Protected cruisers, a type of cruising warship of the late-19th century, gained their description because an armoured deck offered protection for vital machine-spaces from fragments caused by shells exploding above them. Protected cruisers resembled armored cruisers, which had in addition  a belt of armour along the sides.

Evolution

From the late 1850s, navies began to replace their fleets of wooden ships-of-the-line with armoured ironclad warships. However, the frigates and sloops which performed the missions of scouting, commerce raiding and trade protection remained unarmoured. For several decades, it proved difficult to design a ship which had a meaningful amount of effective armour but at the same time maintained the speed and range required of a "cruising warship". The first attempts to do so, large armored cruisers like , proved unsatisfactory, generally lacking enough speed for their cruiser role. They were, along with their foreign counterparts such as the French Alma class, more like second- or third-class battleships and were mainly intended to fulfil this role on foreign stations where full-scale battleships could not be spared or properly supported.

The first protective decks

During the 1870s the increasing power of armour-piercing shells made armouring the sides of a warship more and more difficult, as very thick, heavy armour plates were required. Even if armour dominated the design of the ship, it was likely that the next generation of shells would be able to pierce such armour. This problem was even more poignant where the design of cruising warships was concerned, with their requirement for long endurance needing much of their displacement to be devoted to consumable supplies – even where very powerful and space-consuming high-speed machinery was not required – leaving very little weight available for armour protection. This meant that effective side belt armour would be almost impossible to provide for smaller ships.

The alternative was to leave the sides of the ship vulnerable, but to armour a deck just below the waterline. Since this deck would be struck only very obliquely by shells, it could be less thick and heavy than belt armour. The ship could be designed so that the engines, boilers and magazines were under the armoured deck, and with hopefully enough reserve buoyancy to keep the ship afloat even in the event of flooding resulting from damage above the protective deck. An armoured deck had actually been used for the first time in HMS Shannon, although she did rely principally on her vertical belt armour for defence: Her protective deck was only a partial one, extending from the forward armoured bulkhead of the citadel to the bow.

Early protected cruising ships

The first of the smaller 'unarmoured' British cruisers to incorporate an internal steel deck for protection was the  of corvettes started in 1876; however the deck was again only a partial-length deck, being placed amidships over the machinery spaces. The Comus class were really designed for overseas service and were capable of only a  speed, not fast enough for fleet duties. The following Satellite and Calypso classes were similar in performance.

A more potent & versatile balance of attributes was struck with the four s. Ordered in 1880 as modified  dispatch vessels and re-rated as second-class cruisers before completion, these ships combined an amidships protective armoured deck with the size, lean form & high performance of HMS Mercury. They also featured a heavy & well-sited armament of modern breech-loading guns. Leander and her three sisters were successful and established a basis for future Royal Navy cruiser development, through the rest of the century and beyond.  Their general configuration was scaled up to the big First Class cruisers and down to the torpedo cruisers, whilst traces of the protected deck scheme can even be recognised in some sloops."

The breakthrough

By the start of the 1880s ships were appearing with full-length armoured decks and no side armour, from the  of very fast battleships to the torpedo ram HMS Polyphemus. In the case of the latter, the armoured deck was of sufficient thickness to defend against small-calibre guns capable of tracking such a difficult, fast target. This was very much the philosophy adopted by George Wightwick Rendel in his design of the so-called 'Rendel Cruisers' Arturo Prat, Chaoyong and Yangwei. By enlarging the flatiron gunboat concept, increasing engine power & thus speed, Rendel was able to produce a fast small vessel and still have enough tonnage to incorporate a very thin (quarter-inch thick) partial protective deck over the machinery. Still small and relatively weakly-built, these vessels were 'proto-protected cruisers' which served as the inspiration for a significantly larger ship; Esmeralda.

The first true mastless protected cruiser and the first of the 'Elswick cruisers', the  was designed by Rendel and built for the Chilean Navy by the British firm of Armstrong at their Elswick yard. Esmeralda was revolutionary; she had a high speed of  (dispensing entirely with sails), an armament of two  & six  guns and a full-length protective deck. This was up to  thick on the slopes, with a cork-filled cofferdam along her sides. It would not defend against fire from heavy guns, but was designed to be adequate to defeat any gun of the day considered capable of hitting so fast a ship.

With her heavy emphasis on speed & firepower, Esmeralda set the tone for competitive cruiser designs into the early 20th Century, with 'Elswick cruisers' of a similar design being constructed for Italy, China, Japan, Argentina, Austria and the United States. Cruisers with armoured decks and no side armour – like Esmeralda – became known as "protected cruisers", and rapidly eclipsed the large & slow armoured cruisers during the 1880s and into the 1890s.

The French Navy adopted the protected-cruiser concept wholeheartedly in the 1880s. The Jeune École school of thought, which proposed a navy composed of fast cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo boats for coastal defence, became particularly influential in France. The first French protected cruiser was , laid down in 1882, and followed by six classes of protected cruiser – and no armoured cruisers.

Abandonment of side armour

The Royal Navy remained equivocal about which protection scheme to use for cruisers until 1887. The large , begun in 1881 and finished in 1886, were built as armoured cruisers but were often referred to as protected cruisers due to the limited extent of their side armour – although what armour they had was admittedly very thick. Their primary role, as with the earlier Shannon and Nelsons, was still to function as small battleships on foreign stations, countering enemy stationnaire ironclads rather than chasing down swift commerce-raiding corsairs. While they carried a very thick & heavy armoured belt of great power of resistance that extended over the middle  of the ship's  length, the belt's upper edge was submerged at full load.

Britain built one more class of armoured cruiser with the , begun in 1885 and completed in 1889. They were affected by a similar fault to the Imperieuse regarding their belt's submergence. In 1887 an assessment of the Orlando type judged them inferior to the protected cruisers and thereafter the Royal Navy built only protected cruisers, even for very large first-class cruiser designs, not returning to armoured cruisers until the introduction of new lighter and stronger armour technology (as seen in the , laid down in 1898).

The sole major naval power to retain a preference for armoured cruisers into the 1890s was Russia. The Imperial Russian Navy laid down four armoured cruisers and one protected cruiser during the late 1880s, all large ships with sails.

Elswick's influence on RN designs

Following the Leander class, the next small cruisers designed for the Royal Navy were the  of 1883. Derived from the previous class, these were also protected cruisers but with a full-length armoured deck for superior protection. The Merseys were born from a different tactical conception to their forebears and this was reflected in their armament arrangement. They were conceived as 'fleet torpedo cruisers' to carry out attacks on the enemy battle line and featured heavy guns fore and aft with excellent fields of fire. Despite public Admiralty criticism of Elswick designs, it is clear that the Mersey class was heavily influenced by the Italian 'torpedo ram cruiser' Giovanni Bausan, a design itself derived from Esmeralda. Thus, the British notion of the protected cruising warship was being shaped early on by the commercial export models coming out of Elswick. (For the following decade, practically any British cruiser which was seen to have eschewed very heavy firepower in favour of conservative design balance was subject to fierce public criticism, and this period coincided somewhat unfortunately with Sir William White's tenure as DNC.)

The protected cruiser remained a popular and economical type, rather stable in terms of its characteristics, right throughout the 1890s and into the early 1900s. During this period, protected cruiser designs of second- to third-class grew slowly in size, seeing few major changes to the common balance of design features. Perhaps the most significant paradigm shift came with the universal adoption of quick-firing guns by the world's navies in the middle of the 1890s; suddenly small & medium cruisers saw a swift increase in their fighting power for a slight reduction in gun calibre, yielding a very economical balance of attributes. This kept the protected cruiser competitive for a further decade.

Eclipse of the type

By 1910, steel armour had increased in quality, being lighter and stronger than before thanks to metallurgical advances, and  steam-turbine engines, lighter and more powerful than previous  reciprocating engines, were in general use. This gave rise to a new class of cruising warship, the "light armoured cruisers" which featured a side armoured belt (topped by a flat armoured deck) amidships and sloped armoured decks at the ends, instead of the single full-length curved deck of the older ships. With the introduction of oil-fired boilers, more effective at generating a constant steam pressure to get the best performance from the turbine engines, side bunkers of coal disappeared from ships and this change removed the protection they had afforded, making the shift to side armour a practical choice.

The majority of pre-existing protected cruisers – products of the Victorian-era design generation – had now become obsolete: With their by-now old and worn engines degrading their already-eclipsed performance by this point; their older models of lower-velocity guns able to shoot accurately to a shorter distance than newer equivalent ships, in a period where long-range fire control was a rapidly-developing discipline with technology to match; and finally – most critically – being less well protected than the new generation of side-armoured ships. From this point on, practically no more protected cruisers would be built for the world's navies.

Protected cruisers in service

Austria-Hungary

The Austro-Hungarian Navy built and operated three classes of protected cruisers. These were two small ships of the Panther class, two ships of the  and three of the .

Britain

The Royal Navy rated cruisers as first, second and third class between the late 1880s and 1905, and built large numbers of them for trade protection requirements. For most of this time these cruisers were built with a "protected", rather than armoured, scheme of protection for their hulls. First-class protected cruisers were as large and as well-armed as armoured cruisers, and were built as an alternative to the large first-class armoured cruiser from the late 1880s till 1898. Second-class protected cruisers were smaller, displacing  and were of value both in trade protection duties and scouting for the fleet. Third-class cruisers were smaller, lacked a watertight double bottom, and were intended primarily for trade protection duties, though a few small cruisers were built for fleet scout roles or as "torpedo" cruisers during the "protected" era.

The introduction of Krupp armour in six-inch thickness rendered the "armoured" protection scheme more effective for the largest first class cruisers, and no large first class protected cruisers were built after 1898. The smaller cruisers unable to bear the weight of heavy armoured belts retained the "protected" scheme up to 1905, when the last units of the  and es were completed. There was a general hiatus in British cruiser production after this time, apart from a few classes of small, fast scout cruisers for fleet duties. When the Royal Navy began building larger cruisers (less than ) again around 1910, they used a mix of armoured decks and/or armoured belts for protection, depending on class. These modern, turbine-powered cruisers are properly classified as light cruisers.

France

The French Navy built and operated a large variety of protected cruisers classes starting with Sfax in 1882. The last ship built to this design was  in 1897.

