Cardinal Vicar () is a title commonly given to the vicar general of the Diocese of Rome for the portion of the diocese within Italy (i.e. excluding the portion within Vatican City). The official title, as given in the Annuario Pontificio, is Vicar General of His Holiness.

The bishop of Rome is responsible for the spiritual administration of this diocese, but because the bishop of Rome is the pope, with many other responsibilities, he appoints a cardinal vicar with ordinary power to assist in this task. Canon law requires all Catholic dioceses to have one or more vicars general, but the cardinal vicar functions more like a de facto diocesan bishop than do other vicars general. The holder has usually been a cardinal.

A similar position exists to administer the spiritual needs of the Vatican City, known as the vicar general for Vatican City or, more exactly, Vicar General of His Holiness for Vatican City.

History

Establishment

It seems certain that in the twelfth century vicars were named only when the pope absented himself for a long time from Rome or its neighbourhood. When he returned, the vicar's duties ceased. This may have lasted to the pontificate of Pope Innocent IV (1243–54); on the other hand it is certain that in the latter half of the thirteenth century the vicar continued to exercise the duties of his office even during the presence of the pope at Rome. Thus the nomination of a vicar on 28 April 1299, is dated from the Lateran. The office owes its full development to the removal of the Roman Curia to Southern France and its final settlement at Avignon. Since then the list of vicars is continuous.

The oldest commissions do not specify any period of duration; in a Bull of 16 June 1307, it is said for the first time that the office is held "at our good will". Life-tenures begin to appear in the sixteenth century; the exact year of this modification remains yet to be fixed. Formerly the nomination was by Bull; when began the custom of nominating by Brief is difficult to determine. The oldest Bull of nomination known bears the date of 13 February 1264.

An immemorial custom of the Curia demands that all its officials shall be duly sworn in, and this was the case with the vicars. In all probability during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries such oaths were taken at the hands of the pope himself. Later the duty fell to the Apostolic Camera. The oath is conceived in very general terms and lays but slight stress on the special duties of the vicar. The official named on 18 October 1412, as representative of the vicar was also sworn in, and before entering on his office was admonished to take, in presence of a specified cardinal, the usual oath of fidelity to the pope and of a faithful exercise of the office.

Authority
According to the oldest known decree of nomination, 13 February 1264, both Romans and foreigners were subject to the jurisdiction of the vicar. In this document, however, neither the special rights of the vicar nor the local extent of his authority are made known, but it is understood that the territory in question is the city of Rome. On 27 June 1288, the vicar received the rights of "visitation, correction and reformation in spiritual matters ..... of dedicating churches and reconciling cemeteries, consecrating altars, blessing, confirming, and ordaining suitable persons from the city". On 21 July 1296, On 6 July 1202, the following variant is met with: "to reform the churches, clergy, and people of Rome itself", and the additional right to do other things pertaining to the office of vicar.

His jurisdiction over all monasteries is first vouched for 16 June 1207. The inclusion among these of monasteries, exempt and non-exempt and their inmates, without the walls of Rome, was the first step in the local extension of the vicar's jurisdiction. He was also empowered to confer vacant benefices in the city.

Special commissions, however, multiply in this period, bearing with them in each case a special extension or new application of authority. Under Pope Clement VI (1342–52) the territory of the vicar-general's jurisdiction was notably increased by the inclusion of the suburbs and the rural district about Rome. Until the time of Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58) this was the extent of the vicar's jurisdiction. By the "district of the city of Rome" was understood a distance of forty Italian miles from the city walls. Since, however, the territory of the suburbicarian sees lay partially within these limits, the vicar came to exercise a jurisdiction concurrent with that of the local bishop and cumulatively. This was a source of frequent conflicts, until 21 December 1744, when the local jurisdiction of the suburbicarian bishops was abolished by Benedict XIV, insofar as their territory fell within the above-mentioned limits.

In the course of time the vicar acquired not only the position and authority of a vicar-general, who has ordinary but delegated power, but the right of subdelegation, whereby he named a vicegerent, his representative not only in pontifical ceremonies (as many maintain), but also in jurisdiction.

By a Constitution of Clement VIII, 8 June 1592, the vicar's right to hold a visitation ordinary and extraordinary of churches, monasteries, clergy, and the people (dating from 16 June 1307) was withdrawn in favour of the , newly founded, for the current affairs of the ordinary visitation. Henceforth this duty pertains to the  only insofar as he may be named president or member of this congregation, the prefect of which is the pope himself. The great "extraordinary" visitations, held generally at the beginning of each pontificate, were executed by a specially-appointed commission of cardinals and prelates, the presidency of which fell by custom to the vicar. The Congregation of the Visitation was quite independent of the vicar, being constituted by Apostolic authority.

The authority of the vicar does not cease with the pope who appointed him. But should he die during a vacancy of the Holy See, the vicegerent assumed his functions as a quasi vicar capitular.

Pope Pius X:  (1912)
In 1908, Pope Pius X re-organized the Roman Curia with the Apostolic Constitution . The essential ordinances of the Constitution and the enacting ordinances afterwards issued for the congregations and curial authorities in regard to the manner in which business should be transacted also apply to the vicariate.

Four years later he turned his attention to the Urban Vicariate, whose administrative pracice had become cumbersome, time-consuming, and inefficient. Various difficulties had stood in the way of a thorough reform of the Roman vicariate. Not the least of these was the lack of space in the former office of the vicariate. It was not until after the purchase of the Palazzo Mariscotti near Santissime Stimmate di San Francesco, which was assigned to the cardinal vicar and his officials and arranged for their use, that Pius X was able to carry out his long cherished plan for a thorough reform of the Roman vicariate.

Pope Pius X published his new ordinances respecting the administration of his Diocese of Rome in the Apostolic Constitution  of 1 January 1912. The canon law entered into force, as provided in it, on 15 January 1912, the day it was promulgated in the .

The  or the Vicariate of the City of Rome was divided into four departments ():
 divine worship and apostolic visitation, including the treasury of relics (), the archaeological commission, the committee on church music, and a commission on ecclesiastical art
 discipline of the clergy and the Christian people, overseeing the clergy, women's religious institutions, schools, colleges and other institutions for education in the city, brotherhoods, unions, and social societies.
 judicial matters
 financial administration and other administrative affairs

The head of all these bureaus is the cardinal who is the vicar-general of the pope in Rome. His office and the extent of his power are always the same and are permanent, so that they do not cease even when the Papal See is vacant. This fact distinguishes the cardinal vicar as he is called, for the designation is not an official title, from all other vicars-general in the world, and gives him his peculiar legal position. In the same way it is a noticeable exception that the four departments can carry on their customary business, even when the vicar is not able to supervise what is done on account of the conclave or of some other impediment. Even should the vicar die the work of the departments goes quietly on.

Pope Benedict XV, in his apostolic letter  of 20 April 1827, modified some of the provisions of his predessor. In 1929, with the establishment of Vatican City, Pope Pius XII removed Vatican City State from the authority of the cardinal vicar. Pope John XXIII established that the offices of the vicarate would be located at the Lateran Palace.

Pope Paul VI:  (1966)
In the 1966   the diocese was divided into five sections. Auxiliary Bishops were appointed to supervise pastoral ministry in a territorial sector or possibly in a specific pastoral activity in the entire diocesan area.

Pope Paul VI further updated the norms relating to the functioning of the Vicariate in the Apostolic Constitution , superseding .

Pope John Paul II:  (1998)
Starting from the Apostolic Constitution , published by Paul VI on January 6, 1977, John Paul II explains in the introductory paragraphs the importance of the Vicariate of Rome. The Diocesan Council for Economic Affairs, assumed functions previously handled by Pius X's fourth department. It had the task of preparing the budget for the economic management of the Diocese every year and of approving the final statement of income and expenditure.

The Diocesan Curia of Rome was divided into pastoral and administrative offices and judicial bodies. Twenty distinct offices were established for pastoral care, including the Office for school pastoral care and religious education, the Liturgical office, the Clergy office, and others. Eight administrative office were created, such as, the General Archive, the Legal office, the Data Processing Center, and others. The judicial bodies are: the Ordinary Tribunal of the Diocese of Rome, the Court of First Instance for cases of nullity of marriage in the Lazio Region, and the Court of Appeal. These tribunals operate according to norms established by the Italian Bishops Conference.

The , set up to serve pilgrims, operates in the Vicariate of Rome under its own rules and procedures.

Vicegerents

The first episcopal assistant of the vicar known is Angelus de Tineosis, , named 2 October 1321, as assistant to the Vicar Andreas, . No clear outline of his duties survives, but he is known to have officiated as assistant even when the Vicar Andreas was in the city. On the other hand, the Vicar Franciscus Scaccani, , was allowed to choose an assistant for the business of the vicariate only in the case of his own absence from Rome. According to this document it was not for the pope but the vicar himself, though authorized thereto by the pope, who chose his own assistant and gave over to him all his authority or faculties, insofar as they were based on law or custom. This shows that the  was firmly established in the fulness of his office and externally recognized as such; certain consuetudinary rights had even at this date grown up and become accepted. The  (II, 75) indicates that on 18 October 1412, Pope John XXII nominated Petrus Saccus, a canon of St. Peter's, as  of the Vicar Franciscus,  S. Martini in Monte Cimino O.S.B., and himself conferred on this official all the faculties of the vicar. The new  was bidden to take the usual oath before the Apostolic Camera (see above). A similar case is that of Andreas Jacobazzi, a canon of St. Peter's, named vicar in 1519, but not consecrated as Bishop of Lucera until 1520; the pontificalia were committed to Vincentius, Bishop of Ottochaz-Zengg.

The series of assistants to the vicar, now known as  (vicegerents), begins with 1560. Until the time of Pope Clement XI (1700) they were named by the vicar; since then the pope has appointed them by a special Brief. The  is therefore not a representative () of the vicar, but a subordinate auxiliary bishop appointed for life, though removable at any time. His authority (faculties) relative to jurisdiction and orders is identical with that of the vicar; for its exercise, however, he depends on the latter, as is expressly stated in the Brief of his nomination. In particular, the vicar has committed to him the administration of the treasury of relics known as the  or relic-treasury of the vicariate, the censorship of books, and the permission to print. The censorship of books was entrusted to the vicar by a Bull of 4 May 1515 (in the ); this right, however, is now exercised by the  subject to the , to whose imprimatur he adds his own name without further examination of the book in question. The really responsible censor is therefore the , not the . Occasionally there have been two assistants of the vicar, to one of whom were committed all matters of jurisdiction, to the other the pontificalia and ordinations; the latter was known as suffragan of the vicar.

