A SCSI connector ( ) is used to connect computer parts that use a system called SCSI to communicate with each other. Generally, two connectors, designated male and female, plug together to form a connection which allows two components, such as a computer and a disk drive, to communicate with each other. SCSI connectors can be electrical connectors or optical connectors. There have been a large variety of SCSI connectors in use at one time or another in the computer industry. Twenty-five years of evolution and three major revisions of the standards resulted in requirements for Parallel SCSI connectors that could handle an 8, 16 or 32 bit wide bus running at 5, 10 or 20 megatransfer/s, with conventional or differential signaling. Serial SCSI added another three transport types, each with one or more connector types. Manufacturers have frequently chosen connectors based on factors of size, cost, or convenience at the expense of compatibility.

SCSI makes use of cables to connect devices. In a typical example, a socket on a computer motherboard would have one end of a cable plugged into it, while the other end of the cable plugged into a disk drive or other device.  Some cables have different types of connectors on them, and some cables can have as many as 16 connectors (allowing 16 devices to be wired together). Different types of connectors may be used for devices inside a computer cabinet, than for external devices such as scanners or external disk drives.

Nomenclature
Many connector designations consist of an abbreviation for the connector family, followed by a number indicating the number of pins. For example, "CN36" (also written "CN-36" or "CN 36") would be a 36-pin Centronics-style connector. For some connectors (such as the D-subminiature family) use of the hyphen or space is more common, for others (like the "DD50") less so.

Parallel SCSI

Parallel SCSI (SCSI Parallel Interface SPI) allows for attachment of up to 8 devices (8-bit Narrow SCSI) or 16 devices (16-bit Wide SCSI) to the SCSI bus. The SCSI Host controller takes up one slot on the SCSI bus, which limits the number of devices allowed on the bus to 7 or 15 devices respectively. SCSI Host Controllers may have multiple SCSI buses (e.g. Adaptec AHA-2940) to allow more SCSI devices to be attached.

Internal

IDC header
Early generations of SCSI hard drive assemblies generally had two connectors (power and communication). Some very early 16-bit units used two data connectors, with three connectors in total. The power connector was typically the same 4-pin female Molex connector used in many other internal computer devices. The communication connectors on the drives were usually a 50 (for 8-bit SCSI) or 68 pin male (for 16-bit SCSI) "IDC header" which has two rows of pins, 0.1 inches apart. This connector has no retaining screws to secure the connectors together, and ribbon cables are both inconveniently wide and somewhat delicate, so this connector style was primarily used for connections inside of a computer or peripheral enclosure (as opposed to connecting two enclosures to each other). Thus it is often called an "internal SCSI connector."  This type of header was used in a typical desktop PC until around 2010, including the 40-pin (two rows of 20) version used for ATA fixed and optical disk drives.

While the female connector is slotted such that a cable with a matching keyed male connector can not be inserted upside-down, some manufacturers (including Sun Microsystems) supplied internal cables with male connectors that did not have the key, allowing for incorrect (and possibly damaging) connections.

In most cases, the host adapter would have a similar header-style connection. In some cases, though, the host adapter end of the cable would use a different connector. For example, in the Sun 260 series chassis (used for the Sun 3/260 and Sun 4/260 computers), the connector was the same 3-row 96-pin connector used to attach peripheral cards to the VMEbus backplane.

SCA
Eventually, there was a desire to combine power and data signals into a single connector. This allows for quick drive replacement, more reliable connections, and is more compact.
Most late parallel SCSI disk-drives utilize an 80-pin SCA (Single Connector Attachment) connector.  This connector includes a power connection and also has long and short pins which enable hot swapping. Note that this connector is primarily found on disk drive HDAs (and of course the mating enclosure backplane connector).

External

Most typically, external drive enclosures will have female connectors, while cables will have two male connectors. As with everything SCSI, there are exceptions.

First generation
Standardization was perhaps less consistent in the early days of SCSI manufacture.

Early SCSI interfaces commonly used a 50-pin micro ribbon connector.  This connector is similar to the 36-pin connector used by Centronics for the parallel interface on their printers, thus the connector became popularly known as "Centronics SCSI" or "CN-50".  It is also referred to as a "SCSI-1 connector"; since many connectors have been used for SCSI-1, this can be confusing.

Apple used DB-25 connectors, which, having only 25 pins rather than 50,
were smaller and less expensive to make, but decreased signal integrity (increasing crosstalk) and cannot be used with differential signaling. Furthermore, DB-25s were commonly used for RS-232 serial cables and also to connect parallel printers, meaning that users might accidentally try to use completely inappropriate cables, since the printer and serial cables would fit the connector properly and be hard to visually distinguish.

Sun Microsystems and Data General used a 50-pin 3-row DD-50 connector, which was sometimes incorrectly called a "DB-50" or "HDB-50". Sun also used DB-25s on a few products.

Digital Equipment Corporation mostly used the CN-50, but the VAXstation 3100 and DECstation 3100/2100 made use of a MALE 68-pin connector on the rear of the workstation. This connector looks like it would be a high density Wide SCSI-2 connector, but is actually 8-bit SCSI-1.

Apple Macintosh laptops used a squarish external SCSI connector called an HDI-30 (High Density Interconnect) on the laptop itself (not on the peripheral end of the cable, unless two laptops were being connected). These machines also had the interesting ability to  become "SCSI slaves" (officially known as "SCSI Disk Mode" in Apple documentation), meaning that they could appear to be disk drives when attached to another computer's SCSI controller (a feature later reimplemented over FireWire and Thunderbolt for later, non-SCSI Mac hardware).

IBM's early RS6000 workstations sometimes used a "High Density Centronics" connector, which was a Centronics-style connector with smaller pins and shell. For some reason it had 60 pins, and is thus known as the "HDCN60"

Certain Japanese digital camera manufacturers wanted to put SCSI into their equipment, but conventional connectors would have been too large. Like IBM, they used a miniaturized Centronics connector, but this one had 50 pins, and was called the "HPCN50".

Some manufacturers used a DC-37 connector, often incorrectly referred to as a DB-37. These will most commonly be seen on three-cable systems, which are typically 16-bit or 32-bit "Wide SCSI" systems. Extra confusion is generated here since this connector was also frequently used with  SMD disk drives, which are completely incompatible with SCSI drives.

SCSI-2
With the arrival of SCSI-2, the situation was a bit less chaotic. For narrow SCSI, most manufacturers used the MD50, also sometimes referred to as a Micro DB50, High Density or HD50, Half-Pitch or HP50, or MiniHonda. This connector has two rows of 25 pins and a trapezoidal (D-shaped) shell, and is about 1 3/8" (36mm) wide.

A few vendors did use the Micro Centronics 50, and IBM continued to use the HDCN60 on some RS-6000 systems.

For Wide SCSI-2, the most common connector was the larger sibling of the MD50, known as the MD68, HD68, MiniD68, HPDB68, and sometimes as "SCSI-3". This is about 1 7/8" (47mm) wide. IBM used the HDCN68 on some RS-6000 systems, and it seems likely that a few other manufacturers used other alternatives.

Post SCSI-2

As time went on, some manufacturers desired connectors even smaller than the SCSI-2 connector. One such in somewhat common use was the VHDCI (Very High Density Cable Interconnect) connector, also known as an "AMP HPCN68M" (a manufacturer part number), and sometimes as "SCSI-5". There are 68 pins on the connector in two rows; the pins are 0.8 mm apart. This connector is reputed to suffer fewer bent pins than the 68-pin SCSI-2 connector despite its minuscule pins.

Interoperability
There are adapters between most types of parallel SCSI connector, and some companies will manufacture custom cables to guarantee having the correct connectors. An adapter from narrow to wide must include termination to work properly.

Different SCSI standards use the same SCSI connectors as in HVD and LVD SCSI (High-Voltage Differential and Low-Voltage Differential) . HVD uses 15V while LVD uses 3.3V, so connecting an HVD device to an LVD host bus adaptor can blow the line drivers on the HBA, likewise an HVD HBA connected to an LVD device.

Similarly, connecting a single-ended device (SE) onto a LVD SCSI chain will cause the bus to fall back to single-ended mode, removing the ability to run faster than Ultra speed (20 MHz) and possibly causing an unstable bus for exceeding SE limits.

While interconnectivity of a number of devices may look straightforward, there are many pitfalls, and with older SE devices the cabling length becomes an issue as signal degrades.

Drive caddies
Many manufacturers have devised systems in which a SCSI disk drive or other device was placed in a small "caddy" container (also called a "drive sled"), which carried connections for both power and data. The caddy or canister would be placed in a larger enclosure. Some of these systems allowed for hot swap (drives could be replaced with the system running), while others allowed "warm swap", in which the SCSI bus was "quiesced" (meaning all drive activity was stopped) but remained powered on with devices ready.

Digital Equipment Corporation's StorageWorks products were one system of this type. DEC briefly allowed third parties to license this system, but reversed the decision after less than a year; as a result, third-party StorageWorks products are quite rare. Compaq also made a drive caddy system for the Proliant line of servers. Compaq purchased DEC, and Hewlett-Packard later purchased Compaq, and the Proliant and StorageWorks names were reused on other storage products, including later hot-swap systems.

Some of these caddy systems were OEM manufactured, which means that the same product could appear with numerous brand names and model identifications.
These Hot-Plug drives in caddies generally use 80 pin SCA connectors (HP, Compaq, DELL from SCSI-3 to Ultra-320)

Single Connector Attachment

Single Connector Attachment, or SCA, is a type of connection for the internal cabling of Parallel SCSI systems.  There are two versions of this connector: the SCA-1, which is deprecated, and SCA-2, which is the most recent standard. In addition there are Single-Ended (SE) and Low Voltage Differential (LVD) types of the SCA.

SCA is no longer in widespread use, having been superseded by Serial Attached SCSI (SAS).

Since hard disk drives are among the components of a server computer that are the most likely to fail, there has always been demand for the ability to replace a faulty drive without having to shut down the whole system. This technique is called hot-swapping and is one of the main motivations behind the development of SCA. In connection with RAID, for example, this allows for seamless replacement of failed drives.

