Samaritans  is a registered charity aimed at providing emotional support to anyone in emotional distress, struggling to cope or at risk of suicide throughout the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, often through its telephone helpline. Its name derives from the biblical Parable of the Good Samaritan although the organisation itself is not religious.

Its international network exists under the name Befrienders Worldwide, which is part of the Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines (VESH) with Lifeline International and the International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services (IFOTES).

History

Samaritans was founded in 1953 by Rev. Chad Varah, a Church of England vicar in the Diocese of London. His inspiration came from an experience he had had some years earlier as a young curate in the Diocese of Lincoln. He had taken a funeral for a fourteen-year old girl who had committed suicide because she believed she had contracted an STD, when in reality she was menstruating. Varah placed an advertisement in a newspaper encouraging people to volunteer at his church, listening to people contemplating suicide.

The movement grew rapidly: within ten years there were 40 branches and now there are 201 branches across Great Britain and Ireland, deliberately organised without regard to national boundaries on the basis that a service which is not political or religious should not recognise political or sectarian divisions. Samaritans offers support through over 21,200 trained volunteers (2015) and is entirely dependent on voluntary support. The name was not originally chosen by Chad Varah: it was part of a headline to an article in the Daily Mirror newspaper on 7 December 1953 about Varah's work.

In 2004, Samaritans announced that volunteer numbers had reached a thirty-year low, and launched a campaign to recruit more young people (specifically targeted at ages 18–24) to become volunteers. The campaign was fronted by Phil Selway, drummer with the band Radiohead, himself a Samaritans volunteer.

In 2004, Chad Varah announced that he had become disillusioned with Samaritans. He said, "It's no longer what I founded. I founded an organisation to offer help to suicidal or equally desperate people. The last elected chairman re-branded the organisation. It was no longer to be an emergency service, it was to be emotional support". One in five calls to Samaritans is from someone with suicidal feelings. Samaritans' vision is that fewer people will die by suicide.

Services

The core of Samaritans' work is a telephone helpline, operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Samaritans was the first 24-hour telephone helpline to be set up in the UK. In addition, the organisation offers a drop-in service for face-to-face discussion, undertakes outreach at festivals and other outdoor events, trains prisoners as "Listeners" to provide support within prisons, and undertakes research into suicide and emotional health issues.

Since 1994, Samaritans has also offered confidential email support. Initially operating from one branch, the service is now provided by 198 branches and co-ordinated from the organisation's head office. In 2011, Samaritans received over 206,000 emails, including many from outside the UK, and aims to answer each one within 24 hours.
In 2009, Ofcom introduced the first harmonised European numbers for harmonised services of social value, allocating 116 123 to Samaritans. This number is free to call from mobiles and landlines. From 22 September 2015, Samaritans has promoted 116123 as its main number, replacing the chargeable 0845 number previously advertised.

In 2014, Samaritans received 5,100,000 calls for help by phone, email, text, letter, minicom, Typetalk, face-to-face at a branch, through its work in prisons, and at local and national festivals and other events.

Samaritans volunteers are given rigorous training to be non-judgmental and empathetic. By listening and asking open questions, Samaritans volunteers try to help people explore their feelings and work out their own way forward.

Samaritans does not denounce suicide, and it is not necessary to be suicidal to contact Samaritans. In 2014, nearly 80% of the people calling Samaritans did not express suicidal feelings. Samaritans believes that offering people the opportunity to be listened to in confidence, and accepted without prejudice, can alleviate despair and make emotional health a mainstream issue.

In 2022 Samaritans is campaigning to have "suicide websites" shut down; it believes that the UK government's proposed online safety bill "isn't fit for purpose". Smaller "pro-suicide" websites which can push people to commit suicide are the charity's biggest concern in this area.

Media guidelines
In 2013, following extensive consultation with journalists and editors throughout the industry, Samaritans produced a set of guidelines outlining best practice when reporting suicide. Since its publication, the organisation has received many awards in recognition of its work influencing the way in which suicide is reported.

Confidentiality
Samaritans have a strict code of caller confidentiality, even after the death of a caller. Unless the caller gives consent to pass on information, confidentiality will be broken only in rare circumstances, such as when Samaritans receives bomb or terrorism warnings, to call an ambulance because a caller appears to be incapable of making rational decisions, when the caller is threatening volunteers or deliberately preventing the service being delivered to other callers, or when there is a safeguarding concern.

In November 2011, the Board of Trustees agreed a motion breaking with confidentiality in Ireland, "To provide confidential support to children but report to the Health Service Executive any contacts (from either adults or children) where it appears a child is experiencing specific situations such as those that can cause them serious harm from themselves or others."

In 2011, Facebook collaborated with Samaritans to offer help to people in distress. This led to 'cold case' calling, which some believed was an infringement on people's privacy. An Irish journalist wrote of her experience of receiving such a communication.

International reach

Through its email service, Samaritans' work has extended well beyond the UK and Ireland, as messages are received from all around the world.

Samaritans' international reach is through Befrienders Worldwide, an organisation of over 400 centres in 38 countries offering similar activities. Samaritans took on and renamed the Befrienders International network in 2003, a year after it collapsed. Some members of Befrienders Worldwide also use the name Samaritans; this includes centres in Hong Kong, India, Serbia, the United States and Zimbabwe.

The Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines (VESH) combines Samaritans (through Befrienders Worldwide) with the other two largest international services (IFOTES & Lifeline), and plans a combined international network of helplines. In their roles as emotional support service networks, they have all agreed to develop a more effective and robust international interface.

See also:

 The Samaritans Hong Kong (Multilingual Service)
 The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong
 Samaritans of Singapore
 Samaritans USA—this was formed in 2005 when Samaritans of Boston (established 1974) joined forces with their Framingham branch. Samaritans is also a certified member of Contact USA (a Lifeline International member). There are Samaritans offices in other regions of Massachusetts and the U.S. operating independently with a common mission and philosophy.

Similar charities

A number of other helplines exist that offer a similar service to Samaritans. These are often aimed at a specific sector/group of people.

One example is Nightline, a student-run listening and information services, based at universities across the country, offer a night time support service for students. Each service is run specifically for students at a particular university/geographical area, and most Nightlines are members of the Nightline Association, a registered charity in England, Wales and Scotland.

Shout is a free mental health helpline in the United Kingdom, providing the UK's first 24/7 text message support service for people who are struggling to cope.

In the UK, the ChildLine service operated by the NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children) is similar to the Samaritans helpline in some ways, but offers support for children only. A similar service, also called Childline, is operated in Ireland by the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC).

Another example is Aware, a national voluntary organisation, based in Ireland, which provides supports to individuals who experience depression with their families and friends. It provides a Helpline service, as well as nationwide Support Groups and monthly lectures, which seek to educate and increase awareness of depression.

See also
 Mental health in the United Kingdom
 Andy's Man Club  - Men's talking group

References

External links

 (UK/Ireland-based)

Samaritans (USA) home page
Welcome to Befrienders Worldwide
Samaritans of Singapore is a non-profit and non-religious organisation which aims to provide 24-hour confidential emotional support to people in crisis, thinking of suicide or affected by suicide.

Charities based in the Republic of Ireland
Epsom and Ewell
Health charities in the United Kingdom
Health in Surrey
Mental health organisations in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Surrey
Organizations established in 1953
Suicide prevention
1953 establishments in the United Kingdom
Crisis hotlines

Samaritans (charity)


Optimum Wound Profile were an industrial metal band from Ipswich, England, active between the years 1991-1996. Combining elements of metal, crust punk, and sampling/programming technologies they released three albums and toured across Europe.

Formed in 1991 by guitarist Roki and vocalist Phil Vane, the pair quickly recruited Simon Finbow (vocals) and Ian Barnard (bass), followed by Dom Cattermole on drums. Picked up by an Ipswich promoter shortly after forming, the band entered the studio in the middle of 1991 to record two demos. On the strength of these OWP signed to Roadrunner Records at the end of the year.

Optimum Wound Profile's first album, Lowest Common Dominator, was released in the summer of 1992, and received positive reviews in Kerrang! and other music press. Featuring Niall Corr on drums, who had replaced the departed Dom Cattermole, the band's sound at this point was a hybrid of hardcore punk and industrial metal. A successful European tour, with Jason Whittaker of Whiteslug replacing Snapa Harvey, followed the release before the band returned to the UK to begin work on the follow-up.

Silver Or Lead was released in mid-1993 to much critical acclaim, and entered the UK Rock Chart at number 11, where it stayed for several weeks. This album saw the band's sound take a much more metal turn. By this stage all of the drums were programmed. The album was produced by Colin Richardson, who has worked with Slipknot, Machine Head and Bullet For My Valentine among a host of others. Another successful European tour followed, but Roadrunner Records declined the option of a third album.

In 1994, OWP signed to We Bite Records and in January 1995 released Asphyxia. Having parted company with Phil Vane, all vocals were provided by Simon Finbow. The album was the band's most critically acclaimed release to date.

Optimum Wound Profile spent two years after the release of Asphyxia writing a fourth album, 'Cult Of Saints 1425'. Only demo versions of these songs exist as the band decided to split up in 1996.

In 2007, Metal Mind Productions licensed the first two OWP albums from Roadrunner Records for re-release in August the same year.

Late in 2007 Optimum Wound Profile reformed with former members Simon, Roki and Jason being joined by Barnie Mills (bass) and Malcolm Peck (drums), to concentrate on the unreleased Cult Of Saints album. The band entered the recording studio for the first time in twelve years in spring 2008 to record demos. The project has since been put on hold.

Roki (Martyn Peck), Simon Finbow, Dom Cattermole and Mark Schorah now play in post-rock band These Are End Times. Phil Vane continued to sing for Extreme Noise Terror until his death in February 2011. Jason Whittaker and Martyn Peck also run Antigen Records, whose roster includes Henry Homesweet, The Waxing Captors, John Callaghan, Earth Mother F*cker, These Are End Times, Sealionwoman, Jack Rundell and Optimum Wound Profile.

