Financial accounting ni nthavi ya accounting yakukhwaska kufupikiska, kusanthura na kupharazga vya kusintha mawoko kwa chuma mu ma wupu gha malonda. Ichi chikukhwaska kunozga ma financial statements ghakugwiriskika na ŵanthu. Stockholders, suppliers, mabank, maemployees, magovernment agencies, mabusiness owners, na mastakeholder ghanyakhe niviyezgero vya ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhumbanga kumanya vinandi vyanthe ivi kuni viŵa vwire kusola chakuchita.

Financial accountancy yikulamulika na vyose mwa malango gha chikaya na malango gha vyaru vinandi. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) ni malango gha agho ghakudangizga financial accounting yakugwiriskika mu malo ghalighose agho ghalipo. mukati mwakhe muli nthe vikhazikisko, vizgoŵero na malango agho ma accountant ghakulondezga pa kujambula na kufupikizga na pa kanozgero ka ma financial statement.

Paunyakheso, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) ni chibwayila cha vikhazikisko vya accounting kulongosola umo ma transactions ghanji na vyakuchitika vinyakhe vikwenera kuphalilikira mu ma financial statements. ma IFRS ghakupelekeka na International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). Ndipo na IFRS kuzgoka yakutandazgika chomene pa charu chose, kuyana mu kupharazga vya Chuma kulikukula pakati pa zi wupu za vyaru vyose.

apo financial accounting yikugwiriskika kuŵanozgera ŵanthu uthenga wa accounting kuwalo kwa wupu aŵo ŵakukhwaskika na kwendeska kwa wupu kwa dazi na dazi, managerial accounting yikupa uthenga wakovwira ma bwana kusola vyochita pokwendeska wupu wa malonda.

Vya kurata
Financial accounting na kuphara vya chuma kanandi vikuyowoyeka nga kuti nivimoza waka.

1. Mwakuyana na vikhazikisko vya kupharazga vya chuma vya International Financial Reporting Standards: vyakurata vya financial reporting ni:

Kupa uthenga wa vya chuma uwo ngwakuzirwa ku ŵakupanda-ndalama aŵa ŵalipo na kale na aŵa ŵangizapo na ŵakubweleka ndalama mu kusola vyakuchita pa kupeleka vinthu vya ŵakupharazga ŵo.

2. Mwakuyana na Wupu la Kuŵelengeskera Chuma "European Accounting Association":

Capital maintenance ndiyo ni chakurata cha financial reporting.

Financial accounting ni kunozga kwa ma financial statements agho ghangaŵelengeka na ŵanthu bweka na ŵanthu ŵose ŵakukhwaskika. Uthenga wa vya chuma Financial information ngwakuzirwa ku ŵakugwiriska pala maunenesko gha uwemi ghalipapo. Pakupanga ma financial statements, ivi vikwenela kufiskika:
maUnenesko gha uwemi ghakudangira:
 Kupindura: Kupindura ni unenesko wa ma uthenga gha vya chuma kuŵa ghakuzirwa ku visankho vya ŵakugwiriska ntchito. vimenyu vya kupindura ni predictive value na confirmatory value. Materiality ni sub-quality ya relevance. Information is considered material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.
 Kwimililika mwa urunji: Faithful representation means that the actual effects of the transactions shall be properly accounted for and reported in the financial statements. The words and numbers must match what really happened in the transaction. The ingredients of faithful representation are completeness, neutrality and free from error. It signifies that the accountants have acted in good faith during the process of representation.
Kukuzga ma unenesko gha uwemi:
 Vyaukaboni: Verifiability implies consensus between the different knowledgeable and independent users of financial information. Such information must be supported by sufficient evidence to follow the principle of objectivity.
 Vyakupambaniskika: Comparability is the uniform application of accounting methods across entities in the same industry. The principle of consistency is under comparability. Consistency is the uniform application of accounting across points in time within an entity.
 Vyakupulikisiskika: Understandability means that accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant.
 Vya pa nyengo: Timeliness implies that financial information must be presented to the users before a decision is to be made.

Vyamkati vitatu vya mabuku gha vineno (ndigho ma financial statements)

Statement ya cash flows (Chineno cha cash flow (ndiyo cash flow statement))
The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period. The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows:
Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance

Example 1: in the beginning of September, Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account. During that same month, Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom. At the end of the month, Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7. Ellen's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this:
Cash inflow: $20
Cash outflow:$7
Opening balance: $5
Closing balance: $20 – $7 + $5 = $18

Example 2: in the beginning of June, WikiTables, a company that buys and resells tables, sold 2 tables. They'd originally bought the tables for $25 each, and sold them at a price of $50 per table. The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms. WikiTables' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this:
Cash inflow: $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table. They didn't receive cash for the second table (sold in credit terms).
Cash outflow: $50 - How much they'd originally bought the 2 tables for.
Opening balance: $0
Closing balance: $50 – 2*$25 + $0 = $50–50=$0 - Indeed, the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50.

Important: the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash, and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed.

Chineno cha financial perfomance (ndiyo Statement ya financial performance) (income statement, profit & loss (p&l) statement, or statement of operations)
The statement of profit or income statement represents the changes in value of a company's accounts over a set period (most commonly one fiscal year), and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period. All changes are summarized on the "bottom line" as net income, often reported as "net loss" when income is less than zero.

The net profit or loss is determined by:

Sales (revenue)

– cost of goods sold

– selling, general, administrative expenses (SGA)

– depreciation/ amortization

= earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)

– interest and tax expenses

= profit/loss

Chineno cha financial position ndicho(Statement of financial position ) (panjiso kuti balance sheet)
The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation:
 Ma'aseti = Vyakulemeska + vyaŵene
 The statement can be used to help show the financial position of a company because liability accounts are external claims on the firm's assets while equity accounts are internal claims on the firm's assets.

Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts. A GAAP-compliant balance sheet must list assets and liabilities based on decreasing liquidity, from most liquid to least liquid. As a result, current assets/liabilities are listed first followed by non-current assets/liabilities. However, an IFRS-compliant balance sheet must list assets/liabilities based on increasing liquidity, from least liquid to most liquid. As a result, non-current assets/liabilities are listed first followed by current assets/liabilities.

Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm, which are expected to be realized within a 12-month period. Current assets include:
cash - physical money
accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected
Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold
Investee companies - expected to be held less than one financial period
prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year

Non-current assets include fixed or long-term assets and intangible assets:

fixed (long term) assets
property
building
equipment (such as factory machinery)
intangible assets
copyrights
trademarks
patents
goodwill

Liabilities include:
current liabilities
trade accounts payable
dividends payable
employee salaries payable
interest (e.g. on debt) payable
long term liabilities
mortgage notes payable
bonds payable

Owner's equity, sometimes referred to as net assets, is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership. Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship, partnership, or a corporation. For a corporation, the owner's equity portion usually shows common stock, and retained earnings (earnings kept in the company). Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement, prepared prior to the balance sheet.

Statement of retained earnings (statement of changes in equity)
This statement is additional to the three main statements described above. It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company. The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period. Basic proforma for this statement is as follows:

Retained earnings at the beginning of period

+ Net Income for the period

- Dividends

= Retained earnings at the end of period.Basic concepts

The stable measuring assumption

One of the basic principles in accounting is "The Measuring Unit principle": The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements."

Historical Cost Accounting, i.e., financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units, is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money, the monetary unit of measure, is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring (1) monetary items not inflation-indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and (2) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation.

Units of constant purchasing power

The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation. IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies.

Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction. These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country, which are typically issued by a national standard setter, or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Financial accounting serves the following purposes:
 producing general purpose financial statements
 producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making, planning and performance evaluation
 producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements.

Objectives of financial accounting

 Systematic recording of transactions: basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions (i.e. book-keeping).  These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation.
 Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions: accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time. If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss. The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions. For example, if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable, the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps.
 Ascertainment of the financial position of business: businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes (liability) to the outsiders and what he owns (assets) on a certain date. To know this, accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular  point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business.
 Providing information to the users for rational decision-making: accounting as a 'language of business' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements. Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision-makers and helps them in rational decision-making.
 To know the solvency position:''' by preparing the balance sheet, management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise, but also it gives the information regarding concern's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run (liquidity position) and also in the long-run (solvency position) as and when they fall due.

Graphic definition
The accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting.

The trial balance, which is usually prepared using the double-entry accounting system, forms the basis for preparing the financial statements. All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet. Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts (SSAP, FRS, IFRS). Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets, liabilities, and shareholders' or owners' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared.

Asset, expense, and dividend accounts have normal debit balances (i.e., debiting these types of accounts increases them).

Liability, revenue, and equity accounts have normal credit balances (i.e., crediting these types of accounts increases them).

 0 = Dr Assets                            Cr Owners' Equity                Cr Liabilities
           .       _/\       .
           .      /    Cr Retained Earnings (profit)         Cr Common Stock  \      .
           .    _/\___      .            .
           .   / Dr Expenses       Cr Beginning Retained Earnings \     .            .
           .     Dr Dividends      Cr Revenue                           .            .
       \/  \__/
        increased by debits           increased by credits

           Crediting a credit
 Thus -------------------------> account increases its absolute value (balance)
            Debiting a debit

           Debiting a credit
 Thus -------------------------> account decreases its absolute value (balance)
           Crediting a debit

When the same thing is done to an account as its normal balance it increases; when the opposite is done, it will decrease.  Much like signs in math: two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added.  It is only when there is one positive and one negative (opposites) that you will subtract.

