The Oxygen breathing apparatus (OBA) is a closed circuit oxygen rebreather. used primarily in firefighting by the US Navy. Its oxygen is generated by chemicals contained in the green canister, which is inserted at the base of the breathing device.
 The scrubber canister uses potassium superoxide as both a carbon dioxide absorbent and as an oxygen source. A sodium chlorate oxygen candle in the base of the unit generates oxygen on start-up as the canister has to reach a high internal temperature before it will start generating oxygen. The circulation of exhaled air containing carbon dioxide through the canister starts the chemical process, usually taking less than five minutes to reach a stable state, which is the normal burn time of the "candle", and the mask will initially fill with a light, harmless smoke. The heat of the chemical reaction requires the use of thick leather gloves for handling spent canisters. The bags along either side of the chest unit cool the air mixture before inhalation and is a surprisingly effective system, with the air being quite cool when entering the face mask. There is a 60-minute timer at the top of the chest unit which, during the fighting of a casualty, is set for only 45 minutes.  This would give the user a 15-minute window to evacuate to a safe atmosphere. Though bulky, it is light and comfortable to wear and does not much interfere with the user's freedom of movement.

As of early 2001, the US Navy has been replacing the OBA for firefighting with the SCBA. The SCBA is more cost-effective than the OBA, and does not produce hazardous waste, a problem with the chemical oxygen generation system.

References

Equipment of the United States Navy
Rebreathers
Industrial breathing sets

Oxygen breathing apparatus


Luis de Góngora y Argote (born Luis de Argote y Góngora) was a Spanish poet and Catholic priest. Góngora and his lifelong rival, Francisco de Quevedo, are widely considered the most prominent Spanish poets of all time.

Biography
Góngora was born to a noble family in Córdoba, where his father, Francisco de Argote, was a corregidor (judge). He adopted the surname of his mother, Leonor de Góngora, to preserve his Christian lineage (limpieza de sangre). In 1586, at 25 years old, Góngora became a prebendary of Córdoba Cathedral, taking the post of his uncle, Don Francisco. In 1605, he was ordained priest, and afterwards, lived at Valladolid and Madrid. Then, in 1617, he was appointed honorary chaplain to King Philip III of Spain.

He maintained a long feud with Francisco de Quevedo, with both poets writing many pieces attacking one another. Quevedo criticized him for his large nose, passion for gambling, and even accused Góngora of Sodomy, which was a capital crime in 17th century Spain. This angry feud ended when Quevedo bought the house Góngora lived in solely to eject him from it. In 1626, a severe illness which impaired Góngora's memory forced him to return to Córdoba, where he died the following year. An edition of his poems was published almost immediately after his death by Juan López de Vicuña.

Luis de Góngora


Joshua Field FRS (1786 – 11 August 1863) was a British civil engineer and mechanical engineer.

Field was born in Hackney in 1786, his father was John Field a corn and seed merchant who was later to become Master of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors. Field was a pupil of dockyard engineer Simon Goodrich from 1803 to 1805.
Commissioned by Samuel Bentham, the Inspector-general of naval works, he worked with Samuel Goodrich to develop tools for mass-producing ships' blocks at Portsmouth Dockyard. The block mills they designed required ten unskilled men to take the place of 110 skilled craftsmen, and have been recognised as the first use of machine tools for mass production.
They were built by Henry Maudslay between 1802 and 1806, and represented the first steam-powered manufactory in any dockyard.

He then joined Maudslay to form the firm of Messrs. Maudslay, Sons and Field of Lambeth. One of their projects was to build engines for the SS Great Western's Atlantic crossing of 1838.

He was a prolific engineer working with the Atlantic Telegraph Company on machinery for cable laying, the Metropolitan Board of Works on sewage systems and Isambard Kingdom Brunel on his steamships.

Field joined seven other young engineers who, in 1817, decided to found the Institution of Civil Engineers as a more accessible institution than the established but élitist Society of Civil Engineers founded by John Smeaton in 1771.
He served as their vice-president in 1837, and he continued to hold that office until elected president on 18 January 1848, being the first mechanical engineer to hold the presidency and the only one of the original proposers to hold the post. In his inaugural address, delivered on 1 February, he alluded particularly to the changes which had then been introduced into steam navigation which allowed for a greater capacity and speeds. On 3 March 1836 he became a fellow of the Royal Society, and was also a member of the Society of Arts.

Field died at his residence, Balham Hill House, Surrey, on 11 August 1863, aged 76 and was interred at West Norwood Cemetery in a Portland stone sarcophagus.

Family

His daughter, Matilda Field, married Dr Thomas H. Gladstone. Their children included the embryologist, Reginald John Gladstone FRSE (1865-1947).

Reginald married his first cousin (i.e. also a grandchild of Field) Ida Millicant Field in 1912.

References

Notes

Attribution

English civil engineers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
1786 births
1863 deaths
People from Hackney Central

Joshua Field (engineer)


Frederik Ludvig Vibe (26 September 1803 – 21 June 1881) was a Norwegian classical philologist and educator. He was Professor of Greek language at the Royal Frederick University from 1838.

Vibe was born in Bergen as a son of County Governor, General War Commissioner and chamberlain Niels Andreas Vibe (1759–1814) and Margery Kierulff (1775–1852). He was a nephew of Johan Vibe and Ditlev Wibe, brother of Henriette Gislesen, brother-in-law of Heinrich Arnold Thaulow and second cousin of Ludvig Cæsar Martin Aubert. The family moved to Christiania in 1811.

Vibe took his examen artium in 1820, and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.philol. degree in 1827. In 1829, he was hired as a Latin teacher at Christiania Cathedral School. Vibe was a lecturer in Greek at the University from 1830, and was promoted to professor in 1838. He is known for translating The Birds and Prometheus Bound, and also for a work on Spartan governance named Hvad var Spartas Ekklesi?. Vibe was, however, most interested in preserving the position of the classical languages in society. He was an advisor to politician Hans Riddervold in the late 1840s, and also chaired the public commission Skolekommisjonen av 1847. In 1848, Vibe started the conservative newspaper Christiania-Posten with Carl Arntzen, and also left the university to become principal of Christiania Cathedral School.

Vibe was a conservatist, whereas commission member Hartvig Nissen was a reformer; the third commission member was Ludvig Cæsar Martin Aubert. In general, Vibe was allied with Frederik Moltke Bugge, whereas other positions like Anton Martin Schweigaard and Herman Foss favored the natural sciences. Around 1850 natural sciences were introduced in secondary schools in Norway, except for Christiania, Trondhjem and Bergen Cathedral School. During Vibe's career as principal at Christiania Cathedral School, the number of students fell. He fell ill after 1870, and was substituted with Emil Schreiner. It became clear that he could not return, and he retired in 1872.

Vibe was married to Ferdinanda Augusta Wilhelmine Steensgaard (1812–1898) from December 1833. He was a great-grandfather of Inger Alver Gløersen and Gunnar Fougner Høst. Vibe died in June 1881 in Kristiania.

References

1803 births
1881 deaths
Writers from Bergen
Norwegian philologists
Classical philologists
Norwegian Latinists
Hellenists
Norwegian translators
Translators from Greek
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Norwegian newspaper editors
19th-century Norwegian journalists
Male journalists
19th-century translators
19th-century Norwegian writers
19th-century Norwegian male writers
School founders

Ludvig Vibe


Arthur Franke (5 August 1909 in Berlin – 23 October 1992 in Rüdersdorf) was a leading political policeman in East Germany; he became a military officer when the country's army was established in 1956.   Three years later he became Chief of Military intelligence (Mil-ND / Militärnachrichtendienst) of the National People's Army, ending up, in 1974, with the rank of Lieutenant general.

Life
Arthur Franke was born into a working-class family, and on leaving school was apprenticed as a cabinet maker from 1923 till 1927, then working at the trade between 1927 and 1930.   In 1930, he joined the Communist Party (KPD).  He rose to become the treasurer, organiser and leader of a street cell.   He was unemployed for the next three years, before getting a job in 1933/34 with Philipp Holzmann AG in Berlin.

In January 1933, the NSDAP (Nazi Party) seized power in Germany and quickly set about creating a one-party state.   Membership of the Communist Party became illegal.   Franke continued with illegal anti-fascist activities in Moabit (Berlin) until February 1934 when he moved to Czechoslovakia.   He continued working for the German Communist party, smuggling imperiled German Communists across the border between the two countries.   Disguising himself as a businessman, in January 1938 he then took a flight from Prague to Brussels.  He managed to get to Spain via Paris, joining the International Brigades and taking part in the Spanish Civil War in 1938/39.   In 1938 he was badly wounded in fighting outside Gandesa.   Between 1939 and 1941 Franke was interned in France, spending time in concentration camps at St. Cyprien and Le Vernet.   In April 1941 he was handed over to the Gestapo and sent back to Berlin where he was held on remand at Tegel Prison.   He was then sentenced to 18 months in custody and returned to the same prison as before.   However, in 1942 he was transferred to the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen, a short distance to the north of Berlin, and where he would remain till April/May 1945.  As the Soviet army approached and national defeat loomed, plans were implemented to start emptying the Sachsenhausen concentration camp of its surviving internees, and in April 1945 Arthur Franke was one of a group of prisoners who set off on a Death march, during the course of which he managed to escape from his guards.

With the end of the war in May 1945 membership of the KPD was no longer illegal and Arthur Franke was (again) a member.   In April 1946 the KPD (Communist party) in what was now becoming the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) merged with the SPD (party): members of both parties were invited, with a simple signature, to switch their party allegiance to the SED (party). In 1946 Arthur Franke joined the SED, becoming a member of the new party's district leadership team in the Tiergarten (Zoo) quarter of Berlin.   Between 1945 and 1947 he was also the party's local Agitation and Propaganda secretary.

