Clara Gonzaga, Countess of Montpensier, Dauphine of Auvergne, Duchess of Sessa (Italian: Chiara Gonzaga; French: Claire (de) Gonzague; 1 July 1464 – 2 June 1503) was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Gonzaga. She was the daughter of Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua and the wife of Gilbert, Count of Montpensier.

One of her six children was Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, who led the Imperial Army sent by Emperor Charles V against Pope Clement VII in what became the Sack of Rome, and where he was subsequently killed.

Clara is one of the characters in the Heptaméron, printed in 1558, which was written by Marguerite de Navarre, Queen of Navarre and sister of King Francis I of France.

Family

Clara was born in Mantua on 1 July 1464, the eldest daughter of Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua and Margaret of Bavaria (1 January 1442 – 14 October 1479). She had five siblings including Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua whose wife was the celebrated Isabella d'Este.

Clara's paternal grandparents were Ludovico III Gonzaga and Barbara of Brandenburg; and her maternal grandparents were Albert III, Duke of Bavaria and Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck, daughter of Duke Erich I of Brunswick-Salzderhelden and Elisabeth of Brunswick-Göttingen.

Marriage and issue
On 24 February 1482, in Mantua, at the age of seventeen, Clara married Gilbert of Bourbon-Montpensier, who in 1486 succeeded his father as Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne. He was also Viceroy of Naples (1495), and the Duke of Sessa. He was the son of Louis I, Count of Montpensier and Joan, Dauphine of Auvergne. The marriage had been arranged by Clara's uncle Francesco Secco of Aragon who accompanied the newly-wed couple from Mantua to Milan on their lengthy journey to their home in France.

Gilbert and Clara had six children:
 Louis II, Count of Montpensier (1483 – 14 August 1501), died unmarried.
 Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier, Dauphin of Auvergne, Constable of France (17 February 1490 – 6 May 1527 Rome). He led the Imperial Army sent by Emperor Charles V against Pope Clement in what became the Sack of Rome, where he was killed. Married Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon, daughter of Anne of France and Peter II, Duke of Bourbon. His children by Suzanne all died young.
 François, Duke of Châtellerault (1492 – 13 September 1515 at the Battle of Marignano)
 Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (1482 – 5 July 1561) In 1499, she married as her first husband Andre III de Chauvigny, Prince of Deols, Viscount de Brosse; on 21 March 1504, she married secondly, her cousin Louis of Bourbon, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon, by whom she had three children.
 Renée, Lady of Mercœur (1494 – 26 May 1539), married Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, by whom she had six children.
 Anne (1495–1510)

Widowhood and death
On 15 October 1496, in Pozzuoli, Italy, Clara's husband Gilbert (who had been the Viceroy of Naples since 1495), died of a fever, leaving her a widow at the age of thirty-two.

In 1499, Clara acted as mediator on behalf of her brother Francesco, who sought to form an alliance with King Louis XII of France in order to protect Mantua, which was then being threatened by both Cesare Borgia and the Doge of Venice.

She maintained a correspondence with her sister-in-law, Isabella d'Este.

Clara died on 2 June 1503. She was not quite thirty-nine years old. She was buried at the Chapelle Saint-Louis in the church of Aigueperse in Auvergne.

Legacy
Clara Gonzaga appears as a character in the Heptaméron (first printed 1558), written by Marguerite de Navarre, Queen of Navarre and sister of King Francis I of France.

References

Sources

1464 births
1503 deaths
C
Duchesses in Italy
Dauphins of Auvergne
Countesses of Montpensier
Clara
Nobility of Mantua
15th-century Italian nobility
16th-century Italian nobility

Clara Gonzaga


Istvan Dobi (December 31 1898-November 24 1968) was the president of Hungary from 1948-1967 , he served a very long term.

Biography
Dobi was born from a poor family, he was born in SZONY. In his childhood, he worked as a day labourer. In 1916 came into contact with the agricultural workers' movement. After having fought in the First World War, he supported the Hungarian Soviet Republic. During the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919 he was captured by the Romanians.

Upon his release, he worked as a casual laborer and became active in the agricultural workers' union as well as in the Social Democratic Party of Hungary from the early 1920s. For this, he was put under police surveillance. In 1936 he switched to the Independent Smallholders' Party and became a functionary in the Kisalföld Chamber of Agriculture. Although he was not a member of the Communist Party, he was arrested several times during the regency of Miklós Horthy.

