Gutasaga (Gutasagan) is a saga regarding the history of Gotland before its Christianization. It was recorded in the 13th century and survives in only a single manuscript, the Codex Holm. B 64, dating to , kept at the National Library of Sweden in Stockholm together with the Gutalag, the legal code of Gotland. It was written in the Old Gutnish language, a variety of Old Norse.

Contents

A local creation myth
The saga begins with Gotland being discovered by a man named Þieluar (Swedish: Tjälvar, Gutnish: Tjelvar). Gotland is under a spell and under water during the day and out of water only during the night, a spell that is broken by Þieluar lighting a fire on the island. Þieluar had a son named Hafþi (Swedish: Hafþi), who married a woman named Hwitastierna (Swedish: Vitastjärna; English: White-star). After Hafþi's and Hwitastierna's first night together, she has a dream about three snakes entwined in her bosom. Hafþi interprets her dream as a prophecy of her being pregnant with three sons. He gives them names while still in her womb. Here the saga cites an old alliterative verse, probably deriving from oral tradition:
Alt ir baugum bundit
boland al þitta warþa
oc faum þria syni aiga.
Guti al Gutland aigha
Graipr al annar haita
oc Gunfiaun þriþi.

 "Everything is bound by armlets; this land will become settled, and we will come to own three sons.
 Guti will own Gotland; Graipr will the other be called, and Gunfiaun [will be] the third."

These three brothers go on to father the Gutes. According to the prose they then divided Gotland, so that Graipr, the oldest (and here the prose disagrees with the verse, according to which Gute was the oldest) held the nothern third (Old Gutnish: þriþiungr, Swedish: treding), Gute the middle third, and Gunnfjaun the southern third. This division of Gotland into three parts remained legally until 1747 and still remains within the church, which still today retains this division into three Deaneries.

Emigration to southern Europe
The saga tells of an emigration that is associated with the historical migration of the Goths during the Migration Period:

 Thereafter the people descended from these three multiplied so much over a long time that the land could not support them all. Then they drew lots, and every third person was sent away in such a way that they could keep all that they owned and take it with them, except for their land. Therafter they would leave the land by force, and journeyed to Þorsburg and dwelled there. Thereafter that land would not tolerate them, but chased them away thence. Thereafter they journeyed away to Faroy, and settled there. There they could not remain, but journeyed to an island close to Estonia, which is called Dagaiþi, and settled there and made a fortress which is still seen. But not even there could they remain, but journeyed forth along the water which is called the Dyna, and up-river through Russia. So far went they that they came to Greece.

That the Goths should have gone Greece is consistent with their first appearance in classical sources: Eusebius of Caesarea reported that they devastated "Macedonia, Greece, the Pontus, and Asia" in 263.

Historically the emigration would have taken place in the 1st century AD, with loose contact with the homeland being maintained for some centuries afterwards. According to the writer the emigrants "settled there, and still dwell [there], and still have something of our language." (bygþus þair þar firir, ok enn byggia, ok enn hafa þair sumt af waru mali).

The mention of the Dvina river is in good agreement with the Wielbark culture. Historically, the Goths followed the Vistula, but during the Viking Age, the Dvina-Dniepr waterway succeeded the Vistula as the main trade route to Greece for the Gutes (or Gotar in standard Old Norse), and it is not surprising that it also replaced the Vistula in the migration traditions.

Entry into the Kingdom of Sweden

The Gutasaga contains several references to the relationship between Gotland and Sweden. It asserts that it was based on mutual agreements, and notes the duties and obligations of the Swedish king and bishop in relationship to Gotland. It is therefore not only an effort to write down the history of Gotland, but also an effort to assert Gotland's independence from Sweden.

The man who arranged the mutually beneficial agreement with the king of Sweden is named as Awair Strabain. That event should have taken place before the end of the 9th century, when Wulfstan of Hedeby reported that the island was subject to the Swedes.

Modern Gotland
Tjelvar and several other names of people from the Gutasaga are used for places, establishments and other Gotland related things like websites. A stone ship in Boge is called Tjelvar's Grave. Boge is also the place for the bay Tjäldersvik and the Tjäldersholm island. The Digerrojr cairn in Garde is also known as Graips rojr.

In 2011, a competition, hosted by the Swedish Astronomical Society, for naming a newly discovered Apollo asteroid was held in Visby. It was named 137052 Tjelvar after Tjelvar, the mythological first man to bring fire to the island.

See also
Norse saga
Geats
Goths
Gotlander

References

External links

 Original text (based on Gannholm's 1992 edition)
 English translation by Peter Tunstall (2004) (Archived)
 Old Gutnish-English facing-text translation

Sagas
Swedish literature
Gutnish
Gotland

Gutasaga


The Milligan Papers was a BBC radio comedy show, written by John Antrobus and starring Spike Milligan. First broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1987, it also featured Chris Langham, John Bluthal, and Antrobus, and is often referred to as A Goon Show for the '80s. It was produced by Paul Spencer.

In 2018, to commemorate Spike's centenary, theatre company Hambledon Productions adapted a selection of episodes for a rural tour.

Airdates And Show Names
28 Jan 1987: The Incredible Case of the Vanishing Flying Scotsman
4 Feb 1987: Jonah And The Whale
11 Feb 1987: From Rags to More Rags
18 Feb 1987: That "Cake" Elusive Pimpernel
25 Feb 1987: The Incurables, Part 1
4 Mar 1987: The Incurables, Part 2

BBC Radio comedy programmes
1987 radio programme debuts

The Milligan Papers


Kabarkada, Break the Bank is a Philippine TV game show by Endemol. It aired from August 27 to December 28, 2007 on Studio 23 and is hosted by Mo Twister. The show is a spin-off from ABS-CBN's Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal which is also from Endemol.

Segments

Star Value
(Celebrity offer)
A videotaped recording of a big star, popular celebrity/personality offers a prize to the contestant, which could be from her/his sponsors or endorsement products or her/his personal items.

Mo-ltiply
(derived from Mo's name - host)
The unknown amount inside the suitcase is automatically multiplied up to five times its original value.

For-bidding Question
This segment is derived from the controversial and most talked about radio segment of DJ Twister, entitled "Forbidden Question". The caller answers a trivia question and can bid to add more money to the suitcase. Contestant can add a certain amount to what is inside the suitcase, and it is up to Mo to approve it, provided that the contestant can answer a rather easy trivia question. A question has a corresponding money prize. The money prize can be sponsored by a client.

Banker on the street
A man-on-the-street video recording is shown, offering the contestant prizes ranging from cash to simple funny things like a comb or a piggy bank.

See also
List of programs aired by Studio 23
Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal

References

External links
 Break the Bank over Studio 23

Studio 23 original programming
Philippine game shows
Deal or No Deal
Philippine television series based on Dutch television series
2007 Philippine television series debuts
2007 Philippine television series endings

Kabarkada, Break the Bank


Isopropyl alcohol (IUPAC name propan-2-ol and also called isopropanol or 2-propanol) is a colorless, flammable organic compound with a pungent alcoholic odor. As an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (chemical formula ) it is the simplest example of a secondary alcohol, where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbon atoms. It is a structural isomer of propan-1-ol and ethyl methyl ether. They all have the formula .

It is used in the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial and household chemicals and is a common ingredient in products such as antiseptics, disinfectants, hand sanitizer and detergents. Well over one million tonnes is produced worldwide annually.

Properties

Isopropyl alcohol is miscible in water, ethanol, and chloroform, as it is an organic polar molecule. It dissolves ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, many oils, alkaloids, and natural resins. Unlike ethanol or methanol, isopropyl alcohol is not miscible with salt solutions and can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding a salt such as sodium chloride. The process is colloquially called salting out, and causes concentrated isopropyl alcohol to separate into a distinct layer.

Isopropyl alcohol forms an azeotrope with water, which gives a boiling point of  and a composition of 87.7% by mass (91% by volume) isopropyl alcohol. Alcohol mixtures have depressed melting points. It has a slightly bitter taste, and is not safe to drink.

Isopropyl alcohol becomes increasingly viscous with decreasing temperature and freezes at .

Isopropyl alcohol has a maximal absorbance at 205 nm in an ultraviolet-visible spectrum.

Reactions
Isopropyl alcohol can be oxidized to acetone, which is the corresponding ketone. This can be achieved using oxidizing agents such as chromic acid, or by dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol over a heated copper catalyst:

Isopropyl alcohol is often used as both solvent and hydride source in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction and other transfer hydrogenation reactions. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to 2-bromopropane using phosphorus tribromide, or dehydrated to propene by heating with sulfuric acid.

Like most alcohols, isopropyl alcohol reacts with active metals such as potassium to form alkoxides that are called isopropoxides. With titanium tetrachloride, isopropyl alcohol reacts to give titanium isopropoxide:

This and similar reactions are often conducted in the presence of base.

The reaction with aluminium is initiated by a trace of mercury to give aluminium isopropoxide.

History
In 1920, Standard Oil first produced isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene. Isopropyl alcohol was oxidized to acetone for the preparation of cordite, a smokeless, low explosive propellant.

Production
In 1994, 1.5 million tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were produced in the United States, Europe, and Japan.
It is primarily produced by combining water and propene in a hydration reaction or by hydrogenating acetone.
There are two routes for the hydration process and both processes require that the isopropyl alcohol be separated from water and other by-products by distillation. Isopropyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope, and simple distillation gives a material that is 87.9% by mass isopropyl alcohol and 12.1% by mass water. Pure (anhydrous) isopropyl alcohol is made by azeotropic distillation of the wet isopropyl alcohol using either diisopropyl ether or cyclohexane as azeotroping agents.

Biological
Small amounts of isopropyl alcohol are produced in the body in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Indirect hydration
Indirect hydration reacts propene with sulfuric acid to form a mixture of sulfate esters. This process can use low-quality propene, and is predominant in the USA. These processes give primarily isopropyl alcohol rather than 1-propanol, because adding water or sulfuric acid to propene follows Markovnikov's rule. Subsequent hydrolysis of these esters by steam produces isopropyl alcohol, by distillation. Diisopropyl ether is a significant by-product of this process; it is recycled back to the process and hydrolyzed to give the desired product.