On 1 January 1949 he joined the "People's Police" ("Volkspolizei") as a commissioner and department head with the Criminal Police in Berlin's Police Headquarters.   In 1950/51 he undertook a period of study at the Party's Karl Marx Academy in Berlin before being promoted, in 1951 as a Police Inspector (colonel level) and deputy head, as well as being leader of the Police airborne department and aero-club.   Directly after the war there had been shared opposition to the idea of a German army among the allied occupying powers.  Opinion shifted in the ensuing ten years, however, and when, in 1956, the German Democratic Republic was permitted to establish its own National People's Army, what emerged was partly based on quasi-military structures that had already been fashioned within the nation's police service.

When the national army (NVA / Nationale Volksarmee) was formally founded in 1956, Franke became a Deputy Head and Leader of the Political Department of the Air Force Commandos (LVA / Luftstreitkräfte der Nationalen Volksarmee), a position he retained till 10 February 1959.   At the same time he was a member of The Party's regional leadership in Cottbus.   There was another switch in February 1959 from when he served, initially as deputy Chief and then, from August 1959 through till November 1974 as the Chief of Military intelligence (Mil-ND / Militärnachrichtendienst) of the National People's Army.   Franke's predecessor in this position, whose early retirement in 1959 came officially on health grounds, was Willy Sägebrecht whom he had already got to know on the Sachsenhausen Death march.   During his fifteen years in charge of military intelligence Arthur Franke was promoted to the rank of Major general by Walter Ulbricht in 1966 and then to that of Lieutenant general by Erich Honecker in 1974.

He was released from military service on 31 January 1975, and in June 1975 he succeeded Helmut Wolff as President of the Sport and Technology Society Diving Club, an office he held till 1987.

During his final years he lived at Schöneiche on the eastern edge of Berlin.

Awards and honours
 1955 Patriotic Order of Merit in Bronze,
 1959 Patriotic Order of Merit in Silver
 1958 Medal for Fighters Against Fascism
 1969 Banner of Labor
 1974 Order of Karl Marx
 1976 Ernst Schneller Medal in Gold
 1977 Artur Becker Medal in Gold
 1979 Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold
 1982 Honorary Diploma of the Central Council of the FDJ
 Scharnhorst Order

Further reading
 Andreas Herbst and others (Edited): So funktionierte die DDR. Vol 3: Lexikon der Funktionäre. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1994, , page 89.
 Klaus Froh & Rüdiger Wenzke, (Edited): Die Generale und Admirale der NVA: Ein biographisches Handbuch. 5., durchges. Auflage. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2007, , page 94.

References

1909 births
1992 deaths
People from East Berlin
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
International Brigades personnel
German police officers
National People's Army personnel
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Recipients of the Scharnhorst Order
Recipients of the Banner of Labor

Arthur Franke


The Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) is a declaration signed by the Foreign Ministers of the ASEAN member states (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) in 1971 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

In the declaration, the parties publicly stated their intent to keep South East Asia "free from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers" and "broaden the areas of cooperation."

External links
Text of the declaration

ASEAN laws

Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality


Lieutenant Peter Frederick Haldimand (1741 or 1742 in Switzerland – 16 December 1765 off Cape Breton) was a military officer and surveyor in the British Army.

Haldimand started his military career while less than 15 years old, sponsored by his uncle, Sir Frederick Haldimand.  General James Abercromby commissioned him as an ensign in the Royal American Regiment.  In this capacity, he took part in the Battle of Montreal in 1760.  After being promoted to lieutenant, Haldimand was assigned to do surveying and historical work, drawing up maps of Canada and writing histories of Montreal and Trois-Rivières, as well as getting details on their governance.
At the end of the war, Haldimand was charged with assisting Captain Samuel Holland in his survey of the northern district of British North America.  Holland praised Haldimand's work, describing him as both an excellent mathematician and astronomer.  In 1765, Haldimand was killed when he fell through breaking ice and drowned.

External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1765 deaths
Canadian surveyors
Explorers of Canada
Year of birth uncertain
Royal American Regiment officers

Peter Frederick Haldimand


Liang () was one of the states during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China, bordering the State of Qin and was conquered by Duke Mu of Qin in 641 BCE. The rulers of Liang had the surname Ying (嬴). The capital of Liang was located south of modern City of Hancheng in Shaanxi.

In 703 BC, the rulers of the five states of Western Guo, Rui, Xun (荀國) and Jia (賈國), including the State of Liang, suppressed Duke Wu of Quwo using armed force.

In 654 BC, Prince Yiwu from the State of Jin escaped to Liang. The ruler of Liang (梁伯) betrothed his daughter Liang Ying (梁嬴) to Prince Yiwu.

In 642 BC, the ruler of Liang wanted to build a new capital but it was seized by the State of Qin after it was completed.

In 641 BC, Liang was conquered by the State of Qin. According to the Zuo Zhuan, the Liang people were not able to bear the work given to them by the ruler of Liang so that the State of Qin easily conquered Liang.

Liang in astronomy
Liang is represented by the star Delta Ophiuchi in asterism Right Wall, Heavenly Market enclosure (see Chinese constellation).

References

Notes

Ancient Chinese states
Zhou dynasty

Liang (state)


Prostitution in Ireland is legal. However, since March 2017, it has been an offence to buy sex. Third party involvement (such as operating brothels, and other forms of pimping) is also illegal. Since the law that criminalises clients came into being, with the purpose of reducing the demand for prostitution, the number of prosecutions for the purchase of sex increased from 10 to 92 between 2018 and 2020. In a report from UCD's Sexual Exploitation Research Programme the development is called "a promising start in interrupting the demand for prostitution."

Most prostitution in Ireland occurs indoors. Street prostitution has declined considerably in the 21st century, with the vast majority of prostitution now advertised on the internet.

History

Eighteenth century
Prostitution was both highly visible and pervasive in 18th-century Dublin, centred on Temple Bar and reflected the whole spectrum of socioeconomic class, from street prostitutes, through organised brothels to high class courtesans, who were often illegitimate daughters of the upper class. A well known example was Margaret Leeson. The role of the prostitute in 18th-century Ireland was at least partly a product of the double standard of female sexuality. Typical of this was the way that venereal disease was constructed as being spread by prostitutes rather than their largely male clients. Irish prostitutes were frequently the victims of violence against women. Early 'rescue' campaigns emerged in this time with Lady Arabella Denny and the Magdalene Asylums. These provided shelter but in return expected menial labour and penitence.

The most famous madam in the Dublin of the 1700s was alleged female serial killer Dorcas "Darkey" Kelly who operated the Maiden Tower kip house on Copper Alley, off Fishamble Street in the southwest part of the city. Convicted of murdering and dismembering shoemaker John Dowling on St. Patrick's Day 1760, Kelly was executed by partial hanging and burning at the stake on Gallows Road (modern Baggot Street) on 7 January 1761. After her execution she was waked by prostitutes on Copper Alley; thirteen of whom were arrested for disorder and sent to Newgate Prison, Dublin.

The Royal Barracks (modern day Collins Barracks) in Dublin was completed in 1702 and Barrack Street, which ran directly in front of it (renamed Benburb Street in 1890), became associated with sex work over the centuries. As with most garrison towns in Ireland, prostitution proliferated in areas surrounding barracks' as the impoverished inhabitants of cities and towns would gravitate towards the soldiers who received a steady income. The area was comparable to the Monto in Dublin whose activities reached a zenith during the 1860s–1950s period and whose profits were also aided by the enormous number of British Army garrisons in the city over the centuries. In 1837, 135 years after the barracks had been established, Barrack Street was described by a visitor as consisting of "a line of brothels and low public-houses" and "filled with the most abandoned crew of rogues and prostitutes which even all Dublin, with its unhappy pre-eminence in that species of population, can produce". In the late nineteenth century the street was chosen as the location for the first Dublin Corporation housing scheme, due to the cheaper cost of purchasing land in areas with long standing social problems.

Nineteenth century
The changing nature of Irish culture following the successful fight for Catholic Emancipation between 1780 and 1829, saw a redefining of the status of women. The Catholic Church in Ireland finally began to rebuild after centuries of religious persecution and in the face of continuing religious discrimination and mass destitution caused by rackrenting Anglo-Irish landlords. There was, as a result, an increasing romanticizing of priests, monks, nuns, and sober, hardworking Catholic families at one extreme and an extreme hostility towards male rakes and the fallen women, including prostitutes, whose lives they had ruined, at the other. There were very understandable causes for this, however.

While writing in the mid-1960s about early 19th century author William Carleton, an Irish Catholic convert to Protestantism, Frank O'Connor expressed a belief that Carleton debased his enormous literary talents by becoming an anti-Catholic propagandist for the State-controlled Church of Ireland. Frank O'Connor explained, however, that in Victorian era Ireland, Protestant readers were demanding stories which unconditionally demonised Roman Catholicism and dehumanized its adherents, while Catholic readers preferred Romanticism and, "wanted to read nothing about themselves that was not treacle." As a result, Carleton's writings were invariably, "rent asunder by faction-fighters who wished him to write from one distorted standpoint or the other."

Meanwhile, the 'Wrens of the Curragh', for instance were a group of some sixty women working as 'camp followers' for the British Army garrison at the Curragh Camp, in County Kildare. Both Victorian era neo-Puritanism rooted in the rise and growth of a heavily Evangelical middle class and an escalating fear of venereal disease, particularly as a threat to the British armed forces, led to the introduction of a series of Contagious Diseases Acts in the 1860s. These Acts enabling British law enforcement to arrest any woman suspected of prostitution and force her to submit to a medical examination for venereal disease. As in many other countries, opposition to the Acts provided a rallying cry for emerging women's movements. Anna Haslam in Dublin and Isabella Tod in Belfast, both of the Ladies National Association, organised opposition and a recognition not only of the plight of these women but also of the root causes.

