Logan Peak, commonly referred to as Mount Logan, is a peak in the Bear River Mountains, a branch of the Wasatch Range.  Located six miles east-southeast of Logan, Utah in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest, it is the second highest peak overlooking Cache Valley after Mt. Naomi.  Logan Peak rises to an elevation of  NAVD88. It is served by hiking trails and a narrow, unpaved access road suitable only for offroad vehicles. It is the only mountain in the Bear River Range with a road to the summit. The peak houses a weather station and a telecommunications tower. Logan Peak is a popular destination for hikers and mountain bikers during the warmer months and advanced cross-country skiers in winter. During the winter, a circular hollow on the east side of the peak, known locally as Crystal Valley, is popular with snowmobilers.

References

External links

Mountains of Utah
Mountains of Cache County, Utah

Logan Peak


Jacob Christopher Gleeson (born 26 June 1990) is a former New Zealand professional footballer who last played as a goalkeeper for American club Portland Timbers.

Club career

Early career
Gleeson began his career playing for Western Suburbs FC of the Central Premier League. After an extremely impressive showing at the 2007 Under-17 World Cup in South Korea, Gleeson was offered week-long trials with English Premier League clubs Manchester United and Everton. During the trials, Gleeson impressed the management of both clubs but was suffering the effects of lingering illness, which management took into account. After the initial trial, Everton offered Gleeson a retrial which ultimately ended without an offer being made. Although Manchester United did not offer a retrial, they thought highly of Gleeson and goalkeeping coach Richard Harris promised to recommend Gleeson to other English clubs for a place in their academies.

Gleeson moved up to a higher division in 2008 by signing for Team Wellington of the ASB Championship, the national association football league of New Zealand, and spent the next two years with the club, featuring in 5 games in total.

Portland Timbers
Gleeson was offered a trial with Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer in 2010 but declined the opportunity in favor of a guaranteed contract offered by the former USL incarnation of the Portland Timbers in preparation for their promotion to Major League Soccer. He was to train with the USL team but play for the team's USL Premier Development League affiliate, Portland Timbers U23s. In an interview with New Zealand media in April 2010, Gleeson stated, "I don't have a guaranteed spot but I'm in a really good position because I'm a youth player. I'll come in as the No3 goalie and try and work my way up from there", regarding his prospects of eventually making the transition from the Timbers-U23 team to senior roster.

In his first season with the club, Gleeson and the Timbers U-23 squad became PDL Champions. To begin the season, Gleeson logged 15 saves in three shutout performances to help the Timbers U-23s record wins over Tacoma Tide, Yakima Reds, and Spokane Spiders in a one-week period, earning him team of the week honors. By finishing with a 20–0–0 record, the team became the PDL's first undefeated championship team.

After training with the team throughout pre-season, Gleeson formally signed with the Major League Soccer Portland Timbers on 17 February 2011. He made his MLS debut on 26 March 2011 against Toronto FC as a second-half substitute for an injured Adin Brown.

Despite starting the season as the club's third-string goalkeeper, Gleeson started the first MLS home game in Timbers history and played all 90 minutes in the Timbers' 4–2 win over the Chicago Fire. Three days later, Gleeson pushed a difficult shot off the post in the 90th minute which would have given FC Dallas the game-tying goal. This save gave Gleeson his second MLS save of the week in five weeks.

On 18 February 2014 Gleeson was loaned out to Sacramento Republic FC as part of the loan agreement between MLS and USL Pro. He made 17 regular season appearances for Sacramento on this loan spell, allowing less than a goal per game, and posted the shutout in their 2–0 victory over Harrisburg City Islanders in the USL Pro Championship.

Despite starting the 2016 season as a backup, Gleeson was quickly thrown into action when starter Adam Larsen Kwarasey suffered a torn hand ligament. Over the first half of the season, Gleeson impressed as a #1 and earned the starting job over Kwarasey. Through 14 starts while Kwarasey was injured, Gleeson allowed 18 goals, while posting 70 saves and the Timbers' only 3 shutouts for the year.

In 2018, he had surgeries on his right shin due to stress fractures. Due to complications, he had eight further surgeries, which ended his career.

In 2020, Gleeson officially sued the Timbers physicians for malpractice and negligence.

International career
Gleeson has represented New Zealand at the U-20 and U-17 levels. In 2007, he led the Junior All-Whites to the U-17 Oceania Football Confederation championship and a berth into the FIFA U-17 World Cup in Korea. Gleeson's performance in these tournaments led to his Premier League trials. In 2008, he led the U-20s to a third-place finish in the OFC championship tournament.
Gleeson was given his first call up to the senior New Zealand team for a friendly match against China in March 2011, however Gleeson requested to be withdrawn due to injuries to goalkeepers in the Portland Timbers squad.

On 17 March 2011, New Zealand Head Coach Ricki Herbert called-up Gleeson for the friendly against China on 25 March as a substitute for the injured Mark Paston. Coach Herbert stated:
"I'm excited to be able to see Jake. He's young and there's a lot of aspiration and desire. I actually spoke to him over the phone yesterday and he's just over the moon to be part of what we're doing. There is a chance that he will get some time on the pitch." The Portland Timbers however were injury-struck in the goalkeepers department at the time, so Gleeson asked Herbert for permission to stay in Canada in order to play in the MLS match that weekend. Herbert allowed Gleeson to compete for his MLS side Timbers.

He made his full international début as a substitute in a 0–3 friendly loss against Australia on 5 June 2011. Gleeson played the final 13 minutes and conceded one goal through a stoppage-time penalty kick. After not appearing for New Zealand since a 4–3 victory over the Solomon Islands on 10 June 2012, his sixth cap for his country, Gleeson was called up for friendlies against China and Thailand in November 2014.

Career statistics

Club

International

Personal
Gleeson received his U.S. green card in 2012 which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

In October 2016 Gleeson was arrested in Lake Oswego, Oregon after a car crash and charged with driving under the influence, reckless driving and refusing a breathalyzer test. He pleaded no contest to driving under the influence and pleaded guilty to refusing a breathalyzer test, while the charge of reckless driving was dropped as part of a plea bargain. He paid US$1,140 in fines and was mandated to take an alcohol diversion program.

Honours

Club
Portland Timbers U23s
 USL PDL Champions: 2010
 USL PDL Regular Season Champion: 2010
 USL PDL Western Conference Champion: 2010
 USL PDL Northwest Division Champion: 2010
Sacramento Republic FC
 USL Pro Championship: 2014
Portland Timbers
MLS Cup: 2015
Western Conference (playoffs): 2015

See also
 List of current MLS players with national team caps

References

External links

 NZ Football Profile

1990 births
Living people
Men's association football goalkeepers
Major League Soccer players
New Zealand men's association footballers
Portland Timbers 2 players
Portland Timbers players
Capital FC players
Sacramento Republic FC players
Team Wellington FC players
USL League Two players
USL Championship players
New Zealand men's international footballers
New Zealand expatriate men's association footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Olympic association footballers for New Zealand
2012 OFC Nations Cup players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
People educated at Newlands College

Jake Gleeson


Punk ideologies are a group of varied social and political beliefs associated with the punk subculture and punk rock. It is primarily concerned with concepts such as mutual aid, against selling out, hierarchy, white supremacy, authoritarianism, eugenics, class and classism, while supporting anti-consumerism, anti-corporatism, anti-war, anti-imperialism, leftism, anti-globalization, gentrification, anti-racism, anti-sexism, gender equality, anti-homophobia, racial equality, animal rights, free-thought and non-conformity. One of its main tenets is a rejection of mainstream, corporate mass culture and its values. It continues to evolve its ideology as the movement spreads throughout North America from its origins in England and New York and embraces a range of anti-racist and anti-sexist belief systems. Punk does not necessarily lend itself to any particular political ideology as it is primarily anti-establishment although leftist punk is more common due to the prevalence of liberal and conservative ideologies in the status-quo.

Punk ideologies are usually expressed through punk rock music and lyrics, punk literature such as amateur fanzines, spoken word performances or recordings, punk fashion, or punk visual art. Some punks have participated in direct action, such as protest or demonstration disruption, political violence, ecotage, street barricades, squatting, pirate radio, off-grid energy, graffiti, vandalism and public and business property destruction, and indirect action through counter-propaganda, protests or boycotts. They support and squat in urban and rural collective houses, with group funds held in common. Punk fashion was originally an expression of nonconformity, as well as opposition to both mainstream culture and the status quo. Punk fashion often displays aggression, rebellion, and individualism. Some punks wear accessories, clothing or have tattoos that express sociopolitical messages. They stage Punk Rock Food Drives, such as D.O.A's Unity for Freedom. Punk visual art also often includes political messages. Many punks wear secondhand clothing, partly as an anti-consumerist statement.

