College lacrosse is played by student-athletes at colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. In both countries, men's field lacrosse and women's lacrosse are played at both the varsity and club levels. College lacrosse in Canada is sponsored by the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) and Maritime University Field Lacrosse League (MUFLL), while in the United States, varsity men's and women's lacrosse is governed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). There are also university lacrosse programs in the United Kingdom sponsored by British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) and programs in Japan.

In the U.S., as of the 2021–22 academic year, there were 74 NCAA-sanctioned Division I men's lacrosse teams, 75 Division II men's lacrosse teams, and 247 Division III men's lacrosse teams. There are 120 Division I women's lacrosse teams, 114 Division II women's lacrosse teams, and 291 Division III women's lacrosse teams. There were also 21 men's programs and 11 women's programs at two-year community colleges organized by the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and a growing number of National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) four-year small college programs.

As of 2016–17, there were 184 collegiate men's club teams competing through the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA), including most major universities in the United States without NCAA men's programs, organized into two divisions and ten conferences. Schools that feature an NCAA Division I FBS football team must play in Division 1, while most other teams compete in Division 2. There are 225 collegiate club teams for women organized by the Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA).

History of college lacrosse

The first intercollegiate game in the United States was played on November 22, 1877 between New York University and Manhattan College. Lacrosse had been introduced in upstate New York in the 1860s. Lacrosse was further introduced to the Baltimore area in the 1890s. These two areas continue to be hotbeds of college lacrosse in the U.S. An organizing body for the sport, the U. S. National Amateur Lacrosse Association, was founded in 1879. The first intercollegiate lacrosse tournament was held in 1881, with Harvard beating Princeton, 3–0, in the championship game. New York University and Columbia University also participated. In 1882 three colleges formed a league called the Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA), which four other colleges soon joined. From this point through 1931, collegiate lacrosse associations chose an annual champion based on season records.  In 1894, the Inter-University Lacrosse League (IULL) began play using slightly different rules.

The two leagues merged in December 1905 to form the 8-team United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse League. The USILL was a closed-membership league, which excluded several lacrosse powers, such as the U.S. Naval Academy.  The national championship was officially bestowed only upon teams that were included in the membership of these organizations. In 1912, the USILL established Northern and Southern Divisions and began conducting a post-season playoff. Harvard defeated Swarthmore, 7–3, in the first formal playoff. This system continued through 1925.  As Navy was not a member of the USILL, its teams were not eligible for the championship, even though Navy had the best collegiate record in many of those years.  Navy was undefeated from 1917 through 1923, a stretch of 40 games with one tie.

The USILL was replaced by the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association in March, 1926, as an open-membership governing body. Six more teams became new USILA members, in addition to the former USILL teams. The USILA bestowed gold medals upon the teams that it selected as national champions through the 1931 season. No official champions were named from 1932 through 1935. In 1936, an award was established in the memory of a Baltimore sportswriter to recognize annually the most outstanding teams. From 1936 through 1972, the USILA executive board awarded the Wingate Memorial Trophy to the national champions.

From at least 1951, if not earlier, lacrosse divisions were officially named after legendary lacrosse-men.  These were the Cy Miller, Laurie D. Cox, and Roy Taylor Divisions. They were more commonly referred to Division I, or A; Division II, or B; and Division III, or C.  All college teams were placed in one of the three divisions, dependent upon their records, schedules, and success for the preceding five years, and a point system was created.  Any team of the three divisions was eligible to win the national championship, but this was virtually impossible for non-Division I teams. A Division II team, playing several Division I teams, might have been able to achieve it. A team's record was required to include six games against teams in its own division. Teams were realigned every three years, again reflecting their records. All schools were eligible for the national rankings. The team that achieved the highest point total each year, however, was not guaranteed a solo national championship. The system served as guidance to the USILA executive board, who chose co-champions on frequent occasions.  This point system prevailed with modifications until the NCAA in the early 1970s established the playoff system for determining champions.

At its 1969 annual meeting in Baltimore, the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association voted for its first playoff tournament to determine a national champion. In 1971, the NCAA began sponsoring men's lacrosse and began holding an annual championship tournament for Division I schools. The USILA conducted a small college tournament for non-Division I schools in 1972 and 1973.  In 1974, the NCAA took over the sponsorship of this tournament through the 1979 season, with separate tournaments being conducted in both 1980 and 1981 for Divisions II and III teams.  The Division II tournament then was discontinued until returning in 1993.
Michael Brown, LSM/D, holds record for attending every NJCAA school besides for Onondaga CC.

Participation & Growth

Lacrosse is one of the fastest growing sports in America, at the collegiate level. Across both men's and women's collegiate athletic programs, lacrosse experienced greater growth in the number of teams than any other sport. The number of women's lacrosse teams more than doubled between 2003 and 2023, rising from 256 to 541 teams. Men's lacrosse experienced nearly a 70% increase during the same 20-year period, increasing from 236 to 398 teams. The growth across all three NCAA lacrosse Divisions has increased the scholarships available to students seeking to continue playing lacrosse at the collegiate level. As of 2017, the total college player population of both men and women increased from 253,931 in 2001 to 826,033 in 2016. The linear growth can be seen in the graph right side.

Lacrosse is one of the least diverse sports in America. In 2021, it was reported that ethnically white lacrosse players make up 72.8% of the total lacrosse population, followed by 8.9% Black or African American and 7.5% Latino or Hispanic players. At the collegiate level specifically, white women's lacrosse players make up 84% of the population and 85% of men's lacrosse players population. 7% of men's lacrosse head coaches and 10% of women's lacrosse head coaches are non-white ethnicities across all divisions.

Scholarships
According to NCAA, 51% of student athletes receive athletic aid in some capacity. The NCAA limits the number of scholarships that can be awarded to any athletic team. Not every team is fully-funded, and for teams that are not fully funded, even fewer scholarships can be awarded. The funding per team is not public information, so players must communicate with coaches about whether they are eligible and will be awarded an athletic scholarship Ivy League schools do not provide athletic scholarships in any capacity.

Lacrosse, along with most other Division I sports and all Division II sports, is an equivalency scholarship sport, meaning that coaches pool the scholarship money they are provided and award it to both new recruits and current players. This model is different than a head-count sport, where every member of the team is guaranteed a full-ride scholarship. Combining an academic merit scholarship with athletic performance scholarships is how students have the opportunity to achieve a full ride in equivalency sports.

NCAA men's lacrosse
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is the largest association and governing body of collegiate athletics in the United States. The NCAA holds lacrosse championships for all three Divisions in men's and women's lacrosse. As of the 2023 season (2022–23 school year), the NCAA has 398 men's lacrosse programs and 528 women's lacrosse programs.

Division I men's lacrosse

In the 2023 season, Division I men's lacrosse had the smallest number of teams compared to the Division II and Division III levels. The most recent 2023 NCAA lacrosse season involved 76 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse teams organized into 10 conferences. These teams are heavily concentrated in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, and only five teams are not in the Eastern Time Zone (Air Force, Denver, Lindenwood, Marquette, and Utah).

From 1936 through 1970 the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) selected the Wingate Memorial Trophy winners as national champions based on regular season records.  Beginning in 1971, the National Collegiate Athletic Association began holding an annual championship tournament. Cornell took the first title over Maryland, 12–6. Syracuse has 11 Division I titles (*one vacated later), Johns Hopkins 9, Virginia (7) and Princeton 6. The NCAA national championship weekend tournament normally draws over 80,000 fans. The most recent national champions from 2023 are the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.

The most recent change to the conference lineup was announced in October 2023, when the Northeast Conference (NEC), which had dropped the sport after the 2022 season, reinstated the sport effective with the 2025 season. The last previous change was announced during the 2022 NCAA tournament, when the Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10) made official its widely-rumored sponsorship of men's lacrosse effective in the 2023 season. This move, along with other moves during the early-2020s conference realignment, led to the NEC and Southern Conference dropping men's lacrosse after the 2022 season, although as noted the NEC's elimination of men's lacrosse proved to be temporary.

Two men's lacrosse schools started transitions from Division II to Division I in July 2022. Lindenwood and Queens (NC) are playing men's lacrosse in the ASUN Conference, with Queens as a full member and Lindenwood as an affiliate. Hartford began a transition from Division I to Division III in the 2021–22 school year; the 2023 season was its last in Division I before joining the Commonwealth Coast Conference in July 2023. Le Moyne started a transition from D-II to D-I in the 2023–24 school year, joining the NEC and playing as an independent in 2024 before the reinstatement of NEC men's lacrosse in 2025.

In September 2018 the NCAA rules committee implemented an 80-second shot clock that begins upon possession. A team must advance the ball across midfield within the first 20 seconds, and then 60 seconds to shoot the ball once across midfield. The clock will only reset if the ball hits the goalie or the post. Failure to score before the shot clock runs out results in a change of possession.

Conferences
 America East Conference

 ASUN Conference

 Atlantic Coast Conference

 Atlantic 10 Conference

 Big East Conference

 Big Ten Conference

 Coastal Athletic Association

 Independents

 Ivy League

 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference

 Patriot League

Division II men's lacrosse

Division II lacrosse is made up of 77 teams, mainly located in the Northeast and Southeast. The USILA conducted a "small college" lacrosse championship tournament in 1972 and 1973. Division II men's lacrosse held its first NCAA tournament in 1974 with an eight-team bracket. The format remained the same until 1980, when the field dropped to just two teams as the Division III tournament was inaugurated. From 1982 through 1992, a Division II playoff was not conducted. In 2001, a four-team bracket was instituted.  The Division II men's lacrosse championship bracket expanded from four to eight teams starting with the 2013 season. Adelphi University currently holds the record for the number of D-II championships, with seven and also appeared in the championship a record 11 times.

NCAA Division II lacrosse programs are organized into eight conferences, as well as independent programs consisting of mainly new D-II lacrosse teams. The newest addition to the roster of Division II men's lacrosse conferences came in 2017–18 when the Great Lakes Valley Conference began sponsoring men's lacrosse.

On December 2, 2014; the University of Alabama In Huntsville (UAH) announced the additional of Men's and Women's Lacrosse programs. These programs began competition with the 2016 season, initially as independents.

