Santa Teresa la Antigua is a former convent located in the historic center of Mexico City on Licenciado Primo de Verdad #6 just northeast of the city's main plaza. The complex ceased to be a convent in the latter part of the 19th century and has housed the Santa Teresa la Antigua Alternative Art Center since 1989.

History of the convent

The impetus behind the establishment of the convent occurred in 1613 when the ship carrying archbishop Juan Pérez de la Serna ran into a storm that threatened to destroy it. The archbishop promised Saint Teresa of Ávila to establish a Carmelite monastery if she would allow him to reach New Spain safely. Once securely on land, he convinced sisters Inés Castillet and Mariana de la Encarnación, heiresses of the plantations of Juan Luis de Riveral, to finance the project. The convent also had a number of other wealthy contributors, such as the Marquise of Guadalcazar.

Much of the convent was built in eight months, and the order was established in 1616; it was first known as the San José de las Carmelitas Descalzas convent. However, popularly the complex became known as "Santa Teresa la Antigua."

Much of the facility was built with the intention of allowing public access, except for certain areas reserved for the nuns. The order was an austere one, as it followed the Spanish Discalced Carmelites tradition of  writer and nun Teresa Zepeda y Ahumada. Unlike many other convents of the time, it had no servants or other help other than girls aspiring to be admitted into the order.

The convent's church was rebuilt in 1684 by Captain Esteban de Molina and was renamed officially as "Nuestra Señora de la Antigua."  Much of the complex was rebuilt by Antonio Gonzalez Velazquez  and the chapel of Señor de Santa Teresa was dedicated in 1813.  Paintings by the Spanish artist Rafael Ximeno y Planes were added at this time.  An earthquake demolished the dome and the apse, taking with them the paintings done by Ximeno. Reconstruction, replacing the older dome with a double-vaulted one,  took thirteen years. New paintings were done by Juan Cordero.

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz once lived here, but due to her fragile health and the austere conditions of the order, she soon moved to another convent nearby in the city. The convent also served as a prison for Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez, one of the earliest conspirators for Mexican Independence.

In 1863, the convent was closed and the complex was converted to secular use. It served as military barracks, a school for teachers, as the home of the National University, the print shop of the government news agency and as the archive of the Secretary of Finance. In 1989, the convent was rededicated as the Ex-Santa Teresa Alternative Art Center, specializing in performance art as well as static pieces. A non-profit organization dedicated to collecting alternative art was founded in 1993 here.

Building's notable features

The facade inclines noticeably backwards, which is due to the uneven sinking of the building into the soft soil underneath Mexico City, and is divided by buttresses.

The convent has two identical Baroque portals. Both the first and second stories appear to be adorned with Solomonic columns, but the columns on the second floor are really smooth helixes. The window frame facing the street is profusely decorated and includes anagrams of the names of the Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph and Saint Joachim.

The exterior contains sixteen Corinthian columns and there is a dome with stained-glass windows.

Murals
After the building was repaired from an 1845 earthquake, its wall murals were repainted by Juan Cordero. The walls contain paintings named "The Christ of Saint Theresa," and "Saint Matthew."

The cupola dome interior's mural, above the stained-glass windows, was painted by Juan Cordero with an image of "God, the Father" surrounded by images representing virtues.

See also
List of colonial churches in Mexico City

References

Museums in Mexico City
Arts in Mexico City
Contemporary art galleries in Mexico
Roman Catholic churches in Mexico City
Historic center of Mexico City
Murals in Mexico
19th-century murals
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1616
1616 establishments in New Spain
1863 disestablishments in Mexico
Art museums established in 1989
1989 establishments in Mexico
Catholic Church in Mexico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Mexico

Santa Teresa la Antigua


"Kings of Speed" is a 1975 song by the British space rock group Hawkwind. It was originally released as a single in the UK (UP35808) on 7 March 1975 and was subsequently included on the album Warrior on the Edge of Time, although its B-side, "Motorhead", was not. Although failing the chart in both the U.S. and the U.K., the track became an underground success, particularly with significant play in dance clubs. The parent album also did well, climbing up the Billboard album chart in the U.S.

Kings of Speed
The lyrics for this song were written by Michael Moorcock, "Frank and Beasley" refer to characters from Moorcock's Cornelius books. Simon King stated that it was originally intended for inclusion of the Deep Fix album New Worlds Fair.

"It's very powerful - it's got two drums on it and it sounds fucking great. It's like a Phil Spector thing." - Alan Powell

Motorhead
The b-side has become one of Hawkwind's best-known songs, in large part because Lemmy, who wrote it, named his subsequent band after it. It is notable that the song title does not have an umlaut in it; that was added to the band name at a later stage. The lyrics "Sun rise wrong side of another day, sky high and six thousand miles away" are explained as:

"I was on tour with Hawkwind in 1974, we were staying at the Riot House [Hyatt Hotel in Los Angeles] and Roy Wood and Wizzard were also in town. I got this urge to write a song in the middle of the night. I ran downstairs to the Wizzard room, got Roy's Ovation acoustic guitar, then hurried back to mine. I went on to the balcony and howled away for four hours. Cars were stopping and the drivers were listening then driving off, and there I was yelling away at the top of my voice." - Lemmy, Riffs that Changed the World

Other versions
Neither song made it into the live set. It would be years until "King of Speed" would surface for a 1989 tour, while "Motorhead" has only recently been added to the band's current retro-show, with Alan Davey playing the part of Lemmy.

Outtake
The original backing tracks were taken by Brock from this Olympic Studio session, and he later added overdubs and released them through independent record companies. "Kings of Speed" was released as an instrumental (and claimed to be 'live') on the Hawkwind Zoo 12" EP (Flicknife Records, FLEP100, 1-May-1981). "Motorhead" was released as the A-side to a 7" and 12" single (Flicknife Records, FLS205, 2-July-1981), this time having a Brock vocal and synthesizer overdubs.

Covers
Motörhead released their version of "Motorhead" in 1977 as a single and on their debut Motörhead album, and a live version in 1981 as a single (reaching number 6 in the UK charts) and on the No Sleep 'til Hammersmith album.

Cover versions of "Motorhead" have been recorded by Corduroy in 1993 as a single and on their Out Of Here album, by Primal Scream on their 1997 Vanishing Point album, and by Lawnmower Deth on their 1990 album Ooh Crikey...It's Lawnmower Deth.

References

Hawkwind songs
1975 songs
Songs written by Lemmy
Songs with lyrics by Michael Moorcock

it:Motörhead (brano musicale)

Kings of Speed


Mexborough Junction was one of two railway stations which served the former mining town of Mexborough in the Don Valley of South Yorkshire, England, prior to the present station being opened in 1871, the other being .

Mexborough Junction station was opened by the South Yorkshire Railway at the point where the curve to Swinton on the North Midland Railway leaves their line to Barnsley, about    west of the present railway station. The station was opened to passengers in January 1850 and closed, with the opening of the present station on 4 March 1871.

This station was some distance from the town centre which, at the time, was around the parish church and close by Ferry Boat Halt.

References

The South Yorkshire Railway by D. L. Franks. 1971. Turntable Enterprises.