However, it is important to note that there are instances of accounts, known as contra-accounts, which have a normal balance opposite that listed above. Examples include:
 Contra-asset accounts (such as accumulated depreciation and allowances for bad debt or obsolete inventory)
 Contra-revenue accounts (such as sales allowances)
 Contra-equity accounts (such as treasury stock)

Financial accounting versus cost accounting

Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production/service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction.
Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government, creditors, investors, and external parties.
Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation's own management for decision making.
 In financial accounting, cost classification based on type of transactions, e.g. salaries, repairs, insurance, stores etc. In cost accounting, classification is basically on the basis of functions, activities, products, process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization.
 Financial accounting aims at presenting 'true and fair' view of transactions, profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position (Balance Sheet) on a given date.  It aims at computing 'true and fair' view of the cost of production/services offered by the firm.

Related qualification
Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy, including Certified Public Accountant CPA, Chartered Accountant (CA or other national designations, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants AICPA and Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA).

See also
 Constant item purchasing power accounting
 DIRTI 5
 Historical cost accounting
 Philosophy of accounting
 Accounting analyst, whose job involves evaluating public company financial statements
 Management accounting, the other main division of accounting
 Bookkeeping

References

Further reading
 David Annand, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Athabasca University,
 Financial Accounting (2015)
 Johnny Jackson, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Thomas Edison State University.
 Alexander, D., Britton, A., Jorissen, A., "International Financial Reporting and Analysis", Second Edition, 2005,

Kuŵerengeskera Chuma


Eleanor Marie Smeal ( Cutri; born July 30, 1939) is a modern-day American feminist leader. She is the president and a cofounder of the Feminist Majority Foundation (founded in 1987) and has served as president of the National Organization for Women for three terms, in addition to her work as an activist, grassroots organizer, lobbyist, and political analyst.

Smeal has appeared frequently on television, on shows including Crossfire, Good Morning America, Larry King Live, Nightline, and The Today Show. She has also appeared frequently on radio and testified before Congress. Smeal has organized numerous events around and given speeches on the concepts of feminism, equality, and human rights as they pertain to people in and outside of the United States.

Early life and education
Eleanor Smeal is of Italian ancestry, born on July 30, 1939, to Peter Anthony Cutri and Josephine E. (Agresti), in Ashtabula, Ohio.  Her father emigrated to America from Calabria, Italy and became an insurance salesman.  After graduating from Strong Vincent High School in 1957, Smeal attended Duke University. At the time, Duke was not integrated and women made up only 25% of the enrolled students.

Smeal participated in the fight for integration at Duke and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1961. She also holds an M.A. in political science and public administration from the University of Florida. Since 2001, Smeal is also the publisher of Ms. magazine which is owned and published by the Feminist Majority Foundation.

Personal life
While attending Duke University Eleanor met Charles Smeal, an engineering student, whom she married on April 27, 1963. Eleanor and Charles had two children together and lived in the area of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Smeal's interest in feminism and her awareness of feminist issues became increasingly stronger during the late 1960s. Already confronted with a lack of day-care facilities for her young child, while also dealing with a back disability, Smeal realized there was no disability insurance for wives and mothers. It was this issue that pushed Smeal into researching further into feminism. Then in 1968, Smeal began a term lasting four years on the board of the local League of Women Voters, and then two years later, joined (along with her husband) the National Organization for Women (NOW). Newspapers in the 1970s described her as the first housewife to lead the National Organization for Women.

Political activism
Smeal joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1970 and served as president from 1977 to 1982 and again from 1985 to 1987. During this time, in 1986, she led the first national pro-choice march, which drew over 100,000 activists to Washington, DC.

After leaving NOW in 1987, Smeal saw a need for a new feminist organization that combined research, educational outreach, and political action. A 1986 Newsweek/Gallup poll reported that 56% of women in the US self-identify as feminists. Smeal reconciled her vision of a new feminist organization and the task of empowering women and men who support equity by cofounding the Feminist Majority Foundation in 1987.

Several legislative measures bear Smeal's imprint including the Free Access to Clinic Entrances legislation (influenced by Madsen v. Women's Health Center) that President Bill Clinton signed into law in 1994, the unsuccessful attempt to defeat Proposition 209 in California, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, the Equal Credit Act, the Civil Rights Restoration Act, the Violence Against Women Act, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the unsuccessful 1970s and 1980s fight to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment.

Presidency in NOW organization

First Term of Presidency (1977-1979)
Eleanor Smeal was first elected as the President of NOW in 1977, preceded by President Karen DeCrow. In total, Smeal was elected as NOW's President three times.

Smeal was elected at a time when conference delegates had authorized a NOW ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) Strike Force to campaign for ratification. Upon hearing that the deadline for the ratification for ERA, Smeal convinced Elizabeth Holztman, a member of the United States House of Representatives, to bring the proposal to Congress. In this time of great desire for equal rights, Smeal played a key role and was a major organizer of the 1978 March for ERA. This march brought over 100,000 marchers and as a result, Congress voted to extend the deadline for ERA to June 30, 1982.

Second Term of Presidency (1979-1982)
In 1979, Smeal was reelected as NOW's President, running for her second term as the head of the organization. In her second run as President, Smeal focused her efforts on making Social Security more fair for women, testifying against restrictions on abortion funding for military personnel and their dependents, and Lesbian and Gay rights. Smeal led NOW organizers to help stage the 1979 National March for Lesbian and Gay rights.

At the time of Smeal's second term of Presidency in NOW, Ronald Reagan was also elected as the United States President. Around the time of his inauguration in January, Smeal and the NOW organization launched and led a national campaign to stop Reagan's anti-abortion "Human Life Amendment." Smeal was also the first person to coin the term "gender gap" when she analyzed in the National NOW Times just how different the votes by men versus the votes by women really are. Despite the grand efforts made by NOW during Smeal's presidency to get the ERA ratified, towards the end of Smeal's second term in 1982, the Amendment was shy three states and therefore did not get passed.

At the end of her second term, which lasted longer than a traditional two-year term due to the decision to allow Smeal to continue her efforts, uninterrupted, on ratifying the ERA, Smeal had boosted NOW to a whopping 220,000 members and a budget of $13 million annually. While Smeal worked extensively on the ERA, some members felt that she lacked focus in areas such as minority and abortion rights, which became part of the focus of Smeal's successor, Judy Goldsmith.

Third Term of Presidency (1985-1987)
Smeal's run for presidency the third time around was hard-fought against previous President Judy Goldsmith. Smeal initially supported Goldsmith when she ran for Presidency after Smeal's second term, but now challenged Goldsmith the second time around. Smeal, during a telephone interview, stated that while she and Goldsmith did not differ on the philosophical concepts of equal rights, they differed on the political realities of how to obtain those rights to the fullest. Much of the campaign focused not on the issues the candidates themselves supported, but rather on their tactical approaches towards the issues.

One of the biggest reasons Smeal decided to run for yet another term as President was not only due to the support of many other NOW members, but from her wish that NOW could be more outspoken, assertive, and publicly active on multiple different issues. These issues included abortion rights, on the role of women in the church, and the Vatican's policy on reproduction. Smeal also noted that while Goldsmith was in power the organization lost its focus and membership declined and she wanted to do something about that.

In July 1985, Smeal won by a 139-vote margin over Goldsmith. Upon being elected for the third and final time as NOW's President, Smeal stated she would continue Goldsmith's efforts on reproductive rights as well as set forth plans to stage a reproductive rights march for the next year. This march, which took place in 1986 was the first March for Women's Lives and brought over 150,000 people to Washington and Los Angeles in support of women's reproductive rights. In 1987 Smeal also founded the Feminist Majority.

Work on behalf of the Equal Rights Amendment
Smeal is a longtime supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and has campaigned for its passage since the 1970s. She has campaigned for the ERA for over fifty years. In January 2022 she led a rally outside of Lafayette Square in front of the White House exactly two years after Virginia became the 38th state to ratify the Amendment in January 2020. Smeal continues to lobby for the ratification of the ERA and is one of the most prominent activists for its passage.

Recognition

In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Smeal's name and picture.

Also in 1979, Time magazine chose her as one of 50 Faces for America's Future (August 6, 1979).

In 1983, World Almanac chose Smeal as one of the most influential women in the United States.

In 2010 Smeal delivered the commencement address at Rutgers University's graduation and was conferred a Doctorate of Human Letters honoris causa.

In 2015 Smeal was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

U.S. News & World Report chose her as the fourth most influential Washington lobbyist.

Writing
In 1980 she coined the term "gender gap" in reference to a difference in how men and women vote by political party; the term is now commonly used in writing with that meaning. Her 1984 book How and Why Women Will Elect the Next President successfully identified a gender gap in politics.

She contributed the piece "The Art of Building Feminist Institutions to Last" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.

See also
List of women's rights activists

References

External links
 Biography from FMF
 Feminist Majority Foundation Homepage

 Eleanor Smeal interview on Liberadio(!) with Mary Mancini & Freddie O'Connell

1939 births
Living people
American feminists
American people of Italian descent
Duke University alumni
People from Sandusky, Ohio
Presidents of the National Organization for Women
University of Florida alumni
Activists from Ohio
Equal Rights Amendment activists

Eleanor Smeal


Calthorpes' House is a heritage-listed house located at 24 Mugga Way, Red Hill, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

It was built in 1927 for Harry and Dell Calthorpe. Harry Calthorpe was a partner in Calthorpe and Woodger, a successful Queanbeyan-based stock and station and real estate agency. The house was designed by Ken Oliphant of Oakley and Parkes, the architectural firm responsible for the residence of the Prime Minister of Australia, The Lodge. Sir Charles Rosenthal had initially been selected to design the house; however, his plans were not used.