The most recent Division II men's national champions are the Lenoir–Rhyne Bears.

Conferences:
 Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference

 Conference Carolinas

 East Coast Conference

 Great Lakes Valley Conference

 Great Midwest Athletic Conference

 Independents

 Northeast-10 Conference

 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference

 South Atlantic Conference

 Sunshine State Conference

Division III men's lacrosse

The majority of schools playing NCAA men's lacrosse play in Division III, with 245 in all. Most Division III lacrosse teams are located in the Northeast, with only seven programs west of the Mississippi River (with two others in cities on that river's east bank). Only two of these schools are west of the Central Time Zone. The USILA conducted a "small college" championship in 1972 and 1973. The NCAA Division III championship originally was combined with Division II from 1974–1979, before the NCAA split the non-Division I schools into separate Division II and III tournaments in 1980. Salisbury University shares the record for most D-III championships with 13, and has sole possession of the record for most championship game appearances with 18. The other holder of the record for most championships, Hobart, won the championship the first 12 years it was held from 1980–1991, and appeared in the championship game 15 times. The 12 consecutive championships are an NCAA record but Hobart has not won again since 1993, and now plays at the Division I level.

NCAA Division III lacrosse programs are organized into 22 conferences and over 20 independent programs. The number of conferences dropped by two after the 2023 season; the New England Collegiate Conference, with only four full members in that season, disbanded as an all-sports conference, while the Colonial States Athletic Conference and United East Conference merged under the United East banner.

The defending Division III national champions are the Salisbury Sea Gulls.

Conferences:

 Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference

 Centennial Conference

 Coast to Coast Athletic Conference

 College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin

 Commonwealth Coast Conference

 Empire 8

 Great Northeast Athletic Conference

 Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference

 Independents

 Landmark Conference

 Liberty League

 Little East Conference

 Middle Atlantic Conference

 Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association

 Midwest Lacrosse Conference

 New England Small College Athletic Conference

 New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference

 North Atlantic Conference

 North Coast Athletic Conference

 Ohio Athletic Conference

 Old Dominion Athletic Conference

 Presidents' Athletic Conference

 Skyline Conference

 Southern Athletic Association

 Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference

 State University of New York Athletic Conference

 United East Conference

 USA South Athletic Conference

NCAA women's lacrosse

Women's college lacrosse differs significantly from men's lacrosse in terms of rules and equipment. The NCAA holds lacrosse championships for all three divisions and currently has 528 women's lacrosse programs. Women's collegiate lacrosse was originally governed by the U.S. Women's Lacrosse Association, which joined with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) to determine an annual champion. The USWLA and AIAW conducted championships from 1978–1982 before being usurped by the NCAA. The NCAA began sponsoring a Division III championship in 1985 and added a Division II championship in 2001.

Division I women's lacrosse

The NCAA began sponsoring a women's lacrosse championship in 1982. Lacrosse has grown into 127 NCAA Division I women's lacrosse teams organized into 15 conferences. Only 13 programs are located outside the Eastern Time Zone— Denver, Lindenwood, Marquette, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, six Pac-12 Conference members, and two California schools outside the Pac-12. Of these 13 schools, only Denver, Lindenwood, and Marquette also sponsor varsity men's lacrosse.

The most recent change to the lineup of women's lacrosse conferences came during the 2021 offseason, when the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF) and Southern Conference (SoCon) dropped women's lacrosse. The MPSF, which had previously dropped to three women's lacrosse schools when the Pac-12 Conference established a women's lacrosse league, lost one of them when Fresno State dropped the sport, leaving San Diego State and UC Davis to become independent. Both played as independents in the 2022 season, and remained such in 2023 before joining Pac-12 women's lacrosse after that season. The three full SoCon members that sponsored the sport (Furman, Mercer, Wofford) became single-sport members of the Big South Conference, while the two associate members, Coastal Carolina and Delaware State, rejoined ASUN Conference women's lacrosse.

Six schools started Division I play in the 2023 season. Three existing D-I members launched new teams in that season—Clemson is competing in its all-sports home of the ACC; Fairleigh Dickinson is competing in its all-sports home of the Northeast Conference (NEC), and Xavier is playing as an independent before joining its full-time home of the Big East Conference in the 2024 season. Three others began transitions from D-II to D-I in July 2022. Lindenwood and Queens (NC) play women's lacrosse in the ASUN Conference, with Queens as a full member and Lindenwood as an associate member, while Stonehill plays in its new full-time home of the NEC. The 2023 season was the last for Hartford in Division I competition; it played that season as an independent before joining the Division III Commonwealth Coast Conference. The NEC added transitional D-I member Le Moyne for the 2024 season.

The 2024 season will also see the debut of South Florida in its full-time home of the American Athletic Conference. Two schools will debut in the 2025 season—Charlotte in The American, which it joined in July 2023, and Rhode Island in its full-time home of the Atlantic 10 Conference.

The current Division I national champions are the Northwestern Wildcats..

Conferences:
 America East Conference

 American Athletic Conference

 ASUN Conference

 Atlantic 10 Conference

 Atlantic Coast Conference

 Big East Conference

 Big South Conference

 Big Ten Conference

 Colonial Athletic Association

 Independents (none in the 2024 season)

 Ivy League

 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference

 Mid-American Conference

 Northeast Conference

 Pac-12 Conference

 Patriot League

Division II women's lacrosse
A total of 113 programs compete at the Division II level. Division II women's lacrosse is one of the newest championships sponsored by the NCAA.  The first Division II women's lacrosse championship was held in 2001, when C.W. Post beat West Chester 13–9. Since then, the Division II level has been dominated, much like its men's counterpart, by Adelphi University with nine national championships, most recently in 2019.

The 114 NCAA Division II women's lacrosse programs are organized into 10 conferences, as well as independent programs.

The defending Division II national champions are the Pace Setters.

Conferences:
 Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference

 Conference Carolinas

 East Coast Conference

 Great Lakes Valley Conference

 Gulf South Conference

 Independents

 Mountain East Conference

 Northeast-10 Conference

 Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference

 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference

 South Atlantic Conference

 Sunshine State Conference

Division III women's lacrosse

The NCAA Division III level is made up of 288 women's lacrosse teams. It is the largest women's lacrosse division and also the largest NCAA lacrosse division, surpassing the number of men's Division III teams by 43 members.

As noted in the Division III men's lacrosse section, the number of conferences dropped by two in the 2024 season, with the New England Collegiate Conference disbanding and the Colonial States Athletic Conference merging into the United East Conference.

The defending Division III national champions are the Middlebury Panthers.

Conferences:

 Centennial Conference

 College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin

 Coast to Coast Athletic Conference

 Commonwealth Coast Conference

 Empire 8

 Great Northeast Athletic Conference

 Independents

 Landmark Conference

 Liberty League

 Little East Conference

 Massachusetts State Collegiate Athletic Conference

 Middle Atlantic Conference

 Midwest Women's Lacrosse Conference

 New England Small College Athletic Conference

 New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference

 New Jersey Athletic Conference

 North Atlantic Conference

 North Coast Athletic Conference

 Ohio Athletic Conference

 Ohio River Lacrosse Conference

 Old Dominion Athletic Conference

 Skyline Conference

 Southern Athletic Association

 Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

 Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference

 State University of New York Athletic Conference

 United East Conference

 USA South Athletic Conference

NAIA lacrosse

As of October, 2016, There are a 39 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) schools that offer men's and/or women's varsity lacrosse, Lacrosse is an officially recognized sport by the NAIA. NAIA programs are currently in year two of NAIA invitational sport status.  During this phase of recognition, teams compete to participate in a post season championship called the NAIA National Invitational.  Each conference and A.I.I group receive one automatic qualifier with the remaining four bids going to the highest remaining teams from the NAIA national ranking.  NAIA programs also regularly compete against NCAA DII and DIII teams.  The Wolverine-Hoosier Athletic Conference (WHAC) announced on January 27, 2012, the addition of lacrosse for both men and women as conference sports effective the fall of 2012. The WHAC was the first conference in the NAIA to offer lacrosse as a conference championship sport.  The Appalachian Athletics Conference and the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference recognized lacrosse as a conference sport in the Fall of 2015.

NJCAA lacrosse

The National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) is the primary governing body of community college athletic programs in the USA and currently oversees 21 men's and 11 women's lacrosse programs predominately in the Northeastern United States. The NJCAA lacrosse programs do not compete in their regular conferences, but instead are ranked within their NJCAA Regions. The NJCAA has sponsored a men's lacrosse championship since 1970 and a women's lacrosse championship since 2004.  There are also new lacrosse programs at community colleges that are not members of the NJCAA, such as the California Community College Athletic Association, which does not sponsor the sport at this time.

Men's club lacrosse

Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA)

The Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA), formerly known as the US Lacrosse Men's Division of Intercollegiate Associates (USL MDIA), is a national organization of non-NCAA, college men's lacrosse programs. The MCLA was created by the MDIA Board of Directors and its creation was announced by US Lacrosse on August 24, 2006. The MCLA oversees play and conducts national championships for 184 non-NCAA men's lacrosse programs in 10 conferences and in two divisions throughout the country.

The defending 2023 National Champions at the MCLA Division 1 Level are the Concordia-Irvine Eagles. The Division II National Champions are the Dayton Flyers.

Conferences:
 Atlantic Lacrosse Conference
 Continental Lacrosse Conference
 Lone Star Alliance
 Pacific Northwest Collegiate Lacrosse League
 Rocky Mountain Lacrosse Conference
 SouthEastern Lacrosse Conference
 Southwestern Lacrosse Conference
 Upper Midwest Lacrosse Conference
 Western Collegiate Lacrosse League

National College Lacrosse League (NCLL)

The National College Lacrosse League (NCLL) is a men's lacrosse league comprising mostly Eastern US college lacrosse clubs (non-varsity). There are approximately 130 teams divided into 12 conferences. The programs are split into Division I and Division II. Many of the clubs are at schools that currently have varsity NCAA Men's lacrosse programs.

