LA Weekly is a free weekly alternative newspaper in Los Angeles, California. The paper covers Los Angeles music, arts, film, theater, culture, concerts, and events. LA Weekly was founded in 1978 by Jay Levin, who served as its editor from 1978 to 1991 and its president from 1978 to 1992.

Publication history

Founding
The paper was founded in 1978 by Jay Levin, formerly the publisher of the Los Angeles Free Press. Levin was inspired to create LA Weekly by such alternative weeklies as Boston's The Real Paper and The Phoenix, and the Chicago Reader.

Levin put together an investment group that included actor Michael Douglas, Burt Kleiner, Joe Benadon, and Pete Kameron. The majority of its core of initial staff members came from the Austin Sun, a similar-natured bi-weekly, which had recently ceased publication. Levin also retained many of the writers he had earlier brought to the Free Press, and hired Joie Davidow to edit the arts and entertainment section.

LA Weekly's first issue featured a group of female comedians, including the then-little known Sandra Bernhard, on its cover. Subsequent issues featured exposés on the Los Angeles basin's air quality and U.S. interventionism in Central America. The paper also quickly became notable for its coverage of independent cinema and the Los Angeles music scene. Davidow produced a comprehensive calendar section and explored undiscovered fashion districts, discovering new designers.

Branching out
In 1985, LA Weekly launched a glossy magazine, L.A. Style, which Davidow edited. L.A. Style was sold to American Express Publishing in 1988 (it merged with BUZZ magazine in 1993).

By 1990, LA Weekly had a circulation of 165,000, making it the largest urban weekly in the U.S.

Jay Levin stepped down as president in 1992 to pursue other ventures, and was succeeded by Michael Sigman as publisher and Kit Rachlis as editor.

Acquisition by Stern Publishing
LA Weekly was sold to Stern Publishing, owner of The Village Voice, in 1994.

Acquisition by New Times Media/Village Voice Media
New Times Media acquired Stern Publishing (and LA Weekly) in 2004, assuming the Village Voice Media name in October 2005. At that point, Village Voice Media owned a chain of 17 alternative weeklies with a combined circulation of 1.8 million.

Some former employees complained about personnel moves after the sale. For instance, Harold Meyerson, once the Weekly political editor, charged in a departing email to Weekly staffers in 2006 that the new owners had grafted a cookie-cutter template for editorial content onto the publication.

Belt-tightening in 2009 led to internal cutbacks, resulting in the paper eliminating the position of managing editor, letting go of several staff writers and other editorial department positions, as well as cutting the entire fact-checking department. New Times Media replaced news editor Alan Mittelstaedt with New Times LA editor Jill Stewart. Writers once closely associated with the Weekly but let go by the paper's management during that period included Meyerson, theater critic Steven Leigh Morris, film critic Ella Taylor, and columnist Marc Cooper.

Management said staff cuts were necessary owing to poor economic conditions. However, some of the cuts were likely attributable to philosophical differences with the paper's then-owners (who have since sold the chain). Former staff writer Matthew Fleischer said at the time that "as part of the company's 'plug-and-play' management strategy, editors, writers, and ad directors were moved from city to city within the chain, without regard for local knowledge. Any old-school Village Voice Media manager who resisted the metamorphosis was denounced as a 'lefty,' a 'throwback,' and worse. They were fired or simply fled."

Despite this upheaval, the paper won a Pulitzer Prize in 2006, and in 2009 broke the story of the "Grim Sleeper" serial killer. In the 2009 Los Angeles Press Club Awards, the Weekly won six first-place awards, including three by staff writer Christine Pelisek, who was honored as the city's best reporter in Investigative Reporting, Hard News, and News Feature.

Acquisition by Voice Media Group
In September 2012, Village Voice Media executives Scott Tobias, Christine Brennan and Jeff Mars bought Village Voice Media's papers and associated web properties from its founders and formed Voice Media Group.

The paper won journalism awards before and after this transition, with two of its news writers, Patrick Range McDonald and Gene Maddaus, winning the Los Angeles Press Club's nod for "Journalist of the Year".

Acquisition by Semanal Media LLC
In November 2017, the publication was sold to Semanal Media LLC, whose parent company is listed as Street Media. In December 2017, it was revealed that the new owners of Semanal Media LLC included "David Welch, a Los Angeles-based attorney with ties to the cannabis industry; philanthropist Kevin Xu, an investor with biotech firm Mebo International; attorney Steve Mehr; boutique hotelier Paul Makarechian; real estate developer Mike Mugel; and Southern California investor Andy Bequer", all residents of Orange County, California. The new operation manager was Brian Calle.

In August 2018, David Welch sued the other co-owners, alleging "they've pillaged the company."

Street Media also owns The Village Voice, Irvine Weekly, Marina Times, and The Laker/Lutz News.

Sponsored events
In 1979 the paper established the LA Weekly Theater Awards, which awarded small theatre productions (99 seats or less) in Los Angeles. In December 2014, LA Weekly announced that it was discontinuing the awards, citing the publication's desire to focus on events that would promote its profitability.

From 2006 to 2009, LA Weekly hosted the LA Weekly Detour Music Festival each October. The entire block surrounding Los Angeles City Hall was closed off to accommodate the festival's three stages.

Since 2008, LA Weekly has hosted a food and wine festival, now dubbed The Essentials, that draws sizable crowds.

Notable staff and contributors
Some of the publication's best-known writers were Pulitzer Prize-winning food writer Jonathan Gold, who left in early 2012; and Nikki Finke, who blogged about the film industry through the Weekly website and published a print column in the paper each week, leaving in June 2009 after the blog she founded, Deadline Hollywood Daily, was acquired by an online firm.

On June 1, 2009, the paper announced that Editor-in-Chief Laurie Ochoa, who began helming the paper in 2001 (before the New Times acquisition), was "parting ways" with the Weekly. On that same day, ads for her replacement appeared on Craigslist and JournalismJobs.com. Though some speculated that Jill Stewart was a shoo-in for the position, the job quickly went to Drex Heikes, formerly of the Los Angeles Times. When Heikes left in 2011, he was replaced by Sarah Fenske.

In 2009, former Los Angeles Times food writer Amy Scattergood became food blogger at LA Weeklys Squid Ink, and was later promoted to food editor. In late 2009, the paper hired Dennis Romero, formerly of Ciudad magazine, as a full-time news blogger.

Following the recession, in 2012, the paper added food critic Besha Rodell, a James Beard Foundation Award nominee and former food editor of Atlanta's Creative Loafing.

In 2013, the paper named Amy Nicholson its lead film critic.

In 2016, LA Weekly named multimedia journalist and Emmy-winning producer Drew Tewksbury as managing editor.

As of 2022, the Editor-in-Chief and Creative Director is Darrick Rainey, the Music Editor is Brett Callwood, the Culture & Entertainment Editor is Lina Lecaro, the Arts Editor is Shana Nys Dambrot and the Food Editor is Michele Stueven. The Publisher and CEO is Brian Calle.

Competing publications
For a time in the Los Angeles market, LA Weekly competed against two now-defunct publications: Brand X (a weekly published by the Los Angeles Times and produced by a crew that included former LA Weekly staffers); and LA CityBeat, a smaller alternative weekly newspaper owned by Southland Publishing, which ceased publication in March 2009.

Notes

References

External links

Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Newspapers published in Greater Los Angeles
Mass media in Los Angeles County, California
Newspapers established in 1978
Weekly newspapers published in California

LA Weekly


Richard Foxton (died 1648) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1621.

Foxton was the son of William Foxton, alderman of Cambridge. He was admitted at Emmanuel College, Cambridge on 3 October 1590 and was admitted  at the Middle Temple on 19 April 1597. He was mayor of Cambridge from 1619 to 1621. In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge  but, as he was still mayor, his election was declared void.

Foxton was a Parliamentarian member of the Eastern Counties Association and was a commissioner for the collection of taxes in Cambridge.

Foxton died in 1648 and was buried in Great St Mary's church on 8 December 1648. He left £40 to the University Library.

References

Year of birth missing
1648 deaths
English MPs 1621–1622
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Members of the Middle Temple
Mayors of Cambridge

Richard Foxton


James Adams Ekin (August 31, 1819 – March 27, 1891) was an American officer who served in the Union Army in the American Civil War. He achieved fame as a member of the military commission trying the conspirators involved with the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.

Early life
Ekin was born August 31, 1819, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to James and Susan Burling (Bayard) Ekin.  His mother was a daughter of Colonel Stephen A. Bayard of the Continental Army.  He served an apprenticeship as a steamboat builder, which eventually led to his first career as a steamboat builder in Pittsburgh.

Civil War
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Ekin enlisted April 25, 1861 in the 12th Pennsylvania Infantry (a 3-month regiment) as a lieutenant and was assigned regimental quartermaster.  Ekin mustered out with the regiment on August 5, 1861, at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.  He was subsequently promoted captain and assistant quartermaster August 7, 1861 and served in the Quartermaster's Department.  Ekin and was promoted to lieutenant colonel February 15, 1864, then promoted again to colonel August 2, 1864.  He was brevetted in the regular army major, lieutenant colonel, colonel and brigadier general, all on March 13, 1865.  In addition to his volunteer ranks, Ekin was made a captain in the regular army March 13, 1863, lieutenant colonel and deputy quartermaster general July 29, 1865.

Lincoln assassination trial
Despite his excellent service in the Army quartermaster department, Ekin is remembered largely for his participation as a member of the military tribunal that heard the case against eight conspirators in the assassination of President Lincoln.

Post-war service
Ekin remained in the U.S. Army following the Civil War with the rank of lieutenant colonel and deputy quartermaster general until February 13, 1882, when he was promoted to colonel.  He retired from the Army on August 31, 1883.

Posts
Ekin served at Pittsburgh, as acting assistant commissary of subsistence in 1861; at Indianapolis, Indiana, as assistant quartermaster, 1861–1863; at Washington, D.C., as quartermaster of the cavalry bureau, 1863–1864; as chief quartermaster of the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac, in 1864; as officer in charge of the 1st division, Quartermaster General's Office, Washington, D.C., 1864–1870; as chief quartermaster of the 5th District, Department of Texas, Department of the South, and Department of Louisville, Kentucky until his retirement.

