is the 12th studio album by a Japanese singer-songwriter Yosui Inoue, released in December 1984. It mostly features cover versions of the songs that Inoue wrote for other performers, except "Isso Serenade" which was released as a lead single in October 1984. It is the most commercially successful album for him, its sales are estimated to be 1.1-1.8 million copies.

Album overview

Songs information
In addition to "Isso Serenade" which became Inoue's third top-ten hit single as a singer, 9.5 Carats also includes his own rendition of four of his successful compositions around the early 1980s. One of them, "Wine Red no Kokoro" was originally recorded by Inoue's former backing band Anzen Chitai and co-written by the group's frontman Koji Tamaki. A song that Inoue contributed the lyrics was released as a single in 1983, and topped the Japanese Oricon chart in the following year. The band rose to fame owing to the hit of "Wine Red no Kokoro", and the song itself won the 26th Japan Record Award for "Gold Prize". It has been one of the signature songs for both Inoue and Anzen Chitai, and recorded by the multiple artists including Mariko Takahashi, Junko Ohashi, Naoko Ken, Kiyotaka Sugiyama, Mucc, Megumi Ogata, Park Yong-ha, and the song's composer himself (on his 1999 same-titled album). Inoue also wrote the lyrics for some of the group's successful follow-ups to "Wine Red no Kokoro", including "Koi no Yokan" which reached the #2 on the chart in autumn 1984. Also in the same year, he composed the song "Kazari ja Nai no yo Namida wa" for a pop icon Akina Nakamori who was at the pinnacle of popularity at the time. Nakamori's version was issued as a single in November 1984 and topped the chart, becoming one of her biggest hit singles with sales of over 620,000 copies. Nakamori remade the song for several times in later years, and also covered two of other Inoue's compositions on 9.5 Carats album ("Koi no Yokan" and "Dance wa Umaku Odorenai"). Before Inoue married to a singer Seri Ishikawa in 1978, he contributed some songs for her 1977 album Amagumo. One of them "Dance wa Umaku Odorenai" was not successful at the time, but the song was widely recognized because of cover version by an actress Mio Takaki. It was featured on the TV drama Kako no Nai On-na Tachi and became a hit, peaking at #3 on the chart in 1982. Like "Winered no Kokoro", "Dance wa Umaku Odorenai" has been covered by several other singers, including Naoko Ken and Hideaki Tokunaga.

Reception
9.5 Carats gained commercial success immediately upon its release, becoming his first chart-topper since 1976 Shoutaijou no Nai Show and most massively successful LP after his breakthrough album Kōri no Sekai issued in 1973. The album debuted at the summit of the Japanese Oricon chart, and stayed there for 9 weeks consecutively. It sold in excess of 1.1 million copies while the album was entering the chart, and eventually became the 1985's biggest selling album in Japan. In the history of the Japanese music industry, it is also one of the best-selling albums by male solo artist during the 1980s, along with Akira Terao's Reflections (released in 1981 and sold over 1.6 million copies to date), Eiichi Otaki's A Long Vacation (released in 1981 and retailed approximately 1.08 million copies) and Michael Jackson's Thriller (released in 1982 and estimated to be selling between 1.7 and 2.5 million units so far).

Track listing

Personnel
The following session musicians were credited in the liner notes for box-set No Selection, released in 1991.
Yosui Inoue - vocals
Yutaka Uehara - drums
Takayuki Hijikata - guitar
Ken Yajima - guitar
Yutaka Takezawa - guitar
Fujimal Yoshino - guitar
Yūji Nakamura - bass guitar
Kenji Takamizu - bass guitar
Yasuharu Nakanishi - keyboards
Jun Satou - keyboards
Joe Hisaishi - synthesizer
Hidefumi Toki - synthesizer
Yūji Kawashima - synthesizer
Masatsugu Shinozaki - violin
Ohno Group - strings
Katou Strings - strings

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Release history

References

Yōsui Inoue albums
1984 albums
Self-covers albums

9.5 Carats


It Lives Again (also known as It's Alive II) is a 1978 American science fiction horror film written, produced and directed by Larry Cohen. It is the sequel to the 1974 film It's Alive. The film stars Frederic Forrest, Kathleen Lloyd, John P. Ryan, John Marley, Andrew Duggan and Eddie Constantine. The film was released by Warner Bros. on May 10, 1978. This was followed by a 1987 sequel It's Alive III: Island of the Alive.

Plot
This film continues with Frank Davis (John P. Ryan), still reeling from the death of his child and the part he played in it, seeing his chance to atone by assisting other would-be parents of mutant children. He tries to warn soon-to-be parents Jody (Kathleen Lloyd) and Eugene Scott (Frederic Forrest) of the vast and dangerous conspiracy to murder their baby and the other unborn mutant children who are being born around the country. They are convinced when they are met by Mallory (John Marley) and a strong force of police officers at the hospital as Jody is about to go into labor. She is rescued by Frank from the maternity ward before she goes into labor. The baby is delivered in a truck specially constructed for this specific purpose. They manage to elude the people going after them.

The baby is placed with two others in a secluded confine for observation by the doctors Frank has been working with. Frank informs a skeptic Eugene about the special bond the babies have with their parents. Despite seemingly to adjust slightly to society, they take advantage of an opportunity to escape and begin wreaking havoc. While one of the other babies attacks Eugene in the pool, the Scott baby corners Jody with intentions unclear until Frank arrives to defuse the situation. Frank discovers a homing device placed in Jody's purse by her mother before taking the baby to safety. On his way in the woods, Frank is stopped by a night watchman, whose flashlight spooks the previously calm baby, and it attacks and kills Frank in an attempt to escape.

Mallory is revealed to be the father of the monster baby born in Seattle at the end of the original, and convinces a recovering Eugene and Jody his people manage to track Jody to the place in Los Angeles where her baby is taken. The baby also finds them and Jody calms a frightened Eugene as the baby only came to be a part of the family, just as Frank Davis had previously said. However, Mallory enters with the intent to kill the baby, but it attacks him first, forcing Eugene to shoot it to save Mallory's life.

In the last scene, Eugene is seen going up to expectant couples in the street to warn them and offer his help, just as Frank Davis did to him.

Cast
 Frederic Forrest as Eugene Scott
 Kathleen Lloyd as Jody Scott
 John P. Ryan as Frank Davis
 John Marley as Mr. Mallory
 Andrew Duggan as Dr. Perry
 Eddie Constantine as Dr. Forest
 Bobby Ramsen as Dr. Santo De Silva
 Glenda Young as Lydia
 Melissa Inger as Valerie
 Jill Gatsb as Cindy
 Lynn Wood as Jody's Mother
 Dennis O'Flaherty as Dr. Peters
 James Dixon as Det. Lt. Perkins

Reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: "Shot for shot, performance for performance, non-scare for non-scare, 'It Lives Again' surpasses the tackiness of the original, perhaps because the new work has three monster-babies instead of one." A contemporary review published in Variety reads: "Though this is all so much silliness, Cohen effectively uses a good cast topped by Frederic Forrest and Kathleen Lloyd to build up suspense for the growling, slashing attacks by the terrible tykes."

Tom Milne of The Monthly Film Bulletin praised the performances in the film, called the action sequences "sometimes superb," but writing that "the film's ideas, notably the suggestion that the mutants may be nature's answer to the problem of survival in a polluted world, are never really developed." A review published by TV Guide gave the film 3 stars out of 5, reading: "Once again Cohen uses his outrageous premise to explore with insight the fabric of American family life, power structures, and social mores--addressing such topics as corporate abuse of the public trust, abortion, and government omnipotence."

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 53% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 4.9 out of 10.

References

External links

 It Lives Again at AllMovie

 It Lives Again at the TCM Movie Database
 It Lives Again at Rotten Tomatoes

1978 films
1978 horror films
1970s monster movies
1970s science fiction horror films
American monster movies
American science fiction horror films
American sequel films
Films about babies
Films directed by Larry Cohen
Films scored by Bernard Herrmann
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in Los Angeles
Warner Bros. films
Films with screenplays by Larry Cohen
1970s English-language films
1970s American films

It Lives Again


Pogonomyrmex rugosus, the desert harvester ant or rough harvester ant, is a species of harvester ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae which is endemic to the southwestern United States, specifically New Mexico and southern Colorado.

Colonies
P. rugosus colonies can grow to have up to 15,000 workers.

Behavior

Foraging Tactics
P. rugosus workers use group foraging tactics that involve the creation of permanent pathways (trunk trails). They also use pheromones trails to draw other workers to areas of food-availability.

Interspecies Interactions
Two other species of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex anergismus and Pogonomyrmex colei, have no workers of their own. Instead, they live in the colonies of P. rugosus and Pogonomyrmex barbatus (red harvester ant) and enslave workers to raise reproductive males and females for them.

References

External links

rugosus
Endemic insects of the United States
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects described in 1895

Pogonomyrmex rugosus


South Downtown is a historic neighborhood of Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. South Downtown is primarily home to city, county, state, and federal governmental offices, which prompted the city to adopt signage declaring the area "Government Walk." Although much of South Downtown is dominated by surface parking lots, the neighborhood was passed over during the redevelopment boom of the 1960s and 1970s that resulted in the demolition of much of Downtown's architecturally significant buildings. The result is myriad buildings from the 1950s and earlier that retain their historic structural integrity.

