Riverview Hospital was a Canadian mental health facility located in Coquitlam, British Columbia. It operated under the governance of BC Mental Health & Addiction Services until it closed, in July 2012. In December 2015, the provincial government announced plans to replace the obsolete buildings with new mental health facilities, scheduled to open in about 2019. On October 12, 2021, the new Red Fish Healing Centre for Mental Health and Addiction opened on the site.

At one time, Riverview Hospital was known as Essondale Hospital, for Henry Esson Young (1862–1939), who played an important role in establishing the facility. The neighbourhood where the hospital is located also became known as the Essondale neighbourhood.

History
In 1876, Royal Hospital in Victoria was converted to British Columbia's first facility to house mentally ill patients. Due to crowding, Royal Hospital was closed and the patients moved to the new Provincial Asylum for the Insane in 1878. Again facing problems of overcrowding at the turn of the century, in 1904, the provincial government purchased  in then-rural Coquitlam for the construction of Riverview Hospital and the adjacent Colony Farm lands. Construction of a temporary "Hospital for the Mind" began at the Riverview property in 1909.

In 1911, British Columbia's first Provincial Botanist, John Davidson, established an arboretum, a nursery, and a botanical garden on the hospital lands, often with the assistance of patients, as there existed a belief in the therapeutic value of this kind of work. The botanical garden was moved to the new University of British Columbia in 1916, but the arboretum and nursery remained.

In 1913, a permanent provincial mental hospital, administered by Henry Esson Young, was opened, treating about 300 seriously mentally ill male patients. The building was originally constructed to hold 480 patients, but by the end of the year, it housed 919. By this time, Colony Farm was producing over 700 tons of crops and 20,000 gallons of milk in a year, using mostly patient labour. In 1950, the Male Chronic building was renamed West Lawn, the Female Chronic building East Lawn, and the Acute Psychopathic Unit became Centre Lawn. The hospital itself was then called the Provincial Mental Hospital, Essondale. In 1983, the West Lawn building was closed. In 1984, 141 acres of Riverview's upper hillside were sold, subdivided, and developed as the Riverview Heights subdivision, with 250 single-family homes, and the remaining Riverview forest was acquired by the city of Coquitlam.

In 1924, the Acute Psychopathic Unit, later called Centre Lawn, opened. Several hospital staff lived at the remote site, and by 1927, this had grown into a small community called Essondale, which included shops, a school, and a fire hall.

In 1930, the 675-bed Female Chronic Unit (later called East Lawn) opened due to overcrowding. The first phase of what would eventually be called the Crease Clinic, the Veteran's Unit, opened in 1934, with the second phase opening in 1949, giving Riverview its most iconic building. Finally in 1955, the Tuberculosis Unit (later called North Lawn) opened, marking the peak of patient residence.

By 1956, the hospital had reached 4,306 patients. In 1959, the charge of mental health services was transferred from the provincial secretary to the newly formed Department of Health Services. The transfer was followed by a transition from custodial care to the more active psychiatric care of patients. In 1967, Davidson resigned as deputy minister and was replaced by F.G. Tucker, a resident physician of Essondale (Riverview) from 1953 who, in 1959, became the clinical director of the Crease Clinic.

A steady decline in beds and facilities started in the 1960s and continued up to 2004, at which point there were only 800 beds. Some say that the reason for this decrease was initially due to the introduction of anti-psychotic medications and the development of psychiatric units in acute-care hospitals as well as a move toward outpatient care. As early as 1967, a decision had been made to downsize Riverview Hospital. The determination was first brought up officially on paper three years after the publication of the Mental Health Act of 1964, which intended to have mental health care be as readily available to the population as that of physical health. The two acts worked in conjunction so that by 1970, there were seventeen mental health centres in British Columbia, twelve of which had opened within the previous four years.

Decreases continued. In 1969, the provincial government appointed a committee to review the role of the Mental Health Branch of social services in British Columbia. The committee decided to further downsize Riverview in a stated plan to implement other community care centres. As further closures were being planned, legislation was also passed in 1969 that deemed Riverview an "open hospital" allowing private practitioners to send their patients to Riverview. A shift away from directors trained in psychiatry to administrative ones was marked. As services and beds at Riverview continuously decreased, while opening access to it through private practice, another official plan to entirely close Riverview Hospital was written in 1987: A Draft Plan to Replace Riverview Hospital.

Regional clinics began drawing patients from Riverview, and both advances in treatment and eventual cutbacks in funding resulted in fewer people receiving mental health care province-wide. In 1983, West Lawn closed, and farming operations at Colony Farm were discontinued. In 1984, the provincial government sold  of Riverview lands to Molnar Developments. Shortly afterward, this land was subdivided and became Riverview Heights, with about 250 single-family homes. In 1985, an acute geriatric unit was opened at Riverview Hospital.

In 1988, management of the hospital was officially transferred from the directors to a board of provincially appointed trustees. The shift was an anticipated one, as the Report of the Mental Health Planning Survey of 1979 states: "What began as the sensible idea of using non-medical, trained administrators for administrative tasks, has subtly become the use of untrained non-medical administrators, and a simultaneous denial of the psychiatrist's role in clinical leadership." The shift had been happening from the early 1960s and has been argued to be one of the reasons for the 1969 committee's decision to downsize Riverview and decrease funding. The board, as far less experienced in psychiatry than the original managers, who held doctorates and who were trained psychiatrists, were again replaced in 1992 by another board without trustees that was said to give a broader representation of concerns, including those of consumers patients, businesses, and union and community agencies.

By 1990, the decision had officially been made to reduce Riverview to a 358-bed facility, with the presumed intention of opening regional-care facilities throughout the province as stated in the Mental Health Initiative.

In 1992, the report Listening: A Review of Riverview Hospital was published as an attempt to resolve the complaints of patients and their family members that had gone ignored for years. The document "emphasizes that a full assessment of patients' decision-making abilities and personal support network is necessary, and that a patient be notified and given an opportunity to object before an incapability certificate is completed." The new rights of patients were implemented less than a decade before the hospital was entirely shut down. Also in 1992, the Crease Clinic closed.

Also in 1992, the Riverview Horticultural Centre Society was formed to preserve the remnants of the botanical garden and to advocate for John Davidson's vision of psychological therapy through horticulture.

By the year 2002, there were 800 beds in all of Riverview. In 2004, it was stated that by 2007, 400 new beds would open in other areas of British Columbia for mental health services, but places and dates went unmentioned. Neither did the report state how many beds would be removed from Riverview. In 2005, the East Lawn building closed, followed by the North Lawn building in 2007, and in 2012, the last patients were moved from Centre Lawn, and Riverview Hospital closed.

Other buildings on Riverview Hospital grounds continued as mental health facilities. In 2005, the city's task force on the hospital lands rejected the idea of further housing on the lands and declared that the lands and buildings should be protected and remain as a mental health facility. In 2009, Riverview Hospital was added to the Canadian Register of Historic Places.

Other mental health facilities have been constructed on the Riverview grounds, the first being Connolly Lodge, which opened on March 1, 2002; Cottonwood Lodge opened a few years later, and Cypress Lodge on April 23, 2010. Together, these three lodges have beds for 64 patients. In addition, twelve cottages are still in use as transitional housing for patients from the Forensic Hospital, and the Brookside and Hillside buildings host a 35-bed residential rehabilitation and recovery program run by Coast Mental Health for patients with concurrent disorders.

The construction of a provincially funded $101-million mental health and addiction treatment facility on the Riverview grounds, named Red Fish Healing Centre for Mental Health and Addiction, began in 2017 and was planned to be completed in 2021. The facility, which opened on October 12, 2021, is intended to provide inpatient care for 105 patients. The focus of its programs were developed to deliver specialized care for adults with severe and complex mental health and addiction challenges. It is believed to be the first large, standalone centre dedicated to treating the concurrent disorders of mental health and addictions.

Units before closure

Industrial Therapy Building
The Industrial Therapy Building was implemented in 1963, with a total cost of $505,000. Patients were assigned for instruction and training in a selected shop, which included cabinet, upholstery, furniture finishing, metal, printing, electronics, machine, mattresses, tailor, and shoemaking. It was said that the program was of use to the patients, as they would need vocations when they were to resume life in the community. The shops were supposed to give them skills to work once discharged from the hospital.

Acute Geriatric Psychiatric Division
The Geriatric Psychiatry Division of Riverview Hospital was opened in 1985. A 26-bed acute (temporary) admissions unit was opened. The division was intended to be the first stage of a larger implementation of geriatric services in psychiatry across British Columbia. The program focused on social interaction and fast movement into the community and social situations.

Film industry
The vacant structures that used to form the hospital are now often used as filming locations. Shows and films such as Watchmen, Supernatural, The X Files, Arrow, Elf, Smallville, Happy Gilmore, Prison Break, Riverdale, Motherland: Fort Salem, The Butterfly Effect, Final Destination 2, and Grave Encounters have made use of the Riverview property to form sets depicting a variety of scenes. A significant portion of Deadpool 2, including the initial and final battle sequences, was filmed at Centre Lawn.

Publications

Riverview Reminisces
Riverview Reminisces is a collection of stories and anecdotes from the staff of Riverview Hospital. The stories span the first years of Riverview's existence to its last years, prior to closure. It was published in 1992.

Mental Health Consultation Report: A Draft Plan to Replace Riverview Hospital
A Draft Plan to Replace Riverview Hospital is a 1987 report that demonstrates the reasoning for closing Riverview Hospital, the intended community implementations of psychiatric services, and the necessary transitional procedures (the majority of which were never seen).

The report states: "Implementation will involve redeveloping and reallocating existing resources applied at Riverview Hospital" (21). Riverview was to be reduced to a 550-medium/long-term patient capacity from its then-1,306, with the resources being reallocated "elsewhere in the community" (ibid).

