Caledonia Place is a late 18th-century terrace of 31 Georgian houses, located between West Mall and Princess Victoria Street in the Clifton area of Bristol. The postcode is within the Clifton ward and electoral division, which is in the constituency of Bristol West.

History

Caledonia Place was completed in 1843 by  architects T Foster and W Okely, The area has Grade II listed buildings and has mid Georgian style. Each three storey house has an attic and basement and has rear elevations differentiated by fine cast-iron Grecian balconies. In 1852, Lord Macaulay once lived at number 16 Caledonia Place.

Numbers 32 to 44 Caledonia Place was completed in 1788 to the design of Bath architect and surveyor, John Eveleigh. The central and end houses of the terrace are pedimented and broken forward with the variation giving the terrace a palatial appearance. Numbers 43 and 44 were converted into one in 1922 to form a bank.

In February 2015, Residents complained about the introduction of a Residents Parking Zone by George Ferguson and Bristol City Council complained about the attachment of signs to the railings outside listed buildings.

The Mall, one of Clifton's thriving commercial thoroughfares, and to the southern end of the terrace is the Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension Bridge are close by.

References

Houses completed in 1788
Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol
Streets in Bristol
Clifton, Bristol
1788 establishments in England

Caledonia Place, Bristol


The Großer Arber (); , "Great Maple") or Great Arber, is the highest peak of the Bavarian/Bohemian Forest mountain range and in Lower Bavaria, with an elevation of . As a result, it is known in the Lower Bavarian county of Regen and the Upper Palatine county of Cham as the "King of the Bavarian Forest". Its summit region consists of paragneiss.

Name
In a 1279 document, the mountain bore the name Adwich; Johannes Aventinus called it Hädweg in 1500; and, in 1540, Ätwa. Philipp Apian referred to it as Aetwha m., i.e. Aetwha mons (mons, montis = Lat. mountain/hill); in 1720, it was recorded on a map as Aidweich. According to more recent research, the name is of Celtic origin. In 1740, it is recorded for the first time as Arber.

Geography

Location

The Großer Arber rises in the Rear Bavarian Forest on the boundary of the Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the north and the Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the south. The boundary runs close to the summit, which itself is in the municipality of Bayerisch Eisenstein, while its southwestern flank is in Bodenmais – both in the county of Regen. Its western slopes are in the municipality of Lohberg in the county of Cham.

The Großer Arber has four tops: the main top with its 1913 summit cross, the Bodenmaiser Riegel with its characteristic, often photographed Richard Wagner Kopf, as well as the Kleiner and Großer Seeriegel. Also part of the mountain group is the Little Arber (1,384 m).

Natural regions
The Großer Arber is part of the natural regional major unit group of the Upper Palatine and Bavarian Forest (No. 40), in the major unit of the Rear Bavarian Forest (403), the sub-unit of the Arber-Kaitersberg Ridge (403.5) and the natural region of the  Arber Massif (403.51).

Waterbodies
On the southeastern flank of the Großer Arber lies the lake of Großer Arbersee and, to the northwest and north-northeast of the Kleiner Arber is the Kleiner Arbersee, which both lie within a nature reserve. Among the rivers and streams rising on the mountain are: two Arberbachs (one to the east and one to the south), the Geigenbach, Hirschaubach, Schwellbach, Seebach, Steinbach, Teufelsbach, and Weidenbach. The Großer Regen flows past the mountain to the northeast, being fed near the mountain by the Arberseeback and Teufelsbach, and on the northwestern flank the White Regen drains the Kleiner Arbersee, which is fed by the  Weidenbach.

Nature parks
Since summer 1995, a full-time nature conservation presence has been active in the Bavarian Forest Nature Park in the area of the Großer Arber. Their management of the area is primarily focused on the summit region, but also on the protected areas on the mountain as a contact partner for conservation questions and for guided tours. Among their tasks are visitor information,  public relations and the monitoring of protected area regulations. Since 1999, another area support service for the Großer Arber has been provided by the neighbouring Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park (focus: summit plateau and Kleiner Arbersee Nature Reserve).

Protected areas
From the summit region of the Großer Arber, the nature reserve of the Great Arbersee and Arberseewand (Großer Arbersee und Arberseewand, CDDA no. 163348; designated in 1939; 1.4857 km²) runs away to the southeast. Extending from the summit region to the northwest is the  Little Arbersee Nature Reserve (Kleiner Arbersee, CDDA no. 164117; 1998; 4.1059 km²). Near the mountain at the  Riesloch Falls is the Riesloch nature reserve (CDDA no. 318989; 1939; 33.4 ha). On the mountain itself are parts of the protected landscapes of the Bavarian Forest (Bayerischer Wald, CDDA no. 396098; 1983; 2310.1276 km²) and Upper Bavarian Forest (Oberer Bayerischer Wald, CDDA no. 396128 1308.5616 km²), the Special Area of Conservation of the Great and Little Arber and Arber lakes (Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Arberseen, FFH no. 6844-373; 22.952 km²) and the bird reserve of the Great and Little Arber and Schwarzeck (Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Schwarzeck, VSG no. 6844-471; 35.4624 km²).

Fauna and flora
The summit region of the Großer Arber does not rise above the natural tree line. Nevertheless, it is treeless and covered by subalpine calcareous grasses, rocky meadows (Felsfluren) and mountain pine bushes, which occur nowhere else in the Bavarian Forest. The characteristic bird species of this region include the meadow pipit, alpine accentor, water pipit, ring ouzel and wheatear. To the north in the direction of Lam there is farmer-managed, selection cutting forest (Plenterwald), in the south towards Bodenmais is state forest.

Climate

Overview
Großer Arber has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) bordering on humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).
The summit region of the Great Arber has an average of 160 days of frost and 150 days of snow cover per year. Because of late and early frosts, the vegetation period lasts little more than 100 days. The July temperature in the highest areas is 11 degrees. Of the approximately 1950 mm of annual precipitation, 40% falls as snow.

The lowest recorded temperature of -26.4 °C was measured on January 12, 1987. The highest temperature of 30.3 °C was measured on July 27, 1983. The highest snow cover was measured on April 2, 1988, when it reached 372 cm. The weather station operated here since November 1982.

Arbermandl
In winter, the east wind together with ice snow forms the so-called Arbermandl. The mountain pines and mountain spruces of the Great Arber freeze into bizarre and often comical-looking shapes. Cameraman Martin Lippl made a film about it in 1985. The recordings were made somewhat accidentally during a short break of sunshine during a blizzard. Elfie Pertramer later underscored these recordings with a mystical poem. Under the title Voices from the Magic Forest the film will be broadcast at the beginning of each year on Bavarian television in the programme Zwischen Spessart und Karwendel.

History
Since the 19th century, the Großer Arber and the extended woodlands down to Bayerisch Eisenstein with several former forest glassworks were owned by the princely House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. They procured the estate of the master glassworker, Hafenbrädl, in Böhmisch Eisenstein, later Markt Eisenstein, today Železná Ruda, and, in 1872, the estates in Bayerisch Eisenstein. In 1884, a wooden mountain hut was built by the Bavarian Forest Club. In 1903, the first hut was built on the summit. The current shingle-covered one was built in 1936 and extended in 1985.

As early as 1939, large parts of the area were put under protection, in order to save its uniqueness.
During the Cold War, a military radar station was built at the top which is still in operation albeit at reduced level - see below.

