Greeley is the home rule municipality city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 108,795 at the 2020 United States Census, an increase of 17.12% since the 2010 United States Census. Greeley is the tenth most populous city in Colorado. Greeley is the principal city of the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and is a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. Greeley is located in northern Colorado and is situated  north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver.

History

Union Colony

Greeley began as the Union Colony of Colorado, which was founded in 1869 by Nathan C. Meeker, an agricultural reporter for the New York Tribune as an experimental utopian farming community "based on temperance, religion, agriculture, education and family values," with the backing of the Tribunes editor Horace Greeley, who popularized the phrase "Go West, young man".  A committee which included Meeker and former Civil War general Robert Alexander Cameron traveled to Colorado to find a suitable site, and purchased 12,000 acres at the confluence of the Cache la Poudre and South Platte Rivers.  The site, formerly known as the "Island Grove Ranch", included the area of Latham, an Overland Trail station, and was halfway between Cheyenne, Wyoming and Denver, Colorado along the tracks of the Denver Pacific Railroad.

By May, 500 people had arrived to take up residence in the new colony. The name Union Colony was later changed to Greeley in honor of Horace Greeley, who had come to Colorado in the 1859 Pike's Peak Gold Rush.

Latham
Greeley is located just west of the area previously occupied by the Overland Trail station of Latham, originally called the Cherokee City Station. The Latham station, which was also known as Fort Latham, was built in 1862 and named in honor of Milton S. Latham, one of California's early senators. The stagecoach station was at the confluence of the South Platte River and the Cache la Poudre River. It is believed that the birth of the first white child born in Colorado, a girl, occurred there. Fort Latham was the headquarters of the government troops during the Indian conflicts of 1860–1864 and the county seat; the post office was called Latham.

Early history
Greeley was incorporated as a city on April 6, 1886.

Greeley was built on farming and agriculture, but kept up with most modern technologies as they grew. Telephones were in town by 1883 with electric lights downtown by 1886. Automobiles were on the roads alongside horse drawn buggies by 1910. A Women's Citizens League was established there to support female suffrage.

In 1922 KFKA became one of the first radio stations to broadcast in the US and the Greeley Municipal Airport was built in 1928.

Greeley housed two POW camps in 1943, during World War II. One was for German POWs and the other was for Italian POWs. A vote to allow the sale of alcohol passed by a mere 477 votes in 1969, thus ending temperance in the city.

The Greeley Philharmonic Orchestra was started in 1911. In 1958, Greeley became the first city to have a Department of Culture.

Geography
Greeley is located in the High Plains of northern Colorado about  east of the Rocky Mountains and north of Denver.

Greeley is bordered on the south by the towns of Evans and Garden City. The Greeley/Evans area is bounded on the south by the South Platte River, and the Cache la Poudre River flows through north Greeley. The city is served by US Route 85 and US Route 34.

At the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total area of  including  of water.

The nearest city with a population of over 100,000 is Fort Collins, in neighboring Larimer County.

Climate

Greeley experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). High temperatures are generally around 90–95 °F (32 °C) in the summer and 40-45 °F (4 °C) in the winter, although significant variation occurs. The hottest days generally occur around the third week of July and the coldest in January. Nighttime lows are near 60 °F (16 °C) in the summer and around 15–20 °F (−9 °C) in the winter. Record high temperatures of 112 °F (44.4 °C) have been recorded, as have record low temperatures of –25 °F (–32 °C). The first freeze typically occurs around October 4 and the last around May 4. Extratropical cyclones which disrupt the weather for the eastern two-thirds of the US often originate in or near Colorado, which means Greeley does not experience many fully developed storm systems. Warm fronts, sleet, and freezing rain are practically nonexistent here. In addition, the city's proximity to the Rocky Mountains and lower elevation, compared to the mountains west of the city, result in less precipitation and fewer thunderstorms. This is paradoxical, because adjacent areas (mostly farmland) experience between 7 and 9 hail days per year.

The climate in Greeley, as well as all of Colorado, is extremely dry. The Chinook winds coming off the mountains often raise temperatures to near 70 °F (21 °C) in January and February, and sometimes to near 90 °F (32 °C) in April. Greeley's elevation and low year-round humidity means that nighttime low temperatures are practically never above 68 °F (20 °C), even in the hottest part of the summer. The diurnal temperature range is usually rather wide, with a 50-degree (Fahrenheit) difference between daytime highs and nighttime lows not uncommon, especially in the spring and fall. Rapid day-to-day and diurnal fluctuation in temperature is also common.

Demographics

As of the 2021 American Community Survey 1-year estimates, there were 109,340 people and 38,381 households in the city. The age distribution shows 80,882 residents are age 18 and older and 28,458 residents are under 18 years of age. The age distribution of the population showed 30.1% from 0 to 19, 8.8% from 20 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% ages 65+. The median age was 31.7 years old. The gender distribution was 48.2% male and 51.8% female. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.

The racial makeup of the city was 64.1% White, 2.8% Black or African American, 1.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 13.0% from other races, and 17.3% that identify as two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 43.8% of the population.

Out of 38,381 total households, 26,460 (68.9%) were family households where at least one member of the household was related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. 11,921 (31.1%) households were non-family households consisting of people living alone and households which did not have any members related to the householder. Of the 26,460 family households, 12,578 (47.5%) had children under the age of 18 living with them.

The population density was . There were 40,510 housing units at an average density of .

The median income for a household in the city was $64,853, and the median income for a family was $75,477. Males had a median, full-time income of $52,730 versus $44,348 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,195.

13.8% of families and 17.4% of the population had income below the poverty line during the 12 months prior to being surveyed. For people with incomes below the poverty line, 20.5% of those are under age 18 and 9.1% are age 65 or over.

Economy
Among the companies based in Greeley are the meatpacker JBS USA, the outsourcing company StarTek, and the contractor Hensel Phelps Construction. The Colorado/Kansas operations of natural gas utility Atmos Energy are based in Greeley.

Largest employers by numbers of employees
According to the city's annual list of top employers, the following are the City of Greeley's largest employers as of 1/5/2023:

Military
The 233rd Space Group (233rd SG) is a unit of the Colorado Air National Guard located at Greeley Air National Guard Station, Greeley, Colorado. The Greeley A.N.G. Station is adjacent to the Greeley–Weld County Airport and makes use of its runways.

Arts and culture
In 2014 the Greeley Creative District was certified as an official Creative District by the Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade.

Union Colony Civic Center
Greeley is home to the Union Colony Civic Center, one of the largest performing arts venues in Colorado. The 1686 seat Monfort Concert Hall hosts touring Broadway musicals, concerts, comedians, along with regional and local performing arts groups. The 214 seat Hensel Phelps Theatre hosts The Stampede Troupe in addition to lectures, meetings, and smaller performances. In addition, the Tointon Gallery presents a dozen exhibits annually by local, regional, and national artists, and is free to the public.

Owned and operated by the City of Greeley, the Union Colony Civic Center sponsors many events held by the University of Northern Colorado, Greeley Philharmonic Orchestra, the Greeley Chorale and the Stampede Troupe theater company.

Education

Of Greeley residents ages 25 and over, 23% are high school graduates (no college) and 26% have a bachelor's degree or higher.

Primary and secondary schools

In 2021, there were an estimated 20,442 children ages 5–18 living in Greeley, about 18.7% of the population. Most areas in Greeley and the neighboring Evans lie in Greeley-Evans School District 6. This public school district operates two preschool programs, 11 elementary schools, six K–8 schools, four middle schools (grades 6–8), one junior high school (grades 7–9), three traditional and three non-traditional high schools, and one K–12 online school. The school district also operates the Poudre Learning Center, a community resource focused on providing educational programming about the Cache la Poudre river. Many public schools offer one or more magnet programs, which enable students from around the district to attend public schools other than their assigned neighborhood school to participate in a unique educational program. Examples include Greeley West High School's International Baccalaureate and agriculture programs, Greeley Central High School's arts magnet program, and Northridge High School's science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) and horticulture programs.

