The Hawkhurst Gang was a notorious criminal organisation involved in smuggling throughout southeast England from 1735 until 1749. One of the more infamous gangs of the early 18th century, they extended their influence from Hawkhurst, their base in Kent, along the South coast, where they successfully raided the Custom House, Poole. After they were defeated in a battle with the Goudhurst militia in 1747, two of their leaders, Arthur Gray and Thomas Kingsmill, were executed in 1748 and 1749, respectively.

Early years

Named after the village of Hawkhurst, the gang was first mentioned as the Holkhourst Genge in 1735. The gang was based in the "Oak and Ivy Inn", Hawkhurst. A secondary headquarters was The Mermaid Inn in the town of Rye, where they would sit with their loaded weapons on the table. Many local legends and folklore are based on the alleged network of tunnels built by the gang. However, many hidden cellars and remote barns could have been used for storage so it is unlikely that tunnels would have been needed at that period when large armed gangs operated openly, often riding through the larger towns in daylight.

Dominance through terror
In 1740, riding officer Thomas Carswell and a party of dragoons found about 15 cwt (750 kg) of smuggled tea in a barn at Etchingham and were taking it to Hastings in a cart. James Stanford of the Hawkhurst Gang rode round the area and collected about thirty men with horses and weapons. After drinking brandy to bolster their courage, they attacked the revenue party at Silver Hill between Hurst Green and Robertsbridge, shooting Carswell dead and capturing the soldiers. One of the smugglers, George Chapman, was later executed and gibbeted in his home village of Hurst Green.

On one occasion when the gang was drinking at the Mermaid Inn in Rye, some twenty of them visited the nearby Red Lion, firing their guns in the air. A young bystander, James Marshall, who took too keen an interest in them, was taken away and never seen again.

The gang generally operated freely in the area, as when in 1744 they unloaded a considerable amount of contraband from three large cutters at Pevensey, from which the smuggled goods were carried inland by around 500 pack horses.

Sometime in the early 1740s Jeremiah Curtis, who had been part of a violent gang in the Hastings area, joined forces with the Hawkhurst Gang, and was one of its most brutal members. It was Curtis who led the whipping and beating to death of Richard Hawkins, a farm labourer from Walberton whom they suspected of stealing two bags of the gang's tea. Hawkins was taken to the Dog and Partridge inn at Slindon to be interrogated. When he died of his injuries, his body was found weighted with rocks in a lake  away at Parham Park in the spring of 1748. Parham Park was owned by Sir Cecil Bishopp, 6th Baronet.

The Poole raid

In October 1747, members of the gang led a successful raid against a government Custom House in Poole in Dorset, which was holding about thirty hundredweight (3,360 lbs) of tea, thirty-nine casks of brandy and rum, and a small bag of coffee captured from the smugglers' ship Three-Brothers in September. The shipment from Guernsey, worth about £500, had been organised by the Hawkhurst Gang working with a group from east Hampshire and was intended to be landed at Christchurch Bay, but was captured by a revenue vessel Swift commanded by Captain William Johnson on 22 September 1747. The goods were then taken to Poole, after the crew had escaped in a small boat.

At a meeting in Charlton Forest Richard Perrin from Chichester, who had gone to Guernsey to buy the goods, made an agreement with the local men to recover the contraband. Thirty armed men, including Thomas Kingsmill, his lieutenant William Fairall, and about seven other Hawkhurst men, rode to Poole, stopping to rest in the New Forest. Arriving in Poole, at about 11 pm, they found that the customs house was under the guns of a naval sloop. The more local men were for abandoning the attempt, but the Hawkhurst men said they would continue alone, and it was then agreed that they would all continue. It was soon realised that as the tide fell the ship's guns would no longer be in sight of the customs house.

The gang broke into the customs house around 2 am on 8 October, escaping on horseback with the tea. They left the brandy, rum and coffee at the customs house, presumably due to insufficient transport. The smugglers were not opposed at any stage of the journey. The Customs Service offered a large reward of £500 for their capture.

Several months after the raid, a member of the gang known as Diamond was captured and gaoled at Chichester. He had been recognised by a Fordingbridge resident, a shoemaker named Daniel Chater, who was given a small bag of tea by Diamond. Chater may not have intended to betray Diamond, but word of his knowledge got around. He was later called as a witness by the customs service, but he and an elderly revenue officer, William Galley, got lost while travelling to the remote downland village of East Marden to identify Diamond to a Justice of the Peace, Major Battine.

They stopped at the White Hart Inn at Rowlands Castle, a smugglers pub, where the landlady fetched smugglers William Jackson and William Carter to investigate them. They were given drink until they fell asleep and their documents were discovered, beaten and tied to horses by members of the local gang, then taken north to the Red Lion Inn at Rake. After burying the customs officer alive in a nearby fox earth they kept Chater chained to a shed at Trotton for several days before deciding to kill him. They threw Chater down a well at Lady Holt Park and dropped stones on top of him.

Downfall

Although smuggling gangs were generally supported by the local population as they provided much-needed and well-paid work, the murderous brutality of the gang had turned the residents against them. At Goudhurst, the people formed the Goudhurst Band Of Militia led by "General" William Sturt, a former army corporal. Enraged by this defiance, Thomas Kingsmill, a native of the town, threatened to burn the town and kill the residents, setting an appointed time, 21 April 1747. When the gang attacked on the appointed day, the militia were well enough trained to shoot dead Kingsmill's brother George in the first volley of the Battle of Goudhurst fought around the St. Mary's church. Two more smugglers died before the gang withdrew. The gang members were not only smugglers but robbers and extortionists. Arthur Gray was apprehended in 1748 and indicted on charges of felonious assembly with the intention of carrying away goods that customs duty had not been paid – in other words smuggling. He was executed at Tyburn on Wednesday 11 May 1748.

In 1748 the government issued a list of men wanted for murders, burglaries and robberies in Sussex as well as the Custom-house break-in at Poole. The list was published in The London Gazette along with a request for information leading to the arrest of the smugglers. Any informant was promised a royal pardon and as a further encouragement it offered a £50 reward for each smuggler who was captured. Eventually, Thomas Kingsmill, alias Staymaker; William Fairall, alias Shepherd; Richard Perin, alias Pain, alias Carpenter; Thomas Lillywhite; and Richard Glover were all indicted for being concerned, with others, in breaking into the King's Custom-house, at Poole, and stealing thirty hundred weight of tea, value £500 or more. Mary Owen, the illegitimate daughter of Sir Cecil Bishopp, 6th Baronet, was married to Thomas Lillywhite.

Sir Cecil wrote two letters to the Lord Justice in an appeal for clemency, on behalf of Thomas Lillywhite. The Lord Justice, wrote back admonishing Sir Cecil for his views.

Thomas Lillywhite's defence was that he looked after the horses while the Poole raid was taking place, he was not aware of what was happening at the time, also he was not armed. Sir Cecil Bishopp provided one of his character references. Thomas Lillywhite was acquitted.

Kingsmill, Fairall and Perrin were found guilty and sentenced to death. Richard Glover was found guilty, but recommended for mercy by the Jury and became the only member of the gang to be pardoned. Jeremiah Curtis escaped before he could be brought to justice. He went to northern France, joining the Irish Brigade in Gravelines.

Kingsmill, Fairall and Perrin were executed at Tyburn on 26 April 1749. The bodies of Thomas Kingsmill and William Fairall were delivered to the Sheriff of Kent in order that they could be hung up in chains, the former at Goudhurst, the latter at Horsendown Green, where he once lived.

Seven of the gang were tried at Chichester assizes
and sentenced to hang. One of their number died in gaol before sentence could be carried out. The rest were hanged north of Chichester on the Broyle. The principal murderers' bodies were then hung in chains, one on the Portsmouth Road near Rake, two on Selsey Bill, one near Chichester at Rook's Hill and one at Horsmonden in Kent.

With the cruel deaths of Galley and Chater, among others, causing national outrage, the names of known smugglers were published in the London Gazette. Any smuggler so listed was instructed to hand themselves in within 40 days of the publication date.

In all, at least 75 of the gang were hanged or transported. In addition, 14 of the gang had their bodies hung in chains (gibbeted). Gibbeting was usually reserved for murderers and occasionally mail robbers; so was an unusual punishment for smugglers, but reflected how seriously the authorities took the actions of the Hawkhurst Gang.

Legacy
In Kent and Sussex there are numerous 'memorials' and plaques commemorating those gang members executed and gibbeted in 1749.

On Broyle Road, in Chichester, there is a weather-beaten stone, known as the Smugglers' Stone, that was erected in 1749 to record the place of execution of six smugglers and the burial place of one of the convicted smugglers who died before his execution could be carried out. The inscription reads:

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Smugglers – The Hawkhurst Gang, 1735 to 1749
 Video about the Hawkhurst Gang from the Novium museum.
New Forest folklore
Former gangs
Gangs in England
English smugglers
History of Kent
History of Sussex
History of Hampshire
History of Dorset
Hawkhurst
Rye, East Sussex
1735 establishments in England

Hawkhurst Gang


Commander Charles Herbert Little RCN, CD, FRCGS (December 11, 1907 – January 10, 2004) was Canadian Director of Naval Intelligence during the Second World War and an author.

Biography
Charles Herbert (Herbie) Little was born and raised in Mount Forest, Ontario. He won scholarships to Upper Canada College (graduating in 1926) and Trinity College, Toronto (class of 1930) where he majored in German and played ice hockey, football, and cricket. He was a member of the Beta Psi fraternity.