One of the most famous male prostitutes in both Ireland and the United Kingdom during the second half of the 1800s was Dublin-born John Saul, also known as Jack Saul, or "Dublin Jack". He featured in two major homosexual scandals of the time (the Dublin Castle scandal in 1884 and Cleveland Street scandal in 1889), and also featured as a character in two works of pornographic literature of the period. Saul was considered "notorious in Dublin and London" and "made infamous by the sensational testimony he gave in the Cleveland Street scandal", which was publicized in newspapers around the world. His life and career have been the subject of scholarly analysis and speculation, one reason being the paucity of information on the lives and outlook of individual male prostitutes of the period. Saul referred to himself as "a professional Mary-Ann" – a period euphemism for rentboy, and stated: "I have lost my character and cannot get on otherwise. I occasionally do odd-jobs for different gay people."

Twentieth century
It was estimated that there were 17,000 women working as prostitutes in Dublin alone, and a further 8 brothels in Cork. Dublin's sex trade was largely centred on the Monto district, reputedly the largest red light district in Europe. A major part of the demand came from the large number of British Army military personnel stationed in Ireland at the time.

In Kevin Kearns' oral history collection Dublin Tenement Life, however, he comments that many of the prostitutes in the Monto had, like Philomena Lee, been unmarried and pregnant and were disowned both by their families and by their babies' fathers. Although middle class and suburban Dubliners viewed them as whores, the impoverished but devoutly Catholic residents of Monto tenements referred to prostitutes as, "unfortunate girls," and understood that they had turned to prostitution as a last resort. According to Kearns, "By all accounts, the girls were typically young, attractive, and known for their generosity, especially to slum children."

Billy Dunleavy, who grew up in the Monto during the Irish War of Independence, later recalled, "It was a hard life for them girls. They were really all country girls that got into trouble and that's where they finished up. A girl (unwed) with a baby, she was in trouble... from farmers' sons. There was a convent around there and they were put up in there for twelve months with the nuns. They had a hard time. Scrubbing floors and everything else and the nuns standing over them. Oh, the country girls got a hell of a time of it, that's why all the girls was, 'on the town'. That's where they finished up. Now the madams had them dressed up in good new clothes, that was the attraction."

According to Kearns, "The madams, several of whom became legendary figures in Dublin folklore, were Dublin women. They were tough, shrewd businesswomen who ruled the roost in a strict maternal manner. They clothed their girls, housed them, and took a high percentage of their earnings. Many of the kip-houses also illegally sold drink which made it easier to part a man from his money... Several madams became quite wealthy, wore expensive jewels, owned cars, and even sent their children off to prestigious schools abroad. Some were possessive of their girls to the point of keeping them virtually housebound for periods."

According to Billy Dunleavy, however, "But when they got the money off the men and didn't give it up to the madams they took the clothes off them – stripped! They'd strip them, take all their clothes off them and put them up in the rooms in the houses. They had a bad occupation but they were very decent, very, very kind, the girls. You wouldn't hear them cursing and they might give the boy a penny or tuppence to buy sweets. Respectable girls. The wives around here would even say 'hello,' to them and be friendly enough. But we had a hospital here then called the Locke, over here on Townsend Street, and you know what they used to do with the girls (with sexual diseases)? Smother them. When they had syphilis and all... incurable! They used to be smothered. See, there was no such thing as pills at that time. They couldn't cure them. Smother them to take them out of their pain, or give them some kind of a needle. They were so far gone and at that time there was no cure. The hospital was built for that purpose. That's right. They wouldn't do them all, just an odd one. They'd be nearly dead before they'd do it."

Believers in Irish republicanism tended to see prostitution and venereal disease as the natural result of British rule, linguistic imperialism, and colonialism, which would be resolved through Irish independence, language revival, and decolonization. The aftermath of the Irish War of Independence was accordingly widely assumed by Republicans to automatically cause the end of Monto as a red light district. In reality, while the departure of the British Army garrison severely damaged the financial viability, organized prostitution continued in the Monto.

Ironically, the movement against prostitution actually began in defiance of the pervasive Crypto-Calvinism, or Jansenism, within the Catholic Church in Ireland, and the intense and widespread hostility among the Irish middle class, towards male rakes, male and female prostitutes, and all other allegedly "fallen women".

Between 1921 and 1925, Frank Duff, the founder of the Legion of Mary and Fr. R.S. Devane, who both called for the social purification of Irish culture, launched a campaign to close down the kip-houses and clean up The Monto. Similarly to St. Vitalis of Gaza before them, Duff and Devane began an outreach to the prostitutes living in often brutal and inhuman conditions in the "kip houses". As part of this work, Duff established the Sancta Maria hostel, a safe house for former prostitutes whom the Legion of Mary helped to run away from their "kip keepers" and start a new life. Following the Irish War of Independence, Duff also persuaded the first Catholic Commissioner of the Dublin Metropolitan Police, former Irish Army General W. R. E. Murphy, to launch an iron-gloved crack down. The raids ended with 120 arrests and Gen. Murphy announced the closure of all the remaining brothels following massive DMP raids on 12 March 1925.

Prostitution, including smaller Kip-Houses posing as pubs and operating discretely while paying protection money to corrupt Irish politicians and law enforcement, continued to exist in Dublin. These kip-houses included the "Cozy Kitchen" on North King Street and "Cafe Continental" on Bolton Street, both of which were run by now legendary Dublin kip-keeper Dolly Fawcett and remained open until well into the 1950s.

According to Northside resident Noelle Hughes, who knew Dolly Fawcett in her seventies, "The Cozy Kitchen" was located in the basement of a tenement house at 2 North King Street and was run by Dolly's son Stephen Fawcett until it closed down in 1957. Dolly's other son ran the Cafe Continental on Bolton Street. According to retired Guard Paddy Casey, the Cafe Continental was located next to the Bolton Street Technical School.

Hughes later recalled, "The girls would be around the place, at the counter, and a man would start chatting them up. They were mostly country girls up from the country, from seventeen into their thirties. They weren't high class prostitutes or anything like that, they were just ordinary commoners. I suppose they charged about two pounds. They'd bring the blokes off to a flat. Or take him around a laneway or around the back, somewhere like that. The whole neighbourhood know of this - the whole of Dublin knew about it cause the sailors off the ships used to go in there an awful lot. Men, they'd come from the docks and all over. It was mostly all outsiders cause the men in the tenements didn't have money."

Hughes continues, "And the police raided it a couple of times but they got backhands. Oh, there was backhands going on all the time, paying policemen off. And there was a bit of an argument a couple times about closing it down but nothing ever materialised of it. And then it eventually closed up and the Fawcetts went off to England."

But for the most part, prostitution in Ireland overwhelmingly shifted into individual women offering to sell sexual services to passing motorists while walking along urban streets. It was half a century before non-police and non-political organized crime would dominate Irish prostitution again. Until then, streetwalking prostitutes remained intrinsically linked to the Dublin criminal underworld. The 1920s and 1930s also witnessed a new era in both Church and State morality and increasing censorship in the Republic of Ireland. The Magdalene Asylums are alleged to have become punitive and to have "imprisoned" unwed mothers, some for the duration of their lives, until the last asylum closed in 1996.

According to a detailed commentary, however, written by Bill Donohue, the president of the Catholic League, a U.S.-based advocacy group against anti-Catholicism, and published in July 2013, Donohue wrote, "No one was imprisoned, nor forced against her will to stay. There was no slave labor, ... It's all a lie." Donohue alleged that the women in the asylums were, "prostitutes, and women seen as likely candidates for the 'world's oldest profession'. Unmarried women, especially those who gave birth out-of-wedlock, were likely candidates. Contrary to what has been reported, the laundries were not imposed on these women: they were a realistic response to a growing social problem [prostitution]."

This is why, however, the Regina Coeli hostel which was opened in Dublin in 1930 following the Legion of Mary's crusade against the kip-keepers in the Monto, reflected their founder Frank Duff's belief that unwed mothers should be taught how to provide for and raise their children. By doing this, however, Frank Duff and the Legion of Mary, however, were defying the established consensus at a time when Irish culture was still very Jansenistic, which held that the children of unwed mothers should be protected from the stigma of their illegitimacy by being put up for adoption as quickly as possible.

The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 prohibited contraception and required sex crimes cases to be tried in camera and prevented media coverage. In the 1950s there was much public attention around the plight of Irish women working as prostitutes in England. These were portrayed not so much as 'fallen' women, but rather as innocents lured into evil. The Women's Liberation Movement of the 1970s helped to expose the double standards. Notable was the story of June Levine who collaborated with Lyn Madden, a former Dublin sex worker for twenty years in the 70s and 80s, to write Lyn: A Story of Prostitution (1987) Madden witnessed her pimp, John Cullen, firebomb the home of former prostitute and women's rights activist Dolores Lynch. Lynch, her elderly mother, and aunt, all perished in the fire. Madden later testified against Cullen and began writing the book during his trial, at which her former pimp received eighteen years imprisonment.

At around this time a group of streetwalkers brought a successful High Court challenge to the constitutionality of Victorian era laws that required a defendant to be identified as a prostitute through the citing of previous convictions before conviction was possible. This successful challenge caused the de facto decriminalisation of prostitution. During this period prostitutes were largely independent and had a good relationship with the Gardaí. Pimping was ignored, as were the other crimes previously associated with prostitution. Any suggestion of organised prostitution was limited to a small number of massage parlours in an environment where the workers were empowered to negotiate favourable terms and conditions for themselves. Also, the collapse of Christian morality following the Second Vatican Council created a large, visible, and largely tolerated sex industry.

