An airline seat is a seat on an airliner in which passengers are accommodated for the duration of the journey. Such seats are usually arranged in rows running across the airplane's fuselage. A diagram of such seats in an aircraft is called an aircraft seat map.

Features and amenities
Seats are attached to rails underneath the floor which run along the aircraft fuselage. If the airline wants to reconfigure the seating, this is a minor operation. For passenger safety, all airline seats are equipped with seatbelts.

Basic amenities

Seats are frequently equipped with further amenities. Airline seats may be equipped with a reclining mechanism for increased passenger comfort, either reclining mechanically (usually in economy class and short-haul first and business class) or electrically (usually in long-haul first class and business class).  Most aircraft also feature trays for eating and reading, either in the seatback which folds down to form a small table in most economy class seats, or inside the armrest which folds out in most first class, business class, bulkhead, and exit row seats. Most airline seats also feature a pocket which may contain an in-flight magazine and safety instructions.

On small and short-haul aircraft, or on low-cost carriers, some of these amenities may not be installed. For instance, on several aircraft, Ryanair has installed non-reclining seats without seat pockets with the safety manuals stitched to the seat back instead. Even on airliners with reclining seats, some seats may have a restricted recline or no recline. Typically this will be the rear row of the cabin where a rear bulkhead blocks the recline, or seats immediately in front of the emergency exit where a reclined seat might restrict access to the emergency exit, creating a potential safety hazard. Independent seat review sites such as SeatGuru often warn passengers against these seats. During take-off and landing the crew ask passengers to put their seats in an "upright" (unreclined) position and to lift and stow their tray tables.

Advanced amenities

Electronics
Seats may be equipped with power ports (either EmPower, AC, DC, or USB power-only sockets) for small electrical appliances and ports for headphones for the audio entertainment. Most full service airlines also include personal video screens as part of the in-flight entertainment system on long-haul aircraft - but some aircraft use a bring-your-own-device system where passengers use their own devices. The screens are often touchscreens or can be controlled by remote handsets. In economy and premium economy the screen is normally in a seatback, but in a front row seat or premium cabin they may need to be pulled out from a special compartment after takeoff, and then returned there for landing.

Adjustable headrests
Most long-haul aircraft (and short-haul aircraft on some airlines) feature seats with adjustable headrests in all classes, allowing the passenger to adjust the headrest for comfort.

Adjustable lumbar support

Electrically adjustable lumbar support is found on most long-haul first class and business class seats.  Rarely, economy class may also include a mechanically adjustable lumbar support on some long-haul aircraft. However, with the trend towards slimline seats in economy class, this amenity has mostly vanished from most new economy class seat installations.

Massage
Some business class seats, such as the Recaro CL 4420, have a built-in massaging feature.

Lie flat/flat bed seating

Some business class cabins feature seats that recline to a sloped flat position.  These "lie flat at an angle" seats allow for greater comfort than traditional recliner seats, but are less comfortable than fully horizontal flat bed seating.

Most international first-class and a growing number of international business-class cabins feature seats which recline to a full-horizontal flat position, forming a bed.

"Slimline" economy seating
Some airlines are introducing new "slimline" seats in economy class.  While "slimline" is not a defined term, slimline seats have less padding in the back. Seat pitch and width in economy class have also been decreasing, In 1985 none of the main four US carriers offered a seat less than 19 inches wide. Since the beginning of the 21st Century until 2018 average seat width decreased from 18.5 to 17 inches, and sometimes as low as 16.1 inches.

Slimline seats weigh less than full-size seats, and are claimed to allow airlines to increase capacity without significantly affecting passenger comfort. Many passengers however, have expressed displeasure with these seats. Moreover, the US Department of Transportation (DOT) has begun to explore the safety issues associated with increased aircraft capacity and reduced seat pitch that results from the installation of "slimline" seats. In an 14 April 2015 hearing of the DOT's Advisory Committee for Aviation Consumer Protection, Cynthia Corbett, an investigator for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, discussed concerns regarding the emergency evacuation of higher capacity aircraft. The citizens' group "Flyers Rights" brought a case against the FAA in 2017, arguing that the agency had a responsibility to prevent seats from becoming so cramped as to become a safety issue in an emergency.

This type of seat was pioneered by Recaro, but several other manufacturers (such as Weber Aircraft LLC and B/E Aerospace) have introduced their own slimline seats as well.  These seats may or may not feature moveable headrests, and generally do not feature adjustable lumbar support.

A newer innovation by Zodiac Seats U.S. (formerly Weber Aircraft LLC) is an articulating seat bottom, where the seat bottom moves forward in addition to the seat back tilting backwards. Such seats have been installed in some of the aircraft of Aer Lingus, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, American Airlines, and Avianca, amongst others.  This seating was eventually adopted by competitors such as B/E Aerospace and Recaro.

Seating layout

Airline cabins are frequently classified as narrow-body if there is a single aisle with seats on either side, or wide-body if there are two aisles with a block of seats between them in addition to the seats on the side.

The number of seats abreast is affected by the aircraft width. On very small aircraft such as the Beechcraft 1900 there are only individual seats on each side of the aisle (1+1 seating). The widest narrow body aircraft such as the Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 aircraft have six abreast seating in a 3+3 layout. Asymmetrical layouts also exist, examples including the Embraer Regional Jet which has 1+2 seating while the Douglas DC-9, Sukhoi Superjet 100 and Airbus A220 aircraft typically feature 2+3 seating.

On wide body-aircraft the center block of seats between the aisles can have as many as 5 seats on planes like the layout on most McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and some Boeing 777 aircraft, although Boeing recommends the 3+3+3 over the 2+5+2 layout. Very wide planes such as the Boeing 747 or the Airbus A380 have ten seats abreast, typically in a 3+4+3 layout, although this layout is also sometimes used as a high density layout on aircraft normally seating nine abreast, such as the 777 or DC-10. Recently, airlines have been adopting ten abreast seating on the Boeing 777-300 aircraft.

While there are some exceptions, most commercial aircraft seats are forward-facing and on military aircraft seats are frequently rearward-facing. Southwest Airlines previously offered a few rearward-facings seats on some aircraft but that scheme has now ended. Rearward-facing seats are also common on business jets, to provide a conference-type layout. British Airways, United Airlines and American Airlines also have rearward-facing seats in their Club World (except in the A350), domestic 777-200 United First and (select) Business Class Cabins, respectively. It has been argued that rearward-facing seats are safer because in the event of a crash, the sudden deceleration will propel the passenger into a rearward-facing seat instead of out of it, meaning the force is distributed over the entire seat back, instead of the straps of the seat belt. The argument against such seats has been based on passenger comfort, safety and cost. It could be argued that passengers who desire the natural layout of forward-facing seats may be uncomfortable with a rearward layout. On the safety aspect, the argument has been that during a plane crash, debris, such as luggage, will fly forward in the cabin, quite possibly into the passengers in rearward-facing seats. On the cost aspect, rearward-facing seats need additional strengthening which adds extra weight and therefore higher fuel costs.

Many airlines provide maps of their seating configurations on the various aircraft they fly.
For airlines which don't have seat maps, websites like SeatGuru show seat maps for the aforementioned airlines.

Arrangement
Window seats are located at the sides of the aircraft, and usually next to a window, although some aircraft have seat rows where there is a window missing. Window seats are preferred by passengers who want to have a view, or a wall which they can lean against. Passengers in seats adjacent to the aisle have the advantage of being able to leave the seat without having to clamber over the other passengers, and having an aisle they can stretch their legs into. If a seat block has three or more seats, there will also be middle seats which are unpopular because the passenger is sandwiched between two other passengers without advantages of either window or aisle seats. Middle seats are typically booked last.

Seat size

When evaluating the size (and comfort) of a seat, the main terms used are pitch and width.

It was reported in 2016 that the average distance between seat rows (pitch) had declined to , from over , while the average seat width had shrunk to   from  in the previous two decades.

Seat pitch
Seat pitch is defined as the space between a point on one seat and the same point on the seat in front of it. In almost all cases, seat pitch increases with class of travel (economy, business, first, etc.) For many carriers, the pitch in economy class is . Legroom depends upon seat pitch and the thickness of the seat back. Airlines have claimed that a reduction of seat pitch can be compensated for by a thinner seat-back design.

American Airlines' business class seat pitches in their former Boeing 767-200s were , the largest in any short-haul business class. US Airways, now merged with American Airlines, have first-class flatbed seats in their Airbus A330-300s with a seat pitch of 94 inches (2 inches short of 8 feet) or 240 cm (2.4 meters)

In 2010 the seat pitch on low-cost carriers could be as low as  in the case of Spirit Airlines but was typically  or .

Seat width

There is some ambiguity about the meaning of "seat width". It can be taken as the width enclosed by the armrests on each side, i.e., the width available to sit in, or as the distance from the midpoint of one armrest to the midpoint of the next, a larger figure by the width of an armrest, and the width available for the shoulders (it is also one-third of the width of a block of three identical seats). It is thought that most airlines use the first of these figures. In Economy class this width was typically  in 2003.

In 2013, Airbus said, for long haul flights, there should be an industry standard for a minimum seat width of 18 inches in economy cabins, but its rival Boeing argued it was up for airlines to decide. People have been getting wider: the weight of the average American male in his 40s had increased by 10 percent in the 30 years from the 1970 introduction of the Boeing 747. The narrower 17-inch-wide seat favoured by Boeing is a legacy from the 1950s when passenger jets were first introduced. In the 1970s and 1980s with the introduction of the Boeing 747 and the first Airbus jets, 18 inches become standard for long-haul flights. Seats were widened to 18.5 inches with the Boeing 777 in the 1990s and A380 superjumbo in the 2000s. Many airlines are adopting lighter 17-inch-wide seats on their Boeing 777 and 787 and 18-inch seats for A350s. Although for almost 20 years, the standard setup in the back of a Boeing 777 was nine seats per row, in 2012 nearly 70% of the biggest version of that plane were delivered with 10-abreast seating. When Airbus introduced its A380, it offered 10-abreast seating, giving each passenger up to 19 inches of hip space. In 2013, ten airlines fly Airbus A330 with nine 16.7-inch seats in each row, rather than the eight it was designed for. A research report commissioned by Airbus concluded that an extra inch in seat width improves sleep quality by 53 percent.

