Microsoft Hyper-V, codenamed Viridian, and briefly known before its release as Windows Server Virtualization, is a native hypervisor; it can create virtual machines on x86-64 systems running Windows. Starting with Windows 8, Hyper-V superseded Windows Virtual PC as the hardware virtualization component of the client editions of Windows NT. A server computer running Hyper-V can be configured to expose individual virtual machines to one or more networks.
Hyper-V was first released with Windows Server 2008, and has been available without additional charge since Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8.  A standalone Windows Hyper-V Server is free, but has a command-line interface only.  The last version of free Hyper-V Server is Hyper-V Server 2019, which is based on Windows Server 2019.

History
A beta version of Hyper-V was shipped with certain x86-64 editions of Windows Server 2008. The finalized version was released on June 26, 2008 and was delivered through Windows Update. Hyper-V has since been released with every version of Windows Server.

Microsoft provides Hyper-V through two channels:

 Part of Windows: Hyper-V is an optional component of Windows Server 2008 and later. It is also available in x64 SKUs of Pro and Enterprise editions of Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and Windows 11.
 Hyper-V Server: It is a freeware edition of Windows Server with limited functionality and Hyper-V component.

Hyper-V Server
Hyper-V Server 2008 was released on October 1, 2008. It consists of Windows Server 2008 Server Core and Hyper-V role; other Windows Server 2008 roles are disabled, and there are limited Windows services. Hyper-V Server 2008 is limited to a command-line interface used to configure the host OS, physical hardware, and software. A menu driven CLI interface and some freely downloadable script files simplify configuration. In addition, Hyper-V Server supports remote access via Remote Desktop Connection. However, administration and configuration of the host OS and the guest virtual machines is generally done over the network, using either Microsoft Management Consoles on another Windows computer or System Center Virtual Machine Manager. This allows much easier "point and click" configuration, and monitoring of the Hyper-V Server.

Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 (an edition of Windows Server 2008 R2) was made available in September 2009 and includes Windows PowerShell v2 for greater CLI control. Remote access to Hyper-V Server requires CLI configuration of network interfaces and Windows Firewall. Also using a Windows Vista PC to administer Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 is not fully supported.

Architecture

Hyper-V implements isolation of virtual machines in terms of a partition. A partition is a logical unit of isolation, supported by the hypervisor, in which each guest operating system executes. There must be at least one parent partition in a hypervisor instance, running a supported version of Windows. The parent partition creates child partitions which host the guest OSs. The Virtualization Service Provider and Virtual Machine Management Service runs in the parent partition and provide support for child partition. A parent partition creates child partitions using the hypercall API, which is the application programming interface exposed by Hyper-V.

A child partition does not have access to the physical processor, nor does it handle its real interrupts. Instead, it has a virtual view of the processor and runs in Guest Virtual Address, which, depending on the configuration of the hypervisor, might not necessarily be the entire virtual address space. Depending on VM configuration, Hyper-V may expose only a subset of the processors to each partition. The hypervisor handles the interrupts to the processor, and redirects them to the respective partition using a logical Synthetic Interrupt Controller (SynIC).  Hyper-V can hardware accelerate the address translation of Guest Virtual Address-spaces by using second level address translation provided by the CPU, referred to as EPT on Intel and RVI (formerly NPT) on AMD.

Child partitions do not have direct access to hardware resources, but instead have a virtual view of the resources, in terms of virtual devices. Any request to the virtual devices is redirected via the VMBus to the devices in the parent partition, which will manage the requests. The VMBus is a logical channel which enables inter-partition communication. The response is also redirected via the VMBus. If the devices in the parent partition are also virtual devices, it will be redirected further until it reaches the parent partition, where it will gain access to the physical devices. Parent partitions run a Virtualization Service Provider (VSP), which connects to the VMBus and handles device access requests from child partitions. Child partition virtual devices internally run a Virtualization Service Client (VSC), which redirect the request to VSPs in the parent partition via the VMBus. This entire process is transparent to the guest OS.

Virtual devices can also take advantage of a Windows Server Virtualization feature, named Enlightened I/O, for storage, networking and graphics subsystems, among others. Enlightened I/O is a specialized virtualization-aware implementation of high level communication protocols, like SCSI, that allows bypassing any device emulation layer and takes advantage of VMBus directly. This makes the communication more efficient, but requires the guest OS to support Enlightened I/O.

