, the violinist/violist and composer Joachim Krist, electronics specialist and composer Mesías Maiguashca, who also played keyboards, and Maiguashca's wife, the cellist Gaby Schumacher. They were closely associated with the Cologne-based Feedback Studio, consisting of David C. Johnson, Johannes Fritsch, and Rolf Gehlhaar.

Through their long-standing contact with the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), the Oeldorf Group was able to receive commissions for compositions, invitations to perform in the  concert series, as well as having many of their summer concerts recorded for the late-night broadcasts of WDR3. One example was Oeldorf 8 by Mesías Maiguashca, a two-year retrospective portrait of the Oeldorf Group commissioned by the WDR. It consists of a series of eight short pieces for four instrumentalists (clarinet, violin, cello, electric organ/synthesizer) and tape, which may be played either simultaneously or continuously without a break. The score is dedicated to Maiguashca's three Oeldorf colleagues who, together with the composer, premiered the composition at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in 1974.(

The Oeldorf Summer-night Concerts began as no more than private country musical soirées for a small circle of composers, but quickly grew to become a byword in the Cologne music scene. The 1973 summer season consisted of three concerts, the last of which took place on 23 June and consisted entirely of premieres of new compositions: David C. Johnson's Progranca—ein Oeldœuvre, Ulrich Stranz's Déja-vue, Silvio Fortić's Drei Lieder aus dem unvollendeten und unvollendbaren Zyklus 'la merde de siècle, and Emmanuel Nunes's The Blending Season.

In 1978 the group joined with the British Hydra Ensemble to inaugurate the newly built hall of the London Goethe Institute in a week of concerts and seminars organised by Rolf Gehlhaar.

Characteristics
Live electronics were an important aspect of the Oeldorf performances, as illustrated by the Portuguese composer Emmanuel Nunes's 73-Oeldorf-75, for two electric organs and electronics, which was written for the group.

According to Maiguashca,
Stockhausen's group was different from both ours and Feedback because it was fully professional. His group was based at Westdeutsche Rundfunk and had the advantage of having "state of the art" professional equipment and setups.[] No expense was spared. A Stockhausen concert involved sometimes truck loads of WDR equipment, and a brace of technicians. We were much more modest. Our equipment was semi-professional: we carried our own loudspeakers and did all the setups ourselves.

Guest artists
In addition to the core members, guest artists also frequently appeared. In the 1973 summer series, Australian dancer Philippa Cullen (who had come to Germany to work with Karlheinz Stockhausen, who lived nearby) performed with a Theremin connected to a synthesizer, and the Slovenian violinist Miha Pogačnik played Bach's partitas for solo violin. Clarinetists Walter Seyfarth, David Smeyers, Suzanne Stephens, and Beate Zelinsky appeared at various times, and Stockhausen performed in his own composition Herbstmusik, which was written for the group in 1974. In 1976, the Hungarian violinist János Négyesy performed the violin sonatas by Charles Ives.

ReferencesNotesSources'''

Further reading
 Griffiths, Paul. 1974. "Festivals: La Rochelle". The Musical Times 115, no. 1579 (September): 777–78.
 . 2005. "Eötvös und Stockhausen". In Identitäten: Der Komponist und Dirigent Peter Eötvös: Symposion, 19. September 2004, Alte Oper Frankfurt am Main, edited by Hans-Klaus Jungheinrich, 48–56. Edition Neue Zeitschrift für Musik. Mainz: Schott Musik International. .
 Kapko-Foretić, Zdenka. 1980. "Kölnska škola avangarde". Zvuk: Jugoslavenska muzička revija'', 1980 no. 2:50–55.

Musical groups established in 1972
1972 establishments in West Germany
German electronic musicians
German classical music groups

Oeldorf Group


This article is about the peninsula in the Australian state of Queensland; not the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, or Cape York, Greenland.

Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula in the far north of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoilt wilderness in eastern Australia and one of the last remaining wilderness areas on Earth.  The area is mostly flat and about half is used for grazing cattle. Much of the wildlife is threatened by introduced species and weeds. However, the eucalyptus wooded savannah, tropical rainforests, and other types of habitat are now recognized as being globally important.

