The Maiden's Tower (), also known as Leander's Tower (Tower of Leandros) since the Byzantine period, is a tower on a small islet at the southern entrance of the Bosphorus strait,  from the coast of Üsküdar in Istanbul, Turkey.

The tower appeared on the reverse of the Turkish 10 lira banknote from 1966 to 1981.

History
After the naval victory at Cyzicus, in 408 BC the Athenian general Alcibiades probably built a custom station for ships coming from the Black Sea on a small rock called Arcla (small castle) and Damialis (its calf) in front of Chrysopolis (today's Üsküdar).

In 1110 Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus built a wooden tower protected by a stone wall. From the tower an iron chain stretched across to another tower erected on the European shore in the Mangana quarter of Constantinople. The islet was then connected to the Asiatic shore through a defence wall whose underwater remains are still visible. During the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the tower held a Byzantine garrison commanded by the Venetian Gabriele Trevisano. Subsequently, the structure was used as a watchtower by the Ottomans during the reign of sultan Mehmed the Conqueror.

The tower was destroyed during the earthquake of 1509, rebuilt, and then burned down in 1721. Reconstruction was ordered by the grand vizier Damad Ibrahim Pasha and the new building was used as a lighthouse; the surrounding walls were repaired in 1731 and 1734. Then in 1763 the tower was reconstructed in more durable stone. From 1829 it was used as a quarantine station before being restored again by Sultan Mahmud II in 1832. In 1945 it was the turn of the harbour authority to patch it up. Then in 1998 it was restored again, shortly before appearing in the James Bond movie The World Is Not Enough.

After the 17 August 1999 earthquake and tsunami in  the Sea of Marmara steel supports were added to the tower to strengthen it.  The interior was converted into a café and restaurant, with views of the former Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman capital at Sarayburnu. Private boats ply back and forth between the tower and the shore throughout the day.

In 2021 work on restoring the tower yet again . The work was completed in 2023 and the tower reopened to the public in May of that year.

Origin of the name
There are several stories about the tower's name. According to one of them, an oracle prophesied that the emperor's much beloved daughter would be killed by a venomous snake on her eighteenth birthday. To protect her, the emperor had the tower built in the Bosphorus and had her locked up there to keep her away from snakes. Her only regular visitor was her father. On her eighteenh birthday, the emperor brought her a basket of exotic fruits as a gift, delighted that he had been able to thwart the prophecy. However, an asp that had been hiding among the fruit bit the princess who died in her father's arms, just as the oracle had predicted, hence the name Maiden's Tower.

The tower's alternative name, Leander's Tower (Greek: Τουρ δε Λέανδρος; Latin: Tour de Léandros), comes from the Greek myth of Hero and Leander. Hero was a priestess of Aphrodite who lived in a tower at Sestos, at the edge of the Hellespont(Dardanelles). Leander (Leandros), a young man from Abydos on the other side of the strait, fell in love with her and would swim across the Hellespont every night to be with her. Hero would light a lamp at the top of her tower to guide his way. Succumbing to Leander's pleas,and to his argument that Aphrodite, the goddess of love, would scorn the worship of a virgin, Hero allowed him to make love to her throughout the warm summer. But one stormy winter night, the waves buffeted Leander as he crossed. The wind blew out Hero's light, and Leander lost his way and was drowned. The grief-stricken Hero threw herself from the tower and died as well. Due to the similarity between the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, Leander's story somehow came to be attached to the tower too.

In popular culture
The tower features in a romantic scene in the Turkish TV series Kördüğüm ("Deadlock"), Season 2, Episode 6.
It also featured in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough and was visible in the background in the 1963 Bond film From Russia with Love.
It was also used in the film Hitman.
It was a point on the American reality game show The Amazing Race 7.
The tower featured prominenty in the Turkish drama series Kurtlar Vadisi (Valley of the Wolves).
It appeared in the Turkish drama programme Kırgın Çiçekler.
It featured in the game Assassin's Creed: Revelations, where the tower is the location of one Masyaf key that the playable character must collect to complete the game.
The tower featured prominently in the logo for Istanbul's unsuccessful bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.
It also featured in the Turkish drama programme Erkenci Kuş ('Early Bird').
The tower appeared in sixth episode of the Turkish drama series Zengin Kız Fakir Oğlan ('Rich Girl, Poor Boy').
It also featured in the Turkish drama programme  Yasak Elma ('Forbidden Fruit')
 It also appears in the background of the ferry scene in Agatha Christie's 1974 film Murder on the Orient Express

See also

 List of lighthouses in Turkey
 List of columns and towers in Istanbul

References and notes

Sources

External links

 Virtual tour of Maiden's Tower (3D panoramas)
 Detailed History and Legends of Maiden's Tower.
 Directorate General of Coastal Safety
 Nomad's Guide to Turkey

Buildings and structures completed in 1110
Towers completed in the 12th century
Lighthouses completed in the 12th century
Constantinople
Bosphorus
Restaurants in Istanbul
Redevelopment projects in Istanbul
Buildings and structures in Istanbul
Tourist attractions in Istanbul
Landmarks in Turkey
Lighthouses in Istanbul
Towers in Turkey
Lighthouses completed in 1763

Maiden's Tower


16th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Tarnów (Polish language: 16 Pulk Piechoty Ziemi Tarnowskiej, 16 pp) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army. It existed from late 1918 until September 1939. Garrisoned in Tarnów, the unit belonged to the 6th Infantry Division from Kraków.

The history of the regiment dates back to the final weeks of World War I, when ethnic Polish soldiers, serving in the Austrian 57th Infantry Regiment, abandoned their positions on the Italian Front, and returned to Tarnów. In November 1918, Polish 57th Infantry Regiment was formed. In February 1919, its name was changed into the 16th Infantry Regiment of the Land of Tarnów.

Commandants
 Major Maksymilian Hoborski (1918),
 Colonel Aleksander Boruszczak (1918–1919),
 Colonel Kazimierz Piotrkowski (1919),
 Colonel Zdzislaw Zaluski (1919),
 Colonel Wiktor Rustocki (1919–1920),
 Major Jan Luszczki (1920),
 Major Karol Weiss de Helmenau (1920),
 Colonel Tadeusz Klimecki (1920),
 Colonel Tadeusz Hojnowski (1920),
 Major Henryk Wieckowski (1920),
 Captain Tadeusz Muszynski (1920),
 Colonel Marian Steczkowski (1920–1923),
 Colonel Karol Weiss de Helmenau (1923),
 Colonel Aleksander Myszkowski (1923 -1931),
 Colonel Stefan Broniowski (1931–1936),
 Colonel Stefan Leukos-Kowalski (1936–1939),
 Colonel Rudolf Matuszek (1939)

Symbols
The flag of the regiment was funded by the residents of the counties of Tarnów, Dąbrowa Tarnowska and Brzesko. It was presented to the unit by President Ignacy Mościcki in Tarnów, on May 29, 1927.

The badge, approved in August 1930, was in the shape of the cross, with the coat of arms of Tarnów in the middle, and the number 16, together with the names of the Polish–Soviet War battles: DAWIDOW KRASNE MUROWA.

Sources
 Kazimierz Satora: Opowieści wrześniowych sztandarów. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, 1990
 Zdzisław Jagiełło: Piechota Wojska Polskiego 1918–1939. Warszawa: Bellona, 2007

See also
 1939 Infantry Regiment (Poland)

Infantry regiments of Poland
Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations disestablished in 1939
Military units and formations of Poland in World War II
Polish Legions in World War I

16th Land of Tarnow Infantry Regiment


Jordi Morgan (born September 27, 1958) is a well-known radio and television broadcaster in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Born in Moncton, New Brunswick, Morgan worked in a number of capacities for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) throughout the 1990s, including a stint as Halifax morning host on CBC Newsworld until 1999, when the morning programming was centralised in Toronto, Ontario.

In the 2000 federal election, Morgan stood for election to the House of Commons for the riding of Dartmouth on behalf of the Canadian Alliance. He was defeated in his efforts by the sitting Member of Parliament, New Democrat Wendy Lill.

Following the election, Morgan joined the Office of the Leader of the Opposition in Ottawa in early 2001 to provide media training to new MPs and organise events for then Opposition Leader Stockwell Day eventually acting as Caucus Liaison. He acted as Deputy Chief of Staff for interim leader John Reynolds and manager of Caucus Service for Stephen Harper.

In 2003, he joined the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies (AIMS), an economic and social policy think tank focused on Atlantic Canada, as Director of Communications and Development.

During the 2004 municipal election in the Halifax Regional Municipality, he served as campaign manager for local businessman Victor Syperek, a distant runner-up to re-elected Mayor Peter J. Kelly.

He also acted as campaign manager for Andrew House, Conservative Party of Canada candidate for Halifax in the 2005-2006 federal election and Ted Larsen in the 2008 federal election.

He worked as an organizer and was the deputy campaign manager and media spokesperson for the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia in the 2009 provincial election.

He went on to the office of the Hon. Diane Finley, Minister of HRSDC as Director of Parliamentary Affairs.

In 2010, he became the host of the talk show Maritime Morning on Halifax radio station News95.7.

On November 5, 2013, Morgan was fired from his job as host of Maritime Morning on Halifax radio station News95.7.  This was part of a cost-cutting and restructuring process, where Rogers decided to let go some of its employees as well as incorporating more sports content from sportsnet 590 the fan.

In April 2014, Morgan was appointed the Atlantic vice-president for the Canadian Federation of Independent Business.

References

External links
 Halifax's Q104 Radio

1958 births
Living people
Canadian Alliance candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 2000 Canadian federal election
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian television journalists
Journalists from New Brunswick
People from Moncton
20th-century Canadian journalists

Jordi Morgan


The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (often referred to as "The Guggenheim") is a well-known art museum on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City.  It has a large collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art.  It also has several special exhibitions during each year.

The museum was started by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director, the artist Hilla von Rebay. The name was changed to honor the founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, after his death in 1952.

Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical museum building is wider at the top than the bottom. He wanted it to be a "temple of the spirit". The building is one of the 20th century's most important architectural landmarks. The building opened on October 21, 1959, replacing rented spaces used by the museum since 1939.