Currently only the following operating systems support Enlightened I/O, allowing them therefore to run faster as guest operating systems under Hyper-V than other operating systems that need to use slower emulated hardware:
 Windows Server 2008 and later
 Windows Vista and later
 Linux with a 3.4 or later kernel
 FreeBSD

System requirements
The Hyper-V role is only available in the x86-64 variants of Standard, Enterprise and Datacenter editions of Windows Server 2008 and later, as well as the Pro, Enterprise and Education editions of Windows 8 and later. On Windows Server, it can be installed regardless of whether the installation is a full or core installation. In addition, Hyper-V can be made available as part of the Hyper-V Server operating system, which is a freeware edition of Windows Server. Either way, the host computer needs the following.
 CPU with the following technologies:
 NX bit
 x86-64
 Hardware-assisted virtualization (Intel VT-x or AMD-V)
 Second Level Address Translation (in Windows Server 2012 and later)
 At least 2 GB memory, in addition to what is assigned to each guest machine

The amount of memory assigned to virtual machines depends on the operating system:
 Windows Server 2008 Standard supports up to 31 GB of memory for running VMs, plus 1 GB for the host OS.
 Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard supports up to 32 GB, but the Enterprise and Datacenter editions support up to 2 TB. Hyper-V Server 2008 R2 supports up to 1 TB.
 Windows Server 2012 supports up to 4 TB.

The number of CPUs assigned to each virtual machine also depends on the OS:
 Windows Server 2008 and 2008 R2 support 1, 2, or 4 CPUs per VM; the same applies to Hyper-V Server 2008 R2
 Windows Server 2012 supports up to 64 CPUs per VM

There is also a maximum for the number of concurrently active virtual machines.
 Windows Server 2008 and 2008 R2 support 384 per server; Hyper-V Server 2008 supports the same
 Windows Server 2012 supports 1024 per server; the same applies to Hyper-V Server 2012
 Windows Server 2016 supports 8000 per cluster and per node

Supported guests

Windows Server 2008 R2
The following table lists supported guest operating systems on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1.

Fedora 8 or 9 are unsupported; however, they have been reported to run.

Third-party support for FreeBSD 8.2 and later guests is provided by a partnership between NetApp and Citrix.  This includes both emulated and paravirtualized modes of operation, as well as several HyperV integration services.

Desktop virtualization (VDI) products from third-party companies (such as Quest Software vWorkspace, Citrix XenDesktop, Systancia AppliDis Fusion and Ericom PowerTerm WebConnect) provide the ability to host and centrally manage desktop virtual machines in the data center while giving end users a full PC desktop experience.

Guest operating systems with Enlightened I/O and a hypervisor-aware kernel such as Windows Server 2008 and later server versions, Windows Vista SP1 and later clients and offerings from Citrix XenServer and Novell will be able to use the host resources better since VSC drivers in these guests communicate with the VSPs directly over VMBus. Non-"enlightened" operating systems will run with emulated I/O; however, integration components (which include the VSC drivers) are available for Windows Server 2003 SP2, Windows Vista SP1 and Linux to achieve better performance.

Linux support
On July 20, 2009, Microsoft submitted Hyper-V drivers for inclusion in the Linux kernel under the terms of the GPL. Microsoft was required to submit the code when it was discovered that they had incorporated a Hyper-V network driver with GPL-licensed components statically linked to closed-source binaries. Kernels beginning with 2.6.32 may include inbuilt Hyper-V paravirtualization support which improves the performance of virtual Linux guest systems in a Windows host environment. Hyper-V provides basic virtualization support for Linux guests out of the box. Paravirtualization support requires installing the Linux Integration Components or Satori InputVSC drivers. Xen-enabled Linux guest distributions may also be paravirtualized in Hyper-V.  Microsoft officially supported only SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP1/SP2 (x86 and x64) in this manner, though any Xen-enabled Linux should be able to run. In February 2008, Red Hat and Microsoft signed a virtualization pact for hypervisor interoperability with their respective server operating systems, to enable Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 to be officially supported on Hyper-V.

Windows Server 2012
Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2 changes the support list above as follows:

 Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 adds support for Windows 8.1 (up to 32 CPUs) and Windows Server 2012 R2 (64 CPUs); Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2 adds support for Windows 10 (32 CPUs) and Windows Server 2016 (64 CPUs).
 Minimum supported version of CentOS is 6.0.
 Minimum supported version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux is 5.7.
 Maximum number of supported CPUs for Windows Server and Linux operating systems is increased from four to 64.

Windows Server 2012 R2
Hyper-V on Windows Server 2012 R2 added the Generation 2 VM.

Backward compatibility
Hyper-V, like Microsoft Virtual Server and Windows Virtual PC, saves each guest OS to a single virtual hard disk file. It supports the older .vhd format, as well as the newer .vhdx. Older .vhd files from Virtual Server 2005, Virtual PC 2004 and Virtual PC 2007 can be copied and used in Hyper-V, but any old virtual machine integration software (equivalents of Hyper-V Integration Services) must be removed from the virtual machine. After the migrated guest OS is configured and started using Hyper-V, the guest OS will detect changes to the (virtual) hardware. Installing "Hyper-V Integration Services" installs five services to improve performance, at the same time adding the new guest video and network card drivers.

