Applied Food Technologies, Inc. (AFT) is a privately held corporation in Alachua, Florida that develops diagnostics needed in the seafood industry and runs fee-for-service species identification and verification programs.

Overview
Applied Food Technologies is primarily a research and development company focusing on fish species identification using DNA and environmental contaminant detection using gene expression in sentinel organisms.  AFT also offers a fee-for-service business for seafood species identification.

Technology
The DNA-based species identification diagnostics developed by AFT are used in-house and are also packaged in a kit format and sold to federal, state and private laboratories in the US, Europe and Asia.  AFT has established an extensive library of taxonomically verified fish species and has developed DNA standards for these fish.

Criticism
AFT has been criticized as being "in industry's pocket" because AFT has been a loud voice in support of industry against media reports of mislabeling.  AFT claims their internal testing has shown a much lower mislabeling rate than media reports.  Although Applied Food Technologies has been included in numerous media reports concerning seafood species mislabeling and has been contacted to conduct testing for the media many times, AFT does not perform species identification testing for the media, which may be the cause of some criticism.  AFT's mission statement includes offering a testing service to the seafood industry utilizing the "best available science" for the purpose of improving the industry to better serve the consumer.  Typically the media outlets are unable to meet the chain of custody requirements within the "best available science" component, which is one of the principal reasons AFT does not offer testing to the media.

Applied Food Technologies offers fee-for-service business in several areas including fish species identification (also known as Fish ID), seafood net weight, and antibiotic residue testing, which are described in detail below.

Seafood mislabelling

Purpose

Even with the plethora of laws and regulations protecting consumers from mislabeling of seafood, enforcing compliance has been challenging because of the unique nature of seafood itself. Unlike cattle, poultry, pork, crops, or other land-based food sources, the "farms" on which wild seafood is grown cannot easily be inspected.  LeeAnn Applewhite realized in 2000 that modern technology could be used to solve this problem, was awarded several USDA SBIR research awards to develop the tools, and founded AFT to create a solution.

Applied Food Technologies maintains an internal DNA database generated from a collection of economically important seafood specimens, which were taxonomically identified by third-party institutions, such as the Smithsonian and the Florida Museum.  These taxonomically validated specimens were sequenced in multiple regions to create a database of unique sequences capable of correctly identifying and distinguishing different seafood species."  Because only species identification testing that compares the sequence to a validated reference meets the current FDA guidelines for species identification, any lab not using a validated reference does not meet the FDA requirement.  AFT's Applewhite says, "Using a public database to determine a fish species is not very useful because the data is only as accurate as the least careful person submitting sequences, thus, the DNA sequences for common substitutes can also appear in the database under the wrong name."  FDA's Stephanie Yao agrees, "Most other labs are pulling publicly available sequences off of the Internet to make their identifications, a practice FDA does not recommend for regulatory decisions."  FDA's Yao continued, AFT "often runs samples for importers whose shipments are being held by the FDA and the FDA has released some of those shipments based on AFT's results."

History

Applied Food Technologies CEO, LeeAnn Applewhite, incorporated APL Sciences in 1997 after inventing a seafood test kit and licensing the technology to Neogen Corporation.  APL Sciences received five USDA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Awards totaling approximately $1,000,000.00.  AFT was formed in 2003 in Blacksburg, Virginia, by LeeAnn Applewhite and Maureen Dolan to be the fee-for-service testing laboratory and manufacturing and marketing arms for APL Science, Inc.  Robert Mino later joined as a co-owner until the company's sale in 2015.  AFT has also been awarded several SBIR grants and industry research contracts including most recently a grant to develop a method for species identification for the U.S. shrimp industry.

Applied Food Technologies was showcased on a national broadcast of The Early Show on CBS on June 8, 2011 to discuss seafood mislabeling after release of a national publication on the issue by consumer advocate group Oceana and a subsequent New York Times publication on the subject.  Although in business for several years, Applied Food Technologies came to the national attention after becoming the first company with DNA-based fish species identification methods recognized by the FDA to test all catfish imported from China in the late 2000s.  Applied Food Technologies was subsequently interviewed in May, 2010, by ABC affiliate WCJB-TV. Applied Food Technologies was showcased in University of Florida's Explore magazine Fall 2011, issue.

Milestones

2000 – Started development of DNA-based diagnostics for seafood species identification through USDA SBIR research grant targeted toward the growing national issue of seafood mislabeling.
 Collaborated with the Seafood Industry to collect fish and shellfish species for taxonomical verification at museums across the country to establish a validated database of reference specimens.
2002 – Developed and launched the PCR multiplex Authenti-kit(SM) for Crab diagnostic kit for crab species identification.
2004 – Developed and launched the PCR multiplex Authenti-kit(SM) for Catfish diagnostic kit for catfish species identification.
2005 – Began partnering with US Foods after US Foods approached AFT to start a grouper authentication program, following recommendation by NOAA NMFS.
– Worked with US Foods, FDA, and other Seafood Industry stakeholders to develop an acceptable sampling plan for species identification testing.
- AFT began using protein fingerprinting techniques to perform species identification on a larger number of species.
2006 – Collaborated extensively with FDA to create regulatory standards and protocols currently recommended for molecular regulatory compliance testing for species identification.
– Authenti-kit(SM) for Catfish becomes the first DNA method accepted for regulatory compliance testing by FDA after FDA approves Authenti-kit(SM) for Catfish for use in regulatory compliance testing under Import Alert 16-128.
2007 – AFT's regulatory testing program expanded to collaborations with multiple state agencies to create state standards and testing programs for species identification testing using Authenti-kit(SM) for Catfish.
– Collaborated with FDA to develop the extraction protocol for DNA-barcoding for fish species identification which later became FDA LIB-4420.
– Greatly expanded industry and regulatory testing programs using DNA-barcoding for most fish species outside the Authenti-kit(SM) product line.
- AFT began to use DNA techniques exclusively to identify seafood species.
2008 – Teamed with FDA to develop the requirements for private laboratory data reports (ORA Laboratory Manual, Section 7) for DNA-barcoding for Import Alert 16-128.
– Began analyzing DNA sequence discrepancies in commonly used databases, such as Genbank and Fish Barcode of Life, to develop definitive secondary tests to differentiate between
closely related species of commercially important seafood that cannot be distinguished using data from the public databases alone.
2009 – Initiated substantial research and development program to create DNA mini-barcoding and real-time PCR methods to discriminate closely related species, allowing AFT to distinguish between
closely related species that are indistinguishable using current DNA-barcoding or public database-related protocols.
2010 - AFT moved operations from Virginia to Alachua, Florida and reincorporated in Florida.
2011 - AFT purchased the assets of EcoArray, Inc., bringing AFT into the environmental arena.  AFT currently resides in the Sid Martin Biotechnology Incubator. After the acquisition of EcoArray assets, AFT entered into the environmental water testing market. Information gathered from Applied Food Technologies website.  (Last visited October 1, 2011).
2012 - AFT becomes first testing laboratory to develop a validated test for identifying species of canned tuna.
2014 - AFT becomes an ISO Accredited laboratory.
2015 - AFT acquired, becoming the largest seafood identity testing lab in the United States. </ref>

References

External links
 Applied Food Technologies, Inc. corporate website

Food technology organizations

Applied Food Technologies


Five Flags Center is a multi-purpose facility in downtown Dubuque, Iowa. It is named for the five flags that have flown over Dubuque; the Fleur de Lis of France (1673–1763), the Royal Flag of Spain (1763–1803), the Union Jack of Great Britain (1780, during a brief interruption of Spanish rule), the French Republic Flag of Napoleon (1803) & America's Stars and Stripes (1803–Present).

History
The site's first theater was the Athenaeum Theater, built in 1840, which became the City Hotel (also a theater) in 1846 and later the Peosta House.

A second theatre was originally built in 1864 or 1877, but then was destroyed by fire in 1910. It had been purchased then renovated during 1909-1910 by local prominent businessman Harker Brentnal Spensley Sr. and his partner, C. H. Eighmey.

The current Great Five Flags Theater was constructed as the Majestic Theater in 1910.  The rebuilt theater was designed by George L. Rapp, who eventually became one of the nation's premier theater architects. It was converted to a movie house in 1920 and renamed 'Spensley Theater' in 1929. Constructed in a Renaissance Revival style with French influences, it was later renamed the RKO Orpheum and used to show movies. Eventually, it fell into disrepair and was slated for demolition during urban renewal in 1969.

A committee made up of concerned citizens began a fund drive to save the theater, which was incorporated in the Five Flags Center project in 1972. Restoration was begun in 1975, and the theater was reopened in 1976 as the Five Flags Theater. It is currently the home of the Dubuque Symphony Orchestra, high school musicals, and occasional concerts and ballet productions.

Arena
Five Flags Arena was conceived as part of a project to rehabilitate the Five Flags Theater. Construction began in 1976, and the facility opened in 1979. The first event was a concert by Bob Hope.

The arena can seat up to 5,200 for basketball, although in its former primary use, ice hockey, actual seating capacity is only about 2,500.

It features one side of permanent seating; the other three sides are bleachers, some for Loras College basketball, and most of Dubuque's major concerts.

High school graduation ceremonies for Hempstead High School and Senior High School have been held at the center.

The Five Flags Center was formerly the main convention center in Dubuque, but construction of the Grand River Event Center in 2003, moved many events away from Five Flags.

It was also the former home of the Dubuque Fighting Saints (1980-2001) of the United States Hockey League from 1980–2001 and the home of the Dubuque Thunderbirds hockey team of the Central States Hockey League from 2001–2010.

Dubuque opened a new Ice Arena, the Mystique Ice Center, which opened in Fall of 2010, and now hosts the expansion Dubuque Fighting Saints.

SMG took over operations of the arena in 2004, which were formerly handled by the City of Dubuque.

In 2005, the arena was closed during the summer for concession, entrance, and concourse renovation.

References

External links

Official Five Flags Center website

Buildings and structures in Dubuque, Iowa
Convention centers in Iowa
Performing arts centers in Iowa
Theatres completed in 1910
National Register of Historic Places in Dubuque, Iowa
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Economy of Dubuque, Iowa
Basketball venues in Iowa
Tourist attractions in Dubuque, Iowa
Second Empire architecture in Iowa
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Sports venues completed in 1979
1910 establishments in Iowa
Indoor arenas in Iowa

Five Flags Center


In the area of mathematical logic and computer science known as type theory, a type constructor is a feature of a typed formal language that builds new types from old ones. Basic types are considered to be built using nullary type constructors. Some type constructors take another type as an argument, e.g., the constructors for product types, function types, power types and list types. New types can be defined by recursively composing type constructors.

