Edwyn Robert "Bob" Owen (June 8, 1936 – October 5, 2007) was an American star hockey player at Harvard and played on the 1960 U.S. hockey team that won an Olympic gold medal for the United States. He later battled schizophrenia.

Ice hockey
Owen grew up in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, and attended Harvard University, where he was a defenseman on three Ivy League championship teams.  In 1957, he won Harvard's Angier Trophy for the player who made the greatest improvement.  He graduated from Harvard in 1958.  At his induction into the Harvard Varsity Club Hall of Fame in 1982, he was described as a "hard-hitting player who could move an opponent from in front of the net."

He was on the 1960 Winter Olympics hockey team with several of his Harvard teammates, including Bill Cleary and Bob Cleary, winning the gold by beating Canada, Soviets and Czechoslovakia. It was the nation's first gold medal in men's hockey.

Mental breakdown
He visited Communist countries with the U.S. national hockey team in 1959 and worked on classified projects at balloon company, Raven Industries in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, beginning in 1960. He later described these times to his friends as specifically troubling and paranoia-inducing.

Owen had a breakdown in 1963 in San Francisco. In the late 1960s, he moved to Topeka, Kansas where he committed himself to the Menninger Clinic for treatment for schizophrenia. He would be released from the in-patient facility three years later, but never moved more than four miles from the hospital.

Community involvement
In 1973, he began teaching at Washburn University School of Business. Owen became a local hero in Topeka hockey, so much so that the adult hockey league in that city named its championship cup after him (the Owen Cup). He also helped to construct numerous veterans monuments in the Topeka area.

Death
On October 5, 2007 a white Lincoln Continental was found burning in a field in Topeka, Kansas. A body was found inside, severely burned. A week later it was determined to be the remains of Edwyn Owen. The Kansas state Fire Marshall's Office determined that the car's heated catalytic converter set fire to the dense dry grass around the vehicle. Only later was Owen's increasingly bizarre behavior reported. He hung up abruptly on the phone with old friends, left rambling telephone messages and claimed he was a character in a fictional children's book.

Sources

Carlson, James "Body ID'd as Olympian's" The Topeka Capital-Journal 9 Oct. 2007 A1
Carlson, James "Part 1: The Bob Owen Story" "The Topeka Capital-Journal 2 July 2008 A1
Carlson, James "Obsessed, Owen's Mind Falters" The Topeka Capital-Journal 3 July 2008 A1
Carlson, James "Owen Looks for Help at Menninger" The Topeka Capital-Journal 4 July 2008 A1
Carlson, James "Vets, Hockey Offer Owen an Outlet" The Topeka Capital-Journal 5 July 2008 A1
Carlson, James "Owen's Life, Death, a Puzzle, an Enigma" The Topeka Capital-Journal'' 6 July 2008 A2

1936 births
2007 deaths
Accidental deaths in Kansas
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Deaths from fire in the United States
Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Ice hockey players at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in ice hockey
People from St. Louis Park, Minnesota
Ice hockey people from Hennepin County, Minnesota

Edwyn Owen


François B. Vernadat (born 1954) is a French and Canadian computer scientist, who has contributed to Enterprise Modelling, Enterprise Integration and Networking over the last 40 years specialising in Enterprise Architectures, business process modelling, information systems design and analysis, systems integration and interoperability and systems analysis using Petri nets.

Biography
F. Vernadat studied from 1973 until 1981 at the University of Clermont, France, where he received a master's degree in Electronics and Automatic Control and a PhD in 1981. He has been a research officer first at the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), Ottawa, from 1981 until 1988, and then at Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA), France, until Sept. 1995. From 1995 until 2001 he has been a professor at the University of Metz, France in automatic control and industrial engineering, the head of the Department on Automation and Industrial Engineering (AGIP), the head of the MACSI Project at INRIA, and the director of the Laboratory for Industrial Engineering and Mechanical Production (LGIPM). At the end of 2001, he joined the European Commission, DG Eurostat in Luxemburg, as an administrator in the IT Directorate and then moved to DG Informatics (DIGIT) until Jan 2008. Since then he has been head of the Information Systems unit of the European Court of Auditors, another European institution. He is currently an associate member of the LGIPM (Laboratory for Industrial Engineering, Production and Maintenance) of University of Lorraine, Metz, France.

He has served for many years as associate editor for several scientific journals including "Computers in Industry", "International Journal of Production Research", "Enterprise Information Systems", "International Journal of Industrial Information Integration", and "Computers & Industrial Engineering" as well as the advisory board of "International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing". He has been on the scientific committee of several other journals.

Work
F. Vernadat's research work has been dealing with enterprise architectures, enterprise engineering, enterprise modelling,  enterprise integration, information systems design and analysis, CIM and various aspects of industrial engineering, such as facility layout, performance measurement and management, cost estimation, and competency modelling.

Publications
He is the author of over 300 scientific papers in journals, conferences, and edited books. A selection:
 1993. CIMOSA: Open System Architecture for CIM. Edited by ESPRIT Consortium AMICE, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
 1993. Practice of Petri Nets in Manufacturing. Authored with F. DiCesare, G. Harhalakis, J.M. Proth, M. Silva, Chapman & Hall, London.
 1993. Advances in factories of the future, CIM, and robotics. Edited with Michel Costaftis, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
 1995. Integrated Manufacturing Systems Engineering. Edited with Pierre Ladet, Chapman & Hall, London.
 1996. Enterprise Modeling and Integration: Principles and Applications, Chapman & Hall, London.
 1999. Information control in manufacturing 1998 : (INCOM '98) : advances in industrial engineering : a proceedings volume from the 9th IFAC Symposium, Nancy-Metz, France, 24–26 June 1998. Edited with G. Morel.
 1999. Techniques de Modélisation en Entreprise : Applications aux processus opérationnels, Economica, Paris.

Articles, a selection:
 1990. "CIM-OSA Part I: Total Enterprise Modelling and Function View", Authored with H. Jorysz. In: Int. J. Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 3(3), 144-156.
 1990. "CIM-OSA Part II: Information View", Authored with H. Jorysz. In: Int. J. Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 3(3), 157-167.
 1994. "Standards and Prenorms in Design, Manufacturing and Automation". In: Handbook of Design, Manufacturing and Automation, Edited by R.C. Dorf and A. Kusiak, Wiley Interscience, New-York, Chap. 49, pp. 993–1019.
 1995. "The M*-OBJECT methodology for information system design in CIM environments", Authored with G. Berio, A. Di Leva and P. Giolito. In: IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-25 (1), 68-85.
 1995. "The CIMOSA business modelling process", Authored with M. Zelm and Kurt Kosanke. In: Computers in Industry, 27, 123-142.
 1998, 2006. "The CIMOSA Languages". In: Handbook on Architectures of Information Systems, Edited by P. Bernus, K. Mertins and G. Schmidt, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 251–272.
 1999. "Process and Data Nets: The Conceptual Model of the M*-OBJECT Methodology", Authored with G. Berio, A. Di Leva and P. Giolito. In: IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-29 (1); Part B, 104-114.
 1999. "New Developments in Enterprise Modelling Using CIMOSA", Authored with G. Berio. In: Computers in Industry, 40 (2-3), 99-114.
 2002. "Enterprise Modeling and Integration (EMI): Current Status and Research Perspectives". In: Annual Reviews in Control, 26, 15-25.
 2002. "UEML: towards a unified enterprise modelling language". In: Int. J. Production Research, 40 (17), 4309-4321.
 2004. "Standards on Enterprise Integration and Engineering – A state of the art", Authored with D. Chen. In: International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 17 (3), 235-253.
 2005. "Internet-based Enterprise Architectures". In: The Practical Handbook of Internet Computing, Edited by M. P. Singh, Chapman & Hall/CRC Boca Raton, Chap. 22, pp. 22–1 - 22-23.
 2006. "Analysis and modeling of individual competencies: toward better management of human resources", Authored with M. Harzallah and G. Berio. In: IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 36 (1), 187-207.
 2006. "Industrial performance measurement: An approach based on the aggregation of unipolar or bipolar expressions", Authored with L. Berrah and G. Mauris. In: Int. J. on Production Research, 44 (18-19), 4145-4158.
 2007. "Reengineering the Organization with a Service Orientation". In: Service Enterprise Integration: An Enterprise Engineering Perspective, Edited by Cheng Hsu, Springer Science, New-York, Chapt. 3, pp. 77–101.
 2007. "Interoperable Enterprise Systems: Principles, Concepts, and Methods". In: Annual Reviews in Control, 31(1), 137-145.
 2007. "Enterprise Integration and Networking: Issues, trends and vision", Authored with A. Molina, D. Chen, H. Panetto and L. Whitman. In: Studies in Informatics and Control, 16(4), 353-369.
 2008. "Architectures for Enterprise Integration and Interoperability: Past, present and future", Authored with D. Chen and G. Doumeingts. In: Computers in Industry, 29(3), 647-659.
 2009. "Enterprise Integration and Interoperability". In Springer Handbook of Automation, Edited by Prof. S.Y. Nof, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Chap. 86, pp. 1529–1538.
 2010. "Technical, semantic and organizational issues of Enterprise Interoperability and Networking". Annual Reviews in Control, 34(1), 139-144.
 2012. "Towards a system-based model for overall performance evaluation in a supply chain context". Authored with L. Berrah. In The Open Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Journal, 5.
 2013. "VR-PMS: a new approach for performance measurement and management of industrial systems". Authored with L. Shah, A. Etienne and A. Siadat. In International Journal of Production Research, 51(23-24), 7420-7438.
 2014. "Enterprise Modeling in the context of Enterprise Engineering: State of the art and outlook". In International Journal of Production Management and Engineering, 2(2), 57-73.
 2016. "Enterprise Information Systems State of the Art: Past, Present and Future Trends". Authored with D. Romero. Special Issue on Perspectives for the Next Generation of Enterprise Information Systems (D. Romero and F. Vernadat, eds). In Computers in Industry, 79, 3-13.
 2017 "Process-Oriented Risk Assessment Methodology for Manufacturing Process Evaluation". Authored with L. Shah, A. Etienne and A. Siadat. In International Journal of Production Research, 55(15), 4516-4529.
 2020. "Enterprise Modelling: Research review and outlook". In Computers in Industry, 122.
 2023. "Interoperability and Standards for Automation". In Springer Handbook of Automation, 2nd edition, Edited by Prof. S.Y. Nof, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Chap. 33.

