Firestorm: Thunderhawk 2, known as Thunderstrike 2 in North America, is a 1995 combat flight simulation video game developed and published by Core Design for PlayStation, Sega Saturn and MS-DOS. It is the sequel to Thunderhawk AH-73M.

Gameplay

Firestorm: Thunderhawk 2 is a combat flight simulator in which the player pilots a fictional attack helicopter, the AH-73M, through a series of missions around the world. The game consists of eight campaigns, taking place in locations such as the Panama Canal, South America, and the South China Sea. While the player can choose a campaign in any order, missions must be completed chronologically. The AH-73M is controlled by turning, altering altitudes, and accelerating or decelerating the helicopter. The player can choose to view the action from various viewpoints, including views from outside the helicopter or from within a cockpit. The AH-73M is armed with a variety of weapons, which includes a chain gun, missiles, rockets, and cluster bombs. Most of the weapons, except for a chain gun, uses a limited supply of ammunition. It is possible for the player to heavily customise the weaponry on their AH-73M before the beginning of each mission.

The heads-up display shows an armour level, a mini-map, a compass, a radar for displaying targets, and the currently selected weapon. The HUD also shows a radar detection warning display, which warns the player when the enemy is tracking their flight path and has locked on to them. When the player either completes or fails the mission, the result indicator is displayed and they are free to leave the mission zone. After completing a mission, the debrief screen appears, showing the percentage of kills and points awarded. The player is awarded with a medal for successfully completing a mission, and a ribbon for completing the entire campaign. A demerit is also awarded for failing to complete the mission objective, or leaving the mission zone without destroying all the primary targets; the player is grounded if three demerits are awarded in any one campaign.

Development
Firestorm: Thunderhawk 2 was created by the British studio Core Design, as a sequel to the original Thunderhawk. Sarah Avory served as a lead programmer, while Martin Iveson handled the game's music and sound effects. The game was developed simultaneously for the PC, Saturn, and PlayStation, with the PC as the lead platform. According to Avory, the game took very little time to develop since it reused the game engine from Thunderhawk; it took only one month to create a playable version for the PC, and just a few days to port this early version over to both the PlayStation and Saturn. With this accomplished, the team set about adding additional missions, troops, and bug fixes, working towards a release date of 4 December 1995 for all three versions. In Japan, the Sega Saturn version of Thunderhawk 2 was released by Victor Entertainment on 23 February 1996, followed by the PlayStation version on 24 May. An Atari Jaguar CD port was planned but never released.

Reception

The PlayStation and Sega Saturn versions received mostly positive reviews. Common subjects of praise included the fun of destroying enemies and scenery, the large number of missions, and the use of contemporary real world scenarios and weaponry. Critics generally complimented the heavily detailed and realistic graphics, but reprimanded the draw distance problems, particularly the considerable pop-up. However, even the game's sternest critics concluded it to be far better than contemporary flight simulators, such as Wing Arms and Black Fire. In 1996, GamesMaster ranked the game 9th on their "The GamesMaster Saturn Top 10".

Sequel
Firestorm: Thunderhawk 2 was followed by its sequel Thunderhawk: Operation Phoenix.

References

External links

1995 video games
Cancelled Atari Jaguar games
Combat flight simulators
Core Design games
DOS games
Helicopter video games
PlayStation (console) games
Sega Saturn games
U.S. Gold games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Single-player video games

Firestorm: Thunderhawk 2


A transaction is usually an exchange. Sometimes other things are referred to as transactions.

A business transaction is one where money, goods, or services are bought, sold or traded.

A bank transaction is when money is taken out of, put into, or moved around inside of a bank.

A database transaction is one where data is changed inside a computer system.

Commerce

Transaction


David George Ritchie (26 October 1853 — 3 February 1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford, and after being fellow of Jesus College and a tutor at Balliol College was elected professor of logic and metaphysics at St Andrews. He was also the third president of the Aristotelian Society in 1898.

Life

Ritchie was born at Jedburgh on 26 October 1853.  He was the only son of the three children of Very Rev Dr George Ritchie, D.D., minister of the parish and a man of scholarship and culture, who was elected to the office of Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1870. His mother was Elizabeth Bradfute Dudgeon. The family was connected with the Carlyles, and early in 1889 Ritchie edited a volume of Early Letters of Jane Welsh Carlyle.

Ritchie received his early schooling at Jedburgh Academy. Not allowed to make friends with other boys of his own age, he never learned to play games, and lived a solitary life, concentrating his mind on purely intellectual subjects. He matriculated in 1869 at the University of Edinburgh, where he made a special study of classics under Professors William Young Sellar and J. S. Blackie, while he began to study philosophy under Professor Campbell Fraser, in whose class and in that of Professor Henry Calderwood (on moral philosophy) he gained the highest prizes. After graduating M.A. at Edinburgh in 1875 with first-class honours in classics, Ritchie gained a classical exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, and won a first-class both in classical moderations (Michaelmas, 1875) and in the final classical school (Trinity term, 1878). In 1878 he became a fellow of Jesus College, Oxford and in 1881 a tutor. From 1882 to 1886 he was also a tutor at Balliol College. At Oxford Ritchie came under the influence of Thomas Hill Green and Arnold Toynbee, and it was there that the foundations were laid both for his interest in idealistic philosophy associated with the name of G. W. F. Hegel (see British idealism), and also of his strong bent toward practical politics; his political philosophy was dominated by the belief that practical action must be derived from principles.

Ritchie married twice. His first marriage was in 1881 to Flora Lindsay, daughter of Col. A. A. Macdonell of Lochgarry, and sister of Professor A. A. Macdonell of Oxford. Flora died in 1888. He was married a second time in 1889 to Ellen Haycraft, sister of Professor John Berry Haycraft. He had a daughter by the first marriage and a son, Arthur David Ritchie, by the second.

In 1894 Ritchie left Oxford on being appointed professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of St. Andrews. At this time the university was in the midst of a turmoil of conflicting interests which involved litigation and much partisan feeling. In this conflict Ritchie supported the side of progress, which ultimately prevailed.

Ritchie was a founding member, and the third President (1898–1899), of the Aristotelian Society, an influential academic organisation that is still very much in active existence.

He remained at St. Andrews until his death on 3 February 1903. He is buried in the north-east corner of the Eastern Cemetery in St Andrews beneath a large black granite cross.

Philosophy
Both at Oxford and at St. Andrews, Ritchie wrote mostly on ethics and political philosophy. One of his earliest writings was an essay on The Rationality of History, contributed to Essays in Philosophical Criticism, written in 1883 by a number of young men influenced by Hegel and his interpreters. He was very much one of the generation of thinkers who were sometimes referred to as the British Idealists.

Of a simple and unaffected nature, Ritchie pursued the truth he set himself to seek with an entire devotion. Despite his retiring manner, he had many friends. He held strongly that questions of ethics and politics must be regarded from a metaphysical point of view. For him the foundation of ethics necessarily rested on the ideal end of social well-being, and keeping this end in view, he proceeded to trace its history at different times, the manner in which it shapes itself in the mind of each individual, and the way in which it can be developed and realised. Ritchie was an advanced liberal with socialist leanings. He considered that the ultimate value of religion depended on the ideal it set before mankind when it represented its highest form.

Criticism of animal rights

Ritchie was an early critic of animal rights. He disagreed with Henry Stephens Salt's views and authored the paper "The Rights of Animals" for the International Journal of Ethics, in 1900. His paper "Why Animals Do Not Have Rights" was reprinted in 1976.

In his book Natural Rights, Ritchie stated that although "we may be said to have duties of kindness towards the animals, it is incorrect to represent these as strictly duties towards the animals themselves, as if they had rights against us." Ritchie argued that there would be absurd consequences if animals have rights, such as cats eating mice which would violate their rights.

Works
Among his works may be cited:
Darwinism and Politics (1889)
Principles of State Interference: Four Essays on the Political Philosophy of Mr Herbert Spencer, J S Mill, and T H Green (1891)
Darwin and Hegel (1893)
Natural Rights (1895)
Studies in Political and Social Ethics (1902)
Plato (1902)
A translation with Sir Richard Lodge and Percy Ewing Matheson of Bluntschli's Theory of the State (1885)
Many articles in the philosophical journal Mind, the Philosophical Review, etc.

His Philosophical Studies was edited with a memoir by Robert Latta (1905).

Notes

References

1853 births
1903 deaths
19th-century Scottish philosophers
20th-century Scottish philosophers
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Critics of animal rights
Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford
Hegelian philosophers
Idealists
People from Jedburgh
Presidents of the Aristotelian Society
Scottish ethicists
Scottish political philosophers

David George Ritchie


Bloomfield Hills is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An affluent northern suburb of Detroit on the Woodward Corridor, Bloomfield Hills is located roughly  northwest of downtown Detroit, and is surrounded on most sides by Bloomfield Township. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 4,460.

History

On June 28, 1820, Oakland County was divided into two townships: Pontiac Township and Bloomfield Township, the latter covering the southern part of the county that would include West Bloomfield Township, Royal Oak and Southfield. What is now Bloomfield Hills was a farming area until the turn of the 20th century when wealthy Detroit residents bought up the land. The settlement became a village in 1927, and in 1932 residents voted to become a city to avoid being incorporated into growing Birmingham.

Culture

Bloomfield Hills is the location of the National Historic Landmark Cranbrook Educational Community and other historic sites listed on the national register of historic places.

