The Devil's Punch Bowl is a  visitor attraction and biological Site of Special Scientific Interest situated just to the east of the village of Hindhead in the English county of Surrey. It is part of the Wealden Heaths Phase II Special Protection Area.

The Punch Bowl is a large natural amphitheatre and is the source of many stories about the area. The London to Portsmouth road (the A3) skirted the rim of the site before the Hindhead Tunnel was built in 2011. The land is now owned and maintained by the National Trust as part of the "Hindhead Commons and the Devil's Punch Bowl" property. The highest point of the rim of the bowl is Gibbet Hill, which is  above sea level and commands a panoramic view that includes, on a clear day, the skyline of London some  away.

The Devil's Punch Bowl was featured on the 2005 TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the South.

Etymology

The name Devil's Punch Bowl dates from at least 1768, the year that John Rocque's map of the area was published. This was 18 years before the murder of the unknown sailor on Gibbet Hill, so this event was clearly not the origin of the name. Prior to 1768, it was marked as "ye Bottom" on a map by John Ogilby dated 1675. The northern end of the Bowl is known as Highcombe Bottom which exists in different variants: Hackombe Bottom, Hacham Bottom, and Hackham Bottom.

Natural history
The soil in this part of Surrey has two layers — an upper layer of sandstone, with clay beneath. This deep depression is believed to be the result of erosion caused by spring water beneath the sandstone, causing the upper level to collapse. With its steep sides, the Devil's Punch Bowl has become a natural nature reserve, filled with heathland, streams and woodland.

The site has abundant wildlife. Most woodland species can be seen easily - including lesser spotted woodpecker and common redstart. It has been known for the wood warbler, a rare summer visitor, but the last documented sighting was in 2009.

Local legends

Local legend has colourful theories as to its creation. According to one story, the Devil became so irritated by all the churches being built in Sussex during the Middle Ages that he decided to dig a channel from the English Channel through the South Downs and flood the area.  As he began digging, he threw up huge lumps of earth, each of which became a local landmark — such as Chanctonbury Ring, Cissbury Ring and Mount Caburn. He got as far as the village of Poynings (an area known as the Devil's Dyke) when he was disturbed by a cock crowing. (One version of this story claims that it was the prayers of St Dunstan that made all the local cocks crow earlier than usual.) The devil assumed that dawn was about to break and leapt into Surrey, creating the Devil's Punch Bowl where he landed.

Another story goes that, in his spare time, he hurled lumps of earth at the god Thor to annoy him. The hollow out of which he scooped the earth became the Punch Bowl. The local village of Thursley means Thor's place. An alternative version of this story says that Thor threw the earth at the Devil, who was annoying Thor by jumping across the Devil's Jumps.

Development and protected status

The beauty of the area and the diversity of nature it attracts that has gained the Devil's Punch Bowl the title of a Site of Special Scientific Interest. This status has recently helped save the Devil's Punch Bowl from above-ground redevelopment of the A3, which was needed to relieve traffic congestion in the area, as this section of the A3 was single-carriageway.

The National Trust co-operated with developers Balfour Beatty who designed the twin-bore Hindhead Tunnel, running underneath the surrounding area. The tunnel preserves not only the area from the road widening originally proposed but also removes the heavy traffic congestion which previously affected this section of the A3 in peak hours. The parking and cafe are provided by the National Trust. The old A3 road, apart from a small stub to the National Trust cafe, and small private lane to the site of the youth hostel, has been removed and the land reinstated.

The Hindhead youth hostel, run by the Youth Hostel Association, used to be located inside the bowl but closed in 2015.

In fiction
Punch Bowl Farm, at the northern end of the Devil's Punch Bowl, was the home of children's novelist Monica Edwards from 1947 until 1998. In her books she renamed the farm Punchbowl Farm. In Charles Dickens' novel Nicholas Nickleby, Nicholas and Smike visit the Devil's Punch Bowl on their journey to Portsmouth.

The third novel in the Horatio Hornblower series, Flying Colours by C.S. Forester, makes a one-line reference to the Devil's Punch Bowl in chapter eighteen as Hornblower is returning to London: "Even the marvellous beauty of the Devil's Punch Bowl was lost on Hornblower as they drove past it."

The "Devil's Punch-Bowl in Surrey" is briefly mentioned in The Shining Pyramid, a short story by Arthur Machen, and in "The Manhood of Edward Robinson", the fifth story in Agatha Christie's The Listerdale Mystery and Other Stories. The area is the setting for Sabine Baring-Gould's novel The Broom-squire.

Legacy Project

A lottery award from the Heritage Lottery Fund was made in 2012 for a project with young people from schools in the area, celebrating the landscape. Several sculptures marked the completion in early 2013 and a carving from a 3-tonne block of Portland stone by Jon Edgar now sits on the spine of the former A3 near the visitor centre.

See also
Cheesefoot Head
Devil's Dyke, Sussex
Devil's Jumps, Churt
Hindhead Tunnel
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey
River Lyd, Devon Lydford Gorge, Devil's Cauldron

References

External links

 Hindhead Commons and the Devil's Punch Bowl
A3 Hindhead Tunnel — Mott MacDonald Project Page
Highways Agency — A3 Hindhead Improvement

National Trust properties in Surrey
Geography of Surrey
Parks and open spaces in Surrey
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey
Surrey folklore
Special Protection Areas in England

Devil's Punch Bowl


The ride cymbal is a cymbal of material sustain used to maintain a beat in music.  A standard in most drum kits, the ride's function is to maintain a steady pattern, sometimes called a ride pattern, rather than provide the accent of a crash cymbal. It is normally placed on the extreme right (or dominant hand) of a drum set, above the floor tom.  It is often described as delivering a "shimmering" sound when struck soundly with a drumstick, and a clear ping when struct atop its bell.

The ride can fulfill any function or rhythm the hi-hat cymbal does, with the exception of an open and closed sound.

Types

The term ride may depict either the function or characteristic of the instrument. Most cymbal makers manufacture specific cymbals for the purpose.

Alternatively, some drummers use a china cymbal, a sizzle cymbal or a specialized tone such as a swish or pang as a ride cymbal. When playing extremely softly, when using brushes, and when recording in a studio, even a thin crash may serve well as a ride cymbal.

When playing extremely loudly, a cymbal designed as a ride may deliver a very loud, long crash, due to its superior sustain after being struck.

Crash/ride

Cymbals designated crash/ride or more rarely ride/crash serve as either a large slow crash or secondary ride, or in very small kits as the only suspended cymbal.

Flat ride

Bell-less ride cymbals, known as flat rides, have a dry crash and clear stick definition. Quieter, they are popular in jazz drumming. Developed by Paiste in the 1960s, flat rides are used by notable drummers Roy Haynes, Jack DeJohnette, Paul Wertico, Carter Beauford, Jo Jones and Charlie Watts.

The highly regarded Paiste 602 Flat Ride was reissued in 2010, but is only available in 20" medium.

Swish and pang

Swish and pang cymbals are exotic ride and crash/ride cymbals similar to china cymbals in tone.

Sizzle cymbal

A sizzle cymbal, thinner and one size larger than the main ride, was common in some styles of early rock music as a secondary ride cymbal, particularly for accompanying guitar lead breaks.

Sound
When struck, a ride cymbal makes a sustained, shimmering sound rather than the shorter, decaying sound of a crash cymbal. The most common diameter for a ride cymbal is about , but anything from  to  is standard. Smaller and thinner cymbals tend to be darker with more shimmer, while larger and thicker cymbals tend to respond better in louder volume situations, and conversely. Rides of up to  and down to  are readily available, and down to  are currently manufactured. The very thickest and loudest tend to be about 22 inches, with larger rides restricted to medium and medium thin thicknesses.

In rock or jazz, the ride cymbal is most often struck regularly in a rhythmic pattern as part of the accompaniment to the song. Often the drummer will vary between the same pattern either on the hi-hat cymbal or the ride cymbal, playing for example the hi-hat in the verses and the ride in the instrumentals and/or choruses.

The sound of a ride cymbal also varies depending on what kind of mallet is used to hit it. In rock and metal, wood and nylon-tipped drum sticks are common; wood creates a smoother, quieter sound, whereas nylon tips create more of a "ping". It creates a low vibration to keep a steady beat, but a low sound volume. The bell, the bulge in the center of the cymbal, creates a brighter, less sustained sound. The bell creates such a brilliant tone compared to the subtle sound of the bow that it is often used as somewhat of another cymbal. Some ride cymbals, seen more often in various forms of metal and harder subgenres of rock, have an unusually large bell. This lessens the accuracy required to repeatedly hit the bell in fast patterns, and produces a louder, brighter tone than in most ride-cymbal bells.

Pattern

Modern use of the ride cymbal was inspired by jazz drummer Baby Dodds's press roll rhythms.  According to the Percussive Arts Society, which inducted him into its hall of fame, "Dodds' way of playing press rolls ultimately evolved into the standard jazz ride-cymbal pattern. Whereas many drummers would play very short press rolls on the backbeats, Dodds would start his rolls on the backbeats but extend each one to the following beat, providing a smoother time flow."

The most basic ride pattern in rock and other styles is:

In jazz, this would normally be played with a swing.

Sources

Cymbals
Drum kit components
Drum patterns
Rhythm and meter

Ride cymbal


The Frances Perkins Branch Library, formerly known as the Greendale Branch Library, is a branch library in the public library system of Worcester, Massachusetts.  It is located at 470 West Boylston Street, in an architecturally distinguished building, funded in part by Andrew Carnegie and built in 1913.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Architecture and history
The library is located on Worcester north side, and is set on the east side of West Boylston Street (Massachusetts Route 12), on the corner of Kendrick Avenue.  It is a single story masonry structure, finished in brick with limestone trim.  It has a tile hipped roof with modillioned eave.  Its main facade has a projecting central pavilion in which the main entrance is set, flanked by Corinthian pilasters and topped by a semicircular pediment.

