Bathsheba (Hebrew: בת שבע, Bat Sheva, "daughter of the oath") or Bethsheba is a ghost town that was located in Oklahoma, United States.  While its exact location is unknown, it was located between Enid, Oklahoma and Perry, Oklahoma.  The town was created to be a utopia for women and no men were allowed. Even male animals were barred from the colony. The town is also the subject of a realistic fiction book by Barbara DeVault entitled A Gentle Breed: The Story of Bathsheba, A Town Without Men.

Demographics
Its population consisted of 33 females, 12 of whom left the town after one week. The town's government consisted of a mayor, a police chief and a city council. The police chief's primary function was to guard the community from possible male visitors. It existed for a period of about 12 weeks before its residents vacated.

History
In 1961, Oklahoma historian Robert Cunningham retold the story of an unnamed Kansas reporter who visited the settlement and was shot at by the female police chief while exploring the settlement from afar. A crowd of other colonists had gathered, and fled to their tents after the incident. The reporter later returned to the settlement at the request of his editor to find only prairie.

The existence of Bethsheba is disputed by scholars. In researching for his book Ghost Towns of Oklahoma, Dr. John W. Morris was "unable to specifically locate" the town.

The Daisy Colonists
Female boomer, Annette Daisy, gathered thirty-four women to establish a homestead "across the sacred borders of which no man shall pass." The Daisy Colonists settled on , a few miles west of Ponca. This settlement had two houses and four shelters by December 1893. While the story is similar, neither the town name of Bethsheba nor Annette Daisy appear in Garfield County records.

References

External links
 Bathsheba, Oklahoma
 Bathsheba - Ghost Town

Populated places in Garfield County, Oklahoma
Ghost towns in Oklahoma

Bathsheba, Oklahoma


Tutu Much, stylised as TuTuMUCH, is a 2010 Canadian documentary film that focuses on the 9- to 12-year-old entering class of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet's Summer School Program.

It is produced by Ballet Girls Inc, a co-production between Merit Motion Pictures and Vonnie VON HELMOLT Films. It is directed by Elise Swerhone.

Synopsis
The Royal Winnipeg Ballet's Summer School Program is the first step to beginning a career as a professional ballet dancer. But that doesn't mean that it's easy. 9 young girls come from all over the world to enter the program, knowing that if they don't get in by a certain age, it will be far too late to become a ballerina. A dancer can try her hardest but not make it into the next stage just based on her physical musculature. Those that do make it face a difficult decision - spend their childhood and teen years away from their families and focusing on the daily strains of ballet training, or live as a normal teenager...

References

External links

Winnipeg Sun review
The Star review
Cineplex synopsis
Hoyts synopsis

2010 films
Documentary films about ballet
Canadian documentary films
Films shot in Winnipeg
Documentary films about children
Royal Winnipeg Ballet
2010 documentary films
Canadian dance films
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films

Tutu Much


Spruce gum is a chewing material made from the resin of spruce trees.  In North America, spruce resin was chewed by Native Americans and was later introduced to the early American pioneers and was sold commercially by the 19th century, by John B. Curtis among others. It has also been used as an adhesive.  Indigenous women in North America used spruce gum to caulk seams of birch-bark canoes.

Spruce gum has been used medicinally, primarily to heal deep cuts and sores in the Dene culture.  In the 1870s, Sisters of Providence located in Montreal, Canada developed a spruce gum syrup for treating coughs and bronchitis.

In the 20th century, commercial spruce tree processing turned to paper manufacturing to meet demand from the newspaper industry, thereby reducing the availability of spruce for other purposes, including the production of spruce gum. Today, it is available in small batches made at home rather than commercially.  It is often flavored with mint or fruit.

References

Chewing gum
Native American cuisine
Indigenous cuisine in Canada
American confectionery
Canadian confectionery

Spruce gum


The 1st Cossack Volunteer Cavalry Regiment was a volunteer of Don Cossack cavalry regiment that served in the Don Army during the Russian Civil War. The unit was formed in March–April 1918 by Colonel Alexei V. Kravtzov to serve with the forces of Don Army in the opening stages of Russian Civil War. Included to the Army Corps of Gen. Tatarkin on May 19.

Civil War
Cossacks from the Ust-Medveditskaya okrug was brought together by Colonel Alexey V. Kravtzov at the stanitsa Ust-Medveditskaya, on Don Republic territories in preparation for an anti-Bolshevik action in Don Host Oblast. After that was involved in numerous battles during the months-long prelude of the Russian Civil War in Don Host Oblast, including the ill-fated Battle of Loznoye from December 22 to December 30, 1918, where regiment save by manoeuvre corps of Don Army under command of General Golubintzev. In this battle Colonel Kravtzov shot himself not to fall into the Bolshevik hands.
In March 1919 part of 4th Don Cossacks Cavalry Division.

Commanders
 Colonel Alexei V. Kravtzov.
 Colonel Grigori V. Tatarkin

See also
 List of Don Army Units in the Civil War
 White movement
 Don Army
 Volunteer Army
 Russian Civil War

Notes

References
  Golubintzev, A.V., Russian Vandea
 Volkov S.V.: Tragedy of the Russian officer corps.  Officers in White movement
 Volkov S.V.: White movement in Russia: Organisation and structure. 2000

Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations of the Russian Civil War
History of the Don Cossacks
Cossack military units and formations
Military units and formations disestablished in 1918

1st Cossack Volunteer Cavalry Regiment


Olmediella is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: Olmediella betschleriana, which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae, Olmediella is now classified in Salicaceae, along with close relatives Bennettiodendron, Carrierea, Idesia, Itoa, Macrohasseltia, Poliothyrsis, and even the willows (Salix) and cottonwoods (Populus) themselves.

Olmediella has a number of features that point to its close relationship to the willows (Salix), including flowers subtended by prominent bracts, flowers with a highly reduced calyx, and nectaries located next to each stamen or pistil. Its sometimes spiny-margined leaves, though, are unlike those of any Salix, and some early botanists even included the species in the genus Ilex.

References

Monotypic Malpighiales genera
Salicaceae
Flora of Central America
Trees of Guatemala
Salicaceae genera
Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon

Olmediella


Air University is a professional military education university system of the United States Air Force. It is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award master's degrees.

Organizations
Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT)
Carl A. Spaatz Center for Officer Education
USAF Air War College (AWC)
Air Command and Staff College (ACSC)
Squadron Officer School (SOS)
International Officers School (IOS)
School of Advanced Air and Space Studies (SAASS)
USAF Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies
Curtis E. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development & Education
Ira C. Eaker College for Professional Development
Air Force Chaplain Corps College
Air Force Personnel Professional Development School
Commanders' Professional Development School
Defense Financial Management & Comptroller School
National Security Space Institute
Civilian Leadership Development School
Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development
Air Force Officer Training School (OTS)
Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC)
Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFJROTC)
Civil Air Patrol (CAP)
Civilian Acculturation and Leadership Training (CALT)
Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education
Airman Leadership School (ALS)
Air Force Career Development Academy
Air Force Enlisted Heritage Research Institute (AFEHRI)
Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy (SNCOA)
Air Force Noncommissioned Officer Academy (NCOA)
Enlisted Professional Military Education Instructor Course (EPMEIC)
Chief Master Sergeant Leadership Course (CLC)
Community College of the Air Force (CCAF)
USAF First Sergeant Academy (FSA)
USAF Center for Counterproliferation Studies
Air University Press
Air Force Fellows Program (AFF)
Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA)
China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI)

Schools and centers
The institutions that fall under the Air University include:

Officer professional military education
The Carl A. Spaatz Center for Officer Education (Spaatz Center) unified the continuum of Air Force officer professional military education.  Activated in 2008, the Spaatz Center was named in honor of the Air Force's first chief of staff, General Carl A. Spaatz. The center was disestablished in 2017.

Squadron Officer School
The Squadron Officer School in-residence program is a 6.5-week course for USAF captains.  The course is structured around four primary areas: Leadership,  building highly-effective teams,  logical and ethical reasoning in decision making, and  multi-domain joint warfare.

Air Command and Staff College

The Air Command and Staff College (ACSC) is a 10-month master's-level resident program that prepares field grade USAF, U.S. Army and USMC officers in pay grade O-4 and USN / USCG officers in pay grade O-4, their international counterparts, and U.S. civilian equivalents, for positions of higher responsibility within the military and other government agencies.  Often referred to as "intermediate level education" (ILE), intermediate level professional military education (intermediate level PME) or phase I joint PME, ACSC is also available via "distance learning", primarily a CD-ROM enabled correspondence course.

