In medicine, a catheter (/ˈkæθətər/) is a thin tube made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. Catheters are manufactured for specific applications, such as cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular and ophthalmic procedures. The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization.

In most uses, a catheter is a thin, flexible tube (soft catheter) though catheters are available in varying levels of stiffness depending on the application. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an "indwelling catheter" (for example, a peripherally inserted central catheter). A permanently inserted catheter may be referred to as a "permcath" (originally a trademark).

Catheters can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel, brain, skin or adipose tissue. Functionally, they allow drainage, administration of fluids or gases, access by surgical instruments, and also perform a wide variety of other tasks depending on the type of catheter. Special types of catheters, also called probes, are used in preclinical or clinical research for sampling of lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds, protein-bound and unbound drugs, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies, nanoparticles and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles.

Etymology
"Catheter" (from Greek  kathetḗr) comes from the Greek verb  kathíemai, meaning "to thrust into" or "to send down" because the catheter allowed fluid to be "sent down" from the body.

Uses

Placement of a catheter into a particular part of the body may allow:
 Draining urine from the urinary bladder as in urinary catheterization, using intermittent catheters or Foley catheter inserted through urethra. When the urethra is damaged, suprapubic catheterisation is used instead. The suprapubic catheter is inserted through the lower part of the abdomen directly into the urinary bladder.
 drainage of urine from the kidney by percutaneous (through the skin) nephrostomy
 drainage of fluid collections, e.g. an abdominal abscess
 pigtail catheter: used to drain air from around the lung (pneumothorax)
 administration of intravenous fluids, medication or parenteral nutrition with a peripheral venous catheter or central venous catheter
 angioplasty, angiography, balloon septostomy, balloon sinuplasty, cardiac electrophysiology testing, catheter ablation. Often the Seldinger technique is used.
 direct measurement of blood pressure in an artery or vein
 direct measurement of intracranial pressure
 administration of anaesthetic medication into the epidural space, the subarachnoid space, or around a major nerve bundle such as the brachial plexus
 transfer of fertilized embryos, from in vitro fertilization, or sperm, during artificial insemination, into the uterus
 administration of oxygen, volatile anesthetic agents, and other breathing gases into the lungs using a tracheal tube
 subcutaneous administration of insulin or other medications, with the use of an infusion set and insulin pump

History

Ancient inventors

Ancient Chinese used onion stalks, the Romans, Hindus, and Greeks used tubes of wood or precious metals.

The ancient Syrians created catheters from reeds.

Modern
The earliest invention of the flexible catheter was during the 18th century. Extending his inventiveness to his family's medical problems, Benjamin Franklin invented the flexible catheter in 1752 when his brother John suffered from bladder stones. Franklin's catheter was made of metal with segments hinged together with a wire enclosed to provide rigidity during insertion.

According to a footnote in his letter in Volume 4 of the Papers of Benjamin Franklin (1959), Franklin credits Francesco Roncelli-Pardino from 1720 as the inventor of a flexible catheter. In fact, Franklin claims the flexible catheter may have been designed even earlier.

An early modern application of the catheter was employed by Claude Bernard for the purpose of cardiac catheterization in 1844. The procedure involved entering a horse's ventricles via the jugular vein and carotid artery.

In 1929, Werner Forssman first performed central venous catheterization, work which led to the development of cardiac catherization as a treatment, for which he, André F. Cournand and Dickinson W. Richards would win the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1959. Central venous catheterization allows for continuous administration of medications, fluids and blood products to a large vein, particularly in critically ill patients. Cardiac catheterization is the insertion of a catheter into one of the chambers of the heart, which is used for imaging, diagnosis, and the placement of devices such as stents.

David S. Sheridan invented the modern disposable catheter in the 1940s.  Prior to this, some reusable catheters consisted of braided cotton tubes, which were varnished, heat-treated and polished. As these were primarily produced in France, the advent of World War II threatened the supply chain. Sheridan was dubbed the "Catheter King" by Forbes magazine in 1988. He also invented the modern "disposable" plastic endotracheal tube now used routinely in surgery.

Other reusable catheters consisted of red rubber tubes. Although sterilized prior to reuse, they still posed a high risk of infection and often led to the spread of disease.

Materials

Urinary catheters
A range of polymers are used for the construction of catheters, including silicone rubber, nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), latex, and thermoplastic elastomers. Silicone is one of the most common implantable choice because it is inert and unreactive to body fluids and a range of medical fluids with which it might come into contact. On the other hand, the polymer is weak mechanically, and a number of serious fractures have occurred in catheters. For example, silicone is used in Foley catheters where fractures have been reported, often requiring surgery to remove the tip left in the bladder.

There are many different types of catheters for bladder problems. A typical modern intermittent catheter is made from polyurethane and comes in different lengths and sizes for men, women and children.

Some catheters are packed in a sterile saline solution.

Catheters used in interventional procedures
Depending on the mechanical characteristics required, assorted polymers and polymer-metal composites can be used to build catheters used for interventional purposes. Common materials include polyamide (nylon), polyether block amide, polyuerathane, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimides. These materials are often used in combination with each other and are frequently layered on top of stainless steel braiding, laser-cut stainless steel tubing, or other scaffold-like structures to impart desirable handling characteristics to the catheter, all dependent on the intended application. For example, the materials and the architectures used to manufacture vascular catheters for neurological applications might differ significantly from catheters destined for cardiovascular use.

Guiding catheters (catheters that guides angioplasty balloons and stents) is made up of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) innermost layer which is lubricious, followed by stainless steel braid wire outer layer which helps to provide support for the catheter and prevent kinking while travelling through blood vessels, and Nylon elastomer outermost layer which provides extra support for the catheter and preserve the curvature of the catheter while passing through tortuous vessels.

To enhance ease of insertion, some catheters have a lubricious surface coating to lessen friction. A lubricious coating creates a smooth, slippery film making the catheter easier to insert.

Interventional procedures

Diagnostic catheters
There are various catheters used in angiography procedures. Diagnostic catheters direct wires through blood vessels. Radiocontrast agent is then injected through the catheter to visualise the vessels via various imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT), projectional radiography, and fluoroscopy. Pigtail catheter is a non-selective catheter with multiple side holes that can deliver large volumes of contrast into a blood vessel for imaging purposes. Cobra catheter is a selective catheter used to catheterise downgoing vessels in the abdomen. Cobra catheters move forward by pushing and are removed by pulling. Sidewinder catheter is a selective catheter is used to navigate the aorta. Headhunter, Newton, Simmons, Bentson, and Berenstein catheters are used to navigate the into one of the three branches of the arch of aorta. Yashiro Catheter is a selective, hydrophilic catheter designed for optimal entry into celiac trunk. Whereas endothelial cell sampling through endovascular sampling with coils, stents, stent retrievers, or guidewires suffer from poor selectivity and a low or highly variable cell yield, a micro-3D-printed device adapted for endovascular techniques can harvest endothelial cells for transcriptomic analysis.

Balloon catheters

There are also balloon catheters used in angioplasty procedures such as plain balloon catheters that is useful in passing tight vessel stenosis, drug coated balloons that contains paclitaxel on the surface to prevent smooth muscle cells proliferation of the vessel walls, thus reducing the likehood of vessel blockage in the future, high pressure balloons that can open stubborn vessel stenoses in veins and arteriovenous fistula, and cutting balloon angioplasty that contains 3 to 4 small blades on its surface (endotomes) that helps to control the distribution of balloon dilatation more uniformly and cut through resistant stenosis due to fibrous scar tissue.

Dialysis catheters

There is no difference in achieving adequacy of blood flow, period of catheter usage, infection, and thromboembolism risk whether the dialysis catheter has step-tip, split-tip, or symmetrical tip. Palidrome catheter is superior to Permcath catheter in terms of maximum blood flow, dialysis adequacy, and annual patency rate. Similar to Permcath, Palidrome catheter has high infection and thromboembolism rate.

Adverse effects
In interventional procedures, Teflon catheters (which is hydrophobic) have higher risk of thrombus formation when compared to polyurethene catheters. The longer the duration of the catheter left inside the body, the higher the risk of thrombus formation. Larger catheters increases the risk of thrombus formation because largers catheters can block the flow of blood, increasing the risk of thrombus formation around the catheter.

"Any foreign object in the body carries an infection risk, and a catheter can serve as a superhighway for bacteria to enter the bloodstream or body", according to Milisa Manojlovich, a professor at the University of Michigan School of Nursing.

Catheters can be difficult to clean, and therefore harbor antibiotic resistant or otherwise pathogenic bacteria.

See also
 Cannula
 Foley catheter
 French catheter scale
 Gastrostomy
 G-Tube
 Jejunostomy
 Stent

References

External links

Catheter


La Lutte ('The Struggle') was a left-wing paper published (in French to get around print restrictions on Vietnamese) in Saigon, French-colonial Cochinchina (southern Vietnam), in the 1930s. It was launched ahead of the April–May 1933 Saigon municipal council election as a joint organ of the Indochinese Communist Party (PCI) and a grouping of Trotskyists (which became known as Nhom Tranh Dau, the 'Struggle Group', after La Lutte) and others who agreed to run a joint "Workers' slate" of candidates for the polls. This kind of cooperation between Trotskyists and Comintern-linked communists was a phenomenon unique to Vietnam. The editorial line of La Lutte avoided criticism of the USSR while supporting the demands of workers and peasants without regard to faction The supporters of La Lutte were known as lutteurs.

1933 election
La Lutte opposed both colonial rule and the Constitutionalist Party. The first issue of La Lutte was published on April 24, 1933. In the election the La Lutte grouping called its slate of candidates the 'Workers' List'. Two of the candidates of the Workers' List, Nguyen Van Tao and Tran Van Thach, were elected (there were six elected seats in total), but their election was invalidated in August 1933. Publication of La Lutte was discontinued after the election.

Revival
With the conciliation of the charismatic and independent revolutionary figure of Nguyen An Ninh, the collaboration was revived in October 1934. The editorial line agreed between the Party group and the Trotskyists was "struggle oriented against the colonial power and its constitutionalist allies, support of the demands of workers and peasants without regard to which of the two groups they were affiliated with, diffusion of classic Marxist thought, [and] rejection of all attacks against the USSR and against either current.".<ref>Hémery, Révolutionaires vietnamiens, p. 63</ref> The editorial board consisted of Nguyen An Ninh, Le Van Thu, Tran Van Thach (left-wing nationalists), Nguyen Van Tao, Duong Bach Mai, Nguyen Van Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Luu (Communist Party), and Ta Thu Thau, Ho Huu Tuong, Phan Van Huu, Phan Van Chang and Huynh Van Phuong (Trotskyists).  Edgar Ganofsky, a Frenchman from the island of Réunion who identified with the coolies among whom he lodged, lent his French citizenship and experience in publishing his own paper La Voix Libre [The Free Voice], in assuming official managerial responsibility for the newspaper.