In popular culture, Bloomfield Hills was the setting for the 2005 film The Upside of Anger. In the 2002 film 8 Mile, Eminem mentions Cranbrook Kingswood while making fun of "Doc" because he attended Cranbrook, which is not considered cool or impressive in the atmosphere portrayed in the film. Bloomfield Hills is the hometown of the comic book character, Trance. Some scenes in Out of Sight with Jennifer Lopez and George Clooney were filmed at a private residence in Bloomfield Hills. (In the novel by Elmore Leonard on which the film is based, the most prominent street in Bloomfield Hills is described as "Vaughan Road, nothing but money.") Jimmy Hoffa was last seen at the former Machus Red Fox restaurant in adjacent Bloomfield Township. The novel Gilda Joyce: The Ladies of the Lake is set in a private school in Bloomfield.

Churches

The area is the home of landmark churches including Kirk in the Hills Presbyterian on Long Lake Rd (Bloomfield Township) and Christ Church Cranbrook Episcopal, consecrated in 1928 as part of George Booth's plan for the Cranbrook Educational Community. The Congregational Church of Birmingham United Church of Christ was founded in Birmingham but moved to its present location in at 1000 Cranbrook Road (at Woodward Avenue) in Bloomfield Hills in 1966. St. Hugo of the Hills Roman Catholic Church was funded by Theodore F. MacManus (1872–1940) and his wife in memory of their deceased children, Hugo and Hubert. St. Hugo of the Hills Catholic Church was built from 1931 to 1936, with approval from Bishop Michael J. Gallagher, and was designed by Arthur DesRossiers. Other churches include St. George Greek Orthodox, Bloomfield Hills Baptist, Beautiful Savior Lutheran Church (ELCA) on Adams Road (Bloomfield Township), Detroit Michigan Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Birmingham Unitarian Church on Woodward Avenue.

Economy
Home of O2 Investment Partners, Straightaway Tire and Auto, Acme Group, consisting of , Acme Mills, Great Lakes Filters, and Fairway Products, is headquartered in Bloomfield Hills. Other companies headquartered in Bloomfield Hills, MI include Taubman Centers, TriMas Corp., Larson Realty Group, Princeton Enterprises, TIP Capital, Bloomfield Hills Bancorp, Reverie, BlackEagle Partners, Gregory J. Schwartz & Co., Inc., Alidade Capital, and Penske Automotive Group.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics

As of the 2005–2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, there were 3,774 people, 1,570 households, and about 1,382 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 1,628 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.1% White, 5.4% Asian, 4.3% Black, 0.8% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,869 people, 1,489 households, and 1,116 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 1,659 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 87.3% White, 6.7% Asian, 4.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 1,489 households, of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.1% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 54.1 years. 19.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 11.8% were from 25 to 44; 33.5% were from 45 to 64; and 29.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, There were 1,520 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.9% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the city, 19.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 3.8% was between 18 and 24, 13.8% between 25 and 44, 39.0% between 45 and 64, and 23.8% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $170,790, and the median income for a family was over $200,000. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $52,273 for females. The per capita income for the city was $104,920. About 1.8% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 and over.

Bloomfield Hills is one of the wealthiest cities with over 1000 people in the United States and is one of the wealthiest places in Michigan. 39% of owner-occupied homes had a value of over $1,000,000, and 32.1% with a value between $500,000 and $999,999.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools
Most of the city is served by the Bloomfield Hills School District (BHSD), a public school district based in neighboring Bloomfield Township, comprising the City of Bloomfield Hills, most of Bloomfield Township, and small parts of neighboring communities such as Auburn Hills, Troy, and West Bloomfield Township. The sole district comprehensive high school is Bloomfield Hills High School, formed in 2013 by the mergers of Andover High School and Lahser High School.

The Bloomfield Hills district administers the International Academy, a tuition-free, public consortium high school in Bloomfield Township that hosts students from ten different public schools districts (including some Bloomfield Hills School District students).

A southern portion of Bloomfield Hills resides in the Birmingham City School District.

Private schools
The Bloomfield Hills area is also home to many private schools. The city limits include the nonsectarian Cranbrook Schools, Cranbrook Academy of Art, St. Hugo of the Hills Catholic School (established in 1940), and the Roeper School.

The neighboring communities of Bloomfield Township and Beverly Hills have two single-sex Catholic schools: Brother Rice High School for boys and Marian High School for girls, as well as the private college-preparatory school Detroit Country Day School, Academy of the Sacred Heart.   Bloomfield Township also has Michigan's only ACCS accredited Classical Christian school, Bloomfield Christian School.

Weekend education
After the Japanese School of Detroit was formed in 1973, it initially held its classes at Cranbrook School Brookside.

Post-secondary education
Bloomfield Hills is home to the Cranbrook Academy of Art, one of the nation's leading graduate schools of architecture, art and design. It was founded by the Booths in 1932. By 1984, the New York Times would say that "the effect of Cranbrook and its graduates and faculty on the physical environment of this country has been profound ... Cranbrook, surely more than any other institution, has a right to think of itself as synonymous with contemporary American design."

The main offices of Oakland Community College are in Bloomfield Hills.

Notable people

See also

 Oakland Hills Country Club
 Michigan locations by per capita income
 Woodward Corridor

References

External links

 City of Bloomfield Hills

Metro Detroit
Cities in Oakland County, Michigan
Populated places established in 1927
1927 establishments in Michigan

Bloomfield Hills, Michigan


Water scarcity in India is an ongoing water crisis that affects nearly hundreds of million of people each year. In addition to affecting the huge rural and urban population, the water scarcity in India also extensively affects the ecosystem and agriculture. India has only 4% of the world's fresh water resources despite a population of over 1.4 billion people. In addition to the disproportionate availability of freshwater, water scarcity in India also results from drying up of rivers and their reservoirs in the summer months, right before the onset of the monsoons throughout the country. The crisis has especially worsened in the recent years due to climate change which results in delayed monsoons, consequently drying out reservoirs in several regions. Other factors attributed to the shortage of water in India are a lack of proper infrastructure and government oversight and unchecked water pollution.

Several large cities of India have experienced water shortages in recent years, with Chennai being the most prominent in 2019. The shortage of water affected the entire city of 9 million people and resulted in the closure of several hotels, restaurants and businesses.

The acute shortage of water for daily needs has prompted many government and non government organizations to take stringent measures to combat the problem. The Government of India has launched multiple schemes and programs, including the formation  buck of an entire 'Jal Shakti' Ministry to deal with the problem. The government has also insisted on techniques such as rainwater harvesting, water conservation and more efficient irrigation as agriculture alone is responsible for 80% of the country's water usage.

Due to increasing demands, it is estimated that India will become a water scarce nation by 2025. According to a 2019 report by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog), the best estimates indicate that India's water demand will exceed supply by a factor of two by 2030.

Impacts of water scarcity in India

People
The scarcity of water in India affects hundreds of millions of people across the country. A major portion of the population does not have a reliable and constant means of getting water for their daily needs. In June 2019, 65% of all reservoirs in India reported below-normal water levels, and 12% were completely dry. Since tap water is unavailable in many cities including some megacities such as Chennai, residents are reliant on alternative water sources. The country has scattered public water pumps but a lot of them are located far away from cities and their water flow is intermittent and unpredictable. A lot of Indians are forced with the option of spending money to buy drinking water but the poor sections of the society are unable to afford it on a daily basis which creates a massive problem of water scarcity for the rural population of India.

Limited accessibility to water is a threat to the people's health. Insufficient water has the capacity to deteriorate the health of an entire city in times of a water crisis. In the city of Latur, the depletion of more than 90% of water sources resulted in a major health crisis and people were forced to dig borewells into the ground, exposing themselves to dangerous chemicals and risking contamination. Some local residents were forced to consume polluted water sources due to the crisis at hand. In June 2016, the count of health problems skyrocketed in Latur, with multiple people showing symptoms of fever, infection, dehydration, vomiting, and kidney ailments. In addition to this health crisis, hospitals were unable to safely perform any surgery due to the increased threat of post-operative infections and complications resulting from a lack of clean drinking water.

A similar crisis emerged in Chennai in 2019 resulting in violent incidents and protests amongst the residents of the city. In June 2019 in Chennai, a woman was stabbed by her neighbor as she attempted to dig a borewell for water.

In February 2016, New Delhi was led to the brink of a severe water crisis by some Jat tribe demonstrators who purposefully damaged the Munak canal, a crucial source of water supply for the city. The protests were in retaliation to the Supreme Court judgement which cancelled Other Backward Class (OBC) quotas for them.

The water crisis in India was also exacerbated by the emergence of the so-called water mafia or 'tanker mafia'. Tanker mafia refers to private water tank owners who smuggle clean water illegally and sell it to local people at expensive prices. The tanker mafia is notorious in the city of Bhopal, where the mafia has been reported to bully poor residents and competing businesses, creating an atmosphere of social instability.

Ecosystem
Water scarcity also threatens the lives of wild animals across India. Wild animals are forced to infiltrate villages and cities in India as they attempt to find potable water. In 2016, the city of Mettur and Kolathur experienced an acute water shortage caused by a drought, which caused water bodies in nearby forests to dry out. Eventually, local wild animals like elephants, tigers, and spotted deer started to sneak into the cities in search of water. Some of these animals pose a threat to the citizens, as they can attack people. Some animals like spotted deer get physically attacked by dogs in the process, or they wind up injured or dead in accidents. In the Madurai district, the acute water shortage caused Indian gaurs to die by falling into wells as they looked for water.

Agriculture
Water is essential to the popular occupation of agriculture in India. Farmers are unable to produce crops in the absence of water. The drought in 2019 even destroyed the supplementary crops in addition to the winter crops. The scarcity of water has rendered a lot of valuable farmland in India completely useless and much of the farming industry in these regions has ceased to operate. In 2016, the city of Latur witnessed mass unemployment, where about half of its workforce was threatened to be unemployed as the agricultural industry struggled. Much of the local economy and farming regions nearly collapsed as the citizens were left with no choice but to use the polluted water. This implied reduced job opportunities in rural areas, which pushed citizens to move to the cities in search of jobs. Such a trend only adds pressure to the already strained infrastructure as the demand for water in large cities continues to increase.

