James Martin (born 30 June 1972) is a British chef and television presenter, best known for his television work with the BBC and ITV.

Martin presented the BBC cookery series Saturday Kitchen from 2006 until 2016, before leaving the BBC.

More recently, Martin has presented James Martin's French Adventure (2017), Saturday Morning with James Martin (2017–present) and James Martin's American Adventure (2018) for ITV.

Early life
Martin's family were farmers on the Castle Howard estate where he helped his mother in the kitchen, igniting his interest in cuisine. He lived in Welburn, UK, where he attended Amotherby School in Malton and later on, Malton School.

Career

Early career
James Martin trained at Hostellerie De Plaisance, Saint-Émilion, France, and from there, spent two years as a Pastry Chef at Chewton Glen Hotel in the South of England.

Television
He first appeared on television in 1996 on programmes including James Martin: Yorkshire's Finest (set in various Yorkshire locations with an emphasis on Yorkshire cuisine), Ready Steady Cook and The Big Breakfast.

Martin co-presented BBC Food's Stately Suppers with Alistair Appleton, and then appeared on the Channel 4 programme Richard & Judy, where he would visit a member of the public in their own home who had been nominated to be cooked a 'comfort food' meal. From 2006 until 2016, he was the presenter of the BBC One show Saturday Kitchen.

In September 2011, James was tasked with revamping the menu and catering facilities at Scarborough General Hospital, for Operation Hospital Food for the BBC.  The show was recommissioned for a second and third series  which were shown on BBC One in 2013 and 2014 respectively.

In June 2013, The Roux Scholarship was shown on Watch. Martin joined the judging panel along with fellow celebrity chefs including Rick Stein, Raymond Blanc and Angela Hartnett.

In July 2013, Martin appeared alongside Angela Hartnett and Richard Corrigan on BBC One on a special edition of The Great British Menu entitled The Great British Budget Menu. The show aimed to highlight food poverty and involved the chefs cooking nutritious meals on a budget.

In September 2013, the programme James Martin's Food Map of Britain aired on BBC Two. There were 10 episodes with each focusing on a different region of Britain. James investigated the produce of each area and cooked two dishes per episode. Since 2013, he has been a judge on Junior Bake Off on the CBBC channel.

In October 2014, James presented a new daytime show for BBC One called Meet the Street which aimed to unite communities and reduce loneliness. In 2015, he guest presented numerous episodes of The One Show with Alex Jones. In 2015, Martin presented The Box, a daytime cookery series for BBC One.

In 2015, while attending the BBC Good Food Middle East Awards in Dubai, Martin witnessed the death of magazine boss, Dominic De Sousa whom he had been speaking with, just moments before the tabloid mogul stood up and suffered a fatal heart attack. This event had an effect on Martin and had a part in him later deciding to leave '"Saturday Kitchen.

In February and March 2016 Martin toured his first live show around the UK entitled 'Plates, mates and automobiles'.

Since September 2017, Martin has presented Saturday Morning with James Martin, a Saturday morning cookery show for ITV.

Journalism
Until 2013, Martin wrote a motoring column for UK newspaper The Mail on Sunday.

In 2009, Martin wrote in his column that he hated cyclists, and deliberately took pleasure in scaring them by driving an electric Tesla Roadster (2008) in a manner that startled a cycling group, forcing them off the road. Following criticism from cycling groups and professionals such as Bradley Wiggins and Stuart O'Grady, he apologised for the statements. Complaints said that the driving was illegal and dangerous.

Restaurants
Martin opened his restaurant, called "The Leeds Kitchen", inside the Alea Casino in Leeds in 2011. The casino, and with it the restaurant, closed in March 2013.

In 2012 he opened a restaurant inside The Talbot Hotel, Malton, North Yorkshire. The restaurant won a Michelin star at the end of 2012. In June 2013 it was reviewed by food critic Jay Rayner for The Observer who described his meal there as "three beautifully poised, close to faultless dishes". Martin left The Talbot in February 2015.

In September 2013 Martin opened his restaurant James Martin Manchester, specialising in modern British cuisine.

There are branches of James Martin Kitchen bakery and cafe located airside at Stansted and Glasgow airports, and at Manchester Piccadilly Train Station.

Cookery School
James teaches at The Kitchen – Cookery School at Chewton Glen, a cookery school and relaxed dining restaurant in New Milton, Hampshire.

Wine
September 2021, Martin launched a range of premium French wines which are produced in the village of Névian near Narbonne in the Corbières region.

Allegations of bullying

There have been numerous reports of bullying behaviour by Martin towards members of production team staff. In 2018 he was reported to have had a temper tantrum after a drain became blocked whilst filming a cooking show at his home. In July 2023, further reports surfaced of bullying  towards production colleagues, resulting in several being reduced to tears by his behaviour. Martin stated "lessons have been learned". On 28 July 2023, Martin released a statement saying that he had been suffering from facial cancer at the time of the 2018 incident and has needed regular surgery.

Personal life
In 2009, Martin gained a private pilot licence and then later on he qualified as a helicopter pilot.

Martin has been in a relationship with his long-term girlfriend, TV producer Louise Davies, since 2011. Martin met Davies on Celebrity Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?Awards and honours
In 2010, Martin was awarded the title of Honorary Professor by the University of West London, London School of Hospitality and Tourism along with Michel Roux, Raymond Blanc and Anton Mosimann.

On 10 June 2013, Martin was honoured with The Craft Guild of Chefs Special Award. In 2015 he was named 'TV Personality of the Year' at the Fortnum & Mason Awards. James was inducted into the Guilde Internationale des Fromagers at the International Cheese Awards 2016.

In 2021, Martin was again voted 'TV Personality of the Year' at the Fortnum & Mason Awards. On 6 September 2021, Martin's Saturday Morning scooped Best Food Show at the TV Choice Awards. In November 2021, Martin won 'Most Influential Chef, Cook or Food Writer' award, and also 'Best Cookbook', for 'Great British Adventure: A celebration of Great British food' at the Great British Food Awards.

Filmography
Television

Books
 The Deli Cookbook
 James Martin's Delicious!: The Deli Cookbook
 Easy British Food
 James Martin Desserts
 James Martin's Great British Winter Cookbook
 Eating In With James Martin
 The Great British Village Show Cookbook
 The Saturday Kitchen Cookbook
 James Martin - The Collection
 James Martin's Great British Dinners
 Driven: Cooking in the Fast Lane - My Story
 James Martin - Desserts
 My Kitchen
 Masterclass: Make Your Home Cooking Easier
 James Martin Easy Everyday: The Essential Collection
 Slow Cooking: Mouthwatering Recipes with Minimum Effort
 Fast Cooking: Really Exciting Recipes in 20 Minutes
 Home Comforts
 Sweet
 More Home Comforts
 Slow Cooking
 James Martin's French Adventure
 James Martin's American Adventure
 James Martin's Great British Adventure
 James Martin's Islands To Highlands
 James Martin's Complete Home Comforts
 Butter
 Potato
 James Martin's Spanish Adventure''

References

External links
 Official website

 James Martin: Good Food Channel recipes
 James Martin: Home Comforts recipes

1972 births
Living people
People from Malton, North Yorkshire
English television chefs

James Martin (chef)


Howard Michael Leeds (June 27, 1919 – February 11, 2017) was a Canadian-American television producer, writer, and series creator.  Among Leeds' most notable work, he served as a producer and writer for the ABC sitcom, The Brady Bunch, and worked on several television series for Norman Lear's Tandem Productions/Embassy Television, including co-creating NBC's The Facts of Life and Silver Spoons.  Leeds also served as the creator and executive producer of the syndicated 1980s family sitcom, Small Wonder.

Life and career
Leeds was born on June 27, 1919, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and as a youth, he and his family re-located to Los Angeles, California.  Leeds graduated from Fairfax High School in 1938, and later enlisted in the United States Army during World War II, rising to the rank of sergeant before being honorably discharged in 1946.  Upon returning to Los Angeles after his Army service, Leeds worked in a variety of jobs at MGM Studios before becoming a writer on several early television series.  He worked as a writer on The Red Skelton Hour and The George Gobel Show, and also wrote for other 1950s and '60s situation comedies such as The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show, Bachelor Father, My Three Sons, Bewitched, and The Ghost & Mrs. Muir, the latter of which he also served as a producer.  In 1969, Leeds created his first television series, a short-lived CBS sitcom, The Queen & I.  After The Brady Bunch concluded production for good in 1974, Leeds joined Tandem Productions as a writer and producer for several of their series, including first working on the Sanford and Son spinoff, Grady, and then became one of the lead producers
of the NBC sitcom Diff'rent Strokes, when the series debuted in 1978.

Along with veteran writer/producer Ben Starr, they both went on to create the aforementioned Facts of Life (with Ben Starr and Jerry Mayer) and Silver Spoons (with Martin Cohan).  In 1985, Leeds created and executive produced Small Wonder, a syndicated family sitcom that was produced by Metromedia Producers Corporation (later by 20th Century Fox Television) about a robotics engineer (Dick Christie) and his family raising a robot as a female pre-adolescent (Tiffany Brissette), and was his last known credited work; in the mid-1960s, Leeds was the producer of a sitcom with a slightly similar premise, titled My Living Doll, starring Bob Cummings and Julie Newmar, in which the latter portrayed a lifelike adult android under the care of Cummings' character.

From 1976 to 1978, Leeds also worked as a production executive for Reg Grundy Productions.

Death
Leeds died on February 11, 2017, in his Los Angeles home, after a long illness, according to his family.  He is survived by his wife, Joan, son John, and two granddaughters.

References

External links

1919 births
2017 deaths
American television writers
American male television writers
American entertainment industry businesspeople
Jewish American military personnel
United States Army personnel of World War II
Television producers from California
Writers from Winnipeg
Writers from Los Angeles
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Screenwriters from California
United States Army soldiers
21st-century American Jews

Howard Leeds


Tibor Kozma (1909 - 24 March 1976) was an American conductor, pianist, accompanist, and vocal coach of Hungarian birth. He began his career as an opera conductor in Europe and Ecuador before emigrating to the United States in 1941; ultimately becoming a United States citizen in 1945. He worked as a conductor, accompanist, and vocal coach in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s, notably serving on the conducting staff of the Metropolitan Opera from 1950-1957. He then had a successful teaching career at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University from 1957 until his death 19 years later.