Family
Ekin married Diana Craighead Walker and together they had five children:  James Adams (1844–1847), Nancy Walker (1845–1868), Mary Elizabeth (1847–1934), Susan Bayard (1849), and William Moody (1853–1907).  Mary Elizabeth Ekin married Augustus Everett Willson July 23, 1877, who served as the 36th Governor of Kentucky, 1907–1911.  William M. Ekin followed in his father's career and joined the U.S. Army, rising to the rank of captain in the Quartermaster's Department.

Ekin died March 27, 1891, in Louisville, Kentucky and was buried in Cave Hill National Cemetery.

In popular culture
Eakin is portrayed in the film The Conspirator (2010) by actor John Deifer.

See also

 List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H. & David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), 2001.
 Johnson, Rossiter (ed.).  The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans Vol. III (Boston, MA:  The Biographical Society), 1904. [See p. 409.]

External links

1819 births
1891 deaths
Union Army colonels
United States Army officers
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
People associated with the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
Military personnel from Pittsburgh

James A. Ekin


Mauldin or Mauldin Logging Camp is a ghost town in Montgomery County, Arkansas, United States.  Established in 1918 by Billy Mauldin in cooperation with Thomas Rosborough, it became heavily populated by 1922 by workers drawn to industries cutting and processing virgin timber in the area. It was located between Mount Ida and Pencil Bluff.

History

William W. Mauldin, known as Billy Mauldin, was born in Greer County, Texas, and in 1906 had homesteaded  where Mauldin would later be located. Billy Mauldin worked in cooperation with Thomas Whitaker "Whit" Rosborough, who had formed the Caddo River Timber Company in 1906, when he started the town of Rosboro, in Pike County. The town of Mauldin first began heavy production of timber in 1922. It was, like Graysonia, Arkansas, a "company-owned town", but did have a post office, school, church, and a large number of shotgun houses, along with business offices. The Caddo River Lumber Company built a railroad line from Womble (now Norman, Arkansas) to Mauldin, through the Gaston Settlement. The pine timber was shipped via train to mills in Glenwood and Rosboro, the latter of which was Rosborough's main mill.

For a time the town thrived. But the company, functioning on a "cut and move" theory, packed up and disassembled the entire town almost overnight, in 1933, having cut all the virgin timber in the immediate area. The town had two  ponds used to float logs. The ponds still exist today, located just outside Mount Ida on US Highway 270. Nothing remains today short of a few concrete blocks where the mill once stood, and the two ponds. Both ponds were turned into a fish hatchery in 1940. There is a vacant field to the side of the ponds where the town once stood. All the larger buildings were torn down, while the smaller ones were moved to a new site near Forester, in Scott County.

The Caddo River Lumber Company later sold the majority of the land they owned there to the US Forest Service. In 1939 Thomas Rosborough moved his entire operation to the northwest, settling in Springfield, Oregon, and taking with him large numbers of loyal employees. Today his company, called "Rosboro", is one of the only fully integrated timber operators in the United States. It is also one of the largest private timberland holders of the Pacific Northwest.

External links
Mauldin, Arkansas
Rosboro

Geography of Montgomery County, Arkansas
Ghost towns in Arkansas
Populated places established in 1922
Logging communities in the United States
Company towns in Arkansas

Mauldin, Arkansas


This page is a compilation of sports cars, coupés, roadsters, kit cars, supercars, hypercars, electric sports cars, race cars, and super SUVs, both discontinued and still in production (or will be planned to produce).  Cars that have sport trims (such as the Honda Civic SI) will be listed under the sport trims section.  Production tunes will include cars modified by outside brands and then sold. This does not include in-house brands such as Ford's Special Vehicle Team, which will be included in the main list.  Some vehicles are sold under different brands, therefore some vehicles may be listed more than once but usually link to the same page.  Different countries/continents may also classify vehicles differently.

List of sports cars

High Speed SUVs

Sport Trims

Production Tunes

Sports cars
Sports cars

List of sports cars


Ramon Tabuena Jimenez (June 26, 1924 – July 22, 2013) was a prominent attorney in the Philippines specializing in labor law. He was notable for arbitrating high-profile labor disputes. He served as dean of the University of the Philippines School of Labor and Industrial Relations from 1963 to 1970. He was published in the International Encyclopaedia of Laws, representing Philippine labor law. He participated in decisions as an arbitrator which were cited by the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He published a textbook about employee relations. In 2003, Jimenez served as chairman of a panel of voluntary arbitrators and represented the body in cases involving labor law. He died in July 2013 aged 89.

Publications
 Industrial Relations and Labor Laws in Asia, editors Deere & Mitchell, Philippines section written by Ramon T. Jimenez

See also
 University of the Philippines School of Labor and Industrial Relations

References

1924 births
2013 deaths
20th-century Filipino lawyers
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Philippines

Ramon T. Jimenez


Carl Joseph Yvon Ouellet (born December 30, 1967) is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, PCO (originally a contraction of his long-term former ring name Pierre Carl Ouellet, but now standing for Perfect Creation One). He is currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where he is a former member of the Honor No More stable.

Ouellet is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation and World Championship Wrestling as one-half of The Quebecers/The Amazing French Canadians with Jacques Rougeau (with whom he held the WWF Tag Team Championship on three occasions). After retiring in 2011, Ouellet returned to the ring in 2016, undergoing a career renaissance with the gimmick of "part beast-turned-man, part old-time strongman". From 2018 to 2021, Ouellet wrestled for Ring of Honor (ROH), where he was a ROH World Champion, ROH World Tag Team Champion, and ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champion. Other promotions Ouellet has wrestled for include Extreme Championship Wrestling, the International Wrestling Association, and Major League Wrestling.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1987–1993)
Carl Ouellet debuted in 1987. He worked on the independent circuit – at one point forming a tag team with "Evil" Eddie Watts known as the "Super Bees".

He also worked in South Africa and Germany.

In January 1993, Ouellet began wrestling for the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico. While working in Puerto Rico, he was offered a try-out with the World Wrestling Federation.

World Wrestling Federation (1993–1995)

The Quebecers (1993–1994)

In 1993, Ouellet joined the World Wrestling Federation as the tag team partner of Jacques Rougeau. As one half of The Quebecers, Ouellet adopted the name "Pierre" and dressed like Mounties. This was a reference to Jacques's previous gimmick, The Mountie, which had been banned in Canada due to concern that the heelish character of The Mountie would lead to children mistrusting legitimate Mounties. The Quebecers sang their own entrance theme, in which they stated that, contrary to appearances, "We're not the Mounties". Later in the year they were joined by manager, Johnny Polo.

The Quebecers held the WWF Tag Team Championship on three occasions. On September 13, 1993, they defeated the Steiner Brothers for the tag titles (under "Province of Quebec Rules", which provided for titles changing hands on disqualifications). They were defeated by the 1-2-3 Kid and Marty Jannetty on January 10, 1994, and again by Men on a Mission on March 29 (during a tour of England) but each time regained the titles within days. They lost the belts a third and final time to The Headshrinkers on the May 2 episode of Monday Night Raw in Burlington, Vermont. After losing to The Headshrinkers at a house show in July, that led to Pierre's sneak attack on Jacques. The feud culminated in the former partners' wrestling one another in Rougeau's retirement match on October 21, 1994, in Montreal, main-eventing a sold-out house show. After Jacques retired, Ouellet worked in house shows.

Jean-Pierre LaFitte (1995)

In March 1995, Ouellet was repackaged as "Jean-Pierre LaFitte", the supposed descendant of the pirate Jean LaFitte. As a pirate he wore an eyepatch over his blind right eye. He engaged in a three-month feud with Bret Hart and stole the mirrored sunglasses that Hart handed to fans at ringside. After LaFitte stole Hart's trademark leather jacket, the enemies faced one another at In Your House 3 on September 24, 1995, where Hart forced Ouellet to submit by using the Sharpshooter. In his Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Dave Meltzer described this pay-per-view match as the "show saver" and an "excellent match." Hart later recalled, "In a lot of ways, I loved working with guys like him. He was a guy, that when he threw you in the ropes, he really threw you in the rope...everything he did was power, and at the same time he was a very safe guy.... He took a lot of pride in his work, he really wanted to have a great match with me...And so we worked really hard, and it was a really good match."

Ouellet's WWF career came to an end after an alleged legitimate conflict with The Kliq, a backstage group including main-event wrestlers Shawn Michaels and Diesel. According to Shane Douglas, who was working with the company at that time, a match pitting LaFitte against Nash, then the WWF Champion, in a house show in LaFitte's hometown Montreal was booked to end without a clean finish, with Lafitte winning by either DQ or countout, enabling the WWF to return to Montreal for a rematch at a later time. However, due to backstage politicking by Shawn Michaels the booking was reversed into a clean pinfall for Diesel. In turn, LaFitte refused to be pinned by Diesel and the match ended in a double-countout. Due to his refusal to put Diesel over, LaFitte was buried due to the Kliq's influence. Ouellet left the WWF in November 1995.

World Championship Wrestling (1996–1997)

In September 1996, Ouellet reunited with Jacques Rougeau and moved to World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where the duo was known as The Amazing French Canadians. They wore more traditional wrestling gear, but failed to duplicate the success they had found in the WWF. They had the distinction of losing to Arn Anderson and Steve "Mongo" McMichael in Anderson's last match.

The Amazing French Canadians were managed by Col. Robert Parker (who began dressing in a French Foreign Legion uniform), and they began feuding with Harlem Heat as a result of tension between Parker and Harlem Heat's manager, Sister Sherri. After Harlem Heat defeated the Amazing French Canadians at World War 3 on November 24, 1996, Sherri won the right to fight Parker for three minutes. Parker was beaten down by Sherri, but the rivals later reconciled and fell in love with one another.

In April 1997, Ouellet won a 'patch match' against The Giant in a house show in Montreal via disqualification. He made his final appearance with WCW on the June 16, 1997, episode of Nitro, with he and Jacques losing to Harlem Heat.

Catch Wrestling Association (1997)
From September to December 1997, Ouellet wrestled for the Catch Wrestling Association in Hanover and Bremen in Germany. Wrestling as "Jean-Pierre LaFitte", he competed in both the Catch Cup and the International Catch Cup.

