The Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route is a  series of roads used in 1781 by the Continental Army under the command of George Washington and the Expédition Particulière under the command of Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau during their 14-week march from Newport, Rhode Island to Yorktown, Virginia. 4,000 French and 3,000 American soldiers began the march.

French forces left Rhode Island in June 1781 and joined Washington's force on the Hudson River the following month. The combined American and French armies headed south in August, marching through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, a route that allowed them to evade British troops. They reached Williamsburg, Virginia in late September 1781, several weeks after the French royal fleet had won the Battle of the Chesapeake, preventing the British from reinforcing or evacuating General Cornwallis's army. On September 22, they combined with troops commanded by the Marquis de Lafayette. A three-week siege of Yorktown led to Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.

The route is a designated National Historic Trail with interpretive literature, signs, and exhibits that describe the key role of French diplomatic, military, and economic aid to the United States during the American Revolutionary War.

Background

In 1780, French King Louis XVI dispatched Rochambeau, 450 officers, and 5,300 men to help Washington and the American forces. They arrived in Narragansett Bay off Newport, Rhode Island on July 10, 1780.

In June 1781, Rochambeau prepared to march from Rhode Island to join the Continental Army under George Washington on the Hudson River at Dobbs Ferry, New York. The French commander divided his force into four regiments: "Royal DeuxPonts" under the Baron de Vioménil; "Soissonnais" under the Baron's brother Count de Vioménil; "Saintonge" under the Marquis de Custine; and a fourth regiment. This final unit remained in Providence where it guarded the baggage and munitions stored in the Old Market House and supported the surgeons and attendants at the hospital in University Hall. The advance party would be led by Armand Louis de Gontaut or Duc de Lauzun. His Lauzun's Legion would march ahead of the main army and stay  to the south, protecting the exposed flank from the British.

Rhode Island to New York

Rochambeau and his general staff left Newport, Rhode Island on June 10, 1781, arriving at Providence the following day. The remainder of his force at Newport was transferred by boat and camped in Providence. The French Army performed a grand review in Providence on June 16, then set out for Coventry, Rhode Island in four divisions. One division departed each day from June 18 to 21.

The army started leaving the camp ground between Broad and Plain Streets on June 19. They passed through Stewart Street to High Street, and west along this to the "junction" (Hoyle Tavern), where they took Cranston Street (then called the Monkey Town road) that went to Knightsville (then Monkeytown). They continued right, following the old Scituate road over Dugaway Hill past the Pippin Orchard School house, over Apple House Hill and Bald Hill, crossing the Pawtuxet River at the village of Kent, and on to Waterman's Tavern—a first day's march of 15 miles.

Waterman's Tavern
Each division had roughly the same amount of artillery and supplies, as well as a field hospital. Rochambeau himself left with the first division (the Bourbonnais Regiment) and arrived at the second camp site in Coventry in the evening of June 18 at a place known as Waterman's Tavern. The route between Providence and Coventry generally followed the alignment of Broadway in Providence to Olneyville, then Route 14 to the eastern side of the Scituate Reservoir. The original road is submerged in the reservoir but picks up again as Old Plainfield Pike in Scituate. The march route resumes west of Route 102 in Foster, following Route 14 into Coventry to the second camp.

Rochambeau's army marched from Coventry through Sterling, Connecticut via Route 14A (Plainfield Pike) to the third camp in Plainfield opposite Plainfield Cemetery, arriving on June 19. A 3.6-mile portion of the march route is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Its 2002 NRHP nomination document recorded that "the road retains its narrow, hilly, winding character, and for most of its length, the characteristic borders of stone walls remain in place." The French found this particular segment to be difficult for marching, resulting in the late arrival of some artillery and supply wagons at the Plainfield camp.

Windham
On June 20, Rochambeau's army continued their march along Route 14A to the town of Canterbury, then along Route 14 through Canterbury and Scotland. They arrived in the evening of June 20 at the fourth camp in Windham by the Shetucket River, just west of Windham Center.

Most of Routes 14A and 14 have lost their 18th-century visual character, but several short road segments remain preserved. Some of these road segments have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. One such segment is Old Canterbury Road in western Plainfield which was bypassed by state highway construction in the 1930s; it preserves some of the features of the original roadway, including the low stone walls lining the road. The designated portion of the route also includes a 1,200-foot section of modern Route 14A east of the eastern end of Old Canterbury Road that maintains visual continuity of Old Canterbury Road.

Manship Road and a portion of Barstow Road (between Manship Road and Route 14) in Canterbury were also bypassed during highway construction, located midway between Canterbury Center and the village of Westminster. A segment of Route 14 east of Scotland Center has also been recognized as a preserved section of the march route. The designated segment runs from Miller Road to the top of a hill, about 800 feet east of Route 97, known locally as Palmer Road. The low stone walls remain in place on both sides of this road segment, described by the French as "a narrow, steep, and stony road".

Scotland Road in Windham also remains between the third and fourth encampments, from Back Road to a point about 300 feet east of Ballahamack Road. This portion is also listed on the National Register, and it was one of the less difficult roads, according to the French. The road is now mostly modern in appearance, but the expansive views of the surrounding landscape contribute to the visual historical significance of the site, in addition to the preserved stone walls.

Bolton
The French army continued its march through Connecticut on June 21. They went from the camp at Windham past the village of Willimantic, roughly following modern Route 14 and Route 66. They proceeded through Columbia and Andover towards the fifth camp site in Bolton. The march route proceeded along Route 66 then Route 6 until roughly the northwest corner of Andover. The army's fifth camp was located in Bolton Center, but the original road leading there has been unused since the late 19th century and has been overgrown by forest.

The French army continued its march on June 22 from Bolton along Bolton Center Road (partly Route 85), continuing along Middle Turnpike East in Manchester until Route 6. From there, they followed Route 6 through Manchester Center to Silver Lane in East Hartford, where the sixth camp was located.

East Hartford
The four French divisions had been traveling a day apart. They rested for three nights in East Hartford, necessitating additional camp sites in the same vicinity. Route 6 is a state highway trunk line route, and the surrounding area is heavily urbanized and has lost most of its historic character. However, two sections of the road have been bypassed in Andover and Bolton and remain relatively preserved in their 18th-century appearance.

In Andover, the original march route used what is now Hutchinson Road and Bailey Road. A segment of Hutchinson Road between Route 6 and Henderson Road retains the stone walls and mature trees along the side of the road, as well as the expansive views of open fields towards the Hop River. This road segment is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Daniel White Tavern was built in 1773 and used by French officers, and it still stands along this road segment. North of Henderson Road, Hutchinson Road has modern development and no longer has the visual continuity of the southern part of the road.

Bailey Road originally connected Route 6 with Brandy Street in Bolton, but the portion west of the Andover-Bolton town line has since been overgrown and is no longer passable by motor vehicles. A remnant of Bailey Road in Bolton still exists as an unpaved footpath and still retains the characteristic stone walls, as well as two original stone culverts. It, too, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Farmington
The first division of Rochambeau's army crossed the Connecticut River by ferry on June 25 into Hartford, with the other divisions following in one-day intervals as before. From there, they traveled along Farmington Avenue through West Hartford until Farmington, the site of the seventh camp. The camp site was located toward the south end of the town center village. Rochambeau and his officers are said to have stayed at the Elm Tree Inn.

The army followed Route 10 on June 26 through the town center of Southington until the Milldale section of town, then headed west along Route 322 until they reached the eighth camp site in the Marion section of Southington. Rochambeau and his officers stayed at the Asa Barnes Tavern.

The following day, they continued westward along Route 322, then Meriden Road into Waterbury. In Waterbury, the route followed East Main Street and West Main Street, crossing the Naugatuck River along the way. The road west of Waterbury was difficult and characterized by the French as being "détestables" for being very stony and mountainous. The route continued into Middlebury, specifically the area around Breakneck Hill. The march route followed Park Road to Watertown Road, then turned south on Watertown Road until Breakneck Hill Road. The ninth camp was located at the foot of Breakneck Hill, where the first division stayed the night of June 27. Rochambeau and his officers were entertained at the Israel Bronson Tavern.

Newtown
On June 28, the first division resumed its march heading south on Artillery Road and Middlebury Road (Route 64) through the town center of Middlebury, continuing along Route 188 and Waterbury Road into the center of Southbury. The army continued west along Main Street South and River Road through Southbury, crossing the Housatonic River into Newtown using a bridge built by the Colonial troops in 1778 at Glen Road. They continued along Church Hill Road through the center of Newtown, where they set up their tenth camp west of the town center. The officers stayed in Caleb Baldwin's Tavern.

Rochambeau reorganized his troops into two brigades in Newtown. The first division resumed its march on June 30, heading west on West Street and Castle Hill Road, then turning north along Reservoir Road and west again on Route 6. The Reservoir Road portion is well preserved and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The army marched along Route 6 and Newtown Road into Danbury. In Danbury, they used West Wooster Street, Park Avenue, and Backus Avenue to reach the Ridgebury section of the town of Ridgefield. The eleventh camp was set up on July 1 in Ridgebury near the Congregational Church.

Mount Kisco, NY
The French army resumed its march on the morning of July 2 through the town of Ridgefield, heading south on Ridgebury Road, then turning west on Mopus Bridge Road. After crossing the New York state line, they continued southwest and south following Route 121 past the hamlets of North Salem and Cross River to the hamlet of Bedford Village. The first brigade set up camp in Bedford Village (12th camp) and resumed the following day, while the second brigade skipped the Bedford camp. The French continued west along Route 172 to the village of Mount Kisco, about five miles away west of the Bedford camp.

The French stayed in Mount Kisco until the morning of July 6. They marched west and south for 16 miles along Route 133 and Route 100 to the Hartsdale area of the town of Greenburgh. They camped in several locations in Greenburgh (14th camp) for the next six weeks.

New York to Pennsylvania
The 5,000-strong force left Philipsburg Camp in Hartsdale in late August crossing the Hudson River at King's Ferry and headed south into New Jersey following several paths southward. Washington's route starts at the New York border in Mahwah and winds through Bergen, Passiac Essex, Union, Middlesex and Mercer counties. Rochambeau's route is similar, but goes further west, passing through Morris and Somerset counties before ending up, like Washington's, in Trenton for the crossing the of Delaware River into Pennsylvania.