References

External links
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1954 births
Enterprise modelling experts
French computer scientists
Living people

François Vernadat


The mund is a principle in Germanic tradition and law that can be crudely translated as "protection" and which grew as the prerogative of a Germanic tribe king or leader. It has been Latinized in mundium.

The word comes from Germanic *mundō (cf. Old English/Old Norse mund), 'hand; protection'.

The mund within the family
The mund is basically the leadership of an ancestor of a family, a family which is understood as all the people related by blood to this ancestor, exerted over all and each of the family members. The ancestor's responsibility is more aimed at the family as a whole than towards each member individually.

The mund manifests itself as a disciplinary power upon the members of the family; the tenant of the mund has to watch over the women's chastity and faithfulness to prevent the family honour from being harmed; whether a bride is not a virgin at the time of her departure from the family in the case of chastity, and whether sons are born that are not of the common blood in the case of faithfulness. It also has to control the male family members who may cast shame on the family honour, who may not serve the family, or who may endanger the whole family by their imprudence (for example by drawing the family into a feud). Thus the keeper of the mund can ban a member from the family.
In this aspect, it is a coercive power, an authority, but not understood as the Roman auctoritas.

It is also the responsibility to defend the family's well-being and existence from all dangers and offenses (be they against the body or the honour).

The mundium in Germanic Code of Laws
When the Germanic traditions mingled with the Roman Law in the post-Migration kingdoms, the mund, which came to be known as mundium, was part of the many code of Laws those kingdoms issued.

It became the responsibility of the closer male relative over non-responsible members of the society, i.e. mostly children and women. As such, it gets mixed up with the guardianship ; but it also protects mothers (Lex Burgundionum art. LIX & LXXXV ; cf. ). It became useless as soon as such a protected member was responsible for himself, as when children grew. Prominent women also could shudder the mundium off.

Advantages
The mund is more of a responsibility than a right, but attached to this responsibility are a list of advantages.

Extension
From this first mund, the principle was extended to the entire tribe, then to several tribes. For example, Early Franks were divided into Salians, scattered in tribes dominated by tribal munds, and Ripuarians, that were all comprised under the mund of a king in Cologne, although he wasn't the king of all the Ripuarians, but only their "protector". This can be seen as an archaic building of the momentum that was eventually to concentrate the coercive power (potestas) and legal violence in the hands of a few, namely the nobles, and later only the monarchs.

The mund came to parallel the principle of auctoritas, without being the same as the kingship.

The mundium regis, for example, was the king's responsibility to protect his subjects and the churches.

The mund passed through to the code of chivalry as a Christian virtue. It passed also, although modified, in modern political conceptions under the term protector. To an extent, the paternalism associated with medieval and modern kingships owes more to the mund than to the elected Germanic kingship.

See also

Use in names
The particle mund is to be found in many Germanic names, and hence passed into some modern names as well. Such names are for example:
 Edmund (Edmond)
 Reginnmund (Raymond)
 Sig(is)mund

Link
 Social History of the Early Middle Ages, Dutch Wikibooks

References
 Olivier Guillot, Yves Sassier,  Pouvoirs et Institutions dans la France Médiévale, t. 1 Des Origines à l'époque féodale, Paris, 2003. ()
 Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch, dictionary of German legal terms, Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch mit Online-Ausgabe, University of Heidelberg, rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de
 Pardessus J.M., Loi Salique, Paris 1843 ; Dissertation Troisième Remacle.org.

Early Germanic law
Family in early Germanic culture

Mund (law)


Diario de Hoy is a morning newspaper in El Salvador. It is published in San Salvador and circulates throughout the country. It also has an open online edition. The director of El Diario de Hoy is Enrique Altamirano Madriz, its executive director is Fabricio Altamirano and the editor is Eduardo Torres.

El Diario de Hoy first appeared on May 2, 1936, and was founded by Napoleon Viera Altamirano and his wife, Mercedes Madriz de Altamirano. Since its founding, the newspaper has been owned by this family.

El Diario de Hoy is part of the Latin American Newspaper Association (PAL, in Spanish), which gathers the major publishing newspapers and magazines in Latin America for lower-class Americans.

Grupo Editorial Altamirano, the publisher of El Diario de Hoy, introduced in 2011 the e-commerce marketplace pagapoco.com, where subscribers can find discounted services and merchandise that can be bought as coupons.

References

External links

1936 establishments in El Salvador
Newspapers published in El Salvador
Newspapers established in 1936
Spanish-language newspapers

El Diario de Hoy


Wayne Enterprises, Inc., also known as WayneCorp and Wayne Industries, is a wealthy fictional company appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with the superhero Batman. Wayne Enterprises is a large, growing multinational company.

The American diversified multinational conglomerate is owned and chaired by Bruce Wayne, the son of Thomas and Martha Wayne. Wayne Enterprises is based out of Gotham City and headquartered in Wayne Tower.

Wayne Enterprises and the Wayne Foundation are largely run by Bruce Wayne's business manager, Lucius Fox. Fox makes most company decisions on Bruce Wayne's behalf, since Wayne's time is largely occupied by his duties as the vigilante, Batman.

Wayne Enterprises has been presented in films and television as a business conglomerate, modeled after the standards of a multinational company. In the 2020 storyline "Joker War", the Joker became the rightful owner of the company, and proceeded to waste most of the Wayne Fortune by waging a war on Gotham City.

Company History

Founded by merchant ancestors of the dead Wayne family in the 17th century as a merchant house, it is among the oldest companies in the DC Universe. The company began as a dozen businesses started by brothers Judge Solomon Wayne and Joshua Wayne. With the revenue generated Judge Wayne essentially built Gotham City by hiring Cyrus Pinkney.

Judge Wayne's son and heir, Alan Wayne, officially made it a corporate company in the 19th century. Alan Wayne, who was Bruce Wayne's great-great-grandfather, erected Wayne Shipping, Wayne Chemical, and Wayne Manufacturing. All these companies were energized by the world's Industrial Revolution; more branches were created and diversified while others dwindled and subsequently dissolved. Along the years, it has developed from a merchant house to a large multinational conglomerate company in the DC Universe; exceeding LexCorp, Stagg Enterprises, and Ferris Aircraft.

Under the control of Patrick and Laura Wayne, Wayne Enterprises became a "green company" and environmentally conscious from that time forward.

When Bruce Wayne returned from the past, after a final battle with Darkseid, he revealed that he had been publicly funding Batman for years and founded Batman Inc. to publicly fund Batman's allies throughout the world.

Following the end of the Joker War, Wayne Enterprises officially shut down Batman Inc. as a result of Bruce Wayne's choice to publicly fund Batman. Lucius Fox officially regained control of the Wayne fortune but warned Bruce that even if he did return his wealth to him, he would no longer be able to use the companies to fund his crusade as Batman as the board of directors would be monitoring the money. The board also set about attempting to remove Bruce Wayne from active participation within the company and simply pay him a large amount to fund his playboy lifestyle. Lucius Fox is attempting to fight the situation on Wayne's behalf and return his fortune to him with no legal results.

Wayne Tower
Within the DC Universe, Wayne Tower is the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises. Also called "Old Wayne Tower" and "Wayne Industries Headquarters"; it was built in 1888 by Alan Wayne. After its construction, the tower was the tallest building in Gotham City. Built as a symbol to welcome all of those who enter the city, Wayne Tower has 13 gargoyles or "guardians", which Alan Wayne insisted they be called, welcome visitors for each of the 13 entry points into the city. The five guardians on the first tier watch the original five gateways into Gotham, the three bridges and two tunnels. Higher up, the seven guardians watch the seven train lines that converge at Union Station below the tower's base. A 13th guardian was added in 1930 and sits in the middle of the tower. This last one, added by Henry Wayne, watches the airport and cannot be seen by elevator or from the deck.

At the top of the tower is an observation deck which Alan Wayne asserted be open to the public for free every weekend. It has double bonded laminated float glass for windows that are crystal-quality, weatherproof, and unbreakable.

Wayne Foundation

The Wayne Foundation is the holding company for the Thomas Wayne Foundation and the Martha Wayne Foundation; it is the largest transparently operated private foundation within the DC Universe. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, the arts and humanities: to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology, and to fund scientific research and help altruistic people with research by providing facilities and training.