Return to WWF (1998–2000)

Along with Jacques, Ouellet was rehired by the WWF in January 1998. Ouellet competed in the Brawl for All tournament, but lost in the first round to "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. The Quebecers took part in the tag team battle royal at WrestleMania XIV, but disbanded once again soon afterward. Along with other WWF employees such as Bart Gunn and Vader, he worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling as part of a talent loan, and spent time in the WWF's Memphis based developmental territory, Power Pro Wrestling, where he was known as "Kris Kannonball". He left the WWF once more when his contract expired in January 2000, unhappy with the way he was being used.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000)
Ouellet began working for Extreme Championship Wrestling in mid-2000, squashing jobbers for several weeks before losing to Justin Credible in a match for Credible's ECW World Heavyweight Championship.

Return to WCW (2000)

Ouellet and Rougeau had a second run in WCW in August 2000, briefly joining Team Canada at the New Blood Rising pay-per-view. Rougeau—who had additionally served as a guest referee in Lance Storm's win over Mike Awesome—left immediately afterwards, upset with the WCW creative team's plans for him, while Ouellet worked two more dates in Canada and was awarded the WCW Hardcore Championship by Storm on August 14 as Storm held three different titles at the same time. He lost the title that same night to Norman Smiley.

Due to working visa issues, Ouellet could not work in the US, and had to be released back to Canada soon after.

Independent circuit (2000–2005)
Between 2000 and 2003, Ouellet appeared with Rougeau's International Wrestling 2000 promotion. He headlined an event in the Verdun Auditorium in Montreal on December 29, 2000, facing King Kong Bundy in front of an audience of 4,000. In the summer of 2003 Ouellet decided to begin wrestling in the Quebec area once more.

Ouellet returned to the Puerto Rican promotion International Wrestling Association, this time wrestling as Jean-Pierre Laffite. He was brought in by Savio Vega to join his stable, The corporation. Immediately he feuded with then-IWA Intercontinental Champion Ricky Banderas, a feud that lasted around 3 months. He was managed by José Chaparro, another member of Vega's Corporation. At Summer Attitude, after a losing effort to Ricky Banderas. In April 2005 defeated Banderas to win IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship for first time in his career. Lafitte left IWA.

NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003, 2005–2007)
In November 2003, Ouellet debuted in NWA Total Nonstop Action as "X", a masked wrestler who competed primarily in the X Division as he had a feud with Christopher Daniels and Sonjay Dutt. He left after two months.

In February 2005, Ouellet began hosting the French version of TNA Impact! from the RDS studios with Marc Blondin, replacing Michel Letourneur. He even had a war of the words against comedian Jean-René Dufort (of Infoman fame), to which Dufort responded by adopting the wrestling gimmick "La Punaise Masquée" (The Masked Tick) and "challenging" Ouellet to a match. However, Dufort backed out before the match could take place. In October 2007 he quit the company and was replaced by Sylvain Grenier.

Independent circuit (2005–2011)
In the mid-2000s, Ouellet wrestled for the Montreal-based International Wrestling Syndicate and the Hull-based CPW International promotion, under the "Pierre Carl Ouellet" name once again. In October 2007, Ouellet wrestled a dark match for World Wrestling Entertainment under the name of "Carl Ouellet" at the ECW / SmackDown! tapings. He was defeated by Tommy Dreamer.

Ouellet also wrestled for All-Star promotions in Britain alongside his friends and tag team partners with Rene Dupree. Ouellet has mainly been working a lot of Tag Team matches with Rene Dupree, Robbie Dynamite, Hannibal and Mikey Whiplash. He defeated Sylvain Grenier in an RDS battle on June 21, 2008, in Hawkesbury, Ontario Canada with Marc Blondin serving as the special referee. In July 2008, Ouellet lost to Charlie Haas on Monday Night Raw in a dark match. In an interview with Slam! Sports on August 6, 2008, Ouellet declared that he would like another stint with the WWE. He then defeated long-time rival Kevin Nash on May 30, 2009, at the International Wrestling Syndicate's 10th Anniversary show by making him submit via an armbar.

Ouellet retired from professional wrestling on February 8, 2011.

Return to the independent circuit (2016–2018)

On May 21, 2016, Ouellet made his return to professional wrestling at an MWF event, entitled "Collision," in Valleyfield, Quebec, Canada, defeating Jake Matthews, following a cannonball. On November 5, 2017, Ouellet, as "Quebecer" Jean-Pierre Lafitte, defeated Hannibal to win the Great North Wrestling Canadian Championship in Rockland, ON. On May 25, 2018, Ouellet was defeated by Hannibal via disqualification in a Great North Wrestling Championship rematch in Pembroke, ON.  Post-match, Ouellet was stripped of the championship for his assault on GNW President, Michael Andrews. Under a new gimmick as a "French Frankenstein" as Ouellet described it, he became a regular name in several independent promotions. On April 2, 2018, Ouellet defeated Walter at Game Changer Wrestling's (GCW) Joey Janela's Spring Break 2 in New Orleans. Ouellet's performance and online footage of his unconventional workout regimen impressed the independent wrestling audience, and led to many higher-profile bookings.

On June 18, 2018, Ouellet was announced as the first of twenty-four participants for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's (PWG) annual Battle of Los Angeles tournament. At 2018 Battle of Los Angeles – Stage One on September 15, he made his company debut, losing to Brody King in the Opening Round. Two nights later, at 2018 Battle of Los Angeles – Final Stage, he led a losers' ten-man tag team match, in which Team PCO (Ouellet, Darby Allin, Dan Barry, Jody Fleisch and Puma King) defeated Team DJ Z (DJ Z, Adam Brooks, David Starr, T-Hawk and Timothy Thatcher).

Ring of Honor (2018–2021)
On December 1, 2018, Ouellet announced his exclusive signing with Ring of Honor. He debuted for ROH at the December 15 tapings joining up with Marty Scurll and Brody King in a new stable called Villain Enterprises. At Honor Reigns Supreme 2019, Villain Enterprises defeated Silas Young and the Briscoe Brothers. PCO and King would then go on to win the 2019 ROH Tag Wars Tournament during the ROH Road To G1 Supercard tour in February 2019, and on March 15, 2019, he and King defeated the Briscoes to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the first time in a Las Vegas street fight at the ROH 17th Anniversary Show. The following night at the Ring of Honor Wrestling tapings, PCO, King and Scurll defeated The Kingdom to win the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship, making PCO a double champion within a 24-hour span.

At the G1 Supercard, PCO and King dropped the ROH World Tag Team Championship to the Guerrillas of Destiny in a winner takes all four-way tag team match also including the Briscoe Brothers and Evil and Sanada, with G.O.D.'s IWGP Tag Team Championship belts also on the line. In a Six Man Tag title defence, PCO would get the winning fall over ROH World Champion Matt Taven, which gave him a future title opportunity.

On April 27 at the 2019 Crockett Cup event, PCO and King won the eight-team tournament (winning three matches in the same night) to not only win the Crockett Cup Trophy, but also win the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship as well. At War of the Worlds, PCO challenged ROH World Champion Matt Taven for the championship, however he was defeated. The following night, PCO continued his feud with Taven by attacking Taven following his win over Mark Haskins. PCO would then compete in a Four Corner Survival match to determine the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship which was won by Jeff Cobb. At State of the Art, PCO competed in a DEFY or DENY match for the ROH World Championship which was won by Taven. At Death Before Dishonor XVII, PCO defeated Kenny King in a First-round match in the Final Battle ROH World Championship #1 contender tournament. At Glory By Honor XVII, PCO defeated fellow member of Villain Enterprises Marty Scurll in the finals of the tournament to become the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship. At Final Battle, PCO defeated Rush to become the ROH World Champion, in the process once again becoming a double champion in ROH, as well as becoming a world champion for the first time in his career. After his title win, Villain Enterpraises feuded with Rush's La Facción Ingobernable, retaining the World title against Dragon Lee, but losing against Rush on February 29. at Best in the World, PCO and Danhausen defeated The Bouncers (Brian Milonas and Beer City Bruiser).

Return to Impact Wrestling (2022–present)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, PCO made his return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, appeared along with Matt Taven, Vincent, Mike Bennett, and Maria, attacking Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino. On January 13, it was revealed that PCO had signed a contract with Impact. on the January 27 episode of Impact Wrestling, PCO defeated Chris Sabin. At No Surrender, Honor No More (Matt Taven, PCO, Mike Bennett, Vincent, and Kenny King) defeated Team Impact (Chris Sabin, Rhino, Rich Swann, Steve Maclin, and Willie Mack) in a 10-man tag team match to remain in Impact. At Sacrifice, PCO lost to Jonah. At Multiverse of Matches, PCO and Moose lost to Josh Alexander and Jonah. On the April 14 episode of Impact Wrestling, PCO lost to Jonah. On April 24 PCO defeated Jonah in a Monsters Ball match in Poughkeepsie NY for a TV episode to be aired on May 5.

On October 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, PCO would turn face by leaving Honor No More attacking his partners after Eddie Edwards quoted, "PCO is nothing but a bitch!"

Lucha Libre AAA (2023)
PCO made his Mexico debut on March 19, 2023, for Lucha Libre AAA At the Lucha Libre World Cup in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Personal life
Ouellet lost vision in his right eye at the age of 12 after an accident with a pellet gun.

