The Nautilida constitute a large and diverse order of generally coiled nautiloid cephalopods that began in the mid Paleozoic and continues to the present with a single family, the Nautilidae which includes two genera, Nautilus and Allonautilus, with six species.  All told, between 22 and 34 families and 165 to 184 genera have been recognised, making this the largest order of the subclass Nautiloidea.

Classification and phylogeny

Current classification
The current classification of the Nautilida, in prevalent use, is that of Bernhard Kummel (Kummel 1964) in the Treatise which divides the Nautilida into five superfamilies, the Aipocerataceae, Clydonautilaceae, Tainocerataceae, and Trigonocerataceae, mostly of the Paleozoic, and the later Nautilaceae. These include 22 families and some 165 or so genera (Teichert and Moore 1964)

Other concepts
Shimansky 1962 (in Kummel 1964) divided the Nautilida into five suborders, the mostly Paleozoic Centroceratina, Liroceratina, Rutoceratina, and Tainoceratina, and the Mesozoic to recent Nautilina. These include superfamilies which are different from those of Kummel (1964) and of less extent. The Centroceratina are comparable to the Trigonocerataceae, the Liroceratina to the Clydonautilaceae, and the Nautilina to the Nautilaceae. The main difference is that the Rutoceratidae are included with the Aipocerataceae of Kummel (1964) in the Rutoceratina. The remaining Tainocerataceae are the Tainoceratina.

Rousseau Flower (1950) distinguished the Solenochilida, Rutoceratida, and Centroceratida, as separate orders, from the Nautilida, derived from the Barrandeocerida, which are now abandoned. Within the Nautilida, he placed 10 families, included in the Nautilaceae and the no longer considered ancestral Clydonautilaceae. Teichert's 1988 classification is an abridged version of Shimansky's and Flower's early schemes.

Derivation and evolution
Both Shimansky and Kummel derive the Nautilida from the Oncocerida with either the Acleistoceratidae or Brevicoceratidae (Teichert 1988) which share some similarities with the Rutoceratidae as the source. The Rutoceratidae are the ancestral family of the Tainocerataceae and of the Nautilida (Kummel 1964) and of Shimansky's and Teichert's Rutoceratina.

The Tainocerataceae gave rise, probably through the ancestral Rutoceratidae, to the Trigonocerataceae and Clydonautiliaceae in the Devonian and to the Aipocerataceae early in the Carboniferous. The Trigonocerataceae, in turn, gave rise late in the Triassic through the Syringonautilidae to the Nautilaceae, which include the Nautilidae, with Nautilus. (Kummel 1964)

Diversity and evolutionary history

The Nautilida are thought to be derived from either of the oncocerid families, Acleistoceratidae or Brevicoceratidae (Kummel 1964; Teichert 1988), both of which have the same sort of shells and internal structure as  found in the Devonian Rutocerina of Shimanskiy, the earliest true nautilids.  Flower (1950) suggested the Nautilida evolved from the Barrandeocerida, an idea he came later to reject in favor of derivation from the Oncocerida.  The idea that the Nautilida evolved from straight-shelled ("Orthoceras") nautiloids, as proposed by Otto Schindewolf in 1942, through transitional forms such as the Ordovician Lituites can be rejected out of hand as evolutionarily unlikely. Lituites and the Lituitidae are derived tarphycerids and belong to a separate evolutionary branch of nautilioids.

The number of nautilid genera increased from the Early Devonian to about 22 in the Middle Devonian. During this time, their shells were more varied than those found in species of living Nautilus, ranging from curved (cyrtoconic), through loosely coiled (gyroconic), to tightly coiled forms, represented by the Rutoceratidae, Tetragonoceratidae, and Centroceratidae.

Nautilids declined in the Late Devonian, but again diversified in the Carboniferous, when some 75 genera and subgenera in some 16 families are known to have lived. Although there was considerable diversity in form, curved and loosely coiled shells are rare or absent, except in the superfamily Aipocerataceae. For the rest, nautilids adapted the standard planispiral shell form, although not all were as tightly coiled as the modern nautilids (Teichert 1988). There was, however, a great diversity in surface ornamentation, cross section, and so on, with some genera, such as the Permian Cooperoceras and Acanthonautilus, developing large lateral spikes (Fenton and Fenton 1958).

Despite again decreasing in diversity in the Permian, nautilids were less affected by the Permian-Triassic extinction than their distant relatives the Ammonoidea. During the Late Triassic there was a tendency in the Clydonautilaceae to develop sutures similar to those of some Late Devonian goniatites. Only a single genus, Cenoceras, with a shell similar to that of the modern nautilus, survived the less severe Triassic extinction, at which time the entire Nautiloidea almost became extinct.

For the remainder of the Mesozoic, nautilids once again flourished, although never at the level of their Paleozoic glory, and 24 genera are known from the Cretaceous. Again, the nautilids were not as affected by the end Cretaceous mass extinction as the Ammonoids that became entirely extinct, possibly because their larger eggs were better suited to survive the conditions of that environment-changing event.

Three families and at least five genera of nautilids are known to have survived this crisis in the history of life. There was a further resurgence during the Paleocene and Eocene, with several new genera, the majority of which had a worldwide distribution. During the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary, the Hercoglossidae and Aturiidae again developed sutures like those of Devonian goniatites. (Teichert 1988, pp. 43–44)

Miocene nautilids were still fairly widespread, but today the order includes only two genera, Nautilus and Allonautilus, limited to the southwest Pacific.

The recent decrease in the once worldwide distribution of nautilids is now believed to have been caused by the spread of pinnipeds. From the Oligocene onward, the appearance of pinnipeds in the geological record of a region coincides with the disappearance of nautilids from that region. As a result, nautilids are now limited to their current distribution in the tropical Indo-Pacific ocean, where pinnipeds are absent. The genus Aturia seem to have temporarily survive regions where pinnipeds were present through adaptations to fast and agile swimming, but eventually went extinct as well. Predation by short-snouted whales and the development of OMZs, preventing nautilids from retreating into deeper water, are also cited as other potential causes of extinction.

References

 Fenton and Fenton (1958), The Fossil Book (Doubleday & Co., Garden City, New York).
  Kümmel, B. (1964) "Nautilida" in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K. Mollusca 3. (Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press).
 Moore, Lalicker and Fischer, (1952) Invertebrate Fossils, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, Toronto, London.
 Teichert, T. (1988) "Main Features of Cephalopod Evolution", in The Mollusca vol. 12, Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods, ed. by M.R. Clarke & E.R. Trueman, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

External links
 Palaeos
 CephBase: Nautilida

Nautiloids
Cephalopod orders
Paleozoic cephalopods
Mesozoic cephalopods
Cenozoic cephalopods
Extant Devonian first appearances
Prehistoric cephalopod orders

Nautilida


7 High Street, Fremantle is a historically significant building in the Fremantle West End Heritage area of Fremantle, Western Australia.
It was constructed for the Bank of New South Wales in 1899, during the gold boom of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and when Fremantle was a primary centre of trade and commerce. The building is largely unchanged since that time, and is a good example of Federation Free Classical architecture: a single-storey stone and brick construction, with fine timber features within and an elaborate stucco façade. The building comprises three rooms and a main bank chamber, and is on the corner of Cliff Street.

The Bank of NSW operated from the premises until 1926, from which time until the 1950s the building was the office of the Swan Wool Scouring Company of WA.

The land was purchased by both R M Lyon sometime between 1829 and 1837, and R Brown in 1855 (it could be that there were multiple lots involved). Brown's son R M Brown inherited the property  and sold it to R King two years later.

Pearse and Owston purchased the property in 1876 and seven years later sold a share to the Bank of New South Wales.

The building is listed on the Register of the National Estate, and the City of Fremantle municipal heritage register.

See also
 High Street, Fremantle

References

High Street, Fremantle
Cliff Street, Fremantle
State Register of Heritage Places in the City of Fremantle

7 High Street, Fremantle


Við Áir () is a former whaling station on the east coast of Streymoy in the Faroe Islands, near the village Hvalvík.

Við Áir means "by the rivers" (á means "river" or "flood"; áir is the plural form).

Whaling station
The whaling station Við Áir, was the last of seven whaling stations to be built in the Faroes, it was built in 1905 and run by the Norwegian company Chr. Salvesen & Co until 1930. They were not unknown in the Faroes, as they had already in 1897 put money into the station in Norðdepil.

It is the last of its kind in the Northern Hemisphere, two others remain in the Southern Hemisphere, in Albany, Australia and in Grytviken, South Georgia, out of a total of 214 such whaling stations worldwide built by Norwegians, only these three remain.

In 1936 it was taken over by the Faroese company P/F Sperm, and was rebuilt and modernized a bit, at this point there were only two whaling stations left in the country, Við Áir and Lopra. By this time whale stocks in the North Atlantic had diminished and results were not particularly good. In their first year the two boats Falkur and Heykur only managed to shoot 17 whales for the station Við Áir.

In 1937 the hunt went better and the two boats shot 43 whales each, while a decent catch, it wasn't enough to make things run smoothly.

In 1938 P/F Sperm bought another boat Ribeira and the following years the hunt was about 100 whales pr boat, but the onset of World War II stopped all whaling activity. And the company had to sell the boat Falkur to repay loans.

During the second World War, all whaling activity stopped, only to resume in 1945.

P/F Sperm continued after the war, but whale stocks had by now diminished so much that it was hard to make the economy work. The company went bankrupt in 1952. And the bank Sjóvinnubankin took over ownership of the station.

The company Heykur rented the station in the period 1952-1954 after which the company Partafelagið Hvalarakstur rented it until 1958. The station stopped producing whale oil with export in mind in 1958.

During 1959-1961 no activity was at the station and some boats were sold.

1962 the company Treyst rented the station and the whaling boat Sumba, Sumba lay still for a large part of the time due to repairs. But it was still managed to produce 300 tonnes of whale meat in the period 1962-1966. Treyst tried again in the season 1968 with a new boat Heykur, but now it was a reality that there were too few whales left to run commercial whaling in the old way.

In 1979 the boat Hvítiklettur got permission to shoot occasional fin whales, to start with they were only allowed to shoot one in every ten sighted, and the catch in 1979 was 11 fin whales. Later they were only allowed to shoot three whales annually and the last years only one, the last fin whale was shot in 1986.

A total of 4.454 whales came in at the station in the period 1906-1984 3.155 Fin whales, 524 Sperm whales, 509 Sei whales, 124 Minke whales, 62 Blue whales, 30 humpback whales and 410 unlisted whales.