Union County
In Union County the trail along which the American troops marched runs along numerous county roads, including: Raritan Road (CR509) and Lamberts Mill Road (CR606) in Scotch Plains, West Broad Street in Westfield (CR509), Mountain Avenue in Westfield, Mountainside and Springfield (CR613), Morris Avenue in Springfield(SR 82), Morris Turnpike in Summit (SR 24).

Princeton
The forced camped at Morven August 29-31. A monument at Trinity Church, Princeton commemorates the occasion. The troops crossed the Millstone River twice, once at Griggstown Causeway and once at Route 518 near Rocky Hill. They left Princeton on August 31 and headed south on the King's Highway towards Trenton.

Trenton
The troops camped at the William Trent House in Trenton on September 2, also known as Bloomsbury and owned by an assistant quartermaster general of the Continental Army. The force then crossed over the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia
The troops roughly followed U.S. Route 13 in Pennsylvania south, crossing the Pennypack Creek Bridge along the way. In Philadelphia, the force camped on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, near the site of the Market Street Bridge and Philadelphia City Hall. By September 5, the French army marched through the city and was reviewed by the Congress of the Confederation.
The Freeman's Journal reported that "the appearance of these troops far exceeds any thing of the kind seen on this continent, and presages the happiest success to the cause of America."

Pennsylvania to Virginia

Philadelphia to Head of Elk and Baltimore

Washington and Rochambeau left Philadelphia by September 5. Washington traveled overland, roughly continuing on modern U.S. Route 13, while Rochambeau embarked on the Delaware River. They met at Chester, Pennsylvania, where Washington shared the news of the French fleet's arrival in the Chesapeake Bay. Washington pressed ahead to Head of Elk, the beginning of navigable Chesapeake waters, to procure transport. About 1,000 American and French troops embarked for Jamestown, while the remainder continued their march through Baltimore and Annapolis. In Baltimore, one French regiment was encamped at Camden Station at the modern intersection of South Howard and West Camden Streets. Across the harbor to the east, a German regiment under French leadership camped along Harford Run (Central Avenue) in Jonestown. Others were situated along the Jones Falls on modern North Charles Street. The French Cavalry, artillery, and baggage train camped just to the north of Market, now Baltimore Street between Paca and Howard Streets. A brigade of American troops rested at Fells Point. The allied forces left Baltimore on September 15.

Williamsburg and Alexandria
Washington and a small group of aides rode ahead and reached his estate at Mount Vernon on September 9, after a six-year absence; Rochambeau and his staff arrived the following day. On September 12, the two commanders continued their journey and arrived in Williamsburg, Virginia on September 14, gathering the troops and supplies to begin the siege at Yorktown. The allied supply wagon train arrived in Alexandria, Virginia after a two-day march from Georgetown in late September, including crossing the Potomac River. It occupied a length of about half a mile, north of Oronoco Street and bisected by Washington Street (subsequently the Robert E. Lee Boyhood Home). The wagon train left Alexandria on September 26, heading west, then south.

Washington ordered construction of a wagon road to Wolf Run Shoals on the Occoquan River near Woodbridge, Virginia. The combined American-French force followed this road and crossed the Occoquan to the south on September 27. The wagon train followed modern Virginia State Route 234 to Dumfries, then followed the King's Highway south near Triangle. By the end of September, the wagon train was at Trebell's Landing on the James River, and was then conveyed overland about six miles (now Virginia State Route 238) to the siege lines at Yorktown. The accompanying troops disembarked at landings near Williamsburg.

Further reading

See also
 List of George Washington articles
 List of historic sites preserved along Rochambeau's route
 British colonization of the Americas
 Colonial America
 Colonial American military history
 Colonial history of the United States
 James Manning
 James Mitchell Varnum
 Joseph Webb House
 King's Highway (Charleston to Boston)
 Jean Baptiste, marquis de Traversay
 Louis Marc Antoine de Noailles
 Charles Armand Tuffin
 François-Joseph Paul

References

External links

National Historic Trails of the United States
American Revolutionary War sites
1781 in the United States
Rhode Island in the American Revolution
Connecticut in the American Revolution
New York (state) in the American Revolution
Delaware in the American Revolution
Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
New Jersey in the American Revolution
Maryland in the American Revolution
Virginia in the American Revolution
North Carolina in the American Revolution
Campaigns of the American Revolutionary War

National Park Service areas in Rhode Island
National Park Service areas in Connecticut
National Park Service areas in New York (state)
National Park Service areas in Delaware
National Park Service areas in Pennsylvania
National Park Service areas in New Jersey
National Park Service areas in Maryland
National Park Service areas in Virginia
National Park Service areas in North Carolina


The Speaker for the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia is the presiding Officer of the House of Assembly. Karla MacFarlane is the current Speaker of the 64th General Assembly of Nova Scotia.

The Speaker presides over the proceedings of the Assembly, maintains order, regulates debate in accordance with the rules and practices of the House, and ensures that all viewpoints have the opportunity of a hearing.

The Speaker does not take part in the debates of the Assembly and only takes part in a vote to cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie. He is the guardian of the privileges of the Assembly and protects the rights of its Members.

The Speaker is the only representative of the House of Assembly.  The Speaker has jurisdiction and day to day control over all matters concerning Province House, including operations, maintenance and restoration, and administration of the adjacent office complexes at One Government Place, the George Building, and the Provincial Building.  The Speaker is the Chair of the Legislature Internal Economy Board, the body responsible for regulating services to Members.

In the House, Speaker decides questions of order and rules on questions of privilege after allowing appropriate debate. Decisions of the Speaker are not debatable or subject to appeal except by a substantive motion after proper notice has been given.

Speakers of the House of Assembly

External links
 House of Assembly Official Site

Nova Scotia
Politics of Nova Scotia

Speaker of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly


The Poland men's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men's national under-18 ice hockey team of Poland. The team is controlled by the Polish Ice Hockey Federation, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The team represents Poland at the IIHF World U18 Championships.

International competitions

IIHF World U18 Championships

External links
Poland at IIHF.com

Ice hockey in Poland
National under-18 ice hockey teams
Ice hockey


Jennifer M. Wilby (born 1953) is an American and UK management scientist, and past director of the Centre for Systems Studies, and a senior lecturer and researcher in management systems and sciences in The Business School, University of Hull.  She served as president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences for the term 2010–2011.

Biography
Jennifer Wilby received a BA in political science in 1978 from the University of California, Riverside, and a MSc in cybernetic systems from San José State University in 1992. In 1999 she also received a MPH in public health from the University of Leeds, and in 2007 a PhD in management systems at the University of Hull.

In 1978 Wilby started working in urban planning, followed by database programming and textbook publishing. From 1994 to 1997 she worked as a research assistant in the Centre for Systems Studies at the University of Hull and then from 1997 to 1999 at the University of Lincoln. From 1999 to 2004 she was a research fellow at the University of York in the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, undertaking systematic reviews of health care interventions on behalf of the Department of Health (NICE). Since then, she has been a director of the Centre for Systems Studies and a senior lecturer and researcher in management systems and sciences in The Business School, University of Hull. From 2007 to 2009 she also held a part-time EPSRC post-doctoral fellow researching on the EmergeNet Emerging Sustainability Project.

Wilby is currently vice president for administration for the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), and past work has included honorary treasurer and executive board member of ARCISS (The Association of Research Centres in the Social Sciences), and a member of the board of the UKSS (United Kingdom Systems Society). In 1995 she received the Sir Geoffrey Vickers Memorial Award. In the year July 2010 to 2011, she served as president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) and hosted the ISSS conference in 2011 at the University of Hull, Hull, UK, and is currently president for the United Kingdom Systems Society (UKSS). In 2013, Wilby was inducted into the International Academy for Systems and Cybernetic Sciences (IASCYS).

She also editor of Systema, the Bulletin of the International Society for the Systems Sciences and book reviews editor of Systemic Practice and Action Research.

Work
Wilby's research interests is general systems theory and critical system theory and practice. This research include the "systematic and critical review of systems methodologies; hierarchies in organisations; and the use of general system theory and critical systems theory in informing the development of international health policies that reflect both hard (technical) and soft (social) elements in a problem situation".

Publications
Jennifer Wilby has published several books, papers and articles. A selection:
 1995. Systems Methodology: Possibilities for Cross-cultural Learning and Integration : Proceedings of a Conference Held at the Institute of Systems Science, Beijing, China, May 23–25, 1995. University of Hull, Centre for Systems Studies, 1995.
 1996. The Second UK-China-Japan Workshop on Systems Methodology: Possibilities for Cross-cultural Learning and Integration ; Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Konan University, Kyoto, Japan. Centre for Systems Studies. University of Hull, 1996.
 1997. Forum Three: Human Consciousness and Decision Making : Contributions to a Discussion Organised by the Centre for Systems Studies, University of Hull, June 16–18, 1997. With Wendy Gregory. Centre for Systems Studies, University of Hull, 1997.
 2001. Understanding complexity : a commemorative volume of the World Congress of the Systems Sciences and ISSS 2000, Toronto, Canada. Edited with Gillian Ragsdell. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
 2002. Systems theory and practice in the knowledge age. Edited with Gillian Ragsdell and Daune West. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
 2006. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference of ISSS Complexity, Democracy and Sustainability, July 9–14, 2006, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California. The International Society for the Systems Sciences, 2006.

References

External links
 Homepage at the University of Hull

1953 births
Academics of the University of Hull
Academics of the University of Lincoln
Academics of the University of York
Alumni of the University of Hull
Alumni of the University of Leeds
American business theorists
Living people
San Jose State University alumni
American systems scientists
University of California, Riverside alumni
Women systems scientists
Cyberneticists
Women cyberneticists
Presidents of the International Society for the Systems Sciences

Jennifer Wilby


Ian Munro Ross FREng (15 August 1927 – 10 March 2013) was an early pioneer in transistors, and for 12 years President of Bell Labs.

Ross was born in Southport, England, and in 1948 received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University. In 1952 he received his M.A. and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Cambridge.