There has been a decided trend to increase economy seating density in the twenty-first century. In 1985 none of the main four US carriers offered a seat less than 19 inches wide. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century until 2018 average seat width decreased from 18.5 to 17 inches, and sometimes as low as 16.1 inches.

Aisle chair

An airplane "aisle chair" is a mobile seat provided by airlines for passengers who require the  use of a wheelchair. While most trains, buses and other forms of public transportation have space for a passenger's own wheelchair for seating and a ramp or lift assist for boarding, airplane aisles are too narrow for conventional wheelchairs. The aisle chair affords the wheelchair passenger assisted mobility in boarding and disembarking, and in-flight moving within the cabin such as to the lavatory.

Material

Airline seats are designed to be lightweight, but at the same time strong and fire resistant, while also taking into account passenger comfort. A typical design is an aluminium frame with blocks of polyurethane foam attached to it. In some cases a layer of fire-resistant fabric, for instance Kevlar or Nomex goes over this, and at the top is a layer of cloth or leather.

Leather seats are more costly than traditional cloth seats. Even so, several airlines, including low-cost carriers, choose leather not only to present a more "luxurious" product, but also because such seats are easier to clean and prevent spilt liquids from soaking through to the padding for reduced turnaround issues.

Color
In the fairly early days of aviation, airline seats were typically of soft, earthy colors such as light browns and gray, which were intended to calm the passengers. During the 1970s, brighter colors such as red and orange became more commonplace. After this, shades of blue and gray, with a more business-like tone, became the most common choice. However, certain airlines such as Austrian Airlines, Emirates and Singapore Airlines still use soft colours on seats.

Auxiliary

Generally, every individual seat position (except for the last ones at the rear of the cabin) has a small set of auxiliary controls built into the seat back for the passenger directly behind the seat. The seat itself normally contains a small flip-out, extendable tray table (which must be folded away during takeoff and landing), and, on most wide-body international aircraft, an LCD video screen directly above the tray table (earlier aircraft had a single large projection screen at the front of each cabin). Directly above the seat (on the cabin ceiling) is a console for the passenger service unit. The controls on the PSU console may include:

An air-conditioning nozzle whose airflow and orientation can be adjusted by the passenger.  This feature is found on most narrowbody aircraft, but many airlines omit them on many newer widebody aircraft (such as the Boeing 777).
A reading light (often very similar in appearance to the nozzle) that can be turned on by the passenger for extra light, especially when the main cabin lights are turned off.  The buttons to turn the lights on and off are usually located directly on the overhead console on most narrowbody aircraft, while on most widebody aircraft, the buttons are usually found together with the in-flight entertainment (IFE) controls, which may be on the armrests, the seat backs, or a touch-screen interface.
A call button, that, when pressed, alerts a flight attendant on board to attend to the passengers in the row with the pressed button (a quiet audio signal in the galley and various lights alert flight attendants).  As with the reading light buttons, the call button is usually located directly on the overhead console on most narrowbody aircraft, while they are found together with IFE controls on most widebody aircraft.
The "fasten seat belt" sign which is illuminated during takeoff and landing, and during turbulence. Older aircraft preceding the banning of smoking may still have a "no smoking" sign; newer aircraft may have a "turn off electronic devices" sign instead.

At window seats there are window shades for protection from sunlight. Regulations require them to be open during landings and takeoffs, to provide visibility into and out of the aircraft in emergencies. Some airlines request passengers to keep the window shades down, in addition to muting cabin lighting, during times when most passengers will want to sleep. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner and newer Airbus A350 aircraft uses electrochromic windows instead of window covers. Many armrests provide devices for reclining the chair, control handsets for in-flight entertainment systems. Ashtrays, universally provided when smoking was permitted, are still sometimes provided for small detritus.

References

Airliner seating
Seat

Airline seat


The front of a boat is called the bow, while the rear of a boat is called the stern. When looking towards the bow (while on the boat), the left-hand side of the boat is the port side. Starboard is the corresponding word for the right side of a boat.

Parts of a Boat: Boating Terminology

Port and starboard are nautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of or direction from a vessel, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are clear references that do not depend on which way the observer is facing.

History
The term starboard comes from the Old English steorbord, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their center-lines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship. Because more people are right-handed it was placed on the right-hand side. The term is similar to the Old Norse stýri (rudder) and borð (side of a ship). Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at wharf on the other side. For this reason the left side was called port.

Formerly larboard was used instead of port. This is from Middle English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load. Larboard sounded very similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead. Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers. In Old English the word was bæcbord, which is used in other European languages, for example as the German backbord and the French term bâbord (derived in turn from Middle Dutch).

Navigational lights

At night, the port side of a boat or aircraft is indicated by a red navigation light at the bow. The opposite side of the bow has a green one to help avoid collisions. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea state that a ship on the left must give way to a ship on its right. If the courses of two boats are intersecting, the helmsman usually gives way to a red light by going around the stern of the stand-on vessel (the vessel that does not need to change course). A saying for this is:
"If to starboard red appear,
'tis your duty to keep clear...
Green to green, red to red
perfect safety, go ahead."

References

Other websites

 Port and Starboard, Left or Right?
 The Origin of Port and Starboard
Watercraft

Boat positions


William Russell Watrous III (June 8, 1939 – July 2, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist. He is perhaps best known for his rendition of Sammy Nestico's arrangement of the Johnny Mandel ballad "A Time for Love", which he recorded on a 1993 album of the same name.  A self-described "bop-oriented" player, he was well known among trombonists as a master technician and for his mellifluous sound.

Biography

He was born in Middletown, Connecticut, United States. Watrous' father, also a trombonist, introduced him to the instrument at an early age. While serving in the U.S. Navy, Watrous studied with jazz pianist and composer Herbie Nichols. His first professional performances were in Billy Butterfield's band.

Watrous' career blossomed in the 1960s. He played and recorded with many prominent jazz musicians, including Count Basie, Maynard Ferguson, Woody Herman, Quincy Jones, Johnny Richards, and trombonist Kai Winding. He also played with well-known vocalists Frank Sinatra, Ray Charles, Ella Fitzgerald, and Sarah Vaughn. He played in the house band on the Merv Griffin Show from 1965 to 1968. From 1967 to 1969, he worked as a staff musician for CBS.

In 1971, he played with the jazz fusion group Ten Wheel Drive. Also in the 1970s, Watrous formed his own band, The Manhattan Wildlife Refuge Big Band, which recorded two albums for Columbia Records. The band was later renamed Refuge West when Watrous moved to southern California.

He continued to work as a bandleader, studio musician, and performer at jazz clubs. In 1983, Watrous collaborated with Alan Raph to publish Trombonisms, an instructional manual covering performance techniques for trombone. He has recorded as a solo artist, bandleader, and in small ensembles. These recordings include a Japanese import album in 2001 containing material recorded in 1984 with Carl Fontana, whom Watrous has cited as his favorite trombonist. He traveled periodically to San Diego to play with his good friend and former student, Dave Scott, a noted jazz musician himself and TV broadcast host. The SHSU Bill Watrous Jazz Festival which is held annually at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas is named in his honor and claims to be the oldest jazz festival in Texas.

Watrous taught for two decades at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, before retiring in 2015. He died in Los Angeles on July 2, 2018. He was survived by his wife, Maryann; their son, Jason; and two daughters from a previous marriage – Melody Watrous Ide and Cheryl Schoolcraft.

Other Talents
Bill Watrous played baseball. He was scouted by the New York Yankees when in his teens. Later on, Watrous considered joining a minor league baseball team in the early 80's.

Awards and nominations
1975, Grammy Nomination for The Tiger of San Pedro

2019 The Legacy Circle Award of The International Trombone Association

2 Down Beat Awards and nominated top trombonist by Down beat for 7 years in a row.

Discography

As leader
 In Love Again (as William Russell Watrous with the Richard Behrke Strings) (MTA, 1964)
 Plays Love Themes for the Underground, the Establishment & Other Sub Cultures Not Yet Known (With the Walter Raim Concept) (MTA, 1969)
  Bone Straight Ahead (Famous Door, 1973)
 Manhattan Wildlife Refuge (Columbia, 1974)
 The Tiger of San Pedro (Columbia, 1975)
 Funk 'n' Fun (Yupiteru, 1979)
 Watrous in Hollywood (Famous Door, 1979)
 Coronary Trombossa! (Famous Door, 1980)
 I'll Play for You (Famous Door, 1980)
 La Zorra (Famous Door, 1980)
 Bill Watrous in London (Mole Jazz, 1982)
 Roaring Back to New York, New York (Famous Door, 1983)
 Bill Watrous and Carl Fontana (Atlas, 1984)
 Someplace Else (Soundwings, 1986)
 Reflections (Soundwings, 1987)
 Bone-Ified (GNP Crescendo, 1992)
 Time for Love (GNP Crescendo, 1993)
 Space Available (Double-Time, 1997)
 Live at the Blue Note (Half Note, 2000)
 Living in the Moment with The Gary Urwin Jazz Orchestra (Sea Breeze, 2003)
 Live in Living Comfort (Stonequake, 2003)
 Mad to the Bone with The Rob Stoneback Big Band (Stonequake, 2003)
 Kindred Spirits with The Gary Urwin Jazz Orchestra (Summit, 2006)

As sideman
With Deodato
Prelude (CTI, 1973)
With Kenny Burrell
Blues - The Common Ground (Verve, 1968)
With Paul Desmond
Summertime (A&M/CTI, 1968)
With Maynard Ferguson
The Blues Roar (Mainstream, 1965)
With Quincy Jones
 Golden Boy (Mercury, 1964)
 Roots (A&M, 1977)
With O'Donel Levy
Dawn of a New Day (Groove Merchant, 1973)
Simba (Groove Merchant, 1974)
With Milton Nascimento
Courage (A&M/CTI, 1969)
With Jimmy Witherspoon
Blues for Easy Livers (Prestige, 1965)
With Johnny Richards

 Aqui Se Habla Español (Roulette, 1967)

With Red Rodney
The Red Tornado (Muse, 1975)
With Arturo Sandoval
Dream Come True (1993)
With Kai Winding
Modern Country (Verve, 1964)
The In Instrumentals (Verve, 1965)
More Brass (Verve, 1966)
Dirty Dog (Verve, 1966)
Penny Lane & Time (Verve, 1967)
Trombone Summit (MPS,1980)
With Pennsbury Concert Jazz Band
Then & Now (2013)
'With Ingrid James and San Gabriel 7 (JGS-SG7, 2012)

References

External links

1939 births
2018 deaths
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Bebop trombonists
Bebop bandleaders
Jazz musicians from Los Angeles
People from Middletown, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut
Jazz musicians from Connecticut
American male jazz musicians
Double-Time Records artists
Summit Records artists
Columbia Records artists

Bill Watrous


Trojan objects orbit 60° ahead (L4) or behind (L5) a more massive object. Both are in orbit around an even more massive central object. The best known example are the asteroids that orbit ahead or behind Jupiter around the Sun. Trojan objects do not orbit exactly at one of either Lagrange points, but do remain close to it, appearing to slowly orbit it.

