The Volkswagen Passat (B2) is an automobile which was produced by German manufacturer Volkswagen from 1981 to 1988. It was the second generation of the Volkswagen Passat. The platform was slightly longer than the preceding Passat (B1). As with the previous generation, it was based on the platform of the Audi 80; the corresponding B2 version of which had been already launched in 1978. The Santana was also manufactured in China, Brazil, Mexico (as the Corsar, from 1984 and 1988) and Argentina (as the Carat between 1987 and 1991). In Brazil, the Santana station wagon was sold as the Quantum. In the United States, both the Santana sedan and station wagon were sold as the Quantum. The Passat saloon and estate were produced in South Africa for their local market until 1987. The production of Passat B2 in China ended in January 2013.

History
The Body configurations for the Passat B2 included hatchback, Variant (estate/wagon), and a three-box saloon which, until the 1985 facelift, was marketed as the Volkswagen Santana in Europe. In most markets, the equipment levels were renamed from L/LS/GLS to CL/GL/CD. The four-wheel drive Syncro Variant was introduced in April 1984, initially only with the 2-litre five-cylinder engine. In August, the more powerful 2.2-litre option was added.

Like the previous generation, the B2 Passat was mainly sold with four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. Unlike its predecessor, however, top-of the line versions received five-cylinder Audi or VW engines of 1.9–2.2 litres. In addition to four- and five-speed manuals and three-speed automatic gearboxes, the Passat/Santana was also available with Volkswagen's interesting 4+E transmission. This, also called the "Formel E", had an overdrive fourth and an even taller fifth gear, which combined with a freewheeling mechanism to provide better gas mileage but less impressive performance. Originally, this was the only five-speed transmission offered with the Passat B2. An automatic stop/start was also available in some markets.

The four-wheel drive system used in the Passat Variant Syncro shared the mechanics of the Audi 80 quattro rather than the Volkswagen Golf Syncro. When first shown, at the 1983 Frankfurt Motor Show, the car was meant to be called the "Passat Tetra". The Syncro's bottom plate was almost entirely different, requiring a transmission tunnel, a relocated gas tank, and no spare tire well (to make room for the complex rear axle assembly). Unlike the related Audi 80 quattro which used a reversed front wheel setup, the rear-axle was an adapted Volkswagen Transporter unit which enabled retaining a flat loading floor. Only the more popular estate was deemed worthy of reengineering, so as to not offer direct competition with the sedan-only Audi 80 quattro. Syncro was also available in the American market, only with the five-cylinder engine.

IRVW II
The IRVW II is a modified Passat B2 from 1980. It was built for research on fuel economy in automobiles.

1985 Facelift
In January 1985 the range received a facelift with revised bumpers, interior, and front grille. The hatchbacks versions also received a new rear design, with broad and slim taillights replacing the earlier tall and skinny units. It also has a small integrated spoiler at the rear, and a flush-mounted rear windshield for lower wind resistance and a less cluttered appearance. The three-door hatchback was discontinued while the separate Santana nameplate was dropped in Europe. The saloon's name as well as the front end were now the same as the hatchback and estate, and the small price increase for the sedan was eliminated. The Passat GT was a new model, available as a liftback or station wagon. The Variant was now also available with the smallest 1.3-liter engine.

The Passat Variant Syncro, after a few months in production in the pre-facelift design, was also updated along with the rest of the line. Its equipment and appearance was now aligned with the GT trim, including the alloy wheels. All five-cylinder Passats received power steering as standard equipment, to minimize the effects of this engine's greater weight. Equipment levels were increased somewhat but were still spartan, even by the standard of the time. The mid-level Passat CL only now received indicator lights for the parking brake and brake fluid level, but these were still not installed in the Passat C. In August 1985 a catalyzed version of the 2.2-liter five-cylinder Syncro was introduced, producing . In January 1986 the Syncro programme was further expanded with a C model, fitted with the catalyzed  1.8-liter inline-four engine.

On 31 March 1988 production ended (although Syncro models continued in production until June) with 3,345,248 built in Germany. World production totaled approximately 4.5 million units.

Quantum (United States)
In the United States (this generation was not sold in Canada), the Passat/Santana was marketed as the Volkswagen Quantum beginning with the 1982 model year. The federalized model was, as is typical, fitted with much larger bumpers and sealed beam headlights as well as side marker lights. Various emission controls also added to the cars' overall weight. The add-ons increased the Quantum's wind resistance to . The Quantum was available in three-door hatchback (marketed as a "Coupe" and accordingly fitted with a rear spoiler), four-door Sedan, and Wagon forms. The five-door hatchback was never marketed in the US and the three-door hatchback was dropped after less than two years. There was a standard model and an available GL option, which added power windows, locks, and mirrors, as well as rear headrests, cruise control, and other extras. The 2.1-liter five-cylinder engine was introduced for 1983 as the Quantum GL-5. The Syncro station wagon was only offered with this engine.

The original engine used in the Quantum was the 1.7-liter inline-four also used in many other Volkswagens and Audis (as well as the Dodge Omni/Plymouth Horizon); there was no diesel option at first. The fuel injected 1.7 produces  at 5,000 rpm and was coupled to the high-geared 4+E transmission or to a three-speed automatic. While extremely fuel efficient at steady highway speeds, the tall gearing meant the somewhat underpowered engine had to work hard in most American conditions and real world fuel economy was not impressive in period tests. This changed with the 1983 model year, when the 2.1-liter, five-cylinder GL-5 version was added to the lineup (displacing 2144 cc, this was usually referred to as a "2.2" in Volkswagen's promotional material). The turbodiesel engine was mentioned as soon to be introduced in the 1983 catalog, but it would not go on sale for about two more years. The 1.7 was discontinued at the end of this year, in favor of Volkswagen's 1.8-liter version of the same engine with  at 5,500 rpm (only available on the Quantum Wagon). For 1985, the long promised 1.6-liter turbodiesel with  at 5,500 rpm was added to the GL sedan and the five-cylinder gasoline engine was enlarged to 2.2 liters and  at 5,500 rpm. For 1986, only the five-cylinder Quantum GL sedan remained available. For 1987 the Quantum received European-style composite headlamps and the wagon made a comeback, now equipped as the GL Sedan but also available with the Syncro all-wheel drive system. The lineup remained unchanged for 1988, the Quantum's final year on sale.

Engines

Petrol

Diesel

References

External links

Passat B2
Sedans
Hatchbacks
Station wagons
Cars introduced in 1981
1990s cars
2000s cars
2010s cars
Cars discontinued in 2013

Volkswagen Passat (B2)


The 177th Airlift Squadron (177 AS) is a unit of the 119th Wing of the North Dakota Air National Guard, stationed at Fargo Air National Guard Base, North Dakota. The 177th is equipped with the C-21A Learjet.

Overview
The 177th Airlift Squadron accomplishes several missions including operational support airlift, transportation of distinguished visitors, and a responsive aeromedical airlift system to move eligible patients.

History
The squadron was authorized in 2008 and activated at Fargo Air National Guard Base when the 178th Airlift Squadron of the 119th Airlift Wing was equipped with MQ-1 Predator unmanned aerial vehicles.   The 178th was redesignated the 178th Reconnaissance Squadron and the C-21A Learjets it formerly operated being were transferred to the new 177th Airlift Squadron.   Support equipment and personnel from the 178th were also reassigned to the 177th.

In 2009, the 177th deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom.  It was the first deployment into a combat zone for a unit of the North Dakota Air National Guard.  The squadron transported more than 400 service members during their two-month-long rotation in theater. They accomplished this by flying more than 200 sorties during 90 missions as part of the 379th Expeditionary Operations Group.

Lineage
 Designated 177th Airlift Squadron, and allotted to North Dakota ANG, 2008
 Extended federal recognition and activated, 1 March 2008

Assignments
 119th Operations Group, 1 March 2008 – present

Stations
 Fargo Air National Guard Base, North Dakota, 1 March 2008 – present

Aircraft
 C-21A Learjet, 2008–Present

References

External links
 119th Wing Factsheet
 Happy Hooligans complete final sortie in Iraq.

Squadrons of the United States Air National Guard
176
Military units and formations in North Dakota

177th Airlift Squadron


This is a list of the bird species recorded in Argentina. The avifauna of Argentina has 1043 confirmed species, of which 18 are endemic, nine have been introduced by humans, 68 are rare or vagrants, two are thought to be extinct, and four and possibly a fifth have been extirpated. An additional 58 species are hypothetical (see below).

Except as an entry is cited otherwise, the list of species is that of the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society. The list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) are also those of the SACC.

The following tags have been used to highlight several categories.

 (V) Vagrant - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Argentina
 (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Argentina
 (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Argentina as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
 (H) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with "no tangible evidence" according to the SACC

Rheas
Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Rheidae

The rheas are large flightless birds native to South America. Their feet have three toes rather than four which allows them to run faster.

Greater rhea, Rhea americana
Lesser rhea, Rhea pennata

Tinamous
Order: TinamiformesFamily: Tinamidae

The tinamous are one of the most ancient groups of bird. Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emus and kiwis.

Solitary tinamou, Tinamus solitarius
Brown tinamou, Crypturellus obsoletus
Undulated tinamou, Crypturellus undulatus
Small-billed tinamou, Crypturellus parvirostris
Tataupa tinamou, Crypturellus tataupa
Red-winged tinamou, Rhynchotus rufescens
Huayco Tinamou, Rhynchotus maculicollis
Ornate tinamou, Nothoprocta ornata
Brushland tinamou, Nothoprocta cinerascens
Andean tinamou, Nothoprocta pentlandii
Darwin's nothura, Nothura darwinii
Spotted nothura, Nothura maculosa
Dwarf tinamou, Taoniscus nanus
Elegant crested-tinamou, Eudromia elegans
Quebracho crested-tinamou, Eudromia formosa
Puna tinamou, Tinamotis pentlandii
Patagonian tinamou, Tinamotis ingoufi

Screamers
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anhimidae

The screamers are a small family of birds related to the ducks. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large spurs on their wings which are used in fights over mates and in territorial disputes.

