Llangollen () is a town and community, situated on the River Dee, in Denbighshire, Wales. Its riverside location forms the edge of the Berwyn range, and the Dee Valley section of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, with the easternmost point of the Dee Valley Way being within the town. It had a population of 3,658 at the 2011 census.

History

Llangollen takes its name from the Welsh llan meaning "a religious settlement" and Saint Collen, a 7th-century monk who founded a church beside the river. St Collen is said to have arrived in Llangollen by coracle. St Collen's Church is the only church in Wales dedicated to St Collen, and he may have had connections with Colan in Cornwall and with Langolen in Brittany.

Above the town to the north is Castell Dinas Brân, a stronghold of the Princes of Powys. Beyond the castle is the impressive Lower Carboniferous limestone escarpment known as the Eglwyseg Rocks. The outcrop continues north to World's End in Wrexham. The single track road north of the castle forms the Panorama Walk, and a monument to poet I. D. Hooson from the village of Rhosllannerchrugog is located near its easternmost end [Grid Ref: SJ 2459 42870].

The ancient parish of Llangollen was divided into three traeanau (traean being the Welsh for "a third"): Llangollen Traean, Trefor Traean, and Glyn Traean.
 Llangollen Traean contained the townships of Bachau, Cysylltau, Llangollen Abad, Llangollen Fawr, Llangollen Fechan, Feifod, Pengwern and Rhisgog.
 Trefor Traean contained the townships of Cilmediw, Dinbren, Eglwysegl, Trefor Isaf and Trefor Uchaf.
 Glyn Traean contained the townships of Cilcochwyn, Crogeniddon, Crogenwladus, Erwallo, Hafodgynfor, Nantygwryd, Pennant and Talygarth.

Valle Crucis Abbey [Grid Ref: SJ 20441 44168] was established at Llantysilio in about 1201, under the patronage of Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor of Castell Dinas Brân.

The bridge at Llangollen was built across the Dee in the 16th century to replace a previous bridge built in about 1345 by John Trevor, of Trevor Hall (later Bishop of St Asaph), which replaced an even earlier bridge built in the reign of King Henry I. In the 1860s the present bridge was extended by adding an extra arch (to cross the new railway) and a two-storey stone tower with a castellated parapet. This became a café before being demolished in the 1930s to improve traffic flow. The bridge was also widened in 1873 and again in 1968, using masonry which blended in with the older structure. It is a Grade I listed structure and a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Plas Newydd ("New Mansion" or "New Place") on the outskirts of the town, was from 1780 the home of the Ladies of Llangollen; the Honourable Sarah Ponsonby, Lady Eleanor Butler and their maid Mary Carryl. They share the same grave memorial in the church.

The Pillar of Eliseg [Grid Ref: SJ 20267 44528] is another ancient monument located 400m NNW of Valle Crucis Abbey. Llangollen Community Hospital was completed in 1876.

Governance

There is an electoral ward of Denbighshire County Council of the same name. This ward includes Llantysilio community and has a total population taken at the 2011 census of 4,079. Llangollen Town Council is based at Llangollen Town Hall.

Economy
Today Llangollen relies heavily on the tourist industry, but still gains substantial income from farming. Most of the farms in the hills around the town were sheep farms, and the domestic wool industry, both spinning and weaving, was important in the area for centuries. Several factories were later built along the banks of the River Dee, where both wool and cotton were processed. The water mill opposite Llangollen railway station is over 600 years old, and was originally used to grind flour for local farmers.

Culture
In the late 19th century, Llangollen had a weekly newspaper, the Llangollen Advertiser.

Llangollen hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1908. The Gorsedd ceremony was held on the Hermitage Field, next to Plas Newydd, and the circle of stones was later moved into the grounds of the hall. The eisteddfod itself took place on the old Vicarage Field at Fronhyfryd and was visited by David Lloyd George, accompanied by Winston Churchill.

Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod

The annual Llangollen International Eisteddfod is a large international music festival. It starts on a Tuesday and ends on the following Sunday. It opens with a parade led by the Llangollen Silver Band, in which both locals and visitors take part in dancing, singing, and playing musical instruments.

Llangollen Fringe Festival
The Llangollen Fringe Festival is an independent arts festival, usually held in mid July in the town hall. The Fringe includes music, comedy, theatre, dance and workshops. Artists who have taken part in the Llangollen Fringe include Clement Freud, Rhys Ifans, the Damned, Cerys Matthews, Tracey Emin, Damien Hirst, Juan Martín, the Black Seeds, John Cooper Clarke, Will Self, Gang of Four, Lee Scratch Perry, Victoria Coren Mitchell and Gruff Rhys.

Dee Rocks
Dee Rocks is a local fundraising music festival, usually held during May when the town hall is transformed into a music venue.

Songs and nursery rhymes
 "Llangollen Market", traditional
 "Ladies of Llangollen", Ian Chesterman
 "Pastai Fawr Llangollen" (The Great Llangollen Pie), Arfon Gwilym
 According to an anonymous rhyme, the bridge over the Dee is one of the Seven Wonders of Wales.
 The nursery rhyme "Mary had a little lamb" is frequently, but incorrectly, linked with Llangollen. Its true origins are in the United States: "This is a lovely folklore story, but sadly Mary Thomas of Llangollen was not the heroine of the nursery rhyme ... The Mary of the rhyme was Mary Sawyer and the school was the Redstone Schoolhouse in Sterling Massachusetts, U.S.A."

Transport

Llangollen was an important coaching stop for the mail coach on the old mail route which is now the A5 from London to Holyhead.

Buses
Various buses serve the town, including buses to Wrexham (Arriva service 5), Barmouth (TrawsCymru service T3) and the Ceiriog Valley. Services 5 and T3 connect Llangollen to Ruabon and Wrexham, which have the closest railway stations. The Dee Valley Picturesque Bus (service 199) operates between April and November, linking Llangollen and the surrounding villages to popular local attractions including Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Wenffrwd Nature Reserve, Horseshoe Falls, Valle Crucis Abbey, Plas Newydd house and the Horseshoe Pass.

Railways
The railway, operating both passenger and goods services, was extended from Ruabon, via Acrefair and Trevor, to reach Llangollen by 1865. The Ruabon to Barmouth Line became part of the Great Western Railway. However under the Beeching Axe of 1964, the line closed to passengers in early 1965, and to freight in April 1969. The line was lifted in May 1969. However, a 10-mile stretch of the line has been restored between Llangollen and Corwen and operates as the Llangollen Railway, a tourist attraction. In 2002, the Rainhill locomotive trials were re-staged on the line.

Waterways
The Ellesmere Canal was intended to connect the coal mines and ironworks at Ruabon and Wrexham to the canal network and thence to the sea via the River Mersey and the River Severn. The plans were altered, and instead of connecting Trevor northwards to the sea via the River Dee and southwards to the Severn, the canal ran eastwards to join the national network at Hurleston Junction on the Shropshire Union Canal near Nantwich. A feeder canal, navigable to Llangollen, was constructed from Trevor to tap water from the River Dee at Llantysilio (at the weir called "Horseshoe Falls"). After company mergers, the canal became part of the Shropshire Union System. Until recently it was properly called the Llangollen Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal, though it is now known as the Llangollen Canal.

The canal supplied enough Dee water to supply Crewe and Nantwich, and when commercial traffic failed in the 1940s, it was its function as a water supply which kept it open. The canal is unusual amongst Britain's artificial waterways in having a strong flow (up to 2 miles per hour). Since the use of canals for leisure took off in the 1970s and 1980s, the route, twisting through Welsh hills and across the Dee Valley on the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, is an important part of Llangollens attraction as a holiday destination. A marina, built at the end of the navigable section, allows summer visitors to moor overnight in Llangollen.

Sport
Llangollen on the River Dee hosts white water Slalom canoeing and kayaking, being host to International and UK events. The International Canoe Federation (ICF), the European Canoe Union (ECU) and the British Canoe Union (BCU) all hold events in Llangollen.

Cricket, football and rugby union teams play at Tower Fields, which overlooks the town and the International Eisteddfod field and pavilion.

Thermals rising up the valley sides to the south of the town are used for paragliding. Mountain bikers enjoy the hills.

Llangollen was the starting point of the first massed-start cycle race held on British roads, on 7 June 1942.

Notable people

 Gruffudd Hiraethog (died 1564), a Welsh-language poet.
 Huw Morus (1622–1709), bardic name Eos Ceiriog ("the nightingale of Ceiriog"), a Welsh poet.
 The Ladies of Llangollen, Eleanor Butler (1739–1829) and Sarah Ponsonby (1755–1831).
 Garner Evans (1910–1963), barrister, RAF officer and politician; MP for Denbigh, 1950–1959.
 Jonathan Rogers (1920–1964), sailor and an Australian recipient of the George Cross.
 Glyn James (born 1941), footballer with 399 caps for Blackpool F.C. and 9 for Wales.
 Stephanie Booth (1946–2016), transsexual business owner and hotelier, starred in Hotel Stephanie for BBC Wales in 2008 and 2009.

References

Bibliography

External links

BBC Llangollen

www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Llangollen and surrounding area

Towns in Denbighshire
Landmarks in Wales

Llangollen


Leonardo Paul Alishan (1951–2005) was an Armenian-Iranian writer, scholar, and translator. He was a professor of Persian and Comparative Literature at the University of Utah from 1978-1997. His published works include three collections of poetry, a book of short stories, and many scholarly articles. His translations included works by Nima Yushij, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Jalal Al-e Ahmad, and Ahmad Shamlu who dedicated one of his poems to Alishan. He was a member of the Armenian Catholic Church

Biography
Leonardo ("Nardo") Alishan was born to Michael Alishan and Annette Nazloomian in Tehran, Iran, on March 4, 1951. A descendant of the Armenian writer Ghevont Alishan (1820–1901), he developed an interest in literature at an early age. He earned a BA in English Language and Literature from Iran National University in 1973 after which, he immigrated to the United States. He then earned a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of Texas at Austin in 1978. He moved to Utah and joined the University of Utah's Middle Eastern Studies department in the same year.

