Dachnoye () was a temporary station on the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro. It was designed by architect Kseniya Afonskaya and opened on June 1, 1966. The station was created to serve the transportation needs of nearby neighborhoods until the Leninisky Prospekt-Prospekt Veteranov segment could be completed. Dachnoye was an above-ground station, with trains arriving and departing at one end. To save cost the station was constructed in the cheapest manner possible, with platform and the weather covering being made out of precast concrete panels.  On 5 October 1977, the Leninskiy Prospect-Prospect Veteranov segment was completed and the station was taken out of service. The rails leading up to it were disassembled and the station itself was enclosed in a larger building that was later converted into local traffic police headquarters.

Sources
Станция "Дачное" (станция уничтожена) (in Russian)

Saint Petersburg Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1966
Railway stations closed in 1977

Dachnoye (Saint Petersburg Metro)


Crozes-Hermitage is a French wine Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) in the northern Rhône wine region of France. The appellation is the largest in the northern Rhone, and its wines are less highly regarded than those from the nearby appellations of Côte-Rôtie or its near-namesake Hermitage. Most of the wines produced here are red wines made from the Syrah grape, sometimes blended with small quantities of white Roussanne or Marsanne grapes. Some white wines are also made, based on Marsanne and/or Roussanne.

History
In 1846, a panel of tasters commended the wine for its likeness to Hermitage wines. The appellation was officially defined in 1937 and was expanded in 1952.

Climate and geography

Crozes-Hermitage, along with the rest of northern Rhône has a continental climate that differs from its southern neighbour, which has a more Mediterranean climate. Winters are wet and marked by the cold mistral winds that can last into the Spring. The appellation is fairly large by Northern Rhône standards, with its 1,238 hectares accounting for approximately half of the entire region's 2,400 hectares. The appellation's boundary begins around 10 km north of Tain-l'Hermitage, extends around the village of Gervans with its south- and south-western granite slopes and then spreads south around Larnage where the land flattens and consists of more clay. Approaching Tain and the village of Mercurol the land rises again and the appellation spreads east. In this region, the soil is mostly rocks, sand and clay. Just south of Tain galets roulés, small surface stones also found extensively in Châteauneuf-du-Pape in the southern Rhône, appear. The southernmost part of the appellation is flat and newly planted.

Grapes and wine
As with the northern Rhône in general, Crozes-Hermitage produces primarily red wines, with Syrah the only red grape permitted under appellation rules. The rules allow the addition of up to 15% of the white grapes Marsanne and Roussanne. Those two varieties are also used in the white wines  in the appellation. The more notable vineyards in Crozes-Hermitage include Les Chassis, Les Sept Chemins and Les Meysonniers.

Many of the red wines are relatively light and intended for early drinking, while others will keep and improve in bottle for several years.

Winemaking
Crozes-Hermitage is notable for the large amount of cooperative wine. Cave de Tain, a large cooperative, takes half of the grapes grown. Another large producer, Jaboulet, takes a lot of the other half, and also owns its own  vineyards. Although  a small amount of white grapes can be included when making red wines in this AOC, more and more varietal 100% Syrah wines are being made.

References

 Cotes du Rhone Wines Web Site
Rhône wine AOCs
1930s establishments in France

Crozes-Hermitage AOC


Sir Colin York Syme  (22 April 190319 January 1986) was an Australian lawyer, businessman, technological innovator, and medical research administrator.  He was noted as Chairman of BHP for nineteen years (1952–71), and President of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research for seventeen years (1961–78).

Colin Syme studied in Perth, Melbourne and Sydney before joining the Melbourne legal firm of Hedderwick, Fookes and Alston in 1923. An articled clerk, Syme had ambitions to become a barrister, but after the premature death of Bruce Hedderwick in 1925, he accepted an offer to stay at the firm and was made a partner in 1928, remaining so until 1966.

Meanwhile, in 1937, he became a director of BHP and many of its subsidiaries, including Tubemakers of Australia, Australian Iron & Steel, Rylands Bros and the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation. He was also a director of a number of other companies, including Imperial Chemical Industries of Australia and New Zealand, Elder Smith Goldsbrough Mort, the Private Investment Company for Asia, Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company, National Australia Bank and the International Iron & Steel Institute.

In 1972, the Federal Government set up a committee under the Chairmanship of Sir Colin Syme to advise it on science and technology. It was known as the Syme Committee.

In 1973 he and Lance Townsend co-chaired an inquiry into Victorian health services, which produced findings widely known as the Syme-Townsend report, a major outcome of which was the creation of the Health Commission of Victoria.

Late in his career, he was President of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research. When he retired from the latter position in 1978, the board established the Colin Syme Fellowship Fund, to nurture the career development of a talented young investigator within the Institute.

Honours
On 8 June 1963, Colin Syme was made a Knight Bachelor. On 6 June 1977, he was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK), "for extraordinary and meritorious service to industry, particularly in the fields of research and technology".

He was the inaugural President of the Order of Australia Association, from January 1980 to January 1983.

He was an Honorary Doctor of Laws.

His portrait, painted by Judy Cassab, hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, Canberra.

References

The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research ANNUAL REPORT 2005-2006
WEHI Annual Report 1997/1998 Director's Report
Australian Academy of Science: Biographical Memoirs of Deceased Fellows

Allens Arthur Robinson: Our history
History of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences at Melbourne Biographical entry: Townsend, Sydney Lance ('Lance') (1912 - 1983)
The Order of Australia Association: Past National Presidents of the Association

National Portrait Gallery - Sir Colin Syme

Australian Knights Bachelor
BHP people
Knights of the Order of Australia
1903 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Australian lawyers
20th-century Australian businesspeople

Colin Syme


Gentleshaw Common is an area of common land situated in Gentleshaw on the northern side of Burntwood in Staffordshire, England. The area is a Site of Special Scientific Interest as it is an area of globally rare lowland heathland. The common plays host to a series of fun public events throughout the year, including scrub bashing and countryside walks.

Geography

The  site occupies the west flanks of a low hill on the southern slope of the Cannock Chase upland plateau. It lies south west of the village of Gentleshaw and overlooks the town of Burntwood to the south. It is located in the parish of Longdon in the district of Lichfield in the south of the county of Staffordshire. The land slopes down from 206mAOD in the northeast to 150mAOD on the southern border.

The common is underlain with superficial deposits of gravelly boulder clay, which in turn is underlain by Triassic Keuper Sandstone. The geology of the area has provided the site with weathered and impoverished acidic soils which has contributed to the unique flora able to grow on the site.

Redmoor Brook rises in the south west flowing eastwards and eventually joining the River Trent.

Flora

The lowland heathland vegetation present at Gentleshaw Common has been classified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a Site of Biological Importance (SBI) as it is one of the largest surviving areas of this reduced habitat in Staffordshire. The floristic character of the site has elements of both oceanic, western and northern heaths, as well as a well-developed transition from dry to humid and wet heath.

Most of the site contains free draining soils which support a species-poor dry heath acidic grassland which has been extensively invaded by bracken. The main flora present on the site are heather, wavy hair grass, bilberry, mat grass, cowberry and other grasses. Similar flora is found in the English Midlands, however what makes Gentleshaw Common unique is a combination of low altitude and a sunny southern aspect which enables a floristic overlap with heaths typical of the warmer western lowlands of Britain. This floristic overlap is demonstrated by the abundance of bell heather and western gorse.

In the southern part of the site soil drainage is impeded which has caused a significant area of mixed humid heath and acidic grassland to thrive. The main flora present in this part of the site are purple moor-grass, cross-leaved heath, degenerate heather, heath rush, compact rush, green-ribbed sedge and crowberry.

A shallow valley draining into Redmoor Brook in the southeast area of the site has peat soils, which support rare wet heathland species. Species present include; bog mosses, common cotton grass, star sedge, round-leaved sundew, cranberry and bog asphodel.

Fauna

The fauna present on Gentleshaw Common is not as rich as its flora, however meadow pipit, common lizard and green hairstreak have been recorded.

References

External links
Lichfield District Council: Gentleshaw Common

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Staffordshire
Lichfield District
Cannock Chase

Gentleshaw Common


Stefanos Natsinas  () (1910–1976) was a former Greek politician.

Born in Constantinople,  he grew up in Thessaloniki, Greece. He was the son of Theodoros Natsinas (), Inspector General of Middle Education in Greece.

He studied law at the University of Thessaloniki and practiced his profession until 29 October 1961 when he was elected, (while being for the first time candidate), as a Kozani MP of the Greek Parliament for National Radical Union of Konstantinos Karamanlis.

He was elected twice as MP and also served as prefect of Euboea (),  the second largest of the Greek Aegean Islands and the second largest Greek island overall in area and population, after Crete.

Serving in Ministry of Public Works

He served as a General Secretary for Greek Ministry of Public Works at an era Greece was having under construction many expansions of country's infrastructure.

(Middle picture at the Opening of a new Pipeline at Keratsini, with Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis).

Serving in Ministry of Commerce

Later he served also as a General Secretary for Greek  Ministry of Commerce.

(At 3rd picture visiting the Central Market of Athens with Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis).

External links
 Opening of Omonoia Square Works with Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis
Founding of Siatista's Technical Schools
 Opening of a new Pipeline at Keratsini, arriving by car with Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis

1910 births
1976 deaths
National Radical Union politicians
Greek Macedonians
Recipients of the Order of George I
Constantinopolitan Greeks
Greek MPs 1961–1963
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece
Politicians from Thessaloniki
Politicians from Istanbul

Stefanos Natsinas


"The Enemy Within" is the fifth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series, Star Trek. Written by Richard Matheson and directed by Leo Penn, it first aired on October 6, 1966.

In the episode, while beaming up from planet Alpha 177 a transporter malfunction causes Captain Kirk to be split into two people, one "good," but indecisive and ineffectual; the other "evil," impulsive and irrational.