Arber Chapel and Arber parish fair

A little to the northwest and a few metres below the summit of the Great Arber stands the little Arber chapel dedicated to Saint Bartholomew the Apostle. The first chapel there was built in 1806 by the glassworks owner, Baron von Hafenbrädl. Since then the building has been renovated four times; the present one was built in 2015.

On the occasion of the centenary of the chapel's construction, Abbot Willibald Adam of Metten Abbey celebrated a mountain mass for the first time in the presence of 2,000 people on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1906. On 29 August 1965, the priest of Arber, Josef Kufner, celebrated another mass here, thus founding the first actual Arber parish fair (Arberkirchweih). Since then it has been celebrated every year on the penultimate Sunday in August. After  mass, people meet for lunch in the Arber Hut; afterwards, folk singers and musicians give  performances.

Radar site

Two buildings owned by the German Air Force together with their radomes are situated on the summit. The site was built during the Cold War, in the face of vehement protests by conservationists, close to the border with Czechoslovakia in order to monitor air traffic in the Eastern Bloc. The facility entered service in 1983, originally with two radar antennas. In 1996, it was converted and equipped with a large-capacity RRP 117 radar. Since then, the second tower has contained the transmitting and receiving antennas for radio communications. The Great Arber Air Defence Base is operated as part of the Integrated NATO Air Defence System.

Sport and leisure

Hiking trails
A footpath runs from Bodenmais to the top of the mountain. It begins at the walkers' car park of Rissloch and climbs up past the Riesloch Falls. The descent may be made past the Little Arber, past the waterfalls and ending back at the start. In addition, there are two tours - the Eight Thousanders Tour ("8-1000er Tour") and the Twelve Thousanders Tour ("12-1000er Tour") - which are hiking trails that include an ascent of the mountain along the E6 European long distance path as part of a walk that take in eight or twelve 1,000-metre-high mountains respectively.

Arberland Mountain Run
On 10 June 2017 the Arberland Mountain Run took place, which also included the 2017 German Mountain Running Championships. 346 runners reached the finish line of the 13.8-kilometre course with a difference in altitude of 887 metres.

Arber Bergbahn and winter sports
The lifts on the Grosser Arber are called the Arber Bergbahn. The mountain has been turned into a winter sports area with several ski pistes. On 17 September 1949, the first chairlift was opened on the mountain. The systematic renewal of the lifts in recent years, the construction of a 6-seater gondola lift and the construction of two, six-seater chair lifts have made the mountain's ski area the most modern in the Bavarian Forest. In summer operation, the gondolas transport hikers and tourists to the summit.

Slalom and giant slalom competitions have been held on the mountain for the Alpine Ski European Cup since 1973 and, for the Alpine Ski World Cup, since 1976. The races were sponsored by the German Ski Association and alternated between Ofterschwang, Zwiesel and Berchtesgaden. Since 2011, no more ski world cups have taken place there, and according to the responsible organising committee, no further races are planned for the foreseeable future.

References

External links

 Official website
 Luftwaffe "Großer Arber" (radar station), at grosser-arber.org
 Arber, Großer und Kleiner Arbersee (individual photographs or slide show), at waldberge.de
 Großer Arber Rundtour (Wanderweg), at blogspot.com

Mountains of the Bavarian Forest
Bavarian Forest
One-thousanders of Germany
Bohemian Forest
Cham (district)
Regen (district)

Großer Arber


Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction is a book written by Frank Schmalleger. It is intended to serve as an introductory text in the study of the American criminal justice system . There have been eight editions with the latest written in 2010. The text is printed by Prentice Hall and Pearson Education. The publisher is Jeff Johnston.

Schmalleger states, "Criminal justice is a dynamic and fluid field of study. As accelerated change engulfs American society, it is appropriate that a streamlined and up-to-date book be in the hands of students. The information age and all that it has wrought is here..."

Schmalleger adds, "It is my hope that the technological and publishing revolutions will combine with growing social awareness to facilitate needed changes in our system; and will supplant self-serving system-perpetuated injustices with new standards of equity, compassion, understanding, fairness, and justice for all."

References

External links
Website for Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction
Criminal Justice Degree College Blog

2002 non-fiction books
Law textbooks

Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction


The term shanlin () was frequently used to describe bandits in northeast China from the time of the Qing dynasty, because they knew the local wooded and mountainous terrain very well. Most operated in a fairly small district and took pains to maintain the goodwill of local peasants. As a result, government troops had great difficulty in suppressing them. After the Republic of China was founded, they often were recruited as soldiers to end their bandit career.

It was a term frequently used later for remnants of the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies that resisted the Japanese invasion of Northeastern China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Some did not flee after the defeat of the armies and fought on as small guerrilla units, called shanlin.

See also
Honghuzi

References
Coogan, Anthony, The volunteer armies of Northeast China, History Today; July 1993, Vol. 43 Issue 7, pp.36-41

Military history of China
Republic of China (1912–1949)
Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies
Qing dynasty

Shanlin


Andrew Mwangura is a negotiator between pirates and ship owners off the coast of Africa. He directs the Seafarers' Assistance Programme.

Samuel L. Jackson's Uppity Films along with H2O Motion Pictures are in talks with Mwangura to secure the rights to his life story.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People involved in anti-piracy efforts
Somalian diplomats

Andrew Mwangura


North Sutton is an unincorporated community in the town of Sutton in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. It is located at the eastern end of Kezar Lake, adjacent to Wadleigh State Park.

New Hampshire Route 114 passes through the village, leading north to New London and south to Sutton Village, South Sutton and Bradford. Interstate 89 passes just east of the village, which can be accessed from Exit 10.

North Sutton has a separate ZIP code (03260) from other parts of the town of Sutton.

Sites of interest
Kezar Lake, with its  loop of lightly traveled country roads, is a popular local destination for walkers, joggers, and dog walkers.

Muster Field Farm, a working farm and New Hampshire agricultural learning center and museum, is on Harvey Road  northwest of the center of North Sutton.

References

Unincorporated communities in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Unincorporated communities in New Hampshire
Sutton, New Hampshire

North Sutton, New Hampshire


James Arthur Beckford  (1 December 1942 – 10 May 2022) was a British sociologist of religion. He was professor emeritus of sociology at the University of Warwick and a Fellow of the British Academy. In 1988/1989, he served as president of the Association for the Sociology of Religion, and from 1999 to 2003, as the president of the International Society for the Sociology of Religion.

Apart from general writings on the sociology of religion, Beckford has been a prolific author of books and articles on new religious movements and society's responses to them. He has also researched and written about religious issues affecting prison inmates.

Academic positions
In his early career, Beckford held teaching posts at the Universities of Reading and Durham and at Loyola University Chicago. He founded the British Sociological Association's Study Group for the Sociology of Religion in 1975, serving as its chairman from 1978 to 1983. From 1982 to 1983 Beckford was a Senior Fulbright Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1982 to 1986, he was the president of the International Sociological Association Research Committee 22, and in 1988/1989 served as the president of the Association for the Sociology of Religion. He joined the University of Warwick in 1989. From 1999 to 2003, he was the president of the International Society for the Sociology of Religion. He has also taught as a vvisiting professor in Paris, at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in 2001, and at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in 2004.