Horned screamer, Anhima cornuta
Southern screamer, Chauna torquata

Ducks
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae

Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor
White-faced whistling-duck, Dendrocygna viduata
Black-bellied whistling-duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis
Graylag goose, Anser anser (I)
Black-necked swan, Cygnus melancoryphus
Coscoroba swan, Coscoroba coscoroba
Orinoco goose, Oressochen jubatus
Andean goose, Oressochen melanopterus
Upland goose, Chloephaga picta
Kelp goose, Chloephaga hybrida
Ashy-headed goose, Chloephaga poliocephala
Ruddy-headed goose, Chloephaga rubidiceps
Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata
Comb duck, Sarkidiornis sylvicola
Ringed teal, Callonetta leucophrys
Brazilian teal, Amazonetta brasiliensis
Torrent duck, Merganetta armata
Flying steamer-duck, Tachyeres patachonicus
Flightless steamer-duck, Tachyeres pteneres
White-headed steamer-duck, Tachyeres leucocephalus (E)
Crested duck, Lophonetta specularioides
Spectacled duck, Speculanas specularis
Puna teal, Spatula puna
Silver teal, Spatula versicolor
Red shoveler, Spatula platalea
Northern shoveler, Spatula clypeata (V)
Blue-winged teal, Spatula discors (V)
Cinnamon teal, Spatula cyanoptera
Chiloe wigeon, Mareca sibilatrix
White-cheeked pintail, Anas bahamensis
Yellow-billed pintail, Anas georgica
Yellow-billed teal, Anas flavirostris
Southern pochard, Netta erythrophthalma (H)
Rosy-billed pochard, Netta peposaca
Brazilian merganser, Mergus octosetaceus (extirpated)
Black-headed duck, Heteronetta atricapilla
Masked duck, Nomonyx dominicus
Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis
Lake duck, Oxyura vittata

Guans
Order: GalliformesFamily: Cracidae

The Cracidae are large birds, similar in general appearance to turkeys. The guans and curassows live in trees, but the smaller chachalacas are found in more open scrubby habitats. They are generally dull-plumaged, but the curassows and some guans have colorful facial ornaments.

Rusty-margined guan, Penelope superciliaris
Red-faced guan, Penelope dabbenei
Yungas guan, Penelope bridgesi
Dusky-legged guan, Penelope obscura
Black-fronted piping-guan, Pipile jacutinga
Chaco chachalaca, Ortalis canicollis
Bare-faced curassow, Crax fasciolata

New World quails
Order: GalliformesFamily: Odontophoridae

The New World quails are small, plump terrestrial birds only distantly related to the quails of the Old World, but named for their similar appearance and habits.

California quail, Callipepla californica (I)
Spot-winged wood-quail, Odontophorus capueira

Pheasants
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae

Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.

Silver pheasant, Lophura nycthemera (I)

Flamingos
Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae

Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually  tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

Chilean flamingo, Phoenicopterus chilensis
Andean flamingo, Phoenicoparrus andinus
James's flamingo, Phoenicoparrus jamesi

Grebes
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae

Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

White-tufted grebe, Rollandia rolland
Least grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Great grebe, Podiceps major
Silvery grebe, Podiceps occipitalis
Hooded grebe, Podiceps gallardoi (E)

Pigeons
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I)
Scaled pigeon, Patagioenas speciosa (V)
Picazuro pigeon, Patagioenas picazuro
Spot-winged pigeon, Patagioenas maculosa
Band-tailed pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata
Chilean pigeon, Patagioenas araucana
Pale-vented pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis
Plumbeous pigeon, Patagioenas plumbea (V)
Ruddy quail-dove, Geotrygon montana
Violaceous quail-dove, Geotrygon violacea
White-tipped dove, Leptotila verreauxi
Gray-fronted dove, Leptotila rufaxilla
Large-tailed dove, Leptotila megalura
White-throated quail-dove, Zentrygon frenata
West Peruvian dove, Zenaida meloda
Eared dove, Zenaida auriculata
Blue ground dove, Claravis pretiosa
Purple-winged ground dove, Paraclaravis geoffroyi
Bare-faced ground dove, Metriopelia ceciliae
Bare-eyed ground dove, Metriopelia morenoi (E)
Black-winged ground dove, Metriopelia melanoptera
Golden-spotted ground dove, Metriopelia aymara
Plain-breasted ground dove, Columbina minuta (V)
Ruddy ground dove, Columbina talpacoti
Scaled dove, Columbina squammata
Picui ground dove, Columbina picui

Cuckoos
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.

Guira cuckoo, Guira guira
Greater ani, Crotophaga major
Smooth-billed ani, Crotophaga ani
Groove-billed ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris (V)
Striped cuckoo, Tapera naevia
Pheasant cuckoo, Dromococcyx phasianellus
Pavonine cuckoo, Dromococcyx pavoninus
Ash-colored cuckoo, Coccycua cinereus
Squirrel cuckoo, Piaya cayana
Dark-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus melacoryphus
Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus
Pearly-breasted cuckoo, Coccyzus euleri
Black-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus erythropthalmus (V)

Potoos
Order: NyctibiiformesFamily: Nyctibiidae

The potoos (sometimes called poor-me-ones) are large near passerine birds related to the nightjars and frogmouths. They are nocturnal insectivores which lack the bristles around the mouth found in the true nightjars.

Long-tailed potoo, Nyctibius aethereus
Common potoo, Nyctibius griseus

Nightjars
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

Nacunda nighthawk, Chordeiles nacunda
Least nighthawk, Chordeiles pusillus
Lesser nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis (H)
Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor
Antillean nighthawk, Chordeiles gundlachii
Short-tailed nighthawk, Lurocalis semitorquatus
Band-winged nightjar, Systellura longirostris
Common pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis
Sickle-winged nightjar, Eleothreptus anomalus
Lyre-tailed nightjar, Uropsalis lyra
Little nightjar, Setopagis parvulus
Spot-tailed nightjar, Hydropsalis maculicaudus
Scissor-tailed nightjar, Hydropsalis torquata
Long-trained nightjar, Macropsalis forcipata
Ocellated poorwill, Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
Silky-tailed nightjar, Antrostomus sericocaudatus
Rufous nightjar, Antrostomus rufus

Swifts
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Apodidae

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

Rothschild's swift, Cypseloides rothschildi
Sooty swift, Cypseloides fumigatus
Great dusky swift, Cypseloides senex
White-collared swift, Streptoprocne zonaris
Biscutate swift, Streptoprocne biscutata
Gray-rumped swift, Chaetura cinereiventris
Chimney swift, Chaetura pelagica (H)
Sick's swift, Chaetura meridionalis
White-tipped swift, Aeronautes montivagus
Andean swift, Aeronautes andecolus
Fork-tailed palm-swift, Tachornis squamata (V)

Hummingbirds
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Trochilidae

Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.

White-necked jacobin, Florisuga mellivora (V)
Black jacobin, Florisuga fusca
Planalto hermit, Phaethornis pretrei
Scale-throated hermit, Phaethornis eurynome
Sparkling violetear, Colibri coruscans
White-vented violetear, Colibri serrirostris
White-tailed goldenthroat, Polytmus guainumbi
Ruby-topaz hummingbird, Chrysolampis mosquitus (V)
Black-throated mango, Anthracothorax nigricollis
Green-backed firecrown, Sephanoides sephaniodes
Festive coquette, Lophornis chalybeus (H)
Speckled hummingbird, Adelomyia melanogenys
Red-tailed comet, Sappho sparganurus
Andean hillstar, Oreotrochilus estella
White-sided hillstar, Oreotrochilus leucopleurus
Wedge-tailed hillstar, Oreotrochilus adela
Blue-capped puffleg, Eriocnemis glaucopoides
Giant hummingbird, Patagona gigas
Long-billed starthroat, Heliomaster longirostris (V)
Stripe-breasted starthroat, Heliomaster squamosus (V)
Blue-tufted starthroat, Heliomaster furcifer
Slender-tailed woodstar, Microstilbon burmeisteri
Amethyst woodstar, Calliphlox amethystina
Glittering-bellied emerald, Chlorostilbon lucidus
Purple-crowned plovercrest, Stephanoxis loddigesii
Fork-tailed woodnymph, Thalurania furcata
Violet-capped woodnymph, Thalurania glaucopis
Many-spotted hummingbird, Taphrospilus hypostictus (H)
Swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura
Versicolored emerald, Chrysuronia versicolor
White-throated hummingbird, Leucochloris albicollis
Sapphire-spangled emerald, Chionomesa lactea (V)
Rufous-throated sapphire, Hylocharis sapphirina (H)
Gilded hummingbird, Hylocharis chrysura
White-bellied hummingbird, Elliotomyia chionogaster
White-chinned sapphire, Chlorestes cyanus (V)

Limpkin
Order: GruiformesFamily: Aramidae

The limpkin resembles a large rail. It has drab-brown plumage and a grayer head and neck.

Limpkin, Aramus guarauna

Rails
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

Austral rail, Rallus antarcticus
Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinica
Azure gallinule, Porphyrio flavirostris
Rufous-sided crake, Laterallus melanophaius
Gray-breasted crake, Laterallus exilis
Red-and-white crake, Laterallus leucopyrrhus
Speckled rail, Coturnicops notatus
Ocellated crake, Micropygia schomburgkii
Ash-throated crake, Mustelirallus albicollis
Paint-billed crake, Mustelirallus erythrops
Spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus
Blackish rail, Pardirallus nigricans
Plumbeous rail, Pardirallus sanguinolentus
Giant wood rail, Aramides ypecaha
Gray-cowled wood-rail, Aramides cajaneus
Slaty-breasted wood-rail, Aramides saracura
Spot-flanked gallinule, Porphyriops melanops
Yellow-breasted crake, Porzana flaviventer
Dot-winged crake, Porzana spiloptera
Common gallinule, Gallinula galeata
Red-fronted coot, Fulica rufifrons
Horned coot, Fulica cornuta
Giant coot, Fulica gigantea
Red-gartered coot, Fulica armillata
Slate-colored coot, Fulica ardesiaca
White-winged coot, Fulica leucoptera

Finfoots
Order: GruiformesFamily: Heliornithidae

Heliornithidae is a small family of tropical birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of grebes and coots.

