Deelfontein is a village in the Great Karoo, Northern Cape, region of South Africa on the route of the Pretoria to Cape Town railway. It primarily developed to service the railway due to its good water supply for steam locomotives, and is currently the location of a passing loop on the single-track line.

In 1900 a British military field hospital, the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital, was constructed for casualties from the Second Boer War. The location was chosen for its communications and dry climate, and its proximity to De Aar, then the centre of hostilities. Alfred Downing Fripp was Chief Medical Officer.

The hospital was unusual in pioneering the use of x-ray diagnosis. The surgeon-radiographer in charge, Major John Hall-Edwards, achieved eminence in this field, though he subsequently lost an arm through x-ray damage.

The hospital, with a capacity for some 800 patients, largely comprised tents and prefabricated huts; at the cease of hostilities, materials from the latter were used for housing at Red Location, a township for Africans outside Port Elizabeth.

Little remains of the complex except a cemetery with around 130 graves and the remains of the Yeomanry Hotel, built after the war to accommodate soldiers' relatives visiting the site.

In 2005 a train collision occurred in Deelfontein as a result of solder splatter bridging a relay contact and causing a wrong-side signal failure.

References

Deelfontein, SA Watt, Military History Journal, Vol 7 No 4, The South African Military History Society.
Letter Box, Imperial Yeomanry Hospital and Cemetery at Deelfontein, Military History Journal, Vol 3 No 5, The South African Military History Society.

Populated places in the Emthanjeni Local Municipality

Deelfontein


The New Jersey Network (NJN) was a network of public television and radio stations serving the U.S. state of New Jersey.  NJN was a member of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television and the National Public Radio (NPR) for radio, broadcasting their programming as well as producing and broadcasting their own programming, mostly relating to issues in New Jersey.  With studios in both Trenton and Newark, NJN's television network covered all of New Jersey, plus parts of Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut and Delaware.  The radio network primarily served several areas of New Jersey that were not covered by Philadelphia and New York City public radio stations.

New Jersey Network ended operations on June 30, 2011.  The television network was succeeded by NJTV (now branded as "NJ PBS"), and the radio stations were split through two separate sales to NPR-member stations in Philadelphia and New York.

Early history
The system was founded in 1968 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature establishing the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority (NJPBA).  New Jersey already had a public television station licensed within the state, WNET (channel 13), licensed to Newark. However, while WNET had offices and studios in Newark, for all practical purposes it was a New York City station, effectively leaving New Jersey without a public station of its own.

With state funding and four UHF licenses assigned years earlier by the Federal Communications Commission, the NJPBA went to work building the state's public television stations. The first station, WNJT (channel 52) in Trenton, went on the air on April 5, 1971, with the other three stations signing on over the next two years. The system was known on-air as New Jersey Public Television (NJPTV) until 1981, when it adopted the New Jersey Network identity.

Due to New Jersey being split between the New York City and Philadelphia television markets, NJN's television network reached one of the largest potential audiences in the country. At the time of its closure, it potentially reached over 25 million people in parts of five states. However, it also forced NJN to compete directly against three of the highest-rated PBS stations in the nation–WNET, secondary New York City member station WLIW, and Wilmington, Delaware-licensed WHYY-TV, in the Philadelphia market. Two other PBS member stations based in Pennsylvania, WLVT-TV in Allentown and WVIA-TV in Scranton, were also viewable in portions of NJN's coverage area.

NJN spent most of its existence trying to carve out a niche of its own. One of its solutions had been to air some of the more popular PBS shows on a delayed basis, after the nearby stations had carried the national PBS feed. Programs that might be seen on WNET and WHYY-TV would air on NJN a week or two later.  Another solution was to focus on its news operation. The latter worked very well, as NJN and its reporters won many awards for their journalistic efforts. In the 1980s, NJN was the first media outlet to break the "Taggart affair" political patronage scandal. NJN's news and public affairs programming was initially co-produced by WNET until 1981, and continued simulcasting on WNET for several years afterward. This was part of a longstanding agreement between the FCC, New Jersey officials, and WNET that allowed WNET to fulfill its local programming obligations (since it was still licensed to Newark).

NJN's radio network began operation on May 20, 1991, when WNJT-FM in Trenton started operations. Eight other stations were established over the following seventeen years. They served mainly to bring NPR programming to the few areas of New Jersey without a clear signal from New York's WNYC AM-FM and Philadelphia's WHYY-FM.

In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001, the station temporarily broadcast WABC-TV.

Transition
In 2008, in the face of a proposed 35 percent cut in funding, NJN officials asked the state legislature for permission to become an independent nonprofit entity. Under this proposal, the state network would have likely been transferred to its nonprofit fundraising arm, the NJN Foundation. Two consultants looking into fundraising options speculated that breaking off from the state would have triggered an avalanche of private funding.

After assuming the office of New Jersey Governor in 2010, Chris Christie voiced his support for transforming NJN into a not-for-profit organization in his March 2010 budget speech. Christie believed the state taxpayers should not have to support a TV and radio network which many never watched or listened to, a stand in keeping with the growing Republican interest at the time in populism.

On October 15, 2010, a bipartisan legislative task force called for a "dramatic reconfiguration" of the state network, but not full privatization. Christie nonetheless moved forward with plans to remove state funding. On November 17, NJN handed termination notices to 130 employees, leading to speculation that the state network would shut down on January 1, 2011, when funding from the state would end. On December 17, 2010, Governor Christie signed legislation to transfer the state network to independent funding. The legislation also suspended the layoffs.

Endgame
On June 6, 2011, the split of NJN's radio and television operations was announced by Gov. Christie.  They were as follows:
 Television: WNET assumed control of NJN's television stations for what was, initially, a five-year term under a new nonprofit entity called Public Media NJ. The television network was renamed NJTV, and promised to feature increased coverage of news and issues pertinent to New Jersey, as well as programming from the WNET and PBS libraries. Caucus Educational Corporation, which produces Caucus: New Jersey, serves as a producing partner with NJTV for New Jersey-focused public affairs programming. The agreement did not include transfer of the station licenses, which were retained by the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority; the contracts are instead tantamount to local management agreements in commercial broadcasting which nominally do not require approval from the FCC. Ironically, NJN was created in part due to concerns that WNET and WHYY-TV were not adequately serving the New Jersey portions of their service area.
 Radio: NJN's radio network was divided in a pair of multi-station sales, with New York Public Radio (owners of WNYC-AM-FM in New York City and Newark-licensed WQXR-FM) acquiring four stations and WHYY-FM in Philadelphia obtaining the other five. New York Public Radio used its stations to start a new New Jersey-oriented network, New Jersey Public Radio, while WHYY turned its new acquisitions into repeaters of WHYY-FM. These sales were approved by the FCC on August 29, 2011.

On June 23, 2011, the New Jersey State Assembly voted, 45 to 30, in favor of rejecting the WNET/Caucus proposal for transfer of control of the NJN television stations. The state Senate, however, passed the resolution on June 27 by a 20 to 19 margin, allowing the deal to go into effect as scheduled on July 1. All 130 NJN employees, who had been New Jersey state civil servants, either retired, were reassigned to other state agencies, or were terminated as a result of the system's closure.

The last scheduled program aired on NJN television was Theatre Talk, which was followed by a previously-aired news report and a pre-taped farewell message by Janice Selinger, NJN's acting executive director. NJN's website, www.njn.net, was archived and remained active for about a year after the shutdown; it redirected to the NJTV webpage, www.njtvonline.org for some time afterward. However, as of September 2014, it no longer redirected to that website, as the domain name was sold. Some of NJN's in-house public affairs programs, such as Due Process, On the Record and Reporters Roundtable, were picked up by, and continue to air on, its successor, NJTV.

Television
The NJN television stations were:
 Camden: WNJS (channel 23/RF 22)
 Montclair: WNJN (channel 50/RF 51)1
 New Brunswick: WNJB (channel 58/RF 8)
 Trenton: WNJT (channel 52/RF 43)

Notes
 1 WNJN used the callsign WNJM (the M standing for Montclair) from 1973 sign-on to 1994.

Signal Reach

 WNJS: all of southern New Jersey (including, Camden, Haddon Township, Atlantic City), as well as Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware
 WNJN: all of northern New Jersey (including Newark, Jersey City and Paterson), as well as southern New York state (New York City and western Long Island) and a small portion of southwestern Connecticut
 WNJT: most of central New Jersey (including the city of Trenton, Monmouth, Mercer and Ocean counties)
 WNJB: most of north-central New Jersey (including, New Brunswick, Hunterdon, Somerset and Middlesex counties)

Digital television
The state network's digital signals were multiplexed:

After NJN ceased operations and WNET took over the operations of NJN, NJN Kids was removed and sub-channel .3 remained with no programming. In October 2017, the third sub-channel was removed and the .2 sub-channel began broadcasting NHK World.

Analog-to-digital conversion
The four NJN stations shut down their analog signals on June 12, 2009, as part of the DTV transition in the United States. Each of the four NJN stations remained on their pre-transition digital assignments using PSIP to display virtual channels for each NJN station corresponding to their former analog channel numbers.

Television Programming
Original materials from New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting.

NJN-produced
Another View
Caucus: New Jersey
Classroom Close-up, NJ
Congress Watch
Due Process
Homeless Tails
Images/Imagenes
Inside Trenton
New Jersey Works
NJN Classics
NJN News
On the Record
Reporters Roundtable
Shepherd's Pie (monologue program hosted by Jean Shepherd)
State of the Arts
Tomorrow's Medicine Today (produced by Medical Missions for Children)
The Uncle Floyd Show (aired in the 1980s)

Lottery Drawings
NJN aired live drawings from the New Jersey Lottery until the network's closure in 2011, at which point the Lottery began live-streaming its drawings (via Ustream, and later Livestream).

NJN's successor, NJTV, aired Lottery drawings from September 2011 through the end of 2012; on January 1, 2013, the drawings moved to two CBS-owned stations, WLNY-TV in the New York area and WPSG in Philadelphia. As of 2016, these drawings are now aired on WPIX in New York and WPHL-TV in Philadelphia.

Radio
Unlike its television counterpart, NJN Radio covered mainly southern New Jersey, with only two transmitters in the northern part of the state. Due to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the northeastern United States, the nine stations all operated at relatively low power. Much of the programming came from NPR and other public radio suppliers, with a simulcast of the audio of the television network's NJN News weekday evenings following All Things Considered.

