The de Young Museum, formally the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, is a fine arts museum located in San Francisco, California. Located in Golden Gate Park, it is a component of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, along with the Legion of Honor. The de Young is named for early San Francisco newspaperman M. H. de Young.

The museum is accessible via public transit on the N Judah Metro line. The westbound 9th Avenue and Irving station is located about 0.5 miles from the De Young. The 44 O'Shaughnessy Muni bus and the Golden Gate Park Free Shuttle stop at the museum's entrance.

Attendance
The museum received 797,444 visitors in 2022, up 102 percent from  2021. In 2022 it ranked sixteenth in the List of most-visited museums in the United States, and was 68th in the List of most-visited art museums in the world.

History

The museum opened in 1895 in one of the buildings originally constructed for the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 (a fair modeled on the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition of the previous year). It was housed in an Egyptian revival structure which had been the Fine Arts Building at the fair. The building was badly damaged in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and was closed for a year and a half for repairs. Before long, the museum's steady development called for a new space to better serve its growing audiences. Michael de Young responded by planning the building that would serve as the core of the de Young facility through the 20th century. Louis Christian Mullgardt, the coordinator for architecture for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, designed the Spanish-Plateresque-style building. The new structure was completed in 1919 and formally transferred by de Young to the city's park commissioners. In 1921, de Young added a central section, together with a tower that would become the museum's signature feature, and the museum began to assume the basic configuration that it retained until 2000. De Young's efforts were honored with the changing of the museum's name to the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum. Another addition, a west wing, was completed in 1925, the year de Young died. In 1929 the original Egyptian-style building was declared unsafe and demolished.

By 1949, the elaborate cast concrete ornamentation of the original de Young was determined to be a hazard and removed because the salt air from the Pacific had rusted the supporting steel.

As part of the agreement that created the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in 1972, the de Young's collection of European art was sent to the Legion of Honor. In compensation, the de Young received the right to display the bulk of the organization's anthropological holdings. These include significant pre-Hispanic works from Teotihuacan and Peru, as well as indigenous tribal art from sub-Saharan Africa. The building was severely damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. It in turn was demolished and replaced by a new building, which opened in 2005. The only remaining original elements of the old de Young are the vases and sphinxes located near the Pool of Enchantment. The palm trees in front of the building are also original to the site.

Collections

The de Young showcases American art from the 17th through the 21st centuries, international contemporary art, textiles, and costumes, and art from the Americas, Oceania, and Africa. Collections on view at the de Young Museum include: American Art, African Art, Oceanic Art, Arts of the Americas, Costume and Textile Arts, Graphic Arts, Photography and Sculpture. Some of the collection is accessible online on the museum website and Google Arts and Culture.

American
The American art collection consists of over 5,000 objects including 1,000 paintings, 800 sculptures, and 3,000 decorative arts objects. It includes works ranging from 1670 to the present day.

In 1978, the American art collections were transformed by the decision of John D. Rockefeller III and Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller to donate their renowned collection of 110 paintings, 29 drawings, and 2 sculptures to the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

The de Young's chronological survey of American art includes galleries devoted to art in the following areas: Native American and Spanish Colonial; Anglo-Colonial; Federal era art and Neoclassical; Victorian genre and realism; trompe-l'œil still life; the Hudson River School, Barbizon, and Tonalism; Impressionism and the Ashcan School; Arts and Crafts; Modernism; Social Realism and American Scene; Surrealism and Abstraction; Beat, Pop, and Figurative; and Contemporary.

Although the permanent collection is national in scope, art made in California from the Gold Rush era to the present day is also on display in the de Young. Important California collections with national significance include examples of Spanish colonial, Arts and Crafts, and Bay Area Figurative and Assemblage art. Important among them are the most significant museum collections of works by Bay Area painter Chiura Obata and sculptor Ruth Asawa.

The permanent collection galleries integrate decorative arts objects with paintings and sculptures, emphasizing the artistic, social, and political context for the works on display. While essentially chronological, the installation also juxtaposes works from different cultures and time periods to emphasize the historical connections between works in the collection. Painters with paintings in this art museum include; Mary Cassatt,  John Singleton Copley, John Vanderlyn, Thomas Cole (Prometheus Bound), Thomas Hill, Thomas Wood (Newspaper Vendor), Samuel Brookes, John Peto, Childe Hassam, Edmund C. Tarbell (The Blue Veil), George Hitchcock,Louise Nevelson, Maynard Dixon, Otis Oldfield, Georgia O'Keeffe, Granville Redmond, Elizabeth Catlett Thomas Hart Benton (Susannah and the Elders), Pat Steir, David Park, Betye Saar, Kiki Smith, Richard Diebenkorn, Mel Ramos, Beth Lipman, Wayne Thiebaud, and Mary Lovelace O'Neal.

In January 2017, the institution announced a significant new addition to its collection of American Art through the acquisition of 62 works by 22 contemporary African American Arts, including Thornton Dial's Blood And Meat: Survival For the World (1992) and Lost Cows (2000-1), Joe Light's Dawn (1988), Jessie T. Pettway's Bars and String-Pierced Columns (1950s), Lonnie Holley's Him and Her Hold the Root (1994) and Joe Minter's Camel at the Watering Hole (1995) The works were first exhibited in Revelations: Art from the African American South in 2018[12]. and subsequently in the museum's permanent collection galleries dedicated to Modern and Contemporary American Art.

In July 2023, the Fine Arts Museums announced the promised gift by Bernard and Barbro Osher of 61 works of American Art to the museums' collection. ARTNews reported that the gift included works by  well-known American artists like Georgia O'Keeffe, Winslow Homer, John Singer Sargent, Charles Sheeler, and Alexander Calder. They figure alongside lesser-known ones like Boston School painter William McGregor Paxton, the influential artist-teacher Frank Vincent DuMond, and the American Impressionists Edward Henry Potthast, Frederick Carl Frieseke, and Richard Edward Miller.

The de Young Open
In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, director CEO Thomas Campbell announced that the de Young Museum would host an open-call exhibition for "all Bay Area artists." Alta magazine called it "an exhibition of immense scale, inherent complexity, and straightforward generosity."[22] The response to The de Young Open went well beyond the few hundred submissions curators expected. Instead, some 6,000 artists sent in 11,500 works. 877 works were selected and although the museum did not act as an intermediary, all of the works were available for sale.[23]  In 2023, the de Young announced that the de Young Open would become a triennial. "The works included in the exhibition will be selected by an anonymous jury of Bay Area artists and curators. Jurors review submissions exclusively from digital files without any identifying information about the artist. Inclusion in the exhibition is decided on merit alone…Artworks chosen for this year's de Young Open will be displayed from floor-to-ceiling, "salon-style," in the museum's Herbst Exhibition Galleries from Sept. 30, 2023, to Jan. 21, 2024."