Reasons for Water Scarcity

Climate change
Monsoon is defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation. The North-East monsoon is responsible for 10%-20% rainfall of the total rainfall in India, while the South-West monsoon provides approximately 80% of rainfall. Therefore, the effects of climate change on the monsoon seasons is one of the important reasons for decrease in rainfall and water shortage in India. In recent years, monsoons in India have become more sporadic while also reducing in their length and hence reducing the total precipitation.

In 2018, the North-East monsoon decreased by 44% and the South-West monsoon was deficient by 10%. The summer South-West monsoon that usually results in rainfall from the months of June till September was delayed for 10 days, causing the rainfall in the area to decrease by 36 percent in comparison to the 50-year average. Because of the lower rainfall, water levels in reservoirs across the country decreased and led to extreme shortages of water in many major cities of India. During the first half year of 2019, 91 major reservoirs in the country recorded a 32% drop in their water capacity, resulting in disasters such as the Chennai Water Crisis

The economic impact of rising sea levels is substantially evident within India. The damage cost is estimated at between US$24 billion and US$36 billion.  This is primarily due to the rate of high emissions in conjunction with the increasing instability of ice sheets. These rising emissions are a predominant factor behind why India is consequently facing higher temperatures. The 'wet-bulb temperature', an approximate tool that integrates heat and humidity is expected to be at a constant rate of 31 Celsius. That rate resembles an adverse impact on human life due to the impacts of climate change in relation to water.

Infrastructure issues

River pollution
Due to the lack of a long-term water management plan, many of the country's rivers either run dry or have been polluted. Although one of the most important river in India, Ganga is also the one that is most severely polluted. The pollution mostly results from untreated sewage from densely populated cities, industrial waste as well as due to religious ceremonies in and around the river. Ganga is a holy river in Hindu mythology and during religious festivals, over 70 million people bathe in the Ganges, believed to wash off their sins. The bones and ashes remaining after Hindu cremation are also thrown into Ganges along with other religious waste. Sometimes, half-cremated bodies are also thrown into the Ganges in order to let them decompose in water.

Although the Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1984 in a bid to clean the Ganges River within 25 years, the river is still highly polluted, with a high proportion of heavy metals and lethal chemicals that can even cause cancer. The unsatisfying result of the Ganga Action Plan has been  attributed to a "lack of technical knowledge" and "misplaced priorities". Other cited reasons also include lack of maintenance of the facilities as well as an inadequate fees for the services.

Groundwater extraction and irrigation
India is the world's biggest groundwater user, extracting  of groundwater in 2010, compared to  of groundwater extracted by the United States. From 2007 to 2017, the continued exploitation of groundwater caused the groundwater level in India to decrease by 61 percent, according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). The unmonitored and unregulated extraction of groundwater has diminished and contaminated the water resources, and therefore threatens the people who depend on these water sources for their daily needs.

According to a report by NITI Aayog published in June 2018, at least 21 major Indian cities, including the capital New Delhi were set to completely run out of groundwater by 2020, based on the estimates of annual groundwater replenishment and its extraction without taking into account the groundwater availability in the deeper aquifers. Since the report, there have been reports of ground water shortage in the listed cities like Bangalore, Chennai and New Delhi. However since the initial report, there has also been variations in groundwater levels. Bangalore, for example, experienced replenished ground water levels in 2021 due to COVID lockdown induced reduced demand and significantly increased rainfall. However, this rise in ground water level is not considered to be a reversal of the downward trend. Bangalore is reporting ground water shortage again in 2023. The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) has since published a press release on the updated information of groundwater levels as of 2020 and the steps taken to avoid the situation, including artificial groundwater recharge, water harvesting and aquifer mapping and management programs. The 2018 report also noted that approximately 200,000 people die in India each year due to the lack of access to safe drinking water.

Groundwater meets more than half of the country's need of water supply, and nearly 89% of the groundwater extracted in India is used for irrigation. The traditional techniques of irrigation are also to blame for the water crisis as they result in a majority of water loss and evaporation during the irrigation process.

Wastage of water
According to the Central Water Commission, even though climate change has resulted in a reduction in rainfall and thereby the water supply, the country still receives enough rainfall to meet the needs of over 1 billion people. However, India only catches only 8 percent of its annual rainfall due to poor rainwater harvesting. Due to rapid urbanization, a lot of the ponds used to capture water have been lost due to the rising population and inefficient implementation of city planning guidelines.

India has also been lacking in the treatment of wastewater for reuse. Approximately 80 percent of domestic wastewater is drained out as waste and ends up flowing into other water bodies which lead to salt water sources such as the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. A study by Central Pollution Control Board, CPCB, estimated the sewage generation to be 72,368 million liters per day (MLD) with 31,841 MLD (42%) waste water treatment capacity of which only 20,235 MLD (28%) was utilized which accounts for only 75% of the operational capacity. The remaining water is released into the environment where it pollutes, spreads diseases and harms wildlife. Given that 80% of water supplied to urban areas returns as waste water, it has the potential to be treated and reused for industrial activities or crop irrigation, which relieves the water demand and also reduce pollution level. This would be especially effective considering that agriculture takes up 80% of water use in India. It has been estimated that the available waste water in 2021 could have potentially grown 28 million metric tons of selected produce amounting to INR 966 billion in revenue. Yet, it was reported that only top five states account for 60% of installed capacity with only ten states implementing treated waste water reuse policy. As India has increased the capacity of treatment plants by 40% from 2014 to 2020, the capacity is expected to grow from 42% treatment capacity in 2021 to 80% treatment capacity of waste water by 2050.

There have been criticisms of government policies surrounding waste water treatment, including for their lack of incentives, enforcement mechanisms, or usage specific quality standards. To address the poor state of state policies surrounding treatment of waste water, the central government released the National Framework on Safe Reuse of Treated Water in November 2022. It aims to set quality standards, monitoring and compliance measures for a broad range of its usage and recommends national and state level implementations. It also discusses challenges and various business models that can be adopted for the operation. Although the framework has been criticized for not providing clearly defined standards depending on use case, it is considered as a step in a good direction. The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) is said to be responsible for the overall interpretation, coordination and guidance of the framework.

Efforts

Government efforts
The Government of India has reformed several of its departments and initiated several water supply projects in the last 3 years to respond to the country's growing water needs. The reforms include the establishment of a new ministry for water known as the Jal Shakti Ministry. The government also launched several projects in the main rivers and underground water sources. The Indian government has claimed that the new ministry and projects could increase the whole country's water use efficiency by 20% in addition to enhancing the capacity of its water reserves and protecting the currently over-exploited area.

Establish new ministry through department reorganization
In June 2019, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a new plan, "Piped Water for All by 2024" in order to integrate different water resources management departments together to take charge of the ground and surface water depletion. The newly formed Jal Shakti ministry is responsible for publishing the policy guideline for water resources usage, regulating and leading the water resources related projects, and dealing with the cooperation, facilitation, and negotiation of water resources both internationally and in between states.

Prior to the formation of the Jal Shakti ministry, water resources in India were managed by different departments under the governance of either the local state government or the union government. The new ministry combines the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation with the former Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The government aims that this step will prevent various departments from conflicting and overlapping with each other. The Jal Shakti Ministry is responsible for managing the financial and technical resources, policy support and the pollution regulation deployment regarding the water resources throughout the country.

Ganga River cleaning programs
The Ganges, a popular holy river in India, feeds millions of people in North India. Despite the heavy reliance of public life on the river, it was named as one of the 10 most dangerous rivers in the world in 2007 due to water pollution.

The first Ganga river cleaning program (Ganga Action Plan) was started in 1985 with an aim to tackle the problem of excessive water pollution in the river. The program was gradually expanded to look after the other rivers in India as well. Over the past 20 years, over £100m has been spent to mitigate the effect of industrial pollution on rivers and other water bodies. However, the Ganga Action Plan has not shown any significant results over the years. In 2018, the Central Pollution Control Board and National Green Tribunal of India reported that only 7% of the water region in Ganga River is drinkable and only about 10% of the water can be used for bathing.

To combat the problem of government incompetence in solving the water crisis, the Modi government announced that it will be launching new projects with more investment along with formulating new policies to manage the pollution in Ganga and other rivers in India.

Non-governmental efforts
India has a huge number of Non Government Organisations that focus on solving water shortage problems for the citizens in affected areas. Some of the organizations such as 'FORCE' and 'Safe Water Network' are actively involved in dealing with the water crisis in India. International organisations such as 'We are Water' and UNICEF also very active in alleviating the problems of basic water supply and sanitation in villages.

Most of the non-governmental organizations work on raising social awareness and establishing water resources projects for the heavily affected parts of the country.

Raising social awareness
Most non-governmental organizations consider raising social awareness as one of their main responsibilities. They are actively involved in teaching the locals how to preserve the water resources and how to increase the water usage efficiency by installing new water gathering stations and improving their irrigation techniques.

'We are Water' publishes documentary films every year broadcasting the severe water scarcity in India to raise social awareness. In its documentaries, We are Water highlights the main reasons for water scarcity in the country and how each civilian can work towards conserving water in their own homes. These documents are especially relevant in rural areas as the residents do not have direct access to government schemes.

Establishing water resources projects
A lot of non-governmental organisations in India are involved in establishing water harvesting structures in rural areas. For example, villagers in Palve Budruk, near Ahmednagar, developed a catchment plan covering 1,435 hectares – over 80% of the land available with support from UNICEF. The system consists of 3 dams, 20 canal bunds, two small percolation tanks linked to the main tank and 19 village ponds. Water stored in the percolation tank, is strictly meant for domestic use. Piped water is supplied for an hour a day in the morning, during which families are expected to fill up water for drinking and cooking.