An attitude common in the punk subculture is the opposition to selling out, which refers to abandoning of one's values and/or a change in musical style toward pop (e.g. electropop) and embracing mainstream culture or more radio-friendly rock (e.g. pop rock) in exchange for wealth, status, or power. The issue of authenticity is important in the punk subculture—the pejorative term poseur is applied to those who try to associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying core values or philosophy.

Because anti-establishment attitudes are such an important part of the punk subculture, a network of independent record labels, venues and distributors has developed. Some punk bands have chosen to break from this independent system and work within the established system of major labels. The do it yourself (DIY) ideal is common in the punk scene, especially in terms of music recording and distribution, concert promotion, and photocopying magazines, posters and flyers. The expression DIY was coined by commentators after the fact.

Specific ideologies and philosophies
The following include some of the most common ideologies and philosophies within the punk subculture (in alphabetical order).

Anarchism

There is a complex and worldwide underground of punks committed to anarchism as a serious political ideology, sometimes termed "peace punks" or "anarcho-punks." While some well-known punk bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Exploited had songs about anarchy, notably the Pistols' "Anarchy in the UK", they did not embrace anarchism as a disciplined ideology. As such, these bands are not considered part of the anarcho-punk scene.

Anarcho-punks typically believe in direct action. Many anarcho-punks are pacifists (e.g. Crass and Discharge) and therefore believe in using non-violent means of achieving their aims. These include peaceful protest, squatting, legal graffiti, culture jamming, ecotage, freeganism, boycotting, civil disobedience, hacktivism and subvertising. Some anarcho-punks believe that violence or property damage is an acceptable way of achieving social change (e.g. Conflict). This manifests itself as rioting, illegal graffiti, vandalism, wire cutting, hunt sabotage, participation in Class War-style activities, melee weapons and in extreme cases, bombings. Notable anarchist punk artists include: Aus-Rotten, Dave Insurgent, Crass, Subhumans, Colin Jerwood, Oliver Moheda and Dave Dictor.

Animal rights and veganism

In the 1980s, both straight edge hardcore punk in the United States and anarcho-punk in the United Kingdom started to become associated with animal rights. This association was made possible through activism by bands such as Napalm Death, Icons of Filth, Conflict, and Electro Hippies. Some musicians in these bands were vegans and vegetarians themselves and publicly advocated for these ideologies. In addition to this, bands at the forefront of this movement included lyrical themes pertaining to animal rights, vegetarianism and veganism. Consequently, these ideas became a feature of the punk subculture and this association continues on into the 21st century. A notable example is Jack McGarry of the band SX-70 citing messages of animal rights in lyrics of music he listened to as an influence in becoming vegan. It is additionally evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe.

Apoliticism
Some punks claim to be adherents to apoliticism, such as the band Charged GBH and the singer GG Allin, although some socio-political ideas have appeared in their lyrics. Some Charged GBH songs have discussed social issues, and a few have expressed anti-war views. Allin expressed a vague desire to kill the United States president and destroy the political system in his song "Violence Now". Punk subgenres that are generally apolitical include glam punk, psychobilly, horror punk, punk pathetique, death rock and pop punk. Many of the bands credited with starting the punk movement were decidedly apolitical, including The Dictators, Ramones (which featured staunch conservative Johnny Ramone alongside liberal activist Joey Ramone), New York Dolls, Television, Johnny Thunders' Heartbreakers, and Richard Hell & The Voidoids.

Christianity

Christian punk is a subgenre of punk rock with some degree of Christian lyrical content. Some Christian punk bands are associated with the Christian music industry, while others reject that association. Ideologies within Christian punk vary, though a number of bands lean towards traditional left-wing politics, most prominently Crashdog, Showbread (band), Ballydowse and The Psalters, the latter three of whom identified as Christian anarchists. Further examples of notable Christian punk bands include Altar Boys, The Crucified, Five Iron Frenzy, Flatfoot 56, Side Walk Slam, and pop-punk band MxPx, who earned a gold record in 1998.

Conservatism

A small number of punk bands and artists are conservative, rejecting leftist-anarchism, liberalism, communism and socialism in favor of conservatism. Notable conservative punks include Johnny Ramone, Dee Dee Ramone, Forgotten Rebels, Billy Zoom, Joe Escalante, Bobby Steele, Duane Peters, Klamydia, Dave Smalley, and Agnostic Front. John Lydon of the Sex Pistols has also expressed some conservative views.

Some Christian punk and hardcore bands have conservative political stances, in particular some of the NYHC bands.

Environmentalism

Feminism

Riot grrrl is an underground subcultural feminist punk movement that combines feminism, punk music and politics. It began during the early 1990s within the United States in Olympia, Washington, and the greater Pacific Northwest. It is often associated with third-wave feminism, which is sometimes seen as having grown out of the riot grrrl movement, and has recently been seen in current fourth-wave feminist punk music. Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as rape, domestic abuse, sexuality, racism, patriarchy, classism, anarchism, and often contain themes of female empowerment. Primary bands associated with the movement include Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Heavens to Betsy, Excuse 17, Huggy Bear, Skinned Teen, Emily's Sassy Lime and Sleater-Kinney, as well as queercore groups such as Team Dresch and the Third Sex.

Hare Krishna

The Filipino punk band the Wuds which was formed in the early 1980s is the first known punk band who composed songs dedicated to Hare Krishna movement. In the 1990s, some notable members of the New York hardcore scene, including Ray Cappo (Youth of Today, Shelter and other bands), John Joseph (Cro-Mags) and Harley Flanagan (Cro-Mags) converted to Hare Krishna. This led to trend within the western hardcore scene that became known as Krishnacore.

Islam

Taqwacore is a punk subgenre, many of whose members are Muslim artists who live in the West.

Liberalism
Liberal punks were in the punk subculture from the beginning, and are mostly on the liberal left. Notable liberal punks (second wave, mid-1990s to 2000s) include: Fat Mike of NOFX, Ted Leo, Green Day, Crashdog, Dropkick Murphys, Hoxton Tom McCourt, Jared Gomes of Hed PE, Tim Armstrong of Rancid and Tim McIlrath of Rise Against. Liberal ideologies in punk music are most notably found in the lyrical content of these songs. While viewpoints typically associated with liberals (such as being anti-war) can be seen within the lyrical content of some punk songs, they are also sometimes endorsed by musicians in public statements and interviews as well. Some liberal punks also participated in the Rock Against Bush movement in the mid-2000s, in support of the Democratic Party candidate John Kerry.

Neo-Nazism

Nazi punks have a white nationalist ideology that is closely related to that of white power skinheads. Ian Stuart Donaldson and his band Skrewdriver are credited with popularizing white power rock and hatecore (for its hateful lyrical themes), or Rock Against Communism. Nazi punks are different from early punks such as Sid Vicious and Siouxsie Sioux, who are believed to have incorporated Nazi imagery such as swastikas for shock or comedy value. "Nazi Punks Fuck Off" is a song by the Dead Kennedys, an American punk rock band, and is often considered the most famous song regarding nazi punk. The song was released in 1981 and was written in response to the rise of neo-Nazi and far-right punks that had started attending Dead Kennedy shows in response to their satirical song "Kill the Poor". The lyrics of "Nazi Punks Fuck Off" condemn the presence of far-right and fascist punks attending their shows, calling out individuals who espouse racist, sexist, and homophobic beliefs. The song's chorus is a direct call to action, urging punk fans to reject and expel these hateful elements from their community.

Nihilism
Centering on a belief in the abject lack of meaning and value to life, nihilism was a fixture in some early punk rock and protopunk. The Sex Pistols were central to the association of punk and nihilism, with the Trouser Press Record Guide writing that their "confrontational, nihilistic public image and rabidly nihilistic socio-political lyrics set the tone that continues to guide punk bands." However, researcher Neil Eriksen argues that though "much of the critical realism [of punk rock] expresses cynicism and nihilism, it does serve to question existing relations in such a way that listeners are forced to think about what is being said", so that overt rejection of meaning is primarily concerned with challenging existing values.

Situationism

The Situationist International (SI) was an early influence on punk subculture in the United Kingdom.  Started in continental Europe in the 1950s, the SI was an avant-garde political movement that sought to recapture the ideals of surrealist art and use them to construct new and radical social situations. Malcolm McLaren introduced situationist ideas to punk through his management of the band Sex Pistols. Vivienne Westwood, McLaren's partner and the band's designer/stylist, expressed situationist ideals through fashion that was intended to provoke a specific social response. 15% Pus and DUST, subversive 1990s Manchester bands, staged psycho-geographic walks around Hulme and created human collages from road signs as part of what became known as 'psycho-spectre'. Jamie Reid's distinctive album cover artwork was openly situationist.

