Jonathan Hadary (born October 11, 1948) is an American actor.

Early life and education
Born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Bethesda, Maryland, Hadary arrived at Tufts University already an accomplished actor.  He was cast in many shows at Tufts, both student and faculty directed.  During his sophomore year, he became an understudy for the Boston company of You're a Good Man Charlie Brown.  This being the Vietnam era, the actor playing Charlie Brown was drafted.  The actor playing Schroeder was moved to the Charlie Brown role, and Hadary took the part of Schroeder.  He finished the Boston run of the show and the toured with it for some time.

Career
Hadary made his New York City stage debut in the 1976 Playwrights Horizons staging of Albert Innaurato's Gemini. Critical acclaim for the off-Broadway production resulted in it transferring to PAF Playhouse and then to Circle Repertory Company, and finally to Broadway, where it ran for 1819 performances. Hadary worked off-Broadway again on the 1979 Howard Ashman and Alan Menken musical adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut's God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Ted Tally's 1980 play Coming Attractions, and the 1981 Tom Lehrer revue Tom Foolery. The following year he returned to Broadway to replace Harvey Fierstein in Torch Song Trilogy.

A member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company, Hadary won an Obie Award for his performance in the 1985 William M. Hoffman play As Is  at  Circle Rep, and again, the play moved to Broadway, where it was nominated for three Tony Awards and won the Drama Desk Award for Best Play. In 1989, he co-starred opposite Tyne Daly in Gypsy, which earned him Tony Award and Drama Desk Award nominations. Hadary also played James Garfield assassin Charles Guiteau in the original off-Broadway production of Stephen Sondheim and John Weidman's musical Assassins.

In 1993, he played Nathan Detroit in the Broadway revival of Guys and Dolls. Hadary played the role of Roy Cohn in the national touring production of Millennium Approaches, the first part of Tony Kushner's theatrical epic Angels in America in 1994-95. He also appeared in the 2006 revival of Awake and Sing!, for which he shared the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Ensemble Performance. He also portrayed King Arthur in the Broadway production of Monty Python's Spamalot. In 2019 he played tribune Sicinius in The Public Theater's production of Coriolanus, and  The Public's production of an updated version of A Bright Room Called Day by Tony Kushner.

Hadary's feature film credits include A Time to Kill, Private Parts, and Intolerable Cruelty. On television he has appeared in Miami Vice, Party of Five, Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Hope and Faith, Sex and the City, Louie, Veep, The Heart, She Holler, and Russian Doll.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1948 births
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Chicago
Living people
Tufts University alumni
Actors from Bethesda, Maryland
Male actors from Maryland
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

Jonathan Hadary


Jorge Cândido Alves Rodrigues Telles Grilo Raposo de Abreu de Sena (2 November 1919 – 4 June 1978) was a Portuguese-born poet, critic, essayist, novelist, dramatist, translator and university professor who spent the latter portion of his life in the United States.

Life
Jorge Candido de Sena was the only child of Augusto Raposo de Sena, from Ponta Delgada in the Azores, a merchant marine captain, and Maria da Luz Telles Grilo de Sena, from Covilhã. Both families belonged to the middle class, the mother's originally well-to-do but nothing much remained of it by time her child was born; the father's family hailed from military and political offices, the mother's from merchants. Jorge was born in Lisbon.

He received his degree in civil engineering from the University of Porto, but published his first poems at age 18. His interests were wide-ranging, including literature, intellectual history, politics, and other areas of the cultural spectrum. His liberal yet strongly independent convictions regarding Portuguese politics during the Salazar dictatorship led eventually to his exile in Brazil in 1959, and subsequently, after the military coup in Brazil in 1964, to the United States, in 1965. He became a professor of literature in Brazil, which also afforded him the opportunity to complete his doctorate, and that was his profession in the U.S. until he died.

He died in Santa Barbara, California in 1978. His remains were moved to the Cemitério dos Prazeres in Lisbon on 11 September 2009.

Jorge de Sena is one of the most relevant Portuguese intellectuals of the twentieth century. His output in fiction, drama, essays, and poetry is vast. He considered himself primarily a poet. His autobiographical novel Sinais de Fogo was adapted to film in 1995 by Luís Filipe Rocha, who is also the author of a documentary about Jorge de Sena.

Works

Poetry
 Perseguição (1941)
 Coroa da Terra (1947)
 Pedra Filosofal (1950)
 As Evidências (1955) Evidences
 Fidelidade (1958)
 Metamorfoses (1963)
 Arte de Música (1968)
 Peregrinatio ad Loca Infecta (1969)
 Exorcismos (1972)
 Conheço o Sal e Outros Poemas (1974)
 Poesia I (1977)
 Poesia II (1978)
 Poesia III (1978)
 Visão Perpétua (1982, póstumo)
 Dedicácias (1999, póstumo)

Prose
 Andanças do Demónio (1960)
 Novas Andanças do Demónio (1966)
 Os Grão-Capitães (1976)
 O Físico Prodigioso (1977) The Prodigious Physician
 Sinais de Fogo (romance) (1979, póstumo) Signs of Fire
 Génesis (1983, póstumo)

Drama
 O Indesejado (1951)
 Ulisseia Adúltera (1952)
 O Banquete de Dionísos (1969)
 Epimeteu ou o Homem Que Pensava Depois (1971)

Essays
 Da Poesia Portuguesa (1959)
 O Poeta é um Fingidor (1961)
 O Reino da Estupidez (1961)
 Uma Canção de Camões (1966)
 Os Sonetos de Camões e o Soneto Quinhentista Peninsular  (1969)
 A Estrutura de Os Lusíadas e Outros Estudos Camonianos e de Poesia Peninsular do Século XVI (1970)
 Maquiavel e Outros Estudos (1973)
 Dialécticas Aplicadas da Literatura (1978)
 Fernando Pessoa & Cia. Heterónima (1982, póstumo)

Awards
 Prémio Internacional de Poesia Etna-Taormina
 Ordem do Infante D. Henrique
 Grã-Cruz da Ordem de Sant'Iago da Espada, posthumous
 In 1980, the Jorge de Sena Center for Portuguese Studies was opened at the University of California, Santa Barbara

References

1919 births
1978 deaths
Writers from Lisbon
Academics from Lisbon
Portuguese poets
Male poets
Portuguese male writers
Portuguese translators
20th-century translators
20th-century poets
20th-century Portuguese writers
University of Porto alumni
20th-century male writers

Portuguese people of Greek descent

Jorge de Sena


Middle of the Road are a Scottish pop group who have enjoyed success across Europe and Latin America since the 1970s. Before ABBA established themselves in the mid 70s, Middle of the Road were the sound of early europop with their distinctive harmonies and lead vocals from Sally Carr. Four of their singles sold over one million copies each, and received a gold disc: "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep". "Sacramento", "Tweedle Dee, Tweedle Dum" and "Soley Soley". By early 1972 the group had sold over five million records.

History
Original lead singer Sally Carr, drummer Ken Andrew, guitarist Ian McCredie and his bassist brother Eric McCredie, founded the band on 1 April 1970 in Glasgow, Scotland. They had already played together under the name Part Four since 1967 and later in Latin American style under the name Las Caracas. Under the name Las Caracas they won the UK TV talent show Opportunity Knocks. They moved to Italy in 1970 because they had not found success in the United Kingdom. There they met the Italian music producer Giacomo Tosti, who gave the band their distinctive sound and gave them their international break.

The band had their first and biggest hit record in the United Kingdom with their debut UK single, "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep". The song reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in June 1971 and stayed there for four more weeks. In all, Middle of the Road had five hit singles in the UK in 1971 and 1972. The band had especially strong success in Germany, where they achieved eleven Top 40 hits between 1971 and 1974. As an example of this, Frank Valdor was fast to adapt "Sacramento" as his "party records". "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep" and "Sacramento" were played a lot on Scandinavian radio. In the Dutch Daverende 30 the group had four number 1 hits in between 1971 and 1973.

In 1974, early Bay City Rollers member Neil Henderson joined the band on guitar. He wrote and co-wrote songs for Middle of the Road, including the singles "Rockin' Soul" and "Everybody Loves a Winner" and 1974 albums, You Pays Yer Money and You Takes Yer Chance and Postcard, all released in Germany via Ariola like their first German LP, Music Music.

Carr left the group in 1977, and was replaced by Linda Carroll, who sang on the Something Old Something New album (1981), and several singles released between 1977 and 1981. Carroll left the group in 1981.

Current activity
In 2016, Middle of the Road's founding guitarist Ian McCredie accepted a Living Legends Award on behalf of the group at the Scottish Music Awards in Glasgow. In 2017, Middle of the Road released their first single in over 20 years, a live recording of their 1970s hit "Soley Soley", performed in front of 20,000 people in Berlin's Waldbühne amphitheatre.

Members

Current members
 Sally Carr (born Sarah Cecilia Carr, 28 March 1945, Muirhead, Lanarkshire) – vocals, percussion (1968–1977, 1981, 1991, 2017–present)
 Ken Andrew (born Kenneth Ballentyne Andrew, 28 August 1942, Bearsden, Glasgow) – drums, backing vocals (1968–1978, 1981, 1991, 2017–present)
 Ian McCredie (born Ian Campbell McCredie, 15 July 1947, Partick, Glasgow) – guitar, flute, backing vocals (1968–present)
 Lorna Osborne (born Lorna Bannon) – vocals (1981–present)
 Stuart McCredie – guitar, backing vocals (1984–present)
 Stephan Ebn - drums, backing vocals (2001–present)

Former members
 Eric McCredie (born Eric Campbell McCredie, 17 July 1945, Partick, Glasgow; died 6 October 2007, Glasgow) – bass, vocals (1968–1991)
 Neil Henderson (born Neil Fulton Henderson, 11 February 1953, Glasgow) – guitar (1974–?)
 Anne Katherine Watson (born Anne Thomson, 2 December 1951, Partick, Glasgow) – for a time in 1975 as guest keyboard player and vocalist and who did session work
 Linda Carroll – vocals (1977–1981)

Discography

References

External links
 www.motrband.com

Scottish pop music groups
Musical groups from Glasgow
Bubblegum pop groups
Musical groups established in 1970

Middle of the Road (band)


Henry Watson Kent (September 28, 1866 – August 28, 1948) was an American librarian and museum administrator, "a great pioneer in American museum education and administration".