The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993, made soliciting a criminal offence for both prostitutes and their customers. Street prostitution declined and the women entered massage parlours to avoid arrest. By the late 1990s the age of the brothel, and the brothel-keeper, had returned.  Society seemed accepting of discreet, indoor prostitution establishments and every week the mainstream entertainment magazine In Dublin ran advertisements for escort services and 'massage parlours' (brothels), which were usually the business operations of a small number of men and women, who knew running brothels was illegal, but were prepared to take the risk, given the massive profits involved. The magazine earned substantial revenue from these advertisements.

The blatant wealth of Ireland's brothel-keepers in the 1990s was such that the media began to take more interest. Section 23 of the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 prohibited the advertising of brothels and prostitution and in 1999 the Censorship of Publications Board banned In Dublin magazine from carrying escort advertisements.  Criminal proceedings were also brought against the magazine's publisher, Mike Hogan.  The In Dublin magazine case heralded the end of escort advertising in print publications. However, the suppression of advertising had little effect as the internet and mobile phones were changing the nature of the trade. Ireland's first escort website, Escort Ireland, had already established itself the previous year to take over In Dublin magazine's role.

Of note was the frequent reference to the inadequacy of the existing legislation, but there was little debate about possible alternative models.  While Ireland has an international commitment to protecting the well-being of women trafficked to Ireland for the purposes of prostitution, there was little or no discussion about the rights and well-being of Irish women working in prostitution. The violent murders of prostitutes Belinda Pereira, a UK resident working for a Dublin escort agency on 28 December 1996 and Sinead Kelly a young street prostitute in 1998 caused questions to be raised about the benefits of the 1993 act. Until Belinda Periera was murdered in a city centre apartment in the winter of 1996, the last murder of a prostitute while working (Dolores Lynch was murdered in her home in 1983, and seems to have no longer been working as a prostitute at the time) was in 1925 when the body of Lily O'Neill (known as "Honor Bright") was found in the Dublin Mountains.

Benburb Street remained a slum for most of the twentieth century, composed of overcrowded tenements and even after the transition of Collins Barracks into a museum in 1997 the surrounding neighbourhood has remained a noted red light district. In May 1997, as many as 100 women were reported to be still working as prostitutes along Benburb Street.

Perhaps the most infamous recent Irish organized crime figure known for involvement in organized prostitution was John Traynor, who was also a both a longtime confidential source within the Dublin criminal underworld for Sunday Independent investigative journalist Veronica Guerin and who remains a prime suspect in allegedly arranging her 1996 contract killing.

1999 also saw the launch of Operation Gladiator, a Garda Siochana investigation into those who profit from organised crime-controlled prostitution. It was the first operation of since the Dublin Metropolitan Police cracked down on the Monto in 1925 and lasted under a year, but in that time it identified and built cases against several major Dublin kip-keepers.

Twenty-first century
Operation Quest was launched by the Gardaí in 2003, with the aim of tackling human trafficking, prostitution and organized crime within the Irish lap dancing industry, followed by Operation Hotel in 2005, with the aim of tackling the trafficking of women from Eastern Europe to work in the sex industry in Ireland. Essentially the legal framework has not changed over twenty years, but discussions about alternatives emerged in 2011 (see Politics).

Legal status
Prostitution itself is not an offence under Irish law.  However, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act of 1993 prohibits soliciting or importuning another person in a street or public place for the purpose of prostitution (this offence applies to prostitute and client).  It also prohibits loitering for the purpose of prostitution, organising prostitution by controlling or directing the activities of a person in prostitution, coercing one to practice prostitution for gain, living on earnings of the prostitution of another person, and keeping a brothel or other premises for the purpose of prostitution.

Advertising brothels and prostitution is prohibited by the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act of 1994.  The minimum legal age for a prostitute in Ireland is 18 years (child prostitution legislation exists to protect persons under this age). The Criminal Law (Trafficking in Persons and Sexual Offences) Bill 2006 came into force making trafficking in persons for the purpose of their sexual exploitation a specific offence, though previous legislation already covered much of this area.

On 27 March 2017, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2017 was commenced into force. The Act significantly amends the 1993 Act to provide that a person who pays, gives, offers or promises to pay or give a person (including a prostitute) money or any other form of remuneration or consideration for the purpose of engaging in sexual activity with a prostitute shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of up to €500 for a first offence, and a fine of up to €1,000 for each subsequent offence.

Politics
Discussion of proposed law reform became an issue in the 2011 elections, with some support from opposition parties likely to become the new Government. A group of non-government and union bodies emerged pressuring both the current government and opposition parties to abolish prostitution, by criminalising the buying of sex, along Swedish lines.  At the same time, those supporting the status quo or advocating a more liberal approach challenged this argument. In the ensuing Dáil election on 25 February, a new Government was formed by Fine Gael (70 seats) and Labour (34 seats). The women's branch of the Labour Party support criminalisation of purchase.

In June 2012, the Department of Justice and Equality issued its Discussion Document on Future Direction of Prostitution Legislation.  In September 2012, the Oirechtas produced a background document entitled Prostitution regulation in Ireland: which way now? This was followed by a conference in Dublin organised by the Department, to discuss policy alternatives.
Following a request by the Minister for Justice and Equality, the Oireachtas Justice Committee held hearings on discussion document between December 2012 and February 2013. Prior to the hearings, a number of the committee members, such as Independent Senator Katherine Zappone, had already committed to a sex purchase ban, and the majority of submissions and presentations supported this measure and were associated with Turn Off the Red Light. In June 2013, it produced a unanimous report

recommending reform of Ireland's laws on prostitution, including criminalising purchase, and providing services for those wishing to exit prostitution. Of the opposition parties, both Fianna Fáil (20 seats) and Sinn Féin (14 seats) have expressed support for this approach at their 2013 Ardfheiseanna (party conferences), with the only dissenting voices coming from the independent bloc of deputies in the Dáil. However, there has been a reluctance on the part of the Government to act on the recommendations. A Private Member's Bill was however introduced in the Dáil in March 2013, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) (Amendment) Bill 2013, by Independent TD Thomas Pringle which would criminalise the purchase of sex, on behalf of Turn Off the Red Light, which was given a second reading in May 2013, receiving the support of Fianna Fáil and Sinn Féin. The Government preferred to wait for the Justice Committee report, and the bill was defeated on 7 May 2013.

In August 2014, former US President Jimmy Carter wrote to all Irish politicians urging the adoption of the criminalisation of the purchase of sex. Carter had been briefed by the Immigrant Council of Ireland, a leading figure in the Turn Off the Red Light campaign.

In March 2016, the Union of Students' Ireland (USI) passed a motion to campaign for the decriminalisation of sex workers in Ireland at its 2016 congress.

People Before Profit (PBP) stated in August 2020 that it supports the full decriminalisation of sex work.

Forms and extent of prostitution
There are no up-to-date reliable figures estimating the number of women or men currently working in prostitution in Ireland, but one estimate is 1,000. During Ireland's economic boom male demand for female prostitution services increased. There has been a marked increase in people turning towards the internet and sites as a more effective means of advertising.

For many years prior to the 1993 Sexual Offences Act, most female prostitutes worked on the streets, but, since that time, prostitution rings operating organized escort agencies have become the most prevalent form. Advertising in print publications remains illegal, but a very well-developed Internet advertising medium exists.

Prostitutes of many nationalities now reside in Ireland and Ruhama, an organisation seeking to help women to leave both voluntary and coercive prostitution, reported to the Irish State in 2006 that over 200 women were trafficked by escort agencies into Ireland.

Advocacy

Organisations
SWAI (Sex Workers Alliance Ireland), is an advocacy group for sex workers in Ireland. It was formed in 2009 by an alliance of individuals and groups to promote the social inclusion, health, safety, civil rights, and the right to self-determination of sex workers. SWAI actively advocates for the decriminalisation of sex work in Ireland and believes sex workers in Ireland should be free to work in safety without fear, judgment or stigma.

Ugly Mugs Ireland is a safety scheme for sex workers established in 2009.  It brings sex workers together to share information with each other about potential dangers.

Ruhama (Hebrew: Renewed life), established in 1989, is a Dublin-based NGO operated by the Catholic Sisters of Our Lady of Charity order, which works on a national level with women affected by prostitution and other forms of commercial sexual exploitation. The organisation regards prostitution as violence against women and violations of women's human rights. Ruhama sees prostitution and the social and cultural attitudes which sustain it as being deeply rooted in gender inequality and social marginalisation. Ruhama offers a range of services to support women in and exiting prostitution. Ruhama also seeks to highlight sex trafficking.

Campaigns
A campaign set up in 2011 to end prostitution and sex trafficking in Ireland called "Turn Off the Red Light" is run by an alliance of more than 66 community, union and religious groups, including the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation, and the Irish Medical Organisation. Core members are the Immigrant Council, Ruhama and the National Women's Council.

In response, a counter-campaign called "Turn Off the Blue Light" was created by sex workers and supporters in favour of decriminalisation to rebut what they see as misleading information and to present a positive image of sex workers in Ireland. A chief complaint it has of the "Turn Off The Red Light" campaign is that it conflates legal and consensual sex work with illegal human trafficking.

In popular culture
 "Molly Malone" (also known as "Cockles and Mussels" or "In Dublin's Fair City") is a popular song first published in Boston, Massachusetts in 1876 which tells the fictional tale of a  Dublin fishwife who plied her trade on the streets of the city. Although there is no evidence the song is based on a real woman in the 17th century or any other time, Malone is typically represented as being a hawker by day and part-time prostitute by night.
 Chapter II of James Joyce's semi-autobiographical 1916 novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man describes how the main protagonist Stephen Dedalus visits a prostitute one evening after wandering through the "dark slimy streets" of Dublin feeling like a "baffled prowling beast".
 Strumpet City, a 1969 historical novel by James Plunkett set in Dublin around the time of the 1913 Dublin Lock-out.
 The 2000 Irish film à clef When the Sky Falls, which retells a thinly fictionalized version of the 1996 assassination of investigative journalist Veronica Guerin, also depicts a prostitution ring being run by a character based on her confidential source John Traynor.
 The 2005 Irish film Breakfast on Pluto includes a scene where the main character Patrick Braden/Kitten (Cillian Murphy) is forced into prostitution in London.
 In the 2011 Irish buddy cop film The Guard, Garda Siochana Sgt. Gerry Boyle (Brendan Gleeson) is shown having a sexual encounter at a Connemara hotel with two women (played by Sarah Greene and Dominique McElligott) who have arrived at his request from an out of town escort service.