Geography and geology
The Cape York Peninsula region covers an area of about 137,000 km² north of 16°S latitude. From the tip of the peninsula, Cape York, it is about   to New Guinea across the island and coral reefs of Torres Strait.

The west coast is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast by the Coral Sea. There is no clear border to the south, but the boundary in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland follows the 16°S latitude.

At the peninsula's widest point, it is 430 km from the Bloomfield River, on the east coast, to the Aboriginal community of Kowanyama on the west coast. It is some 660 km from the southern border, to the tip of Cape York. The largest islands in the Torres Strait include Prince of Wales Island, Horn Island, Moa, and Badu Island.

Cape York is the northernmost point on the Australian continent. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook on 21 August, 1770, after Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany. The Duke was a brother of King George III of the United Kingdom, and died from illness in 1767 when he was only 20 years old:

"The point of the Main, which forms one side of the Passage before mentioned, and which is the Northern Promontory of this Country, I have named York Cape, in honour of his late Royal Highness, the Duke of York."

The tropical landscapes are among the most stable in the world. There has been no tectonic activity for millions of years. The peninsula is an extremely eroded, almost level, low plain with mighty meandering rivers and vast floodplains. There are some very low hills, about 800m above sea level in the McIlwraith Range on the eastern side around Coen.

Part of Australia's Great Dividing Range, the Peninsula Ridge, is like a backbone along the peninsula. This mountain range is made up of ancient (1,500 million year-old) Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks. To the east and west of the Peninsula Ridge lie the Carpentaria and Laura Basins, themselves made up of ancient Mesozoic sediments. There are several important landforms on the peninsula: the large area of undisturbed sand dunes on the east coast around Shelburne Bay and Cape Bedford-Cape Flattery; the huge piles of black granite boulders at Black Mountain National Park and Cape Melville; and the limestone karsts around Palmerston in the south.

The soils are poor, even compared to other areas of Australia. They are ancient and weathered, not suitable for ploughing and do not respond to fertilizers. Because of the poor soil, the region is thinly settled. Attempts to grow commercial crops have usually failed.

The climate on Cape York Peninsula is tropical and monsoonal. The heavy monsoon season is from November to April, during which time the forest becomes almost inhabitable. The dry season is from May to October. The temperature is warm to hot, with a cooler climate in higher areas. The mean annual temperatures range from 18 °C at higher elevations to 27 °C on the lowlands in the drier southwest. Temperatures over 40 °C and below 5 °C are rare.

Annual rainfall is high, ranging from over 2000 mm. in the Iron Range and north of Weipa to about 700 mm. at the southern border. Most of this rain falls between November and April. Only on the eastern slopes of the Iron Range is the median rainfall between June and September above 5mm (0.2 inches). Between January and March, however, the median monthly rainfall ranges from about 170mm (6.5 inches) in the south to over 500mm (20 inches) in the north and on the Iron Range.

Rivers
The Peninsula Ridge forms the drainage divide between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea. To the west, large, winding river systems including the Mitchell, Coleman, Holroyd, Archer, Watson, Wenlock, Ducie and Jardine flow into the Gulf of Carpentaria. During the Dry season, those rivers become a series of waterholes and sandy beds. Yet, with the heavy rains in the Wet season, they become mighty waterways, spreading across huge floodplains and coastal wetlands and giving life to many freshwater and wetland species.

On the Eastern slopes, the shorter, faster-flowing Jacky Jacky Creek, Olive, Pascoe, Lockhart, Stewart, Jeannie and Endeavour Rivers flow towards the Coral Sea. These provide important freshwater and nutrients to the healthiest section of the Great Barrier Reef. Along their banks, those wild, undisturbed rivers are lined with dense rainforests, sand dunes or mangroves.

The floodplains of the Laura Basin are now protected in the Lakefield and Jack River National Parks. The plains are crossed by the Morehead, Hann, North Kennedy, Laura, Jack and Normanby Rivers.