The foundation has its own building, called the Wayne Foundation Building, which includes a penthouse where Bruce Wayne lived for a period of time. It also has a secret elevator that leads to a matching Batcave in a secret sub-basement under the building.

Through the Wayne Foundation and the affiliated organizations underneath, Bruce Wayne addresses social-economic problems encouraging crime, assists victims of crimes, and maintains connections to the streets through the soup kitchens and social services groups; all of which augments his crime fighting efforts in a way that his Batman persona cannot. This arrangement also provides a large network of connections in the world of charities. He finds out about the newest trends, sciences and the arts.

Thomas Wayne Foundation
The Thomas Wayne Foundation is a foundation for medicine and medical help. This foundation gives annual awards for medical breakthroughs and lifelong commitment, similar to the Nobel Foundation. The Thomas Wayne Foundation is also responsible for funding the Thomas Wayne Memorial Clinic in Park Row, Gotham's infamous Crime Alley. The foundation funds and runs dozens of clinics in Gotham. Bruce Wayne's surrogate mother, Dr. Leslie Thompkins, runs the Memorial Clinic in Crime Alley and governed the other clinics until she left Gotham.

Martha Wayne Foundation
The Martha Wayne Foundation is a patron and supporter of arts, families, education, and tolerance. The foundation supports and helps to run a number of orphanages and free schools, and provides teachers for those who have learning difficulties. Artists can apply for grants from the foundation to help support them in furthering the arts. The foundation sponsors companies like Family Finders. Family Finders is an organization directed at finding lost people and uniting families. The Martha Wayne Foundation also sponsors and runs dozens of soup kitchens within the city.

Bat Bunker
Under the Wayne Foundation building, there is a secret bunker, which is similar to the secret bunker of New Babylon in The Hague. As of Batman #687, Dick Grayson has taken to using this as his "Batcave," stating that he wishes to embody the role of Batman in a way that is specific to him as well as getting closer to the action in the city. The bunker is as well-equipped as the original Batcave, including the Subway Rocket vehicle (which is Grayson's favorite means of transport during the Prodigal storyline) stationed beneath the bunker.

In other media

Television

DC Animated Universe

 In Batman: The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures, Wayne Enterprises was run by both Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox. Attempts at taking over the company were made by rival companies, including Roland Daggett of Daggett Industries. After GothCorp's CEO Ferris Boyle was arrested, Wayne Enterprises helped keep GothCorp running, essentially taking over the company from Boyle. Wayne Enterprises once partnered with LexCorp for the development of cybernetic scouting drones, the Waynelexes, but Bruce terminated the contract after Lex Luthor created several large-scale military prototypes, violating the joint approval clause stipulated in their agreement, as well as his involvement in the Joker's rampage on Metropolis. Wayne Enterprises also hired Arnold Wesker after his release from Arkham Asylum, and funded an organ transplant operation to cure Nora Fries of her terminal illness.
 In Batman Beyond, a now-elderly Bruce Wayne defended against numerous hostile takeovers by shrewd industrialist Derek Powers of Powers Technology. However, sometime after Bruce retired as Batman, Powers succeeded in merging the two companies, creating Wayne-Powers Enterprises. However, Bruce and Powers remain having a power struggle over the company, with Wayne, despite having no official leverages against Powers, still having allies working to help him regain control including Lucius Fox's family, leading to Fox's son Lucius's (the second) firing. Powers used the company's resources for many illegal business transactions, including making biological weapons for other nations. After Powers' criminal identity as Blight was revealed, his son Paxton took over as CEO. Paxton was soon arrested after attempting to murder Bruce and for several major art thefts, in addition to the numerous scandals that plagued the Powers family, and Bruce finally reclaimed the company.

Arrowverse

Wayne Enterprises appears on the CW's Arrowverse.
 In the pilot of the CW's live-action TV series The Flash, a spin-off of Arrow, a newspaper article from the future tells of a Wayne Tech/Queen Incorporated merger being completed in 2024.
 It appears in the second part (Arrow) of the Elseworlds crossover, in which Wayne Enterprises is run by Kate Kane in Gotham City, although the company has gone downhill after Bruce Wayne and Batman vanished three years ago and the board of directors made a series of bad investments. The exterior and lobby of Chicago's Carbide & Carbon Building (at the time, the St. Jane Hotel) portray the firm's seemingly derelict and largely abandoned headquarters.
 The building appears in the series Batwoman as a base of operations for Kate and Luke Fox with a Batcave. Chicago's Board of Trade Building once again serves as the Wayne Enterprises headquarters, looking much as it did in Christopher Nolan's Dark Knight Trilogy. During the third season, it is confirmed that Ryan Wilder- the second Batwoman- has been appointed acting CEO to legitimise her reasons for spending time in the tower, but she is briefly ousted as part of a corporate takeover organised by rival CEO Jada Jet, who seeks the company's resources to help cure her psychopathic son Marquis of an illness he contracted after a confrontation with the Joker. However, after Marquis's true nature is exposed, Ryan and her allies are able to retake control of the company.

Other
 In an episode of the Teen Titans animated series, when Robin defected to Slade, the remaining four Titans fought against Robin on top of Wayne Enterprises, destroying the letters "A" and "Y" in the process.
 Wayne Enterprises appears in The Batman under the name Wayne Industries. In "The Big Heat," Wayne Industries competed against GothCorp for the handling of the Children's Hospital. Although GothCorp won the City Council's vote, the decision was overturned when Batman revealed that GothCorp hired Firefly to commit industrial sabotage against its competitors. The Children's Hospital contract was then awarded to Wayne Industries.
 The Metropolis division of Wayne Enterprises is briefly seen in the Young Justice episode "Schooled". The episode "Infiltrator" features the Philadelphia branch of Waynetech, which is attacked by swarm of nanites unleashed by the League of Shadows.
 Wayne Enterprises has been featured in several episodes of Gotham. A young Bruce Wayne begins investigating the corruption at the company, and finds out his father Thomas Wayne was aware of their criminal dealings, although was investigating them prior to his death. The company is mentioned several times during the second season and plays a background role to the goings on. On behalf of the Order of St. Dumas, Mayor Theo Galavan attempts to get Bruce's 51% share of the company in exchange of giving information about his parents' killer, but the deal falls through when Galavan is arrested by James Gordon. Later in the season it is revealed that the Court of Owls run the company, and are looking for a way to bring back the dead using Hugo Strange who carries out inhumane experiments at the Wayne Enterprises division Indian Hill. In the third season, Bruce dedicates himself to removing the Court of Owl's influence. Sensei has the Court of Owl's leaders killed as a way to make Bruce join the League of Assassins by granting his wish. From the fourth season onward, Bruce is in full control of Wayne Enterprises without the influence of any criminal organizations.
 Wayne Enterprises appears in the TV series Powerless; in the series, Wayne Enterprises is the parent company of Wayne Security, the company for which the series' central characters work.

Film
 In the 1966 film Batman, Bruce Wayne is presented as head of the Wayne Foundation, which is described as a world-renowned organization dedicated to peace and understanding among nations.

Batman Anthology

 In the 1989 film Batman, no mention is made of any family company owned by Bruce Wayne. In the beginning of the film at the Harvey Dent Press Dinner, there is a seat for Bruce Wayne, which is empty (because he is busy working as Batman), suggesting that he funded Dent's campaign. In the casino scene in Wayne Manor, Vicki Vale asks him what he does for a living, and he is about to answer, but is interrupted by Alfred.
 In the 1992 sequel Batman Returns, still no mention is made of Wayne Enterprises in any capacity. However, Bruce is shown attending a meeting with Max Shreck, suggesting that he is known as a stockholder with holdings in various companies.
 In the 1995 film Batman Forever, Wayne Enterprises was finally presented in the series, with Bruce Wayne serving as head of the entire company (CEO), while Fred Stickley was head of the research department until being murdered by Edward Nygma, an employee in that department. Bruce also has a transport tunnel behind his desk in the main office that transports him back to Wayne Manor. In the deleted scenes, the Wayne foundation is mentioned by Bruce and Alfred.
 In the 1997 sequel Batman & Robin, Wayne Enterprises was revealed to have been funding Dr. Jason Woodrue's research only to withdraw it when Bruce realized his intentions. It is when Poison Ivy finds a beaker with the Wayne Enterprises logo on it that causes her to travel to Gotham City. The company is briefly mentioned again later during the donation of the giant telescope for the Gotham Observatory, which Mr. Freeze later turns into a giant freezing weapon.