Limitations

Audio
Hyper-V does not virtualize audio hardware. Before Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, it was possible to work around this issue by connecting to the virtual machine with Remote Desktop Connection over a network connection and use its audio redirection feature. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 add the enhanced session mode which provides redirection without a network connection.

Optical drives pass-through
Optical drives virtualized in the guest VM are read-only. Officially Hyper-V does not support the host/root operating system's optical drives to pass-through in guest VMs. As a result, burning to discs, audio CDs, video CD/DVD-Video playback are not supported; however, a workaround exists using the iSCSI protocol.  Setting up an iSCSI target on the host machine with the optical drive can then be talked to by the standard Microsoft iSCSI initiator.  Microsoft produces their own iSCSI Target software or alternative third party products can be used.

VT-x/AMD-V handling
Hyper-V uses the VT-x on Intel or AMD-V on AMD x86 virtualization. Since Hyper-V is a native hypervisor, as long as it is installed, third-party software cannot use VT-x or AMD-V. For instance, the Intel HAXM Android device emulator (used by Android Studio or Microsoft Visual Studio) cannot run while Hyper-V is installed.

Client operating systems
x64 SKUs of Windows 8, 8.1, 10 Pro, Enterprise, Education, come with a special version Hyper-V called Client Hyper-V.

Features added per version

Windows Server 2012
Windows Server 2012 introduced many new features in Hyper-V.
 Hyper-V Extensible Virtual Switch
 Network virtualization
 Multi-tenancy
 Storage Resource Pools
 .vhdx disk format supporting virtual hard disks as large as 64 TB with power failure resiliency
 Virtual Fibre Channel
 Offloaded data transfer
 Hyper-V replica
 Cross-premises connectivity
 Cloud backup

Windows Server 2012 R2
With Windows Server 2012 R2 Microsoft introduced another set of new features.
 Shared virtual hard disk
 Storage quality of service
 Generation 2 Virtual Machine
 Enhanced session mode
 Automatic virtual machine activation

Windows Server 2016
Hyper-V in Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10 1607 adds
  Nested virtualization (Intel processors only, both the host and guest instances of Hyper-V must be Windows Server 2016 or Windows 10 or later)
 Discrete Device Assignment (DDA), allowing direct pass-through of compatible PCI Express devices to guest Virtual Machines
 Windows containers (to achieve isolation at the app level rather than the OS level)
 Shielded VMs using remote attestation servers
 Monitoring of host CPU resource utilization by guests and protection (limiting CPU usage by guests)

Windows Server 2019
Hyper-V in Windows Server 2019 and Windows 10 1809 adds
 Shielded Virtual Machines improvements including Linux compatibility
 Virtual Machine Encrypted Networks
 vSwitch Receive Segment Coalescing
 Dynamic Virtual Machine Multi-Queue (d. VMMQ)
 Persistent Memory support
 Significant feature and performance improvements to Storage Spaces Direct and Failover Clustering

Microsoft Ending Support of Hyper-V Server
Microsoft is ending mainstream support of Hyper-V Server 2019 on January 9, 2024 and extended support will end on January 9, 2029. Hyper-V Server 2019 will be the last version of this product and Microsoft is encouraging customers to transition to Azure Stack HCI.

See also
 Comparison of platform virtualization software
 Features new to Windows 8
 Virtual disk image
 Microsoft Open Specification Promise
 Microsoft Remote Web Workplace
 Virtual private server
 Windows Subsystem for Linux

Web interface for Hyper-V
 Windows Admin Center
 Hv Manager

References

Further reading

External links

 Virtualization Fabric Design Considerations Guide
 Hyper-V on Microsoft TechNet
 Benchmarking Hyper-V on Windows Server 2008 R2 x64
 Hyper-V Architecture
 Windows Admin Center
 Hv Manager

Virtualization software
Windows components
Windows Server

Hyper-V


Robert James Hornery (28 May 1931 – 26 May 2015) was an Australian actor. He won both the Helpmann Awards and the Equity Awards lifetime achievement award, with a career spanning 60 years, in both Britain and Australia. He was well known for his ability to ad lib.

Early life and education
Robert Hornery was born on 28 May 1931, in Randwick, New South Wales, to Edward Hornery, a sales rep, and his wife, Veronica (née Gallen). He appeared in plays at the local Catholic secondary school, Marcellin College. Upon leaving school, he worked as a booking clerk for Butler Airways. During this period, he also performed in revues with amateur companies.

Career

Theatre
Hornery started his career in  theatre in 1949, and made his professional debut in 1953, when he played Eustace Smell, the town crier and sidekick, in a production of Jack and the Beanstalk, at Sydney's Capitol Theatre. As well as other stage roles, he appeared in the stage production of The Importance of Being Earnest as the Rev. Canon Chasuble. This ran from 1988 to 1992 and was televised by the ABC. He was particularly associated with the Melbourne Theatre Company, and with roles ranging from comic to the dramatic, including The Elocution of Benjamin Franklin and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.