To design the museum, Wright created more than 700 sketches until the final draft of the project was official. Wright spent 16 years working on the design, but he died before the building was completed. His design created a lot of arguments as many people did not like it. One person said it looked like "an indigestible hot cross bun", and another said it looked like "an inverted oatmeal dish." Some artists thought that the curved walls and ramps would make it impossible to hang their paintings properly.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Gwathmey Siegel Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Renovation and Addition project page
 Architectural Review
 Art of the Motorcycle Exhibit
 New York Academy of Sciences Podcast about Imageless Exhibit
 Happy 50th Birthday, Guggenheim  – slideshow by Life magazine
 50 Facts on Guggenheim's 50th  – Daily News archives
 The Guggenheim 50th Birthday Party

Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
1939 establishments in New York (state)
Museums in Manhattan

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum


Shrewsbury ( ,  ) is a market town, civil parish and the county town of Shropshire, England, on the River Severn,  north-west of London. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 76,782.

The town has Saxon roots and institutions whose foundations date from that time represent a cultural continuity possibly going back as far as the 8th century.

The centre has a largely undisturbed medieval street plan and over 660 listed buildings, including several examples of timber framing from the 15th and 16th centuries. Shrewsbury Castle, a red sandstone  fortification, and Shrewsbury Abbey, were founded in 1074 and 1083 respectively by the Norman Earl of Shrewsbury, Roger de Montgomery.

The town is the birthplace of Charles Darwin. It has had a role in nurturing aspects of English culture, including drama, ballet, dance and pantomime.

Located  east of the Welsh border, Shrewsbury serves as the commercial centre for Shropshire and parts of mid-Wales, with a retail output of over £299 million per year and light industry and distribution centres, such as Battlefield Enterprise Park, on the outskirts. The A5 and A49 trunk roads come together as the town's by-pass and five railway lines meet at Shrewsbury railway station.

Toponymy

In Old English the settlement was known as  (dative ), which may mean either "Scrobb's fort" or "the fortified place in the bushes" (or "shrubs", the modern derivate). This name gradually evolved in three directions, into , which became Shropshire; into , which became  /  (an alternative name for both town and county), and into , which eventually became the town's name, Shrewsbury.

Its later Welsh name  means "fortified place".

History

Prehistory
Evidence of Neolithic occupation of a religious form dating back before 2,000 BC, was discovered in 2017 in the grounds of the medieval Church of the Holy Fathers in Sutton Farm, making it Britain's oldest place of worship. An Early Bronze Age urned burial was excavated at Crowmeole in 2015. An Iron Age double ring ditch has been excavated at Meole Brace. Amongst other finds, parts of an iron age sword and scabbard were recovered.

Roman and Post-Roman
At Meole Brace, an extensive roadside settlement along the line of the Roman military road connecting Viroconium Cornoviorum and Caersws was uncovered, with evidence of trading of amphorae and mortaria. A major discovery was the finding of the Shrewsbury Hoard of more than 9000 Roman coins in a field near the town in 2009.

Prior to the late 8th century, there is little in the way of reliable records. There is a tradition that the town was "founded in the 5th century, on occasion of the decay of the Roman Uriconium." The historian, John Wacher, suggests that Shrewsbury may have been refortified by refugees fleeing an outbreak of a plague in Viroconium around this time.

It is claimed that Pengwern, sometime capital of the Kingdom of Powis (itself established in the 440s), was at Shrewsbury. Though the first known association of Pengwern with Shrewsbury is not recorded until mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis in the 12th century.  The Historia Divae Monacellae, composed in the 14th or 15th century, says that Brochwel Ysgithrog, the 6th-century king of Powis, had a palace at Shrewsbury that became the site of the foundation of St Chad.

Saxon and Early Medieval
In late 8th century, it is claimed that Offa took the town for the Mercians in 778, and he is associated by some sources with establishing the town's first church and dedicating it to St Chad. If so, then there may have been an ecclesiastical foundation in the town within a century of the death of Chad of Mercia.

By the beginning of the 10th century, Shrewsbury was home to three moneyers who had permission to operate a mint in the town, using dies supplied by the royal government.

In 914,  Æthelflæd, daughter of Alfred the Great and known as the Lady of the Mercians, fortified Shrewsbury, along with Hereford and two other fortresses, at Scergeat (a currently unknown location) and Weardbyrig (thought to be Whitchurch, which would make sense given the strategic importance of the Roman Road link via the Via Devana). Viking raiders from the north were reaching as far south as Bridgnorth by 910.

In the early tenth century, the relics of St Alkmund were translated to the town from Derby, this was probably the work of Æthelflæd. (Later, after St Alkmund's Church  became the property of Lilleshall Abbey in about 1145, the relics were retranslated back to Derby.)

Norman

Roger de Montgomery was given the town as a gift from William the Conqueror and took the title of Earl of Shrewsbury. He built at Shrewsbury Castle in 1074, though archaeological excavations at the site of Shrewsbury castle in 2019 have indicated that the location may have been a fortified site in the time of the Saxons.

He also founded Shrewsbury Abbey as a Benedictine monastery in 1083.

The town's position just off Watling Street placed it within the Forest of Arden, a thickly wooded area, unpenetrated by Roman roads and somewhat dangerous in medieval times, so that travellers would pray at Coughton before entering.

In 1102, Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury was deposed and the title forfeited, as a consequence of him rebelling against Henry I and joining the Duke of Normandy's invasion of England in 1101. William Pantulf, Lord of Wem, assisted Henry in putting down the rebellion. To deal with the thickly wooded local forests, ideal for the concealment of archers, Pantulf brought in 6,000 foot soldiers to cut down trees and open up the roads.  Henry subsequently took the government of the town into his own hands and in 1116 the nobility of England did homage to William Ætheling, Henry's son, at Shrewsbury, and swore allegiance to his father.  The early death of William Ætheling without issue led to the succession crisis, known in history as the Anarchy, and during this period, in 1138, King Stephen successfully besieged the town's castle held by William FitzAlan for the Empress Maud

In 1138 the relics of St Winifred were brought to Shrewsbury from Gwytheryn, following their purchase by the Abbot of Shrewsbury, the abbey being ready for consecration but having no relics prior to that time.  The popularity of St Winifred grew in the 14th and 15th centuries and a new shrine for her relics was built in the late 1300s.  Around this time the abbey illegally acquired the relics of St Beuno, uncle of St Winifred, by stealing them. As a result the abbey was fined but allowed to keep the relics

From 1155, during the reign of Henry II, there was a leper hospital dedicated to St Giles and associated with Shrewsbury Abbey. From the 1220s, there was also a general hospital dedicated to St John the Baptist.

In 1283, Edward I summoned a parliament in Shrewsbury, later adjourned to Acton Burnell, to try and condemn Dafydd ap Gruffydd, last of the native Princes of Wales, to execution by hanging, drawing and quartering within the town after Dafydd was captured, ending his rebellion against the king.  It is thought this parliament met in the Abbey.

Middle Ages
Shrewsbury was devastated by the Black Death, which, records suggest, arrived in the spring of 1349. Examining the number of local church benefices falling vacant due to death, 1349 alone saw twice as many vacancies as the previous ten years combined, suggesting a high death toll in Shrewsbury.

"The Great Fire of Shrewsbury" took place in 1394: St Chad's church was consumed by an accidental fire, which spread to a great portion of the town, then chiefly consisting of timber houses with thatched roofs. The damage was so considerable that Richard II remitted the town's taxes for three years towards the repairs. In 1398, Richard summoned a Great Parliament in the town, which is believed to have met in the Abbey.

In 1403 the Battle of Shrewsbury was fought at Battlefield, a few miles north of the town centre, between King Henry IV and Henry Percy (Hotspur), with the king emerging victorious. Hotspur's body was taken by Thomas Neville, to Whitchurch, for burial. However, when rumours circulated that Percy was still alive, the king "had the corpse exhumed and displayed it, propped upright between two millstones, in the market place at Shrewsbury". That being done, Percy was subjected to posthumous execution.

In 1480, Edward V, then Prince of Wales, was resident in Shrewsbury and on May 11 he confirmed the composition of the town's Mercer's Company, which had merged with the guilds of the Ironmongers and Goldsmiths. This fraternity were patrons of the Altar of St. Michael in St. Chad's Church and they kept a Mercers Hall on the site of the Sextry of Old St Chads.

In 1485, ahead of the Battle of Bosworth Field, Henry Tudor, while not yet king, marched his forces on a route that lay through Shrewsbury. He was initially denied access to the town, but on intervention by a member of the Stanley family he was admitted.  Thomas Mytton, the Bailiff of the town, a supporter of Richard III, had vowed that the only way he would get through was "over his dead body". Thomas then lay down and allowed Henry to step over him, to free himself from his oath. Henry was accommodated in the building now known as Henry Tudor House on Wyle Cop.

In 1490, Henry VII, accompanied by his queen and his son, Prince Arthur, celebrated the feast of St. George in the town. The town is recorded as having entertained Henry again in 1496, with attendants lodged in the Sextry of Old St Chads; more generally it is said of Henry VII's relations with the town that: The intercourse which had begun thus favourably was kept up in after years by Henry, who, with his queen and son, frequently visited this town, upon which occasions they were feasted by the Bailiffs in a most royal and hospitable manner.

Reformation
Shrewsbury's monastic institutions were disbanded with the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Abbey was closed in 1540. Henry VIII intended to make Shrewsbury one of his 13 new bishoprics (serving Shropshire and Staffordshire) and hence a cathedral city, after the formation of the Church of England but the citizens of the town declined the offer, which is the point of origin of the term "Proud Salopians": the town leadership preferring to be the most senior town in the country and not the most junior city.

As a consequence of the dissolution, the monastic hospitals were closed and the incomes from their endowments were transferred to secular owners. St Giles's leper hospital passed to the Prince family, who were succeeded by their descendants the Earls of Tankerville. St John the Baptist hospital passed to the Wood family and became almshouses.  At this time the shrine and relics of St Winifred were destroyed.

Council of Wales and the Marches

The Council of Wales and the Marches was established during the 1470s by Edward IV with a headquarters in the town. Its buildings partly survive near the castle and were later adapted to be an episcopal palace, the council also met at Ludlow Castle.  Members of this council included John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, Sir Henry Sidney and William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke.