See also
 Monto, the nickname for the one-time red-light district of Dublin.
 Sex workers' rights
 Sex Workers' Rights Movement

Further reading

 Sex worker in Ireland: New law has made my business more dangerous. Irish Examiner. Published 25 January 2022.

References

Bibliography
 Sex in the City: The Prostitution Racket in Ireland, by Paul Reynolds (Author), Pan (7 November
 Lyn's Escape, by Lyn Madden, Cork University Press (2007)
 Onthegame.ie Prostitution in Ireland Today, by Stephen Rogers, Gill & Macmillan (2009)
 Monto: Madams, Murder and Black Coddle, by Terry Fagan and the North Inner City Folklore Project (2000)
 Story of Monto (Mercier mini book), by John Finegan (Author), Mercier Press (Feb 1978)
 Prostitution and Irish Society, 1800–1940, by Maria Luddy, Cambridge University Press (Nov 2007)

External links
 Sex Workers Alliance Ireland (SWAI)
 The Curragh Wrens, by Con Costello, The Curragh History Web Site
 The campaign to introduce the Swedish Model into the Irish Laws on Prostitution. David Walsh. Turn on the Red Light
 Turn Off the Red Light
 Sex Workers Alliance Ireland
 'Reflexivities of discomfort': Researching the sex trade and sex trafficking in Ireland. Eilís Ward, Gillian Wylie. European Journal of Women's Studies August 2014 vol. 21  no. 3  251–263
 Eilís Ward. Prostitution law may cause harm to women. Irish Times 19 October 2011
 "Prostitution and the Irish State: from Prohibitionism to a Globalised Sex Trade" Eilís Ward. Irish Political Studies, Vol. 25 (1): 4–66, 2010
 Striapacha Tri Chead Bliain Duailcis (Prostitutes: Three Hundred Years of Vice) Niamh O'Reilly, J Irish Studies

 Open secrets: Prostitution and national identity in twentieth century Irish society. Denton, Morgan Paige. Ph.D. Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2012

Society of Ireland
Violence against women in Ireland

Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland


Dayan Leslie van der Westhuizen (born 5 April 1994 in Wellington, South Africa) is a South African rugby union player for the  in Super Rugby, the  in the Currie Cup and the  in the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is tighthead prop.

Career

Boland

Having grown up in Wellington in the Western Cape province in South Africa, Van der Westhuizen was selected to represent Border at the annual Under-16 Grant Khomo Week competition held in Upington, where he scored a try in their match against the Pumas.

Blue Bulls / Bulls

However, he moved to Gauteng in 2011, where he enrolled at Hoërskool Centurion and represented Pretoria-based side the  in the Under-18 Craven Week competitions in 2011 and 2012. In 2012, he was called up to represent a South African Schools side and he played in three matches for them – against France, Wales and England. He scored a try in the first of those three matches to help South Africa achieve a 17–7 victory over their French counterparts.

After finishing high school, Van der Westhuizen remained at the . He played in nine matches of the  side's 2013 Under-19 Provincial Championship season; the seven of those came during the regular season, during which the Blue Bulls won all twelve of their matches to top the log. Van der Westhuizen also scored his first try at this level in their match against  in a 46–16 victory, and a second in a win over the s. He was named in the starting line-up for the final against the s, a match which the Blue Bulls won 35–23 to secure the championship.

In 2014, Van der Westhuizen was included in the South Africa Under-20 squad that participated in the 2014 IRB Junior World Championship held in New Zealand. He played off the bench in their opening match against Scotland before making his first start for the Under-20s in a 33–24 victory against hosts and four-time winners New Zealand. He played off the bench once again for their final pool match, a 21–8 victory over Samoa as South Africa finished top of the group to set up a rematch with New Zealand in the semi-finals. Van der Westhuizen started the semi-final and helped South Africa secure their fourth consecutive victory over New Zealand at this level, winning 32–25. He made his fifth appearance – and third start – of the tournament in the final, but could not prevent South Africa finishing on the losing side this time, with England winning the championship for the second consecutive year with a 21–20 victory over South Africa.

Van der Westhuizen returned to domestic action a month after the Junior World Championship, making ten appearances for the s during the 2014 Under-21 Provincial Championship and scoring a try against the  team as they reached the final of the competition, with Van der Westhuizen coming on as a second-half replacement to help the Blue Bulls win the title by beating  in the final.

In 2015, he was included in the ' squad for the 2015 Super Rugby season and was named on the bench for the side's season opener against the . He didn't make an appearance for them, instead playing for  in the 2015 Varsity Cup competition. He was named in a Varsity Cup Dream Team at the conclusion of the tournament which played one match against the South Africa Under-20s in Stellenbosch.

References

South African rugby union players
Living people
1994 births
People from Wellington, Western Cape
Rugby union props
Blue Bulls players
Bulls (rugby union) players
South Africa Under-20 international rugby union players
Southern Kings players
Hino Red Dolphins players
Rugby union players from the Western Cape

Dayan van der Westhuizen


Data cleansing or data cleaning is the process of detecting and correcting (or removing) corrupt or inaccurate records from a record set, table, or database and refers to identifying incomplete, incorrect, inaccurate or irrelevant parts of the data and then replacing, modifying, or deleting the dirty or coarse data. Data cleansing may be performed interactively with data wrangling tools, or as batch processing through scripting or a data quality firewall.

After cleansing, a data set should be consistent with other similar data sets in the system. The inconsistencies detected or removed may have been originally caused by user entry errors, by corruption in transmission or storage, or by different data dictionary definitions of similar entities in different stores. Data cleaning differs from data validation in that validation almost invariably means data is rejected from the system at entry and is performed at the time of entry, rather than on batches of data.

The actual process of data cleansing may involve removing typographical errors or validating and correcting values against a known list of entities. The validation may be strict (such as rejecting any address that does not have a valid postal code), or with fuzzy or approximate string matching (such as correcting records that partially match existing, known records). Some data cleansing solutions will clean data by cross-checking with a validated data set. A common data cleansing practice is data enhancement, where data is made more complete by adding related information. For example, appending addresses with any phone numbers related to that address. Data cleansing may also involve harmonization (or normalization) of data, which is the process of bringing together data of "varying file formats, naming conventions, and columns", and transforming it into one cohesive data set; a simple example is the expansion of abbreviations ("st, rd, etc." to "street, road, etcetera").

Motivation
Administratively incorrect, inconsistent data can lead to false conclusions and misdirect investments on both public and private scales. For instance, the government may want to analyze population census figures to decide which regions require further spending and investment on infrastructure and services. In this case, it will be important to have access to reliable data to avoid erroneous fiscal decisions. In the business world, incorrect data can be costly. Many companies use customer information databases that record data like contact information, addresses, and preferences. For instance, if the addresses are inconsistent, the company will suffer the cost of resending mail or even losing customers.

Data quality
High-quality data needs to pass a set of quality criteria. Those include:
 Validity: The degree to which the measures conform to defined business rules or constraints (see also Validity (statistics)). When modern database technology is used to design data-capture systems, validity is fairly easy to ensure: invalid data arises mainly in legacy contexts (where constraints were not implemented in software) or where inappropriate data-capture technology was used (e.g., spreadsheets, where it is very hard to limit what a user chooses to enter into a cell, if cell validation is not used). Data constraints fall into the following categories:
 Data-Type Constraints – e.g., values in a particular column must be of a particular data type, e.g., Boolean, numeric (integer or real), date, etc.
 Range Constraints: typically, numbers or dates should fall within a certain range. That is, they have minimum and/or maximum permissible values.
 Mandatory Constraints: Certain columns cannot be empty.
 Unique Constraints: A field, or a combination of fields, must be unique across a dataset. For example, no two persons can have the same social security number.
 Set-Membership constraints: The values for a column come from a set of discrete values or codes. For example, a person's sex may be Female, Male or Non-Binary.
 Foreign-key constraints: This is the more general case of set membership. The set of values in a column is defined in a column of another table that contains unique values. For example, in a US taxpayer database, the "state" column is required to belong to one of the US's defined states or territories: the set of permissible states/territories is recorded in a separate State table. The term foreign key is borrowed from relational database terminology.
 Regular expression patterns: Occasionally, text fields will have to be validated this way. For example, phone numbers may be required to have the pattern (999) 999–9999.
 Cross-field validation: Certain conditions that utilize multiple fields must hold. For example, in laboratory medicine, the sum of the components of the differential white blood cell count must be equal to 100 (since they are all percentages). In a hospital database, a patient's date of discharge from the hospital cannot be earlier than the date of admission.
 Accuracy: The degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true value - see also Accuracy and precision. Accuracy is very hard to achieve through data-cleansing in the general case because it requires accessing an external source of data that contains the true value: such "gold standard" data is often unavailable. Accuracy has been achieved in some cleansing contexts, notably customer contact data, by using external databases that match up zip codes to geographical locations (city and state) and also help verify that street addresses within these zip codes actually exist.
 Completeness: The degree to which all required measures are known. Incompleteness is almost impossible to fix with data cleansing methodology: one cannot infer facts that were not captured when the data in question was initially recorded. (In some contexts, e.g., interview data, it may be possible to fix incompleteness by going back to the original source of data, i.e. re-interviewing the subject, but even this does not guarantee success because of problems of recall - e.g., in an interview to gather data on food consumption, no one is likely to remember exactly what one ate six months ago. In the case of systems that insist certain columns should not be empty, one may work around the problem by designating a value that indicates "unknown" or "missing", but the supplying of default values does not imply that the data has been made complete.)
 Consistency: The degree to which a set of measures are equivalent in across systems (see also Consistency). Inconsistency occurs when two data items in the data set contradict each other: e.g., a customer is recorded in two different systems as having two different current addresses, and only one of them can be correct. Fixing inconsistency is not always possible: it requires a variety of strategies - e.g., deciding which data were recorded more recently, which data source is likely to be most reliable (the latter knowledge may be specific to a given organization), or simply trying to find the truth by testing both data items (e.g., calling up the customer).
 Uniformity: The degree to which a set data measures are specified using the same units of measure in all systems ( see also Unit of measure). In datasets pooled from different locales, weight may be recorded either in pounds or kilos and must be converted to a single measure using an arithmetic transformation.