Archives of American Art
Since 1991, the American Art Department has housed a set of the Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art microfilm collection. In conjunction with the Bothin Library and department research files, the American Art Study Center is the most important research center for American art on the West Coast.

International contemporary
In 1988, the Fine Arts Museums made a commitment to collect international contemporary art. In addition to works in traditional media, this commitment has expanded the museums' holdings of works in new or multiple media––including installation and conceptual works, video and other time-based media, and photography and other lens-based media––to more accurately reflect contemporary art practice.

Contemporary acquisitions include Wall of Light Horizon (2005), by Sean Scully and signature sculptures by Zhan Wang and Cornelia Parker. The strength of the collection lies in artists associated with California, including
Piotr Abraszewski, Christopher Brown, Squeak Carnwath, Jim Christensen, Robert Colescott, Hung Liu, Bruce Nauman, Rachel Neubauer, Ed Ruscha and Masami Teraoka.

Lens-based and time-based media works include those by Nigel Poor, Catherine Wagner, Rebeca Bollinger, Alan Rath, the Propeller Group, Firelei Baez, Carrie Mae Weems, and Lisa Reihana. The museums have also acquired works by artists such as Anish Kapoor, Odd Nerdrum, Gottfried Helnwein, Doris Salcedo, David Nash, Rose B. Simpson, Barbara Hepworth, Richard Deacon, and Frank Bowling.

With a $1 million grant from the Svane Family Foundation, in 2023 the Fine Arts Museums acquired works by 30 Bay Area artists, including Wesaam Al-Badry, Rupy C. Tut, Woody D. Othello, and Chelsea Ryoko Wong.  The exhibition Crafting Radicality: Bay Area Artists from the Svane Gift, on view at the de Young museum in 2023, displays works from the gift, "captures the local moment, as reported by KQED"

The de Young also organized the first-ever retrospective of Feminist Art pioneer Judy Chicago in 2020, forty years after her landmark installation The Dinner Party (1974–79) made its debut in San Francisco.

Uncanny Valley: Being Human in the Age of AI organized at the de Young in 2021 was the "first major exhibition to unpack this question through a lens of contemporary art and propose new ways of thinking about intelligence, nature, and artifice." FRIEZE magazine named it one of the top 10 exhibitions of the year.

In 2021, the de Young organized artist Hung Liu's solo show, Golden Gate (金門), an exhibition that centered on the immigrant and migrant experience in California.

Kehinde Wiley: An Archaeology of Silence, which was first seen at the 2022 Venice Biennale, opened in February 2023 at the de Young. The US debut of the exhibition was notable for its inclusive, sensitive interpretative approach, spearheaded by FAMSF's Director of Interpretation Jackson Abrams.  A particularly notable aspect was the creation of a "respite room" where visitors could pause after visiting the exhibition.  The presentation also included special programming with community partners, such as workshops on grief.

Textiles and costumes
The Fine Arts Museums' textiles collection boasts more than 13,000 textiles and costumes from around the world. It is one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of its type in the United States. It comprises costume and costume accessories; loom-woven textiles; non-woven fabrics; and objects whose primary decoration is produced through techniques such as beading and embroidery.

The de Young has exhibited fashion since the 1930s, with pieces by Dior, Balenciaga, Madame Grès, Yves Saint Laurent, Chanel, Ralph Rucci, and Kaisik Wong. There are equally compelling collections of 18th and 19th-century European fans, an excellent lace collection, a spectacular group of European ecclesiastical vestments and furnishings, and a growing collection of contemporary wearable art.

In August 2017 The Summer of Love Experience: Art, Fashion, and Rock & Roll marked another highlight at the de Young. The exhibition celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love and featured fashion from the late sixties from the museum's permanent collection and on loan from Bay Area independent designers. The exhibit hosted 270,000 visitors.

In the fall of 2018, the de Young organized Contemporary Muslim Fashions. The exhibition explored Muslim female dress codes from multiple communities, cultures and religious interpretations, starting at the turn of the millennium. It was the first large scale exploration of the topic at an art institution, and included emerging and established designers and artists from Europe, the Middle East, South East Asia and the US. The exhibition will travel to Museum Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt in the spring of 2019.

Africa, Oceania, and the Americas
More than 1,400 stellar examples from the eastern Sudan, the Guinea coast, west and central Africa, eastern and southern Africa, and elsewhere on the continent are included in the Fine Arts Museums' African art collection at the de Young. The African art collection is presented thematically rather than geographically, emphasizing the aesthetic and expressive qualities of the art.

The Oceanic collections were charter collections of the de Young, their nucleus formed in 1894 at the California Midwinter International Exposition in Golden Gate Park. Additional Oceanic works of sculpture, basketry, tapa, ceramics, and lithics have since been acquired, bringing the holdings to more than 3,000. Highlights of the collection include a  housepost from the Iatmul people of the Sepik River in Papua New Guinea, a group of brightly painted carvings used in malanggan ceremonials of New Ireland, a roll of feather money from Nindu Island of Santa Cruz, a fan from the Marquesas Islands of Polynesia, a rare navigation figure from the Caroline Islands of Micronesia, and a selection of powerful wood carvings from the Maori peoples of New Zealand.

The Art of the Americas collections are of national significance to art history, anthropology, and world history, and they have helped establish the de Young as a primary source for cultural research and study. The extensive collection of ancient American and Native American art comprises nearly 2,000 works of art from Meso-America, Central and South America, and the West Coast of North America. Art from cultures indigenous to the American continents was a defining feature of the museum's charter collection and continues to be an area of significant growth. Special galleries are devoted to ancient objects from Mexico, including an outstanding grouping of Teotihuacan murals.

Selected collection highlights

Architecture

The current building was completed by architects Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron and Fong + Chan and opened on October 15, 2005. Structural, civil and geotechnical engineering was provided by Rutherford & Chekene; Arup provided mechanical and electrical engineering. Herzog & de Meuron won the competition in January 1999 beating out other short-listed architects Tadao Ando and Antoine Predock. The terrain and seismic activity in San Francisco posed a challenge for the designers Herzog & de Meuron and principal architects Fong & Chan.  To help withstand future earthquakes, "[the building] can move up to three feet (91 centimeters) due to a system of ball-bearing sliding plates and viscous fluid dampers that absorb kinetic energy and convert it to heat".