Its functions were interpreted widely. It was to hear all suits, civil and criminal, which were brought by individuals too poor to sue at common law; it was to try all cases of murder, felony, piracy, wrecking and such crimes as were likely to disturb the peace; it was to investigate charges of misgovernment by officials and the false verdicts of juries; it was to enforce the laws against livery and maintenance, to punish rumour mongers and adulterers, and to deal with disputes concerning enclosures, villein service and manorial questions; it heard appeals from the common law courts; and it was responsible for administering the legislation dealing with religion. According to historian John Davies, at its peak in the mid-16th Century, the Council:

represented a remarkable experiment in regional government. It administered the law cheaply and rapidly; it dealt with up to twenty cases a day and George Owen stated that the 'oppressed poor' flocked to it.

In 1551 there was a notable outbreak of sweating sickness in the town, which Dr John Caius was in the town to attend to at the command of the council. The following year, after his return to London, Caius published A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse.  The president of the council was the dedicatee of the book and the dedicatory epistle explains his appointment. This text became the main source of knowledge of this disease, now understood to be influenza.

In 1581, Sir Henry Sidney, celebrated the feast of St. George, on April 23, in this town, with great splendour: a solemn procession went from the Council House to St. Chad's Church, the choir of which was fitted up in imitation of St. George's Chapel, Windsor with the stalls decorated with the arms of the Knights of the Garter; on the conclusion of divine service Sir Henry devoted the afternoon to feasting the burgesses.

Early Modern
Shrewsbury thrived throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, a period when the town was at the height of its commercial importance. This success was largely due to the town's location, which allowed it to control the Welsh wool trade, a major industry at the time, with the rest of Britain and Europe, with the River Severn and Watling Street acting as trading routes. This trade was dominated by the Shrewsbury Drapers Company for many years. As a result, a number of grand edifices, including the Ireland's Mansion (built 1575) and Draper's Hall (1658), were constructed.

It was in this period that Edward VI gave permission for the foundation of a free school, which was later to become Shrewsbury School.

Civil War

During the English Civil War, Shrewsbury was a Royalist stronghold, under the command of Sir Francis Ottley.

In the autumn of 1642 Charles I had a temporary base in the town.

Prince Rupert established his headquarters in the town on 18 February 1644, being welcomed by Shrewsbury's aldermen.  He was billeted in a building then the home of the family of Thomas Jones in the precincts of what is now the Prince Rupert Hotel.
Shrewsbury  only fell to Parliament forces after they were let in by a parliamentarian sympathiser at the St Mary's Water Gate (now also known as Traitor's Gate). After Thomas Mytton captured Shrewsbury in February 1645; in following with the ordnance of no quarter; a dozen Irish prisoners were selected to be killed after picking lots. This prompted Rupert to respond by executing Parliamentarian prisoners in Oswestry.

Georgian and Victorian
By the 18th century Shrewsbury had become an important market town and stopping point for stagecoaches travelling between London and Holyhead with passengers on their way to Ireland; this led to the establishment of a number of coaching inns, many of which, such as the Lion Hotel, are extant to this day.

A town hall was built in the Market Place on the site of an ancient guildhall in 1730; it was demolished and a new combined guildhall and shirehall was erected on the site in 1837.

Local soldier and statesman Robert Clive served as the town's mayor in 1762 and was Shrewsbury's MP from 1762 until his death in 1774.

St Chad's Church collapsed in 1788 after attempts to expand the crypt compromised the structural integrity of the tower above. Now known as Old St Chad's, the remains of the church building and its churchyard are on the corner of Princess Street, College Hill and Belmont. A new St Chad's Church was built just four years after the collapse, but as a large neo-classical round church and in a different and more elevated location, at the top of Claremont Hill close to the Quarry.

In the Industrial Revolution the Shrewsbury Canal opened in 1797, initially connecting the town  to Trench. By 1835 it had been linked up to the Shropshire Canal and thence to the rest of the canal network.

In the period directly after Napoleon's surrender after the Waterloo, the town's own 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot was sent to guard him in his exile on St Helena. A locket containing a lock of the emperor's hair, presented to an officer of the 53rd, remains to this day in the collections of the Shropshire Regimental Museum at Shrewsbury Castle.

HM Prison Shrewsbury, when new in the Georgian period, was considered a national example of improved conditions and more enlightened penal policy. Times change and a 2005 report on prison population found that it was the most overcrowded in England and Wales, despite a major expansion in Victorian times. The prison, which was also known as the Dana because it was built near the site of the medieval Dana gaol, was closed in 2013 and then sold by the Ministry of Justice to private property developers in 2014.

In 1821, the county purchased a building in College Hill which was adapted to become the judge's lodgings, providing accommodation for the judges and their retinue during their attendance at the Assizes.

20th and 21st centuries

The town suffered very little from air raids in the Second World War, the worst case was in 1940, when a woman and her two grandchildren were killed when a cottage was destroyed on Ellesmere Road, the only local air raid deaths. Therefore, many of its ancient buildings remain intact and there was little redevelopment in the 1960s and 1970s. However, some historic buildings were demolished to make way for the brutalist architectural style of the 1960s, though the town was saved from a new inner ring road due to its challenging geography. A notable example of 1960s/70s construction in Shrewsbury was Telecom House on Smithfield Road, demolished in the 2000s.

Between 1962 and 1992 there was a hardened nuclear bunker, built for No 16 Group Royal Observer Corps Shrewsbury, who provided the field force of the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation and would have sounded the four-minute warning alarm in the event of war and warned the population of Shrewsbury in the event of approaching radioactive fallout. The building was staffed by up to 120 volunteers who trained on a weekly basis. After the breakup of the communist bloc in 1989, the Royal Observer Corps was disbanded between September 1991 and December 1995. However, the nuclear bunker still stands just inside Holywell Street near the Abbey as a lasting reminder of the Cold War, but is now converted and used as a veterinary practice.

The town was targeted by the IRA in 1992. One bomb was detonated at Shrewsbury Castle, causing severe damage to the regimental museum of the Shropshire Light Infantry, estimated to be in the region of £250,000 and many artefacts were lost. A second bomb, detonated in the Darwin Shopping Centre, was put out by the sprinkler system before any major damage was caused. Finally, a third bomb was discovered elsewhere in the town centre but failed to do any serious damage.

From the late 1990s, the town experienced severe flooding problems from the Severn and Rea Brook. In the autumn of 2000 large swathes of the town were underwater, notably Frankwell, which flooded three times in six weeks. The Frankwell flood defences were completed in 2003, along with the new offices of Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council. More recently, such as in 2005 and 2007 but not 2020, flooding has been less severe and the defences have generally held back floodwaters from the town centre areas. However, the town car parks are often left to be flooded in the winter, which reduces trade in the town, most evidenced in the run up to Christmas in 2007.

Shrewsbury won the West Midlands Capital of Enterprise award in 2004. The town has two large expanding business parks, Shrewsbury Business Park by the A5 in the southeast and Battlefield Enterprise Park in the north. There are many residential developments currently under construction in the town to cater for the increasing numbers of people wishing to live in the town, which is a popular place to commute to Telford, Wolverhampton and Birmingham from.

In 2009 Shrewsbury Town Council was formed and the town's traditional coat of arms was returned to everyday use.

In 2021 the lost seal of the town, dating from 1425, was discovered.

Governance
The Borough of Shrewsbury's first charter was granted by Henry I allowing the collection of rents. Richard I granted another early charter in 1189. Further charters were granted in 1199 John, 1495, Henry VII, 1638, Charles I and 1685, James II. In 1974 a charter from Elizabeth II incorporated the Borough of Shrewsbury and Atcham, under the auspices of which the town remained until 2009.

Shrewsbury is the administrative centre for the new Shropshire Council, the unitary authority covering most of Shropshire (but excluding the Borough of Telford and Wrekin, a separate unitary authority area). Shropshire Council have their headquarters at the Shirehall, on Abbey Foregate.

Shrewsbury is in the Shrewsbury and Atcham constituency and is the only large settlement in the constituency. At the most recent general election, in 2019, Daniel Kawczynski of the Conservative Party was elected with a majority of 11,217. The 19th-century Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, was MP for Shrewsbury.

Town Council

Until 2009, Shrewsbury was an unparished area with neither town or parish council. Instead, the mayor of Shrewsbury and Atcham, based in the Guildhall in Dogpole, was also the mayor of the town. However, as part of wider changes to local government in Shropshire, the town was parished on 13 May 2008, with a single parish created covering the entire town and previously unparished area. At the time of creation, Shrewsbury was the second-most populous civil parish in England, though further creations of large town councils mean it is now the fourth. The area of the parish is .

The town council first convened on 1 April 2009 and its chair is the mayor of Shrewsbury. For the interim period before the first elections, the existing county councillors who represented electoral divisions covering Shrewsbury were the town councillors. On 4 June 2009, the first election was held to the town council, with councillors elected from 17 single-member wards coterminous with Shropshire Council electoral divisions.

The political make-up of the town council, as of the 2021 local elections, sees Labour as the largest party with 7 seats, the Liberal Democrats with 6, the Conservatives with 2 and the Green Party with 2.

The town council was based at the Guildhall on Frankwell Quay, a facility which had originally been built in 2004 as the headquarters of Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council; however the town council moved to Riggs Hall in 2017. Riggs Hall is one of the original buildings on the former site of Shrewsbury School on Castle Gates. Since 2023, the town council have their offices at Livesey House, on St. John's Hill and the council itself meets in the Shirehall.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the former Shrewsbury Borough Council and now of the Town Council, depicts three loggerheads (leopards), with the motto Floreat Salopia, a Latin phrase that can be translated to "May Shrewsbury Flourish". The coat of arms of the (now abolished) Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council was Shrewsbury's shield with the addition of Atcham Bridge running above the leopards. The flag of Shropshire and other county crests, also uses the three loggerheads.

Affiliations
Shrewsbury was twinned with Zutphen, Netherlands from 1977 until 2018. The Royal Navy submarine, , decommissioned in 2022, was affiliated with Shrewsbury.