Stations acquired by WHYY, Inc., simulcasting WHYY-FM:

Stations acquired by New York Public Radio:

References

External links

"On the Trail of a Killer" Documentary

Television stations in New Jersey

PBS member networks
NPR member networks
Government agencies established in 1968
Television channels and stations established in 1971
Radio stations established in 1991
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2011
Radio stations disestablished in 2011
1968 establishments in New Jersey
Defunct radio networks in the United States
Defunct television stations in the United States
Government agencies disestablished in 2011
2011 disestablishments in New Jersey
Defunct mass media in New Jersey

New Jersey Network


Mitcheldean Meend Marsh () is a  nature reserve in Gloucestershire in the Forest of Dean. The site is listed in the 'Forest of Dean Local Plan Review' as a Key Wildlife Site (KWS).

The site is  managed by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust under lease from the Forestry Commission since 1983.

Location and habitat
The reserve is triangular in shape and is sited at Hazel Hill, which is to the north of Drybrook near Mitcheldean.  The reserve is next to Mitcheldeanmeend Inclosure, which is a conifer plantation.  It lies to the south of Puddlebrook Quarry which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The reserve is in the Dean Coal Measures.

Access to the reserve is from a forest track which is on the southern boundary. There is a permissive footpath through the site.

The marsh is a relic of the Mitcheldean Meend Bog which once covered an extensive area.  This bog was enclosed and planted in the 18th and 19th centuries. There was planting of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce in 1924.  The marsh includes a small 'quaking bog'.

Flora
The reserve is considered to have one of the best collections of wet heathland and bog plants in the county. Notable plants are bog asphodel, common cotton-grass, few-flowered spike-rush and tawny sedge.  The loss of local habitat has resulted in this reserve becoming an important conservation area. Also recorded are lesser spearwort and marsh pennywort.

There is a drier area of heathland around the marsh which supports creeping willow, sneezewort, common fleabane, devil's-bit scabious, purple moor-grass, heather, cross-leaved heath heather and bell heather.  The boundaries of the reserve are edged with bramble, gorse, silver birch and willow. rosebay willowherb flourishes in one corner and its spread is controlled.

Bird life
The reserve is a good site for hedgerow and open ground birds.  Notable visitors are winter flocks of finches.

Conservation
Invasive scrub is cleared and the footpath kept open to encourage people not to walk in the marsh, this being a sensitive wildlife area.

Publications

 Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al., 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust'
 'Nature Reserve Guide – discover the wild Gloucestershire on your doorstep' - 50th Anniversary, January 2011, Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust

References

External links
 Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust
 Forestry Commission

Nature reserves in Gloucestershire
Forest of Dean

Mitcheldean Meend Marsh


Casabona (Calabrian: ) is a comune and town with a population of about 4,000 people in the province of Crotone, in Calabria, southern Italy.

History
Legends surrounding Casabona, or what would later become Casabona, date to antiquity. According to Strabo, the mythical king Philoctetes established several cities in Italy, including Petilia, Old Crimissa and a settlement called Chone. This Chone, part of Magna Graecia, is thought to have been ancient Casabona.

An early reference to the town dates to 1198, when Pope Innocent III penned a letter to a certain Nicodemus in order to confirm the existence of certain assets in the "territory of Casabona". By 1300, Casabona was the last town in the fiefs of the Abenante family; in 1472, it was passed to Diego di Cavaniglia, count of Montella. After the Kingdom of Naples was invaded by Charles VIII of France, the town was sold to the House of Barcelona.

Casabona was destroyed at least once by a major earthquake, though it's not certain when this occurred. According to some, the town was destroyed by an earthquake in 1638, according to others, by a quake in 1783. In any event, the earthquake destroyed nearly everything in the town, save for the Convent of San Bernardino, around which some of the population gathered to rebuild.

Zinga
According to a memoir left by the archpriests and curates who administered Casabona's church from 1908 to 1913, it was believed Frederick II, Duke of Swabia had founded Zinga, originally called Cinga, with the parish being established in 1343. However, there are no records from this era that mention Cinga, a 1276 cedula mentions Cerenzia, Caccuri, and Casabona, but not Cinga. It is more likely that Cinga's foundation dates to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, around the time the Almogavars laid siege to Umbriatico and the surrounding lands of Santa Marina, San Nicola dell'Alto and Maratea.

Cinga first appears in the historical record on a 1325 document referring to the payment of tithes from "Dopnus Ioh.es de Cinga" to the Holy See, in the diocese of Umbriatico. A second document, also from the beginning of the fourteenth century, reported in the manuscripts of Camillus de Lellis, concerns a dispute over the borders of Cerenzia, and names the lord of the "Motta di Cinga", Giovanni Rocca. Cinga is not mentioned again until the mid-fifteenth century, during the time of Alfonso V of Aragon's descent into Calabria to tame the rebellion of the Marquis of Crotone, Antonio Centelles. On 11 December 1444, while sieging the city of Crotone, the king granted immunity to Uriello Malatacca de Casabuono, baron of the castrum of Cinga, for 25 years due to the poverty of the land. Uriello's predecessor, Elisabetta Malatacca, had been the feudal lord of Cinga.

In 1506, Ferdinand II of Aragon granted rights to the city of Crotone, leading to the rise of three concurrent barons of Zinga, Giovanni Antonio Pipino, Nardo Lucifero, and Bartolomeo Tibaldo. Having sided with the Kingdom of France during the War of the League of Cognac, Pipino was accused of treason and stripped of his fief. However, after only 8 years, the Pipinos reclaimed their estate in 1536. In 1558, Propsero Lucifero, first born of Marcantonio Lucifero, married Faustina Prospero, thus transferring the fief to him. In the second half of the sixteenth century, the fiefdom, despite an increase in the population, was almost depopulated. Despite retaining the title of castrum, Zinga became little more than a small village. As the local church had no income, the priesthood of Casabona cared for the citizenry, leading to even more leaving Zinga. Not even priests would live in the town. In 1618, the baron Oratio Lucifero sold Zinga to Giacomo d'Aquino for 20,600 ducats. In the same year, Iacobo Malfitano assumed baronship over the frazione. A series of earthquakes in 1638 complicated matters further. Having belonged to the Diocese of Umbriatico since the town's formation, archbishop Antonio Ricciulli laid the responsibility of overseeing the town on Iacobo's successor Francesco, as the barony had refused to assign dowry. At this point in time, Zinga is said to have no more than 70 inhabitants. Francesco's son Giacomo succeeded him and eventually sold Zinga again in 1647, this time to Epaminonda Ferrari. The Malfitano's leadership did not prove auspicious for Zinga, as the population continued to decline, to the point that only a single bishop resided in the church. An incredibly destructive earthquake struck Calabria in 1659 which destroyed Zinga. The town was rebuilt on a nearby hill and repopulated, as evidenced by a bishop's document in May 1662 which says as much. The new town had less than 200 inhabitants, and despite still belonging to the parish had not yet erected a church. In 1688, Epaminonda's grandson Giovan Battista Rota assumed the baronry, however he died childless a year later and the fiefdom was forfeited per law, that is until Giovan's aunt, wife to the baron of Cereznia contested the forfeiture and had the claim returned to the Rota family. In reality, the barons of Cerenzia held true power over the locale. By 1700, Zinga had a population of 300. The town remained under the Rota family for most of the eighteenth century until they produced a baroness which married into the Savelli nobility, thus transferring the baronry to their name. The third Savelli baron, Tommaso Giannuzzi Savelli, sold Zinga to Nicola Barberio for 72000 ducats in 1802. Separate churches began to spring up in Zinga, some better maintained than others.

In 1811, Zinga officially became a frazione of Casabona.

Notes

Populated places established in the 8th century BC
Achaean colonies of Magna Graecia
Cities and towns in Calabria

Casabona


Jinan University (JNU, ) is a public research university based in Guangzhou, China. "Jinan" literally means "reaching southward", indicating the university's original mission to disseminate Chinese learning and culture from North to South when it was founded in 1906 in Nanjing. It is the first Chinese university to recruit foreign students and one of the universities with the largest number of international students in China.

Jinan University is currently administered by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council and the Chinese Ministry of Education. It is part of the Double First Class University Plan and former Project 211 for leading national universities. The most distinguished subjects of JNU include Pharmacy, Chemistry, Economics, Finance, Journalism, and Chinese Language and Literature.

Jinan University is a relatively selective university in China that only accepts students with a National College Entrance Examination score at top 5%. It is ranked 201-300 globally by the 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities.

History

In 1906, Duanfang, the Viceroy of Liangjiang, submitted a memorandum to the Guangxu Emperor, proposing that an overseas Chinese school be set up for the purpose of spreading far and wide the enlightening influence of education and strengthening the emotional ties with compatriots overseas. The Guangxu Emperor approved of his proposal and thus Duanfang was honored as the founder of Jinan University. On March 23, 1907. Jinan Academy was founded in Nanjing, becoming the first of its kind in Chinese history and serving as a curtain-raiser for the later development of overseas Chinese education.

In 1927, Jinan Academy was renamed National Jinan University, located in Shanghai. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, Jinan University was closed and its schools were merged with those of other university such as Fudan University. In 1958, Jinan University was reestablished in Guangzhou.

University name
The name "Jinan" (Han characters: 暨南, means "reaching southward") comes from the Classic of History, a compilation of documentary records related to events in ancient Chinese history. The articles reads, "His speech and teachings spread from  South, from China to the rest of the world.

Timeline
1906 - Jinan Academy, the predecessor of Jinan University was established in Nanjing.
1918 - Jinan Academy moved to Shanghai.
1927 - Jinan Academy was renamed Jinan National University.
1941-1946 - Jinan University moved to Fujian Province during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
1949 - Jinan National University was merged into Fudan University and Jiaotong University.
1958 - Jinan University was re-established in Guangzhou.
1983 - Jinan University pioneered in the country the implementation of credit system.
1996 - Jinan University passed the pre-examination of the "211 program" related department and was put into the "top 100 normal universities" list, which would get prior construction in the 21st century.
2001 - College of Journalism and Communication, College of Information Science and Technology, College of Foreign Studies, Pharmacy College, Law School and International School were established.
2002 - Jinan University started to launch EMBA Program with approval from the Degree Administration Office of the State Council. As one of the first group of universities.
2006 - The celebration ceremony of the 100th Anniversary of Jinan University was held.
2011 - The Graduate School of Jinan University was established.
2014 - The new campus was established in Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center.

