Electric Warrior is an American comic book series, published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987. Set outside the continuity of the DC Universe, the series was written by Doug Moench with artwork provided by Jim Baikie. A total of eighteen issues were published.

Summary
The series in set in a future where the rich (Elites) live in luxury, their lifestyles supported by an array of cybernetic devices and robots, while the poor (Zigs) are forced to struggle for their existence in the lower levels of the city. When one of the robot policemen, known as the Electric Warriors, or Leks, develops self-awareness, it begins to question the correctness of the social order and decides to help the Zigs. This robot is called 9-03, and it falls in love with a Zig crone called Kinsolving, whom he protects from any and all harm. He then helps the Zigs by giving them food and supplies taken from the Elites up above.

At the same time, a man named Derek Two-Shadow is living in the forest with a tribe of natural born natives called . They have rejected all forms of modern technology. A female scholar, Quintana, is sent into the forest to live with the  and study them. She gets to know Derek Two-Shadow, and learns of his history and life. He was born as a Zig, but escaped to the wilderness when he was still a child. One night, a group of genetic mutants (Genidiots) sneaks into the  camp to steal food. Quintana is startled to see one, and she shoots and kills three of them with her laser pistol. She did not know that the Genidiots were allowed to steal food in exchange for peace between the two factions. With the killing of the three intruders, the peace is broken and the Genidiots will attack. She offers her weapons to defend the village, but since this goes against the  principle of rejecting technology, she is told to leave and never come back.

When the Leks sent to capture 9-03 learn of Kinsolving's close relationship with 9-03, they decide to kidnap her and take her to headquarters for further questioning. 9-03 storms into the Elite leader's office and demands he release Kinsolving. The leader's name is Magistrate Marder. He agrees to free Kinsolving in exchange for letting his techs examine 9-03 and figure out how he became sentient. 9-03 manages to free Kinsolving, but when a group of gunships sent to pursue them fires a warning shot, 9-03 sees that the shot is going to kill a Zig family. He throws himself in front of the shot and saves the Zigs, but he is blown to pieces.

Magistrate Marder has learned about a fleet of what appear to be alien vessels and wishes to fuse man and machine to create a new breed of Electric Warrior, the Synthoids. He had hoped to duplicate 9-03's autonomy and intelligence, but since that failed, he has the  rounded up, captured, then taken to the city where they are converted into cyborgs and most of them die from the shock. Two-Shadow, however, is one of the lucky ones: the components of 9-03 are fused to his body after most of it has been amputated. Upon awakening after his surgery, Derek feels the essence of 9-03 within his altered body, escapes, and finds a component of the robot at Kinsolving's home that he uses to flood his body with nanites and merge 9-03's mind with his own; although they retain their independent brain patterns, they can never again be separated.

The Electric Warrior forces an alliance between the , Zigs, Genidiots, and Elites to fight the invasion, but when the "aliens" come, they are revealed to be very human – the Electric Warrior's planet had been an experiment set up to determine how civilizations develop. Derek Two-Shadow was actually a resident of Earth who had signed up for the experiment after discovering that his wife had had herself rendered cybernetically immortal. This disgusted him into leaving her forever due to the fact that the surgery required had left horrible scars on her back and her body had been changed so that they could no longer enjoy a normal physical relationship. The Electric Warrior agrees to go back to Earth with the "aliens" to give them their experimental data, while the rest of the people remain behind but in a more mutually beneficial and cooperative peace.

References

External links

1986 comics debuts
1987 comics endings
Comics characters introduced in 1986
Comics by Doug Moench
Science fiction comics
Dystopian comics
DC Comics limited series

Electric Warrior (comics)


The BFW M.19, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M 19, was the first in a line of German low-wing single-engine sports planes, designed by Willy Messerschmitt while he worked for Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW).

Development
The M.19 was developed to compete in the Sachsenflug competition for single-seat lightplanes, to requirements set down by the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DVL). It was Messerschmitt's first low-wing cantilever monoplane, though the fuselage and empennage were clearly related to that of the high-wing two-seat M.17 of 1925. This fuselage had five main longitudinal members, four defining the lower rectangular part and a raised, central dorsal member that made the upper cross-section triangular. These members tapered strongly together towards the tail unit, where the fuselage was very slim. The rudder and fin assembly wae noticeable for being extremely rectangular, higher than wide and dominated by the rudder; the fin chord was very narrow and amounted to little more than a streamlined rudder post. It had a single-axle undercarriage with a tailskid.

It was powered by an 18 kW (24 hp) ABC Scorpion engine.

Operational history
The M.19 was entered into the Sachsenflug competition, flown by Theo Cronweiss and won both the technical prize and the overall award, winning Messerschmitt 60,000 RM which he invested in BFW.

Only two were built, but the low-wing, aerodynamically clean M.19 lead to a series of two-seat developments: the successful M.23, the M.27, the M.31 and the M.35.

Specifications

References
Citations

Cited sources

1920s German sport aircraft
M 19
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1927

BFW M.19


Mark Andreas Sheppard (born 30 May 1964) is an English actor and musician. Sheppard is known for playing the demon/King of Hell Crowley on Supernatural and for his recurring roles as lawyer Romo Lampkin on the Battlestar Galactica reboot, Interpol investigator James Sterling on Leverage, and small-time crime lord Badger on Joss Whedon's Firefly.

Early life
Sheppard was born in London, the son of actor W. Morgan Sheppard and Regina Lisa ( Scherer) Sheppard.

Career

Music
Sheppard became a drummer as a teenager, enjoying many years recording and touring with artists including Robyn Hitchcock, the Television Personalities, the Finnish rock band Hanoi Rocks, and the Irish group Light a Big Fire. Mark played drums on Light a Big Fire's second album.

Television
Sheppard's television work includes the following: the "Fire" episode of The X-Files, a year on the Jerry Bruckheimer action series Soldier of Fortune, guest-starring and recurring roles on The Practice, The Invisible Man, Special Unit 2, JAG,  Star Trek: Voyager,  The Chronicle, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: NY, Monk, and Las Vegas, among others. He played a demon named Arnon on an episode titled
"Witches in Tights" on the TV series Charmed. He played Badger, a semi-comical cockney-style crime boss in the short-lived Joss Whedon show Firefly  and later cast again in another Whedon show, Dollhouse as Paul Ballard's dismissive FBI superior. He appeared as a villain in season five of the Fox show 24 and as Patricia Arquette's reincarnated Jack the Ripper-style serial killer nemesis on Medium. He appeared as Romo Lampkin in seasons three and four of Battlestar Galactica, and had a recurring role as Manservant Neville in ABC Family's short-lived The Middleman. He has been seen as Anthony Anthros on Bionic Woman, as Sterling the nemesis character on Leverage, and as the King of Hell Crowley on Supernatural.

He appeared in the pilot episode of White Collar  as a villainous master forger and as the Director of the Ring criminal organisation in Chuck. He appeared in the SyFy series Warehouse 13 as Regent Benedict Valda. He appears in the 2011 Doctor Who episodes "The Impossible Astronaut" and "Day of the Moon" playing the character Canton Everett Delaware III. In October 2013, Sheppard returned to White Collar, reprising his 2009 role as master forger Curtis Hagen.

Film
His film credits include the Jim Sheridan film In the Name of the Father, starring opposite Daniel Day-Lewis and Emma Thompson as Guildford Four member Patrick Armstrong; the romantic comedy Lover's Knot; the Russian historical drama Out of the Cold; the thriller Unstoppable;  and with Heather Graham and Jeremy Sisto in the dark independent, Broken. He also starred in Megalodon and New Alcatraz.

Mark Sheppard directed his father, actor W. Morgan Sheppard. in the film Room 101, and co-starred with him in the psychological thriller Nether World, which the younger Sheppard also co-produced. The elder Sheppard played the older version of his son's character in the aforementioned Doctor Who and NCIS episodes.

Video games
He voiced the role of protagonist Michael Ford in The Conduit, whose mentor, John Adams, was voiced by W. Morgan Sheppard.

Double casting
Sheppard was cast with his father (who died in 2019) as the same character on three occasions, each playing the character at different ages:
 Canton Everett Delaware III in the Doctor Who episode "The Impossible Astronaut";
 War criminal Marcin Jarek a.k.a. "Mr. Pain" in the NCIS episode "Broken Bird"; and
 Captain Nemo in the 2010 film Jules Verne's Mysterious Island, which Mark also directed.

In the Macgyver reboot episode, "Cigar Cutter", which first aired 14 April 2017, he plays an assassin who assumes the identity of murder victim "Dr. Zito", a role his father played in the original series, except "Dr. Zito" was the name of the killer.

Voice
Since 2011, Mark Sheppard has been "The Voice" of BBC America promos and announcements.

Personal life
Sheppard and his first wife, Jessica, married on 6 March 2004, and have two sons, Max and Will. They divorced on 23 December 2014. On 9 November 2015, Sheppard married Australian heiress Sarah Louise Fudge. They celebrated their union in a private ceremony a year later on 19 November 2016 in Malibu, California. On 1 March 2016, their daughter, Isabella Rose, was born.

Filmography

Film roles

Television roles

Video game roles

References

External links

English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of German descent
English people of Irish descent
English expatriates in the United States
Living people
1964 births
Male actors from London
Musicians from London
English rock drummers

Mark Sheppard


Alexander "Sandor" Asboth (Hungarian: Asbóth Sándor, December 18, 1811 – January 21, 1868) was a Hungarian military leader best known for his victories as a Union general during the American Civil War. He also served as United States Ambassador to Argentina and as United States Ambassador to Uruguay.

