SuperH (or SH) is a 32-bit reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hitachi and currently produced by Renesas. It is implemented by microcontrollers and microprocessors for embedded systems.

At the time of introduction, SuperH was notable for having fixed-length 16-bit instructions in spite of its 32-bit architecture. Using smaller instructions had consequences: the register file was smaller and instructions were generally two-operand format. However for the market the SuperH was aimed at, this was a small price to pay for the improved memory and processor cache efficiency.

Later versions of the design, starting with SH-5, included both 16- and 32-bit instructions, with the 16-bit versions mapping onto the 32-bit version inside the CPU. This allowed the machine code to continue using the shorter instructions to save memory, while not demanding the amount of instruction decoding logic needed if they were completely separate instructions. This concept is now known as a compressed instruction set and is also used by other companies, the most notable example being ARM for its Thumb instruction set.

In 2015, many of the original patents for the SuperH architecture expired and the SH-2 CPU was reimplemented as open source hardware under the name J2.

History

SH-1 and SH-2

The SuperH processor core family was first developed by Hitachi in the early 1990s. The design concept was for a single instruction set (ISA) that would be upward compatible across a series of CPU cores.

In the past, this sort of design problem would have been solved using microcode, with the low-end models in the series performing non-implemented instructions as a series of more basic instructions. For instance, a "long multiply" (multiplying two 32-bit registers to produce a 64-bit product) might be implemented in hardware on high-end models but instead be performed as a series of additions on low-end models.

One of the key realizations during the development of the RISC concept was that the microcode had a finite decoding time, and as processors became faster, this represented an unacceptable performance overhead. To address this, Hitachi instead developed a single ISA for the entire line, with unsupported instructions causing traps on those implementations that didn't include hardware support. For instance, the initial models in the line, the SH-1 and SH-2, differed only in their support for 64-bit multiplication; the SH-2 supported ,  and , whereas the SH-1 would cause a trap if these were encountered.

The SH-1 was the basic model, supporting a total of 56 instructions. The SH-2 added 64-bit multiplication and a few additional commands for branching and other duties, bringing the total to 62 supported instructions. The SH-1 and the SH-2 were used in the Sega Saturn, Sega 32X and Capcom CPS-3.

The ISA uses 16-bit instructions for better code density than 32-bit instructions, which was important at the time due to the high cost of main memory and the implementation cost of cache. As of 2023, code density is still important for small embedded systems and massively multicore processors. The downsides to this approach were that there were fewer bits available to encode a register number or a constant value. In the original SuperH ISA, there were only 16 general registers, requiring four bits for the source and another four for the destination; however some instructions have an implied R0, R15, or a system register as an extra operand. The instruction opcode is four, eight, twelve, or sixteen bits long, and the remaining four-bit fields are used for register or immediate operands in various ways: there are twelve classes of instructions, for a total of 142 instructions in SH-2.

SH-3
A few years later, the SH-3 core was added to the family; new features included another interrupt concept, a memory management unit (MMU), and a modified cache concept. These features required an extended instruction set, adding six new instructions for a total of 68. The SH-3 was bi-endian, running in either big-endian or little-endian byte ordering.

The SH-3 core also added a DSP extension, then called SH-3-DSP. With extended data paths for efficient DSP processing, special accumulators and a dedicated MAC-type DSP engine, this core unified the DSP and the RISC processor world. A derivative of the DSP was also used with the original SH-2 core.

Between 1994 and 1996, 35.1 million SuperH devices were shipped worldwide.

SH-4
In 1997, Hitachi and STMicroelectronics (STM) started collaborating on the design of the SH-4 for the Dreamcast. SH-4 featured superscalar (2-way) instruction execution and a vector floating-point unit (particularly suited to 3D graphics). Standard chips based on the SH-4 were introduced around 1998.

Licensing
In early 2001, Hitachi and STM formed the IP company SuperH, Inc., which was going to license the SH-4 core to other companies and was developing the SH-5 architecture, the first move of SuperH into the 64-bit area. The earlier SH-1 through 3 remained the property of Hitachi.

In 2003, Hitachi and Mitsubishi Electric formed a joint-venture called Renesas Technology, with Hitachi controlling 55% of it. In 2004, Renesas Technology bought STMicroelectronics's share of ownership in the SuperH Inc. and with it the licence to the SH cores. Renesas Technology later became Renesas Electronics, following their merger with NEC Electronics.

The SH-5 design supported two modes of operation: SHcompact mode, which is equivalent to the user-mode instructions of the SH-4 instruction set; and SHmedia mode, which is very different in that it uses 32-bit instructions with sixty-four 64-bit integer registers and SIMD instructions. In SHmedia mode the destination of a branch (jump) is loaded into a branch register separately from the actual branch instruction. This allows the processor to prefetch instructions for a branch without having to snoop the instruction stream. The combination of a compact 16-bit instruction encoding with a more powerful 32-bit instruction encoding is not unique to SH-5; ARM processors have a 16-bit Thumb mode (ARM licensed several patents from SuperH for Thumb) and MIPS processors have a MIPS-16 mode. However, SH-5 differs because its backward compatibility mode is the 16-bit encoding rather than the 32-bit encoding.

The last evolutionary step happened around 2003 where the cores from SH-2 up to SH-4 were getting unified into a superscalar SH-X core which formed a kind of instruction set superset of the previous architectures, and added support for symmetric multiprocessing.

Continued availability
Since 2010, the SuperH CPU cores, architecture and products are with Renesas Electronics and the architecture is consolidated around the SH-2, SH-2A, SH-3, SH-4 and SH-4A platforms. The system-on-chip products based on SH-3, SH-4 and SH-4A microprocessors were subsequently replaced by newer generations based on licensed CPU cores from Arm Ltd., with many of the existing models still marketed and sold until March 2025 through the Renesas Product Longevity Program.

As of 2021, the SH72xx microcontrollers based on the SH-2A continue to be marketed by Renesas with guaranteed availability until February 2029, along with newer products based on several other architectures including Arm, RX, and RH850.

J Core
The last of the SH-2 patents expired in 2014. At LinuxCon Japan 2015, j-core developers presented a cleanroom reimplemention of the SH-2 ISA with extensions (known as the "J2 core" due to the unexpired trademarks). Subsequently, a design walkthrough was presented at ELC 2016.

The open source BSD-licensed VHDL code for the J2 core has been proven on Xilinx FPGAs and on ASICs manufactured on TSMC's 180 nm process, and is capable of booting µClinux.  J2 is backwards ISA compatible with SH-2, implemented as a 5-stage pipeline with separate Instruction and Data memory interfaces, and a machine-generated Instruction Decoder supporting the densely packed and complex (relative to other RISC machines) ISA.  Additional instructions are easy to add.  J2 implements instructions for dynamic shift (using the SH-3 and later instruction patterns), extended atomic operations (used for threading primitives) and locking/interfaces for symmetric multiprocessor support.  Plans to implement the SH-2A (as "J2+") and SH-4 (as "J4") instruction sets as the relevant patents expire in 2016–2017.

Several features of SuperH have been cited as motivations for designing new cores based on this architecture:

 High code density compared to other 32-bit RISC ISAs such as ARM or MIPS important for cache and memory bandwidth performance
 Existing compiler and operating system support (Linux, Windows Embedded, QNX)
 Extremely low ASIC fabrication costs now that the patents are expiring (around  for a dual-core J2 core on TSMC's 180 nm process).
 Patent- and royalty-free (BSD-licensed) implementation
 Full and vibrant community support
 Availability of low cost hardware development platform for zero cost FPGA tools
 CPU and SoC RTL generation and integration tools, producing FPGA and ASIC portable RTL and documentation
 Clean, modern design with open source design, generation, simulation and verification environment

Models

The family of SuperH CPU cores includes:

 SH-1 – used in microcontrollers for deeply embedded applications (CD-ROM drives, major appliances, etc.)
 SH-2 – used in microcontrollers with higher performance requirements, also used in automotive such as engine control units or in networking applications, and also in video game consoles, like the Sega Saturn and Sega 32X add-on. The SH-2 has also found home in many automotive engine control unit applications, including Subaru, Mitsubishi, and Mazda.
 SH-2A – The SH-2A core is an extension of the SH-2 core including a few extra instructions but most importantly moving to a superscalar architecture (it is capable of executing more than one instruction in a single cycle) and two five-stage pipelines. It also incorporates 15 register banks to facilitate an interrupt latency of 6 clock cycles. It is also strong in motor control application but also in multimedia, car audio, powertrain, automotive body control and office + building automation
 SH-DSP – initially developed for the mobile phone market, used later in many consumer applications requiring DSP performance for JPEG compression etc.
 SH-3 – used for mobile and handheld applications such as the Jornada, strong in Windows CE applications and market for many years in the car navigation market. The Cave CV1000, similar to the Sega NAOMI hardware's CPU, also made use of this CPU. The Korg Electribe EMX and ESX music production units also use the SH-3.
 SH-3-DSP – used mainly in multimedia terminals and networking applications, also in printers and fax machines
 SH-4 – used whenever high performance is required such as car multimedia terminals, video game consoles, most notably the Sega Dreamcast, or set-top boxes
 SH-5 – used in high-end 64-bit multimedia applications
 SH-X – mainstream core used in various flavours (with/without DSP or FPU unit) in engine control unit, car multimedia equipment, set-top boxes or mobile phones
 SH-Mobile – SuperH Mobile Application Processor; designed to offload application processing from the baseband LSI

SH-2

The SH-2 is a 32-bit RISC architecture with a 16-bit fixed instruction length for high code density and features a hardware multiply–accumulate (MAC) block for DSP algorithms and has a five-stage pipeline.

The SH-2 has a cache on all ROM-less devices.

It provides 16 general-purpose registers, a vector-base register, global-base register, and a procedure register.

Today the SH-2 family stretches from 32 KB of on-board flash up to ROM-less devices. It is used in a variety of different devices with differing peripherals such as CAN, Ethernet, motor-control timer unit, fast ADC and others.

SH-2A
The SH-2A is an upgrade to the SH-2 core that added some 32-bit instructions. It was announced in early 2006.