Discography
Lowest Common Dominator CD, LP, Cassette (Roadrunner Records 1992)
Silver or Lead CD, LP (Roadrunner Records 1993)
Asphyxia CD (We Bite Records 1995)
'Cult of Saints 1425' unreleased
Lowest Common Dominator - remastered Gold CD (Metal Mind Productions 2007)
Silver or Lead - remastered Gold CD (Metal Mind Productions 2007)

Band members
Simon Finbow - vocals (1991–present). See also: Chocolate, These Are End Times.
Martyn Peck (aka Roki) - guitar / programming (1991–present). See also: Raw Noise, Whiteslug, Conspiracy Of Noise, These Are End Times.
Jason Whittaker - samples / programming (1993–present). See also Whiteslug.
Phil Vane - vocals (1991–1994). See also: Extreme Noise Terror, Napalm Death, Conspiracy Of Noise.
Ian Barnard - bass (1991–1996).
Niall Corr - drums (1992–1993).
Dom Cattermole - drums (1991–1992). See also These Are End Times.
Snapa Harvey - samples / programming (1991–1992). See also Deviated Instinct.
Barnie Mills - bass (2007–2008).
Malcolm Peck - drums (2007–2008). See also Red Flag 77.
Mark Schorah - trumpet (2008). See also: The Ballistics, These Are End Times.

References

External links
Antigen Records

British industrial music groups

Optimum Wound Profile


Mark Howard Horton (born 22 February 1950) is a British bridge journalist, expert player and chess champion. He was the editor of Bridge Magazine from 1995 until it ceased publication at the end of 2017, and then became the editor of its purely online successors, first A New Bridge Magazine and subsequently BeBRIDGE. He currently lives in Bath with his partner Liz.

Chess accomplishments
Horton was a powerful chess player who as a Junior represented England and subsequently played for Great Britain in the European Team Correspondence Championship, winning the gold medal on his board as the team took the bronze. He penned a series of articles and booklets on Opening theory and American legend Bobby Fischer used one of his suggestions to win a game against Russian Mark Taimanov on his way to the World title. His one full-length book on chess, published in 1977, is French Defence 1.

Bridge career
Horton developed an interest in bridge in the early seventies. Chess has taken a back seat ever since, and in 1993 he ended his law career to pursue bridge-related interests full-time. He was fortunate to live in Nottingham, which was the home of International Popular Bridge Monthly and thus provided opportunity to listen, learn and play with the pick of England's players including Tony Sowter, Tony Forrester, Graham Kirby, Brian Senior and Sally Brock.

On the advice of Forrester, Horton formed a partnership with Richard Winter and they rapidly rose to the top, winning in rapid succession a host of major events in Britain including the Life Master Pairs, the Grandmaster Pairs, Crockford's Cup and the Spring Foursomes. Their success earned them invitations to overseas events and they won both the famous Hoechst Team tournament and the Dunhill Cup. They represented England on numerous occasions and were on the "Great Britain" team in Albuquerque for the 1994 world teams championship (Rosenblum Cup, not a national teams tournament).

It was in that same year that Mark was asked by Patrick Jourdain to work at the European Mixed Championships in Barcelona – the only snag was that it meant that he would not be allowed to play. He decided to accept and when Jourdain announced at the end of the event that he wanted to retire from working on the Bridge Bulletin, the European Bridge League (EBL) appointed Horton its Chief Editor, a post he has held ever since.

In 1995 he was invited to become Editor of Bridge Magazine, the world's oldest bridge publication (since in May 1926) and he has been doing that ever since. He started writing bridge books, and is now well into double figures. His latest, Misplay these Hands with Me, has earned rave reviews and was short listed for the 2008 Master Point Press Book of the Year award, which his book I Love This Game, with Sabine Auken, won in 2006.

Although his partnership with Winter came to an end, Mark continued to play in international events. He has won events in numerous countries, including  Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Romania, the United States, Portugal, Egypt and Malta.

It was in Malta that he met Rabbi Leonard Helman, and they formed a professional partnership until Rabbi Helman died in 2013. They were in the prize money in Malta, and ever since they have played in two or three events a year, at the ACBL Nationals and in some overseas events. A couple of years ago they won the Polish Team Championships in Sopot along with their regular Bulgarian teammates Vladi Isporski, Valentin Kovachev and Victor Aronov.

He has been an editor for numerous Daily Bulletins at tournaments, including the World Team Championships in Shanghai in 2007. "No international tournament is complete without his presence as bulletin editor."

Publications
French Defence 1 (about chess), The Chess Player, 1977
Petroff Defence : A Line for White (about chess), The Chess Player, 1980,
For Love Or Money, with Brian Senior, Master Point Press, 2000

The Bridge Magicians, Master Point Press
The Hands of Time, Master Point Press, 2004
25 Conventions for Acol Players, Master Point Press 2005
I Love this Game, with Sabine Auken 2006
Bridge Master vs. Bridge Amateur, Master Point Press, 2007
Misplay these Hands with Me, Master Point Press, 2007
Duplicate Bridge at Home, Master Point Press, 2008
The Pocket Guide to Acol Bridge, Master Point Press, forthcoming in 2009

  A revision of Step-by-step Signalling published by Batsford, 1994

References

External links

  [no service 2014-05-18; see WorldCat and LCCN, below]

1950 births
British and Irish contract bridge players
Contract bridge writers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)

Mark Horton (bridge)


Giuseppi Logan (May 22, 1935 – April 17, 2020) was a jazz musician, originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who taught himself to play piano and drums before switching to reeds at the age of 12. At the age of 15 he began playing with Earl Bostic and later studied at the New England Conservatory. In 1964 he relocated to New York and became active in the free jazz scene.

Biography

Logan played alto and tenor saxophone, bass clarinet, flute, piano and oboe. He collaborated with Archie Shepp, Pharoah Sanders and Bill Dixon before forming his own quartet made up of pianist Don Pullen, bassist Eddie Gómez and percussionist Milford Graves. After Pullen's departure, pianist Dave Burrell joined the group. Logan was a member of Byard Lancaster's band and toured with and appeared on records by Patty Waters. He recorded two albums for the ESP-Disk record label and later appeared on an album by Roswell Rudd on the Impulse! label. A 1965 press release from ESP-Disk indicates that a third album was planned, but never released, possibly due to Logan's increasingly erratic behavior. This title was supposed to have been ESP-1018, The Giuseppi Logan Chamber Ensemble in Concert, but this catalogue number was eventually assigned to an album by The Fugs.

Vintage footage of Logan comprises a short film by Edward English. Anecdotes about the man are scarce, but those that exist illustrate his influence over those he worked with. Several of these are below.

Bill Dixon on Logan:
[In the summer of 1964], Giuseppi Logan was 'studying' with me, meaning: he wanted to know certain things, and I needed an alto player, so he played all of my concerts, and occasionally I would let him have some of his things played in the group. He had a great deal of difficulty with getting people to play his music. I think at the time I was the only trumpet player who could play his music, and I loved playing it.

No one sounded in an ensemble like Giuseppi. He held his head back all the way, explaining once, 'This way my throat is completely open,' so he could have more air coming through his windpipe. He used to pride himself on playing up to the fourth octave on alto. The things that made him different as an improvisor were the way he placed his notes, that sound he got, and then what the others in his group played behind him. His pieces were very attractive for those reasons. Giuseppi had his own points of view about music, which is what this music is supposed to be about. We got along.

ESP-Disk's Bernard Stollman on Logan:

Giuseppi was doing an awful lot of drugs—he burned out, well, actually, he flipped out and never came back. I think that helps explain what happened to Giuseppi. Also, he was mentally ill to some degree and he attacked me once, just randomly. He would assault people without any warning; I loved his music, however, and when he did his first session, resulting from the October Revolution [ESP 1007, Giuseppi Logan Quartet], Milford Graves and he filed through the studio and as they walked in to record, Giuseppi turned to me and said "if you rob me, I'll kill you." Milford was mortified—he had asked me to record Giuseppi—I'd given him a record date and he threatened me with death.

At one point, I was standing with the engineer in the control room, and I thought the piece they were playing was stunningly beautiful. It sounded totally spontaneous, as if they were ad-libbing and commenting like a gorgeous conversation. Suddenly, I heard a 'thwuuunk', and I realized that the tape had run out. The engineer and I were so absorbed, we hadn't been paying attention. I thought "oh God, this remarkable thing is lost. It was interrupted in the middle, and it's gone." Richard Alderson was the engineer, and he got on the intercom and said "Giuseppi, the tape ran out." Without a pause, Giuseppi said "take it back to before where it stopped and we'll take it from there." So he did, he wound it back and played some bars of it and took down the record button, and they resumed exactly what they were doing—there was no way of telling where one or the other ended. It was unreal.

Milford Graves on Logan:
The reports that I've received is that he is still alive. He was spotted up in Harlem, New York. That's what people say. I don't know. I was approached to go up to Harlem to seek him out. Somebody spotted him in a hotel on 125th Street and I haven't had the opportunity to do that. Someone said they saw him, but I don't know. I wouldn't say that he is still alive. That was the latest on him. I last saw Giuseppi Logan in the Seventies and he wasn't in good shape. He was in the streets. He is a question mark whether he is still alive. Hopefully, he is. I was the one who told Bernard Stollman (founder of ESP) about Giuseppi Logan. I met Bernard Stollman through the New York Art Quartet. He wanted to record me and in turn, I told Giuseppi that I have some time because I'm a young guy and instead of me taking this record date and being the leader, I gave him the record date and so he took the record date. It was 1965 when we did that together.

Beset with personal problems, Logan vanished from the music scene in the early 1970s and for over three decades his whereabouts were unknown; however, in 2008 he was filmed by a Christian mission group just after he had returned to New York after years in and out of institutions in the Carolinas. Around this same time filmmaker Suzannah Troy made the first of many short films of Logan practicing in his preferred hangout, Tompkins Square Park. Subsequently, he was the subject of a major piece by Pete Gershon in the spring 2009 edition of Signal to Noise Magazine, which detailed the events surrounding Logan's "comeback" gig at the Bowery Poetry Club in February 2009.

On April 6, 2009, Logan performed, with a group, at Local 269 in NYC as part of the RUCMA performance series. Later that year he appeared in the short documentary film Water in the Boat by David Gutiérrez Camps, where his music improvisations formed the soundtrack of the film.

In 2010, Logan released a comeback record announcing his return to music on Tompkins Square Records with Matt Lavelle, Dave Burrell, Warren Smith and Francois Grillot. In April 2010, this group performed a concert in Philadelphia with Dave Miller playing for Warren Smith at the Ars Nova Workshop

In October 2011, Logan recorded six songs with "a group of younger experimental musicians"; as of April 2012, he was still living in New York and performing as a street musician. At some point around 2011 he was shot and ended up in a home in Far Rockaway, Queens. ref: The Devil's Horn seen on SKY Arys.

Logan died on April 17, 2020, at a nursing facility in Far Rockaway, Queens from COVID-19.