Normally, hard disk drives make use of two cables: one for data and one for power, and they also have their specific parameters (SCSI ID etc.) to be set using jumpers on each drive. Drives employing SCA have only one plug which carries both data and power and also allows them to receive their configuration parameters from the SCSI backplane. The SCA connector for parallel SCSI drives has 80 pins, as opposed to the 68 pin interface found on most modern parallel SCSI drives.

Some of the pins in SCA connectors are longer than others, so they are connected first and disconnected last. This ensures the electrical integrity of the whole system. Otherwise, the angle at which the plug is inserted into the drive could be the reason for damage because, for instance, the pin carrying the voltage could get connected before its corresponding ground reference pin.
The additional length also provides what is known as a pre-charge which provides a means whereby the device is alerted to a pending power surge. That allows a slower transition to full power and thereby makes the device more stable.

To make better use of their hot-plugging capability, SCA drives usually are installed into drive bays into which they slide with ease. At the far end of these bays is the backplane of the SCSI subsystem located with a connector that plugs into the drive automatically when it is inserted.

Full hot-swappable functionality still requires the support of other software and hardware components of the system. In particular the operating system and RAID layers will need hot-swap support to enable hard drive hot-swapping to be carried out without shutting down the system.

Serial SCSI
Serial SCSI disk-drives use smaller connectors due to the reduced number of signals required. There are three types of physical layer transports specified:
 Fibre Channel, also called FC
 SAS, Serial Attached SCSI
 SSA, the Serial Storage Architecture

Additionally, there is the iSCSI transport, which is not present on the drives themselves, but is used to connect devices using TCP/IP networks. The drives themselves would use one of the other three connector types.

Connectors on internal drives

 Fibre Channel FC-AL disk-drives include a 40-pin SCA-2 connector
 SSA disk drives include a "unitized" composite connector
 SAS disk drives have an SFF-8482 connector. This is "form factor compatible" with the connector on SATA disk drives, meaning that a SATA drive may be installed in an SAS drive bay, and the enclosure can use the Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol (STP) to make use of the drive. There are keyed parts to the connector on an SAS drive that will prevent it from being inserted into a SATA drive bay.
 iSCSI isn't used for connecting disk drives internally

External connectors
 Fibre Channel
 FC-AL cables initially used DE-9 connectors (electrical) or SC connectors (optical)
 More recent FC-AL cables use HSSDC connectors (electrical) or LC connectors (optical).
 Many FC-AL products now use an intermediate device called a GBIC (GigaBit Interface Converter) which allows more flexibility.  GBICs can interconnect with a range of SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) connectors.
 SAS interconnections use either
 SFF-8484 multilane unshielded serial attachment connector (internal connector)
 SFF-8470 multilane copper connector, also known as an Infiniband connector (external connector)
 SFF-8087 Molex iPASS unshielded mini-multilane, reduced width internal connector
 SFF-8088 Molex iPASS shielded mini-multilane, reduced width external connector
 SSA cables are terminated with 9-pin micro-D connectors
 iSCSI may be interconnected by any means used to build a TCP/IP network, since the SCSI commands are simply being carried over TCP/IP. Ethernet is the predominantly used physical layer.

Drive caddies
The situation is fundamentally similar to that of Parallel SCSI drive caddies; there have been a range of manufacturers, and the caddies themselves contain a generic device (with one of the standard internal connectors) which can be removed and replaced.

See also
 Fibre Channel electrical interface, for details of the SCA-40 connector
 SAF-TE - active backplanes for sensoring and swap assistance

References

Connector
Computer connectors

SCSI connector


After the fall of Greece to the Axis powers in April–May 1941, elements of the Greek Armed Forces managed to escape to the British-controlled Middle East. There they were placed under the Greek government in exile, and continued the fight alongside the Allies until the liberation of Greece in October 1944. These are known in Greek history as the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East (Ελληνικές Ένοπλες Δυνάμεις Μέσης Ανατολής).

Army
In the face of the overwhelming German advance into Greece, several thousand Greek officers and soldiers were either evacuated, along with the Greek government, to Crete and then Egypt, in April–May 1941, or managed to flee, mainly via neutral Turkey, to the British-controlled Middle East.

There a Greek army in exile started being formed, under British command and re-equipped with British arms. The core of this new military force was the "Phalanx of Egyptiote Greeks", from the Greek community in Egypt. On 15 June 1941, the "Headquarters of the Royal Hellenic Army in the Middle East" (Αρχηγείου Βασιλικού Ελληνικού Στρατού Μέσης Ανατολής, ΑΒΕΣΜΑ) was established. This provided the framework for the initial development of the Greek armed forces in exile until May 1942, when the Greek government-in-exile established a Ministry of National Defence, and began re-forming the Hellenic Army General Staff and Army Inspectorates.

Already in late June 1941, the 1st Greek Brigade began being formed. By June 1942 it numbered 6,018 men. It comprised three infantry battalions, an artillery regiment (of battalion size), and support units. An independent armoured car regiment (of battalion size) was also formed, but later incorporated in the Brigade's artillery regiment. The Brigade remained in training camps in Palestine until May 1942, where its command was taken over by Colonel Pafsanias Katsotas. It was then transferred to Syria, before being deployed to Egypt in August.

The 1st Brigade was placed under British 50th Division, under whose command it participated in the Second Battle of El Alamein, before being transferred to the British 44th Division. The brigade fought in the battle and the subsequent operations until 19 December, when it returned to Egypt. It suffered 89 dead and 228 wounded.

A 2nd Greek Brigade also began being formed in Egypt in May 1942 along similar lines, along with a 2nd Artillery Battalion. By January 1943 it numbered 5,583 men, raising hopes that a full infantry division could be formed. This did not take place, as the men for a third brigade were not available.

In early 1943, 500 Metaxist officers under Colonel Vagenas founded the "Nemesis"  secret organisation. Their goal was to overthrow the Greek government in exile and replace it with politicians sympathetic to the 4th of August Regime, as well as ousting all non-monarchist officers from the military. In the middle of February, Metaxist officers demanded the removal of the commanders of the 2nd Brigade. Members of the pro-EAM Antifascist Military Organisation (ASO) immediately protested those demands. In a coordinated effort over 48 Metaxist officers submitted their resignations, demanding the removal of non-monarchist officers from their positions and a reshuffle of the government. ASO members reacted by arresting the officers who resigned. Minister of Defence Panagiotis Kanellopoulos ordered the 1st Brigade to restore order in the 2nd Brigade by force, authorising the arrest of 28 ASO affiliated officers. Encouraged by this move Metaxist officers began resigning in all units of the military except the navy which was out at sea. ASO members arrested and disarmed Metaxist officers in their units while Katsotas refused to intervene. This prompted Kanellopoulos to telegraph his resignation to London and depart for Cairo. British 9th Army commander General William Holmes likewise refused to suppress ASO by force, instead sending the Metaxist officers who had submitted a resignation to a special camp in Syria.

Finally, on 6 July 1943 a pro-EAM mutiny in the 2nd Brigade was left with only one battalion of about 200–250 men, with the other two used to replenish the losses of 1st Brigade to 4,718 men.

On 6 April 1944, 1st Brigade too suffered a widespread pro-EAM mutiny. Subsequently, both units were disbanded by the British, and their personnel interned in camps or used in non-combat duties. 3,500 politically reliable officers and men were formed into the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade under Col. Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos, on 4 June 1944. This unit was embarked for Italy in August and fought with distinction, particularly at the Battle of Rimini, where it earned the honorific Rimini Brigade. This battle-hardened unit would later be instrumental in the struggle between the British-backed government and the EAM-ELAS forces.

In September 1942, an elite special forces unit, the Sacred Band (Ιερός Λόχος), was formed, made up solely of officers and volunteers. Under its charismatic leader, Col. Christodoulos Tsigantes, it was attached to the 1st SAS Regiment, and participated in raids in Libya. In February 1943, the unit was placed under the orders of General Philippe Leclerc, and participated in the Tunisia Campaign. From May to October 1943, the Sacred Band was re-trained in airborne and amphibious operations, and for the remainder of the war it was employed in operations against the German garrisons of the Aegean islands. The unit was disbanded in Athens, on 7 August 1945.

Navy

The Hellenic Royal Navy suffered enormous casualties during the German invasion, losing over 20 ships, mostly to German air attacks, within a few days in April 1941. Its chief, Vice Admiral Alexandros Sakellariou, managed to save some of its ships, including the cruiser Averof, six destroyers, five submarines and several support ships, by evacuating them to Alexandria. The fleet was subsequently expanded by several destroyers, submarines, mine-sweepers and other vessels handed over by the British Royal Navy, until it became, with 44 ships and over 8,500 men, the second-largest Allied Navy in the Mediterranean after the RN, accounting for 80% of all non-RN operations.

Greek ships served in convoy escort duties in the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean (where it succeeded in destroying a few enemy submarines), the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. RHN ships also participated in the landing operations in Sicily, Anzio and Normandy, as well as at the ill-fated Dodecanese Campaign. A significant moment in the RHN's history was the acceptance of the Italian Fleet's surrender in September 1943, alongside the British Royal Navy. Two of the most notable Greek warships of the war were the destroyers Adrias and Vasilissa Olga. One destroyer and three submarines were RHN's casualties. The large Greek merchant navy, likewise, contributed enormously to the Allied war effort from the first day of the war, losing over 2,500 men and 60% of its ships in the process.

When the pro-EAM April 1944 mutiny broke out, a large part of the Navy joined it. These ships were stormed by Greek officers loyal to the government-in-exile and recaptured. Eleven seamen were killed, others wounded, and many were subsequently interned. Thus, when the Navy returned to liberated Greece in October 1944, it was firmly behind the government of George Papandreou.

Air Force

The few Air Force personnel that managed to escape eventually constituted the 13th Light Bomber and the 335th and 336th Fighter squadrons, operating under the Desert Air Force in North Africa and Italy, before being repatriated in late 1944.

13th Light Bomber Squadron was formed in June 1941 in Egypt as a naval cooperation unit, using the 5 surviving Avro Ansons of the former RHAF 13th Naval Cooperation Squadron. The Squadron was initially reequipped with Blenheims IV, later Blenheim V and finally with Baltimores. 335 Squadron was formed on 10 October 1941, while 336 Squadron on 25 February 1943. Both were initially equipped with Hurricanes, mostly of the Mk. IIc type, until they were re-equipped with Spitfire Mk Vb and Vc in January 1944.