New features on the SH-2A core include:
 Superscalar architecture: execution of 2 instructions simultaneously
 Harvard architecture
 Two 5-stage pipelines
 Mixed 16-bit and 32-bit instructions
 15 register banks for interrupt response in 6 cycles.
 Optional FPU

The SH-2A family today spans a wide memory field from 16 KB up to and includes many ROM-less variations. The devices feature standard peripherals such as CAN, Ethernet, USB and more as well as more application-specific peripherals such as motor control timers, TFT controllers and peripherals dedicated to automotive powertrain applications.

SH-4

The SH-4 is a RISC CPU and was developed for primary use in multimedia applications, such as Sega's Dreamcast and NAOMI game systems. It includes a much more powerful floating-point unit and additional built-in functions, along with the standard 32-bit integer processing and 16-bit instruction size.

SH-4 features include:
 FPU with four floating-point multipliers, supporting 32-bit single-precision and 64-bit double-precision floats
 4D floating-point dot-product operation and matrix–vector multiplication
 128-bit floating-point bus allowing 3.2 GB/sec transfer rate from the data cache
 64-bit external data bus with 32-bit memory addressing, allowing a maximum of 4 GB addressable memory (see Byte addressing) with a transfer rate of 800 MB/sec
 Built-in interrupt, DMA, and power management controllers

There is no FPU in the custom SH-4 made for Casio, the SH7305.

SH-5
The SH-5 is a 64-bit RISC CPU.

Almost no non-simulated SH-5 hardware was ever released, and, unlike the still-live SH-4, support for SH-5 was dropped from GCC and Linux.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Renesas SuperH, Products, Tools, Manuals, App.Notes, Information
 J-core Open Processor

 Linux SuperH development list

 in-progress Debian port for SH4

SuperH architecture
Embedded microprocessors
Instruction set architectures
Japanese inventions
Renesas microcontrollers
Open-source hardware
32-bit microprocessors
Open microprocessors

SuperH


Ferraù Fenzoni (1562 – 11 April 1645) was an Italian painter and draughtsman.  He was a canvas and fresco painter of biblical and religious subjects who worked in a late Mannerist style.  He trained and worked in Rome in his youth and later he worked on important commissions in Todi and his native Faenza. He is also called 'Ferraù da Faenza' and 'Il Faenzone' after his birthplace Faenza.

Life

Ferraù Fenzoni was born in Faenza and moved to Rome as a young man in the early 1580s.  He was apprenticed in Rome during the papacy of Gregory XIII and worked on numerous fresco cycles under pope Sixtus V, such as the Loggia della Benedizioni in the Lateran Palace, the frescoes on the walls and vaults of the Scala Santa of the adjacent Basilica of San Giovanni in Laterano, and the decoration in the Sistine library.

From 1594, he worked in Todi.  He made illusionistic decorations in the bishop's palace ánd various altarpieces and murals in the Cathedral of Todi.  Most of the latter is lost except for an impressive Last Judgement.

He returned to Faenza in 1599 where he remained for the rest of his career. He decorated chapels in the cathedral of Faenza from 1612 to 1616. In 1622, he completed a Deposition (local Pinacoteca). Among his most important works of his late period are The Pool of Bethesda, made around 1600 for the confraternity of San Giovanni Decollato.  He also worked for churches in other locations of Romagna, including Bagnacavallo, Castel Bolognese and Cesena. One of his last significant paintings is an altarpiece of The deposition from around 1622, painted for the artist's chapel in the church of the now destroyed Madonna del Fuoco Church in Faenza. At the end of the 1620s, Fenzoni stopped painting, due to his bad eyesight.

The artist became a prominent local figure and received various honours. In 25 April 1634, he was made the vicar and keeper (castellano) of Granarolo. In 1640, Cardinal Girolamo Colonna made Fenzoni a knight in the Order of the Golden Spur (cavaliere dello speron d'oro).

Work
His expressive canvases are executed in a late Mannerist style. His style was influenced by the artists working for the court of Rudolf II in Prague who are referred to as Northern Mannerists.  His chromatic range, use of light, and iridescent tones, however, place him within the tradition of Federico Barocci. Fenzoni's work further has affinities with the work of Francesco Vanni and Andrea Lilio, two artists with whom he exchanged drawings.

Fenzoni was a prolific draughtsman and continued to draw into his old age. His reputation was such that he was able to obtain commissions for pen drawings, which were sold as autonomous works of art. He is mainly known today for his drawings rather than his painting. Approximately 160 drawings by his hand have survived, a large portion of which are in the collection of the Uffizi in Florence.

Notes

External links

1562 births
1645 deaths
People from the Province of Ravenna
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
17th-century Italian painters

Ferraù Fenzoni


New home sales is an economic indicator which records sales of newly constructed residences in the United States of America.
The United States Census Bureau publishes new home sales statistics monthly on their website.  Statistics are reported as unadjusted monthly rates and seasonally adjusted annual rates.

Economic significance

Because new home sales trigger consumption, they have significant market impact upon release. New home sales also serve as a good indicator of economic turning points due to its consumer income sensitivity. Generally, when economic conditions slow down, new home sales serves as an early indicator of such a depression.

Limitations

Several cautions apply when interpreting new home sales statistics:

 Statistics exclude any new houses that were not built for immediate sale.  For example, in the situation where a purchaser commissions a builder to build a house on a lot that the purchaser already owns, this housing unit would not be included in the statistics.  Other construction statistics, such as Permits, starts and completions, do include virtually all new residential construction.
 Sales are reported as of the month that a customer signs a sales contract or the builder accepts a deposit.  The house can be in any stage of construction.
 Sales are not reduced to account for sales contracts which are subsequently cancelled by the customer or the builder.  However, in those situations where a cancellation occurs, the house is not re-counted upon a subsequent sale to another customer.

See also
 Economic reports
 FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data)

External links
 New Residential Sales definitions and statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau

Economic indicators
Housing in the United States

New home sales


A general counsel, also known as chief counsel or chief legal officer (CLO), is the chief in-house lawyer for a company or a governmental department.

In a company, the person holding the position typically reports directly to the CEO, and their duties involve overseeing and identifying the legal issues in all departments and their interrelation, including engineering, design, marketing, sales, distribution, credit, finance, human resources and production, as well as corporate governance and business policy. This would naturally require in most cases reporting directly to the owner or CEO overseeing the very business on which the CLO is expected to be familiar with and advise on the most confidential level. This requires the CLO/general counsel to work closely with each of the other officers, and their departments, to appropriately be aware and advise.

Historically, general counsel often handled administrative tasks while outside lawyers in private practice handled more complex legal work. Since the 1980s, however, the general counsel position has become increasingly prominent in multinational companies, often directly advising the board of directors in place of outside lawyers. General counsel are now often among the most highly paid executives of major American corporations, with many earning seven-figure or eight-figure compensation packages. Prominent American government lawyers and law firm partners are often hired for general counsel roles at prominent companies. Similar trends are also being seen in the United Kingdom and other countries.

General counsel often have broad roles encompassing crisis management, compliance reporting management and public policy advocacy. Many companies also hire in-house counsel to handle specialized tasks such as tax work, mergers and acquisitions, labor law and intellectual property, sometimes building in-house practice groups that rival the practices of major law firms.

Organizations

Global

The Association of Corporate Counsel

The Association of Corporate Counsel ("ACC") has 35,000 general counsel, chief legal officer and other in-house counsel members located in 90 countries. ACC was founded as the American Corporate Counsel Association in 1982 and now includes more than 55 chapters, including in Argentina, Canada (four chapters), Europe, Israel, the Middle East and Singapore. Members have access to networking opportunities and education events through their regional chapter affiliations as well as global connections across practice area, job title and industry. ACC provides members with resources to deliver services and advice to their companies, promotes the value of in-house legal services and advocates on behalf of general counsel. For its general counsel and chief legal officer members, ACC hosts roundtables where members discuss current practice trends and issues.

United States

The General Counsel Forum

The Forum is an association of 700 general counsel and senior managing counsel. The non-profit organization was founded in the fall of 1998 as the Dallas-Fort Worth General Counsel's Management Practices Forum ("DFWGCMPF"). The association is a partnership between in-house members and outside counsel, known as underwriters. Members are general counsel and managing counsel of corporations, non-profit organizations and government agencies. The mission of the Forum is to improve the professional lives of general counsel and managing counsel through meaningful opportunities for peer-to-peer interaction and knowledge exchange, mentoring through professional development in legal best practices, ethics, governance, and compliance. In November 2000, the DFWGCMPF changed its name to The Texas General Counsel Forum, also known as The Forum, and in the following year the Houston Chapter was formed, and then the Austin-San Antonio Chapter was founded. In July 2005, the Forum hired a chief executive officer with the mandate to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization, expand membership, and launch the organization nationally. In November 2009, the board of directors approved expanding the Forum nationally, and dropped the reference to Texas, becoming simply The General Counsel Forum. In the fall of 2012, the General Counsel Forum founded the Chicago Chapter.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom a group of general counsel, called the GC100, was officially launched on 9 March 2005 and brings together the senior legal officers of more than eighty-five FTSE 100 companies. The GC100 group was created in response to the increasing volume and complexity of domestic and international law and regulation which impacts on UK listed companies. The group was formed with the support of Practical Law Company which acts as its secretariat.

The main objectives of the GC100 are to:

 Provide a forum for practical and business focused input on key areas of legislative and policy reform common to UK listed companies.
 Enable members to share best practice in relation to law, risk management, compliance and other areas of common interest.

Membership of the GC100 is by invitation only. At the AGM on the 16 January 2007 members voted in favour of extending membership to company secretaries as well as general counsel in the FTSE 100. The formal name of the GC100 is now "The Association of General Counsel and Company Secretaries of the FTSE100", although it will continue to be known as the GC100.

Mark Harding, the first chair of the GC100, has stated that the GC100 is not a campaigning body, although they work closely with the FD100 (a similar grouping of blue chip finance directors).