In 1952 William Shockley hired him to work in semiconductors at Bell Labs, and he arrived in Murray Hill just after John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain had left. Shockley's group focused exclusively on transistor improvements, and Ross and G. C. Dacey were instrumental in the early stages of development of the field-effect transistor. In 1960 Ross and others invented epitaxy. He subsequently rose through managerial ranks, ultimately serving as the sixth President of Bell Labs 1979–1991 and overseeing its reorganization following the breakup of the Bell System.

In 1979, he was a resident of Rumson, New Jersey.

Ross was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and Royal Academy of Engineering, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the 1963 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for contributions to the development of the epitaxial transistor and other semiconductor devices", the 1987 IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute in recognition for his contributions to technology leadership, the 1988 IEEE Founders Medal "for distinguished leadership of AT&T Bell Laboratories guiding innovation in telecommunications and information processing", and the 2001 Bueche Award "for his contributions to semiconductor development, his leadership of engineering for communications networks and the Apollo program, and his role in shaping national policies affecting the semiconductor industry."

Selected works
 G. C. Dacey and I. M. Ross, "Unipolar field-effect transistor", Proc. IRE 41, Aug. 1953, pp. 970–979.
 J. L. Moll, I. M. Ross, "The Dependence of Transistor Parameters on the Distribution of Base Layer Resistivity", Proc. IRE., vol. 44, 1956, page 72.
 G. C. Dacey and I. M. Ross, "Field Effect Transistor", Bell System Technical Journal, 34, page 1149, 1955.

References

 IEEE biography
 Public Broadcasting Service biography
 Bueche Award biography
 Brinkman, W.F.; Haggan, D.E.; Troutman, W.W., "A history of the invention of the transistor and where it will lead us", IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Volume 32, Issue 12, Dec 1997, Pages 1858–1865.
 Alcatel-Lucent biography

1927 births
2013 deaths
People from Southport
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British electrical engineers
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists at Bell Labs

Ian Munro Ross


Lianyuan () is a county-level city and the 7th most populous county-level division in Hunan Province, China; it is under the administration of Loudi prefecture-level City. Located on the geographical centre of Hunan, the city is bordered to the north by Anhua and Ningxiang Counties, to the east by Louxing District, to the south by Shuangfeng, Shaodong and Xinshao Counties, to the west by Lengshuijiang City and Xinhua County. Lianyuan City covers . As of the 2010 census, it has a registered population of 1,162,928 and a resident population of 995,712. The city has a subdistrict, 16 towns and two townships under its jurisdiction, the government seat is Lantian Subdistrict ().

History
Dividing parts of four counties of Xiangxiang, Anhua, Xinhua and Shaoyang, Lianyuan County was created in February 1952 and named after the place where it is located in the origin of the Lian River. The county-level city of Loudi (modern Louxing District) was formed by seven communes from Lianyuan County (the modern Lianyuan City) in January 1961. The county of Lianyuan was reorganized as the city of Lianyuan in 1987.

Shuidongdi Town was transferred to Louxing District on January 24, 2017. The city of Lianyuan covers an area of  with a population of 894,000 (as of 2017). It has 16 towns, two townships and a subdistrict under jurisdiction.

Subdivisions
Shuidongdi Town from Lianyuan was transferred to Louxing District on January 24, 2017. The city of Lianyuan has two townships, 16 towns and a subdistrict under jurisdiction.

Climate

Sites of interest
There is a  twenty years old noodle restaurant in Lanxi Bridge.

Transportation
China National Highway 207

References

External links
Official website of Lianyuan Government

Cities in Hunan
County-level divisions of Hunan
Loudi

Lianyuan


A myosin is a group of specialized proteins used for muscle contraction and motion in eukaryotic cells. Myosins need adenosine triphosphate for energy to do these functions. A large number of different myosin genes have been discovered in eukaryotes.

The structure and function of myosin is strongly conserved across species. For example, Rabbit muscle myosin II will bind to actin from an amoeba.<ref name="McMahon">McMahon, T. A. 1984. Muscles, reflexes and locomotion'. Princeton University Press. </ref>

 Structure and function

Parts
Most myosin molecules are composed of a head part, a neck part, and a tail part.
 The head part grabs onto the actin, and uses energy from ATP to pull, making the muscle shorter.
 the neck part acts as a lever.
 The tail part'' mostly interacts with other molecules or other myosin subunits. In some cases, the tail part may help regulate movement.

Power stroke

Many myosin molecules can make muscles get shorter using the energy released from breaking apart ATP molecules into ADP molecules and a phosphate group. The power stroke happens when a phosphate that n broken off gets released from the myosin. This makes the myosin change shape so that it pulls against the actin. When the ADP molecule is released and a new ATP molecule joins onto the myosin head, the head releases from the actin. The myosin breaks the new ATP and the cycle keeps going. The combined effect of all the power strokes from all the different myosin molecules makes the muscle get shorter.

References

Animal tissues

Myosin


Hurricane Nora was the first hurricane to cause a significant danger to the Continental United States since Kathleen in 1976.

Part of a tropical wave that contributed to the formation of Hurricane Erika in the Atlantic moved into the Pacific and organized into Tropical Depression 16-E on September 16 and Tropical Storm Nora that same day. Nora became a hurricane in a favorable environment September 18 while moving northwest. Its motion then stalled over an upwelling of cooler water that weakened it.

On September 20, Nora again started moving. It reached its peak intensity of 115 knots and 950 mb  On September 21 and 22 it moved over the wake of Hurricane Linda. This weakened the storm pack down to a Category 1.

During this time, a trough developed that turned Nora to the northeast. This carried Nora over a favorable environment and towards Baja California. After restrengthening slightly, Nora made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane near Punta Eugenia and again south of San Fernando, both times as a hurricane.

Nora stayed a tropical storm as it moved into the United States. Yuma reported sustained gale-force winds. Rains were heavy, sometimes exceeding the "annual" rainfall for the area. Nora weakened to a depression while over California, and it dissipated September 26.

Nora killed two people in Mexico. One was killed by a downed power line in Mexicali, and the other was a scuba diving in underwater currents. No one in the United States was directly killed by Nora. However, the California Highway Patrol attributed several traffic accident deaths to the weather.

There was extensive damage to areas hit by Nora. Waves ruined dozens of homes. Roughly 350 to 400 people were left homeless in San Felipe, and winds uprooted trees and peeled roofs from homes in Puerto Peñasco.

In the United States, thousands were left without power in California and Arizona, and 16 telephone poles were downed in Seeley. Streets flooded in San Diego, Indio, El Centro, and Palm Springs. A remnant circulation continued aloft, and damaged trees and three homes in Utah. Total damages were "several hundred million dollars", as well as 40 million dollars to lemon trees.

Nora crossed an area of abnormally warm water near the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula. It restrengthened slightly before making its first landfall near Bahía Tortugas, Baja California Sur. When Nora was inland, the area of the storm located in the Gulf of California began to reintensify. Hurricane Nora then made a second landfall about 60 miles (95 km) south-southeast of San Fernando, Baja California.

At landfall, a trough was accelerating Nora northwards, causing it to reach a forward speed of 30 mph (50 km/h). Late on September 25 (UTC), still a tropical storm, it entered the continental United States at the California-Arizona state line. Nora began to weaken rapidly, and was downgraded to a tropical depression three hours later, while located between Blythe and Needles, California. Nora reached Arizona while still tropical, becoming the third known system to do so. Nora degenerated over land, and the low-level center moved towards the north-northeast. A remnant circulation aloft persisted, however, and was likely responsible for a period of near hurricane-force winds observed at the NWS Cedar City, Utah Doppler weather radar. The remnants gradually became more diffuse over the following two days while moving generally northeastward, through portions of Utah, Colorado, Idaho and Wyoming.

On September 24, Arizona Governor Jane Dee Hull activated an emergency response center to prepare the state's response to the flash flooding the storm would cause on the dry desert floor, and Yuma residents began to fill approximately 55,000 sandbags to contain the possible flooding. Hull also activated the state's National Guard, and sent drinking water and electric generators to Yuma. Farther inland, the National Weather Service issued flash flood watches for western Arizona, southeastern California, southwestern Colorado, southern Nevada and southern Utah on September 26.

In the United States, there were no direct deaths blamed on the hurricane. However, the California Highway Patrol attributed three or four traffic fatalities in southern California to the weather.

Damage totals in the United States are not fully known, although media summaries of Nora included a loss to agriculture preliminarily estimated at several hundred million dollars, and at least one study places the figure at $150–200 million (1997 USD). It is estimated that $30–40 million (1997 USD) in damage to lemon trees occurred. Although Nora was significantly weakened, near hurricane-force winds were observed at the Dixie National Forest in southwestern Utah, where strong gusts sheared off the tops of large trees.

The Yuma radar indicated a small area of  rainfall totals along the northern Gulf of California coast of Baja California. In the United States, the largest total rainfall was recorded at the Harquahala Mountains in Arizona, where  of rainfall were recorded as a result of Nora, causing flash floods in western Arizona.

Near Phoenix, rainfall from the storm caused the Narrows Dam, a small earthen dam, to fail. In other locations in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah, more than  occurred in a few localized areas, sometimes with precipitation comparable to the entire local yearly average rainfall. Flooding was also reported in Somerton, San Diego, El Centro, Palm Springs and Indio, while 12,000 people lost power in Yuma, as well as Los Angeles and southwestern Utah.

Despite the damage, the World Meteorological Organization did not retire the name Nora during its meeting in the spring of 1998. As a result, it was used in the 2003 Pacific hurricane season and is on the list of names to be used in 2009.

References

1997 in California
1997 Pacific hurricane season
1990s in Mexico
1990s in Arizona

Hurricane Nora (1997)


In the Blood () is a 1988 Hong Kong action film directed by Corey Yuen and starring Andy Lau and Bill Tung.