Socialism
The Clash were a blatantly political punk rock band, introducing socialism to the punk scene. Clash frontman Joe Strummer said of his socialist views "I believe in socialism because it seems more humanitarian, rather than every man for himself and 'I'm alright jack' and all those asshole businessmen with all the loot. I made up my mind from viewing society from that angle. That's where I'm from and there's where I've made my decisions from. That's why I believe in socialism." Some of the original Oi! bands expressed a rough form of socialist working class populism — often mixed with patriotism. Many Oi! bands sang about unemployment, economic inequality, working class power and police harassment. In the 1980s, several notable British socialist punk musicians were involved with Red Wedge. Notable socialist punks include: Attila the Stockbroker, Billy Bragg, Bruce La Bruce, Garry Bushell (until the late 1980s), Chris Dean, Gary Floyd, Jack Grisham, Stewart Home, Dennis Lyxzén, Thomas Mensforth, Fermin Muguruza, Alberto Pla, Tom Robinson, Seething Wells, Paul Simmonds, Rob Tyner, Joe Strummer, Ian Svenonius, Oliver Moheda, Mark Steel and Paul Weller (guitarist for British powerhouse, new wave band, The Jam). Neil Eriksen wrote in 1980: "... we feel that elements of punk rock fulfill a revolutionary cultural function".

Straight edge

Straight edge originated in the Washington, D.C. hardcore punk scene with the Minor Threat song "Straight Edge" written by frontman Ian MacKaye and guitarist Brian Baker. Straight edge involves abstaining from alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use. Some who claim the title straight edge also abstain from caffeine, casual sex and meat. Those more strict individuals may be considered part of the hardline subculture. Unlike the shunning of meat and caffeine, refraining from casual sex was without question a practice in the original straight edge lifestyle, but it has been overlooked in many of the later reincarnations of straight edge. For some, straight edge is a simple lifestyle preference, but for others it is a political stance. In many cases, it is a rejection of the perceived self-destructive qualities of punk and hardcore culture. MacKaye has often spoken out against others labeling themselves as being Straight edge, which was never his intentions for it being a label but it became a movement one which he became annoyed with. Notable straight edgers: Tim McIlrath, CM Punk and Davey Havok.

See also
Anarchism and animal rights
Anarchism and the arts
CrimethInc.
List of political punk songs
Music and politics
Protest art
Rock and roll and the fall of communism
Rock Against Bush
Rock Against Communism
Rock Against Racism
Rock Against Sexism
Solarpunk
Youth politics
Youth subcultures

References

Bibliography
O'Hara, Craig, The Philosophy of Punk, AK Press, 1999
Garofalo, Rebee, Rockin' The Boat: Music and Mass Movements, South End Press, 1991
Sinker, Daniel, We Owe You Nothing, Punk Planet: The Collected Interviews, Akashic Books, 2001
Taylor, Steven, False Prophet: Fieldnotes from the Punk Underground, Wesleyan University Press, 2003

Punk
Ideologies
Music and politics
Australian youth culture
Youth culture in the United States
Youth culture in the United Kingdom
Youth culture
Politics

Punk ideologies


King of the Jungle is a 1933 Paramount Pictures movie. It was directed by H. Bruce Humberstone and Max Marcin. It stars Buster Crabbe and Frances Dee.

Story
Kaspa, a man raised in the African jungles by lions is captured by circus people and taken to New York City with his lion friends. The man escapes as the ship nears New York. Dressed in nothing but a loin cloth, he encounters a pretty girl on the streets who teaches him English. They fall in love. When a fire breaks out in the Brooklyn Zoo, panic stricken animals begin running wild in the streets. Kaspa saves the day.

American adventure movies
Jungle movies
1933 movies
Movies set in New York City
American romance movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by H. Bruce Humberstone

King of the Jungle


Basting is a cooking technique that involves cooking meat with either its own juices or some type of preparation such as a sauce or marinade. The meat is left to cook, then periodically coated with the juice. Basting is a technique generally known to be used for turkey, pork, chicken, duck, and beef (including steak), but may be applied to virtually any type of meat.

Method
Prominently used in grilling, rotisserie, roasting, and other meat preparations where the meat is over heat for extended periods of time, basting is used to keep meat moist during the cooking process and also to apply or enhance flavor. Improperly administered basting, however, may actually lead to the very problem it is designed to prevent: the undesired loss of moisture (drying out) of the meat.

If not compensated by countermeasures, the opening of the oven door and the resulting loss of temperature and moisture content of the air circulating inside can lead to increased evaporation from the meat surfaces.

Other alternatives include allowing extended cooking time, administering increased amounts of juices, coating the meat with moisture rich fruits or fat-rich cuts, such as bacon, or actual fat, place moisture rich fruits and vegetables around the cooking meats, and if possible, using a convection oven.

This is a type of cooking usually recommended for dishes that generally taste mild, but are served with sauces that provide complementing or overpowering flavor to them, for example chicken chasseur.

See also
Kitchen utensil
Pastry brush

References

External links
How Stuff Works - Basting

Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology

Basting (cooking)


The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a smaa evergreen tree native tae Asie, an the tree's ellipsoidal yellae fruit. The fruit is uised for culinary an non-culinary purposes throughoot the warld, primarily for its juice, though the pulp an rind (zest) are an aa uised in cuikin an bakin. The juice o the lemon is aboot 5% tae 6% citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste. The distinctive sour taste o lemon juice maks it a key ingredient in drinks an fuids such as lemonade.

Citrus hybrids
Tropical agricultur
Cocktail garnishes

Lemon


"Bells For John Whiteside's Daughter" is an elegy by John Crowe Ransom published in 1924. It was first collected in his 1924 anthology Chills and Fever, and is now considered his most-anthologized work. The five stanza poem reflects on the impact that unexpected death has on life by describing the death of a once lively young girl, once loud and energetic, but now silent. The reference to bells alludes to John Donne's "Devotions upon Emergent Occasions", which includes the lines, "never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee."

References

American poems

Bells for John Whiteside's Daughter


A mafia is an ethnic, family or culture-based organized crime enterprise.

Mafia usually refers specifically to:
 Sicilian Mafia, the original "Mafia", often referred to simply as "the Mafia"
 American Mafia, an Italian-American offshoot of the original Sicilian Mafia often referred to simply as "The Mafia" in the United States
 Ethnic Italian organized crime in general and organized crime in Italy

Entertainment

Film and television
 Mafia (1993 film), Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Shaji Kailas
 Mafia (1996 film), Indian Hindi-language film directed by Aziz Sejawal
 Mafia!, also known as Jane Austen's Mafia!, a 1998 American comedy film
 Mafia (2002 film), Egyptian film
 Mafia (2020 film), Indian Tamil-language film directed by Karthick Naren
 "Mafia" (The Office), the sixth episode of the sixth season of The Office

Games
 Mafia (social deduction game), also known as Werewolf
 Mafia (series), a series of video games by 2K Games
 Mafia (video game), 2002 video game
 Mafia II, 2010 video game
 Mafia III, 2016 video game
Mafia: Definitive Edition, 2020 video game
 Mafia Wars, a social network game

Music
 La Mafia, a Tejano band
 Swedish House Mafia, a Swedish electronic dance music trio
 Lisa Maffia, British rapper
 B.U.G. Mafia, or simply Mafia, a Romanian rap group
 Mafia (B.U.G. Mafia album), 1995
 Mafia (Black Label Society album), 2005
 Mafia (Fleshgod Apocalypse EP), 2010
 "Mafia" (Jala Brat and Buba Corelli song), 2018
 "Mafia" (Travis Scott song), 2021

Groups and organizations
 Bomber Mafia, a group of American military men who believed that long-range heavy bomber aircraft in large numbers were able to win a war
 Fighter Mafia, a group of U.S. Air Force officers and civilian defense analysts who advocated for fighter design criteria in opposition to those of the design boards of the time
 Maffia, Czechoslovak secret organization acting during World War I
 Berkeley Mafia, a group of Indonesian economists
 Lesbian Sex Mafia, a New York City group for the support of alternative culture women
 Memphis Mafia, a group of associates of Elvis Presley from 1954 until he died
 Scottish mafia, a pejorative term for a group of Scottish politicians supposedly in control of the British government in the recent Labour administrations
 The Main Event Mafia (M.E.M.), a professional wrestling stable
 Gay Mafia, or Velvet Mafia, a pejorative term for the amalgamation of gay rights groups in politics and the media
 Kiambu Mafia, people from Kenya's Kiambu District

Other uses
 Mafia Island, part of Tanzania's Zanzibar Archipelago

Mafia (disambiguation)


Hawkshaw is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, in Greater Manchester, England. Historically a part of Lancashire, it has a population of around 1,000 people. The village has a small shop and 2 pubs called The Red Lion and The Waggon and Horses.

On the A676, west of Greenmount, the road changes its name from Bolton Road to Ramsbottom Road after it crosses Kirklees Brook.

