Anatoliy Zayaev (October 27, 1931 – December 18, 2012) was a Soviet football player and a Ukrainian coach. Merited Coach of Ukraine.

Biography
Zayaev was born in Simferopol in a big assyrian family. Participant of World War II. His father was shot in 1938, his younger brother Oleksandr was killed during the German occupation of Crimea, and his older brother Oleksiy perished in March 1945 in Germany.

Zayaev graduated from the Simferopol State University and then worked at the city's meat factory. Simultaneously he was a player and administrator of the factory's team "Pishchevik". With his participation the Simferopol's team was accepted to play in the Class B of the Soviet competitions in 1958. In 1962 Tavriya placed third in the final stage of the Ukrainian championship. After that Zayaev left the team. On multiple occasions he was fired many times from the team's staff position.

Tavriya started off very bad the 1963 season and for a long time could not win after which Antonin Sochnev was fired, while Zayaev returned to the team. He was an acting head coach and after his first game away the team won. The team started to revive and was able to avoid relegation. According to own admission Zayaev started to work as a coach since 1973 as he stashed a great deal of knowledge.

During Soviet times Zayaev won the Ukrainian championship on several occasions, the Cup of the Ukrainian SSR, the Ukrainian Spartakiad, led teams to the top of the Soviet First League and semifinals of the Soviet Cup. Until the 1990s he worked for SC Tavriya Simferopol as the team director. In 1992, he became famous by obtaining the national title when SC Tavriya Simferopol beat FC Dynamo Kyiv in Lviv. After 1995 Zayaev once again became not needed.

After that went to Chisinau to coach the local Constructorul Chisinau in 1996-97. The next season Zayaev led MFK Mykolaiv to the top of the Ukrainian First League. In 1998-99 he coached Prykarpattia. After that Zayaev returned to Tavria for couple of more seasons. After being let go in 2005, Zayaev initiated the creation of a new club in Yalta, FC Yalos Yalta, head coach of which was appointed Oleksandr Haydash. Although the team placed fourth in its first season in the Ukrainian Second League, it has folded and did not participated in the following seasons. After that Zayaev created another club near Bakhchisaray, IKS-Academy Kuibysheve.

In 2010 the head coach of MFK Mykolaiv Ruslan Zabransky acquired him as a coach-consultant. In 2012 Zayaev worked in Metalurh Zaporizhia.

Death
He was killed in a traffic accident on Tuesday evening December 18, 2012, while driving own vehicle. The accident took place on the highway Kharkiv - Simferopol less than a mile away from Melitopol. Zayaev who was driving Honda CR-V to Simferopol went into the oncoming traffic lane and collided with a towing truck that was moving towards Zaporizhia. From the collision the towing truck caught fire and its driver burned inside.

Coaching style
Due to the fact that Zayaev did not have a specialized education, he often was called a "self-taught" coach. He considers psychology as the basis for building training process, an ability to manage human relationships. In recognition of the former players "Tavriya", Zayayev required result not only in the successful performance of the team on the field, but also by the ability to build relationships with football referees.

Honours

Achievements
 Higher League of Ukraine
 Winner: 1992
 Ukrainian Cup
 Final: 1993-94

Recognition and awards
 Merited Coach of Ukraine
 Merited Coach of Moldova
 Order of Merit 2nd and 3rd degrees

Private life
His wife Alla is seven years younger than him. His son was the president of SC Tavriya Simferopol (January 1992 - May 1994) and was killed on May 1, 1994. He was survived by his wife and two children.

Letter to the President of Ukraine (Viktor Yanukovych)
A year before his death, Zayaev wrote a letter to the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych asking to take under own control the investigation of his son's murder case. In the letter Zayaev not only identified killers who as he claimed were known to him, but also particular officials: judge, prosecutor, investigator, SBU agents who were covering the killers.

References

External links
 It is necessary to fight on two frontlines . "Karpaty info center". April 27, 2012.

1931 births
Soviet football managers
Ukrainian football managers
FC Chayka-VMS Sevastopol managers
SC Tavriya Simferopol managers
MFC Mykolaiv managers
FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk managers
FC Polissya Zhytomyr managers
FC Dnipro Cherkasy managers
FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia managers
2012 deaths
Ukrainian Premier League managers
Ukrainian First League managers
Sportspeople from Simferopol
Tavrida National V.I. Vernadsky University alumni
Ukrainian people of Assyrian descent
Road incident deaths in Ukraine

Anatoliy Zayayev


Andrew Keith Paul Morton (born 1959) is an Australian software engineer, best known as one of the lead developers of the Linux kernel. He is currently a co-maintainer of the Ext3 file system, the journaling layer for block devices (JBD) and Memory Management.

In the late 1980s, he was one of the partners of a company in Sydney, Australia that produced a kit computer called the Applix 1616, as well as a hardware engineer for the (now-defunct) Australian gaming equipment manufacturer Keno Computer Systems. He holds an honours degree in electrical engineering from the University of New South Wales in Australia.

Morton maintains a Linux kernel patchset known as the mm tree, which contains work-in-progress patches that might later be accepted into the official Linux tree maintained by Linus Torvalds.  "mm" as a primary testing ground became unmanageably large and busy, and in 2008 the "linux-next" tree was created to fill much of this role.

In 2001, Andrew Morton and his family moved from Wollongong, New South Wales to Palo Alto, California.

In July 2003, Morton joined the Open Source Development Labs under an agreement with his then-employer Digeo Inc. (makers of the Moxi home entertainment media center), in which OSDL supported Morton's Linux kernel development work while he continued in his official role as principal engineer at Digeo.

Since August 2006, Morton has been employed by Google and continues his current work in maintaining the kernel.

Andrew Morton delivered the keynote speech at the 2004 Ottawa Linux Symposium. He was also a featured speaker at MontaVista Software's Vision 2007 Conference.

He was an expert witness in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit contesting UNIX copyrights.

Andrew is also known by his username akpm, as found in e-mail addresses and as part of the URL to his now-defunct webpage. On being asked what the initials KP stood for, he replied, "Some say 'Kernel Programmer.'  My parents said 'Keith Paul.'"

References

External links

Interview: Andrew Morton; Jeremy Andrews; Kerneltrap; February 14, 2002.
Interview;  Nadia Cameron; LinuxWorld; July 16, 2003.
Keynote speech; Ottawa Linux Symposium, 2004
Interview ;  Ingrid Marson; ZDNet UK; May 5, 2006.
Interview; Fosdem Conference; Feb 06, 2007.
Audio of Talk at SDForum
Video with Andrew Morton at Hannover Industry Trade Fair, Germany, May 2008
Link to his patches
Link to his own kernel tree
Archive of his now-defunct webpage, hosted by Internet Archive

1959 births
Australian computer programmers
Free software programmers
Google employees
Linux kernel programmers
Living people

Andrew Morton (computer programmer)


Fierce Invalids Home From Hot Climates is Tom Robbins' seventh work; the novel was first published in 2000 by the Random House Publishing Group.

Synopsis
Invalids follow Switters, a 35-year-old CIA agent on his journey as a wheelchair-bound intelligence officer. Switters  experiences love and danger across several continents. Robbins "explores, challenges, mocks, and celebrates virtually every major aspect of our mercurial era."(Quote from the hardcover book jacket.)

Robbins has stated in numerous interviews that in this book he was trying to deal with contradiction, but rather than avoiding his contradictory nature, his character embraces it. He's a CIA agent but despises the government. He's a pacifist but carries a gun. He's as much in love with his 17-year-old stepsister as he is with a 46-year-old nun.

Switters feels that the core of the universe and the basis of human existence is the paradox of light and dark coexisting together. One is not separate from the other; they just co-exist. This is the main idea of "Fierce Invalids Home from Hot Climates", along with an interest in the Lady of Fatima and a squawking parrot.  The title of the novel comes from Arthur Rimbaud's A Season in Hell, in which he daydreams about becoming one of "ces féroces infirmes retour des pays chauds."

Characters

Switters
Switters grew up in the Seattle area and was raised primarily by his grandmother, Maestra. His parents separated when he was young. His mother remarried and has a stepdaughter named Suzy.

When we first meet Switters he is 35 years old. He just came back from a mission and visited his grandmother Maestra in Seattle. He is obviously attached to her although she does not tolerate his mannerism. He does anything she asks of him, which is how he ends up in, as he puts it, "South too-damn-vivid America."

Switters refrains from the more tedious routines of modern life, which he calls collectively "maintenance" - showering, shaving, primping of any kind, and though he has quite an appetite, especially for red-eye gravy, he can't abide to think of the process of excretion. He does not visualize his internal organs, nor their processes. Instead, he envisions his viscera as more of a white ball of healing light. While this may smack of New-Age mysticism, Switters himself is aware of his own self-deception while at the same time reveling in it.

As presumably does any other member of a national intelligence office, Switters has a few secrets. His most private was his love of show tunes. In the crocodile-skin valise in which he keeps his laptop and his gun, he also has, in a secret compartment, a CD of Broadway tunes, which he listens to in both his darkest and most joyous moments. He is heard - or overheard - singing lines from one of Stephen Sondheim's most famous songs—"Send in the Clowns".

His primary character trait is his obsession with innocence. He is willing to accept anything that anyone does, so long as it is pure - comes from that person's own experience and beliefs, as opposed to simply following orders, instructions, or creed. He cares little for the practice of religion, perceiving it as corrupt, but has studied the Bible, Qur'an, and various mythologies. The exception to this is Zen, which he practices vaguely for the most part, though he does practice zazen.

Like many obsessions, his drive for innocence and purity spills over into his love life. Throughout the novel, he carries on a very flirtatious - and occasionally salacious - email dialog with his 17-year-old stepsister Suzy. After his visit to South America, he spends some time convalescing in Sacramento at his mother's house, a setting that puts him in dangerously close proximity to the object of his affection, who despite a bit of hesitation, returns her paramour's attention.

Later in the novel, Switters falls in love with a 46-year-old nun, who despite her age, Switters finds just as pure as young Suzy.

Bobby Case
Switters' best friend whom he worked within the CIA in Thailand and also shares an attraction to underage girls.