The Dark Knight Trilogy

 In Batman Begins, board member William Earle (Rutger Hauer) takes over the company after the deaths of Thomas and Martha Wayne. He assures Bruce that the company will be in good hands until he is old enough to claim it. However, after Bruce's disappearance, Earle has Bruce declared legally dead so he can carry on his plan of turning Wayne Enterprises into an open capital company. However, due to Bruce's act of leaving all his money and assets to Alfred, Earle was unable to liquidate his majority shareholding which would have allowed for a complete takeover. When Bruce finally returns to Gotham, he does not show obvious interest in reclaiming the family business. He is given a generous trust fund to live off. Instead, he chooses to work in Applied Sciences, using it and his coworker Lucius Fox to provide him with high-tech equipment. He takes gear originally made for military use, including body armor and a prototype armored vehicle, and uses them to create equipment for his war on crime. At the film's end when Wayne Enterprises becomes a public corporation, Bruce reveals he has become majority shareholder by purchasing the shares through various shell companies he established using his trust fund. He then fires Earle and installs Fox as the active CEO. According to Forbes' 25 Largest Fictional Companies, Wayne Enterprises had estimated sales of $31.3 billion in 2007. Wayne Tower is portrayed by the Chicago Board of Trade Building.
 Wayne Enterprises appears in Batman: Gotham Knight (which takes place between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight) specifically in "Crossfire" with Fox showcasing his new gyroscopic electromagnetic sensor that can deflect small arms fire to Bruce.
 In The Dark Knight, Fox remains as the CEO of Wayne Enterprises. The company's research and development department has produced specialized fabrics and materials, electromagnetic gyroscopic navigational satellite systems (as shown on Batman: Gotham Knight), antihemorrhagic agent, radiation stamping technology, and rotor blades made of metal composites that have low radar signature and special acoustic design. As in Batman Begins, Bruce continues to utilize the resources of his company to aid his vigilante work as Batman. For example, he has Fox arrange a business meeting with a Chinese mogul Lau (Chin Han) to "get a closer look" at Lau's business practices and confirm his own suspicions that Lau and his company, LSI Holdings, had been cooperating with the Gotham underworld in money laundering schemes. He also had Fox build components for his new Batsuit. Batman also has used the company's radiation stamping technology to lightly irradiate a large quantity of money for Gordon and his detectives to use to track the mobs' money and identify the banks that are aiding them. Later on, Batman uses a sonar technology developed by Fox to track down and capture the Joker. In addition, a subplot of the film involves Wayne Enterprises' fiduciary Coleman Reese (Joshua Harto), who accidentally discovers Bruce Wayne's identity as Batman while reviewing the company's budget when he uncovers blueprints for the Tumblers, and attempts to blackmail Bruce and Fox. Fox gets Reese to back down by questioning his decision to blackmail a man he believes to be a violent vigilante. Later, Bruce "accidentally" saves Reese from the Joker's attention. Ultimately, Reese does not reveal his discovery and resigns from Wayne Enterprises. By this point in time, Wayne Tower is represented by 330 North Wabash.
 By the time of The Dark Knight Rises, Wayne Enterprises is depicted to be in tough times after the company invests huge sums of money into researching a new fusion power project, but Bruce Wayne subsequently mothballs it due to concerns that the resulting fusion reactor could be weaponised. A series of investments falsely made by Bane in Bruce's name puts Wayne Enterprises further into financial ruin, opening an opportunity for business magnate John Daggett to buy the company. Bruce enlists Miranda Tate and her wealth to buy controlling interest in the company which helps him save it and to protect the nuclear reactor by supporting her as the new chair and CEO of the company, unaware that she was Ra's al Ghul's true child and he was therefore giving her everything she needed to complete her plan. With her and Bruce's eventual deaths, all of his assets and majority share holding are placed in trust and sold to pay his debts. As a result, the company continues to run and the position of CEO is returned to Fox. The Wayne Foundation was also mentioned as sponsoring a Gotham City orphanage, where Detective John Blake was raised, and whose funding was cut following the company's fall from profitability.

DC Extended Universe

 During the film Man of Steel, General Zod destroys a satellite, which has the Wayne Enterprises logo on it. The Wayne Enterprises logo is the same one used in The Dark Knight Trilogy.
 In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a subsidiary of Wayne Enterprises, called Wayne Financial appears and features a different logo. A Wayne Tower based in Metropolis is destroyed during the events of Man of Steel.
 In Suicide Squad, Wayne Enterprises is responsible for creating the explosive devices used to control Task Force X. In the film, the Joker breaks into a Wayne Enterprises facility to abduct Dr. Van Criss to defuse Harley Quinn's explosive.
 In Wonder Woman, both an armored truck and employees featuring the Wayne Enterprises logo deliver to Diana the original version of a photo that features her, Steve Trevor and their companions during Diana's exploits in World War I.

Joker
Wayne Enterprises appears in the film Joker as Wayne Investments where three employees of the company attack Arthur Fleck/Joker at a Gotham City subway train until he kills all three of them. The company's CEO Thomas Wayne, his wife Martha Wayne and their son Bruce Wayne appear as well with the former being the mayor of Gotham City until he is killed alongside his spouse during a riot.

The Batman
In The Batman, the Wayne family moved into Wayne Tower after Thomas Wayne had Wayne Manor turned into an orphanage. Bruce would use the Tower as his base of operations. It was represented by the Tribune Tower in Chicago.

Video games
 Wayne Enterprises Tower appears in DC Universe Online. It is located in the Diamond District while the original Wayne Enterprises building is located in East End.

Batman: Arkham

 Wayne Enterprises Tower appears in the Batman: Arkham games – Batman: Arkham Asylum, Arkham City, Arkham Origins, and Arkham Knight. In the first game, Wayne Enterprises is the answer to one of Riddler's riddles: "Gotham's greatest family towers over the city". In the fourth game, Wayne Enterprises can be visited either by travelling to the top of the building via Bat-Grapple or entering the underground parking garage in the Batmobile, allowing Batman to talk with Lucius (Who is clearly aware of his identity in this continuity). One mission includes Tommy Elliot attempting to take control of the company by entering the building after giving himself plastic surgery to resemble Bruce Wayne, but this plan fails as the computers will only respond to a retinal scan from Bruce, with Elliot's attempt to take Lucius Fox hostage backfiring when Batman intervenes. Following the supposed death of Bruce Wayne, it is revealed that Lucius Fox now owns all of Wayne Enterprises.

Lego Batman

 Wayne Enterprises' research labs serves as one of the villain levels in Lego Batman: The Video Game, during which Riddler and Two-Face break into them to steal a prototype laser weapon.
 Wayne Tower appears in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes. It is seen being attacked by the team of Lex Luthor and The Joker until the Justice League stopped them from destroying it. It was rebuilt afterwards.

References

External links

 Batman Begins at Warner Bros.

 The Dark Knight at Warner Bros.

DC Comics organizations
Fictional companies
1979 in comics
Fictional elements introduced in 1979

Wayne Enterprises


ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration) was a proposal for a 600 MW sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor (Generation IV), proposed by the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA). It was to be built on the Marcoule Nuclear Site in France. It was the successor of the three French fast reactors Rapsodie, Phénix and Superphénix.

The main goals of ASTRID were the multi-recycling of plutonium, aiming at preserving natural uranium resources, minor actinide transmutation, aiming at reducing nuclear waste, and an enhanced safety comparable to Generation III reactors, such as the EPR. It was envisaged as a 600 MW industrial prototype connected to the grid. A commercial series of 1500 MW SFR reactors was planned to be deployed around 2050.

As of 2012, the project involved 500 people, with almost half among industrial partners. Those included Électricité de France, Areva, Alstom Power Systems, Comex Nucléaire, Jacobs France, Toshiba and Bouygues Construction.

In 2014 Japan agreed to cooperate in developing the emergency reactor cooling system, and in a few other areas. As of 2016, France was seeking the full involvement of Japan in ASTRID development.
In November 2018 France informed Japan it will halt joint development.

In August 2019 France cancelled ASTRID and sodium-breeder in general, with an official statement that "In the current energy market situation, the perspective of industrial development of fourth-generation reactors is not planned before the second half of this century. About €735 million had been spent on the project.

See also
Nuclear power in France
Nuclear power in Japan

References

External links

The ASTRID Technological Demonstrator

Liquid metal fast reactors
Nuclear power stations in France
Nuclear technology in France

ASTRID (reactor)


Buckshoal Farm is a property along with a historic home located near Omega, Halifax County, Virginia. The earliest section was built in the early-19th century, and is the two-story pitched-roof log section of the main residence. The larger two-story, pitched-roof section of the house with its ridge perpendicular to the older section was added in 1841.  It features a porch that is configured to follows the shape of the ell and bay of the front of the house.  The third two-story addition dates to circa 1910. Also on the property are the contributing log smoke house, well-house and a frame shed.  Buckshoal Farm was the birthplace and favorite retreat of Governor William M. Tuck.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Houses completed in 1841
Houses in Halifax County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Halifax County, Virginia

Buckshoal Farm


Lee Abramson (September 13, 1970 – January 20, 2016) was an American composer and musician. He was the first person to write music using ModelTalker, a computerized speech production program.

Musical techniques and career
Abramson used adaptive technology, live musicians and electronic technology to create complex musical expressions, all with one finger. His music featured layers of electronic textures, synthesizers, piano, bass, and percussion. His music was used as a subject for study in a Michigan State University class. Because of his disability, which limited his ability to control a computer to the use of only one finger, Abramson wrote music one note at a time using software such as Sibelius, LogicPro, ModelTalker to use computer recordings of his voice to "sing" on songs, Keystrokes from Assistiveware as an on-screen keyboard.

Abramson produced an educational series of YouTube videos which explains the 5-step method of making music with ModelTalker, with a 6th video showing a real-time bounce of a Logic Pro project with ModelTalker samples "singing".

Tucker Stilley another musician with ALS, shared his custom KeyStrokes keyboard layout for Logic Pro, Abramson's digital audio workstation without which he said, "Would have made what I do impossible".

Prior to his physical illness, Abramson was the bassist for numerous small bands, including Violet Wine and Punchy. His recent creations are classified as Rumi music, where he set Rumi poetry to music. Abramson has performed under several pen name, including Ace NoFace, under which he wrote and produced the album Toxic Charm. In addition, under Rumi Music, he produced a self-titled album, Rumi Music and later, Vow to Silence.