See also
Yugoslav Army Outside the Homeland

References

Bibliography

Middle East
Mediterranean theatre of World War II
Armies in exile during World War II
Military units and formations established in 1941

Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East


Alypius of Alexandria () was a Greek writer on music who flourished in the 4th century CE. Of his works, only a small fragment has been preserved, under the title of Introduction to Music ().

Works
The work of Alypius consists wholly, with the exception of a short introduction, of lists of the symbols used (both for voice and instrument) to denote all the sounds in the forty-five scales produced by taking each of the fifteen modes in the three genera (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic). It treats, therefore, in fact, of only one (the fifth, namely) of the seven branches into which the subject is, as usual, divided in the introduction; and may possibly be merely a fragment of a larger work. It would have been most valuable if any considerable number of examples had been left us of the actual use of the system of notation described in it; unfortunately very few remain, and they seem to belong to an earlier stage of the science.  However, Alypius's work remains the best source of modern knowledge of the musical notes of the Greeks, including a comprehensive account of the Greek system of scales, transpositions, and musical notation, and serves to throw some light on the obscure history of the modes.

The text, which seemed hopelessly corrupt to its first contemporary editor, classical scholar Johannes Meursius, was nevertheless restored, apparently with success, by the Danish scholar Marcus Meibomius.  Introduction to Music was printed with the tables of notation in Meibomius' Antiquae Musicae Scriptores, (in quarto, Amsterdam 1652). Meibomius not only made use of the manuscript belonging to Joseph Scaliger, but others also existing in England and Italy. Karl von Jan published an authoritative edition in Musici Scriptores Graeci, 1895-1899.

Identity
There are no tolerably sure grounds for identifying Alypius with any one of the various persons who bore the name in the times of the later emperors, and of whose history anything is known.  Jean-Benjamin de la Borde places him towards the end of the 4th century.  According to the most plausible conjecture, he was that Alypius whom the writer Eunapius, in his Life of Iamblichus, celebrates for his acute intellect () and diminutive stature, and who, being a friend of Iamblichus, probably flourished under the emperor Julian the Apostate and his immediate successors, that is, during the 4th century. This Alypius was a native of Alexandria, and died there at an advanced age, and therefore can hardly have been the person whom the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus called "Alypius Antiochensis", who was employed by the emperor Julian in his attempt to rebuild the Jewish temple.  Julian addresses two epistles (29 and 30) to Alypius (), in one of which he thanks him for a geographical treatise or chart; it would seem more likely that this was Alypius of Antioch, instead of the Alypius from Alexandria, although Meursius supposes the two were the same.

Iamblichus wrote a life of the Alexandrian Alypius, although it is no longer extant.

References

Sources
Translation of this book into Modern Greek, along with comments and explanation notes, by Athanasios G. Siamakis, Archimandritis, published by Prespes 2003, second edition. pages 140.

Ancient Greek writers
4th-century writers
Writers about music
Ancient Greek music theorists

Alypius of Alexandria


Thomas Brun, also le Brun or Brown, was son or nephew of William Brun (first to bear the name Le Brun), a clerk of Henry I of England. He travelled to Sicily as a child in the entourage of Robert of Selby  about the year 1130. He first appears in a document in Sicily in 1137.

Thomas was a kaid, or magister, of the royal Diwan throughout the reign of Roger II, whose favour he certainly had. His name appears in many official documents and it was probably he who drafted the foundation charter of the Cappella Palatina. He is known to have had a secretary named Othman, named in an Arabic source. He appears in charters in Latin, Greek, and Arabic. The Greek transcription of his name and title was μαστρο Θωμα του Βρουνου.

Upon the succession of William I in 1154, Thomas was removed from office (possibly by the Emir Maio of Bari) and returned to England. There he became the almoner to Henry II.

Sources
Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. London: Longmans, 1970.

Anglo-Normans
12th-century English people

Thomas Brun


The Caledonian Canal connects the Scottish east coast at Inverness with the west coast at Corpach near Fort William in Scotland. The canal was built in the early nineteenth century by the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford.  It is about 60 miles (100 kilometres) long and reaches 106 feet (32 metres) above sea level. Only one third of the entire length is man-made, the rest is made up of Loch Dochfour, Loch Ness, Loch Oich, and Loch Lochy  in the Great Glen. There are 29 locks,  four aqueducts and 10 bridges in the course of the canal.

It was designed partly as a job creation project, as many people were leaving Scotland.  It was also for ships to avoid the dangerous journey around the north of Scotland past Cape Wrath and the Pentland Firth.  It was paid for with government money, unlike most British canals, with an Act of Parliament in 1803.  The locks were built to take 32-gun frigates for the Royal Navy.

It opened in 1822 and cost £910,000.

Part of Corpach double lock collapsed in 1843 and the canal was closed for repairs, and made deeper.  Queen Victoria took a trip along it in 1873 and it became more of a tourist attraction than a shipping route.  It is now is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

References

Canals in Scotland
1822 establishments in Europe

Caledonian Canal


Arthur Kenneth Chesterton  (1 May 1899 – 16 August 1973) was a British far-right journalist and political activist. From 1933 to 1938, he was a member of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Disillusioned with Oswald Mosley, he left the BUF in 1938. Chesterton established the League of Empire Loyalists in 1954, which merged with a short-lived British National Party in 1967 to become the National Front. He founded and edited the magazine Candour in 1954 as the successor of Truth, of which he had been co-editor.

Biography

Early life and education
Arthur Kenneth Chesterton was born on 1 May 1899 in Krugersdorp, South African Republic, the son of Arthur George Chesterton (1871–1900), a secretary at the local gold mine, and Harriet Ethel Chesterton (née Down). He was the first cousin once removed of the author and poet G. K. Chesterton and the journalist Cecil Chesterton, his paternal grandfather being an older brother of G. K. and Cecil's father Edward. The young A. K. held his two cousins in high regard, seeing Cecil as his "exemplar".

Just after the outbreak of the Second Boer War in October 1899, Chesterton and his mother were sent to England. His father later died of pneumonia at 28 on his journey to join the family. In May 1902, after the end of the conflict, Chesterton returned to Krugersdorp with his paternal uncle and his mother. His mother soon married a Scottish mine administrator named George Horne, and the reconstituted family settled in Witwatersrand, near Johannesburg. In 1911, aged 12, Chesterton was sent again to England to live with his paternal grandfather in Herne Hill. He attended Dulwich College and Berkhamsted School, Hertfordshire, where he was a schoolmate of Ben Greene and Rex Tremlett.

World War I
In October 1915, Chesterton's mother and step-father visited him in England, and he persuaded them to bring him back to South Africa. Shortly after disembarking, Chesterton decided to join the army, but too young to enlist at 16, he falsified his age to enroll in the 5th South African Light Infantry in German East Africa. In his memoirs, Chesterton alluded to two battles against the Germans at Salaita Hill on 12 February 1916, and at Latema Nek on 11–12 March 1916. During a march in 1916, Chesterton collapsed from fever and was left on the roadside to die. He was eventually rescued by two African porters and sent home to his family in Johannesburg.

After a period of convalescence, then aged 17, Chesterton decided to join the army again and went to Ireland to train as an officer with a cadet battalion. In August 1918, he received his commission as second lieutenant and was transferred to the 2/2 Battalion, City of London Regiment, Royal Fusiliers. Chesterton served over two years on the Western Front. At the end of the war, he was awarded the Military Cross for his actions during the battle of Épehy on 18–19 September 1918. Chesterton was at the head of a platoon reinforcing an assault against a German position near the village of Pezières in northern France.

After the end of the war, Chesterton suffered from chronic symptoms of malaria and dysentery lingered from the East African campaign, and from permanent respiratory issues caused by a gas attack in Europe. Like many veterans, he developed an addiction to alcohol, punctuated by "nervous breakdowns" and episodes of "neurasthenia". Traumatised by trench warfare, Chesterton wrote that he had recurring nightmares of dead bodies and wrote that he began to experience the world as "one vast necropolis".

Career as a journalist
Shortly before his 21st birthday in 1919, Chesterton moved back to South Africa, where he worked as a journalist for The Johannesburg Star. In 1924 he returned to England and, under the tutelage of G. Wilson Knight, Chesterton developed a reputation as a Shakespearean critic. He secured a job as a journalist and festival critic at the Stratford-upon-Avon Herald, then as a public relation officer at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre. In 1928, he edited the short-lived monthly Shakespearean Review, where he developed his ideas about cultural decay.

In 1929 Chesterton met his future wife, Doris Terry, a schoolteacher from Torquay. The couple married in 1933 and moved to Kingston upon Thames. Doris was a Fabian socialist and did not share her husband's later political views.

Between 1929 and 1931, he worked as a journalist for the Torquay Times, and served as the chairman of the South Devon branch of the National Union of Journalists. In November 1933 Chesterton joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF) while still employed by the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, after being recruited by Rex Tremlett, his former schoolmate at Berkhamsted and then the editor of BUF's newspapers Fascist Week and The Blackshirt.

British Union of Fascists

Six months after joining the BUF, Chesterton was appointed officer-in-charge of Warwickshire and Staffordshire, and in April 1934 officer-in-charge of the "Midlands Area" for the party. Oswald Mosley, the leader of the BUF, later appointed him Director of Press Propaganda, a subsection of the BUF Propaganda Department, and in March 1935 to the BUF "Research Directory", the "inner circle" of the party's strategists. During the spring of 1935, Chesterton started to drink again. He was said to frequently arrive at BUF headquarters "in a drunken state", and some members began to call for his expulsion. In July, Blackshirt euphemistically reported that Chesterston was "having a well-deserved rest, on the strict orders of his doctor." Mosley eventually paid for Chesterton to be treated by a neurologist in Germany.

Following his return to Britain in April 1937, Chesterton was appointed in June "Director of Publicity and Propaganda", and in August the editor of The Blackshirt. This position provided a pulpit for his increasingly "vituperative" anti-Semitic rhetoric, the magazine promoting The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as "the most astounding book ever published". Chesterton also wrote the officially sanctioned biography of Mosley entitled Oswald Mosley: Portrait of a Leader (1937), in fact a hagiography of Mosley in which Chesterton claims that the BUF leader had an "unconquerable spirit, with its grandeur of courage and resolve", closing the book with the salutation "Hail, Mosley, patriot, revolutionary and leader of men!"