Organisation of the Vicariate of Rome

Ordinations
In this respect the duties of the vicar are of primary importance, since a multitude of ecclesiastics from all parts of the world pursue their studies at Rome and receive orders there on presentation of the required authorization of their respective bishops. For every order conferred at Rome there is a special examination conducted by a body of twenty-five learned ecclesiastics from the secular and the regular clergy, which operates in sections of three. Orders are regularly conferred on the days prescribed by ecclesiastical law and in the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, i. e. in the Lateran Basilica; they may, however, be conferred on other days and in other churches or chapels. They are usually conferred either by the vicar himself or by the ; by special delegation from the vicar, however, another bishop may occasionally ordain candidates. For the rights of the cardinals to ordain in their own churches () see Cardinal. By a general pontifical indult any bishop resident in Rome may administer the Sacrament of Confirmation, it being still customary at Rome to confirm all children who seem in danger of death.

Religious orders
All matters concerning the monasteries of Rome and their inmates pertain to a special commission in the vicariate composed of about eight members and under the direction of the vicar.

Preaching
Strict regulations of Pope Pius X permit only those to preach in Rome who have been found worthy after a thorough examination, scientific and practical, before a special commission which issues to each successful candidate the proper authorization. A similar regulation exists for priests desirous of hearing confessions in the city.

Parochial clergy
The parochial clergy of Rome form a special corporation, under a Camerlengo chosen annually by themselves. Apart from the rights secured them by their statutes, insofar as approved by the pope, they are entirely subject to the vicar.

Court
Since the vicar is the ordinary judge of the Roman Curia and its territory, it follows that he has always had and now has his own court, or tribunal. Formerly it took cognizance of both civil and criminal matters, either alone or concurrently with other tribunals, whether the case pertained to voluntary or to contentious jurisdiction. This court no longer deals with criminal cases, though it still exists for certain matters provided for in the ecclesiastical law, the details of which may be seen in any of the larger manuals of canon law. The principal officials of the court of the vicariate are the above-mentioned vicegerents, the , the  for cases of beatification and canonization, the  for other ecclesiastical matters, chiefly monastic vows. In former times the auditor of the vicariate was a very busy person, being called on to formulate or to decide the various processes brought before the vicar; today the office is mostly an honorary one. Matrimonial cases are dealt with by two officials who form a special section of the vicariate

Secretariate
Among the minor officials of the vicar the most important are those who have charge of the secretariate, i. e. the secretary, his representative, two  or clerks, and the aforesaid auditor of the vicar. The secretary is daily at his post and is authorized by subdelegation to decide or settle a number of minor matters of a regularly recurring nature; he also makes known the decisions of the vicar in more important matters; and is accessible to every one daily during a period of two hours.

Reorganization
On 6 January 2023, Pope Francis reorganized the Vicariate with the apostolic constitution , effective 31 January, to increase collegiality and improve administration and address contemporary societal challenges. It defined the position of cardinal vicar as an auxiliary bishop to the Bishop of Rome and clarified the roles of Rome's auxiliary bishops. Francis gave himself a greater role as head of the episcopal council, that is, the collective body of the bishops of the Diocese. This replaced the 1998 apostolic constitution Ecclesia in Urbe.

List of Vicars General

The first  clearly vouched for is Bovo (Bobo)  about 1106. Until 1260 the vicars were chosen from among the cardinals; the first vicar taken from among the bishops in the vicinity of Rome was the Dominican Thomas Fusconi de Berta, episcopus Senensis (Moroni, Eubel). This custom continued until the secret consistory of 29 November 1558, when Pope Paul IV decreed that in the future the vicars should be chosen from among the cardinals of episcopal dignity; it was then that arose the popular title of "cardinal-vicar", never used officially; the formal title was then , and is now, under the Annuario Heading heading "", "".

Cardinal Vicars General (1198–1260)

Ottaviano dei Conti (1198–1207)
Pietro Gallocia (1207–1217)
Pietro Saxonis (1217–1227)
Romano Bonaventura (1227–1238)
Giacomo da Pecoraia (1238–1244)
Stefano Normandi (1244–1251)
Riccardo Annibaldi (1251–1260)

Bishop Vicar General (1260–1558)

Tommaso Fusconi di Berta (1260–1262)
Giovanni Colonna (1262–1264)
Tommaso da Lentini (1264–1267)
N.N. (1267–1272)
Aldobrandino Cavalcanti (1272–1280)
Latino Frangipani Malabranca (1280–1288)
Bartolomeo di Grosseto (1288–1290)
Giovanni di Iesi, first time (1290–1291)
Salvo di Recanati (1291–1295)
Giovanni di Iesi, second time (1295–1296)
Lamberto di Veglia (1296–1299)
Alemanno di Tiro e Oristano (1299–1301)
Ranuccio di Cagliari (1301–1302)
Nicola Alberti (1302–1303)
Giovanni di Osimo (1303–1303)
Giacomo di Sutri (1303–1307)
Guittone Farnese (1307–1309)
Isnardo Tacconi (1309–1313)
Ruggero da Casole (1313–1317)
Giovanni di Nepi (1317–1322)
Andrea di Terracina, first time (1322–1324)
Angelo Tignosi, first time (1324–1325)
Andrea di Terracina, second time (1325–1325)
Angelo Tignosi, second time (1325–1335)
Giovanni Pagnotta (1335–1341)
Nicola Zucci (1341–1343)
Raimondo di Rieti (1343–1348)
Ponzio di Orvieto (1348–1361)
Giovanni di Orvieto (1361–1365)
Pietro Boerio (1365–1369)
Giacomo di Muti (1369–1375)
Luca Gentili Ridolfucci (1375–1380)
Stefano Palosi (1380–1383)
Gabriele Gabrieli (1383–1389)
Lorenzo Corvini (1389–1392)
Giovanni di San Paolo fuori le Mura (1392–1394)
Francesco Scaccani (1394–1405)
Paolo di Francesco di Roma (1405–1411)
Francesco di San Martino di Viterbo (1411–1414)
Pietro Sacco (1414–1417)
Giacomo Isolani (1417–1421)
Sante di Tivoli (1421–1427)
Nicola Lazzaro di Guinigi (1427–1429)
Luca de Ilpinis (1429-16/04/1431)
Daniele Gari Scotti (1431–1431)
Gasparre di Diano (1431–1434)
Stefano di Volterra (1434–1435)
Genesio di Cagli (1435–1437)
Andrea di Osimo (1437–1444)
Giosuè Mormile (1441–1444)
Onofrio Francesco di Melfi (1444–1448)
Roberto Cavalcanti (1448–1449)
Berardo Eruli (1449–1458)
Francesco de Lignamine (1458–1461)
Giovanni Neroni (1461–1464)
Dominico Dominici (1464–1479)
Nicola Trevisano (1479–1485)
Leonardo di Albenga (1485–1486)
Giacomo Botta (1486–1494)
Giacomo Serra (1494–1501)
Pietro Gamboa (1501–1505)
Pietro Accolti (1505–1511)
Domenico Jacobazzi (1511–1520)
Andrea Jacobazzi (1520–1521)
Paolo Capizucchi (1521–1539)
Bartolomeo Guidiccioni (1539–1540)
Pomponio Cecci (1540–1542)
Filippo Archinto (1542–1554)
Ludovico Beccadelli (1554–1555)
Pietro di Lucera (1555–1555)
Virgilio Rosario (1555–1558)

Cardinal Vicars General (1558–present)

Virgilio Rosario (1558–1559)
Giacomo Savelli (1560–1587)
Girolamo Rusticucci (1588–1603)
Camillo Borghese (1603–1605), elected as Pope Paul V
Girolamo Pamphili (1605–1610)
Giovanni Garzia Millini (1610–1629)
Marzio Ginetti (1629–1671)
Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (1671)
Gasparo Carpegna (1671–1714)
Niccolò Caracciolo (pro-vicar, 1715–1717)
Giandomenico Paracciani (1717–1721)
Fabrizio Paolucci (1721–1726)
Prospero Marefoschi (1726–1732)
Giovanni Guadagni, OCD (1732–1759)
Antonio Erba-Odescalchi (1759–1762)
Marcantonio Colonna (, 1762–1793)
Andrea Corsini (not to be confused with St. Andrea Corsini) (1793–1795)
Giulio Maria della Somaglia (1795–1818)
Lorenzo Litta (1818–1820)
Annibale della Genga (1820–1823), elected as Pope Leo XII
Carlo Odescalchi (1834–1838)
Giuseppe della Porta Rodiani (1838–1841)
Costantino Patrizi Naro (1841–1876)
Raffaele Monaco La Valletta (1876–1880)
Lucido Parocchi (1884–1899)
Domenico Jacobini (1899–1900)
Pietro Respighi (1900–1913)
Basilio Pompili (1913–1931)
Francesco Marchetti-Selvaggiani (1931–1951)
Clemente Micara (1951–1965)
Luigi Traglia (1965–1968)
Angelo Dell'Acqua (1968–1972)
Ugo Poletti (1973–1991)
Camillo Ruini (1991–2008)
Agostino Vallini (2008–2017)
Angelo De Donatis (2017–present)

Sources
A then complete but uncritical list of the vicarii in spiritualibus in urbe generales was published by Ponzetti (Rome, 1797); it was added to and improved by Moroni (Dizionario, XCIX).
From the manuscripts of Francesco Cancellieri in the Vatican Library new names were added by Crostarosa (Dei titoli della Chiesa romana, Rome, 1893). Eubel, by his own studies for the first volume of his "Hierarchia Catholica Medii Ævi", and with the aid of the manuscript notes of Giuseppe Garampi in the Vatican Archives, was enabled to present a new list substantially enlarged and improved (1200–1552). Many new discoveries of the undersigned have enabled him to draw up a critical list of the vicars and their representatives from 1100 to 1600. For the period before 1100 a fresh examination of all the original sources is necessary; for the present all names previous to that date must be held as uncertain.

See also
Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia
Vicar General for Vatican City

Notes

References

Catholic ecclesiastical titles
Catholic Church in Italy

Cardinal Vicar


Highlandville School, also known as Highlandville Village School, is a historic structure located in the unincorporated community of Highlandville, Iowa, United States.  It was built in 1911, replacing a 1904 building that was destroyed in a fire.  The frame building follows a broad T-plan.  The top of the T is a two-room rectangular section capped with a hip roof.  A single-room, central projecting gable-front with a belfry forms the T's upright.  The front section was used an entryway/coatroom, while the two-room back section housed the classrooms.  The frame structure rests on a limestone basement.  An entrance ramp replaces the original entrance steps.  Two privies, which share the historic designation, are located to the north of the main building.  The school was operated independently until 1960, and it closed in 1964.  It stands as a reminder of the state of Iowa's determination to educate its citizens, particularly in the rural areas.  It is also a unique rural two-room schoolhouse in Winneshiek County. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

References

School buildings completed in 1911
Defunct schools in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Winneshiek County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Winneshiek County, Iowa
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
1911 establishments in Iowa

Highlandville School


The Seneschal of Normandy was an officer carrying out and managing the domestic affairs of the lord of the Duchy of Normandy.  During the course of the twelfth century, the seneschalship, also became an office of military command.

