Pickett's Charge was an infantry attack ordered by Confederate General Robert E. Lee against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Union positions.  The attack took place on Cemetery Ridge on July 3, 1863.  It was part of the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (who was in charge of attack) believed that it would fail.  The farthest point reached by the attack has been called the high-water mark of the Confederacy.

The charge is named after Maj. Gen. George Pickett.  Pickett was one of three Confederate generals who led the attack under Longstreet.

Lee hoped to attack the Union center on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Confederate attacks on both Union sides had failed the day and night before. On the night of July 2, General Meade said at a council of war that he thought Lee would try an attack on his lines in the center the next day.

A large attack by artillery took place before the infantry charge. The Confederates hoped the artillery attack would make the Union weaker.  It did not work well.  About 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades marched over open fields for three-quarters of a mile under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire.  Some Confederates were able to get past the low stone wall that many of the Union defenders hid behind.  However, they could not hold this area.  The Union pushed the Confederates back.  Over 50% of the Confederate soldiers on the charge suffered casualties. This defeat ended the three-day battle and Lee's campaign into Pennsylvania. Years later, when asked why his charge at Gettysburg failed, General Pickett said: "I've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it."

Notes

References
 Boritt, Gabor S., ed. Why the Confederacy Lost. Gettysburg Civil War Institute Books. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. .
 Clark, Champ, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Gettysburg: The Confederate High Tide. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. .
 Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command. New York: Scribner's, 1968. .
 Desjardin, Thomas A. These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory. New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. .
 Dixon, Benjamin Y. Learning the Battle of Gettysburg: A Guide to the Official Records. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 2007. .
 Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .
 Gallagher, Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. .
 Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 – June 13, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. .
 Hall, Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. .
 Harman, Troy D. Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. .
 Hess, Earl J. Pickett's Charge–The Last Attack at Gettysburg. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. .
 Pfanz, Harry W. The Battle of Gettysburg. National Park Service Civil War series. Fort Washington, PA: U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 1994. .
 Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. .
 Stewart, George R. Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959. .
 Symonds, Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. .
 Trudeau, Noah Andre. Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. .
 Wert, Jeffry D. Gettysburg: Day Three. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. .

Further reading
 Bearss, Edwin C. Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. .
 Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. .
 Gallagher, Gary W., ed. The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. .
 Haskell, Frank Aretas. The Battle of Gettysburg. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006. .
 Laino, Philip, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas. 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. .
 Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. The Complete Gettysburg Guide. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. .

Other websites
Pickett's Charge in Encyclopedia Virginia
Numbers at Pickett's Charge in Encyclopedia Virginia
 Modern photograph of the Copse of Trees

American Civil War battles
1863 in Pennsylvania
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
July 1863 events

Pickett's Charge


Zachariah "Zach" Montgomery (March 6, 1825 in Nelson County, Kentucky – September 3, 1900 in Los Angeles, California) was a publisher, lawyer, politician, and author, particularly known for his skills as an orator.

Montgomery's speeches were often published in newspapers of the day and in pamphlet form. Although his widely published and forceful critiques of the compulsory public education system were never embraced by the public at large, his book Poison Drops in the Federal Senate (1886) is considered by some contemporary writers as a landmark study of the relevant issues. This work continues to elicit discussion amongst home school organizations, teachers' associations, political scientists, and politicians. He was a proponent of the voucher system for the funding and maintenance of primary and secondary schools.

Montgomery received his Bachelor of Arts (1847), and Master of Arts in Law (1848) from St. Joseph's College (now part of the complex that contains the Basilica of St. Joseph Proto-Cathedral and Spalding Hall) in Bardstown, Kentucky. While at St. Joseph's, he befriended fellow student Augustus Hill Garland and studied for the bar exam in the offices of Benjamin Hardin Helm (1784–1852), a noted lawyer, statesman, member of the Kentucky Legislature and U.S. Congress. Montgomery was admitted to the bar in Kentucky in 1850.

In July 1850, Montgomery immigrated to California via covered wagon in response to the California Gold Rush. Following a very brief and unsuccessful stint as miner, he returned to the practice of law.

Legal career
Montgomery held law partnerships in several California cities including: Sacramento (1850–1852), Yuba City (1854–1864), San Francisco (1868–1871), Oakland (1871–1881), San Diego (1884–1885 and 1890–1894) and Los Angeles (1894–1900). He served as District Attorney for Sutter County in northern California (1856, 1858–1860).

Montgomery was the founding President of the Oakland Bar Association (1877), and served as United States Assistant Attorney General in first Administration of President Grover Cleveland (1885–1889).

Notable activities as a lawyer
 Montgomery witnessed the Squatters' Riot in Sacramento on August 15, 1850, and served as Charles L. Robinson's attorney in the case. Robinson later served in the California legislature and as the first Governor of Kansas.
 Montgomery was a staunch and vocal opponent of the Lincoln administration throughout the Civil War, he surrendered his license to practice law in late 1863 in protest to the California Legislature's Test Oath. In 1868, the Test Oath was repealed and Montgomery resumed his law practice.
 Montgomery served in the precedent-setting court case at the United States Supreme Court: Cunningham v. Neagle, U.S. 1 (1890). The case involved the shooting of David S. Terry by Justice Stephen Johnson Field's body guard, U.S. Marshal David Neagle . David S. Terry was involved in a dispute with William Sharon that Justice Field adjudicated.

Political career
While in California, Montgomery served the public in numerous capacities as an elected official. He was a Representative of the California State Legislature 15th District (12th session; 1860–1861) and served on the Judiciary and Indian Affairs Committees. Montgomery was a delegate to the State Democratic Convention (John C. Breckinridge Party on Democratic ticket; 1860) and was nominated for Speaker of the House (California State Assembly) but lost this election. Notably, he authored California State Assembly Bill AB 348, The Montgomery Bill – an education reform bill to amend the California School Law Act of May 3, 1855.

On February 11, 1861, Montgomery delivered the State of The State speech to the California State Assembly. He was petitioned by colleagues to become a United States senator (1867) but declined due to political ideological differences with the Lincoln Administration.

In the summer of 1884 Montgomery mounted an unsuccessful bid for the office of District Attorney of San Diego County.

Marriages
On July 4, 1854, Montgomery married Helen Francis Graham (December 20, 1835 – July 18, 1856) who died some months after giving birth to their son Thomas (1855 – 1861).

On April 28, 1857, he married Eleanor Bridget Evoy (1828–1923). They had six children including famed aviation pioneer John Joseph Montgomery (1858–1911), Zachariah Montgomery Jr. (1858–1861), Mary 1859–1948, twins Ellen (1861–1864) and Margaret (1861–1931), Richard (1863–1932), James (1865–1956) and Jane (1869–1955).

Notable activities as a publisher
 When the news of President Abraham Lincoln's death reached San Francisco, April 15, 1865, the offices and printing press for the Occidental were destroyed by an angry mob that targeted newspapers sympathetic to the southern cause.

Benefactor
Montgomery was benefactor of Reverend Lawrence Serda, the founding pastor of Sacred Heart Parish in Oakland. Father Serda said Mass from January 16 to December 10, 1876, in the parlor of the Montgomery home at the northwest corner of Telegraph Avenue and 41st Street. The Montgomery sons were altar boys. Montgomery and J.H. McCourtney donated the land at 40th and Grove Streets where Sacred Heart Church was built in 1876.

Tributes
 Montgomery Creek, Shasta County, California, is named in honor of Montgomery. The town was established in 1877.

Publications
Newspapers/serials
 1864-1865 The Occidental (San Francisco)
 1866-1868 Occidental and Vanguard (San Francisco)
 1881-1884 The Family's Defender Magazine and Educational Review (1881 - Oakland; 1882-1884 - San Diego)
Available online: Family's defender magazine and educational review, Volumes 1-2 (Google Books)

Books
 Montgomery, Zachariah. The Poison Fountain or Anti-Parental Education, self-published, San Francisco, 1879.
 Montgomery, Zachariah. Poison Drops In the Federal Senate, Gibson Bros., Washington D.C., 1886. (republished 1972, 1883; St. Thomas Press).

See also
Relatives
John J. Montgomery, Aviation pioneer
Bishop George Thomas Montgomery
Subjects Montgomery wrote about
John Swett, a founder of American public education.
Other
Richard Grant White, critic of public schools who referred to Montgomery's work.

Notes

References
 Baker, Joseph E. History of Alameda County, Calif., vol II, p. 547., 1914.
 Bancroft, Hubert Howe History of the Pacific States 1860-1890, Vol. VII, pgs. 270–271, 312. 1885.
 Bancroft, Hubert Howe The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 24, pgs. 270, 312.
 Davis, Winfield History of Political Conventions in California: 1849-1892.
 Ellison, William H. A Self Governing Dominion: California, 1849 - 1860, 1950.
 Guinn, J.M., History of the State of California and Biographical Record of the Sacramento Valley, California, also Containing Biographies of Well-Known Citizens of the Part and Present, p. 210, 1907.
 Guinn, J.M., History of the State of California and Biographical Record of Oakland and Environs also Containing Biographies of Well-Known Citizens of the Part and Present, Vol 2, p. 733 – 736, 1907.
 Herringshaw, T. W., Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography of the Nineteenth Century, p. 668
 Hittell, Theodore Henry History of California, - 1885 (also 1897)
 O'Brien, Michael D. Centennial Souvenir 1876 - 1976 -- The Story of Sacred Heart Church -- Oakland, California, 1976. pgs 5–6.
 Scanlan, Peter,  1876 - 1926 Golden Jubilee Souvenir -- Sacred Heart Church - Oakland, California, 1926. pgs. 6–8.
 Shanahan, J.J., F.S.C, Masters Thesis. Thesis on Zachariah Montgomery - Agitator for individual and States Rights, U.C. Berkeley, 1955.