He was offered a contract with the Montreal Maroons ice hockey team but decided to continue his studies instead.

He was selected as a Rhodes Scholar and continued Germanic studies at Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating in 1932. While there he was captain of the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club that won the Spengler Cup two years in a row.

On his return to Canada, he married Ruth B. Harrison of Rothesay, New Brunswick. He taught at Upper Canada College until he joined the Royal Canadian Navy at the outbreak of the war in 1939. Little presented himself at HMCS York in Toronto, but after he mentioned that he was a teacher of German and that he had just returned from a trip to Germany, he was immediately sent to Ottawa. Upon his arrival he was asked to go through some captured German documents, some of which seemed to describe a weapon. Those papers were sent to London and were found to be partial plans for the new magnetic mines being used by the German Navy.

During the war he served as Director of Naval Intelligence on the Naval Staff. Because of his position he was one of the few Canadians to handle Ultra decrypts. After the defeat of Nazi Germany he was allowed to enter combat and was sent to join the British Pacific Fleet.

He remained in the navy until 1959, helping to develop the University Naval Training Division and the Regular Officer Training Plan.

After leaving the navy he became a federal civil servant. From 1964 to 1971 he was chief editor of the Royal Commission on Pilotage.

He wrote ten historical books, a book of poetry and numerous articles. He was a lifelong contributor to the Royal Canadian Geographical Society Journal. He was made a fellow of the society in 1969 (FRCGS). He was given an award by the Spanish government for his history of Spanish exploration of the west coast of Canada. He was National President of the Canadian Authors' Association from 1972 to 1975 and was made Honorary President in 2001. He was president of the Canadian Writers' Foundation from 1978 to 2001 and was Honorary President thereafter.

In 1977 he was awarded the Queen's Jubilee Medal. In 1991 he was awarded the Admirals' Medal. In 2000 at the age of 92, he dropped the puck at the start of the 100th annual Oxford vs Cambridge Ice Hockey game.

He died in Ottawa at the age of 96. He was buried at Frenhill Cemetery in Saint John, New Brunswick.

External links
Obituary in the Montreal Gazette

1907 births
2004 deaths
Canadian Anglicans
Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II
Canadian Rhodes Scholars
Trinity College (Canada) alumni
University of Toronto alumni
Upper Canada College alumni

Charles Herbert Little


The White Lotus Rebellion (, 1794–1804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China.

Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.

The White Lotus Society

The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty – the Ming dynasty. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement.

Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."

History

Wang Lun Uprising
In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing  (Zhili) near the city of Linqing.  The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route.

Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service.

White Lotus Rebellion
In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government.

Suppression
The Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–96) sent Helin (和琳, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus.

The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. As one Qing official complained:
The rebels are all our own subjects. They are not like some external tribe ... that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language ... When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more.
Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society.

A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.

A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion..." By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not.

Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pōxié Xiángbiàn), which was written in 1838. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups.

The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.

Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers).

Legacy
The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion.

Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion.

Rebel leaders
Early: Qi Lin ()
Early: Qi Wangshi ()
Early: Wang Cong'er (), and Wang Nangxian ()
Middle: Xue Tiande ()
Late: Ran Tianyuan ()

References

Further reading
 Dai, Yingcong. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China (U of Washington Press, 2019)  excerpt
 Dai, Yingcong. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors." Small Wars & Insurgencies 30.4-5 (2019): 750–774.
 Dai, Yingcong. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805." Asia Major (2009): 145–178. online
 Dai, Yingcong. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayancheng's Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." in The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces (Brill, 2014) pp. 49–73 link.
 Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China." Late Imperial China 21.1 (2000): 1-40 online.
 McCaffrey, Cecily. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (1796–1804)" Journal of Chinese Religions 48#1 (May 2020) online
 Ter Haar, B. J. The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History (Leiden: Brill, 1992.

18th-century rebellions
19th-century rebellions
Rebellions in the Qing dynasty
1790s in China
18th century in China
19th century in China
1790s conflicts
1800s conflicts
1794 in China
1796 in China
1804 in China
Conflicts in 1794
Conflicts in 1796
Conflicts in 1804
Green Standard Army
Eight Banners

White Lotus Rebellion


Hartmut Haberland (born February 3, 1948 in Hanover, Germany) is a German-Danish linguist and professor emeritus at Roskilde University in Denmark.

In 1977, he founded the Journal of Pragmatics together with Jacob Mey. Currently, he is a co-editor of Pragmatics and Society, and an editor of Acta Linguistica Hafniensia, the journal of the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen.

In 2005, Haberland became a Danish citizen.

Research
Haberland's textbook Soziologie + Linguistik. Die schlechte Aufhebung sozialer Ungleichheit durch Sprache from 1973 was used in Europe as his first work with widespread recognition.

The launch of Journal of Pragmatics (with co-editor Jacob L. Mey) went against the Chomskyan perspectives on linguistics at the time. This was part of the establishment of an interdisciplinary linguistics.

Haberland has also done important work in the area of language contact and the domains of certain languages. In particular, he created attention to the influence of English on the Danish language in terms of power and ideology, through concepts on hegemony and globalization.

Career
Haberland studied German, linguistics and philosophy at the Freie Universität Berlin, Technical University of Berlin and University of Stuttgart. He graduated with an MA from Freie Universität Berlin in 1971. After teaching at Freie Universität Berlin he took a job at Roskilde University in 1974, first as an associate professor. In 2012, he become professor of German language and the sociolinguistics of globalisation. He retired in 2018.

He has been a guest professor, researcher or summer school professor in Athens (1993), Soka (Japan) (1995), Beijing (1996), Guangzhou (2006), Osaka (2009) and Hong Kong (2010).

In 2011, a festschrift was published with contributions based on a symposium held at his 60th birthday in 2008.

References

Linguists from Germany
Linguists of Danish
1948 births
Living people
Writers from Hanover
Academic staff of Roskilde University
Free University of Berlin alumni
German expatriates in Denmark

Hartmut Haberland


Gravimetry is the measurement of the strength of a gravitational field. Gravimetry may be used when either the magnitude of a gravitational field or the properties of matter responsible for its creation are of interest.

Units of measurement
Gravity is usually measured in units of acceleration. In the SI system of units, the standard unit of acceleration is 1 metre per second squared (abbreviated as m/s2). Other units include the cgs gal (sometimes known as a galileo, in either case with symbol Gal), which equals 1 centimetre per second squared, and the g (gn), equal to 9.80665 m/s2. The value of the gn is defined approximately equal to the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth's surface (although the value of g varies by location).

Gravimeters

An instrument used to measure gravity is known as a gravimeter. For a small body, general relativity predicts gravitational effects indistinguishable from the effects of acceleration by the equivalence principle.  Thus, gravimeters can be regarded as special-purpose accelerometers.  Many weighing scales may be regarded as simple gravimeters. In one common form, a spring is used to counteract the force of gravity pulling on an object. The change in length of the spring may be calibrated to the force required to balance the gravitational pull. The resulting measurement may be made in units of force (such as the newton), but is more commonly made in units of gals or cm/s2.

Researchers use more sophisticated gravimeters when precise measurements are needed. When measuring the Earth's gravitational field, measurements are made to the precision of microgals to find density variations in the rocks making up the Earth. Several types of gravimeters exist for making these measurements, including some that are essentially refined versions of the spring scale described above. These measurements are used to define gravity anomalies.

Besides precision, stability is also an important property of a gravimeter, as it allows the monitoring of gravity changes. These changes can be the result of mass displacements inside the Earth, or of vertical movements of the Earth's crust on which measurements are being made: near the Earth's surface gravity decreases 0.308 mGal for every metre of height. The study of gravity changes belongs to geodynamics.

The majority of modern gravimeters use specially-designed metal or quartz zero-length springs to support the test mass. Zero-length springs do not follow Hooke's law; instead they have a force proportional to their length.  The special property of these springs is that the natural resonant period of oscillation of the spring–mass system can be made very long – approaching a thousand seconds. This detunes the test mass from most local vibration and mechanical noise, increasing the sensitivity and utility of the gravimeter. Quartz and metal springs are chosen for different reasons; quartz springs are less affected by magnetic and electric fields while metal springs have a much lower drift (elongation) with time. The test mass is sealed in an air-tight container so that tiny changes of barometric pressure from blowing wind and other weather do not change the buoyancy of the test mass in air.

Spring gravimeters are, in practice, relative instruments which measure the difference in gravity between different locations. A relative instrument also requires calibration by comparing instrument readings taken at locations with known complete or absolute values of gravity. Absolute gravimeters provide such measurements by determining the gravitational acceleration of a test mass in vacuum. A test mass is allowed to fall freely inside a vacuum chamber and its position is measured with a laser interferometer and timed with an atomic clock. The laser wavelength is known to ±0.025 ppb and the clock is stable to ±0.03 ppb as well. Great care must be taken to minimize the effects of perturbing forces such as
residual air resistance (even in vacuum), vibration, and magnetic forces. Such instruments are capable of an accuracy of about two parts per billion or 0.002 mGal and reference their measurement to atomic standards of length and time. Their primary use is for calibrating relative instruments, monitoring crustal deformation, and in geophysical studies requiring high accuracy and stability. However, absolute instruments are somewhat larger and significantly more expensive than relative spring gravimeters, and are thus relatively rare.

Gravimeters have been designed to mount in vehicles, including aircraft (note the field of aerogravity), ships and submarines. These special gravimeters isolate acceleration from the movement of the vehicle and subtract it from measurements. The acceleration of the vehicles is often hundreds or thousands of times stronger than the changes being measured.