The largest group of asteroids known to move around the Sun are those with the planet Jupiter. There are two groups of Jovian Trojans, one group on each side of Jupiter.

History

Theory
In 1772 the French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange identified two spots in a planet's orbit which were gravitationally stable. If put there, an object would stay there. Lagrange predicted the existence of a group of small bodies in each of the two stable points in Jupiter's orbit.

The term originally referred to the Trojan asteroids orbiting around Jupiter's Lagrangian points, which are by convention named after figures from the Trojan War of Greek mythology. By convention, the asteroids orbiting Jupiter's L4 point are named after the heroes from the Greek side of the war, while those at L5 are from the Trojan side. The two exceptions, the Greek-themed 617 Patroclus and the Trojan-themed 624 Hektor, were actually assigned to the wrong sides.

Discoveries
In 1904, Edward Emerson Barnard was the first person to see a Trojan asteroid. Barnard thought it was a moon of the planet Saturn. In February 1906 a German astronomer named Max Wolf saw a Trojan asteroid and named it 588 Achilles. Wolf was the first person to see a Trojan asteroid and know what it was. Since that time, more than 2000 Trojan asteroids have been seen. The biggest Trojan asteroid is named 624 Hektor. 624 Hektor is 370 km across. Astronomers think that Trojan asteroids are made of ice and dust.

Later, objects were found orbiting the Lagrangian points of Neptune, Mars, and Earth.  Asteroids at the Lagrangian points of planets other than Jupiter may be called Lagrangian asteroids.

 5261 Eureka, 1998 VF31, 1999 UJ7, and 2007 NS2 are Mars Trojans.
 Eight Neptune Trojans are known, but they may outnumber the Jupiter Trojans by an order of magnitude.
 2010 TK7 was confirmed as the first known Earth Trojan in 2011. It is located in the L4 Lagrangian point, which lies ahead of Earth.

Earth's Trojan
Astronomers have found a Trojan asteroid not far from Earth, moving in the same orbit around the Sun. It sits in one of the 'Lagrange points', which are 60 degrees ahead of or behind the planets in their orbits. These are points of gravitational stability.

Called 2010 TK7, the rock is about 80 million km from Earth, and should come no closer than about 25 million km. The team says its orbit appears stable at least for the next 10,000 years.

An orbiting telescope sensitive to infrared light found 2010 TK7. Wise, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer launched in 2009, examined more than 500 Near-Earth objects (NEOs), 123 of which were new to science. Follow-up work on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope confirmed the status of 2010 TK7.

Related pages
 Neptune Trojan

References

Other websites
 List of Jupiter's Trojan asteroids

Trojan asteroid


Heavy melting steel (HMS) or heavy melting scrap is a designation for recyclable steel and wrought iron. It is broken up into two major categories: HMS 1 and HMS 2, where HMS 1 does not contain galvanized and blackened steel, whereas HMS 2 does. The Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries breaks up the categories further:
 ISRI 200 (HMS 1): Wrought iron or steel scrap  and larger in thickness. All pieces must be smaller than
 ISRI 201 (HMS 1): Same as ISRI 200 except pieces must be smaller than .
 ISRI 202 (HMS 1): Same as ISRI 200 except pieces must be smaller than .
 ISRI 203 (HMS 2): Wrought iron or steel scrap, black and galvanized,  and larger in thickness.
 ISRI 204 (HMS 2): Same as ISRI 203 except pieces must be smaller than .
 ISRI 205 (HMS 2): Same as ISRI 204 except it may contain automotive scrap except for thin gauge material.
 ISRI 206 (HMS 2): Same as ISRI 205 except pieces must be smaller than .

HMS 1 and 2 are widely traded, particularly in the western hemisphere.

Both HMS 1 and 2 comprise obsolete scrap only - iron and steel recovered from items demolished or dismantled at the end of their life.

HMS 1 is the term for heavier scrap which has a density of at least 0.7 tons per cubic meter, whereas HMS 2 would be lighter steel scrap

Because both grades guarantee a minimum piece thickness – at least  for HMS 1, and  for HMS 2 – consignments have a high density. Both also have defined maximum dimensions (usually ), and should be prepared to facilitate handling and charging to a furnace.

This density, sizing and preparation makes for efficient furnace operation by minimising the time to charge enough scrap for a full melt. In contrast, thin mixed scrap greatly increases charging time, cutting furnace productivity.

Variations on maximum piece size are covered by ISRI (North America's Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries) codes. HMS is usually traded as a blend of 1 and 2, either a premium blend (80:20) or lower grade mixes (70:30) and (60:40). Other major heavy scrap grades include Japan's H2 and A3 from the CIS.

References

Steels

Heavy melting steel


The Amesbury Friends Meetinghouse is a Friends Meeting House at 120 Friend Street in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Built in 1850 under the guidance of John Greenleaf Whittier, it is home to one of the leading Quaker congregations of the region, and historically hosted quarterly meetings for Quakers from across eastern Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire. The meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Architecture and history
The Amesbury Friends Meetinghouse is located west of downtown Amesbury, on the south side of Friend Street, at the southwest corner of its junction with Greenleaf Street. It is a simple -story wood-frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The main facade is three bays wide, with sash windows flanking a center entrance, and a smaller window in the gable above. The building sides each have three windows.  The interior has a vestibule spanning the building width, leading to the main chamber, with a gallery above. The main chamber has movable partitions, which can be raised and lowered by means of pulleys.  These facilitate both the conduct of services by the entire congregation, and the conduct of business meetings, which were historically segregated by sex.

The Amesbury congregation of the Society of Friends is the oldest in northeastern Massachusetts, dating to 1657. Initially meeting in what is now southern New Hampshire to avoid persecution by the Puritan authorities of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, they built their first meeting house in 1705.  The present building is their fourth, and was completed in 1851.  The poet John Greenleaf Whittier, a member of long standing in the congregation and by then already well known, was a leading force on the building committee.  The building's comparatively large size is a reflection of the congregation's importance as a host of the regional quarterly meetings. From 1851 to 1962, the meetinghouse hosted the Salem Quarterly meeting. The Amesbury Monthly Meeting of Friends is a current thriving congregation, with Meeting for Worship every Sunday at 10 AM. The facing bench displays a small plaque that reads, "Whittier's Bench."

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

External links

Amesbury Friends Meeting website

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Churches completed in 1850
Quaker meeting houses in Massachusetts
Churches in Essex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Religious organizations established in the 1650s
1657 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Greek Revival church buildings in Massachusetts

Amesbury Friends Meeting House


Samuel Parkes (1761–1825) was a British manufacturing chemist, now remembered for his Chemical Catechism.

Life
He was born at Stourbridge, Worcestershire, on 26 May 1761. He was the eldest son of Samuel Parkes (died 1 April 1811, aged 76), a grocer, by his first wife, Hannah, daughter of William Mence of Stourbridge. He was at a dame's school in Stourbridge with Sarah Kemble, and in 1771 went to a boarding-school at Market Harborough, Leicestershire, under Stephen Addington.

Parkes began his career in his father's business. In 1790 he was one of the founders, and for some years president, of a public library at Stourbridge. Around 1793 he moved to Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. A Unitarian, he conducted public worship in his own house at Stoke. In 1803 he settled in Goswell Street, London, as a manufacturing chemist.

He joined Sir Thomas Bernard in agitating (1817) against salt duties, which were repealed in 1825. In 1820 he was prominent, as a chemical expert, in a notable case between Messrs. Severn, King, & Co. and some insurance offices. He was a numismatist, and made a collection of Greek and Roman coins; he was a collector also of prints and autographs, and brought together a set of the works of Joseph Priestley. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1822 and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1823.

Parkes was a member of 21 learned societies, British and foreign. During a visit to Edinburgh, in June 1825, he went down a painful disorder, which proved fatal. He died at his residence in Mecklenburgh Square, London, on 23 December 1825, and was buried in the graveyard of the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney. His funeral sermon was preached by William Johnson Fox.

His portrait, from a drawing by Abraham Wivell, and engraved by Ambrose William Warren, was prefixed to the twelfth and thirteenth editions of the Chemical Catechism.

Works
The first editions of Parkes's manuals of chemistry were issued between 1806 and 1815, and brought him a reputation, and honours from learned societies. The Chemical Catechism was written for the education of his daughter, and lent in manuscript to others. After it was translated into Russian, the Emperor of Russia sent him a valuable ring. In 1817 the Highland Society voted him a silver inkstand for an essay on kelp and barilla. He received a silver cup from the Horticultural Society of Scotland for a paper on the uses of salt in gardening.

