Chris Brown (born March 10, 1977 in Portland, Oregon) is an American soccer midfielder and forward who last played for Portland Timbers of USL-1.

Youth
Brown is an alumnus of Jesuit High School in Portland Oregon where he played soccer under the guidance of Dave Nicholas, varsity coach for the Crusaders. Brown played college soccer at the University of Portland from 1995 to 1998, scoring a total of 33 goals in his four years there, and being awarded for the MAC Award as a senior.

Professional
On February 2, 1999, Brown was selected fifth overall in the 1999 MLS College Draft by the Kansas City Wizards.  He immediately earned a spot in the Wizards rotation as a rookie, playing in 28 games and starting 19, while scoring four goals and making three assists.  He saw reduced playing time in 2000 after the Wizards' acquisition of Miklos Molnar, appearing in 22 games but only registering one assist; he did, however, make four appearances, two of them starts, assisting Kansas City in winning their first MLS Cup.  Brown regained his starting spot in 2001, and would fluctuate between being a starter and a valuable substitute for Kansas City for the next three years.

However, during the 2003 season, the Wizards traded Brown along with Darío Fabbro to the New England Revolution in exchange for Wolde Harris and Jorge Vazquez.  In his first start there, Brown's explosive scoring yielded him a hat-trick. However, he was traded again during the 2003 off-season to the San Jose Earthquakes the then reigning MLS champions, making it difficult for Brown to displace veteran team members and capture a starting position. In San Jose, he finished the season with two goals and one assist in eleven appearances. When the MLS announced two expansion teams, Brown was recruited by John Ellinger inaugural coach of Real Salt Lake to come and play for him there where he has remained a versatile and consistent starter. He was waived at the end of 2007 and signed for USL-1 side Portland Timbers in January, 2008.  In January 2009, Brown announced his retirement from playing professional soccer.

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
American men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Major League Soccer players
New England Revolution players
Portland Pilots men's soccer players
Portland Timbers (2001–2010) players
Real Salt Lake players
San Jose Earthquakes players
Soccer players from Portland, Oregon
Sporting Kansas City players
University of Portland alumni
USL First Division players
Sporting Kansas City draft picks

Chris Brown (soccer, born 1977)


Advance to the Rear is a light-hearted 1964 American Western comedy film set in the American Civil War. Directed by George Marshall, and starring Glenn Ford, Stella Stevens, and Melvyn Douglas. The film is based on the 1957 novel Company of Cowards by Jack Schaefer, whose inspiration was an article by William Chamberlain, published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1956. Chamberlain recounts the apocryphal Civil War stories of "Company Q" (19th century army slang for the sick list), a unit composed of coward soldiers who are given a second chance to prove their bravery. The film had the novel title in pre-production and when released in the United Kingdom. However, the novel had none of the comedic elements of the film which retained only the basic idea of a unit formed out of men who had been court-martialed for cowardice and sent out west as well as some character names.
The story may have been the inspiration for the later ABC-TV sitcom F-Troop (1965-1967)..

Plot
Union Colonel Claude Brackenbury has a cozy arrangement with his Confederate counterpart. They fire a few artillery rounds in each other's general direction at precisely the same time each morning, then go back to contentedly waiting for the war to end.

Captain Jared Heath, however, disturbs the status quo one day by going out and capturing some of the enemy. The Confederates feel obliged to retaliate. One thing leads to another and a military fiasco results. As punishment, Brackenbury and Heath are demoted, placed in charge of all the misfits General Willoughby can find and shipped west, where they can (hopefully) do no further damage.

The rebels are suspicious, so they send a beautiful spy, Martha Lou Williams, to find out their "real" mission. After questioning Easy Jenny, a madam Martha Lou is traveling with, Heath sees through Martha Lou's ruse. But he decides that he is going to marry her eventually, so Heath does his best to keep her out of mischief.

When the unit is sent to escort an important gold shipment, the soldiers are captured by Thin Elk, an Indian chief in league with Confederate agent Hugo Zattig. Zattig's men masquerade as Union soldiers (using uniforms taken from prisoners) and hijack the shipment. Thin Elk, meanwhile, recognizing Brackenbury as a fellow West Point graduate, lets his captives go, although without horses or guns.

Heath takes charge. He and the men steal horses from the Indians, retrieve the gold (and Martha Lou) and capture Zattig's gang.

Cast

 Glenn Ford as Captain/Lieutenant Jared Heath
 Stella Stevens as Martha Lou Williams
 Melvyn Douglas as Colonel/Captain Claude Brackenbury
 Jim Backus as General Willoughby
 Joan Blondell as Easy Jenny
 Andrew Prine as Private Owen Selous
 Jesse Pearson as Corporal Silas Geary
 Alan Hale Jr. as Sergeant Beauregard Davis
 James Griffith as Hugo Zattig
 Whit Bissell as Captain Queeg
 Michael Pate as Thin Elk
 Preston Foster as General Bateman
 Eddie Quillan as Sergeant Smitty
 Britt Ekland as Greta
 Yvonne Craig as Ora (uncredited)

Note: Joe Brooks, who plays a Union trooper, did likewise in F Troop.

Music
The score was composed by Randy Sparks, with songs sung by The New Christy Minstrels and orchestral music arranged and conducted by Hugo Montenegro. The popular song "Today" (while the blossoms still cling to the vine), comes from this film. The song was composed (both words and music) by Randy Sparks, who was a member of The New Christy Minstrels, and it was this vocal group that perhaps had the most commercially successful recording of the song. The song has been recorded by several artists, including John Denver, but perhaps the most amusing aspect of this lovely ballad is that so many people assume it to be a centuries-old folk song and not part of a Hollywood soundtrack. The film also features a title song under the name of the original title and UK title of the film "Company of Cowards" and another song called "Riverboat".

See also
 List of American films of 1964

References

External links

1964 films
1964 comedy films
1960s Western (genre) comedy films
1960s spy comedy films
American Civil War spy films
American spy comedy films
American Western (genre) comedy films
American black-and-white films
1960s English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films based on Western (genre) novels
Films directed by George Marshall
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Military humor in film
Western (genre) cavalry films
1960s American films

Advance to the Rear


A Himmelsbrief, also known as a "heaven's letter" (Bilardi, 2009) or "heavenly letter" (Kerr, 2002), is a religious documents said to have been written by God or a divine agent. Their purpose is to protect the bearer or place from all evil and danger; however, there is a price for their protection. Bearers will only be protected so long as they abide by the moral covenants detailed in the letter (Bilardi, 2009).

They are often said to have miraculously "fallen from sky", claim protection for owners of a copy (encouraging memetic replication) and punishment for disbelievers.

Some authors reserve the name for Christian apocryphal documents, but similar pieces are found in Islam, Hinduism and pre-Christian religions.

Hippolytus of Rome mentions one in Refutation of All Heresies (third century), and the earlier full text is a Latin one dated in the 6th century.

While preaching, Jacob, the organizer of the Shepherds' Crusade (1251), held one which was allegedly given by the Virgin Mary.

Pennsylvania German
In the Pennsylvania German community, they are part of Pow-wow tradition and contained Bible verses and other charms and assurances that their owners would be protected from death, injury, and other misfortune. The text of these letters is often written according to a long established formula (Herr, 2002) This is why it is sometimes believed that Himmelsbrief are the original chain letters.   Pow-wow practitioners charged handsome sums for these magical letters; the price they commanded depended on the reputation of the practitioner. However, some traditions call for it to be given free of charge. A hand-written letter produced by a respected Hexenmeister or Braucher is regarded as a powerful talisman (Herr, 2002). Himmelsbrief may be written in order to communicate with someone departed, or to request assistance from God in heaven. (Herr, 2002) According to C.R.Bilardi in his book, The Red Church: or the Art of Pennsylvania German Braucherei (2009), two well known examples of these letters are the Koenigsberg Fire Brief of 1714 and the Magdeburg Himmelsbrief of 1783.

See also
The Roman ancile, Mars' shield said to have fallen from the sky.

References
 Bilardi, C.R. (2009) The Red Church: or the Art of Pennsylvania German Braucherie; Pendraig Publishing, Los Angeles, CA
 Herr, Karl (2002) Hex and Spellwork: The Magical Practice of the Pennsylvania Dutch; Weiser Books, Boston, MA
Chain Letter Evolution ,
 Hans Günther Bickert / Norbert Nail (2019): Das Wirtshaus an der Lahn: Der legendäre "Gasthof zum Schützenpfuhl" in Marburg und seine Gäste. Mit einem Beitrag über "Himmelsbriefe". Marburg: Büchner-Verlag,

Amish
Christian folklore
Letters (message)
Luck
Pennsylvania culture

Himmelsbrief


Freddy Eastwood (born 29 October 1983) is a former professional footballer. He started his career with West Ham United and also played for Southend United, Grays Athletic, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Coventry City. He played eleven times in his international career for Wales.

Club career

West Ham United
Eastwood began his career as a West Ham United Academy player after turning down a scholarship offer at Southend where he had been a promising youth player. At West Ham, Eastwood played in the same youth team as Jermain Defoe, Anton Ferdinand, and Glen Johnson but was not considered good enough by manager Glenn Roeder and was released by the Hammers in May 2003. After being released, he considered quitting football altogether and worked briefly as a car salesman.

Grays Athletic
Eastwood joined Conference South side Grays Athletic in August 2003. He scored 37 league and cup goals in his first season, winning the Grays' Golden Boot and prompting attention from a number of professional clubs including Northampton Town, Swindon Town and Charlton Athletic as well as Southend United.

Southend United
Eastwood joined Southend United in October 2004, initially on loan. On his debut, he scored the opener after 7.7 seconds, an English league record for a debut, and went on to score two more to record his first of three hat-tricks for the club as Southend beat top-of-the-table Swansea City 4–2. Eastwood joined Southend on a permanent basis in November 2004 for an undisclosed fee in a three-year deal from Grays. He finished the 2004–05 season with 24 goals from 42 appearances in all competitions and scored the opening goal in his club's 2–0 win over Lincoln City in the League Two Play-off Final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in May 2005 that resulted in promotion for Southend United.

Eastwood scored Southend United's 5,000th League goal on 2 January 2006 when he smashed home the late winner against Blackpool at Bloomfield Road as the Shrimpers went to the top of League One. He scored twice at Swansea City on 29 April 2006 to earn Southend United a 2–2 draw, a result which sealed promotion to the Football League Championship. By the end of the 2005–06 season, Eastwood was joint 18th in Southend's all-time leading goalscorers list with 49 goals, 45 of which were in the league, two in the FA Cup and two in the Football League Trophy. He was also joint top scorer with Billy Sharp in League One in 2005–06 with 23 goals.