Geography
South Downtown is located north of I-20, east of Castleberry Hill, south of Five Points, and west of I-85. Underground Atlanta is the primary shopping and entertainment center near South Downtown and it, along with the railroad gulch ("The Gulch"), separates the district from Five Points and the Hotel District.

History

South Downtown was once a bustling shopping district. Whitehall Street, renamed Peachtree Street Southwest, was the principal shopping street of Atlanta from the 1850s until the mid-20th century. A source from 1854 reported that the street was "being built up with stores of brick", while Broad Street was the market district. The City of Atlanta historians refer to the area as the "Heart of Atlanta" commercial district.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a cluster of department stores was located in the area. In the 1870s, the "Big Five" were Rich's, Chamberlain, Boyton, & Co., Ryan's; Keeley's; and Dougherty's; later, the J.M. High Company would join their leagues. By the 1930s, Rich's would come to dominate the South Downtown shopping district. In 1949, Whitehall was filled with five and dime stores, such as McCrory's, S. H. Kress, Woolworth's, and W. T. Grant.

As late as 1968 the northern end of Whitehall was still called a "bustling retail corridor". Today, Peachtree Street Southwest continues as a low-end shopping area with several of the older retail buildings converted into "malls": Metro Mall in the old McCrory's building and the Mall at 82 Peachtree, in the Rich's 1906 building. And landmark Miller's Rexall Drugs continues its trade in hoodoo and homeopathic remedies at Broad and Mitchell streets, as it has since 1965.

Located in South Downtown is Hotel Row, both a National Register and locally listed historic district consisting of one block of early 20th century commercial buildings, 3-4 stories high, located on Mitchell Street west of Forsyth Street. The building were originally hotels built to serve the needs of passengers from Terminal Station, opened in 1905 and demolished in 1971. The buildings are the most intact row of early 20th century commercial structures in the city in Atlanta's original business district. The decline of Hotel Row began in the 1920s due to the increased availability of automobile transportation and the construction of the Spring Street viaduct, which made getting to hotels in the northern part of the city easier.

Government facilities

South Downtown is home to the governmental facilities of the City of Atlanta, Fulton County, and the State of Georgia. South Downtown is also home to federal government offices. This concentration of governmental facilities influenced the city's decision to market the area as "Government Walk." A list of the most well known government buildings in this district are:
Atlanta City Hall
Georgia State Capitol
Fulton County Courthouse
 Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Building
 Sam Nunn Atlanta Federal Center
 Richard B. Russell Federal Building

To the east of Central Avenue, aside from the Georgia State Capitol, many State of Georgia offices are located in this district, such as the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Georgia Department of Agriculture, and the Georgia Supreme Court.

Transportation

MARTA provides public transportation to the district through the Garnett Transit Station, located on Peachtree Street, and Georgia State Station, located on Piedmont Avenue.

Many commuters from the southern suburbs who work in Downtown travel on South Downtown's streets when heading to work. Many streets in this district are one-way, similar to the other districts that make up Downtown.

Peachtree Street, south of the railroad gulch, has a multitude of stores along its stretch between Alabama Street and Martin Luther King Jr. Drive. It is the primary two way north-south street in this district.
 Trinity Avenue and Memorial Drive are the only two-way streets in South Downtown that run east and west. Trinity Avenue is signed as Georgia State Route (SR) 154 until it ends at Memorial Drive near Capitol Avenue at the eastern end of the South Downtown, where Memorial Drive becomes Georgia SR 154.
 Central Avenue is a primary northbound street through the district. It is the main route for commuters into Downtown from the southern suburbs. The Fulton County Justice Center is located at 185 Central Avenue SW.
 Pryor Street is a primary southbound street through the district. It is one of the routes out of Downtown when commuters head back to the southern and western suburbs. The Fulton County Courthouse is located at 136 Pryor Street SW and the Fulton County Government Center is located at 141 Pryor Street SW.

References

External links
 Thomas Wheatley, "South Downtown must be fixed for Atlanta to thrive", Creative Loafing, November 3, 2011

Buildings designated early commercial in the National Register of Historic Places
Neighborhoods in Atlanta
National Register of Historic Places in Atlanta
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)

South Downtown, Atlanta


Anne Knight (born Anne Waspe; 28 October 1792 in Woodbridge, Suffolk – 11 December 1860 in Woodbridge, Suffolk) was a Quaker children's writer and educationalist. Mornings in the Library () and Mary Gray. A tale for little girls (1831) include poems by her lodger and fellow Quaker Bernard Barton.

Life
Anne was the eldest of the eight children of Jonathan Waspe ( – 1818), a leather cutter, and his wife Phebe Gibbs (1761–1851). She married a cousin and fellow Quaker, James Knight (1794–1820) of Southwark, but returned to Woodbridge after his early death.

By 1826, Anne Knight was keeping a Woodbridge school. She was a friend of the poet Bernard Barton, who lodged with her and her sisters, and she is therefore mentioned several times in letters to him from Charles Lamb: "Your book... we cannot thank you for more sincerely than for the introduction you favoured us with to Anne Knight." "So A. K. keeps a school... she teaches nothing wrong, I'll answer for't."

Anne Knight died at her Woodbridge home on 11 December 1860 and was interred in the Quaker burial ground there.

Writings
Anne Knight was the author of several children's books, some of which have been erroneously attributed to her Quaker namesake and contemporary Anne Knight (1786–1862), a campaigner for women's rights. They include School-Room Lyrics (1846), and probably Poetic Gleanings (1827), Mornings in the Library (London, c. 1828, with an introductory poem by Bernard Barton), Mary Gray. A tale for little girls (also including a Barton verse, London, 1831), and Lyriques français: pour la jeunesse. Morceaux choisis par A. K. (3rd e., Norwich, 1869).

Knight's verses are well crafted and her stories well told, but they exhibit a didacticism that does not suit modern tastes. To take an example: "'Though these animals [rabbits] are so small,' continued Mrs. Gray, 'they are found very serviceable to man. Their flesh is good to eat, and the soft grey fur, growing close to the skin, is made into hats, when mixed with the beautiful fine down of the beaver, a curious animal found in North America'" (Mary Gray, p. 11).

References

English Quakers
19th-century British women writers
1792 births
1860 deaths
19th-century English writers
People from Woodbridge, Suffolk
Quaker children's writers
English children's writers
19th-century Quakers
Women religious writers

Anne Knight (children's writer)


Lady Tatiana Helen Georgia Dru (née Mountbatten; born 16 April 1990) is an English equestrian.

Biography
Tatiana was born on 16 April 1990 to George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven and his wife, Sarah Georgina (née Walker). She is an older sister of Henry Mountbatten, Earl of Medina. Her paternal great-grandparents, Prince George of Battenberg and Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby, were morganatic descendants of German and Russian royal houses. Her great-grandparents gave up their German titles in exchange for titles within the British peerage, and Anglicised their family name from Battenberg to Mountbatten. Through her father, Tatiana is a descendant of Alexander Pushkin, Abram Gannibal and multiple monarchs including Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse, Nicholas I of Russia, and Queen Victoria. She is a paternal second cousin once removed of Charles III and the first cousin twice removed of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

She went to school at Millfield in Street, Somerset. Tatiana is an equestrian and competes at a high level in dressage. She formerly trained under Hasse Hoffamann, Klaus Balkenhol, and Kyra Kyrklund but now trains under Charlotte Dujardin.

In 2007, she was presented to society at Le Bal des Débutantes in Paris. In October 2018, Crofton & Hall appointed Tatiana as their brand ambassador.

In November 2019, Tatiana published a personal website containing an equestrian and country style blog. In December 2019, Tatiana was banned from driving for six months by a Magistrates Court because of speeding-related offences. Tatiana has previously raced in The 2021 Magnolia Cup for a UK Charity.

Her engagement to entrepreneur Alexander 'Alick' Dru, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Dru and great-great-grandson of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, from Bickham, Somerset, was announced in January 2022; the proposal took place during a vacation in Verbier, in the Swiss Alps. The couple married at Winchester Cathedral on 23 July 2022. The news that they are expecting their first child was announced via Instagram on 16 June 2023; the couple's daughter, Elodie, was born on 20 September 2023.

Her website and Instagram account state that she is a psychotherapist in training; she wishes to combine her knowledge of horses and somehow incorporate them into her methods of therapy.

Ancestry

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Daughters of British marquesses
Tatiana
British debutantes
Debutantes of le Bal des débutantes
English socialites
British dressage riders
Fashion influencers
People educated at Millfield

Lady Tatiana Mountbatten


Cadence Records was an American record company based in New York City whose labels had a picture of a metronome.  It was founded by Archie Bleyer, who had been the musical director and orchestra leader for Arthur Godfrey in 1952. Cadence also launched a short-lived jazz subsidiary, Candid Records.

The first recording star for Cadence was a Godfrey alumnus, Julius La Rosa.  Other Godfrey alumni signed to the label included the Chordettes. Bleyer had written a few hit songs in 1932–34 (Fletcher Henderson's "Business in F" is a good example) and had a band that recorded for ARC in 1934 and 1935 (his records were issued on Vocalion, Melotone, Perfect and Romeo).

In October 1954, Godfrey fired singer Julius La Rosa, causing a storm of controversy.

Almost immediately after firing La Rosa, Bleyer was fired from the Godfrey show, for signing Don McNeill, Chicago-based talk host, to a record deal and producing spoken-word records for Cadence featuring. Godfrey considered McNeill a rival. Don McNeill's Breakfast Club aired on ABC Radio opposite Godfrey's morning show, although McNeill's success was nowhere on a par with that of Godfrey.