A gravimeter (the Lunar Surface Gravimeter) deployed on the surface of the Moon during the 1972 Apollo 17 mission did not work due to a design error. A second device (the Traverse Gravimeter Experiment) functioned as anticipated.

Further information

A gravimeter is an instrument used to measure gravitational acceleration. Every mass has an associated gravitational potential.  The gradient of this potential is a force.  A gravimeter measures this gravitational force.

The first gravimeters were vertical accelerometers, specialized for measuring the constant downward acceleration of gravity on the Earth's surface. The Earth's vertical gravity varies from place to place over the surface of the Earth by about ±0.5%. It varies by about  (nanometers per second squared) at any location because of the changing positions of the Sun and Moon relative to the Earth.

The change from calling a device an "accelerometer" to calling it a "gravimeter" occurs at approximately the point where it has to make corrections for Earth tides.

Though similar in design to other accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive.  Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the Earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.

Gravimeters can detect vibrations and gravity changes from human activities.  Depending on the interests of the researcher or operator, this might be counteracted by integral vibration isolation and signal processing.

The resolution of gravimeters can be increased by averaging samples over longer periods. Fundamental characteristics of gravimeters are the accuracy of a single measurement (a single "sample"), and the sampling rate (samples per second).

for example:

Gravimeters display their measurements in units of gals (cm/s2), centimeters per second squared, and parts per million, parts per billion, or parts per trillion of the average vertical acceleration with respect to the Earth. Some newer units are pm/s2 (picometers per second squared), fm/s2 (femto), am/s2 (atto) for very sensitive instruments.

Gravimeters are used for petroleum and mineral prospecting, seismology, geodesy, geophysical surveys and other geophysical research, and for metrology.  Their fundamental purpose is to map the gravity field in space and time.

Most current work is Earth-based, with a few satellites around Earth, but gravimeters are also applicable to the Moon, Sun, planets, asteroids, stars, galaxies and other bodies. Gravitational wave experiments monitor the changes with time in the gravitational potential itself, rather than the gradient of the potential which the gravimeter is tracking. This distinction is somewhat arbitrary. The subsystems of the gravitational radiation experiments are very sensitive to changes in the gradient of the potential. The local gravity signals on Earth that interfere with gravitational wave experiments are disparagingly referred to as "Newtonian noise", since Newtonian gravity calculations are sufficient to characterize many of the local (earth-based) signals.

The term absolute gravimeter has most often been used to label gravimeters which report the local vertical acceleration due to the Earth. Relative gravimeter usually refer to differential comparisons of gravity from one place to another. They are designed to subtract the average vertical gravity automatically. They can be calibrated at a location where the gravity is known accurately, and then transported to the location where the gravity is to be measured. Or they can be calibrated in absolute units at their operating location.

There are many methods for displaying acceleration fields, also called gravity fields. This includes traditional 2D maps, but increasingly 3D video.  Since gravity and acceleration are the same, "acceleration field" might be preferable, since "gravity" is an oft misused prefix.

Commercial absolute gravimeters

Gravimeters for measuring the Earth's gravity as precisely as possible are getting smaller and more portable. A common type measures the acceleration of small masses free falling in a vacuum, when the accelerometer is firmly attached to the ground. The mass includes a retroreflector and terminates one arm of a Michelson interferometer. By counting and timing the interference fringes, the acceleration of the mass can be measured.  A more recent development is a "rise and fall" version that tosses the mass upward and measures both upward and downward motion.  This allows cancellation of some measurement errors; however, "rise and fall" gravimeters are not yet in common use. Absolute gravimeters are used in the calibration of relative gravimeters, surveying for gravity anomalies (voids), and for establishing the vertical control network.

Atom interferometric and atomic fountain methods are used for precise measurement of the Earth's gravity, and atomic clocks and purpose-built instruments can use time dilation (also called general relativistic) measurements to track changes in the gravitational potential and gravitational acceleration on the Earth.

The term "absolute" does not convey the instrument's stability, sensitivity, accuracy, ease of use, and bandwidth. The words "Absolute" and "relative" should not be used when more specific characteristics can be given.

Relative gravimeters
The most common gravimeters are spring-based. They are used in gravity surveys over large areas for establishing the figure of the geoid over those areas. They are basically a weight on a spring, and by measuring the amount by which the weight stretches the spring, local gravity can be measured. However, the strength of the spring must be calibrated by placing the instrument in a location with a known gravitational acceleration.

The current standard for sensitive gravimeters are the superconducting gravimeters, which operate by suspending a superconducting niobium sphere in an extremely stable magnetic field; the current required to generate the magnetic field that suspends the niobium sphere is proportional to the strength of the Earth's gravitational acceleration. The superconducting gravimeter achieves sensitivities of  (one nanogal), approximately one trillionth (10) of the Earth surface gravity. In a demonstration of the sensitivity of the superconducting gravimeter, Virtanen (2006), describes how an instrument at Metsähovi, Finland, detected the gradual increase in surface gravity as workmen cleared snow from its laboratory roof.

The largest component of the signal recorded by a superconducting gravimeter is the tidal gravity of the Sun and Moon acting at the station. This is roughly  (nanometers per second squared) at most locations. "SGs", as they are called, can detect and characterize Earth tides, changes in the density of the atmosphere, the effect of changes in the shape of the surface of the ocean, the effect of the atmosphere's pressure on the Earth, changes in the rate of rotation of the Earth, oscillations of the Earth's core, distant and nearby seismic events, and more.

Many broadband, three axis, seismometers in common use are sensitive enough to track the Sun and Moon.  When operated to report acceleration, they are useful gravimeters. Because they have three axes, it is possible to solve for their position and orientation, by either tracking the arrival time and pattern of seismic waves from earthquakes, or by referencing them to the Sun and Moon tidal gravity.

Recently, the SGs, and broadband three axis seismometers operated in gravimeter mode, have begun to detect and characterize the small gravity signals from earthquakes. These signals arrive at the gravimeter at the speed of light, so have the potential to improve earthquake early warning methods. There is some activity to design purpose-built gravimeters of sufficient sensitivity and bandwidth to detect these prompt gravity signals from earthquakes. Not just the magnitude 7+ events, but also the smaller, much more frequent, events.

Newer MEMS gravimeters, atom gravimeters – MEMS gravimeters offer the potential for low-cost arrays of sensors. MEMS gravimeters are currently variations on spring type accelerometers where the motions of a tiny cantilever or mass are tracked to report acceleration.  Much of the research is focused on different methods of detecting the position and movements of these small masses. In Atom gravimeters, the mass is a collection of atoms.

For a given restoring force, the central frequency of the instrument is often given by

 (in radians per second)

The term for the "force constant" changes if the restoring force is electrostatic, magnetostatic, electromagnetic, optical, microwave, acoustic, or any of dozens of different ways to keep the mass stationary. The "force constant" is just the coefficient of the displacement term in the equation of motion:

m mass, a acceleration, b viscosity, v velocity, k force constant, x displacement
F external force as a function of location/position and time.

F is the force being measured, and  is the acceleration.

 + higher derivatives of the restoring force

Precise GPS stations can be operated as gravimeters since they are increasingly measuring three axis positions over time, which, when differentiated twice, give an acceleration signal.

The satellite borne gravimeters GOCE, GRACE, are mostly operating in gravity gradiometer mode.  They yield detailed information about the Earth's time varying gravity field. The spherical harmonic gravitational potential models are slowly improving in both spatial and temporal resolution.  Taking the gradient of the potentials gives estimate of local acceleration which are what is measured by the gravimeter arrays. The superconducting gravimeter network has been used to ground truth the satellite potentials. This should eventually improve both the satellite and Earth-based methods and intercomparisons.

Transportable relative gravimeters also exist; they employ an extremely stable inertial platform to compensate for the masking effects of motion and vibration, a difficult engineering feat. The first transportable relative gravimeters were, reportedly, a secret military technology developed in the 1950–1960s as a navigational aid for nuclear submarines. Subsequently in the 1980s, transportable relative gravimeters were reverse engineered by the civilian sector for use on ship, then in air and finally satellite borne gravity surveys.

Microgravimetry
Microgravimetry is an important branch developed on the foundation of classical gravimetry.  Microgravity investigations are carried out in order to solve various problems of engineering geology, mainly location of voids and their monitoring. Very detailed measurements of high accuracy can indicate voids of any origin, provided the size and depth are large enough to produce gravity effect stronger than is the level of confidence of relevant gravity signal.

History

The modern gravimeter was developed by Lucien LaCoste and Arnold Romberg in 1936.

They also invented most subsequent refinements, including the ship-mounted gravimeter, in 1965, temperature-resistant instruments for deep boreholes, and lightweight hand-carried instruments.  Most of their designs remain in use with refinements in data collection and data processing.

Satellite gravimetry

Currently, the static and time-variable Earth's gravity field parameters are being determined using modern satellite missions, such as GOCE, CHAMP, Swarm, GRACE and GRACE-FO. The lowest-degree parameters, including the Earth's oblateness and geocenter motion are best determined from Satellite laser ranging.

Large-scale gravity anomalies can be detected from space, as a by-product of satellite gravity missions, e.g., GOCE. These satellite missions aim at the recovery of a detailed gravity field model of the Earth, typically presented in the form of a spherical-harmonic expansion of the Earth's gravitational potential, but alternative presentations, such as maps of geoid undulations or gravity anomalies, are also produced.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) consists of two satellites that can detect gravitational changes across the Earth. Also these changes can be presented as gravity anomaly temporal variations. The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) also consisted of two spacecraft orbiting the Moon, which orbited for three years before their deorbit in 2015.