For example, simply typed lambda calculus can be seen as a language with a single non-basic type constructor—the function type constructor. Product types can generally be considered "built-in" in typed lambda calculi via currying.

Abstractly, a type constructor is an n-ary type operator taking as argument zero or more types, and returning another type. Making use of currying, n-ary type operators can be (re)written as a sequence of applications of unary type operators. Therefore, we can view the type operators as a simply typed lambda calculus, which has only one basic type, usually denoted , and pronounced "type", which is the type of all types in the underlying language, which are now called proper types in order to distinguish them from the types of the type operators in their own calculus, which are called kinds.

Type operators may bind type variables. For example, giving the structure of the simply-typed λ-calculus at the type level requires binding, or higher-order, type operators. These binding type operators correspond to the 2nd axis of the λ-cube, and type theories such as the simply-typed λ-calculus with type operators, λω. Combining type operators with the polymorphic λ-calculus (System F) yields System Fω.

Some functional programming languages make explicit use of type constructors. A notable example is Haskell, in which all data type declarations are considered to declare type constructors, and basic types (or nullary type constructors) are called type constants. Type constructors may also be considered as parametric polymorphic data types.

See also
 Kind (type theory)
 Algebraic data type
 Recursive data type

References

 , chapter 29, "Type Operators and Kinding"
 P.T. Johnstone, Sketches of an Elephant, p. 940

Type theory

Type constructor


The Madiun Affair (), known locally as the Communist Party of Indonesia rebellion of 1948 (), was an armed conflict between the government of the self-proclaimed Republic of Indonesia and the left-wing opposition group Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) during the Indonesian National Revolution. The conflict began on September 18, 1948, in Madiun, East Java, and ended three months later when most FDR leaders and members were detained and executed by TNI forces.

Background

Downfall of Sjarifuddin Cabinet and the formation of Hatta Cabinet
Opinions regarding the trigger of the conflict vary. According to Kreutzer, the downfall of Amir Sjarifuddin government in January 1948 was the origin of the Madiun Affair. Before then, during the second half of the 1947, Partai Sosialis was split into two factions: one faction was led by Sjarifuddin and a smaller faction led by Sutan Sjahrir. The latter group grew as Sjarifudin put strong emphasis on its alignment with the Soviet Union and class welfare. Sjahrir believed that Marxist doctrine of class welfare could not be applied in Indonesian community as there were no such Indonesian bourgeoisie and that Indonesia should maintain a "positive neutrality" so that Indonesia could contribute to world peace. The party completely split soon after the establishment of Hatta's presidential cabinet.

Sjarifuddin premiership ended on January 28, 1948. Sjahrir, Dr. Leimena, and several political activists had earlier approached Hatta and requested him to become the next prime minister. Hatta agreed if he got the PNI's and Masjumi's support. Driven by the need to form a cabinet with national support (both right-wing and left-wing), Hatta offered Sjarifuddin's faction some posts in the cabinet. They declined Hatta's offer and demanded key positions, including Sjarifuddin position as Minister of Defense (in the previous cabinet, Sjarifuddin had been both Prime Minister and Minister of Defense) in return of their support for Hatta's government. Negotiation failed, and on January 31, 1948, Hatta finally formed a cabinet without the Sajap Kiri (left-wing) parties. Two members of Partai Sosialis, however, were included in the cabinet by the strong request by Sjahrir. He and the two cabinet members were expelled from the Partai Sosialis and formed their own party called Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI, the Socialist Party of Indonesia). "This new party immediately gave its support to Hatta's government." Hatta's program of government was based on two priorities: the implementation of the Renville Agreement and the rationalization of the Indonesian army.

Formation of FDR
The Sajap Kiri (without Sjahrir's faction) gradually went into opposition. In the beginning, it tried to get a place in the government by showing a willingness to co-operate. However, its attempt failed when it faced the bitter reality that there were no faction members included in the cabinet. At a mass meeting at Surakarta on February 26, the Sajap Kiri underwent reorganization and emerged as the Front Demokrasi Rakjat (FDR; People's Democratic Front); led by Amir Sjarifuddin, it comprised the Partai Sosialis, PKI, PBI, Pesindo, and the trade union federation SOBSI. Some weeks after the meeting, the FDR program was radically changed to include (1) opposition to the Renville Agreement, (2) discontinuation of negotiations with the Dutch, and (3) nationalization of all foreign enterprises. Its strong opposition against Hatta's cabinet was clear from the first objective of the program. Hatta's cabinet main goal was to implement the Renville Agreement, but the FDR's was to reject it.

The FDR had two principal bases of strength: within the army and among labor. In his capacity of Minister of Defense from July 3, 1947, to January 28, 1948, Sjarifuddin had "managed to build up a strong personal opposition within the army." He secured officers' loyalty in the army, the TNI (Tentara National Indonesia; Indonesian National Army). The loyal military officers were often the ones who knew the location of numerous arms and munitions kept in the mountainous areas in anticipation of further Dutch military action. Even more important was the strong position that Sjarifuddin had built himself within the army's supplementary organization, the TNI Masjarakat (People's TNI). Established in early August 1947 (when Sjarifuddin was the Prime Minister), the organization was aimed at organizing popular defense on a local basis to support the army. While the TNI was a national organization, the TNI Masjarakat, led by Colonel Djoko Sujono, was a local-based military organization. It was obvious that during his premiership, Sjarifuddin had managed to build strong national and local military organizations, which were prepared to confront the Dutch.

In addition, the FDR had a clearly dominant position within SOBSI (Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia), by far the largest labor organization in Indonesia. The membership of that organization was mainly urban and plantation labor with the Republic and was estimated to be between 200,000 and 300,000.

Hatta's rationalization program and impact on FDR's military strength
From the Indonesian government's perspective, rationalization was the solution to economic problem by reducing the number of military forces. A month after the establishment of his cabinet, Hatta began the rationalization program based on Presidential Decree No.9 27 February 1948. The main objective of the rationalization was reorganizing the military organizations and to mobilize productive labor force from defense to production sectors. According to Hatta, there were three ways to achieving those objectives: 1) demobilizing military officers who wanted to return to their previous jobs (teachers, private employees), 2) sending the military officers back to the ministry of development and youth, and 3) demobilizing hundreds of military officers to return to their village communities.

In 1948, the Indonesian Republic faced a critical situation in which there was an excessive labor supply because of the enormous number refugees fleeing to the Republic from the areas overrun by Dutch such as Surabaya (located adjacent to Madiun, Surabaya was then still controlled by the Dutch). In addition, there were at least 200,000 excess troops but an inadequate number of arms and munitions for them. To anticipate the critical problems (economic, military, and political) emerging from that situation, Hatta and his cabinet immediately decided to embark upon a rationalization program. At the initial stage of reorganization, there were 160,000 troops left. This program was expected to leave only 57,000 regular troops at the end.

On May 15, 1948, the TNI Masjarakat or laskar, one of the principal bases of FDR's strength, was demobilized. Western-oriented and pro-government military officers wanted a smaller, more disciplined, and more trustworthy army under their leadership. They viewed TNI masjarakat as a less well-trained and -educated military organization that was strongly associated with communist organizations. The government wanted the Army to be led by professional officers who had undergone serious military training. Two pro-government military organizations, West Java Siliwangi Division and the Corps Polisi Militer (CPM, Military Police Corp), were officially acknowledged and given legal status. The demobilization of TNI masjarakat means the influence of FDR in the government was getting weaker and this deepened the FDR's resentment against the government. From the FDR's perspective, rationalization was an attempt to destroy FDR's power.

The FDR was not the only group that opposed Hatta's rationalization. Among the military units that began to oppose the Hatta government was Division IV, better known as Divisi Senopati, which was stationed in Solo and placed under the command of Colonel Sutarto. Like the FDR, Division IV was also disappointed with Hatta's rationalization and protested against the program on May 20, 1948. Hatta's decision to incorporate Division IV into Division I would place Colonel Sutarto in a reserve officer position. Sutarto and his soldiers ignored the instruction and began to reorganize their own division. They transformed Division IV into a "battle-ready military unit" which gained support from the majority of Solo's population and FDR followers. They named the unit Divisi Pertempuran Panembahan Senopati (Battle-Division Duke Senopati). Sutarto was mysteriously murdered on July 2, 1948. Those who supported the FDR perceived the murder as part of the Hatta's rationalization program.

Delanggu strike
Disappointed by Hatta's rationalization, the FDR/PKI began to seek support from farmers and laborers by advocating land reform and organizing labor strikes. One of the FDR/PKI's principal bases of strength was SOBSI. Heavily dominated by communists, SOBSI organized a number of strikes to protest against the government. The most important strike took place in Solo. Plantation workers protested the government in response to deteriorating condition of the economy after an economic blockade by the Dutch and the government's failure to eliminate feudalism and to stop the "speculative operation of black market." The strike at the Delanggu cutton-growing area was organized by SABUPRI (the union of communist-oriented plantation workers), and around 20,000 workers went on strike for around 35 days. The government accused the FDR and SABUPRI leaders of endangering the Republic by organizing the strike. They responded to the accusation by saying that it was the government that endangered the Republic with its ineffective and incorrect economic policies. The FDR and SOBSI leaders wanted the better implementation of the existing regulations and agrarian reforms from the government. The strike came to an end on 18 July 1948, when the government was willing to accept the workers' demand for two-meter long textile and rice to be given every month in addition to their salary.

Foreign relations of Republic of Indonesia
The Madiun Affair should be placed in an international context in which two superpower countries played a role in the Indonesian government. Suripno was a young communist who became the representative of the Republic of Indonesia at the Congress of World Federation of Democratic Youth in Prague in 1947. He was also given a mandate to contact the Soviet Union. In January 1948, he met a Soviet ambassador and discussed future consular relationship between the Soviet Union and Indonesia. The Soviet government finally took the initiative by informing Suripno that the Consular Treaty had been rectified. Instead of accepting the treaty, Hatta's government decided to suspend the bilateral relationship. Suripno was then asked to return to Indonesia. On August 11, 1948, Suripno arrived at Jogjakarta with his "secretary", who turned out to be Musso, a senior Indonesian communist leader. When asked to give official report to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Haji Agus Salim, Suripno praised the Soviets for their political stance, which had always acknowledged Indonesia as a sovereign state.