2012 presidential campaign
Abramson ran for President of the United States as an independent candidate in the 2012 election. His candidacy was endorsed by The Daily Swarm. Abramson did not appear on any state ballots in that election.

Education
Abramson attended Okemos High School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the University of Michigan.
He took Music Marketing, Songwriting, Music Production at Berklee College of Music

Other ventures
Abramson sold pork rinds on the internet from 1998 to 2000.

Death
Abramson was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in February 2005. He died on January 20, 2016, at the age of 45.

Discography
2009 – Rumi Music
2010 – Vow To Silence
2011 – Spices
2012 – Abramsonium Review
2013 – The Antarctic Wars
2013 – Maize And Bluebeard
2014 - The Bionic Mouth

References

External links
Lee Abramson's website
Model Talker Speech Synthesis Program
Lee Abramson, Disco Dogs

1970 births
2016 deaths
American bass guitarists
American male composers
American composers
American musicians with disabilities
Musicians from Lansing, Michigan
Candidates in the 2012 United States presidential election
21st-century American politicians
University of Michigan alumni
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Guitarists from Michigan
American male bass guitarists

Lee Abramson


Grace Dieu was the flagship of King Henry V of England and one of the largest ships of her time. It was launched in 1418. The ship only sailed on one voyage, after which it was kept anchored in the River Hamble. The ship was burned in 1439 after being struck by lightning.

Design and construction
Grace Dieu was designed by William Soper, a burgess of Southampton and clerk of the King's Ships.  She was clinker-built with three planks nailed together along each part of her hull and waterproofed with tar and moss sandwiched between the timbers. She was  long with a  beam, comparable in size with HMS Victory and twice as large as Mary Rose. The ship weighed between 1,400 tons and 2,750 tons. Two other ships, Valentine and Falcon were built to follow her. A dock was specially built for her construction near Town Quay in Southampton.

The remains of Grace Dieu show that it might have been built in a hurry, with some of the planks and ribs only roughly finished. She was a vast ship requiring 2735 oak, 1145 beech, and fourteen ash trees for her timbers. When completed in 1418, she was one of the largest wooden ships of the time.

1420 voyage
In 1420, Grace Dieu made her only voyage under the command of the Earl of Devon, with orders to sail down the English Channel. The expedition suffered a mutiny even before leaving port, when the crew objected to soldiers and archers being aboard to guard the vessel. Grace Dieu's sailors attempted to prevent the soldiers from boarding by abusing the clerk who was registering their names and threatening to throw the register into the sea. When the ship finally left port, nine of the crew incited a further mutiny against the captain by refusing to take their stations and insisting that the cruise be abandoned. Grace Dieu was brought into the nearest port, St. Helen's on the Isle of Wight, and the crew departed. A clerk who questioned their loyalty as they departed was assaulted and had his clothing torn.

Service after Henry V's death and loss
When Henry V died in 1422, his ships were treated as his private property rather than as part of the kingdom's navy. Many were sold off to pay his debts.

In 1430 William Soper, when he was already in charge of the administration of the entire navy, dined with the commander of the Florentine merchant fleet on board Grace Dieu.

Subsequently, Grace Dieu was laid-up in the River Hamble. Her mast and equipment were removed. She was burnt to the waterline after being set ablaze by lightning in 1439.

Rediscovery
The remains of Grace Dieu are still in the River Hamble at Bursledon, near Southampton, Hampshire. For many years the wreck was believed to be that of a Danish galley or a nineteenth-century merchant ship. In 1933 a proper survey identified the wreck, and its great size. The site was protected by the Protection of Wrecks Act on 5 February 1974. In 2004 the site was excavated by Channel 4's archaeology programme Time Team for the 2005 series. Only 50 metres from the wreck lie those of another vessel, believed to be Grace Dieu'''s contemporary Holigost''.

References

Sailing ships

Grace Dieu (ship)


The Napier Express was a passenger express train operated by the New Zealand Railways Department initially between Napier and Palmerston North and later between Napier and Wellington.  It ran from 1891 until 1954.

Introduction
On 13 October 1874, the first section of the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line opened between Napier and Hastings.  Over the following 17 years the line steadily extended into the Hawkes Bay interior, and on 9 March 1891 it opened through the Manawatū Gorge to Palmerston North.  Construction of the Wairarapa Line from Wellington was steadily advancing towards its junction with the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line at Woodville, at the eastern, Hawkes Bay, end of the Manawatū Gorge, but the only rail access to Wellington at the time was via the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company's line (WMR) up the west coast between Wellington and Longburn, just south of Palmerston North.  The Railways Department introduced the Napier Express as a dedicated passenger service between Napier and Palmerston North, with connections to the WMR for passengers to Horowhenua, the Kāpiti Coast, and Wellington.  This was a significant upgrade for passengers on the Napier line, as services had previously just been slow mixed trains, carrying both passengers and freight.

Operation
The Napier Express commenced just after the railway opened to Palmerston North in 1891 and ran once each way daily, typically hauled by a J class steam locomotive.  Despite its 'express' name and superiority over mixed services, it was quite slow by modern standards.  The southbound service left Napier at 10.45am and the WMR connection arrived in Wellington at 9.50pm. Today the same journey takes less than half the time.

The service was soon to take longer, although the need to change trains was eliminated.  On 11 December 1897 the Wairarapa Line reached Woodville, creating a Railways Department line between Wellington and Napier.  The Napier Express then was diverted from Palmerston North, running to Wellington via the Wairarapa.  This route included the Rimutaka Incline, which caused the journey time to increase by an hour, a move unpopular with passengers.  Two Rogers K class locomotives were transferred from the South Island to operate the trains, and in 1899 they were joined by two more South Island locomotives, of the N class, allowing the timetable to be accelerated to 10.5 hours. N class engines were sometimes assisted by M class tank locomotives, and this combination was referred to as the 'en and chicken.

In 1908, the WMR was purchased by the government and incorporated into the national network.  In 1909 the Napier Express was diverted from the Wairarapa Line, through the Manawatū Gorge to Palmerston North, and then to Wellington over the former WMR track. resulting in a substantial improvement in running time.

On 20 February 1911 when the express was approaching Paekākāriki from the south, a large boulder dislodged from above on the Paekakariki Escarpment rolled down onto a second class carriage, killing Miss Alice Power (23y) from Greymouth who was travelling with two friends.

By 1914 the travel time was 9 hours 4 minutes with track improvements in 1914 which allowed the speed limit in some places to be raised to 73 km/h and the more powerful A class locomotives was introduced about 1917-18. By 1925, it was down to 7 hours 31 minutes, partly due to the new AB class locomotives, and a further improvement in 1939 was 7 hours 17 minutes when the Tawa Flat Deviation eliminated the torturous, winding route via Johnsonville into Wellington and the K class began operating the expresses.  By 1949 the travel time between Wellington and Napier was seven hours.

Replacement
The Railways Department had been experimenting with railcars for provincial and rural services since 1912, and in the 1930s they started to become successful.  In the 1940s they proved popular on other Hawkes Bay services, and due to their greater efficiency and lower running costs the Railways Department began considering replacing the Napier Express with a railcar service. In 1954, due to a severe shortage of crews, and coal, the Express was withdrawn just days before Christmas, and replaced by an RM class Standard railcar service. The railcars were a considerable improvement over the Express, operating twice daily in each direction and covering the journey in just 5.5 hours.  The Standard railcars were augmented and replaced by the new, higher capacity RM 88-seater railcars the following year. Carriage expresses returned to the route in 1972 with the introduction of the Endeavour, which was replaced by the Bay Express in 1989. When the Australian company West Coast Railways took over passenger services in 2002, this was one of the services that was withdrawn before sale.

References

Bibliography

 Graham Hutchins. "A Year Before the Quake: The Napier Express, 1930." Last Train to Paradise: Journeys from the Golden Age of New Zealand Railways. Exisle Publishing, Jun 1, 2011

Long-distance passenger trains in New Zealand
Named passenger trains of New Zealand
Railway services introduced in 1891
Railway services discontinued in 1954
1891 establishments in New Zealand
1954 disestablishments in New Zealand
Napier, New Zealand
Discontinued railway services in New Zealand

Napier Express


A krater or crater (, kratēr, literally "mixing vessel") was a large two-handled type of vase in Ancient Greek pottery and metalwork, mostly used for the mixing of wine with water.

Form and function

At a Greek symposium, kraters were placed in the center of the room. They were quite large, so they were not easily portable when filled. Thus, the wine-water mixture would be withdrawn from the krater with other vessels, such as a kyathos (pl. kyathoi), an amphora (pl. amphorai), or a kylix (pl. kylikes). In fact, Homer's Odyssey describes a steward drawing wine from a krater at a banquet and then running to and fro pouring the wine into guests' drinking cups. The modern Greek word now used for undiluted wine, krasi (κρασί), originates from the krasis (κράσις, i.e., mixing) of wine and water in kraters.

Pottery kraters were glazed on the interior to make the surface of the clay more impervious for holding water, and possibly for aesthetic reasons, since the interior could easily be seen. The exterior of kraters often depicted scenes from Greek life, such as the Attic Late 1 Krater, which was made between 760 and 735 B.C.E. This object was found among other funeral objects, and its exterior depicted a funeral procession to the gravesite.