External links
May 27, 1885 New York Times, MONTGOMERY'S BLUNDER., rebuttal to then Assistant Sec. Att. Gen. to the Dept of the Interior, Z. Montgomery's opinions of Public Education
October 17, 1887 New York Times article mentioning Z Montgomery investigating land fraud
Biographical annals of the civil government of the United States: FROM ORIGINAL AND OFFICIAL SOURCES.  By Charles Lanman, Joseph M. Morrison 1887, pg 349, Entry for Montgomery, Zachariah
Google Books search of titles relating to Zachariah Montgomery
Perspective: School Choice, 1886 Style Zach Montgomery, The Freeman, November 1995 • Volume: 45 • Issue: 11
 Zachariah Montgomery books available at the Bancroft Library
 May 22 1888 Records of the National Bar Association convention with Zachariah Montgomery listed as a delegate of the Oakland (Ca) Bar Association
 Montgomery's son James P. Montgomery
 The Supreme Court and a six gun

1825 births
1900 deaths
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
19th-century American journalists
American education writers
American educational theorists
American newspaper founders
Journalists from California
Lawyers from San Francisco
People from Nelson County, Kentucky
People of the California Gold Rush
Publishers from California
United States Assistant Attorneys General
Catholics from Kentucky
Catholics from California
Cleveland administration personnel

Zachariah Montgomery


Bloodmoon is a 1997 American action/martial arts film directed and choreographed by Tony Leung Siu Hung. The film was produced by Keith W. Strandberg and Ng See Yuen and stars Gary Daniels, Chuck Jeffreys, and Darren Shahlavi.

Plot

At a local gym in New York City, heavyweight boxing champion Eddie Cunningham is finishing his workout for the night. He hears a noise and looks around when he turns to the ring. A mysterious man dressed in black sporting a mask tells Eddie he fights well but he lacks the "killer instinct". The masked man challenges the boxer to a fight and shows him the moon, which has a faint red color. The man sports boots with the toes and heels encased in steel and uses martial arts to fight Eddie. Initially, the two combatants seemed evenly matched, but Eddie soon finds himself overwhelmed by the man's superior fighting skills. When the man knocks Eddie outside of the ring, he unmasks himself and still pounds on Eddie despite Eddie's pleas of calling off the fight. When Eddie uses a bench to knock down the man, the man uses two steel fingers which goes through the bench and stabs Eddie in the chest. He hoists a dead Eddie in the air and declares victory.

The next day, Detective Chuck Baker, a wise cracking cop who has a penchant for magic, is called to investigate Eddie's death. This is the fourth death of a recent wave of a possible connected killing spree in New York City. When Chuck returns to the office, his making fun of Chief Hutchins gets him in hot water with the chief, who tells him that if he doesn't solve the case, he will have him transferred to Poughkeepsie.

That night, former toughman champion Dutch is on a date at his bar. His date hears a noise during their makeout session and he tries to calm her down to no avail. However, the masked man appears with the girl and calls Dutch "Crutch". He chokes the girl unconscious and he and Dutch fight. At first, Dutch seems to have the upper hand before the masked man reveals his true skills. When he cripples Dutch, he unmasks himself and it seems Dutch knows him, when he responds, "You?" Dutch's last ditch attempt to stop the man results in the killer breaking his neck and throwing him out of the bar window.

The next day, at an autopsy clinic, Chuck analyzes Dutch's body and Chief Hutchins tells Chuck that he would like for him to meet with a serial killer expert named Ken O'Hara. Ken was one of the best in Chief Hutchins' unit until he was forced into retirement due to a near fatal experience with his last job. Ken, who is separated from his wife, is spending the day with his daughter at the beach. As they are about to leave, Ken accidentally bumps into a big fat guy, causing him to spill his beer on his shirt. Ken apologizes and offers to pay for his shirt and beer. The big guy felt offended and wants to start a fight with Ken. Ken initially refuses to fight, but when the big guy does harm to Ken's daughter by pushing her out of the way despite her pleads for him to not harm Ken, Ken becomes enraged and fights the big guy and his two goons. He ends up knocking all three of them down.

Ken shows up at the house where he sees his ex-wife and Chuck. Mistaking Chuck for a lover of his ex's, Chuck tells him that Chief Hutchins sent him and asks for help in the case. At first Ken refuses and even has a flashback of his last job. That night, Chuck finds a fellow police officer watching a "movie" on the computer screen. Chuck learns the video is a real-time confrontation between the mysterious killer, now decked out in full kendo gear, and local martial arts master Takaido. Chuck heads towards Takaido's school while the killer and Takaido have a sword fight. When Takaido unmasks the killer, he recognizes him as well through a nod. However, the killer proves to be too much as the killer slices and stabs Takaido. When Chuck arrives, the entrance to the school explodes but Chuck makes it out okay.

When Ken learns that Takaido, his martial arts instructor, has been killed, he sneaks into the school late at night but also catches Chuck at the school. After a brief fight, the two look at each other and Chuck is shocked to find Ken. Kelly, Takaido's adopted daughter, finds the two and stops them from fighting. Ken agrees to help Chuck on the case. At first, Chuck is reluctant for Ken's help, but soon finds him a valuable ally due to Ken's connections, including a computer hacker named Justice. However, when Justice attempts to trace the killer's latest call, the killer forces Chuck and Ken to confront and take down a local crime boss and his goons.

Ken and Chuck soon learn that Kelly is about to be the killer's next target. When the two arrive at Kelly's apartment, they warn her of the killer's intentions, but Kelly dismisses them, claiming she can take care of herself. As they leave, the killer arrives and Kelly finds him, leading to a confrontation. Ken and Chuck return to retrieve a file Ken accidentally left at the apartment only to find themselves facing the killer, who was overpowering Kelly. Chuck, Ken and Kelly prove to be too much for the killer, who after knocking out Kelly and using his steel fingers to incapacitate Ken, escapes by jumping out of a window onto a garbage truck.

Ken and Chuck, along with Kelly, decide to locate the killer, whose targets are clearly champions in various fighting styles. They find a photo of combatants in a tournament known as The Master's Challenge and they narrow the field down to two suspects, Willy and Chad. Chad was believed to have been killed in a car accident, thus making Willy the prime suspect. However, the killer is in fact Chad, who did have an accident, which resulted in him losing two fingers, which he replaced with steel. Kelly discovers the killer amongst a crowd watching the police leave to apprehend Willy and follows him to his home. Kelly confronts the killer only to end up defeated. Chuck and Ken succeed in capturing Willy, but they noticed during the confrontation that something was not right in terms of Willy's appearance, fighting style and skills in comparison to those of the person they fought earlier. Their suspicions are confirmed when Kelly texts them what she'd discovered. They rush to the killer's house, only to arrive too late finding Kelly's lifeless body and the killer nowhere to be found. The killer then phones Ken, revealing that he has kidnapped Ken's wife and daughter in order to challenge Ken to a "grand championship match" to the death.

Ken and Chuck head to an abandoned construction site where the top of the building has Ken's wife (whom he has reconciled) and daughter strapped to a bomb. As Ken begins to face off against the killer in a showdown, the killer uses the environment to his advantage. When Chuck attempts to help Ken, Chuck is nearly killed for his actions. However, Ken eventually gets the upper hands and on a long scaffold, Ken unleashes a flurry of kicks and blows, knocking the killer off the building and causing him to fall to his death. When Ken reaches his wife and daughter, the bomb goes off but the explosion only consists of confetti. A tape recording reveals the killer saying, "I'm no child killer. There will be no slaughter of the innocents". Chuck makes it out, still injured from the killer, while Ken walks away in joy and relief with his wife and daughter.

Cast
 Gary Daniels as Ken O'Hara
 Chuck Jeffreys as Chuck Baker
 Darren Shahlavi as The Killer/Chad
 Nina Repeta as Megan O'Hara
 Leigh Jones as Lauren O'Hara
 Frank Gorshin as Chief Hutchins
 Hakim Alston as Eddie Cunningham
 Rob Van Dam as Dutch
 Ken Kensei as Master Takaido Welling
 Brandie Rocci as Kelly Welling
 Michael DePasquale Jr. as Willy
 Jeff Pillars as Justice
 Joe Hess as Terry
 Keith Vitali as Terry's Friend

Tagline
A red moon - a bloodmoon - is rising and someone is going to die.

References

External links

 Bloodmoon at Hong Kong Movie Database

1997 films
1990s action films
Films shot in New York (state)
Films shot in North Carolina
American martial arts films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Bloodmoon (1997 film)


Auxa is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

 Auxa armata (Coquerel, 1851)
 Auxa basirufipennis Breuning, 1980
 Auxa bimaculipennis Breuning, 1957
 Auxa divaricata (Coquerel, 1851)
 Auxa dorsata (Fairmaire, 1902)
 Auxa fuscolineata Breuning, 1957
 Auxa gibbicollis Fairmaire, 1902
 Auxa griveaudi Breuning, 1980
 Auxa lineolata Fairmaire, 1897
 Auxa longidens Breuning, 1957
 Auxa mediofasciata Breuning, 1940
 Auxa mimodivaricata Breuning, 1980
 Auxa nigritarsis Breuning, 1957
 Auxa obliquata Breuning, 1939
 Auxa paragibbicollis Breuning, 1975
 Auxa parvidens Fairmaire, 1897
 Auxa pauliani Breuning, 1957
 Auxa perroti Breuning, 1957
 Auxa pulchra Breuning, 1966
 Auxa rufoflava Breuning, 1970
 Auxa scriptidorsis Fairmaire, 1897
 Auxa sericea Breuning, 1957
 Auxa subdivaricata Breuning, 1957
 Auxa subobliquata Breuning, 1957
 Auxa subtruncata Breuning, 1966
 Auxa unicolor Breuning, 1940
 Auxa vadoni Breuning, 1957

References

Apomecynini
Cerambycidae genera

Auxa


The Way It Is ... is the comeback album by blues guitarist Snowy White, featuring his band, The White Flames, with two new 2004 members: Max Middleton and Richard Bailey, released in 2005 by his Record Company: White Flames Records. It was recorded between 2001 & 2005, featuring early White Flames drummer Juan Van Emmerloot and keyboardist John "Rabbit" Bundrick, .