Air War College

The USAF Air War College (AWC) is a 10-month resident course for USAF, U.S. Army and USMC lieutenant colonels and colonels (pay grades O-5 and O-6), USN and USCG commanders and captains (pay grade O-5 and O-6), their international counterparts, and Department of Defense and Department of the Air Force civilian equivalents (GS-14/GM-14, GS-15/GM-15).  AWC prepares students to lead in a joint, interagency and multi-national environment at the strategic level of military operations.  Also known as "senior developmental education" (SDE), senior level PME, or (since 2010) phase II JPME, AWC is also available at the Pentagon and selected active USAF installations as a 10-month seminar program paralleling the academic year and course content of the resident course.  It is also available via "distance learning" as a correspondence course typically requiring 18 to 24 months to complete.

The Secretary of the Air Force's annual National Security Forum (NSF) conducted for select influential civilian leaders in business, industry, state and local government, law, academia, media, and the clergy is administered and hosted by the AWC.

International Officer School
The International Officer School is a seven-week course designed to provide international officers an enhanced understanding of the United States and prepares them for attending Squadron Officer School, Air Command and Staff College, or the Air War College.

Enlisted professional military education

The Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education (Barnes Center, formerly the College for Enlisted Professional Military Education) is responsible for the instructional programs and faculty development for all Air Force enlisted professional military education programs. This includes the airman leadership schools, noncommissioned officer academies, and the Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy.

Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy
The Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy graduates more than 1,800 Air Force chief master sergeant selectees, senior master sergeants, senior master sergeant selectees, and non-commissioned officers and chief petty officers from other U.S. military services and the services of international U.S.-allied nations annually. It is located on Maxwell AFB's Gunter Annex.

NCO academies
The NCO academies provide selected noncommissioned officers education. Several NCO academies operate worldwide on various Air Force installations.

Airman Leadership School
The goal of the program is to provide senior airmen an opportunity to understand more fully their position in the USAF organizational structure and the continued need for professional development to be effective NCOs.

First Sergeant Academy

Enlisted Heritage Research Institute
The Enlisted Heritage Research Institute is dedicated to preserving the history of the enlisted corps of the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army Aeronautical Division, Air Service, Air Corps, and Air Forces in the development of air power to defend the United States. The institute achieves this by featuring artifacts, collections, and pictorial exhibits, written and oral documentation, audiovisuals, equipment, and selected aircraft parts. Additionally, students use the in-house and online research capabilities to enhance learning and complete enlisted heritage research projects.

Officer accessions

The Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development (Holm Center), previously known as Air Force Officer Accession and Training Schools (AFOATS), operates two of the four USAF officer commissioning sources. These are the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) at civilian colleges and universities across the United States, and the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS) at Maxwell AFB.

Although they are USAF officer accession and training programs, the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) and the Air National Guard's Academy of Military Science (AMS) do not fall under the Air University.  The U.S. Air Force Academy is a Direct Reporting Unit (DRU), and the superintendent of the USAF Academy reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Admission to and administration of the ANG Academy of Military Science, although collocated with OTS at Maxwell AFB, is controlled by the director of the Air National Guard via the National Guard Bureau (NGB).

Citizenship Development, Aerospace Education, and associated programs

Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps

The Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFJROTC) program provides citizenship training and air and space science education via a cadet program for high school students in grades 9 through 12 at various high schools across the United States and at select Department of Defense Dependent Schools (DoDDS) at US military installations overseas.  Instruction is conducted by retired field grade USAF officers employed by the respective school systems, assisted by retired USAF senior non-commissioned officers under similar employment.

AFJROTC is a "citizenship program" for high school students and should not be confused with AFROTC, which is a "pre-commissioning program" for four-year college and university students to become Air Force officers.

Academic education

The Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) is a geographically separated unit (GSU) of Air University, located at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.

The Community College of the Air Force (CCAF) is the only degree-granting institution of higher learning in the world dedicated exclusively to enlisted military personnel.  CCAF offers educational opportunities for active duty, Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve airmen and NCOs to earn a job-related Associate of Applied Science degree. CCAF also facilitates selected professional certification and recognition for airmen. Possession of a CCAF degree has in recent years become a de facto mandatory requirement for promotion to senior master sergeant and higher, regardless of whether or not the candidate has a civilian degree such as a baccalaureate. This de facto status is now official: starting with the 2007 promotion cycle, promotion candidates cannot receive critical endorsements on performance reports without having first received an associate degree from CCAF.

Professional continuing education

The Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education (LeMay Center), previously known as the Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center, develops and publishes Air Force doctrine, teaches doctrine through resident and on-line courses, and advocates air power through visionary war gaming, and provides integration and outreach services for Air University.

The Ira C. Eaker College for Professional Development provides continuing education and technical training to Air Force and other Department of Defense personnel and international officers, including resident and distance-learning courses for a variety of Air Force specialties.

United States Air Force Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies
The USAF Counterproliferation Center (CPC) was established in 1998 at the direction of the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Located at Maxwell AFB, this center capitalizes on the resident expertise of Air University, while extending its reach far beyond - and influences a wide audience of leaders and policy makers. A memorandum of agreement between the Air Staff's Director for Nuclear and Counterproliferation (then AF/XON) and Air War College commandant established the initial personnel and responsibilities of the center. This included integrating counterproliferation awareness into the curriculum and ongoing research at the Air University; establishing an information repository to promote research on counterproliferation and nonproliferation issues; and directing research on the various topics associated with counterproliferation and nonproliferation .

In 2008, the Secretary of Defense's Task Force on Nuclear Weapons Management recommended "Air Force personnel connected to the nuclear mission be required to take a professional military education (PME) course on national, defense, and Air Force concepts for deterrence and defense." This led to the addition of three teaching positions to the CPC in 2011 to enhance nuclear PME efforts. At the same time, the Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center, in coordination with the AF/A10 and Air Force Global Strike Command, established a series of courses at Kirtland AFB to provide professional continuing education (PCE) through the careers of those Air Force personnel working in or supporting the nuclear enterprise. This mission was transferred to the CPC in 2012, broadening its mandate to providing education and research on not just countering WMD but also nuclear operations issues. In April 2016, the nuclear PCE courses were transferred from the Air War College to the U.S. Air Force Institute for Technology.

In February 2014, the center's name was changed to the Center for Unconventional Weapons Studies (CUWS) to reflect its broad coverage of unconventional weapons issues, both offensive and defensive, across the six joint operating concepts (deterrence operations, cooperative security, major combat operations, irregular warfare, stability operations, and homeland security). The term "unconventional weapons", currently defined as nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons, also includes the improvised use of chemical, biological, and radiological hazards. In May 2018, the name changed again to the Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies (CSDS) in recognition of senior Air Force interest in focusing on this national security topic.

The center's military insignia displays the symbols of nuclear, biological, and chemical hazards. The arrows above the hazards represent the four aspects of counterproliferation - counterforce, active defense, passive defense, and consequence management. The Latin inscription "Armis Bella Venenis Geri" means "weapons of war involving poisons".

Advanced Professional Military Education

The School of Advanced Air and Space Studies is the "Air Force graduate school for airpower and space power strategists". The school began as the School of Advanced Airpower Studies. It began operation on July 22, 1991, at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. The first class of 25 students was all-male, although later classes included women. Most of the first class came from the U.S. Air Force's Air Command and Staff College. The first director of the school, Colonel William F. Fortner, stated that the school's goal was to "create the soldier-scholars for conflicts of the future". Fortner likened the school to the U.S. Army's School of Advanced Military Studies, but stated that the new school's curriculum would go "much deeper into the study of air-power history, doctrine and strategy". The curriculum, planned for a duration of 11 months, was taught by a faculty of nine civilian and military Ph.D. instructors. The curriculum in the first years comprised two parts, focusing on "the past and present of warfare". Students read about 150 pages per night, and wrote and defended a research paper.

Associated Agencies

Air Force Historical Research Agency

The Air Force Historical Research Agency is the repository for United States Air Force historical documents.

The agency's collection, begun during World War II in Washington, DC, moved in 1949 to Maxwell Air Force Base, the site of the present-day Air University, to provide research facilities for professional military education students, the faculty, visiting scholars, and the general public.  The Air Force Historical Research Agency is now a forward operating agency (FOA) assigned directly to the Air Force History and Museums Program, and a tenant unit at Maxwell AFB.

History

Lineage
 Authorized as the Air Service School by the War Department on 25 February 1920, and established that same year, exact date unknown
 Redesignated: Air Service Field Officers' School on 10 February 1921
 Redesignated: Air Service Tactical School on 8 November 1922
 Redesignated: Air Corps Tactical School on 18 August 1926
 Discontinued on 9 October 1942
 Established as: Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics, 16 Oct 1942
 History and insignia of Air Corps Tactical School bestowed upon activation.
 Redesignated as: Army Air Forces School on 1 June 1945
 Established as Major Command: 29 November 1945
 Redesignated as: Air University on 12 March 1946
 Reassigned to Air Training Command on 15 May 1978, losing major command status
 Returned to major command status effective 1 July 1983
 Changed from a major command of the United States Air Force to a subordinate organization of Air Education and Training Command on 1 July 1993.

