David Norris Phelps (born October 21, 1969) is an American Christian music vocalist, songwriter, vocal arranger, and producer who is best known for singing tenor in the Gaither Vocal Band. He has also released several solo albums, including four Christmas collections. On January 13, 2008, Phelps appeared on Extreme Makeover Home Edition for the Woodhouse family.

Biography
David Phelps was born in Tomball, Texas, to Gene and Mary Ella Phelps. Gene is a former accountant/banker who currently teaches business and finance at a college in Houston. Mary Ella is a retired English Professor. He has two older sisters, Sherri Proctor and Kari Lee. Sherri sang backup vocals for him on tour, before dying from cancer in September 2012,) while Kari is a professional trumpeter who tours with the Chicago-based Millar Brass Ensemble.

Phelps grew up in Tomball, Texas and graduated from Tomball High School in 1988. He attended Baylor University, where he directed the Baylor Religious Hour Choir and studied with vocal coach Joyce Farwell. He graduated in 1992 with a degree in music and vocal performance.

Phelps was part of the Gaither Vocal Band from 1997 to 2005 and again from 2009 to 2017. He shared the tenor part with Wes Hampton from 2009 to 2017. In early 2017, he left the group to focus on his solo career. He was replaced by Reggie Smith. Phelps has won twelve Dove Awards (with the Gaither Vocal Band), is a four-time Grammy Award nominee and has had several platinum-selling projects. His recent Classic has aired on PBS. In 2019, Phelps' song "Catching Santa" from his 2018 album It Must Be Christmas was featured in an advertisement for Google's Pixel smartphone.

Personal life
David's wife is Lori Purtle Phelps (also born on October 21, 1969). They have four children: Callie, Maggie Beth, David Grant and Coby. Callie, Maggie and Grant can be seen on the Gaither Homecoming videos Christmas in the Country and A Time for Joy. The whole family is featured on the video, The Best of David Phelps from the Homecoming Series. All four children sing on the Classic video, as well.

Discography

Solo albums

Singles
2006: "The Power of the Dream"
2007: "There Is a Fountain"
2016: "Water" (live)
2017: "Santa Claus, Get Well Soon" (studio)
2020: "Last Night on Earth"

Compilations

2009: The Best of David Phelps (Word)
2010: Top 10 (Word)
2015: David Phelps: The Ultimate Collection

With the Gaither Vocal Band
1998: Still the Greatest Story Ever Told
1999: God Is Good
2001: I Do Believe
2002: Everything Good
2003: A Capella
2004: Best of the Gaither Vocal Band
2009: Reunion Vol. 1 & 2 (live)
2009: Reunited
2010: Better Day (live)
2010: Greatly Blessed
2011: I Am a Promise
2012: Pure and Simple
2014: Hymns
2014: The New Edition
2014: Sometimes It Takes a Mountain
2015: Happy Rhythm
2015: Christmas Collection
2016: Better Together
2019: Reunion live
2020: Reunited live

Appearances on other albums
1998: In My Life Larry Gatlin (Spring House) (background)
1999: Within Old Pages Walt Mills (Homeland Records) (background)
2000: Lordsong Lordsong (Daywind); "Trial of the Heart" (background)
2000: Homecoming Praise – Volume 2; "Rock of Ages, Cleft For Me", "Yes, I Know!" (solo)
2001: Lauren Talley Lauren Talley (Horizon); "The Prayer" (duet)
2001: Mark Lowry On Broadway (Spring Hill); "A Whole New World" (duet with Sandi Patty)
2001: Pursuing His Presence The God Chasers (Spring Hill); "Completely Yours" (solo)
2002: Homecoming Lullabies Gaither Gospel Series; "I Spy" (solo)
2006: The Nativity Story: Sacred Songs Various (Watertower Music); "The Virgin's Lullaby" (Background)
2007: Something Beautiful (Disc 2) Gaither Gospel Series; "Dream On" (solo) and "I Walked Today Where Jesus Walks" (Solo)
2008: Wait – 10th Anniversary Edition Lana Ranahan; "Then Came The Morning" (duet) and "I've Just Seen Jesus" (duet)
2009: Let Go Sheila Walsh (Spring Hill), "The Prayer" (duet)
2009: In All I Do Paid in Full; "Because I Love Him" (solo)
2010: Love Will Find a Way Steve Green; "God Is Love" (background)
2012: Hands of Time Anthony Burger; "What A Savior Medley" (background)
2012: Windows in the World Charlotte Ritchie; "After The Last Tear Falls" (background)
2013: Some People Change Michael English; "I Wouldn't Take Nothing for My Journey" (background)
2014: A Beautiful Life Charlotte Ritchie; "Revelation Song" and "Go Rest High on That Mountain" (background)
2014: Out on a Limb Wes Hampton; "Echo of You" (trio/solo), "My Father's House" (background)
2016: Let The Glory Come Down Prestonwood Celebration Choir; "Child, You're Forgiven" (solo)
2016: 1915: Christmas With Fanny Crosby The Public Square; "Hallelujah Christ Is Here" (solo)
2017: The Corner of Broadway & Main Street Voctave; "Being Alive" (solo)
2017: Praises from a Grateful Heart Charlotte Ritchie; "Your Great Name" (background)
2017: Quanah Larry Gatlin (featured soloist)
2018: The Hero - A West End & Friends Tribute West End & Friends; "The Hero" (solo)
2019: Your Time Will Come Ensemble Animato (featured soloist)
2019: Shine Melissa Brady; "Just Beyond The River Jordan" (duet)
2021: The Church Triumphant Artists for the Church; "The Church Triumphant" (solo)
2021: I Believe Carly Paoli; "Carly Paoli & Friends" (duet)

YouTube Exclusives
2020: All I Ask Of You
2022: The Star-Spangled Banner (studio version)

Video

Solo
2006: Legacy of Love [LIVE]
2007: No More Night: David Phelps Live in Birmingham
2007: O Holy Night
2010: Christmas With David Phelps
2012: Classic (Gaither Gospel Series)
2015: Freedom (Gaither Gospel Series)
2018: It Must be Christmas (Gaither Gospel Series)
2019: Hymnal (Gaither Gospel Series)
2021: Stories & Songs Vol. I
2023: Stories & Songs Vol. II

With the Gaither Vocal Band
1998: Hawaiian Homecoming
2002: I Do Believe
2003: Australian Homecoming
2009: Reunion Volumes 1 & 2
2010: Reunited
2010: Better Day
2012: Pure and Simple Volumes 1 & 2
2015: Sometimes It Takes a Mountain
2015: Happy Rhythm
2019: Reunion live
2020: Reunited live