Sailor Boy
The parrot that Switter must release in "too god damn vivid South America".

Maestra
Switters' Grandmother. Although she would never let him call her that.

Suzy
Switters' seventeen-year-old stepsister lives in Sacramento, California, US. She later lives with Maestra who resides in Seattle Washington, US. Switters falls in love with Suzy, due to his "attraction to innocence."

Sister "Domino" Thiry
The nun in a Syrian Catholic convent with whom Switters falls in love.

The Masked Beauty
The abbess of the oasis-based, disavowed Catholic convent in which Switters comes to stay for over a year later in the book.

The shaman
"Today Is Tomorrow" is a shaman who casts a curse on Switters. Alternately, he is called "The End of Time" in the beginning of the book, due to a mistranslation of the native language.

References

External links
A review by Pat Belford
Review by Booklist
SFGate review

2000 American novels
Novels by Tom Robbins
Novels about ephebophilia

Fierce Invalids Home from Hot Climates


Vicky Kaushal (; born 16 May 1988) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi films. He is the recipient of a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award, and has appeared in Forbes India Celebrity 100 list of 2019.

Born to the action director Sham Kaushal, Kaushal pursued an engineering degree from the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology. Aspiring to take up a career in film, he assisted Anurag Kashyap in the crime drama Gangs of Wasseypur (2012) and went on to play minor roles in two of Kashyap's productions. His first leading role was in the independent drama Masaan (2015), which earned him the IIFA and Screen Awards for Best Male Debut, following which he starred as an unhinged cop in Kashyap's psychological thriller Raman Raghav 2.0 (2016).

Kaushal rose to prominence in 2018 with supporting roles in Raazi and Sanju, two of the highest-grossing Hindi films of the year. For the latter, he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. His 2018 projects also included starring roles in the Netflix films Love per Square Foot and Lust Stories. The following year, he played the lead role of a military officer in the commercially successful action film Uri: The Surgical Strike, winning the National Film Award for Best Actor.

Life and career

Early life and work (1988–2016)
Kaushal was born on 16 May 1988 in a chawl in suburban Mumbai to Sham Kaushal, a stuntman and subsequent action director in Hindi films. His younger brother, Sunny, is also an actor. His family is Punjabi. Kaushal has described himself as a "regular kid who was interested in studying, playing cricket and watching movies". His father was keen on his son having a stable career and Kaushal thus pursued an engineering degree in electronics and telecommunications from Mumbai's Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology. During an industrial visit to an IT company, he realised that an office job would be unsuitable for him and he began aspiring to a career in film. He briefly took on an engineering job and began accompanying his father on film sets. He studied acting at Kishore Namit Kapoor's academy and worked as an assistant director to Anurag Kashyap in the two-part crime drama Gangs of Wasseypur (2012). Kaushal has described fond memories of working with Kashyap, whom he considers as his mentor. He also began working on stage with his first acting job in Manav Kaul's production of Laal Pencil. In film, Kaushal played minor roles in Kashyap's productions Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana (2012) and Bombay Velvet (2015), and the experimental short film Geek Out (2013).

Kaushal played his first leading role in the independent drama Masaan (2015) directed by Neeraj Ghaywan. Kaushal and Ghaywan were both assistants on Gangs of Wasseypur, and he was cast in the film after Rajkummar Rao backed out. To play a young man from a low socio-economic class yearning for a better life, Kaushal spent time in Benaras, where the film is set, and observed the mannerisms of local men. The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard segment at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won two awards, including the FIPRESCI Prize. Masaan earned critical acclaim and The New York Times considered it to be a leading example of increased realism in Indian cinema. Nikhil Taneja of HuffPost termed Kaushal's performance "poignant and memorable" and Anuj Kumar of The Hindu wrote that "he effortlessly conveys both the inferiority complex and the attitude of breaking through the caste cauldron". His performance won him the IIFA and Screen Awards for Best Male Debut, and a nomination for the Asian Film Award for Best Newcomer, among other accolades.

The 2015 Busan International Film Festival marked the release of the drama Zubaan, which Kaushal had filmed before Masaan. His role was that of a grieving man who starts stammering after the death of his father. He worked with a speech therapist to learn stammering patterns and spent time with some of the doctor's patients. After completing work on the film, Kaushal found it difficult to distance from the character and began to stammer in real life. His performance led Justin Chang of Variety to label him as a "charismatic, naturally engaging talent". In Kashyap's psychological thriller Raman Raghav 2.0 (2016), Kaushal played a drug-addicted police officer in pursuit of the serial killer Raman Raghav (portrayed by Nawazuddin Siddiqui). The troubled and unbalanced character had little in common with Kaushal's own personality, and to convince Kashyap to cast him, he lived in isolation for five days and kept repeating lines from the script. Writing for Rediff.com, Aseem Chhabra found his performance "brave" and added, "If there is one big surprise in Raman Raghav 2.0, it is Vicky Kaushal's star-making performance." Both Zubaan and Raman Raghav 2.0 failed to find a wide audience at the box office.

Breakthrough (2018–present)

Kaushal achieved his breakthrough in 2018. He was first seen as the male lead of the romantic comedy Love per Square Foot, India's first Netflix original film. Shweta Ramakrishnan of Firstpost considered the chemistry between Kaushal and his co-star Angira Dhar to be the film's highlight. He next featured in Meghna Gulzar's spy thriller Raazi (2018), based on Harinder Sikka's novel Calling Sehmat. Set during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the film tells the real-life story of a young Indian girl from Kashmir (played by Alia Bhatt) who marries a Pakistani army officer (Kaushal) to spy for Indian intelligence. He was drawn to the humanity he found in the story and worked towards conveying both vulnerability and authoritative strength in his character. The film emerged as one of the highest-grossing Hindi films featuring a female protagonist and Meena Iyer of Daily News and Analysis commended Kaushal for being "the correct foil" to Bhatt's character. His second Netflix production of the year was the anthology film Lust Stories. It consists of four short films dealing with female sexuality; Kaushal was seen in Karan Johar's segment as a newly married man who fails to recognise his wife's (played by Kiara Advani) sexual dissatisfaction.

Kaushal's most commercially successful release of 2018 came with Rajkumar Hirani's Sanju, a biopic of the troubled actor Sanjay Dutt, who was portrayed by Ranbir Kapoor in the film. Kaushal played his best friend Kamli, a fictionalised amalgamation of various real-life friends of Dutt. In preparation, he spent time with Paresh Ghelani, who served as the primary inspiration for the role. Rachit Gupta from The Times of India considered Kaushal's work to be "one of the finest performances in the film" and Samrudhi Ghosh of India Today wrote that he "holds his own against Ranbir's superlative performance, and shines in the funny as well as emotional scenes". Both Raazi and Sanju proved to be among the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2018, and with earnings of over , the latter ranks among Indian cinema's biggest grossers. In his final release of the year, Kaushal reunited with Kashyap for Manmarziyaan, a love triangle set in Punjab and co-starring Abhishek Bachchan and Taapsee Pannu. Anupama Chopra took note of how well he used silences to convey his character's pain and desire. For Sanju, Kaushal won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor (tied with Gajraj Rao for Badhaai Ho).

In 2019, Kaushal starred as a military officer in Uri: The Surgical Strike, an action film based on the 2016 Uri attack, directed by Aditya Dhar and filmed in Serbia. To prepare, he gained muscle weight, practised a ketogenic diet, and underwent five months of military training and mixed martial arts sessions. He injured his arm while filming an action sequence in it. Uday Bhatia of Mint found Kaushal to be a "fetching stoic lead" but bemoaned the lack of depth in his character. Rajeev Masand took note of the film's jingoism and criticised the over-the-top characterisations, but opined that Kaushal "brings both the bulked-up physicality and the sort of steely determination that the part requires". Uri earned  in India, and over  worldwide, making it the tenth highest-grossing Indian film domestically. Kaushal was awarded with the National Film Award for Best Actor (shared with Ayushmann Khurrana for Andhadhun) and was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor.

A year later, Kaushal starred in the horror film Bhoot – Part One: The Haunted Ship (2020), produced by Karan Johar. He suffered an accident during the filming of an action sequence when he fractured his cheekbone. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV found Kaushal to be "earnest" in a film he considered to be a "horrific misfire".

Upcoming projects
Kaushal will next portray the freedom fighter Udham Singh, who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer, in a biopic directed by Shoojit Sircar, after which he will star as the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Takht, a historical drama directed by Johar, which features an ensemble cast, including Ranveer Singh, Kareena Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, and Bhumi Pednekar. He has also committed to reunite with Dhar and Gulzar in an action film about the mythological character Ashwatthama and a biopic of the army officer Sam Manekshaw, respectively.

In the media
Kaushal topped The Times of Indias listing of the country's most desirable men of 2018. Forbes India featured him in their 30 Under 30 list of 2018. The following year, he appeared in the magazine's Celebrity 100 list, ranking 72nd with an estimated annual income of .

Kaushal also endorses several brands and products, including Havells, Reliance Trends, and Oppo, charging  annually per brand.

Kaushal contributed  to the PM CARES Fund and Maharashtra Chief Minister's Relief Fund due to COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Filmography

Films

Television

Music video

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Vicky Kaushal on Bollywood Hungama

21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Punjabi people
Living people
1988 births
Filmfare Awards winners
Best Actor National Film Award winners

ᱵᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱥᱚᱞ


Daughter of Venice is an historical fiction/young adult novel, published in 2002 by Random House Inc.

Plot summary
This story follows Donata, daughter of a wealthy noble in 1592.

Donata Mocenigo, daughter to one of the city's noble families, leads a life of wealthy privilege. But constrained by the strict rules of etiquette a young noblewoman must observe, she longs to throw off her veil and wander freely around the vibrant city she can see only from her balcony. So Donata comes up with a daring plan to escape the palazzo and explore - a plan that will change her own and her family's lives forever.

Donata Mocenigo is the daughter of a wealthy Venetian noble family, but resents her lack of freedom. Eventually she and her sisters conspire to let her dress up as a poor boy, and wander the city freely - her twin sister, Laura, taking her place around the household. On her first visit outside her palazzo, she injures her foot, wanders into the Jewish Ghetto, and meets a young man called Noé, who helps her and gives her a pair of shoes, in return for her working off the debt for him at a printers' workshop, copying out handbills.