Beckford was the editor of Current Sociology from 1980 to 1987, the vice-president for publications of the International Sociological Association from 1994 to 1998, and has been a member of the editorial board of the British Journal of Sociology since 1998. He has chaired the management committee of INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements), a British charity set up by sociologist Eileen Barker with the support of Britain's mainstream churches to provide the public with information on new religious movements, and was co-vice-chairman of the charity's board of governors.

In 2017, Beckford was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award for Contributions to the Sociology of Religion by the Association for the Sociology of Religion.

Research and publications
Beckford's doctoral thesis was the first major sociological study of the Jehovah's Witnesses, The Trumpet of Prophecy (1975), which has remained an important reference work on the group. His research focus then shifted to cults and new religious movements and the responses they provoke from wider society. On the basis of his empirical studies of the anti-cult movement in Britain, France and Germany, Beckford contended that the responses to new religious movements reveal as much about a society as studies of the relevant movements themselves. He explored this topic further in Cult Controversies: Societal Responses to New Religious Movements, highlighting the differing ways movement members (and ex-members) relate to each other and to the surrounding society, and proposing that these differences could serve as the basis of a new model for classifying new religious movements.

Beckford has called for sociologists of religion to end their isolation from other sociological disciplines, arguing in Religion and Advanced Industrial Society (1989) that this might return religious studies to their former position of prominence, and has explored various adjacent sociological fields himself in his writings.

In reference to Islam, Beckford has more recently argued that neglecting the needs of Muslim prison inmates, such as the failure of most French prisons to provide halal meat or religious services for Muslims, leads to more widespread resentment and increased radicalisation among the Muslim community: "This feeds back into the community of Muslims outside the prisons, who hear what goes on and are disturbed by it. It feeds their sense of alienation." He has also commented on the increasing importance that the internet has assumed for Muslim communities, saying it had become "a wonderful device (for linking) Muslims around the world, especially Muslims in diaspora. Something like (Facebook) can kind of light up or activate communities that are already in place."

In addition to his books, Beckford has authored around 150 articles and book chapters to date. A festschrift celebrating his contributions to the field, The Centrality of Religion in Social Life. Essays in Honour of James A. Beckford, edited by Eileen Barker, was published in 2008.

Publications
 Religious Organization (1974)
 The Trumpet of Prophecy. A Sociological Analysis of Jehovah's Witnesses (1975)
 Cult Controversies: The Societal Response to New Religious Movements (1985)
 New Religious Movements and Rapid Social Change (1986, editor), published by SAGE Publications and UNESCO,
 Religion and Advanced Industrial Society (1989)
 The Changing Face of Religion (1989, co-editor)
 Religion in Prison. Equal Rites in a Multi-Faith Society (1998, with Sophie Gilliat)
 Secularization, Rationalism and Sectarianism (1999, editor)
 Social Theory and Religion (2003)
 Challenging Religion (2003, editor)
 Muslims in Prison: Challenge and Change in Britain and France (2005)
 Theorising Religion: Classical and Contemporary Debates (2006, editor)

Articles
 "Why Britain doesn't go to church", BBC News, 2004-02-17
 "Cults need vigilance, not alarmism", Church Times'', 2008-06-20

Notes

External links
 Jim Beckford's Homepage at the University of Warwick's website

1942 births
2022 deaths
British sociologists
Sociologists of religion
Researchers of new religious movements and cults
Fellows of the British Academy
Academics of the University of Warwick
People educated at Tottenham Grammar School

James A. Beckford


Yecla is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located around the town of Yecla in the northernmost corner of the region of Murcia (Spain) and is surrounded by other DOPs: Jumilla to the south and west, Almansa to the north and Alicante to the east.  The area is notable for its extensive use of the red Monastrell grape variety, and it is traditionally known as the home of Monastrell in Spain. Monastrell is the fourth most planted red grape variety in Spain. The international market makes up 92% of the DOP's wine sales, making it the Spanish wine DOP with the highest proportion of international exports.

History
Findings from archaeological excavations in the area have confirmed that grape growing and wine production has been practiced in this area for over 2000 years and was probably introduced by the ancient Romans. There was a period of expansion at the end of the 19th century when French wine merchants became involved in the region due to the effects of the Great French Wine Blight. Official DO status was acquired in 1975.

Geography
The vineyards covered by Yecla DOP are located in a transition zone between the Mediterranean and the central upland plateaux known as La Mancha, at altitudes ranging from  above sea level. The soil is lime bearing, and the subsoil is thick with a high carbonate content. The topsoil is sandy, poor in organic matter, deep with good permeability.

Climate
The climate is Mediterranean-continental, with long, hot dry summers and cold winters. Maximum temperature in summer can reach 39 °C and minimum temperature in winter can be as low as -10 °C. Rainfall is sparse,   per year, occurs mainly in autumn and spring, sometimes in the form of violent storms. Sunlight hours high, about 3,000 hours per year.

Grapes
The authorised varieties are:
 Red: Monastrell, Garnacha tinta, Garnacha Tintorera, Tempranillo, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah.

 White: Airén, Merseguera, Macabeo, Moscatel de Grano Menudo, Malvasía, Sauvignon Blanc, and Chardonnay.

References

External links
 D.O. Utiel Requena official website

Wine regions of Spain

Yecla (DO)


Andrew Knox (1559 – 27 March 1633) was a Scottish churchman who was Bishop of the Isles in Scotland from 1605-1619 and Bishop of Raphoe in Ireland from 1610-1633.

Early life

He was the second son of John Knox of Ranfurly in Renfrewshire. He was educated at the University of Glasgow, where he graduated M.A. in 1579. In 1581 he was ordained minister of Lochwinnoch in Renfrewshire, and in 1581 was translated to the abbey church of Paisley. On 6 March 1590 he was appointed on a commission of select clergymen to promote subscription to the confession of faith and covenant over the whole kingdom.

In December 1592 he was instrumental in arresting George Kerr on the Isle of Cumray as he was on the point of sailing for Spain, and was thereby the means of bringing to light and frustrating the conspiracy of the Earls of Huntly, Errol, and Angus. In 1597 he was appointed a commissioner with others to seek out and apprehend Catholics and others in touch with the King of Spain. He accidentally caused the death by drowning of Hew Barclay of Ladyland, who had intended to capture and fortify Ailsa Craig; he was exonerated and commended by parliament.

Bishop of the Isles

Knox was involved in disputes with his fellow-citizens, and during the course of one of them struck an adversary, George Stewart, burgess of Paisley, in public court. He was ordered to do public penance in his church. In 1606 Knox was created Bishop of the Isles, and having obtained leave from the presbytery he immediately proceeded to his diocese. On 31 July he was commissioned along with others to meet with David, Lord Scone and hear the offers made by the inhabitants of the Isles and the Highlands on the royal rents. In January 1607 he was appointed constant moderator of the presbytery of the Isles, and on 4 June he took the oath of allegiance. His absence from his charge at Paisley meant that on 12 November 1607 he was relieved of his charge.

In accordance with King James's intention to reform the Western Isles and Highlands, Bishop Knox was on 8 March 1608 joined in commission with Andrew Stuart, 3rd Lord Ochiltree, to take the matter in hand. In May he visited the King at Greenwich, and brought back instructions for a military expedition against the Isles, of which Lord Ochiltree was to be commander, assisted by a council, of which Knox was to be the head with a salary and bodyguard of his own. The expedition sailed early in August, and the castles of Dunivaig and Lochgorme in Islay having been surrendered by Angus Macdonald, Ochiltree opened a court at the castle of Aros in Mull on 15 August. The chieftains were reluctant to come to terms; Ochiltree, acting on the advice of Knox, had them visit him on board his vessel on pretence of a dinner and a sermon from the bishop. Having succeeded in kidnapping them, Ochiltree sailed to Glasgow. On his return Knox accompanied Ochiltree to London, and was commended by the King for his zeal.