Biography
Born in Budapest, Kozma graduated from the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in 1931. He then pursued further studies in Dresden at the Hochschule für Musik "Carl Maria von Weber" in the orchestral program associated with the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden. After graduating in 1933 he worked as an opera conductor in Europe.

At the outbreak of World War II, Kozma left Europe to join the conducting staff at the opera house in Quito, Ecuador in 1939. In 1941 he emigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. He began his career there working as a conductor and vocal coach for Broadway productions, notably conducting Porgy and Bess and Eva Le Gallienne's production of Alice and Wonderland. He also conducted the first national tour of Carmen Jones and worked as an accompanist, notably playing for tenor Leslie Chabay in his New York City recital debut in 1950. In 1948 he became a vocal coach at the Metropolitan Opera, eventually joining the conducting staff in 1950.

Kozma made his conducting debut at the Metropolitan Opera House on January 4, 1951, leading a production of Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus with a cast that included Marguerite Piazza as Rosalinde, Set Svanholm as Eisenstein, Patrice Munsel as Adele, Eugene Conley as Alfred, and Jarmila Novotná as Prince Orlofsky. He conducted a total of 82 performances at the house over the next six years, including performances of Modest Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov (with Jerome Hines and Nell Rankin), Georges Bizet's Carmen (with Risë Stevens and Richard Tucker), Ruggero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci (with Lucine Amara, Ramon Vinay, and Robert Merrill), Giuseppe Verdi's Un ballo in maschera (with Zinka Milanov, Jan Peerce, Roberta Peters, and Marian Anderson), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Die Zauberflöte (with Theodor Uppman and Mildred Allen), and Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (with Otto Edelmann, Albert Da Costa, and Martha Lipton). His final assignment at the Met was on March 30, 1957, conducting Giacomo Puccini's La Bohème with Dorothy Kirsten as Mimì, Richard Tucker as Rodolfo, Laurel Hurley as Musetta, and Ettore Bastianini as Marcello.

Outside of the Met, Kozma was active as a conductor at the Empire State Music Festival during the 1950s. On July 1, 1954 he conducted a concert version of Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus at the Lewisohn Stadium with Lois Hunt as Adele, Regina Resnik as Rosalinda, Charles Kullman as Alfred, and Betty Allen as Prince Orlofsky. In 1960 he led Birgit Nilsson in concert at Carnegie Hall. He also worked as a guest conductor at a number of European opera houses during the 1950s and 1960s.

Kozma left the Metropolitan Opera staff to join the music faculty at Indiana University for the Fall semester of 1957. He served as the head of the school's conducting and opera theatre programs, leading the Indiana University Philharmonic and the Indiana University Opera Theatre until his death in a car crash in Bloomington, Indiana in 1976. In his will he left his large collection of books and musical scores, the "Kozma Collection", to the music library at Indiana University.

References

External links

1909 births
1976 deaths
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
American male conductors (music)
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Hungarian male musicians
Hungarian male conductors (music)
Jacobs School of Music faculty
Musicians from Budapest
Road incident deaths in Indiana
Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber alumni
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians

Tibor Kozma


Callands is an unincorporated community in Pittsylvania County, in the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after Samuel Calland, a native of Scotland that immigrated during the 18th century, whose general store became a popular fixture of the community. The area around the store served as the county seat of Pittsylvania County until the end of 1776.

Before the American Revolutionary War, Callands was also the seat of the Antrim Parish, which later became the Camden Parish, of the Virginia colony's established church, the Church of England. The parish priest lived here, and traveled to other churches of the parish in rotation, including the Old Chapel Church in Penhook, Virginia.

"The larger building, on the other side of present-day VA 969, appears (by its exterior and interior design, and by local tradition) to be the courthouse, constructed during 1772 by Roberts after five years' procrastination, but incomplete records of Roberts' tumultuous business and public dealings make it difficult to identify the building for certain as the courthouse structure. By 1777 the court had been moved to present-day Chatham, and by 1788 the large brick building had come into the ownership of James Smith and Samuel Calland. By 1792 Calland was sole owner, and in subsequent years his store and post office in this building gave the community the name used to this day."

The Callands Festival (Autumn Potpourri Festival) is held there on the first Saturday of each October.

External links
 Virginia is for Lovers: Callands Festival

References

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Pittsylvania County, Virginia

Callands, Virginia


A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element.  It was invented in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens.  From the year 1656 until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most accurate way of keeping time.  This is what caused it to be used by a lot of people all over the place.It works on principle of periodic motion.

Clocks

Pendulum clock


James Henry Gardner (May 21, 1881 – November 6, 1940) was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach. Gardner started his career as professionalism was just starting in ice hockey. He won championships with both amateur and professional teams. After his hockey career ended, Gardner coached professionally, most notably with the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey Association (NHA). Gardner helped found the NHA, the predecessor of today's National Hockey League, and the Canadiens, including suggesting the team name.

Hockey career

Gardner's playing career started with Montreal Hockey Club amateur men's team of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League in  1900, where he played until 1903, winning the Stanley Cup twice, in 1902 and 1903 as one of the 'Little Men of Iron'. In 1903, the players of the Montreal Hockey Club left to form the new  Montreal Wanderers of the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL).

After one season with the Wanderers, Gardner then turned professional, playing two years for US teams the Calumet Miners and the Pittsburgh Professionals before returning to Canada and the Montreal Shamrocks. He would return to the Wanderers in 1908 and play for the club until 1911, winning the Cup in 1908 and 1910. He joined the new PCHA and played for New Westminster for two seasons, before returning to Montreal to play for the Montreal Canadiens for two seasons before retiring as a player.

Gardner then coached the Canadiens for two seasons and in later years coached the Hamilton Tigers, Providence Reds, and teams in the Western Canada Hockey League and Quebec Hockey League.

Gardner is credited with helping to found the Montreal Canadiens in 1909, including its name. As an official of the Wanderers, he met with Ambrose O'Brien during the hockey meetings of December 1909, when the Wanderers and O'Brien's teams were left out of a new professional league. Gardner and O'Brien together worked on the idea of the new National Hockey Association, and the idea of a new francophone team for Montreal, to be named "Les Canadiens". The club would be a natural rival for the anglophone Wanderers. O'Brien, whose family controlled railway and mining business, underwrote both the new league and the Canadiens franchise. A month later, the rival league folded and O'Brien's teams absorbed some of the rival teams. O'Brien would sell the Canadiens one year later to George Kennedy, who owned Club Athletique Canadien.

Gardner died in Montreal on November 6, 1940 after a lengthy illness.

He was inducted posthumously into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

Career statistics

Player statistics

Coaching record

References

General

External links

1881 births
1940 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Calumet Miners players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Montreal
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) players
Montreal Canadiens coaches
Montreal Hockey Club players
Montreal Wanderers (NHA) players
Montreal Wanderers players
New Westminster Royals players
Montreal Shamrocks players
Pittsburgh Professionals players
Stanley Cup champions

Jimmy Gardner (ice hockey)


The VinFast VF 5 is a battery electric crossover city car that will be produced and marketed by VinFast from 2023. On January 6, 2022, the model was presented for the first time at the Consumer Electronics Show, and was shown in full at the 2022 Paris Motor Show.

Overview
The VF 5 is an A-segment crossover city car forming the entry to the VinFast line-up. It was earlier known as the VinFast VF e32.

References

External links
 VinFast VF 5 Plus - VinFast

Cars introduced in 2022
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Production electric cars
VF 5
Battery electric vehicles
City cars

VinFast VF 5


The Milenio Cartel, or Cártel de los Valencia (Valencia family Cartel), was a Mexican criminal organization based in Michoacán. It relocated to Jalisco in the early 2000s. The Jalisco New Generation Cartel was born from the splintering of the Milenio Cartel.

History

The Milenio cartel first appeared in the late 1970s when the Valencia family, an avocado farmer family from Tamaulipas, started to grow cannabis and opium poppy in Jalisco and Michoacan and began selling these drugs to bigger cartels. By the mid 1990s they had close connections with Colombian traffickers like Fabio Ochoa Vásquez of the Medellin cartel and by the early 2000s they were working with synthetic drugs provided by Zhenli Ye Gon. By this time the cartel had taken several hits from the government, like the 2003 capture of their leader Armando Valencia Cornelio. In order to protect their structure the new leader, Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia, associated with the Sinaloa cartel, the Milenio cartel became a branch of what was known as the Sinaloa federation, under the direct orders of Ignacio Coronel Villarreal.

Luis Valencia Valencia and Óscar Nava Valencia took control of the cartel after the arrest of Armando Valencia Cornelio on August 15, 2003. The cartel operated in at least six Mexican states: Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, Mexico City, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, where it produced marijuana and heroin. Another relative and close associate was Oscar Nava Valencia.

On October 28, 2009, Oscar Nava Valencia (El Lobo) was captured after a gun battle with Mexican Army troops in the municipality of Tlajomulco de Zuniga, Jalisco. Oscar Nava and his brother, Juan Nava Valencia, were responsible for the planning and smuggling of cocaine shipments from South and Central America to the port of Manzanillo, Colima from where it was smuggled into the United States.

After the arrest of Oscar Nava Valencia, his brother Juan Carlos Nava Valencia took over the leadership of the Milenio cartel until May 6, 2010 when he was arrested in Guadalajara during an operation by the Mexican Army.

Fracture
With the 2009 capture of Óscar Nava Valencia, leader of the Milenio cartel, and the death of Ignacio Coronel Villarreal, of the Sinaloa cartel federation, a power vacuum emerged. The Milenio broke into smaller factions, most notably La Resistencia, headed by Ramiro Pozos El Molca, and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), headed by Nemesio Oseguera El Mencho, and started a turf war for the control of the region.

La Resistencia formed a brief alliance with Los Zetas, the CJNG reunited with the Sinaloa cartel, and other remnants of the milenio that splintered from the Sinaloa Cartel went independent and reached a working agreement with La Familia Michoacana. However, when la Familia was disbanded in 2011, the Milenio Cartel relocated to Guadalajara and forged a loose alliance with a faction of Los Zetas Cartel. Although some Valencia/Milenio factions were at war with the CJNG, the core of the Valencia family is related with El Mencho, the CJNG leader, due to El Mencho's wife being a Valencia, the remnants of the Milenio gang currently form under the CJNG wing known as "Los Cuinis".