Hatta repeatedly refused the Consular Treaty because he was inclined to seek assistance to US power. On July 21, Sukarno, Hatta, Minister for the Interior, Minister for Information, and the US representative had a meeting at a hotel in Sarangan, Madiun. The Dutch and the US had the common goal of controlling the natural resources. On September 17, the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that communist expansion in Indonesia was the main obstacle to the western powers acquiring of resources. The Dutch wanted the US to believe that Indonesia was the bulwark of communists. The US, however, decided to "include Hatta and his association in one international anti-communist front to be established in East and Southeast Asia" to challenge the Soviets. The Dutch failed to restore its control over Indonesia by bringing Indonesian leaders and American representatives into conflict.

Return of Musso and reorganization of the FDR
The return of Musso was the catalyst of the Madiun Affair. Sukarno officially invited Musso in his presidential palace in Jogjakarta. According to a journalist report, the meeting was very emotional. They embraced each other, and eyes were filled in tears. Musso was in fact Sukarno's political senior, and both were good friends when they resided in Surabaya.

Musso's return was a turning point of the FDR's political journey. During the party conference on August 26 and 27, 1948, it adopted a new political line and established a new body that consisted of left-wing parties. Members of this new political bureau were the FDR leaders (Maruto Darusman, Tan Ling Djie, Harjono, Setiadjit, Djoko Sujono, Aidit, Wikana, Suripno, Amir Sjarifuddin, and Alimin), with Musso serving as the chairman. The reappointments were made legitimate grounds by FDR/PKI's enemies to launch an "anti-PKI campaign.". The government prepared strategies to "eliminate the Communists." One of the government's biggest accusations was that Musso promoted "the Republic's involvement in a Soviet-American conflict." The unification of those political forces was a fatal mistake.

Towards revolt
The FDR leaders made propaganda tour through Central and East Java. Its main purpose was to promote Musso's political ideas. Other PKI leaders remained in Jogjakarta to try to negotiate with PNI and Masjumi leaders to form a new cabinet, which would include the FDR's representatives. The situation in the FDR was still chaotic even after the unification of several political forces. For instance, some members of the PKI and the Partai Sosialis in Bojonegoro opposed the decision made during the meeting on August 26 and 27, 1948. As a new structure, the FDR was technically not strong enough to confront any challenges from the outside.

There were small clashes involving pro-Hatta military groups on the one side and pro-FDR armed groups on the other. After the murder of Colonel Sutarto, political development in Solo became more intense. The coming of Siliwangi Division, which was "loyal to government and anti-leftist," was also one of the causes of political instability in Solo which was the base of Senopati Division. The FDR's power started to diminish after several cases of murdering and kidnapping of "leftist officers." Kreutzer provides examples of kidnapping and murdering cases on weeks prior to the Madiun Affair: "On September 1, two members of Solo's PKI were kidnapped and later interrogated about the activities and organization of PKI in Solo. On the same day, however, members of Pesindo kidnapped some pro-government leaders. They were accused of kidnapping PKI members. Six days later, on September 7, almost all officers and a number of lower-ranking soldiers of Commander Yadau's Tentara Laut Republik Indonesia (TLRI, Republican Navy) were kidnapped and brought to a base of Siliwangi Division, a pro-government military unit. On September 9, Suadi, Sutarto's successor as Commander of Senopati Division, obtained the official approval by Indonesian Army Commander Sudirman to investigate the murder and kidnapping of people in Yogyakarta and Solo. But shortly after the investigation had started, a number of officers, who were given orders to interrogate the suspects, were kidnapped, too. On September 13 in Blitar, south of Malang, government units arrested a number of Pesindo members."

On September 16, Pesindo's headquarters was attacked. Solo, the second city of the Republic after Jogjakarta, became the scene of a complex conflict between the government and leftist groups during the first two weeks of September.

Solo was now dominated by the pro-government rightist, which made Madiun the FDR's last important stronghold since Yogyakarta and Solo were controlled by the Indonesian Republic, and Surabaya was under Dutch control. However, anti-communist groups and pro-Hatta's government had already been infiltrating Madiun since early September.

Revolt

Alarmed by what happened in Solo, local FDR leaders in Madiun began to feel uneasy and reported that to FDR leaders in Kediri, more than 35 miles east of Madiun. He received an order to disarm the agitators in Madiun to avoid possible bloodshed in the area. At 3 am on September 18, 1948, the FDR began to seize the local government officers, telephone exchange, and army headquarters, with Sumarsono and Djoko Sujono as the leaders of the operation. The brief fighting ended up with two loyal officers being killed and four wounded. Within hours, Madiun was under the FDR's control. Two FDR members, Setiadjit and Wikana, took over the civil administration and established the Pemerintah Front National Daerah Madiun (Government of the National Front of the Region of Madiun). Sumarsono then announced on the local radio, "From Madiun victory begins."

After hearing about what had happened on September 18, Musso and Sjarifuddin returned to Madiun. They immediately discussed the situation with Sumarsono, Setiadjit, and Wikana upon their arrival. At 10 pm on 19 September 1948, President Sukarno declared that the Madiun revolt was an attempt to overthrow the government of the Republic of Indonesia and that Musso had formed a Soviet government. He also stated that Indonesians had to choose between him and Hatta and Musso and his communist party. Sukarno was followed by Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, who had very strong influence among Javanese society. In his speech, he asked people to help Sukarno and Hatta and TP give them full mandate to crush the communist movement. At 11.30 pm the same day, Musso replied to Sukarno and declared a war against the Indonesian government. He tried to convince Indonesian people that Sukarno and Hatta were the slaves of American Imperialism, "traitors," and "Romusha dealers." There was mounting tension between the Sukarno-Hatta and FDR leaders.

Some FDR leaders decided to be independent from Musso. On September 20, 1948, they declared their willingness to reconcile with the Indonesian government. In the evening, Colonel Djoko Sujono, Military Commandant in the Madiun, broadcast over the radion that what happened in Madiun was not a coup but an attempt to correct the government's policy, which "led the revolution into different direction." He was followed by Sumarsono, the original leader of the revolt, who made a similar public announcement that the Madiun event was not a coup but an attempt to correct the political aims of Hatta's government. On his attempt to convince the government, Amir Sjarifuddin stated on September 23 that the FDR's constitution was that of the Republic of Indonesia, its flag remained red and white, and its national anthem was still Indonesia Raya.

Aftermath

The Indonesian government seemed to ignore some FDR leaders' attempt to end the conflict. They used the small revolt to "crack down the Indonesian left." The military operation was led by Colonel Gatot Soebroto and Nasution, and they promised to settle the mess within two weeks. Hatta insisted to curb the rebellion and seize Madiun as soon as possible before the Dutch started to intervene. The government started the anti-Communist purge from Jogjakarta and Solo. On September 30, the government sent Lieutenant Colonel Sadikin, of the Siliwangi Division brigade, to mobilize his troops and to control Madiun. To avoid conflicts with the Indonesian Armed Forces, FDR/PKI leaders began to retreat to mountainous areas. Under the command of Sjarifuddin, they fled Madiun and headed to the small village of Kandangan, where they could find munitions and arms (a store built up when Sjarifuddin was the Prime Minister and Minister of Defense). To their surprise, the village was already occupied by the battalion of the Sungkono Division led by Major Sabarudin.

On October 28, the government arrested 1,500 men of the last rebel military unit. Musso was shot dead three days later when he hid in a restroom and refused to surrender. His body was brought to Ponorogo, set on display for public view, and set ablaze. A month later, on November 29, Djoko Sujono and Maruto Darusman were arrested. Sjarifuddin faced the same fate when he was captured on 4 December. Three days later, on December 7, 1948, "TNI headquarters announced the final extermination of the rebellion and stated that approximately 35,000 people, mostly troops, had been arrested. On December 19, Sjarifuddin, Maruto Darusman, Djoko Sujono, Suripno and other FDR leaders were executed.
Estimated casualties were  24,000 in total (8,000 in Mandiun, 4,000 in Cepu and 12,000 in Ponorogo, as the affair affected neighbouring areas)

Most of FDR leaders were detained and executed, Sumarsono managed to escape. He fled Madiun and headed north into Dutch territory. He was finally arrested by Dutch troops because of his illegal possession of gold and treasury. Although initially the Dutch authorities were suspicious of his involvement in the Madiun Affair, he managed to deceive them with a false identity. He was released on July 30, 1949 but was arrested again on October 29 for his identity fraud case. The Dutch kept investigating and on November 11 revealed Sumarsono's identity and his involvement in the Madiun Affair. The Dutch authorities decided to execute him in New Guinea. Before that happened, however, Sumarsono escaped from prison on December 13. He fled to North Sumatera and lived there as a teacher. He was arrested again during anti-communist campaign launched by the Indonesian government under Suharto in 1965.

See also

 30 September Movement
 Indonesian killings of 1965–66

Notes

References

 On Jstor.

Madiun
Indonesian National Revolution
Communist Party of Indonesia
1948 in Indonesia
Cold War rebellions
Conflicts in 1948

Madiun Affair


Barbara Matera (16 July 1929, Hythe, Kent – 13 September 2001, New York City) was an American costume and clothing designer of English birth.

Matera apprenticed in costume design at the Royal Opera House in London during the late 1940s; she later designed costumes for several productions at that theatre. Her company, Barbara Matera, Ltd., created costumes for several theatrical works, and television and film productions. She designed costumes, often as an assistant designer, for more than 100 Broadway shows, including A Chorus Line, Aida, Dreamgirls, Follies, The Lion King, Wicked  and Mamma Mia!. Among the costume made for films were The Great Gatsby (1974), The Addams Family (1991), The Age of Innocence (1993), and 101 Dalmatians and 102 Dalmatians (2000). She also designed costumes for productions at the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Ballet, and the American Ballet Theatre among other ballet and opera companies. As a clothing designer, she created clothes for an impressive list of famous clientele, including Mick Jagger and Hillary Clinton. Her company,  Barbara Matera LtD., made Clinton's ballgown for the 1993 United States presidential inauguration; a dress designed by Sarah Phillips. In 1996 her work was the subject of an exhibition at the New York Library for the Performing Arts.