Early life

Asboth was born in Keszthely, Hungary.  When Asboth was 8, his family moved to Zombor (now Sombor in Serbia). Asboth wanted to be a soldier, like his elder brother Lajos, but instead his parents decided he should be an engineer. He studied at the Mining Academy of Selmecbánya and the Institutum Geometricum in Pest.

After graduation he worked on the construction of the Széchenyi Chain Bridge as a civilian engineer and later he had some part in the river regulation of the Lower-Danube. He joined with freedom-fighter Lajos Kossuth in the 1848 revolutionary movement. In December 1848 he was promoted to captain. During his time as captain, he took part in the battles of Kápolna and Nagysalló. On the spring of 1849 he was promoted to the rank of major, then he became an adjutant of Kossuth and achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. Asboth traveled with Kossuth to the Ottoman Empire and then to the United States in 1851, after the revolution failed.

United States and Civil War
Asboth remained in the United States and joined the Union Army. Starting in July 1861, he served as chief of staff for General John C. Frémont. Asboth was nominated brigadier general by President Abraham Lincoln on December 26, 1861, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the promotion on March 24, 1862, as the President did not formally make the appointment until March 22, 1862. Asboth was assigned command of the 4th Division in Frémont's western campaign. Asboth later led a division under Samuel Curtis, and during the Arkansas campaign he occupied Bentonville and Fayetteville. He participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge, leading troops at the Little Sugar Creek position.  His right arm was fractured by a musket ball while bringing reinforcements to support Colonel Eugene A. Carr.  Reinforcements were transferred to Henry Halleck from the Army of the Southwest and during the Siege of Corinth, Asboth commanded a brigade in the Army of the Mississippi.

Asboth later commanded garrisons in Kentucky and Ohio. In August 1863, Asboth was assigned to the District of West Florida, with his headquarters at Fort Pickens. He was badly wounded in the Battle of Marianna on September 27, 1864; his left cheek-bone being broken and his left arm fractured in two places. Asboth was mustered out of the volunteer service on August 24, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Asboth for the award of the brevet grade of major general to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the award on March 12, 1866.

Later life and death

In 1866, he was appointed U.S. Minister to Argentina and Uruguay. He died in Buenos Aires in 1868, likely due to his wounds received in Florida.  He was initially buried in the city's British cemetery, but was re-buried in 1923 when La Chacarita Cemetery became a park. His remains were returned to the United States in October 1990 for burial at Arlington National Cemetery.<ref>Arlington National Cemetery</ref

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

Cox, Dale; The Battle of Marianna, Florida, Dale Cox, (2007)
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
Grant, Ulysses S., Simon, John Y.; The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant: 1837-1861, Volume 1, SIU Press, (1967)
Gracza, Rezsoe, Gracza, Margaret Young; The Hungarians in America, Lerner Publications Co., (1969)
Warner, Ezra J.; Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State Univ. Press, (1964)
Watson, Davis; The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida, BiblioBazaar, LLC, (2009)
Welsh, Jack D.; Medical Histories of Union Generals, Kent State University Press, (2005)
ANC Explorer

Attribution

External links

|- style="text-align: center;"

|-

1811 births
1868 deaths
People from Keszthely
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
American people of Hungarian descent
Union Army generals
People of Florida in the American Civil War
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
19th-century American diplomats
Forty-Eighters
Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
Ambassadors of the United States to Argentina

Alexander Asboth


The blockade of Germany was part of the First Battle of the Atlantic between the United Kingdom and Germany during World War I.

The British established a naval blockade of Germany early in the war. As was shown later in the Battle of Jutland, the German fleet could not defeat the British fleet to break the blockade. The blockade was unusually restrictive in that even food was stopped, as it was said to help the war. The Germans regarded that as an attempt to starve the German people into submission. They wanted to fight back and so blockaded Britain and France.

As Germany could not fight with the huge British Royal Navy on an even basis, the only possible way for Germany to impose a blockade on Britain was through the submarines. The Chancellor of Germany was against that sort of blockade because it meant attacking neutral ships, such as those of the United States, as well. However, the military pushed unlimited submarine warfare forward.

On 4 February 1915, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany declared the seas around the British Isles a war zone. Effective 18 February, Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning. British ships hiding behind neutral flags would not be spared, but some effort would be made to avoid sinking clearly-neutral vessels.

Up to 750,000 civilians may have died because of starvation caused by the blockade during the war. Many more would die from starvation after the armistice in November 1918, as the blockade was continued into 1919 to force Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919.

Fighting
The German U-boat force was primarily based at Ostend, Belgium so that German submarines had better access to the sea lanes around England. The Germans made use of the advantage and sent out about 20 U-boats to begin the naval blockade. In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare", as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats. The number of sinkings then steadily increased, with 168,200 tonnes going down in August.

Losses of British warships were small. Although the battleship Formidable had been sunk by U-24 on New Year's Day, the fast destroyer screens soon made successful attacks on battleships and cruisers a thing of the past. On the other hand, there was little a Royal Navy warship could do to sink a U-boat if the submarine's captain was reasonably alert. The U-boat was generally safe from shelling once it had submerged. It could be rammed if it were at periscope depth, but ramming was hardly a reasonable tactic as a standard practice.

Destroyers could not hunt the U-boats as they were protecting the fleet and so the British pressed every vessel they could into service, including yachts and trawlers, as auxiliary patrol vessels. However, the U-boats easily evaded the patrols and sank merchant vessels traveling unescorted.

Militarily, unrestricted submarine warfare proved to be a great success, and the U-boats stood a good chance of starving Britain into surrender. However, in terms of the propaganda war, it was a great disaster for Germany.

The Americans wanted to stay out of the European war, but public opinion turned against Germany, as unrestricted submarine warfare seemed to confirm the German reputation for brutality. The deaths of American citizens travelling on British vessels that were torpedoed by U-boats began to make headlines in the US.

On 7 May 1915, the British liner RMS Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine, American outrage brought the the country closer to declaring war on Germany. Under threat of US retaliation, on 27 August, the Kaiser imposed severe restrictions on U-boats attacks against large passenger vessels. On 18 September, he called off unrestricted submarine warfare completely.

Under military pressure on Germany early in 1917, the Kaiser declared full unrestricted submarine warfare once more. Some German diplomats believed that the Americans would avoid war at all costs, and if not, germany could hopefully Germany bring Britain to its knees before American power made much difference in Europe. In February, 86 vessels were sunk, followed by 103 in March and then 155 in April. The US finally declared war on Germany in April 1917 after the Zimmermann Telegram. The Americans and the British together later defeated the U-boats.

References

World War I

Blockade of Germany


Bobbing is one of the basic strategies of defensive boxing, executed by slightly moving the head to either side so that the opponent's punches slip by the boxer's head. The slip is used to evade swings, jabs, and straight punches. It can not be used with hooks as they move on the side level. Using slips is valid but risky with uppercuts since the punch is usually too close when the defender can determine the exact line of the punch. To overcome the hooks problem, the defender usually incorporate slipping (also called weaving) with ducking (also called bobbing)

Famous bobbing boxers
 Joe Frazier
 Mike Tyson
 Jack Dempsey

References

Boxing terminology
Kickboxing terminology

Bobbing (boxing)


A Wookiee is a fictional race of aliens from the Star Wars series of movies. Their home planet is Kashyyyk. The best known Wookiee character is Chewbacca.

Origin
When George Lucas was developing fictional characters for Star Wars, he named Chewbacca after his dog, Chewbacca. The name "Wookiee" came from an ad lib in Lucas's first feature movie, THX 1138. The line was "I think I ran over a Wookiee back there."

Features
On Kashyyyk wookiees build their houses in mile-high trees. They have long arms and legs so they can climb the trees. Chewbacca is over seven feet tall and over 200 years old. By nature they are gentle and intelligent creatures. When angered they can pull a man's arms out of their sockets. Wookiees have a great sense of smell. They are fully covered with a thick coat of hair. Wookiees prize loyalty and bravery above all else.

Language
The Wookiee language is Shyriiwook. Wookiees are capable of understanding English but cannot speak it. In the original Star Wars trilogy Chewbacca showed he could understand humans. His human partner, Han Solo, also shows knowledge of Shyriiwook. In the Star Wars expanded universe books, Chewbacca builds a miniature translator droid ("Em Teedee") for his nephew Lowbacca. When Lowbacca begins training as a Jedi the droid helped him communicate with his fellow students.

References

Other websites

 Wookiee translator
 Wookiee, Star Wars Combine

Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars species

Wookiee


A square foot is a way to measure area. It is the area made by a square that has 1 foot sides. It is used mainly in the United States and partially in Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.

Units of area

ja:フィート#平方フィート

Square foot


The Ferrovia Alifana is a former railway company of southern Italy. It held public passenger service on the rail line connection Naples to Piedimonte d'Alife (now Piedimonte Matese). In 2005 it was acquired by the MetroCampania NordEst (MCNE), another public company responsible of passenger transport in northern Campania.

History
The company was inaugurated on 30 March 1913, with a first service held on the line Naples P.zza Carlo III Station-Santa Maria Capua Vetere/S.Andrea dei Lagni-Biforcazione-Capua (43 km), with 11,000 V 25 Hz monophase AC electric traction. Service from Caiazzo to Piedimonte began in 1914, held with steam locomotives. A line from Naples/Secondigliano to Santa Maria Capua Vetere was opened later. Gauge was 935 mm for both lines.

