فیفا دۆنیا کاپی ۲۰۰۶  فیفا دونیا کاپینین ۱۸-جی دوره‌سی‌ده که  ۹ ژوئن ۲۰۰۶ (میلادی) دان ۹ ژوئیه ۲۰۰۶ (میلادی)  آلمان اؤلکه سینده قورولدو.

ائو صاحیبین سئچماقی

The vote to choose the hosts of the 2006 tournament was held in July 2000 in زوریخ, Switzerland. It involved four bidding nations after برزیل had withdrawn three days earlier: آلمان, جنوبی آفریقا, اینگیلیس and مراکش. Three rounds of voting were required, each round eliminating the nation with the fewest votes. The first two rounds were held on 6 July 2000, and the final round was held on 7 July 2000, which Germany won over South Africa.

Bribery and corruption allegations
Accusations of bribery and corruption had marred the success of Germany's bid from the very beginning. On the very day of the vote, a hoax bribery affair was made public, leading to calls for a re-vote. On the night before the vote, German satirical magazine Titanic sent letters to FIFA representatives, offering joke gifts like cuckoo clocks and Black Forest ham in exchange for their vote for Germany. Oceania delegate Charlie Dempsey, who had initially backed England, had then been instructed to support South Africa following England's elimination. He abstained, citing "intolerable pressure" on the eve of the vote. Had Dempsey voted as originally instructed, the vote would have resulted with a 12–12 tie, and FIFA president سپ بلاتر, who favoured the South African bid, would have had to cast the deciding vote.

More irregularities surfaced soon after, including, in the months leading up to the decision, the sudden interest of German politicians and major businesses in the four Asian countries whose delegates were decisive for the vote. Just a week before the vote, the German government under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder lifted their arms embargo on سعودی عربیستان and agreed to send grenade launchers to the country. دایملر آق invested several hundred million Euro in Hyundai, while one of the sons of the company's founders was a member of FIFA's executive committee. Both فولکس‌واقن and بایر فارماکولوژی شیرکتی announced investments in تایلند and جنوبی کوره, whose respective delegates Worawi Makudi and Chung Jong-Moon were possible voters for Germany. Makudi additionally received a payment by a company of German media mogul Leo Kirch, who also paid millions for usually worthless TV rights for friendly matches of the آلمان میلّی فوتبال تیمی and بایرن مونیخ فوتبال کولوبو.

On 16 October 2015, the German news magazine Der Spiegel alleged that a slush fund with money from then-آدیداس CEO Robert Louis-Dreyfus was used to influence the vote of four Asian members of the FIFA executive committee. The sum of 6.7 million Euro was later demanded back by Dreyfus. In order to retrieve the money, the Organizing Committee paid an equivalent sum to the FIFA, allegedly as a German share for the cost of a closing ceremony, which never materialized. Wolfgang Niersbach, president of the آلمان فوتبال فدراسیونو (DFB), denied the allegations on 17 October 2015, saying that "the World Cup was not bought" and that he could "absolutely and categorically rule out the existence of a slush fund". The DFB announced they would consider seeking legal action against Der Spiegel. During a press conference on 22 October 2015, Nierbach repeated his stance, emphasizing that the 6,7 million were used in 2002 to secure a subsidy by FIFA. According to Niersbach, the payment had been agreed upon during a meeting between فرانس بکن‌باور and FIFA president Blatter, with the money being provided by Dreyfus. On the same day, FIFA contradicted Niersbach's statement, saying: "By our current state of knowledge, no such payment of 10 million Franks was registered by FIFA in 2002." The following day, former DFB president Theo Zwanziger publicly accused Niersbach of lying, saying: "It is evident that there was a slush fund for the German World Cup application". According to Zwanziger, the 6.7 million Euros went to Mohamed Bin Hammam, who at the time was supporting Blatter's campaign for president against Issa Hayatou.

On 22 March 2016 it was announced that the FIFA Ethics Committee was opening proceedings into the bid.

تیملرین سئچیلمه‌سی

198 teams attempted to qualify for the 2006 World Cup. Germany, the host nation, was granted automatic qualification, with the remaining 31 finals places divided among the continental confederations. Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams (Europe), five by CAF teams (Africa), four by CONMEBOL teams (South America), four by آسیا فوتبال کونفدراسیونو teams (Asia), and three by CONCACAF teams (North and Central America and Caribbean). The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and CONCACAF and between CONMEBOL and OFC (Oceania).

Eight nations qualified for the finals for the first time: Angola, Czech Republic, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, and صربیستان و مونته‌نقرو میلّی فوتبال تیمی. Czech Republic and Ukraine were making their first appearance as independent nations, but had previously been represented as part of چک ایسلواکی and the شوروی respectively; Serbia and Montenegro had competed as صربیستان و مونته‌نقرو in 1998, as well as making up part of Yugoslav teams from 1930 to 1990. As of 2018, this was the last time Togo, Angola, Czech Republic, Ukraine and Trinidad and Tobago qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, and the last time اوروقوئه میلّی فوتبال تیمی and نیجریه میلّی فوتبال تیمی failed to qualify.

اوسترالیا میلّی فوتبال تیمی qualified for the first time since 1974. Among the teams who failed to qualify were 2002 third-placed team تورکیه میلّی فوتبال تیمی, quarter-finalists سنقال میلّی فوتبال تیمی, Euro 2004 winners Greece and 2006 Africa Cup of Nations winners میصر میلّی فوتبال تیمی. Additionally, بلژیک میلّی فوتبال تیمی failed to qualify for the first time since 1978 and کامرون میلّی فوتبال تیمی failed to qualify for the first time since 1986. The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for نیجریه میلّی فوتبال تیمی, who had made the previous three tournaments, and دانمارک میلّی فوتبال تیمی and گونئی آفریقا میلّی فوتبال تیمی, who had both qualified for the previous two. فرانسه میلّی فوتبال تیمی had their first successful qualifying campaign since 1986, as they did not qualify for the 1990 and 1994 World Cups, in 1998 they were automatically qualified as hosts and in 2002 as defending champions.

For the first time since the 1982 World Cup, all six confederations were represented at the finals tournament.

The صربیستان و مونته‌نقرو dissolved prior to the start of the World Cup, on 3 June 2006, with صربیستان and مونتینیقرو becoming independent countries; their team competed at the World Cup unaffected. Their involvement in the competition became similar to the Commonwealth of Independent States that appeared at UEFA Euro 1992, a team formed to take the Soviet Union's place following dissolution, that multiple sovereign states had been represented in the finals of a major footballing tournament by a single team and the only occurrence in the World Cup finals to date. The highest ranked team not to qualify was Denmark (ranked 11th), while the lowest ranked team that did qualify was Togo (ranked 61st).

سئچیلمیش تیملرین لیستی

آشاغاداکی ۳۲ تیم تورنومنتدن قاباق رنک اساسیندا دیر کی تورنومنتین فینال مرحله‌سینه سئچیلدیلر:

AFC (۴)

CAF (۵)

CONCACAF (۴)

CONMEBOL (۴)

OFC (۱)

UEFA (۱۴)

ایستادیوملار
In 2006, Germany had a plethora of football stadia that satisfied FIFA's minimum capacity of 40,000 seats for World Cup matches. The outdated and still-standing اولمپیک مونیخ in Munich (69,250), the venue for the 1974 final match was not used for the tournament, even though FIFA's regulations allow one city to use two stadia. دوسلدورف's اسپریت آرنا (51,500), برمن's وزراشتادیون (43,000) and مونشن‌قلادباخ's بروسیا پارک (46,249) were also not used.

Twelve stadia were selected to host the World Cup matches. During the tournament, many of them were known by different names, as FIFA prohibits sponsorship of stadia unless the stadium sponsors are also official FIFA sponsors. For example, the آلیانز آرنا in Munich was known during the competition as FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich (), and even the letters of the company Allianz were removed or covered. Some of the stadia also had a lower capacity for the World Cup, as FIFA regulations ban standing room; nonetheless, this was accommodated as several stadia had a UEFA five-star ranking. The stadia in Berlin, Munich, Dortmund and Stuttgart hosted six matches each, while the other eight stadia hosted five matches each.

A cross denotes an indoor stadium.

تیم‌لرین اصلی کمپ‌لری
Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament. FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan="2"| National squads' base camps
|-

|}

داورلر

Squads

Squads for the 2006 World Cup consisted of 23 players, as in the previous tournament in 2002. Each participating national association had to confirm its 23-player squad by 15 May 2006.

قروپلار

قورعه‌لر

The eight seeded teams for the 2006 tournament were announced on 6 December 2005. The seeds comprised Pot A in the draw. Pot B contained the unseeded qualifiers from South America, Africa and Oceania; Pot C contained eight of the nine remaining European teams, excluding صربیستان و مونته‌نقرو میلّی فوتبال تیمی. Pot D contained unseeded teams from the CONCACAF region and Asia. A special pot contained Serbia and Montenegro: this was done to ensure that no group contained three European teams. In the special pot, Serbia and Montenegro was drawn first, then their group was drawn from the three seeded non-European nations, آرژانتین میلّی فوتبال تیمی, برزیل میلّی فوتبال تیمی, and مکزیک میلّی فوتبال تیمی.

It had been predetermined that, as the host, آلمان میلّی فوتبال تیمی would be placed in Group A, thus being assured of the venues of their group matches in advance of the draw. FIFA had also announced in advance that Brazil (the defending champion) would be allocated to Group F.