In addition to the school district's own schools, it also charters and oversees six charter schools: University Schools (K–12), Frontier Academy (K–12), West Ridge Academy (K–8), Salida del Sol (K–8, bilingual school), Union Colony Elementary School (K–5), Union Colony Preparatory School (6–12). The district also partially is affiliated with four "community partner" preschools, which are private preschools all or partially funded and overseen by the school district. Many of the district's charter high schools and non-traditional public high schools maintain a relationship with Aims Community College and/or the University of Northern Colorado to provide supplemental courses for high school students.

There are at least five wholly private primary or secondary schools inside the Greeley city limits: St. Mary's Catholic School (P–7), Dayspring Christian School (P–12), Trinity Lutheran School (P–6), Adventure Child Care Center (P–6), and the Colorado Heritage Educational School System (K–12). Additionally, there are at least three private preschools: #1 Child Enrichment-Superior Childcare, Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran School, and ABC Central. In Colorado, private schools are considered businesses and are not regulated by the Colorado Department of Education or local school boards. In 2021, the Greeley-Evans school district reported 229 students who are home-schooled full-time; some number of these students may be affiliated with a private school for record-keeping purposes and some may attend public or charter schools for a few courses, making the exact number of home-schooled students in Greeley difficult to specify.

Colleges and universities
Greeley is well-known college town, notably being home to the University of Northern Colorado, a public university with an enrollment of around 9,000 students. Greeley is also home to Aims Community College, IBMC College, and the Academy of Natural Therapy.

Sister cities
Greeley is a sister city to Moriya, a city located in Japan's Ibaraki Prefecture. The cities host a collaborative student exchange program—on odd-numbered years the City of Greeley sponsors ten high-school students to visit Moriya for a week, and on even-numbered years Greeley hosts students from the city. From 2020 until at least 2022, the student exchange aspect of the program was temporarily suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Infrastructure

Health care

North Colorado Medical Center is the primary medical facility for Weld County. The hospital opened in 1904 as the Greeley Hospital. The name of the facility evolved over the years to Weld County General Hospital and that became North Colorado Medical Center. The center is operated by Banner Health-based out of Phoenix, Arizona.
The hospital recently expanded its facilities and added a new addition which expanded its emergency room and increased the amount of rooms available for patients in other departments.

On June 23, 2011, Poudre Valley Health Systems and the University of Colorado Medical School announced a pending joint operations agreement. If approved, it would overtake NCMC as the largest regional hospital in Northern Colorado. In 2010, Greeley Medical Clinic, the largest and oldest medical group in Greeley announced it was affiliating with PVHS.

Poudre Valley Health Systems merged with University of Colorado Health in 2011 resulting in new and improved healthcare facilities all around Colorado. A brand-new 153,300 foot hospital in West Greeley is set to open in Spring of 2019. The UCH facility will provide Greeley residents with an additional option for inpatient healthcare services rather than only NCMC and is conveniently located off of Highway 34.

Government

Greeley operates under a council-manager system of government, where the city council, composed of 7 members, adopts laws and policies for the city, in addition to establishing priorities. This council includes elected members from each of the four wards, two at-large members, and the mayor.

Since 2006, the Greeley Police Department has received more than $2.3 million of tactical military equipment from the United States Department of Defense (DoD) including a "mine resistant vehicle", 72 5.56 mm rifles, 22 suppressors, and 15 sniperscopes. Prior to 2014, when the information was made public by the DoD in response to public scrutiny over widespread police militarization in the United States, the program details had been closely guarded and little information had been released during the previous 20 years.

Media

Transportation
Public transportation in Greeley is provided by Greeley-Evans Transit (GET), which operates seven local bus routes across Greeley. Since January 2, 2020, GET operates a regional bus service called the Poudre Express which connects Greeley to Fort Collins and Windsor. Express Arrow also operates buses to Denver and Buffalo stopping at multiple other cities along the way.

In popular culture
First known as the Greeley Spud Rodeo in 1922, the summer celebration was renamed the Greeley Independence Stampede by 1972. This locally famous event typically lasts nearly two weeks leading up to Independence Day. Including events like a demolition derby, rodeos, carnival rides and games, food vendors, live musical performances, and even a  parade; this yearly tradition has grown to draw-in visitors from neighboring cities and states. The average yearly attendance to the event is nearly 250,000.

On December 12, 2006, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (I.C.E) staged a coordinated predawn raid at the Swift & Co. meat packing plant in Greeley and at five other Swift plants in western states, interviewing undocumented workers and transporting hundreds off in buses.

In August 2010, Leprino Foods announced plans for a new $270 million factory in Greeley. Construction began in July 2010, and consisted of three phases. The final phase was finished in 2017, and 500 people are currently employed at the facility.

A fictionalized Greeley was featured heavily in the season 15 finale episode of the popular animated television show South Park, titled "The Poor Kid". The episode sees main characters Kenny McCormick and Eric Cartman move to the town, after being put into foster care.

In June 2012 Greeley became the first city in the state of Colorado to implement SB11-273 known as the Law of Common Consumption allowing for patrons of the Downtown Greeley Entertainment District to buy drinks in "Go-Cups," from participating downtown establishments.

On May 12, 2014, Greeley was ranked number #5 of 10 "Top Small Cities for Jobs" in a Forbes article. On July 23, 2014 Forbes ranked Greeley as #4 of 10 "List of Best Cities for Job Growth".

Local writers
James A. Michener attended Colorado State College of Education, now the University of Northern Colorado, in 1936–37. He was a social science educator at the training school and at the college from 1936 to 1941. He conceived the idea for his acclaimed 1974 novel Centennial during his stay in Greeley, basing it on the real history of the town and the Colorado region.

Connie Willis lives in Greeley.

Notable people

Dee Bradley Baker, voice actor
Maycee Barber, professional flyweight UFC fighter
Tad Boyle, basketball head coach, University of Colorado
Joanna Cameron, actress and model, best known for her portrayal of the title role in The Secrets of Isis
Shane Carwin, professional heavyweight UFC fighter
Shawn Chacón, former MLB player for Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, & Houston Astros
Bill Daniels, pioneer in cable television industry
Anthony Dexter, actor who lived in Greeley after his retirement
Reed Doughty, safety for NFL's Washington Redskins
Charles Lewis Fussell, 19th century American landscape artist
Greg Germann, actor
Miriam Gideon, composer
Edward W. Hardy, composer, violinist and producer who attended the University of Northern Colorado (D.A.)
Taryn Hemmings, professional soccer player for the NWSL Chicago Red Stars
Tom Johnson, composer
Van Johnson, racing driver
Jerrel Larkins, tattoo artist, contestant on Ink Master
Gavin MacFadyen (1940–2016), director of WikiLeaks and founder of Centre for Investigative Journalism (CIJ)
Ted Mack, radio and TV host
Karl Mahlburg, mathematician
Jonelle Matthews 12-year-old girl missing for 34 years
Gary McMahan, singer/songwriter
James A. Michener, novelist, attended University of Northern Colorado
Elisha Capen Monk, one of the town's founders
Roy Norris (1948-2020), one of the two "Toolbox Killers"
Andrew Perchlik, member of the Vermont Senate
Richard Perchlik, mayor of Greeley and professor at the University of Northern Colorado
Amanda Peterson, actress
Maggie Peterson, actress and singer
Sayyid Qutb, leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and '60s lived in Greeley in 1949,
Marguerite Roberts (1905–1989), screenwriter
Tom Runnells, former bench coach for Colorado Rockies and former coach and manager of Montreal Expos
Jason Smith, professional basketball player for Philadelphia 76ers, New Orleans Pelicans, New York Knicks, Orlando Magic, and Washington Wizards
Jed Stugart, American college football coach, current head coach for the Lindenwood Lions
Ron Waterman, professional heavyweight UFC fighter
Connie Willis, science-fiction author

See also

Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado
List of municipalities in Colorado
List of statistical areas in Colorado

References

The National Center for Atmospheric Research & the UCAR Office of Programs. Website. Retrieved January 24, 2007

External links

City of Greeley website

Cities in Colorado
Cities in Weld County, Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Horace Greeley
Populated places established in 1869
1869 establishments in Colorado Territory

Greeley, Colorado


A figure of speech is an indirect way of communicating an idea. Many figures of speech are not meant to be understood exactly as they are said: they are not literal, factual statements. They use indirect language, and mean something different from ordinary language.