Discography

As leader
 The Giuseppi Logan Quartet (ESP, 1965)
 More (ESP, 1966)
 The Giuseppi Logan Quintet (Tompkins Square, 2010)
 The Giuseppi Logan Project (Mad King Edmund, 2012)
 ...And They Were Cool (Improvising Beings, 2013)

As sideman
With Roswell Rudd
Everywhere (Impulse!, 1966) (also released as part of Mixed in 1998)

With Steve Swell's Nation of We
 The Business of Here: Live at Roulette (Cadence, 2012)

With Patty Waters
College Tour (ESP-Disk, 1966)
The Complete ESP-Disk Recordings (ESP-Disk, 2005)

References

External links

1935 births
2020 deaths
Musicians from Philadelphia
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
ESP-Disk artists
Avant-garde jazz musicians
American jazz multi-instrumentalists
20th-century multi-instrumentalists
21st-century multi-instrumentalists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American musicians
21st-century American musicians

Giuseppi Logan


Cochin Devaswom Board is a socio-religious trust appointed by the Kerala Government to look after Hindu temples in central Kerala consisting of Ernakulam District, Thrissur District and Palakkad District. It is headquartered in Round north, Thrissur.

History
The Cochin Devaswom Board was formed on 1 July 1949 in Thrissur city. The Travancore – Cochin Religious Institutions Act 1950 governs Cochin Devaswom Board. Cochin Devaswom Board is ruled by a managing committee consisting of three members. The managing committee or board consists of three Hindu members. The Kerala Cabinet can nominate two persons in which Hindu members in the Cabinet can nominate one person. Kerala Legislative Assembly can nominate one person. According to the act, any person, including a woman, who is a Hindu, thirty-five years of age and a resident of the Kerala state can become a member of the board.

The board is divided into two sections, namely Establishment section and Temple section. The Establishment section is in-charge of the administration whereas the Temple section handles routine rituals and functions of the temples. The Temple section consists of the priests and other temple functionaries. The Establishment section is further divided into four sections - Department of Administration, Department of Finance, Department of Maintenance and the Stores Department. There are five divisions namely Thrissur, Thiruvillamala, Kodungalloor, Chittoor, and Tripunithura Divisions. The Thrissur Division is the biggest in CDB and Chittoor is the smallest. The number of temples under the CDB is 413.

References

Hindu temples in Ernakulam district
Organisations based in Thrissur
Hindu temples in Thrissur district
Religious organisations based in India
1949 establishments in India
Hindu temples in Palakkad district

Cochin Devaswom Board


Medicine Head were a British blues rock band – initially a duo – active in the 1970s. Their biggest single success was in 1973 with "One and One Is One", which reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart. The group recorded six original albums, the first three of which were released by John Peel's Dandelion label.

Main personnel
For most of its career, the group was a duo comprising:
John Fiddler (born 25 September 1947, the Moxley area of Darlaston, Staffordshire, England) – (vocalist, guitarist, pianist and drummer)
Peter Hope-Evans (born 28 September 1947, Brecon, Powys, Wales) – (harmonica, Jew's harp, guitarist, and mouthbow player).

At various stages, the band used the following musicians: Laurence Archer, Clive Edwards, Keith Relf, Tony Ashton, Roger Saunders, George Ford, John Davies, Rob Townsend and Morgan Fisher.

Career
Fiddler and Hope-Evans met while attending Wednesfield Grammar School, Wolverhampton and later Stafford Art School, only to then quit, and began performing together on an informal basis. In or around 1968, they began performing the blues and rock and roll songs in pubs and clubs in and around Birmingham. Radio DJ John Peel saw Fiddler and Hope-Evans perform at the Lafayette Club and later shared their music with John Lennon, Eric Clapton and Pete Townshend. At Lennon's insistence, the duo was signed by Dandelion Records.

The demo recording of "His Guiding Hand" was released as a single, Peel describing it as "the cheapest single ever made and one of the classic records of all time" and keeping the single in his box of most treasured records. The duo's first album, New Bottles Old Medicine, was recorded in a single two-hour session, and they toured with Peel at many of his gigs, Peel paying them out of his own fee. Their second album, Heavy on the Drum, was recorded with Keith Relf, formerly of The Yardbirds, as producer. The single "(And The) Pictures in the Sky"  rose to number 22 on the UK Singles Chart in 1971. This was not included on Heavy on the Drum, but was added to CD reissues of their debut, New Bottles Old Medicine. "(And The) Pictures in the Sky" was the first hit on the Dandelion label.

Hope-Evans left the band for over a year, and Fiddler, Relf (on bass), and drummer John Davies recorded the band's third album and last on Dandelion, Dark Side of the Moon. It was released in 1972, the year before the Pink Floyd album of the same name. According to Nicholas Schaffner, Pink Floyd briefly changed the name of their piece (which they were already performing live), to Eclipse, until the Medicine Head album turned out to be "a commercial dud". The track "Only To Do What Is True" appeared on the 1972 compilation, There Is Some Fun Going Forward.

Medicine Head signed for Polydor Records, and Hope-Evans returned for the album One & One Is One, produced by Tony Ashton and recorded with various session musicians. The title track became the band's biggest hit, reaching number 3 in the UK in 1973, and they followed it up with "Rising Sun" (number 11). For the next album, Thru' A Five, the duo were augmented on a regular basis by Rob Townsend – previously of Family – on drums, Roger Saunders on guitar, and George Ford on bass. The album featured the Slim Harpo-influenced song "Slip and Slide", which became the band's final hit, reaching number 22 in the UK in 1974. Despite consistent touring, often as a supporting act, Medicine Head failed to place an album on the UK Albums Chart. For their final album, Two Man Band, recorded at Pete Townshend's Eel Pie Studios, they reverted to being a duo. Medicine Head finally folded in 1977.

In 2005, Angel Air released the album Don't Stop The Dance. In effect it was a 'lost' album, compiling some singles from an unsuccessful period with the WWA label, and some unreleased sessions with the band as a five piece. In March 2007, Medicine Head's debut album New Bottles, Old Medicine was re-released on CD by Cherry Red Records. In May 2009, Cherry Red also released, One And One Is One – The Very Best Of Medicine Head. Fiddler released solo albums after the breakup of the band but revived the Medicine Head name for Fiddlersophical in 2011.

Post break-up careers
Since the band's break-up, both members have continued to work in the music industry.

Fiddler was a member of British Lions and Box of Frogs, and has released solo material including a 1995 album, Return of the Buffalo. He has occasionally revived the Medicine Head name, to tour a show of their hits (fellow musicians have included Laurence Archer, Clive Edwards, Mark Luckhurst and James Fox) and to release further low-key recordings.

Hope-Evans appeared on many albums, most prominently with Pete Townshend, and has played in several bands including The Dance Band, who released a 1980 album Fancy Footwork, and more recently accompanying singer-songwriter Noah Francis.

Discography

Albums

New Bottles, Old Medicine (1970)
Heavy on the Drum (1971)
Dark Side of the Moon (1972)
One & One Is One (1973)
Thru a Five (1974)
Medicine Head (1976)
Two Man Band (1976)
Live at the Marquee (2001)
Don't Stop the Dance (2005)
Only the Roses (2005)
BBC Radio Sessions (2010)
Fiddlersophical (2011)

Singles

 "His Guiding Hand" (1969)
 "Coast to Coast (And Shore to Shore)" (1970)
 "(And The) Pictures in the Sky" (1971) – UK number 22
 "How Does It Feel"/"Morning Light" (1972)
 "Only to Do What Is True" (1972)
 "Kum On"/"On the Land" (1972)
 "One and One Is One" (1973) – UK number 3
 "Rising Sun" (1973) – UK number 11
 "Slip and Slide" (1974) – UK number 22
 "Mama Come Out" (1974)
 "(It's Got to Be) Alright" (1974)
 "It's Natural" (1976)
 "Me and Suzie Hit the Floor" (1976)

See also
Harvest Records discography
List of Peel sessions
List of performers on Top of the Pops
List of British blues musicians

References

External links
 John Peel (BBC) website
 Medicine Head at Cherry Red Records
  Medicinehead/john fiddler  – website

Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups disestablished in 1977
British blues musical groups
English rock music groups
Dandelion Records artists
Polydor Records artists
People educated at Wednesfield Grammar School
Rock music duos

Medicine Head


The Ryan Round Barn is a historic round barn located about six miles north of the city of Kewanee, Illinois in Johnson-Sauk Trail State Park.

History
The Ryan Round Barn was built for Laurence Ryan and completed in 1910 by German immigrant named Feurst.  Ryan was a well-known brain surgeon in Chicago who was from Kewanee. He attended medical school at Loyola University and trained in Berlin and Vienna, later becoming the dean of the Medical School at Loyola. In 1908, he purchased 320 acres of land for a retreat from Chicago and the medical world and to explore his hobby of raising Black Angus cattle. The barn was intended to be where the cattle housed, fed and groomed under one roof. After Ryan's death in 1939, the barn was sold to E. A. Johnson of Annawan until it was sold to the state in 1967.

The barn was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974; it was the first round barn in the state to be added to the Register. In 1984, the Friends of Johnson Park Foundation was founded for the express purpose of saving the Round Barn. Currently, the barn features a display of antique farm machinery and implements, and is open to visitors seasonally.

Design
The barn is  tall and  in diameter, making it the largest round barn in Illinois. The interior of the barn has three and a half levels and a central silo. The roof features four gambrel dormers spaced evenly around the edge and a cupola at the top. The side board are constructed horizontally to form continuous circles.

See also
Round barns in Illinois
List of round barns#Illinois

References

External links

Ryan Round Barn - touring information
Ryan's Round Barn - history and museum information
Johnson-Sauk Trail State Park

National Register of Historic Places in Henry County, Illinois
Farm museums in Illinois
Museums in Henry County, Illinois
Round barns in Illinois
Infrastructure completed in 1910
Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
1910 establishments in Illinois

Ryan Round Barn


Fan mail is mail sent to a public figure, especially a celebrity, by their admirers or "fans". In return for a fan's support and admiration, public figures may send an autographed poster, photo, reply letter, or note thanking their fans for their encouragement, gifts, and support. Fan mail sent to public figures can be through postal mail, email, social media, and other platforms that allow fans and users to communicate with their favorite public figures.