Early life and education
Henry Watson Kent was born in Boston on September 28, 1866 to Robert Restiaux and Eliza (Watson) Kent. He attended the Boston Latin School and in 1881, the Free Academy of Norwich, Connecticut. During the summer of 1884, worked at the Boston Public Library where his interest in the library arts began.

He attended at Columbia College, where he was taught by Melvil Dewey. In 1920, he was awarded an honorary M.A. from Hamilton College and in 1932, a Doctor of Arts from Brown University.

Career

Early career
Kent became librarian at the Norwich Free Academy's Peck Library in 1888, and became curator for 12 years at the adjacent Slater Memorial Museum. His techniques in displaying the Slater Museum's collection of casts and reproductions caught the eye of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. And in 1894, was commissioned to install its collection of plaster casts in the recently constructed north wing of the museum. In 1900, Kent started working at the New York Grolier Club, rising from assistant librarian to librarian in 1903. It was at the Grolier Club, where developed an interest in the art of printing.

Metropolitan Museum of Art
In 1905, Robert W. De Forest recruited Kent to the Metropolitan Museum of Art as Assistant Secretary, and in 1913 became Secretary of the Board of Trustees. When Kent first started at The Met, he found the museum to be lacking in organization and with limited tools or staffing for communication. So as Secretary, he began laying the foundations for the standard museum organization including: cataloging techniques mimicking the Dewey Decimal System; establishing the first photo studio to produce a visual record of each piece of art; conceived and initiated shows; and developed the procedures for the lending art in and out of the museum. He was also interested in graphic arts and communication creating the first Bulletin in 1905; established an editorial department; and installed the first printing press in the museum. The Bulletin began as a quarterly publication, eventually becoming a monthly with a circulation of 16,000. The Bulletin, books, and larger printing jobs were designed created by designers and frequently the museum had titles in the American Institute of Graphic Arts' Fifty Best Books of the Year exhibit. In 1928, the Pierpont Morgan Library arranged an exhibition of the printing work done under Kent's leadership at The Met.

Kent felt that librarians were public servants and was committed to the education of the public through the museum and established the first visitor's center; initiated free tours; and guided the public's knowledge of the collections through lectures, talks, and publications that weren't "too scholarly." As the Supervisor of Museum Instruction from 1907 to 1925, he produced annual reports detailing the educational services provided by the museum. He greatly emphasized youth programming and in 1905 the museum began admitting New York City classes for free.

He was greatly interested in American decorative arts and worked with De Forest and his wife to found the American Wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Kent retired from the Met in 1940 after Francis Henry Taylor became director. Taylor appointed Lawrence S. Harrison to lead the administration and refused to let Kent see the museum reports without Harrison approving, finding Kent's methods to be old-fashioned.

Later career
Kent was a founding member of the American Association of Museums in 1906 and the American Federation of Arts. In 1923, he directed the restoration of the Glebe House in Woodbury, CT. In 1924, he was invited to join the Arts Advisory Committee for the Carnegie Foundation.

Henry Watson Kent served as president of the American Institute of Graphic Arts from 1936–1938. In 1930 he received the AIGA Medal, the most distinguished in the field of design and visual communication.

Death
Kent died of a heart attack August 28, 1948.

Works
 (ed. with John Cotton Dana) Literature of libraries in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 6 vols., Chicago: A. C. McClure, 1906-7.
No. 1: The duties & qualifications of a librarian: a discourse ... in the Sorbonne, 1780; by Jean-Baptiste Cotton des Houssayes.
No. 2: The reformed librarie-keeper ... concerning the place and office of a librarie-keeper; by John Dury (1596-1680).
No. 3: The life of Sir Thomas Bodley written by himself together with the first draft of the statutes of the public library at Oxon.
No. 4: Two tracts on the founding and maintaining of parochial libraries in Scotland; by James Kirkwood (d. 1708).
No. 5: A brief outline of the history of libraries; by Justus Lipsius; transl. from 2nd ed, 1607
No. 6: News from France or a description of the library of Cardinal Mazarin preceded by The surrender of the library ... two tracts written by Gabriel Naude (1600-1653).

 What I am Pleased To Call My Education, New York: The Grolier Club, 1949.

References

Further reading
 Edward P. Alexander, 'Henry Watson Kent standardizes functions of the art museum', in The Museum in America, pp. 51–66
 The Bruce Rogers Collection at the Library of Congress contains include transcripts of Rogers' letters to his friend Harry Watson Kent, secretary of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

1866 births
1948 deaths
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
AIGA medalists
Museum educators

Henry Watson Kent


Adamma na maiden spirit mask wey start from Enugu-Igbo southeastern part of Naija. Na only men dey perform de mask and di person wey wear di mask do dey dance to music. Adamma mask dey different from Igbo masks wey remain as e no get any spiritual value behind am.

"Adanma' wey some pipu dey spell 'Adamma' na also girl's name for Igboland in Naija and e mean di first beautiful daughter wey dey di family.

Wie dem gada di tori

Kolsho

Adamma (masquerade)


Lajos András Bokros (born 26 June 1954) is a Hungarian economist, who served as Minister of Finance from 1995 to 1996. He was a Member of the European Parliament for Hungary in the 2009–2014 session. He was the leader of the Movement for a Modern Hungary, which he founded in April 2013, and sat in the European Conservatives and Reformists group in the European Parliament. The Bokros package was named after him.

Financial career
Bokros was born in Budapest. He graduated from and holds a Ph.D. from the Budapest University of Economics. He successfully applied for the scholarship of University of Panama in 1976, where he learned to speak fluent Spanish. He wrote his dissertation on the industrialization, integration and common market developments in Central America.

He was director of the State Property Agency of Hungary between 1990–1991. He was chairman and chief executive officer at the Budapest Bank between 1991–1995. He is a full professor (Department of Public Policy) and former chief operating officer of the Central European University.

Bokros was the Minister of Finance between 1995–1996 in the government of Gyula Horn. He is best known for the so-called "Bokros package"; a string of austerity measures implemented during his term as Finance Minister. He resigned from his position in February 1996. He was replaced by Péter Medgyessy.

Between 1997 and 2000, Lajos Bokros was Director for Private Sector and Finance at the World Bank. There, together with Stjn Claessens, Simeon Djankov, and Gerhard Pohl he worked on enterprise restructuring in Georgia, Moldova, and Romania. As director, Lajos Bokros also led the assistance in restructuring the Russian banking sector after the 1997-1998 banking crisis.

Political career
Supported by the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), Bokros was elected to the European Parliament in the 2009 election and sat in the European Conservatives and Reformists Group. He was a full member of the Committee on Budgets and a substitute member of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. Bokros' nomination indicated a change of political position from conservative to liberal ideology. As a result, several prominent members left the party, including Péter Olajos, Kálmán Katona and former Prime Minister Péter Boross. With MP András Csáky's quit, the Hungarian Democratic Forum's parliamentary group defunct according to the house rules in March 2009.

He was the MDF's candidate for the position of Prime Minister of Hungary on the 2010 Hungarian parliamentary election. Under his influence, several other former left-wing politicians were placed on the national list, furthermore MDF entered into an electoral alliance with Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), which suffered a crushing defeat during the 2009 European Parliament election. After the decision, the quits became a mass phenomenon, whole local party organizations ceased to exist. On the national election, MDF came to the fifth place and received only 2.67% of the votes, thus shut out of the legislature altogether for the first time since the transition to democracy, after twenty years. Bokros left MDF when the party dissolved in 2011. The successor party, Democratic Community of Welfare and Freedom (JESZ) called Bokros several times to give back his MEP mandate, but all relationship has been lost between Bokros and his former party.

On 21 April 2013, Bokros founded the liberal conservative Modern Hungary Movement (MoMa). The party planned to run in the 2014 European Parliament election, however its registration was refused by the National Election Office (NVI). As a result, Bokros lost his European Parliament mandate. Bokros also ran for Mayor of Budapest in the 2014 municipal election. On 29 September 2014, two other candidates, the independent György Magyar and candidate of the leftist opposition parties' Ferenc Falus withdrew from the election and supported Bokros. Bokros received 36.04% of the votes and came to the second place after István Tarlós. He was supported by the Together 2014, Democratic Coalition and Budapest branch of the Hungarian Socialist Party.

Personal life
Bokros is married to Mária Gyetvai. They have two children, Ildikó and András.

References

External links
Lajos BOKROS European Parliament profile
 Hungarian Spectrum: The Bokros package: pro and con

1954 births
Living people
Politicians from Budapest
Hungarian economists
Members of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Hungarian Socialist Party politicians
Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians
Finance ministers of Hungary
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1990–1994)
Hungarian Democratic Forum MEPs
MEPs for Hungary 2009–2014
Academic staff of Central European University
Corvinus University of Budapest alumni
Chief operating officers

Lajos Bokros


Danese Cooper is an American programmer, computer scientist and advocate of open source software.

Career
Cooper has managed teams at Symantec and Apple Inc. For six years, she served as chief open source "evangelist" for Sun Microsystems before leaving to serve as senior director for open source strategies at Intel. In 2009 she worked as "Open Source Diva" at REvolution Computing (now Revolution Analytics). She is a board member of the Open Source Hardware Association. She is a board observer at Mozilla, and serves as a member of the Apache Software Foundation.  She was a board member at the Drupal Association and the Open Source Initiative. In October 2018, Danese joined Irish tech company NearForm as VP of Special Initiatives.

Open source
Cooper's major work within the open source area of computer software has garnered her the nickname "Open Source Diva". She was recruited, while at a sushi bar in Cupertino, to a position at Sun working towards opening the source code to Java. Within six months she quit frustrated by the claims of open source development with Java that Sun made, only to find that little "open sourcing" was taking place. Sun sought to keep Cooper understanding her need to further open source software and re-hired her as their corporate open source officer. Her six years with Sun Microsystems is credited as the key to the company opening up its source code and lending support to Sun's OpenOffice.org software suite, Oracle Grid Engine, among others. In 2009 she joined REvolution Computing, a "provider of open source predictive analytics solutions", to work on community outreach amongst developers unfamiliar with the programming language R and general open source strategies. She has also made public speaking appearances discussing open sourcing, speaking at the Malaysian National Computer Confederation Open Source Compatibility Centre, OSCON, gov2.0 Expo, and the Southern California Linux Expo. In 2005 Cooper was a contributing author to Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution.

Wikimedia Foundation
In February 2010 Cooper was appointed Chief Technical Officer of the Wikimedia Foundation, leading their technical team and developing and executing the Foundation's technical strategy, along with which she would also be working on outreach with Wikimedia volunteers to expand on development and localizing of software. Cooper credits the open source community in helping her obtain the position at Wikimedia. She left the organization in July 2011.