Linguists call these figures of speech "tropes"—a play on words, using words in a way that is different from its accepted literal or normal form. DiYanni wrote: "Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different figures of speech, expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral sense".

Metaphors are very common examples. A common figure of speech is to say that someone "threw down the gauntlet". This does not mean that a person threw a protective wrist-covering down on the ground. Instead, it usually means that the person issued a public challenge to another person (or many persons).

There is no one easy way to distinguish plain speech from figures of speech.

List of common figures of speech

 Allegory—A sustained metaphor in which a story is told to illustrate an important attribute of the subject. May be continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. For example: "The ship of state has sailed through rougher storms than the tempest of these lobbyists".
 Alliteration—when a sentence or phrase has many words that start with the same sound.
 Antanaclasis—Repeating a single word, but with a different meaning each time. Antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans.
 Aphorism—A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion, an adage
 Euphemism—Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
 Hyperbole—Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
 Innuendo—Having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not
 Irony—Implying the opposite of the standard meaning, such as describing a bad situation as "good times".
 Metonymy—A trope through proximity or correspondence, for example referring to actions of the U.S. president as "actions of the White House".
 Metaphor—an explanation of an object or idea through juxtaposition of disparate things with a similar characteristic, such as describing a courageous person as having a "heart of a lion".
 Paradox—Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
 Proverb—Succinct or pithy expression of what is commonly observed and believed to be true
 Pun—Play on words that will have two meanings
 Rhetorical question—statement in the form of a question, asked and answered without a needed reply
 Synecdoche—Related to metonymy and metaphor, creates a play on words by referring to something with a related concept. For example, referring to the whole with the name of a part, such as "hired hands" for workers; a part with the name of the whole, such as "the law" for police officers; the general with the specific, such as "bread" for food; the specific with the general, such as "cat" for a lion; or an object with the material it is made from, such as "bricks and mortar" for a building.
 Truism—a self-evident statement

References

Figure of speech


Practice or practise (a verb form in British English) is the act of repeating a behavior over and over, or doing an activity again and again.

It is a way to learn things faster, by repeating them. For example, sport teams practice to prepare for real games, or a musician practices for some hours every day, so he can play perfectly in his concert.

A practice can also mean the way something is done, like in "medical practice".

Skills

Practice


Daveigh Elizabeth Chase (born July 24, 1990) is an American voice actress and singer. She is most well known for her voice acting as Lilo in the movie Lilo & Stitch and the series Lilo & Stitch: The Series and as Xeno in the TVNZ original animated series Gleam Gamblers.

Personal life
She was born Daveigh Elizabeth Chase-Schwallier in Las Vegas, Nevada. She is the daughter of John Schwallier and Cathy Chase. Her name is pronounced "Duh-Vay". She lived in Albany, Oregon, before moving to Los Angeles to become an actress. She still spends much of her time in Albany. Chases's interests include bodyboarding, riding horses, dancing, reading, and writing song lyrics.

Career
Chase wanted to perform from a very early age. She began singing and dancing in her hometown at events and shows. One of the things that made her want to perform was watching videos of Barney & Friends when she was four years old. "I wanted to be like them, the kids on the video," she then became who worked mainly in commercials. At the age of 7, she was in a Campbells Soup advertisement. In 1998, she got a starring role as a child member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) in a musical theater production called "Utah!".

Movie and TV show roles
Chase's first movie role came in 1998 when she did the lead role as the voice of a Hawaiian girl, Lilo Pelekai, in the Disney animated movie, Lilo & Stitch. Chase won an Annie Award for this in 2003. She went on to star in the Disney Channel television series based on the movie. In 2001, Chase did the role as the voice of the lead character, Chihiro Ogino, a 10 year old Japanese girl, in the American version of the animated Japanese movie, Spirited Away. The movie won the 2002 Best Animated Feature Oscar.

In 2002, Chase played Samara Morgan in The Ring.  Chase was awarded the 2003 Best Villain award at the MTV Movie Awards. She beat out Mike Myers, Colin Farrell, Willem Dafoe and Daniel Day-Lewis. In the sequel to The Ring, The Ring Two (2005), Chase was listed as playing Samara Morgan again. This was because they used parts of the first movie. Kelly Stables did all of the new scenes for Samara.

In 2014, Chase voiced the character Xeno in the English language New Zealand preschool animated series Gleam Gamblers, in which she gave Xeno a optimistic sounding squeaky voice to match her cheerful and energetic personality with, Chase also voiced many other characters in Gleam Gamblers as well.

Other work
Chase's main other major movie and television credits between 2000-2005 were Donnie Darko (2001) as Donnie's younger sister, Samantha, and Oliver Beene (2003-2004), as Oliver's friend Joyce. Other credits include, The Rats (2002), Carolina (2003), R.L. Stine's Haunted Lighthouse (2003) in which she plays a flying ghost called Annabel, and Beethoven's 5th (2003). She also made guest appearances in Touched By An Angel, Charmed, ER, Family Law, and The Practice.

In 2007, Chase was in the HBO drama series Big Love. The series is about an FLDS polygamist, played by Bill Paxton, and his relationship with his 3 wives. Chase plays Rhonda Volmer, a girl who was going to be a child wife of a prophet, Roman Grant, who is played by Harry Dean Stanton. While making a second season of Big Love, Chase also worked on a new animation series called Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures. Leroy & Stitch (2006), a sequel to Lilo & Stitch, has also been released.

Singing
In 1999, she joined a small band as lead singer. The band has been the opening act for Reba McEntire. She was picked by Steven Spielberg to sing "God Bless America" in A.I.. This part was removed from the final version of the movie. She also sang "Holly Jolly Christmas" for the School's Out! Christmas album and "Tossin & Turnin" in the Oliver Beene episode "Oliver & Others".  She also sings in many scenes in Big Love.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official journal - "Daveigh's Days"

 Daveigh's Music Account at MySpace

1990 births
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Actors from Las Vegas
Actors from Oregon
Singers from Las Vegas
Singers from Oregon
Annie Award winners
American child actors
American child singers

Daveigh Chase


The Newcastle was a clipper ship of the Green Blackwell line that operated on routes from England to India and Australia in the late 19th century. Built in 1857 in Sunderland, England, she was wrecked near the northern tip of Queensland, Australia, in 1883.

History
The Newcastle launched in 1857, 1275 tons, was built by W. Pile junior at Sunderland for Richard Green's London to India service. The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich has a bill of sale for the transaction (NMM MS GRN 14). She was designed by the noted naval architect Bernard Waymouth (1824–1890). Waymouth went on to design the Leander (1867) and the Thermopylae (1868). He also served as Lloyd's Register's senior surveyor for London. The Newcastle was drawn by the artist William Foster in 1857, and his picture was made into a lithograph that same year by Thomas Goldsworthy Dutton; she was shown flying the Green Blackwall line House flag on her main mast. Her first commander was R.D. Crawford.

During a large part of the 1860s she was a troop carrier between London and Calcutta.

After the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 she carried passengers to Melbourne.

She served for years on the London to Australia route, carrying mail and cargo.

Sometime shortly before June 1883 when underway to Thursday Island to be hulked, she was stranded at Bushy Islet, in the Torres Strait. She was soon reported as having broken up. The wreck was sold at Thursday Island according to the Sydney Morning Herald on 21 June 1883. The Brisbane Courier of 31 July 1883 and The Queenslander of 4 August 1883 tell us that she "remained fast upon the reef".
The Asteria, and Jemima, along with several lighters arrived at the wreck to recover the cargo. The salvage team employed several of the crew in the task, and the remaining members were transported to Sydney.
In July 1883 the cargo was salvaged, the vessel stripped of its copper fastenings and blown up using explosives.

References and notes

External links

1857 ships
Ships built on the River Wear
Clippers
Sailing ships of the United Kingdom

Newcastle (clipper)


Aminata Diop (born c. 1978) is a Malian woman who in 1989 fled to France to escape a female genital mutilation (FGM) procedure. She applied for asylum in October 1990, and is believed to have been the first woman to cite FGM as a reason for seeking refugee status. Both Diop's initial application and an appeal in September 1991 were denied on technical grounds, as she had failed to seek help from the Malian government before fleeing the country. However, she was subsequently allowed to stay in France.