Gaither Homecoming Video featured performances
1998: Kennedy Center Homecoming; "The Battle Hymn of the Republic"
1998: All Day Singin' at the Dome; "I'll Fly Away"
1998: Atlanta Homecoming; "What a Meeting in the Air", "Jesus Saves"
1998: Journey to the Sky; "O Love That Will Not Let Me Go"
1998: Passin' the Faith Along; "I Can't Even Walk"
1999: Sweet Sweet Spirit; "The Love of God"
1999: So Glad; "The Lifeboat"
2000: Christmas in the Country; "O Holy Night", "The Christmas Song", "Jingle Bells"
2000: Good News; "I'm Free", "What A Meeting in the Air"
2000: Irish Homecoming; "This Could Be the Dawning of that Day"
2000: Whispering Hope; "The Lifeboat", "When God Dips His Love in My Heart"
2000: Harmony in the Heartland; "A House of Gold", "Oh, What a Time"
2000: Memphis Homecoming; "Searchin'", "Build an Ark", "God is Good All the Time"
2001: A Billy Graham Music Homecoming – Volume 2; "The Love of God", "It is Well with My Soul"
2001: Mark Lowry On Broadway; "A Whole New World" (duet with Sandi Patty)
2002: Freedom Band; "Worthy the Lamb"
2002: I'll Fly Away; "I'll Fly Away", "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross"
2002: God Bless America; "End of the Beginning", "The Battle Hymn of the Republic"
2003: Heaven; "No More Night", "What a Day That Will Be"
2003: Rocky Mountain Homecoming; "These are They"
2003: Australian Homecoming; "Let the Glory Come Down"
2004: We Will Stand; "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross", "Sweeter As the Days Go By"
2005: Jerusalem; "It Is Well with My Soul", "These are They", "Second Fiddle"
2007: How Great Thou Art; "There Is a Fountain Filled with Blood"
2008: Rock of Ages; "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross"
2010: Giving Thanks; "You Are My All in All", "I Will Sing of My Redeemer"
2011: The Best of David Phelps from the Homecoming Series
2011: Alaskan Homecoming; "America, the Beautiful", "Clean", "These are They"
2011: Majesty; "His Eye Is on the Sparrow"
2011: Tent Revival Homecoming; "I Stand Amazed," "He's Alive"
2017: Sweeter As The Days Go By: "We'll Talk It Over"

References

External links

Official website
"When God Dips His Love" video

1969 births
Living people
American gospel singers
American male songwriters
Singers from Texas
American tenors
Songwriters from Texas
Southern gospel performers
People from Tomball, Texas

David Phelps (musician)


The Golden Man Booker was a special one-off prize awarded in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Booker Prize. All of the previous 51 winning titles since the Booker's inception in 1969 were eligible.

Five judges read the books from each relevant decade and chose a title which to be pitted against the judges' other choices. The judges' shortlist of five titles was announced on 26 May 2018, with voting also commencing that day. The winner was announced at a ceremony on 8 July 2018, at London's Southbank Centre, with the award going to Michael Ondaatje for his 1992 novel The English Patient.

The judges were (chosen decade in parentheses):
Robert McCrum (1970s)
Lemn Sissay (1980s)
Kamila Shamsie (1990s)
Simon Mayo (2000s)
Hollie McNish (2010s)

The shortlisted works were:

 In a Free State (1971) — V.S. Naipaul
 Moon Tiger (1987) — Penelope Lively
 The English Patient (1992) — Michael Ondaatje
 Wolf Hall (2009) — Hilary Mantel
 Lincoln in the Bardo (2017) — George Saunders

References

Further reading

2018 literary awards
Booker Prize
English literary awards

The Golden Man Booker


Sode is a village near Sirsi in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka in India.

Location

Sodhe is a village in the Malenadu region, surrounded by thick forests. It is 22 km from Sirsi and 13 km from Hulekal.

Prehistoric rock art

Prehistoric Rock art has been found near Sodhe.
 It comprises engravings and drawings dated to c. the first millennium BCE. In them, double sided squares with intersecting loops are engraved/ drawn. Such drawings have also been found at Hire Benakal, Gavali, Karnataka. They have some resemblance to present day rangoli/ rangavalli.

History
Sodhe or Sonda has a long, recorded history. Sonda kingdom was established in 1555 by Arasappa Nayaka, a Jain chieftain (1555-1598). Sonda was ruled by Sonda Nayakas for more than two hundred years (1555–1763). Arasappa Nayaka as vassal of Vijayanagara Dynasty till the fall of Vijayanagara to the Adil Shahis in 1565. He continued as the subordinate ruler of Adil Shah till his death in 1598. Arasappa Nayaka established Vadiraj Matha in Sonda which is still in existence.   Shivaji, the Maratha Emperor conquered Sonda during 1674 and gave it back to Sonda ruler, Sadashiva Nayaka.   Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore attacked Sonda in 1763 and totally destroyed it. The last chief of Sonda, Immodi Sadashivaraya escaped to Portuguese Goa. The ruins of the fort which was protecting Sonda is covered with overgrowth of shrubs. According to Imperial Gazetteer of India, five carved pillars, approximately 3 feet high are the remains of the Sonda palace.

Jain monasteries, (Swadhi Jain matha) and Digambar Jain temples are also situated at Sodhe.

This village is special because it is the headquarters of the Sode Matha also known as Sri Sode Vadiraja Matha. The Sode Matha is part of the Ashta Mathas set up by Sri Madhvacharya.

References

External links
Bhaavi Sameera
Sode Matha
Shree Swarnavalli Matha

Ashta Mathas of Udupi
Hindu monasteries in India
Rock art in India

Sonda, Karnataka


In baseball and softball, second baseman, abbreviated 2B, is a fielding position in the infield, between second and first base. The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet, needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly, and must be able to make the pivot on a double play.   In addition, second basemen are usually right-handed; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4.

Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on, or moving towards the base to cover. On a batted ball to right field, the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay. Due to these requirements, second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game, but there are hitting stars as well.

Second base is often referred to as the "Keystone".  This is due to its position on the infield at the top of the diamond, similar to the keystone block in architecture.

Functions

The second baseman catches line drives or pop flies hit near them, and fields ground balls hit near them and then throws the ball to a base to force out a runner. In this case, if the runner is to be forced out at second base then that base is covered by the shortstop.

With a runner on first base, on a ground ball to the shortstop or third baseman the second baseman will cover second base to force out the runner coming from first. Moreover, if there are fewer than two outs they will attempt to turn the double play: that is, they will receive the throw from the other player with their foot on second base (to force out the runner coming from first base), and in one motion pivot toward first base and throw the ball there (to force out the batter before they get there).

If a runner on first base attempts to steal second base, or if the pitcher attempts to pick off a runner already at second base, then either the second baseman or the shortstop will cover second base.