Usage
At the beginning of each symposium a symposiarch (συμποσίαρχος), or "lord of the common drink", was elected by the participants.  He would then assume control of the wine servants, and thus of the degree of wine dilution and how it changed during the party, and the rate of cup refills.  The krater and how it was filled and emptied was thus the centerpiece of the symposiarch's authority.  An astute symposiarch should be able to diagnose the degree of inebriation of his fellow symposiasts and make sure that the symposium progressed smoothly and without drunken excess.

Forms

Column krater

This form originated in Corinth in the seventh century BC but was taken over by the Athenians where it is typically black-figure.  They ranged in size from  to  in height and were usually thrown in three pieces: the body/ shoulder area was one, the base another, and the neck/ lip/ rim a third.  The handles were pulled separately. They were studied by archaeologist Tomris Bakır.

Calyx krater

These are among the largest of the kraters, supposedly developed by the potter Exekias in black-figure style, though in fact almost always seen in red.  The lower body is shaped like the calyx of a flower, and the foot is stepped.  The psykter-shaped vase fits inside it so well stylistically that it has been suggested that the two might have often been made as a set.  It is always made with two robust upturned handles positioned on opposite sides of the lower body or "cul".

Volute krater

This type of krater, defined by volute-shaped handles, was invented in Laconia in the early 6th century BC, then adopted by Attic potters. Its production was carried on by Greeks in Apulia until the end of the 4th century BC.  Its shape and method of manufacture are similar to those of the column krater, but the handles are unique: to make each, the potter would have first made two side spirals ("volutes") as decorative disks, then attached a long thin slab of clay around them both forming a drum with flanged edges.  This strip would then have been continued downward until the bottom of the handle where the potter would have cut a U-shaped arch in the clay before attaching the handle to the body of the vase.

Bell krater

Bell kraters were first made in the early 5th century, which meant that it came later than the three other krater types This form of krater looks like an inverted bell with handles that are faced up. Bell kraters are red-figure and not black-figure like the other kraters.

Metal kraters
According to most scholars ceramic kraters imitated shapes designed initially for metal vessels; these were common in antiquity, but survivals are very rare, as the metal was recyclable. Among the largest and most famous metal kraters in antiquity were one in the possession of the Samian tyrant Polycrates, and another one dedicated by Croesus to the Delphic oracle. There are a few extant Archaic bronze kraters (or often only their handles), almost exclusively of the volute-type. Their main production centres were Sparta, Argos and Corinth, in Peloponnesus. During the Classical period the Volute-type continued to be very popular along with the calyx-type, and beside the Corinthian workshop an Attic one was probably active. Exquisite exemplars of both volute- and calyx-kraters come from Macedonian 4th century BC graves. Among them the gilded Derveni Krater represents an exceptional chef d'œuvre of late Classical metalwork. The Vix bronze crater, found in a Celtic tomb in central France is the largest known Greek krater, being 1.63 m in height and over 200 kg in weight.  Others were in silver, which were too valuable and tempting to thieves to be buried in graves, and have not survived.

Ornamental stone kraters
Ornamental stone kraters are known from Hellenistic times, the most famous being the Borghese Vase of Pentelic Marble and the Medici Vase, also of marble. After rediscovery of these pieces, imitations became a staple of garden decoration in the Baroque and Neoclassical periods. The French artist and landscape designer Hubert Robert included the Borghese Vase, both alone and together with other stone kraters, in several of his works.

See also

Wine accessory
Wine tasting

References

External links

Ancient Greek pot shapes
Wine accessories
History of wine
Vases

Krater


Hans Dahl (19 February 1849 – 27 July 1937) was a Norwegian painter.  He was best known for his paintings of Norwegian fjords and surrounding landscapes.

Background
Hans Dahl was born in the village of Granvin, on the Hardangerfjord  in  Hordaland, Norway. His talent was already evident when Dahl was 16 years old. However, it was only after service in the army that Dahl received artistic education. Hans Dahl was educated first to become an officer and became a lieutenant in 1871. He served in the Bergenske Brigade until 1874. After leaving the army, he apprenticed with  Johan Fredrik Eckersberg and Knud Bergslien. He went to Karlsruhe, where he studied under Hans Fredrik Gude and  and then to Düsseldorf, where his teachers included Eduard von Gebhardt and Wilhelm Sohn. His art became associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting, which was characterized by finely detailed yet still fanciful landscapes.

Career
Dahl had his first exhibition in Düsseldorf in 1876. Dahl lived in Düsseldorf until 1888, when he moved to Berlin. Almost every summer, he was back to Norway.  In 1893, he commissioned the firm of Jacob Digre in Trondheim to build his summer residence, . It is located on the banks of the Sognefjord at Balestrand in the county of Sogn og Fjordane. Norwegian painter Adelsteen Normann had settled in Balestrand during 1891. Dahl's villa was of a similar design to the villa built for Normann.

Between 1888 and 1919, Dahl lived mostly in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, and spent only the summer in Balestrand.  After 1919, Dahl no longer traveled to Berlin.  Balestrand became a much visited tourist destination in western Norway. German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, became one of Dahl's patrons, conferring a professorship upon him in 1910, and visiting Dahl in Balestrand several summers in a row.

Dahl resisted the transition in art from romanticism to modernism. In the 1890s a new school of art arose, and artists like Dahl were not very popular in the leading circles in the capital. He was particularly criticised by the art historian Jens Thiis. He was severely criticized by fellow artists especially by Christian Krohg, who was one of the leading figures in the transition from romanticism to naturalism which characterized Norwegian art in this period. Throughout his life, he increasingly narrowed his range of topics. Dahl often described the scenery of the western part of Norway in brilliant sunshine with smiling people in national costumes. His vibrant colors and charming portrayals of young Norwegian girls in their national costume have always been very popular.

Personal life
Hans Dahl was married to Helene Bewer, the daughter of the German painter Clemens Bewer (1820–1884). Their son was the Norwegian painter  (1881–1919),  who died of tuberculosis at the age of 37.

In 1902 Dahl was appointed knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, 1st class. Hans Dahl died in Balestrand in Sogn og Fjordane during 1937. His grave is located in the churchyard of Tjugum Church.

References

External links

Villa Strandheim
Tjugum kyrkje

1849 births
1937 deaths
People from Granvin
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Düsseldorf school of painting
Norwegian landscape painters
19th-century Norwegian painters
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian male painters
Norwegian expatriates in Germany
Order of Saint Olav
19th-century Norwegian male artists
20th-century Norwegian male artists

Hans Dahl


The Ontario Soccer Association (OSA) is a Canadian soccer organization. Established in 1901, the OSA is one of the oldest sports organizations in Canada. The OSA is composed of over 350,000 players, as well as coaches, referees, and administrators.

Situated at The Ontario Soccer Centre in Vaughan, the OSA functions through its 18 member District Associations ("Districts"). District Association membership includes over 500 Youth Clubs and Senior Clubs across Ontario.

Members
The OSA has five types of members:
 Active Members (District Associations)
 Associate Members (Organizations operating in more than one District)
 Professional soccer clubs operating in an International Professional League
 Life Members (an individual granted Life Membership in accordance with published rules)
 Honorary Members (an organization granted Honorary Membership in accordance with published rules)

There are currently 21 Active Members, 14 Associate Members (including 11 Leagues) and 11 Life Members.  There are no Professional Soccer Club Members and no Honorary Members.  The current Members are listed below by category.

Ontario Soccer District Association Members (as of Jan 2023):
 Durham Region Soccer Association
 East Central Ontario Soccer Association
 Eastern Ontario Soccer Association
 Elgin Middlesex Soccer Association
 Essex County Soccer Association
 Greater North Soccer Association
 Hamilton Soccer
 Huronia District Soccer Association
 Lambton Kent Soccer Association
 Niagara Soccer Association
 North York Soccer Association
 Peel Halton Soccer Association
 Sault Amateur Soccer Association
 Scarborough Soccer Association
 Greater North Soccer Association
 Soccer Northwest
 Southeast Ontario Soccer Association
 Southwest Soccer
 Toronto Soccer Association
 York Region Soccer Association

Former District Associations
 Sudbury Regional Soccer Association
 Soccer Northeastern Ontario

Associate Members:
Central Girls Soccer League, Central Soccer League, East Region Soccer League, North Region Soccer League, Ontario Colleges Athletic Association, Ontario Indoor Soccer League, Ontario Soccer League, Ontario Soccer Referees' Association, Ontario University Athletics, Ontario Women's Soccer League, Ontario Youth Soccer League, South Region Soccer League, Western Ontario Youth Soccer League,

Life Members:
Lois Brewer, Tom Doyle, Lewis Edwards, Jim Ellis, Edward Grenda, William Hoyle, Terence Kelly, George MacDonald, Alan Southard, Jack Strachan, Clive Wilkinson, Les Wilkinson

Committees

Committees:
Discipline & Appeals Committee, Executive Committee, Finance Committee, Futsal Committee, Indoor Soccer Rules Review Committee, League Management Committee, Central Region League Management Committee, East Region League Management Committee, North Region League Management Committee, South Region League Management Committee, West Region League Management Committee,
Ontario Cup Committee, Referee Development Committee, Staff Evaluation Committee, Technical Development Committee,

Task Forces:
Task Force on Facilities Development, Task Force on Governance, Task Force on Harassment & Volunteer Screening,

Advisory Groups:
Constitution Advisory Group, Medical Advisory Group

Ontario Outdoor Soccer League Types
District Recreation Leagues: District Recreational Leagues can be thought of as large scale house league environments.