Disused railway stations in Doncaster
Former South Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1871
Mexborough

Mexborough Junction railway station


Ferret is an interactive computer visualization and analysis environment designed to meet the needs of oceanographers and meteorologists analyzing large and complex gridded data sets. Ferret offers a Mathematica-like approach to analysis; new variables may be defined interactively as mathematical expressions involving data set variables. Calculations may be applied over arbitrarily shaped regions. Fully documented graphics are produced with a single command. It runs on most Unix and Linux systems using X Window for display, and on Windows XP/NT/9x.

External links
Ferret official site

Meteorological data and networks
Earth sciences graphics software
Graphic software in meteorology

Ferret Data Visualization and Analysis


Chris Landreth (born August 4, 1961) is an American animator working in Canada, best known for his work on the 2004 film Ryan. He has made many CGI animated films since the mid-1990s, including The End, Bingo, The Listener, Caustic Sky: A Portrait of Regional Acid Deposition, and Data Driven The Story Of Franz K.

Life and career
After being an engineer for years, Chris quit and began a second career as an animator. He received a BS(1984) in General Engineering and a MS(1986) degree in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics at the University of Illinois. Three years following, he experimented in fluid mechanics research, until he made baby steps into the world of computer animation. Afterwards in 1994, he was hired to define, test, and sometimes even abuse computer graphics software products. Such products include "movie Grade" software, not limited to but including programs, such as Maya, from the Toronto-based animation firm, Alias (formerly Alias|wavefront, now owned by Autodesk).

This resulted in the productions of The End and Bingo. The End was nominated in 1996 for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. Afterward, he met Ryan Larkin, a renowned animator in the 1960s and 1970s, who had recently fallen in a spiral of excessive drinking, cocaine abuse, and homelessness. This resulted in the 2004 production of Ryan, which won an Oscar in 2005.

Landreth's 2009 film The Spine won the Best of the Festival award at the Melbourne International Animation Festival. Produced by the National Film Board of Canada in association with Copperheart Entertainment, C.O.R.E. Digital Pictures and Seneca College, The Spine depicts a man who's physically and figuratively spineless and the breakdown of his marriage.

Subconscious Password was his  third with the NFB, Seneca College and Copperheart Entertainment. It won the best short film prize at the Annecy animation Festival 2013.

In 2016, he created the animated vignette Be Cool for the NFB satirical public service announcement series, Naked Island.

Landreth is currently an artist in residence at the Dynamic Graphics Project of University of Toronto. He is working on a feature-length adaptation of Hans Rodionoff, Enrique Breccia and Keith Giffen's graphic-novel biography of H.P. Lovecraft.

His films: Ryan, The Spine and Subconscious Password were included in the Animation Show of Shows.

Chris Landreth is a Master with The Beijing DeTao Masters Academy (DTMA), a high-level, multi-disciplined, application-oriented higher education institution in Shanghai, China.

"Psychorealism"
Chris Landreth uses standard CGI animation in his work, with the added element of what Chris calls Psychorealism. This often puts a surrealist styling into his work, notably The End, Bingo, The Spine, and Ryan. For instance, in Ryan,  peoples' psychological traumas are represented by twisted, surreal lacerations and deformities. As people depicted in the film get distraught, their faces distort. At one time in the interview Ryan gets so upset he literally flies apart.

Psychorealism is a style first put to words by Chris Landreth to refer to what Karan Singh described as, "the glorious complexity of the human psyche depicted through the visual medium of art and animation."

Awards and nominations

Sources
 Studio Daily
 Who's Who entry on Landreth
 Ohio State University

References

External links

 Watch Ryan at NFB.ca

1961 births
21st-century American engineers
Living people
Directors of Best Animated Short Academy Award winners
American animators
American animated film directors
Canadian animated film directors
Artists from Hartford, Connecticut
University of Illinois alumni
Directors of Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners for Best Animated Short
Computer animation people
Engineers from Connecticut

Chris Landreth


Giovanni Battista Sidotti (1668 – 27 November 1714) was an Italian secular priest and Apostolic Missionary of the Pontifical Congregation of Propaganda Fide.  During the Edo period, he entered Japan illegally and was arrested, whereupon he was confined until his death.

The Japanese politician and scholar Arai Hakuseki published the Seiyō Kibun based on his conversations with Sidotti.

Life

Sidotti was born in Sicily, Italy, in 1668. While working as a priest, he heard stories of missionary martyrdom in Japan, and he decided to go there, which, under Japanese law, was illegal at the time. After gaining permission from Pope Clement XI to go to Japan, he made his way as far as Manila, but he couldn't find a ship willing to deliver a missionary to Japan, which had closed itself off from the world under the sakoku policy.

Finally, he managed to find a ship willing to take him on board, and in September or October 1708, he landed on Yakushima.  He was disguised as a samurai, but immediately stood out as a Westerner. He was captured and taken to Nagasaki soon thereafter.

The next year, in 1709, he was taken to Edo and questioned directly by Japanese politician and Confucian scholar Arai Hakuseki. Hakuseki was impressed by Sidotti's demeanor and his level of scholarship, and developed a great deal of respect for him.  The feeling was mutual, and Sidotti grew to trust Arai. Here, for the first time since the beginning of sakoku in the previous century, was a meeting between two great scholars from the civilizations of Japan and western Europe. Among other things, Sidotti explained to Hakuseki that, contrary to what the Japanese believed at that time, Western missionaries were not the vanguards of Western armies.

Therefore, rejecting the common wisdom that it was best to torture Christians until they had abandoned their beliefs, Arai advised his superiors to follow three possible courses of action in dealing with foreigners.  Optimally, they should be deported.  If this was not possible, they should be imprisoned.  Execution should be a last resort.

Hakuseki's recommendation of deportation was completely unprecedented.  In the end, the government decided to jail Sidotti, sending him to the Kirishitan Yashiki (キリシタン屋敷, Christian Mansion) in Myōgadani (Present-day Kohinata, Bunkyō-ku, Tōkyō). The mansion was built in 1646 to house arrested missionaries, but due both to sakoku and a ban on religious indoctrination, between the time the mansion was built and Sidotti's arrest, it had never been used for this purpose.

Because he was unable to teach religion at Kirishitan Yashiki, Sidotti was, as a matter of course, exempt from torture. Furthermore, he would not be treated like a prisoner, but would be given special treatment, held under what was known as a go-nin fuchi (五人扶持, "5-man food ration") house arrest.  His guardians at the mansion were an old couple named Chōsuke and Haru, two former Christians who had renounced their faith.  When Sidotti tried to persuade the couple to return to Christianity, he was moved to an underground cell in the mansion, and it was there that he died in 1714. He was 46 years old.

Arai Hakuseki used the knowledge gained from his conversations with Sidotti to publish the Seiyō Kibun and the Sairan Igen.  An image taken from his belongings, called oyayubi no seibozō (親指の聖母像, "Thumb-sized Image of Virgin Mary") was designated an Important Cultural Property by the MEXT and is now housed in the Tokyo National Museum.

In 2014, the remains of Sidotti were discovered during the excavations of the former Kirishitan Yashiki. With a 2 million yen grant, Tokyo's National Museum of Nature and Science reconstructed his face through the reassembled fragments of his skull.

See also
 Sakoku
 List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

References

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Japanese-language Wikipedia article (retrieved April 1, 2006).
Tokyo ward touts possible discovery of Italian priest's remains

1668 births
1714 deaths
Italian expatriates in Japan
17th-century Italian Jesuits
Jesuit missionaries in Japan
Italian Roman Catholic missionaries
Italian people imprisoned abroad
Italian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Japanese detention
Clergy from Palermo
18th-century Italian Jesuits

Giovanni Battista Sidotti


Alonso Hernández del Portillo (1543–1624) was a Spanish local politician and historian, remembered for being the first chronicler of the city of Gibraltar.