Harry Calthorpe died at age 59 in 1950, and Dell Calthorpe remained in the house until her death in 1979. The house and its contents had remained largely unchanged for many years, and both the Calthorpe family and historians recognised its historical value and later, potential for a house museum. It was purchased by the Government of Australia in late 1984, and was opened as a museum in 1986. It continues to operate as a museum today.

Calthorpes' House is a snapshot of domestic life for a family of four in a late 1920s three-bedroom Canberra house, however it is not entirely representative, given the larger than average house and garden, and there have been some minor changes and additions over time. There is an air raid shelter behind the house which is still preserved, and was built in response to the risk of bombing of Canberra during the war.

It was added to the Australian Capital Territory Heritage Register on 27 September 1996 and to the former Register of the National Estate on 25 March 1986.

References

Historic house museums in the Australian Capital Territory
Museums in Canberra
Australian Capital Territory places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Australian Capital Territory Heritage Register

Calthorpes' House


Amadeo Bordiga (13 June 1889 – 25 July 1970) was an Italian Marxist theorist, revolutionary socialist, founder of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), member of the Communist International (Comintern) and later a leading figure of the International Communist Party. Bordiga was originally associated with the PCI, but he was expelled in 1930 after being accused of Trotskyism.

Bordiga is viewed as one of the most notable representatives of Left communism in Europe.

Biography

Family and early life
Bordiga was born at Resina in the province of Naples in 1889. His father, Oreste Bordiga, was an esteemed scholar of agricultural science, whose authority was especially recognized in regard to the centuries-old agricultural problems of Southern Italy. His mother, Zaira degli Amadei, was descended from an ancient Florentine family and his maternal grandfather Count Michele Amadei was a conspirator in the struggles of the Risorgimento. His paternal uncle, Giovanni Bordiga, another militant of the Risorgimento, was a mathematician and professor at the University of Padua. Bordiga's upbringing, while being thoroughly radical, was also of a highly scientific nature.

An opponent of the Italian colonial war in Libya, Bordiga was introduced to the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) by his high-school physics teacher in 1910. Bordiga eventually founded the Karl Marx Circle in 1912, where he would meet his first wife, Ortensia De Meo.

Bordiga graduated with a degree in engineering from University of Naples Federico II in 1912.

Personal life
Bordiga married Ortensia De Meo in 1914. They had two children, Alma and Oreste. Ortensia died in 1955, and Bordiga married Ortensia's sister, Antonietta De Meo ten years later in 1965.

Political career

Italian Socialist Party
Within the newly founded Karl Marx Circle, Bordiga rejected a pedagogical approach to political work and developed a "theory of the Party", whereby the organization was meant to display non-immediate goals as a rally of similarly minded people and not necessarily a body of the working class. However, Bordiga was deeply opposed to representative democracy which he associated with bourgeois electoralism:
Thus if there is a complete negation of the theory of democratic action it is to be found in socialism (Il Socialista, 1914).

Therefore, Bordiga opposed the parliamentary faction of the PSI being autonomous from central control.

In common with most socialists in Latin countries, Bordiga campaigned against Freemasonry which he identified as a non-secular group.

Following the October Revolution, Bordiga rallied to the communist movement and formed the communist abstentionist faction within the PSI, abstentionist in that it opposed participation in bourgeois elections. The group would form with the addition of the former L'Ordine Nuovo grouping in Turin around Antonio Gramsci the backbone of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I). This came after a long internal struggle in the PSI as it had voted as early as 1919 to affiliate to the Comintern, but it had refused to purge its reformist wing. In the course of the conflict, Bordiga attended the 2nd Comintern Congress in 1920, where he added two points to the Twenty-one Conditions of membership proposed by Vladimir Lenin. Nevertheless, he was criticised by Lenin in his work "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920) over a disagreement regarding parliamentary abstentionism.

Victor Serge, who witnessed the 2nd Comintern Congrees, remembered Bordiga as "exuberant and energetic, features blunt, hair thick, black and bristly, a man quivering under his encumbrance of ideas, experiences and dark forecasts."

Communist Party of Italy

When the PSI held its congress at Livorno in January 1921, representatives sent by Comintern, all insisted that the party must expel its 'reformist' wing, led by Filippo Turati, but were divided over whether to continue to work with Giacinto Menotti Serrati, who advised delaying the split. Bordiga advocated an immediate break with both Serrati and Turati - and hence with the majority of the PSI - and prevailed against the opposition of the leading Comintern representative, Paul Levi, but with the backing of others, including Matyas Rakosi, the future Stalinist dictator of Hungary.

After the congress, Bordiga emerged as leader of the newly formed Italian Communist Party. He was one of five members of the executive, but was "the actual director of all party activity".

For Bordiga, the party was the social brain of the proletariat whose task was not to seek majority support, but to concentrate on working for an armed insurrection in the course of which it would seize power and then use it to abolish capitalism and impose a communist society by force. Bordiga identified with the dictatorship of the proletariat and the dictatorship of the party and argued that establishing its own dictatorship should be the party's immediate and direct aim. This position was accepted by the majority of the members of the PCd'I, but it was to bring them into conflict with the Comintern when in 1921 the latter adopted a new tactic, i.e. that of the united front with reformist organisations to fight for reforms and even to form a workers' government. Bordiga regarded this as a reversion to the failed tactics which the pre-war social democrats had adopted and which had led to them becoming reformists.

Out of a regard for discipline, Bordiga and his comrades (who became known as the Italian communist left) accepted the Comintern decision, but they were in an increasingly difficult position. When Bordiga was arrested in February 1923 on a trumped-up charge by the new government of Benito Mussolini, he had to give up his post as a member of the Central Committee of the PCd'I. On his acquittal later that year, Bordiga decided not to reclaim it, therefore implicitly accepting that he was now an oppositionist.

At the Fifth Congress of Comintern in Moscow, June-July 1924, Bordiga was the sole voice of the 'ultra-left' who opposed any cooperation with socialist parties in favour of a 'united front from below, not from above', which received support except within the Italian delegation. He argued that the rise of Mussolini and the Fascists was only "a change in the governing personnel of the bourgeois class." He also In 1924, the Italian communist left lost control of the PCd'I to a pro-Moscow group whose leader Gramsci became the party's General Secretary in June. In March 1925, Bordiga refused to go to Moscow to attend a plenum of Comintern's executive, and in his absence was accused of taking up a "hostile position against Comintern by declaring his complete solidarity with Trotsky".

At the Third Congress of the PCd'I held in exile in Lyons in January 1926, the manoeuvre of the pro-Moscow group was completed. Without the support of the Communist International to escape from Fascist control, few members of the Italian Communist Left were able to arrive at the Congress, so the theses drawn up by Bordiga were rejected. Those of the Stalinist minority group accepted.

Under arrest
In December 1926, Bordiga was again arrested by Mussolini and sent to prison in Ustica, an Italian island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, where he met with Gramsci and they renewed their friendship and worked alongside each other despite their political differences. Bordiga was concerned about Gramsci's ill health, but nothing came of a plan to help him escape the island. In 1928, Bordiga was moved to the Isle of Ponza, where he built several houses, returning after his detention in 1929 to finish them. Bordiga was released in 1931 on the occasion of his niece's marriage to a fascist. He also posed in a group of Blackshirts and the photograph was published in a fascist newspaper.

Opposition
Following his release, Bordiga did not resume his activities in the PCd'I and was in fact expelled in March 1930, accused of having "supported, defended and endorsed the positions of the Trotskyist opposition" and been organisationally disruptive. With his expulsion, Bordiga left political activity until 1943 and he was to refuse to comment on political affairs even when asked by trusted friends. However, many of his former supporters in the PCd'I went into exile and founded a political tendency often referred to as Italian communist left.

In 1928, its members in exile in France and Belgium formed themselves into the Left Fraction of the Communist Party of Italy which became in 1935 the Italian Fraction of the Communist Left. This change of name was a reflection of the Italian Communist Left's view that the PCd'I and the other communist parties had now become counter-revolutionary. The Bordigists, as they became known, with their theory of the party and their opposition to any form of frontism, held that program was everything and a gate-receipt notion of numbers was nothing. Bordiga would again work with many of these comrades following the end of World War II.

According to the reports of Angelo Alliotta, a secret informant of the fascist police in Italy who visited Bordiga's home in Formia where he holidayed with his wife, Bordiga showed support for the Axis powers. According to Alliotta, Bordiga believed Nazi Germany was weakening the "English giant" which to him was "the greatest exponent of capitalism" and thus the defeat of Britain would bring about revolutionary conditions in Europe. Bordiga also criticized Joseph Stalin for allying with the western Allies against the Axis in April 1943.

International Communist Party
After 1944, he first returned to political activity in the Naples-based Fraction of Socialists and Communists, but when this grouping was dissolved into the Internationalist Communist Party (PCInt) Bordiga did not initially join. However, he did contribute anonymously to its press, primarily Battaglia Comunista and Prometeo, in keeping with his conviction that revolutionary work was collective in nature and his opposition to any form of (even incipient) personality cult. Bordiga joined the PCInt in 1949.

When the current split in two in 1951, he took the side of the grouping that took on the name International Communist Party, publishing its Il Programma Comunista. Bordiga devoted himself to the party, contributing extensively. Bordiga remained with the ICP until his death at Formia in 1970.

Theories and beliefs
Bordigism is a variant of left communism espoused by Bordiga. Bordigists in the Italian Socialist Party would be the first to refuse on principle any participation in parliamentary elections.

