Don Lynn Anderson (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an American geophysicist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the origin, evolution, structure, and composition of Earth and other planets. An expert in numerous scientific disciplines, Anderson's work combined seismology, solid state physics, geochemistry and petrology to explain how the Earth works. Anderson was best known for his contributions to the understanding of the Earth's deep interior, and more recently, for the plate theory hypothesis that hotspots are the product of plate tectonics rather than narrow plumes emanating from the deep Earth. Anderson was Professor (Emeritus) of Geophysics in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences at the  California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He received numerous awards from geophysical, geological and astronomical societies. In 1998 he was awarded the Crafoord Prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences along with Adam Dziewonski. Later that year, Anderson received the National Medal of Science. He held honorary doctorates from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (where he did his undergraduate work in geology and geophysics) and the University of Paris (Sorbonne), and served on numerous university advisory committees, including those at Harvard, Princeton, Yale, University of Chicago, Stanford, University of Paris, Purdue University, and Rice University. Anderson's wide-ranging research resulted in hundreds of published papers in the fields of planetary science, seismology, mineral physics, petrology, geochemistry, tectonics and the philosophy of science.

Life and main scientific contributions
Born in Frederick, Maryland in 1933, Anderson moved to Baltimore when he was six. He graduated from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute then attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) where he earned a Bachelor of Science in geology and geophysics in 1955. He then worked in the oil industry in California, Montana and Wyoming, and served in the Air Force in Massachusetts and Thule, Greenland before moving to California, where he received a Ph.D. in geophysics and mathematics at Caltech in 1962. He spent most of his subsequent academic career at Caltech's Seismological Laboratory, becoming its second longest serving director from 1967 to 1989. He was married to Nancy Ruth Anderson, had two children, Lynn Anderson Rodriguez and Lee Weston Anderson, and four granddaughters.

Anderson began his scientific career while serving in the U.S. Air Force. In Greenland, he studied the properties of sea ice. Anderson was charged with determining whether the ice was strong enough to withstand the landing of heavy aircraft. In working with his colleague, Dr. Wilford Weeks, on scientific papers resulting from the research, it became clear to Anderson that he needed more education. He chose to attend Caltech in geophysics. Anderson's thesis focused on the anisotropic, or directionally dependent, properties of the mantle. It analyzed wave propagation in layered complex media. Prior to Anderson's work, seismologists had assumed that the Earth's interior behaved like glass, and was isotropic. After completing his Ph.D. in 1962, Anderson joined the faculty at Caltech and moved on to other areas of study, writing papers on the composition, physical state, and origin of the Earth as well as other planets. Much later in his career, he returned to the effects of anisotropy and partial melting and the presence of fluids in the upper mantle. He and his colleagues developed methods for taking into account anisotropy and the non-elastic behavior of seismic waves to explain how the Earth works. The technical terms for the subjects of his studies are anharmonicity, asphericity, anelasticity, as well as anisotrophy. In other words, the Earth is not an ideal, elastic sphere.

During his more than 50-year career, Anderson published papers on the composition and origin of the Moon, Venus and Mars as well as Earth. He was a principal investigator on the Viking mission to Mars in 1971.  Anderson and his collaborators investigated the relations between the behavior of mantle rock under high pressures and temperatures, phase transformations of mantle minerals, and the generation of earthquakes. They contributed significantly to the understanding of tectonic plate motions by mapping convection currents in the Earth's mantle using seismological methods. These studies led to the development of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM), which provides standard values for Earth's important properties, including seismic velocities, density, pressure, attenuation, and anisotropy as a function of planetary radius and wavelength. PREM is now the standard reference model for the Earth. This work was cited when Anderson, along with his colleague Adam Dziewonski of Harvard University, were awarded the Crafoord Prize in 1998 in Sweden.

By taking into account the physics and thermodynamics of Earth materials under the high temperature and pressure conditions in the deep interior, Anderson developed theories that depart from mainstream scientific speculations. In particular, Anderson showed that the standard geochemical and evolutionary models for the Earth are flawed because they violate the laws of thermodynamics in ways that would make Earth behave as a perpetual motion machine. Anderson likened these models to Rudyard Kipling's "Just-So Stories," and pointed out that these theories are perpetuated when countervailing evidence is explained away as anomalies or paradoxes. Anderson's models are based on physics and thermodynamics as well as geophysics, and stand up to observations and evidence-based tests.

Anderson developed an alternative model of the mineralogical and isotopic composition of the mantle. The Earth had a high-temperature origin and has been chemically stratified since it accreted 4.5 billion years ago. Conventional scientific wisdom is that the entire mantle is largely made up of olivine-dominated peridotite, some of it primordial material. Anderson, on the other hand, showed that the mid-mantle is composed of piclogite, a pyroxene and garnet-rick rock. Counter to prevailing scientific views, Anderson argued that the deeper layers of the mantle are dense and refractory and unable to rise to the surface or to produce basalts. Anderson suggested that all basalts are produced in the upper mantle. These ideas evolved from the integration of geochemistry, petrology, seismology, and thermodynamics, while standard models are based only on one or two of these disciplines and many assumptions.

Anderson also challenged traditional scientific views on how volcanoes are formed, particularly, the theory of convective mantle plumes in the Earth, as proposed by W. Jason Morgan, Anderson argued that the so-called mantle plume hypothesis is invalid and that hotspots and oceanic islands such as Hawaii or Iceland are, instead, the normal products of plate tectonics. While many geochemists believe that volcanoes stem from narrow plumes coming up from just above the Earth's core, Anderson showed that they can be explained entirely by chemical and mineralogical anomalies in the upper mantle. Moreover, Anderson pointed out that all demonstrations of the mantle plume hypothesis violate the basic laws of thermodynamics because they rely on a constant supply of heat coming from the deep Earth or even from outside the Earth. Anderson, on the other hand, accepted the classical view that the Earth's interior is cooling and that volcanoes simply tap a layer of melted rock that exists in the upper mantle, or outer shell of the Earth. It is through the movement of the plates that the magma is allowed to reach the surface through fracture zones, rifts, volcanoes and so-called hot spots. Anderson also considered that plate tectonics is a natural result of a planet being cooled from above.

Although his work was based on seismology, classical physics and thermodynamics as well as his knowledge of the Earth's interior, Anderson's theories are considered to be controversial because they depart from the prevailing ideas developed by the geochemical community and which are widely cited in influential publications such as Nature and Science. An active website, mantleplumes.org, is devoted to the challenge by Anderson and his colleagues to standard, or text-book explanations of volcanoes and Earth dynamics. Anderson's multidisciplinary approach, combined with his expertise in geophysics, geochemistry, solid-state physics, and thermodynamics, enabled him to explain the evolution and structure of the Earth in ways that challenge accepted ideas of his time. Colleague Seth Stein of Northwestern University said of Anderson's New Theory of the Earth: "An old adage says that there are no true students of the Earth because we dig our small holes and sit in them. This book is a striking counter example that synthesizes a broad range of topics dealing with the planet's structure, evolution, and dynamics. Even readers who disagree with some of the arguments will find them insightful and stimulating."

Anderson died in Cambria, California on December 2, 2014 from cancer, at the age of 81.

Technical details
 Showed that anisotropy and anelasticity were important in the propagation of seismic waves in the Earth.
 Introduced frequency dependent and polarization effects into modern seismology. This made it possible to resolve discrepancies between various types of seismic data (body waves, normal models; Rayleigh-Love wave discrepancy) and to combine all types of data into a single inversion.
 Developed theory for frequency dependence of both wavespeeds and anelasticity (Q) and applied this to the mantle and core (Absorption Band Model).
 Developed methods for inverting surface waves for anisotropic structures (Universal Dispersion Curves).
 Showed (with Minster) how microphysics could explain how short period phenomena could be related to long term rheology.
 With Nataf, Nakanishi, Tanimoto, Montagner, Regan developed first 3D structures of the anisotropic mantle.

Awards and honors
 James B. Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union (1966)
 Apollo Achievement Award of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1969
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1972)
 Newcomb Cleveland Prize of the  American Association for the Advancement of Science (1977) (Viking Mission Scientists)
 NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal (1977)
 Member of the National Academy of Sciences (1982)
 Honorary Foreign Fellow of the European Union of Geosciences (1985)
 Emil Wiechert Medal of the German Geophysical Society (1986)
 Arthur L. Day Medal of the Geological Society of America (1987)
 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1988)
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1988)
 Member of the American Philosophical Society (1990)
 William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union (1991)
 Guggenheim Fellow (1998)
 Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science (1998 with Dziewonski)
 National Medal of Science (1998)
 Honorary doctorates from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and University of Paris (Sorbonne)