The united front formed around La Lutte ran various campaigns and participated in elections. In the March 1935 Cochinchina assembly election, albeit with restricted suffrage and government interference, leftist candidates obtained 17% of the votes. There was a joint La Lutte candidate slate for the May 1935 municipal election, and Tran Van Thach, Nguyen Van Tao, Ta Thu Thau and Duong Bach Mai were elected. The election of the latter three was, however, invalidated. Moreover, the election was preceded by a controversy within the La Lutte alliance regarding the candidature of Duong Bach Mai, a Communist Party leader. He was labelled 'reformist' by Trotskyists, but defended by Ta Thu Thau. In late 1936 and 1937 the grouping organized various strikes.La Lutte gave a large amount of attention to political prisoners held by the French colonial regime and campaigned for an amnesty for political prisoners. Prisoners' protests were frequently reported in the pages of La Lutte.

Unwilling to further muzzle criticism of the "Stalinists" and the Communist Party, early in 1936 Ho Huu Tuong and Ngo Van withdrew from La Lutte. With the League of Internationalist Communists for the Construction of the Fourth International they began publication of their own weekly "organ of proletarian defence and Marxist combat," Le Militant.

Division over the Popular Front
The Communist Party members and the remaining Trotskyists around Ta Thu Thau divided in their response to the new Popular Front government in France, which had the support of the French Communist Party and the blessing of Moscow. Thau argued that the leftward shift in the French national Assembly had brought little change. He and other labour activists continued to be arrested, and preparations for a popular Indo-China congress in response to the government's promise of colonial consultation had been suppressed.

By 1937 the Ta Thu Thau tendency had become the dominant force in La Lutte. In May 1937 the Communist Party launched a new newspaper of its own, L'Avant Garde ('The Vanguard'), in which the Trotskyists were attacked. The split in La Lutte was finalized on June 14, 1937, when the Communist Party refused to support Thau's motion against the Popular Front government. The Trotskyists publicly blamed the French Communist Party for the break.

The fate of the lutteurs
With La Lutte now an openly Trotskyist paper, and with a Vietnamese-language edition (Tranh Dau), Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the Constitutionalists and the PCI's Democratic Front in the April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections. The partisans of the Fourth International, however, may have triumphed for reasons relatively mundane. In spite of their radical programme, the election could be understood, at least in part, as a tax payers' protest against the new national defence levy that the Communist Party, in the spirit of Franco-Soviet accord, had felt obliged to support.

Informing him of their "shining victory" over "the shameful coalition of the bourgeois of all types and the Stalinists", Phan Van Hum, Tran Van Thach, Ta Thu Thau and the group La Lutte "sent their affectionate Bolshevik-Leninist salutations" to Trotsky.

With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 Communists of every stripe were repressed. The French law of September 26, 1939, which legally dissolved the French Communist Party, was applied in Indochina to Stalinists and Trotskyists alike. The Indochinese Communist Party and the Trotskyist groups were driven completely underground.

In the general uprising in Saigon against the restoration of the French in September 1945, lutteurs formed a workers militia. The Trotskyist Ngô Văn records two hundred of these being "massacred" by the French, October 3, at the Thi Nghe bridge. Caught between the French and the Communist Viet Minh, there would be few survivors. Tạ Thu Thâu had been captured and executed by the Viet Minh some weeks before. Dương Bạch Mai, who had been among the Stalinists on the original editorial board of La Lutte'', led Vietminh security in hunting down his former colleagues on the paper. In October they captured and executed among others Nguyen Van Tien, the former managing editor, and Phan Văn Hùm. Edgar Ganovsky, after three years in colonial prisons, died in 1943.

References

Defunct newspapers published in Vietnam
French-language newspapers published in Asia
Mass media in Ho Chi Minh City
Newspapers established in 1933
Publications disestablished in 1939
Communist newspapers

La Lutte (newspaper)


Théodore Chabert (16 March 1758 – 17 April 1845) became a French brigade commander during the French Revolutionary Wars. He enlisted in the French Royal Army in 1774. He was promoted lieutenant colonel at the Siege of Lyon in 1793. He joined the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees as a general of brigade and led his troops at Boulou, the Black Mountain and Rosas. He served with the Army of the Alps from 1795 to 1798 when he was elected a member of the Council of Five Hundred. He missed the fighting in 1800. He opposed Napoleon's appointment as Consul for Life in 1802.

Chabert was sent to Spain as a brigade commander in 1808. When Pierre Dupont de l'Etang's corps was surrounded after the Battle of Bailén, Chabert was one of the French generals who negotiated the capitulation. For this, Napoleon threw him in prison after the Spanish released him. After some time, he was released but remained unemployed and watched by the police. Yet, in 1809 he was appointed Baron of the Empire. In 1814 Chabert volunteered his services and fought at Saint-Julien. During the Hundred Days Napoleon promoted him general of division and appointed him to lead the 5th National Guard Division in Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet's corps in the Alps. Under the Bourbon Restoration he was demoted. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 26.

References

1758 births
1845 deaths
French generals
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Members of the Council of Five Hundred
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Villefranche-sur-Saône
Barons of the First French Empire
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
People of the War of the First Coalition

Théodore Chabert


Herophilos (; ; 335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists. Born in Chalcedon, he spent the majority of his life in Alexandria. He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. He recorded his findings in over nine works, which are now all lost. The early Christian author Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 live prisoners; however, this account has been disputed by many historians. He is often seen as the father of anatomy.

Life
Herophilos was born in Chalcedon in Asia Minor (now Kadıköy, Turkey), c. 335 BC. Not much is known about his early life other than he moved to Alexandria at a fairly young age to begin his schooling.

As an adult Herophilos was a teacher, and an author of at least nine texts ranging from his book titled On Pulses, which explored the flow of blood from the heart through the arteries, to his book titled Midwifery, which discussed duration and phases of childbirth. In Alexandria, he practiced dissections, often publicly so that he could explain what he was doing to those who were fascinated. Erasistratus was his contemporary.  Together, they worked at a medical school in Alexandria that is said to have drawn people from all over the ancient world due to Herophilos's fame.

His works are lost but were much quoted by Galen in the second century AD. Herophilos was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. Dissections of human cadavers were banned in most places at the time, except for Alexandria. Celsus in De Medicina and the church leader Tertullian state that he vivisected at least 600 live prisoners, though this has been contested as Herophilos appeared to have believed the arteries contained very little blood which he wouldn't have believed had he performed live dissections.

After the death of Herophilos in 280 BC, his anatomical findings lived on in the works of other important physicians, notably Galen. Even though dissections were performed in the following centuries and medieval times, only a few insights were added. Dissecting with the purpose to gain knowledge about human anatomy started again in early modern times (Vesalius), more than 1600 years after Herophilos's death.

Medicine
Herophilos emphasised the use of the experimental method in medicine, for he considered it essential to found knowledge on empirical bases. He was a forerunner of the Empiric school of medicine, founded by Herophilos's pupil Philinus of Cos, which combined Herophilos's empirical impulses with critical tools borrowed from Pyrrhonist philosophy. However, the Empirics found Herophilos wanting, mounting two chief attacks against him:

 that anatomy was useless to the therapeutic and clinical practice of medicine, as demonstrated by Herophilos's own acceptance of humoral pathology.
 it was useless and epistemologically unsound to try to find causal explanations from the evident to the non-evident.

Conventional medicine of the time revolved around the theory of the four humors in which an imbalance between bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood led to sickness or disease. Veins were believed to be filled with blood and a mixture of air and water. Through dissections, Herophilus was able to deduce that veins carried only blood. After studying the flow of blood, he was able to differentiate between arteries and veins. He noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed. He worked out standards for measuring a pulse and could use these standards to aid him in diagnosing sicknesses or diseases. To measure this pulse, he made use of a water clock.

Herophilos's work on blood and its movements led him to study and analyse the brain. He proposed that the brain housed the intellect rather than the heart.  He was the first person to differentiate between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and to place individual importance on each portion. He looked more in depth into the network of nerves located in the cranium.

Herophilos was particularly interested in the eye. He described the optic nerve for seeing and the oculomotor nerve for eye movements. Through his dissection of the eye, he discovered its different sections and layers: the "skin" of the eyeball comprising the cornea (the clear part at the front of the eye through which light begins to be focussed into the eye) and sclera (the white of the eye), the iris (the colored part of the eye surrounding the pupil), the retina (containing the cells converting light into neural activity), and the choroid (a layer between the retina and the sclera comprising connective tissue and blood vessels nourishing the retina). Herophilos used the term retiform to describe the retina, from its resemblance to a casting net, giving the origin of the modern term.

Further study of the cranium led Herophilos to describe the calamus scriptorius, which he believed was the seat of the human soul.  Analysis of the nerves in the cranium allowed him to differentiate between nerves and blood vessels and to discover the differences between motor and sensory nerves. He believed that the sensory and motor nerves shot out from the brain and that the neural transmissions occurred by means of pneuma.  Part of Herophilos's beliefs about the human body involved the pneuma, which he believed was a substance that flowed through the arteries along with the blood. To make this consistent with medical beliefs at the time, Herophilos stated that diseases occurred when an excess of one of the four humors impeded the pneuma from reaching the brain.

Herophilos also introduced many other scientific terms used to this day to describe anatomical phenomena. He was among the first to introduce the notion of conventional terminology, as opposed to use of "natural names", using terms he created to describe the objects of study, naming them for the first time. A confluence of sinuses in the skull was originally named torcular Herophili after him.  Torcular is a Latin translation of Herophilos's label, ληνός - lenos, 'wine vat' or 'wine press'. He also named the duodenum, which is part of the small intestine. Other areas of his anatomical study include the liver, the pancreas, and the alimentary tract, as well as the salivary glands and genitalia.