World War II
In the late 1930s Chesterton became gradually disillusioned with the myth of "The Leader" and came to lose confidence in Mosley after 1937. On 18 March 1938, he resigned from the BUF; Mosley soon had his memory erased from the history of the party. The same year, Chesterton attended a meeting of the National Socialist League (NSL). The NSL published his pamphlet Why I left Mosley in 1938, although Chesterton never joined the organization. He became involved with the short-lived British Council against European Commitments (BCAE), an anti-Bolshevik movement which had emerged during the Munich crisis to resist war with Germany, and he contributed to Lord Lymington's journal New Pioneer.

In June 1939, Chesterton established his own group, British Vigil. He regularly spoke at meetings of the Nordic League, and became involved with the Right Club, a secretive organization founded in May 1939 to consolidate existing right-wing British organizations into a unified body. Archibald Ramsay, founder of the Right Club, explained its ideology and purpose:
 "The main object of the Right Club was to oppose and expose the activities of Organized Jewry, in the light of the evidence which came into my possession in 1938. Our first objective was to clear the Conservative Party of Jewish influence, and the character of our membership and meetings were strictly in keeping with this objective."

In 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, Chesterton re-enlisted in the British Army and served in Kenya and Somaliland. He relapsed into alcoholism and relinquished his commission on grounds of ill health in the spring of 1943. Upon his return to Britain, he set up the short-lived National Front after Victory (NF after V) and was involved with the relaunched British Peoples Party.

Chesterton applied for work at the BBC, but MI5 intervened to ensure that he could not be employed. He found work in sub-editing at the Sheffield Evening Telegraph, but was forced to resign due to a bout of malaria. Afterwards, he worked for the Southport Guardian and the Liverpool Evening Express, and partly as a freelance journalist to supplement his living, including for The Weekly Review. In August 1943, the Daily Worker published an attack on Chesterton accusing him of treachery for his past association with William Joyce. Chesterton sued the Daily Worker and  The Jewish Chronicle, which had repeated the accusation, for libel. The case was dropped for lack of funds, but Chesterton did manage to elicit an apology. In September 1944, he was appointed deputy editor of Truth.

Post-war activism
In February 1945 Chesterton helped establish the National Front, a coalition of underground minor fascist groups with policies including the safeguarding of a strong "national and Empire economy", preserving Christian traditions and finding "an honourable, just and lasting solution" to the "real Jewish problem". The movement was headed first by Collin Brooks then by Chesterton.

From 1950 to 1958, Chesterton authored a reoccurring article titled "The International Situation" for every issue of The Journal of the Royal United Services Institution, nowadays often known as the RUSI Journal.

Chesterton became literary advisor to Lord Beaverbrook, who offered him jobs at The Daily Express and the Evening Standard. Chesterton ghostwrote his autobiography Don't Trust To Luck (1954). In October 1953, whilst still in Beaverbrook's employ, Chesterton founded the magazine Candour, which is still published today, though increasingly erratically as of 2012. He has claimed that Beaverbrook sacked him upon learning of Candours existence; in fact, his contract expired in January 1954 and was not renewed.

Following the collapse of the National Front due to infighting, Chesterton founded in 1954 the League of Empire Loyalists (LEL), a political pressure group which gathered many future far-right leaders the likes of Colin Jordan, John Bean, John Tyndall, or Martin Webster. The movement was publicly known in the 1950s for its political stunts, especially in interrupting Conservative conferences while chanting "Save the Empire" and "Tory Traitors".

 1960s
In July 1965, Chesterton published The New Unhappy Lords, a self-described study of the "power elites" which takes the form, in the words of scholar Graham Macklin, of an "elegantly written antisemitic tirade on the subversive and occult conspiracy against the British Empire, and Western civilisation in general, that he believed was striving behind the scenes to create a 'One-World' Jewish super-state." Following the demise of Nazi Germany for its "revolt against the Money Power", Chesterton argued that the British Empire and Commonwealth were then the decisive impediment to the global money-power conspiracy, mainly thanks to their system of Imperial preference. The book received damning reviews in the mainstream media, but it had sold in excess of 17,000 copies by June 1969. Along with Phyllis Schlafly's A Choice Not an Echo, published one year earlier, the book was one of the first to highlight the Bilderberg Group as a decisive actor in global conspiracy theories.

After failing to make gains in the 1966 general election, Chesterton founded in February 1967 a second National Front (NF); he was elected the party's first chairman and remained its Policy Director until 1970. The National Front brought together the LEL and British National Party. A faction of the Racial Preservation Society decided to join them, but radicals and openly neo-Nazis figures like Jordan, Tyndall or Webster were excluded to avoid public backlash. In June 1967, however, Chesterton eventually welcomed Tyndall and members of the Greater Britain Movement (GBM) into the party.

 Later life and death
At the end of his life, Chesterton became increasingly ill from the emphysema he had contracted in the gas attack during World War I, living part-time in his native South Africa. While Chesterton was holidaying in South Africa, a faction led by Gordon Brown—formerly of Tyndall's GBM—launched a leadership challenge against him. On realising that his support was weak, Chesterton resigned in 1970.

Chesterton spent the remainder of his days editing Candour until his death from emphysema on 16 August 1973, aged 74.

 Views
According to historian Richard Thurlow, Chesterton's "weird mixture of racism, ethnocentrism and conspiracy theory in its racial theory and its paternalism, monarchism (particularly reverence for Edward I who expelled the Jews), cultural pessimism, Social Darwinism and dialectical mode of argument in its political theory are more akin to patterns of thought prevalent in pre-Nazi German Conservatism than to any English equivalent."

After the war, Chesterton repudiated fascism and resolutely denied accusations to the effect that he was pursuing a "neo-fascist" agenda. He toned down the antisemitic imagery of his pre-war writings, although the Jews remained at the centre of his conspiracy theories. Described as "far more parasitic and corrupt than any baby could conceive" in Blackshirt (1935), they were still "the principal promoters of the idea of integrating peoples of disparate racial stocks" in his 1965 book The New Unhappy Lords.

Although he conceded in 1973 that "any competent Jewish writer can make a nonsense of attempts to prove their authenticity", Chesterton regarded The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a Tsarist antisemitic forgery, as a "masterly analysis of the weaknesses of Gentile society" in The New Happy Lord (1965). In his later life, he came to consider the use of crude antisemitism a "liability and a menace" to the nationalist movement. Chesterton launched in September 1970 a public attack on anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist Eustace Mullins in Candour, under the title "This man is dangerous".

 Influence
John Tyndall, who established the British National Party (BNP) in 1982, has declared in 1971, "Without hesitation, what understanding I have of political affairs I have I owe much more to A.K. than any other person"; Tyndall kept on recommending Chesterton's writings until his death in July 2005. Martin Webster, the National Front national activities organiser from 1969 to 1983, stressed in 2009 the "tremendous impact" of the intellectual framework provided by Chesterton book The New Happy Lord "because it tied together the threads of what is happening, why and who's doing it". Chesterton was also a long-time friend of Revilo P. Oliver; they regularly wrote to each other until Chesterton's death in 1973.

Works
Chesterton's works (including some previously only published within Candour magazine) have been re-edited by the A. K. Chesterton Trust from 2013 onward. In 1945, Chesterton penned an anti-Labour satire under the pseudonym Caius Marcius Coriolanus, the name of Shakespeare's Roman tragedy, published by writer and British Housewives League member Dorothy Crisp.Books Adventures in Dramatic Appreciation (1931)
 Brave Enterprise: A History of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon (1934)
 Creed of a Fascist Revolutionary (1935)
 Oswald Mosley: Portrait of a Leader (1937)
 Why I Left Mosley (1938)
 No Shelter for Morrison [a play]. London: Dorothy Crisp & Co., Ltd. (1945)
 Published under the pseudonym Caius Marcius Coriolanus.
 The Menace of the Money Power: An Analysis of World Government by Finance (1946)
 Alternative for Britain (1946)
 Juma the Great (1947)
 The Importance of Being Oswald (1947)
 The Tragedy of Anti-Semitism, with Joseph Leftwich (1948)
 Sound the Alarm! A Warning to the British Nations (1954)
 Stand By The Empire (1954)
 The Menace of World Government & Britain's Graveyard (1957)
 Tomorrow. A Plan for the British Future (1961)
 The New Unhappy Lords: An Exposure of Power Politics (1965)
 Common Market Suicide (1971)
 B.B.C.: A National Menace (1972)
 Facing the Abyss (posthumous; 1976)
 Fascism and the Press (posthumous; 2013)Articles British Union Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2, April/June 1937, pp. 45–54.Pamphlets Not Guilty: An Account of the Historic Race Relations Trial at Lewes Assizes in March 1968 (1968)Plays'
 Leopard Valley: A Play in Three Acts (1943)

See also
 Candour – British far-right-wing magazine

References

Bibliography

External links
 Works by A. K. Chesterton at HathiTrust
 Candour & A.K. Chesterton Trust official website
 Catalogue of the Papers and Correspondence of Arthur Kenneth Chesterton (1899-1973) at University of Bath

1899 births
1973 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
London Regiment officers
Royal Fusiliers officers
South African military personnel
Antisemitism in England
English British Union of Fascist politicians
Leaders of the National Front (UK)
People educated at Berkhamsted School
Recipients of the Military Cross
South African Army officers
British magazine founders
South African military personnel of World War I

A. K. Chesterton


Gerhard Ringel (October 28, 1919 in Kollnbrunn, Austria – June 24, 2008 in Santa Cruz, California) was a German mathematician. He was one of the pioneers in graph theory and contributed significantly to the proof of the Heawood conjecture (now the Ringel–Youngs theorem), a mathematical problem closely linked with the four color theorem.

Although born in Austria, Ringel was raised in Czechoslovakia and attended Charles University before being drafted into the Wehrmacht in 1940 (after Germany had taken control of much of what had been Czechoslovakia).  After the war Ringel served for over four years in a Soviet prisoner of war camp.