Important publications
 A. M. Dziewonski; D. L. Anderson. (1981). Preliminary reference Earth model; Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25, S.297–356.
 D. L. Anderson. (2007). New Theory of the Earth; Cambridge University Press, New York.
 D. L. Anderson. (1989). Theory of the Earth; Blackwell Scientific Publications.
 Don L. Anderson and James H. Natland. (2014) Mantle updrafts and mechanisms of oceanic volcanism; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  vol. 111 no. 41. .
 D. L. Anderson. (2013). The persistent mantle plume myth - Do plumes exist?; Australian Journal of Earth Sciences: and James H. Natland.
 Anderson, Don L. (2011). Hawaii, Boundary Layers and Ambient Mantle - Geophysical Constraints, J. Petrol., 52, 1547–1577; .
 G. R. Foulger, D. L. Anderson. (2005). A cool model for the Iceland hotspot; Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 141.
 Anderson, D. L. (2005). Self-gravity, self-consistency, and self-organization in geodynamics and geochemistry, in Earth's Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition, and Evolution, Eds. R.D. van der Hilst, J. Bass, J. Matas & J. Trampert, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 160, 165–186.
 Anderson, D. L. (2005). Scoring hotspots: The plume and plate paradigms, in Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Presnall, D.C., and Anderson, D.L., eds., Plates, plumes, and paradigms: Geological Society of America Special Paper 388, p. 31–54.
 Anderson, Don L. and Natland, J. H. (2005). A brief history of the plume hypothesis and its competitors: Concept and controversy, in Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Presnall, D.C., and Anderson, D.L., eds., Plates, Plumes, & Paradigms, : GSA Special Paper 388, p. 119-145.
 Meibom, A. and Anderson, D. L. (2003). The Statistical Upper Mantle Assemblage, Earth Planet Science Letters, 217, pp. 123–139.
 Wen, L., and Anderson, Don L. (1997). Layered mantle convection: A model for geoid and topography, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 146, p. 367-377.
 Anderson, Don L. (1995). Lithosphere, asthenosphere and perisphere, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 125-149.
 Anderson, Don L.; Zhang, Y.-S.; Tanimoto, T. (1992). Plume heads, continental lithosphere, flood basalts and tomography, in: Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, B. C. Storey, T. Alabaster and R. J. Pankhurst, eds., Geological Society Special Publication, No. 68.
 Anderson, Don L.; Tanimoto, T.; and Zhang,Y.-S. (1992). Plate tectonics and hotspots: The third dimension, Science, v. 256, p. 1645-1650.
 Scrivner, C. and Anderson, Don L. (1992). The effect of post Pangea subduction on global mantle tomography and convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 19, no. 10, p. 1053-1056.
 Anderson, Don L. (1989). Where on Earth is the Crust?, Physics Today, March, p. 38-46.
 Anderson, Don L. (1987). A Seismic Equation of State II. Shear Properties and Thermodynamics of the Lower Mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors, v. 45, p. 307-323.
 Anderson, Don L. (1985). Hotspot magmas can form by fractionation and contamination of MORB, Nature, v. 318, p. 145-149.
 Tanimoto, T., and Anderson, Don L. (1985). Lateral heterogeneity and azimuthal anisotropy of the upper mantle: Love and Rayleigh waves 100-250 sec, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 90, p. 1842-1858.
 Anderson, Don L. (1986). Earth sciences & public policy, Geotimes, v. 31, no. 10, p. 5.
 Nataf, H.-C.; Nakanishi, I.; and Anderson, Don L. (1986). Measurements of Mantle Wave Velocities and Inversion for Lateral Heterogeneities and Anisotropy, Part III: Inversion, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 91, no. B7, p. 7261-7307.
 Anderson, Don L. (1984). The Earth as a planet: paradigms and paradoxes, Science, v. 223, no. 4634, p. 347-355. 178.
 Anderson, Don L. (1982). Hotspots, polar wander, mesozoic convection, and the geoid, Nature, v. 297, no. 5865, p. 391-393.
 Anderson, Don L.; and Given, J. W. (1982). Absorption band Q model for the Earth, Jour. Geophys. Res., v. 87, no. B5, p. 3893-3904.

See also
List of geophysicists

References

External links
Anderson's webpage at Caltech
Thorne Lay, "Don L. Anderson", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)

1933 births
2014 deaths
American geophysicists
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
National Medal of Science laureates
People from Frederick, Maryland
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni

Don L. Anderson


Yeson Entertainment (alternatively spelled Yaeson) is a Seoul based South Korean animation studio founded in 1993.

Compare Hanho Heung-Up, Saerom, Rough Draft Studios, and AKOM, other South Korean animation studios.

Shows worked on by Yeson Entertainment:

 Allen Gregory
 The Awesomes ("No Mo' Sumo" only; the other episodes were done in-house)
 Baby Looney Tunes
 Baby Looney Tunes: An Eggs-traordinary Adventure (with Yearim Productions, opening titles by Wang Film Productions)
 Bob's Burgers (starting in season 2)
 Brickleberry (two episodes: "Ranger Games", "Scared Straight")
 Caillou (Seasons two and three)
 Cartoon Cartoon short: "Major Flake"
 ChalkZone (Season four only with Wang Film Productions and Toonzone Entertainment)
 Class of 3000 (11 episodes)
 Clifford's Puppy Days (season 1 with Sunwoo Entertainment; season 2 solo)
 Dilbert (11 episodes)  (Rough Draft Studios and AKOM did other episodes)
 Duck Dodgers (14 episodes) ; Big Star and Yearim Productions worked on others.
 Ed, Edd n Eddy
 The Fairly OddParents! (seasons 1-10a)
 Family Guy (seasons 2-6) (30 episodes)
 Fat Albert (Animation cleanup services)
 The Goode Family (8 episodes)
 Beavis and Butt-Head (seasons 13-14) (33 episodes)
 Harvey Beaks
 Jumanji (15 episodes)
 King of the Hill (starting in the third season) (100 episodes)
 Maya & Miguel (alternating with Starburst Animation)
 The Mighty B! (22 shorts)
 Oh Yeah! Cartoons (among other companies)
 Pig Goat Banana Cricket (21 episodes)
 Random! Cartoons
 The Ren & Stimpy Show (seasons 4 and 5) (Ink and paint)
 Sammy (alternating with Rough Draft Studios)
 Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?
 T.U.F.F. Puppy

1992 establishments in Asia
Animation studios in Asia

Yeson Entertainment


Source Lake is a small lake in geographic Canisbay and Peck townships in the Unorganized South part of Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies in southern Algonquin Provincial Park and is part of the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin. The river is the source of the Madawaska River, which flows via the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River.

Camp Pathfinder, a boys' summer camp, is located on Source Lake.

See also
List of lakes in Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Lakes of Nipissing District

Source Lake (Nipissing District)


U.S. tax accounting refers to accounting for tax purposes in the United States. Unlike most countries, the United States has a comprehensive set of accounting principles for tax purposes, prescribed by tax law, which are separate and distinct from Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.

Basic rules

The Internal Revenue Code governs the application of tax accounting.  Section 446 sets the basic rules for tax accounting. Tax accounting under section 446(a) emphasizes consistency for a tax accounting method with references to the applied financial accounting to determine the proper method. The taxpayer must choose a tax accounting method using the taxpayer's financial accounting method as a reference point.

Types of tax accounting methods

Proper accounting methods are described in section 446(c)(1) to (4) which permits cash, accrual, and other methods approved by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) including combinations.

After choosing a tax accounting method, under section 446(b) the IRS has wide discretion to re-compute the taxable income of the taxpayer by changing the accounting method to be used by the taxpayer in order to clearly reflect the taxpayer's income.

If the taxpayer engages in more than one business, the taxpayer may use a different method for each business according to section 446(d).

Tax accounting method changes
If the taxpayer wants to change a tax accounting method, section 446 of the Internal Revenue Code requires the taxpayer to obtain the consent of the Internal Revenue Service. There are two kinds of changes: obtaining a letter of approval from the IRS, and obtaining a series of more routine changes, each of which is an automatic change. To get the automatic change, the taxpayer must fill out a form and return it to the IRS.

The taxpayer can adopt another method if the taxpayer files a tax return using that method for two consecutive years. This is different from changing a tax accounting method under the release of the IRS because, in the case of adopting another method, the IRS may assess fines and reallocate taxable income. If the taxpayer wants to return to the previous method, the taxpayer must ask for permission from the IRS, following the 446(e) procedure.

If the taxpayer fails to request a change of method of accounting then, according to section 446(f), the taxpayer does so at his or her own peril by exposure to penalties.

Comparison with other countries
In many other countries, the profit for tax purposes is the accounting profit defined by GAAP (coined the term "book profit" by the 18th century scholar Sean Freidel), with such additional adjustments to book profit as are prescribed by tax law. In other words, GAAP determines the taxable profits, except where a tax rule determines otherwise. Such adjustments typically include depreciation and expenses which for policy reasons are not deductible for tax purposes, such as entertaining costs and fines.

But the U.S. is not the only jurisdiction in which there is a wide divergence between tax and financial accounting. Hugh Ault and Brian Arnold, in their book "Comparative Income Taxation", have observed that in The Netherlands, where financial accounting is known as "commercial accounting", there is a substantial divergence between those and the tax books.

"[D]ifferences between tax and commercial accounting rules arise where the tax instrument is employed to pursue economic, social and cultural purposes," write Ault and Arnold.

See also
 Accounting
 Financial accounting
 Accounting period
 All-events test
 Corporate tax in the United States
 CPA Magazine

Accounting in the United States
Taxation in the United States
Tax accounting
Types of accounting

Tax accounting in the United States


The Reggiane Re.2005  (, Sagittarius) was an Italian monoplane fighter and fighter-bomber produced for the Regia Aeronautica during the later years of World War II. Along with the Macchi C.202/C.205 and Fiat G.55, the Reggiane Re.2005 was one of the three Serie 5 Italian fighters. The lines of the fuselage were aerodynamically efficient, and the design was intended to exploit the famous Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine. The only drawback was a certain structural weakness in the rear section of the fuselage. Only 48 examples had been delivered before the Armistice, and these fighters took part in the defence of Naples, Rome and Sicily, with the survivors battling above the crumbling ruins of Berlin, in German insignia. British ace and military observer, Group Captain Duncan Smith, DSO DFC, said that "The Re.2005 was altogether a superb, potent aeroplane".

Design and development
The Reggiane 2005 was the last of the Reggiane aircraft line to be built during World War II. The project which started in 1941 was carried out by a team led by Roberto Longhi with the designers Alessio, Maraschini, Toniolo and Pozzi. Preliminary work was completed before the end of the year despite being a new project and not the development of an existing design such as the Reggiane Re.2002. The DB 605 engine was waiting to be delivered when the airframe was ready in February 1942. The new machine was not only rated as one of the best Axis wartime aircraft but also one of the best, if not the best-looking. Its semi-elliptical wings, long nose and large tail were all distinctive features of this small, nimble fighter.

The prototype MM.494 first flew 9 May 1942 but, the day after, a heavy landing led to an undercarriage failure which caused serious damage, and the aircraft was grounded until June (MM.494 was damaged twice more in tests). This prototype had four Breda 12.7 mm machine guns and one Mauser cannon and was primarily used for testing and then for the aerial defense of Naples. After a fierce competition, in which the C.205N was quickly abandoned and the G.55 was considered better from a production point of view (being only marginally inferior as a fighter but much easier to mass produce), the Regia Aeronautica ordered the production of 750 Re.2005 aircraft, an optimistic figure in wartime Italy.

Technical design

The Re.2005 was a low-wing, single-engine, single-seat fighter monoplane, made of light alloys. Propulsion was by a  Daimler Benz DB.605A-1 engine, either of original German production or built by Fiat as the RA.1050 RC.58 Tifone (Typhoon). The aircraft had a right-handed, three-bladed Piaggio P.2001 constant speed, mechanically controlled, variable-pitch metal propeller. The streamlined but tiny fuselage was almost totally dominated by the DB 605 engine with little room for fuel storage. The fuselage-mounted MG 151/20 cannon had less ammunition than those mounted in the wings (150 rounds versus 170 rounds in the wing gun bays from the second prototype on). The comparable Fiat G.55 had 250 rounds for the fuselage gun but also 600 for a 12.7 mm machine gun. The smaller Re.2005 also carried 100 fewer 20 mm but 100 more 12.7 mm rounds, a lighter armament array.