Herophilos is credited with learning extensively about the physiology of the female reproductive system.  In his book Midwifery, he discussed phases and duration of pregnancy as well as causes for difficult childbirth.  The aim of this work was to help midwives and other doctors of the time more fully understand the process of procreation and pregnancy. He is also credited with the discovery of the ovum,  and was the first to make a scientific description of what would later be called Skene's gland, for which in 2001 the term female prostate was accepted as a second term.

Herophilos believed that exercise and a healthy diet were integral to an individual's bodily health. He once said that "when health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal itself, art cannot become manifest, strength cannot be exerted, wealth is useless, and reason is powerless".

See also
Timeline of medicine and medical technology
Alcmaeon of Croton

References

Sources
 von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria. Cambridge University Press, 1989
Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Classical Dictionary. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 699.
"Herophilus", Encyclopedia of World Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, 1999): 1719 Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov. 2008.
"On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain with Special Reference to the Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol. 6, (Oct., 1868) 336.
 Galen. On the natural faculties. Brock A. J. (trans.) Heinemann, London 1916. p. xii, 233

Further reading

History of neuroscience
Greek anatomists
Ancient Chalcedonians
4th-century BC Greek physicians
335 BC births
280 BC deaths
Ancient ophthalmologists
3rd-century BC Greek physicians

Herophilos


Princess Maria Carolina Christina of Bourbon-Parma, Marchioness of Sala (born 23 June 1974), is the fourth and youngest child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma. She is a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma as well an extended member of the Dutch royal family. Per a 1996 royal decree issued by Queen Beatrix, she is entitled to the style and title Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Carolina de Bourbon de Parme in The Netherlands as a member of the extended royal family.

Early life

Princess Carolina was born at 23 June 1974 in Nijmegen. She has two older brothers, Prince Carlos, the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma, and Prince Jaime. She also has one older sister, Princess Margarita. She was baptised at the Castle of Lignières in France with Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Princess Christina of the Netherlands and Princess Marie des Neiges of Bourbon-Parma as her godparents.

In 1981, when she was six, her parents decided to divorce. She moved together with her mother and her brothers and sister to Soest, Netherlands, nearby the then residence of her grandparents the former Queen of the Netherlands Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Later on they lived for a while in a villa at Wijk bij Duurstede.

Education and career
Princess Carolina studied political science at University of Amsterdam and Harvard University, and also has an M.Sc. in Forced Migration from the University of Oxford. She has had a career at the United Nations. For this organisation she was stationed at the UN headquarters in New York City, as well as problematic areas such as Eritrea, the Gaza Strip, and in Acheh (Indonesia) after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. She is currently employed at the United Nations in Geneva, in the Organisation for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Marriage
On 9 January 2012, it was announced Carolina would marry Albert Alphons Ludgerus Brenninkmeijer, (born 16 May 1974), a member of the wealthy Brenninkmeijer family. The civil marriage took place on 21 April 2012 at Wijk bij Duurstede. The church wedding took place at the San Miniato al Monte on 16 June 2012 in Florence, Italy. The couple have two children, a daughter and a son:
 Alaïa-Maria Irene Cécile Brenninkmeijer, born 20 May 2014 in Zurich, Switzerland. She had a double christening with her cousin Princess Zita Clara of Bourbon-Parma on 4 October 2014 at Noordwijk aan Zee in the Netherlands. Her godparents are Princess Margarita of Bourbon-Parma, Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands, Philippe Brenninkmeijer and Silvia Brenninkmeijer-Arboli.
 Xavier Albert Alphons Brenninkmeijer, born 16 December 2015 in Zurich, Switzerland.

Other activities

The princess has been seen regularly at important events of the royal house of the Netherlands. In 2001 she was one of the maids of honor at the wedding of Prince Constantijn and Petra Laurentien Brinkhorst; and during the baptism of their daughter, Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, she was the godmother of the child. She was a witness at the church wedding of her cousin Prince Floris of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven, and in 2010, was named as the godmother of Floris' second child, Eliane.

Titles, styles and honours
Already a ducal princess from birth, her father bestowed the substantive title Marchesa di Sala (Marchioness of Sala) upon her on 2 September 1996. In 1996 she was incorporated into the Dutch nobility by her aunt Queen Beatrix, with the highest title of nobility Prinses de Bourbon de Parme (Princess of Bourbon-Parma) and styled Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid (Her Royal Highness). She does not belong to the House of Orange-Nassau or the limited Dutch royal house, but as a granddaughter of Queen Juliana and first cousin of the present King Willem-Alexander, she is officially a member of the more extended Dutch royal family.

Honours
  Ducal Family of Parma: Knight of the Parmese Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
  Ducal Family of Parma: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Louis for Civil Merit
 : Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Investiture Medal

Ancestry

References

External links

Official website of the House of Bourbon-Parma
Second official website of the House of Bourbon-Parma
Biography of Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Carolina

1974 births
People from Nijmegen
Harvard University alumni
Princesses of Bourbon-Parma
Dutch princesses
Italian nobility
20th-century Spanish nobility
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Amsterdam alumni

Princess Carolina de Bourbon de Parme


Tengrism is a shamanistic indigenous pagan religion of the Turkic peoples.

Deity
The highest deity of the religion is Khan Tengri  (Sky God). Because of the importance of this deity, the religion has the features of monotheism. There are also part of the religion that are polytheistic and animistic.

Relation with shamanism
The relationship to Shamanism is the subject of controversy. According to some, the Tengrist cult of heaven and shamanism are two different traditions. According to others, this cult existed as a part of shamanism. There is no male circumcision in Tengrism. Parents who become believers in Modern Tengrisim do not circumcise their male children.

Today
Modern Tengrism started at the time of the end of the Soviet Union in the intellectual circles of the Turkish peoples in Central Asia. It is most common with the Tatars, Kazakhs and Kyrgyz people. A return to the surviving traditions is also taking place in Yakutia and Tuva. Similar movements also exists in Turkey.

References

paganism
Turkish culture

Tengrism


Ray Broadus Browne (; January 15, 1922 – October 22, 2009), was an American educator, author, and founder of the academic study of popular culture in the United States. He was Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Bowling Green State University (BGSU) in Bowling Green, Ohio. He founded the first (and only) academic Department of Popular Culture at BGSU in 1972, and is the founding editor of the Journal of Popular Culture, the Journal of American Culture, and the Popular Press (a university-based press that published hundreds of books on popular culture). He also founded the Library for Popular Culture Studies (BPCL) at BGSU (which today bears his name), the Popular Culture Association, and the American Culture Association. His particular area of specialization was American popular literature, and he was an authority on Herman Melville, Mark Twain, the popular culture surrounding Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War, and the influence of Shakespeare on American popular music.

Early life
Ray Browne was born in Millport, Alabama on January 15, 1922, the youngest of four children. His father, Garfield Browne, was a bank manager and later bank president of various small-town banks in the south. Browne's mother was Anne Nola Browne (née Trull). The family moved on numerous occasions during Browne's early life as his father sought new opportunities in banking. Browne lived for short periods of time in Arkansas and Florida, and for longer periods in Epes, Alabama and, off and on, in Millport, Alabama. The family finally settled in Millport, where Browne graduated from high school. Browne's father lost his bank, his job, and his life savings in the stock market crash of 1929, and he grew up in poverty during the Great Depression.

College and World War II
Browne attended the University of Alabama due to the encouragement of a high school teacher, Elbert Coleman, and the financial support of his sister Joan. Following graduation, he immediately entered the U.S. Army and served in an artillery corps in the European theater in World War II. His unit entered Europe at Marseille and was part of the allied thrust that drove the Germans back into Germany. His corps was in Germany at the war's end.

Following the war, Browne was one of thousands of GIs who stayed in Europe for a year. He studied Shakespeare and early Greek philosophy at the University of Birmingham and literature at the University of Nottingham in England.

Early academic life
Browne returned to the United States and entered the master's program at Columbia University, graduating with a degree in Victorian literature. From there he took a faculty position in English at the University of Nebraska, where he was influenced by recently retired folklorist Louise Pound. Following two years of teaching, he entered the Ph.D. program in English at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1950. His two mentors at UCLA were the famed Americanist Leon Howard and well-known folklorist Wayland Hand. Browne's dissertation was on the topic of Alabama folksongs. His dissertation was later turned into a book entitled The Alabama Folk Lyric: A Study in the Origins and Media of Dissemination (1979). He received his Ph.D. in 1956.

Upon graduation from UCLA, Browne took a job as an assistant professor at the University of Maryland. He served on the faculty for four years before moving to Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana in 1960. His years at Purdue were distinguished by significant professional advancement. He published numerous books in the area of American culture and literature that would lay the foundation for his later works, including Critical Approaches to American Literature: Roger Williams to Herman Melville (1965, with Martin Light), New Voices in American Studies (1966, with Donald Winkleman and Allen Hayman), and Frontiers of American Culture (1967, with Richard Crowder, Virgil Lokke, and William Stafford). His years at Purdue were also marked by a growing conviction that English departments were not teaching a wide enough spectrum of literature. In particular, Browne believed that popular literature was unduly ignored (and denigrated) by traditional academics. In 1967, Browne moved to the Department of English at Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio, where he saw an opportunity to begin teaching courses in popular culture and American culture on a wide scale.

Primary academic life
In his early years at B.G.S.U., Browne founded the Journal of Popular Culture (JPC) in 1967 and the Center for the Study of Popular Culture in 1968. JPC was the first peer-reviewed journal for scholarly work in the area of popular culture. His early efforts in the Department of English led in 1973 to the establishment of a separate Department of Popular Culture which began by offering an M.A. program, followed by the establishment of the undergraduate major a year later. This department was the first formal attempt to promote serious scholarly inquiry into what most people do with most of their free time. The Department of Popular Culture quickly grew and continues to flourish at B.G.S.U. today.

Browne was named a Distinguished University Professor at BGSU in 1977 and taught there until his retirement in 1992.

In 1970, Browne founded the Popular Press to publish books on popular culture and the popular arts. His wife Pat soon became the manager of the press and was the driving force through its growth as the premier publishing outlet for academic books on popular culture until her retirement in 2002. At that point the Popular Press was acquired by the University of Wisconsin Press.

In 1969, Browne founded and began to develop the Popular Culture Library at B.G.S.U. This library now holds 190,000 catalogued books and many hundreds of thousands of additional materials (e.g., comic books, fanzines, photos, games, postcards, posters). It is one of the most important collections of popular culture artifacts in the world. The library is now named the Ray and Pat Browne Popular Culture Library.