See also
 Corporate lawyer
 Corporation counsel
 Enterprise legal management

References

External links
 The General Counsel Forum
 Silicon Valley Association of General Counsel
 All Hands Meeting
 2019 Report: The Highest-Paid General Counsel
 Which General Counsel Were Paid The Most In 2022?
 2023 General Counsel Compensation Chart

Management occupations
Lawyers by type

General counsel


The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) was an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government that was "sponsored" [financed and with oversight] through Historic Scotland, an executive agency of the Scottish Government.

As one of the country's National Collections, it was responsible for recording, interpreting and collecting information about the built and historic environment. This information, which relates to buildings, sites, and ancient monuments of archaeological, architectural and historical interest (including maritime sites and underwater constructions), as well as historical aspects of the landscape, was then made available to the public, mainly at no cost.

It was established (shortly ahead of parallel commissions for Wales and England) by a Royal Warrant of 1908, which was revised in 1992.

The RCAHMS merged with government agency Historic Scotland to form Historic Environment Scotland, a new executive non-departmental public body on 1 October 2015.

History
The Royal Commission was established in 1908, twenty-six years after the passage of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882, which provided the first state protection for ancient monuments in the United Kingdom, and eight years after the passage of the wider-ranging Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1900. Critics – including David Murray in his Archaeological Survey of the United Kingdom (1896) and Gerard Baldwin Brown in his Care of Ancient Monuments (1905) – had argued that, for the legislation to be effective, detailed lists of significant monuments needed to be compiled; and had also made unfavourable comparisons between the policies of Britain and its European neighbours. Brown, Professor of Fine Art at the University of Edinburgh, explicitly proposed that the issues should be addressed by a Royal Commission, comparable to the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts. His suggestion was favourably received by Sir John Sinclair, Secretary for Scotland, and, following a brief period of consultation, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland was established on 14 February 1908, with Brown as one of its first Commissioners. The equivalent Royal Commission for Wales was established in August 1908; and that for England in October 1908.

Activities

The Commission was based in Edinburgh where it had a huge selection of photographs and drawings for consultation. It also published a range of books and documents on Scottish architecture and archaeology. Study was also increasingly conducted of previously neglected industrial and agricultural constructions, as well as 20th-century buildings, including high-rise tower blocks.

RCAHMS maintained a database/archive of the sites, monuments and buildings of Scotland's past, known as the National Monuments Record of Scotland (NMRS). A growing proportion of RCAHMS's own survey material and material deposited in the archive by others was made available through online databases such as Canmore.

Since 1976, RCAHMS conducted intensive aerial survey of archaeological sites, buildings, landscapes and natural features. In addition to its holdings of its own (mainly oblique) aerial photographs, it held the National Collection of Aerial Photography, one of the largest and most important aerial imagery collections in the world, containing over 1.8 million aerial photographs of Scotland including large numbers of Royal Air Force oblique and vertical aerial photographs taken of Scotland during and in the years after the Second World War, as well as post-war Ordnance Survey, local and national government, commercial vertical aerial photographs, and over 10 million images of international sites as part of The Aerial Reconnaissance Archives (TARA).

The RCAHMS in conjunction with Historic Scotland hosted a map-based GIS portal called PASTMAP. This allowed Historic Scotland, NMRS, Scottish Natural Heritage and some Local Authority Sites and Monuments data sets to be viewed together.

Other online resources managed by RCAHMS included Scran, a UK charity with a learning image service of over 367,000 images, clip art, movies and sounds from museums, galleries, archives and the media; and Scotland's Places, a partnership website giving searchable access to the collections of RCAHMS, the National Records of Scotland and the National Library of Scotland.

RCAHMS was one of the first national collections in Scotland to embed social media into its online services, enabling user generated images and information to be added to the national database Canmore. An outreach programme included publications, exhibitions, induction and training sessions for students and other groups, and a series of free lunchtime lectures, as well as daily Facebook and Twitter feeds.

From 2011, the RCAHMS maintained the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland on behalf of Historic Scotland. The register was formerly maintained by the Scottish Civic Trust.

Under the terms of a Bill of the Scottish Parliament published on 3 March 2014 RCAHMS would be dissolved and its responsibilities including the management of collections undertaken by a new executive Non-departmental public body to be called Historic Environment Scotland, which would also take over the property management responsibilities of Historic Scotland. This occurred on 1 October 2015. A final publication entitled 'An Inventory for the Nation' was published in the same month, detailing RCAHMS' activities over the past century.

Area Inventories

Initially, RCAHMS recorded all buildings and monuments of note until the year 1707. This was later updated to 1805. The findings were published in a series of inventories. Changes in what constitutes a construction "of note", plus developments in how the public could access this information, led to the abandonment of the inventories after publication of the last Argyll volume in 1992. Consequently, only approximately one-half of Scotland was covered by this method.

Although the volumes are now all out-of-print, they are available online on the Scotland's Places website, through most large public libraries, or via Historic Environment Scotland.

 First Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Berwick (HMSO, 1909)
 Second Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Sutherland (HMSO, 1911)
 Third Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Caithness (HMSO, 1911)
 Fourth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in Galloway, Volume I, County of Wigtown (HMSO, 1912)
 Fifth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in Galloway, Volume II, County of the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright (HMSO, 1914)
 Sixth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Berwick (revised issue, HMSO, 1915)
 Seventh Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of Dumfries (HMSO, 1920)
 Eighth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the County of East Lothian (HMSO, 1924)
 Ninth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the Outer Hebrides, Skye and the Small Isles (HMSO, 1928)
 Tenth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the Counties of Midlothian and West Lothian (HMSO, 1929)
 Eleventh Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in the Counties of Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan (HMSO, 1933)
 Twelfth Report with an Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of Orkney and Shetland (HMSO, 1946)
 Volume I, Report and Introduction
 Volume II, Inventory of Orkney
 Volume III, Inventory of Shetland
 An Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments of the City of Edinburgh (with the Thirteenth Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1951)
 An Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Roxburghshire (with the Fourteenth Report of the Commission, 2 volumes, HMSO, 1956)
 An Inventory of the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Selkirkshire (with the Fifteenth Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1957)
 Stirlingshire. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (with the Sixteenth Report of the Commission, 2 volumes, HMSO, 1963)
 Peeblesshire. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (with the Seventeenth Report of the Commission, 2 volumes, HMSO, 1967)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 1, Kintyre (with the Eighteenth Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1971)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 2, Lorn (with the Nineteenth Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1975)
 Lanarkshire. An Inventory of the Prehistoric and Roman Monuments (with the Twentieth Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1978)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 3, Mull, Tiree, Coll and Northern Argyll (excluding the early medieval and later monuments of Iona) (with the Twenty-first Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1980)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 4, Iona (with the Twenty-second Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1982)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 5, Islay, Jura, Colonsay and Oronsay (with the Twenty-third Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1984)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 6, Mid Argyll and Cowal: Prehistoric and Early Medieval Monuments (with the Twenty-fourth Report of the Commission, HMSO, 1988)
 Argyll. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments, Volume 7, Mid Argyll and Cowal: Medieval and Later Monuments (HMSO, 1992)

A supplementary work entitled Late Medieval Monumental Sculpture in the West Highlands was published in 1977, augmenting the content of not only the contemporaneous Argyll volumes but the much earlier Outer Hebrides volume of 1928.

Three further publications, North East Perth: An Archaeological Landscape (1990), South East Perth: An Archaeological Landscape (1994) and Eastern Dumfriesshire: An Archaeological Landscape (1997) were appended to the series. As the titles suggest these were concerned with archaeological remains rather than significant above-ground structures. Unlike all earlier volumes, these publications used the boundaries of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. Hence 'Perth' refers to an area within Perth and Kinross District rather than historic Perthshire. The Dumfriesshire volume related to both the eastern end of the historic county and the post-1973 district as the areas were identical. To date the Dumfriesshire volume is the only area to be revisited as part of a completely new inventory.

RCAHMS also published a series of lists covering archaeological sites and monuments which simply enumerated and identified, rather than interpreted, historic structures. As before, this series did not see completion. The series of 29 lists was begun in 1978 with the districts of Clackmannan and Falkirk within Central Region and concluded with the Easter Ross area of Ross and Cromarty District of Highland Region in 1989.

Commissioners and staff
As originally established, the RCAHMS was operated by a group of Commissioners, including a chairman and a Secretary. The Secretary was originally the person who wrote the Commission's report and undertook the required fieldwork, but later adopted a role similar to that of a chief executive. The chairperson always had a key role in the operation of the Commission, and, at one time or another, undertook the writing and editing of Commission publications. Commissioners were appointed by the Queen, advised by the First Minister of Scotland, with all appointments regulated by the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments in Scotland.