The Peninsula's rivers are famous for their hydrological integrity. This means that they are still in their natural state, with water flows and vegetation unchanged. Cape York Peninsula is one of the few places where tropical water cycles remain unchanged. Cape York Peninsula has as much as a quarter of Australia's surface runoff. With less than 3% of Australia's land area it produces more run-off than all of Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The peninsula's rivers are also important as they put water back into central Australia's Great Artesian Basin. The Queensland Government is planning to protect 13 of Cape York Peninsula's wild rivers under the Wild Rivers Act 2005.

Geological history
Around 40 million years ago, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. As it crashed into the Pacific Plate on its northward journey, the high mountain ranges of central New Guinea were made around 5 million years ago. Protected from this collision zone, the ancient rocks  of what is now Cape York Peninsula were did not move.

During the Pleistocene epoch Australia and New Guinea have been land-linked and separated by water a number of times. During the ice ages with their low sea levels, Cape York Peninsula was a low-lying land bridge. Another link existed between Arnhem Land and New Guinea, at times making a big freshwater lake, Lake Carpentaria, in the centre of what is now the Gulf of Carpentaria. In this way, Australia and New Guinea were joined until the shallow Torres Strait was last flooded around 8,000 years ago.

Ecology

Plants

Cape York Peninsula has a range of intact tropical rainforests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands, tropical savannahs, heath lands, wetlands, wild rivers and mangrove swamps. These are home to about 3300 species of flowering plants. Almost all of the Cape York Peninsula (99.6%) still has its native vegetation. Cape York Peninsula also contains one of the highest rates of endemism in Australia, with more than 260 endemic plant species found so far. Because of this, parts of the Peninsula have been noted for their very high wilderness quality. The plants of the peninsula includes original Gondwanan species, plants that have developed since the breakup of Gondwana and species from Indo-Malaya and from across the Torres Strait in New Guinea. Most variety is in the rainforest areas. Most of the Cape York Peninsula is drier than New Guinea which stops the rainforest plants of that island from moving across to Australia.

Most of the Cape York Peninsula is covered in grass and woodlands. These have a tall, thick grass layer and scattered trees, mostly eucalypts. The most common tree is the Darwin stringybark. Although common and complete on the peninsula, tropical savannahs are now rare and in poor condition in other parts of the world.

Tropical rainforests cover an area of 748,000 ha, or 5.6 percent of the total land area of Cape York Peninsula. Rainforests need some rainfall during the long Dry season. These conditions are mostly on the eastern slopes of the Cape's coastal ranges. These are old-growth forests and support a huge range of plants. These rainforests are of high conservation significance. The largest rainforest area on the Cape is in the McIllwraith Range-Iron Range area. The Gondwanan plants of this area includes Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae conifers and Arthrochilus, Corybas, and Calochilus orchids. This rainforest has at least 1000 different plants, including 100 rare or threatened species, and 16% of Australia's orchid species.

On poor, dry soils there are tropical heathlands. Northeast Cape York Peninsula has Australia's largest areas of this highly diverse ecosystem.

The big wetlands on Cape York Peninsula are "among the largest, richest and most diverse in Australia". 19 wetlands of national significance have been identified, mostly on the large floodplains and in coastal areas. Important wetlands include the Jardine River National Park, Lakefield National Park and the estuaries of the great rivers of the western plains. Many of these wetland only happen during the Wet season and have rare or uncommon plant types.

The Peninsula's coastal areas and river estuaries are lined with mangrove forests of kwila and other trees. Australia's largest mangrove forest is at Newcastle Bay.