Overview

Fan mail may be in the form of letters, cards, artworks, gifts, comments on social media accounts, and so on. People often send fan mail to various public entertainers, figures such as politicians, athletes, actors, artists, writers, singers, bands, coaches of sports teams, bloggers, and social media stars seem to be the main target. Responses can take a great deal of time to come or never come at all. Since a major celebrity or public figure may receive thousands of pieces of fan mail every day, it is usually impossible for him/her to reply to or read them all and as a result his/her management team, often have the duty of canvassing the incoming mail. However, celebrities, such as Tim Allen or Taylor Swift sometimes will respond to fan mail. Directly after the 2001 anthrax attacks, some studios and agencies have refused to further take fan mail for safety and security reasons, and referred fans to alternate forms of contact.

Entertainment portrayal of fan mail
This gimmick has also been used with fictional characters; special episodes of Beavis and Butt-head featured episodes with mail sent to the two characters and the Homestar Runner website regularly features emails sent to and answered by the cartoon's main antagonist, Strong Bad. Public reading and answering of fan mail was a common recurring element of the cult television program Mystery Science Theater 3000 and the TechTV/G4 game review program X-Play often featured hosts Adam Sessler and Morgan Webb answering fan mail at the end of episodes, often in a scornful and satirical manner due to respondents deeply disagreeing with the show's video game reviews. TLC's third studio album was named FanMail, and was a tribute to fans, with the names of many fans that had sent them fan mail over the years included in the album's insert.

In Puerto Rico, popular television children's show host, the Spaniard Pacheco was known for personally reading fan-mails, which usually in his case included drawings by children dedicated to him, on his weekdays television show Cine Recreo.

Responses
Many fan mail responses started off as autographed photos but has slowly evolved to communication through social media. Many celebrities and public figures such as Taylor Swift and J. K. Rowling have been known to respond to fans, and sometimes haters, through Tumblr and Twitter. There have been many occasions in which J. K. Rowling has interacted with fans through her Twitter account. Taylor Swift has also been known to go out of her way to respond to her fans and admirers and even send fans gift packages, a form of fan mail, to selected fans who she had learned about through their social media accounts. While some public figures have responded to fans via social media, it is often known that responses via postal mail by public figures are scarce or nonexistent and often not personal responses but responses by a public figure's management team.

References

Fandom

Fan mail


Szilasliget is a town in Hungary, near Budapest. It was founded by Ede Wéber in 1910. Its original name was Helvécia-telep. It has had its own train station. There is the source of the Szilas-brook, which connects to the Danube. It is located about  from Hungaroring.

Populated places in Hungary

Szilasliget


Live From London is a live concert video from the American rock band Bon Jovi. It was the band's first concert video and was shot at Wembley Stadium on June 25, 1995, in front of 72,000 fans on the These Days Tour.

Overview
Directed by David Mallet and produced by Andy Picheta, the release shows Bon Jovi performing some of their staple live hits, and also some songs from their album These Days. The approximate running time is 90 minutes, as some songs from the concert were cut from this release. For the production, Mallett and Picheta earned a nomination for Best Long Form Music Video at the 39th Annual Grammy Awards.

The last track "These Days" is a new music video of the song featuring concert clips rather than a live performance.

Track listing
"Livin' on a Prayer"
"You Give Love a Bad Name"
"Keep the Faith"
"Always"
"Blaze of Glory" (Jon Bon Jovi Cover)
"Lay Your Hands on Me"
"I'll Sleep When I'm Dead" / "Papa Was a Rolling Stone" (Medley)
"Bad Medicine" / "Shout" (Medley)
"Hey God"
"Wanted Dead or Alive"
"This Ain't a Love Song"
"Closing Credits"
"These Days" (Music Video - featuring concert clips)
"Logos"

Band personnel
 Jon Bon Jovi (lead vocals, guitar)
 Richie Sambora (guitar, backing vocals)
 Tico Torres (drums)
 David Bryan (keyboards, backing vocals)

with
 Hugh McDonald (bass, backing vocals)
 Steven Van Zandt (guitar, backing vocals)
 Bob Geldof (backing vocals)

Available on the following formats
VHS
Video CD
DVD

Additional information
The concert was originally released on VHS in 1995, then worldwide on DVD in 2003. It was also later included in the Cross Road: Deluxe Sound & Vision box set in 2005, although for some reason, despite appearing on the disc, the song Lay Your Hands on Me is not credited as featuring on this release.
The DVD version contained no additional material or extra features, nor was the existing material remastered. The concert is in letterboxed widescreen and in 2.0 stereo. The material itself is therefore, identical to the VHS version.
The "These Days" bonus video was compiled from footage from the Live From London concert, using the full studio track, and is not the same as the "These Days" promo video.

Certifications

References

Bon Jovi video albums
1995 video albums
1995 live albums
Live video albums
Live albums recorded at Wembley Stadium
Films directed by David Mallet (director)

Live from London (Bon Jovi video)


Ernesto Pujol is a site-specific performance artist, social choreographer, and educator with an interdisciplinary practice. Pujol was born in 1957 in Havana, Cuba and spent time in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and in Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, before moving to the United States in 1979. He has lived and worked in New York since 1984. Pujol engaged in interdisciplinary pursuits, such as psychology and literature, while doing undergraduate work in humanities and visual arts at the University of Puerto Rico, in Spanish art history at the Universidad Complutense in Spain and in philosophy at St. John Vianney College Seminary in Florida. He pursued graduate work in education at the Universidad Interamericana in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in art therapy at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, and in communications and media theory at Hunter College in New York City. Pujol received his MFA in interdisciplinary art practice from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

Pujol first became known during the 1990s for a series of site-specific installation projects that dealt with whiteness, masculinity, collective and individual memory, loss and mourning. His more recent performance work deals with subjects such as war, the environment, and consciousness, influenced by Zen Buddhism. Since 2000, Pujol has been exploring interiority in public and private spaces. He strives to reclaim public space from distractions through durational group performances in order to create space for silent reflection as critical to democracy. The artist seeks to awaken consciousness among viewers through the creation of such spaces. The writings of Carol Becker have served as a source of inspiration for Pujol with notions of citizenship, such as the artist as citizen and the citizenship of art within American democracy. He has also worked extensively with curator Mary Jane Jacob in Charleston and with curator Saralyn Reece Hardy at the Spencer Museum of Art in Lawrence and the Salina Arts Center in Kansas.

In 2008, Pujol did a series of performances titled Inheriting Salt and began making sculptures out the footprints he produced during the performances. Desert Walk, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art, is such a sculpture. Two of his largest scale projects to date took place in Salt Lake City, Utah (Awaiting, 2009) and in Honolulu, Hawaii (Speaking in Silence, 2010). The artist has worked extensively with a variety of media, including installation, photography, and performance.

Ernesto Pujol represented the United States in 1997 at the Second Johannesburg Biennial in South Africa, the Sixth Havana Biennial in Cuba and the Second Saaremaa Biennial in Estonia. He has also received a number of fellowships from institutions such as the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, the Joan Mitchell Foundation, the Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation, Art Matters, and the New York Foundation for the Arts. Pujol has also been an active participant with a number of arts institutions serving with the Academy for Educational Development, the National Endowment for the Arts and the New York State Council on the Arts.

References

External links
Brooklyn Rail interview with Ernesto Pujol and others

1957 births
Conceptual artists
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
St. John Vianney College Seminary alumni
Hunter College alumni
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
University of Puerto Rico alumni
Living people
Cuban contemporary artists
Walking artists

Ernesto Pujol


Shamir () is a kibbutz in Upper Galilee area of Israel. Located on the western slopes of the Golan Heights, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

History

The kibbutz was established in 1944 by a small group of mainly Romanian immigrants. The first-generation settlers were members of the Marxist Zionist youth movement Hashomer Hatzair. Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the United Nations-established border between Israel and Syria was drawn to run only a few hundred yards east of the kibbutz.

On Thursday 13 June 1974, four PF-GC terrorists infiltrated the Lebanon-Israel border and invaded the kibbutz. They entered one of the buildings shooting a pregnant woman Edna Mor and another woman Shoshana Galili. Edna left behind a child and husband who moved out of the kibbutz shortly after. The terrorists continued shooting at random. Judith Sinton, a volunteer from New Zealand, on her way back to the apiary after breakfast, was shot and killed by one of the terrorists. The members of the kibbutz seized their weapons and ran in the direction from where gunfire was heard. In the gun battle that followed, all four terrorists were killed. The terrorists' aim was to take Israeli hostages in return for 100 jailed terrorists. Their written message ends: "We love to die, as you love to live." The artist Avraham Eilat who was at that time a member of the kibbutz documented the event.

Economy
As of 2006, Shamir was one of the most prosperous kibbutzim in Israel, producing honey, toiletries, and advanced optical products. The optical enterprise, Shamir Optical Industry, was previously a fully incorporated stock company, quoted on NASDAQ. In 2011 Essilor became a 50% shareholder and the company went private.

The kibbutz also earns money from tourism; it offers views of Mount Hermon to the north and the Hula Valley below the kibbutz. A relatively rare phenomenon can be observed from Shamir—a "sunrise in the west." As the kibbutz is nested in the steeply-rising western slopes of the Golan, when the sun rises, its first rays at daybreak illuminate the peaks of the Ramim mountain range across the valley to the west of Shamir. As the sun climbs progressively higher, more of Ramim is bathed in sunshine, which can then be observed progressing from west to east, down the slopes of Ramim, across the valley and up the slopes of the Golan before reaching the kibbutz.

Landmarks
Of notable interest are some 3rd century border stones with Greek inscriptions. Surrounding the kibbutz is a field of more than 400 dolmens, dated to the Bronze Age IB  (c. 2350–2000 BCE).  The largest of the dolmens has a basalt capstone of 50 tons which has rock art on its underside—the only art known from dolmens in the southern Levant.  Its excavators judge that the scale of the dolmen field and size of the dolmens indicate a governmental system more complex than that usually assigned to the period.

Notable people

 Sara Braverman
 Uzi Arad

References

External links

Official website

Kibbutzim
Kibbutz Movement
Populated places established in 1944
Populated places in Northern District (Israel)
Romanian-Jewish culture in Israel
1944 establishments in Mandatory Palestine

Shamir, Israel


Majed J. Nesheiwat Convention Center  (formerly the Mid-Hudson Civic Center) is a venue located in Poughkeepsie, New York, consisting of Mair Hall (a concert and convention hall) and the McCann Ice Arena (an ice skating venue). It was built in the 1970s as part of the general attempt at rehabilitation of the central district of the City of Poughkeepsie. It is located at 14 Civic Center Plaza, on a segment of what was formerly known as Market Street near the former Main Mall. The Poughkeepsie Grand Hotel, at 40 Civic Center Plaza, is adjacent on the same block and was originally designed to be constructed concurrently with the civic center and financed by Hilton, but the hotel construction was abandoned after the foundation was laid. Four years after the completion of the Mid-Hudson Civic Center, Radisson Hotels bought the hotel property and after a re-design of the original hotel plans, construction of the hotel resumed.