Plot
Criminal Investigation Department (CID) inspector Wah and his father, Commissioner Louis are outstanding police officers who share a close relationship. On the other hand, father and son beat cops, Uncle Maand Dan always bicker, and end up pulling their pistol at each other while giving a parking ticket. Wah and Louis attempt to mediate Dan and Ma and convinces Dan to apologize to his father, but Ma berates him, much to Louis' annoyance. Dan gets promoted to the CID and gains confidence after successfully catching a thief. Dan later participates in his first drug raid operation in a pier, where Wah manages to arrest a number of criminals but the mastermind, Fei-ying, escapes as Dan was busy gambling with some colleagues and inadvertently kicks his superintendent "Potato Knives" into the water and is put on penalty. Ma blames himself for his son's failure, but Wah convinces him that Dan just needs an opportunity to prove himself. However, Dan foils another drug bust at a bowling alley when he interrupts Wah, who was fighting Fei-ying, allowing the latter to flee again, but manage to arrest Fei-ying's girlfriend, Sze. Dan bails Sze out after finding out she is the daughter of Ma's old friend, Auntie King, but Sze runs away after being harassed by patrons at her mother's bar. Sze later questions Fei-ying whether he is a drug trafficker, which he denies.

Wah receives intel and leads his team to tail Fei-ying's client, No. 6, but Dan disregards Wah's instructions and attempts to arrest No. 6 himself, which backfires when No. 6 takes Dan's pistol, but Wah saves him just in time by killing No. 6. Dan is suspended from his duties while Wah is under inspection as a result. Ma pleads with Louis to help Dan, causing Dan to be mocked by his colleagues and Dan runs away from home, leaving a note to his father he will return after he proves his worth by solving a big case. One night, Dan sees Sze in the streets and manages to find Fei-ying in a pier, but was captured by the latter and his henchmen. Wah arrives in time to rescue Dan and fights off Fei-ying's henchmen but Dan has his leg broken. In the hospital, Dan confesses he feels like a useless son and wants to achieve success in order for his father to retire with pride and pleads Wah to reinstate the position. Ma and Louis overhear the conversation, with the latter promising to help Louis.

Wah and Dan managed to arrest one of Fei-ying's underlings and finds Fei-ying's hideout, where Fei-ying just had an argument with Sze after she caught him making out with another woman. When Wah and Dan arrive, Fei-ying hides while Sze steals Fei-ying's cocaine which she later flushes down the toilet. Fei-ying calls Sze asking for the cocaine back and she tells him to meet at Wo Hop Shek Public Cemetery the next day at 12 PM. When Sze meets with Fei-ying, she attempts to blow her car up where they make out, but Fei-ying escapes while she dies in the explosion right before Wah and Dan, who planted a tracker in Sze's purse. Fei-ying then goes to Auntie King's bar demanding her to hand his cocaine and assaults her before Wah and Dan arrive and fights him until Fei-ying then holds Dan's nephew, Ball hostage. However, Ball has inadvertently swapped Dan's pistol with his similarly looking toy earlier and Fei-ying shoots Dan twice before Wah viciously beats Fei-ying with a metal tube. As Fei-ying is arrested, Dan also dies from his wounds, which deeply saddens Ma, who happens to be on beat duty nearby and witnesses his son dying.

Cast
Andy Lau as Wah (華仔), an outstanding inspector of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) who was previously trained in England for two years and a skilled unarmed combatant and marksman.
Siu Hung-mui as Sze (阿詩), Fei-ying's girlfriend who is unaware of his drug trafficking activities and turns against him after discovering his true identity and cheating on her.
Chin Siu-ho as Fei-ying (飛鷹), a cocaine trafficker.
Bill Tung as Louis (標叔), Wah's father and Uncle Ma's close friend who is the commissioner of the CID.
Wu Ma as Uncle Ma (馬叔), a beat cop and Dan's father who singlehandedly raised his son when wife died right after giving birth.
Corey Yuen as Dan (阿旦), Uncle Ma's son who often quarrels with his father but deep down, he wants to achieve success for his father to be proud of him, although his impulsiveness and unwise decisions often land him in trouble.
Woo Kam as Auntie King (瓊姨), a bar owner who is Sze's mother and widow of Uncle Ma's former colleague who died on duty.
Sammo Hung as Hung Kei (洪記), a Dai pai dong owner.
Tai Po as Tai Po (太保), Wah's subordinate and Dan's colleague.
Sai Gwa-Pau as stammering waiter at Wan Loi tea room where Uncle Ma and Dan frequents.
Philip Ko as No. 6 (六號), Fei-ying's cocaine client.
Lau Chau-sang as Curry
Richard Ng as a driver whose parking meter expired and gets in the middle of a quarrel between Dan and Uncle Ma on issuing a ticket. (cameo)
Anthony Chan as an experienced robber who was foiled Wah's team. (cameo)
Alfred Cheung as an experienced robber who was foiled by Wah's team. (cameo)
Chow Kam-kong as Yee Po (二保), Wah's subordinate and Dan's colleague.
Lee Chi-kit as Wah's subordinate and Dan's colleague.
Chu Tau as Fei-ying's henchman.
Peter Chan Lung as Officer 5726, a beat cop who is envious of Dan
Yuen Mo-chow as Fei-ying's henchmen at the pier. (uncredited)
Kwan Yung as Fei-ying's henchmen at the pier. (uncredited)
Lee Scott as Potato Knives (薯仔刀), superintendent of the CID who has a great dislike for Dan.

References

External links

1988 films
1988 martial arts films
1988 action films
Hong Kong action films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Police detective films
Films about father–son relationships
1980s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Corey Yuen
Golden Harvest films
Films about the illegal drug trade
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1980s Hong Kong films

In the Blood (1988 film)


Shout to the Lord is the seventh recording project and fifth live Praise & Worship album by Hillsong Music. It was also the first of two albums released by Integrity Music under the Hosanna! Music label, and marked the beginning of a long relationship with Integrity Music that propelled Hillsong Music to the forefront of contemporary Praise & Worship Music in North America and around the world. The album reached No. 13 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Christian Albums Chart. Shout to the Lord was the first Hillsong Music album to officially feature Darlene Zschech as worship leader and the first album released by Integrity's Hosanna! Music to feature a female worship leader.

Making of the album

Shout to the Lord was recorded live in 1995 at Hills Christian Life Centre (HCLC [now Hillsong Church]) in the Hills Entertainment Centre (which was used as the church's primary venue until the completion of its first building in 1997). The album was recorded by Darlene Zschech and the Hillsong team.

Integrity Music began taking notice in the early 1990s of Hillsong Music's success in Australia and the UK. Songs written by members of the worship team at Hills Christian Life Centre were making their way around the world and had introduced a unique flavor to the worship styles of many churches. Geoff Bullock who served as worship pastor at HCLC had written many songs that were being recorded by other artists - particularly in the U.S.; and his songs were being released on projects by Maranatha! Music and Word Music Group's HeartCry Label. Additionally, Darlene Zschech's song "Shout to the Lord" was quickly making waves of its own and had also been recorded by Don Moen on the Hosanna! Music album, Rivers of Joy in 1995.

The album was not intended to be part of Hillsong's annual live album series (as it was recorded "mid-year" between Friends in High Places and God Is in the House), which primarily focuses on introducing new songs written during the previous year. Instead, Shout to the Lord included five songs previously recorded on other Hillsong albums with the intention of introducing a mostly American audience to the best of Hillsong Music. The arrangements were more polished than on previous recordings and better produced to meet the standards of a Hosanna! Music album.

Additionally, Darlene Zschech was not slated to be featured as worship leader on the project. Geoff Bullock had been worship pastor at HCLC for many years and his songs were well known around the world. However, only a few days before the live album recording, Geoff left the church and was no longer a part of the recording project. Darlene Zschech - who had served as Vocal Director and was a recognizable leader in the church's music department - was asked to step in as worship leader for the project. As a result, Darlene made history as the first female worship leader on a Hosanna! Music album.

The style and sound of the album is heavily driven by both the vocal arrangements of Darlene and the Hillsong team, but also by the piano playing and musical direction of Russell Fragar. Russell served as Music Director/Pastor at Hillsong Church in the 1990s and early 2000s and was instrumental in developing the sound that would quickly become associated with Hillsong Music. Russell incorporated rhythms and harmonies that blended gospel with jazz, funk, rock and disco. Among others, notable musicians on the album included Mark Gregory (trumpet), David Moyse (electric guitar), Ian Fisher (bass), Craig Gower (keys/vocals), and vocalists Lucy Fisher, Donia Gondjou (Makedonez), Lisa Young, Robert Eastwood, Scott Haslem and Steve McPherson. Steve McPherson is not listed in the liner notes on the U.S. release, however, his name is listed on the UK and Australian versions and his vocals can clearly be heard in certain tracks.

Although Geoff Bullock did not take part in the actual album recording, it is evident that he would have been involved in the development process - as he only stepped down a few days prior to recording. The very fact that his songs were included on the album highlights how influential Bullock's songs and leadership were in the early days of Hillsong Music.

Track listing
• 01. — "Let The Peace Of God Reign" (Darlene Zschech) — 05:24

• 02. — "I Believe The Promise" (Russell Fragar) — 04:41

• 03. — "People Just Like Us" (Fragar) — 04:29

• 04. — "Jesus, Jesus" (Geoff Bullock) — 04:30

• 05. — "I Will Never Be" (Bullock) – 04:16

• 06. — "Jesus, Lover Of My Soul" (John Ezzy, Daniel Grul, Steve McPherson) — 03:37

• 07. — "Show Me Your Ways" (Fragar) — 04:57

• 08. "All The Power You Need (He's Real)" (Fragar) — 03:35

• 09. — "Power Of Your Love" (Bullock) — 05:02

• 10. — "This Kingdom" (Bullock) — 05:02

• 11. — "Father Of Creation" (Robert Eastwood) — 03:37

• 12. — "Shout To The Lord" (Zschech) — 04:40

References

1996 live albums
Hillsong Music live albums

Shout to the Lord (album)


Librerías Gandhi (Gandhi Bookstores) is a bookstore chain in Mexico. They were created in 1971 and are one of the biggest bookstore chains in Mexico. After 40 years they now have more than 30 stores all over the country. The public that comes to the bookstores are mostly students, teachers, young adults, professionals, and anyone interested in culture and looking for information or entertainment.