The following season, Eastwood scored his 50th goal for the club in the Championship opener game against Stoke City. It would prove to be a difficult season for the striker and despite scoring 11 goal in the Championship, Eastwood was unable to prevent relegation back to League One, however the highlight of the Shrimpers season came when Eastwood scored the only goal, a spectacular 30-yard free kick in front of the away fans in the North Stand, during the Football League Cup fourth round win against Manchester United on 7 November 2006 to put the holders out of the competition.

Wolverhampton Wanderers
Eastwood signed a four-year deal with Wolverhampton Wanderers in July 2007 after completing a £1.5m move from Southend. The striker started the 2007–08 season impressively, scoring his first goal for Wolves on his full debut in the League Cup first round win over Bradford City, and finishing the month with 4 goals to his name, earning him the Championship Player of the Month Award for August. However, his goals dried up in the following months and he was often on the substitutes' bench or left out of the squad completely, with Andy Keogh, Jay Bothroyd, Kevin Kyle and Sylvan Ebanks-Blake now ahead of him in the pecking order.

He was close to a move away from Molineux to Coventry City in March 2008, but this collapsed at the last minute. He remained popular with many Wolves fans, who believed he had not been given a fair run of games, which caused a split between the fans towards the end of the season. He finished the campaign with just 3 goals in 10 league starts (35 appearances in total), prompting him to leave the club, with manager Mick McCarthy explaining, "It's nothing personal, but it hasn't worked out how either of us would have liked. He hasn't fitted into my team but he wants to play and will do well elsewhere. We wish him luck."

Coventry City
In July 2008, he joined fellow Championship club Coventry City in a four-year deal for a reported £1.2 million fee.

Eastwood made his Coventry City debut against Norwich City on 9 August 2008, Coventry won the game 2–0. Eastwood scored his first goal for the Sky Blues a week later against Barnsley in a 2–1 win for Coventry. Goals against Blackpool, Ipswich Town and Watford followed but it was to be another frustrating season in front of goal for the striker who towards the latter stage of the campaign was used in a left midfield role.

On 31 October 2009 he scored a hat-trick against Peterborough where the game finished 3–2. He was the first player to score a hat-trick at the Ricoh Arena.
Eastwood was released by Coventry City when his contract ran out at the end of the 2011/2012 season.

Return to Southend

On 22 March 2012, Eastwood returned on loan to his former club Southend United until the end of the 2011–12 season. He made his second Southend debut on 24 March 2012 in a 1–0 defeat against Bristol Rovers at the Memorial Ground. He scored his first Southend United goal since his return in his second appearance in Southend 4–0 win against Cheltenham Town on 30 March 2012. At the end of the 2011–12 season Eastwood underwent surgery on a troublesome knee problem.

On 12 July 2012, Eastwood signed a two-year contract to stay at Southend, following his release from relegated Coventry City. On 22 September 2012, Eastwood scored his first goal since his permanent return to Southend when he headed in from close range to score the winner in a 2–1 triumph over Exeter City.

Eastwood returned for the start of pre-season training ahead of the 2013–14 season, looking thinner and sharper and started the season in his best form since 2005 after scoring 4 goals in consecutive games and claimed he was feeling as confident now as he was in his first spell with the club. Manager Phil Brown, claimed Eastwood was in the form of his career.

Eastwood spent much of the 2013-2014 season as a squad player, playing in 30 League games, 19 as substitute. On 23 May 2014, Southend announced that Eastwood's contract was not to be renewed bringing an end to an association with Southend that brought 77 goals over two spells. The club in a statement said that Eastwood was a 'Southend legend'.

International career
His paternal grandmother was born in Wales, so Eastwood was eligible to play in the Welsh national team. He was selected for the squad for the international friendly against New Zealand in May 2007 and the crucial Euro 2008 qualifier against Czech Republic in June, however an existing back injury did not heal as quickly as hoped and Eastwood was forced to withdraw from the squad.

He was selected for the squad to play Bulgaria and went on to score his debut international goal in the first half of their 1–0 victory on 22 August 2007. John Toshack, the Wales manager, said, "It was a really special goal [...] Now we have got a player up front who knows his business. We have been aware of his goalscoring exploits and have worked hard to make sure he became a Wales international."

Despite being out of favour at Wolves during the 2007–08 season, Eastwood was selected for Wales and scored both goals in a 2–0 win over Luxembourg in March 2008. He has scored four goals in ten international appearances. His final appearance for Wales came in February 2011 in Wales' Nations Cup match with Republic of Ireland at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin.

Personal life
Eastwood was born to a Romanichal family in Epsom, Surrey and was often seen exercising his horse on the A127 road in Essex on the morning of a match day when playing for Southend United.

He appealed to the British Government in August 2006 to keep his home on a travellers' site in Basildon after Basildon Council refused planning permission. Eastwood and his family were told in November 2006 that the decision of Basildon Council would not be upheld by the Government and he was free to stay there for at least the next five years.

Eastwood was fined by magistrates in July 2009, after he had been caught fly-tipping rubbish which included an electricity bill and bank statements containing his name.

Eastwood's son, also named Freddy, currently plays in Southend United's youth academy.

Honours
Southend
League Two Play-Off (2005)
League One (2005–06)
Football League Trophy (2013, runner-up)

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Epsom
English men's footballers
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
West Ham United F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Welsh Romani people
English people of Welsh descent
Romani footballers
Footballers from Basildon

Freddy Eastwood


Thomas Albert Smith Adams (February 5, 1839 – December 21, 1888), also known as "TAS", was a southern American Methodist clergyman and poet.

Background
The great-grandparents of T. A. S. Adams, as he was generally called, were Welsh-Irish Presbyterians, who emigrated from Ireland to South Carolina in 1766. Abram Adams, his father, moved with his wife and five children, in 1834, to Noxubee County, Mississippi, and bought a tract of land from the Indians. Ten out of the fourteen children in this thrifty, intelligent, religious family lived to the age of twenty-one. Among them was T. A, S. Adams, born February 5, 1839, and named for a general under whom his father served in the War of 1812. From the neighborhood school he entered, with marked literary aptitude, the University of Mississippi and completed the Junior year, graduating with honors at Emory and Henry College, Virginia, in 1860. The same year he married, and entered the Methodist ministry. He was chaplain of the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment under General Joseph R. Davis in the Confederate Army. Transferring in 1871 from the Mobile Conference, which he had joined, to the North Mississippi Conference, formed that year, he soon ranked among the leaders in the Conference, filling important stations and at intervals appointed to the presidency of several church schools. He was among the first, and earnest, advocates of a Mississippi Methodist College. His epic poem, Enscotidion; or, Shadow of Death, was published in 1876. Aunt Peggy and Other Poems appeared in 1882, in which year he was a delegate from his Conference to the General Conference of the Southern Methodist Church. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him by his alma mater in 1884. In 1886, he became president of Centenary College of Louisiana (Jackson), but resigned the next year and moved to Jackson, Mississippi, where he established a school with the design of having it become the "State Methodist College". But his plans miscarried, and he reentered the itinerant ministry in the North Mississippi Conference. He died suddenly, from a stroke of apoplexy, December 21, 1888, in the railway station at Jackson, Mississippi, while preparing to leave for his new appointment at Oxford, Mississippi.

References
Unless otherwise noted, the text of this article is by

External links

Enscotidion; or, Shadow of Death, Nashville, Tenn., Southern Methodist Publishing House, 1876.

1839 births
1888 deaths
University of Mississippi alumni
Emory and Henry College alumni
19th-century Methodist ministers
American Methodist clergy
19th-century American clergy

Thomas Albert Smith Adams


Dato' Zamzani Abdul Wahab , (born 19 April 1970) popularly known as Chef Zam is a Malaysian celebrity chef.

Background and education
Chef Zam was born and raised in Kuala Terengganu where he practised cooking in the kitchen with his mother since the age of 7 years old. He has a Diploma in Chef Training from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) in 1993. After that, he worked as a chef in several hotels before pursuing an Associate of Science in Hotel-Restaurant Management and a Bachelor's Degree in Hotel-Restaurant/Institutional Management both from Johnson and Wales University, USA. Chef Zam worked in New York for three years upon graduation. Then he returned to Malaysia and worked at KDU College since 1998. In 2003, he won a scholarship to study for a master's degree in Hospitality Management from Thames Valley University, London. After two years there, Chef Zam returned to Malaysia and returned to teaching at KDU College.

Career

He served as Lecturer, Senior Lecturer before  being promoted as Head of Special Projects at the renowned KDU College's School of Hospitality, Tourism & Culinary Arts, Selangor, Malaysia from 1998-2010.  During his 12.5 years tenure at KDU College, Chef Zam had led, organized and conducted numerous culinary-related events with students under his care.

He appeared in multiple television productions such as Garam Gula, Citarasa Selebriti, Ole-ole Malaysia, Serimas...Selera Dunia, Aroma Selebriti, Chef Selebriti Realiti TV (Suria TV, Singapore), Sajian Ramadhan 2008, etc. As a prominent Celebrity Chef in Malaysia, Chef Zam had also served as the Brand Ambassador for Philips Malaysia, Heinz ABC, Harvey Norman (just to name a few) and currently attached to BOSCH Home Malaysia. Besides that, he is working with a myriad of well-known brands on special campaign basis.

An avid foodie, Chef Zam always strives to have a better control of his TV show contents. To materialize that, he began producing his own TV cookery shows for local TV stations i.e. RTM, TVOkey and the likes.  To date, he has successfully produced a total of 6 cooking series, two Telemovies and counting.

Honours
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (DPMT) – Dato' (2021)

References

Living people
Malaysian chefs
People from Terengganu
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian television personalities
Malaysian television chefs
Alumni of the University of West London
Johnson & Wales University alumni
1970 births

Zamzani Abdul Wahab


Penny Ricker Greely (born March 10, 1971, in Green Bay, Wisconsin) is a three time Paralympian for Team USA. She competes as a wheelchair curler and competed as a sitting volleyball player. She played in the bronze medal-winning United States team in Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and competed in Wheelchair curling at the 2014 Winter Paralympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

Athletic career
Greely began her Paralympic career as a sitting volleyball player in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece, where she earned a bronze medal. She competed in the 2003 Parapan American Games to qualify for the 2004 Paralympic Team. She has since retired from sitting volleyball.