On Marxism–Leninism
On the theoretical level, Bordiga developed an understanding of the Soviet Union as a capitalist society. Bordiga's writings on the capitalist nature of the Soviet economy in contrast to those produced by the Trotskyists also focused on the agrarian sector. In analyzing the agriculture in the Soviet Union, Bordiga sought to display the capitalist social relations that existed in the kolkhoz and sovkhoz, one a cooperative farm and the other a wage-labor state farm. In particular, he emphasized how much of the national agrarian produce came from small privately owned plots (writing in 1950) and predicted the rates at which the Soviet Union would start importing wheat after Imperial Russia had been such a large exporter from the 1880s to 1914.

In Bordiga's conception of Marxism–Leninism; Joseph Stalin, and later Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and so on were great Romantic revolutionaries, i.e. bourgeois revolutionaries. He felt that the Marxist–Leninist states that came into existence after 1945 were extending the bourgeois nature of prior revolutions that degenerated as all had in common a policy of expropriation and agrarian and productive development which he considered negations of previous conditions and not the genuine construction of socialism.

On democracy
Bordiga defined himself as anti-democratic, believing himself to be following the tradition of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. However, Bordiga's hostility toward democracy was unrelated to the Stalinist narrative of the single-party state, as he saw fascism and Stalinism as the culmination of bourgeois democracy. To Bordiga, democracy meant above all the manipulation of society as a formless mass. To this, he counterposed the dictatorship of the proletariat, to be implemented by the communist party based on the principles and program enunciated in The Communist Manifesto (1848). He often referred to the spirit of Engels' remark that "on the eve of the revolution all the forces of reaction will be against us under the banner of 'pure democracy'" (as every factional opponent of the Bolsheviks in 1921 from the monarchists to the anarchists called for soviets without Bolsheviks—or soviet workers councils not dominated by Bolsheviks).

As such, Bordiga opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, believing that the Marxist perspective has the merit of underscoring the fact that like all social formations, communism is above all about the expression of programmatic content. This enforces the fact that, for Marxists, communism is not an ideal to be achieved, but a real movement born from the old society with a set of programmatic tasks.

On the united front
Bordiga resolutely opposed the Comintern's turn to the right in 1921. As leader of the Communist Party of Italy, he refused to implement the united front strategy of the Third Congress. He also refused to fuse the newly formed party, dominated by Bordigism, with the left-wing of the Italian Socialist Party from which it had just broken away. Bordiga had a completely different view of the party from the Comintern which was adapting to the revolutionary ebb that was announced in 1921 by the Anglo-Russian trade agreement, the Kronstadt rebellion, the implementation of the New Economic Policy, the banning of factions and the defeat of the March Action in Germany.

For Bordiga, the Western European communist parties' strategy of fighting this ebb by absorbing a mass of left-wing social democrats through the united front was a complete capitulation to the period of counter-revolutionary ebb he saw setting in. This was the base of his critique of democracy, for it was in the name of conquering the masses that the Comintern seemed to be making all kinds of programmatic concessions to left-wing social democrats. For Bordiga, program was everything, a gate-receipt notion of numbers was nothing. The role of the party in the period of ebb was to preserve the program and to carry on the propaganda work possible until the next turn of the tide, not to dilute it while chasing ephemeral popularity.

Bordiga's analysis provided a way of seeing a fundamental degeneration in the world communist movement in 1921 (instead of in 1927 with the defeat of Trotsky) without simply calling for more democracy. The abstract formal perspective of bureaucracy/democracy, with which the Trotskyist tradition treats this crucial period in Comintern history, became separated from any content. Bordiga throughout his life called himself a Leninist and never polemicized against Lenin directly, but his totally different appreciation of the 1921 conjuncture, its consequences for the Comintern and his opposition to Lenin and Trotsky on the united front issue illuminates a turning point that is generally obscured by the heirs of the Trotskyist wing of the international left opposition of the 1920s.

On communism
Although most Leninists distinguish between socialism and communism and Bordiga did consider himself a Leninist, being described as "more Leninist than Lenin", he did not distinguish between the two in the same way Leninists do. Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism, but rather just as how communism looks as it emerges from capitalism before it has "developed on its own foundations". Bordiga used the term socialism to mean what Marx called the lower-phase communism. Sticking to Marx's concept of communism, for Bordiga, both stages of socialist or communist society—with stages referring to historical materialism—were characterised by the absence of money, capital, the market and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage rationing would be done in a way in which "a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form", with deductions being made from said labor to fund public projects, and difference in interests between the rural and urban proletariat would exist, whilst in communism "bourgeoisie law" would be no more, hence the equal standard applied to all peoples no longer would apply, and the alienated man "will not aim to win back his person", but rather become a new "Social Man". Arguing against what Bordiga saw as the "bourgeois" idea of "free producer economies", he instead declares that under communism (whether it be the lower stage or higher stage), production and consumption are both enslaved to society.

This view distinguished Bordiga from other Leninists and especially the Trotskyists, who tended and still tend to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism, but Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying and selling and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached.

Legacy

Influences
Jacques Camatte began corresponding with Bordiga from the age of 19 in 1954, and Bordiga developed a long-standing relationship with Camatte and ideological influence over him. Camatte's early work very much reads in line with the Bordigist current, and Bordiga frequently contributed to Camatte's journal Invariance near the end of his life. Even after Camatte's break with Marxism following Bordiga's death, Camatte's preoccupation within the subject of 'Gemeinwesen' (community, commonwealth) within Marx's work is consistent with Bordiga's emphasis on the anti-individualist and collectivist aspects of Marxism.

Bordiga also influenced Gilles Dauvé, and had great influence over the Ultra-leftist currents of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

General Legacy
The Amadeo Bordiga Foundation was established in 1998 in Formia, in the house where Bordiga spent the last several months of his life. The foundation organizes publications of Bordiga's works and encourages further expansions upon his ideas.

In August 2020, Historical Materialism published The Science and Passion of Communism, an anthology of English translations of Bordiga's work.

See also
 International Communist Party
 Left-communism
 Leninism

References

Bibliography

External links

 The International Library of the Communist Left - Bordiga Page.
 Bordiga Archive at Marxists.org.
 Archives of "Sinistra comunista 'italiana'" - Hundreds texts of Bordiga at "n+1" Review.
 Libertarian Communist Library Amadeo Bordiga archive.
 Antagonism Bordiga Archive (Archived 25 October 2009).
 Bordigism - Adam Buick  (Archived 25 October 2009).
 Loren Goldner, Communism is the Material Human Community: Amadeo Bordiga Today.
 International Communist Party.
 Earlene Craver The Third Generation: The Young Socialists in Italy, 1907-1915.
 Philippe Bourrinet, The "Bordigist" Current, (1912-1952) at "Left Wing" Communism - an infantile disorder?.
 https://www.marxists.org/archive/bordiga/works/1960/immutable-tablets.htm
 https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm
 https://www.marxists.org/archive/bordiga/works/1957/fundamentals.htm

1889 births
1970 deaths
People from the Province of Naples
People from Formia
Executive Committee of the Communist International
Italian anti-capitalists
Italian atheists
Italian socialists
Italian Marxists
Italian male journalists
Marxist theorists
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Italian Socialist Party politicians
Left communists
Anti-Masonry
Anti-Stalinist left
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century Italian engineers

Amadeo Bordiga


Tegegnework Gettu is the United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Associate Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)  replacing María Eugenia Casar. He previously held the post of Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management. He was appointed to this position by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 25 March 2013.

Academic career
Tegegnework Gettu has lectured in a number of academic institutions, including Addis Ababa University, Hunter College, and the University of Rochester, New York. He was also a Fellow at Columbia University.

International career
Tegegnework Gettu served a number of high-ranking positions in the United Nations Development Programme, both at the country level and at its headquarters in New York. He was the Country Director for Southern Africa and Indian Ocean countries and Acting Resident Representative in Liberia and Sierra Leone before becoming a Senior Economic and Political Advisor in UNDP's Africa Bureau. He later served as Assistant Secretary-General and Regional Bureau Director for Africa at UNDP.

Personal life
An Ethiopian national, Tegegnework Gettu was born in 1952. He is married and has two children.

References

Ethiopian officials of the United Nations
Living people
1952 births
Place of birth missing (living people)

Tegegnework Gettu


For most numbered asteroids, almost nothing is known apart from a few physical parameters and orbital elements. Some physical characteristics can only be estimated. The physical data is determined by making certain standard assumptions.

Dimensions

For many asteroids, lightcurve analysis provides estimates of pole direction and diameter ratios. Pre-1995 estimates collected by Per Magnusson are tabulated in the PDS, with the most reliable data being the syntheses labeled in the data tables. More recent determinations for several dozens of asteroids are collected at the web page of a Finnish research group in Helsinki which is running a systematic campaign to determine poles and shape models from lightcurves.

These data can be used to obtain a better estimate of dimensions. A body's dimensions are usually given as a tri-axial ellipsoid, the axes of which are listed in decreasing order as . If we have the diameter ratios ,  from lightcurves, and an IRAS mean diameter , one sets the geometric mean of the diameters  for consistency, and obtains the three diameters:

Mass

Barring detailed mass determinations, the mass  can be estimated from the diameter and assumed density values  worked out as below.

Besides these estimations, masses can be obtained for the larger asteroids by solving for the perturbations they cause in each other's orbits, or when the asteroid has an orbiting companion of known orbital radius. The masses of the largest asteroids 2 Pallas, and 4 Vesta can also be obtained from perturbations of Mars.
While these perturbations are tiny, they can be accurately measured from radar ranging data from the Earth to spacecraft on the surface of Mars, such as the Viking landers.

Density
Apart from a few asteroids whose densities have been investigated, one has to resort to enlightened guesswork.  See Carry for a summary.

For many asteroids, a value of  has been assumed.