Germany

The German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) built a series of protected cruisers in the 1880s and 1890s, starting with the two ships of the  in the 1880s. The Navy completed only two additional classes of protected cruisers, comprising six more ships: the unique , and the five  ships. The type then was superseded by the armored cruiser at the turn of the century, the first of which being . All of these ships tended to incorporate design elements from their foreign contemporaries, though the Victoria Louise class more closely resembled German battleships of the period, which carried lighter main guns and a greater number of secondary guns.

These ships were employed as fleet scouts and colonial cruisers. Several of the ships served with the German East Asia Squadron, and , , and  took part in the Battle of Taku Forts in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. During a deployment to American waters in 1902,  participated in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903, where she bombarded Fort San Carlos. Long since obsolete by the outbreak of World War I, the five Victoria Louise-class vessels briefly served as training ships in the Baltic but were withdrawn by the end of 1914 for secondary duties. Kaiserin Augusta and the two Irene-class cruisers similarly served in reduced capacities for the duration of the war. All eight ships were broken up for scrap following Germany's defeat.

Italy

The Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) ordered twenty protected cruisers between the 1880s and 1910s. The first five ships,  and the , were built as "battleship destroyers", armed with a pair of large caliber guns. Subsequent cruisers were more traditional designs, and were instead intended for reconnaissance and colonial duties. Some of the ships, like  and the , were designed specifically for service in Italy's colonial empire, while others, like  and the , were designed as high speed fleet scouts.

Most of these ships saw action during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, where several of them supported Italian troops fighting in Libya, and another group operated in the Red Sea. There, the cruiser  and two destroyers sank or destroyed seven Ottoman gunboats in the Battle of Kunfuda Bay in January 1912. Most of the earlier cruisers were obsolescent by the outbreak of World War I, and so had either been sold for scrap or reduced to subsidiary roles. The most modern vessels, including Quarto and the Nino Bixio class, saw limited action in the Adriatic Sea after Italy entered the war in 1915. The surviving vessels continued on in service through the 1920s, with some—Quarto, , and , remaining on active duty into the late 1930s.

Netherlands

The Royal Netherlands Navy built several protected cruisers between 1880 and 1900. The first protected cruiser was launched in 1890 and called . It was a small cruiser with a heavy main gun; four years later a larger and more heavily armed protected cruiser was commissioned, which was called . In addition to these two cruisers, the Dutch also built six protected cruisers of the . The Holland-class cruisers were commissioned between 1898 and 1901, and featured, besides other armaments, two 15 cm SK L/40 single naval guns.

The Dutch protected cruisers have played a role in several international events. For example, during the Boxer Rebellion, two protected cruisers ( and Koningin Wilhelmina der Nederlanden) were sent to Shanghai to protect European citizens and defend Dutch interests.

Russia

The Imperial Russian Navy operated a series of protected cruiser classes (, Armored deck cruiser). The last ships built to this design where the  in 1901.

Spain

The Spanish Navy operated a series of protected cruisers classes starting with . The last ship built to this design was  in 1899.

United States

The first protected cruiser of the United States Navy's "New Navy" was , launched in October 1884, soon followed by  in December, and  a year later. A numbered series of cruisers began with Newark (Cruiser No. 1), although Charleston (Cruiser No. 2) was the first to be launched, in July 1888, and ending with another Charleston, Cruiser No. 22, launched in 1904. The last survivor of this series is , preserved as a museum ship in Philadelphia.

The reclassification of 17 July 1920 put an end to the U.S. usage of the term "protected cruiser", the existing ships were classified as light or heavy cruisers with new numbers, depending on their level of armor.

Surviving examples
A few protected cruisers have survived as museum ships, while others were used as breakwaters, some of which can still be seen today.
  – St Petersburg, Russia
  – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  replica is on display in Dandong, China
 Bow section and bridge of  – La Spezia, Italy
Bow section of HMS Vindictive is on display at Ostend, Belgium
The hulk of USS Charleston serves as a breakwater in Kelsey Bay, on the north coast of Vancouver Island.

See also

 Battlecruiser
 Unprotected cruiser

Footnotes

References
 Beeler, John, Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881. Caxton, London, 2003.

Further reading

External links

Ship types

Protected cruiser


Fernando is an unincorporated community in Round Grove Township, McLeod County, Minnesota, United States, near Stewart and Brownton.  The community is located near the junction of McLeod County Roads 7 and 17.

The community had a post office from 1899 to 1903.  Unusually, Fernando's post office was located in the creamery, with the buttermaker, Ferdinand W. Fenske, acting as postmaster.  The community was near a station along the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad.

References

Unincorporated communities in McLeod County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota

Fernando, Minnesota


Vasileios Melas (; 1879 in Athens – 1956) was an Lieutenant General of the Hellenic army. He was Pavlos Melas' younger brother.

Biography
Vasileios Melas was born in Athens and was the last of the seven children of the jurist, merchant and politician Michail Melas and Eleni G. Voutsina from Kefalonia. When he finished secondary school, Vassileios studied in the Hellenic Military Academy. At the age of 17, he discontinued his studies, joined the cavalry as a corporal and took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. By the end of the war, he continued his studies and graduated from the academy with the rank of second lieutenant.

Later he continued his military studies at the Infantry and Cavalry School in Namur in Belgium and then he studied as lieutenant in the Cavalry School at Saumur (France) (1910–11). He fought in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13 and in the Northern Epirote autonomy struggle in 1914. In 1915–16, Melas studied at the Captains School. He took part in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 as Commander of the Cavalry Division (1920). As colonel, he also served as adjutant of King Alexander of Greece.

From 1923 until 1925, Melas served as military attaché of Greece in Belgrade and later in Paris and London. In 1926 Melas was promoted to the rank of major general and in 1930 he became a lieutenant general.

Although, at his request, he retired in 1936. However, he took part in the Greco-Italian War, when he was appointed as senior military commander of Argyrokastro. At the end of the war, he retired. For this period of his life, he wrote the "Αναμνήσεις και εντυπώσεις αντιστρατήγου Βασ. Μιχ. Μελά από την διοίκησίν του εν Αργυροκάστρω κατά τον Ιταλικόν πόλεμον 1940-1941" ("Memories and impressions of the Lieutenant General Vas. M. Melas from his command in Argyrokastro during Italian War 1940-1941"). During his military career he was injured 3 times. Melas was honored many times for his heroism.

He participated in many associations and unions. He was also president of the Athenian Club (1938–41 and 1949–56), the Management Committee of Vasileios G. Melas, the Philippos Union and the Epirote Society of Athens, of which he was founding member. Melas was also collaborator in writing the Great Greek Encyclopedia.

After his retirement, he participated in many public welfare activities. Vasileios Melas was a mason in Skenderbeis lodge of Athens, while during the Axis occupation of Greece he was imprisoned by the German forces.

He died in 1956 in Athens. His personal archive has been deposited in the National Historical Museum of Greece. He married Eleni Soutsou, daughter of Alexandros Soutsos (General and President of the Athenian Club) and Sophia Nikolaou Mavrokordatou.

References

Bibliography
Pavlos Drandakis, «Μεγάλη Ελληνική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια», vol. ΙΣΤ'.
Olga Palaiologou, Το Νηπιακόν Επιμελητήριον Μελά/ Η ίδρυση και τα πρώτα χρόνια (1893-1922), Society for Epirotic Studies, Ioannina 2011.
Maria Papanastasiou, Αρχείο Βασιλείου Μιχαήλ Μελά, από το επιστημονικό περιοδικό Τεκμήρια Ιστορίας/Μονογραφίες, Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece, Athens 2009.

1870s births
1956 deaths
20th-century Greek people
Hellenic Army lieutenant generals
Greek military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1897)
Greek military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Greek military personnel of World War II
Greek Freemasons
Military personnel from Athens

Vasileios Melas


William Webster (December 1689 – 4 December 1758) was a British priest in the Church of England and a theological writer.

Life
Born at Cove, Suffolk in December 1689, was the son of Richard Webster (d. 1722), by his wife Jane, daughter of Anthony Sparrow; his father was a nonjuring clergyman, who later submitted and became vicar of Poslingford. Webster was educated at Beccles, and was admitted to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, on 2 March 1708. He graduated B.A. in 1712, M.A. in 1716, and D.D. in 1732.

Webster was ordained deacon on 24 June 1713 as curate of Depden in Suffolk, and priest on 26 February 1716 as curate of St. Dunstan-in-the-West, London. Leaving St. Dunstan's in 1731, he was appointed in August 1732 to the curacy of St Clement, Eastcheap, and in February 1733 was presented to the rectory of Depden.

In July 1740 he was instituted to the vicarages of Ware, Hertfordshire and Thundridge, which he retained till his death, resigning his rectory and curacy. In later life he fell into great poverty. He died unmarried at Ware on 4 December 1758.

Works
Webster was a voluminous writer. In 1723 he edited The Life of General Monk (London), from the manuscript of Thomas Skinner, contributing a preface in vindication of George Monck's character. A second edition appeared in 1724. In 1730 he translated 'The New Testament, with Critical Remarks' (London, 2 vols.), from the French of Richard Simon.

On 16 December 1732, under the pseudonym of 'Richard Hooker of the Inner Temple,' he began to edit a periodical entitled The Weekly Miscellany; not very successful, it was discontinued on 27 June 1741. From the number of religious essays it contained it became known as 'Old Mother Hooker's Journal.' It is known for the attacks made in its columns on William Warburton's Divine Legation of Moses. Webster's contributions to the controversy were republished probably in 1739, under the title of Remarks on the Divine Legation. They earned him a place in the Dunciad, Alexander Pope, in 1742, inserting a passage (bk. ii. l. 258) in which Webster was coupled with George Whitefield, who had also criticised Warburton.

In 1740, from materials furnished by a merchant, Webster published a pamphlet on the wool industry called Consequences of Trade to the Wealth and Strength of any Nation, by a Draper of London. It sold well and went into a fifth edition in 1741, the same year as Webster wrote a refutation of his own arguments, published under the pseudonym Andrew Freeport as The Draper Confuted.

