Karl Williams (born April 10, 1971) is an American former professional football wide receiver and return specialist who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Texas A&M–Kingsville and was signed by the Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent after the 1996 NFL Draft. Williams retired as the all-time Buccaneers leader in punt return yardage (2,565) and punt return touchdowns (5) across 8 seasons with the club; records that still stand today.

Despite Williams' success in the NFL, he said, "From the first time I stepped on a football field, everybody told me I couldn't do it.  It seems like every year I found a way to prove everybody wrong. If you say I can't do it I'm going to prove you wrong."

Professional career
Buccaneers head coach Tony Dungy brought him on as an undrafted free agent in 1996. Williams said about these early years in the NFL, "I remember those last phone calls when they were making the final cuts my rookie year.  It was me and Jeff Gooch, and we were sitting around waiting for that phone call. We called it the Grim Reaper. Everyone was packing up and getting ready to go home and we were still waiting. Then they came around and said 'Did you get the call? No? Then you're good.'  I remember Jeff and I just falling back and saying, 'Yeah!' "

As a rookie he established himself as Tampa Bay's primary return specialist by the end of the season. He earned the NFC's Special Teams Player of the Month award for December that first year in 1996.

Williams parlayed his success as a returner into more reps as a wide receiver. His 1997 campaign was his best ever at wideout; he achieved 486 receiving yards and 4 touchdowns in that role. Williams also continued to be a successful punt returner, and was picked as a candidate to end the Bucs' kickoff-return drought. The team had never returned a kick for a touchdown in its 30-year history. However, the majority of Williams' success concerned return punts and not on kickoffs; and the team would not return a kick until Micheal Spurlock did so in 2007.

Although he was not successful at kickoffs, Williams scored with some regularity as a punt returner, recording one touchdown each in the 1996 and 1997 seasons as well as one each year from 2000 to 2002.

At the end of the 2002 season he achieved the game's highest honor by becoming a Super Bowl champion. A member of the first championship Tampa Bay squad; Williams' Bucs were led by Hall of Famers linebacker Derrick Brooks and defensive tackle Warren Sapp on defense, and game-manager quarterback Brad Johnson on offense.  Behind head coach Jon Gruden, the Buccaneers went 12–4 during the regular season, defeated their chief rivals the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Championship game, and dominated the Super Bowl against the Oakland Raiders, winning 48–21 to bring the Lombardi Trophy to the Tampa Bay area.

Williams left Tampa Bay after the following season and signed with the Arizona Cardinals, playing one year in the desert before leaving the NFL for good at the end of the 2004 season.

After football
Williams also remains a fan favorite in the Tampa Bay area. Part of the source of his popularity can be found in his nickname, "The Truth". He got his nickname largely because it was the nickname of journeyman boxer of the 1980s and 1990s Carl Williams. He was most famous for going toe-to-toe with some of boxing's best, including Larry Holmes (who Williams lost a controversial decision to) and to Mike Tyson.

Like the boxer, he achieved despite his humble beginnings, his modest college, and his undrafted status to achieve greatness at football's highest level. Williams has earned a Super Bowl ring on his career as a punt returner. He has said "That's being a ballplayer. Everyone talks about me as a punt returner, and they made me a punt returner in my rookie year because that was the only way I could get on the field."

Personal life
His rags to riches story has led to Williams' ownership of a small gym in Texas, where he encourages the youth of his alma mater that everyone can be successful. He is now teaching the determination and willingness to do whatever it takes that he embraced so well as a player. When asked the truth about him, old coach Jon Gruden said about Williams, "He's a humble guy, a guy who's worked for everything he has and that's one of the winning edges he brings to our football team and something I really appreciate about him."

References

1971 births
Living people
Garland High School alumni
Players of American football from Garland, Texas
Sportspeople from Battle Creek, Michigan
People from Albion, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
American football wide receivers
American football return specialists
Tyler Apaches football players
Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas football players
Arizona Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players

Karl Williams


Jean Philippe Arthur Dubuffet (31 July 1901 – 12 May 1985) was a French painter and sculptor. His idealistic approach to aesthetics embraced so-called "low art" and eschewed traditional standards of beauty in favor of what he believed to be a more authentic and humanistic approach to image-making. He is perhaps best known for founding the art movement art brut, and for the collection of works—Collection de l'art brut—that this movement spawned. Dubuffet enjoyed a prolific art career, both in France and in America, and was featured in many exhibitions throughout his lifetime.

Early life
Dubuffet was born in Le Havre to a family of wholesale wine merchants who were part of the wealthy bourgeoisie. His childhood friends included the writers Raymond Queneau and Georges Limbour. He moved to Paris in 1918 to study painting at the Académie Julian, becoming close friends with the artists Juan Gris, André Masson, and Fernand Léger. Six months later, upon finding academic training to be distasteful, he left the Académie to study independently. During this time, Dubuffet developed many other interests, including free noise music, poetry, and the study of ancient and modern languages. Dubuffet also traveled to Italy and Brazil, and upon returning to Le Havre in 1925, he married for the first time and went on to start a small wine business in Paris. He took up painting again in 1934 when he made a large series of portraits in which he emphasized the vogues in art history. But again he stopped, developing his wine business at Bercy during the German Occupation of France. Years later, in an autobiographical text, he boasted about having made substantial profits by supplying wine to the Wehrmacht.

Early work

In 1942, Dubuffet decided to devote himself again to art. He often chose subjects for his works from everyday life, such as people sitting in the Paris Métro or walking in the country. Dubuffet painted with strong, unbroken colors, recalling the palette of Fauvism, as well as the Brucke painters, with their juxtaposing and discordant patches of color. Many of his works featured an individual or individuals placed in a very cramped space, which had a distinct psychological impact on viewers. In 1943, the writer George Limbour, a friend of Dubuffet from childhood, took  Jean Paulhan to the artist's studio. Dubuffet's work at that time was unknown. Paulhan was impressed and the meeting proved to be a turning point for Dubuffet. His first solo show came in October 1944, at the Galerie Rene Drouin in Paris. This marked Dubuffet's third attempt to become an established artist.

In 1945, Dubuffet attended and was strongly impressed by a show in Paris of Jean Fautrier's paintings in which he recognized meaningful art which expressed directly and purely the depth of a person. Emulating Fautrier, Dubuffet started to use thick oil paint mixed with materials such as mud, sand, coal dust, pebbles, pieces of glass, string, straw, plaster, gravel, cement, and tar. This allowed him to abandon the traditional method of applying oil paint to canvas with a brush; instead, Dubuffet created a paste into which he could create physical marks, such as scratches and slash marks. The impasto technique of mixing and applying paint was best manifested in Dubuffet's series 'Hautes Pâtes' or Thick Impastoes, which he exhibited at his second major exhibition, entitled Microbolus Macadam & Cie/Hautes Pates in 1946 at the Galérie René Drouin. His use of crude materials and the irony that he infused into many of his works incited a significant amount of backlash from critics, who accused Dubuffet of 'anarchy' and 'scraping the dustbin'. He did receive some positive feedback as well—Clement Greenberg took notice of Dubuffet's work and wrote that '[f]rom a distance, Dubuffet seems the most original painter to have come out of the School of Paris since Miro...' Greenberg went on to say that 'Dubuffet is perhaps the one new painter of real importance to have appeared on the scene in Paris in the last decade.' Indeed, Dubuffet was very prolific in the United States in the year following his first exhibition in New York (1951).

After 1946, Dubuffet started a series of portraits, with his own friends Henri Michaux, Francis Ponge, George Limbour, Jean Paulhan and Pierre Matisse serving as 'models'. He painted these portraits in the same thick materials, and in a manner deliberately anti-psychological and anti-personal, as Dubuffet expressed himself. A few years later he approached the surrealist group in 1948, then the College of Pataphysique in 1954. He was friendly with the French playwright, actor and theater director Antonin Artaud, he admired and supported the writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline and was strongly connected with the artistic circle around the surrealist André Masson. In 1944 he started an important relationship with the resistance-fighter and French writer and publisher Jean Paulhan who was also strongly fighting against "intellectual terrorism", as he called it.

Reception in America

Dubuffet achieved very rapid success in the American art market, largely due to his inclusion in the Pierre Matisse exhibition in 1946. His association with Matisse proved to be very beneficial. Matisse was a very influential dealer of contemporary European Art in America, and was known for strongly supporting the School of Paris artists. Dubuffet's work was placed among the likes of Picasso, Braque, and Rouault at the gallery exhibit, and he was one of only two young artists to be honored in this manner. A Newsweek article dubbed Dubuffet the 'darling of Parisian avant-garde circles,' and Greenberg wrote positively about Dubuffet's three canvases in a review of the exhibit. In 1947 Dubuffet had his first solo exhibition in America, in the same gallery as the Matisse exhibition. Reviews were largely favorable, and this resulted in Dubuffet having at least an annual, if not a biannual exhibition at that gallery.

Due to his participation in a steady stream of art exhibitions within his first few years in New York, Dubuffet became a constant presence in the American art world. Dubuffet's association with the School of Paris provided him with a unique vehicle to reach American audiences, even though he dissociated himself from most of the ideals of the school, and reacted very strongly against the 'great traditions of painting.' Americans were intrigued by Dubuffet's simultaneous roots in the established French vanguard and his work, which was such a strong reaction against his background. Many painters of the New York school at this time were also trying to seek status within the avant-garde tradition, and drew influence from Dubuffet's work. His reception in America was very closely linked to and dependent upon the New York art world's desire to create its own avant-garde environment.

Specific examples of American artists interested in Dubuffet's art were Alfonso Ossorio and Joseph Glasco.  At the end of 1949, while Pierre Matisse was preparing Dubuffet's January 1950 show, Alfonso Ossorio had traveled to Paris to meet Dubuffet and buy some of his paintings.  Then in 1950, at Ossorio's urging, his young friend Joseph Glasco left New York for Paris to meet Dubuffet. Glasco credited this encounter as having had an influence on his own art, and Dubuffet frequently asked about "Pollock and Glasco" in his letters to Ossorio.