Knox was in February 1609 appointed one of a commission to negotiate with the chieftains for the purpose of devising a scheme for the religious settlement of the Western Islands. In May he was the bearer of a confidential message from his colleagues to the king. He returned in June with instructions for a fresh expedition, of which he himself was to be the head, and he conducted the business with great credit to himself. Before the end of July he met the principal chieftains at Iona, and with their consent enacted the "Statutes of Icolmkill". He returned to Edinburgh in September, but immediately proceeded to London. He seems to have been detained at court till the following July, when he returned to Edinburgh, and made formal re-delivery of the Band and Statutes of Icolmkill before the council. On 15 February 1610 he was appointed a member of the court of ecclesiastical high commission for the province of Glasgow, and on 8 May steward of the whole Western Isles, with instructions to make the castle of Dunivaig his headquarters.

Bishop of Raphoe

He was nominated to the Church of Ireland bishopric of Raphoe in County Donegal on 7 May 1610 and appointed by letters patent on 26 June 1611; he continued to hold both bishoprics till 22 September 1619, when he resigned that of the Isles in favour of his eldest son, Thomas Knox. Having established a garrison in the castle of Dunivaig, he went to Ireland, and in April 1611 transmitted to Lord Salisbury a report of the state of religion in his diocese. In consequence of his report the King instructed Sir Arthur Chichester to require the Archbishop of Armagh to convene a meeting of the bishops of his province in order to consider the reformation of ecclesiastical abuses in the north of Ireland. In October Chichester reported favourably on Bishop Knox to the King. On 13 February 1612 the King authorised Dr. Knox's admission to the Scottish Privy Council; he was granted arrears and expenses, and the Isle of Barra for life.

In 1614 the castle of Dunivaig was surprised by the Macdonalds, and Knox, attempting to retake it with insufficient force, was defeated and compelled to treat. He consented to solicit a lease of the Crown lands of Isla for Angus Oig Macdonald, together with the proprietary rights in the castle of Dunivaig, and a free pardon for all crimes up to date, and to leave his son Thomas and his nephew John Knox of Ranfurly as hostages for his good faith. The council, however, refused these terms, and prepared to reduce the Macdonalds by force.

Bishop Knox then advised deceit in dealing with the Macdonalds, with a view to the plantation of their lands by men from the north of Ireland and the west of Scotland. His approach was taken up in part by the Earl of Argyll on behalf of his kinsman, John Campbell of Calder, who had undertaken their reduction on condition of succeeding to their inheritance. A John Graham managed that Thomas and John Knox were freed, and on 6 January 1616 Campbell of Calder, with the assistance of Sir Oliver Lambart, captured Dunivaig.

Knox resigned the bishopric of the Isles in 1618, but continued as Protestant Lord Bishop of Raphoe till his death on 27 March 1633. Two bells he had taken from the abbey of Icolmkill to Raphoe were by royal edict sent back by his successor, Bishop John Lesley.

Family
He married a cousin Elizabeth Knox, and by her he had three sons, Thomas, James, and George, and two daughters, Margaret, who married John Cunningham of Cambuskeith, son of James Cunningham, 7th Earl of Glencairn, and another, who married John Hamilton of Woodhall. The three sons took orders in the church.

References

1559 births
1633 deaths
Bishops of the Isles
Anglican bishops of Raphoe
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1617

Andrew Knox (bishop)


The Dutch West Indies campaign was a series of minor conflicts in 1781 and 1782, in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War and the American Revolutionary War. Following Great Britain's declaration of war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, British Admiral George Brydges Rodney, the commander of the Royal Navy in the West Indies, was notified by a fast-sailing packet ship of the declaration.  He immediately acted to ensure control over as many of the Dutch colonies as possible, capturing Sint Eustatius, a vital entrepot of French and Dutch trade between their colonies and Europe, in early February 1781.  He also captured Saba and Sint Maarten, and orchestrated the capture of the Dutch colonial outposts of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in South America.  A planned expedition by Samuel Hood against Curaçao was called off on rumors that a French fleet was approaching. A French expedition in 1782 captured Demerara and Essequibo, although the fate of the other colonies were settled at the conclusion of the war.

References

Koch, Cristopher. The Revolutions Of Europe Being An Historical View Of The European Nations From The Subversion Of The Roman Empire In The West, To The Abdication Of Napoleon # Whittaker Ave Maria Lane Publishing (1839)
ASIN B0011HSJG8

Marley, David. Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present
Rodway, James. History of British Guiana, Volume 1

Conflicts in 1781
Conflicts in 1782
Dutch West Indies
Dutch West Indies
Battles involving Great Britain
Battles involving France
Battles involving the Netherlands
18th century in the Caribbean
1781 in the Caribbean
1782 in the Caribbean
1781 in the British Empire
1782 in the British Empire

Dutch West Indies campaign


Chris Charteris (born 1966) is a New Zealand sculptor, jeweller and carver.

Early life and education

Charteris was born in Auckland, adopted into a Pakeha family as a young child, and told he was Māori, before discovering much later that he was of Kiribati, Fijian and English descent. He began his artistic training in Kaitaia in Maori carving and design.

Between 1986 and 1996, he worked as a carving tutor at Otago and Southland Polytechnics, and the Dunedin College of Education's Arai Te Uru Kokiri Youth Learning Centre. In 1995, he established Te Whare Whakairo Gallery and Workshop in Dunedin.

Career

He has exhibited at FhE Galleries in Auckland with Tuanako in 2011, To the Heart of the Matter in 2010, and Matau 2008. His work has been included in the group exhibition Wunderrūma: New Zealand Jewellery, exhibited at The Dowse Art Museum in Lower Hutt and at Galerie Handwerk in Munich. His work was also part of Pasifika Styles at the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. His work was included in the third and fourth New Zealand Jewellery Biennials, Turangawaewae: A Public Outing, held at The Dowse Art Museum in 1998, and Grammar: Subjects and Objects, held in 2001.

1 Noble Savage, 2 Dusky Maidens

In 1999 Charteris collaborated with jewellers Niki Hastings-McFall and Sofia Tekala-Smith on the exhibition 1 Noble Savage, 2 Dusky Maidens at Judith Anderson Gallery in Auckland, which helped draw attention to a new generation of New Zealand artists of Pacific descent and showed "what contemporary jewellers might offer to contemporary Pacific identity − notably a sense of playful appropriation of Pacific adornment that is ironic and serious at the same time."

The exhibition was accompanied by a publication titled 1 Noble Savage, 2 Dusky Maidens with reproductions of the three artists' work and essays by Mark Kirby, Lisa Taouma and Nicholas Thomas. The publication's catalogue featured a photograph of the three artists in a faux-ethnographic style, dressed in traditional manner and mimicking the conventions of photographs taken in Samoa in the 1890s for Western consumption, as a comment on stereotypical presentations of Pacific peoples.

Now and Then

In 2010 Charteris again held a joint exhibition with Hastings-McFall titled Now and Then at the RH Gallery at Woollaston in Nelson. The overarching principle of the 2010 exhibition was 'Va', or the Samoan concept of 'the space between'. In his work for the exhibition Charteris explored new materials, using car paint, magnets and mother of pearl in one work, and nikau bark in another.