He married Neli Assadourian on July 19, 1974. They had three children, Michael, Ara, and Eileen, and were divorced in 1993. He died in a house fire in Salt Lake City, Utah on January 8, 2005.

Poetry collections
 Dancing Barefoot on Broken Glass, Ashod Press, 1991.
 Through a Dewdrop, Open Letter Press, 2000.
 Dead Man's Shadow: Collected Poems, Blind Owl Press, 2010.

Short stories
 Free Fall: Collected Short Stories, Mazda Publishers, 2010.

References
 Lucian Stone, "Leonardo Paul Alishan's Shadow: A Biographical Introduction," in Dead Man's Shadow: Collected Poems, Blind Owl Press, 2010, pp. xiii-xlviv.
 Rubina Peroomian, "The Restless World of Leonardo Alishan (March 1951-January 2005)," in Genocide Studies and Prevention 1/3 (2006): 289-303.
 Obituary, Salt Lake Tribune, January 13, 2005.

Awards
 Academy of American Poets Award
 Christopher Morely Poetry Award
 Irving Writing Award
 Atlanta Review International Merit Award

1951 births
2005 deaths
Writers from Tehran
Academics from Tehran
20th-century American poets
20th-century Iranian poets
Iranian people of Armenian descent
University of Utah faculty
Iranian emigrants to the United States
American people of Armenian descent
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Shahid Beheshti University alumni
Poets from Utah
Eastern Catholic poets
Iranian Eastern Catholics
American Eastern Catholics
American Roman Catholic poets

Leonardo Alishan


Andrew E. Gibson, (19 February 1922 in New York City- 8 July 2001 in Short Hills, New Jersey) was an American shipping executive, maritime administrator and U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Maritime Affairs, 1969-1973, and historian of American maritime policy.

Education and early career
Andrew E. Gibson graduated from the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, then located in Boston, in 1943 and joined the United States Lines where he was master of the Liberty Ship SS Leonidas Merritt in the Pacific from 1944 to 1946.

When the war ended, Gibson took a job with the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in Fall River, Massachusetts. He enrolled in Brown University in 1948, where he majored in economics
and graduated in 1951.

Later maritime career
During the Korean War, he was controller of the budget for the Military Sea Transport Service in Brooklyn, New York. In 1953, he joined the Grace Line where he rose from assistant treasurer to senior vice president in charge of operations. In 1967, he moved to the Diebold Group, a management consulting firm in New York City. He was nominated as Maritime Administrator by President Richard M. Nixon in 1969 and served in that capacity, as well as assistant secretary for Maritime
Affairs in the Department of Commerce until 1972. He was instrumental in drafting legislation for the Merchant Marine Act of 1970 and successfully negotiated the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Maritime
Agreement of 1972. He also served as assistant secretary for domestic and international business. Later, he was appointed to the Panama Canal Commission and as ambassador to the
International Labour Organization.

After leaving government service, Gibson was president of Interstate Oil Transportation Company, 1973–1974, president of Maher Terminals, Inc., 1975–1977, president of Delta
Steamship Lines, 1979–1982, and chairman of American Automar, 1983–1988.

Academic career
He was an adjunct faculty member at the University of South Carolina from 1981–1988. Gibson earned a master's degree in business administration from New York University in 1959 and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program at Harvard University in 1975. He received a PhD from the University of Wales, Cardiff in 1994. He held the Emory Land Chair of Maritime Affairs at the Naval War College from 1988–1992 in the Department of National Security and Decision Making and was a visiting fellow at the College from 1992 through 2001.

His publications include articles in The U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, American Shipper, The Naval War College Review, and a book, written with Arthur Donovan developed from his dissertation entitled Abandoned Ocean: A History of U.S. Maritime Policy published by the University of South Carolina Press in 2000. He received the Robert M. Thomson Award from the Navy League and the Land Medal from the American Society of Naval Architects, both in 1972.

Gibson died on July 8, 2001, at his home in Short Hills, New Jersey.

Sources
The above biographical sketch is from Evelyn M. Cherpak, Register of the Andrew E. Gibson Papers.
(Newport, RI: Naval Historical Collection, Naval War College, 2005), a U.S. government publication in the public domain.

1922 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Alumni of Cardiff University
American maritime historians
Brown University alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
Massachusetts Maritime Academy alumni
Naval War College faculty
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
Nixon administration personnel
Historians from New York (state)
People from Millburn, New Jersey
United States Department of Transportation officials
20th-century American male writers
Historians from New Jersey

Andrew E. Gibson


Sanghamitta was the daughter of Emperor Ashoka, the Great Mauryan Emperor.  She played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism, accompanying her brother Mahinda to Sri Lanka as a Buddhist missionary. Sanghamitta is known for bringing a sacred Bodhi tree sapling to Sri Lanka, where it was planted, becoming an important symbol of Buddhism on the island.

Her efforts in Sri Lanka contributed to the growth and preservation of Buddhism in the region.

Sri Lankan people
Buddhists
280s BC births
200s BC deaths

Sanghamitta


Isurus (meaning "equal tail") is a genus of mackerel sharks in the family Lamnidae, commonly known as the mako sharks. They are largely pelagic, fast predatory fish capable of swimming at speeds up to .

Fossil History and Evolution
Although fossil teeth of Isurus have been reported from as early as the Late Cretaceous, they are likely to be of a shark with a similar dentition, Cretoxyrhina; since at one point they were considered to be the same (now defunct) genus Oxyrhina, and modern referrals to Isurus in the Cretaceous are scant. The earliest appearance of Isurus proper seems to be during the Oligocene with Isurus desori.

There has been much debate and speculation about the evolutionary origin and relationships between Isurus and its closest relatives, including the extant great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Molecular clock analyses place the last common ancestor of Isurus and Carcharodon between 43-60 million years ago during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene. This insight should guide efforts to better resolve the fossil ancestry of both lineages, by providing a window of time in which to search for ancestor candidates.

Many fossil species of Lamnids have historically been placed under Isurus, which are now largely considered separate genera. These include species of Carcharodon (Cosmopolitodus) like C. hastalis, C. planus, species of Macrorhizodus, Isurolamna, and others.

Description
The two living species are the shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus) and the longfin mako shark (I. paucus). They range in length from , and have an approximate maximum weight of . They both have a distinctive blue-gray color scheme common among mackerel sharks.

Species
The genus contains these species:

 Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1810) (shortfin mako shark)
 Isurus paucus (Guitart-Manday, 1966) (longfin mako shark)
†Isurus desori (Agassiz, 1843)
†Isurus retroflexus (Agassiz, 1843)

See also
 Shortfin mako shark
 Longfin mako shark
 White sharks
 List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
 Shark meat

References

Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
Shark genera

Isurus


Peoples Democratic Front was a mass front of Communist Party of India in the Hyderabad State.

Of total 25 MP seats from Hyderabad, PDF won 7 MP seats during the first Lok Sabha term. Among these seven MPs there were famous personalities who played a crucial role in Telangana Rebellion movement.

First Loksabha Members of People's Democratic Front
 Ramchander Govind Paranjpe (Bhir)
 Badam Yella Reddy (Karimnagar)
 T. B. Vittal Rao (Khammam)
 N. M. Jaisoorya (Medak)
 Ravi Narayan Reddy (Nalgonda)
 Sunkam Achalu (Nalgonda-SC)
 Pendyal Raghava Rao (Warangal)

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185847/http://188.8.131.52/newls/state1to12.aspx?state_name=Hyderabad

Defunct political parties in Telangana
Political parties with year of establishment missing
Political parties with year of disestablishment missing
Communist Party of India

People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)


]]

Civil mail from Sharjah went through the post office in Dubai until 1963. Military mail from the British Forces stationed in the area went through the RAF airport in Sharjah.

On 10 July 1963, Sharjah opened its own post office and began to issue its stamps and postal stationery under the name of Sharjah & Dependencies (which included Kalba, Khor Fakkan, and Dibba). There were also unauthorized overprints using Hamriyah, a frequently secessionist coastal town but officially subject to Sharjah and which never gained recognition as a Trucial State in its own right.

Sharjah and its dependencies joined the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971, but continued to issue its own stamps. On 31 July 1972, the UAE assumed full postal responsibilities. Nevertheless, Sharjah continued to use its own stamps until the issuance of the first UAE definitive series on 1 January 1973. Covers with mixed UAE and Sharjah frankings are known.

'Dunes' issues
In 1963, Britain ceded responsibility for the Trucial States' postal systems. An American philatelic entrepreneur by the name of Finbar Kenny saw the opportunity to create a number of editions of stamps aimed at the lucrative collector's market and in 1964 concluded a deal with a number of Trucial States to take the franchise for the production of stamps for their respective governments. Kenny had made something of a specialty out of signing these deals, also signing with the Rulers of Ajman and Fujairah in 1964 – and getting involved in a bribery case in the USA over his dealings with the government of the Cook Islands. The issue of stamps from Ajman's dependency of Manama – a tiny agrarian village in the remote plains at which a 'post office' was opened – is a perfect example.

These stamps, luridly illustrated and irrelevant to the actual emirates they purported to come from (editions included 'Space Research' and 'Tokyo Olympic Games') became known as 'dunes'. Their proliferation quickly devalued them. Because of this, many popular catalogues do not list them.

