Louis Zukofsky (January 23, 1904 – May 12, 1978) was an American poet. He was the primary instigator and theorist of the so-called "Objectivist" poets, a short lived collective of poets who after several decades of obscurity would reemerge around 1960 and become a significant influence on subsequent generations of poets in America and abroad.

Life
Louis Zukofsky was born in New York City's Lower East Side to Yiddish speaking immigrants from Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. His father Pinchos (ca. 1860–1950) immigrated to the United States in 1898, and was followed in 1903 by his wife, Chana (1862–1927), and their three children. Pinchos worked as a pants-presser and night watchman for many decades in New York's garment district.

The only one of his siblings born in the United States, Louis Zukofsky was a precocious student in the local public school system. As a boy he frequented the nearby Yiddish theatres on the Bowery, where he saw classic works by Shakespeare, Ibsen, Strindberg, and Tolstoy performed in Yiddish. Zukofsky began writing poetry at an early age, and his earliest known publications were in the student literary journal of Stuyvesant High School, from which he graduated at age 15. While when young he translated from the modern Yiddish poetry of Yehoash (Solomon Blumgarten), there is no indication he ever considered writing in Yiddish himself.

Zukofsky attended Columbia University, where he studied English. Some of his teachers and classmates were to become important figures of culture, namely Mark Van Doren, John Dewey, John Erskine, Lionel Trilling and Mortimer Adler. He joined the Boar's Head Society and published in the Morningside, a student literary journal. Zukofsky graduated from Columbia in 1924 with an M.A., writing a thesis on Henry Adams. He would publish a revised version of this thesis as "Henry Adams: A Criticism in Autobiography" in the journal Pagany, and Adams would remain a significant intellectual influence on Zukofsky's work. One of Zukofsky's closest friends during the 1920s was his Columbia classmate, Whittaker Chambers, and throughout the 1930s he aligned himself with Marxism, although he never joined the Communist Party.

Zukofsky taught for one academic year (1930–1931) in the English Department at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, the only time he lived outside the New York City area.  In 1934, Zukofsky began work as a researcher with the Works Projects Administration (WPA), and over the course of the rest of the decade he worked on various WPA projects, most notably the Index of American Design, a history of American material culture. In the same year, he met Celia Thaew (1913–1980) and they married in 1939; their only child, Paul Zukofsky (born in 1943), was a child prodigy violinist and went on to become a prominent avant-garde violinist and conductor. During World War II, Zukofsky edited technical manuals at a number of electronics companies working in support of the war effort. In 1947, he took a job as an instructor in the English Department of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, where he would remain until his retirement at the rank of associate professor in 1965. He subsequently was a visiting professor at the University of Connecticut.

Throughout most of the 1940s and 1950s, the Zukofskys lived in Brooklyn Heights, then from 1964 to 1973 in Manhattan, and finally they retired to Port Jefferson, New York, on Long Island, where he completed his magnum opus "A" and his last major work, the highly compressed poetic sequence 80 Flowers. Just a few months after completing the latter work and proof-reading the complete "A", Zukofsky died on May 12, 1978. He had been awarded National Endowment for the Arts Grants in 1967 and 1968, the National Institute of Arts and Letters "award for creative work in literature" in 1976, and an honorary doctorate from Bard College in 1977.

Early career

As a student Zukofsky wrote prolifically in imitation of many styles, both traditional and free verse. However, his first distinctive work was the long poem, "Poem beginning 'The,'" composed in 1926 and published by Ezra Pound in his journal The Exile in 1928. Demonstrating a precocious assimilation of modernist styles, this is an autobiographical portrait of the young poet. The poem satirizes the older modernists for their pessimism, particularly T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, examines his cultural identity and the question of assimilation as the son of immigrant Jews, and concludes by asserting his poetic independence from the claims of family and his Jewish heritage, opting instead for a more cosmopolitan poetic identity. Pound remained an important supporter of Zukofsky in the following years, famously dedicating Guide to Kulchur (1938) "To Louis Zukofsky and Basil Bunting strugglers in the desert." Their relationship over the course of the 1930s became severely strained because of Pound's increasingly strident fascism and anti-semitism, yet Zukofsky always maintained the highest regard for Pound's poetic abilities.

"Objectivist" Poets

Pound put Zukofsky in contact with William Carlos Williams, who would remain a major supporter of and influence on the younger poet. Williams found Zukofsky to be a valuable critic and editor of his own work, which he acknowledge by dedicating The Wedge (1944) to L.Z.. Pound persuaded the editor of Poetry magazine, Harriet Monroe, to allow Zukofsky to edit an issue showcasing younger poets, resulting in the famous "Objectivists" issue (Feb. 1931), which included Zukofsky's statement "Sincerity and Objectification." Although all the poets, including Zukofsky, denied any intention of forming a distinct poetic movement, a core group became identified as the Objectivist poets, which included besides Zukofsky, Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen and Carl Rakosi, as well as Zukofsky's friends, Basil Bunting and Lorine Niedecker. Zukofsky edited An "Objectivists" Anthology (1932), published by George Oppen's To, Publishers, and for a brief spell there was the collective The Objectivist Press, but the group attracted only limited attention at the time.

"A"

Zukofsky's major work was the very long poem "A"—he never referred to it without the quotation marks—which he began in 1928 and would work on intermittently for most of the rest of his life, finally completing the poem in 1974. He predetermined that the work would have 24 sections, which he called movements, but both formally and thematically he allowed the poem to develop as the occasion dictated. "A"-1 opens at a performance of Bach's St. Matthew Passion, whose fugal intricacies became one of the formal models for the poem. The first six movements are predominately autobiographical but all directly or indirectly considering the question of the proper form for the poem at hand—"A"-6 ends by posing the question: "With all this material / To what distinction—." The preliminary answer is "A"-7, often taken to be Zukofsky's first distinctly individual poem that looks forward to much that will follow. This movement is a set of seven sonnets which focus on sawhorses marking off an area of a street under repair, which are imaginatively animated, a dynamic image of the poem itself as a construction site simultaneously constructed and deconstructed. In a number of later movements, Zukofsky would similarly adopt strict traditional forms combined with unconventional materials to create highly compacted poems: "A"-9 takes the intricate form of Guido Cavalcanti's canzone, "Donna me prega," using content mostly adapted from Karl Marx's Capital. A related major poem, although outside of "A", is "'Mantis'" which adopts the form of a sestina by Dante to create a political lyric, to which Zukofsky added "An Interpretation" reflecting on the question of poetic form relevant to contemporary concerns. In counterpoint to these highly formal and compacted movements, there are sprawling free-verse movements, notably "A"-8, whose depiction of contemporary world interviews vignettes of the Great Depression with the writings of Marx, Lenin and Henry Adams on American history. Much of Zukofsky's work of the 1930s attempted to bring together modernist formalism with a Leftist political perspective. "A"-10 is a cry of despair in response to the fall of France in June 1940 structured on Bach's Mass in B minor, after which Zukofsky paused work on "A" for some years.

Other early writings

In tandem with "A", Zukofsky continued writing shorter poems throughout his life, although he had difficulties publishing outside of journals during the Depression era. His first collection of shorter poems, 55 Poems, did not appear until 1941, although it represented work completed by the mid-1930, including "Poem beginning 'The'" and "'Mantis.'" Another collection, Anew, came out in 1946. In the mid-1930s he also wrote his only play, Arise, Arise, a political dream play, which however remained unperformed and unpublished until the 1960s. During the same period he wrote a work of experimental prose, Thanks to the Dictionary, improvising with the vocabulary and definitions found in the dictionary. In the early 1940s he attempted more conventional short stories, of which the novella length Ferdinand is the most significant. One of Zukofsky's most eccentric works was Le Style Apollinaire/The Writing of Guillaume Apollinaire (1934), which was ghost written for his friend René Taupin, presenting three approaches to the body of Apollinaire's work in large part through the presentation and arrangement of quotations. Throughout much of the 1930s Zukofsky worked on a poetry textbook, A Test of Poetry, after the manner of Pound's ABC of Reading, primarily juxtaposing sample poems or excerpts with little commentary and asking to student to draw their own conclusions. Although initially this text only saw the light of day when self-published in 1948, it has since been reprinted three times.

Later career

In 1948, Zukofsky returned to "A" after a hiatus of eight years with the second half of "A"-9, which again copies the complex form of Cavalcanti's canzone, but now using content primarily derived from Spinoza's Ethics. The distinct concerns of the two-halves of "A"-9 mark a decisive shift of emphasis from the political and social to the more personal and philosophical, but without repudiating the earlier focus. Avoiding pre-determined narratives or themes, Zukofsky always intended that "A"'''s development would be determined by historical and personal changes over the time of the poem's composition. This was affirmed with "A"-11, which mimics the form of a ballata by Cavalcanti but directly addresses his wife and son on the topic of mortality. From this point the poet's immediate family will usually play a major role while the poem becomes more expansive in its concerns. This movement was shortly followed up with "A"-12, a sprawling 135-page collage interweaving the personal, current events and philosophy, primarily represented by Aristotle, Paracelsus and Spinoza. However, at the time there was little chance that he could publish a work on this scale, and "A"-12 did not appear complete until the first book publication of "A" 1–12 in 1959. Much of the 1950s was preoccupied with another very large-scale work, Bottom: on Shakespeare, which began as an essay growing out of a summer course on Renaissance literature he taught at Hamilton College in 1947 but grew into a massive critical meditation on Shakespeare, arguing for the priority of the sensuous eye over the abstract mind. This work was as much a statement on poetics as a exegesis of Shakespeare presented in the unorthodox critical manner Zukofsky preferred, marshalling and collaging large numbers of quotations from numerous texts. When finally published in 1964, Bottom was accompanied by a companion volume consisting of Celia Zukofsky's musical setting of Shakespeare's play Pericles, Prince of Tyre.

Since the 1930s, Zukofsky worked in obscurity and found it difficult to publish, but gradually from the mid-1950s younger poets, most notably Robert Duncan and Robert Creeley, began to seek him out because of their desire to reconnect with the more innovative strands of poetic modernism developing from Pound and Williams. The poets and editors Cid Corman and Jonathan Williams published major works in the late 1950s, especially the first book publication of "A" by Corman's Origin Press. Along with the other "Objectivists", from around 1960 Zukofsky was in considerable demand among these younger poets, and consequently was able to publish numerous volumes over the last decade and half of his life, a period when he wrote prolifically and inventively.