History
Gandhi Bookstores were founded in June 1971, by Mauricio Achar. He created the bookstore in the belief that a great amount of the country's problems were due to the lack of reading by its population.
The bookstore took its name from Mahatma Gandhi and his influence; Achar wanted to do the same.
The original store occupied 150 square meters, and was located at Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 128, south of Mexico City. Even though it was small, the store had a cafeteria of its own, where people would gather not just to read, but for cultural activities such as watching movies, theatrical plays, listening to music, etc. These were the basic things that made people more interested in going more often to the bookstore.

Stores
Today, there are 34 different Gandhi Bookstores; 17 are located within Mexico City and 17 in other parts of the country. One store is located inside El Palacio de Hierro in the country's capital, and more exist in select Walmart Supercenters, and also in Mexico City's airport. They also have an online store that sells books internationally, allowing people from outside Mexico to access unique books from Latin American authors.

Products
Books
CDs
DVDs
T-shirts
Games for children

References

https://publishingperspectives.com/2016/07/gandhi-bookstore-mexico/

Bookstores of Mexico

Gandhi (bookstore)


Mór Ní Briain was Queen of Connacht, and died 1218. She was a daughter of King Domnall Mór Ua Briain of Thomond (died 1194). Domnall's wife was Órlaith Ní Murchadha, Princess of Leinster, daughter of Queen Mor Ui Thuathail and King Diarmaid Mac Murchadha of Leinster.

Mór's siblings included:

 Muirchertach Finn, King of Thomond 1194-1198 and 1202/1203-1208/1210, died 1239.
 Conchobar Ruadh, King of Thomond 1198-1202/1203, killed 1202/1203.
 Donnchadh Cairprech, King of Thomond 1208/1210–1242.
 An unnamed sister who married William de Burgh.

She was a niece of Aoife of Leinster, a first cousin to Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke and an aunt of Richard Mór de Burgh. Relatives included Archbishop Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Cormac mac Art O Melaghlain, Brian Ua Néill, Ruadhri Ua Flaithbertaigh, and William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke.

Her ancestors included High King of Ireland Brian Boru (died 1014), King Énnae Cennsalach of Leinster (fl. 5th century), Bé Binn inion Urchadh of Maigh Seóla (fl. early 10th century) and Gormflaith ingen Murchada. Other ancestors may have included Sigtrygg Silkbeard, Ingjald Helgasson and Ragnar Lodbrok.

Mór married Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair, who ruled as King of Connacht in opposition (1189–1202) and solely (1202–24). The marriage was unusual as she was Cathal's only wife; in contrast, most Gaelic rulers had a number of wives at the same time.

She was mother to Aedh mac Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair and Felim Ua Conchobair, both of whom would become Kings of Connacht. The senior line of the family, O'Conor Don - who survives to this day - descend from her.

See also

 Mór (Irish name)
 Domnall Mór Ua Briain
 Aedh Ua Conchobair
 Felim Ua Conchobair

External links
 http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100010A/index.html

References

 Jaski, Bart, Early Irish kingship and succession, Dublin, 2000.
 Both King and Vassal: Feidlim Ua Conchobair of Connacht, 1230-65, Freya Verstraten, pp. 13–37, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, Volume 55, 2003

Medieval Gaels from Ireland
People from County Clare
Nobility from County Galway
Nobility from County Roscommon
12th-century Irish people
13th-century Irish people
1218 deaths
Irish royal consorts
Year of birth unknown
12th-century Irish women
13th-century Irish women

Mór Ní Briain


Now o Now I Needs Must Part is a song by the sixteenth-seventeenth-century composer John Dowland. The lyrics, a bittersweet contemplation of love and loss, are anonymous. The song was first published in Dowland's collection First Booke of Songes or Ayres of foure partes with Tableture for the Lute (1597).

Often regarded as a lute song, it can be sung in more than one way. Dowland provides four part harmony, and the words can be sung as a solo with instrumental accompaniment or by four voices.

Lyrics
Now, O now, I needs must part,
Parting though I absent mourn.
Absence can no joy impart:
Joy once fled cannot return.
While I live I needs must love,
Love lives not when Hope is gone.
Now at last Despair doth prove,
Love divided loveth none.

Sad despair doth drive me hence,
This despair unkindness sends.
If that parting be offence,
It is she which then offends.

Dear, when I am from thee gone,
Gone are all my joys at once.
I loved thee and thee alone,
In whose love I joyed once.
And although your sight I leave,
Sight wherein my joys do lie,
Till that death do sense bereave,
Never shall affection die.

Dear if I do not return
Love and I shall die together,
For my absence never mourn,
Whom you might have joyed ever.
Part we must, though now I die.
Die I do to part with you.
Him despair doth cause to lie,
Who both lived and died true.

Recordings
The complete First Book has been recorded by the tenor Rufus Müller with Christopher Wilson (Decca, 1993) and the soprano Grace Davidson with David Miller (Hyperion, recorded 2016).

Related work
The tune is similar to that of a dance which Dowland composed for the lute, the Frog Galliard.

External links
 http://www.thehypertexts.com/John%20Dowland%20Poet%20Poetry%20Picture%20Bio.htm

The First Book of Songs

Now o now I needs must part


Daniel Sartori Bessa (born 14 January 1993) is an Italian Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Emirati club Al-Ittihad Kalba. He was called up to the Italy national under-18 football team. Bessa qualified for Italian citizenship through his family who have Venetian origins.

Club career

Early career
Bessa started his career in Brazil with Clube Atlético Paranaense. He also played futsal with Coritiba Futsal in 2004.

Internazionale
Inter noticed Bessa when he was playing for Atletico Paranaense's youth team and brought him to Italy in 2008.

2012 was his breakthrough year in the Primavera, being a main reason for Inter winning the NextGen Series, scoring three goals in the tournament and having assisted Samuele Longo's goal in the final. Unfortunately, an eye injury made him unavailable for newly appointed first team coach, former primavera coach Andrea Stramaccioni. He was back in time for the Primavera playoffs. He suffered a knee injury in the final versus Lazio which kept him out for the rest of the year. In November 2012, Bessa's contract with Inter was renewed.

Vicenza (loan)
On 31 January 2013, Bessa was loaned to Vicenza Calcio. He made his Serie B debut for Vicenza on 9 March 2013 in a match against Padova, coming on as a substitute. Having not played regularly for over half a year due to injury, an unfit Bessa didn't get many minutes for a relegation-battling Vicenza side.

Olhanense (loan)
On 15 July 2013, Bessa, along with fellow Inter player Vid Belec, completed a loan to Sporting Clube Olhanense. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 17 August 2013 against Vitoria de Guimaraes. On 27 November, Olhanense coach Paulo Alves announced that Bessa, who had only managed 13 minutes of playing time all season, wasn't part of his plans.

Sparta Rotterdam (loan)
On 22 January 2014, Bessa started training with Eerste Divisie team Sparta Rotterdam. After some injury problems he finally made his Eerste Divisie debut on 9 March, coming on as a substitute in the 54th minute against Jong FC Twente.

Bologna (loan)
On 27 August 2014, Bessa was loaned to Serie B side Bologna. He made his debut as a 74th-minute substitute in the Serie B match against Crotone on 21 September. On 13 December 2014, he scored his first Serie B goal against Frosinone. On 9 June 2015, Bologna were promoted to Serie A, after a 1–1 draw with Pescara in the promotion playoffs. Bessa finished the season with 30 appearances, 1 goal and 3 assists, with 2 being from corners.

Como (loan)
On 6 August 2015, Bessa was signed by Como.

Verona
On 12 August 2016, after representing Inter in pre-season, Bessa joined Hellas Verona on a temporary deal, with an obligation to sign him outright. According to Inter and fcinter1908.it, Bessa was sold for €1.2 million transfer fee.

Genoa (loan)
On 31 January 2018, Bessa was signed by Genoa on loan until 30 June 2019.

UAE
On 16 July 2022, Bessa joined Al-Ittihad Kalba in the United Arab Emirates on a two-year contract.

Playing style
Bessa is a traditional playmaker, whose playing style closely resembles that of a classic number 10; he has been compared to a both Wesley Sneijder and Xavi. Bessa is a technically gifted player and excels at playing behind the strikers. He has a low center of gravity but also has the strength and ability to shield off defenders and protect the ball. Due to his eye for goal, he often alternates between playing as a central attacking midfielder and as a second striker in a 4–4–1–1 formation, a role which is colloquially known as playing "in the hole", and in which he was deployed in the NextGen series. He has also been used in more advanced positions on occasion, as a centre-forward, and his playing style in this role has occasionally been compared with that of Wayne Rooney.

Bessa also has the ability to play in deeper midfield roles, and move up with the play as he dictates it in midfield with his passing, but is also known to be involved more directly in his team's attacking moves. Although he is not known for his speed, his awareness and vision have been highlighted as his best qualities; he has also been noted for his ball control and dribbling skills.

Career statistics

1

2

3

Honours
Inter Primavera
 NextGen series (1): 2011–12
 League Champion (1): 2011–12

References

External links

 Voetbal International profile
 AIC profile

Living people
1993 births
Footballers from São Paulo
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian people of Venetian descent
Inter Milan players
LR Vicenza players
S.C. Olhanense players
Sparta Rotterdam players
Como 1907 players
Hellas Verona FC players
Genoa CFC players
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Ittihad Kalba FC players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Primeira Liga players
Eerste Divisie players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
UAE Pro League players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates

Daniel Bessa


Sunbridge Institute (formerly Sunbridge College) is a not--for-profit adult learning center located in Chestnut Ridge, New York. The institute specializes in teacher training for Waldorf education, inspired by anthroposophy. Sunbridge is a full member of the Association of Waldorf Schools of North American (AWSNA) and the Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America (WECAN) and is a partner of SUNY Empire State College.

Offerings include:

 Waldorf Early Childhood Teacher Education (13-week, low-residency part-time program held over the course of 25 months)
 Waldorf Elementary Teacher Education (15-week, low-residency part-time program held over the course of 33 months)
Waldorf Elementary Music Teacher Education (4-week certificate intensive)
Waldorf World Language Teacher Education (4-week certificate intensive)
 Week-long courses and weekend workshops on aspects of Waldorf Education and teaching and non-profit leadership, held throughout the year and as part of Sunbridge Summer Series

History
The oldest existing Waldorf teacher education center in North America, Sunbridge was created in 1967 as The Waldorf Institute in Detroit, Michigan. In 1986 The Waldorf Institute moved to Chestnut Ridge; it was chartered and accredited by the State of New York under the name Sunbridge College in 1991. In 2010, Sunbridge ceased offering master's degrees and became licensed as Sunbridge Institute. Under the terms of its partnership with Empire State College of the State University of New York, Sunbridge Early Childhood and Elementary Teacher Education program students and graduates who enroll in SUNY Empire's Master of Education in Curriculum and Instruction program or its Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program will be awarded 12 credits upon documentation of their Sunbridge diploma, thereby earning the full elective credit requirement for a self-designed concentration in Waldorf Education toward their MEd or MALS degree.