Biography
Hernández del Portillo was born in Gibraltar during the Spanish period. He was a member of the Gibraltar City Council and held responsibilities over the supply of food to the city () during the late 16th and early 17th century. Between 1605 and 1610 he wrote his most notable work, Historia de la Muy Noble y Más Leal Ciudad de Gibraltar (), the first written history of Gibraltar. The work was later reviewed by himself between 1615 and 1622. The manuscript of the chronicle was kept in the archives of Algeciras and was one of the sources of the work History of Gibraltar by Spanish historian Ignacio López de Ayala in 1792, one of the canonical works of the Spanish historiography about Gibraltar.

Work
Hernández del Portillo chronicles the history of his city from its origins, which he set to be in the times of the Libyan and Ancient Greek Heracles (as a symbol of the Phoenician and Ancient Greek colonisation of the Iberian Peninsula), to his days. It also includes many legendary stories and almost lacks any information about the Moor period. The main value of his work is in his account of the facts he witnessed at first hand, a period not well known in the history of Gibraltar. His accounts made the 16th century people, industry, port, commercial, fishing and agricultural activities of Gibraltar known.

The Historia de la Muy Noble y Más Leal Ciudad de Gibraltar has been published in recent times by the Spanish historian Antonio Torremocha, a specialist in the history of the Campo de Gibraltar. The first edition, titled Historias de Gibraltar (), was published in 1994 (). A second edition, revised and expanded, was published in 2008, under the title History of Gibraltar (). This second edition is the first issue of the collection Fuentes para la Historia del Campo de Gibraltar (). Torremocha defines Portillo as a Renaissance Man.

References

1543 births
1624 deaths
Spanish people from Gibraltar
17th-century Spanish historians
Historians of Gibraltar

Alonso Hernández del Portillo


Unicorn ("one horn", in Latin) is a genus of goblin spiders (family Oonopidae) from South America, containing seven species that occur predominantly in high elevation, semi-desert regions of Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Individuals are relatively large for goblin spiders, measuring up to 3.0 mm (0.12 in) in body length. The genus name refers to a characteristic pointed projection between the eyes and jaws of males. In at least one species, broken-off tips of the male pedipalps have been found within the genitalia of females, postulated as a means of sperm competition. Unicorn possesses several traits that suggest it is a relatively "primitive" member of the Oonopidae, and is classified with other similar, soft-bodied goblin spiders in the subfamily Sulsulinae.

Description

Species of Unicorn range from 2.2 to 3.0 mm in body length (from tip of the cephalothorax to end of abdomen, excluding legs). The cephalothorax, yellow in color, ranges from 1 to 1.2 mm long (around 40–49% of body length depending on species) and often possesses a central grey patch with four lines radiating towards the eyes. The abdomen is white with dark chevron patterns on the dorsal surface, and in some species a pair of dark lines on the underside. The body is covered with a dense covering of long stiff hairs (setae). The legs are long, slender, and yellow. There are six eyes, roughly equal in size, arranged in roughly triangular groups of three, with two eyes meeting in the middle, forming a wide "H" or bow-tie pattern. Species of Unicorn are considered "soft-bodied", as the abdomen lacks the hardened plates that occur in many other goblin spiders. The abdomen possesses six spinnerets.

Males and females show some differences in morphology: male jaws (chelicerae) are longer and more slender than those of females; the male palpal tibiae—the penultimate segment of the pedipalps—are enlarged compared to females; and males alone possess a "clypeal horn", a forward-pointing projection of the clypeus surrounded by long stiff hairs, from which the genus name Unicorn ("one horn" in Latin) derives.

The copulatory bulb of males (the sperm-transferring organ at the tip of the pedipalps), terminates in a narrow, curving tip called an embolus, which in Unicorn bears a hook at its base and is accompanied by a similar curved extension called a translucent sclerite.

Reproduction

Like most spiders, the pedipalps of mature males end in a bulb terminating in a thin, curved projection called an embolus, through which sperm is released during mating. Female U. catleyi have been observed with broken-off embolus tips lodged in their genitalia. This has been hypothesized as a type of "sperm-plug" or copulatory plug, where, by breaking off a piece of his anatomy (a process known as genital mutilation or genital breakage), a male physically precludes other males from successfully mating with the female, one of many types of sperm competition in animals. An alternative to the sperm competition function is that genital mutilation might allow males to more rapidly escape and avoid being cannibalized after mating, although this function is thought to be unlikely in Unicorn since there are no significant size differences between sexes, and cannibalism is more common when females are much larger than males. Sperm plugs of various types, including gelatinous or waxy substances, have been observed in at least 41 spider families, and are generally thought to ensure paternity. U. catlyei is one of only few goblin spiders known or suspected to utilize sperm plugs.

Habitat
Species of Unicorn have mostly been found at elevations between  above sea level, many from semi-desert regions. U. socos has been collected at  in central Chile. The spiders are hard to detect in the field, and most species have been collected by pitfall trapping. They are uncommon in museum collections, and almost nothing is known about their natural history.

Species and distribution

The genus Unicorn was established in 1995 by Norman Platnick and Antônio Brescovit, to encompass five newly described species and one species, U. argentina, that had previously been described as a species of Orchestina. A seventh species was described in 2010. The type species of Unicorn is U. catleyi. Unicorn species occur in central and northern Chile, western Argentina, and Bolivia.
 Unicorn argentina (Mello-Leitão, 1940) — Western Argentina
 Unicorn catleyi Platnick & Brescovit, 1995 — Northern Chile and northwestern Argentina
 Unicorn chacabuco Platnick & Brescovit, 1995 — Chacabuco Province, central Chile
 Unicorn huanaco Platnick & Brescovit, 1995 — La Paz Department, Bolivia
 Unicorn sikus González, Corronca & Cava, 2010 — Salta Province, northwestern Argentina
 Unicorn socos Platnick & Brescovit, 1995 — Limarí Province, central Chile
 Unicorn toconao Platnick & Brescovit, 1995 — Antofagasta Province, northern Chile

Classification
Unicorn is a member of the family Oonopidae (oonopids, or goblin spiders), which contains over 1,500 species worldwide. Within oonopids, Unicorn is classified in the subfamily Sulsulinae, which contains other soft-bodied genera such as Xiombarg and Dalmasula. Due to certain features of the eyes and jaws that resemble those found in other families, and which are differently modified in many other oonopids, Platnick and Brescovit suggested Unicorn was among the most primitive or basal members of the Oonopidae, which was corroborated by a 2014 study that examined DNA similarities among the Oonopidae, finding that Unicorn and other sulsulines diverged before almost all other oonopids.

Notes

References

External links

World Spider Catalog: Unicorn spider genus

Oonopidae
Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of South America
Fauna of the Andes
Arthropods of Argentina
Arthropods of Chile
Invertebrates of Bolivia
Taxa named by Norman I. Platnick

Unicorn (spider)


The Piedmont ecoregion is a United States ecoregion designated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).