Plot
The USS Enterprise is on a geological exploration of the planet Alpha 177. Geological Technician Fisher is injured after a fall and transported aboard Enterprise, though Chief Engineer Scott has some trouble with the transporter. The transporter equipment appears to be fine but he notices some magnetic dust from ore samples covering Fisher's uniform that may have interfered with the transport.

Captain Kirk transports back to the ship. The transporter appears to work correctly, but Kirk experiences some disorientation, and Scott escorts Kirk out of the transporter room. While unsupervised, the transporter activates a second time, materializing a second version of Kirk which behaves more maliciously than his counterpart. This "evil" Kirk begins to wander the ship, and those he encounters are confused by his behavior.

Scott assists in beaming a dog-like animal specimen from the planet, but two identical creatures materialize (the "good" one then the "evil" one, like Kirk) – one completely docile and the other vicious. Scott surmises that the ore dust has caused the transporter to split the personalities of those they beamed up, creating good and evil counterparts. Scott reports this to Mr. Spock and then orders the transporter taken out of service to investigate, stranding the landing party on the planet as the bitterly cold night sets in. Elsewhere on the ship, the "good" Kirk begins to feel uncertain, and struggles to make decisions. The "evil" Kirk, in a drunken state, assaults Yeoman Janice Rand in her quarters. She scratches his face with her fingernails. When Fisher witnesses this and calls security, the "evil" Kirk attacks and knocks him out. Rand reports the incident to the bridge. The "good" Kirk orders the crew to capture the "evil" Kirk, but at Spock's advice he keeps the fact that their quarry is his evil half a secret so as not to weaken the crew's faith in him; the crew are instead told of an imposter recognizable by the scratches on his cheek.

The "evil" Kirk hears this announcement and uses makeup to mask his injury. He secures a phaser from a security officer, before going into hiding in engineering. Putting himself in his shoes, the "good" Kirk anticipates this move. While the two Kirks face off, Spock disables the "evil" Kirk with a Vulcan nerve pinch. Spock and McCoy realize that both Kirks are mentally deteriorating, and they must find a way to reverse the transporter accident to save them, as well as the landing party. Spock and Scott use power from the ship's impulse drive to reverse the transporter on the dog-like specimen. When it materializes, the creature is whole but dead. Spock suggests that it died because its animal brain could not handle the stress of its two halves being reintegrated, so Kirk will be able to survive the same procedure, while Dr. Leonard McCoy insists they can't take the risk that the death was caused by ongoing transporter malfunction.

With the landing party nearly dead from hypothermia, the "good" Kirk opts to gamble on the procedure rather than wait for an autopsy on the creature. When he releases the "evil" Kirk, his other self overpowers him, and gives him facial scratches like his own. Pretending to be the "good" Kirk, he tells Rand the truth about the "imposter", and offers the chance to elaborate before heading to the bridge. He orders the crew to leave orbit, telling the navigator that the landing party cannot be saved. The "good" Kirk and McCoy race to the bridge, where the two Kirks face off. The "good" Kirk at last persuades the "evil" Kirk that they need each other to survive, and will both live on as parts of each other. He orders Scott to attempt the reversal process, and Kirk is rejoined as one being. With his sense of command and good will restored (and the transporter repaired), Kirk orders the landing party beamed up. They are safe despite the cold. Rand tells Kirk about her last encounter with "evil" Kirk, but he cuts her off before she can discuss the issue further.

Production
The episode's writer, Richard Matheson, was inspired by Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson's character who is struggling with his evil alter ego.

The subplot of four crewmembers stranded on the planet in freezing temperatures was added later as a re-write. Matheson opposed the idea as he thought B-stories slowed stories down. He said, "They added a whole subplot about people down on the planet, ready to freeze to death, because they have a transporter functioning problem...I stuck entirely with Bill."

Leonard Nimoy, unhappy with part of the script that called for Spock to hit "evil" Kirk on the head with a phaser to render him unconscious, suggested the idea of the Vulcan nerve pinch. Director Leo Penn had a difficult time understanding the idea, but William Shatner helped demonstrate Nimoy's concept.

This episode is one of the small group for which a full score was written, in this case by Sol Kaplan. Jeff Bond noted:

Reception
Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an 'A−' rating, noting that while the last act of the episode was somewhat redundant, the first two run smoothly, and describing Shatner's acting as Kirk's good half as "very solid stuff."

In 2014, IO9  rated "The Enemy Within" the 81st greatest episode of Star Trek. In 2016, IGN ranked "The Enemy Within" the 7th best episode of the original series.

In 2016, Empire ranked this the 15th best out of the top 50 episodes of all the 700 plus Star Trek television episodes.

In 2016, Radio Times ranked the moment where Kirk exclaims "I'm Captain Kirk!!", the tenth best moment of all Star Trek film and television up to that time. They felt that Shatner's acting performance "completely carries this early first season episode."

In 2017, Fatherly ranked this episode as one of the top 10 episodes for kids to watch.

In 2018, PopMatters ranked this the 8th best episode of the original series. They praised Shatner (who plays both Kirks) for his nuanced yet over-the-top performance, depicting an extraordinary range of emotions.

A 2018 Star Trek binge-watching guide by Den of Geek, recommended this episode as one of the best of the original series.

In 2019, Nerdist included this episode on their "Best of Kirk" binge-watching guide.

In 2019, Comic Book Resources ranked this episode as one of the top 8 most memorable episodes of the original Star Trek.

References

External links

"The Enemy Within" Side-by-side comparison before and after remastering at TrekMovie.com

Star Trek: The Original Series (season 1) episodes
1966 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Richard Matheson
Films scored by Sol Kaplan

The Enemy Within (Star Trek: The Original Series)


The Kodály method, also referred to as the Kodály concept, is an approach to music education developed in Hungary during the mid-twentieth century by Zoltán Kodály. His philosophy of education served as inspiration for the method, which was then developed over a number of years by his associates. In 2016, the method was inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.

History
Kodály became interested in the music education of children in 1925 when he overheard some students singing songs that they had learned at school. Kodály was appalled by the standard of the children's singing, and was inspired to do something to improve the music education system in Hungary. He wrote a number of controversial articles, columns, and essays to raise awareness about the issue of music education. In his writings, Kodály criticized schools for using poor-quality music and for only teaching music in the secondary grades. Kodály insisted that the music education system needed better teachers, better curriculum, and more class time devoted to music.

Beginning in 1935, along with his colleague Jenő Ádám, he embarked on a long-term project to reform music teaching in the lower and middle schools by actively creating a new curriculum and new teaching methods, as well as writing new musical compositions for children. His work resulted in the publication of several highly influential books that have had a profound impact on musical education both inside and outside his home country.

Kodály's efforts finally bore fruit in 1945 when the new Hungarian government began to implement his ideas in the public schools. Socialist control of the educational system facilitated the establishment of Kodály's methods nationwide. The first music primary school, in which music was taught daily, opened in 1950. The school was so successful that over one hundred music primary schools opened within the next decade. After about fifteen years roughly half the schools in Hungary were music schools.

Kodály's success eventually spilled outside of Hungarian borders. Kodály's method was first presented to the international community in 1958 at a conference of the International Society for Music Educators (I.S.M.E.) held in Vienna. Another I.S.M.E. conference in Budapest in 1964 allowed participants to see Kodály's work first-hand, causing a surge of interest. Music educators from all over the world traveled to Hungary to visit Kodály's music schools. The first symposium dedicated solely to the Kodály method was held in Oakland, California in 1973; it was at this event that the International Kodály Society was inaugurated. Today Kodály-based methods are used throughout the world.

Pedagogy
Using these principles as a foundation, Kodály's colleagues, friends, and most talented students developed the actual pedagogy now called the Kodály method. Many of the techniques used were adapted from existing methods. The creators of the Kodály method researched music educational techniques used throughout the world and incorporated those they felt were the best and most suited for use in Hungary.

Child-developmental approach
The Kodály method uses a child-developmental approach to sequence, introducing skills according to the capabilities of the child. New concepts are introduced beginning with what is easiest for the child and progressing to the more difficult. Children are first introduced to musical concepts through experiences such as listening, singing, or movement. It is only after the child becomes familiar with a concept that he or she learns how to notate it, similar to methods like Suzuki. Concepts are constantly reviewed and reinforced through games, movement, songs, and exercises.

Rhythm syllables
The Kodály method incorporates rhythm syllables similar to those created by nineteenth-century French theoretician Emile-Joseph Chêvé. In this system, note values are assigned specific syllables that express their durations. For example, quarter notes (crotchets) are expressed by the syllable ta while eighth note (quaver) pairs are expressed using the syllables ti-ti. Larger note values are expressed by extending ta to become ta-a or "ta-o" (half note (minim)), ta-a-a or "ta-o-o" (dotted half note/minim), and ta-a-a-a  or "ta-o-o-o" (whole note (semibreve)). These syllables are then used when sight-reading or otherwise performing rhythms.

Rhythm syllables vary internationally. Some variants include te-te rather than ti-ti for eighth notes (quavers) and the use of both ti-ri-ti-ri and ti-ka-ti-ka for sixteenth notes (semi-quavers).

Rhythm and movement
The Kodály method also includes the use of rhythmic movement, a technique inspired by the work of Swiss music educator Emile Jaques-Dalcroze. Kodály was familiar with Dalcroze's techniques and agreed that movement is an important tool for the internalization of rhythm. To reinforce new rhythmic concepts, the Kodály method uses a variety of rhythmic movements, such as walking, running, marching, and clapping. These may be performed while listening to music or singing. Some singing exercises call for the teacher to invent appropriate rhythmic movements to accompany the songs.

