In Saturn's Rings is a large format movie about Saturn made exclusively from real photographs taken by spacecraft. Director Stephen van Vuuren used more than 7.5 million photographs and numerous film techniques to create the effect of flying through space around Saturn and among its rings. CGI and 3-D modeling were not used in any capacity to create the realistic feel van Vuuren wanted for the viewer's experience. Most of the photos were taken by various major space missions.

The film was originally expected to be released on December 31, 2014. It was scheduled for release on May 4, 2018, to coincide with Star Wars Day. The 45-minute film will be released in four formats:

 Native unmodified fulldome with true fulldome camera field-of-view.
 Dome-optimized master for digital (8K and 4K resolution) and 15/70.
 Flat-screen, 1.33-ratio, 4K giant screen version digital and 15/70.
 Digital cinema 4K/2K in flat aspect ratio.

Background
Sparked by Cassinis arrival at Saturn in 2004 and the media's lack of coverage, van Vuuren produced two art films about space exploration. Photos from space missions — including images of Saturn taken by Cassini — were included. But van Vuuren was not satisfied with the results so he did not release them.

While listening to the Adagio for Strings by Samuel Barber one day in 2006, van Vuuren conceived the idea of creating moving images of Saturn based on a pan-and-scan 2.5-D effect he had seen in the 2002 documentary The Kid Stays in the Picture. The technique involves creating a 3-D perspective using still photographs. (The Adagio for Strings would later become part of the soundtrack for In Saturn's Rings.)

Outside In (2004–2012)
After having success with a black-and-white HD animation of Saturn images from the Cassini mission based on The Kid Stays in the Picture effect, van Vuuren wrote a script for a 12-minute film about why space should be explored. He envisioned the film, which he called Outside In, showing at planetariums, museums, and film festivals.

James Hyder, editor of the large film format journal LF Examiner, learned about van Vuuren's project and told him it belonged on the giant screen. Inspired by Hyder's encouragement as well as a viewing of the IMAX film Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D, van Vuuren committed himself to making his film in large format.

Van Vuuren spent the next three years doing numerous rewrites and reworks of his film. He was unable to create a script using narration in classic documentary format that was able to express what he felt the images were conveying. An avid fan of the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubrick, van Vuuren finally found his moment of clarity during his annual viewing of that movie in 2009. "There are only 11 minutes of dialog in 2001's 140 minutes," van Vuuren told LF Examiner in 2012. "I realized what Kubrick and writer Arthur C. Clarke understood: space is universal, primal, infinite. Words simply fail to convey the experience of exploring space."

As a result, van Vuuren eliminated the narration entirely and instead, allows the images and music to give each viewer a personalized experience of Saturn.

In Saturn's Rings (2012–present)
After discussion with audiences at IMAX conferences, van Vuuren decided the film title Outside In was not a good match for the film's sensibility. The Giant Film Cinema Association had been publicizing the film and surveys it conducted supported this. It was during a discussion in 2012 about the film's climax where he was describing Earth "in Saturn's rings" that van Vuuren realized he had found his new title.

A 2013 Kickstarter campaign has raised nearly double the initial $37,500 goal. Much of that amount was used to finance a new recording of Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings, performed by the Greensboro Symphony Orchestra. (Van Vuuren currently resides in Greensboro, North Carolina.)

The film's advisors include Dr. Steve Danford, retired associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; Dr. Michael J. Malaska, technologist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; author and space journalist Andrew Chaikin; and NASA Solar System Ambassadors Tony Rice and Jonathan Ward.

Although narration had originally been removed in 2009, by 2014 van Vuuren realized that a sparse narration was necessary for the film. This amounted to 5 pages and about 1200 words in total. After listening to many voice actors one stood out and he asked LeVar Burton to be the narrator for the film in 2017. LeVar Burton recorded the narration in Los Angeles on the 3rd of February 2018.

Animation and image processing
Van Vuuren wanted viewers to feel as if they were flying through space. His biggest challenge was how to do this without having to rely on traditional computer-generated images. Although The Kid Stays in the Picture effect had opened the door to inventive ways of manipulating photographs, van Vuuren did not find it robust enough to tackle Saturn's rings. He experimented with dozens of other techniques both old and new, including the "Bullet Time" effect (e.g. as seen in The Matrix films), which employs multiple still cameras to create variable speeds of motion.

The director determined that only actual photographs would be used, without hand-drawn or computer-generated images (CGI). This required the use of over 7.5 million separate images, captured in space or by telescopes. To present a 3-dimensional effect, images would be composited and moved using multi-plane animation, but no such animation had ever been attempted on this scale. For example, Walt Disney Studios had used this technique with seven layers in films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, whereas In Saturn's Rings uses up to 1.2 million layers in its most complex sequence.

About 25% of the image processing work is performed using Adobe After Effects. Most of the remaining work is done with Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Bridge, GIMP, and custom-written software.

In Saturn's Rings strives to present an accurate representation of the view which would be seen by a person traveling through space, arriving at Saturn. The film's image processing requires complex mathematics and extremely high-resolution images. Over 30 individuals and groups contributed their efforts to acquiring and processing the images, including Gordan Ugarkovic (largest image donor: Cassini, Huygens, Messenger, LRO), Colin Legg (astrophotographer), Val Klavans (image donor and image processor), Bill Eberly (lead SDSS image processor), Jason Harwell (lead Hubble/ESO image processor), Judy Schmidt (Hubble/ESO image processor) and Ian Regan (lead image processor and donor: Titan/Saturn/Jupiter).

Image sources
The film relies primarily on photographs of Saturn and its moons, taken by the Cassini-Huygens probe. A large number of other sources were also used. Many of these images of stars and galaxies were taken from camera locations much closer to Earth, during the crewed Apollo missions and by the Hubble Space Telescope.  These images "set the stage" during the film's opening sequences, before the viewer approaches Saturn.

Sources include:
 Cassini-Huygens
 Apollo 8-17
 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)
 Hubble Space Telescope
 MESSENGER spacecraft
 Suomi NPP (VIIRS)
 Galileo
 Voyager 1 and 2
 Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)
 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)
 Venus Express (VEX)
 Rosetta
 Dawn
 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
 U.S. Library of Congress
 Other public historical photographic archives

Viral video and public support
People got their first look at his work when van Vuuren posted a clip from Outside In on Vimeo in late 2010. On March 9, 2011, the science fiction and futurism website io9 posted the clip, which quickly went viral. The clip received hundreds of thousands of views, prompting wide support and new backers for van Vuuren's project. NASA named the clip its Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) on March 15 and it was featured on Discovery Canada's Daily Planet television series. Also notable in 2011, Bill Nye posted the clip on his blog, stating: "Outside In plays your dreams right before your eyes. You'll soar past our nearby worlds and see for yourself what these extraordinary places look like up close... Outside In makes you part of our species' extraordinary extraterrestrial journeys."

The film is being produced entirely with volunteer labor, and financed through donations from individuals and groups. It is budgeted at US$265,000 compared to the $6 million typical budget for an IMAX film.

Distribution and release
A distribution agreement was signed in 2013 with BIG & Digital, a boutique distributor of films for museums, attractions and cinemas, specializing in large-screen film formats including IMAX.

On July 1, 2017, filmmaker Stephen van Vuuren announced on the official website and via a Facebook Live video the world premiere date of May 4, 2018 with locations to be determined.

During the COVID-19 pandemic alert, authors let theaters to show freely the film under certain conditions.