This is the new album including a new acoustic version of the 1983 hit, "Bird of Paradise", and a blues version of Peter Green's "Black Magic Woman".

Track listing
All songs by Snowy White, except where noted.

 "No Stranger to the Blues" (Snowy White/Gilchrist/Gil Marais) – 3:24
 "Bird of Paradise" – 3:43
 "Black Magic Woman" (Peter Green) – 3:17
 "What I'm Searching For" – 5:17
 "Angel Inside You (Part 1)" – 4:08
 "Angel Inside You (Part 2)" – 5:17
 "Falling" – 4:24
 "The Way It Is" – 3:48
 "A Piece of your Love" – 3:51
 "This Time of My Life" – 4:38
 "Easy" (Snowy White/Walter Latupeirissa/Juan Van Emmerloot) – 3:25
 "Sweet Bluesmaker" – 5:26

Personnel

Snowy White & The White Flames
Snowy White: Guitars, bass guitar, keyboards, piano, percussion, congas, vocals.
Walter Latupeirissa: Bass guitar, guitars, keyboards, percussion, vocals.
Max Middleton: Keyboards, piano, Hammond Organ.
Richard Bailey: Drums, percussion, congas, shakers, synthesizer, Bodhran (Tracks 4-12).

Guest musicians
Kuma Harada: Bass guitar, guitars, percussion, keyboards.
John "Rabbit" Bundrick: Keyboards, organ, piano.
Juan Van Emmerloot: Percussion, congas, maracas (Tracks 1-3).
Orlando Sandoval: Piano, keyboards (Tracks 2-3).
James Lascelles: Keyboards, Hammond organ.
Dawn Knight: Backing vocals.
Ray Carless: Sax.

Production
Snowy White: Producer.
Kuma Harada: Engineer.
Noel Haris: Engineer.
Curtis Schwartz: Engineer.
Denis Blackham: Mastering.

References

Snowy White albums
2005 albums

The Way It Is (Snowy White album)


Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified (BD-NOS) is a diagnosis for bipolar disorder (BD) when it does not fall within the other established sub-types.  Bipolar disorder NOS is sometimes referred to as subthreshold bipolar disorder.

Classification
BD-NOS is a mood disorder and one of four subtypes on the bipolar spectrum, which also includes bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia. BD-NOS was a classification in the DSM-IV and has since been changed to Bipolar "Other Specified" and "Unspecified" in the 2013 released DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). BD-NOS is a disorder which creates intense mood instability which causes bouts of depression hypomania and mania and occasionally mood stability

Diagnosis
Bipolar disorder is difficult to diagnose. If a person displays some symptoms of bipolar disorder but not others, the clinician may diagnose bipolar NOS.  The diagnosis of bipolar NOS is indicated when there is a rapid change (days) between manic and depressive symptoms and can also include recurring episodes of hypomania.  Bipolar NOS may be diagnosed when it is difficult to tell whether bipolar is the primary disorder due to another general medical condition, such as a substance use disorder. A diagnosis of this condition can be challenging and is often imprecise.

Treatment
Individual approaches to treatment are recommended, usually involving a combination of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics. Psychotherapy may be beneficial and should be started early.

Epidemiology
The prevalence of BD-NOS is 1.4%.

See also

References

External links

Bipolar disorder
Bipolar spectrum


Kealoha (born Steven Kealohapauʻole Hong-Ming Wong) is a poet and storyteller based in Hawaii. He was the first Poet Laureate of Hawaii and the first poet to perform at a Hawaii governor's inauguration. In 2022 he received a Poets Laureate Fellowship from the Academy of American Poets.

Poetry

He is an internationally acclaimed poet and storyteller who has performed throughout the world from the White House to 'Iolani Palace and including hundreds of live venues. In 2010, he was honored as a "National Slam Legend" at the National Poetry Slam and was selected as a master artist for a National Endowment for the Arts program.  In the genre of storytelling, he has gained national recognition by showcasing at events such as the National Storytelling Network Conference, the Bay Area Storytelling Festival, and the Honolulu Storytelling Festival.

He is of multi-ethnic heritage with Hawaiian, Chinese, and Caucasian descent.  With a degree in Nuclear Engineering from MIT in 1999,  Kealoha has developed a poetic style that combines analysis with creative writing to investigate social, personal, and philosophical themes. He has worked for interscope records since 2001. He is the founder of HawaiiSlam, First Thursdays, and Youth Speaks Hawai`i.

Kealoha's work involves many focal themes such as nature, family, and culture, that can be found throughout all of his poetry. He is a proponent of "the spoken word" and believes it to be one of the most powerful tools that humans possess, saying "It makes us laugh and cry and wonder and empathize. It provides a mirror for us so we can see who we are as individuals and as a collective. It documents our beliefs and our many cultures through space and time. It expresses all facets of our humanity from the beautiful to the ugly. It shows us what is possible. It inspires us. It shifts our paradigms. It helps us grow." In fact, "the spoken word" is what inspired him to drop his life in Nuclear engineering and pursue poetry. It was exposure to slam poetry that made Kealoha rethink his path and return to Hawaii to pursue slam poetry.

His best known work is the performance poem Dichotomy (a.k.a. Hawaiian in the 21st Century), an identity piece that demonstrates conflicting arguments within the Native Hawaiian community.  Written in 2004, Dichotomy has been used in classrooms throughout the state of Hawaii to spark debate and dialogue within Hawai`i's youth.  Dichotomy debuted outside of Hawai`i in 2007 at the National Poetry Slam, helping Kealoha to place 8th individually out of over 350 of the world's best slam poets.

Other signature pieces include Recess (an uplifting piece that reminisces about playing on the playground and warns the audience not to fall into complacency), The Male Feminist (an empathetic male's perspective on violence towards women), Destiny (a philosophical investigation of the popular notion of destiny), Zoom Out (an existential look at the way we live our lives), Chances (a piece that uses the probability of our individual existences to deliver an inspiring message), and most recently, "The Story of Everything" (A long and theatrical epic poem that explains the history of the world and how it works through the lease of Kealoha's eyes).

Kealoha currently lives in Honolulu, and serves as HawaiiSlam's SlamMaster. He hosts the First Thursdays poetry slam at Fresh Cafe, which is the largest registered poetry slam in the world (with an average attendance of 500+). He did nuclear fusion research, management consulting, and surf instructing prior to making a living as a professional slam poet in 2002.

Career highlights
 Performed at the White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: National Philanthropic Briefing (2012).
 Represented Hawai`i at 7 National Poetry Slams (2003–2009) and performed on the finals stage four times (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008).  Ranked 8th individually out of 350 poets in 2007, and was captain of the 5th ranked team in 2009. At the 2010 National Poetry Slam, was a performer for the opening ceremonies and was honored as a "National Slam Legend."
 Featured at major venues throughout the world including the Nuyorican Poets Cafe (New York City), the Bowery Poetry Club (New York City), the Green Mill (Chicago), New Jersey Performing Arts Center (Planet Hip-Hop Festival), the Schiffbau (Zurich, Switzerland), the Rokerij (Amsterdam, Netherlands), the Bienal do Ibirapuera (São Paulo, Brazil), and the NFL Pro Bowl halftime show.
 Featured on HBO's Brave New Voices series presented by Russel Simmons (2009).
 Coached the Youth Speaks Hawai`i team that won the championship for the International Youth Poetry Slam in 2008.
 Poetic vocalist for Henry Kapono's Wild Hawaiian project, whose album was nominated for a Grammy.
 Featured storyteller at the National Storytelling Network Conference, the Bay Area Storytelling Festival, and the Honolulu Storytelling Festival.
 Wrote, performed in, and co-directed the State of Hawaii's "Can't Fool the Youth" anti-smoking campaign.
 Interview subject on PBS's Long Story Short with Leslie Wilcox (2010)
 Actor in the film "Get a Job," winner of "Jury Award" at Las Vegas Film Festival, "Best Comedy" at Ventura Film Festival and Detroit Windsor International Film Festival, and nominee for "Best Film" at Marbella Internacional Film Festival (2010)
 Composed and performed two original pieces for the Na Hoku Hanohano Awards show (Hawaii's Grammys), once for the opening sequence and once with Henry Kapono and Mick Fleetwood (2010)
 Performed poetry at the World Invitational Hula Festival (2009)
 Featured 4 times on the "World's Greatest Poetry Slam" DVD series (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008) and starred in the movie "Hawaii Slam: Poetry in Paradise."
 Has conducted workshops at over 200 schools, libraries, & prisons throughout his career.

References

External links

Kealoha's Official Website
Kealoha's MySpace Page
HawaiiSlam Website

American male poets
American spoken word poets
Slam poets
Poets Laureate of Hawaii
Native Hawaiian writers
Writers from Honolulu
MIT School of Engineering alumni
American people of Native Hawaiian descent
American writers of Chinese descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers

Kealoha (poet)


In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, an M/G/k queue is a queue model where arrivals are Markovian (modulated by a Poisson process), service times have a General distribution and there are k servers. The model name is written in Kendall's notation, and is an extension of the M/M/c queue, where service times must be exponentially distributed and of the M/G/1 queue with a single server. Most performance metrics for this queueing system are not known and remain an open problem.

Model definition

A queue represented by a M/G/k queue is a stochastic process whose state space is the set {0,1,2,3...}, where the value corresponds to the number of customers in the queue, including any being served. Transitions from state i to i + 1 represent the arrival of a new customer: the times between such arrivals have an exponential distribution with parameter λ. Transitions from state i to i − 1 represent the departure of a customer who has just finished being served: the length of time required for serving an individual customer has a general distribution function. The lengths of times between arrivals and of service periods are random variables which are assumed to be statistically independent.

Steady state distribution

Tijms et al. believe it is "not likely that computationally tractable methods can be developed to compute the exact numerical values of the steady-state probability in the M/G/k queue."