With the completion of Bottom, Zukofsky returned to "A" with "A"-13, a "partita" in five sub-sections using a range of different forms. The late, mostly long, movements of "A" are characterized by the adoption of a diversity of flexible forms capable of absorbing great variation of materials, from the conversational, to newspapers and media, to book reading, and the treatment of these materials ranges from quotation to radical reduction to creative transmutation, including homophonic transcription. A sense of the everyday is interwoven with contemporary events, with "A"-15 responding to the assassination of President Kennedy and "A"-18 darkened by the trauma of the Vietnam War. In contrast to the usually long movements, "A"-16 is just four words scattered across a single page, while "A"-17 is a homage to William Carlos Williams on his death in 1963 in the form of a catalogue of quotations recording the two poets' friendship. "A"-21 is a complete and quirky translation of Plautus' play Rudens (The Rope) interspersed with additional "Voice offs" of Zukofsky's invention. In 1968, Celia Zukofsky presented her husband with an elaborate musical assemblage: against the musical score of Handel's "Hapsichord Pieces" she arranged four voices consisting entirely of quotations from across Zukofsky's writings, suggesting one possible version of a single total work. Zukofsky promptly decided this would be the final movement of "A", although he still had two further movement to write. "A"-22 & -23 were conceived on an epic scale: each 1000 lines, with an 800-line main body framed by 100-line segments, the main bodies each compressed radically reworked materials from history and literature respectively spanning 6000 years in chronological order. In this late work the soundscape tends to predominate over thematic or narrative orders, or as he once put it, "not to fathom time but literally to sound it as on an instrument."

Another major work that preoccupied Zukofsky for much of the 1960s was the controversial Catullus, a homophonic translation from Latin done in collaboration with his wife of the entire existent works of Catullus. Although it outraged many when first published, this has been one of the most discussed and debated of Zukofsky's works. He also finished a novel begun in the early 1950s, Little, an autobiographical account centered on a child violin prodigy, based on his son Paul. Aside from "A", several collections of mostly short poems were published in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and particularly notable is the long poem "4 Other Countries" included in Barely and widely (1958), a travelogue of the Zukofskys' 1957 trip to Europe, written in a more relaxed and accessible manner than is typical of his poetry. As his reputation rose, Zukofsky collected short poetry in two volumes (1965, 1966) was published by Norton, his first books with a commercial publisher. Soon after his collected critical essay were gathered into Prepositions (1968). On finally completing "A" in 1974, Zukofsky promptly started on his last major work, 80 Flowers, a sequence of eighty-one short poems (8 lines of five words each), highly compressed reworkings of botanical and literary materials. Although planned for completion for his 80th birthday, he as usual worked ahead of schedule and finished the sequence in January 1978, already planning a follow-up sequence on trees to be entitled Gamut: 90 trees. However, he only composed the epigraph to this latter work when he died in May 1978.

Legacy

Although Zukofsky and the "Objectivists" would have little impact in the 1930s, their later rediscovery around 1960 would have a major influence on a broad range of younger poets known as the New American Poets. This was particularly the case because most of the Objectivists produced their most mature and innovative work during the 1960s and 1970s, which in many respects represented a salutatory formal emphasis that contrasted with the looseness of most Beat and projectivist verse. Aside from Duncan and Creeley, among the many American poets who have acknowledged the influence of Zukofsky in their work include Theodore Enslin, Ronald Johnson, John Taggart and Michael Palmer. In the 1970s, Zukofsky's formalism was a major model for many of the Language poets, and the prominent Language writer, Charles Bernstein, edited a volume of selected poems for the Library of America (2006).

During his lifetime, Zukofsky had some contact and interaction with Augusto de Campos and the Brazilian Concrete poetry movement. French poets in particular have been attracted to Zukofsky's example. Anne-Marie Albiach composed an intricate and much admired translation of "A"-9 in 1970, which helped bring Zukofsky to French attention. Other French poets engaged in translating Zukofsky include Jacques Roubaud and Pierre Alféri. A complete French translation of "A" (except for "A"-24) by François Dominique and Serge Gavronsky came out to considerable acclaim in 2020.

Bibliography

Poetry, prose, drama

 An "Objectivists" Anthology, ed. Louis Zukofsky (To, Publishers, 1932)
 Le Style Apollinaire, with René Taupin (Les Presses Modernes, 1934), criticismFirst Half of "A" 9 (privately printed, 1940)55 Poems (Decker Press, 1941)Anew (Decker Press,1946)A Test of Poetry (Objectivist Press, 1948), textbookSome Time (Jargon, 1956)5 Statements for Poetry (San Francisco State College, 1958), essaysBarely and widely (Celia Zukofsky, 1958)"A" 1–12 (Origin Press, 1959)It Was (Origin Press, 1961), short fictionBottom: on Shakespeare, 2 volumes (Volume 2 is Celia Zukofsky's musical setting of Shakespeare's play Pericles) (1963)I's (pronounced eyes) (Trobar Press, 1963)After I's (Boxwood/Mother Press, 1964)All: The Collected Short Poems, 1923–1958 (Norton, 1965)All: The Collected Short Poems, 1956–1964 (Norton, 1966)Prepositions: The Collected Critical Essays of Louis Zukofsky (Rapp & Whitting/Horizon, 1968)"A" 13–21 (Jonathan Cape/Doubleday, 1969)Catullus, with Celia Zukofsky (Cape Goliard/Grossman, 1969) Autobiography (Grossman, 1970), selection of poems set to music by Celia ZukofskyLittle: for Careenagers (Grossman, 1970), novel"A" 24 (Grossman, 1972)Arise, Arise (Grossman, 1973), play (composed mid-1930s)"A" 22 & 23 (Grossman, 1975)80 Flowers (Celia Zukofsky, 1978)"A" (University of California Press, 1978), complete edition

Letters and Collected editions"A" (University of California Press, 1978; reprinted Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993; New Directions, 2011)Pound/Zukofsky: Selected Letters of Ezra Pound and Louis Zukofsky, ed. Barry Ahearn (Faber & Faber, 1987)Collected Fiction (Dalkey Archive, 1990)Complete Short Poetry (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991; reprinted as Anew: Complete Short Poetry, New Directions, 2011)Niedecker and the Correspondence with Zukofsky 1931–1970, ed. Jenny Penberthy (Cambridge University Press, 1993), does not include Zukofsky's side of the correspondenceThe Correspondence of William Carlos Williams & Louis Zukofsky, ed. Barry Ahearn (Wesleyan University Press, 2003The Selected Letters of Louis Zukofsky, ed. Barry Ahearn (2013) .

Centennial Edition of the Complete Critical WritingsA Test of Poetry. Foreword by Robert Creeley (Wesleyan University Press, 2000)Prepositions+: The Collected Critical Essays. Foreword by Charles Bernstein; Additional Prose edited & introduced by Mark Scroggins (Wesleyan University Press, 2001)Bottom: on Shakespeare, with Celia Thaew Zukofsky. Foreword by Bob Perelman (Wesleyan University Press, 2003)A Useful Art: Essays and Radio Scripts on American Design. Edited with an introduction by Kenneth Sherwood; afterword by John Taggart (Wesleyan University Press, 2003)The Writing of Guillaume Apollinaire/Le Style Apollinaire. Bilingual edition edited with introduction by Serge Gavronsky; foreword by Jean Daive (Wesleyan University Press, 2004)

The primary repository of Louis Zukofsky's manuscripts, notebooks and papers is the Harry Ransom Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin

Notes

Further reading
Ahearn, Barry. Zukofsky's "A": An Introduction, University of California Press, 1983.
Jennison, Ruth. The Zukofsky Era: Modernity, Margins and the Avant-Garde, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
Perelman, Bob. The Trouble with Genius: Reading Pound, Joyce, Stein, and Zukofsky, University of California Press (Berkeley, CA), 1994.
Quartermain, Peter. Disjunctive Poetics: From Gertrude Stein and Louis Zukofsky to Susan Howe, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Scroggins, Mark. Louis Zukofsky and the Poetry of Knowledge, University of Alabama Press, 1998.
Scroggins, Mark (editor). Upper Limit Music: The Writing of Louis Zukofsky, University of Alabama Press, 1997.
Scroggins, Mark. The Poem of a Life: A Biography of Louis Zukofsky, Shoemaker & Hoard, 2007.
Stanley, Sandra Kumanoto. Louis Zukofsky and the Transformation of a Modern American Poetics, University of California Press, 1994.
Terrell, Carroll F. Louis Zukofsky: Man and Poet'', National Poetry Foundation, 1979,

External links
Z-site: A Companion to the Works of Louis Zukofsky
extensive selection of Zukofsky recordings at PennSound
Zukofsky at the Electronic Poetry Center
Zukofsky page at the Poetry Foundation
Feature: Zukofsky Webmag "Jacket Magazine" (#30: July 2006), devotes a prominent section to Zukofsky

1904 births
1978 deaths
People from Port Jefferson, New York
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Poets from New York (state)
Jewish American poets
Objectivist poets
Jewish poets
Columbia College (New York) alumni
20th-century American poets
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
People from Brooklyn Heights
People from the Lower East Side
20th-century American Jews

Louis Zukofsky


Phantom Punch is a 2008 film directed by Robert Townsend. The film is a biopic of Sonny Liston, with Ving Rhames in the lead role. The film also stars Stacey Dash, Nicholas Turturro, Alan van Sprang, David Proval, and Bridgette Wilson.

Plot
In 1950 Liston is carrying out a prison sentence in Missouri State Penitentiary. After knocking out the prison boxing champ Big Lester in a brawl over cigarettes, he is coached by the prison athletic director Father Alois to hone his boxing skills. In the ring he knocks out Big Lester again followed by several other contenders. Having shown improvement, he is released after serving just two years of a five-year sentence.