The aft fuselage was unusually small, even by Italian standards and contained the radio equipment, oxygen bottles and supported the relatively large fin. The cockpit was covered by a canopy which tilted to the right for access and had an armoured 50 mm glass windscreen. Other protection included a seat with -thick steel shell weighing . The seat provided little protection against 12.7 mm rounds which were capable of piercing even  at short distances but the armour was tempered, giving more protection than homogeneous steel.  Given the heavy weight of a thick steel plate, every attempt was made to make the steel alloy used stronger and a headrest was attached to bulkhead six.

The sophisticated wing design, often described as elliptical, was semi-elliptical, with wing thickness tapering from 15 percent at the root to 8 percent at the tip. The structure of the three spars incorporated a "T" section. The triangular-shaped wing and tail control surfaces were mostly fabric-covered, included all-metal two-part split flaps and statically balanced ailerons. Fuel was carried in four self-sealing wing tanks, two forward and two behind, providing a capacity of . The wide-track undercarriage retracted outwards into the wings and the tailwheel was fully retractable. The Re.2005 was the only Italian aircraft of the war to have hydraulically activated flaps. The Re.2005 was one of the most advanced Italian fighters but it was also too advanced to be made by the Italian industry and one of the most expensive, if not the most expensive to produce. The complexity of the Re.2005 design and small dimensions led to the Fiat G.55, being evaluated as a superior choice for mass production.

Operational history

The first pilot to use the Re. 2005 in action was Maggiore Vittorio Minguzzi, commander of 22° Gruppo. The unit was based  at Napoli-Capodichino airfield for the defense of the city. Minguzzi received the prototype of the Re.2005 (MM.494)—after flight test evaluations in Guidonia—and  made the first flight with this aircraft on 7 March 1943. He and the most able pilots in the Gruppo flew this prototype until 23 March and they all had a very favourable and enthusiastic impression of it. He then took it to Napoli-Capodichino where it was incorporated into 362a Squadriglia. This unit—commanded by Capitano Germano La Ferla—was the first to be equipped with the Re.2005.

Minguzzi scrambled for the first time in the Sagittario on 24 March, when Naples was attacked and on 2 April he claimed a four-engined B-24 Liberator bomber over the Isle of Ischia. This claim is not verified against corresponding USAAF losses. Italian ace Vittorio Minguzzi was impressed by this aircraft following its tests and combat debut on 2 April 1943. He wrote:

The aircraft is in ideal flying conditions at an altitude of  and can make repeated attacks on American heavy bombers in all positions and from all directions...  I can therefore say that the speed and handling qualities are excellent even at  and that compared to the Macchi 202, the Sagittario made two attacks in the time required by the Macchi C.202 for a single pass.

This statement provides a realistic comparison between the two aircraft: in theoretical speed, the Macchi C.202 was only  slower but the Re.2005 with the DB-605 engine and larger wing, provided a substantial improvement in performance at high altitude (the difference was less marked at medium-to-low altitudes, as the comparison with the C.205V showed). During April, 362a Squadriglia received three more Re.2005s from the 0-serie but the number of Re.2005s in the 22° Gruppo never exceeded eight.

The first confirmed air victories came on 28 April, when four Re.2005s from 22° Gruppo scrambled (with C.202s and one Dewoitine D.520) from Capodichino to intercept a formation of 30 B-24s Liberators, escorted by 30 fighters heading for Naples. The Re.2005s were flown by Maggiore Minguzzi, Capitano La Ferla, Tenente Giulio Torresi and Sergente Donati. The 22o Gruppo claimed one B-24 (by Minguzzi) and four probables (one was later confirmed by ground observer and credited to Donati). Ten more were claimed as shared damaged by the whole Gruppo.

More aircraft arrived at 362a Squadriglia and in the following weeks, this unit displayed a lot more potency than C.202 units, claiming several bombers for the loss of a pair of Re.2005s. By 25 June 1943, Reggiane Re.2005 pilots claimed a total of seven B-24s and many others damaged but losses claimed seldom matched true losses. (See for example the passage in the entry for Macchi C.205 describing the Battle of Capo Pula on 2 August, when none of the 12 P-38 Lightnings claimed were lost by the USAAF, whereas the Americans claimed three or four victories over the Axis fighters with no losses. Later records showed that only a Catalina and a C.202 were shot down.) At least one Reggiane, MM.092343 of Lt. Moresi, was shot down.

On 2 July 1943, 362a was sent to Sicily to face the imminent invasion and were involved in combat with Spitfires, claiming five shot down from 11 to 14 July (two were confirmed kills: a reconnaissance Spitfire and another downed in a strafing attack over Comiso). Spitfires were formidable opponents (even if many were only Mk Vs), with two Re.2005s destroyed on 11 July and the rest bombed or strafed on the ground. Only two aircraft returned to Sicily.

Ten more fighters joined 362a but when one was damaged in a steep dive on 21 August 1943, some concern was raised. On 25 August, MM.092356 (Lt Dario Signorini bailed out) was lost during another dive and so further flights were discontinued. It was discovered that at speeds over  TAS, every manoeuvre could adversely affect the flight control in the tail and then cause damage to the fuselage from flutter. Re.2005 pilots were forbidden from attaining very high speeds (VNE ) but by then, operations were winding down as the Armistice was taking effect. In July 1943 trials, Cmdr. de Prato achieved a speed of  in a dive with no loss of control and experienced no flutter.

The production Fiat R.A. 1050 Tifone engines, licensed produced DB 605s, were limited to 2,650 rpm instead of the usual 2,800 rpm with a corresponding drop in power from . The MM.494 prototype fitted with a DB 605 had a recorded speed of  when flown fully equipped but this speed was attained by levelling the aircraft after a dive. The official maximum speed was  at an altitude of . The Re.2005 had good handling in dogfights and according to General Minguzzi, who flew both the Re.2005 and the Spitfire, the Re. 2005 was even better than the Spitfire in tight turns and handling..

One of the few examples of combat reports, dated 11 July 1943, seems to contradict Minguzzi's statement, when together with other Italian fighters, Eugenio Salvi's Re.2005 fought against Spitfires over Sicily. A Spitfire Mk V latched onto the tail of Salvi's Re.2005. Salvi tried all the tricks he knew: dives, tight turns and climbs but the Spitfire remained steadily attached to his tail following every move and then opened fire. Salvi's Re.2005 was struck by many bullets and Salvi was sure he was going to be killed when the Spitfire just as suddenly vanished, possibly out of ammunition. Fuel levels and pilots skill probably were the deciding factor in this incident.

On 25 August de Prato carried out test dives at Guidonia. He then flew the aircraft back to Reggio Emilia where three more dives were made on 27, 29 and 31 August. According to De Prato's account, the tests concluded that the "shaking" began at  true air speed and that they were caused by inadequate dynamic balancing of the empennage, the balance likely lost during full excursion rudder maneuvers performed during dives. After correcting the balancing, de Prato dived the aircraft to  TAS convincing himself that the structure of the Re.2005 was fully capable of high g maneuvers. De Prato wrote, "Our pilots were used to small rudder control surfaces, such those of Macchis and Messerschmitts; with such aircraft full excursion rudder movements were not a problem".

With the armistice on 8 September 1943, some of the few surviving Re.2005s were destroyed by their pilots to prevent them from falling into German hands. Six aircraft were used as trainers by the Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana (ANR) (the air force of the German allied Italian Social Republic). About thirteen Re.2005s were seized by Germany and some sources have these aircraft in use during late 1943 by the Luftwaffe for air defense against Allied bombing raids over Berlin; others believe that the Re.2005s were used by the Germans in Romania as interceptors over the Ploiești oil fields. Other research indicates that the aircraft probably never left Italy; on 18 March 1944, three aircraft of the Luftdienst Kommando Italien (M.M.096100, 096106, 096110) were severely damaged at Maniago by a U.S. air raid, while at least three others suffered accidents at Maniago (096108: 16 March 1944, 096100: 1 June 1944) and Airasca (19 April 1944) and were returned to Reggiane for repairs. As late as 31 July 1944, five Re.2005 were listed in service with the Flieger Ziel Staffel 20, which operated them from June to December 1944.

The Re.2005 climbed almost as well as the Bf 109G-14 and turned almost as well as the Spitfire Mk IX, having a turn radius of  without full flaps and  with full flap. German tests at the Rechlin test center concluded that the aircraft "curved well, rolled like the Bf 109 G-4 with rudder forces a little less".

Grp Cpt. Duncan Smith, DSO, DFC, a British fighter pilot and fighter leader of World War II, greatly respected the Re.2005:

It seems that one of the two Reggiane that had returned to Sicily was captured by the United States Army Air Forces and sent to the US. Little is known of this aircraft, which vanished after the war. While German and some Japanese aircraft were extensively tested, the few captured Italian aircraft (another extant example is a captured Macchi C.202) were not known to be tested, so detailed information about them and their flight characteristics is scarce. Sweden was interested in the Re.2005 (already producing the DB-605 under licence) but the order for 50 airframes was never finalized. Total production included two prototypes used as preproduction aircraft which later saw combat service, 48 series production, three prototypes sent to the Luftwaffe for evaluation and one evaluation aircraft at the factory.

Concepts and advanced projects

A request by the German Ministry of Aviation led to one Re.2005 (MM.495), known as the Reggiane Re.2005 "LW", to be modified to German standards for tests in late July 1943. It was evaluated first in Guidonia and later at the Rechlin airfield. Tests revealed improved performances with speeds of up to  with the FIAT engine and more than  with the DB engine in level flight, without using war emergency power.

A prototype of the follow-on Re.2006 was almost completed before September 1943 but not flown. It was to use the DB 603 engine with  and had an estimated maximum speed of . Only the G.56 was flown with this engine. A twin-fuselage version and a motorjet variant, the R.2005R were considered. On the R.2005R, speed could have been increased to  but fuel consumption would have reached nearly , almost four times the normal consumption of the Re.2005, at full throttle. This aircraft project was not considered as a serious alternative to the Re.2006.