Worcester's public library was established in 1859, begun with donated collections and initially stored in a central library on Elm Street.  In 1895 the city established a delivery point for books at a shop in the Greendale area, an idea that was expanded to other areas after it met with success.  After a drive began in 1908 to establish branch libraries, the city received a gift of $75,000 from the steel baron and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, which was used in the construction of three branches, including this one.  It was designed by Lucius W. Briggs, of the L. W. Briggs Company, and was completed in 1913.  The branch was renamed in 1994 in honor of Frances Perkins, the first female member of the United States Cabinet and a resident of Worcester during her youth. Perkins served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1933-1945, through the entire presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, leading the Department through the Great Depression and World War II.

See also
List of Carnegie libraries in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in eastern Worcester, Massachusetts

References

External links
 Frances Perkins Branch of the Worcester Public Library - formerly the Greendale Branch

Library buildings completed in 1913
Libraries in Worcester, Massachusetts
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester, Massachusetts
Carnegie libraries in Massachusetts
1913 establishments in Massachusetts

Frances Perkins Branch Library


A salad is a dish consisting of mixed ingredients, frequently vegetables. They are typically served chilled or at room temperature, though some can be served warm. Condiments and salad dressings, which exist in a variety of flavors, are often used to enhance a salad.

Garden salads use a base of leafy greens such as lettuce, arugula or rocket, kale or spinach; they are common enough that the word salad alone often refers specifically to garden salads. Other types include bean salad, tuna salad, bread salad (such as fattoush, panzanella), vegetable salads without leafy greens (such as Greek salad, potato salad, coleslaw), rice-, pasta- and  noodle-based salads, fruit salads and desserts.

Salads may be served at any point during a meal:
Appetizer salads – light, smaller-portion salads served as the first course of the meal
Side salads – to accompany the main course as a side dish; examples include potato salad and coleslaw
Main course salads – usually containing a portion of one or more high-protein foods, such as eggs, legumes, or cheese
Dessert salads – sweet salads containing fruit, gelatin, sweeteners or whipped cream
When a sauce is used to flavor a salad, it is generally called a dressing; most salad dressings are based on either a mixture of oil and vinegar or a creamy dairy base.

Etymology

The word "salad" comes to English from the French salade of the same meaning, itself an abbreviated form of the earlier Vulgar Latin herba salata (salted herb), from the Latin salata (salted), from sal (salt). In English, the word first appears as "salad" or "sallet" in the 14th century. Salt is associated with salad because vegetables were seasoned with brine (a solution of salt in water) or salty oil-and-vinegar dressings during Roman times.
The phrase "salad days", meaning a "time of youthful inexperience" (based on the notion of "green"), is first recorded by Shakespeare in 1606, while the use of salad bar, referring to a buffet-style serving of salad ingredients, first appeared in American English in 1937.

History
The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing, a type of mixed salad. Salads, including layered and dressed salads, have been popular in Europe since the Greek and Roman imperial expansions. In his 1699 book, Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets, John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens. Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.

Oil used on salads can be found in the 17th-century colony of New Netherland (later called New York, New Jersey and Delaware). A list of common items arriving on ships and their designated prices when appraising cargo included "a can of salad oil at 1.10 florins" and "an anker of wine vinegar at 16 florins". In a 1665 letter to the Director of New Netherland from the Island of Curaçao there is a request to send greens: "I request most amicably that your honors be pleased to send me seed of every sort, such as cabbage, carrots, lettuce, parsley, etc. for none can be acquired here and I know that your honor has plenty,...".

Salads may be sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains. In the United States, restaurants may have a salad bar with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad. Salad restaurants were earning more than $300 million in 2014. At-home salad consumption in the 2010s was rising but moving away from fresh-chopped lettuce and toward bagged greens and salad kits, with bag sales expected to reach $7 billion per year.

Types

A salad can be a composed salad (with the ingredients specifically arranged on the serving dish) or a tossed salad (with the ingredients placed in a bowl and mixed, often with salad dressing). An antipasto plate, the first dish of a formal Italian meal, is similar to a composed salad, and has vegetables, cheese, and meat.

Green salad
A green salad, or green leaf salad, another name for garden salad, is most often composed of leafy vegetables such as lettuce varieties, spinach, or rocket (arugula). If non-greens make up a large portion of the salad it may instead be called a vegetable salad. Common raw vegetables (in the culinary sense) used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, radishes, mushrooms, avocado, olives, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, watercress, parsley, garden beets, and green beans. Nuts, berries, seeds, lentils, and flowers are less common components. Hard-boiled eggs, bacon, shrimp, and cheeses may be used as garnishes, but large amounts of animal-based foods would be more likely in a dinner salad.

Wedge salad
A wedge salad is a green salad made from a head of lettuce (often iceberg), halved or quartered, with other ingredients on top.

Bound salads
Bound salads are assembled with thick sauces such as mayonnaise. One portion of a bound salad will hold its shape when placed on a plate with a scoop. Examples of bound salad include tuna salad, chicken salad, egg salad, coleslaw, and potato salad. Some bound salads are used as sandwich fillings. Some pasta salads, e.g. macaroni salad, are bound salads. They are popular at picnics and barbecues.

Dinner salads
Main course salads (known as dinner salads or as entrée salads in the United States) may contain small pieces of poultry, seafood, or steak.  Caesar salad, chef salad, Cobb salad, Chinese chicken salad, Michigan salad, and Pittsburgh salad are dinner salads.

A wide variety of cheeses are used in dinner salads, including Roquefort blue cheese (traditional for a Cobb salad), and Swiss, Cheddar, Jack, and Provolone (for chef and Cobb salads).

Fruit salads

Fruit salads are made of fruit (in the culinary sense), which may be fresh or canned. Examples include fruit cocktail.

Dessert salads
Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet. Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia. Other forms of dessert salads include regional dishes such as Midwestern America's ambrosia-like glorified rice and cookie salad, which contains crumbled cookies as an ingredient.

See also

 Antipasto
 List of salads
 Salad spinner

References

Further reading

Garde manger

Salad


Wilfred St. Clair-Daniel CBE (June 1923 – February 2013) was a politician and former Speaker of the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia.

St. Clair-Daniel served as the Speaker of the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia for 27 years, making him the longest to serve in that position to date. He was first elected Speaker in 1967, on the recommendation of then Premier of Saint Lucia, the late Hon. Sir John Compton, and served continuously until 1979. Due to the surprise defeat of the United Workers Party at the polls in 1979, a new SLP-Administration under Sir Allan Louisy took the reins of power, which resulted in a new Speaker being elected. After three years of governance, the Labour Administration of 1979 eventually fell apart, thus paving the way for general elections in 1982.

The United Workers Party was returned to power, Sir John G. M. Compton once again sworn in as Prime Minister, and Mr. St. Clair-Daniel was returned as Speaker of the House of Assembly, where he then served for 15 years, ending in 1997.

References

Speakers of the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
1923 births
2013 deaths
United Workers Party (Saint Lucia) politicians

Wilfred St. Clair-Daniel


The Bagley-Bliss House (now the Bliss Farm Inn) is an historic house in Durham, Maine, United States. With a construction date traditionally given as 1772, this Greek Revival house is claimed to be the oldest in Durham, built by one of its early settlers, who also operated an inn on the premises. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 22, 1996.

Description and history
The house is set on the east side of a rural stretch of Royalsborough Road (Maine State Route 136), just south of its junction with Quaker Meeting House Road and Rabbit Road. The main block, which faces south, is a large -story wood-framed structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, clapboard and shingle siding, and a granite foundation. A single-story ell extends to the rear of the main block, parallel to the road. The main facade is almost symmetrically arranged, with a center entrance that has sidelights and modest Greek Revival trim, but the window above the entrance is slightly off-center. The windows on this side are topped by gabled lintels. The interior features relatively restrained Greek Revival styling, the most elaborate of which is found on the central staircase.

The house is traditionally given a construction date of 1772, making the Durham's oldest house.  However, the Greek Revival styling suggests either a later construction date or a major renovation in the 19th century before 1850. It is possible that the attached ell is at least in part the original 1772 structure, and there is some evidence in the main block of material reuse from that period. The main basement has the foundation of a large central chimney, an 18th-century feature not found in the present house. The property was settled in 1770 by O. Israel Bagley, when the area was known as Royalsborough. He was a prominent figure, operating a grist mill, shoe factory, and the community's first store, as well as operating an inn from his house. The property was acquired in 1836 by Charles Bliss, who established a dairy farm, and was probably responsible for the Greek Revival alterations to the house. The house remained in the Bliss family into the 1970s. It was carefully restored in 1982, and now serves as a bed and breakfast inn.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Androscoggin County, Maine

References

External links
Bliss Farm Inn web site

Houses in Androscoggin County, Maine
Houses completed in 1850
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Durham, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Androscoggin County, Maine
Greek Revival houses in Maine

Bagley-Bliss House


Joy in the Morning is a novel by English humorist P. G. Wodehouse, first published in the United States on 22 August 1946 by Doubleday & Co., New York and in the United Kingdom on 2 June 1947 by Herbert Jenkins, London. Some later American paperback editions bore the title Jeeves in the Morning.

The story is another adventure of Bertie Wooster and his resourceful valet Jeeves. Bertie is persuaded to brave the home of his fearsome Aunt Agatha and her husband Lord Worplesdon, knowing that his former fiancée, the beautiful and formidably intellectual Lady Florence Craye will also be in attendance.

The title derives from an English translation of Psalms 30:5:
"Weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning."

Wodehouse was working on the novel in Le Touquet, France before he was interned by the occupying German authorities. He completed the book in Germany after his wife, Ethel, brought the unfinished manuscript with her when she joined her husband in Berlin. The manuscript was completed in Degenershausen, a small village in the Harz mountains.

Plot

The novel opens with a brief flashforward of Bertie and Jeeves driving home, with Bertie remarking that there is an expression, something about Joy, that describes what he has just been through. Jeeves helpfully supplies the phrase, "Joy cometh in the morning". Bertie proceeds to narrate the events that occurred.