Screen
He also appeared in  Australian film and television production including Thunderstone and guested in Neighbours as the father of Karl Kennedy, Tom Kennedy. He appeared in the television series Doctor Who and Sapphire and Steel. His film roles included Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome and Crackerjack.

Personal life and death
In 1973, Hornery married Patricia Allen. They had a daughter, Jane. He died on 26 May 2015 after a long cancer illness, two days before his 84th birthday. He was survived by his wife, daughter and stepson, Max Allen.

Filmography

Film roles
Phoelix (1980) - Queen Nefertiti
Britannia Hospital (1982) - BBC Cameraman
Stanley: Every Home Should Have One (1984) - Dr Chambers
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) - Waterseller
Ground Zero (1987) - Meteorologist
Road to Nhill (1997) - Alvin
Crackerjack (2002) - Ron

References

External links
 Bob Hornery - Stage acting credits
 "The Importance of Being Earnest" — (information and photos):
http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_event_id=1549
http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_event_id=12571
http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_event_id=12850
http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_event_id=14306
http://www.ausstage.edu.au/indexdrilldown.jsp?xcid=59&f_event_id=13283
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104490/
http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an23386505
http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an23386438

1931 births
2015 deaths
Australian male stage actors
Australian male television actors
Helpmann Award winners

Bob Hornery


The Apartment Building at 27 and 31 Peru Street and 29 Johnson Street is a historic multiunit residential building in Burlington, Vermont.  Built about 1889, it is a good local example of vernacular Queen Anne Victorian architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

Description and history
The building at the southwest corner of Peru and Johnson Streets is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building.  The Old North End neighborhood it stands in is just north of Burlington's central business district, and is densely built with residential buildings.  The building is basically rectangular in shape, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior.  A rectangular gabled section projects from the long east side, facing Johnson Street, with a two-story porch extending to the building's northeast corner.  One entrance from the porch provides access to two of the building's three units, while the third is accessed from an entrance at the opposite end of the northern facade, sheltered by a metal hood.  The skirt of the second-floor porch is finished in scallop-cut shingles.  The interior finishes date primarily from the 1960s, although original staircase railings survive.

Eli Johnson built this house as part of his development of Johnson Street, begun in 1888. Johnson was a prominent local businessman, with a partnership interest in a printing firm and also in a retail pharmacy on College Street.  He began the development during a period when the city's economic growth had led to housing shortages for working-class families.  Early residents of Johnson Street were typically of English or Irish extraction.  Originally built as a duplex, it was converted to three units in the early 1960s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Chittenden County, Vermont

References

Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Chittenden County, Vermont
Queen Anne architecture in Vermont
Residential buildings completed in 1889
Buildings and structures in Burlington, Vermont
English-American history
Irish-American culture in Vermont


The 2012 League of Ireland First Division season was the 28th season of the League of Ireland First Division. The First Division was contested by 8 teams and Limerick won the title.

Teams

Overview
Due to the expansion of the Premier Division, coupled with the withdrawal of Galway United during the off-season, the 2012 First Division  consisted of just eight teams. Applications to join the Division from Cobh Ramblers and Tralee Dynamos, both of whom had played in the 2011 A Championship, were rejected. Each team played every other team four times, totalling twenty eight games.

Final table

Results

Matches 1–14

Matches 15–28

Promotion/relegation play-off
The second and third placed First Division teams, Waterford United and Longford Town, played off to decide who would play Dundalk,
the eleventh placed team from the Premier Division. The winner of this play off would play in the 2013 Premier Division.
First Division

Waterford United win 3–1 on aggregate
First Division v Premier Division

Dundalk win 4–2 on aggregate and retained their place in the Premier Division. Waterford United appealed the result of the playoff, claiming Michael Rafter was ineligible as Dundalk had incorrectly registered him when they signed him earlier that season. However the appeal was unsuccessful.

Top scorers

See also
 2012 League of Ireland Premier Division
 2012 League of Ireland Cup

References

League of Ireland First Division seasons
2012 League of Ireland
2012 in Republic of Ireland association football leagues
Ireland
Ireland

2012 League of Ireland First Division


Museum docent is a title given in the United States of America to people who serve as guides and educators for the institutions they serve, usually as a volunteer (unpaid) position. The English word itself is derived from the Latin word docēns, the present active participle of docēre (to teach, to lecture). Cognates of this word are found in several extant Romance Languages (and languages influenced by Romance languages) and are often associated with university professors or teachers in general. For example, in Spanish language, the word "docente" (from the same Latin root) means "teacher".

In many cases, docents also conduct research utilizing the institution's facilities. The title "docent" is not widely used outside the United States in English languages, with the terms "guide", "facilitator", or "educator" preferred.