Animals
The Cape has lots of animals, with more than 700 vertebrate land animal species . Of these, 40 live only here. Because of its geological history, the plants and animals "of Cape York Peninsula are a complex mixture of Gondwanan relics, Australian isolationists and Asian or New Guinean invaders" (p. 41). Birds include Buff-breasted Buttonquail (Turnix olivii), Golden-shouldered Parrot (Psephotus chrysopterygius), Lovely Fairywren (Malurus amabilis), White-streaked Honeyeater (Trichodere cockerelli), and Yellow-spotted Honeyeater (Meliphaga notata). Some, such as Pied Oystercatcher, live in other parts of Australia but have important populations on the peninsula. The Cape is also home to the Eastern brown snake, one of the world's most venomous snakes. Mammals include the endangered rodent Bramble Cay Melomys, which lives only on Bramble Cay in the Torres Strait.

The rainforests of the Iron Range have species that also live in New Guinea, including the Eclectus Parrot and Southern Common Cuscus. Other rainforest animals includes 200 species of butterfly including 11 endemic butterflies one of which is the huge Green Birdwing, the Green Tree Python and the Northern Quoll. Number of this forest marsupial have dropped because they have tried to eat the introduced poisonous cane toads.

The riverbanks of the lowlands are home to specific wildlife of their own. The rivers including the Jardine, Jackson, Olive, Holroyd and the Wenlock are rich in fish. The wetlands and coastal mangroves are noted for their importance as a fish nursery and crocodile habitat, providing important drought refuge. The Great Barrier Reef is off the east coast and is an important marine habitat.

Threats and preservation
Cattle farms use about 57% of the total area, mostly in central and eastern Cape York Peninsula. About 20% is indigenous land, with the entire West coast being held under Native title. The remainder is mostly National Park and managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Land uses include broad acre pastoralism, bauxite and silica sand mining, nature reserves, tourism and fishing. There are big deposits of bauxite along the west or Gulf of Carpentaria coast. Weipa is the centre for mining. Much has been damaged by overgrazing, mining, fires, wild pigs, cane toads, weeds, and other introduced species. But Cape York Peninsula remains fairly unspoilt with intact and healthy river systems and no recorded plant or animal extinction since European settlement.

The "Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy" study, by the Australian government in 1990, created plans to protect the wilderness. A nomination for World Natural Heritage is currently being looked at by the Queensland and Australian Federal governments. Major national parks include the Jardine River National Park in the far north, Mungkan Kandju National Park near Aurukun, and Lakefield National Park in the southeast of the bioregion.

People and culture
The first known contact between Europeans and Aborigines took place on the west coast of the peninsula in 1606. It was not settled by Europeans until the 19th century when fishing communities, then cattle ranches and later mining towns were started. European settlement led to the displacement of Aboriginal communities and the arrival of Torres Strait Islanders on the mainland. Today the peninsula has about 18,000 people. About 60% of them are Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders.

The administrative and commercial centre for much of Cape York Peninsula is Cooktown, in its far southeastern corner. The peninsula's largest settlement is the mining town Weipa on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Most of the Peninsula has few people, with half the people living in very small settlements and cattle ranches. Along the Peninsula Developmental Road, there are small service centres at Lakeland, Laura and Coen. At the tip of Cape York, there is a sizeable service centre on nearby Thursday Island. Aboriginal communities are at Hopevale, Pormpuraaw, Kowanyama, Aurukun, Lockhart River, Napranum, Mapoon, Injinoo, New Mapoon and Umagico. Torres Strait Islander communities on the mainland are at Bamaga and Seisia. A completely sealed inland road links Cairns and the Atherton Tableland to Lakeland Downs and Cooktown. The road north of Lakeland Downs to the tip of the Peninsula is sometimes cut after heavy rains during the wet season (roughly December to May).

The Peninsula is a popular with tourists in the Dry Season for camping, hiking, birdwatching and fishing. Many people make the adventurous, but rewarding, drive to the tip of Cape York, the northernmost point of mainland Australia.

Some of the world's most extensive and ancient Aboriginal rock painting galleries surround the town of Laura, some of which are available for public viewing. There is also a new Interpretive Centre from which information on the rock art and local culture is available and tours can be arranged.