The process was said to constitute the following: 218 staff FTEs for case management/outpatient treatment duties, resulting in 4,360 additional units of care being available to the mental health system; 1,090 additional patient places for community support lrograms (i.e., social/recreational and life skills/vocational); 310 additional residential care beds for mental health care, divided between intermediate and special adult residential treatment facilities; 60 psychiatric acute care beds to be added to the general hospital system (ibid).

Implementation was suggested to be a two-stage process. The first stage was to include the development of community residential, day program, and case management/outpatient treatment resources around the province to reduce Riverview patient population to 550 over three years. Additional beds in general hospitals and testing of medium/long-term inpatient units in urban areas were suggested to fall under the first stage. Further implementation of the medium/long-term care units was to take place following the three years so as to conjoin with the anticipated closure of Riverview five years from that date (ibid).

An orderly transitional period was deemed necessary for patients to be relocated to appropriate community settings with 'sufficient mental health staff and programs to monitor, follow-up, and promote their readjustment outside the institution" (22).

The report emphasizes that implementation of the plan should be gradual and orderly, with continuous monitoring to assure the system meets the needs of the mentally ill. It also repeats that there should be careful assessment and supervision of patients being transferred from Riverview Hospital—that any transfers should be based on clinical assessment and that proper discussion with family members must take place (ibid).

Home and family care were strongly recommended in the report for geriatric patients.

In the sections titled "Summary of Recommendations", the first two recommendations enforce the role of the families to take care of patients. The third emphasizes the role of volunteer programs to help the mentally ill. The primary-care physician (GP) was also suggested to become the main person to treat mental illness. Suggestion 14 states that general community services should play an important role in aiding those with mental illness. Recommendation 25 also enforces the role of general practitioners and community psychiatrists (30).

As can be seen by the stated recommendations, extra finances were hoped to be avoided in the change. As well, the overall amount of finances given by the provincial government to psychiatric care was expected to decrease, which is apparent in the report. Be that as it may, recommendations still distinctly state that "The current level of financial resources at Riverview Hospital should be available for treatment, rehabilitation, and support of the mentally ill people transferred to community-based facilities and programs" (22).

Despite financial cuts, many of the recommendations enforce sufficient beds for the acutely mentally ill, proper assessment and supervision, and sufficient education for the new carers to be offered as psychiatric care changes. Even more importantly, recommendations 63 and 64 state that all programs must be in place prior to any reductions or adjustments to Riverview, and that bridge funding between the psychiatric hospital and community programs must be available (32). The report, although subtly recommending a decrease in governmental financial aid for psychiatric services, repeatedly states that sufficient funding and proper care in transfers, including previously implemented community resources and supervision by Riverview before and after discharge, are crucial.

BC Housing: A Vision for Renewing Riverview
In 2015, BC Housing published "A Vision for Renewing Riverview", an initiative for developing the Riverview lands into a provincially administered municipality including housing for the mentally ill and for Indigenous housing. As of 2019, the BC government has not acted upon this initiative.

Impact of closure
The 1990 "Mental Health Initiative" stated that the provincial government would invest $26 million in additional funding over the following ten years. But only the first payment was initiated, and in 1992, the second payment was eighteen months overdue.

In 1992, about 8,000 of the yearly emergency admissions to Vancouver's mental health facilities were people with both drug addictions and mental illnesses. The reason is stated that "Port Coquitlam's Riverview Hospital is being emptied, and the sick are being thrown to the coyotes".

Joseph Noone, the clinical director psychiatrist-in-chief at Riverview in 1992, claimed that A Draft Plan to Replace Riverview Hospital had "magical faith that the Social Credit government would follow through on its promises to expand services in the community once they had downsized this hospital". Noone claims that he was suspicious of the report since its publication. Noone also stated that 1,000 patients were brought in and shipped out of Riverview annually.

The Greater Vancouver Mental Health Services had only 115 full-time workers, with over 4,000 patients in the same year. Ex-patients of Riverview were often left without help or financial aid, which caused them to flock toward the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver.

Mark Smith, director of Triage, a shelter in Vancouver, stated that "there is zero available housing for these people—not even flop houses". He also said that much of the time, Riverview would try to discharge their patients right into the overnight shelter. He claimed that the mass discharges were turning the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver into a mental health ghetto. He additionally mentioned that many of his clients who had recently been discharged from Riverview (mostly schizophrenics) would commit suicide shortly after discharge, due to failure to properly medicate from lack of professional supervision.

Andrew Wan, a Kitsilano mental health worker, stated that in 1992, the conditions of privately run boarding homes are often no better than others. The places are run for profit, so they skim over expenses.

In 1994–95, expenditures on mental health services in BC were up by 34% over 1990–91. The BC government had invested the overdue money in the health care system.

In April 1996, the Vancouver Management Resource Group stated that the Vancouver Health Board was in the process of developing a budget based on the assumption that decreases in federal transfer payments would mean a status quo or reduced budget overall for 1996/1997".

Optimistically, the same 1996 report stated that due to numerous media reports about the crisis in the current system that suggested the downsizing of Riverview was leading to unacceptable pressure on the rest of the system, the Riverview Board recommended, and the ministry supported a stop to further downsizing of Riverview inpatient beds until the system stabilized.

In 2002, there were 800 beds at Riverview. The stakeholders' meeting stated that by 2007, there would be 920 specialized mental health beds located in smaller hospitals throughout British Columbia, but neither dates, places, nor names were given. No mention of sites opening in the city of Vancouver were mentioned, either.

Press releases by the Provincial Health Services Authority indicated that conditions had improved seven years later. In 2003, three new mental health facilities had opened in Prince George, Kamloops, and Victoria. Along with the new buildings, eighty patients from Riverview were discharged. They did not indicate whether beds had been implemented for the patients who had already been discharged prior to the construction of the three new buildings that were immediately filled with then-Riverview patients.

At the 2004 stakeholders' meeting, it was stated that there were 84 new beds in mental health housing facilities in British Columbia. From 2003 to 2004, four beds had been officially added. At the same meeting, it was stated that by 2007, over 400 newly developed mental health beds were to open in the Vancouver Coastal and Fraser Health Authorities, a 520-bed decrease from what was stated the previous year. At the same meeting, PHSA Mental Health Services President Leslie Arnold said, "A comprehensive transition care plan, including input from family members, is developed from each RVH patient prior to transfer'.

In 2013, then-mayor of Maple Ridge stated that he was concerned with the number of people with mental illness who were living on the street in the Lower Mainland. His council pushed to re-open Riverview Hospital to help solve the problem.

On September 20, 2013, the BC government rejected the recommendation of the Union of BC Mayors to re-instate Riverview Hospital. The reason the premier gave was that re-institutionalization is not the solution to homelessness or drug addiction. Instead, there is "a new set of problems we need to deal with...Gaps in the community health care system are what need to be addressed".

The building was altered for use in the 2014 film Godzilla and was still in modern hospital conditions at the time. Conservationists had hopes to save it so that it could be reopened, but demolition went ahead.

Demolition of the Valleyview building, one of the last buildings onsite to close, began in 2016.

References

External links

 Riverview Hospital clickable map and detailed building history

Hospital buildings completed in 1878
Hospital buildings completed in 1913
Government buildings completed in 1913
Buildings and structures in Coquitlam
Hospitals in British Columbia
Psychiatric hospitals in Canada
Hospitals established in 1913
Arboreta in Canada
Defunct hospitals in Canada
1878 establishments in British Columbia
Abandoned hospitals in Canada

Riverview Hospital (Coquitlam)


Tristan Egolf (December 19, 1971 – May 7, 2005) was an American novelist, author, and political activist.

Early life
Egolf was born in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain. His father, Brad Evans, was a National Review journalist and his mother, Paula, a painter. His younger sister is American actress Gretchen Egolf. His younger half-brother is American/British musician Siegfried Faith-Evans. As a Roman Catholic, his godparents were Leo Brent Bozell II and Patricia Lee Buckley. His parents divorced in Egolf's childhood and he took the surname of his stepfather, Gary Egolf. It was life in Philadelphia, however, that inspired Egolf, along with summer visits to his father's new home in Indiana. He graduated from Hempfield High School in Landisville, Pennsylvania, in 1990. Egolf briefly attended Temple University, in Philadelphia.

Music career
Egolf dropped out of Temple and joined a punk rock band "Freak Thing", later "Kitschchao". The band did release one 7" single on Compulsiv Records, but after the band was dissolved Egolf wanted to focus on his writing and moved to Paris, which he said was the best place to write about Kentucky, where Lord of the Barnyard was to be set. For 18 months, he wrote during the day and subsidized his rent by playing guitar in Irish bars and on the Pont des Arts as a street musician.

Literary career
In Paris, Egolf struck up an acquaintance with Marie Modiano. Her father Patrick Modiano, French author and screenwriter (Lacombe Lucien) and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, helped Egolf get his first novel published in France in 1998 by Gallimard after it had been rejected by more than 70 U.S. publishers. Lord of the Barnyard was subsequently published in the United Kingdom and the United States and received moderately favorable reviews – with a few raves worldwide. His second book, Skirt and the Fiddle, was published in 2002 to even better critical response; his third, Kornwolf, was published after his death. He had also been working on a screenplay for Lord of the Barnyard, left unfinished.

Political activism
Outside his writing, Egolf achieved some renown as a political activist. In July 2004, he and a group of friends, later known as the Smoketown Six, were arrested outside Lancaster, Pennsylvania, for stripping down to thong underwear and piling on top of one another alongside a road that was being traveled by US President George W. Bush to protest the Abu Ghraib prison-abuse scandal.

Death
On May 7, 2005, shortly after completing the manuscript for Kornwolf, Egolf shot himself in his apartment in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He left behind a seven-year-old daughter born in France and a nine-month-old daughter born in the United States.