As head of state /post WWII
Dobi was appointed prime minister in 1948. He was the leader of the smallholders party , he gave up his job in 1952 to become general-secretary

Due in part to his strong support of the Communists, he replaced fellow Smallholder Lajos Dinnyés as prime minister in December 1948, helping preside over the final stage of the Communists' complete takeover of the country. In short order, Dobi pushed out those elements of his party who were unwilling to do the Communists' bidding, leaving the party in the hands of fellow travelers like himself. This process was repeated with the other non-Communist parties as well.

Thus, by the time of the 1949 elections, Hungary was effectively a one-party state. The 1949 elections formalized this status, with voters only having the option of approving or rejecting a Communist-dominated list. One of the first acts of the newly elected National Assembly was to approve a Soviet-style constitution, formally marking the onset of out-and-out Communist rule in Hungary. The Smallholders' Party was effectively disbanded.

Presidency
He was ceremonial president , he gave up his post as prime minister in 1952 cause MATYAS RAKOSI wanted that post for himself as general-secretary.

He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1962 , he died in Budapest in 1968.

1898 births
1968 deaths
Presidents of Hungary

István Dobi


Shlomo Ganzfried (or Salomon ben Joseph Ganzfried; 1804 in Ungvár – 30 July 1886 in Ungvár) was an Orthodox rabbi and posek best known as the author of the work of Halakha (Jewish law), the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (Hebrew: קיצור שולחן ערוך, "The Abbreviated Shulchan Aruch"), by which title he is also known.

Biography
Ganzfried was born in 1804 in Ungvár, in the Ung County of the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Ukraine). His father Joseph died when he was eight. Ganzfried was considered to be a child prodigy and Ungvár's chief rabbi and Rosh yeshiva, Rabbi Zvi Hirsh Heller assumed legal guardianship; Heller was known as "Hershele the Sharp-witted" for his piercing insights into the Talmud. Heller later moved to the city of Bonyhád, and Ganzfried, then fifteen, followed him. He remained in Heller's yeshiva for almost a decade until his ordination and marriage. After his marriage he worked briefly as a wine merchant.

In 1830, he abandoned commerce and accepted the position of Rabbi of Brezovica (Brezevitz). In 1849, he returned to Ungvár as a dayan, a judge in the religious court. At that time Ungvár's spiritual head, Rabbi Meir Ash, was active in the Orthodox camp, in opposition to the Neologs. Through serving with Ash, Ganzfried realised that in order to remain committed to Orthodoxy, "the average Jew required an underpinning of a knowledge of practical halakha (Jewish law)". It was to this end that Ganzfried composed the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch. This work became very popular, and was frequently reprinted in Hebrew and in Yiddish. This work often records more stringent positions.

Rabbi Ganzfried remained in the office of Dayan until his death on July 30, 1886.

Works

Kitzur Shulchan Aruch

The Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, first published in 1864, is a summary of the Shulchan Aruch of Joseph Karo with reference to later commentaries. This work was explicitly written as a popular text, in simple Hebrew, and does not have the same level of detail as the Shulchan Aruch itself.

Other works
 Kesset HaSofer (קסת הסופר), a halachic primer for scribes published in 1835. Ganzfried composed this while he was still engaged in business.
 Pnei Shlomo (פני שלמה), an elucidation of portions of the Talmud.
 Torat Zevach (תורת זבח), a halakhic handbook for practitioners of shechita, ritual slaughter.
 Sefer Apiryon (ספר אפריון), a commentary on the Bible. It contains a piece on every weekly Torah portion except for Parshat Massei, which is also the week in which his yahrzeit falls.
 Lechem V'simlah (לחם ושמלה) on the laws of Niddah.
 Ohalei Sheim (אהלי שם) on the official spellings of Hebrew names, as pertaining to gittin.
 Sheim Shlomo (שם שלמה) on various sugyos in Shas.
 Sefer Galuy A letter written at the time of the Congress of 1869.

References

 Rabbi Ganzfried's two million Kitzurs, Jack E. Friedman
 Ganzfried, Solomon, jewishencyclopedia.com
 What is the Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh?, faqs.org

External links

1804 births
1886 deaths
Clergy from Uzhhorod
Ukrainian Orthodox rabbis
19th-century Hungarian rabbis
Bible commentators
Authors of books on Jewish law

Shlomo Ganzfried


Biandrate (Piedmontese: Biandrà,  Lombard: Biandraa)  is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about  northeast of Turin and about  west of Novara.