The label also issued the early recordings of Andy Williams and the Everly Brothers, as well as Johnny Tillotson and Lenny Welch. Virtuoso jazz/classical pianist Don Shirley was signed to Cadence in the 1950s and 1960s. One of Cadence's most popular songs in the 1950s was "Eloise", written and sung by Kay Thompson.

Cadence charted nearly 100 American singles between 1953 and 1964. The label also released the 1962 bestselling  parody album The First Family, starring comedic actor and impressionist Vaughn Meader. Acclaimed at that time as the fastest-selling album in history, this White House satire on the Kennedy family and Capitol Hill politics remained at #1 on the Billboard 200 for 12 weeks. Featuring Meader's impression of President John F. Kennedy, the sketch revue also included takes on First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, and Vice-President Lyndon Johnson. A sequel album, The First Family Volume Two, released in March 1963, reached #4. Both albums were immediately withdrawn following Kennedy's assassination in November, 1963.

The departures of the Everly Brothers in 1960 (to Warner Bros. Records) and of Andy Williams in 1961 (to Columbia Records), along with radical changes in public taste and the music business brought on by the British Invasion, led to the rapid decline of Cadence. By 1964, Bleyer opted to shut down the label. Bleyer had competing offers from Kapp Records, Liberty Records and Andy Williams, who initially wanted to purchase just the masters of his own Cadence recordings. Bleyer's sale specified a complete purchase of the entire Cadence catalog (including Candid Records), which Williams accepted.
 Williams reissued his old Cadence recordings on Columbia and formed Barnaby Records to manage the rest of the Cadence catalog.

See also
List of record labels

References

External links
The Cadence Records Story
singles discography
Cadence Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project

American record labels
Defunct record labels of the United States
Pop record labels
Record labels established in 1952
Record labels disestablished in 1964

Cadence Records


The 7th Indie Series Awards were held on April 6, 2016 at the El Portal Theater in Los Angeles, with the ceremony hosted by Eric Martsolf and Jen Lilley. Presented by We Love Soaps, the awards recognize independently produced, scripted entertainment created for the web.

Awards
The nominees were announced on February 3, 2016, with Winterthorne receiving a record-tying 13 nominations. The awards were given on April 6, 2016. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface:

References

External links
 Indie Series Awards History and Archive of Past Winners

Indie Series Awards
2016 film awards

7th Indie Series Awards


Rasha Sharbaji, also Shurbaji or Chorbaji, (Arabic: رشا شربجي) (born 1982 in  Darayya, Syria) is a Syrian mother.  When Sharbaji went to get a passport, she was arrested with her children, to put pressure on her husband. Sharbaji's husband died in 2014.

In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named Sharbaji one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Life

Sharbaji was born in 1982. She is from the town of Darayya, a suburb of Damascus in Rif Dimashq governorate.

On May 22, 2014, Sharbaji went to the immigration and passport center in Damascus to get a passport. When she tried to get a passport, she was arrested with her children.  She was arrested because her husband was against the government during the revolution.

Sharbaji was pregnant with twins. They wanted to arrest her husband, Osama Abbar, so they put Sharbaji in prison.  They took Sharbaji's children and put them in SOS Village, an orphanage in Qodsaya. They did not let the family see the children. The Syrian police took Sharbaji to the political security branch in Damascus.  Then they took Sharbaji to the Air Force Intelligence prison at al-Mezze military airport in Damascus.

Sharbaji's husband Osama died in October 2014.  He drowned in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to migrate to Europe.

FreeThe20 campaign

The Human Rights and Democracy Office in the US State Department asked Noor al-Khatib, from the Syrian Network for Human Rights for important cases of detention. The Syrian Network for Human Rights nominated Sharbaji, and also the cases of Dr. Rania Abbasi and Dr Faten Rajab for the FreeThe20 campaign.  The State Department chose Sharbaji.

Freedom

Sharbaji was freed in February 8, 2017, in an exchange of prisoners. The exchange took place outside of Hama, Syria. Forty-five pro-government prisoners made up of women and children were exchanged for 55 women and children that oppose the government. The opposition kidnapped the women as a bargaining chip to bring back their own women.

According to a February 2017 interview with Sharbaji in Syria Direct, Shabaji's husband worked with the opposition as a weapons trader, smuggling weapons to rebel areas. He was a member of the Darayya-based rebel group Liwaa Shuhadaa al-Islam, and helped the rebels move the injured to Lebanon and deliver humanitarian relief supplies.

References

1982 births
Syrian people
Living people

Rasha Sharbaji


Area code 315 is an area code for New York. It was one of the primary area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the entire central part of Upstate New York, but after it was split by 607 in 1954, it now covers the upper central portion of the state. It consists of towns such as Syracuse, Utica, Cortland, Oneida, Ontario, Cayuga, Oswego, Seneca, and Hamilton. It was overlaid by 680 in 2017.

315

Area code 315


White Eagle Aviation was a scheduled and charter, passenger and cargo airline based in Poland. Its main base was Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport.

History
The airline is established in 1992 and started operations in 1993, initially operating sightseeing tours. In 1995 the company moved to Okecie Airport, starting regular flights for UPS. The airline was owned by Katarzyna Frank-Niemczycka (50%) and Zbigniew Niemczycki (50%). In 2004 WEA was taken over by a new president - Maciej Jaroszuk-Rozycki, responsible for restructuring and successful financial recovery of the airline. He was then joined and superseded by Allan Fullilove as President of WEA with Maciej Jaroszuk-Rozycki continuing as its Vice President; In January 2008 Allan Fullilove became technical director of Kenya Airways whileas Maciej Jaroszuk-Rozycki has moved to West Air Luxembourg / West Atlantic, becoming its Vice President Sales. The last President of WEA was Ewa Kołowiecka. Between 2000 and 2003 WEA introduced and operated a fleet of Boeing 737-400 and -800 aircraft in partnership with German tour operator TUI Group. At the same time, WEA continued development of cargo fights, operating a fleet of 7 Let-410s and ATR 42-300, as well as helicopters - Mi-8 and Bell 407. After 2004 WEA activity was restructured under leadership of Maciej Jaroszuk-Rozycki, with a new business model of being an ACMI service provider and unification of the fleet. WEA was henceforth focused on delivery of full charter options, primarily to airlines, tour operators, and advertising/incentive agencies. It cooperated mainly at B2B level but also sold capacity through air brokerage companies. It ceased operations in 2010.

Flywhoosh
White Eagle Aviation were flying internal United Kingdom flights linking Dundee with Birmingham and Belfast, operated by an ATR42, on behalf of Flywhoosh.

These flights commenced on 29 May 2007 but were suspended on 7 December 2007. Flywhoosh and White Eagle Aviation each blamed the other for the dispute, and according to the Civil Aviation Authority White Eagle have stated that they would offer full refunds for all canceled flights.

Fleet
The White Eagle Aviation fleet included the following aircraft (as of 29 September 2008) :

2 ATR 42-300
1 ATR 42-320
1 Raytheon Beech King Air 350

Previously the fleet had also included:
7 Let L-410
1 Bell-407
1 Bell-427
1 Mi-8T
1 B737-800
3 B737-400

References

External links

Defunct airlines of Poland
Airlines established in 1992
Airlines disestablished in 2010

White Eagle Aviation


KPN (in full Koninklijke KPN N.V., also Royal KPN N.V.) is a Dutch telecommunications company. KPN originated from a government-run postal, telegraph and telephone service and is based in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

History

Until 1998

What is now KPN was first officially established as a postal service called the Statenpost in 1752. In 1799, Dutch postal services were reformed into a single, national system, and in 1807, was placed under the administration of the Ministry of Finance. In 1893, postal system and telegraph and telephone services were brought together to form the Staatsbedrijf der Posterijen, Telegrafie en Telefonie (approximately, "National corporation for Postage, Telegraphy and Telephony"), shortened to PTT or internationally as PTT-NL, under the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.

Around a hundred years later, post codes were introduced in the Netherlands in 1977, which allowed full automation of the postal system. On 1 January 1989, the PTT was corporatised and reorganised as a private business known as Koninklijke PTT Nederland ("Royal PTT Netherlands"), shortened to KPN or PTT Nederland. KPN remained wholly owned but no longer managed by the Dutch government. Its postal service was called PTT Post while its telecom service was called PTT Telecom, both independent from each other.

In 1992, KPN cofounded GD Express Worldwide (GDEW) with TNT and the state owned postal companies of Canada, France, West Germany and Sweden. KPN later bought out the shares held by the state owned postal companies, owning a total of 50% shareholding of GDEW.

KPN took over its GDEW partner TNT between October 1996 and January 1997. KPN also controlled the national Dutch postal services until its postal division was spun-off and merged with TNT to form TNT Post Group (TPG) in 1998.

The Dutch government progressively privatised KPN beginning in 1994, with KPN listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, then reduced its stake to 6.4% in 2005, and finally completed the process in 2006, giving up its golden share veto rights.

Since 1998
In 2001 KPN tried to merge with the Belgian telco Belgacom.  It did not succeed because of the objections of the Belgian government.  In 2001, Spanish Telefonica expressed an interest in buying KPN.

The Japanese mobile telephone company NTT DoCoMo holds a 2% stake in KPN Mobile NV. From 2002 until 2007 KPN Mobile provided i-mode services on its mobile phone networks. i-mode as introduced by KPN's E-Plus in Germany in March 2002 and by KPN Mobile The Netherlands in April 2002 was the first mobile Internet service in Europe (ahead of Vodafone's V-live).