Bibliography
 Lord of the Barnyard: Killing the Fatted Calf and Arming the Aware in the Corn Belt (1999)
 Skirt and the Fiddle (2002)
 Kornwolf (2006)

References

20th-century American novelists
Writers from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
American activists
Suicides by firearm in Pennsylvania
1971 births
2005 suicides
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Pennsylvania
2005 deaths

Tristan Egolf


Sir Humphrey Gilbert (c. 1539 – 9 September 1583) was an English adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier who served during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and was a pioneer of the English colonial empire in North America and the Plantations of Ireland. He was a maternal half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh and a cousin of Sir Richard Grenville.

Biography

Early life
Gilbert was the fifth son of Otho Gilbert of Compton, Greenway and Galmpton, all in Devon, by his wife Catherine Champernowne. His brothers, Sir John Gilbert and Adrian Gilbert, and his half-brothers Carew Raleigh and Sir Walter Raleigh, were also prominent during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth I and King James VI and I. Catherine Champernowne was a niece of Kat Ashley, Elizabeth's governess, who introduced her young kinsmen to the court. Gilbert's uncle, Sir Arthur Champernowne, involved him in the Plantations of Ireland between 1566 and 1572.

Gilbert's mentor was Sir Henry Sidney. He was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, where he learned to speak French and Spanish and studied war and navigation. He went on to reside at the Inns of Chancery in London in about 1560–1561.

Gilbert was present at the siege of Newhaven in Havre-de-Grâce (Le Havre), Normandy, where he was wounded in June 1563. By July 1566, he was serving in Ireland during the Tudor conquest of Ireland, under the command of Sidney (then Lord Deputy of Ireland) against Shane O'Neill. He was then sent to England later in the year with dispatches for the Queen. At that point he took the opportunity of presenting the Queen with his A Discourse of a Discoverie for a New Passage to Cataia (Cathay) (published in revised form in 1576), treating of the exploration of a Northwest Passage by America to China.

Military career in Ireland

After the assassination of O'Neill in 1567, Gilbert was appointed governor of Ulster and served as a member of the Irish Parliament. At about this time, he petitioned William Cecil, Queen Elizabeth's principal secretary, for a recall to England, citing "for the recovery of my eyes", but his ambitions still rested in Ireland and particularly in the southern province of Munster. In April 1569, he proposed the establishment of a presidency and council for the province and pursued the notion of an extensive settlement around Baltimore (at the southwest tip of modern County Cork), which was approved by the Dublin council. He was involved with Sidney and Secretary of State Thomas Smith in planning the Enterprise of Ulster, a large settlement in the east of the northern province of Ulster, by Devonshire gentlemen. On 1 January 1570, Gilbert was knighted for his services by Sidney.

Gilbert's actions in the south of Ireland played a part in the events that led up to the first of the Desmond Rebellions. Sir Peter Carew, his Devonshire kinsman, was pursuing a claim to the inheritance of certain lands within the Butler territories in south Leinster. The 3rd Earl of Ormonde, a bosom companion of Queen Elizabeth's from childhood and head of the Butler dynasty, was absent in England, and the clash of Butler's influence with the Carew claim fostered conflict. Carew seized the barony of Idrone (in modern County Carlow), the residence of the Irish King Art Óg Mac Murchadha Caomhánach.

In the summer of 1569, Gilbert was eager to participate, pushing westward with his forces across the River Blackwater and joined up with his kinsman to defeat Sir Edmund Butler, the Earl of Ormond's younger brother. Violence spread in a confusion from Leinster and across the province of Munster, when the Geraldines of Desmond, led by James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, rose against the incursion. Gilbert was then promoted to colonel by Lord Deputy Sidney and was charged with the pursuit of FitzGerald. The Geraldines were driven out of Kilmallock but returned to lay siege to Gilbert, who drove off their force in a sally during which his horse was shot from under him and his buckler transfixed with a spear. After that initial success, he marched unopposed for three weeks through Kerry and Connello, capturing thirty to forty castles. During this campaign, Gilbert's forces showed no quarter to all Irish people they came across, including women and children. Soldier and author Thomas Churchyard described an intimidation tactic implemented by Gilbert during the campaign:

The heddes of all those (of who sort soever thei were) which were killed in the daie, should be cutte off from their bodies and brought to the place where he incamped at night, and should there bee laied on the ground by eche side of the waie ledying into his owne tente so that none could come into his tente for any cause but commonly he muste passe through a lane of heddes which he used ad terrorem... [It brought] greate terrour to the people when thei sawe the heddes of their dedde fathers, brothers, children, kindsfolke, and freinds...

After the campaign, Gilbert retroactively justified his policy of attacking non-combatants by arguing that "The men of war could not be maintained without their churls and calliackes, old women and those women who milked their Creaghts (cows) and provided their victuals and other necessaries. So that the killing of them by the sword was the way to kill the men of war by famine." Once Ormond had returned from England and called in his brothers, the Geraldines found themselves outgunned. In December 1569, after one of the chief rebels had surrendered, Gilbert was knighted at the hands of Sidney in the ruined FitzMaurice camp, reputedly amid heaps of dead gallowglass warriors. A month after Gilbert's return to England FitzMaurice retook Kilmallock with 120 soldiers, defeating the garrison and sacking the town for three days. Three years later FitzMaurice surrendered.

Member of parliament and adventurer

In 1570, Gilbert returned to England, where he married Anne Ager, daughter of John Ager (alias Aucher, etc.) of Otterden, who bore him six sons and one daughter. In 1571, he was elected to the Parliament of England as a member of parliament for Plymouth, Devon, and, in 1572, for Queenborough. He argued in favour of the crown prerogative in the matter of royal licenses for purveyance. In business affairs, he involved himself in an alchemical project with Smith, hoping for iron to be transmuted into copper and antimony, and lead into mercury..

By 1572, Gilbert had turned his attention to the Spanish Netherlands, where he fought an unsuccessful campaign in support of the Dutch Sea beggars at the head of a force of 1,500 men, many of whom had deserted from Smith's aborted plantation in the Ards of Ulster. In the period 1572–1578, Gilbert settled down and devoted himself to writing. In 1573, he presented the Queen with a proposal for an academy in London , which was eventually put into effect by Sir Thomas Gresham with the establishment of Gresham College. Gilbert also helped to set up the Society of the New Art with William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, both of whom maintained an alchemical laboratory in Limehouse.

The rest of Gilbert's life was spent in a series of failed maritime expeditions, the financing of which exhausted his family fortune. After receiving letters patent on 11 June 1578,

Gilbert set sail in November 1578 with a fleet of seven vessels from Plymouth in Devon for North America. The fleet was scattered by storms and forced back to port some six months later. The only vessel to have penetrated the Atlantic to any great distance was the Falcon under Raleigh's command.

In the summer of 1579, William Drury, Lord Deputy of Ireland, commissioned Gilbert and Raleigh to attack James FitzMaurice Fitzgerald again by sea and land and to intercept a fleet expected to arrive from Spain with aid for the Irish. At this time, Gilbert had three vessels under his command: the 250-ton Anne Ager (named after his wife), the Relief, and the 10-ton Squirrell, a small frigate notable for having completed the voyage to America and back within three months under the command of a captured Portuguese pilot .

Gilbert set sail in June 1579 after a spell of bad weather and promptly got lost in the fog and heavy rain off Land's End, Cornwall, an incident which caused the Queen to doubt his seafaring ability. His fleet was then driven into the Bay of Biscay and the Spanish soon slipped past and sailed into Dingle harbour, where they made their rendezvous with the Irish. In October Gilbert put into the port of Cobh in Cork, where he delivered a terrible beating to a local gentleman, smashing him about the head with a sword. He then fell into a row with a local merchant, whom he murdered on the dockside.

Gilbert became one of the leading advocates for the then-mythical Northwest Passage to Cathay (China), a country written up in great detail by Marco Polo in the 13th century for its abundance of riches. Gilbert made a case to counter the calls for a Northeast Passage to China.

During the winter of 1566 he and a personal adversary of his, Anthony Jenkinson (who had sailed to Russia and crossed that country down to the Caspian Sea), argued the pivotal question of polar routes before Queen Elizabeth. Gilbert claimed that any northeast passage was far too dangerous: "the air is so darkened with continual mists and fogs so near the pole that no man can well see either to guide his ship or direct his course".

By logic and reason a north-west passage was assumed to exist, and Columbus had discovered America with far less evidence; it was imperative for England to catch up, to settle in new lands, and thus to challenge the Iberian powers. Gilbert's contentions won support and money was raised, chiefly by the London merchant Michael Lok, for an expedition. Martin Frobisher was appointed captain and left England in June 1576, but the quest for a north-west passage failed: Frobisher returned with a cargo of a black stone – which was found to be worthless – and a native Inuit.

Newfoundland and death
It was assumed that Gilbert would be appointed president of Munster after the dismissal of Ormond as lord lieutenant of the province in the spring of 1581. At this time Gilbert was a member of parliament for Queenborough, Kent, but his attention was again drawn to North America, where he hoped to seize territory on behalf of the English crown.

The six-year exploration license Gilbert had secured by letters patent from the crown in 1578 was on the point of expiring, when he succeeded in 1583 in raising significant sums from English Catholic investors. The investors were constrained by penal laws in their own country, and loath to go into exile in hostile parts of Europe; the prospect of American settlement appealed to them, especially as Gilbert was proposing to seize some nine million acres (36,000 km2) around the river Norumbega, to be parcelled out under his authority (although to be held ultimately by the Crown). However, the Privy Council insisted that the investors pay recusancy fines before departing, and Catholic clergy and Spanish agents worked to dissuade them from interfering in America. Shorn of his Catholic financing, Gilbert set sail with a fleet of five vessels in June 1583. One of the vessels—Bark Raleigh, owned and commanded by Sir Walter Raleigh—turned back owing to lack of victuals. Gilbert's crews were made up of misfits, criminals, and pirates, but in spite of the many problems caused by their lawlessness, the fleet reached Newfoundland.