Stations
 Langley Field, Virginia, 25 Feb 1920 - 14 Jul 1931
 Maxwell Field, Alabama, 15 Jul 1931 – 9 Oct 1942
 Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, 16 Oct 1942 - 29 Nov 1945
 Maxwell Field (later Maxwell AFB), Alabama, 29 Nov 1945 – Present

Components

During the years 1943–1945, the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT) at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida operated a massive air-to-air and air-to-ground combat simulation facility across Central Florida.  Units and various main operating bases and auxiliary airfields were established throughout an  area of central Florida designated as a mock "war theater" and stretching roughly from Tampa through Orlando, east to Titusville, north to Starke, and northwest to Apalachicola in which air war games were conducted.  Following the end of World War II, the simulation facility ceased operation and most of the operating air bases and auxiliary airfields were either placed in military caretaker status or returned to local civilian control.  On 1 Jun 1945, the AAFSAT was redesignated as the Army Air Forces School (AAFS).  On 29 Nov 1945, the AAFS relocated from Orlando AAB, Florida to Maxwell Field, Alabama.

Operations
The Wright Brothers established the first U.S. civilian flying school in Montgomery, Alabama in 1910. By the 1920s, Montgomery became an important link in the growing system of aerial mail service. It was in the early 1930s when the Army Air Corps Tactical School moved to Maxwell Field and Montgomery became the country's intellectual center for airpower education.

Air University (AU), established in 1946, continues the proud tradition of educating tomorrow's planners and leaders in air and space power for both the U.S. Air Force as well as other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, federal government civilians and many international organizations. Today, AU has a reach worldwide affecting the careers of every member of the United States Air Force.

Origins
As a result of the U.S. Army Reorganization Act of 1920, the Air Service authorized the establishment of an Air Service School on 10 February 1921 at Langley Field, Virginia. To reflect its primary mission of preparing senior officers for higher Air Service duty, the Air Service redesignated the Air Service School as the Air Service Field Officers' School.

Following the decision to let all Air Service officers attend the institution in 1922, the Air Service redesignated the Air Service Field Officers' School as the Air Service Tactical School. In conjunction with the 1926 redesignation of the Army Air Service as the Army Air Corps, the Air Service Tactical School became the Air Corps Tactical School.  To take advantage of the propitious climate and facilities expansion potential, the Army Air Corps began moving the Air Corps Tactical School from Langley Field in Virginia in 1931 to Maxwell Field, Alabama.

World War II

Because of the wartime need for officers of the caliber of those attending the Maxwell institution, in May 1941 the Army Air Corps suspended instruction at the tactical school and reduced its faculty and staff to seven officers.  Anticipating the institution's eventual reopening, the Army Air Corps moved the skeletonized Air Corps Tactical School to Washington, DC, and placed it under the Directorate of Individual Training. In spite of the institution's successful efforts in developing Air Corps planners and leaders, the Air Corps discontinued the Air Corps Tactical School on 9 October 1942 with the intention of reopening it after the war.

To partially fill the educational void left by the discontinuance of the Tactical School and to correct the growing shortage of experienced Air Corps, later renamed Army Air Forces, officers, the Army Air Forces authorized the establishment of the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics on 9 Oct 42. The Army Air Forces activated the AAF School of Applied Tactics at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida, with the mission to train "selected officers" under simulated combat conditions.  Based on lessons learned in the combat theaters and the school's actual operational experiences, the AAF established the AAF Tactical Center with the AAF School of Applied Tactics as a subordinate unit.  Due to a major reorganization of the Tactical Center and a change in the types of courses conducted by the institution, the Army Air Forces redesignated the AAF School of Applied Tactics as the Army Air Forces School on 1 Jun 45.

Postwar era
In preparation for its post-war educational operations, the Army Air Forces transferred the Army Air Forces School from Orlando AAB to Maxwell Field, Alabama, on 29 November 1945 and assigned it directly to Headquarters, U.S. Army Air Forces (HQ AAF) as a major command.

In the first conclave of its kind since the end of World War II, the AAF Educational Conference ended after a three-day meeting on 20 Feb 1945 to discuss the post-war AAF educational structure.  The Army Air Forces began the first instructor training course in March 1946 for preparing instructors to teach at the post-war AAF educational institutions.

HQ AAF redesignated the Army Air Forces School as Air University (AU) on 12 March 1946 and established the Air War College, Air Command and Staff School, and Air Tactical School as its subordinate units. The AU commander organized the Air University Board of Visitors, composed of senior educators and university administrators, to meet regularly and advise him on educational matters.

Air University became operational on 1 April 1946 when HQ AAF transferred the School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field, Texas, from Air Training Command to Air University.  To take advantage of existing facilities, Air University transferred the Air Tactical School from Maxwell Field to Tyndall Field, Florida on 21 May 1946.  Major General Orvil A. Anderson was appointed the first commandant of the Air War College, the senior school in the three-tiered AAF officer professional military education (PME) system.

Assuming responsibilities comparable to those of the Army and Navy advisers on the HQ AU staff, the Royal Air Force Liaison Officer also became a part of the HQ AU staff on 1 June 1946. When members of the Air University Board of Visitors concluded their first meeting with such dignitaries as General Carl Spaatz, Commanding General of the Army Air Forces; Air Marshall Hugh Pughe Lloyd of the Royal Air Force; and the class members of the Air War College and the Air Command and Staff School participating, the Air University was officially dedicated during a ceremony at Maxwell Field.

Classes began at the Air War College and the Air Command and Staff School on 4 September 1946, fulfilling the "dream for education in airpower" of most post-war AAF leaders and planners. The Air Tactical School, the junior officer PME program of the AU educational system, began classes at Tyndall in January 1947.  Later that year, the Royal Canadian Air Force sent its first group of students to the two-week indoctrination course at Maxwell.  With Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson as the guest speaker, the Air War College and the Air Command and Staff School conducted a combined graduation ceremony for 185 senior and field grade officers.

As a result of the National Security Act of 1947, the United States Air Force became a separate and independent branch of the U.S. military on 18 September 1947.  In keeping with the Air Force's new status, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force (HQ USAF) redesignated Maxwell Field as Maxwell Air Force Base on 13 January 1948.

On 12 July 1949, HQ USAF established the Air University Human Resources Research Institute. It was one of three USAF field agencies created to conduct research on the human factor in Air Force planning and operations.  Air University established the 3894th AU School Squadron to provide administrative support to Air Force instructors and students at the various service schools operated by the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.

The USAF Historical Division relocated to Maxwell AFB from Washington, DC in September 1949 and became a part of the Air University Library.  The combined activity is now known as the Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA).

Air Force PME Future, Criticisms, and Studies

2021 RAND Study on AF PME
In 2021, RAND published an extensive study on the Air Force Professional Military Education (PME) system and documented significant problems with the system. Senior Air Force leadership has identified a significant issue in the assignment of officers to professional military education (PME) programs. Notably, a disparity exists where officers ranked lower by the central developmental education board are disproportionately assigned to Air University's PME programs, while higher-ranked officers tend to be directed to non-Air Force programs. The reasons for this imbalance remain unclear.

Conclusions
 Highly ranked officers (by order of merit) typically do not attend PME at Air University.
 Air University's schoolhouses receive lower rankings compared to alternative PME programs.
 Concerns about Air Force PME are not uniform among senior leaders.
 Correcting the distribution of assignments to favor highly ranked officers (in merit) at Air Force institutions necessitates systemic changes.
  There is discontent with Air University's location in Alabama, though minimal discussion surrounds relocation.

Recommendations
 Promote vectoring practices that prioritize Air Force institutions, possibly through addresses by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (CSAF) or the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force (VCSAF) to development teams.
 Enhance the value of attending PME at Air University by offering unique experiences, including mentorship opportunities with three- and four-star generals.
 Explore the introduction of new, specialized programs at Air University, allowing members to request direct assignment.
 Conduct an in-depth review of graduate feedback to make improvements in schoolhouses, including faculty and course content.
 Task the Air Force Personnel Center with improving the relevance of follow-on assignments.
 Implement a comprehensive communication plan highlighting the value of PME and Air University, including existing attributes and planned enhancements.
 Investigate the possibility of relocating Air Force schoolhouses to a more favorable location, potentially improving attractiveness, instructor quality, education quality, officer interest, and the MyVector assignment process.