Donata does so for a month, getting closer to Noé. Meanwhile, at home, she and Laura persuade their father to allow them to join their brothers in tutorials - Donata begins learning to read and write, and about architecture, business and history. Laura, however, is less interested, and quits tutorials after a short time.

As Donata and Laura are the second and third daughters in their family, and only the first (and sometimes second) daughter normally marries, both of them hope to find husbands instead of being sent to convents like their younger sisters, Maria and Paolina. However, during a dinnertime discussion, Donata's father announces that he has found not one, but two husbands - one for their older sister Andriana, and one for Donata, who has been selected partly because of being so hardworking. However, since it is Laura who has been working hard in her stead while she wanders around Venice, she feels horribly guilty and decides that she cannot get married - partly from loyalty to Laura, and partly because she is falling in love with Noé.

Eventually, she comes up with a plan: she writes a denunciation of herself, claiming that she has converted to Judaism, so that she will be embroiled in a scandal, withdrawn from the betrothal, and Laura can take her place. In the process her family discover that she has been leaving the palazzo, alone, but eventually the plan does succeed. Donata has no idea what her future will hold, but eventually her father reveals that her tutor, Messer Zonico, has gone to the University of Padua to persuade them to allow her to take up the doctorate course in philosophy. Donata is overjoyed, and hopes some day to become a tutor, like the one she admires, to other noble girls.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews described Daughter of Venice as "Compelling historical fiction", noted "Fascinating tidbits of information about Venice's society, politics, history, and economy find their way painlessly into the narrative." and concluded "While readers will be rightly skeptical at Donata's speedy mastery of not only written Venetian but Latin as well, they will nevertheless find themselves absorbed in her story and the snapshot of her city that it provides."  while Publishers Weekly wrote "Eschewing a traditional romance, Napoli forges a plot with contemporary elements." and "Enjoying the tour of historical Venice and the taste of its complex society and government, readers may not mind Donata's seeming immunity to the mores and prejudices of her day..."

References

2002 American novels
Novels set in Venice
Fiction set in 1592
American young adult novels
Wendy Lamb Books books

Daughter of Venice


Platte Clove, sometimes Plattekill Clove, is a narrow and steep valley in the Catskill Mountains of New York.

The valley is situated between Kaaterskill High Peak and Roundtop Mountain to the north and Plattekill Mountain and Indian Head Mountain to the south. It is mostly in Greene County, although the lowest, eastern portions are in Ulster County.  The stream that runs below is called Plattekill Creek.

A few hiking trails go through the Clove including Devil's Path and Huckleberry Point Trail. The area hosts bicycle racing events.

Geography
Along with Kaaterskill Clove on the other side of Kaaterskill High Peak, Platte Clove is one of only two breaks in the Catskill Escarpment. A narrow, two-lane road that climbs along the clove's north wall is the only route through the valley. This road, called Platte Clove Road, runs from Blue Mountain Road / Harry Wells Road in West Saugerties in the southeast until Rt 23A in Tannersville in the northwest.

The cliffs near the clove's head-wall have views of the nearby waterfalls – but have also been the site of fatal accidents. The area of Platte Clove known as Devil's Kitchen got its name due to the fact that the region is exceedingly difficult and dangerous for hikers. It runs from the top of the Platte Clove valley down into West Saugerties. The area is known to have a lot of timber rattlesnakes and northern copperheads. The south side is known to have hollow ground where a person can fall through the ground into rock crevices. There are places where one can pull back a conifer branch and find a drop of over 100'. In one hiking accident a man died in a place called Hell's Hole, and it took emergency medical services personnel three days to remove his body.

History
In the early 19th century, early American artists were struck by the rugged, wild scenery of the clove and other locations in the northeastern Catskills. Depictions of this wilderness by Thomas Cole and others led to the artists being dubbed the Hudson River School.

In winter 1970 the body of a man was found on the slopes  below Platte Clove Road a short distance past where it is closed at that time of year, near West Saugerties just short of the Greene County line. He carried no documents that would have identified him. The cause of death four gunshot wounds inflicted two days earlier; police believe he was killed elsewhere and disposed of in Platte Clove. His clothing and other items led them to theorize that he was from outside the U.S., possibly Europe or Brazil, and had possibly been lured to the country to be killed by organized crime without attracting too much attention in his native country; some local mobsters were interviewed about the case but did not provide any information. He remains unidentified; the New York State Police continue to investigate the case under the name West Saugerties John Doe.

In 2010, a man from the Albany suburb of Delmar lost his footing near one and fell 100 ft (30 m) to his death. On June 4 of the same year, Olivia Rose Belfiglio fell 100 feet from the top of a cliff and died at the bottom.

Hiking
Hiking trails that run through the area are Devil's Path and Huckleberry Point Trail. The Long Path, a 357 mi (575 km) long-distance hiking trail that starts near the George Washington Bridge and ends in Albany, is contiguous with these trails. It comes from the south via Devil's Path, continues on the Overlook Trail, heads south on Platte Clove Road for 860 ft (262 m) and then heads north on Huckleberry Point Trail.

Bicycle racing
The area is known for its bicycle racing traditions. The steepest section, which ascends up the side of the area called Devil's Kitchen, starts at the corner of Becker Road in West Saugerties and climbs 1,200 vertical feet (366 m) in 2.2 miles (3.54 km) into Elka Park. This section is renowned as one of the hardest climbs in the United States. It has an average grade of 12% over 1.6 miles, and a maximum grade of 16% over a distance of about 400'. The climb is categorized as a Hors catégorie climb, the hardest of all climbs, when including additional road heading further into Elka Park or eastward into West Saugerties. The Devil's Kitchen climb itself is classified as a Category 2 climb, due to its shorter distance. The climb is as challenging, or more challenging, than some of the toughest climbs in the Tour de France. Trucks and buses are banned from it throughout the year and all vehicle traffic is prohibited from it from November 1 to April 15, during which time it is not maintained or plowed. The Tour de Trump bicycle race was routed through here, and the road proved so steep that even some of the top bicyclists in the world had to get off and walk their bikes (it was raining that day). It also features prominently in the annual Tour of the Catskills bike race. Aurelien Passeron, who won the 2010 Tour of the Catskills, said the climb was steeper than Col du Tourmalet in the Tour de France, Verbier, or even Mont Ventoux, but was shorter.

References

 http://www.dailyfreeman.com/articles/2010/06/06/news/doc4c0b22efc0df3258112272.txt
 http://www.dailyfreeman.com/articles/2010/09/15/news/doc4c904d90c4882152986556.txt
 http://www.catskillmountaineer.com/forums/phpBB-3.0.5/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=174&sid=79e999fd184425927bac63e601ee51b8
 http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/17-Year-Old-Upstate-Girl-Dies-Hiking-in-Catskills-95683214.html
 http://www.poststarnews.com/obituaries/x1980739104/Olivia-Rose-Belfiglio

External links
Photo gallery – A hike through the bottom of Platte Clove
Plattekill Falls- 360 degree VR

Catskill Park
Landforms of Greene County, New York
Landforms of Ulster County, New York
Valleys of New York (state)
Hudson River School sites

Platte Clove


Beau Geste is a 1966 adventure film based on the 1924 novel by P. C. Wren filmed by Universal Pictures in Technicolor and Techniscope near Yuma, Arizona and directed by Douglas Heyes. This is the least faithful of the various film adaptations of the original novel. In this version, there are only two brothers, rather than three, and there are no sequences showing Beau's life prior to his joining the Legion.

Plot
A column of the French Foreign Legion arrives at the remote Fort Zinderneuf, having been assigned to relieve the legionnaires who had been defending the fort.  Upon their arrival, they find that the fort has been ravaged by Tuareg attacks and American Beau Graves (Guy Stockwell) is the only survivor.  After his badly injured arm is amputated, he is asked what has happened and his story is revealed in flashback.

Beau's column had been serving under Lieutenant De Ruse (Leslie Nielsen) and Sergeant Major Dagineau (Telly Savalas), the latter of whom is notorious for his harsh treatment of the men under his command. He is especially sadistic towards Beau's class of recruits, hoping this will get them to reveal to him which of the men is the author of an anonymous letter Dagineau has received threatening his life. Although he has no proof, he suspects Beau, which earns Beau particularly brutal treatment. To ferret out more information, Dagineau uses the services of the slimy toady Boldini (who has reenlisted in the Legion), promoting him to Corporal as reward for his spying on the men.

Beau's background leads De Ruse to nickname him Beau "Geste". Specifically, Beau had run away and joined the Legion after having falsely confessed to an embezzlement actually committed by his business partner. Beau had taken the blame for the sake of his partner's wife, whom Beau also loved. His noble gesture (French: beau geste) had proven futile, however, as the partner confessed and committed suicide just a few months later. That development prompts the suggestion that Beau might reclaim his lost love upon returning home. But, as he later relates to his younger brother John (Doug McClure), who has finally managed to track him down with the same news, he deems it unfair to ask her to wait for him, as he is now committed to a five-year enlistment, with no guarantee he'll survive it. Over brandy, De Ruse informs Beau of Dagineau's background as a former St. Cyr educated officer who was broken to the ranks when his entire command deserted from his leadership.

De Ruse and his men are assigned to relieve Fort Zinderneuf, but on the way there the Legion detachment is attacked by the Tuaregs where De Ruse is mortally wounded and is infirmed upon the group's arrival.  With Dagineau back in charge, the brutality returns and it isn't long before the legionnaires mutiny, with everyone except Beau and John set upon executing the sergeant. Just as they are about to do so, the Tuareg attack. Despite their personal hatred for Dagineau, no one doubts his excellence as a battle commander, so Beau convinces the men to release him that he may lead them in defending the fort.