However, density depends on the asteroid's spectral type. Krasinsky et al. gives calculations for the mean densities of C, S, and M class asteroids as 1.38, 2.71, and 5.32 g/cm3. (Here "C" included Tholen classes C, D, P, T, B, G, and F, while "S" included Tholen classes S, K, Q, V, R, A, and E). Assuming these values (rather than the present ~2 g/cm3) is a better guess.

Surface gravity

Spherical body
For a spherical body, the gravitational acceleration at the surface  is given by

where  is the gravitational constant,  is the mass of the body, and  is its radius.

Irregular body
For irregularly shaped bodies, the surface gravity will differ appreciably with location. The above formula then is only an approximation, as the calculations become more involved. The value of  at surface points closer to the center of mass is usually somewhat greater than at surface points farther out.

Centripetal force
On a rotating body, the apparent weight experienced by an object on the surface is reduced by the centripetal force, when one is away from the poles. The centripetal acceleration experienced at a latitude  is

where  is the rotation period in seconds,  is the equatorial radius, and  is the latitude. Its magnitude is maximized when one is at the equator, and . The negative sign indicates that it acts in the opposite direction to the gravitational acceleration '.

The effective acceleration is

Close binaries
If the body in question is a member of a close binary with components of comparable mass, the effect of the second body may also be non-negligible.

Surface temperature

Mean
The simplest method which gives sensible results is to assume the asteroid
behaves as a greybody in equilibrium with the incident solar radiation. Then, its mean temperature is obtained by equating the mean incident and radiated heat power. The total incident power is:

where  is the asteroid albedo (precisely, the Bond albedo),  its semi-major axis,  is the solar luminosity, and  the asteroid's radius. It has been assumed that: the absorptivity is , the asteroid is spherical, it is on a circular orbit, and that the Sun's energy output is isotropic.

Using a greybody version of the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the radiated power (from the entire spherical surface of the asteroid) is:

where  is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant,  is the temperature in kelvins, and is the asteroid's infra-red emissivity. Equating , one obtains

The standard value of , estimated from detailed observations of a few of the large asteroids is used.

While this method gives a fairly good estimate of the average surface temperature, the local temperature varies greatly, as is typical for bodies without atmospheres.

Maximum
A rough estimate of the maximum temperature can be obtained by assuming that when the Sun is overhead, the surface is in thermal equilibrium with the instantaneous solar radiation. This gives an average "sub-solar" temperature of

where  is the average temperature calculated as above.

At perihelion, the radiation is maximised, and

where  is the eccentricity of the orbit.

Temperature measurements and regular temperature variations
Infra-red observations are commonly combined with albedo to measure the temperature more directly. For example, L.F. Lim et al. does this for 29 asteroids. These measurements are contingent for a particular day of observation. and the asteroid's surface temperature will change in a regular way depending on its distance from the Sun. From the Stefan-Boltzmann calculation above,

where  is the distance from the Sun on any particular day, and  is a constant. If the day of the relevant observations is known, the distance from the Sun on that day can be obtained from sources such as the NASA orbit calculator, and corresponding temperature estimates at perihelion, aphelion, etc. can be derived from the above. expression

Albedo inaccuracy problem
There is a snag when using these expressions to estimate the temperature of a particular asteroid. The calculation requires the Bond albedo  (the proportion of total incoming power reflected, taking into account all directions), while the IRAS and MSX albedo data that is available for asteroids gives only the geometric albedo  which characterises only the strength of light reflected back to the source (the Sun).

While these two albedos are correlated, the numerical factor between them depends in a very nontrivial way on the surface properties. Actual measurements of Bond albedo are not forthcoming for most asteroids because they require measurements from high phase angles that can only be acquired by spacecraft that pass near or beyond the asteroid belt. Some complicated modelling of surface and thermal properties can lead to estimates of the Bond albedo given the geometric one, but this is beyond the scope of a quick estimate. It can be obtained for some asteroids from scientific publications.

For want of a better alternative for most asteroids, the best that can be done is to assume that the two albedos are equal, while keeping in mind the inherent inaccuracy present in the resulting temperature values.

The table shows that for bodies in the asteroid albedo range, the typical difference between Bond and geometric albedo is 20% or less, with either quantity capable of being larger.  Since the calculated temperature varies as , the dependence is fairly weak for typical asteroid  values of 0.05−0.3.

The typical inaccuracy in calculated temperature from this source alone is found to be about 2%. This translates to an uncertainty of about ±5 K for maximum temperatures.

Data and derived parameters
Data from the IRAS minor planet survey or the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) minor planet survey is the usual source of the diameter.

Rotation period is usually taken from lightcurve parameters at the PDS. Spectral class is usually taken from the Tholen classification at the PDS. Absolute magnitude is usually given by the IRAS minor planet survey or the MSX minor planet survey. Astronomical albedos are usually given by either the IRAS or MSX minor planet surveys. These are geometric albedos. Often, if there is no survey data, a rough average of 0.1 may be used.

For surface gravity  and radius  of a spherically symmetric body, the escape velocity is:

Some other information for large numbers of asteroids can be found at the Planetary Data System Small Bodies Node. Up-to-date information on pole orientation of several dozen asteroids is provided by Doc. Mikko Kaasalainen, and can be used to determine axial tilt.

References

External links
 The Planetary Data System (PDS) Small Bodies Node
NASA orbit calculator

Asteroids

Standard asteroid physical characteristics


Cape Grim, officially Kennaook / Cape Grim, is the northwestern point of Tasmania, Australia. The Peerapper name for the cape is recorded as Kennaook.

It is the location of the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station and of the Cape Grim Air Archive which is operated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in a joint programme with the CSIRO. The station was established in 1976 and has been operating ever since. The data from Cape Grim have been used extensively in assessments of climate change and ozone depletion.

Geography
Cape Grim's isolated geographic location makes it unique. The next land mass directly west of Cape Grim is not Africa, but the southern tip of Argentina. Winds that make their way to Cape Grim from Antarctica and the Indian Ocean hit no significant land mass. Air pollution values collected at Cape Grim are the closest attainable representation of a global average.

History

The headland was first charted and named Cape Grim by Matthew Flinders on 7 December 1798, as he sailed from the east in the Norfolk and found a long swell coming from the south-west, confirming for the first time that Van Diemen's Land was separated from the Australian mainland by a strait, which he named Bass Strait.

In 1828, Victory Hill at Cape Grim was the site of the Cape Grim massacre of thirty Peerapper people by four shepherds.

Cape Grim received dual naming in March 2021.

See also
Woolnorth Wind Farm

References

North West Coast of Tasmania

Cape Grim


Lady Pamela Carmen Louise Hicks (née Mountbatten; born 19 April 1929) is a British aristocrat and relative of the British royal family. She is the younger daughter of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (formerly Prince Louis of Battenberg) and Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma. Through her father, Lady Pamela is a first cousin of the late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and a grandniece of the last Empress of Russia, Alexandra Feodorovna. She served as a bridesmaid and later as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II. She is also a great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria through her father.

Early life and family
Lady Pamela was born on 19 April 1929 in Barcelona, Spain to Edwina Ashley and Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. She is the second of two children, as a younger sister of Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma. A member of the Mountbatten family by birth, she descended from the Battenberg family, a morganatic cadet branch of the House of Hesse-Darmstadt. At the request of George V, her grandparents Prince Louis of Battenberg and Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine relinquished their German princely titles in 1917 in exchange for titles in the British peerage due to anti-German sentiment in Britain. Her father, who was also born a prince of Battenberg, was later created Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Through her father, she is a great-great granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and as of 2023, their oldest surviving descendant. Her mother, Edwina, was the daughter of Wilfrid Ashley, 1st Baron Mount Temple. Through her mother, Lady Pamela is also a great-granddaughter of Sir Ernest Cassel and a great-great granddaughter of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. Through her father, she is a first cousin of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

She attended Hewitt School in New York City.

In 1947, Lady Pamela accompanied her parents to India remaining with them throughout her father's term as Viceroy of pre-Independence India and then Governor-General of post-Partition India through 1948, living with them in Government House, New Delhi and the summer Viceregal Lodge in Simla. Following Indian independence she became secretary to her parents' friend and associate V.K. Krishna Menon, then acting as Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

Official duties

In November 1947, Lady Pamela acted as a bridesmaid to then-Princess Elizabeth at her 1947 wedding to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. As lady-in-waiting to Princess Elizabeth she was with her and the Duke of Edinburgh in Kenya when George VI died on 6 February 1952. In late 1953 and early 1954, she accompanied the Queen as lady-in-waiting on the royal tour to Jamaica, Panama, Fiji, Tonga, New Zealand, Australia, Ceylon, Aden, Libya, Malta and Gibraltar.

Lady Pamela Mountbatten was the Corps Commandant of the Girls' Nautical Training Corps from around 1952 to around 1959.

Marriage and children

Lady Pamela is the widow of interior decorator and designer David Nightingale Hicks (25 March 1929 – 29 March 1998), son of stockbroker Herbert Hicks and Iris Elsie Platten. They were married on 13 January 1960 at Romsey Abbey in Hampshire. The bridesmaids were Princess Anne, Princess Clarissa of Hesse (daughter of her cousin Sophie), Victoria Marten (god-daughter of the bride), the Hon. Joanna Knatchbull and the Hon. Amanda Knatchbull (daughters of the bride's sister Patricia). Upon returning from honeymoon in the West Indies and New York, Lady Pamela learnt of the death of her mother in February 1960.

Together, the couple had three children:

Edwina Victoria Louise Hicks (born 24 December 1961), married the actor Jeremy Brudenell.
Ashley Louis David Hicks (born 18 July 1963)
India Amanda Caroline Hicks (born 5 September 1967)

David Nightingale Hicks died on 29 March 1998, aged 69, from lung cancer.