Direct hydration

Direct hydration reacts propene and water, either in gas or liquid phase, at high pressures in the presence of solid or supported acidic catalysts. This type of process usually requires higher-purity propylene (> 90%). Direct hydration is more commonly used in Europe.

Hydrogenation of acetone
Isopropyl alcohol can be prepared via the hydrogenation of acetone; however, this approach involves an extra step compared to the above methods, as acetone is itself normally prepared from propene via the cumene process. IPA cost is primarily driven by raw material (acetone or propylene) cost. A known issue is the formation of MIBK and other self-condensation products. Raney nickel was one of the original industrial catalysts, modern catalysts are often supported bimetallic materials.

Uses

In 1990, 45,000 metric tonnes of isopropyl alcohol were used in the United States, mostly as a solvent for coatings or for industrial processes. In that year, 5400 metric tonnes were used for household purposes and in personal care products. Isopropyl alcohol is popular in particular for pharmaceutical applications, due to its low toxicity. Some isopropyl alcohol is used as a chemical intermediate. Isopropyl alcohol may be converted to acetone, but the cumene process is more significant.

Solvent
Isopropyl alcohol dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds. It evaporates quickly and the typically available grades tend to not leave behind oil traces when used as a cleaning fluid unlike some other common solvents. It is also relatively non-toxic. Thus, it is used widely as a solvent and as a cleaning fluid, especially for situations where there can be oils or other oil based residues which would not be easily cleaned with water, conveniently evaporating and (depending on water content, and other potential factors) posing less of a risk of corrosion or rusting than plain water. Together with ethanol, n-butanol, and methanol, it belongs to the group of alcohol solvents.

Isopropyl alcohol is commonly used for cleaning eyeglasses, electrical contacts, audio or video tape heads, DVD and other optical disc lenses, removing thermal paste from heatsinks on CPUs and other IC packages.

Intermediate
Isopropyl alcohol is esterified to give isopropyl acetate, another solvent. It reacts with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide to give sodium isopropylxanthate, a herbicide and an ore flotation reagent. Isopropyl alcohol reacts with titanium tetrachloride and aluminium metal to give titanium and aluminium isopropoxides, respectively, the former a catalyst, and the latter a chemical reagent. This compound may serve as a chemical reagent in itself, by acting as a dihydrogen donor in transfer hydrogenation.

Medical
Rubbing alcohol, hand sanitizer, and disinfecting pads typically contain a 60–70% solution of isopropyl alcohol or ethanol in water. Water is required to open up membrane pores of bacteria, which acts as a gateway for isopropyl alcohol. A 75%  solution in water may be used as a hand sanitizer. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a water-drying aid for the prevention of otitis externa, better known as swimmer's ear.

Inhaled isopropyl alcohol can be used for treating nausea in some settings by placing a disinfecting pad under the nose.

Early uses as an anesthetic
Although isopropyl alcohol can be used for anesthesia, its many negative attributes or drawbacks prohibit this use. Isopropyl alcohol can also be used similarly to ether as a solvent or as an anesthetic by inhaling the fumes or orally. Early uses included using the solvent as general anesthetic for small mammals and rodents by scientists and some veterinarians. However, it was soon discontinued, as many complications arose, including respiratory irritation, internal bleeding, and visual and hearing problems. In rare cases, respiratory failure leading to death in animals was observed.

Automotive
Isopropyl alcohol is a major ingredient in "gas dryer" fuel additives. In significant quantities, water is a problem in fuel tanks, as it separates from gasoline and can freeze in the supply lines at low temperatures. Alcohol does not remove water from gasoline, but the alcohol solubilizes water in gasoline. Once soluble, water does not pose the same risk as insoluble water, as it no longer accumulates in the supply lines and freezes but is dissolved within the fuel itself. Isopropyl alcohol is often sold in aerosol cans as a windshield or door lock deicer. Isopropyl alcohol is also used to remove brake fluid traces from hydraulic braking systems, so that the brake fluid (usually DOT 3, DOT 4, or mineral oil) does not contaminate the brake pads and cause poor braking. Mixtures of isopropyl alcohol and water are also commonly used in homemade windshield washer fluid.

Laboratory
As a biological specimen preservative, isopropyl alcohol provides a comparatively non-toxic alternative to formaldehyde and other synthetic preservatives. Isopropyl alcohol solutions of 70–99% are used to preserve specimens.

Isopropyl alcohol is often used in DNA extraction. A lab worker adds it to a DNA solution to precipitate the DNA, which then forms a pellet after centrifugation. This is possible because DNA is insoluble in isopropyl alcohol.

Semiconductors
Isopropyl alcohol is used as an additive in alkaline anisotropic etching of monocrystalline silicon, such as with potassium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide. This process used in texturing of silicon solar cells and microfabrication (eg. in MEMS devices). Isopropyl alcohol increases the anisotropy of the etch by increasing the etch rate of [100] plane relative to higher indexed planes.

Safety
Isopropyl alcohol vapor is denser than air and is flammable, with a flammability range of between 2 and 12.7% in air. It should be kept away from heat, sparks, and open flame. Distillation of isopropyl alcohol over magnesium has been reported to form peroxides, which may explode upon concentration.

Toxicology
Isopropyl alcohol, via its metabolites, is somewhat more toxic than ethanol, but considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol or methanol. Death from ingestion or absorption of even relatively large quantities is rare. Both isopropyl alcohol and its metabolite, acetone, act as central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Poisoning can occur from ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Symptoms of isopropyl alcohol poisoning include flushing, headache, dizziness, CNS depression, nausea, vomiting, anesthesia, hypothermia, low blood pressure, shock, respiratory depression, and coma. Overdoses may cause a fruity odor on the breath as a result of its metabolism to acetone.
Isopropyl alcohol does not cause an anion gap acidosis, but it produces an osmolal gap between the calculated and measured osmolalities of serum, as do the other alcohols. The findings of acetone without acidosis leads to the sine qua non of "ketosis without acidosis."

Isopropyl alcohol is oxidized to form acetone by alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver and has a biological half-life in humans between 2.5 and 8.0 hours. Unlike methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning, the metabolites of isopropyl alcohol are considerably less toxic, and treatment is largely supportive. Furthermore, there is no indication for the use of fomepizole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, unless co-ingestion with methanol or ethylene glycol is suspected.

In forensic pathology, people who have died as a result of diabetic ketoacidosis usually have blood concentrations of isopropyl alcohol of tens of mg/dL, while those by fatal isopropyl alcohol ingestion usually have blood concentrations of hundreds of mg/dL.

References

External links
 CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Isopropyl alcohol
 Environmental Health Criteria 103: 2-Propanol

Alcohol solvents
Oxygenates
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Secondary alcohols
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Alkanols
Isopropyl compounds
Household chemicals
Nerve agent precursors
Alcohols

Isopropyl alcohol


The Fly was a free music magazine owned by MAMA & Company, published monthly in the United Kingdom.

Details
The magazine started as a listings leaflet in Camden, north London, for the Barfly music venue on Chalk Farm Road. In 1999 it went national.

Contributors also wrote for other publications including The Guardian Guide, Q magazine, NME, Kerrang! and The Huffington Post.

The magazine had a review section featuring new releases (both singles and albums) and live concert reviews. The remainder of the magazine was typically devoted to articles and interviews with artists generally promoting new releases or tours. The Fly also featured new bands alongside more established acts in the pages of its new bands section, "OnesToWatch", which was sponsored by Levi's until 2010.

The Fly was A5-sized, and distributed around record shops, bars and venues around the United Kingdom. In 2008, the magazine revealed its circulation had increased to 105,212 at a time when many other publications had reported a sharp decline in circulation. The magazine had a history for supporting bands early, having given the likes of Razorlight, Muse, Foals, MGMT and Coldplay their first cover features. By mid-2013 its readership had almost halved to 55,580, in the wake of HMV's widespread store closures.

In March 2014, The Fly announced it had ceased publication. Former editor JJ Dunning claimed in the aftermath of the closure that he would seek new investment for the brand.

Other media
The Fly relaunched its website in April 2008 with both a virtual magazine section and an online archive of all previous issues. In Summer 2008, a new feature titled In The Courtyard was launched, in which bands were filmed playing stripped-down versions of songs in the courtyard outside The Fly's office.

The sessions were renamed The Fly Sessions in 2012, when the website was again relaunched.

Bands who have performed so far include Doves, Gaz Coombes, Everything Everything, The Cribs, Noah and the Whale, Warpaint, Black Lips, Dry The River, Badly Drawn Boy, The Kooks, J Mascis, Edwyn Collins, Jake Bugg, Ben Gibbard and Low.

References

External links

1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
2014 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Music magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Free magazines
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines disestablished in 2014

The Fly (magazine)


Frederick Ernst Melsheimer, M.D. (1782–1873; first name also spelled Friedrich) was an American entomologist noted for his work on Coleoptera. He was President of the American Entomological Society in 1853. Frederick Ernest Melsheimer's most important work was Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of the United States (1853). His co-authors on that work were John LeConte and S.S. Haldeman. His father, Frederick Valentine Melsheimer (1749–1814) was also an entomologist, as was his elder brother, John Frederick Melsheimer (1780–1829).

References

1782 births
1873 deaths
American entomologists

Frederick Ernst Melsheimer


The Coligny calendar is a celtic calendar from roman times. It was found near Lyon in 1897. It was made of bronze, but today, only fragments remain. Studies found that these fragments made up a gallic calendar, which had been created for a period of five years. The calendar indicates both the time of the solar year and the phase of the moon, which is generally called a lunisolar calendar.

It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that originally was 1.48 m wide and 0.9 m high (Lambert p. 111) or approximately  wide by 3½ feet in height. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying objects, it probably dates to the end of the 2nd century AD. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and is in the Gaulish language (Duval & Pinault). The restored tablet contains sixteen vertical columns, with 62 months distributed over five years.

The French archaeologist, J. Monard, speculated that it was recorded by druids wishing to preserve their tradition of timekeeping in a time when the Julian calendar was being imposed throughout the Roman Empire. However, the general form of the calendar suggests the public peg calendars (or parapegmata) found throughout the Greek and Roman world (Lehoux pp. 63–65).