References

External links

Costumes for Wicked at the Official YouTube Channel

1929 births
2001 deaths
People from Hythe, Kent
American costume designers
Women costume designers

Barbara Matera (costume designer)


Bharatiya Janata Party Information Technology Cell (commonly known as BJP IT Cell or BJP Social Media Cell) is a department of the Indian political party BJP that manages social media campaigns for the party and its members. Amit Malviya is the incharge of BJP IT Cell from 2015.

According to Washington Post, 150,000 social media workers spread posts aimed at exploiting the fears of India's Hindu majority across a vast network of WhatsApp groups.

History
BJP was the first political party in India to acknowledge and use the power of social media in mobilizing public opinion. The Twitter account for BJP leader Narendra Modi (then Chief Minister of Gujarat) was created in 2009. In contrast the Twitter account of senior Congress leader Rahul Gandhi was made in 2015.

Methods
BJP orchestrates online campaigns through its social media cell to intimidate perceived government critics. Sadhavi Khosla, a BJP cyber-volunteer in the BJP IT Cell said that the organization disseminated misogyny, Islamophobia and hatred. The network of volunteers of BJP take instructions from BJP IT Cell and two affiliated organisations to troll users who are critical of BJP. Journalists and Indian film actors are also among their targets.

In November 2015, a Muslim film actor from India, Aamir Khan expressed concern about rising intolerance in India in response to political events in India that included violent attacks against Muslims and intellectuals, and the absence of swift or strong condemnation from the country's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Modi government. Khosla said that BJP responded with an online campaigns through its social media cell to intimidate Khan. Khan advertised for Snapdeal. Modi supporters bombarded the company with orders and later cancelled them. The campaign led to Snapdeal dropping Khan for its advertisement.

Derek O'Brien, a member of Parliament had raised the topic of online hate in Rajya Sabha, India's upper house. He had questioned why Narendra Modi followed cyber-bullies on social media, and said "We are mainstreaming hate". He also asked if Modi administration would issue advisory asking government officials to stop following Twitter users that regularly send abusive messages and obscenities. The government did not respond to this request.

In December 2020, Twitter took restrictive action against Amit Malviya, IT Cell in charge, and tagged his post as 'manipulated media'. This was the first time Twitter took restrictive action against an Indian political personality. Malviya had posted an edited video of an incident from 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest that violated Twitter policy towards fighting the spread of doctored media.

According to Al Jazeera, during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the BJP IT Cell was partly responsible for spreading disinformation surrounding the conflict, and said to be a source of Islamophobic and anti-Palestinian content.

References

Citations

Further reading

Bharatiya Janata Party
Fake news in India
Disinformation in India

BJP IT Cell


Edge of Doom is a 1950 black-and-white film noir directed by Mark Robson and starring Dana Andrews, Farley Granger, and Joan Evans.

Plot
The story concerns a young man, Martin Lynn (Farley Granger), who becomes emotionally untethered after his sick mother dies.  One of the main targets of his anger is the Catholic Church which, in addition to slighting him when he had requested a priest for his mother, had years before refused to bury his father who had committed suicide. Martin, blaming the environment he lives in for the state of his life, lashes out at his cheap boss, a mortician and - most tragically - a Catholic priest, Father Kirkman (Harold Vermilyea), who refuses to give Martin's impoverished mother a big funeral. The hard-line priest is elderly and worn out from the strain of working with the desperate people in the neighborhood; he adopts an indifferent attitude which drives Martin into a blind rage. He beats Father Kirkman with a heavy crucifix, killing him. Kirkman's assistant, Father Roth (Dana Andrews), suspects the young man, who finds himself accused of a separate crime, of the murder.

Cast
 Dana Andrews as Father Thomas Roth
 Farley Granger as Martin Lynn
 Joan Evans as Rita Conroy
 Robert Keith as Lieutenant Mandel
 Paul Stewart as Craig
 Mala Powers as Julie, Martin's girlfriend
 Adele Jergens as Irene, Craig's girlfriend
 John Ridgely as 1st Detective
 Douglas Fowley as 2nd Detective
 Harold Vermilyea as Father Kirkman
 Mabel Paige as Mrs. Pearson
 Ellen Corby as Mrs. Jeanette Moore
 Robert Karnes as George, a Priest narrated to

Reception

Critical response
When the film was released, the staff at Variety magazine gave the film a positive review, writing, "A grim, relentless story, considerably offbeat, gives some distinction to Edge of Doom. It is played to the hilt by a good cast and directed with impact by Mark Robson."  The New York Times wrote, "Robson's direction gives flashes of high tension to the film, for he has made effective use of street scenes and noises and has skillfully reflected the oppressive atmosphere of poverty and squalor, but his actors run more to types than to real people."

Awards
Wins
 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures: NBR Award - Top Ten Films; 1950.

References

External links

1950 films
1950 drama films
American black-and-white films
Film noir
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Mark Robson
Films scored by Hugo Friedhofer
Samuel Goldwyn Productions films
American drama films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films

Edge of Doom


A gooseneck is a semi-rigid, flexible joining element made from a coiled metal hose. Similar to its natural counterpart, it can be bent in almost any direction and remain in that position. Areas of application for goosenecks are movable brackets for lights, magnifying glasses, microphones and other devices.  The hollow shape of the gooseneck allows electrical cables or fiber-optic cables to be accommodated inside, for example.

Construction
A gooseneck contains a wire with a round cross-section inside, which is shaped like a spring in the shape of a helix. A wire with a triangular cross-section is wound around this, so that the tips of the triangle protrude between the round wires into the inner spiral. If the gooseneck is bent in one direction, the distance between the round wires is slightly larger on the outside and slightly smaller on the inside. Correspondingly, the tips of the triangles slip outside between the round wires or are pushed out inside. The bend in the gooseneck is retained due to the friction between the inner spiral and the outer casing, so that the gooseneck remains in the set position.

Applications
Goosenecks are used as fixtures when quick, freely positionable alignment is required.

As components of lamps, their high flexibility is used to adjust the lighting to individual needs. Power for the lamp is supplied through the inside of the gooseneck. The same applies to illuminated magnifiers, where the magnifying glass is held in addition to the lamp.

Goosenecks are also used in fiber-optics. In microscope illumination, glass fibres are bundled inside the gooseneck to guide the light from a cold light source directly to the area to be examined. Additional stands or mounts are not required due to the rigid shape of the gooseneck.

In automobiles, gooseneck constructions are used to hold navigation systems or mobile phones. In the 1970s, car audio equipment manufacturer Blaupunkt produced a series of car radios with a control unit on a gooseneck; in the models Berlin, Sylt and BEQ-S (Equalizer).

In some cases, the flexible arms are also useful when carrying out work in inaccessible places. Magnets or grippers at the end of the gooseneck can be used to "fish out" small parts from inaccessible places, a mirror or lighting allows views into hidden corners. A gooseneck on a stick lighter allows convenient lighting in hard-to-reach positions.

When used as a coolant hose on machine tools, a hose is drawn through the inside of the gooseneck. A jet of liquid can then be metered with pinpoint accuracy. Today, however, liquid or air for cooling and rinsing is usually passed through a chain of plastic fittings (articulated hose) that are fitted together like a ball joint and which, with suitable holding force, maintain their bend in a clamping manner.

Flex arms
Flex arms are a type of goosenecks that usually use an assembly of ball-and-socket joints to make a holder of arbitrary lengths.

References

External links

Light fixtures

Gooseneck (fixture)


The Budryk coal mine is a large mine in the south of Poland in Ornontowice, Silesian Voivodeship, 320 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw. Budryk represents one of the largest coal reserve in Poland having estimated reserves of 235.5 million tonnes of coal. The annual coal production is around 5 million tonnes.

References

External links
 Official site

Coal mines in Poland
Mikołów County
Coal mines in Silesian Voivodeship

Budryk Coal Mine


The Pietà is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus.

Pietà or Pieta may also refer to:

Works of art
 Pietà (Southern German, Cloisters), a German wooden sculpture
 Pietà (Michelangelo), a marble sculpture
 Pietà (Titian), a painting by Titian
 Pietà (Filippo Lippi, Florence), a 1430–1435 painting by Filippo Lippi
 Pietà (Annibale Carracci), a c.1600 oil on canvas painting by Annibale Carracci
 Pietà (Bellini, Milan), a c.1455-1460 tempera on panel painting by Giovanni Bellini
 Pietà (El Greco), a 1571-1576 painting by El Greco
 Pietà (Lotto), a 1545 oil on canvas painting by Lorenzo Lotto,
 Pietà (Ribera, 1637), a 1637 painting by Jusepe de Ribera
  Pietà (Flandrin), a c. 1842 painting by Hippolyte  Flandrin

Other uses
 Pietà (manga), a 1998 Japanese josei manga
 Pieta (TV series), a Philippine TV series
 Pietà (film), a 2012 South Korean film
 Pieta (1987 film), an Australian television film
 Pietà (book), a 1989 book by George Klein
 Pieta Brown (born 1973), American musician.

Locations

 Pieta, California
 Pietà, Malta

See also
 della Pietà, a surname
 Ospedale della Pietà, an orphanage and music school
 Pieta House, a suicide prevention charity in Ireland
 Pieta prayer booklet, a Catholic prayer book approved by Pope Pius IX
 Santa Maria della Pietà, Venice, a church

Pietà (disambiguation)


Will Viharo is an East Bay/Seattle-based author who has published nine novels.  Seven of his novels are neo-noir (or neo-pulp ) works which blend elements of surrealism, gore, violent sex, and horror.

His body of writing includes the Vic Valentine series (Love Stories Are Too Violent For Me, Fate Is My Pimp/Romance Takes A Raincheck, and I Lost My Heart In Hollywood/Diary of a Dick), Lavender Blonde, and Down A Dark Alley. Love Stories Are Too Violent For Me, originally published by Wild Card Press in 1993, was republished in August 2013 by Gutter Press, in anticipation of the movie adaption, which Christian Slater will direct and star in.

Viharo, who was born in New York City on April 2, 1963, has also written two supernatural horror works: A Mermaid Drowns in the Midnight Lounge and Freaks That Carry Your Luggage Up To Your Room.

