Jazzmine Raycole Dillingham (born February 11, 1988) is an American actress and dancer. She is best known for her role as Claire Kyle on the sitcom My Wife and Kids during its first season. She is credited as Jazzmine Raycole.

Early life and education
Raycole was born in Stockton, California, the daughter of Ray, a water company superintendent, and Claudia Dillingham, who owned a dance studio and managed Raycole's career during her childhood. A trained dancer, Raycole first danced when she was a toddler. Raycole studied dance under both her mother and Barbara Faulkner, and was a competitive dancer by the age of four. She was part of the Boston Ballet in 2001, and also taught dance classes that year. Raycole was home schooled by her mother.

Career
Raycole's acting career began in 1995, when she appeared in two films: voicing a puppy in Babe and as Onika Harris in Waiting to Exhale. One of her earliest roles on television was a guest spot on sitcom Ellen. She also once featured as the voice of a one-time appearing character named Chloe on Nickelodeon's Hey Arnold! in 2003.

In 2001, Raycole appeared in the first dozen episodes of My Wife and Kids as Claire Kyle, with Damon Wayans portraying her father. However, she was subsequently replaced on the show by Jennifer Freeman when the second season began. It is reported that Raycole herself said "I was 12 years old when I got that job. The producers wanted a different thing, they wanted someone a little bit older. I wasn't ready for that," she said. "I ended up going to New York to dance, which was my first passion. I really thank God for that because I got to grow and travel."

She has made several guest appearances on television series, including Malcolm & Eddie, The Jamie Foxx Show, Smart Guy, Everybody Hates Chris, Monk and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. Between 2007 and 2008, she portrayed Allison Hawkins in the post-apocalyptic drama Jericho. She replaced Geffri Maya Hightower, who played the role in the show's pilot episode. Raycole appeared regularly as Lyric Ballentine on the TV Land sitcom The Soul Man (2012−14). From 2017 to 2018, Raycole starred as college student Sydney Fletcher on the BET series The Quad. She also played the daughter of Stanley Hudson on the TV show The Office.

Raycole appeared as Mae, the girlfriend of Kimiko Glenn's character, in the television film Ghosting: The Spirit of Christmas (2019). She portrayed Sage, a pregnant woman who has Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, in short-lived series Council of Dads. In 2020, Raycole was set to play in the lead role of Izzy, Mickey's client in the drama series The Lincoln Lawyer, which was based on the Michael Connelly novels and was written by David E. Kelley, The pilot was passed on by CBS due to a scheduling conflict, but in 2021, Raycole was one of the few actors who returned in her role when Netflix picked up the series, taking it to air in 2022.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1988 births
Actresses from California
Living people
People from Stockton, California
African-American female dancers
Dancers from California
American television actresses
African-American actresses
American film actresses
African-American child actresses
American child actresses
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Jazz Raycole


Ruby Valley is an unincorporated community in Ruby Valley, in Elko County, Nevada, United States.

It was the site of the Ruby Valley Pony Express Station, which has since been moved 60 miles to Elko, Nevada and restored and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Ruby Valley has a small K-8 school and many cattle ranches. Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge and state-owned Gallagher Fish Hatchery are in Ruby Valley.

On October 1, 1863, the Treaty of Ruby Valley was signed by Gov. James W. Nye of the Nevada Territory and Gov. James Duane Doty of the Utah Territory. Twelve chiefs signed for the Western Bands of the Shoshone Nation of Indians. The treaty assured their ownership of property (that later became a U.S. nuclear test site). The treaty stated that the presence of U.S. settlements will not negate Native sovereignty. The Western Shoshone did not cede land but agreed to allow the U.S. government the "right to traverse the area, maintain existing telegraph and stage lines, construct one railroad, and engage in specified economic activities." The Union relied on this treaty to demonstrate to European governments and banks backing the Union that it could provide the gold needed for the American Civil War.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Elko County, Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Nevada

Ruby Valley, Nevada


Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa (UAL; Autonomous University of Lisbon) is a private university located in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal.  UAL was founded on December 13, 1985.

Its seat is in the Palace of the Counts of Redondo.

History
The Autonomous University of Lisbon is a private university recognized by the Portuguese government.

The university was created by the Cooperativa de Ensino Universitário (CEU) on December 13, 1985, which is responsible for the economic and financial management of the university.

As mentor of the project, the CEU has participated in the creation of mechanisms that allow for the conception of research as a methodological process and source of knowledge, acting in the field of postgraduate degrees, through activities, both in the acquisition of academic degrees and in the achievement of skills for the world of work.

The university provides advanced training for doctoral and master's students, under the Educational Development Program for Portugal (Prodep II). UAL also has a range of support services in the didactic-pedagogical sphere, as well as in the area of support services, namely: Access to food in canteens and bars, prints, bibliographic and computer support, exemption or reduction of tuition fees, insurance scholarships, support for internships and management of careers or sporting and cultural activities.

In 2015, it served as the setting for the recordings of the TVI soap opera «A Única Mulher».

Erasmus
The Institutional International Relations Office (GRII) coordinates UAL's participation in international student and teacher mobility programs and networks through the Erasmus program, and protocols with universities outside Europe, with particular emphasis on Brazil.

Mobility students have the possibility of receiving a monthly scholarship whose value varies depending on the country (minimum scholarship: 200 Euros/month), they do not pay fees at the host universities and receive a 50% reduction in the fees they continue to pay at UAL. Students who go to Brazil, or other countries outside Europe with which UAL is registered, do not receive a scholarship because it is an extra Erasmus mobility, but have a 75% reduction in the payment of tuition fees at UAL.

Noted alumni
António José Seguro

Gallery

External links
 Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa

References

Lis
Educational institutions established in 1985
Education in Lisbon
1985 establishments in Portugal

Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa


Baron Friedrich Karl von Moser Filseck (born 18 December 1723 in Stuttgart; died 11 November 1798 in Ludwigsburg) was a German jurist, state journalist and a politician.

Moser was the eldest son of Johann Jacob Moser. He was educated in the Pietist tradition at Kloster Berge school. He studied law in Jena, and in 1743 became an assistant to his father, a lawyer and diplomat. Between 1747-67 and 1782–98, he was an active writer and journalist.

From 1751-67 Moser lived in Frankfurt. In 1769 he was made a baron. In 1772 he was appointed as First Minister by Ludwig IX. He reorganised the finances of the state, which had accumulated heavy debts. Moser reached a settlement of these debts. His autocratic style of government made him many enemies. He resigned in 1780, and returned to writing.

From 1783-90 Moser lived in Mannheim, then in Ludwigsburg.

Publications
 Teutsche Hofrecht (1754).
 Der Christ in der Freundschaft (1754).
 Der Herr und der Diener, geschildert mit patriotischer Freiheit (1759).
 Der Hof in Fabeln (1761).
 Die Ministerschule (1762).
 Daniel in der Löwen-Grube (1763). Translated into French by Antoine Gilbert Griffet de Labaume in 1787.
 Geistliche Gedichte (1763).
 Gesammelte Moralische und Politische Schriften (1763).
 Von dem Deutschen Nationalgeist (1765).
 Patriotische Briefe (1767).
 Necker (1782).
 Über Regenten, Regierung und Ministers (1784).
 Über den Diensthandel Deutscher Fürsten (1786).
 Über die Regierung der Geistlichen Staaten in Deutschland (1787).
 Politische Wahrheiten (1796).
 Actenmäßige Geschichte der Waldenser (1798).

Works in English translation
 In James Schmidt (ed.), What is Enlightenment? Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
 "Publicity," pp. 114–118.
 "True and False Political Enlightenment," pp. 212–216.

Further reading
 Rosenstein, Immanuel (1865). Friedrich Karl von Moser. Berlin: Druck von Georg Reimer.

External links

 Works by Friedrich Karl von Moser, at Hathi Trust

Barons of Germany
Politicians from Stuttgart
1723 births
1798 deaths

Friedrich Karl von Moser


The History of Early Analytic Philosophy Society (HEAPS) is a philosophical society founded to study early analytic philosophy. The society examines the work of Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Frank P. Ramsey, G. E. Moore, and other early contributors to the field. The Society sponsors conference sessions in conjunction with the American Philosophical Association.

External links
HEAPS website

Philosophical societies in the United States
Analytic philosophy
Organizations based in New York City


Dong Chang (董昌, died July 3, 896) was a warlord of the late Tang dynasty in China.  He began his career as the leader of a local militia at Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and gradually increased in power to control most of modern Zhejiang.  Not satisfied with the titles that the Tang emperors bestowed on him, he claimed an imperial title in 895 as the emperor of a new state known as Luoping of the Great Yue (大越羅平).  His vassal Qian Liu turned against him and killed him, seizing his territory, and eventually becoming the founder of the new state of Wuyue.

Background
It is not known when Dong Chang was born, but it was known that he was from Lin'an (臨安, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), which was part of Hang Prefecture (杭州).  During the rebellion of the army officer Wang Ying in 876–877, Dong joined a local militia to defend against Wang's raids.  After Wang's rebellion was defeated, Dong, for his contributions during the campaign, was made the defender of Shijing Base (石鏡, in modern Hangzhou).

In 878, when the agrarian rebel Cao Shixiong (曹師雄) was pillaging both Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), which Hang Prefecture belonged to, and Zhedong Circuit (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang), the Hang Prefecture government tried to resist the pillages by recruiting 1,000 men from each of the counties in the prefecture.  Dong and seven others became the militia commanders, and their troops became known as the "Eight Corps of Hang Prefecture".  Among the men serving under Dong at the time was Qian Liu, who became a key officer under him.

Seizure of Hang Prefecture
In 881, after the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao captured the imperial capital Chang'an, forcing then-reigning Emperor Xizong to flee to Chengdu, Gao Pian the military governor (Jiedushi) of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) gathered troops in the nearby regions and claimed that he was going to launch troops to recapture Chang'an.  As part of that, he summoned Dong to Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (揚州) as well.  However, Qian discerned that Gao had no real intentions to attack Huang, and he advised Dong to claim that he needed to return to Hang Prefecture to defend it.  Dong did so, and Gao agreed to let him leave.  Meanwhile, the imperial government had just recently commissioned a new prefect of Hang Prefecture, Lu Shenzhong (路審中).  Before Lu could get to Hang Prefecture, however, Dong took his troops from Shijing into Hang Prefecture to intimidate Lu.  Lu, fearful of Dong, did not take office.  Dong then claimed the title of acting prefect, and had his officers submit petitions to the military governor of Zhenhai, Zhou Bao, to have Dong be officially commissioned.  Zhou, believing that he could not control Dong otherwise, made Dong the prefect of Hang Prefecture.