On 9 December 2005 the draw was held, and the group assignments and order of matches were determined. After the draw was completed, commentators remarked that Group C appeared to be the group of death, while others suggested Group E. Argentina and the Netherlands both qualified with a game to spare with wins over Ivory Coast and Serbia and Montenegro respectively.

قروپ سیستمی
The first round, or group stage, saw the thirty-two teams divided into eight groups of four teams. Each group was a round-robin of three games, where each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same group. Teams were awarded three points for a win, one point for a draw and none for a defeat. The teams coming first and second in each group qualified for the Round of 16.

رنک شاخیصلری
If teams were level on points, they were ranked on the following criteria in order:

In the original version of the rules for the final tournament, the ranking criteria were in a different order, with head-to-head results taking precedence over total goal difference. The rules were changed to the above in advance of the tournament, but older versions were still available on the FIFA and UEFA websites, causing some confusion among those trying to identify the correct criteria.
In any event, the final tournament saw only two pairs of teams level on points: Argentina and the Netherlands at 7 points in Group C; Tunisia and Saudi Arabia at 1 point in Group H. Both of these ties were resolved on total goal difference. Also, in both cases the teams had tied their match, so the order of ranking criteria made no difference.

Finals tournament

The finals tournament of the 2006 World Cup began on 9 June. The 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four teams each, within which the teams competed in a round-robin tournament to determine which two of those four teams would advance to the sixteen-team knock-out stage, which started on 24 June. In total, 64 games were played.

Hosting
Although Germany failed to win the Cup, the tournament was considered a great success for Germany in general. Germany also experienced a sudden increase in patriotic spirit with flag waving, traditionally frowned upon by German society since World War II, whenever the German team played. For the closing ceremonies, Matthias Keller composed a work performed simultaneously by the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bavarian State Orchestra and the Bavarian Radio Orchestra with conductors Christian Thielemann, Zubin Mehta, and Mariss Jansons, and soloists دیانا دامرو, Plácido Domingo and Lang Lang.

Traditional powers dominate
Despite early success by اوسترالیا میلّی فوتبال تیمی, Ecuador and Ghana, the tournament marked a return to dominance of the traditional football powers. Four years after a فیفا دونیا کاپی ۲۰۰۲ in which teams from North America (آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری میلّی فوتبال تیمی), Africa (سنقال میلّی فوتبال تیمی), and Asia (جنوبی کوره میلّی فوتبال تیمی) made it deep into the knockout stages and تورکیه میلّی فوتبال تیمی finished third, all eight seeded teams progressed to the knockout stages, and none of the quarter-finalists were from outside Europe or South America. Six former champions took part in the quarter-final round, with Ukraine and Euro 2004 runners-up Portugal as the only relative outsiders. Argentina and Brazil were eliminated in the quarter-finals, leaving an all-European final four for only the fourth time (after the 1934, 1966 and 1982 tournaments).

Scoring
Despite the early goals that flooded the group stages, the knock-out phase had a much lower goals per match ratio. A prime example of the dearth of goals was Portugal, which only scored in the 23rd minute of the Round of 16, and did not score again until the 88th minute of the third place play-off. No player managed to score a hat-trick in this tournament. Italy, Germany, Argentina, Brazil and France were the only teams to score more than one goal in a knockout match. Germany was one of the exceptions, tending to play an attacking style of football throughout the knock-out stage, which was reflected by the fact that they scored the most goals (14), with players from all three outfield positions (defence, midfield and forward) making the scoresheet.

Germany's میروسلاو کلوزه scored five goals to claim the Golden Boot, the lowest total to win the prize since 1962. No other player scored more than three goals. No player from the winning Italian squad scored more than two goals, though ten players had scored for the team, tying France's record in 1982 for the most goalscorers from any one team.

For the first time ever in the FIFA World Cup, the first and last goals of the tournament were scored by defenders. فیلیپ لام, the German مودافع, scored the opener against Costa Rica after only 5 minutes of the opening match. In the final, مارکو ماتراتسی, the Italian centre back, out-jumped پاتریک ویرا and headed in the last goal of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Unprecedented number of cards
The tournament had a record number of yellow and red cards, breaking the previous record set by the 1998 World Cup. Players received a record-breaking 345 yellow cards and 28 red cards, with Russian referee Valentin Ivanov handing out 16 yellow and 4 red cards in the round of 16 match between پورتوقال میلّی فوتبال تیمی and the هولند میلّی فوتبال تیمی, in a match known as the Battle of Nuremberg. Portugal had two players suspended for each of the quarter-final and semi-final matches, respectively. FIFA President سپ بلاتر hinted that he may allow some rule changes for future tournaments so that earlier accumulated bookings will not force players to miss the final, should their teams make it that far. The tournament also saw English referee قراهام پوْل mistakenly hand out three yellow cards to Croatia's یوسیپ شیمونیچ in their match against Australia.

The high number of yellow and red cards shown also prompted discussion about the referees. FIFA Officials and President سپ بلاتر received criticism for allegedly making rules too rigid and taking discretion away from referees.

نتیجه‌لر

قروپ مرحله‌سی

تمام زامانلار مرکزی اوروپانین یای زامانی (یوتی‌سی ۲:۰۰+) اساسیندادیر.

آشاغاداکی جدوللرده:
 Pld = اوینانیلمیش اویونلاری جمعی
 W = قازانان اویونلارین جمعی
 D = برابر اویونلارین جمعی (tied)
 L = اودوزان اویونلارین جمعی
 GF = وورولموش قوللارین جمعی (goals for)
 GA = یئییلمیش قوللارین جمعی (goals against)
 GD = قول فرقی (GF−GA)
 Pts = ایمتیازلارین جمعی

قروپ آ

آچیلیش اویونو، آلمان میلّی فوتبال تیمی و کاستاریکا میلّی فوتبال تیمی اوینادیلار و اویونون سونوندا ۴-۲ آلمان قازاندی.

قروپ ب

In Group B, اینگیلیس میلّی فوتبال تیمی and سوئد میلّی فوتبال تیمی pushed پاراقوئه میلّی فوتبال تیمی into third place after narrow victories over the South Americans. Trinidad and Tobago earned some international respect after a draw with Sweden in their opening game and managing to hold England scoreless for 83 minutes, until goals from پیتر کراوچ and استیون جرارد sealed a 2–0 win for the Three Lions. Sweden qualified for the knockout rounds after drawing 2–2 with England to maintain their 38-year unbeaten record against them.

قروپ س

Both آرژانتین میلّی فوتبال تیمی and هولند میلّی فوتبال تیمی qualified from Group C with a game remaining. Argentina topped the group on goal difference, having hammered صربیستان و مونته‌نقرو میلّی فوتبال تیمی 6–0 and beaten Ivory Coast 2–1. The Dutch picked up 1–0 and 2–1 victories over Serbia and Montenegro and Ivory Coast, respectively. Ivory Coast defeated Serbia and Montenegro 3–2 in their final game, in Serbia and Montenegro's last ever international as the country had dissolved 18 days earlier.

قروپ د

پورتوقال میلّی فوتبال تیمی coasted through in Group D, picking up the maximum number of points, with مکزیک میلّی فوتبال تیمی qualifying in second. ایران میلّی فوتبال تیمی missed chances against Mexico in their opening 1–3 defeat and were eliminated in their match against Portugal. They fought hard against the Portuguese, but went down 2–0. Their last game against Angola ended in 1–1 draw. The Africans had a respectable first World Cup tournament after earning draws with Mexico (0–0) and Iran.

Group E

In Group E, ایتالیا میلّی فوتبال تیمی went through to the Round of 16 conceding just one goal (an own goal) by کریستیان زاکاردو in the group phase against the آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری میلّی فوتبال تیمی. The US bowed out of the tournament after disappointing results against the Czech Republic and Ghana, 0–3 and 1–2, respectively, despite a 1–1 draw (finishing with 9 vs 10 men) against Italy. Tournament debutant Ghana joined Italy in the round of 16, following victories over the Czech Republic and the United States. دنیله ده روسی was suspended for 4 games following his sending-off against the United States.

قروپ ف

Group F included the reigning فیفا دونیا کاپی ۲۰۰۲ برزیل میلّی فوتبال تیمی, کوروواسی میلّی فوتبال تیمی, ژاپون میلّی فوتبال تیمی, and اوسترالیا میلّی فوتبال تیمی. Playing in their first World Cup for 32 years, Australia came from behind to defeat Japan 3–1, and, despite losing 0–2 to Brazil, a 2–2 draw with Croatia was enough to give the Australians a place in the Round of 16 in a game where two players were sent-off for second bookings and one, erroneously, for a third booking by English referee قراهام پوْل. The Brazilians won all three games to qualify first in the group. Their 1–0 win against Croatia was through a goal late in the first-half by کاکا. Croatia and Japan went out of the tournament without a single win.

قروپ ق

فرانسه میلّی فوتبال تیمی only managed a scoreless draw against سوئیس میلّی فوتبال تیمی and a 1–1 draw against جنوبی کوره میلّی فوتبال تیمی. With captain زین‌الدین زیدان suspended, their 2–0 win against Togo was enough for them to advance to the knockout round. They were joined by the group winners, Switzerland, who defeated South Korea 2–0, and did not concede a goal in the tournament. South Korea won their first World Cup finals match outside their own country in defeating Togo, but four points were not enough to see them through to the round of 16 (the only team for which this was the case), while Togo exited without a point.