From 1997 to 2012, Viharo, under the name Will the Thrill, regularly hosted Thrillville, a series of B-movie showings, with his wife Monica "the Tiki Goddess" Cortes Viharo.  The locations of these stagings included the Parkway Speakeasy Theater in Oakland, California, which closed in 2009; the Cerrito Theater in El Cerrito, California (now operating under different management); and the Roxie Theater in San Francisco.

Viharo's parents named him after William Shakespeare.  His mother is a former beauty queen, and his father, Robert Viharo, a B-movie actor.

In April 2014, Viharo and his wife, Monica Cortes Viharo - a college professor - moved from Alameda, California to Seattle, Washington.

On July 24, 2015, Viharo's The Space Needler's Intergalactic Bar Guide, an erotic science fiction book co-authored with Scott Fulks, was published.

In a March 2014 interview, Viharo stated that he was working on short stories - "an unusual form" for him - and would soon be finishing his sixth Vic Valentine novel, then (publicly) untitled. On November 29, 2015, that novel (titled Hard-Boiled Heart) was published.

Just prior this period, actor Christian Slater—who had begun in earnest to adapt Love Stories Are Too Violent For Me for the silver screen—was side-tracked by the success of his first-season television show Mr. Robot.

Works
 Chumpy Walnut (a fable "about a foot-tall boy lost in a world of macabre make-believe" that Viharo wrote when he was sixteen years old)
 Love Stories Are Too Violent For Me (first "Vic Valentine" novel, published in 1993 and republished in 2013)
 Down A Dark Alley (a sex-and-violence crime spree novel, published on March 4, 2011)
 Lavender Blonde (a dialogue-structured novel)
 A Mermaid Drowns in the Midnight Lounge (an erotic supernatural horror novel)
 Fate Is My Pimp/Romance Takes A Raincheck (second and third "Vic Valentine" books - novellas, published in one volume, on April 15, 2011)
 I Lost My Heart In Hollywood/Diary of a Dick (fourth and fifth "Vic Valentine" books - novellas, published in one volume, on April 23, 2011)
 Freaks That Carry Your Luggage Up To Your Room (an erotic supernatural horror novella, published on October 11, 2011)
 It Came From Hangar 18 (an erotic science fiction work, co-authored with Scott Fulks, published on February 3, 2012)
"Behind the Bar" (story), from the 2014 anthology Long Distance Drunks: A Tribute to Charles Bukowski, edited by Max Booth III
"People Bug Me" (story), published in the fifth issue of Nightmare Illustrated magazine in April 2014
"Short and Choppy" (story), published in the Vol. 1 Issue 1/Fall 2014 issue of Dark Corners in October 2014 (Editors: CT McNeely, Emily J. McNeely and Steve Gallagher)
"The Lost Sock" (story), published in the Vol. 1 Issue 2/Winter 2014 issue of Dark Corners in December 2014 (Editors: CT McNeely, Emily J. McNeely and Steve Gallagher)
"Cool Reception" (story), published in the Vol. 1 Issue 4/Summer 2015 issue of Dark Corners in July 2015 (Editors: CT McNeely, Emily J. McNeely and Steve Gallagher)
 The Space Needler's Intergalactic Bar Guide (an erotic science fiction novel, co-authored with Scott Fulks, published on July 24, 2015)
 Hard-Boiled Heart (sixth "Vic Valentine" novel, published on November 29, 2015)

References

External links
 Viharo's personal website

Living people
1963 births
Writers from Seattle
American male novelists
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Washington (state)

Will Viharo


Ventriloquism or ventriloquy, is a performance act of stagecraft in which a person (a ventriloquist) creates the illusion that their voice is coming from elsewhere. usually through a puppet known as a "dummy". The act of ventriloquism is ventriloquizing, and the ability to do so is commonly called in English the ability to "throw" one's voice.

History

Origins

Originally, ventriloquism was a religious practice. The name comes from the Latin for 'to speak from the stomach:  (belly) and  (speak). The Greeks called this gastromancy (). The noises produced by the stomach were thought to be the voices of the unliving, who took up residence in the stomach of the ventriloquist. The ventriloquist would then interpret the sounds, as they were thought to be able to speak to the dead, as well as foretell the future. One of the earliest recorded group of prophets to use this technique was the Pythia, the priestess at the temple of Apollo in Delphi, who acted as the conduit for the Delphic Oracle.

One of the most successful early gastromancers was Eurykles, a prophet at Athens; gastromancers came to be referred to as Euryklides in his honour. Other parts of the world also have a tradition of ventriloquism for ritual or religious purposes; historically there have been adepts of this practice among the Zulu, Inuit, and Māori peoples.

Emergence as entertainment

The shift from ventriloquism as manifestation of spiritual forces toward ventriloquism as entertainment happened in the eighteenth century at travelling funfairs and market towns. An early depiction of a ventriloquist dates to 1754 in England, where Sir John Parnell is depicted in the painting An Election Entertainment by William Hogarth as speaking via his hand. In 1757, the Austrian Baron de Mengen performed with a small doll.

By the late 18th century, ventriloquist performances were an established form of entertainment in England, although most performers "threw their voice" to make it appear that it emanated from far away (known as distant ventriloquism), rather than the modern method of using a puppet (near ventriloquism). A well-known ventriloquist of the period, Joseph Askins, who performed at the Sadler's Wells Theatre in London in the 1790s advertised his act as "curious ad libitum Dialogues between himself and his invisible familiar, Little Tommy". However, other performers were beginning to incorporate dolls or puppets into their performance, notably the Irishman James Burne who "carries in his pocket, an ill-shaped doll, with a broad face, which he exhibits ... as giving utterance to his own childish jargon," and Thomas Garbutt.

The entertainment came of age during the era of the music hall in the United Kingdom and vaudeville in the United States. George Sutton began to incorporate a puppet act into his routine at Nottingham in the 1830s, followed by Fred Neiman later in the century, but it is Fred Russell who is regarded as the father of modern ventriloquism. In 1886, he was offered a professional engagement at the Palace Theatre in London and took up his stage career permanently. His act, based on the cheeky-boy dummy "Coster Joe" that would sit in his lap and 'engage in a dialogue' with him was highly influential for the entertainment format and was adopted by the next generation of performers. A blue plaque has been embedded in a former residence of Russell by the British Heritage Society which reads 'Fred Russell the father of ventriloquism lived here'.

Fred Russell's successful comedy team format was applied by the next generation of ventriloquists. It was taken forward by the British Arthur Prince with his dummy Sailor Jim, who became one of the highest paid entertainers on the music hall circuit, and by the Americans The Great Lester, Frank Byron Jr., and Edgar Bergen. Bergen popularized the idea of the comedic ventriloquist. Bergen, together with his favourite figure, Charlie McCarthy, hosted a radio program that was broadcast from 1937 to 1956. It was the #1 program on the nights it aired. Bergen continued performing until his death in 1978, and his popularity inspired many other famous ventriloquists who followed him, including Paul Winchell, Jimmy Nelson, David Strassman, Jeff Dunham, Terry Fator, Ronn Lucas, Wayland Flowers, Shari Lewis, Willie Tyler, Jay Johnson, Nina Conti, Paul Zerdin, and Darci Lynne. Another ventriloquist act popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s was Señor Wences.

In south India, the art of ventriloquism was popularized by Y. K. Padhye and M. M. Roy, who are believed to be the pioneers of this field in India. Y. K. Padhye's son Ramdas Padhye borrowed from him and made the art popular amongst the masses through his performance on television. Ramdas Padhye's name is synonymous with puppet characters like Ardhavatrao (also known as Mr. Crazy), Tatya Vinchu and Bunny the Funny which features in a television advertisement for Lijjat Papad, an Indian snack. Ramdas Padhye's son Satyajit Padhye is also a ventriloquist.

The popularity of ventriloquism fluctuates. Comedian Jeff Dunham has been credited with reviving the artform and is said to done more promoting it than anyone since Edgar Bergen. In the UK in 2010, there were only 15 full-time professional ventriloquists, down from around 400 in the 1950s and 1960s. A number of modern ventriloquists have developed a following as the public taste for live comedy grows. In 2007, Zillah & Totte won the first season of Sweden's Got Talent and became one of Sweden's most popular family/children entertainers. A feature-length documentary about ventriloquism, I'm No Dummy, was released in 2010. Three ventriloquists have won America's Got Talent: Terry Fator in 2007, Paul Zerdin in 2015 and Darci Lynne in 2017.

Vocal technique

One difficulty ventriloquists face is that all the sounds that they make must be made with lips slightly separated. For the labial sounds f, v, b, p, and m, the only choice is to replace them with others. A widely parodied example of this difficulty is the "gottle o' gear", from the reputed inability of less-skilled practitioners to pronounce "bottle of beer". If variations of the sounds th, d, t, and n are spoken quickly, it can be difficult for listeners to notice a difference.

Ventriloquist's dummy

Modern ventriloquists use multiple types of puppets in their presentations, ranging from soft cloth or foam puppets (Verna Finly's work is a pioneering example), flexible latex puppets (such as Steve Axtell's creations) and the traditional and familiar hard-headed knee figure (Tim Selberg's mechanized carvings). The classic dummies used by ventriloquists (the technical name for which is ventriloquial figure) vary in size anywhere from twelve inches tall to human-size and larger, with the height usually . Traditionally, this type of puppet has been made from papier-mâché or wood. In modern times, other materials are often employed, including fiberglass-reinforced resins, urethanes, filled (rigid) latex, and neoprene.

Great names in the history of dummy making include Jeff Dunham, Frank Marshall (the Chicago creator of Bergen's Charlie McCarthy, Nelson's Danny O'Day, and Winchell's Jerry Mahoney), Theo Mack and Son (Mack carved Charlie McCarthy's head), Revello Petee, Kenneth Spencer, Cecil Gough, and Glen & George McElroy. The McElroy brothers' figures are still considered by many ventriloquists as the apex of complex movement mechanics, with as many as fifteen facial and head movements controlled by interior finger keys and switches. Jeff Dunham referred to his McElroy figure Skinny Duggan as "the Stradivarius of dummies."  The Juro Novelty Company also manufactured dummies. Geoffrey Moran of Australia has built foam puppets Koala (Kevin) and Billy Baby. He has also built a wooden Irish Dancing Donut puppet along with Plunger the pull apart puppet, Ernie (from Tasmania) and Siegfried the World's Greatest Marching Band Leader. Other puppets, such as George, Darryl the Dinosaur, Goggles the bird, Barry the Box and Bruce the Robotic Bucket have been made by other associates.