Location and campus

The university has five campuses:
 Main campus, Tianhe District, Guangzhou
 College of Chinese language and culture, Tianhe, Guangzhou
 Panyu campus, Panyu, Guangzhou
 Zhuhai Campus, Xiangzhou, Zhuhai
 Tourism College, Shenzhen

Administration
Jinan University has 27 colleges, comprising 59 departments and offering 89 undergraduate major fields. Among the 55 departments, 43 offer master's degree programs and 19 offer Ph.D. degree-granting programs. There are 15 postdoctoral research stations, 182 research institutes and 77 labs in Jinan University.

The university has four national key disciplines, eight key disciplines of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, 20 Guangdong Province Level-I key disciplines, and four Guangdong Province Level-II key disciplines. The university has a key research base of national humanity and social sciences, a teaching and research base for Chinese language and literature of the Education Ministry, a base for national university cultural quality education, a base of national base for teaching Chinese as a foreign language, an educational base for overseas Chinese education of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, and a key research base of humanity and social science of Guangdong Province. The university has one national engineering center, 7 ministerial centers (engineering centers of the Ministry of Education) and provincial centers, and 11 key ministerial and provincial key laboratories.

There are 50,535 students in the university, including 10,767 graduates and 22,527 undergraduates. The number of overseas students, including foreign students, overseas Chinese students, students from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, is 13,512.

The current president is Dr. Hu Jun. It has recently started a new undergraduate course MBBS, with mainly Indian students.

University achievements
 One of the oldest universities in China and one of the Double First Class Universities in China
 The first university in China to recruit foreign students
 The first university in China to enroll students at both spring and autumn semesters
 The first university that pioneered the implementation of credit system in China
 The university with the largest number of overseas students
 The only university which have alumni in both Chinese and foreign state-level leaders in China

Cooperation
Jinan University has been active at academic exchanges, and has established academic cooperation or academic exchange liaison with more than 180 universities and research institutes in Asia, the Americas, Europe, and Oceania. It partnered with City University, Malaysia to form an international think tank on Sino-Malaysian cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.

Now the university has 57 regional alumni associations all over the world.

Colleges and schools
 International School
 College of Liberal Arts
 College of Foreign Studies
 College of Journalism and Communication
 College of Arts
 College of Economics
 Management School
 Law school
 Department of international studies
 College of Intellectual Property
 College of Science and Engineering
 College of Information Science and Technology
 College of Life Science and Technology
 Medical school
 The First Clinical Medical School
 The Second Clinical Medical School
 Pharmacy College
 College of Chinese Language and Culture
 School of Humanities
 School of Translation Studies
 International Business School
 College of Electrical & Information
 Shenzhen Tourism College of Jinan University
 Education College

International School

The International School is a college, which provides programs taught exclusively in English. The School was established to cater to the escalating needs of Overseas Chinese and foreign students and selected high-caliber students from China. The Undergraduate Programs include International Journalism (IJ), Food Science and Engineering (FSE), Computer Science (CS), International Economics and Trade (IET), Clinical Medicine (CM), Accounting (CPA Canada), Pharmacy, Public Administration (ADM), Finance (FNC) and Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS).

In order for students to gain various experiences worldwide, the International School developed several visiting and exchange programs with partner universities in the US, Canada, UK, Ireland, Germany, France, Australia, and New Zealand on a long and short basis.

Management School
Base on JNU humanity tradition and accumulation of disciplines, School of Management tries the best to be one of top business schools in China for cultivating talents in management, it has deep understanding in Chinese culture, globalization with modern business education.

In 2011, Jinan University MBA programs were granted international accreditation of AMBA.

College of Chinese Language and Culture
The college was conferred as the "National Base of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language" by The Education Ministry, and "Overseas Chinese Education Base" by Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council. The college has become the top college in South China offering the programs of teaching Chinese as a second or foreign language and overseas Chinese education.

The college consists of the Department of Teaching Chinese as a Second or Foreign Language, the Department of Overseas Chinese Education, the Department of Applied Linguistics, Pre-University Department, Correspondence Course Department, Overseas Chinese Education Researching Institute, Overseas Chinese Researching Center, and Internet & Educational Technology Center.

Rankings

Controversies

Misuse of personal information for facilitating pro-Beijing candidate in 2019 Hong Kong local elections
Apple Daily Hong Kong reported that during 2019 Hong Kong local elections, they received complaints from Hong Kong students who were studying at Jinan University. In accordance with the complaints, many students from Hong Kong were requested to meet the academic staff or counselors separately. During the meetings, the university staff members were able to mention the constituency that the students belonged to. The students were requested to vote for the pro-Beijing candidates, while the university might provide free transportation for them.

Notable alumni

Wu Xueqian, former Chinese Foreign Minister
Li Lanqing, politician
Jack C. K. Teng, educator, writer, politician, diplomat and Olympic pioneer
Lee Kong Chian, businessman and philanthropist active in Malaya and Singapore from the 1930s to the 1960s
Huang Binhong, art historian and literati painter
Hu Zhiying, artist, educator, poet
Cheng Yiu-tong, Hong Kong politician
Zhang Tielin, actor and film director, dean of the art school of Jinan University
Su Bingtian, track and field athlete who competes in sprints
Lau Cheok Va, president of the Legislative Assembly of Macau
Kwan Tsui Hang, member of the Legislative Assembly of Macau
Ho Iat Seng, member of the Legislative Assembly of Macau
Wong Kwok-hing, Hong Kong trade unionist and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Shen Hongfei, writer, producer and food columnist
Tan Qixiang, historical geographer, academician
Hou Fusheng, petroleum engineer, academician

See also
Japan Campus of Foreign Universities

References

External links

 Jinan University Official website
 Jinan University Official website
 Jinan University International School website

Universities and colleges in Guangzhou
Universities and colleges established in 1958
Universities and colleges established in 1906
Medical schools in China
Universities in China with English-medium medical schools
1958 establishments in China
1906 establishments in China
Project 211
Plan 111

Jinan University


Kamiti Maximum Security Prison is a prison in Nairobi, Kenya. The prison is within Kasarani District, bordering Kiambu County. Originally named "Kamiti Downs", it sits in the middle of its own  estates which lie fallow and untended.

Overview
During the 1980s and early 1990s many political prisoners were held at Kamiti, including Hussein Onyango Obama, Kenneth Matiba, Raila Odinga, Koigi wa Wamwere, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Jonah Anguka and numerous others.

Many executions have been carried out in Kamiti. Mau Mau rebel leader Dedan Kimathi was hanged by the British colonial administration on 18 February 1957. Hezekiah Ochuka and Pancras Oteyo Okumu were executed there on 17 May 1987. No death penalties have been held in Kenya since, although capital punishment is not formally abolished.

Kenya's prisons are infamous for poor conditions and inhumane treatment, although the situation has improved slightly during Mwai Kibaki's government since 2002  and some prisoners on death row have been released. There is still no reliable water supply, with over 200 prisoners hauling buckets of water around daily. The inmates working in the "industry" section are paid only 10 cents (Kenya shilling) per day, as per the outdated 1940s legislation which rules the organisation.

Within the prison, condemned "G" block is famed for its particularly brutal lifestyle, characterised by predatory sodomy and mobile phone confidence tricksters.
The prison was built for 1400 prisoners, and it now houses over 3600 in poor living conditions.

On 17 November 2008, a search was carried out in G block for mobile phones which resulted in a brutal beating by the warders being captured on mobile phone video and given to the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR), and shown on Kenyan TV.

Kirugumi wa Wanjuki was the longest serving and to date last hangman at Kamiti. Wanjuki died in 2009.

In November 2009, at least eight prisoners died due to cholera outbreak at Kamiti Prison.

See also
 Thomas Cholmondeley

References

External links
 African Tribute
 Transfer, a poem about Kamiti Prison

Prisons in Kenya
Nairobi
Execution sites

Kamiti Maximum Security Prison


A miter gauge is a device used for holding workpieces at a set angle while being cut on table saws, band saws or sanded on stationary disk sanders. The miter gauge slides in a slot on the worktable (known as a miter slot) on the machine being used. Typically, the miter gauge and the workpiece are held together by hand and moved across the worktable making the cut (or sanded edge). There are more sophisticated miter gauges which have the ability to clamp the workpiece or have adjustable stops for repetitive machining of workpieces.

References

Saws

Miter gauge


A digit (Latin: digitus, "finger") can be used as a unit of length. When used as a unit of length, is usually a sixteenth of a foot or 3/4" (1.905 cm for the international inch). The width of an adult human male finger tip is indeed about 2 centimetres. In English this unit has mostly fallen out of use, as do others based on the human arm: finger (7/6 digit), palm (4 digits), hand (16/3 digits), shaftment (8 digits), span (12 digits), cubit (24 digits) and ell (60 digits).

It is in general equal to the foot-nail, although the term nail can also be used as 1/16 of yard and other units.

Units of length

Digit (unit)


Hafidh Al Droubi (1914-1991) was an Iraqi painter and draughtsman, noted for his Cubist paintings and for his approach to professionalising Iraqi art education in the early to mid 20th-century. He was a prolific painter, an important artist in the Pioneer generation, a key figure in the development of modernism in Iraq and a key figure in the development of early Iraqi art education.

Life and career

Hafidh  Al Droubi (also known as Hafez al-Droubi) was born Bab al-Sheikh in Baghdad in 1914. As a young student at the Bab Al-Sheikh Primary School, he was introduced to painting and drawing and learned the techniques of European academic art in terms of proportions, anatomy and perspective. His conservative family disapproved of his passion for painting which they considered the 'work of the devil'. In the 1920s, his uncle regularly threatened to cut him off if he persisted with art. However, his allowance continued and he used the money to purchase art supplies.-

In 1936, he received a scholarship to study in Rome, graduating from the Accademia Reale. Due to the outbreak of war, his studies were interrupted and he returned to Baghdad for a brief period, during which time he opened a free atelier in Baghdad, dedicated to giving aspiring artists access to studio space and resources for their practice.
He served as the dean of the Academy of Fine Arts in Baghdad.

After the war, he returned to his art studies, enrolling at Goldsmiths College, London, and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1950.

On his permanent return to Baghdad, he became very active in the formation and development of Iraq's arts community. He was an early member of the Pioneers art group: Iraq's first formal arts society. He co-founded the first Iraqi Fine Art Society (also known as the Friends of Art) in 1941 which not only aimed to encourage social interaction between artists, but also to develop the artistic taste of the general public. This group also organised annual art exhibitions to promote the work of local artists.  In 1953, he formed the Impressionists art collective,  which consisted of his friends and some of his students including Dia Azzawi. In spite of its name, the group did not dictate that members follow impressionism exclusively, rather it encouraged artists to experiment with a variety of different styles.