In popular culture
In late 2017, Canadian singer Bryan Adams released a music video making extensive use of footage from In Saturn's Rings. The song, "Please Stay", is from Adams' album Ultimate. Adams also directed the video.

References

External links

 Reef Distribution

Documentary films about outer space
Rings of Saturn
Saturn in film
2018 films
2018 short documentary films

In Saturn's Rings


Porter Charlton (September 21, 1888 - November 24, 1933) was the son of a Puerto Rican federal judge who in 1910 confessed in New York, United States, to murdering his wife at Lake Como in Italy and sinking the body in a trunk in the lake. He was extradited to Italy.

The Italian vice consul requested Charlton's extradition. John A. Blair, one of the judges of the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of New Jersey, suspended Charlton's petition for a writ of habeas corpus and a warrant was issued for his arrest. This order for extradition was approved by Philander C. Knox. The extradition was argued before the United States Supreme Court in 1913 as Charlton v. Kelly.

Charlton was convicted of murder in Italy in October 1915 and sentenced to six years and eight months in prison; since he had been in prison since his confession in June 1910, he served only twenty-nine additional days and returned from Naples to the US on the Italian liner SS America.

References

Puerto Rican people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Italy
American people imprisoned abroad
People extradited from the United States
People extradited to Italy
1888 births
1933 deaths

Porter Charlton


The State University of New York at Canton (SUNY Canton) is a public college in Canton, New York. It is part of the State University of New York. The college offers 30 bachelor's degrees, 20 associate degrees, three one-year certificate programs, and 23 online degrees.

History

Founded in 1906 as the School of Agriculture (SOA) at St. Lawrence University, SUNY Canton was the first postsecondary, two-year college authorized by the New York State Legislature. In 1941, SOA was renamed the New York State Agricultural and Technical Institute (ATI). ATI became a member college of the State University of New York in 1948. To recognize advanced technology programs added in the 1950s and 1960s, the college underwent another name change in 1965, this time becoming the State University of New York Agricultural and Technical College at Canton (ATC). In 1987, the SUNY Board of Trustees authorized yet another name change to the college's present designation as the State University of New York College of Technology at Canton.

In 1997, SUNY Canton received bachelor's degree granting approval from the SUNY Board of Trustees and the Governor of New York State.

Academics
Since SUNY Canton offers one-year certificates, associates degrees, and bachelor's degrees, students in many disciplines may pursue a "ladder curriculum," allowing them to first earn a certificate or associates degree and then proceed to the next level. SUNY Canton confers degrees through three academic schools: the School of Business & Liberal Arts, the Canino School of Engineering Technology, and the School of Science, Health & Criminal Justice.

Special programs
The university offers cross-registration with St. Lawrence University, Clarkson University, and SUNY Potsdam as members of the Associated Colleges of the St. Lawrence Valley. A two-and-two program in environmental science and forestry and a one-and-one program in Forest Technology are offered in conjunction with the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. In both programs students begin taking general education classes at SUNY Canton prior to transferring to SUNY ESF to take environmental and forestry classes and complete the degree programs. Students interested in pursuing a master's degree in accountancy (MS), health services administration (MS), and technology management (MBA) have the opportunity to do so through agreements with Clarkson University. The college is also home to the David Sullivan-St. Lawrence County Law Enforcement Academy and the SUNY Canton Corrections Academy.

Students enrolled in SUNY Canton's Center for Criminal Justice, Intelligence and Cybersecurity can enroll in University at Albany's College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity (CEHC) and will lead directly to a Master of Science in Information Science degree. The other leads into a Master of Arts in Criminal Justice degree offered through UAlbany's School of Criminal Justice.

An agreement with the University at Buffalo Law School allows students in Legal Studies or Applied Psychology to complete their law degree in six years, with three years at SUNY Canton and three years with University at Buffalo.

Accreditation
The university is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. Specific programs at the university are also accredited by appropriate discipline-specific accreditors:
 ABET
 Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing, Inc.
 American Board of Funeral Service Education
 American Physical Therapy Association
 American Veterinary Medical Association
 Commission on Sport Management Accreditation (COSMA)
 International Accreditation Council for Business Education
 National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation

Campus
Cook Hall is home to the School of Science, Health and Criminal Justice. The facility includes mortuary science facilities, science labs, and the Early Childhood classrooms. In 2012, a fire damaged part of the Cook Hall. In 2003 the university opened the  Newell Veterinary Technology Center. The building houses SUNY Canton's veterinary science programs and includes veterinary labs, classroom and conference space. The SUNY Canton Canino School of Engineering and Technology is located inside the Nevaldine Technology Center In addition to the engineering technology and information technology programs, the facility also includes space for the automotive, building trades, and HVAC programs.

MacArthur Hall, formerly known as the Faculty Office Building, is located near the center of campus and is connected to many of the other academic buildings on campus. It was named after President Emeritus Earl W. MacArthur The School of Business & Liberal Arts is located inside the building as well as many of the faculty and administrative offices. The building also includes one of the various on-campus dining options, Roos Court.

The Richard W. Miller Campus Center is the heart of the SUNY campus. The $12 million building opened in 2002, replacing the Kingston Theatre which suffered extensive fire damage in 1997. The Miller Campus Center contains student activity offices, conference spaces study and relaxation areas lounge space the Campus Center Store, on-campus post office, Health Center, dining center, and a gym for student recreational and intramural activities.

Southworth Library is the academic library for SUNY Canton. It houses college archives, a coffee shop known as the Cyber Cafe, the university's print and digital media collections for use by students for research and recreation. The collection includes over 65,000 volumes, 300 periodical subscriptions and 1,500 video and audio recordings. Students also have access to over 25 electronic information research databases.

Residence life
SUNY Canton currently has five residence halls: Kennedy, Heritage, Mohawk, Rushton, and Smith. They are located along the Grasse River in the north-central portion of the campus. Kennedy Hall is a housing option offering apartment-style living for upper classmen. Features include a multi-purpose classroom and meeting space, and a large open courtyard for recreation and outdoor activities. Chaney Dining Center is the main dining hall on the campus; it is located near the residence halls and serves both resident and commuter students.

Athletics
The SUNY Canton athletic teams are called the Kangaroos (often shortened to Roos). The university is a member of the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing in the North Atlantic Conference (NAC) since 2018–19 the academic year. The Kangaroos previously competed in the short-lived D-III American Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA) during the 2017–18 academic year; as an NCAA D-III Independent from 2011–12 to 2016–17 (while held provisional status until the 2014–15 school year); and the Sunrise Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2004–05 to 2010–11.

SUNY Canton competes in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse and soccer; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and esports.

History
SUNY Canton was a member of the NAIA from 2004 to 2011 after transitioning from the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) as the school moved from a two-year college to a four-year comprehensive university.

In June 2015, the college was approved for full membership status in the NCAA Division III.

Athletics expansion
The university announced an expansion of athletics starting in the 2011–12 academic year. In 2011, SUNY Canton added men's golf and men's and women's lacrosse, in addition to reinstating its women's volleyball program. The university added women's ice hockey in the 2012–13 academic year and the team has played in the Northeast Women's Hockey League (NEWHL) conference since the 2019–20 season. SUNY Canton also added a women's golf team in 2015.

In 2018 SUNY Canton announced it will begin competing nationally in coed Esports. The college became the first New York State team to join the National Association of Collegiate Esports (NACE) and the first varsity esports program in the State University of New York system. Esports teams currently play competitively in the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC) and the SUNY Esports League. The Overwatch and FIFA teams captured ECAC championship titles in 2018.