A similar calendar found nearby at Villards d'Heria () is only preserved in eight small fragments. It is now preserved in the Musée d'Archéologie du Jura at Lons-le-Saunier.

References

Celtic peoples
Calendars

Coligny calendar


The Medal of Honor was first presented in the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill creating the medal. When it started it was for the United States Navy. It was signed on December 21, 1861. It was "to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and Marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamanlike qualities during the present war." Another law was created to include the United States Army. That law was signed by the president on July 12, 1862.

While the Medal of Honor is now the highest military decoration attainable by a member of the United States armed forces, during the Civil War, it was the only one. This means it was often earned for reasons that would not meet modern criteria. For example, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment who extended his enlistment. 311 men in the unit accepted. Because there was no official list of their names, the War Department issued 864. One for each man in the unit. In 1916, a group of five retired generals reviewed Army awards and recommended that these 864 and others be revoked.

Since then 3,464 Medals of Honor have been presented. 1522 were for actions during the American Civil War. The first Medals of Honor were given to many of the participants of the Andrews' Raid. Some of the people from the raid received them after they died (posthumously). Andrews himself was a civilian and thus ineligible at the time. Mary Edwards Walker was a surgeon and became the only woman (and one of only eight civilians) who received a Medal of Honor. It was later taken away but after many years it was given back. Twenty-five were presented to African Americans. These included seven sailors of the Union Navy. Fifteen soldiers of the United States Colored Troops received it for their actions. Three soldiers of other Army units also received it. It was common for Civil War Medals of Honor to be granted decades after the conflict ended. In the case of Andrew Jackson Smith the Medal was not authorized until 2001. That is 137 years after the action in which he earned it. Smith's wait was caused by a missing battle report. It is the longest delay of the medal for any recipient.

Recipients
This is an overview list of Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War.

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z

related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References
Specific

General

Civil War
Medal


Alan Bruce Sanborn (born July 21, 1957) is a retired politician from the U.S. state of Michigan, serving parts of three terms in both the Michigan House of Representatives and Michigan Senate.

Biography
Sanborn is the son of Lois and Kenneth Sanborn. Kenneth Sanborn is a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives, former Circuit Court judge, and one of the attorneys who undertook the successful defense of Milo Radulovich in 1953. The Radulovich case was a major factor in helping to turn public opinion in the United States against McCarthyism.

Sanborn was born and raised in Mount Clemens, Michigan. He attended Michigan State University and graduated with a B.S. in social science with a minor in political science. He married Lori McQuiston on August 6, 1982. Sanborn and his ex-wife have three children.

Political career
Sanborn worked from 1978 to 1998 as a Macomb County probation officer. In 1996, Sanborn challenged and lost to incumbent David Jaye in the Republican primary for the 32nd District of the Michigan House of Representatives. In a special election in February 1998, Sanborn was elected to the seat after Jaye resigned to run for an open State Senate seat.

In 2001, after Jaye became the first member of the Michigan Legislature to be expelled from office,
 Sanborn came out on top of a field of thirteen Republican candidates, including Jaye, in a primary special election held September 11, 2001. In the heavily Republican district, Sanborn easily won the general special election on November 6, 2001.

Sanborn was re-elected in 2002, 2004 and 2006, and was named by Lansing-based political newsletter Inside Michigan Politics as "Michigan's Most Conservative Legislator" in 2003, 2004, and 2005. On January 1, 2011, Sanborn's term in the Senate officially came to an end, though his political aspirations did not. After returning to work as a juvenile probation officer for Macomb County, he put his hat in the ring for former Rep. Candice Miller's seat in Congress. After an unsuccessful run, he retired from his position with the county in 2018 to establish a property rental business in Lexington, Michigan.

His more notable legislative achievements include "Lisa's Law" (which protects probation officers) and a bill allowing visitation rights to grandparents.

Congressional Campaign
In March 2015, 7-term incumbent U.S. Representative Candice Miller shocked political pundits by announcing her intentions to retire at the end of her current term and not seek an 8th term in 2016 in Michigan's 10th congressional district. Sanborn was amongst the first candidates to be mentioned as a possible successor to Miller. He formed an exploratory committee on March 30, 2015, which gave him the ability to raise and spend money for a possible Congressional campaign and formally announced his candidacy on April 21, 2015.

Sanborn finished third in a five-person field, taking 16 percent of the vote, finishing behind winner Paul Mitchell, who took 37 percent of the vote, and state Sen. Phil Pavlov, who took 28 percent.

Electoral history

References

1957 births
Living people
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Republican Party Michigan state senators
People from Mount Clemens, Michigan
Michigan State University alumni
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

Alan Sanborn


Darren Walsh (born 27 December 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the Australian Football League (AFL).

He was drafted by the Essendon Football Club in the 2002 National draft at pick 27 in the second round. He played two games in his first season with Essendon but ended the season with glandular fever. Walsh was delisted after the 2004 season without having played another game.

References

External links

Essendon Football Club players
1984 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Sandringham Dragons players
Bendigo Football Club players

Darren Walsh (footballer)


The Llanwenog is a breed of domestic sheep originating in Wales. It was developed in the 19th century from the (now extinct) Llanllwni, the Shropshire, Welsh Mountain, and Clun Forest breeds. The Llanwenog's native locale is the Teifi Valley, in western Wales, but it has since spread into other areas. The breed association was formed in 1957. Llanwenogs have black faces and medium-length wool. They have a docile temperament and are known for their profligacy in lambing. The breed has a very placid temperament, is easily handled, easily contained and is well suited to stress free inwintering if necessary. This has important consequences for the health of both the animal and its keeper.  This breed is raised primarily for meat.

Characteristics
The Llanwenog is a medium-sized breed. Rams can reach  or more and ewes average . The face and legs are black with a tuft of wool on the forehead. The wool is of high quality with a Bradford count of 56/58 and a staple length of . The breed is prolific, most ewes having twins, and the lambs are fast growing, twin lambs reaching a carcase weight of  in 56 days.

The sheep are long-lived, docile and easy to handle with easy lambing and good mothering abilities. They are economic to feed and can be housed in winter. Ewes can be crossed with other breeds if larger carcases are required.

Status
The number of purebred Llanwenogs has been decreasing over the last few years and there were estimated to be fewer than three thousand registered breeding ewes in 2015. The breed appears regularly at agricultural shows in Wales and England.

Notes

References

External links
 Llanwenog Sheep Society - United Kingdom

Sheep breeds originating in Wales
Sheep breeds

Llanwenog sheep


Ali Ardeshir Larijani (, ; born 3 June 1957) is an Iranian conservative politician, philosopher and former military officer in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, who served as the Speaker of the Parliament of Iran from 2008 to 2020. He is currently member of the Expediency Discernment Council.

Larijani was the Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 15 August 2005 to 20 October 2007, appointed to the position by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, replacing Hassan Rouhani. Acceptance of Larijani's resignation from the secretary position was announced on 20 October 2007 by Gholam-Hossein Elham, the Iranian government's spokesman, mentioning that President Ahmadinejad turned down his previous resignations.

Larijani was one of the two representatives of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ali Khamenei to the council, the other being Hassan Rouhani. In his post as secretary, he effectively functioned as the top negotiator on issues of national security, including Iran's nuclear program. He is also the current member of Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution.

Early life
Ali Larijani was born in Najaf to Iranian parents. He hails from a religious family based in Amol in the province of Mazandaran. His father was a leading cleric, Ayatollah Mirza Hashem Amoli. His parents moved to Najaf in 1931 due to pressure of the ruler Reza Shah, but returned to Iran in 1961.

Education
Larijani is a graduate of Qom seminary. He also holds a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science and mathematics from Aryamehr University of Technology and holds a master's degree and PhD in Western philosophy from the University of Tehran. Initially, he wanted to continue his graduate studies in computer science, but changed his subject after consultation with Morteza Motahhari. Larijani has published books on Immanuel Kant, Saul Kripke, and David Lewis. Larijani is a faculty member of the School of Literature and Humanities at the University of Tehran.

Career
Larijani is a former commander of the Revolutionary Guards. Larijani served as the deputy minister of labor and social affairs. Then it was appointed deputy minister of information and communications technology. In March 1994, he was appointed as head of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, replacing Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani in the post. He was in office until 21 July 2004 and was succeeded by Ezzatollah Zarghami after serving ten years in the post. He became security adviser to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in August 2004.

Larijani was a presidential candidate for the 2005 presidential elections, where he ranked sixth, winning 5.94% of the votes. He was considered the most important presidential candidate of the conservative alliance for the 2005 presidential elections. He was supported by the Islamic Society of Engineers (ISE), among other conservative groups. He had been announced as the final choice of the conservative Council for Coordination of the Forces of the Revolution, made from representatives of some influential conservative parties and organizations. However, he proved to be the least popular of the three conservative candidates, the others being Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (second rank in the first round, winner in the second round) and Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (fourth rank in the first round).

In 2005, Larijani was appointed the Supreme National Security Council secretary. This body helps draw up nuclear and other policies by Khamenei. He replaced Hassan Rouhani in the post. As a chief nuclear negotiator, Iranian analysts said he differed with the president over how to pursue negotiations with his European counterparts and say he backed a more pragmatic approach.

As Iran's top nuclear envoy, Larijani said on 25 April 2007 that he expected "new ideas" from senior EU official Javier Solana at talks on resolving the deadlock between Tehran's refusal to freeze its nuclear programme and United Nations Security Council demands that it do so.

In the March 2008 parliamentary election, Larijani won a seat from Qom. He said he was willing to work with Ahmadinejad; according to Larijani, he did not disagree with Ahmadinejad on ideological issues and had only "differences in style". In May 2008, Larijani became speaker of the parliament. He was reelected in the next year as chairman of the parliament. He was re-elected in 2012 elections as the Qom district's high-receiving candidate. He was also elected for another term as chairman of the parliament on 5 June 2012 and was sworn in on 11 June 2012.

Larijani implied on 21 June 2009 that authorities took the side of one candidate without clarifying which candidate.
Just after the election, Larijani reportedly congratulated presidential candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi as he, having "access to firsthand and classified information and news", believed Mousavi had won the election. However, on 22 October 2012, during a QA meeting with the students of Iran University of Science and Technology, Larijani denied the allegations that he had congratulated Mousavi. He was elected as speaker in the new Majlis in May 2016.