Secretaries
Alexander Curle (1908–1913)
William Mackay Mackenzie (1913–1935)
Angus Graham (1935–1957)
Kenneth Steer (1957–1978)
John Dunbar (1978–1990)
Roger Mercer (1990–2004)
Diana Murray FRSE (2004–2015)

Chairmen
Sir Herbert Maxwell (1908–1934)
Sir George Macdonald (1934-1940)
Sir John Stirling-Maxwell (1940-1949)
David Charteris, 12th Earl of Wemyss (1949–1985)
Robert Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford (1985–1995)
Sir William Kerr Fraser (1995–2000)
Kathleen Dalyell OBE (2000–2005)
Professor John R. Hume OBE (2005–2015)

Commissioners
The Commissioners at the time RCAHMS was dissolved were:
 John R. Hume (Chairman)
 Gordon G T Masterton (Vice Chairman)
 Diana Murray (Secretary)
 Kate Byrne
 Tom Dawson
 Mark Hopton
 Jeremy Huggett
 John Hunter
 Paul Jardine
 Jude Quartson-Mochrie
 Elspeth Reid

Notable past Commissioners have included:
 Charles John Guthrie, Lord Guthrie
 Gerard Baldwin Brown
 Thomas H. Bryce (appointed 1908, died 16 May 1946)
 Francis C. Buchanan
 William Thomas Oldrieve
 Thomas Ross
 Alexander Ormiston Curle
 Sir George MacDonald (appointed 1923, chairman from 1934, died 1940)
 Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar (appointed 1925)
  (appointed 26 January 1925, died 1944)
 James A. Morris (appointed 1932, died c1943)
 James Graham Callander (appointed 1934, died 1938)
 Sir John Stirling-Maxwell (appointed 1934, chairman from 17 October 1940)
 Sir Iain Colquhoun (appointed 1934)
 Reginald Fairlie (appointed 1938, replacing Callander, died 1952)
 V. Gordon Childe (appointed 6 May 1942, taking Sir George MacDonald's place, resigned on departure from Scotland in 1946)
 Ian Richmond (appointed 25 April 1944, replacing J Curle)
 Stuart Piggott (appointed 25 October 1946, replacing Bryce)
 W. Douglas Simpson (appointed 5 December 1946, replacing Childe)
 David Charteris, 12th Earl of Wemyss (appointed 1949)
 Vivian Hunter Galbraith (appointed 27 February 1943, resigned 1955)
 William Mackay Mackenzie (appointed 27 February 1943, replacing Morris)
 Ian Gordon Lindsay (appointed 4 October 1951, replacing AO Curle)
 William Croft Dickinson (appointed 16 September 1952, replacing W Mackay Mackenzie, died 21 May 1963)
 George Patrick Houston Watson (appointed 31 December 1952, replacing Fairlie. Died 1959)
 Annie I. Dunlop (appointed 26 April 1955, replacing Galbraith?)
 Angus Graham (appointed 17 June 1960, replacing Watson)
Rosemary Cramp
 Howard Colvin
 Gordon Donaldson
 James Dunbar-Nasmith
 Archibald A. M. Duncan
 Kenneth H. Jackson
 Robert Lindsay, 29th Earl of Crawford
 Leslie Alcock
 Lord Cullen
 T. C. Smout

Staff
Prior to the merger RCAHMS had a staff of around 110 based in their offices in Edinburgh, working within ten groups each with an operational manager, and these in turn sat within six departments:
Survey and Recording
Architecture and Industry;
Data and Recording;
Project Development and Communities;
Landscape;
Collections, including the National Collection of Aerial Photography;
Education and Outreach;
Information Systems; and
Corporate Affairs.

See also
Scran
History of Scotland
Historic houses of Scotland
Castles of Scotland

References

Further reading

External links
 Historic Environment Scotland (Former website link)
 Scotland's Places
Area Inventories
 National Collection of Aerial Photography
 Scran

1908 establishments in Scotland
2015 disestablishments in Scotland
Architecture in Scotland

Executive non-departmental public bodies of the Scottish Government
Archives in Scotland
Organisations based in Edinburgh
Historical Monuments of Scotland
National Collections of Scotland
Book publishing companies of Scotland
Government agencies established in 1908
Government agencies disestablished in 2015
Scottish commissions and inquiries
Historic Environment Scotland


Zhang Si (; born June 12, 1983) is a Chinese football player.

Club career
Zhang Si began his professional football career with Beijing Guoan where he would go on to become the team's third choice goalkeeper. To get more playing time he would be loaned out in 2003 to Sinchi FC to play in the Singapore league. His time at Singapore was personally considered a success and he would go to attract the interests of Chinese team Wuhan Huanghelou, however the interests died out when both clubs could not agree on a transfer price. He would go on to be loaned out once more to Beijing Institute of Technology FC who were a College football team during his loan period. When the loan period ended he would permanently transfer to them when the club decided to officially enter the Chinese league pyramid and become a professional football team. It turned out to be a successful move when he would help the team win their last Collegiate championship and also immediate promotion to the second tier when they won the division championship. After spending the next few seasons establishing the team within the league newly promoted top tier side Guangzhou Pharmaceutical were looking for a reserve goalkeeper for Li Shuai. Zhang Si would eventually make his debut in a league game against Changchun Yatai on October 11, 2008 after Li Shuai was substituted during the game after a poor performance, the game unfortunately ended 6-0 to Changchun. Zhang would not play another game for Guangzhou until October 31, 2009 in a 2-1 defeat to Tianjin Teda F.C. that was also the last game of the season. At the end of the season he was allowed to leave and he joined Beijing Institute of Technology FC once more.

Honours
Beijing Institute of Technology FC
China League Two: 2006
Chinese Collegiate championship: 2006

References

External links
Profile at Sohu Sports
Profile at Sodasoccer

1983 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Beijing
Beijing Guoan F.C. players
Guangzhou F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Chinese expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers

Zhang Si


Fukrey 3 is a 2023 Hindi-language comedy film directed by Mrighdeep Singh Lamba and produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani under the banner of Excel Entertainment. The film is the third installment of the Fukrey franchise and the sequel to Fukrey Returns (2017). It stars an ensemble cast of Pulkit Samrat, Varun Sharma, Manjot Singh, Richa Chadha and Pankaj Tripathi.

Fukrey 3 was released theatrically on 28 September 2023.

Plot
Following the events of the previous film, the Government of Delhi gives a store named "Janta Store" to Hunny, Choocha and Lali. They run the stores with the help of Pandit, but the store is in shambles and the Fukras are earning by doing small jobs. Bholi Punjaban wants to stand in election for Water Section of Delhi and is backed by water supplier Dhingra, a corrupt businessman who makes money on the plight of poor people, and also owns a waterpark. Bholi cleans a public toilet to gain the attention of poor people, but a small deed by Choocha at the same spot, wins the people's hearts.

In one of her rallies, Bholi mentions eradication of water mafia in Delhi and free water for public, but Dhingra wants to control the entire water facilitation of Delhi and is backing Bholi for the same reason. Hunny, Pandit, and Lali decide to contest Choocha in the election as he is gaining public attention due to his antiques. Due to his innocence, Choocha blurts out the plan to Bholi, who decides a counter plan to send Choocha and the Fukras to South Africa with her two black bodyguards Eddie and Bobby to Shinda's Diamond mine. Choocha is offered money to use his Deja-Chu on the mine to find diamonds in the mine. Shinda's niece falls in love with Choocha in South Africa. 10 days later, Choocha does not get Deja-Chu, where Hunny realise Bholi's plan and decides to escape from South Africa.

Choocha has a Deja-Chu at the moment and decides to dig at the spot, where he finds a diamond and is caught by Shinda's niece. By mistake, Choocha ingests the diamond and all four of them escape to a ridden amusement park. While spending the night there, Choocha and Hunny face a dangerous electric shock which dries up their entire body of water. Pandit Ji and Lali somehow revive them with water and Choocha urinates in a small bowl. Hunny is sweating profusely and Pandit cleans him up in the same bowl. Lali discards the bowl's contents in a pit. When Pandit lights a cigarette and throws the matchstick in the pit, it combusts creating a small flame. The next morning, they once again try creating the same mixture and it combusts again, meaning hydrogen from Hunny's sweat and carbon from Choocha's diamond ingested urine are creating a fuel-like substance.

They return back to India and Choocha now once again participates in the election by promising cheap fuel to everyone. They are winning public's support much to Bholi's chagrin. Bholi devises a plan to fake her marriage with Bobby in Choocha's presence, bt Choocha blurts out his new god given gift to Bholi. Bholi marries Choocha instead and sends the pictures of their marriage to the Fukras. Choocha gets kidnapped soon after. Shinda also comes to India to retrieve his diamond and marry his niece to Choocha, where he gets a few gangsters to do the work. The next day, Hunny and others confront Bholi who puts forward a deal wherein they get equal partnership and profits and Bholi backs out of the election. Dhingra notices something fishy and has kidnapped Choocha, but Bholi saves him by a call to Dhingra.

Dhingra wants proof of the thing and gets all the Fukras together and sees video of same. He stops the water supply to entire Delhi and decides to give water in abundance to produce cheap fuel. This water shortage leads to a fight between Dhingra's men and the poor people which leads to Dhingra's men driving a truck over a poor school student. This news is covered sensationally and it leads to the Fukras deciding to move against Dhingra. Eddie is also moved by the incident and decides to support the Fukras and makes sure Bobby supports them too. They go against Dhingra, who captures them all. He suspends Pandit and Lali over a crocodile infested water pool, Hunny in a knight suit so he sweats profusely and Bholi and Choocha on ice blocks, to make Choocha urinate. Pandit is saved by a crocodile attack by grace.

It is revealed that when Eddie's heart had changed, he helped the Fukras record a video revealing Dhingra's real plan and their location of capture. The crowd breaks through the water park and stomp over Dhingra and saves the rest of the Fukras. Shinda's niece confesses her one sided love for Choocha. Hunny and Pandit Ji still save a dying Dhingra by getting water for him. Choocha wins the election by a landslide, but his marriage with Bholi is not accepted at Choocha's home. The Fuel Minister of Bangalore calls the Fukras to Bangalore, setting up events for the next film. In a mid-credits scene, allegedly, Choocha hadn't taken a dump since South Africa, he does so in the flight to Bangalore; upon his excretion, Zafar who is in Goa finds the diamond which dropped from the Fukras' flight.

Cast
 Pulkit Samrat as Vikas "Hunny" Gulati
 Varun Sharma as Dilip "Choochaa" Singh
 Manjot Singh as Lali Halwai
 Richa Chadha as Bholi Punjaban
 Pankaj Tripathi as Panditji
 Manu Rishi Chadha as Shunda Singh Ahluwalia
 Ali Fazal in a cameo appearance as Zafar Khan
 Amit Dhawan as Dhingra
 Shubham Dongare as Bittu
 Geeta Agrawal Sharma
 Twarita Nagar in a special appearance in the song "Ve Fukrey"
 Juhi Bhatt in a special appearance in the song "Ve Fukrey"
 Sanchi Rai in a special appearance in the song "Ve Fukrey"

Production
Principal photography commenced on March 2022. Production wrapped on June 2022.

Music

The music of the film is composed by Tanishk Bagchi, Sumeet Bellary and Abhishek Nailwal. Lyrics are written by Kumaar, Shabbir Ahmed and Abhishek Nailwal.

The first single titled "Ve Fukrey" was released on 11 September 2023.