In 2019, SUNY Canton Athletics announced the addition of varsity cheerleading.

SUNY Canton Ice Hockey
The SUNY Canton men's ice hockey program began in the mid-1960s and has won 15 NJCAA National Championships in: 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1996, 1997, and 2000. The team currently competes in the Division III (NCAA) level as it was awarded independent status with eventual admittance into the SUNY conference. In its second season as a member of the ACHA, the Roos reached the 2010 ACHA Division I National Tournament before falling to Penn State 3–7 in the first round. The Roos won their second straight ECHL regular season championship and first ever conference playoff championship in 2011. The team also made a second straight appearance in the ACHA DI Championship.

The SUNY Canton men's hockey program is set to join the State University of New York Athletic Conference (SUNYAC) as an associate member in the 2024-25 season. The Northeast Women's Hockey League (NEWHL), which currently includes SUNY Canton women's hockey, will transition to the SUNYAC in the upcoming 2023-24 season.

Athletic facilities
The school completed a new Convocation, Athletic and Recreation Center, otherwise known as "CARC" and nicknamed "Roos House" in 2011. The facility features several athletic courts, an ice arena, a pool and a fitness center, along with office and student spaces.

Student life

Clubs and organizations
Students participate in several clubs and organizations under the umbrella of the student government known as the Student Government Association (SGA) with staff support from the Student Activities Involvement and Leadership office. Intramural and recreational activities are also available. SUNY Canton does not have a college newspaper.

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Universities and colleges in St. Lawrence County, New York
Public universities and colleges in New York (state)
Universities and colleges established in 1906
1906 establishments in New York (state)

State University of New York at Canton


Un épisode sous la Terreur (English "An Episode during the Terror") is a short story by Honoré de Balzac, published in 1830. Originally titled Une messe en 1793 (A Mass in 1793), the text took its final title in the Chlendowski edition of 1845. The work appears in Scènes de la vie politique (Scenes from Political Life), which is a part of the series of works that make up La Comédie humaine (The Human Comedy), Balzac's multi-volume collection of interlinked stories. The later edition is dedicated to Monsieur Guyonnet-Merville, under whom Balzac had done his apprenticeship and studied the foundations of law.

Plot summary
An elderly woman buys a package from a bakery on 22 January 1793, and suspects she is being followed. She asks for protection from the baker, but when he sees the stranger following her he refuses. She returns home alone, and it is revealed that she is an ex-Carmelite nun in hiding with another nun and a priest. All are elderly, and the box she bought contains communion wafers. The stranger comes up to their room, and asks the priest to say a mass for the recently executed King Louis XVI. He returns later to attend the mass. He also says that he will come back in a year for another mass for the king, and promises that they will be safe from any danger. He leaves a blood stained handkerchief with royal insignia as a present.

The next year the stranger returns for the mass. Later, the priest visits a shop owned by some Royalist friends of his, and notices a tumbril passing by with the executioner and his victims. The priest faints when he recognises that the executioner is the stranger who has been helping them, and realises that the handerkerchief was the king's.

Historical background
The story takes place during the Reign of Terror, from 1793 to 1794. It starts the day after the execution of King Louis XVI. The story is fictional, but it features an historical figure, Charles-Henri Sanson, who was the High Executioner, and conducted the execution of Louis XVI. However the story does not give his name.

The Reign of Terror was a period during which there was a process of Dechristianisation occurring in France. The nuns and priest in the story are in hiding because of this.

Inspiration

The idea of writing the story was most likely born after Balzac's meeting with Sanson's son, Henri-Nicolas-Charles Sanson, also an executioner. Perhaps the son's stories about his father— an extremely religious man despite his work—inspired Balzac to write a story that is not based on actual facts, but on the human aspect of a real life character, and on alternate events that could have taken place. An Episode Under the Terror is also a clear proof of the influence of Romanticism on Balzac's work, and is evident in the general atmosphere of the story and its structure (the mystery of the main character and the drama of the final scene).

References

External links
"An Episode under the Terror", translation (by Clara Bell) at Project Gutenberg (full text)

1830 short stories
French short stories
Books of La Comédie humaine
Short stories by Honoré de Balzac
fr:Un épisode sous la Terreur

Un épisode sous la Terreur


The Beech Fork, or Beech Fork River, is a  river in central Kentucky in the United States.  It is a tributary of the Rolling Fork of the Salt River, with its waters flowing eventually to the Ohio River and ultimately the Mississippi River.

The Beech Fork begins in eastern Marion County and heads northwest into Washington County, where the Chaplin River enters. The Beech Fork then turns southwest to go through Nelson County. At the end of the river's journey, near Boston, the Beech Fork flows into the Rolling Fork of the Salt River.

The Beech Fork at Bardstown has a mean annual discharge of 964 cubic feet per second.

The Beech Fork is a winding river that can be used for whitewater rafting, kayaking and canoeing. Most of the river is Class I and suitable for canoes and other entry level paddlers. A collapsed boulder dam one-quarter mile past the US 31E bridge constitutes a Class III+ run with an overall drop of five feet.

The Beech Fork Bridge, Mackville Road, a  truss bridge spanning the river since 1884, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

It is spanned by the Mount Zion Covered Bridge.

See also
 List of rivers of Kentucky

References

External links
605 Bridge to 49 Bridge (Manton Section)
49 Bridge to 31E Bridge (Bardstown Section)

Rivers of Kentucky
Landforms of Marion County, Kentucky
Landforms of Washington County, Kentucky
Landforms of Nelson County, Kentucky
Salt River (Kentucky)

Beech Fork


Nasir Mosque is the first purpose-built mosque in Hartlepool, built in 2005, located on Brougham Terrace.

Inauguration
The mosque was built by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and inaugurated in 2005 by Mirza Masroor Ahmad, the Head of the Worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. The mosque participates in several local community events and provides regular services for the wider community.

During the opening session, town dignitaries such as Hartlepool MP Iain Wright and Hartlepool Borough Council's chief executive Paul Walker were in attendance. As a gesture, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association, the main organisation behind the project, donated around £20,000 to local charities and causes, including Hartlepool and District Hospice, Butterwick Children's Hospice and Brougham Primary School.

External links

Photo of Nasir Mosque on Flickr

References

Mosques in England
Ahmadiyya mosques in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Hartlepool
Mosques completed in 2005

Nasir Mosque


EBSCO Industries is an American company founded in 1944 by Elton Bryson Stephens Sr. and headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. The EBSCO acronym is based on Elton Bryson Stephens Company. EBSCO Industries is a diverse company of over 40 businesses engaged in activities including information services (EBSCO Information Services), outdoor products, manufacturing, general services, publishing services, and real estate.

EBSCO is one of the largest privately held companies in Alabama, and one of the top 200 in the U.S., based on revenues and employee numbers, according to Forbes Magazine.

History
EBSCO was co-founded by Elton Bryson Stephens Sr. and his wife Alys Robinson Stephens in 1944 to sell magazine subscriptions, personalized binders and magazine racks to the U.S. Armed Forces. They named this "Military Service Company", and over the next decade acquired several other companies that were eventually combined to form EBSCO Industries Inc.

In 2011, EBSCO Publishing took over H. W. Wilson Company.

References

External links

 EBSCO Industries at Funding Universe

Companies based in Birmingham, Alabama
Privately held companies based in Alabama
Conglomerate companies established in 1944
Stephens family
Fishing equipment manufacturers
1944 establishments in Alabama

EBSCO Industries


Goldendale Observatory State Park is an educational facility on the northern side of Goldendale, Washington, notable for its unusually large public telescope. The state park occupies  atop a  hill.