He was among the first group of teachers at the Baghdad College of Fine Arts, and went on to become Dean of the Iraqi Fine Arts Academy. As an art educator, Al Droubi was not committed to any particular style or genre. Instead, he encouraged his students to experiment with a variety of different styles.

Although he was a prolific painter, he is mainly remembered for his contribution to art education; professionalising the art industry and developing a coherent pedagogy for the teaching of art in the early to mid-20th century.

Work

He was a highly experimental painter, at different times in his career he followed Impressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Futurism, but is arguably best known for using the Cubist works used to depict local themes.

While his techniques were primarily based on Western art movements, he never really abandoned Iraqi society and art traditions. He sought to adapt Western art for a uniquely Iraqi audience, culture and experience. He used Iraqi themes for his subject matter, preferring to paint scenes of everyday life. During the latter years of Hashemite rule in Iraq, he took advantage of Iraq's  social, political and economic ties with Britain to help forge a tapestry of cultural borrowing and adaptation, whilst preserving facets of Iraqi tradition and themes. Specifically, he painted scenes of Baghdad, its streets, its markets and its people; to the extent that he became known as the "City Painter".

Select list of major works

 Life in Babylon, mural, formerly located in the Babylonian Rooms of the Old Museum
 Life in Hattra, formerly located in the Babylonian Rooms of the Old Museum

Awards and recognition

At the Alwasiti Festival in 1972, al Droubi was one of the four artists honored by the state.

See also

 Iraqi art
 List of Iraqi artists

References

External links
 Modern Art Iraq Archive Electronic resource maintained by Iraqi artists and includes reproductions of artworks, many of which were looted from the Museum of Modern Art in 2003 and remain missing. These works are not accessible in any other reliable public source.

1914 births
1991 deaths
Artists from Baghdad
Iraqi painters

Hafidh al-Droubi


Biljana "Bilja" Krstić (Serbian Cyrillic: Биљана "Биља" Крстић, Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [bǐʎana bǐːʎa kř̩ːstitɕ]; born 9 November 1955) is a Serbian singer. She was born in 1955 in Niš and brought up on the folk traditions of central Serbia. Biljana first studied music in Niš and continued her education in Belgrade to study music at the Belgrade University of Arts. Upon graduating in Belgrade she set out on an extremely successful career in music. To date she has released seven albums and has written scores for such films as Savior, Zona Zamfirova and The Man Who Defended Gavrilo Princip. She lives with her two daughters in Belgrade.

Biography

Bilja has been on the Yugoslav pop scene for a long time. Her stage experience started at a very young age in Chorus of Youth; later, in the 1970s, she was a member of the cult bands Suncokret and Rani Mraz, led by Bora Đorđević and  Đorđe Balašević respectively. After the break-up of Rani Mraz, she went solo. Her first album was released in 1983. She has released three pop-oriented records, and did music for many theatre shows at Belgrade's National Theatre. In the meantime, she graduated from University of Musical Arts, and started to work as a Music Editor on Radio Belgrade.

After a successful career in pop music, Bilja Krstić has decided to record material close to her heart ever since her childhood. For more than five years, she patiently collected obscure folk songs from the territories of Kosovo, Serbia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Greece. The results were the albums Bistrik (2001) and Zapisi (2003). Bistrik was re-released by V2-Greece record label, in May 2002.

Her third folk Album, Tarpoš, was released across Europe in early 2007, under the licence of German record label Intuition/Schott Music, and gained great success amongst World Music critics and audiences (Magazine Songlines, London – Top of the world, and TRADMagazine, France - "Bravos"). Her fourth, the very interesting a capella album The Wellspring, was released in 2013 (PGP-RTS) and the fifth, Svod, under the licence of England record label ARC Music (2016).

The music performed by Bilja Krstić is a fusion: a blend of traditional ethno music, a cappella songs and ethno grooves with elements of improvisation and modern music approach. Their aim is to translate folklore into contemporary art, and for performances to awaken the heart and give rebirth and energy to forgotten emotions. Her sincere stage presence and beautiful voice received great acclaim at more than 600 concerts across the world and in her home country; it was best acknowledged when she was invited as the only female vocal performer from Mediterranean at festival "Mostra Sesc de Artes" in São Paulo in 2005. At the time, she was a member of "Mediterraneo Orchestra", formed from about 25 top musicians from all over the world.

Discography
With Suncokret:

Singles:

 "Gde ćeš biti, lepa Kejo" / "Pusto more, pusti vali" (1976)
 "Rock 'n' Roll duku duku" / "Gili gili blues" (1976)
 "Oj, nevene" / "Tekla voda" (ZKP RTLJ 1976)
 "Imam pesmu za sve ljude" / "Čovek koga znam" (1978)

Albums:

 Moje bube (1977)

With Rani Mraz:

Singles:

 "Računajte na nas" / "Strašan žulj" (1978)
 "Oprosti mi Katrin" / "Život je more" (1978)
 "Panonski mornar" / "Moja draga sad je u Japanu" (1979)
 "Lagana stvar" / "Prvi januar (popodne)" (1979)

Albums:

 Mojoj mami umesto maturske slike u izlogu (1979)
 Odlazi cirkus (1980)

Solo albums:
 Prevari večeras svoje društvo sa mnom (1983)
 Iz unutrasnjeg džepa (1985)
 Loptom do zvezda (1990)
 Bilja (1994)

With Bistrik Orchestra:
 Bistrik (2001)
 Zapisi (2003)
 Tarpoš (2007)
 Izvorištе (2013)
Svod (2017)

Collaborations
She worked with Tenores di Bitti "Mialinu Pira", David D`Or, Marta Sebestyen, Yanka Rupkina, Amira Medunjanin, Tamara Obrovac, Bojan Zulfikarpašić, Vlatko Stefanovski, Nenad Vasilić, Magda Dourado Pucci, Grupa "Synthesis", Vasko Atanasovski, Vlado Kreslin, Bora Dugić, Boban Marković and Marko Marković and others.

External links
Bilja Krstic's official website

1955 births
Living people
Women rock singers
Musicians from Niš
21st-century Serbian women singers
Serbian rock singers
Yugoslav rock singers
Serbian pop singers
University of Arts in Belgrade alumni
Yugoslav women singers
20th-century Serbian women singers

Bilja Krstić


The Battle of Dorylaeum took place during the First Crusade on 1 July 1097 between the crusader forces and the Seljuk Turks, near the city of Dorylaeum in Anatolia. Though the Turkish forces of Kilij Arslan nearly destroyed the Crusader contingent of Bohemond, other Crusaders arrived just in time to reverse the course of the battle.

Background
The crusaders had left Nicaea on 26 June 1097, with a deep distrust of the Byzantines, who had taken the city without their knowledge after the lengthy siege of Nicaea. In order to simplify the problem of supplies, the Crusader army had split into two groups; the weaker led by Bohemond of Taranto, his nephew Tancred, Robert Curthose, Robert of Flanders, and the Byzantine general Tatikios in the vanguard, and Godfrey of Bouillon, his brother Baldwin of Boulogne, Raymond IV of Toulouse, Stephen II of Blois, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear.

On 29 June, they learnt that the Turks were planning an ambush near Dorylaeum (Bohemond noticed that his army was being shadowed by Turkish scouts). The Turkish force consisted of Kilij Arslan and his ally Hasan of Cappadocia, along with help from the Danishmends, led by the Turkish prince Gazi Gümüshtigin. Contemporary figures place the number of Turks as between 25,000 and 30,000, with more recent estimates between 6,000 and 8,000 men.
However, several sources give much higher Turkish numbers: 150,000 men according to Raymond of Aguilers and 360,000 men reported by Fulcher of Chartres, neither of which are considered possible by modern historians due to the lack of supplies for so many men and horses, and the Turkish use of hit-and-run horse archer tactics, indicating a smaller army.

Bohemond's force probably numbered about 10,000 (not counting a large number of noncombatants), the majority on foot. Military figures of the time often imply perhaps several men-at-arms, spearmen, archers or crossbowmen per knight (i.e., a stated force of 500 knights is assumed to contain an additional 1,500 soldiers), so it seems reasonable that Bohemond had with him approximately 2,000 cavalry and 8,000 foot soldiers.

On the evening of 30 June, after a three-day march, Bohemond's army made camp in a meadow on the north bank of the river Thymbres, near the ruined town of Dorylaeum, believed to be the site of the modern city of Eskişehir.

Battle

On 1 July, Bohemond's force was surrounded outside Dorylaeum by Kilij Arslan. Godfrey and Raymond had separated from the vanguard, and the Turkish army attacked at dawn, taking Bohemond's army (not expecting such a swift attack) entirely by surprise, shooting arrows into the camp. Bohemond's knights had quickly mounted but their sporadic counterattacks were unable to deter the Turks. The Turks were riding into camp, cutting down noncombatants and unarmoured foot soldiers, who were unable to outrun the Turkish horses and were too disoriented and panic-stricken to form lines of battle. To protect the unarmoured foot and noncombatants, Bohemond ordered his knights to dismount and form a defensive line, and with some trouble gathered the foot soldiers and the noncombatants into the centre of the camp; the women acted as water-carriers throughout the battle. While this formed a battle line and sheltered the more vulnerable men-at-arms and noncombatants, it also gave the Turks free rein to maneuver on the battlefield.

The Turkish mounted archers attacked in their usual style – charging in, shooting their arrows, and quickly retreating before the crusaders could counterattack. The archers did little damage to the heavily armoured knights, but inflicted heavy casualties on their horses and on the unarmoured foot soldiers. Bohemond had sent messengers to the other Crusader army and now struggled to hold on until help arrived, and his army was being forced back to the bank of the Thymbris river. The marshy riverbanks protected the crusaders from mounted charge, as the ground was too soft for horses, and the armoured knights formed a circle protecting the foot soldiers and noncombatants from arrows, but the Turks kept their archers constantly supplied and the sheer number of arrows was taking its toll, reportedly more than 2,000 falling to horse-archers. Bohemond's knights were impetuous – although ordered to stand ground, small groups of knights would periodically break ranks and charge, only to be slaughtered or forced back as the Turkish horses fell back beyond range of their swords and arrows, while still shooting at them with arrows, killing many of the knights' horses out from under them. And although the knights' armour protected them well (the Turks called them 'men of iron') the sheer number of arrows meant that some would find unprotected spots and eventually, after so many hits, a knight would collapse from his wounds.