Operators

 Luftwaffe operated captured aircraft.

 Regia Aeronautica

 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana

Specifications

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Alegi, Gregory. Ali d'Italia 16: Reggiane Re 2005(in Italian/English). Turin, Italy: La Bancarella Aeronautica, 2001. ISBN unknown.
 Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World Aircraft: World War II, Volume I (Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978.
 Brindley, John F. "Caproni Reggiane Re 2001 Falco II, Re 2002 Ariete & Re 2005 Sagittario". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 13. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile publications Ltd., 1973, pp. 217–241. .
 Di Terlizzi, Maurizio. Reggiane Re 2005 Sagittario, Aviolibri 4 (in Italian). Rome, Italy: IBN Editore, 2001. .
 Govi, S. Dal Re.2002 al Re.2005 (in Italian). Milan, Italy: Giorgio Apostolo Editore (GAE), 1984.

 Matricardi, Paolo. Aerei militari: Caccia e Ricognitori Volume 1(in Italian). Milano Mondadori Electa, 2006.
 Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Bounty Books, 2006. .
 Punka, George. Reggiane Fighters in Action, Aircraft number 177. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2001. .
 Sgarlato, Nico. "Reggiane: i Caccia Italiani più Belli  ("Reggiane: the Best Looking Italian Fighters) (in Italian)." I Grandi Aerei Storici, N. 17, July 2005. Delta Editrice. . Note: This source includes all the Reggiane fighters, included projected versions.
 Smith, G/C Duncan, W.G.G., DSO DFC RAF(Ret). Spitfire into Battle. Feltham, Middlesex, UK: Hamlyn Paperbacks, 1981. .
 Taylor, John W. R. "Reggiane Re.2005 Sagittario (Archer)". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .

Reggiane aircraft
World War II Italian fighter aircraft
1940s Italian fighter aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1942

Reggiane Re.2005 Sagittario


Across the Line: The Exodus of Charlie Wright is a 2010 crime thriller film directed by R. Ellis Frazier and starring Aidan Quinn. Filming took place in Los Angeles, California and Tijuana, Mexico. The film follows a banker (Quinn) who escapes the U.S. with billions after he is revealed to be a fraud, as well as the authorities and mercenaries tracking him down.

Plot
Charlie Wright's (Aidan Quinn) business empire is revealed to be a Ponzi scheme, having taken as much as eleven billion from his clients. Leaving his office after hearing about his punishment, Wright is intercepted by FBI Agent Hobbs (Mario Van Peebles), who is unable to arrest Wright as at the moment there is not a warrant. Stalling time, Hobbs gets his warrant and Hobbs' partner Jimmy (Jordan Belfi) intercepts Wright as he pulls out of the office garage. Looking inside the car, Hobbs is dismayed to find that Wright is gone. The ensuing investigation leaves few clues as to where Wright fled.

As it turns out, Charlie fled to Tijuana, Mexico, looking for a woman he abandoned two decades ago. From Mary (Claudia Ferri) he learns that the woman died years ago, but she had a daughter, named Isabel. As he searches, Jimmy, on vacation in Tijuana, is shocked to see Charlie. Hobbs is disbelieving at first, but travels to meet Jimmy anyway. Wright searches for Isabel, but finds that she has left the country illegally.

Russian Mob Members Letvinko (Elya Baskin) and Borlec (Raymond J. Barry) hire mercenary Damon (Luke Goss) to go after Wright and the money he stole from the mob. Damon is given a team (Gary Daniels, Geoffrey Ross, and Bokeem Woodbine) to tail Wright with. Simultaneously, Mexican drug lord Jorge Garza (Andy Garcia), deeply indebted, kidnaps Charlie and offers protection in exchange for some of his money. Garza's son Gabriel (Danny Pino) intends to keep their hostage overnight, but is attacked by Damon's team. In the battle Charlie escapes.

Charlie calls Hobbs and says he wishes to return to the U.S. The Garza's track him down and Damon's team follows. They all find Wright at a market, but before they can kidnap him Hobbs shows up and takes Charlie into his custody, and the mercenaries reluctantly leave. In a voiceover letter to Isabel, Wright discusses how he views his life as a failure. Gabriel breaks the news to a distraught Jorge, who leaves the empire in Gabriel's hands as the men he is in debt to take him away. Hobbs, keeping Wright in his car, tells Wright that he found out Wright had at most six months to live as cancer had spread through Charlie's body. Hobbs allows Wright to leave and Wright gives him the details of a bank account, presumably with the money Charlie stole.

The voiceover ends as Charlie sits at a beach, at some level of peace with himself.

Cast
Target
 Aidan Quinn as Charlie Wright: A U.S. banker who scams billions and flees to Tijuana

FBI
 Mario Van Peebles as Agent Hobbs: A relentless Agent chasing Wright
 Jordan Belfi as Jimmy: Hobb's partner
 Corbin Bernsen as FBI Director Hill: Furious with Hobbs and demanding a quick resolution to the conflict

Mercenaries
 Luke Goss as Damon: Hired by the Russian Mob to go after Charlie Wright
 Gary Daniels as Michaels: The leader of a mercenary team in Tijuana, hired by Damon
 Bokeem Woodbine as Miller: A member of Michaels' team
 Geoffrey Ross as Baines: A member of Michaels' team

Gangsters
 Raymond J. Barry as Borlec: The Russian Mobster who hires Damon
 Elya Baskin as Letvinko: Hires Damon with Borlec
 Andy Garcia as Jorge Garza: A Mexican gangster who promises protection for Wright in exchange for money
 Danny Pino as Gabriel Garza: Jorge's brother
 Gina Gershon as Mariel Garza: Jorge's wife

Others
 Claudia Ferri as Mary: A prostitute who knows the woman Charlie is looking for

Reception
A reviewer for the Courier-Post criticized the film, as they felt that it was "overburdened with unsavory characters". DVD Talk was similarly critical, writing "Little asides, including various appearances from an age-reducing facial cream all the women in the film lust after, lead me to believe "Across the Line" was a phone book script reduced to a Christmas list of ideas before shooting. Depth is lacking, along with a rich sense of purpose." The film also received a review from TV Guide.

References

External links

American action thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010 action thriller films
2010 films
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Tijuana
Films set in Tijuana
2010s American films


Velle Kadalipp (born 25 March 1963 in Viljandi) is an Estonian architect.

From 1981 Kadalipp studied in the State Art Institute of Estonian SSR in the department of architecture. He graduated from the institute in 1986.

From 1986 to 1993 Velle Kadalipp worked in the state design office . From 1993 to 1997 he worked in the architectural bureau Entec AS. Between 1997 and 1999 Velle Kadalipp worked as a freelance architect. Since 1999 Velle Kadalipp has worked in the JVR OÜ Architectural Bureau.

Velle Kadalipp is a member of Union of Estonian Architects.

Works
planning for the Kehtna Parish, 1994
planning for the city of Kilingi-Nõmme, 1996
reconstruction of Türi street 10, 1999 (with Kalle Vellevoog)
detail planning of Seedri and Remmelga street in Pärnu, 2000 (with Kalle Vellevoog)
apartment building on Kaupmehe street, 2004 (with Kalle Vellevoog)
apartment buildings on Pähkli street, 2005 (with Kalle Vellevoog)
apartment building on Tatari street, 2005 (with Kalle Vellevoog)
apartment building on Luige street, 2005 (with Kalle Vellevoog)
office and apartment building in Jõhvi, 2006 (with Kalle Vellevoog)

Competitions
Library in Jõhvi, 1990 (with Ilmar Jalas, Kalle Vellevoog); 1. prize
Dormitory of the Tartu University, 2000 (with Ilmar Jalas, Kalle Vellevoog, Enn Rajasaar); purchase
apartment building on Kaupmehe street, 2001 (with Kalle Vellevoog, Ott Kadarik, Enn Rajasaar); 1 prize
extension of the Pärnu Old Town Secondary School, 2001; 3. prize
Spa in Kuressaare, 2002 (kaasautor Kalle Vellevoog); 2. prize

References
Union of Estonian Architects, members, Velle Kadalipp
Architectural Burea JVR OÜ, employees
Inga Raukas: Has everything been sold? Residence, Kaupmehe st, Tallinn, MAJA (Estonian Architectural Review) 1-2005
Tuuli Köller: Maarjamäe – simple solutions to complicated life, MAJA (Estonian Architectural Review) 3-2005

Estonian architects
1963 births
Living people
People from Viljandi

Velle Kadalipp


Iain Maclean (born 1965) is a Scottish basketball coach. He was the head coach of the Scotland men's national team and the Glasgow Storm club. He is also known for his time as a player for teams in both Scotland and Great Britain.
Maclean is also head coach of the Scotland Men's Universities basketball team which won the BUSA Home Nations Basketball title in April 2007.
Maclean played NCAA Division I college basketball at Northern Arizona University and played professionally with the former MIM Livingston team and the Scottish Rocks in the British Basketball League. He also coached the Scottish Rocks during the 2001–02 season after Greg Lockridge was fired.

Career history
2001–02  St Mirren (player/coach)
1998–2001  Scottish Rocks
1987–98  Midlothian/Livingston Bulls
1984–86  Paisley

Trivia
Scottish Rocks retired the number 13 jersey in honour of Maclean.

See also
Scottish Rocks

External links
 Fact File: Iain Maclean
 Maclean named Head Coach of Scotland Senior Men
 MacLean names first squad
 Scotland take BUSA Home Nations Basketball title

Living people
1965 births
Glasgow Rocks players
Scottish men's basketball players
Scottish basketball coaches

Iain MacLean (basketball)


Professor Edward George Sydney Paige FRS (18 July 1930 – 20 February 2004), known as Ted Paige, was a British physicist and engineer. His main areas of research were semiconductor devices to improve radar, including work on surface acoustic waves, and optical techniques using programmable phase plates.

Early life and education
Paige was an only child born and raised in Northiam, Sussex, where he developed a lifelong interest in ornithology. Paige was raised in "a  thatched  cottage, reputedly of sixteenth-century vintage, in Northiam, a village on the border between Kent and East Sussex." Paige's father, in keeping with family tradition, worked  for the railroad, serving the stationmaster at the town's railway station. The family did not have running water until Paige was five years old, and did not have electricity until some time later. His parents "were encouraging and supportive but…had little contact with the world of learning or with intellectual pursuits." An only child, Paige "developed a passion for bird watching, which he sustained throughout his life. He also "suffered periodically from chest complaints," and his mother later told him that the doctor had lowered his fees for the family to make treatment affordable. Paige described this as "the source of his subsequent socialist leanings."