InnerSource
Danese Cooper is the founder and chair of the InnerSource Commons Foundation. In 2018 she co-authored Adopting InnerSource with Klaas-Jan Stol which was published by O'Reilly.

daneseWorks
In June 2011, Cooper started a consultancy, daneseWorks, whose first client was inBloom. She is also currently helping Numenta with their open source & machine learning strategy.

Personal life
Danese Cooper obtained her high school diploma from Chadwick School and her B.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles. Upon graduation she spent time in Morocco as a volunteer in the Peace Corps. Cooper credits her time with the Peace Corps as fostering her desire to travel and work within the developing world to explore policy, education and how open source software can "give certain kids another alternative". She is married to a software developer and enjoys knitting, which she often engages in during meetings.

See also
 List of Wikipedia people

References

External links

 "Happy campers to test frontiers of new iPhone; Tech enthusiasts share ideas for latest gadget". Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta. 6 Jul 2007. Cooper speaks about the iPhone and its capabilities.
Cooper, D., C. DiBona and M. Stone. Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution. Cambridge: O'Reilly. 2010.  Cooper serves as a contributor to this book documenting open source technology.
Wickenheiser, Matt. "Sun Microsystems Guru Gives Talk on Open-Source Software at Maine Conference". Portland Press Herald. Portland, Maine. 16 Nov 2002. Cooper is interviewed about open source software and corporate concerns.
New DivaBlog, Danese Cooper's blog
"Danese Cooper (of Sun) Finally Answers", an interview with Slashdot
"Why Whinging Doesn't Work" Cooper speaks at OSCON 2008
"Making Government Transparent Using R", an interview with Cooper by James Turner for O'Reilly Radar
"Q&A: Danese Cooper, Wikimedia" with Justin Lee at The Whir
Sun open-source diva departs for Intel

Living people
American chief technology officers
American computer programmers
Followers of Meher Baba
Free software programmers
Open source people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Wikimedia Foundation staff members
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
Sun Microsystems people
Members of the Open Source Initiative board of directors
American expatriates in Morocco
Women chief technology officers
Year of birth missing (living people)
American Wikimedians

Danese Cooper


Diploglottis is a genus of 10 species of trees known to science, constituting part of the plant family Sapindaceae. They grow naturally in rainforests and margins of adjoining humid forests in eastern Australia and New Guinea. Some species are known as native tamarind or small-leaved tamarind; they have no direct relationship with the true tamarind.

One Australian species, D. australis is grown as a street tree in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales, principally Lismore and is known locally as the native tamarind.

Another endemic Australian species is D. campbellii, also known as the small-leaved tamarind, is rare and threatened and is restricted to a small number of sites each with a maximum of three trees per site. There are a total of 42 known mature wild trees in south-east Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales.  However, the tree, as a seedling, is readily available from nurseries in the Northern Rivers area of New South Wales, and in south-eastern Queensland. The small-leaved tamarind grows to 30 metres and has a compact canopy, making it good to use as a screening tree. It has small three-lobed fruit capsules. The fruit is edible and is commercially produced as bushfood. It is red when ripe and can be made into jam.

Naming and classification

The species currently known as D. australis was the first that European scientists collected specimens of, for instance botanist Robert Brown in 1804. Before formal naming, this species was grown up to a flowering tree in a glasshouse in Kew gardens, UK. In 1862 Joseph Dalton Hooker first established this genus name Diploglottis in Genera Plantarum  and the following year George Bentham formally published the D. cunninghamii name combination. Earlier in 1831 however, George Don had published a formal description of this taxon named with the epithet australis, with a different name genus. In 1878–9 Ludwig A. T. Radlkofer published his referral of this taxon to the name combination Diploglottis australis. In 1986 Gwen Harden and Lawrie Johnson published the clarification of the further involved history of these names. Sally T. Reynolds had proposed D. cunninghamii as the correct name in 1981. Harden and Johnson clarified that D. australis legitimately has support as the correct name, for this type species.

In 1978 P. W. Leenhouts described the new species D. bracteata.
In 1981 and 1987 Reynolds described several different new species.
In 1985 Reynolds' account of the genus in Australia was published in the Flora of Australia volume 25.
In 1994 in Flora Malesiana P. W. Leenhouts included D. australis occurring in New Guinea, however the record has been corrected to the superficially similar D. diphyllostegia which in Australia also grows in areas adjacent to New Guinea and further north than the northernmost D. australis records.

Species
D. australis ; syn: D. cunninghamii ; Native tamarind – E. NSW, Qld, Australia
D. bernieana  – NE. Qld, Australia
D. bracteata  – NE. Qld, Australia
D. campbellii ; Small-leaved tamarind – SE. Qld, NE. NSW, Australia
D. diphyllostegia ; syn: D. cunninghamii var. diphyllostegia – C. to NE. Qld, Australia, New Guinea (–as D. australis)
D. harpullioides  – NE. Qld, Australia
D. macrantha  – NE. Qld, Australia
D. obovata  – C. Qld, Australia
D. pedleyi  – NE. Qld, Australia
D. smithii  – NE. Qld, Australia

Ecological connections

Diploglottis species are used as food plants by the hepialid moths Aenetus ramsayi and Aenetus scotti.

References

Cited works

External links

Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of New Guinea
Flora of Papua New Guinea
Flora of New Caledonia
Flora of Malesia
Sapindaceae genera
Sapindales of Australia

Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker

Diploglottis


Rengginang or ranginang is a kind of Indonesian thick rice cracker, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices, made into a flat and rounded shape, and then sun-dried. The sun-dried rengginang is deep fried with ample cooking oil to produce a crispy rice cracker.

This cracker is quite different from other types of traditional Asian crackers such as the Indonesian krupuk and the Japanese senbei or beika; while most of traditional crackers' ingredients are ground into a fine paste, rengginang retains the shapes of its rice grains. It is similar to Japanese arare, and yet it differs because arare are individually separated larger rice pellets, while rengginang rice granules are stuck together in a flat-rounded shape. Rengginang traditionally made from dried leftover rice. In Suriname it is known as brong-brong.

Rengginang can be plain, or flavoured sweet, salty or savoury. The most common rengginang are deep fried with added pinches of salt for a traditional salty taste. Sweet rengginang uses thick liquified coconut sugar coated or poured upon it. Other variants have other ingredients added to enrich the taste, such as dried prawn, terasi (shrimp paste), or lorjuk (razor clam).

Similar cracker
In Central Java, especially in Wonogiri Regency, there is an almost identical rice cracker called intip made from scorched rice, the hardened semi-burnt rice that sticks to the inner bottom of rice-cooking vessels. These cooking vessels are filled with water to loosened up the stuck rice. After it is separated from the cooking vessel, the stuck rice is sun-dried until it loses all of its liquid contents. The dried sticky rice is later deep fried in a lot of cooking oil to create a crispy rice cracker. There is no significant difference between rengginang and intip other than its size; because intip is created from the inner bottom of cooking vessel, its size is larger than rengginang.

See also

 Krupuk
 Sachima
 Senbei
 Rempeyek
 Rice crackers
 Rice Krispies Treats

References

Indonesian snack foods
Rice crackers

Rengginang


The Saracen joust of Arezzo (Giostra del Saracino, Giostra ad burattum) is an ancient game of chivalry. It dates back to the Middle Ages.

It was born as an exercise for military training. This tournament was regularly held in Arezzo between the 16th century and the end of the 17th century, when memorable jousts in baroque style were organized. The game went on for the whole Modern Age, having an important social function within the urban community. The joust was indeed a great public event during the visit of important authorities (sovereigns, princes, etc.), or it was used to make certain civil feasts more solemn (e.g. carnivals and noble's weddings).

The joust – which became a typical tradition of Arezzo at the beginning of the 17th century – declined progressively during the 18th century and eventually disappeared, at least in its "noble" version. After a brief popular revival between the 18th and 19th century, the joust was interrupted after 1810 to reappear only in 1904 in the wake of the Middle Ages reappraisal operated by Romanticism. Finally, the joust was definitely restored in 1931 as a form of historical re-enactment set in the 14th century, and quickly acquired a competitive character.

Current joust
The historical reenactment takes place every year in Arezzo on the next to last Saturday of June, by night (the so-called San Donato Joust, dedicated to the patron saint of the town) and on the first Sunday of September, in the afternoon (the September Joust).
The teams in the event are the four quarters of the town of Arezzo:
 Porta Crucifera, known as Culcitrone (green and red),
 Porta del Foro, known as Porta San Lorentino (yellow and crimson),
 Porta Sant'Andrea (white and green) and
 Porta del Borgo, today called Porta Santo Spirito (yellow and blue).
The Saracen Joust is organized by the Municipality of Arezzo through a special institution whose governing body (the managing council) is chaired by the Mayor of Arezzo, but also includes the presidents (Rettori) of the four competing quarters.

The jousting day starts in the morning, when the town's Herald reads the proclamation of the joust challenge, and then continues with a colorful procession of 350 costume characters and 27 horses parading along the streets of Arezzo. The topic moment of the parade is the blessing of the men-at-arms, which takes place on the steps of the Duomo and is given by the Bishop of Arezzo.

The knights' tournament is held in the Piazza Grande, guided by the Maestro di Campo and preceded by the costume characters and the town's ancient banners entering the square accompanied by the sound of trumpets and drums.
Some important moments can be defined at this stage of the event: the highest authorities of the Joust entering the square (the magistrates, the Jury, the quarters' presidents), the performance of flag-wavers, the jousters galloping into the racing field, each knight representing an ancient noble family of Arezzo, the knights' arrangement on the lizza (jousting track), the Herald reading the Challenge of Buratto (a poetic composition written in octaves in the 17th century), the crossbowmen and the soldiers greeting the crowd shouting "Arezzo!", the magistrates' authorization to run the joust and finally the Joust's musicians playing the Saracen Hymn, composed by Giuseppe Pietri (1886–1946).

Then, the real competition starts. The jousters of the four gates (the real protagonists of the event) gallop their horses with lance in rest against the Saracen, an armor-plated dummy representing a Saracen holding a cat-o'-nine-tails in his hand ("Buratto, King of the Indies"). The sequence of charges is drawn on the week preceding the joust during a costume ceremony in Piazza del Comune. It's almost impossible foreseeing what the result of the joust will be: it depends on the ability, the courage and the good-luck of the eight jousters who alternate on the packed-earth sloping track (the lizza) that runs transversally across Piazza Grande. The competition is won by the couple of knights who hit the Saracen's shield obtaining the higher scores. The quarter associated to the winning knight receives the coveted golden lance. In the event of a draw between two or more quarters after the standard number of charges (two sets of charges for each jouster), the prize is assigned with one or more deciding charges. At the end of the joust, mortar shots hail the winning quarter.