Academic degrees and accreditation
The Air University is accredited by the Commission of Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), and is authorized to grant the following degrees:

 Master of Strategic Studies – offered by the Air War College
 Master of Military Operational Art and Science – offered by the Air Command and Staff College (ACSC)
 Master of Aerospace Studies – offered by the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies (SAASS)
 Master of Science in Flight Test Engineering – offered by the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (USAFTPS)
 Associate in Applied Science – offered for USAF enlisted personnel by the Community College of the Air Force (CCAF) with majors in 68 areas

In 2010, SACS upgraded AU's accreditation to Level V, a move that will eventually enable AU to eventually award three different doctoral degrees.

Air University was also awarded the Space Foundation's inaugural Space Achievement Award in 1995. This award recognizes individuals or organizations for space achievement, breakthrough space technology or program or product success representing critical milestones in the evolution of space exploration and development.

List of commanders

 Lieutenant General Troup Miller Jr., 1 August 1961 – December 1963
 Lieutenant General Ralph Powell Swofford Jr., January 1964 – August 1965
 Lieutenant General Alvan C. Gillem II, 1 August 1970 – November 1973
 14: Lt. Gen. Raymond B. Furlong, August 1975 – 1 July 1979
 15: Lt. Gen. Stanley M. Umstead Jr., 1 July 1979 – July 1981
 16: Lt. Gen. Charles G. Cleveland, July 1981 – August 1984
 17: Lt. Gen. Thomas C. Richards, August 1984 – November 1986
 18: Lt. Gen. Truman Spangrud, November 1986 – July 1988
 19: Lt. Gen. Ralph E. Havens, July 1988 – October 1989
 Vacant, October 1989 – January 1990
 20: Lt. Gen. Charles G. Boyd, January 1990 – October 1992
 21: Lt. Gen. Jay W. Kelley, October 1992 – October 1996
 24: Lt. Gen. Joseph J. Redden, October 1996 – July 1999

See also

 Army University
 Marine Corps University

References

External links
 Official website

Military education and training in the United States
Military in Alabama
Universities and colleges established in 1946
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Universities and colleges in Montgomery, Alabama
1946 establishments in Alabama
Education government agencies of the United States
Department of Defense Education Activity
Public university systems in the United States
Military education and training

Air University (United States Air Force)


Sangihe Plate has recently (1990s) been postulated to be a microplate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone of eastern Indonesia.

Regional tectonics
The tectonic setting of the Molucca Sea region is unique. It is the only global example of an active arc-arc collision consuming an oceanic basin via subduction in two directions. The Molucca Sea Plate has been subsumed by tectonic microplates, the Halmahera Plate and the Sangihe Plate. The whole complexity is now known as the Molucca Sea Collision Zone.

The existence of Sangihe as a tectonic plate separate from the Molucca Sea Plate is not yet entirely agreed upon by geologists.  Some see Sangihe as a western slab of the Molucca Sea Plate, just as they regard Halmahera as an eastern slab of the Molucca Sea Plate. What is apparent to date is that Sangihe was part of the Molucca Sea slab subducted during the Neogene between 45 Ma and 25 Ma.

Seismicity shows the west-dipping Sangihe reaches a depth of about . Both Sangihe and Halmahera are exposed to the surface while the Molucca Sea plate is completely subsumed below these two microplates. The southern boundary of the Molucca Sea Plate is also the boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Australian Plate, and is moving northwards. Since the Sangihe Plate and the Halmahera Plate are in continuity with the Molucca Sea Plate, this implies all three slabs are moving northward in mantle with the Australian Plate.

See also

References

Tectonic plates
Geology of the Pacific Ocean
Geology of Indonesia
Geology of the Philippines
Molucca Sea

Sangihe Plate


Anne Irene McGill Gorsuch Burford ( ; April 21, 1942 – July 18, 2004), also known as Anne M. Gorsuch, was an American attorney and politician. Between 1981 and 1983, while known as Anne M. Gorsuch, she served under President Ronald Reagan as the first female Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Her son is sitting Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Neil Gorsuch.

Early life and education
Born Anne Irene McGill in Casper, Wyoming, she was one of seven children of Joseph John McGill II, a surgeon, and Dorothy Jean (née O'Grady). She grew up in Denver, where she attended St. Francis DeSales High School.

During three consecutive summers, she took classes in Spanish at the National University of Mexico. She studied at the University of Colorado at Boulder, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1961 at the age of 19. She then attended the University of Colorado Law School where she received a Juris Doctor degree in 1964 at the age of 22; she became the youngest woman admitted to the Colorado Bar at the time. McGill participated in the undergraduate Honors Program and Mortar Board society, and was an editor of the University of Colorado Law School's law review. She was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to study criminal law for one year in Jaipur, India, and she and her new husband David Gorsuch travelled there together.

Early legal and political career
Gorsuch was first employed as an attorney with a bank trust department, then as an assistant  district attorney  for Jefferson County, Colorado, and as deputy district attorney for the City of Denver, Colorado. Subsequently she was  a corporate attorney for Mountain Bell Telephone.  In 1975 she was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives, and served in office for two two-year terms. She was voted Outstanding Freshman Legislator, but was considered by some to be a member of the "House Crazies," a group of "conservative lawmakers intent on permanently changing government."

In 1980, Gorsuch served on President-elect Reagan's transition team as a member of his Advisory Committee on Intergovernmental Relations. Shortly after Reagan was inaugurated, Gorsuch was nominated as administrator of the EPA. The nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate three months later on May 5, 1981.

EPA Administrator

Gorsuch based her administration of the EPA on the New Federalism approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states. She believed that the EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost-effective. During her 22 months as agency head, she cut the budget of the EPA by 22%, reduced the number of cases filed against polluters, relaxed Clean Air Act regulations, and facilitated the spraying of restricted-use pesticides. She cut the total number of agency employees, and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating. Environmentalists contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters, and accused her of trying to dismantle the agency.

Thriftway Company
Thriftway Company, a small oil refinery in Farmington, New Mexico, asked Gorsuch for a meeting to discuss the regulations limiting lead content of gasoline, the program under Section 211 of the Clean Air Act designed to reduce the amount of lead in gasoline in annual phases, and to receive relief from the standard. In December 1981, while EPA was developing revisions to those regulation at the request of the Reagan Administration, Gorsuch met with representatives from the company, who asked her to excuse Thriftway from compliance with the lead limits because "the company faced financial ruin if it could not obtain quick relief from the regulations". Gorsuch did not commit herself in writing but she did tell them they could count on her promise as the word of the EPA Administrator that she would not enforce the regulations.

Superfund
In 1982, Congress charged that the EPA had mishandled the $1.6 billion toxic waste Superfund by taking certain inappropriate and potentially illegal actions including withholding disbursements in order to affect a California political campaign. When Congress demanded records from Gorsuch, she refused and as a result became the first agency director in U.S. history to be cited for contempt of Congress.

Hugh Kaufman, an EPA employee, leaked documents to Congress.

The stand-off ended in late February 1983, when Richard Hauser, the White House deputy counsel, confirmed one or more Reagan Administration officials had in fact reported to the White House that they had heard Gorsuch say at an August 4, 1982, luncheon that she was holding back more than $6 million in Federal funds to clean up the Stringfellow Acid Pits toxic waste site near Los Angeles to avoid helping the Senate campaign of former Gov. Jerry Brown of California, a Democrat.

The White House then abandoned its court claim that the documents related to this incident could not be subpoenaed by Congress because they were covered by executive privilege and the EPA turned the documents over to Congress. Gorsuch immediately resigned her post effective March 3, 1983, citing pressures caused by the media and the congressional investigation.

EPA legacy
Looking back at her tenure several years later, Gorsuch expressed pride in the downsizing done under her watch and frustration at the program backlogs and lack of staff management skills that she encountered while at the helm of the agency. She said there was a conflict between what she was required to do under a "set of commands from Congress," and what her own priorities were, although she felt that by the end of her administration, she had developed a way of resolving those conflicts. In her retrospective, Gorsuch admitted that she and her staff "were so bogged down in the fight with Congress over the doctrine of executive privilege, that the agency itself seemed hardly to be functioning," but claimed that despite appearances the agency still functioned. Her 22-month tenure was considered "one of the most controversial of the early Reagan administration."

Subsequent career
Gorsuch was promised another job by Reagan, and in July 1984, he appointed her to a three-year term as chair of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, a move that was criticized by environmental groups. She described the post as a "nothing-burger", and both the House and the Senate passed non-binding resolutions calling on President Reagan to withdraw the appointment. Ultimately, Gorsuch chose not to accept the position.

After leaving government service, she wrote a 1986 book about her experiences titled Are You Tough Enough? She then worked as a private attorney in Colorado until her death.

Personal life
Anne McGill married David Gorsuch after finishing law school. They divorced in 1982 while she was serving as EPA Administrator. The couple had two sons, J. J. and Neil, and a daughter, Stephanie. Neil Gorsuch became an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court in 2017.