In 882, Liu Hanhong the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Zhedong, who wanted to take over Zhenhai, sent his brother Liu Hanyou (劉漢宥) and officer Xin Yue (辛約) to attack Hang Prefecture.  Dong sent Qian to resist the Zhedong army, and Qian defeated them, forcing them to flee.  Liu made another attack in 883, and Dong's army, under Qian, again defeated the Zhedong army, killing Xin and Liu Hanhong's brother Liu Hanrong (劉漢容).

Seizure of Yisheng Circuit
In 886, Dong Chang and Qian Liu were discussing what to do with Zhedong — which by this point had been renamed Yisheng Circuit (義勝) — when Dong made the offer to Qian, "If you can capture Yue Prefecture [(越州, Yisheng's capital)], I will yield Hang Prefecture to you."  Qian agreed, responding, "You are right.  If Yue were not captured, it will eventually be harmful to us."  Qian thus launched the Hang Prefecture army and attacked Liu Hanhong, repeatedly defeating his army.  By winter 886, Qian had captured Yue Prefecture, and Liu Hanhong was captured by his own subordinate Du Xiong (杜雄) the prefect of Tai Prefecture (台州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang).  Dong executed Liu, and moved his headquarters to Yue, claiming the title of acting governor, while making Qian the prefect of Hang Prefecture.  In 887, Emperor Xizong commissioned Dong as the governor of Zhedong and Qian as the prefect of Hang Prefecture.  Later, Dong was made the military governor of Yisheng, which was then renamed to Weisheng (威勝).

It was said that at the beginning of Dong's rule, he was frugal and fair, and the people were comforted.  He ended the heavy salt taxes.  Further, Dong was considered faithful to the imperial government because, while the warlords in the other circuits were all largely withholding proper revenue payments to the imperial government by that point, he was delivering tributes at a frequent interval — once every 10 days, and the imperial government greatly depended on his tributes in continuing to function.  Therefore, Dong eventually was given the titles of acting Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies), honorary chancellor (同中書門下平章事, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi), and the Prince of Longxi.  However, Dong eventually grew cruel and harsh in his rule, caning and whipping people at will, or even slaughtering families for relatively minor offenses.  At one point, he threatened to kill some 5,000 households unless they would yield all of their assets to him, and they agreed to do so.  It was said that when judging civil lawsuits, he would simply have the litigants gamble; the winning side would win the case, while the losing side would be killed.  He also built a temple dedicated to himself modeled after the temple of Yu the Great (the mythical founder of the Xia Dynasty) — prohibiting people from worshipping at Yu's temple, only at his own.

In 893, after the death of Chen Yan the governor of neighboring Fujian Circuit (福建, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian), whose family had a marital relationship with Dong's family, Chen's brother-in-law Fan Hui (范暉) and Chen's subordinate Wang Chao the prefect of Quan Prefecture (泉州, in modern Quanzhou, Fujian) vied for control of Fujian, and Wang put Fujian's capital Fu Prefecture (福州) under siege.  Fan sought aid from Dong, and Dong sent troops.  However, before the Weisheng troops could arrive, Wang captured Fu Prefecture, and Fan was killed in flight; Dong then withdrew his troops.

As of 894, Dong petitioned then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong (Emperor Xizong's brother and successor), seeking to be created the greater title of Prince of Yue.  The imperial government did not agree immediately, and Dong became displeased.  His followers, wanting to please him, encouraged him to take the next step and become the Emperor of Yue.  In spring 895, he declared himself the emperor of a new state of Luoping of the Great Yue, after killing every staff member who dared to speak against it.

Defeat and death
Dong Chang sent messengers to Qian Liu to inform Qian that he had become emperor and that he was making Qian the commander of the forces of the "Two Zhes" — i.e., Zhenhai and Weisheng, which were on the opposite banks of the Qiantang River (Zhe River).  Qian, disagreeing with Dong's decision to claim imperial title, wrote back: "Rather than closing up your gates to try to be the Son of Heaven, so that your entire clan and the people will all fall into fire, why not open your door to be Jiedushi, so that you will have honor and wealth the rest of your life?  It is still not too late to repent."  Dong refused Qian's suggestion, so Qian advanced to Yue Prefecture with 30,000 men, bowing down to him outside the Yue city gates, and stating to him that he brought soldiers to force Dong to repent.  Dong, in fear, rewarded Qian with money and delivered several sorcerers who had advocated his taking the throne to Qian, claiming that he would soon submit a confession to Emperor Zhaozong.  Only then did Qian withdraw and report the matter to Emperor Zhaozong.

Emperor Zhaozong, however, believed that Dong had made great contributions over the years and that he must have just been afflicted with a mental illness.  He thus pardoned Dong but ordered him to retire.  However, the ambitious Qian, who was hopeful that the imperial government would declare a campaign against Dong so that he could turn on Dong without appearing to be ungrateful, then submitted an accusation against Dong, pointing out that Dong had committed the unpardonable crime of treason.  Emperor Zhaozong thus issued an edict ordering Qian to attack Dong.  Meanwhile, Yang Xingmi, who had taken over Huainan Circuit by this point and who did not want to see Qian take over Weisheng, sent messengers to Qian to point out that Dong had already repented and should be pardoned, but Qian did not relent.

Yang thus tried to relieve Qian's pressure on Dong by sending his officer Tai Meng (臺濛) to attack Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu), which was then Qian's territory.  Qian did not let up his attack, however, and Yang further sent Tian Jun the military governor of Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) and An Renyi (安仁義) the military prefect of Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang) to attack Qian as well.  The Huainan attack was bogged down for some time, however, allowing Qian to continue his attack of Weisheng, even after, in spring 896, because of Yang's request, Emperor Zhaozong pardoned Dong completely and restored his titles.

Qian's forces repeatedly defeated Dong's, and Dong exacerbated the matter by killing anyone who dared to give him accurate information about Qian's military strength.  By summer 896, Qian's officer Gu Quanwu (顧全武) had reached Yue and put it under siege.  Only then did Dong become fearful.  He abandoned the title of emperor and referred to himself as military governor again, but the siege continued.  Qian considered abandoning the siege after Huainan forces captured Su Prefecture about the same time, but Gu pointed out that capturing Yue should be the first priority, and Qian agreed.

Soon thereafter, the outer city of Yue fell, and Dong withdrew into the inner city to continue to defend it.  Qian then sent Dong's old subordinate Luo Tuan (駱團) to Dong, stating that there were imperial orders for Dong to retire to Lin'an.  Dong thus agreed to surrender.  Gu delivered Dong toward Hang Prefecture, but executed him and his family on the way, as well as some 300 subordinates who had supported his imperial claim.  Qian delivered Dong's head to Chang'an and took over his territory.

Family
 Son
 Dong Chenghe (董承和)

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 New Book of Tang, vol. 225, part 2.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 253, 254, 255, 256, 259, 260.

9th-century births
896 deaths
Politicians from Hangzhou
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhendong Circuit
Chinese emperors
Executed people from Zhejiang
Executed Tang dynasty people
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation
9th-century executions by the Tang dynasty
Tang dynasty generals from Zhejiang
Tang dynasty rebels

Dong Chang (warlord)


BookCrossing (also: BC, BCing or BXing) is defined as "the practice of leaving a book in a public place to be picked up and read by others, who then do likewise." The term comes from bookcrossing.com, a free online book club which began in order to further the practice, with the goal to "make the whole world a library."

The 'crossing' or exchanging of books may take many different forms, including wild releasing books in public, direct swaps with other members of the website, or "book rings" in which books travel in a set order to people who want to read that book. The community aspect of BookCrossing.com has grown in ways that were not expected at the start, in the form of blog or forum discussions, mailing lists and yearly conventions all over the world.

History
Ron Hornbaker came up the idea for what is now known as BookCrossing in March 2001. About four weeks later, on April 17, he started the website, which has grown all over the world. By April 2003 the website had over 113,000 members, and in 2004 the Concise Oxford Dictionary included the word "bookcrossing". In the same year, BookCrossing was featured as a part of a storyline in the Australian soap opera Neighbours. As of 30 September 2009, Bookcrossing.com had over 814,000 members, with over 5,800,000 registered books.

In July 2007 Singapore became the first official BookCrossing country in the world. 2,000 locations within the country were designated as 'hotspots', similar to Official BookCrossing Zones. In 2008, BookCrossing was introduced to Abu Dhabi as part of a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage.

Awards
In May 2005 BookCrossing.com won two People's Voice awards in the Webby Awards for best community website and best social/networking website. BookCrossing was also featured in a BBC Radio project broadcast as 84 Book Crossing Road , which involved releasing 84 copies of Helene Hanff's book 84 Charing Cross Road around the world.  The show was produced by Tim Heffer and Alan Hall of Falling Tree Productions, and was nominated for a Sony Radio Academy Award in 2006.

About

Anyone who wishes to "release" books, whether leaving it in a public place or passing it on to a friend, must register on the BookCrossing.com website, although there is the option to remain hidden when "catching" the find of a book. BookCrossing.com users can 'go hunting', where a member will go to the website to view a list of books that have just been "released", then go to the place it was left to "catch" it. Books may also be left at Official BookCrossing Zones" (OBCZs), which are located in certain coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and other public places. The purpose of these places is to get members in the area to leave books to share with the public. This also promotes BookCrossing and creates more members.

References

Other websites
 BookCrossing.com

Websites
Books

BookCrossing


Perry Mason is a fictional character, an American criminal defense lawyer who is the main character in works of detective fiction written by Erle Stanley Gardner. Perry Mason features in 82 novels and 4 short stories, all of which involve a client being charged with murder, usually involving a preliminary hearing or jury trial. Typically, Mason establishes his client's innocence by finding the real murderer. The character was inspired by famed Los Angeles criminal defense attorney Earl Rogers.

The character of Perry Mason was adapted for motion pictures and a long-running radio series. These were followed by the best known adaptation, the CBS television series Perry Mason (1957–1966) starring Raymond Burr. A second television series, The New Perry Mason starring Monte Markham, ran from 1973 to 1974; and 30 Perry Mason television films ran from 1985 to 1995, with Burr reprising the role of Mason in 26 of them up to his death in 1993. A third television series, HBO's Perry Mason starring Matthew Rhys, started airing in 2020.

The Perry Mason series ranks third in the top ten best selling book series. In 2015, the American Bar Association's publishing imprint, Ankerwycke, began reissuing Gardner's Perry Mason books, which had been out of print in the United States.