See also
Postage stamps and postal history of Abu Dhabi
Postage stamps and postal history of the United Arab Emirates

References and sources
Notes

Sources
 Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
 Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
 Sharjah and dependencies – stamps and postal stationery on-line catalogue.
 Sharjah postal history

Emirate of Sharjah
Philately of the United Arab Emirates

Postage stamps and postal history of Sharjah


Kisscut is the second book in the Grant County series by author Karin Slaughter. It was originally released in hardback in 2002. The previous book in the series is Blindsighted. These books star Sara Linton, Jeffrey Tolliver, and Lena Adams.

Book summary

Sara and Jeffrey have tentatively resumed their romantic relationship when, on a hot August night during the summer following Blindsighted, Jeffrey is forced to shoot a 13-year-old girl to stop her from killing another teenager. What at first appears to be an unwanted pregnancy and a jilting turned deadly spurs an investigation that reveals the presence of real-life monsters preying on the children of Grant County. During its course Jeffrey battles self-doubt and remorse over killing a child, and an impromptu trip back to  his hometown of Sylacauga, Alabama offers up a major clue. Lena, who just returned to duty a month earlier following her torture at the hands of the man who murdered her beloved sister and terrorized Heartsdale, fights misplaced guilt and shame, battling suicidal tendencies and struggling to regain some minute sense of normalcy in her life. Even as she contemplates quitting the police, the only thing that provides her with relief is work, and as she immerses herself more and deeper into the case she finds an uncomfortable feeling of identification with one of its most damaged victims.

Book covers

References
Romantic Times review
Amazon page
Library Thing
Shots Magazine review

2002 American novels
American thriller novels
Grant County, Georgia series
Novels set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Delacorte Press books

Kisscut


Before I forget () is a 2007 French drama film directed, written and starred in by Jacques Nolot. The film portrays the life of an aging gay man, who was a hustler in his youth, confronting old age, an empty life and a reversal of paying for sex. The film was well received by critics.

Plot
Pierre is a 58-year-old gay man who was a hustler in his youth. He is no longer considered desirable and now finds himself in the reverse position: He is the one paying for sex. He has trouble sleeping, has a coffee, and starts chain smoking. In the morning, he receives a visit from Marc, a young hustler. They have sex, but the joyless encounter ends quickly; Pierre has been HIV positive for 24 years and his various medications have affected his performance. Marc invites him to a drag club but Pierre rejects the offer because he would have to shave his mustache.

Pierre later visits Jacques, a wealthy gay friend, who is married and has tax problems. They compare bargains on gigolos. Pierre brags that he has acquired the services of one young man for half the price that his friend paid. A trip to Pigalle for sex is curtailed because of Pierre's impotence problem. At his lawyer's, an old gay man, Pierre runs into a friend from many years ago, Paul, an ex con who has inherited money from his late lover Gaston, an ex-lover of Pierre. Paul, who was barely 17 years old when Pierre was in his prime, was having sex with the lawyer when Pierre arrived to invite him for lunch. At the restaurant, they compare crime stories: stealing things, doing time, etc. Pierre casually mentions that he used to cruise with Roland Barthes and later reflects on his now lost youth and good looks, commenting that then "Apart from sun, cock, and bars, nothing much interested me."

Toutoune, Pierre's former older lover and patron, 35 years older than him, died recently and Pierre had been hoping to inherit some money, but no will was found and he was swindled out of his inheritance by Toutoune's relatives. With a friend, he visits Toutoune's house looking for some artwork that was left to him. "What would make me happy? Nothing..." he says at one point, adding that a new young lover might do the trick.

Pierre visits his psychotherapist and discusses his depression. The therapist shuts down the session just as Pierre gets going. Back home, Pierre worries that his medication, aside from warnings about liver trouble and other dangerous side effects, will make him lose his hair. Later, Pierre gives oral sex to a man who delivers his groceries, advises a young gigolo and visits his friend David. Finally he dresses in drag to visit a porn cinema with Marc.

Cast
 Jacques Nolot as Pierre
 Marc Rioufol as Paul
 Bastien d'Asnières as Marc
 Bruno Moneglia as Bruno
 Jean Pommier as Georges
 David Kessler as Manosky
 Albert Mainella as Toutoune

Home media
The film was released on DVD in the US in September 2008. It was released with English subtitles, and also with a subtitled two-minute theatrical trailer as the bonus feature.

References

External links

2007 films
2007 drama films
French drama films
French LGBT-related films
HIV/AIDS in French films
Films directed by Jacques Nolot
2007 LGBT-related films
Gay-related films
2000s French-language films
2000s French films

Before I Forget (film)


The Asheville Masonic Temple is a Masonic Temple located in Asheville, North Carolina. Designed by British American architect and Freemason Richard Sharp Smith, the building was opened in April 1915. It is listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Downtown Asheville Historic District.

It is a four-story pressed brick building with limestone and grey brick trim, upon a granite foundation.  It has a red tile hipped roof above its front portion.  The Broadway facade has a two-story portico with paired Ionic columns.

History
Architect Smith was originally from England and was working in New York City for Richard Morris Hunt who hired him to supervise the construction of the Biltmore House.

On July 1, 1909, Mount Hermon Lodge No. 118 and the Royal Arch Masons Asheville Chapter, jointly purchased the lot at 80 Broadway in Asheville on which the Asheville Masonic Temple currently stands. In April 1912 a meeting was held between Mount Hermon Lodge #118 and the Scottish Rite Valley of Asheville's Lodge of Perfection to devise a plan for the building of a new Masonic Temple.

The plan was to organize a building company composed of members of both bodies. It was suggested that the basement and first floor would include a reading room, library, secretaries' offices, lobby, banquet hall, and a kitchen. The second floor would be used by Mount Hermon Lodge and other appendant bodies, such as the Order of the Eastern Star and the York Rite. The third and fourth floors were to be used by the Valley Of Asheville Scottish Rite.  In May 1913 a contract was signed with McPherson Construction Company to construct the building for a price of $56,260.
Almost two years later, on April 29, 1915, the Masonic Temple Company accepted the building from the contractor. The original plans, deeds and survey plats are still among the Temple's records.

Notable members
There have been several prominent Masons whose Masonic careers originated from the Asheville Masonic Temple.

 Robert Brank Vance was Master of Mount Hermon Lodge #118 in 1866, 1867 and 1873, and Grand Master of Masons of North Carolina in 1868 and 1869.

 Zebulon Baird Vance was a member of Mount Hermon Lodge #118.  On February 4, 1853, at the age of 23, Vance petitioned Mt. Hermon Lodge #118 in Asheville. He received both the Second and Third Degrees on June 20, 1853.  Vance was the 37th and 43rd Governor of North Carolina.

 Norburn Creighton Hyatt was Master of Mount Hermon #118 in 1969, and Grand Master of Masons of North Carolina in 1985.

References

Masonic buildings in North Carolina
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County, North Carolina

Asheville Masonic Temple


James Shane Byrne (born 18 July 1971) is a former Irish rugby union hooker. He is nicknamed 'Munch' or 'Mullet' (a reference to his hair style).

A native of Aughrim, County Wicklow, Byrne played Gaelic football up to under-16 level with the local Aughrim club. He attended Blackrock College in Dublin.

Career
He plied his trade for many years at Leinster.  His international career started comparatively late and did not blossom until the retirement of Keith Wood. When he eventually got his chance in a World Cup qualifier in Romania in 2001 he took it and thereafter became a fixture in the national side where he won 41 caps between 2001 and 2005, scoring three tries.

In February 2003 Byrne played his 100th game for Leinster.

In 2005 he was selected for the British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand and played in the first and third tests.  Byrne has scored a total of three tries for his country, scoring two of those in one match against Wales during the 2004 Six Nations series.

Following the Lions tour his contract talks with Leinster were inconclusive and he joined Saracens in the summer of 2005 for two years, before returning to Ireland.

Personal life
Byrne participated in a Charity You're A Star edition on RTÉ in the Helix, DCU. His chosen charity was GOAL, an Irish founded charity group.

In June 2008, Byrne revived his GAA career with the local Aughrim club after a 17-year lapse, lining out at centre-back in a Wicklow junior 'C' league game against Coolkenno. His switch to the full-forward position did not stop Aughrim from crashing to a heavy defeat.

In June 2010, Byrne announced his involvement in  RuckingBall.com, an online community for the development of school-boy rugby, coaches and parents.
In April 2012, Byrne participated in an episode of Celebrity Come Dine With Me Ireland.
In June 2014, Shane made his acting debut with the release of Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie.

Byrne is a director with Arklow Waste Disposal, his family business. He is also head of operations for Focus International Property.

Byrne has been a captain on the sports quiz show Know The Score since November 2016.

He is married to Caroline (a native of County Monaghan) and has twin girls Alex and Kerry. Byrne is the grandson of deafblind doctor James Hanlon.

References

External links
ESPN Profile

1971 births
Living people
Blackrock College RFC players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Ireland
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Ireland international rugby union players
Irish rugby union players
Leinster Rugby players
Saracens F.C. players
You're a Star contestants
People educated at Blackrock College
Rugby union players from County Wicklow
Rugby union hookers
2003 Rugby World Cup players

Shane Byrne (rugby union)


Forza ( , ; Italian for "force" and "strength") is a racing video game series for Xbox consoles and Microsoft Windows published by Xbox Game Studios.