From 1935 to 1941, Paige attended Sandhurst primary school in Kent. He went on to Rye Grammar School,  where he planned a career in the Navy. A member of the Sea Cadets, he expected to attend the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth, Devon, after leaving school. He eventually decided, however, that military regimentation did not appeal to him. He "remained throughout his life of an agnostic disposition."

It was at Rye Grammar School that he developed an interest in science. He performed experiments on his own and created explosives. It was only at the suggestion of his headmaster, who recognized his gifts, that Paige, whose family had no history of higher education, stayed on into the sixth form. At first his scientific interests were focused on biology, but when the school hired a master, Leslie Elliott, to teach physics and chemistry, Paige was attracted to those subjects. His results on the test for a Higher School Certificate earned him a County Scholarship, allowing him to proceed to Reading University to read physics.

During his undergraduate years (1949–52) Paige studied physics, chemistry and mathematics,  earning a first-class honours degree in physics. He also earned a British Association for the Advancement of Science Exhibition. While he was an undergraduate, he held a summer job in an electronics factory.

Paige proceeded to doctoral studies. His supervisor was Dr (later Sir) William Mitchell (FRS 1986). Indeed, Paige was the first doctoral student that Mitchell ever supervised. Their association developed into a decades-long collaboration and lifelong friendship. Paige's doctoral research was focused on radiation damage in quartz caused by X-rays and neutrons, and established that "optical absorption in the visible part of the spectrum was attributable to aluminium impurities." Shortly after marrying, Paige received his PhD in 1955.

Career
Given the choice of either pursuing a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Research Council in Canada or accepting a Civil Service Commission Junior Fellowship at a government-run research establishment of his choice in the UK, Paige chose the latter, ultimately choosing the Radar Research Establishment (RRE) in Malvern, where the research was focused entirely on pure science. Paige began working at that institution in 1955 with the title of Junior Research Fellow to the Deputy Chief Scientific Officer. In 1973, he was promoted to Deputy Chief Scientific Officer. In 1976, the  RRE was incorporated into the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment.

Eventually, Paige joined the RRE's Transistor Physics Division, led by Alan Gibson, where he Paige "studied the behaviour of free carriers in semiconductors."

In the late 1950s he taught classes at Birmingham University and led seminars in the Physics Department of Oxford University.

In 1966 Paige went to Copenhagen, where he spent six months as a visiting professor teaching a course on solid state plasmas.

In 1968 he became leader of a research group investigating Rayleigh waves on semiconductor surfaces. Its findings were useful in designing the radar for the RAF's Nimrod reconnaissance aircraft, and the team won the Ministry of Defence's Wolfe Award. Paige also teamed up with Dr Tom McLean, and together they wrote twenty papers on germanium.

In 1970, Paige formed a team, the UK SAW Liaison Group, that engaged in research and development into surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. Th group "flourished for most of a decade" and "was a fruitful venture, engendering good collaboration between university, industry and government groups."  The group's work resulted in many patents, publications and applications, and "the team's reputation spread internationally." The team, which included physicists Graham Marshall, Meirion Lewis, and Dennis Maines, developed SAW electronic filters, which had many applications, including mobile phones, when they later emerged. The team "developed close links with several university groups, first of all in the field of acousto-electronics. The liaisons extended to groups in France, and for some period there were regular Anglo-French consortia meetings, with the British contingent led by Paige."

In 1977 Paige became the Chair of Electrical Engineering at Oxford and a Fellow of St. John's College, titles he retained until 1997, which involved a shift in focus from physics to engineering and from research to a com bination of research and teaching. He has been described as "a brilliant teacher." In 1984, for a brief time he was acting head of the Engineering Science Department. "In the late 1970s he initiated the introduction of information technology into the department, and 10 years later he introduced optoelectronics. Both areas are flourishing." At Oxford he focused on restructuring the department and upgrading the teaching laboratories. In the 1980s he developed an interest in optoelectronics, including programmable light modulators for sub-micron lithography.

In  1986–87, he spent a sabbatical year at Stanford University, where he worked with Professor J. W. Goodman on optoelectronics. Returning to Oxford he "developed an interest in programmable light modulators, using them to develop optical techniques with potential for sub-micron lithography....A three-dimensional image system for use as a head-mounted display also followed from his work."

By the early 1990s he "was opening up an important new field using a ferroelectric spatial light modulator (SLM) in a novel phase-only mode.…Within a few years a wealth of developments and applications were found by Paige and his group, making his last years before retirement both productive and intellectually rewarding."

In 1997, Paige retired from Oxford, but he was "active and productive" in his role as an emeritus professor, and received a Leverhulme Fellowship.

Paige was also involved with the Science Research Council.

Illness and death
Paige was diagnosed with HFE hereditary haemochromatosis in 1996 a genetic disorder that creates iron overload in the body.
From 2000 until he died in 2004, Paige was a director of the Haemochromatosis Society, a group founded in 1990 to help with awareness and research into genetic haemochromatosis. Paige used his statistical expertise to help the society to better survey and document the disease. Paige died of liver cancer in 2004 which was caused by his genetic condition.

Personal life
He was married to Helen Gill and they had four children.

Honors and awards

Fellowships
In 1967 Paige was named a Fellow of the Institute of Physics; in 1977, a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford; in 1978, a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical Engineers; in 1983, a Fellow of the Royal Society; in 1997, a Leverhulme Emeritus Fellow.

Honorary appointments
In 1966, he was a visiting professor at the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen; in 1986, a visiting professor at Stanford University.

Awards
In 1978 he received the Institute of Physics' Duddell Medal and the Institute of Acoustics' Rayleigh Medal. In the same year he won the Gabor Medal from the Institute of Physics. In the 1980s he developed an interest in optoelectronics, including programmable light modulators for sub-micron lithography.

Works

Patents
 Maines James Dennis, Paige Edward George Sydney: Frequency sensitive detecting and measuring circuits based on the acoustic electric effect. National Research Development Corporation. May 2, 1972: US 3660756
 Maines James Dennis, Paige Edward George Sydney: Application of acousto-electric oscillators. Secr Defence. Apr, 19 1972: GB 1271495-A
 David John Gunton, Edward George Sydney Paige: Directional coupler having interdigital comb electrodes, 31 May 1977: US 4027254
 Edward George Sydney Paige: Surface acoustic wave devices, 17 August 1976: US 3975697 and US 3978437
 With F. G. Marshall: Acoustic surface wave devices.  1974:GB 1372235
 With F. G. Marshall: Acoustic surface wave device amplifiers. 1975:GB 1385055
 With P. D. Bloch & M. E. Barnard: Inclined chirp transducer. 1983: GB 2145893

References

British physicists
1930 births
2004 deaths
People from Northiam
Fellows of the Royal Society

Ted Paige


Fort Negley was a fortification built by Union troops after the capture of Nashville, Tennessee during the American Civil War, located approximately  south of the city center. It was the largest inland fort built in the United States during the war.

History
Once Confederate forces were routed in February, 1862, from Forts Henry and Donelson (on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, respectively), Confederate commanders decided that any further effort in the defense of Nashville would be pointless, and they abandoned any attempt to keep Nashville behind their lines. It was almost immediately occupied by Union forces, who rapidly began preparations for its defense. The largest of the fortifications erected was Fort Negley, a star-shaped limestone block structure atop St. Cloud Hill, south of the city. The construction of the fort was overseen by Captain James St. Clair Morton. The fort was constructed out of  of stone,  of earth and cost $130,000. It was largely constructed using the labor of local slaves (including women), newly freed slaves who had flocked to Nashville once it was taken by Union forces with the understanding that their status as slaves was to be revoked were they to work for the Union, and by free blacks forcibly conscripted for the work. Records show that 2,768 blacks were officially enrolled in its construction. The fort was named for Union Army commander General James S. Negley.

When the Battle of Nashville finally began in December 1864, it was largely fought on the heights even farther south of the city than Fort Negley, which despite its then-impressive appearance never played a leading military role. Shortly after the war, the fort was abandoned and fell into ruin; however, its outline could be readily discerned for many years afterwards in the encroaching woods. During the Reconstruction period, the area was used as a meeting place for the Ku Klux Klan, as confirmed by former Klansman Marcus B. Toney.

Preservation
In the 1930s, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) made a major project of the restoration of Fort Negley. However, almost simultaneous with the completion of this project came the United States' entry into World War II. Neither the manpower, funds, or the interest was available at the time to reopen the fort as an historic or interpretative center. After the war, the fort was allowed to continue to languish, becoming the site of vandalism and minor crime; entry to the site was finally prohibited and the area reverted to forest. However, the surrounding grounds became the site of a municipal park, first as the site of baseball and softball fields for youth and adult leagues, and later as the site of Herschel Greer Stadium, a Minor League Baseball ballpark. The Cumberland Science Museum, a continuation under a new name and in a new venue of the former Nashville Children's Museum (now the Adventure Science Center), was built on the northwestern slope. Most visitors to the stadium and the museum were generally unaware of what was on the wooded hilltop other than it was something which they were not allowed to access.

After years of discussions and negotiations, historic preservationists were successful in getting sufficient funding in the early 2000s for another restoration project, and the fort was reopened to the public for the first time in decades on December 10, 2004. The project went ahead when it was shown that similar places in other cities resulted in more economic stimulation and hence more tax revenue from the resultant tourism than was spent on the maintenance and operation of such sites. The recent restoration was not an attempt to restore the fort completely to its Civil War condition but rather to stabilize the ruins and make them more accessible and visible by removing many of the largest trees and moving some of the blocks back to their original positions; what exists today is a combination of the original fortification and the WPA restoration. In 2007, an additional $1 million in city funds was used to build a visitor's center. More work on the site is planned.

