Ruder Tennis Hockey Club Bayer Leverkusen (RTHC Bayer Leverkusen e.V.) is a German rowing, field hockey and tennis club, one of the projects supported by Bayer AG and with 2500 members, it is additionally one of the largest sports clubs in Leverkusen.

To take care of the number of athletes, the club has 18 full-time employees and 20 coaches and trainers. The sports facilities of RTHC Bayer Leverkusen are at three locations. The quarters of the rowing department is located on the Rhine in Köln-Stammheim, at Stammheim Castle Park on Fühlinger lake.

The central sports and administrative center of the RTHC is on the Kurtekotten dar. Around the clubhouse are 26 outdoor tennis courts, a tennis wall, two tennis indoor halls with a total of seven courts and a multipurpose hall with a gym. For the sport of hockey, there are two artificial and natural turf fields and a hall.

RTHC was created in 1951 by the merger of three formerly independent organizations: the rowing club founded in 1910, the tennis clubs of 1913 and the hockey club in 1919.

As of April 2012, the outstanding successes of its members include two Olympic gold medals (Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996), seven Olympic silver medals, one bronze and seven world championship titles. The most successful rower is Stephan Volkert. The multiple Paralympic swimming champion, Dr. Britta Siegers rose to success with wheelchair tennis and occupied as a personal best in the world ranking position eight in singles and position seven in doubles.

Rowing honours

Henley Royal Regatta

External links
Official site

Tennis venues in Germany
Multi-sport clubs in Germany
Rowing clubs in Germany
Field hockey clubs in Germany
Leverkusen
1951 establishments in West Germany
Sports clubs and teams established in 1951
Field hockey clubs established in 1919
Bayer

RTHC Bayer Leverkusen


"Crush" is a #1 hit single by David Archuleta. The single came off the album David Archuleta. "Crush" was released on August 2, 2008. The single was recorded during the final episodes of Season 8 of American Idol.

Pop songs
2008 songs

Crush (David Archuleta song)


There are several colleges and universities in Omaha, Nebraska.

History
The earliest institution of higher education promoted in the Omaha-area came from promoters of the Town of Saratoga located around present-day North 24th and Grand Streets in Omaha. The Saratogans won a charter from the Nebraska Territorial Legislature to establish Nebraska University. However, their proposal was delayed in the Legislature, and their university was never more than words on paper.

Religious institutions
Over the next 50 years, several religious institutions emerged in the absence of public support for establishing colleges. For instance, the Catholic Creighton University was opened in 1878. It has grown tremendously in the subsequent 150 years, and continues thriving today. Another Catholic higher education institution in Omaha is the Duchesne Academy. It was founded in 1881 and included a college. The Presbyterian Theological Seminary was built in Kountze Place in 1902 at 3303 North 21st Place, and was closed and converted into apartments in 1943. Many of the faculty here taught at the University of Omaha in its early years. Omaha's Clarkson College was founded in 1888 as a nursing program in a Presbyterian hospital. Evolving over the ensuing century-plus, Clarkson has become a first-tier nursing education facility which is particularly adept at educating non-white nurses. The Nebraska Methodist College was founded in 1891 with a similar mission was the Presbyterian's Clarkson College. Nebraska Methodist offers associate's, bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in nursing and allied health professions.

After the turn of the 20th century, a few other religiously supported colleges opened. The Catholic College of Saint Mary was founded in 1923 to ensure that Omaha's Catholic schools had teachers with strong liberal arts educations. In 1943, the Grace University first opened in the former home of the Omaha Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Kountze Place. After remaining there for a year, they moved south of downtown Omaha in 1944 and continued operating at South 10th and Forest Avenue through 2017. Talks are currently underway to move the campus to the former Doane University in Blair. In 2021, Mission University was approved to operate in Nebraska with a primary purpose to extend public health education and services to underserved globally.

Public institutions
The first public higher education institution in Omaha was the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Nebraska's first medical school was a private medical college established in Omaha in 1880 and renamed the Omaha Medical College in 1881. The University of Nebraska bought the school for teaching purposes in 1902, and it became the University of Nebraska Medical College. They opened a university hospital in 1917, and in 1968, the University of Nebraska decided to form the University of Nebraska Medical Center campus. UNMC hospital merged with the nearby Clarkson Hospital in 1997, and was later renamed Nebraska Medicine.

The Omaha School Board first municipal higher education institution in Omaha was the University of Omaha, now the University of Nebraska at Omaha, which was founded in 1908 in the Kountze Park neighborhood. Its first classes were located in the Redick Mansion at 24th and Pratt Streets, with a proposed "magnificent campus" slated for development between 21st and 25th Avenues, bounded by Kountze Park and the Carter Lake Park. Original faculty came from the Presbyterian Seminary, as well as Bellevue College. In 1927, businessmen formed the North Omaha Activities Association in order to redevelop Saratoga School's playing field into a football field for the University's football team. At that time the University was located just south in the posh Kountze Place suburb. With new bleachers built to accommodate a crowd of a thousand, the Saratoga Field was home to OU's team until 1951. The University of Omaha moved to 6001 Dodge Street in 1938, where its successor institution the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) remains. While UNO is no longer a municipal institution, its still publicly supported.

The Metropolitan Community College was founded in 1971 by the Nebraska Legislature. Today, there are campuses in North Omaha at Fort Omaha, in South Omaha, and in Elkhorn, as well as centers in Bellevue, La Vista and Fremont, the Applied Technology Center and classes at Offutt Air Force Base, and multiple area high schools and offsite locations. In 2011-12, MCC enrolled 32,765 credit students and 17,374 noncredit students.

Institutions

References

See also
 Education in Omaha, Nebraska

Education in Omaha, Nebraska
Colleges

Omaha
Colleges

List of colleges and universities in Omaha, Nebraska


The Váh (; , ; ; ) is the longest river within Slovakia. Towns on the river include Liptovský Hrádok, Liptovský Mikuláš, Ružomberok, Vrútky, Žilina, Bytča, Považská Bystrica, Púchov, Ilava, Dubnica nad Váhom, Nemšová, Trenčín, Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Piešťany, Hlohovec, Sereď, Šaľa, Kolárovo and Komárno.

Etymology
The name is of Germanic or Slavic origin. It could be derived from old Germanic wȃg (stream) or proto-Slavic vagъ, vaga (pole, stick, carved branch) referring to reinforced riverbanks. Several Slavic river names with a similar motivation exist, but pre-Slavic origin of larger rivers in Slovakia is assumed in general. The earliest mentions are flumen Vvaga (1111) and aqua Vvac''' (1113).

Geography
A left tributary of the Danube river, the Váh is  long, including its Čierny Váh branch. Its two sources, the Biely Váh (White Váh) and the Čierny Váh'' (Black Váh), are located in the Vysoké Tatry (High Tatras) and Nízke Tatry (Low Tatra) mountains, respectively, and it flows over northern and western Slovakia and finally feeds into the Danube near Komárno. The left tributaries are Demänovka, Revúca, Ľubochnianka, Turiec, Rajčanka and Nitra rivers, and the right tributaries are Belá, Orava, Varínka, Kysuca, Biela voda, Vlára, Dubová, Dudváh and Malý Dunaj rivers. In late medieval time it was a property of Stibor of Stiboricz and his son Stibor of Beckov of the Clan of Ostoja, later passing to Maurice Benyovszky as a gift of Maria Theresa.

It includes canals, artificial dams (Čierny Váh, Liptovská Mara, Bešeňová, Krpeľany, Žilina, Hričov, Nosice, Sĺňava, Madunice, Kráľová and Selice) and 16 hydropower stations, whose construction started in the 1930s and increased after World War II. The main Slovak limited-access motorway is along the Váh (Bratislava – Trenčín – Považská Bystrica – Žilina and Ružomberok – Poprad), as well as the main railway Bratislava – Žilina – Košice.

References

Sources
Rural Development Programme of the SR 2007-2013

External links

Rivers of Slovakia
Tributaries of the Danube

Váh


Coop () is one of Switzerland's largest retail and wholesale companies. It is structured in the form of a cooperative society with around 2.5 million members.

As of 2019, Coop operates 2,478 shops and employs more than 90,000 people in Switzerland. According to Bio Suisse, the Swiss organic producers' association, Coop accounts for half of all the organic food sold in Switzerland.  In June 2011, independent German rating agency Oekom Research awarded Coop with the title of "World's Most Sustainable Retailer". Coop has three primary brands with a sustainability selling proposition: Coop Oecoplan (various daily life products), Coop Naturaline (textile products) and Coop Naturaplan (food). The company also sells products bearing the Max Havelaar Fairtrade label.

Coop also has a low-cost product line, "Prix Garantie". Coop owns the Swiss chocolate company Halba.

Coop publishes a weekly magazine called Coopzeitung (in German), Coopération (in French) and Cooperazione (in Italian).

The chain has an online presence at coop.ch. The web site offers much of the same selection found in the Coop stores and delivers groceries, wine, flowers, books, and other products to customers in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It currently markets its services in German, French, Italian, and English.

Summary
The Coop Group is headquartered in Switzerland and operates in the retail, wholesale, and production sectors. Coop Group operates store formats in the food, non-food and service sectors. With Transgourmet Holding AG, Coop is Europe's second largest cash & carry and wholesale supplies business. In total, the Coop Group has around 2,500 retail outlets in Switzerland and 124 cash & carry markets in Switzerland and other European countries. The Coop Group has a workforce of around 90,000.

History

In 1864, textile industrialist Jean Jenny-Ryffel formed Switzerland's first consumer cooperative in Schwanden in the canton of Glarus. Over the next years, many other cooperative societies emerged in the country. In 1890, many of them joined together to form the Verband Schweizerischer Konsumvereine (VSK) (French: Union suisse des sociétés de consommation (USC)). In 1969, it was renamed to its current name, Coop Genossenschaft (French: Coop société coopérative; Italian: Coop società cooperativa).

In 1927, the Verband Schweizerischer Konsumvereine and the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions founded the Genossenschaftliche Zentralbank (French: Banque Centrale Coopérative; Italian: Banca Centrale Cooperativa). It became a shares company in 1970, and in 1995 was renamed Bank Coop (Banque Coop; Banca Coop). In 1999, the Basler Kantonalbank became the majority shareholder. On May 19, 2017, the institution undertook a comprehensive rebranding and became the Bank Cler (Banque Cler; Banca Cler).