Transition to art brut

Between 1947 and 1949, Dubuffet took three separate trips to Algeria—a French colony at the time—in order to find further artistic inspiration. In this sense, Dubuffet is very similar to other artists such as Delacroix, Matisse, and Fromentin. However, the art that Dubuffet produced while he was there was very specific insofar as it recalled Post-War French ethnography in light of decolonization. Dubuffet was fascinated by the nomadic nature of the tribes in Algeria—he admired the ephemeral quality of their existence, in that they did not stay in any one particular area for long, and were constantly shifting. The impermanence of this kind of movement attracted Dubuffet and became a facet of art brut. In June 1948, Dubuffet, along with Jean Paulhan, Andre Breton, Charles Ratton, Michel Tapie, and Henri-Pierre Roche, officially established La Compagnie de l'art brut in Paris. This association was dedicated to the discovery, documentation and exhibition of art brut. Dubuffet later amassed his own collection of such art, including artists Aloïse Corbaz and Adolf Wölfli. This collection is now housed at the Collection de l'art brut in Lausanne, Switzerland. His art brut collection is often referred to as a "museum without walls", as it transcended national and ethnic boundaries, and effectively broke down barriers between nationalities and cultures.

Influenced by Hans Prinzhorn's book Artistry of the Mentally Ill, Dubuffet coined the term art brut (meaning "raw art", often referred to as 'outsider art') for art produced by non-professionals working outside aesthetic norms, such as art by psychiatric patients, prisoners, and children. Dubuffet felt that the simple life of the everyday human being contained more art and poetry than did academic art, or great painting. He found the latter to be isolating, mundane, and pretentious, and wrote in his Prospectus aux amateurs de tout genre that his aim was 'not the mere gratification of a handful of specialists, but rather the man in the street when he comes home from work....it is the man in the street whom I feel closest to, with whom I want to make friends and enter into confidence, and he is the one I want to please and enchant by means of my work.' To that end, Dubuffet began to search for an art form in which everyone could participate and by which everyone could be entertained. He sought to create an art as free from intellectual concerns as Art Brut, and as a result, his work often appears primitive and childlike. His form is often compared to wall scratchings and children's art. Nonetheless, Dubuffet appeared to be quite erudite when it came to writing about his own work. According to prominent art critic Hilton Kramer, "There is only one thing wrong with the essays Dubuffet has written on his own work: their dazzling intellectual finesse makes nonsense of his claim to a free and untutored primitivism. They show us a mandarin literary personality, full of chic phrases and up-to-date ideas, that is quite the opposite of the naive visionary."

Artistic style
Dubuffet's art primarily features the resourceful exploitation of unorthodox materials. Many of Dubuffet's works are painted in oil paint using an impasto thickened by materials such as sand, tar and straw, giving the work an unusually textured surface. Dubuffet was the first artist to use this type of thickened paste, called bitumen. Additionally, in his earlier paintings, Dubuffet dismissed the concept of perspective in favor of a more direct, two-dimensional presentation of space. Instead, Dubuffet created the illusion of perspective by crudely overlapping objects within the picture plane. This method most directly contributed to the cramped effect of his works.

From 1962 he produced a series of works in which he limited himself to the colours red, white, black, and blue. Towards the end of the 1960s he turned increasingly to sculpture, producing works in polystyrene which he then painted with vinyl paint.

Dubuffet has influenced Linda Naeff.

Other enterprises
In late 1960–1961, Dubuffet began experimenting with music and sound and made several recordings with the Danish painter Asger Jorn, a founding member of the avant-garde movement COBRA. The same period he started making sculpture, but in a very not-sculptural way. As his medium he preferred to use the ordinary materials as papier-mâché and for all the light medium polystyrene, in which he could model very fast and switch easily from one work to another, as sketches on paper. At the end of the 1960s he started to create his large sculpture-habitations, such as 'Tour aux figures', 'Jardin d'Hiver' and 'Villa Falbala' in which people can wander, stay, and contemplate. In 1969 ensued an acquaintance between him and the French Outsider Art artist Jacques Soisson.

In 1974 Dubuffet created Jardin d'émail: a very large outdoor painted sculpture designed for the Kröller-Müller Museum.

In 1978 Dubuffet collaborated with American composer and musician Jasun Martz to create the record album artwork for Martz's avant-garde symphony entitled The Pillory. The much written about drawing has been reproduced internationally in three different editions on tens-of-thousands of record albums and compact discs. A detail of the drawing is also featured on Martz's second symphony (2005), The Pillory/The Battle, performed by The Intercontinental Philharmonic Orchestra and Royal Choir.

Death
Dubuffet died from emphysema in Paris on 12 May 1985.

Exhibitions
The Fondation Jean Dubuffet currently collects and exhibits his work.

The following is a chronological list of exhibits featuring Dubuffet, along with the number of his works displayed at each exhibit.

1944: Galerie Rene Drouin, Paris
1946: Galerie Rene Drouin, Paris
1951: Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York 29 works
1955: Institute of Contemporary Arts, London 56 works
1957: Stadtisches Museum, Leverkusen 87 works
1958: Arthur Tooth and Sons, London 31 works
1959: Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York 77 works
1960: Arthur Tooth and Sons, London 40 works
1960: Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hanover 88 works
1960: Musee des Arts Decoratifs, Paris 402 works
1960: Hanover Gallery, London 27 works
1962: Museum of Modern Art, New York 85 works
1962: Robert Fraser Gallery, London 60 works
1963: Galleria Marlborough, Rome 68 works
1964: Robert Fraser Gallery, London 18 works
1964: Palazzo Grassi, Venice 107 works
1964-5: Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam 198 works
1964-5: Galerie Jeanne Bucher, Paris 18 works
1964-5: Galerie Claude Bernard, Paris 46 works
1965: Galerie Beyeler, Basel 88 works
1965: Gimpel Hanover Galerie, Zurich 34 works
1966: Institute of Contemporary Arts, London 76 works
1966: Robert Fraser Gallery, London 13 works
2001: Jean Dubuffet: Exposition du centenaire, Centre Pompidou, Paris
2019: Jean Dubuffet: un barbare en Europe MuCEM, Marseille, France
2021: Jean Dubuffet: Brutal Beauty, Barbican Art Gallery, London

Notable works
 La Chiffonnière
 Monument with Standing Beast (1984)
 Monument au Fantôme
 Group of Four Trees (1972)

Auction record
In June 2019, Christie's set an auction record when the artist's work Cérémonie (Ceremony) sold for $11.1 million.

In April 2021, Jean Dubuffet's La féconde journée (1976), was auctioned for  £3.6 million in a contemporary art auction in London.

Selected bibliography

Catalogue Raisonné
Catalogue des travaux de Jean Dubuffet, Fascicule I-XXXVIII, Pauvert: Paris, 1965–1991
Webel, Sophie, L'Œuvre gravé et les livres illustrés par Jean Dubuffet. Catalogue raisonné. Lebon: Paris 1991

Writings
Jean Dubuffet, Prospectus et tous écrits suivants, Tome I, II, Paris 1967; Tome III, IV, Gallimard: Paris 1995
Jean Dubuffet,  Asphyxiating Culture and other Writings. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1986

Principal studies
George Limbour, L'Art brut de Jean Dubuffet (Tableau bon levain à vous de cuire la pâte), Paris, Éditions Galerie René Drouin, 1953.
Michel Ragon, Dubuffet, New York: Grove Press, 1959 (Translated from French by Haakon Chevalier.)
Peter Selz, The Work of Jean Dubuffet, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1962
Max Loreau, Jean Dubuffet, délits déportements lieux de haut jeu, Paris: Weber, 1971
Andreas Franzke, Jean Dubuffet, Basel: Beyeler, 1976 (Translated from German by Joachim Neugröschel.)
Andreas Franzke, Jean Dubuffet, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1981 (Translated from German by Erich Wolf.)
Michel Thévoz, Jean Dubuffet, Geneva: Albert Skira, 1986
Mildred Glimcher, Jean Dubuffet: Towards an Alternative Reality. New York: Pace Gallery 1987
Mechthild Haas, Jean Dubuffet, Berlin: Reimer, 1997 (German)
Jean Dubuffet, Paris: Centre Georges Pompidou, 2001
Laurent Danchin, Jean Dubuffet, New York: Vilo International, 2001
Jean Dubuffet: Trace of an Adventure, ed. by Agnes Husslein-Arco, Munich: Prestel, 2003
Michael Krajewski, Jean Dubuffet. Studien zu seinem Fruehwerk und zur Vorgeschichte des Art brut, Osnabrueck: Der andere Verlag, 2004
 Marianne Jakobi, Julien Dieudonné, Dubuffet, Paris, Perrin, 2007, .

Notes

 Music By Dubuffet
 PAF Jean Dubuffet
 The Collection de l'Art Brut in Lausanne

External links

Fondation Dubuffet

The Modern Art Index Project, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Dubuffet at the Tate Gallery

1901 births
1985 deaths
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
Académie Julian alumni
Art Informel and Tachisme painters
Modern painters
Modern sculptors
Pataphysicians
Artists from Le Havre
School of Paris
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy

Jean Dubuffet


Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart (), is a 12th-century Old French poem by Chrétien de Troyes, although it is believed that Chrétien did not complete the text himself. It is one of the first stories of the Arthurian legend to feature Lancelot as a prominent character. The narrative tells about the abduction of Queen Guinevere, and is the first text to feature the love affair between Lancelot and Guinevere.

Chrétien's writings impacted the Arthurian canon, establishing Lancelot's subsequent prominence in English literature. He was the first writer to deal with the Arthurian themes of the lineage of Lancelot, his relationship to Guinevere, secret love and infidelity, and the idea of courtly love. The text also deals with the Christian theme of sin.

Plot

The story centers on Lancelot's rescue of Guinevere after she has been abducted by Meleagant, the malevolent son of King Bademagu, the righteous ruler of the nearby Kingdom of Gorre. It deals with Lancelot's trials rescuing Guinevere, and his struggle to balance his duties as a warrior and as a lover bound by societal conventions.