On January 29, 2011, Oscar Nava Valencia was extradited to the United States to face charges of conspiracy and drug trafficking in the Southern District of Texas. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison on January 8, 2014.

See also
 Mexican Drug War
 Mérida Initiative
 War on Drugs
 Avocado production in Mexico

References

Organizations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Mexico
Organizations disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in Mexico
Disbanded Mexican drug cartels
Mexican drug war
Transnational organized crime
Organized crime groups in the United States
Gangs in California
Gangs in Maryland
Gangs in North Carolina
Gangs in Oregon
Gangs in Texas

Milenio Cartel


The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River. It is an area where many people live in Nigeria.

Nigeria has become Africa's biggest producer of petroleum, and there are many oil wells in the Niger Delta.  The natural gas from the oil wells is all burnt, causing environmental problems.

Because of the money from petroleum production, there have been many political problems in recent times.  For example, many oil workers have been taken as hostages.

Other websites

Geography of Nigeria
River deltas

Niger Delta


Philip Edward Cooper (19 February 1885 – 21 May 1950) was an English first-class cricketer, who played one match for Yorkshire County Cricket Club.  Born in Rotherham, Yorkshire, England, Cooper had the odd distinction of going through his entire first-class career, without scoring a run, bowling a ball or taking his catch.

He recorded his pair against Middlesex at Bramall Lane, Sheffield, in August 1910, a match won by the visitors by 123 runs.  He was more successful in the Yorkshire Second XI clash against Surrey in Rotherham the same month, scoring 27 as Yorkshire Seconds eased to an innings win.

He played for Rotherham C.C. in 1907 and Sheffield United C.C. in 1908 and 1909. Cooper captained Kent Second XI in 1921 and 1922, and later lived at Bramford, Suffolk. He was later known as Edward Whiteoak-Cooper.

Cooper died aged 65, in May 1950, on board the motor cruiser Sea Maiden at Hoveton, Norfolk.

References

External links
Cricinfo Profile

1885 births
1950 deaths
Yorkshire cricketers
Cricketers from Rotherham
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945

Philip Cooper


WLIW (channel 21) is a secondary PBS member television station licensed to Garden City, New York, United States, serving the New York City television market. It is owned by The WNET Group alongside the area's primary PBS member, Newark, New Jersey–licensed WNET (channel 13); two Class A stations which share spectrum with WNET, WNDT-CD (channel 14) and WMBQ-CD (channel 46); and WLIW-FM (88.3) in Southampton. Through an outsourcing agreement, The WNET Group also operates New Jersey's PBS state network NJ PBS and the website NJ Spotlight.

WLIW and WNET share studios at One Worldwide Plaza in Midtown Manhattan with an auxiliary street-level studio in the Lincoln Center complex on Manhattan's Upper West Side. WLIW's transmitter is located at One World Trade Center; the station also maintains a production studio at its former transmitter site in Plainview, New York. WLIW's multiplex is New York's high-power ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) television station and also broadcasts WMBQ-CD.

WLIW was established in 1969 as the first television station on Long Island. Originally operated on a tight budget, the station had no permanent studio facilities for nearly a decade. In the 1980s and 1990s, increasing cable television coverage led to the expansion of WLIW into a regional service that was the smaller competitor to WNET, the nation's largest public TV station, and the station increased its own programming efforts. However, some critics felt that this shift deemphasized the station's Long Island identity. In 2003, WLIW and WNET merged, completing an 18-month process. As part of the WNET Group, WLIW maintains a separate vice president and general manager, Diane Masciale, who is in charge of the entire group's locally oriented television production.

History

Early history
The Nassau County Board of Supervisors voted on February 14, 1968, to provide funding to set up an educational television station on Long Island, thereby also accessing matching funds from the New York state government. The Long Island Educational Television Council then applied for and, in June, received a construction permit for channel 21 at Garden City. Facilities were established on the campus of Nassau Community College, while a 60-hour broadcast week evenly split between in-school instructional and general cultural offerings was slated. Test programming from Long Island's first TV station was aired beginning on January 14, 1969, with the station still not completely set up and technicians using screwdrivers to adjust audio levels including a series of hearings on the Long Island Rail Road. Official broadcasting did not begin until January 27.

WLIW operated on a very tight budget—so tight that its founding general manager, public television veteran William Pearce, resigned after four months to return to his prior employer, WXXI-TV in Rochester. It lacked a full studio of its own or its own mobile broadcasting equipment, and it spent seven months without a new leader as other public television managers turned down the post. Color telecasts only began with the installation of color video tape machines in December 1972, nearly four years after the station started up. The station finally got studio space when it moved in to the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT) in Westbury in 1974, but that arrangement lasted two years. Station operations were then moved into a mobile van, which some employees claimed was due to a vote by technicians to unionize. As the station investigated studio space at Stony Brook University, it also received federal approval and matching grants to move its transmitter to Plainview and increase power to cover all of Long Island.

A year of major change would mark 1979 for WLIW. In February, the new Plainview transmitter site and studios, at the highest point on Long Island, was activated, significantly improving reception and extending channel 21's reach and capabilities. However, internal strife dominated the second half of the year. Charles R. Bell, who had been general manager since Pearce's departure, accused some of the station's trustees with interfering in programming decisions to further political ambitions and the goals of a political strategy firm which one of them headed. The trustees responded by voting not to renew Bell's contract.

John Wicklein assumed the manager post in February 1980 and sought to give the station an identity independent from that of WNET and additional local programming and support. He was also tasked with erasing a $250,000 deficit from the building programs of the late 1970s that had forced layoffs and program suspensions. When other public television stations in the state visited WLIW, their leaders assessed additional non-financial problems at the station: an acceptance of living in the shadow of WNET and a "defeatist" attitude. Its ability to attract local support was eclipsed by stations serving far fewer people, such as WCFE-TV in Plattsburgh. Wicklein left after three months and soon was replaced by Arthur Gillick of Syracuse. Gillick was able to steady the station's financial picture and restore the lost local programs as a result, though further local cuts led to the loss of the station's news programming for a time beginning in 1982. He served as general manager until his December 1983 death from cancer at the age of 35.

The 1980s would bring expanded coverage for WLIW in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, thanks to increased carriage on cable systems. A station that in 1985 was still trying to recover from its attempt to be a "junior Channel 13" in the eyes of William Renn, a professor at Hofstra University, had by 1990 leaned into its growing reach, with 62 percent of its members coming from outside Long Island and a viewership that put it in the top ten nationally among public TV stations. It also was profitable for the first time in its history. Despite this, political leaders on Long Island continued to clamor for increased local programming. The station also had to fight for its expanded cable carriage after must-carry rules were abolished in 1985. Some cable providers dropped the station citing duplication to WNET and to the station's over-the-air broadcast. Paragon Cable's Manhattan system dropped WLIW in 1987 and replaced it with the Cable Value Network, a home shopping channel, only to restore it weeks later after protests from subscribers.

The early 1990s saw funding cutbacks that once again prompted the cancellation of local productions as the economy took a nosedive; state support of public television declined, and New York state instituted cutbacks across government. This spurred the further evolution of WLIW into a regional service as well as a reduced reliance on PBS programs to differentiate the station from WNET. WLIW was a founder of the Program Resources Group, a 13-station alliance consisting of secondary public TV stations formed to buy programs, and reduced the proportion of PBS programming on its schedule from between 80 and 90 percent to 30 percent while debuting more British programming. In 1998, the station began a 10-year association with the BBC to distribute BBC World News to public television stations in the United States; WLIW had previously offered news from ITN. By 2001, it had an office in Manhattan, at which 15 of its 65 employees worked. It also increased its production efforts to the point that 20 percent of its $11 million budget was attributed to selling its output—including ethnic documentaries such as A Laugh, a Tear, a Mitzvah—to other public TV stations. These were particularly popular for station pledge drives; by the time WLIW and WNET merged in 2003, channel 21 was the leading distributor of such programs, including versions complete with pledge breaks seen nationally, and WLIW manager Terrel Cass attributed the station's continued survival to its foray into national program production. The station also maintained distribution of CNBC's program Louis Rukeyser's Wall Street for public television stations, which ran from 2002 to 2004.

Merger with WNET
Stimulated by the impending conversion to digital television and necessary equipment expenditures, as well as a grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting to explore shared master control functions, WLIW and WNET began engaging in discussions on how to pool primarily technical resources in 2000. At the initial suggestion of WNET, these conversations soon blossomed into outright merger talks, which lasted months as board members expressed reservations over potential changes and the loss of WLIW's Long Island identity.

A merger agreement was approved by the WLIW board on July 31, 2001, under which WNET would assume WLIW's operations and eight members of the WLIW board would join WNET's. The move would save WLIW $5 million in digital conversion costs and reduce duplication of shows between the stations, which would "retain their distinct public identities". It also was met with some opposition on Long Island. One WLIW board member resigned over what she felt was a reduction of local programming, and longtime Newsday television columnist Marvin Kitman decried an "assault on the public interest" which he compared to appeasement toward Nazi Germany. While the merger awaited federal approval, channel 21 stepped up during the September 11 attacks by rebroadcasting WNBC and WABC-TV, which lost their World Trade Center transmitter site; WNBC had previously broadcast over channel 21 during the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

The WNET–WLIW merger took 18 months to complete, as the FCC objected to a part of the merger agreement that required WNET to air specific amounts of local programming on WLIW. FCC approval was eventually obtained, and the deal was consummated on January 31, 2003. The deal created operational efficiencies—WLIW eliminated 20 positions in anticipation of the merger. While the Educational Broadcasting Corporation (the present-day WNET Group) became the licensee, the Long Island Educational Television Council was retained as an advisory board and fundraising arm. In 2010, the WNET Group leased space in One Worldwide Plaza for its new studios and opened a streetside studio at Lincoln Center.

WLIW's programming, aside from featuring a block of British programs known as High Tea, also contains secondary PBS output. In 2015, WNET announced plans to move POV and Independent Lens to WLIW because they failed to hold the viewership of the preceding program, Antiques Roadshow.