Rhythm sequence and notation
Rhythmic concepts are introduced in a child-developmentally appropriate manner based upon the rhythmic patterns of their folk music (for example,  is more common in English than  so it should be introduced first). The first rhythmic values taught are quarter notes (crotchets) and eighth notes (quavers), which are familiar to children as the rhythms of their own walking and running. Rhythms are first experienced by listening, speaking in rhythm syllables, singing, and performing various kinds of rhythmic movement. Only after students internalize these rhythms is notation introduced. The Kodály method uses a simplified method of rhythmic notation, writing note heads only when necessary, such as for half notes (minims) and whole notes (semibreves).

Movable-do solfège
The Kodály method uses a system of movable-do solfège syllables for sight-singing: scale degrees are sung using corresponding syllable names (do, re, mi, fa, so, la, and ti).  The syllables show function within the key and the relationships between pitches, not absolute pitch. Kodály was first exposed to this technique while visiting England, where a movable-do system created by Sarah Glover and augmented by John Curwen was being used nationwide as a part of choral training. Kodály found movable-do solfège to be helpful in developing a sense of tonal function, thus improving students' sight-singing abilities. Kodály felt that movable-do solfège should precede acquaintance with the staff, and developed a type of shorthand using solfège initials with simplified rhythmic notation.

Melodic sequence and pentatony
Scale degrees are introduced in accordance with child-developmental patterns. The first Kodály exercise books were based on the diatonic scale, but educators soon found that children struggled to sing half steps in tune and to navigate within such a wide range. It is thus that the pentatonic scale came to be used as a sort of stepping stone. Revised Kodály exercises begin with the minor third (mi-so) and then, one at a time, add la, do, and re. Only after children become comfortable with these pitches are fa and ti introduced, a much simpler feat when taught in relation to the already established pentatonic scale. Kodály stated that each nation should create its own melodic sequence based upon its own folk music.

Hand signs

Hand signs, also borrowed from the teachings of Curwen, are performed during singing exercises to provide a visual aid. This technique assigns to each scale degree a hand sign that shows its particular tonal function. For example, do, mi, and so are stable in appearance, whereas fa and ti point in the direction of mi and do, respectively. Likewise, the hand sign for re suggests motion to do, and that of la to so. Kodály added to Curwen's hand signs upward/downward movement, allowing children to actually see the height or depth of the pitch. The signs are made in front of the body, with do falling about at waist level and la at eye level. Their distance in space corresponds with the size of the interval they represent. In 2016, computer scientists at Northwestern University invented an instrument which is controlled by the hand signs, facilitating their learning.

Materials
Kodály-method materials are drawn strictly from two sources: "authentic" folk music and "good-quality" composed music. Folk music was thought to be an ideal vehicle for early musical training because of its short forms, pentatonic style, and simple language. Of the classical repertoire, elementary students sing works of major composers of the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic music eras, while secondary-level students sing music from the twentieth century as well.

Kodály collected, composed, and arranged a large number of works for pedagogical use Along with Béla Bartók and other associates, Kodály collected and published six volumes of Hungarian folk music, including over one thousand children's songs. Much of this literature was used in Kodály method song books and textbooks. High quality music was needed in short and simple forms in order to bridge the gap between folk music and classical works. For this purpose, Kodály composed thousands of songs and sight-singing exercises, making up sixteen educational publications, six of which contain multiple volumes of over one hundred exercises each. Kodály's complete pedagogical works are published collectively by Boosey & Hawkes as The Kodály Choral Method.

Results
Studies have shown that the Kodály method improves intonation, rhythm skills, music literacy, and the ability to sing in increasingly complex parts. Outside music, it has been shown to improve perceptual functioning, concept formation, motor skills, and performance in other academic areas such as reading and maths.

References

Further reading

 Mícheál Houlahan, Philip Tacka (2008). Kodály Today: A Cognitive Approach to Elementary Music Education. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
 Mícheál Houlahan, Philip Tacka (1998). Zoltán Kodály: A Guide to Research. New York: Rutledge Publishing.
 Zoltán Kodály (1965). Let Us Sing Correctly. London: Boosey & Hawkes, 1965.
  (1965). 333 Elementary Exercises. London: Boosey & Hawkes.
 , trans. Lily Halápy and Fred Macnicol (1974). The Selected Writings of Zoltán Kodály. London: Boosey & Hawkes.
 Patricia K. Shehan (February 1986). Major Approaches to Music Education: An Account of Method. Music Educator's Journal 72 (6): 26–31.
 Douglas Turpin (February 1986). Kodaly, Dalcroze, Orff, and Suzuki: Application in the Secondary Schools. Music Educators Journal 72 (6): 56–59.

External links
HKS: Hungarian Kodály Society
IKS: International Kodály Society
KMEIA: Kodaly Music Education Institute of Australia
OAKE: Organization of American Kodály Educators
BKA: British Kodaly Academy
BBCM: Béla Bartók Centre for Musicianship
SLKE: Kodály Society of Spain

Music education
Music theory
Philosophy of education
All articles with broken or outdated citations
Hungarian inventions

Kodály method


The Düsseldorf-Derendorf–Dortmund Süd railway is a partially closed line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia from Düsseldorf-Derendorf station (formerly Düsseldorf RhE station) to Dortmund South station (formerly Dortmund RhE station). Parts of it are still busy, including two sections used for the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn.

Regionally, it is also called the Wuppertaler Nordbahn (Wuppertal Northern Railway), Düsseltalbahn (Düsseldorf Valley railway) or simply the Rheinische Strecke (Rhenish line).

History
The route was built by the Rhenish Railway Company (, RhE) between 1873 and 1879  as a rival to the Elberfeld–Dortmund trunk line built by the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company (Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, BME). In order to compete in the few untapped areas of the Wupper valley (Wuppertal), the new line went via Mettmann, the northern Wupper valley, Schwelm, Gevelsberg, western Hagen and Herdecke.

Dortmund
The RhE had already opened the last part of its Ruhr line on 19 November 1874. This route meant that the Dortmund RhE station could not be built near the joint Dortmund station of the BME and CME station, which had originally been opened by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company (Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, CME) in 1847 and is now called Dortmund Hauptbahnhof. Therefore, it built its station next to the Dortmund KWE station, which was built at the same time by the Royal Westphalian Railway Company (Königlich-Westfälische Eisenbahn, KWE), southeast of central Dortmund on a then undeveloped area between the streets of Märkischen Straße and Voßkuhle. This joint station later became Dortmund South Station (Bahnhof Dortmund Süd).

The RhE built a new line from its station in Dortmund to the south in order to serve the local mines. On 12 November 1875, the first freight train ran to Hörde RhE station (later Hörde-Hacheney). On 28 December 1878, the line was extended to Löttringhausen, which was connected two years to the Dortmund-Löttringhausen–Bochum-Langendreer railway (known as the Rheinischer Esel, Rhenish Ass).

Düsseldorf

Also on 19 November 1874, the RhE opened the Troisdorf–Mülheim-Speldorf railway, connecting its Ruhr line with its East Rhine Railway. As with many of its other lines, the RhE chose a very direct route, which bypassed central Düsseldorf.

Wuppertal

The route was very difficult between Vohwinkel and Hagen, particularly in the densely populated Wuppertal area, because the easiest route through the centre of the valleys of the Wupper and Ennepe was already occupied by the trunk section of the BME. Therefore, the railway was built on a slope, requiring complex engineering structures such as viaducts and tunnels, which still influence much the city in the northern districts of Wuppertal. The most famous structure is the imposing Ruhr Viaduct in Herdecke.

Several other lines branched off this railway: in Wuppertal-Barmen the line to Hatzfeld and the line to Hattingen branched off, in Gevelsberg the Elbsche Valley Railway branched off to Witten and in Dortmund-Löttringhausen the former line to Langendreer branched off to Witten Ost. In Neu-Dornap/Vohwinkel, the line crossed the Wuppertal-Vohwinkel–Essen-Überruhr railway (the so-called Prince William Railway), in Hagen-Haspe the line connected with the Ennepe Valley Railway and in Hagen-Vorhalle it crossed the BME trunk line.

Economically, it could not compete in the following years with the more centrally located main line of the BME despite good gradients–the steep Erkrath-Hochdahl incline on the competing BME line could not initially be climbed by the locomotives under their own power and trains had to be hauled by a cable system. After the nationalisation of the line in 1880 the Wuppertal Northern Railway therefore was used only for a modest regional passenger services and as relief line to the main route and as a detour when required.

For this purpose various connection lines were built between the Wuppertal Northern Railway and the adjacent lines:
On 1 June 1890, the Royal Railway Division at Elberfeld opened the line between Oberbarmen and Wichlinghausen (line (VzG) number 2710), connecting with the Wuppertal-Wichlinghausen–Hattingen railway opened six years earlier.
On 1 November 1894, a direct connection from Haspe RhE (now Hagen-Heubing) to Hagen Hauptbahnhof (line 2804) was opened.
On 1 April 1896, a connection was opened from Varresbeck and Lüntenbeck to Vohwinkel (line 2722) initially for freight; a month later the first passenger train ran on it
On 2 January 1912, passenger traffic was discontinued between Herdecke and Hagen-Eckesey (formerly Hagen RhE) and a new connection (line 2821) was opened between Herdecke and Hagen-Vorhalle Yo junction (on the BME trunk line) to Hagen Hbf.
In 1913, a branch line (line 2712) was opened from Schwelm-Loh (formerly Schwelm RhE) to the old Wuppertal-Langerfeld freight yard.
On 2 June 1957, the route to Dortmund South station was finally closed and instead a connecting curve was opened with the Dortmund–Soest railway to provide direct access to Dortmund Hauptbahnhof.

On 27 September 1991, most passenger traffic on the Wuppertal Northern Railway—which had most recently operated with class 515 battery-powered railbuses—was closed. After that there were only a few special trips. On 17 December 1999, the last freight train ran on the line.