Geography

Shrewsbury is about  west of Telford,  west of Birmingham and the West Midlands conurbation and about  north-west of the capital, London. More locally, the town is to the east of Welshpool, with Bridgnorth and Kidderminster to the south-east. The border with Wales is  to the west.

The town centre is partially built on a hill whose elevation is, at its highest,  above sea level. The longest river in the United Kingdom, the River Severn, flows through the town, forming a meander around its centre. The Rea Brook is a small river that has its confluence with the Severn at Shrewsbury, just upstream from the English Bridge, and much of the Rea Brook Valley within the town is a country park and local nature reserve, encompassing . The town is subject to flooding from these rivers.

Geology
The town lies to the west of Haughmond Hill, a site where Precambrian rocks, some of the oldest rocks in the county can be found, and the town itself is sited on an area of largely Carboniferous rocks. A fault, the Hodnet Fault, starts approximately at the town and runs north-east into the Stoke-on-Trent area.

Climate

The climate of Shrewsbury is similar to that of the rest of Shropshire, generally moderate.

Rainfall averages , influenced by being in the rainshadow of the Cambrian Mountains from warm, moist frontal systems of the Atlantic Ocean, which bring generally light precipitation in autumn and spring. The nearest weather station is at Shawbury, about  north-east of Shrewsbury town centre. The local topography, being that of a low-lying plain surrounded by higher ground to the west, south and east gives the Shrewsbury area its own microclimate – the absolute maximum at Shawbury of  and absolute minimum of  represents the largest temperature range of any individual weather station in the British Isles – although the maximum range of average temperatures tends to peak to the south-east of the Shrewsbury area, particularly in the south-east midlands, inland East Anglia and inland south-east England. In an average year, the warmest day is , giving a total of 8.9 days of  or above. The absolute maximum of  was recorded in August 1990.

Conversely, the coldest night of the year typically falls to  – in total 61.7 air frosts are recorded in an average year. The absolute minimum of  was recorded in 1981.

Annual average rainfall averages around , with over  falling on 124 days of the year.

Demography
In 2021, the town of Shrewsbury had a population of 76,782. This represents an increase of 0.69% since 2011. The ethnic distribution was as follows: White – 72,975; Asian – 1755; Black – 348; Arab – 122; Mixed – 1,267; Other – 308.

Religious affiliations were as follows: Christian – 52.7%;, Muslim – 0.5%; Sikh – 0.5%; Buddhist – 0.3%; Hindu – 0.2%; Jewish – 0.1%; Other – 0.1%; No religion – 39.1%; No answer – 6.4%.

Economy

Throughout the medieval period, Shrewsbury was a centre for the wool trade, and later used its position on the River Severn to transport goods across England via the canal system.

Unlike many other towns in this period, Shrewsbury never became a major centre for heavy industry. Though, in 1915, the Sentinel Waggon Works at Shrewsbury was opened for the building of steam rail and road locomotives. Later it converted to the production of diesel locomotives before being taken over, in 1958, by Rolls-Royce Limited for the manufacture of their range of diesel industrial engines, so that the Derby facility could concentrate on aero engines.

By the early 1900s, the town became focused on transport services and the general service and professional sector, owing to its position on the A5, part of the strategic route to North Wales.

The town is the location of both town and county councils and a number of retail complexes, both in and out of the town centre. These provide significant employment. Shrewsbury is home to a high number of independent businesses, including shops, cafes and restaurants. Wyle Cop in Shrewsbury is said to have the 'longest uninterrupted row of independent shops'. Four in five jobs in the town are in the service industry. Within this sector, the largest employers are the administration and distribution sectors, which includes retail, food and accommodation.

Shrewsbury has four shopping centres. The Darwin Shopping Centre houses many high street retailers such as Marks & Spencer, H&M, Topshop and Primark. Riverside provides further retail accommodation for stores although all the major chains except Heron Foods (under Cooltrader branding) have moved out pending proposed closure of the centre for redevelopment. A plan to redevelop Riverside and integrate a new development with the Darwin and Pride Hill centres was granted planning permission in April 2012. The project is dubbed "New Riverside". The Parade Shopping Centre is a fourth centre exclusively housing independent retailers. There are two retail warehouse clusters: at Meole Brace Retail Park to the south and at Sundorne Retail Park to the north. Major supermarkets in the town are the Tesco Extra at Harlescott, Morrisons on Whitchurch Road, Asda on Old Potts Way and Sainsbury's at Meole Brace.

The visitor economy of Shrewsbury and Atcham was worth about £115 million in 2001, with about 2,500 people employed directly in the visitor industry and 3,400 indirectly. There were about 3.1 million visitors – both day visitors and staying visitors – to the borough in 2001, with 88% being day visitors and 12% being staying visitors; staying visitors accounted for 42% of spending. Shrewsbury's position of being the only sizeable town for a large area, especially to the west in Mid-Wales, allows it to attract a large retail base beyond that of its resident population. This is not only evident in the retail sector, but also in the healthcare sector, where the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital has the only A&E department westwards until Aberystwyth, about  away.

Businesses in Shrewsbury voted in favour of a Business Improvement District in late 2013 and Shrewsbury BID started operating in April 2014. Shrewsbury BID delivers on a five-year business plan of projects, which include major destination marketing campaigns, significant cost savings for businesses and strategic work ensuring the best possible town centre environment in which business can flourish. The company is governed by a board of directors and employs three staff full-time.

In terms of social and economic deprivation, according to the Overall Index of Multiple Deprivation of 2004, one Super Output Area (SOA) in the town is in the bottom 15% of all areas nationally. This area is in the ward of Harlescott. A further four SOAs fall into the bottom 30% nationally, these being in the wards of Monkmoor, Sundorne, Battlefield and Heathgates and Meole Brace. The most affluent areas of the town are generally to the south and west, around the grounds of Shrewsbury School and the Copthorne area.

Culture

Literary and performance heritage

Prior to the Reformation, there are accounts of major festivals in Kingsland: In ancient times, while the Romish religion prevailed, all the companies united once a year in celebrating the day of Corpus Christi, with great pomp and splendour. At the reformation this ceremony was commuted for another, held on the second Monday after Trinity Sunday, which is still continued, though with less pomp and circumstance than formerly. The Companies form themselves into processions, headed severally by men on horseback in gaudy apparel, called kings, probably as representatives of the monarchs who granted their charters* They move in marshalled array to Kingsland, where they are met by the mayor and corporation and the day is spent in festivity.

The town's Quarry Park has been the site of cultural activity since before the Reformation: a bank there, cut in the form of an amphitheatre, was used by the friars of the adjacent convent, who performed the ancient religious mystery plays or miracle plays; this continued in the mid-16th century when the plays of Thomas Ashton's Shrewsbury School attracted royal attention. On several occasions the school put on pageants for the visiting Council of Wales and the Marches. In 1581, the Lord President, Sir Henry Sidney, leaving the town by barge, was greeted by several scholars on an island downstream of the castle dressed as green nymphs with willow branches tied to their heads reciting verses across the water.

William Shakespeare set the last two acts of his play, Henry IV, Part 1, written around 1596, near the town. It has been suggested, placing reliance on a record of a performance by his company, the King's Men in the town between 1603 and 1605, and supposed familiarity with the landscape; that Shakespeare performed in the town and knew the area.

The playwright George Farquhar's 1706 play The Recruiting Officer is set in the town.

In the later Renaissance period, the land at Kingsland was devoted to elaborate performances, with grand arbours being built by the various town guilds. Some of the arbours survive, such as that for the Shoemakers Guild.

Known as the father of English ballet, as well as the originator of pantomime, John Weaver, developed his art in Shrewsbury. A second generation dancing master in the town, he also wrote on the philosophy, theology, statecraft and biology embedded in his era's understating of dance, which he located in a wider understanding of his culture as representing a component of Ptolemaic harmony and an earnest part of the statecraft of his time.

In modern popular culture
Pioneering early 18th-century travel writers, Daniel Defoe and Celia Fiennes, wrote about their visits to Shrewsbury in A Tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain and Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary respectively.

In the 19th century, Charles Dickens made three visits to the town. The first, in 1838, was while he was travelling to Wales. On this occasion he stayed at the Lion Hotel. In 1852 he again visited, this time as part of a theatrical tour, staging benefit performances to raise money for the Guild of Literature and Art. His final visit, in 1858, was as part of a nationwide reading tour. Once again he stayed at the Lion.

The town appears in the Brother Cadfael novels by Ellis Peters. The novels take Shrewsbury Abbey for their setting and have made medieval Shrewsbury familiar to a wide readership.

Shrewsbury was used as the setting for the 1984 film, A Christmas Carol, which filmed many of its interior and exterior shots in and around the town.

In early 2017, Shrewsbury BID, The Hive and GRAIN Photography Hub organised an outdoor Magnum Photos exhibition. Inspired by Shrewsbury's links to Charles Darwin, this exhibition considered the theme of evolution through the eyes of international photographers. The 10-week exhibition was free to the public and staged at St Mary's Churchyard and The Square.

In 2022, the BBC production of Great Expectations with Olivia Colman and Tom Hardy was filmed in the town. The same year, episodes of The Apprentice and Celebrity Hunted were filmed in Shrewsbury. The prison was used for the BBC TV series Time as well appearing in the ITV remake of The Ipcress File.

Contemporary performance
Theatre Severn is the town's main performing arts complex, it is situated in Frankwell next to the Welsh Bridge on the bank of the River Severn. The theatre includes two performance spaces, the 635 seat Main Auditorium and a smaller studio space, the Walker Theatre, which can accommodate 250 seating or 500 standing. The venue includes a full sized dance studio, function rooms and a restaurant. The new complex replaced the old theatre, the Music Hall, which has been refurbished and expanded in preparation for its current use as home to Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery, opened 2014.

Festivals and events

The town is home to the 'longest running flower show in the world'. The annual Shrewsbury Flower Show is a two-day event, which takes place in mid-August, has been running for more than 125 years. The event attracts around 100,000 visitors each year and offers a multitude of events, exhibitions and gardens, with a fireworks display at the end of each day.