Later life
Lady Pamela Hicks has been a Director of H Securities Unlimited, a fund management and brokerage firm, since 1991. She is a former director of Cottesmore Farms. In 2002, she sold her mother's tiara at Sotheby's.

In 2007, Lady Pamela published her memoirs of her days in New Delhi and Simla, when India was partitioned into India and Pakistan and the Union Jack came down. She wrote in India Remembered: A Personal Account of the Mountbattens During the Transfer of Power that, while her mother, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, and Jawaharlal Nehru, the future Prime Minister of India, were deeply in love, "the relationship remained platonic". In 2012, she published the second volume of her memoirs titled Daughter of Empire: Life as a Mountbatten, chronicling her childhood, her time in India, and her time as lady-in-waiting to the Queen.

After the death of her cousin, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh in 2021, she is the last surviving great-grandchild of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and following the death of Queen Elizabeth II in September 2022, she became the oldest living descendant of Queen Victoria. With her daughter, India Hicks, she attended the Queen's state funeral on 19 September 2022.

In film and television
In 2016, she was portrayed in the first season of The Crown. She is portrayed by Lily Travers in the 2017 film Viceroy's House.

Published and upcoming works

References

1929 births
Living people
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English memoirists
21st-century English women writers
English people of German-Jewish descent
Daughters of British earls
British ladies-in-waiting
Hewitt School alumni
Pamela
People from Barcelona

Lady Pamela Hicks


Nikolaus "Niki" Mondt (born 9 August 1978 in Düsseldorf) is a German former professional ice hockey player. He began and later returned to complete his playing hockey career with Düsseldorfer EG in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).

Playing career
Mondt began his pro career with Düsseldorfer EG during the 1995–96 season, playing 14 games and winning the DEL championship, though he did not dress for a playoff game. In the years following, Mondt was among the top performers on the team until the club was relegated to the 2nd Bundesliga in 1998. He then played two seasons for the Kassel Huskies until he rejoined Düsseldorfer EG when they were promoted back to the top level.

The Ingolstadt Panthers added Mondt during the 2002–03 season, where he would be named a DEL All-Star each of the following two seasons.

After a season with Kölner Haie, Mondt signed with the Hannover Scorpions in 2006. With the Scorpions he again won the DEL championship in 2010, appearing in (an injury-shortened) five post-season games. In 2012 Mondt came back to his hometown Düsseldorf where he plays for Düsseldorfer EG again.

International play
Mondt appeared in the 1999 IIHF World Championship for the German national team, as well as in 1995, representing their junior team.

Career statistics

Awards and achievements
 DEL Champion - 1996, 2010.
 Deutscher Eishockey-Pokal Champion - 2005
 DEL All-Star - 1999–00, 2003–04, 2004–05

References

External links

1978 births
DEG Metro Stars players
Düsseldorfer EG players
ERC Ingolstadt players
Hannover Scorpions players
Kassel Huskies players
Kölner Haie players
Living people
German ice hockey right wingers
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf

Nikolaus Mondt


Kim Choong-soo (; born 6 June 1947) is a South Korean economist and politician who was Governor of the Bank of Korea from April 2010 until March 2014.

Education
After graduating from Kyunggi High School in Seoul in 1966, he entered Seoul National University and graduated with a degree in Economics in 1973. He received a Ph.D degree in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. in 1979.

Career
In 1979, he started his professional career as Senior Research Associate at the Center for Human Resource Research, Ohio State University, U.S.A.  He returned to Korea in 1983 and served at the Korea Development Institute (KDI) as Senior Economist for ten years.  His research areas at KDI included macroeconomic policy management, manpower and social welfare policy. In early 1993, Kim was named Secretary to the President for Economic Affairs at the Office of the President.  In March 1995, as Korea applied for a membership to the OECD, he was appointed as Minister and Head of the OECD Office at the Korean Embassy in Paris, to be in charge of the accession negotiations with the OECD.

Kim returned to Seoul in early 1997 and served as Assistant Minister and Special Advisor to the Deputy Prime Minister at the Ministry of Finance and Economy. In August 1997, he was elected as President of the Korea Institute of Public Finance. He became Dean of the graduate school for international studies at Kyung Hee University in April 1998. From August 2002 to August 2005, he served as President of the Korea Development Institute. During February 2007 and February 2008, he served as President of Hallym University.

From February to June 2008, he was Senior Secretary to the President for Economic Affairs at the Office of the President of the Republic of Korea.

Before becoming the Governor of the Bank of Korea in April 2010, he served as Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Korea to the OECD from September 2008 to March 2010, as well as serving as the head of Korea's state-run think-tank Korea Development Institute. His tenure as Governor ended on 31 March 2014.

Criticism
In March 2010, economist expert, Dr. Kim Sang-jo (김상조) of Hansung University criticized Kim Choong-soo as "the worst candidate for the new governor of Bank of Korea" due to his close affiliation with President Lee Myung-bak that could threaten the neutrality of Bank of Korea.

Awards
 Order of Civil Merit, Mogryeon, 26 December 1992
 Civil Merit Medal, 15 December 1987

References

1947 births
Living people
Governors of the Bank of Korea
South Korean politicians
21st-century South Korean economists
Mogryeon Medals of the Order of Civil Merit (Korea)
Seoul National University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Presidents of universities and colleges in South Korea

Kim Choong-soo


Sonja Härdin, born 1945, is a Swedish illustrator. She illustrated all Bert books in the old series, except for the first Bert book, even if she illustrated the reversion edition, and she gave Bert and the other figures their characteristic looks after Sören Olsson had illustrated the original book. From Berts bekännelser the style was changed, with darker images. She has also illustrated articles in Kamratposten and school coursebooks like Nya Min matematik, which is a series of mathematics books for Swedish elementary schools. She has also illustrated Trafik-Trolle.

References

External links
Illustratörscentrum - Sonja Härdin

1945 births
Living people
Swedish women illustrators
Swedish illustrators
Swedish children's book illustrators

Sonja Härdin


Amber or Amer, is a city near Jaipur in Jaipur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is now a part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation.

The picturesque situation of Amber at the mouth of a rocky mountain gorge, in which nestles a lake, has attracted the admiration of travellers, including Victor Jacquemont and Reginald Heber. It is seen to be a remarkable example for its combined Rajput-Mughal architecture. The Amber Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the top tourist attraction in the Jaipur area.

History

Amber region also known as Amer or Dhundhar and was controlled by Meena chiefs of five different tribes who were under suzerainty of the Bargurjar Rajput Raja of Deoti. Later a Kachhwaha prince Dulha Rai destroyed the sovereignty of Meenas and also defeated Bargurjars of Deoli and took Dhundhar fully under  Kachwaha rule.

It replaced Khoh as the capital of Dhundhar after Kakil Deo, the son of Dulha Rai, defeated the Meenas here.  Kachhwaha capital was later shifted to Jaipur, a new city built by Sawai Jai Singh

Much of the present structure known as Amber Fort is actually the palace built by Mughal Emperor Akbar's Navaratnas Raja Man Singh I who ruled from 1590 to 1614 AD. The palace includes several spectacular buildings, such as the Diwan-i-Khas, and the elaborately painted Ganesh Pole built by the renowned warlord Mirza Raja Jai Singh I (Man Singh I's grandson).  The old and original fort of Amber, dating from earlier Rajas or the Mair or Maidh period, is what is known in the present day as Jaigarh Fort, which was actually the main defensive structure rather than the palace itself. The two structures are interconnected by a series of encompassing fortifications.

Amber was capital of the Kachwaha until 1727 when the ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II founded a capital Jainagara (Jaipur), named after him, about nine kilometers south of Amber. After the founding of this new town, the royal palace and houses of prominent persons were shifted to Jaipur. The priests of Shila Devi temple, who were Bengali Brahmins, continued to live in the fort (to this date), while the Jaigarh fort above the palace also remained heavily garrisoned. The capital of Kachwaha was supplanted by the modern city of Jaipur, which is the capital of the Rajasthan state in India.

Controversy over renovation practices
Poor site management and development pressures have dramatically altered the historical integrity of Amber.  The building that rings around the Jaleb Chwok courtyard "has been converted to a market place with shops selling showpieces and dresses. They have cafeterias, cyber cafés, etc.", according to the Times of India. In the summer of 2009, the Rajasthan High Court launched a three-member panel charged with investigating the controversial renovations and determining to what extent the cultural heritage of the site was compromised.

Visitor attractions
Amber Fort
Maota Lake
Jagat shiromani Temple
Jaigarh Fort
Nahargarh Biological Park
Panna Meena ka Kund stepwell
Water Gateways

Nahargarh Biological Park
This park is home to species whose numbers have declined over the years, such as the Indian leopard. The flora is representative of the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.

In media
Various scenes were produced for the 2011 British film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel in and around Amber.

Gallery

See also
Nahargarh Fort
Rajasthani people
Rajasthan
Ramgarh Dam

References

Further reading

External links

Cities and towns in Jaipur district
Former capital cities in India
History of Jaipur
Jaipur
Tourist attractions in Jaipur

Amber, India


Siaosi U. Tukuʻaho would have been installed with the high chiefly title of Tungī, if he had not died before his father. He fell from his horse in Tofoa, a village close to town, on a place marked nowadays by a little monument. The area is still known nowadays as broken gold because of this.

He is the one who reintroduced traditional dancing in Tonga, and is the father of the lakalaka.