Christopher Smart addressed to Webster his seventh ode, complimenting him on his 'Casuistical Essay on Anger and Forgiveness' (London, 1750). Other works were:

 'The Clergy's Right of Maintenance vindicated from Scripture and Reason,' London, 1726; 2nd edit. 1727.
 'The Fitness of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Christ considered,' London, 1731.
 'The Credibility of the Resurrection of Christ,' London, 1735.
 A Complete History of Arianism from 306 to 1666. To which is added the History of Socinianism translated from the French of Louis Maimbourg and Bernard Lamy, London, 1735, 2 vols.
 'Tracts, consisting of Sermons, Discourses, and Letters,' London, 1745.
 'A Vindication of his Majesty's Title to the Crown,' London, 1747.
 'A Treatise on Places and Preferments,' London, 1757.
 'A plain Narrative of Facts, or the Author's case fairly and candidly stated' (London, 1758), asking for money.

References
.

Notes

Attribution

1689 births
1758 deaths
18th-century English non-fiction writers
18th-century English male writers
18th-century English Anglican priests
English religious writers

William Webster (theologian)


Magno (Dyrk Magz) is a fictional character, a superhero in the post-Zero Hour future of the DC Comics universe, and a former member of the Legion of Super-Heroes.

Fictional character biography
Like Legion founder Cosmic Boy, Dyrk Magz was born on the planet Braal, and possesses power over magnetism that is natural to all Braalians. He was the first candidate to distinguish himself at the tryouts held by the Legion in Legionnaires #43; although acting leader Live Wire was reluctant to recruit a replacement for Cosmic Boy, who was at the time stranded in the 20th century, Dyrk's quick thinking and willingness to take action earned him a place in the Legion and the codename Magno.

Power loss
His service in the Legion was short-lived. After successfully deterring several rejected applicants' attempt at re-opening the newly filled membership slots, Magno and the other two new recruits, Sensor and Umbra, joined the rest of the Legion in battling Mordru. During the Legion's first encounter with the sorcerer, Magno saved Live Wire's life, but the team was unable to prevent the destruction of the planet Sklar. In the following climactic battle, although Live Wire was able to protect Magno from an energy surge that killed Workforce member Blast-Off, his powers were entirely gone.

Dyrk chose to return home to Braal, but found that control over magnetism was taken for granted by native Braalians and was a constant reminder of his loss. None of the many specialists he saw there were able to reverse or even explain the loss of his powers. Eventually, Live Wire was able to convince him to return to the Legion by offering the newly finished Outpost Allon as a sort of neutral ground. After the time-lost Legionnaires returned from the 20th century, Dyrk volunteered to stay on as part of the Outpost's support staff, handling monitor duty and the administration of the Outpost.

In this capacity, Dyrk remained with the Legion for some time, appearing only periodically to pass along important information or to be asked for advice by Legionnaires like Star Boy and Ferro when they had concerns about their powers. When a lab accident turned the Legionnaires on the Outpost into Bizarros, the reversal temporarily returned his powers of magnetism at full strength and he referred to himself as the "Legion receptionist and most powerful member", but after Invisible Kid restored him and the other affected Legionnaires to normal he was left powerless once more. Dyrk also developed a crush on XS, and the two of them dated briefly before the onset of the Blight.

Dyrk was instrumental in Brainiac 5's strategy to defeat Tharok when the Fatal Five attacked Outpost Allon, as Tharok had not taken him into consideration and did not bother tracking his movements. When the Blight attacked, however, he was among the Legionnaires taken by it and presumed dead until its defeat.

Science Police
Upon the disbanding of the Legion after the Blight and the loss of Outpost Allon, Dyrk joined the Science Police, following in the footsteps of his older brother Omar. He appeared once more in Legion Worlds #3 at the beginning of his assignment to his home planet, unwittingly becoming involved in an operation of the re-forming Legion when he chose to arrest Cosmic Boy for vigilantism, which had at the time been outlawed by the United Planets. Upon learning that Cosmic Boy had intentionally gotten himself arrested to steal a new faster-than-light ship, Dyrk agreed to cover for his former teammate, on the condition that he be brought in on everything when circumstances allowed.

That apparently never came to pass, as Dyrk did not appear again in the post-Zero Hour run of the Legion of Super-Heroes comics, and has not appeared in any subsequent versions of the Legion.

Powers and abilities
Currently none, formerly the ability to generate and control magnetic fields.

References

DC Comics extraterrestrial superheroes
DC Comics police officers
DC Comics superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1996
Characters created by Roger Stern
DC Comics metahumans

Magno (character)


Harvey Wade "Swede" Halbrook  (January 30, 1933 – April 5, 1988) was an American former National Basketball Association (NBA) player from 1960 to 1962.  He played in college for Oregon State University, and at 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m), was at the time the tallest player to ever play college and professional basketball.

High school career
Swede Halbrook played high school basketball at Lincoln High School in Portland, Oregon where he also starred in track as a high jumper and hurdler. Lincoln won the state tournament in Halbrook's senior year. In one tournament game, he scored 50 points and had 34 rebounds.

College career
When Halbrook joined the Oregon State Beavers, Life magazine declared him the "World's Tallest Basketball Player" in their January 18, 1954, issue. Under head coach Slats Gill, he instantly turned the team into a national title contender, earning All-American status in 1955 and All-Pacific Coast Conference first team and All-Northern Division first-team honors in 1954 and 1955, the only two seasons he played. As of 2006, he still holds the top three spots on Oregon State's single-game rebound records, his top performance of 36 being tied for 15th in NCAA history. He also holds the Oregon State record for free throws attempted at 28.

Professional career
Halbrook signed with the Wichita Vickers in 1956, where he played five seasons and led the team to the national AAU title in 1959. The next year, he was selected to play for the Syracuse Nationals.  He played in 79 games for them in the 1960–61 season, with his team making it to the NBA playoffs and finishing the season in third place.  Halbrook was a key presence in many of the Nationals' victories, including a 3-game series sweep over Wilt Chamberlain and the Philadelphia Warriors.  Syracuse coach Alex Hannum told an Oregonian reporter that "Wilt was really concerned with Swede...Wilt never had to look anyone in the eye and he would get more involved in trying to outplay Swede than he would in trying to win the game."

The following season, he played in 64 games for the Nationals, that season marking the end of his professional career.  He remained the tallest player in NBA history until the 1982 draft brought Mark Eaton and Chuck Nevitt into the league.

Personal life
Off-court issues cut short both Halbrook's college and professional careers.  He would reportedly go missing for days, sometimes weeks at a time without explanation.  Oregon State coach Gill was forced to cut him from the team after only two seasons for skipping class so often.  Nationals coach Hannum is quoted to have said that "He could have had a worthwhile career if he had taken care of himself.  During his second season, he disappeared for a week and we sent the police out to look for him. But they couldn't find a 7-footer! He came back on his own but he never would tell me where he had been."

Swede moved back to Portland, Oregon after being released from the Nationals and worked at a variety of odd jobs for the remainder of his life. In later life, he worked as a circus clown and was given the title of the "World's Tallest Clown". He died of a heart attack on April 5, 1988, on a Portland city bus.

See also
List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 30 or more rebounds in a game

References

External links
 Database Basketball – Harvey Halbrook stats

1933 births
1988 deaths
Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Portland, Oregon
Centers (basketball)
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni
Oregon State Beavers men's basketball players
Syracuse Nationals draft picks
Syracuse Nationals players

Swede Halbrook


The Abbey of Dulce Cor, better kennt as Sweetheart Abbey (Gd: An Abaid Ur), wis a Cistercian monastery foundit in 1275 in whit is nou the veillage o New Abbey, in the historical coonty o Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries and Gallowa, 8 mile (13 km) sooth of Dumfries.

References

Sweetheart Abbey


Torkel Halvorsen Aschehoug (27 June 1822 – 20 January 1909) was a prominent Norwegian professor, legal scholar, historian and social economist. He also served  as a conservative politician and Member of the Norwegian Parliament.

Biography
Torkel Halvorsen Aschehoug was born at Idd (now Halden) in Østfold, Norway. He grew up in a professional family in which his father and grandfather  were both parish priests. He attended Fredrikshalds lærde skole in Halden. In 1839, he  entered Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo), where he later became a professor. In 1844, Aschehoug graduated with a law degree. He subsequently studied abroad with stops including England and Sweden.

In 1852, Aschehoug began an over fifty-year career at the University of Oslo. He was Professor of Jurisprudence, National Economics and Statistics at the Faculty of Law (1862–1889), and also served as the Dean of the Faculty of Law and the elected Chairman of the Collegium Academicum (the governing body of the university).

He also served as a Member of Parliament 1868–1892 and played a central role in the controversy surrounding the adoption of a parliamentary system in which the Cabinet was responsible to parliament instead of being merely appointed by the King. In 1883, he founded Statsøkonomisk Forening, an association to advance the study and understanding of socio-economic issues.

His major works include Norges offentlige ret and Norges nuværende statsforfatning.

He was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1890 and received the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav in 1895.
In 1908, he received Norway's highest civilian award, the Borgerdådsmedal in gold.

Selected  Works
 Norges offentlige ret (4 volumes, 1866–1885)
 Part I Statsforfatningen i Norge og Danmark indtil 1814 (Christiania 1866)
 Part II Norges nuværende Statsforfatning (3 volumes, 1874–1881)
 Den nordiske Statsret (1885)
 Das Staatsrecht der vereinigten Königreiche Schweden und Norwegen (1886)
 Norges nuværende statsforfatning (2nd edition. 3 volumes, 1891–1893)
 De norske Communers Retsforfatning før 1837 (1897)
 Socialøkonomik (3 volumes, 1903–08)

Personal life
Torkel Halvorsen Aschehoug  was married twice; 1) Anna Cathrine Marie Aschehoug (1822-1854) 2) Johanne Bolette Aschehoug (1832–1904).
He was the father of Halvard Aschehoug (1851-1880), who together with his cousin Hieronymus Aschehoug (1846–1902), co-founder of H. Aschehoug & Co.

References

Related Reading
Mathilde C. Fasting (2013)  Torkel Aschehoug and Norwegian Historical Economic Thought (Anthem Press)

External links

1909 deaths
1822 births
Politicians from Halden
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
Philosophers of law
Norwegian legal scholars
Norwegian economists
Members of the Storting
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal

Torkel Halvorsen Aschehoug


Atherosperma moschatum, the southern sassafras or blackheart sassafras, is an evergreen tree native to the cool temperate rainforests of Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales in Australia. It is common in the rainforests of Tasmania and Victoria, but more scattered and rare in the higher altitudes of eastern New South Wales. The northernmost area is at Mount Grundy, west of Port Macquarie.