KPN partly owned KPNQwest, a telecommunications company equally owned by KPN and the American Qwest Communications International. The company was set to bring together the state-of-the-art fibre-optic networks of the two partners and the Internet services expertise and customer base of EUnet International. The company collapsed in a bankruptcy in 2002.

KPN also has operational synergies through joint ventures with TDC and Swisscom.

In 2007 KPN acquired Getronics N.V., a worldwide ICT services company with more than 22,000 employees, and almost doubled its former size. KPN is still divesting parts of Getronics that didn't meet their core interests. Recently they sold a Dutch department of Getronics named Business Application Services (BAS) to CapGemini for about €250,000,000.

In August 2013, América Móvil offered to take over the remaining 70% stake of the Dutch telecommunications company for 7.2 billion Euros ($9.49 billion). América Móvil currently owns close to 30% of KPN. The Dutch Government has issued a warning on this proposed takeover of KPN by Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim, as part of his ambition to expand his telecom empire. The plans eventually ended when the "Stichting Preferente Aandelen B KPN" exercised a call option to gain ~50% of the total shares, in order to put up a temporary protection wall against the hostile takeover.

In November 2020, EQT AB offered to take over KPN for 11 billion Euros. Further in April 2021 EQT AB and Stonepeak Infrastructure Partners jointly started work on a KPN takeover bid for 12.5 billion Euros.

On 10 June 2021, a fiber-optic joint venture called Glaspoort and based in Amsterdam was established, a partnership between KPN and pension fund APG to expand the supply of fiber. Glaspoort plans to connect some 750,000 households and about 225,000 businesses to fiber which will require an investment of over €1 billion over the next five years.

Shareholders
As of 2021, main share holders are:

 América Móvil 16.08%
 Franklin Mutual Series Funds 4.99%
 BlackRock 4.13%
 Norges Bank 3.01%

Stichting Preferente Aandelen B KPN is a foundation which "was established to promote the interests of KPN, KPN its related companies and all stakeholders, including influences the continuity, independence or identity of KPN in conflict with the interests and threaten to keep much as possible." The foundation exercised a call option to gain roughly 50% of the KPN shares in order to protect KPN against a hostile takeover. This stock was withdrawn on a special shareholder meeting held on 10 January 2014, as per the request of the foundation in November 2013.

Activity

In the Netherlands, KPN has 6.3 million fixed-line telephone customers. Its mobile division, KPN Mobile, had more than 33 million subscribers in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, and Spain under different brand names. Through its ownership of several European Internet service providers, KPN also provides Internet access to 2.1 million customers, and it offers business network services and data transport throughout Western Europe.

KPN operates a mobile services network for 2G GSM, 4G LTE, and 5G NR technologies. It uses the 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1400 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz and 2600 MHz bands. KPN previously offered 1G (NMT) services until 1999 and 3G UMTS services until 31 March 2022.

In September 2019, KPN announced that Dominique Leroy will succeed Maximo Ibarra as CEO and Chairman of the Board of Management, with effect from 1 December 2019. Several weeks later, KPN withdrew her appointment. On 1 October 2019, Joost Farwerck was appointed as CEO and Chairman of the Board of Management.

Operations
Most of KPN's operations are in the Dutch telecommunication market.

In the 2000s and early 2010s, KPN had multiple subsidiaries in European countries such as Belgium, Germany and France. Most of these international operations were sold off in the 2010s.

Netherlands
In the Dutch telephone market, KPN is the owner of the fixed telephone operations network (though its sales monopoly on the fixed network ended in 2007) and is the market leader in mobile network operator (MNO) under its own brand name and as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) under the brand names Simyo and Ortel Mobile. Defunct mobile subsidiaries include Hi and Telfort.

In the Internet market, KPN provides Internet service under the KPN brand name. Defunct subsidiary providers include XS4ALL, Telfort, Planet Internet, Het Net, Freeler, Speedlinq, HCCNet, Demon Netherlands.

In 2004, KPN also started offering digital terrestrial television in the Netherlands as part of its multi-play services via its subsidiary Digitenne. Since 1 May 2006, KPN offers Interactive Television, an IPTV service based on their DSL service, with the ability to receive Video On Demand and replay your missed TV episodes besides regular TV programming.

KPN Retail is a Dutch subsidiary that owns retail stores branded KPN Winkel.

Belgium
In Belgium, KPN formerly owned mobile provider Base. In 2015, it was sold to Telenet, a Belgian cable broadband service provider.

In 2007 KPN purchased the Belgian fixed telephone and broadband operations of the Tele2-Versatel joint venture. These were sold again in December 2009 to Mobistar (now Orange Belgium).

In 2009, KPN bought a 33.3% share in MVNO Mobile Vikings, which was sold to Medialaan in 2015.

Germany
In Germany, KPN formerly owned mobile provider E-Plus, which was Germany's third largest mobile phone network. E-Plus was sold to Telefónica Germany in 2014.

France
In France, KPN was active as a mobile virtual network operator under the brand name Simyo, which was sold to Bouygues Télécom in 2011.

International
From 1996 until 2001, KPN owned 17.28% stake in the Indonesian-based Telkomsel. It was sold to Singtel in 2001.

From 2009 until 2019, KPN owned the US-based iBasis. The company was sold to Tofane Global in 2019.

In 2006, KPN acquired Belgian ICT services company Newtel Essence (call center solutions and customer relations management).

See also

References

External links

 List of television channels on KPN Interactieve TV
 List of television channels on Digitenne

Telecommunications companies of the Netherlands
Telecommunications companies of Belgium
Telecommunications companies of Germany
Telecommunications companies of Spain
Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands
Companies based in Rotterdam
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Dutch brands
Companies listed on Euronext Amsterdam

KPN


Haze is reduction in visibility due to dust or other particles in the air. It is often a problem in air quality with smoke covering the sky. The particles may also make it hard to breathe. Some people fall sick as well due to the polluted air.

Haze

Haze


Bülent İplikçioğlu (born 1952 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey), is Turkish historian, epigrapher and professor of ancient history at the Marmara University in Istanbul.

İplikçioğlu studied History, Ancient History, Classics and Archaeology at the universities of Ankara and Vienna in the years 1970–1982. In Vienna, he received his PhD with a thesis on "Die Repräsentanten des senatorischen Reichsdienstes in Asia bis Diokletian im Spiegel der ephesischen Inschriften" in 1982. Until 1984, he was a university assistant to the Chair of Ancient History at the University of Ankara, from 1984 to 1986 an assistant professor in the Department of Ancient History at the Marmara University in Istanbul, where he became an associate professor in 1986 and professor of Ancient History in 1992.

İplikçioğlu is mainly interested in the history and epigraphy of ancient Asia Minor. From 1976 to 1991, he participated as an epigrapher in the excavations of the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Ephesus, and conducts his own epigraphic projects in the southwest of Turkey (Lycia and Pamphylia) on behalf of the Austrian Academy of Sciences since 1989.

He is a member of the German and Austrian Archaeological Institutes. Since 1984, İplikçioğlu is the head of the Department of Ancient History at the Marmara University, and holds lectures and seminars on Greco-Roman Antiquity, History of Asia Minor in the Hellenistic-Roman Period, Greek Epigraphy of Asia Minor and Methodology of Ancient History as well as cares of master's and doctoral theses.

Primary works

 Die Repräsentanten des senatorischen Reichsdienstes in Asia bis Diokletian im Spiegel der ephesischen Inschriften, Wien: VWGÖ 1983.
 Ephesos im Spiegel seiner Inschriften, Wien: Schindler 1984 (with D. Knibbe).
 Epigraphische Forschungen in Termessos und seinem Territorium I, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1991.
 Epigraphische Forschungen in Termessos und seinem Territorium II, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1992.
 Neue Inschriften aus Nord-Lykien I, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1992.
 Der Ritterstand und seine Tätigkeit im kaiserlichen Reichsdienst in Asia bis auf Diokletian im Spiegel der ephesischen Inschriften, Ankara: TTK 1993.
 Epigraphische Forschungen in Termessos und seinem Territorium III, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 1994.
 Eskibatı Tarihi I: Giriş, Kaynaklar, Bibliyografya, Ankara: TTK 1997.
 Hellen ve Roma Tarihinin Anahatları, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat 2007
 Epigraphische Forschungen in Termessos und seinem Territorium IV, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften 2007.

References

External links

20th-century Turkish historians
1952 births
Living people
People from Afyonkarahisar
Epigraphers
Academic staff of Ankara University
Ankara University alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Academic staff of Marmara University
21st-century Turkish historians

Bülent İplikçioğlu


William Whelan (September 1808 – 11 June 1865) was the third Chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the United States Department of the Navy.

Biography
Whelan was born September 1808, in Philadelphia.  Upon his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania in 1828, Dr. Whelan was commissioned a surgeon's mate in the U.S. Navy (25 March 1828).  His service included duty in the West Indian Squadron, Naval Hospital, Pensacola, Florida, where he was on duty during the prevalence there of smallpox and yellow fever, at Naval Hospital Chelsea, Massachusetts, and the Navy Yard, Philadelphia.  He was promoted passed assistant surgeon in 1834 and was commissioned surgeon on 9 February 1837.  From 1837 to 1840, he served in the Pacific aboard .  From 1843 to 1845 he served as fleet surgeon in the Mediterranean Squadron and again from 1849 to 1852.  He was appointed chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 23 September 1853, by the president, Franklin Pierce, and confirmed by Congress 23 January 1854.  He held this office until his death 11 June 1865.  He was thus chief of bureau during the American Civil War and the troubled period that preceded that conflict.  The heavy responsibilities connected with the expansion of the Navy Medical Department and the increase of facilities necessary to meet the urgent demands made by the war, were borne to him.