Current use
Passenger services are now operated by Regiobahn GmbH as line S 28 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn on the section of the line from Düsseldorf to Mettmann. This section is now also used for freight trains running to Dornaper-Hahnenfurth and the nearby limestone quarry. An extension of the S-Bahn to Wuppertal-Vohwinkel is planned. In 2005, it was decided that the realignment would leave the Wuppertal Northern Railway at Hahnenfurth and connect at Wuppertal-Dornap with the Wuppertal-Vohwinkel–Essen-Überruhr railway (S 9). A new Hahnenfurt-Düssel station is planned close to the connection in the Wülfrath district, bypassing the closed Hahnenfurth station. In August 2009, this proposal was given planning approval by the government of the Düsseldorf region, but funding for it has not yet been identified.

The tracks have been removed from Hahnenfurth to Wuppertal-Lüntenbeck, but a track still exists from Lüntenbeck to Wuppertal-Mirk and Wuppertal-Heubruch. The line between Wuppertal-Vohwinkel and Lüntenbeck and Wuppertal-Wichlinghausen (the connecting line opened in 1896) has been closed since December 1999.

The Wuppertal Bewegung e. V. association maintains the line's structure and the conversion of the Wuppertal Northern Railway into a cycle path. Early work began with reconstruction between Rott and Osterbaum in April 2009. In the area of Loh station curbs were installed and the first 2 km of the route was levelled on 9 May 2010. The cycle path was opened on 5 June 2010 by the North Rhine-Westphalian Economics Minister, Christa Thoben, the North Rhine-Westphalian Minister of Works and Transport, Lutz Lienenkämper and the Mayor of Wuppertal, Peter Jung.

Northeast of Wuppertal Wichlinghausen the line to closed and dismantled through Schwelm. During the widening of the A 1 autobahn to six lanes, the rail overbridge on the outskirts of Wuppertal and Schwelm was demolished and therefore the route of the line was broken.

From Wuppertal to Hagen to the route is used by line S 8 and S 9 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn. The section from Hagen Hauptbahnhof to Dortmund Signal-Iduna-Park is used by the Volmetal-Bahn (RB 52) Regionalbahn trains running to and from Lüdenscheid on the Volme Valley Railway.

Gallery

Notes

External links

Railway lines in North Rhine-Westphalia
Railway lines opened in 1875
1875 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Wuppertal
Transport in Dortmund
Ruhr
Buildings and structures in Hagen
Transport in Düsseldorf
Buildings and structures in Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis


Christian Mayer (January 24, 1827 - August 6, 1910) was an American carpenter and businessman from Watertown, Wisconsin who manufactured doors and sash windows. He served as an alderman in, and mayor of, that city, and as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Background
Mayer was born on January 24, 1827, in Bretten, then part of the  Grand Duchy of Baden. He received a common school education. He emigrated to the United States in 1852. He spent six months in Brooklyn as a carpenter and joiner, then settled for a while in Buffalo, New York, working at the Buffalo City Planing-Mills. While there he married Frederika Melcher on October 18, 1855; the couple would eventually have twelve children. In 1856 or 1857 (accounts vary) they moved to Wisconsin, settling in Watertown and worked as a carpenter until 1861. He then began manufacturing doors, window sashes and window blinds, and operating a planing mill.

Public office
He had been alderman of Watertown seven years, and served as mayor of that city for one term, when in 1874 he was elected to the Assembly's 1st Jefferson County district (which included the Towns of Ixonia and Watertown as well as the entire City of Watertown, including those two wards which actually were in Dodge County) as a member of the Reform Party, a short-lived coalition of Democrats, reform and Liberal Republicans, and Grangers formed in 1873 which had secured the election of a Governor of Wisconsin and a number of state legislators; incumbent Charles Beckman, a Reformer, was not running for re-election. Mayer won with 969 votes to 781 for Republican August Volkmann. He was assigned to the standing committee on ways and means.

He was not a candidate for re-election in 1875, and was succeeded by Democrat Thomas Shinnick.

After the Assembly
He continued to serve as an alderman in Watertown.

He died August 6, 1910, as a result of a broken hip sustained in a fall. His wife had died about two years previously. They were survived by twelve children: seven daughters and five sons. He was buried in Watertown's Oak Hill Cemetery.

References

1827 births
1910 deaths
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Businesspeople in wood products
Mayors of places in Wisconsin
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
People from Bretten
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Politicians from Watertown, Wisconsin
Wisconsin city council members
Wisconsin Reformers (19th century)
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

Christian Mayer (Wisconsin politician)


Eucalyptus utilis, commonly known as coastal moort or coastal mort, is a species of mallet or mallee that is native to southern areas of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in group or seven, creamy white flowers and conical fruit.

Description
Eucalyptus utilis is a mallet or mallee that typically grows to a height of  and has a spreading habit. There is doubt about whether or not the species forms a lignotuber. (A mallee has a lignotuber but a mallet does not.) It has a short trunk with smooth grey bark that peels off in ribbons revealing smooth pale brown bark underneath. The crown is relatively close to the ground, dense and spreading. Young plants have green to greyish, egg-shaped leaves that are  long and  wide. Adult leaves are thick, the same shade of glossy olive green on both sides, egg-shaped to lance-shaped,  long and  wide, tapering to a petiole  long.

The flower buds are arranged in leaf axil in groups of seven on a flattened, unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to  long. Mature buds have an elongated ovoid shape and are  in length and  wide with a horn-shaped operculum that is up to 2.5 times as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs from September to January and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, conical to almost barrel-shaped capsule  long and  wide on down-turned to spreading peduncles. There is a descending disc and three to four valves at rim level. The seeds are oval, black to brown and  long.

Eucalyptus utilis can be distinguished from E. platypus by its narrower, more lanceolate leaves, its erect bud clusters and coastal sand-dune habitat, rather than growing on heavy soil flats. E. utilis seems to be either mallee or mallet in habit whilst E. platypus is always a mallet. Eucalyptus nutans has a similar habit, similar adult leaves and similar erect staminal arrangement to E. utilis but differs in that its buds have a much shorter operculum, its flowers are red/pink and its fruit has five or six valves. Eucalyptus cernua and E. vesiculosa differ from E. utilis in having  inflexed, not erect, stamens in bud, down-turned bud clusters and short rounded opercula, not long and horn-shaped.

Taxonomy
Eucalyptus utilis was first formally described by the botanists Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in 2002 in the journal Nuytsia from specimens collected by Charles Austin Gardner near Hopetoun in 1964.

Brooker and Hopper considered the type specimens of Eucalyptus platypus var. heterophylla to be a hybrid between E. platypus subsp. platypus and E. spathulata. They also noted that populations attributed to E. platypus var. heterophylla did not occur anywhere near the type specimens. Brooker and Hopper consider those populations to be of the newly described E. utilis, and that interpretation is accepted by the Australian Plant Census.

The specific epithet is from the Latin word utilis meaning useful which refers to the many uses of the tree in street and farm plantings.

Distribution
Coastal moort is found along the west and south coast of Western Australia, as far north as around Perth with the bulk of the population between Fitzgerald River National Park then east to around Esperance with scattered populations found further east. Populations are also found on islands in the Recherche Archipelago including Middle and Mondrain Island. It grows in a variety of habitats, including on sand dunes, on and around granite hills, and near swamps and estuaries, growing in sandy or clay soils. It is native in parts of its range and naturalised elsewhere.

Conservation status
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
This eucalypt is commercially available for cultivation and is commonly used for ornamental, windbreaks and shelter-belts. It is drought tolerant and moderately frost tolerant, can grow in poor sandy soils that are alkaline and is semi-salt tolerant. It produces a good amount of pollen and nectar and makes good habitat for birds and insects.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

Eucalypts of Western Australia
Trees of Australia
utilis
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 2002
Taxa named by Ian Brooker
Taxa named by Stephen Hopper

Eucalyptus utilis


The 455-line standard, also known as 450-line, was a French black-and-white analog television broadcasting norm employed between 1937 and 1939. It was later replaced by the 441-line format, which remained in use until 1956.

Historical Background
In 1931, in Paris, Georges Mandel, the Minister of Posts, provided support to the Compagnie des Compteurs (CdC) in conducting mechanical television experiments. Engineer René Barthélémy was granted a studio on Rue de Grenelle, Paris for this purpose. The resolution gradually increased from 30 to 60 lines and then to 180 lines by 1935, and the transmitter was located to the Eiffel Tower.

Robert Jardillier, the next Minister of Posts, launched in 1936 a call for tenders to provide television with higher definition, based on the iconoscope and electronic television. A test period would follow and enable the best standard to be chosen.

Broadcasts became regular from January 4, 1937, from 11 to 11:30 am and 8 to 8:30 pm on weekdays and from 5:30 pm to 7:30 pm on Sundays. Grammont performed its tests in 441 lines, the Compagnie Française de Télévision in 450 lines, and Thomson-Houston in 455 lines.

In July 1937, the administration chose the 455-line system designed by Thomson-Houston, followed by public demonstrations at the International Exposition of Art and Technology in Modern Life.

Broadcasts using the previous mechanical system continued alongside the new electronic system until April 10, 1938.

In July 1938, a decree of the Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones Agency defined the French terrestrial television standard as transmitting on 455 lines VHF (46 MHz, positive visual modulation, 25 frames per second), to be adopted throughout France within three years. 455-line TV sets from brands like Pathe-Marconi, Philips, Radioindustrie, CdC, Grammont, and Emyradio began to be sold to the public.

In 1938, the transmitter, located at the Eiffel Tower, changed to this 455-line format, making it the most advanced and powerful broadcasting system in the world, boasting a transmission power of 30 kW. Radiodiffusion Nationale (RN Télévision) starts its broadcasts from Paris, and expansion for other cities like Lyon, Marseille and Bordeaux is planned. In the spring of 1939, tests are conducted in Lille.

The Rue de Grenelle studio closed on July 31, 1939, and after this point, Radiodiffusion Nationale only broadcast films, documentaries, and recorded news using telecine.