The railway suffered heavy damage during World War II. While the first line was restored in 1963, using standard gauge and diesel traction, the railway from Secondigliano did not receive the same attention, and, despite its high traffic, was closed in 1976 and replaced by bus service. This move was to be temporary, but only in 2005 a renewed section of the line, connecting Piscinola to Mugnano, was reopened.

In the same year the whole service on the Alifana railway was acquired by the new public company MetroCampania NordEst. The company is currently responsible of the service from Santa Maria Capua Vetere station, which had connection with the Trenitalia line to Naples, to Piedimonte Matese, and from Piscinola to Mugnano (to be extended to Teverola).

References

External links
"Friends of the Alifana" website

Alifana
Railway lines opened in 1913
Italian companies established in 1913
Railway companies established in 1913

Ferrovia Alifana


Eumuroida are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae.

Taxonomy

Family Calomyscidae
Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
Family Nesomyidae
Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
Family Cricetidae
Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
Subfamily Tylomyinae
Family Muridae
Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

References
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents

Eumuroida


Mündü (Mondo) is a Ubangian language of South Sudan, with a few thousand speakers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Locations
A 2013 survey reported that ethnic Mundu reside in the following bomas of South Sudan.
Amaki Boma, Kozi Payam, Maridi County
E'di Boma, Ngamunde Payam, Maridi County
Mundu Boma, Tore Payam, Yei County
Adio Boma, Tore Payam, Yei County

References

Ngbaka languages
Languages of South Sudan
Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Mündü language


Arthur Gregory Slade (born July 9, 1967 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian author.  A resident of Saskatoon, he was raised on a ranch in the Cypress Hills and began writing in high school. He attended the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon and received an English Honours degree in 1989. His first short story was published that same year. He then worked as a night auditor at a hotel for several months and as a copywriter for a radio station in Saskatoon for several years.

Slade became a full-time writer after the publication of his first novel for middle years, Draugr, followed by others such as Dust and Tribes. His novel Dust received the Governor General's Award for Children's Literature in 2001, and The Hunchback Assignments won the TD Canadian Children's Literature Award in 2010.

List of published works

The Northern Frights series
Draugr (1997)
The Haunting of Drang Island (1998)
The Loki Wolf (2000)

The Canadian Chills series
Return of the Grudstone Ghosts (2002)
Ghost Hotel (2004)
Invasion of the IQ Snatchers (2007)

The Hunchback Assignments series
The Hunchback Assignments (2009)
The Dark Deeps (2010)
Empire of Ruins (2011)
Island of Doom (July 2012)

Biographies
John Diefenbaker: an Appointment with Destiny (2000)

Stand-alone books
Dust (2001)
Tribes (2002)
Monsterology (2005)
Megiddo's Shadow (2006)
Jolted (2008)

Comics
Hallowed Knight (1997) issues #1–3.

References

External links
Arthur Slade's website
HarperCollins Canada site
Video trailer for Meggido's Shadow

Visual Bibliography at BookReviewsAndMore.ca
Arthur Slade interview at BookReviewsAndMore.ca

Canadian children's writers
Canadian fantasy writers
21st-century Canadian biographers
Canadian male biographers
1967 births
Living people
Writers from Saskatchewan
People from Moose Jaw
Governor General's Award-winning children's writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian male novelists

Arthur Slade


Kunzea pomifera, commonly known as muntries, emu apples, native cranberries, munthari, muntaberry or monterry (from Tanganekald Ngarrindjeri mantari), is a low-growing or prostrate shrub with hairy stems, small, mostly egg-shaped leaves, groups of white flowers on the ends of the branches and fleshy, more or less spherical, edible fruit.

Description
Kunzea pomifera is a low-growing or prostrate shrub with hairy young stems and that often develops roots along its main branches. Its leaves are arranged alternately and are egg-shaped to elliptic or almost round with a downturned point on the end. The leaves are  long,  wide on a petiole  long. The flowers are white to cream-coloured, arranged in groups of mainly between three and eight near the ends of the main branches. There are oblong to more or less round bracts covered with silky hairs at the base of the flowers and almost reaching the top of the floral cup. The sepals are brown, triangular and  long. The petals are egg-shaped to almost round,  long. The stamens are white and  long and the style is  long. The fruit is fleshy, more or less spherical,  in diameter, deep red to purple or black when mature.<ref name="JABG">{{cite journal |last1=Toelken |first1=Helmut R. |title=Revision of Kunzea" (Myrtaceae). 2. Subgenera Angasomyrtus and Salisia (section Salisia) from Western Australian and subgenera Kunzea and Niviferae (sections Platyphyllae and Pallidiflorae) from eastern Australia |journal=Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens |date=2016 |volume=29 |pages=93–96 |url=https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/JABG29P071_Toelken.pdf |accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref>

Taxonomy and namingKunzea pomifera was first formally described in 1855 by Ferdinand von Mueller from specimens collected "on the sandy shores and on rocks at St. Vincent's Gulf and Rivoli Bay. The description was published in Mueller's book, Definitions of rare or hitherto undescribed Australian plants. The specific epithet (pomifera) is derived from the Latin words pomum meaning "fruit of any kind" or "apple" and fero meaning "to cover or bear".

Distribution and habitat
Muntries grows in Victoria and South Australia. In Victoria it grows mainly in sandy soil in the Little Desert and Big Desert and small populations between Portland and Nelson. In South Australia it grows in sandy soil, often with limestone, between the Yorke Peninsula and the Victorian border.

Uses
The berries produced by these plants are about  in diameter, green with a tinge of red at maturity and have a flavour of a spicy apple. Crunchy in texture, muntries contain up to four times more antioxidants than blueberries and provide natural waxes that are good for skin nourishment.

CultivationKunzea pomifera'' was grown in England in 1889. It was one of the first species of Australian plant introduced into cultivation in England.

Trellising
While muntries are a groundcover in the wild, commercial growers have successfully managed to trellis the plants.  Trellised muntries allow easier access for harvesting and management.  It also allows a more efficient use of orchard space.

Muntrie plants can be trained quite easily through weaving the growing plant through and along trellis wires, using plant ties to secure them.

Soil requirements
Muntries seem to prefer well drained soil of a moderately acid to strongly alkaline pH (6.0 - 8.0).

Water requirements
Natural rainfall levels of wild populations range from . For cultivation it is suggested that waterlogging and extremely dry soils should both be avoided. Moderate restriction of water in the early spring may be beneficial in stimulating flowering and reducing competitive vegetative growth.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that overwatering muntries may result in a dilution of flavour in the muntrie berries.

References

pomifera
Flora of Victoria (state)
Flora of South Australia
Bushfood
Crops originating from Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1855
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller

Kunzea pomifera


Robert D. Bean Jr. (born January 6, 1978) is a former professional Canadian football cornerback. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fifth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He played college football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs.

Bean has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Los Angeles Avengers, B.C. Lions, San Jose SaberCats and Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

Early years

Bean attended Lakeside High School in Atlanta, Georgia and was a letterman in football track and basketball his entire high school career. In football, he was a four-year starter at wide receiver, cornerback and free safety.  To this date he holds the triple jump record from his senior year of 1996.

College career

Bean spent two seasons at Mississippi State University following a two-year stint at Georgia Military College. He played in 23 games for the Bulldogs. He earned All-SEC second-team honors in 1998 after registering five interceptions, two blocked kicks, nine passes defended and 33 defensive tackles. Bean started all 11 games at left cornerback in 1999. He finished the season with four blocked punts, 44 defensive tackles, including 31 solo tackles, one interception, 13 passes defended and a fumble recovery. He added a blocked field goal in the Peach Bowl.

Professional career

Cincinnati Bengals
Bean was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fifth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. In his rookie season, Bean played in 12 games, totaling 23 tackles and one interception.

He played in 15 games for the Bengals in 2001, getting 43 tackles.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Before the 2002 season, Bean was traded to the Jacksonville Jaguars.

During the season, Bean only registered two tackles. A restricted free agent after the season, Bean re-signed on March 7, 2003.

After not playing during the 2003 season, Bean was released on March 21, 2003.

First stint with Lions
Bean attended the British Columbia Lions training camp in 2004.

Los Angeles Avengers
After being released by the Lions, Bean signed with the Los Angeles Avengers.

Second stint with Lions
Bean signed with the British Columbia Lions a second time and spent time on their practice roster during the 2004 season.

San Jose SaberCats
Bean briefly played for the San Jose SaberCats in 2005.

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
On May 2, 2006, Bean signed with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. In his first season in Winnipeg, Bean led the team in interceptions with four. He had 22 tackles and two more with the special teams unit.

In 2007, Bean missed six games due to injury. He got a career high 45 tackles.

References

External links
Winnipeg Blue Bombers bio
BC Lions bio
cflpa.com bio

1978 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
American football cornerbacks
Canadian football defensive backs
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Los Angeles Avengers players
BC Lions players
San Jose SaberCats players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players

Robert Bean (gridiron football)


Vang Pao (RPA: Vaj Pov , Lao: ວັງປາວ; 8 December 1929 – 6 January 2011) was a major general in the Royal Lao Army. He was a leader of the Hmong American community in the United States. He was also known as General Vang Pao to the people in the Hmong community.