Jeeves wants to go fishing at the village of Steeple Bumpleigh, but Bertie refuses because his fearsome Aunt Agatha and her second husband, the irascible Lord Worplesdon, live there at Bumpleigh Hall. Bertie tries to make it up to Jeeves by buying him a gift, a new edition of the works of Spinoza. In the bookshop, Bertie runs into Florence Craye, Worplesdon's daughter and a serious, intellectual woman to whom Bertie was once engaged. Through a misunderstanding, she happily believes that Bertie is trying to improve his mind by reading Spinoza and her own book Spindrift, causing him to fear that she will renew their engagement. Afterwards, Bertie sees his college friend D'Arcy "Stilton" Cheesewright, who reveals he is engaged to Florence, much to Bertie's relief. Meanwhile, Jeeves has been consulted by Worplesdon on how to arrange a clandestine meeting with an American businessman, Chichester Clam, without alerting the press. Jeeves suggested that Bertie rent a cottage (called Wee Nooke) in Steeple Bumpleigh where the two businessmen can meet in secret. Bertie is incensed but calms when he learns there is a fancy-dress ball and that his Aunt Agatha is away from Bumpleigh Hall. She does, however, instruct Bertie to pick up and deliver a brooch as a birthday present for Florence.

Bertie drives to Steeple Bumpleigh with his friend, Zenobia "Nobby" Hopwood. She is engaged to Bertie's friend George "Boko" Fittleworth, who lives in the village. Worplesdon, Nobby's guardian, does not approve of Boko and therefore has not consented to the marriage. On arrival, Bertie runs into Stilton who is revealed to be a village policeman. Under the impression that Bertie is attempting to woo Florence, Stilton threateningly tells him to leave. Florence tells Bertie that she wishes that Stilton be an MP but he has refused causing tension in their engagement. At Wee Nooke, Bertie encounters Florence's troublesome younger brother Edwin, a boy scout. As one of his daily acts of kindness, Edwin attempts to clean the chimney only to burn down the cottage after using gunpowder and then paraffin. Worplesdon blames Bertie for the fire and ruining his meeting place for Clam. He invites Jeeves to stay at the Hall, leaving Bertie to lodge with Boko. Bertie discovers that he has lost Florence's birthday brooch, so he sends Jeeves to London to obtain a replacement.

After welcoming Bertie to his cottage, Boko tells him his plan to win Worplesdon's approval: he will pretend to stop a burglar at the Hall with Bertie playing the role of burglar. Despite his misgivings, Bertie agrees. Before he can break in, Bertie is put off by the presence of Edwin. He then runs into Jeeves who says that since Wee Nooke has been burned down, Worplesdon and Clam plan to meet in the potting shed that night. Boko mistakes Clam for an intruder and locks him in the shed, enraging Worplesdon. When Worplesdon insists that the imprisoned Clam is not a burglar, Boko (unaware of the situation) heavily berates him, straining their relationship even more. Jeeves devises a new plan where Boko come to Worpleson's defense while Bertie insults him, but Bertie refuses. Edwin tells Bertie that Florence and Stilton have fallen out and that he found the original brooch and gave it to Florence. Florence confirms the engagement is over after Stilton criticised Modern Enlightened Thought. Bertie tries to reason with her but instead she kisses him believing that he is being selfless and that the brooch was a present from him and renews their engagement, much to his horror.

Boko, once engaged to Florence himself, agrees to disclose how he got out of it if Bertie insults Worplesdon. Jeeves, however, discovers that Boko alienated her by kicking Edwin. Bertie does the same, but Florence ends up approving as Edwin had messed up her scrap album. Nobby promises Bertie to show Florence a letter in which he criticised her if Bertie insults Worplesdon. Bertie visits his uncle's study, but before the plan can proceed, Boko is escorted from the grounds by a gardener after Worplesdon discovers him hiding in the garden. Worplesdon receives Bertie warmly after hearing he kicked Edwin, something he'd wanted to do for years, and takes Bertie into his confidence. Jeeves advises that Bertie suggest to Worplesdon that he and Clam meet in disguise at the fancy-dress ball to take place that night; Worplesdon to wear the Sindbad the Sailor costume that Bertie had brought for himself. Boko drives to London to buy himself and Bertie new costumes but brings back the wrong bag. Jeeves steals Stilton's police uniform for Bertie so he can attend the ball and persuade Worplesdon to approve Nobby marrying Boko. Worplesdon's negotiations with Clam are successfully concluded by the time Bertie arrives. Worplesdon warms to Boko when he hears that he has also kicked Edwin and will shortly be starting a job in Hollywood, six thousand miles away. He approves the marriage.

The next morning, Stilton arrives to arrest Bertie for stealing his uniform but Boko reminds him that he needs a warrant. When Bertie tries to flee, he discovers that Worplesdon has been accidentally locked in Boko's garage overnight. Worplesdon emerges furious with Boko and withdraws his approval of the marriage. Worplesdon is horrified, however, when Jeeves informs him that Aunt Agatha, who disapproves of all fancy-dress balls, has returned unexpectedly and wants to know where Worplesdon has been. Jeeves suggests that Worplesdon say he spent the evening discussing the wedding plans with Nobby and Boko, then slept at Boko's cottage overnight. Worplesdon agrees, consenting to the marriage again. Stilton returns with a warrant but Worplesdon gives Bertie a false alibi. Nobby informs Bertie that Edwin has destroyed the insulting letter that Bertie wanted her to show to Florence. Stilton resigns from the police force in disgust at Worplesdon's underhanded behaviour which causes Florence to reconcile with him to Bertie's delight. Bertie prepares to face his Aunt Agatha with Worplesdon but Jeeves confesses that he lied about her returning.

With no reason to stay, the pair escape from Steeple Bumpleigh by car. Bertie tries to remember an expression which he feels sums up recent events, something about Joy, but notes that he already narrated all this before.

Style

One of the stylistic devices used by Wodehouse for comic effect is the transferred epithet, using an adjective to modify a noun rather than the verb of the sentence, as in chapter 5: "I balanced a thoughtful lump of sugar on the teaspoon". Wodehouse employs exaggerated imagery in similes and metaphors, sometimes involving violent imagery that is mitigated either because any injuries that occur are much less serious than they would be in real life, or because actual violence is not taking place. An example of the latter case occurs in chapter 15, when Bertie Wooster compares someone who is suddenly surprised to someone who has been "struck in the small of the back by the Cornish Express". Though Bertie does not often use malapropisms, one is used in chapter 18, after Florence criticizes Stilton by calling him an uncouth Cossack. Bertie misunderstands: "A cossack, I knew, was one of those things clergymen wear, and I wondered why she thought Stilton was like one. An inquiry into this would have been fraught with interest, but before I could institute it she had continued". (Bertie is confusing a Cossack with a cassock.)

Throughout the stories, Jeeves teaches Bertie words and phrases, such as the Latin phrases nolle prosequi and rem acu tetigisti, that become recurring expressions in Bertie's language. This shows the influence that Jeeves has over Bertie. Bertie picks up nolle prosequi from Jeeves in Right Ho, Jeeves, and though Bertie initially uses it simply to signify a refusal, he later varies it in comic ways. For example, he renders the phrase in colloquial terms in chapter 12 of Joy in the Morning, when explaining to Nobby that he could not stand up to Florence:

"And if you think I've got the force of character to come back with a nolle prosequi—""A what?""One of Jeeves's gags. It means roughly 'Nuts to you!' If, I say, you think I'm capable of asserting myself and giving her the bird, you greatly overestimate the Wooster fortitude."

Jeeves introduces rem acu tetigisti in chapter 4 of Joy in the Morning, translating it as "You have touched the matter with a needle", which Bertie rephrases as "Put my finger on the nub". In addition to using this phrase in later novels, Bertie makes an attempt to repeat it when talking to Nobby Hopwood in chapter 27:

"Exactly," I said. "You have touched the matter with a needle.""Done what?""One of Jeeves's gags," I explained. "Rem something. Latin stuff."

Literary references are common in Wodehouse's stories, with comic changes often being made to the quotations. This is accomplished in a number of ways, such as when Bertie uses quotations in unusual contexts, or paraphrases them using colloquial language. Jeeves also provides ways of altering standard quotations. For example, he occasionally breaks up the familiar rhythm of poetry by inserting an unnecessary "sir" or "madam" into the quotation, as when he quotes from Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in chapter 14: "There's not the smallest orb which thou beholdest, sir, but in his motion like an angel sings, still quiring to the young-eyed cherubims".

After Right Ho, Jeeves, Bertie becomes more intelligent and more a partner to Jeeves, working more closely with him to solve problems. For example, in Joy in the Morning, Bertie objects to part of Jeeves's plan about the fancy dress ball, suggesting he and Boko should attend it; Jeeves expresses "cordial agreement" and changes his plan accordingly. Bertie also makes a shrewd move at the ball when he influences Worplesdon on Boko's behalf by reminding Worplesdon that Boko had once kicked the bothersome Edwin.

Wodehouse scholar Richard Usborne used Joy in the Morning to highlight the difficulty of translating Wodehouse's English into another language, due to the combination of slang terms and allusions that Wodehouse employs. He compares Wodehouse's original text with a translation of Joy in the Morning into French by Denyse and Benoît de Fanscolombe, published by Amiot-Dumont under the title Jeeves, au secours!.  Thus Wodehouse's phrase "to give the little snurge six of the best with a bludgeon" becomes, in French, "flanquer au maudit galopin une volée de martinet".

Background
Wodehouse wrote much of the novel in France during the Phoney War and the German occupation of France before he was interned for being a British national. In view of the circumstances under which Joy in the Morning was written, Robert McCrum, in his biography of Wodehouse, states regarding the novel: "A more brilliant example of Wodehouse's literary escapism is hard to find". In the 2013 television film Wodehouse in Exile, which depicts this period of P. G. Wodehouse's life, Wodehouse is shown working on the novel in some scenes.

Wodehouse discussed ideas used for the character of Stilton Cheesewright in a letter he wrote to his friend William "Bill" Townend. In the letter, dated 6 April 1940, Wodehouse asked Townend if it were possible for a young peer to become a country policeman with the idea that he could later get into Scotland Yard. Wodehouse stated that the character "has got to be a policeman, because Bertie pinches his uniform in order to go to a fancy dress dance, at which it is vital for him to be present as he has no other costume".