A new museum structure located in the middle of an urban park was initially controversial. San Francisco voters twice defeated bond measures that were to fund the new museum project. After the second defeat, the museum itself planned to relocate to a location in the financial district. However, an effort led by generous supporters arose and kept the museum in the Golden Gate Park.

The designers were sensitive to the appearance of the building in its natural setting. Walter Hood, a landscape architect based in Oakland, designed the museum's new gardens. The entire exterior is clad in  of copper, which is expected to eventually oxidize and take on a greenish tone and a distinct texture to echo the nearby eucalyptus trees. In order to further harmonize with the surroundings, shapes were cut into the top to reveal gardens and courtyards where 48 trees had been planted, the giant tree-ferns that form a backdrop for the museum entrance are particularly dramatic. 5.12 acres (20,700 square meters) of new landscaping were planted as well, with 344 transplanted trees and 69 historic boulders. The building is clad with variably perforated and dimpled copper plates, whose patina will slowly change through exposure to the elements. This exterior facade was developed and fabricated by engineers at Zahner.  A 144 ft. (44 m) observation tower allows visitors to see much of Golden Gate Park's Music Concourse (see below) and rises above the Park's treetops, providing a view of the Golden Gate and Marin Headlands.

The twisting 144 foot (44 m) tall tower is a distinctive feature, and can be seen rising above the canopy of Golden Gate Park from many areas of San Francisco. The museum offers a two-floor museum store, free access to the lobby and tower, and a full-service cafe with outdoor seating in the Osher Sculpture Garden.

See also
 List of most-visited art museums
 List of most-visited museums in the United States
 Bouquets to Art, annual floral exhibition based on collections in the museum

Notes

References

Ashmore, Lisa. "San Francisco's New de Young." Architecture Week
Guthrie, Julian. "De Young's Rebirth." San Francisco Chronicle, 15 October 2005.
King, John. "Into The Modern Age." San Francisco Chronicle, 9 October 2005.
Sardar, Zahid. "Painting A New Landscape." San Francisco Chronicle, 9 October 2005, retrieved 22 September 2006.

External links
 Official De Young Museum website
 Critiquethis.us: Photographs of the Herzog & de Meuro building
 Aplust.net: Architectural review by A+T architecture publishers
Virtual tour of the De Young Museum provided by Google Arts & Culture

Art museums and galleries in San Francisco
Golden Gate Park
Institutions accredited by the American Alliance of Museums
Art museums established in 1895
1895 establishments in California
Landmarks in San Francisco
Culture of San Francisco
Museums established in 1895
Mesoamerican art museums in the United States
Buildings and structures completed in 1895
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1895
Demolished buildings and structures in California
World's fair architecture in California
Buildings and structures completed in 2005
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2005
Herzog & de Meuron buildings
Ove Arup buildings and structures
Deconstructivism
Twisted buildings and structures
Postmodern architecture in California
De Young family
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
African art museums in the United States

De Young Museum


Withyham was a railway station on the Three Bridges to Tunbridge Wells Central Line which closed in 1967, a casualty of the Beeching Axe. The station opened on 1 October 1866 and the buildings were designed by Charles Henry Driver. The station building survived the closure and is now a private residence named the "Old Withyham Station"; much of the trackbed as far as Groombridge and Three Bridges are part of the Worth Way and Forest Way cyclepath/footpaths.

History (Staff)

The staff employed at Withyham Station were all appointed on 29 August 1866. They were Mr William Fox, Station Master (previously Station Master, Epsom Downs); William Bell, Assistant Telegraph and Booking Clerk (previously Trainee Signal Clerk at Brighton); Joseph Moore, Porter (previously a Gatekeeper at Lewes) and Charles Farr was the Gatekeeper and Signalman. This later individual had a chequered career having previously been employed as Signalman at Haywards Heath but having been found asleep on duty was  reduced in grade and transferred to Hailsham.

William Bell was to remain at Withyham until his death on 24 September 1872 when Henry Payne took over at Station Master. He was to remain until his retirement on 20 May 1889. William Kent then became Station Master on transfer from Barcombe on 21 May 1889. He remained until he went to Barcombe Mills on 26 Jan 1894. His replacement was George Brook; his staff record shows he was moved from Barcombe Mills to Withyham due to "General Neglect". He clearly failed to heed the message of his superiors because he was removed to Brighton as a Clerk on 10 April 1897 due to "Incompetency". His place was taken by Francis W Baker, appointed as Station Master on 5 April 1897 moving to Falmer on 17 May 1899. Next Edward Vickery, Booking Clerk at Haywards Heath gained promotion as Station Master arriving on 17 May 1899 and leaving to take up the same post at Rotherfield on 24 May 1901. George Crittenden, Booking Clerk at Worthing was the next SM arriving on 24 May 1901.

Reopening
With regard to the possible reopening of the remaining section of the line from Groombridge to Three Bridges, a number of physical obstacles would appear to stand in the way of such action, most notably:

1) A bridge over the B2210 near Ashurst Junction has been removed and the embankment cut back.

2) An industrial site currently occupies the former location of Forest Row railway station as well as a small recycling centre to the west.

3) At Forest Row a bridge over the A22 has been removed and the embankment cut back.

4) The formation has been built across in several places notably in East Grinstead where about one mile of the trackbed from Station Road to the Lewes Road tunnel has been taken over for a relief road (the A22 ironically named Beeching Way after local resident Richard Beeching whose recommendations closed the railway line). As there is no feasible alternative route into the station, this road would need to be reconverted back to rail. Any such action would in all likelihood result in a cut in capacity on an already highly congested road network.

5) The site of Grange Road has disappeared under a small parade of shops as well as housing which block 0.64 miles of the formation.

6) The M23 cuts across the trackbed between Three Bridges and Grange Road

Signal Box

The signalbox that controlled the gates at the level crossing at the western end of the station is now preserved at Sheffield Park station on the Bluebell Railway as part of the new museum.

Gallery

See also

 List of closed railway stations in Britain

References

Disused railway stations in East Sussex
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1967
Beeching closures in England
1866 establishments in England
Charles Henry Driver railway stations
railway station

Withyham railway station


Tales from the Vienna Woods (original Geschichten aus dem Wiener Wald) is the most famous play by Austrian writer Ödön von Horvath. It first performed in 1931 in Berlin. Johann Strauss wrote a piece of music with the same name (which is generally called "Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald"). This is where the title of the piece is from.