The rules of the tournament are contained in technical regulations that repeat – virtually unchanged – the Chapters for the Buratto Joust dating back to 1677. They are easy to understand, and yet worded in such a way as to guarantee a long-lasting suspense. The outcome of the fight between the Christian knights and the "Infidel" is undecided until the very last moment due to dramatic turns of events. For instance, jousters may be disqualified if they ride accidentally off the jousting track, or their scores may be doubled if their lance breaks after violently hitting the Saracen.

Videogames
On 15 June 2010, a free videogame about the Saracen Joust was released, in collaboration with Arezzo municipality and the Saracen Joust Institution.
Developed with Unity technology and accessible directly via a standard web browser through a dedicated website, the videogame allows the player to participate as a jouster of one of the four-quarters in a realistic reproduction of the tournament, inclusive of all the announcements spoken by the official Herald, Gianfrancesco Chiericoni.
Up to four players in multiplayer can participate online and rank in the global rankings.

On 14 August 2014, the videogame homepage was updated with a splash screen referring to an imminent new release of the game. The homepage shows a screenshot of the Herald making an announcement. At this moment, the original videogame is not accessible.

See also

 Arezzo
 Jousting

Gallery

References

External links
 Associazione Sbandieratori Arezzo
 Toscana Inside

Arezzo
Horse races in Italy
Historical competitions of Italy
Italian traditions

Saracen Joust


Dar or Dhar is the name of a Kashmiri tribe. People with the surname Dar are living in different regions in the world, especially in Kashmir, Pakistan, India, and also outside South Asia.

Notable people

Farooq Ahmed Dar,JKLF leader
 Abdul Majeed Dar, Hizbul Mujahideen Commander
Meeraji (born Mohammed Sanaullah Dar), Urdu poet-scholar, considered one of the fathers of modernism in Urdu literature
Aneek Dhar, Indian singer
Anuj Dhar, Indian author and journalist
Birbal Dhar, leader of Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule
Divya Dhar
Durga Prasad Dhar, ambassador of India to the Soviet Union
Kiran Kumar, Indian actor
Mirza Pandit Dhar
Muhammad Ahsan Dar, founder and former Hizbul Mujahideen commander
 Muhammad Nasir Dar, PAF Shaheed
P. N. Dhar, Principal Secretary to Indira Gandhi
Sandeepa Dhar, Bollywood actress
Sheila Dhar, Kashmiri Indian author and singer
Sudhir Dar (b. 1934), cartoonist
Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Urdu novelist
Rumeli Dhar, Indian cricketer
KSHMR (real name Niles Hollowell-Dhar), Indo-American EDM artist
Angira Dhar, Indian actress

Pakistani sportspeople

Aleem Dar, Pakistani cricket umpire
Haroon Rasheed, former Pakistani test cricketer and manager
Nida Dar, female Pakistani test cricketer
Tabarak Dar, Bangkok cricketer
Munir Ahmed Dar, field hockey
Tanvir Dar, field hockey
Asif Dar, boxer

Pakistani politicians

Ishaq Dar, Pakistani Finance Minister
Sh Rohail Asghar Dar, Pakistani Member of Parliament
Kiran Imran Dar, politician and MNA for women from Punjab

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Pakistani tribes
Kashmir

Dhar (surname)


Careware (also called charityware, helpware, or goodware) is software licensed in a way that benefits a charity. Some careware is distributed free, and the author suggests that some payment be made to either a nominated charity, or a charity of the user's choice. Commercial careware, on the other hand, includes a levy for charity on top of the distribution charge. Careware can also involve a barter of some kind, or even a pledge to be kind to strangers.

Overview
The term "charityware" was credited to Canadian developer Roedy Green in a 1988 issue of 2600 Magazine. One of the first known uses of the term "careware" appeared in Dr. Dobb's Journal in Al Stevens' C Programming Column in about 1991. Stevens was developing a user interface library and publishing the source code in monthly installments. To distribute code to readers, Stevens suggested they send him an addressed stamped mailer with a blank diskette. He copied the code onto the diskette and returned it. He also suggested that to express their appreciation they include a dollar, which he would donate to the local food bank in Brevard County, Florida. Stevens named this distribution method "careware."

Paul Lutus's careware idea involves no monetary exchange - instead it involves a request for the user to "stop complaining for a while and make the world a better place."

For example, the vim text editor is free software but includes a request from its author, Bram Moolenaar, that users donate to ICCF Holland for work to help AIDS victims in Uganda. Vim's Charityware license has been declared by Richard Stallman to be GPL-compatible. Another current example is MJ's CD Archiver, a file archiver for Microsoft Windows/Linux/Mac OS X. The suggested charity is NACEF, a US-registered charity for China's Project Hope.

A close variation of careware is donationware, which has a narrower definition than careware.

Examples

Non-commercial examples
FireFTP
KiXtart
Peazip
Vim (text editor)
Windows Live Messenger (through "i'm" initiative)

Commercial examples
Product Red

References

Software licenses
Information technology charities

Careware


Frank George Lenz (born 1867, probably died May 1894) was an American bicyclist and adventurer who disappeared somewhere near Erzurum, Ottoman Empire (now Turkey), in May 1894, during an attempt to circle the globe by bicycle.

Early life
Frank Lenz was born in 1867 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Adam Reinhart and Anna Maria Reinhart (née Schritz), both immigrants from Malsch, Germany. His father died while Frank was still a child, and Anna Maria moved to Pittsburgh. When Frank was six years old his mother married William Lenz, another German immigrant.

At the age of 17, Lenz took up cycling, joining the Allegheny Cycle Club and exploring the back roads of Pennsylvania. He soon went on longer trips, riding his bike as far as New York City, St. Louis, New Orleans and Chicago. Lenz was also an avid photographer who would bring his camera on his biking trips. He also rode competitively in road races.

Journey around the world
After English cyclist Thomas Stevens completed the first circumnavigation of the globe by bicycle in 1884–1886, Lenz wanted to make an attempt of his own. He was hired by the magazine Outing (for which Stevens had worked) to publish reports and take photographs from his journey, and set out from the Smithfield Street Bridge in Pittsburgh on a Victory safety bicycle on May 15, 1892, with 800 onlookers wishing him well.

Going first to Washington, D.C., and New York, Lenz traveled west across the United States and parts of Canada, reaching San Francisco on October 20. From San Francisco he sailed to Japan, where he rode from Yokohama to Nagasaki before crossing to China. While Lenz seems to have had a pleasant trip through Japan, which he praised in his reports, China proved a tougher stage of his journey. Japan had good roads for the time, but roads in China were in poor condition, especially in winter, and the locals were often hostile or fearful. Lenz had expected to cross China in three months, but it took him six, and he was very happy when he reached Burma, then part of the British Empire.

The jungles of Burma proved another difficult obstacle for Lenz, with heavy rain and almost impassable roads, and he also contracted malaria. Reaching Rangoon he found it impossible to ride his bike for the next stage of his journey, and instead crossed by ship to Calcutta. In early October 1893 he left Calcutta, and spent the next month crossing to Lahore. From there he decided to travel south to Karachi, then traveled by steamer to Bushire in Persia, riding north to Teheran from there. Lenz found Teheran to be a delightful place and was loath to leave, but set out for Tabriz in April 1894, hoping to reach the Ottoman capital of Istanbul before the worst of the summer heat.

In early May 1894, almost two years after his departure from Pittsburgh, Lenz set off from Tabriz on the next stage of his journey, with Erzurum as his next objective. He was never heard from again.

Search
When nothing was heard from Lenz throughout the summer, his family started to worry that something might have happened. The Ottoman Empire was at this time going through a period of turmoil, with the killing of tens of thousands of Armenians taking place in the ongoing Hamidian Massacres. It was difficult to ascertain what might have happened, but Alexander Terrell, the U.S. minister to the Ottoman Empire, felt sure that Lenz had been killed by Kurdish bandits.

Outing eventually sent another famous bicyclist, William Sachtleben, to Erzurum to investigate the circumstances of Lenz' disappearance. Sachtleben had completed his own bike journey around the world in 1892, along with his friend Thomas Allen. He sailed to Europe in March 1895, and traveled to Erzurum, having to forge papers to gain entrance to Ottoman Kurdistan.

In Erzurum, Sachtleben learned that Lenz had somehow insulted a notorious local Kurdish chief when passing through a small village there. The local Kurds then apparently ambushed and killed him, burying his body on the bank of a river in the forest.

The Kurdish bandit believed to have killed Lenz was charged and convicted by the Ottoman authorities, but later fled. Some of the Armenian locals who had helped Sachtleben uncover Lenz' fate were also imprisoned, a couple of them dying in prison.

Eventually some eight years after his death, following pressure from the U.S., the Ottoman government agreed to pay a compensation of around $7,500 to Lenz' mother.

See also
List of people who disappeared
Pippa Bacca (1974–2008), Italian adventurer who disappeared in Turkey

References

Sources
 Koss, Geof. "The Last Ride of Frank Lenz". Adventure Cyclist. January 2009.
 Herlihy, David V. The Lost Cyclist: The Epic Tale of an American Adventurer and His Mysterious Disappearance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. .

1867 births
1890s missing person cases
1894 deaths
Cycling journalists
Male touring cyclists
Missing person cases in the Ottoman Empire
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Ultra-distance cyclists

Frank Lenz (cyclist)


Negamax search is a variant form of minimax search that relies on the zero-sum property of a two-player game.

This algorithm relies on the fact that  to simplify the implementation of the minimax algorithm. More precisely, the value of a position to player A in such a game is the negation of the value to player B. Thus, the player on move looks for a move that maximizes the negation of the value resulting from the move: this successor position must by definition have been valued by the opponent. The reasoning of the previous sentence works regardless of whether A or B is on move. This means that a single procedure can be used to value both positions. This is a coding simplification over minimax, which requires that A selects the move with the maximum-valued successor while B selects the move with the minimum-valued successor.

It should not be confused with negascout, an algorithm to compute the minimax or negamax value quickly by clever use of alpha–beta pruning discovered in the 1980s. Note that alpha–beta pruning is itself a way to compute the minimax or negamax value of a position quickly by avoiding the search of certain uninteresting positions.