The book begins with Guinevere being abducted by Meleagant, who has tricked Arthur into allowing him to do so. After Gawain protests Arthur's decision to let them go, Arthur allows Gawain to pursue them. While Gawain is searching for the pair, he runs into the (then unnamed) Lancelot who, after riding his horse to death, convinces Gawain to lend him a horse in pursuit of the queen. Lancelot then speeds after Guinevere. When Gawain catches up to him, Lancelot has worn out his new horse to death just as he did his previous one. Lancelot encounters a cart-driving dwarf, who says he will tell Lancelot where Guinevere and her captor went if Lancelot agrees to ride in his cart. Lancelot boards the cart reluctantly as this is a dishonorable form of transport for a knight. Gawain, unwilling to demean himself in this manner, chooses to follow on horseback. Along this journey they encounter many obstacles. Lancelot is regularly derided by locals along his journey for having reduced himself to such a lowly stature by riding in the aforementioned cart. His first trial comes when a maiden offers a bed for the knights, but refuses to let Lancelot lie on it. It is then revealed to be a trap to kill the knights, but it does not faze Lancelot, as after escaping the trap, he returns to sleep in the very bed in which the trap was set.

After many more encounters with beautiful women and rude knights, Lancelot and Gawain decide to part ways so that they may cover more ground. Lancelot endures many trials, including battling three axe-bearing men, lifting a heavy slab of stone from a mysterious tomb, battling a foreign army from Logres, settling a dispute among those loyal to him over who may host him for the night, fighting against an overly prideful knight, and crossing an extremely sharp "sword-bridge". Lancelot finds Guinevere in the castle of Gorre, and rescues her from Meleagant. However, he is subsequently driven away by her coldness, which is later revealed to be caused by his initial hesitation to enter the cart. Lancelot leaves to find Gawain but is drawn back through his misadventures, and Guinevere apologizes for turning him away. Lancelot breaks into her tower and they spend a passionate night together. He injures his hand during his break-in, and blood from this injury stains Guinevere's sheets. Lancelot sneaks out of the tower before sunrise, and Meleagant accuses Guinevere of committing adultery with Kay, who is the only wounded knight known of nearby. Lancelot challenges Meleagant to a fight to defend Guinevere's honor. After Meleagant's father interferes, Meleagant and Lancelot agree to fight in a year's time. During this year, Lancelot is tricked by another dwarf and forced into imprisonment while Guinevere is allowed to return home. When it comes time to duel, Lancelot bargains with his captors to let him go and fight, and he promises to return. When Lancelot fights in the tournament, Guinevere asks him to lose in order to prove his love. He obliges, but when he begins to intentionally throw the battle, Guinevere changes her mind, now instructing him to win instead. Lancelot complies and beats the other tournament competitors, returning to his captors following the battle. Meleagant finds out from the captor's husband that the captor's wife was the one who agreed to release Lancelot temporarily (to fight at the tournament). Meleagant orders Lancelot to be locked away in a master craftsman's castle and Lancelot is imprisoned.

In a continuation, we learn that the woman whom Lancelot had much earlier saved from kidnapping (she ordered Lancelot to sever her stalker's head) was actually Meleagant's sister. She searches for Lancelot in order to return his favor. She finds an axe, and the rope used by Lancelot to pull up food, and sends up the axe instead. Lancelot chops his way out and escapes with her to a secluded home that she owns. Meanwhile, Gawain prepares to battle Meleagant, since Lancelot is missing (a one-year rematch after the second duel was established). Lancelot arrives on time and, at last, fights Meleagant, who loses his temper and his arm (to Lancelot's sword), and is subsequently beheaded by Lancelot. Guinevere tepidly embraces Lancelot (they are in public) in the end.

Development
It is unknown exactly when the poem was composed, only that it would have been between 1175 and 1181 (most likely 1177), and before or at the same time as Chrétien de Troyes' own Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, (Le Chevalier au Lion), the two serving as companion pieces with overlapping narratives. While little is known definitively about the life of Chrétien, many speculative theories exist based on his work. He was employed as a writer by aristocrats of Champagne, explaining the champenois dialect detected in his work, and he usually crafted stories based on material that was presented to him.

No recorded mention of an Arthurian knight named Lancelot precedes Chrétien, but he is believed to be derived from a Celtic myth. Chrétien first mentions a character named "Lanceloz del Lac" in Erec and Enide, who he lists third among Arthur's knights after Gawain and Erec. He next mentions him in Cligès where he is defeated by Cligès in a joust. An abduction of the queen is one of the oldest motifs in Arthurian legend, appearing also in Caradoc of Llancarfan's Life of Gildas, and carved on the archivolt in Modena Cathedral.  After Chrétien's version became popular, it was incorporated into the Lancelot-Grail Cycle and eventually into Thomas Malory's influential Le Morte d'Arthur.

Marie de Champagne
The Knight of the Cart contains a preface explaining how the story was assigned to him by Marie de Champagne. Marie de Champagne was well known for her interest in affairs of courtly love and is believed to have suggested the inclusion of this theme into the story.

Chrétien credits Marie with providing the  ( in Modern French).  is a cognate of the English word "matter". It has been translated as meaning the well-known story (in this case, the story of Lancelot).  is harder to translate. It's generally agreed to refer to the twist, the addition, or derivation (in this case, the affair).

Godefroi de Leigni
The Knight of the Cart contains a postface explaining that the story was completed not by Chrétien himself, but by the clerk known as Godefroi de Leigni. A 12th-century French writer usually functioned as a part of a team, or a workshop attached to the court.

It has been suggest that Chrétien did not finish the story himself because he did not support the adulterous themes.

Influence
Courtly love was coined by the medievalist Gaston Paris in 1883 to help understand the relationship between Lancelot and Guinevere in Lancelot, The Knight of the Cart. Alexander J. Denomy describes courtly love as, "… a type of sensual love and what distinguishes it from other forms of sexual love, from mere passion… is its purpose or motive, its formal object, namely, the lover's progress and growth in natural goodness, merit, and worth." In the Knight of the Cart, Lancelot has become entranced by Guinevere and in more ways than one, is ruled by her. As the queen, Guinevere maintains power over the kingdom as well as Lancelot. When Meleagant questions their love and her adultery to the king, Lancelot challenges Meleagant to a battle to protect Guinevere's honor. Lancelot has no shame in showing his affair with the queen: "Lancelot's love explodes into romance without any beginning revealed or end foretold, fully formed and symbolized by the extraordinary fullness of his heart." This introduction of the love affair between Guinevere and Lancelot appears in many other stories after this poem was written.

Notes

References
Chrétien de Troyes; Owen, D. D. R. (translator) (1988). Arthurian Romances. New York: Everyman's Library. .
Colman, Rebecca V. "Reason and Unreason in Early Medieval Law." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4 (Spring, 1974): 571–591.
Grant, Edward. "Reason Asserts Itself: The Challenge to Authority in the Early Middle Ages to 1200." God and Reason in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Chrétien de Troyes". In Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 88–91. New York: Garland. .
Roquebert, Michel. Les cathares et le Graal.
Hopkins, Andrea. The Book of Courtly Love: The Passionate Code of the Troubadours. San Francisco: Harper, 1994. .
Condren, Edward I. "The Paradox of Chrétien's Lancelot." MLN (May, 1970): 434–453
Paris, Gaston. "Lancelot du Lac, II:Conte de la charrette." Romania 12 (1883): 459–534
Burns, E. Jane. "Courtly Love: Who Needs It? Recent Feminist Work in the Medieval French Tradition." Signs 27.1 (2001): 23–57.
Chretien de Troyes. Arthurian Romances. Trans. William W. Kibler and Carleton W. Carroll. New York: Penguin Books, 2004.
Noble, Peter. "The Character of Guinevere in the Arthurian Romances of Chretien de Troyes" The Modern Language Review July 1972: 524–535

External links

{{Gutenberg|no=831|name=Four Arthurian Romances by Chrétien de Troyes'}} (includes Lancelot'')
The Charrette Project 2 at Baylor University
Princeton's Charrette Project
Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart in a freely-distributable PDF document
 JSTOR access to Burns article previously cited

1170s books
Arthurian literature in French
Medieval French romances
Works by Chrétien de Troyes
Courtly love
French novels adapted into films
Love stories
Unfinished literature completed by others

Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart


Sociedad General de Televisión Cuatro, S.A.U. (Sogecuatro) was a Spanish media company that operated the Spanish television channel Cuatro. It operated as a subsidiary of the audiovisual division (Sogecable) of the Spanish media conglomerate PRISA.

On May 28, 2010 the Council of Ministers authorised the transfer of the broadcasting license from Sogecable to their subsidiary.

On December 28, 2010 parent company PRISA TV sold Sogecuatro to Gestevisión Telecinco, now known as Mediaset España Comunicación, for 485 million euros and a 17.3% stake in the buying company.

References

Companies based in the Community of Madrid
Spanish companies established in 2010
Companies disestablished in 2011
Spanish brands

Sogecuatro


Alan Garnett Davenport (September 19, 1932 – July 19, 2009) was a professor at the University of Western Ontario and founder of its Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory.   He analyzed the wind's effect on a significant portion of the world's tallest buildings including the building formerly known as the CN Tower, Sears Tower, Citicorp Center, and the World Trade Center.   He was a Member of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honor.

Early life
Davenport was born in Madras, India and grew up in South Africa, attending Michaelhouse.  He studied at Cambridge University for his B.A. and M.A. in mechanical science.  He went on to receive an M.A.Sc. from the University of Toronto and a Ph.D. from the University of Bristol.  His thesis of "The Treatment of Wind Loads on Tall Towers and Long Span Bridges in the Turbulent Wind" was the focus of his professional career.

He also served as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Navy.

He married Sheila Smith, with whom he had four children.

Research
Davenport and his laboratory contributed to the engineering and design of many tall buildings and bridges, including the Willis Tower, the World Trade Center and the Tsing Ma Bridge.  They analyzed the wind flow and load over the structures using wind tunnels, detecting vulnerabilities which required compensating changes in the design.

He was a founding editor of the Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering and was the founding research director for the Institute of Catastrophic Loss Reduction, a 1999 partnership between the University of Western Ontario and the Insurance board of Canada.  Its goal is to improve construction practices and standards to better withstand extreme weather conditions.

Davenport authored more than 200 scientific papers during his career.

He was presented with the Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering in 1994, and the Albert Caquot Award in 2001.  He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada on May 1, 2002 for a lifetime of achievement.

He was honored with the Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in 2005.