The village school is called St Mary's Church of England Primary School. It currently educates around 100 pupils and employs 6 teachers. The school is also connected to St Mary's Church, which is also Church of England.

There is a large playing field known to the locals as "the rec". There is a large football pitch, which is currently unused. The children's play area has both adult and toddler swings, a large slide, rocking chairs, and roundabout and a see-saw. The park is enclosed by a low fence. At the end of "the rec", there is a large tennis club, with a club house and 5 tennis courts, 3 of which are under flood-lights.

Hawkshaw has an Army Training Camp used as the HQ of the Greater Manchester Army Cadet Force. The adjoining Holcombe Ranges is one of the shooting ranges in the United Kingdom. The Physical Ability round of The Krypton Factor was filmed at the base's Assault Course on Holcombe Moor, north of Hawkshaw.

The A676 road passes through Hawkshaw.

References

Villages in Greater Manchester
West Pennine Moors
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury

Hawkshaw, Greater Manchester


Emotional blackmail and FOG are terms popularized by psychotherapist Susan Forward about controlling people in relationships and the theory that fear, obligation and guilt (FOG) are the transactional dynamics at play between the controller and the person being controlled. Understanding these dynamics is useful to anyone trying to extricate themself from the controlling behavior of another person and deal with their own compulsions to do things that are uncomfortable, undesirable, burdensome, or self-sacrificing for others.

General
The first documented use of "emotional blackmail" appeared in 1947 in the Journal of the National Association of Deans of Women in the article "Emotional Blackmail Climate". The term was used to describe one type of problematic classroom control model often used by teachers. Esther Vilar, an Argentine physician and anti-feminist writer, also used the term "emotional blackmail" in the early 1970s to describe a parenting strategy observed among some mothers with multiple children.

Emotional blackmail typically involves two people who have established a close personal or intimate relationship (parent and child, spouses, siblings, or two close friends). Children, too, will employ special pleading and emotional blackmail to promote their own interests, and self-development, within the family system.

Emotional blackmailers use fear, obligation and guilt in their relationships, ensuring that others feel afraid to cross them, obligated to give them their way and swamped by guilt if they resist. Knowing that someone close to them wants love, approval or confirmation of identity and self-esteem, blackmailers may threaten to withhold them (e.g., withhold love) or take them away altogether, making the second person feel they must earn them by agreement. Fear, obligation or guilt is commonly referred to as "FOG". FOG is a contrived acronym—a play on the word "fog" which describes something that obscures and confuses a situation or someone's thought processes.

The person who is acting in a controlling way often wants something from the other person that is legitimate to want. They may want to feel loved, safe, valuable, appreciated, supported, needed, etc. This is not the problem. The problem is often more a matter of how they are going about getting what they want, or that they are insensitive to others' needs in doing so that is troubling—and how others react to all of this.

Under pressure, one may become a sort of hostage, forced to act under pressure of the threat of responsibility for the other's breakdown. One could fall into a pattern of letting the blackmailer control his/her decisions and behavior, lost in what Doris Lessing described as "a sort of psychological fog".

Emotional blackmail is a punishment that can take place in romantic relationships. For instance, in an unpleasant divorce, the emotional blackmailer might warn that if their spouse files for divorce, they would retain the financial assets or never allow them to interact with the children. Such actions might make the victim angry as they feel they are being controlled and unable to react in a healthy way.

Types
Forward and Frazier identify four blackmail types each with their own mental manipulation style:

There are different levels of demands—demands that are of little consequence, demands that involve important issues or personal integrity, demands that affect major life decisions, and/or demands that are dangerous or illegal.

Patterns and characteristics

Addictions
Addicts often believe that being in control is how to achieve success and happiness in life. People who follow this rule use it as a survival skill, having usually learned it in childhood. As long as they make the rules, no one can back them into a corner with their feelings.

Mental illness
People with certain mental conditions are predisposed to controlling behavior including those with paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder.

People with borderline personality disorder are particularly likely to use emotional blackmail (as too are destructive narcissists). However, their actions may be impulsive and driven by fear and a desperate sense of hopelessness, rather than being the product of any conscious plan.

Codependency
Codependency often involves placing a lower priority on one's own needs, while being excessively preoccupied with the needs of others. Codependency can occur in any type of relationship, including family, work, friendship, and also romantic, peer or community relationships.

Affluenza and children
Affluenza—the status insecurity derived from obsessively keeping up with the Joneses—has been linked by Oliver James to a pattern of childhood training whereby sufferers were "subjected to a form of emotional blackmail as toddlers. Their mothers' love becomes conditional on exhibiting behaviour that achieved parental goals."

Assertiveness training
Assertiveness training encourages people to not engage in fruitless back-and-forths or power struggles with the emotional blackmailer but instead to repeat a neutral statement, such as "I can see how you feel that way," or, if pressured to eat, say "No thank you, I'm not hungry." They are taught to keep their statements within certain boundaries in order not to capitulate to coercive nagging, emotional blackmail, or bullying.

Recovery
Techniques for resisting emotional blackmail include strengthening personal boundaries, resisting demands, developing a power statement—the determination to stand the pressure—and buying time to break old patterns. Re-connecting with the autonomous parts of the self the blackmailer had over-ruled is not necessarily easy. One may feel guilty based on emotional blackmail, even while recognizing the guilt as induced and irrational; but still be able to resist overcompensating, and ignore the blackmailer's attempt to gain attention by way of having a tantrum.

Consistently ignoring the manipulation in a friendly way may however lead to its intensification, and threats of separation, or to accusations of being "crazy" or a "home wrecker".

Cultural examples

Angela Carter described Beauty and the Beast as glorifying emotional blackmail on the part of the Beast, as a means of controlling his target, Beauty.
Novelist Doris Lessing claimed that "I became an expert in emotional blackmail by the time I was five."

Criticism

Daniel Miller objects that in popular psychology the idea of emotional blackmail has been misused as a defense against any form of fellow-feeling or consideration for others.

Labeling of this dynamic with inflammatory terms such as "blackmail" and "manipulation" may not be so helpful as it is both polarizing and it implies premeditation and malicious intent which is often not the case. Controlling behavior and being controlled is a transaction between two people with both playing a part.

See also

References

Emotional issues
Psychological abuse
Psychological manipulation
Control (social and political)
Popular psychology

Emotional blackmail


Melville is a bohemian suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is the location of many restaurants and taverns, which are mostly frequented by students from the nearby University of Johannesburg, located in Auckland Park, and the University of the Witwatersrand, located in Braamfontein. It is one of the city's most popular tourist destinations. The suburb is to the west of the Johannesburg CBD. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

History
Prior to the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the suburb lay on land of one of the original farms that make up Johannesburg, called Braamfontein. The suburb was proclaimed on 5 October 1896, and is named after the land surveyor, Edward Harker Vincent Melvill.  In the public sale notice, the suburb was described as a "picturesque and healthy spot in the vicinity of Johannesburg with a magnificent view of the wooded country to the north with the blue Pretoria ranges stretching like lines of steel against the horizon".

Geography
Melville is also well known for the Melville Koppies (an archeological site, with rolling hills of grassland with views over the city), and is near the historic suburb of Sophiatown.

Culture and contemporary life

The area, along with Parkhurst, Greenside, Parkview, Norwood and Emmarentia, is one of the many areas of the Northern Suburbs still to have high streets with cafes, restaurants and shops lining the streets rather than in enclosed shopping centres. In Melville, the majority of these are located along 7th Street, although there are also several on other streets, such as 4th Avenue and Main Street (where there is also a supermarket). There are over 30 guest houses in the vicinity, and Melville is a popular stopover in Johannesburg for tourists. On 7th Street, in addition to restaurants, there are several bars and a tattoo studio; the street is a popular hang-out for the cosmopolitan crowd.

The popular soap opera, 7de Laan, used views of 7th Street, Melville in its opening visuals.

References

External links
mymelville.co.za
whatsupinmelville.co.za

Johannesburg Region B
Gay villages in South Africa
Tourist attractions in Johannesburg

Melville, Johannesburg


Mastodon is a free and open-source software for running self-hosted social networking services. It has microblogging features similar to Twitter, which are offered by a large number of independently run nodes, known as instances or servers, each with its own code of conduct, terms of service, privacy policy, privacy options, and content moderation policies.

Each user is a member of a specific Mastodon server that can interact seamlessly with users in any other server. This is intended to give users the flexibility to select a server whose policies they prefer, but keep access to a larger federated social network. Mastodon is powered by the ActivityPub protocol, making it part of the Fediverse ensemble of services such as  Lemmy, Pixelfed, Friendica, and PeerTube.

Mastodon was created by Eugen Rochko and announced on Hacker News in October 2016, and gained significant adoption in 2022 in the wake of Twitter's acquisition by Elon Musk.