National Baseball Hall of Fame second basemen

The following second basemen have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum:

 Roberto Alomar
 Craig Biggio
 Rod Carew
 Eddie Collins
 Bobby Doerr
 Johnny Evers
 Nellie Fox
 Frankie Frisch
 Charlie Gehringer
 Joe Gordon
 Frank Grant
 Billy Herman
 Rogers Hornsby
 Nap Lajoie
 Tony Lazzeri
 Bill Mazeroski
 Bid McPhee
 Joe Morgan
 Paul Molitor
 Jackie Robinson
 Ryne Sandberg
 Red Schoendienst

Notes

Multiple Gold Glove Award winners

 Roberto Alomar: 10
 Ryne Sandberg: 9
 Bill Mazeroski: 8
 Frank White: 8
 Joe Morgan: 5
 Bobby Richardson: 5
 Craig Biggio: 4
 Bret Boone: 4
 Bobby Grich: 4
 Orlando Hudson: 4
 Dustin Pedroia: 4
 Brandon Phillips: 4
 Luis Castillo: 3
 Nellie Fox: 3
 Davey Johnson: 3
 Bobby Knoop: 3
 Harold Reynolds: 3
 Manny Trillo: 3
 Lou Whitaker: 3
 Robinson Canó: 2
 Tommy Helms: 2
 Felix Millan: 2
 Plácido Polanco: 2
 Pokey Reese: 2
 Fernando Vina: 2

Number of seasons with 100+ double plays turned at second base (among Hall of Fame second basemen)

 Bill Mazeroski: 11
 Nellie Fox: 10
 Bobby Doerr: 9
 Red Schoendienst: 8
 Charlie Gehringer: 7
 Joe Gordon: 7
 Billy Herman: 5
 Jackie Robinson: 4
 Roberto Alomar: 3
 Craig Biggio: 2
 Frankie Frisch: 2
 Rogers Hornsby: 2
 Joe Morgan: 2
 Ryne Sandberg: 2
 Tony Lazzeri: 1
 Bid McPhee: 1

Source: baseball-reference.com

References

Baseball positions

Second baseman


The Karara and Lochada Important Bird Area is a 2404 km2 tract of land in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 30 km east of the town of Morawa and 320 km north-east of Perth.

Description
The Important Bird Area (IBA) incorporates the former pastoral properties of Karara and Lochada, with small areas of adjacent land. It contains large areas of Acacia shrubland with some open eucalypt woodland. It lies at an altitude of 280–400 m above sea level in pastoral country adjacent to the wheatbelt. Its average annual rainfall of about 300 mm is highly variable and falls mainly in winter.

Birds
The site has been identified by BirdLife International as an IBA because it supports populations of the vulnerable malleefowl and the restricted-range western corella, as well as of Bourke's and regent parrots, western bowerbirds, rufous treecreepers, black honeyeaters, slaty-backed thornbills, chiming wedgebills, chestnut-breasted quail-thrushes and western yellow robins.

References

Mid West (Western Australia)
Important Bird Areas of Western Australia

Karara and Lochada Important Bird Area


Daniel Maurice Casey (November 20, 1862 – February 8, 1943) was an American professional baseball player whose career spanned from 1884 to 1894 and 1899.  He played in Major League Baseball, principally as a pitcher, over parts of seven seasons for four major league clubs.  He saw his most extensive playing time with the Philadelphia Quakers, appearing in 142 games for that team from 1886 to 1889.  He also appeared in 46 games for the Syracuse Stars in 1890.

Casey led the National League with a 2.86 earned run average (ERA) and four shutouts in 1887 while playing for Philadelphia. Over the course of his seven seasons in the major leagues, he compiled a 96–90 win–loss record in 201 appearances, with a 3.18 ERA and 743 strikeouts.

In his later years, Casey claimed to be the Casey about whom Ernest L. Thayer wrote his famous poem, "Casey at the Bat." Casey was given a parade honoring him as the famed "Casey", was featured on a national radio broadcast, and participated in a "re-enactment" of "Casey at the Bat" when he was age 78.  The poem's author denied that his work was based on any real player, and several sources have called Casey's claim into doubt.  Casey had a career batting average of .162 and one home run.

Early years
Casey was born in Binghamton, New York, in 1862.  His parents, Hannah and William Casey, immigrated to the United States from Ireland.  Casey grew up with five siblings on the family's farm in Broome County, New York, a short distance from Binghamton.

Professional baseball career

Wilmington
In 1884, Casey began his professional baseball career at age 21 with the Wilmington Quicksteps.  He began playing for Wilmington while the team was part of the Eastern League and compiled a 10–2 win–loss record and 1.91 ERA in Eastern League play.  Casey continued to play for the Quicksteps after the team joined the Union Association in August 1884, compiling a 1–1 record and 1.00 ERA in two games.  The Quicksteps played only 18 games as a major league club and compiled a record of 2–16.  Casey was the winning pitcher in one of the two victories in the club's brief major league history; a player known as The Only Nolan was the winning pitcher in the Quicksteps' other victory.

Indianapolis and Detroit
In 1885, Casey played with two different teams.  He began the season with the Indianapolis Hoosiers of the newly formed Western League and compiled a 10–2 win–loss record and a 0.50 ERA in 12 games.  In mid-June 1885, the Western League disbanded, and the majority of the Indianapolis players were signed by the Detroit Wolverines of the National League.  Casey appeared in 12 games for Detroit and compiled a 4-8 (.333) win–loss record and a 3.29 ERA.

Philadelphia

Casey was acquired by the Philadelphia Quakers (later renamed the Phillies) of the National League prior to the 1886 season and played with that club for the next four seasons from 1886 to 1889.  Casey enjoyed his career best seasons with Philadelphia, winning 66 games from 1886 to 1888.

In 1886, Casey threw 39 complete games and compiled a 24-18 (.571) record.  Casey ranked among the National League's leading pitchers with four shutouts (2nd), a 2.41 ERA (6th), a Wins Above Replacement (WAR) rating of 6.2 (6th), a Walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) ratio of 1.165 (7th), 44 games started (8th), 24 wins (9th) and 193 strikeouts (9th).

In 1887, Casey led the league with a 2.86 ERA and four shutouts and compiled a career-best 28-13 (.683) record.  He again ranked among the league's leaders pitchers in multiple categories with a 147 Adjusted ERA+ (1st), 10.4 WAR pitcher rating (2nd), a .683 win percentage (3rd), 28 wins (4th), 43 complete games (6th),  innings pitched (6th), 1.260 WHIP (7th), 119 strikeouts (8th).

In 1888, Casey started 33 games, threw 31 complete games, and compiled a 14-18 (.438) record and a 3.15 ERA with 108 strikeouts.  His playing time was reduced further in 1889 to 20 games started, as he compiled a 6-10 (.375) record and a 3.77 ERA.

Syracuse
Casey played during the 1890 season with the Syracuse Stars of the American Association.  He appeared as a pitcher in 45 games for Syracuse, threw 40 complete games and  innings, and compiled a 19–22 record and a 4.14 ERA. He appeared in his last major league game on October 4, 1890, at age 27.

Minor leagues
Although his major league career ended in 1890, Casey continued playing for several years in the minor leagues.  His minor league career included stints with clubs in Jamestown and Albany, New York, in 1891, and Binghamton, New York, from 1892 to 1894 and 1899.  In 1894, while playing for Binghamton, he struck out 15 batters in an exhibition game against the club from Rochester, New York.