Conferences:
 Blue Ridge Conference
 Capitol Conference
 Chesapeake Conference
 Deep South Lacrosse Conference
Eastern Pennsylvania Conference
 Empire East Conference
 Empire West Conference
 Keystone Conference
 Liberty Conference
 Midwest North Conference
 Midwest South Conference
 NY Metro Conference
 Tidewater Conference

Other U.S. college club lacrosse leagues
Great Lakes Lacrosse League (GLLL)
California Junior College Lacrosse Association (CJCLA)

Women's club lacrosse

Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA)

The Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA) is a collection of over 260 college club teams that compete under the US Lacrosse umbrella. Teams are organized into various leagues and two divisions. The association regulates different aspects of the teams, including minimum number of games played. A recent rule modification allows community colleges to become members. Teams that have been classified as either Division I or Division II have the opportunity to compete in a national championship each spring under US Lacrosse.
 Central Plains Women's Lacrosse League
 Central Women's Lacrosse League
 Carolina Women's Lacrosse League
 East Coast Women's Lacrosse Association
 Mid Atlantic Women's Lacrosse League
 North East Women's Lacrosse League
 Rocky Mountain Women's Lacrosse League
 Southeastern Women's Lacrosse League
 Texas Women's Lacrosse League
 Western Women's Lacrosse League
 Women's Collegiate Lacrosse League
 Women's Lacrosse Association

See also
F. Morris Touchstone Award
Intercollegiate sports team champions#Lacrosse, Women
List of college lacrosse events
NCAA Men's Division I Lacrosse Records
NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship
NCAA Division II Men's Lacrosse Championship
NCAA Division III Men's Lacrosse Championship
NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship
NCAA Division II Women's Lacrosse Championship
NCAA Division III Women's Lacrosse Championship
USILA All-American Team
U.S. Lacrosse
US Lacrosse Women's Division Intercollegiate Associates

References

External links
 Lacrosse (men's) at NCAA
 Lacrosse (women's) at NCAA

College lacrosse


Windows 8 editions only comes in the following editions.

Editions
 Windows 8 is a core edition intended for the average home user.
 Windows RT is a version of ARM32 arch for Surface RT and Tablets.
 Windows 8 Single Language is same as Core but limited to a single installed language pack.
 Windows 8 Chinese (based on Single Language) is for Chinese Laptops.
 Windows 8 Pro is targeted at enthusiast and business markets. it adds the ability to run Hyper-V virtual machines.
 Windows 8 Pro with Media Center is a include the Windows Media Center.
 Windows 8 Enterprise is designed for large organizations, It has the same feature set as Pro but supports creating Windows To Go portable workspaces.

Upgrade Windows 8
Windows Vista and Windows 7 Upgrade only.
 Windows Vista and Windows 7 Starter, Windows Vista and Windows 7 Home Basic, Windows Vista and Windows 7 Home Premium Upgrading to Windows 8.
 Windows Vista Business, Windows 7 Professional, Windows Vista and Windows 7 Ultimate Upgrading to Windows 8 Pro.
 Windows Vista and Windows 7 Enterprise, Upgrading to Windows 8 Enterprise.

Windows 8 editions


Oliver Norvell Hardy (born Norvell Hardy; January 18, 1892 – August 7, 1957) was an American comic actor and one half of Laurel and Hardy, the double act that began in the era of silent films and lasted from 1926 to 1957. He appeared with his comedy partner Stan Laurel in 107 short films, feature films, and cameo roles. He was credited with his first film, Outwitting Dad, in 1914. In most of his silent films before joining producer Hal Roach, he was billed on screen as Babe Hardy.

Early life and education
Oliver Hardy was born Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia. His father, Oliver, was a Confederate States Army veteran of the American Civil War who had been wounded at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, and was a recruiting officer for Company K, 16th Georgia Regiment. The elder Oliver Hardy assisted his father in running the remnants of the family's cotton plantation. He then bought a share in a retail business and was elected full-time Tax Collector for Columbia County, Georgia. Hardy's mother, Emily Norvell, was the daughter of Thomas Benjamin Norvell, who was descended from Hugh Norvell of Williamsburg, Virginia, and Mary Freeman. The elder Hardy and Norvell married March 12, 1890; it was her second marriage and his third.

The family moved to Madison, Georgia, in 1891, the year before Norvell's birth. He was likely born in Harlem, though some sources say that his birth occurred in Covington, Georgia, his mother's hometown. His father died less than a year after his birth. Hardy was the youngest of five children. His older brother Sam drowned in the Oconee River; Hardy pulled him from the river but was unable to resuscitate him.

As a child, Hardy was sometimes difficult. In the fifth grade he was sent to Georgia Military College in Milledgeville. In 1905, when he was 13, he was sent to Young Harris College in north Georgia for the fall semester which he completed successfully in January 1906, however he was in the junior high component of that institution what is today known as an Academy. At that time there were no two-year junior colleges. He had little interest in formal education, although he acquired an early interest in music and theater. He joined a theatrical group and later ran away from a boarding school near Atlanta to sing with the group.  His mother recognized his talent for singing and sent him to Atlanta to study music and voice with singing teacher Adolf Dahm-Petersen. He skipped some of his lessons to sing in the Alcazar Theater for $3.50 a week. In 1912, he signed up for a course or two at University of Georgia as a law major for fall semester just to play football. He never missed a game.

As a teenager, Hardy began styling himself "Oliver Norvell Hardy", adding the first name "Oliver" as a tribute to his father. He appeared as "Oliver N. Hardy" in the 1910 U.S. census, and he used "Oliver" as his first name in all subsequent legal records, marriage announcements, etc. Hardy was initiated into Freemasonry at Solomon Lodge No. 20 in Jacksonville, Florida which helped him with room and board when he was starting out in show business. He was inducted into the Grand Order of Water Rats along with Stan Laurel.

Career

Early career

In 1910, The Palace, a motion picture theater, opened in Hardy's hometown of Milledgeville, and he became the projectionist, ticket taker, janitor and manager. He soon became obsessed with the new motion picture industry and was convinced that he could do a better job than the actors that he saw. A friend suggested that he move to Jacksonville, Florida, where some films were being made, which he did in 1913. He worked in Jacksonville as a cabaret and vaudeville singer at night and at the Lubin Manufacturing Company during the day. It was at this time that he met Madelyn Saloshin, a pianist, whom he married on November 17, 1913, in Macon, Georgia.

The next year, he made his first movie, Outwitting Dad (1914), for the Lubin studio, billed as O. N. Hardy. In his personal life, he was known as "Babe" Hardy and was billed as "Babe Hardy" in many of his later films at Lubin, such as Back to the Farm (1914). He was a big man, standing 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) and weighing up to 300 pounds ( kg), and his size placed limits on the roles that he could play. He was most often cast as the villain, but he also had roles in comedy shorts, his size complementing the character. By 1915, Hardy had made 50 short one-reel films at Lubin. He moved to New York and made films for the Pathé, Casino and Edison Studios. He returned to Jacksonville, where he made films for the Vim Comedy Company. That studio closed after Hardy discovered that the owners were stealing from the payroll. He then worked for the King Bee studio, which bought Vim, and worked with Billy Ruge, Billy West (a Charlie Chaplin imitator), and comedic actress Ethel Burton Palmer. He continued playing the villains for West well into the early 1920s, often imitating Eric Campbell to West's Chaplin.

Between 1916-1917, Hardy experienced a brief directorial career. He is credited for directing or co-directing ten shorts, all played by him.

In 1917, Hardy moved to Los Angeles, working freelance for several Hollywood studios. He made more than 40 films for Vitagraph between 1918 and 1923, mostly playing the "heavy" for Larry Semon. In 1919, he separated from his wife, ending with a provisional divorce in November 1920 that was finalized on November 17, 1921. On November 24, 1921, he married actress Myrtle Reeves. This marriage was also unhappy, and Reeves was said to have become an alcoholic.

In 1921, he appeared in the movie The Lucky Dog, produced by Broncho Billy Anderson and starring Stan Laurel. Hardy played the part of a robber trying to hold up Stan's character. They did not work together again for several years. In 1924, Hardy began working at Hal Roach Studios with the Our Gang films and Charley Chase. In 1925, he starred as the Tin Man in the Wizard of Oz. Also that year he was in the film Yes, Yes, Nanette!, starring Jimmy Finlayson and directed by Stan Laurel. (In later years, Finlayson frequently was a supporting actor in the Laurel and Hardy film series.) He also continued playing supporting roles in films featuring Clyde Cooke and Bobby Ray. Hardy would play two other shorts directed by Laurel, Wandering Papas and Madame Mystery, both in 1926.

In 1926, Hardy was to appear in Get 'Em Young, but he was unexpectedly hospitalized after being burned by a hot leg of lamb. Laurel had been working as a gag man and a director at Roach Studios, so he was recruited to fill in. Laurel continued to act and appeared in 45 Minutes from Hollywood with Hardy, although they did not share any scenes together.

With Stan Laurel

In 1927, Laurel and Hardy began sharing screen time together in Slipping Wives, Duck Soup (no relation to the 1933 Marx Brothers' film), and With Love and Hisses. Roach Studios' supervising director Leo McCarey recognized the audience reaction to the two and began teaming them together, which led to the start of a Laurel and Hardy series later that year.

They began producing a huge body of short movies, including The Battle of the Century (1927) (with one of the greatest pie fights ever filmed), Should Married Men Go Home? (1928), Two Tars (1928), Unaccustomed As We Are (1929, marking their transition to talking pictures) Berth Marks (1929), Blotto (1930), Brats (1930), Another Fine Mess (1930), Be Big! (1931), and many others. In 1929, they appeared in their first feature, in one of the revue sequences of Hollywood Revue of 1929, and the following year they appeared as the comic relief in a lavish Technicolor musical feature entitled The Rogue Song. This film marked their first appearance in color, yet only a few fragments of this film survive. In 1931, they starred in their first full-length movie Pardon Us, and they continued to make features and shorts until 1935. The 1932 film The Music Box won an Academy Award for best short film, their only effort to receive such an award.