Character
As a child, Gardner read the magazine Youth's Companion, published by the Perry Mason Company - a name Gardner later borrowed for his fictional attorney.  Gardner provided more information about Mason's character in earlier novels while knowledge of his character is largely taken for granted in the later works, the television series and movies. In the first novel (The Case of the Velvet Claws, 1933), Mason describes himself in the following way:

Gardner depicts Mason as a lawyer who fights hard for his clients and who enjoys unusual, difficult or nearly hopeless cases. He frequently accepts clients on a whim based on his curiosity about their problem, for a minimal retainer, and finances the investigation of their cases himself if necessary. In The Case of the Caretaker's Cat (1935), his principal antagonist, District Attorney Hamilton Burger, says: "You're a better detective than you are a lawyer.  When you turn your mind to the solution of a crime, you ferret out the truth." In The Case of the Moth-Eaten Mink (1952), a judge who has just witnessed one of the lawyer's unusual tactics says: "Mr. Mason...from time to time you seem to find yourself in predicaments from which you extricate yourself by unusual methods which invariably turn out to be legally sound.  The Court feels you are fully capable of looking after your own as well as your clients' interests."

Another frequent antagonist, Lieutenant Arthur Tragg of the homicide squad, has a discussion with Mason about his approach to the law. Mason is recovering from having been poisoned, and Tragg is investigating.  In The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito (1943) he says:

Other than what is learned of his character from the novels themselves, very little is known about Perry Mason.  His family, personal life, background, and education are not depicted, although according to the first chapter of The Case of the Sleepwalker's Niece (1935), his astrological sign was Leo. Mason has a professional relationship with Paul Drake. Della Street is Mason's only evident (though not sharply delineated) romantic interest. It is known that he lives in an apartment because he is occasionally awakened from sleep to go to his office; he does not entertain anyone at home. His tastes in food are known because many scenes take place in restaurants, and that he is an excellent driver as shown by his participation in the occasional car chase. Other than those sketchy facts, there is so little physical description of him that the reader is not even sure what he looks like.

The 1930s films were not closely based on the character of Perry Mason as revealed in the books, and contain plot and character developments which are not accepted as canonical in the remainder of the books and adaptations. For instance, in one film, Mason marries his longtime secretary Della Street, while Paul Drake turns into comic sidekick Spudsy Drake.

Likewise the TV series diverges at times significantly from the books, which was a practical necessity considering that there were only about 80 Perry Mason novels written altogether and over 270 episodes of the TV series.  Thus there was a need for a great deal of invented material, background, plots, and characters – none of which material Gardner incorporated into his ongoing series of Perry Mason novels. In fact, Gardner would write over 30 more Perry Mason novels from between 1957 when the TV series began up until his death in 1970.

The television series contains some hints of what Mason did in the past. In The Case of the Misguided Missile, he says that he served in the Navy on Ulithi atoll during World War II. In The Case of the Travelling Treasure, he says that he served aboard a minesweeper.

The HBO series presents him as being a private detective, becoming a lawyer by necessity in order to salvage the case he's working on. In this series, he lives on what remains of a dairy farm which has been in his family for at least two prior generations. He is also a veteran of World War I, having been discharged with a "blue ticket" (i.e. with negative connotations), probably because he mercy-killed some comrades who were about to die from a poison gas attack which they were too severely wounded to escape. Episode 1 shows Mason with a tattoo of the Cross of Lorraine with the number 79 and the inscription "infantry", indicating he was an infantryman in the 79th Division whose emblem of the cross signifies its service in France during the war. Mason is also an alcoholic, divorced father who is struggling to maintain ownership of his deceased parents' farm.

Novels

Julian Symons noted that Erle Stanley Gardner "had spent more than twenty years practicing law in California, and the knowledge he gained was put to good use in the Perry Mason stories, which hinge on points of law, forensic medicine or science as clever as a watch mechanism … and also the total lack of characterization".

While the Mason novels were largely a form of pulp fiction of the sort that began Gardner's writing career, they are unusual in that the whodunit mysteries usually involved two solutions: a very plausible but inaccurate one in which the authorities believed (wherein Mason's client was guilty) and an entirely alternative (and true) explanation, wherein Mason's client was innocent and another party had committed the crime. Almost always, the second half of each novel is devoted to a courtroom scene, during which Mason arrives at the alternative explanation and proves it to the satisfaction of the court. "It is perfectly true that our author works to formula; in one sense, the plot never varies," wrote Jacques Barzun. "Having said this, one must add that the variety of persons and circumstances and the ingenuity in contriving the details that Gardner dreamed up in his dozens of cases are astonishing and entrancing."

A hallmark of the stories is that as soon as Perry Mason (with the assistance of his secretary Della Street and private investigator Paul Drake) accepts a case, he will juggle the evidence using unusual (even bizarre) tactics to mislead the police – but (except for the very earliest novels) always in an ethical fashion:

The influence of the television series has given the general public the impression that Mason is highly ethical. In the earliest novels, however, Mason was not above skulduggery to win a case. In The Case of the Counterfeit Eye (1935) he breaks the law several times, including manufacturing false evidence (glass eyes). Mason manipulates evidence and witnesses, resulting in the acquittal of the murderer in The Case of the Howling Dog (1934). The Case of the Curious Bride (1934) is

In the later novels, the only crime which he can be seen to commit might be illegal entry, when he and Paul Drake are searching for evidence. And even then, he would expect to put up a strong and effective defense leading to an acquittal. Hamilton Burger is constantly under the impression that Mason has done something illegal, but is never able to prove it. Gardner prefaced many of his later novels with tributes to coroners and forensic pathologists whose work was instrumental to solving cases. Gardner inserts his ideas about the importance of proper autopsies into many of his Mason novels. In The Case of the Fugitive Nurse, for instance, close scrutiny of dental records in the identification of burned bodies is a key point. In that same story, the possible use of additives to track illegal resale of medical narcotics is examined.

Critic Russel B. Nye saw a pattern in Gardner's novels, calling them as formal as Japanese Noh drama. He described fairly rigid plot points:
 Attorney Perry Mason's case is introduced.
 Mason and his crew investigate.
 Mason's client is accused of a crime.
 Further investigations ensue.
 The trial begins.
 In a courtroom coup, Mason introduces new evidence and often elicits a confession from the lawbreaker.

The Perry Mason series ranks third in the top ten  best selling book series, with sales of 300 million.

In June 2015, the American Bar Association announced that its new publishing imprint, Ankerwycke, would reissue Gardner's Perry Mason novels. The Case of the Velvet Claws, The Case of the Sulky Girl, The Case of the Lucky Legs, The Case of the Howling Dog and The Case of the Curious Bride were the first five novels announced for trade paperback release. The Perry Mason books had been out of print in the United States.

Adaptations

Film
Warner Bros. released a series of six Perry Mason films in the 1930s.
 The Case of the Howling Dog (1934), with Warren William as Perry Mason and Helen Trenholme as Della Street.
 The Case of the Curious Bride (1935), with Warren William and Claire Dodd as Della Street.  Notable for the first-released American screen appearance of Errol Flynn as the corpse, who is seen alive but not speaking in a brief flashback.
 The Case of the Lucky Legs (1935), with Warren William and Genevieve Tobin as Della Street.
 The Case of the Velvet Claws (1936), with Warren William and Claire Dodd as Della Street Mason.
 The Case of the Black Cat (1936) (from The Case of the Caretaker's Cat [1935]), with Ricardo Cortez as Perry Mason and June Travis as Della Street.
 The Case of the Stuttering Bishop (1937), with Donald Woods as Perry Mason and Ann Dvorak as Della Street.

The six Perry Mason films are available on DVD as a single-set release from the Warner Bros. Archive Collection.

The 1940 Warner Bros. film, Granny Get Your Gun, was loosely based on the 1937 Perry Mason novel The Case of the Dangerous Dowager. May Robson stars as Minerva Hatton. The film does not include Perry Mason or any of the regular characters.

Radio

Perry Mason was adapted for radio as a 15-minute daily crime series that aired from 1943 to 1955 on CBS Radio. It had little in common with the usual portrayal of Mason, so much so that Gardner withdrew his support for a TV version of the daytime serial that began airing on CBS in 1956. The general theme of the radio series was continued, with a different title and characters, as The Edge of Night.

Television

Perry Mason (1957–1966)

The best-known incarnation of Perry Mason came in the form of a CBS TV series simply titled Perry Mason which ran from 1957 to 1966, with Raymond Burr in the title role. The series also featured Barbara Hale as Della Street, William Hopper as Paul Drake, William Talman as Hamilton Burger and Ray Collins as Lt. Tragg. The entire series has been released on DVD and reruns are a staple in syndication.

Paramount+ has made available most of the episodes from seasons 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 on its website for streaming.

The New Perry Mason (1973–1974)

Several years after Perry Mason was cancelled, a new series, The New Perry Mason, aired in 1973 featuring Monte Markham in the title role. A total of 15 episodes aired before being cancelled halfway through its first season.

Television films (1985–1995)

American television producers Dean Hargrove and Fred Silverman resurrected the Perry Mason character in a series of television films for NBC beginning in 1985. The two surviving stars of the CBS-TV series, Raymond Burr and Barbara Hale, reprised their roles as Mason and Della Street. In the first telefilm, Perry Mason Returns, Mason is an appellate court judge who resigns his position to successfully defend his secretary Della on murder charges. William Katt, Hale's son, was cast as Paul Drake, Jr. William Hopper, who played private investigator Paul Drake in the original TV series, had died years earlier; Hopper's photograph appears on Paul Drake Jr.'s desk. In the later TV movies, Mason used the services of attorney Ken Malansky, played by William R. Moses.

The Perry Mason series of TV movies continued until Burr's death from kidney cancer in 1993. The Case of the Killer Kiss was Burr's final portrayal of Mason. The film aired after his death, and was dedicated to Burr's memory. Thereafter, the title of the series was changed to A Perry Mason Mystery and starred either Paul Sorvino or Hal Holbrook as lawyers and friends of Mason. Hale and Moses continued in their roles; Mason was ostensibly out of town.

Perry Mason (2020)

In August 2016, HBO announced a potential new series. In August 2017 a change in the writing staff for the project was announced, with Rolin Jones and Ron Fitzgerald taking over for Nic Pizzolatto. In January 2019, Robert Downey Jr. announced on his Twitter page that Matthew Rhys would be portraying Perry Mason in the new production; Downey was originally going to portray Mason, but was forced to bow out due to scheduling conflicts. The HBO revival and reboot adapted its setting to Great Depression-era Los Angeles, some twenty years earlier than the CBS show (but in line with the earliest novels by Gardner). It features John Lithgow and Tatiana Maslany in additional roles.
This miniseries was created with a budget of around $74.3 million and released its first episode on June 21, 2020. In July 2020, HBO announced that the mini-series had been picked up for a second season, and that the show would become a regular series.

Other adaptations
The Perry Mason character has appeared in comic books and a short-lived (October 16, 1950– June 21, 1952) comic strip. He was also the inspiration for The Whole Truth (1986) by James Cummins, a book-length collection of sestinas.