قروپ ه

ایسپانیا میلّی فوتبال تیمی dominated Group H, picking up the maximum number of points, scoring 8 goals, and conceding only 1. Ukraine, despite being beaten 4–0 by Spain in their first World Cup game, took advantage of the weaker opponents to beat سعودی عربیستان میلّی فوتبال تیمی 4–0 and scrape past تونس میلّی فوتبال تیمی 1–0 thanks to a 70th-minute penalty by آندرئی شوچنکو, to reach the Round of 16. Saudi Arabia and Tunisia went out of the tournament having 1 point each, thanks to a 2–2 draw against each other.

ناک اوت مرحله‌سی

The knockout stage involved the sixteen teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament. There were four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds were: round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and final. There was also a play-off to decide third/fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, a draw was followed by thirty minutes of extra time (two 15-minute halves); if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot-out (at least five penalties each, and more if necessary) to determine who progressed to the next round. Scores after extra time are indicated by (aet), and penalty shoot-outs are indicated by (pen.).

Round of 16
In the second round, conceding two early goals in the first twelve minutes to Germany effectively ended the Swedes' hopes of progressing to the quarter-finals. Argentina struggled to get past Mexico until a ماکسی رودریقز goal in extra time put the Albiceleste in the quarter-finals. Australia's journey ended when Italians were awarded a controversial penalty, scored by فرانچسکو توتی, deep into the remaining seconds of the match. The Italians had spent much of the game with only ten men on the field, following an equally controversial red card shown to مودافع مارکو ماتراتسی. In a 0–0 match, Switzerland failed to convert any of their three penalties in the penalty shoot-out against Ukraine to see them exit the competition with an unwanted new record in becoming the first team in a World Cup to fail to convert any penalties in a shootout. Their elimination also meant that they became the first nation to be eliminated from the World Cup without conceding any goals (and indeed the only nation ever to participate in a World Cup finals tournament without conceding a goal).

England struggled against Ecuador but won 1–0 thanks to a دئیوید بکام free kick. Brazil won 3–0 against Ghana, in a game which included رونالدو's record 15th World Cup goal. Der Spiegel reported that the match may have been influenced by an Asian betting syndicate. Portugal defeated the Netherlands 1–0. The only goal came courtesy of a مانیش strike in an acrimonious match, which marked a new World Cup record with 16 yellow cards (Portugal: 9, the Netherlands: 7) and 4 players being sent off for a second bookable offence. France came from behind to defeat Spain 3–1 thanks to goals from فرانک ریبری, پاتریک ویرا, and زین‌الدین زیدان.

Quarter-finals
Germany and Argentina ended 1–1 after extra time; the hosts edged out the Argentinians 4–2 on penalties to go through to the semifinals (this was the first time Argentina had lost a World Cup penalty shootout: up until this match, both Argentina and Germany had participated in three penalty shootouts, winning all of them). In فلتینس آرنا, when England faced Portugal, وین رونی was sent off, and Portugal won the penalty shoot-out 3–1 after a 0–0 draw to reach their first World Cup semi-final since the days of اوزه‌بیو 40 years earlier, and ensure manager Luiz Felipe Scolari's third consecutive tournament quarter-final win over سون یوران اریکسون's England.

Italy defeated quarter-final debutants Ukraine 3–0. France eliminated Brazil 1–0 to advance into the semi-finals. Brazil only managed one shot on goal, while زین‌الدین زیدان's dribbling earned him Man of the Match and his free-kick to تیئری آنری resulted in the winning goal.

Semi-finals
With Argentina and Brazil eliminated in the quarter-finals, an all-European semi-final line up was completed for only the fourth time (after the 1934, 1966 and 1982 tournaments).

The semi-final between Germany and Italy produced an extra time period that went scoreless until the 118th minute, when Italy scored twice through فابیو قروسو and الساندرو دل پیئرو, putting an end to Germany's undefeated record in Dortmund.

In the second semi-final, Portugal lost to France 1–0 in آلیانز آرنا. In a repeat of the Euro 1984 and Euro 2000 semi-finals, Portugal were defeated by France, with the decisive goal being a penalty scored by France captain Zinedine Zidane.

Third place play-off
The hosts got three goals in 20 minutes in the second half with the help of 21-year-old left هافبک باستیان شواینشتایگر. His first goal beat the Portuguese goalkeeper ریکاردو (فوتبالیست، دوغوم ۱۹۷۶) with pace over his head. Only 4 minutes later, Schweinsteiger's free kick 30 metres from the left of the penalty box, driven low across goal, was connected with پتیت's knee to become an own goal for Portugal. The German did not stop, and netted his second goal, which swerved away to the keeper's left, in the 78th minute.

Portugal were strong in possession but lacked punch in attack; unable to convert 57% possession into goals. پائولتا had two clear chances from 15 metres, but both times hit tame shots that did not trouble keeper اولیور کان, who was playing in his last match for the German national team. Portugal got a consolation goal with the help of substitute Luís Figo (also playing the final international game of his career), who almost immediately provided the precise distribution needed to unlock the German defence. A cross from the right wing on 88 minutes found fellow substitute Nuno Gomes at the far post, who dived in for the goal. The game ended 3–1, a result which gave the tournament hosts the bronze medals and left Portugal in fourth place.

Final

The final started with each side scoring within the first 20 minutes. Zinedine Zidane opened the scoring by converting a controversial seventh-minute penalty kick, which glanced off the underside of the crossbar and bounced beyond the goal line before it spun back up, hit the crossbar again and rebounded out of the goal. Marco Materazzi then levelled the scores in the 19th minute following an آندره آ پیرلو corner. Both teams had chances to score the winning goal in normal time: لوکا تونی hit the crossbar in the 35th minute for Italy (he later had a header disallowed for offside), while France were not awarded a possible second penalty in the 53rd minute when فلورن مالودا went down in the box after a tackle from جانلوکا زامبروتا.

At the end of the regulation 90 minutes, the score was still level at 1–1, and the match was forced into extra time. Italian goalkeeper جانلوئیجی بوفون made a potentially game-saving save in extra time when he tipped a Zidane header over the crossbar. Further controversy ensued near the end of extra time, when Zidane head-butted Materazzi in the chest in an off-the-ball incident and was sent off. Extra time produced no further goals and a penalty shootout followed, which Italy won 5–3. France's دیوید ترزقه, the man who scored the golden goal against Italy in Euro 2000, was the only player not to score his penalty; his spot kick hit the crossbar, landed on the goal line and went out. It was the first all-European final since Italy's triumph over West Germany in the 1982 World Cup, and the second final, after 1994, to be decided on penalties. It was also Italy's first world title in 24 years, and their fourth overall, making them the second most successful World Cup team ever. The victory also helped Italy top the فیفا دونیا رئیتینقی in February 2007 for the first time since November 1993.

آمارلار

اوستون قول وورانلار
میروسلاو کلوزه received the Golden Boot for scoring five goals in the World Cup. In total, 147 goals were scored by 110 players, with four of them credited as own goals.

جایزه‌لر

FIFA's Technical Study Group (TSG) also granted a man of the match award to one player in each match. Italy's آندره آ پیرلو won the most Man of the Match awards, with three in total. میروسلاو کلوزه، آقوستین دلقادو، آرین روبن، زه روبرتو، الکساندر فرای، میشائل بالاک،  and پاتریک ویرا each received two awards.

All-star team
The All-star team is a squad consisting of the 23 most impressive players at the 2006 World Cup, as selected by FIFA's Technical Study Group. The team was chosen from a shortlist of over 50 players, and was selected based on performances from the second round onwards.

Prize money
A total of CHF332 million was awarded to the 32 teams participating in the tournament. Each team who entered the competition received CHF2 million, with the biggest prize being CHF24.5 million, awarded to the winner of the tournament. Below is a complete list of the prize money allocated:
 CHF7 million – To each team eliminated in the group stage (16 teams)
 CHF8.5 million – To each team eliminated in the round of 16 (8 teams)
 CHF11.5 million – To each team eliminated in the quarter-finals (4 teams)
 CHF21.5 million – Fourth placed team and Third placed team
 CHF22.5 million – Runners-up
 CHF24.5 million – Winner

فینال یئرلر
All 32 teams are ranked based on criteria which have been used by فیفا. A penalty shoot-out counts as a draw for both teams.

Fan Fest
In the preparation for 2006 FIFA World Cup FIFA and the Organizing Committee sought a way to accommodate people planning to visit the World Cup. The experience of past World Cups and public viewing was conceptualized in 4-weeks long events for football supporters to meet, board, interact, partake in cultural activities and watch all 64 games on giant video walls. Since 2004 the details on costs, logistics, safety issues, marketing and broadcast rights were jointly hammered out by FIFA and the Host Cities Those public viewing events that became known under the name of Fan Fests, served an idea to provide football supporters without tickets a legitimate opportunity to partake in the World Cup. Unlike the past tournaments where ticketless fans were treated as security risks, the World Cup in Germany welcomed all football supporters thus generating positive atmosphere even before the tournament began. Even though security planners and media were sceptical and cautious on the matter of public viewing, the scepticism was cast aside with the beginning of the World Cup.