As legionnaires are killed in relentless waves of Tuareg attacks, Dagineau props up the bodies of the dead men on the fort's ramparts with their rifles pointing at their attackers. Between attacks, De Ruse speaks privately with Beau and confesses to being the author of the letter. He had hoped to frighten Dagineau into showing more humanity toward his troops. As he dies, De Ruse laments that in fact, it only caused Dagineau to treat the men even more harshly.

The legionnaires try to hold out against the attacks, with Dagineau confidently proclaiming that relief is on the way to them.  But eventually, the only ones left alive are Dagineau and Beau, who has a seriously wounded arm.  When the predicted relief column arrives, Dagineau delays their entry so he can settle things with Beau once and for all.  He tells Beau that the Legion is in need of heroes, and that all of the dead men around them can be presented as those heroes, so long as no one ever knows that they had mutinied. Therefore, he cannot leave Beau alive to reveal the truth of what had occurred at Fort Zinderneuf. Beau and Dagineau fight, with Beau finally gaining the upper hand and shooting and killing Dagineau.

Beau's flashback ends to reveal that he has not actually been relating this story to the relief commander who had questioned him about what happened at the fort.  Still awaiting Beau's response, the commander repeats his query, and Beau tells him only that the men laid down their lives protecting the fort. With no mention of Dagineau's brutality, nor of the mutiny, Beau presents the entire group as heroes — just as Dagineau had wanted.

The commander informs Beau that the Legion's high command has decided that Fort Zinderneuf is no longer worth protecting and they will now abandon it. Having lost his arm, Beau will be discharged, and the commander offers his hope that Beau has someone to return to. Beau smiles pensively and replies that he indeed does.

Cast
Guy Stockwell as Beau Geste
Doug McClure as John
Leslie Nielsen as Lieutenant De Ruse
Telly Savalas as Sergeant Major Dagineau
David Mauro as Boldini
Robert Wolders as Fouchet
Leo Gordon as Krauss
Michael Constantine as Rostov
Malachi Throne as Kerjacki
Joe De Santis as Beaujolais
X Brands as Vallejo
Michael Carr as Sergeant
George Keymas as Platoon sergeant
Patrick Whyte as Surgeon
Victor Lundin as Vachiaro

Production
Gene Kelly was originally set to produce and direct under his contract with Universal. He called the book "a minor 20th century classic... we're not updating it." When he left Universal to make a movie at 20th Century Fox the film was produced by Walter Seltzer under his deal with Universal. Seltzer wanted to make the movie because it had "a pre-sold title and essentially contains those elements of romance and adventure which originally were what movies were all about... escapism... What struck me were the vitality of the characters and an adventure where you could be outrageous. By this I mean a time and a place so far away as to permit high adventure without the necessity of spoofing it." Other studio executives recalled that MCA head Lew Wasserman was very involved in the film as one of his pet projects; Wasserman also selected director and screenwriter Douglas Heyes who performed the two jobs for relatively little money.

Seltzer said the budget would be $4 million, $2.5 million for production, the rest for prints and advertising:
Unlike the two before, we have no stars as such. We're betting on unknowns. Well, that's a misnomer; they're known but they're not stars. Certainly not superannuated ones... [Because we want] To attract the young audience – who constitute roughly 80% of the moviegoing public.
Among the changes from earlier versions included:
changing the sergeant into the character Dagineau – "we show what evil motivates him", said Selzter, "we've made him more – or less – than just a black villain";
three brothers were reduced to two;
the Gestes were changed from British to American;
the action was set in 1906 and the natives the legion are fighting are Tuaregs;
removal of scenes of the brothers as kids ("which went on and on" according to Guy Stockwell);
removal of notable female characters and the London sequences;
simplifying Geste's motivation to join the legion, "more in keeping with the basic honesty of today" according to Selzter;
removing any flashbacks;
the fort is not entirely wiped out at the end, there is one survivor;
the French Foreign Legion decide to abandon the fort at the end.
It was written and directed by Douglas Heyes, whom Selzter described as "very visual minded." The star, Guy Stockwell, was under contract to Universal and had just made The War Lord with Seltzer. Stockwell said that Heyes "just tried to write a screenplay that would work. He had to keep telling himself that previous versions were really bad."

As a publicity gimmick, Seltzer tried to track down a number of Foreign Legion veterans, asking to see if they were interested in appearing in the film. They received over 500 enquiries and 188 applicants, eventually casting 25, eight of whom lived near Los Angeles.

Filming started November 1965. It was shot near Yuma with interiors at Universal studios.

The film was the last credited work of Donald Robert Overall Hatswell (born July 3, 1898  in Norwood, Surrey, died: June 29, 1976). Hatswell was a former World War I Royal Navy Officer whose collection of over 720,000 picture postcards of uniforms and medals led him to be a Hollywood movie technical advisor Joseph Kane acted as the film's second unit director.

See also
Beau Geste for a list of adaptations of the novel

References

External links

1966 films
1966 directorial debut films
1960s war adventure films
Films based on British novels
1960s English-language films
1960s historical adventure films
American historical adventure films
Films based on military novels
Universal Pictures films
Films about the French Foreign Legion
Films set in deserts
Siege films
American war adventure films
Remakes of American films
Films set in the 1900s
Films scored by Hans J. Salter
Films directed by Douglas Heyes
1960s American films

Beau Geste (1966 film)


"Pass Me By" is a song by American pop rock band, R5. It was released on August 20, 2013, as the second single from their debut studio album, Louder (2013).

Reception
"Pass Me By" received positive reviews from critics. Musichel described the song as an "infectious acoustic pop track". J-14 called the song "catchy" and "fun". Praise for the music video includes a statement by Popstar Online. They commented that the video's cinematography was "stunning".

Live performances
On August 26, 2013, "Pass Me By" was performed in Canadian TV show The Morning Show. They also performed and were interviewed on Good Morning America. The song was performed on Disney Channel's summer special Disney's Aulani Resort in Hawaii, in November 16. On January 20, 2014 the band performed an acoustic version in web show On the Charts, in ClevverTV.

Music video
The official music video was released shortly after the single on August 29, 2013. Directed by Ryan Pallota and shot in the creeks, lakes and mountaintops of Malibu, the new video depicts the band – siblings Riker, Rydel, Rocky and Ross Lynch, along with drummer and friend Ellington Ratliff – rocking "Pass Me By" while frolicking in canyon waterfalls and pools. As twilight fades and the stars come out, the band each find a touch of romance. Also included are shots of the band playing their instruments on a field while goofing around and having fun. Another scene includes the band with their supposed love interests as they sing and gather around a campfire.

Awards and nominations

Charts

References

R5 (band) songs
2013 singles
Hollywood Records singles
2013 songs
Songs written by Emanuel Kiriakou
Songs written by Lindy Robbins
Songs written by Andrew Goldstein (musician)
Songs written by E. Kidd Bogart
Torch songs

Pass Me By (R5 song)


In Christianity, postdenominationalism is the attitude that the Body of Christ extends to born again Christians in other denominations (including those who are non-denominational), and is not limited just to one's own religious group. Its focus on doctrine distinguishes it from ecumenism.

Many of the fastest growing Evangelical churches in the world do not belong to any "established" denomination, though the tendency is that over time the larger ones form their own organization (typically without calling it a "denomination").

According to David Barrett,, there are an additional 60 million Americans who are born again believers and do not attend any church. Though this is often due to faults in the church (some cite visionless leadership, unresolved sin issues amongst church bodies, lax morals in the pews, money mishandling, etc. in their reasons for not attending), postdenominationalists consider that the Church is at the center of God's plan for the world.

Common doctrinal points

The following doctrinal points are shared by many who consider themselves postdenominational (Bible references in parentheses):

"Church" is the convocation, assembly, or congregation of persons, disciples of Christ, saved by faith (not by works nor by membership in a religion), regenerated by the working of the Holy Spirit, who obey the commandments of Jesus Christ and are His Body on Earth. (Ephesians 5:23)
The true Church, which is One, is composed of many congregations or local churches throughout the world. (I Corinthians 1:2; Acts 9:31, 15:41; 16:5; Romans 16:16)
The message of the true Church is always Christ-centered.
The true Church does not preach itself.
The true Church does not preach a person. (Acts 19:13-16)
The true Church does not preach a denomination. (Acts 5:42)
The true Church does not teach doctrines and traditions of humans. (Matthew 15:3-9; Mark 7:8; Colossians 2:8)
The true Church preaches only the Word of God, the Bible and preaches it in its totality. (Mark 2:2; 16:15; Romans 15:20; II Corinthians 4:5; I Thessalonians 2:9; II Timothy 4:2)
One should distrust anyone who adds to or takes away from the Word of God. (Revelation 22:18-19)
The true Church is the Body of Christ on Earth (I Corinthians 12:12-27; Ephesians 5:23, 29-30)
The members of a body do not choose their position in that body.
If a member becomes separated from the body that it is attached to, it will die, as it has no life in and of itself.  The body can continue to function, but with some limitation.
Where one part of the body is, the rest of the body is also. (Acts 10:24, 25)
The true Church is a group of people who know how to praise and worship God in Spirit and in truth. (John 4:23, 24; Acts 2:46, 47)
The true Church is a group of people who know how to pray. (Acts 2:42)
The true Church is a group of persons who love God and others. (I Corinthians 12:26; 13:2)

References
 Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund J. The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007,

Ecclesiology
Evangelicalism

Postdenominationalism


Philippe Emanuel, Prince of Hornes, Prince of Overisque, Count of Solre-le-Château (31 August 1661 in Condé – 14 October 1718 in Bailleul, Somme), was the son of Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes and Princess Anne Marie Jeanne of Croÿ.  He married Princess Marie Anne Antoninette of Ligne.

His domain, the Principality of Hornes, was a part of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now modern France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. It was surrounded by the Principality of Liège. It had 3 enclaves, which were in France.

Issue
He married Princess Marie Anne Antoinette of Ligne and had six children. They were:

Princes of Hornes
1661 births
1718 deaths

Philippe Emanuel of Hornes


Augsburg Arena, currently known commercially as the WWK Arena (; officially stylised as WWK ARENA), is a football stadium in Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany. It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of FC Augsburg.