Early life
Vang, an ethnic Hmong, was born on 8 December 1929, in a Hmong village named Nonghet, located in Central Xiangkhuang Province, in the northeastern region of Laos, where his father, Neng Chu Vang, was a county leader.

Vang began his early life as a farmer until Japanese forces invaded and occupied French Indochina in World War II. His father sent him away to school from the age of 10 to 15 before he launched his military career, joining the French military to protect fellow Hmong during the Japanese invasion.

While taking an entrance examination, the captain who was the proctor realized that Vang knew almost no written French. The captain dictated the answers to Vang so he could join the army. Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, said Vang did not express any embarrassment over this cheating. Fadiman added "it is worth noting that in this incident, far from tarnishing Vang Pao's reputation — as, for example Ted Kennedy's fudged Spanish exam at Harvard University tarnished his — merely added to his mythology: this was the sort of man who could never be held back by such petty impediments as rules."

Military career

The term "Mèo Maquis" was originally used by Free French and Allied intelligence officers to describe the Hmong resistance forces working against Japanese forces occupying Indochina and China during World War II. The name was in reference to the Maquis resistance in France, with Mèo being the then-current exonym for the Hmong. After World War II, French Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA) authorities recruited Vang as a lieutenant during the First Indochina War to combat the Viet Minh.

He was the only ethnic Hmong to attain the rank of General officer in the Royal Lao Army, and he was loyal to the King of Laos while remaining a champion of the Hmong people. During the 1960s/70s, he commanded the Secret Army, also known as the Hmong Army, a highly-effective Central Intelligence Agency-trained and supported force that fought against the Pathet Lao and People's Army of Vietnam. Vang's ethnic Hmong and Laotian veterans and their refugee families who served in the U.S. "Secret Army" were eventually granted the status of political refugees by the United Nations because of alleged persecution by the Lao Marxist government and communist Vietnam who took control in 1975. The Lao and Hmong refugees were allowed to resettle in the United States, France, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere. Many of Vang's former veterans formed the Lao Veterans of America, Inc. and the Lao Veterans of America Institute, with offices in Fresno, California, Washington, D.C. and other locales.

Immigration to the United States
Vang emigrated to the United States after the communists seized power in Laos in 1975. He and his wife, May Song Vang, whom he married in 1973, initially moved to Montana before settling in California. He remained widely respected by his fellow Hmong and was an esteemed elder of the American Hmong people, many of whom experienced the war or the reprisals that followed. Though he was less influential among younger Hmong-Americans who had primarily grown up in the United States, he was considered an influential leader of U.S. Hmong community, enjoying great loyalty for his position of leadership and respect for his military accomplishments.

While in exile, Vang assembled other Lao and Hmong leaders from around the world to create the United Lao National Liberation Front (ULNF), also known as the Lao National Liberation Movement or simply the Neo Hom, to bring attention to atrocities happening in Laos and to support the political and military resistance to the government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. He was one of the eight founders of the organization in 1981, along with Prince Sisouk na Champassak, General Phoumi Nosavan and General Kouprasith Abhay.

Thousands of Vang's former ethnic Laotian and Hmong veterans, and their refugee families, in the United States also formed the non-profit veterans and advocacy organizations the Lao Veterans of America and the Lao Veterans of America Institute. In the late 1980s and 1990s, Vang, aided by his adviser, Philip Smith, and influential American diplomatic allies, Members of Congress, and vast numbers of Hmong-Americans, helped halt the forced United Nations-sponsored repatriation back to Laos of thousands of Laotian and Hmong refugees in Thailand. It was a major human rights victory for the Hmong and Lao community and non-profit advocacy organizations who urged an end to forced repatriation, including the Center for Public Policy Analysis (CPPA) and the Lao Veterans of America.

Throughout Vang's residence in the U.S., the Hmong leader diplomatically opposed human rights violations by the communist government of Laos against the Hmong and Laotian people. He was invited to speak at the U.S. Congressional Forum on Laos, with Members of Congress, about the persecution of the Laotian and Hmong people on several occasions in the U.S. Congress from 1999 to 2003.

From 1993 to 2003, Vang relied on Philip Smith for much of his efforts with policymakers in Washington, D.C. and the U.S. Congress. Smith was a long-time friend of Vang Pao and many Laotian and Hmong American community leaders. Over time, Smith was instrumental in helping Vang to meet with key Members of Congress and senior Administration officials as well as helping to organize Congressional hearings, briefings and research missions to South East Asia. (Smith, a foreign policy, human rights and legislative affairs specialist, serves as the Executive Director of the Center for Public Policy Analysis.)

In March 2011, following Vang Pao's death, Smith wrote an editorial critical of the decision to not allow him to be interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Smith persisted in his efforts and the CPPA, along with the Lao Veterans of America, helped organize national veterans ceremonies in May 2011 to officially honor Vang Pao at Arlington National Cemetery.

In late November 2003 and early 2004, Vang shocked many of his closest advisers and supporters, and began to mysteriously, and abruptly, reverse his previous position in opposition to U.S. economic sanctions against the communist government of Laos. Vang, in close cooperation with one of his highly controversial sons, Cha Vang, reversed his long-standing position and began to publicly advocate normalization of U.S.-Laotian trade relations with Laos in a highly controversial move that involved secret meetings with communist Vietnamese military and political officials and complex and questionable financial dealings involving Cha Vang and others. This created suspicion and distrust among many of Pao's supporters and advisers who quickly began to abandon Vang Pao and his new direction in support of the Lao government's foreign policy, economic and military agenda. The Lao Marxist government, and hardline Pathet Lao elements in the Lao military and government, backed by the military in Vietnam, continued to engage in military attacks and human rights violations against the Hmong in Laos.

Many of Vang's former veterans and their families, whose relatives were still being persecuted and killed in Laos, opposed Vang's change of stance on the issue of Normalized Trade Relations (NTR), or Most Favored Nation Trade Status (MFN), with Laos. This included the Lao Veterans of America, the Center for Public Policy Analysis and others. Following Pao's meeting with communist generals and officials from Vietnam, Vang's so-called "New Doctrine" was widely opposed by many of his closest advisers, family, supporters, and former veterans, and many in the Lao and Hmong-American community.  By 2004–05, independent journalists investigating complex financial relations, ethics probes, and scandals surrounding Cha Vang and various lawsuits. Central in the controversy, scandals, and lawsuits, including one by the Minnesota Attorney General, was Cha Vang's role with the Vang Pao Foundation, a funeral home, a chamber of commerce in St. Paul, and other financial and political dealings. The Minnesota Star Tribune and St. Paul Pioneer Press reported extensively on these matters.

The Vang Pao Foundation was forced to close following investigation by authorities and a lawsuit by the attorney general of Minnesota.

Thailand-based Laotian and Hmong refugees, many of whom had been living at formal and informal refugee camps including Wat Tham Krabok, a Buddhist temple in Thailand, were afforded the right to avoid the forced return to Laos and instead over 15,000 were offered relocation rights and assistance to the U.S. in 2004 and 2005.

Coup d'état conspiracy

On 4 June 2007, following a lengthy federal investigation labeled "Operation Tarnished Eagle", warrants were issued by U.S. federal courts ordering the arrest of Vang Pao and nine others for allegedly plotting to overthrow the Pathet Lao communist government of Laos, in violation of the federal Neutrality Acts. Following the issuance of the warrants, an estimated 250 federal agents representing numerous U.S. federal law enforcement and other agencies conducted simultaneous raids on homes, offices and other locations throughout central and southern California, arresting Vang and nine other individuals. The federal charges alleged that members of the group inspected weapons, including AK-47s, smoke grenades, and Stinger missiles, with the intent of purchasing them and smuggling them into Thailand, where they allegedly would be shipped to anti-Laotian governmental resistance movement forces inside Laos. The one non-Hmong person among the nine arrested, Harrison Jack, a 1968 West Point graduate and retired Army infantry officer, allegedly attempted to recruit Special Operations veterans to act as mercenaries in an invasion of Laos.

On 15 June 2007, defendants were indicted by a grand jury and an 11th man was arrested in connection with the alleged plot. The defendants face possible life prison terms for violation of the U.S. Neutrality Act and various weapons charges. Vang and the other Hmong were initially denied bail by the California federal court, which cited each of them as a flight risk. Since the 4 June 2007 federal raid, the arrests became the subject of mounting criticism. His fellow friends, including Hmong, Mienh, Lao, Vietnamese, and Americans individuals who knew Vang protested the arrests, rallying in California, Minnesota, Michigan, North Carolina and Wisconsin. Several of Vang's high-level U.S. supporters criticized the California court that issued the arrest warrants. In 2009 all of the federal charges against Vang Pao were dropped.

Prior to his arrest, Vang was scheduled to have an elementary school in Madison, Wisconsin named after him, a proposal that met with opposition over historian Alfred W. McCoy's allegations that Vang had been involved in war crimes and drug trafficking, with Hmong scholars Gary Yia Lee and Jane Hamilton-Merritt, as well as former Air America Association president Jack Knott, strongly disputing his claims. Pao's June 2007 arrest later led the Madison School to reopen discussion on the school's naming. On 18 June 2007, the Madison Metropolitan School District Board of Education voted to drop Vang's name from the new school, in light of the federal charges against him and the previous allegations. Nonetheless, in 2012 another school district, the Fresno Unified School District, voted unanimously to name a new elementary school after him the year after his passing.