Fan Fests for 2006 FIFA World Cup were set up in 12 Host Cities and attracted 21 million visitors over the duration of tournament according to German National Tourist Board (FIFA claimed there were over 18 million visitors). برلین "Fanmeile" located at pedestrianized Straße des 17. Juni between Brandenburg Gate and Victory Column with 14 consecutive video walls attracted 9 million fans over the duration of World Cup with nearly 1 million supporters each آلمان میلّی فوتبال تیمی game. For the first time in German history an event scored more visitors than Oktoberfest. کولن Fan Fest scored 3 million visitors followed by 1.9 million in فرانکفورت, 1.5 million in اشتوتقارت, 1.46 million in هامبورق, 1 million per دورتموند and مونیخ, 500 thousands per نورنبرق and هانوفر, 471 thousands in لایپزیق, 350 thousands in قلزنکیرشن and 205 thousands in کایزرسلاوترن. Those numbers exceeded all expectations and some of the Host Cities had to expand the Fan Fest areas in the middle of the World Cup. The most popular Fan Fests were located in the inner city areas and the approach to keep the city centre generally "fan free" applied by the authorities of Nurenberg proved ineffective as many football supporters preferred to stay in the picturesque city centre. According to surveys conducted during the 2006 FIFA World Cup at the Fan Fests at Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich 28% of visitors travelled over 100 kilometers to attend to event and up to 84% came there together with friends. Around 21% of foreigners interviewed at Fan Fests visited Germany to see the World Cup without tickets to any game. Media coverage of events had an additional positive effect as pictures of fans celebrating in front of giant screens attracted even more visitors from neighboring European countries that spontaneously decided to take part in celebrations at Fan Fests.

Despite minor inconsistencies in planning and execution the Fan Fest concept was so successful, so numerous people later claimed personal responsibility for the invention. The visitors' expectations regarding Fan Fests were fulfilled. Over the duration of the World Cup Fan Fests served as modern market squares where communication and interaction strengthen the feeling of community. Out-of-home media reception made the emotional aspect of escape from everyday life more intense for participants. Pictures of football supporters celebrating in front of video walls became a typical illustration of atmosphere in the country, while "Fanmeile" was later picked up as German Word of the Year. In 2007 FIFA and 12 Host Cities had received the German Marketing Prize for Sports for the innovative nature and marketing concept of Fan Fests during the 2006 World Cup Finals. FIFA and the Host Cities succeeded in creating and comfortable environment for foreign fans as 95% of them surveyed at Fan Fests agreed that it was an unequivocal declaration of international nature of World Cup and not a mere event for Germans. A thought-out implementation of public viewing at such a large-scale football event as the 2006 World Cup became set a precedent. Immediately after the 2006 World Cup FIFA announced that it registered the trademark for Fan Fests, takes over the organization and marketing and makes Fan Fests an integral part of future FIFA World Cups.

Locations

 برلین — Straße des 17. Juni (between Brandenburg Gate and Victory Column)
 کولن — , Roncalliplatz, Rheinauhafen and Deutzer shipyard
 فرانکفورت —  (at banks of ماین چایی)
 اشتوتقارت — Schlossplatz
 هامبورق — Heiligengeistfeld
 دورتموند —
 مونیخ — Olympiapark
 نورنبرق — Volksfestplatz
 هانوفر —
 لایپزیق — Augustusplatz
 قلزنکیرشن — Glückauf-Kampfbahn
 کایزرسلاوترن — , Barbarossastrasse

Sponsorship
The sponsors of the 2006 World Cup consisted of 15 FIFA Partners.

Evaluation of Germany as host nation

Not only in its organisation was the 2006 World Cup the best in history, as FIFA president Sepp Blatter stated, above all Germany could portray itself as a worthy host through its enthusiastic and hospitable public. Through the many fanfests and large-screen broadcasts, the feeling of a four-week national festival developed, in which many of the population took part.

During the first weeks of the tournament, there was concerned discussion about the wide display of the آلمان بایراغی and the German national colours on houses, vehicles and clothing. Numerous national and international observers from media, society and politics considered that this signified not only great support for the German football team, but even a "new patriotism". This continued a development already observed during the فیفا دونیا کاپی ۲۰۰۲. A study by the ماربورق بیلیم‌یوردو suggested a slight rise in national pride. However, sporadic attempts of far right organisations to use the tournament as a platform for their propaganda remained unsuccessful.

As the German national football team contributed to arousing this previously undeclared enthusiasm and euphoria in Germany over a period of weeks, the then German President Horst Köhler presented the national players on 14 August 2006 with the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (Silver Laurel Leaf), the highest sports award in Germany. The team's trainer, یورقن کلینزمن, in February 2007 was furthermore awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz, not least for his reformed methods of modern training and playing methods, in which he persevered despite harsh criticism. Nevertheless, Klinsmann announced after the tournament that he would not extend his contract as trainer of the national team, since he felt completely burned-out and wished to spend more time with his family in کالیفورنیا ایالتی. The آلمان فوتبال فدراسیونو (DFB) on the same day named as Klinsmann's successor his assistant trainer یوآخیم لوو, since in the opinion of the DFB leadership he would best continue Klinsmann's work and training methods.

According to a representative survey taken in تری‌یر by the European Tourism Institute (ETI), 96% of the German population considered that Germany was a good host during the World Cup. Additionally 93% of those interviewed found the international football fans to be agreeable.

See also

 2006 FIFA World Cup:
 A time to make friends
 Broadcasting rights
 Controversies
 Disciplinary record
 Officials
 Organizing Committee
 Qualification
 Seeding
 Sponsorship
 Squads
 FIFA World Cup records
 Leeuwenhosen controversy
Strangers, a 2007 film which takes place during the 2006 World Cup
Deutschland. Ein Sommermärchen, a 2006 documentary film recording آلمان میلّی فوتبال تیمی from boot camp in Sardegna to third place playoff against پورتوقال میلّی فوتبال تیمی
 Adidas Teamgeist
 Voices from the FIFA World Cup
 Several countries celebrated this major event with the minting of specially high value commemorative coins. Among them is the Belgian 20 euro Germany 2006 FIFA World Cup Coin. The obverse of the coin shows a footballer with a ball, right above them '2006 FIFA World Cup Germany' can be clearly seen.
 2006 FIFA World Cup Organizing Committee
 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, also held in Germany

References and footnotes

External links

2006 FIFA World Cup Germany, FIFA.com
FIFA Technical Report (Part 1)  and (Part 2)
RSSSF Archive of finals
Official FIFA World Cup site
Germany 2006 – Home

Football World Cup
World
FIFA World Cup tournaments
International association football competitions hosted by Germany
Corruption in Germany
June 2006 sports events in Europe
July 2006 sports events in Europe

فیفا دونیا کاپی ۲۰۰۶


Péter Medgyessy (born 19 October 1942)  is a Hungarian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Hungary from 2002 to 2004. He is a member of the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and was elected to parliament in 1994.

Medgyessy was born on October 19, 1942, in Budapest, Hungary. He studied economics at the Budapest University of Economics and later earned a PhD in the same field from the Karl Marx University of Economics in Moscow.

Medgyessy worked as an economist for several years before entering politics in the 1990s. He was appointed as the Minister of Finance under Prime Minister Gyula Horn in 1996 and held the position until 1998.

In 2002, Medgyessy was elected as Prime Minister of Hungary after his party won a narrow victory in the parliamentary elections. His government pursued a program of economic and social reforms aimed at reducing Hungary's budget deficit and promoting growth.

Medgyessy's government introduced a number of measures aimed at improving Hungary's fiscal position and stimulating economic growth. These measures included the introduction of a flat tax system, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the reform of the pension system.

However, Medgyessy's government faced several challenges during its time in power, including a series of corruption scandals and accusations of economic mismanagement. In 2004, Medgyessy resigned as Prime Minister after losing the support of his coalition partners.

Following his resignation, Medgyessy returned to academia and became a professor of economics at the Budapest University of Economics. He also served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Hungarian Development Bank from 2007 to 2010.

Medgyessy has been a vocal critic of Hungary's current government and its leader, Viktor Orbán, and has spoken out against what he sees as the government's authoritarian tendencies and disregard for the rule of law.

Overall, Medgyessy is regarded as a competent economist and a committed public servant, though his time as Prime Minister was marred by controversy and political turmoil. He remains active in public life and continues to advocate for progressive economic policies and democratic values.

Family and studies
Péter Medgyessy is a Hungarian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Hungary from 2002 to 2004. He was born on October 19, 1942, in Budapest, Hungary. He comes from a family of intellectuals and politicians, with his father being a renowned economist and his mother a prominent member of the Communist Party. Medgyessy studied economics at the Karl Marx University of Economics, now known as the Corvinus University of Budapest, and later pursued further studies in the United States. He has since held various positions in both the public and private sectors, including serving as the CEO of the Hungarian subsidiary of KPMG.

Political career
Péter Medgyessy is a Hungarian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Hungary from 2002 to 2004. He began his political career as an economist in the Ministry of Finance during the 1970s. In 1996, he was appointed as the Minister of Finance in the government of Gyula Horn, where he implemented various economic reforms. In 2002, he became the Prime Minister of Hungary, leading a coalition government of the Hungarian Socialist Party and the Alliance of Free Democrats. During his tenure, he implemented several social and economic reforms, including the introduction of a flat tax system. He resigned in 2004 amid controversy over his alleged past involvement with the Communist secret police.

Controversies
Péter Medgyessy, the former Prime Minister of Hungary, has been embroiled in several controversies throughout his career. One of the most significant controversies was related to his alleged past involvement with the Communist secret police. Medgyessy was accused of having worked as an intelligence officer for the secret police during the Communist regime in Hungary. He denied the allegations but eventually admitted to having worked as an informant in the late 1970s. Another controversy was related to the privatization  of state-owned companies during his tenure as Prime Minister, with accusations of corruption and insider dealing. Additionally, he was criticized for his handling of the Iraq War, with many accusing him of lying to the public about Hungary's involvement. Medgyessy's political career has been tarnished by these controversies, and his legacy remains a subject of debate in Hungary.