German plays
1931 works
1930s plays

Tales from the Vienna Woods


Jos  is a city in the North-Central  region of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The city has a population of about 900,000 residents based on the 2006 census. Popularly called "J-Town", it is the administrative capital and largest city of Plateau State. The city is situated on the Jos Plateau which is embedded in the Guinea Savannah of North-Central Nigeria. It connects most of the North-Eastern capitals to the Federal Capital Territory Abuja by road. Driving in and out of Jos, one is sure to encounter very steep sloppy bends and breathtaking mountainous sceneries which is typical of the plateau landform. The state (Plateau State) was coined from its affiliation to this landform.

During British colonial rule, Jos became an important centre for tin mining when the colonialists discovered huge deposits of cassiterite the main ore for the metal. It is also the trading hub of the state as commercial activities are steadily increasing.

History
The earliest known settlers of the land that would come to be known as Nigeria were the Nok people ( BCE), skilled artisans from around the Jos area who mysteriously vanished in the late first millennium.

According to the historian Sen Luka Gwom Zangabadt, the area known as Jos today was inhabited by indigenous ethnic groups who were mostly farmers. According to Billy J. Dudley, the British colonialists used direct rule for the indigenous ethnic groups on the Jos Plateau since they were not under the Fulani emirates where indirect rule was used. According to the historian Samuel N Nwabara, the Fulani empire controlled most of northern Nigeria, except the Plateau province and the Berom, Ngas, Tiv, Jukun and Idoma ethnic groups. It was the discovery of tin by the British that led to the influx of other ethnic groups such as the Hausa from the north, southeastern Igbo, and Yoruba from the country's southwest. As such, Jos is often recognized as a cosmopolitan Nigerian city.

According to the white paper of the commission of inquiry into the 1894 crisis, Ames, a British colonial administrator, said that the original name for Jos was Gwosh in the Izere language (spoken by the Afusari, the first settlers in the area), which was a village situated at the current site of the city; according to Ames, the Hausa, who arrived there after, wrongly pronounced Gwosh as "Jos" and it stuck. Another version was that "Jos" came from the word "Jasad" meaning body in Arabic. To distinguish it from the hill tops, it was called "Jas", which was mis-pronounced by the British as "Jos". It grew rapidly after the British discovered vast tin deposits in the vicinity. Both tin and columbite were extensively mined in the area up until the 1960s. They were transported by railway to both Port Harcourt and Lagos on the coast, then exported from those ports. Jos is still often referred to as "Tin City". It was made capital of Benue-Plateau State in 1967, and became the capital of the new Plateau State in 1975.
Jos has become an important national administrative, commercial, and tourist centre. Tin mining has led to the influx of migrants (mostly Igbos, Yorubas and Europeans) who constitute more than half of the population of Jos. This "melting pot" of race, ethnicity and religion makes Jos one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Nigeria. For this reason, Plateau State is known in Nigeria as the "home of peace and tourism".

Excellent footage of Jos in 1936 including the tin mines, local people and the colonial population is held by the Cinema Museum in London ref HM0172.

Administrative divisions

The city is divided into 2 local government areas of Jos North and Jos South. The city proper lies between Jos North and parts of Jos South headquartered in Bukuru.

Jos-North

Jos North is the commercial nerve centre of the state as it houses the state's branch of Nigeria's Central Bank and the headquarters' of the commercial banks are mostly located here as well as the currency exchanges along Ahmadu Bello way. Moreso all basic and essential services can be found in Jos North from the Jos Main market (terminus) to Kabong or Rukuba Road satellite market.  Due to the recent communal clashes however a lot of commercial activities are shifting to Jos South. The Gbong Gwom Jos palace and office is located in an area in Jos North called "Jishe" in Berom language. In 1956, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II together with her consort Prince Philip had a weekend stopover to rest at Jishe known at that time as Tudun Wada cottage during her Nigeria tour. Jos North has a significant slum. Jos North is the location of the University of Jos and its teaching hospital at Laminga & the National Commission for Museums and Monuments. The Nigerian Film Institute is also located in Jos-North at British America junction along Murtala Mohammed way. Both the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA) and the Church of Christ in Nations (COCIN) are headquartered in this part of the metropolis.

Jos-South

Jos South is the seat of the Governor i.e. the old Government House in Rayfield and the New Government House in Little Rayfield and the industrial centre of Plateau State due to the presence of industries like the NASCO group of companies, Standard Biscuits, Grand Cereals and Oil Mills, Zuma steel west Africa, aluminium roofing industries, Jos International Breweries among others. Jos South also houses prestigious institutions like the National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), the highest academic awarding institution in Nigeria, the Police Staff College, the NTA television college and the Nigerian Film Corporation. Jos South also houses the prestigious National Centre For Remote Sensing. The city has formed an agglomeration with the town of Bukuru to form the Jos-Bukuru metropolis (JBM). Jos also is the seat of the famous National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), situated in Vom. and the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

Geography and climate
Situated almost at the geographical centre of Nigeria and about  from Abuja, the nation's capital, Jos is linked by road, rail and air to the rest of the country. The city is served by Yakubu Gowon Airport, but its rail connections no longer operate as the only currently operational section of Nigeria's rail network is the western line from Lagos to Kano.

At an altitude of  above sea level, Jos' climate is closer to temperate than that of the vast majority of Nigeria. Average monthly temperatures range from , and from mid-November to late January, night-time temperatures drop as low as . Hail sometimes falls during the rainy season because of the cooler temperatures at high altitudes.  These cooler temperatures have, from colonial times until the present day, made Jos a favourite holiday location for both tourists and expatriates based in Nigeria.

Jos receives about  of rainfall annually, the precipitation arising from both convectional and orographic sources, owing to the location of the city on the Jos Plateau.

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Jos has a tropical savanna climate, abbreviated Aw.

Features

330 Nigerian Air Force station Jos

the 330 Nigerian Air Force station is located in Jos South Local Government area along old airport road. The station boasts blocks of barracks for air personnel, an air strip, a primary school, military secondary school and a hospital which is arguably one of the best in the state.

Jos Wildlife Park

Covering roughly  of savannah bush and established in 1972 under the administration of then Governor of Benue-Plateau Joseph Gomwalk in alliance with a mandate by the then Organisation of African Unity to African heads of state to earmark one third of their landmass to establish conservation areas in each of their countries, It has since then become a major attraction in the state, attracting tourists from within and outside the country. The park has become a home to various species of wildlife including Lions, Rock pythons, marabou storks, Baboons, Honey Badgers, Camels as well as variant flora.