In 1970, Browne founded the Popular Culture Association as an organization to promote the study of popular culture. In 1979, he founded the American Culture Association to promote specifically the study of American culture, and the same year was founding editor of the Journal of American Culture.

In 1971, Browne organized the first national conference of the Popular Culture Association. This conference showcased the broad conceptual thinking and foundational ideas that would lead to the widespread teaching of popular culture at American and international universities. The conference grew quickly in size and participation, and for many years has featured the presentation of more than 2000 academic papers at each conference. The 2009 conference in New Orleans marked the 39th annual conference.

In 1979, Browne helped organize the first national conference of the American Culture Association. This conference is held in conjunction with the Popular Culture Association Conference and marked its 30th anniversary with the 2009 conference.

Browne had numerous colleagues with whom he worked in developing the academic study of popular culture, including Russel B. Nye of Michigan State University, Marshall Fishwick of Virginia Tech, Carl Bode of the University of Maryland, John Cawelti of the University of Chicago, Michael Marsden of Bowling Green State University (now Academic Vice President at St. Norbert College), Daniel Walden of Penn State University, and Peter Rollins of Oklahoma State University.

Works
Ray Browne's works through the years laid the conceptual foundations for the study of popular culture. Among his key foundational works are his essay "Popular Culture: Notes Toward a Definition", which first appeared in the book Popular Culture and Curricula (1972, edited by Ray Browne and Ronald Ambrosetti), and books such as Popular Culture and the Expanding Consciousness (1973), Challenges in American Culture (1970, with Larry Landrum and W.K. Bottorff), The Popular Culture Explosion (1972, with David Madden), Heroes of Popular Culture (1972, with Marshall Fishwick and Michael Marsden), Icons of Popular Culture (1970, with Marshall Fishwick), Icons of America (1978, with Marshall Fishwick), Rituals and Ceremonies in Popular Culture (1980), Objects of Special Devotion: Fetishism in Popular Culture (1982), Against Academia (Popular Press, 1989; a semi-autobiographical book), Dominant Symbols in Popular Culture (1990, with Marshall Fishwick and Kevin O. Browne), Continuities in Popular Culture: The Present in the Past & the Past in the Present and Future (1993, with Ronald Ambrosetti), Popular Culture Studies Across the Curriculum (2005), Profiles of Popular Culture: A Reader (2005), and Mission Underway: The History of the Popular Culture Association/American Culture Association and the Popular Culture Movement 1967–2001 (2002).

Other books of note by Ray Browne include Melville's Drive to Humanism (1971), Popular Beliefs and Practices from Alabama (1958), Dimensions of Detective Fiction (1976, with Larry Landrum and Pat Browne), A Night With the Hants & Other Alabama Folk Experiences (1976), The Many Tongues of Literacy (1992), Ordinary Reactions to Extraordinary Events (2001, with Arthur Neal), The Detective as Historian: History and Art in Historical Crime Fiction (2000, with Lawrence Kreiser), and The Guide to United States Popular Culture (2001, with Pat Browne), among many others.

Browne also published hundreds of essays and articles in academic journals and published hundreds of book reviews, most notably in the Journal of American Culture.

International conferences and travel
As a means of promoting the academic study of popular culture internationally, Ray and Pat Browne organized numerous conferences in the United Kingdom from 1978 until 2001. These included a 1978 conference at Chichester, a 1980 conference at Winchester, 1993 at York, 1995 at Oxford, 1997 at York, 1999 at Cambridge, and 2001 at Cambridge.

In addition to their international conferences, Ray and Pat made two round-the-world trips on behalf of the U.S. State Department to promote the study of American popular culture. Their travels led them to the Soviet Union, India, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand.

The term "popular culture"

Ray Browne was credited with coining the term "popular culture" in 1967; however, he did not originate this term. In 1973, Browne created the first academic program dedicated to studying popular culture at Bowling Green University. Browne created this program because he wanted to know the effects of society on culture and the effects of culture on society. Browne stressed to scholars that it was important to learn about the irrelevant changes in peoples' lives. However, many scholars criticized Browne for trying to belittle their teachings when he created the "popular culture department". Browne's work inspired other universities to offer classes that explore popular culture.

Publicity
Browne's work in popular culture was recognized not only in academia, but also by news organizations. Through the years he appeared twice on the CBS Evening News, twice on the Phil Donahue Show, twice on the Geraldo Rivera Show, and on BBC News, and was quoted in hundreds of magazines and newspapers including Newsweek, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Chicago Tribune, People, and many others.

Personal life and death
Browne married Olwyn Carmen Orde in 1952. They had three children: Glenn (born 1956), Kevin (born 1958), and Rowan (born 1961). Olwyn and Rowan were killed in an automobile accident in 1964.

Browne was re-married in 1965 to Alice Maxine (Pat) Matthews (born 1932). They had a daughter, Alicia (born 1967). Pat helped Browne develop the popular culture movement through her management of the Popular Press and her role as a principal organizer of the Popular Culture Association and American Culture Association conferences and the international popular culture conferences from the 1970s until her retirement in 2002. She also edited the scholarly journal Clues: A Journal of Detection for many years. Ray and Pat together edited the compendium volume The Guide to United States Popular Culture (Popular Press, 2001).

Ray and Pat Browne lived in retirement in Bowling Green, Ohio where Browne continued to write and serve as book review editor for the Journal of American Culture until his death.

Browne died in his home in Bowling Green, Ohio on October 22, 2009.

Notes

References
 Hoppenstand, Gary, "Ray and Pat Browne: Scholars of Everyday Life" in Pioneers in Popular Culture (Popular Press, 1999).

External links
 Conversations with Scholars of American Popular Culture. Featured Guest: Ray B. Browne
 Washington Post: Professor saw the potential in studying pop culture

1922 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American educators
People from Lamar County, Alabama
Place of death missing
People from Bowling Green, Ohio
Educators from Ohio
Bowling Green State University faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II

Ray B. Browne


Matšitšileng, also known as Wisconcin, is a village Next to Ga-Mathapo(Ga-Matlala) in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality of the Waterberg District Municipality of the Limpopo province of South Africa.  It is situated about 110 km northwest of Polokwane and Mokopane.

Many former residents of Matšitšileng have moved to urban areas such as Mokopane, Polokwane, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg and other urban centres. Matšitšileng continues to rely on traditional farming and livestock farming.

Demographics
The language spoken in Matšitšileng is Northern Sotho (commonly referred to as "Sepedi"). Although there is some ethnic diversity, like Tsongas (the Ndlovus, Mokwenas and the like), most of the people call themselves Bakone under Kgosi Matlala in Bavaria Ga-Mathapo, though he is not the King of Matšitšileng. The bona-fide king of the village is Kgoši Mmatšhaka of the Batlokwa tribe, though the inhabitants of Matšitšileng respect Kgoši Matlala for his position as a King of the Matlala area.

On 27 December 2016, the people of Matšitšileng went to the polls and elected Mr Lesetja Modiba (commonly known as "Afrika") to be their new Induna for a fixed term of five years.

Schools
 Mafasa High School
 Ratinke Primary School, formerly known as Matšitšileng Community Comprehensive School

The people of Matšitšileng have embraced education as the key factor to the success of every family. However, there are no institutions of higher learning in Matšitšileng. Those who wish to further their studies have to go to Mahwelereng or Seshego for a teacher's diploma, or Mankweng for the University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus) for other qualifications, while some opt for Gauteng and job hunting.

Employment
Seventy-eight percent of the people in Matjitjileng are teachers, 6% in the military, 2% police, 2% health, 2% other and 10% unemployed (stats to be verified).

Infrastructure
There is some infrastructure in Matjitjileng. The roads are mostly graveled roads and some were created by cattle tracks over centuries. There is one visible road that crosses Matjitjileng from Ga-Thapedi supermarket and post office. Matšitšileng does not have a source of water like a river. Back in the days before people started having their own boreholes, they used to get water from the local well next to the famous Ga-Mahlatjie property (sedibeng) and the community borehole (pomping ya setshaba). Now there is a water supply, thanks to a government initiative.

Ga-Thapedi was a white-owned store where the locals used to buy anything from salt to school uniforms, wedding gowns and suits.  It was known as Treves as it was a postal area code. The post office has now been moved to Ga-Mathapo, but the postal code (0618) still remains the same.

References

Populated places in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality

Matsitsileng


Northern Spirit Radio (NSR) is an organization founded in Eau Claire, Wisconsin by Mark Helpsmeet that creates radio programs. According to NSR's website, "NSR promotes world healing by broadcasting inspirational and educational voices of peace and social justice, using the language of personal story, music, and spirituality."

History

Creating the show
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) opened a filing window for obtaining low power FM (LPFM) radio licenses in January 2000. An environmental and activist organization by the name of Northern Thunder in Eau Claire, Wisconsin applied for an LPFM for the local station called WHYS Radio. The FCC granted the license, and, once the headquarters for the station were completed, they began broadcasting in spring 2005.

During discussion about potential programs to be included in the station's schedule, the possibility of a Sunday program related to spirituality and social action was raised, and local Quaker activist Mark Helpsmeet's name was suggested as a potential host.

Shortly thereafter, Helpsmeet had asked for and began meeting with a clearness committee to help discern his future work. A proposal to create programming for WHYS Radio was submitted, and with the clearness committee's support, and with support from the general community, the WHYS Radio programming committee eventually agreed to the offer of two one-hour-long weekly programs by Helpsmeet. On July 26, 2005, Eau Claire Friends Meeting (ECFM), a local monthly meeting that Helpsmeet had been part of, united in creating a support committee for NSR and in taking the work under the care of ECFM.

Early stages
Helpsmeet first created NSR's first program, "Spirit in Action", which aired on July 31, 2005. His next program, "Song of the Soul", followed and aired on August 14 of the same year. The shows respectively feature a variety of people who dedicate themselves to lives "of fruitful service, of peace, community, compassion, creative action and progressive efforts" and songs that describe people's spiritual journeys through life that have truly spoken to them in their depths. For the first year of NSR programming, a support committee was provided by ECFM. ECFM then requested a support committee (which is also known as an "anchoring committee") from the regional association of Quakers with which ECFM is affiliated, Northern Yearly Meeting. Northern Yearly Meeting's Ministry and Nurture Committee appointed a support committee, which Helpsmeet met with regularly until the anchoring function shifted back to ECFM in 2013.