In 2008, The Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air began producing a series of full-cast audio theater dramatizations of Gardner's Perry Mason novels, adapted by M. J. Elliott.

Regular characters
Recurring characters in the Perry Mason stories include the following:
 Perry Mason: Los Angeles attorney introduced in the 1933 novel, The Case of the Velvet Claws.
 Della Street: Mason's confidential secretary introduced in the 1933 novel, The Case of the Velvet Claws.
 Paul Drake: Private investigator introduced in the 1933 novel, The Case of the Velvet Claws.
 Hamilton Burger: District attorney introduced in the 1935 novel, The Case of the Counterfeit Eye.
 Lt. Arthur Tragg: Police homicide investigator introduced in the 1940 novel, The Case of the Silent Partner.
 Gertie Lade: Mason's switchboard operator, an "incurable romantic" introduced in the 1939 novel, The Case of the Rolling Bones, and occasionally appearing in the CBS-TV series.
 Sergeant Holcomb: Homicide detective often featured in the early novels but in only two episodes of the CBS-TV series. Holcomb in the novels is portrayed as a mean, derby-wearing, cigar-smoking thug. In at least one novel, it's implied that Paul Drake has beaten him in a fistfight before, and is quite willing to do so again, making Holcomb tread carefully around him.
 Carl Jackson: Junior attorney in Mason's law firm, appearing in the novels and a few episodes of the CBS-TV series Perry Mason.
 David Gideon: Young legal assistant working with Mason in nine episodes of the CBS-TV series.
 Lt. Andy Anderson: Police homicide investigator in the CBS-TV series.
 Lt. Steve Drumm: Police homicide investigator in the CBS-TV series.
 Terrance Clay: Restaurateur and friend of Mason in the CBS-TV series.
 Paul Drake, Jr.: Paul Drake's son, also a private investigator, in the first nine Perry Mason television films.
 Ken Malansky: Attorney who replaced Paul Drake, Jr., in 21 of the television films.
 Lieutenant Ed Brock: Police commander in several of the television films.
 Michael Reston: District attorney in eight of the television films.
 Amy Hastings: Ken Malansky's girlfriend and assistant to Mason in three of the television films.
 Elinor Harrelson: Judge in seven of the Perry Mason television films.
 Barbara August: District attorney in two of the Perry Mason television films.

Title listings

Influence
In her confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee in July 2009, Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor prefaced her remarks on the role of the prosecutor by saying that she was inspired by watching the Perry Mason television series as a child:

I was influenced so greatly by a television show in igniting the passion that I had as being a prosecutor, and it was Perry Mason … In one of the episodes, at the end of the episode … Perry said to the prosecutor, "It must cause you some pain having expended all that effort in your case to have the charges dismissed." And the prosecutor looked up and said, "No. My job as a prosecutor is do justice and justice is served when a guilty man is convicted and when an innocent man is not." And I thought to myself that's quite amazing to be able to serve that role …

The Perry Mason novels inspired Robert M. Bell, former Chief Judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals, to become a lawyer. "I used to read those growing up," he recalled in 2012. "I got the sense that a lawyer could do good things for folk and was important to our community. That's what I wanted to do."

Cultural references

Notes

References

External links
 Perry Mason  at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Television
 Database and cover gallery for the Dell Comic book based on the TV show
 The Perry Mason TV Show Book by Brian Kelleher and Diana Merrill
 Perry Mason (radio) at the Internet Archive
 Perry Mason TV Series Wiki

Mason, Perry
Mason, Perry
Literary characters introduced in 1933
Mason, Perry
Mason, Perry
1950 comics debuts
1952 comics endings
Comics based on television series
Series of books

Perry Mason


Capheaton Hall, near Wallington, Northumberland, is an English country house, the seat of the Swinburne Baronets and a childhood home of the poet Algernon Swinburne.  It counts among the principal gentry seats of Northumberland. It is a Grade I listed building.

The house, which was built for Sir John Swinburne, 1st Baronet in 1667-68 by Robert Trollope of Newcastle, is a provincial essay in Baroque, of local stone with giant pilasters on high bases supporting sections of entablature dividing the main front into a wide central bay and flanking bays, under a sloping roof with vernacular flat-footed dormers. The estate was improved with a model farm in Gothic taste, designed by Daniel Garrett for Sir John Swinburne, ca 1746, one of the earliest examples of the Gothic Revival. The north front was rebuilt for Sir John Swinburne, 6th Baronet in 1789-90 by a local architect, William Newton.

The house stands in rolling parkland in the manner of Capability Brown. The naturalistic setting of Sir Edward's Lake south of the house was designated a Site of Nature Conservation Importance in 1983 for the wintering and breeding wildfowl it harbours, as well as the fen and carr vegetation that has developed round its margins.

The linear estate village of Capheaton (population 50), built as a planned model village in the late eighteenth century, is sited on a ridge west of the Hall.

The Capheaton archives are at the Northumberland Record Office.

Notes

References
Howard Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840, 3rd ed. 1995

 The Swinburn family of Capheaton Hall
Capheaton Estate Village
  Keys to the Past

Country houses in Northumberland
Grade I listed buildings in Northumberland
1668 establishments in England

Capheaton Hall


Alberto Hemsi (27 June 1898 – 8 October 1975) was a composer of the 20th century classical era. His work in the field of ethnomusicology and integration of Sephardic melodies has been noted as parallel to Béla Bartók's collection of traditional Hungarian music and consequent integration to his music.

Life

Family and early years

Hemsi was born in 1898 in Turgutlu in the Ottoman Empire, Alberto Hemsi's family roots can be traced back to the Sephardic Jews of the Iberian peninsula.  From an early age, Alberto's parents detected a keen sensitivity and interest in music, especially during prayers sung in synagogue, and decided to send him to stay with his uncle in Smyrne (now Izmir). Hemsi studied at the school of the Alliance Israélite Universelle (A.I.U.) from 1908 - 1913.  At the A.I.U., he studied flute, trombone, cornet, and the clarinet, but his true passions were for the piano  and for composition.

1913-1919: Conservatorio di Musica Giuseppe Verdi

In 1913, at the insistence of the director of the A.I.U., Hemsi moved to Italy after receiving a scholarship to study at the Conservatorio Royal di Milano.  At the conservatorio, Hemsi was taught by internationally acclaimed professors such as Bossi Pirinello (composition, harmony, and counterpoint), Galli (orchestration), Pozzoli Delochi (theory and solfeggio), and Giusto Zampieri (music history).  During his studies, Alberto Hemsi asked his music history professor about Jewish music.  The response given was that although Jewish music is important, he could not recall any melodies because few existed.  Perplexed and sceptical of this response, largely due to his exposure to many Jewish melodies in childhood, Hemsi proceeded to ask the cantor of his synagogue back in Cassaba / Turgutlu  for more information about traditional Jewish melodies.

1919-1957: Ethnomusicology and integration of Jewish melodies

After returning from Italy to his homeland, Hemsi followed in the folkloric footsteps of Bartók and Constantin Brăiloiu.  He focuses on the Hispano-Judeaic traditional music of his ancestors.  The traditional Hispano-Judeaic melodies were transmitted orally for generations by the women of the communities and infused with the medieval Spanish literature.  Hemsi proceeded to dedicate more than 17 years of his life to collect traditional chants throughout the former Ottoman Empire, particularly in Smyrne, Salonica or Thessaloniki, Rhodes, Istanbul, and Alexandria.  At the end of these travels, Hemsi wrote out harmonizations for piano of sixty traditional melodies.  This work was the first of the ten books known as "Coplas Sefardies."

Harmonization of the traditional Sephardic chants proved to be a challenge since the harmonization of monodic modal chants is not possible in a tonal sense.  Hemsi did not wish to alter the traditional melodies nor utilise modern harmonic techniques of the epoch.

In addition to the Coplas Sefardies, Hemsi composed numerous other works for a variety of ensembles including orchestra, string quintets, choir, cello, and piano.  He drew inspiration equally from liturgical music of the synagogue as well as music from Egypt, Turkey, and Greece.

1957-1976: Paris

On August 22, 1957, the Hemsi family moved to Paris to escape the political agitation in Egypt.  Compositional output at this time began to slow as Hemsi adjusted to the Parisian lifestyle.  He found work as music director in synagogues as well as a solfeggio teacher for Sephardic liturgy at the École Cantoriale du Séminaire Israélite de France (S.I.F.)  Hemsi continued to travel regularly to spread his musical compositions until later in his life, when his health began to degrade.  He died of lung cancer in Paris in October 1975.

Works, editions and recordings
 Coplas Sefardies – collection of sephardic songs composed by Hemsi from among 230 poems and songs collected in the former Ottoman Empire between 1923 and 1937. Pedro Aledo (voice), Ludovic Amadeus Selmi (piano). Patrimoines Musicaux des Juifs de France Vol. 4
 Coplas Sefardies, CD. Mira Zakai, alto, Menachem Wiesenberg, piano. Beth Hatefutsoth, Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, 1990, BTR 9002
 Coplas Sefardies (complete art-song recording), Vol. 1: cycle 1–4 (No. 1–24); Vol. 2: cycle 5-7 (No. 1-18), Kal Nidrey Op. 12, Four Songs Op. 42, Visions Bibliques Op. 48.1-3. Cantor Assaf Levitin, bass-baritone and Naaman Wagner, piano. Rondeau Production, 2018, ROP6155 and ROP6156
 Coplas Sefardies (complete recording of the original version), Vol. 1: No. 1-18, Vol. 2: No. 19-42, Vol 3: No. 43-60, Five Hebrew Songs Op. 25, Yom gila yavo, yavo! Op. 17. Tehila Nini Goldstein (soprano), Jascha Nemtsov (piano). Hänssler Classic, 2020, HC20039

References

Further reading

 Mechoulan, Henry (1992) Les Juifs d'Espagne histoire d'une diaspora 1492-1992, Liana Levi, Paris.
 Hemsi, Alberto (1924) La Musique traditionnelle chez les juifs sefardim d'Orient, Hamernora, Constantinople, Organe du Bene Berith du District d'Orient.
 Hemsi, Alberto (1974) SEPHARAD ou d'une Espagne méconnue, Paris.
 Adonay, Santo (1959) Judaïsme Sepharadi, Organe mensuel de l'union universelle des communautés séphardites, Paris.
 Benbassa, Esther and Aron, Rodrique, (2002) Hisoire des Juifs sépharades de Tolède à salonique, Paris, Du Seuil.
 Hemsi, Alberto (1929) La Musique Orientale en Egypte, Études et Polémiques, Alexandria, Edition orientale de Musique.
 Séroussi, Edwin, Díaz-Mas, Paloma, Pedrosa, José Manuel, and Romero, Elena (1995) Alberto Hemsi Cancionero sefardî, Jerusalem.
 Roda, Jessica (2007) Alberto Hemsi et les Coplas Sefardies. Analyse musicologique d'une oeuvre inspirée de la musique judéo-espagnole", master theses, Université Paris-Sorbonne (unpublished).
 Roda, Jessica (2018) Se réinventer au présent. Les Judéo-espagnols de France. Famille, communauté et patrimoine musical. Presses universitaires de Rennes.