Release from jail
On 12 July 2007, the California federal court ordered the release of the Hmong leader on a US$1.5 million bond secured by property owned by members of his family. Many Hmong had participated in numerous protests over several weeks in California and elsewhere, calling for Pao's release from the date of his incarceration until his release under bail nearly a month later.

Return to court
On 9 March 2009, Vang's lawyers filed a motion seeking to dismiss the charges against him. His lawyers claimed that the charges were fabricated and had no bearing in court. Following this appearance, on 6 April 2009, federal prosecutors denied all allegations of fabrications in the motion. That following month, on 11 May 2009, Vang Pao returned to federal court in Sacramento, California with his lawyers to argue the motion. Judge Frank Damrell stated, after hearing the arguments for the motion, that there was insufficient evidence from the defense to justify a dismissal.

Dropping of charges
On 18 September 2009, the federal government dropped all charges against Vang Pao, announcing in a release that the federal government was permitted to consider "the probable sentence or other consequences if the person is convicted." Vang Pao's long-time adviser and friend Philip Smith hailed the federal government's decision to drop the charges against Vang and the other accused Hmong-American defendants. Following Vang's arrest, Smith advocated in Washington, D.C. for the case to be dropped against Vang and other Hmong leaders. Smith raised repeated public concerns that the U.S. Justice Department and U.S. Department of States, would be putting themselves and the U.S. government on trial, for its betrayal and abandonment of the Hmong people during the conclusion of the Vietnam War and its aftermath when many Hmong were killed or imprisoned by the Lao communist government that prevailed in the conflict.

At special sessions of the U.S. Congressional Forum on Laos, Smith and the Center for Public Policy Analysis joined by Members of Congress, including U.S. Representative Dana Rohrabacher, and others, called on the U.S. Department of Justice to immediately drop the case, and the charges, against General Vang and the other Hmong defendants, especially in light of the Lao government's and Lao Peoples Army's (LPA) ongoing military attacks and egregious human rights violations directed against many of the Laotian and Hmong people, which included attacks on unarmed civilians and political and religious dissidents, atrocities, rape, torture and the use of mass starvation.

Amnesty International and other human rights organizations and experts testified about their research efforts, along with Members of Congress, including U.S. Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy, U.S. Senator Norm Coleman, at the special Congressional Forums on Laos held in the U.S. Congress and Library of Congress.

Personal life
Vang Pao reportedly had at least 25 children by several wives, and spoke English besides his native Lao, although in later years in interviews he did not seem to use the language as much anymore.

Diana Aguilera of the Fresno Bee wrote that May Song Vang, who was Vang Pao's wife at the time of his death, "became the face of the Hmong community" after Vang Pao died.

Death
Vang, who battled diabetes and heart disease, died at age 81 from pneumonia with cardiac complications on 6 January 2011, at Clovis Community Medical Center, in Clovis, California. He was admitted to the hospital on 26 December 2010, after attending Hmong New Year celebrations in Fresno. A hospital spokesman said his family was at the hospital at the time of Vang's death.

Traditional Hmong funeral services for Vang were scheduled to be held for six days, starting 4 February 2011, at the Fresno Convention Center. More than 10,000 Hmong mourned on the first day of the funeral. After several funeral days, it was estimated that over 40,000 attended during the service of his funeral A committee unanimously voted against a request to bury Vang Pao at Arlington National Cemetery; he was subsequently buried near Los Angeles at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Legacy
In March 2011, following Vang's death, the CPPA issued an editorial, published in the Minneapolis Star Tribune, critical of the decision by the U.S. Secretary of the Army not permitting Vang's burial in Arlington National Cemetery. Despite the U.S. Secretary of the Army's unpopular and widely criticized decision, the CPPA, along with the Lao Veterans of America Institute, Lao Veterans of America, Inc. (LVA), and others helped to organize national veterans ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery in May 2011 to honor Vang's contribution to U.S. national security efforts during the Vietnam War.  The Lao Veterans of America, Philip Smith, the CPPA and other prominent figures also highlighted and lauded Vang Pao's contribution to U.S. national security interests during the Vietnam War.

In May 2011, Vang's efforts during the Vietnam War were officially commemorated at memorial ceremonies in Arlington National Cemetery organized by the Lao Veterans of America Institute, LVA, the CPPA, the U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Special Forces Association, and others. Participants at the special ceremony held at the Laos Memorial within Arlington National Cemetery included the CPPA, LVA, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of the Army, Members of the Congress, U.S. Special Forces Association, Counterparts Veterans Association and others. General Vang's son, Chong Vang, spoke at the ceremony along with Colonel Wangyee Vang, Philip Smith, Captain D.L. "Pappy Hicks", U.S. Special Forces Association, and others.

See also

Lao Veterans of America
Lao Human Rights Council
The Center for Public Policy Analysis
Battle of Lima Site 85
Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
History of the Hmong in Fresno, California
Ban Phou Pheung Noi
History of Laos since 1945
Ho Chi Minh trail
Laos Memorial
Lee Lue
North Vietnamese invasion of Laos
Raven FACs

References

Sources

  .

Citations

Further reading
Robert Curry (2004). Whispering Death, "Tuag Nco Ntsoov": ... Our Journey with the Hmong in the Secret War for Laos;
General Vang Pao's Last War New York Times Magazine, 11 May 2008
Dictionary of the modern politics of South-East Asia, Michael Leifer (2001) Taylor & Francis, , p. 287 (profile of Vang Pao)

External links

"Laos Hmong Refugee Crisis", Center for Public Policy Analysis, Washington, D.C.
Lao Veterans of America, Inc., Washington, D.C.
"Welcome to the Jungle: Recruited by the CIA to be a Secret Army During the Vietnam War, the Hmong Rebels of Laos Fought Communism. Now they Desperately Battle for their Own Survival", Time Magazine, 5 May 2003.
"Vang Pao Met with Senior State Department Official", by Sing Bourommavong, Voice of America news, 28 January 2004.
"Hmong Hero Faces Trial in California (audio)", The World, 14 June 2007.
"Against All Odds: The Laotian Freedom Fighters" , by General Vang Pao, The Heritage Foundation Lecture #96, 19 March 1987.
, by Michael Johns, National Review, 23 October 1995.
"Hmong American Leadership and Unity in the Post-Vang Pao Era", by Nengher Vang and Jeremy Hein, Hmong Studies Journal, 16(2015): 1-18.

1929 births
2011 deaths
American people of Hmong descent
American civil rights activists
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Laotian anti-communists
Laotian exiles
Laotian emigrants to the United States
Laotian military leaders
Military personnel of the Vietnam War
People of the First Indochina War
People from Xiangkhouang province
People of the Laotian Civil War
War criminals

Vang Pao


Kristofer Bergstrom is a leading North American taiko player. He is a former member of Los Angeles-based taiko quartet, On Ensemble. In addition to taiko, Bergstrom plays the shamisen, koto, and turntable.

Biography

Personal life
Kristofer Bergstrom was born July 12, 1976, in Littleton, Colorado, to Jon and Diane Bergstrom. He has a sister named Nicole. When he was growing up, his family moved around, and Kris lived in Texas and Louisiana before moving to California in 1985.  Kris is a vegan and an avid skateboarder.

Collegiate taiko
Bergstrom began playing taiko while attending Stanford University. At New Student Orientation, he attended a performance by the collegiate group Stanford Taiko, which prompted him to audition for the group. He intended to study Physics and English while at Stanford. His years as a member of Stanford Taiko encouraged him to consider a career as a professional taiko player. Through Stanford Taiko, he met fellow On Ensemble member, Shoji Kameda.

During the summer of 1998, Bergstrom interned for San Jose Taiko with Kameda as one of San Jose Taiko's first summer interns. Over this internship period, a discussion between Bergstrom and Kameda entertained the idea of creating a taiko group, which are the roots for On Ensemble. In order to pursue professional taiko, he dropped Physics from his course of study and began concentrating more on music. He continued to major in English as it seemed relevant to musical composition. He graduated Stanford with a degree in English in 1999.

Post-college years in Japan
After graduating Stanford in 1999, Bergstrom spent time in Japan to study Japanese in order to learn more Japanese arts. His intention was to learn music more traditional than kumidaiko. When he first arrived in Japan, he visited Sado Island to see the taiko group Kodo for their earth day celebration. He then went to Hakodate, Hokkaido, where he would live for the next two years before moving to Tokyo for a year.

Bergstrom took up the traditional Japanese dance, Nihon Buyō, for two years in the Wakayagi school. He also practiced his taiko skills by renting a space from the Hakodate-based taiko group Hinokiya. This interaction resulted in a strong relationship forming between Kris Bergstrom and Hinokiya. Bergstrom performed with and composed for Hinokiya at times during his stay in Hakodate. This relationship also initiated contact between Stanford Taiko and Hinokiya. In addition, Bergstorm seriously studied the shamisen at this time.

In August 2001, Bergstrom, Shoji Kameda, and Masato Baba performed in Japan, bringing together three-fourths of On Ensemble before the inclusion of Michelle Fujii.

Shamisen training and natori
Recalling hearing about Japanese music styles of nagauta, gagaku, and noh as a kid, Bergstrom looked to study shamisen as something more traditionally Japanese than taiko. In order to learn the shamisen, Bergstrom searched for a teacher in the Hakodate phonebook in spring of 2000. He found Kineya Katsuyukie from the Kineya school of nagauta shamisen. In the first meeting between Katsuyukie, Bergstrom said he wanted to better understand the concept of "ma" in Japanese music.
While studying Bergstrom developed a close relationship with Katsuyukie similar to that of the traditional uchi-deshi apprenticeship system for Japanese arts. While he did not live with her, he performed chores and took lessons in the early morning before and after work.