The project is maintained by German non-profit Mastodon gGmbH. Mastodon development is crowdfunded and the code does not support advertisement.

Functionality and features
Mastodon servers run social networking software that is capable of communicating using W3C's ActivityPub standard, which has been implemented since version 1.6. A Mastodon user can therefore interact with users on any other server in the Fediverse that supports ActivityPub.

Since version 2.9.0, Mastodon has offered a single-column mode for new users by default. In advanced mode, Mastodon approximates the microblogging user experience of TweetDeck. Users post short-form status messages, historically known as "toots", for others to see. On a standard Mastodon instance, these messages can include up to 500 text-based characters, greater than Twitter's 280-character limit. Some instances support even longer messages.

Users join a specific Mastodon server, rather than a single centralized website or application. The servers are connected as nodes in a network, and each server can administer its own rules, account privileges, and whether to share messages to and from other servers. Many servers have a theme based on a specific interest. It is also common for servers to be based around a particular locality, region, ethnicity, or country.

Mastodon includes a number of specific privacy features. Each message has a variety of privacy options available, and users can choose whether the message is public or private. Public messages display on a global feed, known as a timeline, and private messages are only shared on the timelines of the user's followers. Messages can also be marked as unlisted from timelines or direct between users. Users can also mark their accounts as completely private. In the timeline, messages can display with an optional content warning feature, which requires readers to click on the hidden main body of the message to reveal it. Mastodon servers have used this feature to hide spoilers, trigger warnings, and not safe for work (NSFW) content, though some accounts use the feature to hide links and thoughts others might not want to read.

Mastodon aggregates messages in local and federated timelines in real time. The local timeline shows messages from users on a singular server, while the federated timeline shows messages across all participating Mastodon servers. Users can communicate across connected Mastodon servers with usernames similar in format to full email addresses.

Content moderation
In early 2017, journalists like Sarah Jeong distinguished Mastodon from Twitter for its approach to combatting harassment. Mastodon uses community-based moderation, in which each server can limit or filter out undesirable types of content, while Twitter uses a single, global policy on content moderation. For example, the Mastodon instance mastodon.social and several other instances ban content that is illegal in Germany or France, including Nazi symbolism, Holocaust denial, and incitement of violence against Jews. Other Mastodon instances, however, can choose to take a more lenient approach to such material. Servers can also choose to limit or filter out messages with disparaging content. The main author of the Mastodon software, Eugen Rochko, believes that small, closely related communities deal with unwanted behaviour more effectively than a large company's small safety team. Users can also block and report others to administrators, much like on Twitter.

Instance administrators can block other instances from interacting with their own, an action called defederation. By posting toots hashtagged with #fediblock, some instance administrators and users alert others of issues requiring moderation.

Comparison to Twitter

Unlike Twitter, Mastodon only searches hashtags and mentioned accounts in the Fediverse, not the full text of toots. Some servers allow users to search the full text of their own toots. Furthermore, searching for toots will only show results from the Mastodon instance the user is on and from parts of the Fediverse that that instance has cached via federation, not from all toots on all instances.

For similar reasons, only hashtags can appear in a Mastodon instance's trending topics, not arbitrary popular words, and trending topics vary between instances, since individual instances are aware of different subsets of toots from the whole Fediverse.

Versions
In September 2018, with the release of version 2.5 with redesigned public profile pages, Mastodon marked its 100th release. Mastodon 2.6 was released in October 2018, introducing the possibilities of verified profiles and live, in-stream link previews for images and videos. Version 2.7, in January 2019, made it possible to search for multiple hashtags at once, instead of searching for just a single hashtag. Version 2.7 has more robust moderation capabilities for server administrators and moderators, while accessibility, such as contrast for users with sight issues, was improved. The ability for users to create and vote in polls, as well as a new invitation system to manage registrations was integrated in April 2019. Mastodon 2.8.1, released in May 2019, made images with content warnings blurred instead of completely hidden. In version 2.9 in June 2019, an optional single-column view was added. This view became the default displayed to new users, with a user "preferences" option to switch to a multiple-column-based view.

In August 2020, Mastodon 3.2 was released. It included a redesigned audio player with custom thumbnails and the ability to add personal notes to one's profile.

In July 2021, an official client for iOS devices was released. According to the project's leadership, the release was part of an effort to attract new users.

Mastodon 4.0 was released in November 2022, including language support for translating posts, editing posts and following hashtags.

Software

Mastodon is written as free and open-source software (FOSS) for federated microblogging, which anybody can contribute code to, and which anyone can run on their own server infrastructure, if they wish, or join servers run by other people within the fediverse network. Its server-side software is powered by Ruby on Rails and Node.js, and its front end is written in React.js and Redux. The database software is PostgreSQL. The service is interoperable with the decentralized social networks and platforms which use the ActivityPub protocol between each other. Since version 3.0, Mastodon dropped previous support for OStatus.

Client apps for interacting with the Mastodon API are available for desktop computer operating systems, including Windows, macOS and the GNU/Linux family of operating systems, and on mobile phone systems, including iOS, Android and open-source mobile phones.

Adoption

While Mastodon was first released in October 2016, the service began to expand in late March and early April 2017.  Servers were mostly operated by academic institutions, journalists, hobbyists, and activists. The Verge wrote that the community at this time was small and that it had yet to attract the personalities that keep users at Twitter. The global use had risen from 766,500 users as of 1 August 2017, to 1 million users on 1 December 2017. InNovember 2017 artists, writers, and entrepreneurs such as Chuck Wendig, John Scalzi, Melanie Gillman and later John O'Nolan joined in.

Another spike in popularity came in March through April 2018, due to the concerns about user privacy raised by the #deletefacebook effort.

Some "alt-tech" groups are using Mastodon including some that are ideologically neutral as well as political extremists and organized retail crime groups.

Membership of Mastodon and other alternative social media sites increased in early December 2018 after Tumblr announced its intention to ban all adult content from the site.

In November 2019, nearly 20,000 Twitter users in India temporarily shifted to Mastodon over complaints by users against Twitter's moderation policies.

To circumvent the increasing online censorship of social networks in mainland China, an increasing number of Chinese-language users have chosen to migrate to Mastodon in 2022.

2022 Twitter-related spikes in adoption

A spike in Mastodon's user participation occurred in April 2022, following the 25April announcement of Elon Musk purchasing Twitter. By 27April,  new users had joined Mastodon. On 28April 2022, the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) launched the official ActivityPub microblogging platform (EUVoice) of the EU institutions, bodies and agencies (EUIs), based on Mastodon.

Musk's acquisition became final on 27October 2022. Mastodon had an increase of  new users from a resultant "diaspora" on 28 October alone. Daily downloads increased substantially, rising from 3,400 daily downloads on 27 October to 113,400 on 6 November 2022. According to Rochko, by 3 November, use of the federated network had grown to 665,000 active users, with a few growing pains. In particular, Mastodon's largest instance, mastodon.social, needed capacity upgrades to handle the new load. Accounts on a server called journa.host founded by Adam Davidson are restricted to professional journalists.

Mastodon's increased adoption continued in the days following the Twitter takeover. On 11 November, the number of new users of the platform compared to the previous week was reported to be 700,000, moving Mastodon over the 7 million user mark. During that period, several prominent figures joined Mastodon, including prominent actors, comedians, journalists, political activists, and politicians. In December 2022, the number of monthly active users of Mastodon reached two million.

On 15 December, the official Mastodon Twitter account was banned from Twitter, as well as other accounts with links to some Mastodon instances. On the following day, Twitter began to flag all Mastodon links as malware, preventing Twitter users from sharing them. Media coverage of the bannings included an erroneous report of an account for "John Mastodon" (a misspelling of @joinmastodon) being banned, described as "founder of a competing social media company named after himself". Mastodon users wrote fictional backstories and memes about "John Mastodon" and circulated the hashtag #JohnMastodon.

Following the Mastodon suspension and ban on Mastodon links on Twitter, Twitter introduced a new policy on 18 December to prohibit sharing links on Twitter to a variety of social media websites, with Mastodon being one of those blocked. The policy stated that it prohibited links in both tweets and account details and that accounts that violated the policy would be suspended. By 19 December, the policy and official mentions about it had been removed from Twitter web pages. Musk stated the following day that banning users for posting Mastodon links had been a mistake.

Rochko claimed that at least five venture capital firms looking to invest in Mastodon had been turned away by December 2022, and that Mastodon's nonprofit status would not be jeopardized.

By the start of January 2023, Mastodon had 1.8 million active users, down 30% from its peak of over 2.5 million active users in early December 2022. On 19 March 2023, Mastodon passed the ten million mark for registered user accounts. In a July 2023 post, Rochko said that monthly active users was trending up and had crossed the 2-million mark.