In 2019, the WNET Group expanded its presence on Long Island to radio by buying Southampton public radio station WPPB (88.3 FM), covering eastern Long Island, and rebranding it as WLIW-FM the next year.

Local programming
Nationally distributed public television programming presented by WLIW includes Consuelo Mack WealthTrack, which has been in production since 2005. Programs of local interest include WLIW Arts Beat and Treasures of New York. Some programs are shared with the rest of the WNET group, such as MetroFocus (aired on WNET, WLIW, and NJ PBS).

Since 1997, WLIW has produced and distributed the Visions series of programs, using aerial montages to showcase regions and countries. In 2020, WLIW debuted Drive By History, which spotlights roadside history markers on Long Island and in New Jersey.

Historically, the station produced full-length Long Island news programs. The first such program, known as Long Island Newsmagazine and Newsview, was canceled in June 1982 for financial reasons. It was then revived in January 1985, but low ratings motivated the station to cancel The Long Island Report in 1988. A nightly news program was revived in July 1990 with the debut of The 21 Edition; this was canceled the next year due to budget cuts.

Technical information

Subchannels
In addition to its main channel and the Create and World services, WLIW also offers All Arts, a 24-hour arts channel produced by The WNET Group and launched in 2019.

Analog-to-digital conversion

WLIW discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 21, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 22 to channel 21. The WNET Group relocated WLIW's transmitter from Plainview to One World Trade Center in 2019, coinciding with the repack from channel 21 to channel 32.

ATSC 3.0
On February 1, 2022, The WNET Group announced plans to convert WLIW into an ATSC 3.0 television station. As part of the plan, WLIW will move its ATSC 1.0 broadcast to its sister station, WNET, while WLIW would additionally carry ATSC 3.0 broadcasts from WNET and NJ PBS in addition to WLIW's own broadcast. An estimated launch date for the end of 2022 was given.

The WNET Group filed revised 3.0 plans in September 2023 and launched ATSC 3.0 service on October 16, 2023. WNET took three of the four subchannels on its multiplex, with WCBS-TV broadcasting Create on channel 21's behalf, and WLIW hosted 3.0 signals for WLIW and WNET plus WCBS-TV, WNBC-TV, and WNJU. In addition, WNET Group-owned WMBQ-CD moved from the WNET multiplex to the WLIW multiplex, reducing overlap to WNDT-CD, both of which are shared-spectrum Class A stations airing First Nations Experience.

Notes

References

External links

 ALL ARTS website

LIW
PBS member stations
Television channels and stations established in 1969
Garden City, New York
Plainview, New York
Mass media in Nassau County, New York
1969 establishments in New York (state)
ATSC 3.0 television stations

WLIW (TV)


Wonderland is a 1931 short animated film by Walter Lantz Productions and part of a long-running short film series featuring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. Contrary to its title, the film is not an adaptation of Alice in Wonderland but that of Jack and the Beanstalk.

Plot
Oswald lives in a house with his grandmother. Although they have a low income, they don't feel so down. One day the landlord pays them a visit. The landlord tells them they have been unable to pay rent to the house in a timely manner, and therefore they need to move out in a few hours. While the grandmother is saddened by this, Oswald offers her hope as he intends to sell their cow.

Oswald heads to the outdoors, where he sells the cow to a wizard. In exchange, the wizard offers a sack of beans. Nevertheless, Oswald is pleased of what he got as he happily rushes back towards the house. On the way, he stumbles, and the beans in the bag drop into a hole in the ground. In no time the beans grow into a huge stalk that stretches toward the sky. One of the stalk's stems catches Oswald, and carries him upward.

When the stalk reaches its peak, Oswald is surprised to see a large castle in the clouds. Intrigued by the castle's presence, Oswald enters a window to explore the building. Upon going inside, Oswald finds an anthropomorphic doll tied onto a clock's pendulum. Oswald comes to and frees her. As gratitude, the doll tells him there is a hen that lays golden eggs.

Oswald and the doll reach a room where the special hen is located. When the doll asks for an egg, the hen is considerate to lay one. When Oswald himself asks, the hen, for some reason, refuses. The hen goes to make some noise which wakes up a giant bull. When the bull pursues them, Oswald and the doll have no choice but to leave. After exiting the castle, they climb down the stalk. The giant bull follows them in the same way.

Back on the ground, Oswald's grandmother is outdoors in another meeting with the landlord who comes to signal her family's move. When the grandmother spots Oswald coming down the stalk, the ruthless landlord goes on the cut down the tall plant with an ax, but in doing so, the landlord ends up smashed under the giant bull who is unconscious. Oswald and the doll make it safely to the ground and celebrate.

Home media
The cartoon is available in the Attack of the 30s Characters film collection.

References

External links
 Wonderland at the Big Cartoon Database

1931 films
1931 animated films
1930s American animated films
1930s animated short films
Films about dolls
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Walter Lantz
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons
Universal Pictures animated short films
Walter Lantz Productions shorts
Animated films based on Jack and the Beanstalk
Animated films about animals

Wonderland (1931 film)


Gruž ( - Santa Croce) is a neighborhood in Dubrovnik, Croatia, about 2 km northwest of the Old City. It has a population of approximately 15,000 people. The main port for Dubrovnik is in Gruž as well as its largest market and the main bus station "Libertas".  While historically a manufacturing and industrial base for Dubrovnik, today it is one of the city's main residential areas along with Lapad and Mokošica.

From the 13th century and greatly through the 16th, Gruž was a separate town from Dubrovnik that provided a summer retreat for the inhabitants of the Republic of Ragusa.  The shores, like those of Ombla, are populated with a great many stone homes and former summer palaces that are surrounded by cultivated grounds.

Starting in December, 1910, Gruž was the terminus point for the now defunct Dubrovnik tram that ceased running in 1970 following a deadly accident where the tram slipped off its rails and landed in the park in front of Pile Gate.  The line has since been replaced by bus routes.

Located in a naturally protected bay, the port was used an Austro-Hungarian naval facility until the end of 1918 and today is able to accommodate large passenger cruise ships. Ferries run from the port to the Elaphiti Islands and Mljet regularly. There is also a customs building for ferries that are international arrivals, specifically from Bari.

Gruž sits right at the entrance to Port Ombla.  It is directly across the water from Cantafigo point, which lacks anchorage points due to the shores and the bottom of the inlet being immersed by banks of mud, deposited during heavy rains. Vessels belonging to Dubrovnik spend their winters at Gruž. Violent squalls descend from the highlands bring the cold, northerly bora, but the waters in the bay of Gruž remain calm.

References

Dubrovnik

Gruž


Serene Ross (born October 15, 1977) is an American former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. Her personal record of  is a former American record for the discipline.

Ross was both United States champion and NCAA champion in the javelin in 2002. She represented her country twice internationally: at the Summer Universiade in 2001 and the IAAF World Cup in 2002.

Career
Born in Edinburg, Pennsylvania, she attended Wilmington Area High School before going on to study sociology at Purdue University between 1997 and 2002. While at college she competed in NCAA competition for the Purdue Boilermakers team, with her first major placing being seventh in the javelin throw at the 1999 NCAA Outdoor Championships.

Ross threw at national level at the 2000 United States Olympic Trials, placing 19th in qualifying. Collegiately, she competed in both javelin and hammer throw events that year. At the NCAA Championships she was 13th in javelin and 18th in hammer. She claimed her first regional title in the hammer throw at the Big Ten Conference championships. Ross moved up the national javelin rankings with a sixth-place finish at the 2001 NCAA Championships, then third place at the 2001 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. The latter performance earned her the chance to represent the United States at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics, but she did not achieve the qualifying standard within the time period. Following a new personal record of  at the USATF Midsummer Classic meet, Ross made her international debut at the 2001 Summer Universiade, where she ended seventh overall. She ranked fourth in the United States that year.

The 2002 season marked the high point of her career. She started the year in the weight throw, taking 15th place at the NCAA Indoor Championships. Outdoors, she focused on the javelin and came third at the Mt. SAC Relays before setting a personal record of  to win her first Big Ten Conference title in that discipline. She broke the American record in the javelin at the NCAA Outdoor Championships with a throw of . This made her only the second Purdue female athlete to win an NCAA title (after Corissa Yasen's 1996 heptathlon win). She following this up with the first and only national title of her career at the 2002 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, improving her own American record to  in the process. That record lasted only one month as Kim Kreiner (the runner-up at the national event) threw  that July. Ross was selected for the 2002 IAAF World Cup team and duly finished fifth at the event.

Ross gained a professional sponsorship deal with Nike, Inc. but did not compete at a high level in 2003. She returned to competition in 2004 and had a season's best of . At the 2004 United States Olympic Trials she was the second highest qualifier, but did not improve in the final round and placed fifth with a mark of . She did not compete at a high level after the 2004 season. As she had not formally retired, she was still under USA Track & Field rules and subsequently failed a doping test in 2006 for two banned diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene). She was banned for two years from the sport, although she had not been competing during that period regardless.

After retiring from competition, she went into coaching and became a volunteer assistant coach at her alma mater.