Sungrebe, Heliornis fulica

Plovers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

American golden-plover, Pluvialis dominica
Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola
Tawny-throated dotterel, Oreopholus ruficollis
Pied lapwing, Vanellus cayanus (V)
Southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis
Andean lapwing, Vanellus resplendens
Rufous-chested dotterel, Charadrius modestus
Semipalmated plover, Charadrius semipalmatus
Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus (V)
Wilson's plover, Charadrius wilsonia (H)
Collared plover, Charadrius collaris
Puna plover, Charadrius alticola
Two-banded plover, Charadrius falklandicus
Diademed sandpiper-plover, Phegornis mitchellii

Oystercatchers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.

American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus
Blackish oystercatcher, Haematopus ater
Magellanic oystercatcher, Haematopus leucopodus

Avocets and stilts
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

Black-necked stilt, Himantopus mexicanus
Andean avocet, Recurvirostra andina

Thick-knees
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae

The thick-knees are a group of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

Double-striped thick-knee, Hesperoburhinus bistriatus (H)

Sheathbills
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Chionididae

The sheathbills are scavengers of the Antarctic regions. They have white plumage and look plump and dove-like but are believed to be similar to the ancestors of the modern gulls and terns.

Snowy sheathbill, Chionis alba

Magellanic plover
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Pluvianellidae

The Magellanic plover is a rare wader found only in southernmost South America. In its build and habits it is similar to a turnstone. Its upperparts and breast are pale gray, and the rest of the underparts are white. It has short red legs, a black bill and a red eye. In young birds, the eyes and legs are yellowish.

Magellanic plover, Pluvianellus socialis

Sandpipers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda
Eskimo curlew, Numenius borealis (believed extinct)
Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus
Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquatus (V)
Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica
Marbled godwit, Limosa fedoa (H)
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
Red knot, Calidris canutus
Surfbird, Calidris virgata
Ruff, Calidris pugnax (V)
Stilt sandpiper, Calidris himantopus
Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (V)
Sanderling, Calidris alba
Dunlin, Calidris alpina (H)
Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii
Least sandpiper, Calidris minutilla (V)
White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis
Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla (V)
Western sandpiper, Calidris mauri (H)
Short-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus griseus (V)
Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (H)
Fuegian snipe, Gallinago stricklandii
Giant snipe, Gallinago undulata
Pantanal snipe, Gallinago paraguaiae
Magellanic snipe, Gallinago magellanica
Puna snipe, Gallinago andina
Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor
Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (V)
Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius
Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (V)
Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularia
Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria
Wandering tattler, Tringa incana (H)
Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia (H)
Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
Willet, Tringa semipalmata
Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes

Seedsnipes
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Thinocoridae

The seedsnipes are a small family of birds that superficially resemble sparrows. They have short legs and long wings and are herbivorous waders.

Rufous-bellied seedsnipe, Attagis gayi
White-bellied seedsnipe, Attagis malouinus
Gray-breasted seedsnipe, Thinocorus orbignyianus
Least seedsnipe, Thinocorus rumicivorus

Jacanas
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Jacanidae

The jacanas are a family of waders found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

Wattled jacana, Jacana jacana

Painted-snipes
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Rostratulidae

Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly colored.

South American painted-snipe, Rostratula semicollaris

Skuas
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae

The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.

Chilean skua, Stercorarius chilensis
South polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki
Brown skua, Stercorarius antarcticus
Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus
Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus
Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus

Skimmers
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Rynchopidae

Skimmers are a small family of tropical tern-like birds. They have an elongated lower mandible which they use to feed by flying low over the water surface and skimming the water for small fish.

Black skimmer, Rynchops niger

Gulls
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns and skimmers. Gulls are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with gray or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

Sabine's gull, Xema sabini (V)
Andean gull, Chroicocephalus serranus
Brown-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus maculipennis
Gray-hooded gull, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus
Dolphin gull, Leucophaeus scoresbii
Gray gull, Leucophaeus modestus (V)
Laughing gull, Leucophaeus atricilla (V)
Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan
Belcher's gull, Larus belcheri (H)
Olrog's gull, Larus atlanticus
Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus
Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (V)
Least tern, Sternula antillarum (V)
Yellow-billed tern, Sternula superciliaris
Large-billed tern, Phaetusa simplex
Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica
Black tern, Chlidonias niger (V)
White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (V)
Common tern, Sterna hirundo
Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii (H)
Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea
South American tern, Sterna hirundinacea
Antarctic tern, Sterna vittata (H)
Snowy-crowned tern, Sterna trudeaui
Sandwich tern, Thalasseus sandvicensis
Royal tern, Thalasseus maximus

Penguins
Order: SphenisciformesFamily: Spheniscidae

The penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sealife caught while swimming underwater.

King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus
Emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri (V)
Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua
Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarcticus (V)
Humboldt penguin, Spheniscus humboldti (H)
Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus
Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri (V)
Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus (V)
Tristan penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi (V)
Rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome
Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus (V)

Albatrosses
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae

The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.

Royal albatross, Diomedea epomophora
Wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans
Sooty albatross, Phoebetria fusca (V)
Light-mantled albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata
Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris
Gray-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma
Buller's albatross, Thalassarche bulleri (V)
White-capped albatross, Thalassarche cauta
Salvin's albatross, Thalassarche salvini (V)

Southern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae

The storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

White-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta grallaria (H)
Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica (H)
Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
Pincoya storm-petrel, Oceanites pincoyae
Gray-backed storm-petrel, Garrodia nereis
White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina (V)

Northern storm-petrels
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae

Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.

Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhoa (H)
Hornby's storm-petrel, Hydrobates hornbyi (V)

Shearwaters
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterized by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

Southern giant-petrel, Macronectes giganteus
Northern giant-petrel, Macronectes halli
Southern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialoides
Cape petrel, Daption capense
Kerguelen petrel, Aphrodroma brevirostris
Soft-plumaged petrel, Pterodroma mollis
Atlantic petrel, Pterodroma incerta
White-headed petrel, Pterodroma lessonii (H)
Trindade petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana (H)
Blue petrel, Halobaena caerulea
Fairy prion, Pachyptila turtur (H)
Antarctic prion, Pachyptila desolata
Slender-billed prion, Pachyptila belcheri
Gray petrel, Procellaria cinerea (V)
White-chinned petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis
Spectacled petrel, Procellaria conspicillata
Parkinson's petrel, Procellaria parkinsoni (H)
Westland petrel, Procellaria westlandica (V)
Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea
Cape Verde shearwater, Calonectris edwardsii
Sooty shearwater, Ardenna grisea
Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis
Pink-footed shearwater, Ardenna creatopus (V)
Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus
Little shearwater, Puffinus assimilis
Common diving-petrel, Pelecanoides urinatrix
South Georgia diving-petrel, Pelecanoides georgicus (H)
Magellanic diving-petrel, Pelecanoides magellani

Storks
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

Maguari stork, Ciconia maguari
Jabiru, Jabiru mycteria
Wood stork, Mycteria americana

Frigatebirds
Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

Magnificent frigatebird, Fregata magnificens

Boobies
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae

The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

Cape gannet, Morus capensis (V)
Peruvian booby, Sula variegata (H)
Brown booby, Sula leucogaster (V)

Anhingas
Order: SuliformesFamily: Anhingidae

Anhingas are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga

Cormorants
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage coloration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white, and a few being colorful.

Red-legged cormorant, Phalacrocorax gaimardi
Neotropic cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Magellanic cormorant, Phalacrocorax magellanicus
Guanay cormorant, Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (possibly extirpated)
Imperial cormorant, Phalacrocorax atriceps

Pelicans
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

Peruvian pelican, Pelecanus thagus (V)

Herons
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

Rufescent tiger-heron, Tigrisoma lineatum
Fasciated tiger-heron, Tigrisoma fasciatum
Boat-billed heron, Cochlearius cochlearius
Pinnated bittern, Botaurus pinnatus
Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis
Stripe-backed bittern, Ixobrychus involucris
Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
Yellow-crowned night-heron, Nyctanassa violacea (V)
Green heron, Butorides virescens (H)
Striated heron, Butorides striata
Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis
Cocoi heron, Ardea cocoi
Great egret, Ardea alba
Whistling heron, Syrigma sibilatrix
Capped heron, Pilherodius pileatus (V)
Snowy egret, Egretta thula
Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea

Ibises
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

Scarlet ibis, Eudocimus ruber (H)
White-faced ibis, Plegadis chihi
Puna ibis, Plegadis ridgwayi
Green ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis
Bare-faced ibis, Phimosus infuscatus
Plumbeous ibis, Theristicus caerulescens
Buff-necked ibis, Theristicus caudatus
Andean ibis, Theristicus branickii (V)
Black-faced ibis, Theristicus melanopis
Roseate spoonbill, Platalea ajaja

New World vultures
Order: CathartiformesFamily: Cathartidae

The New World vultures are not closely related to Old World vultures, but superficially resemble them because of convergent evolution. Like the Old World vultures, they are scavengers. However, unlike Old World vultures, which find carcasses by sight, New World vultures have a good sense of smell with which they locate carrion.

King vulture, Sarcoramphus papa
Andean condor, Vultur gryphus
Black vulture, Coragyps atratus
Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura
Lesser yellow-headed vulture, Cathartes burrovianus
Greater yellow-headed vulture, Cathartes melambrotus

Osprey
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae

The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.

Osprey, Pandion haliaetus

Hawks
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.