Just after midday, Godfrey arrived with a force of 50 knights, fighting through the Turkish lines to reinforce Bohemond. Through the day small groups of reinforcements (also from Raymond, and Hugh, as well as Godfrey) arrived, some killed by the Turks, others fighting to reach Bohemond's camp. As the Crusader losses mounted, the Turks became more aggressive and the Crusader army found itself forced from the marshy banks of the river into the shallows. But the Crusaders held on, and after approximately 7 hours of battle, Raymond's knights arrived (it is unclear if Raymond was with them, or if they arrived ahead of Raymond), launching a vicious surprise attack across the Turkish flank that turned them back in disarray and allowed the Crusaders to rally.

The Crusaders had formed a line of battle with Bohemond, Tancred, Robert Curthose, and Stephen on the left wing, Raymond, Robert II of Flanders in the center and Godfrey and Hugh on the right, and they rallied against the Turks, proclaiming "hodie omnes divites si Deo placet effecti eritis" ("today if it pleases God you will all become rich"). Although the ferocity of the Crusader attack took the Turks by surprise, they were unable to dislodge the Turks until a force led by bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, the papal legate, arrived in mid-afternoon, perhaps with Raymond in the van, moving around the battle through concealing hills and across the river, outflanking the archers on the left and surprising the Turks from the rear. Adhemar's force fell on the Turkish camp, and attacked the Turks from the rear. The Turks were terrified by the sight of their camp in flames, and by the ferocity and endurance of the knights, since the knights' armour protected them from arrows and even many sword cuts, and they promptly fled, abandoning their camp and forcing Kilij Arslan to withdraw from the battlefield.

Aftermath
The crusaders did indeed become rich, at least for a short time, after capturing Kilij Arslan's treasury. The Turks fled and Arslan turned to other concerns in his eastern territory. Arslan punitively took the male Greek children from the region extending from Dorylaeum to Iconium, sending many as slaves to Persia. On the other hand, the crusaders were allowed to march virtually unopposed through Anatolia on their way to Antioch. It took almost three months to cross Anatolia in the heat of the summer, and in October they began the Siege of Antioch.

With the Crusader army moved onwards towards Antioch, emperor Alexios I Komnenos achieved part of his original intent in inviting the Crusaders in the first place: the recovery of Seljuk-held imperial territories in Asia Minor. John Doukas re-established Byzantine rule in Chios, Rhodes, Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and Philadelphia in 1097–1099. This success is ascribed by Alexios' daughter Anna to his policy and diplomacy, but by the Latin historians of the crusade to his treachery and falseness.

The Gesta Francorum did praise the Turkish army's bravery and superhuman efforts at Dorylaeum. It stated "Had the Turks been Christian, they would have been the finest of races."

Notes

Sources

Albert of Aix, Historia Hierosolymitana
Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana
Gesta Francorum
Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades. Oxford, 1965.
Raymond of Aguilers, Historia francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem
Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia, 1999.

 John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
 John France, The Crusades And The Expansion Of Catholic Christendom, 1000–1714, Routledge, 2005.
 Matthew Bennett, The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare, Helicon Publishing Ltd, 1998.

Battles of the First Crusade
Battles involving the Sultanate of Rum
Conflicts in 1097
History of Eskişehir Province
1097 in Asia

Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)


Duivenvoorde Castle () is a castle in the town of Voorschoten, South Holland, in the Netherlands. It was first mentioned in 1226, making it one of the oldest castles in South Holland.

The castle is remarkable in that it has never been sold, which can be said of very few Dutch castles. It has passed by inheritance through several noble houses, sometimes through the matrilineal line. For the first five centuries of its history, the castle was owned by one family, the Van Duivenvoordes, who gave their name – at that time, Van Duvenvoirde – to it. Although thus named, the Van Duvenvoirdes properly formed part of the House of Wassenaer, an ancient noble family which has played an important role in Dutch history. Towards the end of the 17th century an owner of Duivenvoorde Castle, Johan van Duvenvoirde, readopted the name of Van Wassenaer. Therefore, although the same family remained in the House, this was under a different name.

The Roman plaques
In 1717, two Roman stones were installed as plaques in the front hall. The larger of the two stones, dated between 196 and 198 AD, has an inscription on the front about the repair of an armory by Roman troops; the text on the other side is older, dating from somewhere between 103 and 111 AD.  In the making of the newer text, the stone was made smaller, damaging the older text.

The smaller stone has a text which, through knowledge of the people named there in, can date the stone to around 205 AD.

Legend holds that both stones come from Brittenburg, the presumed Roman ruins that resurfaced above water off the coast of Katwijk in 1520.  However, this cannot be true of the larger stone, because a military chronicle discovered in 1517 was indisputably taken from the text inscribed on it, implying that the stone was one found in 1502 while plowing a piece of land near the Monastery of Roomburg.

Current status
The last private owner of the castle was Jonkvrouwe Ludolphine Henriette, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (1891-1965).  Knowing that with her death the house would be sold and the furniture dispersed, including the collections of portraits, porcelain and clothing and textiles, she decided to close the house and leave it in the care of a foundation for restoration. The stated aim was to restore the castle to its appearance in 1717, although in practice this has not always been possible.  The terrace constructed around 1844 has been kept, and the opening of previously sealed windows to allow more light into the living room has taken away some symmetry.  The interior has been redecorated to match the colours of 1717, and later stucco on the ceilings has been left in place.

The Duivenvoorde Foundation aims to turn Kasteel Duivenvoorde into a museum and to put its historic contents on display to visitors.  However, the central and north wings of the house have not been turned into the usual kind of museum and instead have been made to look as though they are still lived in, giving the visitor the impression of going back in time and walking around a house from which its 18th-century owners are only temporarily absent.

The south wing is still inhabited; Ludolphine Emilie van Haersma Buma, Baroness Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, has lived there since 2003.  Her brother lives in the castle's garden house.

See also
List of castles in the Netherlands

References
Kransber, D. & H. Mils, Kastelengids van Nederland, middeleeuwen, Bussem 1979 ()
Kalkwiek, K.A., A.I.J.M. Schellart, H.P.H. Jansen & P.W. Geudeke, Atlas van de Nederlandse kastelen, Alphen aan den Rijn 1980 ()
Helsdingen, H.W. van, Gids voor de Nederlandse kastelen en buitenplaatsen, Amsterdam 1966
Tromp, H.M.J., Kijk op kastelen Amsterdam 1979 ()

External links

Historic house museums in the Netherlands
Castles in South Holland
Museums in South Holland
Rijksmonuments in South Holland
Voorschoten
Buildings of the Dutch Golden Age
Baroque architecture in the Netherlands

Duivenvoorde Castle


The Australian emperor dragonfly,
also known as the yellow emperor dragonfly,
scientific name Anax papuensis, is a species of dragonfly in the Aeshnidae family.
It is black with yellow dots along its tail.

Description

The Australian emperor is a very large dragonfly, up to 70 mm long. Its abdomen is marked boldly in black and yellow. The thorax is greenish-grey. The head is yellow with a T-shaped mark on the forehead (frons). The eyes are yellow-green. The leading edges of the wings are yellow. The insect habitually hunts fairly slowly, patrolling up and down like other hawkers, with short bursts at high speed.

Their wingspan is . Males and females are similar.

Distribution and habitat
The Australian emperor is found throughout Australia. In the state of Victoria, it has a split distribution: below about 600 metres in altitude, and above about 1200 metres, apparently because it avoids forested areas. It is also found in New Zealand, New Guinea, the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Java, Sumba and New Caledonia.

The Australian emperor is widespread and common on larger bodies of water with tall vegetation on the banks. Like other hawkers, it may hunt far from water. It flies throughout the summer from September to May.

Behaviour

The Australian emperor is notable as the dragonfly in which motion camouflage was studied by Mizutani et al.: males of Anax papuensis are fiercely territorial, and approach and attack rivals, the males choose a flight path that keeps their image as seen by the target still with respect to a landmark point. The attacking dragonfly thus looms larger in the target's eyes, but otherwise does not seem to move until it is very close.

The males are very protective of their females. In case of intrusion of another individual, he will drive it away by engaging in a series of noisy air battles. Females lay their eggs under water.

Gallery

Bibliography

 Günther Theischinger and John Hawking. The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2006.

See also
 List of dragonflies of Australia

References

External links

 Brisbane Dragons
 Esperance Fauna

Aeshnidae
Insects of Australia
Insects described in 1839

Australian emperor


Marietta Fauntleroy Minnigerode Andrews (December 11, 1869 – August 7, 1931) was an American painter and designer.

Biography
Andrews was born Marietta Fauntleroy Minnigerode in Richmond, Virginia. Her sister Lucy Minnigerode was head of the United States Public Health Service Nursing Corps. She was of German descent, being the granddaughter of Charles Minnigerode, a revolutionary who fled to the United States in the 1830s due to his radical sentiments. She studied at the Corcoran School of Art in Washington, D.C. under Eliphalet Frazer Andrews, whom she would marry in 1895. She also studied in New York City with William Merritt Chase, with Luigi Chialiva of Paris,  and Ernest Lieberman in Munich. Beginning in 1890 she served as an assistant instructor at the Corcoran School. She visited Italy in 1892, and in 1896 became a founder member of the Washington Water Color Club.

She produced designs for the stained glass windows of St. Paul's Church in Steubenville, Ohio. Her work may also be found at the University of Virginia, the George Washington University, and the American Society for Psychical Research. She published several books which she illustrated herself, including My Studio Window (1928); Scraps of Paper (1929); and George Washington's Country (1930); and also created silhouettes. Andrews died at her home, Vaucluse, in Alexandria, Virginia.

A sketchbook by Andrews, along with a collection of her drawings, was long held in the collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art; at that institution's demise, all of these were transferred to the art museum at American University. A collection of her papers may be found at Virginia Commonwealth University.

References

1869 births
1931 deaths
American women painters
19th-century American painters
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
Artists from Richmond, Virginia
Painters from Virginia
Corcoran School of the Arts and Design alumni
Corcoran School of the Arts and Design faculty
Students of William Merritt Chase

Marietta Minnigerode Andrews


In mathematics, Dedekind cuts, named after German mathematician Richard Dedekind but previously considered by Joseph Bertrand, are а method of construction of the real numbers from the rational numbers. A Dedekind cut is a partition of the rational numbers into two  sets A and B, such that all elements of A are less than all elements of B, and A contains no greatest element. The set B may or may not have a smallest element among the rationals. If B has a smallest element among the rationals, the cut corresponds to that rational. Otherwise, that cut defines a unique irrational number which, loosely speaking, fills the "gap" between A and B. In other words, A contains every rational number less than the cut, and B contains every rational number greater than or equal to the cut. An irrational cut is equated to an irrational number which is in neither set. Every real number, rational or not, is equated to one and only one cut of rationals.