See also
 Gravity measurement with pendulums

 Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) A modern satellite-borne gradiometer containing pairs of gravimeters (accelerometers), launched March 2009

 GRACE and GRACE-FO, spacecraft launched March 2002

References

Geodesy

Gravimetry


Yen Chow Street () is a main street in Sham Shui Po, New Kowloon, Hong Kong. It runs from hill side towards the shore of Victoria Harbour, between Castle Peak Road and Sham Mong Road. Its extension Yen Chow Street West () spans further to the reclamation shore.

Name
The street was named after Yen Chow, a coastal city in western Guangdong in China at that time. The city is currently under the administration of Guangxi.

Yen Chow Street
Yen Chow Street () crosses many main streets such as Castle Peak Road, Cheung Sha Wan Road and Lai Chi Kok Road. Featured landmarks and attractions in the area could be found on both side of the street. Golden Computer Centre, Sham Shui Po Police Station, Dragon Centre, the Yen Chow Street Hawker Bazaar, and Apliu Street are some of examples.

Yen Chow Street West
Yen Chow Street West () is a street extension on West Kowloon Reclamation. The interchange station of West Rail line Nam Cheong station and MTR Nam Cheong station is located near its junction with Sham Mong Road and Nam Cheong Park on the other side. On the southwestern end of the street, which is on the border between Sham Shui Po and Yau Tsim Mong districts, is the Cheung Sha Wan Wholesale Fish Market.

See also

 List of streets and roads in Hong Kong

References

Sham Shui Po
Roads in Kowloon

Yen Chow Street


Henry Bird (15 July 1909 – 16 April 2000) was an English artist from Northampton who painted murals and female nudes.  He went to the Royal College of Art and then designed sets at the Old Vic, Sadler's Wells and Embassy Theatre. He taught art history and drawing at the University College of Wales and the Northampton School of Art.

He was married to the actress Freda Jackson.

Art

He was described in his obituary in The Stage as "One of Britain's most distinguished and versatile artists". The Times noted that he "was one of comparatively few artists to be thoroughly comfortable with the grand scale of ambitious public painting projects."

In addition to his murals, he was particularly noted for his painting of nude women. He draw and painted female nudes "preferably big and beautiful" tempting them with cream cakes, sherry and gin.

Among his works are the theatrical murals on the safety curtains at Ashcroft Theatre (1982) and Royal Theatre (Northampton) (1978). He also did church murals at St Andrew's Church, Kettering, St Margaret's Church, Denton (1975–76), All Saints' Church, Earls Barton (1935, rood screen), and St Crispins Hospital, Danetree Hospital, and Northampton Guildhall.

Henry Bird and his art was the subject of a TV documentary by Anglia Television in 1981, and had a posthumous exhibition devoted to him called "The Exceptional Henry Bird' in 2009 at the Northampton Museum and Art Gallery.

He was member of the Art Workers' Guild and the Society of Painters in Tempera. According to The Independent, he was "showed widely, including the Tate Gallery and Victoria and Albert Museum". He was granted in 1983, a Civil List pension for services to art.

Teaching
He was noted for his method of teaching drawing. His obituary in the Times observed that "he demanded high standards of his pupils, requiring them to study, for months, a brick, a milk bottle and an egg. In their first class with him, students innocently surrendered their pencil rubber, which he then instantly ejected through a window on to the car park beneath."

The modernist architect Will Alsop recalls how Henry Bird taught him drawing with a brick. "He gave me a brick, told me to draw it and promptly left the room. I proceeded to draw it with all its shadows. On his return he went into a rage and chastised me for destroying the vision with shading, shouting: 'What is wrong with a simple line?' He insisted that I redo the drawing with line only so that I could begin to see the brick and its proportions. I drew that brick for two three hour sessions per week, line only, for three months. Eventually, he admitted that I had mastered the brick and I was allowed to progress onto the tin can. After 18 months it was the nude model. His vision was one of economy of line and discipline. It worked."

Life
He was born an only child in a Northampton slum. His father Bill committed suicide after returning disillusioned from the First World War. He was a chorister at St Peter's Church, Northampton. He later said that the "beauty of St Peter's capitals, and the skill with which they were carved, helped to point the way to the kind of life he wanted."  He initially worked in factories to fund himself as a student at Northampton School of Art.

After this he went to the Royal College of Art where he won "the Painting and Portrait Prizes, the Continuation Scholarship and the Royal College's highest award, the Travelling Scholarship.." Initially, he became head scene painter at the Old Vic and at Sadler's Wells. He then was a lecturer in art history and drawing tutor, 1935–41, at the University College of Wales. After a period as resident designer at the Embassy Theatre in 1950 he then taught at Northampton School of Art. Among his students were the sculptor Malcolm Pollard and the architect Will Alsop.

According his obituary in The Stage, "He was also something of a genuine eccentric, cutting an imposing figure with his flamboyant dress sense and usually seen around art colleges and galleries sporting a large fedora hat."

He was married to the actress Freda Jackson to whom he was devoted and committed. They had one son, Julian, a psychiatrist. According to his obituary in The Times, "His first sight of her was her face, suspended halfway up the stage curtain, painted green as a witch in a production of Macbeth at the Royal Theatre, Northampton. With typical decisiveness he said: 'That's the woman for me.'"

References

External links

 Exceptional exhibition opens in Northampton, Henry Bird (1909-2000)
 St Margaret's, Denton. A set of photographs by Jenny Thorpe with text on Flickr many detailing Bird's murals at St. Margaret's, Denton
 All Saints' Church, Earls Barton. A set of photographs by Jenny Thorpe on Flickr some detailing Bird's murals at All Saints' Church, Earls Barton

1909 births
2000 deaths
20th-century English painters
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of the University of Northampton
Academics of Aberystwyth University
Academics of the University of Northampton
Artists from Northampton
English muralists
English male painters
20th-century English male artists

Henry Bird (artist)


Alfred Saupe (February 14, 1925 – August 3, 2008) was a German Physicist born in Badenweiler, who laid groundbreaking work in the area of liquid crystal studies.

Biography

Saupe, son of a hotelier, attended elementary school in Badenweiler and high school in the neighboring town of Müllheim. In 1943, during his senior year, he was drafted into the army during World War II; later, he served in the Luftwaffe, and finally trained as a paratrooper. In January 1945, he was captured in the Netherlands and became a POW in England. After he was freed in 1948, he completed his high school education in 1949 at the Freiburg Berthold-Gymnasium and began his study of Physics at the Albert-Ludwigs-University in Freiburg.

Career
He received his PhD for his work with the Dr. Wilhelm Maier's liquid crystal group. During that time he completed his ground breaking work on the nematic-isotropic phase transition (Maier-Saupe Theory)
. After his promotion in 1958 he stayed on at the University's Physics Institute and began his work with UV spectroscopic studies on liquid crystals and the method to verify the Frank Elastic constants. In 1961, he transferred to the "Freiburger Institut für Elektrowerkstoffe" and became Maier's research assistant. During this time Saupe began performing NMR studies of liquid crystals. He played a lead role in first discovery of NMR spectroscopy in partially oriented media in 1963, and in a very fundamental paper he was also able to present the essential theory to describe and understand the observable phenomena only one year later.  In 1965, after the unexpected death of his mentor Maier, he transferred to the group of Hans-Joachim Cantow at the "Freiburger Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie", which, at the time, had one of the world's only superconducting NMR spectrometers.

In 1968, Saupe worked as a visiting professor at the Liquid Crystal Institute at Kent State University, and the following year he became a tenured professor of Physics at Kent State. There he continued his NMR studies, concentrating on the chiral smectic phases and the elastic characteristics of nematic liquid crystals. Saupe retired from Kent State University in 1992 and became the director of the "Max-Planck-Arbeitsgruppe Flüssigkristalline Systeme" at the University of Halle, Germany. He spent his final years, when he was ill of Parkinsons, back in his home town of Badenweiler.

For his work he received the Nernst Prize in 1974, the Humboldt Prize in 1987, the Kent State Presidents Medal in 1992, and the Freederiksz Medal in 1999.  He also became one of the first honored members of the International Liquid Crystal Society in 1998. In commemoration of Saupe, the German Liquid Crystal Society began awarding the Alfred Saupe prize to outstanding individuals from all areas of research and technology involving liquid crystals and mesophases.

Prizes
Nerst-Haber-Bodenstein-Preis of the German Bunsengesellschaft (1974)
Humboldt Prize (1987)
Guest at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz (1987)
Kent State President's Medal (1992)
Invitation to the Wissensshaftkolleg in Berlin (1998)
Honored member of the International Liquid Crystal Society (1998)
Freedericksz Medal of the Russian Liquid Crystal Society (1999)

Publications
Patricia E. Cladis, Peter Pálffy-Muhoray: Dynamics and Defects in Liquid Crystals: A Festschrift in Honor of Alfred Saupe, CRC Press, 1998
A. Jákli, A. Saupe: One- and Two-dimensional Fluids: Properties of Smectic, Lamellar and Columnar Liquid Crystals, CRC Press, 2006

References

External links
Liquid Crystals Today - Freederiksz Medal Announcement
An Obituary
Alfred Saupe Prize

1925 births
2008 deaths
People from Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
People from the Republic of Baden
Liquid crystals
Kent State University faculty
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
German expatriates in the United Kingdom
German expatriates in the United States

Alfred Saupe


Temnora palpalis is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Madagascar.