Championships and accomplishments
 Black Label Pro
 BLP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Catch Wrestling Association
 CWA World Tag Team Champion (1 time) – with Rhino Richards
 CPW International
 CPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dangerous Dan
 International Wrestling Association
 IWA Intercontinental Championship (1 time)
 Game Changer Wrestling
 GCW Extreme Championship (1 time)
 Great North Wrestling
 GNW Canadian Championship (1 time)
 International Wrestling Syndicate
 IWS World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Tag Team Royal Rumble (2004) – with Sid Vicious
 Jonquiere Championship Wrestling
 JCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 World Cup Lucha Libre World Cup Award (1 time)
 Men's MVP (2023)
 National Wrestling Alliance
 NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brody King
 Crockett Cup (2019) – with Brody King
 North Pro Wrestling
 NPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 393 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 Ranked No. 31 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020
 Ranked No. 83 of the top 100 tag teams of the PWI Years with Jacques Rougeau in 2003
 Ring of Honor
 ROH World Championship (1 time)
 ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brody King and Marty Scurll
 ROH World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brody King
 Tag Wars (2019) – with Brody King
 ROH World Championship No.1 Contendership Tournament (2019)
 ROH Year-End Award (2 times)
 Holy S*** Moment of the Year (2019)
 Faction of the Year (2019) –
 Top of the World Wrestling
 TOW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Al Snow
 World Championship Wrestling
 WCW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 World Wrestling Federation
 WWF Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Quebecer Jacques
 Xtreme Zone Wrestling
 XZW Ironman Championship (1 time)

References

External links

1967 births
1987 professional wrestling debuts
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
Canadian blind people
Canadian disabled sportspeople
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Fictional pirates
French Quebecers
Living people
NWA World Tag Team Champions
People from Montérégie
Professional wrestlers from Quebec
Professional wrestlers who use face paint
Professional wrestling announcers
ROH World Champions
ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champions
ROH World Tag Team Champions
Stud Stable members
Villain Enterprises members
World Tag Team Champions (WWE)

Pierre Carl Ouellet


Cockermouth  is a market town and civil parish in the Cumberland unitary area of Cumbria, England, so named because it is at the confluence of the River Cocker as it flows into the River Derwent.  The mid-2010 census estimates state that Cockermouth has a population of 8,204, increasing to 8,761 at the 2011 Census.

Historically a part of Cumberland, Cockermouth is situated outside the English Lake District on its northwest fringe. Much of the architectural core of the town remains unchanged since the basic medieval layout was filled in the 18th and 19th centuries. The regenerated market place is now a central historical focus within the town and reflects events from its 800-year history. The town is prone to flooding and experienced severe floods in 2005, 2009, and 2015.

Mary, Queen of Scots came to Cockermouth in 1568, after her defeat at the Battle of Langside. She is said to have stayed at the house of Henry Fletcher (died 1574) who gave her a velvet gown, and she later sent him a letter of thanks. Fletcher's son moved from Cockermouth to Moresby Hall in Parton, Cumbria.

Etymology
Cockermouth is "the mouth of the River Cocker"; the river takes its name from the Brythonic Celtic word , meaning 'the crooked one'. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.

Geography
Cockermouth owes its existence to the confluence of the rivers Cocker and Derwent, being the lowest point, historically, at which the resultant fast flowing river powered by the Lake District could be bridged. Cockermouth is situated a few minutes' travelling distance from lakes such as Buttermere, Crummock Water, Loweswater, and Bassenthwaite.

Governance
The town is part of the parliamentary constituency of Workington. In the December 2019 general election, the Tory candidate for Workington, Mark Jenkinson, was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP), overturning a 9.4 per cent Labour majority from the 2017 election to eject shadow environment secretary Sue Hayman by a margin of 4,136 votes. Until the December 2019 general election, Labour had won the seat in every general election since 1979; the Conservatives have only been elected in Workington one other time since World War II, at the 1976 by-election, after three decades of service by Fred Peart. The town historically has been a Labour-supporting area.

Prior to Brexit for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEPs for the North West England constituency.

Since April 2023, for local administration purposes, Cockermouth is in the Cumberland (unitary authority) area.

Climate
Cockermouth has a temperate climate that is influenced by the Irish Sea and its low-lying elevation. Cockermouth receives slightly below average rainfall compared with the UK average. Temperatures are also round about average compared with other parts of the UK. The nearest weather station for which online records are available is Aspatria, about  north-northeast of the town centre.

The hottest temperatures recorded in the area were  at Lorton on 19 July 2006 and  at Aspatria during August 1990, with the coldest being  during January 1982 at Aspatria and  at Lorton on 8 December 2010. West Cumbria gets relatively little snow in comparison with the Lake District and Eastern Cumbria, owing to its proximity to the Irish Sea and its low height above sea level.

History
The Romans built a fort at Derventio Carvetiorum, now the adjoining village of Papcastle, to protect the river crossing on a major route for troops heading towards Hadrian's Wall.

The main town developed under the Normans who, after occupying the former Roman fort, built Cockermouth Castle closer to the river crossing: little remains today of the castle thanks to the efforts of Robert the Bruce. The market town developed its distinctive medieval layout, of a broad main street of burgesses' houses, each with a burgage plot stretching to a "back lane": the Derwent bank on the north and Back Lane (now South Street), on the south. The layout is largely preserved, leading the British Council for Archaeology to say in 1965 that it was worthy of special care in preservation and development.

Although Carlisle was considered the county town of Cumberland, Cockermouth shared the county assizes with Carlisle, and prior to the Reform Act 1832 was the usual venue for electing knights of the shire as MPs for Cumberland. Cockermouth borough was also a parliamentary borough from 1641 to 1918, returning two MPs until 1868 and one thereafter.

Market centre
The town market pre-dates 1221, when the market day was changed from Saturday to Monday. Market charters were granted in 1221 and 1227 by King Henry III, although this does not preclude the much earlier existence of a market in the town. In recent times, the trading farmers market now only occurs seasonally, replaced by weekend continental and craft markets.

In the days when opening hours of public houses were restricted, the fact that the pubs in Cockermouth could open all day on market days made the town a popular destination for drinkers, especially on Bank Holiday Mondays. The Market Bell remains as a reminder of this period (inset into a wall opposite the Allerdale Hotel), while the 1761 and Castle pub (which spans three floors) have been renovated to reveal medieval stonework and 16th and 18th-century features.

Architecture

Much of the centre of the town is of medieval origin, substantially rebuilt in Georgian style with Victorian infill. The tree-lined Kirkgate offers examples of unspoilt classical late 17th and 18th-century terraced housing, cobbled paving and curving lanes which run steeply down to the River Cocker. Most of the buildings are of traditional slate and stone construction with thick walls and green Skiddaw slate roofs.

Many of the facades lining the streets are frontages for historic housing in alleyways and lanes (often maintaining medieval street patterns) to the rear. There are examples of Georgian residences  near the Market Place, St. Helens Street, at the bottom of Castlegate Drive and Kirkgate.

Cockermouth may have been the first town in Britain to have piloted electric lighting. In 1881 six electric lamps were set up to light the town, together with gas oil lamps in the back streets. The electrical service was intermittent, so the town returned to gas lighting.

In 1964, Cockermouth was named one of 51 'Gem Towns' in the UK, by the Council for British Archaeology. This recognised the importance of the historic buildings, and the need for effective traffic management and urban development.

Present

The centre of Cockermouth retains much of its historic character and the renovation of Market Place has been completed, now with an artistic and community focus. The Kirkgate Centre is the town's major cultural focus and offers regular historical displays by the Cockermouth Heritage Group in addition to holding major cultural events including theatre, international music and world cinema. The tree-lined main street boasts a statue of Lord Mayo, formerly an MP for Cockermouth, who became British Viceroy of India and whose subsequent claim to fame was that he was assassinated.

The renovated arts and cultural zone in the 13th-century Market Place has undergone something of a "regeneration" following European Union funding, and is now pedestrian-friendly adorned with stone paving and roadways, underground lighting and controversial seating in bright colours to reflect the area's facades. Pavement art and stonework commemorate eclectic historical events, John Dalton's atomic theory, local dialect, flooding and a curious range other memorabilia.

A cycleway runs along the former Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway route, and spans a high bridge over the Cocker affording views of the town and river-scape.

Cockermouth suffered badly in the nationwide flood on 19 and 20 November 2009. Over 200 people needed to be rescued, with helicopters from RAF Valley, RAF Boulmer and RAF Leconfield retrieving about 50 and the remainder being rescued by boats, including those of the RNLI. Water levels in the town centre were reported to be as high as  and flowing at a rate of 25 knots.
Many historic buildings on and adjacent to Main Street sustained severe damage, as did a number of bridges in and around the town. Recovery from the devastation was slow, with residents placed in temporary accommodation and some businesses temporarily relocated to Mitchells auction mart. By the summer of 2011 most of the damage had been repaired and buildings re-occupied, though some remained empty or boarded up.

Flooding occurred again in 2015 when the River Derwent burst its banks on 5 December, with several hundred homes and businesses affected.

Landmarks

Cockermouth Castle is a sizeable but partly ruined Norman castle, formerly the home of the late Pamela, The Dowager Lady Egremont. Built at the confluence of the Rivers Cocker and Derwent, the castle has a tilting tower which hangs Pisa-like over Jennings Brewery. The castle, with its preserved dungeons, is only opened to the public once a year during the annual town festival.

Wordsworth House, the birthplace of William Wordsworth, has been restored following extensive damage during the November 2009 floods, and features a working 18th-century kitchen and children's bedroom with toys and clothes of the times. Harris Park offers riverside walks and views down over the historic town.

Jennings Brewery offers regular public tours and occasional carriage rides pulled by a shire horse.

Cockermouth Town Hall is a former chapel which was converted for municipal use in 1934.

Culturally, the Kirkgate Centre offers international music, heritage, theatre and world cinema (including critically acclaimed and art-house movies on Monday evenings) and the town has an annual festival of concerts and performances each summer. Cockermouth has an annual Easter Fair, fireworks display and carnival. In April 2005 it hosted its first Georgian Fair, which was repeated in 2006, again in May 2008 and 2010, with the next fair on 2 May 2015. At Christmas the town presents festive lighting throughout its main and subsidiary streets, accompanied by competing shop displays.

The main cemetery on the Lorton Road is something of a walker's garden, featuring streams, humped stone bridges and views of the nearby fells.

The adjoining village of Papcastle is also picturesque in its own right, and stands on the site of the Roman fort of Derventio (Papcastle), lined with grand 18th- and 19th-century houses.

 northwest of the town lies Dovenby Hall Estate, a  park and woodland estate. Dovenby Hall is the home of the Ford Rally team. The estate was bought in January 1998 by Malcolm Wilson for his M-Sport motorsport team and that was selected in 1996 by Ford Motorsport to build, prepare and run a fleet of cars for entry into the World Rally Championship.

Economy and services
Built as a market town, close to a fast-flowing river in a farming area with a tradition of cloth weaving, Cockermouth became a hub for spinning and weaving. The town had a fulling mill by 1156 and by the mid-19th century there were over forty industrial sites; mills (wool, linen, cotton), hat factories, tanneries and smaller concerns making chairs, churns, mangle rollers, nails and farm machinery.