When France entered World War II on September 3, 1939, the military authorities ordered the cessation of broadcasts and took control of the Eiffel Tower transmitter. A few broadcasts were still broadcast episodically for transmitter maintenance purposes.

On June 6, 1940, the French Resistance took action to sabotage this equipment to prevent its utilization by the Nazis. However, in 1942, the occupying forces decided to repatriate the equipment for their Berlin station and replaced it with 441-line equipment.

References

See also
 TF1

Television technology

455-line television system


The  was a fudai samurai clan which briefly came to prominence during the Sengoku and early Edo period Japan. Kōriki Kiyonaga (1530-1608) was a hereditary retainer of the Tokugawa clan, who served Tokugawa Ieyasu as bugyō of Sunpu and was made daimyō of Iwatsuki Domain (20,000 koku) in Musashi Province in 1590 after the Tokugawa were transferred to the Kantō region by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

His son, Kōriki Tadafusa (1583–1655) distinguished himself in combat during the Battle of Sekigahara and the Siege of Osaka and was transferred to Hamamatsu Domain (35,000 koku) in Tōtōmi Province in 1619.

The clan was then transferred to Shimabara Domain (40,000 koku) in Hizen Province. However, his son Kōriki Takanaga (1604–1676) was dispossessed for bad administration and exiled to Sendai in Mutsu Province in 1668. The clan subsequently sunk into obscurity as a 3,000 koku hatamoto clan based initially in Dewa Province, and later in Shimōsa Province to the end of the Edo period.

References
 Papinot, Edmond. (1906) Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie du japon. Tokyo: Librarie Sansaisha...Click link for digitized 1906 Nobiliaire du japon (2003)

External links
 Kōriki clan on Harimaya's "Buke-kaden" (22 September 2007)
 More information on the Kōriki (22 September 2007)

Japanese clans

Kōriki clan


Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova (1897–1980) was a Russian expert on the flora of the Caucasus, with a particular interest in ferns and seed plants.  Pojarkova authored 230 land plant species names, the eighth-highest number of such names authored by any female scientist.

Work
Pojarkova was a principal editor with B. N. Gorodkov and author of many components of the 5-volume series Flora of the Murmansk region (Flora Murmanskoj oblasti) which was published by the USSR Academy of Sciences, and with Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov of the 30-volume series Flora SSSR, which was translated into English as Flora of the USSR.

As well as discovering new species, her work is notable for creating infrageneric groups, such as Acer section Trilobata and Crataegus series Orientales.

Her specimen collection has been published for scientific study.

The genus Pojarkovia in the daisy family Asteraceae is named in her honour.

References

1897 births
1980 deaths
Soviet botanists
Soviet women scientists

Antonina Pojarkova


Maxine Jones (born January 16, 1962), is an American singer, songwriter, actress and businesswoman, best known as a founding member of the R&B/pop group En Vogue, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. She sang lead vocals on the group's signature singles "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)" and "Don't Let Go (Love)", both of which garnered international success and sold over a million copies. Throughout her career, Jones has sold over 20 million records with En Vogue. Her work has earned her several awards and nominations, including two American Music Awards, a Billboard Music Award, four MTV Video Music Awards, and four Soul Train Music Awards.

Career

1989–2011: En Vogue

In 1988, Jones was chosen along with Dawn Robinson and Cindy Herron to be in a three-woman girl group by producers Denzil Foster and Thomas McElroy. After adding Terry Ellis to the line-up, the group became a quartet and chose the name En Vogue. They began recording their debut album in 1989 and finished in 1990. In 1990, En Vogue released their first single "Hold On", which became a number one single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Later that year, the group released their debut album Born to Sing, which sold a million copies the United States.

The group released their second album Funky Divas in 1992, which sold over 3.5 million copies in the United States. The album's lead single "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)", which features Jones on lead vocals, peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the R&B chart. "Give It Up, Turn It Loose", lead completely by Jones, was released as the album's fourth single. The song peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard'''s Hot 100, and received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at 36th Annual Grammy Awards. Jones also shares lead vocals on one of the album's top-charting singles "Free Your Mind". "Free Your Mind" won two MTV Video Music Awards, for "Best R&B Video" and "Best Dance Video". En Vogue released an EP in the fall of 1993, entitled Runaway Love. The lead single "Whatta Man", featuring co-lead vocals by Jones and a collaboration with Salt-N-Pepa, peaked in the top-ten on the Billboard charts and sold over a million copies. In 1995, En Vogue was featured on the single "Freedom (Theme from Panther)".

In 1996, En Vogue released "Don't Let Go (Love)" with Jones singing co-lead vocals of the song. The song was featured on the soundtrack to the motion picture Set It Off. Released in the autumn, it became the group's biggest hit to date going number one worldwide. It also sold over 1.8 million copies worldwide and became certified platinum by the RIAA. In response to the large commercial success of "Don't Let Go (Love)", the group steadfastly went to work on its third album. As the album was nearing completion, Robinson chose to leave the group in April 1997 after difficult contractual negotiations reached a stalemate. The ending result saw En Vogue re-recording their third album with Jones singing lead vocals on more of the songs. In June 1997, the group released their third studio album EV3, which went platinum. In 2000, they released their fourth album, Masterpiece Theatre. The following year, Jones left En Vogue to focus on family and was replaced by Amanda Cole. After the release of En Vogue's fifth album, Jones returned to the group. In late 2004, Jones toured with En Vogue while Cindy was on maternity leave and continued to perform with En Vogue until April 2012.

On September 26, 2011, Ellis, Jones, and Herron released a single "I'll Cry Later" from their forthcoming album that was planned for a December release. Negotiations for the album release resulted in Jones leaving En Vogue, which was discussed with Robinson on Access Hollywood nearly a year later on October 17, 2012.

 2012–13: Heirs to the Throne and En Vogue to the Max
In October 2012, Jones and Dawn Robinson appeared on Access Hollywood to announce they are forming a new girl group called Heirs to the Throne. The duo launched their website, Twitter, and Facebook for the new group. They also performed at several venues with Shaunté Usual as their third member. The following year, Robinson and Jones parted ways and Jones went on to form her own group called "En Vogue to the Max".Maxine Jones Appeals En Vogue Decision BET News. Retrieved May 11, 2013 It was later announced that the former group mates Cindy Herron and Terry Ellis sued Jones for use of the En Vogue name and demanding one million dollars for damages. However, Ellis and Herron could not demonstrate harm done to the company from Jones' use of the name. Robinson participated as a witness in the trial but ultimately stated that she was not directly involved in the dispute, as she had surrendered her rights to use the name herself when she departed from the LLC years earlier. She also appeared as a judge in season two's Paramount Idol, alongside Bruce Flohr and Andy Waldeck.

 2014–2018: Solo career
In 2014, Jones began recording her first solo album with producer DJ King Assassin entitled, To the Max''. Jones released a single "Didn't I" on May 15, 2014. In 2015, Jones began her own radio show called "Max Radio". In 2016, Jones went on tour for the stage-play "Suspicion, Lies, and Death by Pies!" by Teresa D. Ballard.

In March 2017, Jones announced the forthcoming release of her autobiographical self-help book "A Smart Girls Guide to Girl Groups" in the summer through Welstar Publications, LLC. In June 2017, Jones released a cover version of the  "Don't Let Go (Love)" as a duet with Australian singer Greg Gould.

2019–present: The Funky Divas; Solo Career
In October 2019, Jones reunited with En Vogue for an on-stage performance to salute music industry executive Sylvia Rhone at the City of Hope Gala 2019. This marked the first time all five members performed together. In late 2019, Jones and Dawn Robinson began touring under the group name The Funky Divas. They've since disbanded a second time.

In November 2022, Jones released her newest solo single titled "Not Your Freak" featuring Bounce artist Big Freedia, It's the first single off her upcoming debut album MAXimazing.

Artistry

Voice and songwriting
Maxine's vocal range spans three octaves and two notes. She is a classically trained soprano. As a member of En Vogue, Jones was often credited for harmonizing the low parts of their songs. Her lowest note was recorded on the song "Love Won't Take Me Out" wherein she sang a G2. Her highest note was recorded on Silent Night (Happy Holiday Mix)", whereas she sang a B5 note. Jones often took on heavy songwriting in the group. She also sang lead vocals on their biggest hits including: "Whatta Man", "Don't Let Go (Love)", "Give It Up, Turn It Loose", and their signature song "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)".

Influences
Jones names Chaka Khan as her major musical influence. Her musical influences also include Gladys Knight, Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner, Patti LaBelle. Jones' style is rooted in R&B and classic soul music, supplemented by bass and programmed drumbeats by Denzil Foster, Thomas McElroy.

Discography

Singles
 "Didn't I" (2014)
 "Don't Let Go (Love)" (with Greg Gould) (2017)
 "Not Your Freak" (featuring Big Freedia) (2022)

Filmography

Films

TV appearances

Theatre appearances

Notes

References

1962 births
1966 births
Living people
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American women singers
African-American actresses
African-American artists
20th-century African-American women singers
African-American feminists
American feminists
African-American record producers
African-American women writers
African-American writers
American contemporary R&B singers
American dance musicians
American disco musicians
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American house musicians
American music publishers (people)
American sopranos
American soul singers
En Vogue members
Feminist musicians
Musicians from Paterson, New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American women singers

Maxine Jones


La Roche University is a private Catholic university in McCandless, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1963 by the Sisters of Divine Providence and now sits on an  campus within the Diocese of Pittsburgh.

History
La Roche University was founded in 1963 as La Roche College by the Sisters of Divine Providence as a private college for religious sisters. It was named in honor of Stephanie Amelia la Roche von Starkenfels, the first Mother Superior of the Sisters of Divine Providence. The first president of the university was Sister Annunciata Sohl, C.D.P., who served until 1968. The college had begun to admit its first lay students by 1965. It continued to grow, and two years later, La Roche expanded beyond its leased space to construct the first building, the John J. Wright Library.