In May 2021, Larijani declared his bid for the presidency in the 2021 Iranian presidential election. However, the vetting Guardian Council, in a decision that astounded both the conservatives and reformists, disqualified him from running. Considering Larijani's long career as an Islamic Republic insider who has been part of the top echelons of power since the 1979 revolution, his disqualification was a possibility even his staunch detractors couldn't envision. The Guardian Council did not announce the reason for barring him.

Affiliation
Larijani was considered to maintain Motalefeh membership and views while in Hashemi Rafsanjani cabinet (1992–1994). Iranian scholar Mehdi Moslem in his 2002 book named Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran, suggests that Larijani had been a member of Motalefeh and part of the 'traditional right'. Payam Mohseni, a fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, classifies Larijani as a lead figure in the 'theocratic right' camp, whose other prominent are Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi and Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani.

Larijani was one of the leaders of the Principlists Pervasive Coalition in 2008 parliamentary elections, and a United Front of Principlists leader. During Iranian 2016 parliamentary election Larijani was the leader of the Followers of Wilayat faction, although he was backed by the reformist List of Hope and said he is running as an independent candidate.

He is also described as a center-right politician who has "slowly distanced himself from the Principlist camp" and a "conservative-turned-moderate".

Larijani is known to have close associates, including the interior minister Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, Behrouz Nemati, spokesman for the parliament's presiding board, and Kazem Jalali, head of the parliament's research center.

Electoral history

Public image
According to a poll conducted in March 2016 by Information and Public Opinion Solutions LLC (iPOS) among Iranian citizens, Larijani has 45% approval and 34% disapproval ratings and thus a +11% net popularity, while 11% of voters do not recognize the name.

Personal life
Larijani is a brother of Sadegh Larijani (President of the Judicature), Mohammad-Javad Larijani, Bagher Larijani (Chancellor of Tehran University of Medical Sciences), and Fazel Larijani (Iran's former cultural attachée in Ottawa). Larijani is also a cousin of Ahmad Tavakkoli (Larijani's and Tavakkoli's mothers are sisters). Larijani is the son-in-law of Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari, His daughter, Fatemeh Ardeshir-Larijani, studies at the University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in the United States.

On 2 April 2020, Larijani tested positive for coronavirus (COVID-19) and placed in quarantine.

References

Further reading
 Fischbach, Michael B. ed. Bbiographical encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa (Gale, 2 vol, 2008) 2: 469–470.

External links

1957 births
Living people
Sharif University of Technology alumni
University of Tehran alumni
Iranian expatriates in Iraq
Mazandarani people
People from Najaf
People from Amol
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier generals
Government ministers of Iran
Candidates for President of Iran
Speakers of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
Iranian nuclear negotiators
Members of the Expediency Discernment Council
Deputies of Qom
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 8th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 10th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Followers of Wilayat fraction members
Representatives of the Supreme Leader
Islamic Coalition Party politicians
Faculty of Letters and Humanities of the University of Tehran alumni

Ali Larijani


Tentamun was an ancient Egyptian princess of the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom. She was a daughter of Thutmose IV.

Tentamun died in the same year as her father. She was buried in the Valley of the Kings in tomb KV43 together with her father and with a brother called Amenemhat. A fragment of a canopic jar belonging to Tentamun was found in the tomb. The fragment is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

Sources

15th-century BC Egyptian women
14th-century BC Egyptian women
Princesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Children of Thutmose IV

Tentamun (18th dynasty)


Theodore John Leonsis (born January 8, 1957) is an American businessman and investor. He is a former senior executive with America Online (AOL), and the founder, chairman, and CEO of Monumental Sports & Entertainment, which owns the Washington Wizards, Washington Capitals, and Washington Mystics. He is also a founding member and investor in the Revolution Growth Fund, which includes investments in FedBid, Resonate Insights, Optoro and CustomInk. He founded and chaired SnagFilms, which produced the documentary film Nanking. The film was honored with the 2009 News & Documentary Emmy Award. He is also an author, having published the book The Business of Happiness in 2010.

Personal background
Leonsis was born on January 8, 1957, in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. Born to a family of working-class Greek immigrant grandparents, who were mill workers, and parents who worked as a waiter and a secretary. When his high school guidance counselor evaluated his skill set, the counselor concluded that young Ted was destined to work in a grocery store. Leonsis also reflects on his working-class roots that being a grocery store manager was all his dad aspired him to be. During his youth, Leonsis mowed lawns for extra money. One day when mowing, he stumbled upon mowing the lawn owned by a wealthy stockbroker and Georgetown alumnus named Jim Shannon. Impressed by Leonsis, he helped Leonsis gain admission into Georgetown University.

He attended Brooklyn Technical High School, before moving to Lowell, Massachusetts, where he graduated from Lowell High School in 1973. He was first in his family to go to university, where he attended Georgetown University to pursue his undergraduate studies majoring in American Studies, and graduated in 1977 at the top of his class. Also during college, Leonsis, with encouragement from a mentor, Reverend Joseph Durkin, used computers and primitive punch cards as part of working on his thesis which introduced him to the potential fortunes that were to be made in the emerging software and personal computer industries of the early 1980s. After graduating from college, he then moved back to his parents' home in Lowell and began working for Wang Laboratories as a corporate communications manager  and Harris Corp. as a marketing executive.

Business career

LIST Magazine
Leonsis left Harris Corporation in March 1981 when, at the age 25, he moved to Florida and began his first business venture. His first venture was publishing LIST, a technology magazine that focused on the then-new personal computing industry. He raised $1 million in seed capital with his partner Vincent Pica,. The first issue of the magazine was published in 1982, and was a huge success; $50,000 worth of copies were sold near cash registers, bookstores, and newsstands. Two years later, he sold the company to Thomson Reuters for $40 million netting him $20 million.

AOL
In 1987, Leonsis established the marketing communications company, Redgate Communications Corporation. When the organization was acquired by America Online (AOL) in 1994, Leonsis began working with AOL as a senior executive, remaining with the company for 13 years. Under his leadership, AOL increased its membership from under 800,000 members to over 8 million, while their annual revenue increased from $100 million to $1.5 billion. He held numerous positions at AOL during his years there, completing his tenure and retiring in 2006 as the audience group's president and vice-chairman. , he serves as vice chairman emeritus of AOL.

Monumental Sports & Entertainment
Leonsis is the founder, majority owner, chairman and CEO of Monumental Sports & Entertainment, which owns the NHL's Washington Capitals, NBA's Washington Wizards, NBA G League's Capital City Go-Go, WNBA's Washington Mystics, and formerly the AFL's Washington Valor and Baltimore Brigade. Monumental Sports additionally owns the Capital One Arena in Washington, D.C., and manages the MedStar Capitals Iceplex and George Mason University's EagleBank Arena. Formed in 2010 by a merger between Leonsis' Lincoln Holdings with Washington Sports & Entertainment, Monumental Sports & Entertainment is the only privately held company in a top-10 market to own and operate five professional sports teams and a major arena.

Media
In January 2013, Monumental Sports & Entertainment launched Monumental Network, a digital platform that serves as a hub for Washington's sports and entertainment news. In 2016 a rebranded Monumental Sports Network was launched for digital, mobile and over-the-top platforms. The new Monumental Sports Network offers an OTT service that provides live streaming of Mystics, Valor and AFL Baltimore games as well as additional live events and games. Monumental and CSN Mid-Atlantic formed an advanced media partnership that not only extended CSN's exclusive media rights to the Capitals and Wizards but also saw Monumental become an equity partner in CSN. Additionally, NBC Sports Group invested in Monumental Sports Network, becoming an equity partner.

In September 2022, Monumental Sports & Entertainment bought Comcast's shares of NBC Sports Washington. The network will be rebranded Monumental Sports Network in September 2023.

Management
After purchasing the Wizards, Leonsis criticized the NBA's salary cap at a luncheon with business leaders. He was fined $100,000 by the league, for "unauthorized public comments regarding the league's collective bargaining negotiations." Leonsis has sought to roll-back changes to the Wizards and Capitals franchises that coincided with the opening of the Verizon Center in 1997. In 2007, he changed the Capitals team logo and its colors back to their original red, white, and blue, and in May 2011, received positive responses from media, fans, players and alumni when the Wizards unveiled a similar red, white and blue color scheme, along with uniforms reminiscent of those worn by the team under their former name, the Bullets, when they won the NBA Championship in 1978. Additionally, he had taken under consideration restoring the Bullets name to the franchise, though critics said that this would "send the wrong message" about gun violence in Washington.

Washington Capitals
Leonsis has owned the Washington Capitals since the spring of 1999, and in that timeframe the team has won ten Southeast Division titles, three Presidents' Trophies, recorded more than 200 consecutive sellouts at Verizon Center (now Capital One Arena), and won a Stanley Cup Championship.

In the early years of his ownership, the Capitals went on to win back-to-back Southeast Division titles in 2000 and 2001, but lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Pittsburgh Penguins. In summer 2001, the Capitals traded for Jaromír Jágr and signed him to what was at the time, the largest contract in NHL history. The trade was enthusiastically well received by fans and over 300 people showed up at Dulles International Airport to greet Jágr when he arrived. After Jágr was traded in 2004, Leonsis was criticized by fans. He was involved in a physical altercation with a fan, who led a mocking chant of Leonsis during the game and hoisted a sign chiding him. In the altercation, Leonsis grabbed and threw the fan to the ground, which also caused a young child to fall to the ground. For his involvement in the scuffle, Leonsis was fined $100,000. He also received a suspension of one week, during which he was prohibited from having any contact with the team.  After the incident, Leonsis personally called the fan to apologize for his actions and invited him and his family to watch a game in the owner's box.

In 2009, a season ticket holder informed Leonsis of a homeless man, Scott Lovell, who spent his nights sleeping outside Verizon Center. Leonsis found Lovell a part-time job as a restaurant kitchen worker and provided him with a paid and furnished apartment, a prosthetic leg and Capitals season tickets for life. In return, Lovell vowed to remain clean and sober.