United States

Museum docent is a title used in the United States for educators trained to further the public's understanding of the cultural and historical collections of the institution, including local and national museums, planetariums, zoos, historical landmarks, and parks.

Prospective docents generally undergo an intense training process at the expense of the educational institution, which teaches them good communicative and interpretive skills, as well as introducing them to the institution's collection and its historical significance. They are also provided with reading lists to add to the basic information provided during training, and must then "shadow" experienced docents as they give their tours before ultimately conducting tours on their own.

See also
Docent, the title conferred by some European universities to denote a specific academic appointment within a set structure of academic ranks.

References

External links

Museum occupations
Guides

Museum docent


Ghada Karmi (, ; born 1939) is a Palestinian-born academic, physician and author. She has written on Palestinian issues in newspapers and magazines, including The Guardian, The Nation and Journal of Palestine Studies.

Early life and education

Karmi was born in Jerusalem to a Muslim family. Her father, Hasan Sa'id Karmi was Palestinian while her mother was Syrian; she was the youngest child with an older brother and sister. In her 2002 autobiography, In Search of Fatima: A Palestinian Story, she describes growing up in the Jerusalem neighbourhood of Katamon, with its mixture of Palestinian Christians and Muslims. Among the family friends and neighbors was poet Khalil al-Sakakini and his family. Her family fled Jerusalem for Damascus in April 1948; their villa was taken by Israel. The family eventually settled in Golders Green, in London, where her father worked for the BBC Arabic Service as a translator and broadcaster.

Karmi studied medicine at the University of Bristol, graduating in 1964. Initially, she practised as a physician, specialising in the health and social conditions of ethnic minorities, migrants and asylum seekers.

Academic career, activism and writings
Karmi was formerly married to someone she described in 2002 as a "quintessentially English boy" from a farming family near Bath. The Six-Day War (Arab–Israeli war of 1967) led to the end of her marriage as her husband and their friends were all on the side of Israel. She became a supporter of the Palestine Liberation Organization and gained a "burning sense of injustice" around the events of her childhood, as she told Donald Macintyre of The Independent in 2005. Since 1972, she has been politically active for the Palestinian cause and gained a doctorate in the history of Arabic medicine from the University of London.

Karmi is an associate fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London, and a visiting professor at London Metropolitan University. She is also vice-chair of the Council for Arab-British Understanding (CAABU).

She delivered the Edward Said Memorial lecture at the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2007.

In her memoir, Return, Karmi describes a visit to her former home in Jerusalem following an invitation from Steven Erlanger, then the Jerusalem bureau chief of The New York Times, who realised his apartment was built onto the Karmi family's house described in her book In Search of Fatima. The experience was painful for her and she wrote in Return: "All I could think of were the many alien people who had lived in these rooms after us, and how each one erased more and more of our presence there."

Israel and Palestine
In an interview with Executive Intelligence Review (reprinted in Middle East Policy Journal), Karmi stated that:"There is actually nothing — repeat, nothing — positive about the existence of Israel, as far as the Arabs are concerned. You know, sometimes there are events, historical events, that happen against people's will. But, in time, they can find some positive aspect to something they didn't want to happen in the first place. This is not the case with Israel. On the contrary, as time has gone on, the existence of Israel has only increased the problems for the Arab region. It has increased the danger in the Arab world and is a threat not only to the security of the region, but the security of the whole world." She also stated that:"Israel, from its inception in 1948, has been given the most wonderful opportunity to behave itself, and it clearly has not done so. It's flouted every single law, it's behaved outrageously, it's made a travesty of international and humanitarian law. On what basis should this state continue to be a member of the United Nations?"

At the Palestinian Return Conference held at SOAS in January 2011, Karmi referred to the creation of Israel as involving the dispossession and theft of a whole country: "The only way to reverse that is on the basis of rights and justice; that is the right of return of the refugees and the dispossessed and the exiles back to their homeland." She was then quoted as stating:"If that were to happen we know very well that that would be the end of a Jewish state in our region".

At a protest as part of the Global March to Jerusalem held in front of the Israeli Embassy in London on March 30, 2012, Karmi stated "Israel is finished". She further stated: "Today, we are here together because we know, we understand what Israel is doing to Jerusalem" and that Jerusalem "does not belong to Jewish Israelis or to Jews. We respect all religions but we do not allow one group to take over this wonderful city." According to Karmi, Israel does not deserve to continue as a state and that "We have no alternative but to act. The only way we can stop Israel is to act against it, against its interests, against its apartheid and policies."

In 2012, Karmi was criticized by Shai Afsai as an example of authors who treat the Zionist story "The bride is beautiful, but she is married to another man" as historical fact, which Karmi was said to have done in her book Married to Another Man and in other writings, although the story lacks a primary source. Other examples of authors given included Avi Shlaim and Anthony Pagden.