The seneschal managed the household, coordinating between the receivers of various landholdings and the chamber, treasury, and the chancellory or chapel.  The seneschals of Normandy, like those appointed in Gascony, Poitou, and Anjou had custody of demesne fortresses, the regional treasuries, and presidency of the highest court of regional custom.

List of Seneschals

English
Robert du Neufburg
William de Saint-Jean (1171)
William de Courcy
Richard of Ilchester (1176-1178)
William FitzRalph (1178-1200)
Guérin de Glapion (1200-1201)
Ralph Tesson (1201-1203)
William Crassus (1203)

References
 Warren, W.L.; Henry II (English Monarchs)

12th century in France
13th century in France
Historical legal occupations
Legal history of France

Seneschal of Normandy


In railway and rapid transit parlance, the Spanish solution is a station layout with two railway platforms, one on each side of the track, which allows for separate platforms for boarding and alighting.

The "Spanish solution" is used in several stations of the Madrid Metro (e.g. Avenida de América) and Barcelona Metro (e.g. Sant Andreu).

Description
This platform arrangement allows the separation of passenger streams by using one platform only for boarding, and the other one only for alighting. The separate designation of platforms for boarding and alighting has been proven effective at reducing dwell time at stations with high passenger numbers.

The Spanish solution is most commonly applied at high-frequency underground metro stations. Stations are sometimes retrofitted to include a Spanish solution layout to expand the capacity of existing stations when there is no space to widen the existing platform, an issue that can occur in island platform configurations.

To encourage passengers to exit to the correct platform, arriving trains typically first open their doors facing the platform for alighting passengers, and then open the doors for boarding passengers after a slight delay.

Examples
An example of the Spanish Solution is the Karlsplatz (Stachus) station on the Munich S-Bahn, which has island platforms for boarding and side platforms for alighting.

Gallery

See also
 Cross-platform interchange
 Interchange station

References

External links

Rapid transit
Railway platforms

Spanish solution


The Goodnight (formerly Goodnight Sunrise) is an American pop rock band formed November 2006 in Helena, Montana while members were attending high school.

History
The band released their first EP mixed by Ron Saint Germaine, "Close and Counting" on October 25, 2007. "After the equivalent of a college education on the road with hundreds of shows, well over a dozen independent tours, and a first-hand introduction to the DIY approach at the music industry, Goodnight Sunrise made their exodus to Los Angeles in 2010."

"Starting with a tour the week of some members' high school graduation, the band's first few years on the road undeniably refined their direction and focus, preparing them to write songs that are the product of the honesty and work ethic that were essential for taking the project outside of their home state of Montana."

On April 28, 2009, Goodnight Sunrise released a cover of Jessica Simpson's "With You" as a part a compilation distributed by Destiny Worldwide called "Rockin' Romance."

Goodnight Sunrise's second EP, "Stop, Drop, & Roll," produced by guitarist Justin Benner was released in Japan through Twilight Records on June 10, 2009  and on June 23, 2009, in the United States. The EPs release was followed by a national tour with piano-rock band The Real You as well as several regional tours throughout the Northwestern United States.

After relocating to Los Angeles, the band began playing with drummer Tim Spier, formerly from the band Say No More before releasing the "Acoustic Sessions EP" on January 11, 2011.  Shortly after this, the band changed their name to "The Goodnight" and released their debut studio album, Owlbum.

Band members
Current line-up
Dan Murphy – vocals, guitar
Justin Benner – guitar, backing vocals
Miles Franco – bass guitar
Tim Spier – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Past members
Sam Smetana – bass guitar
Mike Ogle – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Discography

EPs
 Close and Counting (2007)
"It's The Stare"
"Routine and Dollar Signs"
"Sideshow Entertainment"
"Champions of the Weekend"
"To A New Hour"
"Routine and Dollar Signs (Acoustic Remix)"

Stop, Drop, & Roll (2009)
"Trophy Girls"
"On Your Birthday"
"Leave The Ground"
"Queso, I Have an Idea"
"Tell Me If I'm Wrong"
"Spirit Fingers"
"Wouldn't Change a Thing"

Acoustic Sessions (2011)
"Queso, I Have an Idea (Acoustic)"
"Tell Me if I'm Wrong (Acoustic)"
"Wouldn't Change A Thing (Acoustic)"

Not officially Released:
 Apart (on Facebook page)

References

External links
 Goodnight Sunrise Twitter account
 Goodnight Sunrise MTV Account

American pop rock music groups
Musical groups established in 2006

The Goodnight


Edward Whately Pyddoke (1909 – 8 September 1976) was a British archaeologist, antiquarian, and author on archaeological and related subjects, who served as Secretary and Registrar for the University of London Institute of Archaeology.

Early life and education
Pyddoke was the elder son of Henry Whately Pyddoke, of Bonnyrigg, Tonbridge, Kent, formerly of Oxhill, Loughton, Essex, and Edith, daughter of Major John Wilson, of the Scots Greys. He had an elder sister, Silvia (1908–1961), who served as consultant anaesthetist to the hospitals in Maidstone, and a younger brother, John (b. 1917). Henry Pyddoke was involved in the social reform activities undertaken by Toynbee Hall, founded by Samuel Barnett, at whose request he undertook an investigation in the winter of 1894 into the casual ward system, involving over six hundred interviews. The Pyddoke family were minor gentry, originally gunmakers named Whately (also Whateley) who through a marriage in the 1700s inherited the estate of the Piddock family (including The Austins, at Handsworth, Staffordshire) and adopted that family's name.

He was educated at Tonbridge School in Kent, then at the University of London Institute of Archaeology in their first cohort of students for the Postgraduate Diploma of Prehistoric Archaeology, in 1946/ 7; amongst the five other students were Grace Simpson and Nancy Sandars. Based at St John's Lodge, Regent's Park, London, and started by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, they were taught by eminent archaeologists including V. Gordon Childe, Kathleen Kenyon, F. E. Zeuner, and Stuart Piggott. He took the examinations in 1948, and was awarded the Diploma. Whilst a student, Pyddoke was appointed a part-time assistant in the Department of European Archaeology, responsible for "arranging and cataloguing the relevant section of the collection".

Career
Pyddoke was a motoring enthusiast, building cars raced at Brooklands with the Bolster brothers, with whom he had been at school; after leaving Tonbridge, he went to work at SU Carburettors in Birmingham. He subsequently worked for the Anglo-American Oil Company in 1939 and for the Bank of England Exchange Control prior to his archaeological studies; from 1948 to 1951, he was curator at the Barbican House museum at Lewes, Sussex, before in 1951 taking over from Dr Ian Cornwall as Secretary and Registrar at the University of London Institute of Archaeology, serving in this capacity until 1955.

Pyddoke wrote and co-wrote several works, including Stratification for the Archaeologist (1961), a "systematic treatment of soils" in which he "emphasized the geologic and geographic context of archaeological sites and... the importance of understanding natural formation processes to interpreting the archaeological record", and
What is Archaeology? (1965). He also collaborated with his Institute of Archaeology colleagues Henry W. M. Hodges (lecturer in Archaeological Technology) and Marjorie Maitland Howard, who provided illustrations, on Ancient Britons: How they lived (1969), which "recreate[d] life in the British Isles from the Old Stone Age to the Roman invasions". He was editor, in 1963, of The Scientist and Archaeology, with contributions from Richard J. C. Atkinson, Kenneth Oakley, Edward Thomas Hall, Henry Hodges, and others, a "useful compact book" highlighting how "the biological and physical sciences can enlighten [archaeologists'] interpretations from artifacts and excavation data".

Pyddoke was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London; he challenged "with some authority, and with the use of some scientific terminology" the theory that William Shakespeare was buried close to the bank of the River Avon.

Personal life
In 1936, Pyddoke married Ruth Alfreda Worsell Martin; they had one daughter. They lived at Northumberland Mansions, Luxborough Street, City of Westminster. He died on 8 September 1976.

References

1909 births
1976 deaths
People educated at Tonbridge School
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology
British antiquarians
20th-century British archaeologists
20th-century antiquarians

Edward Pyddoke


Exclusive may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Exclusive (album), by R&B singer Chris Brown
 Exclusive, a 1937 American film
 Exclusive, a 1989 play by Jeffrey Archer
 Exclusive (TV series), a 2008 Malaysian drama television series
 "Exclusive", an episode of One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

Organisations
 Exclusive Books, a bookseller chain in South Africa
 Exclusive Hotels, a hotel chain based in Surrey, England
 Exclusive Records, an American record label from 1944 to 1949

Other uses
 Exclusive relationship, a closed, committed relationship
 Exclusive (news), a news story reported by one organization before others
 Noah Boeken (born 1981), Dutch poker professional, online nickname "Exclusive"
 Exclusive (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
 Exclusive OR, a type of logic gate

See also
 SCMP's morning coverage from August 21, 2023.
 The Exclusives (TV series), a 2012 British reality competition television series
 Exclusive relationship (programming)
 Exclusion (disambiguation)

Exclusive


Associated British Picture Corporation (ABPC), originally British International Pictures (BIP), was a British film production, distribution and exhibition company active from 1927 until 1970 when it was absorbed into EMI. ABPC also owned approximately 500 cinemas in Britain by 1943, and in the 1950s and 60s owned a station on the ITV television network. The studio was partly owned by Warner Bros. from about 1940 until 1969; the American company also owned a stake in ABPC's distribution arm, Warner-Pathé, from 1958. It formed one half of a vertically integrated film industry duopoly in Britain with the Rank Organisation.

History

From 1927 to 1945
The company was founded during 1927 by Scottish solicitor John Maxwell after he had purchased British National Pictures Studios and its Elstree Studios complex and merged it with his ABC Cinemas circuit, renaming the company British International Pictures. The Wardour Film Company, with Maxwell as chairman, was the distributor of BIP films. He appointed Joseph Grossman, formerly manager of the Stoll Studios, his Studio Manager.

During its early years the company's most prominent work was that directed by Alfred Hitchcock, including the film Blackmail (1929), usually regarded as the first British all-talkie. Hitchcock worked on a total of twelve pictures for the company before leaving in 1933 to work for the rival British Gaumont, due to his dissatisfaction with the projects he was assigned at British International.

Under Maxwell's paternalistic management the company prospered and during 1933 it acquired British Pathé, which as Associated British-Pathé now functioned as the distribution division. The company was renamed Associated British Picture Corporation in 1933 and was now in a position to vertically integrate production, distribution and exhibition of films.

After Maxwell's death in October 1940, his widow Catherine sold a large number of shares to Warner Bros., who, although the Maxwell family remained the largest shareholders, were able to exercise a measure of control. The studio at Elstree was taken over by the government for the duration of the war. Film production was restricted to B-Pictures made at the company's smaller studio in Welwyn Garden City, which closed in 1950.