After two years of making programs, Helpsmeet made NSR programs available for syndication. WDRT and WIDE-LP were among the first stations to start carrying the shows, with KLOI-LP Lopez Island Community Radio and WKNH of Keene State College following close behind. Several more stations began carrying NSR programs when the shows started being shared on The Pacifica AudioPort in 2008.

Incorporation and nonprofit status
In 2012, the anchoring committee and Helpsmeet met and decided that it was time for NSR to move forward and become incorporated. A board of directors was established and Northern Spirit Radio was incorporated in Wisconsin on May 17, 2013.

Following its incorporation, the NSR board of directors prepared and submitted an application for 501(c)(3) status, which the IRS approved in July 2014.

Broadcasting locations
As of February 2015, NSR airs on approximately 20 stations across the United States, including three in California and Wisconsin, two in Iowa, Vermont, and Washington, and others in Colorado, Missouri, New York, and Virginia.

International connections
While NSR is based in Wisconsin, the station follows stories of social justice and peace from across the world. Helpsmeet has interviewed people from Australia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cuba, England, Estonia, Israel, and Rwanda. Since the broadcasts are made available online via NSR's official website and podcasts, its following is worldwide.

Activism
NSR has featured many guests on "Spirit in Action" that focus on current social issues faced by people across the United States and around the rest of the world. Education, racial and gender equality, equal marriage, environmentalism, and the conflicts in the Middle East only encompass a few topics that the show covers. Some examples of interviews that include these themes are "Fruitful Lesbian Lives", "War Taxes, Injustice in Palestine, Racism - A Life of Faith, Joy, & Service", and "Protecting Oklahoma from the Keystone XL Pipeline".

Musicians
The Song of the Soul program typically features interviews with a wide range of musicians, some nationally known, some known primarily within limited circles. Nationally known performers have included Cris Williamson, Peggy Seeger, Red Grammer, Gordon Bok, Kim and Reggie Harris, Peter Alsop, Bob Franke, Fred Small, David Rovics, Charlie King, Susan Werner, Magpie, Sonny Ochs, Carrie Newcomer, among many others.

Spirituality
NSR programs highlight, in addition to the activism or musical aspects of the guests, exploration of their religious or spiritual beliefs, motivations, or practices. Occasionally this has included guests who are especially known for their theological studies and writings, like John Shelby Spong, Marcus Borg, Jack Nelson-Pallmeyer, Gary Dorrien, Philip Gulley, Ken Stone, and others.

References

External links

WHYS Eau Claire Community Radio

2005 establishments in Wisconsin
Organizations based in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Organizations established in 2005
Radio organizations in the United States

Northern Spirit Radio


Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi Temple (Malayalam: ഇരുംകുളങ്ങര ദുര്‍ഗ്ഗാദേവി ക്ഷേത്രം) is a Hindu temple in Thottam, Manacaud, Manacaud P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It is about 1.8 kilometres to the southwest of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram city.

Geography

It is located at.

History

The abode of Sree Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi is one of the most ancient temples in Kerala. The temple is located on the bank of two ponds from where it got its name: "irum" means two and "kulam" means pond.
It is believed that the temple has a relationship with the famous Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple, one of the famous temples in Thiruvananthapuram. In ancient times, priests from Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple are believed to arrive at Irumkulangara by country boats for performing pooja and rituals.

Events and architecture

Unlike other Durga devi temples, rituals like Thottampaattu and Ottam are restricted here. Red coloured flowers, except thetti, are banned. Other flowers such as tulsi, jasmine, lotus, Nandyarvattom, etc. are used.

A kavu (small forest patch) which houses the serpent Gods is common in Travancore. The pond in front of the temple gives a beautiful reflection of it. The Temple Thanthri Brahmasree Tharananalloor Parameshwaran Namboodiripad (same as Sree Padmanabhaswamy and Koodalmanikyam temples) and now the temple is under the control of Sree Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple Trust.

It was renovated with a new  and  which is an excellent example of Kerala Vasthu Vidya and temple architecture in the new age. The renovation was carried out under the guidance of Vastu Shasthra expert Kanippayyur Krishnan Namboodiripad; the temple architect was Manacaud S Narayanamoorthy and it was inaugurated by Sree Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma Maharaja of Travancore on 25 December 2009.

Deities and sub-deities

The Goddess Durga is the main deity in this temple. One important aspect of the temple is that the deity appears as Durgabhagavathi, an avatar of AdiParasakthi. Karthika is considered as the star of the deity.

There are many  (sub-deities) adjacent to the temple, and it has remaded, according to the Deva Prashnam by expert astrologers recently.

The main upadevathas on the premises are

 Lord Ganesh
 Nagaraja
 Brahm Rakshas
 Bhairava Moorthy
 Madan Thampuran
 Navagraha

We can see a kavu (grove) which houses the serpent gods and is common in Travancore. The temple kavu was awarded by Kerala Government Department of Forest and Wildlife as one of the best maintained.

In 2011,the temple created a Nakshtravanam (trees relating to birth stars) on the premises.

Darshan

 Morning - 5:00 to 10.00
 Evening - 5.00 to 8.00

Festivals

The Painkuni Mahothsavam, the major festival of the temple, is mostly held in the month of March, lasts for 10 days and ends with Pongala and Ezhunnallathu. In 2023, Painkuni Mahothsavam was from 17 -26 March. The main Ulsavam was on 26 March 2023.

The other festivals in this temple are:

 Mandala Vratham — Festival in connection with the annual Utsavam of Sabarimala.
 Vinayaka Chathurthi — Pooja to the Lord Ganapathy.
 Pooja Vaypu — Identical to Dussera festival (Saraswathy Pooja and Vidyarambham).
 Karthika — Kazhchakula Samarpanam, Navakabhishekam, Karthika Pongala, Annadhanam (all months).
 Ayilya Pooja — Milk, flowers etc. offered to serpent god and special rites. Monthly Pooja in Ayilyam day except in the months of Mithunam and Karkidakom.
 Ayilyolsavam — Nagaroottu and Sarpabali in the month of Thulam by Pambumekkattumana Karanavar Brhamasri P S Sreedharan Namboodiripad.
 Ramayana Parayanam and BhagavathiSeva — All days of Karkidakom (evening).
 Vavu Bali — In the month of Karkidakom.

Education aid

On all Vidyarambham day evening, Irumkulangara Durga Bhagavathi Temple and its devotees give cash awards to SSLC and Plus Two economically backward students living around the temple based on merit. For this, the temple has an education fund and most of the devotees give cash prizes in memory of their relatives.

Transportation

Road
KSRTC Central Bus station is near the Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station. There are so many bus services available for travel to other cities. Have to get down at either manacaud or kamaleswaram. Privately owned and KSRTC buses plying in the Kovalam route from East Fort pass through Manacaud and Kamaleswaram.

Rail
The nearest railway station is at Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station railway station about 3.5 km from the temple.

Air
Trivandrum International Airport, about 3 km away from temple.

See also
 Parvathi
 Thottam, Manacaud
 Kamaleswaram Mahadeva Temple
 List of Hindu temples in Kerala
 Temples of Kerala

References

External links
 About Irum Kulanagara Durga Devi Temple
 About Manacaud
Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple
I Irumkulangara Temple

Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district
Durga temples
Devi temples in Kerala

Irumkulangara Durga Devi Temple


David Luff (born 1969), is a former senior journalist with the Sydney-based, Rupert Murdoch-owned newspaper The Daily Telegraph, and a former senior media adviser to the then Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard.

Prior to the 2007 Australian election, he was the subject of some media attention with admirers wearing "I love Luffy" T-shirts.

After the 2007 election David went to work as the media adviser to Australian telecommunication company, Telstra.

Effective 2 November 2009, David Luff joined Rio Tinto in the new role of chief adviser, Media Relations, Australia Asia, based in Melbourne.

References

Australian journalists
Living people
1969 births

David Luff


Thomas G. Courtney (born 24 September 1947) was the Iowa State Senator from the 44th District of Iowa and served as the majority whip.

Biography
Courtney was born on September 24, 1947, in Burlington, Iowa and grew up in Wapello, Iowa. He graduated from Wapello High School.

After graduating, Courtney served six years in the U.S. Air Force as an air traffic controller. He worked for the Case/New Holland Co. in Burlington, and served six years as bargaining chair for UAW Local 807 and was the union production safety representative from 1988 until retirement in 2002.

Courtney served as Southeast Iowa Community Action Program chair, as well as eight years on the Burlington School Board, with six years as its president. He is the former chairman of the Burlington Civil Service Commission. Courtney served on the Iowa Judicial Nominating Commission, and he currently serves on the Regional Workforce Development Board for Region 16, and is a member of AMVETS. He served on steering committee for Community Health Center of Southeast Iowa and Heartland Center for Occupational Health and Safety Board. Courtney is a past chair of the Des Moines County Democrats.

Personal life
Courtney is married to his wife Nancy. He has one son, two daughters, and four grandchildren.

Courtney married his first wife, Donna, in 1966. She died August 24, 2008.

Courtney's family has a history of heart problems. He has had heart bypass surgery 3 times, most recently in 2013.

Iowa State Senate
Courtney represented district 44 in southeastern Iowa and served as the majority whip of the Iowa State Senate. He is a member of the Iowa Democratic Party.

Courtney serves on several committees in the Iowa Senate - the Agriculture committee; the Commerce committee; the Rules and Administration committee; the Labor and Business Relations committee, where he is vice chair; and the Government Oversight committee, where he is chair.

Courtney was first elected in 2002. He was re-elected in 2008, & 2012.

Courtney was defeated in his reelection bid in 2016.

Electoral history
2008: Defeated David Kerr 60%-40%

2012: Defeated Brad Bourn 57%-43%

2016: Defeated by Thomas Greene 53%-47%

References

External links
Senator Thomas G. Courtney official Iowa Legislature site
Senator Thomas G. Courtney official Iowa General Assembly site
State Senator Tom Courtney official constituency site

Democratic Party Iowa state senators
Living people
Politicians from Burlington, Iowa
Place of birth missing (living people)
1947 births
Air traffic controllers
21st-century American politicians

Thomas G. Courtney


Timeline for Music of Italy

Dates for musical periods such as Baroque, Classical, Romantic, etc. are somewhat arbitrary.