Phobia

The plots of some films and television programs are based on "killer toy" dummies that are alive and horrific. These include "The Dummy", a May 4, 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone; Devil Doll; Dead Silence; Zapatlela; Buffy The Vampire Slayer; Goosebumps; Tales from the Crypt; Gotham (the episode "Nothing's Shocking"); Friday the 13th: The Series; Toy Story 4; and Doctor Who in different episodes. This genre has also been satirized on television in ALF (the episode "I'm Your Puppet"); Seinfeld (the episode "The Chicken Roaster"); and the comic strip Monty.

Some psychological horror films and other works feature psychotic ventriloquists who believe their dummies are alive and use them as surrogates to commit frightening acts including murder. Examples of this include the 1978 film Magic, the 1945 anthology film Dead of Night, and the Ventriloquist from Batman comics and other Batman media.

Literary examples of frightening ventriloquist dummies include Gerald Kersh's The Horrible Dummy and the story "The Glass Eye" by John Keir Cross.  In music, NRBQ's video for their song "Dummy" (2004) features four ventriloquist dummies modelled after the band members who 'lip-sync' the song while wandering around a dark, abandoned house.

See also
Lip reading
List of ventriloquists
Multisensory integration
Visual capture
The Shari Lewis Show

Notes

References

Vox, Valentine I Can See Your Lips Moving, the history and art of ventriloquism (1993) 224 pages. (3000 year history of the practice. Plato Publishing/Empire publications
Leigh Eric Schmidt (1998) "From Demon Possession to Magic Show: Ventriloquism, Religion, and the Enlightenment". Church History. 67 (2). 274–304.
Ventriloquism, A Dissociated Perspective by Angela Mabe
The Catholic Encyclopedia''s necromancy entry

External links

Vent Haven Museum: Ventriloquist Museum
"How Ventriloquists Trick The Brain"

Vaudeville tropes
Circus skills
Vocal skills

de:Bauchredner

Ventriloquism


The First Intifada was a large-scale rebellion by Palestinians against the military occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel. It started in 1987 and ended in 1993. While the rebellion was put down by the Israel Defense Forces, it led to a diplomatic victory for the Palestinians by giving recognition to the State of Palestine and the Palestinian National Authority in the Oslo Accords. The First Intifada inspired the Second Intifada in 2000 and the Third Intifada in 2023.

Causes
The Palestinian unrest which led to the outbreak of the first intifada started with the Israeli settlements on Palestinian territory, forcing Palestinians to leave their land. Israeli settlements on Palestinian territory were already happening since Israel won the Six-Day War in 1967 but the Israeli government intensified these Jewish settlements and land expropriation in the 1980's. The United Nations considers Israel's settlements in Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem illegal. Other reasons for the Palestinian rebellion were the worsening Palestinian economy and the limited access to jobs. The widespread dissatisfaction among Palestinians living under more than twenty years of occupation and oppression by Israel and the lack of prospects for the future were also big factors that led to the first Intifada.

Start
The first protests against Israel's occupation started in Gaza. A Israeli army car drove into a Palestinian car, killing all four occupants on 8 December 1987. That night, protests broke out in a Palestinian refugee camp during the funeral of the victims. People in the refugee camp believed the accident was set up by Israel, as a payback for the death of an Israeli man who was killed in Gaza a few days earlier. When the Israeli army killed a Palestinian man during the protests, the Palestinians became rebellious out of anger.

Spread
The protests spread to other places in the Gaza Strip and eventually made its way to the West bank. It became a Palestinian mass uprising against the occupation. Palestinians came into active resistance. This uprising was different from all Palestinian resistance before: this was a mass rebellion in which almost all domains of Palestinian society became involved.

UNLU
Quickly the resistance became efficiently organized. A party (Unified National Leadership of the Uprising: UNLU) was established which brought together all important Palestinian organizations and parties that already opposed Israel before the Intifada. Other Palestinians set up multiple sorts of "popular committees" who dealt with different parts of the organization such as food supply, medical care and social reform.

Course
The first Intifada is often known for its nonviolent nature. The nonviolent resistance from Palestinians existed of the boycott of Israeli products, strikes and the refusal to pay taxes or other obligated payments to Israel. However, the idea that this intifada was nonviolent is not correct. The first year of the Intifada was the most violent. The Palestinian youth started throwing rocks to the Israeli security forces at the beginning of the uprising. Later, they exchanged rocks for guns, grenades and other weapons against Israeli forces. The more violence Palestinians used the more violent the Israeli responses became.

1988
The first period of the Intifada is often divided into four phases. The first phase started immediately after the mass demonstrations on 8 December in Gaza and ended, more or less, three weeks later. This phase consisted of the sudden Palestinian demonstrations and uprisings that spread from Gaza to all of the Palestinian territories. The second phase lasted until march 1988. The Intifada became more organized in this phase: the UNLU was established, even as several of the civil committees discussed above. In the third phase, that ran from march to June 1988, the Palestinians effectively started to boycott Israeli products and taxes. During the fourth phase the resistance became even more structured and organized. This phase climaxed with the Declaration of Palestinian statehood (written by the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and proclaimed by Yasser Arafat) in November 1988.

1989
In 1989 the Israeli authorities began to banish the committees more actively and tried to crush the resurrection by deploying "collaborators". The Israeli security forces switched to extreme violent tactics in this period. The Israeli authorities called for a policy to crush the uprising by 'force, might, beating' in 1988. Israeli soldiers beat up and tortured Palestinian demonstrators, especially young people, on immense scale. An estimated amount of 57.000 were arrested by Israel authorities during the Intifada, a huge part of them became victim of torture and violence. Israeli forces used teargas, weapons, stones, sticks and bomb explosions against Palestinians. The Israeli tactics from this period led to a peak in Palestinian violence as well.

Casualties
Between 9 December 1987 and 31 December 1993 an estimated number of 1282 Palestinians died and more than 130.472 became injured during the six year period of the Intifada. The houses of 2534 Palestinians got demolished by Israeli security forces. For every three Palestinians that died, less than one Israeli was killed. Most of the Palestinians who died were killed by Israeli security forces. The Israelis who died were killed by Palestinian civilians. Most Palestinians and Israelis died within the Palestinian occupied territories including: the Gaza strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. However, some of the victims that fell during this period of violence died within the Green Line.

End
The Intifada officially ended on the 13th of September 1993, when the Declaration of Principles was signed by the PLO and Israeli government at the White House in the USA. Israel recognized the PLO as Palestinian representative for the first time. The PLO agreed to renounce terrorism as a tactic to reach their goals and both parties decided to establish a Palestinian Authority that would get more responsibility and autonomy in the occupied territories. This declaration was also the start of the Oslo accords, in which Palestine and Israel would start to discuss the many issues on autonomy, borders, refugees and Jerusalem. The Oslo accords would last until 1995.

Oslo Accords
On 13 September 1993 the PLO and the Israeli government signed the Declaration of Principles. This marks the start of the Oslo Accords. These accords were held between 1993 and 1995. More general, the Oslo Accords consisted of several agreements between the PLO and the Israeli government. The Oslo accords were considered a huge breakthrough in the peace process between Palestine and Israel. However, many criticized or fully renounced the accords from the start. The signing of the Declaration marks the official end of the First Intifada

References

Arab–Israeli conflict
1988 in Asia
1989 in Asia
1990 in Asia
1991 in Asia
1992 in Asia

First Intifada


Lemmer () is a town in the municipality of De Fryske Marren, in the Dutch province of Friesland. Lemmer lies adjacent to the IJsselmeer and the Frisian Lakes and is one of Friesland's best-known surface water sports locations. Lemmer is a bustling lakeside resort in the summer months and attracts not only day-trippers from surrounding communities such as Emmeloord, Urk, and Joure, but also national and international tourists.

In 2017 the town had 10,225 inhabitants. Residents of Lemmer are called Lemsters. Due to its favorable location in relation to the Randstad, Lemmer attracts many new inhabitants from outside Friesland. As a result, the village has suffered little from the effects of rural flight. The hamlet of Brekkenpolder also belongs to the town, along with most of the hamlet of Tacozijl and a small part of the hamlet of Westend.

History
The original Lemsters settled where the rivers Rien and Zijlroede meet, though it remains unknown when they first did so. Lemmer appears in writing at the beginning of the fourteenth century, though it is mentioned as Lenna in the writings of the bishop of the diocese of Utrecht in 1228. A further link can probably be made with the name Lammerbroeke, which appears in 1165 as an earlier form of Lemsterhoek, a hamlet just west of present-day Lemmer, which was destroyed by the Hollanders around 1400. No rebuilding ensued, but the place and name are still known, especially among sailors and fishermen. Even older names have also survived, such as Lyamer.

Gradually, a settlement grew at the mouth of these inland waterways of the Zuiderzee, a prime place for merchants and artisans.

Lemmer was in a vulnerable position on the Zuiderzee and often fell under the influence of Holland. That happened in 1197, among other times, when Count William I had a castle built in Oosterzee to aid in his subjugation of the lord of Kuinre. In 1422, a castle was built in Lemmer by Duke John III of Bavaria-Straubing, who had been summoned by the Schieringers as patron of Friesland. Known as John "the Pitiless", he certainly would not have been a popular figure in Lemmer.

Duke Charles II of Guelders also interfered with Friesland. He had a blockhouse built in Lemmer in 1521, which housed a garrison. Two years later he handed it over to the Burgundians. What the castles and blockhouse looked like is unknown.

The Spaniards did not leave the village alone either. In 1581, during the Eighty Years' War, they conquered Lemmer, along with the city of Sloten. In the rampjaar of 1672, however, Prince-Bishop von Galen of Münster proved unable to occupy Lemmer as part of the Franco-Dutch War.