The Jal Bhagirathi Foundation is one of the most prominent non profit organisations in India dealing with the issues of water scarcity in the desert terrains of Rajasthan. The foundation has covered over 550 villages and revived more than 2000 water harvesting structures in the region. The organisation claims to harvest over 4000 million litres of water every year along with reclamation of 100+ hectares of barren land. The organisation also works actively with schools in the region, providing safe water and sanitation facilities to them. The Jal Bhagirathi Foundation is also actively involved in raising awareness about water conservation and has been awarded numerous awards for its efforts.

Solutions and technologies

Rain collection
Rainwater harvesting is the name given to the innovative way of collecting rainwater in order to recharge the underground water. A lot of houses have built their own rainwater harvesting structures in order to be self sufficient. In Banglore, Biome Environmental Trust and Friends of Lakes launched citizen initiatives to dig up to 1 million recharging wells and connect them to the groundwater using funnels. The nonprofit organisations expect this initiative to collect as much as 60% of the total rainwater. A lot of government-supported start - ups such as NeeRain are also providing ways for collecting rainwater in order to recharge underground water reservoirs.

Coastal reservoirs
Coastal reservoir is a fresh/river water storage reservoir located on sea coast area near a river delta. It does not submerge the land area and there is no requirement of land acquisition and rehabilitation of displaced population. These multi purpose  water storage reservoirs can be built at low cost to supply adequate water for all the water requirements such as irrigation, drinking, industrial, salt export, base flows, environmental flows, etc. benefiting all water deficit areas of India India is not running out of water but water is running out of India without reaping benefits from the available water resources in India.

Desalination
Desalination is a potential advanced technique to solve the problem of water shortage, especially in coastal regions. Desalination involves treating sea water to remove its salt content, making it fit for drinking. In the past decades, Israel has already developed a systematic method to desalinate the sea water into fresh water for industrial and domestic usage. India is already looking into installing desalination plants near the coastal regions to fulfil the water needs of cities such as Chennai.

Irrigation Techniques
Employing almost 44% of India's working population, agriculture is one of the most important occupations in India. Consequently, up to 80% of the groundwater in India is used for irrigation. The Indian Agriculture Institute has been promoting the drip irrigation technology to relieve the water scarcity in India for decades. The technology has the advantage of being applicable to all kinds of terrains in the country. Furthermore, the technique helps farmers use water more efficiently by modifying the water supply based on the moisture level of the soil. With the help of the Indian government, drip irrigation has seen a massive rise in implementation over the last 15 years. Currently, almost 351,000 hectares of irrigated land is under drip irrigation, compared to just 40 hectares in 1960s.

Current events

2019 Chennai water crisis

In June 2019, the Indian city of Chennai faced an acute water shortage after its four main water reservoirs ran completely dry. Chennai is India's sixth largest metropolis with a population of roughly nine million people. The dire shortage of water affected the huge population of Chennai very badly as hundreds of people waited in lines with empty water buckets for hours. Several restaurants and hotels in the city also shut down due to the shortage of water. Even the IT firms in the city otherwise known for its thriving IT and automobile sectors were forced to ask their employees to work from home as the crisis worsened. Out of the daily requirement of , the city was only able to provide . Chennai Metro Water was forced to cut short its daily water supply by 40% to deal with the ongoing crisis. The government responded by sending water tankers to residential areas. Water was also delivered to the city by a special train with the capacity to carry 10 million liters of water daily.

See also

 Climate of India
 Environment of India
 Kalpasar Project
 List of rivers by dissolved load
 Ground water in India
 Indian Rivers Inter-link
 Interstate River Water Disputes Act
 Irrigation in India
 List of drainage basins by area
 List of rivers of India by discharge
 List of rivers by discharge
 List of dams and reservoirs in India
 Polavaram Project
 Pollution of the Ganges
 National Water Policy
 Saemangeum Seawall
 Water supply and sanitation in India
 Water pollution in India

References

External links

Water in India
Water pollution in India
Water supply and sanitation in India
I

Water scarcity in India


Alling Abbey (Alling Kloster) was one of the last Benedictine monasteries to be built in Denmark.
Alling Kloster was located north of Silkeborg in the parish of  Svostrup  in  Viborg County.

History
Alling Abbey was built at the lower end of Alling Lake  sometime before 1250. There was a connection between the closure of the monastery at Vejerslev in 1231 and the building of the abbey at Alling which was partially filled with monks from Vejerslev. The constructed abbey is mentioned first in 1250.
The abbey was constructed in the familiar pattern. Three ranges adjoined St. Hans Church forming a four-sided enclosure to separate the monks from the world. The east range contained the chapter hall and dormitory. The north range was the refectory, work area, perhaps scriptorium, and cellars for storage. The west range housed the lay brothers who lived in the abbey and performed much of the worldly work required to keep the monastery operating. To the south was St. Hans Church, with a single nave, choir and angular apse.

Since the abbey was isolated from any town, the church was used only by the monks or occasional travellers. Women were not permitted, except on holy days. A canal was dug from Grønbæk to bring fresh water to the monastery and then carry it off to Alling Lake.
Over the centuries the abbey came into possession of many farms and owned the rights to most of the churches in the area. For much of the time, the abbey had running disputes with the Bishops of  Aarhus over income properties.

Post  Reformation
The Danish Reformation in 1536 brought all religious institutions and their income properties to the crown. In 1538 the last Abbot, Hans Lauridsen, turned the keys over to Johannes Hŏcken, a secular nobleman (lensmand) to look after the king's interest in the property. He then took off his habit and became the first Lutheran priest in Grønbæk and Svostrup parishes. The monks were permitted to remain for a time until the abbey was closed sometime before 1540. The property was mortgaged to Johan Hŏcken in 1539 and 1543. The mortgage was redeemed by Jakob Berthelsen, bailiff of
Silkeborg Castle (Silkeborg Slot) in 1573 and the entire abbey was razed for the building materials that could be sold from the site. The archives of the abbey were moved to Silkeborg Castle, inventoried in the late 16th century, and then disappeared. A few letters between abbots and other church leaders exist in the State Archive.

Excavations
Several excavations identified the abbey's precise location, so that it has been completely mapped.
The ruins of the monastery were exposed through archaeological investigations conducted by the National Museum of Denmark in 1894 and 1942. In 1989 the monastery's floor plan was clarified with protective turf ramparts, which now hide the otherwise exposed masonry.
The site has been protected as a national historic location since 1901. Portions of the foundation have been left exposed so visitors can see how the abbey was laid out.

References

Other  Sources
Martin Berntson (2003) Klostren och reformationen. Upplösningen av kloster och konvent i Sverige 1523-1596	 (Artos & Norma Bokförlag)

External links
 Alling Kloster

Benedictine monasteries in Denmark
13th-century establishments in Denmark
1538 disestablishments in Denmark

Alling Abbey


The commemorative stelae of Nahr el-Kalb are a group of over 20 inscriptions and rock reliefs carved into the limestone rocks around the estuary of the Nahr al-Kalb (Dog River) in Lebanon, just north of Beirut.

The inscriptions include three Egyptian hieroglyphic stelae from Pharaohs including Ramesses II, six Cuneiform inscriptions from Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian kings including Esarhaddon and Nebuchadnezzar II, Roman and Greek inscriptions, Arabic inscriptions from the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Barquq and the Druze prince Fakhr-al-Din II, a memorial to Napoleon III's 1860 intervention in Lebanon and a dedication to the 1943 independence of Lebanon from France. As such, the site has been said to summarise all of Lebanon's history in one place.

The earliest European to identify the site was the 17th-century traveller Henry Maundrell in 1697, and  was the first editor of the inscriptions in 1922.

In 2005, the stelae at the river were listed in the UNESCO Memory of the World initiative.

Description

Past generals and conquerors have traditionally built monuments at the mouth of the Nahr al-Kalb. Ramses II, Nebuchadnezzar, Esarhaddon, Caracalla, and even armies from modern-day France and Great Britain have engaged in this practice.

The inscriptions are carved on a strategic location commanding the North-South coastal road along the Eastern Mediterranean. The earliest inscription is that of Ramesses II, and relates to the New Kingdom of Egypt's control of the region. The earliest Egyptian incursions into the region were many centuries earlier, as recorded by the Autobiography of Weni (c. 2280 BC) and the Sebek-khu Stele (c. 1860 BC).

The earliest European to identify the site was the 17th-century traveller Henry Maundrell in 1697, who wrote of the river crossing:
To accommodate the passage, you have a path of above two yards breadth cut along its side, at a great height above the water; being the work of the emperor Antoninus... The memory of which good work is perpetuated by an inscription, engraven on a table plained in the side of the natural rock, not far from the entrance into the way... In passing this way, we observed, in the sides of the rock above us, several tables of figures carved; which seemed to promise something of antiquity... as if the old way had gone in that region, before Antoninus cut the other more convenient passage a little lower. In several places hereabouts, we saw strange antique figures of men, carved in the natural rock, and in bigness equal to the life. Close by each figure was a large table, plained in the side of the rock, and bordered round with mouldings. Both the effigies and the tables appeared to have been anciently inscribed all over: but the characters are now so defaced, that nothing but the footsteps of them were visible; only there was one of the figures that had both its lineaments and its inscriptions entire.

Inscriptions

Egyptian inscriptions
Three Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions are known, all of which bear the cartouche of Ramses II. This was first identified by Karl Richard Lepsius. At least one of these is thought to have been placed during the Pharaoh's first campaign in the Levant, and set the Nahr al-Kalb as the border between Egypt's province of Canaan and the possessions of the Hittites. However, the inscription is so weathered that only the name Ramesses II and the date "year 4" can be read.