With the need for steam power, industrialisation declined, but the coming of the railway and the Victorian holiday, together with the power of Wordsworth's publications, meant that Cockermouth became an early inland tourist centre. The local economy is still reliant today on farming and tourism, with light industrial facilities servicing local needs. Industrialisation and hence work has moved to the west coast around Carlisle and Workington, and includes servicing the nuclear facilities at Sellafield.

Road haulier Lawsons Haulage Limited is a major employer in the town.

Education
Cockermouth has three primary schools:
 Fairfield Primary School,
 All Saints Church of England Primary School,
 St. Joseph's Catholic Primary School.

Cockermouth School is a comprehensive secondary school with around 1400 pupils including 310 sixth formers. The current Headteacher is Mr R J King. Cockermouth School won the regional championship in the north of England for the kids lit quiz 2009 coming 1st with 92 points

Transport
The nearest motorway is the M6 junction 40 at Penrith, which is   away via the A66.

The Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway served the town. The original Cockermouth & Workington Railway station was replaced on a new alignment when the Cockermouth railway station opened to passenger traffic on 2 January 1865. The station was immortalised in 1964 in the song "Slow Train" by Flanders and Swann. The station closed on 18 April 1966 and has been completely removed. The site is now occupied by Cockermouth Mountain Rescue and the town's fire station, operated by Cumbria Fire and Rescue Service. The old trackbed is now a public walkway, with the nearest railway stations now being Maryport on the Cumbrian Coast Line, and Penrith and Carlisle, the latter two located on the West Coast Main Line.

The main bus services in Cockermouth are the Stagcoach Cumbria bus routes X4 & X5 which connect Workington, Keswick and Penrith with Cockermouth.  Combined, these services run every half hour - normally by Stagecoach's luxury gold buses. Cockermouth town services C1/C2/C3 also are operated by Stagecoach.  Also, a Stagecoach bus route - 600 - goes to Carlisle.  A no longer free bus service 77C operates between Cockermouth and Buttermere with five return services per day by Stagecoach Cumbria. Other bus routes operated by operators such as Ellenvale Coaches run too.

The nearest major airport is Newcastle Airport. Leeds Bradford International Airport is a little further away, and further again is Manchester Airport, which offers a wider choice of destinations.

Two cycle routes pass through the town, the Sea to Sea Cycle Route from Workington to Tyneside, and the Reivers Cycle Route.

Sports and leisure
Cockermouth has a sports centre with swimming pool, two gyms, and two parks with riverside walks.

Cockermouth Cricket Club is one of the town's most successful and best supported sports teams. They play their home games at the Sandair Ground, located just off Gote Road. The First XI play in the North Lancashire and Cumbria League Premier Division, Second XI in the third tier of the same league. The club's Third XI play in the Cumbria Cricket League. The thriving junior section of the club runs from u11 up to u15. The current Club Captain is former Northamptonshire County Cricket Club batsman, Gareth White and for the 2015 season, the club's Overseas Professional is Fahad Masood, who has represented Pakistan 'A' in international cricket.

Cockermouth School has an Astroturf pitch used for community football, including the local 6-a-side league.

Cockermouth Rugby Football Club is based at the former Cockermouth Grammar School site and in 1987 played the first ever rugby union league match when they played Kirkby Lonsdale when the Rugby Union formed national and regional leagues, the precursors of what have now become the national and premier leagues.

The town has a youth football club, Cockermouth F.C. In the 2007–2008 season, the Under 12 team were County Cup Champions. Cockermouth beat Allerdale Leisure, from Workington, 1–0 in the final.

Notable residents
The town was the birthplace of William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and Dorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855).

Others include:

Dorothy Bradford (1918–2008), painter and printmaker
Fletcher Christian (1764 in Eaglesfield – 1793 in Pitcairn), leader of the  mutiny
John Dalton (1766 in Eaglesfield – 1844), chemist, physicist and meteorologist; introduced the atomic theory into chemistry
Fearon Fallows (1788–1831), English astronomer & Astronomer Royal
Luke Greenbank, swimmer
Robert Milham Hartley (1796–1881), US emigrant & agent of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor
Robinson Mitchell (1821–1888), pioneer auctioneer
Ben Stokes (born 1991), cricketer
Jeff Thorpe (born 1972), retired footballer
Gareth White (born 1979), cricketer
Sir Joseph Williamson (1633 at Bridekirk – 1701), civil servant, diplomat and politician
Matthew Wilson (born 1987), rally driver.

Twin town
 Marvejols, France

See also

Listed buildings in Cockermouth

References

External links

  Cumbria County History Trust: Cockermouth (nb: provisional research only – see Talk page)
Cockermouth Town Council
Cockermouth at the Open Directory project
Life in 19th century Cockermouth and the Cragg Family

Towns in Cumbria
Civil parishes in Cumbria
Cumberland (unitary authority)

Cockermouth


Fort Lytton National Park is a national park in Lytton, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Its main attraction is Fort Lytton Historic Military Precinct, providing guided tours of historic Fort Lytton, a museum and re-enactments.  The park was created in 1990 as Queensland's first historic national park. It initially contained only heritage-listed Fort Lytton, a colonial coastal fort that continued to operate as a military base until after the Second World War. The park was extended in 1999 to include Lytton Quarantine Station which occupied adjacent land. The Quarantine Station is also heritage-listed, but is only open to the public on special occasions.

The park is  northeast of the Brisbane CBD near the mouth of the Brisbane River.

Fort Lytton
Fort Lytton was constructed in 1880–1881 to protect both the city and the port from naval attack.  After the Australian colonies  became a federation (the Commonwealth of Australia) in 1901, the fort and the land on which it stood were transferred to the Commonwealth. Fort Lytton continued to operate as a military base until shortly after the Second World War (WW2). It was closed down progressively, the last operation to close being the signal station which closed in 1965. The land and fort were sold to the Ampol oil company in 1963, as the site for the Lytton Oil Refinery. The land contained three parcels that had particular historic significance. These were the land containing the original fort, the land containing Lytton Hill, and the land containing the remains of a WW2 heavy anti-aircraft battery. In 1988 Ampol transferred the parcel containing the original fort to the Queensland Government, and this became Fort Lytton National Park in 1990.

Fort Lytton is open free on Sundays, most public holidays and other special occasions. It features both guided and self-guided tours of the historic fort and other military structures, a military museum and regular historic re-enactments (although not every week). Access to the park at other times is by appointment only, and is subject to fees.

Lytton Quarantine Station

The Lytton Quarantine Station was established in 1913–1914, to accommodate newly arrived immigrants and persons considered to be at risk of causing infection to the general population. The quarantine station was on land adjacent to Fort Lytton. By the late 1980s the quarantine station had closed completely. In 1988 management of part of the quarantine site and buildings, including the quarantine station jetty, was taken over by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and was incorporated into Fort Lytton National Park in 1999. The quarantine station is only open to the public on special occasions, but visitors can always walk around the outside of the buildings. The Visitor and Information Centre (which is also the headquarters of Fort Lytton Historical Association) previously housed the quarantine station laundry.

The Quarantine Station is only open to the public on special occasions.

Fort Lytton Military Museum
The museum has a collection of over 2000 items which are distributed throughout the park including in 5 buildings, 6 gun pits, 2 shelter structures and several open air locations. Admission to the museum is free, although two of the buildings (the submarine mining building and the black powder rooms) can only be accessed on guided tours.

The Old Dining Hall houses a collection of over 10,000 artefacts pertaining to Queensland's military history. Entry to the museum is free.

Development of the national park
Soon after the creation of the national park in 1990, volunteers of the Royal Artillery Association of Queensland created a sub-branch to work with the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to develop a historic military exhibit for the public. That sub-branch became Fort Lytton Historical Association (FLHA) in 1999. FLHA is a non-profit volunteer organization which provides free guided tours of the Fort on Sundays and public holidays. It also operates the Visitor Information Centre and sells basic refreshments. FLHA seeks donations to cover its expenses.

In 2019, the Queensland Military Historical Society relocated from its former premises at Church Street, Fortitude Valley to the old Dining Hall at Fort Lytton.

References

External links

 Fort Lytton National Park
 Fort Lytton Historic Military Precinct
 Queensland Military Historical Society

National parks of South East Queensland
Protected areas established in 1990
Queensland places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Forts in Australia
Buildings and structures in Brisbane
Government buildings completed in 1881
Parks in Brisbane
Museums in Queensland
Military and war museums in Australia
Military buildings and structures in Queensland
Lytton, Queensland

Fort Lytton National Park


Ukase 43 was the 19 April 1943 ukase (decree) of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Its full title was "On measures for the punishment of German-Fascist criminals who are guilty of killing or maltreating Soviet civilians and Red Army prisoners-of-war and for the punishment of spies and traitors to their fatherland among Soviet citizens and their helpers". The law was directed at the German, Romanian, Hungarian, and Finnish personnel guilty of war crimes, as well as Soviet citizens who collaborated with the enemy.

Under the law, Soviet tribunals prosecuted members of the Wehrmacht, SS, SD, Order Police, and the Nazi civilian administration in the formerly occupied territories. The decree was issued on the same date as the Soviet authorities broke off relations with the Polish government-in-exile in the aftermath of the discovery of the site of the Katyn massacre. Ukase 43 can thus be viewed as part of the Soviet response to the diplomatic crisis, aimed at drawing the attention of the world public to the crimes of Germany and its allies.

See also
Moscow Declarations

References

1943 in the Soviet Union
Soviet decrees

Ukaz 43


Liesel Bach (14 June 1905 – 22 January 1992) was a German aerobatic pilot and flight instructor. She was the first woman to fly over Mount Everest.

Biography
Bach was born in Bonn, Germany, on 14 June 1905. Her first interest in aviation was in gliding, which she learned as member of the Hangelaer Aviation Association. In 1929, a flight instructor from Cologne landed at Hangelaer with a student pilot and Bach asked him if he would teach her to fly. He agreed, and Bach started lessons with him at s Butzweilerhof Airport in Cologne a short time later. In November that year, she earned her pilot's license. She immediately began learning aerobatics and, in April 1930, passed her aerobatics license test and also won a German aerobatic flying competition. She went on to compete in other aerobatic competitions, including an international meeting in Milan, Italy, in 1930, during which Luzie Byczkowsky parachuted from her plane, and another in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1932, where she was placed fourth. She also competed in the IV International Flugmeetings contest in Zürich in August 1937. She was also a frequent performer at demonstration events for Butzweilerhof Airport. In 1931, she gained her flight instructor's license.