Considered the non-mountainous portion of the old Appalachian Highlands by physiographers, the northeast-southwest trending Piedmont ecoregion comprises a transitional area between the mostly mountainous ecoregions of the Appalachians to the northwest and the relatively flat coastal plain to the southeast. It is a complex mosaic of Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, with moderately dissected irregular plains and some hills. The soils tend to be finer-textured than in coastal plain regions. Once largely cultivated, much of this region has reverted to successional pine and hardwood woodlands, with an increasing conversion to an urban and suburban land cover.

References

External links
 USGS – Piedmont (public-domain origin of the text in this article)

Ecoregions of the United States

Piedmont (ecoregion)


"Ain't No Other Man" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Christina Aguilera. It comes from her fifth studio album, Back to Basics (2006). It was sent to US contemporary hit radio on June 5, 2006, by RCA Records. It was the lead single from the album. The song was written by Aguilera, DJ Premier, Charles Martin Roane, Kara DioGuardi and Harold Beatty. Production of the track was handled by Premier. "Ain't No Other Man" has pop, R&B, and funk genres. It has elements of soul, blues and jazz music. Lyrically, the song was based on her 2005 marriage to Jordan Bratman.

Upon release, "Ain't No Other Man" received generally favourable reviews from music critics, who complimented Aguilera's new musical style and deemed it as a stand-out track from Back to Basics. It won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2007 ceremony. Commercially, the track peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of 1,783,000 million copies. Internationally, it went to the top five in many countries like Australia, Italy, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.

Video
A music video for "Ain't No Other Man" was directed by Bryan Barber. The clip jumps back in time. It depicts Aguilera as her then-newly established alter ego Baby Jane. The video had mostly positive feedback, with praised the mature image Aguilera had adopted.

It earned four nominations at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. These include the Video of the Year. Aguilera sung "Ain't No Other Man" during several television performances, including the 2006 MTV Movie Awards and the 2007 NBA All-Star Game. The song was also featured on the set list of her Back to Basics Tour (2006-2007).

2006 songs
Christina Aguilera songs

Ain't No Other Man


Jeremy Meadow is a British theatrical producer and director, working mainly in theatre and comedy.

He studied at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood then University of Exeter and Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. He worked for BBC radio as a producer on The Archers and at the Royal Opera House as a staff producer.

His first theatre production in the West End was The Gin Game with Joss Ackland and Dorothy Tutin at the Savoy Theatre in 1999. Further West End productions and co-productions include A Servant to Two Masters at the Albery Theatre, Macbeth with Sean Bean directed by Edward Hall at the Albery Theatre, Three Sisters with Kristin Scott Thomas directed by Michael Blakemore at the Playhouse Theatre, Otherwise Engaged by Simon Gray with Richard E. Grant at the Criterion Theatre and Donkeys' Years by Michael Frayn at the Comedy Theatre.

Notable touring productions include The Circle by W. Somerset Maugham with Wendy Craig, Our Song by Keith Waterhouse with Peter Bowles directed by Ned Sherrin, The Old Ladies by Rodney Ackland with Siân Phillips and Angela Thorne directed by Frith Banbury, as well as a number of comedies by Eric Chappell. Currently he is producing Blonde Bombshells of 1943 by Alan Plater.

More recently, he has produced and managed comedy presentations including tours of comedians Gina Yashere and Tim FitzHigham, and Sandi Toksvig and Bonnie Langford in Short & Curly.

, he is a member of the Society of London Theatre and one of the trustees of its Theatre Development Trust.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English theatre managers and producers
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
Alumni of the University of Exeter
The Archers

Jeremy Meadow


The Maitland Manuscripts are an important source for the Scots literature of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. They contain texts of the work of the makars of the period and much material which is not attributed to any author.

There are two manuscripts, one in quarto form and another in folio form.

The folio manuscript largely consists of works by the leading authors of the era. The quarto manuscript is dominated by Mailtand's own writing.

Both volumes were compiled by the judge, statesman and author Richard Maitland of Lethington during the Sixteenth Century. Many of the pieces in the manuscripts are his own work.

The manuscripts are held in the Pepys Library of Magdalene College, Cambridge

Authors represented in the manuscripts

Among the named authors whose works are contained in the manuscripts are,

Robert Henryson
William Dunbar
Gavin Douglas

References

Scots-language manuscripts
16th-century manuscripts
Scots language
15th century in Scotland
16th century in Scotland
British anthologies
Scottish literature
Medieval Scottish literature
Middle Scots literature
Manuscripts held by the University of Cambridge
16th-century Scottish literature

Maitland Manuscripts


In physics, coherence expresses the potential for two waves to interfere. Two monochromatic beams from a single source always interfere. Physical sources are not strictly monochromatic: they may be partly coherent. Beams from different sources are mutually incoherent.

When interfering, two waves add together to create a wave of greater amplitude than either one (constructive interference) or subtract from each other to create a wave of minima which may be zero (destructive interference), depending on their relative phase.  Constructive or destructive interference are limit cases, and two waves always interfere, even if the result of the addition is complicated or not remarkable.

Two waves with constant relative phase will be coherent. The amount of coherence can readily be measured by the interference visibility, which looks at the size of the interference fringes relative to the input waves (as the phase offset is varied); a precise mathematical definition of the degree of coherence is given by means of correlation functions. More generally, coherence describes the statistical similarity of a field (electromagnetic field, quantum wave packet etc.) at two points in space or time.

Qualitative concept

Coherence controls the visibility or contrast of interference patterns. For example visibility of the double slit experiment pattern requires that both slits be illuminated by a coherent wave as illustrated in the figure. Large sources without collimation or sources that mix many different frequencies will have lower visibility.

Coherence contains several distinct concepts. Spatial coherence describes the correlation (or predictable relationship) between waves at different points in space, either lateral or longitudinal. Temporal coherence describes the correlation between waves observed at different moments in time. Both are observed in the Michelson–Morley experiment and Young's interference experiment. Once the fringes are obtained in the Michelson interferometer, when one of the mirrors is moved away gradually from the beam-splitter, the time for the beam to travel increases and the fringes become dull and finally disappear, showing temporal coherence. Similarly, in a double-slit experiment, if the space between the two slits is increased, the coherence dies gradually and finally the fringes disappear, showing spatial coherence.  In both cases, the fringe amplitude slowly disappears, as the path difference increases past the coherence length.

Coherence was originally conceived in connection with Thomas Young's double-slit experiment in optics but is now used in any field that involves waves, such as acoustics, electrical engineering, neuroscience, and quantum mechanics.  The property of coherence is the basis for commercial applications such as holography, the Sagnac gyroscope, radio antenna arrays, optical coherence tomography and telescope interferometers (Astronomical optical interferometers and radio telescopes).

Mathematical definition

The coherence function between two signals  and  is defined as

where  is the cross-spectral density of the signal and  and  are the power spectral density functions of  and , respectively. The cross-spectral density and the power spectral density are defined as the Fourier transforms of the cross-correlation and the autocorrelation signals, respectively. For instance, if the signals are functions of time, the cross-correlation is a measure of the similarity of the two signals as a function of the time lag relative to each other and the autocorrelation is a measure of the similarity of each signal with itself in different instants of time. In this case the coherence is a function of frequency. Analogously, if  and  are functions of space, the cross-correlation measures the similarity of two signals in different points in space and the autocorrelations the similarity of the signal relative to itself for a certain separation distance. In that case, coherence is a function of wavenumber (spatial frequency).

The coherence varies in the interval . If  it means that the signals are perfectly correlated or linearly related and if  they are totally uncorrelated. If a linear system is being measured,  being the input and  the output, the coherence function will be unitary all over the spectrum. However, if non-linearities are present in the system the coherence will vary in the limit given above.