Scholars such as Edward Robinson connected the Ramses II inscriptions to Sesostris, the Egyptian Pharaoh mentioned by Herodotus, in reference to Herodotus's note that "The pillars which Sesostris of Egypt set up in the various countries are for the most part no longer to be seen extant; but in Syria Palestine I myself saw them existing with the inscription upon them which I have mentioned and the emblem."

Assyrian and Babylonian inscriptions

Six cuneiform Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian inscriptions are known. The Esarhaddon stele refers to Esarhaddon's seizure of Memphis from Egyptian Pharaoh Taharqa in 671 BC. The passage is badly damaged, but is understood to include reference to the cities of Ashkelon and Tyre, as well as Taharqa and 22 vassal kings. One inscription is attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II.

A plaster cast of one of the Assyrian inscriptions became the first relic of the ancient Assyrian empire to be brought to the United Kingdom, having been prepared by Joseph Bonomi the Younger in 1834.

Classical antiquity inscriptions
A number of Greco-Roman inscriptions were carved at the site.

The most significant of these is attributed to the Legio III Gallica of Roman Emperor Caracalla (211–217 AD), who was of Punic and Syrian descent and whose official name was "Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus". The inscription is related to the road his forces built at the site. The inscription includes the words "Lyco Flumen", which provided scholars such as Edward Robinson to conclude that the Nahr el-Kalb was the ancient Lycus river.

Two of the inscriptions are in Greek, one of which still can be read as commemorating road or engineering work left by Proclus, Byzantine governor of Phoenicia in 382 AD in the 4th century in Lebanon  under Theodosius I (379–395 AD).

Islamic inscriptions
Two Arabic inscriptions are known.

The earliest was dedicated to the Mamluk sultan Barquq (1382–1399).

An inscription dedicated to Emir of Lebanon Fakhr-al-Din II (1572–1635) was noted by Henry Maundrell in 1697, but by the 19th century this inscription was no longer legible.

Colonial inscriptions
The first colonial memorial is dedicated to Napoleon III's 1860–61 intervention in Lebanon.

Two inscriptions (1919 and 1930) mark the Pursuit to Haritan, when the Allied forces took Damascus, Homs and Aleppo in October 1918 towards the end of World War I. The first inscription is dedicated to Harry Chauvel's Desert Mounted Corps, and the second to the Australian, New Zealand, Indian, and French contingents, as well as the Sharifian Army of Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.

In October 1918, an inscription was carved to mark the British and French occupation of Beirut and Tripoli, during the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration.

The next inscription was left by French troops under General Gouraud, of the French Fourth Army, who took Damascus in July 1920 in the Battle of Maysalun. General Gouraud proclaimed the establishment of the State of Greater Lebanon on 1 September 1920.

In 1942, the Allied forces "cut in the face of the cliff an inscription commemorating the freeing of Syria and the Lebanons" from Vichy France.

Lebanese inscription
In 1946, a monument was erected in celebration of the independence of Lebanon from France, which came in 1943.

In 2000, Lebanese demonstrators, including supporters of ex-general and current politician Emile Lahoud, erected a monument to marking the departure of Israeli troops from Lebanon.

UNESCO Memory of the World
In 2005, the stelae were accepted into the UNESCO Memory of the World initiative. The application stated that the stelae "sum up the entire history of Lebanon, from High Antiquity to the present, evoking clearly the successive advances of the Pharaonic, Assyro-Babylonian, Greek, Roman, Arab, French and British armies which braved all the obstacles surrounding this difficult and very steep crossing point to carve commemorative stelae on the rocks."

Gallery

See also
 Egyptian Stelae in the Levant
 Aadloun stele

Notes

References

 UNESCO Memory of the World: Commemorative stela of Nahr el-Kalb

. Also available with full map here.

 Anne-Marie Maila-Afeiche, (ed.) ( 2009), Le Site de Nahr el-Kalb, BAAL (Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises), Hors Serie V, Beirut, Lebanon: Ministère de la culture, Direction Générale des Antiquités

Archaeological sites in Lebanon
Ramesses II
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Inscriptions
Nahr el-Kalb
Ancient Near East steles
World Heritage Tentative List

Stelae of Nahr el-Kalb


The Return of the Magnificent Seven is the second collaborative album between Motown label-mates The Supremes and Four Tops, released in 1971. The production only featured two covers compared to their first album together, The Magnificent 7, that included more than eight. Although the three albums the Supremes recorded with the Four Tops did not match the commercial success of the Supremes/Temptations duet albums (ironically loaded with covers), what they did have instead were original tunes, soulful lead vocals by Jean Terrell and Levi Stubbs and high production values in terms of arrangements and orchestration.

This second release is probably the best of the three Supremes/Four Tops albums. It includes two early songs by Dino Fekaris (who would go on to compose "I Will Survive") and Nick Zesses that were released as singles: "You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart" (in the United States, United Kingdom, West Germany, Italy and Netherlands) and "I'll Try Not to Cry" (in France and Netherlands). Both songs were produced by Clay McMurray and had on their flip sides tunes by Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson: respectively, the romantic ballad "I'm Glad About It" and the up-tempo, Latin-flavored "One More Bridge to Cross", a typical Ashford & Simpson song with a social commentary. McMurray also produced Tom Baird's "I Wonder Where We're Going" (sung almost collectively by the seven singers) and his own composition, "Where Would I Be Without You Baby". Veteran producer Henry Cosby was in charge of a cover of Petula Clark's hit "Call Me" (written by Tony Hatch); a smooth love song of his own, "If You Could See Me Now", and a third contribution by Zesses and Fekaris, the ballad "Let's Make Love Now". Johnny Bristol produced a remake of Tammi Terrell's solo hit, "I Can't Believe You Love Me", and Bobby Taylor closed the album with a happy ballad about puzzling lovers, written by Pam Sawyer and Gloria Jones, "What Do You Have to Do (To Stay on the Right Side of Love)", also featuring solo vocals by Mary Wilson.

A collection of compositions handled with the expertise of the Motown production machine, supervised by late Rev. Frank Wilson.

Critical reception

In a contemporary review Cashbox published:
'What was that you were saying about supergroups and supersessions? Give a listen to what may be the last word on the subjects. Joining together of these two dynamic groups results in an LP which is chock full of excitement and charm. "You Gotta Have Love In Your Heart" kicks the set off and it's non-stop action all, the way through as the seven take on a bevy of new songs, along with the standard "Call Me." Should find a ready following among fans of both groups.'

Track listing
"You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)
"I Wonder Where We're Going" (Tom Baird)
"Call Me" (Tony Hatch)
"One More Bridge to Cross" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson)
"If You Could See Me Now" (Janie Bradford, Joe Hinton, Henry Cosby)
"I'll Try Not to Cry" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)
"I'm Glad About It" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson)
"Let's Make Love Now" (Nick Zesses, Dino Fekaris)
"I Can't Believe You Love Me" (Harvey Fuqua, Johnny Bristol)
"Where Would I Be Without You Baby" (Clarence McMurray, Martin Coleman)
"What Do You Have to Do (To Stay on the Right Side of Love)" (Pam Sawyer, Leon Ware)

Personnel
Jean Terrell - vocals
Mary Wilson - vocals
Cindy Birdsong - vocals
Levi Stubbs - vocals
Abdul "Duke" Fakir - vocals
Lawrence Payton - vocals
Renaldo "Obie" Benson - vocals
Frank Wilson - producer, executive producer
The Funk Brothers - instrumentation
David Van DePitte, Henry Cosby, Paul Riser, Tom Baird - arrangers

Chart history

References

1971 collaborative albums
The Supremes albums
Four Tops albums
Albums arranged by Paul Riser
Albums produced by Frank Wilson (musician)
Motown albums

The Return of the Magnificent Seven


CRN Digital Talk Radio Networks, sometimes simply referred to as CRN or CRN Digital Talk, is a syndicator and distributor of radio programs and talk radio networks.

History
CRN was founded in 1983 as Cable Radio Network to provide commercial radio programming to local cable television systems. CRN founder Michael Horn (who, at the time, was an on-air personality at Los Angeles' KFI AM) read an article in the trade publication Radio & Records that mentioned Los Angeles radio station KMET earned ratings points in the Phoenix market. Horn learned KMET was the audio source for a channel on a local cable system in Phoenix.

Horn brought the radio-on-television idea to San Fernando Valley cable provider King Cable, where he soon programmed a country music channel. Seeking a more mass appeal, Horn changed the channel's format to oldies music. Two other cable systems – Valley Cable and Falcon Cable – then became interested and was used on a few Electronic Program Guides across America.

Broadcast hookups were initially conducted through phone lines before the method became cost prohibitive. Horn invested more money and switched to satellite transmission. A branding change from "Cable Radio Network" to "CRN Networks" eventually followed.

Noncommercial music channels from companies such as Digital Planet and DMX eventually were picked up by cable providers. Instead of competing with them, Horn switched CRN's programming to a talk radio platform. CRN Networks then became "CRN Talk" and, in 2007, "CRN Digital Talk Radio". The company's legal name remains Cable Radio Networks, Inc.

Horn commissioned a company that worked with Arbitron (now Nielsen Audio) to determine CRN.s listenership. Results indicated that CRN shared a similar-size audience as MSNBC, Cinemax, and Fox Sports.

In 2013, CRN Digital Talk Radio Launched CRN Digital Magazine, its own online magazine (no association with CRN Magazine) featuring lifestyle and entertainment stories written by CRN personalities.

Programming

CRN programs are produced both in house and in collaboration with other broadcasters.  CRN broadcasts eight audio feeds: a main feed that carries mostly in-house offerings; direct network feeds from Sports Byline USA, The Answer, Talk Radio Network, Radio America; Fox News Radio, Westwood One; iHeart Radio, and others. CRN also airs a simulcast of XEAAA-AM (a female-oriented Spanish-language station based in Guadalajara, Mexico); and a seventh channel that duplicates and timeshifts some of the other feeds' programs. It is distributed, as its former name implies, mostly through various cable television providers, much in the way the more widely available Music Choice is distributed. However, it is also available via C band satellite, various terrestrial stations across the nation and on the Internet.