Access is via a winding paved road through an oak forest. The site includes a small picnic area, interpretive center, amphitheater, and the observatory.

There are several telescopes on-site, including portable Dobsonians, a permanently mounted Hydrogen-Alpha solar telescope, and the primary instrument; a 24.5-inch reflector which is housed in the South Dome. The facility receives 30-40,000 visitors annually. From 2010 to 2017 the park was an International Dark Sky Park, and expects to be a dark sky site again when the current observatory reconstruction is completed.

History

The main 24-inch telescope is the reason for the existence of Goldendale Observatory and was the work of four amateur astronomers — M.W. McConnell, John Marshall, Don Conner and O.W. VanderVelden — who built a  Cassegrain reflecting telescope for Clark College in Vancouver, Washington, which paid for the materials to make the telescope.

At the time, this instrument was one of the largest amateur-built telescopes in the world. However, once built, the college sought a clearer, darker area to install the telescope due to light pollution from Vancouver and nearby Portland, Oregon, and the typically wet and cloudy weather on the windward side of the Cascade Mountain Range.

While traveling through Goldendale, Washington, the telescope builders met a local diner owner and city council member who suggested they donate the telescope to the town. An agreement was made and the telescope was donated by the college to Goldendale on the condition that the community would build an observatory to house the telescope. A local, non-profit organization was created to plan and support the observatory which was ultimately constructed one mile (1.6 km) north of the town center using donations, loans, and a $135,000 grant from the Economic Development Administration.

The Observatory design was based on the University of Washington's Manastash Ridge Observatory built west of Ellensburg in 1972. Unlike that facility, the intent of the founders and community college was for Goldendale Observatory to serve primarily as a center of public science education. The Observatory was built over a period of several months and dedicated on October 13, 1973. The south observatory dome has a diameter of , and the north dome a diameter of .

The observatory served as the Astronomical League's official headquarters during a solar eclipse which occurred on February 26, 1979, six years after the observatory opened. Approximately 15,000 people came to the town of Goldendale on that date to observe the total eclipse. The Observatory, its lands, and its debt were acquired by the state government in 1980, after being operated by the Goldendale Observatory Corporation since its dedication. The park received its designation as a "state park heritage site" in 2014.

Dark sky status and upgrades

In 2010, the Goldendale Observatory State Park, with the support of Steven Stout who directed the observatory for 32 years and the non-profit Friends of Goldendale Observatory, became the sixth International Dark Sky Park in the world. It was also the second state park in the United States to receive this designation by the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA).

In late 2016, the IDA suspended the park for lack of compliance with their requirements.  The IDA removed the dark-sky designation in 2017, the only time they have decertified a site. In the spring of 2017 the reconstruction of the observatory, with new lighting and signs, was expected to be completed by the fall of 2017 and dark sky status restored.

Beginning in 2013, a multi-phase facility improvement project began at Goldendale Observatory using $6 million in funding allocated from the state government. Due to a state budget freeze the project was not funded until a new budget was passed in February 2018. Demolition of the old building took place that October, removing all structures except the south dome building housing the 24-inch telescope. In 2019, a spokesman for Washington State Parks said they had worked with the IDA on the lighting plan for the renovated observatory and, working with the local community, plan to apply for dark sky status when the new observatory is completed. The upgraded observatory opened on February 28, 2020, but closed less than a month later due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

See also
 List of astronomical observatories

References

External links

Goldendale Observatory Website
Goldendale Observatory State Park Heritage Site Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
Goldendale Observatory Parks Foundation Page
Goldendale Observatory Clear Sky Chart

State parks of Washington (state)
Parks in Klickitat County, Washington
Protected areas established in 1980
Astronomical observatories in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Klickitat County, Washington
Tourist attractions in Klickitat County, Washington
Dark-sky preserves in the United States

Goldendale Observatory State Park


Tommy Ho and Brett Steven were the defending champions but only Steven competed that year with Sandon Stolle.

Steven and Stolle lost in the first round to Jonas Björkman and Stefan Edberg.

Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde won in the final 1–6, 6–2, 6–2 against Brian MacPhie and Michael Tebbutt.

Seeds
The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.

Draw

Final

Top half

Bottom half

References
 1996 Newsweek Champions Cup Doubles Draw

Doubles
1996 Newsweek Champions Cup and the State Farm Evert Cup

1996 Newsweek Champions Cup – Doubles


Jeffrey ("Jeff") Lynne  (born 30 December 1947, Birmingham, England) is a British musician (guitar, piano and bass guitar), songwriter and music producer. His longtime band was the Electric Light Orchestra (also known as ELO), but he worked with many other artists, including Duane Eddy, members of the Travelling Wilburys (Lynne himself was one also), and The Beatles. Jeff Lynne is also well known for always wearing aviator sunglasses.

Lynne first became known as a member of a band called The Idle Race. He taught himself about recording with a simple reel-to-reel tape recorder at home, using "sound on sound" to build up the sound of his own music. He later joined The Move, which then re-formed as Electric Light Orchestra. Lynne did not collaborate with ELO's members, as much as he directed how each member should play and sound. His work with ELO was often compared to music by The Beatles. Even John Lennon, the Beatles's founder, called ELO a "Son of Beatles" kind of band, before his death in 1980. Lynne also performed music for two movie soundtracks, All This and World War II and Electric Dreams.

Electric Light Orchestra's fame lessened during the 1980s. Lynne began to produce other, sometimes older recording artists, some of whom had new hits after years without them. A friend introduced Lynne to George Harrison, another former Beatle, who planned a comeback album in the late 1980s. Their collaboration, Cloud Nine, reawakened interest in Harrison and his music.

After the success of Cloud Nine, Lynne and Harrison formed the Travelling Wilburys with Tom Petty, Bob Dylan and Roy Orbison. They became a popular group.

Early in the 1990s, the surviving Beatles completed a documentary series telling their own history. George Martin, their original producer, could not play as big a role as he had, because he had lost some of his hearing. Lynne was chosen to work with them. Yoko Ono handed over demos of five unfinished John Lennon songs, and two were chosen for the rest of the band to overdub (add parts to). Lynne used his studio knowhow to develop finished records from the raw demos, and the songs became hits, over twenty years since the Beatles issued a new recording.

Lynne moved to Los Angeles, California, and bought a house, which he turned into a large recording studio, with places to plug in equipment in nearly every room. He formed a new lineup of ELO in the early 2000s, recording a new album and beginning a tour, but interest was short-lived, and many shows were cancelled.

Lynne's music with ELO is popular again, through its use in television commercials. He continues to write and produce new music.

English guitarists
English singers
English rock composers
Living people
English pop musicians
Rock musicians
1947 births
Progressive rock singers

Jeff Lynne


The Supervisor's House No. 1001, located in Malheur National Forest in John Day, Oregon, was designed by architects of the United States Forest Service and was built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor in 1938.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  The listing included two contributing buildings, which are a  -story house and a detached one-car garage.  Neither house nor garage has any significant decoration; both have shake exterior walls.

The property was deemed significant as a typical example of a Civilian Conservation Corps construction project that provided employment in emergency work-relief;  it also "represents the Forest Service's presence in the locality, as part of the headquarters for field operation, and denotes, via the physical facilities required to carry out the agency's expanding responsibilities, the critical transition in the Service's development from custodial superintendence to extensive resource management."  Further it was an example of Rustic architecture style developed by the Region 6 architects of the Forest Service.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Houses completed in 1938
Grant County, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Oregon

Supervisor's House No. 1001


The Conservative European Forum (CEF) was founded in 1969 to promote the UK's entry into the European Economic Community. The organisation is committed to a positive and constructive approach to the UK's relationships with the democracies of Europe, including the European Union.