The franchise is primarily divided into two ongoing titles. The original Forza Motorsport series developed by American developer Turn 10 Studios focuses on primarily simulation racing around a variety of both real and fictional tracks, and seeks to emulate the performance and handling characteristics of many real-life production, modified, and racing cars. The Forza Horizon series developed by British developer Playground Games features more arcade-style racing while maintaining a toned down version of Motorsports simulation physics. Horizon revolves around a music festival called the "Horizon Festival" and features open world environments set in fictional representations of real-world areas in which players may freely roam and participate in racing events.

Apart from Motorsport and Horizon, Forza has also seen two mobile and computer free-to-play spin-offs; Forza Street (2019–2022), a drag racing-style game set in Miami, and Forza Customs (2023), a tile-matching video game based on car customization. Both spin-offs were initially released as independent games before being rebranded as Forza titles.

The franchise has sold 16 million copies as of December 2016 and has garnered critical acclaim.

History
Turn 10 Studios was established in 2001 by Microsoft, under its Microsoft Game Studios division, to develop a series of racing games, which later became known as Forza, as the Xbox rival to Gran Turismo for PlayStation. At the time of the studio's establishment, most staff had experience in publishing games, such as Project Gotham Racing and Golf 4.0, but had not been involved in game development. The first Forza Motorsport was designed to showcase the technological capabilities of Microsoft's first console, the original Xbox, including its Xbox Live online multiplayer network. From the start, Turn 10's approach to the series has been to broaden its appeal to the general audience and not limit it to racing enthusiasts, passionately highlighting car culture along the way. Also integral to the series' development is the considerable amount of research put into the race cars' handling, sometimes involving professional race teams as of Formula One and NASCAR.

Every Forza title includes an artificial neural network used by its AI racers, called Drivatars, a portmanteau of driver and avatar. Drivatars were developed and designed by Microsoft Research Cambridge to learn and adapt to the player's driving. In early Forza titles, the Drivatars ran on a Bayesian neural network, which calculates possible solutions to a problem and their probabilities based on player data collected from previous races before selecting the one with the highest confidence value. Such a problem may be reaching a certain turn, at which point the appropriate angle at which to turn and the amount of pressure on the accelerator must be determined. Initially, the only way to share the learned Drivatars was to copy them onto Xbox Memory Units for use by other Xbox consoles. Since Forza Motorsport 5, the Drivatars have used a reinforcement learning paradigm, and have recorded racing data of all players connected to the cloud as part of the Xbox Network. In this paradigm, the Drivatars track the player's car position and speed and the consistency of the behavior and guess their turn angle and speed for a given segment, enabling the Drivatars to infer solutions for courses the player had not yet raced on and input for cars the player had not yet raced with. The data is then uploaded to the cloud to update the Drivatar behavior, and the new Drivatars are then downloaded to other Xbox consoles. Each upload is timestamped, and older uploads are treated with less confidence. There have been concerns that players could abuse the system to rubber-band the Drivatars' AI back to them, but Turn 10 has stated that the only thing that is rubber-banded are their cars, whose performance is slightly modified based on how far they are ahead of or behind the player. Turn 10 inserted a layer of control between player and AI inputs that allows for the developers to modify Drivatar behavior so as to prevent unexpected results.

Initially, Turn 10 designed models for cars and tracks using commercial off-the-shelf software such as 3D Studio Max. Today, it develops and uses a proprietary 3D modelling software called Fuel that allows multiple artists to work on the same model simultaneously, primarily those for cars and racing tracks. Due to increasing complexity of video games, it took six months for four people to design a single car model for Xbox One versions of Forza, so Turn 10 came to rely on car manufacturers to share CAD files, scan real-life cars, or send out a photographer to take hundreds or thousands of photographs of newly launched cars.

Playground Games was co-founded in 2009 in Leamington Spa, England, by Gavin Raeburn, Trevor Williams, and Ralph Fulton, all former employees of Codemasters. Raeburn was known for his role in developing critical hits such as the Dirt and TOCA series, but he became inspired by the open world environment of Test Drive Unlimited, and so left Codemasters feeling that it lacked the resources to fulfill his ambitions. Other members of Playground have included former employees of Bizarre Creations, Black Rock Studio, and Sony Liverpool—all racing game companies of the United Kingdom. At the same time, Turn 10 Studios began seeking out businsesses in hopes of finding one willing to expand and branch out its franchise. At E3 2010, he and Williams offered Turn 10 a concept of an open-world Forza Motorsport in exchange for resources, to which Turn 10 agreed. Playground then developed what was to become Forza Horizon, collaborating with and closely backed by Turn 10. Playground Games had had a strong relationship as a third-party developer with Microsoft Studios, but it was only in a June 10 conference at E3 2018 that the company announced its acquisition by Microsoft.

Until 2019, each installment of the franchise series had alternated on a biennial basis; the Motorsport entries were released in odd-numbered years, while the Horizon entries were released in even-numbered years. This pattern was altered due to the absence of a new Motorsport game in 2019.

ForzaTech
ForzaTech is the proprietary video game engine created by Turn 10 Studios. It is the main engine used for the Forza series. The game engine was trademarked by Microsoft in 2015 and has since been used to develop current Forza games, as well as the upcoming Fable reboot.

Titles

Motorsport

Forza Motorsport (2005)

Forza Motorsport was released on May 3, 2005, and is the first installment in the Forza Motorsport series. It is the only title in the series to be released on the original Xbox console. It features 231 cars and racetracks from 15 real-world and fictional locations. Common elements established by this game for future Forza titles include effects of damage on car performance, a paint job and decal editor, the ability to tune one's car and purchase upgrades using in-game credits won at previous races, and assist functions that make driving easier but at the cost of bonus end-of-race credits. It also supported online multiplayer via Xbox Live, as have all of its successors. The Honda NSX and a tuned Nissan 350Z are the cover vehicles. It is playable on the Xbox 360 via backwards compatibility.

Forza Motorsport 2 (2007)

The sequel to Forza Motorsport and the first Xbox 360 title in the series, Forza Motorsport 2, was released on May 29, 2007. It features a total of 349 cars and 23 different circuits from twelve locations. The series' support for force feedback first appears in this installment (Microsoft's Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel was designed to work with the game and support that feature). Car customization is also expanded; there are about 50 percent more parts and upgrades than in the previous installment, up to 4,100 vinyls can be applied to any car, and cars can be sold online with custom skins for in-game credits in the game's new auction house. The system that groups cars into letter-based classes based on their performance, expressed as a numerical performance index, now takes into account changes to one's car that make it more or less powerful, raising or lowering the index and possibly reclassifying the car. Prior to the game's release, Microsoft launched Forza Motorsport Showdown, a four-part TV miniseries on Speed. The show was produced by Bud Brutsman and hosted by Lee Reherman. A tuned Nissan 350z is the cover vehicle.

Forza Motorsport 3 (2009)

Forza Motorsport 3, released on October 27, 2009, includes more than 400 cars from 50 manufacturers and about 100 race track variations. Sport utility vehicles and stock cars make their debut in this game's car roster. The game introduces more optional assists aimed at making driving less challenging for less-experienced players. One of them is the rewind feature, which allows the player to turn back time to fix any previous mistake made on the track. Auto-braking brakes the player's car to prevent it from skidding off the track at turns, and the auto-tuner automatically tunes the car's aspects. The career mode has been revised for this edition of Forza Motorsport to contain 250 events, some of which involve two new modes: drag racing and drifting. It is also the first game in the franchise to feature a cockpit camera, as well as the ability to capture, edit, and share clips of gameplay. The Audi R8 is the cover vehicle.

Forza Motorsport 4 (2011)

For Forza Motorsport 4, which was released on October 11, 2011, Turn 10 Studios partnered with BBC's Top Gear to get Jeremy Clarkson to provide commentary for the new Autovista mode, which allows players to explore a certain selection of cars in great detail. The game is also the first in the franchise to utilize the Kinect sensor. Players can utilize the sensor to turn their head to either side, and the game dynamically follows in a similar motion, turning the game camera to the side. It is the final Forza Motorsport released for Xbox 360. The 2009 Ferrari 458 is the cover vehicle.

Forza Motorsport 5 (2013)

Forza Motorsport 5, the fifth installment in the Motorsport series and the sixth in the Forza series, was released as an Xbox One launch title on November 22, 2013. The game expanded on the Top Gear partnership by having Richard Hammond and James May provide commentary alongside Clarkson. The Autovista mode was renamed Forzavista, and new to the series are open-wheel cars and integrated cloud computing, which collects and uses driving data from connected players to shape Drivatar behavior and through which user-generated paint jobs can be downloaded. Responding to inquiries about the amount of content featured in the game, Turn 10 Studios' Dan Greenawalt explained that the company emphasized quality after determining that the cars and tracks it had designed needed improvement in advance of the next generation of consoles. The result was a decrease to 203 cars (excluding three from the Limited Edition Day One Version) and 14 tracks and the two inventories being redesigned, some entirely, using laser-scanning technology. The 2013 McLaren P1 is the cover vehicle.

Forza Motorsport 6 (2015)

Forza Motorsport 6, released for Xbox One on September 15, 2015, introduces new gameplay elements such as racing in the rain or at night, an online ranking system called Leagues that matches players based on their skill level, and game-modifying cards. The game increases the number of racers in any race to 24 and has a much richer selection of cars and locations than its predecessor—460 and 26, respectively. Players can also now choose whether to toggle the Drivatars' aggression. A cut-down, free-to-play Windows 10 version of the game, known as Forza Motorsport 6: Apex, was released on September 6, 2016, as "a focused and curated single-player tour of Forza Motorsports best content". The 2017 Ford GT super-car is the cover vehicle. On September 15, 2019, it was made unavailable for purchase due to the expiration of various car and track licenses.