Among the highlights of his career as chief are:
The construction  and establishment of the naval hospitals at Annapolis, MD (1853) and at Memphis, TN, Mound City, IL, and New Bern, NC in the Civil War.
The establishment of the Naval Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York.  The lab, headed by Surgeon Benjamin F. Bache and Passed Assistant Surgeon Edward R. Squibb, experimented with the production of chloroform and ether anesthesia.  Squibb's major contribution was providing the Navy Medical Department with a reliable source of pure pharmaceuticals.  In 1857, Dr. Squibb resigned from the Navy and founded the pharmaceutical house that bears his name.
Establishment of the first Navy hospital ship,  in 1862.

References

External links

United States Navy Medical Corps officers
Military personnel from Philadelphia
1808 births
1865 deaths
American surgeons

William Whelan (surgeon)


Temple Beth El in Jefferson City, Missouri, was built in 1883. It is located at 318 Monroe St. and has been in continuous use at that location since its construction. Shabbat services are led by members of the congregation every Friday night, and holiday services are also observed. The congregation is affiliated with the URJ (Union for Reform Judaism). According to the Wikipedia list of oldest synagogues in the US Temple Beth El is the oldest synagogue building still in use west of the Mississippi.

History

According to the Jefferson City, Daily Tribune, Oct 14, 1883, the Jewish congregation of Jefferson City built for themselves a synagogue on the west side of Monroe St between High and McCarty. The building is 38'x25' and constructed of brick and cut stone trimmings. The interior is neatly furnished and includes a Torah scroll handwritten on parchment. The original Torah written in 1811 is still in use today. The Temple was designed by prominent local architect, Frank B. Miller, who also designed the Cole County Courthouse and Central Missouri Trust Company. A plaque was placed in the building by the 12 founders in appreciation of women in the Hebrew Ladies Sewing Society who "by untiring exertion and labor have secured and presented to the congregation a house and a lot dedicated to the service of the most high." The wording on the plaque is noteworthy because the women are listed by their first names, which was unusual for the time.

Most of the early members of the congregation were merchants with stores on High Street selling clothing, shoes, and saddles including the Globe Shoe and Clothing Store, Straus Saddlery, Goldman Clothing Store, The Reliable Store, Czarlinsky's and later Herman's Department Store and Leeds.

On September 19, 1954, Temple Beth El hosted Missouri's ceremonies during the tercentenary of the first Jewish settlement in North America. Governor Phil Donnelly signed a proclamation recognizing the event in October 1957.

Temple Beth El is located within the downtown Jefferson City Historic District. Additional information about Temple Beth El can be found at the State Historical Society of Missouri.

See also
 List of synagogues in the United States
 List of the oldest synagogues in the United States

External links

References

Buildings and structures in Jefferson City, Missouri
Reform synagogues in Missouri
Synagogues completed in 1883
1883 establishments in Missouri

Temple Beth El (Jefferson City, Missouri)


The Observer is a British newspaper published on Sundays. It is a sister paper to The Guardian and The Guardian Weekly, having been acquired by their parent company, Guardian Media Group Limited, in 1993. First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper.

History

Origins
The first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne, was the world's first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600. Though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bourne's brother (a wealthy businessman) made an offer to the government, which also refused to buy the paper but agreed to subsidise it in return for influence over its editorial content. As a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley.

19th century
In 1807, the brothers decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, a newspaper proprietor who owned a number of publications. The paper continued to receive government subsidies during this period; in 1819, of the approximately 23,000 copies of the paper distributed weekly, approximately 10,000 were given away as "specimen copies", distributed by postmen who were paid to deliver them to "lawyers, doctors, and gentlemen of the town."

Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clement's heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, who also took over the editor's chair.

In 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beer's son Frederick became the owner upon Julius's death in 1880, he had little interest in the newspaper and was content to leave Dicey as editor until 1889. Henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Dicey's departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Frederick's wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. She remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, a newspaper that she had also bought.

20th century
Upon Frederick's death in 1903, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. Northcliffe sold the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, who transferred ownership to his son Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor four years later. Garvin's departed as editor in 1942.

Ownership passed to Waldorf's sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor. He remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. In 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield (now called ARCO) who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981.

It became part of the Guardian Media Group in June 1993, after a rival acquisition bid by The Independent was rejected.

Farzad Bazoft, a journalist for The Observer, was executed in Iraq in 1990 on charges of spying. In 2003, The Observer interviewed the Iraqi colonel who had arrested and interrogated Bazoft and who was convinced that Bazoft was not a spy.

21st century
On 27 February 2005, The Observer Blog was launched. In addition to the weekly Observer Magazine colour supplement which is still present every Sunday, for several years each issue of The Observer came with a different free monthly magazine. These magazines had the titles Observer Sport Monthly, Observer Music Monthly, Observer Woman and Observer Food Monthly.

Content from The Observer is included in The Guardian Weekly for an international readership.

The Observer followed its daily partner The Guardian and converted to Berliner format on Sunday 8 January 2006.

The Observer was awarded the National Newspaper of the Year at the British Press Awards 2007. Editor Roger Alton stepped down at the end of 2007, and was replaced by his deputy, John Mulholland.

In early 2010, the paper was restyled. An article on the paper's website previewing the new version stated that "The News section, which will incorporate Business and personal finance, will be home to a new section, Seven Days, offering a complete round-up of the previous week's main news from Britain and around the world, and will also focus on more analysis and comment."

In July 2021, Ofcom announced that The Guardian continued to be the UK's most widely used newspaper website and app for news and had increased its audience share by 1% over the preceding year. 23% of consumers, who used websites or apps for news, used The Guardian, which also hosts The Observer online content. This compared to 22% for the Daily Mail website.

Supplements and features
After the paper was rejuvenated in early 2010, the main paper came with only a small number of supplements – Sport, The Observer Magazine, The New Review and The New York Times International Weekly, an 8-page supplement of articles selected from The New York Times that has been distributed with the paper since 2007. Every four weeks the paper includes The Observer Food Monthly magazine, and in September 2013 it launched Observer Tech Monthly, a science and technology section which won the Grand Prix at the 2014 Newspaper Awards.

Previously, the main paper had come with a larger range of supplements including Sport, Business & Media, Review, Escape (a travel supplement), The Observer Magazine and various special interest monthlies, such as The Observer Food Monthly, Observer Women monthly which was launched in 2006, Observer Sport Monthly and The Observer Film Magazine.

The Newsroom
The Observer and its sister newspaper The Guardian operate a visitor centre in London called The Newsroom.  It contains their archives, including bound copies of old editions, a photographic library and other items such as diaries, letters and notebooks. This material may be consulted by members of the public.  The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational programme for schools.

In November 2007, The Observer and The Guardian made their archives available over the Internet. The current extent of the archives available are 1791 to 2000 for The Observer and 1821 to 2000 for The Guardian. They will eventually go up to 2003. In 2023, copies from 2004 onwards and gaps were to be filled to latest edition.

Bans
The paper was banned in Egypt in February 2008 for publishing cartoons of the Prophet Muhammed.

Editors
 W. S. Bourne & W. H. Bourne (1791–1807)
 Lewis Doxat (1807–1857)
 Joseph Snowe (1857–1870)
 Edward Dicey (1870–1889)
 Henry Duff Traill (1889–1891)
 Rachel Beer (1891–1904)
 Austin Harrison (1904–1908)
 James Louis Garvin (1908–1942)
 Ivor Brown (1942–1948)
 David Astor (1948–1975)
 Donald Trelford (1975–1993)
 Jonathan Fenby (1993–1995)
 Andrew Jaspan (1995–1996)
 Will Hutton (1996–1998)
 Roger Alton (1998–2007)
 John Mulholland (2008–2018)
Paul Webster (2018–present)

Photographers
 Jane Bown (resident from 1949 until her death in 2014)
 Stuart Heydinger (1960–1966)
 Antonio Olmos (freelance)
 Harry Borden (freelance)
 Michael Peto (freelance)
 Colin Jones (freelance)
 Dean Chalkley (freelance)
 Don McCullin (freelance)
 Philip Jones Griffiths (freelance)
 Giles Duley (freelance)

Awards
The Observer was named the British Press Awards National Newspaper of the Year for 2006. Its supplements have three times won "Regular Supplement of the Year" (Sport Monthly, 2001; Food Monthly, 2006, 2012).

Observer journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including
 "Interviewer of the Year" (Lynn Barber, 2001; Sean O'Hagan, 2002; Rachel Cooke, 2005; Chrissy Iley (freelance for Observer and Sunday Times magazine), 2007)
 "Critic of the Year" (Jay Rayner, 2005; Philip French, 2008; Rowan Moore, 2013)
 "Food & Drink Writer of the Year" (John Carlin, 2003)
 "Travel Writer of the Year" (Tim Moore, 2004)

See also

 Anthony Howard
 Cambridge Apostles
 Observer Mace debating competition – now known as the John Smith Memorial Mace

References

Bibliography
 Richard Cockett (1990), David Astor and The Observer, André Deutsch, London. 294 pp. with index. .  Has endpapers that are facsimiles of The Observer, with other black-and-white photographic plates of personnel linked to the newspaper.
 Jane Bown (2015), A Lifetime of Looking, Faber & Faber Ltd.. Contains the most iconic photos she took for The Observer from 1949 to the last photo she took a few months before her death in December 2014.  Photos include The Beatles, Mick Jagger, the Queen, John Betjeman and Björk.