Tungaru: the Kiribati project
In 2014 Charteris collaborated with designer and director Jeff Smith on Tungaru: the Kiribati project. The two artists travelled to Kiribati and on their return made a number of works that were displayed at the Auckland War Memorial Museum and the Mangere Arts Centre. At the Museum items from the Pacific collection were mixed with new art works by Charteris, a digital interactive by Smith, and archival film footage; items from the Museum's collection were also shown with new works by Smith and Charteris at the Mangere Arts Centre.

The new work at the Mangere Arts Centre included a large-scale installation titled Te ma (Fish-trap). 7.4 metres long and 4.6 metres wide, the work was inspired by the heart-shaped fish traps built off the shores of Kiribati; Charteris used 8000 pairs of Ringed Venus shells to recreate the walls of the fish trap, which in Kiribati are made of broken coral.

The exhibition was accompanied by a publication, Tungaru: the Kiribati project, with an extended essay by Mark Amery, and photographs of the artists' research visit to Kiribati and their works.

The exhibition toured to Pataka Art + Museum and Hastings City Art Gallery in 2015.

Collections

His work is held in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, The Dowse Art Museum, the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the British Museum and the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge.

Further information
Interview with Chris Charteris Standing Room Only, Radio New Zealand National 2014
 The Dowse Art Museum; Richard Bell, The Third New Zealand Jewellery Biennial: Turangawaewae: A Public Outing, 1998.
 Deborah Crowe; The Dowse Art Museum, 4th New Zealand Jewellery Biennale: Grammar: Subjects and Objects, 2001.

References

1966 births
Living people
20th-century New Zealand sculptors
20th-century New Zealand male artists
21st-century New Zealand sculptors
21st-century New Zealand male artists
Artists from Auckland

Chris Charteris


The Melbourne Royal Show is an agricultural show held at Melbourne Showgrounds every September. It is organised by Melbourne Royal (formally the Royal Agricultural Society of Victoria) and has been running since 1848.
Each year Melbourne Royal Show attracts attendances of up to half a million people.

About
The traditional purpose is the display of rural industry, including livestock and produce with its associated competitions and awards however the show also features amusement rides and a sideshow alley, as well as the Australian tradition of 'Showbags', carry bags containing samples of products produced by various commercial enterprises.

A prominent feature during showtime are the many rides including a permanent wooden Mad Mouse roller coaster which resided at the grounds until 2001, owned by Wittingslow Amusements. A permanent chairlift also resided onsite until 2005. The site has its own railway station, used during special events located on the Flemington Racecourse line. The Thursday of the show was once observed as the Show Day public holiday in Melbourne; this holiday was abandoned in 1994.

While the Royal Show is the main show in Victoria, many cities and towns in regional Victoria host smaller shows, such as the Royal Geelong Show, Bendigo Show, Ballarat Show, Warragul Show, Whittlesea Show and the Shepparton Show.

History
The show was founded in 1848. There was no Show in 1915 to 1918 and 1940 to 1945 when the Showgrounds were requisitioned for military use during WWI and WWII. In 2020 and 2021 the show was cancelled due to social distancing measures and mass gathering restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, The Royal Melbourne Show was rebranded to Melbourne Royal Show.

Displays

Competitions
The major rural competitions of the Melbourne Royal® Show include the:
Melbourne Royal Alpaca Competition
Melbourne Royal Beef Cattle Competition
Melbourne Royal Beef Carcase Competition
Melbourne Royal Dairy cattle Competition
Melbourne Royal All Breeds Dog Competition
Melbourne Royal Horses in Action Competition
Melbourne Royal Poultry Competition
Melbourne Royal Sheep Competition,
Melbourne Royal Fleece Competition
Melbourne Royal Art, Craft & Cookery Competition
Melbourne Royal Woodchop Championships.

The major equestrienne competition of Australia is the Garryowen Equestrienne Turnout which is held here. This is a memorial trophy to Mrs Violet Murrell's bravery in attempting to save her horse, Garryowen from a fire. The competition is judged on mount, costume, saddlery, riding ability and general appearances of horsewomen.

There are also Art, Craft and Cookery Competitions.

Pavilions

Located all around the Showgrounds are a total of sixteen pavilions and arenas. These include:-
The Grand Pavilion is the primary site for showbags. It is also the home of large food hall, 'Eat Street'.
The Grand Boulevard is a boulevard with selected themed commercial sites scattered along the spine sweeps across the full length of the site.
The Entertainment Dome was a roofed attraction that replaced the "Herald Sun Town Centre" in 2012. An entertainment venue with food stalls, a major stage (designed for major events/shows), and also a smaller stage for music acts. In 2012 it hosted the My Kitchen Rules live show. In 2016, the Entertainment Dome was replaced by the open Town Square, which featured a full performance stage, a high-dive act, seating, shading, food operators and large screens.
The Main Arena is a 9,000 square metre open air arena where crowds can watch the special events and entertainment.
The 9News Lifestyle & Local Heroes Pavilion held in Victoria Pavilion, which includes educational displays for children, Channel 9 activations and various retail outlets.
The Animal Nursery has baby animals.
The Farmhouse is an interactive animal space including shearing and milking demonstrations and activities including pat-a-chook, pat-a-pig, grinding grains and digging for veggies.
The Woodchop Pavilion has woodchopping competitions during the day attracting competitors from Australia and around the world.
The Livestock Pavilion. is a huge pavilion where visitors can see animals or watch what's happening on the judging rings.
The Art, Craft & Cookery Pavilion is full of crafts such as knitting, crochet, decorated cakes, clothing, leather goods, cookery, homemade jewellery and glass decorations. In 2017 it was changed to the Spotlight Makers Pavilion.
The Dog Pavilion: Over the course of the Melbourne Royal Show thousands of dogs are judged to find the Best in Show.

Educational

There are a number of other services which is displayed in the Melbourne Royal Show this year in 2022. Australian Firefighters Calendar stall displayed calendars for 2022 and 2023 as a part of fundraising initiative for firefighters of Australia. Online Education Service provider - Byju's Future School also displayed a stall in this year's show which attracted parents and children from a diverse background motivating them to take online classes.

Entertainment
Entertainment consists of multiple live performances, activities and displays. Entertainers have included Mickey and Minnie Mouse, Peppa Pig, Dorothy the Dinosaur from the children's group The Wiggles, Play School and Hi-5 concert, Sampson the Monster truck, clowns, caricature artists and many more. In addition to 774 ABC Melbourne radio outside broadcast. There is a nightly fireworks display and live performances. Lights, colours and sound provide a unique atmosphere in the Carnival precinct at night.