He earned his PhD from the University of Bonn in 1951 with a thesis written under the supervision of Emanuel Sperner and Ernst Peschl. Ringel started his academic career as professor at the Free University Berlin. In 1970 he left Germany due to bureaucratic consequences of the German student movement, and continued his career at the University of California, Santa Cruz, having been invited there by his coauthor, John W. T. (Ted) Youngs. He was awarded honorary doctorate degrees from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and the Free University of Berlin.

Besides his mathematical skills he was a widely acknowledged entomologist. His main emphasis lay on collecting and breeding butterflies. Prior to his death, he gave his outstanding collection of butterflies to the UCSC Museum of Natural History Collections.

Publications

References

1919 births
2008 deaths
People from Gänserndorf District
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Graph theorists
University of Bonn alumni
Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Charles University alumni
Immigrants to Czechoslovakia
Immigrants to the United States
German military personnel of World War II
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union

Gerhard Ringel


The Rainbow Agenda was a set of demands put forth by a coalition of student groups at Stanford University in the late 1980s. Inspired by Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition (now Rainbow/PUSH), Stanford's Rainbow Coalition demanded that the university "explore the critical concerns of minority students, faculty, and staff at Stanford University".

History
On January 17, 1987, some 500 Stanford students marched with Jesse Jackson to celebrate a new course at Stanford to replace its previous "Western Culture" requirement. In 1988, the Faculty Senate voted to change the course to "Cultures, Ideas, and Values" (CIV).

In response to backlash, a "Rainbow Coalition" was formed, a coalition of student groups which made a number of demands of the university (the Rainbow Agenda). These student groups included the Black Student Union, MEChA, the Asian American Student Association, and the Stanford American Indian Organization. The demands included requests concerning student and faculty diversity, support for community centers, and a "renewed commitment to discourage Indian mascot fanatics."

On 15 May 1989, students from the Rainbow Coalition also occupied of President Donald Kennedy's office, to "emphasize the need for an Asian American Studies tenure-track professor; a full-time dean for El Centro Chicano, the Chicano student center; and a discrimination review board to act on complaints of racial slurs and incidents. Fifty-five students... were arrested."

Impact
The Rainbow Coalition was renamed the Students of Color Coalition (SOCC) in 1994.
Twenty five years after its founding, SOCC has recently been one of the most influential student groups in determining the result of student elections on campus.

"Culture, Ideas, and Values" was eventually replaced by IHUM
.

The Stanford Review was founded in 1987 partly to provide an alternative viewpoint to issues raised by the Rainbow Coalition.

References

Stanford University student organizations
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
1988 establishments in California
Organizations established in 1988
Humanities education

The Rainbow Agenda


Fome Zero (, Zero Hunger) is a program of the Government of Brazil introduced by President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in 2003, with the goal to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty in the country.

Contents of the program
The program is co-ordinated by the Ministry of Social Development and Hunger Combat (Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome) and was intended to put into action the government's strategy to guarantee the right of access to basic food. The program takes a number of forms, ranging from direct financial aid to the poorest families (with the Bolsa Família card) to diverse strategies such as creating water cisterns in Brazil's semi-arid areas, creating low-cost restaurants, educating people about healthy eating habits, distributing vitamins and iron supplements, supporting subsistence family farming and giving access to microcredit.

Fome Zero is thought to be the biggest initiative to date by a Brazilian government to combat hunger in the history of the country, and builds on similar assistance programs implemented by previous governments.

Effects
The program is believed to have contributed to Brazil's recent reported improvements in its fight against poverty, according to research promoted by some universities and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). An ex ante econometric evaluation of Bolsa Escola did find significant effects on both school attendance rates and the number of children involved in child labor.

The World Bank, which created in June 2005 a Bolsa Família Project to assist the Brazilian government in managing the Bolsa Família Program, declared that "Although the program is relatively young, some results are already apparent, including: (...) contributions to improved education outcomes, and impacts on children's growth, food consumption, and diet quality".

A study by the UNDP Poverty Centre found that over 80% of the Bolsa Familia benefits went to families in poverty (making under half the minimum wage per capita), thus most of the benefits were going to the poor. BF was also claimed to have been responsible for about 20% of the drop in inequality in Brazil since 2001, which is welcome in one of the most unequal countries on the planet.
Research promoted by the World Bank showed a significant reduction in child labor exploitation among children benefited by the Bolsa Família program.

The program has also been reported to have made a significant impact on the ability of the poorest families to eat.  Children in public school receive one free meal a day—two in the poorest areas—and so less of their family's limited income is needed to pay for food.  In a survey of Bolsa Familia recipients, 82.4% reported eating better; additionally, it was reported to increase the incomes of the poorer families by about 25%.

Criticism
In 2003, David de Ferranti, the World Bank IBRD representative for Latin America and the Caribbean, criticized the program, due to its lack of clear focus, saying the program did not combat the country's poverty and income inequality. He also criticised the mechanisms for money donation and food gathering and distribution.

Fome Zero is considered by the opposition (especially the PSDB and DEM parties) as a failure, due to what they believe is the government's inability to manage the program effectively. Murilo Zauith, a PFL federal deputy, in March 2005, said the program was faulty, citing as an example the death of several indigenous children due to malnutrition in the city of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. However, Humberto Costa, the Minister of Health at the time, considered the death count average and not alarming.

Another criticism is that the program turned mostly in a money-transfer program, subject to corruption, and did not completely solve the problem. Data from 2014 to 2015 showed that malnutrition is still a problem in Brazil and responsible by 4.3 deaths per 100,000 people per year, linked to the fact that 3.8% of the population (7.6 million people) still earns less than US$1 a day.

Sources
 Aaron Ansell, Zero Hunger: Political Culture and Antipoverty Policy in Northeast Brazil (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014)

See also
Bolsa Família
Lulism

References

External links
 Fome Zero Official Website

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Welfare in Brazil
Social security in Brazil

Fome Zero


WSFJ-TV (channel 51) is a television station licensed to London, Ohio, United States, broadcasting the digital multicast network Bounce TV to the Columbus area. Owned and operated by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, the station maintains studios on North Central Drive in Lewis Center, Ohio.

Even though WSFJ-TV is licensed as a full-power station, its broadcasting radius only covers the immediate Columbus area, as it shares spectrum with low-power, Class A Daystar station WCLL-CD, which transmits from a tower on Twin Rivers Drive near downtown Columbus. Therefore, WSFJ-TV relies on cable and satellite carriage to reach the entire market.

History
WSFJ-TV began operations on March 9, 1980. Originally licensed to Newark,  east of Columbus, it was the first independent television station in Columbus, and the first new commercial station in the area since 1949. On paper, Columbus had grown large enough to support an independent station as far back as the late 1960s. However, the Columbus area is a very large market geographically, stretching across a large swath of central Ohio. The only available full-power allocations in the market were on UHF, and UHF stations do not carry well across large blocks of territory. By the late 1970s, cable television had gained enough penetration to make an independent station viable. Prior to the arrival of WSFJ, Columbus-area cable systems imported the signals of independents from nearby areas, such as WXIX-TV in Cincinnati, WUAB in Cleveland and WTTV in Indianapolis.

The new station ran only Christian programs, including The PTL Club, Jimmy Swaggart, The 700 Club, Another Life, and children's programming. In the fall of 1980, WSFJ began running secular programming such as Independent Network News and New Zoo Revue during the weekdays, along with Wild Kingdom and other hunting and wildlife shows on Saturdays. However, the schedule remained predominantly Christian, and its policy regarding secular programming was very conservative so as not to offend the sensibilities of its mostly fundamentalist and Pentecostal viewership. It was the only over-the-air source of non-network programming in central Ohio until WTTE (channel 28) signed on in 1984.

In February 1999, the station affiliated with Pax TV (later i: Independent Television, now Ion Television), running the network's programming from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. and again from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. WSFJ also began to be seen on a translator in Columbus, WCPX-LP (channel 48), which was owned by Pax's parent company, Paxson Communications (now Ion Media). Before this, Pax programming was seen overnights on WWHO, a WB affiliate then owned by the Paramount Stations Group. WSFJ was the largest Ion affiliate owned by a company other than Ion Media Networks. While WSFJ was affiliated with Pax, WCMH-TV (channel 4), the local NBC owned-and-operated station, reaired their NewsChannel 4 newscasts on channel 51, as part of an agreement with NBC and Pax.

WSFJ was sold to Guardian Enterprise Group in 2004. In 2005, WSFJ began to acquire some family-friendly programming separate from its affiliation with Pax/i and rebranded the station as GTN51—short for "Guardian Television Network". Guardian Enterprise Group was located in the same office as WSFJ. Other companies under the Guardian Enterprise Group include Guardian Studios and Guardian Human Resources.

In March 2007, WSFJ moved its master control and studio into a facility at Easton Town Center, which generated the content that was sent to their new digital transmission facility in Pataskala, off of SR 161. That year, WSFJ launched its digital signal on channel 24.

Ion sold WCPX-LP in 2007, and in January 2008 it was relaunched as an Azteca América affiliate. At the same time, Ion programming disappeared from WSFJ, leaving it exclusively with family entertainment, religious shows, and paid programming. Ion's main program feed would later resurface in the market on the third subchannel of WCMH-TV.

In July 2008, it was announced that Guardian would sell WSFJ to the Trinity Broadcasting Network for $16 million. Guardian retained its other properties, including the then-upcoming .2 Network, and acquired W23BZ, which had been a low-power repeater of TBN; it picked up WSFJ's programming when channel 51 began carrying TBN programming on October 1, 2008. However, by selling off its full-power station and moving to a low-power signal, GTN would find themselves at a disadvantage—being on a low-power signal, it lost its must-carry status; as a result, Guardian urged viewers to contact their cable systems to pick up GTN after the move to channel 23.

As a TBN-owned station, WSFJ served as a pass-through for the TBN national feed with virtually no local programming. TBN has long been known for buying existing stations in order to get must-carry status on local cable systems. In 2011, the station began work on a new television studio in Lewis Center, Ohio, in Delaware County.