Passabene (self-checkout)
Coop was one of the first self-checkout providers in Switzerland, introducing its own system called Passabene in 2005. It is in use in 80 stores. Coop uses the MC17T Retail Mobile Computer by Motorola Solutions for this application. They later introduced mobile apps that customers can use to scan items.  As of Nov 2015, Coop point-of-sale devices accept Apple Pay, however, Coop Pronto gas station pumps do not (due to lack of NFC-capability).

Cargo Sous Terrain
Cargo Sous Terrain (CST) is a planned underground logistics system – its first phase in the Mittelland region is scheduled by the early 2030s. As of January 2016, the company's respective association (Förderverein Cargo sous terrain) is based at the seat of Coop (Genossenschaft Basel) in Basel.

Swissmill
Swissmill operates the largest granary in Switzerland that produces 800 tons of grain daily, representing 30% of the national grain requirements. Its flour is prepared for all bread products produced by the Swiss retailers Coop, Volg, and Landi. Although the Swissmill Tower's exterior and height in Zürich is disputed, the municipal authorities claim that the silo is intentionally designed in its aesthetically conscious way. Its external appearance is intended to express its interior –  an industrial plant.

See also
 List of supermarket chains in Switzerland

References

External links

Consumers' cooperatives in Switzerland
Supermarkets of Switzerland
Companies based in Basel
Retail companies established in 1890
Retail companies established in 1969
Swiss companies established in 1890
Swiss companies established in 1969

Coop (Switzerland)


The A47 is a major trunk road in England linking Birmingham to Lowestoft, Suffolk, maintained and operated by National Highways. Most of the section between Birmingham and Nuneaton is now classified as the B4114. From Peterborough eastwards, it is a trunk road (sections west of the A1 road have been downgraded as alternative roads have been built).

History

The original (1923) route of the A47 was Birmingham to Great Yarmouth, but there were some changes made to its route in the early years.
At its eastern end, the A47 originally ran through Filby and Caister-on-Sea, with the Acle Straight bearing the number B1140.

A change took place in 1925. The original route of the A47 between Guyhirn and Wisbech in the Isle of Ely was via Wisbech St Mary, with the direct route being part of the A141. This is because there was no road bridge over the River Nene at Guyhirn, and hence no junction between the A47 and the A141. In April 1925 a steel road bridge was opened, and the A47 and the A141 swapped routes between Guyhirn and Wisbech.

The A47 was rerouted along the Acle Straight in 1935, with the old route being renumbered as the A1064 (Acle to Caister-on-Sea) and part of the A149 (Caister to Great Yarmouth). Another change also dates from 1935. The A47 originally ran via Downham Market, not King's Lynn. In 1935, it was rerouted via King's Lynn, replacing part of the A141 (Wisbech to King's Lynn) and part of the A17 (King's Lynn to Swaffham). The old route via Downham Market was renumbered as the A1122 (Outwell to Swaffham) and part of the A1101 (Wisbech to Outwell).

Major improvements were made from the late 1970s until early in the 1990s. The 7 mile (11.3 km) £5 million part-dual-carriageway East Dereham Bypass built on part of the disused railway line was opened in spring 1978 followed by a five-mile (8 km) part-dual-carriageway Swaffham Bypass, costing £5 million which was opened in June 1981. Bypasses for Uppingham (£1.4 million) and Blofield (£4 million) were opened in 1982 and 1983 respectively. The southern section of the Great Yarmouth Western Bypass was opened in May 1985 and the northern section in March 1986 at a cost of £19 million followed by improvements to the one mile (1.6 km) Postwick-Blofield section (£1.2 million) which was opened in November 1987. In 1989 Acle Bypass was completed as a cost of £7.1 million and the £1.2 million East Norton Bypass was opened in December 1990. The three mile (4.8 km) £9 million East Dereham-North Tuddenham Improvement opened in August 1992 and the £62 million Norwich southern Bypass in September 1992.

Escalating road protests starting with Twyford Down in 1992 and culminating with the Newbury bypass in 1996 (at which over 1,000 people were arrested) led to over 300 road schemes being cancelled in November 1995 and to the cancellation of further schemes including the Thorney bypass by the new Labour government in 1997.

In 2002 the government announced a new road building programme which included the three mile (4.8 km) dual-carriageway Thorney bypass which opened on 14 December 2005.

In February 2017 the Highways Agency re-designated the stretch of the A12 road between Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft as the A47.

Proposed improvements

Acle Straight (New Road)

A study on the A47 which concluded in 2001 looked at improving New Road, i.e. the section of the A47 between Acle and Great Yarmouth known as the Acle Straight. The improvement of the Acle Straight has become a point of contention between interested parties due to its passage through the Norfolk Broads, an area of important ecological and conservation significance that limits development. The study which recommended widening rather than dualling of the Acle Straight was opposed by the Broadland District Council, Great Yarmouth Borough Council, Norfolk Police Authority and the majority of local respondents who believed that dualling of the road is necessary to improve road safety, decrease journey time and support the economic development of Great Yarmouth. Dualling was however strongly opposed by the Environment Agency, the Council for National Parks (CNP) and the Broads Authority due to its impact on biodiversity and internationally important wildlife sites. These parties did cautiously support further investigation into the option for widening following further investigation of its environmental impact.

Acle Straight safety improvement scheme
In 2006 a programme of safety improvement for the Acle Straight were announced. This would include road resurfacing, better road markings, improved visibility and the installation of safety cameras at an estimated total cost of £1.6 million. The result would then be monitored while long-term improvements, such as widening, are considered. In October 2009 after it was announced that a £40,000 feasibility study, to see whether roadside ditches along the nine-mile stretch could be moved further back without disturbing delicate marshland habitat had been delayed until autumn 2010 at the earliest.

Norwich Northern Distributor Road

A£117 million road scheme to the north of Norwich, linking the A1067 and Norwich International Airport to the A47, sponsored and managed by Norfolk County Council. It was priority scheme for Norfolk County Council and it attracted strong opposition both locally and from environmental groups. On 2 June 2015 the scheme was given the go ahead, in 2017 parts of the road were opened with the complete road opened in early 2018.

Norwich Western Link
In 2007 Norfolk County Council started developing a proposal for a link road between the A47 and A1067 in the area between Hockering and Lenwade. Five different route options were considered which ranged from 1.5 km to 3.4 km of new road construction and an estimated construction cost of between £5.8 million – £9.1 million. Public consultation on the proposal was held between July and September 2007 with the most support given to Option 1 with positive responses from residents, businesses and Parish and District Councils. Although costing more than £5 million the scheme did not meet any of the targets of the Local Transport Plan and so did not qualify for regional funding. Funding for the scheme would therefore have to be found by the County Council.
 The scheme was not progressed.

In April 2017 however Norfolk County Council voted to make the Norwich Western Link one of its three top highway priorities. The scheme would connect the A47 at Easton with the A1067 at Attlebridge at the end of the Norwich Northern Distributor Road and consultants have been brought in to progress the scheme.

Other proposed improvements
In 2012 Norfolk County Council launched the strategic route prospectus which detailed improvement schemes along the A47 between Peterborough and King's Lynn. The list of improvements, costing a total £526 million, included dualling sections of the road and other junction improvements. The sections of the road to be dualled were the Acle straight, Blofield to Burlingham, North Tuddenham to Easton and the East Winch/Middleton bypass. Other improvements detailed were four schemes at Great Yarmouth, including a £112 million third river crossing, four junction improvements along the Norwich Southern Bypass and improvements to the three junctions at King's Lynn.

On 8 October 2012 it was the announced that improvements to the A1/A47 junction at Wansford and the roundabout at Honingham would be approved for pinch point funding. On 1 December 2014 it was announced that a package of improvements to the A47 worth a total of £300 million would be funded during the 2015-20 parliament. Shadow chancellor Ed Balls said that the proposed improvements would be honoured by any incoming Labour government. The proposed improvements consisted of
 dualling the section between Blofield and North Burlingham
 dualling the section between Easton and Tuddenham
 dualling the section between Wansford and Sutton
 improvements to the A47/A141 junction at Guyhirn
 improvements to the A47/A11 Thickthorn junction
 safety improvements to the Acle Straight
 improvements to the A47/A149 junction at Great Yarmouth

Route

Birmingham
The Birmingham end of the A47 starts one mile from the centre of Birmingham at the Ashsted Circus roundabout on the A4540 Middleway running north-east through Vauxhall as Nechells Parkway and then Saltley Road. (Historically it started in the City Centre on High Street.) The road continues north east following the Cross Country Route and River Rea as first Heartlands Parkway and then Fort Parkway. The Birmingham section of the road terminates at Spitfire Island, a roundabout on the A452 halfway between the M6 Junction 5 and A38 Tyburn Island.

The route between Birmingham and Nuneaton was known as the A47 until 1986, when it was renumbered, mainly as the B4114, following the completion of the M42.

Nuneaton – Leicester

At Nuneaton the road re-emerges as Hinckley Road from a junction with the A444, near the railway station. Leaving Nuneaton, it passes North Warwickshire and Hinckley College on the left, it meets the A4254 at a roundabout and the A5 Watling Street near the Longshoot Hotel. It follows the A5 for a half-mile entering Leicestershire and the district of Hinckley and Bosworth, then leaves at a roundabout to bypass Hinckley to the north as Dodwells Road then Normandy Way which was completed in the summer of 1994. This section passes through a large industrial estate and close to a Tesco distribution centre, crossing the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Canal. It meets a roundabout near the Triumph motorbike factory. It bypasses Earl Shilton on its southern side as a single carriageway road. It then runs through Leicester Forest on a line parallel with the M69. It enters Leicester Forest East crossing the M1 near the service station and continues on into the City of Leicester at the B5380 junction. The road continues into the city centre crossing the A563 outer ring-road before becoming part of the inner ring road.

Leicester – A1

Leaving Leicester the road becomes Humberstone Road, then Uppingham Road. It passes under the Midland Main Line and meets the B6146 St Barnabas Road to the south, then passes over the former Leicester Belgrave Road to Peterborough North section of the Great Northern Railway which follows the road as far as Houghton on the Hill. At the A6030 crossroads, it becomes part of the Leicester outer ring road in North Evington. At Humberstone, beyond the A563 (outer ring road) and Goodwood Road (projected extension of the outer ring road) crossroads, the road meets the B667 Spencefield Lane to the south, for Evington. Between the Downing Drive junction and Thurnby Hill it enters Leicestershire and the district of Harborough. At Thurnby it meets Station Road to the north, for Scraptoft. Leaving Bushby it climbs Winkadale Hill into the countryside.