Parkes published:

 A Chemical Catechism, &c., 1806; 12th edit. 1826, edited, with memoir, by J. W. Hodgetts; 13th edit. 1834, revised by Edward William Brayley the younger. There was a pirated edition, with title A Grammar of Chemistry, 1809, bearing the name of David Blair. The sale was stopped by an injunction in chancery. There were many further American editions distinct from the above; and it was translated into French, German, Spanish, and Russian.
 Rudiments of Chemistry, 1809, an abridgment of the Catechism; 4th edit. 1825.
 Chemical Essays, 1815, 5 vols.; 3rd edit. 1830, edited by Hodgetts.
 Thoughts on the Laws relating to Salt, 1817.
 Letter to Farmers and Graziers on the Use of Salt in Agriculture, 1819.

Parkes wrote papers On Nitric Acid (Philosophical Magazine, 1815), Reply to Dr. Henry ... respecting ... Bleaching by Oxymuriatic Acid (Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, 1816), and On the Analysis of some Roman Coins (Quarterly Journal of Science, 1826).

The Chemical Catechism includes poetical descriptions of chemical processes. Here is his description of plant respiration:

Thus while the vegetable tribes inhale
The limpid water from the parent vale,
Their veget
To blend it with the carbon of the soil,
And form bitumen, resin, wax, or oil:,
The free'd caloric bursts the expanding mass,
And swells the nascent oxygen to gas;
Which, from its inmost cells, each leaflet pours
In viral currents through its myriad pores,
To renovate the air, by tempests hurl'd
From pole to pole, around a freshen'd world.

Family
Parkes married, on 23 September 1794, Sarah (born 25 February 1766; died 14 December 1813), eldest daughter of Samuel Twamley of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. His only child, Sarah Mayo (born 28 May 1797; died 30 July 1887), was married, on 25 May 1824, to Joseph Wainwright Hodgetts, who lost his life at an explosion in a chemical works in Manchester, on 14 February 1851.

Notes

Attribution

1759 births
1825 deaths
British chemists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Samuel Parkes (chemist)


Roy Díaz González  (born 1953) is a former world-class badminton player from Mexico. Something of a child prodigy in the sport, González began touring internationally at fourteen, the age at which he captured the first of his many Mexican national singles titles. He won the Belgian International men's doubles title at fifteen and the Swiss Open men's singles title at sixteen. By his late teens, in the early 1970s, González was competitive with the world's best players, but he never developed the penetrating power, or the deceptive wizardry, which might have allowed him to break through in badminton's biggest events. Nevertheless, he remained a respected and dangerous opponent on the world scene for over a decade, admired for his footwork, stamina, and touch. In 1977 he won men's singles at the first ever Pan-American Badminton Championships. González played in five Thomas Cup (men's international team) campaigns for Mexico, between 1970 and 1984, before finally losing a Thomas Cup singles match to another North American player. His advisor at the court was for a long time his father Dr. Jorge Díaz González.

References

Mexican male badminton players
1953 births
Living people

Roy Díaz González


"Kin" is the sixth episode of the American post-apocalyptic drama television series The Last of Us. The episode was written by series co-creator Craig Mazin and directed by Jasmila Žbanić. It aired on HBO on February 19, 2023. In the episode, Joel (Pedro Pascal) and Ellie (Bella Ramsey) travel to Jackson, Wyoming, where they find Joel's brother Tommy (Gabriel Luna) and his wife Maria (Rutina Wesley).

The episode was filmed in November and December 2021.  Žbanić was drawn to the story as she felt the functioning society of Jackson reflected her experiences growing up in Sarajevo. The town of Canmore, Alberta, was used to replicate Jackson; local businesses were transformed and buildings were constructed in the town, including a 30-foot-tall log wall on a major street. The episode received positive reviews, with praise for its writing, direction, cinematography, and performances of Pascal and Ramsey. It was watched by 7.8 million viewers on its first day. Pascal is nominated for Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards for his performance in the episode.

Plot
Three months after watching Henry kill himself, Joel and Ellie make it to Wyoming. They are told their whereabouts by Marlon and his wife Florence, who warn them to avoid the dangers further west. Learning his brother Tommy may be dead, Joel has a panic attack.

Traveling further west, Joel and Ellie are surrounded by a group led by Maria, who takes them to a safe community in Jackson, Wyoming. Joel is reunited with Tommy. He and Ellie are provided food, clean clothing, and a house. Maria cuts Ellie's hair and warns her to be cautious of trusting others, citing Joel's dangerous past; Ellie rebuts, citing Tommy's. Ellie learns of Joel's daughter, Sarah, who died twenty years prior. Joel tries to convince Tommy to join him and Ellie to Colorado; Tommy declines as Maria is pregnant. While having another panic attack, Joel sees a girl reminding him of Sarah.

Later on, Joel confides in Tommy about Ellie's immunity and his declining mental state, citing dreams he cannot remember but recalls feeling loss. Joel asks Tommy to take Ellie to the Fireflies as he fears he cannot keep her safe; he agrees to take her the following morning. Ellie overhears them. Later, she acknowledges Joel's fears regarding his daughter's death and admits she will only be more frightened by his absence. Joel says she is not his daughter, nor he her father, and states they will part ways. He retires to his bedroom and thinks of Sarah.

In the morning, Joel changes his mind, and he and Ellie leave Jackson on horseback. They arrive at the University of Eastern Colorado in five days, where they find the Fireflies have vacated; a map points towards St. Mary's Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah. Joel and Ellie attempt to escape after seeing a group of raiders. One of the men attacks Joel; Joel kills him but is stabbed. Joel and Ellie escape the pursuing men. Afterward, Joel collapses from the horse, and Ellie begs him to survive, stating she cannot continue without him.

Production

Conception and writing

"Kin" was written by The Last of Us series co-creator Craig Mazin and directed by Jasmila Žbanić; it was Žbanić's first experience in directing television. She was announced as one of the show's directors in April 2021. Žbanić was offered to direct the previous two episodes—"Please Hold to My Hand" and "Endure and Survive", which take place in war-torn Kansas City, Missouri—as she had lived through the Siege of Sarajevo, but she was more interested in "Kin" as it demonstrated a functioning society; she felt she had survived in Sarajevo due to solidarity, which she wanted to reflect in Jackson. Žbanić attempted to play the game before watching YouTube videos instead, particularly of the sequences featured in "Kin". She found players told her they wanted "emotions and atmosphere" in the show, which she sought to include.

Mazin and co-creator Neil Druckmann, who wrote and co-directed the video game on which the series is based, wanted the beginning of "Kin" to provide levity after the traumatic ending of the previous episode, as well as demonstrate the development in Joel and Ellie's relationship. Joel's mention of feeling as though he has lost something in his sleep was a contribution by Pedro Pascal, who portrays the character. Mazin wanted Joel and Ellie's argument to be almost identical to the game's version, including the blocking and set design, due to its effectiveness and the impact it had on him; he considered it the game's most famous scene. Joel's injury was altered from the game—in which he is impaled by rebar after falling from a second-story balcony—as the series is more grounded in its action and impacts.

Jackson was not shown in the first game; Tommy and Maria's scenes in the first game took place at the dam near Jackson as the team lacked the time and budget to add the town. Jackson became the starting location for The Last of Us Part II (2020). For the show, Mazin and Druckmann felt moving the scenes inside the town made them more interesting. Ellie's interest in space was introduced in Part II. Mazin felt the television series provided the opportunity to reference elements of the sequel earlier. Joel's interest in living on a sheep ranch was similarly a reference to Part II. The girl staring at Ellie is a reference to Part IIs Dina.

A song from the game's score—"All Gone" by Gustavo Santaolalla—is used in the episode to remind viewers of Sarah's death. The credits use the song "Never Let Me Down Again", sung by Mazin's daughter Jessica; the original version by Depeche Mode was used in the first episode. Mazin wanted the song to use a female voice to echo Ellie. He appreciated the moment as it involved Jessica, his real daughter, and Ellie's actor Bella Ramsey, who he considered like an adopted daughter. Mazin included the film The Goodbye Girl (1977), which he had watched growing up, as it told the story of a child gaining a father figure. He felt the inclusion of art demonstrated the town's functionality.

Casting and characters
Žbanić revealed the casting of Graham Greene, Elaine Miles, and Rutina Wesley on December 9, 2021. Greene and Miles were confirmed to be playing original characters Marlon and Florence in August 2022. Mazin felt, like other pairings in the show, they echoed parts of Joel and Ellie's relationship. Wesley's role as Maria was announced on January 9, 2023. She researched the game to "capture the essence" of Maria but wanted to avoid replicating it; she found it "terrifying" to play a pre-established character but wanted to add her "energy on it". She appreciated Maria's calmness as a leader and observed she was a person who only smiles with her eyes; she thought Maria naturally entered a leadership role due to her history as an assistant district attorney. Wesley felt Maria gravitated towards Ellie in a motherly manner without realizing, due in part to her pregnancy. Gabriel Luna felt Tommy was drawn towards Maria due to "her mercy and her strength". He thought Tommy felt guilty for moving on from Sarah's death, whereas Joel has not.

Filming

Christine A. Maier worked as cinematographer for the episode. Preparations took place in Canmore, Alberta—the stand-in for Jackson—from November 1–16, 2021, followed by production from November 15–20, with Pascal, Ramsey, and Luna present on set; approximately 300 extras were used, as well as horses. Most businesses in the town signed agreements regarding the show's impact, with the production paying between  and  per day.

Production designer John Paino wanted Jackson to show the "natural beauty" of the Midwest to contrast with the "concrete" of the previous locations. His team built greenhouses and stables on empty parking lots, and added details to the existing buildings in Canmore. The  log wall was built on a major street in the town; it needed to be opened to allow traffic to pass. Joel and Tommy's conversation at a bar was filmed in the Wainwright Hotel in Heritage Park Historical Village, which Paino felt "fit the Western rustic thing".

In late November, filming occurred at Mount Royal University and the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT), recreating the fictional University of Eastern Colorado. Snow was removed at SAIT and foliage was added to both locations to produce an autumnal setting. Žbanić completed production on December 9.