La Roche encountered financial difficulties soon after its founding. Although closing the college was considered, Sister de la Salle Mahler, C.D.P., president from 1969 to 1975, carried on. The Board amended its charter in 1970 to establish La Roche as an independent, coeducational Catholic institution, while also diversifying course offerings through an affiliation with the Art Institute of Pittsburgh. This partnership made available several new areas of study, including graphic and interior design, which count among the university's strongest programs today.

An enrollment boom made the construction of two new residence halls necessary in the mid-1970s. Under College President Sister Mary Joan Coultas, C.D.P. (1975–80), the college launched its first capital campaign in 1979, garnering enough to construct the Palumbo Science Center, which opened in 1980. During Divine Providence Sister Margaret Huber's eleven-year tenure as president beginning in 1981, the college continued to grow, marking its 25th anniversary in 1987 with the dedication of the $2.5 million-Zappala College Center. The Magdalen Chapel was added in 1990, and in 1993 the college opened the Kerr Fitness and Sports Center.

La Roche's sixth president, Monsignor William A. Kerr, was appointed in 1992 and focused his leadership on raising the college's visibility, while broadening academic, cultural and athletic programs. In 2004, the La Roche College Board of Trustees elected the college's seventh president, Sister Candace Introcaso, C.D.P. In March 2019, the Pennsylvania Department of Education approved the college's request to become La Roche University, a name change that went immediately into effect. Sister Candace passed away on May 22, 2023. Since, the University's Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs, Howard Ishiyama, has been serving as Interim President.

Athletics
La Roche University teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Redhawks are a member of the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference (AMCC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. La Roche University has won sixteen AMCC Conference Championships including Baseball (2012, 2014, 2015, 2016), Men's Basketball (2004, 2011), Softball (2000, 2001, 2002), Women's Basketball (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), and Women's Tennis (2012). The La Roche University Baseball team also became the first team in AMCC Conference history to win an NCAA Regional Championship after defeating Randolph Macon 4–3 in the NCAA Mideast Regional Championship on May 21, 2016. La Roche advanced to the NCAA Division III College World Series before falling to Keystone 5–4 in the National Semifinals. .The head coach for women's basketball is Kamela Gissendanner, one of the most successful coaches in the country with a record of 152–39.

Facilities
The John J. Wright Library was the first building constructed for the university, built in 1967 and renovated in the early 2000s. Two residence halls were built in the mid-1970s, and the university opened the Palumbo Science Center in 1980. The 1,200-seat Kerr Fitness & Sports Center opened in 1993 and has been updated throughout the years. Current athletic facilities include a baseball field, soccer field, softball field, aerobics room, dance studio, gymnasium, indoor track and a weight room. Tennis courts of any sort, and outdoor basketball courts, have both yet to be added to the campus. Residence halls were added and expanded upon in 1997 and 2003 with the dedication of Bold Hall and Bold Hall II. A classroom building introducing electronic classroom technology was added adjacent to the Zappala College Center in 2002.

Pacem In Terris Institute
Beginning in 1993, the Pacem In Terris Institute has brought students from conflict, post-conflict and developing regions of the world to study at La Roche. The program provides scholarships and assistance, to students from 21 different countries. The students are chosen by their countries on the basis of academic and personal potential, and promise to return to their homelands upon completion of their studies to work for peace and prosperity in their regions.

Notable members on the Board of the Institute are Kim Dae-jung, past president of the Republic of Korea; Queen Rania Al-Abdullah, first lady of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; and Janet Museveni, first lady of the Republic of Uganda.

References

External links
Official website
Official athletics website

Universities and colleges established in 1963
Universities and colleges in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
Catholic universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
1963 establishments in Pennsylvania
Congregation of Divine Providence

La Roche University


River Song is a fictional character in the British science-fiction series Doctor Who. She is played mainly by Alex Kingston. River Song was first seen in the series as a future companion of the Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. River Song is a time traveler herself. Because of this, her time spent with the Doctor does not happen in the same order his time with her does. The first time they met (in the series) is his first but her last time. In later episodes, River is a companion of the Doctor in his eleventh form (Matt Smith). River Song was created by Doctor Who writer Steven Moffat for the programme's fourth series in 2008. When moffat took over the job of executive producer from Russell T Davies, he started developing the character's background. He created adventures  earlier in River's timeline. Alex Kingston went from being from a guest star to a recurring actor in the series. Other actresses have also played younger versions of the character. She has been an infant, a child and a young adult.

When the character was first seen, much about her was mystery. After the character's first time on the series, Davies said she was as "one of the most important characters" in the story. He said that she was "vital" to the Doctor's life. In series six (2011), Moffat's episodes showed more about the character.  Born Melody Pond, River is the daughter of the Eleventh Doctor's companions Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill). Kingston had appeared with these characters several times in series five (2010). Because she was conceived in the TARDIS as it travelled through the space-time vortex, Melody is born with genetic traits and abilities much like to the Doctor's own race, the Time Lords.

Appearances

River Song first appears in the Doctor Who 2008 series two-episode story "Silence in the Library"/"Forest of the Dead". This story was written by Steven Moffat. Here, she meets up with the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) in the 51st century. She tells him that she is someone he will come to trust completely. River, who wears a space suit, carries a diary that looks like the TARDIS. It is filled with her adventures. She is a professor of archaeology. The Doctor learns that he will trust her in the future when she whispers his real name into his ear. The adventure in the Library is River's last real-life meeting with the Doctor in her chronology. It is their first meeting in his. In the second of the two episodes she dies to save the people who were trapped in the Library's database, before the Doctor could do the same. The Doctor is then able to upload her consciousness into a computer. This allows her to live on in a virtual world created by the Library computer. He does this by using a sonic screwdriver that she was given by himself in his future (her past).

After Moffat took over from Davies as executive producer, River Song was in the 2010 series. At an earlier point in her timeline, in the two-episode story "The Time of Angels"/"Flesh and Stone", River meets the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith). She is more familiar to him and he is more familiar to her. At this point in her life, River is a doctor. She is not yet a professor. She leaves coordinates for the Doctor to find so that he may save her in the 51st century. With him she goes to learn about the crash of the spaceship Byzantium. She shows herself to be better at flying the TARDIS than he is. She tells the Doctor that she is imprisoned in the Stormcage Containment Facility for killing, in her words, "the best man I've ever known." An even earlier version of River helps the Doctor in series finale "The Pandorica Opens"/"The Big Bang". After Winston Churchill (Ian McNeice) talks to her while she is in prison, she takes the Doctor to 102 A.D. While River is travelling in the TARDIS on her own, it explodes with her inside. The Doctor, using an device that belonged River, is able to save her and teleport her out. She then helps him in closing the cracks in the universe.  After the Doctor removes himself from all of history to close the cracks in the universe, River helps Amy Pond to remember the Doctor. This brings him back. She gives Amy her now-blank diary.  At the end of the series finale, The Doctor asks her whether she is married. She says she is married, and answers yes to a question she pretends think is him asking her to marry him. She then tells to the Doctor that he will soon learn the truth about her, after which 'everything changes'.

In the first episodes of 2011 series, "The Impossible Astronaut"/"Day of the Moon", River, Rory and Amy (Karen Gillan are contacted by a future version of the Doctor. They are told to meet in the United States. This future version of the Doctor is killed by an person in a space suit. The Doctor's current version is there with them. In 1969, the present Doctor and company meet a little girl (Sydney Wade) who wears the space suit. River tells the Doctor it is a life support unit. The suit has been designed by the hypnotic alien race, Silence. The girl is later seen regenerating in New York City, 1970. In "A Good Man Goes to War," it is learned that River is Amy and Rory's daughter Melody. She was conceived in the TARDIS and has Time Lord DNA. Baby Melody is kidnaped by Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber) to become a weapon against the Doctor. "Let's Kill Hitler" shows that Melody was trained by the Silence to kill the Doctor. After regenerating in New York, Melody became Rory and Amy's childhood friend Mels (Maya Glace-Green) and grew up alongside them. When adult Mels (Nina Toussaint-White) is shot, she regenerates into her next form (Kingston) and kills the Doctor. When she learns she will one day become River Song, someone the Doctor trust, Melody chooses to resurrect the Doctor with her energy. This causes her to lose the ability. The Doctor learns that she is the person who kills him in his future. The Doctor gives her a blank TARDIS-shaped diary, and Melody - now River - begins to study archaeology. At the end of "Closing Time", on the day she receives her doctorate, the Silence and Kovarian recapture River. They, then, put her in the space suit to kill the Doctor as history showed. In the series finale "The Wedding of River Song", River stops herself from killing the Doctor. This created an alternate reality. The Doctor marries River. He gets her to return to the normal history by letting her know how he plans to fake his death. River goes to prison for his murder so no one knows he is not dead.

The series 6 DVD bonus episodes Night and the Doctor shows River in the episodes "First Night" and "Last Night". The Doctor tries to take River on a date shortly after she is put in prison. Their time in the TARDIS is interrupted by two future versions of River. All are wondering about the signs of "another woman" being aboard the TARDIS.. The Doctor is able get rid of the two future Rivers, but not before learning from his future self that one of them is shortly to die in the Library where he first met her.

Online media
At the same time as the 2010 series, Alex Kingston played River Song narrating the "Monster Files" on the BBC website. It is a documentary about Doctor Who monsters. This series had also (in 2008-9) been narrated by John Barrowman in character as Captain Jack Harkness.

Characterisation

Casting
For the role of River Song, they wanted to cast Kate Winslet. One of Winslet's first acting jobs was in the BBC1 teen drama Dark Season, written by Davies. The role of River Song went to Alex Kingston instead. She is known for starring in the popular US drama ER. On Kingston's casting, Davies said "I bloody love her!" Kingston had liked Doctor Who as a child. Kingston, when first cast, did not expect her role to be more than just the two episodes. She later learned that Moffat had always wanted for Song to come back for more episodes. Kingston likes getting to play an unusual action hero female role.