Joy in the Morning was written with elements of England from the early twentieth century, as with the other Jeeves stories, despite being published in 1946. In a letter to Townend, dated 7 March 1946, Wodehouse wondered how this aspect of the novel would be received, but noted optimistically that "my stuff has been out of date since 1914, and nobody has seemed to mind". Wodehouse discussed the same subject in a letter written on 10 April 1946 to writer Compton Mackenzie. In that letter, Wodehouse wrote that his newest novels, including Joy in the Morning, were "definitely historical novels now, as they all deal with a life in which country houses flourish and butlers flit to and fro. I'm hoping that people, in America at any rate, will overlook the fact that they are completely out of date and accept them for their entertainment value. I think they're all pretty funny, but, my gosh, how obsolete!".

Publication history
The first American edition of Joy in the Morning included illustrations by Paul Galdone, who also illustrated the dust wrapper.

Reception
 The New York Times Book Review (25 August 1946): "Massively plotted, perfunctorily motivated, exquisitely characterized, written in a pleasingly mannered (if not downright euphuistic) prose—one can in the end say no more than that about it, and that much is true of any Wodehouse book. … Maybe Wodehouse uses the same plot over and over again. Whatever he does, it's moderately wonderful, a ray of pale English sunshine in a gray world". The review also comments on the controversy surrounding Wodehouse's wartime broadcasts: "There is, of course, the question of Mr. Wodehouse's 'war guilt.' Upon mature post-war reflection, it turned out to be about equal to the war guilt of the dachshunds which were stoned by super-heated patriots during World War I".
 In his book Wodehouse at Work (1961), Richard Usborne states that Joy in the Morning was perhaps the best of the author's books: "If I had to pick one as his happiest, best constructed and most jewel-encrusted, I'd say Joy in the Morning".
 Frances Donaldson, in her biography of Wodehouse, published in 1982, did not rate the book as highly as Usborne did, considering that some of Wodehouse's other novels, including the Jeeves-Wooster stories Right Ho, Jeeves and The Mating Season, were superior.
 In his 2004 biography of Wodehouse, Robert McCrum states that Joy in the Morning is "thought by a fervent minority to be his masterpiece".
 Raymond Sokolov, The Wall Street Journal (17 May 2013): "With his feckless Bertie Wooster and his omniscient man's man Jeeves at the center of the sublime foolery, Wodehouse, in novel after novel, just kept on letting us smile at a world of privilege and big houses, upstairs and downstairs going gently topsy-turvy. "Joy" is the story of a country weekend from hell at Steeple Bumpleigh. Engagements crumble, jewelry is mislaid, tempers are lost, drinks drunk. Jeeves saves the day, really he saves the world and now has time to read the latest scholarly edition of Spinoza".

Adaptations

Television
The story was adapted into the Jeeves and Wooster episode "Lady Florence Craye Arrives in New York" which first aired on 23 May 1993.

Radio
Joy in the Morning was adapted for radio in 1978 as part of the BBC series What Ho! Jeeves starring Michael Hordern as Jeeves and Richard Briers as Bertie Wooster.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Donaldson, Frances (1982), P. G. Wodehouse – A Biography, Weidenfeld & Nicolson; reissued 1992 by Allison & Busby.

McCrum, Robert (2004), Wodehouse – A Life, Penguin Viking.

Usborne, Richard (1961), Wodehouse at Work, Herbert Jenkins.
Usborne, Richard (2002), Plum Sauce – A P. G. Wodehouse Companion, Ebury Press.

Novels by P. G. Wodehouse
1946 British novels
English novels
Herbert Jenkins books
Doubleday, Doran books
British comedy novels

Joy in the Morning (Wodehouse novel)


For the designers who were the inspiration for the name of the musical group, please see Charles and Ray Eames

The Eames Era were a Baton Rouge, Louisiana based indie pop quintet active from 2003 to 2008.  The band first received broad attention when one of its songs was featured in an episode of Grey's Anatomy in 2005.  The band released one EP and two full-length albums during its career.

History

The band was founded by New Orleans guitarists Grant Widmer and Ted Joyner.  The band started in 2002, Grant and Ted's junior year at Louisiana State University, when the two former high school friends enlisted drummer Greg Gauthreaux and bass player Brian Waits to form "The Double Zeros".  Singer Ashlin Phillips auditioned for the band in December 2002, after work had begun writing and practicing for the band's first gig.  The band's name honors famed designers Charles and Ray Eames.

By 2003 the now complete lineup became "The Eames Era" and had begun recording a 3-track demo in Grant's garage.  Later that year the band signed on to the C Student Records label to release their first single "Could Be Anything" April 2004.  After winning an award at the university's annual independent film festival they embarked on their first tour along the East Coast.  Upon returning the band released "The Second EP" on the C Student label.

The album's lead track on the EP, "Could Be Anything", was featured on the Abercrombie & Fitch website and two television shows (Grey's Anatomy and Falcon Beach), and received major airplay on college radio stations nationwide.  In October 2005, shortly after graduating from Louisiana State University, the band released their full-length debut "Double Dutch".  The week of the album's release, the band's tour bus got in an accident with a military truck on the way home from a photo shoot, thus cancelling a tour booked for November that year.  The military truck was only in the area for providing Hurricane Katrina aid.

In 2007, the Eames Era won $2500 in the Yaris SXSW band video contest.
In April 2007, the band released its second full-length album, "Heroes and Sheroes."  The song "When You Were a Millionaire" from that album was featured on MTV's new reality show "I'm from Rolling Stone," running at the beginning and end of each of the ten episodes.  That song as well as "Watson On Your Side" have videos made by Untucked Films.

In April 2008, Grant Widmer wrote music blog The Rockist Society to let them know the band had decided to go their separate ways:
That's right, The Eames Era are no more. Ashlin and Greg moved to Chicago in the past few months and they are on to other things. Ted, Brian and I have also moved to New Orleans and we are hard at work on a new album. As I said before, Brian got married this week and his life has been very busy so it's still unclear what kind of role he'll have in the new group. But Ted and I have been traveling to record with Daniel Black, the producer of our last album, in D.C. since January. We are about 1/3 finished and hope to be all done in May. Then it will be time to tour for a while.

Grant Widmer and Ted Joyner subsequently formed a new band, Generationals, whose debut album 'Con Law' was released on July 21, 2009.

Discography
The Second EP(2004)C Student Records
Double Dutch(2005)C Student Records
Heroes + Sheroes(2007)Self-Released

References

External links
The Eames Era on MySpace
[ The Eames Era] at Allmusic

Alternative rock groups from Louisiana
Musical groups established in 2002
Indie pop groups from Louisiana
2002 establishments in Louisiana

The Eames Era


SS Mission San Carlos was a Type T2-SE-A2 tanker built for the United States Maritime Commission during World War II. After the war she was acquired by the United States Navy as USS Mission San Carlos (AO-120). Later the tanker transferred to the Military Sea Transportation Service as USNS Mission San Carlos (T-AO-120). She was a   and was one of two U.S. Navy vessels named for Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo, located in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, the other being .

Career
Mission San Carlos was laid down on 1 November 1943 under a Maritime Commission contract by Marinship Corporation, Sausalito, California: launched 12 February 1944; sponsored by Mrs. J. H. Pomeroy; and delivered 15 April 1944. Chartered to Pacific Tankers, Inc. for operations on 15 April, she spent the remainder of the War providing allied forces overseas with the vital fuel needed to keep America's armies on the move (during which time she was awarded the National Defense Service Medal). She was returned to the Maritime Commission on 20 April 1946 and laid up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Mobile, Alabama.

Acquired by the Navy on 12 November 1947 and chartered to Marine Transport, Inc. for operations, she was placed in service with the Naval Transportation Service as Mission San Carlos (AO-120). After 1 October 1949 she was under the operational control of the newly created Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) as USNS Mission San Carlos (T-AO-120). She remained in service with MSTS until 6 November 1957 when she was transferred to the Maritime Administration (MARAD) for lay up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Beaumont, Texas. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on the same date.

The ship was sold to Transwestern Associates on 16 May 1966 for conversion to a bulk carrier, but was instead resold that September to the Hudson Waterways Corporation and renamed Seatrain Maryland. She was subsequently lengthened using the forward and midsection of another T2 tanker, the San Jacinto, and rebuilt by Newport News Shipbuilding into one of seven Seatrain Lines multi-purpose cargo ships capable of carrying general bulk and palletized cargo, intermodal containers, vehicles and rail cars. Upon completion of the conversion and delivery in April 1967 Seatrain Maryland, IMO 6709153, was chartered to the MSTS in support of overseas U.S. military operations, including the transport of material, equipment and aircraft to Vietnam. The ship was transferred to the National Defense Reserve Fleet (James River) in December 1974 and on August 8, 1978, her name was changed to just Maryland. The ship was retired and broken up in 1986.

References

External links

Type T2-SE-A2 tankers
Ships built in Sausalito, California
1944 ships
World War II tankers of the United States
San Carlos
Type T2-SE-A2 tankers of the United States Navy
Vietnam War auxiliary ships of the United States

USNS Mission San Carlos


József Pogány, known in English as John Pepper or Joseph Pogany, (November 8, 1886 – February 8, 1938) was a Hungarian Communist politician. He later served as a functionary in the Communist International (Comintern) in Moscow, before being cashiered in 1929. Later as an official in the Soviet government, Pepper ran afoul of the secret police and was executed during the Great Terror of 1937–38.

Background
József Pogány was born József Schwartz in Budapest in Hungary. He was the first of three children.  His family were ethnic Jews, but he himself adopted the Hungarian name Pogány to de-emphasize his Jewish origins. His father, Vilmos Schwarz, was a tradesman who became a minor civil servant; he also served Chevra Kadisa synagogue in Pest. His mother Hermina Weinberger was a hairdresser. He was not related to artist Willy Pogany, as was once claimed by Whittaker Chambers. Pogány studied at the University of Budapest (1904-1908); he spent his last six months of studies in Berlin and Paris.  He wrote his dissertation on János Arany.

Career

Hungary
Pogany worked as a high school teacher and journalist in Hungary prior to the revolution of 1918–1919. He wrote for the official organ of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party, Népszava (People's Voice), and was a war correspondent during the years of World War I.

Despite lack of military credentials aside from war reportage, at the time of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, Pogány found himself as the leader of the Budapest Soldiers' Soviet.  While Pogány dedicated himself to promotion of what one historian has called "the often impossible demands of the soldiers," he nonetheless remained for a time supportive of the policies of the left-wing government of Count Mihály Károlyi.