Life in Mali
Diop was born into a Muslim family in Sikasso, a large town in Mali's south, with her native language being Bambara. At the age of 12, she was sent to school in the capital Bamako. Diop was betrothed to the son of her father's best friend at the age of eight, but a wedding was not scheduled until much later. According to the local tradition, she was required to undergo a ritual circumcision before she could be married, which would involve the removal of her clitoris and inner labia. As her best friend had recently died from the procedure, Diop begged both her father and her future husband for an exemption, but they refused and her father beat her.

On the day she was to undergo the procedure, Diop ran away from home, walking and hitchhiking to an aunt's house in Bamako. Her aunt threw her out once she explained why she had run away, but a friend who worked for a Belgian airline organised a passport and bought her a one-way ticket to Brussels. From there, she travelled to Paris. Because Diop had not fulfilled the terms of her marriage contract, her father had to refund the bridewealth to the groom's family. He subsequently laid the blame for his daughter's defiance on his wife, who he threw out of the house.

Life in France and asylum claim
In France, Diop initially stayed with a Malian couple she had known previously. She was later taken in by Renée Boutet de Monvel, a gynaecologist and anti-FGM campaigner. In October 1990, Diop applied to the French government for political asylum, under the terms of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. She is believed to have been the first woman in any country to cite genital mutilation as a reason for seeking asylum. Diop's first application was rejected, but her lawyer, Linda Weil-Curiel, appealed the decision. At the appeal in September 1991, the Commission for Appeals of Refugees again denied her asylum, on the grounds that she had not sought help from the Malian government before leaving the country. However, it did agree that women fleeing FGM were protected under the Refugee Convention, becoming the first judicial body to do so.

Weil-Curiel, Diop's lawyer, has expressed the view that the French government denied Diop's asylum application for political reasons – a positive ruling would have opened a new channel for African immigration, and thus contradicted the government's anti-immigration stance. Due to public outcry over the decision, including an international letter-writing campaign, the government allowed Diop to remain in the country. She initially received a three-month temporary visa, which was extended by a year in December 1991 and later extended indefinitely. Diop suffered a period of depression when she first arrived in France, but in October 1992, it was reported that she was adapting better, taking daily French classes and working part-time as an office cleaner.

See also
 Fauziya Kassindja, a Togolese teenager who sought asylum in the U.S. in 1996 under similar circumstances

References

External links
 Text of Diop Aminata's 1991 appeal, which was rejected

1978 births
Living people
Female genital mutilation
Malian emigrants to France
Malian Muslims
Malian refugees
Malian women
People from Sikasso
Refugees in France
Right of asylum in France
Violence against women in Mali

Aminata Diop


Andrew "Andie" Rathbone (born 8 September 1969) is an English drummer and former member of the rock band Mansun.

Rathbone grew up in Blacon, Chester and played in various local bands including "The Wandering Quatrains" and "Jonti" and "The DNA Cowboys". Having studied at Tech Music School in Fulham, London, he attracted the interest of Mansun with his playing and flamboyant look. Rathbone initially turned the band down due to commitments with "The DNA Cowboys" and because he thought they played "Britpop shite". Also working as an Audi Car salesman at the time, he later had a change of heart after the band's bass player Stove King played him a demo of their new song "Wide Open Space".

Rathbone joined Mansun shortly before their debut album Attack of the Grey Lantern was finished. He was the third and final drummer in the band, brought in after the band had "internal conflict" with the previous members. Rathbone's initiation into the band was not without mishap; arriving for his first live gig with the band, flicking through a copy of the NME for details, Rathbone found he had got the wrong train and instead of the correct destination of Brighton, he had in fact arrived at Bristol Temple Meads. Shortly after, his first proper gig with the band was a televised appearance on Channel 4 show, TFI Friday, where the band performed "Stripper Vicar". The band released three studio album before splitting in 2003 whilst recording their fourth. Material from those session was released in 2004 as part of the Kleptomania boxset.

Following the breakup of Mansun, Rathbone formed Seraphim with Jonti Thackray with whom he had been in bands with prior to Mansun, and has since played with several artists including Blondie tribute band Into the Bleach, The Jokers and World Upside Down. In 2013, he performed with folk band Green Smoke Hokum Band with accordion busker, Russell Mabbutt and soul-funk band Indio's Dream playing the percussive cajón instrument.

In 2008, Rathbone launched Rhythm Rehab, a short lived mobile drum teaching service covering Cheshire, Shropshire and North Wales.

References

1969 births
Living people
English rock drummers
British male drummers
Musicians from Chester

Andie Rathbone


Consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another. It is a term of common speech, with specific definitions as used in such fields as the law, medicine, research, and sexual relationships.

The person agreeing must meet certain criteria:
 He or she must have a certain age. In the case of consenting to a sexual relationship this age is known as the age of consent.
He or she must be able to clearly see the consequences of consenting. People with certain mental illnesses cannot consent, even though they may be adults.
 He or she must be awake. People who are unconscious, or sleeping cannot consent.This may also be true for people who are under the influence of certain drugs.

Types of Consent
There are several types of consent commonly used in a variety of different situations. The types of consent, and how to use them, may be very important.

Sexual Consent
Sexual consent is the agreement to have sex/a sexual relationship. A lack of consent in this situation, mainly a lack of consent before sex, is often referred to as rape (A highly illegal activity).

Law
Sexual law

Consent


The Muczne massacre of 16 August 1944 was the massacre of Polish civilians committed by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA) in village Muczne located in Bieszczady County in Poland.

Among the Poles were mainly refugees after the repression of the population in Volhynia and retreating in front of - 70 Poles were murdered. They were residents of nearby villages such as foresters, priests and children. Members of the UPA murdered Poles with axes, pitchforks and scythes.

In place of the murder in 2010 the memorial and a wooden cross was erected.

References

Sources
 Grzegorz Motyka, "Tak było w Bieszczadach. Walki polsko-ukraińskie w Polsce 1943-1948", Warszawa 1998

1944 murders in Poland
Massacres in 1944
Poland in World War II
Massacres of Poles in Eastern Galicia
August 1944 events

Muczne massacre


The tench or doctor fish (Tinca tinca) is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the order Cypriniformes found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. It is also found in Lake Baikal. It normally inhabits slow-moving freshwater habitats, particularly lakes and lowland rivers.

Taxonomy
The tench was formerly classified in the subfamily Leuciscinae with other Eurasian minnows, but more recent phylogenetic studies have supported it belonging to its own family Tincidae.

Ecology
The tench is most often found in still waters with a clay or muddy substrate and abundant vegetation. This species is rare in clear waters across stony substrate, and is absent altogether from fast-flowing streams. It tolerates water with a low oxygen concentration, being found in waters where even the carp cannot survive.

Tench feed mostly at night with a preference for animals, such as chironomids, on the bottom of eutrophic waters and snails and pea clams in well-vegetated waters.

Breeding takes place in shallow water usually among aquatic plants where the sticky green eggs can be deposited. Spawning usually occurs in summer, and as many as 300,000 eggs may be produced. Growth is rapid, and fish may reach a weight of 0.11 kg (0.25 lb) within the first year.

Morphology
Tench have a stocky, carp-like shape and olive-green skin, darker above and almost golden below. The tail fin is square in shape. The other fins are distinctly rounded in shape. The mouth is rather narrow and provided at each corner with a very small barbel. Maximum size is 70 cm, though most specimens are much smaller. A record fish caught in 2001 in England had a weight of 15 lb 3 oz (6.89 kg). The eyes are small and red-orange in colour. Sexual dimorphism is absent or weak, limited to the adult females having a more convex ventral profile when compared with males.

Males may also possess a very thick and flattened outer ray to the ventral fins. Males are generally smaller than females, but can be recognised by having more curved lower fins and noticeable muscles around the base of the fins generally absent in female.

The tench has very small scales, which are deeply embedded in a thick skin, making it as slippery as an eel. Folklore has it that this slime cured any sick fish that rubbed against it, and from this belief arose the name doctor fish.