References

Further references

Hough, Richard. 1994. Captain James Cook: a biography. Hodder and Stroughton, London. .
Pike, Glenville. 1979. Queen of the North: A Pictorial History of Cooktown and Cape York Peninsula. G. Pike. .
Moon, Ron & Viv. 2003. Cape York: An Adventurer's Guide. 9th edition. Moon Adventure Publications, Pearcedale, Victoria.
Moore, David R. 1979. Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York: An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O. W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Canberra.  (hbk); 0-85575-082-0 (pbk). USA edition  (hbk); 0-391-00948-6 (pbk).
Pohlner, Peter. 1986. gangaurru. Hopevale Mission Board, Milton, Queensland.
Trezise, P.J. 1969. Quinkan Country: Adventures in Search of Aboriginal Cave Paintings in Cape York. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Sydney.
Trezise, Percy. 1973. Last Days of a Wilderness. William Collins (Aust) Ltd., Brisbane. .
Trezise, P.J. 1993. Dream Road: A Journey of Discovery. Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, Sydney.
Haviland, John B. with Hart, Roger. 1998. Old Man Fog and the Last Aborigines of Barrow Point. Crawford House Publishing, Bathurst.
Premier's Department (prepared by Connell Wagner). 1989. Cape York Peninsula Resource Analysis. Cairns. (1989). .
Roth, W.E. 1897. The Queensland Aborigines. 3 Vols. Reprint: Facsimile Edition, Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, W.A., 1984.
Ryan, Michelle and Burwell, Colin, eds. 2000. Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland: Cooktown to Mackay. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.  (set of 3 vols).
Scarth-Johnson, Vera. 2000. National Treasures: Flowering plants of Cooktown and Northern Australia. Vera Scarth-Johnson Gallery Association, Cooktown.  (pbk);  Limited Edition - Leather Bound.
Sutton, Peter (ed). Languages of Cape York: Papers presented to a Symposium organised by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. (1976).
Wallace, Lennie. 2000. Nomads of the 19th Century Queensland Goldfields. Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton.
Wallace, Lennie. 2003. Cape York Peninsula: A History of Unlauded Heroes 1845-2003. Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton.
Wynter, Jo and Hill, John. 1991. Cape York Peninsula: Pathways to Community Economic Development. The Final Report of The Community Economic Development Projects Cook Shire. Cook Shire Council.

Geography of Queensland
Peninsulas of Australia

Cape York Peninsula


René Marqués (October 4, 1919 – March 22, 1979) was a Puerto Rican short story writer and playwright.

Life
He studied at the College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. He earned a degree in agronomy in 1942. He studied drama at the University of Madrid in 1946 and Columbia University in New York in 1949. Family. He married Serena Velasco in 1942. They  divorced in 1957. He had two sons and one daughter.

He had many jobs.  He worked as an agronomist for the Department of Agriculture (1943-46).  He managed a department store from 1946 to 1949. He was also a college teacher and a journalist in San Juan in the 1950s. He founded the Experimental Theater of the Atheneum in 1951.

He won a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1949.  He also won many literary prizes in Puerto Rico.

Theatrical works
He wrote theater plays, short stories, and essays.   His most famous play is "The Oxcart (1956)" or "La Carreta" (which means "The Wagon"). It is the story of a Puerto Rican family who move from Puerto Rican countryside to New York City for a better life. The family has a hard time becoming like their neighbors. They go back home to live on a farm in Puerto Rico, but they find it is hard to go back to the way they were.

In 1959, he published three plays in one book. The book was called Teatro ("Theater"). The first play was La muerte no entrará en palacio ("Death Will Not Enter the Palace"). This play was about a governor who betrays his ideals. The second play was called Un niño azul para esa sombra ("A Blue Child for That Shadow"). The third play was the most successful, Los soles truncos ("Maimed Suns").  Los soles truncos tells the story of three sisters who do not like modern life.

He influenced later Puerto Rican playwrights, such as Luis Rafael Sanchez (author of Antigone), Pedro Pietri (author of The Masses are Asses), and Lin-Manuel Miranda (author of Hamilton). He influenced the Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi (author of Yo-Yo Boing!).