In 2017, The Jewish Chronicle reported Karmi had said the word "untermensch", originally used as a description of Jews by the Nazis, could be legitimately used as a description of the relationship of Israel to the Palestinians at a conference held in Cork in the Republic of Ireland. Referring to an objection made against the use of the word, she said "about the use of the word 'untermesch'. Untermensch's equivalent in English is sub-human. And sub-human is how people in Gaza feel they are being treated by the Israeli army." According to her, the Jewish population in Palestine were "groups of foreign immigrants trying to behave as though they were indigenous" and "It is a foreign community who just turned up." The creation of Israel was a "a stitch up from beginning to end" by the United Nations.

Selected bibliography

Books
Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.; Ghada Karmi & Nizar Namnum (eds.) Proceedings of the First International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science 5–12 April 1976. Volume II. Papers in European Languages. Aleppo: University of Aleppo, Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 1978.
Karmi, Ghada: Multicultural Health Care: Current Practice and Future Policy in Medical Education  British Medical Association, London, 1995,
Karmi, Ghada (Ed.) with a contribution by Edward Said: Jerusalem Today: What Future for the Peace Process?  Ithaca Press, 1996
Review of Jerusalem Today: What Future for the Peace Process?, by Andrej Kreutz, in Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ), Fall, 1999.
Karmi, Ghada: The Palestinian Exodus 1948-1998. Ithaca Press 1999
Karmi, Ghada: In Search of Fatima: A Palestinian Story  Verso 2002
A country of the mind Guardian, Saturday 19 October 2002 (from Dr Ghada Karmi's memoir, In Search of Fatima)
In Search of Fatima Fateful Days in 1948 from Jerusalem Quarterly (from Dr Ghada Karmi's memoir, In Search of Fatima)
Review of In Search of Fatima, the Guardian
Review of In Search of Fatima by Sara Powell Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 2004, page 68
Karmi, Ghada: Married to another man: Israel's dilemma in Palestine, Pluto Press, 2007,
Review, by Sonja Karkar, IMEU, 10 October 2007
The Times Literary Supplement Review by Trevor Mostyn 15 February 2008 p. 5

Articles
"Why Arabs support Saddam" in Middle East International No 384, 28 September 1990, p.20
"The 1948 Exodus: A Family Story" in Journal of Palestine Studies 23, no. 2 (Win. 1994): 31-40.
U.S. Embassy Move to Jerusalem Is Misguided and Illegal January/February 1997, p. 14 Washington Report on Middle East Affairs
 The Tablet, 11 April 1998
 in The Tablet, 25 April 1998
"Palestinians in Lebanon" in Middle East International No 591, 15 January 1998 (sic) 1999; pp.21-23
"After the Nakba: An Experience of Exile in England" in Journal of Palestine Studies 28, no. 3 (Spr. 1999): 52-63.
Kosovars and Palestinians, The Nation, 20 May 1999 7 June 1999 issue)
 in Al-Ahram Weekly, 2–8 September 1999
 in Al-Ahram Weekly, 6–12 April 2000
The future of peace: A Palestinian view 31 October 2000, BBC
 in Al-Ahram Weekly, 22 February 2001
 Al-Adab (Lebanon), July 2002
The map must show a way home, The Guardian, 6 June 2003
Edward Said and the politics of dispossession 9–15 October 2003 Issue No. 659 Al-Ahram Weekly
A very Arab obsession 20–26 November 2003, Issue No. 665, Al-Ahram Weekly
Time to remember 22–28 January 2004, Issue No. 674, Al-Ahram
Zionism is Still the Issue, Dissident Voice, 2 February 2004
Sharon is not the Problem: It's the Nature of Zionist Ideology 20 February 2004, CounterPunch
By any means necessary, The Guardian, 18 March 2004
Vanishing the Palestinians; The World Looks on Ineffectually 17/ 18 July 2004, CounterPunch
After Arafat: Sharon is Still Not Ready to Make Peace 10 November 2004, CounterPunch
Who killed Yasser Arafat? 11–17 November 2004 Issue No. 716, Al-Ahram Weekly
Gaza hysteria 25 August 2005, issue 757, Al-Ahram Weekly
With no Palestinian state in sight, aid becomes an adjunct to occupation, The Guardian, 5 January 2006
Where is the global outcry at this continuing cruelty?, The Guardian, 15 May 2006
These shameful events have humiliated the Arab world, The Guardian, 2 January 2007
Derek Summerfield, Colin Green, Ghada Karmi, David Halpin, Pauline Cutting, 125 other doctors: Israeli boycotts: gesture politics or a moral imperative?, 21 April 2007, The Guardian
Ghada Karmi (pro-boycott) Andy Charlwood (against the boycott): Perspectives on the boycott debate, 11 June 2007, The Guardian
Weapon of the weak, 13 July 2007, Haaretz
A historic anomaly, 17 July 2007, The Guardian
Israel's cost to the Arabs, September 2008, Le Monde diplomatique
Intellectual terrorism, 25 October 2007, The Guardian
Taking sides in the debate over the Middle East, 29 October 2007, The Guardian
Colin Green, Asad Khan, Ghada Karmi, Chris Burns-Cox, Martin Birnstingl, David Halpin, Derek Summerfield: Medical ethical violations in Gaza , 6 December 2007, The Lancet
A one-state solution for Palestinians and Israelis, 30 May 2008, The Christian Science Monitor