By Gorsuch's later account, her son Neil, who was then 15 years old, was furious with her when she resigned under pressure from the EPA.  "You should never have resigned," he told his mother.  "You didn't do anything wrong.  You only did what the president ordered.  Why are you quitting?  You raised me not to be a quitter. Why are you a quitter?"

In 1983, Gorsuch married Bureau of Land Management head and rancher Robert F. Burford, with whom she had previously served in the Colorado House of Representatives.  A divorce from Burford was pending when he died in 1993.

Gorsuch died from cancer in 2004 in Aurora, Colorado, aged 62.

References

External links
 Washington Post obituary for Anne Gorsuch

1942 births
2004 deaths
Administrators of the United States Environmental Protection Agency
American prosecutors
Deaths from cancer in Colorado
Lawyers from Denver
Republican Party members of the Colorado House of Representatives
Politicians from Casper, Wyoming
Politicians from Denver
Reagan administration controversies
Reagan administration personnel
University of Colorado alumni
Women state legislators in Colorado
20th-century American women lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
Fulbright alumni

Anne Gorsuch Burford


Karl Wilhelm Friedrich August Leopold Graf von Werder (12 September 1808 – 12 September 1887) was a Prussian general.

Life and career

Early life and assignments
Werder was born in Schloßberg near Norkitten (now in Chernyakhovsky District) in the Province of East Prussia. He entered the Prussian Gardes du Corps in 1825, transferring the following year into the Guard Infantry, with which he served for many years as a subaltern. In 1839 he was appointed an instructor in the Cadet Corps, and later he was employed in the topographical bureau of the Great General Staff. In 1842-1843 he took part in the Russian operations in the Caucasus, and on his return to Germany in 1846, was placed, as a captain, on the staff. In 1848 he married. Regimental and staff duty alternately occupied him until 1863, when he was made major-general, and given the command of a brigade of Guard Infantry.

Command in the wars against Denmark and France
In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Werder commanded the 3rd Division, which was part of the Second Army. Despite a lack of supply, Werder distinguished himself at Gitschin and Königgratz. He returned home with the rank of lieutenant-general and the Order Pour le Mérite. In 1870, at first employed with the 3rd Army Headquarters and in command of the Württemberg and Baden forces, he was after the Battle of Wörth entrusted with the operations against Strasbourg, which he captured after a long and famous siege.

Promoted general of infantry, and assigned to command the new XIVth Army Corps, Werder defeated the French at Dijon and at Nuits, and, when Charles-Denis Bourbaki's army moved forward to relieve Belfort, turned upon him and fought the desperate action of Battle of Villersexel, which enabled him to cover the Germans besieging Belfort. On 15, 16 and 17 January 1871, Werder with greatly inferior forces succeeded in holding his own on the Battle of the Lisaine against all Bourbaki's efforts to reach Belfort, a victory which aroused great enthusiasm in southern Germany. In the course of this enthusiastic prevailing mood, a monument - the Siegesdenkmal - was erected in Freiburg im Breisgau to honor his services and the victory of the German people in the Franco-Prussian War.

Retirement
After the war Werder commanded the Baden forces, now called the XlVth Army Corps, until he retired in 1879. On his retirement he was raised to the dignity of count. He died in 1887 at Grüssow in Pomerania. The 30th (4th Rhenish) Infantry regiment carried his name, and there is a statue of Werder at Freiburg im Breisgau.

Honours and awards

Notes

References

1808 births
1887 deaths
People from Chernyakhovsky District
Military personnel from East Prussia
Counts in Germany
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
Prussian people of the Austro-Prussian War
German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin), 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree

August von Werder


Klimonas is an archaeological site dating to the 9th millennium BC. Discovered in Cyprus at Ayios Tychonas in the Limassol District, Klimonas is the oldest known farming village in the world. The main part of the site is a subterranean circular building approximately ten metres (~40 feet) in diameter similar to communal buildings in other nearby sites.

Wild boar was hunted and cereals were obtained from the Levant, as well as cats and  domesticated dogs. The dogs were used for hunting the boar.

References

Archaeological sites in Cyprus
Neolithic settlements

Klimonas


The Big Comfy Couch () is a Canadian children's television series.

Other names
The programs is known as Le Monde de Loonette [English: The World of Loonette or Loonette's World] when broadcast in Quebec and France, and El sofa da la imaginación [English: The Couch of Imagination] when broadcast in Latin America and Spain.

Schedule and production
It aired from March 2, 1992, until December 29, 2006. It was produced by Cheryl Wagner and Robert Mills, directed by Wayne Moss, Robert Mills and Steve Wright. It premiered on March 2, 1992, in Canada and on January 9, 1995, in the United States on PBS stations across the country. The program was also broadcast on Treehouse TV from 1997 to 2011.

Canadian children's television series

The Big Comfy Couch


San Acacia is a small unincorporated community and census-designated place in Socorro County, New Mexico, United States. It was once a prosperous railway town, but is now largely deserted. There is a nearby diversion dam on the Rio Grande, important in irrigation.

Location
The village lies on the Rio Grande in the Albuquerque Basin. The village is  south of Bernardo and  north of Socorro. It is off Interstate 25 at exit 163. San Acacia is near the southern boundary of the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge. San Acacia gives its name to the stretch of the Rio Grande that extends south to the Elephant Butte Reservoir. The nearby San Acacia Diversion Dam is used to transfer water from the river into irrigation channels. When the river is low, the Isleta Diversion Dam, further to the north, and the San Acacia dam can divert all water from the Rio Grande along a  stretch of the river.

Foundation and growth
The settlement of San Acacio was named by the Spanish after Saint Acacius, leader of the ten thousand martyrs of Mount Ararat, an early Christian saint who was crowned with thorns from the acacia tree. The hill to the east of the San Acacio cemetery was the location where, in 1855, John W. Garretson fixed the Initial Point for the Principal Meridian and the Base Line. This is the reference point for all topographic maps of the state of New Mexico.

San Acacio became important in 1878 when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was built through Socorro County on its route along the Rio Grande to El Paso, Texas. It was incorrectly given the official name of San Acacia after the railway came through.

Flooding and decline
The Rio Grande has very variable volumes where it passes San Acacia. In April the volume may be a few hundred cubic feet per second, but with the spring runoff in May the volume may rise to almost  per second.  In the summer, most of the water comes from unpredictable flash floods carried into the river by ephemeral tributaries. The town lies a few  miles south of the point where the Rio Puerco and Rio Salado converge with the Rio Grande. In August 1929 there were torrential rains in the watersheds of these rivers, causing flooding that extended from San Acacia to San Marcial.  There was renewed flooding a months later, damaging the railway and destroying all the crops in the valley.
Once a prosperous town, many of the buildings including the old church have been abandoned.

Dam
In 1906 the narrow gorge at San Acacia was being considered for a dam. If built to a height of , the dam would be  long, and would flood about  to an average depth of . The drawback was that the basalt that forms the walls of the gorge is a thin sheet resting on loose sand and gravel. It seemed unlikely that there would be solid rock near enough to the surface to form a foundation for the dam, and there would be considerable leakage through the gravels.

A diversion dam was built in 1934 for the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District, and was rehabilitated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1957 as part of the Middle Rio Grande Project. It is  high and  long, a concrete structure with 29 radial gates. The dam serves the Socorro Division, and has a diversion capacity of  per second. A 2003 report noted that there had been silting upstream of the dam but the width of the downstream channels had decreased sharply since the diversion dam was built.  The river has cut a deeper channel in its bed and now runs faster.  This made it harder for fish to travel upstream. The report suggested that if eight Gradient Restoration Facilities were installed in the downstream reach, that should be enough to slow the water, allowing sediment to settle and making fish passage easier. A 2005 report considered removing the dam altogether.  Again, it suggested emplacement of Gradient Restoration Facilities to control erosion as sediment above and below the dam returned to normal levels.

Education
It is within Socorro Consolidated Schools. Socorro High School is the comprehensive high school of the district.

References
Citations

Sources

Census-designated places in New Mexico
Census-designated places in Socorro County, New Mexico
Unincorporated communities in Socorro County, New Mexico
Unincorporated communities in New Mexico
Albuquerque metropolitan area

San Acacia, New Mexico


The Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM) is a water management organization established by member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose territory contains the Zambezi river basin.

Zambezi River

The Zambezi originates in northwestern Zambia, and runs west and then southwest through Angola before reentering Zambia. It flows south and forms part of the border between Zambia and Namibia.  After picking up the waters of the Chobe River at the quadripoint where Zambia, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe meet, the river flows east along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe, powering the shared Kariba Dam hydroelectric station, before entering Mozambique and flowing to the Indian Ocean.
The Zambezi basin also includes parts of Malawi and Tanzania.
The Zambezi is the fourth largest river in Africa after the Nile, Congo and Niger.