Retirement
He died in London, Ontario due to complications from Parkinson's disease

References

1932 births
2009 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Royal Canadian Navy officers
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario
Members of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Engineering Institute of Canada
20th-century Canadian engineers
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of Michaelhouse

Alan Garnett Davenport


William Green (1760–1823) was an English artist, poet, writer, and landscape painter, who made images mainly of the Lake District, determined to make them "adhere as faithfully as possible to nature." His biographer, Charles Roeder, stated: "his novel method is notable, as the artists have all a conventional and uniform style in regard to the representation of mountains. Those of Mr Green are veritable mountains; he says that he knows their anatomy and he is undoubtedly right."

In 1819, Green completed a major work, The Tourist's New Guide to the Lake District. But he became troubled, and by 1820 his constitution was weakened.

His daughter, Elizabeth, married Walter H Mayson, a famous British violin maker.

References

External links

William Green on the Armitt Website

1760 births
1823 deaths
18th-century British painters
British male painters
19th-century British painters
19th-century British male artists

William Green (painter)


Daryl Denham is a British disc jockey, radio presenter and songwriter.

Early career

Denham's career started at school, where he was active in producing pop music productions in school concerts, organizing pop quizzes and writing and performing parody songs. He worked privately as a DJ in his own time. After leaving school, he began his first live show at the  "Radio Forest" community hospital radio station, based in Epping, Essex. He later became chairman of the organisation and is still a member there today.

His early broadcasting career was at BBC Radio Kent, Invicta FM, (where he once fell asleep during an overnight show), SGR-FM in Essex and Chiltern FM in Dunstable.

In 1992, Denham also began working as a stand-up comedian in London, but gave it up to concentrate on breakfast radio.

Hallam FM

Denham moved to Hallam FM in South Yorkshire in 1996. He presented both the breakfast show and a late night spin-off "Daryl Denham's Unshaven Haven" (aka The X Rated Daryl Denham Show), which was a more risque version of a breakfast show format, featuring parody songs and skits.

100.7 Heart FM

In 2000, Denham moved to 100.7 Heart FM in Birmingham, presenting their Breakfast Show and winning the Sony Radio Academy Awards Breakfast Music Award. He was summed up by the judges as "a welcome blast of fresh air....Daryl is a broadcaster who does not underestimate or patronise his audience and avoids relying on base, easy humour. He also showed a refreshing depth of understanding of the music played. An extremely rich and creative programme very worthy of a Gold Award."

Whilst at Heart FM, he performed several spoof sketches, off-the-cuff jokes and wacky competitions. He remained there until December 2001.

Virgin Radio

On 2 January 2002, Denham broadcast his first national show, as Virgin Radio hired him to present their 5pm7pm Drivetime show from Monday to Thursday and a Saturday Morning show from 10am to 2pm.

From 28 January 2002, Denham presented the 6am10am Breakfast Show, after the sudden departure of Steve Penk, who was expected to take over the Drivetime show. As Denham took over Breakfast, evening show presenters Pete Mitchell & Geoff Lloyd (aka Pete & Geoff) took the Drivetime show. In addition to the Breakfast show, Denham still continued with his Saturday morning show.

On 6 January 2003, Denham took over the weekday drivetime show from 5pm to 8pm, with Pete & Geoff taking over breakfast. In July 2003 his drivetime show went out from 4pm to 7pm.

In January 2004, Denham took over the Weekend Breakfast show for the station from 6am to 10am, where he remained until he left the station in June the same year.

Century 100-102

Denham moved to 100-102 Century FM in the North-East of England in August 2004, presenting the weekday breakfast show from 5:30am to 9am. However, in April 2005 he resigned on-air, stating that he had personal problems and was leaving the station.

Back to Hallam

On Saturday 18 June 2005, Denham returned to Hallam FM in South Yorkshire, taking over a Saturday Morning show from 10am to 2pm. In January 2006, he took over the Weekday Mid-Morning show for the station from 9am to 1pm, where he remained until early 2007.

Real Radio Yorkshire
Denham joined Real Radio Yorkshire on 5 March 2007, taking over the weekday evening show from 7pm to 10pm. He presented their Breakfast show with Gayle Lofthouse before taking over the Real Drive Home from 4pm to 8pm with Dixie replacing him on the Real breakfast show. A further move in the schedules saw Denham move to mid-mornings (9am1pm) in 2011, with Pete Egerton moving to drive.

On 2 November 2012 he presented his final mid-morning show for Real Radio.

Smooth Radio

Daryl was heard on Smooth Radio through the night in December 2012.  He was also the main cover for Simon Bates on the Smooth Radio Breakfast during the Christmas 2012 period. Following a major overhaul of the station's schedule in January 2013 Denham became Smooth's weekend breakfast presenter, succeeding Pat Sharp.

In January 2014, it was announced Denham had left Smooth Radio with immediate effect.

BBC Radio Kent
In 2015 Daryl joined BBC Radio Kent. The station had overhauled its format, with a punchier style and is marketed as "radio you can't help but interact with". Daryl now regularly presents a late-night phone-in and comedy show "Call Daryl", on Friday nights from 10pm to 1am, as well as covering for other presenters.

Daryl also presents Drive Time 3pm till 6pm (gmt) on Ocean Radio in Spain, and the Retro chart show every Sunday 3 till 6pm

Songwriting

Daryl Denham has hit the charts twice. Whilst at Virgin he re-wrote the lyrics of the Jam's 'Going Underground', taking 'Go England' to number 26 as The England Boys.
Then in 2005, he scored a number 11 hit as Pondlife with 'Ring Ding Ding', the original Crazy Frog song.

He has also written songs for Kid Creole and Black Lace.

Stand Up – The Musical

In September 2013 Denham produced a new musical he'd written called 'Stand Up'. It told the stories of three comedians at different stages in their lives and starred Darren Day, Lionel Blair, Billy Pearce and Dean Sullivan. The production ran at the Floral Pavilion in New Brighton to positive reviews and showcased twenty new songs Denham had written with co-producer Maurice Cheetham.

Trivia

 Denham is a co-founder of Podshows.com, a podcasting company.
 Denham appeared on former ITV1 gameshow, Keynotes, lasting 3 days & winning a grand total of £60.
 He made a cameo appearance as the 'brave' truck driver in the 2009 film, 'Freight'.

References

External links
 A biography
 Jingles from S2Blue for the 'X Rated Daryl Denham Show
 Stand-up the Musical Official website

Living people
British radio personalities
British radio DJs
Virgin Radio (UK)
Year of birth missing (living people)

Daryl Denham


Adili Wuxor (; ; born July 1, 1971) is a Chinese tightrope walker who was reported to have set a new world record on July 1, 2010, after he spent 60 days walking on a tightrope in the Bird's Nest Stadium. Wuxor is an ethnic Uighur from Xinjiang Province. He has been dubbed the "Prince of tightrope walking" by national and international media.

Controversy
On July 2, 2010, the Chinese state-run Xinhua news agency reported that Wuxor set a Guinness World Record for tightrope walking. It was later reported by Thomson Reuters, however, that Wuxor's achievement was not recognized by the London-based Guinness World Records. The certificate Wuxor received was from Shanghai Great World, whose Chinese name, "Jinisi", sounds similar to the Mandarin pronunciation of "Guinness". The firm is not connected to Guinness World Records, but is managed by the Shanghai Media Group, run by the Shanghai government. According to Guinness, the world record is held by Jorge Ojeda-Guzman, who spent 205 days on a wire in 1993.

References

Sportspeople from Xinjiang
Tightrope walkers
Uyghur people
1971 births
Living people
People from Kashgar

Adili Wuxor


The Renault 1 000 Kg is a light van, initially of a one ton capacity, introduced by the manufacturer in 1947.  A 1,400 Kg version followed in 1949, and the Renault 1,400 Kg soon became the more popular choice.  A name change in 1959 saw the vans branded as the Renault Voltigeur (1,000 Kg) and the Renault  Goélette (1,400 Kg), but in retrospect the Renault 1,000 Kg name is frequently preferred.

Origins

The 1000 Kg was originally presented in 1945 as a prototype light van designed for the military, and was offered for general sales from February 1947.

In the summer of 1944 the French Ministry of Industrial Production set out a prescriptive plan for the post war motor industry. It was headed by Paul-Marie Pons and so it was known as the Plan Pons. Under "The Plan", Renault and Peugeot (along with their Chenard & Walcker debtor/subsidiary) were restricted to making vans for the 1000–1400 kg market, while Citroën was to make small trucks of between 2 and 3.5 tonnes. In the event Citroën, which had already developed a van in the 1000 kG class before the war, went ahead with the design of the Citroën H Van, which was launched in 1947.   It was the Citroën which would be the Renault's most effective rival in this sector, although the Renault would in the early years beat its rival on volumes thanks in part to the large number of Renaults produced for military and police use and for other public sector vehicle operators such as the French postal service. Police versions gained the informal appellation "panier à salade" ("paddy wagon"), appearing in newsreels removing arrested suspects following instances of civil disturbance during the troubled 1950s or, more memorably for many United States and UK film-goers in the 1960s, removing Inspector Clouseau following his arrest in the wake of a successful bank raid.

Renault followed the Plan Pons agreement and designed the 206 E1 following general pre-war design ideas. It had a chassis onto which the van body was bolted and the body was made, until 1950, by fitting metal panels to a wooden frame. At a time when French industrial wages were low, the Renault was quick and inexpensive to produce.

Vehicle architecture
In contrast to the rival Citroën H Van, Renault's design applied a traditional approach, using a rear wheel drive layout   and rigid axles. Large wheels combined with a short wheelbase allowed for a tight turning circle and good ground clearance. These features reflected plans for a four wheel drive version in anticipation of military sales and to deal with the poor state of many French roads, especially in the countryside, at this time. The rear-wheel drive and big wheels resulted in the vehicle's raised interior floor height. Renault saw a steady demand for the van, especially from public sector buyers, and 124,570 units vehicles were produced. By some criteria, it was France's best selling vehicle in its class during the 1950s.

Chronology
The basic architecture and overall silhouette of the vehicle barely changed during a production run of nearly two decades, but there were numerous minor changes to the sheet metal, door hinge arrangements, front bumpers, lights and indicators as well as extensive adaptations for military and police versions. Later models, from the 1960s, can be distinguished by a small additional windows behind each of the side-doors.

At launch the vehicle appeared as a boxy flat sided van with an advertised load volume of 7.45 m³ which compared with 7.3 m³  for the Citroën H as it appeared in the same year. The Renault's 2,383cc petrol engine had originally been introduced in 1936 for the Renault Primaquatre; slightly downtuned for this application it offered . The dry weight of  provided a maximum laden weight of .