Related pages

 Puerto Rico
 Puerto Rican literature

References

1919 births
1979 deaths
Puerto Rican writers
American playwrights
American essayists

René Marqués


Paul David Hudson (born 27 February 1971) is an English weather presenter for BBC Yorkshire and BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Hudson was born and raised  in Keighley, West Yorkshire. He was made an  Honorary Fellow of Bradford College in 2014.

After reading geophysics and planetary physics at Newcastle University, Hudson joined the Met Office and trained for two years at Leeds Weather Centre. Hudson combined this with a two-year stint as a weather presenter for BBC Look North and for the BBC local radio stations in Leeds, York, Humberside and Sheffield.

Hudson is known for his tongue-in-cheek banter with BBC Look North presenter Harry Gration, and also Peter Levy, presenter of BBC Look North for East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, North West Norfolk and parts of Nottinghamshire via the Belmont transmitter.

Early life
Hudson was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire. His parents purchased his first 'kids weather centre' when he was seven, and by the age of twelve he was compiling his own meteorological records (now archived by Keighley Library) and writing for local newspapers Keighley News and Telegraph & Argus. He went to the Brontë Middle School and Oakbank School on Oakworth Road in Keighley.

Hudson has a first-class degree in geophysics and planetary physics from the University of Newcastle. His early memories of local weather forecasting came from fellow Yorkshireman, Doncaster's Bob Rust.

Paul Hudson was present during the catastrophic fire at Valley parade in 1985.

Hudson attended training at the Meteorological Office College, situated at the former RAF Shinfield base in Shinfield, Berkshire. Due to a shortage of available posts within the Met Office, he worked as a geophysicist for an oil business in London.

Career
After university and training at the Met Office College, Hudson worked for an oil business as a geophysicist until joining the Met Office as an international forecaster involving monsoons and typhoons.

Television
Hudson can be seen on Three editions of the regional news programmes Look North, from Leeds (serving North, West and South Yorkshire and the North Midlands), Hull (serving East Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and north Norfolk) and Newcastle (serving North East, Cumbria and Northumberland)

Hudson returned to the BBC Yorkshire weather centre from the Met Office's old home of Bracknell in 1997 when Darren Bett left to present national forecasts.

In The Little Prince, Hudson voice-acted the English dubbing for The Great Inventor (during the Planet of Bubble Gob trilogy) and Ferdinand (Planet of the Globies).

BBC climate change correspondent
Although most BBC forecasters are not directly employed by the BBC, but by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills' Met Office (formerly the MOD's Met Office), since 2007 Hudson has been a full-time member of BBC staff, not the Meteorological Office, acting as an environmental and climate change expert. Hudson gives talks on the subject to local organisations and schools and has appeared on BBC One's Morning Show.

Radio
Hudson can also be heard on BBC Radio Leeds, BBC Radio Sheffield, BBC Radio York, BBC Radio Humberside, BBC Radio Lincolnshire, BBC Radio Cumbria, BBC Radio Newcastle, BBC Radio Tees

Wetwang public office
In May 2006, Hudson was elected honorary Mayor of Wetwang. This post was previously occupied by Richard Whiteley.

Publications
Hudson has written several books.

Cityzap
In December 2020, he become the voice of the new Transdev Coastliner Cityzap buses running the fast way along the M1 between Leeds and York.

Personal life
Hudson was married to Nicola Shaw, a fellow BBC presenter, in 2003 having three children. He enjoys sea fishing, playing golf (he used to play at Riddlesden golf club, and now plays at Moor Allerton), cricket (he played for Ingrow St Johns in the Craven League). He supports Bradford City, having a twenty-five-year season ticket, and was trapped in the stand that caught fire in the Bradford City stadium fire of 1985.