Golden tench
An artificially bred variety of tench called the golden tench  is a popular ornamental fish for ponds. This form varies in colour from pale gold through to dark red, and some fish have black or red spots on the flanks and fins. Though somewhat similar to the goldfish, because these fish have such small scales, their quality is rather different.

Economic significance
Tench are edible, working well in recipes that would otherwise call for carp, but are rarely eaten these days. They are shoaling fish that are popular quarries for coarse angling in rivers, lakes and canals. Tench, particularly golden tench, are also kept as ornamental fish in ponds as they are bottom feeders that help to keep the waterways clean and healthy.

Angling
Large tench may be found in gravel pits or deep, slow-moving waters with a clayey or silty bottom and copious aquatic vegetation. The best methods and bait to catch tench are float fishing and ledgering with a swim feeder using maggots, sweetcorn, pellets, bread, and worms. Fish over 1 kg (2 lb) in weight are very strong fighters when caught on a rod.

References

Fishkeeping
Recreational fishing
Cyprinid fish of Europe
Cyprinid fish of Asia
Fish of Russia
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Tincinae
Tinca

Tench


White Aryan Resistance (WAR) is a white supremacist neo-Nazi organization in the United States. It was founded and led by former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Tom Metzger. It is based in Warsaw, Indiana. Its views are seen as racist.

Their newspaper The Insurgent has the motto "the most racist newspaper on earth." WAR uses the slogan "White Revolution is the Only Solution".

References

Neo-Nazis
Racism

White Aryan Resistance


Benjamin Franklin Goodrich (November 4, 1841 – August 3, 1888) was an American industrialist in the rubber industry and founder of B.F. Goodrich Company.

Early life
Goodrich was born in the farming town of Ripley, New York on November 4, 1841.  He was a son of Anson Goodrich (1792–1847) and Susannah (née Dinsmoor) Goodrich (born 1799). Orphaned at the age of eight, he was raised by his uncle.

He received his M.D. from Cleveland Medical College (now Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine) in 1861, studied surgery at the University of Pennsylvania in 1863 and served as a battlefront surgeon for the Union Army in the Civil War with the rank of captain. After a few years in a struggling medical practice, he went to work in Pennsylvania's oilfields and became a real estate speculator.

Career
After the war, he reached a licensing agreement with Charles Goodyear and bought the Hudson River Rubber Company in partnership with J.P. Morris in 1869. The company, located in Melrose, New York, failed.  The following year he accepted an offer of $13,600 from the citizens of Akron, Ohio to relocate his business there.  He founded Goodrich, Tew & Co. in 1870.  Goodrich bought out Tew, and in 1880 the company became the B.F. Goodrich Company.

Goodrich was the first in Akron to own a telephone, which was a gift from Alexander Graham Bell in 1877. The telephone connected Goodrich's house on Quaker Street to his factory on Rubber Street.

According to a story, Goodrich had seen a friend's home burn to the ground, with firefighters rendered helpless because their leather hoses had frozen and cracked. Once settled in Akron, Goodrich ordered his company to begin producing cotton-wrapped rubber hose that would resist freezing. A few years later Goodrich started selling garden hoses (allowing bucketless garden watering) and bicycle tires. Still, the company teetered near bankruptcy and went through numerous name changes, its success still uncertain when Goodrich died at the age of 46 in 1888.

The business began booming at B.F. Goodrich Company a few years after Goodrich's death with the company's introduction of a pneumatic tire that could endure the speed and load of the evolving automobile. The radial tire was designed by an advertising employee in his company. Over subsequent decades, Goodrich Company chemists invented plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in 1926, synthesized rubber in 1937 and built spacesuits for NASA astronauts in the 1960s. Now renamed Goodrich Corporation, the company abandoned the tire business in 1988 and subsequently described itself as a global supplier of systems and services to the aerospace, defense, and homeland security markets. In 2012 the Goodrich Corporation was sold to United Technologies.

The brand name BFGoodrich now appears on tires made by Michelin, which bought the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company in 1994.

Personal life

On November 4, 1869, Goodrich was married to Mary Elizabeth Marvin (1841–1907), a daughter of U.S. Representative Richard Pratt Marvin and Isabella (née Newland) Marvin. Her uncle, William Marvin, was a United States federal judge and the 7th Governor of Florida. Together, Mary and Benjamin were the parents of:

 Charles Cross Goodrich (1871–1932), who was a Goodrich chemist and member of the Maine Legislature. He married Mary Anna Gellatly in 1895.
 Richard Marvin Goodrich (1872–1872), who died in infancy.
 Isabella Goodrich Breckinridge (1874–1961), who married John Cabell Breckinridge II (1870–1941), a grandson of John C. Breckinridge (the former Vice President of the United States under James Buchanan, a Confederate general and Confederate Secretary of War).
 David Marvin Goodrich (1876–1950), who became a Goodrich executive. He married Ruth Williams Pruyn, a daughter of banker Robert C. Pruyn in 1903. They divorced and in 1936 he married Beatrice (née Morgan) Pruyn, daughter of William Fellowes Morgan Sr. and the ex-wife of his first wife's brother.

Goodrich died on August 3, 1888, in Manitou Springs, Colorado, where he had been in hopes of improving his health. He was buried in at Lake View Cemetery in Jamestown, New York.  After his death, his wife hired architect Guy Lowell in 1905 to design a 23-room mansion known as River House in York, Maine. His widow died in April 1907.

Descendants
Through his daughter Isabella, he was a grandfather of Marvin Breckinridge Patterson, the photojournalist, cinematographer, and philanthropist, who married diplomat Jefferson Patterson.

References

External links

Goodrich Corporation: Doctor BF Goodrich

1841 births
1888 deaths
People from Ripley, New York
Businesspeople from Akron, Ohio
Union Army surgeons
People from Schaghticoke, New York
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Grand River Academy alumni
19th-century American businesspeople

Benjamin Goodrich


The Tobolsk Kremlin () is the sole stone kremlin in Siberia. It is located in Tobolsk, Tyumen Oblast, Russia.

History

Tobolsk was founded in 1587. Moscow encouraged the construction of stone buildings there. In 1683-1686, masons sent from Moscow and Veliky Ustyug built the stone St. Sophia-Assumption Cathedral. Around the beginning of the 18th century the stone walls and the towers of the Kremlin were built, as well as a number of buildings that have not survived to our days, standing on a westward line from  St. Sophia-Assumption Cathedral: the Holy Trinity Cathedral, the Bishop's House, the Holy Gate with the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh and the bell tower. The Siberian Metropolitan Paul (who, before the appointment to Tobolsk, was the Archimandrite of the Chudov Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin) supervised the construction. The cathedrals built under his supervision were cross-domed structures topped by five domes.

At the end of the 17th century construction work in the Kremlin was continued by Semyon Remezov, a cartographer who was also the first historian of Siberia. He had the Departmental Palace (1699–1704) built above the southern cliff of the hill and the Trading Arcades (1702–1706) in the northwestern corner of the Kremlin.

Knyaz M. Gagarin, appointed in 1708 first governor of the Siberian province, planned to create in the Kremlin impressive buildings for military administrative and commercial use, which should have constituted, together with the Sofia court a monumental center. In construction works were employed Swedish prisoners of war who were in exile in Tobolsk. To prevent the erosion of the mountain, the Tobol River  was moved to the south for two versts. In 1712, by the project of Remezov  was built the stone tower Demetrius gate and next to it, on the edge of the mountain, the Ascension church (destroyed in 1717).

Despite the 1714 ban of stone construction, work continued until 1718. After the execution of governor Gagarin, the Demetrius gate remained unfinished.
In 1743-1746 was built the Church of the Intercession, accessory building of St Sophia-Assumption Cathedral. Walls and towers were gradually destroyed. In 1799 were built  the stone retaining walls of St. Sophia gully and a new multi-tier bell tower - the tallest building of the city.

Protection and reconstruction
In 1939 the Tobolsk Kremlin has been recognized architectural historical monument, subject to state protection. In 1952, a progressive deterioration of masonry was revealed and thus a plan for restoration work was drafted. In 1961, the Tobolsk museum received the status of Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve.

In early 1970s the restoration works began. The walls and the towers were reconstructed.