During 1947 a flatbed truck version appeared along with a bare chassis version enabling users to specify their own bespoke body variants from specialist truck-body builders.

In July 1949, a heavy duty 1,400 kg version joined the range, and this was also the year when four-wheel drive became an advertised option. By 1952, Renault offered a more modern engine for economy minded buyers and a detuned version of the 1996 cc  unit from the recently introduced Renault Frégate was an option for the 1,000 kg model.

In 1959 the vans received a name, now being branded as the Renault Voltigeur and the Renault  Goélette. The Goélette, with its  weight limit, was now offered with the 2141 cc "Étendard" engine, which featured the same 88mm bore as the 1996 cc but had an 88mm stroke. This engine was also developed for the Renault Frégate, which during its earlier years had failed to win market acceptance mainly because it was underpowered. The  output when the engine in the van was lower than that produced in the passenger car.

For 1961 buyers could specify a diesel option. The 1816 cc  diesel unit came from Indenor, a company established by Peugeot to specialise in the design and manufacture of diesel engines. This engine was offered in the Peugeot D4 since 1959. Although diesel powered vehicles were not popular in France, the lower fuel tax rate on diesel fuel made it attractive for buyers. From the middle of 1962, Renault substituted a 2720 cc diesel engine of their own construction producing .

In 1959 Renault launched the Renault Estafette with a front-wheel drive layout which allowed for a lower floor and much improved space utilisation: the bulkier but in other respects comparable Renault Voltigeur was formally withdrawn in 1963. Production of the Renault  Goélette continued until May 1965, when it was replaced by the Renault Super Goélette SG2 range of larger light trucks.

R 2087

The military version of the vehicle was homologated as the R 2087.  It came with even greater ground clearance than the standard vehicle and was built, featuring four-wheel drive, from 1952. A variety of vans, with or without extra side-windows, and truck variations was produced. The military ambulance version was produced until 1969, several years after Renault had stopped offering civilian versions of the van.

References

External links

 Renault Trucks pictures & history
 Renault 1000kg on Renault website

1 000 kg
Saviem
1940s cars
1950s cars
1960s cars
Cab over vehicles

Renault 1 000 kg


Ball State University (Ball State, State or BSU) is a public research university in Muncie, Indiana. It has two satellite facilities in Fishers and Indianapolis.

In 1917, the Ball brothers, industrialists and founders of the Ball Corporation, acquired the foreclosed Indiana Normal Institute and gave the school and surrounding land to the State of Indiana. The Indiana General Assembly accepted the donation in the spring of 1918, with an initial 235 students enrolling at the Indiana State Normal School – Eastern Division on June 17, 1918.

Ball State is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university is composed of seven academic colleges. , total enrollment was 21,597 students, including 15,205 undergraduates and 5,817 postgraduates. The university offers about 120 undergraduate majors and 130 minor areas of study and more than 100 master's, doctoral, certificate, and specialist degrees.

Ball State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ball State Cardinals. The university is a member of the Mid-American Conference and the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association. In fall 2020, the university formed a varsity esports team and joined the Esports Collegiate Conference.

History

Predecessor schools
The location of today's Ball State University had its start in 1899 as a private university called the Eastern Indiana Normal School. The entire school, including classrooms, a library, and the president's residence were housed in what is today's Frank A. Bracken Administration Building. The one-building school had a peak enrollment of 256 and charged $10 for a year's tuition. It operated until the spring of 1901, when it was closed due to lack of funding. In 1902, the school reopened as Palmer University for the next three years when Francis Palmer, a retired Indiana banker, gave the school $100,000 as an endowment.

Between 1905 and 1907, the school dropped the Palmer name and operated as the Indiana Normal College. It had two divisions, the Normal School for educating teachers and the College of Applied Sciences. The school had an average enrollment of about 200 students. Due to diminishing enrollment and lack of funding, the school closed at the end of the 1906–1907 school year. In 1912, a group of local investors led by Michael Kelly reopened the school as the Indiana Normal Institute. To pay for updated materials and refurbishing the once-abandoned Administration Building, the school operated under a mortgage from the Muncie Trust Company. Although the school had its largest student body with a peak enrollment of 806, officials could not maintain mortgage payments, and the school was forced to close once again in June 1917 when the Muncie Trust Company initiated foreclosure proceedings.

The Ball brothers and Ball State Teachers College era (1917–1960)

On July 25, 1917, the Ball brothers, local industrialists and founders of the Ball Corporation, bought the Indiana Normal Institute from foreclosure. The Ball brothers also founded Ball Memorial Hospital and Minnetrista, and were the benefactors of Keuka College, founded by their uncle, George Harvey Ball. For $35,100, the Ball brothers bought the Administration Building and surrounding land. In early 1918, during the Indiana General Assembly's short session, state legislators accepted the gift of the school and land by the Ball brothers. The state granted operating control of the Muncie campus and school buildings to the administrators of the Indiana State Normal School in Terre Haute. That same year, the Marion Normal Institute relocated to Muncie, adding its resources to what would officially be named the Indiana State Normal School – Eastern Division. An initial 235 students enrolled in 1918, with William W. Parsons serving as the first president of the university.

The close relationship between the Balls and the school led to an unofficial moniker for the college, with many students, faculty, and local politicians casually referring to the school as "Ball State," a shorthand alternative to its longer, official name. During the 1922 short session of the Indiana legislature, the state renamed the school Ball Teachers College. This was in recognition of the Ball family's continuing beneficence to the institution. During this act, the state also reorganized its relationship with Terre Haute and established a separate local board of trustees for the Muncie campus. In 1924, Ball Teachers College's trustees hired Benjamin J. Burris as the successor to President Linnaeus N. Hines. The Ball brothers continued giving to the university and partially funded the construction of the Science Hall (now called Burkhardt Building) in 1924 and an addition to Ball Gymnasium in 1925. By the 1925–1926 school year, Ball State enrollment reached 991 students: 697 women and 294 men. Based on the school's close relationship with the Ball Corporation, a long-running nickname for the school was "Fruit Jar Tech."
During the regular legislative session of 1929, the General Assembly nominally separated the Terre Haute and Muncie campuses of the state teachers' college system, but it placed the governing of the Ball State campus under the Indiana State Teachers College Board of Trustees based in Terre Haute. With this action, the school was renamed Ball State Teachers College. The following year, enrollment increased to 1,118, with 747 female and 371 male students.
In 1935, the school added the Fine Arts Building for art, music, and dance instruction. Enrollment that year reached 1,151: 723 women and 428 men. As an expression of the many gifts from the Ball family since 1917, sculptor Daniel Chester French was commissioned by Muncie's chamber of commerce to cast a bronze fountain figure to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Ball brothers' gift to the state. His creation, Beneficence, stands between the Administration Building and Lucina Hall where Talley Avenue ends at University Avenue.

Ball State, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the onset of World War II. There were several dramatic changes on Ball State's campus during World War II. In 1939 Ball State began its Civilian Pilot Training program which had popular enrollment. This program allowed students and local resident to learn to fly, instructed by the Muncie Aviation Company. By the Fall of 1941 Ball State reached its peak enrollment to this point of 1,588 students. When the United States entered the war, Ball State like many other college campuses, saw a decline in male enrollment. At this time Ball State partnered with the United States military and established two training programs on campus, the Army Specialized Training Program and Navy V-1 Program. Each of these programs encouraged male enrollment in the college that also trained them to go on as pilots in the military service.

Ball State students and staff also contributed to the war effort by supporting the troops abroad. Students and staff led by Sherly DeMotte, a member of the English faculty, wrote dozens of letters to Ball State students and staff serving overseas. By 1943 a dozen students from Ball State had become war casualties. To bring awareness to their service, in 1943 the War Morale Committee dedicated the Roll of Honor; it listed the names of all those who served during the war.

Independent institution (1961-present)

In 1961, Ball State became independent of Indiana State University through the creation of the Ball State College Board of Trustees. The official name of the school was also changed to Ball State College. The Indiana General Assembly approved the development of a state-assisted architecture program, establishing the College of Architecture and Planning, which opened on March 23, 1965. The Center for Radio and Television (now named the College of Communication, Information, and Media) opened the following year, in 1966.

Recognizing the college's expanding academic curriculum and growing enrollment (10,066 students), the General Assembly approved renaming the school to Ball State University in 1965. Most of the university's largest residence halls were completed during this period of high growth, including the DeHority Complex (1960), Noyer Complex (1962), Studebaker Complex (1965), LaFollette Complex (1967), and Johnson Complex (1969). Academic and athletic buildings, including Irving Gymnasium (1962), Emens Auditorium (1964), Cooper Science Complex (1967), Scheumann Stadium (1967), Carmichael Hall (1969), Teachers College Building (1969), Pruis Hall (1972), and Bracken Library (1974), also expanded the university's capacity and educational opportunities.

The university experienced another building boom beginning in the 2000s, with the openings of the Art and Journalism Building (2001), Shafer Tower (2001), the Music Instruction Building (2004), the David Letterman Communication and Media Building (2007), Park Hall (2007), Kinghorn Hall (2010), Marilyn K. Glick Center for Glass (2010), and the Student Recreation and Wellness Center (2010).

Under the university's 14th president, Dr. Jo Ann Gora, over $520 million was committed to new construction and renovation projects throughout the Ball State campus. Within the last decade, Ball State University adopted Education Redefined as its motto, focusing on "immersive learning" to engage students across all academic programs in real-world projects. To date, there have been over 1,250 immersive learning projects, impacting residents in all of Indiana's 92 counties under the mentoring of faculty from every academic department.

The university has also adopted environmental sustainability as a primary component of the university's strategic plan and vision. Starting in the mid-2000s, all building additions and renovations are designed to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification standards. Ball State announced in 2009 that it would begin construction on the largest geothermal energy conversion project in U.S. history.

The university was defendant in the U.S. Supreme Court case Vance v. Ball State University, which dealt with who can be regarded as a "supervisor" for harassment lawsuits. The case was argued on November 26, 2012. In a 5–4 decision, the court ruled in favor of Ball State.

Campus

Main campus

Ball State University's campus spans  and includes 109 buildings at  centered mostly on three main quadrangles. (The university also has just over 400 additional acres of research property.)