The MJN Nesheiwat Convention Center, a private, not-for-profit community organization dedicated to providing cultural, recreational and educational opportunities to the Hudson Valley is a dual venue comprising Mair Hall and McCann Ice Arena. Mair Hall is a  space with the capacity to host 3,050 seated spectators and large expos and trade shows.

On December 3, 2018 the Mid-Hudson Civic Center issued a press release announcing the name change of the Poughkeepsie building to the Majed J. Nesheiwat Convention Center. Majed "Mitch" Nesheiwat is a long time resident and business man of Dutchess County New York.
 Nesheiwat is the Founder and CEO of Gas Land Petroleum, which distributes petroleum products for companies such as Exxon Mobil, Shell, Sunoco, Gulf, Citgo, Phillips 66, and Conoco. Aside from distribution, Nesheiwat is a well-known and highly regarded real estate developer; he has diversified experience in all facets of the real estate industry. Nesheiwat made his mark in real estate through commercial development, specifically with retail plazas and residential sub-divisions.

McCann Ice Arena
The McCann Ice Arena serves youth organizations, leagues and individuals for both recreational and competitive figure skating and ice hockey and offers open ice slots, group and private lessons, public skating sessions and private parties. McCann Ice Arena had briefly been the home of the Hudson Valley Bears and the Poughkeepsie Panthers, two semi- professional hockey teams. McCann Ice Arena also serves as the home of Marist College Hockey.

Mair Hall
Mair Hall opened with a sold-out performance by Pete Seeger.

Professional wrestling events

Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW hosted their Hardcore Heaven pay-per-view event at the venue on May 16, 1999.

WWF/WWE
Between July 1984 and August 1986, the World Wrestling Federation (now World Wrestling Entertainment) taped their internationally televised WWF Championship Wrestling at the venue. Notable wrestlers who performed at the events during this time include then WWF Champion Hulk Hogan, Junkyard Dog, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, André the Giant, Bret Hart, Brutus Beefcake, Greg "The Hammer" Valentine, The British Bulldogs, Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat, King Kong Bundy, Big John Studd, Ken Patera, Tito Santana, Don Muraco, The Iron Sheik, "Mr Wonderful" Paul Orndorff, Hercules Hernandez, Adrian Adonis and Rowdy Roddy Piper (who also hosted his "Piper's Pit" segment on the show). Television commentators were WWF owner Vince McMahon (who at the time was only known outside of wrestling circles as an announcer and not the company owner) and "professional wrestling's only living legend" Bruno Sammartino, with Jesse "The Body" Ventura occasionally joining the duo or filling in for Sammartino (Ventura also wrestled on the show occasionally as Randy Savage's tag-team partner, usually taunting the semi-retired Sammartino and challenging him to get in the ring).

The venue was also where "Macho Man" Randy Savage (who had been billed as "the top free agent in pro wrestling") first introduced Miss Elizabeth (his then real life wife) as his chosen manager on an episode of Championship Wrestling on August 24, 1985 (taped July 30). Heel managers Bobby "The Brain" Heenan, Mr. Fuji, "Classy" Freddie Blassie, Luscious Johnny V, and "The Mouth of the South" Jimmy Hart had been "bidding" for his services in the previous months and had gathered in the ring to hear who Savage had chosen.

The venue was also where Heenan Family members Big John Studd and Ken Patera faced André the Giant and S. D. Jones in a tag team match. After knocking Jones out of the ring, Studd and Patera then double teamed André, knocking him unconscious. Bobby Heenan then pulled a pair of scissors from his pocket which Studd used to cut The Giants long hair, with Vince McMahon claiming in commentary that they were raping André of his dignity. While it shocked the audience, in reality André had agreed to the haircut prior to the match as part of his ongoing feud with the 6'10" (208 cm) Studd over who was the true giant in professional wrestling.

The only title change at the Civic Center during WWF Championship Wrestling tapings was on June 17, 1985 when The U.S. Express (Mike Rotundo and Barry Windham) defeated "The Foreign Legion" (The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff), regaining the WWF Tag Team Championship they had lost to the pair at Wrestlemania on March 31, 1985. The Mid Hudson Civic Center has also host a handful of episodes of Monday Night Raw between 1993 and 1995; the March 13, 1993 episode was the first to be taped outside New York City's Manhattan Center.

At the final taping of Championship Wrestling on August 5, 1986 (aired August 30), Harley Race was crowned the "King of Wrestling" after winning the 1986 King of the Ring tournament.

TNA Wrestling/Impact Wrestling
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling taped their pay-per view event TNA One Night Only: #OldSchool at the venue on December 30, 2013.

Impact Wrestling held their Rebellion pay-per view event at the venue on April 23, 2022.

Notable performances
Anthrax, Exodus and Helloween performed at the venue on May 12, 1989. It was the last show of the Headbangers Ball Tour.

System of a Down, Mr. Bungle, Incubus, and Puya performed on February 18, 2000 as part of the SnoCore Tour.

Kiss performed at the venue on November 28, 1984, as part of their Animalize World Tour. This was the first show with lead guitarist, Mark St. John, playing the entire show. St. John only performed three shows (two in full) with the group before being permanently replaced by Bruce Kulick.

References

External links
 The Concert database

Buildings and structures in Poughkeepsie, New York
Indoor arenas in New York (state)
Indoor ice hockey venues in New York (state)
Sports venues in Dutchess County, New York
1970s establishments in New York (state)
Tourism in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York

Mid-Hudson Civic Center


Plant hormones (or Phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth. In the UK they are called 'plant growth substances'. The best known plant hormone is auxin.

Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant. They occur in extremely low concentrations. Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells. Hormones also govern the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves, and the development and ripening of fruit.

Plants, unlike animals, lack glands that produce and secrete hormones.  Individual cells can produce hormones. They affect which tissues grow upward and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, plant longevity, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth, and, lacking them, plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells. So they are also known as growth factors or growth hormones.

Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants, but in algae too, with similar functions. They also occur in fungi and bacteria, where they may be used to induce beneficial reactions in host plants.

References

Plant hormone


GR 10 is a French GR footpath, or hiking trail, that runs the length of the Pyrenees Mountains. It roughly parallels the French–Spanish border on the French side. Those attempting the entire trail often choose to walk it from west to east, from Hendaye on the Bay of Biscay to Banyuls-sur-Mer on the Mediterranean Sea, but it can also be traversed east to west.

Description
Hiking the entire route is estimated to take around 52 days for hikers who are physically fit and used to mountain hiking. Some stretches involve a lot of ascending and descending, including a few one-day sections that can climb and then descend , but the GR 10 is a hiking trail, and there is no actual mountain climbing involved. The trail covers a distance of , with  of ascent and, given the coast-to-coast nature of the route, the same descent.

Lodging along the route that cater to walkers include hotels, gîtes d'étape, and very basic mountain refuges. Camping is only necessary for two or three nights in the Ariège section. Some walkers walk one section of the trail at a time, completing the route over several visits.

The trail is well marked with red and white painted blazes. It appears on all regional maps, including on Michelin roadmaps. The route is within the area shown by the Editions Sud-Ouest Rando éditions range of maps (numbers 1–11), which are based on French Institut Géographique National 1:50,000 scale maps.  Parts of the route, especially around towns and villages, change from year to year, so walkers should carry the most recent editions of the maps and guides.

A number of sections include alternative routes of a less demanding nature. Some alternatives offer more scenic choices, for example the alternative route from Cauterets to Luz-Saint-Sauveur takes in Pont d'Espagne, the Refuge Oulettes de Gaube, the Refuge Baysellance, Gavarnie, Gedre and Pragneres, and offers more spectacular mountain scenery.

Another notable section is near the village of Etsaut, where the route follows the Chemin de la Mâture, a track carved into a sheer cliff face. This path was created in the 18th century to facilitate the transport of tree trunks destined to be made into masts for French warships.

There are four very detailed guide books (in French) describing the GR 10. These are published by the Fédération Française de la Randonnée Pédestre (French Hiking Federation). These guide books can be purchased at most large sports stores in the region, and in a few of the largest sports stores in the major cities in France.  English guides are also available.

The Spanish GR 11 is a similar route on the Spanish side of the border, while the only-occasionally-marked Haute Randonnée Pyrénéenne (HRP) follows a generally higher route through the Pyrenees, from mountaintop to mountaintop, frequently crossing from one side of the border to the other.

Weather
The best time for hiking on the GR 10 is late spring/early summer and late summer/early fall. In the middle of the summer the heat can become a problem, though some of the ski stations on the route open their lifts for summer walkers, providing opportunities for hikers to avoid some ascents and descents. In the fall mountain storms become more frequent, making conditions dangerous. In winter most of the GR 10 is impassable due to snow.

The first high pass walking from the Atlantic Ocean is the Hourquette d'Arre (2465m). Walking from the Mediterranean Sea, the equivalent high pass is the Coma d'Anyell (2450m). Both are normally snowed up until about 14 June (in 2013 two weeks later). These are about 14 and 9 days in from the respective starting points.