Greely began wheelchair curling in July 2010. She competed in her first international competition in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in February 2011. She has since competed in over a dozen countries internationally, including Finland, Slovakia, Switzerland, Scotland, South Korea, and Russia. She made her Paralympic debut in wheelchair curling at the 2014 Winter Paralympics held in Sochi, Russia. Greely has represented Team USA in five world championships in wheelchair curling. Greely and her teammates first won an international competition in wheelchair curling at the Finnish International Wheelchair Open in Lohja, Finland. She was selected for the 2018 Paralympic wheelchair curling team. Her wheelchair curling position is Lead. Her 2018 teammates include Kirk Black, Steve Emt, Justin Marshall, and Meghan Lino.

She practices curling at the Green Bay Curling Club. Her coach is Rusty Schieber.

Personal life
She currently works as a case worker for Brown County, WI. She has a husband and one son.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
American sitting volleyball players
Paralympic bronze medalists for the United States
Paralympic volleyball players for the United States
Paralympic wheelchair curlers for the United States
Sportspeople from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair curlers at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
Wheelchair curlers at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Women's sitting volleyball players
American female curlers
American wheelchair curlers
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in volleyball
21st-century American women

Penny Greely


Super Mario Bros. Super Show!, also simply known as Super Mario and Super Mario Brothers, is the first cartoon of DIC Entertainment's Super Mario trilogy, aired between September and December of 1989; it was the only one to be produced directly for syndication.

The show featured live-action segments in which Mario and Luigi (played by Lou Albano and Danny Wells respectively), living in their basement workshop in Brooklyn, were often visited by various celebrity guest stars. Also featured were cartoons based on the first and second Super Mario Bros. games, where the Mario brothers teamed up with Princess Peach (then known as Princess Toadstool) and Toad to battle King Koopa and his forces to save the many lands of the world.

The Super Mario Bros. cartoons were shown on Mondays through Thursdays only; on Fridays, the show would air cartoons based on the animated Legend of Zelda series. In 1990, the show was retooled and aired under the name Club Mario, combining the animated segments with new live-action.

Mario

The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!


Changquan () refers to a family of external (as opposed to internal) martial arts (kung fu) styles from northern China.

The forms of the Long Fist style emphasize fully extended kicks and striking techniques, and by appearance would be considered a long-range fighting system. In some Long Fist styles the motto is that "the best defense is a strong offense," in which case the practitioner launches a preemptive attack so aggressive that the opponent doesn't have the opportunity to attack. Others emphasize defense over offense, noting that nearly all techniques in Long Fist forms are counters to attacks. Long Fist uses large, extended, circular movements to improve overall body mobility in the muscles, tendons, and joints.  Advanced Long Fist techniques include qin na joint-locking techniques and shuai jiao throws and takedowns.

The Long Fist style is considered to contain a good balance of hand and foot techniques, but in particular it is renowned for its impressive acrobatic kicks. In demonstration events, Long Fist techniques are most popular and memorable for their whirling, running, leaping, and acrobatics. Contemporary changquan moves are difficult to perform, requiring great flexibility and athleticism comparable to that of gymnastics.

Long Fist's arsenal of kicks covers everything from a basic front snap-kick to a jumping back-kick, from a low sweep to a whirlwind-kick. Specifically, typical difficulty movements in modern changquan include the whirlwind kick, the butterfly kick, the cekongfan (侧空翻; 'side somersault'), and the lotus kick.

History of Long Fist
The core of changquan is attributed to the 10th century Emperor Taizu, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty. His style was allegedly called taizu changquan, which means "the Long Fist style of Emperor Taizu." That said, these texts can only be reliably dated to the second half of the 19th century. The Long Fist of contemporary wǔshù draws on Chaquan, "flower fist" Huāquán, Pao Chui, and "red fist" (Hongquan).

Widely perceived to have a strong Shaolin influence, traditional Long Fist was promoted at the Nanjing Guoshu Institute by Han Qing-Tang (韓慶堂), a famous Long Fist and qin na expert. After the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek and subsequent closing of the institute, the new People's Republic of China created contemporary wushu, a popular artistic sport inspired largely by traditional Long Fist. However, this new evolution of changquan differed from the old style in that it was exhibition-focused. Higher, more elaborate jump kicks and lower stances were adopted, in order to create more aesthetically pleasing forms. Applications were then reserved for the sport of sanshou, which was kept somewhat separate from the taolu (forms). In 2005 with the creation of difficulty movements criteria in international competition, there has been a continued attention to jumps.

Subtypes of Long Fist
 Pao Chui pre-Tang Dynasty;
 Chaquan Tang Dynasty (618–907);
 Taizu changquan Song Dynasty (960–1279);
 Fanziquan Song Dynasty (960–1279);
 Hongquan (Chinese: 紅拳; "red fist") Song Dynasty (960–1279); and
 Huaquan Tang Dynasty (618–907).

A sample Long Fist curriculum from  Han Chin Tang Lineage
Northern Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu Includes:
Barehand Forms
Weapons
Qin Na Dui Da (Joint Locking skills & sets)
Two Man Fighting Routines
Self Defense Applications
Iron Palm Training (Internal)

Hand forms
Lian Bu Quan (連步拳) - Consecutive Linking Step Fist
Gong Li Quan (功力拳) or Power Fist Form
Tan Tui (弹腿) or Springing Legs
Yi Lu Mai Fu (一路埋伏) or First Road of Ambush
Er Lu Mai Fu (二路埋伏) or Second Road of Ambush
Shi Zi Tang (十字趟) or Crossing Sequence
Xiao Hu Yan (小 虎 燕) or Little Tiger Swallow
San Lu Pao (三路跑) or Three Ways of Running
Taizu Chuangquan
Si Lu Cha Quan (四路查拳) or Fourth Way of Cha's Fist
Si Lu Ben Za (四路奔砸 ) or Four Way of Running and Smashing

20 Methods Fighting Form or Er Shi Fa Quan (二十法拳)
Duan Da Quan - Fighting In Close Quarters Boxing/Short Hit Boxing
Hua Quan - First Set Of China Fist Yi Lu Xi Yue
Hua Quan 2 - Second Set Of China Fist Er Lu Xi Yue
Hua Quan 3 - Third Set Of China Fist San Lu Xi Yue
Hua Quan 4 - Fourth Set Of China Fist Si Lu Xi Yue
Hua Quan 2 2 Man - Second Set Of China Fist Two Man Fighting Set Er Lu Xi Yue
Hua Quan 4 2 Man - Fourth Set Of China Fist Two Man Fighting Set Si Lu Xi Yue

Hand forms explained
Lian Bu Quan (連步拳) - Consecutive Linking Step Fist: the most basic Shaolin Long Fist form containing over 70 applications.
Gong Li Quan (功力拳) or Power Fist Form: the second basic form using dynamic tension at the end of each technique which develops muscles and tendons. Contains over 70 applications.
Tan Tui (弹腿) or Springing Legs: due to their fast and accurate spring-like kicks, and they have a long history in China. The routines were popularly practiced by Northern Chinese martial arts society between 1736 and 1912. Improve your fighting skills, balance, strength, and focus with Tan Tui. These 12 routines form the basis for other, more complex forms practiced in Northern Shaolin Kung Fu.
Yi Lu Mai Fu (一路埋伏) and Er Lu Mai Fu (二路埋伏), the first and second Ways of Ambush, are powerful fundamental sequences that instruct clever and subtle methods of defense and attack. Both contain practical and effective escape and withdrawal techniques. They are intermediate forms that are considered the "foundation" of Long Fist. Contains subtle techniques designed to trick opponents.
Shi Zi Tang (十字趟) builds on earlier sequences with the addition of several different kicks, side door attacks, and forceful techniques.
Xiao Hu Yan (小 虎 燕) is a challenging and exciting sequence combining techniques from Long Fist and Northern Praying Mantis. Xiao Hu Yan emphasizes low stances, powerful kicks, leg sweeps, trapping, and striking.
San Lu Pao (三路跑) means "Three Ways of Running." It is the first advanced Long Fist sequence. San Lu Pao focuses on the fluid integration of speed and power through several hand and leg techniques, while also pushing the practitioner's endurance and sense of enemy.
Taizu Chuangquan was created by Emperor Taizu in the Song Dynasty (960–976 A.D.). It is an advanced sequence that enhances and develops a student's knowledge in Long Fist fighting techniques while specifically training a combination of rooting, balance, and power.
Si Lu Cha Quan (四路查拳) means "Fourth Way of Cha's Fist." It is one of the more well-known Chaquan sequences in Long Fist. When practiced with a proper sense of enemy, root, speed, and power, it is a very effective style for training higher level techniques in long range fighting.
Si Lu Ben Za (四路奔砸 ) means "Four Way of Running and Smashing." It is considered one of the most difficult and most advanced sequences created in Long Fist. Training this sequence patiently and diligently will lead a student to the highest level of Long Fist techniques.

Stances used in the system
Ma Bu (馬步) (Horse Stance)
Deng Shan Bu (登山步)/Gong Jian Bu (Mountain Climbing Stance/Bow and Arrow Stance)
Jin Ji Du Li (金雞獨立) (Golden Rooster Standing on One Leg Stance)
Xuan Ji Bu (玄機步) (False/Cat Stance)
Zuo Pan Bu (坐盤步) (Crossed-Leg Stance)
Fu Hu Bu (扶虎步) (Flat Stance)
Si-Liu Bu (四六步) (Four-Six Stance)
Tun Bu (吞步) - similar to False Stance, but with toes up and heel on the ground
Half Horse Stance (Lead foot turned forward)

Weapons training
Long Staff (Gun)
Broadsword (Dao)
Double Edge Sword
Spear (Qiang)
Chain/Nine Section Whip (Bian)
Dragon Phoenix Sword
Umbrella
Straight Sword (Jian)
Double Sword (Shuang Jian)
Double Broadsword (Shuang Dao)
Pudao
Meteor Hammer
Hook Sword

Notable practitioners

 Bao Xian Fei
 Alfred Hsing
 Jia Rui
 Zahra Kiani
 Jet Li
 Li Yi
 Edgar Xavier Marvelo
 Vincent Ng
 Daria Tarasova
 Dennis To
 Dương Thúy Vi
 Jade Xu
 Đàm Thanh Xuân
 Yuan Xiaochao
 Yuan Wenqing
 Zhao Qingjian
 Hao Zhihua
 Chris Yen
 Laurent Buson
 Yoon Byung-in
Donnie Yen
 Mark Musashi

Popular culture
 Changquan's fierce attacks are used as partial inspiration for  firebending in the Nickelodeon animated show Avatar: The Last Airbender and its sequel series The Legend of Korra.