The last activity at the station was 26 November 2013, when a stranded Sperm Whale was hauled up and then subsequently exploded after being cut into, the incident was filmed and quickly went viral on the internet

In 1989, the National Museum, determined that the station had historical importance and the same year it was decided to preserve the station. The following years a single caretaker was assigned to make emergency maintenance work on the buildings. In 1997 an assessment was made regarding how the preservation work should go ahead, without anything really being done on location. In 2008, a group of people were chosen by the Faroese government to deliver a "Provisional report on the conservation of the whaling station as a maritime museum", which is available in English too.

In the autumn 2011 the station was opened for the public, and some 500 people visited the station. Preservation work and construction of the museum remains to be completed.

School
There is a school at Við Áir. The school is called Dugni; it is for young people and adults who have a disability, have psychological or sociological problems. They can get a shorter education there, 9th or 10th degree from the public school or the Danish education which is called HFS, which prepares them for an education in the service industry or working in an office. The students can live on the school while they attend the school; they can also live elsewhere.

Sources

External links

Former populated places in the Faroe Islands
Whaling in Denmark

Við Áir


Allan Murdmaa (4 August 1934 – 15 November 2009) was an Estonian architect.

Murdmaa was born in Tallinn.  He graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture in 1958.

From 1958 to 1960 Allan Murdmaa worked in the state design office Eesti Projekt. From 1960 to 1962 he worked as the chief artist of Tallinn. From 1963 to 1968 and 1970 to 1976 Allan Murdmaa worked in the State Art Institute of the Estonian SSR (today's Estonian Academy of Arts). From 1976 to 1981 and 1987 to 1992 he worked in the state design office Eesti Maaehitusprojekt.

Architectural production of Allan Murdmaa consists of numerous standardized projects for apartment buildings, schools, cinemas and many interior designs. In addition Allan Murdmaa has designed numerous monuments across Estonia - monuments of Amandus Adamson, Eduard Vilde, Heino Eller and Oskar Luts, the obelisk of the Tehumardi battle, the memorial of the victims of Stalinist Terror in Rakvere and the memorial of Maarjamäe. Allan Murdmaa was a member of the Union of Estonian Architects.

His notable works include:
Tehumardi War Memorial
Maarjamäe Memorial

Gallery

See also
Architecture of Estonia

References

1934 births
2009 deaths
Architects from Tallinn
Estonian Academy of Arts alumni

Allan Murdmaa


Pungency () refers to the taste of food commonly referred to as spiciness, hotness or heat, found in foods such as chili peppers. Highly pungent tastes may be experienced as unpleasant. The term piquancy () is sometimes applied to foods with a lower degree of pungency that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate". Examples of piquant food include mustard and curry.

Terminology
In colloquial speech, the term "pungency" can refer to any strong, sharp smell or flavor. However, in scientific speech, it refers specifically to the "hot" or "spicy" quality of chili peppers. It is the preferred term by scientists as it eliminates the ambiguity arising from use of "hot", which can also refer to temperature, and "spicy", which can also refer to spices.

For instance, a pumpkin pie can be both hot (out of the oven) and spicy (due to the common inclusion of spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, mace, and cloves), but it is not pungent. Conversely, pure capsaicin is pungent, yet it is not naturally accompanied by a hot temperature or spices.

As the Oxford, Collins, and Merriam-Webster dictionaries explain, "piquancy" can refer to mild pungency, that is, flavors and spices that are much less strong than chilli peppers, including, for example, the strong flavor of some tomatoes. In other words, pungency always refers to a very strong taste whereas piquancy refers to any spices and foods that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate", in other words to food that is spicy in the general sense of "well-spiced".

Mildly pungent or sour foods may be referred to as tangy.

Uses
Pungency is often quantified in scales that range from mild to hot. The Scoville scale measures the pungency of chili peppers, as defined by the amount of capsaicin they contain.

Pungency is not considered a taste in the technical sense because it is carried to the brain by a different set of nerves. While taste nerves are activated when consuming foods like chili peppers, the sensation commonly interpreted as "hot" results from the stimulation of somatosensory fibers in the mouth. Many parts of the body with exposed membranes that lack taste receptors (such as the nasal cavity, genitals, or a wound) produce a similar sensation of heat when exposed to pungent agents.

The pungent sensation provided by chili peppers, black pepper and other spices like ginger and horseradish plays an important role in a diverse range of cuisines across the world.

Pungent substances, like capsaicin, are used in topical analgesics and pepper sprays.

Mechanism
Pungency is sensed via chemesthesis, the sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes to chemical substances. Substances such as piperine, capsaicin, and thiosulfinates can cause a burning or tingling sensation by inducing a trigeminal nerve stimulation together with normal taste reception. The pungent feeling caused by allyl isothiocyanate, capsaicin, piperine, and allicin is caused by activation of the heat thermo- and chemosensitive TRP ion channels including TRPV1 and TRPA1 nociceptors. The pungency of chilies may be an adaptive response to microbial pathogens.

See also

 Pyruvate scale
 Scoville scale
 Thermoception

References

External links

Gustation
Pain
Characteristics of cheese

Pungency


The lipstick index is a term coined by Leonard Lauder, chairman of the board of Estee Lauder, used to describe increased sales of cosmetics during the early 2000s recession. Lauder made the claim that lipstick sales could be an economic indicator, in that purchases of cosmetics – lipstick in particular – tend to be inversely correlated to economic health. The speculation was that women substitute lipstick for more expensive purchases like dresses and shoes in times of economic distress.

Lauder identified the Lipstick index as sales across the Estee Lauder family of brands. Subsequent recessions, including the late-2000s recession, provided controverting evidence to Lauder's claims, as sales have actually fallen with reduced economic activity. Conversely, lipstick sales have experienced growth during periods of increased economic activity. As a result, the lipstick index has been discredited as an economic indicator. The increased sales of cosmetics in 2001 has since been attributed to increased interest in celebrity-designed cosmetics brands.

In the 2010s, many media outlets reported that with the rise of nail art as fad in the English-speaking countries and as far afield as Japan and the Philippines, nailpolish had replaced lipstick as the main affordable indulgence for women in place of bags and shoes during recession, leading to talk of a nail polish index. Similar sentiment was noted during the coronavirus pandemic, when the mandated use of face masks to prevent the spread of the disease resulted in an increase of eye makeup purchases, suggesting a Mascara index.

References

Price indices
Cosmetics
2000s neologisms

Lipstick index


Wanhe Temple () is a temple located in Nantun District, Taichung City, Taiwan. The temple is dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu and is one of the oldest temples standing in the city.

History
, a Qing Dynasty government official from Quanzhou, is credited with bringing a copy of Mazu her birthplace in Meizhou Island to the current site of the temple, then known as Litoudian (犁頭店). In 1726, as Litoudian became a larger village, Zhang Guo's descendants led eleven families to build a temple for Mazu. The name "Wanhe" (lit. "ten thousand harmony") was chosen to hope for different families and clans to live peacefully alongside each other.

In 1821, an earthquake damaged the building, which was repaired through donations by the townspeople. In 1861, the temple was damaged in the Tai Chao-chuen incident, which was not repaired until 1886. In 1961, Wanhe Temple was appropriated and was to be demolished, but temple officials managed to negotiate a deal to preserve the temple; they also purchased the land in front of it to use as a plaza. On November 27, 1985, the Taichung City Government protected the building as a city monument.

Architecture

Wanhe temple's layout has changed drastically since its establishment in the Qing Dynasty. Renovations occurred in 1821, 1861, 1913, 1953, 1961, and 1977, and none of the original building exists; the oldest surviving structures date back to the Japanese era. The temple faces east and has three central halls; on the north and south, there are two flanking halls built in 1991 that are not protected as a city monument. In the main hall, there are several statues of Mazu crafted in different time periods: Laodama (老大媽) from the temple's founding, Lao'erma (老二媽) from the Jiaqing era, Sheng'erma (聖二媽) and Shengsanma (聖三媽) from the Guangxu era, and Shenglao'erma (聖老二媽) from the post-war era. The rear hall is dedicated to Guanyin in the middle, who is flanked by Guan Yu on the left and Shennong on the right.

Inside the temple, there are twelve historical wooden plaques (bian'e) that are protected by the city. Most notably, there is one that dates from 1732 carved with the words Fúyīn Chuántái (福蔭全臺, lit. "blessings across all of Taiwan"). The plaque was gifted to the temple by Peng Chao-gui (彭朝桂), a Qing military official, and is the oldest surviving plaque in Taichung.

Traditions

Xitun pilgrimage

According to legend, when the Lao'erma statue was created in 1803, a passing merchant had a vision from the spirit of a young woman. She told him that her surname was Liao and she lived in Xitun, and then asked him to tell her parents that there's money under the tree in front of their house. After the merchant delivered the message, they rushed to their daughter's bedroom, where they found that she had passed away. Later, they visited Wanhe Temple and found that there are tear streaks on Lao'erma's face, leading them to believe that their daughter's spirit has entered the statue. Therefore, every three years, Xitun residents embark on a pilgrimage to Wanhe Temple to take Lao'erma "home" to Qingling Temple in Xitun.

Zixingxi performances
Every third month of the Chinese Calendar, Wanhe Temple hosts Chinese opera shows for Mazu to watch in a practice known as Zixingxi (字姓戲). According to legend, in 1824, after Wanhe Temple joined Lecheng Temple on its annual eighteen village pilgrimage, the litter carrying Mazu suddenly became heavy right outside the Wanhe Temple's entrance. After poe divination, the pilgrims interpreted that Mazu wanted to be entertained by Chinese opera. Therefore, every year, each of the eleven founding families sends an opera troupe to perform in the temple plaza for the deity.

References

1726 establishments in Taiwan
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1726
Mazu temples in Taichung
Historic sites in Taiwan

Wanhe Temple


Dmitry Sakunenko (; 7 January 1930 – 13 September 2014) was a Russian Soviet speed skater.

At an international meet at Medeo 9–10 January 1955, Sakunenko was the first person to skate the 5000-m below eight minutes, with 7:54.9. In a later pair, Boris Shilkov improved this world record to 7:45.6. On this occasion Sakunenko set a new samalogue world record with the series 42.6, 7:54.9, 2:13.0, 16:44.3 (184.638 points). This record lasted until 1963. Sakunenko competed in the 1956 Olympics, two world championships and three European championships, with a bronze from the European championships 1955 being his best result.