National titles
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
Javelin throw: 2002
NCAA Women's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships
Javelin throw: 2002

International competitions

See also
List of doping cases in athletics

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
American female javelin throwers
American sportspeople in doping cases
Purdue Boilermakers women's track and field athletes
Doping cases in athletics
Sportspeople from Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania

Serene Ross


ChIA-PET法(、ペアエンドタグの配列解析によるクロマチン相互作用解析)は、クロマチン免疫沈降 (ChIP)を元にした濃縮、 Chromosome conformation capture(訳語未定), Paired-End Tags(ペアエンドタグ), および ultra-high-throughput sequencing(DNAシークエンシングおよび遺伝子参照) の組み合わせによって、染色体に含まれるDNA塩基配列の相互作用を全染色体にわたって決定するために開発された手法(Fullwood & Yijun, 2009)である。 遺伝子は、プロモーターなどの制御領域、インシュレーターなどの境界領域や転写因子結合領域(TFBS)など離れた領域からの制御も受けるばあいもある。制御領域と遺伝子本体の領域の動的相互作用を明らかにすることには、医学などの立場からみると遺伝子の働きの制御の本質的に重要な部分を理解する事になるという重要性がある(Maston et al., 2006)(訳注: 原文は、"Uncovering the interplay between regulatory regions and gene coding regions is essential for understanding the mechanisms governing gene regulation in health and disease")。 ChIA-PETは、染色体上での近接遠隔を問わない、TFBSやプロモーターと遺伝子本体の、他の手法では出来ない機能的な相互作用の同定が可能である。

ChIA-PETはまた、細胞のcell differentiation(分化), proliferation(細胞分裂), and 胚発生などの過程で働いている機構を明らかにする場合にも用いる事ができる。DNA結合性転写因子タンパクやプロモーター領域に対してChIA-PET interactomeマップを作成する事で、治療介入(therapeutic intervention)においてより良い標的を見つける事が可能である(Fullwood & Yijun, 2009)。

手法
ChIA-PET法は、クロマチン免疫沈降法(Kuo & Allis, 1999)および3C法を組み合わせた手法である(The ChIA-PET method combines ChIP-based methods (Kuo & Allis, 1999), and Chromosome_conformation_capture (3C), to extend the capabilities of both approaches.)。
ChIP-Seq法が転写因子結合領域(TFBS)を決定するのに広く用いられる手法である一方、染色体間の大域的相互作用の測定には3C法が用いられていた(Dekker et al., 2002)(ChIP-Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a popular method used to identify TFBS while 3C has been used to identify long-range chromatin interactions (Dekker et al., 2002).)。 However, both suffer from limitations when used independently to identify de-novo long-range interactions genome wide. While ChIP-Seq is typically used for genome-wide identification of TFBS (Barski et al., 2007; Wei et al., 2006), it provides only linear information of protein binding sites along the chromosomes (but not interactions between them), and suffers from high genomic background noise (false positives). Additionally, only a small amount of sequences generated by ChIP-Seq uniquely map to the genome, and an even smaller amount are functional TFBS (Johnson et al., 2007).

While 3C is capable of analyzing long-range chromatin interactions, it cannot be used genome
wide and, like ChIP-Seq, also suffers from high levels of background noise. Since the noise increases in relation to the distance between interacting regions (max 100kb), laborious and tedious controls are required for accurate characterization of chromatin interactions (Dekker et al., 2006).

The ChIA-PET method successfully resolves the issues of non-specific interaction noise found in ChIP-Seq by sonicating the chip fragments in order to separate random attachments from specific interaction complexes. The next step, which is referred to as enrichment, reduces complexity for genome-wide analysis and adds specificity to chromatin interactions bound by pre-determined TFs (transcription factors).
The ability of 3C approaches to identify long-range interactions is based on the theory of proximity ligation. In regards to DNA inter-ligation, fragments that are tethered by common protein complexes have greater kinetic advantages under dilute conditions, than those freely diffusing in solution or anchored in different complexes. ChIA-PET takes advantage of this concept by incorporating linker sequences onto the free ends of the DNA fragments tethered to the protein complexes. In order to build connectivity of the fragments tethered by regulatory complexes, the linker sequences are ligated during nuclear proximity ligation.
Therefore, the products of linker-connected ligation can be analyzed by ultra-high-throughput PET sequencing and mapped to the reference genome. Since ChIA-PET is not dependent on specific sites for detection as 3C and 4C are, it allows unbiased, genome-wide de-novo detection of chromatin interactions (Fullwood et al., 2009).

Workflow

Wet-lab portion of the workflow
 Figure 1. Formaldehyde is used to cross-link the DNA-protein complexes. Sonication is used to break-up the chromatin and also to reduce non-specific interactions.
 Figure 2. A specific antibody of choice is used to enrich protein of interest bound chromatin fragments. ChIP material bound by the antibody are used to construct the ChIA-PET.

 Figure 3. Biotinylated oligonucleotide half-linkers containing flanking MmeI sites are used to connect proximity ligated DNA fragments. Two different linkers are designed (A and B) with specific nucleotide barcodes (CG or AT) for each of the two linker sequences.

 Figure 4. The linkers are ligated to the tethered DNA fragments.

 Figure 5. The linker fragments are ligated on the ChIP beads under dilute conditions. The purified DNA is then digested by MmeI, which cuts at a distance from its recognition site to release the tag-linker-tag structure.

 Figure 6. The biotinylated PETs are then immobilized on streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads.

 Figure 7. PET sequences with AA (CG/CG) and BB (AT/AT) linker barcode composition are considered to be possible intra-complex ligation products, while the PET sequences with AB (CG/AT) linker composition are considered to be derived from chimeric ligation products between DNA fragments bounded in different chromatin complexes.

Dry-lab portion of the workflow
 PET extraction, mapping, and statistical analyses
 The PET tags are extracted and mapped to the reference human genome in-silico.
 Identification of ChIP enriched peaks (binding sites)
 Self-ligated PET are used for identifying ChIP enriched sites because they provide the most reliable mapping (20 + 20 bps) to the reference genome.
 ChIP enrichment peak-finding algorithm
 A called peak is considered a binding site if there are multiple overlapping self-ligated PETs.
The false discovery rate (FDR) is determined using statistical simulations to estimate the random background of PET-derived virtual DNA overlaps, and the estimated background noise.
 Filtering of repetitive DNA (affects non-specific binding)
 Satellite regions and binding sites present in regions with severe structural variations are removed.
 ChIP enrichment count
 The numbers of self-ligation and inter-ligation PETs (within + 250 bp window) are reported at each site. The total number of self-ligated and inter-ligated PETs at a specific site is called the ChIP enrichment count.

Figure 8. PET Classification: Uniquely aligned PET sequences can be classified by whether they are derived from one DNA fragment or two DNA fragments.

 Self-ligation PETs
 If the two tags of a PET are mapped on the same chromosome with the genomic span in the range of ChIP DNA fragments (less than 3 Kb), with expected self-ligation orientation and on the same strand, they are considered to be derived from a self-ligation of a single ChIP DNA fragment, and considered a self-ligation PET.
 Inter-ligation PETs
 If a PET does not fit into these criteria, then the PET most likely resulted from a ligation product between two DNA fragments and refered to as an inter-ligation PET. The two tags of an inter-ligation PETs do not have fixed tag orientations, might not be found on the same strands, might have any genomic span, and might not map to the same chromosome.
 Intrachromosomal inter-ligation PETs
 If the two tags of an inter-ligation PET are mapped in the same chromosome but with a span > 3 Kb in any orientation, then these PETs are called intrachromosomal inter-ligation PETs.
 Interchromosomal inter-ligation PETs
 PETs which are mapped to different chromosomes are called interchromosomal inter-ligation PETs.

Figure 9. Proposed mechanism showing how distal regulatory elements can initiate long-range chromatin interactions involving promoter regions of target genes.

The interactions form DNA loop structures with multiple TFBS at the anchoring center. Small loops might package genes near the anchoring center in a tight sub-compartment, which could increase the local concentration of regulatory proteins for enhanced transcriptional activation. This mechanism might also enhance transcription efficiency, allowing RNA pol II to cycle the tight circular gene templates. The large interaction loops are more likely to link together distant genes at either end of the loop residing near anchor sites for coordinated regulation, or could separate genes in long loops to prevent their activation. Adapted from Fullwood et al. (2009).

特徴

長所
ChIA-PET is an unbiased, whole-genome and de-novo approach for long-range chromatin interaction analysis.
A ChIA-PET experiment is capable of providing two global datasets: The protein factor binding sites (self-ligated PETs); and The interactions between the binding sites (inter-ligated PETs).
ChIA-PET involves ChIP to reduce the complexity for genome-wide analysis and adds specificity to chromatin interactions bound by specific factors of interest.
ChIA-PET is compatible with tag-based next-generation sequencing approaches such as Roche 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina GA, ABI SOLiD, and Helicos.
ChIA-PET is applicable to many different protein factors involved in transcriptional regulation or chromatin structural conformation.
ChIA-PET analysis can be applied to chromatin interactions involved in a particular nuclear process. By using general TFs such as RNA Polymerase II, it may be possible to identify all chromatin interactions involved in transcription regulation. Further, the use of protein factors involved in DNA replication or chromatin structure would allow identification of all interactions due to DNA replication and chromatin structural modification (Fullwood et al., 2009).

短所
It is well established that cis and trans-regulatory complexes contain unique combinations of proteins based on cell and tissue specific conditions (Dekker et al., 2006). While identification of single, functional TFBS is a significant advancement, the use of ChIA-PET to identify individual proteins in a complex would require guess work and multiple experiments to identify each interacting protein. This would be a costly and time consuming endevour.
ChIA-PET is limited by the quality, purity, and specificity of the antibodies used (Fullwood et al., 2009).
ChIA-PET is dependent on identification of sequences that can be mapped to the reference sequence (ref).
ChIA-PET requires the use of peak-calling computer algorithms to organize and map PET reads to the reference genome. Because of variations between software platforms, results can vary depending on which program is used.
Although repetitive DNA regions can be associated with gene regulation (Polak & Domany, 200), they need to be removed as they can affect the data (Fullwood et al., 2009).

歴史
Fullwood et al. (2009), used ChIA-PET to detect and map the chromatin interaction network mediated by oestrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) in human cancer cells. The resulting global chromatin interactome map revealed that remote ER-alpha-binding sites were also anchored to gene promoters through long-range chromatin interactions suggesting that ER-alpha functions by extensive chromatin looping in order to bring genes together for coordinated transcriptional regulation.

解析ソフトウェア

Software typically used in a ChIA-PET experiment
 ELAND
 Maps ChIP enriched DNA fragments to the reference human genome.
 Eisen software
 Determines gene expression levels based on hierarchical clustering.
 RepeatMasker
 In-silico masking of repetitive elements.
 Monte Carlo simulation
 Used to estimate the false discovery rates.
 PET-Tool
 A software suite for processing and managing of Paired-End di-Tag sequence data.

Alternatives
 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
 ChIP-Seq, ChIP-PET, ChIP-SAGE, ChIP-CHIP.
 Chromasome Conformation Capture
 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-C.
 Paired End Tags
 PET.