The Shrewsbury Folk Festival has been held in Shrewsbury since 2006. Held annually over the August bank holiday, the event is very popular, with people travelling from across the UK to attend.

The town celebrates its links to Darwin with an annual Darwin Festival in February. The two and a half week multi-media event celebrates the town as the 'Origin of Independent Thinking' with activities including lectures, dance performances and live music.

Other events held in Shrewsbury's busy spring and summer of events include the Shrewsbury Bookfest, Shrewsbury Regatta, Cycle Grand Prix, Shrewsbury Carnival, Food Festival, Dragon Boat Race and the Coracle World Championships. Since 2016, Shrewsbury International Comedy Festival has been held over the third weekend of July in multiple venues across town.

Comics Salopia (formerly the Cartoon Festival) was a large biannual festival of the comics arts, attracting over a quarter of a million visitors. In format and scope it aimed to emulate on a smaller scale, the Angoulême International Comics Festival in France. In June 2023, It was announced that after making substantial losses in 2022, it would not be continued.

Museums and Attractions

The Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery is in the town square, occupying the former music hall and the 13th-century Vaughan's mansion and is part of Shropshire Museums.

The Old Market Hall cinema opened in 2004 in the prominent Tudor market hall positioned in The Square. The independent cinema features daily screens of films from around the world along with a cafe and bar.

Further museums in the town include the Shropshire Regimental Museum, renamed in 2019 as Soldiers of Shropshire Museum, based at Shrewsbury Castle, and the restored 19th-century steam-powered Coleham Pumping Station, which opens for tours on specific days each year.

There are various private galleries and art shops around the town, including the Gateway Education and Arts Centre.

The National Trust owns the last remaining Town Walls Tower which dates from the 14th century. It is now available to rent as a one bedroom holiday cottage.

The town has some very old public houses and coaching inns:

 The Golden Cross is reputed to be the oldest licensed public house in Shrewsbury and records show that it was used as an inn as far back as 1428; its original name was the Sextry, because it began as the sacristy of Old St Chad's Church.
 The King's Head in Mardol contains a 14th-century wall painting, and its timbers have been dated to 1404.
 The Dun Cow in Abbey Foregate dates to the 16th century.

Media
Two newspapers are published for Shrewsbury – the local edition of the county's Shropshire Star and the more traditional Shrewsbury Chronicle, which is one of the oldest weekly newspapers in the country, having produced its first edition in 1772. The forerunner of Private Eye was a school magazine edited by Richard Ingrams, Willie Rushton, Christopher Booker and Paul Foot at Shrewsbury School in the mid-1950s.

Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West Midlands and ITV Central. Television signals are received from the Wrekin TV transmitter.

There are three radio stations that specifically serve either the Shrewsbury area or encompass it as part of a Shropshire-wide broadcast. They are Free Radio Black Country & Shropshire; BBC Radio Shropshire, which is based in Shrewsbury; and, as of September 2020, Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire, which previously broadcast from the Shropshire Star building in Telford.

In 2009 an online independent media company, Shropshire Live, launched covering Shrewsbury and Shropshire.

Food
Shrewsbury cakes (or biscuits) are typically crisp and brittle creations that may incorporate fruit. They can be small in size for serving several at a time, or large for serving as a dessert in their own right. Traditionally they have a distinct hint of lemon. The playwright William Congreve mentioned Shrewsbury cakes in his play The Way of the World in 1700 as a simile (Witwoud – "Why, brother Wilfull of Salop, you may be as short as a Shrewsbury cake, if you please. But I tell you 'tis not modish to know relations in town"). The recipe is also included in several early cookbooks including The Compleat Cook of 1658. A final reference to the cakes can be seen to this day as the subject of a plaque affixed to a building close to Shrewsbury's town library by the junction of Castle Street and School Gardens. The aforementioned plaque marks the spot where the Shrewsbury Cake's recipe is said to have been pioneered in 1760 by Mr Pailin; a further quote, drawn from Richard Harris Barham's Ingoldby Legends, reads:

Shrewsbury is the origin of a popular Simnel cake recipe. Different towns had their own recipes and shapes of the Simnel cake. Bury, Devizes and Shrewsbury produced large numbers to their own recipes, but it is the Bury version that became most well known.

The town is alleged to be the origin of Shrewsbury sauce, made from Worcester sauce, red wine and mustard, thickened with flour, which is typically served with lamb. Only known from the 1960s when it appeared in the J. Salmon County Series Cookbooks.

Beer brewed in Shrewsbury was celebrated as early as about 1400 when the bard Iolo Goch praised the supply of "Crwg Amwythig" dispensed at the Sycharth palace of Owain Glyndŵr. In 1900 there were eight breweries in the town, chief among them being Southam's and Trouncer's, which had their own maltings and owned many local public houses, as well as five other maltsters, but the conventional brewing industry gradually closed after takeovers in the 1960s. The last maltings, at Ditherington, closed in 1987. Completed in 1797, these maltings, known as the Ditherington Flax Mill from its original purpose, was the world's first iron-framed building and commonly regarded as "the grandfather of the skyscraper". Its importance was recognised in the 1950s, resulting in it becoming a Grade I listed building. After the biggest heritage project ever undertaken by Historic England, the building was restored and opened as a museum in 2022.

A real ale brewery, The Salopian Brewery, was established in the town in 1995. It was based in the Old Dairy on Mytton Oak Road before relocating in 2014 to Hadnall a few miles north of the town.

Architecture

The historic town centre still retains its medieval street pattern and many narrow passages. Some of the passages, especially those that pass through buildings from one street to the next, are called "shuts" (the word deriving from "to shoot through" from one street to another). Many specialist shops, traditional pubs and local restaurants can be found in the hidden corners, squares and lanes of Shrewsbury.

Many of the street names have remained unchanged for centuries and there are some more unusual names, such as Longden Coleham, Dogpole, Mardol, Frankwell, Roushill, Grope Lane, Gullet Passage, Murivance, the Dana, Portobello, Bear Steps, Shoplatch and Bellstone.

The public library, in the pre-1882 Shrewsbury School building, is on Castle Street. Above the main entrance are two statues bearing the Greek inscriptions "Philomathes" and "Polymathes". These portray the virtues "Lover of learning" and "Much learning" to convey the lesson that it is good to gain knowledge through a love of learning.

In the centre of the town lies The Quarry. This  riverside park attracts thousands of people throughout the year and is enjoyed as a place of recreation. Shrewsbury has traditionally been known as the "Town of Flowers", a slogan incorporated into many of the signs on entrance to the town via major roads, although this was replaced in 2007 with "The birthplace of Charles Darwin".

The British Army's Light Infantry has been associated with Shrewsbury since the 17th century when the first regiments were formed and many more regiments have been raised at Shrewsbury before being deployed all over the world from the American Revolutionary War to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Today, after several major reorganisations, the Light Infantry now forms part of the regiment known simply as the Rifles. Shrewsbury's Copthorne Barracks, spiritual home of the Light Division, ultimately housed the Headquarters of the British Army's 143 (West Midlands) Brigade before it moved in 2014, while that of the 5th Division disbanded in April 2012 as part of the reorganisation of the Army's Support Command.

Another notable feature of the town is Lord Hill's Column, sited outside the Shirehall. At  it is the tallest Doric column in England. It was erected as a monument to Rowland Hill commander of II Corps at Waterloo and the man who led the charge against the Imperial Guard towards the end of the battle.

The Quantum Leap is an abstract sculpture unveiled in the town centre in 2009 to mark the bicentenary of the birth of Shrewsbury biologist Charles Darwin.

Shrewsbury's town centre is almost entirely encircled by the River Severn and there are nine bridges across the river. In addition, there are several that cross the Rea Brook.

Working downstream, they are in order:
Frankwell Bridge, a modern pedestrian footbridge which spans the River Severn between Frankwell and the town centre.

The Welsh Bridge, which was built in 1793-95 to replace the medieval St George's Bridge; featured in Thomas Pennant's A Tour through Wales published in 1781. The old bridge was sketched by J. M. W. Turner in 1794 as the basis for a later water colour painting.

Further along from the Welsh Bridge is the Porthill Bridge, a pedestrian suspension bridge running between the Quarry and Porthill, built in 1922.

The next bridge along the river is Kingsland Bridge, a privately owned toll bridge.
The subsequent bridge is the Greyfriars Bridge, a pedestrian bridge between Coleham and the town centre.

Following the Greyfriars Bridge is the English Bridge, historically called Stone Bridge, which was rebuilt in the 1920s. The bridge was also sketched by Turner.
Beyond it is the railway station, which is partly built over the river.
After the station is Castle Walk Footbridge, another modern pedestrian footbridge.

The last bridge to cross the river within the Shrewsbury bypass area is the A5112 Telford Way, which has separate lanes for vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians.

A. E. Housman wrote of the area in A Shropshire Lad, which mentions the bridges of the town in part XXVIII: The Welsh Marches.

Transport

Railway
Shrewsbury railway station is served by Transport for Wales Rail and West Midlands Trains with trains running north to , ,  and , south to  and , west to  and east to  via Telford,  and . Heart of Wales line trains also operate to .

The main railway station building of  is built in a mock Tudor architectural style. The station is known as the 'Gateway to Wales'. it includes a clock tower, imitation Tudor chimneys and carved heads in the frames of every window and is Grade II listed. There is a small British Transport Police station within the building.

 was the terminus of the Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway, which connected Shrewsbury with Llanymynech.  was the railway's other station in the town. The line and the stations closed in 1960.  was built by the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway and closed in 1912.

Bus
Bus services in the town are operated by Arriva Midlands and serve most parts of the town from Shrewsbury bus station, adjacent to the Darwin Shopping Centre and a short walk from the railway station. Arriva also operate county services both independent of and on behalf of Shropshire County Council. There are other bus companies operating around the Shrewsbury area, including Boultons of Shropshire, Minsterley Motors and Tanat Valley Coaches with the last operating services crossing from over the Welsh border from nearby towns including Llanfyllin, Montgomery, Newtown and Welshpool.

Shrewsbury has a park & ride bus scheme in operation with three car parks on the edge of town. The three car parks are at Harlescott (to the north, colour-coded brown), Oxon (to the west, colour-coded red) and Meole Brace (to the south, colour-coded green).