Taxonomy
The southern sassafras was first described by French naturalist Jacques Labillardière in 1806, and was the only member of the genus Atherosperma. A subspecies, A. m. subsp. integrifolium, has been considered a separate species. Its generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek ather "awn", and sperma "seed", from the hairs on the fruit, and the specific epithet moschatum is the Latin adjective meaning "musk-scented", from the smell of the bark. It is a member of the small family Atherospermataceae along with several other Australian rainforest trees  including yellow sassafras (Doryphora sassafras).
. Its closest relative is the monotypic genus Nemuaron, endemic to New Caledonia.

Description
The southern sassafras is a small to medium-sized tree, growing around 6 to 25 m tall. However, in Tasmania, it can reach heights exceeding 40 m and a width of 1 m. It can be identified by the conical shape, the pale green leaves, and fragrant scent.

The bark is grey to light brown, with numerous lenticels, raised bumps and ridges. The leaves are 3 to 10 cm long and 8 to 25 mm wide, margins are coarsely toothed, but the northern population in Monga National Park, the Blue Mountains, Barrington Tops and at Mount Grundy has narrow, mostly entire leaves. Leaves, twigs, and flowers are fragrant, of a pleasant nutmeg scent.

Flowers form in winter, facing down to avoid rain and snow. White petalled, and yellow (and sometimes maroon) in the centre. The fruit capsules mature and open around January, releasing feathery wind blown seeds. Germination is unreliable. However, abundant new seedlings may unexpectedly form.

Distribution and habitat
Its distribution is from the Tia River west of Port Macquarie on the New South Wales midnorth coast through Victoria and Tasmania. It is found in the gullies and creek beds of high-altitude temperate rainforest, commonly associated with southern beeches of the genus Nothofagus, and mountain quandong (Elaeocarpus holopetalus).

Ecology
The smooth-barked A. moschatum does not shed its bark annually, and is a rich host of lichen species; a field study in Errinundra National Park found a total of 54 lichen species present, with 11 species found on trees of all sizes measured. The most commonly recorded was  Pannaria microphyllizans. These pockets of rainforest are thought to be critical refuges for populations of lichen species among fire-prone eucalyptus woodland.

Cultivation and uses

The timber is in demand for panelling, turnery, musical instruments, and other specialty work, (carvings, dishes, and boxes for tourists). The staining of the black heartwood is caused by fungus, and makes the timber markings particularly attractive.

The springy wood has been used for clothes pegs, and the scented bark is made into a beverage. It requires moisture and shade for cultivation, hence is not commonly seen cultivated.

It has been planted in the British Isles as far north as Northern Ireland and Scotland.

The leaves have a distinct scent and may be chewed to release a flavour and tingling sensation. However, the safety of the plants' consumption is not known and it may be poisonous.

See also
 Sassafras, Tasmania, a small town in North West Tasmania named after the local growth of southern sassafras.

References

 Forest Trees of Australia, D.J. Boland et al. 1992

External links

Atherospermataceae
Monotypic Laurales genera
Laurales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of New South Wales
Trees of mild maritime climate
Tasmanian forests

Atherosperma


Sir Harry Albert Atkinson  (1 November 1831 – 28 June 1892) served as the tenth premier of New Zealand on four separate occasions in the late 19th century, and was Colonial Treasurer for a total of ten years. He was responsible for guiding the country during a time of economic depression, and was known as a cautious and prudent manager of government finances, though distrusted for some policies such as his 1882 National Insurance (welfare) scheme and leasehold land schemes. He also participated in the formation of voluntary military units to fight in the New Zealand Wars, and was noted for his strong belief in the need for seizure of Māori land.

Early life
Atkinson, born in 1831 in the English village of Broxton, Cheshire, received his education in England, but chose at the age of 22 to follow his elder brother William to New Zealand. He was accompanied by his brother Arthur together with members of the Richmond family. On arriving in New Zealand, Harry and Arthur bought farmland in Taranaki, as did the Richmonds, and also the Ronalds family – five brothers and sisters of Dr Edmund Ronalds. James and William Richmond also later entered politics and the Ronalds sisters married Atkinson's brothers. Atkinson's correspondence shows that he was highly satisfied with his decision to move to New Zealand, seeing it as an opportunity to prosper. He named his small farmhouse Hurworth after a village in England where he had lived as a boy, although—as his father worked as an itinerant builder and architect—the family did not settle anywhere.

Military service
Atkinson was made a sergeant of the Taranaki Volunteer Rifle Company in February 1859 and then commissioned as a captain in March. He led No. 2 Company throughout the First Taranaki War and saw action at the Battles of Waireka, Mahoetahi and Kaitake. He was promoted to major in February 1864.

Provincial politics
Atkinson first became involved in politics, as a member of the Taranaki provincial council. He represented the Grey and Bell electorate from 1857 to 1865, and again from 1873 to 1874. He was a member of the Executive Council from 1868 and again in 1874 (May to October). He was Deputy Superintendent in 1861–1862 to Charles Brown, and again in 1863.

Of particular interest to him was policy regarding Māori-owned land, which he wished to see taken over by the British settlers. Continued Māori ownership, he believed, prevented economic development for the colony. Atkinson and his Richmond relations regarded the Māori as "savages", and believed in war as a reasonable option for ensuring Māori co-operation with British land-acquisition.

Member of Parliament

The death of William Cutfield King in February 1861 caused a by-election in the Grey and Bell electorate. Atkinson was elected to Parliament unopposed. In 1864, he was made Defence Minister in the government of Frederick Weld. He was highly active in this portfolio, advocating a policy of self-reliance in the conduct of the war. In 1866, however, he retired due to the death of his wife Amelia (whom he had married in 1856). The following year, he married his cousin Annie. He returned to parliament from 1867 to 1869 for the Town of New Plymouth electorate, but in April 1869 he resigned to concentrate on maintaining his farm.

In 1872, Atkinson returned to politics for the Egmont electorate; to defeat William Sefton Moorhouse, who was allied with William Fox, a prominent supporter of Māori land rights. Atkinson declared that he would "not see a Foxite get in", and narrowly defeated Moorhouse. Once in parliament, Atkinson soon became involved in economic matters, opposing the policies of Julius Vogel (who also happened to be a supporter of Māori land rights). Vogel, who supported extensive borrowing to finance public works, was attacked by Atkinson as reckless. Vogel's response was that Atkinson was overly cautious, and would delay economic progress.

Atkinson and Vogel both agreed, however, that borrowing by provincial government (as opposed to the central government) was indeed out of control. The two also believed that provincial politicians were petty and self-interested, and that more co-operation was needed between provinces and the state. It was this shared view of provincial government that enabled Vogel and Atkinson to co-operate, although they never resolved their differences on borrowing by the central government or on dealings with the Māori. Atkinson eventually became part of Vogel's cabinet, but not with portfolios related to negotiations with Māori or to finance. He did continue to express his opinions on these matters, but found it increasingly harder to convince people of his views.

Premier of New Zealand

First term

In 1876, Vogel retired, and Atkinson managed to secure the Premiership. One of his first acts was to abolish the provinces. He also took over direct responsibility for financial policy, and implemented a less aggressive strategy for borrowing. He attempted to reform the system by which money was handled, placing all responsibility for borrowing with the government while increasing control of spending at a district or municipal level. However, growing economic problems caused his plan to encounter difficulties. As the economy declined, Atkinson became more and more unpopular.

Second and third terms
Atkinson lost power in 1877, only slightly over a year after he gained it. He entered opposition, continuing to promote his ideas of financial caution. He also proposed a number of other measures, including national insurance. In 1883, he managed to make a comeback, gaining the Premiership for eleven months before losing it to Robert Stout. The two then engaged in a protracted struggle for the leadership. A strong counter-offensive by Atkinson enabled him to unseat Stout again after only twelve days. Stout, however, was not so easily defeated, and took the Premiership again after seven days. This time, Stout held his position for three years, defeating Atkinson's attempts to oust him.

Fourth term
There was confusion in Wellington in September 1887 when the members gathered to form a government. John Bryce, Robert Stout and William Rolleston had all lost their seats. Sir John Hall said he was too old. Sir Julius Vogel's policies had been rejected by the voters. So there was no alternative to Harry Atkinson, and after two weeks of negotiations he announced a ministry on 11 October. Only two ministers had served with him before. The Scarecrow Ministry was not expected to last, but did. The years 1887 and 1888 were the worst of the Long Depression, and Atkinson cut salaries, raised loans and raised customs duties. He was not popular with the wealthy, but they feared the Opposition leaders Grey and Ballance even more.

During this term, Atkinson was Colonial Treasurer (1887–1891), Postmaster-General (1887–1889), Commissioner of Telegraphs (1887–1889), Minister of Marine (1887–1891), Commissioner of Stamps (1887–1891), Minister of Education (1889), and Commissioner of Trade and Customs. In January 1888, Atkinson was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George. A Freemason, he was installed as the Wellington district grand master in May 1888.

By 1890 Atkinson was too ill to make speeches in the House.

Defeat

In 1891, Atkinson was finally superseded as Premier by John Ballance of the newly created Liberal Party, the country's first organised political party. Atkinson acceded to the wishes of his friends, and on 23 January 1891 he was appointed to the Legislative Council, along with six other men, to attempt to block any radical bills that Ballance might introduce in the Lower House. Ballance became Premier on 24 January, and appointed Atkinson as Speaker of the Legislative Council.

The Liberals, who represented the ideas of William Fox, Julius Vogel, and many other of Atkinson's opponents, were to hold power for 21 years after Atkinson's defeat, but Atkinson was not to see this. After presiding over the first meeting of the Council on 28 June in the 1892 session, Atkinson returned to the Speaker's Room, where he died. He was buried in Karori Cemetery.