World records

Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
Russian male speed skaters
Soviet male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1956 Winter Olympics

Dmitry Sakunenko


Humberto de la Calle Lombana (; born 14 July 1946) is a Colombian lawyer and politician. He served as  Vice President of Colombia from 1994 to 1997. De La Calle served in the cabinet as Interior Minister under two Presidents, Andrés Pastrana and César Gaviria. He also served as Ambassador to Spain and the United Kingdom. After 2003, De La Calle worked at his own Law firm which specialises in advising and representing international clients in Colombia.  In October 2012 he was appointed by President Juan Manuel Santos as the chief negotiator in the peace process with the FARC.

Education and family
During his high school years, De La Calle was a known activist of Nadaism and an admirer of Colombian poet Gonzalo Arango. He studied at the University of Caldas where he earned a law degree and met his future wife and mother of his three children. De La Calle then went on to study International Law at the Inter-American Judicial Committee in 1979. De la Calle is an atheist.

Law career
De la Calle became a professor while practicing his law profession under private law firms. He started teaching in 1978 and became Dean in the universities of Caldas and Manizales until 1980. He also taught in prestigious universities from Bogotá, such as Andes University and Our Lady of the Rosary University.

For almost a decade De la Calle served in the Judicial Branch; he was appointed National Civil Registrar in the late 1980s during the administration of President Belisario Betancur.  In 1986 De la Calle also served as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court.

Political career
In 1990 he was appointed to the Ministry of Government during the administration of President César Gaviria until 1992. In 1993 followers of President Gaviria from the Liberal Party suggested De la Calle as a possible presidential candidate.  De la Calle resigned as minister to pursue the presidency, but in the party primaries he was defeated by Ernesto Samper.  Samper then invited De la Calle to be his vice president.

In the 1994 Presidential election, Samper and De La Calle were elected.
In the May primary election and the June general election of 1994, Samper and De la Calle were  elected.  De la Calle's relationship with President Samper was not strong and he was appointed as Ambassador to Spain while still serving as vice president.

In 1996 with the outbreak of the 8000 Process scandal in which the Samper presidential campaign received millions of dollars from the Cali Cartel, De la Calle's relationship with the government deteriorated to the point that De la Calle asked for the resignation of President Samper.  After President Samper decided not to resign, and the government continued to lose credibility, De La Calle finally resigned as vice President in 1997.

De la Calle then allied with Andrés Pastrana, a conservative and political foe of President Samper. In the 1998 elections Pastrana was  elected president and appointed De la Calle Ambassador to the United Kingdom, a position in which he served from 1998 to 2000.  He was then appointed as Minister of the Interior, where he served between the years 2000 and 2001.

From 2001 to 2003 De la Calle served as Colombia's Ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS). Afterwards he worked in his own law firm with his associates Ignacio Londoño Rivera, José Miguel de la Calle Restrepo and Mario Posada García-Peña.  The firm offers services on legal advice and legal representation in different legal areas for Colombian nationals and international clients.  He is also a regular columnist in the Bogotá daily El Espectador.

2012-2016 Colombian peace process
On 1 October 2012, President Juan Manuel Santos appointed De La Calle as the government's chief negotiator with the FARC in the Colombian peace process which was hosted in Havana, Cuba. As a result of these peace talks, a final agreement was concluded in September 2016. The agreement was put to a vote in a special referendum in October 2016, during this period the polls were very tight and the campaign became very divisive between the Yes and No campaigns. After a low turnout, the Yes campaign lost with 50.2% voting No and 49.8% voting in favour of the peace accords. After government meetings with the opposition, and Government and FARC representatives, a new agreement based on the original version but with adjustments was signed. The Senate and House of Representatives soon approved the new agreement with substantial majorities. Currently De La Calle continues in his position, now charged with facilitating the implementation of the agreements.

In March 2017, De La Calle announced that he will work to form a coalition of different political parties in order to provide a unified front that will protect and implement the peace agreements. He ran in the 2018 presidential election as the candidate of the Liberal Party/Indigenous Social Alliance Coalition. De La Calle hoped to prevent right wing candidate Iván Duque Márquez from getting elected and disrupting the Colombian peace process.

He was elected senator in 2022 under the colors of the Oxygen Green Party. He was excluded shortly afterwards, following a conflict with Íngrid Betancourt.

Published work

Books

La Acción Cambiaria. Editorial Dike. (The Exchange Stock)
La inoperancia del negocio jurídico. Editorial Temis. (The Inopperativeness of the Judicial Business)
Anatomía del Cambio -de los sesenta al siglo 21-. Editorial Planeta. (Anatomy of Change)
En defensa de la Descentralización. (Defending Decentralization)
Código Electoral Comentado. Editorial Legis. (Commented Electoral Code)
Intervenciones en la Asamblea Constituyente de 1991 como Ministerio de Gobierno. (Interventions as Minister of Government in the Constituent Assembly of Colombia)
Carta Democrática Interamericana –Documentos e Interpretaciones- OEA. (). (Inter-American Democratic Charter-Document and Interpretations- OAS. (editor and author of the chapter on Colombia))

Magazine articles

La inexistencia (en el campo jurídico). Revista de Derecho Comercial. (The Unexistance (in the judicial field)
Contrato de Seguros y Desvalorización Monetaria. Derecho Colombiano. (Insurance contracts and Monetary devaluation. Second Semester of 1981)
Buena fe y buena fe exenta de culpa en materia cambiaria. Derecho Colombiano. Segundo Semestre de 1983. (Good Faith and Good Faith Exempt from Culpability in Exchange Matters)
Títulos Valores. Revista de la Cámara de Comercio de Manizales. (Securities. Manizales Chamber of Commerce Magazine)
 La Constitución y el manejo del Orden Público. Revista de la Universidad de los Andes. (The Constitution and the Handling of Public Order)
 The Nature of Public, Private and Mixed Financing. In Financing Democracies in Latin America. The Carter Center. March 2003.
 Transparency and accountability in Colombia. In Public Sector Transparency and Accountability. OECD. OEA. 2002.
 Los Partidos Políticos en América Latina. En Dinero y Contienda Política-electoral. IFE. Méjico. 2001. (The Political Parties in Latin America. Money and Electoral-Political Contendents)
 Financiación de los Partidos Políticos y las Campañas Electorales en Colombia. En La financiación de la política en Iberoamérica. IIDH.  CAPEL. (Political Parties and Electoral Campaigns Financing in Colombia. On the Financing of Politics in Latin America)

References

  De la Calle, Londoño and Posada Law Firm
  Dinero "Power in Colombia: The hundred most influential people in Colombia"

1946 births
Living people
20th-century Colombian judges
Vice presidents of Colombia
Presidential Designates of Colombia
Permanent Representatives of Colombia to the Organization of American States
Ambassadors of Colombia to Spain
Ambassadors of Colombia to the United Kingdom
Colombian male writers
People from Caldas Department
Colombian Ministers of Government
Colombian Ministers of the Interior
Colombian Liberal Party politicians
Magistrates of the Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia
Colombian atheists
University of Caldas alumni
20th-century Colombian politicians
21st-century Colombian politicians

Humberto De la Calle


Homo rhodesiensis is a hominin species described from a single fossil skull. It was found in the colony of Northern Rhodesia, (now Zambia) at a mine called Broken Hill (now Kabwe) in 1921. The skull lacks the lower jaw, but otherwise is almost complete.  In addition to the cranium, an upper jaw from another individual, a sacrum (bone of the pelvis), a tibia, and two femur fragments were also found.

Rhodesian Man is dated to be between 125,000 and 300,000 years old. Cranial capacity of the Broken Hill skull has been estimated at 1,100 cm³. Bada & al (1974) published a direct date of 110 ka for this specimen. The brain size is rather small for such a late date. The destruction of the paleoanthropological site has made layered dating impossible.

The skull is from an extremely robust (= strong) individual, and has the comparatively largest brow-ridges of any known hominid remains. It was described as having a broad face similar to Homo neanderthalensis (i.e. large nose and thick protruding brow ridges), and has been interpreted as an "African Neanderthal". There are several features intermediate between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. Most current experts believe Rhodesian Man to be within the group of Homo heidelbergensis. Other names, such as Archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis, have also been suggested.

References

Hominins

Homo rhodesiensis


Massimo Tononi (born 22 August 1964) is an Italian banker and politician. Chairman of Banco BPM.

Biography
Tononi was born on 22 August 1964 in Trento, Italy. He is the son of politician Giorgio Tononi and the brother of neuroscientist Giulio Tononi. He graduated with a degree in economics from Bocconi University in 1988. Tononi worked in the Investment Banking Division of Goldman Sachs, London from June 1988 to May 1993. He returned to Italy in 1993, where he was the Personal Assistant to the President (Romano Prodi) of the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI). After Prodi left the IRI in 1994, Tononi returned to London, where he became a Partner and Managing Director of Goldman Sachs, London. From December 1999 to August 2005 he also worked at Goldman Sachs, Milan. On 18 May 2006, Tononi joined the 2nd Cabinet of Romano Prodi, where he served as Treasury Undersecretary of the Ministry Of Economy and Finance (2006-2008), then headed by Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa. Tononi had provided 100,000 € to Prodi's electoral campaign. In 2007 Tononi was implicated in a scandal regarding the Italdel-Siemens merger in the mid 1990s, In February 2007 the Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs, where they removed a file called "MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc".

Upon Prodi's sudden fall in May 2008, Tononi in September the same year again appointed a Partner and Managing Director of the Investment Banking Division of Goldman Sachs, London. In July 2010 Tononi ceased to be a Partner and Managing of Goldman Sachs, although remaining as an advisory director. He has been a Director of Mittel S.p.A. and Mittel Private Equity SpA since May 2010, a Member of the Board of Sorin SpA since June 2010, an Independent Director of Prysmian S.p.A. since July 2010, an Independent Non Executive Director of London Stock Exchange Group plc since September 2010, and a Non Executive Director of Borsa Italiana S.p.A. since 4 November 2010. On 28 June 2011, Tononi was appointed Chairman of Borsa Italiana S.p.A. On 18 April 2012, Tononi was appointed Chairman of Prysmian S.p.A.