See also
 Chinese martial arts
 Northern Shaolin (martial art)
 Wushu

References

Further reading
Fundamentals of High Performance Wushu: Taolu Jumps and Spins by Raymond Wu, . Training book on classic long fist moves. Fake advertisement offer here.
Shaolin Long Fist Kung Fu by Yang Jwing-Ming, . Training book on Long Fist history, applications, and sequences.
 Shaolin Long Fist

External links
New Life Kung Fu In Spartanburg SC
Linda's Kung Fu In Brick NJ
Kungfu Dragon USA

Chinese martial arts
Chinese swordsmanship
Events in wushu

Changquan


Mustafa Azadzoy is an Afghan footballer.

Career
Mustafa Azadzoy also played in Lokomotiv Moscow and Ahmad Arash Hatifi went to former club at 2015, he taught to play at 2016 until 2019. In 2005, Mustafa Azadzoy and Hamidullah Karimi joined. When played at (in/on) Zira he taught to go to the Tottenham Hotspur. He go to Lokomotiv Moscow at 2019. Also he could to say red card for you because on Azerbaijani Premier League at the Garabag and Zira because he going to stoping a 90-age coach.

When go to Zira
He taught in a Baku city,in the Azerbaijan due to Zira and Juventus match. He going to due a substitution due to Cristiano Ronaldo is not available.

Related pages
• Hamidullah Karimi

1992 births
Association football midfielders
Living people
People from Kabul

Mustafa Azadzoy


Jewish Cubans, Cuban Jews, or Cubans of Jewish heritage, have lived in the nation of Cuba for centuries. Some Cubans trace Jewish ancestry to Marranos (forced converts to Christianity) who came as colonists, though few of these practice Judaism today. The majority of Cuban Jews are descended from European Jews who immigrated in the early 20th century. More than 24,000 Jews lived in Cuba in 1924, and still more immigrated to the country in the 1930s. Following the 1959 communist revolution, 94% of the country's Jews emigrated, most of them to the United States. In 2007 an estimated 1,500 known Jewish Cubans remained in the country, overwhelmingly located in Havana. Several hundred have since immigrated to Israel.

In addition to the descendants of Cuban Jews living in the United States, there is also a significant population which claims descent from non-Cuban Jews and from Cuban gentiles.

Before the Cuban Revolution

Cuban Jewish history possibly begins in 1492 with the arrival of the second expedition of Christopher Columbus to the Americas. Columbus was accompanied on that voyage by interpreter Luis de Torres, who may have been a Jewish converso. Some Jews fleeing Portuguese-ruled Brazil in the 17th century settled in Cuba and despite inquisitions and persecutions, Jewish merchants based in Cuba engaged in flourishing international trade in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the contemporary Jewish community does not represent a line of continuity with Jews who settled in Cuba in the 17th and 18th centuries. It began to form after Cuba gained independence from Spain following the Spanish–American War of 1898. At the end of the 19th century, American Jewish businessmen and war veterans began to settle on the island. They engaged in import and export as well as sugar and tobacco farming. In 1904, they founded Union Hebrew Congregation and in 1906 a Jewish cemetery was established. In the early 20th century, Sephardi Jewish immigrants from the Ottoman Empire began to arrive and in 1914, they established their own community organization, Union Hebrea Shevet Achim. Most of the Sephardi immigrants arrived poor and turned to peddling or managed to build small businesses.

In 1920, Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe began arriving. By 1924 there were 24,000 Jews in Cuba, with many working in its garment industry. For most Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe, Cuba was merely a transit point on their way to the United States. Most of those who arrived between 1920 and 1923 had left by 1925. However, the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which severely curtailed Jewish immigration to the United States, left thousands of Jewish immigrants now unable to proceed to the United States, and as a result they settled permanently in Cuba, a good deal residing in Parque Central, Havana. Throughout the rest of the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jewish immigrants continued to enter Cuba from Europe, largely as a result of Nazi and fascist persecution (see also MS St. Louis). The Jewish immigrants from Europe came during an economic downturn and found it difficult to integrate into a country lacking industry and inundated with cheap labor from Haiti and many turned to peddling to make ends meet. Jewish refugees from Antwerp introduced the diamond polishing industry to Cuba during World War II, establishing 24 plants in one year. With the growth of the Jewish community, various Jewish communal organizations emerged. The main communal body of the Eastern European Jewish immigrants was the Centro Israelita, and during the 1920s it came to offer a range of activities and services from welfare assistance, a clinic, a library, a language school, a student center, and a drama club. The Cuban Jewish community split into three sectors: Americans, Sephardim, and Ashkenazim, each with its own cemetery and communal activities. The Jews' economic situation gradually improved and by 1959 the Jewish working class had nearly disappeared.

After the Cuban Revolution
In the aftermath of the revolution, nearly 95% of the Jewish population left Cuba for the United States, many settling in Miami. By September 1960, as many as 3,000 Jews had already departed Cuba and approximately 1,500 remained by 1997. Additionally, between the years 1948 and 1997, 661 Cuban Jews immigrated to Israel and in 1999 another 400 Cuban Jews departed for Israel as well.

Many Jews were initially sympathetic to the Cuban Revolution of 1959 under Fidel Castro, seeing the change in leadership as an opportunity to rid Cuba of the corruption that was associated with the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. In the early stages of the revolution, it was not evident that Castro's plans were to ally Cuba with the communist bloc. As Castro's plans became clear, Jewish Cubans who had emigrated from Eastern and Central Europe became increasingly concerned with the impending revolution, as a result of their prior experience with religious intolerance associated with Leninist policies and Bolshevik Russia. During the earliest days of the revolution, the most paramount concern for the Jewish Cuban population was the nationalization of industry and agriculture and the laws which supported it. These measures include the first and second Agrarian Reform Laws, Law 851, and the First Urban Reform Law. The Agrarian Reform Laws of 1959 and 1963 caused strife amongst Jewish landowners and farmers, as the government began eradicating all landed estates and foreign-owned land, in addition to nationalizing all properties and buildings exceeding 67 hectares. Law 851 sparked the nationalization of business and industry within Cuba, beginning with foreign-owned businesses. It entailed the expropriation of Cuban property, not owned by leaders of a previous government, for the first time in Cuba's history. This ranged from large to medium sized businesses, including distilleries, factories, and department stores. Finally, the First Urban Reform Law stripped Jews of their property rental business by turning ownership to tenants and creating longterm rent-free leases. This law also made it illegal to privately rent or sublet properties.

Measures such as the second Urban reform law permitted the Cuban government to seize the property and assets of those who immigrated to the island. In a 2011 survey of Jews living in Cuba, one respondent described the experience of religious Jews during the socio-political environment of the post-Revolutionary period: "People were not persecuted because they practiced religion, but if you wanted to be a member of the Communist Party, or go to university, it was necessary not to be a believer. The same happened to Catholics and to those of other faiths." The language used to describe Jews included, "Judio" for children who were not baptized, "Turquista", and "Polaco" or "Polaquito" which were synonymous with Jew, regardless of their country of origin. Lastly, during their emigration from Cuba to Israel, Jews were marked as "repatriado" (repatriated) on their passport rather than "gusanos" (worms) as an emigration distinction. This was meant to indicate that those Jews departing for Israel to be "repatriated to their home country", though few Jews who immigrated to Cuba were actually Israeli.

In 1959, the government declared that the revolution would be a socialist movement and that Cuba would become an atheist state. This shunning of religion helped shaped the religious identity of Jews who remained in Cuba, as well as the exiles who immigrated to the United States, Israel, and other areas throughout North, South, and Central America. The Jewish Cuban identity was morphed by a variety of revolutionary influences, but particularly the bias against those who practiced faith. Those who remained in Cuba either shied away from participation in the revolution or chose to abandon their Jewish identity altogether in order to do the opposite. Up until 1992 when Cuba had adjusted its constitution to reflect that the country was no longer an atheist state but rather secular or "la apertura", Jews had largely discarded their uniquely Jewish practices and abandoned community gathering at places such as El Patrono community center and Chevet Ahim synagogue. For many Cuban Jews, eating Matzo, an unleavened bread eaten during the celebration of Passover, was the only practice they had maintained.

Three of the ten original members of the Cuban Communist Party were Jewish including Fabio Grobart, Manuel (Stolik) Novigrod, and Enrique Oltuski. Fabio Grobart, whose original name was Abraham Simchowitz, immigrated from Poland to Cuba at the age of 19 and brought along with him knowledge of the radical leftist movements from Eastern Europe. He joined the Cuban Communist Party in 1925 and was one of Castro's closest constituents as a member of the party's Central Committee. He represented the party in communist ideology, as he had the ability to translate the readings of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels from Russian and German to Spanish. Manuel (Stolik) Novigrod was born into a family of Jewish communists and fought directly alongside Castro against Bautista's forces in the Sierra Maestra Mountains.  One year after his parents' immigration from Poland, Enrique Oltuski was born in Cuba in 1930. His collaboration with  Ernesto "Che" Guevara while representing Las Villas as its leader of the 26th of July Movement enabled him to ascend to highest-ranking Jew in the revolutionary government. Following the revolution, Oltuski was relied on, acting as the vice minister of the fishing industry, as well as working with the Ministry of Culture in order to maintain a historical account of the revolution.

In February 2007 The New York Times estimated that there were about 1,500 known Jews living in Cuba, most of them (about 1,100) living in Havana. Cuba has one kosher butcher shop on the entire island. For a time it had no rabbi, but by 2007, one was based in a Havana synagogue. He often encourages visiting Jewish peoples to give tzedakah (charity) for the Jewish Cubans and for Israel.  Alan Gross traveled to Cuba to help the small Jewish community, but he was detained in Cuba from 2009 to 2014. Some Jewish Americans originally from Cuba are also fierce critics of the Cuban government, such as former Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. Israel also continues to have an embargo against Cuba.

Adath Israel is the only nominally Orthodox synagogue remaining in Cuba. There are two other synagogues in Havana, in addition to a few other Cuban cities. In December 2006, the Cuban Jewish community celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Jewish Cubans in the United States
Because South Florida and New York City have large Jewish and Cuban populations, a significant number of people in these areas claim descent from American Jews and Cuban-Americans, usually Catholic gentiles. Americans of Jewish and Cuban descent (whether or not their ancestors were Cuban Jews specifically) sometimes refer to themselves as Jubans (or Jewbans or Jewbanos), a portmanteau of the words "Jew" and "Cuban".

In 1999, actor and playwright Frank Speiser debuted his one-man play Jewbano about growing up Jewish and Cuban in Brooklyn.