Forza Motorsport 7 (2017)

Forza Motorsport 7 was developed for Windows 10 and Xbox One. The game was released on October 3, 2017. This game includes many tracks, including the return of Maple Valley Raceway, the fictional track last included in Forza Motorsport 4. Forza Motorsport 7 has the largest set of playable vehicles of any Forza game to date, at 830 cars. 700 cars are included in the base game, while 130 were later added as downloadable content. The 2018 Porsche 911 GT2 RS is the cover vehicle.

Forza Motorsport (2023)

The eighth Forza Motorsport, which has no number in its title and serves as a reboot of the sub-series, was announced during Microsoft's Xbox Games Showcase on July 23, 2020. It was released on October 10, 2023. The 2023 Cadillac V-Series.R and the 2024 Chevrolet Corvette E-Ray are the cover vehicles.

Horizon

Forza Horizon (2012)

Forza Horizon was developed for the Xbox 360 and is the first open-world game in the series. It is based around a fictitious festival called the Horizon Festival, set in the U.S. state of Colorado. The game incorporates many different gameplay aspects from previous Forza Motorsport titles, like the large variety of cars, realistic physics, and high-definition graphics. The aim is to progress through the game by means of obtaining wristbands by driving fast, destroying property, winning races, and other driving antics. Horizon features the physics of Forza Motorsport 4, which have been optimized to work on the more than 65 variants of terrain said to be present in the game. Players can drive off-road in select areas, while others are limited by guardrails or other means. Horizon allows the player to modify the car that is selected from the garage by changing numerous features both internally and externally on a car. One can also obtain cars by winning races with random drivers on the street, by winning larger competitive races, and by finding barns housing hidden treasure cars that cannot otherwise be bought through the game's "Auto-show" or through racing. The 2013 Dodge SRT Viper GTS is the cover car. The game is backward-compatible with the Xbox One and the Xbox Series X/S.

Forza Horizon 2 (2014)

Forza Horizon 2 was developed for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. The game is set in Southern France and Northern Italy, and the playing field is three times the map of its predecessor. The Xbox 360 version was developed by Sumo Digital, and is the final Forza game for Xbox 360. The Xbox One version introduced dynamic weather and lighting systems to the series. Tuning also made a return in the Xbox One version of the game, after being absent from the previous Horizon title. Both versions feature day-and-night cycles and cross-country races of up to 12 players and two "Bucket Lists", one for France and the other for Italy. Bucket Lists are lists of location-specific challenges involving certain vehicles for the player to complete, such as driving a Ford Raptor through a forest with only headlights to light the player's way. Additionally, its single-player and multiplayer modes have merged to allow for seamless connectivity, where other players can join in or drop out of the host's session without interrupting the latter's progress. In this edition of Forza Horizon, "Car Meets" serves as an online hub for players to compare their cars and share their own designs or tunes for others to use, as well as socialize and challenge each other in showdown races. The 2014 Lamborghini Huracán LP 610-4 was the cover car.

Forza Horizon 3 (2016)

Forza Horizon 3 was released for Xbox One and Windows 10 on September 27, 2016. Its support for Xbox Play Anywhere makes it the first Forza title to allow cross-play on the two Microsoft platforms. The game is set in Australia, and has the player represented in the game as the host of the Horizon Festival itself. Its topography, car roster, and cast of player avatars have all diversified. For the first time, the terrain includes sand and deep bodies of water that can be driven on or into, and the car roster, which is expanded to 350 cars, encompasses off-road racing buggies and trophy trucks. The single-player campaign mode adds co-op, in which up to three players join the host to complete the latter's objectives. Progression is kept regardless of which mode campaign is played in. A new mode called Horizon Blueprint allows players to edit events by changing their routes, number thereof, and time of day and determining which cars are eligible for the events. An expansion titled Blizzard Mountain was released on December 13, 2016, featuring a snow area along with the name giving blizzard storms, eight new cars, and the 2016 Ford Focus RSRX as its cover vehicle. A second expansion themed around Hot Wheels was released on May 9, 2017. This expansion features a new area called "Thrilltopia" and adds orange and blue Hot Wheels track with loops, jumps, corkscrews, boost pads, half-pipes and more. The expansion also includes ten new cars. The Hot Wheels Twin Mill is the cover vehicle. The 2016 Lamborghini Centenario LP 770-4 and the 2017 Ford F-150 Raptor Race Truck were the cover cars.

Forza Horizon 4 (2018)

Forza Horizon 4 was developed for the Xbox One and Windows 10 and released on October 2, 2018. The game is set in Great Britain, and features over 450 cars from more than one hundred manufacturers. It introduces a dynamic four-season scheme that rotates on a weekly basis and changes aspects of the environment, such as rivers drying in the summer. Places such as the Edinburgh Castle can now be purchased as property, unlocking benefits. For the first time, players are given the option to traverse the same world as others in single-player on a 72-player server. The 2018 McLaren Senna and 1997 Land Rover Defender 90 are the cover cars. Shortly after launch, Turn 10 released a patch that added Route Creator, where players draw custom point-to-point and circuit racing routes and place their checkpoints on the map.

Forza Horizon 5 (2021)

Forza Horizon 5 was developed and released for the Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Windows 10 on November 9, 2021, and is set in Mexico. The seasons return, but to account for Mexico's diverse landscape, different parts of the map have their own weather that rotates seasonally. A new mode called EventLab allows players to create races with their own rules and objectives. Also new is Forza Link, an AI assistant that tracks one's progress and preferred means of playing the game and the players they meet online. It then uses that information to match players with statistically similar interests. The Mercedes-AMG One and the 2021 Ford Bronco Badlands are the cover cars.

Spin-offs

Forza Street (2019–2022)
Forza Street was a free-to-play racing game developed by Electric Square that was initially released for Windows 10 as Miami Street on May 8, 2018. The game was re-branded as a Forza title on April 15, 2019, and was also released for iOS and Android on May 5, 2020. Forza Street uses Unreal Engine 4, unlike the series' in-house engine, ForzaTech. Unlike the main Motorsport and Horizon titles, Street features short, quick street races, and is meant to be played on low-end devices. Gameplay involves players controlling only the acceleration and braking by pressing and releasing a button or a touch screen; steering is handled automatically. Players can also use nitrous to give their cars a speed boost. There is no definite cover car, as the app icon changed the cars out based on what special event was going on.

Forza Streets reviews were mixed. Although its visuals were praised, it was criticized for its overly simplistic controls, its implementation of the freemium model, and tedious gameplay. Critics rank it as the worst title on their lists of Forza games that include the spin-off. On January 10, 2022, Andy Beaudoin, a principal design director at Turn 10 Studios, announced the closure of Forza Street in spring 2022, due to the "shift its focus to new and exciting Forza experiences." The game received its final update on the same date, reducing the energy recharge time, increasing energy storage, reducing wait times for car shows, reducing prices on most items purchasable using in-game currency, and disabling the purchasing of microtransactions, refunding customers who purchased any microtransations in the last 30 days prior to the in-app store's closure. The game was shut down on April 11, 2022.

Forza Customs (2023)
Forza Customs is a free-to-play tile-matching video game developed by British developer Hutch Games, the second mobile spin-off in the Forza franchise, and the franchise's first non-racing game title. Similar to Forza Street, it is a rebrand of a previously released game titled Custom Car Works, and is themed after car modification and customization.

Reception

The Forza series is viewed as one of the most recognized brands of the racing genre. The games sold over 10 million copies by August 2014 and 16 million copies as of April 2021, becoming the sixth best-selling racing franchise. It is also one of the highest-grossing video game franchises, grossing over US$1 billion at retail by December 2016. Individually, Forza Motorsport 3 sold 3 million units by February 2010. Forza Motorsport 5 was bought by over one third of all Xbox One owners in February 2014, which Eurogamer estimates amounts to 1.3 million copies. By December 2016, around 2.5 million Forza Horizon 3 units were sold. Over 14 million unique players were registered in the Forza community on Xbox One and Windows 10 by December 2016.

The first Forza Motorsport received critical acclaim for its realistic handling mechanics, paint job editor—both features that have reappeared in every subsequent version of Forza—and Xbox Live integration. Additional assists in Forza Motorsport 3s such as the rewind ability were praised. Reviewers also lauded Forza Motorsport 4s Autovista mode. The franchise as a whole has received generally favorable reviews. Every main title in the Forza Motorsport and Forza Horizon series has received an aggregate review score of at least 80 out of 100 on Metacritic; the only exception is Forza Motorsport 5, which at launch received criticism for featuring fewer cars and tracks compared to its predecessors (though some of the content withdrawn from the final release reappeared in the form of DLCs), as well as microtransactions in which players could purchase in-game tokens to progress faster, to the latter of which Turn 10 Studios responded by increasing rewards won at the end of a race and decreasing car prices.

The concept of Forza Horizon received positive remarks for demonstrating the potential that the new series had, although the game's Drivatars' AI and sparse multiplayer were criticized. As of August 2019, Forza Horizon 4 surpassed 12 million players. The Horizon series has since outperformed the Motorsport games, which despite their technical leaps have struggled to replicate the former's success for not being substantially different and as trends show that players prefer Horizons gameplay.

The series is notable for employing one of the longest-running applications of machine learning in gaming for its AI. Since Horizon 3, the Forza Horizon series have been a perennial winner of Best Sports/Racing Game at The Game Awards.

References

External links

Forza
Microsoft franchises
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 2005

Forza


Zhang Dongsun (; 1886–1973), also known as Chang Tung-sheng, was a Chinese philosopher, public intellectual and political figure. He was a professor of Philosophy and Sinology at Yenching University and Tsinghua University.