"Casey at the Bat"

After retiring from baseball, Casey claimed to be the "Casey" about whom Ernest L. Thayer wrote his famous poem, "Casey at the Bat", which had first been published in 1888 by a San Francisco newspaper.  Casey claimed that the poem was based on an August 1887 game in which he played for Philadelphia.  He asserted that he had hit a "lucky" home run against Boston a week earlier and that Philadelphia trailed, 4–3, when he came to bat and struck out.

In support of his claim that the poem was based on his performance for Philadelphia, Casey pointed out that the Huntington Avenue Grounds where the Philadelphia Quakers played in 1887 was in a neighborhood once called "Mudville", the same name given to the locale in Thayer's poem.  Casey claimed the area drew the name "Mudville" because the site was a vast mudhole before the ballpark was built.

Over the years, a number of sources accepted Casey's claim.  As early as 1900, after Casey was "scalped" in a streetcar accident, a newspaper account noted that there was "no end" to the persons claiming to be "Casey", but cited Dan Casey as the one true "Casey" who had been immortalized by Thayer.  In July 1915, a local Binghamton baseball club, the Bingos, sponsored a "Casey Day" that included a parade honoring Dan Casey as the famed "Casey."  In March 1938, Casey appeared on Gabriel Heatter's radio program, broadcast on the Columbia network, to make his claim to being the famous "Casey."  During the broadcast, Casey stated: I've been waiting 50 years to tell you folks that Mighty Casey was just old Dan Casey, a pretty good ball player, but no home run king. But I guess if I hadn't struck out that day I never would have become famous.

After Casey's radio broadcast, The Sporting News published a lengthy profile, complete with a photograph of the 75-year-old Casey with a bat on his shoulder, touting him as the "Inspiration of Thayer's Poem."  Two months later, in May 1938, Time magazine published a story referring to Casey as the "Mudville Man."  In approximately 1940, a supposed re-enactment of "Casey at the Bat" was played out prior to a Baltimore Orioles game; Rogers Hornsby threw two called strikes to the 78-year-old Dan Casey, and Casey then swung and missed on the third pitch, just as Thayer had written in the poem.

Over the years, other players, including King Kelly and John Cahill, have been suggested as Thayer's inspiration, though Thayer himself reportedly denied that the poem was based on any real player.  As early as 1900, Fred Pfeffer rejected Casey's claim: "Now, you listen to me!  That poem was never written about that Casey."  In February 1943, a columnist in The Sporting News described Casey's claim to be Thayer's inspiration as a "myth" and wrote: "Thayer ... always declared he had no particular player in mind as his hero.  But despite this evidence, original 'Caseys' continue to appear, including Daniel, who was the most persistent and told the story so often he unquestionably came to believe it."  Another writer examining the claim concluded that the game cited by Casey as the inspiration for Thayer did not end in a 4–3 defeat of Philadelphia.  Rather, Casey got a hit in the ninth inning, driving in two runs, and the game was called due to darkness in a 5–5 tie.  Yet another writer claimed to have disproved Casey's claim by pointing out that a strikeout required four strikes in 1887, when Casey claimed to have inspired Thayer by swinging and missing on a third pitch. The author of the latter story noted: "In 1887, according to the rules so revised for that season only, Casey would have had another strike coming to him.  That he didn't get it is evidence that Thayer was not writing about any incident in 1887 and that the late Dan Casey either was shortchanged, or was not the hero the author had in mind."

Family and later years
Casey was married in December 1889 to Minnie E. Cahill (sometimes later listed as Mary E. Casey) at a ceremony at St. Patrick's Church in Binghamton, New York.  Casey and his wife had a daughter, Mable, in 1891.

After retiring from baseball, Casey lived in Binghamton, where he worked from at least 1895 to 1920 as a trolley car operator for the Binghamton Railway Company.  By 1930, Casey remained living in Binghamton with his wife, though he was not employed.

After 1935, Casey and his wife later moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, D.C.  Casey died in 1943 at age 80 in a hospital in Washington, D.C.  He was buried at Fort Lincoln Cemetery in Brentwood, Maryland.

See also
List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

References

1862 births
1943 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from New York (state)
Wilmington Quicksteps players
Detroit Wolverines players
Philadelphia Quakers players
Syracuse Stars (AA) players
National League ERA champions
Wilmington Quicksteps (minor league) players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (minor league) players
Jamestown (minor league baseball) players
Albany Senators players
Binghamton Bingos players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Allentown Buffaloes players
Sportspeople from Binghamton, New York

Dan Casey (baseball)


The Pennsylvania Music Educators Association, more commonly known as PMEA, is the Pennsylvania state-level affiliate of the National Association for Music Education.  PMEA is a statewide non-profit organization of over 5,000 members reaching thousands of students, dedicated to promoting the musical development of all Pennsylvanians, especially through music education.  PMEA specializes in providing competitive venues for musical performance, and in adjudicating middle and high school bands.  They are the second-largest state music educators association in the United States.  They have been active since 1933.

PMEA has two stated objectives.  First, they wish to "promote and support quality music education, learning and performance."  Second, they wish to "promote and support music education in schools and communities."

The organization wishes to improve and further develop music education in schools in Pennsylvania by encouraging excellence in the study, teaching and making of music.  PMEA includes music instructors at all levels, from preschool through college, as well as those within the music industry.  They promote quality music education and performance, and they support music education in schools and communities.

PMEA events take place on county, district, regional, and statewide levels, within different types of concert band, orchestra, chorus and jazz ensembles.  PMEA is also affiliated with the National Association for Music Education, so many participants have a chance to compete at a national level.

The organization hosts various festivals throughout the state, within six distinct regions and 12 districts.

PMEA is headquartered in Hamburg, Pennsylvania.

References

Music education organizations
Educational organizations based in Pennsylvania
National Association for Music Education
Organizations established in 1933
1933 establishments in Pennsylvania


Bredbury and Romiley was an urban district in the administrative county of Cheshire, England from 1894 to 1974, which covered the civil parishes of Bredbury, Compstall and Romiley.

It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 from Bredbury and Romiley urban sanitary district. On the abolition of the administrative counties and the urban districts by the Local Government Act 1972 its area was included in the metropolitan borough of Stockport in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.

The socialist activist Christopher Thomas Douthwaite was a member of Bredbury and Romiley Urban District Council from 1911 to 1947.

References

Relationships / unit history of BREDBURY AND ROMILEY, A Vision of Britain through Time

Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
Districts of England abolished by the Local Government Act 1972
Local government in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
History of Cheshire
History of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Urban districts of England

Bredbury and Romiley Urban District


The Basilica of Saint Francis () is a historic church in the city of Bologna in northern Italy. Founded in the 13th century, it has been the property of the Conventual Franciscan friars since then. The church has been raised to the rank of a Roman Catholic basilica by the Holy See.

History
The Franciscans had occupied a modest house in the city called Santa Maria delle Pugliole, founded in 1211 by Bernard of Quintavalle, one of the first members of the Order. Their noted founder, St. Francis of Assisi, visited the city in 1222 to preach to the people of the city, which sparked a great interest in the Order he had founded. At the urging of Pope Gregory IX, the authorities of the medieval commune gave the property on which the basilica is now built to the friars in 1236 for a church of their own. It was located in the area of the city known as civitas antiqua rupta (the old city ruins), where the remains of the Roman city of Bononia were located.