On arriving at the port of St. John's, Gilbert was blockaded by the fishing fleet under the organisation of the port admiral (an Englishman) on account of piracy committed against a Portuguese vessel in 1582 by one of Gilbert's commanders. Once this resistance was overcome, Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland (including the lands 200 leagues to the north and south) for the English Crown on 5 August 1583. This involved the cutting of turf to symbolise the transfer of possession of the soil, according to the common law of England. The locals presented him with a dog, which he named Stella after the North Star. He claimed authority over the fish stations at St. John's and levied a tax on the fishermen from several countries who worked this rich sea near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.

Within weeks his fleet departed, having made no attempt to form a settlement, due to a lack of supplies. During the return voyage, Gilbert sailed on . He ordered a controversial change of course for the fleet. Owing to his obstinacy and disregard for the views of superior mariners, the ship Delight ran aground and sank with the loss of all but sixteen of its crew on one of the sandbars of Sable Island. Delight had been the largest remaining ship in the squadron (an unwise choice to lead in uncharted coastal waters) and contained most of the remaining supplies. Later in the voyage, a sea monster was sighted, said to have resembled a lion with glaring eyes.

After discussions with Edward Hayes and William Cox, captain and master of Golden Hind respectively, Gilbert decided on 31 August to return. The fleet made good speed, clearing Cape Race after two days, and was soon clear of land. Gilbert had stepped on a nail on the Squirrel and on 2 September went aboard Golden Hind to have his foot bandaged and to discuss means of keeping the two little ships together on their Atlantic crossing. Gilbert refused to leave Squirrel and after a strong storm they had a spell of clear weather and made fair progress. Gilbert went aboard Golden Hind again, visited with Hayes and insisted once more on returning to Squirrel, even though Hayes insisted she was over-gunned and unsafe for sailing. Nearly  away from Cape Race, near the Azores, they encountered high waves of heavy seas, "breaking short and high Pyramid wise", said Hayes.On 9 September, Squirrel was nearly overwhelmed but recovered. Despite the persuasions of others, who wished him to take to the larger vessel, Gilbert stayed put and was observed sitting in the stern of his frigate, reading a book. When Golden Hind came within hailing distance, the crew heard Gilbert cry out repeatedly, "We are as near to Heaven by sea as by land!" as he lifted his palm to the skies to illustrate his point. At midnight the frigate's lights were extinguished and the watch on Golden Hind cried out "the Generall was cast away". Squirrel had gone down with all hands. It is thought Gilbert's reading material was the Utopia of Sir Thomas More, which contains the following passage: "He that hathe no grave is covered with the skye: and, the way to heaven out of all places is of like length and distance."

Legacy
Gilbert was part of a prominent generation of Devonshire men, who combined the roles of adventurer, writer, soldier and mariner. A. L. Rowse writes of him as,

an interesting psychological case, with the symptoms of disturbed personality that often go with men of mark, not at all the simple Elizabethan seaman of Froude's Victorian view. He was passionate and impulsive, a nature liable to violence and cruelty – as came out in his savage repression of rebels in Ireland – but also intellectual and visionary, a questing and original mind, with the personal magnetism that went with it. People were apt to be both attracted and repelled by him, to follow his leadership and yet be mistrustful of him.

He was outstanding for his initiative and originality, if not for his successes, but it was in his efforts at colonisation that he had the most influence. In Ireland, Ulster and Munster were forcibly colonised by the English, and the American venture did eventually flourish. The formality of his annexation of Newfoundland eventually achieved reality in 1610. Perhaps of more significance was the issuance of a royal charter to Raleigh in 1584, based in part from Gilbert's earlier patent; with this backing, he undertook the Roanoke expeditions, the first sustained attempt by the English crown to establish colonies in North America.

Gilbert was the father of Ralegh Gilbert, who was to become second in command of the failed Popham Colony in Maine. Gilbert Sound near Greenland was named after him by John Davis.

Notes

Bibliography

Payne, Edward John. (1893, 1900). Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America. 1, 2.

 Ronald, Susan. (2007). The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire. HarperCollins: New York. .

External links
 Newfoundland voyage – The Modern History Sourcebook
 Letters Patent issued to Gilbert by Queen Elizabeth I, 1578
 Early Newfoundland Settlement Schemes

English explorers
Walter Raleigh
1530s births
1583 deaths
People of British North America
People of Elizabethan Ireland
English MPs 1571
English MPs 1572–1583
Explorers of Canada
People educated at Eton College
People from Brixham
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Members of the Parliament of England for Plymouth
People from Marldon

Humphrey Gilbert


Philip I (1175 – 9 October 1212), called the Noble, was the margrave of Namur from 1195 until his death. He was the second son of Count Baldwin V of Hainault and Countess Margaret I of Flanders. His paternal grandmother was Alice of Namur.

Baldwin V had fought a war with his uncle Count Henry IV of Luxembourg to establish Namur as independent from Luxembourg in 1190 and in 1194, Emperor Henry VI declared Namur to be a margraviate. Baldwin's will left Namur to Philip, but as a fief of Hainault. However, Count Theobald I of Bar, who had married Henry of Luxembourg's daughter, Ermesinda, refused to relinquish Namur and attacked Philip, besieging him in Namur. The war lasted for three years until the Treaty of Dinant, signed on 26 July 1199, recognised Philip as holder of Namur.

Philip was left as regent of Hainault while his elder brother, Count Baldwin IX of Flanders, went on the Fourth Crusade and acted as guardian to Baldwin's daughters, Joanna and Margaret.

Following Baldwin's capture at Adrianople, Philip was summoned to a meeting by King Philip Augustus of France at Pont de l'Arche. Philip was forced to swear fealty to the king of France and give Baldwin's daughters as wards of the King. Along with these exactions Philip was forced to marry Marie, daughter of Philip Augustus and Agnes of Merania.

In Namur, Philip reigned as a peaceful and pious promoter of social development. He intervened as the mediator between many feuding lords. He died of dysentery on 9 October 1212, in Valenciennes. He had designated his twin sister Yolande as heir.

Notes

References

1175 births
1212 deaths
House of Hainaut
Margraves of Namur
Deaths from dysentery
Infectious disease deaths in France

Philip I of Namur


Michael Barr (January 2, 1927 in Indiana – May 19, 2009 in Los Angeles, California), was an American composer of traditional pop and showtunes, who in collaboration with lyricist Dion McGregor, wrote "Try Your Wings" for cabaret singer/pianist Blossom Dearie. "Try Your Wings" was also recorded and performed for many years by Anita O'Day and was featured in the 2003 film My Life Without Me, starring Sara Polly and Mark Rufallo.  Together, Barr and McGregor also wrote "Where Is The Wonder", which was recorded by Barbra Streisand and featured on her 1965 TV special "My Name Is Barbra".

Barr was also known for having tape-recorded Dion McGregor's surprisingly lucid and humorous "somniloquies", or sleep-talks, in which Dion would narrate complete stories with beginning, middle and end. These can be heard via recordings released originally by Decca Records and later, by Torpor Vigil Industries, the first of which is "The Further Somniloquies of Dion McGregor". John Zorn's Tzadik label also released a CD—a sequel to the LP, called Dion McGregor Dreams Again. The liner  notes by compilation co-ordinator Phil Milstein describe details of the meeting of Michael Barr and Dion McGregor and of how these extraordinary recordings came to be.

Barr was working on a movie-musical version of The Dream World Of Dion McGregor which was originally released as an LP through Decca Records in January, 1964.  The movie adaptation includes, in addition to the somniliquies songs which comment on them, most of which were written by Mr. Barr and Dion McGregor.
There was also a documentary in the works by Markham Street Films at the time of his death.

Other songs by Michael Barr included "Kicks", recorded in 1956 by June Christy and Billy May for Capitol Records.  "Hello Love", with lyrics by McGregor and recorded by Blossom Dearie on Verve Records in 1960, "Sawdust Dreams", and "Be My Next" were early unreleased recordings by Joel Grey,  The "Hate Song", was originally performed the Upstairs At The Downstairs nightclub in New York City, by Ceil Cabot and Bill Hinnant with William Roy at the piano.  It was recorded on MGM Records.  "Leaving By Dawn", a commercial torchy version of the earlier "Dion At Dawn", which, in turn, is a rewrite of "Blue Town", and the Gershwinesque "Make Do", which was recorded by Gayle La Rone on her premiere CD, "The Best Is Yet To Come", has lyrics by Patrick "Bas" Ramsey.

In later life Michael experienced continually failing health brought on by diabetes.  He was 82 at the time of his death.

References

American male composers
Songwriters from Indiana
2009 deaths
1927 births
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
American male songwriters

Michael Preston Barr


Pleasure Beach is the Bridgeport portion of a Connecticut barrier beach that extends  westerly from Point No Point (the portion in the adjoining town of Stratford is known as Long Beach). Prior to June, 2014, when Pleasure Beach re-opened, the area was Connecticut's largest and most recent ghost town after it was abandoned in the late 1990s due to a fire on the bridge connecting it to the mainland. It is surrounded on three sides by water (Lewis Gut to the north, Bridgeport Harbor to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south).

History

From 1892 until 1958, it was home to a popular amusement park of the same name.  From 1904 to 1919, it was called "Steeplechase Island." The amusement park was accessible primarily by ferry service and a wooden swing bridge built in 1927 to carry automobiles and pedestrians. Remaining structures from the amusement park are the carousel, dodge-'em car enclosure, and beer garden (the latter was substantially altered for use as a summer theater in the 1960s).

After a portion of the bridge burned in 1996, Pleasure Beach was cut off and became accessible only by a lengthy trek along the shoreline, or by small private boats from the mainland. This severely limited access and allowed nature to be undisturbed. As late as December 2008, Bridgeport considered a ferry service to relink the beach with the city, but this was rejected due to parking considerations and the need for a Coast Guard registered captain.