After the Second World War
Much of the output of the studio was routine, which restricted its success outside the UK, but after World War II, the company contracted with Warner (by now the largest shareholder, owning 40% of the studio) for the distribution of its films in the United States.

Robert Clark was head of production for the company between 1949 and 1958, and insisted on tight budgeting and the use of pre-existing properties such as books or plays as these already had a demonstrated "public value". Of the 21 films made by ABPC during the 1950s, only two were derived from original screenplays. German-born Frederick Gotfurt was Clark's scenario editor in this period, but his command of English was imperfect and the contracted actor Richard Todd doubted Gotfurt's ability to access the quality of the dialogue in a script. "It was a dreadful place", said Richard Attenborough when remembering ABPC's Elstree facility. "It created nothing in terms of a feeling of commitment." During this period though, the company produced its best remembered titles such as The Dam Busters (Michael Anderson, 1954), and Ice Cold in Alex (1958), whose director J. Lee Thompson was ABPC's most productive during the 1950s.

In 1958, Associated Talking Pictures, the parent company of Ealing Films, was acquired.

Expansion into television

In 1955, the Independent Television Authority (ITA) awarded one of the four initial contracts for commercial television in the UK to ABPC (after original awardee Kemsley-Winnick Television collapsed). The contract was to provide programming on the new ITV network in the Midlands and northern England on Saturdays and Sundays. The board of ABPC had been unconvinced by the merits of entering the television market, but were eventually convinced by the ITA who believed they were the only acceptable option to take the contract. Former head of British Pathé Howard Thomas was appointed as the station's managing director.

Under the name ABC Television, the company came on the air in stages between February and November 1956. Among many television series ABC produced were Opportunity Knocks, The Avengers, Redcap, and the long-running Armchair Theatre drama anthology series.

Following a reallocation of the ITV franchises, ABC Television ceased to exist in 1968; however, unwilling to eject ABPC from the system, the ITA awarded the contract for weekdays in London to a new company that would be joint-owned by ABPC and British Electric Traction (parent company of outgoing franchisee Rediffusion), with ABPC holding a 51% controlling stake. Both companies were initially reluctant to this "shotgun merger", but eventually the new station, christened Thames Television, took to the air in July 1968 (two days after ABC's last broadcast). The 51% controlling stake passed to EMI upon its acquisition of ABPC the following year.

From 1958 onwards
Policies changed after Clark left in January 1958. New projects from the company were limited to those using contracted television comedy performers, and investment in independent productions. The use of Elstree for television production increased. Later successful features from ABPC itself included several films built around the pop singer Cliff Richard, such as The Young Ones (1961) and Summer Holiday (1963). The same year, ABPC acquired Associated Talking Pictures (parent of the original Ealing Studios) from The Rank Organisation (who had bought the studio in 1944).

In 1962, the company acquired 50% of the shares of Anglo-Amalgamated, and made an arrangement with the Grade Organisation to support the production of films by independent producers. During the 1960s, however, the fortunes of the company declined, and in 1967 Seven Arts, the new owners of Warner, decided to dispose of its holdings in ABPC which was purchased in 1968 by EMI, who acquired the remaining stock the following year. (For the subsequent history, see EMI Films.) The entire ABPC library is now owned by StudioCanal.

Subsidiaries of Associated British Picture Corporation

Wholly owned
 Associated British Productions Ltd. – Associated British Studios
 Associated British Cinemas Ltd. – ABC Cinemas
 Associated British-Pathé Ltd. – 1933
 Associated Talking Pictures - 1958 - Ealing Studios
 Associated British Film Distributors Ltd. – usually only known by its initials ABFD
 British and Overseas Film Sales Ltd.
 Pathé Laboratories Ltd.
 Associated British Cinemas (Television) Ltd. – 1955 – ABC Weekend TV
 A.B.C. Television Ltd. –  – ABC Weekend TV
 A.B.C. Television Films Ltd. – 1966  – Associated British Corporation

Jointly owned
 Warner-Pathé Distributors Ltd. (50%) – from 1958
 Anglo-Amalgamated Film Distributors (50%) – from 1962
 Thames Television Ltd. (51%) – from 1968

Select filmography

References

External links

Associated British Picture Corporation
Defunct film and television production companies of the United Kingdom

Associated British Picture Corporation


Dr. Oetker () is a German multinational company that produces baking powder, cake mixes, frozen pizza, pudding, cake decoration, cornflakes, birthday candles, and various other products.

The company is a wholly owned branch of the Oetker Group, headquartered in Bielefeld, Germany.

Portfolio
The portfolio includes more than 300 individual companies in five different businesses, among them food (including Dr. Oetker GmbH and Coppenrath & Wiese KG), breweries (Radeberger Group), sparkling wine and spirits (Henkell & Co. Sektkellerei), banking (Bankhaus Lampe), and "further interests" (among them chemicals, financing, and participation, and a number of high-class hotels all over Europe).

History

Formation

The company was founded by August Oetker in 1891. The first product developed was Backin, a measured amount of baking powder that, when mixed with  of flour and other ingredients, produced a cake.

First World War
Oetker's son Rudolf and his wife Ida had two children, Rudolf-August and Ursula; however, the senior Rudolf was later killed in the First World War. His widow Ida remarried Richard Kaselowsky, and they had four more children with Kaselowsky raising Rudolf-August and Ursula as his own. Kaselowsky became the manager of the company from 1920 to his death.

Second World War
During the 1930s and 1940s, Rudolf-August Oetker was an active member of the Waffen-SS of the Third Reich. The company supported the war effort by providing pudding mixes and munitions to German troops. The business used slave labour in some of its facilities. A bronze bust of Richard Kaselowsky still sits within the company headquarters in Bielefeld. Kaselowsky was killed during an air raid on Bielefeld in 1944.

International expansion
Rudolf August Oetker, the grandson of August Oetker, led the company between 1944 and 1981 when it achieved its highest growth. The Oetker family's private bank also employed as a director Rudolf von Ribbentrop (1921–2019), son of Joachim von Ribbentrop and Anna Elisabeth Henkell of the Wiesbaden wine family and a wartime Waffen SS officer like Oetker. The company expanded its presence internationally, acquiring many companies around the world. When Rudolf Oetker stepped down from his leadership position, the fourth generation of the Oetker family took over from him. The family ownership established the management principle that "the interests of the company have priority over those of the family".

August Oetker, the great-grandson of the founder, led the company from 1981 until 2010. Under his tenure, it expanded further in all areas, including shipping, food, and brewing.

Richard Oetker, August Oetker's brother, took over as CEO in 2010.

International presence

Australia
In January 2011, Dr. Oetker purchased the Australian frozen pizza business of Simplot, including the well-known brand Papa Giuseppi's. In 2015, Dr. Oetker acquired the Queensland brand Queen Fine Foods.

Brazil
In Brazil, the company has a site in São Paulo. The company supplies powdered desserts, frozen pizza, and teas. The company has been established in Brazil since 1954.

Canada
The company has its head office and factory in Mississauga, Ontario. In 1962, Dr. Oetker entered the Canadian market as Condima Imports Ltd. In 1992, it purchased the "Shirriff" line of products, which are made at the Mississauga plant. In 2003, the Condima name was dropped and the company started using the Dr. Oetker brand. In July 2011 Dr. Oetker announced the building of its first North American factory in London, Ontario, to make frozen pizzas made from Ontario produce and ingredients that will be shipped in Canada and the US. In August 2014, McCain Foods announced the sale of its North American frozen pizza business to Dr. Oetker. Through product placement on its packaging and through employee giving, the company supports the children's charity SOS Children's Villages Canada.

Denmark
In Denmark, a wide selection is available. Baking powder, frozen pizza, pudding, and cake decorations are sold in most supermarkets.
The company has an office in Glostrup.

Estonia
In Estonia, frozen pizzas are available at supermarkets.

Finland
In Finland, frozen pizzas, pudding, and cake decoration are available at supermarkets.

France
In France, frozen pizzas are available at supermarkets.

India
In India, the company operates offices in Bangalore, Mumbai and New Delhi. Dr. Oetker sauces, spreads, dessert toppings, cake mixes and salad dressings can be found in all major grocery chains.

Italy
In Italy, Dr. Oetker operates under the brand Cameo. The Italian division was founded in Milan in 1933 as Oetker and then later moved to Desenzano del Garda, which continues until today. In 1953, the name is switched to Cammeo, a more Italian and easy-listening word, changed again for the last time in 1984 to Cameo.

Latvia
In Latvia various Dr. Oetker products are available, such as frozen pizzas, baking powders and dessert powders.

Lithuania
Many Dr. Oetker products are available, including frozen pizzas, baking powder, and gelatine, the latter in both unflavoured and dessert forms.

Malaysia
In Malaysia, Dr. Oetker was currently operated after the acquisition of Nona Foods. The previous ownership of Nona Foods was Toro Food Industries. Previously, Dr. Oetker was represented in Malaysia by Kart Food Industries, between 1998 and 2002, when the company was sold to Amtek Berhad.

Following the acquisition of Nona Foods, the local subsidiary of Dr. Oetker produces jelly mixes and seasoning flour, in addition to pizzas and baking preparations.

Namibia
In Namibia, frozen pizzas are available at supermarkets.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, frozen pizza, cake mixes, powdered desserts but also desserts like Wolkentoetje (pudding cups) can be found in all major grocery chains.

New Zealand
As with the purchase of Simplot Australia's frozen pizza business (see above), Dr. Oetker has been able to move into the New Zealand market.

Norway
In Norway, Dr. Oetker is the second-largest seller of frozen pizza with a market share of 16.5%. They also sell a range of baking powder and cake decorations.

Poland
In Poland, frozen pizzas are available at supermarkets and markets.

Portugal
In Portugal, frozen pizzas and some other Dr. Oetker products are available at supermarkets and some small stores.

Romania
The company has been present in Romania since 1998, when it took over Regal Corporation. Four years later, it opened a production line near Curtea de Argeș, where the majority of the products sold in Romania are produced. In 2007 Dr. Oetker acquires the local brand Inedit (food soy products), in 2009 the local brand Adazia (food ingredients, food spices and egg-colour), in 2015 the local brand Alex (food ingredients, egg-colour, spices), and in 2016 the local brand Morarita (frozen pastry).

In 2018, Dr. Oetker was one of the biggest players in the food market in Romania (top 100).

Slovakia
In 1993, the company purchased a local factory Slovamyl in Boleráz, and took over its local brands Zlatý klas and BB puding. In March 2023, Dr. Oetker announced they will close the factory by mid-2023.

Spain
In Spain, frozen pizzas are available at supermarkets.