Upon his release in 1952 he joins a boxing gym in St. Louis, Missouri, run by Caesar Novak at the recommendation of Father Alois. His fellow inmate Catfish later arrives to act as his cut man. During this time Liston takes part in several matches and meets his future wife Geraldine. He visits Father Alois, now working in a church, to thank him and tell him about Geraldine. Sitting in a parked car with Geraldine at night he is told by a policeman to move his car along, which escalates into a fistfight and another prison sentence for Liston. Geraldine greets him at his release in 1957 and invites him to live with her at a house being rented to her by her cousin after getting married at a justice of the peace on the way. Liston experiences nightmares remembering abuse suffered at the hands of his father.

Caesar Novak takes Liston back in his gym as a fighter and asks him to stay out of prison. One night the policemen from the previous altercation stop by Liston's house and threaten him, telling him that he has to throw any future fight against Floyd Patterson. In 1962 Novak attacks Bobby Zazo in a club in a dispute over Farah, a girl Novak stole from him, and arranges through mutual organized crime connections to pay Zazo $10,000 in retribution. Mob connections pressure Novak to tell Liston to take a dive in the upcoming match against Patterson so that they can win on a bet but Novak asks Liston to win instead. Liston wins the match by knockout but no press arrives to interview the new champion. When approached by his organized crime connections, Novak explains that he actually bet their money on Liston and made them $1.2 million.

Liston is approached by the police and teased about his inability to write a message with his signature because of his lack of education. They attempt to pin a drunk driving charge on him, even though he is walking, and another fistfight ensues. That night in jail he is seriously beaten by the correction officers and told to get out of town or he will be killed. Novak takes him to Las Vegas, where Sonny and Geraldine buy a new house in December 1962 as the relationship between Caesar and Farah is falling apart.

In July 1963 Patterson and Liston fight a rematch, which Liston easily wins. Farah pretends that Caesar has called for Sonny but when Sonny arrives Farrah merely requests sex and the two cheat on their respective partner. Novak waits outside Zazo's hotel room to threaten him to stop spreading rumors that Liston's fights are fixed and discovers him leaving the room with Farah. Farah and Sonny continue to meet for sex but find no romance in their relationship.

Liston is surprised by Cassius Clay's unusual style in their boxing match and asks Catfish to spread an irritating substance on his gloves to bother Clay's eyes. The irritant works but Liston nevertheless gives up the fight. Geraldine surprises Sonny and Farah with a gun at their next rendezvous and tells Farah to leave then tells Sonny that she hopes Cassius Clay beats him again. Already upset, Liston flies into a rage when provoked by the press with questions about the murder of Bobby Zazo and his connection to Caesar Novak. Liston asks Father Alois why others fail to give him the love they give to other fighters and the priest tells him that he cannot rely on the validation of others to determine his worth and that he has always been able to accomplish things through his own inner strengths.

Liston loses the rematch against Cassius Clay, now known as Muhammad Ali, after falling down for 20 seconds following the famous phantom punch. Many cannot see the punch and the press once again attacks Liston, accusing him of taking a dive. Caesar's mob connections are likewise suspicious but after speaking with Sonny he convinces them that Sonny was not throwing the fight. Liston works his way back up in the rankings with a record of 14-1 in fights around the world between 1966 and 1969. The mob tells Caesar to tell Sonny to start taking dives and also inform him of the meetings between Sonny and Farah. Caesar confronts Farah and physically attacks her in jealous anger then throws her out. Out of spite he lies to the mob that Sonny refuses to take a dive, hoping that Sonny will end up getting hurt because of this. In 1971 Geraldine returns home from a trip to find Sonny dead. The police officially declare it a heroin overdose but there remains doubt about this explanation.

Cast
 Ving Rhames as Sonny Liston
 Nicholas Turturro as Caesar Novak
 Stacey Dash as Geraldine Liston
 Alan van Sprang as Nico Orso
 David Proval as Savino
 Bridgette Wilson as Farah
 Rick Roberts as Father Alios
 Joseph Motiki as Announcer Trent Mays

See also
 List of boxing films

References

External links

2008 films
2008 biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
2000s sports drama films
American boxing films
Films directed by Robert Townsend
Films scored by Stephen James Taylor
Biographical films about sportspeople
Cultural depictions of boxers
Cultural depictions of American men
Sports films based on actual events
2008 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Phantom Punch (film)


Deluc is a lunar impact crater that lies in the southern highlands of the Moon. It is located to the south-southeast of the crater Maginus, and the huge Clavius. Due east of Deluc is the somewhat larger crater Lilius. It is 47 kilometers in diameter and 3.3 kilometers deep. It is from the Pre-Imbrian period, which lasted from 4.55 to 3.85 billion years ago.

This is a relatively worn formation with the satellite crater Deluc H intruding into the northeast rim. A triangular bulge of material covers the floor from the rim of this intruding crater to near the midpoint of the interior. The small craterlet Deluc T is attached to the southern outer rim of Deluc, and joins it to the small Deluc D to the south.

The remaining rim of Deluc is not quite circular, having a slight outward bulge to the northwest. The interior is worn and smoothed from a history of tiny impacts, although the edge is still well-defined. There is a tiny craterlet in the northeast part of the interior, but most of the remainder of the floor is level and marked only by tiny impacts.

The crater is named for Jean-André Deluc, an 18th-century Swiss geologist and physicist.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Deluc.

References

Impact craters on the Moon

Deluc (crater)


The Greek mafia (Greek: Ελληνική μαφία Ellinikí mafía) is the colloquial term used to refer to various organized crime elements originating from Greece. Indigenous organized criminal groups are well-entrenched in the largest Greek urban centers, particularly in Athens.

Large-scaled organized crime, such as the Greek mafia should not be confused with Greek street gangs, who take part in smaller street crime.

In addition to the domestic Greek criminal organizations, the Sicilian Mafia, Camorra, and Albanian, Romanian and Serbian mafia groups have been operating in Greece in collaboration with the domestic criminal syndicates.

Godfathers of the Night
Greek crime bosses are locally described as νονοί της νύχτας (translated as "Godfathers of the night"). Largely operating as owners of nightclubs, Greek crime groups are able to operate their illegal businesses from these locations.

In contrast to the Sicilian mafia or the Albanian mafia, Greek criminal groups follow the same structure organized gangs have within the French Milieu or the Penose in the Netherlands. Domestically, they are largely smaller organized crime cells, usually family-based, who collaborate but from time to time also feud with one another.

There are close to 217 known domestic crime lords operating in the country. Internationally, the smuggling and racketeering practices have a larger reach, and are not necessarily based on Greek nationals alone. With the need to infiltrate and manipulate multiple types of businesses in order to successfully smuggle internationally, more often than not such organisations resemble professional international cartels rather than traditional organised crime groups.

Activities
A substantial number of Greek organised crime groups are centered in Athens. However, many other (semi) organised groups operate throughout other cities, and even villages. Criminal clans can have their origins from all over Greece:  Mafia groups in the bigger cities are especially involved in racketeering, the illegal smuggling of oil, money laundering, weapon and drug trafficking as well as murder.

Criminal groups on the Greek mainland have also profited from the activities of corrupt officials. Arms, narcotics and illegal oil are smuggled by Greek criminal organizations, often in collaboration with Albanian or Russian mafia groups, from local seaports to important destination centers such as the docks of Naples or Antwerp. Outside of the urban centers, the island of Crete is known for having regional family-based crime clans involved in the cultivating and trafficking of marijuana on a domestic as well as an international level. Kidnapping and weapon trafficking are activities of choice as well, often collaborating with the Albanian mafia. An example is the village Zoniana which is a known ground zero for Cretan drug lords, such as the Parasyris family. In general, Greek organised crime groups are active on the Greek mainland, as well as in other parts of Europe. Activity is mainly focused upon the areas of cigarette smuggling and the trafficking of marijuana, hashish and weapons. European cities are deeply affected by Greek organized crime in the form of narcotics smuggling. Recently, under pressure from the European union, Greece, and numerous other European countries, have stepped up their war on smuggling, making numerous arrests and otherwise disabling the organizations in collaboration with European law enforcement agencies.

With Greece holding a large percentage of the world's maritime merchant shipping, a substantial amount of Greek grown marijuana is shipped throughout Europe on a yearly basis. Grown on remote farms and fields, mainly on the island of Crete and the Peloponnese peninsula, it has found its way into the heart of most western and middle-European cities, regardless of efforts made to halt this phenomenon.

Outside Greece

Netherlands

The Netherlands in particular, with its lenient view of cannabis use, has many dealings with international (and often untraceable) smuggling rings. This is also made possible by the extensive use of maritime merchant ships, and their difficult to regulate and inspect cargo. The "tolerating" laws regarding cannabis, make the selling and usage of marijuana, legal in the Netherlands. However, the cultivation and transportation of cannabis is still illegal. This offers smugglers a strong market with high demand for their product.
it is speculated that for a large part, Greek-based cartels are at work. However, prosecuting such members is difficult due to the non-hierarchical nature of the organisation(s).

North America
North American cities with a large Greek community have traditionally also been home to ethnic Greek criminal organizations, well-known ones being the Velentzas crime family, the Philadelphia Greek Mob, and the Voidonikolas-Georgakopoulos-Leoutsakos Laconian Canadian crime syndicate families. These organizations have secretly operated for decades, and are notoriously powerful.

In the United States, the term "Greek mafia" may include or refer specifically to various Greek American organized crime groups. Notable ethnic Greek or Greek American organized crime groups in the United States include the Philadelphia Greek Mob in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the Velentzas crime family in New York City. Greek American crime groups vary in the extent of their connections to Greek mafia groups in Europe; some Greek-American crime groups may be only loosely connected or even completely independent of Greek mafia groups in Europe, while certain Greek-American crime groups may essentially be American extensions of Greek mafia groups in Europe.

Greek members of organised crime have always been good at working with other ethnic groups along with their own local Greek groupings, which can at times give them an advantage over other organisations. There was also a Greek-American presence in the Italian-American Chicago crime family, known as the Outfit. The most senior non-Italian gangster in the Outfit was Gus Alex, whose family emigrated to Chicago from the village of Alpochori in Achaea. The Chicago Outfit, unlike New York City's Five Families, has a long standing tradition, dating back to Al Capone, of allowing non-Italian associates into positions of real importance and power. Gus Alex was the highest ranking non-Italian wiseguy, as he reportedly formed a three-man ruling panel in the late sixties and early seventies. The three-man ruling panel, consisting of a Greek and two Italians, ran the Chicago outfit for an unknown period of time.