Tier-Based Leagues: District or Regional Competitive leagues. Those leagues with a larger number of teams will provide Tier divisions based on promotion/relegation criteria each season, Tier 1 being the highest level of play within the District or Regional league.

Integrated Model (iModel): The Integrated Model is an Ontario Soccer approved pilot project for the central region introduced in 2023.  Seasons are organized in Qualifying and Competitive phases of the outdoor calendar year.

Ontario Player Development League (OPDL): OPDL was introduced in 2014 as one of the province's first standards-based, youth high performance league that combines top level competition with strict high performance training standards.  Teams must apply for an OPDL licenses.

Ontario Outdoor Soccer Leagues for U13 to U18 - Tier-Based Leagues - Summer 2023 (associations cited)

 Durham Region Soccer League (Durham Region, East Central Region)
 Eastern Ontario Soccer League (Eastern Ontario, Southeast Ontario - top teams promoted from SOSA)
 Elgin Middlesex Soccer League (Elgin Middlesex)
 Hamilton District Soccer League (Niagara, Hamilton & District)
 Huronia District Soccer League (Huronia)
 Peninsula Soccer League (Niagara)
 Peel Halton Soccer League (Peel Halton)
 Southeast Ontario Soccer League - SOSA (Southeast Ontario)
 Southwest District Soccer League (Southwest)
 Toronto Soccer League (North York, Scarborough, and Toronto Soccer)
 Western Soccer League (Essex County, Elgin Middlesex, Lambton Kent, Southwest Region)
 York Region Soccer League (York)

Ontario Outdoor Soccer Leagues for U13 to U18 iModel Leagues - Summer 2023 (associations cited)
Qualifying Leagues
 Toronto Soccer League (Scarborough, Toronto Soccer, Durham Region)
 York Region Soccer League (York)

Competitive League
 iModel Central Region (Toronto Soccer League and York Region Qualifiers)

Ontario Cup
Beginning in 1901, with the exception of 14 years during the war, the Ontario Cup has been Ontario's most prestigious award. It has recently involved over 600 teams. The competition begins in May, and finishes with the Cup Finals in September to determine a championship team in each of the twenty two divisions:
Under 12 Boys, Under 16 Boys Tier 2, Under 18 Boys, Under 12 Girls, Under 16 Girls,
Under 13 Boys, Under 16 Boys Tier 1, Under 21 Men, Under 13 Girls, Under 17 Girls, Under 14 Boys, Under 17 Boys Tier 2, Men, Under 14 Girls, Under 18 Girls, Under 15 Boys Tier 2, Under 17 Boys Tier 1, Special Olympics, Under 15 Girls, Under 21 Women, Under 15 Boys Tier 1, Women

The Ontario Cup is open to any competitively registered team in Ontario. In the Ontario Cup, youth age divisions (Under 12 to Under 18) play in Tournament Rounds which lead to Quarter-Finals, Semi-Finals and the Cup Finals. The Under 21 Men's and Under 21 Women's play a Single-Game Knock-out Format leading to the Semi-Finals and Cup Finals on one weekend in August. The Men's, Women's and Special Olympics' divisions play a Single-Game Knock-out Format leading to the Cup Finals in September.

National Championships take place in four age levels, Under 14, Under 16, Under 18 and Senior Open. The Ontario Cup winners in those age divisions advance to the National Championships which are usually played on Thanksgiving weekend in various provinces across Canada.

Ontario Player Development League
Launched in 2014, the Ontario Player Development League (OPDL) is the province's first standards-based, youth high performance league that combines top level competition with strict high performance training standards. This program is an important component of the overall movement to adopt the core principles of Long Term Player Development (LTPD) across soccer at large in Ontario and Canada.

Focusing on stages 4 (Train-To-Train) and 5 (Train-To-Compete) of the LTPD pathway, OPDL represents young players' early graduation to a genuine high performance training environment, targeting only the top athletes in the province from age groups U13 to U23 with what will be the highest level of competitive youth soccer in Ontario.

In order to participate, clubs must apply for a license and meet strict criteria that show themselves to be worthy of training and developing the province's best. Teams are not promoted or relegated from the OPDL. Entry is decided on by the quality of the club, not the results on the field, allowing coaches to focus purely on developing their players.

The following organizations are current or historical license holders:

 Athlete Institute FC (2015 to 2018)
 Aurora FC (2014 to present)
 Brampton SC (2018 to present)
 Burlington SC (2014 to present)
 Cambridge United (2018 to present)
 Cumberland United (2018 to 2020)
 FC Durham Academy (2020 to present)
 Glen Shields FC (2014 to 2016)
 Hamilton United Elite SC (2014 to present)
 Kleinburg Nobleton SC (2014 to 2017)
 Kingston United SC (2021 to present)
 London TFC Academy (2018 to present)
 Markham SC (2014 to 2018)
 Markham City FC (2014 to present)
 Nepean Hotspurs SC (2014 to 2017)
 Niagara Falls SC (2021 to present)
 North Mississauga SC (2015 to 2018)
 North Toronto SC (2014 to present)
 Oakville SC (2015 to present)
 Ottawa South United SC (2014 to present)
 Ottawa TFC (2014 to present)
 Pickering FC (formerly United FA) (2014 to present)
 Richmond Hill SC (2014 to present)
 Tecumseh SC (2018 to present)
 Toronto FC (2018 to present)
 Toronto High Park FC (2018 to present)
 Unionville Milliken SC (2014 to present)
 Vaughan SC (2014 to present)
 BVB Waterloo (2018 to present)
 West Ottawa SC (2014 to present)
 Whitby Iroquois SC (2014 to present)
 Whitecaps London (2018 to present)
 Woodbridge SC (2018 to present)

Player Development Program

The selection process for Canada's National Teams relies heavily on the Provincial Player Development Programs. Many National players are first identified representing their Provinces at the annual U14 and U16 National All-Star Championships.

Provincial development in Ontario begins at the U13 age category via the Regional Development Program. Every September the Regional U13 boys and girls teams compete at the Provincial Identification Camp. The best players from this tournament are selected to progress to the U14 Provincial Development Program.

At U12 the District players are identified and brought into train with the Regional Staff as they prepare to compete each September / October at the District I.D. Tournament within their Region where they are scouted by the Regional Coaches.

At U13, Regional Coaches scout through the District I.D. process and through Club Head Coach recommendations, select and prepare Regional Squads to compete in the U13 Regional I.D. Camp held every September at the Soccer Centre. Provincial Coaches and Scouts select, based on technical and tactical skill, the best prospects for inclusion in the U14 Provincial Development Program. Development Squads of approximately fifty girls and boys are selected for further screening with this number being reduced to thirty in each group by November. The final group of players report to the Soccer Centre on a regular basis for training with the U14 Program training four times weekly from October through to May at which time the U14's return to their Club Programs. The U15 and U16 Programs also commence in October and like the U14's train four times weekly through to the end of April, after which they also return to their Club Programs.

The U14 and U16 Programs conduct a week-long training camp one week prior to the National All-Star Championships held at the end of July. It is at the All-Star Championships that the Canadian National Coaches scout for players.

Ontario Regional Excel (REX)

The Canadian Soccer Association partnered with Ontario Soccer, Own the Podium, Sport Canada, the Canadian Sport Institute Ontario, and Bill Crothers Secondary School in Markham Ontario, to launch its Regional EXCEL (REX) program in January 2018. The REX Super Centres provide top youth female players with a centralized, daily training program to develop their skills for players from U14 to U18 as part of Canada Soccer's Long-Term Player Development (LTPD) program.

Match Officials Development Program
The Match Officials Development Program of The Ontario Soccer Association has as its mission, "To prepare and certify Match Officials for the club, district, regional and provincial levels of the game". To this end, the training and support provided to leaders such as Club Head Referees, District Referee Coordinators, Instructors, and Evaluators is an ongoing activity intended to enable these leaders to assist with training and developing Match Officials in communities across the Province.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Ontario Soccer migrated all certification courses to an online format starting with the 2021 season.  This format has several components:
 Approximately 10 self-guided online modules;
 A mandatory 2 hour webinar, lead by the elite instructors of the province consisting of former FIFA, National and Provincial Match Officials;
 Complete an open-book online exam, varying in length based on whether taking a Small-sided or Full field certification course;
 Participate in a 4 hour practical on-field session, lead by a Provincial Match Official Development Officer;
 Complete a 30-minute "Signals" test after the on-field session.

Individuals who are 12 years of age or older, as of April 1 of the current registration year, are welcome to take the Small-Sided Match Official training course.  At the conclusion of the course, Match Officials receive an Ontario Soccer badge and are certified to officiate small-sided (7v7) matches.  All persons aged 14 and above, as of April 1 of the registration year, are encouraged to take the Entry Level (11v11) course.

Grading is based on a 1-12 scale, with new small-sided Match Officials beginning in levels 1-3 based on their age.  Entry Level (full field) Match Officials begin their careers at Level 4, and are able to be used by both Clubs and Districts when assigning matches.  After 1 full season, all Match Officials are automatically promoted to the next grade above, provided they meet the requirements of that grade.  A Match Official can then, through both physical and knowledge testing as well as performance assessments, elevate themselves to elevated grades and greater opportunities.  The highest grade at the Provincial Level (Level 10) will allow a Match Official to be considered for Canadian Premier League assignments.  Levels 11 and 12 are administered by Canada Soccer and FIFA, respectively.