All dates are CE.

c. 100-c. 500 Early Christian era
c. 230 — Alleluia melodies heard in Rome.
313 — The Roman Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, granting Roman Christians freedom to worship.
386 — St. Ambrose introduces vigils and popular psalmody in Milan.
c. 425 — Pope Celestine I officially introduces the responsorial singing of a Gradual psalm in the Roman Mass.
c. 425 — Cassian, Bishop of Brescia, adapts Egyptian monastic psalmody to Western usage.
476 — Rome falls to the Ostrogoths, which is often used to mark the beginning of the Middle Ages.
c. 495 — Boethius writes the De institutione musica, which becomes the standard - if somewhat inaccurate - textbook on the Ancient Greek musical scales.
c. 500-c. 1400 Italian Medieval Music.
c. 530 — St. Benedict arranges the weekly order of monastic psalmody in his Rule.
530-609 — Venantius Fortunatus creates some of Christianity's most enduring hymns, including "Vexilla regis prodeunt," later the most popular hymn of the Crusades.
536 — Under Justinian's orders, Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths and reestablishes Byzantine rule in Italy.  Northern Italy soon falls to the Lombards.
590-604 — Reign of Pope Gregory the Great, who reformed Church bureaucracy and unified the liturgy.  Carolingian chant would later, somewhat misleadingly, be called Gregorian chant in his honor.
c. 650 — The Roman schola cantorum, the trained papal choir, is founded.
c. 700 — Pope Sergius I introduces the Agnus dei into the Roman Mass.
early 8th century — The Roman Stational Mass is recorded, in which the Pope presided over Masses in a series of cities.
785-6 — At Charlemagne's request, Pope Hadrian I sends a papal sacramentary with Roman chant, which only includes certain major holy days, to the Carolingian court in Francia.  Charlemagne assigns Alcuin the task of completing an official compendium of Roman chants for the whole year.  This led to the introduction of Gallican elements into the Roman chant cycle, creating Carolingian chant, later called Gregorian chant.
mid-9th century — Moslems invade Italy, taking Sicily and pressing as far north as Rome.
998 - Pope Gregory V requests a copy of the Reichenau sacramentary, typifying the collapse of the manuscript tradition in Italy and the power shift to the Ottonian Holy Roman Empire.
11th century — The first extant Ambrosian chants are written down.  The Milanese chronicler Landulphus relates the tale that Charlemagne placed a Gregorian and an Ambrosian sacramentary side by side on an altar.  When they both flew open together, it was a sign that both traditions were valid.  Milanese chant is the only non-Gregorian chant tradition to survive in the West.
1014 — At his imperial coronation Mass, the German Holy Roman Emperor Henry II asks for the Credo to be sung, as was the custom in German Masses.  This was the last of the ordinary chants to be added to the Roman Mass.
c. 1020 — Guido d'Arezzo describes the musical staff, solmization, and the Guidonian hand in his Micrologus.  This early form of do-re-mi created a technical revolution in the speed at which chants could be learned, memorized, and transmitted.
1058 — Pope Stephen IX outlaws the local Beneventan chant of Benevento and Montecassino.
1197-1250 — Frederick II, the last great Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, encourages music at the Sicilian court.  Sicily becomes a refuge for troubadours displaced by the Albigensian Crusade and a melting pot of Christian, Jewish, and Muslim musical styles.
13th century — The local chant tradition of Rome, which scholars now call Old Roman chant, gives way to Gregorian chant.
1209-29 — The Albigensian Crusade.  Supposedly to attack Cathar heretics, it brought southern France under northern French control and crushed Occitan culture and language.  Most troubadours fled, especially to Spain and Italy.
c. 1250-1350 — Italian flagellants develop the Italian folk hymns known as spiritual laude.
mid-13th century — Sordello of Mantua active as a trovatore, an Italian troubadour.
1265-1321 — Dante Alighieri.  Dante champions the poetic use of the vernacular tongue.  Strongly influenced by troubadour culture, he analyzed the troubadour verse forms, included troubadours and trovatori in the Divine Comedy, and strongly considered writing in Occitan rather than Tuscan.
1304-74 — The Italian poet Petrarch, whose poems were frequently set to music.
1317-c. 1319 — Marchettus of Padua writes major treatises on plainchant and polyphony, expounding a theory of rhythmic notation that paved the way for trecento (Italian ars nova) music.
c. 1335 — The Rossi Codex, the earliest extant collection of Italian secular polyphony, and a major source of early trecento music, including examples of early madrigals, cacce, and ballate.
c. 1360 — Death of Jacopo da Bologna, the first famous trecento composer.
c. 1360 — The Ivrea Codex, a major source of late trecento music.
c. 1397 — Death of Landini, the famous blind trecento composer, known for his characteristic "Landini cadence."
c. 1411 — Death of Johannes Ciconia, the first northern European of stature to compose music in the Italian style.  He synthesized the French and Italian styles, presaging the "international" music typical of the Renaissance.
1410-1415 — Compilation of the Squarcialupi Codex, the largest source of trecento music.
c. 1400-c. 1600 Italian Renaissance Music.
c. 1420-c. 1490 — Composition of polyphonic music enters a slow period.  More great Italian performers than composers are known from this time.  Rise of the influential d'Este and Medici political dynasties.
1446 — Death of Leonardo Giustinian, noble performer and anthologist.
1454-5 — The Peace of Lodi shifts the balance of power among the powerful families of northern Italy.
1470s — Franco-Flemish composers such as Josquin and Compère are hired as professional musicians in the courts of Milan.
c. 1480-c. 1520 — The light, courtly music known as the frottola flourishes in the Mantuan court of Isabella d'Este, composed by such composers as Marchetto Cara and Bartolomeo Tromboncino.
c. 1500 — The witty, earthy songs of the Florentine carnival, the canti carnascialeschi, are in vogue.
1501 — Ottaviano dei Petrucci publishes the Odhecaton, the first substantial collection of printed polyphonic music.
1516 — Andrea Antico publishes the earliest printed Italian music for keyboard.
1525 — Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born (d. 1594).
1527-1562 — Adrian Willaert's tenure at St. Mark's in Venice, where he developed the Venetian tradition of music for double chorus.
1528 — Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier recommends proficiency at music as a courtly virtue.
1537 — Santa Maria di Loreto, the first music conservatory, is opened in Naples.
1543 — Death of Francesco Canova da Milano, famous lutenist, and the first native Italian musician to achieve an international reputation.
mid-16th century — Italy is the premier center of harpsichord construction.
mid-16th century — The classic Italian madrigal thrives, though largely composed by non-Italians, frequently using Petrarchan sonnets and text painting.  Lighter music is represented by the villanella, which originated in the popular song in Naples and spread throughout Italy.
1550s — Composers such as Orlando di Lasso and Cipriano de Rore experiment with chromaticism.
1558 — Gioseffo Zarlino publishes the Istitutioni harmoniche, the leading source of practical musical theory of the Renaissance, and the first music theory to seriously address invertible counterpoint.
1559 — Antonio Gardano publishes Musica nova, whose politically pro-republican partisan songs please the northern Italian republics and rile the Church.
1562-3 — The Council of Trent bans most paralitugical music, including all but four Sequences.  A ban on all liturgical polyphony is debated, and music is required to have clear words and a pure, uplifting style.
1564 — Violin production starts in Cremona in the workshop of Andrea Amati.
1567 — Birth of Claudio Monteverdi
1579 — Pietro Vinci, founder of the Sicilian polyphonic school, publishes his second book of madrigals.
1580 — Vincenzo Galilei publishes Dialogo della Musica.
1580-97 — The Concerto delle donne sing virtuosic women's choral music in the court of Ferrara under the direction of Luzzasco Luzzaschi.
1585 — Founding in Rome of the musical confraternity that would become the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia.
1590 — Monteverdi's first book of madrigals published, including "Ecco mormorar l'onde."
1597 — Jacopo Peri's La Dafne, the "first opera", is staged at Palazzo Corsi in Florence.
c. 1600-c. 1725 Italian Baroque Music.
1605 — Claudio Monteverdi's fifth book of madrigals opens with a defense of the seconda pratica of Cipriano de Rore, Luca Marenzio, Giaches de Wert, and his own music, in which the music evokes stronger emotion through increasing use of dissonance and a stronger harmonic progression based on a more independent bass line, presaging the musical developments of the Baroque.
1607 — Monteverdi's first opera, Orfeo.
1611 — Carlo Gesualdo publishes his sixth book of madrigals, including the highly mannerist "Moro, lasso."
1614 — The Editio medicea of Gregorian chant is published, rewriting the old modal chant according to the contemporary aesthetic style.
1623 — Salomone Rossi publishes arrangements of The Song of Solomon using Hebrew texts and Italian polyphonic style.
1637 — Europe's first opera house, the Teatro Tron, opens in Venice.
1644 — Violin maker, Antonio Stradivari born (d. 1737).
1660 — Birth of Alessandro Scarlatti (d. 1725).
1709 — First fortepiano (modern piano) built by Bartolommeo Cristofori in Florence.
1718 — Alessandro Scarlatti's The Triumph of Honour paves the way for Italian comic opera.
1725 — Vivaldi's Four Seasons published.
c. 1725-c. 1825 Italian Classical Music and Comic Opera
1737 — The Teatro di San Carlo opens in Naples.
1753 — Pergolesi's La Serva Padrona (The Servant Mistress), plays in Paris and starts a continental rage for Italian comic opera.
1760 — La Cecchina by Niccolò Piccinni, later praised by Verdi as the first true Italian comic opera.
1778 — The Teatro alla Scala—La Scala—opens in Milan.
1792 — Birth of G. Rossini (d. 1868).
1797 — Birth of  Gaetano Donizetti (d. 1848).
1801 — Birth of Vincenzo Bellini (d. 1835).
1813 — Birth of Giuseppe Verdi (d. 1901).
1816 — Rossini's The Barber of Seville performed for the first time.
c. 1825-1900 Italian Romantic Music.
1828 — Debut of violinist Paganini in Vienna.
1829 — Rossini's last opera, William_Tell_(opera).
1831 — Norma, opera by Bellini.
1832 — Elisir d'amore, opera by Donizetti.
1835 — First festival of the Canzone Napoletana, the Neapolitan song.
1842 — Nabucco, Verdi's first successful opera.
1847 — MacBeth, opera by G. Verdi.
1858 — Birth of Giacomo Puccini (d. 1924).
1886 — Otello, opera by G. Verdi.
1890 — Cavalleria Rusticana, important realist opera by Pietro Mascagni.
1896 — La Bohème, opera by Puccini.
c. 1900–present Modern Italian Music.
1900 — Tosca, opera by Puccini
1902 — Tenor Enrico Caruso, stung by criticism, leaves Italy for America.
1907 — Ferruccio Busoni publishes Sketches for a New Musical Aesthetic.
1914 — The Fountains of Rome, prominent orchestral piece by Ottorino Respighi.
1922 — Death of Alessandro Moreschi, last Vatican castrato singer.
1924 — Arturo Toscanini conducts Puccini's last opera Turandot at La Scala in Milan.
1925 — Italian radio starts to broadcast music programs.
1951 — First San Remo Festival of Italian popular music.
1953 — First edition of the Ravello Festival.
1954 — Tarantella Napoletana, first Italian film musical.
1958 — First edition of Canzonissima, popular TV song festival; first edition of the Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto.
1994 — The National Symphony Orchestra of the RAI (Italian Radio & Television) is formed, uniting the earlier orchestras of Torino, Milan, Rome and Naples. Based in Torino.
1996 — Founding of CEMAT (Federation of Italian Electroacoustic Music Centers), with the purpose of promoting the activity of Italian computer music research and production centers.
2002 — Parco della Musica, a vast multi-auditorium musical venue, one of the largest in the world, opens in Rome.