In 1937, Hardy and Myrtle Reeves divorced. He made Zenobia with Harry Langdon in 1939 while waiting for a contractual issue to be resolved between Laurel and Hal Roach. Eventually, however, new contracts were agreed upon and the team was lent to producer Boris Morros at General Service Studios to make The Flying Deuces (1939). While on the lot, Hardy fell in love with Virginia Lucille Jones, a script girl whom he married the next year. They enjoyed a happy marriage for the rest of his life.

In 1939, Laurel and Hardy made A Chump at Oxford and Saps at Sea before leaving Roach Studios. They began performing for the USO, supporting the Allied troops during World War II.

In 1941 Laurel and Hardy were signed by 20th Century-Fox (as well as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1942). These studios produced films on a larger scale, and initially the comedians were hired only as actors in the B-picture division, forced to yield the writing and editing decisions to the production teams. The films proved very successful, and gradually both Laurel and Hardy were allowed more creative input. Laurel and Hardy completed eight features during the war years, with no loss of popularity. M-G-M's two-picture pact expired in August 1944, and Fox's series of six Laurel & Hardy pictures ended when the studio discontinued B-picture production in December 1944.

In 1947, Laurel and Hardy went on a six-week tour of the United Kingdom. They were initially unsure of how they would be received, but they were mobbed wherever they went. The tour was lengthened to include engagements in Scandinavia, Belgium, France, and a Royal Command Performance for King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Biographer John McCabe writes that they continued to make live appearances in the United Kingdom and France until 1954, often using new sketches and material that Laurel had written for them.

In 1949, Hardy's friend John Wayne asked him to play a supporting role in The Fighting Kentuckian. Hardy had previously worked with Wayne and John Ford in a charity production of the play What Price Glory? while Laurel began treatment for his diabetes a few years previously. He was initially hesitant, but he accepted the role at Laurel's insistence. Frank Capra invited him to play a cameo role in Riding High with Bing Crosby in 1950.

During 1950–1951, Laurel and Hardy made their final film Atoll K (also known as Utopia). It was a simple concept; Laurel inherits an island, and the boys set out to sea where they encounter a storm and discover a brand new island, rich in uranium, making them powerful and wealthy. However, the film was produced by a consortium of European interests, with an international cast and crew that could not speak to each other. In addition, Laurel had to rewrite the script to make it fit the comedy team's style, and both suffered serious physical illness during the filming.

Laurel and Hardy made two live television appearances: in 1953 on a live broadcast of the BBC show Face the Music, and in December 1954 on NBC's This Is Your Life. They also appeared in a filmed insert for the BBC show This Is Music Hall in 1955, their final appearance together. The pair contracted with Hal Roach, Jr. to produce a series of TV shows based on the Mother Goose fables in 1955. According to biographer John McCabe, they were to be filmed in color for NBC, but the series was postponed when Laurel suffered a stroke and required a lengthy convalescence. Later that year while Laurel was recovering, Hardy had a heart attack and stroke from which he never recovered.

Death

Hardy suffered a mild heart attack in May 1954, and he began looking after his health for the first time in his life. He lost more than 150 pounds (68 kg) in a few months which completely changed his appearance. Letters written by Laurel refer to Hardy having terminal cancer, and it was speculated that this was the reason for Hardy's rapid weight loss. Both men were smokers; Hal Roach said that they were a couple of "freight train smoke stacks".

Hardy suffered a major stroke on September 14, 1956, that left him confined to bed and unable to speak for several months. He remained at home in the care of his wife Lucille. After suffering two more strokes in early August 1957, he slipped into a coma and died from cerebral thrombosis on August 7, 1957, at age 65. After he was cremated, his ashes were interred in the Masonic Garden of Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood. Laurel was inconsolable at the loss of his "dear pal and partner"; his doctor advised Laurel against attending the funeral, due to his own poor health, and Laurel said that "Babe would understand."

Legacy

 Hardy's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located at 1500 Vine Street, Hollywood, California.
 Laurel and Hardy were inducted into the Grand Order of Water Rats.
 There is a small Laurel and Hardy Museum in Hardy's hometown of Harlem, Georgia, which opened on July 15, 2002. The town holds an annual Oliver Hardy Festival.
 The biographical film Stan & Ollie (2018) starred Steve Coogan as Laurel and John C. Reilly as Hardy.

Filmography

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Marriot, A.J. Laurel & Hardy: The British Tours. Hitchen, Herts, UK: AJ Marriot, 1993. .
 McCabe, John. Babe: The Life of Oliver Hardy. London: Robson Books Ltd., 2004. .

External links

 Free viewing of Bouncing Baby (1916), made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida
 Oliver Hardy's obituaries in the Los Angeles Times and Los Angeles Mirror-News

1892 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
20th Century Studios contract players
American Freemasons
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
American stunt performers
Articles containing video clips
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Deaths from cerebral thrombosis
Hal Roach Studios actors
Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Male actors from Jacksonville, Florida
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Norvell family
People from Columbia County, Georgia
Silent film comedians
Vaudeville performers
Young Harris College alumni
American male comedy actors

Oliver Hardy


The Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets (VAAFM) or sometimes colloquially the agriculture department, is a Vermont executive agency (or cabinet agency). Its purpose is to develop and execute policy on farming, agriculture, food, and promoting and protecting the Vermont brand as related to food in the worldwide market. It aims to meet the needs of dairy farmers, beekeepers, orchardists, maple sugarmakers, and related industries. The VAAFM promotes agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protect natural resources, and preserve the culture of rural communities.

Anson Tebbetts of Cabot is the agency's current secretary.

Divisions
The VAAFM is organized into four divisions:
The Division of Administration oversees and coordinates agency policy and promotes interests of consumers and producers.
The Division of Agricultural Development provides a role in developing local, regional, national and global markets for Vermont's agricultural products.
The Division of Agricultural Resource Management and Environmental Stewardship works to regulates pesticides, feed, seed and fertilizers. The division administers Vermont's agricultural water quality programs and enforcement of environmental and safety laws.
The Division of Food Safety and Consumer Protection is organized into the following sections providing oversight in the areas of: livestock heath, consumer safety and protection, dairy inspection, and meat inspection.

Standards of quality

One role of the agency is the regulation and maintenance of quality. This goes hand in hand with the management of the Vermont brand as a reliable source of quality. While meeting all United States Department of Agriculture standards, Vermont exceeds those standards in the areas of dairy and maple products. Maple syrup produced in Vermont has a higher percentage of maple solids reflected in a higher weight per gallon than maple syrup from other U.S. states or Canada. The butterfat content of Vermont butter exceeds USDA minimums and equals those of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, the highest standards set by a national government.

Vermont-grown and -produced agricultural products meeting the agency's standards may display the Vermont Seal of Quality in its packaging and promotion.

History
In 2015, Act 64 required the agency to revise all Required Agricultural Practices to include small farms, nutrient storage (usually manure), soil health, buffer zones (from runoff areas), livestock exclusion, and nutrient management.

References

External links

 The Agency's online publication Agriview

Agriculture in Vermont
State agencies of Vermont
State departments of agriculture of the United States


The Thames Torso Murders, often called the Thames Mysteries or the Embankment Murders, were a sequence of unsolved murders of women occurring in London, England from 1887 to 1889. The series included four incidents which were filed as belonging to the same series. None of the cases were solved, and only one of the four victims was identified. In addition, other murders of a similar kind, taking place between 1873 and 1902, have also been associated with the same murder series.

Speculations have linked the Thames murder series to that of the contemporary Whitechapel murders and Jack the Ripper. However, the modus operandi of the perpetrator of the Thames Torso Murders differs from the other unidentified criminal in that the victims of Jack the Ripper suffered progressive abdominal- and genital-area mutilation, whereas the Thames Torso Murderer dismembered the bodies of his victims.

The canonical four
The series included four incidents which were filed as belonging to the same series. These cases were the Rainham Mystery, the Whitehall Mystery, the murder of Elizabeth Jackson, and the Pinchin Street Torso Murder.

Rainham Mystery
Between May and June 1887, the remains of a woman's body were found in the River Thames near Rainham. Workers first encountered a bundle with the torso of a female. Throughout May and June, various parts of the same body were found, with the exception of the head and upper chest.

The investigation concluded that the body had not been dissected for medical purpose, but that a degree of medical knowledge had been necessary to perform the dissection. Because the doctors could not state a cause of death, the jury was forced to return a verdict of "Found Dead".

Whitehall Mystery

Between 11 September and 17 October 1888, the dismembered remains of a woman were discovered at three different sites in the centre of the city, including the future site of Scotland Yard, the police's headquarters. The torso was matched by police surgeon Thomas Bond to a right arm and shoulder that had previously been discovered on the muddy shore of the River Thames in Pimlico on 11 September. The Times newspaper had initially suspected that the arm was placed in the water as a medical students' prank. On 17 October 1888, reporter Jasper Waring used a Spitsbergen dog, with the permission of the police and the help of a labourer, to find a left leg cut above the knee that was buried near the construction site.

Elizabeth Jackson
On 4 June 1889, a female torso was found in the Thames, and more body parts were soon found in the Thames the next week.

The Times reported on 11 June that the remains found so far "are as follows: Tuesday, left leg and thigh off Battersea, lower part of the abdomen at Horsleydown; Thursday, the liver near Nine Elms, upper part of the body in Battersea Park, neck and shoulders off Battersea; Friday, right foot and part of leg at Wandsworth, left leg and foot at Limehouse; Saturday, left arm and hand at Bankside, buttocks and pelvis off Battersea, right thigh at Chelsea Embankment, yesterday, right arm and hand at Bankside."
The investigation concluded that medical knowledge had been necessary to perform the dismemberment. At the inquest held by Mr Braxton Hicks on 17 June, it was stated: "the division of the parts showed skill and design: not, however, the anatomical skill of a surgeon, but the practical knowledge of a butcher or a knacker. There was a great similarity between the condition, as regarded cutting up, of the remains and that of those found at Rainham, and at the new police building on the Thames Embankment." The Times of 5 June reported that "in the opinion of the doctors the women had been dead only 48 hours, and the body had been dissected somewhat roughly by a person who must have had some knowledge of the joints of the human body."