Talking about acting with Tennant and Catherine Tate (Donna Noble) in her 2008 episode, Kingston said, "We just clicked. I've done guest roles on other shows, but rarely have I felt such a warm bond."  About working with Kingston, Catherine Tate said, "I'm a huge ER fan. When you hold people in awe, it's almost a disappointment when they come in and they're utterly normal. But Alex isn't disappointing at all. She's such a lovely person." David Tennant said, "Alex is terrific. When she's telling you stories about hanging out with George Clooney, you know she's pretty cool."

When asked about the Doctor Who dialogue, she said, "I'd work with a medical consultant on ER, who'd explain what we were saying, so I'd say it with a purpose and a truth. On Doctor Who, I've no idea what some of my lines mean!"

Conception and development
The character was first created to help the plot of "Silence in the Library" to make more sense. Moffat knew that the team of archaeologists would have to trust the Doctor, but the Doctor could not get them to understand how he had gotten into the closed library. Because of this, Moffat wanted for the Doctor to know one of the archaeologists but he thought that the idea was "dull". He chose to have one of them know him. When Kingston returned to the show, Moffat told her some details about her character's back-story. This was information that Smith, Gillan and Darvill did not learn until later. Kingston knows her character cannot be killed off because her death was seen in her first episode. Each episode she is in after that is earlier in her personal history.

Reception
An article published in Metro, titled "Doctor Who fans love River Song...", said how good comments from fans on Twitter after the airing of "Day of the Moon" were mainly about Song.

Keith Phipps for The A.V. Club compared the Doctor and River's romantic storyline to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.

Neela Debnath of The Independent liked Nina Toussaint-White as Mels. She said she was "every bit as sassy and vivacious as her later incarnation...it was shame that she regenerated so early on because she brought a different energy to the character". However, Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph felt that her being quickly added as Rory and Amy's childhood friend showed that Moffat was making it up as he went along.

References

Other websites
River Song on the BBC's Doctor Who Series 5 website

Doctor Who characters

River Song (Doctor Who)


SAFETY
Safety na the condition wey be say you make sure say you dey protected when there is danger, or any bad occurrence anywhere wey you find yourself.
You fit even say safety na when you take control of any harzard so tey you take risk wey no hurt you or anybody.

Types of Safety
Physical harzard na anything wey fit cause harm to yourself na this kind one dey common for our environment and wey dey happen everyday, e fit cause sickness, untimely death and Many situation wey we no pray make e happen.

Some things wey fit cause physical harzard na Heat,Gas wey dey under pressure,noise and stress sef fit cause harzard.

SAfety


The  (Great Temple) was one of the main temples of the Aztecs. It was in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is now Mexico City. Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. The temple was called the  in the Nahuatl language. It was dedicated to two gods, Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture.  Each one had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate stairways.  The spire in the center of the image to the right was devoted to Quetzalcoatl in his form as the wind god, Ehecatl.

The Great Temple devoted to Huiztilopochtli and Tlaloc was approximately  at its base. Construction of the first temple began sometime after 1325. It was rebuilt six times after that.  The temple was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. The modern-day archeological site lies just to the northeast of the Zocalo, or main plaza of Mexico City The site is part of the Historic Center of Mexico City, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.

References

Aztec gods and goddesses
Mexico City
Archaeological sites in Mexico
14th-century buildings and structures

Templo Mayor


Cayman Airways is the flag carrier airline of the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands. With its head office in Grand Cayman, it operates mainly as an international and domestic scheduled passenger carrier, with cargo services available on most routes. Its operations are based at Owen Roberts International Airport in George Town, Grand Cayman. The company slogan is Those who fly us love us.

History

Early history: 1968 – 1975

The airline was established and started operations on 7 August 1968. It was formed following the Cayman Islands Government's purchase of 51% of Cayman Brac Airways which had been founded in 1955, from LACSA, the Costa Rican flag carrier, and became wholly government-owned in December 1977. LACSA had been serving Grand Cayman since the mid-1950s as an intermediate stop on its route between San José, Costa Rica, and Miami with some flights also making a stop in Havana, Cuba, as well between Grand Cayman and Miami. In 1965, Cayman Brac Airways (which was also known as CBA Airways Ltd.) was operating regional services from Owen Roberts International Airport in George Town, Grand Cayman, to Gerrard Smith International Airport (since renamed Charles Kirkconnell International Airport) on Cayman Brac as well as to Little Cayman via a flag stop and also to Montego Bay, Jamaica. A weekly service with a twin-engine Beechcraft 18 aircraft was being operated on a routing of Grand Cayman – Little Cayman (flag stop only) – Cayman Brac – Montego Bay with an additional weekly service being flown between Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac with an intermediate stop on occasion at Little Cayman as a flag stop. Connecting services for Grand Cayman were available to LACSA flights for services to Miami and also for Pan Am flights at Montego Bay for connecting service to Miami and New York City.

Early on, Cayman Airways first aircraft was a single Douglas DC-3. A few months after it was formed, the airline flew its first international route to Kingston, Jamaica, operating five times a week using a BAC One-Eleven twin jet wet-leased from LACSA. International services to Miami were operated eight times a week using a single leased Douglas DC-6 propliner. By the winter of 1973, Cayman Airways was operating stretched BAC One-Eleven series 500 aircraft on both of its jet routes with seventeen flights a week between Grand Cayman and Miami as well as five flights a week between Grand Cayman and Kingston. The airline was also offering direct connecting jet service between Miami and Kingston via Grand Cayman at this time.

Expansion: 1976 – 1989
In 1976, the airline had increased competition on the Grand Cayman - Miami route as Southern Airways and LACSA were both operating nonstop jet service on the route. By the late 1970s, Cayman Airways had commenced its second nonstop route to the United States with service between Grand Cayman and Houston George Bush Intercontinental Airport operated with a BAC One-Eleven series 500.

In 1979, an additional BAC One-Eleven jet, as well as a Hawker Siddeley 748 turboprop and a Britten-Norman Trislander prop aircraft were purchased and added to the fleet.

In 1982, the airline replaced its two BAC One-Eleven jets with Boeing 727-200 aircraft strengthening the airline's regional and international capability and also allowed for the introduction of first-class service. Cayman Airways also operated a single Douglas DC-8-52 and a leased Boeing 727-100 during the 1980s. These aircraft were eventually replaced with Boeing 737-200 jets which in turn were then subsequently replaced with Boeing 737-300 aircraft. Boeing 737-400 jetliners were previously operated as well. During the 1980s, Cayman Airways offered scheduled or charter service to Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Minneapolis, Newark, New York City, Philadelphia and St. Louis as well as Kingston and Montego Bay in Jamaica. In addition, Panama City, Panama was served at one point. The airline also flew between Miami and Grand Turk Island as well as Providenciales in the Turks & Caicos Islands. These were the only routes flown by the carrier that did not directly serve the Cayman Islands. Cayman Airways has also operated jet service into Cayman Brac with Boeing 727-200, Boeing 737-200 and Boeing 737-400 aircraft, including nonstop flights between Cayman Brac and Miami.

Struggles: 1990s
Throughout the early 1990s, the airline struggled. According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG), in 1991 three other air carriers including American Airlines, Northwest Airlines and Pan Am were competing with Cayman Airways on the Grand Cayman - Miami route with a combined total of 41 nonstop jet flights a week being operated by the four airlines. Financial assistance from the Cayman Islands Government as well as financial re-structuring plus newer, more modern aircraft and the addition of new destinations such as Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth and Havana were beneficial for the airline at the time.

Recent history: 2000s

In 2005, Cayman Airways was the only airline operating nonstop service from Grand Cayman to Chicago O'Hare Airport (ORD) with a weekly 737 flight.

In 2016, it was announced that four new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft would be introduced between late 2018 and 2020 thus allowing for the eventual retirement of the Boeing 737-300 aircraft currently operated by the airline. The airline has also added one Boeing 737-800 as an interim measure as a "bridge" aircraft between the B737-300 and the new B737 MAX 8. Cayman Airways Express also introduced Saab 340B regional turboprop aircraft between 2015 and 2016 in tandem with the eventual planned phased retirement of the DHC-6 Twin Otter series 300 aircraft as a part of the overall Cayman Airways fleet modernization plan.

On Wednesday 8 November 2017, the retirement process of the Boeing 737-300 began with the first aircraft being phased out.

On Monday 27 August 2018, Cayman Airways announced in a press conference that the airline was adding Denver, Colorado (DEN) to its list of gateways. Cayman Airways also stated that this flight will be the longest scheduled commercial flight the airline has ever operated. Cayman Airways was planning to  operate these seasonal five-hour nonstop flights from Grand Cayman to Denver twice weekly starting 2 March 2019, until August and then resume service in December 2019. The airline stated it would be operating its new Boeing 737 MAX 8 on this service.

During the press conference on 27 August 2018, it was also mentioned that other destinations are also being considered. Destinations such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Vancouver, B.C. may be served in the future with the new Boeing 737 MAX 8 with other possible destinations under consideration including London, England (via a stop in Bermuda) and Brazil.
However, these new services would require the runway at Owen Roberts International Airport to be lengthened. This runway lengthening project is expected to occur within the next several years.

In October 2018 the first of the airlines Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft was on the final assembly line at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington. The second Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft for the airline was on the assembly line at Boeing Renton Factory late January early February.

On 8 November 2018 the first of the airline's new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft accomplished its first major test flight.