The most infamous Greek-American gangster is Michael Thevis, a multi-millionaire pornographer and convicted murderer based in Atlanta, Georgia, but with close  links to the Five Families of New York City and the DeCavalcante crime family of Newark, New Jersey. Thevis' use of unnecessary violence against both real and imagined enemies and competitors was so extreme that he was compared to the character of Tony Montana from the 1983 movie Scarface.

Africa
In Africa, a small Greek crime syndicate ran casinos throughout the region of middle Africa, and in South Africa throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Gambling has always been a staple of Greek organised crime, as well as horse racing, cards, casinos and black market dealings. It is safe to assume that Greek-organised crime is difficult to disintegrate, since these groups form, break-up and reform when it suits their interests. For this reason it is often compared to the Italian Camorra, which at times has worked on a similar model. Greek organised crime relies mainly on smuggling whereas the Italian Camorra relies mainly on extortion and racketeering.

Other countries
There is reportedly a significant subculture of organised crime within the broader Greek Australian community.

In addition to Cyprus itself, Greek Cypriot crime families are known to operate in the United Kingdom and South Africa.

There is also a presence of organised crime amongst Pontic Greeks. Like Cypriots, Pontic Greeks have their own distinctive traditions, whilst remaining ethnically Greek.

References

External links
http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=125029
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/2207277/Drug-dealing-shepherds-set-up-Crete-crime-empire.html
Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime

Mafia

Organized crime by ethnic or national origin
Transnational organized crime
Organised crime groups in Australia
Greek-Australian culture
Organized crime groups in Canada
Organised crime groups in the Netherlands
Organised crime groups in South Africa
Organized crime groups in the United States
Organized crime groups in Greece

Greek mafia


The Fryderyk Chopin Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, established in 1954 and dedicated to Polish composer Frédéric Chopin. Since 2005, the museum has been operated by the Fryderyk Chopin Institute.

A department of the museum is the Birthplace of Frédéric Chopin at Żelazowa Wola. The museum also operated the Chopin family parlor on Krakowskie Przedmieście, in Warsaw, until the parlor's closure in 2014.

History

The Fryderyk Chopin Museum at the Fryderyk Chopin Society in Warsaw was established in the 1930s. Already in 1935, the Fryderyk Chopin Institute, established a year earlier by 32 outstanding representatives of the world of culture and politics, headed by Karol Szymanowski, Józef Beck and August Zaleski, had begun amassing a collection. At that time, thirteen extremely valuable manuscripts were purchased from Ludwika Ciechomska, granddaughter of Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, Chopin's sister, and Bogusław Kraszewski. The manuscripts included: a complete autograph of the G minor Trio op. 8 for piano, violin and cello by Chopin, seven letters written at Szafarnia by the young composer to his family in 1824 (including four examples of the famous Szafarnia Courier) and at Kowalewo (6 July 1827) as well as to his school friend Julian Fontana in Paris (1835), three special greetings addressed by Chopin to his father (6 December 1816 and 1818) and mother (16 June 1817) upon their name days as well as two dedications of 6 and 9 June 1833 for Józef Nowakowski, a friend from the Warsaw Conservatory. The creation of a Collection of Photographs, Recordings and a Library was started prior to 1939.

In 1945 the Fryderyk Chopin Institute reopened, on Warsaw's Zgoda Street, and since 1953 has been housed in the Ostrogski Palace. This is also the home of the Fryderyk Chopin Museum, Library and Collections of Photographs and Recordings. The museum covers the history and works of Chopin and includes original manuscripts and documents written by the composer, photographs and sculptures of him, and letters. It also hosts piano recitals and competitions of Chopin's works. The rich plafonds, stucco and Pompeian style frescoes are a fitting setting for the rooms of the Fryderyk Chopin Museum.

Refurbished for the 200th anniversary (2010) of Frédéric Chopin's birth, this multimedia museum is one of the most modern museums in Poland. Its collections are displayed on five levels of exhibition space in 15 rooms.

The museum is the result of an international competition for the ideation and realization of the new permanent exhibition design of the museum. Held under the patronage of the Minister of Culture Bogdan Zdrojewski and National Heritage, the studio Migliore+Servetto Architects won the permanent exhibitions project in 2008, among 32 international firms, and designed the permanent exhibition.

Gallery

See also
 List of music museums

References

External links

Museums in Warsaw
Museums established in 1954
Monuments and memorials to Frédéric Chopin
Chopin
Biographical museums in Poland
1954 establishments in Poland

Fryderyk Chopin Museum


Jedi Trial is a science fiction novel by David Sherman and Dan Cragg.  It is set in the Star Wars galaxy during the Clone Wars, 2.5 years after the Battle of Geonosis in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, and 19.5 years before the Battle of Yavin in Episode IV: A New Hope.

Summary

This book tells the tale of Jedi Master Nejaa Halcyon and Jedi Padawan Anakin Skywalker trying to rescue an important Republic communications hub from the Separatist Forces, located on the barren planet of Praesitlyn. Halcyon, having previously failed an important mission, is sent as a trial in order for him to regain the Jedi Council's trust. As they had grown close during their time in the Jedi Temple, Halcyon chose Skywalker as his second-in-command against the wishes of the council, making the mission as much a trial for Anakin, as well.

Even before reaching Praesitlyn, Nejaa confesses to Anakin of his violation of the Jedi code, that he has a wife and a son. In turn, Anakin relates about his own forbidden marriage to Padmé Amidala, with both Jedi promising not to reveal their digressions to anyone.

Skywalker and Halcyon lead the Republic reserve forces to reinforce Praesitlyn, and to recover the hostages within the Intergalactic Communications Center from C.I.S. occupation. The opposing C.I.S. forces are commanded by Muun Admiral Pors Tonith of the InterGalactic Banking Clan, under command himself from Asajj Ventress and Sith Lord Count Dooku.

At this time, the Praesitlyn Defense Forces have been overcome, with Trooper Odie Subu and Lieutenant Erk H'Arman the only survivors. The only reason Praesitlyn has not been completely overrun by the C.I.S. is due to intervention by a rogue former Republic officer, Captain Slayke, and his troops, the badly-outnumbered Sons and Daughters of Freedom. Halcyon and Skywalker arrive just in time to relieve Slayke with all available troops, though the situation is still perilous.

Anakin Skywalker is for the first time put in a commanding position, and, while acquitting himself well, clearly shows frustration and an impatience for combat. In addition to Skywalker's issues, the book also deals with attitudes towards clones, and their degree of humanity. We see a general stereotyping that clones are subdegree humans, with their personalities and abilities often not being trusted as much as those of other beings. This can be seen in actions of reconnaissance. where it is clear if Clone Commando CT-19/39 had not been disregarded, he would have been able to relay important information that would have saved hundreds of lives. Instead, only Sergeant Omin L'Loxx was relied upon, resulting in disaster.

With such a disastrous failure, Anakin decides upon a desperate measure, by which he and a small attack group of two troop-transports fly directly to the ICC to rescue the hostages. Skywalker, in his element, destroys almost all droids in his path, leaving the troops behind him in awe, and with nothing to shoot at. Reaching the hostages, Anakin is shocked as a woman reminds him so much of his mother. As she is killed, we see Skywalker become an avenger, treading perilously close to the dark side of the Force. Jedi Master Nejaa Halcyon, as well as Grand Master Yoda – and, indeed Darth Sidious – all feel the disturbances in the Force at this, though only one yet understands their meaning. Anakin's rampage only ends before murdering Pors Tonith, as he hears Qui-Gon Jinn's voice reaching him through the Force, telling him to use the Force for good, not destruction. Although Anakin initially brings himself out of his rage, it is only temporarily suppressed, to be brought out later once again.

Though their objectives had been achieved, as well as Pors Tonith having been captured by Skywalker's actions, the Separatists' relief-fleet arrives under a cloaking device. In the battle, Anakin is again in his element, with Master Halcyon becoming more his wingmate than commander. Skywalker, although being called back, seemingly decides to sacrifice himself in order to destroy the enemy flagship. To Halcyon's horror, Anakin disappears in the blast of the Separatist relief-fleet's explosion. Later, however, in the midst of mourning Anakin and celebrating victory, Skywalker's craft returns, much to everyone's surprise. Anakin later explains his seeming resurrection, saying how he had installed a hyperdrive engine in his starfighter, enabling him to escape from the blast, with his split-second timing, stemming from his immense Force-sensitivity.

On his return to Coruscant, the Jedi Council, overbowed with exceptional reports of Anakin's performance, finally agree to grant him Knighthood in the order.

External links
Amazon.com Listing
Official CargoBay Listing

2004 novels
2004 science fiction novels
Star Wars Legends novels
Del Rey books

Jedi Trial


Anthony DiPaolo is an American businessman and the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Work 'N Gear, a workwear and healthcare fashion retailer.

Career

Early career
DiPaolo's career began at Mitsubishi where he was a footwear sales representative responsible for $20 million in sales and product development. While at Mitsubishi, he traveled throughout Europe, the Far East and Eastern Bloc countries to broker trade agreements between Dow Chemical, the Government of Romania and the other Eastern Bloc countries. DiPaolo later joined Shoe Visions, a United States footwear brand sold in major American retailers such as JCPenney, G.R. Kinney Company and Thom McAn.

Herman Survivors
In 1990, DiPaolo acquired Herman Survivors from former owners, Stride Rite Corporation, and its sales later rose from $8 million to $50 million. In 2001, he sold Herman Survivors to the American public multinational corporation, Walmart.

Work 'N Gear
In 2002, DiPaolo purchased Work 'N Gear, which was in bankruptcy, and became the President and CEO where he raised $40 million in investments from venture capitalists. Since then, he formed a new management team and brand focused on the workwear marketplace.

Scrubology
In 2011, DiPoalo launched Scrubology—a new "store-within-a-store" concept that caters to healthcare consumers. In conjunction with Sears Holdings Corporation, Scrubology was launched in 39 Sears and Kmart locations across the United States.

Sears Holdings Corporation named Scrubology the 2012 "Partner in Transformation" and agreed to launch an additional 52 stores in major metropolitan locations within California, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Philadelphia and Washington, DC. Scrubology's flagship website was launched in June 2012 to expand the brand's reach beyond brick-and-mortar locations around the United States.