Coherence and correlation
The coherence of two waves expresses how well correlated the waves are as quantified by the cross-correlation function. Cross-correlation quantifies the ability to predict the phase of the second wave by knowing the phase of the first. As an example, consider two waves perfectly correlated for all times (by using a monochromatic light source). At any time, the phase difference between the two waves will be constant. If, when they are combined, they exhibit perfect constructive interference, perfect destructive interference, or something in-between but with constant phase difference, then it follows that they are perfectly coherent. As will be discussed below, the second wave need not be a separate entity. It could be the first wave at a different time or position. In this case, the measure of correlation is the autocorrelation function (sometimes called self-coherence). Degree of correlation involves correlation functions.

Examples of wave-like states
These states are unified by the fact that their behavior is described by a wave equation or some generalization thereof.
Waves in a rope (up and down) or slinky (compression and expansion)
Surface waves in a liquid
Electromagnetic signals (fields) in transmission lines
Sound
Radio waves and microwaves
Light waves (optics)
Matter waves associated with, for examples, electrons and atoms

In system with macroscopic waves, one can measure the wave directly. Consequently, its correlation with another wave can simply be calculated. However, in optics one cannot measure the electric field directly as it oscillates much faster than any detector's time resolution. Instead, one measures the intensity of the light. Most of the concepts involving coherence which will be introduced below were developed in the field of optics and then used in other fields. Therefore, many of the standard measurements of coherence are indirect measurements, even in fields where the wave can be measured directly.

Temporal coherence

Temporal coherence is the measure of the average correlation between the value of a wave and itself delayed by τ, at any pair of times. Temporal coherence tells us how monochromatic a source is. In other words, it characterizes how well a wave can interfere with itself at a different time. The delay over which the phase or amplitude wanders by a significant amount (and hence the correlation decreases by significant amount) is defined as the coherence time τc. At a delay of τ=0 the degree of coherence is perfect, whereas it drops significantly as the delay passes τ=τc. The coherence length Lc is defined as the distance the wave travels in time τc.

The coherence time is not the time duration of the signal; the coherence length differs from the coherence area (see below).

The relationship between coherence time and bandwidth
The larger the bandwidth – range of frequencies Δf a wave contains – the faster the wave decorrelates (and hence the smaller τc is):

.

Formally, this follows from the convolution theorem in mathematics, which relates the Fourier transform of the power spectrum (the intensity of each frequency) to its autocorrelation.

Narrow bandwidth lasers have long coherence lengths (up to hundreds of meters). For example, a stabilized and monomode helium–neon laser can easily produce light with coherence lengths of 300 m. Not all lasers have a highly monochromaticity, however (e.g. for a mode-locked Ti-sapphire laser, Δλ ≈ 2 nm - 70 nm).

LEDs are characterized by Δλ ≈ 50 nm, and tungsten filament lights exhibit Δλ ≈ 600 nm, so these sources have shorter coherence times than the most monochromatic lasers.

Examples of temporal coherence
Examples of temporal coherence include:
A wave containing only a single frequency (monochromatic) is perfectly correlated with itself at all time delays, in accordance with the above relation. (See Figure 1)
Conversely, a wave whose phase drifts quickly will have a short coherence time. (See Figure 2)
Similarly, pulses (wave packets) of waves, which naturally have a broad range of frequencies, also have a short coherence time since the amplitude of the wave changes quickly. (See Figure 3)
Finally, white light, which has a very broad range of frequencies, is a wave which varies quickly in both amplitude and phase. Since it consequently has a very short coherence time (just 10 periods or so), it is often called incoherent.

Holography requires light with a long coherence time. In contrast, optical coherence tomography, in its classical version, uses light with a short coherence time.

Measurement of temporal coherence

In optics, temporal coherence is measured in an interferometer such as the Michelson interferometer or Mach–Zehnder interferometer. In these devices, a wave is combined with a copy of itself that is delayed by time τ. A detector measures the time-averaged intensity of the light exiting the interferometer. The resulting visibility of the interference pattern (e.g. see Figure 4) gives the temporal coherence at delay τ. Since for most natural light sources, the coherence time is much shorter than the time resolution of any detector, the detector itself does the time averaging. Consider the example shown in Figure 3. At a fixed delay, here 2τc, an infinitely fast detector would measure an intensity that fluctuates significantly over a time t equal to τc. In this case, to find the temporal coherence at 2τc, one would manually time-average the intensity.

Spatial coherence
In some systems, such as water waves or optics, wave-like states can extend over one or two dimensions. Spatial coherence describes the ability for two spatial points x1 and x2 in the extent of a wave to interfere when averaged over time. More precisely, the spatial coherence is the cross-correlation between two points in a wave for all times. If a wave has only 1 value of amplitude over an infinite length, it is perfectly spatially coherent. The range of separation between the two points over which there is significant interference defines the diameter of the coherence area, Ac  (Coherence length, often a feature of a source, is usually an industrial term related to the coherence time of the source, not the coherence area in the medium.)  Ac is the relevant type of coherence for the Young's double-slit interferometer. It is also used in optical imaging systems and particularly in various types of astronomy telescopes. Sometimes people also use "spatial coherence" to refer to the visibility when a wave-like state is combined with a spatially shifted copy of itself.

Examples

Consider a tungsten light-bulb filament. Different points in the filament emit light independently and have no fixed phase-relationship. In detail, at any point in time the profile of the emitted light is going to be distorted. The profile will change randomly over the coherence time . Since for a white-light source such as a light-bulb  is small, the filament is considered a spatially incoherent source. In contrast, a radio antenna array, has large spatial coherence because antennas at opposite ends of the array emit with a fixed phase-relationship. Light waves produced by a laser often have high temporal and spatial coherence (though the degree of coherence depends strongly on the exact properties of the laser). Spatial coherence of laser beams also manifests itself as speckle patterns and diffraction fringes seen at the edges of shadow.

Holography requires temporally and spatially coherent light. Its inventor, Dennis Gabor, produced successful holograms more than ten years before lasers were invented. To produce coherent light he passed the monochromatic light from an emission line of a mercury-vapor lamp through a pinhole spatial filter.

In February 2011 it was reported that helium atoms, cooled to near absolute zero / Bose–Einstein condensate state, can be made to flow and behave as a coherent beam as occurs in a laser. Moreover, the coherence properties of the output light from multimode nonlinear optical structures were found to obey the optical thermodynamic theory.

Spectral coherence of short pulses

Waves of different frequencies (in light these are different colours) can interfere to form a pulse if they have a fixed relative phase-relationship (see Fourier transform). Conversely, if waves of different frequencies are not coherent, then, when combined, they create a wave that is continuous in time (e.g. white light or white noise). The temporal duration of the pulse  is limited by the spectral bandwidth of the light  according to:

,

which follows from the properties of the Fourier transform and results in Küpfmüller's uncertainty principle (for quantum particles it also results in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).

If the phase depends linearly on the frequency (i.e. ) then the pulse will have the minimum time duration for its bandwidth (a transform-limited pulse), otherwise it is chirped (see dispersion).

Measurement of spectral coherence
Measurement of the spectral coherence of light requires a nonlinear optical interferometer, such as an intensity optical correlator, frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG), or spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER).