TBN entered into an option agreement with Ion Media Networks on November 14, 2017, which gave Ion the option to acquire the licenses of WSFJ-TV and three other TBN stations serving Ohio and Indiana–WDLI-TV in Canton, WKOI-TV in the Dayton area, and WCLJ-TV in Indianapolis–all of whom had sold their spectrum in the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s incentive auction; Ion exercised the option on May 24, 2018. The sale was completed on September 25, 2018 and the next day, all TBN programming was dropped for Ion Life (later Ion Plus), which had not been carried in the Columbus market previously. Ion Media has pursued a new strategy since 2018 of giving Ion Life a primary channel placement (mainly involving purchases and shuffles related to the incentive auction) in order to require local cable and satellite providers to offer the channel under must-carry provisions. Ion Television is already available in the Columbus market on cable and satellite via its national feed; WCMH-DT3's Ion feed is not carried on any local pay TV providers.

After E. W. Scripps Company ceased operations of Ion Plus, WSFJ changed its affiliation to Bounce TV.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

For some time after TBN took over the station, WSFJ did not multiplex its signal, unlike the other TBN-owned stations. However, in July 2012, WSFJ upgraded its studios and equipment, and carried the TBN affiliated subchannels seen on all other full power TBN stations until September 2018.

Analog-to-digital conversion
WSFJ-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 51, on April 16, 2009, the date TBN-owned full-power stations permanently ceased analog transmissions. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 24, using PSIP to display WSFJ-TV's virtual channel as channel 51 on digital television receivers.

References

Bounce TV affiliates
Scripps News affiliates
E. W. Scripps Company television stations
SFJ-TV
Television channels and stations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Ohio
London, Ohio

WSFJ-TV


Barclays Bank, Market Place, Saffron Walden, Essex, England has been designated a Grade II* listed building by Historic England.
It was first listed in 1972.

It was built in 1874 for George Stacey Gibson, sole proprietor of the Saffron Walden and North Essex Bank, and designed by William Eden Nesfield. It is now a branch of Barclays Bank.

References

Grade II* listed buildings in Essex
Saffron Walden
Saffron Walden

Barclays Bank, Saffron Walden


Spinning cone columns are used in a form of low temperature vacuum steam distillation to gently extract volatile chemicals from liquid foodstuffs while minimising the effect on the taste of the product. For instance, the columns can be used to remove some of the alcohol from wine, 'off' smells from cream, and to capture aroma compounds that would otherwise be lost in coffee processing.

Mechanism
The columns are made of stainless steel.  Conical vanes are attached alternately to the wall of the column and to a central rotating shaft.  The product is poured in at the top under vacuum, and steam is pumped into the column from below. The vanes provide a large surface area over which volatile compounds can evaporate into the steam, and the rotation ensures a thin layer of the product is constantly moved over the moving cone.  It typically takes 20 seconds for the liquid to move through the column, and industrial columns might process . The temperature and pressure can be adjusted depending on the compounds targeted.

Wine controversy
Improvements in viticulture and warmer vintages have led to increasing levels of sugar in wine grapes, which have translated to higher levels of alcohol - which can reach over 15% ABV in Zinfandels from California. Some producers feel that this unbalances their wine, and use spinning cones to reduce the alcohol by 1-2 percentage points.  In this case the wine is passed through the column once to distill out the most volatile aroma compounds which are then put to one side while the wine goes through the column a second time at higher temperature to extract alcohol. The aroma compounds are then mixed back into the wine. Some producers such as Joel Peterson of Ravenswood argue that technological "fixes" such as spinning cones remove a sense of terroir from the wine; if the wine has the tannins and other components to balance 15% alcohol, Peterson argues that it should be accepted on its own terms.

The use of spinning cones, and other technologies such as reverse osmosis, was banned in the EU until recently, although for many years they could freely be used in wines imported into the EU from certain New World wine producing countries such as Australia and the USA. In November 2007, the Wine Standards Branch (WSB) of the UK's Food Standards Agency banned the sale of a wine called Sovio, made from Spanish grapes that would normally produce wines of 14% ABV. Sovio runs 40-50% of the wine over spinning cones to reduce the alcohol content to 8%, which means that under EU law it could not be sold as wine as it was below 8.5%; above that, under the rules prevailing at the time, it would be banned because spinning cones could not be used in EU winemaking.

Subsequently, the EU legalized dealcoholization with a 2% adjustment limit in its Code of Winemaking Practices, publishing that in its Commission Regulation (EC) No 606/2009 and stipulating that the dealcoholization must be accomplished by physical separation techniques which would embrace the spinning cone method.

More recently, in International Organisation of Vine and Wine Resolutions OIV-OENO 394A-2012 and OIV-OENO 394B-2012 of June 22, 2012 EU recommended winemaking procedures were modified to permit use of the spinning cone column and membrane techniques such as reverse osmosis on wine, subject to a  limitation on the adjustment.  That limitation is currently under review following the proposal by some EU members that it be eliminated altogether. The limitation is applicable only to products formally labeled as "wine".

See also
 Winemaking
 Distillation
 Spinning band distillation

References

Further reading

External links
 Flavourtech manufactures spinning cone columns.

Oenology
Wine terminology
Distillation
Chemical equipment
Separation processes

Spinning cone


Cron is a computer program that can be used to make a computer do tasks at specific time intervals. It is used in UNIX computer operating systems and operating systems that are similar to UNIX, like Linux.

Cron can be used to schedule most repetitive tasks. It is often used to automate tasks related to a computer or computer network's maintenance or administration, although it can be used for many other tasks like downloading files from the Internet and downloading email at specific times or dates.

The name of the cron computer program is from the word cron, which is from the Greek word for time, χρόνος (chronos).

Cron is set up by editing a file called a crontab (cron table). This file lists the specific tasks for the computer to run and when the tasks should be run.

References

Operating systems
Unix

Cron


Kratos is a minor Ancient Greek god or demon. His name comes from the Greek word for "power" or "strength". He was a guardian of the throne of Zeus. Kratos was the second son of Zeus  and also the brother of Nike, Zelus, and Bia. He was one of the few people who dragged Prometheus to the rock where he was chained. His name is used as part of other words about power, including democracy, theocracy, plutocracy, aristocracy and dictator.

This Kratos is not to be confused with the protagonist of the video game franchise "God of War." That Kratos is a Spartan warrior and son of Zeus, who is enslaved by Ares, the Greek God of War. Over the course of the original God of War game, Kratos escapes bondage and becomes the new God of War by slaying Ares. However, that title is stripped from Kratos by Zeus at the beginning of God of War II.

References

Greek gods and goddesses

Kratos


Dany Roussin (born January 9, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who last played for Jonquière Marquis of the LNAH.

Playing career

Junior
Dany was taken in the first round (5th overall) of the QMJHL Entry Draft by the Sherbrooke Beavers. After two seasons with the Beavers, where he was stuck playing in a defensive role for Sherbrooke, Roussin was traded to the Rimouski Océanic. It was with Rimouski where Roussin would start producing offensively. He would finish the 2003 with a point per game average, scoring 38 points in 38 games. That would be enough for Roussin to get noticed by the Florida Panthers, who chose to draft Roussin in the 7th round with the 223rd pick of the NHL Entry Draft. The following year, he finished the season leading the QMJHL with 59 goals in 64 games and finishing second to teammate Sidney Crosby in points. In the 2004-05 season, Roussin would put up similar numbers. He would finish 2nd in scoring that season, beating teammate and future Edmonton Oilers 1st round pick Marc-Antoine Pouliot by two points, but finished 52 points behind Sidney Crosby. Rimouski finished 1-2-3 in scoring that season. This season improved Roussin's draft status, where the Los Angeles Kings drafted Roussin in the 2nd round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft with the 50th pick.

Professional
On August 16, 2005, Roussin signed a three-year entry level contractwith the Los Angeles Kings. Roussin spent most of three seasons shuffling between Los Angeles' ECHL affiliate, the Reading Royals and their American Hockey League affiliate in the Manchester Monarchs.

On July 1, 2008, Roussin was not qualified a tendered offer by the Los Angeles Kings, therefore making him a free agent. Roussin did not receive an offer from any teams during the off season, so he considered going to Europe until he received a call from the Bakersfield Condors. Roussin started the season in training camp with the Milwaukee Admirals. After 5 games, where Roussin scored 3 points, Roussin left Bakersfield for France.

On November 8, 2008 Dany Roussin signed with HC Briançon of Ligue Magnus. He finished the season with 13 goals and 29 points in only 16 games.

Roussin returned to North America in 2009 and signed with Saint-Georges COOL-FM of the LNAH. In his first season with the team, Roussin scored 52 points in 42 games and was voted LNAH Rookie Of The Year by the league. In the midst of his fifth season with Saint-Georges, Roussin opted to extend his LNAH career with a trade to Jonquière Marquis on January 8, 2014. The 2014-15 season would be his last in professional hockey.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1985 births
Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Diables Rouges de Briançon players
Florida Panthers draft picks
Ice hockey people from Quebec City
Living people
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Reading Royals players
Rimouski Océanic players
Sherbrooke Castors players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in France

Dany Roussin


ABC Television, the television network of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, broadcasts two children's television channels , with  ABC Kids and ABC ME being the two most watched children's networks in the country.

History
Prior to early 2009, there was a brand called ABC Kids (stylised as abckids) which was separate from regular ABC Television/ABC1 and ABC2, containing all children's programming on the ABC. On 7 March 2005, ABC2 launched allowing for ABC Kids' programming to be broadcast for 13 hours a day across ABC1 and ABC2. To prepare for the launch of ABC3, the brand was completely removed and all children's programming coexisted with the rest of ABC1 and ABC2. However, during pre-schoolers' programming, the ABC network identities were replaced with more child-friendly animations, displaying a new "ABC For Kids" identity.

On 4 December 2009, the children's programming block on ABC2 was rebranded "ABC For Kids on 2" with new identities, schedule and watermark. All children's content aimed at school-aged children was removed, effectively making this a pre-schoolers' block. This was the same date as the launch of ABC3.  In May 2011 this was again re-branded, along with a consolidation of kids programming on ABC2 as ABC4KIDS. This consolidation created a daily 13-hour block from 6am to 7pm of pre-school programming on ABC2. On 2 March 2015 the channel was re-branded once again to ABC Kids.