Life since government
Since leaving government, Péter Medgyessy has continued to be involved in various business and civic activities. He has served as a board member and advisor for several Hungarian and international companies, including OTP Bank, MOL Group, and Telekom Hungary. He has also been a vocal advocate for environmental sustainability and has been involved in several initiatives aimed at promoting renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions. In addition to his business and environmental work, Medgyessy has also been active in promoting Hungarian culture and education. He has served as the president of the Hungarian Fulbright Alumni Association and has been involved in various educational and cultural exchange programs between Hungary and the United States.

Awards and merits
Péter Medgyessy has been recognized with several awards and honors for his contributions to politics, economics, and public service. In 1999, he was awarded the Hungarian Republic's Order of Merit, and in 2000 he was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his contributions to promoting Anglo-Hungarian relations. He has also been recognized by various international organizations, including the World Economic Forum and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, for his work in promoting economic growth and development in Hungary. In 2015, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary for his contributions to the country's economic and political development. Medgyessy's numerous awards and merits are a testament to his distinguished career and public service.

References

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
Politicians from Budapest
Prime Ministers of Hungary

Péter Medgyessy


The Nassau Electric Railroad was an electric street railway company in the U.S. state of New York. The company operated throughout the borough of Brooklyn, as well as over the Brooklyn Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge into Manhattan.

The company was formed by real estate developer Patrick H. Flynn, who owned land on Fifth Avenue south of 25th Street, where the Atlantic Avenue Railroad's Fifth Avenue Line ended. He went to the Atlantic Avenue Railroad and Brooklyn City Rail Road, asking them to extend their lines to serve the area, but the Atlantic Avenue refused because the area was not built up, and the Brooklyn City refused because they had agreed to leave Fifth Avenue to the Atlantic Avenue. Faced with the lack of a railroad connection to his planned subdivision, Flynn incorporated the Coney Island, Fort Hamilton and Brooklyn Railroad, the Union Railroad, the Kings County Electric Railway, and finally the Nassau Electric Railroad to absorb them all.

The CIFH&B was chartered by the New York State Legislature on June 7, 1890, to build from the 39th Street Ferry through New Utrecht to Coney Island and Fort Hamilton. Soon the Atlantic Avenue was also interested in extending its Fifth Avenue Line through Flynn's land to 36th Street, which it had a franchise to build to. In 1892, Flynn took over the Union Railroad, which had been chartered on May 6, 1884, and incorporated June 19 by other parties to connect Hamilton Ferry with Prospect Park along Union Street. Flynn's plan was to build the Union Street Line and a connection along Second Avenue to the CIFH&B, allowing the RIFH&B to reach Hamilton Ferry. Flynn also planned to extend the Union Street Line east via East New York to City Line. The Kings County Electric Railway was incorporated by Flynn on November 29, 1892, to build a crosstown line from the 39th Street Ferry east along Church Avenue and New Lots Avenue to City Line, and to build from Canarsie Landing north to the city line on the west side of the Cemetery of the Evergreens, crossing the east–west line at Brownsville and the Union Street Line extension at East New York.

Flynn then incorporated the Nassau Electric Railroad on March 13, 1893, in order to raise more capital for the system and with the right to use the tracks of the other three companies. In the next few years, most of the system's franchised lines, totalling about 100 miles (160 km), were built:
Fifth Avenue Line, Sunset Park to Fort Hamilton
86th Street Line, Bay Ridge to Bath Beach (connecting there with the Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad (West End Line) to Coney Island)
Marcy Avenue Line and Ocean Avenue Line, Williamsburg to Sheepshead Bay
Wilson Avenue Line and Rockaway Parkway Line, Williamsburg to Canarsie Landing
St. Johns Place Line and Liberty Avenue Line, Crown Heights to City Line
Church Avenue Line and New Lots Avenue Line, 39th Street Ferry (Sunset Park) to New Lots

Flynn incorporated the East River and Atlantic Ocean Railroad on November 16, 1895, to gain access to the Brooklyn Bridge, Long Island City, and other places. However, the Nassau leased the Atlantic Avenue Railroad on April 4, 1896, thus gaining Fifth Avenue and other streets north to the bridge, a lease on the Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad (West End Line), and several other lines, and the ER&A was no longer necessary.

The Canarsie Depot, at the intersection of Hegeman Avenue (Church Avenue and New Lots Avenue Lines) and Rockaway Avenue (Wilson Avenue Line), stored cars. The depot existed from 1895 to 1951 and is now the site of the Butcher houses.

References

Streetcar lines in Brooklyn
Streetcar lines in Manhattan
Predecessors of the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Companies affiliated with the Long Island Rail Road
Defunct New York (state) railroads
Railway companies established in 1893
Electric railways in New York (state)
1893 establishments in New York (state)

Nassau Electric Railroad


The International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) is the principal scientific society for the burgeoning field of microbial ecology and its related disciplines. ISME is a non-profit association and is owner of the International Symposia on Microbial Ecology and also owner of The ISME Journal which is published by Springer Nature (impact factor 2016 9.6 - Reuters Thomson). The ISME Office is based at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) in Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Goals
ISME fosters the exchange of scientific information by organizing international symposia as well as specific workshops, sponsoring publications, and promoting education and research. ISME provides services to the scientific as well as the wider community. The society enjoys close collaborations with other key scientific organizations, and has established effective scientific interactions in all geographical regions through a network of scientific leaders who serve as ISME National Ambassadors. Anyone with an interest in Microbial Ecology can become a member of ISME.

History of microbial ecology
The important role of microorganisms in natural environments was recognized by leading microbiologists in the late nineteenth century, in particular M. Beijerinck and S. Winogradsky. In his insightful lecture on the role of microbes in general circulation of life (1897) 1), Winogradsky stressed the cardinal role of microorganisms in the circulation of elements on the earth. Discussing the diversity of microorganisms in an environment and microbe-microbe interactions among the populations, he pointed out the specialized functions of various microorganisms in the processes of matter circulation, and the succession of different functional groups in the community in which they work. However, at the era of Winogradsky and Beiuerinck, the only means of discriminating and identifying microorganisms in-situ was the microscopic observation, and the quantitative analysis of the role played by each microorganism in the community was, in most cases, not attained.

In the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War, we have seen extensive developments in the method of isolation, counting and differentiation of microorganisms in environments. The new methodology in taxonomy, like the numerical taxonomy and chemotaxonomy, was soon applied for the identification of environmental isolates. Also, differential staining methods and fluorescent antibody techniques were introduced for in-situ observation of microorganisms.  Various new techniques, ranging from the determination of growth and activity of microorganisms in the environments to their isolation and characterization, were assembled in "Modern Methods in the Study of Microbial Ecology" edited by Thomas Rosswall in 1973). The book was based on the meeting held at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, in 1972, and the symposium, preceded the formal ISME, is now known as ISME-0 since R. Guerrero presented at the ISME-63).

The new methods and techniques were proved to be successful for the analysis of microbial community in various fields, soil and water microbiology, food preservation and fermentation, and medical microbiology. The microbiologists working in different fields quickly became aware of the unified concept, microbial ecology. The work of T. Brock "Principles of Microbial Ecology" in 1964) gave a profound impact to the further development of microbial ecology in various countries.

History
On these ground of rapid expansion of microbial ecology, IAMS, International Association of Microbiological Societies, (modified its name to IUMS after 1980) decided to establish ICOME, International Commission of Microbial Ecology, at the 10th International Congress of Microbiology in Mexico City 1970. The ICOME started the next year.

A role stressed for the establishment of ICOME was its active participation in the environmental problems, water and soil pollution and deterioration of environments by human activities. However, the years after Mexico showed that the interest of the Committee was not restricted to the environmental problems, but extended to the central themes of microbial ecology, i.e. cycling of elements in soil and sediments, interactions between microorganisms and plants, animals, and among themselves, the effect of environmental factors on the growth and activities of microorganisms. Moreover, the important role of microorganisms has been recognized by scientists working in many applied fields, formation and fertility of soil, water supplies, fermentation of food and beverages, food preservation, digestive tract and rumen, and even the decay of ancient remains.

First international symposium
The quick and extensive development of the microbial ecology, led to the first International Symposium on Microbial Ecology.
The number of participants increased from 380 from 30 countries at the first meeting in Dunedin to 2,000 from 65 countries at ISME-11, Vienna. We could say that the microbial ecology established a definite niche at the scientific world. The scope of topics also broadened. Along with the central, theoretical topics, topics in the applied fields as bioremediation, medical microbiology, food, soil, and water microbiology, entered into the symposium topics. Gastrointestinal microecology first appeared at a symposium session of ISME-3, East Lansing, the topics on fermentation technology and intestinal flora at ISME-4, Ljubljana, and medical microbiology at ISME-5, Kyoto. These topics continued to be favored topics in the subsequent symposia.

ICOME had long functioned on an informal basis, and the principal activity was to hold triennial international symposium. However, the progress and development of microbial ecology was so quick and overwhelming that we had to further intensify the role of ICOME that had been an international commission affiliated to IUMS and IUBS, and establish an independent international organization based on the microbial ecology.

ISME established
There were many obstacles in transferring from a Committee to a Society. However, Prof. J. Tiedje, who acted as the Chairperson of ICOME since 1995, took the active initiative for creating the new Society and consulted with various international organizations and with editors and publishers of journals. He suggested to change the status of ICOME to an International Society of Microbial Ecology (ISME) which has its own journal. He asked the ICOME executive committee to consider and discuss his proposal, and put forward the further steps needed for the establishment of the Society. According to his scheme, the Executive Committee set the framework of the Society and the journal including the scope, editorial board and journal policy.