Polarization and coherence

Light also has a polarization, which is the direction in which the electric or magnetic field oscillates. Unpolarized light is composed of incoherent light waves with random polarization angles. The electric field of the unpolarized light wanders in every direction and changes in phase over the coherence time of the two light waves. An absorbing polarizer rotated to any angle will always transmit half the incident intensity when averaged over time.

If the electric field wanders by a smaller amount the light will be partially polarized so that at some angle, the polarizer will transmit more than half the intensity. If a wave is combined with an orthogonally polarized copy of itself delayed by less than the coherence time, partially polarized light is created.

The polarization of a light beam is represented by a vector in the Poincaré sphere. For polarized light the end of the vector lies on the surface of the sphere, whereas the vector has zero length for unpolarized light. The vector for partially polarized light lies within the sphere.

Quantum coherence

The signature property of quantum matter waves, wave interference, relies on coherence. While initially patterned after optical coherence, the theory and experimental understanding of quantum coherence greatly expanded the topic.

Matter wave coherence
The simplest extension of optical coherence applies the optical concepts to matter waves. For instance, the double-slit experiment with atoms  in  place of light waves. A sufficiently collimated atomic beam creates a coherent  atomic wave-function illuminating both slits. Each slit acts as a separate but in-phase beam contributing to the intensity pattern on a screen. These two contributions give rise to an intensity pattern of bright bands due to constructive interference, interlaced with dark bands due to destructive interference, on a downstream screen. Many variations of this experiment have been demonstrated.

As with light, transverse coherence (across the direction of propagation) of matter waves is controlled by collimation. Because light, at all frequencies, travels the same velocity, longitudinal and temporal coherence are linked; in matter waves these are independent. In matter waves, velocity (energy) selection controls longitudinal coherence and pulsing or chopping controls temporal coherence.

Quantum optics
The discovery of the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect – correlation of light upon coincidence – triggered Glauber's creation of uniquely quantum coherence analysis. Classical optical coherence becomes a classical limit for first-order quantum coherence; higher degree of coherence leads to many phenomena in quantum optics.

Macroscopic quantum coherence
Macroscopic scale quantum coherence leads to novel phenomena, the so-called macroscopic quantum phenomena. For instance, the laser, superconductivity and superfluidity are examples of highly coherent quantum systems whose effects are evident at the macroscopic scale. The macroscopic quantum coherence (off-diagonal long-range order, ODLRO) for superfluidity, and laser light, is related to first-order (1-body) coherence/ODLRO, while superconductivity is related to second-order coherence/ODLRO. (For fermions, such as electrons, only even orders of coherence/ODLRO are possible.) For bosons, a Bose–Einstein condensate is an example of a system exhibiting macroscopic quantum coherence through a multiple occupied single-particle state.

The classical electromagnetic field exhibits macroscopic quantum coherence. The most obvious example is the carrier signal for radio and TV. They satisfy Glauber's quantum description of coherence.

Quantum coherence as a resource
Recently M. B. Plenio and co-workers constructed an operational formulation of quantum coherence as a resource theory. They introduced coherence monotones analogous to the entanglement monotones. Quantum coherence has been shown to be equivalent to quantum entanglement in the sense that coherence can be faithfully described as entanglement, and conversely that each entanglement measure corresponds to a coherence measure.

Applications

Holography
Coherent superpositions of optical wave fields include holography. Holographic photographs have been used as art and as difficult to forge security labels.

Non-optical wave fields
Further applications concern the coherent superposition of  non-optical wave fields. In quantum mechanics for example one considers a probability field, which is related to the wave function  (interpretation: density of the probability amplitude). Here the applications concern, among others, the future technologies of quantum computing and the already available technology of quantum cryptography. Additionally the problems of the following subchapter are treated.

Modal analysis
Coherence is used to check the quality of the transfer functions (FRFs) being measured. Low coherence can be caused by poor signal to noise ratio, and/or inadequate frequency resolution.

See also

References

External links

Concepts in physics
Optics
Wave mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Radar signal processing

Coherence (physics)


Robert Bartmess Friend (November 24, 1930 – February 3, 2019) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher between  and , most notably as a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates. A four-time All-Star, Friend was an integral member of the Pirates team that defeated the New York Yankees in the 1960 World Series. He played for the New York Yankees and New York Mets in his final season of . As of 2019, he still held Pirates records for career innings pitched and strikeouts. He was the first man to lead the league in ERA while pitching for a last place team.

Friend was inducted into the Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979. Later, Friend would be enrolled into the Pittsburgh Pirates Hall of Fame as a part of the class of 2023.

Early life

Friend was born in Lafayette, Indiana, and grew up in nearby West Lafayette. His father was an orchestra leader, and Friend studied piano seriously until age sixteen, about the time of his father's death. At West Lafayette High School, Friend was an all-state football halfback and an all-state pitcher on the baseball team, and also played basketball and golf.

Friend's father and many other family members had attended Purdue University before he came of age, and Friend dreamed of playing college football for Purdue, as well as pursuing a baseball career. However, a high school shoulder injury led him to focus on baseball, and he signed a professional contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He enrolled at Purdue in the fall of 1949, but was ineligible for college athletics. Friend attended Purdue during baseball off-seasons for eight years, eventually earning a bachelor's degree in economics in 1957, and was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Entering Pittsburgh's farm system in 1950, Friend pitched for the Waco Pirates minor league team in the Big State League, compiling a 12–9 record. He was then promoted to the Indianapolis Indians of the Triple-A American Association, where he finished the year with a 2–4 record. Pittsburgh Pirates general manager Branch Rickey was anxious to develop young players quickly, and moved Friend onto the major league roster at the beginning of 1951.

Major League career
In 1951, Friend joined the Pirates to begin the season, making his first appearance on June 28 in relief, allowing two hits over two innings of scoreless work in an eventual 4–2 loss to the Cincinnati Reds. He totaled 149.2 innings that season, making 22 starts and 12 relief appearances. On August 15, he pitched his first career shutout, blanking the St. Louis Cardinals 7–0 on two hits while striking out three. He also managed to walk eight batters that day. He ended up with a 6–10 record and a 4.27 ERA. the Pirates posted a 64–90 record, finishing ahead of only the last-place Chicago Cubs.

Friend began 1952 as Pittsburgh's number four starter. He opened the year with a shutout, striking out six Reds en route to a five-hit, 3–0 victory. He went 7–17 (NL third in losses) with a 4.18 ERA, allowing a respectable 9.0 H/9. The Bucs finished with a 42–112 record, their worst mark in 62 years.

Friend went 8-11, 4.90 in 1953. For the first time in his career, he struck out more batters than he walked (66 K's to 59 walks). On June 15, he earned his second win of the seasons, striking out six Milwaukee Braves in a complete game, 10-inning five-hitter, a 3–2 victory. Pittsburgh finished 55 games out of first place, going 50-104.

Friend made 35 appearances, 20 of them starts for the 1954 Pirates. He went 7–12 with a career-worst 5.07 ERA on the season. He defeated the Chicago Cubs, 4–0 in the back half of a doubleheader on September 14, allowing no walks and five hits while striking out five. In his next start, he earned a 1–0 win over the Brooklyn Dodgers by allowing six hits and no walks, whiffing three batters on September 19. Pittsburgh managed to improve their record by only three games, going 53-101.