Jos Museum
The National Museum in Jos was founded in 1952 by Bernard Fagg, and was recognized as one of the best in the country. It has unfortunately been left to fall to ruin as is the case with most of the cultural establishments in Nigeria. The Pottery Hall is also a part of the museum that has an exceptional collection of finely crafted pottery from all over Nigeria and boasts some fine specimens of Nok terracotta heads and artifacts dating from 500 BCE to 200 CE. It also incorporates the Museum of Traditional Nigerian Architecture with life-size replicas of a variety of buildings, from the walls of Kano and the Mosque at Zaria to a Tiv village. Articles of interest from colonial times relating to the railway and tin mining can also be found on display. A School for Museum Technicians is attached to the museum, established with the help of UNESCO. The Jos Museum is also located beside the zoo.

 Jos Polo Club
Situated at the end of Joseph Gomwalk Road, the Jos Polo Club is one of the prominent sports institutions in the state.

Jos Stadium
A 40,000 seat capacity located along Farin-Gada road which has become home to the Plateau United Football Club, Current champions of The Nigerian Professional League. Rwang Pam township stadium Jos.

Jos Golf Course
The golf course located in Rayfield, Jos has hosted many golfing competitions with players coming from both within and outside the state.

Other local enterprises include food processing, beer brewing, and the manufacture of cosmetics, soap, rope, jute bags, and furniture. Heavy industry produces cement and asbestos cement, crushed stone, rolled steel, and tire retreads. Jos is also a centre for the construction industry, and has several printing and publishing firms. The Jos-Bukuru dam and reservoir on the Shen River provide water for the city's industries.

Jos is a base for exploring Plateau State. The Shere Hills, seen to the east of Jos, offer a prime view of the city below. Assop Falls is a small waterfall which makes a picnic spot on a drive from Jos to Abuja. Riyom Rock is a dramatic and photogenic pile of rocks balanced precariously on top of one another, with one resembling a clown's hat, observable from the main Jos-Akwanga road.

The city is home to the University of Jos (founded in 1975), St Luke's Cathedral, an airport and a railway station. Jos is served by several teaching hospitals including Bingham University Teaching Hospital and Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), a federal government-funded referral hospital. The Nigerian College of Accountancy, with over 3,000 students in 2011, is based in Kwall, Plateau State.

Notable people

Third Nigerian Republic President-elect MKO Abiola was elected SDP flag bearer in Jos
Yakubu Gowon, Nigeria's second military Head of state & hero of the Nigerian civil war. resides in Jos.
Joseph Gomwalk†, First Governor of Plateau State.
John Dungs†, residence; Rayfield, Jos.
Jonah Jang, residence; Du.
Davou Zang, residence; D. B. Zang junction,  Gyel.
Muhammadu Buhari, President of Nigeria and former GOC 3rd armoured division, of the Nigerian Army, Jos.
Olusegun Obasanjo, ex Nigerian president was interned in the Nigerian Correctional Service, Jos during Sani Abacha's military junta. Obasanjo later won his PDP presidential ticket in Jos Polo Club.
Solomon Lar†, residence beach road Jos.
Michael Botmang†, residence Za'ang.
Jeremiah Gyang, singer & producer based in Jos.
Mabo Ismaila, Former coach of the female National Football Team, the Super Falcons
Segun Odegbami, Nigerian footballer spent his childhood years in Jos
Desmond Elliot, Nigerian actor, director and Member of the Lagos State House of Assembly
Ahmed Musa, Nigerian footballer was born in Jos
Faith Teyei Afan Nigerian Fashion designer was born and raised in Jos
Bez (musician), Nigerian alternative soul singer was born and raised in Jos
Doug Kazé, Nigerian alternative Afro-soul musician was born and raised in Jos
Mikel John Obi, international footballer spent his childhood years in Jos
Ogenyi Onazi, international footballer was born in Jos
Sunday Mba, international footballer had his childhood years in Jos
Joseph Akpala, international footballer was born in Jos
Benedict Akwuegbu, international footballer had his childhood years in Jos
Chibuzor Okonkwo, international footballer was born in Jos
Ice Prince, Nigerian musical artist grew up in Jos
Dayo Okeniyi, actor was born in Jos
M.I, rapper born and raised in Jos
Saint Obi, veteran Nollywood actor kicked off his career in Jos
P-Square, Music duo of identical twin brothers Peter Okoye and Paul Okoye were born and raised in Jos.
Innocent 'Tuface' Idibia Nigerian multi-award-winning musician was born in Jos
Deborah Enilo Ajakaiye (born 1940), Nigerian geophysicist
Sarah Ladipo Manyika (born 7 March 1968), British-Nigerian writer, spent much of her childhood in Lagos and Jos
Tony Elumelu was born in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, in 1963. He hails from Onicha-Ukwu in Aniocha North Local Government Area of Delta State.
Kenneth Gyang, filmmaker that was born in Barkin Ladi of Plateau State, Nigeria.
John Major, former British Prime Minister, worked in the town from 1966 to 1967.

See also

Railway stations in Nigeria

References

External links

Hiking around the hills of Jos

Cities in Nigeria
Populated places established in 1915
Populated places in Plateau State
State capitals in Nigeria

Jos


Augustin Perrault (May 16, 1779 – August 27, 1859) was a woodworker, merchant and political figure in Lower Canada. He represented York in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1820 to 1824.

He was born in Saint-François, the son of Jean-Jacques Perrault and Louise Saint-Onge, and established himself in business in Montreal. Perrault served as lieutenant in the militia during the War of 1812. He participated in the founding of the Merchants Bank in 1846. Perrault did not run for reelection to the assembly in 1824. He served on the municipal council for Montreal from 1835 to 1836. He was married three times: first to Marie-Louise Dubuc in 1805, then to Marie-Catherine-Hélène Parthenais in 1807 and finally to Agathe Gaudry in 1822. Perrault died in Montreal at the age of 80 and was buried in the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.

References

1779 births
1859 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery

Augustin Perrault


Teinturier grapes are grapes whose flesh and juice are red in colour due to anthocyanin pigments accumulating within the pulp of the grape berry itself.  In non-teinturier red grapes, anthocyanin pigments are confined to the outer skin tissue only, and the squeezed grape juice of most dark-skinned grape varieties is clear. The red color of red wine normally comes from anthocyanins extracted from the macerated (crushed) skins, over a period of days during the fermentation process. The name teinturier comes from French, meaning "dyer".

Wines
Teinturier varieties, while containing a lot of color, usually make special wines, perhaps due to a higher level of tannins, compounds structurally related to the anthocyanins. Many winemakers blend small volumes of teinturier juices into their wines, to boost the colour, without dramatically impacting the taste. In addition, with the rise of regular forest fires and the resulting smoke taint risk in winemaking, tenteurier grapes are useful in making red wines even when the juice is pressed immediately without the skins. So a wine made in the rosé style from tenteurier grapes will be red rather than rosé and smoke-free (because smoke taint is present in the skins, not the pulp), no matter how smoky the area is.