Italian music

Italian

Timeline of Italian music


Spilosoma virginica is a species of moth in the subfamily Arctiinae.  As a caterpillar, it is known as the yellow woolly bear or yellow bear caterpillar.  As an adult, it is known as the Virginian tiger moth.

Caterpillar life stage

Identification
The caterpillar varies in color but is typically consistent in its coloration in a single specimen, without odd tufts of different-colored hair or separately colored heads.

Diet
It has a diet of a wide range of low-growing plants, including ground cover like grass and clover. The larvae are defoliators, skeletonizing the leaves they feed on, but only the late summer batch of caterpillars is plentiful enough to do much damage to crops. This species tends to have two to three life cycles per year, with one hibernating for the winter in temperate climates.

Adult moth life stage
The adult moth tends to tent its wings over its back, rather than sitting with them spread. It is white with a darker-colored abdomen, but without the obvious, darker eyes of its close cousin the agreeable tiger moth.  It is not poisonous, but some people may have an allergic reaction to the bristles on its body.

Reproduction
The female is slightly larger than the male in larva form, and as an adult finds a mate by extruding an organ that emits a pheromone which the male can smell. The male, which unlike the female has the large, feathered antennae characteristic of pheromone-using moths, flies zigzag search patterns, eventually homing in on a female. After mating, he goes off to find other females, while the female stops to lay between 20 and 100 eggs in a single layer on the underside of a leaf. The larvae stay together when very young, but become solitary as they gain size.

See also

Woolly bear caterpillar

References

Spilosoma virginica at BOLD
Spilosoma virginica at EOL
Spilosoma virginica at BHL

Further reading

virginica
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1798

Spilosoma virginica


John Knowles Fitch (February 15, 1880  –  July 5, 1969) was the founder of the Fitch Publishing Company, and developed a financial securities rating system from AAA to D. Fitch ratings are used as a tool in the business of credit rating, usually behind Moody's ratings and Standard & Poor's ratings.

Biography
Fitch's father was Francis Emory Fitch (September 15, 1850 – 1910), his mother was Cornelia Knowles (graduated Vassar College 1873). He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut and while he was still a child, his parents moved to Brooklyn, New York, where they remained until 1891. They moved at that time to Passaic, New Jersey. He attended the Friends School in Brooklyn, and later the public school of Passaic. Following his graduation from Columbia University, which he entered in June 1902, he married Lillian L. Whitehead on June 15, 1905. She was the daughter of Reverend M. J. H. Whitehead, pastor of the North Reformed Church of Passaic, New Jersey. They resided in Passaic for several years, and then took up residence in Upper Montclair, New Jersey.

Shortly after his graduation from Columbia, Fitch bought a well-known florist shop located on Broadway and 22nd Street in New York City. He took correspondence courses in a variety of subjects, including advertising.

Following the death of Mallory Knowles Fitch, his elder brother, John Fitch sold his florist business and worked with his father in the printing business at 47 Broad Street, New York City. After the death of his father in 1910, the business was incorporated under the name of Francis Emory Smith Inc., and was located in the Fitch Building at 138 Pearl Street, near the corner of Wall Street in New York City. Upon the incorporation of this company, John Knowles Fitch became its president. On December 24, 1913, Fitch founded a new corporation named The Fitch Publishing Company, Inc. of which he was president. The main offices of this company were also located in the Fitch Building.

Among the Fitch Publishing Company's publications were the Fitch Bond Book, the Fitch Stock and Bond Manual, and other services furnishing daily and weekly statistics on the New York Stock Exchange and the American and Canadian corporate security field.

Fitch was president of the Alumni Federation of Columbia University, and during World War I aroused interest among his classmates to raise funds to purchase and equip an ambulance to be sent to France for the soldiers. His hobbies included yachting and golfing. He sailed his yacht Bavois to the coast of Labrador to visit scenes made famous by Sir Wilfred Grenfell.

Personal life
John Knowles Fitch and his wife, Lillian Whitehead, had three children: John Knowles Jr. (born April 17, 1906, died January 21, 1998); and twins Marjorie and Muriel (born 1907). He died on June 5, 1969, in Easton, Pennsylvania.

References

Sources
 Fitch, Roscoe Conkling. History of the Fitch family A.D. 1400-1930: a record of the Fitches in England and America, including "pedigree of Fitch" certified by the College of Arms, London, England. Haverhill, Massachusetts:  Record Pub. Co., 1930.
 The History of Fitch Ratings 2006.

External links

  Fitch Ratings

American chief executives of financial services companies
Columbia College (New York) alumni
1880 births
1969 deaths
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Brooklyn Friends School alumni
Passaic High School alumni

John Knowles Fitch


William Chester Dawley (born February 6, 1958) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), from 1983 to 1989, for the Houston Astros, Chicago White Sox, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, and Oakland Athletics. Dawley was used exclusively as a relief pitcher during his major league career, appearing in 275 games as a reliever.

Professional career

Reds farm system
Dawley was drafted out of Griswold High School in the seventh round of the 1976 Major League Baseball Draft by the Cincinnati Reds. Over the next six seasons, he worked his way up through the Reds' farm system as a starting pitcher, pitching substantially in relief only in 1980 with the Indianapolis Indians. During spring training in 1983, he was traded to the Astros along with infielder Tony Walker in exchange for backup catcher Alan Knicely.

1983: All-Star rookie
Dawley made the Astros roster out of spring training as a relief pitcher. Despite having little experience out of the bullpen, Dawley got off to a great start, being chosen for and playing in the All-Star Game after going 5–2 with a 1.88 earned-run average before the All-Star break. Dawley finished his rookie season with a 6–6 record and a 2.82 ERA and 14 saves.

In the All-Star Game itself, Dawley took the mound for the National League with two outs in the bottom of the third inning after the American League's Fred Lynn hit the first grand slam in All-Star history off Atlee Hammaker. Dawley retired Jim Rice on a pop fly to end the third, then retired George Brett on a flyout and struck out  Lance Parrish. After giving up a single to Dave Winfield, he got Manny Trillo to fly out to end the inning. Dickie Thon, his teammate with the Astros, then batted for him in the fifth inning.

Remaining career
In 1984, Dawley set career highs in several categories, going 11–4 with a 1.93 ERA. However, he never again matched the success of his first two seasons. After slumping to a 5–3 record and a 3.56 ERA in 1985, he was released at the end of spring training in 1986. He signed with the White Sox, and although his ERA did bounce back slightly to 3.32, he failed to win a game, going 0–7 with 2 saves.

During the next offseason, Dawley was traded to the Cardinals for infielder Fred Manrique. Dawley's numbers continued to decline as he posted an ERA of 4.47 while losing a career-high eight games against five wins, and he was left off the team's postseason roster.

He was released by the Cardinals that winter, signing with the Phillies. He started the season with two losses in his first five appearances, posting an ERA of 17.05 before being sent to the minors in mid-May. He spent most of 1988 season with the minor league Maine Phillies before returning to the majors in September, but appeared in just three more games, then was released again.

Prior to the 1989 season, Dawley signed a minor league contract with Oakland. He started the season with the Tacoma Tigers, where he earned a return trip to the majors by posting a 3–1 record with 3 saves and a 2.56 ERA along with 44 strikeouts in 38.2 innings pitched. On June 23, he threw four scoreless innings against the Toronto Blue Jays. On July 4, however, he gave up four runs in just  of an inning against the Kansas City Royals. He was returned to Tacoma, then released on July 27. He was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers the next day. He finished the season with their top farm club, the Denver Zephyrs and became a free agent after the season, ending his professional career.

Notes

External links

1958 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Houston Astros players
Chicago White Sox players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Oakland Athletics players
Billings Mustangs players
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
Nashville Sounds players
Waterbury Reds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Maine Phillies players
Tacoma Tigers players
Denver Zephyrs players
Baseball players from Connecticut

Bill Dawley


John Mercer Brockenbrough (August 1, 1830 – August 24, 1892) was a farmer and a Confederate colonel in the American Civil War.

Early life
Johnathan Brockenbrough, the son of Moore Fauntleroy Brockenbrough and his wife Sarah Waller Smith, was born August 1, 1830, in Richmond County, Virginia.  John Brockenbrough was a second cousin of John White Brockenbrough and his sister, Civil War diarist, Judith White (Brockenbrough) McGuire. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1850.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, Brockenbrough was appointed colonel of the 40th Virginia Infantry, which served attached to Brig. Gen. Charles W. Field's Virginia brigade in Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill's Light Division and later Maj. Gen. Henry Heth's division in the Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia. Brockenbrough led his regiment through the Seven Days Battles, a punishing series of battles that caused 50% casualties in his regiment.

Brockenbrough assumed command of the brigade after Field was wounded at the Second Battle of Bull Run and led it two days later at Chantilly. During the Maryland Campaign, Brockenbrough took part in the capture of Harpers Ferry, and then marched with the rest of the Light Division to the rescue of Gen. Robert E. Lee's army at Sharpsburg; his brigade was deployed on the far right of A.P. Hill's line and did not see any direct action there. At Fredericksburg, his brigade was ordered to plug a hole in the Confederate line that was being exploited by Union troops under Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. Brockenbrough lost control of his brigade during this action and two of his regiments split off with him and never reached the fighting. Lee apparently was not impressed with Brockenbrough's leadership qualities. Even though months had passed, the unit was still called Field's Brigade and Brockenbrough was still considered its temporary commander. Lee did not recommend John for promotion.