See also
 Weather forecasting
 Keeley Donovan
Weather rock

References

External links
 Look North biography
 BBC Weather blog

BBC weather forecasters
Alumni of Newcastle University
1971 births
Living people
People from Keighley
British climate activists
Mayors of places in Yorkshire and the Humber

Paul Hudson


The Yass River railway bridge is a heritage-listed disused railway bridge that carried the Yass Town Tramway across the Yass River at Yass, Yass Valley Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by engineer C. Fischer and NSW Government Tramways and built in 1892 by O. McMasters, North Sydney (fabrication) and McGill & Son (erection). It is also known as the Yass Town rail bridge over Yass River and the Yass Town Truss. The bridge is owned by Transport Asset Holding Entity. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
When the extension of the Main South Railway from Goulburn to Cootamundra was being planned in 1870 it was intended to take the line into Yass Town. However, following a site visit by Engineer-in-Chief John Whitton who recognised the route would involve more than one crossing of the Yass River by expensive iron bridges, the line was shifted  north which required no crossings of the river but bypassed the town. Despite the vehement protests of the townsfolk, the Departmental route was adopted and the line was completed to Bowning (north west of Yass) in July 1876 with a station approximately  north of Yass Town.

So, although the Yass residents could not have the main line through their town, they persistently petitioned successive governments to have a branch line and were eventually successful. In 1889 the Minister for Public Works authorised construction of a lightweight railway or tramway from the renamed main line station, Yass Junction, to the town. Although one option was for the tramway to stop at the Yass River and transship passengers and goods the short distance into town via the existing iron lattice road bridge, it was decided that the tramway had to go into the town, so a large  span steel truss was built over the river.

The bridge represented a gross over-capitalisation of a line that would prove to be operationally expensive and never showed a profit. Contractors Kerr & Cronin completed the line in July 1891 for A£13,156 and McMasters' bridge cost A£5,412; in an all up cost of A£27,318. The bridge represented 20% of the final cost of the line. The line was subsequently opened by the Governor, the Earl of Jersey, on 20 April 1892.

Despite the Railway's displeasure with the line, the bridge was in fact a technical milestone. Prior to this, the dominant main line metal bridge was the heavy wrought iron lattice truss, fully imported from England. But on the eve of John Whitton's retirement, the winds of change were blowing. The technical and economic merits of American bridges was widely recognised and independent groups of engineers in the Railway Construction Branch under Henry Deane, the Existing Lines Branch under George Cowdery and those in the Tramway Branch were designing and planning to construct large American steel trusses and Yass got the first.

The next group were the main line trusses on the Murwillumbah railway line and the change over to American bridge technology was complete.

Description
The bridge consists of a single span, lightweight steel Pratt truss of 61 m (200 feet) span on brick piers with timber beam approaches.

Despite its abandonment, the bridge retains its original fabric and structure.

Heritage listing
As at 16 March 2006, The Yass Town railway truss is highly significant because it was the major component of infrastructure on the historic (infamous) Yass Tramway, it is a highly visible and imposing structure and it set the course for the adoption of American bridge technology in lieu of the previous dominance of British bridges so favoured by John Whitton. Despite being abandoned, it still retains its original fabric. It is a landmark structure in the history of railway bridges in New South Wales.

Yass Town rail bridge over Yass River was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

The bridge was the major component of infrastructure on the historic (infamous) Yass Tramway.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Although the lightweight truss is out of service it is still an impressive structure high above the Yass River, easily accessible from adjacent parkland and visible to all road users crossing the river nearby.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The tramway and its magnificent bridge inflated the ego of the town but was never a social or commercial success. Eventually, Yass prospered by direct road links to the main line at Yass Junction.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The Tramway may have been a colonial folly but the bridge was a technology landmark, being the first American style bridge used for a railway in New South Wales (the Nowra Bridge was intended for railway used but has been a road bridge). It set the course for the adoption of American bridge technology in lieu of the previous dominance of British bridges so favoured by John Whitton.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

An excellent, highly visible, example of a large American Pratt truss.

See also

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List of railway bridges in New South Wales

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

New South Wales State Heritage Register
Yass, New South Wales
Former railway bridges in Australia
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
1892 establishments in Australia
Bridges completed in 1892
Truss bridges in Australia
Bridges in the Riverina
1988 disestablishments in Australia
Pratt truss bridges

Yass River railway bridge, Yass