Large and corporate instances
In 2017, Pixiv launched a Mastodon-based social network named Pawoo. The service was acquired by media company Russell in December 2019; in December 2022, Russell sold it to The Social Coop Limited, a Cayman Islands-based entity affiliated with Web3 firm Mask Network. Pawoo is banned by most instances on Mastodon due to allowing  art.

In April 2019, computer manufacturer Purism released a fork of Mastodon named Librem Social.

Gab, a controversial social network with a far-right user base, changed its software platform to a fork of Mastodon and became the largest Mastodon node in July 2019. Gab's adoption of Mastodon allowed Gab to be accessed from third-party Mastodon applications, although four of them blocked Gab shortly after the change. In response, Mastodon's main contributors stated in their blog that they were "completely opposed to Gab's project and philosophy", and criticized Gab for attempting "to monetize and platform racist content while hiding behind the banner of free speech" and for "paywalling basic features that are freely available on Mastodon".

In October 2019, the Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corporation released a fork of Mastodon named Civiq.Social.

Tooter is an Indian social networking product launched in September 2020. Tooter is forked (derived) from the main branch of Mastodon software.

In October 2021, former US President Donald Trump founded Truth Social, which is based on Mastodon. Initially, Truth Social did not make its source code available, violating Mastodon's AGPLv3 license. Eugen Rochko sent a formal letter to Truth Social's chief legal officer on 26 October 2021. On 12 November 2021, Truth Social published its source code.

Security

While Mastodon's decentralized structure is one of its most distinctive features, it also poses additional security challenges.

Since many Mastodon instances are run by volunteers, some security experts are concerned about data security and responsiveness to new threats (like high-severity vulnerabilities) considering the difficulty of configuring and maintaining servers as well as uneven skill level among administrators. Errors in instance configuration and security bugs in server implementation has already led to user data being scraped or changed by attackers. It is worth noting that Mastodon collects considerably less personal data, compared to other social media platforms which makes it a lower-value target and potential losses less significant.

Volunteer-run instances may not have resources to deal with DDoS attacks the same way the centralized platforms do. This susceptibility could potentially be used as a way to silence political voices.

Eugen Rochko argues that these issues do not set it apart from other software products that can be hosted by non-professionals.

In 2023, the Mozilla Foundation contracted with Cure53 to perform penetration testing on the Mastodon software, in preparation for establishing an instance for the Mozilla community. The testing discovered several vulnerabilities, including one called "TootRoot" that would have enabled arbitrary code execution and another that would have enabled cross-site scripting attacks through oEmbed cards. These vulnerabilities were patched in July 2023.

Another issue can be content moderation. While Mastodon instances can limit or filter out undesirable types of content, a large-scale harassment and misinformation campaign may require active moderation.

Funding
Mastodon is crowdfunded and does not contain ads; as of November 2022, it was supported by 3,500 people. Since 2021 it has been registered in Germany as a nonprofit organization ().

See also

Notes

References

External links

2016 software
Articles containing video clips
Companies based in Thuringia
Fediverse
Free and open-source software
Free software programmed in Ruby
Free software websites
Microblogging software
Social media
Social networking services
Software using the GNU AGPL license
Web applications

Mastodon (social network)


Idia was the mother of Esigie, who reigned as Oba (king) of the Edo people from 1504 to 1550. Historians do know that Idia was alive during the Idah war (1515 – 1516) because she played a role that led to a great Benin victory. It has been argued that Idia, therefore, was the true power behind the throne of her son. She played a significant role in the rise and reign of her son, being described as a great warrior who fought relentlessly before and during her son's reign as the Oba (king) of the Edo people. Queen Idia was instrumental in securing the title of Oba for her son Esigie following the death of his father Oba Ozolua. To that end, she raised an army to fight off his brother Arhuaran who was supposed to be the Oba by right and tradition but was subsequently defeated in battle. Esigie's mother became the 17th Oba of Benin.

Idia first entered the royal household because Ozolua, the Oba from 1483 until 1514 saw her dance, and after the dance, he wanted to make Idia, his wife. Idia and Oba Ozolua were married sometime before 1504, but historians are not positive about the exact date. As a result, Idia's parents helped prepare her for her future life in the palace by giving her certain medical herbs. She was known to be very intelligent because she was able to retrieve the throne for her son, and she was also able to protect her son from his enemies such as Arualan (Esigie's step-brother).

Another interesting concept Idia was known for was her "womb of orhue"—a phrase that meant that her womb defied the odds. These odds were that her son, Esigie, was not first in line for the throne, rather Esigie was originally third in line for the throne. Although in the end, and against the odds, Esigie became the Oba. Ogidogbo, the first in line for the throne as Oba, became illegitimate for the throne because he was crippled due to playing with his brothers, Arualan and Esigie. The people of Benin thought that Idia had planned this because Idia was known to possess magical powers. This also shows how the people of Benin thought that she was able to both wreak havoc and create havoc. This resulted in Arualan being next in line for the throne, but he saw Esigie as a threat. Consequently, Esigie wanted to assassinate his brother. Arualan saw Esigie as a threat because of his mother Idia. Although, the only reason Aruanran did not assassinate his brother was because he knew that Esigie's mother, Idia, had the skill of magical arts, while Arualan did not. There have been many representations of Queen Idia because Queen Idia represented a key part of Benin's imperial courtly culture. Also, Idia was so influential because of her determination. Overall, Idia was described as a strong-willed, beautiful, intelligent, and wise woman.

Esigie instituted the title of iyoba (queen mother) and conferred it on his mother, along with Eguae-Iyoba (Palace of the Queen Mother).  Queen Idia became more popular when it was decided that her face should be used as a sculpture to represent a Nigerian Festival FESTAC '77, that was how the face of the Queen Mother came into art till the present date. She was supposed to be killed after the crowning of her son as the Oba, according to the then tradition but her son Esigie secretly took her to hide in a room that was to be entered by only those authorized to do so, he did this in order to protect her from being killed and it worked until he was able to make changes to the tradition which canceled that law after that Queen Idia returned freely to the palace and ruled together with her son helping him fight spiritually and physically over his enemies which helped him during look is reign as Oba, before she died, she trained her son's wife in her ways so her departure would be met unnoticed, with this one might be able to say that she is a beautiful art to be studied.

Victory over Igala people

Subsequently, the neighboring Igala people sent warriors across the Benue River to wrest control of Benin's northern territories. Esigie conquered the Igala, reestablishing the unity and military strength of the kingdom. His mother Idia received much of the credit for these victories as her political counsel, together with her magical powers and medicinal knowledge, were viewed as critical elements of Esigie's success on the battlefield.

Representations of Queen Idia
The representations of Queen Idia comprise a group of commemorative heads from medieval Benin that represents Queen Idia, mother of Oba Esigie (r. 1504-1550), made during the early sixteenth century at the Benin court. The representations of Queen Idia discussed here include the Bronze Head of Queen Idia (British Museum in London), a pendant ivory mask of Queen Idia (Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York), and finally an ivory mask of Queen Idia (British Museum in London).

Several artistic representations of Idia were looted from Benin City during the British Benin Expedition of 1897, and are now held in museums around the world. Alongside other Benin Bronzes, they have been the subject of calls for their repatriation.

A Queen Idia ivory mask held in the British Museum became the symbol of the Second World Black and African Festival of Art and Culture FESTAC held in Nigeria in 1977.

In Eddie Ugbomah's 1979 film The Mask, the Nigerian hero steals a Queen Idia mask back from the British Museum.

The imagined childhood of Queen Idia is the focus of an award-winning children's book titled Idia of the Benin Kingdom written by Ekiuwa Aire.

Brass heads
The Brass Heads of Queen Idia are a group of four commemorative brass heads from medieval Benin that represents Idia, mother of Oba Esigie, made during the early sixteenth century at the Benin court. The four cast brass heads of the queen are known and are currently in the collections of the British Museum in London, the World Museum in Liverpool (accession number 22.214.171.124.), the Nigerian National Museum in Lagos, and the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. It is important to note that although these are commonly called "Bronze Heads" because the composition of metalwork from Benin were initially thought to be bronze, and were only later identified as brass; therefore a more accurate description is the "Brass Heads" of Queen Idia. These brass heads are among the many Benin works of art that entered the European art market after the invasion of the British, an event known as the Benin Expedition of 1897.