The stadium has a capacity of 30,660 with 19,060 seats and standing room for 11,034. A second phase of construction could expand capacity to 49,000 in the future. It replaced the club's previous home stadium, Rosenaustadion. FC Augsburg played their first match in the new stadium in 2009

During the time of designing and constructing the stadium, it was called "Augsburg Arena" . It was opened as "Impuls Arena" (, officially stylised as impuls arena), and was renamed "SGL Arena" (, officially stylised as SGL arena) after SGL Carbon acquired the naming rights for the structure in May 2011. The contract had a term of seven years and began on 1 July 2011. On 1 July 2015 the stadium naming rights were acquired by WWK, an insurance company, changing the official name of the stadium to "WWK ARENA".

Augsburg was one of the official host cities of the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and the subsequent 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Impuls arena was the location of several matches during the group stage and the quarterfinals. During the FIFA-competitions it was renamed "FIFA Women's World Cup Stadium Augsburg". The stadium has hosted one Germany national team game and was nicknamed the "Anfield of the B17 highway" following FCA's 2016 Europa League Last 32 First Leg clash with Liverpool.

WWK Arena is the first climate-neutral football stadium in the world. The carbon neutrality was achieved by six ecological heat pumps (40 m deep), which produce the desired temperature via heat exchangers. A bio natural gas boiler also supplies the necessary energy during peak load times at a game. In 2017, a new stadium facade will be made for the WWK Arena.

Gallery

References

External links

 Announcement of naming rights deal
 More stadium information
 Impuls Arena

Football venues in Germany
FC Augsburg
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup stadiums
Sports venues in Bavaria
Buildings and structures in Augsburg
Sports venues completed in 2009

Augsburg Arena


Bill Braden (born 1954) is a former politician and former news reporter in Northwest Territories, Canada and a former member of the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories.

Biography
Braden was born in Rosthern, Saskatchewan. After graduating high school in 1972, Bill worked for a number of different news papers including the Edmonton Journal.

Bill has been active in the political scene since 1970 and is a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Bill Braden was first elected in the Yellowknife riding of Great Slave in the 1999 Northwest Territories general election and was re-elected in the 2003 Northwest Territories general election. He retired from territorial politics at the dissolution of the Legislature in 2007.

He is the brother of former Northwest Territories premier George Braden.

After serving several years as an MLA in the territories, Bill attended VanArts to study Digital Photography.

Bill also landed the opportunity to write his first book, as a corporate publication for diamond mines in the Northwest Territories. This book came out in 2011 and was titled "On Good Ice: Lifeline to Gold, Diamonds and the Future. The Evolution of Canada's Arctic Ice Road".

External links
Bill Braden biography Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories

1954 births
Living people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
People from Rosthern, Saskatchewan
People from Yellowknife
21st-century Canadian politicians

Bill Braden


Larry Rudolph Brunson (born August 11, 1949) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League. He played for the Kansas City Chiefs, the Oakland Raiders and the Denver Broncos between 1974 and 1980. He is the father of former minor league baseball player Matt Brunson.

He attended Cortez High School in Cortez, Colorado and then Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado and the University of Colorado at Boulder.

He was 5'11" and he weighed 180 pounds. He was drafted in the 11th round of the 1972 draft by the Denver Broncos.

He finished his NFL career with 104 receptions and 1787 yards, for an average of 17.2 yards a catch. He scored a total of six touchdowns and his career long reception was 84 yards, which he accomplished in his rookie season. He fumbled the ball seven times in his career.

He rushed the ball 12 times in his career for 104 yards. He averaged 5.2 yards a rush.

External links
NFL.com player page

1949 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Colorado Buffaloes football players
Colorado Mesa Mavericks football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Oakland Raiders players
Denver Broncos players
Players of American football from Little Rock, Arkansas

Larry Brunson


Benjamin Feliksdal (born 22 January 1940, in Den Helder) is a Dutch ballet dancer.  He has danced as soloist and principal dancer with Het Nederlandse Ballet 1960, Het Nationale Ballet 1961/1971, and with the Royal Ballet of Flanders 1972/1973.

Professional career
Feliksdal began his professional dance-training in 1955 in Amsterdam. He was taught classical ballet and modern dance by well-known Dutch pedagogues such as Florrie Rodrigo, Ineke Sluiter and Lucas Hoving.  To finish his training he went to Rome in 1959 to study with the Dutch dancer and teacher Pieter van der Sloot and to the Rambert School of Ballet in London for special coaching. In September 1960 he joined Het Nederlands Ballet under the direction of Sonia Gaskell. One year later, in 1961, he joined the Dutch National Ballet, again with artistic leader Sonia Gaskell, and since 1965 with co-artistic leader Rudi van Dantzig. During his performing career with Het Nationale Ballet he was a principal dancer, partnering Yvonne Vendrig, Maria Bovet, Jessica Folkerts and Olga de Haas. He danced different roles with this company: Swan Lake, Von Rothbart; Romeo and Juliet, Tybaldo; Apollo, Apollo; La Bayadère, Solor; Le Prisonnier du Caucase, The Eagle; Les Présages; Suite en Blanc; Pas de Trois; The Four Temperaments; Symphony in C; Monument for a Dead Boy; The Green Table; Jungle; Night Island; Designs with Strings; Concerto Barocco; The Miraculous Mandarin; and Serenade.

Style
After his dance career he specialised in methodic ballet teaching and developed as a modern jazz dance and tap teacher. He created a  modern jazz dance technique based on the styles of Luigi, Mattox, and Giordano, integrating elements of jazz, ethnic, ballet, tap and modern dance. In 1975 he founded Benjamin's Modern Jazz Dance Center, European School of Jazz Dance and The Theater Dance Workshop in Amsterdam. As a former principal dancer of The Dutch National Ballet /  The Royal Ballet of Flanders he became a dance-pioneer in professional modern jazz dance training in the Netherlands, East Germany 1980-1990, Soviet Union 1988-1991, Russia 1995, Bulgaria 1984-1996, Finland and in other West European countries. During the following 12 years he headed the professional training department and its allied Workshop Company. Both school and company proved to be challenging new developments in professional theater dance within the Netherlands.

Guest teaching
1976-1996: As guest teacher Benjamin Feliksdal was invited by the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and the Dance Theater of Harlem of New York, Gus Giordano Jazz Dance Chicago, the Bat-Dor Dance Company of Tel Aviv, the Kuopio Music and Dance Festival, Finland, the Internationale Tanzwerkstatt, Bonn, the Staatliche Balletschule, Berlin, the Palucca School of Dance, Dresden, the London Contemporary Dance School, the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts of Moscow, the Leningrad State Choreographic Institute, the Moscow Chamber Ballet, and Le Ballet Jazz de Montréal.

In 1990-1991 Feliksdal was engaged as artistic director in the frame work of EURO<26 program Young Europeans Dance in Glasgow Culture City of Europe 1990 UK, which hosted 150 young dancers and two choreographers from twelve European Countries.

Choreography Assignments
As a choreographer he had assignments in the Netherlands with The Theater Dance Workshop Company, Amsterdam; with Ballet Arabesque, Sofia, Bulgaria; Friedrichstadt-Palast, Berlin BRD; Bat-Dor Company and School, Tel Aviv; and TV productions in the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and Bulgaria.

Jury Member
 1994: Concour International De Danse de Paris, France.
 1996: International Ballet Competition Varna, Bulgaria.
 1997-1999: Choreography Competition, Vitebsk Belarus.
 2009: Concorso Internazionale di Danza Modica, Italy.
 2010: International Ballet Competition Varna, Bulgaria.

Publications
Feliksdal's teaching methods and techniques have been documented in several books:
 1984 Modern Jazzballet, Zuidboek Best, The Netherlands
 1985 Dancercise, Bruna, The Netherlands
 2003 Modern Tap Dance, Bekebooks
 2004 Syllabus Modern Jazz Dance, Bekebooks
 2004 Jazz,Rhythm,Body and Soul, Bekebooks
 2006 Syllabus Hedendaags Ballet, based on Vaganova Method, Bekebooks
 2009 Urban Dance-Jazzdans, Bekebooks

References
 Douma-Alta, Marga, 2006: Sixty years of Jazz dance history in the Netherlands, Walburgpers
 Borgers, Berdien, 1984: Jazz Dance: Old Forms, New Styles SUA
 Embrechts, Annette: Benen vol Vrolijkheid, September 2003 article, De Volkskrant

External links
 Moderne Jazz Dans
 Benjamin Feliksdal homepage

Living people
1940 births
Dutch male ballet dancers
People from Den Helder
20th-century Dutch ballet dancers
21st-century ballet dancers

Benjamin Feliksdal


Jess Reed Jackson (born 15 July 1980) is an English record producer, songwriter, and disc jockey from Hammersmith, London. In addition to establishing his own production companies, Jess Jackson Productions and JSKN Music, Jackson secured a publishing deal with Last Kings Entertainment through fellow rapper Tyga —with whom he has worked closely. He is one half of the production duo, Active Minds with DJ Redz. Jackson has produced for artists such as Chris Brown, The Wanted, Pop Smoke, Esty, Nicki Minaj, Lil Twist, Busta Rhymes, and more.

Early life
Jess Reed was born on 15 July 1980 in Hammersmith, London to David Reed and Lis Parrish. In the 1970s, David managed a book store called Equinox Bookshop, that was owned by Led Zeppelin's guitarist Jimmy Page.

Career
In 1994, Jess acquired his step father's last name "Jackson" and started producing music in his bedroom, with his neighbour Simon Franks. In 1997, at the age of seventeen, he had released his third UK garage record, "Hobson's Choice", with DJ Redz as Active Minds. The song was an inspiration to the beginning of a new genre, "UK Garage". In 1999, Jackson got in a studio with singer Andrew Roachford released the single "24-7-365" to Sony Music. In 2001, Jackson was the resident DJ for the band, Patrick Alan and performed on stage every Monday night at London's exclusive celebrity night club, 10 Room. Jackson performed alongside Alicia Keys, Pharrell Williams, Sean Paul, Nas, Black Eyed Peas, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Angie Stone, Lionel Richie, Estelle, plus many more. That same year, when Jackson was twenty-one, he was signed to Pure Milk Records. That's where he met up with an old classmate from ADT College, a guy named AC Burrell, who signed to Pure Milk as well. In 2003, Pure Milk Records closed down due to poor management. Months later, Jackson started songwriting when Pete Townshend lead guitarist of The Who signed Jackson to his publishing company Eel Pie Publishing as a record producer.