In 2010, journalist Damien Cox, author of the Ovechkin Project, a biography of Alexander Ovechkin, wrote that Leonsis was trying to circumvent the NHL's salary cap when signing Ovechkin's contract. He also alleged that Leonsis was bribing bloggers for positive coverage of the Capitals. Leonsis said that Cox was angry that he did not receive the access to Ovechkin that he wanted and defended his support for the league.

During the 2009–2010 season, the Capitals earned the NHL's President's Trophy as the team that finished with the most points in the league during the regular season.

The 2010–2011 season marked the highest attendance in franchise history, drawing 754,309 fans. The Capitals, like other teams, have raised ticket prices in recent years. In 2011, after raising ticket prices for the fourth consecutive year while shrinking the size of beers sold at the Verizon Center, he earned the nickname "Leon$i$". In 2001, Leonsis claimed to have written a computer program that prevented Pittsburgh Penguins fans (the Capitals first-round opponent) from purchasing tickets online. When asked if the actions were unfair, Leonsis stated, "I don't care. I'm going to keep doing it." Again in 2009, he received criticism for preventing visiting team fans from purchasing Capitals playoff tickets.

In the face of community opposition, Leonsis has persisted with a plan to expand the billboards around the Verizon Center. Critics said the signage would make the arena more garish and cheapen DC's Chinatown, Leonsis said it was necessary to raise an additional $20 to 30 million in annual revenue, and a sports expert explained that "an owner saddled with underperforming teams is under greater pressure to find income sources." Leonsis persevered and in March 2013 construction of the new signs were announced.

In 2013, Leonsis received a letter about Jack Dibler, a lifelong Capitals fan who had recently been diagnosed with esophageal cancer. In response, Leonsis sent Dibler a package that included a signed Alexander Ovechkin jersey and a letter inviting Dibler and his family to a game.

On June 7, 2018, the Washington Capitals won the Stanley Cup Championship by defeating the Vegas Golden Knights 4 games to 1.  This was the first Stanley Cup victory in the history of the Washington Capitals.

Washington Wizards

Leonsis became the majority owner of the Washington Wizards in June 2010, inheriting a team that had 26 wins and 56 losses during the previous season. Leonsis was initially believed to have taken a fan-centric approach to running the franchise, thought to be listening and responding to the concerns of Wizards supporters through his email and personal website.

On May 10, 2011, the Wizards unveiled a new color scheme, uniforms and logo. The team reverted to its traditional red, white and blue colors. The uniforms are based very closely on those worn by the Washington Bullets from 1974 to 1987, during the team's glory years. During Leonsis' tenure as owner, the Wizards have compiled a promising young nucleus of players, including John Wall (No. 1 pick in the 2010 NBA Draft), Bradley Beal (No. 3 pick in the 2012 NBA Draft) and Otto Porter Jr. (No. 3 pick in the 2013 NBA Draft). They also acquired veterans like Nenê, Paul Pierce and Marcin Gortat early in Leonsis' tenure. Leonsis was chairman of the NBA's 2014 media committee that negotiated a nine-year expanded partnership with Turner Broadcasting and The Walt Disney Company.

In February 2016, construction started on a new practice facility for the Wizards. The development was paid for by DC taxpayers and District-funded Events DC while Leonsis' contribution to the $55 million cost was considered ceremonial. The Wizards also announced that they would raise ticket prices for a third consecutive year.

Washington Mystics
Leonsis purchased the rights to the Mystics around the same time he took over the Wizards.

Washington Valor and Baltimore Brigade
On March 10, 2016, Leonsis announced that he was purchasing an expansion franchise in the Arena Football League (AFL) to play at the Verizon Center beginning in 2017.  On March 16, 2016, the announcement was made official by AFL commissioner Scott Butera. On July 14, 2016, the team name was revealed as the Washington Valor. On November 14, 2016, Monumental announced that it had acquired an AFL team that would begin play in 2017 in Baltimore. The team name was later revealed as the Baltimore Brigade. But in 2019, those teams went defunct, as the league went bankrupt and dissolved.

Capital City Go-Go
In 2018, Leonsis announced the purchase of an NBA G League franchise that would be later named the Capital City Go-Go.

SnagFilms
Leonsis is the founder, chairman and largest shareholder of SnagFilms, a content and technology company with a full-service video streaming platform, professional video and journalism content assets and established relationships with the creative community. The company grew out of Leonsis' experience as a film producer. In addition to being the Internet's leading site for watching and sharing nonfiction films, the company owns indieWIRE, a news information and networking site targeted towards independent-minded filmmakers, the film industry and moviegoers alike.

His first production was the documentary Nanking, which premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. The film is based on the book The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang. It was honored with the 2008 Peabody Award and the 2009 News & Documentary Emmy Award for Best Historical Programming (Long Form).

In 2008, Leonsis produced Kicking It, which is a documentary by Susan Koch about the 2006 Homeless World Cup. The film was narrated by actor Colin Farrell and featured residents of Afghanistan; Kenya; Dublin, Ireland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Madrid; and Saint Petersburg. The film premiered in January 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival.

A third documentary, A Fighting Chance, tells the story of Kyle Maynard, who became a nationally ranked wrestler, motivational speaker, and bestselling author, despite being born without arms or legs.

In 2013, Leonsis produced the documentary Lost for Life, which explores juvenile offenders who have been sentenced to life without parole.

Revolution Money and Clearspring Technologies
Leonsis is the founder of Revolution Money, a company which provides secure payments through an Internet-based platform. In 2009, the company was sold to American Express; Leonsis is now on the board of directors at American Express. He is currently the chairman of Clearspring Technologies, an online content sharing network, which connects publishers, services and advertisers to audiences on the internet.

Private equity and venture capital
Leonsis is cofounder and partner in the D.C.-based venture fund, Revolution Growth. Revolution Growth has made investments in: CLEAR, Sportradar, Bigcommerce, CustomInk, Echo360, Optoro, Resonate, sweetgreen, Revolution Foods and Handybook. In a 25-year period he has personally made investments and owned equity stake in numerous companies, including Groupon, Google, AOL, Revolution Money, AddThis, Preview Travel (Travelocity), GridPoint, Inside.com (formerly Mahalo), MobilePosse, ObjectVideo, SB Nation, Zedge, Triporati, Personal, I-Village, Proxicom, ePals, SnagFilms, MediaBank, Two Harbors, Videology, Algentis, Social Radar and Forbes travel guide.

Board game design
Leonsis is also the co-inventor of Only In New York, a board game that blends street savvy and smarts needed to make it in New York City. Players move around the city answering trivia questions about the city and receive the letters N.E.W Y.O.R.K by answering at least one question correctly.

Involvement in eSports
Leonsis is a member of the investment group, aXiomatic, which owns Team Liquid, a competitive eSports Team, and has made public statements on Forbes regarding his involvement in the industry.

Writing career
Leonsis has authored a number of books, including Blue Magic: The People, Power and Politics Behind the IBM PC and The Business of Happiness: 6 Secrets to Extraordinary Success in Work and Life.

Personal life
Leonsis is married to Lynn Leonsis and they have a son and a daughter. He has been married to Lynn since August 1987. He is an avid fan of sports and music, especially Fugazi, Jimi Hendrix, The Rolling Stones and Elvis Presley. He recalls his experience with music when Leonsis was let out of school and when his parents got home from work where music helped him fill the void during his spare time.

In early 2011, Leonsis purchased a 13-acre estate in Potomac, Maryland. He acquired the property for $20 million after selling homes in McLean, Virginia and Vero Beach, Florida. The  estate was once the home of Joseph P. Kennedy, summer home of Franklin Roosevelt, and was owned by the Gore family from 1942 to 1995. Leonsis purchased the home from Chris Rogers, a telecommunications executive who acquired Leonsis' home in McLean.

Forbes estimates his net worth at around US$1 billion in 2018.

Politics
Leonsis once served as the mayor of Orchid, Florida. Leonsis got involved in politics after he ran a friend's campaign for Congress and worked as an intern for Paul Tsongas's office in Washington, D.C.  He has donated to the campaign of Barack Obama during his 2008 and 2012 elections and Hillary Clinton in 2016.

Philanthropy
As vice chairman of Washington 2024, Leonsis took on a leading role in the region's bid for Summer 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. In June 2014 the United States Olympic Committee identified Washington and three other cities as potential locations. The USOC ultimately selected Los Angeles, which lost the 2024 bid was awarded the 2028 Summer Games.

Leonsis is the founder of the Leonsis Foundation, which supports children "overcome obstacles and achieve their goals".  Through the Leonsis Foundation, his sports teams and the Monumental Sports & Entertainment Foundation, SnagFilms and his family's personal giving, more than 400 charities were served and supported during the last 12 months. These charities and causes include Best Buddies, DC Central Kitchen, See Forever Foundation, Venture Philanthropy Partners, Street Soccer USA, YouthAIDS, GlobalGiving.org, DC-CAP, D.C. College Success Foundation, Potomac School, Georgetown University, Children's Hospital, Potomac Valley Amateur Hockey Association, Salvation Army Angel Tree, Alliance for Lupus Research, Serve DC, Fort Dupont Ice Arena and Ice Hockey Club, USO of Metropolitan Washington, Capital Area Food Bank, Flashes of Hope, Inova Health System Foundation, UNICEF, obesity prevention and numerous local schools, cancer research and awareness programs.

Board membership
 SnagFilms – founding chairman
 Groupon – chairman of the board of directors
 Georgetown University – member of the board of directors (2008–2009)
Uptake (business) – member of the board of directors

Honors and awards
 2001: Businessperson of the Year – Washington Business Journal and
 2001: Washingtonian of the Year – Washingtonian Magazine
 2009: Washington's Tech Titans – Washingtonian Magazine
 2010: Washington Business Hall of Fame – Junior Achievement of Greater Washington
 2010: John Carroll Award – Georgetown University
 2013: Virginia's 50 most influential people – Virginia Business magazine
 2013: No. 1 Sports PowerPlayer in Maryland
 2016 Greater Washington Urban League Unsung Philanthropist Award
 2018 Stanley Cup Champion

Published works
 Leonsis, Ted (1984). Software Master for the IBM PC (128k), Warner Software, 323 pages.
 Leonsis, Ted (1984). Software Master for Pes: Apple Version (48k), Warner Software.
 Chposky, James; and Ted Leonsis (1988). Blue Magic: The People, Power and Politics Behind the IBM Personal Computer, Facts on File Publications, 228 pages.
 Leonsis, Ted (2010). The Business of Happiness: 6 Secrets to Extraordinary Success in Work and Life, Regnery Publishing, 256 pages.