Biography
Zhang Dongsun was born in 1886 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Travelling to Japan as an overseas student in his youth, Zhang studied the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and attempted to reinterpret Confucianism along Kantian lines. He took part in famous debates about the relative merits of "science and metaphysics," allying himself with the then-fashionable metaphysics of Henri Bergson. He was equally well-known, as an exponent of the philosophy of Bertrand Russell, whom he accompanied on a tour of China in 1920.

A prominent exponent of Chinese socialistic liberalism, Zhang became a powerful influence in the China National Socialist Party in its original incarnation as a non-Communist "third force" grouping opposed to the dictatorship of the Guomindang (Kuomintang or KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek.

In addition to the Second World War era, Zhang was a professor of philosophy and Sinology at Tsinghua University in the 1930s and the 1940s. From 1935 to 1937, Zhang founded and presided over the literary and philosophical monthly periodical Wenzhe yuekan (文哲月刊) at the Tsinghua Campus ().

Zhang veered towards acceptance of the inevitability of Communist victory and took government positions after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. However, his earlier passionate devotion to intellectual freedom and searching critiques of Marxism made him an object of suspicion, obliging him to live in obscurity and in constant fear of persecution.

After 1949, Zhang, although still a notable politician in the PRC, did not want to see the Republic of Korea destroyed by the Communist Party of China and the Workers' Party of Korea. On the contrary, Zhang supported the peaceful reunification of the Korean Peninsula.

During the early years of the PRC, Zhang served in the new government as a member of the central governmental committee, as counsellor on the Culture and Education Committee of the State Council and in various other high-level positions, while maintaining his position as the acting president of Tsinghua University.

However, In 1951-1952, Zhang was charged with providing secret information to the US, which was fighting China directly in the Korean War, therefore losing his position and rights in the government. He was expelled by the China Democratic League soon after. At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, he was hospitalized in the Beijing Railroad Hospital due to his poor health, and was later imprisoned due to the information leak committed nearly 20 years ago. He died in 1973.

Work
Although Zhang was intellectually silenced after the 1940s, he had been an extraordinarily active writer until that time. Many of his works from that period still survive, testifying to Zhang's importance as one of the most penetrating and innovative Chinese thinkers of the 20th Century. His most important philosophical works include Science and Philosophy (, 1924), Outlook on Life (, 1928), Essays on Philosophy (, 1929), Psychoanalysis (, 1929), Moral Philosophy (, 1930), Philosophy (, 1931), Modern Ethics (, 1932), Value Philosophy (, 1934), Epistemology (, 1934),  Critical Essays on Red Philosophy (, 1934), A new Formulation of Pluralistic Epistemology (, 1937), What is Philosophy (, 1937), Knowledge and Culture (, 1946), Thought and Society (, 1946), Rationality and Democracy (, 1946), and Democracy and Socialism (, 1948).

Philosophy
Pluralistic epistemology represents the core of Zhang's philosophical system. It is derived from a revised version of Kantian philosophy. To justify such an epistemology, he proposed a new cosmology: panstructuralism (fanjiagouzhuyi 泛架構主義)
An important assumption of his theory of knowledge is the neo-realistic view that the external world exists independently of our consciousness, and that there is no exact correlation between external phenomena and our comprehension of them. However, the external cause for our sensation is not a substance, but the order or structure of the external world. What is transmitted to us through our sensory impressions is a modification of this external order. Similarly, the discovery of the Theory of Relativity was important only in terms of recognizing structural laws, and not in terms of recognising any new essences in nature or the cosmos.

Plural epistemology advocates the view that sense impressions are non-being. Therefore, they are without a position in the ontological sense; they do not possess any 'ontological status'. All beings exist in a process of constant change that manifests itself in a never-ending modification of structural connections, and the growth and decline of the qualities of the "essence" of particular entities. According to Zhang, our consciousness can only recognize certain aspects of these manifest changes. However, this refers not only to the level of our perception and comprehension; according to Zhang, the structured order of relations is all that really exists in the cosmos. The relation between the external world and our subjectivity is interactive and correlative.

Combining the Buddhist idea of non-substance with a theory of evolution, Zhang held that the structures of the universe, although empty, are in evolution, and new kinds of structure may emerge due to changes in the combination of various structures.
His most valuable contributions are also to be found in his endeavours to elaborate the dialectical aspect of Aristotelian logic, to connect logic, language and methods of disputation, and to discover principles and formal elements of the logic of linguistic pragmatism. His investigations of the influence of Chinese language on the development of Chinese philosophy are a very influential and pioneering work. He was the first philosopher who exposed correlative thinking as a main characteristic of Chinese philosophy and analogical argument as a specific Chinese mode of inference.

See also
Korean War

General References

Xinyan Jiang, "Zhang Dongsun: Pluralist Epistemology and Chinese Philosophy" in Chung-Yin Cheng and Nicholas Bunnin, eds., Contemporary Chinese Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.
Key-chong Yap, "Zhang Dongsun"  in Antonio S. Cua, ed., Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, London: Routledge, 2001.
Rošker, Jana S., "The Abolishment of Substance and Ontology: a New Interpretation of Zhang Dongsun's Pluralistic Epistemology," in "Synthetis philosophica International Ed.", 2009, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 153-165.
Rošker, Jana S., "Zhang Dongsun's 張東蓀 (1886 - 1973) plural epistemology (duoyuan renshi lun多元認識論)," in Rošker, Jana S., "Searching for the Way – Theory of Knowledge in pre-Modern and Modern China,"  Hong Kong: Chinese University press, 2008

20th-century Chinese philosophers
Republic of China journalists
1886 births
1973 deaths
Writers from Hangzhou
Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
People's Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
Academic staff of Yenching University
Academic staff of Tsinghua University
Toyo University alumni
University of Tokyo alumni
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
20th-century Chinese essayists
Philosophers from Zhejiang
Politicians from Hangzhou
Chinese magazine editors
20th-century essayists

Zhang Dongsun


German punk includes a body of music and a subculture that have evolved since punk rock became popular in Germany in the 1970s. Within the subculture of punk in Germany, a style of music called Deutschpunk was developed; this style of music has developed distinctly from hardcore punk, and includes lyrics in German as well as a fast tempo. In the punk scene in Germany, some bands play music in the Deutschpunk style, while other German punk bands pursue various other styles of punk music.

History

1976 to 1981 (Origins of punk in Germany)

The first punk bands in Germany were strongly influenced by U.K. and U.S. bands like the Sex Pistols, The Damned, The Clash, The Stooges, and the Ramones. Among the first wave of German bands were Big Balls and the Great White Idiot (from Hamburg, founded in 1975), Male (from Düsseldorf, founded in 1976), Tollwut (from Munich, founded in 1976), PVC (from West Berlin, founded in 1977), Fred Banana Combo (from Düsseldorf, founded in 1978), Clox (from Dortmund, founded in 1977), and Pack (from Munich, founded in 1978). Early German punk groups were heavily influenced by UK bands, often writing their lyrics in English. For example, Big Balls, PVC, Clox, Pack, and the Fred Banana Combo wrote lyrics in English. Male is generally considered to be the first punk band to write lyrics in German. "The significance of the shift cannot be understated: as Male vocalist Jürgen Engler pointed out even at the time, 'German lyrics led to the development of a new genre.' " This first wave of German punk bands tended to be made up of people who were musicians before they encountered punk, rather than people motivated by political activism to form bands and learn to play instruments.

Notable early Germany punk bands also include Charley's Girls, S.Y.P.H., Mittagspause, Din-A-Testbild, Strassenjungs, Stuka Pilots,Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft (DAF), Weltaufstandsplan (der Plan), Hans-a-plast, Kriminalitaetsfoerderungsclub (KFC), the Buttocks, ZK, Materialschlacht, and Minus Delta t. Although they played music in the punk style, Big Balls and the Great White Idiot (Hamburg) and Strassenjungs (Frankfurt), were strongly promoted by the music industry as the first German new wave groups, and were not generally accepted as part of the punk scene.

The SO36 club (named for the postal code in its location in Berlin-Kreuzberg) was opened in August 1978.  Its grand opening was celebrated with the "Mauerbaufestival", which included performances of The Wall, Dub-Liners, Mittagspause, Male, S.Y.P.H., Din-A-Testbild, Ffurs, Stuka Pilots, and PVC.  This was associated with the LP compilation S.O.36 Sampler - Live 13.8.78. The SO36 became a well-known fixture of the punk music scene in Germany.

One of the first scandals in the German punk scene happened in 1979, when singer Nina Hagen discussed masturbation techniques during an appearance on the discussion program Club 2, produced by the radio broadcaster ORF. This controversial appearance quickly made her famous. Her debut album Nina Hagen Band (1978), which had just been released, achieved international recognition.  This album included a German version of the classic song from the The Tubes "White Punks on Dope" (published under the title: "TV-Glotzer").

At this point in history, at least in Germany, there were not many ways to release records outside of the standard music business.  This included a business-run music press, and limited possibilities for performances.  The only nationally distributed music journals that were inclusive of the new punk scene were Sounds (largely to the credit of music journalist Alfred Hilsberg), the magazine Spex (founded in 1980) which consisted most of photos, and Musikexpress.  In fact, a letter to Sounds by the band Male in 1977 signaled the arrival of German punk to the international music scene. These first years of the punk scene in Germany were characterized by the lack of infrastructure; records were self-produced, and advertised by word of mouth.  In the late 70s, a number of punk bands were founded that had roots in left-wing political movements, and that sang only in German.  They were associated with protests against nuclear-power plants, as well as the squatter's movement in Germany.  After early punk albums were released entirely on cassettes, the growing punk movement founded the first independent music labels.  These labels included Rock-O-Rama, ZickZack Records, as well as a number of short-lived record labels.  Der Ostrich from Düsseldorf is generally considered to be the first punk fanzine from Germany; its first issue was released in March 1977, and its last issue was released in 1979.  The people running Ostrich also founded the band Charley's Girls. Other early German punk zines from West Germany included: Heimatblatt, Der Arsch, Preiserhöhung, KZ-Rundschau, and Der Aktuelle Mülleimer.