Reception

Critical reception

Box office
On its opening day, Fukrey 3 collected a total India net of .

As of 19 October 2023, the film has grossed  in India, with a further  in overseas, for a worldwide total of .

Notes

References

External links

2020s Hindi-language films
2023 films
2023 comedy-drama films
Indian comedy-drama films

Fukrey 3


Karl Heinz Schäfer (17 March 1932 – 12 October 1996) was a German-born composer and arranger who worked mainly in France.

Life and career
Born in Frankfurt to Jewish parents, he moved with his mother during World War II to the United States, where he learned piano and flute.  He returned to Europe to study philosophy and linguistics at Heidelberg University, and settled in Paris, France, in the early 1950s.  He was a student of Olivier Messiaen at the Conservatoire de Paris, and in the evenings played piano in nightclubs, where he worked for a while as an accompanist to Stan Getz.  He then spent time touring American military bases, and developed a taste for Arabic and Indian music.

From the 1960s, he worked as an arranger in the French recording industry, for singers including Adamo and Charles Aznavour, and the band Rockets, and started working with Michel Magne on film soundtracks.  He worked on many soundtracks in the 1970s, notably including László Szabó's obscure 1973 film Les Gants Blancs du Diable, which has been reissued and excerpts from which have been included in later compilations of French music.  Other soundtracks to which he contributed included Tender Dracula (1974), Zig Zig (1975), L'Empreinte des Géants (1980), Extérieur, Nuit (1980), Polar (1984), and Street of No Return (1989).  After 1980, he worked closely with filmmaker Patrick Schulmann and musician Jean-Louis Bucchi.

Schäfer died in 1996, aged 62.

References

External links
   Karl Heinz Schäfer at Data.bnf.fr

1932 births
1996 deaths

Karl Heinz Schäfer


The Boones Mill Depot is a historic railroad station building at Digby Greene Road and Depot Drive in Boones Mill, Virginia.  It is a single-story wood-frame structure, covered with a gabled roof whose eaves extend well beyond the building.  Its exterior is clad in vertical board-and-batten siding.  The building is divided functionally into a freight depot and passenger area, with the station office in between.  The office area includes a projecting bay on the track side of the building, topped by a small gable.  The station was built in 1892 for the Norfolk Southern Railway, and was taken out of service in 1970.  It was acquired by the town in 2014.

The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Virginia

References

Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1892
National Register of Historic Places in Franklin County, Virginia

Boones Mill station


Viola E. Garfield (December 5, 1899 – November 25, 1983) was an American anthropologist best known for her work on the social organization and plastic arts of the Tsimshian nation in British Columbia and Alaska.

Early life
Viola Edmundson was born in Des Moines, Iowa.  Her family moved a few years later to Coupeville, Washington, on Whidbey Island, where she attended local schools.

She enrolled at the University of Washington in Seattle beginning in 1919, transferring for financial reasons to what is now Western Washington University in Bellingham, where she became certified as a teacher.  She started a position in the 1920s teaching Tsimshian children in Metlakatla, Alaska, on Annette Island. This experience sparked her interest in Pacific Northwest Coast ethnology.

While working at the Seattle Chamber of Commerce, she became the typist for Charles Garfield, an Alaskan former miner and fur trader.  They married in 1924.

Career
In 1927 Garfield re-enrolled at the University of Washington. She earned a B.A. in 1928 and an M.A. in anthropology in 1931, with a thesis on Tsimshian marriage patterns, based on fresh fieldwork in Metlakatla.  At the U.W. she studied under Erna Gunther. For her Ph.D. work (1931–1933), she transferred graduate courses she took at Columbia University in New York City with Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict.

Through the early 1930s Garfield conducted immensely productive fieldwork in Lax Kw'alaams, B.C., or Port Simpson, as it was then known, the largest of the Canadian Tsimshian communities.  Her chief facilitator was William Beynon, the hereditary chief and a trained ethnographic fieldworker.  Their work in Port Simpson covered every facet of Tsimshian culture, including especially social structure—this at the instigation of Boas, whose own Tsimshian monograph had been upstaged by Beynon and Marius Barbeau's published Tsimshian research.  She more than met Boas's expectations.  Her 1935 dissertation, published in 1939, was Tsimshian Clan and Society, still a masterful and eminently useful monograph.

While in Port Simpson, Garfield was adopted into the Laxsgiik (Eagle clan) and given the Tsimshian name Diiks.

Her later work focused on art and music. She also studied the Tlingit in Alaska, facilitated by her husband, who spoke Chinook Jargon.

For decades until retirement she taught at the University of Washington. She never was promoted above the rank of Associate Professor or received tenure. She died in 1983.

In 1984 a Festschrift in her honor was published by University of Washington Press, edited by Jay Miller and Carol M. Eastman.

Garfield's extensive papers are housed in University of Washington Special Collections.

Works

(1931) Change in the Marriage Customs of the Tsimshian.  M.A. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
(1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society."  University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167–340.
(1947) "Historical Aspects of Tlingit Clans in Angoon, Alaska."  American Anthropologist, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 438–452.
(1948) (with Linn Forest) The Wolf and the Raven: Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska.  Seattle: University of Washington Press.
(1951; reissued, 1966) (with Paul S. Wingert) The Tsimshian and Their Arts.  Seattle: University of Washington Press.
(1951)  Meet the Totem.  Sitka, Alaska: Sitka Printing Company.
(1953)  "Possibilities of Genetic Relationship in Northern Pacific Moiety Structures."  American Antiquity, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 58–61.
(1955)  "Making a Bird or Chief's Rattle."  Davidson Journal of Anthropology, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 155–168.
(1967) "Tsimshian."  In Encyclopædia Britannica.  Chicago: University of Chicago.

Sources

Miller, Jay (1988) "Viola Edmundson Garfield (1899-1983)."  In Women Anthropologists: A Biographical Dictionary, ed. by Uta Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerrie McIntyre, and Ruth Weinberg, pp. 109–114.  New York: Greenwood Press.
Miller, Jay, and Carol M. Eastman (eds.) (1984) The Tsimshian and Their Neighbors of the North Pacific Coast.  Seattle: University of Washington Press.

1899 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American educators
Writers from Des Moines, Iowa
University of Washington alumni
University of Washington faculty
American women anthropologists
20th-century American women writers
Western Washington University alumni
People from Coupeville, Washington
20th-century American anthropologists
American women academics

Viola Garfield


On 31st May 1970, there was an earthquake in Peru. It had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter scale.Thousands of houses were desctroyed, there were many landslides. Estimates are that about 800.000 people lost their homes, and about 70.000 people died. It probably was the biggest earthquake in the modern history of Peru. The city of  Yungay was almost comletely destroyedin the earthquake.

History of Peru

1970 Ancash Earthquake


Stop Me is a compilation album by English band The Smiths. It compiles the band's then-latest (but not last) three singles and their B-sides in reverse-chronological order. Stop Me was released in January 1988 by their Japanese record company, RCA Victor.

Background
In 1987 The Smiths' UK record company, Rough Trade, planned to release three singles from the newly recorded Strangeways, Here We Come album. In August 1987 "Girlfriend in a Coma" was scheduled to be released as planned when news broke that the band had split up. This presented Rough Trade with a problem as no new material would be available to complement the other singles on their B-sides. It was decided to release the singles as planned, using archive material for B-sides. Singer Morrissey remained involved in the singles' sleeve design.

The second single off Strangeways, Here We Come was scheduled to be "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before", an up-tempo pop-rock song. The song contains the lines

Rough Trade deemed it unwise to release the song in the wake of the Hungerford massacre, fearing a BBC Radio ban. In the UK, "I Started Something I Couldn't Finish" was chosen instead, but other countries (United States, Canada, Australia, Netherlands) opted to keep "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before", releasing it in 7", 12" and CD single formats.

In Germany, the track was released as a double A-side with "Girlfriend in a Coma"; the 12" and CD versions featured the latter's original B-sides "Work Is a Four-Letter Word" and "I Keep Mine Hidden". The band's Japanese record company went one further and decided to compile their latest three singles, none of which had been released in Japan, and all of their B-sides onto a compilation album that bore an abbreviated version of the latest (international) single's title. By the time of the album's release, another single had been issued in the UK ("Last Night I Dreamt That Somebody Loved Me", December 1987), but it was not included.

Cover
The cover sleeve, designed as usual by Morrissey, features Murray Head in a still from the 1966 film The Family Way. The same design was used for the European and Australian 1987 single editions, but not for the contemporary UK single "I Started Something I Couldn't Finish", which had its own sleeve design (yet used the same B-sides as "Stop Me...").

Track listing
All songs written by Morrissey and Johnny Marr except as noted. Songs marked "*" are exclusive to this compilation.

"Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before" – 3:33
"Pretty Girls Make Graves" (early version) – 3:40
"Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others" (live)* – 5:03
"Girlfriend in a Coma" – 2:02
"Work Is a Four-Letter Word" (Guy Woolfenden, Don Black)* – 2:45
"I Keep Mine Hidden"* – 2:47
"Sheila Take a Bow" – 2:42
"Is It Really So Strange?" (John Peel session) – 3:04
"Sweet and Tender Hooligan" (John Peel session) – 3:36

Personnel
 Morrissey – voice, whistling on "I Keep Mine Hidden"
 Johnny Marr – guitar, piano
 Andy Rourke – bass guitar
 Mike Joyce – drums, backing vocals on "Work Is a Four-Letter Word"

Additional musicians

 Audrey Riley – cello on "Pretty Girls Make Graves"
 Stephen Street – synthesized strings on "Girlfriend in a Coma"
 John Porter – slide guitar on "Sheila Take a Bow"

Production

 Johnny Marr, Morrissey and Stephen Street – producers (1, 4, 7-9)
 Troy Tate – producer (2)
 Grant Showbiz – producer (3, 5-6)

References

External links
 Passions Just Like Mine, site featuring the definitive Smiths and Morrissey discographies

The Smiths compilation albums
Peel Sessions recordings
Albums produced by Stephen Street
Albums produced by Grant Showbiz
1987 live albums
1987 compilation albums
1987 EPs
RCA Victor live albums
RCA Victor EPs
RCA Victor compilation albums
The Smiths live albums
The Smiths EPs
Albums produced by Troy Tate

Stop Me


Royal Lodge is a Grade II listed house in Windsor Great Park in Berkshire, England, half a mile north of Cumberland Lodge and  south of Windsor Castle. Part of the Crown Estate, it was the Windsor residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother from 1952 until she died there in 2002, at the age of 101. In 2004 it became the official country residence of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his family. In 2023 it was reported that Andrew had been offered the smaller five-bedroom Frogmore Cottage instead, until then the UK residence of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and his family, who were requested to vacate by Buckingham Palace.