References

External links

 15 May 2008, Interview on Democracy Now!

1939 births
Living people
Academics of London Metropolitan University
Academics of the University of Exeter
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Palestinian Muslims
Educators from Jerusalem
Historians of the Middle East
Palestinian non-fiction writers
Palestinian political journalists
Palestinian women writers
Palestinian women academics
Palestinian women physicians
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
People from Tulkarm
20th-century Palestinian women writers
20th-century Palestinian writers
21st-century Palestinian women writers
21st-century Palestinian writers
20th-century Palestinian physicians

Ghada Karmi


Ring of Fire is a 1991 documentary film in IMAX format. It looks at some of the varieties of volcanism and earthquake activity in the Ring of Fire, around the Pacific Rim. The film runs 40 minutes.

The film was jointly presented by the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History in Fort Worth, Texas, the Science Museum of Minnesota in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the Reuben H. Fleet Space Theater and Science Center in San Diego, California.

The film has eight main segments, corresponding to chapters in the DVD release:

1. Ring of Fire: an overview of the region using wireframe computer animation, and including footage of Hawaiian lava flows as an illustration of how early Earth might have looked. Footage of a new volcano in Chile is also shown.

2. The San Francisco Quake of '89: looks at the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in San Francisco, California and its aftermath, including IMAX footage of the rescheduled game of the 1989 World Series, ten days after the quake.

3. Mount St. Helens: includes IMAX footage from about 10 years after the 1980 eruption, and the famous time sequence of the eruption taken at the time.

4. Floating on Hot Liquid: looks at the geology of volcanism, again using wireframe computer animation to illustrate plate movement and magma flow up through the crust.

5. Learning to Live With a Volcano: life in Sakurajima, an island in Japan where eruptions are almost constant and evacuation drills are an annual event; sulfur mining at Kawah Ijen.

6. Buddhas Keep Watch: Using the temple of Borobudur and the Balinese Kecak dance as a frame, shows how Indonesians live with the simultaneous threat and fertility provided by their volcanoes.

7. The Center of the Ring: Looks at volcanism on Hawaii, especially Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Footage includes roads, houses and cars destroyed by advancing lava, and underwater lava flows.

8. End Credits

Ring of Fire was released as a VHS video in 1995, and as a DVD in 1997 (rereleased in 2006). It was released on Blu-ray on July 12, 2011, and is also available in HD from the iTunes Store.

External links

1991 films
American short documentary films
IMAX short films
Documentary films about nature
IMAX documentary films
Films scored by Michael Stearns
1990s short documentary films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language documentary films

Ring of Fire (1991 film)


The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available. The carrying capacity is defined as the environment's maximal load, which in population ecology corresponds to the population equilibrium, when the number of deaths in a population equals the number of births (as well as immigration and emigration). The effect of carrying capacity on population dynamics is modelled with a logistic function. Carrying capacity is applied to the maximum population an environment can support in ecology, agriculture and fisheries. The term carrying capacity has been applied to a few different processes in the past before finally being applied to population limits in the 1950s. The notion of carrying capacity for humans is covered by the notion of sustainable population.

At the global scale, scientific data indicates that humans are living beyond the carrying capacity of planet Earth and that this cannot continue indefinitely. This scientific evidence comes from many sources worldwide. It was presented in detail in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment of 2005, a collaborative effort involving more than 1,360 experts worldwide. More recent, detailed accounts are provided by ecological footprint accounting, and interdisciplinary research on planetary boundaries to safe human use of the biosphere. The Sixth Assessment Report on Climate Change from the IPCC and the First Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by the IPBES, large international summaries of the state of scientific knowledge regarding climate disruption and biodiversity loss, also support this view.

An early detailed examination of global limits was published in the 1972 book Limits to Growth, which has prompted follow-up commentary and analysis. A 2012 review in Nature by 22 international researchers expressed concerns that the Earth may be "approaching a state shift" in which the biosphere may become less hospitable to human life and in which human carrying capacity may diminish. This concern that humanity may be passing beyond "tipping points" for safe use of the biosphere has increased in subsequent years. Recent estimates of Earth's carrying capacity run between two billion and four billion people, depending on how optimistic researchers are about international cooperation to solve collective action problems. These estimates affirm that the more people we seek to sustain, the more modest their average standard of living needs to be.