Bergstrom received his natori for shamisen on November 8, 2008.
 He was one of few musicians in the United States honored with a natori. His natori is Kineya Katsukoujyu. Bergstrom continues to study with Katsuyukie, as a natori does not signify an end to studying under a teacher.

On Ensemble and contemporary taiko
Bergstrom currently resides in Los Angeles. In addition to performing, he teaches workshops on taiko.

Artistic influences

Taiko studies
Kris Bergstrom has trained with various groups throughout his career in kumidaiko. He began his study through joining Stanford Taiko in college. While in Japan, he studied for a time under Kobayashi Tarou, a student of an original member of Oedo Sukeroku Taiko.  In addition, he took lessons at the Nihon Taiko Dojo from 2001-2.

Taiko instructor
Bergstrom is well regarded as an instructor in the North American taiko community. His work as a taiko teacher can be seen through On Ensemble's educational outreach. As a taiko instructor, he has written a study aid to taiko practice called "30 Days to Better Shime". At the 2009 Taiko Conference, he released Taiko Games 2009, a series of games he created about taiko.

Copyleft philosophy
Bergstrom is a strong believer in the concept of copyleft, where creators encourage sharing and collaboration. He was attracted to the idea after learning of the free software community. Bergstrom uses free software for his administrative and creative work for On Ensemble. Under similar principle, his taiko teaching aids and all of his compositions are available free under the Free Art License, specifically the Free Art License 1.3.

Works

Discography
 Ume in the Middle, On Ensemble. Turtlefield Music, 2009.
 Ukiyo Live: 2007, On Ensemble, 2007.
 Dust and Sand, On Ensemble, 2005.

DVD concerts
 Live at the Cerritos Center, On Ensemble, 2007.
 NEIRO, On Ensemble, 2006.

References

External links
 On Ensemble Website
 Review of Ume in the Middle
 Kris Bergstrom's Taiko March from Taiko Games 2009

Living people
Stanford University alumni
Shamisen players
Taiko players
1976 births
People from Littleton, Colorado
Musicians from Los Angeles
21st-century drummers

Kris Bergstrom


Thomas Chandler Thacher (July 20, 1858 – April 11, 1945) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.

Biography
Born in Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, Thacher attended the public schools.  He was graduated from Adams Academy, Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1878 and from Harvard University in 1882.  He became engaged in the wool business at Boston in 1882.  He served as president of the Barnstable County Agricultural Society.  He served as president of the Cape Cod Pilgrim Memorial Association.  He served as chairman of the Yarmouth Port Planning Board.  He served as chairman of the Provincetown Tercentenary Commission in 1920.

Thacher was elected as a Democrat to the 63rd Congress (March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915).  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1914.  After his service in Congress, he became a writer on business topics and also engaged in his former business pursuits.  He died in Boston, Massachusetts, April 11, 1945.  He was interred in Woodside Cemetery, Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts.

External links
Thomas Chandler Thacher at Flickr

References

1858 births
1945 deaths
Harvard University alumni
People from Yarmouth, Massachusetts
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts

Thomas Chandler Thacher


"Any Colour You Like" is the eighth track on the English band Pink Floyd's 1973 album, The Dark Side of the Moon. It is an instrumental written by David Gilmour, Richard Wright and Nick Mason.

Composition
The piece itself has no lyrics and consists of a synthesised tune which segues into a guitar solo (some scat vocals are added later; these were more prominent in live versions but are still audible in the studio recording). It is approximately three minutes, 25 seconds in length. The piece used advanced effects for the time both in the keyboard and the guitar. Richard Wright used a VCS 3 synthesizer which was fed through a long tape loop to create the rising and falling keyboard solo. David Gilmour used two guitars with the Uni-Vibe guitar effect to create the harmonizing guitar solo for the rest of the work. "Any Colour You Like" is also known (and is even listed on the Dark Side guitar tablature book) as "Breathe (Second Reprise)" because the piece shares the same chord pattern (albeit somewhat funkier and uptempo) as the album's second song "Breathe" and its reprise at the end of "Time". It has also nearly the same chord sequence just transposed a whole step lower from E minor to D minor. In the original liner notes, songwriting credits contain a typo with Nick Mason's last name listed as Marson.

The origin of the title is unclear. Waters may have settled this question, in an interview with the musicologist and author Phil Rose, for Rose's collection of analytical essays, Which One's Pink?:

Live versions
On earlier Pink Floyd bootlegged versions of the piece, there was no keyboard solo, and the work was a long jam piece called "Scat Section" or "Scat". Gilmour frequently sang along with his guitar solo and the band's female backing singers sometimes came up on stage and sang as well.

In 1975, it was often extended, sometimes up to nearly fifteen minutes. Gilmour and the backing singers often sang along with it.

In 1994, it was considerably modified, to be more keyboard-heavy, though not extended, as in all earlier performances. This version is included on Pulse.

Waters performed it in his 2006–08 The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour, and his 2022–-23 This Is Not a Drill tour.

Personnel
David Gilmour – electric guitars, scat singing
Richard Wright – Hammond organ, EMS VCS 3, EMS Synthi AKS
Roger Waters – bass guitar
Nick Mason – drums, percussion

References
Footnotes

Citations

1973 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Rock instrumentals
Songs written by Nick Mason
Songs written by David Gilmour
Songs written by Richard Wright (musician)
Song recordings produced by David Gilmour
Song recordings produced by Roger Waters
Song recordings produced by Richard Wright (musician)
Song recordings produced by Nick Mason
1970s instrumentals

Any Colour You Like


Stone Spring is a 2010 science fiction  novel by British writer Stephen Baxter. It is set in prehistoric Doggerland (renamed "Northland" in the novel) and focuses on the attempts of Northland's inhabitants to adapt to the rising sea levels slowly eroding Northland's coastline. It is the first part of a trilogy detailing an alternate history in which human efforts were able to prevent Doggerland from being flooded.

Plot summary

The focus of much of the novel is the community of Etxelur. Etxelur begins as a typical stone-age civilisation, remarkable only for its flint, which is prized throughout most of Northland. It is nominally ruled by a figure known as the "Giver", but as Kirike, the current Giver, is missing, leadership falls to Zesi, his eldest daughter. Every year, Etxelur and its neighbours, the brutish "Pretani" (located in modern-day England), hold a ceremony known as the Giving on Etxelur soil. Representing the Pretani leader are brothers Gall and Shade, who share the house with Zesi and her 14-year-old sister Ana. Gall, the eldest brother, has been promised Zesi as a bride by his father, but Zesi instead sleeps with the younger brother Shade, enraging Gall. To make matters worse, Gall  kills a member of the neighbouring "Snailhead" tribe during a communal hunt.

Tensions come to a head during the giving, whereupon the Pretani leader (or "Root") arrives and demands that Shade and Gall resolve their dispute by a fight to the death, in which Gall is killed. Kirike also returns to Etxelur, along with outsiders Ice Dreamer (rescued from North America by Kirike during his travels) and Novu (a slave who killed his master and escaped, with a particular skill for making bricks). Kirike resumes leadership of Etxelur, much to Zesi's resentment. Zesi ultimately decides to leave with the Pretani to challenge them in a hunting contest on their own territory.

Meanwhile, back in Etxelur, rising sea levels result in a tsunami, known to the locals as the "Great Sea". Most of Etxelur is destroyed, and many of its inhabitants are wiped out, including Kirike. With Zesi absent, Ana becomes the de facto leader of Etxelur. During the tsunami, Ana witnessed seabed formations resembling Etxelur's religious symbols, and, believing them to hold spiritual significance, ultimately resolves to build a dyke to hold back the sea and enable the formations to be reached once again. Novu, who has the most experience, obsessively oversees the construction of the dyke, and Ana adopts increasingly Draconian measures to ensure construction continues.

When Zesi returns to Etxelur, she violently opposes Ana's work.  She breaks one of the giant pools which holds water that is meant to flow back into the sea and kills a Snailhead child.  This ultimately results in her being exiled and her child taken from her. Vowing revenge on Ana, Zesi ultimately returns to Pretani territory, where she convinces Shade (now the Root of the Pretani) to help her destroy Etxelur. Together, they plan to offer slave labour to Etxelur, with the intention of organising a slave uprising and then attacking Etxelur in the chaos. Before this can be done, however, Ana uncovers the plan and frees the slaves herself. The Pretani attack is beaten back, and Zesi is killed during the fight.

The novel ends some years later, where construction of the dykes is finally complete, and the undersea formations Ana sought to uncover have finally been reached.

External links
Review at Kirkus Reviews
Review at Strange Horizons

2010 British novels
British alternative history novels
Novels by Stephen Baxter
Novels set in prehistory
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

Stone Spring


4OS2 is the OS/2 analogue of 4NT and 4DOS by JP Software, Inc.  JP Software discontinued 4OS2, TCMDOS2 and TCMD16, making version 3.0, 2.0, 2.0 the final version of these.  The code for 4OS2 has been released, and is maintained, first by SciTech, and then by NetLabs.

Overview
Early versions of 4OS2 run in the Windows NT OS/2 emulation, and it was this particular running that led JP Software to port 4OS2 to Microsoft Windows.  4NT, for example, still has the OS/2 CMD.EXE commands like EXTPROC and REXX support, while earlier versions had commands like DPATH and LIBPATH, for setting these variables in the same manner that PATH does.