History

Royal Lodge dates originally from the mid-seventeenth century, there being a house on the site by 1662. By 1750, the small Queen Anne style brick house was being used in conjunction with the adjacent dairy. By this time, it was known variously as the Lower Lodge, to distinguish it from Cumberland Lodge, then known as the Great Lodge, or the Dairy Lodge.

From the mid-eighteenth century, it was home to the military topographer and artist Thomas Sandby (brother of the better known Paul), as Deputy Ranger of the Great Park. The house was then known as the Deputy Ranger's House.

It was enlarged by 1792 and was the home of Joseph Frost, the Park Bailiff, and then of the General Superintendent of Farms, after Sandby's death.

George, Prince of Wales (later King George IV), planned to rebuild Cumberland Lodge after becoming prince regent. He used the Lower Lodge as temporary accommodation in 1812. Alterations and additions were undertaken by John Nash for George.

The chapels of Royal and Cumberland Lodges proved too small for the royal households in the early 19th century, and the Royal Chapel of All Saints was built in 1825 by Jeffry Wyatville, less than a hundred yards from Royal Lodge.

It was now a large and elaborate cottage in the contemporary style of the cottage orné, with thatched roofs, verandas, and a conservatory. It became known as the Prince Regent's Cottage after the prince moved into it in 1815. The renovation of Cumberland Lodge was abandoned.

Additions were made after 1820. In 1823, Jeffry Wyatt (later Sir Jeffry Wyatville) succeeded Nash as architect, and the house (known now as the "King's Cottage") became known as Royal Lodge in the late 1820s.

After 1830, King William IV ordered the demolition of all of the house, except the conservatory. It became a residence again in 1840, and was used as accommodation for various officers of the Royal Household until 1843, and from 1873 to 1931.

The grounds extend to 98 acres (40 hectares), partly under its own head gardener, but primarily the responsibility of the Crown Estates Commissioners. While the house has grown piecemeal since the 1840s, and remains relatively small and informal, the grounds have a unifying plan. This was the result of work undertaken by the Duke and Duchess of York in the 1930s, with the assistance of Sir Eric Savill, of the Windsor Estate.

In 1931, King George V granted Royal Lodge to the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth) as a country retreat. Wings were added on each flank in the 1930s. There are two lodges at the entrance, and groups of three cottages each side of the lodges. The main building has some 30 rooms, including 7 bedrooms, and a saloon (). The original conservatory survives. The grounds contain the miniature cottage Y Bwthyn Bach, a gift to Princess Elizabeth as a child from the people of Wales in 1932.  On December 11, 1936 the Duke of Windsor took leave of his family at Royal Lodge following his abdication speech before leaving for overseas and exile.

King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and their daughters Princesses Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) and Margaret were depicted in Royal Lodge in Herbert James Gunn's 1950 painting Conversation Piece at Royal Lodge, Windsor.

After the death of her husband George VI in 1952, the Queen Mother continued to use the house as one of her country retreats as a grace and favour residence until her death. The Queen Mother died at Royal Lodge in March 2002, with her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, and niece Margaret Rhodes, by her side.

Lease to Prince Andrew, Duke of York

In August 2003, Prince Andrew, Duke of York was granted a lease agreement by the Crown Estate for 75 years. The property leased included Royal Lodge, a Gardener's Cottage, the Chapel Lodge, six Lodge Cottages, and police security accommodation in addition to 40 hectares of land.

The lease agreement required Prince Andrew to carry out, at his own expense, refurbishments under-estimated at £7.5 million at September 2002 prices, excluding VAT. It also provided for a premium payment of £1 million.

The National Audit Office (NAO) report into the lease agreement stated that the Crown Estate's independent advisors had advised that the refurbishment work would cost at least £5 million and that the prince should be given the option to buy out the notional annual rental payment (set at £260,000) for £2.5 million.

Once the prince committed to spending £7.5 million on refurbishment, it was decided that no rental would be required as he would be treated as having effectively bought out the notional annual rental payment because he exceeded the minimum £5 million required for refurbishment. As a result, only the £1 million premium was paid to the Crown Estate.

There is no provision for any further rent review over the life of the 75-year lease agreement (unlike the rent reviews provided in the case of Bagshot Park, the residence of Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh , also leased from the Crown Estate).

The lease agreement provides that the prince may not benefit financially from any increase in the value of the property as the freehold belongs to the Crown Estate. The leasehold may be assigned only to his widow or his two daughters, Princess Beatrice of York and Princess Eugenie of York, or a trust established solely for their benefit.

If the prince terminates the lease, the property reverts to the Crown Estate. He would be entitled to compensation for the refurbishment costs incurred up to a maximum of just under £7 million, which is reduced annually over the first 25 years, after which no compensation is payable.

The NAO report states that having already taken advice from one independent advisor on the transaction, the Crown Estate appointed a second firm of independent advisors to assess the details of the lease deal, given its importance. The second independent advisor concluded that the deal was appropriate having regard to the need to maintain management control over Royal Lodge and because of the security implications (particularly concerning the Royal Family's access to the Royal Chapel). In the circumstances, the Crown Estate considered that the requirement to obtain value for money was satisfied, taking into account the non-financial considerations relating to the lease of the property. The alternative use, to lease it on the commercial market, was not possible.

Following the renovations, Prince Andrew with his two daughters moved into the house in 2004, having vacated Sunninghill Park. In 2008, his former wife Sarah, Duchess of York moved into Royal Lodge, again sharing a house with the Duke of York. It has been reported that the open market value of the property would have been at least £30 million as of January 2022.

After the Duke of York stepped down from public duties in November 2019, the flagpole on the roof of Royal Lodge was removed. The flagpole was previously used to fly the personal Royal Standard of the Duke of York when in residence.

In 2023 reports suggested that King Charles III was to cut Andrew's annual grant, potentially leaving him unable to afford the Lodge's running costs, and had been offered the smaller five-bedroom Frogmore Cottage instead, until then the UK residence of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and his family, who had been issued a request to vacate by Buckingham Palace.

References

17th-century establishments in England
Houses completed in the 17th century
Buildings and structures in Windsor Great Park
Country houses in Berkshire
Grade II listed houses
Grade II listed buildings in Berkshire
Jeffry Wyatville buildings
John Nash buildings
Royal residences in England
Regency architecture in England
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

Royal Lodge


The Jorge Eliecer Gaitan Museum (aka Casa Museo Jorge Eliecer Gaitan) is a museum in Bogota, Colombia, dedicated to the life of assassinated politician Jorge Eliecer Gaitan.

History
The house Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala lived in from the beginning of the 1930s until the day of his murder on April 9, 1948, is located on Calle 42 No. 15 (42nd Street # 15), 52 of the Santa Teresita neighborhood in Bogotá. It was also part of the design planned in 1928 for this area by the "Davila Holguin & Lievano" firm. It was declared as a National Monument by Decree 1265 in 1948, and has been managed by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia since the year 2005

Exhibitions
This two-story museum has an area of 218 square meters. Each space gives information on how life was in a 1930s home located in one of Bogota's most developed neighborhoods. Each of the objects that belong to its collection tell the story of he who was called "The People's Tribune" (Tribuno del pueblo), due to his everlasting struggle to help the poor classes within the Colombian society.
From this museum, it is possible to approach the country's main historical events during the mid-Twentieth Century. Each visitor can interact with the tour guides by asking questions and sharing information, as is the case of those who go to know this leader in person.

Collections
The museum has Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala's personal library, including more than three thousand books in different languages. During the tour, visitors can learn about his political and social contributions, as well as daily life as is shown by his personal objects.
Another part of the museum is the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Complex, including the garden where this leader's body was "planted". There, standing, and looking towards the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta, with soil from every Colombian town, and having been showered with water from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Magdalena River, the body rests since 1988, after having been buried within the house for 40 years.

Visitors
The visitors study give information on the opinions and interests of the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán House Museum, in relation to different activities held and future expectations.
This study has been carried out since 2006 and is shared by the Claustro San Agustín. An important fact is that most visitors are between 11 and 25 years old, especially school and college students from different parts of the country. For visitors 70 years and above, the museum is a place where they can once again encounter the past, sharing experiences and memories with younger people.

References

1948 establishments in Colombia
Museums established in 1948
Museums in Bogotá
Historic house museums in South America
Jorge Eliécer GaitánJorge Eliécer Gaitán
University museums
National University of Colombia

Jorge Eliecer Gaitan Museum


Radulf de Lamley [Ralph, Ranulf, Randalph de Lambley] (died 1247) was a 13th-century monk and cleric. Radulf's youth is obscure, and it is not until the 1220s that he emerges in the sources as a Tironensian monk, now Abbot of Arbroath. He held the leadership of Arbroath Abbey until 1239, when he was chosen to succeed Gilbert de Stirling as Bishop of Aberdeen.

According to Hector Boece, he was selected purely on merit and maintained his ascetic life after becoming a bishop. This apparently included increasing the asceticism of the cathedral clergy, retaining the light diet of the monk and making his episcopal visitations on foot. Among the notable acts of his episcopate, he exempted the churches owned in corporation by the chapter from episcopal dues and confirmed the grants made by his predecessor bishops. He also excommunicated the murderers of Padraig, Earl of Atholl (d. 1241).

He died in the year 1247, sometime before 13 May when his successor Peter de Ramsay received a papal mandate for consecration.