The road travels through Houghton on the Hill, with crossroads for Leicester Airport (to the south) and Old Ingarsby (to the north) next to the Rose and Crown and JET Houghton Garage, and heads down Palace Hill with a right turn for Gaulby, a left turn for Tilton on the Hill, then crosses the River Sence. The two-mile £2.5 million three-lane Billesdon Bypass opened in October 1986, passing north of the village, with staggered crossroads. It meets the B6047 north-south Market Harborough to Melton Mowbray road (for Tilton on the Hill) at staggered crossroads at the highest point of the A47, at around 670 feet. It passes through Skeffington with a right turn for Rolleston then heads through Tugby, which is traversed by the Midshires Way and National Cycle Route 63. It winds its way towards the one-kilometre £1.2 million East Norton Bypass, which opened in December 1990, passing south of the village, with a left turn for Loddington and right turn for Hallaton. Leaving the village, after rejoining the former route, it passes the former railway station. It heads down a hill as three lanes and crosses the Eye Brook and from here the next ten miles are in Rutland, and three lanes become two.

There is a left turn for Belton-in-Rutland and a right turn for Allexton (in Leicestershire) where the road is crossed by the Leicestershire Round and Macmillan Way. The two-mile £1.9 million Wardley Hill Improvement opened in October 1987, and there is a right turn (only) for Wardley, where the road is crossed by the Rutland Round. The road improvement took a less-crooked route closer to the village, with a less steep incline avoiding the top of Wardley Hill. The one-and-a-half-mile £1.4 million Uppingham Bypass opened in June 1982, taking a shorter route north of the town, which is the home of Uppingham School. It meets the A6003 (for Oakham) at a roundabout, and meets the former Glaston Road route and crossroads for Bisbrooke, to the south. It passes through Glaston, with crossroads for Wing (to the north) and Seaton (to the south) near the Old Pheasant. It passes over the tunnel of the Oakham to Kettering Line. Entering Morcott it passes Redwings Lodge, a former Travelodge, and a new cafe restaurant, the Country Lounge originally a Little Chef, on the left and there is a left turn for Morcott, where the road is crossed by the Rutland Round. It meets the A6121 (for Stamford) and B672 (for Caldecott) where it crosses a tunnel of a former railway. At a right turn for Barrowden there is Morcott Windmill, and the road is again crossed by the Rutland Round. There is a crossroads for South Luffenham and Barrowden.

From Shire Oaks (Coppice Leys) through Tixover, the road has been straightened, and to the right is the Welland Valley (Rutland – Northamptonshire boundary). At Tixover there is a crossroads, where the Rutland Round follows the road to the east. The road crosses the River Welland, where the Jurassic Way crosses the road. The Duddington Bypass, where the road enters Northamptonshire and the district of North Northamptonshire, opened in 1975. This section has a busy roundabout where it meets the south-west/north-east corridor A43. On the northern edge of Collyweston Great Wood, it meets Kingscliffe Road for Collyweston, at the west gate of RAF Wittering. It follows the perimeter fence of the airfield to Collyweston Cross Roads (now no longer crossroads due to the airfield), where there is a right turn for Kings Cliffe. The woodland here is the northern edge of the historic Rockingham Forest. The road towards Wittering Lodge has been straightened, and crosses the City of Peterborough boundary (former Northamptonshire, then Cambridgeshire). At Toll Bar Cottage, there is a left turn for Wittering, opposite Bedford Purlieus National Nature Reserve. The road meets the A1.

A1 – Kings Lynn
The road formerly went through Wansford, further to the south. The £250,000 dual-carriageway Wansford North Bypass opened in January 1965. There is a right-turn for Sutton. It is crossed by the Roman road Ermine Street. The dual-carriageway £9 million Ailsworth-Castor Bypass opened in September 1991. Around Peterborough, the Peterborough Longthorpe Grade separated junction (GSJ) opened in December 1987 where it meets the A1260. There is a GSJ for Bretton and a Sainsbury's, and it passes the Peterborough City Hospital. The £1.2 million Peterborough Westwood GSJ opened in January 1987 near Ravensthorpe. This section of road is called the Soke Parkway (named after the Soke of Peterborough). When this was first built, in the mid-1970s, the A47 followed what is now the A15 Paston Parkway.

It crosses the East Coast Main Line and meets the A15 at New England near to a Morrisons (former Safeway), and Boulevard and Brotherhood retail parks at Walton to the north and New England to the south. There is another GSJ near Paston to the north and it meets the other strand of the A15 at a GSJ near Gunthorpe. It meets the southern terminus of the new A16 alignment before meeting the A1139 at a roundabout and crossing the Car Dyke. The  £7.2 million Eye Bypass opened as Eye Road in October 1991, diverting traffic from the Paston Parkway, and partly built on the former Peterborough to Wisbech railway. There is a local access roundabout at Eye Green near the Esso Eye Green Service Station, a Travelodge and the Peterborough Eye former Little Chef on the right, where it becomes Thorney Road, The Causeway. The landscape becomes very flat known as The Fens. A  dual-carriageway bypass of Thorney opened on 14 December 2005. The road meets the B1040 and B1167 at roundabouts. Near Thorney Toll, the road enters Cambridgeshire and the district of Fenland near the New Toll Service Station. The straight road finishes at Guyhirn, meeting the B1187 and crossing on the Tiddy Mun bridge and following the River Nene and the Nene Way. The  £3.7 million Guyhirn Diversion opened in October 1990. The road heads north-east, following the east bank of the River Nene. The  £6 million Wisbech/West Walton Bypass opened in autumn 1984. The former route leaves as the B198 at a roundabout. It meets a level crossing, and it enters Norfolk and the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk just before a roundabout with the A1101 for Elm and Emneth at the Elme Hall Hotel. It passes the Total Wisbech Services and then meets the old route (B198) at a roundabout and becomes the  £23 million dual-carriageway Walpole Highway/Tilney High End Bypass which opened in summer 1996. There is an exit for Walpole Highway, and another for Terrington St John. It passes near Tilney High End. Near Tilney All Saints, it meets the old route at a roundabout, becoming the single carriageway Main Road, then Pullover Road. It meets the end of the A17 at the "Pullover Roundabout" where the West Lynn Little Chef is located.

King's Lynn – Great Yarmouth

From King's Lynn, the road goes over the River Great Ouse and Fen Rivers Way, near to former sugar beet factory site on a very busy concrete dual-carriageway built in 1975. It meets the A148 at a GSJ. The A10 and the A149 have their terminus here, at the Hardwick Flyover (opened on 30 October 2003) near the large Hardwick Industrial Estate (formerly home of Campbell's Soup) and a Ramada Hotel. It becomes Constitution Hill, passing North Runcton then Middleton, where it passes the Crown public house and St Mary's church as "Lynn Road".

Next is East Winch, where it passes All Saints's church, then West Bilney where it passes St Cecilia's church. The former King's Lynn-Swaffham railway crossed at this point. There is a right-turn for Pentney and it meets the B1153 for East Walton. The half-mile £2.8 million Narborough Bypass, opened in November 1992, where the road crosses the River Nar and enters the district of Breckland. There is a straight section to where it meets the A1122 (for RAF Marham) at a roundabout at the start of the five-mile £5 million part-dual-carriageway Swaffham Bypass, which opened in June 1981. There is an exit for Swaffham, and a GSJ with the A1065 (for Fakenham).

It passes some wind turbines and there is a roundabout where it joins the former route just before it is crossed by the Peddars Way. There is a left turn for Sporle and it passes Necton then heads north-west through Little Fransham, passing the Canary and Linnet, with a left turn for Crane's Corner. The seven-mile £5 million part-dual-carriageway East Dereham Bypass opened in spring 1978, which was built on part of the disused railway line. It passes near Wendling and St Peter and St Paul church then meets the B1146 (for Dereham) and A1075 (for Shipdham) near a Tesco supermarket and B1135. The B1147 leaves for Swanton Morley. The three-mile £9 million East Dereham-North Tuddenham Improvement opened in August 1992, which passes North Tuddenham. It bypasses Hockering. It enters the district of Broadland at the start of the bypass of Honingham, where it crosses the River Tud. Just before the roundabout at Easton, it enters the district of South Norfolk. The dual-carriageway £62 million Norwich Bypass opened in September 1992. At the Longwater Intersection, the A1074 follows the former route through Norwich near the Longwater Retail Park and Sainsbury's. Near Bawburgh, it crosses the River Yare. There is a GSJ with the B1108, for Little Melton and Colney. At Cringleford, it meets the A11 at the Thickthorn Interchange and Thickthorn Services and crosses the Breckland Line. Near Keswick Hall, it meets the A140 at a GSJ at Harford Bridge, south of Norwich, near a Tesco, then crosses the Great Eastern Main Line. It is crossed by Boudica's Way, then meets the A146 at a GSJ. It crosses the River Yare again at the Postwick Viaduct and enters the district of Broadland. It crosses the Wherry Line and meets the A1042 at a GSJ. The section from the end of this bypass to Blofield, the one-mile £1.2 million Postwick-Blofield Dualling, was opened in November 1987. There is a left turn to Great Plumstead. The one-mile £4 million dual-carriageway Blofield Bypass opened in February 1983, which starts at a roundabout for Brundall. It becomes single carriageway and passes North Burlingham near the staggered White House crossroads with the B1140. The three-mile £7.1 million dual-carriageway Acle Bypass opened in March 1989, which ends at a roundabout with the A1048 near a Travelodge , becoming the single carriageway New Road. From Acle, the road enters the Acle Straight which is nearly seven miles of straight and level single carriageway to Great Yarmouth, with just one curve at Road House Diner. The road is notorious for congestion, especially during the holiday season, and also for the number of accidents, which due to the drainage ditches on either side of the road are often fatal, and demands for dualling have been heard for many years, although there are no current plans to go ahead with this. It enters the district of Great Yarmouth, then passes close to Breydon Water. The northern section of the two-mile £19 million Great Yarmouth Western Bypass (A47) opened in March 1986, and the southern section opened in May 1995.