Construction was begun and sufficiently complete by 1251 that it was consecrated by Pope Innocent IV. The main structure was finally completed in 1263.

During the 18th century, the friary was a center of musical performance and study. A renowned girls choir sang at the services of the church, which was directed by Friar Giambattista Martini, O.F.M. Conv., a noted composer. Among his many students was another friar of the community, Stanislao Mattei, O.F.M. Conv.

During the occupation of Italy by the French Revolutionary Army, in 1796 the church was desecrated and the friary was seized and used as a barracks by the occupying forces. The artworks of the church were seized and scattered. The church was restored to religious use in 1842, but was later seized again in the course of the Second Italian War of Independence and used as a military storehouse. It was finally returned to the Franciscans in 1886. The restoration of the church to its original aspect was carried out under the supervision of Alfonso Rubbiani, an expert in restoration, and were completed in 1919.

Architecture
The architect is not known. Early sources gave Friar Mateo of Brescia as having designed the church. This seems to have been a confusion with Giovanni of Brescia, a leading architect of the period. The 14th-century chronicler of the friary, Bartolomeo of Pugliole, recorded that, when the vault of the apse collapsed in 1254, the restoration work was supervised by one Friar Andrea Maestro della Ghiexia, who is described as "of the twisted legs".

Despite its Romanesque facade, it is one of the best examples of French Gothic architecture in Italy. This is manifest in the interior, which has a nave and two aisles, in the apse with corridor, in the high vaults divided into six sections (like in Notre-Dame de Paris) with ogival arches, and in the use of buttresses.

The church is home to the church monuments of the jurist Accursius and his son Francesco, Odofredus and Rolandino dei Romanzi.

See also
Italian Gothic architecture
Medieval French architecture

References

Basilica churches in Bologna
Gothic architecture in Emilia-Romagna
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Francesco Bologna
Medieval French architecture
Churches completed in 1263
1236 establishments in Europe
13th-century establishments in Italy

San Francesco, Bologna


Skedans, also known variously as  Koona, Q'una, Koona LLnaagay, K'uuna Llnagaay, Q!o'na Inaga'-I, Q:o'na, and Ḵ'uuna Llnagaay  which are variants of its traditional name in the Haida language, is a village located at the head of Cumshewa Inlet in Haida Gwaii, North Coast of British Columbia, Canada.  The name Skedans derived by the practice of captains of the maritime fur trade to name villages after their most prominent chiefs.

The name Skedans is a rendering of Gida'nsta, a Haida term of respect meaning "from his daughter", which is how the reigning chief of the village, Qa'gials qe'gawa-i, was addressed by children (he is usually known as Chief Skedans).  Koona Llnaagay means "Village at the Edge", a reference to the village's location on a small peninsula.  Another Haida name for the village, Huadju-lanas or Xu'adji la'nas, means "Grizzly-Bear-Town", a reference to the large number of portrayals of grizzly bears on the totem poles and other artwork adorning the village.

The village site is part of the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site and is itself a National Historic Site of Canada.

See also
List of Haida villages

References

External links
"Skedans", Canadian Museum of Civilization website
"Q'una", EmilyCarr.org website
"K'uuna Llnagaay (Skedans, Koona)", Parks Canada website

Haida villages
Archaeological sites in British Columbia
National Historic Sites in British Columbia

Skedans


Tzantzismo was a cultural movement in the 1960s, Ecuador. It was founded in Quito in 1962 by Marco Muñoz and Ulises Estrella, and joined by other members throughout the 1960s. They were greatly influenced by other Ecuadorian intellectuals such as Jorge Enrique Adoum, César Dávila Andrade and Agustin Cueva. Tzantzismo was mainly expressed in poetry, and to a lesser extent in stories and theater. This literary revolutionary movement arose in response to a supposed degradation and gentrification in Ecuadorian literature.

Its members, called Tzántzicos, wore long, unkempt beards, as a symbolic tribute to Fidel Castro, and also grew their hair long and wore jeans. They began gathering at the home of the painter Eliza Aliz (birth name Elizabeth Rumazo) and her husband the Cuban painter Rene Aliz. Later the Tzántzicos would meet on Friday nights at the Café Aguila de Oro, which they renamed "77 Café", to have discussions on poetry, politics and other cultural matters.

In 1962, Estrella and the Argentine poet Leandro Katz co-authored a poetry book titled "Clamor", which marked the birth of Tzantzismo.  The first Tzántzico Manifesto was signed on August 27, 1962, by Marco Muñoz, Alfonso Murriagui, Simón Corral, Teodoro Murillo, Euler Granda and Ulises Estrella.

Tzántzicos  had a revolutionary attitude in their art as well as in politics. One of the main representatives of the movement is probably Raúl Arias, whose poetry collection Poesia en bicicleta is considered one of the best examples of Tzantzismo. The movement dissolved in 1969, particularly due to ideological differences between its founders. The term tzántzico comes from the Shuar language: "maker of tzantzas", which means to cut off and shrink an enemy's head and show it off as a sign of victory and power.

List of notable Tzántzicos
 Abdón Ubidia
 Agustín Cueva
 Alejandro Moreano
 Alfonso Murriágui (1929)
 Álvaro Juan Félix
 Antonio Ordóñez (1946)
 Bolívar Echeverría
 Euler Granda (1935)
 Fernando Tinajero
 Francisco Proaño Arandi
 Humberto Vinueza
 Iván Carvajal (1948)
 Iván egüez
 José Ron
 José Corral
 Leandro Katz
 Luis Corral
 Marco Muñoz
 Marco Velasco
 Rafael Larrea
 Raúl Arias
 Simón Corral (1946)
 Sonia Romo Verdesoto, the movement's only female member.
 Teodoro Murillo (1944)
 Ulises Estrella (1939)

Sources

Ecuadorian culture
Ecuadorian literature
Literary movements
1960s in Ecuador

Tzantzismo


Promiscuity is the practice of engaging in sexual activity frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgment. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous by many cultures is the one-night stand, and its frequency is used by researchers as a marker for promiscuity.

What sexual behavior is considered promiscuous varies between cultures, as does the prevalence of promiscuity. Different standards are often applied to different genders and civil statutes. Feminists have traditionally argued a significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity. Historically, stereotypes of the promiscuous woman have tended to be pejorative, such as "the slut" or "the harlot", while male stereotypes have been more varied, some expressing approval, such as "the stud" or "the player", while others imply societal deviance, such as "the womanizer" or "the philanderer". A scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are both prone to derogatory judgment. Kennair et al. (2023) found no signs of a sexual double standard in short-term or long-term mating contexts, nor in choosing a friend, except that women's self-stimulation was more acceptable than men's.

Promiscuity is common in many animal species. Some species have promiscuous mating systems, ranging from polyandry and polygyny to mating systems with no stable relationships where mating between two individuals is a one-time event. Many species form stable pair bonds, but still mate with other individuals outside the pair. In biology, incidents of promiscuity in species that form pair bonds are usually called extra-pair copulations.