The organisation campaigned for the UK to remain in the EU during the 2016 referendum. Although CEF accepts the UK's departure from the European Union, it believes that it is in the best interests of the UK, EU and wider world that the UK maintains a close, strategic relationship with its European allies in the future. It is for this reason that CEF was resolutely opposed to a no-deal Brexit.

Sir David Lidington is the current chair and Stephen Hammond is the current deputy chair. Flick Drummond and Liz Spencer are the current vice chairs. Amber Rudd is the president and Baroness Sugg, John Bowis, Dominic Grieve and Dirk Hazell are the current vice presidents.

On 28 January 2021, Lidington and Hammond officially launched the Conservative European Forum (CEF), replacing the Conservative Group for Europe (CGE). The change in name represents the changes in focus, priorities and mission for the organisation. Now that the UK has left the European Union with a deal, CEF offers a home to Conservative supporters who favour close, strategic relationships with Europe. The organisation aims to be the leading centre-right organisation advocating for closer links with the countries and institutions of Europe.

History
The Conservative European Forum was founded in 1969 under the chairmanship of David Baker. The organisation was originally called the European Forum and its first annual general Meeting was held just after Sir Edward Heath's General Election victory in 1970.

With the resignation of French President Charles De Gaulle who opposed UK membership of the EEC and the election of Edward Heath (a staunch pro-European) negotiations commenced for the UK to join the EEC.
It was during these negotiations that the organisation changed its name to the Conservative Group for Europe (CGE).

CEF played a vital role in the UK's ascension to the EEC. The organisation brought together pro-European Conservatives and worked with like-minded parties in France to help secure UK's entry to the EEC on 1 January 1973.

The Conservative Party campaign for the UK to remain in the EEC during the 1975 referendum was officially launched by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher when she addressed the Conservative European Forum.

In the 1980/90s the CEF's annual conference at Brandon Hall near Coventry attracted leading figures from the Conservative Party, MPs and MEPs and leaders from countries with which the Conservative Party was affiliated in the European Peoples Party.

Over the years of the Thatcher, Major and Cameron governments, CEF was active in support of pro-European Conservative policies including the creation of the Single Market, the Maastricht Treaty, enlargement to include the countries of Southern Europe and later Central and Eastern Europe.

Former Chairs of the organisation include, Sir James Spicer, Edwina Currie, Robert Walter, John Gummer (Lord Deben), Lord Brittan, David Curry, Ian Taylor, John Bowis and Neil Carmichael. Many Conservative politicians have also been associated including, Norman St John-Stevas, Lord Carrington, Douglas Hurd, Francis Pym, Chris Patten, Tom Spencer (former MEP) and Sir Tony Baldry.

Current role
CEF remains an active organisation and campaigns both inside and outside the Conservative Party.

The organisation organises regular high-profile speaker meetings for its members, publishes policy and research papers on a wide range of issues, commissions polling and promotes a pro-European message in the media.

In 2018 the organisation launched a No2NoDeal campaign to warn of the damaging consequences of a no-deal Brexit. Many of the 21 Tory rebels who were expelled from the Conservative Party for opposing a no-deal were members of the Conservative European Forum.

During elections the CEF campaigns locally for pro-European Conservative candidates.

The organisation also holds events at the annual Conservative Party Conference.

The Young Conservative European Forum (formerly the Young Conservative Group for Europe) is the organisation's youth wing; it is an active member of both the European Democrat Students (EDS) and the Nordic Conservative Student Union (NKSU).

CEF continues its long tradition of fostering links with sister centre-right parties throughout the EU and maintains good connections with many political parties in the EPP.

Membership
Membership of CEF is open to anyone who supports Conservative values and a close relationship between the UK and the EU. Individuals who are either members of the Conservative Party or who are independent conservatives (ideologically centre-right but without membership of any political party) are permitted to join.

The CEF has a large number of current and former parliamentarians as members and patrons including former Prime Minister Sir John Major and Deputy Prime Minister Lord Heseltine.

See also
 List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)

References

External links
 Official website

1969 establishments in the United Kingdom
European Union–related advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)
Politics of the United Kingdom
Pro-Europeanism in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom and the European Union

Conservative European Forum


Commonwealth Writers (established in 2011) is the cultural initiative of the Commonwealth Foundation. It aims to inspire, develop and connect writers across the Commonwealth. Its flagship is a literary award for short stories, the Commonwealth Short Story Prize, and a website.

As the Commonwealth Foundation's cultural programme, Commonwealth Writers works in partnership with international literary organisations, the wider cultural industries and civil society to help writers develop their craft. Partners include the BBC World Service, the British Council, English PEN, Granta, Hay Festival, the Prince Claus Fund, the Sigrid Rausing Trust, the Brunel University African Poetry Prize, and others.

Short Story Prize
The Commonwealth Short Story Prize is awarded annually for the best piece of unpublished short fiction (2,000–5,000 words). Regional winners receive £2,500 and the overall winner receives £5,000. The prize is open to Commonwealth citizens aged 18 or over.

The Prize is open to writers who have had little or no work published and particularly aimed at those places with little or no publishing industry. The prize aims to bring writing from these countries to the attention of an international audience. The stories need to be in English, but can be translated from other languages.

See also
 Commonwealth Foundation prizes

References

External links
 Commonwealth Writers official website.
 Commonwealth Writers on Facebook.

Commonwealth Writers awards
Awards established in 2012
English-language literary awards
Short story awards

Commonwealth Writers


Verticordia crebra, commonly known as Barrens featherflower, crowded featherflower or Twertup featherflower, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a sprawling shrub with crowded, cylinder-shaped leaves with small, yellow flowers that are almost hidden by the leaves but with a style which extends well beyond the petals. The plant looks superficially like a miniature pine tree.

Description
Verticordia crebra is a sprawling, open-branched shrub with a single main stem and which grows to a height of about  and a width of . Its leaves are crowded over the entire plant, linear in shape and round in cross-section,  long with a stalk  long, giving the plant the appearance of a small pine tree.

The flowers are scattered, appearing in a few upper leaf axils on erect or spreading stalks  long, and apart from the styles are almost hidden by the foliage. The floral cup is shaped like half a sphere, about  long, smooth and densely hairy. The sepals are pale yellow,  long with 6 to 8 feathery lobes. The petals are roughly circular in shape, pale yellow, about  long with irregularly toothed margins. The style is  long, gently curved, hairy and extends well beyond the flower and the foliage. Flowering time is from May to October.

Taxonomy and naming
Verticordia crebra was first formally described by Alex George in 1991 from specimens collected in the Fitzgerald River National Park and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (crebra) is derived from the Latin word creber meaning "close", "pressed together" or "frequent", referring to the crowded leaves.

George placed this species in subgenus Verticordia, section Verticordia along with V. helichrysantha, V. plumosa, V. stenopetala, V. sieberi, V. harveyi, V. pityrhops, and V. fimbrilepis.

Distribution and habitat
This verticordia grows on rocky spongolite and in pockets of soil on laterite in low, open heath. It is only known from small areas in the Fitzgerald River National Park in the Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions.

Conservation
Verticordia crebra is classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife and has been listed as "Vulnerable" (VU) under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The population size was estimated to be 7,000 mature plants in 4 populations in 2011. The main threat to the species is too-frequent fires.