On 7 August 2015 he resigned from board of Borsa Italiana. On 15 September he has been appointed as President of bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena by the shareholders' meeting.
He resigned from the Board of Directors on 14 September 2016, just after the resignation of the CEO Fabrizio Viola, and has been substituted by Alessandro Falciai as President of the board, and by Massimo Egidi as member of the board.
From November 2018 to July 2018 he was independent Member of the Board of Mediobanca.
From April 2017 to October 2017 he was independent Member of the Board of Quaestio Capital Management SGR.
From24 July 2018 to 24 October 2019 he was Chairman of Cassa Depositi e Prestiti. Since 4 April 2020 he is Chairman of Banco BPM.

See also
 Mario Draghi
 Gianni Letta
 Mario Monti
 Carlos Moedas
 Petros Christodoulou

References

1964 births
Living people
People from Trento
Italian politicians
Italian economists
Italian bankers
Bocconi University alumni
Goldman Sachs people

Massimo Tononi


Studley Priory was a small house of Benedictine nuns, ruled by a prioress. It was founded some time before 1176 in the hamlet of Studley in what is now the village of Horton-cum-Studley,  northeast of Oxford in Oxfordshire, England, at 1 Horton Hill Road.  In 1176, the priory received a grant from Bernard of St. Walery. The nuns were unhappy to be served poor beef and new beer on Thursday and Sunday nights, and no mutton. The priory was declared closed by 1536, but appears to have experienced a brief revival before its suppression in 1539.
The priory lands were sold to the Croke family. The family built the house now known as Studley Priory, which still stands in its  of grounds, in 1587; a member of the Croke family was a judge in the 1649 trial of Charles I. The house and its estate (which comprised most of the village of Horton-cum-Studley) was owned by the Croke family until around 1870 when it was sold to the Henderson family, who occupied it until World War II. During the war, it was a sanatorium for Royal Air Force officers.

In 1947 the priory was leased by Raymond and Tessa Bawtree, who (with their partner, Wilma Hessey) ran it as a country-house hotel for the next 14 years. During that time, many eminent guests stayed there (including Adrian Boult, Gilbert Murray, Beverley Nichols and Sandy Wilson; it was a favourite hostelry of C.S. Lewis, who came regularly for a Sunday-morning beer after church and in later years stayed there with his wife Joy.
The Bawtrees did not renew their lease in 1961; that year the Hendersons auctioned off their estate, including the priory. The priory was bought by the Parke family, who continued to run it as a hotel until 2004 when the business was placed in receivership due to mounting financial losses. The business failed to find a buyer and the Priory was sold for reconversion to a private house.

The monastery is mentioned in the historical novel Blanket In The Dark by John Buchan who lived at nearby Elsfield. It was used as a filming location for the exterior of Sir Thomas More's home in the 1966 version of Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons (interior shots were done in a studio, not at Studley Priory).

Burials in the priory
William de Cantilupe (died 1251)
William de Cantilupe (died 1254)

See also
Alexander Croke

References

External links
A History of Studley Priory
Valuation of Studley at the Dissolution

12th-century establishments in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Benedictine nunneries in England
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Defunct hotels in England
Grade II* listed churches in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed houses
Houses completed in 1587
Houses in Oxfordshire
Monasteries in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed monasteries

Studley Priory, Oxfordshire


Ayn al-Tineh (, Ain al-Tineh) is a town in northwestern Syria administratively belonging to the Latakia Governorate, located east of Latakia. Nearby localities include the district center of al-Haffah to the northwest, Slinfah to the northeast, Farikah and Nabl al-Khatib to the east, Shathah to the southeast, Muzayraa to the south and al-Shir to the west. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ayn al-Tineh had a population was 1,333 in 2004. It is the administrative center of the Ayn al-Tineh nahiyah ("subdistrict") which contains 13 localities with a collective population of 6,825. Its inhabitants predominantly Alawites.

It is situated on a limestone spur in the northern an-Nusayriyah Mountains, with an average elevation of 800 meters above sea level. Located between al-Haffah and Muzayraa, Ayn al-Tineh is separated from the two towns by wadis. "Ayn al-Tineh" is also the name of a spring that flows under the nearby Citadel of Salah Ed-Din.

Ayn al-Tineh was historically a fief of the Kheirbek clan, a prominent family in the Syrian security forces and part of the Kalbiyya tribal confederation. According to French researcher Fabrice Balanche, Ayn al-Tineh is one of a number of villages in the coastal mountain region, like al-Tawahin, that is largely dependent on the Syrian Army and the state, finding abundant employment in the former and within the internal security services. The poverty of the village is a significant motivational factor in the high rate of employment in the security forces and the consequent backing of the ruling Assad family. This is in contrast to other impoverished Alawite villages in the region which that have historically been at odds with the prominent Alawite families and have not received the extent of benefits from state income that Ayn al-Tineh does.

During the middle and end of late President Hafez al-Assad's term in the 1980s and 1990s, a hussainia (Shia Muslim congregational mosque) was founded in Ayn al-Tineh. It was the smallest one built by the al-Murtada movement, measuring 40 square meters. While during Hafez's rule the hussainias served largely for local opposition meetings, this changed when relations between Shia Muslim-majority Iran and Syria increased dramatically with the coming to power of current President Bashar al-Assad.

References

Bibliography

Towns in Syria
Populated places in al-Haffah District
Alawite communities in Syria

Ayn al-Tineh, Latakia Governorate


KIL/Hemne is a football club from Kyrksæterøra in Hemne, Sør-Trøndelag. Top-level players Erik Hoftun, Ardian Gashi, Alex Valencia, Vegard Forren, Pål André Helland and Magnus Stamnestrø began their careers here.  As of 2023, the Men's team play in the Fourth Division while the Women's team play in the First Division.

History
KIL/Hemne were formed in 1988 and were promoted to the 2nd Division in the same year. The club played the next four seasons in the Third Division. They stayed there until 2001, when they were relegated. They went back up to the Third Division in 2003 and the Second Division in 2005. In 2006 they again went down to the 3rd division after a season that was full of long term injuries to almost all key players. On 20 October 2007 KIL/Hemne were again promoted to the Second Division after beating Verdal over two playoff games. They were relegated again right away the following season. They played in the third division until 2016 when they got relegated after a change in the league structure, resulting in 108 of 164 teams in the third division being relegated to the fourth division. They have been in the fourth division since 2017.

2007 Cup run

In the 2007 Norwegian Football Cup KIL/Hemne caused one of the biggest shocks when they beat Molde 3-1 at home in the cup first round.  The same team had previously beaten KIL/Hemne 11-1 a year earlier.

In the second round, the team were up against Rosenborg. RBK took a 16th-minute lead through Didier Konan Ya. However, just two minutes later, former Rosenborg player Ole Johan Singsdal made it 1-1. KIL/Hemne continued to press and went into the break level. Just after half-time KIL/Hemne shocked Norwegian football by taking a 2-1 lead after Asgeir Snekvik scored in the 46th minute. However, RBK scored 8 minutes later through Roar Strand. In the 83rd minute KIL/Hemne again shocked Norway when Espen Sødahl made it 3-2. However, the goal was disallowed because KIL/Hemne's Ole Johan Singsdal pushed Per Ciljan Skjelbred in the chest. After full-time it stood at 2-and went to extra time. Only five minutes into the first half of extra time, RBK took the lead through Alexander Tettey and most people thought that the game was over. However, after 116 minutes, Asgeir Snekvik  scored to make it 3-3 and take it to penalties. One minute later, with one minute remaining of stoppage time, RBK had a free kick in a good position and Didier Konan Ya swung it around the wall and up into the top corner. The drama didn't stop there. In the last second, KIL/Hemne had a corner and sent all of their players up in the home of making it 4-4 and keeping it to penalties. The ball came in from the right, and Morten Klungervik  headed the ball against the crossbar and out. The match ended 4-3 to Rosenborg.

References

External links
kilhemne.no

Association football clubs established in 1988
Football clubs in Norway
1988 establishments in Norway

KIL/Hemne


was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) after Kenryaku and before Jōkyū.  This period started in December 1213 and ended in April 1219. The reigning emperor was Juntoku-tennō (順徳天皇).

Events of the Kempo era
 1213 (Kempo 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an earthquake at Kamakura.
 1213 (Kempo 1, 11th month): Fujiwara no Teika, also known as Fujiwara no Sadeie offered a collection of 8th century poems to Shogun Sanetomo.  These poems were collectively known as the Man'yōshū.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 2nd month): Shogun Sanetomoand the Buddhist priest Eisai drank tea, together.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 3rd month): The emperor went to Kasuga.
 1214 (Kempo 2, 4th month): Enryaku-ji was burned; and Sanetomo paid for repairs.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 1st month): Hōjō Tokimasa died at age 78 in the mountains of Izu Province.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 6th month):  Eisai died at age 75.
 1215 (Kempo 3, 8th-9th months): There were many earthquakes in the Kamakura area.
 1217 (Kempo 5, 8th-9th months): The emperor visited the Shrines at Hirano and at Ōharano near Kyoto.

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1210s establishments in Asia
1210s disestablishments in Japan
1213 establishments
13th-century establishments in Japan
1219 disestablishments

Kempo (era)


The University of Jambi (UNJA, or Universitas Jambi) is a public university located in Jambi City, Jambi, Indonesia. The university was registered by Minister of PTIP decree Number 25 of 1963, as The State University of Jambi.

History

Founding and early history
Before the foundation of the university, in 1960 there was Akademi Perniagaan Djambi (the Academy of Commerce in Jambi) under Jajasan Perguruan Tinggi Djambi (the Foundation of Tertiary Education in Jambi) which was chaired by R. Sudarsono who was the mayor of the city. In 1961, the academy transformed itself as the Faculty of Economics along with the establishment of the Faculty of Law, both affiliated to University of Indonesia Faculty of Economics. With those faculties, local public figures and Jambi provincial government were seeking to establish a university in their own region through Panitia Persiapan Pendirian Universitas Negeri Jambi (The Establishment of Jambi State University Preparatory Committee). The committee was headed by Col. M.J. Singedekane who was the governor of Jambi.

The State University of Jambi was the result of the committee established on 1 April 1963. The committee then opened two more faculties, The Faculty of Agriculture and The Faculty of Animal Agriculture and as of 1 April 1963, The State University of Jambi had faculties of Economics, Law, Agriculture and Animal Agriculture. From that day on, 1 April is commemorated as the day of birth of the university.

In 1966, Indonesian President issued a decree declaring the establishment of the university as Jambi University. The letter carrying the decree did not arrive in Jambi until the issuing of Presidential Decree Number 41 of 1982. The Minister of PTIP decree, beside acknowledging the foundation of the university, recognized Col. M.J. Singedekane, also acting as the head of the committee, as the president in charge leading the university. The term 'President of the University' started from 1963 till 1977. It ended when Drs. Kemas Mohamad Saleh was appointed as Acting Rector by Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture.