The term integrity encompasses accuracy, consistency and some aspects of validation (see also data integrity) but is rarely used by itself in data-cleansing contexts because it is insufficiently specific. (For example, "referential integrity" is a term used to refer to the enforcement of foreign-key constraints above.)

Process
 Data auditing: The data is audited with the use of statistical and database methods to detect anomalies and contradictions: this eventually indicates the characteristics of the anomalies and their locations. Several commercial software packages will let you specify constraints of various kinds (using a grammar that conforms to that of a standard programming language, e.g., JavaScript or Visual Basic) and then generate code that checks the data for violation of these constraints. This process is referred to below in the bullets "workflow specification" and "workflow execution." For users who lack access to high-end cleansing software, Microcomputer database packages such as Microsoft Access or File Maker Pro will also let you perform such checks, on a constraint-by-constraint basis, interactively with little or no programming required in many cases.
 Workflow specification: The detection and removal of anomalies are performed by a sequence of operations on the data known as the workflow. It is specified after the process of auditing the data and is crucial in achieving the end product of high-quality data. In order to achieve a proper workflow, the causes of the anomalies and errors in the data have to be closely considered.
 Workflow execution: In this stage, the workflow is executed after its specification is complete and its correctness is verified. The implementation of the workflow should be efficient, even on large sets of data, which inevitably poses a trade-off because the execution of a data-cleansing operation can be computationally expensive.
 Post-processing and controlling: After executing the cleansing workflow, the results are inspected to verify correctness. Data that could not be corrected during the execution of the workflow is manually corrected, if possible. The result is a new cycle in the data-cleansing process where the data is audited again to allow the specification of an additional workflow to further cleanse the data by automatic processing.

Good quality source data has to do with "Data Quality Culture" and must be initiated at the top of the organization. It is not just a matter of implementing strong validation checks on input screens, because almost no matter how strong these checks are, they can often still be circumvented by the users. There is a nine-step guide for organizations that wish to improve data quality:
 Declare a high-level commitment to a data quality culture
 Drive process reengineering at the executive level
 Spend money to improve the data entry environment
 Spend money to improve application integration
 Spend money to change how processes work
 Promote end-to-end team awareness
 Promote interdepartmental cooperation
 Publicly celebrate data quality excellence
 Continuously measure and improve data quality

Others include:
 Parsing:  for the detection of syntax errors. A parser decides whether a string of data is acceptable within the allowed data specification. This is similar to the way a parser works with grammars and languages.
 Data transformation: Data transformation allows the mapping of the data from its given format into the format expected by the appropriate application. This includes value conversions or translation functions, as well as normalizing numeric values to conform to minimum and maximum values.
 Duplicate elimination: Duplicate detection requires an algorithm for determining whether data contains duplicate representations of the same entity. Usually, data is sorted by a key that would bring duplicate entries closer together for faster identification.
 Statistical methods: By analyzing the data using the values of mean, standard deviation, range, or clustering algorithms, it is possible for an expert to find values that are unexpected and thus erroneous. Although the correction of such data is difficult since the true value is not known, it can be resolved by setting the values to an average or other statistical value. Statistical methods can also be used to handle missing values which can be replaced by one or more plausible values, which are usually obtained by extensive data augmentation algorithms.

System
The essential job of this system is to find a suitable balance between fixing dirty data and maintaining the data as close as possible to the original data from the source production system. This is a challenge for the Extract, transform, load architect. The system should offer an architecture that can cleanse data, record quality events and measure/control quality of data in the data warehouse. A good start is to perform a thorough data profiling analysis that will help define to the required complexity of the data cleansing system and also give an idea of the current data quality in the source system(s).

Quality screens
Part of the data cleansing system is a set of diagnostic filters known as quality screens. They each implement a test in the data flow that, if it fails, records an error in the Error Event Schema. Quality screens are divided into three categories:
 Column screens. Testing the individual column, e.g. for unexpected values like NULL values; non-numeric values that should be numeric; out of range values; etc.
 Structure screens. These are used to test for the integrity of different relationships between columns (typically foreign/primary keys) in the same or different tables. They are also used for testing that a group of columns is valid according to some structural definition to which it should adhere.
 Business rule screens. The most complex of the three tests. They test to see if data, maybe across multiple tables, follow specific business rules. An example could be, that if a customer is marked as a certain type of customer, the business rules that define this kind of customer should be adhered to.

When a quality screen records an error, it can either stop the dataflow process, send the faulty data somewhere else than the target system or tag the data.
The latter option is considered the best solution because the first option requires, that someone has to manually deal with the issue each time it occurs and the second implies that data are missing from the target system (integrity) and it is often unclear what should happen to these data.

Criticism of existing tools and processes
Most data cleansing tools have limitations in usability:
 Project costs: costs typically in the hundreds of thousands of dollars
 Time: mastering large-scale data-cleansing software is time-consuming
 Security: cross-validation requires sharing information, giving an application access across systems, including sensitive legacy systems

Error event schema
The error event schema holds records of all error events thrown by the quality screens. It consists of an error event Fact table with foreign keys to three dimension tables that represent date (when), batch job (where) and screen (who produced error). It also holds information about exactly when the error occurred and the severity of the error. Also, there is an error event detail fact table with a foreign key to the main table that contains detailed information about in which table, record and field the error occurred and the error condition.

See also
 Data editing
 Data mining
 Database repair
 Iterative proportional fitting
 Record linkage
 Single customer view
 Triangulation (social science)

References

Further reading

External links
 Computerworld: Data Scrubbing (February 10, 2003)
 Erhard Rahm, Hong Hai Do: Data Cleaning: Problems and Current Approaches
 Data cleansing. Datamanagement.wiki.

Data quality

Data cleansing


Tian Liang (; born August 27, 1979) is a male Chinese actor and former diver.

Diving career
Tian won gold in the 10 m platform event in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. In the Summer Olympics 2004, he won the bronze medal in the 10 m platform event and a gold medal in the synchronised platform event.

Since then, he and another gold medal winner, the Chinese female diver Guo Jingjing, often appeared together in public activities. They were better known together as Liang Jingjing (亮晶晶, Tian and Guo's combined given names, synonymous with the word for 'sparkling').

After winning his multiple Olympic medals, Tian received numerous invitations to lend his name and face to corporate promotions. His involvement in commercial activities, and perhaps other disputes with the national team, have led the national team to fire him after repeated warnings. In spite of this, Tian continued to practice diving with a provincial team. He maintained his diving standard and won a medal at the following National Games of China. Although there was great public interest in him rejoining the national team, it did not happen. Tian has since then split his schedule between diving training and public activities. Finally on March 25, 2007, Tian announced his retirement as a diver.

On July 29, 2008, it was announced that Tian would not be rejoining the national team and participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Filmography
The Bodyguard (2015)
Who Moved My Fiancee (2015)
The Right Mistake (2015)
Emperor's Holidays (2015)
Stealing Legend (2014)
Where Are We Going? Dad (2014)
Badges of Fury (2013)
National Treasure Mystery (2013)
Blame It on the Phone (2013)
On My Way (2012)
Princess's Temptation (2012)
Crazy Shanzhai (2011)
I Love Wing Chun (2011)
A Beautiful Life (2011)
The Fantastic Water Babes (2010)

References

External links
 Tian Liang at databaseOlympics.com
 Tian's Olympic troubles

1979 births
Living people
Chinese male divers
Divers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for China
Olympic divers for China
Olympic gold medalists for China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Sportspeople from Chongqing
Olympic medalists in diving
Asian Games medalists in diving
Divers at the 1998 Asian Games
Divers at the 2002 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in diving
21st-century Chinese male actors
Chinese male film actors
Chinese male television actors
Male actors from Chongqing
FISU World University Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 2001 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade
20th-century Chinese people
21st-century Chinese people

Tian Liang


The 1843 Whanganui earthquake occurred on 8 July at 16:45 local time with an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the  scale. The maximum perceived intensity was IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and possibly reaching X (Extreme). The epicentre is estimated to have been within a zone extending 50 km northeast from Whanganui towards Taihape. GNS Science has this earthquake catalogued and places the epicentre 35 km east of Taihape, near the border of Hawke's Bay. This was the first earthquake in New Zealand over magnitude 7 for which written records exist, and the first for which deaths were recorded.

Tectonic setting
New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In North Island the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island. The presumed epicentre of the 1843 earthquake is not, however, associated with any known fault.

Earthquake characteristics
The shock was felt over much of North Island and was reported as lasting for three minutes near Mokoia. A magnitude of 7.5 was estimated from the extent of the area that was subject to a shaking level of at least VIII (Severe). At least ten aftershocks were reported on the same day as the mainshock and further shocks were reported until January 1845.