References

External links

 C-SPAN Q&A interview with Leonsis, May 9, 2010

1957 births
American advertising executives
American billionaires
American business writers
American chairpersons of corporations
American chief executives in the media industry
American chief executives of financial services companies
American telecommunications industry businesspeople
American consulting businesspeople
American documentary film producers
American financial company founders
American Internet company founders
American magazine editors
American magazine publishers (people)
American mass media company founders
American motivational writers
American people of Greek descent
American technology chief executives
American venture capitalists
AOL people
Arena Football League executives
Board game designers
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from New York City
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Georgetown University alumni
Georgetown University people
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Living people
Mayors of places in Florida
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League owners
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals owners
Washington Mystics owners
Washington Wizards owners
Women's National Basketball Association executives
Writers from Massachusetts
Writers from Brooklyn
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Shorty Award winners

Ted Leonsis


Dave Benson Phillips (born 3 February 1965) is a British entertainer, comic, children's television presenter and wrestler, best known for his work presenting Playhouse Disney (1998–2006) and The Fun Song Factory (1994–1999). He also presented the popular CBBC game show Get Your Own Back, which he now tours with around the UK.

Career
Benson Phillips became interested in showbusiness while working as an usher at the Polka Children's Theatre in Wimbledon, London, and began his career as an entertainer by busking and performing at children's parties. He subsequently went on to work for Pontins as a Bluecoat, and a Children's Uncle for Haven Holidays. While working at Haven, a talent scout saw him perform, and he was invited by BBC Manchester to audition for Play School. His audition was successful, but the show was pulled out of production shortly after he signed the contract; however, it was recommissioned as Playbus (later renamed to Playdays), which ran for nine years.

In 1991, he was given his own show, Get Your Own Back, which was shown on BBC One (and later CBBC) between 1991 and 2003, and was a game show consisting of one child contestant and an adult (such as a relative or teacher) who, in the child's eyes, had done something unreasonable, and for which the child wanted revenge. In 1999, the show was nominated for a BAFTA.

In 1996, he was given his own show on ITV, Wake Up in the Wild Room. Phillips operates Chester Benson Productions, a production company which provides entertainment, removals and transportation services, and offers inflatables for hire, such as bouncy castles.

Since May 2012, he annually co-hosts Let's Rock The Moor! alongside fellow broadcaster Pat Sharp. During the summer, he appeared as a panelist on Big Brother's Bit on the Side on Channel 5.

In 2013, Phillips made a guest appearance in Sooty. Phillips plays himself in an award-winning mockumentary webseries called Getting Back with Dave Benson Phillips which began in 2017. The series by Andrew River was invited to showcase at MCM London Comic Con and the cast includes Pat Sharp and Ewen MacIntosh. The series and spin off In Production are available to watch on YouTube. He has most recently been seen working as a professional wrestler, after having also done so whilst working as a blue coat at Pontins.

Death hoax and other online attacks
In 2009, Benson Phillips was the victim of a death hoax perpetrated across the internet which maintained that he had died in a car crash. There were other false rumours that he was presenting on a soft porn TV sex line, and that he was no longer being hired because he had suffered a nervous breakdown. In 2017 Phillips spoke with the Chair of the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee on an inquiry into fake news.

Filmography

A CBeebies Christmas Carol
Big Brother's Bit on the Side
Bitesize (Himself)
Bad Robots
Cats' Eyes
CBBC's Proms in the Park
Celebrity Juice
 Come Dine with Me (Himself)
 Da Bungalow Clips' 2021 Christmas Day Video Message
Dream Street
Fun Song Factory
Get Your Own Back
Getting Back with Dave Benson Phillips
Go For It!
Is That A Fact?
Jack in the Box
The Last Leg
The Legend of Nic and Joe
Nick Jr.
Petswap
Planet Cook
Playdays
Playhouse Disney UK (Presenter)
Q & A
Rat Kan II
Sooty
Wake Up in the Wild Room
Words & Pictures – The Gruffalo Story

VHS videos and DVDs

A Day Full Of Surprises and Songs – Presenter
Bourne Leisure Health and Safety Film
Dave and the Animals;;
First Bible Stories
Fun Song Factory
Get Up and Go!
Get Your Own Back
Makaton Nursery Rhymes
My Favourite Nursery Rhymes
Roald Dahl – The Enormous Crocodile – Narrator
The Magical World of Animals
Wiz Waz's World of 123
Wiz Waz's World of ABC
Wiz Waz's World Nursery Rhymes
Wiz Waz's World of Starting School
Wow! That's What I Call Nursery Rhymes

Video games
Smarties: Meltdown (2006) – Voice of "Big Blue"

References

External links
Dave Benson Phillips' website

1965 births
Living people
BBC television presenters
Black British television personalities
British children's entertainers
British game show hosts
GMTV presenters and reporters
Place of birth missing (living people)

Dave Benson Phillips


George Lester Jackson (September 23, 1941 – August 21, 1971) was an American author, activist and convicted felon. While serving an indeterminate sentence for stealing $70 from a gas station in 1961, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity and co-founded the prison gang Black Guerrilla Family.

In 1970, he was charged, along with two other Soledad Brothers, with the murder of correctional officer John Vincent Mills in the aftermath of a prison fight.  The same year, he published Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, a combination of autobiography and manifesto addressed to an African-American audience. The book became a bestseller and earned Jackson personal fame.
Jackson was killed in prison by prison guards in 1971, during an escape attempt in which three prison guards and two inmates were killed.

Biography

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Jackson was the second son of Lester and Georgia Bea Jackson's five children. He spent time in the California Youth Authority Corrections facility in Paso Robles due to several juvenile convictions including armed robbery, assault, and burglary.

In 1961, he was convicted of armed robbery – for stealing $70 at gunpoint from a gas station – and sentenced to one year to life in prison.

During his first years at San Quentin State Prison, Jackson became involved in revolutionary activity. He was described by prison officials as egocentric and anti-social. In 1966, Jackson met and befriended W. L. Nolen, who introduced him to Marxist and Maoist ideology. The two founded the Black Guerrilla Family in 1966 based on Marxist and Maoist political thought. In speaking of his ideological transformation, Jackson remarked: "I met Marx, Lenin, Trotsky, Engels, and Mao when I entered prison and they redeemed me." In his 1972 book Blood in My Eye, Jackson describes himself as a "Marxist-Leninist-Maoist-Fanonist".

As Jackson's disciplinary infractions grew he spent more time in solitary confinement, where he studied political economy and radical theory. He also wrote many letters to friends and supporters, which would later be edited and compiled into the books Soledad Brother and Blood in My Eye, bestsellers that brought him a great deal of attention from leftist organizers and intellectuals in the U.S. and Western Europe. He amassed a following of inmates, including whites and Latinos, and most enthusiastically with other black inmates.

In January 1969, Jackson and Nolen were transferred from San Quentin to Soledad Prison. On January 13, 1970, corrections officer Opie G. Miller shot Nolen and two other black prisoners (Cleveland Edwards and Alvin Miller) during a yard riot with members of the Aryan Brotherhood, killing all three. Following Nolen's death, Jackson became increasingly confrontational with corrections officials and spoke often about the need to protect fellow inmates and take revenge on correction officers, employing what Jackson called "selective retaliatory violence".

On January 17, 1970, Jackson, Fleeta Drumgo, and John Clutchette were charged with murdering a corrections officer, John V. Mills, who was beaten and thrown from the third floor of Soledad's Y wing. This was a capital offense and a successful conviction would have put Jackson in the gas chamber. Mills was purportedly killed in retaliation for the shooting deaths of three inmates by Miller the previous year. Miller had not been charged with any crime, as a grand jury ruled his actions during the prison fight justifiable homicide.

In the aftermath Jackson, Drumgo, and Clutchette became known as the Soledad Brothers and activists worked to get the three acquitted whom they viewed as being political prisoners and accused based on their race. The activists also wanted to bring attention to the disproportionate rates at which people of color were being incarcerated compared to white people and to the socioeconomic factors that led to their imprisonment in the first place. The Soledad Brothers Defense Committee was formed by Fay Stender and had many famous activists, celebrities, and writers join and support the committee. Among these activists was Angela Davis. Davis while working with the committee would eventually become a leader of the committee and become a close friend of Jackson. Jackson and Davis corresponded over letters frequently and Jackson had sent a manuscript of his book Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson, and asked her to read it and asked for her help in improving it.

Marin County courthouse incident

On August 7, 1970, George Jackson's 17-year-old brother Jonathan P. Jackson burst into a Marin County courtroom with an automatic weapon, freed prisoners James McClain, William A. Christmas and Ruchell Magee, and took Judge Harold Haley, Deputy District Attorney Gary Thomas, and three jurors hostage to demand the release of the "Soledad Brothers". Police killed Haley, Jackson, Christmas and McClain as they attempted to drive away from the courthouse. Eyewitness testimony suggests Haley was hit by fire discharged from a sawed-off shotgun that had been fastened to his neck with adhesive tape by the abductors. Thomas, Magee and one of the jurors were wounded. The case made national headlines.

Angela Davis, who owned the weapons used in the hostage taking, was later acquitted of conspiracy, kidnapping, and murder.  A possible explanation for the gun connection is that Jonathan Jackson was her bodyguard. Magee, the sole survivor among the attackers, eventually pleaded guilty to aggravated kidnapping and was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975. Magee was imprisoned for over 60 years.  He was finally released in 2023 under California's compassionate release law passed that year.

Prison escape and death

On August 21, 1971, Jackson met with attorney Stephen Bingham at San Quentin prison to discuss a civil lawsuit that Jackson had filed against the California Department of Corrections. After the meeting, Jackson was being escorted by officer Urbano Rubiaco back to his cell when Rubiaco noticed a metallic object in Jackson's hair, later revealed to be a wig, and ordered him to remove it. Jackson then pulled a Spanish Astra 9 mm pistol from beneath the wig and said: "Gentlemen, the dragon has come"—a reference to Ho Chi Minh. It is not clear how Jackson obtained the gun. Bingham, who lived for 13 years as a fugitive before returning to the United States to face trial, was acquitted of charges that he smuggled a gun to Jackson.