Organisation

The eight Zambezi Basin riparian states that participate in ZAMCOM are Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. ZAMCOM operations are in line with the revised SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses. The SADC Protocol was adopted in 1995 and by SADC member states, including all Zambezi riparian states, and came into force in 1998. Seven of the riparian states signed the ZAMCOM Agreement on 13 July 2004 at Kasane in Botswana. Zambia committed to signing after further national consultation before the August 2004 SADC Summit, but it did not sign the agreement. The agreement came into force in June 2011 without Zambia having signed and without key institutions such as the Council of Ministers and a Permanent Secretariat having been set up.

The Interim ZAMCOM Secretariat (IZS) based in Gaborone, Botswana, was established in May 2011. The IZS, headed by an Executive Secretary, is financially supported by the Norwegian Government, and has the objective of making the ZAMCOM Agreement operational and establishing its Permanent Secretariat.  It is given strategic guidance and oversight by the Ministers responsible for Water in the member countries. In May 2013 at a meeting of SADC Water Ministers in Luanda, Angola, the ZAMCOM Council of Ministers was established and Zimbabwe was designed to host the Commission's headquarters, the permanent Secretariat. The Ministerial Council elected Angola to serve as a chair for one year. Zambia announced at the meeting that it was "ready to join the commission".

Objectives and activities

The purpose of ZAMCOM is "to promote the equitable and reasonable utilization of the water resources of the Zambezi Watercourse as well as the efficient management and sustainable development thereof".
Poverty reduction is the first priority of SADC, and ZAMCOM has a primary goal of poverty reduction through the shared water resource.
ZAMCOM must address the concerns of downstream users over extraction of water upstream.
Thus Mozambique is concerned that its prawn industry in the Zambezi delta is not affected by reduced flows, and that the Cahora Bassa hydroelectric plant receives sufficient water. Planned upstream water abstractions include the Matabeleland Zambezi Water Project in Zimbabwe that would bring water from the Zambezi to Bulawayo and its surrounding areas, as well as a proposed extension of the existing North-South Carrier in Botswana that would connect the carrier to the Zambezi River. Zambia and Namibia both have plans to expand irrigation in the upper river basin. South Africa, although not a riparian to the Zambezi river, also has plans to draw substantial amounts of water from the Zambezi River once the Lesotho Highlands Water Project is "fully developed".

References
Citations

Sources

Zambezi basin
Zambezi River
Southern African Development Community
Organizations established in 2004
2004 establishments in Africa

Zambezi Watercourse Commission


Peter Konwitschny (born 21 January 1945 in Frankfurt am Main) is a German opera and theatre director.

Biography

Peter Konwitschny grew up in Leipzig, where his father Franz Konwitschny was principal conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. After an aborted study of physics, he  studied theatre direction from 1965 until 1970 in Berlin.

In the 1970s, Konwitschny worked as an assistant director with Ruth Berghaus at the Berliner Ensemble. From 1980 onwards he chiefly worked as a free-lance director. During this period he directed both opera and theatre productions in Berlin, Halle, Greifswald and Rostock. From 1986 until 1990 he was chief director of the Landestheater Halle. His Handel productions Rinaldo, Aci, Galatea e Polifemo and Tamerlano, as well as Rigoletto and Carmen received high acclaim.

Even though Konwitschny had already directed operas in West Germany (Bluebeard's Castle, Kassel, 1987, and Fidelio, Basel, 1989), it was only after the fall of the Berlin Wall, that his international career took off. After Puccini and Rossini operas in Graz, Leipzig and Basel, Konwitschny turned to Wagner: Parsifal (1995, Bavarian State Opera), Tannhäuser (1997, Dresden Semperoper), Lohengrin (1998, Hamburg State Opera), Tristan und Isolde (1998, Bavarian State Opera), and a highly acclaimed Götterdämmerung (2000, Staatsoper Stuttgart).

After Lohengrin, Konwitschny returned to Hamburg to cooperate with the conductor Ingo Metzmacher on Alban Berg's Lulu,  Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, and Arnold Schoenberg's Moses und Aron. In 2004 he directed Wagner's The Flying Dutchman at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, in 2005 Richard Strauss' Elektra in Copenhagen and in 2009 Strauss' Salome in Amsterdam. Since August 2008, Konwitschny is principal director of productions at the Leipzig Opera.

In 2018, Konwitschny, was fired from the Gothenburg Opera due to a conflict between Peter Konwitschny and co-workers around the stage, during the rehearsals of Boris Godunov. The Gothenburg Opera CEO stated in a press release that This is a house where one is allowed to be angry, have conflicts and to make mistakes. But there is a limit to where a behavior towards co-workers becomes unacceptable. In this case, we could not afterwards reach a mutual understanding concerning the gravity of the situation. Therefore, we chose to terminate the cooperation. Konwitschny later issued a statement to the press, comparing the response to the Spanish Inquisition and vowing not to return to the opera house.

Awards
 1988: Art Prize of the German Democratic Republic
 1992: Konrad Wolf Prize of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin
 1997: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ()
 1998: Director of the Year, Opernwelt magazine
 1999: Director of the Year, Opernwelt magazine
 2000: Director of the Year, Opernwelt magazine
 2005: Theaterpreis Berlin
Konwitschny is an honorary professor at the Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" in Berlin and a member of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin.

Acclaim and critique
Some of Konwitschny's polarizing interpretations are far removed from the composer's or playwright's original idea. His 2000 production in Dresden of Die Csárdásfürstin, an operetta by Emmerich Kálmán, set by Konwitschny in World War I trenches, turned into a scandal and a lawsuit when the director of the Semperoper cancelled two scenes of Konwitschny's production.

References

External links
 Interview: "I do not consider myself a representative of the Regietheater" by Per-Erik Skarmstad and Mostly Opera, at wagneropera.net

1945 births
German theatre directors
People from Leipzig
German opera directors
Living people
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Art Prize of the German Democratic Republic
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler Berlin

Peter Konwitschny


Robert Edwards Chakales [sha-kuh'-les] (August 10, 1927 – February 18, 2010) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played with four clubs between the 1951 and 1957 seasons. Listed at 6'1", 185 lb., Chakales batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Asheville, North Carolina.

Originally a starter, Chakales also filled various roles coming out from the bullpen, as a closer or middle reliever. He reached the majors in 1951 with the Cleveland Indians, spending three and a half years with them before moving to the Baltimore Orioles (1954), Chicago White Sox (1955), Washington Senators (1955–57) and Boston Red Sox (1957).

In his rookie year Chakales recorded two of his three wins helping himself with the bat, going 7–for–20 (.350) with one home run and six RBI. His most productive season came in 1954, when he posted career highs in wins (5), strikeouts (47), earned run average (3.43) and innings pitched (99.2) in 41 pitching appearances (six as a starter). After that, he was part of various trades that included players as Vic Wertz, Don Ferrarese, Clint Courtney, Johnny Groth, Jim Busby, Milt Bolling and Faye Throneberry.

In a seven-season career, Chakales went 15–25 with 187 strikeouts and a 4.54 ERA in 171 games, including 23 starts, three complete games, one shutout, 10 saves, and 225 walks in  innings of work. As a hitter, he posted a .271 average (26–for–96) with one home run and 9 RBI.

Chakales died in Richmond, Virginia, at the age of 82.

Sources

Retrosheet - player page

1927 births
2010 deaths
American people of Greek descent
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from Asheville, North Carolina
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Hawaii Islanders players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Oklahoma City Indians players
Portland (NEL) baseball players
Richmond Virginians (minor league) players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Utica Blue Sox players
Wilkes-Barre Indians players
Wilmington Blue Rocks (1940–1952) players

Bob Chakales


Sura (Suriya), was an ancient city on the Euphrates River in northern Syria, today on a site 25 km west of Raqqa and 35 km north of Resafa. In the Roman Empire, Sura was a fortress city in the Roman province of Syria, and later on, in the Euphratensis.

In the 3rd century, Sura was a marginal attachment to the Strata Diocletiana to protect it against the Parthians. According to the Notitia dignitatum, Sura was the seat of the Prefect of the Legio XVI Flavia Firma. The legionary camp was located in the city and the city wall (1700 × 450 meters) was renewed under Justinian.

Bishopric

Sura became a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Hierapolis Euphratensis, the capital of the Roman province of Syria Euphratensis, as witnessed by a 6th-century Notitia Episcopatuum. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, metropolitan bishop Stephanus signed the acts also on behalf of Bishop Uranius of Sura. Bishop Marius of Sura was deposed in 518 for joining the Jacobites.