Great Yarmouth - Lowestoft

From the Acle Straight, the A47 meets the Vauxhall Roundabout in Great Yarmouth where it intersects with the A149. The A47 follows a route south across Breydon Bridge which spans the estuary where the Rivers Yare and Bure meet Breydon Water. It meets at the Gapton Hall Roundabout, which intersects with the A1243. The route continues South, meeting with the Harfrey's Roundabout, which connects the A47 to Great Yarmouth's Herring Bridge. From there the A47 is formed of the Gorleston Bypass, a 2.6KM stretch of dual carriageway with a single slip-road connecting it to Gorleston via the A143. After this, a small section of the A47 runs south past the regions main A&E, the James Paget University Hospital. Approx 5.5 KM of dual carriageway then takes the A47 to North Lowestoft, which connects the A47 to the coastal villages of Hopton and Corton via 3 roundabouts. The A47 enters Suffolk as its route heads south into Lowestoft, along restricted 30MPH roads. As the A47 intersects with the A1144 in the centre of Lowestoft, it branches off into two routes. The main A47 branches past the towns docks, where it enters a section of 3 lanes controlled by lane tidal flow lights, which predetermine which of the three lanes is open for north or southbound travel over the Bascule Bridge. The secondary A47 branches through the centre of the town, passing Lowestoft Railway Station and meeting the main A47 by the docks just before the bridge. The A47 then terminates at the Bascule Bridge, where the A12 begins.

Transit service
 Between Leicester and Uppingham, the A47 is serviced by bus route 747 Uppingham–Leicester.

First Eastern Counties run an 'Excel' service, with 4 branded routes - A, B, C and D, which primarily serve population centres along the A47, with some routes going as far as Peterborough.

References

External links

 SABRE First 99 – A47

Roads in England
Transport in Birmingham, West Midlands
Roads in Cambridgeshire
Transport in Leicestershire
Transport in Leicester
Transport in Norfolk
Transport in Rutland
Roads in the West Midlands (county)
Roads in Warwickshire

A47 road


Carl Henrik Lützow d'Unker (9 February 1828 – 24 March 1866) was a Swedish artist. He was the first in a large number of Swedish artists who studied in Düsseldorf between 1850 and 1870.  He was known mostly as a socially oriented genre painter whose works depicted contemporary subjects, such as waiting rooms at railway stations or scenes from pawnshops.

Biography
He was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His father,  Carl Henning d'Unker, was a Norwegian soldier, while his mother,  Anna Christina Brunstedt, was a Swedish citizen. He began his career as a soldier and served in the Svea Life Guards for a short time. In 1848 he volunteered for the First Schleswig War (1848–1849). Shortly after his return to Sweden he abandoned his military career in favor of an artistic one. He moved to Düsseldorf from  1851-1853 to study painting  where he became a student of  Karl Ferdinand Sohn (1805–1867).

During the years 1856 and 1857, he conducted study trips in Westphalia, Belgium and Paris. He attended the art academy in Amsterdam during 1859. He became a very popular artist on the continent. From 1861 he suffered from sickness in his right arm and was forced to paint with his left arm. He made a brief visit to Sweden in 1865 and was appointed professor by King Charles XV of Sweden. He died the following year in Düsseldorf.

Personal life
On 25 June 1859, he married Clara Wilhelmine Therese Karoline Antonie Schnitzler (b. 1839), the daughter of master builder Peter Heinrich Gregor Anton Schnitzler (1796–1873), after which he was able to live a carefree life financially. In 1864 he and his wife had a son, Detlev Wilhelm Albert d'Unker Luetzow.

Gallery

References

1828 births
1866 deaths
Artists from Stockholm
19th-century Swedish painters
Swedish male painters
Swedish genre painters
Düsseldorf school of painting
19th-century Swedish male artists

Carl d'Unker


Philodromus aureolus, the wandering crab spider, is a mainly European running crab spider of the family Philodromidae. The taxonomy of the species group named after Philodromus aureolus is in a state of flux and a number of new species have recently been recognised.

Description
The prosoma often has a broad bright median band, which is plain. The legs are  yellowish grey or brown with dark spots. The opisthosoma is very variably coloured, brown or yellowish brown, mostly spotted with bright median band and often with a dark cardiac mark that reaches the second pair of sigillae, and with dark chevrons. The male often more intensely patterned, although sometimes males may be plain dark brown.
The body length of a male is 3.5-6.5 mm, that of females 4-8.5 mm.

Biology
Philodromus aureolus hunts by relying on camouflage, stealth and speed to hunt prey. The males are bright green, the females lighterer in colour and it is thought that they can change colour to match their background, as is the case some other members of the Philodromus group.
They sit and wait on the leaves of bushes and trees to catch any prey that comes into reach. They can also move very rapidly to chase prey down too. This speed can also be used to escape danger. The female uses silk to draw leaves together to form shelters to protect the sacs containing the eggs.

Philodromus aureolus probably over-winters among the leaf litter that accumulates in various woodland situations. The adults of both sexes occur mainly in early to mid-summer.

Habitat
Philodromus aureolus is usually found in sunny places on herbs, bushes and trees. This spider is found in broad-leaved, mixed and coniferised woods, thickets, hedgerows and scrub. It often enters houses and is often encountered on walls. Although occasionally found on older trees, P. aureolus is more often found on younger trees, both broad-leaved and coniferous.

Distribution
Philodromus aureolus is widespread in western and central Europe, including Ireland. The species is widespread in most of Britain but is more localised in the west and north. However the true distribution is probably obscured by the complex taxonomy of the Philodromus aureolus group.

Taxonomic status
The separation of species and their identification in the aureolus group of the genus Philodromus within the family Philodromidae has always been difficult. In early faunal works many more taxa were named than were acknowledged 50 years later.  This "lumping" probably came about because of the intraspecific variation in pattern and colours, the overall similarity of the genital organs and their sympatric occurrence. For example, material identified by Eugène Simon as a single species of this complex, was recently shown to be not less than four separate species. In northern and central  Europe this difficult taxonomy and the complexity of the group mean that cryptic species may remain undetected. Philodromus aureolus, Philodromus buxi, Philodromus cespitum, Philodromus collinus, Philodromus longipalpis and Philodromus praedatus have all been named as species within this complex that occur in Europe, with other species in the Mediterranean region.

References

Gallery

aureolus
Spiders of Europe
Palearctic spiders
Spiders described in 1757
Taxa named by Carl Alexander Clerck

Philodromus aureolus


Navarro (formerly known as Wendling) is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County in the U.S. state of California. It is located  west of Ukiah, at an elevation of . It may be reached via the east–west California State Route 128, which connects it to the Pacific coast to the west and to the Anderson Valley to the southeast.

History
A former town named Navarro, with approximately 1,000 people, was founded in the 1860s and located approximately  to the west of the present town, at the mouth of the Navarro River in what is now Navarro River Redwoods State Park. A post office opened there in 1867. In 1902, the mill at the mouth of the river burned down, and the post office closed. A new mill was built that year by G. C. Wendling on the north fork of the Navarro River, at the present location of Navarro, and in 1905 the town of Wendling was founded around the mill. A post office was opened there in 1914. However, in 1916, the Wendling mill was bought by the Navarro Lumber Company, at which point Wendling became known as Navarro Mill, or, more simply, Navarro. To reduce confusion, the dwindling seaside town of Navarro became known as Old Navarro, Navarro Ridge, or Navarro-by-the-sea.

The Fort Bragg and Southeastern Railroad connected Wendling (Navarro) with seaport facilities in Albion, California, from 1905 to 1930.

References

Unincorporated communities in California
Unincorporated communities in Mendocino County, California

Navarro, California


Daniel Sanfourche said de Lamothe, Sieur de Lamothe (1683-1763), is a criminal lawyer at the Parliament of Bordeaux from Sainte-Foy-la-Grande (Gironde). Son of Jean Sanfourche Substitute of the King's Prosecutor. He becomes an esteemed jurist he will be celebrated (the oracle and the ornament of the company), despite multiple activities he will take care of the education of his son Simon-Antoine Delphin de Lamothe born in Belvès-de-Castillon in 1725, when three years later came the younger Alexis. If the trace of Alexis fades that of Simon-Antoine Delphin de Lamothe, dismissed in 1743, he will be a lawyer in the Parliament of Bordeaux at the age of 18 elected to the National Academy of Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux in 1769, then rapporteur for questions of physics, astronomy and public health. Simon-Antoine Delphin de Lamothe will correspond with an illustrious fellow citizen until 1751 in Montesquieu political thinker, pioneer of sociology, French philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment then eminent magistrate. In 1760 he bought the "Domaine de Muscadet" located in Entre-Deux-Mers in Bassens, Gironde for 28,500 pounds.

References

1683 births
1763 deaths

Daniel Sanfourche said de Lamothe


The corresponding member is one of the possible membership types in some organizations, especially in the learned societies and scientific academies.

This title existed or exist in the Soviet Union, GDR, Polish People's Republic, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , France, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Russia.

Original category of membership
Historically, this kind of membership was usual for the individuals living far from the academy or outside the country where the central academy offices are located. Because such people were unable to attend meetings, from organizational reasons, they had to communicate their scientific contributions by "correspondence". This is why the status name includes the word "corresponding".

The problem of accessibility is important also now and accounted for by some institutions in the world. So, for example, the Australian Academy of Science entitles the prominent foreign researchers only to corresponding membership; among the people with this status are David Attenborough (United Kingdom), Rolf M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland), Elizabeth Blackburn (USA) and Gunnar Öquist (Sweden). In such situations, a corresponding membership has normally the same weight as a full membership.

Modern category of membership
With a development of transportation services, the distance problem is gradually getting milder. As a result, the term "corresponding member" has changed its initial meaning. Presently, in the most of academies where a corresponding membership exists, this is, in fact, a membership of the lower level, as compared to the full members called academicians. For example, in the Academies of Science in some post-Soviet states (e.g., Russia, Belarus, Ukraine), following the custom of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a scientist is usually first elected to the corresponding membership and several years later, if he (she) demonstrates new outstanding achievements, to the full membership.

In some organizations, "corresponding" membership may be preferred by an applicant (which can be an individual or a legal entity) itself. In particular, the International Organization of Legal Metrology offers two options for the countries: "member" and "corresponding member", and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine also has the full and corresponding variants of membership for the specialists.

Notes

References

Academic titles

Corresponding member


A Veiki moraine (Swedish: Veikimorän) is a type of moraine found in northern Sweden, Troms og Finnmark in Norway, and parts of Canada. This moraine is characterized by forming a hummocky landscape of irregular moraine plateaus with elevated rims that are intercalated with ponds. Gunnar Hoppe was the first to define the Veiki moraine concept in 1952, naming it after a locality consisting of two farms located about 10 kilometers north of Gällivare and Malmberget. To the east in Finnish Lapland, a moraine type similar to Veiki moraine but smaller is known as Pulju moraine since 1967.