Rides

Wave Swinger
Cliff Hanger
Crazy Spinning Coaster
Dodgem Cars
Ferris Wheel
Rockin' Tug
Hard Rock
Techno Jump
Taipan
No Limit
Mad Mouse
Chaos
Pirates Revenge Flume Ride
Roller Ghoster
Breakdance
Free Style
Rock Star
Xtreme
Kamikaze
Power Surge
Space Roller
Hangover(replaced the Twin Flip, in 2012)
XXXL
Rebel
Python Loop Coaster
Mega Drop
The Beast(Australia's first KMG XXL)
Fury

The children's rides include:
Grand Carousel
Jump Around
Taxi Jet Car
Circus Swing
Harley Hog Motor Bike Ride
Rockin' Tug
Flash Dance
Shark Inflatable
Tiger Inflatable
Elephant Jet
Miniature Railway
Go Gator Coaster
Circus Circus
F1 Euro Slide
Undersea Mini Wheel
City Bridge Convoy
Samba Balloon Ride
Aladdin Mini Jet
Cup & Saucer Ride
Outback Pony Rides
Outback Rattler
Free Fall
Mini Jet
Train Ride
Ferrari 500 Racers
Magic Swans

References

External links
Melbourne Royal Show website
Live at Night at the Royal Melbourne Show
Photos from the 2006 Royal Melbourne Show (post renovations.)

Melbourne
Organisations based in Melbourne
1848 establishments in Australia
Recurring events established in 1848

Melbourne Royal Show


John Pond (born 1767, London, England — died September 7, 1836, Blackheath, London), was the sixth astronomer royal of England. He was selected as a fellow (member) of The Royal Society in 1807. In 1823, he received the Copley Medal for his astronomy research. He was a member of the Royal Astronomical Society when it was made in 1820.

Pond worked as astronomer royal from 1811 to 1835. He managed the Royal Greenwich Observatory. He replaced many old machines and hired more people to work at the observatory. This let him measure the position of 1,113 stars.

1767 births
1836 deaths
English astronomers
Scientists from London
Year of birth unknown

John Pond


The Democracy Index is an index compiled by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). This is the research division of the Economist Group, a UK-based private company which publishes the weekly newspaper The Economist.

The index is a bit like the Human Development Index but more concerned with politics and freedoms. The index shows the state of democracy in 167 countries and territories, of which 166 are sovereign states and 164 are UN member states.

The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories, measuring democracy and civil liberties. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking, the index categorizes each country into one of four regime types: full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian regimes. The first Democracy Index report was published in 2006. Reports were published every two years until 2010, and then annually.
Democracy

Democracy Index


Orthetrum villosovittatum, known as the fiery skimmer, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae.
Its range is from the Moluccas, New Guinea and neighbouring islands as well as Australia.
In Australia it is found in Victoria through eastern New South Wales and Queensland, north inland Queensland, Cape York Peninsula and north Northern Territory.
It is a common species through most of its range.

Orthetrum villosovittatum is a medium-sized dragonfly with a wingspan of 60–85 mm.
Mature males have dark greyish to greenish-brown thoraxes and red abdomens, with the abdomen constricted at segment four. Young males have an amber and black colouring. Females are ochre-coloured.

Orthetrum villosovittatum inhabits boggy seepages, streams and swamps.

Gallery

References

Libellulidae
Odonata of Australia
Insects of Australia
Insects of New Guinea
Insects of Indonesia
Taxa named by Friedrich Moritz Brauer
Insects described in 1868

Orthetrum villosovittatum


Greg Stolze (born 1970) is an American game designer, writer and novelist, whose work has mainly focused on writing for role-playing games and related intellectual properties.

Career
Stolze began his career writing role playing games professionally when he was chosen by Jonathan Tweet to write for the Everway storytelling game; the Spherewalker Sourcebook was Stolze's first full-length RPG book.  Subsequently, he was commissioned to write the original Usagi Yojimbo Roleplaying Game.

Stolze had met John Scott Tynes when they collaborated with Robin Laws to write Wildest Dreams (1993), a supplement for Tweet's Over the Edge.  Stolze and Tynes later co-designed the roleplaying game Unknown Armies; Stolze helped write the mechanics for the game, based on a setting Tynes had been developing for a few years. Although Atlas Games expressed interest in Unknown Armies, Tynes decided to go with Archon Games. Then, Tynes and Stolze learned that founder Lisa Manns was shutting down Archon; when she returned the rights to them, they sought a new publisher, and Atlas Games ultimately published the game in January 1999. Stolze then became the line editor for Feng Shui, Laws' role-playing game based on the Hong Kong action genre.

Meanwhile, Stolze and Dennis Detwiller prepared their game Godlike for publication by Pagan Publishing; as Pagan was winding down, Detwiller took it to his friends Hsin Chen and Aron Anderson, who created the company Hawthorn Hobgoblynn Press (later known as Eos Press) in 2001 to publish the game. Godlike uses his One-Roll Engine (ORE) dice system; in 2003 he withdrew EOS's license to use ORE. Detwiller formed Arc Dream Publishing in 2002 to produce supplements for Godlike, and in 2003 Arc Dream licensed the ORE from Stolze, which it subsequently used in other genres, such as in Benjamin Baugh's RPG Monsters and Other Childish Things. Meanwhile, Stolze contributed to role-playing game books for White Wolf Game Studio  including Demon: the Fallen and Vampire: The Requiem and wrote novels set in the world of these games.  Stolze also created the traditional strategy board game Elemental for Kenzer & Company.

For Arc Dream, Stolze co-authored Wild Talents (2006), the "sequel" to Godlike, with Detwiller, Kenneth Hite and Shane Ivey, and also wrote alternate settings for the game such as  eCollapse.  Arc Dream also published a print edition of Reign Enchiridion, a stripped-down version of his Reign fantasy RPG which featured an innovative group resolution mechanic built on the ORE rules.  He later incorporated similar rules in the Progenitor setting for Wild Talents.

Some of Stolze's recent work has been self-published using the "ransom method", whereby the game is only released when enough potential buyers have contributed enough money to reach a threshold set by the author. For example, Stolze released the wargame Meatbot Massacre after its ransom goal was met. Stolze has also co-written the free game NEMESIS, which juxtaposes the One-Roll Engine with the Madness Meter derived from Unknown Armies. Stolze has also produced small, independent role-playing games such as Executive Decision and ... in Spaaace!, and subsequently published Dinosaurs ... in SPAAACE (using the same Token Effort system), after a successful Kickstarter campaign. Subsequently, Arc Dream released the ORE RPG Better Angels, where each player plays one character, while also taking the role of the demon who grants another player character's superpowers.

Recently, Stolze has participated in two projects resulting from highly successful Kickstarters: the Delta Green role-playing game from Arc Dream publishing, and the Third Edition of Unknown Armies, for Atlas Games. In addition, his own successful kickstarter resulted in the publication of the experimental novel "You", written in the second person and set, like his previous novels Godwalker and Switchflipped, in the universe of the Unknown Armies RPG.

Author credits

Novels
 Ashes and Angel Wings (2003)
 The Seven Deadlies (2003)
 The Wreckage of Paradise (2003)
 A Hunger Like Fire (2004)
 The Marriage of Virtue and Viciousness (2005)
 Godwalker (2005)
 Switchflipped (2011)
 Mask of the Other (2011)
 Sinner (2013)
 The Forgotten Monk (2015)
 You (2017)

Role-playing games
 Usagi Yojimbo Roleplaying Game (1998)
 Unknown Armies (1998)  with John Scott Tynes
 (3004) City of Lies box set (L-1 City of Lies) (1999)
 Godlike (2002)  with Dennis Detwiller
 Wild Talents (2006) with Dennis Detwiller, Kenneth Hite and Shane Ivey, along with supplements including:
 eCollapse
 Grim War with Ken Hite
 Progenitor
 Nemesis (2006) with Dennis Detwiller and Shane Ivey
 Reign (2007)
 A Dirty World (2008)
 Dinosaurs ... in SPAAACE! (2011)
 Better Angels (2013)
 Delta Green (2016) with Dennis Detwiller, Adam Scott Glancy, Kenneth Hite and Shane Ivey

References

External links
 Stolze's own website

 Interview at Flames Rising

1970 births
Indie role-playing game designers
Living people
Role-playing game designers
Role-playing game writers
White Wolf game designers
Atlas Games people
American male writers

Greg Stolze


Alphen aan den Rijn is a municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. In 2019, 110,986 people lived there.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Boskoop and Rijnwoude joined together to become the municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn.