References

External links
 Work 'N Gear's Website
 South Shore Art Center's website

1958 births
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
George Washington University alumni
People from Cohasset, Massachusetts
Living people
American retail chief executives
American chief executives of fashion industry companies

Anthony DiPaolo


A business union is a type of trade union that is opposed to class or revolutionary unionism and has the principle that unions should be run like businesses.

Business unions are believed to be of American origin, and the term has been applied in particular to phenomena characteristic of American unions. This idea originated over the court's difficulty when regulating worker's industrial rights, specifically following the decades after the Civil War. Hyman (1973) attributed the term "business unionism" to Hoxie, but Michael Goldfield (1987) notes that the term was in common usage before Hoxie published in 1915.

According to Goldfield, Hoxie used the term to describe trade-consciousness, rather than class-consciousness; in other words, according to Hoxie, business unionists were advocates of "pure and simple" trade unionism, as opposed to class or revolutionary unionism. This sort of business unionism is what Eugene Debs often referred to as the "old unionism".

Characteristics

Internal organization
One major characteristic of "business unionism" is the principle that unions should be run like businesses. These unions would be organized as top-down hierarchies, with dedicated employees paid in a stratified way. Business unionism creates a centralized bureaucracy that is independent from and unaccountable to the union rank and file. The "union rep", who earns more than the union workers, is a key element of this structure.

According to this model, the main 'battleground' for organized labour moves from the shop floor to the boardroom, where well-paid business leaders of the union negotiate with well-paid bosses of the company.

Craft unionism
The members of a union's identity is defined by their craft. Craftsmen involved in the metal and building trades did help set a positive image for their companies. They feel a solidarity towards their fellow co-workers as opposed to the greater working class.  The unions adopt an exclusive policy as opposed to inclusive one.  This can cause a fragmentation of workers.  The unions are more inclined to fight against reorganization of work by their employers. Business unions are sometimes not inclined to expand their membership and organize outside workers. Union leaders shared a form of populism that spoke to three key groups of people-- patriotic producers, wage earners, and guardians of basic rights.

Economic interests
The unions only view their goal to protect immediate economic interests.  These economic interests are restricted to getting higher wages, better working conditions, and job security.  "In other words, the horizon of union action is straight-forward and short-term: to produce constant and immediate improvements in the material conditions of union members' lives." Business unions also do not seek worker input into technological changes that change the structure of the companies that employ workers. The result is an intense focus on the collective bargaining process, conducted according to rigid specifications.

This outlook can be contrasted with social unionism, a union movement which seeks to improve life overall for workers—for example by struggling against racial discrimination in the workplace.

Rights vs. powers
Centrally-controlled business unions tend to advocate for workers' "rights", a set of enumerated conditions to which workers are entitled. Large federations felt it was crucial to appeal to all citizens in general who believed in "equal rights" and were held at jeopardy by corrupt administrators. If these rights are violated, the worker may begin a process of complaints that ultimately yields compensation. A consequence of this outlook is that instead of simply organizing and demanding power on the shop floor, workers follow a pre-determined system that does not allow major changes in the workplace.

Source of workers' problems
The unions define the problems of the members' as being from the particularly greedy employers.  They also blame the unfair distribution of the surplus through the work process.  They are not radical in their outlook and do not blame the capitalist system as a whole for these problems.  They also do not believe in a radical change to the system.  The solution for business unionists is to negotiate a fair distribution of the surplus and reduce social inequality not eliminate it.

Politics
Business unionism is also viewed as being non-partisan, although members tend to be "liberal" politically.   It is believed that to adopt political allegiances would divide union members.  The unions would make political allegiances based on pragmatism, supporting different parties on an issue by issue basis, but refusing to offer permanent allegiances.

There is a tendency to think business unionism is automatically non-militant but that is not true.  Business unions have used direct action to get results for their members.  But business unions use strikes and direct actions differently than social unions.  Business unions tend to only use strikes to exert and maintain their bargaining position.  Business unions though tend to be more cooperative with management and identify workers' interest as being with the employers' success.

Examples of business unions

Canada
Unifor
SEIU Healthcare
Trades and Labour Congress of Canada
Canadian Federation of Labour (1982) –
In 1982 a group of construction unions covering approximately  members united to form a new Canadian Federation of Labour. These unions had been suspended from the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) for nonpayment of per capita tax. The two bodies differed on matters of representation at CLC conventions, dual unionism and the CLC standard that Canadian officers of affiliated unions be elected by the Canadian membership. The CFL philosophy is summed up in the statement of its president, James McCambly: "We are committed to leaving politics to the politicians and to concentrating on being effective representatives of labour's interest within the political system." By 1996 CFL membership had shrunk to  as some of its affiliates rejoined the CLC. In 1997 merger discussions were taking place between the two labour centrals.
Christian Labour Association of Canada
Seafarers International Union of Canada

United States
American Federation of Labor

See also
Company union
Labor aristocracy
Labor federation competition in the United States
One Big Union (concept)

References

Bibliography

 Ross, Stephanie, and Larry Savage. Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing, 2012. .

Trade unions

Business unionism


When Tēvita Polutele Kaho retired as prime minister in 1923, queen Sālote appointed made her husband into the post, to make sure that the government was with her and not against her. In any case, the collaboration of queen and premier was a blessing for Tonga, which slowly started to crawl up to a higher standard of living.

Viliami Tupoulahi Tungī Mailefihi/en


Easton in England is situated on the River Deben around three miles south of Framlingham and is the former estate village of Easton Park, one-time seat of the Duke of Hamilton. The population of the parish at the 2011 Census was 331.

William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton, died without male issue in 1895 and the title passed to his fourth cousin, who became Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton. Although the Dukedom and estates had passed, a large share of the Hamilton lands and properties, including Easton park, went to Lady Mary, the 12th Duke and Duchess's only child.

After World War I the British government imposed colossal taxes on the rich to help defray the cost of the war. Faced with these taxes and with the cost of restoring Easton Park from it use as a Red Cross Hospital during the war, the late-12th Duke's daughter the Duchess of Montrose and her husband James Graham, 6th Duke of Montrose, decided to sell the estate.

The land was divided into 137 lots and sold by auction in 1919. The sale attracted a great deal of attention and raised £58,000 (£4.6 million today) but Easton park itself (often referred to as 'the Mansion') and its 150-acre parkland remained unsold. It was sold privately for £11,278 (£900,000 today) and the parkland was transferred to Martley Hall. With very little land the Mansion's fate was sealed and in December 1924 demolition began. Some of the artifacts were removed and incorporated into Martley Hall and other local houses.

Easton is still home to the pack of hunting hounds established by the 12th Duke in the 19th century. The pack of harriers was established and funded entirely by the duke, much to the delight of the local landowners and farmers. Following his death in 1895, the committee received the Dowager Duchess's permission to name the pack the 'Hamilton Hounds' in his memory. Since the succession of the 13th Duke and the consequent split of Easton away from the Hamilton estate, the connection between the family and the hunt has waned. The hunt is now called the Easton Harriers and is still an integral part of the village, and shows good sport in the local area.

Easton is also the home of Easton Farm Park, a farming museum with a selection of rare breeds and depicting other countryside related activities.

References

http://easton.onesuffolk.net/village-info/history-part-1/
Suffolk Punch Horse

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk

Easton, Suffolk


Events
July 4 – John Kelly and John Clinton, members of the Whyos, are tried at Essex Market Street Court and convicted of assaulting Naty Glashiem and stealing his gold watch and chain.
August 10 – Several members of the 74th Street Gang, including William "Red" Carroll, James Fitzpatrick, James Beatty, Louis Gavious (or Fitzpatrick) and John "Noble" Hughes, are arrested by a Capt. Gunner of the 28th Precinct after the death of one of their victims, Nawclaw Kalat, who dies of his injuries earlier that day. Kalat, who had been fighting with another Bohemian immigrant on Avenue A, had been severely injured when members of the gang joined in the fight.
November 26 – Patrick O'Brien and Michael Flannagan, both members of the Whyos, are arrested and charged with the assault and robbery of fireman William Clark on the night of November 25. O'Brien's brother, having been present at the court house at the time of Patrick O'Brien's arrest, left with another gang member to get a lawyer for his brother. However, in an attempt to raise enough money for a lawyer, he was caught attempting to steal a gold watch from a visiting businessman Ebenezer S. Willis. As he was being brought into custody, he assaulted an acquaintance John Gagin who had agreed to testify against O'Brien having witnessed the theft.

Arts and literature

Births
Frankie Yale (Francesco Uale), Unione Siciliane leader, Five Points Gang member, (New York) Black Hand member, and New York bootlegger.

Deaths

References

Years in organized crime
Organized crime

1885 in organized crime


Fawkner is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,  north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Hume and Merri-bek local government areas. Fawkner recorded a population of 14,274 at the 2021 census.

The major portion within the City of Merri-bek is bounded by Merri Creek on the east, Sydney Road and the Upfield railway line on the west, the Western Ring Road on the north and Boundary Road on the south separating the suburb from Coburg North. The smaller portion within the City of Hume extends north to Camp Road and Mahoneys Road.

History

The area was originally called and was part of Box Forest, named by Melbourne settler pioneer, John Pascoe Fawkner. In 1867 John Jukes bought a parcel of land in the area and named it Fawkner in honour of the pioneer settler. John Jukes grandson, David Jukes, continued to live in the area until the 1970s.

One of the original settlers in Fawkner was Michael Dowling and his family, who settled on their property at Major Road near Merri Creek in September 1902, grazing cattle to fatten for market. Miss Dowling described the area then as a harsh windy place with few trees and a few unfinished shacks.

The first school in the area was the Fawkner State School, opened 1909, on Lynch Road. The school was decommissioned in the 1990s and was subsequently purchased in 1997 by the Quang Duc Buddhist Welfare Association to build the Quang Duc Temple.

The opening of the Upfield railway line on 8 October 1889 (electrified to Fawkner on 2 December 1920); and the development and opening of the Fawkner General Cemetery in December 1906 encouraged residential development in the south of the suburb.

By 1910 there were 35 houses within walking distance of Fawkner station.