脚注

参考文献

Barski et al., (2007). High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell. (129); 823–37.
Dekker, (2002). Capturing chromosome conformation. Science. (295); 1306–1311.
Dekker, (2006). The three 'C' s of chromosome conformation capture: controls, controls, controls. Nat. Methods. (3); 17–21.
Fullwood et al., (2009). An oestrogen-receptor-α bound human chromatin interactome. Nature. (462); 58-64.
Fullwood & Yijun, (2009). ChIP-based methods for the identification of long-range chromatin interactions. J Cell Biochem. 107(1); 30–39.
Johnson et al., (2007). Genome-wide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions. Science. (316); 1497–502.
Kuo & Allis, (1999). In-vivo cross-linking and immunoprecipitation for studying dynamic Protein: DNA associations in a chromatin environment. Methods. (19); 425–33.
Maston et al., (2006). Transcriptional Regulatory Elements in the Human Genome. Annu. Rev: Genomics. Hum Genet. (7); 29–59.
Polak & Domany, (2006). Alu elements contain many binding sites for transcription factors and may play a role in regulation of developmental processes. BMC Genomics. (7); 133.
Wei et al., (2006). A global map of p53 transcription-factor binding sites in the human genome. Cell. (124); 207–19.

外部リンク
 ChIA-PET Genome Browser
This browser is for viewing the data from Fullwood et al. (2009), and includes a custom Whole Genome Interaction Viewer which provides a macroscopic picture of binding sites and interactions along with a whole genome landscape.

分子生物学的技法
デオキシリボ核酸
バイオインフォマティクス

ChIA-PET


Mary Valverde (born 1975) is a Queens-born Latina artist who lives, works, and teaches in New York. She is a cultural practitioner who is invested in ritual, the quotidian, and syncretic relationships rooted in a basis of research and socially implicit trans-physics. Valverde has served on the Public Design Commission of the City of New York since 2015.

Early life and education
Mary Valverde was born in Queens, NY and has continued to live and work in New York for most of her life. She received her Bachelor of Fine Arts at the School of Visual Arts in 1999, followed by a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Pennsylvania in 2012. Valverde completed her Associates of Arts and Sciences from the Fashion Institute of Technology.

Art
Mary Valverde is an interdisciplinary artist whose work is rooted in learning and sharing. Her work is primarily based in sculpture, drawing, and installation. She works often with quotidian materials such as paper, yarn, tape, and chalk interspersed with culturally charged materials such as cocoa butter, coffee, corn husks, and her body. Themes present in her work include memory, ritual, culture, and adornment. She is interested in chronicling, researching, and the systematic arrangement of objects. Her work gives form to patterns both natural and constructed, while creating tension and movement within space. These themes stem from an attraction to site-specificity and investigation of material and spatial properties. Much of her work deals with gestures of navigation and structures of memory.

Her installation work alludes to the recreation of mystical spaces related to sacrifices and elements that relate to the matter. Her pieces create a connection between form, mark making, and proportions that intend to describe the piece. Mary's arrangements bring elements that create an appealing connection based on mathematical representations. Her compositional pieces register, itemize and catalog patterns as well as study of ways that works of art are empowered to fill space, the individual as a whole and its psychology.

The concept of time and space is very present in her work, which is translated through the creation of marks and prints in her drawings, photographs, installations and performances. Valverde writes: "There is a consistent balance of action and restraint, freedom and limitation, and attraction and resistance that plays out in all of my work. I try to maintain a sense of immediacy and directness by a fusion of process, material and the body. I employ the innate qualities of malleable and ephemeral materials (sometimes ink, string, fabric, cotton, wire, oil, water, coffee, cocoa butter etc.) to examine the politics of production, exploitation, social roles, culture and tradition. Working in series has forced a continuous focus and understanding of myself in relation to the act of making."

Teaching
Mary Valverde teaches at Hunter College, York College, and Cooper Union School of Art. She has lectured at various institutions, including the Stanford University and Long Island University's MFA departments.

Exhibitions and awards
Valverde is the recipient of both University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Design's Full Dean's Diversity Fellowship, and the 2010 Artist Fellowship, Inc. Individual Artist Award. She received the Mayer Foundation Grant the same year, and was the MFA Lecturer at the ICA Philadelphia in 2011. She was chosen as Thomas Hunter Ceramic Artist in Residence in 2014, Artist Alliance Rotating Studio Program in Lower Manhattan for 2008, artist in residence at Artist Alliance Residency 2007, and Aljira Center for Contemporary Art's Emerge Program in 2006. Valverde has exhibited her work at a diverse range of venues, including MoCA North Miami, The New Jersey State Museum, BRAC, Art Center South Florida, El Museo del Barrio, The Queens Museum of Art, Jersey City Museum, Momenta Gallery, Saltworks Gallery, Corridor Gallery, Rush Arts Gallery, Diaspora Vibe Gallery, Abrons Art Center, Cuchifritos Gallery, Aferro Gallery, and Tribes Gallery. Valverde has also contributed to various projects through her involvement with the BASE collective. She has served as Commissioner (Sculptor seat), of the Public Design Commission of the City of New York since 2015.

References

1975 births
Living people
Cooper Union faculty
Fashion Institute of Technology alumni
Hispanic and Latino American women in the arts
Hunter College faculty
Interdisciplinary artists
Artists from New York City
School of Visual Arts alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
York College, City University of New York faculty

Mary Valverde


"The V Word" is the third episode of the second season of Masters of Horror. It originally aired in North America on November 10, 2006.

Plot
Two teenage boys, Kerry (Arjay Smith) and Justin (Branden Nadon), are bored at Justin's house. The two are best friends and spend a lot of time together since Justin's mother, Carolyn and little sister Lisa (Silent Hill's Jodelle Ferland) are away for the weekend. Justin tells Kerry that he resents his father since his recent divorce from his mother and how he is never there when he needs him. Later, the two decide to break into an old mortuary for thrills.

When they arrive at the mysterious funeral home, Justin's cousin James, who works there, does not respond to their knocks on the front door. After noticing that the door is unlocked, the two teenage boys look around, but find the place deserted. Soon, they find James and the entire funeral staff dead. Suddenly, a strange man (Michael Ironside), a vampire, attacks them, tearing into and biting Kerry's neck while Justin is forced to flee.

Justin returns home and tries to phone his mother, but cannot get through. He tries calling his father, but his father brushes him off. Justin is about to call the police, but he thinks twice when he imagines they'll hang up on him, for Justin apparently has a history of making prank phone calls. After pleading with Justin to be let in, Kerry stumbles into the house with a ghastly neck wound, claiming to have gotten away from the vampire. When Justin tries to call for an ambulance, Kerry drinks every milk carton and water bottle in the refrigerator, claiming to be "thirsty" before suddenly attacking and biting Justin.

Justin wakes up the next morning, feeling dizzy and finds that he is unable to stand bright lights. Carolyn and Lisa return home, and when Kerry's mother calls, asking of her son's whereabouts since he apparently did not come home last night, Carolyn asks Justin where Kerry is. Justin denies knowing Kerry's whereabouts. As night falls again, Justin becomes aware that he has transformed into a vampire, but tries to restrain himself and confines himself to his bedroom. After a while, he goes over to his father's house, where he meets Kerry who tries to persuade Justin to kill his father for the years of neglect. However, Justin refuses. Frustrated, Kerry kills Justin's father himself by cutting his throat with a shard from a broken mirror.

Kerry and Justin then meet the vampire who attacked them the previous night. Justin identifies him as Mr. Chaney, a former teacher of theirs. Chaney tells them that he recently became a vampire and wants to spread his newfound powers to his former students. They go back to the mortuary, where Justin discovers that Chaney had kidnapped Lisa and has her tied up. He wants Justin to kill her and embrace his new life as a vampire, but Justin instead attacks Chaney. He and Kerry kill Chaney, and Justin frees Lisa. Justin realizes that he and Kerry are now doomed to walk the earth as bloodthirsty killers and makes the devastating choice to kill himself rather than feed on the blood of the innocent, while Kerry wants to experiment with his new life. After bidding each other goodbye, Kerry leaves while Justin remains behind. As dawn breaks, Lisa returns home to her mother, while Justin allows the sunlight to hit him and burn him to death.

The following night, Kerry is on a bus to New York City, where he talks to a fellow passenger. The passenger tells Kerry he is hungry, to which Kerry responds that he is also getting hungry.

See also
List of vampire television series

External links

Podcasters Of Horror on The Super Network

2006 American television episodes
Masters of Horror episodes
Television episodes about vampires
Television episodes directed by Ernest Dickerson

The V Word


Agilbert (flourished 650–) was Frankish by birth and educated in Ireland. He became the second Bishop to the West Saxons after Bishop Birinus. Following a disagreement with king Cenwalh of Wessex he returned to Gaul to eventually become the Bishop of Paris.

Career

Wessex
Agilbert studied in Ireland for several years. In 650 he came to Wessex as a missionary. Cenwalh, the king, was impressed by his background he offered Agilbert the bishopric of Dorchester. This was the seat originally given to Bishop Birinus who founded a church at Dorchester on Thames. Birinus had died in 650 and Cenwalh was looking for a replacement. But after some time Cenwalh grew tired of not being able to understand the bishop, who apparently did not speak the Anglo-Saxon language. Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester in 660 and made Wine the first bishop. Agribert took offense at not being consulted and left his see.

Northumbria

Agilbert did not leave England immediately but visited Northumbria.
A controversy had occurred in the Northumbrian church over the date of Easter. The king Oswiu of Northumbria and his son Eahlfrith each backed a different church position. Why Agilbert came to Northumbria at this time or who sent him is not recorded. But kings Osiwu and Cenwalh were friends. They both supported the Roman position that Easter should be celebrated the same throughout the Christian world. A synod was called at Whitby to settle the issue. Bishop Agilbert was the senior ecclesiastic there who supported the Roman position. As he did not speak the language well, he asked Wilfrid to speak for him. Their argument was why did only the remote parts of Britain celebrate Easter differently than the remainder of the Christian world? Osiwu made a decision to celebrate Easter with the rest of the Christian churches.

France

Agilbert wandered in Gaul (later France) for a time before accepting the position of Bishop of Paris. He held that position from  for about 12 years. He consecrated Wilfrid as a bishop at Compiègne along with several others. Later Bishop Wine was expelled from Wessex by Cenwalh. This left Wessex without a bishop. Cenwalh sent appeals to Agilbert to return to Wessex. Agilbert turned Cenwalh down saying his current duties as bishop of Paris prevented his return. But he sent his nephew Leutherius in his place. Leutherius was welcomed in Wessex as the new bishop of Winchester. Agilbert died sometime after 679. He was buried at the monastery of Jouarre.