Although primarily used in a positive sense, the term "Jewban" has sometimes been misinterpreted as an antisemitic political statement (i.e., advocating a "ban" on Jews). In 2003 the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles attempted to withdraw a "JEWBAN" vanity plate which had previously been issued to Tabares Gomer, a Jewish Cuban, arguing that the plate could be considered antisemitic. The department later relented and permitted Gomer to keep the license plate.

See also

 Cuba–Israel relations
The Believers: Stories from Jewish Havana
Abraham and Eugenia: Stories from Jewish Cuba
 B'nai B'rith Cuba

References

Further reading
Jay Levinson, Jewish Community of Cuba: The Golden Years, 1905–1958, Nashville, TN: Westview Publishing Company, 2005.

External links
"The Jews of Cuba" website
 CHAI Missions, Jewish Missions to Cuba
"Havana" , Encyclopaedia Judaica
"Two-Hyphen Identity", Hadassah Magazine
DANIEL SHOER-ROTH, "'JEWBAN' to state: Hands off my plate!", Miami Herald, 14 March 2003
Sally Craigin, "Mambo mensch: Frank Speiser's cross-cultural memoir" (Jewbano), Boston Phoenix, July 11–17, 2003
John Lantigua, "West Palm Jews Visit to Aid Brethren in Cuba", The Miami Herald, 15 July 2009
Paul Haven (AP), "Raul Castro celebrates Hanukkah with Cuban Jews",   Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', 5 December 2010

History of the Jews in Cuba


QRN sur Bretzelburg (Eng. Lit., QRN over Bretzelburg), written by Franquin and Greg, drawn by Franquin with assistance by Jidéhem, is the eighteenth album of the Spirou et Fantasio series. The story was initially serialised in Spirou magazine under the name QRM sur Bretzelburg over an unusually long period (including a break in 1962), before a delayed hardcover album release in 1966.

Story
In QRN over Bretzelburg, trouble stems from Fantasio's amazingly small transistor radio which gets wedged stuck inside the Marsupilami's nose. Apart from the grief and restlessness caused to all nearby by the unstoppable radio, the device jams the transmissions received by Marcelin Switch, a neighbour and radio enthusiast, who claims that this puts the life of King Ladislas of Bretzelburg in grave danger.  While Spirou and Switch take Marsupilami to the clinic for nose surgery, Fantasio wearing a bathrobe and slippers in the wrong place at the wrong time is abducted by secret Bretzelpolizei who mistake him for Switch. Leaving the Marsupilami to recover in the hospital, Spirou, Spip and the nervous Switch travel to the dictatorial state of Bretzelburg, determined to rescue Fantasio, currently being tortured by the enthusiastic Dr.Kilkil. There, the team, reunited with the Marsupilami who has recovered uncannily fast and followed them across Europe, deal with a very unusual political situation...

Background
Franquin has explained that he started QRN intending it to be another Zorglub story, but that this was vetoed by publisher Dupuis, who had seen enough of the character for the moment.  Lost for ideas, Franquin called Greg to help come up with a new plot.  Even with this help, Franquin was forced by an early bout of depression to abandon the story half-way through and return to it later.  Franquin realised at that time that he would not carry on with Spirou et Fantasio for much longer.

In established comic book tradition, this album features apparently identical twin policemen similar to Thomson and Thompson from The Adventures of Tintin, this time in a stereotypically German incarnation. In one scene, the angry King tells them to take their hats off in his presence, assuring them that they run no risk of brain colds.

Edits
When first published in Spirou magazine, the story was named QRM sur Bretzelburg. The title was changed from "QRM" to "QRN" between the serialisation and the book publication.

The magazine also featured scenes which were edited out for the book edition:

In the opening, Spirou runs around the house desperately switching off Fantasio's loud-playing radios. He even goes so far as mistaking the air conditioner, the toaster and the flash camera for radios.
The Marsupilami causes chaos when he wanders around town with the miniature radio jammed in his nose. A commentary on a football game matches his moves as he gets around the various people in his way, faces a policeman (goalkeeper in the commentary) and a goal is struck when the pursuing Spirou and Fantasio collide with the officer.
Later, in Bretzelburg, Kilikil forces Fantasio to walk around the jail's exercise yard with shoes that are far too small for him. (This takes place after the scene where Fantasio is shown banging on the cell door and complaining about having no shoes; the shoes can be seen when he is moved to another cell next to the kitchen.)

Themes
In this story Franquin highlights the arms trade and how it encourages unnecessary conflict between nations in the pursuit of profit. He also satirises the effect on the local economy with people forced to pedal to move the bus due to fuel restrictions; the lack of food in the shops; and newspapers being worn as clothes. The weapons themselves are also shown as useless: oil barrels are stuck together to appear like rockets and grenades are made from food tins with the contents still inside. One might also in general see a de facto satire over life in then contemporary totalitarian states in especially Eastern Europe, like e.g. DDR. (Both stereotypical Germans and actual spoken German appear in the story.)

References

Franquin publications in Spirou BDoubliées

Footnotes

External links
Spirou official site album index
Franquin site album index

Comics by André Franquin
Spirou et Fantasio albums
1966 graphic novels
1966 in comics
Comics set in Europe
Comics set in a fictional country
Works originally published in Spirou (magazine)
Literature first published in serial form

QRN sur Bretzelburg


Ibrahima Touré (born 17 December 1985) is a Senegalese former footballer who last played as a striker for Gazélec Ajaccio in the Domino's Ligue 2.

He also played for Al Nasr , Chengdu Wuniu, Wydad Casablanca, Paykan, Persepolis, Sepahan, Ajman and Monaco. He also plays for the Senegal national football team.

Life and career
Born in Dakar, Touré played for the Academy Gentina Aldo during his youth. He spent one month with Metz during the 2004–05 season, an experience that he described as leaving "a bitter taste". In February 2005, as a part of a co-operation project between Metz and the Chengdu Football Association, Touré moved to China League One side Chengdu Wuniu on a free transfer. Wearing the number 10 shirt, he scored two goals in 18 league games during the 2005 season. Touré was also sent off twice.

After spending time in China, Touré joined Wydad Casablanca. Two years later, he joined Paykan on loan and scored 13 goals in 21 matches during the 2007–08 Iran Pro League campaign. Touré was transferred to Persepolis in 2008 and scored 11 league goals in his only season with the club. He moved to Sepahan in 2009 and helped the club win the Iran Pro League in successive seasons, scoring 18 goals in both campaigns. Touré was signed by United Arab Emirates club Ajman in 2011 and continued to score regularly. He had scored 14 goals in 16 league and cup matches by January 2012, which led to interest from other clubs. Touré joined Ligue 2 side Monaco later that month for an undisclosed fee, and scored ten goals in 17 league appearances during the second half of the 2011–12 season.

The following season, Touré played in 35 league games and scored 18 goals, which helped Monaco win the Ligue 2 championship and promotion back to Ligue 1.

On 14 August 2013 Touré signed for Al Nasr of the UAE Pro-League.

Career statistics
.

Honours
Sepahan
 Iran Pro League: 2009–10, 2010–11

Monaco
 Ligue 2: 2012–13

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Dakar
Senegalese men's footballers
Senegal men's international footballers
Senegalese expatriate men's footballers
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Monaco
Men's association football forwards
FC Metz players
Wydad AC players
Chengdu Tiancheng F.C. players
Paykan F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. players
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Ajman Club players
Al-Nasr SC (Dubai) players
Liaoning F.C. players
Gazélec Ajaccio players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Ligue 2 players
UAE Pro League players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Iran
Expatriate men's footballers in Monaco
Expatriate men's footballers in Morocco
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates

Ibrahima Touré


Root After and Another (styled as ) is a Japanese adult visual novel by Makura which was released on October 26, 2007 for Windows as a DVD in limited and regular first editions. Root After and Another is Makura's second game and is the sequel to their first game H2O: Footprints in the Sand. The gameplay in Root After and Another follows a plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the six female main characters with playable routes. The game's scenario was ranked 17th and the music was ranked 25th in Getchu.com's 2007 ranking.

Gameplay
The gameplay requires almost no interaction from the player as nearly the entire duration of the game is spent on simply reading the text that will appear on the screen; this text represents either dialogue between the various characters, or the inner thoughts of the protagonist. There is a single choice that the player gets to make which determines which girl the protagonist chooses. There are six main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. In order to view the six plot lines to their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose a different choice at the single decision point in order to further the plot in an alternate direction. In contrast to visual novel adventure games where the text appears near the bottom of the screen leaving the rest of the window open for viewing the game's visual content, the text in Root After and Another appears over the entire screen in a shaded, but otherwise transparent box. However, there is an option to hide the text in order to see the background without obstruction.

Plot
Root After and Another takes place after H2O: Footprints in the Sand; Setsuna Inagaki is a new character.

Characters

 /

References

External links
Root After and Another's official website
H2O Root After and Another Complete Story Edition

2007 video games
Bishōjo games
Cross-dressing in video games
Eroge
Japan-exclusive video games
Romance video games
Seinen manga
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Windows-only games

Root After and Another


Shot put is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at their neck and pushing it through the air.  The shot put has been part of the Olympics since 1896. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26 kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The main objective of the sport is to throw the ball as far as possible.

The shot put is similar to the javelin. It is an official Olympic event and can be seen at the Olympic games. The athlete cannot wear gloves when they are participating. If wearing gloves, the athlete would be disqualified.

It is an outdoor event and cannot be played inside. It is a track and field event.

History
The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to the first century. In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.

Throwing technique
There are two types of putting styles: glide and spin (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin was also developed in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian and made famous by Brian Oldfield.

Rules
The athlete must only use one hand and it must not drop below the shoulder or it could cause damage.
The athlete can be disqualified for leaving the circle before the shot hits the ground, or leaving the sector lines.
The athlete must not put a foot past the toe board, or it is a disqualification.
The athlete must not take longer than 60.00 seconds to take a shot.it is compulsory to put the shot in the given time.

History
Shot put was originally used in the Olympics to see who was the strongest athlete. Each athlete threw from a wooden square, and could only stand to throw. The shot put was a large stone ball. That is now a metal ball not softer than brass.

Warm up

Under hand toss
Stand facing landing area.
Hold shot in front of body with both hands.
Bend knees and throw shot up and out, away from body, using an underhand toss.

Chest pass
Stand facing landing area.
Hold shot with both hands with fingers behind shot.
Push shot out like a basketball chest pass.