The proposal for the establishment of the Society was presented and endorsed at ISME-8 in Halifax, Canada, 1998. The foundation of ISME is obviously an important step for future development of microbial ecology, and we owe Prof. Tiedje for his tireless effort and patience during the long process of establishing the Society. The Association founded and registered in East Lancing, MI, USA, and later relocated and established in its registered office is in Geneva.

Meanwhile, Prof. Tiedje consulted with Springer, the publisher of journal "Microbial Ecology". As a result of the negotiation, Microbial Ecology became affiliated with newly established International Association for Microbial Ecology, the publisher appointing the Editor and Editorial Board of the journal, in consultation with the ISME.

The number of the participants in ISME symposia continued to increase. At the ISME-10 in Cancun, 2004, we had 2000 participants. Microbiologists working in various fields became aware of ecological concepts, and novel methods have evolved very rapidly. Considering the increase in the participants, very fast development of microbial ecology and quickly emerging contemporary problems, the Society determined to hold the symposia in every two years after ISME-10.

ISME symposia
Today, the ISME symposia, organized every two years, are the largest international meetings addressing the wide range of topics in Microbial Ecology.

The ISME Journal

In May 2007 the International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) and Nature Publishing Group (NPG) launched a brand new publication: The ISME Journal.  Prof. Cohen, who was the President of ISME since 2000, with his successors Prof. S. Kjelleberg and Prof. Hilary Lappin-Scott, made a great effort in founding the journal.  The Journal is fully indexed by Medline and all content is now hosted on PubMed.

The current (2015) impact factor of the journal is 9.3 and the full title of the journal, The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology, reflects the integrated nature of modern microbial ecology, and the goals and scope of the journal manifest this.

Topics of particular interest within the journal's scope include those listed below:

 I: Microbial population and community ecology
 II: Microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions
 III: Evolutionary genetics
 IV: Integrated genomics and post-genomics approaches in microbial ecology
 V: Microbial engineering
 VI: Geomicrobiology and microbial contributions to geochemical cycles
 VII: Microbial ecology and functional diversity of natural habitats
 VIII: Microbial ecosystem impacts

References

 Science Daily

 United Press International

External links

The ISME Journal

International scientific organizations
Microbiology organizations


Stalybridge railway station serves Stalybridge, Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the Huddersfield Line,  east of Manchester Piccadilly and  east of Manchester Victoria. The station is managed by TransPennine Express.

History

Stalybridge station was built by the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway and opened on 23 December 1845. There was a Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway station adjacent, which acted as the terminus of that company's line from Manchester Victoria but this closed in 1917. The main function of the station was as a junction for the Stockport-Stalybridge Line, which allowed passengers from London and the South to transfer to the Huddersfield Line. This role has been lost since it is now possible for passengers to change at Manchester Piccadilly. The Micklehurst Loop also diverged from the original 1849 Huddersfield & Manchester main line here - it was closed in October 1966, but the disused tunnel it used to pass below the town's northern suburbs can be seen alongside the original one that is still used today by trains heading to and from Yorkshire.

Facilities

The station has an entrance block with a ticket office. Ramps and a passenger subway lead up to the platforms. The station is one of very few to retain its original buffet, the 1998 refurbishment of which won awards from CAMRA and English Heritage. At the 2008 Tameside food and drink festival it was voted best bar.

Following further refurbishment in 2012 Lord Pendry of Stalybridge, who often uses the buffet bar and contributed over half of the £6,000 costs, unveiled a plaque to mark the works.

Michael Portillo visited the buffet bar in "Manchester Piccadilly to Silkstone Common", a 2017 episode of Great British Railway Journeys.

In a £1.5m overhaul of the station, which began in 2007, the platforms were raised and the toilets, information services and shelters on the westbound platform were improved. In December 2008 the new entrance was completed.

As part of the Transpennine Route Upgrade the station, platforms and railway tracks have been reworked in 2022/2023 to support the electrification and to enable a speed of 50 miles to pass through the station.

Recent developments
Further work to expand the station was completed in 2012 - this saw major alterations to the track layout (including the opening of two new platforms) and signalling, with control of the latter passing to the Manchester East signalling centre at Stockport. The project cost £20 million as the station closed on Sundays throughout the summer of 2012 followed by a nine-day line blockade at the end of October but gives improved operational flexibility and reliability, allowed the line speed through the station and junction to be increased to  and left it ready for the electrification of the Leeds - Manchester trans-Pennine route which is currently ongoing and is scheduled to be finished in 2032. The two new platforms were opened on 5 November 2012; the former platform 1 was renumbered 4, and a new bay on the northern side is Platform 5.

An Access for All scheme, funded by the Department for Transport, gave easier access to all of the platforms. Lifts were built to give step-free access to the entire station, though the station had no steps previously as there were ramps to all platforms.

Services

TransPennine Express

A major change in calling pattern was implemented at the May 2018 timetable change, though the base 30-minute service frequency remained unchanged. Eastbound departures will now serve the intermediate stations on a "skip-stop" pattern en route to Huddersfield and Leeds (replacing the former Northern local service), with alternate trains continuing to Hull. Westbound trains will now all terminate at Manchester Piccadilly, with no regular service to Manchester Victoria and Liverpool (though connections will still be available at Piccadilly).

Since the winter 2022 timetable change, the frequency has been improved in both directions to three departures per hour - eastbound these run to Hull, Huddersfield (stopping) and  or Newcastle, whilst westbound there are two to Manchester Piccadilly and one to Liverpool Lime Street via Manchester Victoria.

Northern Trains
Since the May 2018 timetable change, all Northern Trains trains from Manchester Victoria now start and terminate here. The base frequency remains two per hour on weekdays and Saturdays, with one of them continuing to  and  (the latter since the summer 2019 timetable change).

An hourly service runs on Sundays.

The "parliamentary service" from Stockport

A parliamentary train still travels along the whole Stockport-Stalybridge Line, which for many years was in one direction only and with no return service. An attempt was made to close the line to passenger services in the early 1990s (the service having been drastically cut in May 1989 after the re-routing of TransPennine Express services from Manchester Victoria to Manchester Piccadilly), but closure was refused by the Department of Transport which ordered that a regular service continue. The train is the only one to call at  and . The train ran on a Friday as the 09:22 Stockport to Stalybridge; however, from the start of the summer 2018 timetable, the service shifted to Saturday and operates in both directions. The new southbound train left at 08:46 for Stockport and returns from there at 09:45, arriving back at Stalybridge around 20 minutes later. In the December 2022 timetable, it leaves Stalybridge at 08:30, and calls at Denton, Reddish South and , arriving at  at 08:59. It returns from Stockport at 09:28.

References

External links

Railway stations in Tameside
DfT Category D stations
Former Great Central Railway stations
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1845
Railway stations served by TransPennine Express
Northern franchise railway stations
Railway station

Stalybridge railway station


The Grant Range is a mountain chain in east-central Nevada in the western United States.  It runs for approximately 30 miles (50 km) in a generally north-south direction in northeastern Nye County.  It is located south of the Horse Range and northeast of the closely associated Quinn Canyon Range.  To the west is the expansive Railroad Valley and to the east is the White River Valley.  The White River Valley drains the eastern slopes of the range into the Colorado River.

The Grant Range mountains cover an area of 346 square miles (896 km²).  The Bureau of Land Management manages 60.5% of the area, while the Forest Service oversees 39.3%.  Troy Peak is the tallest mountain in the range, reaching 11,298 feet (3443 m) above sea level northwest of Scofield Canyon.  The Grant Range is home to the Grant Range Wilderness, administered by the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest.

Almost 60% of the area is made up of pinon-juniper vegetation, with sagebrush scrub accounting for about 15% of the range.  The mountains are home to at least four species of mice, three species of chipmunks, and three species of snails.  Steller's jay and the hairy woodpecker also use the mountains, as well as the Great Basin fence lizard.

References

Biological Resources Research Center -
Nevada Atlas & Gazetteer, 2001, pgs. 55 & 56
 C. Michael Hogan (2008) "Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)", Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg

Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Great Basin
Mountain ranges of Nye County, Nevada
Bureau of Land Management areas in Nevada

Grant Range


"Sshhh ..." is a science fiction short story by David Brin about humanity's first contact with an alien race. It was first published in Amazing Stories in 1988 and appears in the Brin's 1997 anthology Otherness.

The story opens with 2 Earth Survey vessels escorting Lentili starships to Earth. The Lentili are a race of tall, long-lived aliens who are far more technologically and philosophically advanced than humans, who have only recently ventured to the stars. While the Lentili are en route to Earth, Earth President Tridden makes a planetwide announcement. He reveals that an eminent psychologist has discovered that the Lentili, for all their power, lack a certain talent possessed by humans. This talent is apparently rare and almost unthinkable among galactic races. Tridden will not reveal exactly what this talent is, but describes it as "something so mundane to us that few human beings ever bother even thinking about it past the age of ten!" This talent can wreak "untold psychic harm" among the Lentili and he asks the people of Earth to join him in making a "great sacrifice."

Tridden asks the human race to remove all mention of this talent from literature and from daily life. But since lingering references and, indeed, copies of his broadcast will survive, the human race must also provide a good "cover story" to explain away this situation. Tridden announces that it will be recorded that he has gone insane. There is no talent and the chaos will be the result of Tridden's insanity. Tridden, seeing that he is about to be removed from the air, puts his finger to his lips in one final gesture of secrecy.