Various approximations for the average queue size, stationary distribution and approximation by a reflected Brownian motion have been offered by different authors. Recently a new approximate approach based on Laplace transform for steady state probabilities has been proposed by Hamzeh Khazaei et al.. This new approach is yet accurate enough in cases of large number of servers and when the distribution of service time has a Coefficient of variation more than one.

Average delay/waiting time

There are numerous approximations for the average delay a job experiences. The first such was given in 1959 using a factor to adjust the mean waiting time in an M/M/c queue This result is sometimes known as Kingman's law of congestion.

where C is the coefficient of variation of the service time distribution. Ward Whitt described this approximation as "usually an excellent approximation, even given extra information about the service-time distribution."

However, it is known that no approximation using only the first two moments can be accurate in all cases.

A Markov–Krein characterization has been shown to produce tight bounds on the mean waiting time.

Inter-departure times

It is conjectured that the times between departures, given a departure leaves n customers in a queue, has a mean which as n tends to infinity is different from the intuitive 1/μ result.

Two servers

For an M/G/2 queue (the model with two servers) the problem of determining marginal probabilities can be reduced to solving a pair of integral equations or the Laplace transform of the distribution when the service time distribution is a mixture of exponential distributions. The Laplace transform of queue length and waiting time distributions can be computed when the waiting time distribution has a rational Laplace transform.

References

Single queueing nodes
Unsolved problems in mathematics

M/G/k queue


Bunnicula is an American animated television series from Warner Bros. Animation developed by Jessica Borutski, produced by Borutski and Maxwell Atoms, and broadcast by Cartoon Network and Boomerang. The show is loosely based on the children's book series of the same name by James and Deborah Howe. It is a dark comedy about a vampire rabbit named Bunnicula who drinks carrot juice instead of blood to strengthen his super abilities in new paranormal adventures.

Plot
After moving to New Orleans with her father and pets, Chester & Harold, Mina Monroe is left with a key given to her by her late Aunt Marie that she uses to open a cellar in the Orlock Apartments. Doing this frees a vampire rabbit named Bunnicula who drains vegetables instead of blood to strengthen his powers. Unaware of his traits, she adopts him and makes him a new member of the Monroe family. The series is mostly set with Chester and Harold joining Bunnicula in his supernatural adventures involving situations only he can solve.

Episodes

Characters

Main
 Bunnicula (voiced by Chris Kattan) is the titular character of the show. He is a cute vampire Dutch rabbit and was once the pet of Dracula. Hence his name is a combination of the words "Bunny" and "Dracula". He is very different from the original version of the character who appears in the books. As it was said by Chester, Bunnicula was found in a locked chamber in the cellar of the apartment complex that Mina, Harold and Chester now live in. Also he is seen to have a few vampiric traits such as hiding from sunlight, sleeping in a coffin, flying with bat wings, and gaining sustenance by draining juice from vegetables and sometimes other plants (instead of blood) with his fangs. Bunnicula usually speaks a vampiric tongue, though he is capable of limited English, although Harold and other supernatural creatures understand his native language. Harold usually translates for Chester. He cares for Mina a great deal, but tends to cause mischief that yields supernatural consequences. Bunnicula sucks juices from vegetables and sometimes other plants (just like in the books) but different kinds of vegetables cause some kind of reaction in Bunnicula (large carrots enhance his vision, sugar beets make him hyperactive and speedy, squashes enlarge his feet, onions make him cry powerful jet streams of tears, garlic turns him into a skeleton bunny, ghost peppers make him breathe out a fire demon, rutabagas and a type of mango from Madagascar give him telekinesis, turnips turn the house upside-down, wasabi makes him spontaneously combust, leeks give him spider legs, eggplants turn him into a huge and hideous three-eyed monster rabbit, baby carrots make him shrink, rotten yams make him invisible, mandrake roots makes him taller with a more humanoid body, horseradish turns him into a horse, chili peppers make him breathe fire, ordinary broccolis and spinach makes him super strong, catnip turns him into a cat, celery makes him boring, cardoons turn him into a car, romanesco broccolis make exact clones of him, sunflowers give him allergies, iceberg lettuces turns him into a snowman and the ability to breathe ice and snow, thyme gives him the ability to travel in time etc.
 Chester (voiced by Sean Astin) is Mina's sarcastic pet Siamese cat. Although he does value Bunnicula as a friend, he is often exasperated with him. This is mainly because he is constantly terrified of the monsters and supernatural phenomena that happen around him and his friends. He does appear to be a good thinker in certain situations, which has been acknowledged by Harold, although Harold has also correctly pointed out that "Chester's pretty smart, but he never actually learns from his mistakes". Chester is also a fan of reading, sudoku, and jazz music. In the books, Chester is an eccentric Orange tabby whose wild suspicions of occult phenomena constantly exasperate Harold.
 Harold (voiced by Brian Kimmet) is Mina's pet dog. He loves his friends Chester and Bunnicula, and their owner, Mina. He isn't overly intelligent, but despite this he is the only one who can fluently understand Bunnicula and usually translates for him to Chester. He is also fiercely loyal and values the friendships he has. Harold appears to be a brown Mutt. In the books, Harold is a ponderous, intelligent, thoughtful character, forced to put up with the eccentricities of Chester, Bunnicula, and Howie. Also in the books Harold resembles a Caucasian Shepherd, though he claims to have Russian Wolfhound in him as well.
 Mina Monroe (voiced by Kari Wahlgren) is a 13-year-old girl who just moved to New Orleans, Louisiana from Middle America with her father. It was seen in the opening that she was the one who freed Bunnicula from his prison in the cellar with a key that was left for her by her Aunt Marie. Aunt Marie left an apartment to Mina and her father. Mina's mother is never seen or mentioned in the series. Mina's style is punk alternative, and she is a fan of rock music and horror movies. She is usually completely oblivious to any supernatural happenings in the Orlock apartments despite saying that she would love to witness some supernatural activity herself. However, in the episode "Oh, Brother", Mina finally discovers Bunnicula is a vampire after seeing him flying with his chiropteran ears and sucking the juice out of a carrot with his fangs. But rather than being alarmed by this, she is amazed and immediately embraces him saying she'll always love him, no matter what. Mina's name is taken from the character, Mina Harker, of the original 1897 Dracula story. In the books Chester, Harold, Bunnicula, and Howie are owned by Robert, Ann, Pete, and Toby Monroe.

Others
 Arthur Monroe (voiced by Chris Kattan) is Mina's father who moves with his daughter to New Orleans from Middle America after inheriting an apartment from Aunt Marie. Everyone refers to him as "Mina's Dad", including himself on more than one occasion. This only adds to his already peculiar behaviour, as he has been seen in "My Imaginary Fiend" talking to thin air, and in "Family Portrait" he throws a princess-themed party for Mina for her 13th birthday. His wife isn't seen or mentioned in the series. His face is never on full view to the audience; usually it is blocked by a hat he is wearing or some other sort of obstacle. That is until the episode "Oh, Brother", when he looks up from a magazine he is reading and says hello to Bunnicula. His name is taken from Arthur Holmwood, who is one of the protagonists in the original 1897 Dracula story. In the books Arthur's name is Robert and he's married to Ann. They have two sons named Pete and Toby.
 Marsha (voiced by Monie Mon) is Mina's cautious and shy best friend, who serves as a foil to the outgoing Mina. Marsha is extremely unlucky and often the only human to notice supernatural activity.
 Becky (voiced by Kate Higgins) is Mina's other best friend. Becky is very monotone and sarcastic, acting like the stereotypical teenage girl.
 Scott Dingleman (voiced by Scott Menville) is Mina's love interest who shares many of her interests. Bunnicula, Chester, and Harold accidentally erased Scott's memories and tried to take advantage of him until they realized how much Mina missed Scott, and so restored his memory. For some reason, Scott can now understand them but chose to keep it a secret.
 Madame Polidori (voiced by Grey Griffin) is the owner of a shop containing many supernatural objects. Madame Polidori often has dangerous items on display, such as a harmonica that revives fish as zombies and the Haunted Portrait of Miserio. Though early episodes depict her as knowledgeable of the supernatural, she is later depicted as somewhat incompetent; several episodes have her sell these dangerous items and she mistakes Chester and numerous animals for magical creatures (though the end of the episode reveals that, with the exception of Chester and a mouse she captured, the animals actually were magical creatures). Madame Polidori doesn't like children or pets in her shop. She loves money. Her name is taken from the author John Polidori who is famous for having written the very first published vampire story, "The Vampyre" written in 1816.
 Patches (voiced by Eric Bauza) is a laidback, fun-loving weredude. Patches often forgets he is a weredude, and acts like a cat even in human form. Patches moved into the Orlock Apartments in "Revenge of the Return of the Curse of the Weredude".
 Lugosi (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is a deformed and insane guinea pig obsessed with serving Bunnicula, but his way of doing so makes him an enemy. He is later adopted by Marsha, who he declares his new master. Lugosi is now an ally of Bunnicula, although still referring to him as his master, does what he can to protect him and offers help to him, Chester and Harold when they need advice. Lugosi's name is taken from the actor Bela Lugosi who is famous for portraying Dracula on-screen for the first time in 1931.
 Rusty Bones (voiced by Greg Eagles) is the ghost of a depressed blues singer who sang albums about his awful life. Rusty curses anyone who makes a mockery of his songs.
 Fluffy (voiced by Sumalee Montano) is a Doberman Pinscher who hunts vampires and originally was an enemy to Bunnicula. Later however, she became another close ally. Fluffy is a parody of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
 Elvira is an imaginary cat.
 Veronica Rabbit (voiced by Abby Trott) is a rabbit.
 Baron Karloff (voiced by Donovan Patton) is a French Bulldog with his last name related to Boris Karloff, he once tried to summon a grave walker named Rip so that Fluffy can fight him and win because he is an obsess fan with Fluffy work and tried to get a vampire to bite him so he could be a vampire Fluffy can defeat for him. He speaks with an Eastern European accent.
 Hamburger Cheese (voiced by Scott Menville) is Mina's childhood imaginary friend.
 Mike Myers (voiced by Jeff Bergman) is a false animal protection officer and a one-time character who tried to lock up Marsha and Becky, because of a malicious trick played by Mina but got arrested by the Police afterwards. It is presumed he is in jail for a long time and exposed as a fraud. His name is a parody of Austin Powers star Mike Myers.
 Cassandra (voiced by Audrey Wasilewski) is a ghostly Southern alligator who is insecure. Cassandra is very emotional and gets upset when she loses her earrings or can't find her way home to the Bayou. Cassandra died prior to the series from unknown causes. Cassandra is able to shape shift, place a crying curse on people and animals, and travel through the sewer pipes. Her curse doesn't work on Bunnicula.
 Rafferty (voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz) is an albino squirrel.
 Count Cavanda (voiced by Scott Menville) is a vampire tick. Count Cavanda is a parody of Count Dracula.
 Dr. Pistachio (voiced by Eric Bauza) is a squirrel.
 Kenko (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is an evil wrath demon with a short bearded pale grey skin humanoid with blue hair. He has his hair in a ponytail. He wears a tarted shitagi, dark pants, cloth wrapped around both his arms and sandals.
 Chaos (voiced by Fred Tatasciore) is a cattle-headed demon. He once gathered the monster gangs of New Orleans to draw out Bunnicula by stealing his ears.
 West-End Lionesses are a gang of anthropomorphic lionesses that operate in West End, New Orleans.
 South Street Soul Stealers are a gang of spiritual skulls that operate on South Street.
 Spanish Moss Swamp Beasts are a gang of swamp monsters.
 Dumont Moth Men are a gang of small mothmen.
 Bay City Krakens are a gang of Krakens.
 Jefferson Parish Pixies (all voiced by Jasmine Kaur) are a pixie gang that operates in Jefferson Parish.
 Gentilly Rat Pack are gang of anthropomorphic rats that operate in the sewers of Gentilly.
 Gentilly Rat Pack Leader (voiced by Robert Catrini impersonating Danny DeVito) is the unnamed leader of the Gentilly Rat Pack.
 Carmine - Member of the Gentilly Rat Pack.
 Danny - Member of the Gentilly Rat Pack.
 Enzo - Member of the Gentilly Rat Pack.
 Rocko - Member of the Gentilly Rat Pack.
 Big Tony - Member of the Gentilly Rat Pack.
 Futbol Furries are a gang of soccer-playing werewolves.
 Futbol Furries Leader (voiced by Rhasaan Orange) is the unnamed leader of the Futbol Furries.
 Skeleton Crew are a gang of skeletons that are vulnerable to Harold's love of bones.
 Bunnicula's Brother (voiced by Chris Kattan) is Bunnicula's little brother that instead of sucking juice from vegetables, sucks the life force of supernatural creatures that also give him supernatural abilities.