Ontario Soccer began in 2022 a media campaign called "No Ref, No Game", reminding spectators, coaches and players that Match Officials give respect to them and expect it to be returned.  According to comparative data, Match Official registration and retention was 40% of 2019 levels, resulting in the deployment of a 1+1 system for District Recreational leagues which traditionally had 3 or 4 Match Officials assigned.

The Soccer Centre

The Soccer Centre is Canada's leading competition, training, education, and exposition soccer facility. It features a  field house that can accommodate three indoor soccer fields or one full size 11-a-side game. It has two international size outdoor grass fields, one international size outdoor artificial turf field, a sports therapy clinic, a restaurant and lounge, and is located on a  parcel of land that is easily accessible from Ontario's major highways. Tenants include The Ontario Soccer Association, The Canadian Soccer Association, The Soccer Hall of Fame and Museum, and all of Ontario's Provincial Leagues.

FieldTurf Fields:

In the fall of 2003, The Soccer Centre opened up its new artificial turf outdoor field. The project not only involved the installation of FieldTurf, which is an artificial surface that feels and plays like natural grass, but also the installation of lights and two new change rooms. This new field will expand the outdoor playing season and eliminate the need to cancel games because of poor weather conditions. The project was the result of a collaboration between The Ontario Soccer Association, The Canadian Soccer Association, The Soccer Centre, and The City of Vaughan.  The playing surface is 105 metres long by 68 metres wide.

In August 2015, the Ontario Soccer Association hosted a grand opening for the new Ontario Soccer Centre Stadium.  The new outdoor facility has bleacher seating to accommodate up to 2000 spectators, and a FIFA 2-star quality turf (designation for professional-level soccer fields).  The new stadium is home to Toronto FC's USL team, Toronto FC II. .  Along with the new stadium, the Ontario Soccer Centre also upgraded its indoor facility to have a FIFA 2-star quality turf.

Play Soccer
The Ontario Soccer Association launched Play Soccer Presented by Rogers in June 2006 to promote the sport of soccer from the grassroots level through to the professional arena.

References

External links
 The Ontario Soccer Association - Official website
 Toronto Soccer League https://www.tosoccerleague.ca/
 York Soccer League https://yrsl.e2esoccer.com/default.aspx
 Southwest Soccer League https://www.swrsaleague.ca/
 Peel Halton Soccer League https://phsa.powerupsports.com/
 Durham Region Soccer League https://www.drsaleague.com/
 Western Region Soccer League https://www.wrsl.ca/
 Elgin Middlesex Soccer League https://www.emdsl.ca/

Soccer governing bodies in Canada
1901 establishments in Ontario
Soccer
Sports organizations established in 1901

Ontario Soccer Association


Kruti Parekh (born 1984) is India's first test-tube baby at birth
, and has been a professional magician since early childhood. Currently, she works as a motivational speaker for corporates.

Accolades
As a child magician, Parekh has been featured several times on Doordarshan, India's national television channel.

At the age of 11, she received the FIE Foundation National Award. In 1999, she was awarded the Global 500 Roll of Honour, by the United Nations Environment Programme.

She has received many national and international accolades including the "Yuva Ojaswini Award", an Indian national level award, and the Young Achievers Award by American Consulate. In 2002, she was selected  as a Jury Member for the Children's Nobel Prize. She attended the World Youth Peace Summit - Asia Pacific in Bangkok, Thailand 2004 as a youth leader for peace. Her story has appeared in a book about normal kids doing heroic deeds published by Free Spirit Publishers, U.S.A. under the title of Kids Using Talent & Creativity. Her story was chosen amongst 30 Stories around the world.

Education
Kruti Parekh has completed her Engineering in Information and Technology with Distinction.

Current Activities
Parekh is a lecturer of Degree Engineering at the D.J. Sanghvi College of Engineering & NMIMS University, Mumbai. She runs the "Kruti's Magic Academy" where she trains young aspirants to become magicians. She is the only magician who has a course on magic running at the Mumbai University. She conducts Mind Power workshops for corporate houses and institutions and has also written a book "Beyond the Threshold of Mind".

References

1984 births
Living people
In vitro fertilisation

Kruti Parekh


Marvel: The End is a six-issue limited comic book series, published in 2003, by Marvel Comics. It was written and penciled by Jim Starlin and inked by Al Milgrom.

Publishing history

Marvel's Executive Editor Tom Brevoort has stated on his Tumblr blog that "Marvel: The End" (and all other "The End" series) is not in any way a part of the official Marvel continuity."

Plot summary
The Heart of the Universe is an energy source first discovered a millennium ago by a group of alien explorers who learned to harness its great energy. Becoming the "Celestial Order", the explorers decided to use the power to forcibly attempt to bring peace to the universe by appointing beings they deemed worthy of the Heart's power to rule sectors of the universe. The Order chose the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten as their agent on Earth. The power, however, corrupts Akhenaten, who arrives on present-day Earth and uses the Heart's power to conquer the world, killing most of Earth's heroes in the process. The villain Doctor Doom attempts to kill Akhenaten by traveling back in time to execute him while he was still human, but Akhenaten prevents this. The Titan Thanos, who has become aware of the Heart's power, gathers the last of the heroes, including the Defenders and Captain Marvel, in an offensive maneuver on the Order. Thanos successfully destroys the machinery that allows the Order to channel the Heart's power and then absorbs the power into himself. Using the power of the Heart, Thanos travels back in time and destroys the Celestial Order before they found the Heart of the Universe and kills Akhenaten as he attempts to prevent Doom from killing his past self.

However, contact with the Heart of the Universe allows Thanos to learn that, due to a fundamental flaw, the universe is doomed to end very soon and that this flaw could not be corrected even by the power of the Heart of the Universe. After a while, the Living Tribunal gathers a group of the most powerful cosmic beings (including Eternity, Death, Galactus, and the Celestials) to stop Thanos. Despite their virtual omnipotence, the cosmic beings are unsuccessful, since Thanos had, by absorbing the Heart of the Universe, not simply become more powerful than when he wielded the Infinity Gauntlet—but had actually become one with everyone and everything; even the Living Tribunal had become no more than a "part" of Thanos.

Ultimately, Thanos learns that the only way for him to repair the flaw in the universe would be to destroy and re-construct it. He is finally driven to mindless rage by an attempt of the cosmic powers to usurp his reign and decides in one fateful, final moment to absorb the entirety of the multiverse back into himself so that none might ever threaten his reign again. Thanos is thus able to use the Heart's power to absorb the cosmic beings into himself—and, in doing so, he ingests the entire universe. The cosmic hero Adam Warlock, who was outside the space-time continuum when Thanos absorbed the universe, appears to Thanos and explains to him what had transpired. Adam then talks with Thanos, who decides to sacrifice himself in order to restore the universe. Lady Death herself, whom Thanos has long been in love with, had also managed to escape. Lady Death then caresses Thanos' cheek, kisses him, then disappears into the now empty void of space while leaving Thanos awe-struck. Thanos speculates that the whole scenario was created by a higher power to fix the universal flaw. Thanos then restores the universe but wipes himself from existence, a sacrifice that is remembered only by Warlock.

Collected editions

Reception

References

Marvel Comics limited series
The End (comics) titles
Comics by Jim Starlin
Crossover comics

Marvel: The End


The European potter wasp or European tube wasp (Ancistrocerus gazella) is a species of potter wasp. As an imago (adult), the female collects as many as 20 caterpillars for each nest, which consists of a single cell. Her larval offspring then feed on these inside the nest, which is sealed with mud arranged by her. As adults, they eat nectar and aphid honeydew. Males cannot sting, and the sting of a female is not painful. They can be found on windows, foraging for nectar on flowers, or searching out small cracks or holes in which to nest.

Distribution and habitat
This wasp is native to Europe, its range including Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Poland, Austria, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. In the British Isles it occurs in England, as far north as Stockton-on-Tees, in Wales and at scattered locations in Ireland. It also occurs in Morocco. It is found in a variety of habitats where there is suitable sandy and clay soil, such as river banks, coastal areas, parkland, open woodland and urban areas.
The species became established in Auckland, New Zealand in 1987, and is now found even in Otago (near the country's southern extremity).

Ecology
In late spring, the wasps emerge from their over-wintering sites and feed on nectar and pollen from such plants as sea-holly, bramble, hogweed and thistles. After mating, the females search for suitable nest sites; these are usually cavities in plants such as hollow stems, pith cavities of dead twigs or the disused tunnels made by wood-boring insects. Inside these tubes, the cells are arranged linearly, with a clay partition between them. The female lays an egg in the first cell and then stocks it with several paralysed caterpillars, before sealing it with a clay plug. Further cells are made in a similar manner. Each wasp egg hatches in a few days and the larva takes ten or twelve days to consume its supply of caterpillars. After a short rest, or an extended period of diapause, depending on the time of year, the larva spins a cocoon and the adult emerges about a fortnight later. It moistens the clay plug to soften it before emerging into the open.

References

Further reading
  1989: Ancistrocerus gazella (Vespoidea: Eumenidae); a first record for New Zealand. New Zealand entomologist, 12: 63–65. PDF

Potter wasps
Hymenoptera of Europe
Hymenoptera of New Zealand
Insects described in 1798
Taxa named by Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer

Ancistrocerus gazella