Pearl kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii
White-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus
Hook-billed kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus
Gray-headed kite, Leptodon cayanensis
Swallow-tailed kite, Elanoides forficatus
Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis
Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
Black hawk-eagle, Spizaetus tyrannus
Black-and-white hawk-eagle, Spizaetus melanoleucus
Ornate hawk-eagle, Spizaetus ornatus
Black-and-chestnut eagle, Spizaetus isidori
Black-collared hawk, Busarellus nigricollis
Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Rufous-thighed kite, Harpagus diodon
Mississippi kite, Ictinia mississippiensis
Plumbeous kite, Ictinia plumbea
Cinereous harrier, Circus cinereus
Long-winged harrier, Circus buffoni
Gray-bellied hawk, Accipiter poliogaster
Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus
Bicolored hawk, Accipiter bicolor
Tiny hawk, Microspizias superciliosus
Crane hawk, Geranospiza caerulescens
Savanna hawk, Buteogallus meridionalis
Great black hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga
Solitary eagle, Buteogallus solitarius
Chaco eagle, Buteogallus coronatus
Roadside hawk, Rupornis magnirostris
Harris's hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus
White-rumped hawk, Parabuteo leucorrhous
White-tailed hawk, Geranoaetus albicaudatus
Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma
Black-chested buzzard-eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
Mantled hawk, Pseudastur polionotus
Gray-lined hawk, Buteo nitidus
Broad-winged hawk, Buteo platypterus
White-throated hawk, Buteo albigula
Short-tailed hawk, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's hawk, Buteo swainsoni
Zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus
Rufous-tailed hawk, Buteo ventralis

Barn owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae

Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

Barn owl, Tyto alba

Owls
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae

The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

Tropical screech-owl, Megascops choliba
Montane forest screech-owl, Megascops hoyi
Long-tufted screech-owl, Megascops sanctaecatarinae
Black-capped screech-owl, Megascops atricapilla
Spectacled owl, Pulsatrix perspicillata
Tawny-browed owl, Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana
Great horned owl, Bubo virginianus
Rusty-barred owl, Strix hylophila
Chaco owl, Strix chacoensis
Rufous-legged owl, Strix rufipes
Mottled owl, Strix virgata
Black-banded owl, Strix huhula
Yungas pygmy-owl, Glaucidium bolivianum
Ferruginous pygmy-owl, Glaucidium brasilianum
Austral pygmy-owl, Glaucidium nana
Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia
Buff-fronted owl, Aegolius harrisii
Striped owl, Asio clamator
Stygian owl, Asio stygius
Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus

Trogons
Order: TrogoniformesFamily: Trogonidae

The family Trogonidae includes trogons and quetzals. Found in tropical woodlands worldwide, they feed on insects and fruit, and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits. Although their flight is fast, they are reluctant to fly any distance. Trogons have soft, often colorful, feathers with distinctive male and female plumage.

Blue-crowned trogon, Trogon curucui
Surucua trogon, Trogon surrucura
Black-throated trogon, Trogon rufus (see note)

Motmots
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Momotidae

The motmots have colorful plumage and long, graduated tails which they display by waggling back and forth. In most of the species, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off, leaving a length of bare shaft and creating a racket-shaped tail.

Rufous-capped motmot, Baryphthengus ruficapillus
Amazonian motmot, Momotus momota

Kingfishers
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Ringed kingfisher, Megaceryle torquatus
Amazon kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona
American pygmy kingfisher, Chloroceryle aenea
Green kingfisher, Chloroceryle americana
Green-and-rufous kingfisher, Chloroceryle inda (H)

Jacamars
Order: GalbuliformesFamily: Galbulidae

The jacamars are near passerine birds from tropical South America, with a range that extends up to Mexico. They feed on insects caught on the wing, and are glossy, elegant birds with long bills and tails. In appearance and behavior they resemble the Old World bee-eaters, although they are more closely related to puffbirds.

Rufous-tailed jacamar, Galbula ruficauda (H)

Puffbirds
Order: GalbuliformesFamily: Bucconidae

The puffbirds are related to the jacamars and have the same range, but lack the iridescent colors of that family. They are mainly brown, rufous or gray, with large heads and flattened bills with hooked tips. The loose abundant plumage and short tails makes them look stout and puffy, giving rise to the English common name of the family.

Buff-bellied puffbird, Notharchus swainsoni
White-eared puffbird, Nystalus chacuru
Spot-backed puffbird, Nystalus maculatus
Rusty-breasted nunlet, Nonnula rubecula

Toucans
Order: PiciformesFamily: Ramphastidae

Toucans are near passerine birds from the Neotropics. They are brightly marked and have enormous, colorful bills which in some species amount to half their body length.

Toco toucan, Ramphastos toco
Red-breasted toucan, Ramphastos dicolorus
Spot-billed toucanet, Selenidera maculirostris
Saffron toucanet, Pteroglossus bailloni
Chestnut-eared aracari, Pteroglossus castanotis

Woodpeckers
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

White-barred piculet, Picumnus cirratus
Ochre-collared piculet, Picumnus temminckii
White-wedged piculet, Picumnus albosquamatus
Mottled piculet, Picumnus nebulosus
White woodpecker, Melanerpes candidus
Yellow-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes flavifrons
White-fronted woodpecker, Melanerpes cactorum
Smoky-brown woodpecker, Dryobates fumigatus
White-spotted woodpecker, Dryobates spilogaster
Checkered woodpecker, Dryobates mixtus
Striped woodpecker, Dryobates lignarius
Little woodpecker, Dryobates passerinus
Dot-fronted woodpecker, Dryobates frontalis
Robust woodpecker, Campephilus robustus
Crimson-crested woodpecker, Campephilus melanoleucos
Cream-backed woodpecker, Campephilus leucopogon
Magellanic woodpecker, Campephilus magellanicus
Lineated woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus
Black-bodied woodpecker, Dryocopus schulzi
Helmeted woodpecker, Celeus galeatus
Pale-crested woodpecker, Celeus lugubris
Blond-crested woodpecker, Celeus flavescens
Golden-green woodpecker, Piculus chrysochloros
White-browed woodpecker, Piculus aurulentus
Golden-olive woodpecker, Colaptes rubiginosus
Green-barred woodpecker, Colaptes melanochloros
Chilean flicker, Colaptes pitius
Andean flicker, Colaptes rupicola
Campo flicker, Colaptes campestris

Seriemas
Order: CariamiformesFamily: Cariamidae

The seriemas are terrestrial birds which run rather than fly (though they are able to fly for short distances). They have long legs, necks and tails, but only short wings, reflecting their way of life. They are brownish birds with short bills and erectile crests, found on fairly-dry open grasslands.

Red-legged seriema, Cariama cristata
Black-legged seriema, Chunga burmeisteri

Falcons
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

Laughing falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans
Barred forest-falcon, Micrastur ruficollis
Collared forest-falcon, Micrastur semitorquatus
Spot-winged falconet, Spiziapteryx circumcincta
Crested caracara, Caracara plancus
Mountain caracara, Phalcoboenus megalopterus
White-throated caracara, Phalcoboenus albogularis
Striated caracara, Phalcoboenus australis
Yellow-headed caracara, Milvago chimachima
Chimango caracara, Milvago chimango
American kestrel, Falco sparverius
Bat falcon, Falco rufigularis
Orange-breasted falcon, Falco deiroleucus
Aplomado falcon, Falco femoralis
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus

New World and African parrots
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae

Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak. Their upper mandibles have slight mobility in the joint with the skull and they have a generally erect stance. All parrots are zygodactyl, having the four toes on each foot placed two at the front and two to the back.

Gray-hooded parakeet, Psilopsiagon aymara
Mountain parakeet, Psilopsiagon aurifrons
Andean parakeet, Bolborhynchus orbygnesius
Monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus
Yellow-chevroned parakeet, Brotogeris chiriri
Pileated parrot, Pionopsitta pileata
Blue-bellied parrot, Triclaria malachitacea (H)
Scaly-headed parrot, Pionus maximiliani
Vinaceous-breasted parrot, Amazona vinacea
Tucuman parrot, Amazona tucumana
Red-spectacled parrot, Amazona pretrei (H)
Turquoise-fronted parrot, Amazona aestiva
Scaly-naped parrot, Amazona mercenarius (V)
Cobalt-rumped parrotlet, Forpus xanthopterygius
Blaze-winged parakeet, Pyrrhura devillei (H)
Maroon-bellied parakeet, Pyrrhura frontalis
Green-cheeked parakeet, Pyrrhura molinae
Austral parakeet, Enicognathus ferrugineus
Slender-billed parakeet, Enicognathus leptorhynchus (V)
Burrowing parakeet, Cyanoliseus patagonus
Glaucous macaw, Anodorhynchus glaucus (possibly extinct)
Peach-fronted parakeet, Eupsittula aurea
Nanday parakeet, Aratinga nenday
Blue-winged macaw, Primolius maracana (extirpated)
Yellow-collared macaw, Primolius auricollis
Blue-and-yellow macaw, Ara ararauna (H)
Military macaw, Ara militaris
Red-and-green macaw, Ara chloropterus (extirpated)
Blue-crowned parakeet, Thectocercus acuticaudatus
Mitred parakeet, Psittacara mitratus
White-eyed parakeet, Psittacara leucophthalmus

Antbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Thamnophilidae

The antbirds are a large family of small passerine birds of subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are forest birds which tend to feed on insects at or near the ground. A sizable minority of them specialize in following columns of army ants to eat small invertebrates that leave their hiding places to flee from the ants. Many species lack bright color; brown, black, and white are the dominant tones.

Spot-backed antshrike, Hypoedaleus guttatus
Giant antshrike, Batara cinerea
Large-tailed antshrike, Mackenziaena leachii
Tufted antshrike, Mackenziaena severa
Great antshrike, Taraba major
White-bearded antshrike, Biatas nigropectus
Barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus
Rufous-capped antshrike, Thamnophilus ruficapillus
Variable antshrike, Thamnophilus caerulescens
Plain antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis
Black-capped antwren, Herpsilochmus atricapillus
Rufous-margined antwren, Herpsilochmus frater
Stripe-backed antbird, Myrmorchilus strigilatus
Bertoni's antbird, Drymophila rubricollis
Dusky-tailed antbird, Drymophila malura
Streak-capped antwren, Terenura maculata
White-shouldered fire-eye, Pyriglena leucoptera

Crescentchests
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Melanopareiidae

These are smallish birds which inhabit regions of arid scrub. They have a band across the chest which gives them their name.

Collared crescentchest, Melanopareia torquata (H)
Olive-crowned crescentchest, Melanopareia maximiliani

Gnateaters
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Conopophagidae

The gnateaters are round, short-tailed and long-legged birds, which are closely related to the antbirds.

Rufous gnateater, Conopophaga lineata

Antpittas
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Grallariidae

The members of this small family are found across northern South America and into Central America. They are forest birds, usually seen on the ground or in the low understory.

Variegated antpitta, Grallaria varia
White-throated antpitta, Grallaria albigula
Speckle-breasted antpitta, Cryptopezus nattereri

Tapaculos
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Rhinocryptidae

The tapaculos are small suboscine passeriform birds with numerous species in South and Central America. They are terrestrial species that fly only poorly on their short wings. They have strong legs, well-suited to their habitat of grassland or forest undergrowth. The tail is cocked and pointed towards the head.