As of June 2014, Pleasure Beach has re-opened.  From the city of Bridgeport's website: "The peninsula will be accessible seven days a week via free water taxi, which will pick beach goers up at the fishing pier located on Seaview Avenue near its intersection with Central Avenue.

"Two water taxis -- the 23 passenger Lewis H. Latimer and the 18 passenger Gustave Whitehead -- will run frequently from the fishing pier on Seaview Avenue to the T-Pier on Pleasure Beach.

"Upon arrival on the T-Pier on Pleasure Beach, it's about a half-mile walk along a boardwalk to the beach area. While en route, visitors will pass an info depot where beach goers will be able to ask questions and gain more information about the park.

"After passing the info depot, visitors will come upon a pavilion and relaxation area that includes several bathrooms, showers, picnic tables and a limited concession stand. And, after walking through the pavilion area, beach goers will walk down a boardwalk and onto the beautiful beach."

The Town of Stratford owned 45 cottages on the Long Beach portion of the peninsula. For a decade, the town considered ending the leases of the seasonal homes, in part because of difficulties in protecting them. The town ended renewal of leases, and in May 2007, the remaining occupants agreed to give up their claims and moved their possessions away by barge. The cottages have since been demolished.

Recent Timeline

 As of July 2008, three of the 45 cottages had suffered arson attacks and burned completely, and every building located on Pleasure Beach has suffered vandalism.  Four vehicles have been removed, and the area is littered with trash from squatters and party-goers. The mayor of Stratford is working to clean the land and possible transactions exist to sell the Long Beach land to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
 On July 25, 2008, then-governor of Connecticut, M. Jodi Rell, endorsed spending $150,000.00 to study the feasibility of restoring access to Pleasure Beach, possibly by rebuilding the bridge.
 As of March 15, 2009, five more of the cottages have fallen victim to arson.
 A report on July 2, 2009 on Fox News Channel revealed that there were no longer any residents on Pleasure Beach.
 As of September 3, 2009, the Connecticut Post reported that an unauthorized demolition took place on Pleasure Beach. The carousel, bumper car area, and a bandstand were all demolished without permission or permit. The remains of these areas remain on the beach. The mayors of Stratford and Bridgeport are investigating.
 As of March 3, 2010, a temporary road has been built down the stretch of beach to the cottages. Workers will remove as much debris as possible before March 15, when they must halt the process due to piping plovers returning to their habitat. The work will resume September 15, 2010 and continue until all cottages and debris have been removed.
 As of May 2011, all of the cottages have been demolished, leaving only beach behind.  The park infrastructure remains, such as the theater and other formerly public buildings.
 On June 28, 2014, Pleasure Beach reopened to the public. The peninsula is accessible seven days a week via free water taxi located at the fishing pier on Seaview Ave. near Central Ave. in Bridgeport. The beach includes a pavilion and relaxation area with several bathrooms, showers, picnic tables, and a limited concession stand.

Nature
Pleasure Beach is a protected refuge for endangered birds (piping plover, osprey) and plants (prickly pear cactus, southern sea lavender). Sections of the beach are roped off seasonally to protect the plover nesting areas.  There is also an abundance of cotton-tailed rabbits, deer, foxes, raccoons, and other mammals. The sand spit is estimated to contain more than 25% of the remaining undeveloped beachfront in the state.

Notable structures
The transmitter towers for radio station WICC (AM) are located on Pleasure Beach.  The station uses an amphibious landing craft when it needs to deliver cargo.

See also

History of Bridgeport, Connecticut
Stewart B. McKinney National Wildlife Refuge
List of ghost towns in Connecticut

References

External links

 New England Ruins - Photographic Essay of Pleasure Beach.
 Photos of an early Skee Ball Coupon - Unknown Date
 Photos of Pleasure Beach - February 2010
 ConnPost.com 9/3/09 - 9/3/09 CTPost story about unauthorized demolition of carousel, etc.
 Pleasure Beach Photos - Early 2009.  Photos of the cottages and amusement park.
 Pleasure Beach on a National Ghost Town Registry
 Historical pictures of Pleasure Beach
 1996 NY Times story with details of 1996 fire, ownership by town of Stratford, decision to not renew cottage leases
 Long Island SoundKeeper article on Pleasure Beach
 Video of 2007 visit
 Slide Show of Ghost Beach
 1988 NY Times article on plans to revive Pleasure Beach

Geography of Bridgeport, Connecticut
Ghost towns in Connecticut
Protected areas of Fairfield County, Connecticut
Beaches of Connecticut
Long Island Sound
Peninsulas of Connecticut
Landforms of Fairfield County, Connecticut
Former populated places in Fairfield County, Connecticut
1892 establishments in Connecticut
Amusement parks opened in 1892

Pleasure Beach


Islam is the second largest religion in England, after Christianity. Most Muslims are immigrants of South Asian descent (from countries such as Pakistan, India, Bangladesh), or descendants of the early immigrants from those places. Other large number of Muslims do come from Muslim-dominated regions such as Afghanistan, the Middle East, Malaysia, Nigeria, Somalia, and some places in Africa. White European Muslims in the UK are mostly of Slavic and Balkan descent (from countries such as Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Russia, etc).

England
Religion in England

Islam in England


Discharge pressure (also called high side pressure or head pressure) is the pressure generated on the output side of a gas compressor in a refrigeration or air conditioning system. The discharge pressure is affected by several factors: size and speed of the condenser fan, condition and cleanliness of the condenser coil, and the size of the discharge line. An extremely high discharge pressure coupled with an extremely low suction pressure is an indicator of a refrigerant restriction.

Cooling technology
Hydraulics
Hydrostatics
Pressure

Discharge pressure


John Phillips (December 27, 1719 – , 1795) was an early American educator and the cofounder of Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, along with his wife, Elizabeth Phillips. He was a major donor to Dartmouth College, where he served as a trustee. He also made significant donations to Harvard College and Princeton University.

Early life and education
Phillips was born on January 7, 1719, to Samuel and Hannah (White) Phillips in Andover, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips of Watertown, the progenitor of the New England Phillips family in America.

Phillips entered Harvard University at the age of eleven, and graduated in 1735, at the age of 15. He returned for a master's degree, which he earned in 1738. While studying theology and medicine under his father, he headed schools in Andover and neighboring towns.

Career
In 1741, he moved to Exeter, New Hampshire, where he headed a private school for a year, and afterwards a public school for a year.

From 1767 to 1775, he served on the council of Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet, the governor of the Province of New Hampshire. He represented Exeter in the New Hampshire General Court from 1771 to 1773, and also served as a judge of the inferior court of common pleas from 1772 to 1775. He  also served as the deputy of the first New Hampshire Provincial Congress and a member of the Provincial Council. In 1772, he was chosen to be the colonel of a militia called the Exeter cadets.

In 1762, he became the first major donor of Dartmouth College, when he sent a gift to Eleazar Wheelock. In 1770, as the college, then named Moor's Charity School, wished to relocate to Hanover, New Hampshire, Phillips donated large sums of money and land to the college. He also donated £37 to the college, establishing the Phillips Professorship of Theology. He was a trustee of Dartmouth from 1773 to 1793.

He and his wife founded Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1781, donating $134,000, and served as the president of the Board of Trustees until his death. His nephew, Samuel Phillips, Jr., had, three years prior, founded the nearby Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. Inspired by the success of the school, Phillips was encouraged by his nephew to create his own school in Exeter. John Phillips' donations in land and money totaled $31,000. These two schools, longtime rivals, are among the oldest and most prestigious preparatory schools in the United States.

Personal life
On August 4, 1743, he married Sarah (Emery) Gilman, a wealthy widow. He had previously proposed to her daughter, Tabitha, but was turned down. At her death on October 9, 1765, Phillips was the wealthiest man in Exeter. He married his second wife, Elizabeth (Dennet) Hale, on November 3, 1767. He died on April 21, 1795, in Exeter, and left no children. Phillips left one third of his large estate to Phillips Academy and two-thirds to Phillips Exeter Academy. His donations to Exeter totaled about $60,000. He was awarded an LL.D. degree by Dartmouth College in 1777.

References

Further reading

1719 births
1795 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Founders of American schools and colleges
People from Exeter, New Hampshire
Phillips Exeter Academy
18th-century American educators
American judges
Members of the New Hampshire General Court
People of colonial New Hampshire
Phillips family (New England)
18th-century American politicians

John Phillips (educator)


Michael Eugene Mangold (October 10, 1955 – December 6, 2015) was an American aviator whose career spanned the United States Air Force, commercial airlines, and aerobatics. Mangold competed in the Red Bull Air Race World Series from 2004 through 2009, where he repeatedly placed first and won the World Championship in the 2005 World Series, as well as the 2007 World Series. His nickname and call sign in the military was "Mongo".

Biography

Early life
Mangold was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and was the oldest of three children. He moved to California at 3 years old and then to Pennsylvania for his high school years.

Career

Mangold began his aviation career in 1974 as a skydiver while attending the United States Air Force Academy. He went on to USAF pilot training in 1977 and learned to fly fighters, graduating from the academy the following year with a B.S. degree, and eventually attending the United States Air Force Fighter Weapons School. Mangold graduated first in his class in 1983 and earned the "Outstanding Graduate" award. During his military career, Mangold served in the Pacific and CONUS theaters, flying nuclear, conventional, smart weapons, and air intercept missions in the F-4 Phantom, including the F-4G Wild Weasel variant. He flew Phantoms for the USAF for about 10 years. After leaving active duty in 1989, he became a commercial airline pilot for US Airways and then American Airlines, flying a variety of jetliners, including the Boeing 767.

Although Mangold was a jet pilot, he continued to enjoy skydiving. He was a member of the U.S. Parachute Team from 1981 to 1985 and won multiple national awards as a skydiver. He participated in a record-setting formation skydive in Anapa, Russia in 1996 as one of 296 parachutists.