Departments crossed
The GR 10 passes through the French departments of:
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Hautes-Pyrénées
Haute-Garonne
Ariège
Pyrénées-Orientales

Towns, villages and other stopping places

Some commonly used overnight stops with camping or gîte facilities include:
Hendaye
Olhette
Ainhoa
Bidarray
Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
Esterencuby
Col Bagargiak
Logibar (Larrau)
Saint-Engrace
Arette-la-Pierre-Saint-Martin
Lescun
Etsaut
Gabas
Gourette
Arrens-Marsous
Cauterets (and Gavarnie and Gedre via alternative route)
Luz-Saint-Sauveur
Barèges
Chalet Hotel Lac de L'Oule
Vielle Aure
Germ
Lac d'Oo
Bagnères-de-Luchon
Fos
Refuge de l'Etang d'Araing
Eylie d'en haut
Cabane de Besset
Etang d'Ayes
Aunac
Rouze
St Lizier d'Ustou
Aulus-les-Bains
Mounicou
Goulier
Siguer
Refuge de Clarans
Refuge de Rulhe
Mérens-les-Vals
Refuge des Besines
Refuge des Bouilloises
Planes
Refuge du Ras de la Caranca
Mantet
Refuge de Mariailles
Chalet Hotel des Cortalets
Mines de Batere
Moulin de la Palette
Las Illas
Chalet de l'Albere
Banyuls-sur-Mer

References

External links

 GR10 – La Grande Traversée — complete trail topography (in French)
 The Pyrenean Way — A site dedicated to the GR10, here called the "Pyrenean Way"
 GR10 From Hendaye to Estérençuby (Pyrenées-Atlantiques)
 GR10 From Estérençuby to Borce (Pyrenées-Atlantiques)
 GR10 From Borce (Pyrenées-Atlantiques) to Oule Lake (Hautes-Pyrenées)
 GR10 From Oule Lake (Hautes-Pyrenées) to Bethmale Lake (Ariège)
 GR10 From Bethmale Lake to Merens-les-Vals (Ariège)
 GR10 From Merens-les-Vals (Ariège) to Ras-dels-Cortalets (Pyrenées-Orientales)
 GR10 From Ras-dels-Cortalets to Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrenées-Orientales)
 GR10 Across the Pyrenees from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean (full itinerary)

Geography of Ariège (department)
Geography of Haute-Garonne
Geography of Hautes-Pyrénées
Geography of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Geography of Pyrénées-Orientales
Pyrenees
Hiking trails in France
Tourist attractions in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Tourist attractions in Ariège (department)
Tourist attractions in Haute-Garonne
Tourist attractions in Hautes-Pyrénées
Tourist attractions in Occitania (administrative region)
Tourist attractions in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Tourist attractions in Pyrénées-Orientales

GR 10


Jane Dunnewold is an textile artist and author. She has been the president of the Surface Design Association.

Biography
Dunnewold was born in Oberlin, Ohio, United States, North America and currently lives in San Antonio, Texas with her family.

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
 2016: Inspired by The Masters. Visions Art Museum. San Diego, CA.
 2016: Quilt/Not Quilt Fibreworks Gallery. British Columbia, Canada. New Work.
 2013: Lyrical Thread. Radius Gallery. San Antonio, TX.
 2013: Artists Looking At Art. MCNay Art Museum. San Antonio, TX.
 2011: Etudes: A Daily Practice. Hite Institute for Art. University of Louisville. KY. Sacred Planet. Schweinfurth Art Center. Auburn, NY.
 2010: Sacred Planet. Boger Gallery. College of the Ozarks. Point Lookout MO.
 2010: Intimate Conversations. Festival of Arts. Birmingham UK.
 2007: New Work. Textilkundst. Munich, Germany.
 2005: Disciple of Life. Woven: A Textile Art Space. Philadelphia PA. 2002: ArtCloth. Textile Center. Minneapolis MN.
 2001: Pray without Ceasing. Mendocino College Gallery. Ukiah CA.
 2001: Homage to the Tao. Jane Sauer Gallery. Santa Fe NM.

Selected Invitational and Juried Exhibitions
 2016: 2016 Visionmakers. 108 Contemporary. Tulsa. OK.
 2016: The Artist as Maker, Thinker, Feeler. Cade Art Gallery. Anne Arundel Community College. Arnold. MD.
 2016:  Breakout: Quilt Visions. Visions Quilt Museum. San Diego. CA.
 2016: Stories of Migration. Textile Museum. Washington DC.
 2015: Quilt National. Dairy Barn Art Center. Ohio.
 2015: Two by Twenty. Sponsored by Studio Art Quilt Associates. Currently traveling
 internationally.
 2015: Contemporary Fiber: Breaking Traditions. Lore Degenstein Gallery, Susquehanna University. PA.
 2014: Timeless Meditations. Tubac Art Center. Tubac, AZ. Best of Show.
 2014: International TECHstyle Art Biennial. San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles. CA.
 2013: FiberArt International. Pittsburgh Center for the Arts. Pittsburgh, PA.
 2013: Chautauqua National Juried Exhibition: Crossroads. Richmond, KY.
 2012: Timeless Meditations. Tubac Art Center. Tubac, AZ. Best of Show.
 2012: Textiles Today. Durango Arts Center. Durango, CO.
 2011: Green: the Color and the Cause. The Textile Museum. Smithsonian Museums. Washington DC. 2010
 2010: ArtCloth: Engaging New Visions. Fairfield City Museum and Stein Gallery. Sydney, Australia.
 Orange Regional Gallery. New South Wales, Australia.
 Wangaratta Gallery. Victoria, Australia.
 2008: Freedom: The Fiber of Our Nation. Textile Center. Minneapolis MN.
 2007: Unfurled: Expressive Cloth. Robert Hillestad Gallery. University of Nebraska. Curator and exhibitor. Lincoln NE.
 2007: Lush: Art Fabrics. Grimshaw-Gudiwicz Art Gallery. Fall River, MA.
 2007: Art Cloth: Spanning Continents. Houston, Texas. Curator and exhibitor.
 2006: Never Static. Textile Center of Minnesota. Juror and participant.
 2003: Craft 2003. Houston Center for Contemporary Craft. Houston TX. Honorable Mention

Awards
2002: Quilts Japan Prize

Publications
Dunnewold has published several books including:
1996: Complex Cloth: A Comprehensive Guide to Surface Design
2010: Art Cloth: A Guide to Surface Design for FabricArt Cloth: A Guide to Surface Design for Fabric
2016: Creative Strength Training: Prompts, Exercises and Stories to Encourage Artistic Genius, North Light Books.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American textile artists
People from Oberlin, Ohio
American women artists
American women writers
Women textile artists
21st-century American women

Jane Dunnewold


A triumvirate () or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs (). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are notionally equal, the actual distribution of power may vary. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader.

Pre-modern triumvirates

Biblical
In the Bible triumvirates occurred at some notable events in both the Old Testament and New Testament. In the Book of Exodus Moses, his brother Aaron and, according to some views their nephew or brother-in-law, Hur acted this way during the  Battle of Rephidim against the Amalekites. Later, when Moses was away on the Mount Sinai Aaron and Hur were left in charge of all the Israelites.

In the Gospels as a leading trio among the Twelve Apostles at three particular occasions during public ministry of Jesus acted Peter, James, son of Zebedee and his brother John. They were the only apostles present at the Raising of Jairus' daughter, Transfiguration of Jesus and Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane. Later, at the time of the Early Christian Church this triumvirate of the leading apostles changed slightly after the former James's death, as it became composed of Peter, John and James, brother of Jesus, known collectively also as the three Pillars of the Church.

Ancient China
During the Han Dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE), statesmen Huo Guang (d. 68 BCE), Jin Midi (d. 86 BCE), and Shangguan Jie 上官桀 (d. 80 BCE) formed a triumvirate following the death of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE) and the installation of the child emperor Zhao.

Despite the Three Excellencies – including the Chancellor, Imperial Secretary, and irregularly the Grand Commandant – representing the most senior ministerial positions of state, this triumvirate was supported by the economic technocrat and Imperial Secretary Sang Hongyang (d. 80 BCE), their political lackey. The acting Chancellor Tian Qianqiu was also easily swayed by the decisions of the triumvirate.

The Three Excellencies existed in Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE) as the Chancellor, Imperial Secretary, and Grand Commandant, but the Chancellor was viewed as senior to the Imperial Secretary while the post of Grand Commandant was vacant for most of the dynasty. After Emperor Guangwu established the Eastern Han (25–220 CE), the Grand Commandant was made a permanent official while the Minister over the Masses replaced the Chancellor and the Minister of Works replaced the Imperial Secretary. Unlike the three high officials in Western Han when the Chancellor was senior to all, these new three senior officials had equal censorial and advisory powers. When a young or weak-minded emperor ascended to the throne, these Three Excellencies could dominate the affairs of state. There were also other types of triumvirates during the Eastern Han; for example, at the onset of the reign of Emperor Ling of Han (r. 168–189), the General-in-Chief Dou Wu (d. 168), the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (d. 168), and another prominent statesman Hu Guang (91–172) formed a triumvirate nominally in charge of the Privy Secretariat, when in fact it was a regent triumvirate that was overseeing the affairs of state and Emperor Ling.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, the gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva form the triumvirate Trimurti, where they each represent the balancing forces of creation, preservation, and destruction, respectively. Their female counterparts and consorts, the goddesses Saraswati, Lakshmi and Parvati, make up the parallel Tridevi.

Pagaruyuang
Triumvirates during the Pagaruyuang era in the Minangkabau Highlands were known as Rajo Tigo Selo, or "the three reigning kings." The Rajo Tigo Selo was descended from the same line in the same dynasty and ruled at the same reigning time. It consisted of three kings, the Rajo Alam who ruled the government and diplomatic affairs, the Rajo Adaik who ruled the customs and the Rajo Ibadaik who acted as a Grand Mufti.

Ancient Rome

During the Roman Republic,  (or ) were special commissions of three men appointed for specific administrative tasks apart from the regular duties of Roman magistrates.

The term triumvirate is most commonly used by historians of ancient Rome to refer to two political alliances during the crisis of the Roman Republic:

 The informal First Triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus, formed in 60 BCE or 59 BCE as an alliance among three prominent politicians and lasting until the death of Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE, who were not triumviri in the usual Roman sense
 The Second Triumvirate (the ) of Octavianus (later Caesar Augustus), Mark Antony, and Lepidus, formed in 43 BCE as an official, legally established institution, formally recognized by the Roman Senate in the Lex Titia and lasted de facto until the fall of Lepidus in 36 BCE, de jure until 32 BCE.

Tamil
Tamil Triumvirate refers to the triumvirate of Chola, Chera, and Pandya who dominated the politics of the ancient Tamil country. Sivaperuman, Murugan and Agatiyar are considered triumvirate of Tamil Language and Sangam Literature.

Rum Seljuks

In 1246, Rum Seljuk sultan Kaykaus II was invited to Güyük Khan's coronation. Instead he sent Kilij Arslan IV, who went to Karakorum with a delegation. Two years later, he was accompanied by a Mongolian military unit of 2000, returned to Anatolia with a jarlig given by Guyuk declaring him sultan. He was recognized as sultan in Sivas, Erzincan, Diyarbakır, Malatya, Harput. Later, a meeting was held, resulting in an accord where the three brothers (Kaykaus, Kilij and Kayqubad) would share the throne. A khutbah was read on their behalf, and coins were struck in their names. However, influenced by some emirs, Kilij Arslan  did not accept this and went into conflict with Kaykaus, but suffered an unexpected defeat. On 14 June 1249, he was caught and brought to his brother. However, he was well received and returned together to Konya. Both were enthroned alongside Kayqubad II. Thus a period of joint rule began from 1249 until 1254. Kaykaus, controlled the capital, Konya, and everything further west, and the coast at Antalya, up to Ankara. Kilij Arslan was allocated everything to the east of Konya up to Erzurum. Kayqubad was granted minor estates on a scale sufficient for his personal expenses.