The early 4OS2 packages came with both 16- and 32-bit versions, the former to run under OS/2 1.x including Windows NT OS/2. Eventually the 16-bit support was dropped.

JP Software have their final releases of these products at their download page.

There was a 4OS2 v4.0 as different programmers took up maintaining the release, but these have been since merged.

4OS2 has found more recent life at NetLabs.

It is included in ArcaOS.

References

OS/2 software

4OS2


Charles "Charley" Puleri (born March 1, 1969) is a former professional football quarterback.

Career
Puleri signed to the Sacramento Gold Miners in 1993. He spent the vast majority of his career in the minor leagues, playing at various points in his career with the Miami Hooters, Texas Terror, Iowa Barnstormers, Detroit Fury, Buffalo Destroyers, London Monarchs and, during the 2000 preseason, the Dallas Cowboys. Unusually for a quarterback, Puleri played ironman in arena football, seeing limited playing time on defense and special teams.

Puleri is best known for his time with the New York/New Jersey Hitmen of the XFL. In 2001, Puleri, a native of New York City, signed with his hometown team. Puleri would be the starting quarterback in the XFL's first game, leading the Hitmen against the Las Vegas Outlaws on national television. Puleri's tenure as the Hitmen's starting quarterback proved to be a disastrous embarrassment for both him and the league as a whole, as he was repeatedly sacked and turned the ball over numerous times, making the league's level of talent look bad and partially prompting the mass decline in viewers as the season progressed. After a short quarterback controversy, Puleri was benched in favor of Wally Richardson (a former NFL backup for the Baltimore Ravens and Atlanta Falcons) during the second week of the season. Puleri's struggles were later attributed to the ball's slippery texture, which was later solved by using sandpaper and wirebrush to roughen the surface.

References

1969 births
Living people
New Mexico State Aggies football players
Miami Hooters players
Texas Terror players
Iowa Barnstormers players
New Jersey Red Dogs players
Detroit Fury players
Buffalo Destroyers players
New York/New Jersey Hitmen players
London Monarchs players
Players of American football from the Bronx
Sacramento Gold Miners players
American football quarterbacks

Charles Puleri


The Louis Couperus Museum is a museum located in the Archipelbuurt neighbourhood of The Hague. The museum celebrates the life and work of the Belle Époque writer Louis Couperus.

Location
The museum was founded in 1996 by Caroline de Westenholz, step daughter of Albert Vogel jr. (1924-1982), a biographer of Couperus, and housed in his former art gallery.  The museum, which is located at Javastraat 17, is within walking distance of a number of addresses where Louis Couperus has lived himself, including:

 Mauritskade, where Couperus was born in 1863.
 Nassauplein 4, which served as the residence of the Couperus family from 1878 to 1893. It was here that Couperus wrote the poems that would form part of his debut anthology .
 Surinamestraat 20, where Couperus' wrote his debut novel, Eline Vere. Later this was the home of writer, lawyer and politician Conrad Theodor van Deventer. It was the intention to move the Louis Couperus Museum to this place but because the Foundation Couperushuis Surinamestraat could not raise enough funds to buy the house, it is still for sale. Permission to place a commemorative plaque on the house was not granted.

The museum

The museum houses various objects related to Couperus, such as manuscripts and personal belongings. The rooms are stylistically designed to give the impression of how the residence would have appeared in Couperus' day and age. It features Couperus' desk, and a portrait of his father, John Ricus Couperus. Twice a year the museum organises exhibitions on themes concerning Couperus' work or life. In addition to the themed exhibitions, the museum organises walking-tours along places of significance to Couperus and his work, such as the houses where characters from his novels lived.

Couperus' desk, manuscripts and personal letters form part of the collection of the Letterkundig Museum. Other items, such as Couperus' collected publications and a life-sized mannequin of Couperus, belong to the collection of the museum itself.

See also

References

 John Sillevis and Caroline de Westenholz, Louis Couperus Museum 1996-2001. Een uitgave van het Louis Couperus Museum ter gelegenheid van het vijfjarig bestaan op 10 juni 2001. Den Haag, 2001
 Louis Couperus Museum 1996-2006. Een uitgave van het Louis Couperus Museum ter gelegenheid van het tienjarig bestaan op 10 juni 1906. Den Haag, 2006
Louis Couperus Museum

External links
 Webpage for Louis Couperus Museum

Museums in The Hague

Louis Couperus Museum


Carmen Posadas (born August 13, 1953, in Montevideo) is a prize-winning Uruguayan-Spanish author of books for children. She also writes for film and television. She is a recipient of the Premio Planeta de Novela.

Biography
She was born in Montevideo in 1953 as the daughter of an Uruguayan diplomat. She has lived in Madrid since 1965. Besides Madrid, she has also lived in many capital cities including Moscow, Buenos Aires, and London where her father was ambassador.

She went to Oxford University but left before graduating when she married Rafael de Cueto. They had two children, Sofía (1975) and Jimena (1978). She later divorced de Cueto and married Mariano Rubio. In 1985, she was granted Spanish nationality. In 1988, she became a host on Spanish public television RTVE.

She began her literary career in 1980 writing books for children. In 1984, she won the Premio Nacional de Literatura (Spanish prize of literature). In 1996 she published her first novel, Cinco Moscas Azules (Five Blue Flies) which was one of the most original and successful books of the year. Her second novel, Pequeñas infamias (Little Indiscretions), won the coveted Planeta Prize in 1998.  Since then, she has sold more a million copies in more than fifty countries and she has been translated in 23 languages.
More recent successful books are "Childs Play" and "The Red Ribbon".

Her brother, Gervasio Posadas, is also a prize-winning novelist.

Bibliography
 Little Indiscretions. Random House 8/2003, translated by Christopher Andrews,
 Child's Play. Alma Books 8/2008,

Complete bibliography:
 Una cesta entre los juncos. 1980. Children's story.
 El cazador y el pastor. 1980. Children's story.
 El chico de la túnica de colores. 1980. Children's story.
 Hacia una tierra desconocida. 1980. Children's story.
 El Niño de Belén.  1980. Children's story.
 El pastor que llegó a ser Rey. 1980. Children's story.
 El señor viento Norte. 1983. Children's story. (Winner of the National Literature Prize 1984).
 El parque de papel. 1984. Textbook.
 Escena improbable. 1986. Inverviews. In collaboration with Lucrecia King-Hedinger.
 Kiwi. 1986. Children's story.
 Hipo canta. 1987. Children's story.
 Yuppies, jet set, la movida y otras especies. 1987. Essay.
 El síndrome de Rebeca: guía para conjurar fantasma. 1988. Essay.
 Mi hermano Salvador y otras mentiras. 1990. Short stories.
 El mercader de sueños y otros relatos. 1990. Short stories.
 Una ventana en el ático. 1993. Novel.
 Padres, padres. 1993. Essay.
 María Celeste.  1994. Children's story.
 Liliana, bruja urbana. 1995. Children's story.
 Cinco moscas azules. 1996. Novel.
 Nada es lo que parece. 1997. Essay.
 Pequeñas infamias. 1998. Novel. (Winner of Premio Planeta 1998).
 Encuentro con Cousteau en el polo Sur. 1999. Short story.
 Un veneno llamado amor. 1999. Essay.
 Tú y yo tan raros como siempre. 1999. Short story. In the collection: Hijas y padres.
 Dorilda. 2000. Children's story.
 La bella Otero. 2001. Novel.
 Por el ojo de la cerradura. 2001. Essay.
 El peinador de ideas. 2002. Short story.
 La hernia de Viriato. 2002. Essay. In collaboration with her daughter Sofía.
 El buen sirviente. 2003. Novel.
 Dorilda y Pancho. 2003. Children's story.
 A la sombra de Lilith. 2004. Essay. In collaboration with Sophie Courgeon.
 Elemental, querido Freud. 2005. Short story. Included in the anthology: Mujeres en ruta.
 Juego de niños. 2006. Novel.
 Literatura, adulterio y Visa platino. 2007.
 Hoy caviar, mañana sardinas. 2008. Novel. In collaboration with her brother Gervasio Posadas.
 La cinta roja 2008. Novel.
 Invitación a un asesinato 2010.

Awards
 Ministry of Culture Award for best children's book published in 1984.
 Planeta Award in 1998.
 Apelles Mestres Award for Children's Literature, 2004.
 Sent Sovi Gastronomy Award of Literature 2007.
 Journalism Camilo José Cela Award in 2011.
 Culture Award Madrid, 2008.
 ABC Cultural & Ámbito Cultural Award 2011, from its directors Fernando Rodríguez Lafuente and Ramón Pernas.
 Cartagena Historical Novel Award in 2011.
 Glauka Award 2014.
 Brazier Award, Goncourt Gastronomic French Novel 2014.
 Carmen Posadas is a director of the European University of Madrid which has created the Carmen Posadas Chair.

She became an honorary professor of the University of Peru in 2010.