Road
Shrewsbury has been an important centre for road traffic. In 1815, Thomas Telford designed a new coaching route from London to Holyhead in order to improve communications with Ireland. He routed the new road via Shrewsbury, which opened in 1830. The road is now the A5. The road connects the town north-west to Oswestry and east towards Telford, where it joins the M54. The A5 once ran through the town centre, until a bypass was built in the 1930s. Subsequently, in 1992, a  dual carriageway was completed at a cost of £79 million to the south of the town and was made to form part of the A5 route. This dual carriageway was built further out of the town to act as a substantial link to Telford, as well as a bypass for the town.

The A49 goes to Shrewsbury, joining the A5 at the south of the town, coming from Ludlow and Leominster. At this point, the road merges with the A5 for , before separating again to the east of the town. From there it runs north, passing Sundorne, then Battlefield, before heading out towards Whitchurch. At Battlefield, the A53 route begins and heads north-east towards Shawbury and Market Drayton, then onwards towards Newcastle-under-Lyme and Stoke-on-Trent.

The A458 (Mallwyd-Quinton) runs through the town centre, entering in the west and leaving to the southeast. The A528 begins in the town centre and heads north, heading for Ellesmere. The A488 begins just west of the town centre in Frankwell and heads out to Bishop's Castle, Clun and Knighton crossing the border in the southwest of Shropshire.

Major roads within the town include the A5112, A5191 and A5064. The A5191 goes north–south via the town centre, while the A5112 runs north–south to the east of the town centre. The A5064 is a short,  stretch of road to the southeast of the town centre, called "London Road". Additionally, the A5124, the most recent bypass, was completed in 1998 and runs across the northern edge of the town at Battlefield (connecting the A49/A53 to the A528), though it did exist before as Harlescott Lane (which has since become unclassified).

Construction of a major new artery, referred to as the North West Relief Road (NWRR), was granted central government funding in April 2019. Together with the existing A5 and A49 by-passes, the Battlefield Link Road (A5124) and the Oxon Link Road, this will result in the completion of the ring road around the outskirts of the town.  Construction is expected to be completed by 2026. The NWRR will involve the construction of a new bridge over the River Severn, upstream from the town centre.

Cycling
Shrewsbury has a comprehensive network of on-road and traffic-free cycle routes. In 2008 the town was awarded Cycling Town status by Cycling England; as a result, it benefited from £1.8 million of grant funding from the Department for Transport between 2008 and 2011. The funding was used to make improvements to the cycle network in Shrewsbury and to provide cycle training, information and advice to people to help encourage them to cycle to school and work.

Education

Prior to the reformation, Shrewsbury Abbey and the Collegiate Churches of St Mary, established by King Edgar in the 10th century, and St Chad, established in the 13th, were providing education in the town. Remains of the college of St Chad can be traced in the land adjoining the south-western extremity of the church on the old site with portions of the wall traceable to a considerable distance in the neighbouring gardens. These were closed by the dissolutions. There is mention of a grammar school at Shrewsbury in a court case of 1439.

An effort was made to found a university in the 1600s: during the Commonwealth which followed the execution of Charles I, a Shropshire man, Richard Baxter, a puritan minister suggested the establishment of a university for Wales at Shrewsbury and thought he could obtain the support of Cromwell and Parliament for the scheme.

 Independent sector
Shrewsbury is home to Shrewsbury School, a public school, on a large site in Kingsland, just south of the town centre overlooking the loop of the Severn. The school was located in the town centre between 1552 and 1882. The buildings it formerly occupied then are now occupied by the main county library on Castle Street. Opposite it on the other side of the river is Shrewsbury High School, an independent girls' day school.

Prestfelde School is an independent preparatory school, on London Road, close to the Lord Hill's Column. As part of the Woodard Schools group, it is affiliated to the largest group of Church of England schools in the country. Whilst originally a school for boys it  started accepting girls between the ages of three and thirteen. The school is set in  of grounds on the outskirts of the town.

The town's other long-established boys' preparatory school is Kingsland Grange, on Old Roman Road in Kingsland. In 2007, it merged with the junior department of Shrewsbury Girls' High School, sharing the two sites with some classes remaining single sex, but others switching to a co-educational format.

 State sector

The majority of the town's pupils attend one of the several comprehensive schools. The Priory School, formerly a grammar school for girls; Meole Brace School, The Grange School, Sundorne School and Belvidere School. In 2016, The Grange and Sundorne schools were amalgamated to form Shrewsbury Academy. The school has two campuses; however, it is planned in the next few years for all pupils to move to the Corndon Crescent site of the former Sundorne School.

The Wakeman School, which was geographically the closest school to the town centre 'loop', next to the English Bridge, was previously the Shrewsbury Technical School and was attended by the First World War poet Wilfred Owen. It closed as part of reorganisation in July 2013. The site is now utilised by the Shrewsbury Colleges Group.

Further education is provided by Shrewsbury Sixth Form College, previously the Priory School for Boys, ranked 17th in the top 20 of sixth form colleges nationally by the Sunday Times newspaper in November 2012, and Shrewsbury College, which handles primarily vocational courses. In 2016, the two establishments were merged into the Shrewsbury Colleges Group.

 University
University Centre Shrewsbury has been offering postgraduate courses since autumn 2014 and undergraduate courses from autumn 2015. It was established by the University of Chester and Shropshire Council. The main campus is located in the renovated Guildhall.

Religious sites

There are two Saxon foundations of Collegiate Churches: that of St Chad, since resited after the collapse of the original church and rebuilt in 1792 and St Mary, replaced by what is described as the most complete medieval church in Shrewsbury, dating back to the 12th century. The Norman Shrewsbury Abbey was founded in 1083.

According to legend, the spire of St Alkmund's Church was damaged by the Devil in 1553 and climbed four times by a drunken steeplejack in 1621.

There are a number of other Anglican churches in Shrewsbury: Shrewsbury All Saints in Castlefields, The Church of the Holy Spirit in Harlescott, Holy Trinity,
St George of Cappadocia, St Giles, Greenfields United Church and	St Peter in Monkmoor.

Methodists, Baptists and the United Reformed Church are also represented, alongside newer church groups including Elim Pentecostal and two Newfrontiers. Shrewsbury Evangelical Church met in the former Anglican parish church of St Julian at the Wyle Cop end of Fish Street, later moving into the Springfield estate in the eastern suburbs.  One of the houses in Fish Street, facing St Alkmund's Church, was the site of John Wesley's first preaching in Shrewsbury; a wall plaque records the date as 16 March 1761. The Grade II listed Shrewsbury Unitarian Church was founded in 1662 according to the inscription above the main door. The current building was built between 1839 and 1840.

Shrewsbury has a Roman Catholic Cathedral, by the Town Walls. Designed by Edward Pugin after the death of his father, Augustus, it was consecrated in 1856.  There are two other parishes, in Harlescott and Monkmoor, within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury.

Shrewsbury's Greek Orthodox Church, a former Anglican church building, is off Sutton Road to the south.

Shrewsbury's first dedicated non-Christian place of worship, a Muslim prayer centre, was approved in 2013. It is in the Column Lodge, the former registry office in Preston Street. Before then, the local Muslim community had been hosted by the United Reformed Church on English Bridge.

Community and charity projects
Many community projects in Shrewsbury are based in, or have been started by local churches, including the Isaiah 58 project, which is the primary work amongst homeless people in the town, whilst 'Churches Together in Shrewsbury' works to help homeless people through the Ark project.

Shrewsbury Food Bank, based at Barnabas Community Church Centre and part of 'Food Bank PLUS,' provides a wide range of social action initiatives including 'Money Advice' (a confidential, not for profit debt, benefits and financial help service) and Eclipse Child Bereavement, which works with local schools to help children who have experienced losses to overcome their situation. Also run by Barnabas are projects including '360 Journey to Work,' which help people gain skills in applying for jobs including basics like CV writing. 'Cage football' is an initiative that is lent out to local community groups, youth clubs and other churches.

Sport

 Football

The town has a claim on the emergence of the formally codified game of association football via Shrewsbury School which published a set of ten rules in about 1856, agreed with Eton, Harrow and Rugby schools and Cambridge University This predated the Football Association's initial rule book by seven years.

Shrewsbury is home to a professional football club, Shrewsbury Town. As of 2015, they compete in Football League One and since 2007 has played their home games at New Meadow – from 1910 to 2007 the club played at the Gay Meadow stadium.  The town is also home to a semi-professional football club, Haughmond, who take their name from the nearby Haughmond Hill. They currently compete in the Midland Football League and play their home games at the Shrewsbury Sports Village, in Sundorne.

 Rowing

The River Severn in the town is used for rowing by both the Pengwern Boat Club, founded in 1871 and using an ancient name for the town, and the Royal Shrewsbury School Boat Club (RSSBC), founded in 1866. The Pengwern brick and timber club house was built in 1881 and is a Grade II listed building. The club house was expanded around 2013. More recently, the two clubs have been joined by students of Harper Adams University, University Centre Shrewsbury and crews from other local schools.

There is an annual rowing regatta in the town in May. It is one of the oldest events in the rowing calendar, having first been held in 1871. A head of the river race was run annually between 1936 and the 1990s.

 Rugby
There is a local rugby club, Shrewsbury Rugby Club.

Motor sports
The local motorsports heritage includes the Loton Park Hillclimb and Hawkstone Park Motocross Circuit near Shrewsbury. Shrewsbury Motocross Club has staged motocross events in the area for over 30 years.

 Other sports
Shrewsbury Sports Village is a sports centre in the Sundorne district of the town, aimed at providing a wide range of sports facilities for townspeople. There are a number of golf facilities, including Meole Brace Municipal Golf Course, in the area. Shrewsbury holds its own annual Sprint Triathlon, which takes place each September at the West Midlands Country Showground, organised by SYTri (Shrewsbury Triathlon Club) which is affiliated to the British Triathlon Federation. A free weekly parkrun takes place in the Quarry.