Notes

References

 Sir Harry Atkinson by Judith Bassett (1975, Auckland/Oxford University Presses)
 Sir Harry Atkinson by Judith Bassett (1969, AH & AW Reed, Wellington; New Zealand Profiles series of booklets)

External links

Prime Minister's Office biography
Biography in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
The related Richmond family in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
 Harry Atkinson by James Cowan

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1831 births
1892 deaths
Military personnel from Cheshire
British emigrants to the Colony of New Zealand
Members of the Taranaki Provincial Council
Speakers of the New Zealand Legislative Council
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
New Zealand defence ministers
New Zealand education ministers
New Zealand finance ministers
People from Cheshire West and Chester
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
New Zealand Freemasons
Burials at Karori Cemetery
Atkinson–Hursthouse–Richmond family
19th-century New Zealand politicians

Harry Atkinson


Life Is Not a Fairy Tale is a book describing the life of American Idol (season 3) winner Fantasia Barrino, and her rise to national prominence. The book later became a television movie shown on Lifetime.

Book

Life Is Not a Fairy Tale by Fantasia

In her autobiography Life Is Not a Fairy Tale, a New York Times bestseller, Fantasia tells of her rise from high-school dropout to music star.

As an American Idol contestant, she captured the hearts of millions with her extraordinary voice and sassy style, with those qualities she won the talent contest and became a nationally prominent singer. But her life began much more humbly. At the age of seventeen, despite her remarkable talent, Fantasia was an uneducated, unmarried teenage mother living in poverty. She was faced with many tough battles growing up in the city of High Point, North Carolina, which is mainly famous for its furniture Market. She shows respect and admiration to the strong women who raised her, her mother and grandmother, both preachers who instilled in her a strong faith in God. Both women struggled with the same issues as Fantasia at a young age which made Fantasia realize that she would only be headed down the same dead end path if she didn't make a change for the better.

Film

Life Is Not A Fairy Tale: The Fantasia Barrino Story is a 2006 American biographical film directed by Debbie Allen, loosely based on the life of American singer Fantasia Barrino. The film was adapted from the book Life Is Not A Fairy Tale written by Fantasia.

Overview
In this Lifetime original movie, director Debbie Allen gives viewers a first hand look at the struggles Fantasia faced before/during her rise to fame. The movie begins with Fantasia's humble beginnings, growing up in a close knit God-fearing family that faced its own personal demons of struggling with their dreams. Fantasia faces problems with her self-esteem, sexual abuse, teen pregnancy and her faith as she fights to overcome her mistakes at a young age. This movie depicted from her best-selling biopic of the same name, provides an emotional example of what you can achieve when believing in yourself.

The movie premiered on Saturday, August 19, 2006 at 9:00 PM EST. It was Lifetime's second most watched movie in its 22-year history, with more than nineteen million viewers tuning in during the August 19–20 weekend. The movie was ranked the number one basic cable movie premiere in 2006 among women ages 18–49. Weekend online traffic to Lifetimetv.com rose by more than seventy percent during that weekend.

In 2007, the movie and its actors including Fantasia, Loretta Devine and Kadeem Hardison were nominated for 4 NAACP Image Awards. Kadeem Hardison won his award. It was also nominated for a 2007 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV: Movie.

Cast
 Fantasia Barrino as herself
 Jamia Simone Nash as young Fantasia
 Viola Davis as Diane Barrino
 Kadeem Hardison as Joseph Barrino
 Loretta Devine as Addie Collins
 Thomas Tah Hyde III as Rico Barrino
 Paul Amadi as young Rico
 Terrance Thomas as Teeny
 Deanna Dawn as Ruby
 Chico Benymon as Rodney Birks
 Norman Nixon Jr. as Dwayne

Soundtrack
Although a soundtrack was never released for the film, many songs were performed throughout the film. The following track listing are the songs that are performed in order throughout the film.

Track listing
"Chain of Fools" — Fantasia
"Respect Yourself" — Viola Davis
"Wade in the Water" — Viola Davis
"The Lord is Blessing Me" — Viola Davis & Jamia Simone Nash
"ABC" — Jamia Simone Nash, Paul Amadi, & Terrance Thomas
"Almighty God" — Viola Davis
"Pass Me Not" — Fantasia, Viola Davis, and Loretta Davis
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours — Fantasia
"Proud Mary — Fantasia
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" — Fantasia
"Almighty God" — Viola Davis & Loretta Davis
"Summertime — Fantasia
"God Bless the Child" — Fantasia
"I Wanna Hear You Say (Do You Love Me)" — Fantasia

External links
Lifetime TV LINAFT Movie Page
Official LINAFT page

Notes
Excerpt: Life is Not a Fairy Tale, by Fantasia

African-American autobiographies
Films based on biographies
2006 television films
2006 films
Films directed by Debbie Allen
Fantasia Barrino
Literature by African-American women
2000s English-language films

Life Is Not a Fairy Tale


Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound. It is a highly toxic colorless gas. Its chemical formula is HF. It dissolves in water to produce hydrofluoric acid, a strongly toxic corrosive acid. It is used to make fluorine. It is used as a catalyst. It is much more easily liquified (made into liquid) than any other hydrogen halide.

Related pages
Hydrogen chloride
Fluoride
Hydrogen bromide

Fluorine compounds
Catalysts

Hydrogen fluoride


Mali (/ˈmɑːli/ (listen); French pronunciation: [mali]), alias Republic of Mali, be sam landlocked country for West Africa. Mali be de eighth-largest country for Africa, plus sam area of ova 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi).

Mali
1960 establishments for Africa insyd
1960 establishments for Mali insyd
Arabic-speaking countries den territories
Countries for Africa insyd
Former French colonies
French-speaking countries den territories
Landlocked countries
Least developed countries
Member states of de African Union
Member states of de United Nations
Member states of de Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Member states of de Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Republics
Saharan countries
States den territories wey dem establish for 1960 insyd
West African countries

Mali


Upper Boat () is a village on the southernmost outskirts of the town of Pontypridd, within the electoral ward of Hawthorn, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, and comprises part of the Treforest Industrial Estate. Historically part of Glamorgan, it fell within the parish of Eglwysilan.

Etymology
The location which is now referred to as Upper Boat was once a ferry point over the River Taff.  There were three major ferrying points over the river, one at Taff's Well, a second at Willowford, and the 'upper boat' was moored where today the Upper Boat Inn is located.

History
Founded as a ford point across the River Taff, Upper Boat was mainly untouched by the booming coal and steel industry around which much of the industrialised south Wales grew.  When the Glamorganshire Canal was constructed in the late 18th century, Upper Boat found itself located between the Taff and the canal, which brought employment to the area.  In the 1841 census, Upper Boat had a population of around 150, and its industry was clearly connected to the waterways that border it; employing boatmen, lock keepers, and carpenters.  Others found work at the collieries that opened in neighbouring villages, or at the local Melin-gorwg iron foundry.

As no major coal mine was sunk in the locality of Upper Boat, its growth was gradual; and by 1901, its population had increased to little over 300.  With the canal and the foundry now in decline, almost all employment in the village was reliant on coal mining, with people commuting to nearby pits.  In 1902, the construction of the Upper Boat power station was initiated by the South Wales Electric Company.  Located on the west bank of the Taff, the coal-fired power station provided employment for several decades, until it was decommissioned in 1972, and then demolished in 1976, following events linked to the nationalisation of the electricity supply industry in Britain.

In 1936, the Treforest Industrial Estate was conceived; to bring employment to the area.  By the end of the following year, three factories were built, employing 69 people.  As the estate grew, the fields surrounding the area were consumed by urban sprawl; housing was quickly required for local employees.  Prefabricated houses were hastily built, and the village grew, but the decision to build the A470 trunk road in the early 1970s across the north of Upper Boat saw these homes removed via a compulsory demolition order.

Upper Boat was once served by two separate railway stations on different lines.  The first (which was called Upper Boat Halt after 1924), on the Pontypridd, Caerphilly and Newport Railway, was opened in 1904, and closed in 1956.  The second (called 'Upper Boat' throughout its life), was on  the Cardiff Railway, opening in 1911, and closing in 1931.  The nearest station is now Treforest Estate.

Buildings of note
Built in 1839, Upper Boat was home to Carmel Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Chapel, which serve the community for over a century.  Described as being designed in the simple round-headed style, the chapel closed in 1987.

From 2006 to 2012, Upper Boat was known in media circles for being home to BBC Wales' Upper Boat Studios, where the hit revised version of Doctor Who, as well as spin-offs Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures, were produced, before production moved to BBC Wales new complex at Roath Lock, Cardiff.

Notes

External links

photos of Upper Boat and surrounding area — Geograph.org.uk

Villages in Rhondda Cynon Taf

Upper Boat


Microsoft Corp. v. Shah was an
Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA) case heard before the
United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Microsoft sued the defendants, Amish Shah and others, for, among other charges, contributory cybersquatting for encouraging others, through videos and software, to infringe on Microsoft's trademarks. The case was settled out of court in July 2011 after judge Ricardo S. Martinez denied Shah's motion for dismissal. Legal observers suggested that, if upheld, the case would prove notable for the court's expansion
of the ACPA liability to include contributory cybersquatting.

Background
Amish Shah, with help from the other defendants, registered domain names containing Microsoft trademarks, and induced others to register similar domains. Some of these domains used possible misspellings of trademarked Microsoft names.  Consumers seeking Microsoft products could mistakenly end up at the defendants' website and be tricked into downloading the defendants' products. In addition to cybersquatting, the defendants also produced instructions (including a video) on how to use Microsoft's marks in a misleading manner to maximize traffic to the website. Shah also offered a software system that enabled buyers to easily create websites incorporating Microsoft's marks.

On the basis of the latter, Microsoft made claims for contributory cybersquatting and contributory trademark dilution, in addition to cybersquatting, trademark dilution, and trademark infringement. Defendants moved to dismiss the claims for contributory cybersquatting and contributory dilution, arguing that such causes of action are not recognized under law. The ACPA created liability only for registering, trafficking, or using a domain name that is identical or confusingly similar to a protected mark. Additionally, the ACPA required proof that the defendant acted with "bad faith with intent to profit from the mark."

Opinion of the Court

Judge Ricardo Martinez decided against dismissal on January 12, 2011, affirming that Microsoft had a possible case against Shah. The court first noted that while contributory trademark infringement is well established, the ACPA, unlike trademark law, required a showing of "bad faith intent." Previous courts, notably in Ford Motor Co. v. Greatdomains.com, reasoned that a higher standard was required for claims of contributory cybersquatting.