Puha TUPUʻANGA, tangata, fefine : genealogy box, man, woman
mātuʻa, ʻeiki/tamai & fehuhu/faʻē : parents, father & mother
tokoua : brothers and sisters (usually including half brothers/sister and adopted, but not those born out of wedlock)
ʻohoana, ʻaho mali, fānau : spouse, wedding date, children

When Shirley Waldemar Baker was deported, king Tupou I asked the nobles to select a new prime minister, and they took Tukuʻaho. An intelligent guy, had been educated from Moulton's Kolisi Tupou, was the son of Viliami Tungī Halatuituia, who had become the noble Tungī in 1875, despite having been one of the most implacable opponents of king Siaosi. Nevertheless after the death of all his sons, Tupou I had nominated in 1885 the Tungī line as an alternative royal succession line. As Tukuʻaho had been against Baker, he was automatically favoured by the chiefs and foreign traders alike. (Interestingly his monumuent later would be erected by the Europeans in Tonga, not the Tongan population).

Nevertheless Tukuʻaho made a mess of the administration, and it was only the help of Basil Thomson, the British consul which kept some order in the chaos. But the latter left already in August 1891. And then it was the incomptence and laziness of Tukuʻaho again. Admittedly, his staff was even more untrained and inexperienced, and of no help.

When Siaosi Tupou II became king in begin 1893, he saw Tukuʻaho as a potential contender to the throne. He did not have long to wait for an excuse, and towards the end of 1893 he could discredit him and nomiate Siosāteki Tonga Veikune in his place, who had been a friend of Tupou I and Baker.

I.C. Campbell; Island kingdom; Canterbury press, 2001

Siaosi U. Tukuʻaho/en


Ernst Friedrich Karl Rudorff (January 18, 1840 – December 31, 1916) was a German composer and music teacher, also a founder of nature protection movement.

Biography
Born in Berlin, Rudorff studied piano under Woldemar Bargiel from 1852 to 1857 before enrolling at the Leipzig Conservatory in 1859, where he studied under Ignaz Moscheles, Louis Plaidy, and Julius Rietz. He was also a private pupil of Moritz Hauptmann and Carl Reinecke.

In 1865 he became a piano teacher at the Cologne Conservatory, and he founded the Bach-Verein Köln in 1867. He moved to Berlin in 1869, and for four decades, to his retirement in 1910, was the head piano teacher at the Berlin Hochschule. He also conducted the Stern Gesangverein from 1880 to 1890, succeeding Max Bruch.

His collection of music manuscripts, scores, and correspondence is one of the largest and most important such collections still held in private hands. It includes autographs by Bach, Beethoven, Bruch, Clementi, Dussek, Gluck, Handel, Mendelssohn, Mozart, and Salieri. The collection materials date not just from his lifetime but from those of his father and grandfather. The collection started when his grandfather Carl Pistor outbid Carl Zelter for a group of Johann Sebastian Bach manuscripts that had been owned by Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. Mendelssohn learned of Pistor's acquisition and catalogued the manuscripts which included 13 complete cantata manuscripts; in return Pistor gifted him the autograph of newly acquired Bach's cantata Ich freue mich in Dir.

His students included Fridtjof Backer-Grøndahl, Wilhelm Berger, Leo Blech, Gerard von Brucken Fock, Leopold Godowsky, Siegfried Ochs, Alexandre Rey Colaço, Clemens Schmalstich, Carl Schuricht and Alfred Sormann.

Works
Among his works are: Symphony No. 1 in B flat, Op. 31; No. 2 in G minor, Op. 40; No. 3 in B minor, Op. 50; serenades for orchestra (Op. 20 in A; Op. 21 in G); three overtures, to Ludwig Tieck's Märchen vom blonden Ekbert (Op. 8); to Otto der Schütz (Op. 12); Romantische Ouverture (Op. 45); Ballade in 3 movements for orchestra (Op. 15); Variationen for orchestra (Op. 24); Romanze for violin and orchestra (Op. 41); Der Aufzug der Romanze (libretto by Ludwig Tieck) for solo, choir, and orchestra (Op. 18); Gesang an die Sterne (libretto by Friedrich Rückert) for six voices with orchestra; Herbstlied (Op. 43); String sextet in A (Op. 5); and many songs.

Rudorff also orchestrated Schubert's Fantasia in F minor; edited the full score of Weber's Euryanthe and the piano concertos and piano sonatas of Mozart; and published Weber's letters to Heinrich Lichtenstein (1900). His correspondence with Brahms and Joachim has also been published in collections of the latter two's letters.

References

This article or an earlier version incorporates text from the 3rd edition (1919) of Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

1840 births
1916 deaths
German Romantic composers
German music educators
Piano pedagogues
German male classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century classical composers
Composers from Berlin
20th-century German male musicians
19th-century German male musicians

Ernst Rudorff


Griffin and Phoenix (sometimes subtitled "A Love Story") is a 1976 American made-for-television romantic drama film produced by ABC Circle Films starring Peter Falk and Jill Clayburgh as title characters Geoffrey Griffin and Sarah Phoenix. Written by John Hill and directed by Daryl Duke, it first premiered on the ABC television network on February 27, 1976, and was also released to theaters in select countries under the title Today Is Forever from 1977 through 1980. It was nominated in the category of Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography at the 28th Primetime Emmy Awards.

It tells the story of two ill-fated middle-aged characters who both face a terminal cancer diagnosis and have months left to live. A chance meeting brings them together and they fall in love, both unaware of the other's shared fate. Notably, Jill Clayburgh developed the same type of cancer her character had in this film, succumbing to it in 2010. Peter Falk died just over six months later in 2011 from complications relating to Alzheimer's disease. Griffin and Phoenix was first distributed on VHS by 20th Century Fox in 1982, but has never been formally released on DVD or Blu-ray.

The film was remade in 2006 under the title Griffin & Phoenix, starring Dermot Mulroney and Amanda Peet.

Plot
Geoffrey Griffin is in the midst of a camping trip with his estranged wife Jean Griffin, and their children Randy and Bob, at Yosemite National Park. His children and especially his wife are bored with the trip and uninterested in any family togetherness, despite his insistence. As the family is traveling back home, Griffin is driving the car while his wife and kids are being hauled in the camper behind him. He has a flashback to a doctor's visit where he is told that he has an inoperable form of terminal melanoma and will soon die, which is assumed to have been the motivating factor behind his initiative to take the trip, which his family had talked about doing before he and his wife separated. After becoming increasingly frustrated at his family's apathy about the trip, their reviling attitude toward him, and their trivial demands such as that he stop to walk the dog, he detaches his car from the camper and drives away, deserting them.

Sarah Phoenix is receiving news from her doctor that she has a terminal disease, leukemia. She is in denial regarding the diagnosis, and following an angry outburst she consults another doctor who delivers the same information. Geoffrey drives to Los Angeles, where he meets with his brother, George, who updates him on his ex-wife and children and gives him $1,500 to spend at his leisure. Faced with his grim diagnosis, Geoffrey expresses his interest in a course entitled "Psychological Processes of Death and Dying", which he attends. Sarah also attends the class, and it is where the two characters first meet. After class, Geoffrey asks Sarah to meet him the following Wednesday night for dinner if she were interested. She is guarded and shows a lack of interest in developing a close relationship with Griffin due to her terminal illness, and instead of showing up for the date she spies on Griffin from the neighboring restaurant, where he spots her and invites her over.

Griffin and Phoenix spend the next several weeks together falling in love and living their lives to the fullest, engaging in fun but outrageous and childish public behavior and constantly switching between an on-again and off-again relationship. Among their activities include sneaking into a movie theater, freighthopping, riding amusement park roller coasters and evading police after being caught painting messages on a water tower, where Phoenix writes "Class of '59" and Griffin secretly writes "Griffin Loves Phoenix" encased in a heart and arrow design. Neither knows that the other is also terminally ill until Sarah discovers books related to cancer, death and dying in Geoffrey's apartment, and bursts out at him in rage under the mistaken assumption that he had been stalking her and knew she was terminally ill. She tries to run away, and when Geoffrey catches her and questions her they both learn of each other's shared impending deaths. Sarah tells Geoffrey that when she becomes too ill to continue living a normal life, she will resign herself to a hospital and she does not want him to come and find her.

That day finally comes; Geoffrey finds a note from Sarah telling him that her pain was too unbearable, and that he should go spend time with his family and remember his promise not to try to find her. Distraught, Geoffrey seeks her out and finally finds her after searching at over a dozen hospitals, where he sits by her bedside and they comfort each other. Unable to handle the emotional distress of Geoffrey presence, Sarah asks him to leave, which he does, presumably never to return before her death. We then see Geoffrey browsing a cemetery, where he finds Sarah's gravestone that under her name and dates of birth and death reads: "P.S. – Hi Griffin Thought you'd probably drop by". He then proceeds to leave the cemetery and smash his own and several other cars in anger over her death. The film ends as we see a maintenance man painting over Sarah's and then Geoffrey's water tower messages.

Cast
Peter Falk as Geoffrey Griffin – An upbeat middle-aged man who faces a terminal illness and whose estranged wife and children, unaware of his diagnosis, seem uninterested in his company.
Jill Clayburgh as Sarah Phoenix – An eccentric woman who faces similar dire circumstances and whose family is also distant.
John Lehne as George Griffin – Geoffrey's older brother, the family member with whom he seemingly has the closest relationship.
Dorothy Tristan as Jean Griffin – Geoffrey's unsympathetic wife from whom he is separated and has two children.
Ben Hammer as Dr. Feinberg – Geoffrey's physician who delivers to him the news of his diagnosis.
George Chandler as Old Man – A friend and neighbor of Geoffrey and Sarah's.
Milton Parsons as Professor – A college professor who is teaching the course on death and dying at which Geoffrey and Sarah first meet.
John Harkins as Dr. Glenn – Sarah's first doctor, with whom she becomes frustrated at her diagnosis.
Ken Sansom as Dr. Harding – Sarah's second doctor.
Randy Faustino as Randy Griffin – Geoffrey's first son.
Steven Rogers as Bob Griffin – Geoffrey's second son.
Sally Kirkland as Jody – Sarah's high school friend.
Rod Haase as Usher

Novelization
The screenplay was novelized and published by Warner Books in 1976 under the title: Griffin Loves Phoenix, a novel by John Hill.