Jackson ordered Rubiaco to open all the cells and along with several other inmates, he overpowered the remaining correction officers and took them, along with two inmates, hostage. Five other hostages, officers Jere Graham, Frank DeLeon and Paul Krasnes, along with two white prisoners, were killed and found in Jackson's cell. Three other officers, Rubiaco, Kenneth McCray, and Charles Breckenridge, were also shot and stabbed, but survived. After finding the keys for the Adjustment Center's exit, Jackson along with fellow inmate and close friend Johnny Spain escaped to the yard where Jackson was shot dead from a tower and Spain surrendered.

Three inmates were acquitted and three (David Johnson, Johnny Spain and Hugo Pinell) were convicted for the murders. The six became known as the "San Quentin Six".

There is some evidence that Jackson and his supporters on the outside had planned the escape for several weeks. Three days before the escape attempt, Jackson rewrote his will, leaving all royalties as well as control of his legal defense fund to the Black Panther Party.

Jackson's funeral was held at St. Augustine's Episcopal Church in Oakland, California, on August 28, 1971.

In popular culture

Several notable artists and entertainers have dedicated their work to Jackson's memory or created works based on his life. The avant-garde jazz group Art Ensemble of Chicago, affiliates of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, recorded and released the album A Jackson in Your House in Paris, France, in 1969. A non-album single was released by Bob Dylan, "George Jackson", about the life and death of Jackson. The song made the American charts peaking at No. 33 in January 1972. The ninth track of the 2011 Blue Scholars album Cinemetropolis is named for Jackson and references the Soledad Brothers.

Jackson and his attempted prison escape are the subjects of the first verse of the Joan Baez parody song, "Pull the Tregroes," on National Lampoon's 1972 album, Radio Dinner.

Steel Pulse, an English reggae band from Birmingham wrote a song named "Uncle George" that contains a chorus of "Soledad Brother". The song comes from the band's album Tribute To The Martyrs, which also honours other black civil rights activists including Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr. and Steve Biko.

The 1994 song Jettin' by the hip-hop trio Digable Planets references George Jackson as one of their black revolutionary heroes who died in prison.

Ja Rule named his 2003 album after Jackson's book Blood in My Eye. Saxophone player Archie Shepp dedicated most of his album Attica Blues (1972) to the story of George Jackson ("Blues for Brother George Jackson") and the Attica prison riots that followed. Stephen Jay Gould wrote, in his 1981 book The Mismeasure of Man, of George Jackson's death in context of "statistically supported" social Darwinism. Quoting Gould about the legacy of failed science which supported racial bigotry and physiognomy, "George Jackson ... died under Lombroso's legacy, trying to escape after eleven years (eight and a half in solitary) of an indeterminate one-year-to-life sentence for stealing seventy dollars from a gas station."

Jackson's life, beliefs and ultimate fate were the topic of one of the many audio tapes recorded at the Jonestown commune in Guyana during 1978. In the tape in question, Jim Jones touches on several issues relating to Jackson, most notably Jones' firm belief that Jackson's death was a racist assassination. His admiration for the Black Panther activist on the tape is as clear as his disgust that one of his followers, Willie Malone, could think he was remotely in the same league as Jackson, and that "punks" like Malone had sold him out.

Stanley Williams dedicated his 1998 book Life in Prison in part to George Jackson. In Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's response to Williams' appeal for clemency, the governor claimed that this dedication was "a significant indicator that Williams is not reformed and that he still sees violence and lawlessness as a legitimate means to address societal problems."

"Soulja's Story" is a song by rapper 2Pac, released on the 1991 album 2pacalypse Now, which makes reference to the Marin County Civic Center attacks.

The 2007 film Black August is a retelling of the last 14 months of Jackson's life.

See also

 Frantz Fanon
 Fay Stender

References

Further reading

 Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson (1970);
 Blood In My Eye (1971);
 Min S Yee. The Melancholy History of Soledad Prison; In Which a Utopian Scheme Turns Bedlam (1973);
 Eric Mann. Comrade George; An Investigation into the Life, Political Thought, and Assassination of George Jackson (1974);
 P. Collier and D. Horowitz; Destructive Generation (1996);
 Jo Durden-Smith. Who Killed George Jackson? (1976);
 d. "Black Lives, White Imaginaries" (2021), C O M P: An Interdisciplinary Journal.

External links

 FBI file on George Jackson

Writings, interviews and advocacy of his views
 "Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson" – online text of Jackson's 1970 book
 "Remembering the Real Dragon: An Interview with George Jackson" – by Karen Wald, May and June 1971
 "George Jackson: Black Revolutionary" – pro-Jackson article by Walter Rodney, November 1971
 A collection of George Jackson quotes

1941 births
1971 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Chicago
African Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
African-American communists
African-American writers
American autobiographers
American communists
American convicts who became writers
American Maoists
American Marxist writers
American Marxists
American people convicted of robbery
American people who died in prison custody
American revolutionaries
Anti-revisionists
COINTELPRO targets
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Criminals of the San Francisco Bay Area
Deaths by firearm in California
Gang members
Justifiable homicide
Members of the Black Panther Party
New Left
Prisoners who died in California detention

George Jackson (activist)


, also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign started in 806 and ended in 809.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Heizei was the eldest son of the Emperor Kammu.

He had three empresses and seven sons and daughters.

Events of Heizei's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for over twenty years.
 785  (Enryaku 4, 11th month): Heizei was appointed Crown Prince at the age of 12.
 9 April 806 (Daidō 1, 17th day of the 3rd month): In the 25th year of Kammu's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (senso) was received by his son.  A short time later, Emperor Heizei is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 809 (Daidō 4, 1st month): After a reign of four years, Heizei fell ill and he feared that he would die. Heizei abdicated in favor of his younger brother  who would be known as Emperor Saga.  After abdicating, Heizei moved to Nara; and he was known as the "Emperor of Nara" (Nara no Mikado).
 18 May 809 (Daidō 4, 1st day of the 4th month): Emperor Saga was enthroned at age 24.
 810 (Kōnin 1): Heizei became a Buddhist monk.
 5 August 824 (Tenchō 1, 7th day of the 7th month): Heizei died at 14 years after his abdication.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Heizei is in Nara.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site can be visited by the public.

Era of reign
The years of Heizei's reign are identified by only one era name (nengō).
 Daidō (806-810)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
773 births
824 deaths

Emperor Heizei


Guillaume Fouquet de la Varenne (1560 in La Flèche – 7 December 1616) was a French chef who became an important statesman in the service of Henry IV.

Biography
Guillaume Fouquet was born into a bourgeois family in La Flèche (France, Loire valley). His father, Martin Fouquet, was master chef ("écuyer de cuisine") to Françoise d'Alençon, Duchess of Vendôme. Martin Fouquet served three generations of the family; following the duchess' death, he served her son, Antoine de Bourbon (1518–1562), husband of Jeanne III of Navarre (Jeanne d'Albret), and later their young son Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV of France.

In 1578, at the age of 18, and with help from his father, Guillaume became a cook in the service of Catherine de Bourbon (1559–1604), sister of the future king. Impressed by the young man's personality and skill, in 1580 Catherine recommended him to her brother, and he subsequently became a portmanteau at the court of Henry IV.

For thirty years, until the King's assassination in 1610, Fouquet lived in the shadow of Henry IV, but nevertheless took an active part in important events of the realm. Confirming his reputation for skill and bravery and in spite of near-certain personal risk, he devoted himself completely to the causes of the king.

At the age of twenty he took part in the assault against the stronghold of Angoulême held by the League and captured the lieutenant of the city. In 1587 he distinguished himself at the battle of Coutras. He fought against the Leaguers of the Duke of Mayenne at the battle of Arques (1589) and the battle of Ivry (1590), scoring victories that opened access to Paris for the future monarch of France. Henry, who abjured his Protestant faith in 1593 and was crowned in Chartres in 1594, entrusted Fouquet with public diplomatic missions as well as confidential matters.

In early June 1595, Fouquet saved Henry's life at the Battle of Fontaine-Française. He was appointed as Commissary of War, and later as Comptroller General of Posts, replacing Hugues Du Mas, a member of the House of Guise. He re-organized the postal network and in 1598 contributed to the creation of the modern French public postal services by opening up the royal postal service to the public, in commemoration of which a stamp bearing his likeness was issued by the French Post Office in 1946.

The King's sister, Catherine de Bourbon, Duchess of Bar and wife of Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, once said to Fouquet, whom she had known as a cook: "It seems, la Varenne, that you have earned more by carrying my brother's chickens (i.e.: his messages) than by skewering mine."

A close friendship united the king and his favorite since the first battle against the Leaguers on the battlefields of Ivry and Fontaine-Française. "Dear heart, La Varenne has found me in bed again," wrote Henry IV to Marie de Medici in 1606. On the other hand, Henry's relations with Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully were not as trusting. Sully disliked the king and denounced his vain ambition. Fouquet's influence, however, increased up until the final years of Henry's reign.

During his career, Fouquet also served as a counselor to the Parliament of Paris, Master of the Requests of the King (State Councillor), Governor of the town and castle of La Flèche (1592), Governor of the town and castle of Angers (28 August 1604), and later Lieutenant General of the Province of Anjou (1613). Fouquet also donated to the ecclesiastical abbeys of Ainay (near Lyon), Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire, Saint-Nicolas d'Angers, Saint-Loup de Troyes, and the Esvière priory near Angers.

His first marriage to Catherine Foussard, who died in 1605, brought him the lands of La Varenne as her dowry. Guillaume Fouquet had several sons. He was knighted in 1598 and carried the title of Baron of Sainte-Suzanne, and later, in 1616, he was made Marquis de Sainte-Suzanne and La Flèche.

The land attached to Saint-Romans in Poitou had previously been elevated into a barony for Fouquet and his second wife, Jeanne de Poix, citing "services rendered by them in acts wars, or in several other ways".