Settlements in South Holland

Alphen aan den Rijn


James Leo Sullivan (December 11, 1925 – September 26, 2012) was an American city manager who served as City Manager of Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 1968 to 1970 and again 1974 to 1981. In between his stints as Cambridge City Manager, Sullivan was City Manager of Lowell, Massachusetts. He also served as President of the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce.

Early life and career
Sullivan was born and raised in Somerville, Massachusetts, to James Christopher Sullivan and Anna Agnes (Kilmartin) Sullivan. His father died when he was five and his mother had to work to support the family. Sullivan was cared for by his grandparents, Patrick J. and Anna (Kelly) Kilmartin, originally of Doolin in County Clare, Ireland. He attended St. John's High School in North Cambridge.

In November 1943 Sullivan enlisted in the United States Navy. He completed radio school in Boston and was assigned as Radioman Second Class on the USS Runels. After the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, Sullivan was one of several men sent ashore to evacuate Allied prisoners of war from Japanese camps.

Following his honorable discharge, Sullivan enrolled at Boston College under the GI bill. He graduated in 1950 with a degree in history and government and later earned a master's degree in administration and finance. After graduating, he worked for the Social Security Administration in Willimantic, Connecticut. In 1951, he returned to Somerville after he married his wife, Anne. For the next six years, he taught history and government in the Somerville Public School system. He supplemented his teacher's salary by working for the Parks and Recreation Department during the summer and driving a cab.

In 1957, Sullivan entered public administration when Arlington, Massachusetts, town manager Edward Monaghan appointed him assistant town manager. In 1962, he was chosen as the first Town Manager in Watertown, Connecticut. He was chosen because the selection committee believed he had the "perfect temperament" to manage the town. In 1966, he moved to Milton, Massachusetts, to become executive secretary of that town.

First stint in Cambridge
On June 24, 1968, the Cambridge City Council voted 5–4 to appoint Sullivan city manager. He was chosen after a six-month search in which 77 applications were sent in from across the country. Sullivan was chosen by the City Council even though he did not apply for the job. He took office on July 15.

On May 22, 1970, the City Council voted to consider at its next meeting a motion to fire Sullivan. After the motion passed, Cambridge citizens organized a grassroots committee called SOC'M (Save Our City Manager) to oppose firing Sullivan. On June 1, 1970, the City Council voted 5–4 to suspend Sullivan from office. The meeting was attended by 300 to 400 citizens who were mostly pro-Sullivan. He was given a public hearing on June 11 in which he was allowed to respond to the council's reasons for firing him. It was attended by 1200 people, most of whom were members of SOC'M.

Lowell
In October 1970, Sullivan was named City Manager of Lowell, Massachusetts. Although he had pledged to not take any other jobs until a referendum was held in Cambridge to determine whether or not he should be reinstated there, Sullivan was convinced by Lowell City Councilor Paul Tsongas to take the job in Lowell.

During his tenure in Lowell, Sullivan stabilized the city's tax rate. He also survived a referendum that would eliminate the city manager position, with 83% voting against eliminating the position.

He resigned as city manager in February 1974 to return to Cambridge. He was offered $45,000 by the Cambridge City Council to accept the position of city manager there while the Lowell Council could not offer more than $30,000 due to legislation that put a salary ceiling in place. Prior to his departure, Sullivan recommended that his assistant city manager, Robert W. Healy, be chosen as his successor. The city council instead chose former state representative Paul J. Sheehy and Healy accepted the assistant city manager's job in Cambridge.

Return to Cambridge
Sullivan returned to Cambridge on April 1, 1974. Upon taking office, he promised to shake up the city's housing authority and police department.

During his second stint in Cambridge, Sullivan was one of the most outspoken opponents of Proposition 2½. He also dealt with paraquat-contaminated marijuana, a murder inside a school, genetic engineering studies, and the hanging of political signs in the city square. In an effort to increase revenue, Sullivan launched a program to acquire back taxes owed to Cambridge. Delinquent taxpayers netted by the program included the mayor and his brother.

On May 18, 1981, Sullivan announced his resignation effective July 1 to become president of the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce (GBCC). Prior to accepting the job with the GBCC, Sullivan was considered for the position of general manager of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.

Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce
Sullivan became President of the GBBC on July 1, 1981. He was the Chamber's first full-time executive president. Previously the job was a volunteer position held by a businessman for one or two years.

Sullivan retired on December 31, 1991. He was succeeded by William B. Coughlin, president of the Artery Business Committee which merged with the Chamber earlier that year.

Death
Sullivan died on September 26, 2012, at the University Medical Center of Princeton at Plainsboro.

References

1925 births
2012 deaths
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
City managers of Cambridge, Massachusetts
City managers of Lowell, Massachusetts
Massachusetts Democrats
People from Somerville, Massachusetts
People from Watertown, Connecticut

James Sullivan (city manager)


Alan Graham Johnston (born 17 May 1962) is a British journalist working for the BBC. He has been the BBC's correspondent in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, the Gaza Strip and Italy. He is based in London.

Johnston was kidnapped in the Gaza Strip on 12 March 2007 by the militant group Army of Islam. He was unconditionally released on 4 July, nearly four months later, after much pressure was put on the group by the now-dominant Hamas.

Early life
Johnston was born in Lindi, Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), to Scottish parents.

Education
Johnston was educated at the Dollar Academy, an independent school in the small town of Dollar in Clackmannanshire in central Scotland, followed by the University of Dundee, where he graduated with an MA in English and politics. He also completed a diploma in Journalism Studies from Cardiff University.

Career
Johnston joined the BBC in 1991, and has spent eight years as a correspondent for them, including in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, as well as Kabul, Afghanistan. He was in Kabul when Afghanistan was still under the control of the Taliban. He was due to be the BBC's full-time correspondent in Gaza until 1 April 2007, and at the time of his kidnapping was the only foreign reporter with a major Western media organisation to still be based in the city.

Johnston covered many major stories in Gaza for the BBC, including Israel's unilateral disengagement plan in 2005, Hamas winning the 2006 legislative elections, the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict and the Palestinian factional violence of late 2006 to 2007.

Johnston is highly regarded by the BBC as a respected, experienced journalist, and due to his local knowledge, he was someone other journalists would turn to for information when in Gaza. Prior to being kidnapped however, Johnston was not a journalist well known to the general public. Following his release he announced his intention to return to obscurity though, as of January 2008, he took over the presentation of the BBC World Service version of the programme From Our Own Correspondent.

Johnston's BBC colleague Paul Adams noted that it was Johnston's "job to bring us day after day reports of the Palestinian predicament in the Gaza Strip." Mustafa Barghouti, Palestinian Information Minister, has described Johnston as a "friend of our people", and said that Johnston "has done a lot for our cause." Imprisoned Fatah leader Marwan Barghouti has also called Johnston a "friend of the Palestinian people".