The disposition of the Veiki moraines reflects the last glacier movements before an ice sheet retreats, and their final form is given by the melting of dead-ice and the development and sedimentation of glacial lagoons between dead-ice cored rims during interstadial periods. In the case of the Veiki moraines of Sweden, the interstadial during which the lagoons sedimented is believed to have occurred in the early Weichsel glaciation. Thus, the Veiki moraines of Sweden are a relict landform that has largely survived later glacier action.

References

See also
Terminal moraine
List of glacial moraines

Moraines

Veiki moraine


Ze'ev "Zef" Eisenberg (22 March 1973 – 1 October 2020) was the British founder of sports nutrition brand Maximuscle, an ultra-speed motorbike racer and television presenter.

Eisenberg founded the sports nutrition brand Maximuscle in 1995. He held over 70 British and world land speed records, including a Guinness World Record.  They include the world's fastest turbine bike (234 mph); the UK's fastest (no-fairing) 'naked' bike (225.6 mph); world's fastest motorbike racer on sand at 201.5 mph; Britain's fastest-ever motorcycle crash at over 230 mph; fastest ever wheel powered vehicle in a 1,500 hp Porsche at Pendine Sands at 210.33 mph, and fastest electric motorbike in the world (unfaired) with a 197 mph GPS peak speed.

He was presenter for the TV series Speed Freaks, a six episode production on ITV4, produced by Keshet, and appeared on several other TV shows, including The Motorbike Show with Henry Cole and Zef's famous Madmax Turbine bike.

He died on 1 October 2020 aged 47, when his car flipped and crashed while attempting a British land speed record at RAF Elvington, Yorkshire.

Early life and career
Born in Merton in south London, Eisenberg left school at 15 after his GCSEs to take a job in a health shop. A competitive bodybuilder at the time, Eisenberg said he took the job to get discounts on nutritional supplements.

While working at the store, Eisenberg wrote a monthly newsletter on the science of nutrition and, in 1993, self-published a book on the same topic. Eisenberg used the profits from the book to start supplying protein supplements to other bodybuilders.

Eisenberg was a fully qualified senior gym instructor, specialising in nutrition and conducted two years of endocrinological research at the British Medical Research Centre and Pharmaceutical Association. providing the knowledge and passion to form Maximuscle.

He went to a design and technology college in Barnet, north London, after doing his GCSEs. During his GCSEs, he was sponsored by Digital for a new XY axis robot, when just 15 years of age for one of his Technology GCSE projects. He further featured in the Sunday Times for his rear-wheel engine powered cycle. Even though Eisenberg confessed to being self-taught in the world of engineering, welding, tuning and engines, he trained and achieved his certification at H&S Rolls-Royce Portsmouth for the C250 series turbines, as used in his world record setting land speed motorbike.

Business

Maximuscle
In 1995, Eisenberg founded sports nutrition brand Maximuscle with £3,000. Initially supplying whey-based supplements, the company's product range grew to include drink powders, edible gels, and protein bars.

Maximuscle was the first UK sports nutrition brand to have its products screened under World Anti-Doping Agency rules.

In 2010, Maximuscle was selling £80 million worth of products per year. In 2011, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) bought Maximuscle for £162 million. At the time, Maximuscle was Europe's best-selling sports nutrition brand. Eisenberg continued on in a consultancy role with GSK for Maximuscle. The German food giant Krüger bought Maximuscle from GSK in January 2018.

Maxicorp
Eisenberg ran Guernsey-based Maxicorp. The company is active in property investment, autosports racing, and engineering.

The property business has bought and sold properties worth around £210 million in London, the Channel Islands and Gibraltar. It bought BBC Villers House in 2012 for £16 million, with plans to develop Ealing Broadway Crossrail station, office block and retail.

The engineering autosports arm builds bespoke high-speed vehicles. It also designed and manufactured the Eisenberg V8, the world's smallest and lightest V8 engine motorbike. The Madmax ultra-speed motorbike race team is part of Maxicorp. Maxicorp is the registered trademark holder of Eisenberg and Madmax in the UK and EU.

Madmax Race Team
Eisenberg set up Madmax Race Team in 2011 from Guernsey. The Madmax is a specialised engineering team that develop motorbikes, cars, quads, and land speed vehicles. The Madmax Race Team is behind multiple world land speed records on bikes, quads, and cars, with over 50 land speed, British, world, and Guinness records to its name, including the world's fastest electric unfaired bike.

Electric Motorbike Racing
Eisenberg, who was a long time fan of the Isle of Man TT, sponsored three times IOM TT podium winner Daley Mathison and Dr Miguel Gimeno Fabra on the Nottingham of University (NOU) Electric motorbike under the Zero TT class for 2019. The NOU bike had been designed to be more powerful and capable than all its previous years. The day before Madmax Team rider Daley Mathison was meant to ride the Zero TT bike to number one podium position, but Daley was killed in the Superbike crash.  Zef Eisenberg promised Daley's wife Natalie, and family that this was unfinished business and he would take the NOU bike to world record glory himself as a tribute and final send-off to Daley.

The Madmax / NOU electric motorbike was re-engineered to be more powerful than ever and on 21/22 September, Eisenberg, along with the help of Dr Miguel achieved four FIM world speed records (at Elvington, Yorkshire), wearing Daley's actual 'daisy' kneesliders and with Daley's wife Natalie present, Eisenberg fulfilled his goal of making the bike into a world record bike for Daley. This technological feat achieved in record time, inspired the Royal Automobile Club (RAC) club to name Eisenberg as the winner of the SIMMS award, a highly prestigious accolade, only given in years of exceptional motorsport performance.

Eisenberg V8 Motorbike
The autosports arm builds bespoke high-speed bikes and cars. The brand manufactures the Eisenberg V8 (EV8), the world's smallest and lightest V8 engine. under the Eisenberg Racing banner. Eisenberg has created a partnership with Prodrive, one of the UK's largest motorsport engineering brands to develop a limited production run of the 480 hp motorbike. The bike is considered to be one of, if not the most, powerful production bike ever made, with a speed in excess of 225 mph, a redline of 10,500rpm, more than twice the torque of a Triumph Rocket 3, up to 500 hp (with race fuel), but weighing just 280 kg dry and a wheelbase of 1650mm, no longer than a Ducati Diavel. The bike is expected to cost around £150,000 when launched sometime in 2021.

TV and media

Speed Freaks
His success in land speed racing led Eisenberg to become a TV presenter/racer with a new 'high octane' TV series called Speed Freaks, a six-episode production on ITV4, produced by Keshet. The series saw Eisenberg take on his toughest challenge yet - to break the British land speed record in a car he planned to engineer himself. Speed Freaks was commissioned for ITV4 by Paul Mortimer, Head of Digital Channels and Satmohan Panesar, Commissioning Editor, Factual Entertainment.

David Williams, Keshet Productions said, "This high-octane series features a feast of items and VTs geared up to indulge anyone with an interest in cars, motorsports and engineering. Zef's need for speed and desire to break that land-speed record is infectious and makes for compelling viewing." In May 2019, Eisenberg achieved his goal of the fastest ever wheel-driven vehicle (bike or car) at Pendine sands, with speeds exceeding 210 mph.

The Bike Show
Eisenberg also appeared on several other TV shows, most notably The Bike Show with Henry Cole, with the Madmax Turbine bike.  Eisenberg, his Madmax Turbine bike, and his infamous 230 mph crash featured in Guy Martin's Channel 4 documentary about the world's fastest tractor with JCB.

Ultra-speed motorbike and car racing
Eisenberg was an ultra-high-speed motorbike racer. He held the Guinness World Record (2 way average in a mile) for the fastest turbine-powered motorbike at 225.4 mph and naked motorbike (no fairing) in Britain also at 225.4 mph. He held the world land-speed record for the same motorbike, with a 1 way peak top speed of 234.01 mph, achieved in May 2018. The motorbike was powered by a 580 hp Rolls-Royce C20W engine which comes from the Agusta 109 helicopter.

Eisenberg also held the world record for the fastest turbine-powered streetfighter at 231 mph, and UK record for the fastest no-fairing naked bike. He held the record for the fastest production motorcycle (no modifications or tuning) at Pendine Sands at 186 mph.

In May 2018, Eisenberg broke the world land speed record for a motorbike on sand, reaching 201.5 mph. This was also the first time that anyone had broken the 200 mph barrier on either a motorbike or car at Pendine Sands.

In April 2019, Eisenberg set a new fastest 'wheel powered' flying mile record on a motorbike at Pendine sands, reaching 182.40 mph. beating the previous record set by Sir Malcolm Campbell in 1927 of 174 mph and  actor Idris Elba's 2015 effort.

On 17 May 2019, Zef Eisenberg, returned to Pendine with his Madmax Race Team sponsored bespoke 1200 hp Porsche 911 Turbo and on his very first pair of runs, he achieved the following records:

Fastest sand speed record ever achieved by a wheel-powered vehicle at 210.332 mph at Pendine Sands.
Fastest flying quarter (one way) wheel powered record at 206.492 mph, Pendine record (and MSA under 5000cc record).
Fastest flying mile (one way) wheel powered record at 196.970 mph, Pendine record (and MSA under 5000cc record).
Fastest Flying mile (2 way) 187.962 mph (same measurement as Sir Malcolm Campbell), Pendine record.
As of 2019, Zef Eisenberg, was the only person in history to have achieved over 200 mph on bike and car at Pendine, and a flying mile record in bike and car in Britain, and the only person to hold car and bike records, other than John Surtees, CBE who competed in the English Grand Prix motorcycle and Formula One.

In September 2019, Eisenberg achieved four FIM world records for the fastest ever electric (unfaired) motorbike with the Madmax / Notts uni Zero TT bike, achieving, 2-way average 1-kilometre speeds of 185 mph, one-mile speeds of 194.04 mph and peak GPS speeds of 197 mph in just over a mile in Elvington, Runway 26 at Yorkshire.

In November 2019, Eisenberg was awarded the Royal Automobile Club Simms award, a highly prestigious accolade, only given in years of exceptional motorsport performance.

In January 2020, Eisenberg was shortlisted for the Richard Burton Salver Outstanding individual sporting achievement of the year by a sportsman resident in Guernsey 2020 for his motor racing achievements in 2019.

2016 crash
On 18 September 2016, Eisenberg crashed on a turbine-powered motorbike at 234 mph at Elvington Airfield, Yorkshire. He was airlifted to Leeds General Infirmary.

Eisenberg broke 11 bones in the crash, including his pelvis, hip and femur. As of July 2017, Eisenberg said he had "90% recovered". Eisenberg said a strict exercise and nutrition programme was responsible for his recovery.