The story is open-ended, leaving the reader to wonder whether Tridden pulled off a marvelous scheme to help humanity weather an ego crisis when faced with the superior Lentili, or whether humanity really does have a unique talent.

References

External links

Works by David Brin
Works originally published in Amazing Stories
1988 short stories

Sshhh ...


Karl-Hans Laermann (born 26 December 1929) is a German politician. He was born in Kaulhausen, Germany. He is a member of the Free Democratic Party. From 1974 to 1998, he was a member of the Bundestag. From October to November 1994, he was Minister of Education and Research of Germany.

References

1929 births
Living people
German politicians

Karl-Hans Laermann


CargoNet AS is the primary operator of freight trains on the Norwegian railway system.

It was originally formed as NSB Gods after NSB (now Vy) was split into separate passenger and freight companies. NSB Gods changed its name to CargoNet at the beginning of 2002. It was originally owned by NSB (55% share hold) and the Swedish freight company Green Cargo who sold their share to NSB in 2010, making the latter the sole owner. CargoNet AS has a subsidiary company in Sweden called CargoNet AB which was purchased as RailCombi AB in 2002. However, CargoNet decided to exit the Swedish market in 2011 due to a lack of foreseeable profitability; it later returned during 2020.

CargoNet's operations have been highly centered upon intermodal freight movements. By 2013, twelve freight terminals were being operated by CargoNet, predominantly in Norway and Sweden; operations provide both container and bulk-cargo trains. Increasing use of real-time monitoring technologies, planning changes, new rolling stock, and other innovations have improved reliability and service levels.

Activities
The CargoNet brand was adopted at the start of 2002; at the time, the organisation was jointly owned by NSB (now Vy) (which held a majority 55 percent stake) and the Swedish freight company Green Cargo (the remaining 45 percent). Its creation was one of several measures enacted to liberalise Norway's railways and to allow private companies to have greater participation; in 2003, cross-border freight traffic was opened to market competition, while Norway's domestic freight market was similarly opened up four years later. These reforms reportedly greatly boosted demand for rail freight by 2008, leading to infrastructure owners planning substantial capacity expansion schemes for the following decade. During 2010, Green Cargo sold its 45 percent stake in CargoNet to NSB, making it a wholly-owned subsidiary of the latter.

Prior to 2011, CargoNet was one of the larger rail logistics operators active in Sweden. However, in autumn 2011, the company decided to withdraw entirely from the Swedish market, stating at the time that it believed it would not be able to operate profitability in the sector; instead CargoNet reorientated towards domestic freight services within Norway. CargoNet has invested in the expansion of intermodal traffic in an effort to capture business from congested roads in the Northern parts of Norway. By 2021, fish products from Norway's northernmost port of Narvik were being shipped by rail across Europe, resulting in a 40 percent time saving. However, by the early 2020s, it was noted that capacity at several key parts of the Norwegian rail network was approaching saturation, limiting the possibilities for growth without considerable investment.

During late 2020, CargoNet decide to relaunch its Swedish operations; around the same time, Green Cargo had decided to discontinue its own cross-border trains and remove itself from the Norwegian market, allowing the company to capture these traffics relatively easily. To serve the Swedish cross-border business, CargoNet initially operating a then-weekly shuttle between Alnabru/Oslo and the port of Gothenburg, additional shuttles soon followed to serve Halmstad, Malmö, and Trelleborg. In October 2022, CargoNet's management declared their intention to increase the number of departures to Halmstad and Gothenburg as well as to further increase capacity between Oslo and Malmö/Trelleborg. Demand for these cross-border services was claimed to be growing at a faster rate than that of the domestic counterparts.

Locomotives

Locomotives of type El 14, CD 66, and some of the El 16s have a dark gray livery with a checkered yellow and black stripe somewhere. This is partly a "refreshment" of the gray NSB-Gods livery. The Di 8 and some shunters tend to use the older yellow livery with a red driver's cab. About half of the Di 8 have a newer livery in silver with yellow stripe and yellow checkered arrow on the side. The rest of the locomotives (El 16, CE 119 and CD 312) have new livery in silver, with a yellow stripe along the side, and a checkered yellow arrow.

In September 2007, CargoNet agreed terms with one of the labor unions, which led to increased pay for drivers that use the CD 66 diesel locomotives. In September 2021, CargoNet announced that it would start bi-mode traction in the form of the Stadler Euro Dual, a dual power electro-diesel locomotive outfitted with both a diesel power units and apparatus to pick up electric power from overhead catenaries. These locomotives, which are being leased from the rolling stock company European Loc Pool, will enable CargoNet to increase the weight of its freight trains by up to 50 per cent on electrified lines due to the six-axle arrangement. as of 2023, CargoNet has 4 Stadler Eurodual locomotives in operation.

During the 2010s, CargoNet began equipping their locomotives with real-time remote monitoring apparatus, which has enabled a greater scope of interaction with train drivers, to plan usage-based maintenance based on counters, and for automated alerts of issues and abnormal behaviors to be received as fast as possible. Furthermore, customers are also able to better track services and monitor their progress through to delivery.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 CargoNet stock list

Railway companies of Norway
Railway companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in Norway
Norwegian State Railways

CargoNet


The  (NIBB) is a research institute and post graduate university in Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was founded in 1977 to promote biological research in Japan in cooperation with public and private universities, and research institutes.

Research
Though the institute's primary focus is basic biology, research  there  covers a wide variety of biological fields, such as cell biology, developmental biology, neurobiology, evolutionary biology, environmental biology, and theoretical biology, The results of the research conducted at NIBB are regularly published in peer reviewed publications such as Science, Nature, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Education
In addition to being a research institute, NIBB also functions as an institution of higher education. As such, it constitutes the Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies  (SOKENDAI). The Department offers a five-year Doctoral program for university graduates and a three-year senior Doctoral course for students who have already completed a Master's course.

Graduate students enrolled in other universities and institutions are also eligible to conduct research there for fixed periods of time under the supervision of NIBB professors.

International cooperation
The institute acts as a gateway between the international scientific community and researchers in Japan through various conferences, seminars, and hands-on practical courses.

International conferences

NIBB Conference
The institute has hosted the NIBB Conference every year since the opening of the Institute in 1977. The purpose of the conference is to provide active researchers with the opportunity to freely discuss current issues in various areas of biological research.

Okazaki Biology Conference
The Okazaki Biology Conference (OBC) initiated in 2003, has as its objective the establishment of interdisciplinary networks in the pursuit of answers to major questions in biology.

Academic exchange
NIBB performs academic exchange programs with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS). This includes:  promotion of joint research activities; invitation of faculty members and researchers to lectures, workshops, conferences, symposia, and other academic activities; exchange of graduate students for conferences and training courses; and the exchange of information and academic publications

It  has also  joined with the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding of the Max Planck Society (MPIZ) in an initiative aimed at stimulating academic and scholarly exchange. The two  will plan and promote joint research projects, collaborative symposia, training courses and student exchange programs.

National BioResource Project

The National BioResource Project (NBRP) is a national project for the systematic accumulation, storage, and supply of bioresources (experimental animals and plants, cells, DNA, and other genetic resources)  widely used as tools in life science research. To The institute participates in this as   a research and supply center for medaka (Oryzia latipes), a small, egg-laying freshwater teleost fish found in brooks and rice paddies, whose usefulness as a vertebrate model first developed in Japan, and whose full genome sequence became available in 2007. The medaka supplied by NIBB include standard strains, wild stocks, inbred strains, related species and spontaneous and induced mutants. NIBB is also a subcenter for NBPR's work with Japanese morning glory and zebrafish.

In addition, NIBB provides databases in English containing research data on the moss physcomitrella patens, daphnia, xenopus laevis, plant cell organelles, and bacterial genomes to researchers worldwide.

Organization
The Director-General oversees the operation of NIBB, assisted by an Advisory Committee for Programming and Management, composed of an  equal number of professors within NIBB and   of leading biologists outside NIBB.

NINS
In 2004, NIBB, in alliance with four other national institutes – the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the National Institute for Fusion Science, the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, and the Institute for Molecular Science – established the National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan (NINS)  to promote collaboration among researchers of the five constituent institutes.

See also
National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan
Max Planck Society
European Molecular Biology Laboratory

References

External links
NIBB Official Website
NINS Official Website

Educational institutions established in 1977
1977 establishments in Japan
International research institutes
Universities and colleges in Japan
Science and technology in Japan
Research institutes in Japan
Japanese national universities
Education in Aichi Prefecture
Okazaki, Aichi

National Institute for Basic Biology, Japan


Faithful is a 2004 book co-written by Stephen King and Stewart O'Nan. It chronicles exchanges between King and O'Nan about the 2004 Boston Red Sox season, beginning with an e-mail in the summer of 2003, and throughout the 2004 season, from spring training to the World Series.

The book was dedicated to Victoria Snelgrove, an Emerson College student who was struck in the eye by a projectile fired by the Boston Police Department during crowd-control actions near Fenway Park following Game 7 of the American League Championship Series, resulting in her death approximately 12 hours later.

On May 4, 2007, The Boston Globe reported that HBO would be adapting the book into a six-part miniseries for 2008. In September 2008, King wrote, "The script is just goddamn hilarious." There is, however, no indication that such a miniseries was actually made.