Reception

Broadcast and ratings
The episode aired on HBO on February 19, 2023. The episode had 7.8 million viewers in the United States on its first night, including linear viewers and streams on HBO Max. On linear television, it had 841,000 viewers, with a 0.28 ratings share. On HBO Max, it was streamed for approximately 759.6 million minutes from February 20 to 26. Viewers noticed two shots in which production members were briefly visible; they were digitally erased from the episode several days later.

Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Kin" has an approval rating of 100 percent based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus called the episode "a relatively gentle installment that spotlights some of Pedro Pascal's most arresting work yet". IndieWires Steve Greene felt Jackson's presentation especially benefited from Žbanić's direction; The A.V. Clubs David Cote praised her control of the episode's varying tones, and wrote "Kin" was "probably the most visually gorgeous episode so far". IGNs Simon Cardy favorably compared the cinematography to classic Western films like The Searchers (1956) and True Grit (1969).

Den of Geeks Bernard Boo wrote the episode featured "possibly the best performances of [Pascal and Ramsey's] respective careers". Pascal is nominated for Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 75th Primetime Emmy Awards for his performance in the episode. TVLine named Pascal the Performer of the Week, citing his emotions and physicality; Push Squares Aaron Bayne opined Pascal balanced "the stoic masculinity with tender vulnerability", and The A.V. Clubs Cote lauded his monologue to Tommy. io9s Germain Lussier felt Ramsey's performance shone in Ellie and Joel's confrontation, and IGNs Cardy praised Ramsey's continued ability to switch between emotion and comedy. Critics enjoyed the chemistry between Pascal and Luna, and Push Squares Bayne considered Luna's performance "a wonderful counter to Joel", citing the familial bond and underlying tension. The Washington Posts Gene Park praised Wesley, Greene, and Miles; Polygons Pete Volk considered the latter two the standout and wanted more.

Critics lauded Mazin's writing. io9s Lussier found the episode's focus on survival encapsulated the best qualities of the series. Total Films Bradley Russell praised the script's use of humor and interactions between Joel and Tommy, and, while resolved too neatly, considered Joel and Ellie's confrontation among the show's best moments to date. The A.V. Clubs Cote similarly commended Mazin's humor, emotions, and economic use of dialogue. The Verges Alex Cranz appreciated the improved pacing by omitting the game's action sequences. The Escapists Darren Mooney and Inverses Dais Johnston applauded the recognition of communism in Jackson as a refreshing subversion of post-apocalyptic stories. Several critics admired the inclusion of a menstrual cup, noting feminine hygiene is often unacknowledged in the genre. IGNs Cardy and Push Squares Bayne found the ending slightly rushed despite the high quality elsewhere.

Notes

References

External links

2023 American television episodes
Television episodes about post-traumatic stress disorder
Television episodes set in Colorado
Television episodes set in Wyoming
Television episodes written by Craig Mazin
The Last of Us (TV series) episodes

Kin (The Last of Us)


Opera Ballet Vlaanderen (Dutch; "Opera Ballet Flanders") is an opera and ballet company in Belgium directed by Jan Vandenhouwe. It operates in two different opera houses in the Flemish cities of Ghent and Antwerp. However, the company shares one orchestra, choir, ballet company, technical team, etc. The organization is mainly financed by the Flemish government and the city councils of Antwerp and Ghent.

Opera Ballet Vlaanderen emerged from a fusion between The Flemish Opera (Vlaamse Opera) and the Royal Ballet of Flanders (Ballet Vlaanderen) in 2014. The Royal Ballet of Flanders was founded in 1969. The Flemish Opera was created in 1996 as a successor to the Flemish Opera Foundation (Vlaamse Opera Stichting, which had existed since 1988), and the Opera for Flanders (Opera voor Vlaanderen, which had existed since 1981). Both former institutions were similar fusions between the former opera houses of Antwerp and Ghent. Since the fusion in 1981, the company has been giving performances in two different historic theatres.

It received the "Opera Company of the Year" award at the 2019 International Opera Awards.

History

Opera House Antwerp

The first public opera performances in Antwerp date back to 1661. Performances took place on the stage of the Schouwburgh van de Oude Voetboog (Theatre of the Guild of Crossbowmen) at the Grote Markt. The theatre gradually lost its popular Flemish character as French artists were engaged and the performances were no longer performed in the local (Dutch) language, but in French, the adopted language of the Flemish elite.

In 1709 a new theatre was installed in the "Tapissierspand", a former covered market for tapestry where alternately Italian and French operas were performed. The new auditorium burnt down in 1746 and was replaced by a new "Grand Théâtre" which opened in 1753. During the period of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the theatre was promoted to "Théâtre Royal". At that time the old theatre was already in decay and it became too small to house the growing public. Plans were made to tear down the old building and to replace it by a new and more prestigious building. In 1829 the last performance was given in the "Tappisierspand".

The new theatre opened after the Belgian revolution in 1834. (This building is now known as the Bourlaschouwburg and is used today for regular theatre performances.) The French repertoire (and, to a lesser extent, the Italian repertoire in French translation) continued to dominate.

The opera house closed in 2005 for a two-year renovation of the entire building. In November 2007, exactly 100 years after the grand opening in 1907, the opera opened again for a new season. New office buildings were constructed, the main auditorium was updated with new seating, a new heating system, and the walls were painted in a new fresh green colour. Behind the scenes all the offices are combined in the new 'Office territory' behind and next to the stage. Major improvements are the leveling of the stage floor (which had a rake of 4° due to 19th century practice), a big new side stage, updated lighting and mechanical structures.

Because of budget limitations (the first budget estimate for the entire renovation was 33 million euro but, after certain non critical phases were removed from the master plan, the total budget was 24 million euros), only the most urgent tasks were executed. Therefore, not all the ornaments where cleaned and the public hallways are painted white. It is expected that when new funds are available, the golden ornaments and hallways will be updated.

Administration
Directors

1947–55 : Vina Bovy
1981 : Alfons Van Impe
1987 : Gerard Mortier (ad interim)
1989 : Marc Clémeur
2008 : Aviel Cahn
2019 : Jan Vandenhouwe

Chief conductors of the Symfonisch Orkest Opera Ballet Vlaanderen (Symphonic Orchestra of Opera Ballet Vlaanderen):

1989 : Rudolf Werthen
1993 : Stefan Soltesz
1997 : Marc Minkowski
2000 : Massimo Zannetti
2002 : Ivan Törzs
2011 : Dmitri Jurowski
2019 : Alejo Pérez
Chief conductors of the Koor Opera Ballet Vlaanderen (Choir of Opera Ballet Vlaanderen):

1989 : Peter Burian
1991 : Simon Halsey
1994 : Andrew Wise
1997 : Peter Burian
2002 : Kurt Bikkembergs
2008: Yannis Pouspourikas
2013: Jan Schweiger

References

External links

Opera houses in Belgium
Theatres in Belgium
Buildings and structures in Ghent
Culture of Ghent
Tourist attractions in East Flanders
Theatres completed in 1709
Theatres completed in 1753
Theatres completed in 1834
Music venues completed in 1709
Music venues completed in 1753
Music venues completed in 1834
1709 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire

Vlaamse Opera


Iris Associates was an American software development company founded in 1984. It developed the software for Lotus Notes (subsequently IBM Notes). Iris worked under contract with Lotus Development Corporation until 1994, when it was bought by Lotus.

Founding
Iris Associates was founded in Westford, Massachusetts on December 7, 1984, by Ray Ozzie. Tim Halvorsen and Len Kawell, who joined Iris shortly afterwards in January 1985, met Ray Ozzie years before when all of them were working on the University of Illinois PLATO system. They are widely regarded as the core team behind the creation of Lotus Notes. Len Kawell was the author of PDP-11 Notes and a predecessor of VAX Notes, which shared similar functionality to Lotus Notes but predated the graphical interface of the PC.

Relationship with Lotus Development Corporation
The company's primary funding came from a contractual relationship with Lotus Development Corporation (later known as Lotus Software), best known at the time for its Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet software. Lotus funded development of Iris's product (then code-named simply "Notes") in exchange for a future option to purchase exclusive intellectual property, marketing, and sales rights. After this option was exercised years later by Lotus, Iris was additionally compensated through royalties on gross product sales. Lotus Notes was brought to market on Iris's 5th anniversary, December 7, 1989.

The author/publisher contractual relationship between Iris Associates and Lotus Development continued until 1994, when Iris was purchased by Lotus for approximately US$84 million.

Success of Lotus Notes
Only a year later, in the face of the rapid decline of its desktop business, Lotus itself was purchased by IBM for approximately US$3.5 billion and Notes became branded as IBM Notes. Approximately US$3 billion of this price is generally attributed to the purchase of the Notes business.

At the time of the IBM purchase, Lotus reported that Notes had approximately 2.2 million users. In 2004, nearing the 20th anniversary of the founding of Iris Associates, IBM reported that Notes has over 110 million users.

References

External links
 Official history of Lotus Notes

Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
American companies established in 1984
Software companies established in 1984
Software companies disestablished in 1994
1984 establishments in Massachusetts
1994 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Former IBM subsidiaries
1994 mergers and acquisitions

Iris Associates


Joy (1990) is a novel by Marsha Hunt about the relationship between two African-American women that is based on secrets, lies, and delusion. Mainly set in a posh New York apartment in the course of one day in the spring of 1987, the novel contains frequent flashbacks that describe life in a black neighbourhood in the 1950s and 1960s. The book also deals with stardom in the music business and some people's inability, despite their riches, to make their own American Dream come true and to lead fulfilled lives.

Plot summary
The first person narrator of the novel is Palatine Ross, a 70-year-old cleaning woman originally from New Orleans, whose childhood is dominated by poverty and loss.