Broadcast
Bunnicula premiered on Cartoon Network on February 6, 2016, and then premiered on Boomerang on the same day. The series was picked up for a second and third season, but moved to Boomerang entirely on April 11, 2017.

In May 2018, Warner Bros. announced that the third season of Bunnicula would premiere on the Boomerang streaming service in 2019. However, every episode from that season first premiered on the Boomerang network, airing from December 1, and ending on December 30. After the series ended, reruns continued to air on Boomerang until 2021.

In Canada, the series started airing on Teletoon on April 2, 2016. The series premiered on Boomerang on May 2 in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The series premiered on Boomerang on July 18 in Australia and New Zealand.

The series can currently be streamed on Boomerang's SVOD subscription service, available on Android, iOS, desktop, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, Amazon Kindle Fire Tablet, Roku and Chromecast. As of 2021, the first season is also viewable by purchase on YouTube, within the United States, on both an individual-episode and full season basis.

Home media
"Night of the Vegetable", a 2-disc DVD set featuring the first 20 episodes of season one, was released on June 27, 2017, by Warner Home Video. Originally, Warner Home Video was planning to release another 2-disc DVD set featuring the remaining 20 episodes of season one on February 13, 2018, but that release was cancelled for unknown reasons. Instead, Warner Home Video released "The Complete First Season", a 4-disc set containing all 40 episodes from season one, on May 8 the same year.

Reception
It has received positive reviews. Common Sense Media gave the series three stars out of five. Critic Emily Ashby states that the series is a fun pick for the whole family to enjoy with its silly antics and lighthearted paranormality.

References

External links
 Official website

2010s American animated television series
2010s American black comedy television series
2010s American supernatural television series
2016 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
American children's animated action television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American children's animated horror television series
American children's animated supernatural television series
Extraterrestrial supervillains
American flash animated television series
American television shows based on children's books
English-language television shows
Boomerang (TV network) original programming
Cartoon Network original programming
Dark fantasy television series
Television series by Warner Bros. Animation
Animated television series about cats
Animated television series about dogs
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Television shows set in New Orleans
Mythology in popular culture
Vampires in animated television

Bunnicula (TV series)


Robert Chisholm Rankin (18 September 1896 – 28 May 1955) was an Australian politician.

Born in Malvern to Indian-born bootmaker William Rankin and Elizabeth Chisholm, he served in the Australian Imperial Force during World War I, attaining the rank of captain. He married Ethel Josephine Bennetts around 1918. Returning from the war, he farmed at Harrow and then at Horsham; he was a life member of the Returned and Services League. In 1940 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for Western Province, representing the Country Party. He left the Country Party in 1947 and in 1948 joined the Liberal Party. He was defeated in 1952. Rankin died in Toorak in 1955.

References

1896 births
1955 deaths
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Australian Army soldiers
20th-century Australian farmers
20th-century Australian politicians

Robert Rankin (Australian politician)


Gulfoss is a waterfall in Iceland. It is part of the Golden Circle tour, which is a popular tour that many tourists take. The Golden Circle shows you the national park Þingvellir, the waterfall Gullfoss (meaning "golden falls"), and the geothermally active valley of Haukadalur, which contains the geysers (erupting hot-springs). In Icelandic, 'Gul' means 'Gold' or 'Golden' and 'Foss' translates into 'Fall'.

History
Gullfoss and its environments were designed in 1979 as a nature reserve. This served to permanently protect the waterfall and allow the public to enjoy this unique area. The Environment Agency of Iceland is responsible for the management of this reserve.Tourism of this amazing waterfall has been dated to as far back as 1875.In the early days of the last century, Gullfoss was at the centre of much controversy regarding foreign investors and their desire to profit off Iceland's nature. In the year 1907, an English businessman, Howell, sought to utilise the waterfall's energy and harboured ambitions to use its energy to fuel a hydroelectric plant.

At the time, Gullfoss was owned by a farmer named Tómas Tómasson. Tómas declined Howell's offer to purchase the land, stating famously "I will not sell my friend!" He would, however, go on to lease Howell the land without the knowledge of a loophole that would allow him to proceed with his plans.

It was Tómas' daughter, Sigríður Tómasdóttir, who would lead the charge to stop Howell's ambitions. Having grown up on her father's sheep farm where she helped pave the first road to Gullfoss, she sought to get the contract nullified, hurriedly saving her own money to hire a lawyer.

The ensuing legal battle was an uphill struggle; the case continued for years, forcing Sigríður to travel many times by foot to Reykjavík, a distance of over 100 kilometres (62 miles). Circumstances became so difficult that Sigríður threatened to throw herself into the waterfall if any construction began.

Geography
The gorge was formed by flash flood waters that forced their way through the cracks in the basalt lava layers. On average the water flow is around 110 m3/s. But when these floods happen it can go up to 2000 m3/s, this means that it can fill almost 50 Olympic pools in one minute or about one every second. The floods were so intense that they could fill up the gorge, which is an impressive 32 meters tall, up to the top.

Gullfoss is a tiered Cataract, its total height is 32 m. It has two falls, of which the longest drop is 21 meters tall. It is in the Hvitá River in the Southwestern part of Iceland.

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Europe
Geography of Iceland

Gullfoss


John Parmenter Robarts  (January 11, 1917 – October 18, 1982) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 17th premier of Ontario from 1961 to 1971. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario.

Early life
Robarts was born in Banff, Alberta, to Herbert Roberts and Ellen Florence May Robarts, making him the only Ontario premier not to have been born in Ontario. As a young man, he moved to London, Ontario, with his family, where he studied at Central Collegiate (today, London Central Secondary School) and at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in business administration. While attending UWO, he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity.

Robarts enrolled to study law at Osgoode Hall Law School, but his education was interrupted by service with the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. He served as an officer on  . After the war, he returned to law school and graduated in 1948.

Early political career
Robarts practiced law in London, Ontario, and was elected to city council in 1948. In 1951, he was elected as a member of provincial parliament (MPP) to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, as a Progressive Conservative (PC) from the city. In that era, MPPs not in cabinet were essentially working part-time due to relatively light legislative duties. Robarts commuted by train from the Queen's Park legislature in Toronto–the provincial capital–to his family and law practice in London, effectively combining his legislative work with his legal career. His wife Norah disliked Toronto and remained at home in London for most of their marriage. The couple raised two children.

He entered the cabinet of Leslie Frost in 1958 as minister without portfolio, and was promoted to minister of education in 1959. The province was in the midst of a major building phase with its education system, to accommodate an enormous increase in enrollment following the Baby Boomer generation of the post-World War II era, and Robarts played an important role as education minister, with the establishment of new institutions such as York University.

Premier of Ontario
In 1961, Robarts became the 17th premier of Ontario, and served in that capacity until 1971. He was an advocate of individual freedoms, and promoted the rights of the provinces against the centralizing initiatives of the federal government. He also promoted national unity against Quebec separatism, and hosted the 1967 "Confederation of Tomorrow" conference in Toronto in an unsuccessful attempt to achieve an agreement for a new Constitution of Canada.