Use in horticulture
While probably not an attractive garden plant, research is being done to determine the best methods of propagation and cultivation so that the species may be conserved in the event of loss of wild populations.

References

crebra
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Vulnerable flora of Australia
Plants described in 1991

Verticordia crebra


Jennifer Burke, née Lo, also known as Jennifer Mather is a Gemini-award-winning Canadian television journalist, previously a national news anchor for CTV News Channel in Toronto.

For years Burke was a reporter and anchor for television stations in Vancouver, British Columbia, including weekend news anchor on CHAN-TV, coanchor on CKVU-TV and host of CBC Television's Living Vancouver. She also hosted The Jennifer Mather Show on CKNW, an afternoon radio call-in talk show focusing on news and politics. Her early radio career included the role of morning news anchor on The Bob Saye and Stirling Faux Show on CFMI-FM.

In April 2013, Burke moderated the leaders' debate in the 2013 provincial election in British Columbia.

In April 2017, Burke once again moderated the leaders' debate in BC.

She was married to NHL executive Brian Burke and the couple have two daughters.

She also served as one of the fill-in anchors for CTV Canada AM.

On 15 August 2022, Burke refused to read a statement about the firing of fellow CTV anchor Lisa LaFlamme. She left the network soon after, and has since joined communications firm Pivotal Media.

References

External links
Jennifer Burke

Canadian television news anchors
Living people
Canadian women television journalists
20th-century Canadian journalists
21st-century Canadian journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian women

Jennifer Burke


The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians is the fifty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the fourteenth in the New Testament.

Why it was written
This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica a part of ancient Greece.  Thessalonica was the second city in Europe where Paul taught and left a Christian church. After the first letter was sent, probably soon, some of the Thessalonians were not sure that those who had died would share in the Second Coming of Jesus. This letter was written to answer this concern.

When it was written
Many believe it was written around 51–52 AD, shortly after the First Epistle. Others think a date of around 80–115 AD is more likely. These are scholars who say that the second letter is quite different from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians and may have been written by someone else.  Those who believe Paul wrote Second Thessalonians also note how Paul signed it himself: "I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand, which is how I write in every letter.".

What was written in the letter

The first part of the letter praises this church for keeping their faith even though others were against them.

The letter has a whole chapter mainly about the Second Coming of Christ. Someone had told the Thessalonians that Christ had already returned. Paul says this is not true. (chapter 2, verses 1 to 12),  He tells the Thessalonians that a great tribulation (time of trouble) must occur before Christ's return. Since this  has not yet happened, Christ cannot have returned yet. He then gives thanks that his readers were chosen by God for salvation and saved by His grace through faith, and so would not be deceived by false teachings. (Chapter 2, verses 13 and14)

The letter then tells the Thessalonian church to stand firm in their faith, and to "keep away from every brother who leads an unruly(evil) life and not according to the tradition which you received from us... do not associate (stay) with him, so that he will be put to shame. Yet do not regard him as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother" (Chapter 3, verses 6,7, 14 and 15).

How people have used the teachings of this letter

A passage from this book reading "For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat", (Chapter 3, verse 10), was later adapted by Vladimir Lenin as an rule of the Soviet Union, "He who does not work, neither shall he eat" .

Christian groups who work with poor people sometimes also use the verse to help people to help themselves instead of just taking help from others. They try to help them find a job instead of just giving them food.

References

Other websites
II Thessalonians (NIV)
II Thessalonians (KJV)

Pauline epistles
New Testament books

Second Epistle to the Thessalonians


Edward Fletcher Cass  (12 February 1937 – 17 September 2014) was a British miner, banker and authority on Lancashire folklore, industrial archaeology and the arts who was President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Folklore Society, Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society and Society for Folk Life Studies.

Career

Mining and banking
Cass was born in Manchester in 1937. He attended the Central High School (later Sheena Simon College) before starting work in a pharmacy and then as a coal miner at Bradford Colliery, Manchester, where he formed an attachment to the National Union of Mineworkers (though not always its leadership) and became friends with Jim Allen. From there he moved to William Deacon's Bank (later Royal Bank of Scotland), where he became a bank manager and studied part-time at the Manchester College of Commerce. He was later elected an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Bankers.

Academia
Cass continued his studies with an MA (1992) at Manchester Polytechnic (later Manchester Metropolitan University) with a thesis on 'A Local Newspaper and Its Community: Literature and The Cotton Factory Times, 1885–1937' and then studied his PhD (1996) at Edge Hill University (awarded by Lancaster University) on "The Cotton Factory Times, 1885–1937: A Family Newspaper and the Lancashire Cotton Community".

He was a Research Fellow of the National Centre for English Cultural Tradition at the University of Sheffield (1997–2004) and then a Research Fellow in The Elphinstone Institute at the University of Aberdeen (2004–14). Cass was involved with The Folklore Society as a Council Member (from 2001) then President (2008–11) and vice-president (2011–14) and was also involved in The Society for Folk Life Studies first as Council Member (2002–03) then Honorary Secretary (2003–08), vice-president (2008–11) and President (2011–14) and was awarded their Coote Lake Medal for 'outstanding research in folklore'.

Other activities
Cass was Chairman of The Portico Library (1988–90) where he was also a curator of exhibitions, Secretary and Trustee of the National Museum of Labour History later the People's History Museum (1989–2002), President of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1993–95) and Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society (2009–12) and was also involved with Manchester's Cornerhouse and Museum of Science and Industry.

Select bibliography

 The Lancashire Pace-Egg Play: A Social History (FLS Books, 2001).
 The Pace-Egg Plays of the Calder Valley (FLS Books, 2004)
 (with M. J. Preston and Paul Smith), eds, The English Mumming Play: An Introductory Bibliography (FLS Books, 2000).
 with M. J. Preston and Paul Smith), "The Peace Egg Book: An Anglo-Irish Chapbook Connection Discovered" in Folklore (2003).
 Room, Room, Ladies and Gentlemen...: An Introduction to the English Mummers' Play (English Folk Dance and Song Society in association with The Folklore Society, 2002).

References

1937 births
2014 deaths
People from Manchester
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Alumni of Edge Hill University
20th-century British historians
20th-century English historians
21st-century British historians
21st-century English historians
British folklorists
English folklorists
Presidents of the Folklore Society
Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society

Edward Fletcher Cass


Major-General John Sydney Lethbridge CB, CBE, MC (11 December 1897 – 11 August 1961) was a British soldier.

Early life
Born in Barrackpore, India, the son of Lt-Col. Sydney Lethbridge, OBE RA and Susannah Maud Slator, Lethbridge was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Uppingham School, Leicestershire, the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and Jesus College, Cambridge.

Military career

Lethbridge was commissioned into the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1915 during the First World War and saw active service on the Western Front with 123 Field Company at the first battle of Ypres in 1915 and later at the Battle of the Somme in 1916 and as a temporary Captain with the King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners in India in 1917 before serving with the Aden Frontier Force for operations in southern Arabia between 1917 and 1918.

He commanded, as acting major, a company of King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners in Afghanistan and on the North West Frontier during the Third Anglo-Afghan War from 1919 to 1922. He served again with King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners at Roorkee and Rawalpindi and saw active service in Peshawar against Afridi raiders in 1930. After graduating from Staff College at Quetta in 1932 he became Superintendent of Instruction at Roorkee and was then appointed a Field Works major at Chatham in 1933. He joined the General Staff at Headquarters, Northern Command at York and then transferred to the Military Operations Branch and Directorate of Recruiting and Organisation at the War Office in 1936 before becoming an instructor at the Senior Officers' School at Sheerness in 1939.