It is similar to Temnora crenulata crenulata, but the upperside ground colour is more brownish. The forewing apex is rounded and the outer margin is convex apically and crenulated towards the tornus. The forewing upperside has an oblique band running from the costa to the middle of the outer margin. This band is widened at the costal margin. There is no pale distal border.

References

Temnora
Moths described in 1903
Moths of Madagascar
Moths of Africa

Temnora palpalis


William Paul Winfree (born 9 March 1951) is an American experimental physicist who is known for his contributions to the field of nondestructive evaluation.

Winfree received his B.A. in 1973 from George Mason University, where he graduated magna cum laude and was awarded the department citation as the outstanding undergraduate in mathematics and physics. He earned his M.S. and Ph.D. in physics from The College of William and Mary in 1975 and 1978, respectively.

Winfree is the Head of the Nondestructive Evaluation Science Branch at NASA Langley Research Center and is also Adjunct Professor of Applied Science at The College of William and Mary.

He is married to Barbara Winfree. The two have three children: Paul Leighton, Adam David Rildagino Lexus Maximus Constantine, and Emily ("Wu") Elizabeth.

External links
 Winfree's page at W&M

21st-century American physicists
1951 births
Living people
George Mason University alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
College of William & Mary faculty

William P. Winfree


Uriah Adolphus Ashley Maclean (1 February 1944 – 25 November 2020) was a Panamanian Roman Catholic bishop. Ashley Maclean was born in Panama City. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1979. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Penonomé, Panama, from 1993 to 2015. He then was titular bishop of Agbia and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Panama, Panama, from 2015 to 2019.

Ashley Maclean died in Panama City on 25 November 2020 at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops
People from Panama City

Uriah Adolphus Ashley Maclean


Megan Zheng (also known as Megan Tay, ) is a Singaporean actress & novelist who starred in two Singaporean movies: Homerun and One More Chance. For her role in Homerun, Zheng, then 10 years old, became the first Singaporean to win a Golden Horse Award, sharing her Best New Performer award with Wang Baoqiang.

Acting career
When Zheng was five, she accompanied her elder sister (who had a part in a documentary) to a TV station. Upon realising that the producer wanted her to play a part, a terrified Zheng hid behind a sofa.

Jack Neo, who wrote and directed Homerun, placed a newspaper advertisement about auditions for a role in the movie, stating that he was looking for a "girl about nine, who is dark, skinny, and can cry and act". After seeing the advertisement, Zheng's father joked that she fitted the bill, prompting the girl to call Neo's J Team Productions and arrange an audition. Just before the audition ended, Zheng reminded Neo that he had yet to see her cry and she then proceeded to demonstrate her ability to do so. This anecdote, coupled with Neo's belief that Zheng could take direction and "her eyes could communicate", convinced Neo to select Zheng over 1006 other children.

During the school holidays, Zheng and the rest of the Homerun cast flew to Malaysia for on-location shoot. Although Zheng was usually able to cry on cue, the cast and crew once had to wait 20 minutes for her to begin. Seeing Zheng crying uncontrollably while shooting a particularly emotional scene, an impressed Xiang Yun commented "Wah, this little kid is very absorbed in her role".

In an interview shortly after Zheng won the award, her mother indicated a desire to see her act again because "this is her interest". Neo intended to cast Zheng in his next film, The Best Bet, but his plans never materialised. Instead, Zheng was given the role of Zeng Xiaowei in One More Chance. She is scheduled to star in My Family, My Heart.

Awards

For her role in Homerun, Zheng was one of four considered for the Best New Performer Award at the 40th Golden Horse Awards. One of the other nominees, Ariel Lin, was subsequently disqualified after it was revealed that she had previously made an unreleased movie.  Homerun was also nominated for Best Theme Song.  At the awards ceremony, Zheng and Wang Baoqiang (of Blind Shaft) were named co-winners of the Best New Performer award, making her the first Singaporean to win a Golden Horse Award.

Raintree Pictures' CEO Daniel Yun commented that Zheng's achievement "puts Singapore film-making on the Asian map", while Dr Wong Lung Hsiang, secretary of the Singapore Film Society, described it as "a landmark for the Singapore film industry".

Personal life
Zheng studied at Jurong Primary School and Fairfield Methodist Secondary School.

References

External links

Singaporean film actresses
1993 births
Living people
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
21st-century Singaporean actresses

Megan Zheng


Valery Oisteanu ( ; born September 3, 1943) is a Soviet-born Romanian and American poet, art critic, essayist, photographer and performance artist, whose style reflects the influence of Dada and Surrealism. Oisteanu is the author of more than a dozen books of poetry, a book of short fiction, and a book of essays. He is the brother of Romanian historian of religion, cultural anthropologist and writer Andrei Oișteanu.

Biography
Oisteanu was born in Karaganda, Kazakhstan, raised and educated in Romania, where he is known as Valeriu Oișteanu. He graduated from the Department of Chemical Industry of the Politechnical Institute in Bucharest.

In 1970, Oisteanu made his literary debut in Romania with a collection of poems called Proteze. Due to his Jewish ancestry, the Communist regime allowed him to emigrate to New York City in 1972 or 1973, and he has been writing in  English ever since.

Oisteanu adopted Dada and Surrealism as a philosophy of art and life. He appears regularly at poetry readings in various New York venues, where he presents original performances of Zen and Dada-inspired "jazzoetry". He is a freelance art critic and on the permanent staff of several arts magazines, including The Brooklyn Rail, NYArts, Rain Taxi, the Spanish publication art.es, and the Canadian magazine D'Art International. Oișteanu is a member of Poets and Writers Inc. in New York and the founder and president of PASS: Poets and Artists Surrealist Society.

Poetry written in English
Underground Shadows (Pass Press, New York, 1977)
Underwater Temples (Pass Press, New York, 1979)
Do Not Defuse (Pass Press, New York, 1980)
Vis-a-vis Bali (poems and photographic collage; New Observation Press, New York, 1985)
Passport to Eternal Life (Pass Press, New York, 1990)
Moons of Venus (Pass Press, New York, 1992)
Temporary Immortality (Pass Press, New York, 1995)
ZEN DADA (Linear Art Press, New York, 1999)
Perks in Purgatory (Fly by Night Press, New York, 2009)
Anarchy for a Rainy Day (Spuyten Duyvil, New York, 2015)
Lighter Than Air (Spuyten Duyvil, New York, 2017)
In the Blink of a Third Eye (Spuyten Duyvil, New York, 2020)

Poetry written or translated to Romanian:
Proteze ("Prosthesis"), Editura Litera, Bucharest, 1970
Poeme din Exil ("Poems from Exile"), Editura Paralela 45, Pitești, 2000
 "Anarhie pentru Zile Negre"(Anarchy for a Rainy Day) CDPL, Bucharest,2019
  Privileges in Purgatory (Translated to Romanian) Itaca, Dublin,2020
  Cit ai clipi dintr-al treilea ochi(Translated to Romanian) Editura MLR, Bucharest, 2023

Prose written in English
The King of Penguins (Linear Arts Books, New York, 2000)

References

External links
"The Drum Circle for Janine Pommy Vega" – this tribute to Janine Pommy Vega (1942–2010) on Pierre Joris's blog includes this homage-poem written by Oişteanu in honor of Pommy-Vega
"The Life and Death of John Badum" & "Lorenzo Perrone — The Righteous Gentile" – these 2 "stories" by Oisteanu are about two true life figures: fashion designer John Badum, who was murdered in May 1999; and Lorenzo Perrone, friend and "guardian angel" to the world famous writer and Holocaust survivor Primo Levi
, Meditation/Mediation is described as "an ongoing project conceived by Daniel Rothbart in collaboration with Valery Oisteanu. Curated by Lisa Paul Streitfeld, The Lab Gallery, New York, NY, April 24, 2005"
At The Caves of the Wind: Cretan Meditations – an "essay-meditation" about Crete which Oisteanu first visited in July, 1977
Vispo Collage from Valery Oişteanu – some poetry-collages (or visual poetry) by Oisteanu
MARCEL BROODTHAERS, The Living Mirror – Oisteanu writes about Marcel Broodthaers for The Brooklyn Rail, published in October 2010
Where have the Real Famous gone? to Andy Warhol – a poem by Oisteanu

1943 births
20th-century Romanian photographers
American art critics
American essayists
American male essayists
American male poets
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American performance artists
American photographers
American spoken word poets
Jewish American writers
Jewish Romanian writers
Living people
Neo-Dada
People from Karaganda
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
Romanian art critics
Romanian collage artists
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Romanian essayists
Romanian male writers
Romanian performance artists
Romanian poets
Romanian photographers
Romanian surrealist writers
Soviet emigrants to Romania
Soviet Jews
21st-century American Jews

Valery Oisteanu


Akhand Jyoti (अखण्ड ज्योति) is a monthly magazine published from Mathura. It was started in 1938 by Pt. Shriram Sharma Acharya, the founder of All World Gayatri Pariwar (www.awgp.org). The main objective of the magazine is to promote scientific spirituality and the religion of 21st century, that is, scientific religion. The magazine is published in more than 10 languages and has more than a million subscribers all across the globe. Akhand Jyoti covers various aspects of life, such as, personality development, health management, familial management, societal development, social sustainability, nation building and scientific spirituality.