She was about eight months pregnant. The doctors were also this time unable to establish a cause of death. The jury, however, reached the decision of "Wilful murder against some person or persons unknown".

Though the head was never found, the victim was identified as Elizabeth Jackson, a homeless prostitute from Chelsea.

Pinchin Street Torso Murder

On 10 September 1889, Police Constable William Pennett found the headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman under a railway arch at Pinchin Street, Whitechapel. It seems probable that the murder was committed elsewhere and that parts of the dismembered body were dispersed for disposal.

A woman's torso was found at 5:15 a.m. on Tuesday 10 September 1889 under a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel. Extensive bruising about the victim's back, hip, and arm indicated that she had been severely beaten shortly before her death, which had occurred approximately one day prior to the discovery of her torso. The victim's abdomen was also extensively mutilated in a manner reminiscent of the Ripper, although her genitals had not been wounded. The dismembered sections of the body are believed to have been transported to the railway arch, hidden under an old chemise. The age of the victim was estimated at 30–40 years. Despite a search of the area, no other sections of her body were ever found, and neither the victim nor the culprit were ever identified.

Chief Inspector Swanson and Commissioner Monro observed that the presence of blood within the torso indicated that death was not from haemorrhage or cutting of the throat. The pathologists, however, said that the general bloodlessness of the tissues and vessels indicated that haemorrhage was the cause of death. Newspaper speculation that the body belonged to Lydia Hart, who had disappeared, was refuted after she was found recovering in hospital after "a bit of a spree". Another claim that the victim was a missing girl called Emily Barker was also refuted, as the torso was from an older and taller woman.

Swanson did not consider this a Ripper case, and instead suggested a link to the Thames Torso Murders in Rainham and Chelsea, as well as the "Whitehall Mystery". Monro agreed with Swanson's assessment. These three murders and the Pinchin Street case are suggested to be the work of a serial killer, nicknamed the "Torso killer", who could either be the same person as "Jack the Ripper" or a separate killer of uncertain connection. Links between these and three further murders—the "Battersea Mystery" of 1873 and 1874, in which two women were found dismembered, and the 1884 "Tottenham Court Road Mystery"—have also been postulated. Experts on the murders, such as Stewart Evans, Keith Skinner, Martin Fido, and Donald Rumbelow, discount any connection between the torso and Ripper killings on the basis of their different modi operandi.

Monro was replaced as Commissioner by Sir Edward Bradford on 21 June 1890, after a disagreement with the Home Secretary Henry Matthews over police pensions.

Associated cases
Outside the four canonical cases which were filed by the police as belonging to the same series, there were additional cases which have been linked to the Thames Torso Murders.

Battersea Mystery
The Battersea Mystery is the name given to two unsolved murders that took place in London in 1873–74.

On 5 September 1873, the left quarter of a woman's trunk was discovered by a Thames Police patrol near Battersea. Subsequently, a right breast was found at Nine Elms, a head at Limehouse, a left forearm at Battersea, a pelvis at Woolwich, until an almost complete body of a dismembered woman had been found. The nose and the chin had been cut from the face, and the head had been scalped.

Under the leadership of the Acting Chief Surgeon, Metropolitan Police, Thomas Bond, the corpse was reconstructed. The attempts to identify the remains were disturbed by the curiosity of the public, and the police first showed a photograph to any potential witness.

The Lancet reported:

The jury passed a verdict of "Wilful murder against some person or persons unknown". The case remained unsolved, in spite of a £200 reward being offered for information.

In June 1874, the dismembered body of a female was discovered in the River Thames at Putney. The corpse lacked a head, both arms, one leg, and had been treated with lime before being thrown in the river. The jury returned an open verdict. The case remained unsolved.

Tottenham Court Road and Bedford Square Mystery
The Tottenham Court Road Mystery was reported by The Times on 24 October 1884, relating to the discovery of parts of a woman's body:

 A skull, still with flesh attached to it
 A chunk of flesh from a thighbone.

Near Tottenham Court Road, in Bedford Square, a woman's arm was found in a parcel. This arm had been tattooed, showing that it might have belonged to a prostitute.

A human torso was found in a parcel by a police constable as he passed 33 Fitzroy Square five days later. The parcel was believed to have been placed at the location between the hours of 10:00 and 10:15.

Evidence was presented in an inquest on 11 November, held at St Giles Coroner's Court. This concluded that the body parts came from a woman and that they might have been divided by someone who was skilled, but not for the purpose of anatomy.

The inquest resumed on 9 December. More evidence was presented and showed how the body was skilfully dissected and came from a woman, as stated by Dr Jenkins. This evidence was the right arm, both feet, and the right forearm of a single individual.

These two mysteries still remain unsolved.

Le mystere de Montrouge and Lambeth Mystery
In his 2002 book The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London, R. Michael Gordon suggests there may be a link to a murder in Paris in 1886, as well as to another murder in London in 1902.

In November 1886, a woman's torso was found on the steps of the Montrouge church in Paris, missing the head, legs, right arm, left breast and uterus.

In June 1902 a woman's torso was found in Salamanca Alley in Lambeth in London.

No suspect was identified in either case.

Speculation
Newspapers suggested a tie to Jack the Ripper's killings that were occurring simultaneously, but the Metropolitan Police said there was no connection. It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the "Torso killer" were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area. The modus operandi of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two.

Fiction
The 1971 film 10 Rillington Place has a scene in which a detective mentions the Thames Torso Murders to serial killer John Christie (serial killer)
In the opening scenes of "The King Came Calling", the 2013 third episode of the first series of the television programme Ripper Street, which takes place in 1889, Edmund Reid (Matthew Macfadyen) conducts an experiment to try and discover where Elizabeth Jackson's remains were dumped into the river; the ambiguity over Jackson's "provenance" leads to a dispute with Reid's opposite number in the City of London Police, who wants jurisdiction over the case.
 The 2013 novel Mayhem by Sarah Pinborough is based on the Thames Torso murders and includes newspaper articles from that time. Some of the characters are based on the people involved with the investigation.

See also
 Cleveland Torso Murders, another series of murders in which the torsos of victims were left behind
 List of serial killers in the United Kingdom
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

 M.J. Trow : The Thames Torso Murders, 2011
 R. Michael Gordon :The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London, 2015

External links

"The Thames Torso Murders of 1887-89", by Gerard Spicer, at Casebook.org.

1887 deaths
1887 in London
1888 in London
1889 in London
1887 murders in the United Kingdom
1888 murders in the United Kingdom
1889 murders in the United Kingdom
1880s murders in London
19th century in the City of Westminster
Female murder victims
Fugitives
Jack the Ripper
Murder in London
Serial murders in the United Kingdom
Unidentified murder victims in the United Kingdom
Unidentified British serial killers
Unsolved murders in England
Violence against women in the United Kingdom
Women in London

Thames Torso Murders


Catherine Wheels Theatre Company is a Scotland-based charitable organisation formed in 1999 by Artistic Director Gill Robertson. In 17 years, Catherine Wheels has shown more than 21 productions to an approximate total audience of over 500,000.

The company's productions include:

 Martha: First devised in 1999 and performed in theatres throughout the UK, Ireland, Australia, Singapore and North America, including the New Victory Theater in New York. Winner of the 2008 'Best Production' award at the Shanghai International Children's Festival.
 Lifeboat: Devised in 2002, winner of the Barclays Stage Award for Best Show for Children and Young People 2002. Performed at the New Victory Theater, New York, the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and  New Zealand International Arts Festival. Lifeboat was also the first production by a Scottish children's theatre company to be staged at the Sydney Opera House.
 White: A performance designed for audiences aged under 4, originally devised in 2010. Winner of multiple awards including a Scotsman Fringe First 2010, a 2010 Herald Angel, a 2010 Total Theatre Award for Physical/Visual Theatre, Best Children's Production at the 2011 Theatre Awards UK and Three 2010 Critics Awards for Theatre in Scotland: Best Design, Best Technical Presentation and Best Production for Children and Young People. White was adapted into a mobile app in 2014. On 18 November 2015, White celebrated its 1000th performance as part of a run at the New Victory Theater in New York.
Other productions include Caged, Pobby and Dingan (TMA 2010 award winner for Best Show for Children and Young People), The Book of Beasts, Something Wicked This Way Comes (with National Theatre of Scotland), The Ballad of Pondlife McGurk, Hansel and Gretel, Kes, The Lion of Kabul, The Book of Beasts, Cyrano, Snow Baby, The Story of the Little Gentleman and The Voice Thief.

A resident company at the Brunton Theatre, Musselburgh, Catherine Wheels Theatre Company is a primarily government-supported organisation, issued core funding via the Scottish creative arts council, Creative Scotland.

References

External links

Arts organisations based in Scotland
Theatre companies in Scotland
Musselburgh
1999 establishments in Scotland
Organisations based in East Lothian
Charities based in Scotland
Arts organizations established in 1999

Catherine Wheels Theatre Company


Southill is a rural village and civil parish in the Central Bedfordshire district of the county of Bedfordshire, England; about  south-east of the county town of Bedford.

The 2011 census showed the population for the civil parish as 1,192.

The civil parish includes the villages of Broom and Stanford and the hamlet of Ireland

Its eastern fields are on the plain of the River Ivel; its west is hilly.  The village centre is located in a close cluster.

The principal residence, Southill Park, was one of at least four manors, and was for three generations the home of the local branch of the landed Byng family, the Viscounts Torrington, Navy admirals, by whom it was sold at the end of the 18th century to industrialist Samuel Whitbread. Admiral John Byng is buried in All Saints Church, which is a 14th and 15th century church embellished in 1814.

Geography
Southill lies about  south-west of Biggleswade,  south-west of Cambridge and  north of London.

Landscape

The village straddles two National Character Areas (NCA) as designated by Natural England. High Street and Stanford Road lie within the Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire Claylands (NCA 88). Points west fall within the Bedfordshire Greensand Ridge (NCA 90). Central Bedfordshire Council has locally classified the landscape as Lower Ivel Clay Valley (type 4B) where large, open arable fields predominate and the Mid Greensand Ridge (6B) which in addition to arable fields has significant areas of woodland, acid grassland and parkland.