Electricity was extended to Fawkner in 1920 by the City of Coburg Electricity Supply Department. Returned soldiers started settling the suburb in the 1920s. By 1939 post office directories listed 180 buildings in Fawkner.

North Fawkner remained a dairy farm owned by the Coyne family until 1945. The period after World War II saw the most significant period of development in the suburb, with the first public housing built by the Housing Commission in 1949 and continuing up until the 1960s, with the development of the Moomba Park estate, named after the initial Labour Day Moomba Parade held in 1955. Other facilities established included the Fawkner Swimming Pool in 1964, and Fawkner Library in 1969.

The Post Office opened in 1878 as Box Forest, was renamed Fawkner in 1885 and closed in 1888. The next Fawkner office was open in 1904 and 1905. The third (known briefly as Faulkner) was open from 1909 until renamed Fawkner South in 1960. The fourth was open from 1960 until renamed Fawkner East in 1970, when the current Fawkner office opened. In addition, a Fawkner West office was open from 1962 until 1993, and the Fawkner North office on Anderson Road in the Moomba Park area opened in 1961.

The suburb was transferred from the City of Broadmeadows to the City of Moreland (now City of Merri-bek) in December 1994, when the Victorian Government forced local government mergers.

Population

According to Merri-bek Council's suburb profile, Fawkner has a larger percentage of population aged over 70 years (17.7%) and aged from 5 to 11 years (8.9%), than the average for the municipality (11.8% and 7.0% respectively).

The suburb also has a lower proportion – In Fawkner, 45.2% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were Italy 9.7%, Pakistan 8.9%, as against the municipal average of 59.3%.

The most common responses for religion in Fawkner were Catholic 33.5%, Islam 31.9%, No Religion, so described 10.1%, Not stated 8.0% and Eastern Orthodox 6.0%. In Fawkner, Christianity was the largest religious group reported overall (49.1%) (this figure excludes not stated responses).

In Fawkner, 31.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Italian 13.8%, Urdu 12.4%, Arabic 9.2%, Greek 4.1% and Bengali 2.9%.

Facilities

Shopping
The main commercial areas in Fawkner are the strip bordering Sydney Road, which is mainly automotive-related and light-industrial, and the Bonwick Street shopping strip. There are a number of corner shops and small shopping strips dotted about the residential area. Bonwick Street offers a wide range of shops including Italian cuisine as well as cafés. There is a small shopping area on Major Road, with a local IGA grocery store and few small restaurants.

Schools
Within the suburb of Fawkner, there are two government primary schools: Fawkner Primary and Moomba Park Primary. Two Catholic primary schools were also built: St. Matthew's PS and St. Mark's PS (1934). Fawkner Secondary College began in 1956 and an Islamic college, Darul Ulum College of Victoria, was established in 1997 on the grounds of the former Fawkner North Primary school. Historically, the Fawkner Technical School was built on the site west of the Moomba Park Primary School at the same time the primary school was established. Fawkner Technical School eventually closed in 1992, and was demolished to make way for residential allotments. Bruce Smeaton, composer and musician taught at this school which started out as an exclusive boys school of high repute.

Transport

Bus
Three bus routes service Fawkner:

 : Campbellfield Plaza Shopping Centre – Coburg via Fawkner. Operated by Broadmeadows Bus Service.
 : Upfield station – North Coburg via Somerset Estate. Operated by Broadmeadows Bus Service.
 SmartBus : Chelsea station – Westfield Airport West. Operated by Kinetic Melbourne.

Cycling
The Upfield Bike Path, Merri Creek Trail and the Western Ring Road Trail provide facilities for recreational and commuting cyclists.

Train
Fawkner is served by Gowrie railway station, which is located on the Upfield railway line, and provides rail-based public transport to the Melbourne CBD. The station and the Upfield line acts as the suburb boundary between Fawkner and Glenroy. Fawkner is also served by Fawkner railway station, also on the Upfield line. Despite its name, the station is actually located in the neighbouring suburb of Hadfield, within the Fawkner Crematorium and Memorial Park.

Post offices
There is a small Australia Post office on Major Road, whereas the main GPO is on Bonwick Street.

Leisure Centre
Fawkner Leisure Centre is situated on Jukes Road and has indoor and outdoor swimming pools, gym, a child care centre and trampoline.

Reserves
Fawkner has three major reserves: Charles Mutton Reserve, home ground for the Fawkner Bowling Club; Northern Saints; Moomba Park, home ground for Moreland United; and CB Smith Reserve, home ground for the Fawkner Blues Soccer Club. There is also significant open space along the Merri Creek.

Religious settlement
 St Matthew's Catholic Church
 St Mark's Catholic Church
 Presbyterian Church
 The Greek Orthodox Parish of St Nektarios
 The Great Prophet Islamic Centre
 Dar ul Uloom Mosque
 Quang Duc Temple Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist Temple, named after Thich Quang Duc

In popular culture

Fawkner was briefly in the news after Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020 included a mysterious nonexistent towering skyscraper in Fawkner at launch.

See also
 City of Broadmeadows – Fawkner was previously within this former local government area.

References

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Hume
Suburbs of the City of Merri-bek

Fawkner, Victoria


The infield fly rule is a special rule in baseball that makes it so the batter is out even if the ball is not caught. The point of the rule is to stop the defensive team from getting an easy double play by dropping the ball on purpose. Because the rule is called only at a certain case, it doesn't happen all the time so it can be confusing to people who are new to baseball or don't know the rule.

Background
Suppose the batter hits the ball into the air over the field, which is a pop up or fly ball. Normally, a defensive player can try and catch it before it hits the ground. If the ball is caught, then the batter is out. Any runners that tried to run to the next base must go back and touch the base they were on before, known as "tagging up". Once the runner has tagged up, he can try to run to the next base, but most of the time the offensive players play it safe and stay. If the runner does not tag up, the defensive team can have a player who is holding the ball tag the base. This will "double off" the runner and he will be called out. If the batted ball touches the ground first or is dropped, then the runner does not need to tag up and can try and run to the next base.

Rule
The umpire can call an infield fly when all this is true:
 There are less than two outs.
 There is already a runner on first and second base, or, if the bases are loaded.
 The hit ball is a pop up over the infield (the area of the field with the four bases) and it does not go foul.
The words in the rule book for calling an infield fly are "ordinary effort". Ordinary effort means that a player should normally be able to catch the ball without too much trouble. The umpire's job is to decide if the ball can be caught with ordinary effort.
The umpire will then call an infield fly by saying "infield fly, batter's out" or "infield fly if fair". The batter is automatically out even if the ball is dropped, and the runners must tag up.

Reason
If there was no infield fly rule, then the runners would have a problem. If the ball is caught, then they have to go back and tag up. But if the ball is not caught, then it immediately turns into a force play and they have to run to the next base. The defensive team could drop the ball on purpose and easily tag out the runners, getting a double or even triple play. The infield fly rule gets rid of this problem by letting the runners stay at their bases without having to wait and see if the ball will be caught.

Baseball rules

Infield fly rule


Spancrete is an American manufacturer of precast concrete products and machinery. Spancrete produces precast, prestressed concrete products that are used in commercial, industrial, institutional, residential and multifamily construction projects in the Midwest and Southeast. The company also manufactures and sells hollowcore extrusion machines that are used to produce precast concrete internationally.

History

West Allis Concrete Products
In 1946, Henry Nagy and his brother-in-law, Arthur Hintz, founded the West Allis Concrete Products company in West Allis, Wisconsin. The concrete block manufacturer thrived in the rapidly growing post-World War II economy, manufacturing as many as 1,000 concrete blocks each day.

By 1951, West Allis Concrete Products was receiving high-quantity orders to supply concrete block for Milwaukee County Stadium, Wisconsin State Fair Park, and Kohl's Department Stores, as well as new risers for Comiskey Park. The company had grown so large that it required expansion, and it did so by purchasing Genesee Sand and Gravel Company and the Farchione Block Company.

In 1953, Nagy traveled to Germany to examine a unique precast concrete manufacturing machine called a Hollowcore extruder. Though damaged by a World War II bomb, Nagy purchased the extruder and its patents and brought them back to the United States.

When the extruder was brought back to the U.S., Nagy repaired the machine and began making prestressed, precast hollowcore concrete slabs. Nagy referred to the slabs as, "Spancrete."

Corporate Structure

Divisions

Spancrete Precast Products
Spancrete manufactures a variety of architectural and structural precast products, including hollowcore plank, wall panels, beams, columns, double tees, risers, balconies and landings, bridge girders, sound walls, and stairs.

Spancrete Global Services
Spancrete Global Services is the division of Spancrete responsible for the manufacture and sales of Spancrete machines. Until January 2012, the machinery division was its own corporation known as Spancrete Machinery Corporation.  Spancrete Global Services sells and services Spancrete machinery customers in the United States and abroad. Internationally, Spancrete machines are used in Russia, Spain, Japan, Egypt, Korea, China, Australia, Turkey, Mexico, Israel, Trinidad, Denmark, Germany, and Switzerland.

Subsidiaries

Florida Precast Industries, Inc.
In March 2007, Spancrete purchased Florida Precast Industries, Inc. The company, based in Sebring, Florida, produces precast concrete products for residential, multifamily, commercial, industrial, and institutional applications.

Spancrete Manufacturers Association
The Spancrete Manufacturers Association is an alliance of corporations that own Spancrete machines and produce precast, prestressed concrete. The group was formed in 1960 to promote the use of precast, prestressed concrete products and building systems worldwide.

Examples
Spancrete precast products have been used in the construction of the following, well-known structures and infrastructures:
Miller Park
Bradley Center
Froedtert Hospital
Marquette Interchange
University of Wisconsin-Madison
U.S. 41

References

External links

Spancrete Manufacturers Association

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States

Spancrete


Richard Tillman Fountain (February 15, 1885 – February 21, 1945) was a North Carolina politician who served as Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1927 and as the 16th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933 under Governor Oliver M. Gardner.

Fountain was born in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, on February 15, 1885, was educated in the public schools of Edgecombe County and the Tarboro Male Academy, and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1905 to 1907. Fountain was admitted to the N.C. Bar and began practicing law in Rocky Mount in 1907. He was appointed judge of the municipal court of the city of Rocky Mount in 1911 and held the office until 1918. He was also a trustee of the Rocky Mount Graded Schools (1917–1935), secretary to the board of trustees (1917–1921), and the chairman of the board (1924–1931).