Location
Sunbridge Institute is located in suburban New York State, about 40 minutes from New York City. It is housed on the campus of the Threefold Educational Foundation, sharing a community with many other organizations including Green Meadow Waldorf School, Eurythmy Spring Valley, and the Pfeiffer Center for biodynamic agriculture also working out of the philosophies and teachings of Rudolf Steiner.

References

External links

Education in New York (state)
Waldorf schools
Anthroposophy
Universities and colleges in Rockland County, New York
Adult education in the United States

Sunbridge Institute


Christopher Schmid is the baritone ex-vocalist of the German gothic doom band Lacrimas Profundere.
Christopher left the band April 4, 2007 due to prolonged stress from touring with the band. He has, however, been seen at shows with the band, singing for songs such as "Without", which originally appeared on "Burning, A Wish." He has also remained as the band's lyricist, and has done backing vocals, and has been renowned for his poetic, dark style, exercised in all albums, even with the dawn of their gothic rock/metal sound.

References

German male singers
German heavy metal singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Christopher Schmid


Reading Central Library is a public library in the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire.

History
From 1882, the main library was in Reading Town Hall. However, as early as World War I complaints were being made there was insufficient space for books and readers. It was only in 1982 that plans started being laid for a new central library in Reading, and building starting in 1984. This new building was opened in 1985.

The central library is in the heart of Reading on Abbey Square on the corner of the King's Road, on the former site of the Reading Abbey stables where the horses of medieval churchmen, nobility and royalty were stabled. It is also very near the old Abbey gateway, where Jane Austen went to school, and which is the ancestor of the current Abbey School. Reading Central Library is a four-storey red brick building based on traditional Reading brick designs. The Holy Brook runs underneath the Library and it is near The Oracle to the south west and to the north lies the beautiful Forbury Gardens.

The Central Library contains over 100,000 books including a children's library, a large selection of fiction and non fiction books, and free Internet terminals provided as part of The People's Network. It also provides loans of CDs, DVDs, and videos for which there is a small charge and also has a large collection of vocal and drama sets on the second floor. The Third floor contains the Reading Local Studies Library which has large collections of books, photographs, maps and newspapers relating to the history of Reading and Berkshire, as well as a family history section. Special collections include books and letters by local author Mary Russell Mitford and local MP, judge and author Thomas Noon Talfourd.

Books in the library are generally ordered by Dewey Decimal Classification, though the Local Studies collection has its own library classification system. The online library catalogue which includes a selection of digitised local Studies photographs can be found on the library website. It is run by a team of qualified librarians with the support of library assistants with the aim of providing good library services to the people of Reading.

External links
Reading Libraries website

References

Reading Borough Libraries (2005). Reading Borough Libraries. Retrieved 12 August 2005.

Library buildings completed in 1985
Public libraries in Berkshire
Central

Reading Central Library


"A Streetcar Named Success" is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist's role in society. It is often included in paper editions of A Streetcar Named Desire.

A version of this essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30, 1947, four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire. Another version of this essay, titled "The Catastrophe of Success", is sometimes used as an introduction to The Glass Menagerie.

References

Essays by Tennessee Williams
1947 essays
Works originally published in The New York Times

A Streetcar Named Success


Automotive molding or car body molding are decorative and protective moldings on the car body. The term applies both to the detail and the material.

Car moldings include side body molding, lower body molding, door moldings, window moldings, footrest molding, mudflaps, etc. They are often found in services in association with car mats, etc.

Various car moldings must have high scratch resistance, weather resistance and gloss matching that of the car body. A common material which provides these is polyvinyl chloride.

References

Automotive styling features

Automotive molding


The haingles (kent an aw as influenza or juist the flu) is a gey common illness. It is smittle, sae it passes frae ae body tae anither gey eith. For ordinar, it spreids athort the warld in saisonal epidemics. In the 20t century, there wis three muckle epidemics (cried pandemics an aw) that kilt millions o fowk. A type o haingles is bird haingles.

The illness affects the ower airweys an the lungs, whit mediciners cries the respiratory tract.

There is a vaccine agin the haingles.

Ainimal viral tribbles
Smits
Vaccines

Haingles


Heolyfelin Chapel, Trecynon, Aberdare (also spelled Heol-y-Felin) was a Welsh Baptist chapel established in 1855. Services were held in the Welsh language. The building seated 800.  By December 2015 the chapel had closed and was for sale.

Early history

The origins of the church at Heolyfelin date back to the 1840s, when prayer meetings and a Sunday school were established in the area that later became known as Trecynon. Heolyfelin, literally the 'Mill Road', refers to the Aberdare Ironworks at nearby Llwydcoed which were established in 1800. When Ysguborwen Colliery was opened at Llwydcoed in 1849, those who moved to the locality included many Baptists, and they initially held prayer meetings at the Wesleyan Chapel.

The chapel was designed in 1852 by Thomas Joseph, an engineer from Hirwaun who was involved in colliery enterprises at Aberdare. Heolyfelin was a branch of Ramoth, Hirwaun, although Thomas Price of Calfaria who was also instrumental in setting up the new cause. Thomas Joseph had opened a new colliery at Trecynon and he persuaded many colliers who were members at Ramoth to move with him from Hirwaun. The chapel cost £800 to build.

Soar, Llwydcoed was a branch of Heolyfelin.

There was a consistently high membership at Heolyfelin, between 350 and 500, from 1860 until the First World War. Membership peaked in 1906, soon after the 1904-1905 Welsh Revival, during which 95 new members were baptised at Heolyfelin in December 1904.

The first minister, from 1852 until 1861, was Benjamin Evans of Hirwaun. William Harries, president of the Baptist Union of Wales in 1891-2, was minister at Heolyfelin from 1862 to 1902. In 1877 Harries received a call from a church in Pembrokeshire but was eventually persuaded to remain at Heolyfelin.

Twentieth century
He was succeeded by W. Cynog Williams who came to Heolyfelin from Pembrokeshire.  Early in his ministry, classrooms for use by the Sunday School were erected. The Chapel was strengthened by the 1904 Religious Revival and on Sunday, 4 December 1904, 94 new members were baptised. Williams served from 1903 until 1941.

Herbert Davies came to Heolyfelin from Birkenhead in 1944. He left in 1947 and was succeeded by D. Meredith Morgan.

Today the chapel membership has declined to single figures.

References

Sources

External links
Coflein entry

Chapels in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Aberdare
Baptist churches in Wales
Grade II listed churches in Rhondda Cynon Taf

Heolyfelin Chapel


Jay Charles Needham (born September 30, 1984) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a central defender or defensive midfielder for teams in Norway, Puerto Rico and the United States.

College and amateur career
Needham was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He played youth soccer with the Dallas Texans Soccer Club. His team, Dallas Texans Red '85's, won four North Texas State Cup titles (2000–2003), three Southern Regional titles (2000–2002) and twice competed in the U.S. Youth National Championship final four (2001–2002). His team also won the Under 19 Division of the prestigious Dallas Cup in 2003. Other professionals playing for this Texans team were Hunter Freeman and Ramón Núñez.

After graduating from Arlington Heights High School, Needham played college soccer at Southern Methodist University. While at SMU, Needham was a member of the Missouri Valley Conference Tournament Champion in 2003, the Missouri Valley Conference Season and Tournament Champions in 2004. After the 2004 season, SMU participated in Conference USA. The Mustangs were the Conference USA Season Champion in 2005 and the Season and Tournament Champions in 2006. The Mustangs participated in the NCAA Soccer Tournament all four years that Needham played advancing to the College Cup (final four) in 2005. SMU fell to Maryland (the eventual NCAA Champions) in the semi-finals.

Needham earned several honors during his career at SMU. He was named to the Missouri Valley Conference 1st Team All Freshman squad in 2003. After SMU moved to Conference USA in 2005, Needham was named 1st Team All Conference in 2005 and 2006. Conference USA named him Defender of the Year in 2006. He earned 1st Team Midwest Region honors in 2005 and 2006. The NSCAA name him 1st Team All American in 2006. Needham was also a Finalist for the Missouri Athletic Club's Hermann Trophy (given to that year's best college soccer player) in 2006.

During his time at SMU, Needham played summer soccer in the USL Premier Development League with the DFW Tornados.

Professional career

United States
Needham was drafted by D.C. United in the third round of the 2007 MLS SuperDraft, but after attending training camp, he and D.C. United were unable to come to contract terms. He signed with the Puerto Rico Islanders in the USL First Division. On arrival, he was asked to change positions from center to outside fullback. While with the Islanders, Needham played both right and left fullback, logging over 2,000 minutes of play. The Islanders advanced to the USL semi-finals where they were defeated by the ultimate champions, Seattle. They also advanced to the semi-finals of the 2007 Caribbean Club Cup.

At the end of the season, Needham was named the 2007 USL Division 1 Rookie of the Year.

Norway
In March 2008, Needham transferred to Alta IF in Alta, Norway. Alta had just won promotion to play in Norway's Adeccoligaen. He made his debut on April 13 and retained a starting central defender position throughout the remainder of the season. During the 2008 season, Needham appeared in 24 league games, logging more than 2,000 minutes of play. He also appeared in two Norwegian Cup matches. Needham was named the team's Captain for their final four games.

At the end of the season, Alta retained its position in the Adeccoligaen. This was only the second time in the club's history that it had not been relegated the season after being promoted into the Adeccoligaen.

2009 was Alta's most successful season in the Adeccoligaen. The team ended the season with 42 points (a club record). Their 6th-place finish out of 16 teams was the highest finish ever achieved by the club. During their run into the fourth round of the Norwegian Cup, Alta defeated Tippeligaen team, Bodo Glimt, 3–0.