External links

 DigitalArchive paid-for service
 History of Guardian Media Group 1990–1999, Guardian Media Group website; as of 2 March 2003; GMGplc.co.uk (link requires Flash Player to view timeline)
 Observer timeline
 History of the Observer

1791 establishments in England
Centre-left newspapers
Guardian Media Group
Liberal media in the United Kingdom
National newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Publications established in 1791
Republicanism in the United Kingdom
Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom

The Observer


Michel Engels (1851–1901) was a Luxembourg illustrator, painter and art teacher who is remembered principally for his sketches of the fortifications of Luxembourg City and for cofounding the Cercle artistique de Luxembourg.

Early life

Born in the Rollingergrund district of Luxembourg City on 6 June 1851, Engels studied art at the Athénée where he was one of the last students instructed by Jean-Baptiste Fresez, considered to be Luxembourg's greatest 19th-century artist. Benefitting from a State grant, he then went on to study at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.

Career
On his return to Luxembourg, Engels became an art teacher at the Athénée, gaining the status of professor in 1895. He was popular among his students who he would often take down to the Rollingergrund to practice sketching. In 1889, he published a set of 20 drawings of scenes in Luxembourg City, encouraging his students to use them as a guide. He also stimulated their interest in art by giving lectures and publishing papers, opening up a new approach to art teaching in the Grand Duchy.

Side by side with his academic career he became a highly appreciated creative artist, sketching in pencil or pen and ink, sometimes adding colour. He was less interested in painting although he has left a large picture of the Holy Family in the Rollingergrund Church. A stickler for detail, he was nicknamed "The Meticulous Engels". Specialising in religious and historical scenes, he published a number of albums including "Bilder aus der ehemaligen Bundesfestung" (Scenes of the Former Fortifications), "Le Luxembourg pittoresque" (Picturesque Luxembourg) and "Stadt und Festung Luxemburg ehemals und heute" (The City and Fortress of Luxembourg Yesterday and Today) as well as 31 sheets illustrating the closing procession during the city's national Octave festival. His scenes are depicted with fine lines but, in the absence of any figures, have a rather cold appearance. They do however faithfully represent the city's past, based as they are on lithographs by Jean-Baptiste Fresez or Nicolas Liez or early photographs by pioneers such as Pierre Brandebourg.

In addition to his own historical drawings, he illustrated books and magazines and wrote accounts of his travels to Budapest, Munich and Vienna or to Italy and Switzerland. His account of his stays in Paris tells how he met the famous Hungarian painter Mihály Munkácsy who subsequently invited him to the Château de Colbach and gave him an album of his sketches. He also published several illustrated works on art and contributed articles to the German press. Finally, he also painted a few watercolours including those of the castles of Bourscheid and Clervaux.

Awards and affiliations
Knight of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau
Member of the Grand Ducal Institute
Cofounder of the Cercle artistique de Luxembourg (1893)

References

External links

Portrait of Michel Engels with link to a short video containing many illustrations of his work.

Luxembourgian writers
Luxembourgian non-fiction writers
Luxembourgian illustrators
1851 births
1901 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Alumni of the Athénée de Luxembourg
19th-century Luxembourgian painters
19th-century male artists
Male painters

Michel Engels


Celtic Thunder: Storm is the title of both a CD album and DVD that was released on 20 September 2011 by the musical group Celtic Thunder. This article relates mostly to the DVD, which is worthy of mention because unlike Celtic Thunder's other DVDs, which are filmed versions of their touring concerts, Storm is a full theatrical production.

Storm contains no spoken lines. Its story is told solely through its sixteen songs, most of which were written for the show by Phil Coulter, and the movements of its performers. One prerecorded video segment, for the song "Stand and Deliver", is shown on the back wall of the stage to depict the events described in the song, which would be difficult to stage live.

As with Celtic Thunder's other filmed events, Storm has aired on PBS in a slightly edited form. The order of the songs in Celtic Thunder's concerts is often different from the DVD to the PBS special, but this would ruin the storyline of Storm, and thus the PBS special is almost identical to the DVD (see Notes).

Cast
Named roles:
 George Donaldson: The Head Villager
 Ryan Kelly: The Traveller Leader
 Keith Harkin: The Highwayman
 Damian McGinty: The Young Buck
 Deirdre Shannon: The Gentlewoman
 Paul Byrom: The Landowner's Son
 Ruth O'Leary (violin): The Chief's Daughter
 Caroline Torti (dancer): The Traveller Leader's Sister (voice of Charley Bird)

Other roles within the production are played by members of Celtic Thunder's band and by the dancers who also appear on their DVD It's Entertainment, which was filmed concurrently with Storm.

Villagers:
 Neil Byrne (vocals/guitar)
 Dave Cooke (keyboard)
 Nicole Hudson (viola)
 Conor McCreanor (bass)
 Brendan Monaghan (pipes, whistle)
 Hayley-Jo Murphy (dancer)
 Joyce O'Leary (violin)
 Julianne Reilly (dancer)
 Megan Sherwood (cello)

Travellers:
 Stephan Dickson (dancer)
 Taylor James (dancer)
 Ethan LaFleur (dancer)
 Adam Lopapa (dancer)
 Justin Lopez (dancer)
 Declan O'Donoghue (percussion)
 Anthony Stuart (percussion)
 Cody Szarko (dancer)

Story
A storm breaks over a tiny village, inciting a caravan of mischievous Travellers to enter the village square and wreak havoc ("Storm Overture"). One of the village girls (Julianne Reilly) awakens and runs into the Traveller Leader, who holds her for a moment then releases her to return to her cottage. The Travellers discover that a chest in the village square contains gold and fine fabrics, and are exulting over this find when the men of the village arrive and chase them away.

The villagers tidy up the mess the Travellers have left behind and thank God for the arrival of morning, as do the Travellers, who have camped across the stream from the village ("New Day Dawning"). Both sides swear that they will fight to defend their homes.

The Traveller Leader waits for nightfall, then daringly runs through the village, stating that he does not care about being on the outskirts of society because he finds their games amusing to watch ("Outside Lookin' In"). Among his exploits is robbing the chest again, this time from under the nose of the sleeping Young Buck. He returns to the bridge across the stream at the advent of the Highwayman and gives the piece of jewelry he has stolen to his Sister, who accepts it eagerly and joins in her brother's song, agreeing with him, but watches the Highwayman nonetheless.

The Young Buck, scolded by the Highwayman for sleeping when he was supposed to be guarding the chest of valuables, claims angrily that he should be considered a man instead of a boy because of his age ("When You Are 18"), although his actions are still those of a child.

The Head Villager, discovering several of the men of the village sitting idle with the Highwayman, feels the need to make his authority clear ("Life in the Old Dog Yet"), which includes laying out his plan to marry his Daughter to the Landowner's Son. Although she dutifully dances with the man her father prefers, she flirts openly with one of the other villagers (Neil Byrne), hinting that her affections may be otherwise given.

Alone, the Landowner's Son explains that though the Head Villager's Daughter is certainly beautiful and desirable, he does not love her and believes that the perfect woman for him exists somewhere else ("Not the One").

The Highwayman gives details on how the items in his chest were obtained ("Stand and Deliver"), illustrated by the video shown on the back wall of the stage which depicts him robbing a carriage containing a well-dressed man and woman. As the Highwayman rides away and the man speaks angrily with his coachman, the woman gets out of the carriage and runs off, following the Highwayman.

A few moments later, the Gentlewoman arrives on stage in person, dressed in the same gown in which she was shown in the video and wondering aloud about the strange man who took her jewels ("The Highwayman"). She discovers him washing his hands in the stream and begins to approach him, but sees that he is fascinated by the Traveller Leader's Sister, who appears across the stream. Defeated, she retires from the lists.

The Head Villager, the villager who loves his Daughter, the Landowner's Son, and the Young Buck sing a traditional ballad about loving a woman, musing on their various lost, unattainable, or not yet discovered loves ("My Lagan Love").

Across the stream, the Traveller Leader tells the story of a village girl who ran off with a "gypsy" and was never seen again ("Midnight Well"), simultaneously seducing the girl who discovered the Travellers during the Overture. The Traveller Leader's Sister, not to be outdone, begins to seduce the Highwayman ("Shadows Dancing"), but they are discovered by her brother and run away hand in hand.

The Gentlewoman reappears, dressed in white, to sing in Irish about the futility of war and violence ("Harry's Game"). The Landowner's Son discovers her, recognizes her as his perfect woman, and woos her in song, to which she responds favorably ("Tender is the Night").

Accepting the defeat of his plan for his Daughter's marriage (and hinting that he will no longer stand in the way of her marrying the man she wants), the Head Villager reflects philosophically on everything which has made him the man he is ("This Was My Life").

The Young Buck reappears and begins to meddle with the Highwayman's belongings, to which the Highwayman objects, and the two sing a duet ("Look at Me") in which the Young Buck claims that he is "a natural winner", "a hell of a fella", and irresistible to women. The Highwayman points out that the women of the village, gathered behind them, are in fact laughing at the Young Buck, who does not take kindly to the realization.