Lethbridge served in the Second World War with British Expeditionary Force in France in 1939 before becoming Commander Royal Engineers for the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division. He went on to be Deputy Director of Staff Duties at the War Office in 1940, liaison officer with US Forces in London in 1942 and leader of the 'Lethbridge Mission' to study tactics and equipment required to defeat Japan in the Far East in 1943. His last war appointment was as Chief of Staff for the 14th Army in Burma from 1944 under the command of Field Marshal Sir William Slim, later 1st Viscount Slim.

After the War Lethbridge became Chief of Intelligence for the Control Commission for Germany and British Army of the Rhine in 1945, Commandant of the Civil Defence Staff College in 1949 and Director of Civil Defence for the South West Region (Bristol) in September 1955. Lethbridge retired to Bondleigh, near North Tawton, in Devon, but died in August 1961, less than a year after his retirement.

Family
In 1925, Lethbridge married Katharine Greville Maynard, the daughter of Sir John Maynard, KCIE CSI in Shimla, India, and they had one son and two daughters.

Honours
Military Cross, 1919
Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1942
Companion of the Order of the Bath, 1946
Commander, US Legion of Merit, 1946

References

Bibliography

External links
Generals of World War II

1897 births
1961 deaths
People educated at Gresham's School
People educated at Uppingham School
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Royal Engineers officers
British Army generals of World War II
British Indian Army officers
Bengal Sappers and Miners personnel
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army major generals
Indian Army personnel of World War I
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
John Sydney
Military personnel of British India
Graduates of the Staff College, Quetta

John Sydney Lethbridge


Jawad Jabber Sadkhan is a citizen of Iraq who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba.
Sadkhan's Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 433.

Jawad's lawyers dispute that Jawad should have been held a single day, because he was a political refugee from Iraq and a Shi'a Muslim – whereas the Taliban and al-Qaeda were Sunni Muslims.

Identity
Captive number 433 wrote a letter on behalf of Abbas Habid Rumi Al Naely, to his Administrative Review Board.  He signed himself Abu Fatima Al Iraqi.

Combatant Status Review Tribunal

Initially the Bush administration asserted that they could withhold all the protections of the Geneva Conventions to captives from the war on terror.  This policy was challenged before the Judicial branch. Critics argued that the USA could not evade its obligation to conduct competent tribunals to determine whether captives are, or are not, entitled to the protections of prisoner of war status.

Subsequently the Department of Defense instituted the Combatant Status Review Tribunals.  The Tribunals, however, were not authorized to determine whether the captives were lawful combatants—rather they were merely empowered to make a recommendation as to whether the captive had previously been correctly determined to match the Bush administration's definition of an enemy combatant.

Sadkhan chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

Witness and evidence requests
Sadkhan made requests for the testimony of three off-Island witnesses, on his behalf.
He requested a document from an Afghan police station.
And he requested a United Nations document that he knew should already have been in the Guantanamo evidence locker, because his interrogators had it in their possession during his interrogations.  UN officials had issued him this document in 1998.

Sadkhan's Tribunal's President informed him that requests were made, through the US State Department,
on November 9, 2004, November 22, 2004, and November 30, 2004.
There was no reply, so, the witnesses were ruled "not reasonably available".

Sadkhan's Personal Representative informed him he could not locate the documents he had seen in the possession of his interrogators.

Sadkhan's Tribunal's President informed him that a fourth witness, who was also a Guantanamo captive, had been contacted, and had declined to testify on his behalf.

Sadkhan told the Tribunal that this witness had agreed to testify and explain about the animosity between Shiite and Sunni Muslims in Afghanistan. Sadkhan said he was a Shiite.

Allegations

Witness detainee 758

Sadkhan had a statement from detainee 758 submitted as evidence at his Tribunal.
In his statement detainee 758 identified himself as "Shaker Al Iraqi (Abass Abdou Erromi)".

The official record identifies him as Abbas Habid Rumi Al Naely.

He testified that he suspected the accusation against him and detainee 433 were the result of animosity from detainee 111, Ali Abdul Motalib Awayd Hassan Al Tayeea.
who he identified as "Ali Abdou Ahtaleb Al Iraqi" and detainee 252, who he identified as "Yassin Basro Al Yamani".

The official record shows detainees 111 and 262 as Ali Abdul Motalib Awayd Hassan Al Tayeea and Yasim Muhammed Basardah.

Al Naely says he knew Sadkhan in Afghanistan, and he knew him as a good, peaceloving, family man.  Al Naely said that the two men he identified as Sadkhan's accusers did not know him in Afghanistan, and their accusations were complete fabrications.

Jowad Jabar v. George W. Bush

A petition of habeas corpus, Jowad Jabar v. George W. Bush was filed on Jowad Jabar's
behalf.
In response, on 22 December 2005
the Department of Defense published a dossier of 24
pages of unclassified documents from his Tribunal.

In September 2007, the Department of Defense published the unclassified dossiers arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives.

The documents record Captive 433 requested witnesses.  However different documents in his dossier state he requested two, three, four, and five witnesses.

Tribunal panel 19 convened on 2004-12-03 and confirmed his enemy combatant status.

Administrative Review Board hearings

Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as "enemy combatants" were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual Administrative Review Board hearings.  The Administrative Review Boards weren't authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status, and they weren't authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an "enemy combatant".

They were authorized to consider whether a detainee should continue to be detained by the United States, because they continued to pose a threat—or whether they could safely be repatriated to the custody of their home country, or whether they could be set free.

First annual Administrative Review Board hearing

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for his first annual Administrative Review Board.

Transcript

Sadkhan chose to participate in his Administrative Review Board hearing.

Second annual Administrative Review Board hearing

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for his second annual Administrative Review Board, on 5 September 2006.

Letter of testimonial for Abbas Habid Rumi Al Naely

Sackhan wrote a letter for Abbas Habid Rumi Al Naely, an Iraqi refugee.  Sadkhan's letter confirmed Al Naely's account that he had to rely on charity during his time in Afghanistan.

I know this man from Afghanistan when he visited me in my own home begging me for some help.  I did not have anything to offer [him].  But when I looked at his overall look and his dirty clothing he had on, he looked so miserable.  So I went to another friend of mine and asked him for money.  That person gave me about $3 and I gave it to ISN 758.  I have invited him to stay at my house for that particular night, but he refused.  This person came back to me again (meaning ISN 758) asking me for more money that I didn't have to give him.  I also learned from other people that this person was addicted to Hash, he smokes grass.  This was a reason that made me decide not to help him because every time I would help him he would spend it on Hash.  To me he was not a political person, a religious person, or a military person.  I have never heard once that he hated America or  allies.  I never heard that he really served with the Taliban.  He received some help from the Taliban like other Iraqi refugees, and I am one of them.  I am one of them and I have received help from the Taliban.  They only gave me food for my family and me.  They gave me a house to stay with my family.  In regards to 758, they did not give him a house because he was not married.  They only gave [one] to me.  He is a peaceful man and he does not pose a threat on nobody and he has parents that need him.  Anything that happened between him and me, like some kind of animosity was a result of the investigators here on this facility.  So they can create animosity between the two of use .  I was exposed to a lot of abuse, psychological abuse from the investigators and God only knows what happened.  This person ISN 758 is innocent from any allegations and God knows everything.  This is what I have and peace be upon [you].