Shutting her eyes to all the evil in the world and firmly relying on God and the words of the Bible as guidance, Palatine tries to raise Joy and her sisters to be educated, honest and religious members of society. The fact that, growing up in a rough neighbourhood, the not-yet-teenaged girls are very early in their lives confronted with sex willingly escapes her notice. It troubles Palatine a great deal when Dagwood, her neighbour's new boyfriend, starts spending the night with the girls' mother. One morning during the summer vacation, while his girlfriend is at work and Palatine is taking care of the children, Dagwood stays on in the apartment.

Right from the start, Palatine tries to take the three girls along to church, seeing that their blaspheming mother will never do so. Time and again, in the course of more than twenty years, Palatine tries to convince Joy that finding herself a nice coloured boyfriend whom she could marry and have children with would be the right thing to do. However, "Chocolate Chip" remains a one-hit wonder after an interview given by Brenda to some gay magazine in which she announces her coming out as a lesbian.

However, rather than being able to mourn Joy's death, she for the first time learns things about Joy which finally force her to abandon her blinkered view of her "God-sent child" and admit that she was a sinner rather than a saint.

References

1990 American novels
African-American novels
Novels set in New Orleans
Novels set in San Francisco
Novels set in New York City
Literature by African-American women
Century (imprint) books
Fiction set in 1987
Novels set in one day

Joy (Hunt novel)


Green woodworking (also written greenwoodworking) is a form of woodworking that uses unseasoned or "green" timber. The term "unseasoned" refers to wood that has been freshly felled or preserved by storing it in a water-filled trough or pond to maintain its naturally high moisture content. This wood is much softer than seasoned timber and is therefore much easier to shape with hand tools. As moisture leaves the unseasoned wood, shrinkage occurs. This can be used as an advantage, as this shrinkage can help ensure tight joints. To enhance the effect of the shrinkage, a half of a joint may be forcibly over-dried in a simple kiln while its encapsulating component is left green. The components tighten against each other as the parts exchange moisture and approach equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The swelling of the dry tenon inside the shrinking "green" mortise makes for an incredibly tight and permanent joint despite a lack of adhesives. Bodging is a traditional green woodworking occupation, where chair components were made in the woods and exported to workshops where the complete chairs were assembled by furniture makers (or cabinetmakers, as they are referred to in the UK). Green woodworking has seen a recent revival due to increased media coverage and the renaissance of hand tool woodworking in general.

See also
Bodging
Bentwood
Jennie Alexander

References

Green woodworking


John Henry Knott (March 2, 1907 – October 13, 1981) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the St. Louis Browns (1933-1938), Chicago White Sox (1938-1940) and Philadelphia Athletics (1941-1942, 1946). Knott batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Dallas, Texas.

He led the American League in saves (7) in 1935 and earned runs allowed (156) in 1936, and home runs allowed (25) in 1937.  In 11 seasons he had an 82–103 win–loss record in 325 games, with 192 games started, 62 complete games, 4 shutouts, 19 saves, 484 strikeouts, and a 4.97 ERA.

Knott served in the military during World War II, and he was wounded on January 10, 1945, during the Battle of the Bulge.

He was an alumnus of Southern Methodist University and died in Brownwood, Texas, at the age of 74.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

References

External links

Interview with Jack Knott by Eugene Murdock, June 5, 1978, in Brownwood, Texas (1 hour 30 minutes)

1907 births
1981 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Baseball players from Dallas
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Corsicana Oilers players
Dallas Steers players
Jersey City Giants players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
Mission Reds players
Palestine Pals players
Philadelphia Athletics players
St. Louis Browns players
SMU Mustangs baseball players
Southern Methodist University alumni

Jack Knott


Zoltán Szalkai (born 1961) is a Hungarian documentary film director. He studied agriculture and geology before turning to a career in directing documentary films.

One of the best known of these is On Foot through Gulag Land, an 8-part film series made on location in Russia. The film explores the many encounters Szalkai had when walking across Russia, as he met people who had been held in the forced labour camps and discussed their experiences with them. He was born and grew up in Hungary when it was dominated by the Soviet Union, and he was taught the Communist version of history.

Szalkai has also filmed in Vietnam and Indonesia. He filmed in Alaska, where he shot Wise Men of Alaska (2000) in the village of Wiseman. This was inspired by the American Robert Marshall's book Arctic Village (1933).

External links
Zoltan Szalkai's homepage in English

See also
Gulag
Kolyma

Gulag in literature and arts
Hungarian film directors
Living people
1961 births

Zoltán Szalkai


The American Lutheran Church (ALC) was a Christian Protestant denomination in the United States and Canada that existed from 1960 to 1987. Its headquarters were in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Upon its formation in 1960, The ALC designated Augsburg Publishing House, also located in Minneapolis, as the church publisher. The Lutheran Standard was the official magazine of The ALC.

The ALC's immigrant heritage came mostly from Germany, Norway, and Denmark, and its demographic center was in the Upper Midwest (with especially large numbers in Minnesota). Theologically, the church was influenced by pietism. It was slightly more conservative than the Lutheran Church in America (LCA), with which it would eventually merge.  While officially it taught biblical inerrancy in its constitution, this was seldom enforced by such means as heresy trials.

The ALC was a founding member of the "Lutheran Council in the United States of America", which began on January 1, 1967. The ALC cooperated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in many ventures, but the ties came to an end when talks concerning a merger of The ALC with the Lutheran Church in America began.

After six years, in 1966, Canadian congregations of the ALC formed the autonomous Evangelical Lutheran Church of Canada (ELCC), which in 1986 joined with the Lutheran Church in America – Canada Section (LCA-CS) (former LCA congregations in separate regional synods in Canada) to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada (ELCIC).

Formation
The American Lutheran Church was formed in 1960 out of the following Lutheran church bodies:

American Lutheran Church (1930–1960)
The first American Lutheran Church was formed in 1930 by a merger of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States (est. 1854), the Lutheran Synod of Buffalo (est. 1845), and the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio and Other States (established 1818 from Ministerium of Pennsylvania), with headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. After the merger of 1960, this body was informally referred to as the "old American Lutheran Church" or the "first American Lutheran Church" to distinguish it from the later body into which it had been absorbed.  The merged body was named "The American Lutheran Church" (with "The" as part of the official title and therefore capitalized), which was abbreviated "TALC."  Hence "ALC" designates the 1930-1960 body while "TALC" designates the 1960-1987 body.

Evangelical Lutheran Church
The Evangelical Lutheran Church, established in 1917 and known from its founding until 1946 as the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (NLCA). The NLCA had itself been formed from a merger of the Hauge Synod (established 1876), the Norwegian Synod (established 1853), and the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (established 1890).

United Evangelical Lutheran Church
The United Evangelical Lutheran Church, founded in 1896, and known until 1946 as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church. The UDELC had been formed from a merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America (the "Blair Church", established 1884) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the "North Church", established 1894).

Lutheran Free Church
The Lutheran Free Church, which had broken away from the United Norwegian Lutheran Church in 1897, joined the ALC on February 1, 1963. Forty Lutheran Free Church congregations chose not to participate in the merger, and instead formed the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations, today the sixth-largest Lutheran denomination in the U.S. with over 250 congregations.

Ordination of women
The ALC began ordaining women as ministers/pastors in December 1970, when the Rev. Barbara Andrews became the second woman ordained as a Lutheran minister in the United States. In 1970, a survey of 4,745 Lutheran adults by Strommen et al., found that 66% of ALC Lutherans surveyed agreed that women should be ordained, compared with 75% of LCA Lutherans and 45% of LCMS Lutherans. The first Native American woman to become a Lutheran minister in the United States, the Rev. Marlene Whiterabbit Helgemo, was ordained by the ALC in July 1987.

ELCA Merger

On January 1, 1988, The American Lutheran Church ceased to exist when it, along with the Lutheran Church in America and the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, joined to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with its new headquarters in the Lutheran Center on West Higgins Road in suburban Chicago, Illinois. At the time of the merger, The ALC was the third largest Lutheran church body in the United States, behind the Lutheran Church in America and Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.

In 1986, just before its merger into the ELCA, The ALC had 7,671 pastors, 4,959 congregations, and 2,319,443 members. The ALC brought approximately 2.25 million members into the ELCA. Twelve conservative ALC congregations that did not want to participate in the merger formed the American Association of Lutheran Churches, which has since grown to 87 congregations.

Presidents/presiding bishops

1960–1970 Fredrik A. Schiotz
1971–1973 Kent S. Knutson
1973–1987 David W. Preus

Use of the term presiding bishop as an alternative for the term general president was approved in 1980.

Educational institutions

Colleges
Augsburg University, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California
Capital University, Columbus, Ohio
Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota
Dana College, Blair, Nebraska
Luther College, Decorah, Iowa
Pacific Lutheran University, Parkland, Washington
St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota
Texas Lutheran University, Seguin, Texas
Wartburg College, Waverly, Iowa
Waldorf Jr. College, Forest City, Iowa, now a four-year college

Seminaries
The Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary, Columbus, Ohio (shared with LCA after 1978 due to its merger with the Hamma Divinity School of Wittenberg University)
Luther Theological Seminary, Saint Paul, Minnesota (shared with the LCA after merger with Northwestern Theological Seminary in 1982)
Wartburg Theological Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa
Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary, Berkeley, California (shared with the LCA)

National General Conventions
1960 The ALC Constituting/General Convention, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1962 1st, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1964 2nd, Columbus, Ohio
1966 3rd, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1968 4th, Omaha, Nebraska
1970 5th, San Antonio, Texas
1972 6th, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1974 7th, Detroit, Michigan
1976 8th, Washington, D.C.
1978 9th, Moorhead, Minnesota
1980 10th, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1982 11th, San Diego, California
1984 12th, Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota
1986 13th, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1987 Closing convention, Columbus, Ohio

References

Todd W. Nichol All These Lutherans (Minneapolis: Augburg Publishing House, 1986)

External links
History of the bodies that eventually joined into The ALC
Wolf, Edmund Jacob. The Lutherans in America; a story of struggle, progress, influence and marvelous growth. New York: J.A. Hill. 1889.