South Africa
In South Africa, frozen pizza products in many variants, frozen creamed spinach and other ready to eat frozen meals are available at supermarkets.

Sweden

In Sweden, Dr Oetker's baking soda, gelatin, and other baking items, as well as frozen pizza products, are available at supermarkets. The company has an office in Gothenburg.

Tunisia
In Tunisia, Dr. Oetker has a production facility, producing goods, such as baking ingredients, powder desserts and cake mixes for Tunisian market and exports to more than 15 African countries.

Turkey
In Pancar-Torbali, Izmir, Dr. Oetker has a production facility, producing goods such as frozen pizza, baking powder and cake mixes primarily for the Turkish market.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the company has sites in Leeds, Leyland and Sherburn-in-Elmet. They were a supplier of yogurt in the UK under the Onken brand name, which they no longer own. The company currently supplies frozen pizza, mostly under the Chicago Town and Ristorante brands. In 2007, Dr Oetker acquired the SuperCook range of cake ingredients and partially prepared cake mixes. This operation was expanded in 2017 with a new bake in the box cake mix range.

United States
In August 2014, McCain Foods announced the sale of its North American frozen pizza business, including Ellio's Pizza, to Dr. Oetker. In 2018, Dr. Oetker acquired the cake decorating and baking company Wilton. Wilton was founded in 1929 and was acquired by TowerBrook Capital Partners in 2009.

Radeberger Group

Radeberger Group contains the breweries of the Oetker group. Radeberger is Germany's biggest group of breweries and has a market share of about 14–15%. Fifteen German breweries are part of the Radeberger Group. The major national brands are Radeberger Pils (brewed in Radeberg near Dresden), Jever Pils (brewed in Jever); Clausthaler, an alcohol-free beer, and Schöfferhofer Weizen.
Regional brands are Binding (brewed in Frankfurt), Schultheiss (Berlin), Sternburg (Leipzig), Brinkhoff's (Dortmund), Freiberger (Saxony), Tucher (Fürth) and various Kölsch brands.

Exit from the Russian market
On April 8, 2022, Dr. Oetker Group issued a press release in which it officially announced its complete withdrawal from the Russian market. The company stated that it was suspending all investment and marketing activities due to Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine. Also, Dr. Oetker is selling all shares and rights to a new plant that was built in Belgorod, Russia, shortly before the war started to Russian managing directors."Dr. Oetker strongly condemns the Russian invasion of Ukraine and calls on the Russian government to immediately end the war and restore peace." - the
company said in a statement.

Hotels

The company runs ten hotels under the brand Oetker Collection. The portfolio is currently:
 L'Apogée Courchevel in Courchevel, France — situated in the French Alps.
 Brenners Park-Hotel & Spa in Baden-Baden, Germany.
 Hôtel Le Bristol Paris, France — located on the Rue Faubourg-St. Honore.
 Château Saint-Martin & Spa in Vence, France —  between Nice and Antibes.
 Hôtel du Cap, Cap d'Antibes, France — a hotel in Cap d'Antibes, on the French Riviera.
 Eden Rock St Barths in Saint Barthélemy.
 Lanesborough Hotel in London.
 Palácio Tangará in São Paulo, Brazil.
 Jumby Bay Island in Antigua

See also
 List of frozen food brands

References

External links

 Dr. August Oetker Group

Baking powder
Bielefeld
Brand name desserts
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Food and drink companies established in 1891
Dairy products companies of Germany
Food manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Frozen pizza brands
German brands
Multinational companies headquartered in Germany
Pasta companies
1891 establishments in Germany
Baking mixes
Companies involved in the Holocaust

Dr. Oetker


Almaza Air Force Base Airport is a regional airport in north-eastern Cairo, the capital of Egypt. It was established as a civilian aerodrome, but was partly taken over by the British military, designated RAF Heliopolis and later RAF Almaza. Today it is a military aerodrome of the Egyptian Air Force as well as regional civil airport.

History
The aerodrome was established in the Cairo suburb of Heliopolis in February 1910, when Baron Empain organised the first air meeting in Africa. The event was supervised by the Aéro-Club de France, and attracted several leading French aviators, including Hubert Latham, Henri Rougier, Jacques Balsan, Hubert Le Blon, Arthur Duray, and Mme. Raymonde de Laroche. Other entrants included Hans Grade from Germany, Frederick van Riemsdijk from the Netherlands, and Hayden Sands from the USA (although apparently not an official entrant). The only British flier A. Mortimer Singer crashed during a practice flight, breaking his leg, and was forced to withdraw. The aerodrome remained active until the First World War, when the British Army built a new airfield immediately to the south-east. The original airfield site has now been completely built over, and is partially occupied by the Egyptian Military Academy.

During World War I the aerodrome was operated by the British Royal Flying Corps, housing several squadrons as well as a training wing, and then the Royal Air Force, being designated RAF Heliopolis in April 1918. In the inter-war period it remained an active RAF base, housing several squadrons, including No. 208 Squadron RAF which was based there almost continuously from 1927 until 1942.

In the 1920s it was named Almaza Airport by the Egyptian government. It became the first base of the Egyptian Army Air Force (EAAF) when on 2 June 1932 the first five de Havilland Gipsy Moth trainer aircraft arrived from Hatfield Aerodrome, north of London, flown by three Egyptian and two British pilots. The EAAF became independent in 1937 and was renamed the Royal Egyptian Air Force (REAF).

In December 1931 the Egyptian Parliament approved the formation of an Anglo-Egyptian company to undertake civil aviation enterprises in Egypt. The company, named Misr Airwork S.A., was empowered to establish and operate flying training schools, local passenger flights, service stations, housing, provisioning, maintenance and repair of civil aircraft, aerial photography and survey, as well as regular and occasional air transport services for carrying passengers, mail and freight. By 1938 the company, based at Almaza, was flying regular scheduled flights between Cairo and Alexandria, and to Assiut, Nicosia, Haifa, and Baghdad, operating a fleet comprising a D.H. Dragon, D.H. Dragonfly, three D.H.86s and five D.H. Rapides. The company became fully Egyptian-owned in 1948, was nationalized in 1949, and was renamed United Arab Airlines in 1961, and then EgyptAir in 1971.

During World War II the military aerodrome was renamed RAF Almaza, becoming EAF Almaza in 1947. Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II lists the EAF, roughly circa 1948, with six squadrons, of which Nos 1 and 3-6 were all at Almaza.

At the end of a training regime from January to mid-March 1942 (involving the handling of Italian and German weapons, sabotage and parachutism), the French SAS company executed a surprise mock attack against the aerodrome of Heliopolis without the knowledge of the garrison and its commander.

In 1956, during the Suez crisis, it was bombed several times by the British. Almaza at that time had 25 MiG-15/17s, four Meteors, 21 Vampires, and ten Il-28s.

On 5 February 1962 it witnessed the reception of Yuri Gagarin by Zakaria Mohieddin.

Almaza AFB Airport
In 2016 Almaza is the home to several Egyptian Air Force units, flying trainer and transport aircraft, helicopters, and VIP transports. Several private charter airlines also operate from there.

References

External links

Airports in Egypt
Transport in Cairo
Egyptian Air Force bases

Almaza Air Base


Michel Teston (born 20 July 1944) is a former French politician and former member of the Senate of France, having represented the Ardèche department until 2014. He is a member of the Socialist Party.

Career
His first position was as the General Counsel of his home township of Antraigues-sur-Volane, he was elected Chairman of the General Council of the Ardèche in 1998 (re-elected in 2001 and 2004), which he resigned in March 2006. His successor is Pascal Terrasse, his former Vice-President.

He was first elected to the senate on September 27, 1998. He was reelected for a second term on September 21, 2008, receiving a majority of the votes cast. He was not a candidate for re-election in 2014.

He was a former Director of Broadcasting (TDF) for the Central East region, and in this capacity from 2004 to 2006 he chaired the Information Technology and Communication Committee of the Assembly of France.

He is a member of the parliamentary mission Deindustrialisation territories and has served on the joint committee to ban shale gas. The Socialist Group of the Senate appointed him as leader for postal and transportation issues.

As part of the mission on nuclear security, he participated in the inspection of plants in Nogent-sur-Seine and Tricastin.

Teston is the grandson of Edward Froment, a socialist (SFIO) and member of parliament from 1932 to 1951, who also served as Chairman of the General Council of the Ardèche. He was one of 80 members of parliament who on July 10, 1940 voted against granting full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain.

References

External links
Page on the Senate website

1944 births
Living people
Socialist Party (France) politicians
French senators of the Fifth Republic
Senators of Ardèche

Michel Teston


William E. Mayer is the former owner of the now-defunct United Football League's Virginia Destroyers. He previously served as the owner of the Hartford Colonials, formerly the New York Sentinels, of the same league. and is the Senior Partner of Park Avenue Equity Partners.

Mayer graduated from the University of Maryland with a B.S. and an M.B.A. He later returned to his alma mater as a business professor, and served as the dean of the Robert H. Smith School of Business from 1992 to 1996. Mayer was also an investor in D.C. United of Major League Soccer, but left MLS due to disagreements over the league's single-entity business model.

References

External links
United Football League bio

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American bankers
Hartford Colonials
New York Sentinels
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
United Football League (2009–2012) owners

Bill Mayer (businessman)


William Eric Gallas (born 17 August 1977) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender. He played most of his footballing career in France and England before finishing his career in Australia with A-League club Perth Glory. Gallas began his career in France, before being signed by English club Chelsea in 2001. He transferred to Arsenal as part of an exchange deal in 2006. He then signed for rivals Tottenham Hotspur in 2010.

While his career has been successful, including Premier League titles in 2005 and 2006, Gallas has also had controversy due to on-field behaviour and friction with other personnel. In 2007, he was named Arsenal's captain, but was removed from the role during the 2008–09 season after criticising teammates in a media interview. He left Arsenal at the end of the 2009–10 season, when his contract expired, later signing for rivals Tottenham. He was released at the end of the 2012–13 season when his contract expired. He retired from professional football on 16 October 2014.

Background
Gallas was born in Asnières-sur-Seine. He is the cousin of the deceased former footballer Ludovic Quistin and of Mathieu Bastareaud, a French rugby union centre playing for Lyon.

Club career

Early career
A graduate of the French football academy at Clairefontaine, Gallas started his professional career at second division Caen, helping them to promotion as champions in 1996. He subsequently transferred to Marseille in 1997, where he played for four seasons. He made his debut in the UEFA Champions League for Marseille, scoring his first goal in European competition in a 1–0 win over then European champions Manchester United at the Stade Vélodrome in October 1999.