History
Inaugural issue of magazine was published on Vasant Panchami January 1938. Magazine was started in Hindi with a small circulation from Agra. Publication had to be stopped soon due to unavailability of raw material caused by World War II. It restarted in January 1940 with 500 copies. In 1941 it shifted to Mathura. Since then, it has continued without any interruption till date. Magazine now gets published in more than 10 languages.

Editors
First editor of magazine, Pt. Shriram Sharma Acharya, founder of All World Gayatri Pariwar, was a journalist and active participant of Indian freedom struggle. He had assisted Shri Krishnadatt Paliwal in Hindi daily Sainik where he had his own daily column Matta Pralap. He has authored more than three thousand books including bhashya of ancient Hindu scriptures.
In 1990, Bhagwati Devi Sharma, co-founder of All World Gayatri Pariwar, took over the editing work. Pranav Pandya, Director, Brahmavarchas Shodh Sansthan became chief editor in 1994 and still serving.

Notes

1938 establishments in India
Hindu magazines
Magazines established in 1938
Magazines about spirituality
Mathura
Monthly magazines published in India
Multilingual magazines

Akhand Jyoti


Culture jamming is a tactic by consumer social movements to either disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions. It is also intended to expose dubious or substandard political thoughts on commercial culture. The tactics of culture jamming include refiguring fashion statements, product image and logos as means to challenge ideas about what is cool.

The term "culture jamming" was first used around 1984.

Activism

Culture jamming


Ernest Ashley Dingo AM (born 31 July 1956) is an Indigenous Australian actor, television presenter and comedian, originating from the Yamatji people of the Murchison region of Western Australia. He is a designated Australian National Living Treasure.

Background
Born Ernest Ashley Dingo on 31 July 1956, at Bullardoo Station, Dingo was the second child of nine, with three brothers and five sisters. He grew up in Mullewa, Western Australia with his family. Ernie's younger brother Murray died in a car accident in August 2007.

He attended both Prospect Primary School and Geraldton High School in his hometown in Western Australia.

Dingo got his first big break in acting after moving to Perth and meeting Richard Walley, with whom he played basketball in a local team. He then went on to play state league first division for the East Perth Hawks. He completed an apprenticeship in sign writing.

Career
Dingo rose to fame when he controversially collaborated with Richard Walley to create a public performance of the "Welcome to Country" ceremony in Perth in 1976, after dancers from the Pacific islands would not perform without one. As an Australian National Living Treasure, He promoted the Generation One "Hand Across Australia", which was a promotion for Indigenous Recognition and Equal Rights.

Film
Dingo's film career began in the early 1980s and he appeared regularly on screen through the 1990s. He starred in the title role in the 1987 docu-drama biopic Tudawali and appeared in Bruce Beresford's 1987 drama The Fringe Dwellers.  He had a major supporting role in the international comedy blockbuster Crocodile Dundee II in 1988. He appeared as himself in the 1989 comedy Cappuccino and had a major role in the 1991 Wim Wenders film Until the End of the World. In 1993 he starred in Blackfellas and had a lead role in 1996's Dead Heart. In 1998 he starred in Somewhere in the Darkness. In 2010 he returned to the silver screen with a role in the Aboriginal musical Bran Nue Dae along with Jessica Mauboy and Geoffrey Rush.

Television and other appearances
Dingo's first minor big break in television was in 1989 in the first season of Channel 7 sketch comedy TV show Fast Forward (1989–1992).

As an actor, he has also appeared in many Australian television series such as Blue Heelers, The Flying Doctors, Heartbreak High and Rafferty's Rules. He appeared in the TV mini-series The Cowra Breakout (1984), A Waltz Through the Hills (1987), (for which he won an AFI Award for Best Actor in a Television Drama) and Kings in Grass Castles (1997), as well as co-starring with Cate Blanchett in the Australian television drama series Heartland (known as Burned Bridges in the United States).

He hosted the television program The Great Outdoors for 16 years from its beginning in 1993 to its end in 2009.

Dingo narrated the Indigenous segment of the 2000 Olympic Games opening ceremony in Sydney, New South Wales.

In May 2007, Dingo appeared as one of the celebrity performers on the celebrity singing competition reality show It Takes Two. Dingo also hosted the first series of No Leave, No Life, on Channel Seven.

In February 2012 Dingo and his family were featured in episode three of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) documentary series Family Confidential.

He appears in an episode of Serangoon Road, an Australian-Singaporean television drama series which premiered on 22 September 2013 on the ABC and HBO Asia. Also in 2013, Dingo plays a Vietnam veteran, a retired Army drill sergeant facing his demons in episode six of the second series of Redfern Now ("Dogs of War"). The episode was shown at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2013. In 2018 he played Keith Groves in the TV miniseries Mystery Road.

Dingo hosted the free-to-air travel show Going Places with Ernie Dingo.

In 2022 he performed in a celebrity tribute to Australian comedian and actor Paul Hogan, the Roast of Paul Hogan, which was broadcast on Australia's Seven Network.

Filmography

Film

Television

Personal life
Dingo's eldest daughter, Carrleen, was born when he was 18; through her, he has two grandchildren.

Ernie Dingo married Sally Butler, then a sales representative for 2Day FM, in 1989. The couple struggled to conceive their own children via IVF in the early 90's and later adopted a daughter, Wilara, and also took care of one of Ernie's grandchildren. In his appearance on Family Confidential Dingo revealed that Wilara's father was another Aboriginal actor who was actually Dingo's cousin, David Ngoombujarra. Dingo discovered in 2004 that he had a daughter, named Zoe, from a brief relationship before his marriage.

Sally Dingo has authored two books about her husband and family, 2000's Ernie Dingo: King of the Kids and Dingo, The Story of our Mob in 1997. Their marriage broke down in 2011 and Dingo moved to Perth.

Dingo fathered twin boys, Jimmy and Stewie, in 2015.

Dingo is a prominent supporter of Australian rules football, and in particular the Australian Football League's West Coast Eagles.

In 2020, Dingo toured regional Western Australia to speak to Indigenous groups, which had the lowest COVID-19 vaccination rates in WA. This led to him receiving threats.

Dingo is a fan of basketball and played at state level in 1973 for the Perth Wildcats. He will join the masters games to play the game for Australia in 2022.

Awards and honours
Ernie Dingo was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 1990, in recognition of his service to the performing arts.

He received the AFI Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Tele feature for A Waltz Through the Hills in 1988, after being nominated the previous year for Tudawali.  He has also been nominated for an AFI/AACTA Award for Best Lead Actor in a Television Drama in 1994 for Heartland and in 2013 for Redfern Now.

Controversy
In 2008, Dingo and radio host Kyle Sandilands had a feud after Sandilands used the line "a dingo ate my baby" in a promo leading up to Dingo's appearance on his show. The two patched things up, and KIIS FM donated $10,000 to the Mullewa Football Club in Western Australia.

In December 2009, Ernie made controversial comments hitting out at "hypocritical white people who lecture Aborigines about alcohol consumption". "What you should be worrying about is who is giving them access... who sells alcohol? Not black people," Dingo said. We [Indigenous people] don't have a problem. Our problem is to say 'no' to you blokes, to white people... 'no' is not really part of our cultural background." "There are more white alcoholics than there are black people in this country, so don't come at us with restrictions and Aboriginal laws about alcohol. It upsets me a lot. I'm passionate about the fact that people talk – journalists talk – about Aboriginal people with our drinking problem. We don't have a drinking problem at all... [The] Aboriginal drinking problem is white people selling to them."

In August 2010, the WA Police Force announced they had opened an investigation into reports of child abuse by Dingo. It was alleged that Dingo slapped and verbally abused an 11-year-old boy at Carnarvon Primary School, and then made abusive comments singling out that particular boy while speaking at a school assembly shortly afterward. Dingo denied the claims, saying: "I deny it, but until there is an outcome I can't really talk about it." He entered a plea of not guilty by endorsement in a letter to the court and a date of 3 February 2011 was set for trial in Carnarvon. However, on 18 April 2011, following a mediation session, the assault charge was dropped and the matter formally withdrawn.

In 2010, two women from New South Wales and Victoria claimed to have engaged in affairs with Dingo. It was subsequently reported that Ernie and Sally were living in an open marriage for the sake of their children. The claim of an open marriage was found to be false and was retracted.

References

Bibliography
 Dingo, Sally. Dingo, The Story of our Mob. Random House Australia, 1997. .
 Dingo, Sally. Ernie Dingo: King of the Kids. Random House Australia, 2000. .

External links

Living people
1956 births
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
AACTA Award winners
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Australian television presenters
Indigenous Australian male actors
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
Members of the Order of Australia
People from Mullewa, Western Australia
Racism in Australia
Didgeridoo players

Ernie Dingo


Tandem repeats occur in DNA when a pattern of nucleotides is repeated. The repeats sit next to each other, in tandem. These are multiple copies of the same base-pair sequence lying end-to-end.

An example would be:   ATTCG ATTCG ATTCG   in which the sequence ATTCG is repeated three times.

Terminology
If between 10 and 60 nucleotides are repeated, it is called a minisatellite. Those with fewer are known as microsatellites or 'short tandem repeats'.

When exactly two nucleotides are repeated, it is called a dinucleotide repeat (for example: ACACACAC…).

When three nucleotides are repeated, it is called a trinucleotide repeat (for example: CAGCAGCAGCAG…). Abnormalities in such regions can give rise to trinucleotide repeat disorders.

The repeat unit copy number may be variable. This is a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR).

Uses
A tandem repeat pattern helps determine an individual's inherited traits. Tandem repeats can be very useful in determining parentage. Short tandem repeats are used for certain genealogical DNA tests.

In genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling, DNA is examined from tandem repeats in the chromosomal DNA.

Reference

DNA

Tandem repeat


Reedy Creek Reserve is a 452–hectare nature reserve on the coast of south-eastern Queensland, Australia, 3 km south of the expanding tourist township of Agnes Water and borders the Deepwater National Park.  It is located 134 km north of Bundaberg and 495 km north of Brisbane.  It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), to which 450 ha of land was donated in 2004 by Michael and Dellarose Baevski.

History
The coast of south-east Queensland is subject to extensive land clearing for residential and recreational development.  In a cooperative partnership with a local developer, Sunrise@1770, part of the donated property is being used for environmentally-sensitive residential housing in order to fund the management and protection of the remainder, with no more than 2% of the entire site being cleared.

Flora and fauna
The reserve contains open Corymbia woodland, Melaleuca forest, wallum heath communities, Pandanus-lined wetlands and cabbage palms.  Recorded animal species of conservation significance include the beach stone-curlew, grey goshawk, delicate mouse and Dunmall's snake.  A beach adjacent to the reserve is a breeding area for the endangered loggerhead turtle and will be managed by BHA.

References

External links
 Bush Heritage Australia
 Sunrise at 1770

Bush Heritage Australia reserves
Nature reserves in Queensland
2004 establishments in Australia

Reedy Creek Reserve


Stuart Fancy (born 2 January 1959 in London, England) is a Papua New Guinean chess FIDE Master (FM).

Chess career
Fancy was a member of the Lloyds Bank British Junior Chess Squad from 1971 to 1974, and then took a break from playing chess. He moved to Papua New Guinea in 1982 and started playing chess again.

Fancy represented Papua New Guinea in seven Chess Olympiads from 1982 to 2018, playing on board 1 since 2002. His best results were winning the individual Gold Medal on 2nd Reserve Board at the 25th Chess Olympiad in Lucerne 1982, and the silver medal for Board 2 at the 30th Chess Olympiad in Manila 1992. Fancy gained the FIDE Master title in 2012 for his result at the 1992 Olympiad.

Fancy competed in the Oceania Zonal Chess Championships in 2002,2007,2013,2015 and 2019. He also competed in the 6th Asian Chess Championship in Cebu City 2007.

Notable games
 Ben Magana vs Stuart Fancy, 37th Chess Olympiad (2006), Sicilian Defence: Rossolimo Attack, (B30), 0-1
 Stuart Fancy vs Mirabeau Maga, 6th Asian Individual Championship (2007), Sicilian Defence: Accelerated Dragon, (B06), 1-0

References

1959 births
Living people
British chess players
Papua New Guinean chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess FIDE Masters
Chess players from London

Stuart Fancy


Haroon Ahmed FREng (born 2 March 1936), is a British Pakistani scientist in specialising the fields of microelectronics and electrical engineering. He is Emeritus Professor of Microelectronics at the Cavendish Laboratory, the Physics Department of the University of Cambridge, Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.

Education
Ahmed was educated at St Patrick's High School, Karachi, followed by an undergraduate degree at Imperial College London. He went on to obtain his PhD in 1963 and his Doctor of Science degrees in 1996 from the University of Cambridge.

Career
Ahmed was appointed a faculty member of the Engineering Department, Cambridge in 1963 and worked there for 20 years before moving to the Physics Department where he was promoted to Professor of Microelectronics and was the Head of the Microelectronics Research Centre until his retirement in 2003.  He is a former Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and is now an Honorary Fellow. He is Fellow of the Institute of Physics, and Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

Research
Ahmed has published a large number of papers in scientific and engineering research journals on microelectronics, micro and nanofabrication, electron and ion beam lithography, semiconductor single electron devices and related topics.

He established a number of major collaborations between industry and the University including the Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory in the Microelectronics Research Centre.  He is the author with P.J. Spreadbury of Electronics for Engineers (CUP 1973) and An Introduction to Physical Electronics with A.H.W. Beck (Elsevier, 1968, out of print).  He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1990.

He has served as a Syndic of Cambridge University Press, as Non-Executive Director of the Addenbrooke's Hospital NHS Trust, as President of the Philosophical Society, as a member of the MacRobert  Committee which awards a prize annually to the most innovative engineering company in the UK  and is currently a member of the Development Board of Imperial College.  He has also worked as a consultant to several major electronics industrial companies.
He was elected a Fellow of Corpus Christi College in 1967, became Warden of Leckhampton House (the College's Graduate Campus) in 1993 and Master in 2000, succeeding Professor Sir Tony Wrigley and resigned in 2006 to advise the Government of Pakistan on Higher Education matters.

He was the College's 48th Master since its foundation in 1352.  In his time as Master the College celebrated its 650th anniversary, the Taylor Library project was implemented, the Conservation Centre for manuscripts was built and the project on the digital imaging of the College's  Parker collection was started.

Personal life
Among his other interests are golf and cricket.

References

1936 births
Living people
British agnostics
Alumni of Imperial College London
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Pakistani scientists
Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
Members of the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
21st-century British scientists
Pakistani electrical engineers
Masters of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
British academics of Pakistani descent

Haroon Ahmed


John Tucker Must Die is a 2006 American teen romantic comedy movie directed by Betty Thomas. The movie is about a trio of girls who plot to break the heart of manipulative basketball star John Tucker after they learn he has been secretly dating all three and pledging each is "the one". They recruit cute wallflower Kate in their scheme to publicly humiliate the main male lead. The movie made $68 million worldwide. It stars Jesse Metcalfe, Brittany Snow, Ashanti, Sophia Bush, Arielle Kebbel, Penn Badgley, Jenny McCarthy and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites

2006 romantic comedy movies
2000s teen comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies

John Tucker Must Die


Akshaye Khanna (born 28 March 1975) is an Indian actor who primarily works in Hindi films. Born to actor Vinod Khanna, Khanna is a recipient of numerous accolades including two Filmfare Awards. He made his acting debut in 1997 with the film Himalay Putra. His next release, J. P. Dutta's war drama Border (1997) emerged as a critical and commercial success, earning him the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut.

Khanna had further commercial successes in the romantic drama Taal (1999), the comedy drama Dil Chahta Hai (2001) which won him the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor, the romantic thriller Humraaz (2002), the comedies Hungama (2003) and Hulchul (2004), the murder mystery 36 China Town (2006), the action thriller Race (2008), and the heist comedy Tees Maar Khan (2010). He drew critical praise for his performances in the psychological thriller Deewangee (2002), the biographical drama Gandhi, My Father (2007) and the action thriller Aakrosh (2010).

Following a four-year hiatus in 2012, Khanna took on supporting roles in the action-comedy film Dishoom (2016) and as an investigative cop in two 2017 thrillers, Mom and Ittefaq. Khanna received renewed acclaim for portraying a defence lawyer in the legal drama Section 375 (2019) and a cop in the crime thriller Drishyam 2 (2022), which emerged as his highest-grossing release.

Films

Web series

See also
 List of awards and nominations received by Akshaye Khanna

References

External links
 Akshaye Khanna filmography at IMDb

Indian filmographies
Male actor filmographies

Akshaye Khanna filmography


Alphonzo Edward Bell Jr. (September 19, 1914 – April 25, 2004), was a Republican United States Representative from California. Bell represented Malibu and the influential Westside region of Los Angeles for eight terms, from 1961 to 1977.

Family background and early life
Al Bell, as he was known to his friends, was a scion of the pioneering ranching, oil, and real estate development family that gave its name to the Southern California communities of Bell, Bell Gardens, and Bel-Air. His father, Alphonzo, used oil company profits to develop upscale Westside communities, including parts of Westwood, Beverly Hills, Pacific Palisades, and Bel-Air.

The younger Bell grew up on his father's estate and ranch just north of Los Angeles, a vast and sprawling acreage encompassing the areas that are now known as Bel Air and Pacific Palisades. Numbering among his closest childhood friends and frequent horseback riding companions was Will Rogers, Jr., whose famous father owned a large ranch just north of that of the Bell family.

Bell began his education at the Webb School of California in the early 1930s. He went on to earn a degree in political science from Occidental College in 1938, and after serving in the Army Air Force during World War II (from 1942 to 1945), he joined the family oil business and served as company president from 1947 to 1959. Also a rancher and cattleman, Bell sold the oil company in 1975.

Political career and public service

California Republican Party
Bell first entered politics in the mid-1950s, holding several Republican Party positions.

He served as chairman of the Republican Central Committee of Los Angeles County, chairman of the Republican State Central Committee of California, and as a member of the Republican National Committee.

Although Bell's political idol, and his original inspiration to enter public service, had been President Franklin Roosevelt, he switched from the Young Democrats while a college student to later registering as a Republican, and actively supported General Dwight D. Eisenhower for president in 1952.

Bell served as chairman of the Republican State Central Committee of California from 1956 to 1959, and as a member of the Republican National Committee from 1956 to 1959.

United States Congress

In 1960, Bell was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-seventh Congress, and won re-election to the seven succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1961 - January 3, 1977.

While in Congress, Bell represented a vast Congressional District — the 28th and, after re-districting, the 27th — running along the California coast from Malibu to the Palos Verdes Peninsula and encompassing all or part of Santa Monica, Pacific Palisades, Brentwood, Bel-Air and West L.A. Then considered a Republican stronghold, the district nevertheless had only 40% to 49% GOP voter registration, making bi-partisan support for a candidate for office essential.