1898 births
1975 deaths
Turkish composers
Turkish Jews
Composers for piano
Jewish composers
20th-century classical composers
Turkish ethnomusicologists
Milan Conservatory alumni
People from Turgutlu
Male classical composers
20th-century musicologists
20th-century male musicians

Alberto Hemsi


The Duckworth-Lewis-Stern (DLS) method is a way of measuring the value of the runs scored by both teams in a limited overs cricket game when one team's scoring turn is made shorter than the other team's scoring turn because the game has been shortened midway (such as due to a rain delay).

For example, if one team bats for 100 deliveries in their scoring turn, and then rain stops the game, the time remaining in the game may only allow the second team to receive a maximum of 50 deliveries. Therefore the Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method is used to calculate a fair target for the second team considering the reduced remaining deliveries in the game.

The DLS formula also looks at the number of batters that are out on a team when re-calculating the target score for the team batting second.

.

References

Cricket

Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method


La Vanguardia is a Spanish daily newspaper from Barcelona. It was founded in 1881. It is the most read newspaper in Catalonia. Since 2011, there's also an edition in Catalan. By circulation, it is the forth most popular newspaper. The three others are national newspapers from Madrid, El País, El Mundo, and ABC.

Newspapers published in Spain
Spanish-language newspapers

La Vanguardia


My Philosophical Development is a 1959 book by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, in which the author summarizes his philosophical beliefs and explains how they changed during his life.

Summary

Russell gives an account of his philosophical development. He describes his Hegelian period and includes hitherto unpublished notes for a Hegelian philosophy of science.  He deals next with the two-fold revolution involved with his abandonment of idealism and adoption of a mathematical logic founded upon that of Giuseppe Peano.  After two chapters on Principia Mathematica (1910-1913), he passes to the problems of perception as dealt with in Our Knowledge of the External World (1914).  In a chapter on 'The Impact of Wittgenstein', Russell examines what he now thinks must be accepted and what rejected in that philosopher's work.  He notes the changes from earlier theories required by the adoption of William James's view that sensation is not essentially relational and is not per se a form of knowledge. In an explanatory chapter, he endeavors to remove misconceptions of and objections to his theories as to the relation of perception to scientific knowledge. Russell concludes with a reprint of some articles on modern Oxford philosophy.

References

1959 non-fiction books
Allen & Unwin books
Biographies and autobiographies of mathematicians
Books by Bertrand Russell
English-language books

My Philosophical Development


As We Fight is a metalcore baund frae Fredericia, Denmark.

Biography
The baund wis formed somewhaur aroond  1999-2000 bi Jason Campbell (vocals) an Thomas Toft (drums). Efter a lot o lineup chynges, especially on guitar an bass, Martin Olsen (guitar), Laurits Medom (vocals) an Søren Hvidt (bass) joined in 2001. A name chynge frae the oreeginal baund name Fisticuffs an a few concerts later, includin supportin act for the Dens baund Barcode, Thomas Toft wis replaced bi Casper Sennenwald.

Shortly efter this thay recordit thair ep The Darkness Of Apocalypse Has Fallen Before Us. A year later thay recordit Black Nails And Bloody Wrist. Efter the recordin Michael Dahl (guitar) left the baund an Martin Goltermann joined. In 2006 thay recordit Midnight Tornado an Casper Sennenwald left the baund tae stairt a baund mair his style. Baith Jason Campbell an Laurits Medom later left the baund. The ae member left o the lineup that formed thair early soond is Martin Olsen.

The baund's 3rd album, "Meet Your Maker" wis released on the 29 Mey 2009.

Members
 Laurits Medom - Vocals (2001-2007, 2011-present) (foonder) - an aa in Last Mile
 Jesper "Jewer" Vicencio Gün - Vocals (2007-Present)
 Martin "Gun/Golter" Goltermann - Guitar (2004-Present)
 Martin "O" Olsen - Guitar (foonder) (2001-Present)
 Søren "Steel" Hvidt - Bass (2001-Present)
 Niels "Niller" Plum - Drums (2006-Present)

Umwhile members
 Esben "Esse" Elnegaard Kjaer Hansen - Vocals (2008-2011)
 Jason Campbell - Vocals (2000-2008) (foonder) (nou in hardcore baund Last Mile)
 Thomas Toft - Drums (2000-2001) (foonder)
 Casper Sennenwald - Drums (2001-2006) - Nou in Le Petit Mort / SEXXX
 Michael Dahl - Guitar (2001-2004)

Discography
 The Darkness Of Apocalypse Has Fallen Before Us (EP) (2003)
 Black Nails And Bloody Wrists (Album) (2004)
 Midnight Tornado (Album) (2006)
 Meet Your Maker (Album) (2009)

References

Freemit airtins
Offeecial Wabsteid
As We Fight Myspace

Dens metalcore muisical groups
Muisical groups established in 2000
Muisical sextets

As We Fight


Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier is a 2017 video game based on the Planet of the Apes franchise. Taking place between Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) and War for the Planet of the Apes (2017), the game was announced by Andy Serkis during an interview on War. A PlayStation 4 version was released on November 21, 2017, and versions for the Xbox One and Microsoft Windows were also planned at that time, but didn't release until nearly a year later.

Gameplay
Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier takes story cues from the film, aiming to be just as morally ambiguous, with no heroes or villains and no black and white decisions.

Players control a cast of 14 humans and apes throughout the game, who can live or die based on their decisions. Like many decision-making narratives, there are multiple endings possible depending on what actions players take. There are 3 general endings to the game; apes win, humans win, or peace among the two. However, there are several endings within the 3 general scenarios depending on the characters that live and die, and the general choices made throughout.

Further, the game seeks to be an even closer intersection between games and films than similar products, such as Telltale titles. It will run between 2–3 hours and the player's only input will be entirely choice-based decisions. There are no puzzles, no exploration, nor any direct control over characters.

Plot
Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier is notably set around a year after Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, and is centered around a breakaway faction of apes who previously followed ape renegade, Koba. The faction takes refuge in the Rocky Mountains from the chaotic and still ongoing ape vs human war. However, the apes soon find themselves forced to descend into a human-owned valley as winter approaches and food is running low.

The game follows both apes and humans with the ape tribe being centred around a chimpanzee family consisting of the tribe leader, Khan and his 3 sons; Bryn, Tola, and Juno, along with Tola's gorilla comrade Brutus and Khan's orangutan adviser Clarence. The humans are farmers living off the land in a small village where a town used to stand. They follow Jess, the wife of the former and now deceased town mayor.

Many apes died in the war with Alpha-Omega led by Colonel McCullough while others, fearing the extinction of their kind, fled to start a new life far away from San Francisco, Caesar and the human soldiers. One of these new tribes was led by Khan, who lost his wife and led his apes far north. After many months of searching, Khan and his sons, Tola, Bryn and Juno found a mountain that the tribe could call home. However, now that summer is ending, food is running out and the tribe is beginning to starve. As each day passes, food becomes scarcer and the tribe's hunters have to venture farther away from the safety of their mountain.

Unknown to Khan and his troop of apes, nestled in the mountain valley floor, a human settlement has survived the Simian Flu apocalypse. A hundred souls live in a fortified compound, once the nucleus of a thriving town known as Millerton. Food is scarce and new mayor Jess Ross has to marshal her people as they struggle daily to make a life for Millerton. Times are hard with little communication from the outside, the townsfolk must rely on their crops and cattle to survive the upcoming winter.

Soon the apes will come face to face with humans for the first time in their new home. The choices you make as leader will affect both groups as well as how you are perceived by your friends and your foes. Your decisions have consequences for the survival of ape and human alike.

Development
Andy Serkis mentioned in October 2016 that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game, for which he performed motion capture. In August 2017, the game has been announced as Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier, which released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC in fall 2017. In mid-September 2017 it was announced that the game would have a multiplayer aspect where several players could vote on the choices being made.

It was released for Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on August 24, 2018.

Reception
On Metacritic, the PlayStation 4 version has a score of 59, indicating "Mixed or average reviews."

References

External links

2017 video games
Action-adventure games
Planet of the Apes
PlayStation 4 games
Science fiction video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games about primates
Video games based on films
Video games based on adaptations
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox One games

Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier


Area code 412 is an area code for Pennsylvania. It was one of the initial area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the entire southwestern corner of the state but after it was split by 724, it is now a doughnut area code with 724 surrounding it. It covers cities such as Pittsburgh, Carnegie, Robinson Township, Franklin Park, and Ross Township. It was overlaid by 878 in 2001, which also overlaid 724.

Area code 412


Richard Wellington Townshend (April 30, 1840 – March 9, 1889) was a lawyer and U.S. Representative from Illinois.

Born near Upper Marlboro, Maryland, Townshend moved to Washington, D.C., in 1846. He attended public and private schools. He moved to Cairo, Illinois, in 1858. He taught school in Fayette County. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1862 and commenced practice in McLeansboro, Illinois. He served as clerk of the circuit court of Hamilton County 1863-1868. He served as prosecuting attorney for the twelfth judicial circuit of Illinois 1868-1872. He served as member of the Democratic State central committee in 1864, 1865, 1874, and 1875. He served as delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1872.
He moved to Shawneetown, Illinois, in 1873 and resumed the practice of law. Townshend was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fifth and to the six succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1877, until his death in Washington, D.C., March 9, 1889.

He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Navy (Forty-sixth Congress), Committee on Military Affairs (Fiftieth Congress). Townshend said that the Jim Crow era South (controlled by his fellow Democrats) had "turned her face to the sun of freedom". However, he accused supporters of Chinese immigration of supporting slavery and quoted bigoted views of the Chinese describing them as "debased" and describing Chinese cities as "abominations". He was interred in Rock Creek Cemetery.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

External links

1840 births
1889 deaths
Illinois lawyers
American prosecutors
People from Cairo, Illinois
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois
19th-century American politicians
People from Shawneetown, Illinois
19th-century American lawyers

Richard W. Townshend


The Band Wagon is a 1953 American musical romantic comedy film directed by Vincente Minnelli, starring Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse. It tells the story of an aging musical star who hopes a Broadway show will restart his career. However, the play's director wants to make it a pretentious retelling of the  Faust legend and brings in a prima ballerina who clashes with the star. Along with Singin' in the Rain (1952), it is regarded as one of the finest Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musicals, although it was a modest box-office success on first release.