In 2004, Jackson joined Firin Squad productions as a remixer and record producer. He worked on remixes for 50 Cent, Joe, Kevin Lyttle, Nina Jayne. Also, Jackson began his acting career active by starring in a PlayStation commercial shot by director Joseph Kahn. In 2005, Jackson worked with Onyx member Fredro Starr in California and released underground mixtape material. In 2006, he relocated to Los Angeles and began working closer with US hip-hop record labels. In 2007, Jackson recorded with hip hop band The Knux signed to Interscope Records and played a Cockney British Drug Dealer in a skit on their album, Remind Me in 3 Days. Also, Jackson and DJ Cobra partnered up in business by providing DJ's worldwide with exclusive access to club mashups for songs like "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry, "Pony" by Ginuwine, and more. Throughout 2008 and 2009, Jacksons music is featured on many MTV reality TV shows. Jacksons voice in a British cockney accent is also featured on the track "Sayin This" by Tyga. Throughout 2011 and 2014, Jackson has been an executive producer for most of Tyga's mixtapes and albums. In 2013, Jackson produced the single, "Killing Your Ills" by Last Kings Entertainment artist, Esty featuring Tyga. In October 2014, Jackson co-produced Tyga's single, "40 Mill" with Kanye West, Mike Dean, and Dupri. The track is supposed to appear on The Gold Album: 18th Dynasty. Jackson co-produced rapper Pop Smoke's hit single, "For the Night", released in July 2020.

References

External links

British hip hop record producers
Musicians from London
English record producers
English male songwriters
People from Hammersmith
English pop guitarists
English male guitarists
English keyboardists
1980 births
Living people
21st-century British guitarists
21st-century British male musicians

Jess Jackson (record producer)


In mathematics, an operad is a structure that consists of abstract operations, each one having a fixed finite number of inputs (arguments) and one output, as well as a specification of how to compose these operations. Given an operad , one defines an algebra over  to be a set together with concrete operations on this set which behave just like the abstract operations of . For instance, there is a Lie operad  such that the algebras over  are precisely the Lie algebras; in a sense  abstractly encodes the operations that are common to all Lie algebras.  An operad is to its algebras as a group is to its group representations.

History
Operads originate in algebraic topology; they were introduced to characterize iterated loop spaces by J. Michael Boardman and Rainer M. Vogt in 1968 and by J. Peter May in 1972.

Martin Markl, Steve Shnider, and Jim Stasheff write in their book on operads:

 "The name operad and the formal definition appear first in the early 1970's in J. Peter May's "The Geometry of Iterated Loop Spaces", but a year or more earlier, Boardman and Vogt described the same concept under the name categories of operators in standard form, inspired by PROPs and PACTs of Adams and Mac Lane. In fact, there is an abundance of prehistory. Weibel [Wei] points out that the concept first arose a century ago in A.N. Whitehead's "A Treatise on Universal Algebra", published in 1898."

The word "operad" was created by May as a portmanteau of "operations" and "monad" (and also because his mother was an opera singer).

Interest in operads was considerably renewed in the early 90s when, based on early insights of Maxim Kontsevich, Victor Ginzburg and Mikhail Kapranov discovered that some duality phenomena in rational homotopy theory could be explained using Koszul duality of operads. Operads have since found many applications, such as in deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds, the Deligne conjecture, or graph homology in the work of Maxim Kontsevich and Thomas Willwacher.

Intuition
Suppose  is a set and for  we define

,

the set of all functions from the cartesian product of  copies of  to .

We can compose these functions: given , , the function

is defined as follows: given  arguments from , we divide them into  blocks, the first one having  arguments, the second one  arguments, etc., and then apply  to the first block,  to the second block, etc. We then apply  to the list of  values obtained from  in such a way.

We can also permute arguments, i.e. we have a right action  of the symmetric group  on , defined by

for ,  and .

The definition of a symmetric operad given below captures the essential properties of these two operations  and .

Definition

Non-symmetric operad
A non-symmetric operad (sometimes called an operad without permutations, or a non- or plain operad) consists of the following:
 a sequence  of sets, whose elements are called -ary operations,
 an element  in  called the identity,
 for all positive integers , , a composition function

satisfying the following coherence axioms:
 identity:
 associativity:

Symmetric operad
A symmetric operad (often just called operad) is a non-symmetric operad  as above, together with a right action of the symmetric group  on  for , denoted by  and satisfying

equivariance: given a permutation ,

(where   on the right hand side refers to the element of  that acts on the set  by breaking it into  blocks, the first of size , the second of size , through the th block of size , and then permutes these  blocks by , keeping each block intact)
and given  permutations ,

(where  denotes the element of  that permutes the first of these blocks by , the second by , etc., and keeps their overall order intact).

The permutation actions in this definition are vital to most applications, including the original application to loop spaces.

Morphisms
A morphism of operads  consists of a sequence

that:
 preserves the identity:
 preserves composition: for every n-ary operation  and operations ,

 preserves the permutation actions: .

Operads therefore form a category denoted by .

In other categories
So far operads have only been considered in the category of sets. More generally, it is possible to define operads in any symmetric monoidal category C . In that case, each  is an object of C, the composition  is a morphism  in C (where  denotes the tensor product of the monoidal category), and the actions of the symmetric group elements are given by isomorphisms in C.

A common example is the category of topological spaces and continuous maps, with the monoidal product given by the cartesian product. In this case, a topological operad is given by a sequence of spaces (instead of sets) . The structure maps of the operad (the composition and the actions of the symmetric groups) are then assumed to be continuous. The result is called a topological operad. Similarly, in the definition of a morphism of operads, it would be necessary to assume that the maps involved are continuous.

Other common settings to define operads include, for example, modules over a commutative ring, chain complexes, groupoids (or even the category of categories itself), coalgebras, etc.

Algebraist definition
Given a commutative ring R we consider the category  of modules over R. An operad over R can be defined as a monoid object  in the monoidal category of endofunctors on  (it is a monad) satisfying some finiteness condition.

For example, a monoid object in the category of "polynomial endofunctors" on  is an operad. Similarly, a symmetric operad can be defined as a monoid object in the category of -objects, where  means a symmetric group. A monoid object in the category of combinatorial species is an operad in finite sets.

An operad in the above sense is sometimes thought of as a generalized ring. For example, Nikolai Durov defines his generalized rings as monoid objects in the monoidal category of endofunctors on  that commute with filtered colimits. This is a generalization of a ring since each ordinary ring R defines a monad  that sends a set X to the underlying set of the free R-module  generated by X.

Understanding the axioms

Associativity axiom
"Associativity" means that composition of operations is associative
(the function  is associative), analogous to the axiom in category theory that ; it does not mean that the operations themselves are associative as operations.
Compare with the associative operad, below.

Associativity in operad theory means that expressions can be written involving operations without ambiguity from the omitted compositions, just as associativity for operations allows products to be written without ambiguity from the omitted parentheses.

For instance, if  is a binary operation, which is written as  or . So that  may or may not be associative.

Then what is commonly written  is unambiguously written operadically as  . This sends  to  (apply  on the first two, and the identity on the third), and then the  on the left "multiplies"  by .
This is clearer when depicted as a tree:

which yields a 3-ary operation:

However, the expression  is a priori ambiguous:
it could mean , if the inner compositions are performed first, or it could mean ,
if the outer compositions are performed first (operations are read from right to left).
Writing , this is  versus . That is, the tree is missing "vertical parentheses":

If the top two rows of operations are composed first (puts an upward parenthesis at the  line; does the inner composition first), the following results:

which then evaluates unambiguously to yield a 4-ary operation.
As an annotated expression:

If the bottom two rows of operations are composed first (puts a downward parenthesis at the  line; does the outer composition first), following results:

which then evaluates unambiguously to yield a 4-ary operation:

The operad axiom of associativity is that these yield the same result, and thus that the expression  is unambiguous.

Identity axiom
The identity axiom (for a binary operation) can be visualized in a tree as:

meaning that the three operations obtained are equal: pre- or post- composing with the identity makes no difference. As for categories,  is a corollary of the identity axiom.

Examples

Endomorphism operad in sets and operad algebras
The most basic operads are the ones given in the section on "Intuition", above. For any set , we obtain the endomorphism operad  consisting of all functions . These operads are important because they serve to define operad algebras. If  is an operad, an operad algebra over  is given by a set  and an operad morphism . Intuitively, such a morphism turns each "abstract" operation of  into a "concrete" -ary operation on the set . An operad algebra over  thus consists of a set  together with concrete operations on  that follow the rules abstractely specified by the operad .

Endomorphism operad in vector spaces and operad algebras
If k is a field, we can consider the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over k; this becomes a monoidal category using the ordinary tensor product over k. We can then define endomorphism operads in this category, as follows.  Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space  The endomorphism operad  of V consists of
  = the space of linear maps ,
 (composition) given , , ..., , their composition is given by the map  ,
 (identity) The identity element in  is the identity map ,
 (symmetric group action)  operates on  by permuting the components of the tensors in .

If  is an operad, a k-linear operad algebra over  is given by a finite-dimensional vector space V over k and an operad morphism ; this amounts to specifying concrete multilinear operations on V that behave like the operations of . (Notice the analogy between operads&operad algebras and rings&modules: a module over a ring R is given by an abelian group M together with a ring homomorphism .)

Depending on applications, variations of the above are possible: for example, in algebraic topology, instead of vector spaces and tensor products between them, one uses (reasonable) topological spaces and cartesian products between them.

"Little something" operads
The little 2-disks operad is a topological operad where  consists of ordered lists of n disjoint disks inside the unit disk of  centered at the origin. The symmetric group acts on such configurations by permuting the list of little disks. The operadic composition for little disks is illustrated in the accompanying figure to the right, where an element  is composed with an element  to yield the element  obtained by shrinking the configuration of  and inserting it into the i-th disk of , for .