History
Archaeological findings have proved that the area of Biandrate was already settled in Roman times, although no consensus exists about the existence of a Roman municipium here. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Biandrate regained importance only from the 10th century, when its counts held large territories in the area. In 1025, Count Vibertus, after expanding the family's lands around Vercelli and Val d'Ossola, obtained the title of Ivrea; such possessions were confirmed to his successor Guido II by Emperor Conrad II. His successor Alberto I took part in the First Crusade. In his age, Biandrate is mentioned as a free commune.

His successor Guido Guidone was named by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa as imperial commander of the area and of the Bishopric of Novara. He fought against Pavia but, after Barbarossa' defeat at the battle of Legnano, he was attacked by the Lombard League and Biandrate was destroyed. In 1232, the town was again razed to the ground by the counts of Novara. Later it was held by different families: (Visconti, Facino Cane, Sforza) after which it became part of the Duchy of Savoy.

References

External links
 Official website

Cities and towns in Piedmont

Biandrate


Preston is a city in North West England which is the county town of Lancashire. It is near the River Ribble. It became a city in 2002. This was the 50th year of Queen Elizabeth II's reign.

Chorley and Leyland are towns not far away from Preston. In 2001, a census said that there were 335,000 people living in Preston.

History
In 1179, Preston was given a charter (document) which let the town's trader travel around the United Kingdom without paying tolls.

Preston Guild is held in Preston. The chief industry of Preston was formerly the making of cotton cloth. The Preston bypass (road around the city) was built in the 1950s. Among the important buildings in Preston are the Harris Museum, Art Gallery and Public Library, and the county council's headquarters. Preston railway station is an importance junction on the west coast main line; the M6 motorway connects Preston to Cumbria (northwards) and Cheshire (southwards).

Sports
The football team in Preston is Preston North End F.C. which plays at Deepdale. They were the first team to be English football champions in 1889.

Education
Preston is home to the University of Central Lancashire, established in 1828 and originally being called The Institution For The Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. It is one of the largest universities in the UK, having around 38,000 staff and students.

References

City of Preston, Lancashire
2002 establishments in England

Preston


Kathrin Kohlhepp (born 1988), known by her artistic name DJane HouseKat, is a German female singer, DJ and musician specializing in electronic techno music. She is signed to Sony Music label.

Biography
DJane HouseKat used to play at clubs under the name DJane Candy before she released her single "My Party" and changed her name to DJane HouseKat. She learned about the DJ Set from her ex-boyfriend.

She became internationally famous for her 2012 dance hit "My Party", featuring British rapper Rameez. It was produced by Axel Konrad including sampling from the Michael Zager Band classic "Let's All Chant". Released in January 2012, it soon caught up in all night venues and has charted in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Scandinavian countries. Pro Sieben station broadcast "My Party" in April as a promotional song for the station's Comedy Dienstag (meaning Comedy Tuesday), with the song jumping to Top 5 both in Germany and Austria the following week.

Discography

Singles

Remixes
2012: "Think About the Way" (Groove Coverage feat. Rameez)
2012: "Riot on the Dancefloor" (Groove Coverage)

References

External links

German DJs
Women DJs
1988 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Electronic dance music DJs
21st-century German women singers

DJane HouseKat


The Palace of the Parliament - also known as the Republic's House (Casa Republicii) or People's House (Casa Poporului) is a large building in Bucharest, Romania. It was built by the then-dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu in the 1980s. Today the Romanian Parliament meets in the building. Many Parliament members have offices inside. The building faces an avenue built to look like the Champs-Élysées in Paris.

Bucharest
Buildings and structures in Romania

Palace of the Parliament


The fortress of Cetin is situated  south of Cetingrad above the village of Podcetin, in Croatia. The castle and its immediate surrounding represent a monument of great value for Croatian national history because on this place in 1527 Croatian nobility elected Ferdinand I Habsburg a king of Croatia. From that moment on, Croatia remained a part of Habsburg Monarchy until the end of World War I.

Etymology
According to Croatian historian Radoslav Lopašić, the name Cetin means: " a place covered with dense and dark forest".