The brass heads were made using the lost wax casting technique in the early sixteenth century. The image located at the British Museum is a realistic representation of a young woman from the Benin court, who wears a high pointed ukpe-okhue crown of lattice-shaped red coral beads. The hairstyle is referred to as a "parrot's beak" hairstyle and was only allowed to be worn by the Iyoba and the major war chief. Above and between the eyes are two bands that were inset with iron. These reflect the oral tale of how Idia came to be the Iyoba; the tale states that an oracle had told Idia to place medicine on two incisions above her eyes in order to prevent the Oba Ozolua from picking her for his wife. Oba Ozolua then went on to defeat the oracle's premonitions and Idia became the mother of Oba Esigie. When Oba Esigie commissioned these brass heads to be made and placed in Idia's memorial palace, he ensured that they had these incisions in order to honor how Idia came to be the first Iyoba of Benin. Above each eyebrow are engraved four cicatrices. The sophisticated technique and design of the four heads suggest that they were made in the early sixteenth century, commissioned by Idia's son Oba Esigie, and created by the imperial guild of brass-casters that was founded by the previous Oba, Oba Ogolua. Queen Idia played an instrumental role in her son's successful military campaigns against neighboring tribes and factions. After her death, Oba Esigie ordered dedicatory heads of the queen to be made, to be placed in front of altars or in the Queen Mother's palace. The heads were designed to honor her military achievements and ceremonial power.

The British Museum head was presented to the museum by Sir William Ingram in 1897.

Ivory masks

Ivory masks

Idia's face is one of the most well-known faces of African royal women. There are two extant masks of Queen Idia that are made from ivory. One is located in the British Museum while the pendant ivory mask is located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. These two ivory masks are almost identical to the each other, and both of these masks were made around the 16th century. The Benin ivory mask is about nine inches tall and five inches wide. Ivory masks were usually carved freehanded with a chisel and a file without a design to follow. Obas paid homage to the queen mothers by wearing carved ivory pendant masks of the Iyoba to ward off bad spirits. The function of these  ivory masks was to commemorate Iyoba Idia, and the piece was to appear at an altar dedicated to her. Also, Oba Esigie wore these masks during ceremonies. They were commissioned by Oba Esigie, her son. Historians are able to identify that it is indeed Queen Idia depicted in these masks because of the two parallel lines down her forehead between her eyebrows, represented here with two pieces of inlaid iron. Some have thought that the two parallel lines down Idia's face were thought to be where she held her magical powers; however, there is an alternate explanation for this. The two parallel lines down Queen Idia's face were caused by her parents because they did not want her to become Oba Ozolua's wife. They were advised in an oracle that they needed to scar her face to make her less beautiful so that Ozolua would not marry her. Also, her parents had medicinal potions placed within her scars by the divine physician in Benin. These medicinal potions were to assure that Oba Ozolua would stay away. This in the end did not work to repel Oba Ozolua: he sensed that something was wrong with Idia, but was quick enough to realize that she had been scarred and poisoned, so he was able to neutralize the medicine.

The crown on both of the ivory masks of Idia displays Portuguese soldiers. To the Benin culture, the Portuguese arrival from the seas with great amounts of wealth made them people of the spirit realm who came to bring wealth and power to the oba. This depiction shows the importance of the presence of the European soldiers. The white of the ivory represents purity and is associated with the god of the sea, Olokun. Olokun's wealth and fertility is the counterpart to the oba. Ivory became Benin's main commerce commodity following the arrival of Portuguese traders who bought ivory in Benin. Also, along the crown of the mask there are the air-breathing mudfish, Clarias anguillaris, which lived on both land and in the sea, representing the duality of the oba's humanity and godhood. Overall, the crown represents both the human and the divine. The Benin ivory mask of Queen Idia illustrates Benin's culture and also represents Queen Idia's formidable character. These masks are also important as an illustration of the physical appearance and presence of Queen Idia. The only significant variation between the two masks is the differently designed collars: The Benin ivory mask has an intricate pattern as a collar, while the pendant ivory mask has the design of Portuguese soldiers. The Benin ivory mask is in better condition in comparison to the pendant ivory mask.

See also

 Benin Bronzes
 Benin Ivory Mask
 Bronze Head from Ife

References

 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History

External links
 Bronze commemorative head of Queen Idia held by the British Museum
 Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Pendant Mask: Iyoba, 16th century

16th-century Nigerian women
16th-century African people
African queen mothers
African women in war
Nigerian women in politics
Women in 16th-century warfare
History of women in Nigeria
Edo history

Idia


Graham John Filby (born 29 May 1970) is a South African professional darts player.

Career
Filby won three matches in reaching the final of the South African qualifier for the 2014 PDC World Championship, where he lost 9–3 against Devon Petersen. In June 2014, Filby and Petersen teamed up to represent South Africa at the World Cup of Darts. They averaged 97.40 in a doubles match 5–3 win over Germany in the first round and then beat Singapore to face the number one seeds of Phil Taylor and Adrian Lewis in the quarter-finals. Petersen lost 4–3 to Taylor, meaning Filby had to win his match against Lewis to send the tie into a deciding doubles contest, but he was beaten 4–2.

Filby entered PDC Qualifying School in 2015 and, despite reaching the last 32 on the first day, he could not advance past the last 128 in the last three days to fall short of earning a tour card. At the World Cup, Filby and Petersen survived a match dart from Finland to win 5–4 before losing their singles matches against Michael van Gerwen and Raymond van Barneveld of the Netherlands in the second round. In the 2016 event they were defeated 5–1 by Singapore.

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
People from Beaufort West
South African darts players
White South African people
Professional Darts Corporation associate players
PDC World Cup of Darts South African team
Sportspeople from the Western Cape

Graham Filby


Smith Bay is an estuary in the Beaufort Sea that supports a wide range of fish, birds, and marine mammals. It is located northeast of Point Barrow, Alaska. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management recognizes the southeastern portion of Barrow Canyon, which covers some, but not all, of Smith Bay, as an Environmentally Important Area.

Geography
Approximately 150 miles west of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, Smith Bay stretches from Dease Inlet, Alaska to Cape Halkett, Alaska. Bordered by barrier islands that separate the shallow, brackish waters from the Beaufort Sea, several slow-moving rivers flow into this region. Along with its adjacent waters, Smith Bay is a shallow-water estuary.

Fauna
Smith Bay is a significant hotspot for pinnipeds. The nearshore areas are important habitat for ringed seals that come to the landfast ice during the winter and spring to give birth.

Polar bears and bowhead whales rely on Smith Bay for important foraging habitat. Polar bears have been observed using Smith Bay as a major maternal denning area to raise their young.

Many species of birds, including yellow-billed loons, king eiders, Arctic terns, black-legged kittiwakes, glaucous and Sabine's gulls, king eiders, long-tailed ducks, and red phalaropes, are found in Smith Bay.

Oil discovery
There is a known oil seep at Cape Simpson on the western side of Smith Bay. In 2015 and 2016, Caelus Energy Alaska drilled two exploration wells in the southern part of the bay. In October 2016, the company announced what it called a major oil discovery in the bay and said it would drill a third well in January 2018 and proceed with permitting a pipeline afterwards. A pipeline under the Chukchi Sea or a pipeline on land close to "Qupaluk" ("small bird" in the Inupiaq language) would be required, threatening the habitat of at least 30,000 migratory birds.

References

Further reading
What We Can Learn From Remarkable Smith Bay

Bays of Alaska

Smith Bay


The Daily Siftings Herald was a daily newspaper serving Arkadelphia in southern Arkansas, United States. It was owned by Donrey Media from 1986 to 1999, when it sold the paper to newspaper investor Rupert Phillips' Better Built Media Group. In 2004, Better Built sold several papers to HarborPoint Media, a company backed by the private equity firm Sandler Capital Management. Liberty Group Publishing (now GateHouse Media) the paper's last owners, acquired several papers from Better Built in 2005. The Daily Siftings Herald was closed on September 15, 2018, due to declining subscribers and increasing operational costs.

Early in his career as a journalist and advertising executive, Arkansas State Representative Andy Mayberry was a sports editor for The Daily Siftings Herald.

References

External links

 Arkadelphia Siftings Herald (2018) from the Wayback Machine
 GateHouse Media

Newspapers published in Arkansas
Clark County, Arkansas
Arkadelphia, Arkansas

The Daily Siftings Herald


A ratio between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (":") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in ).

For example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as "20 to 500"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as "100 to 300 to 25").

The first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units.

Ratios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 pupils. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 pupils. That means that for each teacher there are 25 pupils, or alternatively, the teacher-to-pupil ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio.

Related page

 Dimensionless quantity
 Golden ratio
 Scale (ratio)
 Surface area to volume ratio

References

mathematics

Ratio


The Imperial Towers of Ontario were six of the earliest lighthouses built on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, all constructed primarily of stone, by the Province of Canada. The origin of the designation Imperial is not certain, but some historians speculate that because the towers were public construction built under the colonial administration while Canada was a self-governing colony of Britain, the name would assure at least some funding from the British Empire's Board of Trade.

All were built at a time when commercial shipping traffic was increasing on the Great Lakes between Canada and the U.S. because of new trade agreements and the opening of the Sault Ste. Marie Canal locks in 1855. The settlement of the  Bruce Peninsula was already well underway at the time, also making the lighthouses timely as navigational aids for the boats and ships. All are currently operating as automated lights.