Examples

Alicante Bouschet
Alicante Ganzin
Carolina Black Rose
Chambourcin
Colorino
Dunkelfelder
Gamay de Bouze
Golubok
Grand Noir de la Calmette
Karmrahyut
Labelle (grape)
Maréchal Foch
Maroo Seedless
Morrastel Bouschet
Petit Bouschet
Roger's Red
Royalty
Rubired
Salvador
Saperavi
Tannat

References

2. Modern Grapes for the Pacific Northwest, by Kenton Erwin

Red wine grape varieties

Teinturier grape


Dusty the Klepto Kitty was a domestic Snowshoe cat who gained notoriety in early 2011 for his acts of "cat burglary". As of his February 2011 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman, Dusty had stolen 16 car wash mitts, 7 sponges, 213 dish towels, 7 wash cloths, 5 towels, 18 shoes, 73 socks, 100 gloves, 1 pair of mittens, 3 aprons, 40 balls, 4 pairs of underwear, 1 dog collar, 6 rubber toys, 1 blanket, 3 leg warmers, 2 Frisbees, 1 golf club head cover, 1 safety mask, 2 mesh bags, 1 bag of water balloons, 1 pair of pajama pants, 8 bathing suits, and 8 other "miscellaneous" objects.

He earned the nickname Klepto Kitty after bringing home more than 600 items from the gardens he prowled at night. His owners claim that his record spree garnered eleven separate items, and he was once even caught on camera carrying home a bra.

Early years
Born on March 20, 2006, Dusty was a Snowshoe cat who lived in San Mateo, California. He was adopted from the Peninsula Humane Society by Jean Chu and Jim Coleman.

His first two years of life were uneventful but, in 2008, his owners began to notice household objects that did not belong to them appearing in strange places, and they began to suspect that their cat was bringing them home, a suspicion that they were eventually able to confirm.

Notoriety
Although his thievery began in 2008, Dusty didn't really receive notoriety outside of his neighborhood until the Animal Planet show Must Love Cats aired a profile of him in February 2011.  The "Must Love Cats" crew was able to set up a motion-triggered night vision camera and catch Dusty in the act of bringing home his spoils. The Animal Planet report led to a February 14, 2011, story by Vic Lee of KGO-TV of San Francisco, and Dusty's appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman on February 22, 2011.

Cultural relevance
Since his appearances on Letterman and other national news outlets, Dusty became a minor national and international celebrity. He has appeared at many community events in the San Francisco Bay Area and has made appearances on many national and international news outlets. He served as the Grand Marshal of the Redwood City Pet Parade in May 2011 and appeared at a fundraiser for the Peninsula Humane Society in June 2011.

Because of the kitty-cam footage for the Animal Planet documentary, Dusty's behavior became a bonus feature in a three-minute short on the DVD release for the 2011 movie Puss in Boots. It is entitled Klepto Kitty.

Because Dusty was an adoptee from the Peninsula Humane Society animal shelter, he made a celebrity appearance at their annual adopt-a-thon in June, 2011. Some of his unclaimed stolen items were displayed and sold.

To keep his fans up to date with his finds, his owners maintained his Facebook page and provided pictures of the items that Dusty brought home.

See also
 List of individual cats

References

 "RIP 07-15-2006 (adopted) — 03-14-2023". Facebook

Further reading
 Klepto Feline Gives New Meaning to 'Cat' Burglar. ABC News (San Francisco).
 "Klepto Cat" to Make Celebrity Appearance. ABC News (San Francisco).
 The Klepto Kitty | Must Love Cats

2006 animal births
Burglars
Individual cats in the United States
Internet memes about cats
Male mammals

Dusty the Klepto Kitty


Say Goodbye is a 1971 American documentary film about the relationship between humans and nature, directed by David H. Vowell. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

It was narrated by poet Rod McKuen, and sponsored by the Ralston Purina pet foods corporation for its initial broadcast. The theme song, "Say Goodbye," was composed and performed by Dory Previn.

The show depicted the plight of various animal species at the hands of man and his influence. Some segments included the clubbing of seals on the Pribilof Islands, the effect of DDT on brown pelican populations in Texas, and the plight of severely endangered animals.

In one segment, various species were shown, with the narration reciting how many animals were left in the world. Included were black footed ferrets, prairie chickens, and many more. One was the Japanese Crested Ibis. A small flock of the bright white birds was seen from overhead against the backdrop of a beautiful, verdant forest. The narrator said, "there are 11 left in the world; you are seeing eight of them." In the decades since, a Chinese effort to preserve the species has resulted in about a fifteen-fold increase in their population.

References

External links

1971 films
1971 documentary films
American documentary films
The Wolper Organization films
Ralston Purina
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
English-language documentary films

Say Goodbye (film)


Khafre ( ) or Khafra (), also known as Khephren or Chephren ( ; ), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. He was the son of Khufu and the successor of Djedefre.

According to the ancient historian Manetho, Khafre was followed by king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidence he was instead followed by king Menkaure. Khafre was the builder who made the second largest pyramid at Giza. The view held by modern Egyptology at large continues to be that the Great Sphinx of Giza was built in approximately 2500 BC for Khafre. Not much is known about Khafre, except from the reports of Herodotus, writing 2,000 years after his life.

Family

Khafre was a son of king Khufu and the brother and successor of Djedefre. Khafre is thought by some to be the son of Queen Meritites I due to an inscription where he is said to honor her memory.
Kings-wife, his beloved, devoted to Horus, Mertitytes.
King's-wife, his beloved, Mertitytes; beloved of the Favorite of
the Two Goddesses; she who says anything whatsoever and it is done
for her.  Great in the favor of Snefr[u] ; great in the favor
of Khuf[u], devoted to Horus, honored under Khafre. Merti[tyt]es.[Breasted; Ancient Records]
Others argue that the inscription just suggests that this queen died during the reign of Khafre.  Khafre may be a son of Queen Henutsen instead.

Khafre had several wives and he had at least 12 sons and 3 or 4 daughters.
 Queen Meresankh III was the daughter of Kawab and Hetepheres II and thus a niece of Khafre. She was the mother of Khafre's sons Nebemakhet, Duaenre, Niuserre and Khentetka, and a daughter named Shepsetkau.
 Queen Khamerernebty I was the mother of Menkaure and his principal queen Khamerernebty II.
 Hekenuhedjet was a wife of Khafre. She is mentioned in the tomb of her son Sekhemkare.
 Persenet may have been a wife of Khafre based on the location of her tomb. She was the mother of Nikaure.