Some of CRN's first talk offerings included "Polka Parade" with Dick Sinclair and television and radio personality George Putnam's "Talk Back" (which became a CRN exclusive). Former Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson co-host Ed McMahon also hosted his weekly Lifestyles Live program on CRN.

Don Ecker's "UFOs Tonight", and the pro wrestling themed "Squared Circle" hosted by James "Shadowe" Boone were also CRN original programs.

CRN Digital Talk Radio announced in June 2015 it would become the home for libertarian radio and television personality Larry Elder's show. Less than two months later, Salem Radio Network announced it would add Elder's program to its own national syndication lineup.

Actor Robert Conrad hosted his own CRN program until his death on February 8, 2020, and Barry Farber hosted his own show until his death later that year. There are also several food and wine lifestyle programs, such as the "What's Cookin'" franchise.

References

External links
 CRN Home Page
 CRN Digital Magazine

Radio stations established in 1983
Mass media companies established in 1983
American companies established in 1983
1983 establishments in California
Broadcasting companies of the United States
Companies based in Los Angeles
Chatsworth, Los Angeles
American Forces Network
American radio networks
Cable radio

CRN Digital Talk Radio Networks


Think Like a Man Too is a 2014 American romantic comedy film directed by Tim Story. It is the sequel to the 2012 film Think Like a Man, based on Steve Harvey's 2009 book Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man. The script was written by David A. Newman and Keith Merryman, with Will Packer returning as producer but now under his Will Packer Productions banner. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Michael Ealy, Meagan Good, Regina Hall, Terrence J, Taraji P. Henson, Romany Malco, Gabrielle Union, Jerry Ferrara, Wendi McLendon-Covey, Gary Owen and Kevin Hart, with Jennifer Lewis and La La Anthony in supporting roles.

Think Like a Man Too was released on June 20, 2014, by Screen Gems. It grossed $70.2 million against a $24 million budget.

Plot

Cedric (Kevin Hart) and his friends are all in Las Vegas for the wedding of Michael (Terrence J) and Candace (Regina Hall), with her son Duke (Caleel Harris) and mother (Angela Gibbs) joining them. Zeke (Romany Malco) and Mya (Meagan Good) arrive, with Zeke's womanizing past constantly being brought up by old friends and former flames, including the concierge at the hotel, who throws her drink in his face. Bennett (Gary Owen) and his wife Tish (Wendi McLendon-Covey) are trying to get a spark back in their marriage. Jeremy (Jerry Ferrara) and Kristen (Gabrielle Union) have married and are now trying for a baby. Dominic (Michael Ealy) and Lauren (Taraji P. Henson) are reunited after spending time away from each other, and they make out in the limousine. Finally, Cedric arrives at the hotel in a gaudy sports car, happily getting away from his wife Gail (Wendy Williams).

Michael's overbearing mother Loretta (Jenifer Lewis) doesn't approve of his engagement to Candace, still thinking no woman is good enough for her son. Loretta even takes over the bachelorette party duties, even though Lauren is the maid of honor. The women have a party for Candace, until Loretta makes up her own party.

Among other problems plaguing the couples include Lauren being called by her boss Lee (Kelsey Grammer), who tells her she is being considered for a COO position in New York, meaning she will be separated from Dominic. Kristen tries to get Jeremy to have sex with her by roleplaying "Game of Thrones" characters, but Jeremy has reservations about becoming a father. Mya is ready to marry Zeke, but Zeke shows hesitation.

While the ladies have to deal with Loretta, Lauren and Candace conspire to set her up with Candace's Uncle Eddie. Loretta takes the ladies out to dinner, and later plans to take Candace to see Dionne Warwick. Uncle Eddie (Dennis Haysbert) shows up and begins flirting with Loretta. The ladies leave to see Dionne Warwick together. The guys run into Michael's old frat brothers Isaac (Adam Brody) and Terrell (David Walton), who just want to party.

The ladies gives Tish a makeover. They then go to the club, forcing the guys to either take a Chippendale-type bus, or walk. They choose the latter

Cedric finds himself in trouble when Gail finds out that he's been using her card to pay for his expenses, running her up to $40,000 in charges. He tries to win it back at the casino, putting it all on his "lucky number" 15. While his back turned, Zeke pulls the chips away to leave only one to spare Cedric the loss. However, the ball does land on 15, and Cedric is angry at Zeke.
As a last resort, Cedric takes the guys to the club (the same one the ladies are at) for amateur's night, dressing in various costumes to try and win some money. This, however, turns into a disaster when Michael sees Candace getting a lap dance; he charges to attack the dancer, leading to an all-out fight between the guys, the ladies, and the dancers. They are all put in jail for the night.

Realizing that the wedding is in a few hours, they all try to call someone for help, but with no luck: Loretta is busy spending the night with Eddie in her room; Gail is already shacking up with Drake (who appears as himself); Bennett's mother has gone to pick up his kid. Jeremy sees the way he talks to his child, and is influenced to become a father. The guys blame Cedric for getting them into this mess.

Jeremy decides that he's finally committed to being a father, and Kristen reveals she might be pregnant (though she claims to be a week late), bringing the two closer. Zeke apologizes to Mya for everything that's been going on, and finally proposes to her; Mya accepts.

Loretta is unable to find Michael and looks for him in him and Candace's room and tries getting rid of Candace. Michael overhears her and confronts her, declaring that he will marry Candace whether she likes it or not, and that she will no longer be invited to the wedding. Candace disagrees with Michael, saying that he needs to apologize to Loretta, because as a mother herself, she would be heartbroken if her own son did not let her go to his wedding. Loretta apologizes, and the three reconcile.

Cedric packs his bags to leave Vegas; however, with the help of his personal butler, Declan (Jim Piddock), he finds another venue. Candace and Michael are married, and everybody celebrates.

Cast

 Kevin Hart as Cedric Ward
 Regina Hall as Candace Hall
 Michael Ealy as Dominic
 Jerry Ferrara as Jeremy Kern
 Meagan Good as Mya
 Taraji P. Henson as Lauren Harris
 Dennis Haysbert as Uncle Eddie
 Gabrielle Union as Kristen Kern
 Terrence J as Michael Hanover
 Jenifer Lewis as Loretta
 Romany Malco as Zeke
 Wendi McLendon-Covey as Tish
 Gary Owen as Bennett
 David Walton as Terrell
 Adam Brody as Isaac
 La La Anthony as Sonia
 Jim Piddock as Declan
 Wendy Williams as Gail Ward
 Kelsey Grammer as Lee Fox
 Cheryl Hines as Andrea
 Luenell as Aunt Winnie Hall
 Janina Gavankar as Vanessa
 Carl Weathers as Mr. Davenport
 Floyd Mayweather Jr. as himself
 Coco as Coco
 Drake as himself

Production
Will Packer produced Think like a Man Too. Principal photography began in June 2013 in Las Vegas. The first trailer for the film debuted on February 11, 2014, and appeared in theaters with Ealy, Hart and Hall's About Last Night. Director Tim Story said of the cast says "the trust that he and the cast built last time, combined with their matched work ethic, made continuing the narrative feel like "coming back together with your brothers and sisters." He also mentioned they had to move out of a suite in the filming and there was a lot of noise.

Soundtrack

For the soundtrack to Think Like a Man Too, singer Mary J. Blige recorded an entire collection of music from and inspired by the film. Released on June 17, 2014, it includes a remake of Shalamar's hit "A Night to Remember".

Reception

Box office
Think Like a Man Too grossed $65.2 million in North America and $5 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $70.2 million, against a budget of $24 million.

Released in theaters on June 20, 2014, the film opened at #1 at the box office, grossing $29.2 million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 24% based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Think Like a Man Too reunites its predecessor's talented cast, but fails to take their characters in new or interesting directions." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Kelsey Grammer won a razzie for worst supporting actor for his role in this movie and several others.

See also
 List of films set in Las Vegas

References

External links

2014 films
2014 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Films directed by Tim Story
Films produced by Will Packer
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
American sequel films
Screen Gems films
Will Packer Productions films
Films scored by Christopher Lennertz
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
African-American films

Think Like a Man Too


Conrad Hermann Hubertus Maria Apollinaris Josten (7 June 1912 in Neuss, Germany – 10 July 1994 in Neuss), known as Kurt Josten or C. H. Josten, was a historian of science and Curator of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford in England.

In 1921 to 1929, Josten was educated by the Jesuits at Bad Godesberg in Germany. He studied for a year at the Staatliches Gymnasium in Neuss, followed by studies at the University of Geneva,  University of Freiburg, and  University of Bonn. In 1934 Josten worked in the office of the then Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen, where he was involved in conservative plots to use the extensive powers of the aging President von Hindenburg - in particular his supreme command over the army - in order to stymie a complete grab of power by the Nazi members of the Government. When those aspirations came to a bloody end during the occupation of the Papen-Offices by the SS during the Night of the Long Knives on 30 June 1934, Josten scarcely managed to escape while his immediate superior Herbert von Bose was shot and other members of the Papen staff were arrested and taken to Lichtenburg Concentration Camp.

In 1935 Josten achieved a doctorate in law from the, University of Erlangen. However, he gave up law due to disillusionment about the state of law in Germany under the Nazis. Also in 1935, he visited England, including Oxford.

Jostem opposed Nazism from 1934 onwards and went into hiding in 1943 in Paris, France and then Bavaria in Germany.  After World War II, he returned to England and eventually became a naturalized British citizen in 1954.