In March 1932, Bach was asked to fly a plane pulling a propaganda sign for Adolf Hitler, who was standing in the 1932 presidential election. Colleagues of hers threatened sabotage and exclusion from the airport if she agreed to this, but she and two other pilots accepted the request and flew over Cologne with the election banner "Choose Hitler!". This action was greatly criticised by many people at the time. In 2006, a suggestion to name a street in Cologne after her was rejected because of this incident, which was seen as showing support for Hitler. Her name was given to a street in Flugfeld area in Böblingen in 2012.

During World War II, recreational flying was banned and Bach was instead assigned to an air transport squadron. She was responsible for transferring aircraft from manufacturing plants to airfields and bases.

In December 1950, Bach was invited to India by the Indian government. She was initially based at Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow and, in 1951, she competed in an international aerobatics competition at Kanpur, at which she won first place. In the same year, she flew over the Himalayan mountains, thus becoming the first woman to fly over Mount Everest. In 1952, Bach successfully defended her international aerobatics title at a competition in Sri Lanka. In 1953, she returned to Germany, driving her Ford Taunus car from India back to Cologne. The Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, expressed his thanks to her for deepening German-Indian relations.

In Cologne, Bach continued to fly as an aerobatic pilot and, in 1981, was instrumental in founding a leisure flying club in the city. In 1986, she was given honorary membership of the newly opened aviation museum at Butzweilerhof Airport.

Bach moved to Bandol, in the south of France, on her retirement. She died there on 22 January 1992.

References

External links

1905 births
1992 deaths
Aerobatic pilots
German women aviators
German flight instructors
German glider pilots
Nazi propagandists
People from Bonn
20th-century German women

Liesel Bach


Death Turns the Tables, first published in 1941 (first UK publication 1942 as The Seat of the Scornful), is a detective story by John Dickson Carr which features Carr's series detective Gideon Fell.  This novel is a mystery of the type known as a whodunnit.

Plot summary

Mr. Justice Ireton believes that, when presented with circumstantial evidence about a crime, he can unerringly penetrate to the truth.  He also believes that he can pay off handsome Anthony Morrell to break off his engagement with the judge's daughter Constance, in the hopes that Constance will marry the judge's assistant Fred Barlow (which would very much displease wealthy society girl Jane Tennant, who loves Barlow).  However, there are a few problems that will stand in the way of that arrangement; notably, that the judge is broke and Tony Morrell cannot be bought off, although he is known to enjoy exacting revenge for slights both real and imagined.  When Morrell is found dead in the Iretons' seaside cottage, a great deal of circumstantial evidence points to the judge, who cannot think of how to divert suspicion.  It takes Gideon Fell to make sense of some very unusual pieces of evidence, which include a piece of chewing gum and an overstuffed pillow marked "Souvenir of Canada", and determine how Tony Morrell met his death.

1941 American novels
Novels by John Dickson Carr
Hamish Hamilton books
Harper & Brothers books

Death Turns the Tables


Zofis and Koko are fictional characters from the manga and anime series Zatch Bell!.

Zofis
Age: 14 years old
Spellbook color: dark magenta
Spell atribute: explosion
First spell: Radom (ラドム, Radomu)
Hobbies: chess, shogi, commanding, playing with human hearts
Favorite food: fish, sheep, raspberry cake
Zofis (ゾフィス, Zofisu) is a one of Mamodo children who came to Human World to participate in the Mamodo Battle. The first time he appears in Sherry's flashback, in the chapter 54, and later he became the main antagonist of the Ancient Mamodo story arc.
Zofis is very strong and dangerous mamodo who wants to become king at any cost and rule with an iron fist. He likes to command and prefer others to do dirty work for him. Zofis freed the Ancient Mamodos, which were turned into the stone tablets in the previous Mamodo Battle, to create an army for himself.
Zofis main power is explosion, but he have many non-spell abilities that don't require partner to use.

Zofis is short and slim. He has long curly blonde hair, black eyes, soft facial features and dark colored lips. Due to his look, he was mistaken for female by some readers, but author confirmed Zofis is a male. Zofis wears a white robe and a big white hat. His legs are not visible and always hidden under the robe. When Zofis hides under the mask and a purple cape he introduce himself as Milordo-Z (ロード, Lord).

Zofis appears in episodes: 12, 48, 51, 53-59, 61, 68-71, 74-81, 83-88, 107, 145.

Zofis also appears in videogames:
Konjiki no Gashbell!!: Makai no Bookmark
Zatch Bell!: Mamodo Fury
Konjiki no Gashbell!!: Unare! Yuujou no Zakeru 2
Zatch Bell!: Mamodo Battles
Konjiki no Gashbell!!: Go! Go! Mamono Fight!!

Koko
Birthday: january 8th
Age: 18 years old
Blood type: A type
Height: 165 cm
Hobbies: mending, accessory making
Favorite food: omelette, apple pie
Favorite type:  hard-working person
Koko (ココ, Koko) is the partner of Zofis. She is a poor girl from France.
When she was a child, she saved Sherry from death and later they became best friends. Koko is kind and gentle, she had no interest in fighting and participating in the Mamodo Battle. But Zofis changed her and made her power-loving, full of hate and envy to her best friend Sherry. But at the same time, Zofis made Koko attached to him, and ready to give her life for him.

Koko has short brown hair and brown eyes but under Zofis' control her eyes changed to purple. Under his control her style are changed too, from casual to sophisticated.
Anime
Anime characters

Zofis and Koko


In the fields of optometry and ophthalmology, the Lancaster red-green test is a binocular, dissociative, subjective cover test that measures strabismus in the nine diagnostic positions of gaze.

The test is named after Walter Brackett Lancaster, who introduced it in 1939.

Test procedure
The patient wears red-green glasses, and two lights (one red, one green) are used, so that the patient thus sees each light with a different eye. One light is held by the clinician, the other by the patient. The clinician points the light to a screen, requesting the patient to bring the second light to align on top of it. The patient's eye positions are measured while the patient performs the test.

Advantageously, monocular occlusion is applied before the test for at least 30 minutes. This largely eliminates the neurologically learned fusional vergence tone ("vergence adaptation") that is present in patients who are able to achieve fusion in a limited area of gaze, as is often the case for patients with incomitant strabismus.

Scope
The Lancaster red-green test quantifies comitant and incomitant misalignments. It accurately assesses horizontal and vertical misalignments (heterotropia, heterophoria) as well as torsional misalignments (cyclotropia, cyclophoria) in all nine diagnostic gaze positions.

(Comitancy means that there is the same misalignment in all gaze directions. Incomitant misalignment, that is, a different misalignment of the eyes in different gaze directions, is typically present in patients with paralytic, mechanical or restrictive strabismus. The test allows to determine and accurately quantify also latent forms of strabism heterophoria).

There also exists a computerized version of the Lancaster red-green test.

References

Diagnostic ophthalmology
Optometry
Physical examination

Lancaster red-green test


"Definitions" is the first episode of the fifth season of the How I Met Your Mother TV series and 89th episode overall. It originally aired on September 21, 2009.

Plot

Future Ted explains how nervous he was his first day of teaching, when he was trying to figure out what kind of teacher he would be: formal disciplinarian or laid-back peer. Before the first class, Marshall gives Ted the gift of a worn leather fedora and whip, just like fictional professor Indiana Jones. That night, Ted has a dream about his first day. However, the dream quickly becomes a nightmare, causing Ted to wake in a panic and find Barney rifling through his nightstand for condoms.

At the first day of class, Ted quickly becomes anxious and alternates between being stern authority figure and laid-back buddy. Recalling his dream and deciding to take Barney's advice to not take any questions during the first class, Ted fails to learn from his students that he is in the wrong classroom. When the real professor arrives and announces that the class is for Economics, a humiliated Ted races across campus to his correct classroom. Exhausted and embarrassed, Ted does not have the energy to think about what kind of teacher he will be, and simply starts teaching, which turns out well. Future Ted adds that the mother had been in the Economics class, though he does not reveal where she had been sitting.

Meanwhile, after Barney and Robin finally confess their feelings towards each other, Lily is ecstatic to have another couple to double date with, but the two quickly tell her they are not dating. However, following the summer, they are caught making out on Ted's couch and admit that they spent the summer secretly having sex together. They say they have tried to have some discussion about their relationship ("the Talk"), only to discover that they hate talking about feelings and defining relationships. Later that night, Marshall's law school buddy Brad asks Robin out on a date to a hockey game.

At the arena, Robin is enthusiastic about the game, but admits that she feels weird going out with Brad, because she has feelings for Barney. Brad tells Robin she needs to have "the Talk" with Barney, and suddenly, they are put on the JumboTron for a public kiss. Back at the apartment, Ted tells Barney that Robin is already his girlfriend according to his "Gremlins" rule. During a tuxedo-themed night at the bar, Barney explains you cannot get a woman wet (let her shower in your house), expose her to sunlight (date her before sunset), or feed her after midnight (breakfast together), or she will turn into your girlfriend. Barney rushes to the arena and interrupts the New York Rangers "Kiss Cam" by ineffectually punching Brad in the face. After apologizing, he and Robin are still unable to admit that they are dating.

Back at the apartment, after another night of sex, Robin tries to leave the room, but the doorknob detaches. Lily reveals that she sabotaged the door to force them to define their relationship. After several notes that fail to satisfy Lily, they finally sit down and have "the Talk". They recall their bad experiences in relationships and agree they are not good at them, but do not want to stop having sex with each other. They decide to lie and tell Lily that they are boyfriend and girlfriend, though the lie clearly has elements of sincerity. Lily lets them out, and Barney and Robin go out to brunch. When Ted points out to Lily that Robin and Barney are lying to her, she responds that they do not realize they are not lying to each other, as she watches them holding hands together.

Later that night, after being left out of Tuxedo Night by Ted and Barney, Marshall shows up dressed to the nines at MacLaren's.

Critical response

Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club rated the episode B+

Brian Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 9 out of 10.