Around 1980, several different sounds diverged in the German punk scene. Centered in Düsseldorf there was a larger movement toward electronic music.  These bands originally performed alongside punk bands but became the precursors of Techno music.  This included bands like DAF and Weltaufstandsplan (der Plan).

Other bands began experimenting with sound using synthesizers and computers, developing a sound that was a precursor of the Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW).  This included bands like Fehlfarben,  Ideal, The Nina Hagen Band, Östro 430, Abwärts, and Trio.  This sound was influenced by punk but oriented toward the commercial pop-music scene.  NDW would develop further and reach the highpoint of its commercial success in the 1980s.

Around 1979, people began to differentiate between the early punk sound, music that was evolving into NDW, and a sound developed by younger punk bands that had a harder, more aggressive style.  Bands like S.Y.P.H., der KFC , and Mittagspause were also viewed as a different genre from more commercial bands like Hubert Kah and Nena.  At the same time a new set of bands were being founded, for example ZK and Soilent Grün, that developed a sound and marketability which would lead to commercially oriented punk bands like Die Toten Hosen and Die Ärzte.

1982 to 1989 (The rise of Hardcore and Fun-Punk)

Song lyrics written by the second generation of punks differed from the contemporary German youth culture and also from Hippie culture.  Politically motivated punks were often involved in the squatter scene; for example, members of Vorkriegsjugend lived in squatted houses in West-Berlin.  At this time the Do-It-Yourself (DIY) culture lead to the foundation of many record stores and record labels.  Also during this period, alcohol became a central part of the punk subculture in Germany.

In 1981, the labels Aggressive Rockproduktionen (Berlin), Weird System (Hamburg), and Mülleimer Records (Stuttgart) released records that became milestones of the genre Deutschpunk.  Bands such as Hass, Slime, Razzia, Neurotic Arseholes, Canal Terror, Beton Combo, Normahl, Toxoplasma, ZSD, and Daily Terror redefined punk in Germany with their engaging political lyrics, motivated by Germany's Nazi past, the anarchist movement, police violence, working-class desperation and squatter's rights, immigration issues, racism, sexism, and the Cold War.  Many of these bands are still active today.  Popular compilations of this period were "Keine Experimente!" (Vol. 1-2) (Weird System Recordings) and "Soundtracks zum Untergang" Vol. (1-2) (Aggressive Rockproduktionen).  The Munich punk sampler "Muenchen: Reifenwechsel Leicht Gemacht" (Lächerlich! Schallplatten) was released in 1981.  The Munich fanzine  Upstart was founded by Peter Wacha, and other fanzines were put out by the Munich group Freizeit 81 as early as 1981.  The first issue of the long-running punk fanzine "Trust" was released in July, 1986.  Ox-Fanzine was founded in 1988.

Aggressive Rockproduktionen released the compilation "Soundtracks zum Untergang" volume 1 in 1980.  In 1981, this compilation cd was banned and copies were confiscated and then censored because of "Verunglimpfung des Staates und seiner Symbole" (English translation: "Denigration of the state and its symbols"), a reaction to the lyrics in Slime's song "Polizei SA/SS" and Middle Class Fantasies' song "Helden".  Middle Class Fantasies and Slime thus became the first bands to have their songs banned in Germany.  The Slime songs "Deutschland" and "Wir wollen keine Bullenschweine" were also later banned because they promoted the use of violence against the police, and because they compared the police to the SA and SS of Nazi Germany.   In part due to this notoriety, Slime became the most well-known Deutschpunk band.

In 1983, the Hannover police began an organized action against punks and skinheads targeted toward public safety and public order. As a reaction, punks organized the Chaostage (English translation: "chaos days"), a gathering or festival with the aim of attracting media attention.  The first official Chaostage were held on July 1–3, 1983 in Hannover;  precursors, generally called Punktreffen (English translation: "punk gatherings"), were held in 1980-1982 in Wuppertal and Duisburg. Additional Chaostage also took place in Hannover in 1984 and 1985.

Around 1985/1986, the active part of the punk movement – those that organized concerts, wrote fanzines, and founded music labels – began to revolve more strongly around American Hardcore. During this period, many bands were influenced by U.S. hardcore punk with bands such as Black Flag and The Adolescents. Those bands were also known for their left-wing attitude and aggressive musical styles. Some of the most important German hardcore punk bands are also often labeled as "Deutschpunk", including Vorkriegsjugend from West Berlin, Chaos Z from Stuttgart, Inferno from Augsburg, Spermbirds from Kaiserslautern, Bluttat from Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Blut + Eisen from Hannover. Other bands developed a slower, more melodic style, inspired by American bands like The Wipers; among such bands were Torpedo Moskau from Hamburg and a number of singer Jens Rachut's bands, like Angeschissen (1986), Blumen am Arsch der Hölle (1992), Dackelblut (1994), and Oma Hans (2000) from Hamburg.

Near the end of the 80s, there was a short wave of popularity for Fun-Punk (also known as punk pathetique). Bands like Abstürzende Brieftauben from Hannover, Die Mimmi's from Bremen, Die Goldenen Zitronen from Hamburg, Die Ärzte from West Berlin, and Schließmuskel ("sphincter") from Hamminkeln had a left-wing attitude, but their lyrics were not particularly political. Some of these bands became popular outside the punk scene, but were often criticized by the punk scene for being too trivial, and too focused on drinking culture (German: "Sauferei"). During this period, the band Die Toten Hosen from Düsseldorf was founded. Along with Die Ärzte, the Hosen became the most commercially successful and well-known German punk band, gaining significant international recognition.  During this period die Ärzte and Abstürzenden Brieftauben released records on major labels.

In the beginning of the 1980s, a skinhead movement developed out of the early punk scene.  The music associated with the skinhead scene was largely inspired by the U.K. Oi! music scene.  The skinhead fanzine and label Scumfuck was founded and developed a longer battle with the fanzines Trust and the hardcore-oriented fanzine Zap. Alongside well-known skinhead bands like the "Herbärds" and "Die Alliierten", an extreme-right music scene developed around bands such as "Kraft durch Froide" and "Endstufe".  Musically, these bands played in the punk style, but they developed a separate scene around Rechtsrock. A precursor of this scene was the Cologne Label Rock-O-Rama, which in 1984 released Der nette Mann from Böhse Onkelz, Hail the New Dawn from Skrewdriver, and other records that dominated the skinhead music scene.

The small punk scene that developed in East Germany in the 1980s was underground, and largely disapproved of as an import from the West. Because cassette tapes were expensive in East Germany, it was difficult for punk bands to make recordings. In the last few years of the GDR, some punk bands applied for and received  licenses to allow them to perform in state-sanctioned venues; they were often criticized for cooperating with the government. Before German reunification, few East German punk bands were able to release albums.  Albums were released in West Germany by East German bands L'Attentat (Leipzig) and Schleim-Keim (under the alias Saukerle).  Beginning in 1989 a few East German punk bands released albums on the Berlin label Amiga Records; this included Die Skeptiker and Feeling B.  The West German band Die Toten Hosen also released records in the GDR on Amiga. In the late 80s in East Germany, the first punk fanzines began to be produced, including: Alösa (East-Berlin, 1986), Messitsch (Leipzig, 1987), Trash (Rostock, 1989), and Rattenpress (Freiberg, 1989).

1990s (The Punk Scene after Reunification)

After German Reunification, East German punk bands who had had little chance to release records quickly began contributing to the greater punk scene.  One of the immediate results of this was the 1990 compilation album Sicher gibt es bessere Zeiten, doch diese war die unsere, which included: Sonnenbrille,  Schleim-Keim, Papierkrieg, Ich-Funktion, Müllstation, Ugly Hurons, Ulrike Am Nagel, Atonal, Kaltfront, Wartburgs Für Walter, Staatenlos, Haf, Paranoia, and Totalschaden. These compilations featured East-German bands, and seven volumes were produced by 1998; several of the later volumes included well-known bands like Dritte Wahl.  In 1989 the compilation album "Parocktikum - Die Anderen Bands" was released, which included the well-known bands Feeling B, and Die Skeptiker from East Berlin; Parocktikum was an East German radio program, and die anderen Bands is a term for East German alternative bands, often critical of the East German government, that were active during the last few years before German Reunification.  Additional undergrund punk bands in the GDR included: Abraum, Andreas Auslauf, Antirott, Anti X, Arbeitsgeil, Brechreiz 08/15, Die fanatischen Frisöre, Die Firma, Die letzten Rechen, Freygang, Grabnoct, Größenwahn, H.A.U. (Halbgewalkte Anarchistische Untergrundorganisation), Hert.Z., Küchenspione, KVD, Namenlos, Rattheads, Restbestand, Wutanfall.

A popular series of West-German punk compilation cds produced during this period is "Schlachtrufe BRD" (Vol. 1-8).  The fanzine "Plastic Bomb" was founded in 1993.