Modern triumvirates
The title was revived a few times for (short-lived) three-headed political 'magistratures' in post-feudal times.

Ottoman Empire

The Three Pashas also known as Ottoman Triumvirate effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I: Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874–1921), the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881–1922), the Minister of War; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922), the Minister of the Navy.

Modern Bosnia and Herzegovina
Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina is ruled by a three-member Presidency.

Early modern and modern France

While French Huguenots had derisively bestowed the name Triumvirate on the alliance formed in 1561 between Catholic Francis, Duke of Guise, Anne de Montmorency, and Jacques d'Albon during the French Wars of Religion, in later years the term would be used to describe other arrangements within France.

At the end of the 1700s, when the French revolutionaries turned to several Roman magistrature names for their newly created institutions, the three-headed collective head of state was named the Consulat (1799–1804), a term in use for two-headed magistratures since Antiquity; furthermore it included an office of First Consul who was not an equal, but the de facto solo head of state and government – a position Napoleon Bonaparte chose to convert openly into the First French Empire in 1804.

Prior to Napoleon and during the Terror from 1793 to 1794 Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and Georges Couthon, as members of the governing Committee of Public Safety, were accused by their political opponents of forming an unofficial triumvirate, pointing out the first triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus which led to the end of the Roman Republic. Although officially all members of the committee shared equal power the three men's friendship and close ideological base led their detractors to declaim them as triumvirs which was used against them in the coup of 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794).

Pre-Independent India
In the early days of the national struggle and before Gandhi, the Indian National Congress was known to be under Lal-Bal-Pal i.e. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, often dubbed Lokmanya Tilak.

Czechoslovakia

The Czechoslovak National Council, an organization founded in Paris in 1916 by Czech and Slovak émigrés during World War I to liberate their homeland from Austria-Hungary, consisted of the triumvirate of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk as a chairman, Edvard Beneš, who joined Masaryk in exile in 1915, as the organization's general secretary, and Milan Rastislav Štefánik, a Slovak who was an aviator in the French Army, designating to represent Slovak interests in the national council. During the closing weeks of the war, the Czechoslovak National Council was formally upgraded to a provisional government and its members were designated to hold top offices in the First Czechoslovak Republic.

Indonesia
According to the Article 8 paragraph (3) from the Constitution of Indonesia, there are three head of government institutions that can act as a "temporary" triumvirate only if there are vacancies in the position of president and vice president at the same time (e.g. both president and vice president were assassinated, sick, not doing their duties, died, or resigned). They are Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Home Affairs, and Minister of Defense. Those three ministers can act for president and vice president together for maximum 30 days.

After that, during the term of the triumvirate, the House of Representatives through the political parties or the coalition of political parties will elect a new President and Vice President and propose it to the People's Consultative Assembly. The newly elected President and Vice President which holds first and second of the most votes in the parliament will continue the remaining office position of former President and Vice President that were elected from previous general election, not five years.

Modern Israel
 2008–2009: Former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, Defense Minister Ehud Barak, and Minister of Foreign Affairs Tzipi Livni were sometimes referred to as a triumvirate.
 2012: The leadership of Shas, the ultra-orthodox Sepharadi political party of Israel, was given by its spiritual leader, Rabbi Ovadia Yosef and the Council of Torah Sages, to a triumvirate formed by the convicted Aryeh Deri, who decided to return to politics after a thirteen-year hiatus, the former party leader Eli Yishai and Ariel Atias.

People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Liu Shaoqi are regarded as the three most influential members of the first generation of the Chinese communist leaders. Mao and Zhou managed to remain at the highest levels of power until their deaths in 1976. Unlike them Liu, who served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1954–1959) and later as the President of the People's Republic of China, nominal de jure head of state (1959–1968), was purged during the cultural revolution in 1968. He died in prison in 1969.

Instead of Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De is sometimes regarded as a member of the triumvirate of the leading Chinese politicians alongside Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. The three had the biggest contribution to the victory in the Chinese Civil War and the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and are now collectively  venerated as the three founding heroes. Mao, Zhou and Zhu were the only three original members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party who remained in the Politburo from 1945 until their deaths in 1976 (though Zhu temporarily lost his membership between 1969–1973) and died while holding the highest party and state offices Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (Mao), Premier of the State Council (Zhou) and Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the nominal head of state (Zhu).

Benin

 13 April 1970 until 26 October 1972: After the contentious 1970 presidential elections, the country of Benin (then known as the Republic of Dahomey) adopted a Presidential Council which included the three main political figures in the country: Hubert Maga, Justin Ahomadégbé-Tomêtin, and Sourou-Migan Apithy. In addition, the formal office of President would rotate between the three of them beginning with Hubert Maga. After one successful change of leadership, military leader Mathieu Kérékou staged a coup and overthrew the Presidential Council becoming the leader of the country until 1991.

Soviet Union
See also List of Troikas in the Soviet Union
In the context of the Soviet Union, the term troika (Russian: for "group of three") is used for "triumvirate".
 May 1922 – April 1925: When Vladimir Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, a Troika was established to govern the country in his place, although Lenin briefly returned to the leadership from 2 October 1922 until a severe stroke on 9 March 1923 ended Lenin's political career. The Troika consisted of Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Grigory Zinoviev. The Troika broke up in April 1925, when Kamenev and Zinoviev found themselves in a minority over their belief that socialism could only be achieved internationally. Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition in early 1926. Later, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky would all be murdered on Stalin's orders.
 13 March – 26 June 1953: After the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953, power was shared between Georgy Malenkov, Lavrenty Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov.
 14 October 1964 – 16 June 1977: After the removal of Nikita Khrushchev in October 1964, the Soviet Union went through a period of collective leadership. Power was initially shared between General Secretary (until 1966 First Secretary) Leonid Brezhnev, Premier Alexei Kosygin, and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (nominal de jure head of state) Anastas Mikoyan. Mikoyan was replaced by Nikolai Podgorny in 1965.

Modern Italy
In the Roman Republic (1849), the title of two sets of three joint chiefs of state in the year 1849:
 29 March – 1 July 1849: Carlo Armellini (1777–1863),  Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872), and  Conte Aurelio Saffi (1819–1890)
 1–4 July 1849: Aurelio Saffi (again), Alessandro Calandrelli (1805–1888), and Livio Mariani (1793–1855)
Almost immediately following the Roman Republic, the Red Triumvirate governed the restored Papal States from 1849 to 1850:
 1 August 1849 – 12 April 1850: Cardinals Gabriele della Genga Sermattei (1801–1861), Lodovico Altieri (1805–1867), and  (1801–1877)

Modern Greece
 After the downfall of the first King of Greece, the Bavarian Otto, on 23 October 1862, and Dimitrios Voulgaris' unsuccessful term (23 October 1862 – 30 January 1863) as president of the Provisional Government, a Triumvirate (30 January – 30 October 1863) was established consisting of the same Dimitrios Voulgaris, the renowned Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris and Benizelos Roufos, which acted as a regency until the arrival of the new monarch, the first "King of the Hellenes", George I.
 A triumvirate was established to head the Theriso revolt of 1905 in autonomous Crete, consisting of Eleftherios Venizelos (later Prime Minister of Greece) in charge of organisational matters, Konstantinos Foumis in charge of finances and Konstantinos Manos, the former mayor of Chania, in charge of military affairs.

 A triumvirate was set up during the First World War in September 1916, to head the "Provisional Government of National Defence" in Thessaloniki. It consisted of the popular liberal statesman Eleftherios Venizelos, General Panagiotis Danglis and Admiral Pavlos Koundouriotis. This "Triumvirate of National Defence" functioned as a collective head of government, although effective control was in Venizelos' hands. With the abdication of King Constantine I in June 1917 and the reunification of the country under Venizelos, the triumvirate was dissolved. The Triandria municipality in Thessaloniki is named after this triumvirate.
 A triumvirate was set up on 13 September 1922 to lead the military revolt against the royalist government in Athens in the aftermath of the Asia Minor Disaster. It was composed of Colonels Nikolaos Plastiras and Stylianos Gonatas, and Commander Dimitrios Fokas. The triumvirate assumed the government of Greece on 15 September, and would control the country until it laid down its powers on 2 January 1924. Plastiras however quickly became the dominant figure among the triumvirate, and was eventually labelled as the "Chief of the Revolution".
 A de facto triumvirate existed during the early years of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, when the junta's three main leaders were Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, Brigadier Stylianos Pattakos and Colonel Nikolaos Makarezos. With the increasing predominance of Papadopoulos from 1970 on, this triumvirate ceased to function.
 The Greek People's Liberation Army, active during the Axis Occupation of Greece, had a triadic leadership structure, consisting of the kapetánios ("captain", the unit's leader), the stratiotikós (the military specialist, usually a former Army officer) and the politikós (the political representative of the National Liberation Front).

Argentina

 First Triumvirate (23 September 1811 – 8 October 1812):
Feliciano Chiclana.
Manuel de Sarratea.
Juan José Paso, replaced by Juan Martín de Pueyrredón on 23 March 1812.
 Second Triumvirate (8 October 1812 – 31 January 1814):
Nicolás Rodríguez Peña.
Antonio Álvarez Jonte, replaced by Gervasio Antonio de Posadas on 19 August 1813.
Juan José Paso, replaced by José Julián Pérez on 20 February 1813, and replaced by Juan Larrea on 5 November 1813.
 Third Triumvirate (18–20 April 1815):
José de San Martín.
Matías de Irigoyen.
Manuel de Sarratea.
Military Junta (28–29 June 1966):
 Pascual Pistarini.
 Benigno Ignacio Varela.
 Adolfo Teodoro Álvarez.
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces (8–18 June 1970):
 Pedro Alberto José Gnavi, President.
 Carlos Alberto Rey.
 Alejandro Lanusse.
Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces (23–26 March 1971):
 Alejandro Lanusse, President.
 Pedro Alberto José Gnavi.
 Carlos Alberto Rey.
Military Junta (24–29 March 1976):
 Jorge Rafael Videla.
 Emilio Eduardo Massera.
 Orlando Ramón Agosti.