The original quadrangle, "Old Quad," anchors the south end of campus and includes most of the university's earliest academic buildings, Christy Woods, and the Wheeler-Thanhauser Orchid Collection and Species Bank. The focal points of the Old Quad are Beneficence and the Fine Arts Building, home to the David Owsley Museum of Art since 1935. The museum contains some 11,000 works valued at more than $40 million. The museum expanded its total exhibition space in 2013 from . The Fine Arts Terrace, overlooking the Old Quad, hosts the annual spring commencement ceremonies.

The University Green quadrangle is located to the north and consists of a variety of modern buildings (1960–present), with such landmarks as Bracken Library, Emens Auditorium, and the Frog Baby Fountain, located on University Green. Shafer Tower is the focal point of the quadrangle. Located in the median of McKinley Avenue, Shafer Tower is a  free-standing bell tower with a 48-bell carillon.

McKinley Avenue, which runs north-south through campus, acts as a spine or axis of activity connecting the quadrangles. The Scramble Light at the intersection of Riverside and McKinley is a pedestrian scramble that halts vehicular traffic in 30-second sequences, allowing pedestrians to cross the intersection in every direction, including diagonally.

The newest quadrangle, the East Quad, sits directly east of the Old Quad. The East Quad is made up of the Sursa Performance Hall, the Honors College, and two new buildings; the Health Professions Building (Opened 2019) and the Foundational Sciences Building (Opened 2021).

The North Residential Neighborhood was completed in 2022 and comprises Beyerl Hall, Botsford/Swinford Halls, North West Hall, Schmidt/Wilson Halls, and the North Dining Hall.

York Prairie Creek, also known as Cardinal Creek, is an intra-campus creek that begins at the pond outside Park Hall on campus, winding northwest and connecting to the Duck Pond before heading west toward the White River.

The university's campus includes nearly 8,000 trees of about 625 species.

Campus transportation
The University provides a free shuttle service each semester. Shuttles run on red, green, and blue loops every five to ten minutes. The Muncie Indiana Transit System (MITS) also provides free bus service to students on local routes, particularly on Routes 1, 2, 14, and 16 which run through campus.

The University also provides a late-night pickup service, Charlie's Charter. Upon request, Charlie's Charter will transport students throughout the campus.

Athletic facilities
Most of Ball State University's athletic facilities and intramural fields are located on the northernmost portion of campus near the intersection of McGalliard Road and Tillotson Avenue. These facilities include First Merchants Ballpark Complex (Ball Diamond and Softball Field), Briner Sports Complex, the Earl Yestingsmeier Golf Practice Facility, the Fisher Football Training Complex, the Scheumann Family Indoor Practice Facility, and the 22,500-seat Scheumann Stadium, home to Ball State Cardinals football.

The 11,500-seat John E. Worthen Arena anchors the central campus athletic facilities. There are also tennis courts on campus.

Architecture

Most campus facilities feature red or brown brick façades with the exceptions of the Frank A. Bracken Administration Building made of yellow brick and Elliott and Pruis Halls each made of Indiana limestone.

Completed in 1899 as the university's first building, the Frank A. Bracken Administration Building was built in Neoclassical style with a yellow brick façade.

Most campus facilities built before 1960 feature Collegiate Gothic architecture, including Ball Gymnasium, Burris Laboratory School, Fine Arts Building, and L. A. Pittenger Student Center. Other examples include Burkhardt Building, North Quad Building, and Lucina Hall.

Several modern campus buildings (early-1960s to early-1980s) have been built in Brutalist architecture, embracing blank walls and exposed concrete. Examples of this style include the Architecture Building, Bracken Library, and Whitinger Business Building.

The Teachers College Building, built in 1968, is the tallest building on campus, at 10 floors and .

Building additions and expansions from the early-1990s to the mid-2010s shied away from Brutalist designs, and instead, have been built to respect the scale and style of the university's older Collegiate Gothic buildings. While red and brown brick accented by limestone has remained the favored façade materials, large windows have become more commonplace in buildings constructed since the late-1990s to emphasize natural lighting. Examples of this architecture include the Alumni Center, Dehority Hall, Park Hall, Kinghorn Hall, Sursa Performance Hall, the Art and Journalism Building, Music Instruction Building, and the David Letterman Communication and Media Building.

Recent buildings (mid-2010s to present) have embraced contemporary architecture featuring open atriums, large windows, and sustainable elements. Examples of this architecture include the Health Professions Building, the Foundational Sciences Building, Beyerl Hall, North West Hall, Botsford/Swinford Halls, Schmidt/Wilson Halls, and the North Dining Hall.

Sustainability
Ball State has adopted environmental sustainability as a primary component of the university's strategic plan and vision. Starting in the mid-2000s, all building additions and renovations are designed to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification standards. Standards include environmentally-friendly site selection, energy and water efficiency, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality, among others. The university diverts 20 percent of its waste from landfills through recycling efforts and also invests in hybrid vehicles, hybrid-electric shuttle buses, and vehicles that use E85.

Since 2007, 13 campus buildings have achieved LEED certification. The Marilyn K. Glick Center for Glass and Teachers College Building is considered LEED certified. The David Letterman Communication and Media Building, Park Hall, DeHority Hall, Kinghorn Hall, and the Jo Ann Gora Student Recreation and Wellness Center have earned LEED Silver certification. Studebaker East Residence Hall, District Energy Station North, Applied Technology Building, Botsford/Swinford Residence Hall, Schmidt/Wilson Residence Hall, and District Energy Station South have earned LEED Gold certification. The university's first green roof was installed on the North District Energy Station in 2011.

Former president Jo Ann Gora was a founding member of the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment, an initiative by several institutions to address climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions on their campuses. In 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave the university a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "C+."

Geothermal system
In 2009, then-president Jo Ann Gora announced the university's plans for installing the largest geothermal energy project of its kind in the U.S.  Ball State committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 80,000 tons annually through the installation of a $65 million geothermal heating and cooling system and closure of all four coal-fired boilers on campus. The geothermal system, completed in 2017, consists of 3,600 boreholes and two energy stations on campus. The system consists of two underground loops with more than  of pipes to circulate water for heating and cooling throughout campus.

Satellite facilities
Ball State University manages two satellite facilities in the state of Indiana: CAP: INDY and the Fishers Center for Academic and Economic Innovation.

Since 2001, the Estopinal College of Architecture and Planning has operated a satellite facility in Indianapolis. Known as CAP: INDY, it houses the Center for Civic Design and provides interdisciplinary studio space for graduate students in the college's master of architecture and master of urban design programs. In 2019, the center moved to the Elevator Hill section of the city's Holy Cross neighborhood near downtown Indianapolis. CAP: INDY occupies  of the Glass Building at 25 N. Pine St.

The Fishers Center for Academic and Economic Innovation, located in Fishers, Indiana, was established in 2015. The center occupies  at Launch Fishers, a co-working/business incubator. The site offers academic programs, community engagement, and professional development sessions to students, alumni, and organizations. During the spring semester, entrepreneurship student teams are paired with six Launch Fishers companies to develop growth strategies for each company.

Academics

Student body

Ball State University enrolls approximately 21,500 students who come from throughout Indiana, the United States, and around the world. Out-of-state students make up about 25 percent of enrollment, and ethnic minorities account for about 23 percent. The university enrolls more than 300 international students.

As of the 2020–2021 school year, Ball State University's student population primarily consisted of Indiana residents (74 percent) with 25 percent being nonresidents. Sixty-five percent of the student body is female. The university admitted 77 percent of applicants in 2019.

Tuition
For the 2021–2022 academic year, annual undergraduate tuition is $8,284 for in-state students taking 12 to 18 credits per semester and $25,518 for out-of-state students. Including technology, recreation, Health Center, and room and board fees, annual undergraduate expenses total about $21,086 for in-state students and $38,320 for out-of-state students. For the 2021–2022 academic year, annual graduate tuition is $7,748 for in-state students taking nine credits per semester and $21,222 for out-of-state students. Including other fees, in-state graduate student expenses total $20,560, and $34,024 for out-of-state graduate students.

Colleges

Ball State University offers five associate degrees, 119 bachelor's, 78 master's,15 doctoral degrees, 60 post-baccalaureate certificates, and three post-masters certificates. In fall 2020, the average campus class size was 21 students, with a student-to-teacher ratio of 16 to 1.

Ball State University has been accredited by The Higher Learning Commission continuously since 1925.

Library system

Bracken Library is the university's main library. Completed in 1975, Bracken houses five floors of classrooms, computer labs, private study suites, and video viewing suites. The library provides access to about 2.3 million books, periodicals, microforms, audiovisual materials, software, government publication maps, musical scores, archival records, and other information sources. Bracken Library hosts the Ball State University Digital Media Repository, an open-access resource containing over 130,000 digital objects in 64 collections, as well as the Center for Middletown Studies. System branches include the Architecture Library and the Science–Health Science Library. Over 1.1 million visits were made throughout the University Libraries system between 2011 and 2012.

Rankings

Ball State ranked 191st nationally on U.S. News & World Reports 2021 "Top Performers on Social Mobility" list. College Magazine ranked the university No. 6 in the country for "Top 10 Campuses for Students with Disabilities." The Princeton Review also classifies Ball State as among its "Best Midwestern" universities and "Green Colleges." Insight into Diversity has awarded a Higher Education Excellence in Diversity (HEED) award every year since 2016.

The entrepreneurial management program ranked among the top 50 in the U.S. in The Princeton Review 2020 rankings. U.S. News & World Report ranked Ball State 36th in 2021 for First-Year Experiences, 46th in the U.S. in audiology programs, 47th in rehabilitation counseling programs, 84th in "Best Education Schools," 92nd in speech-language pathology programs, 166th in public affairs programs, and 202nd in psychology programs.

Several programs are nationally ranked in their respective categories in U.S. News & World Reports "Best Online Programs" list: the master's in curriculum and educational technology 4th, master's in nursing education 5th, master's in educational administration and supervision 11th, master of business administration 15th, master's in special education 16th, master's in nursing 17th, and bachelor's programs 29th.