The photograph taken 2009 by Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was auctioned for charity at the St Petersburg Christmas yarmarka (fair) in 2010 for the equivalent of U$1.75 million, earning it a place on the list of most expensive photographs.

External links
History of Tobolsk Kremlin
History of Tobolsk and its Kremlin on Tobolsk portal

Kremlins
Buildings and structures in Tyumen Oblast
Buildings and structures in Tobolsk
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance
Cultural heritage monuments in Tyumen Oblast

Tobolsk Kremlin


A police authority in the United Kingdom is a public authority that is responsible for overseeing the operations of a police force. The nature and composition of police authorities has varied over time, and there are now just four dedicated "police authorities" in the United Kingdom, although the term can refer to various similar successor bodies.

Until 2012/13, individual police authorities were maintained for each of the 43 territorial police forces in England and Wales, and for the 8 territorial police forces in Scotland. Police authorities in England and Wales were abolished in November 2012, and replaced with directly elected police and crime commissioners, and those in Scotland were merged in April 2013 to form the Scottish Police Authority as part of the creation of Police Scotland, the single police force for Scotland. The Police Service of Northern Ireland is overseen by the Northern Ireland Policing Board, and two of the three UK-wide special police forces continue to be overseen by individual police authorities. The oversight of the two police forces serving London continues to be implemented via unique arrangements.

England and Wales

Early history to 1964
The introduction of police forces on a national scale in England and Wales began with the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which required each borough to establish a "watch committee" and thus appoint constables to "preserve the peace". Before the advent of police authorities, the regulatory bodies for police forces confined to a single borough were these watch committees, whilst those for counties from 1889 had been "standing joint committees" (after 1889 some control passed to the elected county council; the joint committee also had magistrates).

1964: creation of independent police authorities
The Police Act 1964 introduced major reforms to the organisation and oversight of the police in England and Wales, following the report of the Royal Commission on the Police in 1962. The 1964 act abolished the old watch committee system which had come under severe criticism following several high-profile corruption scandals.

The act introduced police areas, which would be administrative counties, county boroughs or "combined police areas", consisting of combinations of counties and county boroughs, served by a single force, overseen by an independent "police authority". The new police authorities would consist of two-thirds elected members of county or borough councils, and one-third magistrates. Under the Local Government Act 1972 the remaining borough police forces were abolished, and police authorities consisted of county councillors and magistrates in a ratio of two to one.

The Police and Magistrates' Courts Act 1994 altered the composition of the authorities with independent members being added. Typically, a police authority was made up of seventeen members – nine elected members (who were drawn from the local authority or authorities for the force area, and would be reflective of the political makeup of those authorities). The remaining eight members were called independent members, and were appointed from the local community for fixed terms of four years by the police authority itself - a long list, from applications received, was submitted by a committee of elected members and magistrates to the Home Office. That committee then appointed the independent members from a shortlist returned by the Home Office. At least three of the police authority's independent members were magistrates. There was no difference in power or responsibility between the different types of member – there were examples of elected, independent and magistrate members chairing police authorities throughout England and Wales.

Funding
The bulk of police funding came from the Home Office in the form of an annual grant (calculated on a proportionate basis by the Home Office to take into account the differences between the 43 forces in England and Wales, which vary significantly in terms of population, geographical size and crime levels and trends), though police authorities could also set a precept on the Council Tax to raise additional funds. The Home Office had the power to prevent any precept increases deemed to be excessive. It was the police authority's responsibility to set the budget for the force area, which included allocating itself enough money from the overall policing budget to ensure that it can discharge its own functions effectively.

In its annual Policing Plan, a police authority was obliged to publish its budget for the year, as well as a value for money statement and to outline planned efficiency savings.

Inspections
Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and the Audit Commission (or the Welsh Audit Commission in Wales) began a programme of inspection for police authorities in September 2009. Inspection scores four areas of police authority capability:
 Setting strategic direction and priorities
 Scrutinising performance outcomes
 Achieving results through community engagement and partnerships
 Ensuring value for money and productivity
Each theme was scored from one to four:
 Performs poorly
 Performs adequately
 Performs well
 Performs excellently
The police authority was also given an overall score using the same 1-4 system.

Ten inspection reports were published, with the majority of inspected authorities scoring 2. The inspectorates published "Learning Lessons: An overview of the first ten joint inspections of police authorities by HMIC and the Audit Commission", outlining their findings from the first ten inspections, in March 2010.

2012: abolition of police authorities in England and Wales
In the 2010 British general election campaign, both the Conservative Party and Liberal Democrats' manifestos outlined plans, respectively, to replace or reform police authorities, both parties raising concerns about the perceived lack of accountability of police authorities to the communities they served. The Conservatives proposed to replace them with a single elected individual (a 'police and crime commissioner', criticised as a model by some in policing), whilst the Liberal Democrats proposed to introduce direct elections to police authorities, whilst strengthening their powers. Following Royal Assent of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 police authorities were abolished and replaced with directly elected police and crime commissioners on 22 November 2012. Many of the outgoing members of police authorities stood for the role of PCC, highlighting their successive experience in the field, and many were elected.

London
The Metropolitan Police and City of London Police have historically been exceptions to the national rule. The Metropolitan Police were under the direct control of the Home Secretary  from their establishment in 1829 until 2000, when the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) was established under the Greater London Authority to oversee the force. The MPA was replaced in January 2012, alongside the introduction of police and crime commissioners, by the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, under the control of the Mayor of London, and reporting to the Police and Crime Committee of the London Assembly. Unlike the other police forces in England and Wales, where the chief officer is appointed by the locally elected police and crime commissioner, the national and international importance of the work of the Metropolitan Police means the appointment of the Metropolitan Police Commissioner is still in the hands of the Home Secretary (and constitutionally made by the Monarch), although they must "have regard to any recommendations made" by the Mayor of London since the introduction of that position in 2000.

The City of London Corporation has been the police authority for the City of London Police since their formal establishment in 1839. Despite the introduction of police and crime commissioners in 2012, the function of the Corporation as the police authority was retained by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011. This function is currently exercised by the Police Authority Board of the Court of Common Council, the elected body that runs the Corporation. Eleven of the members of the Board — including the chair and their deputy — are elected members of the Common Council, and the other three are appointed independent members. The appointment of the Commissioner of the City of London Police is now made by the Common Council (although technically by the Queen).

Northern Ireland
The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is supervised by the Northern Ireland Policing Board, of which ten are members of the Northern Ireland Assembly and nine are independent. The Board and the PSNI are the successors to the Police Authority for Northern Ireland and Royal Ulster Constabulary respectively, who they replaced on 4 November 2001.

Scotland
In Scotland, supervision of the police was historically the responsibility of the elected local authority which either directly supervised the local police force where its border was conterminous with the force, or through joint boards with neighbouring local authorities where one forces covered more than one council area. The eight territorial police forces in Scotland were replaced in April 2013 by Police Scotland, which is overseen by the Scottish Police Authority, an independent public body that reports to the Scottish Parliament. The SPA also incorporated the Scottish Police Services Authority, which was the police authority for the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency (itself merged into Police Scotland).

Single authority
The following police forces were supervised by one single local authority:

Joint police boards
The following police forces were supervised by a joint board:

Special police forces
The various special police forces in the United Kingdom each have different oversight arrangements.

British Transport Police
The British Transport Police, a privately funded police force responsible for policing the railways of Great Britain, is overseen by the British Transport Police Authority. The Authority was created in 2004 by the Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 and is made up of approximately 12-15 members, each of whom represents groups concerned with the control, operation or use  of the railways. They include representatives of the railway operators, railway users (freight and passenger), employees and the appropriate government departments dealing with transport in England, Scotland and Wales.

Civil Nuclear Constabulary
The Civil Nuclear Constabulary, which polices nuclear power-related facilities and shipments in the United Kingdom, is overseen by the Civil Nuclear Police Authority. The Authority was created in 2004 by the Energy Act 2004; it is made up of eight members; four are nominated by the nuclear industry, while the remaining four include the Chairman.

Ministry of Defence Police
The Ministry of Defence Police does not have a police authority; however, the Ministry of Defence Police Committee, established by the Ministry of Defence Police Act 1987, advises the Secretary of State for Defence  on matters concerning the Ministry of Defence Police. The Committee (or its members) also has various functions in determining police misconduct and appeals cases.