Damage
Damage in the Whanganui area reached IX–X on the Mercalli intensity scale. Many houses were damaged, and a brick church at Putiki was destroyed. There was extensive lateral spreading of the terrace margin to the Whanganui River, and a section of Shakespeare Cliff fell into the river. Two people were killed when their house was swept away by one of the landslides caused by the earthquake.

See also
 1848 Marlborough earthquake
 List of earthquakes in New Zealand
 List of historical earthquakes

References

Earthquakes in New Zealand
History of Manawatū-Whanganui
Wanganui
1843 in New Zealand
July 1843 events
1843 disasters in New Zealand

1843 Wanganui earthquake


Vladimir Mikhailovich Petlyakov (; 15 June 1891 – 12 January 1942) was a Soviet aeronautical engineer and aircraft designer.

Petlyakov was born in 1891 in Sambek (Don Host Oblast, Russian Empire) (currently part of Neklinovsky District, Rostov Oblast), where his father served as a local official. After graduating from the Technical College in Taganrog (today the "Taganrog Petlyakov Aviation College", Таганрогский авиационный колледж им. В. М. Петлякова) in 1910. he travelled to Moscow, where he was accepted into the Moscow State Technical University; however, due to financial difficulties he was unable to complete his studies. After the 1917 Russian Revolution he continued his education and was hired to work as a technician in the aerodynamics laboratory at Moscow State Technical University under the guidance of Nikolai Zhukovsky, while resuming his studies. He gained experience as a laboratory assistant on wind tunnels and on calculations for aircraft design. In 1922 he graduated from the same university.

From 1921 to 1936 Petlyakov worked at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) ()under the guidance of Andrei Tupolev; there he became involved in wing design and in the development of gliders. In 1936 he became a chief aircraft-designer at an aviation plant. Petlyakov was directly involved in the organization and development of Soviet metal aircraft construction. In particular, Petlyakov (together with the engineer Nikolai Belyaev) elaborated methods of calculating durability of materials and theory on designing metal wings with multiple spars. Petlyakov assisted in designing the first Soviet heavy bombers TB-1, TB-3 (1930–1935), and a long-range high-altitude four-engine bomber, the Pe-8 (1935–1937).

On 21 October 1937, Petlyakov, together with Tupolev and the entire directorate of the TsAGI, was arrested on trumped-up charges of sabotage, espionage and of aiding the Russian Fascist Party. Many of his colleagues were executed. In 1939 he was moved from a prison to an NKVD sharashka for aircraft designers near Moscow, where many ex-TsAGI people had already been sent to work. Petlyakov was given the task of designing a high-altitude fighter, which he successfully accomplished. Operational experience in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939–1940 showed that this was not what the Soviet Air Force needed, and Lavrentiy Beria, head of the NKVD and of the sharashka system, ordered that the fighter be redesigned as a dive bomber, with the promise that Petlyakov and his colleagues would be released on its successful completion.

The resulting aircraft, the Pe-2, which went into serial production at the Kazan Aviation Plant, proved to be one of the most successful designs of World War II. Petlyakov was released in 1940, and was awarded a Stalin Prize in 1941. At Kazan, Petlyakov faced increasing difficulties, with many of his trained technicians and machinists conscripted into the Soviet military and sent to the front lines, which adversely affected the quality of production aircraft. He protested to Soviet senior leadership, and was on his way to Moscow in January 1942 (flying in a Pe-2), when he died  in an air crash near Arzamas. His grave is at the Arskoe Cemetery in Kazan.

Vladimir Petlyakov received the Stalin prize (1941) and was awarded two Orders of Lenin and an Order of the Red Star.

References

External links

1891 births
1942 deaths
People from Rostov Oblast
People from Don Host Oblast
Soviet aerospace engineers
Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni
Sharashka inmates
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Soviet rehabilitations
Burials at Arskoe Cemetery
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1942
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Soviet Union

Vladimir Petlyakov


Erna Hennicot-Schoepges (born 24 July 1941 in Dudelange) is a Luxembourgish politician for the Christian Social People's Party.  She was until 2009 a Member of the European Parliament, sitting as a CSV member of the European People's Party.

Erna Hennicot-Schoepges has an extensive history in cultural affairs.  She was educated in Musical studies, for which she was awarded the gold medal as a pianist, as well as philosophy and literature at the Royal Conservatoire of Brussels in Brussels, Ecole Normale in Paris, the Mozarteum in Salzburg, and the Centre Universitaire in Luxembourg.

Her political career reflects this deep interest in culture as well as her commitment to civil affairs. The Hennicot-Schoepges was elected Mayor of Walferdange and then moved on to become the first woman President of Luxembourg's Parliament followed by her appointment as Luxembourg's Minister of Culture, Higher Education and Research and Public Works.  Throughout this time, she was also highly engaged as a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and of the European Parliament.

Hennicot-Schoepges has made many political contributions to the cultural field. On the national level, she is responsible for the creation of the University of Luxembourg in 2003 and the Luxembourg Philharmonic Hall Joséphine Charlotte in 2005, among other projects. On a European level, she was the rapporteur to the EP of the "European Year of Intercultural Dialogue, 2008." She is also a member of the Jury for the European Capitals of Culture and a member of the Council of State in Luxembourg.  Additionally, she has written a number of books and articles on subjects ranging from European politics, human rights, religion, and education.

References

External links

Article re. Ms. Hennicot-Schoepges' promotion of the Luxembourgish language beyond Luxembourg's borders

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1941 births
Living people
People from Dudelange
Ministers for Public Works of Luxembourg
MEPs for Luxembourg 2004–2009
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg) from Centre
Councillors in Walferdange
Christian Social People's Party politicians
Luxembourgian educators
Luxembourgian women educators
Women government ministers of Luxembourg
Christian Social People's Party MEPs
21st-century women MEPs for Luxembourg

Erna Hennicot-Schoepges


Guinness (pronoonced ) is a popular dry stout that originatit in Arthur Guinness' first brewery in Leixlip, Co. Kildare but it then muived tae its present hame at St. Jamies's Gat in Dublin, Ireland. The beer is foondit on the porter style frae Lonnon in the early 18t century. It is ane o the maist successfu beer brands in the warld, bein exportit warldwide. The distinctive featur in the flavour is the roosted bairley whilk steys unfermentit. For monie year a portion o the beer wis eildit tae gie a shairp lactic flavour, but Guinness winna say gin this yet occurs. The thick reamy heid is the result o the beer bein kirned wi nitrogen whan bein served. It is extremely faur ben wi the Irish an, in spite o a decline in consumption owre recent years, is the best-sellin alcoholic drink ae aw time in Ireland, whar Guinness & Co. maks ney €2 billion annually.

Beer
Diageo buists

Guinness


Saturday Kitchen Live is a British cookery programme, that is broadcast live on BBC One every Saturday between 10.00am and 11.30am produced by Cactus TV.

History

2002–2003
After a pilot hosted by Ainsley Harriott on 14 April 2001, the show was launched on 26 January 2002 and was originally broadcast as a BBC production for the Open University under an educational remit. It was hosted by Gregg Wallace, then a relatively unknown presenter. He was joined by a celebrity chef each week in a pre-recorded format and with a low budget, using archived content from the likes of Keith Floyd and Rick Stein to fill the show. After the first series, the second series was broadcast live.

2003–2006
After the success of the first two series, the programme was relaunched with established celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson as the host, initially guest hosting from May before taking over on 13 September. The format was tweaked, moving away from the educational remit and simple meals to more aspirational food with an increase in chefs, a number of whom had Michelin stars, and celebrity guests. The BBC archive was retained for the revamped format, with Worrall Thompson and the guest chefs preparing dishes, with the clips used to allow clean-up and "resetting" of the studio kitchen.

During the summer of 2004, the programme temporarily moved to BBC One and aired as Saturday Brunch, live from Worrall Thompson's home. Subsequently, in January 2006, the show moved from BBC Two to BBC One on a three-month trial that became permanent, a decision which drew controversy after the moving of children's programming from its regular slot on the channel for the first time since the 1970s.

2006–2016

After Worrall Thompson left the network to present Saturday Cooks! in June 2006, James Martin took over as host from 24 June. During Martin's tenure, the audience increased from 1.2 million to around 2.5 million, peaking at 2.7 million on 9 January 2010.

On 8 September 2012, the first episode was broadcast from a new studio set, which saw a new design and the addition of mains gas and running water.

On 23 February 2016, Martin announced that he would be leaving the show to concentrate on other commitments, and "to have a lie in" on a Saturday. His last show was on 26 March 2016.

Among those to cover in Martin's absence were Matt Tebbutt and John Torode.

2016- Present

Presenters
Matt Tebbutt is the predominant presenter, with Angela Hartnett and Anna Haugh among those to have deputised for Tebbutt.

Drinks experts
Each week, a drinks expert pairs various drinks to go with the studio dishes. Helen McGinn and Olly Smith are the predominant experts.

Featured chefs
Among the featured chefs in 2022, were: Paul Ainsworth, Ravinder Bhogal, Niklas Ekstedt, Sabrina Ghayour, Ravneet Gill, and Nathan Outlaw.

Celebrity guests
In 2022, the Saturday Kitchen team were joined by a variety of celebrity guests, including: James Bay, Paloma Faith, Jane Horrocks, Iain Stirling, and Stanley Tucci.

Features

Each show typically includes a host chef and two guest chefs, each cooking in the studio. They are joined by a celebrity guest, usually on to promote a forthcoming or current project.

Each guest chef's dish is paired with a drink chosen by an expert.

In between each studio dish, excerpts are shown from the BBC Archives. The footage almost always includes Rick Stein and Keith Floyd, but have also featured Nigella Lawson, The Hairy Bikers, and Nigel Slater in the past.

Before the introduction of the Heaven and Hell feature, the programme previously featured Worrall Thompson and guest chefs pitching a dish to be cooked, which the public voted on and a running total of wins were recorded by using fridge magnets.