No longer a residential bishopric, Sura is now listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

References

Bibliography
 Nigel Pollard: Soldiers, Cities, & Civilians in Roman Syria. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 2000, . S. 295–296.
 Michaela Konrad: Der spätrömische Limes in Syrien. Archäologische Untersuchungen an den Grenzkastellen von Sura, Tetrapyrgium, Cholle und in Resafa. Resafa 5. Zabern, Mainz 2001.

Roman towns and cities in Syria
Former populated places in Syria
Catholic titular sees in Asia

Sura, Syria


Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Sinkler or Vladimir Sinclair () (12 January 1879 — 16 March 1946) was a Ukrainian military leader, general of the Russian army, and general of the Ukrainian People's Army.

Volodymyr Sinclair was born in the city of Margilan (present-day Uzbekistan) the former city of Kokand Khanate. Margilan became the uyezd center of the newly established Fergana Oblast in the Russian Turkestan around 1875. Sinclair family were of the Swedish descent that left the Great Britain after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and pledged allegiance to Alexis of Russia. Sinclair's father was a military engineer.

Volodymyr studied at the Nepliuyevsky cadet corps and later at Mikhailov Artillery Academy in Orenburg, Russia. After short service at the head of an artillery detachment went to study at the prestigious Artillery Academy of the General Staff along with Oleksander Hrekov with whom he joined the General Staff (General Bulawa) of the Ukrainian People's Army. After graduation with distinction went to serve at different positions in St.Petersburg — served as staff officer and aide-de-camp. Throughout his career Sinclair mostly served as a staff-officer.

During World War I first served as regimental Chief of Staff and later commanded a Russian infantry regiment. Awarded the title of major-general, and the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd and 3rd class; the Order of St. Anne, 2nd and 3rd class; the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd and 4th class with swords.

After the October Revolution went to serve in the General Staff of the Ukrainian People's Army (UNR). In 1918 was promoted to Quartermaster General. During the Hetmanate and the Directorate he continued to serve in the General Staff, playing an important role in capture of Kiev from Bolsheviks in 1919. At the end of 1919 became Chief of General Staff. In 1920 headed Ukrainian delegation in negotiations with Poland, which resulted in the Treaty of Warsaw.

After the military defeat of the Army of UNR retired and settled in Eastern Poland, participated in the life of the local Ukrainian community. At the end of Second World War with the advance of the Red Army was arrested by NKVD and interned to Kiev. Died in Lukyanivska Prison.

References

1879 births
1946 deaths
People from Margilan
People from Fergana Oblast
Russian military personnel of World War I
Ukrainian people of World War I
Generals of the Ukrainian People's Republic
People from the Russian Empire of Swedish descent
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
Ukrainian military leaders
Ukrainian people who died in Soviet detention
Inmates of Lukyanivska Prison
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class

Volodymyr Sinclair


Mario René Junior Lemina (; born 1 September 1993) is a Gabonese professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers and the Gabon national team.

He played for French sides Lorient and Marseille, before joining Italian side Juventus in 2015, where he won the domestic double in both of his seasons with the club. He joined English side Southampton in 2017, and was later loaned out to Turkish club Galatasaray in 2019. After a loan to Fulham in England, he joined French club Nice in 2021. In January 2023, he returned to England after signing for Wolverhampton Wanderers.

A former French international at youth level, Lemina went on to represent Gabon at senior level, making his senior international debut in 2017. He later represented Gabon at the 2017 and 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.

He has a younger brother Noha Lemina, who was also born in Libreville and currently plays for Sampdoria.

Club career

Early career
Lemina began his youth career in France aged 7 at local club ES Nanterre; he then went to study sports at Rueil-Malmaison, finishing at Colombes. Aged 15, he signed with the Lorient youth academy; he was later promoted to the first team during the 2012–13 season, his only season with the club.

Marseille

The following season, Marseille acquired Lemina for €4 million, although he initially struggled to gain playing time in his first year with the club, making only eight league starts during the 2013–14 season. He began to be used more frequently by manager Marcelo Bielsa during the 2014–15 season, making his breakthrough with the club, as he helped the team to a fourth-place finish, earning 23 appearances in the league. In February 2015, Lemina was sent off for a punch to the groin of Ola Toivonen in a 1–1 Ligue 1 away draw against Rennes.

Juventus
During the summer of 2015, Lemina began to attract the attention of several clubs, including Premier League clubs Liverpool, Southampton and West Ham United. On 31 August, however, the last day of the transfer window, Juventus announced the signing of Lemina on a season-long loan for €500,000 with an option to buy for €9.5 million at the end of the 2015–16 season. On 26 September 2015, he scored his first goal for Juventus in his third appearance, coming in the 63rd minute of a 2–1 away loss to Napoli.

On 29 April 2016, Lemina's loan was made permanent; he signed a four-year deal from Marseille for a fee of €9.5 million plus an extra €1 million if performance related targets are met. The deal was scheduled to keep him at Juventus until 2020. On 21 May, Lemina started in the Coppa Italia Final, playing the full match as Juventus defeated AC Milan 1–0 after extra time to capture the domestic double for the second consecutive season.

Southampton

On 8 August 2017, Lemina joined Southampton on a five-year deal for a club record fee of £15.4m. He made his debut on 20 August, in a 3–2 victory over West Ham United. His first goal for Southampton came in a 3–2 victory over fellow strugglers West Bromwich Albion on 3 February.

Loan to Galatasaray
In 2019–20 season, Lemina joined Galatasaray on a loan deal.

Loan to Fulham
On 30 August 2020, Lemina was loaned out to Fulham with an option to buy. He made his debut for the club on 16 September 2020 in the second round of the EFL Cup against Ipswich Town, which Fulham won 1–0. On 7 March 2021, Lemina scored his first Fulham goal to seal a 1–0 away win over Liverpool, handing them their sixth consecutive league defeat at Anfield for the first time in the Reds' history. In doing so, Lemina also clinched Fulham's second win at Liverpool in the club's history.

Nice
On 24 July 2021, Lemina joined Nice for an undisclosed fee.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
On 13 January 2023, Lemina joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for an undisclosed fee on a two and a half year deal. He made his first appearance on 14 January 2023 as a substitute in a home Premier League game against West Ham, a fixture which Wolves won 1–0.

Lemina made his full Wolves debut on 22 January 2023 in a 3–0 loss at Manchester City and then his full home debut on 4 February, helping the hosts to defeat Liverpool, also by a 3–0 scoreline.

On Lemina's fourth appearance for his new side on 11 February, he was sent off in the first-half of Wolves's Premier League game away to his former club, Southampton, for receiving two yellow cards. Wolves went on to win the game 2–1 despite playing for more than an hour with 10-men.

Lemina was sent off for the second time in his Wolves career in a 1–1 draw with Aston Villa at Molineux in the Premier League on 8 October 2023, having again picked up two yellow cards in one game. Upon his return from suspension, Lemina scored his first goal for Wolves in a 2–2 home draw with Newcastle United on 28 October 2023.

International career
Lemina had been called by the Gabon national team to participate in the 2015 African Cup of Nations, but he refused his call-up. Although he had initially represented France's under-20 and under-21 sides, also winning the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup at youth level, he formally switched to the Gabonese Federation on 2 June, and is now a formal member of the Gabon national team.

He scored on his international debut, in a 3–3 friendly draw against Tunisia on 9 October 2015. Lemina took part at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, which was held on home soil. He started in Gabon's opening match of the tournament on 14 January – a 1–1 draw against Guinea-Bissau – but later suffered a back-injury, however, which ruled him out of the remainder of the tournament.

On 17 January 2022, Lemina announced his retirement from the Gabon national team. He had just been released by Gabon following a heart complication due to COVID-19, leaving in the middle of the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations tournament.

On 10 June 2023, Lemina shared an image of him training with the national team to his Instagram account. He then played in a 2023 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against DR Congo on 18 June 2023, confirming his return to the national team.

Style of play
A strong, powerful, hard-working, and dynamic right-footed midfielder, with good technical skills and solid distribution, Lemina is a box-to-box player who is usually deployed in the centre, due to his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession. Described as a "classy and tenacious midfielder," due to his tactical versatility, he is capable of playing in several positions, and has been deployed as a winger, as a full-back, or as a wing-back, on the right flank; during his time with Marseille, he also played as centre-back in a three-man defence on occasion, during the 2014–15 season, under manager Marcelo Bielsa. He also been deployed as a playmaker on occasion. Despite his talent, he has also earned a reputation for having a temper and for lacking concentration at times.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Gabon's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Lemina goal.