References

External links

How I Met Your Mother (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes

Definitions (How I Met Your Mother)


B.S. Pully (born Murray Lerman; May 14, 1910 – January 6, 1972) was a New York nightclub comedian and stage actor who created the role of "Big Jule" in the musical Guys and Dolls. He was noted for his blue humor and thick, gravelly voice.

Biography

Born in Newark, New Jersey, Pully began his career on the Borscht Belt and achieved fame originating the Big Jule role in the original Broadway production of Guys and Dolls, appearing in more than 1,000 performances. He also played the role in the 1955 film version. Other notable film roles include the gruff Christmas tree vendor in 1945's A Tree Grows in Brooklyn and Joe the Bartender in 1945's Nob Hill.

Pully died of a heart attack in Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at age 61. He was buried in Cedar Park Cemetery, Emerson, New Jersey.

Filmography

References

External links

1910 births
1972 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American stand-up comedians
Male actors from Newark, New Jersey
Comedians from New Jersey
Burials at Cedar Park Cemetery (Emerson, New Jersey)
20th-century American comedians

B. S. Pully


The Church of St Michael and All Angels is an Anglican church located at 84 Oxford Terrace, Christchurch, New Zealand.

The church building is registered as Category I by Heritage New Zealand. Its freestanding belfry is registered separately.

History
The structure stands on the site of the first church built by the Canterbury Association settlers in 1851. Henry Jacobs preached the sermon and conducted the service at the opening of the church in July 1851. St Michael & All Angels served as the pro-cathedral until the completion of ChristChurch Cathedral in 1881.

The architect of the current church was William Fitzjohn Crisp. He had come out from England in 1864 as the pupil of Robert Speechly who had been appointed by George Gilbert Scott to supervise the building of Christ Church Cathedral. The cornerstone of the church was laid in a ceremony on the Feast of St Michael & All Angels, 29 September 1870. However, problems with the construction of the building led to Crisp returning to Britain in 1871 and Frederick Strouts was appointed as supervising architect in June of that year. The building was completed in 1872. The contractor's name was James Schoolbraid (or Schoolbred) (1840–1924) and according to Strouts, he was a very obliging worker.

The church was opened on 2 May 1872. Because of a lack of money the chancel was not completed until 1875, and the planned bell tower and spire were never constructed. The church is constructed mostly of matai timber on rubble stone foundations. It is one of the largest timber Gothic Revival churches in the Southern Hemisphere. The only alteration to the church structure has been the removal of a tie-beam and secondary arch to give a better view of the east window in 1896.

The separate belfry is a survival of the previous church building. It was designed by Benjamin Mountfort and constructed in 1861. The bell it houses was brought out with the First Four Ships in 1850 and was rung every hour of daylight to indicate time to the first settlers.

Alfred Averill came to New Zealand in 1894 to be vicar of St Michael and All Angels and rose to be Archbishop of New Zealand.

Associated with the church is St Michael's Church School.

Heritage registration
The church was registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage building on 2 April 1985 with registration number 294. It is significant as it was the first church on the Canterbury Plains and was the pro-cathedral for some years. Architecturally, it is notable as a timber Gothic building. The belfry of the church is also recognised as a Category I structure. It was registered under number 295 on the same day.

Earthquakes
The wooden building survived three major earthquakes in 2010/11 almost unscathed and is the only Anglican church that remained in use in the central city. The plans had been drawn with regard to the threat of tremors. At a meeting of parishioners held on 14 December 1869, the general concept for the new church was agreed on, including the building material: "Owing to the late severe shocks of earthquake the vestry came to the conclusion that it would be useless to attempt building any part of stone. Therefore it was decided that wood should be the material." The earthquake referred to was the one that hit Christchurch on 5 June 1869, with Julius von Haast giving some scientific commentary. St John's Church in Hereford Street, the first Anglican church in Christchurch built of permanent materials in 1864–1865, was damaged in that earthquake. The earthquake, centred under Addington or Spreydon, had an estimated magnitude of 5 and a ground shaking intensity of MMI 7.

In March 2011, a Lenten service at St Michael's and All Angels Church was attended by Victoria Matthews, Bishop of Christchurch, and Kevin Rudd, Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs.  As part of the service, Rudd lit a candle in memory of those who died in the 22 February 2011 earthquake.

The organ
The present fine Henry Bevington and Sons pipe organ was installed in 1873. It was enlarged in 1895/6 by Fincham and Hobday.

The organ was damaged in the 22 February 2011 earthquake and subsequently removed for repairs.  A temporary replacement was an organ built from parts of instruments damaged during World War II bombing raids on Britain. The church is fund-raising to help meet the last of the NZ$500,000 organ restoration costs. The Bevington organ was reinstalled with improvements by the South Island Organ Company in 2013.

List of vicars
The following vicars have served at St Michael and All Angels:
 Octavius Mathias, 1852–1860
 Henry Jacobs, 1863–1873
 Henry J. Edwards, 1873–1876
 Edward Gorton Penny, 1876–1881
 Walter Harper, 1882–1893
 Alfred Averill, 1894–1910
 Harry Darwin Burton, 1910–1915
 Charles E. Perry, 1916–1936
 Cecil Muschamp, 1937–1951
 Cecil Gault, 1951–1963
 Tim Raphael 1963–1965
 Philip Baker 1965–1986
 Ivan Smith 1986–1990
 Jonathan Kirkpatrick 1991–1996
 Peter Williams, 1997–2013
 Andrew Starky, 2013–2017
Christopher Orczy, 2018–2022
 Jordan Greatbach, 2023–present

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

1870s architecture in New Zealand
19th-century Anglican church buildings in New Zealand
2011 Christchurch earthquake
Anglo-Catholic churches in New Zealand
Benjamin Mountfort church buildings
Christchurch Central City
Churches completed in 1872
Gothic Revival church buildings in New Zealand
Listed churches in New Zealand
Churches in Christchurch
St Michael and All Angels

Church of St Michael and All Angels, Christchurch


In theoretical physics, a scalar–tensor theory is a field theory that includes both a scalar field and a tensor field to represent a certain interaction.  For example, the Brans–Dicke theory of gravitation uses both a scalar field and a tensor field to mediate the gravitational interaction.

Tensor fields and field theory
Modern physics tries to derive all physical theories from as few principles as possible. In this way, Newtonian mechanics as well as quantum mechanics are derived from Hamilton's principle of least action. In this approach, the behavior of a system is not described via forces, but by functions which describe the energy of the system. Most important are the energetic quantities known as the Hamiltonian function and the Lagrangian function. Their derivatives in space are known as Hamiltonian density and the Lagrangian density. Going to these quantities leads to the field theories.

Modern physics uses field theories to explain reality. These fields can be scalar, vectorial or tensorial. An example of a scalar field is the temperature field. An example of a vector field is the wind velocity field. An example of a tensor field is the stress tensor field in a stressed body, used in continuum mechanics.

Gravity as field theory
In physics, forces (as vectorial quantities) are given as the derivative (gradient) of scalar quantities named potentials. In classical physics before Einstein, gravitation was given in the same way, as consequence of a gravitational force (vectorial), given through a scalar potential field, dependent of the mass of the particles. Thus, Newtonian gravity is called a scalar theory. The gravitational force is dependent of the distance r of the massive objects to each other (more exactly, their centre of mass). Mass is a parameter and space and time are unchangeable.

Einstein's theory of gravity, the General Relativity (GR) is of another nature. It unifies space and time in a 4-dimensional manifold called space-time. In GR there is no gravitational force, instead, the actions we ascribed to being a force are the consequence of the local curvature of space-time. That curvature is defined mathematically by the so-called metric, which is a function of the total energy, including mass, in the area. The derivative of the metric is a function that approximates the classical Newtonian force in most cases. The metric is a tensorial quantity of degree 2 (it can be given as a 4x4 matrix, an object carrying 2 indices).

Another possibility to explain gravitation in this context is by using both tensor (of degree n>1) and scalar fields, i.e. so that gravitation is given neither solely through a scalar field nor solely through a metric. These are scalar–tensor theories of gravitation.

The field theoretical start of General Relativity is given through the Lagrange density. It is a scalar and gauge invariant (look at gauge theories) quantity dependent on the curvature scalar R. This Lagrangian, following Hamilton's principle, leads to the field equations of Hilbert and Einstein. If in the Lagrangian the curvature (or a quantity related to it) is multiplied with a square scalar field, field theories of scalar–tensor theories of gravitation are obtained. In them, the gravitational constant of Newton is no longer a real constant but a quantity dependent of the scalar field.

Mathematical formulation

An action of such a gravitational scalar–tensor theory can be written as follows:

where  is the metric determinant,  is the Ricci scalar constructed from the metric ,  is a coupling constant with the dimensions ,  is the scalar-field potential,  is the material Lagrangian and  represents the non-gravitational fields. Here, the Brans–Dicke parameter  has been generalized to a function. Although  is often written as being , one has to keep in mind that the fundamental constant  there, is not the constant of gravitation that can be measured with, for instance, Cavendish type experiments. Indeed, the empirical gravitational constant is generally no longer a constant in scalar–tensor theories, but a function of the scalar field . The metric and scalar-field equations respectively write:

and

Also, the theory satisfies the following conservation equation, implying that test-particles follow space-time geodesics such as in general relativity:

where  is the stress-energy tensor defined as

The Newtonian approximation of the theory

Developing perturbatively the theory defined by the previous action around a Minkowskian background, and assuming non-relativistic gravitational sources, the first order gives the Newtonian approximation of the theory. In this approximation, and for a theory without potential,  the metric writes

with  satisfying the following usual Poisson equation at the lowest order of the approximation:

where  is the density of the gravitational source and  (the subscript  indicates that the corresponding value is taken at present cosmological time and location). Therefore, the empirical gravitational constant is a function of the present value of the scalar-field background  and therefore theoretically depends on time and location. However, no deviation from the constancy of the Newtonian gravitational constant has been measured, implying that the scalar-field background  is pretty stable over time. Such a stability is not theoretically generally expected but can be theoretically explained by several mechanisms.

The first post-Newtonian approximation of the theory
Developing the theory at the next level leads to the so-called first post-Newtonian order. For a theory without potential and in a system of coordinates respecting the weak isotropy condition (i.e., ), the metric takes the following form:

with

where  is a function depending on the coordinate gauge

It corresponds to the remaining diffeomorphism degree of freedom that is not fixed by the weak isotropy condition. The sources are defined as

the so-called post-Newtonian parameters are

and finally the empirical gravitational constant  is given by

where  is the (true) constant that appears in the coupling constant  defined previously.