Record holders

Cameron George, 23.12m United Kingdom 2013
Natalya Lisovskaya, 22.63m RUS 1987
Mark Robinson, 24.60m USA 2009

References

Events in athletics

Shot put


Beşiktaş Stadyumu (currently known as the Tüpraş Stadyumu for sponsorship reasons) is an all-seater, multi-purpose stadium in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey. It is the home ground of Beşiktaş JK. The stadium was built on the site of Beşiktaş's former home, BJK İnönü Stadium. It has a capacity of approximately 42,590 spectators, after initially being planned for 41,903. The stadium hosted the 2019 UEFA Super Cup.

Beşiktaş Stadium houses 144 executive suites, and one "1903 Lounge" which can entertain up to 1,903 spectators in total. The "1903 stand" has a capacity of 636 spectators. VIP seats in the stadium are equipped with the FUNTORO Stadium & Arena solution – high definition interactive monitors which provide a live TV broadcast, advertising systems, player information etc. The new stadium also has 2,123 square metres of restaurants, 2,520 square metres of terrace restaurants and a VIP parking capacity of 600 vehicles. The ground is a 'smart stadium', where fans enjoy StadiumVision and high-speed Wi-Fi technology, planned in conjunction with Cisco.

Demolition works on BJK İnönü Stadium started on 2 June 2013, following the end of promotion play-offs for the TFF First League. The estimated cost of the project at the time was around $80 million.
The new stadium was designed by Bünyamin Derman of DB architects. The old stadium was demolished, except for the Eski Açık stand, since this stand and its towers are considered historical monuments by the government. The Eski Açık stand was re-arranged to resemble the look of an antique amphitheatre. The new stadium was designed to be "in harmony with the natural and historic landscape of the Bosphorus" when seen from the sea.

History

İnönü Stadium era

Location
In 1936, French architect and city planner Henri Prost (1874–1959) was invited to Turkey by President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He was tasked with the preparation of Istanbul's rough-cut urban planning and rebuilding, which lasted until 1951. In the first plan, Prost thought that the district of Şişli might be a good location for a city stadium. However, the governor of Istanbul, Muhittin Üstündağ, asked Prost to place the stadium in the Dolmabahçe area instead of the stable of the Dolmabahçe Palace as a fait accompli in his master city plan, which came into force in 1939.

Construction
BJK İnönü Stadium, originally named the Dolmabahçe Stadium, was designed by Italian architect Paolo Vietti-Violi, who collaborated with Turkish architects Şinasi Şahingiray and Fazıl Aysu for preparing the project. The first foundation was laid on 19 May 1939, but construction was halted due to the outbreak of the Second World War. The stadium was inaugurated on 19 May 1947, by İsmet İnönü, the second President of Turkey and himself a Beşiktaş fan, and Lütfi Kırdar, the Governor of Istanbul.

The initial capacity was 16,000. In the original project plan, there were two bronze statues of athlete figures at the Eski Açık stand: one throwing a discus, and the other throwing a javelin. However, the statues were never built due to financial concerns. The oil factory which was found behind the stadium was demolished to construct the Yeni Açık stand at the west part of the stadium in 1950 (hence the name Yeni Açık, meaning the New Open-top; referring to the two covered stands (Numaralı and Kapalı) and the two open-top stands (Eski Açık and Yeni Açık). In 1952, the stadium was renamed as the Mithat Paşa Stadium, and later in 1973, it was renamed as the İnönü Stadium. A leasing contract was signed between Beşiktaş JK and the Ministry of Youth and Sports in February 1998 which gave all usage rights of the İnönü Stadium to Beşiktaş JK for 49 years.

First football match
The first football match at the Dolmabahçe Stadium took place between Beşiktaş JK and AIK Stockholm of Sweden, on 27 November 1947, and the first goal in the stadium was scored by Süleyman Seba; the most famous and longest-presiding President of the club (in the 1980s and 1990s) when he used to be a player for Beşiktaş JK. Beşiktaş lost this match 3–2.

Galatasaray S.K. and Fenerbahce S.K. shared the stadium with Beşiktaş JK for many years, before the construction of the Ali Sami Yen Stadium for Galatasaray in 1964, and the renovation of the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium for Fenerbahçe S.K. in 1982.

Renovation
Renovation work took place at the BJK İnönü Stadium in 2004. The tartan track was removed within the scope of these activities and the ground level was lowered by 4 metres to increase the capacity of the stadium to 32,145 spectators. The press seats were relocated to the Numaralı stand from the Kapalı stand. The lounges that were found in the middle of the Kapalı stand were demolished. The number of gates was doubled. A press centre for Beşiktaş TV was built inside the stadium. The restrooms and food counters were renovated. The Yeni Açık stand was covered with a metallic structure. The work was done in compliance with UEFA standards.

New stadium project

Due to the unique location of İnönü Stadium, which is considered one of the best in the world, and its legal status as a "historic monument" protected by the Turkish High Council of Monuments, the renewal project had to be modified and postponed several times and all official requests, efforts, renewal attempts were denied. In 2008, former club president Yildirim Demirören launched a project designed by HOK sports, with a design capacity of 42,000 spectators. However, this project was also cancelled because of concerns regarding how the new project didn't suit the historical environment of Beşiktaş. Finally, in 2013, current club president Fikret Orman completed the administrative procedures after extended bureaucratic exchanges, and received all required permissions by proposing specific design goals.

Vodafone Park era

December 2016 bombing
On 10 December 2016, two bombs exploded outside the stadium, killing at least 46 (38 police officers, 8 civilians) and injuring 136. The first and larger explosion took place at about 7:30 p.m. after home team Beşiktaş defeated visitors Bursaspor 2–1 in the Turkish Super League. An official with knowledge of the attack said that the timing of the bombing aimed to maximize the loss of life. However, the civilian death toll was lower because fans had already left the stadium after the match. Witnesses also reported hearing gunfire after the explosions.
Officials have said that the first explosion was caused by a passing vehicle that detonated in an area where police special forces were located at the stadium exit. A riot police bus appeared to have been the target.
Turkish officials said a person who had been stopped by police in nearby Maçka Park committed suicide by triggering explosives moments later.

2017 name change
On 26 May 2017, President of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, announced he had instructed his minister of sports to remove the word 'arena' from all stadiums across the country due to his personal objections to the term, associating it with the original Roman meaning. One day later, the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) confirmed the word would be removed accordingly. One week later, Beşiktaş announced the Vodafone Arena was renamed to Vodafone Park.

First female referee in a final match

Beşiktaş Stadium witnessed the first female referee in a major European men's football final match when French referee Stéphanie Frappart took charge of the UEFA Super Cup match between Liverpool FC and Chelsea FC on 14 August 2019. (In August 2003 Nicole Petignat became the first female referee of a men's football match organized by UEFA; AIK Fotboll (SWE) versus Fylkir (ISL) in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup.)

Design

Beşiktaş Stadium was designed by the architectural firm DB Architects.  Bünyamin Derman served as the project's architect of record. The stadium meets UEFA Category 4 criteria, the strictest in the ranking defined by UEFA regulations for stadium infrastructure.

Beşiktaş Stadium differs from modern stadiums by 3 design goals imposed by the authority and nature of the construction site. Thanks to these design goals "the architecture of the stadium reflects history, heritage and prosperity."

Colosseum (Coliseum) Architecture

Due to the proximity of Dolmabahçe Palace, the Dolmabahçe Clock Tower, the Dolmabahçe Mosque and of course the Bosphorus, the Turkish High Council of Monuments demanded a more historic look which should fit the surrounding historical area. Most of the proposed architectural designs for the new stadium were modern structures, with glossy external surfaces made from metal, glass or composite materials. To accomplish the first design goal, a colosseum architecture was proposed to and accepted by the high council. Colosseum architecture was previously used in stadiums such as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Busch Memorial Stadium, but mostly several decades ago.

Waveform Stands

In modern stadiums the height of the stands are generally at the same level. Since the construction site of Beşiktaş Stadium is narrow and surrounded by roads, the height of the stands decrease specifically at the corners and widen at the edges. The varying elevation creates a significant waveform-shape in the stands and gives a traditional look. The height of the east stand is lower – which is another design goal imposed by the High Council so as not affect the silhouette of the Bosphorus.

Elliptical Design

The design of the majority of modern football stadiums are mostly square, rectangular with rounded corners, or circular.
Some older stadiums include tartan tracks – especially Olympic stadiums. Due to the tartan tracks, these stadiums have elliptical forms like the old İnönü stadium. To be faithful to the previous architecture designed in 1939 and coherent with the two remaining historical towers of the old Inönü stadium, Beşiktaş Stadium also has an elliptical form, although there is no tartan track inside the stadium. The design repeats the same idea of perfect symmetry reached in 1939 by extending the main arc between the two old towers throughout the structure.

Development

Environmental Compatibility

The new stadium project aimed to ensure a low environmental impact via the use of state of the art sustainable technologies. The stadium was constructed to reduce energy consumption from non-renewable energy sources by reducing waste and optimizing the resources available. The Green Building concept of Beşiktaş Stadium ensures environmentally friendly and resource efficient processes at each stage of construction, from site selection and design to construction by using Green Building certified construction materials, to seek the minimum possible impact on the environment.

The stadium will produce electricity using solar energy captured through photovoltaic panels capable of producing 500 kVA per year.  This corresponds to the annual electricity consumption of about 100 average households and a CO2 saving of around 250 tonnes. The stadium will store rainwater in cisterns to use later for watering the pitch and other purposes. These alternative energy sources are aimed at helping the stadium meet the criteria dictated by the Kyoto protocol by generating multiple results:

 Intensive exploitation of solar energy through solar tracker tools
 Reductions of greenhouse gases
 No production of chemical or acoustic emissions
 No air pollution
 No risk of fire
 Rainwater harvesting

All concrete and metal parts from the demolished BJK Inönü Stadium were separated and reused; other materials were divided into categories, in order to be recycled, resold, or reused.

Historical Monument

The Eastern-side stand was called Eski Açık (Old Tribune) with a seating capacity of 7,962. There are two towers on the left and right side of the Eski Açık stands and an iron gate in the middle of 2 towers. The towers and the gate were preserved as a historical monument during the construction of the new stadium.

Naming Rights
Beşiktaş signed a $145 million deal with Vodafone on 21 August 2013. The deal includes shirt sponsorship for 3 years (+2 optional years that were used), stadium naming rights (to be named 'Vodafone Park'), advertising, and stadium technology infrastructure investment rights for 10 (+5 optional) years.