Presidents of the university before the name alteration were:
 Djamaluddin Tambunan, S.H. 1974-1977
 R.M. Nur Atmadibrata, 1968-1974
 H. A. Manap, 1966-1968
 Colonel M.J. Singedekane, 1963-1966

On 12 September 1980, Drs. Kemas Mohamad Saleh who became the Acting Rector was appointed as Rector of the university ending the transition period of leadership of the university. Since January 1985, Ir. S.B. Samad was the second Rector while completing his period in 1994. As of 1994, the rectors of the university are:

 Prof. Johni Najwan, S.H., M.H., PhD (2016–present)
 Prof. Aulia Tasman, PhD (2012–2016)
 H. Kemas Arsyad Somad, S.H., M.H. (2003 – 2012)
 Prof.DR.Ir. Ali M.A. Rachman, M.A (1999-2003)
 Prof.DR.Ir.H.Soedarmadi Hardjosuwignyo, MSc (1994-1999)
 Ir. S.B. Samad (1985-1994)
 Drs. Kemas Mohamad Saleh (1977-1984)

Expansion
In 2001, it opened the graduate program of Management and the graduate program of Economic Development. In 2002, other programs at diploma level, Forage Production and Technology Studies and Study of Animal Agribusiness at the faculty of animal agriculture, were introduced. The Law extension program was announced and a year later, in 2003, an undergraduate degree of Socio-economic study of animal agriculture was offered.

In 2004, the university opened its extension program of Accounting at the Faculty of Economics. In the same year, Jambi University made a partnership with Jakarta State University opening postgraduate programs of Education Management and of Environmental Education.

In 2005, the university re-opened its undergraduate program of physicians' education and of Physical Education and Health. In the same year, the graduate program was admitted.

Since its establishment in 1963 up to 2006, the Jambi University has 22 undergraduate, 10 diploma, 4 graduate and 4 undergraduate extension programs.

Campus
Jambi University owns several campuses. The main campus where most of the colleges are located is in Kampus Pinang Masak, Mendalo Darat, Jalan Raya Jambi - Ma. Bulian KM 5.

Organization

University
The current rector is Prof. Drs. H. Sutrisno, MSc, PhD

Schools and colleges
UNJA has seventeen schools and colleges, each with a dean and organization.

College of Teacher Training and Education
The college currently houses four departments comprising a number of study programs. The college currently offers various programs at bachelor, master, and doctoral level.

Faculty of Teacher Training and Education is led by a Dean and four Vice Deans:
 Dean: Prof. Dr. M. Rusdi, S.Pd, MSc
 Vice Dean I (Academic Affair): Drs. Aripuddin, M.Hum
 Vice Dean II (Administrative Affair): Drs. Akhyarudin, M.Hum
 Vice Dean III (Student Affair): Drs. Abu Bakar, M.Pd

Departments

Language and Arts Education Department
Language and Arts Education Department or Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni (PBS) aims at educating and training prospective teachers of languages. The department currently has two study programs, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia (Indonesian Language and Literature) and English Education Study Program
 Department Chair : Dra. H. Yusra D., M.Pd
 Secretary : Dra. Armiwati, M.Hum

Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program
 Chair, Bachelor's degree Program: Drs. Albertus Sinaga, M.Pd
 Secretary, Bachelor's degree Program:
 Chair, Master's degree Program:
 Secretary, Master's degree Program:

English Education Study Program
English Education Study Program is one of the study programs in Language and Arts Education Department. Its aim is to train and educate prospective teachers of English as a Foreign Language, particularly in secondary schools. The study program currently offers bachelor's degree (S1) and master's degree (S2).

 Chair, Bachelor's degree Program: Dedy Kurniawan, S.S, M.A
 Secretary, Bachelor's degree Program: Masbirorotni, S.Pd, MSc.Ed
 Chair, Master's degree Program: Dr. Rachmawati, M.Pd
 Secretary, Master's degree Program: Dr. Hadiyanto, S.Pd, MEd

Educational Study Department

Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education

Social Sciences Education

Notes

External links

Ranking and review

Universities in Indonesia
Educational institutions established in 1963
Indonesian state universities
Jambi (city)
Universities in Jambi
1963 establishments in Indonesia

University of Jambi


Cheng Yang-ping, MBE (, 19 September 1929 – 25 July 2014), more commonly known as Y. P. Cheng or just Y.P., was a Hong Kong simultaneous interpreter.

Cheng was admitted by the National Sun Yat-sen University in Canton, China, to study medicine in 1948. His study was interrupted in 1950 when he reunited with his family in Macau. In 1960, he was recruited by the All India Radio in Delhi, India, as a Chinese-language announcer. In 1965, he was recruited by the British Broadcasting Corporation radio station to perform interpretation and broadcasting work in the United Kingdom.

In April 1972, Cheng was appointed by the Hong Kong government as a Chief Interpreter (Simultaneous Interpretation) to help introduce Chinese-English simultaneous interpretation service for the Legislative Council. When the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China conducted successive rounds of negotiations over the sovereignty of Hong Kong between 1982 and 1984, he was the chief interpreter for the British delegation, serving various British representatives including Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Governor of Hong Kong Sir Edward Youde and British Ambassador to China Sir Percy Cradock, etc. After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed on 19 December 1984, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year Honours of 1985 in recognition of his service. Before retiring from the government in 1987, he was further promoted to the rank of Chief Conference Interpreter in June 1986.

References
 Obituary: Cheng Yang-ping, British chief interpreter in Sino-British negotiations, Apple Daily, 29 July 2014 (Chinese language)
 OBITUARY: Cheng Yang-ping 1929-2014, South China Morning Post (30 July 2014)

1929 births
2014 deaths
Sun Yat-sen University alumni
Hong Kong civil servants
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Chinese–English translators
Radio and television announcers
20th-century Chinese translators
21st-century Chinese translators

Cheng Yang-ping


Abdul Rahman Al-Amoudi (), better known as Abdurahman Alamoudi, is a former American Muslim activist known for founding the American Muslim Council. He pleaded guilty to financial and conspiracy charges in 2004, which resulted in a 23-year prison sentence.

Biography
Al-Amoudi was born in Eritrea.

He moved from Yemen to the United States in 1979,  and became a U.S. citizen in 1996. Al-Amoudi was automatically stripped of this citizenship by the U.S. after his conviction on terrorism-related charges.

Al-Amoudi lived in Falls Church, Virginia.

Organizations
According to The Washington Post, before his arrest and guilty plea, was Alamoudi was "one of America's best-known Muslim activists" and "met with senior Clinton and Bush administration officials in his efforts to bolster Muslim political prominence." Al-Amoudi founded and was the executive director of the American Muslim Foundation and "was an influential member of other Islamic political and charitable organizations." Al-Amoudi also played a role in establishing a U.S. Department of Defense Muslim chaplain program. Alamoudi met with President George W. Bush and contributed $1,000 to his campaign; Al-Amoudi donated the same amount to the U.S. Senate campaign of Hillary Clinton. Both Bush and Clinton later returned the money. Al-Amoudi was invited by the Bush White House to speak at a Washington National Cathedral prayer service in memory of victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Al-Amoudi was a founder of the Islamic Society of Boston (ISB). He signed the Society's articles of incorporation and served as the first president of the Society's Cambridge, Massachusetts mosque, which was also attended by the Boston Marathon bombers (Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and his brother, Tamerlan Tsarnaev), as well as by convicted terrorists Aafia Siddiqui and Tarek Mehanna.

Controversial statements
During an interview with a Middle East television channel in March 1997, Al-Amoudi declared: "I really consider him (Hamas deputy political leader Musa Abu Marzook) to be from among the best people in the Islamic movement," and added that he worked with Marzook and Hamas.

In a phone call intercepted by a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent and recounted in a court affidavit, Alamoudi lamented that the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Africa did not kill any Americans and suggested that more attacks should be carried out similar to the 1994 Jewish cultural center bombing in Buenos Aires.

In their PBS documentary miniseries America at a Crossroads, Newsweek journalists Mark Hosenball and Michael Isikoff report that Al-Amoudi was "an influential [Muslim] Brotherhood supporter described as an 'expert in the art of deception' by an FBI insider" for expressing moderate, pro-American sympathies in his lobbying and public relations work with Americans, but then expressing support for Hamas and Hezbollah at an Islamist rally.

Crown Prince Abdullah assassination plot and conviction on U.S. federal criminal charges
Alamoudi was indicted in 2003 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia for illegal dealings with Libya that included his involvement in a complex and "bizarre" plot, financed by the Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi, to have then-Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah killed by two Britain-based al-Qaeda operatives. Alamoudi was arrested in September 2003 at Dulles International Airport after arriving on a flight from London. He was charged with accepting $10,700 from the Libyan Mission to the United Nations while Libya was listed as one of the seven state sponsors of terrorism. Alamoudi admitted "that he pocketed nearly $1 million and used it to pay conspirators in the plot, which sources said came close to succeeding before it was broken up by Saudi intelligence officials."

On July 30, 2004, Alamoudi pleaded guilty to three federal criminal charges: "one count of violating the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), which imposes terrorism-related sanctions prohibiting unlicensed travel to and commerce with Libya; one count of false statements made in his application for naturalization; and a tax offense involving a long-term scheme to conceal from the IRS his financial transactions with Libya and his foreign bank accounts and to omit material information from the tax returns filed by his charities."

He agreed to cooperate in ongoing investigations in return for prosecutors dropping 31 other counts and possible reduction in a pending 23-year sentence and $750,000 in fines.

U.S. District Judge Claude M. Hilton sentenced Alamoudi to 276 months (23 years) in prison in October 2004, the maximum sentence. For his immigration fraud, Alamoudi was also stripped of his citizenship.

The September 2003 affidavit against Alamoudi also alleged that his money not only went to al Qaeda, but also to Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ).  In addition, the affidavit states that he was granted power of attorney for 22 family members of people detained in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba for suspicion of ties to Al Qaeda.

The U.S. Department of the Treasury cited Alamoudi on the occasion of the July 2005 terrorist designation of the Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia as providing support to al-Qaeda.