Part of the city's 2017 proposed plan to redevelop the Greer Stadium site, it having sat vacant since 2015, involved highlighting the Fort's history through the creation of educational spaces and interpretive trails and the preservation of the fort and its sightlines. The plan also included redeveloping the adjacent Greer Stadium property to include music and art space, a community center, open park space, retail space, and affordable housing. The presence of significant Civil War and African American historical resources, the city's stated goal of adding 4,500 acres of park land by 2027, and the city's closed-door process of selecting a redevelopment plan were met with criticism. The developers cancelled their plans in January 2018 after archaeologists determined that undisturbed areas on the edge of the Greer property, but not part of the stadium itself, were the unmarked burial sites of slaves forced to build Fort Negley. Mayor Megan Barry expressed her desire that the site honor the history of those who died building the fort.

Fort Negley is now listed as a Site of Memory in the Slave Route Project of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). A master plan for restoration of the site as a park and for interpretation of the site's complex history was completed in 2022.

References

External links

 Fort Negley information at Nashville.gov
 Civil War Trails

Negley
History of Nashville, Tennessee
Museums in Nashville, Tennessee
Works Progress Administration in Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
American Civil War museums in Tennessee
Negley
1862 establishments in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Nashville, Tennessee
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
American Civil War forts
Ku Klux Klan

Fort Negley


Kherty is an ancient Egyptian deity. Despite being archaeologically attested since the early 2nd Dynasty, his original mythological role during this era is unclear. Kherty was an Egyptian god of the Duat. The earliest mythological descriptions of Kherty's role do not appear until the 6th Dynasty in the Pyramid Texts.

Description
The earliest depictions of Kherty appear during the early 2nd dynasty, under king (pharaoh) Hotepsekhemwy and Raneb. He is normally shown as a recumbent and mummified ram.  In rare instances he was pictured as a bull or a lion. The figurine is always guided by the hieroglyphic signs of a shamble and a bread loaf, giving a reading as kherty.

Cult
Kherty was worshipped since the early 2nd dynasty, his name appears first time on stone bowls of king Sneferka. Stone bowl inscriptions from the reign of king Peribsen mention first time the title "god servant of Kherty" (Egypt. hem-netjer Kherty). The main centre of the Kherty cult was located at Letopolis (today Ausim), a second cult centre was later founded at Nesat (exact location unknown).

Mythology

Kherty was a contradicting character: The pyramid texts reveal that he was worshipped at one side as a guide, who brought the deceased king safely to "the yonder site" by "being the ferryman". He also protected the deceased against various demons (named inmetjw in the texts) sent by Seth. The deceased king was then brought to his destination by Ra. On the other site, however, Kherty was feared as death in persona, a god that "lives on the heart of men", making them stop pounding. The pyramid texts reveal that Kherty attacked the physical heart (khat(jw)) of the dying peoples, not the metaphysical, symbolic heart (jb) as the "seat of thoughts and feelings". For this reason, a lot of spells and prayers were addressed to Kherty in attempt to befriend and please him. Other prayers beg Ra to "take the deceased king away from Kherty". These prayers also mention Osiris, the judge of the underworld. Thus, Kherty and Osiris were mythologically connected to each other.

Kherty is not mentioned in the famous Coffin Texts of Middle Kingdom period. Instead, he is replaced by a god Aker, who is now the ferryman. In the prayers of the Book of the Dead, Kherty is described as a guard who guides the celestial bark of Ra.

References

Egyptian death gods
Underworld gods
Egyptian underworld
Psychopomps
Lion gods

Kherty


Santa Clara Transit Center (also called Santa Clara–University by Amtrak) is a railway station in downtown Santa Clara, California. It is served by Caltrain, Amtrak Capitol Corridor, and Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) trains. It is the planned terminus for the Silicon Valley BART extension into Santa Clara County. The former station building, constructed in 1863 by the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad, is used by the Edward Peterman Museum of Railroad History.

Station design

The station is an intermodal transportation center, with Caltrain and Altamont Corridor Express train service and bus service operated by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA). The station is served by VTA Bus routes , , , ,  to San José International Airport, and Rapid .

The station has a side platform serving the southbound Caltrain track (Track 3) and an island platform for the northbound Caltrain track (Track 2) and the ACE/Amtrak track (Track 1). The island platform is connected to the side platform by a pedestrian tunnel that was completed in 2012. Additional tracks northeast of Track 1 are used by Union Pacific freight trains.

History

The Santa Clara depot, built by the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in late 1863, was the oldest continuously operating railroad depot in the State of California until the ticket office was closed in May 1997. The original  board and batten depot was one of the two "way stations" built between San Francisco and San Jose. Plans for a railroad linking San Francisco and San Jose began as early as 1851. Though the 1851 scheme ultimately failed, the incorporation of the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad in 1859 met with success. Most of the financing for the project came from county government in San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties, with the University of Santa Clara and local industry also playing a significant role in both stock acquisition and choice of placement of the depot in Santa Clara.

The first passenger service to San Francisco started in January 1864. The Southern Pacific Railroad acquired the San Francisco & San Jose Railroad in 1868. The depot, originally on the east side of the tracks, was moved to its present location in 1877 and attached to the existing  freight house constructed several years earlier. Because of the large volume of agricultural freight shipped from the depot, the freight house was increased in size at that time to its present dimensions of .

On November 1, 1877, the San Jose Mercury reported the facility nearing completion. Following construction of the railroad, farming and fruit-related industries developed in the Santa Clara area, with the depot serving as a focal point for shipping. Rail service provided the direct link to San Francisco and, in the later 1870s, to Southern California. Typical of these efforts were those of James A. Dawson, who pioneered the area's fruit-canning industry in 1871. By the turn of the century, the Pratt-Low Preserving Company, the largest fruit packing plant in central California, was located just south of the depot.

The California Department of Transportation acquired the depot from Southern Pacific in 1980. It was placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. In cooperation with the South Bay Historical Railroad Society, a nonprofit group founded the same year, they began renovation work in 1986 on the depot, by then badly in need of repair. A group of volunteers spent over 25,000 hours hauling away debris, replacing support timbers, siding, exterior decking and interior flooring, scraping peeling paint, painting and many other repairs. With the major renovation complete since 1992, this 156-year-old building hosts a railroad library and museum with 2 large model railroad layouts and many other artifacts while still serving its original function as a passenger depot.

Santa Clara was added as a station for the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) on March 5, 2001. ACE service to the station was discontinued on July 29, 2005, to allow for platform construction. ACE service to Santa Clara resumed on May 14, 2012; Amtrak Capitol Corridor trains began stopping at the station on May 21.

Future
Santa Clara is planned to be the terminal station for the second phase of the Silicon Valley BART extension. Santa Clara was chosen as the terminal because of the access to the San Jose International Airport as well as the proposed BART maintenance facility located in the vicinity of the station at the former Union Pacific rail yard. A new island platform will be constructed with a pedestrian underpass. An 800-space parking facility is included in the plans, and VTA is expected to develop transit oriented spaces adjacent the station.

The station was considered for California High-Speed Rail, but was rejected on the grounds that it was too close to the nearby, and much larger, Diridon Station in San Jose, and that the airport traffic that it would receive would not be enough to justify maintaining a separate station. It was also considered as the terminal for a people mover to the airport; however, San Jose Diridon was later chosen as the terminal.

References

External links

Santa Clara – ACE

Santa Clara – Caltrain
Santa Clara Transit Center – VTA

Amtrak stations in Santa Clara County, California
Caltrain stations in Santa Clara County, California
Altamont Corridor Express stations in Santa Clara County, California
Former Southern Pacific Railroad stations in California
National Register of Historic Places in Santa Clara County, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1864
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures in Santa Clara, California
Railroad museums in California
Railway stations in California at university and college campuses
Future Bay Area Rapid Transit stations

Santa Clara Transit Center


Dimitri Petrides  (August 1912 in Cyprus – 1985 in Blackpool) was a ballroom dancer who was instrumental in pioneering and developing Latin American dancing in England and later globally. He left Cyprus when he was eighteen with his mother after the death of his father, eventually settling in England. He was one of the founding members of the Latin-American Faculty of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing, and wrote the first English textbook on the subject ('The Latin American Technique' (1949)). He was a Fellow and Examiner of the ISTD.

Petrides was also an adept linguist speaking Greek, English, French and Italian, so much so that, during World War II he worked as a translator in a prisoner of war camp for Italian prisoners of war and was approached to work as a spy. Later, after the war, Dimitri was in a jewellery shop buying awards for a competition when he met Nina Hunt. She asked him to teach her to dance and together they became adominant force in the Latin American dance world. They were later married, and had a son, Ian.

Career

In 1947 a Latin and American Dancing section of the Ballroom Branch of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) was founded for the purpose of creating a syllabus based around four dances from those countries: the Cuban Ballroom Rumba, the Brazilian Samba, the Spanish Paso Doble and the American Swing (Jive). (The Cuban Cha-cha-cha was also later added) Chaired by Pierre, the new faculty also included his partner Doris Lavelle, Doris Nicols, Gwenethe Walshe and Petrides. This small band of dedicated specialists worked hard to establish an examination system and syllabus for both amateur and professional dancers and in 1951 the Latin and American Dancing section was transformed into a formal branch of the ISTD. Sidney Francis and Walter Laird also joined somewhat later. The syllabus they worked on was eventually agreed upon by 1955 and has ever since been the basis of Latin American dancing. The group improved technique and the framework for teaching and assessment dramatically in these years. Petrides wrote one of the first technique books in English for Latin American dancing in 1949 entitled The Latin-American dances (later edition, 1960, The Latin American technique). Of this book the General Secretary of the ISTD, H. Vivian Davies said:
"... Dimitri Petrides is today recognised as one of the foremost authorities in this county on Latin and American dancing...."

Petrides had been introduced to Walshe by Josephine Bradley, one of the greats of Ballroom dancing whom he met shortly after the War. Bradley suggested that Petrides and Walshe might partner up: they were Britain's first Latin American champions, winning many of the earliest competitions before going on to build on their success and become popular as demonstrators, lecturers, coaches and judges. Later, with Hunt, Petrides became a frequent demonstrator on the BBC's 'Dancing Club' programme.

Such was the success of Petrides and the other members of the ISTD in pioneering and codifying Latin American dancing that in 1955 he could write in 'Victor Silvester's Album' of the dawning of "a Latin American era"

He was also part of a later committee of examiners established circa 1972, which included Sidney Francis, Peggy Spencer, Doris Lavelle, Elizabeth Romain, and Doris Nichols. They prepared the Revised Latin American Technique which states in its foreword "this is the official Latin-American technique upon which all future Imperial examinations are to be conducted". It was translated into numerous languages and is still used by the ISTD in five parts (one for each Latin dance). Petrides continued to work to develop the Latin dances; in the 1970s the 'Rumba Wars' - between advocates of the traditional 'box' style and the newer 'international' style - were ended by the intervention of Petrides and Hunt in favour of modernisation at a conference in Germany.