Elevation

The village centre is  above sea level. The land rises to over  near Rowney Warren in the west of the parish.

Geology and soil type

High Street and Stanford Road lie on boulder clay over Ampthill clay. The remainder of the village together with Southill Park, Keepers' and Rowney Warrens lies on Lower Greensand. The village centre, Southill Park and west of the parish have low fertility, freely draining, slightly acid loamy soils. Land to the east of Stanford Road and to the north of the village has highly fertile, freely draining, slightly acid but base-rich soil with a loamy texture. Soil south of the village is highly fertile, lime-rich loamy and clayey with impeded drainage.

The night sky and light pollution

The Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) divides the level of night sky brightness into 9 bands with band 1 being the darkest i.e. with the lowest level of light pollution and band 9 the brightest and most polluted. Southill is in band 3.

History

Earliest written history

Southill is part of the ancient hundred of Wixamtree and is mentioned as such seven times in the Domesday Book (detailing Southill landholdings of noblemen or freemen), some of which may be records as under-lords of the others (see subinfeudation).  The total tax assessed was 9.7 geld units (very large) and recorded households numbered 29 (quite large).  The Book shows sixteen freemen formerly owned its most valuable entry upon conquest, replaced by two Frenchmen at the time of its compilation in 1086.  The annual value of this entry was estimated or attested as £3 upon conquest, £4 and a half pounds in 1070, then £4 in 1086.   Southill landowners in 1086 included gentry Hugh of Beauchamp, Countess Judith (Judith of Lens) who founded nearby Elstow Abbey in 1078, Walter of Flanders, Richard Poynant, William of Cairon and Alric (Wintermilk) who was a Saxon landowner — his very small £0.2-rated estate was substituted by one of equal worth, though valued at more in the interim and having 40% more ploughlands.  The estates of Archbishop Stigand were seized nationwide in 1070 including one here.  Earlier seized were two holdings of Leofwin the noble of Caddington taken on conquest and which holder the Book adds held under King Edward's overlordship.

Church history
All Saints Church, Southill is a 14th and 15th century church embellished in 1814 built in courses of ferrous rubble stone, part-dressed in ironstone and limestone, altered and extended in red and pale brick. Some areas are cement- or lime-rendered.  The church contains floor and wall monuments to local people mainly from the 17th and 18th century, some of which in polychrome marble.  It is a listed building in the middle category of statutorily protected heritage, Grade II*.

Its chancel, heightened in brickwork, has a reworked 3-pane fifteenth century main window and similar age 5-pane window with a pointed arch facing south by a blocked-off pointed-arch doorway. A sepulchral vault to the Byng family built in rendered brickwork has a round-headed doorway facing their former park to the east.  The nave has pointed-arch 5-and-a-half bay arcades, believed to have been built in 1814. The clerestory between the sides above two has 4 small windows per side.  Most windows have plain sub-panes. The narrow aisles have two five-pane and four three-pane reworked late medieval windows, a doorway with pointed head of that date and an earlier pointed-arch 3-pane window, a later north-west door and later connection to the Byng vault.  It small south porch ends in a gable, above a pointed-arch entrance supported by angle buttresses.  The fifteenth century west tower has three stages with opposing square and clasping lightly buttressing walls topped by pale-brick-built battlements of differing heights.  The west door has traceried spandrels, surmounted by 3-light window.  The roofwork, low-slant, and seating is circa 1814. The font was designed in 1937 by Sir Albert Richardson.

The Byng vault includes George Viscount Torrington, Rear Admiral who died in 1732 and Admiral John Byng, executed 1757.

Later descriptions
In 1805, a gazetteer reads:

The equivalent in 1914 reads:

Executed Admiral, The Honorable John Byng
An event was held in the village in March 2007 and an eponymous real ale was brewed by B&T Brewery in Shefford to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the execution of Admiral Byng.

Former amenities
The first mention of a post office in the village is in 1850. Post Office archives record the issue to Southill on 6 August 1850 of a type of postmark known as an undated circle. Rubber datestamps were issued in May 1889 and April 1895. The village post office closed on 14 October 2008. It was one of about 2,500 compensated closures of UK branches announced by the Government in 2007.

Southill railway station provided passenger services until 1961 on the now dismantled Bedford-Hitchin line.

Governance
Southill elects three councillors to the parish council.
It is part of Northill ward for elections to the Central Bedfordshire Unitary Authority.

Prior to 1894, Southill was administered as part of the hundred of Wixamtree.
From 1894 until 1974 it was part of Biggleswade Rural District and from 1974 to 2009 in Mid Bedfordshire District.

Southill is in the Mid Bedfordshire parliamentary constituency and the elected member is Nadine Dorries of the Conservative Party.

Amenities
The village has an active congregation in its church and the following:
A small park with playground, Southill Play Area toward the east of its clustered core.
Two village halls at Southill and technically at Broom which remains part of the civil (secular) parish as well as the ecclesiastical parish thus run by the same organisation. The latter by way of example is used by clubs, groups and pre-schools and pre-planned parties and receptions. It is usually available by prior arrangement at weekends.
Its lower school, Southill Lower School educates children to the age of 9 and shares in leadership and combines in projects and programmes with Shelton Lower School.
The White Horse pub-restaurant
The parish has the Black House pub-restaurant, see Ireland, Bedfordshire, this is a  walk from the heart of Southill.

Public transport
Bus route 200 operated by Grant Palmer timetables two morning journeys, Monday to Saturday to Biggleswade (journey time 13 minutes) and two afternoon journeys to Shefford and Flitwick. Community operator Wanderbus runs a Wednesday only service to Bedford and monthly services to St Neots, Milton Keynes and Welwyn Garden City.

The nearest railway station is Biggleswade.

References

Printed materials
 Southill; a Regency House. Faber & Faber, 1951. A compilation introduced by Major S.Whitbread.

External links

 Southill Parish Council

Civil parishes in Bedfordshire
Villages in Bedfordshire
Central Bedfordshire District

Southill, Bedfordshire


Whiplash is a 1948 American film noir directed by Lewis Seiler. It was written by Harriet Frank Jr. and Maurice Geraghty and adapted by Gordon Kahn, from a story by Kenneth Earl.  The film stars Dane Clark, Alexis Smith, Zachary Scott and Eve Arden.

Plot
The film opens with a middle-weight bout in Madison Square Garden, New York City, where Mike Angelo battles a seemingly superior opponent. He's going down for the count when he's saved by the bell. Cut to Mike Gordon, a happy-go-lucky painter in California, upset that cafe owner Sam has let customer Laurie Rogers buy a painting hanging on the wall. Mike is unsatisfied with his work and confronts Laurie to get it back. She convinces him it's good if not perfect, so Mike invites her to dinner.

After a romantic dinner and swim in the ocean, they've got a date for breakfast. When a shady character enters Sam's cafe, Laurie abruptly leaves town. At her hotel, Mike sees the painting wrapped and addressed to Dr. Vincent, New York City. Sam gives Mike money to go to New York.

Later, in his Greenwich Village artist's studio, Mike's neighbor Christine invites Mike out to the Pelican Club, a pricey night spot. Although Christine's plan to get him a portrait commission backfires, Laurie appears in a spotlight to sing. Mike goes to her dressingroom, where hoodlums attack him. He knocks one guy out, but gets hit over the head by a goon named Costello. He's carried unconscious to the boss's office.

Club owner Rex Durant, a crippled ex-boxer, is impressed that Mike just knocked out a middle-weight contender. Durant offers to make a champion of him. The only hitch: Laurie is actually Mrs. Durant. Mike resents Laurie's having lied to him. Next day at the gym, Mike is examined by Dr. Vincent, who's got the painting hanging in his office. He's Laurie's brother.

Mike trains to be a prizefighter to get Laurie out of his system, becoming enmeshed in Durant's sadistic schemes. Dr. Vincent reveals that when he failed to fix Durant's legs after a car accident, Durant preyed on his guilt and manipulated Laurie into staying married. Dr. Vincent decides to kill Durant to liberate Laurie, but Mike thwarts him, confronting Durant himself. Costello gives Mike a concussion. A fight now would be suicide, but Durant promises Mike if he wins the big bout, Laurie will be free. Durant wants him dead because he knows Laurie loves Mike.

The extended flashback ends with Mike woozy and taking a beating at Madison Square Garden.  He nonetheless triumphs in the ring before being sent to the hospital. Dr. Vincent goes after Durant and is shot by Costello but manages to shoot Durant, whose wheelchair careens out of Madison Square Garden into an oncoming taxi.

Cut to Mike painting on the beach in California. Enter Sam to announce Laurie's arrival. They kiss on the cliff.

Cast
 Dane Clark as Michael Gordon
 Alexis Smith as Laurie Durant
 Zachary Scott as Rex Durant
 Eve Arden as Chris Sherwood
 Jeffrey Lynn as Dr. Arnold Vincent
 S. Z. Sakall as Sam
 Alan Hale as Terrance O'Leary
 Douglas Kennedy as Costello
 Ransom M. Sherman as Tex Sanders
 Freddie Steele as Duke Carney
 Robert Lowell as Trask
 Don McGuire as Markus

Reception
The New York Times film critic, Thomas M. Pryor, gave the film a negative review.  He wrote, "Good sense and dramatic construction went by the wayside in the filming of Whiplash and what is left on the screen is a pointless exposition of brutality, nicely demonstrated, however, by Mr. Clark and Zachary Scott, with Miss Smith providing suitable decoration. If it's plain, old fashioned mayhem that you desire, Whiplash most likely will be to your liking. Otherwise proceed with caution."

See also
 List of boxing films

References

External links

 Whiplash information site and DVD review (includes images)

1948 films
1948 drama films
1940s sports films
American boxing films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Films directed by Lewis Seiler
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films scored by William Lava
Warner Bros. films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Whiplash (1948 film)


The Creation of Adam () is a fresco painting by Italian artist Michelangelo, which forms part of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, painted –1512. It illustrates the Biblical creation narrative from the Book of Genesis in which God gives life to Adam, the first man. The fresco is part of a complex iconographic scheme and is chronologically the fourth in the series of panels depicting episodes from Genesis.