In 1949, Josten achieved a major scholarly success while working at the Bodleian Library, Oxford University's main library. He discovered the code used by Elias Ashmole (the founder of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford) to encrypt his diaries. The decoded material was eventually published in 1966.

Josten became Curator of the Museum of the History of Science at Oxford in 1950. He was an expert on the early history of chemistry (alchemy), astronomy, and early astronomical instruments. He expanded the museum's collection through purchases and the major gift of the private collection of the shipping owner, Jack Billmeir. This consisted of astronomical and mathematical instruments. It was built up with the help of Josten.

On his early retirement in 1964 at the age of 52, he took an emeritus curatorial position at the museum. He encouraged his successor, Francis Maddison, who was previously an assistant curator at the museum.

Kurt Josen was a member of Brasenose College, Oxford (also the college of Elias Ashmole) and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
He lived in rooms in St John Street in central Oxford. Josten married Constanze Josten in 1962. She died in 1968.

Works
  Elias Ashmole (1617-1692): his autobiographical and historical notes, his correspondence, and other contemporary sources relating to his life and work, 5 volumes (Oxford, 1966).

References

1912 births
1994 deaths
People from Neuss
University of Geneva alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
University of Bonn alumni
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
German curators
20th-century German historians
British curators
Historians of science
German emigrants to England
Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Directors of museums in the United Kingdom
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century English historians
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom

Kurt Josten


A stock character is a stereotype fictional character. In a theatre, novel, play or film, the audience immediately knows about him or her without further explanation. All types of fiction use this device, especially comedy.

They have been used in all forms of theatre, right back to the Ancient Greek theatre. The Star Wars movie franchise offers many examples. They are archetypal characters, simplified and "flat". As a result, they may  be easy targets for parody, and criticized as clichés. Stock characters help to identify a genre or subgenre. For example, a fairy tale or fantasy is likely to have a knight-errant as hero and a witch as opposition.

One stock character often used is the low-class character(s) who warn the hero of danger to come. Examples:
The witches who warn Macbeth that he will not be defeated "until Birnam wood move to high Dunsinane", and that "no man of woman born" may harm him.
 A beggar tells Caesar "beware the Ides of March!".

It seems their function is to introduce the idea of fatalism, the idea that we are not masters of our fate. Human fame and glory is temporary. Even Achilles has his weakness.

As the hero falls, he is usually allowed a final comment. Caesar's was "Et tu, Brute?" meaning "Not you as well, Brutus?" That's known as a valediction (means a farewell comment). Shakespeare has many examples: Another famous example is Richard III's last cry of "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!"

References

Fiction by topic

Stock character


Stefan Sznuk, OC (1896 – May 6, 1986) was a pioneering Polish aviator, as well as an Air Force major-general and was among the first to join the new Polish Air Force in 1919.

Born in Warsaw, he was educated at the Warsaw University of Technology.

He fought in World War I for Imperial Russia and later, after the Russian revolution, with the counterrevolutionary White Russians.

During the Polish Defensive War of 1939, he was staff officer and commander of the Polish Air Forces in the Army Kraków, then in the Army Lublin. He escaped to Romania, later to France and Great Britain. In London he became the Chief Inspector of the Staff of the Polish Air Forces in Great Britain.

Addressing the language problems of each nation controlling its own trainees during the 1942 Ottawa Air Training Conference (British Commonwealth Air Training Plan) of 14 United Nations countries that was designed to coordinate future air power; Poland's Group Captain Stefan Sznuk explained: Only in one instance does a Polish airman speak this language distinctly and with the proper accent—it is when he speaks to the enemy using the eloquent language of the twelve English-made machine guns of his fighter plane.

Sznuk was the last Polish Army and Air Force attaché in Canada before the Soviet-control of the nation. After the demobilization of the Polish Army he settled down in Canada. He helped over 4,500 Polish veterans emigrate to Canada after World War II and was active in the Polish community as Vice-President of the Canadian Polish Congress.

In 1970, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

He died on 1986-05-06 in Ottawa, and was buried in the Notre-Dame Cemetery (Ottawa).

Awards
 Virtuti Militari, Silver Medal
 Polonia Restituta, Commander
 Cross of Valour (Krzyż Walecznych), twice
 Gold Cross of Merit with Swords (Krzyż Zasługi z Mieczami)
 Order of Canada, Officer

See also

Archives
There is a Stefan Sznuk fonds at Library and Archives Canada. The archival reference number is R9106.

References
Inline

General
 Archival Sources for the Study of Polish Canadians, Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002, retrieved on 2008-05-31.

1896 births
1986 deaths
Military personnel from Warsaw
Warsaw University of Technology alumni
Polish emigrants to Canada
Polish generals
Polish aviators
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)
Officers of the Order of Canada
Polish military attachés

Stefan Sznuk


Rita Karin (born Rita Karpinowicz; October 24, 1919 – September 10, 1993) was a Polish-born American actress best known for her role as Jackie Mason's mother on the 1989 TV series Chicken Soup. She also appeared as Meryl Streep's Brooklyn landlady who appears at the beginning of Sophie's Choice. Her voice can be heard singing children's songs from the camps in the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C.

Born to Moses Karpinowicz and Rachel Levitan in Wilno, Poland (present-day Vilnius, Lithuania), Rita and her husband, Norbert Horowitz, a graduate of the Moscow State Jewish Theater, created a Yiddish theater that performed for Holocaust survivors throughout Europe. The couple emigrated in 1948 to the United States, where she acted in the Yiddish theater in New York City. She and other actors read the works of Sholom Aleichem at the home of Bel Kaufman, Aleichem's granddaughter, each year on the anniversary of the writer's death.

Death
Rita Karin died at 73 from undisclosed causes in New York City. She was survived by her son, Dr. Michael Horowitz, and daughter, Mrs. Rochelle Axelrod, and five grandchildren.

Filmography

References

1919 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Vilnius
Polish emigrants to the United States

Rita Karin


The 1993–94 Taça de Portugal was the 55th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The 1993–94 Taça de Portugal began in September 1993. The final was played on 5 June 1994 at the Estádio Nacional.

Benfica were the previous holders, having defeated Boavista 5–2 in the previous season's final. Cup holders Benfica were eliminated in the sixth round by Belenenses. Porto defeated Sporting CP, 2–1 in a final that went to a replay as the inaugural match ended goalless. Porto's cup triumph would claim them an eighth Taça de Portugal. As a result of Porto winning the domestic cup competition, the Portistas faced 1993–94 Primeira Divisão winners Benfica in the 1994 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.

Sixth round
Ties were played on the 30 January. Due to the odd number of teams involved at this stage of the competition, Desportivo das Aves qualified for the quarter-finals due to having no opponent to face at this stage of the competition.

Quarter-finals
Ties were played on the 15 February.

Semi-finals
Ties were played on 2 April.

Final

Replay

References

Taça de Portugal seasons
Taca De Portugal, 1993-94
1993–94 domestic association football cups

1993–94 Taça de Portugal


No Banners, No Bugles (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1949) is a book by Edward Ellsberg describing his activities as Principal Salvage Officer for Operation Torch during World War II.

Like his book Under the Red Sea Sun about salvage work in Massawa earlier in the war, this book describes daring adventures and monumental accomplishments. It also describes cases where red tape, incompetence, and cowardice caused valuable ships to be lost.

References

Bibliography

1949 non-fiction books
Books about World War II

No Banners, No Bugles


To Live and Die in Tsimshatsui is a 1994 Hong Kong crime film directed by Andrew Lau and starring Jacky Cheung, Tony Leung, Jacklyn Wu and Power Chan.

Plot
Crazy Lik and his friend Pong are two undercover cops who are sent to infiltrate triad leader Coffin Sing. Later as Sing is killed, the gang is split into two. Lik follows Hung Tai's side and Pong goes to the other. Lik becomes down as he is separated from his best friend and feeling responsible for Sing's death. This leads to a time where Lik gets drunk at his girlfriend Moon's mother's birthday party and making a fool of himself and Moon feels disgusted and leaves him. One time in a bar, Lik meets triad member Milky Fai, who helps Lik out to get good with Hung Tai and his sister Po. Milky Fai is actually a former undercover cop who has his own problems. Later on, Lik must decide whether or not to betray the triad brothers he has grown very close to completing the case for his superior whom he really hates and who is hitting on his girlfriend.

Cast
Jacky Cheung as Crazy Lik
Tony Leung Ka-fai as Milky Fai
Jacklyn Wu as Siu Po
Power Chan as Pong
Gigi Lai as Moon
Roy Cheung as Hung Tai
Shing Fui-On as Uncle On
Kwong Wah as Officer Suen
Hung Yan-yan as Bald rascal
Frankie Ng as Father Man
Bobby Yip as Man in brothel (uncredited)
Yuen Bun as SDU officer
Joan Tong as Fai's ex-wife
Parkman Wong as Coffin Sing
Sandra Ng as woman in movie (uncredited)
Mimi Chu as Moon's mother
Koo Ming-wah as Tai's thug
Chan Chi-fai as Brother Bau
William Chu as Milky Fai's son
Hung Siu-wan as triad girl
Yee Tin-hung as one of Man's goons
Sung Poon-chung as triad
Bowie Lau as Tai's thug
Tam Kon-chung as Tai's thug
Hau Woon-ling
Jacky Cheung Chun-hang as Tai's thug
John Cheung
Wong Chi-keung as cop
Gary Mak as cop
Lam Foo-wai as Bau's thug
Chun Kwai-bo as Bau's thug
So Wai-nam as Tai's thug
Lam Kwok-kit as Man's thug
Mei Yee
Wong Hoi-yiu as gambler
Simon Cheung as cop
Tenny Tsang as policeman

Box office
The film grossed HK$9,192,146 at the Hong Kong box office in its theatrical run from 13 August to 7 September 1994 in Hong Kong.