Dimitri next turned his attentions to establishing competitive dancing and set up several competitions in England including the prestigious All England Championship with Hunt and Sidney Francis. He became a leading examiner and adjudicator, as well as a Fellow of the ISTD. Dimitri continued to work until his death whilst judging at the famous Blackpool Dance Festival.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20090921165745/http://www.istd.org/latin/about/about.html

1985 deaths
1912 births
Cypriot emigrants to the United Kingdom
British ballroom dancers
Dance teachers
British male dancers

Dimitri Petrides


Ann E. Millikan (born June 10, 1963) is an American composer.

Life and career
Ann Millikan was born in San Diego County, California. She studied music at San José State University, where she graduated with a BA. She went on to graduate with a MFA from the California Institute of the Arts where she studied with Morton Subotnick, Mel Powell and Stephen Mosko. Afterward, she continued her studies in African music and classical voice.

Millikan composes in several genres, including orchestral, opera, choral and instrumental, and her works have been used for purposes such as installation, theatre and dance. Her compositions have been called "dynamic and diverse."

Millikan's works have been performed internationally and are widely available on recorded media. She currently resides in Minnesota.

Honors and awards
Millikan has received grants and awards from the following:

2011 MN State Arts Board Artist Initiative
2010 McKnight Composer Fellowship
California Arts Council
American Music Center
ASCAP awards
American Composers Forum
Meet The Composer
Argosy Foundation Contemporary Music Fund
Jerome Foundation
Zellerbach Family Fund
Berkeley Civic Arts Program
Waging Peace Through Singing (Highest Honors)

Works
Selected works include:

Orchestra
Trilhas de Sombra
Ballad Nocturne
Landing Inside the Inside of an Animal
Red Migration for orchestra

Chamber
Thunder Woman
Kuiper Belt Wamfle
The Woodcarver & The Blacksmith
Cantando para a Onça
Choro do Zeitgeist
Red Migration
221B Baker Street
Trens Coloridos para Gabriela
Three Reflections
K'uei: A SYZYGY

Theater and dance
From The Bottom Drawer
The Color of Blood: Praising the Moon We Are, Part I
The Medicine of the Spiral
K'uei: A SYZYGY

Strings
From the Bottom Drawer
Choro do Miro
Metal Shop 302

Woodwinds
House of Mirrors I
House of Mirrors II
Calendula
Suite for Woodwinds Quartet

Vocal
Water From Your Spring
The Medicine of the Spiral II: Quartet Improvisations
My Island
Abstrações

Choral
grandmother walks, mist rises
Choro
Advent Music
O Sapientia – O Wisdom
The One Who Is Coming...
La Vieja
Song of Remembrance
Psalm 78: 14, 15, 17–19, 23-25
Tantum ergo Sacramentum
Ave Maria
I Woman

Opera
Swede Hollow, music and libretto by Ann Millikan

References

1963 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American opera composers
Living people
People from San Diego County, California
Women opera composers
20th-century American women musicians
21st-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from California
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers

Ann Millikan


Lucia Dvorská (born 14 July 1988) is a Slovak model who appeared in the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.  She was born in Bratislava, Slovakia.  She grew up in a village in western Slovakia, Zohor. Despite appearing in a television commercial as a child, she didn't start modeling until age 16. She was a contestant on the 2007 reality television show, A Model Life, hosted by Petra Němcová on TLC and as a result she won a $100 000 contract with "Next" Agency. Dvorská was a beauty pageant titleholder as the 2000 Little Miss World.

References

Slovak female models
Participants in American reality television series
People from Bratislava
1988 births
Living people

Lucia Dvorská


Cephas Lumina is a Zambian lawyer and human rights expert. From 2008 to 2014 he was the "United Nations Independent Expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of States on the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights", appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council. He was succeeded by the Argentine lawyer Juan Pablo Bohovslavsky.

He holds an LLB with Merit (Zambia), an LLM in International Human Rights Law (Essex, United Kingdom), a PhD in International Human Rights Law (Griffith University, Australia), and an Advanced Diploma in International Human Rights (Åbo Akademi University, Finland).

He is an Advocate of the High Court for Zambia and an Extra-Ordinary Professor of Human Rights Law at the University of Pretoria, and has served as a visiting professor at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at Lund University in Sweden, a Visiting Lecturer at Makerere University in Uganda and as a consultant to the United Nations, the International Development Law Organization, the Canadian International Development Agency, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, the Human Rights Trust of Southern Africa, Women for Change and the High Court of Tanzania. He has written and lectured on human rights, humanitarian law, commercial law and legal education. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the International Human Rights Law Review and African Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law.

References

20th-century Zambian lawyers
United Nations special rapporteurs
Zambian officials of the United Nations
Academic staff of the University of Pretoria
Griffith University alumni
Åbo Akademi University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Zambian lawyers

Cephas Lumina


Andrea Marie Feczko (born October 17, 1985) is an American television presenter, producer, and writer. She has hosted shows for media outlets including AOL, CBS, Fuse, FX, HLN, MTV, Syfy, and Yahoo!.

Feczko is best known for her appearances on web television, including starring in a series of YouTube parody music videos for Barely Productions (among them "Glitter Puke", a parody of Kesha's "Tik Tok" that garnered over 150 million views and became YouTube's second most watched video of 2010), and co-hosting "Ultra Live", the live stream of the Ultra Music Festival, with over 20 million viewers worldwide, leading her to be named "one of the most recognized reporters on the EDM scene".

Early life
Feczko was born in Troy, Michigan. As a child, she was a competitive figure skater. After graduating high school, she moved to New York City, where she studied journalism and communications at New York University, graduating magna cum laude in 2007. While attending New York University, Feczko studied overseas in Florence in Italy and London in the United Kingdom, as well as interning with CTV News in Vancouver, Canada.

Television hosting career
After graduating from university, Feczko worked as a waitress while trying to break into the entertainment industry. She began her career with Next News Networks in New York, hosting the web television newscast Fast Lane Daily.

Feczko subsequently relocated to Los Angeles, where she took hosting classes and voice lessons. She went on to host shows including Yahoo!'s Daytime in No Time, Syfy's Blastr TV, and Samsung's SOS Island.

In 2010, Feczko came to global prominence after starring in "Glitter Puke", a parody of the Kesha music video "Tik Tok" on the Barely Productions YouTube channel "Key of Awesome". "Glitter Puke" was YouTube's second most watched video of 2010 and ultimately received over 150 million views, making it the most viewed YouTube parody video of all time. In the same year, she joined the mixed martial arts promotion King of the Cage as a backstage reporter for its live broadcast on HDNet.

In 2012, Feczko became an MTV VJ, hosting MTV Essentials.

In 2015, Feckzo produced the documentary Japan's War on Dance: Clubbing in the State of Fueiho for VICE. That same year, she co-hosted Vacation Chasers, a four episode show airing on HLN. In 2016, she hosted the travel documentary 100 Best Places for TV Land, the web series Get Me in There for Heineken and Major League Soccer, and the reality television show Vacation Creation for the Carnival Corporation.

Personal life
Feczko is of Ukrainian descent.

Filmography

Film

Television

Web series

Bibliography
Chicken Soup for the Soul: Teens Talk Middle School: 101 Stories of Life, Love, and Learning for Younger Teens (2007)

References

External links

1985 births
American female figure skaters
American women journalists
American people of Ukrainian descent
American television hosts
American women television producers
American YouTubers
American web producers
Living people
New York University alumni
People from Troy, Michigan
VJs (media personalities)
Web series producers
American women television presenters
Television producers from Michigan
21st-century American women

Andrea Feczko


Scotland in the Late Middle Ages, atween the daiths o Alexander III in 1286 an James IV in 1513, established its unthirldom frae Ingland unner feegurs includin William Wallace in the late 13t century an Robert Bruce in the 14t century. In the 15t century unner the Stewart Dynasty, despite a turbulent poleetical history, the Croun gained greater poleetical control at the expense o independent lairds an regained maist o its lost territory tae approximately the modren borders o the kintra. Houever, the Auld Alliance wi Fraunce led tae the hivy defeat o a Scots airmy at the Battle o Flodden in 1513 an the daith o the keeng James IV, which wad be follaed bi a lang meenority an a period o poleetical instability.

The economy o Scotland developit slowly in this period an a population o aiblins a little unner a million bi the middle o the 14t century began tae decline efter the arrival o the Black Daith, fawin tae aiblins hauf a million bi the beginnin o the 16t century. Different social seestems an culturs developit in the lawland an hieland regions o the kintra as Gaelic remained the maist common leid north o the Tay an Middle Scots dominatit in the sooth, whaur it acame the leid o the rulin elite, govrenment an a new naitional leeteratur. Thare war significant chynges in releegion which saw mendicant friars an new devotions expand, pairteecularly in the developin burghs.

Bi the end o the period Scotland haed adoptit mony o the major tenets o the European Renaissance in airt, airchitectur an leeteratur an produced a developit eddicational seestem. This period haes been seen ane in which a clear naitional identity emerged in Scotland, as well as signeeficant distinctions atween different regions o the kintra which wad be pairteecularly signeeficant in the period o the Reformation.

History o Scotland

Scotland in the Late Middle Ages


A terminator or twilight zone is a moving line that divides the daylit side and the dark night side of a planetary body. The terminator is defined as the locus of points on a planet or moon where the line through the center of its parent star is tangent. An observer on the terminator of such an orbiting body with an atmosphere would experience twilight due to light scattering by particles in the gaseous layer.

Earth's terminator

On Earth, the terminator is a circle with a diameter that is approximately that of Earth. The terminator passes through any point on Earth's surface twice a day, at sunrise and at sunset, apart from polar regions where this only occurs when the point is not experiencing midnight sun or polar night. The circle separates the portion of Earth experiencing daylight from that experiencing darkness (night). While a little over one half of Earth is illuminated at any point in time (with exceptions during eclipses), the terminator path varies by time of day due to Earth's rotation on its axis. The terminator path also varies by time of year due to Earth's orbital revolution around the Sun; thus, the plane of the terminator is nearly parallel to planes created by lines of longitude during the equinoxes, and its maximum angle is approximately 23.5° to the pole during the solstices.