Chelsea

Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri bought Gallas from Marseille in 2001 for £6.2 million. He chose the number 13 shirt because it was his postcode back where he lived in Marseille. Under Ranieri, Gallas developed centre-back partnerships with Marcel Desailly and later with John Terry. His partnership with Terry included a run of 16 games without conceding a goal. He also played as a left-back at times. It was with Chelsea and under Ranieri where Gallas obtained his first international cap for France. Gallas made his debut as a substitute for John Terry against Newcastle United in August 2001. His first goal followed in the FA Cup against Tottenham Hotspur. Chelsea ended up reaching the 2002 FA Cup Final in which Gallas started, however they were defeated by Arsenal.

Gallas was part of the Chelsea squad which won back-to-back Premier League titles and a League Cup under Ranieri's successor José Mourinho. The Blues also made the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League that year, but were knocked out by Liverpool 1–0 in controversial circumstances—Gallas cleared the ball, after it was adjudged to have crossed the line.

Due to a serious injury to left-back Wayne Bridge in 2004–05, Gallas was forced to play out of position, and despite the purchase of Asier del Horno from Athletic Bilbao for £8 million in the 2005 close season, Gallas found himself often playing on the left, a situation he grew increasingly frustrated with, although it did showcase his versatility, being able to play anywhere in the backline. Gallas scored some vital goals against Liverpool, Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United as Chelsea retained their title in the 2005–06 Premier League season.

Gallas' contract with Chelsea was due to expire in May 2007. He refused to sign a new contract with Chelsea on improved terms after saying the club did not offer him enough money and expressed a wish to play in the Italian Serie A, with Juventus and Milan both interested. Chelsea, however, did not agree to a transfer request by the player in May 2006, as they considered Gallas an important first-team member. After the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Gallas refused to turn up at Chelsea's crowded ranks of defenders at Stamford Bridge, so Chelsea signed Dutch international centre back Khalid Boulahrouz, though in his single season at Chelsea, Boulahrouz would play almost exclusively as a fullback.

On 1 September 2006, Gallas transferred to Arsenal as part of a deal that brought Ashley Cole to Chelsea, in addition to Arsenal receiving £5 million. After the transfer, Chelsea issued a statement that Gallas threatened to deliberately score own goals if he was not allowed to leave Chelsea. Gallas rejected Chelsea's claim and accused the West Londoners of "lack[ing] class" and "hiding behind false accusations." Claudio Ranieri, the former Chelsea manager who signed Gallas from Marseille, said of the allegations, "I cannot believe these stories. It is absolutely incredible. I signed William and he was always a good professional on the pitch. Of course, I don't know what has happened in the last two years." PFA Chief Executive Gordon Taylor declared that the whole episode has left a "bad taste in the mouth" and that Chelsea's statement should be taken "with a large pinch of salt."

Arsenal

Gallas signed a four-year contract with Arsenal, where he took the number 10 shirt vacated by the recently retired Dennis Bergkamp. In an October 2006 interview with the official team magazine, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger explained his decision to hand him the squad number 10 (traditionally a forward's or a midfielder's number): "Number three was uncomfortable for him and I had given the rest of the numbers out. In the end I thought it might be a good idea to give the number ten to a defender, because a striker would suffer a lot with the comparison with Dennis. At first I was reluctant to give Dennis's number out, and especially to a defender, but overall I think it's better that way."

Gallas made his full debut for the Gunners at left-back in the team's 1–1 home draw against Middlesbrough on 9 September 2006 and scored his first goal against Sheffield United on 23 September 2006.

Gallas was confirmed as Arsenal captain on 9 August 2007, with Kolo Touré serving as vice-captain. This caused some controversy, however, as Gilberto Silva was expected to receive the captain's armband. His first competitive game as Arsenal captain was on 12 August 2007 against Fulham, which ended in a 2–1 victory for Arsenal. Gallas suffered a groin injury in the game against Blackburn Rovers on 19 August, but returned to play for Arsenal in their 2–0 victory over Bolton Wanderers on 20 October. In the traditional Arsenal–Manchester United clash at the Emirates Stadium on 3 November, he scored an own goal to initially give United the lead but also a last-minute goal to give the Gunners a draw.

On 24 November 2007, Gallas scored against Wigan Athletic when Bacary Sagna crossed in and Gallas headed past goalkeeper Mike Pollitt. On 16 December 2007, Gallas scored against his old club Chelsea, which was to be the only goal in the match to secure three points for Arsenal.

Gallas attracted some criticism as a result of his actions in a 2–2 draw against Birmingham City on 23 February 2008, a game in which his teammate Eduardo had his leg broken following a challenge by Martin Taylor. When Gaël Clichy of Arsenal conceded a penalty in injury time at the end of the second half, Gallas walked into the Birmingham half, apparently in protest. He stood there as Birmingham striker James McFadden converted the penalty. He then had to be restrained as he appeared to confront the crowd in fury. After the final whistle, Gallas sat down on the pitch as the rest of the players left the field before being consoled by manager Arsène Wenger.

Gallas scored for Arsenal against Bolton at Reebok Stadium in a 2–3 win on 29 March 2008, starting the comeback which ten-man Arsenal ultimately completed. Amid speculation that Gallas would be replaced as club captain following his behaviour during the Birmingham game, Wenger said that he would consider the matter at the end of the season.

In August 2008, it was announced that Gallas would remain the club's captain for the 2008–09 season. In the 2008–09 season, Gallas proved prolific in the Champions League. He scored six goals in Arsenal's campaign, including two against Dutch side Twente and an equaliser against Dynamo Kyiv, as well as a header against Spurs. On 29 October 2008, he scored his first league goal of the season against Tottenham at the Emirates, scoring Arsenal's second goal in a 4–4 draw. On 8 November 2008, in a 2–1 victory over Manchester United, he received praise for his display whilst playing alongside former United defender Mikaël Silvestre. It was claimed he outshone United defenders Rio Ferdinand and Nemanja Vidić.

In November, Gallas gave an interview to the Associated Press in which he revealed tensions within the squad which were disruptive to team morale, and suggested that Arsenal's younger players needed to show more courage if the team were to be successful. He was dropped from the squad for the next match, against Manchester City, and was reported to have been fined two weeks' wages. Reports that he had been stripped of the captaincy permanently were confirmed by Arsenal on 24 November, and he succeeded by Cesc Fàbregas. Wenger confirmed that Gallas still had a future with the club, contrary to media speculation, and Gallas played in the following day's Champions League match.

On 17 March 2009, Gallas scored the winner in a 2–1 win against Hull City in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup. On 10 April 2009, it was confirmed that Gallas would miss the remainder of the season after damaging the medial ligament in his right knee during the 2008–09 UEFA Champions League quarter-final first leg tie against Villarreal. The match finished 1–1 with Gallas only lasting 43 minutes of the first half.

Gallas started the 2009–10 campaign in fine form, scoring three goals in his first three games. He formed a partnership with Belgian centre back Thomas Vermaelen, Arsenal's only major summer signing, and the pair scored seven goals between them in their first eight league games. On 22 August, in the first home game of the season, he scored a bizarre goal against Portsmouth; Vermaelen had attempted to score a slide-in from a corner kick, but Gallas accidentally flicked the ball onto his face and it bounced into the net.

On 17 February, Gallas started his 100th league game for Arsenal in the 2–0 defeat against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. He suffered an injury-hit second half of the season and did not play for over two months; he was surprisingly included in the starting line up against Barcelona only to get stretchered off before half-time with a recurrence of the injury. It proved to be his last game for Arsenal—after talks over a new contract failed, Gallas left the club over the summer as a free agent having made a total of 142 appearances and scoring 17 goals for the club.

On 28 April, Arsène Wenger announced that talks about Gallas' future will only go until end of May and that if an agreement was not reached by then, he would most likely leave the club. Public statements made by Arsenal Chairman Peter Hill-Wood suggested that the club felt that the contractual demands made by Gallas were unreasonable. It was reported that such demands included an £80,000-a-week paycheque over a two-year period.

Tottenham Hotspur

On 20 August 2010, Tottenham Hotspur manager Harry Redknapp confirmed that Gallas was set to join the club and described the move as a "no-brainer." The transfer was confirmed on 22 August, with Gallas signing a one-year contract at White Hart Lane. According to Tottenham's club historian, the move meant that Gallas would become the first player to have appeared for Chelsea, Arsenal and Tottenham; Clive Allen played for Tottenham and Chelsea and had a spell with Arsenal early in his career, but did not make an appearance for them. After training with his new team for the first time, Gallas stated that he believed that Spurs have the potential to win the Premier League.

Gallas made his first-team debut on 11 September in a 1–1 draw away at West Bromwich Albion. On 20 November, as a result of injuries to regular captains Ledley King and Michael Dawson, Gallas captained Tottenham for the first time against his former club Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium in a famous 2–3 Tottenham victory, Spurs' first league victory at Arsenal since 1993. On 2 February 2011, Gallas partnered Sébastien Bassong at the back against Blackburn at Ewood Park in their 1–0 midweek victory. Gallas continued to impress for Tottenham into 2011. In the Champions League knockout stages, he put in two commanding performances against Milan to set up a quarter-final tie against Real Madrid in the club's first attempt in the competition.

Despite a season of frequent changes in defence for Tottenham due to a host of injuries to his fellow defenders, Gallas performed strongly throughout his first season with the club and was rewarded with a two-year contract extension in March 2011, which kept him at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season. In his debut season at Spurs, he made 36 appearances in all competitions.

During the 2011–12 Premier League, Gallas suffered several injuries that hindered his playing time for the season, making just 19 appearances for Tottenham during the campaign, particularly in light of the competition for the center-back spot with Michael Dawson and Ledley King. In the following season, Gallas played 17 games in the Premier League, scoring his first goal for the club—and also his first goal in over two years—against former club Chelsea in a 4–2 defeat. On 7 June 2013, the Premier League confirmed that he had been released from Tottenham.

Perth Glory
On 23 October 2013, Gallas signed a one-year deal with Perth Glory, becoming the first Frenchman to play in the Australian A-League. Gallas joined the league following the arrival of other international players, Alessandro Del Piero, Emile Heskey and Shinji Ono. Gallas made his debut for Perth in round 6 against Adelaide United, coming on as substitute. He scored his first goal on 3 September 2014 in a 1–1 draw against Wellington Phoenix He retired after the end of the 2013–14 A-League, making 14 appearances and scoring one goal.

International career

Gallas was a part of the France U-18 European Championship winning side. He also played for the France U-20 team in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship along with Thierry Henry, David Trezeguet, Nicolas Anelka, Mikaël Silvestre and Willy Sagnol.

In October 2002, Gallas debuted for the France senior team in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifier against Slovenia. He was included in France's squad for the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup and played the full 90 minutes as Les Bleus defeated Cameroon 1–0 in the final. He went on to represent France at UEFA Euro 2004, starting in three of France's four matches, as they were knocked out by eventual champions Greece. In August 2005, Gallas scored his first goal for the national team in a friendly match against the Ivory Coast.