As of September 2017, Eisenberg appeared to have fully recovered. On the anniversary of the crash, he returned to Elvington Airway, Yorkshire, to race on the same bike.  He was nominated in his home island  of Guernsey for the 'overcoming adversity' awards twice in 2017 and 2018.

2020 crash and death
Eisenberg died on 1 October 2020 while attempting a British land speed record at RAF Elvington, Yorkshire, aged 47.

Personal life
Eisenberg lived in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey, where he became full-time resident in 2005 with his partner Marni Alexander and their two children, having been a regular visitor since 7 years of age with his father. He project-managed and raised funds to build both the largest concrete skatepark in Guernsey and the largest adventure playground at Saumarez park, Castel.

In 2019, Eisenberg was awarded 'Parish champion of the year' in the 'Pride of Guernsey' 2019 awards for their 5yr project to deliver the Saumarez Park playground Project.

In 2017 and 2018, Eisenberg was nominated for the short list for Pride of Guernsey 'Overcoming Adversity' award.

In 2015, Eisenberg came second in the ITV Ambassador of the year for Guernsey.

In 2002, Eisenberg was awarded the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award.

References

1973 births
2020 deaths
British motorcycle racers
British company founders
Racing drivers who died while racing
Road incident deaths in England
English Jews

Zef Eisenberg


Inside Betty Carter is a 1964 Betty Carter album. It contains the first recording of Carter's signature song, "Open the Door". Originally released on the United Artists label with eight tracks, it was reissued by Capitol Records in 1993 with seven previously unreleased tracks from a 1965 recording session that included Kenny Burrell on guitar.

Carter said in 1979 that Inside Betty Carter was one of her two favorite albums out of the eleven she had recorded to date.

Reception

Scott Yanow, writing for AllMusic, gave Inside Betty Carter two and a half stars out of five. Yanow commented that "These recordings can be considered the final ones of Betty Carter's early period for, by the time she next appeared on record...the singer was much more adventurous in her improvisations...Highly recommended to Betty Carter fans and to those listeners who find her later work somewhat forbidding."

Ebony magazine described Inside Betty Carter on its 1973 reissue as "...nothing less than a tour de force of the jazz singer's art...the sensitivity of her renditions is simply shattering. The unusual high quality of this album causes one to ask why more of her recordings are not on the market."

Track listing
"This Is Always" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) – 3:10
"Look No Further" (Richard Rodgers) – 1:55
"Beware My Heart" (Sam Coslow) – 5:07
"My Favorite Things" (Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II)  – 1:35
"Some Other Time" (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne)  – 3:46
"Open the Door" (Betty Carter)  – 3:11
"Spring Can Really Hang You up the Most" (Fran Landesman, Tommy Wolff)  – 5:15
"Something Big" (Richard Adler)  – 1:58
"New England" (unknown)  – 2:55
"The Moon is Low" (Arthur Freed, Nacio Herb Brown)  – 2:00
"Once in Your Life" (unknown)  – 2:54
"It's a Big Wide Wonderful World" (John Rox)  – 1:48
"There Is No Greater Love" (Marty Symes, Isham Jones)  – 3:46
"You're a Sweetheart" (Jimmy McHugh, Harold Adamson)  – 4:02
"Isn't it Romantic?" (Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)  – 1:44

(Tracks 9-15 not included on the original LP issue)

Personnel

Recorded April 1964 at Sound Makers, New York City, New York, USA

 Betty Carter - vocals
 Harold Mabern - piano
 Bob Cranshaw - bass
 Roy McCurdy - drums

Recorded March 4 and May 26, 1965 at Regent Sound, New York City, New York, USA

 Betty Carter - vocals
 Kenny Burrell - guitar
 unknown piano, bass and drums

References

1964 albums
Betty Carter albums
Capitol Records albums
United Artists Records albums
Albums produced by Alan Douglas (record producer)

Inside Betty Carter


is a highly eccentric, stony asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group of asteroids, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 June 1993, by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Kenneth Lawrence at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California.

Classification and orbit

The stony S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1–3.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,392 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.54 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of nearly , which corresponds to 71.8 lunar distances. As it crosses the orbit of Mars, it may also be classified as a Mars-crosser, and, on 28 November 2023, it will pass  from the Red Planet. The first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1981, extending the body's observation arc by 12 years prior to its discovery.

Physical characteristics

Since the 1990s, and up to June 2016, four well-defined rotational lightcurves were obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations, giving a rotation period of approximately 4.95 hours with a high brightness variation between 0.53 and 0.82 in magnitude, indicating that the asteroid has a non-spheroidal shape. In the 1990s, Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola obtained a lightcurve at La Silla during the EUNEASO, a European near-Earth object search and follow-up observation program to determine additional physical parameters ().

Further lightcurves were obtained by Polish astronomer Wiesław Z. Wiśniewski at UA's LPL in October 1993, and by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in September 1997 (). In June 2016, the fourth and most recent photometric observation was made by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Station, Colorado, which gave a period of  hours with an amplitude of 0.82 in magnitude ().

Diameter

While in the 1990s, Stefano Mottola estimated the asteroid to measure 3.8 kilometers in diameter (H = 15.03), the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a shorter diameter of 2.8 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 15.14.

Notes

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend

005836
Discoveries by Eleanor F. Helin
Discoveries by Kenneth J. Lawrence
005836
19930622

(5836) 1993 MF


Usagi may refer to:
Usagi, a Japanese term meaning rabbit
Typhoon Usagi (disambiguation), one of several named tropical storms
Usagi, a Japanese unisex name/unisex given name, used by
Usagi Tsukino or Sailor Moon, the main character in Sailor Moon
Usagi "Chibiusa" Tsukino or Chibiusa, a character in Sailor Moon
Miyamoto Usagi, the main character in Usagi Yojimbo
Kuro Usagi, also called Black Rabbit, one of the main characters from "Mondaiji tachi ga isekai kara kuru sou desu yo?" (Problem Children Are Coming from Another World, Aren't They?) or short "Mondaiji tachi" series
Usagi, a Japanese warabe uta
Name of several manga/comic series, including
Hana Usagi, a manga series by Kentarō Kobayashi
Samurai Usagi, a manga series by Teppei Fukushima
Usagi Drop or Bunny Drop, a manga series by Yumi Unita
Usagi Yojimbo, a comic book series by Stan Sakai

Usagi


The coat o airms o the Princely Hoose o Liechtenstein is an aa uised as the great airms o the naition. As the sovereign emblem o the Principality o Liechtenstein, its uise is reserved for the members o the Princely Hoose an state authorities. Private individuals mey be authorized tae uise the great airms, if it is in the interest o the State. The airms are a history o the Princely Hoose, an shaw the mony different auries o Europe wi which Liechtenstein haes been involved, either bi conquest or bi marriage.

The first quarter is Silesie; the seicont is the airms o the Kuenring faimily; the third quarter, the Duchy o Troppau; an the fowerth quarter, the airms o the East Frisian faimily Cirksena representin Coonty o Rietberg. The base is occupied bi the airms o the Duchy o Jägerndorf. The sma gowd an reid shield o the Princely Hoose is shawn in the middle o the lairger shield. The Princely hat crouns a purpie cloak wi ermine linin ahint the lairge coat-o-airms.

Housomeivver, when the faimily shield is uised as the sma naitional coat-o-airms the hat rests directly on the tap o the shield.

Blazon
Airms: Quarterly (1) Or an Eagle displayed Sable crouned an airmed o the first chiarged wi a crescent trefly Argent endin in crosses (2) Barry o aicht Or an Sable chairged wi crancelin Vert (3) Per pale Gules an Argent (4) Or a maiden eagle displayed Sable the human pairt Argent crouned an airmed o the first (Enty in point chapé) in base Azure a Hunting Horn stringed Or (Overall) An Escutcheon per fess Or an Gules

The whole achievement (entire renderin wi supporters) is surroondit bi the Princely cloak, or mantle, Purpure an lined Ermine an ensigned wi the Princely hat.

Freemit airtins

  Oreeginal Law text

Naitional seembols o Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein

Coat o airms o Liechtenstein


The Valley of Moche, or Valley of Santa Catalina, is a large area of the La Libertad Region in northern Peru surrounding the Moche River. It has been farmed since the pre-Columbian era and currently contains rural and urban settlements. Trujillo is the most important city of the valley. It is now the location of several towns and agricultural areas where products such as sugarcane and asparagus are cultivated. The irrigation of its lands is part of the Chavimochic hydraulic engineering project.

History
The pre-Columbian cultures Moche and Chimu emerged here. The Mochicas applied their knowledge of Hydraulic engineering and developed cultivation techniques in the valley and then on the arid coastline of northern Peru. Their culture flourished from 100 AD to 500 AD.

The Chimu developed later, rising from 900 AD to 1370 AD, when they were conquered by the Inca.

Agriculture
It is a territory made fertile by the presence of the Moche river.  One of the techniques applied in the valley is planting "wachaques" - wells dug to find water near the sea. "Totora" reeds (Scirpus californicus) were able to adapt to the brackish waters.

Major products cultivated in the valley are:

Livestock include cattle, horses, alpaca, sheep and Llama.

Notable places
Some interesting places in the valley are:

See also

External links
Location of Moche valley (Wikimapia)
San Jose Festival

Multimedia
  in Trujillo city (Peru).

References

Geography of Trujillo, Peru
Valleys of La Libertad Region

Moche Valley


Euphemia "Effy" Irvine (28 August 1924 – February 2, 2018) was the first woman in Scotland to run a parish.

Life
Irvine was born in Clydebank on 28 August 1924. She was brought up in Jordanvale Parish Church in Glasgow and she left school when she was 14 and went to work in a plumbers office.

Irvine came to the ministry late. She had already left education and married when someone commented on her ability to speak. She decided that she wanted to work in the Church of Scotland and if she was going to speak then she needed to increase her qualifications. She decided to change her life after 16 years at home in 1968. She took a course at the University of London which enabled her to enrol on a course at the University of Glasgow.

As part of her course she was required to approach a Church of Scotland minister and find someone who she could work with. She chose the first-class cricketer James Aitchison who also served as a minister for 34 years. He was then minister of Broomhill in Glasgow and after asking advice from his church he agreed. While she was on the course the Church of Scotland decided that it would in principle accept women ministers. The church found this easier in Scotland than it would have been in England. Church of Scotland ministers are not expected to have any spiritual seniority but are just senior in the organisation.