In 1799, British troops landed in Lemmer. The War of the Second Coalition had broken out between Great Britain and France, and the Dutch had become involved as "sister republic". British warships sailed the Zuiderzee and the cities of Enkhuizen, Medemblik and Stavoren were occupied. Soon afterwards, the large warships could be seen in Lemmer. The Lemster beurtman, with whom the enterprising Poppe Jans had made many a trip to Amsterdam, was overpowered near Urk and its passengers taken to Stavoren. Two British warships appeared in front of the port of Lemmer on 24 September. Captain James Boorder landed in a sloop - under cover of a white flag - to meet local authorities. A sudden storm forced him to spend the night at De Wildeman Inn. Three days later, he returned and claimed Lemmer for the British, including all ships and cargo. If refused, all of Lemmer would be shot to pieces.

Lemmer rejected their demand fearlessly. It had since been reinforced by 500 armed farmers from Het Bildt, who brought field guns with them. But the town could not withstand the fire of British fourteen, sixteen and eighteen-pound shots. An hour and a half after the attack was started, the flag was raised on the church tower as a sign of surrender. In various places in Friesland, patriots called for civilians and soldiers to liberate Lemmer. On 7 October, there were still 260 soldiers and marines in the town. To prevent an attack by water, they had used chains to block waterways.

Lemmer eventually became one of the most important fishing towns in the Netherlands, thanks in part to its fleet of 146 vessels. With the completion of the Zuiderzee Works between 1924 and 1968, fishery declined incrementally. Lemmer offers a central position in southern Friesland and northern Flevoland. Every year there is the Lemsterweek, a week of cultural events attracting around 85,000 people annually. The Lemsteraak, a traditional sailing ship, originates in Lemmer. De Groene Draeck, the royal yacht of Princess Beatrix, is a notable example of a Lemsteraak.

Notable people
 Tjaard van Andringa de Kempenaer (1806–1870), politician
 Hendrik van Rijgersma (1835–1877), physician and botanist
 Aaltje Visser (1851–1871), in 1868 became first female pharmacist in the Netherlands
 Sietze Douwes van Veen (1856–1924), theologian
 Rienk van Veen (1865–1929), politician
 Roelof Klein (1877–1960), rower
 Jan Pen (1921–2010), economist and author
 Pieter Verhoeff (1938–2019), film director
 Rinze Visser (born 1938), politician
 Sybe Schaap (born 1946), politician
 Rintje Ritsma (born 1970), speed skater
 Wieteke Cramer (born 1981), speed skater
 Patrick Lip (born 1984), football player
 Epke Zonderland (born 1986), gymnast

References

External links

De Fryske Marren
Populated places in Friesland

Lemmer


Legislative Assembly elections were held in Delhi in 1993. The result was a victory for the Bhartiya Janata Party, which won 49 of the 70 seats in the Assembly.

State Reorganization
First Legislative Assembly elections in Delhi were held in 1952. But under States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Delhi was made a Union Territory under the direct administration of the President of India and the Delhi Legislative Assembly was abolished simultaneously. So the next legislative assembly elections in Delhi were held in 1993, when Union Territory of Delhi was formally declared as National Capital Territory of Delhi by the Sixty-ninth Amendment to the Indian constitution.

Results

Elected members

See also

 First Legislative Assembly of Delhi
 Second Legislative Assembly of Delhi
 Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi
 Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi
 Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi
 Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi

References

1993
Delhi
1990s in Delhi

1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election


Triton is malware first discovered  at a Saudi Arabian petrochemical plant in 2017. It can disable safety programs. That can then cause a plant to have a disaster. It has been called "the world's most murderous malware." In 2018, FireEye, a company that researches cyber-security, reported that the malware most likely came from the Central Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry and Mechanics  (CNIIHM), a research in Russia.

References

Malware

Triton (malware)


The Jerusalem International Book Forum (JIBF), previously known as the Jerusalem International Book Fair, is a business fair and literary festival co-founded by Asher Weill in 1963.  It takes place in Jerusalem every second year, and hosts the awarding of the Jerusalem Prize.

Location
The Fair was annually held in Jerusalem's International Convention Center (Binyanei Hauma) from 1963 until 2015. Since 2015 it is spread across a number of cultural institutions supported by the Jerusalem Foundation, such as Mishkenot Sha'ananim, the Jerusalem Cinematheque and Khan Theatre.

In 2019, the name of the event was changed from the Jerusalem International Book Fair to the Jerusalem International Book Forum.

Awards
The JIBF hosts the award of the Jerusalem Prize to a writer whose work best expresses and promotes the idea of the freedom of the individual in society. The Jerusalem Prize has in fact been awarded to five writers who afterwards received the Nobel Prize for literature. It was awarded to the American playwright Arthur Miller in 2003  and to the British writer Ian McEwan in 2011.

References

External links

Literary festivals in Israel
Festivals in Jerusalem
Recurring events established in 1963
1963 establishments in Israel
Book fairs in Israel
Winter events in Israel
Biennial events

Jerusalem International Book Forum


A surcoat or surcote is an outer garment that was commonly worn in the Middle Ages by soldiers. It was worn over armor to show insignia and help identify what side the soldier was on. In the battlefield the surcoat was also helpful with keeping the sun off the soldier and their armor which helped prevent heat stroke and heat exhaustion. The name derives from French meaning "over the coat", a long, loose, often sleeveless coat reaching down to the feet.

History

Men's surcoat
From about the late 12th century, knights wore long, flowing surcoats. From the early to mid 13th century, these were frequently emblazoned with their personal arms, over their armour. These usually extended to about mid-calf, had slits in the bottom front and back, allowing the wearer to ride comfortably, and were either sleeved or sleeveless. Historians believe that the practice of wearing white surcoats was adopted during the Crusades, their main  purpose being to reflect the direct sun, which overheated the armour (and the soldier inside) – although it may be argued that here its color would have been of little help, while in poor weather they helped keep rain and the muck of battle away from the easily corroded mail links. The surcoat displayed the device of the knight (origin of the term "coat of arms"), thereby identifying him, which in turn, combined with the increased use of the great helm (late 12th century, early 13th century), became an essential means of recognition. Indeed, some historians cite this as one of the reasons behind the spread of heraldry across medieval Europe. In the early fourteenth century, the front of the knight's surcoat was shortened so that it was longer at the back and knee-length at the front,  allowing greater freedom of movement and eliminating the danger of a rider getting his spurs caught in the garment. By the mid-fourteenth century, it was replaced with the "jupon" (or "gipon"), a much shorter item, often padded for supplementary protection.

In the 15th century, once suits of plate armour became common, the surcoat was phased out of use.  This period in the history of armour development, in which surcoats became increasingly rare, is referred to as the "surcoatless period" (1420-1485).

Women's surcoat
Women began wearing surcoats during the 13th century, both with and without sleeves. A particular style, known as the sideless surcoat, developed as a fashion in the 14th century. This was a sleeveless, floor-length garment featuring exaggerated armholes, which at their most extreme were open from shoulder to hip, revealing the gown underneath. The narrow strip covering the torso, known as the plackard, was usually no more than a foot wide. The style drew criticism from some moralists, who thought the garment drew an inappropriate amount of attention to the female body. Despite this, sideless surcoats continued to be worn as ceremonial dress well into the 15th century, long after they had ceased to be fashionable. Some estimates place them being worn as state apparel as late as 1525.

Gallery

See also

Tabard

Footnotes

Sources
Nunn, Joan, Fashion in costume, 1200-2000, New Amsterdam Books, 2000,

12th-century fashion
13th-century fashion
14th-century fashion
15th-century fashion
Medieval European costume
History of clothing (Western fashion)
Heraldry

Surcoat


Monk Metcalf is a fictional character on the HBO drama series The Wire, portrayed by Kwame Patterson. Monk is a lieutenant in the Stanfield organization, and probably the third most recognized leader of the Stanfield Organization. Monk is shown throughout the series in dual roles as both an occasional enforcer but mostly as the organization's drug supply-coordinator.

In contrast to Snoop or Chris, Monk was tasked by Marlo with non-combative goals, such as handing out money to school children to enhance Marlo's street reputation, and keeping crew chiefs organized. Monk is also responsible for all phone activity in the organization and largely acts as an intermediary between Marlo and the rest of the organization.

Biography

Season four
His non-combative role as a lieutenant hardens him and he rarely displays any understanding for anyone outside the organization or anything that impedes their status. He is first shown giving money to kids for Marlo. Monk caretakes Marlo's phone activity as shown in a scene where Old Face Andre calls and Marlo tells Monk to spy on Prop Joe and The Greeks.

Monk is responsible for making the organization aware of the camera that the Major Crimes Unit was using to spy on Marlo. When Dennis "Cutty" Wise attempts to talk to Michael Lee about his deteriorating conduct at Cutty's gym, Monk shoots Cutty in the leg for refusing to back off, only refraining from killing him at Michael's insistence. At the end of Season Four, Monk is partly responsible for the death of Preston "Bodie" Broadus as he sees him with Jimmy McNulty and reports it to Marlo, who then orders Bodie's death.

Season five
Monk is handed the responsibility of wholesaling drugs to the entire west side of Baltimore by Season Five, when Marlo assumes control of the New Day Co-Op following the murder of Proposition Joe. His recognized status as the top lieutenant within the organization makes him one of nine active targets listed on Omar's hitlist. His role expands to being Marlo's second in dealings with the Co-Op, and being responsible for resupplies with The Greeks.

Monk shows some hostility when Michael Lee leaves his corner unattended for a day. He also continues occasional enforcer work when he is involved in a drive-by shooting against a rival crew with Snoop and O-Dog. Due to the wire tap investigation, Monk is arrested when pulled over and a whole re-up supply of drugs is found in the trunk of his SUV.

He is responsible for persuading Marlo that Michael may be a snitch, though this initially angers Chris. Monk and Cheese's bail chances are initially reviewed by Maurice Levy as likely. However, after Levy's private deal with Rhonda Pearlman, Monk's chances of bail are out of the question, as an earlier charge in 2004 as well as the amount of narcotics found in his SUV effectively gives him a nonnegotiable sentence of up to 20 years in prison.

References

The Wire characters
Fictional African-American people
Fictional career criminals
Fictional gang members
Fictional gangsters
Fictional henchmen
Drug dealers of The Wire
Television characters introduced in 2006
American male characters in television

Monk Metcalf


Cameron Bradfield (born September 14, 1987) is a former American football offensive tackle. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2011. He played college football at Grand Valley State University.