References

2004 non-fiction books
Major League Baseball books
Boston Red Sox
Non-fiction books by Stephen King

Faithful (book)


In finance, the Black–Litterman model is a mathematical model for portfolio allocation developed in 1990 at Goldman Sachs by Fischer Black and Robert Litterman, and published in 1992. It seeks to overcome problems that institutional investors have encountered in applying modern portfolio theory in practice. The model starts with an asset allocation based on the equilibrium assumption (assets will perform in the future as they have in the past) and then modifies that allocation by taking into account the opinion of the investor regarding future asset performance.

Background
Asset allocation is the decision faced by an investor who must choose how to allocate their portfolio across a number of asset classes. For example, a globally invested pension fund must choose how much to allocate to each major country or region.

In principle modern portfolio theory (the mean-variance approach of Markowitz) offers a solution to this problem once the expected returns and covariances of the assets are known. While modern portfolio theory is an important theoretical advance, its application has universally encountered a problem: although the covariances of a few assets can be adequately estimated, it is difficult to come up with reasonable estimates of expected returns.

Black–Litterman overcame this problem by not requiring the user to input estimates of expected return; instead it assumes that the initial expected returns are whatever is required so that the equilibrium asset allocation is equal to what we observe in the markets. The user is only required to state how his assumptions about expected returns differ from the markets and to state his degree of confidence in the alternative assumptions. From this, the Black–Litterman method computes the desired (mean-variance efficient) asset allocation.

In general, when there are portfolio constraints – for example, when short sales are not allowed – the easiest way to find the optimal portfolio is to use the Black–Litterman model to generate the expected returns for the assets, and then use a mean-variance optimizer to solve the constrained optimization problem.

See also

 Markowitz model for portfolio optimization

References

 Black F. and Litterman R.: Asset Allocation Combining Investor Views with Market Equilibrium, Journal of Fixed Income, September 1991, Vol. 1, No. 2: pp. 7-18
 Black F. and Litterman R.: Global Portfolio Optimization, Financial Analysts Journal, September 1992, pp. 28–43

External links
Discussion
 Guangliang He and Robert Litterman: The Intuition Behind Black-Litterman Model Portfolios
 A. Meucci: The Black-Litterman Approach: Original Model and Extensions
 Jay Walters: The Black-Litterman Model in Detail
 Thomas M. Idzorek: A Step-By-Step Guide to the Black-Litterman Model - Incorporating user-specified confidence levels

Resources
Spreadsheet implementations:
Peter Ponzo
 Implementation in Python Notebook and case study analysis
Applets:
Canlin Li

Financial models
Investment
Portfolio theories

Black–Litterman model


The DuPage County Historical Museum, formerly the Adams Memorial Library, is a building designed by Charles Sumner Frost in Wheaton, Illinois, United States.

History
Adams Memorial Library was the first public library in Wheaton, Illinois; along with a library in Downers Grove, it was one of the first two libraries in the county. Funds for its completions were donated by John Quincey Adams, a real estate investor and miller. Adams was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts and moved to Chicago in 1851. He was the fourth cousin, twice removed of President John Quincy Adams. He co-founded the Chicago Board of Trade and became a prominent Chicago citizen. Adams moved to Wheaton following the death of his wife, Marilla Phipps Adams, for whom the library was named. Charles Sumner Frost, who had recently designed the Chicago and North Western railroad station in Wheaton, was selected as the architect. It was one of Frost's first commission after he split with partner Henry Ives Cobb. Ground was broken on October 2, 1890 and Adams dedicated the museum on October 28, 1891. The library classified books  with the Dewey Decimal system, becoming one of the first in Illinois to use this system. Adams Memorial was the main library in the region until a new library was constructed in 1965. The endowment from Adams completely supported the facility until 1923, when Wheaton provided additional funds. The initial book purchase by Adams exceeded 2,700 books.

The DuPage County Historical Society purchased the Adams Memorial building in 1965 and transferred ownership to the county. It re-opened as the DuPage County Historical Museum in 1967. On June 4, 1981, it was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum seeks to "educate the general public through the collection, preservation, interpretation, and exhibition of materials which document the history of DuPage County and its relationship to Illinois and the nation, and to provide local history services for historical organizations and for scholarly endeavors."

Architecture
The building is found at the southeast corner of Wesley and Main Streets in Wheaton. It stands two stories tall and was built with coursed limestone and Bedford stone trimmings in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The style is characterized by rough-hewn stone blocks, emphasized horizontal lines, wide rounded arches, and intricate ornamentation. The work is nearly identical to a library that Frost designed in Morgan Park, Chicago the previous year. Each facade has a tall stone gable with pinnacles on either side near the base. Gable eaves have dentil moldings carved into a leaf motif. Each gable has an arched window. The north gable is capped with a decorative urn. The north facade features a turreted stair tower on the east side. It also has a double doorway, the main entrance, and a bay window on the west side of the first floor. The entrance is arched with a Bedford stone egg-and-dart voussoir. An inner arch is ornamented with a leaf design. The south facade has a bay window that looks out onto a small courtyard.

The interior features oak floors and plaster ceilings. The first floor is dominated by a main hall with an oak staircase on the west wall. The main reading room is on the northwest corner, the ladies' reading room is on the southwest, a lecture hall is on the northeast, and three rooms are on the southeast. The main hall features marble wainscoting. The main reading room has a carved panel ceiling and a fireplace; this room features the north bay window. The ladies reading room also has a fireplace. The lecture room is decorated with oak wainscoting. The library room, one of the three southeast rooms, also originally had a fireplace. The second floor was a 500-seat auditorium with a gallery. A room on the southeast of the floor was used as a dressing room, though it was later removed to build a fire escape and kitchen. The staircase leads up to a third floor, which originally overlooked the auditorium.

In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, DuPage County Historical Museum was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places  by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).

References

National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Adams Memorial Library
DuPage County Historical Museum Architectural and Cultural History

External links

Illinois Great Places - DuPage County Historical Museum
Society of Architectural Historians SAH ARCHIPEDIA entry on the DuPage County Historical Museum

Infrastructure completed in 1891
National Register of Historic Places in DuPage County, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Wheaton, Illinois
Museums in DuPage County, Illinois
History museums in Illinois
Charles Sumner Frost buildings
1891 establishments in Illinois
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois

DuPage County Historical Museum


Terrance Odean (born c. 1950) is the Rudd Family Foundation Professor and Chair of the Finance Group at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his work on behavioral finance.

After dropping out of Carleton College a half-year short of earning a creative writing degree, Odean applied to return to school at UC, Berkeley at the age of 37. Odean considered studying psychology in grad school. However, Nobel economics laureate Daniel Kahneman convinced him to pursue a Ph.D. in finance instead. He lives with his wife in Berkeley, California, and has three daughters.

Notes

External links

21st-century American economists
Living people
Haas School of Business faculty
1968 births
University of California, Berkeley alumni

Terrance Odean


Ingrid Hafner (13 November 1936 – 20 May 1994) was a British actress, born in London. Her father was Raoul Hafner, an Austrian helicopter pioneer, and her mother Eileen Myra McAdam was a descendant of Scottish-born John Loudon McAdam, the road builder.

Career

Film and television
Her first film role was as Ursula in 'The Quarry', made for television and directed by John Boorman - his first fiction work as distinct from his documentary films for the BBC in the West of England.  She is best remembered for her role as Carol Wilson in the first season of the television series The Avengers. She had previously played Amanda Gibbs opposite Ian Hendry in the series Police Surgeon. She also appeared as Laura Granton in The Main Chance. She appeared as Kay Price in an episode of Public Eye in 1975.On cinema she played Giselle Dureaux in the 1960 film Bluebeard's Ten Honeymoons starring George Sanders, and later appeared opposite Sanders again in The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders (1965).  One of her later roles was as Sheila Clare in the HTV series "The Clifton House Mystery", in 1978.

Theatre
Hafner studied at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and subsequently joined the Old Vic under Michael Benthall, where she played 'Sylvia' in The Two Gentlemen of Verona; 'Lavina' in Titus Andronicus, 'Iris' in Anthony and Cleopatra and 'Lady Anne' in Richard III.

Her other theatre work included repertory at Windsor, Colchester, Glasgow Citizens, Richmond Theatre (15 plays), From the French at the Strand Theatre in the West End, Jungle in the Cities at Stratford East and numerous productions at the Bristol Old Vic, including her first appearance  there in Cyrano, in which she played Roxanne.

Death
The 57-year-old Hafner died in 1994 from motor neurone disease, leaving husband Richard Clothier and two sons, Ben and William.

Selected filmography
 Bluebeard's Ten Honeymoons (1960) - Giselle
 Edgar Wallace Mysteries (1963) Episode: Five to One (film) - Pat Dunn
 Dilemma (1962) - Jean Barnes
 The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders (1965) - Elder Sister

References

External links

1936 births
1994 deaths
English television actresses
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in England
20th-century English actresses
English people of Austrian descent
English people of Scottish descent
Actresses from London

Ingrid Hafner


John M. S. Causin (1811 – January 30, 1861) was an American politician.

Causin was born in St. Mary's County, Maryland.  He studied law, was admitted to the bar in Prince George's County, Maryland about 1836, and returned to St. Mary's County to practice.  He served as a  member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1837 and again 1843, and was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth Congress, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845.

After his tenure in Congress, Causin moved to Annapolis, Maryland, and served as a delegate to the State constitutional convention.  He later moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1858 and resumed the practice of law.  He died in Cairo, Illinois, and is interred in the City Cemetery (now Lincoln Park) of Chicago.

References

1811 births
1861 deaths
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
People from St. Mary's County, Maryland
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
Politicians from Prince George's County, Maryland
Politicians from Annapolis, Maryland
19th-century American politicians

John Causin