Dedekind cuts can be generalized from the rational numbers to any totally ordered set by defining a Dedekind cut as a partition of a totally ordered set into two non-empty parts A and B, such that A is closed downwards (meaning that for all a in A, x ≤ a implies that x is in A as well) and B is closed upwards, and A contains no greatest element. See also completeness (order theory).

It is straightforward to show that a Dedekind cut among the real numbers is uniquely defined by the corresponding cut among the rational numbers. Similarly, every cut of reals is identical to the cut produced by a specific real number (which can be identified as the smallest element of the B set). In other words, the number line where every real number is defined as a Dedekind cut of rationals is a complete continuum without any further gaps.

Definition

A Dedekind cut is a partition of the rationals  into two subsets  and  such that

  is nonempty.
  (equivalently,  is nonempty).
 If , , and , then . ( is "closed downwards".)
 If , then there exists a  such that . ( does not contain a greatest element.)

By omitting  the first two requirements, we formally obtain the extended real number line.

Representations

It is more symmetrical to use the (A, B) notation for Dedekind cuts, but each of A and B does determine the other. It can be a simplification, in terms of notation if nothing more, to concentrate on one "half" — say, the lower one — and call any downward closed set A without greatest element a "Dedekind cut".

If the ordered set S is complete, then, for every Dedekind cut (A, B) of S, the set B must have a minimal element b,
hence we must have that  A is the interval (−∞, b), and B the interval [b, +∞).
In this case, we say that b is represented by the cut (A, B).

The important purpose of the Dedekind cut is to work with number sets that are not complete. The cut itself can represent a number not in the original collection of numbers (most often rational numbers). The cut can represent a number b, even though the numbers contained in the two sets A and B do not actually include the number b that their cut represents.

For example if A and B only contain rational numbers, they can still be cut at  by putting every negative rational number in A, along with every non-negative number whose square is less than 2; similarly B would contain every positive rational number whose square is greater than or equal to 2. Even though there is no rational value for , if the rational numbers are partitioned into A and B this way, the partition itself represents an irrational number.

Ordering of cuts
Regard one Dedekind cut (A, B) as less than another Dedekind cut (C, D) (of the same superset) if A is a proper subset of C. Equivalently, if D is a proper subset of B, the cut (A, B) is again less than (C, D). In this way, set inclusion can be used to represent the ordering of numbers, and all other relations (greater than, less than or equal to, equal to, and so on) can be similarly created from set relations.

The set of all Dedekind cuts is itself a linearly ordered set (of sets). Moreover, the set of Dedekind cuts has the least-upper-bound property, i.e., every nonempty subset of it that has any upper bound has a least upper bound.  Thus, constructing the set of Dedekind cuts serves the purpose of embedding the original ordered set S, which might not have had the least-upper-bound property, within a (usually larger) linearly ordered set that does have this useful property.

Construction of the real numbers

A typical Dedekind cut of the rational numbers  is given by the partition  with

This cut represents the irrational number  in Dedekind's construction. The essential idea is that we use a set , which is the set of all rational numbers whose squares are less than 2, to "represent" number , and further, by defining properly arithmetic operators over these sets (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), these sets (together with these arithmetic operations) form the familiar real numbers.

To establish this, one must show that  really is a cut (according to the definition) and the square of , that is  (please refer to the link above for the precise definition of how the multiplication of cuts is defined), is  (note that rigorously speaking this number 2 is represented by a cut ). To show the first part, we show that for any positive rational  with , there is a rational  with  and . The choice  works, thus  is indeed a cut. Now armed with the multiplication between cuts, it is easy to check that  (essentially, this is because ). Therefore to show that , we show that , and it suffices to show that for any , there exists , . For this we notice that if , then  for the  constructed above, this means that we have a sequence in  whose square can become arbitrarily close to , which finishes the proof.

Note that the equality  cannot hold since  is not rational.

Relation to interval arithmetic

Given a Dedekind cut representing the real number  by splitting the rationals into
where rationals in  are less than  and rationals in  are greater than , it can be equivalently represented as the set of pairs  with  and  , with the lower cut and the upper cut being given by projections. This corresponds exactly to the set of intervals approximating .

This allows the basic arithmetic operations on the real numbers to be defined in terms of interval arithmetic. This property and its relation with real numbers given only in terms of  and  is particularly important in weaker foundations such as constructive analysis.

Generalizations

Arbitrary linearly ordered sets
In the general case of an arbitrary linearly ordered set X, a cut is a pair  such that  and ,  imply . Some authors add the requirement that both A and B are nonempty.

If neither A has a maximum, nor B has a minimum, the cut is called a gap. A linearly ordered set endowed with the order topology is compact if and only if it has no gap.

Surreal numbers
A construction resembling Dedekind cuts is used for (one among many possible) constructions of surreal numbers. The relevant notion in this case is a Cuesta-Dutari cut, named after the Spanish mathematician .

Partially ordered sets

More generally, if S is a partially ordered set, a completion of S means a complete lattice L with an order-embedding of S into L. The notion of complete lattice generalizes the least-upper-bound property of the reals.

One completion of S is the set of its downwardly closed subsets, ordered by inclusion. A related completion that preserves all existing sups and infs of S is obtained by the following construction: For each subset A of S, let Au denote the set of upper bounds of A, and let Al denote the set of lower bounds of A. (These operators form a Galois connection.) Then the Dedekind–MacNeille completion of S consists of all subsets A for which (Au)l = A; it is ordered by inclusion. The Dedekind-MacNeille completion is the smallest complete lattice with S embedded in it.

Notes

References
Dedekind, Richard, Essays on the Theory of Numbers, "Continuity and Irrational Numbers," Dover Publications: New York, . Also available at Project Gutenberg.

External links

Order theory
Rational numbers
Real numbers

Dedekind cut


was a town located in Kitakoma District, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 9,579 and a density of 148.14 persons per km². The total area was 64.66 km².

On November 1, 2004, Takane, along with the towns of Hakushū, Nagasaka and Sutama, and the villages of Akeno, Mukawa and Ōizumi (all from Kitakoma District), was merged to create the city of Hokuto.

External links
Official website of Hokuto city (in Japanese)

Dissolved municipalities of Yamanashi Prefecture
Hokuto, Yamanashi

Takane, Yamanashi


A compendium (plural: compendia) is a collection of information on a particular topic. The amount of information is usually short but detailed. A compendium will often summarize a larger work, putting it into fewer words. It is usually not intended to be read from beginning to end. Instead a compendium is used to look up facts. It is very often called a reference work

The word compendium comes from the Latin word "compenso". It means "to weigh together or balance". The Internet has large numbers of compendia in the form of databases. Searching a database make it very easy to find facts and information. This is causing concern that print compendia (in the form of books) may eventually go away.

Examples

One example would be the Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. It is organized into 598 questions and answers which summarize the teachings of the Catholic Faith.

The Bible is another example of a compendium. It is a group of many books put together to form the Old Testament and the New Testament.

Bartlett's Familiar Quotations is a compendium of wise sayings by famous people.

Related pages

Compilation
Abstract
Epitome
Text corpus

References

Other websites

 A compendia of compendium

Reference works

Compendium


Flavored syrups typically consist of a simple syrup, that is sugar (fully mixed with water while heated), with naturally occurring or artificial (synthesized) flavorings also dissolved in them. A sugar substitute may also be used.

Flavored syrups may be used or mixed with carbonated water, coffee, pancakes, waffles, tea, cake, ice cream, and other foods. There are hundreds of flavors ranging from cherry and peach to vanilla to malt, hazelnut, coconut, almond, gingerbread, chocolate, peppermint, rootbeer, and even toasted marshmallow.

In addition to food and drink, flavored syrups are commonly used in pharmaceutical compounding.

In coffee and espresso drinks
Flavored syrups can also be used to make frappes, which when made with coffee can have other names such as frappuccino, a word created by Starbucks Corporation to trademark their version.

See also

 Agave nectar
 Birch syrup
 Bludwine
 Chocolate syrup
 Italian soda
 List of syrups
 Maple syrup
 Soda jerk
 Torani

References

Flavors
Syrup

Flavored syrup


Orthodox Church today is far as well as the predominant religion of North Macedonia, with the majority of Macedonians adhere to the Macedonian Orthodox Church. Approximately 63% of the population of North Macedonia are Orthodox Christians.

Islam is the second religious group behind Macedonian Orthodox Church group with one-fourth of the total population of Macedonia or 33.33% of the total population, with most of Albanian and Turkish people, along with the minority of the Macedonian people. There are higher estimates that says at least 36% of the population are Muslims.

By 2020, Orthodox Christianity will fall about 53.7%, Muslims will increase to 43.6%, and other Christian domination will be 1%, Irreligious will be 1.3%, and other religions will make 0.4%.

North Macedonia
North Macedonia

Religion in North Macedonia


Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia was a Renaissance palace in Rome, Italy, which was located in the Borgo rione.

It was built for Jacopo (also known as Giacomo di Bartolomeo) da Brescia, a physician at the service of Pope Leo X, between 1515 and 1519. Its design is commonly attributed to Raphael, and was based to Bramante's nearby Palazzo Caprini (also demolished). The palace, which had a triangular footprint, stood at the confluence of the Borgo Nuovo and the Borgo Sant'Angelo. On the Borgo Nuovo, the house bordered to the east the house of Febo Brigotti, doctor to Pope Paul III, another notable Renaissance building. It was demolished to allow the construction of Via della Conciliazione in 1937, and rebuilt (with a different footprint) along Via Rusticucci and Via dei Corridori, not far from its original location.

References

Houses completed in 1519
Jacopo Da Brescia
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Buildings and structures demolished in 1937
Raphael buildings
Jacopo

Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia


Sozhavanthan Varadharajan Venkatraman (Tamil: சோழவந்தான் வரதராஜன் வெங்கட்ராமன்) (25 April 1911 – 7 April 1998), also known as SVV, was an Indian actor, singer, and music director, who was active in the Indian film industry from 1938 to the 1970s.

Venkatraman composed the music for Meera, starring M. S. Subbulakshmi. He also composed music for more than 200 Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi films.