Spotted bamboowren, Psilorhamphus guttatus
Crested gallito, Rhinocrypta lanceolata
Sandy gallito, Teledromas fuscus (E)
Chestnut-throated huet-huet, Pteroptochos castaneus
Black-throated huet-huet, Pteroptochos tarnii
Chucao tapaculo, Scelorchilus rubecula
Ochre-flanked tapaculo, Eugralla paradoxa
Planalto tapaculo, Scytalopus pachecoi
Magellanic tapaculo, Scytalopus magellanicus
Zimmer's tapaculo, Scytalopus zimmeri
White-browed tapaculo, Scytalopus superciliaris (E)

Antthrushes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Formicariidae

Antthrushes resemble small rails with strong, longish legs, very short tails, and stout bills.

Short-tailed antthrush, Chamaeza campanisona
Rufous-tailed antthrush, Chamaeza ruficauda

Ovenbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Furnariidae

Ovenbirds comprise a large family of small sub-oscine passerine bird species found in Central and South America. They are a diverse group of insectivores which gets its name from the elaborate "oven-like" clay nests built by some species, although others build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock. The woodcreepers are brownish birds which maintain an upright vertical posture, supported by their stiff tail vanes. They feed mainly on insects taken from tree trunks.

Rufous-breasted leaftosser, Sclerurus scansor
Slender-billed miner, Geositta tenuirostris
Common miner, Geositta cunicularia
Puna miner, Geositta punensis
Rufous-banded miner, Geositta rufipennis
Short-billed miner, Geositta antarctica
Creamy-rumped miner, Geositta isabellina
Olivaceous woodcreeper, Sittasomus griseicapillus
Plain-winged woodcreeper, Dendrocincla turdina
Black-banded woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes picumnus
Planalto woodcreeper, Dendrocolaptes platyrostris
White-throated woodcreeper, Xiphocolaptes albicollis
Great rufous woodcreeper, Xiphocolaptes major
Lesser woodcreeper, Xiphorhynchus fuscus
Red-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus trochilirostris
Black-billed scythebill, Campylorhamphus falcularius
Scimitar-billed woodcreeper, Drymornis bridgesii
Narrow-billed woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes angustirostris
Scalloped woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes falcinellus
Plain xenops, Xenops minutus
Streaked xenops, Xenops rutilans
White-throated treerunner, Pygarrhichas albogularis
Rock earthcreeper, Ochetorhynchus andaecola
Straight-billed earthcreeper, Ochetorhynchus ruficaudus
Band-tailed earthcreeper, Ochetorhynchus phoenicurus
Bolivian earthcreeper, Tarphonomus harterti
Chaco earthcreeper, Tarphonomus certhioides
Rufous hornero, Furnarius rufus
Crested hornero, Furnarius cristatus
Sharp-tailed streamcreeper, Lochmias nematura
Wren-like rushbird, Phleocryptes melanops
Curve-billed reedhaunter, Limnornis curvirostris
Patagonian forest earthcreeper, Upucerthia saturatior
Scale-throated earthcreeper, Upucerthia dumetaria
Buff-breasted earthcreeper, Upucerthia validirostris
Buff-winged cinclodes, Cinclodes fuscus
Blackish cinclodes, Cinclodes antarcticus
Cordoba cinclodes, Cinclodes comechingonus (E)
Olrog's cinclodes, Cinclodes olrogi (E)
Cream-winged cinclodes, Cinclodes albiventris
Gray-flanked cinclodes, Cinclodes oustaleti
White-winged cinclodes, Cinclodes atacamensis
Dark-bellied cinclodes, Cinclodes patagonicus
Sharp-billed treehunter, Heliobletus contaminatus
Black-capped foliage-gleaner, Philydor atricapillus
White-browed foliage-gleaner, Anabacerthia amaurotis
Ochre-breasted foliage-gleaner, Anabacerthia lichtensteini
Buff-browed foliage-gleaner, Syndactyla rufosuperciliata
Buff-fronted foliage-gleaner, Dendroma rufa
Canebrake groundcreeper, Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides
White-eyed foliage-gleaner, Automolus leucophthalmus
Pearled treerunner, Margarornis squamiger (H)
Thorn-tailed rayadito, Aphrastura spinicauda
Des Murs's wiretail, Sylviorthorhynchus desmursii
Tawny tit-spinetail, Sylviorthorhynchus yanacensis
Brown-capped tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura fuliginiceps
Tufted tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura platensis
Plain-mantled tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura aegithaloides
Araucaria tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura setaria
Rufous-fronted thornbird, Phacellodomus rufifrons
Streak-fronted thornbird, Phacellodomus striaticeps
Little thornbird, Phacellodomus sibilatrix
Spot-breasted thornbird, Phacellodomus maculipectus
Freckle-breasted thornbird, Phacellodomus striaticollis
Greater thornbird, Phacellodomus ruber
Orange-breasted thornbird, Phacellodomus ferrugineigula (H)
Firewood-gatherer, Anumbius annumbi
Lark-like brushrunner, Coryphistera alaudina
Creamy-breasted canastero, Asthenes dorbignyi
Short-billed canastero, Asthenes baeri
Hudson's canastero, Asthenes hudsoni
Austral canastero, Asthenes anthoides
Scribble-tailed canastero, Asthenes maculicauda
Puna canastero, Asthenes sclateri
Cordilleran canastero, Asthenes modesta
Sharp-billed canastero, Asthenes pyrrholeuca
Maquis canastero, Asthenes heterura
Straight-billed reedhaunter, Limnoctites rectirostris
Sulphur-bearded reedhaunter, Limnoctites sulphuriferus
Stripe-crowned spinetail, Cranioleuca pyrrhophia
Olive spinetail, Cranioleuca obsoleta
Patagonian canastero, Pseudasthenes patagonica (E)
Steinbach's canastero, Pseudasthenes steinbachi (E)
Bay-capped wren-spinetail, Spartonoica maluroides
Brown cacholote, Pseudoseisura lophotes
White-throated cacholote, Pseudoseisura gutturalis (E)
Yellow-chinned spinetail, Certhiaxis cinnamomeus
Chotoy spinetail, Schoeniophylax phryganophilus
Ochre-cheeked spinetail, Synallaxis scutata
Gray-bellied spinetail, Synallaxis cinerascens
Rufous-capped spinetail, Synallaxis ruficapilla
Spix's spinetail, Synallaxis spixi
Pale-breasted spinetail, Synallaxis albescens
Sooty-fronted spinetail, Synallaxis frontalis
Azara's spinetail, Synallaxis azarae

Manakins
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pipridae

The manakins are a family of subtropical and tropical mainland Central and South America, and Trinidad and Tobago. They are compact forest birds, the males typically being brightly colored, although the females of most species are duller and usually green-plumaged. Manakins feed on small fruits, berries, and insects.

Yungas manakin, Chiroxiphia boliviana
Swallow-tailed manakin, Chiroxiphia caudata
White-bearded manakin, Manacus manacus
Band-tailed manakin, Pipra fasciicauda

Cotingas
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cotingidae

The cotingas are birds of forests or forest edges in tropical South America. Comparatively little is known about this diverse group, although all have broad bills with hooked tips, rounded wings, and strong legs. The males of many of the species are brightly colored or decorated with plumes or wattles.

White-tipped plantcutter, Phytotoma rutila
Rufous-tailed plantcutter, Phytotoma rara
Swallow-tailed cotinga, Phibalura flavirostris
Red-ruffed fruitcrow, Pyroderus scutatus
Bare-throated bellbird, Procnias nudicollis

Tityras
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tityridae

Tityridae are suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae, and Cotingidae. They are small to medium-sized birds. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, have plain coloring.

Black-crowned tityra, Tityra inquisitor
Black-tailed tityra, Tityra cayana
Masked tityra, Tityra semifasciata
Greenish schiffornis, Schiffornis virescens
White-naped xenopsaris, Xenopsaris albinucha
Green-backed becard, Pachyramphus viridis
Chestnut-crowned becard, Pachyramphus castaneus
White-winged becard, Pachyramphus polychopterus
Crested becard, Pachyramphus validus

Sharpbill
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oxyruncidae

The sharpbill is a small bird of dense forests in Central and South America. It feeds mostly on fruit but also eats insects.

Sharpbill, Oxyruncus cristatus

Tyrant flycatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tyrannidae

Tyrant flycatchers are passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, have plain coloring. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.