References
 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), pp. 103–4
 Innes, Cosmo, Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis: Ecclesie Cathedralis Aberdonensis Regesta Que Extant in Unum Collecta, Vol. 1, (Edinburgh, 1845), p. xxiii
 Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1924), p. 107
 Watt, D.E.R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scotinanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969), p. 1
 Watt, D.E.R. & Shead, N.F. (eds.), The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from the 12th to the 16th Centuries, The Scottish Records Society, New Series, Volume 24, (Edinburgh, 2001), p. 4

12th-century births
1247 deaths
Abbots of Arbroath
Bishops of Aberdeen
13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops

Radulf de Lamley


Holocaust trivialization refers to any comparison or analogy that diminishes the scale and severity of the atrocities that were carried out by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. The Wiesel Commission defined trivialization as the abusive use of comparisons with the aim of minimizing the Holocaust and banalizing its atrocities. Originally, holocaust meant a type of sacrifice that is completely burnt to ashes; starting from the late 19th century, it started to denote extensive destruction of a group, usually people or animals. The 1915 Armenian genocide was described as a "holocaust" by contemporary observers.

Manfred Gerstenfeld identifies trivialization of the Holocaust as one of eleven forms of Holocaust distortion; he defines Holocaust trivialization as the application of language that is specific to describing the Holocaust to events and purposes that are unrelated to it. According to David Rudrum, examples of Holocaust trivialization include Lord Wigley invoking Auschwitz to oppose nuclear weapons and Al Gore citing Kristallnacht in defence of the environment.

In the words of Holocaust survivor and memoirist Elie Wiesel, "I cannot use [the word 'Holocaust'] anymore. First, because there are no words, and also because it has become so trivialized that I cannot use it anymore. Whatever mishap occurs now, they call it 'holocaust.' I have seen it myself in television in the country in which I live. A commentator describing the defeat of a sports team, somewhere, called it a 'holocaust.' I have read in a very prestigious newspaper published in California, a description of the murder of six people, and the author called it a holocaust. So, I have no words anymore."

Notable cases

Historikerstreit

During the Historikerstreit, many scholars believed the position taken in the Holocaust uniqueness debate by conservative intellectuals led by Ernst Nolte – namely that the Holocaust was not unique, Germans should not bear any special burden of guilt for the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", there was no moral difference between the crimes of the Soviet Union and those of Nazi Germany, as the Nazis acted as they did out of fear of what the Soviet Union might do to Germany, or that the Holocaust itself was a reaction to the Bolshevik Revolution and the Soviet Union—trivialized the Holocaust, and echoed Nazi propaganda.

Historian Thomas Kühne writes that "[t]he more provocative historians were in doing so and the more they thereby questioned the uniqueness, or the peculiarity, of the Holocaust, the more their work was met with resistance or even disgust, most prominently and controversially the German Ernst Nolte in the 1980s."

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Comparing the State of Israel to Nazis, or the plight of Palestinians to that of Jews under Nazi occupation, has been criticized as trivializing the Holocaust or antisemitic. The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) accused Gilad Atzmon of trivializing and distorting the Holocaust specifically in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. According to the ADL, Atzmon invoked the word Shoah to describe Israel's treatment of the Palestinians, among other abuses.

The Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs (CIJA) condemned the United Church of Canada for trivializing the Holocaust. According to the CIJA, the United Church of Canada published a document in which they placed a statement decrying the "loss of dignity" on the part of the Palestinians, attributed to Israel, promptly after a similar statement acknowledging "the denial of human dignity to Jews" in the Holocaust.

During a visit to Berlin, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas told Olaf Scholz that "Israel [had] committed….50 massacres, 50 slaughters, 50 holocausts" after he was inquired if he would apologize for the Munich massacre by Palestinian terrorists. Scholz stated in a message to the Bild newspaper that "for us Germans, any relativization of the Holocaust is unbearable and unacceptable."

Post-Communist states and Holocaust memory

According to political scientist Jelena Subotić, the Holocaust memory was hijacked in post-Communist states in an attempt to erase fascist crimes and local participation in the Holocaust, and use their imagery to represent real or imagined crimes of Communist states. Subotić discussed specific examples in Croatia and Serbia, but governments across the region "have used public monuments, museums, and memorials to nationally appropriate the memory of the Holocaust, and use it to produce a new visual remembrance of their 20th Century past that supports their myths of nationhood." According to Subotić, this form of historical revisionism of the Holocaust and post-Communist memory "has become so mainstream and state sponsored that in 2018 Croatian president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović called for the creation of an international commission to determine the truth about the camp between 1941 and 1945, 'but also after' – indicating that the narrative that Jasenovac was a communist camp after the war was now accepted at the pinnacle of power."

A report by the Wiesel Commission criticized the comparison of Gulag victims with Jewish Holocaust victims, as was done in The Black Book of Communism, as an attempt at Holocaust trivialization. The Historical Museum of Serbia put on the highly-publicized exhibition "In the Name of the People – Political Repression in Serbia 1944–1953", which according to Subotić "promised to display new historical documents and evidence of communist crimes, ranging from assassinations, kidnappings and detentions in camps to collectivisation, political trials and repression" to actually show "random and completely decontextualised photographs of 'victims of communism', which included innocent people but also many proven fascist collaborators, members of the quisling government, right-wing militias, and the Axis-allied Chetnik movement." Another more damning example is the well-known photograph of prisoners from the Buchenwald concentration camp, which was displayed in the section devoted to a Communist-era camp for political prisoners on the Adriatic island of Goli Otok, describing it as "the example of living conditions of Goli Otok prisoners", and not correcting it even after the misrepresentation was exposed. Only after an outcry from Holocaust historians, a small note was taped underneath the display caption that read: "Prisoners' bunk-beds in the Dachau camp."

In New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands (2018), historian Dan Michman laments that "[f]rom the perspective of today, one can say that the pendulum has even moved so far in emphasizing Eastern Europe from June 1941 onward, and first and foremost its killing sites as the locus of the Shoah, that one will find recent studies which entirely marginalize or even disregard the importance to the Holocaust of such essential issues as the 1930s in Germany and Austria; the persecution and murder of Western and Southern European Jewry; first steps of persecution in Tunisia and Libya; and other aspects of the Holocaust such as the enormous spoliation and the cultural warfare aimed at exorcising the jüdische Geist."

Double genocide theory

The double genocide narrative holds that there were two contemporary genocides of equal weight, a Nazi one and a Stalinist one. Michael Shafir calls the double genocide theory a form of Holocaust obfuscation, while Carole Lemée sees it as a symptom of persistent antisemitism.

In The Holocaust/Genocide Template in Eastern Europe, Ljiljana Radonić writes that the double genocide theory proposes the existence of an equivalency between communism and Nazism. Radonić posits that this theory and charges of Communist genocide both come from "a stable of anti-communist émigré lexicon since the 1950s and more recently revisionist politicians and scholars" as well as the "comparative trivialization" of the Holocaust that "results from tossing postwar killings of suspected Axis collaborators and opponents of Tito's regime into the same conceptual framework as the Nazi murder of six million of Jews", describing this as "an effort to demonize communism more broadly as an ideology akin to Nazism."

Red Holocaust

The term red Holocaust was coined by the Institute of Contemporary History (Munich Institut für Zeitgeschichte) at Munich. According to German historian , this term is not popular among scholars in Germany or internationally. Alexandra Laignel-Lavastine writes that usage of this term "allows the reality it describes to immediately attain, in the Western mind, a status equal to that of the extermination of the Jews by the Nazi regime." Michael Shafir says that the use of the term supports the "competitive martyrdom component" of the double genocide theory. George Voicu states that Leon Volovici has "rightfully condemned the abusive use of this concept as an attempt to 'usurp' and undermine a symbol specific to the history of European Jews."

In "Secondary Anti-Semitism: From Hard-Core to Soft-Core Denial of the Shoah", German political scientist  writes: "Contrary to the hard-core version, soft-core denial is often not easily identifiable. Often it is tolerated, or even encouraged and reproduced in the mainstream, not only in Germany. Scholars have only recently begun to unravel this disturbing phenomenon. Manfred Gerstenfeld discusses Holocaust trivialization in an article published in 2008. In Germany in 2007 two scholars, Thorsten Eitz and Georg Stötzel, published a voluminous dictionary of German language and discourse regarding National Socialism and the Holocaust. It includes chapters on Holocaust trivialization and contrived comparisons, such as the infamous 'atomic Holocaust', 'Babycaust,' 'Holocaust of abortion', 'red Holocaust' or 'biological Holocaust.'"

Social media
Some trends on social media platforms have trivialized the Holocaust. In 2020, teenagers posted on TikTok videos of themselves dressed in Holocaust-themed fancy dress, and TikTok banned the hashtag Holocaustchallenge.

Soviet and Ukrainian Holocaust

According to Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole and Kai Struve, there is competition among victims in constructing a "Ukrainian Holocaust". They say that since the 1990s the term Holodomor has been adopted by anti-communists because of its similarity to the Holocaust in an attempt to promote the narrative that the Soviet Communists killed 10 million Ukrainians, but the Nazis killed only 6 million Jews. They further posit that the term Holodomor was "introduced and popularized by the Ukrainian diaspora in North America before Ukraine became independent", and that "the term 'Holocaust' is not explained at all". It has been used to create a "victimized national narrative" and "compete with the Jewish narrative in order to obscure the 'dark sides' of Ukraine's national history and to counter accusations that their fathers collaborated with the Germans".

American investigative journalist Jeff Coplon posits that there is a fascist or far-right link in positing the famine as Soviet genocide and holocaust. Robert Conquest's The Harvest of Sorrow popularized the view that the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, particularly that in Ukraine in the same period, was a genocide against Ukrainians. According to Coplon, "In the latest catalogue for the Noontide Press, a Liberty Lobby affiliate run by flamboyant fascist Willis Carto, The Harvest of Sorrow is listed cheek-by-jowl with such revisionist tomes as The Auschwitz Myth and Hitler At My Side. To hype the Conquest book and its terror famine, the catalogue notes: 'The act of genocide against the Ukrainian people has been suppressed  until recently, perhaps because a real 'Holocaust' might compete with a Holo-hoax.' With the term 'Holo-hoax' referring to the Nazi slaughter of six million Jews."