Brazil

  The Empire of Brazil had two triumvirates during a period known as the Regency period:
 Provisional Triumviral Regency (7 April – 3 May 1831)
 Francisco de Lima e Silva
 Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro
 The Marquis of Caravelas
 Permanent Triumviral Regency (17 June 1831 – 12 October 1835)
 Francisco de Lima e Silva
 The Marquis of Monte Alegre (from 18 June)
 João Bráulio Muniz (from 18 June)

  Republican Brazil had two military juntas:
 The Military Junta of 1930, after the fall of the First Brazilian Republic (24 October – 3 November 1930)
 General Augusto Tasso Fragoso (Army)
 Admiral Isaías de Noronha (Navy)
 General João de Deus Mena Barreto (Army)
 The Military Junta of 1969, during the military dictatorship (31 August – 30 October 1969)
 General Aurélio de Lira Tavares (Army)
 General Márcio Melo (Air Force)
 Admiral Augusto Rademaker (Navy)

The Americas

  Venezuela: by decree of the Caracas Junta and ratified in the Federal Constitution of 1811 the executive power was vested in "three individuals" (1810–12)
  The Eastern State of Uruguay had one triumvirate in 1853.
  The United Provinces of New Granada, now Colombia, and Panama, were headed by two triumvirates in the period known as the "Patria Boba" or Foolish Fatherland
 Interim Triumvirate, 5 October – 23 November 1814
 José María del Castillo y Rada
 José Joaquín Camacho
 José Fernández Madrid
 Triumvirate of the United Provinces of New Granada, 23 November 1814 – October 1815
 Custodio García Rovira
 Antonio Villavicencio, replaced Rovira during his second term as he could not preside over
 José Manuel Restrepo, was never sworn in.
 José Miguel Pey de Andrade, replaced Restrepo as he declined. 28 July 1815
 Manuel Rodríguez Torices
  The Dominican Republic had two triumvirates, which were essentially three-member juntas:
 29 May – 22 August 1866 – 1st Triumvirate (in rebellion against Buenaventura Báez from 1 May 1866):
 Pedro Antonio Pimentel  (1830–1874; formerly one of three "Generals-in-Chief" 23–24 January 1865)
 Gregorio Luperón (1839–1897) PA
 Federico de Jesús García
 26 September 1963 – 25 April 1965 – 2nd Triumvirate:
 Emilio de los Santos (b. 1903 – 22 December 1963) (chairman from 29 December 1963, succeeded by Donald Reid Cabral, b. 1923, UCN,  new chairman)
 Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (1924–1984)
 Ramón Tapia Espinal (1926–2002)
 : the political arrangement of "three men in a room", consisting of the Governor, Speaker of the New York State Assembly, and the Majority Leader of the New York State Senate
  Nicaragua (1972–74) Liberal-Conservative Junta of Roberto Martínez, Alfonso Lovo Cordero (liberals) and Fernando Agüero (conservative). Agüero resigned in 1973 and Edmundo Paguada was successor.
  (1823–24) Guadalupe Victoria, Nicolás Bravo and Celestino Negrete.
  had three brief triumvirates during the 19th Century, with only the latest lasting more than an year.
 Shared Governorate, 16 May – 17 June 1811
 Bernardo de Velasco
 José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia
 Juan Valeriano de Zevallos
 Liberal Triumvirate, 21 January – 9 February 1841
 Juan José Medina
 José Gabriel Benítez
 José Domingo Ocampos
 Postwar Triumvirate, 15 August 1869 – 31 August 1870
 Cirilo Antonio Rivarola
 Carlos Loizaga
 José Díaz de Bedoya

Other triumvirates
The word has been used as a term of convenience, though not an official title, for other groups of three in a similar position:
 Great Triumvirate (19th-century American politics – Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun)
 Bourbon Triumvirate (19th-century American politics – Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John Brown Gordon)
 After the Lisbon Treaty came into force from 1 December 2009:
 President of the European Council –  Charles Michel
 President of the European Commission – Ursula von der Leyen
 High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy – Josep Borrell
 Great Triumvirate (Early 20th-century golf – Harry Vardon, James Braid, and J.H. Taylor)
 Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google has referred to himself, along with founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin as part of a triumvirate, stating, "This triumvirate has made an informal deal to stick together for at least 20 years".

See also
 Constitution of the Roman Republic
 Council of Three (disambiguation)
 Decemvirate
 Diarchy
 Duumviri
 European troika
 Monarchy
 Septemvir
 Tetrarchy

Notes

References
 Beck, Mansvelt. (1986). "The Fall of Han," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

 Loewe, Michael. (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220, 103–222. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
  Etymology on line
 World Statesmen here Greece - see under each present country

External links
 Livius.org: Triumvir

Heads of government
Collective heads of state
+
Triarchies

Triumvirate


A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists like to visit because of its looks, beauty, culture, nature, history, fun and how it feels to be there.

Types
There are different kinds of tourist attractions.
Some are natural such as beaches, tropical island resorts with coral reefs, hiking and camping in national parks, mountains, deserts and forests. Some are cultural such as historical places, monuments, ancient temples, zoos, aquaria, museums and art galleries, botanical gardens, buildings and structures (e.g., castles, libraries, former prisons, skyscrapers, bridges), theme parks and carnivals, living history museums, signs, ethnic enclave communities, historic trains and cultural events. Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are also landmarks.

Tourism

Tourist attraction


Luise von Ploennies (7 November 1803 – 22 January 1872) was a German poet.

Life
She was born at Hanau, the daughter of the naturalist Johann Philipp Achilles Leisler. In 1824 she married the physician August von Ploennies in Darmstadt. After his death in 1847 she resided for some years in Belgium, then at Jugenheim on the Bergstrasse, and finally at Darmstadt, where she died. Between 1844 and 1870 she published several volumes of verse, being particularly happy in eclectic love songs, patriotic poems and descriptions of scenery. She also wrote two biblical dramas, Maria Magdalena (1870) and David (1873).

As a translator from the English, Luise von Ploennies published two collections of poems, Britannia (1843) and Englische Lyriker des 19ten Jahrhunderts (1863, 3rd ed., 1867).

References

1803 births
1872 deaths
German women poets
People from the Electorate of Hesse
19th-century poets
19th-century German women writers
19th-century German writers

Luise von Ploennies


Lake Wissota is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Lafayette in Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 2,738 at the 2010 census. The CDP, known locally as Lake Wissota Village, is located along the southern shores of Lake Wissota.

Geography
Lake Wissota is located at  (44.926074, -91.312500).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11.5 km2), of which 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.7 km2) (14.67%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,458 people, 966 households, and 711 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 650.0 people per square mile (251.1/km2). There were 1,020 housing units at an average density of 269.7/sq mi (104.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.49% White, 0.08% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.24% of the population.

There were 966 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.0% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 18.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,906, and the median income for a family was $62,120. Males had a median income of $35,526 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,851. About 0.6% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

References

External links
 Lake Wissota Improvement and Protection Association

Census-designated places in Chippewa County, Wisconsin
Census-designated places in Wisconsin
Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area

Lake Wissota, Wisconsin


Wörthersee Stadion (), known as 28 Black Arena for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose stadium located in Klagenfurt, Austria. It is the home ground of Austria Klagenfurt. The stadium is situated within the Sportpark Klagenfurt campus of several other sports venues. Its name refers to the nearby Wörthersee lake.

Overview

The first Wörtherseestadion was built in 1960 as the home ground of the old SK Austria Klagenfurt (the later defunct FC Kärnten), a track and field stadium with a capacity of 10,900. In 1962 the team was first promoted to the Austrian Football Bundesliga (then called A-Liga) and until their final relegation in 1989 regularly attracted thousands of spectators. A second attempt by the FC Kärnten to enter the Bundesliga, backed by the Carinthian governor Jörg Haider, was successful in 2001. The team was again relegated in 2004, nevertheless in view of the coming UEFA Euro 2008 the Carinthian government resolved upon the reconstruction of the stadium. It was demolished from 2005 and replaced by the larger Hypo-Arena, named after the sponsoring Hypo Alpe-Adria-Bank International. Football matches were temporarily staged at the Sportzentrum Fischl grounds.

The Hypo-Arena was one of eight stadiums hosting the 2008 European Football Championship, for which it was built to hold 32,000. It was considered whether the stadium should be reduced to the capacity of 22,000 after the event. The official opening was on 7 September 2007 and hosted a friendly between Austria and Japan in front of 26,500 spectators. To ensure an economical percentage of seats sold, Haider had contrived the relocation of the Bundesliga team ASKÖ Pasching to Klagenfurt, where, from the 2007–08 season, it played under the name SK Austria Kärnten until its bankruptcy in 2010. On 16 September 2009 the Carinthian government and Austrian Sport Minister Norbert Darabos agreed to basically maintain the stadium's capacity. After the fitout it accommodates 18,000 visitors watching the Austrian Football League and 30,000 attending international matches and other major events. The lower tier of the South Stand is fitted with rail seats for safe standing. Upon the turbulences around the Hypo Group Alpe Adria, the stadium was renamed Wörtherseestadion in 2010. From August 2015 till January 2016 the upper stands were closed because of a court decision, which reduced the capacity to 12,000. On 21 July 2018, Wörthersee Stadion hosted a 2018 International Champions Cup match between FC Bayern Munich and Paris Saint-Germain. FC Bayern Munich won 3–1.

Euro 2008
The Wörthersee Stadion hosted 3 matches of the UEFA Euro 2008.

'FOR FOREST' by Klaus Littmann

The stadium was the site of Klaus Littmann's For Forest–The Unending Attraction of Nature, Austria's largest public art installation which took place from 8 September to 27 October 2019. The exhibition, inspired by Max Peintner's pencil drawing The Unending Attraction of Nature from the 1970s and landscaped by architect Enzo Enea, was a 300-tree Central European forest occupying an entire football pitch. The project was a warning that nature in general and specifically forests might be confined to specially designated spaces if humanity continued to take it for granted. Partly funded by sponsors who each contributed €5,000, it was open to the public free of charge daily from 10am to 10pm CET. Austria Klagenfurt home matches were temporarily played at the adjacent Karawankenblick Stadion. The trees were replanted in locations near the campus following the exhibition's conclusion.

New name
In July 2022 the stadium was renamed in  28 Black Arena. This is an energy drink manufacturer who sponsors Austria Klagenfurt.

References

External links

Sportpark Klagenfurt Official Website

Football venues in Austria
Sport in Klagenfurt
Multi-purpose stadiums in Austria
Sports venues in Carinthia (state)
SK Austria Kärnten
UEFA Euro 2008 stadiums in Austria
Sports venues completed in 2007
2007 establishments in Austria
SK Austria Klagenfurt (2007)
21st-century architecture in Austria
Buildings and structures in Klagenfurt

Wörthersee Stadion