When not working as a correspondent, Johnston produced radio reports, one of which, on life after the Taliban, won a Sony Radio Academy Award bronze. Johnston has also worked as programme editor of The World Today and as a general reporter in the BBC World Service newsroom.

From November 2011 to August 2014, Johnston was the BBC correspondent in Rome.  From October 2014, Johnston has stated on his Twitter account (@AlanJohnstonBBC) that he is now based in London.

The day after he was released, Johnston was awarded a prize by Amnesty International for his radio reports on human rights in Gaza, praising him for his "commitment to telling ordinary peoples' stories."

Kidnapping

On 12 March 2007, Johnston was kidnapped by the Army of Islam. His captivity led to many protests worldwide. Hamas put immense pressure on the Army of Islam, including (according to a senior Hamas militant) the threat to hunt them down and kill them if they did not release Johnston. On 4 July 2007, Johnston was freed. He was taken to meet Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh before leaving  for Jerusalem with an entourage of British diplomats.

Honours
On 19 June 2008, the University of Dundee conferred an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws upon Johnston.

Books

See also

Durmush Hamula
Gilad Shalit
John McCarthy
Yvonne Ridley
Olaf Wiig
Steve Centanni
Ces Drilon

References

External links

BBC News Profile: Alan Johnston
BBC News Middle East

1962 births
2010s missing person cases
Alumni of Cardiff University
Alumni of the University of Dundee
BBC newsreaders and journalists
BBC World Service presenters
British people taken hostage
Formerly missing people
Kidnapped British people
Living people
Missing person cases in Asia
People educated at Dollar Academy
People from Lindi
Scottish journalists

Alan Johnston


Port Klang Authority (PKA) is a government agency of Malaysia that facilitates, regulates and owns the country's most important port, Port Klang, on the Indian Ocean coast near the capital, Kuala Lumpur.  The operation of the port facilities is carried out by independent corporations.

History
Port Klang Authority was established on 1 July 1963, taking over the administration of Port Klang from the Malayan Railway Administration.  In 1986, in line with Malaysian government privatisation guidelines the privatisation of the PKA began with the divestment of container terminal activities to a private company, Klang Container Terminal Berhad.  In 1992, the remainder of the port's operations were divested to Klang Port Management Berhad and in 1994, new facilities on Pulau Lumut Island were divested to Kelang Multi Terminal Sendirian Berhad which is now known as Westports Malaysia Sdn Bhd. 2000 saw the founding of Northport, Malaysia, a large port facility at Port Klang.  The port currently consists of 3 principal areas: Northport, Westports Malaysia and South Point. Further expansion is planned.

The Port Klang Authority regulates the activities of the port operator companies, and functions as the landlord of the port.

Free Commercial Zone
In 1993, the government of Malaysia created the Port Klang Free Zone. As a result, manufacturing activities are prohibited at the port area, and process optimization of port procedures including duty free regulatory structures was established, increasing the overall economic attractiveness of the port.

See also
Free port
Port Klang
Port authority
Port operator
Klang Valley

References

External links
Port Klang Authority

1963 establishments in Malaysia
Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
Transport in Malaysia
Port authorities
Selangor
Ministry of Transport (Malaysia)

Port Klang Authority


Vocal range is the measure of the pitches that a human voice can make. Although the study of vocal range is not used in terms of speech, it is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech and language pathology. However, the most common use of the term "vocal range" is in singing, where it is used for classifying singing voices into groups.

References

Singing

sv:Röstläge (sång)

Vocal range


Dr. Abraham Mar Julios (born 25 May 1945) is the Metropolitan Bishop of the Eparchy of Muvattupuzha of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church. Abraham was born to late  Varghese Kakkanattil in Padinjaremannil branch of Paramel family, Cherukole-Kozhenchery and Annamma Varghese in the village of Kalloopara, Thiruvalla. Having completed his school education, he joined the Infant Mary Minor Seminary, Thiruvalla in 1961. He completed his philosophical studies in St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary at Vadavathoor, Kottayam.  He had his theological studies in Propaganda College, Rome. He was ordained priest by Metropolitan Zacharias Mar Athanasios. After his ordination, he served as parish priest of Mycavu and Ounjil in Kozhikkodu. From 1974 to 1979 Abraham Kakkanattu was the Procurator  and the Director of the Social Service Society of the Eparchy of Tiruvalla. Meanwhile, he served as the vicar of the parishes of Thalavadi North and South. In 1978 he started Matha Senior Secondary School in Thumboly, Alleppey district.

In 1979 he was sent to Rome for doing higher studies in Bible and completed his bachelor's degree from Biblical Institute of Rome. He also pursued a Diploma in Eastern Languages. He completed scriptural research from Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome and secured a Doctorate in Biblical Theology. He also secured a Master's Degree in Psychology from the University of Mysore. After the successful completion of his studies, Kakkanattu was appointed the Rector of St. Mary's Malankara Major Seminary, Trivandrum. The construction of the new building for the seminary began during this time. He undertook journeys abroad and discussions and classes in the eparchies of Syro-Malankara Catholic Church with a view of gaining support for the construction of the Seminary.

From 1990 to 1997 he was the vicar of the St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla and during this time he started St. John's ITC in Tiruvalla. He had been the president of Horticulture Society, Tiruvalla for seven years. In 1997 he was appointed the vicar of Chengaroor parish and the corporate manager of the School Administration Board of the Eparchy of Tiruvalla. On 5 February 2001, he was appointed the Director of Pushpagiri Medical College, Thiruvalla. He who initiated the Nursing College, Pharmacy College, Dental College, Medicity, Pushpagiri Heart Institute, Cyril Baselios Catholicos Hospital, Primary Health Centers at Pulikunnu, Perumthuruthy and Champakulam, Guest Houses and other related institutions. He relentlessly fought for the constitutional rights of Self Financing Colleges and other Minority Institutions.

On 18 January 2008, he was appointed the Metropolitan Bishop of the Eparchy of Muvattupuzha. He was ordained Remban on 30 January 2008 at St. John's Cathedral, Tiruvalla. Moran Mor Baselios Cleemis Catholicos ordained him Bishop on 9 February 2008 at the Cathedral of Muvattupuzha.

Sources
 Abraham Mar Julios

20th-century Eastern Catholic clergy
Syro-Malankara bishops
1945 births
Living people
People from Thiruvalla
University of Mysore alumni
21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops

Abraham Julios


George Smith Morris, The Buchan Chiel, was born in Aberdeen in 1876 and died in 1958. He is best known as a singer and writer of Doric comic songs.  His father was a farrier with his own business and in due time George too became a blacksmith. In 1912 he married Agnes Kemp, the sister of Willie Kemp, the King of the Cornkisters, and moved to Oldmeldrum in 1919 where the Kemp family ran a hotel business.

During his time in Oldmeldrum he started performing and writing. By 1930 he came to the attention of the Beltona record label and during the following decade he recorded more than 40 pieces, either bothy ballads or cornkisters, for them, some of which he composed himself or in collaboration with Willie Kemp.

His best-known composition, still popular in Northeast Scotland today, was A Pair o Nicky-tams but he wrote many others, the most notable of which were The Buchan Bobby, Aikey Brae and A New Lum Hat.

Sources
 A Salute to Doric Heroes

1876 births
1958 deaths
Musicians from Aberdeen
Scottish entertainers
People from Oldmeldrum

George S. Morris (musician)