Coplon reports opinions of expert Sovietologists, such as the father of modern Sovietology Alexander Dallin of Stanford University, Moshe Lewin of the University of Pennsylvania, whose Russian Peasants and the Soviet Power was groundbreaking in social history, Lynne Viola of SUNY-Binghamton, the first historian from the United States to examine Moscow's Central State Archive on Soviet collectivization, and veteran Sovietologist Roberta Manning of Boston College, as rejecting "Conquest's hunt for a new holocaust". Eli Rosenbaum, who was general counsel for the World Jewish Congress and former director of the Office of Special Investigations (United States Department of Justice), observed that "they're always looking to come up with a number bigger than six million. It makes the reader think: 'My god it's worse than the Holocaust.'"

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Yad Vashem (Israel's official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust) criticized the Kremlin's claim that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was aimed at the "denazification" of Ukraine, as false and a trivialization of Holocaust history. According to philosopher Jason Stanley, this reflects an antisemitic conspiracy theory which casts Russian Christians, rather than Jews, as the true victims of Nazi Germany. The Fortunoff Archive for Holocaust Testimonies also condemned the invasion and described Putin's rhetoric as Holocaust trivialization, and the US Holocaust Memorial Museum denounced Putin's abuse of Holocaust history.

On 21 March 2022, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky was criticized by  Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center for creating a false equivalence between the Russian invasion and the Holocaust, while Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett found the comparison of the two events to be inappropriate.

See also

 The Holocaust Industry
 Holocaust inversion
 Is the Holocaust Unique?
 Holocaust uniqueness debate

References

Further reading
 Blutinger, Jeffrey (Fall 2010). "An Inconvenient Past: Post-Communist Holocaust Memorialization". Shofar. Purdue University Press. 29 (1): 73–94. .
 Gerstenfeld, Manfred (9 April 2008). "Holocaust Trivialization". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.
 Katz, Steven (1994). The Holocaust in Historical Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
 Shafir, Michael (2002). "Between Denial and 'Comparative Trivialization' – Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe". Acta – Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism. 19. p. 23.
 Stannard, David E. (2 August 1996). "The dangers of calling the Holocaust unique". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
 Sullam Calimani, Anna-Vera (October 1999). "A Name for Extermination". The Modern Language Review. 94 (4): 978–999. . .

External links
 "Addressing Anti-Semitism through Education: Addressing Holocaust Denial, Distortion and Trivialization, Teaching Aid 6" (PDF). OSCE. 4 December 2019.
 "Antisemitism and Hate in Canada". League for Human Rights of Canada. March 2000. . Retrieved 2 December 2020.

Historical controversies
Holocaust denial
Trivialization
Political science terminology

Holocaust trivialization


α-Phenylcinnamic acid is a phenylpropanoid, or, more specifically, a derivative of cinnamic acid. It has the formula C15H12O2 and appears as an off-white crystalline solid.

Uses
α-Phenylcinnamic acid is frequently used as a compound synthesized in undergraduate laboratories to study the Perkin reaction, but is primarily seen as in intermediate or precursor to other, more useful phenylpropanoids.

Synthesis
There are many ways to synthesize α-phenylcinnamic acid. Some of the more popular methods of formation include the condensation of phenacyl chloride with benzaldehyde in the presence of triethylamine, the distillation of benzylmandelic acid, or by the reaction of sodium phenylacetate with benzaldehyde in acetic anhydride. There are two isomers of this compound, differing in the geometry of the alkene. The E isomer, in which the two phenyl rings are cis to each other, is the major product formed by most synthetic routes. However, this compound can be converted using heat or ultraviolet light into a mixture containing nearly 50% of the Z isomer.  Decarboxylation of α-phenylcinnamic acid yields stilbene, with the (E) isomer producing cis-stilbene and the (Z)-isomer producing trans-stilbene.

References

Enones

Alpha-Phenylcinnamic acid


In law a trust is a relationship where property is held by one party for the benefit of another party. A trust is created by the owner, also called a "settlor", "trustor" or "grantor"  who transfers property to a trustee. The trustee holds that property for the trust's beneficiaries. Trusts exist mainly in common law jurisdictions. They have existed since Roman times.

Basics of trusts
When an owner of property places that property into trust, he or she turns over part or all of his or her rights to the trustee. This separates the property's legal ownership and control from its settlor's ownership and benefits. This controls the property and its benefits if the settlor is absent, incapacitated, or dead. Trusts are frequently created in wills, defining how money and property will be handled for children or other beneficiaries.

The trustee is given legal title to the trust property, but has an obligation to act for the good of the beneficiaries. The benefits of the trust belong to the beneficiary. The trustee may be compensated and have expenses reimbursed. But the trustee must otherwise turn over all profits from the trust properties. Trustees who don't do this are self-dealing. Courts can reverse self dealing actions, order profits returned, and impose other sanctions.

The trustee may be either a individual, a company, or a public body. There may be a single trustee or multiple co-trustees. The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created. In most jurisdictions, this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed.

Advantages of a trust may include:
 Avoiding probate or court intervention with regard to a person's assets;
 Planning for future events that may affect property;
 Control of what happens to assets after death;
 Possible reduction of future tax liability;
 Keeping financial affairs confidential when they might otherwise have to be disclosed in probate court; and
 Planning for your own disability or incapacity, or providing support for a disabled family member.

Testamentary trusts
Testamentary trusts transfer property into the trust after the death of the settlor. The trust allows the settlor to specify any conditions and may spread payments from the trust over a period of time. Testamentary trusts are not automatically created when the settlor dies but may be specified in will. Because a testamentary trust is created by a provision of a  will, it is necessary for the estate to go through probate.

Living trusts
A living trust may be more complicated than a testamentary trust. Many people use a living trust to avoid probate, although even with a trust a deceased person's estate will often still include assets that must be probated. You also cannot use living trusts to name guardians for your children, but may designate a guardian in your will.

Living trusts may be used to manage property both during the settlor's lifetime and after death. If the settlor becomes incapacitated, disabled by an accident or illness, or is unavailable to manage the property the trustee may manage the property on behalf of the settlor in a manner consistent with the terms of the trust.

References

Trust law


The Merit Cross for War Aid () was a war decoration of Prussia awarded during World War I.  Instituted 5 December 1916, the cross was awarded for patriotic war aid service, without regard to status or rank.

Appearance
The Merit Cross for War Aid is in the shape of a Maltese cross, typically found made of blackened Kriegsmetall alloy. The obverse of the cross bears a circular central medallion with the crowned cipher of King Wilhelm II.  On the reverse the central medallion is inscribed FÜR KRIEGS-HILFSDIENST (For War Aid Merit) above an oak wreath.  To the upper arm is attached a loop for suspension from its ribbon.

References

Military awards and decorations of Prussia

Merit Cross for War Aid


The Volga undermouth or Volga nase  (Chondrostoma variabile) is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish. This one lives in the Emba, Ural and Volga drainages of the Caspian Sea basin, and the Don River drainage of the Black Sea basin.

It is a riverine fish but is also found in reservoirs. The distribution is in lowland areas and foothills, and the fish prefer river stretches with strong currents, including rapids.  Larvae and juveniles have a superior mouth, but at 3–4 months they  change to adult feeding mode (undermouth) and start grazing the bottom, eating benthic diatoms and detritus from hard substrate. Breeding females deposit sticky eggs on gravel bottom in shallow parts of rivers with  moderate to strong current.

References

Chondrostoma
Fish described in 1870
Taxa named by Vasily Evgrafovich Yakovlev

Volga undermouth


Marisol Guadalupe Romero Rosales (born 26 January 1983) is a Mexican long-distance runner who competes over 5000 metres and 10,000 metres on the track and in half marathon and marathon road races. She won the marathon at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games and completed a 5000/10,000 m gold medal double at the 2011 Pan American Games.

Her first competitive outings came in 2006, when she set a personal best of 1:16:48 hours as runner-up at the Mazatlán half marathon and recorded a time of 2:51:32 hours at the Mexico City Marathon. She improved her best marathon time of 2:43:21 hours the following year and won the silver medal in the 5000 m at the 2007 NACAC Championships in San Salvador. Romero made her debut on the global stage at the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships and finished in 39th place. The following year she ran a marathon best of 2:42:33 hours in León, Mexico before going on to claim the women's gold medal in the event at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games. She ran a half marathon best of 1:14:13 hours at the 2010 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in Nanning to finish in 22nd place in the women's race.

At the beginning of the 2011 season she ran in California and set track bests of 15:27.94 minutes and 32:45.05 minutes for the 5000 m and 10,000 m, respectively. At the 2011 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics, she won the second regional title of her career, this time taking the 5000 m gold medal. Romero was chosen to represent Mexico in both long-distance track events at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara. She completed a distance-double for the host nation, becoming the second woman to ever achieve the feat at the tournament after her fellow Mexican Adriana Fernández.

She began 2012 with a win at the LALA Marathon in Torreón, which she completed in a time of 2:31:15 hours.  She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, finishing in 46th place in the women's marathon.

References

External links

Living people
1983 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games
Mexican female long-distance runners
Mexican female marathon runners
Athletes from Mexico City
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Mexico
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
21st-century Mexican women

Marisol Romero


Ainoceras ("Ainu's Horn") is a genus of extinct, aberrantly coiled ammonite cephalopod that live in the Pacific Ocean during the Campanian division of the Cretaceous, where Japan is today.  Their shells were coiled very similarly to the related Anaklinoceras, in that, when young, the shell coiled helically, and then upon reaching adulthood, the shell then bent over the older coils.  However, Ainoceras differed in this respect in that, whereas in Anaklinoceras, the youngest coil wrapped very closely around the older coils, while in Ainoceras, the youngest coil bent over the older coils in a wide loop or oxbow.

References

Ammonitida genera
Nostoceratidae
Ammonites of Asia
Late Cretaceous ammonites
Late Cretaceous animals of Asia
Fossils of Japan

Ainoceras