References

External links

American activists
American male criminals
African-American activists
American people of Eritrean descent
Living people
American Muslim Brotherhood members
American Muslim activists
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Year of birth missing (living people)
Yemeni emigrants to the United States
Eritrean Muslims
Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood members
Eritrean Muslim Brotherhood members
Yemeni Muslims
Yemeni people of Eritrean descent
African-American Sunni Muslims
American people convicted of tax crimes
21st-century African-American people

Abdul Rahman al-Amoudi


Gerald Charles Levinson (born June 22, 1951 in Westport, Connecticut) is an American composer of contemporary classical music.

Life
At university, he studied with George Crumb, Richard Wernick, and George Rochberg.  After college, Levinson went to study composition with Olivier Messiaen at the Paris Conservatory.  He was inspired by Messiaen's use of birdsong and his unique harmonic ideas, as well as the musics of Bali and India.  Levinson has also worked with Simon Rattle, Ralph Shapey, and Seiji Ozawa.

His notable works include Anahata, Symphony No. 2, and Black Magic/White Magic (1981), a collaboration with his wife, poet Nanine Valen. Numerous CDs of his music have been released, and his scores are published by Theodore Presser.

He has taught music at Swarthmore College since 1977.  His works have previously been performed by orchestras such as the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. A new work for organ and orchestra by Levinson was premiered by the Philadelphia Orchestra in its 2005–2006 season.  He has two children, Adam Valen Levinson, and Ari Valen Levinson.

Awards
Guggenheim Fellowship (1982)
Music Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1990)
The Goddard Lieberson Fellowship of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
N.E.A. Fellowship, twice
2007 Pew Fellowships in the Arts

External links
Gerald Levinson Official Website
Gerald Levinson page at Theodore Presser Company
Art of the States: Gerald Levinson
Gerald Levinson page from Swarthmore College site

1951 births
Living people
Swarthmore College faculty
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Pew Fellows in the Arts
Musicians from Westport, Connecticut
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Gerald Levinson


The Easter Fracture Zone is an oceanic fracture zone associated with the transform fault extending from the Tuamotu archipelago in the west to the Peru–Chile Trench to the east.

The Easter Fracture Zone extends roughly 5900 kilometers from 20°S,131°W to 26°S,78°W. The landscape consists of several ridges and isolated volcanos with maximal peak elevation above the seafloor of 3000m. Because the local seafloor has depths around 4000m to the north of the fracture zone and 3400m to the south of the fracture zone, most of its volcanic peaks form seamounts. They do rise above sea level at the Pitcairn Islands and  Easter Island.

See also
 Easter Hotspot

References
 Easter Fracture Zone – Encyclopædia Britannica Online
 Map pointer to Easter fracture zone. Zoom out to see full extent

Fracture zones
Seismic faults of Chile

Easter Fracture Zone


Thomas Jack Lee (1935 – February 24, 2019) was the sixth Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, from July 6, 1989 to January 6, 1994.

Early life
Prior to his appointment as Director of the Marshall Center, Lee had been Marshall's deputy director since December 1980, after seven years as manager of the Spacelab program at the Center. From July to September 1986 he was also acting director of the Center.

In addition to his responsibilities as deputy director, Lee was manager of the Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Definition Office, NASA's effort to define and develop a heavy lift launch vehicle capable of meeting national requirements.

Lee began his professional career in 1958 as an aeronautical research engineer with the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency at the Redstone Arsenal. He transferred to the Marshall Center when it was formed in 1960 as a systems engineer with the Center's Centaur Resident Manager Office in San Diego. From 1963 to 1965 he was Resident Project Manager for the Pegasus Meteoroid Detection Satellite Project in Blandenburg, Maryland, and from 1965 to 1969 was chief of the Center's Saturn Program Resident Office at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

From 1969 to 1973 he was assistant to the technical deputy director of the Marshall Center. He then became deputy manager and manager of the Sortie Lab Task Team, and continued as manager when that team became the Spacelab Program Office in 1974.

As manager of the Spacelab Program Office he was responsible for NASA's work with the European Space Agency in the development of Spacelab, a multi-purpose reusable laboratory for Earth orbital science activities.

Lee died of pancreatic cancer February 24 2019 he was 83

References

External links
 NASA biography
 Thomas J. Lee Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

1935 births
2019 deaths
NASA people
Directors of the Marshall Space Flight Center
Systems engineers
People from Randolph County, Alabama
Deaths from cancer in Alabama
Deaths from pancreatic cancer

T. Jack Lee


A synthetic personality is a constructed, friendly, approachable persona, often used in broadcast media.  The term was initiated by Andrew Tolson, and is related to face and politeness theory.

Tolson focuses upon how the speech genre of chat is found across many broadcasts, including interviews. He identifies three features:

topical shift towards the 'personal'
the shift may be accompanied by displays of wit
opens up the possibility of transgression (the interviewee asking the interviewer questions)

He describes an interview between Robin Day and Margaret Thatcher in which the discourse about the General Election shifts to the personal.

See also

Critical discourse analysis

References

Talbot, Mary M., Karen Atkinson & David Atkinson (2003) Language and Power in the Modern World. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Tolson, Andrew (1991) "Televised chat and the synthetic personality" In: P. Scannell (ed.) Broadcast Talk London: Sage.

Sociolinguistics

Synthetic personality


Candace Crawford (born March 11, 1994) is a Canadian alpine skier. Candace's home ski club is The Georgian Peaks Ski Club in Thornbury Ontario. Her younger brother Jack
is also an alpine skier.

Crawford competed in the World Cup the first time in slalom in Sölden in October 2014. She earned her first World Cup points in Kühtai's slalom in December 2014 for being 25th.

Crawford was part of the Canadian alpine skiing team that won the silver medal in the Nations Team Event at the 2015 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in Vail and Beaver Creek, Colorado. Crawford competed on a team with Erin Mielzynski, Phil Brown, Trevor Philp and the substitutes Marie-Pier Préfontaine and Erik Read. The Canadian team was seeded only as the 10th team before the event, but managed to eliminate higher-seeded teams Germany (7), Italy (2), and Sweden (6) during the competition before only losing in the final to the favorites from Austria (1).

At the end of that season, she won the 2014-15 Nor-Am Cup overall women's ranking, ahead of fellow Canadian teammate Mikaela Tommy and American Paula Moltzan. She also won the individual rankings in slalom and giant slalom and finished second in super-G.

References

1994 births
Living people
Canadian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Canada

Candace Crawford


Aristotle's wheel paradox is a paradox or problem appearing in the pseudo-Aristotelian Greek work Mechanica It states as follows: A wheel is depicted in two-dimensional space as two circles. Its larger, outer circle is tangential to a horizontal surface (e.g. a road that it rolls on), while the smaller, inner one has the same center and is rigidly affixed to the larger. (The smaller circle could be the bead of a tire, the rim it is mounted upon, or the axle.)  Assuming the larger circle rolls without slipping (or skidding) for one full revolution, the distances moved by both circles' circumferences are the same. The distance travelled by the larger circle is equal to its circumference, but for the smaller it is greater than its circumference, thereby creating a paradox.

The paradox is not limited to wheels: other things depicted in two dimensions display the same behavior such as a roll of tape, or a typical round bottle or jar rolled on its side (the smaller circle would be the mouth or neck of the jar or bottle).

In an alternative version of the problem, the smaller circle, rather than the larger one, is in contact with the horizontal surface. Examples include a typical train wheel, which has a flange, or a barbell straddling a bench. American educator and philosopher Israel Drabkin called these Case II versions of the paradox, and a similar, but unidentical, analysis applies.

History of the paradox

In antiquity
In antiquity, the wheel problem was described in the Greek work Mechanica, traditionally attributed to Aristotle, but widely believed to have been written by a later member of his school. (Thomas Winter has made the alternative proposal that it was written by Archytas.) It also appears in the Mechanica of Hero of Alexandria. In the Aristotelian version it appears as "Problem 24", where the description of the wheel is given as follows:
For let there be a larger circle ΔZΓ a smaller EHB, and A at the centre of both; let ZI be the line which the greater unrolls on its own, and HK that which the smaller unrolls on its own, equal to ZΛ. When I move the smaller circle, I move the same centre, that is A; let the larger be attached to it. When AB becomes perpendicular to HK, at the same time AΓ becomes perpendicular to ZΛ, so that it will always have completed an equal distance, namely HK for the circumference HB, and ZΛ for ZΓ. If the quarter unrolls an equal distance, it is clear that the whole circle will unroll an equal distance to the whole circle so that when the line BH comes to K, the circumference ZΓ will be ZΛ, and the whole circle will be unrolled. In the same way, when I move the large circle, fitting the small one to it, their centre being the same, AB will be perpendicular and at right angles simultaneously with AΓ, the latter to ZI, the former to HΘ. So that, when the one will have completed a line equal to HΘ, and the other to ZI, and ZA becomes again perpendicular to ZΛ, and HA to HK, so that they will be as in the beginning at Θ and I.

The problem is then stated:
Now since there is no stopping of the greater for the smaller so that it [the greater] remains for an interval of time at the same point, and since the smaller does not leap over any point, it is strange that the greater traverses a path equal to that of the smaller, and again that the smaller traverses a path equal to that of the larger. Furthermore, it is remarkable that, though in each case there is only one movement, the center that is moved in one case rolls a great distance and in the other a smaller distance.

In the Scientific Revolution

The mathematician Gerolamo Cardano discusses the problem of the wheel in his 1570 Opus novum de proportionibus numerorum, taking issue with the presumption of its analysis in terms of motion. Mersenne further discussed it in his 1623 Quaestiones Celeberrimae in Genesim, where he suggests that the problem can be analysed by a process of expansion and contraction of the two circles. But Mersenne remained unsatisfied with his understanding, writing:Indeed I have never been able to discover, and I do not think any one else has been able to discover whether the smaller circle touches the same point twice, or proceeds by leaps and sliding.

In his Two New Sciences, Galileo uses the wheel problem to argue for a certain kind of atomism. He begins his analysis by considering a pair of concentric hexagons, as opposed to circles. Imagining this hexagon "rolling" on a surface, Galileo notices that the inner hexagon "jumps" a little space with each roll of the outer onto a new face. He then imagines what would happen to the limit as the number of faces on a polygon becomes very large, and finds that the little space that is "jumped" by the inner polygon becomes smaller and smaller. He writes:
Therefore a larger polygon having a thousand sides passes over and measures a straight line equal to its perimeter, while at the same time the smaller one passes an approximately equal line, but one interruptedly composed of a thousand little particles equal to its thousand sides with a thousand little void spaces interposed — for we may call these "void" in relation to the thousand linelets touched by the sides of the polygon.