He initially opposed Canadian Medicare when it was proposed, but later endorsed it fully following New Democratic Party (NDP) candidate Kenneth Bolton's upset by-election victory on the issue in the London-area riding of Middlesex South.

As a civil libertarian, and a strong believer in the promotion of both official languages, Robarts opened the door to French language education in Ontario schools. In 1972 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada.

Nicknamed "the Chairman of the Board" during his tenure, Robarts is remembered for his steps to promote and improve education. He was responsible for the construction of five new universities including York University, the establishment of the Ontario Science Centre and Ontario Place, the creation of numerous teacher's colleges, the creation of the community college system, the GO Transit commuter rail system, introducing nuclear power to Ontario's electricity grid, and launching the Ontario Scholar fund for high school students graduating with an A average. Throughout his premiership, Robarts had balanced budgets every year.

Later life
After retiring from office, Robarts co-chaired the Task Force on Canadian Unity with Jean-Luc Pépin, and joined a Toronto law firm as well as the boards of directors of several major corporations.

He served as chancellor of the University of Western Ontario from 1971 to 1976. He served as chancellor of York University from 1977 to 1982.

Robarts and his wife divorced in the early seventies, and he remarried to a woman 28 years his junior.

Robarts died by suicide on October 18, 1982. He had been suffering from depression as a result of the 1977 suicide of his son, Timothy, and a series of debilitating strokes.

He is buried in St. James Cemetery, in Toronto.

Legacy
The Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies at York University was founded in 1984 in his name. The John P. Robarts Research Institute (renamed The Robarts Research Institute in 2005) at the University of Western Ontario was officially opened in 1986. Also in London is the Robarts School for the Deaf, and the John P. Robarts elementary school. The 16-storey John P. Robarts Research Library at the University of Toronto is also named in his honour.

Biographies
University of Western Ontario professor A. K. McDougall authored the first full-length biography: Robarts, in 1985. Steve Paikin wrote a biography, Public Triumph, Private Tragedy: The Double Life of John P. Robarts (Viking, 2005).

References

External links

 Reference on John Robarts Death
 John P. Robarts fonds, Archives of Ontario

1917 births
1982 suicides
20th-century Canadian lawyers
Canadian politicians who committed suicide
Canadian King's Counsel
Chancellors of the University of Western Ontario
Chancellors of York University
Companions of the Order of Canada
Lawyers in Ontario
Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
London, Ontario city councillors
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Osgoode Hall Law School alumni
People from Banff, Alberta
Premiers of Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Royal Canadian Navy officers
University of Toronto people
University of Western Ontario alumni
Burials at St. James Cemetery, Toronto
1982 deaths

John Robarts


The list of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters:

Main characters

Aang (Zach Tyler Eisen) is the 12-year-old protagonist of the series who had been frozen in ice with his flying bison, Appa, for 100 years. He was found by a young Waterbender named Katara who later becomes his love interest. He is the current incarnation of the Avatar, the master of 4 elements. Aang is a reluctant hero who tries to restore balance to the world.

Katara (Mae Whitman) is a 14-year-old Waterbender of the Southern Water Tribe. Katara and her brother, Sokka, discover and free Aang from a block of ice in which he had been frozen for 100 years. With her brother Sokka, she accompanies Aang on his quest to defeat the Fire Lord Ozai and, eventually, becomes his Waterbending teacher. Katara also becomes one of the only Waterbenders that have the ability to Bloodbend, which allows her to control any person by bending the water inside the blood; although she is reluctant to use the ability. In the original un-aired pilot episode, Katara's name was Kaya; this later is stated to be her mother's name.

Sokka (Jack DeSena) is a 15-year-old warrior of the Southern Water Tribe. With his sister, Katara, he accompanies Aang on his quest to defeat the Fire Lord. As both the joker and the idea man of the group, Sokka describes himself as "meat-loving" and "sarcastic". Unlike his companions, Sokka does not have any bending ability; however the series, though it often makes him the victim of comedy at his expense, frequently grants him opportunities to use his ingenuity and weapons, including his trusty boomerang and a sword he forged from a meteorite. From creator Michael Dante DiMartino it was revealed that Sokka also had some waterbending potential, but never realized it.

Toph  (Jessie Flower) is a 12-year-old blind, yet tough Earthbender who's a member of the rich Bei Fong family. She first appears in the second season of the show. Not long after meeting Aang and his friends, Toph leaves her wealthy family and comfortable home to join Aang on his quest and a plan to teach him Earthbending. Though blind, Toph "sees" by feeling vibrations in the ground through her feet. She is the only Earthbender to learn to bend metal and is considered one of the most powerful Earthbenders.

Zuko (Dante Basco) is the 16-year-old exiled prince of the Fire Nation and original antagonist of the series. Due to events in Zuko's past, his father Fire Lord Ozai, deems him a complete failure, and Zuko feels he must capture the Avatar to regain his honor. Over time, Zuko struggles to deal with his anger, self-pity, and complex familial relationships. Over the course of the series he grows more sympathetic to the people his nation has terrorized. He takes on the identity of "the blue spirit" at the end of season one and beginning of season two. In season three, he defects from the Fire Nation and joins the Avatar and the team in order to teach Aang Firebending. At the end of the series, he is crowned ruler of the Fire Nation.

Azula (Grey DeLisle) is the manipulative  princess of the Fire Nation. She is Zuko's younger sister and one of the major antagonists of the series. Azula is a Firebending prodigy and is one of the few living Firebenders capable of casting lightning. She uses fear to control her relatives or friends Mai and Ty Lee, reserving her family loyalty for her father alone.

Iroh (Mako in season one and two. Greg Baldwin in season three) is a retired Fire Nation general, known as the Dragon of the West, and Prince Zuko's uncle and mentor. Iroh was the original heir to the Fire Nation throne, though his brother usurped it after their father's death. On the surface, Iroh is a cheerful, kind, optimistic, eccentric, tea-loving old man, but he still remains a powerful warrior and is also a devoted surrogate parent to Zuko. Iroh is a Grand Master of the Order of the White Lotus, a secret society of men from all nations and helps retake Ba Sing Se during the series finale. Unlike most Firebenders, Iroh does not use anger as the source of his strength; instead he uses the original Firebending skills learned from the Dragons.

Other characters

Character conception

The characters of Avatar: The Last Airbender were designed by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, the co-creators of the series. The anime-styled character art based on Shinichiro Watanabe's Cowboy Bebop, Samurai Champloo, and FLCL (Fooly Cooly) of Gainax. The original character conception was derived from a sketch by Bryan Konietzko that depicted a middle-aged balding man with an arrow on his head. Studios such as Studio 4°C, Production I.G, and Studio Ghibli, which produced anime-styled cartoons, were also sources of inspiration.

The greatest influences on the series were Asian art and history; the characters' various personalities and traits are based on philosophical teachings such as Taoism and Buddhism. In the show, some characters have the ability to manipulate one of the four classic elements of ancient philosophy: Water, Earth, Fire and Air, although the Avatar has the ability to control all four. Each of these employ a different form of martial arts in their fighting choreography: Ba Gua for Airbending, Hung Gar for Earthbending, Northern Shaolin for Firebending, and Tai Chi for Waterbending. These individual styles of martial arts also reflect on the personalities of the user and the nations as a whole. These starkly individual tendencies are explained in eighty-five distinct types of "Jings", or internal energy. For example, Ba Gua employs the "negative jing" to create erratic circular movements and capitalizes on centripetal force and defensive positions while Northern Shaolin follows the "positive jing" and emphasizes brute strength and aggression to generate power. The negative jing reflects Aang's bending styles and his tendency to be unpredictable and extremely carefree, as well as his pacifist and non-aggressive nature.

Many of the recurring characters of the series have received more depth in their personalities, which are usually based on their respective element. Aang, a pacifist monk, is also very carefree and childlike, which is commonly attributed to the "freedom" of the wind and the air. Toph, despite being blind, is extremely perceptive of the world around her due to her connection to the Earth. Unlike Aang, she is extremely brusque when criticizing others, which is attributed to Earth's tough and unbreakable nature.

Critic

The characters of Avatar: The Last Airbender received both praise and criticism from reviewers. Troy Island Mell, of IGN, felt that the story "would [not] be anywhere near as good as it is without its ability to create such strong characters". In particular, Mell enjoyed the development of Katara and Zuko throughout the first season, but thought that Zuko's relationship with his uncle was not "very organic." Jamie S. Rich of DVD Talk generally agreed with Mell's assessment of the characters. Rich also praised the fact that, unlike many cartoon television series, Avatar introduces antagonists that have a deep backstory and "are [not] just evil for the sake of it".

Jeremy Mullin, another IGN reviewer, disagreed with Mell and Rich; he felt that the characters were not brilliantly done, though he noted that they introduced some drama and romantic tension usually not found on Nickelodeon, especially between Aang and Katara. Lair of the Green Knight and DVD Verdict also enjoyed the romantic tension, focusing mainly on the female cast: Katara, Toph, and Azula, as well as the two minor characters, Mai and Ty Lee. Fitz at Lair of the Green Knight lauded the decision to not stereotypically fashion the woman into the "usual weak female characters" but to instead give them "strong opinions and strength". IGN also compared character relationships, complimenting "Sokka and Princess Yue's forbidden love" while criticizing Iroh and Zuko's relationship as not being executed properly. DVDVerdict felt that some minor characters, especially Mai and Ty Lee, were "love em' or hate em'" characters. Gabriel Powers of DVDActive thought that while the characters fit into neat "archetypes", it was not a bad thing and fit well with the series.

In 2008, Avatar was awarded a Peabody for its "unusually complex characters". This makes the cartoon one of few animations to win the award and the only one to be cited for its character development.

References

Notes

Lists of fictional characters

List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters


The Box is a 2007 American crime film starring Gabrielle Union, A.J. Buckley, RZA, Giancarlo Esposito, Jason Winston George, Brett Donowho and written and directed by A.J. Kparr.