Notes

References

year of birth unknown
year of death unknown
Bishops

Agilbert


The Hotham Valley Tourist Railway (commonly Hotham Valley Railway) is a tourist and heritage railway in the Peel region of Western Australia.

The railway operates over a 32 kilometre section of the original Pinjarra to Narrogin railway line, and has its origins in a small group of enthusiasts who met together in 1974 with the object of preserving both Western Australian steam locomotives and the railway line itself, from Pinjarra at least as far as Dwellingup. Dwellingup is now the primary centre of Hotham Valley's operations.

Today the railway operates a vastly scaled back operation out of Dwellingup and down the hill to a siding at Isandra. One W class steam locomotive is currently in operation. The railway staffed almost exclusively by volunteers but headed by a paid General Manager, Mr Ian Willis who has full say in how things are run. He has stored much of his own private rolling stock from the former Pemberton Tramway at the railway including V1213.
Most of the locomotives are owned by HVR except XA1401 which is owned by several member.
PM706 which hasn't steamed for 20 years is the subject of a move by the Narrogin Shire to relocate it back to Narrogin.

It is one of only a handful of heritage railway organisations in Western Australia, and as of 2018 is the only heritage and/or tourist railway in the state regularly operating original  gauge Western Australian Government Railways steam locomotives.

History
In 1974, four local residents of Pinjarra formed the Pinjarra Steam & Hills Railway Preservation Society that later became the Hotham Valley Tourist Railway with the aim of operating steam trains on the Pinjarra to Narrogin railway line.

Initially four former Western Australian Government Railways W class locomotives were purchased. The first three (W920, W903 and W945) were returned to service in the 1970s, followed by the fourth (W908) in 1988. A fifth W class was purchased in 2013 (W947). Eight former Albany Progress carriages were leased and ultimately purchased outright in 1979.

In March 1976, the former Pinjarra Locomotive Depot was leased, officially opening on 17 July 1977. On 12 September 1976 the first train operated, a special from Perth to Dwellingup hauled by W920.

Appeals
Hotham Valley Railway host a number of appeals, some of which are ongoing. The appeals relate generally to restoration projects but have included an appeal to replace the seats in AV426 - Hotham Valley's 1919 vintage dining carriage, used regularly on the Etmilyn  Forest Diner restaurant train.

Two appeals run during 2012 were to enable the complete purchase of steam locomotive W947 from Rail Heritage WA with a view to restoring it to operational condition. Although Hotham Valley already owns four W class engines, W947 will considerably strengthen the steam locomotive fleet and provides added interest with a unique pattern sand-dome which ultimately served as a prototype for those later employed on the WAGR V class. Work on W947's boiler continues as funds and resources become available, with one future option of marrying the boiler with W903's or W920's frame.

Another long-running appeal (dating back to 1977) is for the restoration of G71 'Menzies. G71 was built as a sister engine of Hotham Valley Railway's G123, part of a batch of 22 built by Dübs & Co of Scotland in 1897. Unlike G123, G71 spent most of its service years away from the WAGR operating instead with various privately owned timber companies. Whilst it will be some years (if not decades) before G71 will be operational, it is important to ensure equipment like this is kept for future generations of members as the funds and resources may become available.

Motive power

Overview
As of 2018, Hotham Valley railway owns and/or operates some twenty-two locomotives (eight steam and sixteen diesel), of which a total of seven are currently operational. In addition, the railway currently owns two ex-Western Australian Government Railways diesel railcars.

Steam locomotives
This is a list of steam locomotives currently in service with Hotham Valley Railway. Note: some items in this list are privately owned; or on long term lend and/or lease arrangements.

The In service date refers to original date of entry into the original owners' service.

Diesel locomotives and railcars
This is a list of diesel locomotives and diesel powered railcars in service with Hotham Valley Railway. Note: some items in this list are privately owned; or on long term lend and/or lease arrangements.

Visiting and past locomotives
In the past, some locomotives from other organisations have seen operation on Hotham Valley Railway services. Other locomotives have passed into different ownership after having first been owned/operated by Hotham Valley. Details of at least some of these locomotives are given in the following table:

Rolling stock

Passenger stock
The HVR's passenger rolling stock fleet was drawn from a number of sources: in addition to original WAGR carriages, Hotham Valley Railway also operates carriages converted from WAGR goods wagons and original passenger carriages from the Tasmanian Government Railways and South African Railways.

Riverland carriages
In 1987, Hotham Valley Railway acquired 25 second hand large Corten steel carriages from the South African Railways. Hotham Valley was expanding its mainline operations considerably and the Westrail owned carriages then in use on Hotham Valley's rail tours were no longer appropriate due to their age and other limitations.

The new fleet were converted into various types (including first and second class cars with and without guards compartments, buffet and dining cars) from SAR sleeping cars and all had been originally constructed during the 1960s and 70s. All of the cars were converted and refurbished prior to their shipment to Western Australia.

In Hotham Valley service, the cars were painted in green and cream livery with mustard roofs, reminiscent of the original WAGR colour scheme applied between the late 1950s and the mid-1970s. The cars all received names of Western Australian rivers (with the exception of AHF311 which was named Bloemfontein for the city where the cars were converted) and were given class designations and numbers in keeping with Westrail practise. The classes, names and numbers are listed in the table below.

Until the introduction of 48 X-class diesel locomotives in 1954, the naming of WAGR vehicles was rare. Only two classes of WAGR steam locomotive were given names: the Pr class of 1938 was named after Western Australian rivers while the S class of 1943 was named after Western Australian hills. The Hotham Valley Riverland cars were also named for Western Australian rivers and thus shared many names with the Pr class engines, all of which had been withdrawn by 1971.

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

 Official site
 Old website

Heritage railways in Australia
Railway lines in Western Australia
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Australia
1974 establishments in Australia
Tourist railways in Western Australia
Shire of Murray

Hotham Valley Railway


Jaklin Klugman (1977–1996) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was owned and bred in California by John Dominguez and actor Jack Klugman. He showed promise as a two-year-old, winning the California Breeders' Champion Stakes. At age three, after winning the California Derby at Golden Gate Fields in March, he raced in the Kentucky Derby.

Ridden by Champion jockey Darrel McHargue in the 1980 Kentucky Derby, Jaklin Klugman ran third to winner Genuine Risk. That year, he also finished second in the then-Grade I Vosburgh Stakes and third in the Marlboro Cup Invitational Handicap before winning the Jerome Handicap and the Hawthorne Derby in the fall. His performances earned him 1980 California Horse of the Year honors.

In May 1981, Jaklin Klugman was syndicated for $4 million.

Retired to stud duty, Jaklin Klugman stood at a ranch in Temecula, California, which was purchased by owner Jack Klugman and named El Rancho de Jaklin. Among his offspring was Sky Jack, who won the 2002 Hollywood Gold Cup.

Jaklin Klugman died in March 1996 from a ruptured aorta at El Rancho de Jaklin.

External links
 Jaklin Klugman's pedigree and partial racing stats

References

1977 racehorse births
1996 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in California
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 1-j

Jaklin Klugman


Saint Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter I of Russia in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg, in the belief that this was the site of the Neva Battle in 1240 when Alexander Nevsky, a prince, defeated the Swedes. But the battle took place about  away from that site. "On April 5, 1713, in St. Petersburg, in the presence of Peter I, the wooden Church of the Annunciation was consecrated. This day is considered the official founding date of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra." (April 5, 1713 Gregorian was March 25 Julian, feast of the Annunciation.)

"The relics of St. Alexander Nevsky were solemnly transferred from Vladimir to the new capital of Russia September 12, 1724, by decree of Peter the Great." (It was August 30 Julian, or September 10 Gregorian; however, since the Russian Orthodox Church still follows the Julian calendar, the transfer of the relics is celebrated on August 30 Julian, which corresponds to September 12 Gregorian in the 20th–21st centuries.) Nevsky became patron of the newly founded Russian capital.

During Soviet times in the 20th century, the massive silver sarcophagus of St. Alexander Nevsky was relocated to the State Hermitage Museum. It is still held there (without the relics) today.

In 1797, the monastery was raised to the rank of lavra, making it only the third lavra in the Russian Orthodox Church. It followed the Kiev Monastery of the Caves and the Trinity Monastery of St Sergius in this designation.

The monastery grounds contain two baroque churches, the Annunciation Church and the Feodorovskaya Church, designed by father and son Trezzini and built from 1717–1722 and 1742–1750, respectively; the Neoclassical Holy Trinity Cathedral, built in 1778–1790 to a design by Ivan Starov and consecrated to the Holy Trinity; and numerous structures of lesser importance. It also contains the Lazarevskoe, Tikhvin, Nikolskoe, and Kazachye cemeteries, where ornate tombs of Leonhard Euler, Mikhail Lomonosov, Alexander Suvorov, Nikolay Karamzin, Modest Mussorgsky, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, Prince Garsevan Chavchavadze, a Georgian aristocrat; Sergei Witte, and other famous Russians are preserved.

During the Revolution, Kollontai, the People's Commissar of Social Welfare, wanted to convert the monastery into a 'sanctuary for war invalids'. On 19 January 1918 she sent a group of sailors there, who were met by an angry crowd of worshippers. Fighting broke out and a priest was shot and killed.

Alexander Nevsky Square developed along the front of the Saint Nevsky Lavra. Shoppers can buy bread baked by the monks. Visitors may visit the cathedral and cemeteries for a small admission fee.  While many of the grave sites are located behind tall concrete walls, especially those of famous Russians, many can be seen by passers-by while strolling down Obukhovskoy Oborony Street.

See also
Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
Alexander Nevsky Cathedrals

References

External links

 Alexander Nevsky Lavra (Monastery) (Saint Petersburg)
 Лавра во имя Святой Живоначальной Троицы Александро-Невская на сайте Русское православие
 Каталог Православной Архитектуры — Свято-Троицкая Александро-Невская Лавра

Nevsky Prospekt
Lavra

Alexander Nevsky Lavra


Dame Sally Claire Davies  (born 24 November 1949) is a British physician. She was the Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom) from 2010 to 2019 and Chief Scientific Adviser at the Department of Health from 2004 to 2016. She worked as a clinician specialising in the treatment of diseases of the blood and bone marrow. She is now Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, appointed on 8 February 2019, with effect from 8 October 2019. She is one of the founders of the National Institute for Health and Care Research.