Honours
Juventus
 Serie A: 2015–16, 2016–17
 Coppa Italia: 2015–16, 2016–17
 UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2016–17

Nice
Coupe de France runner-up: 2021–22

France U20
 FIFA U-20 World Cup: 2013

See also

References

External links

 Profile at the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. website

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Libreville
French sportspeople of Gabonese descent
French men's footballers
Gabonese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Lorient players
Olympique de Marseille players
Juventus FC players
Southampton F.C. players
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
Fulham F.C. players
OGC Nice players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Championnat National 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Championnat National 3 players
Serie A players
Premier League players
Süper Lig players
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
Gabon men's international footballers
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Italy
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Gabonese expatriate men's footballers
Gabonese expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Gabonese expatriate sportspeople in England
Gabonese expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Black French sportspeople

Mario Lemina


Vulca was an Etruscan artist from the town of Veii. The only Etruscan artist mentioned by ancient writers, he worked for the last of the Roman kings, Tarquinius Superbus (who died in 495 BC). He is responsible for creating a terracotta statue of Jupiter that was inside the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill, and possibly the Apollo of Veii. His statue of Jupiter, which being made of terracotta had a red face, was so famous that victorious Roman generals would paint their faces red during their triumphal marches through Rome. Pliny the Elder wrote that his works were "the finest images of deities of that era...more admired than gold."

References

Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
Etruscan ceramics
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
6th-century BC sculptors
Etruscans

Vulca


The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created by the United States in 1889 by breaking up the Great Sioux Reservation, following the attrition of the Lakota in a series of wars in the 1870s.  The reservation covers almost all of Dewey and Ziebach counties in South Dakota. In addition, many small parcels of off-reservation trust land are located in Stanley, Haakon, and Meade counties.

The total land area is 4,266.987 sq mi (11,051.447 km2), making it the fourth-largest Indian reservation in land area in the United States. Its largest community is unincorporated North Eagle Butte, while adjacent Eagle Butte is its largest incorporated city.

Land status
The original Cheyenne River Reservation covered over 5,000 sq. mi. The reservation has subsequently decreased in size; today it is 4,266.987 sq mi (11,051.447 km2). The original northern boundary was the Grand River. However, in the early 20th century, land south of the Grand River was ceded to the Standing Rock Reservation.

The land was opened up to non-Native settlement in 1909. When the Land Acts took effect, the northern part of the Cheyenne River Reservation was lost. However, the southern section of the Cheyenne River Reservation still remains. It covers 1,514,652 acres or 2,366 sq. mi.

A small number of White River Utes were resettled on the reservation in 1906 and 1907, being allocated 4 townships totaling 92,160 acres. That land remains in the former northern part of the Cheyenne River Reservation. Their communities are Iron Lightning and Thunder Butte.

Four Bear Creek, a tributary of the Missouri River, is located in the Cheyenne River Reservation.

History

The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 created the Great Sioux Reservation, a single reservation covering parts of six states, including both of the Dakotas. Subsequent treaties in the 1870s and 1880s broke this reservation up into several smaller reservations. The Cheyenne River Indian Reservation was created in 1889.

Chief Sitting Bull lived north of the Cheyenne River Reservation on the Grand River, which is the Standing Rock Reservation. In 1890, the United States became very concerned about Chief Sitting Bull who they feared was going to lead an exodus off the Reservation.

Several hundred Lakota gathered on the Grand River on the Standing Rock Reservation in December 1890, preparing to flee the reservation. A force of 39 Indian policemen and four volunteers were sent to chief Sitting Bull's residence near the Grand River on December 16, 1890, to arrest him.

Initially, Sitting Bull cooperated but became angry once led out of his residence and noticed around 50 of his soldiers were there to support him. During some point while outside of chief Sitting Bull's residence, a battle commenced in which the legendary leader was killed. A total of 18 casualties occurred in the battle. Among the killed were Sitting Bull and his son.

Sitting Bull's half brother, Spotted Elk, led an exodus of 350 people off the Standing Rock Reservation to the south onto the Cheyenne River Reservation. They were captured on December 28, 1890, on the Pine Ridge Reservation, about 30 miles to the east of the settlement of Pine Ridge. Next day they were attacked by over 500 US Army soldiers, and event known as the Wounded Knee Massacre. Approximately 250 to 300 Natives were killed, including many women and children, and the massacre halted the exodus. Survivors settled on the Pine Ridge Reservation or returned to the Cheyenne River Reservation.

Since then, the Cheyenne River Reservation's northern border has changed. It is no longer the Grand River. The 60th United States Congress authorized the sale of unallotted land on the reservation in 1908, and in 1909 William Howard Taft issued a presidential proclamation which opened up the Cheyenne River Reservation to white settlement. However, the present day settlements located along the Grand River are predominantly Algonquian.

Beginning in 1948, the US government dammed the Missouri River for electrical power and flood control. The dam project submerged 8% of reservation land.

On August 15, 2018, at 9:06 a.m. MDT, the tribe signed KIPI on the air. The station will serve as an educational and economic opportunity for residents of the reservation.

Current conditions

The CRIR is the home of the federally recognized Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST) or Cheyenne River Lakota Nation ().  The members include representatives from four of the traditional seven bands of the Lakota, also known as Teton Sioux: the Minnecoujou, Two Kettle (Oohenunpa), Sans Arc (Itazipco) and Blackfoot (Sihásapa).

The CRIR is bordered on the north by the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, on the west by Meade and Perkins Counties; on the south by the Cheyenne River; and on the east by the Missouri River in Lake Oahe.  Much of the land inside the boundaries is privately owned.  The CRST headquarters and BIA agency are located at Eagle Butte, South Dakota.  The reservation is reached via US-212.

The 2010 census reported a population of 8,090 persons.  Many of the 13 small communities on the Cheyenne River Reservation do not have water systems, making it difficult for people to live in sanitary conditions.  In recent years, water systems have been constructed that tap the Missouri Main Stem reservoirs, such as Lake Oahe, which forms the eastern edge of the Reservation.

With few jobs available on the reservation or in nearby towns, many tribal members are unemployed. Two-thirds of the population survives on much less than one-third of the American average income. Such dismal living conditions have contributed to feelings of hopelessness and despair among the youth. Indian Country Today reports than one in five girls on the Cheyenne River Reservation has contemplated suicide and more than one in ten has attempted it.  As of 2009, a modern medical center was under construction in Eagle Butte to replace an outdated facility.

Beginning on January 22, 2010, a blizzard and ice storm swept across the reservation, downing as many as 3,000 power lines and leaving thousands of residents without power, heat or water.  Response to the disaster was slow. Although the state government declared a state of emergency, the situation did not initially receive much attention in the media or from legislators. Power was finally restored to most residents as of February 12, 2010, but overall conditions were still grim.

On February 14, 2010, the TV commentator Keith Olbermann highlighted the situation on his program Countdown with Keith Olbermann. Within 48 hours more than $250,000 in donations was raised for the reservation. As of February 24, 2010, more than $400,000 in donations had been raised. No deaths had been reported as a result of the disaster. Several elderly residents dependent on dialysis treatment were evacuated to nearby towns. As of February 26, 2010, tribal representatives turned attention to raising awareness about the reservation's damaged water infrastructure.

Communities

The communities of Iron Lightning, Thunder Butte, Bullhead, Little Eagle, and Wakpala date back to the original 1889 reservation boundaries. Nearly all communities on the Cheyenne River Reservation, including in the land area settled by white homesteaders after 1908, have a majority population of Native Americans. Most of the communities rank as the lowest income per-capita in the United States. However, Eagle Butte and North Eagle Butte are more economically diverse, and the main business district of Eagle Butte is similar to that of many communities with comparable populations.

Blackfoot
Bridger
Dupree
Cherry Creek
Green Grass
Iron Lightning
Isabel
La Plant
North Bridger
North Eagle Butte
Red Scaffold
Swiftbird
Thunder Butte
Timber Lake
Whitehorse
Bear Creek, South Dakota

Education
Cheyenne-Eagle Butte School, which is jointly operated by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) and the Eagle Butte School District 20–1, is on the reservation.

Notable tribal members
Marcella LeBeau, former tribal councilmember, nurse and military veteran
Madonna Swan, author
Touch the Clouds, chief of Minneconjou Teton Lakota
Heather Dawn Thompson, attorney and Director of the Office of Tribal Relations for the USDA
Harold Frazier, chairman 2014 -
Jana Schmieding, actor and comedian

See also
Great Sioux Reservation
Sue (dinosaur)
Thunder Butte

References

External links

Official Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe website
May 10, 1868 Treaty
William Howard Taft, "Proclamation 879—Cheyenne River and Standing Rock Indian Reservations," August 19, 1909

American Indian reservations in South Dakota
Federally recognized tribes in the United States
Geography of Dewey County, South Dakota
Geography of Haakon County, South Dakota
Geography of Meade County, South Dakota
Geography of Stanley County, South Dakota
Geography of Ziebach County, South Dakota
1889 establishments in Dakota Territory

Cheyenne River Indian Reservation