References

External links

ABC Kids

Children's programming on ABC Television


Subject-matter jurisdiction, also called jurisdiction ratione materiae, is a legal doctrine holding that a court can only hear and decide cases of a particular type (i.e., cases relating to a specific subject matter). The subject matter jurisdiction of a court may be described as either limited jurisdiction, meaning it is able to hear only certain types of cases, or general jurisdiction, meaning it is presumed able to hear and decide all types of cases. For instance, a bankruptcy court only has the authority to hear bankruptcy cases.

Subject-matter jurisdiction must be distinguished from personal jurisdiction, which is the power of a court to render a judgment against a particular defendant, and territorial jurisdiction, which is the power of the court to render a judgment concerning events that have occurred within a well-defined territory. Unlike personal or territorial jurisdiction, lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived. A judgment from a court that did not have subject-matter jurisdiction is forever a nullity. To decide a case, a court must have a combination of subject (subjectam) and either personal (personam) or territorial (locum) jurisdiction.

Subject-matter jurisdiction, personal or territorial jurisdiction, and adequate notice are the three most fundamental constitutional requirements for a valid judgment.

United States

General jurisdiction vs. limited jurisdiction
The subject matter jurisdiction of state courts and federal courts in the United States often overlaps. Many types of cases can be heard either in state or federal courts. However, the federal courts are all courts of limited jurisdiction, while most states have both courts of limited jurisdiction and courts of general jurisdiction.

State courts
Many state court systems are divided into divisions such as criminal, civil law, family, and probate.  A court within any one of those divisions would lack subject-matter jurisdiction to hear a case regarding matters falling outside the scope of the type of cases assigned to it.  Most U.S. state court systems, however, include a superior court that has "general" jurisdiction; that is, it is competent to hear any case over which no other state court has exclusive jurisdiction. Because the percentage of claims over which the United States federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, such as copyright disputes, patent disputes, and United States bankruptcy court disputes, makes up a small percentage of overall cases, state courts have the authority to hear the vast majority of cases.

U.S. federal courts
Subject-matter jurisdiction is significantly more limited in United States federal courts. The maximal constitutional bounds of federal courts' subject-matter jurisdiction are defined by Article III Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. Federal courts' actual subject-matter jurisdiction derives from Congressional enabling statutes, such as  and . The United States Congress has not extended federal courts' subject-matter jurisdiction to its constitutional limits. For example, the amount-in-controversy requirement for diversity jurisdiction is based on , not a constitutional restriction. Moreover, Congress could constitutionally overrule the complete diversity rule in diversity cases, which predominantly holds that each plaintiff must be a citizen of a different state than each defendant.

The two primary categories of federal subject-matter jurisdiction in civil cases are federal question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction. The enabling statute for federal question jurisdiction, , provides that the district courts have original jurisdiction in all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. As mentioned before, this jurisdiction by default is not exclusive; states can also hear claims based on federal law. The enabling statute for diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332, grants the district courts jurisdiction in a most types of actions, so long as they meet two basic conditions:

Complete diversity requirement. No defendant is a citizen of the same state as any plaintiff.
Amount in controversy requirement. The matter in controversy exceeds $75,000.

Federal courts separately may exert diversity jurisdiction over class action cases so long as they meet the jurisdictional requirements of the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, namely:

Minimal diversity. At least one member of the class is a citizen of a different state than at least one defendant.
Amount in controversy requirement. The matter in controversy exceeds $5 million.

Federal courts also have removal jurisdiction, which is the authority to try cases removed by defendants from state courts. The contours of removal jurisdiction are almost identical to those of original jurisdiction.

According to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a federal court has the authority to dismiss a case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction upon motion of a party or sua sponte, upon its own initiative.

In federal criminal cases (offenses against the laws of the United States), the federal district courts of the United States have subject matter jurisdiction granted under .

See also
 General jurisdiction (Ordinary court)
 Limited jurisdiction (Specialized court)

References

Civil procedure
American legal terminology
Jurisdiction

Subject-matter jurisdiction


Don't Worry About Your Mother-in-Law () is a 1954 West German comedy film directed by Erich Engels and starring Grethe Weiser, Lonny Kellner and Claus Biederstaedt. It was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg with sets designed by the art directors Mathias Matthies and Ellen Schmidt,

Plot
Martin Hoffmann is an employee of the Günzlow tobacco company, where there are many pretty girls, above all the chief secretary Renate Winter, who has his eye on him. This in turn annoys his girlfriend Gisela Steinberg, who now simply says that she is pregnant. So she wants to bind Martin even closer to her. He is very receptive to the marriage he is considering, as he loves her too. Only Mathilde Steinberg, Gisela's mother and caring wife of the music professor Steinberg, is against marriage because she sees no future for the two of them due to their low income. But because of the lie about the expected child, she agrees. Since the young couple does not yet have their own apartment, they have to live in a furnished room with their parents. Martin is bothered by the piano lessons his father-in-law gives, but his mother-in-law's constant interference is much more annoying. So they have to find their own apartment and move pretty quickly. But now happens what the mother-in-law foresaw. Martin's income does not allow you to set up a household. The beautiful furnishings could only be bought in installments. The debts grew over their heads, and the bailiff was not long in coming.

When Gisela talks to her friend Lily, she finds a way out of the precarious situation that Martin doesn't need to know about. A friend of mine named Mayer, a hosiery manufacturer, is looking for mannequins and he pays very well. So it didn't take long before Gisela brought home the first 50 marks of self-earned money and gave it to Martin. So that he didn't worry, she told him that it would be a lottery win. He still believes in the approaching stork and, to Gisela's horror, buys a used stroller without thinking about the furniture installments that are still outstanding. But when Martin then finds out where the money really comes from, that the children are not ready yet and that her behavior towards the stocking manufacturer also suggests more intimate connections, his heart bursts and Gisela moves back to her parents. The next step is to contact a divorce lawyer.

At first she likes the role of the offended diva, but then she realizes that her love for her husband is very strong. She secretly goes back to her own apartment to bring about a reconciliation. She had suffered from the thought of a lonely, unhappy man and now finds Renate Winter with him. Gisela rushes away, offended again. But Renate had only come to see if things were going right. Not without the help of Gisela's smaller siblings, the two get back together and are really expecting a baby.

Cast
 Grethe Weiser as Mathilde Steinberg
 Lonny Kellner as Gisela Steinberg
 Claus Biederstaedt as Martin Hoffmann
 Paul Westermeier as Direktor Günzlow
 Walter Janssen as Professor Steinberg
 Marianne Wischmann as Renate Winter
 Bum Krüger as Direktor Meyer
 Beppo Brem as Fritz Fränkel
 Helga Braend as Helga Steinberg
 Ursula Herking
 Roland Kaiser as Herbert Steinberg
 Ingrid Lutz as Lilly
 Maria Paudler
 Erich Ponto
 Ruth Stephan
 Hubert von Meyerinck

References

Bibliography
 Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.

External links

1954 films
1954 comedy films
German comedy films
West German films
1950s German-language films
Films directed by Erich Engels
German black-and-white films
1950s German films
Films shot at Wandsbek Studios

Don't Worry About Your Mother-in-Law


Carel Borchaert Voet (1671, Zwolle – 1743, Dordrecht), was an 18th-century flower and insect painter from the Northern Netherlands.

Biography

According to the RKD he became a member of the Confrerie Pictura in the years 1692-1699. He travelled to England in the service of Hans Willem Bentinck, count of Portland. He contributed to his Codex Bentingiana, a catalog of the flowers and insects in his garden called Bentingiana, that was later used as a source for Leonard Plukenet's Phytographia in 1692.
He moved to Dordrecht in 1702 where he stayed.

References

Carel Borchaert Voet on Artnet

1671 births
1743 deaths
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch male artists
Dutch male painters
Artists from Zwolle
Painters from The Hague

Carel Borchaert Voet


The Alaska pollock or walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) is a marine fish species of the cod genus Gadus and family Gadidae.

It is a semi-pelagic schooling fish widely distributed in the North Pacific, with largest concentrations found in the eastern Bering Sea.

Name and differentiation
Alaska pollock was long put in its own genus, Theragra, and classified as Theragra chalcogramma, but research in 2008 has shown it is rather closely related to the Atlantic cod and should therefore be moved back to Gadus, where it was originally placed. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that the official scientific name for the fish was changed from Theragra chalcogramma back to its original taxon Gadus chalcogrammus, highlighting its close genetic relationship to the other species of the cod genus Gadus. Since 2014, registries of scientific names for fish species (e.g. the United Nations' ASFIS list and the World Registry of Marine Species (WoRMS) have largely adopted the Gadus chalcogrammus name.

The change of the official scientific name was followed by a discussion to change the common name as well, to highlight the fish as a member of the cod genus. The common names "Alaska pollock" and "walleye pollock", both used as trade names internationally, are considered misleading by scientific and trade experts, as the names do not reflect the scientific classification. While belonging to the same family as the Atlantic pollock, the Alaska pollock is not a member of the genus Pollachius, but of the cod genus Gadus. Nevertheless, alternative trade names highlighting its placement in the cod genus, such as "snow cod", "bigeye cod", or direct deductions from the scientific names such as "copperline cod" (gadus meaning 'cod',  from  meaning 'copper', and  meaning 'line') or "lesser cod" (from the synonymous taxon Gadus minor) have yet to find widespread acceptance. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration even states that "[the common name] might never change, as common names are separate from scientific names".

In addition, Norwegian pollock (Theragra finnmarchica), a rare fish of Norwegian waters, is likely the same species as the Alaska pollock.

Ecology
The speckled coloring of Alaska pollock makes it more difficult for predators to see them when they are near sandy ocean floors. They are a relatively fast-growing and short-lived species, currently representing a major biological component of the Bering Sea ecosystem. It has been found that catches of Alaska pollock go up three years after stormy summers. The storms stir up nutrients, and this results in phytoplankton being plentiful for longer, which in turn allows more pollock hatchlings to survive.
The Alaska pollock has well-developed drumming muscles that the fish use to produce sounds during courtship, like many other gadids.

Foraging behavior
The primary factor in determining the foraging behavior of the Alaskan pollock is age. Young pollocks can be divided into two sub-groups, fish with lengths below  and fish greater than 60mm. Both groups mainly feed on copepods. However, the latter group will also forage for krill. Therefore, food depletion has a larger effect on smaller pollock.