Other children of Khafre are known, but no mothers have been identified. Further sons include Ankhmare, Akhre, Iunmin, and Iunre. Two more daughters named Rekhetre and Hemetre are known as well.

Reign

There is no agreement on the date of his reign. Some authors say it was between 2558 BC and 2532 BC. While the Turin King List length for his reign is blank, and Manetho exaggerates his reign as 66 years, most scholars believe it was between 24 and 26 years, based upon the date of the Will of Prince Nekure which was carved on the walls of this Prince's mastaba tomb. The will is dated anonymously to the Year of the 12th Count and is assumed to belong to Khafre since Nekure was his son. Khafre's highest year date is the "Year of the 13th occurrence" which is a painted date on the back of a  casing stone belonging to mastaba G 7650. This would imply a reign of 24–25 years for this king if the cattle count was biannual during the Fourth Dynasty.

Pyramid complex

Khafre built the second-largest pyramid at Giza. The Egyptian name of the pyramid was Wer(en)-Khafre which means "Khafre is Great".

The pyramid has a subsidiary pyramid, labeled G2-a. It is not clear who was buried there. Sealings have been found of a King's eldest son of his body etc. and the Horus name of Khafre.

Valley Temple
The valley temple of Khafre was located closer to the Nile and would have stood right next to the Sphinx temple. Inscriptions from the entrance way have been found which mention Hathor and Bubastis. Blocks have been found showing the partial remains of an inscription with the Horus name of Khafre (Weser-ib). Mariette discovered statues of Khafre in 1860. Several were found in a well in the floor and were headless. But other complete statues were found as well.

Mortuary Temple
The mortuary temple was located very close to the pyramid. From the mortuary temple come fragments of maceheads inscribed with Khafre's name as well as some stone vessels.

Great Sphinx and Sphinx temple
The sphinx is said to date to the time of Khafre. This is supported by the proximity of the sphinx to Khafre's pyramid temple complex, and a certain resemblance (despite damage) to the facial structure seen in his statues. The Great Sphinx of Giza may have been carved out as a guardian of Khafre's pyramid, and as a symbol of royal power. It became deified during the time of the New Kingdom.

Khafre in ancient Greek traditions
The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho called Khafre "Sûphis II." and credited him with a rulership of 66 years, but didn't make any further comments about him.

Contrary to modern Egyptologists and archaeological findings, Greek historians Diodorus and Herodotus, writing more than 2,000 years after King Khafre, depicted him as a  tyrant  who had followed his father Khêops on the throne. Herodotus and Diodorus say that Khafre ruled for 56 years.

They describe a king Menkaure (whom they call "Mykerînós") as the follower of Khafre and that this king was the counterpart of his two predecessors: Herodotus describes Menkaure as bringing peace and piety back to Egypt.

Of all the rulers of the Old Kingdom, Khafre is evidenced by the greatest number of statues. Almost all of them come from Giza, partly from the official necropolis there, but mainly from the area around the temple complexes of the Khafre pyramid. In a large hall of the valley temple, 23 depressions have been made in the ground, in which originally life-size statues stood. One of these depressions is wider than the others, there may have been two statues here. It has been suggested that these 24 statues are related to the hours of the day. All of these statues were removed from their location at some point after the reign of Khafre. Auguste Mariette found nine of them during excavations in 1860 (Inv.No. CG 9 to CG 17)[21] and fragments of a tenth (CG 378) [22] in a pit within the valley temple. These statues are now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

References

Further reading
 James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part I, §§ 192, (1906) on 'The Will of Nekure'.

External links

Khefren (Khafre)
Read more and view photos and video of the Pyramid of Khafre at Talking Pyramids

26th-century BC Pharaohs
Pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
3rd-millennium BC births
3rd-millennium BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Place of birth unknown
Children of Khufu

Khafre


Alexander Pirnie (April 16, 1903 – June 12, 1982) was an American Congressman from New York.

Biography
Pirnie was born in Pulaski, New York, on April 16, 1903.  He received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University in 1924 and his law degree from Cornell Law School in 1926.  While at Cornell Pirnie was also a member of the Quill and Dagger Society.  After attaining admission to the bar, Pirnie practiced law in Utica, New York.

In 1924 he was commissioned a second lieutenant of Infantry in the Officers Reserve Corps.  He later transferred to the Judge Advocate General's Corps, and volunteered to serve in Europe during World War II.  Pirnie served as a major on the staff of Theater Service Forces.  He received the Bronze Star Medal for his wartime service, and he continued to serve until retiring as a colonel.  In 1951 he was elected president of the Judge Advocate's Association.  He was a longtime member of the board of visitors at the Judge Advocate General's School.  Pirnie received the Legion of Merit at his 1963 retirement ceremony.

In 1958 Pirnie was a successful Republican candidate for the United States House of Representatives.  He served six terms, 1959 to 1973.  While in Congress, Pirnie was the ranking Republican member of the subcommittee that oversaw the 1969 draft for the Vietnam war.  In this capacity he drew the first of the 366 capsules used to determine draft eligibility.

(The capsules contained birth dates from January 1 to December 31, including February 29, and individuals born on those days were subject to the draft based on the order in which their birth dates were drawn.  The first capsule contained the date September 14, so those born on September 14 were assigned draft number 1.  The last capsule drawn was June 8, and those born on that date were assigned draft number 366.)

Pirnie was a member of the Inter-Parliamentary Union from 1965 to 1982.  After leaving Congress he practiced law in Utica and was president of a Mohawk, New York, clothing company from 1977 to 1980.

In retirement Pirnie resided in Utica.  He died in Canastota, New York, on June 12, 1982.  Pirnie was found behind the wheel of his car on the side of the road, and authorities presumed he had a heart attack and died while driving.  He was buried in Pulaski Village Cemetery.

The federal office building at Utica was named for Congressman Pirnie in 1984.

From 1964 until Pirnie's retirement, Sherwood Boehlert served on his Congressional staff.  Boehlert later served as Oneida County Executive, and was a Member of Congress from 1983 to 2007.