History of Christianity in the United States
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America predecessor churches
Lutheran denominations in North America
Christian organizations established in 1960
Lutheran denominations established in the 20th century
1960 establishments in Minnesota

American Lutheran Church


Lý Thiên Bảo (traditional Chinese: 李天寶, pinyin: Lǐ Tiānbǎo) (499–555) was the older brother of Lý Nam Đế, who tried unsuccessfully to resist the forces of China's Liang dynasty.

The Lý family was of Chinese descent, the ancestors of his family were Chinese who fled Wang Mang's seizure of power during the interregnum between the Western and Eastern Han dynasties. In 548 Lý Nam Đế had fallen ill while resisting the Liang dynasty forces led by Chen Baxian (founder of the Chen dynasty) in the Northwest Vietnam mountains. Lý Nam Đế decided to relinquish his imperial authority and transferred his power to his older brother Thiên Bảo and trusted lieutenant Triệu Quang Phục as co-rulers in his place with the intention of continuing the struggle against the Han.

In 555, Lý Thiên Bảo fell ill and died without leaving an heir, thus making Triệu Quang Phục as sole ruler. Triệu Quang Phục, better known as the emperor Triệu Việt Vương, was able to consolidate the armed forces under Lý Thiên Bảo and Lý Nam Đế against the Han invasion.

References

499 births
555 deaths
Early Lý dynasty kings
Hoa people
6th-century monarchs in Asia
5th-century Vietnamese people
6th-century Vietnamese people

Lý Thiên Bảo


Francis Landey Patton (January 22, 1843 – November 25, 1932) was a Bermudan-American educator, Presbyterian minister, academic administrator, and theologian, and served as the twelfth president of Princeton University.

Background, 1843–1871
Patton was born in Warwick Parish, Bermuda, to a family of Scottish descent. He attended Warwick Academy. As a child, the family relocated to Canada. Patton received collegiate education at the University of Toronto, followed by a theological education at Knox College, Toronto. He graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1865; was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in June 1865; was pastor of the 84th Street Presbyterian Church, New York City, and in 1867–1870, of the South Church, Brooklyn.

Years in Chicago, 1871–1881

In 1871, Patton moved to Chicago to become minister of the Jefferson Park Presbyterian Church, Chicago (1874–1881).  From 1872 to 1881, he was also a professor at McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago.  He wrote The Inspiration of the Scriptures (1869), and Summary of Christian Doctrine (1874).

Patton was opposed to the spread of liberal Christianity in his denomination, the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.  As editor of a Presbyterian weekly entitled Interior, he denounced the growth of liberalism in the Chicago Presbytery.

He brought charges of heresy in 1874 against David Swing (a confidant of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln), and was prosecuting attorney at Swing's trial.  He accused Swing of subscribing to a modern version of the heresy of Sabellianism and of unduly countenancing Unitarianism.  Patton lost his case and Chicago Presbytery acquitted Swing, but Patton had gained a new prominence in the denomination and this was partially responsible for his election as moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1878.

Early years at the College of New Jersey, 1881–1888

In 1881, he left Chicago and became Stuart professor "of the relation of philosophy and science to the Christian religion" (a chair founded for him) at Princeton Theological Seminary.  He co-edited the Presbyterian Review with Dr Charles A Briggs 1880-1888. At Princeton, Patton found like-minded theologians - proponents of the so-called Princeton theology - a conservative theological position that, within the Presbyterian church, was a competitor to the liberal "Chicago school".

President of Princeton University, 1888–1902

In 1888, he was elected president of the College of New Jersey (which in 1896 became Princeton University), replacing out-going president James McCosh.  His appointment was criticized by some alumni, who noted that Patton was not an American citizen, while some feared he would harangue students with John Knox-style sermons.  He won over a large number of the alumni with a speech given in New York in 1888, in which he remarked "I am not prepared to say that it is better to have gone and loafed than never to have gone at all, but I do believe in the genius loci; and I sympathize with Sir Joshua Reynolds when he says, 'that there is around every seminary of learning, an atmosphere of floating knowledge where every one can imbibe something peculiar to his own original conceptions.'"  The phrase "Better to have gone and loafed than never to have gone at all" was often quoted by proponents of the so-called "Gentleman's C."  Patton was a popular president, and his class in Ethics was one of the most popular on campus.

During Patton's time as university president, Princeton more than doubled in size, growing from 600 students in 1888 to 1,300 students in 1902.  Patton appointed many prominent Princeton professors, including: Woodrow Wilson, Bliss Perry, John Grier Hibben, Henry van Dyke, Paul Van Dyke, and Howard C. Warren.  Patton announced the name change from "the College of New Jersey" to "Princeton University" in the midst of the ceremonies celebrating the College's Sesquicentennial in 1896.  Although Princeton founded a graduate school while Patton was president (in 1900), Patton played little role in the foundation of the graduate school.

In 1891, Dr Charles A. Briggs, Patton's former co-editor at the Presbyterian Review was appointed the first-ever Professor of Biblical Theology by Union Theological Seminary.  In his inaugural lecture, Briggs praised higher criticism, a component of liberal Christianity, and argued that the Scriptures as a whole are riddled with errors and that the doctrine of biblical inerrancy taught at Princeton Theological Seminary "is a ghost of modern evangelicalism to frighten children."  Patton was outraged by this lecture and moved that the General Assembly, which had the authority to veto all appointments of professors of theology at Presbyterian seminaries, should exercise this power and remove Briggs from the Union faculty.  On Patton's urging, the General Assembly voted to remove Briggs from his position.  The faculty of Union Theological Seminary voted to withdraw from the denomination rather than remove Briggs from his chair in order to defend the institution's academic freedom.

Although Patton was popular as an academic, a theologian, and a public speaker, he was not a gifted administrator.  In the 1890s, clerical control over Princeton waned, and more and more businessmen and lawyers were elected as Trustees of Princeton University.  Dissatisfied with Patton's management of the university, in 1902, the Trustees voted to replace Patton as president, naming Woodrow Wilson as his successor.

President of Princeton Theological Seminary, 1902–1913

Patton thus became president of Princeton Theological Seminary. In that capacity, he opposed Henry van Dyke's proposal to revise the Westminster Confession of Faith.

Later years, 1913–1932
Patton retired in 1913 and returned to his native Bermuda.  He continued to speak out on controversies within the Presbyterian church, and during the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy, he supported the Fundamentalist side.  He published a book entitled Fundamental Christianity, in which he wrote "We cannot change Christianity.  We may reject it if we please, but its meaning is plain".

He died in Hamilton, Bermuda on November 25, 1932.

Notes

References

External links

Princeton biography
Addresses commemorating Patton's appointment at McCormick Theological Seminary, 1873
The world's edition of the great Presbyterian conflict: Patton vs. Swing.: Both sides of the question, 1874
Presbyterian Principles by Francis L. Patton, 1875
The Presbyterian Review, 1880-89, made available by Princeton Theological Seminary

American educational theorists
1843 births
1932 deaths
Bermudian Presbyterians
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
19th-century Presbyterian ministers
Presidents of Calvinist and Reformed seminaries
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
British emigrants to the United States
19th-century American clergy
Presidents of Princeton University

Francis Landey Patton


The Dairy in the New Garden was built to plans by the master builder, Carl Gotthard Langhans, on the shore of the Jungfernsee lake at the northernmost tip of the New Garden in Potsdam, Germany. Construction was carried out from 1790 to 1792 by Andreas Ludwig Krüger.

History
In the course of laying out the landscape garden and building the Marble Palace under Frederick William II of Prussia, a dairy was built to supply the royal court. Cows grazing on the surrounding land produced milk for the manufacture of butter and cheese.

In 1843/1844 Frederick William IV. had the building extended. To a design by the architect Ludwig Persius a second storey was added under the direction of Ludwig Ferdinand Hesse and the southwest corner was enhanced with a tower. Battlements run along the edges of the roof and give the building a Norman character.

A second expansion was carried out in 1857 with the engine or pump house, which was built to water the New Garden. The high, slender chimney is part of that technical modification. The upper basin for the supply of water is nowadays located within the Belvedere on the Pfingstberg.

In 1928 a restaurant was established in the building that became one of the most popular destinations for day trippers in Potsdam until the Second World War.

Its occupation by the Red Army at the end of 1945 and the destruction by fire of part of the building ended its gastronomic function. The dairy was still in this ruined condition when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.

In 1991, after the Wende, renovation and restoration measures were carried out on the old building and, in 2003, it was able to re-open as a brewery and restaurant (Gasthausbrauerei).

References

External links
 Website of the Meierei Potsdam brewery

1792 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
Industrial buildings completed in 1792
Classicism
Heritage sites in Brandenburg
Beer in Germany
Companies based in Brandenburg
Buildings and structures in Potsdam
Frederick William II of Prussia
Frederick William IV of Prussia
Dairy

Dairy in the New Garden


Black Rain is a 1989 American-Japanese crime action movie. It stars Andy Garcia, Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura. It was released in September 1989. The movie is about the Japanese underworld of crime with American crimes mixed in.

Other websites

1989 action movies
1989 crime movies
1989 thriller movies
1980s crime thriller movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Japanese action movies
Japanese crime movies
Japanese thriller movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Japan
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Paramount Pictures movies

Black Rain


Kenso Nushida (28 November 1899 – May 1983) was a baseball player born in Hawaii, the first Japanese American to play professional baseball in the United States. While "Hawaiians" had played in the Pacific Coast League for years, when Kenso Nushida debuted with the Sacramento Senators in 1932 he became the first person to play in that league while being identified as an Asian.

Nushida moved to California while a young man. He pitched in 11 games and created a stir in California's rich Asian baseball community. Towards the end of the season the Oakland Oaks signed Chinese-American pitcher Lee Gum Hong to face Nushida. There were claims that the Nushida-Lee matchup was designed to play off the intense feelings created by the Japanese invasion of China in the same year. Neither pitcher played in organized baseball after that year.