Facts

Awards
 Beşiktaş Stadium received the Environmentally Friendly Award on 30 April 2015 during the 4th Green Economy Awards Ceremony.
 Beşiktaş Stadium received Best "Stadium of the Year 2016" Award in a public vote and also was chosen as 2nd best "Stadium of the Year 2016" after London Stadium in by an expert panel of five juries. Beşiktaş Stadium obtained more points in the "Relation with surroundings" category (7.600) than London Stadium (7.000) thanks to the design goals explained above.
 Beşiktaş Stadium received "Project of the Year Award at The Stadium Business Design & Development Summit" in 2017, surpassing Metropolitano Stadium in Madrid – where the event was held – and the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas.

Construction of the Foundation

 Bore pile used: 10.8 km
 Anchorage: 28.5 km
 Nails used: 2.2 km
 Depth: 30 meters
 Soil excavated for foundation: 760,000 m3

Capacity
 Total: 42,590
 Number of Suites:147
 Suite Seats: 1847
 VIP Parking: 350
 VIP Seats: 3500
 Handicap Seats: 81 (+ 81 for companions)
 Press Seats: 186

Pitch Dimensions
 Distance between goal line and stands: 7,95 m
 Distance between touch line and stand: 6,15 m

Roof
The lightweight cable roof is designed as a classic looped cable roof containing one compression and one tension ring. The majority of the roof is covered with a membrane and is composed of 260 tons of 246 rope assemblies. The inner tension ring, which is made of 8 Ø110 mm full locked coil ropes with a single length of nearly 200 meters, is connected to the outer compression ring by radial cables that consist of full locked coil ropes with Ø110, Ø85, Ø65 and Ø45 mm.

Concerts

BJK İnönü Stadium Era
Previously, while Beşiktaş Stadium was the BJK İnönü Stadium, it had been used for many major music concerts including:
 Bryan Adams on 28 July 1992 as the first event
 Guns N' Roses, as part of the Use Your Illusion Tour on 26 May 1993
 Metallica as part of the Nowhere Else to Roam and World Magnetic Tour on 25 June 1993 and 27 June 2010 respectively.
 Bon Jovi as part of the I'll Sleep When I'm Dead Tour on 13 September 1993
 Madonna, as part of The Girlie Show Tour on 7 October 1993
 Elton John as part of The One Tour on 20 June 1993
 Scorpions as part of the Face The Heat Tour
 Sting as part of the Ten Summoner's Tales Tour
 Rod Stewart as part of the A Spanner in the Works Tour
 Tina Turner as part of the Wildest Dreams Tour on 20 September 1996
 Michael Jackson planned to give a concert during his Dangerous World Tour on 4 October 1992 but this concert was cancelled. Later on Dangerous Tour, on 23 September 1993, he gave his one and only concert in İnönü Stadium and Turkey.
 The stadium hosted the heavy metal Sonisphere Festival in 2010, featuring the "Big Four" of thrash metal: Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax, in addition to Manowar, Rammstein, Alice in Chains, Accept, Stone Sour, Volbeat, Pentagram and Hayko Cepkin.
 Rihanna performed as part of the Diamonds World Tour on 30 May 2013 for around 35,000 people.
 Iron Maiden performed as part of the Maiden England World Tour on 26 July 2013.

Vodafone Park Era
 Shakira performed in the stadium as part of the El Dorado World Tour on 11 July 2018. Around 50,000 people were in attendance.
 Mor ve Ötesi performed in the stadium on 28 May 2022 for around 35,000 people. The concert's movie Tamiri Mümkün released on 13 January 2022.

Surroundings

Due to the nearby presence of Dolmabahçe Palace and Dolmabahçe Mosque, Beşiktaş Stadium's height was kept under 32 meters. In the old İnönü Stadium, the Dolmabahçe Clock Tower could be seen from 2 different stands, more precisely from the Kapalı and Yeni Açık stands. On matchdays, TV broadcast cameras would often focus on the tower, creating a memorable image for viewers. Like the clock tower, the Dolmabahçe Mosque was also visible from two stands.

Wooded Road
From the Beşiktaş district, supporters and visitors traditionally approach the stadium through the historical Dolmabahçe Street, called "Ağaçlı Yol" (the Wooded Road) in Turkish. This ritual from the İnönü Stadium days takes place on match days and is a source of inspiration for several songs and chants written in the past.

Dolmabahçe Palace

Dolmabahçe Palace was built by Sultan Abdulmecid (1839–1861), who was the 31st Ottoman Sultan. The palace, whose construction commenced on 13 June 1843, was brought into use on 7 June 1856, upon completion of surrounding walls. The palace consists of three mainparts, named as the Imperial Mabeyn (State Apartments), Muayede Salon (Ceremonial Hall) and the Imperial Harem. The Imperial Mabeyn was allocated for administrative affairs of the state, the Imperial Harem was allocated for the private lives of the sultan and his family, and the Muayede Salon, placed between these two sections, was allocated for exchanging of "bayram" greetings between the sultan and dignitary statesmen along with use for some important state ceremonies. The main building is three storeys (including the basement) on the side which is parallel to sea and four storeys on the inland side, involving the Harem quarters with the musandıra (garret) floor.

Dolmabahçe Clock Tower

 Dolmabahçe Clock Tower is a clock tower situated outside Dolmabahçe Palace. The tower was constructed by the famous Armenian architect Sarkis Balyan between 1890 and 1895 with the order of Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842–1918). Designed in Ottoman neo-baroque style, the four-sided, four-storey tower stands at a height of 27 metres. Its clock was manufactured by the renowned French clockmaker house of Jean-Paul Garnier, and installed by the court clock master Johann Mayer. In 1979, the original mechanical clock was converted partly to an electrical one. On two opposite sides of the tower, the tughra of Sultan Abdul Hamid II is found.

Dolmabahçe Mosque

Dolmabahçe Mosque is located in the south of Dolmabahçe Palace, on the coast. It was originally commissioned by the mother of Sultan Abdülmecid, Bezm-i Alem Valide Sultan After her death, it was continued by Sultan Abdülmecid. The mosque was completed in 1855; its architect is Garabet Balyan.
Dolmabahçe Mosque is one of the ornamented mosques constructed in Baroque style. Since the mosque is adjacent to the palace, a two-storey Sultan maksoorah was constructed on the front part where the Sultan and statesmen could perform their prayers and where public processions and meetings could be accommodated. Circular window design, which is rarely seen in Turkish mosque architecture, gives the building a different look with its peacock-tail design. The mosque has two minarets with a single balcony. The interior has a decoration with a mixture of baroque and ampere styles. From the dome hangs a precious chandelier.

Inauguration

The opening ceremony of the stadium was held on 11 April 2016, with a Süper Lig match against Bursaspor on matchday 28. Beşiktaş fans walked down the Wooded Road along the red carpet laid between Beşiktaş and Kabataş. Fans had been lighting flares since 16:00 in the Beşiktaş district, well before the opening ceremony. The game ended 3–2 with two goals from Mario Gómez and one from Alexis for Beşiktaş. In the 22nd minute of the game, during an attack initiated by Oğuzhan Özyakup, the ball met José Sosa, who sent a fine pass behind the defense outside the penalty area. Gómez controlled it in the penalty area, slipped away from goalkeeper Harun Tekin and scored the very first goal at Beşiktaş Stadium.

Details

Panorama

Transport connections
Beşiktaş Stadium is a 5-minute walk from Taksim Square, a busy transportation hub located in the heart of the Istanbul city centre. The area is served by various bus lines, Taksim metro train station (M2), Kabataş tram station (T1) and Taksim-Kabataş funicular (F1). Scheduled sea transport services are also available for visitors arriving from the Anatolian side of the city, steamships operate services to and from Beşiktaş and Kabataş ferry wharves, whilst the Kabataş wharf is also served by sea buses.

Nearby stations and wharves:

See also
BJK İnönü Stadium
List of football stadiums in Turkey

References

External links

 Vodafone Stadium at bjk.com.tr

.

Süper Lig venues
Multi-purpose stadiums in Turkey
High-tech architecture
Sports venues completed in 2016
Beşiktaş J.K. facilities
Sport in Beşiktaş
2016 establishments in Turkey

Beşiktaş Stadium


Stephen Clifton (born 27 May 1987) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Clifton, who played his junior football with Lake Wendouree before graduating to the North Ballarat Rebels and then the North Ballarat Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL). In 2010 he tied with Shane Valenti of Port Melbourne to win the J. J. Liston Trophy.

He was recruited by  in the 2011 rookie draft, with the first pick. Clifton made his debut in round 16, 2012, against  at Sydney Showground Stadium. After five games he was delisted at the end of the season.

He returned to North Ballarat and in 2013 he won his second J. J. Liston Trophy, this time in a three-way tie with Mitch Hallahan of Box Hill and Jordan Schroder of Geelong.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Greater Western Sydney Giants players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
J. J. Liston Trophy winners
North Ballarat Football Club players
Greater Western Victoria Rebels players

Steve Clifton


Rudolf I (died 7 December 1124), Margrave of the Nordmark and Count of Stade, son of Lothair Udo II, Margrave of the Nordmark, and Oda of Werl, daughter of Herman III, Count of Werl, and Richenza of Swabia.  Rudolf was the brother of his predecessors Henry I the Long and Lothair Udo III.

In 1106 Rudolf  became Margrave of Nordmark and Count of Stade after the death of his brother Lothair Udo III, as regent and guardian for Lothair's son Henry II.  The Count of Stade was effectively administered by Friedrich while Henry II was still underage.

In 1112, Rudolf allied himself with Lothair of Supplinburg, then Duke of Saxony (and later Holy Roman Emperor) in opposing Emperor Henry V, and as a result was deposed from his position.  He was replaced as margrave by Helperich von Plötzkau until 1114 when his nephew Henry became of age.

Rudolf was married to Richardis (Richgard), daughter of Hermann von Sponheim, Burgrave of Magdeburg, and granddaughter of Siegfried I, Count of Sponheim. Rudolf and Richardis had five children:
 Udo IV, Margrave of the Nordmark and Count of Stade (as Udo V)
 Rudolf II, Margrave of the Nordmark and Count of Stade
 Hartwig, Count of Stade and Archbishop of Bremen
 Lutgard of Salzwedel, married to Frederick II, Count of Sommerschenburg,  Herman II, Count of Winzenburg, and Eric III, King of Denmark
 Richardis von Stade, Abbess at Bassum and close confidant of Saint Hildegard von Bingen.

Rudolf was deposed as margrave in 1112 and replaced by Helperich until his nephew Henry reached the age of maturity.  Rudolf was succeeded as Count of Stade by Friedrich, not part of the House of Udonids, although it is unclear as to the precise dates of transition.