Gallas was ever present as France finished runner-up in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, losing on penalties to Italy at the Berlin Olympiastadion. In September 2006, he won his 50th cap for France in a 3–1 win against Italy at the Stade de France in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier. At UEFA Euro 2008, Gallas was a regular starter as France were knocked out at the group stage.

In November 2009, Gallas scored a goal which qualified France for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The goal came against the Republic of Ireland in extra time of a World Cup playoff, making the score 1–1, and 2–1 to France on aggregate. The goal was controversial as it was scored after his teammate, Thierry Henry handled the ball twice.

Gallas was included in France's squad for the 2010 World Cup. The tournament was a disaster for France as Nicolas Anelka was expelled by coach Raymond Domenech and the team went on strike from training. As a senior member of the team, Gallas was cited as being one of the disruptive influences in an inharmonious camp. After the tournament, Gallas criticised Domenech, blaming the former coach for France's first round elimination.

On 6 June 2011, aged 33 and with 84 caps to his name and 5 goals he announced his retirement from international football with immediate effect after he had not been selected in the year since the World Cup. Gallas was eligible to represent Guadeloupe internationally as well, as they are not FIFA-affiliated. His cousin Ludovic Quistin has represented Guadeloupe.

Career statistics

Club
Source:

International
Source:
Appearances and goals by national team and year

International goals

Honours
Caen
Division 2: 1995–96

Chelsea
Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06
Football League Cup: 2004–05
FA Community Shield: 2005

France
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2003
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006

Individual
French Division 1 Rookie of the Year: 1999
PFA Team of the Year: 2002–03 Premier League, 2005−06 Premier League
ESM Team of the Year: 2007−08

References

External links

 Profile page on Tottenham Hotspur website

1977 births
Living people
People from Asnières-sur-Seine
French people of Guadeloupean descent
Black French sportspeople
Footballers from Hauts-de-Seine
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
INF Clairefontaine players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
Olympique de Marseille players
Chelsea F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Perth Glory FC players
Ligue 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
A-League Men players
Marquee players (A-League Men)
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
France men's international footballers
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players

William Gallas


Prosser is an English-language surname, derived from a Welsh-language patronym.

Origin
The English-language surname Prosser is considered to be a Welsh surname. The name originated as an Anglicisation of the Welsh-language ap Rhosier, or ap Rosser, both meaning son of Roger.

The English-language personal name Roger is derived from the Old French personal name Roger, Rogier. This personal name is of Germanic origin, derived from the elements hrōd ("fame") and gār, gēr ("spear"). The Old French name was adopted by the Normans, and was introduced into Britain by them in the Middle Ages (replacing the Old English cognate Hrōðgār). The name became one of the most popular masculine names in the Middle Ages, and lost popularity afterwards.

Until the Tudor period Welsh names generally took the format X son of Y, or X daughter of Y. The Old Welsh word for son was map, but it lenited to fap (today fab), then ap. Although some of the Welsh gentry began to adopt the English fashion for hereditary surnames even before the Act of Union between England and Wales in 1536, in general the Act marked the beginning of a gradual shift towards hereditary surnames in Wales that was not complete until the 18th century. In some cases ap was merged into the following personal name to create an hereditary name. So Ap Richard became Pritchard, ap Even became Bevan and ap Hugh emerged as Pugh. The shift from ap Rosser to Prosser is of this pattern, though the surname Rosser also occurs. The distribution of Prosser and Rosser in 1842-46 was strongly centred in south-east Wales, and largely absent from other parts of Wales.

Early examples of the surname include:

 1529 Richard ap Rosser was a party to two deeds relating to 'a mansion place called the Van' in Senghenydd.
 1556 Morgan Lewis ap Rosser was a party to a grant of land in Llywell, Co. Brecon.

Name distribution
There are various sources for surname maps charting the geographic distribution of surnames.

England and Wales

Ancestry.com's distribution map, based on their data from the 1891 England and Wales Census, shows Prossers were strongly present in southeast Wales and the western counties of England. Particularly high concentrations were in the Welsh historic counties of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire and the English county of Herefordshire.

Germany

German Prossers are primarily found in southern Germany.

Italy

The Italian Gens Project shows there are a small number of Prossers living in Italy. Their distribution map results show that the Prossers are concentrated in the northernmost province, Alto Adige/Südtirol.

United States

Current distribution maps from the Gens Project in the United States based on the 2000 US census demonstrate that the name is most common in eight states: California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, while still numbering less than a thousand individuals in each of those states.

Ancestry.com has a surname map for the name's distribution according to the United States Census for 1920. At that time, the name Prosser was most common in six states:  California, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, with a total of 93–183 Prosser households in each state. Using data based on 142 Prosser immigrants to New York, the vast majority departed from Great Britain, while 11 are from Ireland and 21 from Germany.

Notable people with the surname Prosser
 Anna Weed Prosser (1846–1902), American evangelist; daughter of Erastus S. Prosser
 Beverly Prosser Gelwick (1932–2023), American psychologist
 Bob Prosser, Welsh rugby union and rugby league player in the 1960s and 1970s
 Dai Prosser (1912–1973), Welsh rugby union and rugby league player
 David Prosser (bishop) (1868–1950), Welsh bishop, Archbishop of Wales 1944–49
 David Prosser Jr. (born 1942), American jurist and politician, former justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
 Erastus S. Prosser (1809–1887), American politician from New York
 Gabriel Prosser (1776–1800), rebel slave in 1800 Virginia
 Geoff Prosser (born 1948), Australian politician
 George Henry Prosser (1867–1941), Australian businessman and politician
 Glyn Prosser (1907–1972), Welsh international rugby player
 Gwyn Prosser (born 1943), British politician
 Halley H. Prosser (1870–1921), American politician from Michigan
 Hugh Prosser (1900–1952), American film actor
 Ian Prosser (born 1943), British businessman
 Ian Prosser (florist) (born 1957), Scottish born American florist
 Inez Beverly Prosser (1897–1934), American teacher and school administrator
 Joseph Prosser (1828–1867), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
 Julien Prosser (born 1972), Australian beach volleyball player
 Keith Prosser, (1897–1954), Bishop of Burnley
 Luke Prosser (born 1988), English footballer
 Margaret Prosser, Baroness Prosser (born 1937), British peer and politician
 Mrs. Prosser (1807–1882), British sentimental Victorian author
 Patrick Prosser (born 1952), Scottish computer scientist
 Ray Prosser (1927–2020), Welsh rugby player with Pontypool
 Richard Prosser (priest) (1748–1839), English priest
 Richard Bissell Prosser (1838–1918), English patent examiner and biographical writer
 Richard Prosser (born 1967), New Zealand politician
 Roy Prosser (1942–2008), Australian Rugby Union player
 Seward Prosser (1871–1942), American banker and philanthropist
 Skip Prosser (1950–2007), American college basketball coach
 Stuart Prosser (1887–1939), Welsh rugby union and professional rugby league footballer
 William Prosser, Lord Prosser (1934–2015), Scottish judge
 William Farrand Prosser (1834–1911), American politician
 William Henry Prosser (1870–1952), Welsh cricketer
 William Lloyd Prosser (1898–1972), American legal scholar

See also
 Prodger
 Prosser (disambiguation)
 Rosser (disambiguation)

References

Surnames of Welsh origin
Anglicised Welsh-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names

Prosser (surname)


England Hill is an unincorporated community located on the west shore of the Big Sandy River and along Paddle Creek in Boyd County, Kentucky, USA, adjacent to the southern city limits of Catlettsburg on U.S. Route 23 and historic Mayo Trail. Mayo Trail was previously U.S. 23 until the current alignment which bypasses the community was completed in 1963.

England Hill is closely associated with the city of Catlettsburg and has fought annexation by Catlettsburg numerous times over the years. The area known as England Hill is served by the England Hill Volunteer Fire Department, founded in 1977. It has the Catlettsburg, Kentucky zip code. The subdivision known as Hyland Heights was developed on a portion of the former Hyland Dairy Farm after the business was sold to Johnson Dairy Co. in the 1960s. The lands of the former dairy farm were subdivided and sold in lots during the 1960s and 1970s.

Transplants who moved from Catlettsburg due to the modernization/widening projects that were completed on U.S. Route 23 during that time. The England Hill School, later renamed Cooper School, served residents in K-8, then K-6 for many years in Hyland Heights. Cooper School was open for 26 years, from 1962 to 1988, when students were transferred to the nearby Catlettsburg or Durbin elementary schools depending on the location of their homes.

England Hill is a suburb of Catlettsburg, and has fought annexation into the city many times, most notably in 1987, when Catlettsburg tried to annex England Hill and all areas north of I-64.

References

External links

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Boyd County, Kentucky

England Hill, Kentucky


Newcassel Props  is a famous Geordie folk song written in the 19th century by William Oliver, in a style deriving from music hall.

This song pays homage to the passing of several local characters, with a small part dedicated to those still living.

Lyrics

THE NEWCASSEL PROPS
Tune—"The Bold Dragoon"

Oh, waes me for wor canny toon,
It canna stand it lang --
The props are tumbling one by one,
The beeldin seun mun gan;
For Deeth o' lat hez no been blate,
But sent some jovial souls a joggin'
Aw never griev'd for Jacky Tate,
Nor even little Archy Loggan.

But when maw lugs was 'lectrified
Wiv Judy Downey's deeth,
Alang wi' Heufy Scott aw cried,
Till beyth was oot o' breeth;
For greet an' sma', fishwives an' a',
Luik' up tiv her wi' veneration --
If Judy's in the Courts above,
Then for au'd Nick there'll be ne 'cation.

Next Captain Starkey teuk his stick,
And myed his final bow;
Aw wonder if he is scribbling yet,
Or what he's efter noo --
Or if he's drinking jills o' yell,
Or asking pennies to buy backy --
If not allow'd where Starkey's gyen,
Aw'm sure that he'll be quite unhappy.

Jack Coxon iv a trot went off,
One morning very suen --
Cull Billy said, he'd better stop,
But deeth cried, Jackey, come!
Oh, few like him could lift their heels,
Or tell what halls were in the county,
Like mony a proud, black-coated chield,
Jack lived upon the parish bounty.

But cheer up lads, and dinna droop,
Blind Willy's to the fore,
The blythest iv the motley groop,
And fairly worth the score;
O weel aw like to hear him sing,
'Bout aud Sir Mat, an' Dr. Brummel --
If he but lives to see the King,
There is nyen of Willy's friends need grummel.

Cull Billy, tee, wor lugs to bliss,
Wiv news about t'other warld,
Aw move that when wor Vicar dees,
The place for him be arl'd;
For aw really think, wiv half his wit,
He'd myek a reet good pulpit knocker,
Aw'll tell ye where the birth wad fit --
He sugs sae close the parish copper.