Early life

Sozhavanthan Varadharajan Venkatraman was born on 25 April 1911, to Varadharajan Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. When he was three years old, his father died, and his uncle took responsibility for his upbringing. He displayed an aptitude for music from an early age, & his school education ended after the fourth standard.

To pursue his passion for music he went to Chintadripet, Madras. There the head of a drama troupe heard him singing, and offered Venkatraman a job as a stage artist/singer/musician. Venkatraman learnt to play the harmonium, but had no formal training in Carnatic music.

During his time in Madras, Venkatraman acted in five films. During a fight scene in one of the films he broke his left hand. While recuperating at Cubbon Park, Bangalore, A. V. Meiyappa Chettiar found Venkatraman and invited him back to Madras to work as the music director for Chettiar's next film, Nanda Kumar.

Career
Venkatraman composed music for many films, including Nanda Kumar, Tahsildar, Valmiki, Manonmani, Kannagi, Nandanar, Meera (Tamil and Hindi), Naga Panchami, Sri Murugan, Manohara (Tamil, Telugu and Hindi), and Irumbu Thirai.

Venkatraman worked with actors such as C. N. Annadurai, M. G. Ramachandran, M. Karunanidhi, Jayalalitha, and N. T. Rama Rao. Many popular composers, including M. S. Viswanathan, T. K. Ramamoorthy, and G. K. Venkatesh worked with him.

All leading playback singers of the time from P. U. Chinnappa Bhagavathar and G. N. Balasubramaniam to M. M. Dandapani Desikar and T. M. Soundararajan lent their voices to Venkatraman's tunes. Carnatic music legends D. K. Pattammal and M. L. Vasanthakumari also came under his baton. Venkatraman himself also proved his prowess as a singer in a few films. Venkatraman's last assignment was Sri Krishna Leela.

Venkatraman scored the music for the famous "Bhaja Govindam", sung by M. S. Subbulakshmi and worked on songs that she made famous, such as "Vadavaraiyai Mathakki", "Mudiondrum Moolangalum", and a few Mahakavi Bharathiyar songs. He set to tune the Narayaneeyam and the Guruvayur Suprabhatam, rendered by Trichur Ramachandran and Papanasam Sivan's Sree Rama Charitha Geetham and sung by Sirkazhi Govindarajan. He tuned Mahakavi Bharathiyar songs and tuned Karpagambal Andhadi for M. M. Dandapani Desikar. He was the composer for All India Radio's Serndhisai, Vadhya Vrindha, and many other music ventures. Music for the Voice of India by Mahatma Gandhi's son had been scored by him.

Venkatraman worked with singers like T. M. Soundararajan, A. M. Rajah, Seerkazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan, V. N. Sundaram, T. A. Mothi, M. L. Vasanthakumari, P. Leela, Jikki, T. V. Rathnam, A. P. Komala, Radha Jayalakshmi, K. Jamuna Rani, P. Susheela, K. Rani, S. Janaki, and L. R. Eswari.

The singing actors M. M. Dandapani Desikar, G. N. Balasubramaniam, M. S. Subbulakshmi, D. K. Pattammal, P. U. Chinnappa, C. Honnappa Bhagavathar, U. R. Jeevarathinam, N. C. Vasanthakokilam, T. R. Mahalingam, T. R. Rajakumari, V. Nagayya, N. S. Krishnan, T. A. Madhuram, T. S. Durairaj, and  J. P. Chandrababu all sang songs under his compositions.

Personal life
Venkatraman married Saraswathi at the age of 28 in 1939. The couple had four sons and four daughters.
Venkatraman died in his sleep on 7 April 1998, at his residence in Palavakkam.

Filmography

Music Direction

Playback Singer

References

External links
Tamil article on S. V. Venkatraman
S. V. VENKATRAMAN

Indian male film actors
Tamil playback singers
1911 births
1998 deaths
People from Dindigul district
20th-century Indian male actors
20th-century Indian singers
Indian male playback singers
Male actors from Tamil Nadu
Singers from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian male singers

S. V. Venkatraman


Weapons Systems Trainer (WST) is a training device (simulator) designed particularly for weapons training.  A term commonly used by the United States Department of Defense, particularly for aircraft simulators.

For aircraft, this type of trainer often has a complex terrain database, a wide-angle high-resolution visual system and a high computer capacity, so that weapons work can be practised, recorded, and debriefed. Because of the compromises necessary with a large angle visual system, older WSTs tended not to have a motion platform.  With advances in visual display technology such as domes and partial domes compatible with motion platforms and lightweight displays such as the CAE FOHMD, more WSTs are being fitted with motion platforms and so constitute Full Mission Simulators or Combat Mission Simulators (FMS/CMS). For more basic (non-weapons) training, see also Operational Flight Trainer (OFT)

References

United States Air Force military education and training

Weapons system trainer


Héroes Inmortales IV (Spanish for "Immortal Heroes IV") was a major professional wrestling show event produced by AAA, which took place on October 1, 2010 at the Centro de Convenciones in Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas, Mexico, commemorating the fourth anniversary of the death of AAA founder Antonio Peña.

Production

Background
On October 5, 2006 founder of the Mexican professional wrestling, company AAA Antonio Peña died from a heart attack. The following year, on October 7, 2007, Peña's brother-in-law Jorge Roldan who had succeeded Peña as head of AAA held a show in honor of Peña's memory, the first ever Antonio Peña Memorial Show (Homenaje a Antonio Peña in Spanish). AAA made the tribute to Peña into a major annual event that would normally take place in October of each year, renaming the show series Héroes Inmortales (Spanish for "Immortal Heroes"), retroactively rebranding the 2007 and 2008 event as Héroes Inmortales I and Héroes Inmortales II. As part of their annual tradition AAA holds a Copa Antonio Peña ("Antonio Peña Cup") tournament with various wrestlers from AAA or other promotions competing for the trophy. The tournament is normally either a gauntlet match or a multi-man torneo cibernetico elimination match. Outside of the actual Copa Antonio Peña trophy the winner is not guaranteed any other "prizes" as a result of winning, although several Copa Antonio Peña winners did go on to challenge for the AAA Mega Championship. The 2010 show was the fourth show in the Héroes Inmortales series of shows.

Storylines
The Héroes Inmortales show featured eight professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing, scripted feuds, plots, and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

Results

Footnotes

References

2010 in professional wrestling
2010
2010 in Mexico
October 2010 events in Mexico

es:Héroes Inmortales#2010

Héroes Inmortales IV


Mehmet Culum (born 1948) is a contemporary Turkish novelist  who was born in Çeşme, a town in western Turkey. He studied political sciences at the University of Ankara. Before starting an antique shop in his hometown, Culum worked as an IT consultant for some time in İzmir. After retiring in 1998, he began to explore the history of Western Turkey and especially the Çeşme Peninsula.

Work as an author
His first book, Azab Aga, was published in April 2004. Culum wrote the factually accurate history of his family in this book, not changing the names of characters and events. The book's events took place in the first half of the 20th century.

The compilation of the stories to which he listened while in the region of Alaçatı was the theme of his second book, Alaçatili, which was published in June 2006. The book's events center around a lawyer of Greek origin from New York City who seeks the roots of his family in Alaçatı, which was a Greek settlement for almost a century.

Culum was inspired by the true stories of the Çeşme Peninsula when he authored his third novel Kalenin Gölgesinde Çeşme, which became available to readers in April 2009. Culum has published his fourth novel Yengec Disi in January 2018.

References

External links
 Mehmet Culum's homepage

Turkish novelists
Living people
People from Çeşme
1948 births
Ankara University alumni

Mehmet Culum


Għaxaq (, ) is a village in the Southern Region of Malta, with a population of 5,538 people as of November 2021.  is mainly a residential area surrounded by land used for agricultural purposes.

The village's name is probably related to the noble family named Axiaq (also spelt Axiak or Asciak) which had feudal lands in the area in the fourteenth century, or it may be derived from the Maltese word meaning delight.

Saint Mary's Parish Church

Għaxaq's main church is dedicated to the Assumption of Our Lady and it is known for its baroque architecture. The present church was consecrated on 2 May 1784, after around fifty years of hard work by the villagers, which gave a helping hand in building their religious shrine.

One could find a large number of artistic and valuable items in this church which were made by renowned Maltese and foreign artists. Of these one could find a number of highly artistic statues which all seek great devotion in a way or another.

Statues
The titular statue which depicts the Assumption in heaven of our Lady was carved in wood by Mariano Gerada in 1808. Another statue which could be found in this church is that of the Main Secondary Feast of Saint Joseph, which was made by Fratelli Bertarelli of Milan in Italy in 1932 and is also carved in wood.

Other statues are those of Our Lady of the Rosary carved in wood by Alessandro Farrugia, Our Lady of Fátima, and a set of traditional eight statues depicting the passion of Jesus Christ. These were made throughout the years with statues of Maltese artists Peppi Vella, Carlo Darmanin and family Camilleri Cauchi, namely Alfred and Aaron Camilleri Cauchi.

The statue of dead Christ known as Il-Monument was brought to Għaxaq from Rome in the 18th century.

Paintings
The paintings which decorate the church's ceiling were painted by Emvin Cremona during the 1960s while other works of art date back to the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries mostly painted by Maltese artists; Gio Nicola Buhagiar, Francesco Zahra, Rokku Buhagiar and Gianni Vella among others.

Feasts
Apart from the Titular feast of Saint Mary, which is celebrated annually on August 15, other feasts are celebrated throughout the year. These are:

 The commemoration of the Passion of Jesus Christ and his rise from death- with the traditional Good Friday procession, which in Għaxaq is held on Palm Sunday evening
 Celebrated a Sunday before Easter, the Main Secondary feast of Saint Joseph celebrated on the first Sunday of June
 Corpus Christi on the second Sunday of June
 Our Lady of the Rosary on the second Sunday of October.

These are all organized by their respective confraternities.

On the night between the 24th and 25th of December, a solemn mass is held to celebrate Christmas.

Band Clubs

Saint Mary Band Club Ħal Għaxaq A.D 1873
In 1808, this club was set up from simply a wine shop to the majestic band club present today.

Since 1808, the village has been documented to have celebrated this feast, both the religious part and the secular part, with vigor and pomp.  The religious aspect was reflected in the fact that an artistic statue was made by a well known sculptor Mariano Gerada. This was financed by Gio Maria Farrugia (1763–1828) and cost 800 scudi. An artistic plinth was also made. The Farrugia family tree is endorsed at St. Mary's Band Club.