References

External links
Website of the Association of Police and Crime Commissioners

Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
Local government services in the United Kingdom

Police authority


An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that does not have carbon–hydrogen bonds that is, it is not an organic compound. That means it is not a carbon-based compound.

Types of inorganic compounds
The division between the two types of compound is not absolute. Some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic. Many chemicals in nature are not compounds, but are ions. Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all compounds covered by biochemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.

Major types of inorganic compounds may  include:
 Minerals, such as salt, asbestos, silicates, ...
 Alloys, like brass, bronze, ...
 Most compounds involving non-metallic elements, like silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, oxygen, for example water

Chemical compounds

Inorganic compound


Nervous tissue is the main part of the nervous system – the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. These control the body functions. It is made up of neurons, which transmit impulses, and the neuroglia cells. Neuroglia cells help and provide food for the neurons. A neuron is the longest cell of our body.

Anatomy of the nervous system

Nervous tissue


Limbatochlamys rosthorni is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1894. It is found in China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou and Yunnan).

The length of the forewings is 28–37 mm for males and 38 mm for females. The forewings are olive green, the costal area with a greyish-yellow band, speckled with black, and in some areas with greyish red. The hindwings are greyish yellow, the basal area of the hind margin and the outer marginal area with some greyish green, dotted with black.

References

Moths described in 1894
Pseudoterpnini

Limbatochlamys rosthorni


The Coal Porters were a British-American bluegrass band headquartered in London and led by Sid Griffin (mandolin, autoharp, harmonica and vocals) and Neil Robert Herd (guitar and vocals). The group disbanded in July 2018. The other members were Kerenza Peacock (fiddle, vocals), Paul Fitzgerald (banjo, vocals) and Andrew Stafford (bass, vocals). Griffin formed the group in Los Angeles in 1989 and then reorganised the band after moving to London.

Personnel
Sid Griffin was a founding member of The Long Ryders and is the author of Shelter From The Storm: Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Years; Million Dollar Bash: Bob Dylan, The Band and The Basement Tapes; co-author of Bluegrass Guitar: Know the Players, Play the Music; and Gram Parsons – A Music Biography. He has contributed reviews and feature articles to Mojo, Q, The Guardian and appears every six weeks on BBC Radio 2 to discuss cultural changes on the Mark Radcliffe-Stuart Maconie Show.

Neil Robert Herd, in addition to his career as a musician, has performed as a comedian. He has also promoted many British comedy, film and music festivals.

Kerenza Peacock has played fiddle with Adele on her recorded hits and also performed with Seasick Steve and Paul Weller.

Andrew Stafford played bass and adds vocals.

Paul Fitzgerald is something of a banjo legend in his native Kent.

History

Nine full-length albums and two EPs are credited to the Coal Porters. Their last release, No. 6, appeared in September 2016 on the Prima label, distributed in the UK by Proper and in the USA by Burnside. Producer John Wood, best known for his work with Fairport Convention, John Martyn, Cat Stevens, Sandy Denny, Nick Drake, the Incredible String Band, Pink Floyd, Nico and Squeeze, was at the controls at Strongroom Studios in London, with Simon Filiali co-credited for engineering. Wood mixed the release and Andy Miles and Simon Heyworth mastered the project at the Super Audio Mastering facility in Devon, UK.

No. 6 offers 9 tracks written by band members and a bluegrass rethinking of The Only Ones' Another Girl, Another Planet. Included among the tracks are Griffin's tribute to The Ramones, The Day The Last Ramone Died, Herd's Save Me From The Storm and Peacock's Play A Tune. The other tracks are Shelter From The Storm, The Blind Bartender, Chopping The Garlic, Salad Days, Unhappy Anywhere, Train No. 10-0-5 and The Old Style Prison Break. The album title reflects the number of releases the Coal Porters have issued since shifting from their country-rock beginnings to alternative bluegrass.

Their preceding album, Find The One, from 2012, also offers 10 tracks written by various band members, as well as covers of David Bowie's Heroes and the Rolling Stones' Paint It, Black. Richard Thompson joins the Coal Porters on the song Hush U Babe/Burnham Thorpe, and famed BBC presenter Brian Matthew provides a guest introduction to Griffin's Ask Me Again. Among the other tracks are Red-Eyed & Blue, Brand New Home, The BetseyTrotwood, Gospel Shore and You Only Miss Her When She's Gone.

Durango, the Coal Porters' 2010 compact disc, also appeared on the Prima label. Ed Stasium recorded the 12-track CD in Durango, Colorado, the Southern Colorado town for which the album is named. Songs include No More Chains, Roadkill Breakdown featuring Tim O'Brien as guest mandolinist, and Peter Rowan's Moonlight Midnight, with Rowan joining the Coal Porters for the session.

Their preceding CD, Turn The Water On, Boy! (2008), received four-star reviews in Mojo, Uncut, The Sunday Times, Maverick and Word magazines. The dozen-track album features original songs by Griffin, Herd and other band members, as well as a bluegrass revamping of the Long Ryders' Final Wild Son, a cover of former Byrds member Gene Clark's Silver Raven and a guest appearance by another member of the Byrds, Chris Hillman, who plays mandolin on a tribute to Woody Guthrie. Earlier bluegrass-style Coal Porters' albums are How Dark This Earth Will Shine (2004), with Peter Case and Amy Rigby as guests, and the live Chris Hillman Tribute Concerts (2001), featuring run-ups of songs from Hillman's career with the Byrds, the Flying Burrito Brothers, Manassas and Desert Rose.

The evolution to bluegrass from country-rock occurred after Griffin produced Lindisfarne's Here Comes The Neighborhood album in 1998. Inspired by that band's acoustic instrumentation, he and Herd worked up bluegrass versions of their Coal Porters' (and occasional Long Ryders') repertoire and debuted them successfully at a London charity event for Children in Need at Royal Festival Hall. The band's earlier country-rock albums are the following: the live Gram Parsons Tribute Concert (1999), EP Roulette (1998), Los London (1995), Land of Hope and Crosby (1994) and the initial EP Rebels Without Applause (1991).

Griffin formed The Coal Porters in 1989 following the demise of The Long Ryders. The Coal Porters, like their predecessors, initially demonstrated strong Byrds and Gram Parsons influences, playing country and country-rock songs written by Griffin with occasional collaborators. Before the band's initial line-up fell into place, a number of Griffin's musician friends made appearances at early gigs and performed on first recordings, including drummer Greg Sowders from The Long Ryders and Billy Bremner of Rockpile.

By 1991, the band had solidified with Griffin on lead vocals and guitar, Chris Buessem lead guitar, Ian Thomson bass, Billy Block drums and Andy Kaulkin keyboards. Tracks featuring this line-up appeared on the EP Rebels Without Applause, Land of Hope and Crosby and Los London. By then Griffin and Thomson had relocated to the United Kingdom, while Block opted for a career in Nashville and Kaulkin moved to the business side of music to run Epitaph Records and found the ANTI- label. Subsequent UK members have included Kevin Morris (Dr. Feelgood), John Bennett (High Llamas), Ian Gibbons (Kinks), and Rob Childs (Otis Lee Crenshaw).

Discography

 Rebels Without Applause (1991)
 Land of Hope and Crosby (1994)
 Los London (1995)
 EP Roulette (1998)
 Gram Parsons Tribute Concert (1999)
 Chris Hillman Tribute Concert (2001)
 How Dark This Earth Will Shine (2004)
 Turn the Water On, Boy (2008)
 Durango (2010)
 Find The One (2012)
 No. 6 (2016)

Videos
 Gram Parsons Tribute Concert (1999)
The Day The Last Ramone Died – The Coal Porters (Official Video)

References

Related links

American bluegrass music groups
American expatriates in England
British bluegrass music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups from Los Angeles

Coal Porters


1854 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Baseball
Events
 The Knickerbockers adopt some rule changes agreed in conference by their delegates with those of the Gothams and Eagles.
 The Eagles win their first two matches, with the Knickerbockers in mid-November, 21–4 and 22–21. The latter is the first time one team scores 21 but loses in "equal innings".