In 1955 Friend posted a 14–9 record (NL fifth in wins, NL third-best .609 win percentage) and won the NL pitching title with an NL-best 2.83 ERA. 20 of his 44 appearances were starts, and he finished 16th in the NL MVP vote. His 6.0 pWAR also ranked him first in the league. He allowed 7.997 hits per nine innings pitched (NL sixth) with a 1.148 WHIP (NL third). His 50 defensive assists from the hill was the most in the league. On September 7, he struck out eight Cubs while allowing a single baserunner, a single to opposing left fielder Frank Baumholtz in a 2–0 win over Chicago. Despite his success, the Pirates still finished in last, at 60-94.

In 1956, Friend led the NL with 42 starts (in 49 appearances) and with 314.1 innings pitched. He was selected to his first All-Star team and was the winning pitcher of the 1956 All-Star Game. He finished 12th in the NL MVP race. He went 17–17 (NL eighth in wins) with a 3.46 ERA. His 5.6 pWAR was good enough to rank second in the NL. He also racked up 166 strikeouts (NL third). On June 8, he struck out nine Cardinals in a complete game, 11-inning, 2–0 six-hit victory. The Pirates finished with a 66–88 record, six games ahead of the last-place Cubs.

Friend again led the NL in starts in 1957, with 38, and in innings pitched, with 277. He compiled a 14–18 record with a 3.38 ERA (NL seventh). He registered a 1.231 WHIP (NL ninth), 143 strikeouts (NL sixth), and 17 complete games (NL second). On August 13, he pitched a two-hit victory, striking out five in a 6–0 victory over the Philadelphia Phillies. The team finished the year tied for last, at 62-92. Also this season, he earned his degree from Purdue University in Economics, a result of him having attended the school during the off-season for eight years.

In 1958 Friend was selected to his second All-Star team, finish sixth in the NL MVP race, and third for the NL Cy Young Award. He led the league in wins, going 22–14 with a 3.68 ERA. In 274 innings, (NL third), he racked up a 1.314 WHIP (NL ninth), 135 strikeouts (NL fifth), and 16 complete games (NL fifth). He ranked fourth in the NL with 10 sacrifice hits. He won his first four decisions of the season, but pitched only one shutout all year, a 2–0 win against St. Louis on  August 3. He allowed nine hits and struck out two. The Pirates finished the year at 84–70, second only to the NL pennant-winning Milwaukee Braves, by eight games.

In 1959 Friend led the NL in losses, going 8–19 on the season with a 4.03 ERA. He placed second in the NL with 12 sacrifice hits. He earned his first win of the season on May 28 (against seven losses) by shutting out the  Braves 3–0, striking out five and allowing four hits and two walks. Pittsburgh finished mid-pack, in fourth place, nine games back with a 78–76 record.

In 1960, Friend made the All-Star roster for the third time, leading the NL with 4.1 strikeouts per walk issued. He went 18–12 (NL fifth in wins) with a 3.00 ERA (also NL fifth). He posted a 5.6 pWAR (NL fourth), a 1.128 WHIP (NL third), and 183 strikeouts (NL fifth) over 257.2 innings (NL second). Of his NL third-best four shutouts, his best was probably on April 28, when he struck out 11 and allowed just four hits in a 3–0 win over the Phillies. The 95–59 Pirates finished seven games ahead of second-place Milwaukee for the NL pennant. The Pirates defeated the New York Yankees in the 1960 World Series in seven games. Of Pittsburgh's three losses, Friend was on the hook for two, racking up a 13.50 ERA over his three appearances.

Friend led the NL in losses for the second time in 1961, going 14–19 with a 3.85 ERA (his win total ranked him 10th in the league). He started 35 games (NL fourth), completing 10 and using 236 innings (NL 10th). He was undefeated through his first five starts (4-0, 3.20). This includes his start on April 19, when he defeated the Cubs, 4–1, allowing three hits and striking out seven. The Pirates regressed to 75–79, finishing a distant sixth in the eight-team National League.

In 1962, Friend went 18–14 (NL seventh in wins) with a 3.06 ERA (NL ninth) and a league-leading five shutouts. He had a 5.9 pWAR (NL fourth) with 13 complete games (NL ninth). His .984 fielding percentage at the position ranked him fourth in the NL. On opening day, April 10, he tossed a 6–0 shutout against the Phillies, allowing a walk with five hits while striking out five. On August 20, he blanked the expansion New York Mets, 2-0, whiffing six with two walks and four hits. Pittsburgh went 93-68, finishing in fourth place eight games behind the pennant-winning San Francisco Giants.

In 1963 Friend went 17–16 (NL ninth in wins) with career bests in ERA, 2.34 (NL third), H/9, at 7.9 (NL sixth), and WHIP, a 1.042 (NL fifth). He had a 5.8 pWAR (NL fourth). He defeated the Mets, 10–1, on June 1, striking out eight and allowing two hits. The run was unearned. At 74–88, the Pirates were the only non-expansion team to register a record below .500, placing in eighth.

Friend completed 13 (NL ninth) of 35 starts (NL seventh) with three shutouts (NL 10th), posting a 13–18 record with a 3.33 ERA in 1964. As in eight of the prior nine seasons, he ranked in the NL top ten in batters faced and in innings pitched. He went the distance on July 15 in a 3–0 shutout over the Phillies, allowing seven hits and striking out four. The Pirates finished tied for sixth at 80–82, 13 games behind pennant-winning St. Louis.

1965 marked the end of Friend's tenure in Pittsburgh, a season in which he went 8–12 with a 3.24 ERA over 34 starts. On July 23, he beat the Cubs 6-0, allowing a walk and two hits for his fifth win of the season.  Pittsburgh closed out Friend's stay with a strong 90–72 campaign, seven games back of the Dodgers.

Friend played one more major league season, splitting the year between the two New York clubs. He went 1-4, 4.84 with the Yankees and 5-8, 4.40 with the Mets.

Friend wore #19 for the Yankees. After he was traded to the Mets, Fritz Peterson took over his uniform number.

In 15 full seasons with the Pirates, Friend finished 27 games below .500 on a team that went 1066–1285. Although never considered a Hall of Fame-caliber pitcher, with Vernon Law, especially in 1960, he was considered part of the best 1-2 combination in baseball, with Friend number 2.

Personal life and death
In 1957, Friend married Patricia Koval, a nurse in the office of the Pirates' team doctor; they had two children, with son Bob Friend Jr. becoming a professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour.

Friend served as controller of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, from 1967 to 1975. In 1976, he joined an insurance brokerage, eventually becoming a vice president. He was a three-time delegate to the Republican National Convention. He was a Freemason.

Friend died unexpectedly at his home in O'Hara Township, outside of Pittsburgh, on February 3, 2019, from cardiac arrest at the age of 88.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

References

 James, Bill. "Bob Friend", in The Neyer/James Guide To Pitchers, Fireside, 2004, p. 108-113, 212-213.

External links

Retrosheet
 Indiana Baseball Hall of Fame

1930 births
2019 deaths
Baseball players from Indiana
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Yankees players
New York Mets players
National League All-Stars
National League ERA champions
National League wins champions
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
Sportspeople from Lafayette, Indiana
Baseball players from Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Purdue Boilermakers baseball players
Waco Pirates players
Indianapolis Indians players
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County officials in Pennsylvania
20th-century American businesspeople

Bob Friend


Leg before wicket (LBW) is one way a batsman can get out in cricket. There must be an appeal to the umpire at the bowler's end, and he makes the decision.