Early life and education
Davies was born on 24 November 1949 in Birmingham, England. Her father John Gordon Davies was an Anglican priest and theologian, and her mother Emily Mary Tordoff was a scientist: they both became academics at the University of Birmingham. She failed her eleven-plus exam but was nevertheless able to study at the private Edgbaston High School for Girls in Birmingham, where she excelled on the viola.

Davies studied medicine at Manchester Medical School at the University of Manchester where she graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB ChB) degree in 1972 and later obtained a Master of Science (MSc) degree from the University of London.

Career and research
Davies described her early years in clinical practice as "brutalising" and had a four-year break from medicine as a "diplomat's wife" in Madrid, before returning to medical training at the end of the 1970s.

She became a consultant haematologist in 1985 at the Central Middlesex Hospital in Brent – a relatively deprived part of northwest London – and became Professor of Haemoglobinopathies there in 1997, by which time the hospital had been incorporated into Imperial College London.

Davies is expert in sickle cell disease: a blood disorder that mainly affects people of African heritage and causes painful 'crises' triggered by physical stress.

As well as a number of academic works, Davies is the author of the book The Drugs Don't Work: A Global Threat (2013).

Civil Service
Davies joined the Civil Service in 2004 to take up a research position in London and was soon promoted to Director-General of Research and Development at the Department of Health. In 2006, she expanded the National Health Service (NHS) research base through the creation of the National Institute for Health and Care Research (whose Strategy Board she chaired) and went on to become the Chief Scientific Adviser of the Department of Health and Social Care.

Chief Medical Officer
In June 2010 Davies was appointed interim Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom) and was confirmed as the permanent holder of that position the following year – the first woman to hold the post. The Chief Medical Officer has a rank equivalent to Permanent secretary – the highest in the Civil Service.

The 'Chief' in the job title strictly refers to the incumbent's position as the most senior doctor within the Civil Service – the Ministry of Defence and the Department for Work and Pensions, for example, both employ doctors as civil servants, as of course does the Department of Health. Despite the name, the post of Chief Medical Officer has traditionally had no particular status within the medical profession as a whole – it has some parallels with the position of Surgeon General of the United States in the USA. However, with the huge expansion in the Department of Health's purview over the past two decades, the postholder has acquired substantial practical information influence over National Health Service policy.

Unusually for a British Chief Medical Officer, Davies does not have a background as a specialist in public health. Nevertheless, Davies has written and spoken extensively about the rise of antimicrobial resistance in medicine and animal husbandry, including carrying out work to raise its profile on the international scene. Davies delegated authoring and editing her statutory annual reports to other doctors and healthcare practitioners, although she wrote an introduction to each and oversaw their compilation. She is particularly concerned about excessive alcohol consumption, especially by young women – who, she told the BBC in 2013, "we know can only take about half the alcohol that men can" and so are more prone to liver damage as a result.

In July 2013, she was asked by the BBC whether she had ever favoured female doctors in order to counterbalance discrimination against them as a group. Davies replied: "I probably do positively discriminate because, as the men appoint in their own image, so do I appoint in my own image. I like having bright sparky women around, so I do understand how difficult it can be for the men to actually challenge the stereotypes and think differently".

In her 2014 annual report, Davies said that the government needed to make tackling obesity a national priority. The report also made recommended a national audit of ovarian cancer, and challenged "taboos" around the menopause and incontinence "to make sure embarrassment is never a barrier to better health."

As of 2015, Davies was paid a salary of between £210,000 and £214,999 by the department, making her one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time.

In January 2016, Davies reduced the recommended weekly alcohol limit for men to that for women, in new guidelines warning of the association between alcohol consumption and some forms of cancer. The guidance gave a new weekly limit of 14 units, while at the same time saying there was no safe level of alcohol consumption. The Financial Times said the two messages were "inherently contradictory" and Professor Sir David Spiegelhalter, Winton Professor of the Public Understanding of Risk at the University of Cambridge, revealed that drinking the maximum allowance set by Davies would be no more dangerous than eating bacon sandwiches or watching films.

Davies has recommended banning promotion and advertising of junk foods. She wants plain packaging for junk foods as for cigarettes, and VAT increases on junk foods high in fat, salt or sugar. Davies said, "I think the polling data is pretty clear. The public think it's time that governments acted to protect their children. Overweight and obesity is because we are all in this flood of unhealthy food marketing and advertising. We need to close those floodgates".

Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
On 8 February 2019, she was announced Master elect of Trinity College, Cambridge, in succession to Sir Gregory Winter. She is the first woman to hold the appointment. She was installed as the 39th Master of Trinity College during a ceremony on 8 October 2019.

UK Special Envoy on Antimicrobial Resistance
In June 2019, Davies was appointed as the UK Special Envoy on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) where she represents the UK government internationally. In her role, she also works across government on the "one health approach" and advises on the delivery of the 5-year action plan and the 20 year vision on AMR.

In addition, Davies is a member of the United Nations' Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (IACG). Since 2020, she has also been a member of the Global Leaders Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, co-chaired by Sheikh Hasina and Mia Mottley.

Awards and honours
In February 2013, Davies was said to be the sixth "most powerful" woman in the United Kingdom,  by the BBC Radio 4 programme Woman's Hour,. In 2015 the Health Service Journal ranked her as the most influential woman in the English NHS and 14th most influential person.

In the 2009 New Year Honours Davies was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to medicine.

Davies was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2014 and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2002. She was awarded the Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh in 2017.

In the 2020 New Year Honours, Davies became the second woman (and the first outside the Royal Family) to be appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB), for services to public health and research. On 5 March 2020, in an Investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace, she received the insignia from the Prince of Wales.

Personal life
In 1974, Davies married Ralph Skilbeck, a diplomat; they divorced in 1982. She remarried in 1982; her second husband died later that year from leukaemia. In 1989 she married the Dutch haematologist Willem H. Ouwehand, a professor of haematology at the University of Cambridge, with whom she has two daughters.

References

External links

1949 births
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
20th-century English medical doctors
21st-century English medical doctors
British haematologists
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Chief Medical Officers for England
Living people
English women medical doctors
Health professionals from Birmingham, West Midlands
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
20th-century British women medical doctors
21st-century British women medical doctors
Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
20th-century English women
21st-century English women
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
WHO laureates

Sally Davies (doctor)


Joseph de Mesko, Freiherr von Felsö-Kubiny () was a cavalry general and lieutenant-general () in Habsburg service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

Military service
In 1799, he fought as a Major in the Italian campaign during the War of the Second Coalition, in particular in the actions on the Po River. In September 1800, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and in the next month to Colonel. The following year, Mesko was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa.

In the war of Third Coalition (1805), he commanded a garrison in upper Styria. He was promoted to Major General. At the Battle of Raab, on 14 June, he was completely cut off, with 5,000 men and 10 guns, in the redoubts between the Rába and the Rabnitzbach rivers. In the following two days, he repelled repeated French attacks and even managed to take seven officers and 300 men as prisoner. On 16 June, he also freed a convoy of 36 Austrian officers and 500 men, when he ambushed their French captors at Kis-Szél. On 25 August 1809, he was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa.

In 1813, as lieutenant-general, he commanded a division in General of Cavalry Johann von Klenau's IV Corps on the Army of Bohemia. At the Battle of Dresden, on 26 August, his division was cut off on the left wing when the river Weißeritz flooded. Attacked by Marie Victor de Fay, Marquis de Latour-Maubourg's cavalry corps, which, under Joachim Murat, forced him to surrender his division and 15 colors after a hard fight. A French participant observed, "Murat, who commanded this part of the French line, showed himself more brilliant than ever; for after forcing the defile of Cotta, he turned and cut off from the Austrian army Klenau's corps, hurling himself upon it at the head of the carabineers and cuirassiers. His movement was decisive; Klenau could not resist that terrible charge. Nearly all his battalions were compelled to lay down their arms, and two other divisions of infantry shared their fate." Mesko was severely wounded in the action and retired in September 1814. He died in Güns (Kőszeg), in Hungary, southwest of the Neusiedler See, on 29 August 1815.

Sources

Notes and Citations

Sources
 Marbot, Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcellin. The Memoirs of General Baron De Marbot, Volume II, Chapter 23. Electronic book widely available.

External Links (Sources)
 Smith, Digby. Mesko Leopold Kudrna and Digby Smith (compilers). A biographical dictionary of all Austrian Generals in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815. Napoleon Series, Robert Burnham, editor in chief. April 2008 version. Retrieved 8 December 2009.

1762 births
1815 deaths
18th-century Hungarian people
Hungarian soldiers
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Hungarian generals
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Hungarian nobility
People from Nógrád County
People from Kőszeg
18th-century Austrian military personnel
19th-century Austrian military personnel

Joseph, Baron von Mesko de Felsö-Kubiny


Odd Lien (born 16 August 1915 in Kristiania, died 24 November 2002) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder in 1973, and was re-elected on one occasion. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the term 1965–1969.

On the local level he was a member of the executive committee of Halden municipal council from 1945 to 1947, and later of Kristiansand city council from 1951 to 1964 and 1971 to 1975. From 1967 to 1971 he was also a member of Vest-Agder county council. He chaired the local party chapter from 1975 to 1977.
He chaired the latter group from 1978 to 1985. He chaired the friendship association Friends of Israel in the Norwegian Labour Movement (Norwegian: Venner av Israel i Norsk Arbeiderbevegelse).

Outside politics he worked at a shoe factory in Halden from 1930 to 1940. During the German occupation of Norway he distributed illegal flyers and helped escapees, but was imprisoned. After the war he embarked on a career in journalism. He was a journalist in Halden Arbeiderblad from 1945 to 1947 and editor-in-chief of Rana Blad from 1947 to 1949. In 1949 he was hired as a journalist in Sørlandet, later being promoted to chief editor, a position he held from 1956 to 1977.

References

1915 births
2002 deaths
Members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
Politicians from Kristiansand
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian resistance members
Nazi concentration camp survivors
Norwegian newspaper editors
20th-century Norwegian politicians

Odd Lien