The painting has been reproduced in countless imitations and parodies. Michelangelo's Creation of Adam is one of the most replicated religious paintings of all time.

History

In 1505, Michelangelo was invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II. He was commissioned to build the Pope's tomb, which was to include forty statues and be finished in five years.

Under the patronage of the Pope, Michelangelo experienced constant interruptions to his work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks. Although Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years, it was never finished to his satisfaction. It is located in the Church of S. Pietro in Vincoli in Rome and is most famous for his central figure of Moses, completed in 1516. Of the other statues intended for the tomb, two known as the Rebellious Slave and the Dying Slave, are now in the Louvre.

During the same period, Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which took approximately four years to complete (1508–1512). According to Condivi's account, Bramante, who was working on the building of  St Peter's Basilica, resented Michelangelo's commission for the Pope's tomb and convinced the Pope to commission him in a medium with which he was unfamiliar, in order that he might fail at the task.

Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the Twelve Apostles on the triangular pendentives that supported the ceiling, and cover the central part of the ceiling with ornament. Michelangelo persuaded Pope Julius to give him a free hand and proposed a different and more complex scheme, representing the Creation, the Fall of Man, the Promise of Salvation through the prophets, and the genealogy of Christ. The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel which represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church.

The composition stretches over 500 square metres of ceiling, and contains over 300 figures.  At its centre are nine episodes from the Book of Genesis, divided into three groups: God's Creation of the Earth; God's Creation of Humankind and their fall from God's grace; and lastly, the state of Humanity as represented by Noah and his family. On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of Jesus; seven prophets of Israel and five Sibyls, prophetic women of the Classical world.  Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are The Creation of Adam, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, the Deluge, the Prophet Jeremiah and the Cumaean Sibyl.

Composition

God is depicted as an elderly white-bearded man, wrapped in a swirling cloak while Adam, on the lower left, is completely naked. God's right arm is outstretched to impart the spark of life from his own finger into that of Adam, whose left arm is extended in a pose mirroring God's, a reminder that God said, "Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness" (). The inspiration for Michelangelo's treatment of the subject may come from a medieval hymn, "Veni Creator Spiritus", which asks the 'finger of the paternal right hand' (digitus paternae dexterae) to give the faithful speech. The two index fingers, however, are separated by a small gap [], and some scholars think that it represents the unattainability of divine perfection by man.

Many hypotheses have been formulated regarding the identity and meaning of the twelve figures around God. According to an interpretation that was first proposed by the English art critic Walter Pater (1839–1894) and is now widely accepted, the person protected by God's left arm represents Eve, due to the figure's feminine appearance and gaze towards Adam, and the eleven other figures symbolically represent the souls of Adam and Eve's unborn progeny, the entire human race. This interpretation has been challenged, mainly on the grounds that the Catholic Church regards the teaching of the pre-existence of souls as heretical. Consequently, the figure behind God has also been suggested to be the Virgin Mary, Sophia (the personification of wisdom mentioned in the Book of Wisdom), the personified human soul, or "an angel of masculine build".

Sources
Michelangelo's main source of inspiration for his Adam in his Creation of Adam may have been a cameo showing a nude Augustus Caesar riding sidesaddle on a Capricorn. This cameo is now at Alnwick Castle, Northumberland. The cameo used to belong to cardinal Domenico Grimani who lived in Rome while Michelangelo painted the ceiling. Evidence suggests that Michelangelo and Grimani were friends. This cameo offers an alternative theory for those scholars who have been dissatisfied with the theory that Michelangelo was mainly inspired by Lorenzo Ghiberti's Adam in his Creation of Adam.

Analysis
Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of The Creation of Adam'''s highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point.

 Portrayal of the human brain
In 1990 in Anderson, Indiana, physician Frank Meshberger noted in the Journal of the American Medical Association that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain. On close examination, borders in the painting correlate with major sulci of the cerebrum in the inner and outer surface of the brain, the brain stem, the frontal lobe, the basilar artery, the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm.

 Portrayal of the birth process
Alternatively, it has been observed that the red cloth around God has the shape of a
human uterus (one art historian has called it a "uterine mantle") and that the scarf hanging out, coloured green, could be a newly cut umbilical cord. In 2015 a group of Italian researchers published on Mayo Clinic Proceedings an article where the images of the mantle and the postpartum uterus were overlapped. According to Enrico Bruschini (2004), "This is an interesting hypothesis that presents the Creation scene as an idealised representation of the physical birth of man ("The Creation"). It explains the navel that appears on Adam, which is at first perplexing because he was created, not born of a woman."

 Portrayal of Eve's Rib
Additionally, Deivis Campos notes in Clinical Anatomy Journal that the left side of Adam's torso contains an extra concealed rib. Due to Michelangelo's in-depth knowledge of human anatomy, he insinuates that this rib outline is intentional, and represents the rib of Eve.

Campos suggests that this extra rib inclusion was a way for Michelangelo to represent Adam and Eve being created side by side, which differs from the Catholic tradition that states Eve was created after Adam. There is significant evidence that Michelangelo radically disagreed with many Catholic traditions and had a tumultuous relationship with the commissioner of the ceiling, Pope Julius II. Thus, Campos suggests that the rib inclusion was an intentional way to slight Pope Julius II and the Catholic Church, without having to admit fault, as very few people knew anything about human anatomy at the time and could challenge the piece.

 Critical sketches

Michelangelo was a prolific draftsman, as he was trained in a Florentine workshop at a dynamic time in the art scene, when paper had become readily available in sufficient quantity. As follows, sketching was the first step in Michelangelo's artistic process, as it helped him plan his final paintings and sculptural pieces. Thus, Michelangelo's sketches provide a critical link between his creative vision and final compositions. This is especially evident through his sheets "filled with multiple figures and close studies of human anatomy."

 Preliminary studies
Michelangelo completed two sketches in Rome in preparation for the Creation of Adam scene. They are both in the British Museum in London, revealing Michelangelo's in depth planning process for the Sistine Chapel ceiling composition, and his serious attention to perspective and shadowing.

The first is a Scheme for the Decoration of the Vault of the Sistine Chapel: Studies of Arms and Hands. The right side of the page was sketched in 1508 with black chalk, and is a study of Adam's limp hand, before it is ignited with the gift of life from God, in the Creation of Adam scene. Michelangelo sketched this over a previous brown, lead point stylus study of the vaulted Sistine Chapel ceiling. The entire composition is 274 millimeters in height and 386 millimeters in width. The second sketch is titled Studies of a Reclining Male Nude: Adam in the Fresco "The Creation of Man." It was created in 1511 in dark red chalk, over a stylus under drawing. Red chalk was Michelangelo's preferred medium at this period of time, as it could be shaved to a finer point than black chalk. Michelangelo used this fine point to create a scintillating skin surface, that was unique for this particular sketch, and is not seen in his later works. The recto drawing is 193 millimeters in height and 259 millimeters in width.

 Studies of a Reclining Male Nude

In a well known study in red chalk in the British Museum, Adam is resting on earth, propped up by his forearm, with his thighs spread out and his torso slightly twisted to the side. Michelangelo employed a male model to capture this pose and used his red chalk to develop thick contours, in order to establish a definitive form, so every chapel visitor could clearly recognize the muscular body from standing on the floor, 68 feet below the ceiling.

In Michelangelo's final fresco on the ceiling, Adam is physically beautiful, but spiritually still incomplete. The sketch prefaces this story, as it is also incomplete in the sense that the only complete component of the drawing is Adam's twisted torso. Adam's other limbs bleed off of the trimmed page in immature form. However, the work is not "unfinished", as it reached its purpose for Michelangelo, which was to work out the details of the torso in the medium of chalk, so he was confident in the composition when he began the actual, permanent fresco panel.

 Context
Michelangelo heavily studied the human body and dissected numerous cadavers in his artistic career, and over time became captivated by the male torso. In his treatises on painting and sculpture, Leon Battista Alberti, defined the male figure as a "geometrical and harmonious sum of its parts". Michelangelo however, felt that the torso was the powerhouse of the male body, and therefore warranted significant attention and mass in his art pieces. Thus, the torso in the Study'' represents an idealization of the male form, "symbolic of the perfection of God's creation before the fall".

Sources
Michelangelo's inspiration for the torso in the British Museum sketch, is believed to be the Belvedere Torso. The Belvedere Torso is a fragmentary marble statue that is a 1st century BC Roman copy of an ancient Greek sculpture. Michelangelo historically used ancient, classical statuary as inspiration for the human physique in his great masterpieces. In 2015, the Belvedere Torso was displayed with Michelangelo's sketch in the "Defining Beauty: The Body in Ancient Greek Art" show at the British Museum in London.

See also
List of works by Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel of Football

References

External links

 Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings

1512 paintings
Paintings depicting Adam and Eve
Paintings of gods
Sistine Chapel ceiling
Nude art
God the Father in art

The Creation of Adam


Zoutelande (Zeelandic: Zóetelande) is a village in the southwestern Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Veere, Zeeland, between Dishoek and Westkapelle on the former island Walcheren. On 1 January 2005 it had 1,556 inhabitants. Originally, Zoutelande was mainly an agricultural village. The village's character changed slowly into a tourist resort as the demand for beach recreation rose from about the middle of the 19th century.

Zoutelande was a separate municipality until 1966, when it became a part of the new municipality Valkenisse.

Nowadays, tourism is Zoutelande's most important source of existence. Zoutelande, together with the beach of Dishoek and Westkapelle, are often called "Zeeland's Rivièra", after the famous south-coast of France. It is one of Zeeland's most-visited coasts, and one of the few places in the Netherlands where the beach faces south. Plenty of rooms, studios, bungalows and apartments are available to thousands of visitors every summer; most of the tourists are of German origin, although other nationalities are also widely represented. The remaining agriculture in the area benefits of the demand for accommodation in the form of mini-campings. Bicycle-rental, beachfront establishments, hotels, B&Bs, shops and a boulevard are all to be found in and around the village.