She became the first woman minister in Scotland when she took on the parish of Campsie Trinity with Milton of Campsie on 1 June 1972. She had wanted to work in an urban area so she had turned down this position in the country four times before she accepted it. Irvine thought her parish had made a "leap of faith", but none of the congregation defected to other churches. Even though the first minister was appointed it was to be many years before the church had a woman moderator.

Six years later the parishes reorganised and Irvine agreed to stay on at Milton of Campsie until she retired in 1988. During her retirement she published 'A Journey of Faith' which was her autobiography.

She died in 2018.

References

1924 births
2018 deaths
Clergy from Glasgow
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
21st-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland

Effy Irvine


The M1 helmet is a combat helmet that was used by the U.S. military from World War II until 1985, when it was succeeded by the PASGT helmet. The M1 helmet has become an icon of the US military, with its design inspiring other militaries around the world.

History

Development

At the entry of the United States into World War I, the US military was without a combat helmet; initially US troops arriving in Europe were issued with British Mkl helmets, and those integrated with French units were given French M15 Adrian helmets. The United States quickly commenced manufacture of a version of the Mk I, designated the M1917, producing some 2,700,000 by the end of hostilities. At that point, the shortcomings of the M1917, which lacked balance and protection of the head from lateral fire, resulted in a project to produce a better helmet which would also have a distinctively American appearance. Between 1919 and 1920, a number of new designs of helmets were tested by the Infantry Board in comparative trials along with the M1917 and helmets of other armies. One of those designs, the Helmet Number 5A, was selected for further study. This was an improved version of the Helmet Number 5, developed in 1917 and 1918 by Bashford Dean, the curator of arms and armor at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which had been rejected during the war because of its supposed resemblance to the German stahlhelm. Eventually, tests held at Fort Benning between 1924 and 1926 showed that although the 5A offered better side protection than the M1917, it was more easily penetrated from above and in some circumstances the shape of the helmet could interfere with properly holding and firing a rifle. Further ballistic tests at the Aberdeen Proving Ground resulted in the decision to retain the M1917 in 1934, which was then given a redesigned leather cradle and designated the M1917A1 or "Kelly" helmet.

In 1940, with World War II raging on in Europe and Asia, it seemed likely that the United States might soon be at war again. The Infantry Board resurrected the quest to find a better type of helmet, since the ongoing conflict had shown that the M1917, designed to protect men standing in trenches from falling shell splinters and shrapnel, would be inadequate on the modern battlefield. The board reported:

Accordingly, the board, under the direction of Brigadier General Courtney Hodges, took the M1917 shell as the basis of the new prototype, trimmed off the brim and added a visor and skirt-like extensions to protect the back and sides of the wearer's head. Rejecting the conventional systems of cradles, the new helmet was given a Riddell type liner and suspension system, based on the contemporary style of football helmet, with an adjustable strap for the nape of the neck to prevent the helmet from rocking. The resulting prototype was designated the TS-3, and the McCord Radiator Company manufactured the first examples from Hadfield steel. In tests, they were found to be able to resist a .45 ACP pistol bullet fired at point-blank range, exceeding the initial specification. The TS-3 was given official approval on June 6, 1941 and was designated "Helmet, Steel, M1". Full scale production commenced almost immediately.

Service
Over 22 million U.S. M1 steel helmets were manufactured through September 1945. Production was done by McCord Radiator and Manufacturing Company and Schlueter Manufacturing Company; the former developed a method to create an almost eighteen-centimeter deep bowl in a single pressing, which was an engineering milestone at the time.

In 1944, the stainless steel helmet rim with a seam at the front was replaced by a manganese steel rim with a rear seam, as well as the helmet bails being changed from a fixed, welded version to a swivel model in 1942, along with slight alterations to the shaping of the side brim. Further M1 helmets were manufactured for the Korean War.

Production continued during the Cold War era with periodic improvements; in 1955 a grommet in the front of the liner was deleted, in 1964 the liner construction was changed to laminated nylon and a new chinstrap design was introduced in 1975. The final contract for US M1 helmets was placed in 1976. The M1 was phased out of US service during the 1980s in favor of the PASGT helmet, which offered increased ergonomics and ballistic protection.

Following World War II, the M1 helmet was widely adopted or copied by numerous other countries and its distinctive shape was adopted as the NATO standard. Postwar analysis of wartime casualty figures by the US Army Operations Research Office found that 54 percent of hits to the M1 helmet failed to penetrate, and estimated that 70,000 men had been saved from death or injury by wearing it.

Design

The M1 is a combination of two "one-size-fits-all" helmets—an outer metal shell, sometimes called the "steel pot", and a hard hat–type liner nestled inside it featuring an adjustable suspension system. Helmet covers and netting would be applied by covering the steel shell with the extra material tucked inside the shell and secured by inserting the liner.

The outer shell should not be worn by itself. The liner can be worn by itself, providing protection similar to a hard hat, and was often worn in such fashion by military policemen, Assistant Drill Instructors (known as AIs), and rifle/machine gun/pistol range staff, although they were supposed to wear steel at the range. The liner is sometimes worn in U.S. military ceremonies and parades, painted white or chromed. The depth of the helmet is , the width is , and length is , the steel shell thickness is 0.044" (1.12 mm), The weight of a World War II–era M1 is approximately , including the liner and chinstrap.

Shell

The non-magnetic Hadfield manganese steel for M1 helmet shells was smelted at the Carnegie Steel Company or the Sharon Steel Company of Pennsylvania. After being poured into fifteen-ton ingots (also called "heats"), the steel was divided into 216-inch by 36-inch by 4-inch blocks, known as "lifts," which were then cut into three equal 72-inch pieces to make them easier to handle. The cut lifts were sent to the Gary Works in Gary, Indiana for further processing, after which they were each reduced into 250 68-inch by 36-inch by 0.044-inch sheets, which were cut into 16.5-inch circles. The helmet discs were oiled and banded into lots of 400 for delivery by rail to McCord or Schlueter for pressing and final assembly.

Each "heat" of steel was assigned a unique number by the smelter, as was each of its "lifts." When each new heat was unloaded at McCord or Schlueter, it was assigned a sequential number, and each lift within the heat was assigned a letter of the alphabet (for example, the third lift unloaded of the forty-ninth heat received by McCord would be 49C). This unique "lot and lift" number was stamped onto each helmet produced from the discs of a particular lift, and allowed for traceability in case the helmets exhibited defects. The "lot and lift" number is in reference to the time when the fabricator received the helmet discs, not when they were made into finished helmets. Lifts of heats were not loaded onto or unloaded from railcars in any particular order, and were often warehoused (also in no particular order) before being finished.

The helmet discs were drawn to a depth of seven inches to create the rough helmet shape, or "shell," and the edges were trimmed. The edge of the shell has a crimped metal rim running around it, which provides a smooth edge. This is usually known as the "rim". The rim has a seam where the ends of the strip meet. On the earliest shells the seam met at the front. This was moved to the back of the rim in November 1944 At this time, the rim also went from being made of stainless steel to manganese steel. On each side of the shell, there are stainless steel loops for the chinstrap. Early World War II production shells had fixed, rectangular loops, and mid-war to 1960s helmets feature movable rectangular loops. This feature was adopted in 1943 to address the problem that when earlier helmets were dropped, the fixed loops were more susceptible to breaking off. Early shells for paratrooper helmets feature fixed, D-shaped loops. The shells were then painted with flat Olive Drab shade 319 (1941-1966) or Munsell Y10 green paint (1966 onward), with the paint on the outside of the shell sprinkled with either finely ground cork (World War II era) or silica sand (postwar).

World War II-production helmets feature sewn-on cotton web olive drab shade 3 chinstraps, replaced gradually throughout 1943 and 1944 with olive drab shade 7 chinstraps. 1950s and later production chinstraps are made of olive drab webbing attached to the loops with removable metal clips. Nylon chinstraps were introduced in the U.S. military in 1975. These straps featured a two-piece web chin cup and were fastened by a metal snap rather than buckle.

Many soldiers wore the webbing chinstraps unfastened or looped around the back of the helmet and clipped together. This practice arose for two reasons: First, because hand-to-hand combat was anticipated, and an enemy could be expected to attack from behind, reach over the helmet, grab its visor, and pull. If the chinstrap were worn, the head would be snapped back, causing the victim to lose balance, and leave the throat and stomach exposed to a knife thrust. Secondly, many men incorrectly believed that a nearby exploding bomb or artillery shell could cause the chinstrap to break their neck when the helmet was caught in its concussive force, although a replacement buckle, the T1 pressure-release buckle, was manufactured that allowed the chinstrap to release automatically should this occur. In place of the chinstrap, the nape strap inside the liner was counted on to provide sufficient contact to keep the helmet from easily falling off the wearer's head.

The design of the bowl-like shell led to some novel uses:  When separated from the liner, the shell could be used as an entrenching tool, a hammer, washbasin, bucket, bowl, and as a seat. The shell was also used as a cooking pot, but the practice was discouraged as it would make the metal alloy brittle.

Liner

The liner is a hard hat-like support for the suspension, and is designed to fit snugly inside the steel shell.

The first liners were produced in June 1941 and designed by Hawley Products Company. The suspension was initially made from strips of silver rayon webbing stretched around and across the inside of the liner. A sweatband is clipped onto these, and is adjusted to fit around the head of the wearer. Three triangular bands of rayon meet at the top of the helmet, where they were adjusted by a shoestring to fit the height and shape of the wearer's head. A snap-on nape strap cushioned the liner against the back of the wearer's neck and stops it from falling off. As the rayon had a tendency to stretch and not recover its shape, the suspension material was later changed to olive drab number 3, and then olive drab number 7, herringbone twill cotton webbing.

World War II and Korean War-era liners have their own chinstrap made from brown leather. The liner chinstrap does not have loops like the shell; it was either riveted directly to the inside of the liner (early examples) or snapped onto studs. It can still swivel inside the liner. The chinstrap is usually seen looped over the brim of the shell, and helps to keep it in place when its own chinstraps are not in use.

Early liners were made from a mix of compressed paper fibers impregnated with phenolic resin, with olive drab cotton twill fabric stretched over the outside. They were discontinued in November 1942 because they degraded quickly in high heat and high humidity environments. They were replaced by evolving plastic liners, using a process developed by the Inland Division of General Motors. These liners were made of strips of cotton cloth bathed in phenolic resin and draped in a star shape over a liner-shaped mold, where they were subjected to pressure to form a liner. The initial "low pressure" process was deemed unacceptable by the Army, but accepted out of need. These liners were made by St. Clair Manufacturing and Hood Rubber Company. Hawley, Hood, and St. Clair's contracts were cancelled by early 1944, when a "high pressure" process which produced better-quality liners became commercially viable. Companies which produced "high pressure" liners during World War II included Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, CAPAC Manufacturing, Inland (whose molds were acquired by Firestone after their contract was cancelled), Mine Safety Appliances Company, Seaman Paper Company, and International Molded Plastics, Inc.