Military Commissions Act

The Military Commissions Act of 2006 mandated that Guantanamo captives were no longer entitled to access the US civil justice system, so all outstanding habeas corpus petitions were stayed.

Boumediene v. Bush

On June 12, 2008, the United States Supreme Court ruled, in Boumediene v. Bush, that the Military Commissions Act could not remove the right for Guantanamo captives to access the US Federal Court system.  And all previous Guantanamo captives' habeas petitions were eligible to be re-instated.
The judges considering the captives' habeas petitions would be considering whether the evidence used to compile the allegations the men and boys were enemy combatants justified a classification of "enemy combatant".

On July 9, 2008, Jeffrey D. Colman of JENNER & BLOCK LLP submitted a "RESPONSE OF PETITIONER JAWAD JABBAR SADKHAN AL-SAHLANI, ISN NO. 433, TO ISSUES RAISED AT JULY 8, 2008 HEARING" in Civil Action No. 05-CV-1497 (RCL) on behalf of Jawad Jabbar Sadkhan Al-Sahlani (ISN 433).

On July 18, 2008, Jeffrey D. Colman renewed Jawad's petition, noting that he is an Iraqi Shiite Muslim.
Colman noted he is a Shiite Muslim from Iraq and that he is married and the father of four children, approximately ages 11, 9, 8, and 6.

On October 31, 2008, Jeffrey D. Colman filed a Petitioner's Opposition to Respondent's Motion for Leave to File Amended Factual Return on behalf of Jawad Jabbar Sadkhan Al-Sahlani (ISN 433) in Civil Action No. 05-CV-2384 (RWR). Colman described the Department of Justice's attorneys were acting in bad faith.

Repatriation

On June 11, 2009, Sadkhan was transferred from Guantanmo Bay to Iraq.

Following his repatriation to Iraqi custody, in a profile of his lawyer, Jeffrey Colman, AM Law provided more details of Jawad's repatriation.
According to the article, Jawad was first cleared for release in 2003.  According to the article Colman was informed that the Obama review team cleared him for release on May 15, 2009.

References

External links
 Refuting Cheney's Lies: The Stories of Six Prisoners Released from Guantánamo Andy Worthington
 The Last Iraqi In Guantánamo, Cleared Six Years Ago, Returns Home Andy Worthington

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released

Jawad Jabbar Sadkhan Al-Sahlani


Dhanraj Giri (1811–1901) was the abbot of Kailash Ashram, an ashram, which he established in 1880 at Muni Ki Reti, Rishikesh. It was one of the first large ashrams to be established in Rishikesh, prior to which it was mostly as a place for individual seekers, or pilgrims to stop over on way to Char Dham temples pilgrimage. He was a famous monk in Northern India and was a scholar in Vedanta philosophy. He was well acquainted with spiritual luminaries of nineteenth century India like Swami Vivekananda.

Biography and legacy

Dhanraj Giri as part of his wanderings had come to Rishikesh from Varanasi and had put up in Surat Giri Bangla ashram in Kankhal. Subsequently, he started an open-air education centre for Vedanta studies to which many students joined. In 1880, the king of Tehri region granted him a piece of land for setting up an ashram and a university for studying ancient Indian scriptures, especially Vedanta. This monastery came to be known as Kailash Ashram.

Swami Vivekananda, as part of his travels in North India, went to Rishikesh and also went to Kailash Ashrama. Giri was a prominent Advaita Vedantist of the period, and Swami Abhedananda, another prominent monastic disciple of Ramakrishna studied Vedanta in Kailsha Ashrama under Dhanraj Giri as a resident student for many months.

In the early part of twentieth century, when the two monastic disciples of Vivekananda, Kalyanananda and Nischayananda, had established the Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Kankhal, they faced discrimination in the hands of local orthodox monks for their service to the sick and poor, as such activities were considered of low grade by orthodox monks. Dhanraj Giri, who wielded considerable influence among the monks and who regularly used to feed the monks from his Ashrama, provided full support to the service activities conducted by the two disciples of Swami Vivekananda and gave them special respect and importance in front of all other monks, which gradually ensured the acceptance of their work in the wider community.

Today, the ashram he established continues to be a noted centre for exegesis of Hindu shastras, and Vedantic study and scholarship.

References

1811 births
1901 deaths
Scholars from Varanasi
Rishis
Vedanta
Indian Hindu monks
19th-century Indian philosophers
19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
History of Uttarakhand
People from Rishikesh

Dhanraj Giri


Château Calon-Ségur is a winery in the Saint-Estèphe appellation of the Bordeaux wine region of France. The wine produced here was classified as one of fourteen Troisièmes Crus Classés (Third Growths) in the historic Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855. It is the northernmost classified growth in the Médoc.

History
"Calon", meaning a little river skiff used in the Middle Ages to ferry timber across the Gironde estuary, gave the name to this district which was at one point known as Calones or Saint-Estèphe-de-Calon. In early times, Château Calon-Ségur was one of the original three vineyards in Saint-Estèphe and, in 1825, Château Montrose (in 1855 classified as a Second Growth) was a forest-land parcel belonging to the Calon-Ségur estate.

By marriage, the estate came to be owned by Nicolas-Alexandre, marquis de Ségur who also owned Chateau Latour and Chateau Lafite. Despite his ownership of these two First Growths, the Marquis said that "I make wine at Lafitte and Latour but my heart is at Calon Segur." The wine's label today includes a drawing of a heart around the Chateau's name.

In the modern era, the estate has been owned by the Capbern Gasqueton family since 1894. After Mme Capbern-Gasqueton's death, it was sold in 2012 to Suravenir Assurances, an insurance company.

Chinese winemaker Emma Gao trained at the chateau, where she met her future husband, winemaker Thierry Courtade.

References

Bordeaux wine producers

Château Calon-Ségur


Odo of Canterbury (died 1200), also known as Odo Cantianus or Odo of Kent, was a theologian and abbot of Battle.

Odo was a monk of Christ Church, who later became a subprior. He was sent by his friend Thomas Becket in 1163 to attend an appeal with Pope Alexander III against the Archbishop of York, stemming from the tensions between Becket and King Henry II.

In 1173 a great fire broke out at Christ Church. After the church burned down, Odo went to the Council of Woodstock on 1 July 1175, to renew the charters of the church. Instead, he was elected abbot of Battle on 19 July 1175.

Odo was known as an ardent lover of books, and a great theologian who preached in French, English, and Latin. There is some uncertainty as to his writings, owing to confusion with Odo of Cheriton and Odo of Murimund, but a list of thirteen works, chiefly writings on the Old Testament and sermons, can be ascribed to him.

The origin of the expression "To Jesus through Mary" is generally attributed to Louis Grignion de Montfort.  However, the idea of going through Mary to Jesus is much older, and was promoted by such authors as Ildephonse of Toledo (+667), Germanus of Constantinople (+773), John of Damascus (+750), et al. In Odo of Canterbury (+1200) is found a passage which is even closer to the expression attributed to Montfort.  Odo says: "... one goes to Christ through Mary, one goes to the Son through the Mother.  By means of the Mother of Mercy one reaches mercy itself." (Testi Mariani, ed. L. Gambero, vol. 3, 490)

Odo died on 20 January 1200 and was buried in the lower part of the church at Battle. He was venerated at Battle as a saint. The relic list at Canterbury Cathedral mentions "a tooth of the Ven. Odo Abb. Of Battle".

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External links

12th-century births
1200 deaths
12th-century Christian saints
Medieval English saints

Odo of Canterbury