The court noted that the decision of the Ford court indicated that the court had recognized a cause of action under contributory cybersquatting, but found in favor of GreatDomains.com since Ford failed to show the requisite bad faith by GreatDomains.com. The Judge noted that in this particular case, the facts clearly demonstrated bad faith with an intent to profit, and as such denied the defendants' motion to dismiss. While the ACPA does not explicitly address causes of action under contributory liability, the court noted that action under the ACPA is a tort-like cause of action, and traditional principles of tort law impose liability on those who assist or contribute in the infringement.

Impact

The court's decision notably expanded liability under the ACPA to include contributory damages, basing its decision on traditional principles of liability of tort law. Several scholars noted that the court's decision provides a precedent for expanding ACPA liability, beyond actions explicitly prohibited by the text of the law. This was particularly notable since Microsoft did not have to prove that the defendant actually sold any domain names to third parties or helped third parties acquire domain names.

An attempt was made in 2009 to sue GoDaddy, a domain registrar, under a different charge of "contributory cybersquatting". In this case, the Northern District Court of California ruled in favor of GoDaddy in January 2012.

See also
 Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act
 Cybersquatting
 Domain Name System
 Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft

References

2011 in United States case law
United States Internet case law
Microsoft litigation
United States intellectual property case law
United States trademark case law

Microsoft Corp. v. Shah


The Beacon Street Tomb is a historic receiving tomb in the Lakeside Cemetery of Wakefield, Massachusetts.  Built about 1858, it is one of the finest examples of Greek Revival architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Description and history
The Beacon Street tomb is located on the south side of Lakeside Cemetery, itself set on the west side of Lake Quannapowitt.  It faces south, away from the cemetery and toward Beacon Street, which runs along the cemetery's southern border.  It is a single-story stone structure, built out of ashlar granite and covered by a front-facing gabled roof.  The front facade is defined by four Doric columns, which rise to a fully pedimented gable, which has a louvered oculus window at its center.  There are no windows, and a double-leaf door on the southern elevation.

Lakeview Cemetery was established in 1848, on land previously owned by an ice harvesting company that operated on the lake in winter. This building, built sometime between 1858 and 1860, was used to store caskets during the winter months when burial was impossible due to frozen ground.  It was used in this role until the 20th century.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wakefield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

References

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Wakefield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Wakefield, Massachusetts
Cemeteries established in the 1850s
1858 establishments in Massachusetts

Beacon Street Tomb


Barbara M. Joosse (born February 18, 1949) is an American children's writer.
She has been writing for children for over thirty years.  She has published thirty-eight books for children, both picture books and chapter books.  Through her writing, she aspires to find the things that are the same, and the things that are different, between us all.  She has toured worldwide to promote her books, which have been translated into twenty-eight languages.

She was born in Grafton, Wisconsin to Robert Elmer (a banker) and M. Eileen Monnot on February 18, 1949.  Her first marriage was to Peter Clifford Joosse (a psychiatrist) on August 30, 1969.  They had three children:  Maaike Sari, Anneke Els, and Robert Collin. Her second marriage was to Charles Thomas Whitehouse (a bronze sculptor) on July 30, 2005.  She attended college in Wisconsin, first at the University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point and then received her B.A. at the University of Wisconsin--Madison in 1970. She attended University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee from 1977 to 1980, taking creative writing classes. She is a member of the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators and the Council for Wisconsin Writers.

Awards
Mama, Do You Love Me?
Golden Kite Award, 1991
California Children's Book Award, 1992

I Love You the Purplest
Council for Wisconsin Writers, Archer Eckblad Award

Wild Willie and King Kyle, Detectives
Austrian Honor Book

Lewis and Papa: Adventure on the Santa Fe Trail
Nevada Young Reader's Award

Stars in the Darkness
"Living the Dream" book award, 2002

Nugget and Darling
Wisconsin Library Association, Outstanding Achievement

Works
Losers Fight Back: a Wee Willie Mystery, Clarion Books, 1994.
Morning Chair, Clarion Books, 1995.
I Love You the Purplest, Chronicle Books, 1996.
Nugget & Darling, Clarion Books, 1997.
Ghost Trap: A Wild Willie Mystery, Clarion Books, 1998.
Lewis & Papa, Chronicle Books, 1998.
Snow Day!, Houghton Mifflin, 1999.
Alien Brain Fryout: a Wee Willie Mystery, Clarion Books, 2000.
Ghost Wings, Chronicle Books, 2001.
Houseful of Christmas, Henry Holt, 2001.
Mama, Do You Love Me?, Chronicle Books, 2001.
Stars in the Darkness, Chronicle Books, 2002.
Bad Dog School, Clarion Books, 2004.
Hot City,  Philomel, 2004.
Nikolai, the Only Bear, Philomel Books, 2005.
Papa, Do You Love Me?, Chronicle Books, 2005.
Dead Guys Talk (a Wild Willie Mystery), 2006, Clarion.
Wind-Wild Dog, 2006, Holt.
Please Is a Good Word to Say, 2007, Philomel.
Grandma Calls Me Beautiful, 2008, Chronicle Books.
In the Night Garden, 2008, Holt.
Love Is a Good Thing to Feel, 2008, Philomel.
Roawr!, 2009, Philomel.
Friends (Mostly) 2010, Greenwillow.
Fuzzy Peeps, 2010, Greenwillow.
Higgledy-Piggledy Chicks, 2010 Greenwillow.
Sleepover at Gramma's House, 2010, Philomel.
Dog Parade, 2011, Harcourt.
Old Robert and the Troubadour Cats, 2011, Philomel.
Lovabye, Dragon, Candlewick.
Hooray Parade, Viking.

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
American children's writers
Writers from Wisconsin
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Grafton, Wisconsin

Barbara M. Joosse


Village of the Giants is a 1965 American teensploitation comedy science fiction film produced, directed and written by Bert I. Gordon. Based loosely on H. G. Wells's 1904 book The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth, it contains elements of the beach party film genre. The story concerns a gang of rebellious youngsters who gain access to a chemical substance called "Goo", which causes living things to grow to gigantic proportions. The cast is composed almost entirely of teenaged actors and young adults portraying teenagers. Also making musical guest appearances are The Beau Brummels, Freddy Cannon, and Mike Clifford. Gordon would later direct another adaptation of Wells' story, titled The Food of the Gods.

Plot
Village of the Giants takes place in fictional Hainesville, California. After crashing their car into a roadblock during a rainstorm, a group of partying, big-city teenagers (Fred, Pete, Rick, Harry, and their girlfriends Merrie, Elsa, Georgette and Jean) first indulge in a vigorous, playful mud-wrestling fight, then hike their way into town. Fred remembers meeting a girl from Hainesville named Nancy, and they decide to look her up.

Nancy, meanwhile, is with her boyfriend Mike, while her younger brother "Genius" plays with his chemistry set in the basement. Genius accidentally creates a substance he names "Goo", that, when consumed, causes animals, including a dog and a pair of ducks, to grow to gigantic size.

The out-of-town teens break into the local theater and clean up from the rain, then go to a nearby club where The Beau Brummels are performing. Shortly, the giant ducks turn up, followed by Mike and Nancy. Everyone is astounded by the size of the ducks, wondering how they got so big. Mike explains that it's a secret, but following a suggestion made by their friends Horsey and Red, they host a picnic in the town square the next day, roasting the ducks and feeding everybody. Freddy Cannon is featured singing a song in this scene.

Fred and his friends also see potential in whatever made the ducks grow, but their minds are purely on profit. They scheme to learn the secret, and are ultimately successful, escaping with a sample. Back at the theater, the gang argues over what to do with the Goo, now that they have it. Feeling peer pressure, Fred slices up the Goo, giving everyone a piece each, which they consume a moment later. As the Goo takes effect, they each grow to over thirty feet (9 m) tall, ripping right out of their clothes. At first everyone is shocked and regretful, but realizing their newfound power at their new size, the gang decide to take over the town.

Overnight, the giants decide to isolate Hainesville from the rest of the world. They rip out the telephone lines, overturn broadcasting antennas, and block the remaining roads out of town. When the sheriff and Mike arrive to deal with them, they discover that the giants have no plans to leave – and are literally holding the sheriff's daughter, as "insurance" that they won't have any trouble. While the town's adults seem paralyzed, the teens decide to fight back. An attempt to capture Fred results in Nancy being taken hostage.

Meanwhile, Genius continues to work, trying to produce more Goo. Mike asks Genius to forget the Goo for a while and make them a supply of ether – having noticed the giants only leave one guard on the hostages. Mike and Horsey plot to subdue that guard, recover the guns, and free Nancy and the sheriff's daughter.

Having led the giants outside the theater, Mike plays David to Fred's Goliath, to distract them while Horsey and the others effect the rescue. Genius' newest attempt at Goo results in an antidote. He rides over to the square on a bicycle with a pail full of the fuming antidote. As the giants breathe in the fumes, they all return to normal. Mike cold-cocks the surprised Fred, and promptly runs him and his friends, looking silly in their now-oversized clothes, out of town.

However, as Fred and the others reach their car, they meet a travelling band of little people who have (the torn-out telephone lines, overturned broadcasting antennas, and blocked roads notwithstanding) heard about the "goo" and its effects, and are heading into the town to investigate the substance.

Cast

Music
The film's instrumental theme song, by composer and arranger Jack Nitzsche, was originally released as "The Last Race" on Reprise Records, months before the movie appeared, and which would later be used as the main title music for Death Proof, Quentin Tarantino's portion of the film Grindhouse, in 2007.

The Beau Brummels, singers Freddy Cannon and Mike Clifford all make appearances. Cannon enjoyed a string of hits during the 1960s, including "Palisades Park" and "Tallahassee Lassie", and performs "Little Bitty Corrine" in his signature style (wearing a cardigan sweater in the summertime), while Mike Clifford (veteran of The Ed Sullivan Show, and later an actor) croons the movie's obligatory slow song, "Marianne".  Clifford is also credited with another song, "Nothing can Stand in my Way", but this does not appear in the film.  There was no official soundtrack release for this movie.