References

External links

1899 births
1983 deaths
American baseball players of Japanese descent
Baseball players from Hawaii
Hawaii people of Japanese descent
Sacramento Senators players

Kenso Nushida


Phalon Anton Alexander (born April 15, 1974), professionally known as Jazze Pha (pronounced JAZ-ee-phay) is an American record producer, singer, songwriter and rapper. He is based in the south and has worked with rappers Nelly, Ludacris, Trick Daddy, T.I., and David Banner, among others. Pha is credited for bringing R&B singer-songwriter Ciara national attention with her solo album Goodies. He is best known for working with Cee Lo Green.

Pha is also jointly signed a production deal with Cash Money Records. His career began in 1988 and ended in 1990. It restarted in 1995.

He is the founder and chief executive officer of Sho'nuff Records. He signed Ciara to the label.

1974 births
Living people
Rappers from Tennessee
African-American singers
African-American rappers
American record producers
American hip hop singers
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Rappers from Atlanta
Businesspeople from Atlanta
Businesspeople from Memphis, Tennessee

Jazze Pha


Travis Cole is a former arena football quarterback. He is a 1997 graduate of Lakeridge High School in Lake Oswego, Oregon and played football and baseball for the Pacers. Cole was selected in the 52nd round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft by the Toronto Blue Jays, but chose to attend Foothill College instead. After completing his juco career, Cole transferred to the University of Minnesota, where he played quarterback on the football team and pitcher on the baseball team. He has since spent time on the rosters of the Pittsburgh Steelers, Arizona Rattlers, and Utah Blaze. He has since retired from football and is a technology consultant for Microsoft Corporation in Redmond, Washington.

External links
Arizona Rattlers Bio

Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball players
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Sportspeople from Lake Oswego, Oregon
Living people
Players of American football from Oregon
Arizona Rattlers players
Lakeridge High School alumni
Rio Grande Valley Dorados players
Utah Blaze players
1979 births

Travis Cole


Meryptah was a High Priest of Amun during the time of Amenhotep III.

He is known from a statue mentioning Meryptah with Anen, Amenemhat and Si-Mut who were a  2nd, 3rd and 4th prophet respectively. Aldred conjectures that Meryptah succeeded Ptahmose and served until the end of the reign of Amenhotep III. Meryptah would have served from ca. year 20 of Amenhotep's reign until the end of that reign.

Meryptah was granted burial in Thebes (Qurna). Some funerary items were recovered from a pit excavated in the early 19th century. Items include:
 A kneeling statue of Meryptah singing a hymn of praise to Ra
 The Oriental Institute in Chicago has a statue of Meryptah
 The Metropolitan Museum possesses three stamped mud bricks inscribed for The First Prophet of Amun Meryptah
 A polished boxwood kohl container-(statuette), girl with youth side lock, carrying oversized pot: The Durham Servant Girl.

References

14th-century BC clergy
Priests of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Theban High Priests of Amun

Meryptah


The Tornado outbreak of May 1968 was a significant and deadly tornado outbreak that struck most of the central and southern United States from May 15 to May 16, 1968. Producing 46 tornadoes, the outbreak killed at least 72 people, including 45 in Arkansas alone. The outbreak also produced two F5 tornadoes in Iowa. It was one of the deadliest tornado outbreaks in the United States since the 1960s and is one of the deadliest outbreaks in Iowa history.

Outbreak description

Severe weather activity started during the afternoon of May 15 as a low pressure system crossed the area. The first tornado touchdowns were across the Midwestern States including the two Iowa F5s that hit central and eastern parts of the state about 45 minutes apart during the late afternoon. Both tornadoes killed 18 in total. The first F5 tornado moved through five counties and . It affected the town of Charles City just before 5 PM destroying much of the area. Damage figures were pegged at $30 million in Charles City alone while $1.5 million of damage was recorded elsewhere. This tornado killed 13 and injured 462 others. The second F5 tornado affected Fayette County and damaged or destroyed nearly 1000 homes. The hardest hit areas were Oelwein and Maynard where homes were completely swept away from their foundations. Five people were killed while 156 others were injured. Damage was estimated at $21 million. These were two of four F5 tornadoes across the country in 1968, the others being in southeastern Ohio on April 23 and in southwestern Minnesota on June 13. The next F5 tornadoes in Iowa took place in Jordan in 1976, and in Parkersburg, in 2008.

After the first tornadoes struck the Northern Plains, activity developed further south during the evening hours including several deadly tornadoes in Arkansas. One of the tornadoes touched down west of Jonesboro before hitting the Craighead County city itself at around 10 PM CDT. The tornado caught most residents by surprise since most of the warning systems failed and killed at least 34. One more person was killed in neighboring Jackson County. The tornado was the deadliest in Arkansas since an F4 tornado that affected White County on March 21, 1952, killing 50.

The same city was hit by another destructive tornado five years later killing at least three and injuring 250 others while leaving much more destruction throughout the city than the 1968 event. The damage figures were about $62 million in 1973 dollars. Another F4 tornado just to the west of Jonesboro killed 7 in Oil Trough  in Independence County and 3 others were killed in Baxter County.

The activity ceased across the Deep South when the final tornadoes of the first part of the outbreak touched down across the Metropolitan Memphis area and northern Mississippi as well as in the Fort Wayne, Indiana area. A smaller tornado outbreak from the same system took place across Oklahoma and Texas during the following day where seven tornadoes touched down including an F3 in Wilbarger County, Texas.

In addition to the 45 fatalities in Arkansas and 18 in Iowa, the outbreak killed eight in Illinois and one in Indiana.

Confirmed tornadoes

May 15 event

May 16 event

See also
 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

References

External links
 Iowa tornadoes of May 15, 1968 (Courtesy of NWS La Crosse, Wisconsin)

F5 tornadoes
05-15
Tornadoes in Arkansas
Tornadoes in Illinois
Tornadoes in Indiana
Tornadoes in Iowa
Tornadoes in Kansas
Tornadoes in Missouri
Tornadoes in Minnesota
Tornadoes in Ohio
Tornadoes in Oklahoma
Tornadoes in Tennessee
Tornadoes in Texas
Tornado 05-15
Tornado 05-15
Tornado 15

Tornado outbreak of May 1968


Rosemary Rapaport (29 March 1918 in St Albans – 8 June 2011 in Olney) was a violinist and music teacher who founded the Purcell School for musically gifted children.

Early years

Nancy Rosemary Peace Rapaport was born into a Rabbinic family.  She was the youngest of four daughters who all showed artistic talent.  Although handicapped as a child by a double mastoid infection, she took up the violin at the age of eight.  She also had lessons in piano and ballet.  She was home educated until the age of 12, after which she attended the North London Collegiate School.  In 1937 she was awarded an Associated Board scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music, winning two medals for her violin playing.  Her teachers included Rowsby Woof and Frederick Grinke.

In 1941 she left the Royal Academy of Music and joined the Halle Orchestra.  While in Manchester she married Gerard Heller, an insurance dealer who was an amateur pianist.  They later moved to Leeds where she formed a duo with Fanny Waterman with whom she gave recitals in schools under the auspices of the local education authority. She taught at the Leeds Girls' High School from 1943 to 1947.

After World War II she and her husband moved to London where she formed a partnership with the Viennese pianist Else Cross that lasted for over 25 years.  Their concerts included recitals in the Wigmore Hall.  Their programmes included rarely heard classical works as well as the standard repertoire.

Purcell School

Rapaport had long been of the opinion that there was a lack of suitable education for exceptionally gifted musical children.  She visited Czechoslovakia where she was able to see specialist schools in operation.  On her return, she and her friend Irene Foster decided to set up a school which would cater for children with special musical talent.

In 1962 they founded the Central Tutorial School for Young Musicians.  They persuaded Sir Thomas Armstrong (Principal of the Royal Academy of Music), Keith Falkner (Director of the Royal College of Music), Yehudi Menuhin and Fanny Waterman to be their Patrons.  There were only four pupils at first, using temporary accommodation at the Conway Hall, London, and then at Morley College.  Numbers grew, and they moved to their own premises in Hampstead.  Rapaport was involved in the daily running of school.  As numbers continued to grow, however, it became necessary to move again, and the school, by now called the Purcell School, moved to a large house in Harrow.  Later it moved again to its present site in Bushey in Hertfordshire.  During these later years Rapaport's direct involvement lessened, but she maintained close links with the school, taking an interest in the pupils' progress.

Later years

In 1947 she returned to the Royal Academy of Music as a professor of violin. In 1958 she was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music (FRAM). After her husband's death in 1958, she set up the Gerard Heller Memorial Quartet Prize which was to be awarded biannually to string quartets from leading music colleges.  In 2005 it was awarded to the Sacconi Quartet.

In 1967, she left London to live in Newton Blossomville, a small village in Buckinghamshire near the Bedfordshire border.  Sir Thomas Armstrong had a house there to which he and his wife moved on his retirement from the RAM.  Rapaport continued to teach: at the RAM, privately, and at Bedford High School  the Dame Alice Harpur School and the Perse School.

After the death of Lady Armstrong, she and Sir Thomas moved to Olney where they set up a house together, sharing their love of music whilst each retaining their own space. She cared for Sir Thomas in his final days, and continued to live in the house after he died in 1994.

Rosemary Rapaport was small in stature but with strong views which she communicated with authority.  She liked a good argument and could hold forth about a wide variety of topics.  As a teacher she was demanding but always kind, insisting on a good technique and instilling a love of music in all her pupils.  For many years she was accompanied everywhere by Fingal, her West Highland Terrier, who would sit on the foot of any pupil who was tapping it to the music.  She was an animal lover and supported the Wood Green Animal Shelter.

Some of her pupils became lifelong friends, always keeping in touch with the teacher who had inspired them to play their best.

References

 Obituary articles in The Times, The Guardian, The Independent

English classical violinists
British music educators
British women violinists
Founders of English schools and colleges
1918 births
2001 deaths
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
People educated at Bedford High School, Bedfordshire
People associated with Conway Hall Ethical Society
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century English musicians
Women classical violinists
20th-century English women musicians
British women music educators

Rosemary Rapaport