On 13 November 1918, Mihály Károlyi's new minister of defense, Albert Bartha, decided to take on the Budapest Soldiers' Soviet head on in an attempt to bolster the sagging discipline of the army. Bartha declared that he would "no longer tolerate Soldiers' Councils," a position which greatly agitated the newly empowered soldiers. On 4 December he was forced to retreat from this position, however, when the disciplinary power of the officers was transferred to new popularly elected military tribunals. Bartha attempted to dodge this decision with the establishment of new disciplinary "flying squads," but this move was regarded as counterrevolutionary and Bartha was forced to resign on 11 December. Before this resignation was publicized, Pogány, acting without the endorsement of the Social Democratic Party, led a soldiers' demonstration on the Ministry of Defense demanding Bartha's dismissal. The formal announcement of the resignation on 12 December made it appear to have been the direct result of the street action, further bolstering the status of the Budapest Soldiers' Soviet at the expense of the authority of the officers corps.

At the time of the March 1919 uprising which proclaimed a Hungarian Soviet Republic with Béla Kun as de facto leader, Pogány cast his lot decisively with the revolution. The Communist Party of Hungary (KMP) first merged with radical members of the Social Democratic Party to form a single organization. Pogány was one of five party leaders signing the unity document on behalf of the Left Socialists. While the two parties were formally ratifying the agreement, Pogány's Soldiers' Soviet assumed control of the Budapest police, occupied the collector jail, and dispatched armed bands throughout the capital to intimidate political opponents.

A Revolutionary Governing Council was established on 21 March 1919, with Pogány named People's Commissar of War. The first two decrees of the Revolutionary Governing Council instituted the death penalty for armed resistance to the new regime and a total prohibition of alcohol consumption in Hungary. The next day, newspapers appeared carrying the proclamation drafted by Kun and Pogány proclaiming the establishment of a Hungarian Soviet Republic.

One of Pogány's first acts as People's Commissar of War was to summarily dismiss all "non-proletarian elements from the Hungarian military and to abolish conscription. It was hoped that a new recruitment campaign targeted at wage-workers and landless peasants would make up the losses, resulting in a homogeneous and loyal military organization. This policy, begun by Pogány and continued by his successor, proved to be a total failure, however, as only about 5,000 qualified individuals chose to enlist in the Hungarian Red Army after an intensive three week campaign.

The former Communists did not trust the former Left-Socialists now enlisted as party allies, however. Pogány clashed pointedly with a number of hardline Communist Party radicals, including Tibor Szamuely and Béla Vágó. On 2 April, Pogány was shifted to the less sensitive position of deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, while Szamuely was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Culture, where he assumed responsibility for the revolutionary government's military recruitment campaign. Pepper was shortly moved again to the position of People's Commissar of Education, a position which he retained until the fall of the revolutionary government on 1 August 1919.

Despite his removal as head of the People's Commissariat of War, Pogány remained a member of governing Revolutionary National Council, in which he seems to have maintained an ultra-radical position against a negotiated truce with Romania and in favor of an all-or-nothing gamble on the policy of uncompromising revolutionary war — a position roughly analogous to that espoused in 1918 by the "Left Communists" in Soviet Russia.

Pogány also joined Tibor Szamuely as an adherent of "Red Terror" — proposing that the Soviet government take as hostages 200 prominent citizens as a means of forcing an end to counter-revolutionary resistance. Although himself of mixed mind on the issue, Kun signed on to the plan. The hostages, many of them elderly and of no significant threat to the regime, were taken before ultimately being liberated as a goodwill gesture in an effort to bring about a negotiated settlement.

Pogány's leading position in the Soviet government made him a target for anti-communist forces. When the Red government was overthrown by Admiral Horthy and his allies, Pogány fled to Austria and later to Soviet Russia to avoid being killed in the reprisals known as the "White Terror." Pogány was accused by the new regime of complicity in the murder of former Hungarian Prime Minister Count István Tisza by a group of soldiers during the Chrysanthemum Revolution of October 1918. He was tried in absentia and convicted along with five others in October 1921, but never extradited for enforcement of the sentence.

Germany
In March 1921, Pogány was sent to Germany along with Béla Kun to help organize a revolutionary uprising there with the Communist Party of Germany. According to scholar Thomas L. Sakmyster:  Despite the pressure from Moscow on the GCP leadership, Kun and Pogány encountered stiff resistance to their plans from the more moderate faction of the GCP leadership, especially from Klara Zetkin and Paul Levi.  They regarded the Comintern agents as obnoxious and unscrupulous outsiders who knew little about conditions in Germany and were proposing a highly unrealistic and potentially disastrous policy...  The message either did not reach Pogány or he chose to ignore it, for the action proceeded in Hamburg as planned...  The plan to spark a major revolution had failed..  Pogány... made his way back to Berlin.

Following the defeat of this so-called "March Action," Pogány and Kun returned to Moscow, where they attended the 3rd World Congress of the Comintern from 22 June to 12 July.

United States

Along with other émigré Hungarian radicals in Soviet Russia, Pogány was set to work in the apparatus of the Communist International (Comintern), which was at the time attempting to foment general socialist revolution across Europe. The Hungarian Communists in exile were bitterly divided along factional lines. Pogány, as a member of the governing Central Committee of the Hungarian Communist Party, was closely allied to Béla Kun in the factional turmoil which ensued. The Comintern disapproved of the disorganizing impact of this intra-party war among the Hungarian Communists and ordered the feuding groups to disband in January 1922.

Pogány was dispatched by the Comintern to the United States in July 1922 to assist with the Hungarian Federation  of the Communist Party of America (CPA). Upon arrival Pogány adopted a new Americanized name as his own, "John Pepper" — the name by which he was known for the rest of his life — and immediately set about learning the English language. Along with the Comintern's official representative to the CPA, Genrik Valetski, and its representative to the Communist Party's trade union movement, Boris Reinstein, Pepper attended the ill-fated August 1922 convention of the CPA, held in Bridgman, Michigan, narrowly escaping from the clutches of the police who raided the gathering.

Future factional ally Benjamin Gitlow later recalled the initial impression which Pepper made upon him when he first met him at the Bridgman convention:  The second of the three Comintern nuncios looked like a Hungarian version of the proverbial traveling salesman. Short and stocky, with a large head and a disproportionately larger nose that proudly bore a pair of gold-rimmed spectacles perched importantly on its bridge, he dressed like a dude, combed his hair sleek and neat, was always clean-shaven, smoked gold-tipped cigarettes, listened attentively to everything that was being said in his presence, and said absolutely nothing.... In Hungary his name had been Josef Pogány; he came to America as John Pepper.

Making use of his European erudition, storied past as a revolutionary leader, and personal magnetism, Pepper soon emerged as one of the CPA's most authoritative voices. Pepper wrote extensively on international developments and domestic policy questions for the party press, becoming the American Communist movement's most forceful advocates for abandonment of "underground" isolation and adoption of the strategy of constructing a mass Labor Party in America.

Pepper aligned with Jay Lovestone's pro-Bukharin faction, as Whittaker Chambers recalled in his memoirs:  For the first and only time, I attended a Lovestone caucus meeting...  I remember the short, arrogant figure of John Pepper, who, as Joseph Pogany, had been the commissar for war in the Hungarian Soviet Government, and who was now the official representative of the Communist International to the American Communist Party, and Lovestone's "gray eminence."

A factional foe, James P. Cannon, later recalled the decisive role which Pepper played in the American Communist movement of the 1920s:
He first came to this country in the summer of 1922 and soon began to regulate party affairs with the arbitrary authority of a receiver appointed by the court to take over a bankrupt concern. His only trouble was that this particular concern was by no means bankrupt, and the receiver's operations met with challenge and opposition which limited his tenure to a rather short term. But while it lasted it was a real merry-go-round which left everybody dizzy. *  *  *
We were [later] told in Moscow that he had been shipped to America in one of the moves to break up the raging faction fight in the émigré leadership of the defeated Hungarian Communist Party, and that his assignment was to work with the Bureau of the Hungarian Federation of the party in the U.S.
As far as I know, that's all the official authorization he ever had. But Pepper, a manipulator deluxe, was never one to be stopped by the formal rules and regulations which act as restraints on ordinary mortals. The man worked fast.

Pepper was made a member of the governing Central Executive Committee of the CPA's "above-ground" arm, the Workers Party of America, a position to which he was re-elected by the 3rd Convention in January 1924. Pepper allied himself closely with the Executive Secretary of the CPA's "legal" wing, C.E. Ruthenberg, and together the two headed one of the two primary factions in the American Communist Party throughout the second half of the 1920s.

Not surprisingly, Pepper was loathed by the opposition faction headed by William Z. Foster and James P. Cannon, who managed to have Pepper recalled to Moscow by the Comintern in 1925.

Soviet Union
Once back in Moscow, Pepper headed the Information Department of the Comintern, while continuing to play a role in a factional war that swept the American Communist Party by supporting the various positions of the Ruthenberg-Lovestone faction which came before the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI). An acute factionalist, Pepper was early to attempt to bolster the standing of his American allies in Moscow by agitating against Leon Trotsky and accusing the Foster group of softness towards the discredited Soviet leader.

Pepper was a delegate of the Communist Party of America to the 5th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI, convened in March 1925, to which he delivered the report of the Information Department on 6 April 1925.

At the 6th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI, held in February and March 1926, Pepper was made an alternate member of the Presidium of ECCI and returned to the political commission of that body. At the 7th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI, held in November and December 1926, Pepper was named a member of the political commission, where he was instrumental in helping to remove his nemesis Grigory Zinoviev from the Comintern Presidency. In July 1927 Pepper was elected to the Presidium of ECCI.

Pepper fell from favor in 1928 as Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Bukharin parted company in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with Pepper's political views coming under criticism at both the 9th Enlarged Plenum of ECCI and the 6th World Congress of the Comintern. In 1929, Stalin repeated accusations against him at the ECCI Presidium and in May 1929 the Comintern sent an open letter to the American Communist Party relaying the news that the "Pepper case" would shortly be submitted to the disciplinary International Control Commission (ICC) of the Comintern The ICC returned its verdict in September 1929, confirming the accusations made against Pepper and removing him from all functions in the Communist International.