In 1918 Fountain was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives, where he served five unopposed terms and was elected speaker in 1927. After serving one term as lieutenant governor (the maximum then allowed), Fountain ran for governor in 1932, but lost in a Democratic primary runoff to John C.B. Ehringhaus. From 1934 until 1942 Fountain edited a newspaper, the Rocky Mount Herald. In 1936 and 1942 he ran unsuccessfully in the primary for the U.S. Senate against the incumbent senator, Josiah W. Bailey. On February 21, 1945, Fountain died in Rocky Mount at the age of sixty.

References
OurCampaigns.com
Richard Tillman Fountain Papers at East Carolina University

1885 births
1945 deaths
Lieutenant Governors of North Carolina
North Carolina lawyers
Speakers of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
People from Edgecombe County, North Carolina
People from Rocky Mount, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers

Richard T. Fountain


James McGill (October 6, 1744 – December 19, 1813) was a Scottish-Canadian businessman, fur trader, land speculator, and philanthropist best known for being the founder of McGill University in Montreal. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West and appointed to the Executive Council of Lower Canada in 1792. He was the honorary Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Battalion, Montreal Militia, a predecessor unit of The Canadian Grenadier Guards. He was also a prominent member of the Château Clique and one of the original founding members of the Beaver Club. His summer home stood within the Golden Square Mile.

McGill was a highly influential and record breaking trader (specifically with furs) within Canada during his life, with it being argued that McGill was "the richest man in Montreal" at the time of his death by his business contemporaries in reflection. Two prime examples of McGill's status as a record-breaking and influential trader are: 1) McGill (along with a group of some four other merchants) sending 12 canoes to a port in modern day Minnesota which "appeared to mark the beginning of large-scale trade" both in the north-west territory (of North America) and "of the North West Company (in Canada)" and 2) McGill being the largest investor of the fur trade within Lower Canada and Montreal in 1782, with some 26,000 Pound Sterling not adjusted for inflation.

Biography
The McGill family originated in Ayrshire and had been living in Glasgow for two generations by the time James was born at the family home on Stockwell Street. The McGills were metalworkers and, from 1715 onward, burgesses of the city and members of the Hammermen's Guild, James' father having served as deacon.

James McGill was educated at the University of Glasgow, and soon afterwards left for North America to explore the business opportunities there. By 1766, he was in Montreal, whose trade opportunities had recently been laid open following the British Conquest of New France. He entered the fur trade south of the Great Lakes, at first as a clerk or agent for the Quebec merchant, William Grant of St. Roch.  By the next year, the firm of "James McGill & Co." was trading at Michilimackinac.

In 1773, McGill joined with Isaac Todd (who would remain a close lifelong friend) in a trading venture beyond Grand Portage, which was renewed under the name Todd & McGill in 1776. In 1775, McGill (along with Todd, Benjamin, and Joseph Frobisher, and Maurice-Regis Blondeau) sent 12 canoes to a port in Grand Portage (near modern Grand Portage, Minnesota) - this shipment in particular proves important for Canadian history as it (according to historian Harold Adams Innis) "appeared to mark the beginning of large-scale trade to the Northwest (of Canada)...and of the Northwest Company". Grand Portage would be visited by McGill in 1778, the farthest point west that McGill likely travelled to. This partnership was important in the formation of what would become the North West Company. Todd & McGill prospered, as one of the main firms supplied by the London commission merchant, John Strettell.  The partnership did not participate in the North West Company after 1783, but it continued in the so-called "Southwest trade" in the Mississippi valley until Michilimackinac was handed over to the Americans in 1796. It was also involved in other enterprises, but few business papers have survived, making a detailed account difficult.

In November 1775, McGill was a member of the representation for the citizens of Montreal at the drafting of the articles of capitulation for the city to the invading American army. McGill was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West in 1792 and appointed to the Executive Council in 1792. He was elected again in 1800 and in Montreal East in 1804. He was the first honorary lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Battalion, Montreal Militia, a unit which later evolved into the Canadian Grenadier Guards, as commemorated by the replicated cairn that stands before the Arts building of McGill University.

In 1782, McGill would be responsible with making the largest investment in Lower Canada within the fur trade in history at that time, some 26,000 Pound Sterling.

Family life and Burnside Place
In 1776, James McGill married Marie-Charlotte (1747-1818), the widow of Joseph-Amable Trottier Desrivières (1732-1771). Educated at the Ursuline Convent, Quebec, she was the daughter of Guillaume Guillimin (1713-1750), Member of the Sovereign Council of New France and Judge of the Courts of Admiralty. Her mother, Marie-Geneviève Foucault, was the daughter of François Foucault (1690-1766), the owner of one of the largest seigneuries in New France and a member of the Sovereign Council. McGill had previously adopted Charlotte, the youngest daughter of his deceased friend John Porteous, and through his marriage (after the death of their uncle and legal guardian) he became the step-father of two sons,

 Lt.-Col. François-Amable Trottier Desrivières (1764-1830), J.P., was particularly close to McGill and became like a son to him, following him into business with the firm of McGill & Todd. He married his first cousin, Marguerite-Thérèse Trottier Desrivières-Beaubien. On McGill's death he received £23,000 and a substantial amount of land in Stanbridge.
 Lt. Thomas-Hippolyte Trottier Desrivières (b.1769). McGill purchased a commission for him into the 60th Royal American Regiment, but he predeceased his step-father in a "foolish" duel fought with a fellow German officer while on service in Jamaica. When the German boasted of his death to Desrivières' friend, Charles de Salaberry, after finishing his breakfast, the French-Canadian challenged the German. After a long, obstinate contest fought with swords, the much younger de Salaberry killed the "rough bully" who had murdered his friend. Desrivières had married the sister of Joseph Bouchette and was the father of James McGill Trottier Desrivières, who inherited £60,000 from McGill and married a daughter of Joseph Frobisher.

In 1777, at Montreal, McGill purchased the former home of the Baron de Becancourt for his new family on Notre-Dame Street, next to the Château Ramezay. In about 1797, he was said to have purchased the farm he called Burnside which he used as a summer home. Burnside was near a farm belonging to the Desrivières family to the east, and the McTavish estate to the north and west. A burn ran through the property, from which McGill gave it its name. The land was used for orchards, vegetable farming and cattle-grazing. In 1787, an elm took root in the upper meadow of Burnside which grew into the Founder's Elm and survived until 1976 when it became dangerous and had to be felled.

Burnside was a gentleman's country house as opposed to a working farmhouse. The ground floor was taken up with servants' rooms, with a kitchen at the front and cellars going into the hill at the back. Steps led up to the front door and into the entrance hall with spacious front rooms on either side. Each of the two front rooms had three windows facing south. The high sloping roof had dormer windows for the third floor rooms, of which only two (each measuring twenty four square feet) had ceilings, while the rest of the area was a large open attic.

Legacy
It is noted within McGill patchwork biography that his death was sudden and shocking - even for McGill himself - with "(McGill) having no Idea of his going off half an Hour before he died" on December 19th, 1813.

Alexander Henry somehow found it necessary to mention that McGill's fortune upon his death was "going to strangers...and his wife's children. Mrs. McGill is left comfortable {a typical expression at the time for having no mortgage or rent to pay off nor worry or concern for money in any way following the death of one's partner} but young Desrivieres (McGill's son) will have 60,000 Pound Sterling". The importance for a stranger (and apparent need for Henry) to communicate where and how someone else's money should be spent upon their death is not made mention of.

A fur trader, slaveholder and land owner, McGill further diversified his activities into land speculation and the timber trade. By 1810, he had abandoned the fur trade altogether. At his death, he was one of the richest men in Montreal, leaving an estate well in excess of £100,000. McGill's business contemporaries even mentioned after his death that he may have been "the richest man in Montreal...one who could command more cash than anyone" and it is noted that those contemporaries "savoured the elevated stations (that McGill possessed upon his untimely demise)". The executors of his will were all close personal friends: John Richardson, Bishop John Strachan, Chief Justice James Reid and James Dunlop.

McGill's major assets included real estate in Lower and Upper Canada and investments in Britain; the latter not specified as to character or amount. There were also extensive mortgage holdings. In his will, old friends were remembered, the Montreal poor, the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the Grey Nuns, the Hôpital-Général de Québec and two Glasgow charities. Even though Alexander Henry grumbled that McGill's fortune, "went to strangers... (and) his wife's children, Mrs McGill is left comfortable, but young Desrivières (the son of McGill's youngest stepson) will have £60,000".

McGill's most important legacy was the £10,000 and his summer home that he left to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. The bequest not only funded McGill University, but it also stretched to establish several other colleges and universities, including the University of British Columbia, which was known as the McGill University College of British Columbia until 1915; the University of Victoria, an affiliated junior college of McGill until 1916; and, Dawson College which began in 1945 as a satellite campus of McGill to absorb the anticipated influx of students after World War II.

James McGill was buried, alongside his fur-trading associate John Porteous, in the old Protestant "Dufferin Square Cemetery". When the cemetery was eradicated in 1875, his remains were reinterred in front of the Arts Building on the McGill University campus. Plaques are displayed on Stockwell Street, Glasgow commemorating his birthplace and his foundation of the university, in the undercroft of Bute Hall at the University of Glasgow, recognizing the historic link between Glasgow and McGill universities and in McGill Metro station, in Montreal.

McGill Primary School in Pollok, Glasgow, was named after James McGill. It is now closed.

See also
List of universities named after people
Scots-Quebecer

References

Further reading

External links

McGill University - Who was James McGill?
James McGill's Will

1744 births
1813 deaths
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian philanthropists
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
McGill University people
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada
Businesspeople from Glasgow
Businesspeople from Montreal
Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Quebec
Anglophone Quebec people
Immigrants to the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Canadian slave owners

James McGill


Kijfhoek classification yard is a hump yard type freight rail yard between Rotterdam and Dordrecht in the Western Netherlands. The rail yard is named after the nearby village of Kijfhoek in the municipality of Zwijndrecht. With an area of 50 hectares Kijfhoek is the largest of the few railway yards left in the country. The rail yard has a key function in connecting the rail network at the Port of Rotterdam with the rest of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany.