Motivations
Accurately assessing people's sexual behavior is difficult, since strong social and personal motivations occur, depending on social sanctions and taboos, for either minimizing or exaggerating reported sexual activity.

American experiments in 1978 and 1982 found the great majority of men were willing to have sex with women they did not know, of average attractiveness, who propositioned them. No woman, by contrast, agreed to such propositions from men of average attractiveness. While men were in general comfortable with the requests, regardless of their willingness, women responded with shock and disgust.

The number of sexual partners people have had in their lifetimes varies widely within a population. A 2007 nationwide survey in the United States found the median number of female sexual partners reported by men was seven and the median number of male partners reported by women was four. The men possibly exaggerated their reported number of partners, women reported a number lower than the actual number, or a minority of women had a sufficiently larger number than most other women to create a mean significantly higher than the median, or all of the above. About 29% of men and 9% of women reported to have had more than 15 sexual partners in their lifetimes. Studies of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases consistently demonstrate a small percentage of the studied population has more partners than the average man or woman, and a smaller number of people have fewer than the statistical average. An important question in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections is whether or not these groups copulate mostly at random with sexual partners from throughout a population or within their social groups.

A 2006 systematic review analyzing data from 59 countries worldwide found no association between regional sexual behavior tendencies, such as number of sexual partners, and sexual-health status. Much more predictive of sexual-health status are socioeconomic factors like poverty and mobility. Other studies have suggested that people with multiple casual sex partners are more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections.

Severe and impulsive promiscuity, along with a compulsive urge to engage in illicit sex with attached individuals is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder but most promiscuous individuals do not have these disorders.

Cross-cultural studies
In 2008, a U.S. university study of international promiscuity found that Finns have had the largest number of sex partners in the industrialized world, and British people have the largest number among big western industrial nations. The study measured one-night stands, attitudes to casual sex, and number of sexual partners. A 2014 nationwide survey in the United Kingdom named Liverpool the country's most promiscuous city.

Britain's position on the international index "may be linked to increasing social acceptance of promiscuity among women as well as men". Britain's ranking was "ascribed to factors such as the decline of religious scruples about extramarital sex, the growth of equal pay and equal rights for women, and a highly sexualised popular culture".

The top-10-ranking OECD nations with a population over 10 million on the study's promiscuity index, in descending order, were the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechia, Australia, the United States, France, Turkey, Mexico, and Canada.

A 2017 survey by Superdrug found that the United Kingdom was the country with the most sex partners with an average of 7, while Austria had around 6.5. The 2012 Trojan Sex Life Survey found that African American men reported an average of 38 sex partners in their lifetime. A study funded by condom-maker Durex, conducted in 2006 and published in 2009, measured promiscuity by a total number of sexual partners. The survey found Austrian men had the highest number of sex partners globally, with 29.3 sexual partners on average. New Zealand women had the highest number of sex partners for females in the world with an average of 20.4 sexual partners. In all of the countries surveyed, except New Zealand, men reported more sexual partners than women.

One review found the people from developed Western countries had more sex partners than people from developing countries in general, while the rate of STIs was higher in developing countries.

According to the 2005 Global Sex Survey by Durex, people have had on average nine sexual partners, the most in Turkey (14.5) and Australia (13.3), and the fewest in India (3) and China (3.1).

In many cases, the population of each country that participates is approximately 1000 people and can equate to less than 0.0003% of the population, e.g. the 2017 survey of 42 nations surveyed only 33,000 people. In India, data was collected from less than 0.000001% of the total population at that time. According to the 2012 General Social Survey in the United States by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Protestants on average had more sex partners than Catholics. Similarly, a 2019 study by the Institute for Family Studies in the US found that of never married young people, Protestants have more sexual partners than Catholics.

Male promiscuity

Straight men (heterosexuals)
A 1994 study in the United States, which looked at the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, found 20% of heterosexual men had one partner, 55% had two to 20 partners, and 25% had more than 20 sexual partners. More recent studies have reported similar numbers.

In the United Kingdom, a nationally representative study in 2013 found that 33.9% of heterosexual men had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners. Among men between 45 and 54 years old, 43.1% reported 10 or more sexual partners.

A 2003 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had a median of 8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 5.8% had 0 partners, 10.3% had 1 partner, 6.1% had 2 partners, 33% had between 3 and 9 partners, 38.3% had between 10 to 49 partners and 6.6% had more than 50 female sexual partners.

A 2014 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had a median of 7.8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 3.7% had 0 partners, 12.6% had 1 partner, 6.8% had 2 partners, 32.3% had between 3 and 9 partners, 36.9% had between 10 to 49 partners and 7.8% had more than 50 female sexual partners.

Gay men (homosexuals)

A 1989 study found having over 100 partners to be present though rare among homosexual males. An extensive 1994 study found that difference in the mean number of sexual partners between gay and straight men "did not appear very large".

A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women."

The 2013 British NATSAL study found that gay men typically had 19 sexual partners in a lifetime (median). In the previous year, 51.8% reported having either 0 or 1 sexual partner. A further 21.3% reported having between 2 and 4 sexual partners, 7.3% reported having between 5 and 9, and 19.6% reported having 10 or more sexual partners. This reflects previous findings that a minority of gay men have a disproportionate share of all gay sex.

A 2014 study in Australia found gay men had a median of 22 sexual partners in a lifetime (sexual partner was defined as any sexual contact, kissing, touching or intercourse). 30% of gay respondents reported 0–9 partners in their lifetime. 50.1% of gay men reported having either 0 or 1 partner in the previous year, while 25.6% reported 10 or more partners in the previous year.

Research on gay sexual behavior may overrepresent promiscuous respondents. This is because gay men are a small portion of the male population, and thus many researchers have relied on convenience surveys to research behavior of gay men. Examples of this type of sampling includes surveying men on dating apps such as Grindr, or finding volunteers at gay bars, clubs and saunas. Convenience surveys often exclude gay men who are in a relationship, and gay men who do not use dating apps or attend gay venues. Some researchers reported that British and European convenience surveys included approximately five times as many gay men who reported "5 or more sexual partners" than the nationally representative NATSAL study did. Probability sample surveys are more useful in this regard, because they seek to accurately reflect the characteristics of the gay male population. Examples include the NATSAL in the United Kingdom and the General Social Survey in the United States.

John Corvino has said that many opponents to gay rights often rely on convenience sample statistics to support their belief that gay men are promiscuous, but that larger representative samples show that the difference is not so large, and that extreme promiscuity occurs in a minority of gay men. Psychologist J. Michael Bailey has stated that social conservatives have taken such surveys as evidence of a "decadent" nature of gay men, but says "I think they're wrong. Gay men who are promiscuous are expressing an essentially masculine trait. They are doing what most heterosexual men would do if they could. They are in this way just like heterosexual men, except that they don't have women to constrain them."

Regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some researchers have said that the number of sexual partners had by gay men cannot fully explain rates of HIV infection in this population. Most gay men similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners as straight men on an annual basis. Unprotected receptive anal sex, which holds a much higher risk of HIV transmission, appears to be the major factor.

Female promiscuity

In 1994, a study in the United States found almost all married heterosexual women reported having sexual contact only with their husbands, and unmarried women almost always reported having no more than one sexual partner in the past three months. Lesbians who had long-term partners reported having fewer outside partners than heterosexual women. More recent research, however, contradicts the assertion that heterosexual women are largely monogamous. A 2002 study estimated that 45% to 55% of married heterosexual women engage in sexual relationships outside of their marriage, while the estimate for heterosexual men engaging in the same conduct was 50–60% in the same study.

One possible explanation for hyper sexuality is child sexual abuse (CSA) trauma. Many studies have examined the correlation between CSA and risky sexual behavior. Rodriguez-Srednicki and Ofelia examined the correlation of CSA experienced by women and their self-destructive behavior as adults using a questionnaire. The diversity and ages of the women varied. Slightly fewer than half the women reported CSA while the remainder reported no childhood trauma. The results of the study determined that self-destructive behaviors, including hypersexuality, correlates with CSA in women. CSA can create sexual schemas that result in risky sexual behavior. This can play out in their sexual interactions as girls get older. The sexual behaviors of women that experienced CSA differed from those of women without exposure to CSA. Studies show CSA survivors tend to have more sexual partners and engage in higher risk sexual behaviors.

Since at least 1450, the word 'slut' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe a sexually promiscuous woman. In and before the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras, terms like "strumpet" and "whore" were used to describe women deemed promiscuous, as seen, for example, in John Webster's 1612 play The White Devil.

Thornhill and Gangestad found that women are much more likely to sexually fantasize about and be attracted to extra-pair men during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than the luteal phase, whereas attraction to the primary partner does not change depending on the menstrual cycle. A 2004 study by Pillsworth, Hasselton and Buss contradicted this, finding greater in-pair sexual attraction during this phase and no increase in attraction to extra-pair men.

Evolution
Evolutionary psychologists propose that a conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited from hunter-gatherer ancestors. Promiscuity increases the likelihood of having children, thus "evolutionary" fitness. According to them, female promiscuity is advantageous in that it allows females to choose fathers for their children who have better genes than their mates, to ensure better care for their offspring, have more children, and as a form of fertility insurance. Male promiscuity was likely advantageous because it allowed males to father more children.

Primitive promiscuity
Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the 19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in a state of promiscuity or "hetaerism" prior to the advent of society as we understand it. Hetaerism is a theoretical early state of human society, as postulated by 19th-century anthropologists, which was characterized by the absence of the institution of marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their tribe and in which children never knew who their fathers were.

The reconstruction of the original state of primitive society or humanity was based on the idea of progress, according to which all cultures have degrees of improvement and becoming more complicated. It seemed logical to assume that never before the types of families developed did they simply exist, and in primitive society, sexual relations were without any boundaries and taboos. This view is represented, inter alia, by anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan in Ancient Society and quoted by Friedrich Engels' work The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.

In the first half of the 20th century, this notion was rejected by a number of authors, e.g. Edvard Westermarck, a Finnish philosopher, social anthropologist and sociologist with in-depth knowledge of the history of marriage, who provided strong evidence that, at least in the first stages of cultural development, monogamy has been a perfectly normal and natural form of man-woman coexistence.

Modern cultural anthropology has not confirmed the existence of a complete promiscuity in any known society or culture. The evidence of history is reduced to some texts of Herodotus, Strabo, and Solinus, which have been hard to interpret.

Religious and social views

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam condemn promiscuity and instead advocate lifelong monogamous marriage (although Islam allows polygamy for men).

Promiscuity has been practiced in hippie communities and other alternative subcultures since the 1960s cultural revolution.

Sex and Culture is a book by J. D. Unwin concerning the correlation between a society's level of 'cultural achievement' and its level of sexual restraint. Published in 1934, the book concluded with the theory that as societies develop, they become more sexually liberal, accelerating the social entropy of the society, thereby diminishing its "creative" and "expansive" energy.

Other animals

Many animal species, such as bonobos and chimpanzees, are promiscuous as a rule, and do not form pair bonds. Although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species and about 3% of mammalian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in the form of copulation outside the pair bond.

In the animal world, some species, including birds such as swans and fish such as Neolamprologus pulcher, once believed monogamous, are now known to engage in extra-pair copulations. One example of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) in birds is the black-throated blue warblers. Though it is a socially monogamous species, both males and females engage in EPF.

The Darwin-Bateman paradigm, which states that males are typically eager to copulate while females are more choosy about whom to mate with, has been confirmed by a meta-analysis.

See also

 Cottaging
 Emotional promiscuity
 Female promiscuity
 Monogamy
 Polyamory
 Polyandry
 Polygamy
 Polygynandry
 Prostitution
 Sexual addiction
 Sexual revolution
 Sociosexual orientation
 Sperm competition
 Swinging

References

Bibliography
Chakov, Kelly Nineteen Century Social Evolutionism
Fortes, Meyer (2005) Kinship and the Social Order: The Legacy of Lewis Henry Morgan  pp. 7–8
Lehrman, Sally The Virtues of Promiscuity (2002)
Lerner, Gerda (1986) Women and History vol. 1: The Creation of Patriarchy
Lerner, Gerda "The Origin of Prostitution in Ancient Mesopotamia". Signs, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Winter, 1986), pp. 236–54
Schmitt, David P. "Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating". Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005) 28, 247–311
Miller Jr., Gerrit S. (1931) "The Primate Basis of Human Sexual Behavior". The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Dec., 1931), pp. 379–410
Westermarck, Edward [1891] (2003) History of Human Marriage Part 1 Kessinger Publishing
Weston, Kath (1998) Long Slow Burn: Sexuality and Social Science
Woock, Randy (2002) Promiscuous Women Should Be Praised
Rinaldi, Robin, The Wild Oats Project: One Woman's Midlife Quest for Passion at Any Cost, Sarah Crichton Books (2015), hardcover, 304 pages

Human sexuality
Anthropology
Free sex
Casual sex
Free love

Promiscuity


A recipe is a list of instructions that shows how to prepare or make something such as a food dish.

Modern-day recipes are usually made up of several parts:

The name of the food being made
How much time it will take to make the food
The ingredients needed along with how much of it will be needed
The equipment needed
A list of steps that need to be followed in order to make the food
The number of people that the recipe will be able to feed

Recipes from earlier times often included much less information: Older recipes usually just reminded a person of the ingredients needed.

History of the recipe

Ancient history
The earliest known recipes are from 1600  and came from an Akkadian tablet from southern Babylonia. The ancient Egyptians painted hieroglyphics showing the preparation of food. Many recipes are known from ancient Greece.  Mithaecus's cookbook was an early one, but most of it has been lost. Athenaeus quotes one short recipe in his Deipnosophistae. Roman recipes are known with some of them starting in the 2nd century B.C with Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura.  Many other authors of this period explained eastern Mediterranean cooking in Greek and Latin.