Plot
A disgraced former LAPD cop leads a home invasion in search of millions in stolen money.  The crime goes wrong and homicide detectives seeking answers interrogate the only survivors, a thief and one of the victims.

References

External links

2007 films
American crime films
2007 crime films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Box (2007 film)


In a polymer solution, a theta solvent (or θ solvent) is a solvent in which polymer coils act like ideal chains, assuming exactly their random walk coil dimensions. Therefore, the Mark–Houwink equation exponent is  in a theta solvent. Thermodynamically, the excess chemical potential of mixing between a polymer and a theta solvent is zero.

Physical interpretation

The conformation assumed by a polymer chain in dilute solution can be modeled as a random walk of monomer subunits using a freely jointed chain model. However, this model does not account for steric effects. Real polymer coils are more closely represented by a self-avoiding walk because conformations in which different chain segments occupy the same space are not physically possible. This excluded volume effect causes the polymer to expand.

Chain conformation is also affected by solvent quality. The intermolecular interactions between polymer chain segments and coordinated solvent molecules have an associated energy of interaction which can be positive or negative. For a good solvent, interactions between polymer segments and solvent molecules are energetically favorable, and will cause polymer coils to expand. For a poor solvent, polymer-polymer self-interactions are preferred, and the polymer coils will contract. The quality of the solvent depends on both the chemical compositions of the polymer and solvent molecules and the solution temperature.

Theta temperature
If a solvent is precisely poor enough to cancel the effects of excluded volume expansion, the theta (θ) condition is satisfied. For a given polymer-solvent pair, the theta condition is satisfied at a certain temperature, called the theta (θ) temperature or theta point. A solvent at this temperature is called a theta solvent.

In general, measurements of the properties of polymer solutions depend on the solvent. However, when a theta solvent is used, the measured characteristics are independent of the solvent. They depend only on short-range properties of the polymer such as the bond length, bond angles, and sterically favorable rotations. The polymer chain will behave exactly as predicted by the random walk or ideal chain model. This makes experimental determination of important quantities such as the root mean square end-to-end distance or the radius of gyration much simpler.

Additionally, the theta condition is also satisfied in the bulk amorphous polymer phase. Thus, the conformations adopted by polymers dissolved in theta solvents are identical to those adopted in bulk polymer polymerization .

Thermodynamic definition

Thermodynamically, the excess chemical potential of mixing between a theta solvent and a polymer is zero. Equivalently, the enthalpy of mixing is zero, making the solution ideal.

One cannot measure the chemical potential by any direct means, but one can correlate it to the solution's osmotic pressure () and the solvent's partial specific volume ():

One can use a virial expansion to express how osmotic pressure depends on concentration:

M is the molecular weight of the polymer
R is the gas constant
T is the absolute temperature
B is the second virial coefficient

This relationship with osmotic pressure is one way to determine the theta condition or theta temperature for a solvent.

The change in the chemical potential when the two are mixed has two terms: ideal and excess:

The second virial coefficient, B, is proportional to the excess chemical potential of mixing:

B reflects the energy of binary interactions between solvent molecules and segments of polymer chain. When B > 0, the solvent is "good," and when B < 0, the solvent is "poor". For a theta solvent, the second virial coefficient is zero because the excess chemical potential is zero; otherwise it would fall outside the definition of a theta solvent. A solvent at its theta temperature is, in this way, analogous to a real gas at its Boyle temperature.

Similar relationships exist for other experimental techniques, including light scattering, intrinsic viscosity measurement, sedimentation equilibrium, and cloud point titration.

See also
 Flory–Huggins solution theory

References

Polymer physics
Thermodynamics
Rubber properties

Theta solvent


Luminar Neo is a universal photo editing software application developed by Skylum (formerly Macphun) available for Windows and macOS.

Luminar Neo was released in February 2022. It works as a standalone application and as a plugin for Adobe and Apple products. It integrates with Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Photoshop Elements, Adobe Lightroom Classic, and Photos for macOS.

Luminar Neo has won the Red Dot Brands & Communication Design award in 2022, and the TIPA World Awards for two years in a row: in 2022 and 2023.

History
Prior to Luminar Neo, Skylum (at the time known as Macphun) launched a series of image editing apps, including Luminar in November 2016 and Luminar Neptune in 2017. Initially developed only for macOS, Macphun launched Luminar 2018 for Windows in late 2017. At the same time, the company announced that it will change its name to Skylum.

Luminar 2018, which was launched in November 2017, introduced a RAW develop module, changed the user interface, and added new filters.

Over the years, Skylum released apps such as Luminar 3, Luminar 4, and Luminar AI, each with its own modifications.

Luminar Neo is the last-generation photo editing app developed by Skylum, released in February 2022.

The company website states that "What differentiates Luminar Neo from all previous versions of Luminar is its modular engine. Modules help to evenly distribute the load for faster image processing. This allows you to apply lots of different tools to an image without significant performance losses and save all edits automatically."

General info
Luminar Neo is considered to be a tool for both amateur and professional photographers. It has a modular engine, which evenly distributes the load for faster image processing. This allows photographers to apply lots of different edits to an image without significant performance losses and save all edits automatically and non-destructively.

Luminar Neo has a variety of AI-powered features like Sky AI and Face AI designed to enhance photos of any genre, including landscapes, portraits, street photos, and others. Additionally, the application has built-in Presets, which can be used to apply a set of fixed adjustments to images in a few clicks. A variety of additional Presets are also available for purchase in the Luminar Marketplace. The effects can be combined using layers and masks. Luminar Neo supports multiple file formats, including raw files.

Key features
Luminar Neo's editing tools are grouped into several categories: Essentials, Creative, Portrait, Professional, and Extensions.

Luminar Neo's signature tools are:

 Enhance AI adjusts up to a dozen controls with one slider.
 Relight AI fixes underexposed photos.
 Sky AI replaces the sky without the need for masking.
 Atmosphere AI places fog, mist, or haze in your image.
 Structure AI sharpens details without affecting the people in the photo.
 Crop AI helps the photos get stronger compositions, crops, and perspectives.
 Face AI enhances face features and skin .
 Skin AI smooths skin and gets rid of imperfections.
 Body AI shapes a subject's torso and abdomen by removing or adding volume.
 Portrait Bokeh AI creates a dreamy bokeh effect.

There is also Mask AI tool that relies on AI algorithms, recognizes objects in photos, and lets the user select any part of a picture by choosing it in the list.

Luminar Neo's Extensions give photographers additional possibilities. They include:

 Supersharp AI that recovers details from misfocus and motion blur.
 Noiseless AI that gets rid of the noise and keeps all the details intact, ensuring a natural look.
 Upscale AI helps upscale a photo up to 600% and enhances image resolution in a natural way.
 Background Removal AI automatically removes the background behind one or multiple subjects in a photo.
 HDR Merge lets users combine up to 10 photos to create an HDR image that brings out important details from the brightest and darkest parts of photos.
 Focus Stacking stacks up to 100 photos with different points of focus.
 Magic Light AI places visual accents on a photo by adding glow to light sources.

Luminar Neo also has other editing tools, such as Erase, Sunrays, Glow, Dodge & Burn, Landscape, Details, Denoise, Mood (for working with LUTs), Color, Toning, Dramatic, Color Harmony, Mystical, Film Grain, Matte, Vignette, Clone, High Key, Optics, Light, Black & White, and others.

Reception
Luminar Neo has won multiple top industry awards, such as the Red Dot Brands & Communication Design award in the User Interface category and the TIPA World Awards for Best Imaging Software in 2022 and in 2023.

Forbes Advisor added Luminar Neo to their list of Best Photo Editing Software of 2023 reviewing the tool as: "Luminar Neo is a popular photo editing software, and for good reason. It uses AI-enabled editing tools to enhance images, such as adding rays of sunshine to a landscape image, to give an example. Its user-friendly interface (UI) allows even beginners to adapt to photo editing easily. Moreover, it has advanced features including tagging, lens correction and editing RAW images."

PC Magazine advised to choose Luminar Neo for "Clean interface, filters, and unique fixes."

TechRadar described Luminar Neo as "Powerful, very easy to use, and a great place to start for photographers who fear the complexity of Lightroom or Photoshop."

ExpertPhotography, the world's largest photography education website in the world, named Luminar Neo "The landmark photo editing software from Skylum. The incredible Skylum developers have put AI at the heart of Luminar Neo. And they've revolutionized photo editing forever. The results are genuinely impressive."

References

Photo software
Raster graphics editors
HDR tone mapping software
2017 software

Luminar (software)


The South African Naval Museum is a maritime museum in Simon's Town, South Africa.  It contains collections and artefacts related to the maritime history of South Africa and the South African Navy.

History

The South African Naval Museum at the South African Navy's base in Simon's Town dates back to 1966 when a naval historical collection was displayed at the Castle of Good Hope Military Museum in Cape Town.  In the mid 1970s this collection was transferred to the Martello Tower in Simon's Town and, thereafter, to Fort Wynyard where it was enlarged to include a much wider display of naval associated artifacts.  With the decentralisation of Museums from the former South African Defence Forces Director Military Museums to the various Arms of Service in June 1987, the South African Navy Museum (Martello Tower) was transferred to the functional control of the South African Navy, while Fort Wynyard was transferred to Western Province Command (Army).

Investigations into the establishment of a museum for the South African Navy in Simon's Town were launched during 1988 and it was eventually decided that the most appropriate location for the new museum would be the former Royal Navy Mast House that dates back to 1815 and the adjacent Dutch Store House that dates back to 1743.  Both buildings are located in the historic West Yard of Naval Base Simon's Town.

The new South African Naval Museum was opened by Chief of the Navy, Vice Admiral Robert Simpson-Anderson, on 1 April 1993.  The first phase of the new display comprised exhibitions of the historic clock tower and part of the sail loft.  The second phase of the development included the utilisation of two display areas on ground level with the history and functioning of the Submarine, Divers and Weapons branch suitably displayed.  The South African Navy (SAN) themselves were involved in the conversion of the building to that of a museum.