Heaven or Hell
Each show concludes with the host and guest chefs cooking the celebrity guest a dish containing their favourite or least-favourite ingredient/s.

Which dish is cooked depends on an online vote for viewers at home to choose heaven or hell. Formerly, only the viewers who phoned in to the show were able to vote, along with the guest chefs.

Saturday Kitchen Best Bites
In-addition to the main episode shown on Saturday mornings, there is a compilation episode called Saturday Kitchen Best Bites, which features clips from previous episodes and is hosted by the same presenter(s).

Controversies

Competition with ITV
In June 2006, it was revealed that host Antony Worrall Thompson was to move to ITV to host a similar cooking show in the same slot, Saturday Cooks!, though later rescheduled to noon. In addition to this move, the new show was to be made by the Saturday Kitchen producer, Prospect Pictures. In light of the changes, the programme was revamped with new host James Martin and new producer Cactus TV.

Misleading viewers
In February 2007, the programme was accused of misleading viewers to phone in to an apparently live segment, which was found to have been pre-recorded a week earlier.

Dietary requirements
In July 2016, Matt Tebbutt hosted an episode of Saturday Kitchen. Tebbutt was discussing food commandments with food critic and writer Jay Rayner, when Tebbutt said "I'd like people in restaurants to leave their dietary requirement at home.  Unless, it's obviously life-threatening—that would be wrong!  There are so many dietary requirements these days."

One social media user stated: "For your information, dietary requirements aren't fussiness. Coeliac? Allergies?  Ignorance makes dining out impossible for many." Another said: "I wish intolerant views were left at home, so disappointing."

Other tweets read: "I love, love Saturday Kitchen, but not everyone with a dietary requirement is trying to make life difficult for restaurants" and "thanks for making those of us with dietary requirements feel even worse about eating out."

Tebbutt responded: "Apologies, was being flippant.  I mean the 'faddy' eaters amongst us, that's all."

Presenter selections
In January 2017, viewers took to social media to express their displeasure at Michel Roux, Jr's selection as host for an episode of Saturday Kitchen. A Guardian investigation published in November 2016, alleged that Roux had not paid some staff the minimum wage.  The article also alleged that service charges added to bills had been used for restaurant revenues. Some viewers stated that they could not watch while Roux hosted.

Roux has hosted several times since.

Spin-offs
The programme has produced a number of spin off series, including Celebration Kitchen, Spring Kitchen, Christmas Kitchen and Saturday Kitchen: Best Bites, a compilation programme currently airing on Sunday mornings on BBC Two, as well as the Saturday Kitchen Cookbook with James Martin, published by BBC Books in July 2007.

Celebration Kitchen
An identical format, with a specific focus on foods associated with respective religious festivals, such as: Eid al-Fitr, Passover, and Diwali.

Christmas Kitchen
Christmas Kitchen was a "show filled with guest chefs, celebrities, and treats from the BBC's festive food archives."

Series 1 (2013):For each of the 10 shows, James Martin was joined by fellow chef Brian Turner. Joining them were a variety of chefs, including: Theo Randall, Vivek Singh, and Bryn Williams.

Series 2 (2014):James Martin and Brian Turner returned for another series of Christmas Kitchen in December 2014.  Over the course of the 10 episodes, they were joined by: Jason Atherton, Monica Galetti, and Nathan Outlaw, among other chefs.

Series 3 (2016):At the presenting helm for the 10-part third series were Matt Tebbutt and Andi Oliver.  This series featured appearances from Sabrina Ghayour and Olia Hercules.  For each show, the team were also joined by former Bake Off contestants.

Spring Kitchen with Tom Kerridge
Spring Kitchen was a weekday, daytime spin-off of Saturday Kitchen presented by Tom Kerridge. The series aired for 14 episodes in April 2014.

For each show, Kerridge was joined by different chefs, including: Jason Atherton, Michael Caines, Daniel Clifford, Gennaro Contaldo, Lisa Goodwin-Allen, Angela Hartnett, Ching-He Huang, Tom Kitchin, Glynn Purnell, Theo Randall, and Bryn Williams.

Kerridge was also joined by a diverse cross-section of celebrity guests, including: Amanda Abbington, Chris Addison, Amanda Byram, Nicki Chapman, Jenny Eclair, Chris Hollins, Alex Jones, Jo Joyner, Nick Knowles, Dominic Littlewood, Craig Revel Horwood, Gaby Roslin, Danny Wallace, and Paul Young.

References

External links

BBC Television shows
2000s British cooking television series
2010s British cooking television series
2020s British cooking television series
2001 British television series debuts
British cooking television shows
English-language television shows
Saturday mass media

Saturday Kitchen


Richard and Mary Parker are fictional characters appearing in Marvel Comics. They first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man Annual # 5 in 1968 created by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber. Richard Parker is the younger brother of Benjamin 'Uncle Ben' Parker, he is married to Mary Parker whose maiden name is Fitzpatrick and the father of Peter Parker. Since the first issue Peter was raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben but it didn't explain where his parents were. In their first appearance in a flashback it is revealed that they were murdered by the supervillain Albert Malik also known as the Red Skull. In comics from the 1990's it is revealed that Richard Parker was recruited into the CIA by Nick Fury, that he was pretending to be a Russian double agent and that he and his wife were killed in a plane crash caused by sabotage. Harry Osborne later creates robots that look just like Richard and Mary to trick Peter Parker into thinking that his parents are still alive and then reveals that they are not to destroy him. In the 2002 movie Spider-Man, Norman Osborne tells Peter Parker "your parents must be proud" and Peter tells him "I live with my aunt and uncle, they are proud." Uncle Ben later tells Peter "I know I'm not your father" and Peter tells him "then stop pretending to be". At the end of the movie the Green Goblin tells Spider-Man that Peter has been like a son to him and that he has been like a father and Peter tells him "I had a father, his name was Ben Parker."

In the 2012 movie The Amazing Spider-Man, Dr. Richard Parker is a scientist who disappeared after he and his wife left their son Peter Parker with his Uncle Ben and Aunt May. He is also responsible for the creation of the genetically engineered superspider that bites Peter and gives him his powers.

Spider-Man
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Marvel Comics supporting characters

Richard and Mary Parker


A geographical indication associates a product with a certain geographical area. The buyer of the product will then know that the product is from the area indicated. These indications are most common for agricultural products, mostly food. They can also be found for industrial products. In theory, they could also apply to services. In the European Union, and probably elsewhere, a protected designation of origin also means that the product has been produced according to certain rules, and that certain standards are met.

Marketing

Geographical indication


Philadelphia (also called "Philadelphia magazine" or referred to by the nickname "Phillymag", once called Greater Philadelphia) is a regional monthly magazine published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by the Lipson family of Philadelphia and its company, Metrocorp.

History and profile
One of the oldest magazines of its kind, it was first published as a quarterly in 1908 by the Trades League of Philadelphia.  S. Arthur Lipson bought the paper in 1946.

Coverage includes Philadelphia and the surrounding counties of Montgomery, Chester, Delaware, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and Camden and Burlington counties in New Jersey. During summer, coverage expands to include vacation communities along the Jersey Shore.

The first article published in America that recognized a city's gay community and political scene was about Philadelphia and was called "The Furtive Fraternity" by Gaeton Fonzi and published in the magazine in 1962.

The magazine has been the recipient of the National Magazine Award in various categories in 1970, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1993, and 1994.

Like other city and regional magazines, sections cover dining, entertainment, and special events.  Feature articles cover the range of these topics, along with local and regional politics.  Special (generally annual) features include "The Best of Philly" Awards, with summary top ratings of a panoply of products, services, stores, shops and community features; and "Top Doctors", listing top-rated physicians by specialty; and "50 Best Restaurants." It is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA).

In March 2010 the magazine launched the daily news and opinion site The Philly Post. In December 2010 it acquired the Philadelphia food blog Foobooz, and in 2012 acquired Tim McManus's and Sheil Kapadia's Birds 24/7. The name Philly Post was retired in a September 2013 website redesign, and the site simply published daily news and opinion as Philadelphia magazine.

The cover of the May 2007 issue caused a minor controversy, as it featured a photograph of a nude 31-year-old woman who had undergone the removal of a cancerous growth from her buttocks.

References

External links

1908 establishments in Pennsylvania
Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Local interest magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
City guides
Magazines established in 1908
Magazines published in Philadelphia

Philadelphia (magazine)


Mount Logan () is located in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. Mount Logan is in a remote location of North Cascades National Park that requires hiking  from a trailhead to reach the peak. The mountain itself is not a difficult climb, though the easiest approaches require traversing glaciers and ropes are recommended. The peak supports three glaciers including Banded Glacier to the north, Fremont Glacier to the southwest and Douglas Glacier on the southeast slopes.

Climate
Mount Logan is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below  or above . During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

Geology
The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.

The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted.  In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.

During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The "U"-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

References

Sources

Gallery

Mountains of Washington (state)
North Cascades National Park
Mountains of Skagit County, Washington
North Cascades
Cascade Range

Mount Logan (Washington)


Anthony Rous (1605 – 1 May 1677) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  at various times between 1653 and 1660. He was an officer in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War.

Rous was the son of Robert Rous and his wife Jane Pym, daughter of Alexander Pym and niece of John Pym.

In 1653, Rous was elected Member of Parliament for Cornwall in the Barebones Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Cornwall in the First Protectorate Parliament and in the Second Protectorate Parliament.

In April 1660, Rous was elected Member of Parliament for Helston for the Convention Parliament in a double return. He was seated in May 1660, but the election was declared void on 27 June and a by-election was held.

Rous married Mary Bradshaw, daughter of William Bradshaw of Lancashire and had a son Francis.

References

1605 births
1677 deaths
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
Roundheads
Place of birth missing
Masters of the Jewel Office

Anthony Rous