The songs were written by the team of composer Arthur Schwartz and lyricist Howard Dietz. Schwartz was a prolific Hollywood composer who teamed with numerous lyricists over the years, while Dietz, a studio publicist, generally collaborated with Schwartz. Some of the songs in the film had been created for the original 1931 Broadway musical by Schwartz and Dietz, also titled The Band Wagon, with a book by George S. Kaufman and starring Fred Astaire and his sister Adele. The movie's dances and musical numbers were staged by Michael Kidd.

The song "That's Entertainment!", which Schwartz and Dietz wrote specifically for the film, was a hit and has become a standard in popular music. Another song orchestrated by Conrad Salinger, "Dancing in the Dark", is considered part of the Great American Songbook and was from the original Broadway production. Astaire's early number in the film, "A Shine on Your Shoes", was written for a 1932 Broadway revue with music and lyrics by Dietz and Schwartz titled Flying Colors. (It was originally performed by the dancing team of Buddy and Vilma Ebsen). In the film version of The Band Wagon, the song was reworked as a specialty number by jazz arranger Skip Martin to showcase all of Astaire's musical talents.

The musical director was Adolph Deutsch and the production was designed by Oliver Smith working for the first time in motion pictures. The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Costume Design, Color, Best Music, Scoring of a Musical Picture and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay.

Screenwriters Betty Comden and Adolph Green, who received the nomination for the screenplay, patterned the film's characters Lester and Lily Marton after themselves; however, the fictional characters were a married couple, and Comden and Green were not romantically involved. The character of an overachieving impresario was developed with the successful producer-director-actor José Ferrer in mind.

In 1995, The Band Wagon was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2006, this film ranked number 17 on the American Film Institute's list of best musicals.

Plot
Tony Hunter, once a famous star of musical comedies on stage and later on screen, is largely forgotten after three years without appearing in a film. He returns from Hollywood to New York. At Grand Central Terminal, he is recognized but almost ignored by reporters who are there by chance as Ava Gardner is on the same train. However, he is greeted enthusiastically by his good friends Lester and Lily Marton, and they tell him they have written a stage show, a light musical comedy, that will be a perfect comeback for Tony. They will also act in it, and they already have caught the interest of Jeffrey Cordova, who they say can do anything: Currently he is starring in, as well as directing, a new adaptation of Oedipus Rex that he wrote based on the original Greek story.

As soon as Jeffrey hears Lily outline the play, he declares it to be a brilliant reinterpretation of the Faust legend, which should star Tony and himself as the characters corresponding to Faust and the Devil. The Martons are delighted that he will be acting as well as directing, but Tony is dubious about the Faust idea. Jeffrey declares that the boundaries between genres in the theater are artificial, and "Bill Shakespeare" and Bill Robinson are all parts of the same whole. Tony agrees, and Jeffrey has the Martons rewrite the play as a dark, pretentious musical drama (when Lester also becomes dubious, Lily insists that one person must be in charge and Jeffrey can succeed at anything).

Jeffrey does succeed in arranging for the beautiful and talented ballerina Gabrielle "Gaby" Gerard to join the production, along with Paul Byrd, who is her boyfriend, choreographer, and manager—even though he always insisted that a musical play would be beneath her. When Tony and Gaby meet, they become sarcastic and hostile to each other, but this is actually because they are insecure: Each of them feels much less talented than the other.

Eventually, it all proves too much for Tony, and he walks out. Gaby follows to meet him privately. In his hotel room, she comments that the paintings by famous artists on the wall are better reproductions than usual in a hotel; he says they are his own property, and are originals. She recognizes a painting of ballerinas as an early Degas. Tony and Gaby put their troubles aside, go for a horse-drawn carriage ride, dance together, and realize they can work together after all. They also begin to fall in love.

When the first out-of-town tryout in New Haven proves disastrous, Tony demands that Jeffrey convert the production back into the light comedy that the Martons had envisioned. Jeffrey says that while they will have to find new backers because the original ones have walked out, he will be happy to appear in that show—if Tony is in charge of it. Tony accepts, using his art collection to finance the production.  Paul says the show is no longer suitable for Gaby and walks out, expecting her to follow, but she is pleased to stay and work with Tony.

After some weeks on tour to perfect the new lighthearted musical numbers, the revised show proves to be a hit on its Broadway opening, and Gaby and Tony are together now.

Cast

 Fred Astaire as Tony Hunter
 Cyd Charisse as Gabrielle Gerard
 Oscar Levant as Lester Marton
 Nanette Fabray as Lily Marton
 Jack Buchanan as Jeffrey Cordova
 James Mitchell as Paul Byrd
 Robert Gist as Hal Benton

Uncredited
 India Adams as the singing voice of Cyd Charisse
 Ava Gardner as herself (cameo)
 Thurston Hall as Colonel Tripp
 Douglas Fowley as auctioneer
 Madge Blake as investor
 Judy Landon as dancer in troupe
 Bobby Watson as Bobby
 Sue Casey as tall girl in arcade
 Leroy Daniels as shoeshine man in arcade in "Shine on Your Shoes"
 Henry Corden as orchestra leader
 Julie Newmar as model / chorine in "Girl Hunt Ballet"
 Fred Aldrich as hot dog vendor
 Richard Alexander as stagehand
 Jimmy Thompson as Jimmy
 Roy Engel as reporter
 Emory Parnell as man on train
 Herb Vigran as man on train
 Dee Turnell as Barbara
 Dee Hartford as model in "Girl Hunt Ballet"

Musical numbers

Source:

 "By Myself" – Tony (introduced in the stage musical Between the Devil)
 "Shine on Your Shoes" – Tony and a shoeshine man (Leroy Daniels; the song was first introduced in the stage musical Flying Colors)
 "That's Entertainment!" – Jeffrey, with Tony, Lester and Lily
 "The Beggars Waltz" – danced by Gabrielle, James Mitchell, and corps de ballet
 "High and Low" – Chorus
 "Dancing in the Dark" – danced by Tony and Gabrielle
 "You and the Night and the Music" – Chorus, danced by Tony and Gabrielle
 "Something to Remember You By" – Chorus
 "I Love Louisa" – Tony, Lester, and Lily
 "New Sun in the Sky" – Gabrielle
 "I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plan" – Tony and Jeffrey
 "Louisiana Hayride" – Lily and Chorus (the song was first introduced in the stage musical Flying Colors)
 "Triplets" – Tony, Jeffrey, and Lily (the performers dance on their knees, costumed in baby attire; the song was first introduced in the stage musical Between the Devil)
 "The Girl Hunt Ballet" (inspired by the novels of Mickey Spillane) – danced by Tony and Gabrielle
 "That's Entertainment!" (reprise/finale) – Lester, Gabrielle, Jeffrey, Tony and Lily

One musical number shot for the film, but dropped from the final release, was a seductive dance routine featuring Charisse performing "Two-Faced Woman". As with the other Charisse songs, her singing was dubbed by India Adams. Adams' recording of the song was reused for Torch Song (1953) for a musical number featuring Joan Crawford. The retrospective That's Entertainment! III (1994) released the Charisse version to the public for the first time. This footage was included with the 2005 DVD release of The Band Wagon.

Reception
In seven weeks at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, the film grossed $1,044,000, one of the higher grossing films at the theater. According to MGM records, the film earned them distributor rentals of $2.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $1,202,000 in other countries, resulting in a loss of $1,185,000.

Stage adaptation

A musical stage adaptation, titled Dancing in the Dark, ran at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego from March 4 to April 20, 2008, with plans to bring the show to Broadway. Gary Griffin directed, with a book by Douglas Carter Beane and choreography by Warren Carlyle. The cast included Patrick Page as the "deliciously pretentious" director-actor-producer Jeffrey Cordova, Mara Davi playing Gabrielle Gerard, and Scott Bakula as "song-and-dance man" Tony Hunter.

In the Variety review of the musical, Bob Verini wrote: "There's no reason this reconstituted Band Wagon can't soar once it jettisons its extraneous and self-contradictory elements."

A revised version of the stage adaptation under the name The Band Wagon was presented in a staged concert in November 2014 as part of a New York City Center Encores! special event. The cast starred Brian Stokes Mitchell, Tracey Ullman, Michael McKean, Tony Sheldon, and Laura Osnes, with direction and choreography by Kathleen Marshall.

Impact

In Michael Jackson's music videos for "Smooth Criminal" (1988) and "You Rock My World" (2001), he pays tribute to The Band Wagon with a similar dance and bar fight sequence performed in a 1920–1930s style lounge. Dancers perform similar moves and wear comparable period clothing in Jackson's videos. In "Smooth Criminal", Jackson wears a white suit with a blue-collared shirt and a white hat with a black stripe on it, replicating Astaire's outfit from "The Girl Hunt Ballet", The Band Wagon finale. For "You Rock My World", he imitates Astaire's choreography. Jackson's "Billie Jean" music video features similar elements as those of the "Girl Hunt Ballet": The storefront scenery through which the paparazzo conducts his manhunt and the animal print cloth he finds for a clue are two allusions to the original work. Using the line "she came at me in sections" for the titular song of his album Dangerous, Jackson notably pays homage to the film on at least three successive albums.

Steve Martin and Gilda Radner performed a serio-comic parody homage to the "Dancing in the Dark" dance segment on an episode of Saturday Night Live, originally broadcast on April 22, 1978.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Howard Dietz and Arthur Schwartz at Masterworks Broadway
 Newsweek discussion transcript about The Band Wagon
  (1931 stage musical)

1953 films
1953 musical comedy films
1953 romantic comedy films
1950s American films
1950s English-language films
1950s romantic musical films
American musical comedy films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
Films about musical theatre
Films directed by Vincente Minnelli
Films produced by Arthur Freed
Films scored by Adolph Deutsch
Films set in New York City
Films with screenplays by Betty Comden and Adolph Green
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Musicals by Arthur Schwartz
United States National Film Registry films

The Band Wagon


In hydrology, a well test is conducted to evaluate the amount of water that can be pumped from a particular water well.  More specifically, a well test will allow prediction of the maximum rate at which water can be pumped from a well, and the distance that the water level in the well will fall for a given pumping rate and duration of pumping.

Well testing differs from aquifer testing in that the behaviour of the well is primarily of concern in the former, while the characteristics of the aquifer (the geological formation or unit that supplies water to the well) are quantified in the latter.

When water is pumped from a well the water level in the well falls.  This fall is called drawdown.  The amount of water that can be pumped is limited by the drawdown produced.  Typically, drawdown also increases with the length of time that the pumping continues.