Early years
Bradfield attended Creston High School, where he was an All-city selection at tight end as a senior. He also practiced basketball.

He accepted a football scholarship from Grand Valley State University, where he was converted into an offensive lineman and became a three-year starter. He was named the starter at right tackle as a sophomore. He was named the starter at left tackle as a senior.

Professional career

Jacksonville Jaguars
Bradfield was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent after the 2011 NFL Draft. He spent three full seasons with the Jaguars as the team's swing tackle. In 2014, he started the first two games of the regular season in place of injured starting right tackle Austin Pasztor, before being waived on September 16.

Atlanta Falcons
Bradfield was signed by the Atlanta Falcons on September 30, 2014, after tackle Lamar Holmes was placed on the injured reserve list. He was released on November 28, in order to activate safety William Moore.

Arizona Cardinals
On January 1, 2015, Bradfield was signed to a reserve/future contract by the Arizona Cardinals. On September 5, he was released by the Cardinals.

Dallas Cowboys
On July 25, 2016, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys. He was placed on the injured reserve list with a knee injury on August 16.

References

External links
Arizona Cardinals bio

1987 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Arizona Cardinals players
Atlanta Falcons players
Dallas Cowboys players
Grand Valley State Lakers football players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Players of American football from Grand Rapids, Michigan

Cameron Bradfield


A collective noun is a noun that describes a group of things. In the examples, the word in italics is the collective term.

Examples are:
A bench of magistrates
A congregation of worshippers
A bunch of grapes/keys
A list of characters
A person

Parts of speech

Collective noun


"Rugged-N-Raw" is the first single released from PMD's second album, Business Is Business. The song made it to three different Billboard charts, gaining the most success on the Rap charts where it peaked at 19. PMD's fellow Hit Squad members Das EFX contribute verses to the song.

Single track listing
"Rugged-N-Raw" (Original)
"Rugged-N-Raw" (Remix)
"Rugged-N-Raw" (Original Instrumental)
"Leave Your Style Cramped"
"Rugged-N-Raw" (Solid Scheme Remix)

Charts

1996 singles
PMD (rapper) songs
1996 songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by PMD (rapper)

Rugged-n-Raw


Footloose is a 1984 American musical drama movie. It stars Kevin Bacon and was directed by Herbert Ross. Lori Singer, Dianne Wiest and John Lithgow are co-stars.

It was made into a musical on Broadway in 1999. A movie remake came out in 2011.

Other websites

1980s musical movies
1984 romantic drama movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
American musical movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
Dance movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in Oklahoma

Footloose


A strudel ( , ) is a type of layered pastry with a filling that is usually sweet, but savoury fillings are also common. It became popular in the 18th century throughout the Habsburg Empire. Strudel is part of Austrian cuisine and German cuisine but is also common in other Central European cuisines. In Italy it is recognized as a traditional agri-food product (PAT) of South Tyrol.

The oldest strudel recipes (a Millirahmstrudel and a turnip strudel) are from 1696, in a handwritten cookbook at the Wienbibliothek im Rathaus (formerly Wiener Stadtbibliothek). The pastry is likely descended from similar pastries such as börek and baklava.

Etymology
Strudel is an English loanword from German. The word derives from the German word Strudel, which in Middle High German literally means "whirlpool" or "eddy".

Pastry

The best-known strudels are apple strudel (Apfelstrudel in German) and Topfenstrudel (with sweet soft quark cheese, in Austrian German Topfen), followed by the Millirahmstrudel (milk-cream strudel, Milchrahmstrudel). Other strudel types include sour cherry (Weichselstrudel), sweet cherry, nut filled (Nussstrudel), apricot strudel, plum strudel, poppy seed strudel (Mohnstrudel), rhubarb strudel and raisin strudel. There are also savoury strudels incorporating spinach, cabbage, potato, pumpkin, and sauerkraut, and versions containing meat fillings like the Lungenstrudel or Fleischstrudel.

Traditional strudel pastry differs from puff pastry in that it is very elastic. It is made from flour with a high gluten content, water, oil and salt, with no sugar added. The dough is worked vigorously, rested, and then rolled out and stretched by hand very thinly with the help of a clean linen tea towel or kitchen paper. There are numerous techniques for manually pulling strudel dough. One method is to roll the dough thin before laying it over the back of the hands and drawing it thin by pulling the hands apart from one another. Purists say that it should be so thin that you can read a newspaper through it. A legend has it that the Austrian Emperor's perfectionist cook decreed that it should be possible to read a love letter through it. The thin dough is laid out on a tea towel, and the filling is spread on it. The dough with the filling on top is rolled up carefully with the help of the tea towel and baked in the oven.

Apples
Regional apple varieties prevail with choice based on a firm to semi-firm texture once baked. Tasting notes are acidic with apple flavour. Varieties include Belle de Boskoop, Stayman Winesap, Gravenstein, Newtown Pippin, Bramley's Seedling, Karmijn de Sonnaville, Zabergau Reinette, Yellow Transparent, Calville Blanc, Granny Smith, Glockenapfel, Jonagold, Jonathan, Northern Spy, and Rhode Island Greening.

Savoury cabbage
Strudel (in Yiddish, שטרודל, pron. shtrudl) in general is also associated with Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, particularly of German, Swiss, and Austrian Ashkenazi Jews. Apple and raisin filling is popular, but cabbage has historically also been used as a filling for a savoury strudel. The cabbage is braised or caramelized with sliced onions and caraway seeds, sometimes with added sugar. Recipes may include chopped walnuts. Cabbage strudel (káposztás rétes in Hungarian) is especially associated with the cuisine of Hungarian Jews.

The 19th-century American writer Alice Lee Moqué recorded an encounter with savoury strudel, ordered mistakenly as a dessert, in her account of her travels through Dalmatia (modern-day Croatia), at the Hotel Petka in Gravosa (Gruz). Assuming "Sprudel" was a type of "German sweetcake", Moqué's travel partner carelessly ordered a "Kraut sprudel", only to find the sweet pie crust was filled with "the most awful mixture" of hot, boiled cabbage.

Observant Hungarian Jews would make the dough with oil and serve them for Simchat Torah and Purim, to match the customary drink imbibed at these celebrations.

Gallery

Relation to the @ symbol in Hebrew
In Hebrew colloquial speech, the symbol @ in email addresses is called "shtrudel" (Hebrew: שטרודל), in reference to the spiral form of strudel. The official Hebrew word for the @ symbol also takes its name from strudel: "keruchith" (Hebrew: כרוכית), which refers to the @ symbol, is the Hebrew word for the strudel pastry (as opposed to the German loan word used in colloquial speech).

References

Jewish American cuisine
Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine
Austrian cuisine
Austrian pastries
Croatian cuisine
Czech cuisine
German cuisine
Hungarian desserts
Israeli cuisine
Jewish baked goods
Romanian cuisine
Slovak cuisine
Slovenian desserts
Italian cuisine
French cuisine
Purim foods

Strudel


A copypasta is a block of text copied and pasted to the internet and social media. Copypasta containing controversial ideas or lengthy rants are often posted for humorous purposes, to provoke reactions from those unaware that the posted text is a meme.

History
The term copypasta is derived from the computer interface term "copy and paste", the act of selecting a piece of text and copying it elsewhere.

Usage of the word can be traced back to an anonymous 4chan thread from 2006, and Merriam-Webster record it appearing on Usenet and Urban Dictionary for the first time that year.

Examples

Navy Seal
The Navy Seal copypasta, also sometimes known as Gorilla Warfare per a misspelling of "guerrilla warfare" in its contents, is an aggressive but humorous attack paragraph supposedly written by an extremely well-trained member of the United States Navy SEALs (hence its name) to an unidentified "kiddo", ostensibly whoever the copypasta is directed to. Written in a manner similar to a non-serious death threat, the copypasta has the author threaten the recipient while boasting of their own increasingly absurd or unfeasible accomplishments, such as having "over 300 confirmed kills" or being able to kill someone "in over seven hundred ways, and thats just with my bare hands". This copypasta is often reposted as a humorous overreaction to an insult and is thought to have originated on the military-themed imageboard OperatorChan, in a post dated 11 November 2010.

In 2019, the copypasta appeared in the manifesto of the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings, causing some news sources to report the claims at face value.

Bee Movie

The Bee Movie copypasta, often called the Bee Movie script per its contents, is the entire screenplay of the 2007 animated film Bee Movie, though this is sometimes shortened to just the introductory monologue ("According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way a bee should be able to fly. Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyway because bees don't care what humans think is impossible."). Use of the Bee Movie's script as a copypasta began in 2013, when users posted it onto websites such as Reddit and Tumblr, and it was popularized when edits of the film were first uploaded to YouTube in late 2016.

"A Drive Into Deep Left Field by Castellanos"

"A drive into deep left field by Castellanos" is a quote from Thom Brennaman, an American sports commentator for the Major League Baseball team the Cincinnati Reds. The quote and copypasta originated during a broadcast of a game between the Cincinnati Reds and the Kansas City Royals on 19 August 2020, when Brennaman uttered a homophobic slur on a hot mic. When he was apologizing later in the broadcast, Reds player Nick Castellanos hit a home run, prompting Brennaman to deliver a play-by-play in the middle of his apology, saying: "I pride myself and think of myself as a man of faith, as there's a drive into deep left field by Castellanos, it will be a home run. And so that'll make it a 4-0 ballgame." ESPN's Pablo Torre later remarked that it "was like listening to the band play on as the Titanic was sinking. Except the band was also somehow the iceberg."

Technology
Copypasta can refer to a piece of code that was copy/pasted. Discussions of copypasta can be found in the code history of Linux, e.g.: "This very much looks like copypasta" (this looks like copy/pasted code and was not originally authored) and "Copypasta mistake" (this code was copy/pasted and not correctly amended).

See also

 Creepypasta, brief, user-generated, paranormal stories intended to scare readers
 Chain letter
 Faxlore, similar content circulated by fax machine
 Know Your Meme, a website and video series which researches and documents the history of copypastas and similar content
 Running gag, a recurring joke
 Snowclone, a cliché and phrasal template that can be used and recognized in multiple variants
 Shitposting, the practice of posting intentionally low-quality or provocative content to troll or solicit reactions from others

References

Internet memes
Internet manipulation and propaganda
2006 neologisms
Internet culture

Copypasta