History
In 1855, John Brown, a builder from Thorold, Ontario, was contracted to build eleven lighthouses and keepers' dwellings on Lake Huron and Georgian Bay between Point Clark and Christian Bay.

Eventually, only six of the towers were completed.
These were:
 Point Clark Lighthouse
 Chantry Island Lightstation Tower
 Cove Island Light
 Nottawasaga Island Light
 Griffith Island Light  This light was originally contracted to be built on Point William 10 nautical miles SE of Griffiths Island.
 Christian Island Light

All six were built between 1855 and 1859 and all were lit by 1859; for the most part, their construction was simultaneous and the design virtually identical, although the Christian Island Light is not as tall as the others. Cove Island was the first to be lit, on October 30, 1858; construction on Christian Island was the first to be started but this Light was the last to be lit, on May 1, 1859. (The projects cancelled were to be at White Fish Island, Mississagi Strait, Isle St. Joseph, Clapperton Island and Badgley Island.)

The locations of the towers were chosen based on known traffic patterns; each tower marked a prominent navigational hazard which was already well-recognized.  Sites were also chosen based on their proximity to good anchorages. The projects cancelled were to be at White Fish Island, Mississagi Strait, Isle St. Joseph, Clapperton Island and Badgley Island.

Construction
Construction of the lights was plagued by difficulties. Brown lost four full supply boats, all of which sank before reaching their destinations and unloading. More supplies were lost from being swept overboard during storms and rough seas. Furthermore, delivery of the lighting apparatus for each tower was delayed by competing demand from lighthouse expansion in the United States and a bottleneck in the delivery of the lenses. The Fresnel lenses were made by the Louis Sautter Company of Paris and installed by specialist workmen from France. The most powerful (second-order) lenses were used at Point Clark, Chantry, Cove and Nottawasaga Island.

Consequently, Brown was facing bankruptcy by 1857, and petitioned the provincial government for assistance.  Presumably, the government responded favorably since he completed all six and remained in business until his death. By 1859 all six towers were lit. The final cost was approximately $223,000, a massive sum in that era.

Description

Only minor variations exist in the design of the six towers, as was required for the different building sites. They are all  tall, with the exception of Christian Island, a  tower.   The rock courses at the bottom of the towers reach some seven feet thick, and the walls at ground level are six feet thick, tapering towards two feet thickness at the top.  Though the lighthouses are conical, their interior diameter is 10'6'' throughout.

The towers and dwellings are constructed of limestone, with a granite section near the top of the tower for extra rigidity to support the lantern rooms. Most other lighthouses of the era were built of brick, wood, iron or concrete. The lanterns are made of copper alloys, glass, and cast iron.

The towers are whitewashed and painted with red trim.  Each was initially equipped with a Fresnel lens; they were the first Canadian lighthouses so equipped.

According to the Heritage Character Statement from the Government of Canada (for the nearly identical Chantry Island light), the design is very strong and somewhat ornate.

, all six towers are still standing and are functioning as automated lights. Three have been extensively restored. However, Griffith (on a private island), and especially Nottawasaga, are deteriorating due to lack of maintenance. A fund raising effort is underway to restore the Nottawasaga light but more funds will be required. The Christian Island light, located on Beausoleil First Nation lands, also requires restoration.

Other Imperial lighthouses in Canada
Other Imperial Lights were built in the 1860s usually of rock shipped from Scotland, at Lotbinière, Quebec (1860); Pointe-aux-Trembles, Quebec (1862); L'Islet, Quebec (1865); Port St. Francis, Quebec on Lake St. Peter (1865); Isle aux Prunes opposite Verchères, Quebec (1866); and a movable lighthouse at Isle aux Raisins, Quebec (1867). Four towers were built along the approaches to the Saint Lawrence: at :fr:Cap-des-Rosiers on the Gaspe peninsula; in the Strait of Belle Isle; at Pointe Amour near L'Anse Amour on the Labrador coast; and at West Point on Anticosti Island. Other imperial towers are Mohawk Island (Gull Island),  Lake Erie, built in 1848 by John Brown and Government historians list Bois Blanc near Amherstburg Ont built before that as also being an imperial tower.

The imperial towers were originally spelt with a small "i" and this is the definition of an imperial tower -
Webster's Dictionary 1904-1951.
imperial : In architecture, designating a form of dome or roof, as used in a Moorish buildings.
imperial: In architecture, a kind of dome which viewed in profile, pointed toward the top and widens as it descends, as in Moorish buildings; an imperial dome.

Sources
 Sapulski, Wayne;  |The Imperial Towers of Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, 1996
 Berger, T. & Dempster, D.; Lighthouses of the Great Lakes;  Voyageur 2002
 Crompton, W. & Rhein, M. The Ultimate Book of Lighthouses; Thunder Bay 2003
 Weaver, H.; John Brown's Imperial Towers: End of an Era; Inland Sea; 1992
 Wright, Larry Articles and Great Lakes Lighthouse Encyclopedia -

See also
 History of Lighthouses in Canada
 List of lighthouses in Ontario
 List of lighthouses in Canada
 Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act

References

 History of Lighthouses in Canada

Lighthouses in Ontario

Imperial Towers


'03 Bonnie & Clyde is a single by rapper Jay-Z, featuring American singer and songwriter Beyoncé. It was taken from his ninth studio album The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse (2002) and can also be found on the international editions of Beyoncé's first solo album Dangerously in Love. Released in 2002, the song reached number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It was Jay-Z's second top ten single and Beyoncé's first top ten single as a solo artist. It also reached number two in the United Kingdom. The single is notable for causing drama between Jay-Z and Toni Braxton over what she said was a stolen sample. Jay-Z had to work with Suge Knight to secure the rights to cover this song from Tupac Shakur, because he made the original version of the song, which was called "Me and My Girlfriend". "Me and My Girlfriend" was on his 1996 classic The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory. Jay-Z also referenced this in his song "All I Need" from The Blueprint.

Music video
The music video for the song, which was directed by Chris Robinson, was nominated for "Best Hip-Hop Video" at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. However, it lost to Missy Elliott's "Work It." The name of the song is a reference to Eminem's song "'97 Bonnie and Clyde".

There is a changed version of it called "Bonnie & Clyde '03" which has many of Beyoncé's vocals rather than Jay-Z's. It is included in her "Dangerously In Love" CD.

Official versions
 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Clean version for the radio)
 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Instrumental)
 "'03 Bonnie & Clyde" (Radio E)

References

2002 songs
Beyoncé songs
Jay-Z songs
Hip hop songs
Rap songs
R&B songs

'03 Bonnie & Clyde


A Woman Drinking with Two Men is a 1658 painting by Pieter de Hooch, an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the National Gallery, London.

The painting was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1908, who wrote:183. GIRL WITH TWO CAVALIERS (or, Interior of a Dutch House). Sm. 49.; de G. 37.  This painting is Hooch's transformation of Ter Borsch's painting, Gallant Conversation. At a table by a broad double window, to the left of a room with wooden rafters and a pavement or black and white tiles, sit two gentlemen. One, at the farther side of the table, faces the spectator; he wears a hat, and with smiling face holds a pipe in each hand in the attitude of a fiddler. The other, seated before the table in profile to the left, holds his plumed hat on his knee, with his right hand above it. He looks at a girl, with her back to the spectator, who stands close to the window. She holds up a glass of wine in her right hand, as if she were about to give it to the cavalier with the pipes. A servant-girl comes from the right with a pan of burning peat. Behind her is a chimney-piece with two pilasters, above which hangs a large figure-piece. Between the chimney-piece and the window to the left is a map. Signed "P. D. H."; canvas, 29 inches by 25 inches. Mentioned by Waagen (i. 403) in the collection of Sir Robert Peel; and by Ch. Blanc, Le Tresor de la Curiosité (ii. 220).

Sales:
 Seb. Heemskerck, in Amsterdam, March 31, 1749 (Hoet, ii. 251) No. 189 (70 florins).
 Van Leyden, Paris, September 10, 1804 (5500 francs, Paillet).
 Afterwards in the Pourtales collection, in Paris, which was purchased by Smith and Emmerson in 1826; * sold by them to Sir Robert Peel, Bart.
 Purchased for the nation in 1871 with the rest of the Peel collection.
Now in the National Gallery in London, No. 834 in the 1906 catalogue.

See also
 List of paintings by Pieter de Hooch

References

External links
 A Woman Drinking with Two Men on the museum website
Woman drinking with two men in an interior, ca. 1658

Paintings by Pieter de Hooch
1658 paintings
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Food and drink paintings
Maps in art
Early modern Netherlandish cartography

A Woman Drinking with Two Men