Wing-barred piprites, Piprites chloris
Black-capped piprites, Piprites pileata
White-throated spadebill, Platyrinchus mystaceus
Russet-winged spadebill, Platyrinchus leucoryphus (H)
Southern antpipit, Corythopis delalandi
Southern bristle-tyrant, Pogonotriccus eximius
São Paulo bristle-tyrant, Pogonotriccus paulista
Mottle-cheeked tyrannulet, Phylloscartes ventralis
Bay-ringed tyrannulet, Phylloscartes sylviolus
Gray-hooded flycatcher, Mionectes rufiventris
Sepia-capped flycatcher, Leptopogon amaurocephalus
Yellow-olive flatbill, Tolmomyias sulphurescens
Eared pygmy-tyrant, Myiornis auricularis
Drab-breasted pygmy-tyrant, Hemitriccus diops
Brown-breasted pygmy-tyrant, Hemitriccus obsoletus
Pearly-vented tody-tyrant, Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer
Ochre-faced tody-flycatcher, Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps
Common tody-flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum
Cliff flycatcher, Hirundinea ferruginea
Cinnamon flycatcher, Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus
Greater wagtail-tyrant, Stigmatura budytoides
Plain tyrannulet, Inezia inornata
Fulvous-crowned scrub-tyrant, Euscarthmus meloryphus
Yellow-bellied elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster
Large elaenia, Elaenia spectabilis
White-crested elaenia, Elaenia albiceps
Small-billed elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris
Olivaceous elaenia, Elaenia mesoleuca
Slaty elaenia, Elaenia strepera
Lesser elaenia, Elaenia chiriquensis
Highland elaenia, Elaenia obscura
Small-headed elaenia, Elaenia sordida
Gray elaenia, Myiopagis caniceps
Greenish elaenia, Myiopagis viridicata
Suiriri flycatcher, Suiriri suiriri
Yellow tyrannulet, Capsiempis flaveola
Buff-banded tyrannulet, Mecocerculus hellmayri
White-throated tyrannulet, Mecocerculus leucophrys
Greenish tyrannulet, Phyllomyias virescens
Sclater's tyrannulet, Phyllomyias sclateri
Planalto tyrannulet, Phyllomyias fasciatus
Rough-legged tyrannulet, Acrochordopus burmeisteri
Tawny-rumped tyrannulet, Tyranniscus uropygialis (H)
Southern beardless-tyrannulet, Camptostoma obsoletum
Mouse-colored tyrannulet, Phaeomyias murina
Yellow-billed tit-tyrant, Anairetes flavirostris
Tufted tit-tyrant, Anairetes parulus
Bearded tachuri, Polystictus pectoralis
Sharp-tailed tyrant, Culicivora caudacuta
Crested doradito, Pseudocolopteryx sclateri
Subtropical doradito, Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis
Dinelli's doradito, Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana
Warbling doradito, Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris
Ticking doradito, Pseudocolopteryx citreola
Sooty tyrannulet, Serpophaga nigricans
White-crested tyrannulet, Serpophaga subcristata
Straneck's tyrannulet, Serpophaga griseicapilla
Rufous-tailed attila, Attila phoenicurus
Piratic flycatcher, Legatus leucophaius
Large-headed flatbill, Ramphotrigon megacephalum
Great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus
Lesser kiskadee, Philohydor lictor (V)
Cattle tyrant, Machetornis rixosa
Boat-billed flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua
Golden-crowned flycatcher, Myiodynastes chrysocephalus
Streaked flycatcher, Myiodynastes maculatus
Rusty-margined flycatcher, Myiozetetes cayanensis (V)
Social flycatcher, Myiozetetes similis
Three-striped flycatcher, Conopias trivirgatus
Variegated flycatcher, Empidonomus varius
Crowned slaty flycatcher, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus
White-throated kingbird, Tyrannus albogularis (H)
Tropical kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus
Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana
Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
Rufous casiornis, Casiornis rufus
Sibilant sirystes, Sirystes sibilator
Dusky-capped flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Swainson's flycatcher, Myiarchus swainsoni
Short-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus ferox
Brown-crested flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Long-tailed tyrant, Colonia colonus
Bran-colored flycatcher, Myiophobus fasciatus (see note)
Patagonian tyrant, Colorhamphus parvirostris
d'Orbigny's chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca oenanthoides
White-browed chat-tyrant, Ochthoeca leucophrys
Southern scrub-flycatcher, Sublegatus modestus
Vermilion flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus
Black-backed water-tyrant, Fluvicola albiventer
Masked water-tyrant, Fluvicola nengeta
White-headed marsh tyrant, Arundinicola leucocephala
Streamer-tailed tyrant, Gubernetes yetapa
Black-and-white monjita, Heteroxolmis dominicanus
Cock-tailed tyrant, Alectrurus tricolor (Extirpated)
Strange-tailed tyrant, Alectrurus risora
Austral negrito, Lessonia rufa
Andean negrito, Lessonia oreas
Spectacled tyrant, Hymenops perspicillatus
Plumbeous black-tyrant, Knipolegus cabanisi
Blue-billed black-tyrant, Knipolegus cyanirostris
Cinereous tyrant, Knipolegus striaticeps
White-winged black-tyrant, Knipolegus aterrimus
Hudson's black-tyrant, Knipolegus hudsoni
Yellow-browed tyrant, Satrapa icterophrys
Spot-billed ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola maculirostris
Puna ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola juninensis
Cinereous ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola cinereus
Ochre-naped ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola flavinucha
Rufous-naped ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola rufivertex
Dark-faced ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola maclovianus
White-browed ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola albilora
Cinnamon-bellied ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola capistratus
Black-fronted ground-tyrant, Muscisaxicola frontalis
Rufous-webbed bush-tyrant, Cnemarchus rufipennis
White-rumped monjita, Xolmis velatus (V)
White monjita, Xolmis irupero
Fire-eyed diucon, Pyrope pyrope
Gray monjita, Nengetus cinereus
Black-crowned monjita, Neoxolmis coronatus
Chocolate-vented tyrant, Neoxolmis rufiventris
Salinas monjita, Neoxolmis salinarum (E)
Rusty-backed monjita, Neoxolmis rubetra (E)
Black-billed shrike-tyrant, Agriornis montanus
White-tailed shrike-tyrant, Agriornis albicauda
Great shrike-tyrant, Agriornis lividus
Gray-bellied shrike-tyrant, Agriornis micropterus
Lesser shrike-tyrant, Agriornis murinus
Streak-throated bush-tyrant, Myiotheretes striaticollis
Fuscous flycatcher, Cnemotriccus fuscatus
Euler's flycatcher, Lathrotriccus euleri
Black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans
Alder flycatcher, Empidonax alnorum
Olive-sided flycatcher, Contopus cooperi (V)
Smoke-colored pewee, Contopus fumigatus
Eastern wood-pewee, Contopus virens (V)
Tropical pewee, Contopus cinereus
Shear-tailed gray tyrant, Muscipipra vetula
Many-colored rush tyrant, Tachuris rubrigastra

Vireos
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae

The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.

Rufous-browed peppershrike, Cyclarhis gujanensis
Rufous-crowned greenlet, Hylophilus poicilotis
Chivi vireo, Vireo chivi

Jays
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae

The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

Purplish jay, Cyanocorax cyanomelas
Azure jay, Cyanocorax caeruleus
Plush-crested jay, Cyanocorax chrysops

Swallows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

Blue-and-white swallow, Pygochelidon cyanoleuca
Black-collared swallow, Pygochelidon melanoleuca
Tawny-headed swallow, Alopochelidon fucata
Andean swallow, Orochelidon andecola
Southern rough-winged swallow, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Brown-chested martin, Progne tapera
Purple martin, Progne subis (V)
Gray-breasted martin, Progne chalybea
Southern martin, Progne elegans
White-winged swallow, Tachycineta albiventer
White-rumped swallow, Tachycineta leucorrhoa
Chilean swallow, Tachycineta leucopyga
Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Wrens
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae

The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.

House wren, Troglodytes aedon
Mountain wren, Troglodytes solstitialis
Grass wren, Cistothorus platensis
Thrush-like wren, Campylorhynchus turdinus

Gnatcatchers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Polioptilidae

These dainty birds resemble Old World warblers in their build and habits, moving restlessly through the foliage seeking insects. The gnatcatchers and gnatwrens are mainly soft bluish gray in color and have the typical insectivore's long sharp bill. They are birds of fairly open woodland or scrub, which nest in bushes or trees.

Creamy-bellied gnatcatcher, Polioptila lactea
Masked gnatcatcher, Polioptila dumicola

Donacobius
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Donacobiidae

The black-capped donacobius is found in wet habitats from Panama across northern South America and east of the Andes to Argentina and Paraguay.

Black-capped donacobius, Donacobius atricapilla

Dippers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclidae

Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements.

Rufous-throated dipper, Cinclus schulzii

Thrushes
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

Speckled nightingale-thrush, Catharus maculatus
Veery, Catharus fuscescens (V)
Swainson's thrush, Catharus ustulatus
Austral thrush, Turdus falcklandii
Yellow-legged thrush, Turdus flavipes
Pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas
Cocoa thrush, Turdus fumigatus
Rufous-bellied thrush, Turdus rufiventris
Creamy-bellied thrush, Turdus amaurochalinus
Andean slaty thrush, Turdus nigriceps
Blacksmith thrush, Turdus subalaris
Chiguanco thrush, Turdus chiguanco
Glossy-black thrush, Turdus serranus
White-necked thrush, Turdus albicollis

Mockingbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Mimidae

The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their coloring tends towards dull-grays and browns.

Chilean mockingbird, Mimus thenca
Patagonian mockingbird, Mimus patagonicus
Chalk-browed mockingbird, Mimus saturninus
White-banded mockingbird, Mimus triurus
Brown-backed mockingbird, Mimus dorsalis

Starlings
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

Crested myna, Acridotheres cristatellus (I)
European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I)

Old World sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae

Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or gray birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)

Pipits and wagtails
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground feeding insectivores of open country.

Yellowish pipit, Anthus chii
Short-billed pipit, Anthus furcatus
Pampas pipit, Anthus chacoensis (E)
Correndera pipit, Anthus correndera
Ochre-breasted pipit, Anthus nattereri
Hellmayr's pipit, Anthus hellmayri
Paramo pipit, Anthus bogotensis

Finches
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae

Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

European greenfinch, Chloris chloris (I)
European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis (I)
Thick-billed siskin, Spinus crassirostris
Hooded siskin, Spinus magellanicus
Black siskin, Spinus atratus
Yellow-rumped siskin, Spinus uropygialis
Black-chinned siskin, Spinus barbatus
Golden-rumped euphonia, Chlorophonia cyanocephala
Blue-naped chlorophonia, Chlorophonia cyanea
Purple-throated euphonia, Euphonia chlorotica
Green-throated euphonia, Euphonia chalybea
Violaceous euphonia, Euphonia violacea
Chestnut-bellied euphonia, Euphonia pectoralis

Sparrows
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae

Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.

Common chlorospingus, Chlorospingus flavopectus
Yungas sparrow, Rhynchospiza dabennei
Chaco sparrow, Rhynchospiza strigiceps
Grassland sparrow, Ammodramus humeralis
Yellow-browed sparrow, Ammodramus aurifrons (H)
White-browed brushfinch, Arremon torquatus
Moss-backed sparrow, Arremon dorbignii
Saffron-billed sparrow, Arremon flavirostris
Rufous-collared sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis
Fulvous-headed brushfinch, Atlapetes fulviceps
Yellow-striped brushfinch, Atlapetes citrinellus (E)

Blackbirds
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteridae

The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as the predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.

Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
White-browed meadowlark, Leistes superciliaris
Pampas meadowlark, Leistes defilippii
Long-tailed meadowlark, Leistes loyca
Crested oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus
Solitary black cacique, Cacicus solitarius
Golden-winged cacique, Cacicus chrysopterus
Red-rumped cacique, Cacicus haemorrhous
Orange-backed troupial, Icterus croconotus
Variable oriole, Icterus pyrrhopterus
Screaming cowbird, Molothrus rufoaxillaris
Giant cowbird, Molothrus oryzivorus
Shiny cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis
Scarlet-headed blackbird, Amblyramphus holosericeus
Austral blackbird, Curaeus curaeus
Chopi blackbird, Gnorimopsar chopi
Grayish baywing, Agelaioides badius
Unicolored blackbird, Agelasticus cyanopus
Yellow-winged blackbird, Agelasticus thilius
Chestnut-capped blackbird, Chrysomus ruficapillus
Saffron-cowled blackbird, Xanthopsar flavus
Yellow-rumped marshbird, Pseudoleistes guirahuro
Brown-and-yellow marshbird, Pseudoleistes virescens

Wood-warblers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Parulidae

The wood-warblers are a group of small, often colorful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.

Northern waterthrush, Parkesia noveboracensis (H)
Tennessee warbler, Leiothlypis peregrina (H)
Masked yellowthroat, Geothlypis aequinoctialis
Common yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas (V)
American redstart, Setophaga ruticilla (H)
Tropical parula, Setophaga pitiayumi
Yellow warbler, Setophaga petechia (H)
Blackpoll warbler, Setophaga striata (V)
Flavescent warbler, Myiothlypis flaveola
White-browed warbler, Myiothlypis leucoblephara
Pale-legged warbler, Myiothlypis signata
Riverbank warbler, Myiothlypis rivularis
Two-banded warbler, Myiothlypis bivittata
Golden-crowned warbler, Basileuterus culicivorus
Wilson's warbler, Cardellina pusilla (H)
Brown-capped redstart, Myioborus brunniceps

Cardinal grosbeaks
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cardinalidae

The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.

Hepatic tanager, Piranga flava
Scarlet tanager, Piranga olivacea (V)
Red-crowned ant-tanager, Habia rubica
Black-backed grosbeak, Pheucticus aureoventris
Blackish-blue seedeater, Amaurospiza moesta
Glaucous-blue grosbeak, Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea
Ultramarine grosbeak, Cyanoloxia brissonii

Tanagers
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Thraupidae

The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. As a family they are omnivorous, but individual species specialize in eating fruits, seeds, insects, or other types of food. Most have short, rounded wings.

Hooded tanager, Nemosia pileata
Plushcap, Catamblyrhynchus diadema
Guira tanager, Hemithraupis guira
Chestnut-vented conebill, Conirostrum speciosum
Giant conebill, Conirostrum binghami (H)
Cinereous conebill, Conirostrum cinereum (H)
Stripe-tailed yellow-finch, Sicalis citrina
Puna yellow-finch, Sicalis lutea
Bright-rumped yellow-finch, Sicalis uropygialis
Citron-headed yellow-finch, Sicalis luteocephala
Greater yellow-finch, Sicalis auriventris
Greenish yellow-finch, Sicalis olivascens
Monte yellow-finch, Sicalis mendozae (E)
Patagonian yellow-finch, Sicalis lebruni
Saffron finch, Sicalis flaveola
Grassland yellow-finch, Sicalis luteola
Black-hooded sierra finch, Phrygilus atriceps
Gray-hooded sierra finch, Phrygilus gayi
Patagonian sierra finch, Phrygilus patagonicus
Plumbeous sierra finch, Geospizopsis unicolor
Ash-breasted sierra finch, Geospizopsis plebejus
Mourning sierra finch, Rhopospina fruticeti
Band-tailed sierra finch, Rhopospina alaudina
Carbonated sierra finch, Rhopospina carbonaria (E)
Red-backed sierra finch, Idiopsar dorsalis
Glacier finch, Idiopsar speculifer (H)
Boulder finch, Idiopsar brachyurus
White-bridled finch, Melanodera melanodera
Yellow-bridled finch, Melanodera xanthogramma
Band-tailed seedeater, Catamenia analis
Plain-colored seedeater, Catamenia inornata
Gray-bellied flowerpiercer, Diglossa carbonaria (H)
Rusty flowerpiercer, Diglossa sittoides
Slaty finch, Haplospiza rustica (H)
Uniform finch, Haplospiza unicolor
Blue-black grassquit, Volatinia jacarina
Ruby-crowned tanager, Tachyphonus coronatus
White-lined tanager, Tachyphonus rufus
Black-goggled tanager, Trichothraupis melanops
Red-crested finch, Coryphospingus cucullatus
Silver-beaked tanager, Ramphocelus carbo (V)
Brazilian tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius (H)
Coal-crested finch, Charitospiza eucosma (V)
Red-legged honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus (V)
Swallow tanager, Tersina viridis
Blue dacnis, Dacnis cayana
Lined seedeater, Sporophila lineola
White-bellied seedeater, Sporophila leucoptera
Pearly-bellied seedeater, Sporophila pileata
Tawny-bellied seedeater, Sporophila hypoxantha
Ibera seedeater, Sporophila iberaensis
Dark-throated seedeater, Sporophila ruficollis
Marsh seedeater, Sporophila palustris
Rufous-rumped seedeater, Sporophila hypochroma
Chestnut seedeater, Sporophila cinnamomea
Black-bellied seedeater, Sporophila melanogaster (V)
Chestnut-bellied seed-finch, Sporophila angolensis
Yellow-bellied seedeater, Sporophila nigricollis (V)
Double-collared seedeater, Sporophila caerulescens
Temminck's seedeater, Sporophila falcirostris
Buffy-fronted seedeater, Sporophila frontalis (H)
Plumbeous seedeater, Sporophila plumbea (H)
Rusty-collared seedeater, Sporophila collaris
Many-colored chaco finch, Saltatricula multicolor
Bluish-gray saltator, Saltator coerulescens
Green-winged saltator, Saltator similis
Thick-billed saltator, Saltator maxillosus
Golden-billed saltator, Saltator aurantiirostris
Black-throated grosbeak, Saltator fuliginosus
Black-masked finch, Coryphaspiza melanotis
Great Pampa-finch, Embernagra platensis
Wedge-tailed grass-finch, Emberizoides herbicola
Lesser grass-finch, Emberizoides ypiranganus
Bolivian warbling finch, Poospiza boliviana
Cinnamon warbling finch, Poospiza ornata (E)
Black-and-chestnut warbling finch, Poospiza whitii
Black-and-rufous warbling finch, Poospiza nigrorufa
Tucuman mountain finch, Poospiza baeri (E)
Rufous-sided warbling finch, Poospizopsis hypochondria
Orange-headed tanager, Thlypopsis sordida
Chestnut-headed tanager, Thlypopsis pyrrhocoma
Rust-and-yellow tanager, Thlypopsis ruficeps
Rusty-browed warbling finch, Microspingus erythrophrys
Gray-throated warbling finch, Microspingus cabanisi
Ringed warbling finch, Microspingus torquatus
Black-capped warbling finch, Microspingus melanoleucus
Long-tailed reed finch, Donacospiza albifrons
Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola
Dull-colored grassquit, Asemospiza obscura
Sooty grassquit, Asemospiza fuliginosa
Black-crested finch, Lophospingus pusillus
Gray-crested finch, Lophospingus griseocristatus
Diuca finch, Diuca diuca
Yellow cardinal, Gubernatrix cristata
Red-crested cardinal, Paroaria coronata
Yellow-billed cardinal, Paroaria capitata
Diademed tanager, Stephanophorus diadematus
Cinnamon tanager, Schistochlamys ruficapillus (H)
Magpie tanager, Cissopis leverianus
Fawn-breasted tanager, Pipraeidea melanonota
Blue-and-yellow tanager, Rauenia bonariensis
Rufous-bellied mountain tanager, Pseudosaltator rufiventris
Black-backed tanager, Stilpnia peruviana (H)
Chestnut-backed tanager, Stilpnia preciosa
Burnished-buff tanager, Stilpnia cayana
Green-headed tanager, Tangara seledon
Red-necked tanager, Tangara cyanocephala (H)
Sayaca tanager, Thraupis sayaca
Palm tanager, Thraupis palmarum

Notes

References

See also
List of birds
Lists of birds by region

External links
Birds of Argentina and its departments - World Institute for Conservation and Environment

Further reading

Argentina

Birds
Argentina

List of birds of Argentina


The Mausoleum of Three Leaders, also known as the (Suhrawardy Udyan National Memorial), located at Shahbag, Dacca in the former erstwhile East Pakistan province, contains the graves of three prominent leaders of Pakistan Movement from Bengal: All three men served as the Prime Minister of Bengal in British India and after Independence two of them also served as Prime Minister of Pakistan. Even with all these achievements, it was rumoured that these three political leaders had a rivalry with each other in terms of success. However, despite their rivalry, three of the political leaders were buried under the same roof of the mausoleum of the three leaders. The style of architecture of the monuments is an interpretation of Islamic Arcs. The Mausoleum of three leaders consists of a hyperbolic paraboloid structure that is erected over the three graves of the three political leaders.

Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Dhaka
1960 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Pakistan

Mausoleum of three leaders


Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva (July 25, 1512 – September 27, 1577) was a Spanish jurist and Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Cuenca (1577-1577), Archbishop of Segovia (1564-1577), Archbishop of Ciudad Rodrigo (1560-1564), and Archbishop of Santo Domingo (1556-1560).

Life

Early years

Covarruvias was born in Toledo, Spain, on 25 July 1512. His father was Alonso de Covarrubias (1488-1570), an architect who designed the New Kings chapel of the Cathedral of Toledo. Diego's younger brother, Antonio de Covarrubias (1514/24-1602), would be a professor of law at the University of Salamanca and served as consejero of Castile.

Diego de Covarrubias was educated at the University of Salamanca, where he studied canon law under Martín de Azpilcueta and theology under Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto. At the age of twenty-one, Covarruvias was appointed professor of canon law in the University of Salamanca. Later on he was entrusted with the work of reforming that institution, already venerable for its age, and the legislation which he drew up looking to this end remained in effect long after his time.

Such was the recognized eminence of his legal science that he was styled the Bartolus of Spain. His vast legal learning was always set forth with a peculiar beauty of diction and lucidity of style. His genius was universal, and embraced all the sciences subsidiary to, and illustrative of, the science of law. If report be true, the large library of Oviedo, where at the age of twenty-six he became professor, did not contain a single volume which he had not annotated.