Needham played in 26 leagues games and two Cup matches. For the third consecutive season, he logged more than 2,000 minutes in league play. During the season, he played right fullback, center fullback, and defensive (holding) mid-field. After being moved into the mid-field, he played 19 games as Alta's holding mid-fielder. He also played defensive mid-field in two Cup matches. Needham served as the team's captain from May 21 through the end of the season.

In August, he was selected one of the Adeccoligaen's top foreign players by Football Magazine Norway. In September, the New York Times Soccer Blog named Needham one of the top 11 American uncapped players in Europe. After the close of the season, he left Norway in November.

United States, Part II
Needham signed a three-year contract with the Austin Aztex of the USL First Division at the end of January 2010.
During the 2010 season, Needham played central defender. He appeared in 25 league games playing over 2,100 minutes for the Aztex. Austin accumulated a team record 53 points for the season, finishing one point out of first place. With their high finish, Austin also earned a playoff spot for the first time in team history. Austin ultimately fell to Montreal in the playoffs. Needham appeared in both of Austin's playoff games logging 180 minutes.
After the close of the 2010 season, the Austin Aztex announced they were relocating to Orlando Florida and would play under the team name, Orlando City Soccer Club. At the end of November, he was released from his contract by OCSC.

On February 2, 2011 it was announced that he would be returning to the Puerto Rico Islanders.
The Islanders' first Cup competition of 2011 was the Caribbean Club Cup. The Islanders defended their title as cup holders defeating Tempete of Haiti 3–1 in overtime. During the tournament, Needham played every minute of every game including the 240 minutes to complete both the semi-final and final overtime games. As a part of his play, Needham scored the first goal of the Championship match.
In the CONCACAF Champions League, the Islanders faced Metapan of El Salvador in a home and home play-in series. Needham played all 180 minutes of both games. The aggregate score was 3-3. Metapan advanced on away goals.
During the regular North American Soccer League season, he appeared in 19 games scoring two goals, both game winners. The Islanders finished second in the league standings and lost in the semi-finals of the NASL playoffs.

During 2011, Needham appeared in 27 games for the Islanders, playing more than 2,300 minutes in all competition. He ended the year with 3 goals. Needham re-signed with the Islanders in January 2012.

The Islanders' first Cup competition of 2012 was again the CFU Caribbean Club Cup. During the competition, Needham appeared in all four of the Islanders' games playing all 360 minutes. Puerto Rico finished third after losing to W Connection of Trinidad Tabago in the semi-finals. The Tropa Naranja defeated Antigua Baracudas 2–0 in the third place game to earn a spot in the CONCACAF Champions League. For the Champions League, the Islanders were placed in Group 5 with Isidro Metapan (El Salvador) and the LA Galaxy (USA). The Tropa Naranja started on the road losing to Metapan and the Galaxy. Needham did not play in the road loss to LA due to suspension. Returning home, the Islanders defeated Metapan and tied LA 0–0. In the tie with the Galaxy, Needham was noted as being a major factor in the Islanders improved performance.

In 2012 NASL play, the Islanders finished third. Needham played for 2,236 minutes in the NASL games and scored three goals. He also played the full 90 minutes in the PRI's 2–1 Quarter-finals loss to the Minnesota Stars. During the NASL season, the Islanders shut out their opponents 12 times. When their NASL shoutouts are added with the three shut outs from CFU Club competition and two in the CONCACAF CCL play, the Islanders shut out their opponents 17 times during the year. Needham appeared and played the full 90 minutes in all but one of the shut outs.

On January 7, 2013 the Tampa Bay Rowdies announced they had signed Needham to a three-year contract. In 2013, the North American Soccer League played two split seasons, spring and fall. Although injured for all of May, Needham appeared in eight NASL games during the Spring Season, scoring one goal. He also played all 90 minutes in the Rowdies' U.S. Open Cup loss to the Portland Timbers. During the Fall Season, he appeared in 12 games scoring one goal. For the combined 2013 NASL season, Needham played in 20 league games. He totaled 1,481 minutes of playing time and scored two goals. Twice, he was named to the NASL's Team of the Week.

At the start of 2014, Jay fell out of favor with the Tampa Bay coach. He appeared in two Spring Season games, coming on a substitute in the 90th minute in one game and playing the full 90 minutes against the N.Y. Cosmos. He did not play during the Fall Season. Needham also played the full 90 minutes in exhibition games against the Orlando City Soccer Club and the Costa Rica National Team (closed game in Bradenton, FL). At the close of the 2014 season, Tampa Bay did not extend Jay's contract.

Post Professional Playing Career

Jay Needham retired from football at the end of the 2014 season. He obtained his yoga trainer certification in 2015 and later became a cross-fit trainer as well.
On November 12, 2021, Jay was inducted into the SMU Athletic Hall of Fame. At the time of his induction, he became one of only three SMU soccer players to be inducted into the SMU Athletic Hall of Fame.

References

External links
 SMU bio

1984 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Soccer players from Texas
SMU Mustangs men's soccer players
DFW Tornados players
USL League Two players
Puerto Rico Islanders players
USL First Division players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Alta IF players
Austin Aztex FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
Tampa Bay Rowdies players
D.C. United draft picks
All-American college men's soccer players
Men's association football defenders

Jay Needham


Carl Arnold Ruge (24 September 1846 – 15 April 1926) was a German pathologist who was a native of Berlin. He is credited for contributions made in the early detection of uterine cancer. Ruge was a nephew of pathologist Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902).

For a number of years he served as director of the laboratory for microscopic and clinical research in the Frauenklinik at the Charité-Berlin. In Berlin he worked closely with gynecologist Karl Ludwig Ernst Schroeder (1838-1887). From 1882 to 1912 he was director of the pathological institute for gynecology at the university Frauenklinik. In 1896 he was appointed professor.

Ruge pioneered microscopic diagnostics in the field of gynecology. With his associate Johann Veit (1852–1917), he is credited with establishing the groundwork for contemporary gynecological pathology and histology. In the 1870s the two men introduced the surgical biopsy as a necessary diagnostics tool. From their biopsies, they demonstrated that there were too many cases of unnecessary surgeries for cervical cancer, proving that physicians were often incapable of detecting cancer without the aid of a biopsy.

Ruge is also credited with having first defined varicose veins as "any dilated, elongated and tortuous vein irrespective of size".

References
 "This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia".
 Advanced Health Plan; Biopsies

1846 births
1926 deaths
German gynaecologists
German pathologists
Physicians of the Charité
Physicians from the Province of Brandenburg
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

Carl Arnold Ruge


Continuity and Change is an international peer-reviewed academic journal published three times per year by Cambridge University Press. The journal was established by Richard Wall and Lloyd Bonfield with the intention of defining the field of historical sociology. It publishes articles concerned with long-term continuities and discontinuities in the structures of past societies, taking their methodology from the traditional fields of history, sociology, law, demography, economics, and anthropology.

Sociology journals
History journals
Academic journals established in 1986
Cambridge University Press academic journals
English-language journals
Triannual journals
Demography journals

Continuity and Change


Tracy Michelle Byrd (born August 27, 1964, Flint, Michigan) is an American female boxer.

Early life
Byrd comes from a boxing family: her father, Joe Byrd, is a former boxer who trained her.

Her brother Antoine once lost to Roy Jones Jr. in a bid to win the world's Middleweight title, and her other brother, Chris, is a former heavyweight title holder.

Tracy Byrd enjoyed athletics since she was a young child.  She excelled in high school as a basketball player. Her brothers Antoine and Chris, however, inspired her into trying out boxing, so she began to attend the Byrd boxing gym, owned by her father.

Professional career
On her first professional fight, August 6, 1996, the then 32-year-old boxer beat Sue Chase by a decision in four rounds in Flint. Her first three fights were held in Flint, and she earned first round knockouts in professional fights number two and three.

Her fourth fight, a rematch with Chase on January 28, 1997, took place just outside Flint, in Detroit. Byrd again outpointed Chase over four rounds.

After beating Dee Dufoe by decision in six in what turned out to be her first fight held outside Michigan (the fight was held in Indio, California), Byrd was given the opportunity to challenge for a world championship for the first time: On August 2, 1997, she defeated defending champion Nora Daigle to become the IFBA world Lightweight champion, in Biloxi, Mississippi.

Byrd retained the title on October 24 with a fourth-round knockout of Bethanny Payne in New Jersey.  After this fight, and since Byrd continued undefeated in nine fights, Byrd was given some attention by boxing magazines such as The Ring and KO. But, on her second defense, held on June 30, 1998, she lost her title, and her undefeated mark, to Russian Zulfia Koutdoussova, who, as a consequence, inherited the media attention that Byrd was receiving.

Byrd rebounded with three consecutive decision wins, and she was given a second chance at becoming a world champion, when she met Laura Serrano of Mexico on September 2, 1999. She lost by a ten-round decision in Tunica, Mississippi, for the WIBF's world Lightweight title.

Byrd then took off two years from boxing, deciding to lose weight and return as a Junior Lightweight in 2001.  Initially, she had success fighting at a lower weight class, conquering the vacant IFBA intercontinental title with a ten-round unanimous decision over Brenda Vickers on May 19, at Ignacio, Colorado.

Her next fight was for the IFBA world Featherweight title, on July 7. She lost that world championship bid, being outpointed over ten rounds by Layla McCarter. This was the beginning of a five fight losing streak for Byrd. All those fights were lost by decision, and they included two more losses to McCarter, another loss to Koutdoussova, and a defeat at the hands of Isra Girgrah.

Despite losing five times in a row, she was given yet another world title chance, when, on March 22, 2003, she faced Agnieszka Rylik for the WIBO world Jr. Welterweight title. Byrd became a world champion for the second time, when she defeated Rylik by a ten-round split decision in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Her next, and so far last, fight, took place on June 28 of that year, when she and Puerto Rico's Belinda Laracuente drew (tied) in an eight rounds non-title bout held at Coconut Grove, Florida.

Byrd has a record of thirteen wins, seven losses and one draw, with four wins by knockout, she has not been knocked out as a professional.