Displays

Chiefs of the Navy display

The museum's collections include portraits of all nine of the previous Chiefs of the South African Navy, ranging from Admiral Hugo Biermann to Vice Admiral Johan Retief.

Gunnery display

A Mk 6M Gun Director is on display, originally fitted to the President-class Type 12 frigates that were in service with the South African Navy between 1959 and 1985.  The two oval shaped radomes contained the Type 275 radar; one for transmitting and the other for receiving.  The returned signal provided the range and distance of the target.  The analogue computers in the transmitting station would calculate the aim-off and pass on to the selected guns (normally the 4.5 inch gun) for the correct bearing and elevation.

Torpedo and Anti-Submarine display
This exhibit includes a Westland Wasp helicopter. In October 1963, the first of sixteen Wasp helicopters were delivered to the South African Air Force.  Wasp 85 on display was taken on charge on 25 May 1964 and was issued to 22 Flight (later re-designated 22 Squadron SAAF) at AFS Ysterplaat. Two South African Navy destroyers, the  and  were converted to carry helicopter in 1964 and 1966 respectively and fitted with a flight-deck and hangar.  Similarly the President (Modified Type 12) class frigates ,  and  were also converted to carry a single Wasp helicopter to be used in an anti-submarine or survey role.  The hydrographic survey vessel  and fleet replenishment vessel  carried the Wasp helicopter in similar fashion. Of the sixteen helicopters delivered, six were lost in service.  One particular Wasp that ditched at sea off Milnerton was salvaged and rebuilt to fly again.  The Wasps were eventually withdrawn from SAAF service in 1990.  Wasp 85 on display, was donated to the South African Naval Museum in Simon's Town in 2003 from the South African Air Force Museum at Ysterplaat.

General Botha display

This exhibit focuses on the South African Training Ship General Botha (ex ) and its successors, the South African Nautical College GENERAL BOTHA and the South African Merchant Navy Academy GENERAL BOTHA.  As a training establishment, GENERAL BOTHA functioned for 67 years to educate and prepare young men as officers for South Africa's Merchant Service and Navy and until 1961, for the British Navy too.  GENERAL BOTHA was unquestionably the "cradle" of both the South African Navy and the South African Merchant Service.

Transformation display

The Transformation Display at the SA Naval Museum was officially opened by Flag Officer Fleet, Rear Admiral Bubele Mhlana on Wednesday 11 March 2015.  The project was initiated by Vice Admiral Refiloe Johannes Mudimu shortly after his appointment as Chief of the Navy in 2005.  The task was given to the Naval Museum to provide a new display that will tell the story of the transformation of race and gender in the South African Navy through the years. Its purpose was to provide a much needed balance of our history that would make the SA Naval Museum more representative of the entire Navy and its people, as we see it today. The Transformation Display focuses on important landmark events that saw the transformation of the South African Navy, through the years:
The first non-Europeans serving in the naval forces during the Second World War
The involvement of African dockyard workers in Simon's Town through the years
The first appointment of Coloured people into the South African Navy during the 1960s
The inclusion of women in uniform during the early 1970s
The formation of the Indian Training Battalion and SAS Jalsena during the 1970s
The integration of Non Statutory Forces, Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army into the South African Navy after 1994
Interwoven with these historic events are the stories of many individuals that lived and died ...
The tragic story of
The valour of Job Maseko during the Second World War
The sad loss of Cape Corps members off Kalkbay in 1965
The achievements of women in the South African Navy
Umkhonto we Sizwe training in Russia
The South African Navy's integration success story at  and the South African Naval College

Museum of Submarine Technology
A major exhibit of the museum's is the SAS Assegaai, a Daphné class submarine. It is the first and thus far only South African Navy submarine to have been converted into a museum ship. The submarine is currently closed to the public, pending plans for her placement ashore.

Opening Hours
The museum is open seven days a week, daily opening times 09:30-15:30 except Good Friday, Christmas Day and New Year's Day.  Entry is free of charge, but a voluntary donation towards the SA Naval Museum Fund can be made at the reception.

Gallery

See also

 South African National Museum of Military History
 Military history of South Africa
 Simon's Town Museum

References

External links
 SA Naval Museum official website

Maritime museums in South Africa
Military and war museums in South Africa
Naval museums
South African Navy
South African heritage sites
Museums in Cape Town

South African Naval Museum


Fabrizio Poletti (; born 13 July 1943) is an Italian former football manager and player who played as a full-back.

He is remembered for his career with Torino, where he played for nine seasons, and won the Coppa Italia twice. He also represented the Italy national team, and was a member of the squad that reached the final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup.

Club career

Born in Bondeno, in the province of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Poletti is mainly remembered for his lengthy spell with Serie A club Torino (1962–71), after joining the club in 1962, at the age of 18, winning two Coppa Italia titles during his time with the club (during the 1967–68 and 1970–71 seasons). After being acquired by the senior team during the 1960–61 season, but not making any appearances, at the beginning of his club career, Poletti initially played on loan for AC Asti (1961–62) in Serie D, making his professional debut with the club, and scoring 2 goals in 24 appearances, before returning to Torino the following season. He made his debut with the club on 21 October 1962, in a 1–0 away defeat to Genoa in Serie A. During his nine seasons in Turin, he made 275 official appearances for the club (224 in Serie A, with 18 goals, 37 in the Coppa Italia, with 4 goals, and 14 appearances in European Competitions, with 1 goal, as well as 10 in friendly matches, bringing his total to 285 appearances), scoring 23 goals, and is the club's 14th highest appearance holder. Alongside his team-mate Natalino Fossati, he formed one of the strongest full-back pairings in Serie A at the time, developing into an efficient two-way full-back, who contributed both offensively and defensively, under the tutelage of manager Nereo Rocco. During his time at the club, he was also the main penalty taker, despite being a defender, which allowed him to contribute with several goals throughout his career.

Poletti later moved to Cagliari (1971–74), and subsequently for a season at Sampdoria, where he ended his career at the end of the 1974–75 season, making 5 appearances (and one additional appearance in a friendly). In total, he spent 13 seasons in Serie A, making 294 appearances and scoring 20 goals, also making 344 career appearances, scoring 24 goals.

International career
Poletti earned six caps for the Italy national team between 1965 and 1970, making his debut on 16 June 1965 against Sweden. Poletti also made six appearances for the Italian B side, and was a member of the Italian team that won the gold medal at the 1963 Mediterranean Games in Naples. He also notably played for Italy in the 1970 FIFA World Cup Semi-final victory against West Germany, known as "the Match of the Century", coming on for the injured Roberto Rosato in extra-time; despite their performance, he and the Italian goalkeeper Albertosi are often held responsible for Gerd Müller's goal, due to a defensive misunderstanding between the two players. Italy went on to reach the final of the tournament, only to be defeated 4–1 by Brazil.

Managerial career
In January 1978, Poletti replaced Gianfranco Bozzao as Suzzara's coach in Serie D, but was unable to prevent the team's relegation to the Promozione league division. He is currently working and as a coach in Costa Rica, where he has resided after moving there in the 80s with his partner Maritza.

Personal life
Poletti has two children (Marco and Erika), three grandchildren (Milena, Fabiola, and Martina), and two great grandchildren (Samuele and Zoe). The evening of 15 October 1967, in Torino, he was hit by a motorist after crossing Corso Re Umberto, sustaining a minor injury to his leg; his close friend and team-mate Gigi Meroni, who was with him at the time following Torino's match against Sampdoria, was killed in the crash.

Honours
Torino
Coppa Italia: 1967–68, 1970–71

Italy
Mediterranean Games: 1963
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1970

Individual
Medaglia d'oro al valore atletico

References

1943 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
Torino FC players
Deportivo Saprissa managers
Expatriate football managers in Costa Rica
Men's association football defenders
Asti Calcio FC players
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 1963 Mediterranean Games
Italian football managers
Sportspeople from the Province of Ferrara
Footballers from Emilia-Romagna

Fabrizio Poletti


A thymiaterion (from Ancient Greek: θυμιατήριον from θυμιάειν thymiaein "to smoke"; plural thymiateria) is a type of censer or incense burner, used in the Mediterranean region since antiquity for spiritual and religious purposes and especially in religious ceremonies.

The term is used not only for the censers of ancient Greece, from where the term comes, but also to describe the censers of other peoples of the ancient world, such as the Phoenicians and Etruscans.

Thymiateria could take a wide variety of forms, ranging from simple earthenware pots to elaborate carved, moulded or cast items made from clay or bronze.

Various types of thymiateria are still used in the Greek Orthodox rituals in churches, homes, cemeteries etc. They are commonly known also as "livanisteria" (from the w. Livanos, incense).

References

Ancient Greek religion
Incense equipment
Greek Orthodoxy

Thymiaterion


A military stamp, is a postage stamp used by a military organisation, in time of war, or while ensuring a peace keeping operation.  Often the letters will be transported by the army itself until they reach the country of destination.  These stamps were widely used during World War II by soldiers wishing to send mail home to their families.  The usage of these stamps has been somewhat phased out by the appearance of electronic means of communication.
Some army issues include:
China Expeditionary Forces (1900-1921)
Indian Expeditionary Forces (1914-1922)
British occupation of Mafia Island (1915-1916)
British Field Office in Salonica (1916)
Nyasaland Field Force (1916)
Egyptian Expeditionary Force (1918)
Indian Expeditionary Force D (1919)
British Forces in Egypt (1932-1939)
Middle East Forces (1942-1947)
East Africa Forces (1943-1946)
Indian National Army (World War II)
Indian Custodian Forces in Korea (1953)
International Commission in Indo-China (1954-1968)
Indian UN Force in Congo (1962)
Indian UN Force in Gaza (1965)

Philatelic terminology
stamp

Military stamp