Well losses vs. aquifer losses
The components of observed drawdown in a pumping well were first described by Jacob (1947), and the test was refined independently by Hantush (1964) and Bierschenk (1963) as consisting of two related components,
,

where s is drawdown (units of length e.g., m),  is the pumping rate (units of volume flowrate e.g., m³/day),  is the aquifer loss coefficient (which increases with time — as predicted by the Theis solution) and  is the well loss coefficient (which is constant for a given flow rate).

The first term of the equation () describes the linear component of the drawdown; i.e., the part in which doubling the pumping rate doubles the drawdown.

The second term () describes what is often called the 'well losses'; the non-linear component of the drawdown.  To quantify this it is necessary to pump the well at several different flow rates (commonly called steps).  Rorabaugh (1953) added to this analysis by making the exponent an arbitrary power (usually between 1.5 and 3.5).

To analyze this equation, both sides are divided by the discharge rate (), leaving  on the left side, which is commonly referred to as specific drawdown. The right hand side of the equation becomes that of a straight line. Plotting the specific drawdown after a set amount of time () since the beginning of each step of the test (since drawdown will continue to increase with time) versus pumping rate should produce a straight line.

Fitting a straight line through the observed data, the slope of the best fit line will be  (well losses) and the intercept of this line with  will be  (aquifer losses).  This process is fitting an idealized model to real world data, and seeing what parameters in the model make it fit reality best. The assumption is then made that these fitted parameters best represent reality (given the assumptions that went into the model are true).

The relationship above is for fully penetrating wells in confined aquifers (the same assumptions used in the Theis solution for determining aquifer characteristics in an aquifer test).

Well efficiency
Often the well efficiency is determined from this sort of test, this is a percentage indicating the fraction of total observed drawdown in a pumping well which is due to aquifer losses (as opposed to being due to flow through the well screen and inside the borehole). A perfectly efficient well, with perfect well screen and where the water flows inside the well in a frictionless manner would have 100% efficiency. Unfortunately well efficiency is hard to compare between wells because it depends on the characteristics of the aquifer too (the same amount of well losses compared to a more transmissive aquifer would give a lower efficiency).

Specific capacity
Specific capacity is a quantity that which a water well can produce per unit of drawdown. It is normally obtained from a step drawdown test. Specific capacity is expressed as:

where
 is the specific capacity ([L2T−1]; m²/day or USgal/day/ft)
 is the pumping rate ([L3T−1]; m³/day or USgal/day), and
 is the drawdown ([L]; m or ft)
The specific capacity of a well is also a function of the pumping rate it is determined at.  Due to non-linear well losses the specific capacity will decrease with higher pumping rates.  This complication makes the absolute value of specific capacity of little use; though it is useful for comparing the efficiency of the same well through time (e.g., to see if the well requires rehabilitation).

References
 Bierschenk, William H., 1963. Determining well efficiency by multiple step-drawdown tests. International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 64:493-507.
 Hantush, Mahdi S., 1964. Advances in Hydroscience, chapter Hydraulics of Wells, pp 281–442. Academic Press.
 Jacob, C.E., 1947. Drawdown test to determine effective radius of artesian well. Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, 112(2312):1047-1070.
 Rorabaugh, M.I., 1953. Graphical and theoretical analysis of step-drawdown test of artesian wells. Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, 79(separate 362):1-23.

Additional references on pumping test analysis methods other than the one described above (typically referred to as the Hantush-Bierschenk method) can be found in the general references on aquifer tests and hydrogeology.

See also
 Hydrogeology
 Aquifer and Groundwater

Aquifers
Hydrology
Hydraulic engineering
Water wells

Well test


Kenneth A. Farley is a noble gas isotope geochemist and Professor of Geochemistry at the California Institute of Technology. He holds the W. M. Keck Foundation professorship and was the chairman of the
Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at Caltech from 2004 to 2014. Farley specializes in the study of the accumulation of cosmic dust in seafloor sediments through analysis of the presence of Helium-3, and in the isotopic composition of mid-oceanic and volcanic island basalts.  Farley earned a B.S. in chemistry at Yale University in 1986 and his Ph.D. in geochemistry at the University of California, San Diego in 1991 under the guidance of Scripps Institution of Oceanography geochemist Harmon Craig.  In 2000, to recognize the innovative and potentially beneficial nature of his research, Farley was awarded the  National Academy of Science Award for Initiatives in Research. He is a member of both the National Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Since 2013 he has been project scientist for NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover mission.

References

External links
 Farley's web site at Caltech

Living people
American geochemists
California Institute of Technology faculty
Yale College alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

Kenneth Farley


In telecommunication, the term RF power margin has the following meanings:

The amount of transmitter power above that which is computed by the link designer as the minimum required to meet specified link performance.  The RF power margin allows for uncertainties in (a) empirical components of the signal level prediction method, (b) terrain characteristics, (c) atmospheric conditions, and (d) equipment performance parameters.
At any given time in an operational link, the reserve transmitter power over that which is required to maintain specified link performance.

References

Radio technology
Radio transmission power

RF power margin


Paul Milliet (14 February 1848 – 21 November 1924) was a French playwright and librettist of the Parisian Belle Époque.

His opera librettos include Jules Massenet's Hérodiade (1881) and Werther (1892), Alfred Bruneau's Kérim (1887), Spyridon Samaras's La biondinetta (1903), Mademoiselle de Belle Isle (1905) and Rhea (1908) and Camille Erlanger's Forfaiture (1921). He was married to soprano Ada Adini.

Works
Opera
1881: Hérodiade, opera in 4 acts and 7 tableaux, with Henri Grémont, music by Jules Massenet, Brussels, La Monnaie, 19 December
1883: Mathias Corvin, one-act opéra comique, with Jules Levallois, music by Sándor Bertha, Paris, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique
1887: Nadia, one-act opéra comique, music by Jules Bordier, Opéra-Populaire, 25 May
1887: Kérim, three-act drame lyrique, music by Alfred Bruneau, Théâtre du Château d'Eau, 9 June
1891: Néron, pantomime in 3 acts, music by Édouard Lalo, Hippodrome au pont de l'Alma, 28 March.
1892: Werther, drame lyrique in 4 acts and 5 tableaux, after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, with Édouard Blau and Georges Hartmann, music by Jules Massenet, Wiener Staatsoper, 16 February
1895: Amy Robsart, opera in 3 acts and 4 tableaux, en prose rythmée, after Walter Scott, with Augustus Harris, music by Isidore de Lara, London, Drury Lane
1896: André Chénier, historical drama in 4 tableaux, by Luigi Illica, French version by Paul Milliet, Milan, La Scala
1898: Cavalleria rusticana, drame lyrique in 2 acts, by Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti and Guido Menasci, French version by Paul Milliet, music by Pietro Mascagni
1899: Le Duc de Ferrare, drame lyrique, music by Georges Marty, Théâtre de la Renaissance, 30 May
1900: Martin et Martine, Flemish tale in 3 acts, music by Émile Trépard, Théâtre de la Renaissance, 6 February
1901: Chopin, opera in 4 acts compose by Giacomo Orefice on melodies by Frédéric Chopin, poem by , French version by Paul Milliet
1902: Adriana Lecouvreur, comédie-drame by Eugène Scribe and Ernest Legouvé shortened to 4 acts by Arturo Colautti, French version by Paul Milliet, music by Francesco Cilea
1903: Storia d'amore o La biondinetta, opéra, music by Spyros Samaras, Milan, Teatro Lirico Internazionale
1904: Le Réveil du Bouddha, mystère lyrique in 3 episodes, music by Isidore de Lara, Gand, Théâtre Royal, 1 December
1905: Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle, drame lyrique in 4 acts, music by Spyros Samaras, Genoa, Teatro Politeama
1908: Rhea, drame musical in 3 parts, music by Spyros Samaras, Florence, Teatro Verdi
1911: Sibéria, drame lyrique in 3 acts, by Luigi Illica, French version by Paul Milliet, Opéra Garnier, 9 June
1912: Le Cobzar, drame lyrique in 2 acts, with Hélène Vacaresco, music by Gabrielle Ferrari, Opéra Garnier, 30 March
1913: Le Château de la Bretèche, drame lyrique in 4 acts and 5 tableaux, after the short story by Balzac, with Jacques Dor, music by Albert Dupuis, Nice, Opéra, 28 March
1913: La vida breve, poem in 2 acts and 4 tableaux, by Carlos Fernández Shaw, French version by Paul Milliet, music by Manuel de Falla, , 1 April
1913: Le Drapeau, patriotic tale in 2 acts, after the short story by Jules Claretie, music by Charles Pons, Paris, Théâtre de la Gaîté-Lyrique, 1913
1921: Forfaiture, musical comedy in 5 episodes, after the film by Hector Turnbill, with André de Lorde, music by Camille Erlanger, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 9 February
1930: La Grand'mère, comédie lyrique in 2 acts, after Victor Hugo, music by Charles Silver, Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, 7 October
Theatre
1885: Le Roi de l'argent, five-act drama, Théâtre de l'Ambigu, 13 November
1904: Electra, five-act play, by Benito Pérez Galdós, adaptation by Paul Milliet, Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, 20 May
Varia
1873: Notes romantiques à propos de Marion Delorme, preface by Alfred de Musset
1874: De l'origine du théâtre à Paris
1874: Premières poésies : Avril. Le Livre d'heures de l'amour. De tout un peu
1888: Chants français, lyrics and music collected by Paul Milliet, under the direction and with a preface by Paul Déroulède

References

External links

 Paul Milliet on data.bnf.fr

See also

 Félix Milliet

People from Rio de Janeiro (city)
1848 births
1924 deaths
French opera librettists
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French male writers
20th-century French male writers
Belle Époque

Paul Milliet


The Vishnu Temple, Bhubaneswar is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu situated on the eastern embankment of Bindu Sagar at Talabazar, on the right side of the Talabazar road leading from Lingaraj temple to  Kedara-Gouri lane in Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, India. The temple faces west and the Sanctum is used for storage purposes. The sculptural embellishment on the outer wall and the parsavadevatas in raha niche suggests that the temple was originally dedicated to Vishnu.

The Temple
The temple is estimated to have built during the 12th century AD with Rekha deul topology.

 Surrounding: The Temple is surrounded by Bindusagara tank in the west at a distance of 8.00 metres across the road, Ananta Vasudeva Temple in the north at a distance of 10.00 metres, Ananta Vasudev bhogamandapa in the east at a distance of 1.00 metres and local shops in the south.

Architecture
The talajangha is carved with a series of khakhara mundi pilasters and bandhana has three mouldings without any carvings. The upara jangha is carved with a series of pidhamundi. The baranda has five mouldings and Gandi is plain except udyota simha in the central raha and dopichha simha at the above the kanika paga.