Shortly after the first test flight of the airline's first Boeing 737 MAX 8, Cayman Airways issued a statement about the safety of the new aircraft and its acceptance into the airline after concerns loomed due to a crash of an aircraft of the same model operated by Lion Air in Asia (Lion Air Flight 610). In the airline statement, Cayman Airways CEO and president Fabian Whorms stated "I can give a full assurance that our new aircraft will not be delivered or accepted unless it has thoroughly passed all required post-production flight and ground tests successfully. Cayman Airways operates within the strict parameters of a comprehensive and robust Safety Management System and our new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft will enter passenger service only after both the aircraft and the Airline are in full compliance with all safety-related requirements.  Once the new aircraft enters service, it will be operated and maintained to the highest standards, with our usual and unwavering commitment to safety."

In mid-November, the airline's first Boeing 737 MAX 8 was painted in the company's colors. Further test flights took place after the aircraft had its paint job. By the end of November, the aircraft had completed all of the required post-production tests and ready for delivery. The first aircraft was handed over to the airline on 29 November 2018 and delivered to Cayman Airways at Owen Roberts International Airport in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands on 30 November 2018. The second Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft, completed all it required test flights and had its paint job at the beginning of March, and its handover to airline and delivery flight to Cayman Airways at Owen Roberts International Airport on 6 and 7 March. The third Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft is expected to be produced and delivered by September 2019. The last of the four Boeing 737 MAX 8 that was ordered by the airline is expected to be delivered in September 2020.

On 2 March 2019 started with its inaugural Service to Denver, Colorado. This new service (flight number KX 442) was operated with the airline's new Boeing 737 MAX 8.

On 10 March 2019, Cayman Airways issued a statement about the temporary suspension of the new Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft after further concerns increased due to a second crash of the aircraft type operated by Ethiopian Airlines in Africa. In the airline statement Cayman Airways CEO Fabian Whorms stated: "We have taken the decision to suspend operations of both our new Boeing 737 Max 8 aircraft, effective from Monday 11 March 2019, until more information is received." Mr. Whorms also stated, "Cayman Airways is currently working in coordination with both the Boeing Corporation and the Civil Aviation Authority of the Cayman Islands (CAACI) to monitor the investigation into Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302."

In Late January 2021, The Civil Aviation Authority of the Cayman Islands (CAACI) rescinded its airspace restriction for the Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft. This action was done following clearance by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the end of 2020 and approval in January 2021 by the UK Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Officials explained that the decision follows the approval of extensive modifications to the design of the aircraft, to how it is flown, and to pilot training. This includes modifications to the aircraft's Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS), as well as other key safety changes aimed at preventing further accidents.

On 10 February 2021, a press conference with Cayman Airways CEO and other key personnel announced the ungrounding of its own Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft and a "Return To Service (RTS)" plan to reestablish the aircraft back into service. The press conference gave a solid assurance that the aircraft is ready to safely return to the skies from the fact that all of the world's major aviation regulators and certifying authorities have given the aircraft a level of scrutiny that is unprecedented in aviation history. Cayman Airways has already completed all the aircraft modifications and improvements necessary to assure safe operation of the aircraft and we are now in the process of implementing several final measures, many of which are above and beyond the prescribed requirements. The Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft for the airline is expected to be fully operational beginning in Mid February.

In Early February 2021, the Cayman Islands Pilots Association (CAPA) issued a statement regarding the reentry of the Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft. CAPA stating "The B737-8 is one of the safest planes to fly on".

During the week of the 10 February Cayman Airways Press Conference, Cayman Airways announce public viewing and walkthrough of the newly upgraded Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft and watch some of the operational test flights at Owen Roberts International Airport and Charles Kirkconnell International Airport over the weekend.

Between 1st half 2020 to 2nd half of 2021 Cayman Airways like many airlines around the world had taken a hit due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, from Mid 2020 through 3rd Quarter of 2021 Cayman Airways operated Repatriation flights through the Government's Travel Cayman Program. Cayman Airways returned to a reduced commercial flight schedule during the 4th Quarter of 2021.

On October 21, 2021, Cayman Airways cancelled its service to La Ceiba, Honduras due to an issuance of a NOTAM that Goloson International Airport is downgrading to a Category 6 Airport. Cayman Airways had operated the Boeing 737 MAX 8 for that route. ICAO requires airports to be Category 7 or higher for the Boeing 737 MAX 8 to operate.

In March 2023, during an interview on Cayman Compass talk show 'The Resh Hour', Cayman Airways CEO Fabian Whorms noted that they have begun the process of looking for a 3rd Twin Otter for its Express Fleet. He also noted that in the near future they may look at replacing its Saab 340B+ fleet, he also stated "Ideally, we'd like that whatever we replace it with be something that can also fulfil the mission that the Twin Otters currently fulfil for us. But that's dependent as to what happens with the Little Cayman aerodrome."

On July 24, 2023, a joint press briefing with Government Ministers from Barbados and Cayman Islands as well as Cayman Airways was held. During the briefing they introduced a twice weekly Direct service to Barbados, this introducing the airline to Eastern Caribbean markets and by way of Barbados extending out to more European Markets. In addition to Barbados announcement, they announced expanding an additional two Los Angeles flights. This came nearly a Month after Cayman Airways restarted to flights to Panama.

Destinations

Cayman Airways currently serves thirteen destinations.  These destinations are located in the Cayman Islands and other areas in the Caribbean, as well as in the United States of America and Central America.

Fleet

Current fleet

The Cayman Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft :

Historical fleet

The Former Cayman Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of October 2021):

Logo
The company's mascot is an embellishment of the original Sir Turtle designed by Suzy Soto. As first designed, Sir Turtle did not have the red flying scarf. That original design was used on baggage stickers by Cayman Islands Customs and also became the logo of the Department of Tourism which was then headed by Eric Bergstrom. The red flying scarf was later added to Sir Turtle in 1978 by Capt. Wilbur Thompson, the Chief Pilot of Cayman Airways at the time, and the modified Sir Turtle became the airline's new logo.

Head office
Cayman Airways corporate office is located in George Town and is located at 91 Owen Roberts Drive almost opposite the Cayman Airways aircraft maintenance facility located at 54 Owen Roberts Drive. Owen Roberts Drive is the main road leading to the Owen Roberts International Airport in Grand Cayman.

The Cayman Airways corporate office was housed in the former Sammy's Airport Inn. Another previous Cayman Airways offices were damaged by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. The Cayman Islands government purchased Sammy's Airport Inn for $2.85 million United States dollars. The fit-out, including the furniture, was completed for $3 million U.S. with the valuation of the property estimated at 6.76 million U.S. as of June 2007. Parking for the head office is located in the adjacent Cayman Islands Airport Authority property with there being more parking per square foot at the current Cayman Airways head office than in most buildings in George Town.

References

External links

Cayman Airways

1968 establishments in the Cayman Islands
Airlines established in 1968
Airlines of the Cayman Islands
Latin American and Caribbean Air Transport Association

Cayman Airways


Charles Wang () is a Chinese physician and lawyer. He is a leading figure in the merging of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in medical therapy.

Wang studied Western medicine at the Shanghai Second Medical University, graduating in 1986. Afterwards he entered the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, where he earned a master's degree in TCM in 1988. Having finished his studies, Wang's first few years as a medical practitioner were spent serving as a resident, and then as an endocrinologist and a specialist of Chinese medicine at Shanghai's renowned Ruijin Hospital.

In 1995, Wang briefly left the medical field to study at the University of New Hampshire School of Law, where he earned an LL.M.

Much of Wang's most important work is with foreign clientele and organizations, particularly those in Europe, where his expertise in medicine and law is highly regarded. As a lawyer, Wang served as co-chairman of the Asia-Europe "Workshop of Copyright Trading for Book Publishers" in 2000, and in 2002, he was tasked with carrying out enforcement programs at the provincial level in China as part of an EU-China project on intellectual property protection. He has also been recognized by the Pudong district government in Shanghai for his legal work representing foreign-owned firms such as the Coca-Cola Pacific Group. One of the highlights of Wang's legal career was serving as the general counsel for Beijing Olympic Broadcasting, a joint venture owned by the International Olympic Committee and which produced the main international feeds for the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics.

As a medical expert, Wang served as a panelist for the Asia-Europe Foundation's programs for pandemic preparedness in 2012, and since 2013 he has served as the primary physician for the China operations of Lufthansa, the German airline. He has also been a guest professor at the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

In 2000, Wang was named a "Personnalité d'Avenir" (Personality of the Future) by the French Foreign Ministry, and in 2015 he was featured in a CCTV International French special entitled "China-France: 50 Witnesses in 50 Years" — a program celebrating the 50th anniversary of China-France diplomatic relationship and which was jointly produced by the foreign ministries of both countries. The program also aired on France's TV5Monde.

In 2012, Wang opened the WZW Medical Clinic, which has since become one of the top TCM clinics in Shanghai. A major driving factor in the clinic's success is Wang's unique herbal medicine products, which he calls "Dr. Wang's Formulae".

See also
List of Chinese physicians

References

Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chinese endocrinologists
20th-century Chinese physicians
21st-century Chinese physicians

Charles Wang (physician)


Türksat 1A was a Turkish communications satellite as part of a project to form an instant network with two geosynchronous satellites that is supervised by the companies Türksat A.Ş. in Turkey and Aérospatiale of France.

Turkey's first spacecraft in its space program, Türksat 1A was launched by Arianespace atop an Ariane-44LP H10+ launch vehicle, along with the French satellite Eutelsat 2F5, in a dual-payload launch on January 24, 1994, at 21:37:00 UTC from ELA-2 at the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. It failed to reach the orbit as it was lost by falling into ocean due to malfunction of the launch vehicle's last stage 12 minutes and 12 seconds after lift-off.

After successful launching of Türksat 1B the same year, Türksat 1A's mission was replaced by Türksat 1C, which was placed into orbit in 1996.

See also

Turksat (satellite)

References

Spacecraft launched in 1994
Communications satellites of Turkey
Satellite launch failures
Turksat 1A

Türksat 1A