The variation in size of each subgroup also affects seasonal foraging behavior. During the winter, when food is scarce, foraging can be costly due to the fact that longer hunting time increases the risk of meeting a predator. The larger young pollocks have no need to hunt during the winter because they have a higher capacity for energy storage, while smaller fish do not, and have to continue foraging, putting them at greater risk. To maximize their chances of survival, large pollock increase their calorie intake in autumn to gain weight, while smaller ones focus solely on growing in size.

Alaskan pollock exhibit diel vertical migration, following the seasonal movement of their food. Although pollocks exhibit vertical movement during the day, their average depth changes with the seasons. Originally, the change in depth was attributed to the amount of light or water temperature, but in fact, it follows the movement of food species. In August, when food is abundantly available near the surface, pollocks will be found at shallower depths. In November, they are found deeper along with their planktonic food source.

Distribution

Alaska pollock in the Pacific Ocean
The Alaska pollock's main habitats are the coastal areas of the Northern Pacific, especially the waters off Alaska (Eastern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands) as well as off Russia, Japan and Korea (Western Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk). The largest concentrations of Alaska pollock are found in the eastern Bering Sea.

Small populations in the Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea)

Very small populations of fish genetically identical to Gadus chalcogrammus are found in the Barents Sea waters of northern Norway and Russia. This fish was initially described as its own species under the taxon Theragra finnmarchica by Norwegian zoologist Einar Koefoed in 1956. The common name used for the fish was "Norway pollock". Genetic analyses have shown that the fish is genetically identical to the Alaska pollock. It is therefore considered to be conspecific with the Pacific species and is attributed to Gadus chalcogrammus. The history of the species in the Barents Sea is unknown.

The initial specification as an own species by Koefoed was based on two specimens landed in Berlevåg, northern Norway, in 1932 (hence the Norwegian name, ). Based on morphological differences, Koefoed considered Theragra finnmarchica a new species, related to but separate from the Alaska pollock. Just seven specimens of the fish are known to have been caught between 1957 and early 2002 in the Arctic Ocean. In 2003 and 2004, 31 new specimens were caught. All specimens were large ( in total length) and caught in the coastal waters between Vesterålen in the west and Varangerfjord in the east. By 2006, 54 individuals had been recorded. Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA of two specimens of Theragra finnmarchica and 10 Theragra chalcogramma (today: Gadus chalcogrammus) revealed no significant genetic differences, leading Ursvik et al. to suggest that T. finnmarchica and T. chalcogramma are the same species. An analysis of a much larger sample size (44 T. finnmarchica and 20 T. chalcogramma) using both genetic and morphological methods led to similar conclusions. While the putative species could not be separated genetically, they showed some consistent differences in morphology. Only one characteristic showed no overlap. Byrkjedal et al. conclude that T. finnmarchica should be considered a junior synonym of T. chalcogramma. These analyses also suggest that T. finnmarchica is a near relative of the Atlantic cod, and that both Alaska and Norway pollock should be moved to genus Gadus.

Norway pollock (Theragra finnmarchica) was listed as Near Threatened in the 2010 Norwegian Red List for Species based on criteria D1: "Very small or geographically very restricted population: Number of mature individuals". The IUCN Red List currently lists Alaskan pollock as Near Threatened in Europe.

Fisheries

The Alaska pollock has been said to be "the largest remaining source of palatable fish in the world". Around  of Alaska pollock are caught each year in the North Pacific, from Alaska to northern Japan. Alaska pollock is the world's second most important fish species, after the Peruvian anchoveta, in terms of total catch.

Alaska pollock landings are the largest of any single fish species in the U.S, with the average annual Eastern Bering Sea catch between 1979 and 2022 being 1.26 million metric tons. Alaska pollock catches from U.S. fisheries have been relatively consistent at approximately 1.3 million tons a year, on average 92 percent from the Bering Sea and 8 percent from the Gulf of Alaska. Each year's quota is adjusted based on stock assessments conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center to prevent overfishing. For example quotas were reduced from 2008-2010 in the Bering Sea due to stock declines.

Independent certification groups have hailed the fishery as an example of good management. For example, the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands fisheries were separately certified as "sustainable" by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 2005, and were certified in 2010 and 2016.  The fisheries received a combined re-certification in 2020. The Marine Conservation Society rates Alaska pollock harvested from the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands as sustainable, but not those from the Western Bering Sea in Russian waters.

In 2021, the MSC awarded the U.S. trade associations Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) and At-Sea Processors Association with its Ocean Champion Award that recognizes organizations for meeting MSC's commitment to a healthier ocean and a more transparent supply chain. The MSC recognized Alaska pollock from U.S. fisheries as one of the "healthiest" and "most sustainable sources" of protein.

As food

Compared to other cod species and pollock, Alaska pollock has a milder taste, whiter color and lower oil content.

Fillets
High-quality, single-frozen whole Alaska pollock fillets may be layered into a block mold and deep-frozen to produce fish blocks that are used throughout Europe and North America as the raw material for high-quality breaded and battered fish products. Lower-quality, double-frozen fillets or minced trim pieces may also be frozen in block forms and used as raw material for lower-quality, low-cost breaded and battered fish sticks and portions.

A life-cycle assessment on the carbon footprint of Alaska pollock, performed by a sustainability consulting firm, showed that Alaska pollock fillet has a lower carbon footprint and delivers more protein per kilogram of greenhouse gas emissions than many other animal proteins, including beef, chicken, cod, and even plant-based options.

Alaska pollock is commonly used in the fast food industry in products such as McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwich, Burger King Big Fish Sandwich, Wendy's Crispy Panko Fish Sandwich, Arby's King's Hawaiian Fish Deluxe, Arby's Crispy Fish Sandwich, Arby's Spicy Fish Sandwich, Long John Silver's Baja Fish Taco, Bojangles Bojangular, Birds Eye's Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter, 7-Eleven's Fish Bites, White Castle's Panko Breaded Fish Sliders, and Captain D's Seafood Kitchen. Some of these items are seasonal offerings to coincide with the Lent calendar where seafood demand is higher.

Surimi
Single-frozen Alaska pollock is considered to be the premier raw material for surimi. The most common use of surimi in the United States is "imitation crabmeat", though it is often seen labeled in retailers and grocers as "surimi seafood" sticks, flakes, or chunks. There are five main forms of surimi seafood: chunk, leg, flake, salad, and shred. Surimi made from minced Alaska Pollock retains the aforementioned carbon footprint advantage.

Pollock roe

Pollock roe is a popular culinary ingredient in Korea, Japan, and Russia. In Korea, the roe is called  (, literally 'Alaska pollock's roe'), and the salted roe is called  (, literally 'pollock roe jeotgal). The food was introduced to Japan after World War II, and since has been called  () in Japanese. A milder, less spicy version is usually called  (, literally 'cod's roe'), which is also the Japanese name for pollock roe itself. In Russia, pollock roe is consumed as a sandwich spread. The product, resembling liquid paste due to the small size of eggs and oil added, is sold canned.

Use as food in Korea

Alaska pollock is considered the "national fish" of Korea. The Korean name of the fish,  (), has also spread to some neighbouring countries: it is called  () in Russia and its roe is called  () in Japan, although the Japanese name for the fish itself is  (). In Korea,  is called thirty-odd additional names, including  (, fresh),  (, frozen),  (, dried),  (, dried in winter with repeated freezing and thawing),  (, dried young), and  (, half-dried young).

Koreans have been eating Alaska pollock since the Joseon era. One of the earliest mentions is from Seungjeongwon ilgi (Journal of the Royal Secretariat), where a 1652 entry stated: "The management administration should be strictly interrogated for bringing in pollock roe instead of cod roe." Alaska pollocks were the most commonly caught fish in Korea in 1940, when more than 270,000 tonnes were caught from the Sea of Japan (East Sea). It outnumbers the current annual consumption of Alaska pollock in South Korea, estimated at about 260,000 tonnes in 2016. Nowadays, however, Alaska pollock consumption in South Korea rely heavily on import from Russia, due to rises in sea water temperatures. In 2019, South Korea imposed a total ban on pollock fishing "to help replenish depleted stocks" of the fish.

References

External links

NOAA NMFS: U.S. Seafood Facts
FISHINFOnetwork Market Report 04/07
FishBase: Alaska Pollock
Alaska pollock fishery profiles Status of these fisheries, summarised on FisheriesWiki

Gadus
Theragra
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish of the United States
Commercial fish
Fish described in 1814
Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
Fish of Korea

Alaska pollock


Consumers Software was a computer networking company based in Canada. The company created early spreadsheet utilities and later developed Network Courier, an email product based on the concept of one or more connected 'post offices'. The post office could be connected to legacy email systems, such as PROFS, DEC and other largely mainframe based email system using connectors.

Consumers Software was one of two companies selling PC-LAN email systems at the time. The other was cc:Mail, based in California.

Consumers Software was acquired by Microsoft on March 18, 1991 and merged its technology with Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Mail for PC Networks. The Network Courier server development group became Microsoft Workgroup Vancouver, part of the Workgroup Computing Division of Microsoft, before being shut down, with its employees relocated to the main Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington.

References

Networking companies
Former Microsoft subsidiaries
Software companies of Canada
Microsoft acquisitions

Consumers Software


Lars Gulliksson (born 7 June 1967 in Övertorneå) is a saxophonist, composer, and arranger now living in Stockholm, Sweden.

He has performed with many of the most prominent Swedish Jazz musicians as well as many international artists, in the radio, TV and on records. The tenor saxophone is his main instrument, but he is also known as a multi-instrumentalist, playing various woodwinds, in Folk- and World music etc.

Studies at Mannes College of Music in New York (with George Coleman, Ellery Eskelin, Richie Beirach m fl), Malmö Academy of Music etc.
He has received scholarships from the Swedish Arts Grants Committee, the Norrbotten "Rubus Arcticus" Scholarship, among others.

Bandleader for his own groups Lars Gulliksson Quartet & Quintet and Sigmund Freud's Mothers (a k a Swedish Mingus Band).

External links
Lars Gulliksson Official home page

1967 births
Living people
People from Övertorneå Municipality
Swedish jazz musicians
Post-bop saxophonists
Swedish jazz composers
Male jazz composers
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century Swedish male musicians

Lars Gulliksson