Most adversarial search engines are coded using some form of negamax search.

Negamax base algorithm

NegaMax operates on the same game trees as those used with the minimax search algorithm. Each node and root node in the tree are game states (such as game board configuration) of a two player game. Transitions to child nodes represent moves available to a player who is about to play from a given node.

The negamax search objective is to find the node score value for the player who is playing at the root node. The pseudocode below shows the negamax base algorithm, with a configurable limit for the maximum search depth:

 function negamax(node, depth, color) is
     if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then
         return color × the heuristic value of node
     value := −∞
     for each child of node do
         value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1, −color))
     return value

 (* Initial call for Player A's root node *)
 negamax(rootNode, depth, 1)

 (* Initial call for Player B's root node *)
 negamax(rootNode, depth, −1)

The root node inherits its score from one of its immediate child nodes. The child node that ultimately sets the root node's best score also represents the best move to play. Although the negamax function shown only returns the node's best score, practical negamax implementations will retain and return both best move and best score for the root node. Only the node's best score is essential with non-root nodes. And a node's best move isn't necessary to retain nor return for non-root nodes.

What can be confusing is how the heuristic value of the current node is calculated. In this implementation, this value is always calculated from the point of view of player A, whose color value is one. In other words, higher heuristic values always represent situations more favorable for player A. This is the same behavior as the normal minimax algorithm. The heuristic value is not necessarily the same as a node's return value due to value negation by negamax and the color parameter. The negamax node's return value is a heuristic score from the point of view of the node's current player.

Negamax scores match minimax scores for nodes where player A is about to play, and where player A is the maximizing player in the minimax equivalent. Negamax always searches for the maximum value for all its nodes. Hence for player B nodes, the minimax score is a negation of its negamax score. Player B is the minimizing player in the minimax equivalent.

Negamax variant with no color parameter
Negamax can be implemented without the color parameter. In this case, the heuristic evaluation function must return values from the point of view of the node's current player (Ex: In a chess game, if it is white's turn and white is winning, it should return a positive value. However if it is black's turn, it should return a negative value).
 function negamax(node, depth) is
     if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then
         return evaluatePosition() // From current player's perspective
     value := −∞
     for each child of node do
         value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1))
     return value

 // Example picking best move in a chess game using negamax function above
 function think(boardState) is
     allMoves := generateLegalMoves(boardState)
     bestMove := null
     bestEvaluation := -∞

     for each move in allMoves
         board.apply(move)
         evaluateMove := -negamax(boardState, depth=3)
         board.undo(move)
         if evaluateMove > bestEvaluation
             bestMove := move
             bestEvaluation := evaluateMove

     return bestMove

Negamax with alpha beta pruning

Algorithm optimizations for minimax are also equally applicable for Negamax. Alpha–beta pruning can decrease the number of nodes the negamax algorithm evaluates in a search tree in a manner similar with its use with the minimax algorithm.

The pseudocode for depth-limited negamax search with alpha–beta pruning follows:

 function negamax(node, depth, α, β, color) is
     if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then
         return color × the heuristic value of node

     childNodes := generateMoves(node)
     childNodes := orderMoves(childNodes)
     value := −∞
     foreach child in childNodes do
         value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1, −β, −α, −color))
         α := max(α, value)
         if α ≥ β then
             break (* cut-off *)
     return value

 (* Initial call for Player A's root node *)
 negamax(rootNode, depth, −∞, +∞, 1)

Alpha (α) and beta (β) represent lower and upper bounds for child node values at a given tree depth. Negamax sets the arguments α and β for the root node to the lowest and highest values possible. Other search algorithms, such as negascout and MTD(f), may initialize α and β with alternate values to further improve tree search performance.

When negamax encounters a child node value outside an alpha/beta range, the negamax search cuts off thereby pruning portions of the game tree from exploration. Cut offs are implicit based on the node return value. A node value found within the range of its initial α and β is the node's exact (or true) value. This value is identical to the result the negamax base algorithm would return, without cut offs and without any α and β bounds. If a node return value is out of range, then the value represents an upper (if value ≤ α) or lower (if value ≥ β) bound for the node's exact value. Alpha–beta pruning eventually discards any value bound results. Such values do not contribute nor affect the negamax value at its root node.

This pseudocode shows the fail-soft variation of alpha–beta pruning. Fail-soft never returns α or β directly as a node value. Thus, a node value may be outside the initial α and β range bounds set with a negamax function call. In contrast, fail-hard alpha–beta pruning always limits a node value in the range of α and β.

This implementation also shows optional move ordering prior to the foreach loop that evaluates child nodes. Move ordering is an optimization for alpha beta pruning that attempts to guess the most probable child nodes that yield the node's score. The algorithm searches those child nodes first. The result of good guesses is earlier and more frequent alpha/beta cut offs occur, thereby pruning additional game tree branches and remaining child nodes from the search tree.

Negamax with alpha beta pruning and transposition tables
Transposition tables selectively memoize the values of nodes in the game tree. Transposition is a term reference that a given game board position can be reached in more than one way with differing game move sequences.

When negamax searches the game tree, and encounters the same node multiple times, a transposition table can return a previously computed value of the node, skipping potentially lengthy and duplicate re-computation of the node's value. Negamax performance improves particularly for game trees with many paths that lead to a given node in common.

The pseudo code that adds transposition table functions to negamax with alpha/beta pruning is given as follows:

 function negamax(node, depth, α, β, color) is
     alphaOrig := α

     (* Transposition Table Lookup; node is the lookup key for ttEntry *)
     ttEntry := transpositionTableLookup(node)
     if ttEntry is valid and ttEntry.depth ≥ depth then
         if ttEntry.flag = EXACT then
             return ttEntry.value
         else if ttEntry.flag = LOWERBOUND then
             α := max(α, ttEntry.value)
         else if ttEntry.flag = UPPERBOUND then
             β := min(β, ttEntry.value)

         if α ≥ β then
             return ttEntry.value

     if depth = 0 or node is a terminal node then
         return color × the heuristic value of node

     childNodes := generateMoves(node)
     childNodes := orderMoves(childNodes)
     value := −∞
     for each child in childNodes do
         value := max(value, −negamax(child, depth − 1, −β, −α, −color))
         α := max(α, value)
         if α ≥ β then
             break

     (* Transposition Table Store; node is the lookup key for ttEntry *)
     ttEntry.value := value
     if value ≤ alphaOrig then
         ttEntry.flag := UPPERBOUND
     else if value ≥ β then
         ttEntry.flag := LOWERBOUND
     else
         ttEntry.flag := EXACT
     ttEntry.depth := depth
     ttEntry.is_valid := true
     transpositionTableStore(node, ttEntry)

     return value

 (* Initial call for Player A's root node *)
 negamax(rootNode, depth, −∞, +∞, 1)

Alpha/beta pruning and maximum search depth constraints in negamax can result in partial, inexact, and entirely skipped evaluation of nodes in a game tree. This complicates adding transposition table optimizations for negamax. It is insufficient to track only the node's value in the table, because value may not be the node's true value. The code therefore must preserve and restore the relationship of value with alpha/beta parameters and the search depth for each transposition table entry.

Transposition tables are typically lossy and will omit or overwrite previous values of certain game tree nodes in its tables. This is necessary since the number of nodes negamax visits often far exceeds the transposition table size. Lost or omitted table entries are non-critical and will not affect the negamax result. However, lost entries may require negamax to re-compute certain game tree node values more frequently, thus affecting performance.

References

External links
 Negamax at the Chess Programming Wiki
 A C99 implementation of the Negamax algorithm for the Tic-Tac-Toe game

Game artificial intelligence
Optimization algorithms and methods
Articles with example pseudocode

Negamax


Negombo (, )is a city north of Colombo on the west coast of Sri Lanka. Bandranaike International Airport is here. Near the waterfront, the remains of a 17th-century Dutch fort now contains a prison. Negombo Lagoon, lined with fishermen's huts, feeds into the Dutch-era Hamilton Canal. The canal leads south to Colombo. The neoclassical St Mary's church, completed in the 1920s, has a ceiling decorated with vivid religious paintings.

Cities in Sri Lanka

Negombo


Orien J. Harris (born June 3, 1983) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Miami, where he was a part of the 2001 National Championship team; considered by many to be the greatest college football team of all time.

Harris was also a member of the Cleveland Browns, Buffalo Bills, New Orleans Saints, St. Louis Rams and Detroit Lions. He then played for the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League (UFL) and won the UFL Championship Game in 2011.

He is the younger brother of NFL offensive tackle Kwame Harris. He is married to his college sweetheart and singer/musician, Alexandra Jackson. They have two daughters. Alexandra is the daughter of Atlanta's first African-American mayor, Maynard Jackson.

Early years
Harris was born to Donovan and Cordel Harris and is the third of four children. He was born in Mount Vernon, New York, and moved to Delaware in the 4th grade. He was an outstanding student athlete at Newark High School in Delaware, where he won multiple state championships along with older brother Kwame. Harris was rated the nation's top defensive line prospect by The Football News and named a High School All-American by The Football News. As a senior, he was named Delaware's Gatorade Player of the Year, Lineman of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year after recorded 130 tackles (95 solos, 35 assists), 9.5 quarterback sacks and a whopping 70 tackles for losses as a senior. His career totals are: 496 tackles (331 solos, 165 assists), 33 quarterback sacks, 252 tackles for losses. He assisted his team to a 12-0 record as a senior and the 2000 Division I State Championship.

College career
Harris attended the University of Miami and was a letterman in football. He was the first athlete in Delaware history to go on athletic scholarship to Miami. In football, he finished his career with 11 sacks, 159 tackles, and a fumble recovery.  As a senior, in 2005, Harris played in 12 games and 40 tackles (18 solo) with 11 going for losses and 3.5 sacks and a fumble recovery and was honorable mention All-ACC. As a junior Harris started all 12 games at defensive tackle and was voted the team's Defensive Lineman of the Year after making 55 tackles (16 solo), adding 12 tackles for loss, 14 QB pressures and 1.5 sacks. He was also selected First-team All-ACC by Rivals.com. In 2003, he started 10 of 11 games and  recorded 39 tackles (14 solo), eight tackles for loss, four sacks, and 18 quarterback hurries. As a freshman on 2002 he made 36 tackles (14 solos), one sack, one tackle for a loss, 14 quarterback hurries and a fumble recovery. He redshirted in 2001.