Analogously, one can define the little n-disks operad by considering configurations of disjoint n-balls inside the unit ball of .

Originally the little n-cubes operad or the little intervals operad (initially called little n-cubes PROPs) was defined by Michael Boardman and Rainer Vogt in a similar way, in terms of configurations of disjoint axis-aligned n-dimensional hypercubes (n-dimensional intervals) inside the unit hypercube. Later it was generalized by May to the little convex bodies operad, and "little disks" is a case of "folklore" derived from the "little convex bodies".

Rooted trees
In graph theory, rooted trees form a natural operad. Here,  is the set of all rooted trees with n leaves, where the leaves are numbered from 1 to n. The group  operates on this set by permuting the leaf labels. Operadic composition  is given by replacing the i-th leaf of  by the root of the i-th tree , for , thus attaching the n trees to  and forming a larger tree, whose root is taken to be the same as the root of  and whose leaves are numbered in order.

Swiss-cheese operad

The Swiss-cheese operad is a two-colored topological operad defined in terms of configurations of disjoint n-dimensional disks inside a unit n-semidisk and n-dimensional semidisks, centered at the base of the unit semidisk and sitting inside of it. The operadic composition comes from gluing configurations of "little" disks inside the unit disk into the "little" disks in another unit semidisk and configurations of "little" disks and semidisks inside the unit semidisk into the other unit semidisk.

The Swiss-cheese operad was defined by Alexander A. Voronov. It was used by Maxim Kontsevich to formulate a Swiss-cheese version of Deligne's conjecture on Hochschild cohomology. Kontsevich's conjecture was proven partly by Po Hu, Igor Kriz, and Alexander A. Voronov and then fully by Justin Thomas.

Associative operad
Another class of examples of operads are those capturing the structures of algebraic structures, such as associative algebras, commutative algebras and Lie algebras. Each of these can be exhibited as a finitely presented operad, in each of these three generated by binary operations.

For example, the associative operad is a symmetric operad generated by a binary operation , subject only to the condition that

This condition corresponds to associativity of the binary operation ; writing  multiplicatively, the above condition is . This associativity of the operation should not be confused with associativity of composition which holds in any operad; see the axiom of associativity, above.

In the associative operad, each  is given by the symmetric group , on which  acts by right multiplication. The composite  permutes its inputs in blocks according to , and within blocks according to the appropriate .

The algebras over the associative operad are precisely the semigroups: sets together with a single binary associative operation. The k-linear algebras over the associative operad are precisely the associative k-algebras.

Terminal symmetric operad
The terminal symmetric operad is the operad which has a single n-ary operation for each n, with each  acting trivially. The algebras over this operad are the  commutative semigroups; the k-linear algebras are the commutative associative k-algebras.

Operads from the braid groups
Similarly, there is a non- operad for which each  is given by the Artin braid group . Moreover, this non- operad has the structure of a braided operad, which generalizes the notion of an operad from symmetric to braid groups.

Linear algebra
In linear algebra, real vector spaces can be considered to be algebras over the operad  of all linear combinations . This operad is defined by  for , with the obvious action of  permuting components, and composition  given by the concatentation of the vectors , where . The vector  for instance represents the operation of forming a linear combination with coefficients 2,3,-5,0,...

This point of view formalizes the notion that linear combinations are the most general sort of operation on a vector space – saying that a vector space is an algebra over the operad of linear combinations is precisely the statement that all possible algebraic operations in a vector space are linear combinations. The basic operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication are a generating set for the operad of all linear combinations, while the linear combinations operad canonically encodes all possible operations on a vector space.

Similarly, affine combinations, conical combinations, and convex combinations can be considered to correspond to the sub-operads where the terms of the vector  sum to 1, the terms are all non-negative, or both, respectively. Graphically, these are the infinite affine hyperplane, the infinite hyper-octant, and the infinite simplex. This formalizes what is meant by  being or the standard simplex being model spaces, and such observations as that every bounded convex polytope is the image of a simplex. Here suboperads correspond to more restricted operations and thus more general theories.

Commutative-ring operad and Lie operad
The commutative-ring operad is an operad whose algebras are the commutative rings. It is defined by , with the obvious action of  and operadic composition given by substituting polynomials (with renumbered variables) for variables. A similar operad can be defined whose algebras are the associative, commutative algebras over some fixed base field. The Koszul-dual of this operad is the Lie operad (whose algebras are the Lie algebras), and vice versa.

Free Operads
Typical algebraic constructions (e.g., free algebra construction) can be extended to operads. Let  denote the category whose objects are sets on which the group  acts. Then there is a forgetful functor , which simply forgets the operadic composition. It is possible to construct a left adjoint  to this forgetful functor (this is the usual definition of free functor). Given a collection of operations E,  is the free operad on E.

Like a group or a ring, the free construction allows to express an operad in terms of generators and relations. By a free representation of an operad , we mean writing  as a quotient of a free operad  where E describes generators of  and the kernel of the epimorphism  describes the relations.

A (symmetric) operad  is called quadratic if it has a free presentation such that  is the generator and the relation is contained in .

Clones
clones are the special case of operads that are also closed under identifying arguments together ("reusing" some data). Clones can be equivalently defined as operads that are also a minion (or clonoid).

Operads in homotopy theory

In , Stasheff writes:
Operads are particularly important and useful in categories with a good notion of "homotopy", where they play a key role in organizing hierarchies of higher homotopies.

See also
 PRO (category theory)
 Algebra over an operad
 Higher-order operad
 E∞-operad
 Pseudoalgebra
 Multicategory

Notes

Citations

References

Miguel A. Mendéz (2015). Set Operads in Combinatorics and Computer Science. SpringerBriefs in Mathematics. .
Samuele Giraudo (2018). Nonsymmetric Operads in Combinatorics. Springer International Publishing. .

External links

https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2011/05/an_operadic_introduction_to_en.html

Abstract algebra
Category theory

Operad


Mehrangarh Fort covers an area of 1,200 acres (486 hectares) in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The complex is located on a hilltop around 122 metres above the surrounding plain, and was constructed  by Rajput ruler Rao Jodha, though most of the existing structure is from the 17th century. Inside its boundaries there are several palaces known for their intricate carvings and expansive courtyards, as well as a museum housing various relics. A winding road leads to and from the city below. The imprints of the impact of cannonballs fired by attacking armies of Jaipur can still be seen on the second gate. At the north-east of the fort is the chhatri of Kirat Singh Soda, a soldier who fell on the spot defending Mehrangarh.

There are seven gates, which include Jai Pol (meaning 'victory gate'), built by Maharaja Man Singh to commemorate his victories over the Jaipur and Bikaner armies in 1806. The Fattehpol (also meaning 'victory gate'), commemorates victory of Maharaja Ajit Singh over the Mughals.

Some of the notable festivals taking place here include the World Sacred Spirit Festival and Rajasthan International Folk Festival.

Etymology
Mehrangarh's etymology is rooted in the Sanskrit words 'Mihir' (meaning sun) and 'garh' (meaning fort). Phonetically evolving from 'Mihirgarh' to 'Mehrangarh' in Rajasthani language.The fort was named Mihirgarh, meaning 'fort of the sun' – a reference to the ruling clan Rathore's mythical descent from the sun god Surya.

History
Rao Jodha, the chief of the Rathore clan, is credited with the origin of Jodhpur in India. He founded Jodhpur in 1459 as the capital of Marwar (Mandore was the previous capital). He was one of Ranmal's 24 sons and became the fifteenth Rathore ruler. One year after his accession to the throne, Jodha decided to move his capital to the safer location of Jodhpur, as the one thousand years old Mandore fort was no longer considered to provide sufficient security.
With the trusted aid of Rao Nara (son of Rao Samra), the Mewar forces were subdued at Mandore. With that, Rao Jodha gave Rao Nara the title of Diwan. With the help of Rao Nara, the foundation of the fort was decided on 12 May 1459 by Jodha on a rocky hill  to the south of Mandore. This hill was known as Bhakurcheeria, the mountain of birds.
According to legend to build the fort he had to displace the hill's sole human occupant, a hermit called Cheeria Nathji, the lord of birds. Cheeria Nathji was a man with the local population as his followers and hence influential in the region. When requested to move he refused categorically. This happened many times. Rao Jodha then took extreme measures and sought help from another more powerful saint, Karni Mata of Deshnoke who was a hindu warrior sage born in Charan caste. At the request of the king, she came and asked Cheeria Nathji to quit immediately. Seeing a superior power he left at once but cursed Rao Jodha with words "Jodha! May your citadel ever suffer a scarcity of water!". Rao Jodha managed to appease the hermit by building a house and a temple in the fort. Karni Mata laid down the foundation stone of the Mehrangarh Fort. Today only the forts of Bikaner and Jodhpur remain in the hands of Rathores, both had their foundation stones laid by Shri Karni Mata. All other Rajput forts of Rajasthan were abandoned for some or the other reasons by the respective clans. Only the Rathores of Jodhpur and Bikaner have their forts with them till date. This fact is considered a miracle by the local population and is attributed to Shri Karni Mata. Rao Jodha also granted villages of Mathania and Chopasni to the two Charan warlords who were sent by him to request maa Mehaai to come to Jodhpur.

To ensure that the new site proved propitious; he buried a man of the Meghwal caste called "Raja Ram Meghwal", who offered his services voluntarily, alive in the foundations as this was considered auspicious those days. "Raja Ram Meghwal" was promised that in return his family would be looked after by the Rathores. His family was granted land and to this day his descendants still live in Raj Bag, near Soor Sagar.

Though the fortress was originally started in 1459 by Rao Jodha, founder of Jodhpur, most of the fort which stands today dates from the period of Maharaja Jaswant Singh (1638–78). The fort is located at the centre of the city spreading over  on top of a high hill. Its walls, which are up to  high and  wide, protect some of the most beautiful and historic palaces in Rajasthan.
Khandwaliya community one of the old traditional community had the knowledge of breaking the big stones made this fort with others.