Championships and accomplishments
2001 IFBA Intercontinental Super Featherweight Title
1998 IWBF Lightweight Title
1997 IFBA Lightweight Title (1 defense)

Professional boxing record

See also
 List of female boxers

References

External links
 Tracy Byrd at Awakening Fighters

1964 births
Living people
American women boxers
Sportspeople from Flint, Michigan
Boxers from Michigan
World boxing champions
Lightweight boxers
21st-century American women

Tracy Byrd (boxer)


Diego Clemencín y Viñas (September 27, 1765June 10, 1834) was a Spanish scholar and politician. Born at Murcia, he was educated at the Colegio de San Fulgencio. Abandoning his intention of taking Holy Orders, he found employment at Madrid in 1788 as tutor to the sons of the countess-duchess de Benavente, and devoted himself to the study of archaeology.

In 1807 he became editor of the Gaceta de Madrid, and in the following year was condemned to death by Joachim Murat for publishing a patriotic article; he fled to Cadiz, and under the Junta Central held various posts from which he was dismissed by the reactionary government of 1814. During the liberal régime of 1820–1823 Clemencín took office as colonial minister, was exiled till 1827, and in 1833 published the first volume of his edition (1833–1839) of Don Quixote. Its merits were recognized by his appointment as royal librarian, but he did not long enjoy his triumph: he died on July 30, 1834.

His commentary on Don Quixote owes something to John Bowle, and was described in the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica as "disfigured by a patronizing, carping spirit"; nevertheless it is a valuable work of its kind for its time. Clemencín is also the author of an interesting Elogio de la reina Isabel la Católica, published as the sixth volume of the Memorias of the Spanish Academy of History, to which body he was elected on September 12, 1800.

References

1765 births
1834 deaths
Murcian writers
Spanish politicians

Diego Clemencín


A happiness pump is an idea in philosophy.  A happiness pump is someone who will do anything to make other people happy even if it makes them very unhappy themselves.  They have turned themselves into a machine (a "pump") that makes happiness.

The happiness pump is a way of showing problems in utilitarianism.  Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy.  It is a way of deciding which actions are good and which are bad.  In utilitarianism, actions that make more happiness or stop pain are good.  Actions that stop happiness or make pain are bad.  In utilitarianism, it does not matter who is becoming happier or feeling less pain.  That means that, in utilitarianism, helping strangers is good.  The happiness pump is a person who has taken utilitarianism too far and will give themselves lots of pain so long as they believe it makes other people somewhere in the world much happier.

The happiness pump is only an idea.  Philosopher Joshua David Greene says it is almost impossible to be a happiness pump for real.  People who even tried would give up.

In popular culture

A happiness pump character is on one episode of the television show The Good Place.

Related pages
Thought experiment

References

Philosophy

Happiness pump


Harriet Morgan (1830 – 16 August 1907) née Scott was one of 19th century Australia's most prominent natural history illustrators and, along with her sister Helena Scott, was possibly one of the first professional female illustrators in Australia. The sisters were also highly skilled amateur naturalists and collectors, rare accomplishments for women of their time. They were most notable for their magnificent drawings of moths and butterflies for the publication of the first volume of their father Alexander Walker Scott's work Australian Lepidoptera and Their Transformations.

Early life

Harriet Scott was the daughter of Alexander Walker Scott,  entomologist and entrepreneur and Harriet Scott (née Calcott).  Harriet was born in Sydney and she and her sister Helena were educated by their father on Ash Island. Through their education they acquired extensive knowledge of the natural world, including Australian plants, animals and insects.

Professional illustrator

Harriet earned admiration and praise from leading colonial scientists who she collected for and corresponded with. After the publication of Australian Lepidoptera and their transformations, drawn from the life by Harriet and Helena Scott she was elected an honorary member of the Entomological Society of NSW. However, she was constrained by her class and position in society.  Her father suffered financial hardship in the 1860s but no matter how poverty stricken he became, he did not want either of his daughters to accept commissions, sign their own published drawings or be formally educated, however Alexander Scott did finally relent and permitted his daughters signing their published drawings.  Harriet was forced to work when he became bankrupt and she drew and painted commercially for the rest of her life. While finishing some plates of birds' eggs for Edward Ramsay in 1866, Harriet asked "... above all ... let nobody know you are paying me for doing them for you". Harriet drew botanical illustrations for the 1879, 1884 and 1886 editions of the Railway Guide to New South Wales, and with her sister produced designs for Australia's first Christmas cards in 1879.

Scott married Dr Cosby William Morgan in 1882.

Publications
Harriet was one of the illustrators for the publication of Australian Lepidoptera and Their Transformations written by her father Alexander Walker Scott. The success of the Lepidoptera presented many opportunities for her and her sister. Apart from gaining honorary membership of the Entomological Society of NSW Harriet received copious requests for commissions. The following decades saw her and Helena produce most of the art for science publications in Sydney including Gerard Krefft's Snakes of Australia (1869), Australian Fossil Remains (1870) and Mammals of Australia (1871), Edward Ramsay's On the Oology of Australia (proposed but never published) and JC Cox's Monograph of Australian Land Shells (1868). Her work is still used by scientists today. The artwork from Snakes of Australia and Mammals of Australia received a Very High Commendation at the Sydney Intercolonial Exhibition in 1870.

Death and legacy
Harriet died in Granville in 1907 leaving no descendants.

Harriet, with her sister Helena, were largely forgotten until the 2011 exhibition Beauty from Nature: art of the Scott Sisters at the Australian Museum in Sydney.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

 Australian Museum Gallery
 Other scientific illustrations
 Australian Museum
 Harriet Scott DAAO
 The Scott Sisters
 Stories of Our Town – The Scott Sisters
 A short video on the current use of ecological data collected by the Scott sisters

1830 births
1907 deaths
Australian illustrators
Australian women illustrators
Scientific illustrators
Australian lepidopterists
Women naturalists
19th-century naturalists
20th-century naturalists
Australian naturalists
Botanical illustrators
Botanical collectors active in Australia
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women

Harriet Morgan


Virulent Rapture is the fifth studio album by British band Hecate Enthroned, and their first album of new material since 2004's Redimus. It was released on 25 November 2013 via Crank Music Group, being their first album to be so, as well as their only release with vocalist Elliot Beaver and first with drummer Gareth Hardy on the line-up, who replaced long-time vocalist and drummer Dean Seddon and Robert Kendrick, respectively (both were fired in 2012).

Background
The album was initially announced on a 21 January 2013 interview with webzine RoarRock.

The band announced on their official Twitter on 8 July 2013 that the new album was finished, "aside from some mixing and mastering issues", and that they were "looking at a self-release in the next few months". According to the band by then, the album was scheduled to be released on late November or early December 2013.

On 18 September 2013, Hecate announced they signed to a new label, Crank Music Group, and that it would release their album circa November.

On 23 October 2013, the artwork for Virulent Rapture was unveiled via Blabbermouth.net, and its release date was revealed as being on 25 November 2013. On the same day, a small, 21-second teaser of the track "Unchained" was posted by Crank Music Group on their official YouTube channel.

The track "To Wield the Hand of Perdition" was released online (via Crank Music Group's YouTube channel) on 19 November 2013.

Sarah Jezebel Deva, famous for her work with Angtoria and Cradle of Filth, provides additional vocals for the album's self-titled track.

On 20 June 2014, a music video was made for "Abyssal March". It is Hecate Enthroned's first music video since "An Ode for a Haunted Wood", made in 1995.

Track listing
The album's track listing was unveiled by Crank Music Group on their official website on 28 October 2013.

Personnel
Hecate Enthroned
Elliot Beaver – vocals
Nigel Dennen – guitar
Andy Milnes – guitar
Dylan Hughes – bass guitar
Pete White – keyboards
Gareth Hardy – drums

Guest musicians
 Sarah Jezebel Deva – additional vocals on "Virulent Rapture"

Miscellaneous staff
 Mike Smith – production, engineering, mixing
 Kami Kopat – mixing, mastering, graphic layout
 Néstor Avalos – cover art

References

2013 albums
Hecate Enthroned albums

Virulent Rapture


Jal-jeera is an Indian beverage. It is flavored with a spice mix known as jal-jeera powder. In Hindi, "jal" means water and "jeera" means cumin. The beverage base is either lemonade or similar tangy drinks and jaljira spices, and is a popular summer drink in India. It is sometimes served as an appetizer, as it is intended to "startle" the taste buds.

Jaljira spices generally consist of cumin, ginger, black pepper, mint, black salt, some fruit powder (usually either mango, or some kind of citrus zest), and chili or hot pepper powder.

History and culture
Jaljeera has a very long history, originating on the banks of the Ganges river. At one time, the powder was ground on stone slabs, and stored in clay pots.

The cumin is a medicinal ingredient which aids digestion. The mint has a cooling effect. Black salt or rock salt acts as a digestive.

Jaljeera is popular in northern India because it is thought to have cooling properties, against the temperature of the region.

See also

 Jeera water
 List of Indian beverages

References

Indian drinks
Traditional medicine in India

Jal-jeera


A substantive dye or direct dye is a dye that adheres to its substrate, typically a textile, by non-ionic forces.

Overview
The amount of this attraction is known as "substantivity": the higher the substantivity the greater the attraction of the dye for the fiber. Substantive dyes work best on textiles with high contents of cellulose, such as cotton.

In contrast to direct dyes, wool and leather goods are dyed by the process of ion exchange, exploiting the cationic nature of proteins near neutral pH. The development of substantive dyes helped make mordant dyes obsolete.

Substantive dyes are set in a slightly basic or neutral environment at temperatures close to boiling point. They are set by formation of aggregates of dyes within interstices of the fibres. Aggregation is enhanced by extended aromatic rings.

Gallery

See also
 Reactive dye

References

Dyes

Substantive dye


Beckton is an area in East London, England. It is part of the London Borough of Newham. It is located  east of Charing Cross. Beckton was unpopulated marshland until the 19th century. More housing was needed as London grew, so housing was created in Beckton for workers at the gas and sewage works. Between 1981 and 1995 Beckton was within the London Docklands Development Corporation area. This caused the population to increase as new homes were built and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) was constructed. Beckton has a station on the DLR.

Areas of London

Beckton