Episcopate
On April 24, 1556, Covarruvias was designated by Charles V for the archiepiscopal see of San Domingo in the New World, whither, however, he never went. On January 26, 1560, he was appointed Bishop of Ciudad Rodrigo in Spain. On April 28, 1560, he was consecrated bishop by Fernando de Valdés y Salas, Archbishop of Sevilla with Martín Pérez de Ayala, Bishop of Guadix, and Diego de los Cobos Molina, Bishop of Ávila, as co-consecrators. In this capacity he attended the Council of Trent, where, according to the statement of his nephew, conjointly with Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni (afterwards Gregory XIII), he was authorized to formulate the reform-decrees (De Reformatione) of the council. Pressure of other duties having prevented Buoncompagni from doing his part of the work, so the task devolved upon Covarruvias alone. The text of these decrees, therefore, formally approved by the council, we apparently owe to him.

Having returned to Spain, Covarruvias was in 1565 transferred to the See of Segovia. Up to this time his extraordinary talents had been discovered in matters more or less scholastic only; they were hereafter to reveal themselves also in practical affairs of state. Appointed in 1572 a member of the Council of Castile, he was two years later raised to the presidency of the Council of State. In the discharge of this office he was eminently successful. While president of the Council of State he was nominated by Philip II for the Bishopric of Cuenca, but death prevented him from assuming his duties. Covarruvias died in Madrid, on 27 September 1577. While Bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Pedro de la Peña, Bishop of Quito.

He was buried in a marble sarcophagus in Segovia Cathedral, near the old entrance to the cathedral built by the Catholic Monarchs, which today leads to the cloister.

Works

The principal work of Covarruvias is his Variarum resolutionum ex jure pontificio regio et cæsareo libri IV. He wrote also on testaments, betrothal and marriage, oaths, excommunication, prescription, restitution, etc. Quite distinct in character from his other productions is his numismatic treatise, Veterum numismatum collatio cum his quæ modo expenduntur, etc. (1594). His complete works have been several times edited, the Antwerp edition (5 vols., 1762) being the best. Among his manuscripts have been found notes on the Council of Trent, a treatise on punishments (De poenis) and an historical tract, "Catalogo de los reyes de España y de otras cosas", etc.

References

External links and additional sources
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)
 (for Chronology of Bishops)

16th-century Spanish jurists
1512 births
1577 deaths
University of Salamanca alumni
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca
16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Spain
Participants in the Council of Trent
People from Toledo, Spain
Roman Catholic archbishops of Santo Domingo
School of Salamanca
16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Dominican Republic

Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva


Swag is a crime novel by Elmore Leonard, first published in 1976 and since also released as an audio recording. The first paperback edition was published under the alternative title of Ryan's Rules.

Ernest Stickley, Jr. reappears in Stick.

Plot summary
Frank Ryan is an almost honest used car salesman, who after deliberately not testifying against car thief Ernest "Stick" Stickley, Jr., thinks of a foolproof plan for them to perform armed robberies.
The plan is about simple everyday armed robbery.  Supermarkets, bars, liquor stores, gas stations, etc. Because the statistics prove that this armed robbery pays the most for the least amount of risk, they start their business and earn three to five thousand dollars a week.
To prevent getting caught Frank introduces 10 golden rules for successful armed robbery:

 Always be polite on the job and say please and thank you.
 Never say more than necessary. Less is more.
 Never call your partner by name-unless you use a made-up name.
 Never look suspicious or like a bum and dress well.
 Never use your own car.
 Never count the take in the car.
 Never flash money in a bar or with women.
 Never go back to an old bar or hangout once you have moved up.
 Never tell anyone your business and never tell a junkie even your name.
 Never associate with people known to be in crime.

For a while, Frank and Stick are able to follow the rules and the plan and they are extremely successful.  They even rob the robber who just robbed the bar they were in. But, inevitably, the rules start falling by the wayside and when they see a chance for a big score, the rules go out the window, with predictably disastrous results.

Notes

External links
Swag at Elmore Leonard.com

Novels by Elmore Leonard
1976 American novels
Novels set in Detroit

Swag (novel)


The Deutscher Bühnenverein is an organization representing 430 theatres, opera houses, drama, ballet and opera companies and orchestras in Germany. It is involved in artistic, legal, organisational and political questions relevant to its members and publishes annual reports. The Deutscher Bühnenverein is based in Cologne.

History

It was started in Oldenburg in 1846 under its first president Karl Theodor von Küstner, of the Königliches Schauspiel in Berlin. The Nazi Propaganda Ministry banned it in 1935 and it was not re-founded until 1947. In 1990, the East German Deutscher Bühnenbund merged with the Bühnenverein.

Functions

As an association of artists' employers, the Bühnenverein negotiates with trade unions about both pay and working conditions and is involved in arbitration. It also looks after the interests of German arts organizations at international level and with regard to European Union legislation. The President since 2003 is Klaus Zehelein, currently director of the Bayerische Theaterakademie. The director and chief executive officer since 1992 is Rolf Bolwin. There are eight federal state associations.

The Bühnenverein publishes annual reports which include exhaustive statistics, not only on German theatre organizations, but also those of Austria and Switzerland.

External links
English page of the Deutscher Bühnenverein

See also

Opera America for the equivalent organization in the United States.

Opera organizations
Music organisations based in Germany

Deutscher Bühnenverein


Colton is an unincorporated community located in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, on Oregon Route 211. Colton is located between the cities of Estacada and Molalla.

Colton was named in about 1892 by two residents, Joshua Gorbett and a man named Cole, who each wanted to name the community after the other. The Post Office Department thought "Gorbett" would be confused with Corbett, so the community was named "Colton" instead. The Colton post office was established the same year. Its ZIP Code is 97017.

The community has historically had a large Swedish population, and was once a significant logging town. Today the economy is dominated by horticulture and Christmas tree farming.

Geography
Colton is located on Milk Creek, a tributary of the Molalla River, in a broad (narrow) canyon eroded in a plateau of volcanic basalts and ash of the nearby Western Cascades. Canyon Creek, which drains Green Mountain's slopes to the South, joins Milk Creek just east of the community.

Education
Primary and secondary students in Colton are served by the Colton School District, which includes Colton Elementary School, Colton Middle School, Colton High School.

Notable people
 Stella Nickell, convicted murderer who poisoned her husband and currently serving 90 years in a federal prison in Dublin, California.

References

1892 establishments in Oregon
Populated places established in 1892
Portland metropolitan area
Swedish-American culture in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Clackamas County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Colton, Oregon


Harold G. Craighead (born September 21, 1952) is an American professor of applied and engineering physics at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where he holds the title of Charles W. Lake Professor of Engineering.

Education and career
Harold G. Craighead received his Bachelor of Science degree in physics, with High Honors, from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1974. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University in 1980. His thesis work involved an experimental study of the optical properties and solar energy applications of metal particle composites. From 1979 until 1984 he was a Member of Technical Staff in the Device Physics Research Department at Bell Laboratories. In 1984 he joined Bellcore, where he formed and managed the Quantum Structures research group. Craighead joined the faculty of Cornell University as a professor in the School of Applied and Engineering Physics in 1989. From 1989 until 1995 he was Director of the National Nanofabrication Facility at Cornell. Craighead was Director of the School of Applied and Engineering Physics from 1998 to 2000 and the founding Director of the Nanobiotechnology Center from 2000 to 2001. He served as Interim Dean of the College of Engineering from 2001 to 2002 after which he returned to the Nanobiotechnology Center as co-director. He has been a pioneer in nanofabrication methods and the application of engineered nanosystems for research and device applications. Throughout his career he has contributed to numerous scientific journals with over 280 published papers. Craighead's recent research activity includes the use of nanofabricated devices for biological applications. His research continues to involve the study and development of new methods for nanostructure formation, integrated fluidic/optical devices, nanoelectromechanical systems and single molecule analysis.

Craighead was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 2004, "[f]or his significant advances in experimental studies of the physical properties and utilization of nanoscale materials and structures." In February 2007, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. According to the academy, Craighead, director of Cornell's Nanobiotechnology Center, was selected for "contributions to the fabrication and exploitation of nanostructures for electronic, optical, mechanical and biological applications." He has been a pioneer in nanofabrication methods and using nanostructures as tools in biological research. His research group has created devices that can detect and identify single bacteria and viruses, nanoscale gas sensors and nanofluidic devices that can separate, count and analyze individual DNA molecules.

Stretching the Boundaries of Nanofabricated Devices

Lightest Biological Object Weighed
Harold Craighead and research assistant Rob Ilic have their research featured in the 2006 edition of The Guinness Book of World Records. In its Science and Technology section, the book cites the "Lightest Object Weighed:" a mass of 6.3 attograms. An attogram is one-thousandth of a femtogram, which is one-thousandth of a picogram, which is one-thousandth of a nanogram, which is a billionth of a gram. The entry is based on research reported in the Journal of Applied Physics in April 2004 (and profiled in the April 15, 2004, Cornell Chronicle), in which the researchers used changes in the vibration of a nanoscale oscillator to detect the mass of a single E-coli bacterium.

Smallest Guitar
The world's smallest guitar (the nanoguitar) came from the lab of Harold Craighead in 1997, and was created by Dustin Carr. Years later, a fancier nanoguitar was fabricated, and played using laser drive.

Smallest Nanobowl Trophy
Benjamin Cipriany and Philip Waggoner, research assistants in the Craighead group created the world's smallest Nanobowl trophy in 2007. This is to support the American Physical Society's Physics Central Nanobowl Video Contest, whereby high school students submit video entries that demonstrate some aspect of physics in football. The nanotrophy award and prize money were awarded on Super Bowl Sunday to students at Rochester Adams High School in Michigan.

Professional titles
 Charles W. Lake Professor of Engineering
 Professor of Applied and Engineering Physics
 previously Director of The Nanobiotechnology Center, Cornell University
 previously Director of Center for Cancer Microenvironment and Metastasis, Cornell University

References

External links
 Craighead Research Group website

Cornell University alumni
Cornell University College of Engineering faculty
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
1952 births
Fellows of the American Physical Society

Harold Craighead