Notable Salopians

There have been a number of notable Salopians, including Charles Darwin, the biologist and evolutionary theorist. Darwin, one of the most important thinkers of the 19th century, was born in Shrewsbury on 12 February 1809 at the Mount House, baptised at St Chad's Church and educated at Shrewsbury School. He spent his formative years in the town, the town's river and proximity to the countryside inspired his interest in the natural world and the abundance of ice-age boulders within the town sparked his interest in geology.  Classicist Mary Beard, Cambridge professor and television presenter, was educated in Shrewsbury where her father was a prominent architect.

Shrewsbury has been home to many contributors to literature. Thomas Churchyard (–1604) son of a farmer, was an author of autobiographical or semi-autobiographical verse collections. In the early years of the 18th century, the Irish dramatist George Farquhar resided in the town while acting as a recruiting officer for the Army. He drew on this experience in writing the comedy The Recruiting Officer. The romantic novelist Mary Webb lived in and around Shrewsbury and was buried there upon her death. Before the First World War, the poet Wilfred Owen lived in the town and there is a memorial to Owen at Shrewsbury Abbey. Comedian George Robey lived in the town, near Lord Hill's Column, before and during the Second World War.

Politicians with connections with the town include Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet, once Britain's richest man, he was MP for Shrewsbury from 1768 to 1805. He lived in apartments at Shrewsbury Castle. Robert Clive was MP for Shrewsbury and also the mayor. Leo Blair, the father of former Prime Minister Tony Blair, was a resident of the town.

Ian Hunter, the lead singer of the 1970s pop group Mott the Hoople, was a resident of 23a Swan Hill in the town centre and wrote a song of the same name. The 1980s pop group T'Pau was formed in the town and the band's vocalist Carol Decker was born and educated in the town, along with other members of the band. Notable music historian and composer Charles Burney was born and educated in the town. Lange, a DJ and dance music producer, was born in Shrewsbury.

Sporting Salopians include four FA Cup Final winning players who took part in the first decade of the Cup's history were born in or lived in Shrewsbury: John Hawley Edwards, Henry Wace and John Wylie, of the Wanderers and Clopton Lloyd-Jones of Clapham Rovers. Arthur Rowley, the Football League's highest scoring player, settled in Shrewsbury, having first come to the town as a Shrewsbury Town player, where he died in 2004. More recent players are Danny Guthrie of Newcastle United, Shrewsbury Town youth academy graduate and England goalkeeper Joe Hart and Wales midfielder David Edwards were born in the town, as was Sheffield Wednesday and Scotland striker Steven Fletcher whose serviceman father was stationed there. Sandy Lyle, a professional golfer, was born in the town.
Neville Cardus spent some of his formative years as assistant cricket coach at Shrewsbury School.

Other notable people of the town include; John Gwynn, an 18th-century architect, who designed the English Bridge and the bridge at Atcham, was born in the town; comic book artist Charlie Adlard was born in Shrewsbury and is known for illustrating The Walking Dead''; Robert Cadman, a performer and steeplejack, is buried in the town, at St Mary's Church; Simon Gosling, a visual effects designer, was born in the town and was resident there until 1994;  Percy Thrower, the gardener and broadcaster lived in Shrewsbury, where he set up the garden centre near Meole Brace and just down the road from the football club. Justin Pearson, an award-winning stunt performer and stunt coordinator currently lives in the town.

Flight Lieutenant Eric Lock DSO, DFC and Bar was born in nearby Bayston Hill and was educated at Prestfelde preparatory school on London Road. Lock became internationally recognised as a high scoring fighter ace of the Royal Air Force in the Second World War with 26 victories before his death in combat at the age of 21. He was the RAF's most successful British-born pilot in the Battle of Britain. One Victoria Cross recipient is known to have lived in Shrewsbury; Arthur Herbert Procter, who was decorated in 1916 during World War I and retired from his later full-time clergy ministry in 1964 to briefly live at Mytton Oak Road, Copthorne, before relocating to Sheffield.

See also
List of mayors of Shrewsbury
Listed buildings in Shrewsbury

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Original Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Town Council
Shrewsbury BID
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons – Shrewsbury, Borough, 1386 to 1831

Populated places on the River Severn
Market towns in Shropshire
Towns of the Welsh Marches
County towns in England
Railway towns in England
Populated places established in the 1st millennium
Towns with cathedrals in the United Kingdom
Towns in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire
Massacres during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms

Shrewsbury


A Bachelor of Education (B.Ed. or BEd) is an undergraduate professional degree which prepares students for work as a teacher in schools. In some countries such as Tanzania and Kenya, additional tasks like field work and research are required in order for the student to be fully qualified to teach. It may also be accompanied with or followed by tests for licenses or certifications required for teachers in some areas.

Countries where colleges and universities award the degree

Argentina
Since the Educational Reform of 2006, a National Institute for Teacher Education (INFD) was established to develop a standard and coherent teacher training structure throughout the country. According to the Argentine Ministry of Education, the creation of the INFD has helped greatly to reform the previous system establishing a national requirement of a 5-Year National Bachelor of Education to work across the nation at public schools, while there are private universities granting a 4-Year Provincial Bachelor of Education with the regional application.
Other harmonization measures included the standardization of academic qualifications by creating a "National Catalog of Titles and Certifications in Professional Technical Education" and a federal system of degrees and transcripts for most levels of education (excluding university education). The 2005 Vocational and Technical Education Law seeks to systematize training standards and quality assurance mechanisms in vocational education throughout the country. At the secondary level, the government is currently standardizing curricular streams nationwide – a reform that is expected to be completed by the end of 2019. Recent guidelines of Education in Argentina on compulsory education aim to decrease the dropout rates in secondary school and improve promotion and graduation rates throughout Argentina.

Australia
In Australia, a 4-Year Bachelor of Education degree combines practical/pedagogical study with a Major sequence in the academic discipline of Education. In the majority of Australian universities, there is usually 2 distinct types of the Bachelor of Education: Primary and Secondary. The subjects and degree programs are quite different in both degrees e.g. for a student studying the Bachelor of Education (Primary) the focus of their degree would lie in behaviour, children, basic literacy, how children learn etc. For a student studying the Bachelor of Education (Secondary) they would therefore be teaching roughly 11–18-year-old adolescents and their programs would have less focus on those kinds of areas by the Primary degree. Instead, the degree is based around the student's intending teaching subjects; usually 1 or 2. In NSW, these teaching areas provide the major focus for their degrees in their final years. They consist of: English, Mathematics, Science (Biology, Physics & Chemistry), Geography, History, Business Studies, Legal Studies, Economics, Society & Culture and Languages.

The longer duration of the course allows for more practical experiences and greater personal or professional development before teaching service. Most Australian State Teacher-Certification bodies require either a Bachelor of Education, or a bachelor's degree in one or two subject areas, with a Graduate Diploma in Education as a minimum. A B.Ed. is not to be confused with the lesser degree Bachelor of Teaching, which is usually an 'End-On' course similar but slightly longer than a Graduate Diploma in Education.

A Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) is given to teachers who focus on ages 5–8 years of age. Though this degree does not stop Early Childhood teachers teaching students who are older in Primary school, this degree is still equivalent to a Bachelor of Education Primary and noted as a "specialty" in Early Childhood. , all teachers (with an exemption to Early Childhood Teachers) must sit the LANTITE exam (Literacy and Numeracy Test for Initial Teachers Exam) to gain their registration and prior to their 16th unit of study undertaking. However, in special circumstances this exam requirement can be waived and the select student given a passing grade.

Prior to 2016, the Graduate Diploma of Education was no longer accredited, as the label Bachelor of Education is now the complete title.

, Early Childhood Teachers are required to learn the EYLF (Early Years Learning Framework) a framework that is based on theoretical practice and holistic teaching methods for ages birth to five years old. In Queensland, there is a framework more commonly used called QKLG (Queensland Kindergarten Learning Guide), based on the EYLF and used to teach children ages 3–6.

Note: In Australia, the term Undergraduate Degree is used to describe all degrees undertaken by a first-time university student and usually no pre-requisite tertiary level studies are required, mostly just the completion of Secondary High School. Postgraduate degrees are used to describe the degrees completed with an Undergraduate degree as pre-requisite.

Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) is an undergraduate professional degree for Hons. (4 years) and Diploma (1/2/3 years) in Education offered by the authorized Teachers Training Institutes or colleges for those aimed their profession as a teacher or as an education and curriculum specialist or as an educationalist in the government and non-governmental educational institutes or any educational organizations such as Save the Children, UNICEF, United Nations Development Programme, BFES, SSUF, ASA etc. B.Ed. degree is mandatory for the teaching profession in both of primary and Secondary school level. Without teaching profession, if anyone wants to go other professions such as education & curriculum specialist, researcher, administrator etc. in any educational or other sectors, he/she must have the minimum qualification of Hons. graduation degree in education (B.Ed. hons. degree). Every year many talent Hons. graduate students from this subject get international scholarship from well known universities of other countries like UK, USA, Japan, Australia, Canada etc. The minimum qualification required for entry into B.Ed. Hons. (4 years) course is passed H.S.C. or equivalent and for entry into Diploma (1/2/3 years) course in education is Bachelor of Arts (B.A) or Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.). The Hons. students of this subject have to read basic educational course contents as their major courses with some minor subject courses. In addition, usually for diploma (1/2/3 years) students from Arts faculty are trained to lecture subjects like history, civics, geography and languages and from Science faculty are trained to follow their lecture on mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology etc. whereas graduates from Commerce faculty trained up to lecture on accounting & finance, economics, management & marketing. After B.Ed. hons., one can continue for Master in Education (M.Ed.), M.Phil, PhD in education in some universities of Bangladesh. National Council for Education and related universities as well as their institutions is the constitutional authority to standardize courses for the educationalist and teachers in Bangladesh.

Canada and the United States
In Canada and the United States, this degree is awarded for coursework completed within a programme lasting one to five years, depending on the requirements established by the place where the province or state in which the university is located. In Canada, a B.Ed. degree is required for teaching certification.

A B.Ed. programme may have direct entry from high school; as a combined degree with another bachelor's degree (e.g., B.A./B.Ed.); or as an after-degree programme where the candidate has obtained a bachelor's degree, usually in the field in which the student wishes to teach. A good rapport or previous experience with young children or teens is also a desired characteristic of applicants.