References

Bibliography

 Baron Sébastien de la Bouillerie : généalogie de Fouquet de la Varenne in Les annales fléchoises et Revue historique et archéologique du Maine, 1905–1906
 Dr Pierre Schilte, Le château des Fouquet de la Varenne à La Flèche au XVIIe siècle, Imprimerie Martin, Le Mans
 Mme Jean de Montgascon descendante de la famille de La Varenne.
 Travaux de Pierre Schilte (La Flèche) et Gérard Morteveille (Sainte-Suzanne), 1987–1988.
 Marquis de Beauchêne in "Sainte-Suzanne, son histoire et ses fortifications" de Robert Triger, Sté Historique et archéologique du Maine, Le Mans 1907, réédité en 1996 par l'Association des Amis de Sainte-Suzanne, Editions régionales de l'Ouest, Mayenne, préface de Gérard Morteveille.
 "Sainte-Suzanne (Mayenne), cité médiévale, Mille ans d'Histoire", de Gérard et Jean-Pierre Morteveille, Musée de l'auditoire, Sainte-Suzanne, 1988.
 "Le patrimoine des communes de la Mayenne", p. 894, Flohic Editions, Paris, 2002.

French chefs
1560 births
1616 deaths

Guillaume Fouquet de la Varenne


Landscape with the Flight into Egypt is a 1563 oil on wooden board painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, showing the biblical Flight into Egypt of Mary and Joseph with the infant Jesus.  It measures  and is displayed at the Courtauld Gallery in London.

The work is a naturalistic world landscape, following the conventions established by Joachim Patinir.  The ostensible subject, the Holy Family, are small figures in an imaginary panoramic landscape seen from an elevated viewpoint, with mountains and lowlands, water, and buildings.  The subject had long been a popular one in Early Netherlandish art, and increasingly so since Patinir.

Joseph is leading a donkey, bearing Mary who is holding the infant Jesus, tightly wrapped for the journey; his white head can be seen on her chest.  They are descending a slope overlooking an Alpine landscape, with a wide river valley bordered by hills and mountains.  The painting is dominated by tones of brown and green for the land, and the blue of the water and sky.  Mary's unusual red cloak (rather than her traditional blue) and white headgear makes her stand out against the blue of the river, while Joseph's greyish clothes contrast with the green and brown background of wooded hills.  In the background, the buildings of towns are faintly visible on each side of the river.

On the tree stump to the right, a pagan statue has fallen out of its shrine as the family passed by, symbolising the triumph of Christ over paganism.  This was one of a number of miraculous incidents that medieval legend had added to the very brief biblical story. A branch fallen against a tree creates a cross, presaging the crucifixion.  Two tiny salamanders, symbols of evil, can be seen below the figures (very near the bottom edge).

The painting is signed "BRVEGEL MDLXIII".  It was owned by Brueghel's patron Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517–1586), an important administrator in the Habsburg Netherlands.  The painting is mentioned in an inventory of 1607; it is the only painting which can be certainly identified as belonging to him.  It was later owned by the artist Peter Paul Rubens, who owned ten or eleven other Bruegels.  It was not well known when it was auctioned at Christie's in London in 1939, and bought by Count Antoine Seilern.  Together with the other Bruegel in the collection, Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery, it was donated to the Courtauld Institute of Art in the Princes Gate bequest in 1978.

See also
 List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Notes

References

 Braham, Helen, The Princes Gate Collection, cat. # 8, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London 1981,
 Padel, Ruth, "Picture this", The Guardian, 18 September 2010
Wied, Alexander, Bruegel, 1980, Studio Vista,

External links
 Landscape with the Flight into Egypt, ArtUK
 Landscape with the Flight into Egypt, Courtauld Gallery

Paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1563 paintings
Bruegel
Paintings in the Courtauld Gallery
Donkeys in art
Rivers in art

Landscape with the Flight into Egypt (Bruegel)


Dorothy Green ( – ) was an environmental activist and grassroots organizer. She was the founding president of the environmental group, Heal the Bay. Green was considered a mentor to officials and leaders active in California water issues and she founded several organizations that have effectively shaped policy on a variety of environmental issues.

Early life
Dorothy Green was born in on March 16, 1929, in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of Polish immigrants. She came to Los Angeles and enrolled at UCLA as a music major, playing cello in the school orchestra. She graduated in 1951 from University of California at Berkeley, according to an obituary article in the Los Angeles Times, and in that same year, she married Jacob Green. They had three children together: Joshua, Avrom, and Herschel. Her husband was at her side until his death in 2005.

Career
Dorothy Green began her career as a water quality advocate in 1972 when she worked on a campaign to pass Proposition 20, the ballot initiative that established the California Coastal Commission. In the 1980s, she joined the fight against the peripheral canal, was coordinator of Working Alliance to Equalize Rates, and president of the Los Angeles chapter of the League of Conservation Voters.

Her brother's discovery of untreated wastewater spilling into Santa Monica Bay spurred her to bring concerned citizens together in her Westwood home, an effort that would eventually lead to the founding of the group, Heal the Bay. Under her leadership the group held beach rallies to gain new members and generate publicity. They offered testimony at public hearings and successfully applied public pressure that helped to eventually bring an agreement to stop dumping sewage sludge into the bay and to upgrade the Hyperion sewage treatment facility.

Green said the group chose the name because it communicated hope, and her approach of encouraging collaboration among those with contrasting perspectives was the hallmark of her personal style. A former board member commented "Heal the Bay is such a positive organization and Dorothy set the tone of all of us. I was in a lot of meetings with Dorothy, and it wasn't about stopping things, but always about starting things."

Green headed Heal the Bay for seven years before turning it over to Mark Gold. She then worked to help establish the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers Watershed Council where she remained its President Emeritus for the rest of her life. She also served a term as a commissioner on the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), and was a board member and founding secretary of the California Water Impact Network (C-WIN). She chaired the Public Officials for Water and Environmental Reform (POWER) Conference.

Green was considered a mentor to current officials and leaders active in California water issues including Tim Brick, former chairman of the board of Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.  Writing in her LA Times obituary he said, "She was quite unique in our generation. She not only was personally a very effective advocate, but she founded a series of organizations that have been very effective in shaping policy on a variety of different issues."

Death
Green was diagnosed with melanoma decades before her death, but in 2003, the cancer returned and spread. She remained committed to her causes up until her death, even writing a commentary for the Los Angeles Times which ran just weeks before her death, pleading for a sensible water policy.  She died on October 13, 2008, at the age of 79.

Carolee Krieger, President and executive director of the California Water Impact Network praised Green saying, "She was always willing to tell it like it is.  Something I remember her saying something that I thought at the time was very important (and I have remembered it many times since) is this: 'Figure out your plan of action. Tell everyone about it, including the other side. And then do it.

In the Los Angeles Times obituary, Mark Gold, now a former executive director at Heal the Bay, recalled that when the group, Heal the Bay started, there was a "dead zone" in the middle of Santa Monica Bay, there were fish with tumors and 10 million gallon sewage spills. "None of that occurs anymore," he said. "That's Dorothy's legacy, every time you look out at the bay."

Publications
Managing Water: Avoiding Conflict in California, published by the U.C. Press in 2007.

Awards
The President's Award for Volunteer Service presented by the head of US EPA Steve Johnson, February 2007.

Green was also honored in Vanity Fair's May 2007 "Green" issue as one of the Golden State's Eco-Warriors.

PCL Carla Bard Award for Volunteer Service at the PCL Annual Symposium, April, 2007.

References

Further reading
The Great Thirst:  Californian's and Water - A History, Revised Edition, University of California Press Ltd.,

External links
Interview of Dorothy Green, part of Environmental Activism in Los Angeles interview series, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
Environmentalist began Heal the Bay  LA Times Obituary
Heal the Bay Founder Dorothy Green passes away Press Release from Heal the Bay
Dorothy Green's Final Fight: Heal the Bay Founder says California's Drought a Fake LA Weekly, October 14, 2008
A heartfelt plea for a sensible water policy  Dorothy Green's last commentary, a week before her death
Honoring Dorothy Green  Video tribute to Dorothy from Home Run Entertainment
Profiting From a Public Resource  Essay/commentary by Dorothy Green and Carla Bard
Carolee Krieger remembers Dorothy Green

American conservationists
American women environmentalists
2008 deaths
1929 births
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
21st-century American women

Dorothy Green (environmentalist)


Iron Realms Entertainment (formerly known as Achaea LLC) is a computer game development company that has created the MUDs  Achaea, Dreams of Divine Lands; Aetolia, The Midnight Age; Imperian, the Sundered Heavens; Lusternia, Age of Ascension; and Midkemia Online. Matt Mihaly is its founder and CEO and Jeremy Saunders is its president.

Games
Games developed by Iron Realms Entertainment include:
 Achaea, Dreams of Divine Lands, a high fantasy text-based MUD operating continuously since 1997.
 Aetolia, The Midnight Age, a roleplay-intensive text-based MUD set in a Gothic fantasy world with numerous player-run political organizations.
 Imperian, the Sundered Heavens, a fantasy MUD set in a world ravaged by natural catastrophe.
 Lusternia, a text-based MUD game set in a fantasy sword and sorcery world revolving around four city-states and two nature communes.
 Midkemia Online, a text-based MUD game based on author Raymond E. Feist's Midkemia universe.  It was shut down in 2015, partially due to the cost of maintaining the license.
 Starmourn, a science-fiction MUD announced by Iron Realms as under development in May, 2016.

Rapture Engine
The Rapture Engine was created by Iron Realms Entertainment and is used by all of its MUDs, albeit heavily modified for those most recently in production.

Rapture was used to develop an interactive chat system in conjunction with a United Nations affiliated organization for the 7th Annual World Summit of Young Entrepreneurs.

History

Iron Realms Entertainment LLC was founded as Achaea LLC in 1996.  After the release of Aetolia in 2001, Achaea LLC was renamed Iron Realms LLC.

In 2004, IRE was featured in Computer Gaming World and on Wired News after the release of an "addictive" virtual drug called gleam.

Achaea was featured in the June 10, 2004 episode of The Screen Savers.

References

External links
 Iron Realms Entertainment official site
 NoGFX (No Graphics): Logs posting site for IRE MUDs

Video game companies established in 1996
MUD organizations
Video game development companies
Virtual economies
Video game companies of the United States

Iron Realms Entertainment