Production notes

Director
The film's director, Bert I. Gordon, was involved with many size-themed movies in his career (perhaps coincidentally, his initials are "BIG"). Besides Village, these include: King Dinosaur (1955), Beginning of the End (1957), The Cyclops (1957), The Amazing Colossal Man (1957), Attack of the Puppet People (1958), War of the Colossal Beast (1958), Earth vs. the Spider (1958), and The Food of the Gods (1976).

The film was made by Gordon's newly formed Berkeley Productions. It was to be the first of a three-year 12-picture deal between Berkeley and Joseph E. Levine's Embassy Productions. Some of these were to be for TV, others for theaters. The next two planned films were titled The Creatures of Dr. Freak and Horror House, but neither of these were made.

Casting
The cast features a number of children of established Hollywood actors: Beau Bridges (son of Lloyd Bridges), Ron Howard (son of Rance Howard), Tisha Sterling (daughter of Robert Sterling and Ann Sothern), Toni Basil (daughter of Louis Basil) and Tim Rooney (son of Mickey Rooney).
Debi Storm completed her role as the sheriff's daughter in just three days. Vicki London, who played Georgette, is absent from the screen for most of the giant scenes in the film.  Robert Random and Joy Harmon each also appeared in episodes of Gidget, which debuted in the fall of 1965.

The cat appearing in this film was named Orangey (later renamed Minerva), and Village of the Giants was the second time he played the role of a cat larger than a human, the first being Scott Carey's (actor Grant Williams) pet in The Incredible Shrinking Man (1957). His most famous roles were as "Rhubarb" in the film Rhubarb (1951) and the cat in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961).

Tommy Kirk made the film after his arrest for drug possession. He later said he wasn't "too embarrassed" about the film. "It's kind of a crazy movie but the production values are pretty good and it sort of holds together. I could have done without the dancing ducks, though."

Beau Bridges has one of his earliest roles as the unofficial leader of the teenagers who turn into giants. He later recalled:

When I did it, I was about 18 or 19, and I took it all quite seriously. I thought it was my chance to really be a spokesperson for my generation, you know? I had that long speech when I'm in the theater, and I've eaten this goo ... I address the police chief of the town about the young people, the teenagers, that he says are losing control, and I speak out about freedom and everything. I took it so seriously, and I think I even rewrote my lines. Now, though, it's, uh, a little embarrassing.

Original script
Alan Caillou's original script called for the sheriff's deputy (played by Rance Howard) to be stepped on by the giants. If the scene was ever filmed, it did not make the final edit, and no known footage of it exists.

Locations and props
Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on the Columbia Pictures backlot, where portions of I Dream of Jeannie and The Partridge Family were also made. The lot is now owned by Warner Brothers. The scene where the giants convene outside the Hainesville theater was shot at the Courthouse Square lot at Universal Studios, where Back to the Future and Gremlins were later made.
The film's goo was a simple mixture of angel food cake mix with pink-colored dye. The beer the "teenagers" are drinking at the beginning of the film is Blatz, and the 'Teen magazine Joy Harmon reads during one part of the film is an actual issue, from the summer of 1965.  The tiny yellow custom hotrod (with the surfboard) that is used in the street scene to tie up Beau Bridges' feet is The Surfite, designed by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth.

Release and reception
The low-budget film had limited commercial success at the time of its release, for it was distributed mainly to drive-in theaters as part of double features. In 1965 it did draw media attraction and audiences with some of its special effects and lightly provocative sex appeal, including scenes with implied nudity. Margaret Hartford of the Los Angeles Times, for example, alludes to those elements in her review at the time. The "best things" about the film, she writes, are the "special effects and photographic trickery", along with "those endless views of healthy young torsos gyrating to the rhythms of the Beau Brummells or Freddy Cannon". Hartford adds, "Alan Caillou's script keeps the action fast and the dancing swinging."

Mystery Science Theater 3000
On January 11, 1994, an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 (episode 523) featuring Village of the Giants premiered on Comedy Central. The episode was dedicated in memoriam to the recently deceased Frank Zappa and featured "Let Me Be Frank about Frank", an original song ostensibly about TV's Frank, the sidekick to the show's mad scientist, Dr. Clayton Forrester. TV's Frank was fired during the episode, replaced with recurring character Torgo (from Manos: The Hands of Fate), and rehired after he convinced Torgo to do something awful to Dr. Forrester off-camera.

The episode is not a favorite of fans; it missed the Top 100 list of episodes voted upon by MST3K Season 11 Kickstarter backers. Writer Jim Vogel has a much more positive evaluation of the episode, rating Village of the Giants #35 (out of 191 total MST3K episodes). "It's a supremely cheesy, very watchable slice of '60s teen culture, crossed with some very light science fiction", Vogel claims.

The MST3K version of Village of the Giants was included as part of the Mystery Science Theater 3000, Volume 27 DVD collection, released by Shout! Factory on July 23, 2013. The other episodes in the four-disc set include The Slime People (episode #108), Rocket Attack U.S.A. (episode #205), and The Deadly Mantis (episode #804).

References

See also
List of American films of 1965

External links

 Village of the Giants at Brian's Drive in Theatre

1960s science fiction comedy films
1960s exploitation films
1960s coming-of-age comedy films
1965 films
1965 comedy films
American science fiction comedy films
American coming-of-age comedy films
American exploitation films
American teen comedy films
Films about size change
Films based on British novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by H. G. Wells
Films scored by Jack Nitzsche
Films directed by Bert I. Gordon
Films set in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films about giants
Embassy Pictures films
Teensploitation
1960s English-language films
1960s American films

Village of the Giants


José Sáinz Nothnagel (3 August 1907 – 26 June 1984) was a Spanish politician with the Falange and a leading figure in the early days of the Spanish Civil War.

Born in Santa María de Meruelo near Santander, Cantabria, Sáinz, whose mother was German, lived in New York City from 1912 to 1922, returned to Spain when his father was stricken by encephalitis, and then obtained an Electric Engineering Degree in Germany with Siemens.1924-26 In 1932, while working as the Director of the Office of Tourism in Toledo, he became one of the founding members of the Falange with José Antonio Primo de Rivera. He was appointed to the first National Council in October 1934 and the Junta Política in October 1935. In the run-up to the war he was a central figure in arranging co-operation between the Falange and the army and he suggested that a proposed coup should begin in Toledo where he was provincial chief. Sáinz was arrested for his conspiracies, most notably on 28 May 1936 when he and Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis were arrested at José Antonio Primo de Rivera's house. He was arrested again on June 5 when he was discovered Alcañiz prison, relaying the orders of General Emilio Mola that the coup was to be postponed.

Following the execution of José Antonio at the start of the war, Sáinz was suggested as a possible successor but instead became a member of the Second National Council and declared in favour of the nominated successor Manuel Hedilla. Indeed, at a meeting of the junta of command held on 14 April 1937 only Sáinz and Francisco Bravo voted for Hedilla as leader. His participation in the "tragic comedy of errors" is well documented when he sent a telegram to field commanders stating "only obey orders through hierarchal command", which was widely interpreted. During much of the first year he was the highest ranking and only remaining original member of The Falange.

In June 1937 he was briefly detained by Franco's forces as a supporter of Hedilla who, by that time, had been jailed for refusing to co-operate with the new movement. To avoid the politics Sainz became a battlefield organizer. He suffered battle wounds for the fourth time on 4 September 1936, in Talavera de la Reina. resulting in the amputation of a finger. Sáinz participated in numerous campaigns in Nationalist territory organizing troops and was instrumental in the recapture of Toledo  and the Alcazar de Toledo from Republican forces 27 September 1936, after a 63-day siege.

In December 1936 Sainz led a delegation sent to Berlin to study the organization of Germany. During much of the remainder of the war he organized men and materials, oversaw construction of facilities, and arranged relief for recaptured territories. This also allowed him the opportunity to visit his mother and grandmother.

After the end of the war Sáinz started a branch of the called Educacion y Descanso, (Work, Education, and Rest),under auspices of The Ministry of the Interior, led by Serrano Suner, overseeing the construction of facilities and policy. This effort culminated in The First National Championship of Producers, a nationwide sporting event on 14 July 1940.

In 1944 Sainz left government service to pursue private ventures including the rowboat concession at Retiro Park in Madrid, a poultry farm, and construction efforts in Madrid.

In 1948 a cache of 30 buried pistols captured during the war was discovered on his Cantabrian farm, one of which was used in a robbery, and a warrant was issued by the government for sedition. This was one of several times. he was arrested by the post war Franco government.

In 1948 he left Spain for Mexico to become the General Manager of Aerovías Guest until it was absorbed by competitor Aeromex. His wife refused to follow him to Mexico. In 1956 he remarried and had 3 more children. He also was a partner in a travel agency and was briefly employed by Japan Airlines in the early 1960s in Mexico City. In 1963 he moved his family to Los Angeles, California and was employed by Mexicana de Aviación in sales. In 1969 he became the Regional Manager in Miami, Florida, in 1973 Regional Manager in Dallas, Texas, and in 1978 Regional Manager in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1981 he had open heart surgery, and retired back to Dallas, Texas in 1982 and died in Dallas 26 June 1984.

Gallery

References

1907 births
1984 deaths
Politicians from Cantabria
Falangists
Spanish emigrants to Mexico
Spanish people of German descent
Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
Spanish expatriates in the United States

José Sáinz Nothnagel


The Modulations were an American R&B vocal group from Durham, North Carolina consisting of singer-songwriters Larry Allen, Larry Duncan, Hoyle Saunders and Henry Chanel. The other group of Modulations that sung with Glenn Jones are not affiliated with this group. The group from the Bull City, Durham's nickname, had some success with the singles "I'm Hopelessly in Love" (1973) and "I Can't Fight Your Love" (1974), both of which were included on the Modulations' self-produced album, It's Rough Out Here, released in '75 and featuring arrangements by Vince Montana, Norman Harris, and Ronnie Baker and instrumentation by members of MFSB. The album was later reissued in Japan and the UK.