References

External links

1976 films
ABC network original films
American romantic drama films
American drama television films
1976 television films
1976 romantic drama films
Films directed by Daryl Duke
Films shot in California
Films about cancer
1970s American films

Griffin and Phoenix (1976 film)


The John Tucker Daland House (1851–1852) is an imposing, Italianate house designed by architect Gridley James Fox Bryant and is located at 132 Essex Street, Salem, Massachusetts, United States in the Essex Institute Historic District and now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum as home for the Essex Institute.

The three-story brick house was originally built for John Tucker Daland, a prosperous merchant. The Dalands lived in the house until 1885, when it was acquired by the Essex Institute. It was then remodeled as offices by architect William Devereux Dennis (1847–1913) and in 1907 connected to the adjacent Plummer Hall (former home to the Salem Athenaeum).

The house was among the last detached brick houses to be built in Salem. Features of interest include rusticated corner quoins and foundation, fine cornices, both arched and flat-entablatured windows, and an imposing front porch supported by Corinthian columns and topped with a Palladian window. At one time the house also featured roof and porch balustrades, as well as panelled brick chimneys.

See also
List of historic houses in Massachusetts

External links
Peabody Essex Museum: Phillips Library Neighborhood, includes John Tucker Daland House
Buildings in Salem - scroll down for photos

References
 Bryant F. Tolles, Jr., Architecture in Salem: An Illustrated Guide, University Press of New England, Hanover and London, reissued 2004.

Houses completed in 1852
Houses in Salem, Massachusetts
Peabody Essex Museum
1852 establishments in Massachusetts

John Tucker Daland House


Monzon may refer to:

People
 Bernardo Alvarado Monzón (fl. 1972), Guatemalan communist leader
 Carlos Monzón (1942–1995), Argentine middleweight boxer
 Christian Monzon (born 1977), American actor and model
 Dan Monzon (1946–1996), American baseball player, manager, and scout
 Erick Monzón (born 1981), Puerto Rican baseball player
 Fabián Monzón (born 1987), Argentine football player
 Gastón Monzón (born 1987), Argentine football player
 Monzon Diarra (fl. 1795–1808), ruler of the Bambara Empire in Mali
 Pedro Monzón (born 1962), Argentine football player and coach
 Roberto Monzón (born 1978), Cuban Olympic wrestler
 Telesforo Monzón (1904–1981), Basque writer and politician
 Tina Monzon-Palma (born 1951), Filipina anchorwoman
 Víctor Hugo Monzón (born 1957), Guatemalan football player and coach

Places
 County of Monzón, a marcher county of the Kingdom of León in the tenth and eleventh centuries
 Monzón, a town in Huesca Province, Spain
 Monzón Castle
 Monzón de Campos, a municipality in Palencia Province, Spain
 Monzón District, Huamalíes Province, Peru

Other uses
 Monzonite, an intermediate igneous rock

Monzon


Audrey Mary Totter (December 20, 1917 – December 12, 2013) was an American radio, film, and television actress and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player in the 1940s.

Early life
Audrey – some sources indicate "Audra" – Totter was born in 1917 and grew up in Joliet in Will County in northeastern Illinois. Her parents were John Totter, who was born in Slovenia with birth name Janez, and Ida Mae Totter. Her father was of Austro-Slovenian descent and her mother was Swedish American. She had two brothers, Folger and George, and a sister, Collette.

Totter graduated from Joliet High School, where she acted in school plays. She was a Methodist who began her career performing in several productions for her local church, as well as being involved with the YWCA players.

Career

Radio
Totter began her acting career in radio in the late 1930s in Chicago, only 40 miles northeast of Joliet. She played in soap operas, including Painted Dreams, Ma Perkins, and Bright Horizon.

Film
Following success in Chicago and New York City, Totter was signed to a seven-year film contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). She made her film debut in Main Street After Dark (1945) and established herself as a popular female lead in the 1940s. Due to Totter's limited skill as a singer, MGM used Harriet Lee as her voice double in the 1945 film, Dangerous Partners. Although she performed in various film genres, she became most widely known to movie audiences for her work in film noir. Looking back, Totter stated in August 1999, "The bad girls were so much fun to play. I wouldn't have wanted to play the Coleen Gray good-girl parts."

Among her successes were:

 The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946) with John Garfield and Lana Turner
 Lady in the Lake (1947) with Robert Montgomery and Jayne Meadows
 The Unsuspected (1947 for Warner Bros.) with Claude Rains
 High Wall (1947) with Robert Taylor
 The Saxon Charm (1948) with Robert Montgomery, Susan Hayward, and John Payne
 Alias Nick Beal (1949) with Ray Milland
 The Set-Up (1949) with Robert Ryan
 Any Number Can Play (1949) with Clark Gable and Alexis Smith
 Tension (1950) with Richard Basehart
 The Blue Veil (1951) with Jane Wyman
 FBI Girl (1951) with Cesar Romero and George Brent
 The Sellout (1952) with Walter Pidgeon, John Hodiak, and Paula Raymond

By the early 1950s, the tough-talking "dames" she was best known for portraying were no longer fashionable, and as MGM began streamlining its roster of contract players and  worked towards creating more family-themed films, Totter was released from her contract. She reportedly was dissatisfied with her MGM career and agreed to appear in Any Number Can Play only after Clark Gable intervened. After leaving MGM, she worked for Columbia Pictures and 20th Century Fox, but the quality of her films dropped, and by the late 1950s, her film career was in decline, though she continued to work steadily for television.

Television
In 1954, Totter appeared in the pilot episode of the later 1957–58 detective series, Meet McGraw (with Frank Lovejoy), and in 1955, she appeared in an episode of Science Fiction Theatre entitled "Spider, Inc." She appeared with Joseph Cotten and William Hopper in the 1957 episode "The Case of the Jealous Bomber" of NBC's anthology series, The Joseph Cotten Show. In 1957, she was cast as Dr. Louise Kendall, in the episode "Strange Quarantine" of the NBC Western  series, The Californians.

Later in 1958, Totter played boarding house owner Beth Purcell in another NBC Western series, Cimarron City. The episodes were supposed to have rotated among star George Montgomery as the mayor, John Smith as blacksmith/deputy sheriff Lane Temple, and Totter, but when the writers failed to feature her character, she left the series.

In 1960, she was in an episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents: " Madame Mystery". From 1962 to 1963, she starred as homemaker Alice MacRoberts in the ABC situation comedy Our Man Higgins, with Stanley Holloway, Frank Maxwell, and Ricky Kelman. In 1964, she made a guest appearance on CBS's Perry Mason as defendant Reba Burgess in the title role of "The Case of the Reckless Rockhound".

Totter played a continuing role from 1972 to 1976, that of Nurse Wilcox, the efficient head nurse, in the CBS television series Medical Center, with James Daly and Chad Everett. Her last acting role was as a nun, Sister Paul, in a 1987 episode ("Old Habits Die Hard") of CBS's Murder, She Wrote, with Angela Lansbury.

Personal life and death
Totter was married to Dr. Leo Fred, assistant dean of the UCLA School of Medicine, from 1953 until his death in 1995.  The couple had one child, a daughter. Totter died on December 12, 2013, of a stroke, aged 95. After a memorial service, her body was cremated and her ashes scattered in the Pacific.

In November 1952, Totter said she was a Republican and had supported Dwight Eisenhower's successful campaign during that year's presidential election.

Filmography

See also
 Pin-ups of Yank, the Army Weekly

References

External links

1917 births
2013 deaths
American film actresses
American television actresses
American radio actresses
Actresses from Illinois
Actors from Joliet, Illinois
Joliet Central High School alumni
American people of Swedish descent
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
20th-century American actresses
American people of Slovenian descent
Western (genre) television actors
Methodists from Illinois
Illinois Republicans
California Republicans

Audrey Totter


Kuakhai River is a distributary of Mahanadi River which flows by Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Mahanadi River branches off at  Naraj, Cuttack as Kathajodi River, then immediately it is bifurcated, with its southern branch flowing as Kuakhai River. The Kushabhadra River branches off from the Kuakhai River Gandarpur ,  Balianta and flows in a south-western direction towards Nimapara and Gop into Bay of Bengal.  The Daya River starts as a branch of the Kuakhai River at Saradeipur (near Badahati) and is then joined by the Malaguni River below Golabai and flows through Khordha and Puri districts before emptying into the north-eastern corner of Chilika Lake. Most of the water supply of Bhubaneswar is met by the Kuakhai river, along with Daya River.

References

Rivers of Odisha
Tributaries of the Mahanadi River
Geography of Bhubaneswar

Kuakhai River


Half-Life: Opposing Force is an expansion pack for the game Half-Life. The game was developed by Gearbox Software and Valve and published by Sierra Entertainment for Windows in 1999. Opposing Force was the first expansion for Half-Life and was announced in April 1999. Lead designer Randy Pitchford believed Gearbox was selected to develop Opposing Force because Valve, the creators of Half-Life, wanted to focus on their future games.

Opposing Force returns to the same setting as Half-Life, but instead portrays the events from the perspective of a U.S. Marine, one of the enemy characters in the original game. The player character, Adrian Shephard, is sent in to neutralize the Black Mesa Research Facility when a incident causes it to be invaded by aliens, but quickly finds that the Marines are outnumbered by enemies.

Video games

Half-Life: Opposing Force