The Traveller Leader leads his tribe openly into the village, and the village men assemble to defend their home ("Hail the Hero (Mo Ghile Mear)"). Though they are evenly matched in numbers, there is no telling what will happen when the fight begins...

Track listing

Notes
 The Highwayman's style of dress, such as his ruffled shirt and the tricorne hat seen in the video during "Stand and Deliver", supports the claim in the song "The Highwayman" that he is "a nobleman who has gone wrong", as well as helping to date the setting of the show to the late 18th century.
 The village women notice the Gentlewoman and begin to whisper about her as she sings "The Highwayman", which may explain both where she goes after the song ends and her change of costume when she reappears.
 In the final moments of "Hail the Hero (Mo Ghile Mear)", when the Travellers and the villagers square off one-on-one, the Traveller Leader faces the Highwayman, hinting that he has come to defend his Sister's honor. Dave Cooke does not appear onstage in this song, placing the number of villagers and Travellers at seven apiece.
 Though most of the members of Celtic Thunder's band are dressed as and act the part of villagers, the two percussionists, Declan O'Donoghue and Anthony Stuart, wear Traveller garb; they do not take part in the action but are visible at their drums, which are set up onstage on the other side of the Traveller camp from the village, throughout the show.
 The lyrics sung by a woman's voice over the opening credits of Storm are "A Thiarna dean trocaire, A Chriost dean trocaire", which are Irish Gaelic for "Lord have mercy, Christ have mercy" and from the chorus of Celtic Thunder's usual opening song for their concerts, "Heartland".
 The PBS special of Storm omits "Not the One" and has a different, less suggestive, ending pose for the Traveller Leader and the village girl in "Midnight Well".
 A number of relationship parallels arise between Storm and It's Entertainment:
 Keith Harkin and Caroline Torti were depicted as a couple in It's Entertainment, in which the song "Just Like Jesse James", also sung by Charley Bird, was staged as an angry challenge to him, followed by his "Hard to Say I'm Sorry" which showed their reconciliation.
 Julianne Reilly was the female dancer in both Ryan Kelly's solo numbers in It's Entertainment, notably portraying the "girl named Doris" in "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown". The male dancers from this song play Storm'''s Traveller people to Ryan's Traveller Leader.
 The third female dancer from It's Entertainment, Hayley-Jo Murphy (daughter of Celtic Thunder choreographer Belinda Murphy), also makes an appearance in Storm, but her role as Damian McGinty's love interest is not reprised. She wears a less revealing costume than the rest of the female cast, in deference to her age.

External links
 Celtic Thunder's official Storm press release: https://web.archive.org/web/20110905032547/http://cms.celticthunder.ie/node/835746
 Celtic Thunder's official lyrics site, including the songs from Storm'': https://web.archive.org/web/20111002015452/http://cms.celticthunder.ie/lyrics

2011 albums
Celtic Thunder albums

Celtic Thunder: Storm


Telekom Electronic Beats (TEB) is an international music marketing program of Deutsche Telekom AG focusing on electronic music and international club culture. The program was founded in 2000. It comprises a media portfolio and has been organizing events such as concerts, festivals and club nights with mainly electronic music artists throughout Europe.

Publishing
TEB's media portfolio and formats have changed and developed since the start of the program:

"Electronic Beats TV" is one of the longest running video magazines in electronic music. The format started in 2000 with a weekly TV show moderated by Ill-Young Kim and broadcast by VIVA and Viva Zwei. From 2005, it was published as a quarterly DVD magazine called Slices. The DVDs were available for free through distribution in boutiques, cafés, bars, clubs etc. mainly in Central and Eastern Europe. Since 2015, all content is hosted on Youtube. In February 2018, TEB's YouTube channel was awarded the YouTube Silver Creator Award for more than 100.000 subscribers.

The online magazine  .net was launched in 2001. It offers news, single and album reviews, longform articles as well as podcasts, audio and video features on electronic dance music and club culture.

In 2005, the English-language Electronic Beats Magazine started. The quarterly print publication revolved around music, culture and travel subjects. Like Slices, it was available for free through distribution in boutiques, cafés, bars, clubs etc. mainly in Central and Eastern Europe. The final issue was published in late 2015.

Telekom Electronic Beats also appeared as a record label: 2007 saw the release of the first Electronic Beats Compilation in collaboration with Warner Music Austria.

In 2011, Electronic Beats extended its work to Poland, launching a website in Polish and hosting events in the biggest cities throughout the country.

In 2017, TEB created the app "The Lenz" together with Gorillaz.

In 2018 started the German language Electronic Beats Podcast series. It is moderated by hosts Gesine Kühne and Jakob Thoene. Each episode features one or more guests from the field of nightlife, electronic dance music and club culture. So far, DJ Hell, WestBam, Fritz Kalkbrenner, Oliver Koletzki, Michael Michalsky, Perel, Frank Wiedemann, Dimitri Hegemann, Many Ameri, Roosevelt, David August, Gabi Delgado, Heiko Hoffmann, Modeselektor, Michael Rother, HVOB, Apparat, Laurin Schafhausen and Christian Löffler, among others, have appeared on the show.

Events

The Electronic Beats live music events are a series of club nights, concerts and festivals hosted in cities throughout Europe.

The first Electronic Beats Festival took place in 2001 at Cologne's Palladium, featuring live appearances by Mouse on Mars and OP:L Bastards.

In 2002, the second Electronic Beats Festival at Cologne's Palladium featured LTJ Bukem & MC Conrad, Kosheen, Sofa Surfers, Kid Loco and Chicks on Speed.

In 2004, the "Electronic Beats Stereo Deluxe Spring Tour" took place. That same year during Popkomm there are also three event nights featuring Rammstein, Virginia Jetzt!, Phillip Boa, Tiefschwarz and Mocky among others in the former Palace of the Republic. 2raumwohnung, MIA. and Chicks on Speed played at an Electronic Beats Live Special during the Bonner T-Mobile Forum.

In 2005, there were Electronic Beats Festivals with Faithless, Stereo MCs, Zoot Woman, GusGus and The Prodigy in Cologne, Edinburgh, Vienna and Amsterdam. Additionally the Electronic Beats Sundowner Tour takes place in Budapest, Vienna, Berlin, Hamburg, Brighton, Munich, Zagreb and Amsterdam. Moreover, there was "The Night is White/Casa Relax Launch Party" in Ibiza which was held in collaboration with Sony Ericsson.

2006 saw Electronic Beats Festivals with Nightmares on Wax, Superdiscount, The Prodigy, Deichkind, Carl Graig, Groove Armada, Boy George, DJ Hell, MIA., Zoot Woman in Cologne, Budapest, Bratislava, Prague and Vienna plus a Croatian club tour with Ian Pooley.

2007 saw Electronic Beats Festivals with Soulwax (as 2 Many DJs), Goldie, Kelis and Felix da Housecat in Vienna and Budapest as well as another club tour with Ian Pooley, Howard Donald and Tonka in Croatia.

In 2008, Electronic Beats Festivals were held in Bratislava, Prague, Bonn, Graz, Vienna and Berlin, featuring Underworld, Modeselektor, Robyn, Alter Ego, Who Made Who, The Streets, Róisín Murphy, Booka Shade, The Whitest Boy Alive, Peaches, Hercules and Love Affair, Santigold and Gorillaz Sound System.

In 2009, Electronic Beats Festivals were held in Cologne, Graz and Innsbruck, featuring The Gossip, Phoenix, Fever Ray, Simian Mobile Disco, Modeselektor, Bodi Bill, Filthy Dukes and James Yuill. That same year the first "Electronic Beats Classics Concert" with Donna Summer was held in Berlin. The second episode of the event series presents Yello and their "Virtual Concert" in Berlin, Vienna and Cologne.

In 2010, Electronic Beats Festivals with Hot Chip, Booka Shade, Moderat, Miike Snow, Delphic, The Human League, Little Dragon, Kele, Bon Homme, Nouvelle Vague, The Asteroids Galaxy Tour, Turboweekend and Róisín Murphy were held in Prague, Graz, Cologne, Berlin and Vienna. There was also a "Friends and Family Event" for the tenth anniversary of TEB with Caribou and Barbara Panther in Berlin. An "Electronic Beats Recommends Club Tour" happened that same year, featuring Caribou, Barbara Panther and Mount Kimbie in Munich, Leipzig, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Cologne, Prague, Budapest, Vienna, Frankfurt and Zagreb.

In 2017, four shows with Gorillaz were held in Warsaw, Budapest, Katowice and Cologne.

Since 2017, there's an ongoing TEB Clubnight series in clubs throughout Germany. It features live appearances by artists such as Ata, Mr. G., Inga Mauer, Hodge, FJAAK and many more. Clubs that host TEB Clubnights include Institut fuer Zukunft in Leipzig, PAL in Hamburg, Blitz Club in Munich, White Noise in Stuttgart, Gewölbe in Cologne, Klub Neu in Dresden, Galerie Kurzweil in Darmstadt, Studio Club in Essen, Oma Doris in Dortmund among others.