Sources

Krause, Karl Ernst Hermann, Lothar Udo II. und das Stader Grafenhaus. In Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig, 1884

Hausmann, Friedrich, Die Grafen zu Ortenburg und ihre Vorfahren im Mannesstamm, die Spanheimer in Kärnten, Sachsen und Bayern, sowie deren Nebenlinien. In Ostbairische Grenzmarken. Passauer Jahrbuch für Geschichte Kunst und Volkskunde. Nr. 36, Passau, 1994

Hucke, Richard G., Die Grafen von Stade. 900–1144. Genealogie, politische Stellung, Comitat und Allodial- besitz der sächsischen Udonen, Selbstverlag des Stader Geschichts und Heimatvereins, Stade, 1956

Raffensperger, Christian, Reimagining Europe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012

1124 deaths
Counts of Stade
Margraves of the Nordmark

Rudolf I, Margrave of the Nordmark


Ralph R. Greenson (born Romeo Samuel Greenschpoon, September 20, 1911 – November 24, 1979) was a prominent American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Greenson is famous for being Marilyn Monroe's psychiatrist, and was the basis for Leo Rosten's 1963 novel, Captain Newman, M.D. The book was later made into a movie starring Gregory Peck as Greenson's character.

Greenson was well known for his early work on returning WWII soldiers suffering from Post Traumatic Stress. He also had other famous clients, such as Tony Curtis, Frank Sinatra, and Vivien Leigh. Greenson and his wife, Hildi Greenson, were the darlings of the Southern California psychoanalytic community, intellectuals and with certain notables in the entertainment industry. They were good friends with Anna Freud, Fawn Brodie and Margaret Mead.

Biography
He graduated from Columbia University in New York City. In a time when Jews were not readily accepted into American medical schools, he studied medicine in Bern, Switzerland, and was analysed by Wilhelm Stekel, a student of Sigmund Freud, and again by Otto Fenichel and Frances Deri in Los Angeles.

He published psychoanalytic material often dealing with analyzability, beginning of analysis, interpretations, dreams, working through, acting out, countertransference, and termination. His article On Gambling drew on his own "observations on gambling in the U. S. Army from 1942 to 1946, primarily among officers." In retrospect, "Greenson's essay is interesting because, unlike many other analysts, he considers cultural and historical material to be relevant, while accepting the overriding importance of the Oedipal conflict."

In working with borderline patients, he proposed a "modified psychoanalytic approach ... a basically neutral technical position of the therapist, and only a minimum deviation from such a position of neutrality as might be necessary."

Greenson was named a clinical professor of psychiatry at the UCLA School of Medicine and served on the Board on Professional Standards and the Committee on Institutes in The American. He published fifty-three papers in psychoanalytic journals. The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis, published in 1967, has been described as "a thorough, highly technical textbook, with an instructive treatment of the working alliance," and stands "among the classic writings ... relating to the technique of psychoanalysis." In it "Greenson says that it's important for the patient to distinguish between his transference relations to the analyst and his realistic perceptions of him ... 'the non-transference relationship'" – views criticized however by Charles Brenner as "what Brenner calls resistive myths – myths that analysts who are unable to tolerate analytic abstinence have invented to justify their lapses from neutrality."

In 1968 Ralph Greenson offered a developmental theory for homosexuality, which focuses on the need of boys to "dis-identify" from their mothers:

The male child, in order to attain a healthy sense of maleness, must replace the primary object of his identification, the mother, and must identify instead with the father. I believe it is the difficulties inherent in this additional step of development, from which girls are exempt, which are responsible for certain special problems in the man's gender identity, his sense of belonging to the male sex. ... The male child's ability to dis-identify will determine the success or failure of his later identification with his father.Ralph R. Greenson, "Dis-Identifying From Mother: Its Special Importance for the Boy," International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 49 (1968): 370.

Bibliography
The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis. Vol. I: By Ralph R. Greenson. New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1967. (Volume II of Ralph Greenson's much used, textbook of psychoanalysis was never written.)
The technique and practice of psychoanalysis, Vol.2: A Memorial Volume to Ralph R. Greenson. Monograph series of Ralph R.Greenson Memorial Library of the San Diego Psychoanalytic Society and Institute. Monograph 1. eds. A. Sugarman, R. A. Nemiroff & D. P. Greenson. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1992.
Explorations in Psychoanalysis: By Ralph R. Greenson, M.D. New York: International Universities Press, Inc., 1978.
Papers of Online Archive of California

References

1911 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American Jews
American psychiatrists
American psychoanalysts
Jewish psychoanalysts
Columbia University alumni
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty
Analysands of Otto Fenichel
20th-century American physicians
20th-century American musicians
Marilyn Monroe

Ralph Greenson


Corey Stapleton (born September 17, 1967) is an American politician and musician who served as the Secretary of State of Montana from 2017 to 2021. A Republican, he served as a member of the Montana State Senate from 2001 to 2009.

In 2020, Stapleton ran to represent Montana's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, but lost the Republican primary to Matt Rosendale. After losing the House race, Stapleton announced in 2021 his intention to pursue a career as a country singer. After expressing interest in a candidacy for president of the United States in the 2024 election, Stapleton became the first Republican office-holder to announce their run; he withdrew in October 2023 before the primaries.

Early life, education and military service
Stapleton was born on September 17, 1967, in Seattle. Nominated by the Secretary of the Navy, he attended the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Newport, Rhode Island. Serving as battalion adjutant and earning the Most Inspirational Wrestler Award, he entered the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, where Stapleton earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering.

He served as a Surface Warfare Officer aboard the aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) and the Aegis cruiser USS Hué City (CG-66). He voluntarily resigned his naval commission in 1997 to work in Billings, Montana, as a financial advisor.

Montana Senate

Elections
In 2000 he won a three-way Republican primary and then general election to become the first Generation X-er elected to the Montana Senate. In 2004, he won re-election to a second term, defeating Democrat Chris Daem 57%–43%.

Tenure
Stapleton was elected Minority Whip in 2006 until term-limited out of office in 2008. He served as Senate Minority Leader in the 2007 legislative session, which ended without a budget compromise between the Democratic-controlled senate and Republican-controlled House.

Stapleton sponsored several pieces of legislation including Otter Creek Coal development (SB409 2003) the attempted creation of a Montana medical school (SB273 2005) the Montana National Guard Relief Act (SB75) and the demand for reorganization and replacement of the Montana Department of Revenue's computer system POINTS (SB271 2003).

Stapleton served as chairman of the Montana Republican Legislative Campaign Committee, and advocated for the party's "Handshake with Montana" plan which he compared to the 1994 Republican Party "Contract with America". Montana Republicans gained the majority of the State House and shared control of the Montana State Senate with the Democratic Party in the 2006 election.

Committee assignments
Finance and Claims
Legislative Audit

Campaigns for higher office

2012 gubernatorial election

Stapleton ran for Governor of Montana with former State Senator Bob Keenan as running mate in 2012. He lost to former U.S. Congressman Rick Hill, who won the seven-candidate Republican primary with a plurality of 34% of the vote. Stapleton ranked second with 18% of the vote, sixteen points behind Hill. He won only two counties in the state: Yellowstone (33%) and Treasure (29%).

2014 U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives elections

In early 2013, he decided to run for the U.S. Senate and challenge longtime Democratic incumbent Max Baucus. Stapleton criticized Baucus's record and started a petition to repeal Obamacare. In April 2013, Baucus decided to retire. After it became clear that freshman Representative Steve Daines would seek the Senate seat, Stapleton withdrew from the Senate race to instead run for Daines' seat in the House. Stapleton lost the Republican primary to Ryan Zinke.

2020 U.S. House of Representatives election

On June 15, 2019, Stapleton announced his 2020 candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives. He had initially been a candidate in the crowded 2020 Montana gubernatorial election. He lost the Republican primary to Matt Rosendale.

2024 U.S. presidential election

On March 10, 2022, Stapleton announced that he was "testing the waters" for a 2024 presidential campaign. Stapleton later confirmed he was running on November 11, 2022. He has been described as a "long-shot candidate" due to his lack of polling representation and media coverage. Stapleton has raised $7,717 total for his campaign, all through individual contributions, as of March 31, 2023. He withdrew from the election on October 13, 2023.

Secretary of State
In July 2017, Stapleton said that there had been 360 cases of voter fraud in Montana in the 2017 special congressional election. When asked to substantiate his claims, Stapleton said that he had been "incorrectly" quoted by the Associated Press and Lee Newspapers.

In October 2018, Stapleton came under scrutiny after it was revealed that a Voter Guide written, published, and mailed by the Montana Secretary of State office had failed to distinguish what changes proposed ballot initiatives would make to existing laws through underlining additions and striking deletions, instead printing the new laws without these distinguishing marks. Stapleton's office awarded the $265,000 contract to print and mail the corrections to all Montana voters to Ultra Graphics, a firm run by former state Republican Party Executive Director Jake Eaton. Stapleton claimed that Eaton's company was awarded the contract because it had submitted the lowest bid. After news reports indicated that a company in Arizona had submitted a bid for less money, Stapleton stated that the Eaton-led firm's bid was the cheapest, because it was the only one able to complete the printing and mailing on time due to being in Montana.

In June 2019, in response to a legislative audit that found he was improperly commuting in a state vehicle, Stapleton's staff claimed that he was not commuting but "teleworking."  The matter was turned over to the Helena Police Department.  A city attorney refused to file charges, referring to the expiration of a one year statute of limitations, although an AP investigation alleged further potential violations occurring after the period of the audit.

In February 2019, Stapleton was fined $4,000 by Montana's Commissioner of Political Practices for four separate violations of State law in using resources from his Secretary of State office to announce his gubernatorial campaign.

Personal life
Stapleton married his wife Terry in 1992 in Great Falls. They had four children. The couple divorced in 2021. Stapleton has served on various community boards including Montana Manufacturing Extension board, Rotary, American Legion, and the Montana School for the Deaf and Blind foundation.
Stapleton is part of country music band Corey Stapleton & The Pretty Pirates and released albums as recently as 2022.

References

External links

 Campaign website

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|-

1967 births
Living people
American adoptees
Candidates in the 2020 United States elections
Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election
Republican Party Montana state senators
Politicians from Great Falls, Montana
Politicians from Seattle
Secretaries of State of Montana
United States Naval Academy alumni

Corey Stapleton


Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle:  , taqbaylit, pronounced ) spoken by the Kabyle people. There are 3,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there are more 2,000,000 speakers.

Kabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed. The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand and Ait Menguellet are particularly notable in this respect.

Berber languages
Algeria

Kabyle language