Liners essentially identical in construction to "high pressure" World War II examples were produced between 1951 and 1954 during the Korean War by the Micarta Division of Westinghouse and CAPAC Manufacturing. In the 1960s, the M1 helmet liner was redesigned, eliminating the leather chinstrap, nape strap, and changing the suspension webbing to a pattern resembling an asterisk in a coarse cotton web material in lieu of the earlier cotton herringbone twill. In the early 1970s, suspension materials changed to a thicker, more flexible nylon with a rougher unbeveled rim.  Later changes included a move to a yellow and green material for liner construction.

M1 helmet liners intended for use by paratroopers had a different construction. The short piece of webbing which held the nape strap at the back of the wearer's neck was extended around the sides of the liner, and terminated on each side in "A" shaped yokes which hung down below the rim of the liner and had buckles for an adjustable chin cup made of molded leather. Two female snaps on the inside of the liner above the "A" yokes accepted male snaps on each of the steel shell's chinstraps, and helped to keep the liner inside the steel shell during abrupt or violent movements.

Accessories

In late 1942, the United States Marine Corps used a cloth helmet cover with a camouflage pattern for its helmets. The cover was made from cotton herringbone twill fabric. It had a "forest green" pattern on one side and a "brown coral island" pattern on the other.

The United States Army often utilized nets to reduce the helmets' shine when wet and to allow burlap scrim or vegetation to be added for camouflage purposes.  Most nets were acquired from British or Canadian Army stocks or cut from larger camouflage nets. The Army did not adopt an official issue net until the "Net, Helmet, with Band" that included an elastic neoprene band to keep it in place.

After World War II, no new covers were issued and at the start of the Korean War, many soldiers had to improvise covers from burlap sandbags or parachute fabric. A consignment of 100,000 olive drab covers was dispatched to the theater, but the ship carrying them, , sank in a collision en route and they were all lost. In 1963, the Army and Marine Corps adopted a reversible fabric cover called the Mitchel Pattern, with a leafy green pattern on one side and orange and brown cloud pattern on the other. This type was nearly omnipresent in Vietnam, where, for the first time, the Army wore the cloth camouflage as general issue. In Vietnam, the green portion of the reversible fabric camouflage was normally worn outermost. Helmet covers in the (European) woodland camouflage, were designed for fighting in the European Theater of Operations (NATO), and became the post-Vietnam (jungle pattern) camouflage cover used by the US military from the late 1970s onward.  The (European) Woodland pattern was not reversible; they were only printed on one side, though some rare desert camouflage examples do exist. These covers were all constructed from two semi-circular pieces of cloth stitched together to form a dome-like shape conforming to the helmet's shape. They were secured to the helmet by folding their open ends into the steel pot, and then placing the liner inside, trapping the cloth between the pot and the liner. An olive green elastic band, intended to hold additional camouflage materials, was often worn around the helmet to further hold the cover in place.

Other armies used these or similar covers printed with different camouflage patterns, or employed entirely different methods. In the Dutch Army, for example, it was common practice to use a square piece of burlap as a helmet cover on M1 helmets, usually secured by a net and a wide rubber band.

During the Battle of the Bulge and Korean War, soldiers made white helmet covers as camouflage in snowy areas. They were not issued to soldiers, so many soldiers simply made them from a white cloth from a shirt or tablecloth.

Users

Current

 : Some M1s still in service by Military Police and ceremonial units.
 : Only used by Dominican military honor guard forces.
 : Made locally and are still in service.
 : Uses the West German-made M1s.
 : Used only in the Guatemalan Army and Navy.
 : Uses the Type 66 helmet, modeled after the M1 helmet that was supplied to the JSDF. Currently used in non-combat operations. Formerly used M1s supplied by the US to the JSDF before the adoption of the Type 66.
 : Formerly used by former Panamanian military, now in use by Panamanian Public Forces.
 : Used by the Turkish military, most made locally. Still used as ceremonial helmet
 : Used US M1 for 1944 to present received by the EDA (Excess Defense Article) 1942 – 1945, FMS (Foreign Military Sales) and MAP (Military Aid Program) with some still in use.
 : Some M1s used by the Vietnamese military.

Former

 : Used by the Argentine military before they were replaced.
 : Australian Defence Force previously used Australian and American-made M1s from the 1960s to the 1990s. Replaced by the Australian-made M91 PASGT helmet in the 1990s.
 : Used by the Austrian Army after it was reformed in 1955 with 30,000 M1s supplied by the US. Copies made in 1958 known as Stahlhelm 2 (M.58) with another made in the 1970s with a German-made helmet suspension, all made by Ulbrichts Witwe.
 : Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.
 : Formerly used US and Brazilian-made M1s for its military.
 : Used US and Brazilian made M1s before being removed from service.
 : Used until the 1990s, when it was replaced by the CG634 helmet.
 : Formerly used by the Chilean military with liners made by Baselli Hnos.
 : Used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in the Chinese Civil War. Used by Taiwan until the 1990s.
 : Formerly used US-made M1 helmets.
 : Used in Cuban military until Bastista was deposed, replaced by Warsaw Pact-made helmets.
 : Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets under the designation of Staalhjelm model 48 (m/48).
 : Formerly in use by the Ecuadorian military.
 : Provided by the US in the 1970s as part of military aid, now replaced by PASGT.
 : Adopted by the Greek Army in 1952.
 : Used by former Haitian military.
 : Formerly used by Honduran military after signing the Rio Treaty.

 : Formerly used by the Imperial Iranian Army. Used by the Islamic Republic of Iran's army, until retirement, however it occasionally still sees some limited use.
 : Formerly used by the Israeli military, supplied by the UK, France, and the United States. Some M1s used have a combination of US and Israeli parts.
 : Formerly used by Luxembourg Armed Forces during Cold War.
 : Formerly used by the Mexican military.
 : Used by the New Zealand Army from the 1960s all the way to 2000s, mostly using US made M1s.
 : Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.
 : The Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua used M1 helmets supplied by the United States 1954-1979.
 : Used Ulbrichts-made M1 helmets.
 : Adopted the M1 after signing the Rio Treaty.
 : Formerly used M1 helmets supplied by the US. Some obtained from Israel and West Germany.
 : Formerly used M1 helmet in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
 : Taiwan produced copy used during Persian Gulf War.
 : Formerly used by the Singaporean military from the late 1950s with inner liners made locally. Used up until the mid-1980s, when they began to be gradually replaced, and finally phased out, by a similar helmet to the US PASGT helmet, in the 1990s.
 : Used M1s made from America and Europe, modified for marine and paratrooper forces.
 : Used in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Replaced by Bangtan Helmet.
 : Formerly used by the United States Air Force as the M3 and later, the M5, helmet for flak protection. Formerly used by the US military from the 1940s to the 80s, replaced by the PASGT.
 : Used by the Venezuelan military, now replaced. Majority made in the US and South Korea.
 : Formerly used by the West German army, helmets made by F. W. Quist Company. The West German M-62 Stahlhelm was a direct copy of the U.S. M1 helmet. It was properly called "zweiteiliger Stahlhelm" (two-piece steel helmet). In 1958 the helmet was made as a one-piece helmet and renamed Stahlhelm M1A1. The M1A1 came in three sizes: 66, 68, and 71. This helmet was used until 1981 when a modified version was released and renamed the Helm1A1. Modifications included a 3-point chin strap with the third point connecting at the nape, extra large sizes, and a further adjustable liner.
 :Army RBIH is using helmet with m81 woodland Camouflage
 :HVO is using helmet with M81 Woodland Camouflage

See also
 M1C helmet
 Modèle 1951 helmet
 Iraqi M80 helmet

References

Books

Journals

External links

 Are Navy Helmets Bulletproof? Battleship New Jersey, Youtube - Show and tell video of M1 helmet and US Navy Mk II talker helmet

1940s fashion
20th-century fashion
21st-century fashion
International Hat Company
Combat helmets of the United States
World War II military equipment of the United States
Canadian military uniforms
Combat helmets of Canada
Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944

M1 helmet


Ainay is an area within the Presqu'ile district in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon, to the south of Place Bellecour and the north of Perrache. It is best known for its Romanesque church, the Basilica of Saint-Martin d'Ainay. A high-class area, bourgeoise, in the city centre, its buildings mainly date to the Bourbon Restoration era. It now houses the 2nd arrondissement's town-hall, as well as many shops along its pedestrianised main street, Rue Victor-Hugo. It is served by the Metro station Ampère - Victor Hugo.

Several hypotheses have been raised as to its name, which may be linked to Athanase (Athanasius) or, more doubtfully, to Athena.

History
The present basilica of Saint-Martin d'Ainay was previously the monastic church of Ainay Abbey. A rampart was built between 1313 and 1324 to protect the abbey's lands at the request of abbot Jean II de la Palud. The ramparts were strengthened in 1544, but this did not stop the Huguenots from devastating the abbey's archives, church and part of its cloister and the ramparts were later destroyed after 1777 to link the area with a new district built on land reclaimed from the river.

Palud also built an abbatial palace which hosted several kings of France during the 16th century, when the French royal court was still itinerant rather than having a permanent base in Versailles or Paris. In 1536 the court set up home in Lyon, whilst Francis I of France was gathering his troops to the south-east of Avignon to face Charles V's invasion of Provence. On 2 August that year the dauphin Francis played at a jeu de paume court "pré[s] d'Ainay" and, getting overheated, drank a glass of iced water which proved fatal (he died a few days later at Tournon-sur-Rhône, aged 18). This event may have dissuaded Francis I from making Lyon his capital despite it being en route to his Italian Wars, though a street in the district is named rue François Dauphin after him. The abbots' palace was destroyed during the French Revolution.

In 1745 the pont d'Ainay was built to link Ainay with the Saint-Georges district on the Saône's right bank. In the years after 1777 the area expanded and in 1780 the bridge was still located at the confluence of the Rhône and the Saône. A road running south along the route of the old ramparts was named rue des Remparts d'Ainay. Close by is also to be found the "voute d'Ainay", on the site of an old gate into the abbey precinct. An aristocratic district in the 18th century, it shifted to "grande bourgeoisie" residences in the 19th century.

Notes

2nd arrondissement of Lyon
Quarters of Lyon

Ainay