Following his dismissal from the Comintern, Pepper went to work in the Soviet government. At the time of his 1937 arrest, Pepper was serving as the head of the publicity department of the People's Commissariat of the Food Industry.

Death

Pepper was arrested by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) on 27 July 1937. Following extensive interrogation, he was convicted of "participation in a counter-revolutionary organization" in a summary trial on 8 February 1938 and executed that same day.

Legacy

On 30 May 1956, Pepper was posthumously rehabilitated by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union.

In 1962, the John Birch Society published a postcard as part of a postcard series available through its magazine American Opinion (which evolved into The New American magazine in 1985), a copy of which is available in the archive of  supporter and US Representative J. Edgard Chenowth (R-CO).  The postcard cites Pogany as "founder of the American Civil Rights Movement" (which the John Birch Society deplored).  It based this accusation on his pamphlet American Negro Problems (1938) (which, at the time, was part of CPUSA/CPSU support for a Soviet Negro Republic within the Black Belt in the American South).  "There is almost nothing being written, preached, or done, under the "civil rights" slogan today, which is not in accordance and planning and instructions laid down by this alien Communist nearly forty years ago" (as of 1962).  It also accuses him of helping to murder Hungarian prime minister ==Istvan Tisza]] in 1918 and to destroy the subsequent government of Mihály Károlyi in 1919.

Works
 Arany János politikai nézetei. Budapest: 1909.
 A Balkán-háború és az osztrák-magyar imperializmus. Budapest: 1912.
 Lemberg. Tíz hónap a cárizmus uralma alatt. Budapest: 1915.
 A meghódított Orosz-Lengyelországon keresztül. Budapest, 1915.
 A földre szállt pokol. Az Isonzo eposza: 1916.
 Dánia, a paraszt eldorádó. Budapest: 1918.
 Napóleon. (play) Budapest: 1919.
For a Labor Party: Recent Revolutionary Changes in American Politics: A Statement by the Workers Party. New York: Workers Party of America, n.d. — Three editions: 1. No author listed, 1922; 2. 2nd Revised Edition, New York, 1923; 3. 3rd Revised Edition, Chicago, 1923.
"The Farmers and the American Revolution," The Daily Worker, vol. 1, no. 317 (Jan. 19, 1924), section 2, pp. 5–6.
 "Lenin," The Daily Worker, vol. 1, no. 320 (Jan. 23, 1924), pg. 1.
"Underground Radicalism": An Open Letter to Eugene V. Debs and to All Honest Workers Within the Socialist Party. New York: Workers Party of America, 1923.
 The General Strike and the General Betrayal. Chicago: Workers (Communist) Party of America, 1926.
Why Every Miner Should be a Communist. New York: Workers Library Publishers, n.d. [1928].
 American Negro Problems. New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928.

See also
 Béla Kun
 C.E. Ruthenberg
 Max Bedacht
 Jay Lovestone
 James P. Cannon
 William Z. Foster
 James P. Cannon
 Hungarian Communist Party
 Chrysanthemum Revolution (1918)
 Hungarian Soviet Republic
 Communist Party of Hungary
 Communist International
 Executive Committee of the Communist International
 Workers Party of America
 August 1922 convention of the CPA
 Willy Pogany (no relation)

References

Sources

1886 births
1938 deaths
Politicians from Budapest
Hungarian Jews
Foreign ministers of Hungary
Education ministers of Hungary
Great Purge victims from Hungary
Hungarian Comintern people
Jews executed by the Soviet Union
Jewish socialists
Jewish Hungarian politicians
Hungarian Communist Party politicians
Hungarian emigrants to the Soviet Union
Soviet rehabilitations
Hungarian revolutionaries
Executed communists

John Pepper


Protostar: War on the Frontier is a 1993 science fiction video game produced by Tsunami Media that blends elements of role-playing, space exploration, space combat, and strategy. The player commands a spaceship from a first-person perspective in real-time capable of traveling to the various planets in the game world and launching an explorer vessel to traverse their surfaces. Several sentient alien races inhabit the region with whom the player interacts through friendly conversation, intense spaceship combat, or barter at their planetary trading posts. One of these races, the Skeetch, is aggressively threatening to conquer the Earth; the player has been recruited to convince the other sentient races in the region to join humanity in an alliance against the Skeetch. A secondary goal of the game is to earn money by performing actions such as selling alien lifeforms and minerals collected on planetary surfaces to obtain the funds needed to upgrade the player's spaceship and improve the odds of survival in confrontations with the Skeetch and other hostile entities. Computer Gaming World criticized the game for failing to break new ground and for its "muddled" blend of science fiction themes, but did recommend it to players new to this genre.

The game's working title during the first six months of development was Starflight 3 as it was originally intended to be a sequel to Starflight and Starflight 2: Trade Routes of the Cloud Nebula. The released game no longer retains a relationship to the Starflight game world because Tsunami Media's collaboration with Electronic Arts, the Starflight copyright owner, did not work out. However, the basic framework of exploration, diplomacy, trade, combat, and spaceship upgrades still bears strong resemblances to the Starflight games. A sequel, Protostar 2, was planned but never released.

Gameplay
As the game begins, the player character is in command a poorly equipped spaceship docked at one of the game's three space stations. Each station provides the player with a variety of services including:
 Communications Terminal: displays announcements and provides a contact line to the Human Defense Forces.
 Exchange Center: a place to sell various goods such as minerals and lifeforms.
 Biotech Center: disabled crew members may be revived for a fee.
 Frontier Craft: buys and sells spacecraft accessories including engines, weapons, and shields.
 Lounge: a place to converse with non-player characters possessing useful information.

The player's spaceship may be outfitted with a variety of engines, defensive systems, and weapons. Available weapons include wave guns and accel cannons, distinguished by an inverse proportionality in their recharge rate and ability to inflict damage, and pursuit pods (guided torpedoes). Two types of defensive systems are available: dampening fields and energy shields, which provide some protection against wave guns and accel cannons respectively. The spaceship is already equipped with an explorer vessel used for exploring planetary surfaces. It has a particle gun for self-defense.

Both the spaceship and the explorer vessel feature cockpits containing icons through which orders are given to various crew members such as the navigator and biotech officer. Players command both craft in real-time from a first-person perspective by selecting an icon representing the commander's control pad, which translates movement of the mouse into corresponding motions of the spaceship or explorer vessel. During combat the mouse buttons are used to control the selection and firing of the ship's weapons. Some encounters with other spaceships result in peaceful conversations which yield important clues or provide opportunities for the player to befriend one of the region's native alien races. The player's spaceship is capable of hopping between solar systems via hyperpath tunnels, making regional journeys within a solar system, and making short-range maneuvers in circumstances such as spaceship combat. It may enter orbit around any planet in a solar system and perform a scan to gain information on that planet's general characteristics and topography. Using the topographic map generated by a scan, the player can choose a landing site. After doing so, the spaceship's crew transfers to the explorer vessel which undocks from the orbiting spaceship and lands on the planet. The player drives the explorer vessel around on the planet's surface to collect saleable minerals and lifeforms and, on inhabited worlds, to locate alien trading posts at which the player may barter with the alien race to whom the planet belongs.

Plot
The player character is a covert agent operating in a region of space where an antagonistic race of aliens known as the Skeetch are gaining power. As the Skeetch are currently waging war against Earth, the Protostar Initiative is launched in an attempt to convince four alien races to ally with the Human Defense Forces and disrupt the Skeetch supply lines through the region. As in the Starflight games, the initial goal is to upgrade the poorly-equipped spaceship with which a player begins the game with the best available accessories and assemble a well-trained crew. Moreover, the Human Defense Forces require financial support so that they are able to continue resisting the Skeetch. Accomplishing these goals requires the player to assemble a trained crew and earn money by, for example, scouring planets for saleable minerals and lifeforms.

Convincing the four alien races to ally with humanity is primarily a matter of discerning what each race needs and providing a solution that fulfils the need. Two of these races have a similar problem; some of their members are being held captive and require rescue. Another race, the Ghebberant, lives on a resource-poor planet and needs the player's help to find a more suitable world for them to colonize. A fourth race, the Kaynik, are aggressive warriors who initially attack the player's spaceship. Once the player has successfully demonstrated an ability to defeat their vessels in battle, surrendering without a fight in several subsequent encounters causes them to become bewildered and thereby opens a line of communication with them. Through the ensuing conversation, they can be shown the importance of joining a larger, multi-species alliance. Once these alliances are formed, the player's spaceship becomes embroiled in a battle with a Skeetch dreadnought that determines the outcome of the game; destroying it secures victory for the alliance against the Skeetch threat.

Development
In November 1992, Computer Gaming World published an article by composer Ken Allen where he mentions his ongoing work on the game that would become Protostar, described at the time as "Starflight 3 (Tsunami Media and Electronic Arts)". Collaboration between the two companies ended "due to various business reasons" after the game had already been in development for about six months. Tsunami Media was permitted to reuse the artwork and source code that it had already produced, but as Electronic Arts holds the copyright on Starflight, it had to "turn that into something else" unrelated to the Starflight game world. Designer Vas Nokhoudian states that this led to a change in the game's "focus and feel" with less diplomacy and a shift to a more open-ended "play how you want it" structure.

Reception

Computer Gaming World reviewer Paul Schuytema recommended the game to those new to the genre, but described it as a "solid, albeit uninspired game" that "comes up short" in breaking new ground. Noting the game's resemblance to Starflight and Star Control, he wrote that the game's "incredible graphics" do "a very convincing job of creating a world which suspends visual disbelief" and that the control interface "melds into [the game's] cockpit concept, giving the player easy control of every aspect of the game with intuitive mouse movements". Schuytema criticized the game manual's brevity which leaves the player unsure as to what needs to be accomplished, and elements that quickly become tedious such as space combat, in which even a "simple battle" required over twenty minutes in real time.

In a 1994 survey of strategic space video games in Computer Gaming World, M. Evan Brooks wrote that the game "lacks its own identity" on account of its amalgamation of classic science fiction "ideas that have all been used before". He gave the game one out of five stars and concluded that it "doesn't even stand out as an adventure game, so muddled is it in concept and execution".