Professional career

Pre-draft
5.12 seconds in the 40-yard dash. 355-pound bench press, 25 reps of 225 pounds.

Pittsburgh Steelers
He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft.

St. Louis Rams
On May 6, 2009, Harris was traded from the Bengals to the St. Louis Rams for running back Brian Leonard.

Detroit Lions
On July 22, 2009, Harris was traded from the Rams to the Detroit Lions for wide receiver Ronald Curry. He was waived on September 16.

Cincinnati Bengals
Harris was re-signed by the Cincinnati Bengals on November 24, 2009, after being waived following the signing of Larry Johnson. He was waived again on September 4, 2010.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Cincinnati Bengals bio
Miami Hurricanes bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Delaware
American football defensive tackles
American football defensive ends
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
Jamaican players of American football
Miami Hurricanes football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Cleveland Browns players
Buffalo Bills players
New Orleans Saints players
Cincinnati Bengals players
St. Louis Rams players
Detroit Lions players
Virginia Destroyers players
Newark High School (Delaware) alumni

Orien Harris


Edward Edgar Hartwick (September 6, 1871 – March 31, 1918) was an American soldier, businessman and namesake of Hartwick Pines State Park in the state of Michigan.

Family
Hartwick was born in St. Louis, Michigan, on September 6, 1871, to Michael Shoat and Jane Augusta (Obear) Hartwick. Among his ancestors was a brother of John Christopher Hartwick, a Lutheran minister who emigrated to the United States from Germany in the early decades of the 18th century. Hartwick, New York, and Hartwick Seminary, now Hartwick College, were named after him.

Military career
Hartwick's family moved to Michigan and he graduated from Grayling High School in 1888. A year later, in September 1889, Hartwick left Michigan to enroll at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated with high honors in 1893. Upon completing his schooling, he was appointed a second lieutenant in the 4th Cavalry and, shortly thereafter, transferred to the 9th Cavalry Regiment, nicknamed the Buffalo Soldiers. He was to remain in the West until the outbreak of the Spanish–American War was to take him and the 9th to Cuba.

The following report was officially submitted following the action of July 1, 1898, before San Juan Hill.

An interesting account of the Battle of San Juan Hill appears in Hartwick's biography in which he is quoted as saying, among things, "The above claim of Colonel Roosevelt is not true": The claim had to do with exactly when and how and why Teddy Roosevelt "led" the charge up San Juan Hill.

Private life

Hartwick left Cuba to return to Grayling and on October 19, 1898, married Karen Bessie Michelson. He resigned his commission effective July 1899. He became engaged in the lumber and banking industries in Grayling and soon prospered, eventually moving to Detroit.

He was a 32d degree Mason, having been a member of Jackson Lodge, No. 17, F. & A. M., Jackson Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., Detroit Commandery, No. 1, K. T., Moslem Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S., of Detroit, and the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, Valley of Detroit, Michigan. Major Hartwick's clubs were: the Detroit Athletic Club, the Ingleside Club, Detroit Golf Club, Bankers' Club of Detroit, Fellowcraft Athletic Club, and the Detroit Automobile Club. He held membership with the National Association of Real Estate Exchanges, Detroit Real Estate Board, Detroit Board of Commerce, Detroit Real Estate Exchange, Exchange Club, Detroit Y. M. C. A., American National Red Cross, Detroit Retail Lumber Dealers' Association, Milwaukee Junction Manufacturers' Association, and was president and director of the Michigan State Retailers' Lumber Association.

Return to the military

Following the United States' entry into World War I Hartwick volunteered for service and was commissioned a major in the 20th Engineers. He sailed to Europe in November 1917. In March 1918, Hartwick became ill with meningitis and on March 31, 1918, at age 46, he died near Bordeaux, France. He was buried in Talence Cemetery "with full military honors."

On December 23, 1920, his remains were removed to Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit. Ten months later, in October 1921, a bronze monument was erected there in his honor.

In 1927, his widow, Karen Hartwick, purchased more than  of land, including the last  of virgin pine in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Shortly afterwards, she donated the parcel to the state of Michigan in her husband's name. Thus Hartwick Pines State Park, the largest state park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, was named in his honor. The Edward E. Hartwick Memorial Building museum within the park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links

1871 births
People from St. Louis, Michigan
American people of German descent
Culture of Detroit
1918 deaths
Deaths from meningitis
Businesspeople from Detroit
Military personnel from Detroit
Military personnel from Michigan
United States Military Academy alumni
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Army personnel of World War I
People from Grayling, Michigan
United States Army officers
Neurological disease deaths in France
Infectious disease deaths in France
American businesspeople in timber
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Detroit)

Edward Hartwick


Defenders of the Faith is a Christian denomination with a significant presence in Puerto Rico and (to a lesser extent) in the United States. It was formed in 1925 by an interdenominational group of pastors and laymen headed by Dr. Gerald B. Winrod, an independent Baptist preacher. Its main program consists of publishing a magazine, The Defender, and numerous pamphlets and tracts.  American congregations are located primarily in the New York City and Chicago metropolitan areas. In 1968 there were 14 churches and approximately 2,000 members in the U.S., and 68 churches and 6,000 members in Puerto Rico.

References

Christian organizations established in 1925
Christian denominations in the Caribbean
Christian denominations founded in the United States
Protestant denominations established in the 20th century

Defenders of the Faith (Puerto Rico)


The Raid of Nassau (March 3–4, 1776) was a naval operation and amphibious assault by American forces against the British port of Nassau, Bahamas, during the American Revolutionary War. The raid, designed to resolve the issue of gunpowder shortages, resulted in the seizure of two forts and large quantities of military supplies before the raiders drew back to New England, where they fought an unsuccessful engagement with a British frigate.

During the American Revolutionary War, the Patriot forces suffered from a shortage of gunpowder. In response to such shortages, the Second Continental Congress ordered an American fleet under the command of Esek Hopkins to patrol the Virginia and Carolina coastlines; secret orders were possibly given to Hopkins instructing him to raid Nassau, where stocks of gunpowder removed from Virginia had been sent.

The fleet departed Cape Henlopen, Delaware, on February 17, 1776, arriving at The Bahamas on March 1. Two days later, two hundred Continental Marines came ashore, seizing Fort Montagu but not advancing upon the town, where the gunpowder was stored. Governor Montfort Browne had most of Nassau's gunpowder loaded aboard ships sailing for St. Augustine. On March 4, the marines captured Nassau.

Occupying Nassau for two weeks, the Americans seized any remaining military supplies they found before departing. The fleet engaged in an unsuccessful action on April 6 with  before returning to New London, Connecticut. Though the raid was successful, the failure to capture Glasgow and crew complaints led to several investigations and courts martial, and Hopkins was censured and dismissed in 1778.

Background

When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Lord Dunmore, the colonial governor of Virginia, ordered Royal Navy sailors under his command to remove the gunpowder from the Williamsburg gunpowder magazine to the island of New Providence in the British colony of the Bahamas, in order to keep it from falling into the hand of Patriot militia. The colonial governor of the Bahamas, Montfort Browne, was alerted by British general Thomas Gage in August 1775 that the American Patriots might make attempts to seize the gunpowder stored in the Bahamas.

The desperate shortage of gunpowder available to the Continental Army led the Second Continental Congress to organize a naval expedition, with the intention of seizing military supplies stored at Nassau. While the official orders issued by the Congress to Esek Hopkins, the naval officer selected to lead the expedition, included only instructions for patrolling the Virginia and Carolina coastlines and raiding British naval targets, additional instructions may have been given to Hopkins in secret meetings held by the Congress' naval committee. The instructions that Hopkins issued to his fleet's captains before it set sail from Cape Henlopen, Delaware, on February 17, 1776, included instructions to rendezvous at the Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas.

Hopkins' fleet consisted of Alfred, Hornet, Wasp, Fly, Andrew Doria, Cabot, Providence, and Columbus. In addition to ships' crews, the fleet carried 200 Continental Marines under the command of Samuel Nicholas. In spite of gale force winds, the fleet remained together for two days, when Fly and Hornet became separated from the fleet. Hornet was forced to return to port for repairs, and Fly eventually rejoined the main fleet at Nassau, after the raid took place. Hopkins did not let the apparent loss of the two ships dissuade him; he had intelligence that much of the British fleet was in port due to high winds.

Prelude
Browne received further intelligence in late February that an American fleet was assembling off the Delaware coast, but apparently took no significant actions to prepare a defense. New Providence's harbor had two primary defenses, Fort Nassau and Fort Montagu. Fort Nassau was located in Nassau, but was poorly equipped to defend the port against amphibious attacks, as its walls were not strong enough to support the action of the fort's 46 cannons. As a result, Fort Montagu had been constructed, in 1742, on the eastern end of the harbor, overlooking its entrance. At the time of the raid, Fort Montagu was equipped with 17 cannons, although most of the gunpowder and ordnance was located at Fort Nassau.

Hopkins' fleet arrived at Great Abaco Island on March 1, 1776. The fleet captured two Loyalist-owned sloops, one of which was captained by Loyalist Gideon Lowe of Green Turtle Cay, and pressed their owners to serve as pilots. George Dorsett, a local ship's captain, travelled from Abaco to Nassau and alerted Browne to the presence of the American fleet. The American landing force was transferred to the two captured sloops and Providence the next day, and plans were formulated for the assault on Nassau. While the main fleet held back, the three ships carrying the landing force were to enter Nassau's port at daybreak on March 3, and gain control of the town before the alarm could be raised.

The decision to land at daybreak turned out to be a mistake, as the alarm was raised in Nassau when the three ships were spotted in the morning light, rousing Browne from his bed. He ordered four guns fired from Fort Nassau to alert the colonial militia; two of the guns came off their mounts when they were fired. At 7:00 a.m. he held a discussion with Samuel Gambier, one of his councilors, over the idea that the gunpowder should be removed from the islands on Mississippi Packet, a fast ship docked in the harbor. They ultimately refrained from acting on the idea, but Browne ordered thirty mostly-unarmed militiamen to occupy Fort Montagu before retiring to his house to make himself "a little decent".