Another chep, and then aw's duen, --
He bangs the others far:
Yor mavies wonderin whe aw mean --
Ye gowks, it's Tommy C—r!
When lodgin's scarce just speak to him,
Yor hapless case he'll surely pity,
He'll 'sist upon you gannin' in,
To sup with S—tt, and see the Kitty.

Places and people mentioned
  Wor canny toon is Newcastle upon Tyne
  Little Archy may be the character Archibald Henderson, a famous and well-liked character of Newcastle, known for his strong attachments to his mother.
  Judy Downey (alias Aud Judy), one of the "Newcassel Worthies"
  Heufy Scott – referred to as "Euphy Scott" in the song "Blind Willie Singin" by Robert Gilchrist
  Au'd Nick (alias "the De'il") is the Devil
  Captain Starkey was plain Benjamin Starkey, no-one knew where "captain" came from, not even Starkey himself. He was an inhabitant of the Freeman's Hospital in Newcastle-Upon-tyne. He was diminutive, and showed excessive good breeding and always thought others craved for his "good" company. He died on 9 July 1822, in his 65th year.
  Jack Coxon another of the "Newcassel Worthies"
  Cull Billy (alias Silly Billy) or William Scott. A native of Newcastle and only about 4 feet tall. He died in St. John's Poor-house on 31 July 1831
  Blind Willy (or Blind Willie) was William Purvis
  Motley groop is just another word for a Motley crew
  Aud Sir Mat, an' Dr. Brummel – Blind Willy sang of "Dr. Brummel upon the Sandhill, He gov Sir Maffa a pill."
  Tommy C—r – actually Tommy Carr, one who wrote a letter from Asstrilly's Goold Fields, a song by Edward "Ned" Corvan which was sub-titled "Tommy Carr's Letter".
  S—tt, Scott, could be John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon

The "Newcassel Worthies" was a famous Newcastle oil painting by Henry Perlee Parker, painted around 1817 shows numerous of the eccentric characters supposedly living in the area at the time.<br/ >
Unfortunately the painting is now lost, but an engraving taken from it by George Armstrong and a print of this (published by E. Charnley, a bookseller in the Bigg Market) in c1820, still exists.
Luckily an index was provided and this list (in alphabetical order) is :-
Aud (or Awd) Judy, Blind Willie, Bold Archy (or Airchy), Bugle-Nosed Jack, Captain Starkey, Cull (or Cully) Billy, Donald, Doodem Daddum (with his Dog, Timour, added), Hangy (or Hangie), Jacky Coxon, Jenny Ballo, Pussy Willy, Shoe-tie Anty and Whin Bob.

Comments on variations to the above version

NOTE –
In the early 19th century, as today, there were cheap books and magazines.
Many of these "chapbooks" were on poor quality paper to a poor standard and with poor quality print. The works were copied with no thoughts of copyright, and the work required very little proof-reading, and what was done was not required to a high standard. Consequently the dialect words of songs varied between editions.
As this was a very popular song, it appeared in numerous editions. The many versions published show considerable, some very minor, variations, mainly in the spelling of the words, and sometimes variations within the same edition. Some of the most common are listed below :-

Generally

about and 'bout
Airchy Loggan and Archy Loggan
an' and and
au'd and aud
baccy, backy and bakky
berth and birth
beyth and byeth
Blind Willie and Blind Willy
chiel, chiel', chield and chief
deun and duen
friends and frinds
gills and jills
goks and gowks
good and gud
griev'd and grieved
groop and group
has and hez
heel and heels
he's and he is
Heufy Scott and Heuffy Scott
hugs and sugs
Jackey Tate and Jacky Tate
lat and late
liv'd and lived
luik' and luik'd
mavies and mevies
nae and ne
never and niver
noo and now
o' and of
oot and out
others, tothers and uthers
pity and pitty
sae and se
scribblin' and scribbling
seun and suen
te, tiv and to
there (and their) and thor
ti and to
varry and very
wi', with and wiv
yor, you and your

The missing names in the last verse are "Carr" and Scott"

Recordings
To follow

See also
Geordie dialect words

References

External links
Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs and Readings &c. 1891
Farne folk archives
Songs of the Tyne
The Tyne Songster 1840

English folk songs
Songs related to Newcastle upon Tyne
19th-century songs
Northumbrian folklore
Year of song unknown

Newcassel Props


French polishing is a wood finishing technique that results in a very high gloss surface, with a deep colour and chatoyancy. French polishing consists of applying many thin coats of shellac dissolved in denatured alcohol using a rubbing pad lubricated with one of a variety of oils. The rubbing pad is made of absorbent cotton or wool cloth wadding inside of a piece of fabric (usually soft cotton cloth) and is commonly referred to as a fad, also called a rubber, tampon, or  (Spanish for "rag doll").

French polish is a process, not a material. The main material is shellac, although there are several other shellac-based finishes, not all of which class as French polishing.

The French Polish technique is an excellent method to accent exotic wood grain.  The finish is softer than modern varnishes and lacquers, and is particularly sensitive to spills of water or alcohol, which may produce white cloudy marks, as does heat damage.  On the other hand, French Polish is simpler to repair, as opposed to traditional & modern varnish finishes.

History

French polishing was developed as a finishing technique in the early 19th century. In the Victorian era, French polishing was commonly used on mahogany and other expensive timbers. It was considered the best finish for fine furniture and string instruments such as pianos and guitars. The process was very labour-intensive, and many manufacturers abandoned the technique around 1930, preferring the cheaper and quicker techniques of spray finishing nitrocellulose lacquer and abrasive buffing. In Britain, instead of abrasive buffing, a pad of pullover is used in much the same way as traditional French polishing. This slightly melts the sprayed surface and has the effect of filling the grain and burnishing at the same time to leave a 'French polished' look.

Another reason shellac fell from favour is its tendency to melt under low heat; for example, hot cups can leave marks on it. However, French polish is far more forgiving than any other finish in the sense that, unlike lacquers, it can be easily repaired.

Process
The process is lengthy and very repetitive. There are also many similar variations in schedule and technique. What is described here is one of them. The finish is obtained through a specific combination of different rubbing motions (generally circles and figure-eights), waiting for considerable time, building up layers of polish and then spiriting off any streaks left in the surface.

The fad is first used to place a thinned coat of shellac.  Once fully dry, thicker coats follow with small amounts of superfine pumice, a crushed volcanic glass. The pumice acts both as a fine abrasive and to fill the pores of open-grain woods. It becomes transparent when saturated with the shellac, providing the deep gleam that brings out the wood's grain. Pumice tends to be messy to work with though and many modern woodworkers simply use fine-grained sandpapers (>4000? grit) to smooth off the earliest layers of shellac. The resulting shellac powder fills in the wood pores at least as well as, and often better than, pumice. The subsequent shellac coats will liquefy and surround this dust, filling in and sealing the wood pores like pumice would.

The fad is often lubricated with an oil that then becomes integrated into the overall finish. This helps to prevent the fad from lifting previously applied layers of shellac. Typically, softer/ thinner oils such as mineral oil will produce a glossier though less durable finish whereas harder/ more viscous oils such as walnut oil and olive oil will produce a more durable finish.  Although boiled linseed oil is commonly used as a wood treatment, it is too viscous to use for French polishing .

There are two main variations to French polishing with regard to the use of pumice/ abrasives. In the original 'French Method', both shellac and abrasive are applied and worked together.  In the 'British Method', shellac and abrasive are worked alternately.

Additives to the shellac mixture may include sandarac (sap of an African cedar) and copal, sap of a South American tree. These and other additives combined with heat and light can make the finish tougher, by cross-linking the polymers and oils in the shellac.

The piece is usually finished off after leveling (1500 grit oil sanding), then light buffing with carnauba paste wax. Too much heat or pressure from buffing will melt off the shellac and result in a bare spot that must be refinished.

References

External links

Learn how to french polish professionally
French polishing in lutherie
"French Polishing and Enamelling", by Richard Bitmead, 1910, from Project Gutenberg
French polishing method, by M. Tutin, cabinetmaker
Top Polishing & Wood Care Tips, by M&S French Polisher

Wood finishing techniques
18th-century introductions

French polish


The Sixth (, translit. Shestoy) is a 1981 Soviet action film directed by Samvel Gasparov at Gorky Film Studio.

Plot
The Sixth is a parable about lawlessness and bureaucracy in the aftermath of the Great October Revolution. The film could be categorized as an "Ostern" type of movie, with a lawman hero who faces up to corruption against the odds, although no one around has any faith in his abilities.

It is set in 1923 and the Russian Civil War has come to an end, although the situation is still dangerous in some regions. An elusive band of White guards is hiding in the mountains, raiding Soviet institutions and making short work of the representatives of local government. Five chiefs have already been killed by the "whites" and the intimidated townsfolk believe the sixth one is also doomed. The protagonist is the sixth militia chief, but he is shrewder than his predecessors.

Recognizing the superior firepower of his well-armed and zealous enemies, he attempts to mobilise the people in the towns and help them regain faith and hope. He learns that there is a leak in his organisation and that someone is informing the band of all planned operations. He decides to use this very leak against the bandits.

Cast
Sergei Nikonenko - Roman Glodov
Vladimir Grammatikov - Pavlik
Mikhail Pugovkin - Mironych
Evgeny Bakalov - Aristarkh Lushkov
Timothy Spivak - Alexander
Sergey Ulyanov - Nikita
Maharbeg Kokoev - Ohrim

External links

Ostern films
1981 films
1981 in the Soviet Union
1980s Russian-language films
Gorky Film Studio films
Films directed by Samvel Gasparov
Films set in 1923
Soviet action films
1981 Western (genre) films
Russian Civil War films

The Sixth


A posthumous award is granted after the recipient has died. Many prizes, medals, and awards can be granted posthumously. Australian actor Heath Ledger, for example, won many awards after his death in 2008, particularly concerning his performance as The Joker in the film The Dark Knight. Military decorations, such as the Victoria Cross or the Medal of Honor, are often given posthumously. The title Hero of the Soviet Union was posthumously given, but the Gold Star medal was not awarded itself. During World War II, many countries practiced the granting of posthumous awards. In the Soviet Union, the only posthumous award that was physically awarded was the Order of the Patriotic War. All other awards were not physically awarded. Until 1977, upon the death of an awardee, all medals and awards were returned. Sports awards and titles can be awarded posthumously, for example 1970 Formula One champion Jochen Rindt, who died in a crash late in the season, but still had enough points to be named champion.

Less commonly, certain prizes, medals, and awards are granted only posthumously, especially those that honor people who died in service to a particular cause. Such awards include the
Confederate Medal of Honor award, to Confederate veterans who distinguished themselves conspicuously during the American Civil War (1861–1865), and the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal, to military personnel, police, or civilians who died while serving in a United Nations peacekeeping operation.

See also
 Lists of awards

References

External links
Posthumous award at Law Insider

Posthumous award