Award nomination
14th Hong Kong Film Awards
Nominated: Best Actor (Jacky Cheung)

See also
Jacky Cheung filmography
Wong Jing filmography

External links

To Live and Die in Tsimshatsui at Hong Kong Cinemagic

1994 films
1994 crime films
Hong Kong crime films
Triad films
Police detective films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Andrew Lau
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1990s Hong Kong films

To Live and Die in Tsimshatsui


The Abell-Kilbourne House in Martinsburg, West Virginia is associated with John N. Abell, a prominent Martinsburg businessman and Charles W. Kilbourn, a Martinsburg mill owner. The former president of the Old National Bank, Abell developed the area known as "Abell's Addition" after his retirement in 1886. At that time Abell lived at 506 West Burke Street.

Description and history
Abell bought the Winchester Street site in 1895 from D.W. Shaffer for $1075 and completed the house the same year. The surrounding lands were associated with the Martinsburg Mining, Manufacturing and Improvement Company. The electric street railway ran to the rear of the site. Abell lived in the house until his death in 1905. His wife Nora lived there until 1910 when she sold the house to Thomas B. Underhill, who immediately sold it to E.F. Millard. Millard sold the house a year later to John W. Wilen. Wilen sold the house and adjoining lots in 1912 for $3780 to J. M. Rothwell, who then sold the house and lots to Charles W. Kilbourn for $8500. Kilbourn died in 1937 and the house was sold in 1938 to George Martin, who retained the house until 1987.

Charles Kilbourn owned the Interwoven Mill in Martinsburg. His father invented a knitting machine and started the Kilbourne Knitting Machine Company in 1899 at the Middlesex Mill in New Jersey. After a fire, Charles Kilbourn, who by then had inherited the operation of the company, relocated to Martinsburg. The Interwoven Mill was the largest manufacturing operation in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia.

The house is a frame 2½ story Colonial Revival structure. The house's long axis is arranged perpendicular to the street, from which it is well set back at the top of a rise. The house has a hip roof, with a three-story tower on the right side, and is fronted by a broad porch that wraps around to either side. The tower houses the main stairs. The porch features low-key Eastlake detailing. Windows in the attic contain colored novelty glass. A unique feature in the pantry is a built-in refrigerator in the pantry. Other unusual features are the windows set in the floor of the second floor storage room, which allow light into the room from the porch ceiling below. The basement contains a cistern.

A garage, barn and servants' residence are also associated with the house. The Abell-Kilbourn House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and is included in the Boomtown Historic District.

References

Colonial Revival architecture in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1895
Houses in Berkeley County, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Martinsburg, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Martinsburg, West Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in West Virginia

Abell-Kilbourn House


Martyn Walter Margetson (born 8 September 1971) is a Welsh football coach and former professional footballer who is a goalkeeping coach for the England national team and Swansea City.

A youth player at Manchester City, where he went on to appear over 50 times, he spent time on loan at Bristol Rovers, Bolton Wanderers and Luton Town before moving to Southend United on a permanent basis in 1998 where he remained for one season, joining Huddersfield Town in 1999. After signing for Cardiff City in 2002, he went on to win his first and only cap for Wales in a friendly with Canada in May 2004.

He retired from playing at the end of the 2006–07 season, becoming a full-time goalkeeper coach at Cardiff City. He has since had similar roles at West Ham United, Wales, Crystal Palace and Swansea City.

Career

Manchester City
Margetson began his career with Manchester City, signing as a YTS trainee at the age of 18 where he featured largely as understudy during a downturn in the club's fortunes. His full debut came in May 1990, deputising for the suspended Tony Coton in a Manchester derby at Old Trafford, and he retained his place for the following match against Sunderland. In the next two seasons he made four appearances, but did not make a single first team appearance in the two seasons after. His next first team appearance was an unusual one. In a League Cup match against Wycombe, Manchester City had used both outfield substitutes when Richard Edghill sustained an injury and could not continue. Margetson, the only remaining substitute, was introduced as a striker for the final few minutes of the match.

Despite performing well in the run-in to the club's relegation battle to the 3rd-tier of English football in 1998, he was guilty of picking up a back pass to concede a free-kick inside the penalty area against Queens Park Rangers. He proceeded to hand the ball to the opposing forward Mike Sheron who then quickly took the free kick, passing to a team-mate who stroked the ball into an unguarded net. This goal later proved to be costly as City were relegated in QPR's stead at the end of the season.

Southend United
Margetson moved on at the end of season on a free transfer for a spell with Southend United, making his debut on 8 August 1998 in a 2–1 victory over Scarborough. However, he remained at Roots Hall for just one season after losing his place in the side to Mel Capleton.

Huddersfield Town
He came close to signing for Division Two side Blackpool, before eventually joining Huddersfield Town in August 1999. Finding himself as back-up to Nico Vaesen, Margetson was forced to wait until April 2001 to make his debut for Huddersfield during a 2–0 defeat to Blackburn Rovers after Vaesen was shown a red card for handball. Following the sale of Vaesen to Birmingham City in the summer of 2001, Margetson took over as first choice goalkeeper for the 2001–02 season and played in every game as they reached the play-offs after finishing sixth, suffering defeat to Brentford, but was released at the end of the season.

Cardiff City
He joined Cardiff City on trial during a pre-season tour in Scotland, before eventually signing a permanent deal at Ninian Park. He made his debut for Cardiff on 11 September 2002 in a 5–1 victory over Boston United in the Football League Cup. Margetson spent the majority of his first season as back-up to Neil Alexander, but made a bigger impact during the 2003–04 season, making 25 appearances in all competitions and was rewarded with a new two-year contract, rejecting an approach from the club's South Wales rivals Swansea City. However, after beginning the 2004–05 season as first choice goalkeeper, he lost his place after missing most of the season with injury due to undergoing knee surgery and the removal of two discs from his back.

During the 2005–06 season, he made just two appearances in League Cup ties against Macclesfield Town and Leicester City. Out of contract at the end of the season, Margetson was initially not offered a new deal but, following the departure of the club's goalkeeping coach George Wood, he signed a new one-year deal to take over as a player-coach, rejecting a second offer from Swansea City. He remained as back-up to Neil Alexander throughout the season and announced his retirement at the end of year, becoming the club's full-time goalkeeper coach.

International career
Having won seven caps at under-21 level, his last appearance coming in 1993, earlier in his career, he was called up to the Wales senior side by manager Mark Hughes for the first time in his career in March 2004 for a friendly match with Hungary, but remained on the bench. Two months later, Margetson received his second call-up for friendly matches with Norway and Canada. An unused substitute against Norway, Margetson was handed his international debut on 30 May 2004 when he replaced Danny Coyne at half-time during a 1–0 win over Canada. He later received two further call-ups in 2005 under new manager John Toshack for matches against Slovenia and Azerbaijan but was an unused substitute in both games.

Coaching career
During his last season of playing football, Margetson became Cardiff's player-goalkeeping coach, before retiring at the end of the 2005–06 season and becoming the full-time goalkeeping coach. After Gary Speed's appointment as Wales manager, Margetson was appointed their goalkeeping coach on 15 January 2011, becoming Speed's first back room appointment.

On 4 July 2011, Margetson quit his coaching job at Cardiff in order to join up with Sam Allardyce at West Ham United as their new goalkeeping coach. In October 2014, following the appointment of new Cardiff manager, Russell Slade, Margetson returned as goalkeeping coach to Cardiff City. In August 2016, Margetson stepped down from his role with Wales to join the England national football team coaching staff, following the appointment of Sam Allardyce. On 12 January 2017 it was announced that Margetson had joined Crystal Palace as goalkeeping coach. He joined Everton in December 2017, and left on 16 May 2018 after the departure of Sam Allardyce.

Margetson joined Swansea City in June 2019 as the club's new goalkeeping coach, which he performed alongside his role with the England national team.
He then departed the club, following the end of Steve Cooper's tenure at the Swans in 2021.

Outside football
Margetson owns a property business with former Cardiff teammate John Robinson.

References

External links

Sporting-heroes.net

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Neath
Men's association football goalkeepers
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Southend United F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Cardiff City F.C. non-playing staff
West Ham United F.C. non-playing staff
Crystal Palace F.C. non-playing staff
Welsh football managers
Everton F.C. non-playing staff
Swansea City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Association football goalkeeping coaches

Martyn Margetson


In Canada, the Federal Contractors' Program (FCP) is administered by Employment and Social Development Canada, an agency of the Canadian federal government.  The FCP requires provincially regulated employers with 100 or more employees bidding on federal contracts of $1,000,000 (originally $200,000) or more to certify that they will implement employment equity measures. The FCP was created by a 1986 decision of the federal cabinet, not through legislation.

Because the FCP is occasionally confused with the provisions of the Canadian Employment Equity Act, the latter is often referred to as Legislated Employment Equity to distinguish it from the FCP. The FCP is limited to provincially regulated suppliers to the federal government (with the above-described limits). In contrast, the Canadian Employment Equity Act covers only federally regulated organizations such as railways, airlines, telecommunication firms, banks, etc., regardless of whether they are suppliers to the federal government.

However, there are parallels between the two programs. Both FCP and Legislated Employment Equity mandate proactive treatment by employers to increase the representation of four specified groups in the workforce: Women, visible minorities, aboriginal peoples, and people with disabilities. For both FCP and Legislated Employment Equity, the programs' roots can be traced back to the 1984 Abella commission, chaired by Judge Rosalie Abella.

See also
 Employment equity (Canada)
 Employment and Social Development Canada
 Visible minority

References

External links
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (HRSDC), which administers the FCP

Anti-racism in Canada
Human rights in Canada
Affirmative action in North America
Economy of Canada

Federal Contractors' Program