Mangold started his competitive aerobatic and air show career in 1990, flying a Super Decathlon. He went on to win medals at the U.S. National Aerobatic Championship, as well as the L. Paul Soucy Award from the International Aerobatic Club in 2002 as the highest-scoring unlimited pilot of the year. He first participated in the Red Bull Air Race in 2004 and raced in the competition until 2009, winning the World Series in 2005 and 2007.

In 2010, Mangold retired from active Red Bull Air Racing, and became the RBAR rookie (Challenger) coach, as well as an air race commentator, including for FOX Sports. He served for four years as president of the Racing Jets International board of directors, presiding over the Reno Air Race until 2013. Mangold also sat on the board of directors for the Classic Jet Aircraft Association.

Death
Mangold died on December 6, 2015, in an air crash. His Aero L-29 Delfin crashed due to engine failure and exploded shortly after takeoff at about 2:20 p.m. from Apple Valley Airport, California, killing Mangold and one other person on board. He was survived by his wife Julie, also an aerobatic pilot, and their children Nick and Melissa.

Career results

Red Bull Air Race
(key)

References

External links
Mike Mangold Air Displays
Mike Mangold Air Racing
Red Bull Air Race World Series official website

1955 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths in California
Sportspeople from Cincinnati
American air racers
Aerobatic pilots
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Aviators from Ohio
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
Red Bull Air Race World Championship pilots
Red Bull Air Race World Championship winners
Commercial aviators
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2015

Mike Mangold


Sue-Ellen Cassiana Braverman  ( ; née Fernandes, born 3 April 1980) is a British politician and barrister who became Home Secretary of the United Kingdom on 25 October 2022. She had previously held the position from 6 September to 19 October 2022 under Prime Minister Liz Truss. A member of the Conservative Party, she was chair of the European Research Group from 2017 to 2018 and Attorney General for England and Wales from 2020 to March 2021 and September 2021 to 2022. She became Member of Parliament (MP) for Fareham in 2015.

In the January 2018 cabinet reshuffle she was appointed parliamentary under-secretary of state for exiting the European Union by Prime Minister Theresa May. In November 2018 she resigned in protest against May's draft Brexit withdrawal agreement. Braverman was appointed attorney general for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland by Prime Minister Boris Johnson in the February 2020 cabinet reshuffle; she was appointed as Queen's Counsel automatically on her appointment.

Following Johnson's announcing his resignation in July 2022, Braverman stood as a candidate to succeed him in the July–September Conservative Party leadership election; she was eliminated from the ballot after the second round of voting. She subsequently supported Truss's bid to become Conservative leader, and was appointed home secretary on 6 September when Truss became prime minister. Braverman resigned as home secretary on 19 October following criticism for breaching the Ministerial Code by sending a sensitive official document to a political ally using her personal email address. Six days later, she was reinstated as home secretary by Truss's successor Rishi Sunak.

Early life and education
Braverman was born in Harrow, Greater London, and raised in Wembley. She is the daughter of Uma (née Mootien-Pillay) and Christie Fernandes, both of Indian origin, who immigrated to Britain in the 1960s from Mauritius and Kenya respectively. She is named after the character Sue Ellen Ewing from the American television soap opera Dallas, which her mother was a fan of, but Sue-Ellen was abbreviated to Suella by her primary school teachers. Her mother, of Hindu Tamil Mauritian descent, was a nurse and a councillor in Brent, and the Conservative candidate for Tottenham in the 2001 general election and the 2003 Brent East by-election. Her father, of Goan Christian ancestry (who formerly was an Indian in Kenya), worked for a housing association. She is the niece of Mahen Kundasamy, a former Mauritian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

She attended the Uxendon Manor Primary School in Brent and the fee-paying Heathfield School, Pinner, on a partial scholarship, after which she read law at Queens' College, Cambridge. During her undergraduate studies, she was chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association.

Braverman lived in France for two years, as an Erasmus Programme student and then as an Entente Cordiale Scholar, where she studied for a master's degree in European and French law at Panthéon-Sorbonne University.

Career
Braverman was called to the bar (becoming a barrister) at Middle Temple in 2005. She completed pupillage at 2–3 Gray's Inn Square (now Cornerstone Barristers) but did not start tenancy there, beginning practice at the London branch of a large Birmingham set, No5 Chambers. She worked in litigation including the judicial review "basics" for a government practitioner of immigration and planning law. She passed the New York, US bar examination in 2006, becoming licensed to practise law in the state until the licence was suspended in 2021 after she did not re-register as an attorney. She was appointed to the Attorney General's C panel of counsel, the entry level, undertaking basic government cases, in 2010.

Braverman founded the Africa Justice Foundation in 2010 alongside barristers Cherie Booth and Philip Riches.

Conservative candidate
Braverman's name was already on the list of Conservative parliamentary candidates at the time of the 2003 Brent East by-election, and she had to be persuaded not to seek the nomination. Her mother, Uma Fernandes, a Conservative councillor, was selected to fight the seat, and Braverman campaigned for her. During the campaign, Braverman (as Fernandes) was included in an article in The Guardian newspaper with title "The road to No 10".

At the 2005 general election, Braverman contested Leicester East, finishing in second place behind Labour's Keith Vaz, who won with a 15,876-vote (38.4%) majority. She sought selection as the Conservative candidate in Bexhill and Battle, but was unsuccessful, and was eventually selected to be the Conservative candidate for Fareham in Hampshire. Braverman also sought election to the London Assembly at the 2012 Assembly elections and was placed fourth on the Conservative London-wide list; only the first three Conservative candidates were elected.

Member of Parliament
Braverman was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Fareham in 2015 with 56.1% of the vote and a majority of 22,262. She gave her maiden speech on 1 June 2015. She has taken a particular interest in education, home affairs and justice and has written for The Daily Telegraph, Bright Blue, i News, HuffPost, Brexit Central and ConservativeHome.

Braverman opened a Westminster Hall debate in the House of Commons on the failings of Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and chaired meetings with the Trust's executives and with other MPs on the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Hampshire, in which instances of poor care quality and the deaths of patients were investigated.

Braverman campaigned to leave the European Union in the 2016 EU membership referendum; a majority (55%) of votes in her constituency were for leaving. She was chair of the European Research Group, a pro-Leave group of Conservative MPs, from May 2017 until her promotion to ministerial office; she was replaced by Jacob Rees-Mogg. Following the 2017 general election, Braverman was appointed parliamentary private secretary to the ministers of the Treasury.

During the January 2018 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state at the Department for Exiting the European Union. On 15 November 2018, Braverman resigned on the same day that Davis' successor, Dominic Raab, resigned as Brexit secretary in protest at Theresa May and Olly Robbins's draft Brexit deal, which had been released the day before.

In March 2019, Braverman stated in a speech for the Bruges Group that "[a]s Conservatives, we are engaged in a battle against Cultural Marxism". Journalist Dawn Foster challenged Braverman's use of the term "cultural Marxism", highlighting its anti-Semitic history and stating it was a theory in the manifesto of the mass murderer Anders Breivik. Braverman's use of the term was initially condemned as hate speech by other MPs, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the anti-racist organisation Hope not Hate, among other anti-racist charities. Braverman denied that the term was an antisemitic trope, saying, "We have culture evolving from the far left which has allowed the snuffing out of freedom of speech, freedom of thought. ... I'm very aware of that ongoing creep of cultural Marxism, which has come from Jeremy Corbyn." After meeting with her later, the Board of Deputies of British Jews said in a subsequent statement that she is "not in any way antisemitic", saying it believed that she did not "intentionally use antisemitic language", while finding that she "is clearly a good friend of the Jewish community" and that they were "sorry to see that the whole matter has caused distress".

Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, her Fareham constituency is set to be dissolved and merged with Meon Valley to form "Fareham and Waterlooville". Her rival in the selection process was Meon Valley MP Flick Drummond. On 5 April 2023, the re-selection vote was held and Braverman won the vote by 77 votes to 54.

Attorney general

In the 13 February 2020 reshuffle, Braverman was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales and advocate general for Northern Ireland, succeeding Geoffrey Cox who had been dismissed from government. Braverman was made QC at the time of this appointment. She was later criticised by members of the Bar Council for her poor choices in the role.

Braverman was designated as a minister on leave while pregnant on 2 March 2021, shortly after the Ministerial and other Maternity Allowances Act 2021 was enacted to allow this arrangement. Michael Ellis became acting attorney general until she resumed office on 11 September 2021.

Leadership candidate

During the July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis, Braverman remained a minister, though on 6 July 2022, she called for Boris Johnson to resign. She stood in the ensuing Conservative Party leadership election, but was eliminated from the race in the second round of ballots, winning 27 votes, a reduction on her vote in the first round and the lowest of the remaining candidates. She then endorsed Liz Truss.

Had she succeeded in being appointed prime minister, Braverman said her priorities would have been to deliver tax cuts, cut government spending, tackle the cost of living challenges, "solve the problem of boats crossing the Channel", deliver "Brexit opportunities", withdraw the UK from the European Convention of Human Rights and to "get rid of all of this woke rubbish". She also said she would suspend the UK's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050. In August 2022, The Guardian reported that Braverman's leadership campaign had received a £10,000 donation from a company owned by the climate change denier Terence Mordaunt.

Home secretary first term (2022)
Braverman was appointed Home Secretary in the new Truss ministry on 6 September 2022.

In October 2022, Braverman said that she would love to see a front page of The Daily Telegraph sending asylum seekers to Rwanda, and described it as her "dream" and "obsession". The first attempted flight by the UK to send asylum seekers to Rwanda in June 2022 resulted in asylum seekers being restrained and attached to plane seats after self-harming and threatening suicide. On the matter, the UN Refugee Agency said that the "arrangement, which amongst other concerns seeks to shift responsibility and lacks necessary safeguards, is incompatible with the letter and spirit of the 1951 Convention" in regards to the rights of refugees. Later Amber Rudd, a former Conservative Home Secretary, criticised the plans to send some asylum seekers to Rwanda as "brutal" and "impractical".