Middle Ages
King Richard II of England asked someone to make a recipe book called "Forme of Cury" in 1390. Around the same time another book was published entitled "Curye on Inglish". Both books give an idea of how food was made and served in the noble classes of England at that time.

By the 1400s, manuscripts appeared, describing the recipes of that time. Many of these  give very good information and record the re-discovery of many herbs and spices including coriander, parsley, basil and rosemary. Many of these herbs and spices had been brought back from the Crusades.

During the 1500s and 1600s, printed books appeared. The large houses tried to be better than each other, and books were written on how to manage households and prepare food. In Holland, and England, the noble families competed to see who could make the most splendid foods.

By the 1660s cooks published their own books explaining their recipes, in competition with their rivals. Many of these books have now been translated and can be found online.

From 1800 to today

French chefs
In Europe, none had such influence as the top French chefs. They built the haute cuisine which others copied. La Varenne (1615–1678), Carême (1784–1833) and Escoffier (1846–1935) were the great innovators.

Modern cooks and chefs
By the 1800s, cooking had become a hobby throughout the world. Using the newest technology and using a new publishing idea, Mrs Beeton (1836–1865) published her famous 'Book of Household Management', in 24 parts between 1857 and 1861. Around that same time the American cook Fannie Farmer (1857–1915) devoted herself to cooking. She published the book 'The Boston Cooking School Cookbook' in 1896 which had 1849 recipes.

The next revolution in popular culture came with introduction of the media cooks. The first was Philip Harben who was first on radio, with newspaper columns and books. Then he was first on British television, before Fanny Craddock.

TV cooking programs brought the recipes of cooks to a new audience who wanted to try out new ways of cooking. In the early days, the recipes were available by post from the BBC and later with the introduction of the CEEFAX text on screen system, they became available on the television. The new companies of Channel 4 and S4C also brought recipes to the television with their own text system called ORACLE. Today the television is still a major source of recipe information, with world-wide cooks and chefs such as Julia Child, Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson and Rachael Ray having TV shows and websites giving the details of all their recipes.

References

Cooking

Recipe


An infusion set is used with devices such as an insulin pump. The purpose of an infusion set is to deliver insulin under the skin, fulfilling a similar function like an intravenous line.  It is a complete tubing system to connect an insulin pump to the pump user and as such includes a subcutaneous cannula, adhesive mount, quick-disconnect, and a pump cartridge connector.

There are several types, styles, and sizes of infusion sets available, varying in cannula length,  entry angle and in the length of tube connecting the cannula to the pump. The kind of choice of these options depends on a variety of factors, such as the patient's body fat percentage.

Functionality

Insertion devices
Some pump users prefer to use an insertion device to insert their sets, rather than pushing the needle in by hand. These are spring-loaded and are designed to push the needle into the skin quickly. The user simply loads the primed set into the insertion device, peels off the paper protecting the adhesive pad, places the device against the skin and presses a button. This may be an advantage for those with needle phobia.

Sites for infusion sets
Infusion sets are most commonly placed on the abdomen, in a roughly semicircular area around and below the navel. Other sites include the upper leg, upper buttocks, hips, upper arms and lower back. Insulin absorption may vary from site to site, and therefore medical advice is required.

Rotation of sites
The infusion set is replaced regularly, usually every 2–3 days. Insulin absorption becomes less effective the longer the set is left in place, leading to poorer control of blood glucose. For this reason, the site of the infusion set is moved when the set is changed.  Often a number of favorite sites for the infusion set are used on a rotation basis.

Disconnecting the set
The set can be disconnected from the pump and tubing with a quick-release that leaves the cannula and adhesive pad in place.  This is convenient when swimming or showering (since most pumps are not fully waterproof), or when engaging in any activity when it is not desirable to be attached to the pump.

References

Insulin therapies
Diabetes-related supplies and medical equipment

Infusion set


King's Game (Kongekabale) is a 2004 Danish political thriller film directed by Nikolaj Arcel. It stars Anders W. Berthelsen and Nicolas Bro as reporters uncovering a Government conspiracy. The film received critical praise and won many awards.

Produced by Nimbus Film, King's Game was originally a book written by former parliamentary press officer Niels Krause Kjær.

Plot
Eleven days before the parliamentary election, the Centre Party's main candidate, who is about to become the next Danish Prime Minister, and his wife have a car accident. His situation is critical and nobody knows if he will survive. Even his wife, who is also hospitalised, is not informed. The next day, Torp is assigned to cover the election. Quickly, he is drawn into the internal power struggle in the Centre Party where two very different politicians, Erik Dreyer and Lone Kjeldsen, show interest in gaining power and potentially becoming the next Prime Minister. Torp, the son of a previous justice minister, writes his first front-page story after a tip-off from the Centre Party press coordinator, Peter Schou. The story turns out to be "planted spin" in order to damage Lone Kjeldsen (Nastja Arcel) to allow the advantage to Dreyer who benefits from her lost credibility.

Ulrik is determined to get to the truth behind the lies that drive Kjeldsen's vulnerable husband to suicide. Tracing the misinformation to its source, he reveals what he knows to his editor and the paper's owner who turns out to be an old college friend of Dreyer. Both close ranks and Torp is fired. Torp tries to confront Dreyer over what he knows to be a cover-up of the death of the leader Aksel Brunn who is reported as being still on life support though sources tell him the man was "brain dead from day one". Even Brunn's 22-year-old son is paid off to back Dreyer's stalling but Dreyer dismisses Torp as an unemployed malcontent. Finally, by joining forces with a left-wing stringer, Henrik Moll (Nicolas Bro), Torp succeeds in exposing the plot and Dreyer on national television. However, the effects last only a short time before Dreyer's contacts and influence push him on a wave to the top.

Cast
 Anders W. Berthelsen – Ulrik Torp
 Søren Pilmark – Erik Dreyer
  – Lone Kjeldsen
 Nicolas Bro – Henrik Moll
 Lars Mikkelsen  Peter Schou
 Ulf Pilgaard – Gunnar Torp
 Lars Brygmann – Mads
 Charlotte Munck – Mette Torp

Awards
The film won eight Robert Awards including Best Film.

Distribution
King's Game was released in the UK in 2005 by Dogwoof Pictures. It was the first film released on the Digital Screen Network DSN, supported by the UK Film Council run by Arts Alliance Digital Cinema and was digitally projected on screens across the country. The intention of the DSN is that this will make it easier to show independent films in the UK as the distribution will be through electronic means rather than the transfer of physical film reels.

References

External links

 Nimbus Film Official site

2000s political thriller films
2004 drama films
2004 films
Best Danish Film Bodil Award winners
Best Danish Film Robert Award winners
Danish political thriller films
Danish thriller films
Films about elections
Films about journalists
Films about politicians
Films based on Danish novels
Films directed by Nikolaj Arcel
Films set in Copenhagen
Nimbus Film films
Swedish thriller films
2000s Swedish films

King's Game