Battle

Landing and capture

When the guns at Fort Nassau were heard by the attackers, they realized the element of surprise was lost and aborted the assault. The elements of the fleet then rejoined in Hanover Sound, roughly six nautical miles east of Nassau. There Hopkins held council, and a new plan of attack was developed. According to now-discredited accounts, Hopkins' lieutenant, John Paul Jones, suggested a new landing point and then led the action. Jones was unfamiliar with the local waters, unlike many of the captains present in the council. It is more likely that the landing force was led by Cabot lieutenant, Thomas Weaver, who was also familiar with the area. With the force enlarged by 50 sailors, the three ships, with Wasp offering additional covering support, carried it to a point south and east of Fort Montagu, where they made an unopposed landing between 12:00 and 2:00 pm. This was the first amphibious landing conducted by what would become the United States Marine Corps.

A British lieutenant named Burke led a detachment out from Fort Montagu to investigate the American activity. Given that he was severely outnumbered, he opted to send a flag of truce to determine their intentions. From this he learned that their objective was the seizure of powder and military stores. In the meantime, Browne arrived at Fort Montagu with another eighty militiamen. Upon learning the size of the advancing force, he ordered three of the fort's guns fired, and withdrew all but a few men back to Nassau. He himself retired to the governor's house, and most of the militiamen also returned to their homes rather than attempting to resist the Americans. Browne sent Burke out to parley with the American force a second time, in order to "wait on the command officer of the enemy to know his errand and on what account he had landed his troops."

The firing of Montagu's guns had given Nicholas cause for concern, but his men had by now occupied the fort, and he was consulting with his officers on their next move when Burke arrived. They obligingly repeated to Burke that they had arrived to take the powder and weapons, and were prepared to assault the town. Burke brought this news back to Browne around 4:00 pm. Rather than advance further on Nassau, Nicholas and his force, consisting of 200 marines and 50 sailors, remained at Fort Montagu that night. Browne held a war council that evening, in which the decision was made to attempt the removal of the gunpowder. At midnight, 162 of 200 barrels of gunpowder were loaded onto Mississippi Packet and HMS St John, and at 2:00 am they sailed out of Nassau harbor, bound for St. Augustine, Florida. This feat was made possible because Hopkins had neglected to post even a single ship to guard the harbor's entrance channels, leaving the fleet safely anchored in Hanover Sound. Nicholas' marines occupied Nassau without resistance the next morning after a leaflet written by Hopkins was distributed throughout the town. They were met en route by a committee of the town's leaders, who offered up the town's keys.

Return voyage

Hopkins and his fleet remained at Nassau for two weeks, loading as much military supplies as would fit onto the ships, including the remaining 38 casks of gunpowder. He pressed into service a local sloop, Endeavour, to carry some of the material. Browne complained that the American officers consumed most of his liquor stores during the occupation, and also wrote that he was taken in chains like a "felon to the gallows" when he was arrested and taken onboard Alfred.

During their sojourn at Nassau, Fly arrived. Her captain reported that she and Hornet had fouled their rigging together and that Hornet suffered significant damage as a consequence. On March 17, the fleet sailed for Block Island off Newport, Rhode Island, with Browne and other colonial officials as prisoners of war. The return voyage was uneventful until the fleet reached the waters of Long Island. On April 4, they encountered and captured , and the next day captured Bolton, which was laden with stores that included more armaments and powder. The fleet finally met resistance on April 6, when it encountered , a sixth-rate frigate. In the ensuing action, the outnumbered Glasgow managed to escape capture, severely damaging Cabot in the process, wounding her captain, Hopkins' son John Burroughs Hopkins, and killing or wounding eleven others. The fleet sailed into the harbor at New London, Connecticut, on April 8.

Aftermath
While Hopkins was initially lauded for the successful raid, the failure to capture Glasgow and crew complaints about some of the captains in the fleet led to a variety of investigations and court-martials. As a result of these, Providence captain was relieved of his command, which was given to Jones. Jones, who had performed well in the engagement with Glasgow in spite of a crew reduced in number by disease, thereafter received a captain's commission in the Continental Navy, where he went on to engage in several naval engagements off Nova Scotia.

The manner by which Hopkins distributed the spoils was criticized by several congressmen, and his failure to follow his orders to patrol the Virginia and Carolina coasts resulted in censure from the Continental Congress. After a series of further missteps and accusations, Hopkins was dismissed from the navy on January 2, 1778, having spent the last two years blockaded in Narragansett Bay by the British. Reports of Hopkins torturing British prisoners of war, as claimed by fellow naval officers Richard Marven and Samuel Shaw, contributed to his dismissal.

Browne was eventually exchanged for American general William Alexander, who had been captured at the Battle of Long Island; after his return, Browne was severely criticized for his handling of the whole affair. Nassau remained relatively poorly defended and was again subjected to the threat of an American attack in January 1778. It was then captured by Spanish forces under the command of Bernardo de Gálvez in 1782, but was recaptured by
Loyalists the next year; the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, confirmed the islands as being under British control.

The U.S. Navy ship , a Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship, is named specifically in recognition of this battle, while the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate  is named after Samuel Nicholas.

See also

 List of American Revolutionary War battles

References

Notes

Citations

Books

Websites

Conflicts in 1776
1776 in the Bahamas
Battles of the American Revolutionary War
Battles involving Great Britain
Battles involving the United States
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
Wars involving the Bahamas
Nassau, Bahamas
1776 in the Caribbean
1776 in the British Empire
History of the Colony of the Bahamas
Nassau
Amphibious operations involving the United States

Raid of Nassau


Luka Juhart was born in Slovenia in 1982. After the graduation from the High School of Music in Maribor, in the class of Andrej Lorber, he entered the Academy of Music in Trossingen (Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Trossingen), where he graduated in the accordion class of Hugo Noth. He obtained two degrees: a pedagogical one (Diplom Musiklehrer, 2005) and an artistic one (Künstlerische Ausbildung, 2006). Currently he is doing a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg, in the class of Stefan Hussong. He has also taken part in master courses and workshops led by Margit Kern, Ivan Koval, Tomaž Lorenz, Christoph Bossert, etc.

Luka Juhart has received several awards in national and international competitions, among which the Dr. Roman Klasinc Prize for exceptional artistic achievements (2001), the DAAD Prize for the best foreign student of the Academy of Music at Trossingen (2002) and the Iris Marquardt Prize (2003). He has given solo and chamber music concerts in Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, France, Italy and Croatia. Occasionally, he records for various radio stations (such as RTV Ljubljana, RTV Maribor and ORF). Currently he's working with several contemporary composers, such as Uroš Rojko, Klaus Huber, Vinko Globokar and Stefan Beyer.

References

 Luka Juhart.  Luka Juhart: Biography, URL accessed on February 8, 2008.

External links
Home page of Luka Juhart

1982 births
Living people
Musicians from Celje
Slovenian accordionists
21st-century accordionists

Luka Juhart


Dave Engledow is an American photographer who is known for his humorous images of himself and his daughter, Alice Bee.  His images went viral on the Internet making the pair Internet famous.

World's Best Father
The first image in the series was created just a few weeks after Alice was born. In the image, he is seen holding Alice like a football while he is squirting breast milk into his coffee from Alice's baby bottle. In May 2014, he published a collection of the images in a book titled, Confessions of the World's Best Father. The title of the series, "World's Best Father" comes from a coffee mug with that phrase printed on it appearing somewhere in each of the images in the series. In addition to the book, he has also released calendars of his images.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American photographers

Dave Engledow


The 16th Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment (16 RWAR) is an Australian Army reserve infantry battalion located in Western Australia and one of the two battalions of the Royal Western Australia Regiment. The battalion was first formed during the First World War, during which it fought during the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front in France and Belgium as part of the Australian Imperial Force. It was re-formed as a part-time unit in Western Australia during the inter-war years, and served in the New Britain Campaign against the Japanese during the Second World War. In the post war years, the battalion became part of the Royal Western Australia Regiment and currently forms part of the 13th Brigade.

History

First World War
The 16th Battalion was originally raised in September 1914 as part of the all volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which was raised for overseas service during the First World War. Assigned to the 4th Brigade, the battalion drew the majority of its personnel from the state of Western Australia, while the remainder came from South Australia. After completing rudimentary training in Western Australia and South Australia followed by further basic training in Victoria, the battalion embarked for Egypt. Upon arrival, the 4th Brigade was assigned to the New Zealand and Australian Division, with whom it subsequently participated in the Gallipoli Campaign between April and December 1915.

After returning to Egypt, in early 1916 the AIF underwent a period of expansion and reorganisation, during which the 16th Battalion was split to provide an experienced cadre of personnel to the newly formed 48th Battalion. At the same time, the 4th Brigade was reassigned to the 4th Division and in mid-1916 the AIF's infantry divisions were transferred to Europe to take part in the fighting on the Western Front. For the next two-and-a-half years, the 16th Battalion was involved in several significant battles, including the Battle of Pozières, Battle of Mouquet Farm, Battle of Bullecourt, the German spring offensive, the Battle of Hamel and the Allied Hundred Days Offensive. During the war, the battalion's casualties amounted to 1,127 killed and 1,955 wounded. Three of its members received the Victoria Cross for their actions: Martin O'Meara, Thomas Axford and Dominic McCarthy.

Inter-war years
The battalion was disbanded at the end of the war, then re-raised as a Citizens Force unit after a reorganisation of Australia's part-time military forces in 1921 to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF, forming part of the 13th Brigade and based in Western Australia. It was amalgamated with the 11th Battalion in 1930, after the suspension of the compulsory training scheme reduced the size of the part-time military force. A new 16th Battalion was raised in 1936 as the "Cameron Highlanders of Western Australia", as part of an expansion of the Militia following concerns about the strategic situation in Europe.

Second World War
During the Second World War, this battalion was mobilised for war service and gazetted as an AIF battalion. Throughout the early war years, it formed part of the garrison of Western Australia, before moving north to Darwin in 1943. In late 1944, the 13th Brigade was reassigned to the 5th Division and subsequently took part in the New Britain Campaign from November 1944 until the end of the war. The campaign was limited to containing the larger Japanese force, and the battalion's involvement was focused primarily around undertaking long range patrols. Only limited combat occurred before the end of the war, and the battalion's casualties were light, amounting to 10 killed and 14 wounded.

After undertaking further garrison duties at Rabaul, the 16th Battalion returned to Australia in early 1946 and was disbanded at Puckapunyal, Victoria, in February.

Since 1945
The part-time military forces were re-formed in 1948 following the conclusion of the demobilisation process, at which time the battalion was re-raised as an amalgamated unit with the 28th Battalion. The two units remained linked until 1952 when they were split and re-raised in their own right as full battalions. This state of affairs continued until 1960 when a reorganisation saw the raising of larger State-based regiments that subsumed the old regionally-based regiments, at which point the battalion was reduced to a company-level formation within the Pentropic 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment (1 RWAR), forming 'B' Company. In 1965, the Pentropic divisional structure was abolished and 1 RWAR was split to form two new battalions: 1 RWAR and 2 RWAR; the following year 1 RWAR was redesignated 16 RWAR.