Awards
Since its inception TEB has won many international publishing and marketing awards, including

 BCP Best of Corporate Publishing Award 2013: Gold in categories "CP Excellence", "B2C - IT/Telekommunikation/Energie" and "Digital Media" as well as a Grand Award in the "Best of Photography" category
Questar Award 2013: Gold for TEB's DVD magazine Slices
Art Directors Club 2014: Silver in category "Corporate Publishing"
BCP - Best of Corporate Publishing 2015: Gold in category "B2C - Medien/Entertainment/Kultur" and Gold in category "Best Crossmedia Solution - Handel und Kosumgüter"
Best of Content Marketing 2016: Gold in category "Best Crossmedia - Dienstleistung / Handel / Konsumgüter"
Econ Award Unternehmenskommunikation 2016: Silver in category "Social-Media-Aktivitäten"
 PR Report Awards 2016: Finalist in category "Content-Strategie"
 German Brand Award 2016: Excellence in Brand Strategy, Management and Creation
Deutscher Digital Award 2016: Silver in category "Websites (stationary and mobile) – Content"
 Questar Awards 2019: Gold in category "YouTube"
 iNOVA Awards 2019: Gold in category "Copy/Scriptwriting" for the reportage Behind Bars: Meet The Georgian Techno Producer Making Music From Prison by Chloé Lula

References

External links

Music journalism
Telecommunications companies
Advertising
Electronic music

Electronic Beats


Hardy's paradox is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics devised by Lucien Hardy in 1992–1993 in which a particle and its antiparticle may interact without annihilating each other.

Experiments using the technique of weak measurement have studied an interaction of polarized photons, and these have demonstrated that the phenomenon does occur. However, the consequence of these experiments is only that past events can be inferred after their occurrence as a probabilistic wave collapse. These weak measurements are considered to be an observation themselves, and therefore part of the causation of wave collapse, making the objective results only a probabilistic function rather than a fixed reality. However, a careful analysis of the experiment shows that Hardy's paradox only proves that a local hidden-variable theory cannot exist, as there cannot be a theory that assumes that the system meets the states of reality regardless of the interaction with the measuring apparatus. This confirms that a quantum theory, to be consistent with the experiments, must be non-local (in the sense of Bell) and contextual.

Setup description and the results

The basic building block of Hardy's thought experiment are two Mach–Zehnder interferometers for quantum particles and antiparticles. We will describe the case using electrons and positrons. Each interferometer consists of bent paths and two beam splitters (labeled BS1 and BS2 in the accompanying diagram) and is tuned so that when operating individually, particles always exit to the same particle detector (the ones labeled c in the diagram; c is for "constructive interference" and d is for "destructive interference"). For example, for the right-hand side interferometer, when operating alone, entering electrons (labeled e−) become a quantum superposition of electrons taking the path v− and electrons taking path w− (in the diagram, the latter part of the w− path is labeled u−), but these constructively interfere and thus always exit in arm c−:

Similarly, positrons (labeled e+) are always detected at c+.

In the actual experiment the interferometers are arranged so that part of their paths overlap as shown in the diagram. If the amplitude for the particle in one arm, say w−, were to be obstructed by a second particle in w+ that collides with it, only the v amplitude would reach the second beam splitter and would split into arms c+ and d+ with equal amplitudes. The detection of a particle in d+ would thus indicate the presence of the obstructing particle, but without an annihilation taking place. For this reason, this scheme was named interaction-free measurement.

If (classically speaking) both the electron and the positron take the w paths in their respective interferometers, they will annihilate to produce two gamma rays: . There is a 1 in 4 chance of this happening. We can express the state of the system, before the final beam splitters, as

Since the  detectors click for , and the  detectors for , this becomes

Since the probabilities are the squares of the absolute values of these amplitudes, this means a 9 in 16 chance of each particle being detected in its respective c detector; a 1 in 16 chance each for one particle being detected in its c detector and the other in its d detector, or for both being detected in their d detectors; and a 4 in 16 (1 in 4) chance that the electron and positron annihilate, so neither is detected. Notice that a detection in both d detectors is represented by

This is not orthogonal to the expression above for the state before the final beam splitters. The scalar product between them is 1/4, showing that there is a 1 in 16 chance of this happening, paradoxically.

The situation can be analyzed in terms of two simultaneous interaction-free measurements: from the point of view of the interferometer on the left, a click at d+ implies the presence of the obstructing electron in u−. Similarly, for the interferometer on the right, a click at d− implies the presence of the positron in u+. Indeed, every time a click is recorded at d+ (or d−), the other particle is found in u− (or u+ respectively). If we assume the particles are independent (described by local hidden variables), we conclude that they can never emerge simultaneously in d+ and d−. This would imply that they were in u+ and u−, which cannot occur because of the annihilation process.

A paradox then arises because sometimes the particles do emerge simultaneously at d+ and d− (with probability p = 1/16). Quantum mechanically, the  term arises, in fact, from the nonmaximally entangled nature of the state just before the final beam splitters.

An article by Yakir Aharonov and colleagues in 2001 pointed out that the number of electrons or positrons in each branch is theoretically observable and is 0 in the w branches and 1 in the v branches. And yet, the number of electron–positron pairs in any combination is also observable and is not given by the product of the single-particle values. So we find that the number of ww pairs (both particles in their w path) is 0, each wv pair is 1, and the number in the vv combination is −1! They proposed a way that this could be observed physically by temporarily trapping the electron and the positron in the v paths in boxes and noting the effect of their mutual electrostatic attraction. They stated that one would actually find a repulsion between the boxes.

In 2009 Jeff Lundeen and Aephraim M. Steinberg published work in which they set up a "Hardy's paradox" system using photons. A 405 nm laser goes through a barium borate crystal to produce pairs of 810 nm photons with polarizations orthogonal to each other. These then hit a beam splitter, which sends photons back to the barium borate crystal with 50% probability. The 405 nm pumping beam also bounces from a mirror and comes back to the barium borate. If both the 810 nm photons come back to the crystal, they are annihilated by interaction with the returning pump beam. In any case, the beam of photons that make it through the crystal and the beam of photons that pass through the beam splitter are both separated into "vertically polarized" and "horizontally polarized" beams, which correspond to the "electrons" and the "positrons" of Hardy's scheme. The two "electron" beams (the photons with one kind of polarization) are united at a beam splitter and go to one or two detectors, and the same for the "positrons" (the other photons). Classically, no photons should be detected at what the authors call the "dark ports" because if they take both directions from the first beam splitter, they will interfere with themselves, whereas if they take only one path, then one cannot detect them both at the dark ports because of the paradox. By introducing a 20° rotation in polarization and using half-wave plates on certain beams, and then measuring coincidence rates at the detectors, they were able to make weak measurements that allowed them to calculate the "occupation" of different arms (paths) and combinations. As predicted by Aharonov and colleagues, they found a negative value for the combination in which both photons take the outer (no-annihilation) route. The results were not exactly as predicted, and they attribute this to imperfect switching (annihilation) and interaction-free measurements.

See also
 Uncertainty principle
 Wave function collapse

References

External links
Lecture by Aephraim Steinberg , 2012

Quantum measurement
Paradoxes
Thought experiments in quantum mechanics

Hardy's paradox


Terry Newton (7 November 1978 – c. 26 September 2010) wis an Inglis internaitional rugby league player. He played for Leeds Rhinos, Wigan Warriors, Bradford Bulls an Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, an wis ane o a handful o players tae featur in each o the first 15 saisons o Super League. In Februar 2010, he wis gien a twa-year ban efter bein ane o the first sportsmen tae hae testit positive for human growth hormone. He wis foond hanged in his home seeven month later.

Rugby
1978 births
2010 daiths
Fowk frae Wigan

Terry Newton


In mathematics, reduction refers to the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form. For example, the process of rewriting a fraction into one with the smallest whole-number denominator possible (while keeping the numerator a whole number) is called "reducing a fraction". Rewriting a radical (or "root") expression with the smallest possible whole number under the radical symbol is called "reducing a radical". Minimizing the number of radicals that appear underneath other radicals in an expression is called denesting radicals.

Algebra
In linear algebra, reduction refers to applying simple rules to a series of equations or matrices to change them into a simpler form. In the case of matrices, the process involves manipulating either the rows or the columns of the matrix and so is usually referred to as row-reduction or column-reduction, respectively.  Often the aim of reduction is to transform a matrix into its "row-reduced echelon form" or "row-echelon form"; this is the goal of Gaussian elimination.

Calculus

In calculus, reduction refers to using the technique of integration by parts to evaluate integrals by reducing them to simpler forms.

Static (Guyan) reduction
In dynamic analysis, static reduction refers to reducing the number of degrees of freedom. Static reduction can also be used in finite element analysis to refer to simplification of a linear algebraic problem. Since a static reduction requires several inversion steps it is an expensive matrix operation and is prone to some error in the solution. Consider the following system of linear equations in an FEA problem:

where  K and F are known and K, x and F are divided into submatrices as shown above. If F2 contains only zeros, and only x1 is desired, K can be reduced to yield the following system of equations

 is obtained by writing out the set of equations as follows:

Equation () can be solved for  (assuming invertibility of ):

And substituting into () gives

Thus

In a similar fashion, any row or column i of F with a zero value may be eliminated if the corresponding value of xi is not desired. A reduced K may be reduced again. As a note, since each reduction requires an inversion, and each inversion is an operation with computational cost O(n3), most large matrices are pre-processed to reduce calculation time.

History
In the 9th century, Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi's Al-Jabr introduced the fundamental concepts of "reduction" and "balancing", referring to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation and the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation. This is the operation which Al-Khwarizmi originally described as al-jabr. The name "algebra" comes from the "al-jabr" in the title of his book.

References

Mathematical terminology
Linear algebra
Calculus
Iranian inventions

Reduction (mathematics)