Discography
It's Rough Out Here (Buddah Records, 1975)
 Rough Out Here (Rodney Brown, Bob Curington, Tylon Lester, Willie Lester)
 Head On Collision With Heartbreak (Brown, Curington, Lester, Lester)
 Love at Last (Curington, Lester, Lester)
 I'll Always Love You (Brown, Curington)
 I'm Hopelessly in Love (Joe Blunt, Brown, Curington, Lester, Lester)
 I Can't Fight Your Love (Brown, Curington)
 Worth Your Weight in Gold (Curington, Lester, Lester)
 Those Were the Best Days of My Life (Brown, Curington)
 Share What You Got, Keep What You Need (Blunt, Brown, Curington, Lester, Lester)

Bonus tracks:
 What Good Am I
 Your Love Has Me Locked Up
 I Can't Fight Your Love [7" Version]
 Worth Your Weight in Gold [7" Version]
 Somebody's Been Messin'

References

External links

American rhythm and blues musical groups

The Modulations


OpenKBM is a set of computer software for systems management of applications that use knowledge management techniques (the KBM in OpenKBM stands for Knowledge Based Management).

Originally conceived of and developed as a next generation replacement for Gensym's G2 real-time expert system development platform, the OpenKBM technology and its first layered product, NetCure, were acquired by Rocket Software in 2001 from Gensym Corporation.  OpenKBM is used by Rocket and, via OEM agreements, by partners such as IBM and Avaya as the basis for management software applications.

Components
OpenKBM provides:

 Object model for representing the systems to be managed
 Object-oriented hierarchy of monitoring information types such as events, fault, and statistics
 Data acquisition, signal processing, and event processing engines
 Forward chaining event correlation engine
 Knowledge Based Management Language (KBML) for codifying event correlation rules, and signal and event processing logic
 Frameworks for both thick client and web-based graphical user interfaces

Products

 Avaya Visualization Performance & Fault Manager (part of UCM suite)
 NetExpert Neon
 NETMG GoldenTHREAD
 Rocket NetCure Enterprise]
 Rocket NetCure Audit
 Rocket NetCure Discovery
 Mainstar MXI G2 for z/OS

References

 http://www.rocketsoftware.com/networks/enterprise-management/openkbm/overview. Rocket OpenKBM
 https://books.google.com/books?id=FxwEAAAAMBAJ&dq=rocket+gensym&pg=PA44  NetworkWorld May 28, 2001
 http://support.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/100107393. Nortel announces UCM release

Expert systems
Network management

OpenKBM


The Beatles in Italy is a Beatles compilation album released in Italy in 1965 (Parlophon PMCQ 31506). Despite its title, The Beatles in Italy is not a live album, but, rather, a compilation of previously released studio recordings. The album was issued in 1965 to capitalise on the band's Italian leg of their 1965 European tour (they performend in Milan, Rome and Genoa between 24 and 27 June 1965), and the release of the film, Help!. The album consists entirely of single and EP tracks that had not been previously collected into an LP. All original copies of the LP were in mono.

The Beatles in Italy was reasonably popular for Parlophone, first appearing on the red label and later on the black label. EMI's Israeli affiliate was impressed enough with the compilation that they released it there, albeit without the gatefold cover that it sported in Italy. In 1969, when EMI affiliates were adopting a more standard look, the Italian company switched to a more standard Parlophone/EMI label, and the LP was reissued again along with the rest of the catalog. Still, most fans worldwide were unaware of the compilation. The record probably would have remained obscure had not John Lennon, in a 1970 Rolling Stone interview, speculated that there might have been a live album released in Italy. "There's one in Italy apparently, that somebody recorded there."

As the years passed, imported copies of the album continued to attract the interest of Beatles collectors. It was eventually issued in Japan (Odeon EAS-81525) and the Netherlands (Parlophone 1A 062-04632), when (in the mid-1980s) the album was issued in stereo. The album has not been released on CD.

Track listing
All songs written by Lennon–McCartney, except where noted
Side one
"Long Tall Sally" (Enotris Johnson/Richard Penniman/Robert Blackwell) – 2:03
"She's a Woman" – 2:58
"Matchbox" (Carl Perkins) – 1:59
"From Me to You" – 1:56
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" – 2:24
"Ticket to Ride" – 3:11

Side two
"This Boy" – 2:11
"Slow Down" (Larry Williams) – 2:56
"I Call Your Name" – 2:09
"Thank You Girl" – 2:04
"Yes It Is" – 2:42
"I Feel Fine" – 2:16

References

Albums produced by George Martin
The Beatles compilation albums
1965 compilation albums
Parlophone compilation albums

The Beatles in Italy


Bermuda shorts, also known as walk shorts or dress shorts, are a particular type of short trousers, worn as semi-casual attire by both men and women. The hem, which can be cuffed or un-cuffed, is around  above the knee.

They are so-named because of their popularity in Bermuda, a British Overseas Territory, where they are considered appropriate business attire for men when made of suit-like material and worn with knee-length socks, a dress shirt, tie, and blazer.

True Bermuda shorts are not to be confused with "capri pants" extending below the knee. Cargo shorts may be a similar length but are typically baggy or less "tailored" than Bermuda shorts and more typical of West Coast American fashion.

History

The invention of Bermuda shorts is attributed to native Bermudian and tea shop owner Nathaniel Coxon, who in 1914 hemmed the uniform pants of his employees allowing for more comfort in the heat. The British Army, stationed in Bermuda during World War I, adopted the shorts for wear in tropical and desert climates.

Bermuda shorts became a popular sportswear item in the 1920s and 1930s for their association with leisure and tropical vacations. Their name was likely codified in the United States by The Bermuda Shop, a New York City sportswear retailer.

According to Jack Lightbourn, former Executive Vice President of the Bank of Bermuda, the general managers of the two banks in Bermuda, The Bank of Bermuda Ltd and The Bank of N.T. Butterfield and Sons Ltd  were concerned that their male employees would not have suitable clothing to wear due to clothing shortages related to World War II. They arranged for a local tailor to make two pairs of shorts, modeled on the shorts of the British military, for each of their male employees.  The shorts were made from a very itchy grey flannel material, and each employee was supplied with two pairs of heavy grey wool long socks to wear with the shorts. This was the beginning of Bermuda shorts as business attire in Bermuda as well as the pairing of long socks with Bermuda shorts. In the post-war period local merchants such as Trimingham Bros. and H.A. & E. Smiths improved the design of the shorts and used bright coloured materials as the shorts became more popular.

Vogue first used the term "Bermuda shorts" in 1948. The rise in the popularity of the shorts coincides with the broader rise in acceptability of shorts as daily wear. Along with jeans, Bermuda shorts were prohibited for female students at Penn State University until 1954, when the ban was lifted only for off-campus events. A piece from that year in The New Yorker mentions that although sales figures for the shorts at retailers such as Brooks Brothers were increasing, certain hotels and clubs still would not allow them.

Bermuda shorts experienced renewed popularity in the 1970s due to increased interest in the fashion of the 1950s. They reappeared on the runways for several years starting in the early 1990s.

Uses
Bermuda shorts are considered more appropriate in hot subtropical and tropical climates than the typical heavier clothing favored in Europe. Many businesses in the West today that have a business casual policy similarly allow this kind of clothing in the hotter seasons, especially in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Bermuda shorts are also part of the boys' summer uniforms of many private schools in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Bermuda shorts are part of the attire for the British Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy.

During the opening ceremonies of the Olympics and Paralympics, Bermuda's delegation traditionally wears red Bermuda shorts (red being the primary color in the country's flag).

See also

 Madras shorts or pants

 Shorts
 Swim trunks
 The Official Preppy Handbook
 Walk shorts

References

External links

 Bermuda shorts — from "Bermuda Online" by the Royal Gazette.

Trousers and shorts
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion
Bermudian culture

Bermuda shorts


Xenophanes of Colophon,  c.570 – c.475 BC, was a Greek philosopher, poet, and social and religious critic.

Our knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers. To judge from these, his poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas. This included Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' love of athletics and athleticism. He is the earliest Greek poet who claims explicitly to be writing for future generations, creating "fame that will reach all of Greece, and never die while the Greek kind of songs survives".

Philosophy
Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the 4th century BC. He satirized the polytheistic beliefs of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries. "Homer and Hesiod" one fragment states, "have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception". Sextus Empiricus reported that such ideas were savored by Christian apologists.  Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in Clement of Alexandria, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic:
But if cattle and horses and lions had handsor could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,horses like horses and cattle like cattlealso would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodiesof such a sort as the form they themselves have....Ethiopians say that their gods are snubnosed and blackThracians that they are pale and red-haired.

Monotheist?
His remark "God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind". led some to claim he was the first monotheist. Others pointed out that he still referred to other gods.

References

Skepticism
Ancient Greek philosophers

Xenophanes


Joshua Green (born 1972) is an American journalist who writes primarily on United States politics. He is currently the senior national correspondent at Bloomberg Businessweek. He is a weekly columnist for The Boston Globe and his work has also appeared in The Atlantic.

Education
Green graduated from Connecticut College in 1994 and earned a graduate degree from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism in 1998.

Political journalism
Green began his journalism career in 1995 as an editor at the satirical weekly The Onion. From 2000 to 2001, he was a staff writer at The American Prospect. He then joined The Washington Monthly, where he worked as an editor from 2001 to 2003. Green has also contributed articles to Slate and The New Yorker.

Green was with The Atlantic from September 2003 to July 2011. His work from that period has been anthologized in collections ranging from Best American Political Writing 2009 to The Bob Marley Reader. Among his more notable writings for The Atlantic are a November 2006 cover story on Hillary Clinton and a November 2004 story on George W. Bush presidential adviser Karl Rove. Green also wrote an article for The Atlantic in October 2007 exploring the feasibility of the announced presidential campaign of the comedian Stephen Colbert.

In 2007, Politico reported that a negative story written by Green on the Hillary Clinton presidential campaign for GQ magazine was killed after her camp threatened to cut off access to the New York Senator's husband, President Bill Clinton, who was slated to appear on the magazine's December 2007 cover. In September 2008, after Clinton had ended her candidacy, Green wrote an article in The Atlantic detailing the in-fighting within the Clinton campaign. The article was supplemented by memos he had obtained from current and former Clinton staffers and outside consultants to her presidential campaign.

Green's 2017 book, Devil's Bargain, deals with the successful political partnership between Donald Trump and Steve Bannon.

References

External links
Joshua Green Profile and Index at The Atlantic
Video of debate/discussion with Joshua Green and Ryan Lizza on Bloggingheads.tv

1972 births
American columnists
American male journalists
American political writers
Connecticut College alumni
Living people
Medill School of Journalism alumni

Joshua Green (journalist)