In early 1863, Lee brought Brig. Gen. Henry Heth from assignment in Tennessee to replace Brockenbrough in command of the brigade (soon called "Heth's Brigade"), hoping to restore it to fighting shape. During the Battle of Chancellorsville, Heth took over command of the division when Hill was wounded on May 2, 1863, which meant that Brockenbrough was back in command of the brigade on May 3, when  it lost around 300 men storming the enemy line. After the battle, Brockenbrough was given a rare commendation for leading the attack by General Heth. Brockenbrough remained in brigade command when Heth was promoted to command a new division.

At the Battle of Gettysburg, Brockenbrough's brigade was in the rear of Heth's column during the march on the Chambersburg Pike, July 1, 1863, and thus missed the morning attacks against the Union cavalry and the I Corps. In the afternoon attacks, his men advanced on a line with J. Johnston Pettigrew's North Carolina brigade, and although the latter brigade fought fiercely, suffering over a thousand casualties, Brockenbrough's brigade was hesitant and fought ineffectively against the Pennsylvanians of Col. Roy Stone and a portion of the Iron Brigade, as may be inferred from their casualty rate of 100. The brigade rested on July 2, but on July 3 participated in the bloody assault known as Pickett's Charge. There is no record that Brockenbrough marched with his men toward Cemetery Ridge that day, however, and Col. Robert M. Mayo of the 47th Virginia Infantry was in temporary command. It is possible that the death of Brockenbrough's brother during the battle on July 1 left him distraught and unable to step up to his responsibilities. Assigned to the far left flank of Pettigrew's divisional line, the brigade was subjected to heavy shelling from Union artillery on Cemetery Hill and when the 8th Ohio Infantry came up on their left flank, the Virginians turned and ran.

During the Confederate retreat back to Virginia, Brockenbrough attempted to reclaim some of his damaged reputation by making a reckless advance against Union troops at Falling Waters on July 14, suffering numerous casualties. Five days later, Brockenbrough's former regimental lieutenant colonel, Brig. Gen. Henry Harrison Walker, was given command of the brigade, returning Brockenbrough to the 40th Virginia, which he led at Bristoe and Mine Run. On January 21, 1864, Brockenbrough resigned from the Confederate States Army.  He retained his rank of colonel in the reserves until late 1864.

Postbellum life
After the war, Brockenbrough lived in Norfolk and Richmond. He died in Richmond and is buried there in Hollywood Cemetery.

Notes

References
 Allardice, Bruce S. Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008. .
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. .
Online biography

1830 births
1892 deaths
People from Richmond County, Virginia
Confederate States Army officers
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Virginia Military Institute alumni
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
Military personnel from Norfolk, Virginia
Military personnel from Richmond, Virginia
Brockenbrough family of Virginia
19th-century American farmers

John M. Brockenbrough


Newslaundry is an Indian media watchdog that provides media critique, reportage and satirical commentary. It was founded in 2012 by Abhinandan Sekhri, Madhu Trehan and Prashant Sareen, all of whom earlier worked in print or television journalism. It was India's first subscription-driven website when launched, and since then other platforms have followed a similar model. In contrast to news websites such as The Wire, The Quint, ThePrint or Scroll.in, Newslaundry solely relies on public subscriptions, instead of donations or advertisements, for revenue.

In 2015, executive editor Manisha Pande and Sandeep Pai reported on how politicians misuse the public sector undertakings in India. Their work won the Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award for investigative reporting. The platform also hosts podcasts dedicated to politics, culture and entertainment.

Formats

Website
Newslaundry does not rely on advertisement for its revenue, and claims to be solely reliant on subscriptions for their income. Their website offers two kinds of subscriptions, Disruptor and Game Changer. The subscriptions allows users access to all stories and podcasts, such as NL Hafta and Let's Talk About, interactions with the Newslaundry team and subscriber only events and discord server. They also allow the option for users to gift subscriptions.

Podcasts
In addition to ground reporting and satirical commentary, Newslaundry hosts many podcasts, such as the flagship current affairs podcast NL Hafta and Awful and Awesome, which is dedicated to pop culture and entertainment, among others.

Shows
Newslaundry has developed shows such as Clothesline (hosted by Madhu Trehan, currently on hiatus), Ye Bhi Theek Hai (hosted by Kunal Kamra and Sanjay Rajoura), TV Newsance (hosted by Manisha Pande), Back in Time, and NL Tippani (hosted by Atul Chaurasia) – all of which either probe and critique the Indian media through satire or explore socio-political issues in depth.

Lawsuits

BCCL defamation lawsuit
On 19 January 2021, the Bennett, Coleman, and Company Limited (BCCL), also commonly known as The Times Group, filed a ₹100 crore civil defamation suit against Newslaundry in the Bombay High Court. The suit alleged that Newslaundry had defamed the director of the BCCL Vineet Jain, as well as Rahul Shivshankar and Navika Kumar, who are the editors of their news channel Times Now. It claimed that an episode of Newslaundry's TV Newsance uploaded on October 10, 2020, which criticised the news channel for its coverage of the arrest of actress Rhea Chakraborty, was "beyond the realm of satire, parody or spoof" and "false, baseless and highly defamatory". It further also claimed that the video uploaded on their channel on 27 November 2020 titled Explained: How to rig TRP defamed and maligned the images of Shivashankar and Kumar.

Newslaundry responded to this suit by claiming that the legal notices was an attempt to silence criticism and also said that "no one including media should be above scrutiny".

TV Today Group lawsuit
On 26 October 2021, the India Today Group who run the English channel India Today and Hindi channel Aaj Tak filed a ₹2,00,00,100 civil defamation suit against Newslaundry in the Delhi High Court. The group also claimed that Newslaundry was "piggybacking" on the network and violating its copyright and that Newslaundry has harmed the channel's reputation.

The lawsuit sought to remove 34 articles published on the Newslaundry website and 65 videos on the portal's YouTube channel. Furthermore, the suite seeks to remove similar content from Newslaundry's social media on Facebook and Twitter. The group also struck their YouTube channel was with fifty three copyright strikes which led to five videos being taken down and their channel being frozen for a period of three weeks where Newslaundry was barred from uploading any new videos.

In response to this, Newslaundry co-founder Abhinandan Sekhri in a statement made to Scroll.in claimed that the case was frivolous. He said:Newslaundry has contested that Section 52 of the Indian Copyright Act provides for six exceptions one of which is to criticise or review the original content, and hence claimed that this suit is frivolous as it falls outside the purview of copyright.

In another statement made to the Indian Express, Abhinandan Sekhri said:

Sakal Group lawsuit
On 16 September 2020, the Sakal Media group filed a  ₹65 crore defamation notice on Newslaundry for news reports they published and FIR is against the reporter as he used Sakal's trademark logo. Newslaundry published news on 11 June 2020 about employment terminations of employees in Sakal Times happened in May 2020, later Sakal Media Group legal department cleared the FIR, filed on 16 September, was only against the reporter for Trademark Infringement in his story and not against Newslaundry. Further investigation is ongoing.

References

External links

Journalism in India
Indian journalism organisations
Indian news websites
2012 establishments in India
Indian websites
News websites
Podcasting companies
Publications established in 2012
Indian intellectual property law

Newslaundry


Fra Semplice da Verona (c. 1589, Verona – 1654, Rome) was an Italian painter of the Baroque era, active in Verona. He was a friend of Paolo Massimo and trained with Marcantonio Bassetti. Also known as Fra Semplice of Verona. He painted in Venice and Rome. He painted a St Felix, Martyr for a church in Castelfranco. He also painted The ousting of the unworthy guest once owned by Charles I of England.

Sources

1580s births
1654 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
17th-century Italian painters
Painters from Verona

Fra Semplice


Geregye (also Geregen)  was the name of a gens (Latin for "clan"; nemzetség in Hungarian) in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th century. The Egervári family originated from this clan. The ancient lands of the kindred were in Vas County (today Gyanógeregye and Egervár).

Later Judge royal Paul Geregye's branch acquired possessions in Szolnok and Kraszna Counties, where tried to establish dominion independently from the king, alongside other prominent clans (Abas, Gutkeleds, Kőszegis e.g.). However, Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeated and eliminated their aspirations in 1277–1278, and this branch lost all of its political influence. Their lands and estates were governed by the Borsa clan following their downfall.

Members
 Eth I (fl. 1200–1215), Voivode of Transylvania
 Paul (fl. 1236–1264; d. before 1271), Judge royal
 Nicholas (fl. 1256–1279), Judge royal, Voivode of Transylvania
 Stephen (fl. 1256–1278), ispán of Vas County
 Geregye II (fl. 1275–1278), ispán of Baranya County, executed
 Eth II (fl. 1281–1285), executed
 Agnes (fl. 1258–1276), married Turul Nagymihályi, later became nun at Margaret Island
 Geregye I
 Barnabas (fl. 1255)
 Kalmer (fl. 1277–1302), familiaris of Ivan Kőszegi and ancestor of the Egervári family
 Marhard (fl. 1302)
 Martin (fl. 1302)

References

Sources
  János Karácsonyi: A magyar nemzetségek a XIV. század közepéig. Budapest: Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. 1900–1901.
  Zsoldos, Attila (1997). "Téténytől a Hód-tóig. Az 1279 és 1282 közötti évek politikatörténetének vázlata." In: Történelmi Szemle, Vol. XXXIX Issue 1. pp. 69–98.

Geregye (genus)


Temilotzin was born in Tlatelolco and ruled Tzilacatlan. He rose to the rank of Tlacatecatl (prince; second in command) during his military time.  He was a friend of Cuauhtemoc. He fought against the conquistadors during the Conquest of the Aztec Empire at Cuauhtemoc's side. He was present at the moment when the Spanish were leaving Tenochtitlan during La Noche Triste. He was at Cuauhtemoc's side when the Mexica had to surrender. He was forcibly sent to expedition to Honduras along with Cuauhtemoc. According to Anales de Tlatelolco, Temilotzin witnessed Cuauhtemoc hung from a ceiba tree.

Poetry
Temilotzin is remembered by one poem. He probably had more poems, but this poem is the only one that survived. The poem is about making friends.

A poem attributed to Temilotzin is "Temilotzin Icuic" ("Poem of Temilotzin").

References

Nahuatl-language poets
Place of birth missing
1525 deaths

Temilotzin