Layout
Heart of the yard is the classification bowl with 42 tracks. On each side of the classification tracks are 5 departure tracks. On the west side of the hump are 14 arrival tracks. The passenger line Rotterdam-Dordrecht and the Betuweroute, a double track freight railway from the Europoort to Germany, run north of the yard.

Betuweroute
After the realisation of the Betuweroute in 2007, Kijfhoek gained importance in freight transport from the Europoort to Germany by rail. The arrival and departure tracks are connected to the Betuweroute through fly-overs over the passenger lines. All train movements at Kijfhoek and the Betuweroute are coordinated by the ProRail control centre at the rail yard.

See also
 List of rail yards
 Rail transport in the Netherlands

References

Rail yards in the Netherlands
Drechtsteden
IJsselmonde (island)
Zwijndrecht, Netherlands

Kijfhoek classification yard


Miriam Roth (Hebrew: מרים רות; January 16, 1910 – November 13, 2005) was a preeminent pioneer of Israeli preschool education, author and scholar of children's literature, with a long career as a kindergarten teacher and educator. Many of the children's books she wrote became Israeli best-selling classics.

Biography
Miriam Roth was born in 1910 to Helén (Hella, Linka) and  Jenő (Yaakov) Roth. She was born in the Austro-Hungarian town of Érsekújvár, now Nové Zámky, where the main language at the time was Hungarian, and which later became part of Czechoslovakia and then Slovakia.  Her father, who had fought in World War I, was the principal of the town's Jewish elementary school. She studied psychology and earned a bachelor's degree in pedagogy and natural sciences at Masaryk University.

Roth was a leading member in the Socialist-Zionist Hashomer Hatzair youth movement from an early age. In 1931 she immigrated to Palestine without her family. There, she studied at the Seminar HaKibbutzim Teachers College in Tel Aviv, and at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In 1937, Roth was one of the founders of Kibbutz Sha'ar HaGolan, in what was then Mandatory Palestine, where she worked as a kindergarten teacher and lived for many years.

During the Holocaust, her parents, two sisters, and two young nieces who were still in Europe were sent to Auschwitz and murdered. During the 1947–1949 Palestine war, the Syrian army captured her kibbutz and, as she recalled, "the Arabs burned Sha'ar Hagolan and my personal archive was burned and I lost all the letters and family photographs that I'd received."

In 1960, Roth went to New York to study at the Bank Street College of Education, and later, she earned a master's degree in education from Teachers College, Columbia University, in New York, and an MA in pedagogy from City College of New York.

Roth was married to Pesach Ivry, who died in 1978. The couple had three sons, 14 grandchildren, and 18 great-grandchildren. Her middle son Adam Ivry lives in Sha'ar Hagolan. In 1991, her youngest son, Yaakov, a 45-year-old father of four, drowned in a diving accident in Sinai. Her eldest son, Eitan, died of a heart attack in 2001.

In 2005, she was reunited with a long-lost relative. Her cousin Alfréd (Ali) Aladár Neuwald, who had survived the Holocaust, had lost touch with Roth, but his daughter, Ruth Neuwald Falcon, a documentary filmmaker in Seattle, searched the computer database of Jerusalem's Yad Vashem and learned that her mother's family had been murdered at Auschwitz, but also discovered information that led her to find and re-connect with Roth.

Her great-granddaughter, Amit Ivry, is an Israeli Olympic swimmer, Maccabiah Games champion, and national record holder.

Roth died of pneumonia on November 13, 2005, at Kibbutz Sha'ar Hagolan, at the age of 95.

Pedagogic career

Roth taught preschool education and children's literature to kindergarten teachers at the Oranim Academic College until the age of 70, and trained teachers and taught children's literature at Seminar Hakibbutzim (the Kibbutzim College of Education).  She also wrote textbooks on kindergarten education, and lectured and published articles on education and on children's literature.  Roth believed that educators should be responsible for the production and promotion of children's books. Over the years, she composed and published reading lists for young children.

She wrote "The Preschool Method" (1955), "The Child and You" (1958), and "Literature for the Very Young" (1969).  In 1956, Roth published "The Theory of the Kindergarten". She was a founder of Kibbutz Artzi's "Theory of the Nursery", and in 1958 advised parents to follow the advice of  professional educators, saying: Many parents do not know how to handle their children. They have not learned the laws governing a child's development and are not familiar with his needs. It seems that 'parenting', too, is a profession that must be taught.

Literary career

Roth published 23 books for children in Hebrew, many of which became best-sellers, and 6 books on education and children's literature.  She started writing relatively late in life, and authored popular Israeli children's literature classics.  They include her first children's book "A Tale of Five Balloons" (1974; published when she was 61 years old), "Boots" (1975), "Yael's House" (1977), "Hot Corn" (1978), "Grandma's Coat" (1981), "Miep Won't Go to Sleep" (1993), "Podi the Hedgehog" (1994), and her 22nd book "Confused Yuval" (2000).

"A Tale of Five Balloons" was inspired by her experience  comforting her own children, after the balloons she would bring them would eventually burst. Roth was revolutionary, in that she created a new literary genre focused on children's emotions and experiences, instead of on collective themes.

Roth's philosophy was that: "Excellent literature educates. Not by morals patched and an 'educational' finger wagged. What makes it 'educational' is its deep human content, offered in an excellent artistic form. Children learn a lesson from the fate of others, expand their view of the world, improve their language, enrich their ability for expression, and upgrade their ability of moral judgement."

Recognition and awards
In the Israeli city of Holon, a sculpture of an enormous corncob next to a weathervane inspired by Roth's "Corn on the Cob" was installed in the Tel Giborim neighborhood.

Roth was awarded the Ze`ev Prize for Lifetime Achievement in 1990, the UNICEF Smile Award (for "A Tale of Five Balloons") in 1998, and the Bialik Prize in 2002.

References

External links
"Completing the Writers' Circle: Urging Teachers to Share Their Writing", by Miriam Roth (Bank Street College of Education, New York, 1988)
"I like to dress up", by Miriam Roth (Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1990)
"Mixed-up Yuval", by Miriam Roth, יונת קצר-גולן (Poalim, 2000 – Yeladim
"הביית של ייעל", by Miriam Roth (Sefrit Poaʻlim, 2001)
"Miriam Roth autorka kníh pre deti" Nové Zámky hometown Miriam Roth (Slovak language)

1910 births
2005 deaths
Austro-Hungarian Jews
Bank Street College of Education alumni
City College of New York alumni
Czechoslovak emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Czechoslovak Jews
Hashomer Hatzair members
Israeli women children's writers
Israeli educators
Israeli women educators
Jewish educators
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Slovak-Jewish descent
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Masaryk University alumni
Academic staff of Oranim Academic College
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Israel

Miriam Roth


Rinos Mautsa is a Zimbabwean entrepreneur. He is well known for starting Zimbabwe's first call center, the Contact Centre Association of Zimbabwe (CCAZ) and co-founder of the Chartered Institute of Customer Management. He is reported to have promoted and developed Zimbabwe's Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) industry through CCAZ and Tech24. He is also the founder of Picco Construction and Energy Plus International.

Early life background

Rinos was born in Harare on 29 October 1984. Raised by a single mother after his father passed away at a young age, Rinos attended Manjanja Primary School and Emmanuel Secondary School in Nyanga.

Career background

Rinos is the founder of the first call centre and software development company in Zimbabwe, Africcs Pvt Ltd which is also now in other Southern African countries. Rinos Mautsa also established the Contact Centre Association of Zimbabwe which is now the sole association of customer services and call centres in Zimbabwe with over 100 corporates as members.

Rinos is a founding member and chairman of Zimbabwe Youth Housing Cooperative Association which now have over 5000 members in five provinces and is working with various government departments to build low cost housing units for youths in Zimbabwe.

He is also a In 2014 he established the Chartered Institute of Customer Management which is offering professional qualification globally with channel partners in over 30 countries.

Rinos is a holder of a Marketing Management Degree Midlands State University, Masters in Business Administration Midlands State University. Leadership Certificate Oxford University among other qualifications.

Leadership positions
Despite being founder of Contact Centre Association of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Youth Housing Cooperative Association and Chartered Institute of Customer Management, Rinos is involved in several established businesses in various capacities:

Founder and Chairman of Facelift Construction, Energy Plus International and Tech24 Pvt Ltd.
Proctor and Associates board chairperson
World Economic Forum's Global Shapers Curator. As curator of the Harare Hub Rinos managed to organise the first townhall to be attended by the president of Zimbabwe Cde Emmerson Mnangagwa duped "Road to Davos where he met the Zimbabwean youth
Founding Trustee of Campus Community Foundation which have presence in 6 African countries (January 2015 to date).
He is part of the mentors for the Queen Elizabeth Young Leaders programme-UK.
Zimbabwe Youth Council  Vice Chairperson (Jan 2015 to 2017).  The council is a government youth apex board which governs the affairs of young people in Zimbabwe.
Internal Control Institute board member (January 2016 to date).
Project chairperson of Government National Call Centre (Zimbabwe)
United Nations Association of Young Professionals based in USA board member

Rinos has been a judge for

Service Excellence Awards (2009-2012)
Buy Zimbabwe Awards in 2014 and 2015
Retailers Awards for 2016
Harare Metro Corporate Social Responsibility Awards hosted by the Provincial Minister of Harare Metro in Zimbabwe.

Awards & honours
2017 Crans Montana leader of tomorrow – Crans Montana Forum – Switzerland
2016 Desmond Tutu Fellow – African Leadership Institute (AFLI) – UK
2014 Young Visionaries Fellow Winner – Indian Government – India
2015 Leadership Award of the Year – Megafest Awards - Zimbabwe
Young Manager of The Year (Zimbabwe Institute of Management)
2015 JCI Outstanding Young Persons – Junior Chamber International
ICT Young Achiever runner up (2012)- Ministry of ICT Zimbabwe
Industry Champion Award (Call Centre Industry) (Global Association of Contact Centers-USA)

Accusations by Government

In 2015 he was accused of working with MDC-T party to topple the Zimbabwean government.

Further read
Customer Service Conference
Youth Workshop
Service Excellence Awards

References

1984 births
Zimbabwean businesspeople
Living people
People from Harare

Rinos Mautsa