Legacy
In an interview distributed with the CD-ROM version of the game, Nokhoudian revealed his design goals for a projected sequel, Protostar 2, that would have continued the original game's storyline. He anticipated that the sequel, set in a new region of space featuring new alien races, would be more action-oriented and have a more streamlined interface.

References

External links

1993 video games
Adventure games set in space
DOS games
DOS-only games
Science fiction video games
Single-player video games
Space trading and combat simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Tsunami Games games

Protostar: War on the Frontier


Luigi Dentice (1510 in Naples – 1566 in Naples) was an Italian composer, musical theorist, singer and lutenist who served the powerful Sanseverino family, and was father of Fabrizio Dentice (1539 – 1581), also a composer and lutenist. He was grandfather of Scipione Dentice (1560–1633).

Dentice came from a noble family. When his father died in 1561 he inherited the title of Baron of Viggiano. He married Vincenza Caracciolo, who in 1566 was left a widow with two young children. In the 1550s the Dentices travelled extensively in Spain. As a singer, Luigi Dentice appears to have sung as a male soprano falsettist.

His main work of music theory Duo dialoghi della musica, Rome 1553, was a collection of classical Greek and Latin writings on music, translated into Italian, with Dentice's own commentary. The title promises one dialogue on theory, another on practice. The text is interspersed with a few comments on contemporary music and musicians. It also includes Dentice's opinions on inflection in musica ficta,, and the practice of monody later developed by Giulio Caccini and others.

Works
Songs in posthumous collection Arie Raccolti, printed Rocco Rodio, Naples 1577.

Selected discography
Two songs: Come t'haggio lassata, o via mia? Chi me l'havesse dett', o via mia? on Napolitane - villanelle, arie & moresche (1530-70). Ensemble Micrologus, Cappella della Pietà de' Turchini dir. Florio, Opus111 1999

References

1510s births
1566 deaths
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian lutenists
Italian music theorists
Renaissance composers

Luigi Dentice


A towel is a form of cloth or paper used for drying things. There are many types of towels, such as a beach towel and a washcloth, a small towel used for cleaning dishes and bodies. Towels have many different uses, such as drying yourself after a shower, or wiping a table clean.

For the body, fabric terry towels are mainly used, consisting mainly of cotton fibers due to their high absorbency (reaching up to 300%).

Fabric towels belong to the group of piece textiles. Textile towels often have a sewn loop with which they can be hung on wall furniture hooks for use (previously it was recommended to sew a loop at both ends so that the towel wears out more evenly). In addition to hooks, towels can also be placed in a state thrown over a barbell, and thanks to this straightened suspension, they dry faster. Fabric towels can have finishes such as lace, embroidery, appliques and others.

Disposable towels can be made both in piece form and in a roll, both from paper and non-woven material.

Cloth

Towel


In baseball, the pitch is the act of throwing the baseball toward home plate to start a play. The term comes from the Knickerbocker Rules. Originally, the ball had to be thrown underhand, much like "pitching in horseshoes". Overhand pitching was not allowed in baseball until 1884.

The biomechanics of pitching have been studied extensively. The phases of pitching include the windup, early cocking, late cocking, early acceleration, late acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through.

Pitchers throw a variety of pitches, each of which has a slightly different velocity, trajectory, movement, hand position, wrist position and/or arm angle. These variations are introduced to confuse the batter and ultimately aid the defensive team in getting the batter or baserunners out. To obtain variety, and therefore enhance defensive baseball strategy, the pitcher manipulates the grip on the ball at the point of release. Variations in the grip cause the seams to catch the air differently, thereby changing the trajectory of the ball, making it harder for the batter to hit.

The selection of which pitch to use can depend on the type of hitter who is being faced; whether there are any base runners; how many outs have been made in the inning; and the existing score. Pitchers may bounce their pitches in the dirt before they reach the batter, but these pitches are ruled balls even if they pass through the strike zone.

Signaling
The responsibility for selecting the type of pitch is traditionally made by the catcher, who gives hand signals to the pitcher with their fingers, usually one finger for fastball or the pitcher's best pitch, with the pitcher having the option to ask for another selection by shaking his head.

Alternatively, the manager or a coach relays the pitch selection to the catcher, via secret hand signals, to prevent the opposing team from having the advantage of knowing what the next pitch will be.

Fastballs

The fastball is the most common pitch in baseball, and most pitchers have some form of a fastball in their arsenal. Most pitchers throw four-seam fastballs. It is basically a pitch thrown very fast, generally as hard as a given pitcher can throw while maintaining control. Some variations involve movement or breaking action, some do not and are simply straight, high-speed pitches. While throwing the fastball it is very important to have proper mechanics, because this increases the chance of getting the ball to its highest velocity, making it difficult for the opposing player to hit the pitch.  The cut fastball, split-finger fastball, and forkball are variations on the fastball with extra movement, and are sometimes called sinking-fastballs because of the trajectories.  The most common fastball pitches are:

 Cutter
 Four-seam fastball
 Sinker
 Split-finger fastball
 Two-seam fastball

Breaking balls

Well-thrown breaking balls have movement, usually sideways or downward.  A ball moves due to the changes in the pressure of the air surrounding the ball as a result of the kind of pitch thrown. Therefore, the ball keeps moving in the path of least resistance, which constantly changes. For example, the spin from a properly thrown slider (thrown by a right-handed pitcher) results in lower air pressure on the pitcher's left side, resulting in the ball moving to the left (from the pitcher's perspective). The goal is usually to make the ball difficult to hit by confusing the batters.  Most breaking balls are considered off-speed pitches. The most common breaking pitches are:

 12–6 curveball
 Curveball
 Knuckle curve
 Screwball
 Slider
 Slurve

Changeups

The changeup is an off-speed pitch, usually thrown to look like a fastball but arriving much slower to the plate. Its reduced speed coupled with its deceptive delivery is meant to confuse the batter's timing. It is thrown the same as a fastball, but simply farther back in the hand, which makes it release from the hand slower but still retaining the look of a fastball. A changeup is generally thrown 8–15 miles per hour slower than a fastball. If thrown correctly, the changeup will confuse the batter because the human eye cannot discern that the ball is coming significantly slower until it is around 30 feet from the plate. For example, a batter swings at the ball as if it was a 90 mph fastball but it is coming at 75 mph which means he is swinging too early to hit the ball well, making the changeup very effective. The most common changeups are:

 Circle changeup
 Forkball
 Fosh
 Palmball
 Straight changeup
 Vulcan changeup

Other pitches
Other pitches which are or have been used in baseball are:

 Gyroball
 Junk pitches
 Eephus pitch
 Knuckleball
 Shuuto
 Illegal pitches
 Beanball
 Emery ball
 Shine ball
 Spitball
 Purpose pitches
 Brushback pitch
 Pickoff
 Pitchout

Pitching deliveries
The most common pitching delivery is the three-quarters delivery. Other deliveries include the submarine (underhand) and the sidearm deliveries. There is also the crossfire pitch, which only works for sidearm delivery.

A pickoff move is the motion the pitcher goes through in making pickoff.

Pitching positions

There are two legal pitching positions:
the windup
the set which is often referred to as the stretch.
Typically, pitchers from the set use a high leg kick, but may instead release the ball more quickly by using the slide step.

See also

 First-pitch strike
 Bowling, the equivalent in cricket
 Throwing (cricket), an illegal action in cricket similar to baseball pitching
 Pitch (softball)

References

External links

Baseball terminology
Articles containing video clips

Pitch (baseball)


One Bennett Park is a skyscraper at 451 East Grand Avenue, in the Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago. The project was first announced as the building at 451 E. Grand Ave. in July 2014, approved in December 2014, and named One Bennett Park in October 2015. The building is named for Edward H. Bennett, the Chicago architect and urban planner who coauthored the 1909 Plan of Chicago. The building topped-out in late 2018, and later opened in the spring of 2019. It is among Chicago's tallest skyscrapers.

History and location
The building was approved in December 2014, the same month Streeterville Organization of Active Residents approved the building.

The tower will be located in the River East community of the Streeterville neighborhood, a half-block from North Lake Shore Drive.  Site prep began for One Bennett Park in early 2016.

Design

The building was designed by Robert A.M. Stern Architects who have designed similar buildings, such as 15 Central Park West, 30 Park Place, and 220 Central Park South. It will reach 843 feet at its architectural height and total 69 stories, making it the 12th tallest building in Chicago. The tower will also be overseen by GREC Architects as the Architect of Record. Consultants include Thornton Tomasetti as the structural engineer and WMA Consulting Engineers LLC as the MEP/FP Engineer and the sustainability consultant.

The building has been favorably compared to buildings in New York City. It will be his second project in Chicago; previously, he created the plans for the JCDecaux bus shelters. 451 E. Grand Avenue will be built with a limestone base, while the rest of the building will be precast concrete, similar to many of Stern's buildings elsewhere. However, the concrete will be colored and textured to resemble other buildings in the Streeterville area and adhere to the neo-deco and neo-Gothic styles prevalent in Chicago. The interiors, including much of the lobby and common spaces, will be designed by Robert A.M. Stern Interiors.

The top two floors will be dedicated to a mechanical penthouse designed to mirror lantern towers and other unique cornices of Chicago skyscrapers. The 68th floor will also house a tuned mass damper. Due to the tower's narrow profile, the mass damper is intended to decrease the lateral sway from wind at high altitudes and remove any motion discomfort to condominium and penthouse owners near the top. While mass dampers are often large, solid masses whose movements are controlled by hydraulic pistons, the damper in One Bennett Park will be a slosh tank damper, using a large tank of water to absorb and alleviate stress from lateral motion.

Amenities and usage
451 E. Grand Avenue will feature a new 1.7 acre park by Michael Van Valkenburgh & Associates that is accessible to both residents of the new tower and of the surrounding River East neighborhood.  In addition to a deck on the 44th floor, the tower will also feature green roofs on eight levels.

Occupancy for the tower will include 279 apartments and 69 condominiums, with a total parking capacity of 900 parking spots for the units. While 400 of these parking spots will be reserved for residents, a majority will be available to the residents and visitors of the surrounding area, as well as the general public. The parking itself inhabits 4 stories of subterranean levels directly below the public park and tower.  This contrasts to the more common model of the River East area.  As can be seen in such buildings as the Trump International Hotel and Tower and even the Hancock Center, parking is usually placed within the lower levels of the building itself, usually above a ground-level retail floor.