LBW happens when the ball touches a batsman's body before it touches the bat or a hand/glove holding the bat, and the ball would otherwise have hit the wicket.

Leg before wicket first appeared in the laws of cricket in 1774, as batsmen began to use their pads to prevent the ball hitting their wicket.

Definition

The definition of leg before wicket (lbw) is currently Law 36 in the Laws of Cricket, written by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC).

Before a batter can be dismissed lbw, the fielding team must appeal to the umpire. If the bowler delivers a no-ball — an illegal delivery — the batter cannot be out lbw under any circumstances.

Otherwise, for the batter to be adjudged lbw, the ball, if it bounces, must hit the pitch in line with or on the off side of the wickets. For a right-handed batsman, the off side is the right-hand side of the pitch when viewed from his perspective. For a left-handed batsman, the off side is the left-hand side. Then the ball must strike part of the batsman's body without first touching his/her bat, In the Laws of Cricket, the batsman's bat is considered to include the hand or hands holding it. in line with the wickets and have been going on to hit the stumps.

The batter may also be out lbw if, having made no attempt to hit the ball with their bat, they are struck outside the line of off stump by a ball that would have hit the wickets. The umpire must assume that the ball would have continued on the same trajectory after striking the batter, even if it would have bounced before hitting the stumps.

Instant replay
Sometimes video replay and other technologies are used to decide if a batter is out LBW. For example, heat-tracking ("Hot Spot") can visually show when the ball has hit the bat or part of the batter's body, audio-tracking ("Snickometer") can show if there is a slight sound from the impact of the ball, and advanced simulations ("Hawkeye") can predict where the ball would have gone after impact with the batter's body if the batter had not been there.

References

Cricket

Leg before wicket


The Lecompton Constitution (1857) was one of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. It was written by pro-slavery people. It included parts to allow slavery in the state. It also had parts to not include free blacks from its bill of rights. It was defeated on January 4, 1858 by a majority of voters in the Kansas Territory. The rejection of the Lecompton Constitution, and the admission of Kansas to the Union as a free state, showed the unusual and fraudulent voting practices. These practices had been used in earlier efforts by bushwhackers and border ruffians to create a state constitution in Kansas that allowed slavery.

The Topeka Constitution was written before the Lecompton Constitution. The Leavenworth and Wyandotte Constitutions were written after the Lecompton Constitution. The Wyandotte Consitution became the Kansas state constitution. The document was written in response to the anti-slavery 1855 Topeka Constitution. That constitution was written by James H. Lane and other free-state people. The territorial legislature was filled mostly with slave owners. They met at the chosen capital of Lecompton in September 1857. They met there to write a document that would compete against the other constitutions. Most actual settlers were anti-slavery. They [boycott]ed the vote. Territorial governor of Kansas, Robert J. Walker, was very pro-slavery. However, he was against the obvious unfairness of the Constitution. He quit being governor so he did not have to enforce it.

President James Buchanan was very pro-slavery, so he supported the Lecompton Constitution when it was sent to Congress. The president received the support of the Southern Democrats. However, many Northern Democrats, led by Stephen A. Douglas, voted with the Republicans to be against the constitution.

Related pages
Topeka Constitution
Wyandotte Constitution
Bleeding Kansas

References

Other websites
 The Kansas Constitution on Wikisource.
 Constitution Hall State Historic Site Lecompton, Kansas
 Historic Lecompton.''
 The Lecompton Constitution

Bleeding Kansas
1857

Lecompton Constitution


The Boring Company is a tunnel boring company founded by Elon Musk, who earlier started SpaceX. It aims to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. It is involved in the building of the Hyperloop in Los Angeles.

Elon Musk complained via Twitter about Los Angeles traffic and the same day, December 17, 2016, founded the company. It built a short test tunnel in Los Angeles.

To raise money for the expensive project, Elon Musk started selling promotional merchandise - first caps and then flamethrowers (branded as 'Not a flamethrower' to stop customs) and then fire extinguishers to go with. The company website is written in a lighthearted tone, for example describing the fire extinguishers as 'overpriced'.

References

American technology companies
Elon Musk
Companies based in California

The Boring Company


The Battle of Lerin or Battle of Florina or Chegan offensive was an offensive operation of the Bulgarian army fought between 17–28 August 1916, during the First World War, in which they conquered the city of Florina (in present-day Greece, but known in Bulgaria as Lerin) but failed to take Chegan.

Background
In August 1916, Romania chose to join the war effort on the side of the Entente. The Allies planned a large offensive in the Macedonian front for the middle of August to support Romania's entry into the war and pin down as many Bulgarian forces as possible. The Bulgarian high command suspected an impending offensive, and the fighting around Doiran that erupted on 9 August only confirmed these suspicions. On their part, the Bulgarians had urged for an offensive in Macedonia since the beginning of the year, now planning a strike with the First Army and Second Army on both Allied flanks.

The Struma operation on the eastern flank by the Bulgarian Second Army under general Todorov was a huge success, mainly because the Greek government ordered their troops not to resist.

Chegan operation
The advance on the right flank was to be undertaken by the Bulgarian First Army, which had the following order of battle in July 1916:

The Germans finally agreed that an offensive was needed, and on 12 August general Boyadzhiev received his orders from the headquarters of Army Group "Mackensen". The right wing of the army, consisting of the reinforced 8th infantry division (four and a half infantry brigades,) was to advance and take Lerin while parts of the 3rd division towards the Chegan mountain range and the village of the same name (today known as Agios Athanasios, to the north-west of Lake Vegoritida, in the Greek regional unit of Pella). General Boyadzhiev agreed to attack but had concerns regarding the final results of the offensive because his army was scattered on a  front and lacked enough mountain and heavy artillery.
The six infantry and one cavalry divisions of the three Serbian armies faced the Bulgarians.

The offensive began on 17 August 1916, with the Bulgarians taking Lerin and Banitsa. However, the advance soon encountered difficulties, slowing down considerably due to the increased Serbian resistance. The fighting was especially heavy on the bare rocky slopes of Chegan Mountain and the Voras Mountains. The Serbians were reinforced with new artillery constantly and fresh troops thanks to the railway that reached the battlefield, while the Bulgarians soon began depleting their ammunition stocks. This and the slow advance forced the Bulgarian high command to call off all attacks on 27 August and order the forces to dig in on the occupied positions between Lake Vegoritida, Lake Petron and along the ridges of the Voras Mountains. For the next several days, the Bulgarian positions were subjected to heavy artillery fire and a few Serbian attacks that were repulsed.

Consequences
The Chegan Offensive also known as the Lerin Offensive had failed. It failed to influence Romania, which entered the war on the side of the Allies but also failed to achieve its final military objective to take the Chegan village and the pass north of Lake Ostrovo.

French General Maurice Sarrail now prepared a counterattack against the First Bulgarian Army that would eventually develop in the Monastir Offensive. The French retook Lerin/Florina on 23 September 1916.

References

 These units were termed "Army." They were, in fact, corps-sized formations.

See also
 First Army (Bulgaria)

Battles of the Balkans Theatre (World War I)
Battles of World War I involving Bulgaria
Battles of World War I involving Serbia
Serbia in World War I
Greece in World War I
Battles involving France
Battles in Macedonia (Greece)
1916 in Bulgaria
1916 in Serbia
Florina
Macedonian front
August 1916 events

Battle of Florina