Observational constraints on the theory

Current observations indicate that , which means that . Although explaining such a value in the context of the original Brans–Dicke theory is impossible, Damour and Nordtvedt found that the field equations of the general theory often lead to an evolution of the function  toward infinity during the evolution of the universe. Hence, according to them, the current high value of the function  could be a simple consequence of the evolution of the universe.

The best current constraint on the post-Newtonian parameter  comes from Mercury's perihelion shift and is .

Both constraints show that while the theory is still a potential candidate to replace general relativity, the scalar field must be very weakly coupled in order to explain current observations.

Generalized scalar-tensor theories have also been proposed as explanation for the accelerated expansion of the universe but the measurement of the speed of gravity with the gravitational wave event GW170817 has ruled this out.

Higher-dimensional relativity and scalar–tensor theories

After the postulation of the General Relativity of Einstein and Hilbert, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein proposed in 1917 a generalization in a 5-dimensional manifold: Kaluza–Klein theory. This theory possesses a 5-dimensional metric (with a compactified and constant 5th metric component, dependent on the gauge potential) and unifies gravitation and electromagnetism, i.e. there is a geometrization of electrodynamics.

This theory was modified in 1955 by  P. Jordan in his Projective Relativity theory, in which, following group-theoretical reasonings, Jordan took a functional 5th metric component that led to a variable gravitational constant G. In his original work, he introduced coupling parameters of the scalar field, to change energy conservation as well, according to the ideas of Dirac.

Following the Conform Equivalence theory, multidimensional theories of gravity are conform equivalent to theories of usual General Relativity in 4 dimensions with an additional scalar field. One case of this is given by Jordan's theory, which, without breaking energy conservation (as it should be valid, following from microwave background radiation being of a black body), is equivalent to the theory of C. Brans and Robert H. Dicke of 1961, so that it is usually spoken about the Brans–Dicke theory. The Brans–Dicke theory follows the idea of modifying Hilbert-Einstein theory to be compatible with Mach's principle. For this, Newton's gravitational constant had to be variable, dependent of the mass distribution in the universe, as a function of a scalar variable, coupled as a field in the Lagrangian. It uses a scalar field of infinite length scale (i.e. long-ranged), so, in the language of Yukawa's theory of nuclear physics, this scalar field is a massless field. This theory becomes Einsteinian for high values for the parameter of the scalar field.

In 1979, R. Wagoner proposed a generalization of scalar–tensor theories using more than one scalar field coupled to the scalar curvature.

JBD theories although not changing the geodesic equation for test particles, change the motion of composite bodies to a more complex one. The coupling of a universal scalar field directly to the gravitational field gives rise to potentially observable effects for the motion of matter configurations to which gravitational energy contributes significantly. This is known as the "Dicke–Nordtvedt" effect, which leads to possible violations of the Strong as well as the Weak Equivalence Principle for extended masses.

JBD-type theories with short-ranged scalar fields use, according to Yukawa's theory, massive scalar fields. The first of this theories was proposed by A. Zee in 1979. He proposed a Broken-Symmetric Theory of Gravitation, combining the idea of Brans and Dicke with the one of Symmetry Breakdown, which is essential within the Standard Model SM of elementary particles, where the so-called Symmetry Breakdown leads to mass generation (as a consequence of particles interacting with the Higgs field). Zee proposed the Higgs field of SM as scalar field and so the Higgs field to generate the gravitational constant.

The interaction of the Higgs field with the particles that achieve mass through it is short-ranged (i.e. of Yukawa-type) and gravitational-like (one can get a Poisson equation from it), even within SM, so that Zee's idea was taken 1992 for a scalar–tensor theory with Higgs field as scalar field with Higgs mechanism. There, the massive scalar field couples to the masses, which are at the same time the source of the scalar Higgs field, which generates the mass of the elementary particles through Symmetry Breakdown. For vanishing scalar field, this theories usually go through to standard General Relativity and because of the nature of the massive field, it is possible for such theories that the parameter of the scalar field (the coupling constant) does not have to be as high as in standard JBD theories. Though, it is not clear yet which of these models explains better the phenomenology found in nature nor if such scalar fields are really given or necessary in nature. Nevertheless, JBD theories are used to explain inflation (for massless scalar fields then it is spoken of the inflaton field) after the Big Bang as well as the quintessence. Further, they are an option to explain dynamics usually given through the standard cold dark matter models, as well as MOND, Axions (from Breaking of a Symmetry, too), MACHOS,...

 Connection to string theory

A generic prediction of all string theory models is that the spin-2 graviton has a spin-0 partner called the dilaton. Hence, string theory predicts that the actual theory of gravity is a scalar–tensor theory rather than general relativity. However, the precise form of such a theory is not currently known because one does not have the mathematical tools in order to address the corresponding non-perturbative calculations. Besides, the precise effective 4-dimensional form of the theory is also confronted to the so-called landscape issue.

 Other possible scalar–tensor theories
Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories

Theories with non-minimal scalar-matter coupling
Dilaton gravity
Chameleon theory
Pressuron theory

 References

P. Jordan, Schwerkraft und Weltall, Vieweg (Braunschweig) 1955: Projective Relativity. First paper on JBD theories.
C.H. Brans and R.H. Dicke, Phys. Rev. 124: 925, 1061: Brans–Dicke theory starting from Mach's principle.
R. Wagoner, Phys. Rev. D1(812): 3209, 2004: JBD theories with more than one scalar field.
A. Zee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 42(7): 417, 1979: Broken-Symmetric scalar-tensor theory.
H. Dehnen and H. Frommert, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 30(7): 985, 1991: Gravitative-like and short-ranged interaction of Higgs fields within the Standard Model or elementary particles.
H. Dehnen et al., Int. J. Theor. Phys.'' 31(1): 109, 1992: Scalar-tensor-theory with Higgs field.
C.H. Brans, arXiv:gr-qc/0506063 v1, June 2005: Roots of scalar-tensor theories.

Tensors
Theories of gravity
String theory
Physical cosmology
Particle physics
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Theoretical physics
Mathematical physics

Scalar–tensor theory


"Lied vom Scheitern" (Song about failing) is a song by German rock band Die Ärzte. It's the second track and the second single from their 2007 album Jazz ist anders. The song is about trying to be someone else and failing at it.

Music video
The video depicts the three members of Die Ärzte (Farin Urlaub, Bela B., Rodrigo González) in what appears to be a kidnap situation, set in a typical suburban living room. Bela and Rod are the victims, both are tied up and their mouths are covered with tape. Rod has a bomb strapped to him, the timer of which shows 3 minutes. Farin, the apparent kidnapper puts a pistol on the table between Rod and Bela, switches the bomb's timer on and leaves by ascending the stairs. Bela manages to get hold of a broom and tries to switch off the bomb with it, but pushes the wrong button and the bomb's timer decreases by one minute. He then falls down and uses the carpet to rub the tape off of his mouth, to grab the gun that fell from the table as he did. Using his mouth he throws it into his hands. Bela shoots behind him several times (presumably to disable the bomb) a bullet grazing Rod's cheek and smashing a mirror on the wall. With only 8 seconds is left, he grabs a cartridge case from the ground with his mouth, smiles, as if this were his plan all along, spits it out and hits the correct button as the timer shows 00:01. Farin comes down the stairs clapping, unties Bela, who is then shown replacing Farin in the same situation, suggesting that the activities shown in the video are some sort of game, or contest, to its participants. Instead of the gun placed by Farin, the item placed on the table by Bela is a chainsaw, at which point the screen fades to black.

Personnel
Bela B. – vocals, drums
Rodrigo González – vocals (bridge), bass
Farin Urlaub – guitar

Track listing
 "Lied vom Scheitern" (Song about failing) – 3:30
 "Nichts gesehen" (Didn't see anything) – 3:15
 "Das schönste Lied der Welt (Economy-Version)" (The most beautiful song in the world) – 2:21
 "Wir sind die Besten (Economy-Version)" (We are the best) – 2:50
 "Lied vom Scheitern" (video) – 3:38

Charts

2008 singles
Die Ärzte songs
Songs written by Bela B.
2008 songs

Lied vom Scheitern


Acacia binervata, commonly known as two-veined hickory, is a shrub or tree that is endemic to eastern Australia.

Description
The tall shrub reaching  in height or tree to  in height has an erect to spreading habit with grey-black or grey-brown coloured bark that can be smooth or rough. The glabrous branchlets are angled toward the apices.

It has phyllodes instead of true leaves which have two prominent veins (giving the plant its species name binervata). The evergreen phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic to broadly elliptic or occasionally lanceolate shape and are straight or sometimes subfalcate with a length of  and a width of . It blooms between August and November producing inflorescences that occur in groups of three to twelve in the axillary racemes. The spherical flower-heads have a diameter of  and contain 30 to 50 pale yellow to almost white coloured flowers. The firmly papery to leathery seed pods that form after flowering are straight and flat and can be constricted between the seeds. The pods are  in length and  wide with longitudinally arranged seeds inside. The shiny black seeds have an oblong-elliptic shape with a length of around  and with a black aril.

Taxonomy
The species was first formally described by the botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1825 as part of the work Leguminosae. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. It was later reclassified as Racosperma binervatum in 1987 by Leslie Pedley then transferred back to genus Acacia in 2014. The only other synonym is Acacia umbrosa.

Distribution
The plant is found down the east coast of Australia from south east Queensland through much of coastal New South Wales. It is found from around Narooma in southern New South Wales to around Mittagong in the west up to around the Mount Tambourine area in southern Queensland. It grows on moist sites in sandy or basaltic soils as a part of tall sclerophyll forest or on the margins of rainforest communities.

Cultivation
The plant can be grown from seed, though the seed must be scarified prior to planting. It is a hardy and fast growing plant that copes well in damp areas and prefers full sun or part shade positions. It is a dense shade tree or shelter tree or hedge that is frost hardy.

Plant pathogen and fungal species Sarcostroma acaciae is found on various species of Acacia including Acacia binervata in Australia. They cause leaf spots.

See also
 List of Acacia species

References

binervata
Trees of Australia
Fabales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1852
Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle

Acacia binervata