Surface transit speed

At the equator, under flat conditions (without obstructions like mountains or at a height above any such obstructions), the terminator moves at approximately . This speed can appear to increase when near obstructions, such as the height of a mountain, as the shadow of the obstruction will be cast over the ground in advance of the terminator along a flat landscape. The speed of the terminator decreases as it approaches the poles, where it can reach a speed of zero (full-day sunlight or darkness).

Supersonic aircraft like jet fighters or Concorde and Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic transports are the only aircraft able to overtake the maximum speed of the terminator at the equator. However, slower vehicles can overtake the terminator at higher latitudes, and it is possible to walk faster than the terminator at the poles, near to the equinoxes. The visual effect is that of seeing the sun rise in the west, or set in the east.

Grey-line radio propagation
Strength of radio propagation changes between day- and night-side of the ionosphere. This is primarily because the D layer, which absorbs high frequency signals, disappears rapidly on the dark side of the terminator, whereas the E and F layers above the D layer take longer to form. This time-difference puts the ionosphere into a unique intermediate state along the terminator, called the "grey line".

Amateur radio operators take advantage of conditions along the terminator to perform long distance communications. Called "gray-line" or "grey-line" propagation, this signal path is a type of skywave propagation. Under good conditions, radio waves can travel along the terminator to antipodal points.

Gallery

Lunar terminator

The lunar terminator is the division between the illuminated and dark hemispheres of the Moon. It is the lunar equivalent of the division between night and day on the Earth spheroid, although the Moon's much lower rate of rotation means it takes longer for it to pass across the surface. At the equator, it moves at , as fast as an athletic human can run on earth.

Due to the angle at which sunlight strikes this portion of the Moon, shadows cast by craters and other geological features are elongated, thereby making such features more apparent to the observer. This phenomenon is similar to the lengthening of shadows on Earth when the Sun is low in the sky. For this reason, much lunar photographic study centers on the illuminated area near the lunar terminator, and the resulting shadows provide accurate descriptions of the lunar terrain.

Lunar terminator illusion

The lunar terminator (or tilt) illusion is an optical illusion arising from the erroneous expectation of an observer on Earth that the direction of sunlight illuminating the Moon (i.e. a line perpendicular to the terminator) should correspond with the position of the Sun, but does not appear to do so. The cause of the illusion is simply the observer not taking into account that the observed slope of a light ray will change across the sky because of the lack of visual clues to establish 3D perspective.

Scientific significance
Examination of a terminator can yield information about the surface of a planetary body; for example, the presence of an atmosphere can create a fuzzier terminator. As the particles within an atmosphere are at a higher elevation, the light source can remain visible even after it has set at ground level. These particles scatter the light, reflecting some of it to the ground. Hence, the sky can remain illuminated even after the sun has set. Images showing a planetary terminator can be used to map topography: the position of the tip of a mountain behind the terminator line is measured when the Sun still or already illuminates it while the base of the mountain remains in shadow.

Low Earth orbit satellites take advantage of the fact that certain polar orbits set near the terminator do not suffer from eclipse, therefore their solar cells are continuously lit by sunlight. Such orbits are called dawn-dusk orbits, a type of Sun-synchronous orbit. This prolongs the operational life of a LEO satellite, as onboard battery life is prolonged. It also enables specific experiments that require minimum interference from the Sun, as the designers can opt to install the relevant sensors on the dark side of the satellite.

See also
Ground track
Colongitude
Lunar grazing occultation
Lunar phase

References

External links

 Current terminator
 aa.usno.navy.mil  – Website calculating synthetic images (B&W or color) representing the terminator for a given time (date & hour)
The Moon Terminator Illusion (video)

Earth phenomena
Light
Solar phenomena
Parts of a day
Articles containing video clips
Lunar science

Terminator (solar)


Total Intelligence Solutions, LLC, (TIS) is a risk management and consulting company headquartered in Arlington, Virginia.  The company delivers threat and vulnerability assessments, data acquisition capabilities, physical and information security services, training, and high-level consulting to Fortune 500 companies, and to U.S. and foreign governments.

TIS owned and operated the Terrorism Research Center, Incorporated (TRC) from 2007 to 2010. The TRC delivered training and research support relating to counterterrorism and asymmetric warfare/conflict to the private sector, and U.S. and foreign government customers.

TIS was owned by The Prince Group, a private company led by Erik Prince. Erik Prince also owned numerous other investment and business interests to include Academi (formerly known as Blackwater). Cofer Black was formerly the chairman of TIS.  The TIS website now forwards to a site operated by OODA Group LLC.

References

External links
 http://www.totalintel.com/index.php
 Total Intelligence Solutions at SourceWatch
 Dana Hedgpeth, "Blackwater's Owner Has Spies for Hire", Washington Post, Nov. 3, 2007, p.A01.
 http://www.ooda.com

Security companies of the United States
Risk management companies

Total Intelligence Solutions


Aceria clianthi is a species of mite belonging to the family Eriophyidae. It is found only in New Zealand. It is notable for being host specific to threatened plants of the genus Clianthus. It is classified by Buckley et al. as "nationally critical" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System. They stated "Aceria clianthi (Eriophyidae), has been recorded only from kakabeak (Clianthus spp.) in cultivation and once on Lotus cornalatus [Lotus corniculatus] (Fabaceae), an introduced plant growing near kakabeak (Martin 2009). It is given the same threat classification as kakabeak (de Lange et al. 2009)." Heenan had earlier stated that "the two species [of Clianthus] are considered to be threatened, with C. maximus having a rank of vulnerable, whereas C. puniceus is critically endangered", but the conservation status of C. maximus was subsequently found to be more serious. These threat classifications for Clianthus apply to plants in the wild, but the species are widely cultivated. Aceria clianthi occurs on both plants in the wild and in cultivation.

References

Further reading

External links

Eriophyidae
Acari of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Animals described in 1952
Endemic acari of New Zealand

Aceria clianthi


A dallah () is a traditional Arabic coffee pot used for centuries to brew and serve Qahwa (gahwa), an Arabic coffee or Gulf coffee made through a multi-step ritual, and Khaleeji, a spicy, bitter coffee traditionally served during feasts like Eid al-Fitr.

It is commonly used in the coffee tradition of the Arabian peninsula and of the Bedouins.  Old Bedouins used the ritual of coffee preparation, serving and drinking as a sign of hospitality, generosity and wealth. In much of the Middle East, it is still connected to socializing with friends, family and business partners, so it is typically present in the main rites of passage, such as births, marriages and funerals and some business meetings.

Dallah has a distinctive form, featuring a bulbous body that tapers to a "waistline" in the middle and flares out at the top, covered by a spire-shaped lid topped with a tall finial and held by a sinuous handle.  The most distinctive feature is a long spout with a crescent-shaped beak.  This beak may be covered with a metal flap to keep the coffee warmer, but traditionally it is open to view the coffee as it is poured out.

A dallah can be made of brass, steel, silver and even 24K gold for special occasions or use by royalty.

The origins of the dallah are unclear. Among the earliest references to a dallah as a coffee boiler in the modern shape date to the mid-17th century.

The dallah plays such an important role in the identity of Persian Gulf countries that it is featured in public artworks and on monetary coins. It is also depicted in the watermark form as a security feature on several Saudi Arabian monetary banknotes.

Dallah is typically richly ornamented, usually engraved with geometric patterns, stylized plants and flowers, love scenes from Arabic poetry or other decorations, including semi-precious gemstones and ivory. Modern dallah is more typically practical vessels, and even automatic dallah and thermos dallah are available to the modern coffee drinker.

In its most basic form, Gulf or Arabic coffee has simple ingredients and preparation: water, lightly roasted coffee, and ground cardamom are boiled in a dallah for 10 to 20 minutes and served unfiltered in demitasse cups. Other traditional and regional recipes include saffron or other spices.

See also
Cezve (Turkish coffee pot)
Jebena (Ethiopian coffee pot)
Arabic coffee
Saudi cuisine
 List of cooking vessels

References

Cooking vessels
Serving vessels
Arab cuisine
Saudi Arabian cuisine
Coffee preparation
Middle Eastern cuisine

Dallah (coffee pot)


Strathyre (; from ) is a district and settlement in the Stirling local government district of Scotland. It forms the south-eastern part of the parish of Balquhidder and was, prior to the 1973 reorganisation of local government, part of Perthshire. It is within the bounds of the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park. In Gaelic, the district is Srath Eadhair and the village is An t-Iomaire Riabhach or an t-Iomaire Fada.

Location

The district of Strathyre extends from east of Balquhidder, following the River Balvaig which flows out of Loch Voil, almost due south to Loch Lubnaig. The River Balvaig is 8 kilometres in length, almost all of which lies in Strathyre. It falls by around 5 metres between Loch Voil and Loch Lubnaig. The A84 road and the route of the former Callander and Oban Railway run through the strath, as does the old 18th century military road. The village is also on National Cycle Network Route 7 which connects Balloch on the southern banks of Loch Lomond with Aberfoyle, Strathyre, Callander, Lochearnhead and Killin.

The Strathyre Forest, which extends well beyond the limits of Strathyre proper, is managed by the Forestry Commission, forming the easternmost part of the Queen Elizabeth Forest Park.

Literary associations
In September 1803 William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy stayed in the village and took walks in the local hills. Wordsworth was inspired to write his poem The Solitary Reaper following his stay in the village.

Musical Associations
'Bonnie Strathyre' is a Scottish folk song inspired by the village. It has been recorded by numerous artists including Kenneth McKellar.

Every year in early summer a music festival called the Strathyre Festival is held in the village.

Growth
The village of Strathyre is largely a Victorian creation, having grown up with the arrival of the Callander and Oban Railway in the 1870s and the establishment of Strathyre railway station. The trainline and railway station closed in 1965. The resident population recorded by the United Kingdom Census 2001 was around 100. The village is a popular tourist centre, with nearby caravan parks, camp sites and chalets, and canoeing, cycling and walking facilities.

School
Strathyre has a small primary school with 40 pupils on the roll, drawn from a catchment area which includes Balquhidder. Gaelic is taught in the infant school, French in the upper primary. Local children normally travel to McLaren High School in Callander for their secondary education.

References

External links

 Strathyre Forest at forestry.gov.uk

Villages in Stirling (council area)

Strathyre