16 RWAR currently forms part of the 13th Brigade, and maintains the battle honours of all the previous 16th Battalions, including the 16th Battalion, AIF, which served in the First World War, and the 16th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Western Australia) and 2/16th Battalion, both of which served in the Second World War. The battalion has provided personnel to provide reinforcements for Regular Army units deploying to various conflicts or operations including those in Border Protection, 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, Solomon Islands, East Timor, Malaysia, Bougainville, Afghanistan and Iraq.

Battle honours
 First World War:  Somme, 1916, '18; Pozières; Bullecourt; Messines, 1917; Ypres, 1917; Menin Road; Polygon Wood; Passchendaele; Arras, 1918; Ancre, 1918; Hamel; Amiens; Albert, 1918; Hindenburg Line; Epéhy; France and Flanders, 1916–18; Anzac; Landing at Anzac; Defence of Anzac; Suvla; Sari Bair; Gallipoli, 1915; and Egypt, 1915–16.
 Second World War:  Liberation of Australian New Guinea; Waitavolo; North Africa; Syria 1941; Syrian Frontier; The Litani; Wadi Zeini; Damour; South-West Pacific 1942–1945; Kokoda Trail; Isurava; Eora Creek–Templeton's Crossing I; Efogi–Menari; Ioribaiwa; Buna–Gona; Gona; Ramu Valley; Shaggy Ridge; Borneo 1945; and Balikpapan.

Regimental march
Sussex by the Sea (1907) by English composer William Ward-Higgs was adopted as regimental march.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Infantry units and formations of Australia
Australian World War I battalions
Australian World War II battalions
Military units and formations established in 1914
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
Military units and formations established in 1921
Military units and formations disestablished in 1930
Military units and formations established in 1936
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1946 disestablishments in Australia
Military units and formations established in 1952
Military units and formations disestablished in 1960
Military units and formations established in 1966
Military Units in Western Australia


Charles Daly Barnet (October 26, 1913 – September 4, 1991) was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader.

His major recordings were "Skyliner", "Cherokee", "The Wrong Idea", "Scotch and Soda", "In a Mizz", and "Southland Shuffle".

Early life
Barnet was born in New York City, the son of Charline (Daly) and Willard Barnet. His parents divorced when he was two, and he was raised by his mother and her grandparents. His grandfather was Charles Frederick Daly, a vice-president for the New York Central Railroad, banker, and businessman.

Barnet attended boarding schools, both in the New York and Chicago areas. He learned to play piano and saxophone as a child. He often left school to listen to music and to try to gain work as a musician. Although his family wanted him to become a lawyer, he chose to be a musician instead.

Career

By sixteen, Barnet had played on tours with Jean Goldkette's satellite band and was in New York, where he joined Frank Winegar's Pennsylvania Boys on tenor sax. Always restless, by 1931 he had relocated to Hollywood and appeared as a film extra while trying to interest local bandleaders in hot music, which was increasingly unpopular due to the Great Depression. Late in 1932, aged 18, he returned east and persuaded a contact at CBS' artist bureau to try him out as an orchestra leader.

Barnet began recording in October 1933, during an engagement at New York's Park Central Hotel, but was not a great success for most of the 1930s, regularly breaking up his band and changing its style. Early in 1935, he attempted to premiere swing music at New Orleans' Hotel Roosevelt, where Louisiana's colorful Governor Huey Long, disliking the new sound, had the band run out of town by luring them to a bordello, which was then raided.

Barnet arranged with Joe Haymes to take several of his now-jobless sidemen, while he himself went on a lark in Havana, as an escort to well-to-do older women. 1936 saw another swinging Barnet edition, which featured the up-and-coming vocal quartet The Modernaires but quickly faded from the scene.

The height of Barnet's popularity—and his first truly permanent band—came between 1939 and 1941, a period that began with his hit version of "Cherokee", written by Ray Noble and arranged by Billy May. In 1944, Barnet had another big hit with "Skyliner".

In 1947, he started to switch from swing music to bebop. During his swing period, his band included Buddy DeFranco, Neal Hefti, Lena Horne, Barney Kessel, Dodo Marmorosa, Oscar Pettiford, Wes Dean, and Art House, while later versions of the band included Maynard Ferguson, Doc Severinsen, Jimmy Knepper and Clark Terry. Trumpeter Billy May was an arranger in the Charlie Barnet Orchestra before joining Glenn Miller in 1940.

Barnet was one of the first bandleaders to integrate his band, with more black musicians working for him than virtually all of the other popular white bandleaders. Trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Frankie Newton and bassist John Kirby joined in 1937. Lena Horne was one of Barnet's vocalists. Unusually, for a mainly white group, Barnet was booked to perform at the Apollo Theater in Harlem and established a new attendance record. He was an outspoken admirer of Count Basie and Duke Ellington. Ellington recorded the Charlie Barnet composition "In a Mizz". In 1939, in a gesture that was warmly appreciated and admired, Count Basie (who was booked 2 days after) lent Barnet some of his charts after his instruments, notes and arrangements had been destroyed in the famous fire at the Palomar Ballroom in Los Angeles (October 2, 1939), which prevented Barnet's last show there.

Throughout his career he was an opponent of syrupy arrangements. In the song "The Wrong Idea", he lampooned the "sweet" big band sound of the era. The song was written by Billy May, who later used the same satirical bent in his collaborations with Stan Freberg on Capitol Records including the Lawrence Welk satire "Wunnerful! Wunnerful!" Barnet's was a notorious party band where drinking and vandalism were not uncommon. While Glenn Miller enforced strict standards of dress and deportment, Barnet was more interested in having fun, according to his autobiography Those Swinging Years: The Autobiography of Charlie Barnet.

In 1949 he retired, apparently because he had lost interest in music. He was able to retire when he chose because he was one of the few heirs in a very wealthy family. He occasionally returned from retirement for brief tours but never returned to music full-time. In 1956, he released an album, Dance Bash, which was recorded over five years from 1947 to 1952.

Known for a unique sound and hard-swinging style on tenor saxophone, Barnet in the late 1930s added the alto saxophone to his arsenal, followed by the soprano saxophone, an instrument that had fallen out of favor after the 1920s and was not generally used in the big band era.

In September 1964, Barnet arranged a private party for his musical hero, Duke Ellington, and orchestra to play at Palm Springs' San Jacinto country club.  At the door, a small sign painted by Barnet said: "Any complaints about loud music or requests for excessive use of mutes will be grounds for instant expulsion (to a table in the parking lot). Any requests for folk music, twist, watusi, or rock and roll will result in instant execution by golf balls at 20 paces." Barnet did not play at the gathering.

Barnet's theme song was "Redskin Rhumba". His autobiography, Those Swinging Years: The Autobiography of Charlie Barnet, written with Stanley Dance, was published in 1984.

Personal life

Barnet was married eleven times and in his autobiography says: "I went through several more marital fiascos, but they were mostly Mexican marriages and quickly annulled, because they weren't legal in the first place." His final marriage, to Betty Thompson, was for 33 years. He had one son, Charles D. Barnet Jr., and two grandchildren from an earlier marriage, Jennifer Ann Barnet and Darren Charles Barnet. During retirement, Barnet resided at homes in Palm Springs and San Diego, California. He kept a 46-foot boat in San Diego.

Death
Barnet died from complications of Alzheimer's disease and pneumonia at San Diego's Hillside hospital, on September 4, 1991, aged 77.

Compositions
Charlie Barnet's compositions included "Skyliner", "Southland Shuffle", "Swing Street Strut", "The Right Idea", "The Wrong Idea" (with Billy May), "Growlin'", "Scotch and Soda", "Midweek Function", "Oh, What You Said (Are We Burnt Up?)", "I Kinda Like You", "Tappin' at the Tappa", "The Last Jump", "Knocking at the Famous Door", "Lazy Bug" (with Juan Tizol), "Ogoun Badagris (Voodoo War God)", "Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie", and "In a Mizz", which was also recorded by Duke Ellington.

"Skyliner", arranged by Neal Hefti, was written as the theme music for the late 1940s US Armed Forces Network program "Midnight In Munich", broadcast from the AFN station in Munich, Germany, and hosted by Ralph Moffat. Thanks to the station's immensely powerful twin 100 kW transmitters, AFN Munich could be heard as far away as the UK; this, and the popularity of Moffat's show, evidently helped "Skyliner" and many other contemporary American swing hits to gain wide popularity across Europe and become hits in the UK. The title (which was originally printed as "Sky Liner") may be a reference to the practice of American pilots flying into Munich who used the radio station's powerful signal to home in on the city.

Discography
Barnet had 78's, 45's, and 10"/12" LP's from 1935 to his waning years. The record labels on which he appeared included: Bluebird Records/RCA Victor, Decca Records, Apollo Records, Capitol Records, Columbia Records, Mercury Records, Clef Records, Verve Records, Everest Records, Crown Records, Vault Records, Joyce Records, Ajax Records, and Calliope Records.

 The Best of Charlie Barnet (1942-1946) [The Decca Years] / MCA #2-4069 (1975)
 The Complete Charlie Barnet, Vol. 1 (1935-1937) / Bluebird #AXM2-5526 (1977)
 The Complete Charlie Barnet, Volume II (1939) / Bluebird #AXM2-5577 (1981)
 The Complete Charlie Barnet, Volume 3 (1939-1940) / Bluebird #AXM2-5581 (1981)
 The Complete Charlie Barnet, Volume IV (1940) / Bluebird #AXM2-5585 (1982)
 The Complete Charlie Barnet, Volume V (1940-1941) / Bluebird #AXM2-5587 (1982)
 The Complete Charlie Barnet, Volume VI (1941-1942) / Bluebird #AXM2-5590 (1982)

References

External links

 Barnet biography at swingmusic.net
Charlie Barnet collection of big band arrangements 1939-1949 at the Library of Congress
 Charlie Barnet recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.

Swing saxophonists
Swing bandleaders
Big band bandleaders
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz bandleaders
Jazz musicians from New York City
Jubilee Records artists
1913 births
1991 deaths
Abbey Records artists
Apollo Records artists
Äva Records artists
Capitol Records artists
20th-century American saxophonists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Bluebird Records artists
Decca Records artists

Charlie Barnet