Sustainability
Like many new skyscrapers in Chicago, the tower will be LEED certified for sustainability, and is currently attempting the level of LEED Silver certification. Because of this, the tower will feature several sustainable strategies, such as water-efficient toilets, sinks, and showers in both public and residential areas. Overall energy usage will be optimized with the exploitation of natural ventilation. While Chicago city code mandates that residential units have operable windows, One Bennett Park will locate common areas (such as living/dining/kitchen and bedrooms) of residential units within 25 feet or less of an operable window, allowing for maximum cross ventilation and decreasing the need for mechanical ventilation.

Large amounts of vegetated open space as well as public hardscape areas made of semi-reflective materials will help to decrease the urban heat island effect while providing ample outdoor areas for residents' physical and mental health.  Vegetated roof areas, such as on the large amenity deck, will also help decrease the heat island effect, as well as shrink the building's carbon footprint.

The tower will also feature low-emitting and low- or zero-VOC materials on the interior, including paints and interior coatings.  At least 20% of raw materials, such as structural concrete and steel, drywall, masonry, and insulation, will be sourced regionally (within 500 miles of the project site).  At least 10% of the materials will be recycled. This strategy aims to decrease pollution caused by transportation of materials over long distances as well as toxins released during raw material production (as opposed to recycling and reusing materials).

See also
Robert A.M. Stern Architects
List of works by Robert A.M. Stern
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
List of tallest buildings in the United States

References

External links
GREC Site
Related Site
One Bennett Park

Residential buildings completed in 2019
Residential skyscrapers in Chicago
Robert A. M. Stern buildings
New Classical architecture
Streeterville, Chicago
2019 establishments in Illinois

One Bennett Park


John Claude Neraz (January 12, 1828 – November 15, 1894) was a French-born clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of San Antonio from 1881 until his death in 1894.

Biography
John Claude Neraz was born in Anse, Rhône, to Jean and Marie Anne (née Bottet) Neraz. He studied at the minor seminaries in Saint-Jodard, Anse and Alix before entering the Grande Seminary of St. Irenée in Lyons. In 1852, he accepted an invitation from Bishop Jean-Marie Odin to serve as a missionary in the U.S. state of Texas. After reaching the Diocese of Galveston, he was ordained to the priesthood on February 19, 1853.

Neraz was then stationed in Nacogdoches, where he remained until he was sent to Liberty County in 1864. He was assigned to San Antonio in 1866, and afterward was sent to Laredo, where he built St. Augustine's Church. He served as pastor of San Fernando Church in San Antonio (1873–1881) as well as vicar general to Bishop Anthony Dominic Pellicer (1874–1881).

On February 18, 1881, Neraz was appointed the second Bishop of San Antonio by Pope Leo XIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following May 8 from Bishop Edward Fitzgerald, with Bishops Dominic Manucy and Claude Marie Dubuis serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of San Fernando. In 1884, he attended the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, where he was active in discussions on the evangelization of the African American community. During his tenure, he oversaw the establishment of St. Edward's College, the first parochial school in the diocese, a new chancery building, and a church for the black Catholics of San Antonio. Between 1884 and 1890, he also served as apostolic administrator of the Vicariate Apostolic of Brownsville.

Neraz died after a brief illness at age 66. He was buried in San Fernando Cemetery.

See also

References

1828 births
1894 deaths
People from Rhône (department)
French Roman Catholic missionaries
French emigrants to the United States
19th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Roman Catholic bishops of San Antonio
Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States

John Neraz


Schlei was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated on the south-eastern bank of the Schlei, an inlet of the Baltic Sea, between Eckernförde and Schleswig. The village Fleckeby was the seat of the Amt. In January 2008, it was merged with the Ämter Schwansen and Windeby to form the Amt Schlei-Ostsee.

The Amt Schlei consisted of the following municipalities (population in 2005 between brackets):

 Fleckeby (1,808)
 Güby (842)
 Hummelfeld (275)
 Kosel (1,339)
 Rieseby (2,559)

Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein

Schlei (Amt)


Chilmark is a town located on Martha's Vineyard in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,212 at the 2020 census. The fishing village of Menemsha is located on the western side of the town along its border with the town of Aquinnah. Chilmark had the highest median home sale price of any town or city in Massachusetts in 2013.

History
Governor Thomas Mayhew, the Elder (March 31, 1593 – March 25, 1682) established the first English settlement of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and adjacent islands in 1642. The town was officially incorporated on September 14, 1694, the first town to separate from the two original towns of Tisbury and Edgartown. The new town was named for Chilmark, the ancestral home of the family of Governor Thomas Mayhew of Tisbury, in the English county of Wiltshire. In 1714, Chilmark was made a township including the island of Nomans Land.

The town was once known for its unusually high percentage of deaf citizens. In 1854, Chilmark had a deaf population of one in every 25 people, while the national average was one deaf person in 5,728. (See Martha's Vineyard Sign Language.)  Today the town is mostly residential, with a small working harbor in Menemsha along the Vineyard Sound side of the town.

In August 2009, 2010 and 2011, President Barack Obama and his family vacationed in Chilmark, renting the Blue Heron Farm.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a land area of . Chilmark ranks 192nd of the 351 communities in the Commonwealth in terms of land area. Chilmark is bordered by Vineyard Sound and Aquinnah to the west, West Tisbury to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south.

The town includes the island of Noman's Land, which lies southwest of Martha's Vineyard. Because of Noman's Land, the town is officially the second most southerly point in Massachusetts (the south shore of Nantucket is approximately a kilometer south of the southernmost point on Noman's Land). Chilmark has a series of small ponds along the Atlantic side of the town, and it shares Tisbury Great Pond to the east and Menemsha Pond and Squibnocket Pond to the southwest, along the Aquinnah town line. It is between these two ponds, which are  apart at their closest point, that the only road to Aquinnah passes. Long Beach, privately owned, runs along the southern side of Squibnocket Pond and technically connects the towns. At one point in the late 17th and early 18th century, Squibnocket Pond was open to the sea. However, the barrier beach with its sand dunes eventually closed this opening permanently. Occasionally in winter storms, waves will wash across low points in the beach, but the beach itself has not been breached in a hundred years, unlike other barrier beaches on Martha's Vineyard.

Chilmark has the highest point on Martha's Vineyard, at the  summit of Peaked Hill.

The town has several sanctuaries and preserves, the largest of which being the Menemsha Hills Reservation just northeast of the village which shares that name. The town also has six beaches; one is at Menemsha, another on the inner shore of Menemsha Bay, and the others are all along the Atlantic coast. (Note that several of these beaches are restricted to landowners only, and those designated as public require a beach pass.) There is also a boat launch in Menemsha, as well as a Coast Guard station, in Menemsha Creek (Harbor).The Coast Guard Station burned to the ground in July 2010 but was rebuilt and recommissioned in April 2015.

The town has no direct access to the mainland via ferry or by air; Martha's Vineyard Airport is in neighboring West Tisbury, and the Steamship Authority ferries to Woods Hole are in Vineyard Haven, which is  northeast of the town center, and in Oak Bluffs,  away.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 843 people, 382 households, and 237 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 1,409 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 97.75% White, 0.36% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.71% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83% of the population.

There were 382 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. Of all households 29.6% were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 20.8% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 32.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,917, and the median income for a family was $63,750. Males had a median income of $35,469 versus $33,281 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,029.  About 5.7% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.

Statistically, Chilmark ranks 324th in terms of population, and 311th by population density.  It is the second smallest population on Martha's Vineyard (ahead of Aquinnah), but is the least densely populated town on the island.

Government
On the national level, Chilmark is a part of Massachusetts's 9th congressional district, and is currently represented by Bill Keating.  The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Elizabeth Warren. The state's junior Senator is Ed Markey.

On the state level, Chilmark is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives as a part of the Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket district, which includes all of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket, as well as a portion of Falmouth.  The town is represented in the Massachusetts Senate as a portion of the Cape and Islands district, which includes all of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and most of Barnstable County (with the exception of Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth and Mashpee).  All of Dukes County is patrolled by the Fifth (Oak Bluffs) Barracks of Troop D of the Massachusetts State Police.

Chilmark is governed on the local level by the open town meeting form of government, and is led by a board of selectmen.  All of the town's facilities are centered at a location known as Beetlebung Corner.  The Town Hall, Tri-Town Ambulance, and the Fire Department share a building in the northern quadrant of the crossroads, the police station is located next to the Chilmark Tavern, and the post office and the town's Free Public Library occupy the southern.  The current library opened in 2003, having outgrown the previous library just to the east of the current location at the corner.

Education

Chilmark is part of the Martha's Vineyard Regional School District along with Aquinnah, Edgartown, Oak Bluffs, Tisbury, and West Tisbury. Students in Chilmark attend Aquinnah-Chilmark Regional Elementary School along with Aquinnah, from grades K–8. High School students then attend Martha's Vineyard Regional High School. The MVRHS's teams are nicknamed the Vineyarders, and their colors are violet and white.  The school has a longstanding rivalry with Nantucket High School, with both competing for the Island Cup on an annual basis.

In popular culture

 On the television show The X-Files, Fox Mulder was raised in Chilmark. It was in Chilmark that his younger sister Samantha's alien abduction happened on November 27, 1973.
 Chilmark is the setting of the wedding in the movie Jumping the Broom.
 At the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington, D.C., there is a 1920 painting by artist Thomas Hart Benton called People of Chilmark.  Benton first visited Chilmark in the summer of 1919.  People of Chilmark was the artist's first masterpiece and, at 5½' × 6½', the largest painting he had executed to date.
 Chilmark and Menemsha, the fishing village located on the western side of the town, are also the locations of the fictional town of "Amity Island" in the 1975 Steven Spielberg movie Jaws.

See also

Chilmark, Wiltshire, A city with the same name

References

External links

 Town of Chilmark official website

Chilmark, Massachusetts
1671 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Geography of Martha's Vineyard
Populated coastal places in Massachusetts
Populated places established in 1671
Towns in Dukes County, Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts

Chilmark, Massachusetts