Likewise, in October 2022, in the midst of a speech advocating for the government's Public Order Bill, she held responsible the "coalition of chaos" formed by Labour, the Liberal Democrats, and the progressive activists she referred to as the "tofu-consuming woke elites," for the series of protests that led to disruptive scenarios on the streets of London.

Braverman left her cabinet position as Home Secretary on 19 October 2022. She said that her departure was because she had made an "honest mistake" by sharing an official document from her personal email address with a colleague in Parliament, an action which breached the Ministerial Code. Braverman was highly critical of Truss's leadership in her resignation letter.

Home secretary second term (since 2022)
On 25 October, Braverman was reappointed as the home secretary by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak upon the formation of the Sunak ministry. Braverman's reappointment was challenged by Labour Party MPs, Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party MPs and some Conservatives. The Labour leader and Leader of the Opposition, Keir Starmer, raised it as the subject of his first question to Rishi Sunak at Sunak's first Prime Minister's questions on 26 October 2022. Sunak said Braverman "made an error of judgment but she recognised that she raised the matter and she accepted her mistake". Jake Berry, who was dismissed by Sunak after becoming PM, said that "from my own knowledge, there were multiple breaches of the ministerial code".

There were demands by Labour and the Liberal Democrats, as well as Conservative MP Caroline Nokes, for an inquiry into Braverman's return to the cabinet despite the alleged security breach. The government announced there will not be an inquiry into Braverman. The Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee was strongly critical of the decision to reappoint Braverman. The committee stated reappointing Braverman created a dangerous precedent. Leaking restricted material "is worthy of significant sanction under the new graduated sanctions regime (...) including resignation and a significant period out of office." The committee also stated a later change in prime minister should not allow a minister to return to office in a shorter period. "To allow this (...) does not inspire confidence in the integrity of government nor offer much incentive to proper conduct in future."

In March 2023, Braverman visited Rwanda and viewed housing which might be used by asylum seekers. The Court of Appeal judges have rendered a verdict stating that sending asylum seekers to Rwanda for claim processing is unlawful. The judges concluded that government officials were mistaken in placing their trust in unsupported guarantees from Rwanda, where it was acknowledged that inadequate procedures would be enhanced.

Braverman's second-term comments on illegal immigration have spoken of "invasion" and on child protection from "grooming gangs" – language criticised by "Tory MPs, peers and activists", alongside international agencies and rights groups, as inflammatory, with Sayeeda Warsi calling it "racist rhetoric", and an anonymous former senior minister under Boris Johnson saying "Conservative reputation on discrimination has dropped to a new low" on Braverman's watch. A Home Office spokesperson responded that the home secretary would "not shy away from telling hard truths", a sentiment reiterated by Braverman, who said it was "not racist" to tell "plain truths", or to want to cut illegal immigration. Downing Street meanwhile denied that the talk of "grooming gangs" was indicative of the party resorting to dog-whistle politics. In October 2022, Braverman likewise stated that it was "not racist" to want to control the UK's borders. Joan Salter, a Holocaust survivor, confronted Braverman over her rhetoric on 14 January 2023. Salter told Braverman, "When I hear you using words against refugees like 'swarms' and an 'invasion', I am reminded of the language used to dehumanise and justify the murder of my family and millions of others." Ruling on a complaint made about an article in The Mail on Sunday written by Braverman, Ipso said in September 2023 that her comment about British-Pakistani men's involvement in child sexual abuse gangs was "significantly misleading".

In April 2023, Braverman unveiled a proposition to house approximately 500 single adult men on a barge. The proposal was implemented in August of the same year. The announcement sparked a notable political response amongst both Labour and Conservative MPs due to the backdrop of the Home Office's escalated stringent policies targeting refugees, intended to curtail the frequency of small boat crossings amid the European migrant crisis. On 2 August 2023, the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) wrote to Braverman to request a meeting to talk about their concerns over the safety of the barge.

In July 2023, Braverman personally intervened to prevent Siyabonga Twala, a British resident who had travelled from Manchester to Istanbul for a family holiday, from returning to the UK, ordering his exclusion "on the basis of serious criminality" in relation to a cannabis offence five years previously. The resident's solicitors said Braverman's intervention set a "worrying precedent" for the use of exclusion order in barring people from reentry into the UK in setting "such a low bar to what is considered a serious criminal".

Following the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, Braverman said in a letter to chief constables in England and Wales: "I would encourage police to consider whether chants such as: 'From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free' (...) in certain contexts may amount to a racially aggravated section 5 public order offence", adding that "Behaviours that are legitimate in some circumstances, for example the waving of a Palestinian flag, may not be legitimate such as when intended to glorify acts of terrorism". She later described subsequent pro-Palestine marches during the Israel–Gaza war as "hate marches (...) chanting for the erasure of Israel from the map" containing a "large number of bad actors who are deliberately operating beneath the criminal threshold".

Political and legal positions

Braverman stands on the right wing of the Conservative Party, was a supporter of Brexit, supports the withdrawal of the UK from the European Convention on Human Rights and supports sending cross-Channel migrants to Rwanda. She said "If I get trolled and I provoke a bad response on Twitter I know I'm doing the right thing. Twitter is a sewer of left-wing bile. The extreme left pile on is often a consequence of sound conservative values."

Legacy of the British Empire
Braverman has described herself as a "child of the British Empire". Her parents, who were from Mauritius and Kenya, came to the UK "with an admiration and gratitude for what Britain did for Mauritius and Kenya, and India". She believes that on the whole, "the British Empire was a force for good", and described herself as being "proud of the British Empire".

Free schools
Braverman was the founding chair of governors at the Michaela Community School, and supports plans to create a free school in Fareham. She sits on the advisory board of the New Schools Network, a charity which aims to support groups setting up free schools within the English state education sector.

Rights versus responsibilities
In a December 2015 op-ed, Braverman wrote, "In essence, rights have come to fill the space once occupied by generosity." She quoted Eric Posner's theories on what the Brazilian state sees as its right to use torture by "the police in the name of crime prevention. They justify this by putting a general right to live free from crime and intimidation above the rights of those who are tortured." She closed,

Transgender rights
Some of her statements have been criticised by trans advocates and allies as transphobic. In an interview with The Times, Braverman said that schools do not have to accommodate requests from students who wish to change how others recognise their gender, including the use of the pronouns, uniforms, lavatories and changing facilities of their identified gender if it differs from their sex. She argued that, legally, under-18s are entitled to be treated only by the gender corresponding to their sex and that the "unquestioning approach" adopted by some teachers and schools is the reason different parts of the country have very different rates of children presenting as transgender.

India trade deal
Braverman, who is of Indian heritage, said that she feared a trade deal with India would increase migration to the UK when Indians already represented the largest group of people who overstayed their visa.

National conservatism
In May 2023, Braverman spoke at the National Conservatism Conference in London. In her speech, she stated that immigration threatened the country's "national character", and that Britons should be trained to do the jobs where immigrants are currently employed. She also expressed opposition to what she referred to as "radical gender ideology".

American Enterprise Institute speech
In September 2023, Braverman spoke at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington. In this speech, she argued that the UN's 1951 Convention on Refugees needed reforming, questioning if it was "fit for our modern age". She also criticized multiculturalism, stating that it allowed people to "come to our society and live parallel lives in it" and that it "makes no demands of the incomer to integrate". In the same speech, she also said that being gay or a woman was insufficient to qualify for asylum; stating:Let me be clear, there are vast swathes of the world where it is extremely difficult to be gay, or to be a woman. Where individuals are being persecuted, it is right that we offer sanctuary. But we will not be able to sustain an asylum system if in effect, simply being gay, or a woman, and fearful of discrimination in your country of origin, is sufficient to qualify for protection.This led to criticism from members of the Labour party and notably the LGBT+ wing of the Conservative Party. The speech was also met with criticism from the UK's UNHCR, who rejected Braverman's calls for reform.

Allegations of misconduct

Complaint to the Bar Standards Board

Nine organisations wrote a letter to the Bar Standards Board in May 2023 alleging that Braverman had violated the Bar's code of conduct regarding "racist sentiments and discriminatory narratives" They referred to comments Braverman made in 2022, referring to people reaching the UK by crossing the Channel in small boats as an 'invasion', as well as comments about sexual grooming gang members being predominantly British-Pakistani men who "hold cultural values totally at odds with British values".

Legal contribution accusations

Braverman's details on the No5 Chambers website said that she "is a contributor to Philip Kolvin QC's book Gambling for Local Authorities, Licensing, Planning and Regeneration". The Observer had questioned this in 2020 and, in October 2022, The Big Issue reported Kolvin saying that she "did not make a written or editorial contribution to the book", but simply "on one occasion I asked her to do some photocopying for the book". Braverman's parliamentary office, the Home Office and No5 Chambers all declined to comment, but the claim was removed from the website after The Big Issue had enquired.

"The Secret Barrister" told The Big Issue, "For a practising barrister to include on a chambers profile something which is not merely an exaggeration but knowing false, is the type of dishonest conduct that should rightly attract the attention of the Bar Standards Board." It was later reported by Private Eye that the Bar Standards Board was investigating a complaint that she had made a "dishonest statement out of self-interest to promote her career".

The Eye also reported that her MP's website had said that she was involved "in the lengthy Guantanamo Bay Inquiry into the treatment of detainees by US and UK forces", although her name does not appear in the inquiry report, and suggested she may merely have been one of scores of lawyers who had sifted through documents.

Alleged breach of the ministerial code
In May 2023, it was reported that, following an incident where she was caught speeding by police when she was Attorney General, Braverman asked whether civil servants could arrange for her an option to take a driving awareness course as a private one-to-one session rather than the standard group course with other motorists. They refused, and reported the request to the Cabinet Office. Braverman then asked one of her political aides to assist her, who asked the course providers whether with online courses aliases could be used and whether cameras could be switched off. The providers said those options were not available.