Since a circle is just the limit in which the number of faces on the polygon becomes infinite, Galileo finds that Aristotle's wheel contains material that is filled with infinitesimal spaces or "voids", and that "the interposed voids are not quantified, but are infinitely many". This leads him to conclude that a belief in atoms – in the sense that matter is "composed of infinitely many unquantifiable atoms" – is sufficient to explain the phenomenon.
Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675) is also associated with this analysis.

In the 19th century
Bernard Bolzano discussed Aristotle's wheel in The Paradoxes of the Infinite (1851), a book that influenced Georg Cantor and subsequent thinkers about the mathematics of infinity. Bolzano observes that there is a bijection between the points of any two similar arcs, which can be implemented by drawing a radius, remarking that the history of this apparently paradoxical fact dates back to Aristotle.

In the 20th century
The author of Mathematical Fallacies and Paradoxes uses a dime glued to a half-dollar (representing smaller and larger circles, respectively) with their centers aligned and both fixed to an axle, as a model for the paradox. He writes:
This is the solution, then, or the key to it. Although you are careful not to let the half-dollar slip on the tabletop, the "point" tracing the line segment at the foot of the dime is both rotating and slipping all the time. It is slipping with respect to the tabletop. Since the dime does not touch the table top, you do not notice the slipping. If you can roll the half-dollar along the table and at the same time roll the dime (or better yet the axle) along a block of wood, you can actually observe the slipping. If you have ever parked too close to the curb, you have noticed the screech made by your hubcap as it slips (and rolls) on the curb while your tire merely rolls on the pavement. The smaller the small circle relative to the large circle, the more the small one slips. Of course the center of the two circles does not rotate at all, so it slides the whole way.

Analysis and solutions

The paradox is that the smaller inner circle moves 2πR, the circumference of the larger outer circle with radius R, rather than its own circumference. If the inner circle were rolled separately, it would move 2πr, its own circumference with radius r. The inner circle is not separate but rigidly connected to the larger.

First solution
If the smaller circle depends on the larger one (Case I), the larger circle's motion forces the smaller to traverse the larger's circumference. If the larger circle depends on the smaller one (Case II), then the smaller circle's motion forces the larger circle to traverse the smaller circle's circumference. This is the simplest solution.

Second solution

This solution considers the transition from the starting to ending positions. Let Pb be a point on the bigger circle and Ps be a point on the smaller circle, both on the same radius. For convenience, assume they are both directly below the center, analogous to both hands of a clock pointing towards six. Both Pb and Ps travel in a cycloid path as they roll together one revolution.

While each travels 2πR horizontally from start to end, Ps's cycloid path is shorter and more efficient than Pb's. Pb travels farther above and farther below the center's path – the only straight one – than does Ps.

If Pb and Ps were anywhere else on their respective circles, the curved paths would be the same length. Summarizing, the smaller circle moves horizontally 2πR because any point on the smaller circle travels a shorter, and thus more direct path than any point on the larger circle.

See also
 Trochoid
 Brachistochrone curve

References

Further reading

Wheel paradox
Circles
Physical paradoxes
Wheels
Rotation

Aristotle's wheel paradox


Al Pike (born 1961 in New York City, New York, United States) is an American musician, best known as the bassist of the hardcore punk band Reagan Youth, as well as briefly being a member of Samhain.

Musical career
Pike joined the New York-based political hardcore band Reagan Youth in 1981, becoming their second bassist.  He remained in the group until 1984, playing on their debut Youth Anthems for the New Order EP (later re-released as the Volume 1 LP.) During this era, Pike was also involved with Straight Edge Magazine.

In 1983, Pike was included in formative lineups of Glenn Danzig's group Samhain, but due to other commitments, did not last long with the band, appearing only on a single track from the Initium album.

From 1986 thru 1988 Pike was bassist for primary colors, a Long Island based band that included Steve Weissman from Reagan Youth on drums, John Monahan (SDP, The Press) on guitar and vocalist Chris Fausner.

Following the death of former lead singer Dave Rubinstein, Pike contributed liner notes to Reagan Youth's 1997 Live & Rare archival release, culled mostly from material from his time in the band.  In 2006, Pike reformed Reagan Youth with original guitarist Paul Bakija, but again departed the group in 2011.

References

External links
Al Pike at Misfits Central.com

American punk rock musicians
Living people
1961 births
Musicians from New York City
Samhain (band) members
Reagan Youth members

Al Pike


Bob Wilkins (born Robert Gene Wilkins; April 11, 1932  – January 7, 2009) was a television personality.

Wilkins was the creator and host of the popular television show Creature Features that ran on KTVU in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1971 to 1984.

The programming on Creature Features featured science fiction and horror films, ranging from classics such as Bride of Frankenstein to B-grade obscurities like The Vulture.

Wilkins' wit was very dry; it fit very well with the outrageously awful horror films he hosted. His approach suggested an aficionado's taste for genre cinema. His trade marks were his droll humor, his omnipresent cigar, and sitting in his iconic rocking chair.

KCRA-3 and KTXL-40 in Sacramento
Wilkins started his on-camera television career in 1963 at KCRA-TV Channel 3 in Sacramento, California. He was writing and producing commercials for the station when he was tapped to be a fill-in host for an afternoon movie show in 1964. Wilkins was given his own time slot, hosting horror films on Seven Arts Theater (later advertised as Bob Wilkins Presents and The Bob Wilkins Show), which followed the station's Saturday 11 p.m. newscast. The show debuted on September 10, 1966, with Attack of the Mushroom People being the featured film. After several successful years, he was courted by former KCRA manager Tom Breen, then at KTVU in Oakland, California, to bring his show to the San Francisco Bay Area. Breen was one of Wilkins' best supporters at KCRA, who had always encouraged the then-young host to try novel things, and to never be afraid of going for it. Bob left KCRA on his own terms, with his last show broadcast on March 14, 1970. However, after starting a new show on KTVU, Bob returned to Sacramento television, this time at KTXL Channel 40 on May 9, 1970, with The Bob Wilkins Double Horror Show, an all-new production, which ran successfully for over a decade.

KTVU-2 in Oakland
On Saturday, January 9, 1971, after weeks of attention-grabbing teasers, Creature Features debuted on KTVU Channel 2 at 9:00 p.m. with The Horror of Party Beach, and immediately became a tremendous ratings winner. In response, the show expanded to a double feature format within its first year of broadcast on August 7, 1971. Another benchmark was when Creature Features ran the world television premiere of the already infamous 1968 horror film, Night of the Living Dead, at 9:00 p.m. on January 1, 1972. So popular was Bob Wilkins' Creature Features that it would often beat network programming, such as Saturday Night Live, in the local Nielsen ratings. After six years, KTVU responded to popular demand by adding a single-movie Friday night show at 11:30 p.m., debuting on February 4, 1977. The following week, the Saturday Double Feature returned to a single-movie format starting at 11:30 p.m., and continued in this two-night format through Bob's last Creature Features show on February 24, 1979. Dropping the Friday night show, John Stanley took over the Saturday program at 11:00 p.m. on March 3, 1979.

During the height of his popularity, Wilkins, a soft-spoken, but sharp-witted character from Indiana, was able to produce and host a number of prime time specials, including The Star Trek Dream and The Bob Wilkins Super Horror Show, as well as hosting occasional horror films on KTVU's weeknight 8 O'Clock Movie show, in addition to making dozens of public appearances every year. Even with this seemingly heavy workload, including commuting every week to Sacramento from Oakland to tape his sister show on KTXL-40, he was first and foremost a devoted husband and father, coaching baseball at his son and daughter's school, and rarely staying up past 10 p.m. Eventually, Wilkins found himself, at the urging of KTVU management, joining the 10 O'Clock News team in September 1972 as their weather reporter. After his two-year contract expired, he was eager to step down, as he didn't feel that he could be creative that late at night. In spite of this, he was nominated for a local Emmy Award for a ski report, which used footage from the opening ski chase scene from the 1969 James Bond adventure, On Her Majesty's Secret Service.

Captain Cosmic on KTVU-2
In 1977, Wilkins launched an afternoon children's program on KTVU, Captain Cosmic, showcasing various sci-fi serials. such as Spectreman, The Space Giants, Ultraman, Johnny Sokko and his Flying Robot, and Star Blazers. Japanese imports were a prime focus, though the show also featured the 1936 Universal Pictures Serial Flash Gordon, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, and the occasional movie serialized in five parts (Godzilla vs. the Thing and Dagora, the Space Monster). Donning a face-concealing helmet, Wilkins was uncredited, but fans of his Creature Features program recognized him immediately, while children who were not old enough to stay up late to watch Creature Features had no idea. Captain Cosmic's sidekick on the show was an actual, cable-controlled automaton, named "Wonder Robot 2T2" that emulated R2-D2 in the Star Wars series by uttering bleeps and blips (that only the good Captain could understand).

Return to advertising and retirement
At the height of his popularity, Wilkins decided to retire from television and go back into advertising. On February 24, 1979, after offering the job to several of his researchers, including film historian David Del Valle, he relinquished the Creature Features hosting duties to San Francisco Chronicle film critic John Stanley (1979–1984). Wilkins continued his program on KTXL as The Bob Wilkins Double Horror Show from May 9, 1970, through February 14, 1981.

Although no longer a fixture on television, Wilkins periodically made appearances at comic book and fantasy conventions, film screenings and tributes, until two years before his death. He appeared at the 1976 Star Trek / Science Fiction convention InterCon   in Salt Lake City. After his departure from television, Wilkins concentrated on his advertising agency, which handled accounts such as the Chuck E. Cheese restaurant chain. In the 1990s, he and his wife, Sally, retired and moved to Reno, Nevada.

Death
On August 14, 2007, John Stanley, Wilkins' replacement on Creature Features, reported in an interview on the radio program Coast to Coast, that Wilkins had Alzheimer's disease and was then living in Sacramento.

At age 76, Bob Wilkins died on January 7, 2009, from complications of Alzheimer's disease in Reno, Nevada.

Legacy
Wilkins' fans include actor Tom Hanks and Bay Area filmmaker George Lucas, who watched the Sacramento programs as a youth in Modesto.

In 2008, a feature-length documentary on Creature Features, Watch Horror Films, Keep America Strong!, debuted in several theaters in the San Francisco Bay Area. The 75-minute film features interviews with hosts Bob Wilkins and John Stanley, as well as other key figures close to the show, both behind-the-scenes and in front of the cameras. This is interspersed with vintage clips spanning the history of the show, highlighting the creative and experimental era of local broadcasting.