The doorjambs are carved with three vertical bands of puspa sakha, nara sakha and lata sakha. At the base of the jambs there are two  pidha mundi dvarapala niches that house unusual kind of doorkeepers of male and female figures. At the lalatabimba there is a Gajalaxmi panel sitting in  lalitasana over a lotus pedestal. While her left hand is holding lotus the right hand is in varada mudra. The deity is flanked by two full blown lotuses.  Inside the Sanctum, the eastern wall is carved with two large sized pidha mundi niches, which was originally enshrining the presiding deity, which is now missing.

Bibliography
 Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan ()

See also
 List of temples in Bhubaneswar

External links
 Vishnu Temple - Bhubaneswar - Bada

Purana temples of Vishnu
Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar
Vishnu temples
12th-century Hindu temples

Vishnu Temple, Bhubaneswar


Agriculture is a significant sector in Wisconsin's economy, producing nearly $104 billion in revenue annually. The significance of the state's agricultural production is exemplified by the depiction of a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese on Wisconsin's state quarter design. In 2017 there were 64,800 farms in the state, operating across 14.3 million acres of land.

Overview
The climate and topography of Wisconsin is favorable to both arable crops and livestock grazing. Wisconsin's soil was ground up over thousand of years during the Wisconsin glaciation, creating soil that is good for crops. The state has a short growing season, but lacks much of the natural disasters that threaten crops. Wisconsin's winters allow cool weather crops to be grown, including potatoes and cranberries. Corn and soybeans, warm weather crops, can still grow well during the summers. The rain in the north and west ranges from  to , and drops to  in the area around Lake Superior.

Leading products
Wisconsin leads the United States in the production of corn for silage, cranberries, ginseng, and snap beans for processing. The state grows more than half the national crop of cranberries, and 97% of the nation's ginseng. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of oats, potatoes, carrots, tart cherries, maple syrup, and sweet corn for processing.

Dairy

Wisconsin produces about a quarter of America's cheese, leading the nation in cheese production. It is second in milk production, after California, and third in per-capita milk production, behind California and Vermont. Wisconsin is second in butter production, producing about one-quarter of the nation's butter.

Cranberries
Wisconsin produces 60% of America's cranberries. In 2016, the state grew 6.13 million barrels of cranberries from over 20,000 acres of cranberry fields.

History
The indigenous people of Wisconsin farmed a variety of vegetables and maize. The Oneota were the first people to farm intensively, around the Mississippi River. In year 1000, the Oneota, much like other Native Americans, were farming the Three Sisters—maize, beans, and squash. Aztalan State Park is the location of one of the farming towns built at this time. In the 1600s, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the population reached approximately 100,000.

Wisconsin was a frontier to many people in the Northeastern states—offering lots of fresh land for cheap. In the mid-19th century, Wisconsin's population increased from 11,683 in 1836, to 210,546 in 1848, many of whom were farmers. Prior to this influx of settlers, farms in Wisconsin mainly produced wheat. At this time, Wisconsin was producing about a sixth of the wheat grown in the country. However, this production could not last, and due to the worsening of soil, and chinch bugs, Wisconsin wheat farmers abandoned the crop and turned to raising dairy cattle and growing feed crops.

In the northern region of the state, farmers grew cranberries. Cranberries are well suited to Wisconsin—not needing hot temperatures, growing in marshlands, and resistant to the extreme cold. Cranberries need little care, and are easy to grow.

The settlers brought their knowledge of the dairy industry with them, realizing the potential of Wisconsin as good farmland. Many of these settlers were from New York, which was the highest producer of dairy products at the time. Additionally, cheesemaking was brought to Wisconsin by the numerous European immigrants at this time.

In the second half of the 19th century, commercial fruit production began in Door County, Wisconsin.

Effects of climate change

See also
 1933 Wisconsin milk strike
 Minnesota-Wisconsin price

References

Sources

Agriculture in Wisconsin
Economy of Wisconsin

Agriculture in Wisconsin


Toft Hill is a hilltop village in County Durham, in England straggling along the A68, a few miles to the west of Bishop Auckland and adjoining the village of High Etherley. An ancient site of defensive settlement and used by the Romans, the name of Toft Hill is possibly of Norse or Angle derivation and means "Hill Hill". The village is underlaid by coal measures and saw expansion in the 19th century mining boom under the coal-owning Stobart family. The various drifts of their Carterthorne Colliery formed large extended galleries beneath the village. In recent years much of the village's archaeology has been swept away by open cast mining.

Villages in County Durham

Toft Hill, County Durham


The Hobart Statesmen are composed of 11 teams representing Hobart and William Smith Colleges in intercollegiate athletics, including men's basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, sailing, soccer, squash, and tennis. The Statesmen compete in the NCAA Division III and are members of the Liberty League for all sports except men's volleyball (joining the United Volleyball Conference in 2023–24), men's ice hockey (NEHC), and men's lacrosse, which competes in NCAA Division I, as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference.

History
Originally known as the Hobart Deacons, Hobart's athletic teams became known as the "Statesmen" in 1936, following the football team's season opener against Amherst College. The morning after the game, The New York Times referred to the team as "the statesmen from Geneva", and the name stuck.

Football
Offensive linesman Ali Marpet, drafted in the second round, 61st overall, of the 2015 NFL draft, is the highest-drafted pick in the history of Division III football. He was three-time All-Liberty League first team (2012, 2013, 2014), and 2014 Liberty League Co-Offensive Player of the Year—the first offensive lineman in league history to be so honored. Ali Marpet became a Super Bowl champion in 2021.

Lacrosse

Hobart lacrosse was started in 1898, playing their first game against rival Cornell. Hobart won 2–1. Hobart became one of the 12 charter members of the U.S. Intercollegiate Lacrosse League in 1906.

The Statesmen lacrosse team has compiled 16 national championships in three different classifications: USILA College Division (1), NCAA Division II/III Combined (2), and NCAA Division III (13). The Statesmen won the first 12 NCAA Division III championships, from 1980 to 1991.

In 1995, Hobart promoted its team from Division III to Division I to preserve the lacrosse rivalry with Cornell and Syracuse. In 2008, the continuation of the series was put in jeopardy when the Hobart Board of Trustees decided to reclassify its lacrosse program back to the Division III level on April 26. After an emotional reaction from the alumni community, however, the decision was reversed on May 1. The following day, Cornell played the first night game at Hobart's Boswell Field.

Ice hockey
The Statesmen ice hockey team is led by Mark Taylor. Since the 2000–2001 season, Coach Taylor has led the Statesmen to a 316–163–50 record and a .635 win percentage (as of 3/6/2016), and five 20-plus-win seasons. The Statesmen won the 2023 NCAA Division III Ice Hockey Championship, the first in program history.

Crew
The Hobart crew team has earned gold medals at the Head of The Charles Regatta, the ECAC National Invitational Regatta (most recently a gold in the 2nd varsity 8+ over the "Hometown Boys" of WPI in 2015), the NIRC Regatta (Most recently in 2019), and the IRA National Championships. While the Hobart crew team has won gold in every event they have entered since the inception of rowing as a Liberty League Sport, they failed to win the team championships only once (2004). The eventual champions, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, were known for having a large team and only able to defeat the Statesmen by securing a win in the 2nd Varsity 8+ – the only event that Hobart did not have an entry. However, over the past few seasons Hobart has fielded one of the most dominant 2nd Varsity 8's in school history. The crew team took part in the Henley Royal Regatta in Henley, England, in summer 2011, as well as summer 2015.

Rivalries
Hobart's archrival in football is Union College in Schenectady, New York. Other team rivalries include Clarkson University (Cross Country); Rensselaer (football, basketball); Rochester (football); Elmira, Utica and Manhattanville (hockey); Cornell (one of the oldest in lacrosse) and Syracuse (lacrosse); and Michigan (crew).

References

External links

Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Hobart Statesmen


Solar Frontier Kabushiki Kaisha is a Japanese photovoltaic company that develops and manufactures thin film solar cells using CIGS technology. It is a fully owned subsidiary of Showa Shell Sekiyu and located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The company was founded in 2006 as Showa Shell Solar, and renamed Solar Frontier in April 2010.

Background

Solar Frontier's parent company Showa Shell Sekiyu had been involved with solar energy since 1978. Production on a commercial scale of crystalline silicon modules for solar cells began in 1983, and research on CIS (copper-indium-selenium) technology began in 1993.

Manufacturing plants

Solar Frontier has manufacturing plants in Miyazaki Prefecture, where it develops and manufactures CIS solar panels, that combine CIGS and CIGSe materials. The company emphasizes the fact that it uses neither cadmium (Cd) nor lead (Pb) for its cells. CIGS technology often uses a thin (< 50 nm) CdS buffer layer, and the semiconductor material of rival CdTe-technology itself contains the toxic cadmium (Cd), while conventional crystalline silicon modules use a lead-containing solder material.

The company's largest plant is located at Kunitomi and has been operating since its soft opening in February, 2011, with a production capacity of close to 1 GW per year (900 MW).

In April 2015, Solar Frontier completed the construction of its fourth production plant, the 150-megawatt Tohoku Plant, in Ōhira, Miyagi Prefecture, which started commercial production in June 2016. The latest CIS line technology includes solar modules with conversion efficiencies of over 15%. When compared to the Kunitomi Plant, the Tohoku Plant requires only two-thirds the investment and manpower per megawatt. It also requires only one-third the time to manufacture a CIS solar panel.

CIS technology

CIS stands for the key ingredients copper, indium and selenium. CIS technology, however, uses a material that is a mixture of a solid solution of CIS (CuInSe) and CGS (CuGaSe) containing the element gallium. Depending on the ratio of CIS and CGS the chemical formula for the resulting CIGS semiconductor material is written as CuInxGa(1-x)Se2, where the value of x can vary from 1 (pure CIS) to 0 (pure CGS). In addition, Solar Frontier's semiconductor also contains sulfur. It is a tetrahedrally bonded semiconductor, with the chalcopyrite crystal structure. The bandgap varies continuously with x from about 1.0 eV (for copper indium selenide) to about 1.7 eV (for copper gallium selenide). Solar Frontier underlines the fact that their CIS modules generate a higher energy yield (kilowatt-hours per kilowatt-peak) in real world conditions than conventional crystalline silicon modules.

See also
 Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells (CIGS technology)
 Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS material)
 List of CIGS companies
 Solar power in Japan
 Thin film solar cell

References

Japanese companies established in 2006
Manufacturing companies based in Tokyo
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Solar energy companies of Japan
Shell plc
Electrical engineering companies of Japan
Thin-film cell manufacturers
Japanese brands

Solar Frontier