Entry to the fort is gained through a series of seven gates. The most famous of the gates are:
 Jai Pol ("Gate of Victory"), built by Maharaja Man Singh in 1806 to celebrate his victory in a war with Jaipur and Bikaner.
 Fateh Pol, built to celebrate a victory over the Mughals in 1707;
 Gopal Pol, it is the second Pol after Fateh Pol.
 Dedh Kangra Pol, which still bears the scars of bombardment by cannonballs;
 Amruti Pol, it is in between Dedh Kangra Pol and Loha Pol.
 Loha Pol, which is the final gate into the main part of the fort complex. Immediately to the left are the handprints (sati marks) of the ranis and some princesses, who had committed Sati over the years after death of their husband.
 Suraj Pol, inner most gate which provides access to palace complex and Daulat Khana Chauk.

Within the fort are several brilliantly crafted and decorated palaces. These include, Moti Mahal (Pearl Palace), Phool Mahal (Flower Palace), Sheesha Mahal (Mirror Palace), Sileh Khana and Daulat Khana. The museum houses a collection of palanquins, howdahs, royal cradles, miniatures, musical instruments, costumes, and furniture. The ramparts of the fort house preserved old cannon (including the famous Kilkila), and provided a breath-taking view of the city.

Galleries at the Mehrangarh Museum

Elephant's howdahs

Howdahs were a kind of two-compartment wooden seat (mostly covered with gold and silver embossed sheets), which were fastened onto the elephant's back. The front compartment, with more leg space and a raised protective metal sheet, was meant for kings or royalty, and the rear smaller one for a reliable bodyguard disguised as a fly-whisk attendant.

Palanquins
Palanquins were a popular means of travel and circumambulation for the ladies of the nobility up to the second quarter of the 20th century. They were also used by male nobility and royals on special occasions.

Daulat Khana – Treasures of Mehrangarh Museum
This gallery displays one of the most important and best-preserved collections of fine and applied arts of the Mughal period of Indian history, during which the Rathore rulers of Jodhpur maintained close links with the Mughal emperors. It also has the remains of Emperor Akbar.

Armoury
This gallery displays a rare collection of armour from every period in Jodhpur. On display are sword hilts in jade, silver, rhino horn, ivory, shields studded with rubies, emeralds and pearls and guns with gold and silver work on the barrels. The gallery also has on display the personal swords of many emperors, among them outstanding historical piece like the Khaanda of Rao Jodha, weighing over 3 kg, the sword of Akbar and the sword of Timur.

Paintings

This gallery displays colours of Marwar-Jodhpur, the finest example of Marwar paintings.

The Turban Gallery
The Turban Gallery in the Mehrangarh Museum seeks to preserve, document and display the many different types of turbans once prevalent in Rajasthan; every community, region, and festival having had its own headgear.

Shahi Lal Dera
Shahi Lal Dera or Royal Red Tent is a part of royal collection at the fort.

Tourist attractions

National Geological Monument
The Jodhpur Group - Malani Igneous Suite Contact on which the Mehrangarh Fort has been built has been declared a National Geological Monument by the Geological Survey of India to encourage Geo Tourism in the country. This unique geological feature is part of the Malani Igenus Suite seen in the Thar desert region, spread over an area of 43,500 km2. This unique geological feature represents the last phase of igneous activity of Precambrian age in the Indian Subcontinent.

The Chamunda Mataji Temple

The chamunda Mataji was Rao Jodha's favourite goddess, he brought her idol from the old capital of Mandore in 1460 and installed her in Mehrangarh (Maa chamunda was the kul devi of the Pratihara rulers of Mandore). She remains the Maharaja's and the Royal Family's Isht Devi or adopted goddess and is worshipped by most of Jodhpur's citizens as well. Crowds throng Mehrangarh during the Dussehra celebrations.

Rao Jodha Desert Rock Park
Rao Jodha Desert Rock Park, spreads over 72 hectares, adjoining Mehrangarh Fort. The park contains ecologically restored desert and arid land vegetation. The park was created in 2006 to try and restore the natural ecology of a large, rocky area adjoining and below the fort and opened to the public in February 2011. The area in and around the park contains distinctive volcanic rock formations such as rhyolite, with welded tuff, and breccia, sandstone formations. The park includes a Visitors Centre with Interpretation Gallery, a native plant nursery, small shop and cafe.

2008 stampede
A human stampede occurred on 30 September 2008, at the Chamunda Devi temple inside of the Mehrangarh Fort, in which 249 people were killed and more than 400 injured.

Culture

The fort has musicians performing folk music at the entrance and houses museum, restaurants, exhibitions, and craft bazaars. The fort was one of the filming locations for Disney's 1994 live-action film The Jungle Book, as well as the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises. Principal photography for the latter commenced on 6 May 2011. The Emraan Hashmi starrer Awarapan was also shot here.
In 2015, the fort was used to record a collaborative album by musicians including Israeli composer Shye Ben Tzur, English composer and Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood, and Radiohead producer Nigel Godrich. The recording was the subject of a documentary, Junun, by the American director Paul Thomas Anderson.
In March 2018, the film crew for the Bollywood film Thugs of Hindostan used the fort as one of its shooting locations; actor Amitabh Bachchan left a reflective post about his experience there on his official blog.

Notes

Further reading

 SuryanagariJodhpur by Prem Bhandari
 Maharaja Umaid Singhji by Prem Bhandari
 Paintings from the royal collection of the Mehrangarh Museum Trust, Jodhpur British Museum

External links

Rajput architecture
Forts in Rajasthan
Buildings and structures in Jodhpur
Tourist attractions in Jodhpur
History of Jodhpur
Jodhpur
Tourism in Jodhpur
National museums of India

Mehrangarh


Montmorency Lake, or Lac Montmorency, is a fresh water body located in the unorganized territory Lac-Jacques-Cartier, in the La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. It is part of the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve.

Lac Montmorency (altitude: 896 m) is one of the head lakes of the Montmorency River. In the past, forestry was the main economic activity in the sector. The surface of the lake is generally frozen from mid-November to April; however, the period of safe circulation on the ice is from mid-December to the end of March.

Geography
Lac Montmorency is located 1.5 km southwest of Nadreau Lake (altitude: 838 m), 4.4 km northeast of Lac Hermine, 5.0 km west from Malbaie Lake, 6.9 km east of Jacques-Cartier Lake and 0.3 km northeast of Maltais Lake.

The main neighboring hydrographic slopes are:
 to the south: the outlet of Maltais Lake (altitude: 875 m);
 to the west: the outlet of Boulet Lake (altitude: 920 m);
 to the northeast: the slope of Nadreau Lake (altitude: 838 m) and its tributary Lake Plamondon (altitude: 844 m);
 to the southeast: the Montmorency River.

A mountain whose summit reaches 994 m separates Lake Montmorency and Lake Nadreau, which constitutes the head lake of the Jacques-Cartier River. Another 1069 m mountain separates Lac Montmorency with Lac Currier (located 2.25 km to the north).

The Montmorency Lake receives the discharge from Pit Lake outlet (altitude: 918 m) on the west side and a 1.7 km stream coming from a small marshy lake (altitude: 929 m) to the northwest. Lake Montmorency takes the form of a crescent open to the southeast, in order to border a mountain whose summit is 970 m. Swampy areas surround the eastern, northern and western areas of the lake. Its mouth is located at the bottom of the southern point. Its outlet flows a priori towards the south for 1.2 km to the outlet of the Pond of the Ancolies (altitude: 844 m). Then the outlet descends for one kilometer to the outlet of Lake Maltais. Then the river flows south-east on a last segment of 320 m to flow into the Montmorency River. The outlet of Lac Boulet is located a hundred meters downstream.

The mouth of the outlet of Lac Montmorency is located 2.2 km downstream from the outlet of Lac Alyse or 3.1 km downstream from Lac Subulé which collects the waters of Lac Moran. This hydrographic slope of this sector is located very close to the watershed between the Jacques-Cartier, Montmorency and Malbaie rivers.

Toponymy
The toponyms of the Montmorency River and of Montmorency lake are linked, because the latter constitutes one of the head lakes of the river, with the lakes Subule (altitude: 842 m), Moran (altitude: 847 m) and Alyse (altitude: 893 m).

The toponym "Lac Montmorency" was formalized on December 5, 1968 at the Place Names Bank of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

References

See also

Montmorency River
Lac-Jacques-Cartier, an unorganized territory
La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality
Laurentides Wildlife Reserve

Lakes of Capitale-Nationale
La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality
Laurentides Wildlife Reserve

Montmorency Lake


Bharat Immunologicals and Biologicals Corporation Limited (BIBCOL) is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the Government of India.  Established in 1989 in Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh, BIBCOL manufactures oral polio vaccines (OPVs) and other immunisers.  The company formulates over 12.5 crore doses of OPV and had aggregated revenues of  in fiscal 2006.

BIBCOL is under the administrative control of the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology.

Products

Diarrhea Management Kit—Diarrhea Management Kit (Zinc Tablet + oral rehydration salts (ORS)) for management of diarrhea among young children.
Oral Polio Vaccine—The live oral polio vaccine (OPV) is a trivalent vaccine containing suspensions of type 1, 2 and 3 attenuated poliomyelitis viruses (Sabin strains) prepared in primary by monkey kidney cell culture.
Zinc Dispersible Tablet—The dispersible zinc tablet, BIBZinC-20 mg contains 20 mg of elemental zinc as active ingredient and contains sweetener and taste masker (Vanilla flavor) and is scored tablet. The product is in line with the recommendations of the WHO. The product is produced with technology transfer from Nutriset through the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. The Nutriset product has been tested in Indian fields and clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of zinc supplementation and safety.
IFA Tablets—Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is most ignored in developing countries and is the major cause of anemia. The Iron Folic Tablets (IFA Tablets) are a crucial component for treatment of iron deficiency and IDA.

See also
 U. C. Chaturvedi

References

External links
 http://www.bibcol.com/ (Official Website)

Government-owned companies of India
Companies based in Uttar Pradesh
Health care companies of India
Science and technology in Uttar Pradesh
Indian companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Bulandshahr
Pharmaceutical companies established in 2009
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Biotechnology companies established in 2009