There are several streams to a Bachelor of Education, each corresponding to the particular level of instruction. In the United States, this includes elementary school education, middle school education, and high school education. Students in the elementary education stream generally study for a Liberal Studies degree. In the high school (secondary education) stream, the student specialises in one to two subject areas. Upon completion of the degree, they will prepare and eventually sit for the state's Board of Education certification examination.

A typical B.Ed. program may include coursework in pedagogy, educational psychology, educational policy and leadership, assessment, curriculum development; and lesson planning, social justice, special education, and instructional technology.

Israel
In Israel, Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) is a course offered Suitable for those interested in developing the field. Developed unique training programs tailored contemporary trends in professional training for teaching. In addition, there are plans Sitting studies of academics and teachers complete undergraduate studies. In Israel there are a number of colleges and universities offering B.Ed. studies as Levinsky College of Education and B.Sc.Ed. at The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

India

The Bachelor of Teaching (B.T.) degree, once offered in India, underwent a transformation in 2002, giving rise to the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree. The eligibility criterion for enrolling in the B.Ed. course was modified in 2019 by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE), now requiring a graduation-level qualification (10+2+3).

The duration of the B.Ed. course was also extended from two years to four years, a change implemented in 2019 as well, under the guidance of the NCTE. While the "Right to Free and Compulsory Education for Children" (RTE Act 2009) doesn't prescribe specific entry-level percentages for B.Ed., the NCTE mandates a minimum of 50% for General Category candidates and 45% for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes candidates.

The Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) degree has become a mandatory qualification for teaching at the secondary (classes 6 to 10) and higher secondary (10+2 or classes 11 and 12) levels in India. Irrespective of their undergraduate discipline, students can pursue a B.Ed. course, which is now universally four years long and available across both public and private colleges. Following the completion of a B.Ed., students can opt for a Master of Education (M.Ed.) program at various Indian universities or teacher-training institutes.

Meanwhile, the Bachelor of Elementary Education (B.El.Ed.) program is a comprehensive two-year integrated professional degree course, tailored for those looking to teach at the elementary level (classes 1 to 5) after their higher secondary education. B.El.Ed. encompasses pedagogical knowledge, subject expertise, human development understanding, and communication skills, affording graduates versatile career paths.

As of a recent 2023 Supreme Court ruling, it was decreed that B.Ed. graduates are ineligible to teach primary-level students. Regardless, completing either a B.Ed. or B.El.Ed. equips individuals to offer their teaching services not only within the state and country but also internationally, given the substantial demand for qualified educators in India. Graduates of these programs can anticipate promising employment opportunities.

Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, a 4-Year Bachelor of Education degree combines practical/pedagogical study with a Major sequence in the academic discipline of Education. Modules in the Irish and English languages are compulsory.

Students study a range of Education-related subjects, including Psychology, Sociology, History, Social Policy, Professional Practice. Students also study subjects from another field or discipline as qualification for an intended teaching area or method.

The degree is available in several specialisations, including Primary, Secondary, Human Movement/Health, Music, or Early Childhood education. The longer duration of the course allows for more practical experiences and greater personal or professional development before teaching service. Teacher-Certification bodies require either a Bachelor of Education, or an Undergraduate/Bachelor's Degree in one or two subject areas, with a Diploma of Education as a minimum. A B.Ed. is not to be confused with the lesser degree Bachelor of Teaching, which is usually an 'End-On' course similar but slightly longer than a Diploma of Education.

New Zealand
The 3-year Bachelor of Education prepares graduates to teach in early childhood centres, primary, intermediate schools and secondary schools. With the Bachelor of Education one can specialise in Primary, Early Childhood, Physical Education and Huarahi Māori. The qualification is designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge they need to be effective teachers, and to gain provisional registration with the New Zealand Teachers Council. Teaching practicums allow students to gain invaluable experience in diverse education settings as they study. The Bachelor of Education can lead on to further postgraduate study.

Nigeria
In Nigeria, the Bachelor of Education degree is awarded at universities and colleges of education across the nation as a first degree. There are a few specialised universities of education in the country that exist to train teachers professionally. Some of these specialised universities include Tai Solarin University of Education and Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. The B.Ed. can be done as combined honours with a B.A. or B.Sc. It can also be done as a single honours degree with specialisations in nursery and primary education, curriculum development, educational administration and policy studies, among others. Students usually undergo intensive teaching practices at the 2nd and 3rd years of study. Upon graduation, they are registered by the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN) and can be employed as teachers afterwards. Postgraduate education usually take the form of an M.Ed, PGDE, and GDE.

Sri Lanka
The Bachelor of Education degree was first introduced by the University of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1963. J. E. Jayasuriya, then professor of education at University of Ceylon, introduced the course to meet the growing demand for professional teacher qualifications. Then the practice was to join the teaching profession with a bachelor's degree either in arts or sciences, and after four years of teaching in a secondary school teachers get the one-year postgraduate diploma in education.

The University of Ceylon used to take only 50–60 postgraduate diploma candidates at a time in an annual program. The B.Ed. degree was introduced combining the bachelor's degree and the postgraduate diploma in education. B.Ed. was introduced as a four-year special degree and in contrast with the 9–10 3-hour papers at the final degree examination, a B.Ed. degree required a candidates to sit for 19–20 papers for the finals. This happened due to combining of the bachelor's degree and the postgraduate diploma in education. Only the top-performing students were admitted to B.Ed. degree at University of Ceylon, Peradeniya. The first batch graduated in 1967. Following this Australia introduced the B.Ed. degree. Upali M Sedere was the first first-class holder of the B.Ed. degree from University of Ceylon, Peradeniya in 1969. Subsequently, in 1973, the B.Ed. program at the University of Sri Lanka changed in its scope and character.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, where both the university system and school system are very different, the degree is awarded after a three- or four-year course (the course length depends on the university) which is specifically tailored to either primary education or for a limited range of secondary education subjects. It leads to Qualified Teacher Status (QTS) in England and Wales and is a teaching qualification in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

As a result of the Robbins Report on higher education (1963), the teacher training colleges were reformed as Colleges of Education. Such colleges, as in the case of those in London, became 'constituent colleges' of the Institute of Education, with their academic award being from the University of London. Students were offered an extra year of study, bringing the course up to four years in length and resulting in the award of the Bachelor of Education degree. The first Bachelors of Education graduated in 1968.

The BEd became more widespread in the early 1980s, when a bachelor's degree became a requirement for new teachers in the whole of the United Kingdom, replacing the old Certificate in Education (Cert Ed).

The BEd is not the only way of gaining Qualified Teacher Status or gaining a teaching qualification. Other routes are as follows:

Bachelor of Science Education (B.Sc.Ed.)
A Bachelor of Science Education is a degree awarded to students who complete the four to five-year course of study in the field of science (major and minor in biology, chemistry, physics, and math) with major Educational courses. It is the combination of degrees in science and education course (sometimes referred to double degree programs B.Sc + B.Ed. = B.Sc.Ed.). Even though B.Sc and B.Ed. are notionally two degrees, they must be taken together. There are very few universities that offer this course because it requires collaboration between the Faculty/School of Science and that of Education, to ensure that the teacher not only can work in an education institution but also in an industrial area related to science.

In Malaysia, it is one of the most difficult admittance degrees for the students to get into. Students not only need a distinction result but also need to go through a psychology test, rigorous interviews and demos of teaching. Students who already get these courses will be given a full scholarship by the Minister of Education. Upon graduation, the students will get job offers from government and private institutions (mostly to teach for matriculation, foundation or high school students) due to deep understanding of specific science and professional teaching training. Graduates also can work in other science related industries. Bachelor of Science and Education is totally different from Bachelor of Science in Education.

In Singapore, the National Institute of Education, an autonomous institute of Nanyang Technological University, offers a four-year undergraduate programme, offering B.Sc.(Ed.) or B.A.(Ed.) in its initial teacher training programmes. Students are taught pedagogical theories and principles, alongside their chosen subject majors (and minors).

See also
 Master of Education

References

Education, Bachelor
Professional titles and certifications
Teacher training

Bachelor of Education


Robert Porter Patterson Jr. (July 11, 1923 – April 21, 2015) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Early life and career

Born in New York City, New York on July 11, 1923, the son of United States Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, Patterson Jr. was in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942 to 1956, during which time he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Harvard College in 1947 and a Bachelor of Laws from Columbia Law School in 1950. He was in private practice in New York City from 1950 to 1952, then served as assistant counsel to the New York State Crime Commission from 1952 to 1953, and as an Assistant United States Attorney for Southern District of New York from 1953 to 1956. He was also an assistant counsel to the United States Senate Banking and Currency Committee in 1954. He was in private practice in New York City again from 1956 (joining the firm founded by his father, Patterson, Belknap & Webb - later Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler) to 1988, working as a special hearing officer for conscientious objectors in the United States Department of Justice from 1961 to 1968, and as minority counsel to a Select Committee Pursuant to United States House of Representatives Resolution Number 1 in 1967.

Federal judicial service

In March 1988, New York Democratic Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan recommended Patterson, a Republican, for a seat on the United States District Court as part of a bipartisan deal between him and New York's other senator, Republican Alfonse D'Amato, that permitted New York's senator from the party that was not in the White House to select a small number of federal judges from New York. Similar deals have been worked out over the years between New York's senators to pave the way for nominations of Sonia Sotomayor and John E. Sprizzo, both of whom also were recommended by minority-party senators from New York and ultimately were nominated by the president and confirmed to the federal bench.

On June 14, 1988, President Ronald Reagan nominated Patterson to a seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated by Judge Whitman Knapp. On August 10, 1988, the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary reported on Patterson's nomination on a voice vote without dissent. The next day, however, Republican Senator Gordon Humphrey placed a hold on Patterson's nomination and subsequently queried the nominee about his positions on abortion. Ultimately, Patterson was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 5, 1988, and received his commission the following day. He assumed senior status on December 31, 1998, and died on April 21, 2015, at the age of 91.

References

Sources

1923 births
2015 deaths
Assistant United States Attorneys
Columbia Law School alumni
Harvard College alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
New York (state) Republicans
Lawyers from New York City
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan
20th-century American judges
Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler people
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II

Robert P. Patterson Jr.