After the German reunification in 1990, the political situation in the east of Germany changed dramatically, and far-right groups became more active. There were attacks against immigrants; the best known of these are the Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots in the summer of 1992.  During the following years, punk rock experienced a renaissance in Germany.  Bands formed in the 70s and 80s, like Slime, Toxoplasma, and Ausbruch reformed and released new, very successful records.  This wave of neo-Nazi activity was referenced in many new albums.  For example Slime released the LP "Schweineherbst" in 1994; the title track of this album is a furious polemic against politicians and citizens who ignore the dangers of neo-Nazis in Germany. Many other German punk bands addressed Rostock-Lichtenhagen and the Hoyerswerda riots, including: Die Goldenen Zitronen ("Die Bürger von Hoyerswerda", "Das Bißchen Totschlag"), Toxoplasma ("Krieg", "Schwarz Rot Braun"), Atemnot ("Menschlichkeit"), Die Toten Hosen ("Sascha").  The Rostock punk band Dritte Wahl later wrote the song "Brennt Alles Nieder" about the riots.  Bands like …But Alive, the Boxhamsters, Dackelblut, EA80, and 1. Mai 87 brought a new momentum to the scene and influenced a new generation of popular punk bands like Turbostaat, Muff Potter, Schrottgrenze, Betontod, Fahnenflucht, Knochenfabrik,  Der Dicke Polizist, Rantanplan, and Pascow.  The so-called Hamburg School of popular music grew, which produced bands like Tocotronic and Die Sterne. Eventually the popular rock band Kettcar was formed by former members of …But Alive.

At the same time, punk bands that used humor became very popular.  In this category are WIZO and the Terrorgruppe.  At the same time bands like Die Lokalmatadore and Die Kassierer, whose lyrics dealt with themes like alcohol and sex, also grew in popularity.
New Fun-Punk influenced bands fomed, including Die Lokalmatadore from Mülheim an der Ruhr, and Die Kassierer from Bochum.

Labels like Nasty Vinyl, Impact Records, Suppenkazper, and Höhnie Records realized they could profit from this wave of punk musicians and released a large number of records.  Labels like Wierd System continued to be active and re-released classic records, as well as producing compilations on particular themes.

In 1994, 1995, and 1996 a new series of Chaostage was organized in Hannover. These Chaostage resulted in riots, and the destruction of cars and buildings. WIZO spontaneously played a show at the Chaostage in 1994, and later wrote a song about the experience titled "Chaostage 94". Terrorgruppe wrote a classic song about the Chaostage as well, titled "Wochenendticket", named after the kind of train ticket that most punks used to travel to Hannover.  In October 1995, as a retaliation for the Chaostage, police stormed houses that punks were squatting in the Heisenstraße in Hannover, evicted the squatters, and tore down the houses.  In response, the punk community in Hannover put out a compilation album "Heisenstraße: Es bleibt ungerecht aber nicht ungerächt ..." on the punk label AC-Records.  On this compilation, the song "Häuserkampf" from the band A.A.K. (Autonomes Anruf Kommando) was particularly appropriate to the theme.

In the 90s the punk subgenres of riot grrrl and queercore were established in the United States.  The band Parole Trixi (founded in Hamburg in 1998) contributed to riot grrl music, writing songs with German lyrics.  The queercore band Low-End Models (founded in Munich in 1996) wrote songs with English and German lyrics;  they played with American queercore bands Tribe 8 and Pansy Division at shows in the US and Germany.

2000s (Punk in the New Century)

Beginning in 2003, the record label Weird System documented some aspects of punk history with the compilation series "Punk Rock BRD" (Vol. 1-3).  Weird System also reissued the 1983 compilation "Waterkant Hits" that included bands like Razzia and Koma Kombo, among others.

Fanzines Plastic Bomb, Trust and Ox-Fanzine, that were founded as scene publications made the leap into the normal magazine market. Younger zines like Slam "Taugenix" (founded in 2007) reported on the German punk scene, while Spex has focused more on the Alternative-scene.  The fanzine Away from Life was founded in 2015.
Since the widespread use of the internet, fanzine culture has transformed into punk webportals and fan-pages.

The first "Force Attack" festival took place in 1997 in Barth; this festival continued to take place through 2011.  The "Punk im Pott" festival in Essen / Oberhausen began in 1999, and has continued through 2022. 2023 is the 20th iteration of the "Punk and Disorderley" festival in Berlin. In 2021, when Angela Merkel left office, she chose Nina Hagen's song "Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen" to be played at her farewell ceremony.  This song has been covered by many bands, but notably recently recorded in a harder style in 2020 by Radio Havanna (founded in Suhl in 2002) and East German band Dritte Wahl.

In this period, Slime produced three new albums, that are considered to be among their best: "Sich fügen heißt lügen" (2012), "Hier und jetzt" (2017), and "Wem gehört die Angst" (2020).  Razzia also released the new album "Am Rande von Berlin" (2019) for the 40th anniversary.  WIZO released Punk Gibt's Nicht Umsonst! (Teil III) (2014) and "Der" (2016).

Today there continue to be new punk bands in Germany, who write music in many different styles of punk, and are very popular.  Such recently founded bands include: Die Grimmelshäuser (founded in Wallis in 2006), Jennifer Rostock (founded on the island Usedom in 2007), Kontrollpunkt (founded 2013 in Dusseldorf), Cold Kids (founded in Bamberg and active 2015-2018), Schnapps (founded in Wernigerode, actively producing albums since 2020), and Parkpunk (founded in Regensburg in 2022).

Literature
(Listed by publication date.)
 Paul Ott und Hollow Skai (Hrsg.): Wir waren Helden für einen Tag. Aus deutschsprachigen Punk-Fanzines 1977-1981. Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1983, ISBN 3-499-17682-3.
 Martin Büsser: If the kids are united. Von Punk zu Hardcore und zurück. republication of expanded text. 1995, ISBN 3-930559-19-6.
 Moses Arndt: Chaostage. Ventil Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-930559-54-4.
 Gilbert Furian, Nikolaus Becker: Auch im Osten trägt man Westen. Punks in der DDR – und was aus ihnen geworden ist. Thomas Tilsner Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-933773-51-2.
 Jürgen Teipel: Verschwende Deine Jugend. Ein Doku-Roman über den deutschen Punk und New Wave. Frankfurt am Main, 2001, ISBN 3-518-39771-0 (= Suhrkamp Taschenbuch 3271).
 Dirk Buck: Teenage Wasteland. Thomas Tilsner Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-933773-60-1.
 Jan Off: Vorkriegsjugend. Ventil Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-930559-88-9.
 Angela Kowalczyk: Negativ und Dekadent – Ost Berliner Punk Erinnerungen, BoD GmbH, Norderstedt, 2003, ISBN 3-8311-2939-8.
 Karl-Heinz Stille: Punk Rock BRD – Companion to the CD compilation of the same name from Weird System Records.
 Rocko Schamoni: Dorfpunks. Rowohlt Tb., 2004, ISBN 3-499-23618-4.
 Eva Bude: Verpisst euch!. Europa Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-203-75526-2.
 Ronald Galenza und Heinz Havemeister: Wir wollen immer artig sein. Schwarzkopf und Schwarzkopf, 2005, ISBN 3-89602-637-2.
 Frank Apunkt Schneider: Als die Welt noch unterging. Ventil Verlag, Mainz, 2007, ISBN 978-3-931555-88-7.
 Philipp Meinert, Martin Seeliger: Punk in Deutschland – Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Transcript, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8376-2162-4.
 Mirko Hall, Seth Howes, and Cyrus M. Shahan, eds.: Beyond No Future: Cultures of German Punk. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2016. ISBN 9781501314087.
 Philipp Meinert: Homopunk History: Von den Sechzigern bis in die Gegenwart. Ventil Verlag, 2018, ISBN 9783955750947.
 Geralf Pochop: Untergrund war Strategie-Punk in der DDR: Zwischen Rebellion und Repression. Hirnkost, 2018, ISBN 3945398835.
 Tim Mohr: Burning Down the Haus: Punk Rock, Revolution, and the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Algonquin Books, 2019. ISBN 1616208430.
 Aimar Ventsel: Punks and Skins United: Identity, Class and the Economics of an Eastern German Subculture.  Berghahn Books, 2020. ISBN 978-1-78920-860-3.
 Jeff Hayton: Culture from the Slums: Punk Rock in East and West Germany. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN 9780198866183.

Documentaries
 "No Future – Kein Bock auf Illusionen" WDR documentary 1981
 "SLIME - Wenn der Himmel brennt" 2004
 "ostPUNK! too much future" a documentary film directed by Michael Boehlke, produced by Jens Meurer, Germany 2006.
 "Mia San Dageng - Punk In München" - a documentary film about the Munich punk scene in the 1970s and 1980s, 2008
 "Jong'r" - a documentary film about the band Normahl and the history of German punk, 2010
 "Weil du nur einmal lebst - Die Toten Hosen auf Tour" 2019

External links

 German Punk rock discography 1977–1984
 German Punk rock discography 1985–1990
 Ska / Punk Worldbeats - Concert Agenda for Berlin
  Ox-Fanzine
  Trust (Fanzine)
  Plastic Bomb(Fanzine)
  Away from Life(Fanzine)
  Parocktikum: unabhängige DDR-Rockmusik (Resource documenting independent rock music in the GDR)

References

Punk by country
German styles of music
Music scenes

German punk


King Island is a small island situated near the western shore of Waskesiu Lake. The island is named for William Lyon Mackenzie King, local Member of Parliament and Canadian Prime Minister who established Prince Albert National Park. The island features a hiking trail and picnic facilities. Prior to its current name, the island was known locally as Devil's Island due to a Cree legend that claimed it was inhabited by supernatural creatures of a mischievous or demonic nature.

References

Prince Albert National Park
Uninhabited islands of Saskatchewan
Lake islands of Saskatchewan

King Island (Saskatchewan)