References

Writers from Montevideo
Uruguayan women short story writers
Uruguayan short story writers
1953 births
Living people
Uruguayan people of Spanish descent
Uruguayan women essayists
Women mystery writers
Uruguayan children's writers
Uruguayan women children's writers
Spanish women children's writers
Uruguayan expatriates in Spain
Spanish children's writers
Spanish women short story writers
Spanish short story writers
Spanish people of Uruguayan descent
20th-century short story writers
21st-century short story writers
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
20th-century Uruguayan women writers
20th-century Uruguayan writers
21st-century Uruguayan women writers
21st-century Uruguayan writers

Carmen Posadas


Luigi Mastroianni, Jr. (1925-2008) was an American gynecologist specializing in reproductive medicine. He played a significant role in the development of both effective contraception and assisted conception.

Mastroianni was born in 1925 in New Haven, Connecticut, where both of his parents worked as gynecologists. He studied zoology at his hometown university Yale (A.B. 1946) before training in medicine at Boston University (M.D. 1950). He was professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Pennsylvania from 1965 until his retirement in 2006.

In 1989 he was awarded the King Faisal International Prize in Medicine together with Sir Robert Edwards for contributions to the understanding of human infertility. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993.

References

Biography articles needing translation from German Wikipedia
20th-century American physicians
American gynecologists
1925 births
2008 deaths
Physicians from New Haven, Connecticut

Luigi Mastroianni


The resting potential of a cell is the membrane potential that would be maintained if there were no action potentials, synaptic potentials, or other active changes in the membrane potential. In most cells the resting potential has a negative value, which by convention means that there is excess negative charge inside compared to outside. The resting potential is mostly determined by the concentrations of the ions in the fluids on both sides of the cell membrane and the ion transport proteins that are in the cell membrane. How the concentrations of ions and the membrane transport proteins influence the value of the resting potential is outlined below.

Other websites
Neuroscience - online textbook by Purves, et al.
 Basic Neurochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects by Siegel, et al.
 Bertil Hille Ion channels of excitable membranes, 3rd ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA (2001).
 Generation of resting membrane potential Wright, S.H., Advances in Physiology Education, 28(1-4): 139-142, 2004,

Biochemistry

Resting potential


Bait al Hikmat ( Trans. House of Wisdom) is the main academic library at the Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan. Its gate opened in December 1989 and is named after the famous library, House of Wisdom, in Baghdad. The library houses over half a million modern volumes as well as thousands of ancient manuscripts, millions of clippings, translations of the Quran in over 60 languages, A.V. Cassettes, as well as Postage Stamps, Coins and Photographs of Hamdard University/Foundation Activities. It is one of the largest library of Pakistan.

History
After laying the foundation-stone of Madinat al-Hikmah, the city of Education, Science and Culture on 15 December 1983 at Bund Murad, twenty seven Kilometre from Karachi, the foundation-stone of Hamdard University was laid on 17 June 1985 by President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. It was established by Hakim Mohammed Said, the founder of Madinat al-Hikmah, a humanitarian and a philanthropist. After the completion of the Bait al-Hikmah, the first major and most important institution of Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Said invited President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to inaugurate the library on 11 December 1989.

Bait al-Hikmah library reflects the memory of the first Bait al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) established in Baghdad by Khalifa Abu Jafar al-Mansur between 135 and 158 A.H (714–737 CE). Later it was developed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and Caliph Mamoon Rashid during the 14th century. The present Bait al-Hikmah symbolises a wooded transfusion to the Muslim's traditional love for learning and scholarship.

Facilities
The Bait al-Hikmah as a Central Library and Center for Academic Research possesses all requisite modern library equipment and facilities as well as a qualified staff. It is used by students, faculties, researchers, scholars and freelancers nationally and internationally. The library is fully computerised.

Bait al-Hikmah Library has large collection of books and journals on different subjects and in different languages, covering Science and Technology, Medicine, Management Sciences, Indo-Pakistan History, Islam and Religion, Traditional/Alternative Systems of Medicine, Social Sciences and Jurisprudence besides Urdu, English, Arabic and Persian Literature, as well as departmental specialised libraries of the Hamdard University at College of Medicine, College of Eastern Medicine, Institute of Management Sciences, Institute of Education and Social Sciences, Institute of Information Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Legal studies which meet the needs of their students and teachers to a considerable extent.

Hakim Said collected significant Islamic manuscripts from around the world and gave them to the Bait al-Hikmah. The Manuscripts section of Bait al-Hikmah library houses old and rare, centuries-old hand-written manuscripts of the Quran. The periodical section has 2,255 Journals (current), and about 28,010 bound volumes of journals (back issues). The clipping section has more than 3.68 million clippings on over 1,300 subjects.  Hamdard Foundation Pakistan has published more than 250 research publications in collaboration with Bait al-Hikmah and is publishing four International Standard Journals: Hamdard Sehat, Hamdard Medicus, Hamdard Islamicus and the Journal of Pakistan Historical Society. Through the publication of these International Standard Journals, Bait al-Hikmah has established an international exchange relationship with all the leading institutions, organization, universities and libraries of the world. In exchange of these Journals Bait al-Hikmah is also receiving thousands of periodicals and books.

The library has many facilities available, like microfilms and microfiche, photocopying, telefax, telex, e-mail and internet. Projector for films and slides, study rooms and special cubicles and sections for local and foreign research scholars and students are also available. It has an auditorium with a capacity of 350 persons and a Simultaneous Interpretation System (SIS) in five languages, and it has a board room for holding high level meetings and also equipped with facilities for meetings and seminars.

At present Bait al-Hikmah Library has more than 477 thousand books, 1,700+ manuscripts and more than three-and-a-half million clippings.

See also
 Hamdard University
 Hakim Mohammed Said
 Hamdard Laboratories
 List of universities in Karachi
 Bund Murad
 Caliph Harun al-Rashid
 Caliph Mamoon Rashid

References

Library buildings completed in 1989
Academic libraries in Pakistan
Libraries in Karachi
Hamdard University
Libraries established in 1989

Bait al Hikmat


A badge is a device or patch which is displayed to indicate a special accomplishment or as a symbol of authority.

Badge may refer to:
 Access badge, credential used to gain entry to an area
 Heraldic badge, a badge to display allegiance to a particular royal figure
 Web badge, a small image used on websites to promote web-standards and other things
 Synonym for a pin-back button in the United Kingdom
 A distinguishing logo or hood ornament on automobiles or trucks, altered by badge engineering

The acronym BADGE refers to:
 Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a component of epoxy resin
 Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles, French degree created in 2001 by the Conférence des grandes écoles

Related pages
 "Badge" (song) by the 1960s rock group Cream
 "Badge" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode), 2001 US TV episode
 Stinking badges, a film quote

Badge (disambiguation)


The Nizhal thangal of Nelli-ninra Vilai is one among the few important Worship centers of Ayyavazhi in the western Kanyakumari. It is also the first Thangal built in the Thamarai Thangal series.

It was situated mid-way in the Attoor Arumanai road, 4 km North-east of Marthandam, and 26 km North-west of Nagercoil. Though this Thangal was originally built in 1882, the new structure with Lotus architecture was recently constructed. The foundation stone was laid on 2004 and was inaugurated by Bala Prajapathi Adikalar in April 2006.

See also

 Nizhal Thangal
 Worship centers of Ayyavazhi
 List of Ayyavazhi-related articles

External links

Kanyakumari
Hindu temples in Kanyakumari district
Nizhal Thangals

Nizhal Thangal, Nelli-ninra Vilai


Viertel (literally "quarter") is a centrally located neighborhood in the city of Bremen, Germany. It lies east of the old town on the border between two different administrative subdistricts: Ostertor and Steintor. It is currently recognised for its many cafés, restaurants, and boutique boutiques.

History
The neighborhood was developed between the mid-19th century and the 1930s. During this time period, typical Bremen Houses (Bremer Häuser) were built in a combination of Neohistoricist, Neoclassical and Art Nouveau styles. Despite the diversity of styles, the architecture nevertheless creates an attractive, harmonious environment. Construction firms designed whole stretches of the streets, interspersing tall, narrow row houses with stately villas.

In the mid-20th century, the area around Ostertor fell into a sorry state because there were plans to build an expressway along the Mozartstraße, one of the principal streets in Viertel. After prolonged protests, the plans were eventually abandoned in 1973. With the threat of demolition no longer looming, the old facades were restored, making the district one of Bremen's most presentable and lively neighborhoods. New buildings are now designed so that they match the local color scheme and fit into their historic surroundings.

Landmarks
The Viertel embraces Bremen's cultural mile with the city's main theatre, and three museums. The Theater am Goetheplatz, completed in 1913 in the Neoclassical style, presents productions of musicals, opera and drama as the main venue of Theater Bremen. The art museum Kunsthalle Bremen was built in 1849, enlarged in 1902 and further expanded in 2011. It houses European paintings and sculptures from the Middle Ages to the present day as well as a new media section. The Gerhard Marcks House from 1825 is a museum inspired by the sculptor Gerhard Marcks exhibiting contemporary sculpture. Forming a pair with the Wilhelm Wagenfeld House standing opposite, it hosts design exhibitions inspired by Wilhelm Wagenfeld, noted for his household object designs.

Another interesting landmark in the area is "Wilhelm Holtorf Kolonialwaren von 1874", an old grocer's shop on Ostertorsteinweg which was renovated in the Art Nouveau style in 1903 and is now a listed building.

The Viertel district today
Today the district is known for its shops, cafés and restaurants. In addition to the cultural mile, locals also appreciate the shopping mile on Ostertorsteinweg stretching from the theatre to St. Jürgen Straße. There are no department stores here, only small shops and boutiques offering everything imaginable.

References

Populated places in Bremen (city)
Culture in Bremen (city)

Viertel (Bremen)