References

External links

Chittenango-Bridgeport Times, Editorial: Al Pirnie, June 16, 1982
Joseph P. Bottini, James L. Davis, Utica, 2007, page 40

1903 births
1982 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Cornell Law School alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Pulaski, New York
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Politicians from Utica, New York
20th-century American politicians
United States Army colonels
United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
United States Army reservists

Alexander Pirnie


Bus () is a 1980 satirical play by Bulgarian playwright Stanislav Stratiev. It premiered at Sofia's Satirical Theatre om March 29, 1980. In 2007, the play was presented at the festival in Avignon, France in the French title of L' Autobus.

Plot
Nine people are traveling on a public bus to the city center, but the bus suddenly deviates from its route. Passengers begin to realize that they will never get to where they are going. Fear, panic and terror turn them into transparent humanoid mass. The play then deals with questions facing humanity as they face their impending doom.

References

1980 plays
Bulgarian plays
Satirical plays

Bus (Bulgarian play)


Leonard B. Meyer (January 12, 1918 – December 30, 2007) was a composer, author, and philosopher. He contributed major works in the fields of aesthetic theory in music, and of compositional analysis.

Career
Meyer studied at Columbia University, where he received a B.A. in Philosophy and an M.A. in Music. He continued at University of Chicago, where he was awarded a Ph.D. in History of Culture in 1954. As a composer, he studied under Stefan Wolpe, Otto Luening, and Aaron Copland. In 1946, he became a member of the music department at the University of Chicago, in 1961 he was appointed professor of music at the University of Chicago and in 1975 professor of music and the humanities at the University of Pennsylvania. He became professor emeritus at Pennsylvania in 1988.

His most influential work, Emotion and Meaning in Music (1956), combined Gestalt Theory and theories by the Pragmatists Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey to try to explain the existence of emotion in music. Peirce had suggested that any regular response to an event developed alongside the understanding of that event's consequences, its "meaning". Dewey extended this to explain that if the response was stopped by an unexpected event, then an emotional response would occur over the event's "meaning". Meyer used this basis to form a theory about music, combining musical expectations in a specific cultural context with emotion and meaning elicited. His work went on to influence theorists both in and outside music, as well as providing a basis for cognitive psychology research into music and our responses to it.

Meyer's 1967 work "Music, the Arts, and Ideas," was influential in defining the transition to postmodernism in light of new works such as George Rochberg's Music for the Magic Theater, which was premiered at the University of Chicago in 1967.<ref>Leonard B. Meyer. Music, the Arts, and Ideas (University of Chicago Press, 1967)</ref>

Other major written works include The Rhythmic Structure of Music (with Grosvenor Cooper, 1960), Explaining Music (1973), and Style and Music: Theory, History, and Ideology'' (1989; paperback reprint ed., 1997).

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

References

External links

 Finding aid to the Leonard B. Meyer papers at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries
Guide to the Leonard B. Meyer Papers 1941-1978 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1918 births
2007 deaths
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century American philosophers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Music psychologists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
University of Chicago faculty
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American musicologists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
University of Chicago alumni

Leonard B. Meyer


Buddy's Trolley Troubles is an American animated short film. It is a Looney Tunes cartoon, featuring Buddy, the second star of the series. It was released on May 5, 1934 and is the third cartoon supervised by Friz Freleng. Musical direction was by Norman Spencer.

Summary
Buddy is a motorman on the urban line: he leaves his home, whistling the tune of the song that he shall sing as he sets out on his run. Creatively employing a piece of his picket fence as a track, he drives his trolley car out of his shed. He stops for a large lady, whom he assists in boarding the car, and starts again before a male passenger can board. The gentleman chases the car, eventually catching up and winning a great deal of money upon dropping five cents.

Once Buddy's car has emptied, he picks up Cookie, which he accomplishes by extending the height of his streetcar by an accordion apparatus underneath the vehicle. Of course, the detour obstructs traffic and attracts the unwelcome attention of an unfriendly traffic officer, who does not allow Buddy to speak. Upon Cookie's defense of Buddy, the officer punches Our Hero in the nose, commanding him to move on. Obeying, Buddy extends an arm-shaped stop signal from his car and drives, the signal knocking the officer on to his face.

Buddy and Cookie continue to ride, and perilously outrun and then avoid a large locomotive. Elsewhere, a prisoner in a striped uniform, ball-and-chain at his ankle, stands in a ditch and hammers at his bounds with a large rock, to no effect. Hearing Buddy's trolley car approaching on the track that runs over the ditch, the prisoner throws his chain over the track & latches on to a branch (failing on first attempt.) The car compromises the chain, and the felon is free. Buddy's car stops, and he steps out of the driver's seat to inspect the vehicle. The prisoner, meanwhile, seeing Cookie through the motorcar window, commandeers the driver's seat whilst Buddy is distracted; Cookie screams, Buddy expresses his indignation, but the villain knocks Our Hero backwards, leaving his sweetheart to yell for help.

Buddy quickly regains his senses, and takes under his control a handcar, eventually grabbing on to the wire of the trolley car, kicking the thief in the face, twice, and then taking Cookie and swinging over to his emergency vehicle. The jailbreak soon sees that he is to collide with a stalled truck full of dynamite, and though the owner of the truck attempts to start his motor, it is no use and both streetcar and transport truck explode. The owner of the truck is left quite scarred and dazed, and the prisoner is dizzily seated on the ground of a pig pen. Buddy and Cookie step over to the helpless villain, and Buddy seals him in by extending the fence of the pen. Several piglets emerge humorously to annoy the trumped bruiser.

Similarity and Differences to other shorts
Buddy's Trolley Troubles is similar, in some respects, to other shorts: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, in 1927, starred in a cartoon called Trolley Troubles, in which he runs a streetcar; and an earlier Warner Bros. character called Foxy ran a trolley car during a long dream sequence in the Harman-Ising Merrie Melody Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!, in which he, amongst other things, rings his bell by means of a cat, operates car no. 13, picks up his sweetheart and helps a large lady passenger board.

Both "Smile Darn Ya, Smile" and "Trolley Troubles" had the same plot of the short such as the runaway trolley, which was identified from the Mickey Mouse short "Mickey's Choo-Choo" (Boxcar) and Bosko's "Sinkin' In The Bathtub" (Car). "Buddy's Trolley Troubles" does not have the type of plot, so does Toonerville Trolley and Trolley Ahoy from the Rainbow Parade series.

Katz Beer
As Buddy's car approaches Cookie's building, we see a billboard advertising "Katz Beer," a reference to Ray Katz, Leon Schlesinger's business assistant.

References

External links

1934 films
1934 animated films
1930s American animated films
1930s animated short films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Norman Spencer (composer)
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
Buddy (Looney Tunes) films
Looney Tunes shorts
Films about prison escapes
Rail transport films
1930s English-language films

Buddy's Trolley Troubles