Student life

Housing

Ball State University operates 14 residence halls for its students, with a 15th expected to open during the 2021-2022 school year. A 16th residence hall, Burkhardt/Jeep Hall in the Wagoner Complex, houses students of the Ball State-operated Indiana Academy.

Anthony and Scheidler Apartments on campus accommodate upper-level single students, students with families, and university faculty and staff. Prices vary for on-campus living with meal plan access to dining facilities. LaFollette Complex had previously contained about 1,900 students, the highest capacity residence hall complex on campus, but began undergoing demolition in 2017. As of 2020, Brayton/Clevenger residence hall was the only remaining hall in the complex.

The majority of residence halls are home to living-learning communities in which students enrolled in the same majors or similar majors are housed together and participate in special activities.

Student organizations and activities

More than 400 student organizations at Ball State include numerous student government, departmental and professional, special interest, and service groups, all sanctioned by the Office of Student Life in the L. A. Pittenger Student Center. Multicultural organizations include the Asian American Student Association, Black Student Association, Latinx Student Union, and Spectrum, for LGBTQ equity. Ball State is often credited as one of the first universities in the nation to begin a Safe Zone training program, which began in 1992, to educate the public and empower LGBTQ allies and advocates.

Ball State University is home to about 30 on-campus Greek letter organizations.

Media
Eight student-run media organizations operate as part of Ball State's Unified Media Lab in its College of Communication, Information, and Media. The lab includes the Ball State Daily News, Ball Bearings magazine, Byte, Cardinal Metrics, Cardinal WX, Newslink Indiana, Ball State Sports Link, and WCRD radio station.

Ball State Daily News
The Ball State Daily News is a student newspaper with articles published daily online and a weekly print circulation of 10,000 copies, published every Thursday during the academic year, excluding exams and vacation. Originally founded in 1922 as The Easterner, the newspaper was among the first student publications to be inducted into the Associated Collegiate Press' Hall of Fame in 1988 and has won numerous national pacemaker awards.

Ball Bearings magazine
Ball Bearings is an online and print student magazine that focuses on in-depth articles.

Byte
Byte is a multimedia student organization that produces news, features, reviews, graphics, podcasts, and videos focusing on entertainment, technology, and culture.

Cardinal Metrics
Cardinal Metrics is an analytics agency in which students work with professional clients to provide analysis and consultation services.

Cardinal WX
Cardinal WX, or "Waking up with Cardinal Weather," is a morning mobile show that provides news, weather, and lifestyle trends.

NewsLink Indiana
NewsLink Indiana is a three-times-weekly 30-minute broadcast. The show covers local news, national news, entertainment, weather, and sports. NewsLink has won numerous Lower Great Lakes Regional Emmy Awards.

Ball State Sports Link
Ball State Sports Link started in 2009 as one of the university's immersive learning projects. Students cover athletics, including live remote productions, live-to-tape events, television programs, student-athlete features, Facebook live shows, and social media content. The programs also include a digital radio broadcast, social media management and analytics, and podcasts.

WCRD
WCRD is a non-commercial radio station operated full-time by Ball State students from studios in the David Letterman Communication and Media Building.

The McKinley Avenue Agency
The Department of Journalism supports The McKinley Avenue Agency, a student-run public relations and advertising agency that works with other university offices and community businesses. Services include media sales, creative services, public relations and communications, and events and contests. The organization merged with the former Cardinal Communications, which focused on public relations services.

Ball State Public Media
The university announced in October 2020 the formation of Ball State Public Media, a partnership between Ball State PBS (formerly WIPB) and Indiana Public Radio (WBST).

Athletics

Ball State competes in the NCAA Division I (FBS) and is part of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in all sports except for men's volleyball, where it competes in the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA).

In 2018, Beth Goetz was named as the director of athletics, proceeding Mark Sandy. Goetz is Ball State's second female director of athletics in the history of the department.

Ball State Cardinals football was established in the 1924 season and has a 461-434-32 (.515) record as of January 2021. Ball State has won six conference championships in football, most recently in 2020, and has appeared in seven NCAA Division I postseason bowl games, most recently in 2020 defeating San Jose State, 34-13, in the Offerpad Arizona Bowl for the Cardinals' first-ever bowl victory. Ball State has a 1-7-1 bowl game record. Ball State annually competes against conference rival Northern Illinois, playing for the Bronze Stalk Trophy; Ball State holds a 3–10 record in the contest. Mike Neu is the current head coach, a position he has held since 2016.

Ball State Cardinals men's basketball began in 1920. Although there was little success in the program from its start until the 1970s, the next two decades would be the highlight of the program's performance. Ball State became a powerhouse in the Mid-American Conference, winning a record seven MAC tournaments and with subsequent appearances in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament between 1981 and 2000. The Cardinals' most successful year was 1990 when the team reached the Sweet Sixteen but lost to eventual national champion UNLV, 69-67. Even though the Cardinals lost the game, BSU player Chandler Thompson recorded what is considered to be one of the most memorable put-back dunks in college basketball history. The team's last NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament appearance was in 2000. James Whitford became head coach in 2013.

Charlie Cardinal is Ball State's mascot, modeled after Indiana's state bird, the northern cardinal.

Traditions

Beneficence
The statue Beneficence (aka "Benny") is a bronze statue dedicated in 1937 on Ball State's quad. The statue was sculpted by Daniel Chester French, creator of the Abraham Lincoln statue in the Lincoln Memorial. Beneficence was selected to recognize the generosity of the five Ball brothers, who founded the university and made many other contributions to Muncie, Indiana. The statue serves as a primary symbol for the university, including being the focus of Ball State's official logo.

Frog Baby
The Frog Baby statue has been the center of legend and tradition since it was presented by Frank Ball in 1937. While initially on display in the David Owsley Museum of Art, students began a tradition of rubbing the statue's nose for good luck before taking exams. Over the years, the nose was worn away, and in 1993, the statue was sent overseas for refurbishment. Today, Frog Baby is situated in a fountain on University Green. Since its move and restoration, students have started a new tradition of dressing the statue to reflect weather patterns (scarves and hats in the winter) or current university events (jerseys and helmets for upcoming football games). Despite 24/7 surveillance, the statue has been a repeated target of vandals.

The Naked Lady
Forest Idyl, more commonly known by students and faculty as "The Naked Lady," is a bronze statue of a partially nude woman mingling with two wild deer. The statue is one of four known original castings by sculpture artist Albin Polasek.

The statue is located in the lobby of Bracken Library.

Homecoming
Beginning in 1926, Homecoming has brought several traditions. Homecoming Parade was first held in 1939. The parade route begins at Muncie Central High School downtown, travels west down University Avenue through The Village, and ends at McKinley and Neely avenues on campus. The 75th anniversary of the parade in 2012 saw over 100 float entries. Since the inaugural event in 1980, the Homecoming Bed Race has been held the Friday before homecoming. The annual event consists of five-person teams within seven divisions, racing beds down a 100-yard course on Riverside Avenue in zany costumes. Other Homecoming traditions include the Air Jam lip-sync competition and Talent Search scholarship talent show.

Other traditions
Starting in 2004, Ball State students adopted "Chirp! Chirp!" as a school chant to cheer on teams during sporting events. Traditionally, The Chirp chant begins on the opposing team's third down during Ball State Cardinals football games. Accompanying the chant, participants usually place their index finger and thumb together, extending the other three fingers straight up, and moving their arm in an up-and-down motion.

For at least a decade, it had become a tradition for students and visitors to stick pieces of chewed gum to a honey locust tree between Emens Parking Garage and Pruis Hall. The trunk of the "Gum Tree," as it had been named, was covered in colorful wads of used gum. The tree was removed in 2017 by the university in preparation for construction of the East Mall.

Notable alumni

Ball State University has about 197,000 alumni worldwide. A few of Ball State's most notable graduates include:

 Kent C. "Oz" Nelson (BA 1959, LLD 1994), former president and CEO of UPS
 Jim Davis (BA 1967, LittD (h.c.) 1991), creator of the Garfield comic strip
 David Letterman (BA 1969), Emmy Award-winning former host of the Late Show
 Actress Joyce DeWitt (BA 1972)
 Architect Craig W. Hartman (BArch 1973, DA 2009)
 Angela Ahrendts (BA 1981, DHL 2010), former CEO of Burberry and former Apple Inc. executive
 Jeffrey D. Feltman (BS 1981, LLD 2013), United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, former U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon
 Brian Gallagher (BSW 1981), former president and CEO of United Way Worldwide
 Actor Doug Jones (BA 1982)
 John Schnatter (BA 1983, LLD 2015), founder and former chairman of Papa John's Pizza
 Angelin Chang, (BA and BM 1990) Grammy Award-winning classical pianist
 Jarrod Jones (born 1990), American-Hungarian basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 Jason Whitlock (BS 1990), sportswriter and host of Speak for Yourself
 Tiara Thomas (BA 2012), Grammy Award and Academy Award-winning singer-songwriter

See also
List of colleges and universities in Indiana
List of Ball State University Presidents

Notes

References

Further reading
Ball, Edmund F., From fruit jars to satellites: The story of Ball Brothers Company, Incorporated, Newcomen Society, 1960
Ball State University, The Elisabeth Ball Collection of paintings, drawings, and watercolors: Ball State University Art Gallery, January 15 – February 26, 1984, Indiana University Press, 1984,
Birmingham, Frederic A., Ball Corporation, the first century, Curtis Publishing, 1980,
 Bullock, Kurt E., Ball State University: A sense of place, Ball State University Alumni Association, 1993,
 Edmonds, Anthony O., & Geelhoed, E. Bruce, Ball State University: An Interpretive History, Indiana University Press, 2001,
 Hoover, Dwight W., Middletown revisited, Ball State University Press, 1990,

External links

Ball State Athletics website

Universities and colleges established in 1918
Ball State
Buildings and structures in Muncie, Indiana
Education in Delaware County, Indiana
Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association
Tourist attractions in Muncie, Indiana
1918 establishments in Indiana
Universities and colleges accredited by the Higher Learning Commission

Ball State University


Murder In the Fleet is a 1935 American murder mystery/comedy-drama film set aboard . Released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the film was directed by Edward Sedgwick and stars Robert Taylor and Jean Parker.

Plot
Captain John Winslow (Arthur Byron) is notified by the Secretary of the Navy that his cruiser will be receiving a new firing control gear manufactured by World Electric company, which is supposed to revolutionize naval warfare. The gear vanishes and is quickly located by intelligence officers where it is being transported across the Mexican border.