It was at Ta' Petistina that the first general sitting was held, and it was agreed that the first official committee members were to be drawn following a ballot. The first steering committee was elected, and was made up of Felic Gatt, Joseph Grima, Joseph Scicluna and Geraldu Scicluna.  More members were added, like Agius, Abdilla and Gravina. Later on, in 1935, a band was also formed under the name Santa Maria Band.

Today, the band club boasts a great number of members and followers and it is also renowned for the organization of the Għaxaq Music Festival, a 2 to 5 day festival organized before the feast of Saint Mary in August. Since 2008, the Festival has featured renowned World Artists and Tribute Bands such as: Tracy Shields in a Tribute to Celine Dion (2008), Rhapsody UK in a Tribute to Queen (band) (2009 and 2011), U2UK (2009), ABBA UK (2010), Gimme ABBA (2011), Sheyla Bonnick from Boney M. (2011) and the group SMOKIE (2012). This festival started in 1998 as a Street Concert and since then it has also featured a lot of Maltese groups and singers such as: Tribali, Wintermoods, Scream Daisy, Freddie Portelli, Joe Brown Band and renowned Maltese "Għannejja" among other well known local artists and DJs such as; Carl Bee, DJ Ruby and DJ Armani.

The Club also possesses a lot of artistic street decorations, having a large number of statues and their pedestals dating back to more than 100 years ago. These together with new sets of drapes, chandeliers and other statues decorate the village during the first two weeks of August.

Saint Joseph Band Club

The Saint Joseph Band Club was established in 1874 with the principal object of organizing and enhancing the feast of St. Joseph in collaboration with the Confraternity of Saint Joseph, an older Catholic Church organization dating back to around 1689. Since then, the Band Club has taken under its remit the external festivities while the Confraternity has concentrated on the liturgical celebrations. The Club used to also participate in the feast of the Assumption of St. Mary until the early 1950s, when this participation was discontinued.

The Band Club's biggest ever project is surely its premises. During a project spanning from the early 1980s until the official opening in May 2000, the Club acquired both previously rented and adjacent property, demolished the existing structures and rebuilt a unitary building.  The building is considered as a prime example of Maltese baroque-style architecture, and in certain aspects takes Maltese craftsmanship to new heights.

The Band Club is also in possession of two other separate properties: a fireworks factory that is renowned for the quality of its festive fiery production; and a feast decorations factory, comprising a workshop and stores for the Baroque-style festive street decorations.  The fireworks factory won the Villa de Bilbao international fireworks festival edition of 2010 against world-renowned international opponents.

The Club's own band and other guest bands play the typical Maltese band-marches to the general merry-making of the Josephite supporters, guests and tourists who are always welcome to join. Street concerts are also held, many times attracting national attention.

Carnival
One annual event is the carnival celebration held in February.

The carnival celebration is reported to have been around for roughly 150 years, and also features a children's parade, an idea backed by the local council to encourage more children to take an interest in their local culture.

Interesting places in Għaxaq

Dar tal-Bebbux/Dar tal-Massi - sea-shells decorated house (St. Mary Street, behind the parish church)
St. Philip's Chapel (at St. Philip Square)
St. Lucy's Chapel (at the Outskirts of the village)
Christ the Redeemer Chapel (at the outskirts of the village)
Together with the Parish Church and the two masterpieces, the Band Clubs (as mentioned above)
Għaxaq Semaphore Tower

Zones in Għaxaq
Bir id-Deheb (Well of Gold)
Ħas-Saptan (Saptan Town)
Il-Miksur (The Broken)
Qasam Ħal-Dmikki
Tal-Barrani (Foreigner's Village)
Tal-Garda
Tal-Ġebel (Rocks' Village)
Tal-Millieri
Tal-Qattus (Cat's Village)
Tal-Wilġa (Open Field's Village)

Għaxaq main roads
Dawret Ħal Għaxaq (Għaxaq By-Pass)
Triq G.M. Farrugia (G.M. Farrugia Street)
Triq il-Belt Valletta (Valletta Road)
Triq il-Ġistakor (Tail-Coat Street)
Triq il-Garakol (Garakol Street)
Triq il-Gudja (Gudja Road)
Triq il-Milwa (Skein Street)
Triq iż-Żejtun (Zejtun Road)
Triq San Filippu (St. Philip Street)
Pjazza San Filippu (St. Philip Square)
Triq Santa Marija (St. Mary Street)
Vjal il-Labour (Labour Avenue)
Triq it-Tgezwira
Triq Ganmari Dalli
Pjazza Santu Rokku (St. Rocco Square)
Triq San Pawl (St. Paul Street)
Triq il-Knisja (church's street)
Triq Marjanu Gerada

Għaxaq Local Council
The current Għaxaq local council members are:
Darren Abela (Mayor - PL)
Christine Dalli (PL)
Rose Agius (PN)
Keith Fenech (PL)
Andreas Gatt (PL)

Sport
 Għaxaq F.C.

References

External links

Għaxaq Local Council
St. Mary's Band Club
St. Joseph's Band Club
The village of Għaxaq
Labour Party Għaxaq

Towns in Malta
Local councils of Malta

Għaxaq


Nelson Barrere (April 1, 1808 – August 20, 1883) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio, uncle of Granville Barrere.

Born in New Market, near Hillsboro, Ohio, Barrere attended the common schools, and Hillsboro High School in 1827.
He was graduated from Augusta (Kentucky) College in 1830.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1833 and commenced practice in Hillsboro.
He moved to West Union, Ohio, in 1834 and continued the practice of law.
In 1846 returned to Hillsboro, where he resided until his death.
He served as member of the State house of representatives in 1837 and 1838.

Barrere was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1853).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1852 to the Thirty-third Congress.
He resumed the practice of law.
He died in Hillsboro, Ohio, August 20, 1883.
He was interred in Presbyterian Cemetery, New Market, Ohio.

Sources

1808 births
1883 deaths
People from Highland County, Ohio
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
People from West Union, Ohio
Ohio lawyers
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

Nelson Barrere


Mokon is a division of Protective Industries, Inc. from Buffalo, New York, United States.

It is also the brand name of the circulating liquid temperature control systems delivering fluid temperatures from  that are designed and manufactured by this division.

Created from the need for "mold control", the company's corporate engineers responsible for the manufacture of a line of proprietary plastic closures used worldwide (Caplugs), originally developed a temperature control system to meet their own exacting need for a compact, safe, and efficient means of maintaining close control over their fast-cycle injection molding machines. In 1955, the corporation opened a new division of the company, MOKON, to further design, manufacture, and market their line of high quality water temperature control systems.

A few years later, Mokon's engineering team developed a unique hot oil heat transfer system for higher temperature applications.  As the two product lines expanded, so did the need for other products, and they next designed a line of portable chillers and full range systems (combination heating and cooling) in the mid-1980s. 2003, MOKON added central chillers and pump tanks and then blown film coolers in early 2008. Looking to complete its industrial products offering, the thermal engineering team pressed on with the development of: power and process control panels (2009); stationary heat transfer oil systems and outdoor air-cooled chillers (2011); low temperature and modulating portable chillers (2012); and a line of high temperature water systems to  (2012).

In addition to the release of new products, MOKON expanded the kilowatt and tonnage capacities, and temperature range of the process fluid from  resulting in one of the most comprehensive lines of temperature control systems for industrial and commercial applications.

Today the MOKON product line includes: water temperature control systems, heat transfer oil systems, portable and central chillers, pumping stations and tanks, inline heating and cooling skid packages, blown film coolers, engineered and pre-engineered control panels, positive and negative pressure systems, filtration maintenance products, and custom designed and engineered systems.

See also
 Control panel

References

Companies based in Buffalo, New York

Mokon


The ornate dogfish (Centroscyllium ornatum) is dogfish shark which is not widely known. It is found in deepwater on the continental slopes of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, at depths between 520 and 1,260 m. Its length is up to 30 cm, and its reproduction is ovoviviparous.

Field marks
No anal fin, grooved dorsal fin spines, teeth with narrow cusps and cusplets in upper and lower jaws, uniform dark coloration. Short abdomen and short caudal peduncle, close-set denticles on body.

Diagnostic features
Body moderately stout and compressed, preoral snout moderately long, about half of distance from mouth to pectoral origins; mouth narrowly arched, nearly half as high as wide. Second dorsal fin somewhat larger than first; pectoral apices when laid back ending about opposite to first dorsal spine origin. Caudal peduncle moderately long, distance from second dorsal insertion to upper caudal origin about as long as distance from eye to third gill slits. Lateral trunk denticles close-set, conical and with hooked cusps. Colour blackish, without white fin tips or prominent black markings on underside of body and sides of tail. Size moderate, adults about 50 cm.

References

 http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=sharks&id=167

Centroscyllium
Taxa named by Alfred William Alcock
Fish described in 1889

Ornate dogfish


Sharon L. Erickson Ropes (born January 23, 1954) is a Minnesota politician and a former member of the Minnesota Senate who represented District 31, which includes portions of Fillmore, Houston, and Winona counties in the southeastern part of the state. A Democrat, she was first elected to the Senate in 2006. She was subsequently unseated by Republican Jeremy Miller in the 2010 general election.

Erickson Ropes was a member and vice chair of the Senate's Agriculture and Veterans Committee. She served on the Health, Housing and Family Security Committee, and on the Higher Education Committee. She also served on the Finance subcommittees for the Agriculture and Veterans Budget and Policy Division (serving as vice chair), the Health and Human Services Budget Division, and the Higher Education Budget and Policy Division. Her special legislative concerns included health care, education, and the environment.

Erickson Ropes is a registered nurse by profession. She was born in Two Harbors and graduated from Two Harbors High School in 1972. She went on to the College of Saint Teresa in Winona, where she received a B.A. in French and a B.S. in Nursing in 1976. She then served as a commissioned officer in the United States Navy Nurse Corps in North Carolina and Virginia from 1977 to 1982.

Erickson Ropes has served on various government and community boards and organizations. She was a member of the Minnesota Attorney General's Task Force on Consumer Rights and Health Care. She was a member of the Winona School Board, serving as chair from 2000 to 2001, and a member and former president of the board of directors of the Minnesota State Parent-Teacher Association. She is a member of the state advisory board of Minnesota Master Gardeners.

References

External links

Senator Erickson Ropes Web Page
Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker: Senator Sharon Erickson Ropes
Project Vote Smart - Senator Sharon Erickson Ropes Profile

1954 births
Living people
People from Two Harbors, Minnesota
American Lutherans
Democratic Party Minnesota state senators
People from Winona, Minnesota
Women state legislators in Minnesota
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians

Sharon Erickson Ropes