In Congress, Bell became known as tending toward conservative positions on foreign policy and defense — he backed the Vietnam War through three presidential administrations — but often took more moderate to liberal positions on domestic issues, including open housing laws and other civil rights legislation, as well as on environmental and preservation issues, and on education policy and reform.

Some called Congressman Al Bell a political conservative, others a moderate. A Ralph Nader study on Bell's voting record in 1972 said: "It's hard to say exactly what he is. He leans in many areas, especially those concerning economic regulation, toward the conservatives. When it comes to the people issues, especially those concerning the downtrodden in American society, Bell is a liberal."

The congressman once described himself as "middle-ground" and said he voted according to principle and on an issue's merits, rather than political expediency. "A moderate", he told a Los Angeles Times columnist in 1970, "has to study harder. The extremist at either end doesn't have to do most of the work or most of the thinking - he knows what he's for and against beforehand. A moderate has to decide each question on its own merits."

As a ranking member of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, and on the Committee on Education and Labor, he earned bi-partisan approval for his work on such diverse bills as the Older Americans Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, as well as laws improving labor standards, workers' safety, veterans' benefits and environmental protection and ecosystem and wildlife preservation programs.

Bell also supported every major piece of Civil Rights legislation considered in the Congress during his tenure, often working at odds with his own party, which frequently opposed these bills, and became a tireless advocate early on for the legislation which eventually became the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As the bill needed substantial bi-partisan support from Republicans to gain approval to counter-act the opposition of Democrats, Bell contributed significantly to passage of the Civil Rights Act in the House by helping to round up the necessary Republican votes. In this effort, he worked closely with and became close personal friends with Clarence Mitchell, Jr., of the NAACP. He and Mitchell walked side by side during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom with Martin Luther King, Jr., and both were honored by being seated behind the podium, in front of the Lincoln Memorial, as King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Writing later about passage of the historic 1964 legislation, Bell said: "I am proud to have supported the Civil Rights Act from the first. It was a bill that embraced the goal of equal opportunity for all people. A coalition of law-makers forged a consensus on the meaning of justice and equality in American life. This was a consensus based on the compelling principle of non-discrimination for all individuals, no matter what their race, religion ethnicity, or sex."

Popularity at home in California

Wealthy, easy-going, friendly, handsome, and mild-mannered, Bell had no trouble appealing to voters in both parties, and won his first primary race for Congress by a margin of 50% to 12% over his opponent. He consistently enjoyed a wide spectrum of diverse political endorsements in elections, having been, for example, endorsed in his initial run for Congress by both former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and by future California Governor and President Ronald Reagan, who, even as recently as 1960, was a nominal Democrat, and served as chairman of a committee he organized as "Democrats for Al Bell". Late in his political career, during his run for the U.S. Senate in 1976, Bell was endorsed by both Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, and by well-known actor/director John Wayne.

Congressman Bell was never able, however, to transfer his popularity and long record of public service to winning higher office. He had attempted to do so on two occasions — running for the U.S. Senate seat held by Democrat John V. Tunney of California in 1976, and in an earlier effort in 1969 to unseat incumbent Los Angeles Mayor Sam Yorty. Yorty retained his office in 1969, but was defeated—due in part to Bell's support for his opponent—in the next mayoral election by Tom Bradley; and Tunney was eventually unseated by S.I. Hayakawa in 1976, who had defeated Bell in the Republican primary. In order to run in the Senate primary, Bell had not sought reelection to the House in 1976.

The mayoral race against Yorty had illustrated Bell's independence and determination to do what he believed in, even though it could harm him politically. After losing the primary, Bell actively campaigned for Yorty's general election opponent, Tom Bradley, and though of opposing political parties, they became lifelong friends, with Bradley later supporting Bell in his Congressional races and in his Senate effort. Bell had long opposed Yorty, claiming he was "temperamentally unsuited" to govern Los Angeles and that his constant bickering with Washington had prevented the city from getting federal funds. Bell also despised Yorty's racial-based campaign against Bradley, along with earlier smear tactics against other opponents, which he said filled him with revulsion. But Bell's support of Bradley in the non-partisan race so irked some conservative Republican constituents, such as fellow oilman and Yorty backer Henry Salvatori, that Republican attorney John LaFollette was put on the primary ballot to run for Bell's Congressional seat in 1970. Bell prevailed, however, and remained in Congress for three more terms, until his retirement in 1976.

In a tribute to retired Congressman Bell in 1998, former President George H. W. Bush said of Bell's career of public service: "He served and he served with honor. For sixteen years he served in Congress, always voting his conscience, but always serving the people of his district, never forgetting who sent him to Washington. We need more Al Bell's, with his flawless service in the U.S. Congress. He showed his state and nation a lot of class."

Personal life and family

In 1940, Bell married Elizabeth Jane Helms, daughter of Paul Hoy Helms, American executive in the baking industry, and sports philanthropist. He founded the Helms Bakery in 1931 at Venice and Washington in Los Angeles, and the Helms Athletic Foundation with Bill Schroeder in 1936. Bell and Helms were later divorced.

In 1970, Bell married television/movie actress, and former tennis champion and Wightman Cup winner, Marian McCargo, whom he described in his autobiography as the love of his life. They had met when she was starring in the film, The Undefeated, with his long-time close friend, actor John Wayne.

Bell died of complications of pneumonia in 2004, just eighteen days after the death of his wife Marian from pancreatic cancer.

Once divorced and twice widowed, Bell had one daughter, Fonza, and nine sons: Stephen, Matthew, Phonzo, Robert, and Tony Bell; and Rick, Graham, Harry, and Billy Moses. His youngest son, Tony Bell, serves as the Assistant Chief Deputy and spokesman for Los Angeles County Supervisor Mike Antonovich.

See also

 Alphonzo Bell, Bell's father
 James George Bell, Bell's grandfather
 Marian McCargo Bell, Bell's spouse
 William R. Moses, Bell's stepson
 Kathy Coleman, Bell's daughter-in-law; Land of the Lost cast member, television actor

References

External links

Autobiography. "The Bel Air Kid" 2002 Trafford Publishing—order on-line or through a bookstore.

United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Occidental College alumni
Politicians from Los Angeles
California Republican Party chairs
1914 births
2004 deaths
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
20th-century American politicians
People from Santa Fe Springs, California
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Centrism in the United States
Activists for African-American civil rights

Alphonzo E. Bell Jr.


Emmerdale is a British soap opera. It is set in a made-up village called Emmerdale, called Beckindale until 1994, in the Yorkshire Dales. The plot is focused on things that happen in and around The Woolpack, the main village pub. It is on ITV every weekday at 7.30pm. It was called Emmerdale Farm until 1989. The show first started in 1972 and was created by Kevin Laffan, making it Britain's second oldest soap opera after Coronation Street. It is one of the most popular television programmes in Britain. Emmerdale has won many awards including one BAFTA. King Charles III did a statement marking on the 50th anniversary of Emmerdale.

Characters

Other websites

1972 television series debuts
1970s British television series debuts
1980s British drama television series
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2010s British drama television series
British soap operas
British LGBT television programmes
LGBT drama television series
ITV television programmes
Television shows set in Yorkshire
English-language television programs

Emmerdale


The Rutland Courthouse Historic District encompasses an architecturally cohesive area of civic and residential buildings in Rutland, Vermont.  Roughly bounded by Court, Washington, South Main, and West Streets, the district was principally developed between 1850 and 1875, and includes a number of prominent municipal and county buildings, including the Rutland County courthouse, the Rutland Free Library, and the Grace Congregational United Church.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Description and history
The Rutland Courthouse district is a residential and civic area that contains a number of important local civic and governmental functions, as well as a small neighborhood of fashionable 19th-century housing.  The district's eastern bound is South Main Street (United States Routes 7 and 4), between West and Washington Streets, an area which includes two parks and the Chaffee Art Center, set in an 1892 Queen Anne Victorian.  The southern boundary is Washington Street, extending from South Main to Prospect Street.  This area includes a number of handsomely landscaped Italianate houses, built during a construction boom between 1850 and 1875, occasioned by the arrival of railroads and an expansion in the important marble processing industry.

The western boundary is Court Street between Washington and West Streets.  The junction of Court and Center Streets is home to the Rutland County Courthouse, an elaborate Italianate brick building constructed in 1869, after the county's first courthouse burned down.  Across Court Street stands the Rutland Free Library, which was built in 1856-58 as a federal building and post office, and was the first major building constructed in the district.  It is also an elaborate Italianate design, credited to Ammi B. Young.  The district's northern boundary is West Street, the main westbound thoroughfare from Rutland's downtown area, between Main and Elm Streets.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Rutland County, Vermont

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Rutland County, Vermont
Victorian architecture in Vermont
Rutland (city), Vermont
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Historic districts in Rutland County, Vermont

Rutland Courthouse Historic District


Victorinus Junior (supposedly died 271) was a fictional usurper who was claimed to have risen up against the Roman Emperor Aurelian, according to the Historia Augusta. He is included in the list of the Thirty Tyrants.

According to the often unreliable chapter describing the Thirty Tyrants, the Emperor of the Gallic Empire Victorinus had a son called Victorinus who was proclaimed Caesar by his father or grandmother (Victoria) just before Victorinus senior's death, but was himself killed by his soldiers alongside his father.

There is no evidence that this son existed or, if he did, that he was made Augustus.

References

 Tyranni Triginta 7

271 deaths
Thirty Tyrants (Roman)
Year of birth unknown
Piavonii
Gallic Empire

Victorinus Junior