When the gear is returned to the ship the secrecy surrounding the events catches the notice of reporter Walter Drake (J. Anthony Hughes). Lieutenant Tom Randolph (Robert Taylor) and Captain Winslow welcome visitors Al Duval (Raymond Hatton), who works for  World Electric Company, and Victor Hanson (Jean Hersholt) from the Navy Department, aboard while the gear is installed. Meanwhile, Sailor Spud Burke (Nat Pendleton) gets caught between his sweetheart Toots Timmons (Una Merkel)  and an old flame Betty Lansing (Jean Parker).

When the new gear is being lifted into place a cable breaks and it is dropped, later this is found to be an act of sabotage. To add to the confusion, Al Duval is murdered during a gun salute. The investigation begins and suspicions are running high when a second murder takes place, this time it is the chief electrician.

The Captain devises a plot to trap the murderer and the trail soon leads to the powder magazine, where Victor Hanson threatens to blow up the ship. Hanson claims that World Electric Company had stolen the idea and he wants revenge. Ultimately Hanson is captured and the gear is installed.

Cast
 Robert Taylor as Lt. Tom 'Tommy' Randolph
 Jean Parker as Betty Lansing
 Ted Healy as Gabby' Mac ONeill
 Una Merkel as 'Toots' Timmons
 Nat Pendleton as 'Spud' Burke
 Jean Hersholt as Victor Hanson
 Arthur Byron as Capt. John Winslow
 Frank Shields as Lt. Arnold
 Donald Cook as Lt. Cmdr. David Tucker
 Mischa Auer as Kamchukan consul (uncredited)
 Ward Bond as 'Heavy' Johnson (uncredited)
 Phyllis Crane as (uncredited)
 Mary Doran as Jenny Lane (uncredited)
 Tom Dugan as 'Greasy' (uncredited)
 Fred Graham as Crewman (uncredited)
 Roger Gray as Yard Master (uncredited)
 Raymond Hatton as Mr. Al Duval (uncredited)
 Robert Livingston as Spencer - Ship's Doctor (uncredited)
 Keye Luke as Consul's Secretary (uncredited)
 George Magrill as Sailor on Watch (uncredited)
 J.P. McGowan as Chief of Police (uncredited)
 Leila McIntyre as Mrs. Justin (uncredited)
 Edward Norris as Sleepy - Sailor (uncredited)
 Lee Phelps as Officer Berating Guard (uncredited)
 Syd Saylor as Chief Petty Officer (uncredited)
 Richard Tucker as Harry Jeffries (uncredited)
 Charles C. Wilson as Cmdr. Brown (uncredited)

Crew
 George B. Seitz - Second Unit Director (uncredited)
 Al Shenberg - Assistant Director (uncredited)
 Cedric Gibbons – Art Director
 David Townsend – Associate Art Director
 Edwin B. Willis – Associate Art Director
 Edward Ward - composer: stock music (uncredited)
 Douglas Shearer – Recording Director
 Fred Gabourie – Set Designer (uncredited)

Box office
According to MGM records the film earned $345,000 in the US and Canada and $285,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $216,000.

References

External links

1935 films
1930s mystery comedy-drama films
American mystery comedy-drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward Sedgwick
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Military humor in film
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

Murder in the Fleet


Verizon New England, Inc. is a Bell Operating Company that serves most of Massachusetts and all of Rhode Island. It was formerly New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, more commonly known as New England Telephone, which for seven decades served most of the New England area of the United States as a part of the original AT&T. New England Telephone's coverage area included Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont as well as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, but Verizon sold off service in the northern three states, which as of 2020 are served by Consolidated Communications.

After the Bell System divestiture, New England Telephone merged with New York Telephone to form NYNEX in 1984. NYNEX was acquired by Bell Atlantic in 1997. In 2000, Bell Atlantic bought GTE and changed its own name to Verizon. New England Telephone was then renamed Verizon New England.

References

American telephone companies

Verizon New England


Louis Léon Théodore Gosselin (7 October 1855, in Richemont, Moselle – 7 February 1935) was a French historian and playwright who wrote under the pen name G. Lenotre.  He wrote articles in publications such as Le Figaro, Revue des deux mondes, Le Monde illustré and Le Temps. He also produced numerous works dealing with the French Revolution, especially the Reign of Terror, constructed from his research into primary documents of the era. His work was recognized and admired by his contemporaries. Gosselin was made an officer of the Légion d'honneur and in 1932 was elected to the Académie française, but died before being able to sit in the Academy and never made the speech which he had written in homage to his predecessor, René Bazin.

His works include: Paris Révolutionnaire, La Guillotine et les exécuteurs des arrêts criminels pendant la Révolution; Un conspirateur royaliste pendant la Terreur : le baron de Bats; Le Vrai Chevalier de Maison-Rouge; La Captivité et la mort de Marie-Antoinette; La Chouannerie normande au temps de l'Empire; Le Drame de Varennes; Les Massacres de Septembre; Les Fils de Philippe-Égalité pendant la Terreur; Bleus, Blancs et Rouges; Le Roi Louis XVII et l'énigme du Temple; La Proscription des Girondins.

He also wrote for the theatre: Les Trois Glorieuses, Varennes, Les Grognards.

G. Lenotre died in Paris on 7 February 1935.

External links

1855 births
Burials at Picpus Cemetery
1935 deaths
People from Moselle (department)
Members of the Académie Française
Historians of the French Revolution
19th-century French historians
Officers of the Legion of Honour
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French historians

Théodore Gosselin


Chris Dixon II (born November 15, 1981) is a former professional indoor football player. He is also a former head coach. He ended his long playing career with a stint as quarterback for the Tampa Bay Storm of the Arena Football League (AFL) before returning to the Sioux Falls Storm (IFL) near the end of their 2019 season. Dixon attended Contra Costa College for two years before attending Humboldt State University, where he was an All-conference player.

After failing to be drafted, Dixon played semi-professional outdoor football before becoming an indoor football player. In 2005, he made his professional debut with the Black Hills Red Dogs, playing both quarterback and wide receiver. Upon his release, Dixon signed with the Billings Mavericks, where he would play for 5 seasons, winning 3 championships and throwing 369 touchdowns. Upon the folding of the Billings franchise, Dixon signed with the Sioux Falls Storm, where he won two championships in as many seasons. In 2012, Dixon signed with the Orlando Predators, it was the first time in Dixon's career that he played arena football instead of indoor football.

Dixon is considered the greatest indoor football quarterback of all time, winning six championships, as well as the first indoor football player to throw for 500 career touchdowns. He was inducted into the Indoor Football League Hall of Fame in 2015.

College career
Dixon attended Contra Costa College for two years before attending Humboldt State University for his final two years of school.

Professional career

Oakland Vipers
Dixon played for the Oakland Vipers of the Golden State Amateur Football League for a single season, and he held the record for the most passing yards in a single game (471) as of 2005.

Eastside Hawks
Dixon began playing indoor football when he signed with the Eastside Hawks, who at the time were playing semi-professional in the North American Football League. He led the Hawks to a National Championship, while winning Championship Game MVP and league rookie of the year honors.

Black Hills Red Dogs
In 2005, Dixon signed with the Black Hills Red Dogs of United Indoor Football. While with the Red Dogs, Dixon played both quarterback and receiver for the Red Dogs, completing 59 of 114 passes for 493 yards with 5 touchdowns, while also having 12 receptions for 202 yards and 3 touchdowns. Dixon was traded to Billings.

Billings Mavericks/Outlaws
Dixon quickly signed with the Billings Mavericks of the National Indoor Football League, where he would split time with Bob Bees at quarterback during the remainder of the 2005 season. Dixon led the Outlaws to three championships (2006, 2009 & 2010) throughout his five seasons with the team.

Sioux Falls Storm
In 2012, Dixon threw his 500th career touchdown pass, when he hit James Terry with a 42-yard pass during a May 19 game against the Green Bay Blizzard. With his 500th touchdown, Dixon became the 10th player to throw for a 500th touchdown at any professional level.

Orlando Predators
Dixon has signed with the Orlando Predators of the Arena Football League for the 2013 season. Dixon was named the backup quarterback to Kyle Rowley to start the season. In the Predators first game, Dixon appeared in one play, a zone read play near the goalline, where Dixon was tackled for a 1-yard loss. Dixon didn't play again until the Predators' Week 3 game against the Philadelphia Soul. Dixon came in to replace the struggling Rowley, and completed 9 of 13 passes for 120-yards. Dixon also had 2 touchdown passes and one interception against the Soul. Dixon was released in late May.

New Orleans VooDoo
On May 30, 2013, Dixon was assigned to the New Orleans VooDoo. In Dixon's first game action with the VooDoo, he replaced starter Kurt Rocco, who was struggling against the San Antonio Talons' pass-rush. Dixon was able to evade defenders, running for 66-yards and did not get sacked once. Dixon took over trailing 21–6, and led the VooDoo to a 56–53 loss, after he was tripped up as he was attempting to make a pass on the final play of the game. Dixon's playing style caught the attention of many in the league. Dixon is one of the few players to ever play arena football out of the shotgun. Dixon's play helped the VooDoo fight to get back into the playoff picture for 2013.

Return to Sioux Falls
On January 6, 2014, it was announced that Dixon would be returning to the Storm, citing his desire to graduate from Augustana College and be close to his family as his reasons for return. After the 2014 season, Dixon announced his retirement as a player.

Arizona Rattlers
On March, 30, 2023, following Quarterback Drew Powell being placed on short-term injured reserve, it was announced that Dixon was signed to the Arizona Rattlers.

Coaching career
In late July 2014, the Billings Wolves of the Indoor Football League announced they had signed Dixon as head coach for their upcoming inaugural season.

In July 2022, Cactus Shadows High School in Scottsdale, AZ announced they had selected Coach Dixon to lead their football program.

References

External links
 Sioux Falls Storm profile

1981 births
Living people
Contra Costa Comets football players
Humboldt State Lumberjacks football players
Billings Outlaws players
Sioux Falls Storm players
Orlando Predators players
New Orleans VooDoo players
Tampa Bay Storm players
Richmond High School (Richmond, California) alumni

Chris Dixon (American football)