History
The moment when Cetin castle was built is unknown. There are some indications that a settlement existed there in the times of the Roman Empire. The Parish of All Saints, in which the fortress is situated, was first mentioned in 1334. In 1387, king Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, donated Cetin to Ivan of Krk, hence the castle became the property of the Frankopan family.

The Middle Ages were the golden era of Cetin. In the 15th century, the Cetinski branch of Frankopan family was formed. It only lasted a hundred years. Ivan Frankopan of Cetin died in the Battle of Krbava field. His brother Grgur and son Franjo Frankopan became archbishops of Kalocsa. Franjo Frankopan was the last member of the Frankopan Cetinski family. After him, the fortress became property of the Frankopan Slunjski family.

Cetin played an important role in the history of Croatia. After the defeat at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Croatian nobility gathered at the Parliament on Cetin (). On 1 January 1527, they elected Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria as the king of Croatia. The chart signed by Croatian nobles and representatives of Ferdinand of Habsburg is among the most important documents of Croatian statehood and it is preserved in the Austrian State Archives in Vienna. In 1537, the castle garrison consisted of 30 haramijas.

In the following centuries, Cetin was part of the Croatian Military Frontier - the borderland between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. During this period, the Ottoman Army managed to take control of it several times. The fortress was often damaged and repaired. Two stone plates with Ottoman Turkish inscriptions in the Croatian History Museum testify about reconstructions made in this period.

In 1790, Habsburg Army troops under the command of general Walisch finally reconquered Cetin Castle for the Habsburg monarchy. The siege lasted one month, and after the battle several officers were decorated, including Johann I Josef, Prince of Liechtenstein. Cetin's status was finally confirmed during the peace conference in Sistova.

In 1809, Ottoman forces once again occupied Cetin but they withdrew the following year under the threats of Marshal Marmont, governor-general of Illyrian provinces. He forced Ottomans to withdraw from Cetin after briefly occupying Bihać. He was promised to not enter again to French Croatia. Once the Ottoman threat petered out the fortress was abandoned and turned into a quarry. Administrative control of the surrounding area was transferred to the village of Cetingrad, which developed north of Cetin.

Description
Close to the castle, there used to be a Franciscan monastery of st Mary and several churches. In the aftermath of the 1790 siege the Austrians used the remains of the old monastery to repair the fortifications on the fort.

Gallery

See also

 1527 election in Cetin

References

Literature

 Radoslav Lopašić: Oko Kupe i Korane, Matica hrvatska, 1895, Zagreb
 Milan Kruhek: Cetin, grad izbornog sabora Kraljevine Hrvatske 1527, Karlovac County, 1997, Karlovac
 Iz memoara maršala Marmonta: ilirske uspomene 1806–1811, Čakavski Sabor, 1977, Split

External links
An old photo and a description of Cetin castle from 1866

Castles in Croatia
Buildings and structures in Karlovac County
Frankopan family
Tourist attractions in Karlovac County
Kordun

Cetin Castle


Auden's Col is a high altitude mountain pass connecting Rudugaira valley and Bhilangna valley in India. It is situated at  elevation and connects the ridge coming from Gangotri III (6580 m) peak on the north-west and the ridge coming from Jogin I (6465 m) on the east, and also binds a glacier coming from Jogin I on the north side of Rudugaira valley, and deadly Khatling glacier on the south side of Bhilangna valley.

Rudra ganga stream or Rudragairu (gairu means deep) or Rudugaira gad drains Rudugaira glacier and eventually flows into Bhagirathi (Ganga) river near Gangotri, and Bhilangna river originates from Khatling glacier and meets Bhagirathi near Old Tehri.

History
The pass is named after John Bicknell Auden of the Geological Survey of India, who first discovered it in 1935 and crossed it in 1939. Mr Harish Kapadia and Mr Romesh Bhattacharjee from the Himalayan Club repeated Auden's explorations in the late eighties.

Trekking
Auden's Col is arguably one of the most dangerous passes in Garhwal Himalaya as the pass and the Khatling glacier are heavily infested with crevasses. Also, by crossing Auden's Col and then Mayali Pass, one can trek from Gangotri to Kedarnath, both among holiest Hindu temples.

References

External links
 Auden's Col location in Wikimapia

Mountain passes of the Himalayas
Mountain passes of Uttarakhand
Geography of Uttarkashi district
Hiking trails in Uttarakhand

Auden's Col