Boxing
Events
 Harry Broome retains the Championship of England but there is no record of any fights involving him in 1854.
 American champion John Morrissey becomes involved in Democratic politics in New York City and from this develops a bitter rivalry with William Poole, also known as "Bill the Butcher", another prizefighter. Poole is also the leader of a notorious gang called the Bowery Boys who plan to seize ballot boxes and rig an election.  Morrissey and others are hired to prevent this.
 14 February — Tom Paddock defeats Harry Poulson at Mildenhall in 102 rounds; this is the third and effectively deciding bout between the two.
 18 July — Paddock defeats Aaron Jones at Long Reach in 121 rounds.
 26 July — Poole and Morrisey agree to fight each other at Amos Dock, New York, to settle their dispute.  Morrissey is badly beaten and, worried about the presence of Poole's supporters, concedes defeat.
 27 August — Tom Paddock issues challenges to English Champion Harry Broome and to former champion William Perry but both refuse.  Paddock responds by claiming the Championship of England, but he is not recognised at this time.
 20 October — Morrissey declines a challenge for his American title from retired former champion Tom Hyer.  It will be exactly four years until Morrissey defends his title again.

Cricket
Events
 The follow-on differential is reduced to 80 (or 60 in one day).
England
 Most runs – Jemmy Dean 516 @ 16.12 (HS 99)
 Most wickets – John Wisden 106 @ 9.83 (BB 8–41)

Football
Events
 Dublin University Football Club is founded by students at Trinity College.  It is a rugby union club still based in the college grounds and plays in the AIB League.  It is the world's oldest extant football club (all codes) in terms of continuous existence.

Horse racing
England
 Grand National – Bourton
 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Virago
 2,000 Guineas Stakes – The Hermit
 The Derby – Andover
 The Oaks – Mincemeat
 St. Leger Stakes – Knight of St George

Rowing
The Boat Race
 8 April — Oxford wins the 12th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, last contested in 1852

References

Sports by year

1854 in sports


In epistemology (theory of knowledge), a self-evident proposition is a proposition that is known to be true by understanding its meaning without proof, and/or by ordinary human reason.

Some epistemologists deny that any proposition can be self-evident. For most others, one's belief that oneself is conscious and possesses free will are offered as examples of self-evidence. However, one's belief that someone else is conscious or has free will are not epistemically self-evident.

The following proposition is often said to be self-evident: "A finite whole is greater than, or equal to, any of its parts".

A logical argument for a self-evident conclusion would demonstrate only an ignorance of the purpose of persuasively arguing for the conclusion based on one or more premises that differ from it (see  and begging the question).

Analytic propositions
It is sometimes said that a self-evident proposition is one whose denial is self-contradictory. It is also sometimes said that an analytic proposition is one whose denial is self-contradictory. But the concepts mean different things, i.e., an analytic proposition is not always a self-evident proposition.

Provided that one understands and believes a self-evident proposition, self-evident propositions are not in need of proof. Likewise, that their denial is self-contradictory does not need to be proven. It is in this sense that the self-contradictions at work in self-evident and analytic propositions are different.

Not all analytic propositions are self-evident, and it is sometimes claimed that not all self-evident propositions are analytic: e.g. my knowledge that I am conscious.

Other uses

Informal speech
In informal speech, self-evident often merely means obvious, but the epistemological definition is stricter.

Moral propositions
Moral propositions may also be regarded as self-evident, although the is–ought problem described by David Hume considers that there is no coherent way to transition from a positive statement to a normative one.

For example, Alexander Hamilton cited the following moral propositions as self-evident in the Federalist No. 23:
 The means ought to be proportioned to the end.
 Every power ought to be commensurate with its object.
 There ought to be no limitation of a power destined to effect a purpose which is itself incapable of limitation.

A famous claim of the self-evidence of a moral truth is in the United States Declaration of Independence, which states, "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."; philosophically, these propositions' self-evidence is debatable.

Mathematics
In mathematics, self-evident means that it needs no proof because the proof is as easy as the statement.

See also

 Axiom
 Contradiction
 Foundationalism
 Introspection
 Law of identity
 Primitive notion
 Self-reference
 Self-refuting idea

Notes

Sources of knowledge
Evidence
A priori
Fallacies
Barriers to critical thinking
de:Evidenz

Self-evidence


Louis-Philippe Fiset (11 January 1854 – 4 September 1934) was a local physician and politician in the Mauricie area.  He served as Member of the Legislative Assembly from 1900 to 1908.

He was born in 1854 in Saint-Cuthbert, Quebec.

Politics
He unsuccessfully ran as a Liberal candidate in the district of Trois-Rivières in 1896, and served as mayor of Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan from 1898 to 1900.

In 1900, Fiset became the Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly for the district of Saint-Maurice.  He was re-elected in 1904, but did not run for re-election 1908.

During his tenure, the city of Shawinigan was incorporated.

After retirement

Fiset died in Montreal in 1934. Rue Fiset (Fiset Street) in Saint-Boniface-de-Shawinigan was named to honour him.

References

1854 births
1934 deaths
Mayors of places in Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
People from Mauricie

Louis-Philippe Fiset


Courtney MacIntosh (born December 12, 1983 in Oshawa, Ontario) is a Canadian rower from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

At the 2006 Commonwealth Rowing Championships, she won two silver medals for Canada. She was a gold medalist at the 2009 USRowing National Championships. She studied kinesiology at the University of Texas at Austin and law at The University of Western Ontario.

References

1983 births
Canadian female rowers
Living people
Sportspeople from Oshawa

Courtney MacIntosh


Eastside Radio (callsign 2RES) is a community radio station based in Paddington, Sydney, and broadcasting to the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney and the greater Sydney area, where it can be heard as far west as the Blue Mountains. High density broadcast areas include the municipalities of Botany Bay, Randwick, Waverley, Woollahra the City of Sydney and the metropolitan Inner West. The station can also be heard around the world via online streaming.

Eastside Radio is owned and operated by the Radio Eastern Sydney Co-operative Limited, a not-for-profit organisation. It is a volunteer run organisation, augmented by a small core staff and is funded through listener subscription and donation, grants and limited commercial sponsorship.

Eastside Radio has been on the air since 1983 and on 5 February 2014 it switched from broadcasting in mono to stereo.

Programming

Eastside Radio presents a range of specialist music genres, including jazz in its many styles from traditional to free jazz to swing to Latin to Bebop and fusion. Specialist music programmes cover soul, blues and funk, Cuban and Brazilian, gypsy, world music and dance.

The station also specialises in broad coverage of the arts through its weekday morning Arts programmes, which range from magazine style shows to those with more in-depth focus on the visual arts and performing arts, as well as film, literature and other inter-disciplinary fields. The afternoon Drive programmes specialise in local community news and political issues. The station also offers several programmes in languages other than English and lifestyle programmes.

Many of the Eastside presenters are Sydney-based musicians and artists, bringing specialist knowledge and personality to the programming. The station does not use playlists, instead allowing the presenters to make their own music selections.

Eastside Radio led to the establishment of The Red Room Company through Red Room Radio which started airing in 2001. The programme broadcast original poetry, writing, reviews and interviews with Australian writers.  The company now creates alternative forms of poetry publication such as radio, video and new media.

Gigs

Eastside radio also presents a range of gigs, concerts and events. Their signature event Eastside Live at 505 is a monthly event held at Venue 505 in Surry Hills. The night features two sets from a specialist music group as well as a DJ set from one of Eastside's resident presenters. The concert is broadcast live on the radio station and proceeds from ticket sales are used to help fund the station's continued operation.

Events

Global Rhythms is Eastside's world music festival held at Watsons Bay and broadcast live on the station. The event has been held since 2010 and is due once again in 2016. Past performers have included (amongst others) Mucho Mambo, Dereb the Ambassador and The Tango Saloon as well as DJ sets by Eastside presenters.

The station also hosts a bi-yearly radiothon with varying themes, and this radiothon is their main source of income and support. During the radiothon, Eastside offers a variety of prizes for those who choose to become supporters of the station and hosts events such as a launch party.

See also
 List of radio stations in Australia

References

External links

Radio stations in Sydney
Community radio stations in Australia
Radio stations established in 1983

Eastside Radio