References

External links

Official Bob Wilkins website
Bob Wilkins Blog

www.ktvu.com — Creature Features Host Bob Wilkins
TV Horror Hosts Listing for Bob Wilkins
Creature Features opening sequence used circa 1979

1932 births
2009 deaths
American television personalities
Neurological disease deaths in Nevada
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Horror hosts
People from Hammond, Indiana

Bob Wilkins


The Sportclub Hakoah Graz ( - strength) was a Jewish sports and football club from the Styrian capital Graz. It was beside Sturm and GAK the third top league team from Graz.

History
The club was founded on 12 March 1919 to offer the Jewish people of Graz (around 4000) the possibility to do sports. The old club Jüdischen Turnvereins zu Graz was dissolved in 1917. Jewish officials were against the club. The club was highly accepted by the young football players.

In 1921, the football section took part in the 2.Klasse of the Styrian football championship. The first classes of the federal states were the highest, because at that time there was no Austrian-wide championship. The champion of Viennas highest league was considered Austrian champion. They played in blue and white jerseys with the Star of David on the breast. It was difficult for them to play because they had no ground of their own. Due to the antisemitism of that time other clubs often did not allow them to use their grounds. In 1923, they leased an own ground.

In the 1921/22 season, they reached the first place and were promoted to the 1. Klasse. In the 1. Klasse, the club was again confronted with antisemitism. The Deutscher Sportverein Leoben and Turnverein Leibniz did not want to play against a Jewish club. They were disqualified. During the years in the first class Hakoah often reached places on top of the table.

In 1935, the club was relegated to the 2. Klasse. The reason for this was that some players went to other clubs and some ended their career because antisemitism grew at that time. The club also lost its ground which was only leased. The contract was not prolonged. In the Second Class, they gained again strength but the occupation of Austria by Nazi Germany ended its history. The club was dissolved like all other Jewish sports clubs in Austria.

Other websites
Article about Hakoah Graz

Jewish history
Judaism in Austria
Hakoah Graz
Football clubs of Graz

SC Hakoah Graz


Private Product Remaining or PPR is a means of national income accounting similar to the more commonly encountered GNP.  Since government is financed through taxation and any resulting output is not (usually) sold on the market, what value is ascribed to it is disputed (see calculation problem), and it is counted in GNP. Murray Rothbard developed the GPP (Gross Private Product) and PPR measures.  GPP is GNP minus income originating in government and government enterprises.  PPR is GPP minus the higher of government expenditures and tax revenues plus interest received.

 C is the private consumption
 I is the Investments
 G is Government Spending
 X is Exports
 M is Imports

For example, in an economy in which the private expenditures total $1,000 and government expenditures total $200, the GNP would be $1,200, GPP would be $1,000, and PPR would be $800.

See also
 Gross Domestic Product

References

External links
 GNP, PPR, and the Standard of Living by Robert Batemarco, from the journal Review of Austrian Economics

Austrian School
Macroeconomic aggregates

Private product remaining


Canción de amor (English: Love Song) is a Mexican telenovela directed by Alfredo Gurrola and produced by Luis de Llano Macedo for Televisa in 1996. It premiered on Canal de las Estrellas on Monday, May 13, 1996, and ended on Friday, September 13, 1996.

Eduardo Capetillo and Lorena Rojas starred as protagonists.

Plot
Ana is the cute star of Love Song, who falls in love with Renzo, a rock singer when she faces a wonderful future. From the moment they meet, Ana's life changes radically as she struggles to Renzo and leukemia, which has recently been diagnosed.

Ana decides to live his life intensely Renzo marrying and giving a daughter, to preserve the great love they have. Renzo is the antidote to the disease of Ana and Ana is the strength of Renzo. She supports what to fight for success.

Unfortunately, this young couple can not cope with their responsibilities and begin to have a painful separation. Ana knows that only time and maturity of the can save, but also knows she does not have much time.

Ana desperately struggling with his illness and his fate with the only weapons she has: its vitality, beauty and intelligence. The characters of Love Song face great passions and great disappointments.

Cast

Eduardo Capetillo as Lorenzo "Renzo"
Lorena Rojas as Ana
Joaquín Cordero as Norberto
Nuria Bages as Nora
Alonso Echánove as Ernesto #1
Jaime Garza as Ernesto #2
Raul Julia-Levy as Marcos Fuentes
Pedro Weber "Chatanuga" as Elías
Hugo Acosta as Dr. Ariel
Leticia Sabater as Valeria
Zoila Quiñones as Ofelia
Laureano Brizuela as Álvarez
Jorge Salinas as Damián
Mauricio Islas as Edgar
Aylín Mújica as Estrella
Abraham Ramos as Adrián
Mariana Seoane as Roxana
Marcela Páez as Sylvia
Javier Herranz as Antonio
Marcela Pezet as Suzy
Roberto Blandón as Javier
Rosa María Bianchi as Alina
Ana Bertha Espín as Juana
Mónika Sánchez as Genoveva
Guillermo García Cantú as Lic. Arizmendi
Javier Gómez as Rodrigo Pinel
Sergio Klainer as Diego
Eduardo Liñán as Marco
Gerardo Gallardo as Teodoro
Alejandro Rábago as Genaro
Óscar Traven as Arturo
José María Yazpik as Swami
Arlette Pacheco as Juliana
David Ramos as Ramiro Flores
Julio Monterde as José Antonio
Paola Flores as Pánfila
Raúl Meraz as Guillermo
Juan Ignacio Aranda
Marta Aura
Amparo Garrido
Lorenza Hegewish
Luisa Fernanda
Renato Bartilotti
Fernando Sarfatti
Dulce María
Yadhira Carrillo
Claudia Estrada
Carlos Calderón
Janina Hidalgo
Giorgio Palacios
Osc5ar Bonfiglio
Claudia Troyo
Verónica Jaspeado
Laura Morelos
Lourdes Aguilar
Yuvia Cárdenas
Jesús Lara
Vicente Herrera
Jaime Puga
Raúl Vega
Arturo Paulet
Antonio Muñiz
Aracely Arámbula

References

External links

1996 telenovelas
1996 Mexican television series debuts
1996 Mexican television series endings
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas
Mexican television series based on Argentine television series
Spanish-language telenovelas

Canción de amor


The Dinosaur Park Formation is a group of rock layers in Alberta, Canada. It contains many fossils from the "Age of Dinosaurs", the Upper Cretaceous.

The uppermost member of the Belly River Group (or Judith River Group), is a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. It was deposited during the Campanian stage of the later Cretaceous, between about 76.9 and 75.8 million years ago. It was deposited in alluvial and coastal plain environments. There, a fast-flowing river spread out over a flat plain. At this time, the continents were still quite close together, and tropical climates were usual.

These rocks have a  nonmarine Oldman Formation below and the marine (saltwater) Bearpaw Formation above. So they were low-lying and often submerged.

The Dinosaur Park Formation contains dense concentrations of dinosaur skeletons, both articulated and disarticulated. They are often found with preserved remains of soft tissues. Remains of other animals such as fish, turtles, and crocodilians, and plants, are also abundant. The formation has been named after Dinosaur Provincial Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site where the formation is well exposed in the badlands that flank the Red Deer River.

References

Related pages
Dinosaur Provincial Park

Geological formations
Geography of Alberta
Badlands
Lagerstätten
Geology of Canada

Dinosaur Park Formation


Flourless chocolate cake is a dense cake made from an aerated chocolate custard. The first documented form of the cake was seen in Ferrara, Italy, though some forms of the cake have myths surrounding their origins. The dessert contains no gluten which makes it acceptable for those with celiac disease, gluten-free diets, and during religious holidays in which gluten and grains are not permitted.

Overview
A traditional baking method for a variety of flourless chocolate cakes involves whipping the whites alone and then whipping the yolks into the sugar to increase the air content. The overall effect of this process is a sturdy, but light cake. The chocolate and butter are melted together in either a microwave or double boiler. Once all the ingredients are combined, the resulting batter contains only the starch naturally present in the chocolate. The use of Dutch cocoa powder instead of simple cocoa powder will allow the cake to have a denser fudge-like consistency that the cake is known for. Flourless chocolate cakes typically use simple ingredients including: chocolate, butter, eggs, sugar, cocoa powder, vanilla, salt, and an optional dusting of powdered sugar, chocolate ganache, or berries. The Torta Caprese includes an additional ingredient of an almond meal.

Origin
La Torta Tenerina is an Italian flourless chocolate cake that was first seen in Ferrara, Italy in 1900. It is the first recorded version of the cake. It has an alternative name, Queen of Montenegro, as it was said to be served when King Victor Emmanuel III took the throne of Italy making Elena Montenegro the Queen of Italy. In Ferrara, Italy La Torta Tenerina can be found on many restaurant and bakery menus.

Special Diets

In Jewish cuisine
Flourless chocolate cake is a common dessert among Jews during the holiday of Passover since leavened grains cannot be consumed during that holiday.

In gluten-free diets
Flourless chocolate cake is a popular dessert in gluten-free diets. There are several varieties including topping the cake with a chocolate ganache, adding raspberries, or it is frequently served with vanilla ice cream, all of which can be enjoyed by those with gluten-free and celiac-appropriate diets.

The use of alternative sugars would allow this cake to be enjoyed by those on a keto diet as well.

Similar cakes

Torta Caprese, originating from the Italian island of Capri, is a traditional flourless chocolate cake popular in that region that includes almond flour. This cake has a number of myths surrounding its origins including a baker forgetting to add the flour and that it's a version of an Austrian cake called the Austrian Sachertorte.
A similar cake with little or no flour is known as "fallen" or "molten" chocolate cake and was popularized by, among others, Jean-Georges Vongerichten's restaurants.

See also
 Chocolate mousse
 Cheesecake
 Torte
 List of custard desserts
 List of desserts

References

Jewish baked goods
Custard desserts
Chocolate desserts
Italian cakes
Passover foods
Chocolate cakes

Flourless chocolate cake


Eskilson Historic District is a national historic district located at Gary, Indiana.  The district encompasses 97 contributing buildings in an exclusively residential section of Gary. They were built during the 1920s and 1930s, and include examples of Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Mission Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture.

It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Colonial Revival architecture in Indiana
Tudor Revival architecture in Indiana
Mission Revival architecture in Indiana
Historic districts in Gary, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Gary, Indiana

Eskilson Historic District