Like Domburg, Zoutelande was a favorite among Dutch painters, like Ferdinand Hart Nibbrig, Piet Mondriaan and Jan Toorop who praised its sky. It is said that the reflection of the sun on the water colors the sky more brilliantly and transparently than anywhere else.

Zoutelande was the subject of a 2017 song of the same name by Dutch rock band BLØF featuring Belgian singer Geike Arnaert; the song's popularity brought some increased interest in the village.

Monuments

Zoutelande has several monuments, among them the Dutch Reformed Church with a tower in which fragments of late 13th century brick gothic can be found. In about 1500 the church was formed into a hall church. In 1573 the church was returned to its original state through war damage during the Eighty Years' War. It is estimated that the tower and church got their present shape in about 1738. In 1950 a restoration took place. The parish of the church is connected through legend with Saint Willibrord.

Unfortunately an old monument, the Willibrord Well, was lost due to the building of the present sea dyke. The well, created by Willibrord and dating from the sixteenth century, according to the legend contained healing water. Because of the building of a new dyke in the 1960s, slightly further inland than the old row of dunes, part of the town had to be demolished. This is the reason why the church, which originally stood in the center of the village, is now almost at the foot of the dyke. In 1984 a new well was built to remember the legend.

Zoutelande also has a windmill. It is a round, brick-built corn mill that originates from 1722.

References

External links

Zoutelande Tourist Information

Populated places in Zeeland
Former municipalities of Zeeland
Veere
Populated coastal places in the Netherlands

Zoutelande


Pauline Gill is a writer from Quebec, member of . She grew up in Bas-St-Laurent and lived in Longueil for thirty-three years. She has been in Verchères since 2006.  She studied sociology, pedagogy, history and letters at university. From 1996 to 2001, Pauline Gill was a linguistic reviser for the Collège Rosemont and some publishing houses. She co-founded  in 1988, so she wrote some chronicles in its newspaper by the years.  In 2001, she has been co-scenarist to produce a television series on her trilogy .  Pauline Gill has accomplished a lot of things in her life.

Before starting only writing, she taught a lot (1959-1996) in primary schools, high schools and colleges. She taught sociology, gerontology and history of Quebec. She has also been a research assistant for the INRS (Briefly, ), sector society and culture. Since 1990, she has been writing full time. She writes history books that talk about women of the past who built Quebec. She wrote the trilogy Docteure Irma, about the life of Irma LeVasseur, first French Canadian woman who has studied medicine. She also wrote , which is about Victoire Du Sault, the first lady to become a shoemaker. Other works are , , and .

However, she not only wrote about history. She has also written for young people.

Works

 La porte ouverte, Éditions du Méridien, 1990.
 Les enfants de Duplessis, 1991.
 Le château retrouvé, 1996.
 Dans l'attente d'un OUI, 1997
 Guide pour les aidants naturels, 1999
 La Cordonnière, 1998
 La jeunesse de la cordonnière 1999
 Le testament de la cordonnière, 2000
 Béni des dieux, 2000
 Réveil brutal à la forêt de Bonamandou, 2001
 Et pourtant elle chantait, 2001
 Les fils de la cordonnière, 2003
 La saga de la cordonnière, 2003
 Marie-Antoinette la dame de la rivière Rouge, 2005
 Docteure Irma, tome 1 - La louve blanche, 2006
 Dans les yeux de Nathan 2006 (Jeunesse)
 Le miracle de Juliette 2007 (Jeunesse)
 Évangéline et Gabriel, 2007
 Docteure Irma, tome 2 - L'Indomptable, 2008
 Docteure Irma, tome 3 - La soliste, 2009
 Gaby Bernier 2012

References

Writers from Quebec
Living people
1942 births
Canadian school teachers

Pauline Gill


Ceelberdaale is a toun in gabiley, a region in the northwastren Somaliland. Inhabitit bi Isaaq Habar Awal

Ceelbardaale Famous for its farmin, an important agricultural toun in that part o the kintra.
Ceelberdaale's residents pride themselves on their fruit an vegetables. The Ceelbardaale community haes done wha nae ither community iver dae in the whole Somali peninsula, let alane Somaliland
They did a collective cooperative farmin tae be self-sufficient, an further supply the lairger community. They built hames an dispensers collectively, which ye mey no find in ony ither rural communities in the nation onywhere, athoot government help.
The region is suitable for herders an nomads. The local fowk who ar residin in this aur are mainly frae gabiley district.

Politics
SNM
Instead o emulatin the guid farming community set bi "Ceelbardaale" inhabitants, the neigbourin community started creatin claims that aw the land, fruits, vegetables an grains belang tae them, Itherwise they woudna claim a barren uncultivatit piece o wasteland there.
Incollaboration Dila militia destroyed the work o years an years carelesslie an cruellie, at a time the "Ceelbardale" community wis experiencin an ethnic cleansin an driven oot o their farms an hames bi Siad Barre's genocidal regime!

When at last the community came back an defeatit Siad Barre, they startit rebuildin homes, schools an recultivatin burned lands, the unresolved inferno torn the community again.
A calculatit an continuous Dahir Riyale Kahin driven Dila militia ambushes an attacks. Ceelbardaale community wis denied tae farm an feed their children o their an tae live in peace in Ceelbardaale.
Despite the hardships Ceelbardaale descendants endure they niver gazed mair optimistic at their future somaliland, sangin a popular sang
Song at Somaliland presidential election, 2010.

Populatit places in Somalie

Ceelberdaale


Simon Bainbridge (30 August 1952 – 2 April 2021) was a British composer.  He was also a professor and head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music, London, and visiting professor at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States.

Biography
Bainbridge was born in London.  He had his first major break with Spirogyra, written in 1970 while he was still a student. This work displays a passion for intricate and sensuous textures that remained the hallmark of Bainbridge's style. He was educated at Highgate School and the Royal College of Music. After graduating from the Royal College of Music, he studied with Gunther Schuller at Tanglewood; his fondness for American culture was occasionally portrayed in works such as Concerto in Moto Perpetuo (1983), which contains echoes of American minimalism, and the be-bop inspired For Miles (1994). In the 1990s, his work took on a new expressive dimension such as in Ad Ora Incerta (1994) which earned him the Grawemeyer Award in 1997.

Bainbridge was head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music from 1999 to 2007, and was one of the first four professors to be appointed in 2000 with the Academy's status as a constituent college of the University of London.

Bainbridge died on 2 April 2021, aged 68, after four years of pain following unsuccessful back surgery.  Bainbridge was married to the English soprano and vocal coach Lynda Richardson, and father to the actress Rebecca Bainbridge. His ashes are interred on the western side of Highgate Cemetery with the ashes of his brother Martyn Bainbridge, a stage set designer.

Career highlights
 1969–1974 – Studied at Royal College of Music, London, then at Tanglewood with Gunther Schuller
 1976–1978 – Forman Fellow in Composition at the University of Edinburgh
 1983–1985 – Composer-in-residence at Southern Arts
 1997 – University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for Ad Ora Incerta
 2001 – Appointed head of composition at the Royal Academy of Music
 2002 – Fiftieth birthday events in Cheltenham, Huddersfield and London

Key works
  String Quartet no.1 (1972)
  Viola Concerto (1976)
  Fantasia for Double Orchestra (1984)
 Clarinet Quintet (1993)
 For Miles for trumpet and chamber ensemble (1994)
 Ad Ora Incerta, Four Orchestral Songs from Primo Levi for mezzo-soprano, bassoon and orchestra (1994); poems by Primo Levi
 Four Primo Levi Settings for mezzo-soprano, clarinet, viola and piano (1996); poems by Primo Levi
 Guitar Concerto for guitar and chamber ensemble (1998)
 Chant for amplified chorus and large ensemble (1999)
 Voiles for bassoon and string ensemble (2001)

Selected recordings
 Ad Ora Incerta; Four Primo Levi Settings – NMC D059
 Herbsttag – USK 1224CD

References

External links
Simon Bainbridge homepage at Wise Music Classical
Simon Bainbridge page at UYMP

1952 births
2021 deaths
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
English classical composers
People educated at Highgate School
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Composers from London
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
University of Louisville faculty
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
String quartet composers
21st-century English composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
21st-century British male musicians
Burials at Highgate Cemetery

Simon Bainbridge


Roderick F. Gardner (born October 26, 1977) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for six seasons.

College career
Gardner played college football at Clemson University, where he started as a quarterback and safety on the practice squad (as a true freshman) before switching to wide receiver his sophomore year. He was selected as a second team All-ACC during his junior year after setting the school record for catches, yards, and receptions per game. His senior year, he not only made first team All-ACC, but was a first team All-American as well. In 2000, he was one of the ten finalists for the Biletnikoff Award after posting six touchdowns on 51 receptions and 956 yards.

Professional career

Washington Redskins
Gardner was chosen by the Washington Redskins with the 15th overall selection in the first-round draft pick of the 2001 NFL Draft. During his rookie year, he was selected as NFC Offensive Player of the Week after a 208-yard, one touchdown performance against the Carolina Panthers. His history at quarterback would lead the Redskins to utilize him on trick plays during games; during the 2003 NFL season he was 2-for-3 for 46 yards and two passing touchdowns (to Chad Morton and Trung Canidate).

Carolina Panthers
After four seasons in Washington, he was traded to the Carolina Panthers during the 2005 offseason for a sixth-round pick in the 2006 NFL Draft.  He spent most of the season fourth on the Panthers' depth chart, behind Steve Smith, Keary Colbert, and Ricky Proehl.

Green Bay Packers
Gardner was waived by the Panthers on December 16, 2005, and he was then signed by the Green Bay Packers on December 19, 2005.  He re-signed with Green Bay on March 21, 2006. On September 2, 2006, Gardner was waived by the Packers.

Kansas City Chiefs
In September 2006 he signed a three-year contract with the Kansas City Chiefs. In 2006 with the Chiefs, he only had 2 receptions for 17 yards. He was released before the 2007 season.

NFL statistics

References

1977 births
Living people
Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida
William M. Raines High School alumni
American football wide receivers
Clemson Tigers football players
Clemson University alumni
Washington Redskins players
Carolina Panthers players
Green Bay Packers players
Kansas City Chiefs players

Rod Gardner