The Liberal Democrats and Labour, which suggested the matter could be a breach of the ministerial code, called for an inquiry by the prime minister's independent adviser on ministerial interests and "ethics chief", Sir Laurie Magnus. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said that after consulting Magnus, he had decided that further investigation was not necessary, and that the incident did not constitute a breach of the Ministerial Code.

Personal life

She married Rael Braverman, a manager of the Mercedes-Benz Group, whom Braverman described as a "very proud member of the Jewish community", in February 2018 at the House of Commons. , they have two children: a son born in 2019 and a daughter born in 2021. She lives in Locks Heath, Hampshire.

Braverman is a member of the Triratna Buddhist Community, formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, but is not a member of the Triratna Buddhist Order. She took her oath of allegiance as an MP on the Buddhist Dhammapada.

Honours
 She was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on 19 February 2020 at Buckingham Palace, entitling her to the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable".
 She was appointed as Queen's Counsel (QC) on 24 February 2020.

Notes

References

Notes

External links

 Official website

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1980 births
21st-century English women politicians
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Erasmus Programme
British Eurosceptics
British people of Goan descent
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Buddhists
English King's Counsel
English people of Indian descent
English people of Kenyan descent
English people of Mauritian descent
Female justice ministers
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Friends of the Western Buddhist Order
Living people
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Women government ministers in the United Kingdom
Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Attorneys General for England and Wales
Women Law Officers of the Crown in the United Kingdom
People from Harrow, London
Politicians from Wembley
Members of the Middle Temple
British Buddhists
People educated at Heathfield School, Pinner
21st-century King's Counsel
Female interior ministers

Suella Braverman


Ahaetulla prasina is an arboreal, moderately venomous species of opisthoglyphous snake in the family Colubridae  to southern and Southeast Asia. Its common names include the Asian vine snake, Boie's whip snake, Gunther's whip snake, and the Oriental whip snake (Tagalog: puno ng ubas ahas; Thai: งูเขียวหัวจิ้งจก; Indonesian: ular anggur).

Description

The body form is extremely slender with a long, pointed, projecting snout which is rather more than twice as long as the eye. Adult colouration varies from light brown to dull yellow-green and often a startling fluorescent green.

The type and number of scales is used to identify the snakes.  In this species the internasals are usually in contact with the labial or lip scales. There are one to four small loreals between the prefrontal and the labial scales. The frontal is as long as its distance from the end of the snout or a little longer and a little longer than the parietal scales. There is one preocular scale in front of the eye, which is in contact with the frontal scale.  There two postocular scales (behind the eyes). The temporal scales come in patterns of 2+2 or 3+3, rarely 1+2. Of the upper labial scales, the ninth, fourth, fifth, and sixth enter the eye while the 4 lower labials are in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior chin-shields. The scales in 15 rows and are usually faintly keeled on the sacral region.
There are 203-234 Ventral scales which are anal divided.  There are 167 to 203 subcaudals which are bright green, pale olive, or grey-brown, with a yellow line along each side of the lower parts. The interstitial skin of the neck is black and white.

Adults may attain 1.8 m (6 feet) in total length, with a tail 0.6 m (2 feet) long.

Its appearance is very much like those of South American vine snakes. It is a rear-fanged species and is mildly venomous but is not considered a threat to humans.

Distribution
This snake has a wide distribution in Asia, where it occurs in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Diet
The Asian vine snake feeds on small reptiles and amphibians, particularly lizards and tree frogs.

In captivity
In recent years, it has entered the pet trade and has become quite popular among hobbyists.

Subspecies
Four subspecies are recognized, including the nominate race.

Ahaetulla prasina medioxima Lazell, 2002
Ahaetulla prasina preocularis (Taylor, 1922): Philippine Islands, including Sulu Archipelago, Panay, Luzon.
Ahaetulla prasina prasina (Boie, 1827)
Ahaetulla prasina suluensis Gaulke, 1994: Philippine Islands, Sulu Archipelago

Gallery

Notes

References
 Boulenger, G.A. 1897 List of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. Alfred Everett in Lombok, Flores, Sumba and Saru, with descriptions of new species.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 19: 503–509
 Shaw, G. 1802 General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Vol.3, part 1 + 2. G. Kearsley, Thomas Davison, London: 313–615

External links

Ahaetulla
Snakes of Vietnam
Snakes of Asia
Reptiles of Bangladesh
Reptiles of Bhutan
Reptiles of Brunei
Reptiles of Cambodia
Snakes of China
Reptiles of Hong Kong
Reptiles of India
Reptiles of Indonesia
Reptiles of Laos
Reptiles of Malaysia
Reptiles of Myanmar
Reptiles of the Philippines
Reptiles of Singapore
Reptiles of Thailand
Reptiles of Vietnam
Reptiles of Borneo
Reptiles of Sulawesi
Fauna of Sumatra
Reptiles described in 1827
Taxa named by Friedrich Boie

Ahaetulla prasina


George W. Ackerman (1884–1962) was an American government photographer. During a nearly 40-year career with the United States Department of Agriculture, it is estimated that he took over 50,000 photographs.

Biography

Ackerman began working as a photographer for the Bureau of Plant Industry in 1910 at a salary of $900 a year. In 1917 he moved to the Federal Extension Service, and in that position, he traveled around the country photographing rural life.

References

External links
 George W. Ackerman at NARA
 A gallery of Ackerman's photographs at NARA

1884 births
1962 deaths
20th-century American photographers

George W. Ackerman


Ilocos collectively refers tae twa provinces in the Philippines: Ilocos Norte an Ilocos Sur who uised tae be a single province. Inhabitants are cried Ilocanos an thay speak the leid Iloko, cried Ilocano an aw.

The Ilocos Region, conteening fower provinces, is namit efter Ilocos. 56 percent o the indwallers o the region are Pangasinan fowk, who belang tae a different ethnolinguistic group frae the Ilocanos. Ilocos mey refer tae the umwhile province an aw afore Ilocos Norte an Ilocos Sur wut dividit.

In the 330 pages "The Ilocos Heritage" (the 27t beuk written bi Visitacion de la Torre), the boy legacy an the life o the Ilocano – are describit as - "the browbeaten, industrious, cheerful, simple soul who has shown a remarkable strain of bravery and a bit of wanderlust." The Ilocano history reveals his struggles an victories – in battles for colonial unthirldom frae Spain an Americae, tae Philippine leadership. The new Ilocano searched for greener pasturs towards new land local an foreign - Palawan, Mindanao, Hawaii, the Unitit States an Greece. The Ilocano material cultur an spirituality can be seen in the past - images o Spaingie santo (saunts), antique but intricate firthen furnitur an quality local feebre. The native Ilocano is a weaver, firth carver an pottery expert. The Ilocano cuisine – ranges frae the exotic "abu-os" (ant eggs) tae vegetable broth "dinengdeng," the sticky "tinubong" tae the "poqui-poqui" (eggplant salad). Ilocandia is filled wi colonial kirks, the legacy o Spaingie Catholicism.

References

Ilocano cultur
Geografie o the Philippines
Ilocos Region
Umwhile provinces o the Philippines

Ilocos


Teresa Norah Copnall (née Burchart) (24 August 1882 – 1972), was a British painter known for her flower studies and portrait painting.

Biography
Copnall was born in Haughton-le-Skerne near Darlington in the north of England, where her father was a company director. She was educated in Brussels before attending art school in Barrow in Furness. Copnall studied at the Slade School of Art in London and also at Hubert von Herkomer's art school in Bushey.

She married the Liverpool born portrait painter Frank Thomas Copnall (1870-1948) and the couple settled at Hoylake in Cheshire. They also became regular visitors to the artists colony at St Ives in Cornwall.

During her career Copnall exhibited at the Royal Academy in London on several occasions. She also exhibited with the Royal Institute of Oil Painters, the Royal Scottish Academy and the Society of Women Artists. Copnall was a member of the Deeside Art Group and the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. Overseas her work was shown at the Paris Salon and also exhibited in Canada. Both the Medici Society and Raphael Tuck & Sons produced reproductions of her designs and the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool holds examples of her flower paintings.

See also
 Edward Bainbridge Copnall
 John Copnall

References

External links

1882 births
1972 deaths
20th-century English painters
20th-century English women artists
Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art
English women painters

Teresa Copnall


Luuanda is a book by the Angolan writer José Luandino Vieira published in 1963 by Edições 70 in Lisbon, Portugal; an English translation by Tamara L. Bender was published by Heinemann (African Writers Series no. 222) in 1980. The book is a collection of three stories, "Grandma Xíxi and Her Grandson Zeca Santos," "The Tale of the Thief and the Parrot," and "The Tale of the Chicken and the Egg."

Luuanda is a historic book, considered to have been an agent of a break with Portuguese norms in Angolan literature. For its innovative storytelling and charismatic writing, the book was widely applauded upon publication and received two literary  prizes, the D. Maria José Abrantes Mota Veiga Prize, given in Luanda in 1964, and the 1st Prize for a Novel awarded by the Portuguese Writers' Society (PWS) in Lisbon in 1965. The publication of Luuanda and the acclaim it received caused a serious stir in Portugal under Salazar's rule, leading to the dissolution of the PWS by the regime.

As Margarida Calafate Ribeiro writes in the introduction to her interview with Luandino, "Luuanda gained a place in both Portuguese and Angolan history as a key moment of 'enfrentamento' [confrontation]. Its commemoration involves, for us, José Luandino Vieira sharing the history of Luanda."

See also
Censorship in Portugal
Literature of Angola

References

External links
Russell Hamilton on Luuanda in Voices from an Empire: A History of Afro-Portuguese Literature
Luandino Vieira in Encyclopædia Britannica

Angolan novels
Heinemann (publisher) books
African Writers Series
Books by José Luandino Vieira

Luuanda