Origins
In terms of population dynamics, the term 'carrying capacity' was not explicitly used in 1838 by the Belgian mathematician Pierre François Verhulst when he first published his equations based on research on modelling population growth.

The origins of the term "carrying capacity" are uncertain, with sources variously stating that it was originally used "in the context of international shipping" in the 1840s, or that it was first used during 19th-century laboratory experiments with micro-organisms. A 2008 review finds the first use of the term in English was an 1845 report by the US Secretary of State to the US Senate. It then became a term used generally in biology in the 1870s, being most developed in wildlife and livestock management in the early 1900s. It had become a staple term in ecology used to define the biological limits of a natural system related to population size in the 1950s.

Neo-Malthusians and eugenicists popularised the use of the words to describe the number of people the Earth can support in the 1950s, although American biostatisticians Raymond Pearl and Lowell Reed had already applied it in these terms to human populations in the 1920s.

Hadwen and Palmer (1923) defined carrying capacity as the density of stock that could be grazed for a definite period without damage to the range.

It was first used in the context of wildlife management by the American Aldo Leopold in 1933, and a year later by the American Paul Lester Errington, a wetlands specialist. They used the term in different ways, Leopold largely in the sense of grazing animals (differentiating between a 'saturation level', an intrinsic level of density a species would live in, and carrying capacity, the most animals which could be in the field) and Errington defining 'carrying capacity' as the number of animals above which predation would become 'heavy' (this definition has largely been rejected, including by Errington himself). The important and popular 1953 textbook on ecology by Eugene Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology, popularised the term in its modern meaning as the equilibrium value of the logistic model of population growth.

Mathematics
The specific reason why a population stops growing is known as a limiting or regulating factor.

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the natural increase. If the population of a given organism is below the carrying capacity of a given environment, this environment could support a positive natural increase; should it find itself above that threshold the population typically decreases. Thus, the carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support.

Population size decreases above carrying capacity due to a range of factors depending on the species concerned, but can include insufficient space, food supply, or sunlight. The carrying capacity of an environment varies for different species.

In the standard ecological algebra as illustrated in the simplified Verhulst model of population dynamics, carrying capacity is represented by the constant K:

where

  is the population size,
  is the intrinsic growth rate
  is the carrying capacity of the local environment, and
 , the derivative of  with respect to time , is the rate of change in population with time.

Thus, the equation relates the growth rate of the population  to the current population size, incorporating the effect of the two constant parameters  and . (Note that decrease is negative growth.) The choice of the letter  came from the German Kapazitätsgrenze (capacity limit).

This equation is a modification of the original Verhulst model:

In this equation, the carrying capacity , , is

When the Verhulst model is plotted into a graph, the population change over time takes the form of a sigmoid curve, reaching its highest level at . This is the logistic growth curve and it is calculated with:

where

  is the natural logarithm base (also known as Euler's number),
  is the  value of the sigmoid's midpoint,
  is the curve's maximum value,
  is the logistic growth rate or steepness of the curve  and

The logistic growth curve depicts how population growth rate and carrying capacity are inter-connected. As illustrated in the logistic growth curve model, when the population size is small, the population increases exponentially. However, as population size nears carrying capacity, the growth decreases and reaches zero at .

What determines a specific system's carrying capacity involves a limiting factor; this may be available supplies of food or water, nesting areas, space, or the amount of waste that can be absorbed without degrading the environment and decreasing carrying capacity. Where resources are finite, such as for a population of Osedax on a whale fall or bacteria in a petridish, the population will curve back down to zero after the resources have been exhausted, with the curve reaching its apogee at . In systems in which resources are constantly replenished, the population will reach its equilibrium at .

Software is available to help calculate the carrying capacity of a given natural environment.

Population ecology

Carrying capacity is a commonly used concept for biologists when trying to better understand biological populations and the factors which affect them. When addressing biological populations, carrying capacity can be seen as a stable dynamic equilibrium, taking into account extinction and colonization rates. In population biology, logistic growth assumes that population size fluctuates above and below an equilibrium value.

Numerous authors have questioned the usefulness of the term when applied to actual wild populations. Although useful in theory and in laboratory experiments, carrying capacity as a method of measuring population limits in the environment is less useful as it sometimes oversimplifies the interactions between species.

Agriculture
It is important for farmers to calculate the carrying capacity of their land so they can establish a sustainable stocking rate.  For example, calculating the carrying capacity of a paddock in Australia is done in Dry Sheep Equivalents (DSEs). A single DSE is 50 kg Merino wether, dry ewe or non-pregnant ewe, which is maintained in a stable condition. Not only sheep are calculated in DSEs, the carrying capacity for other livestock is also calculated using this measure. A 200 kg weaned calf of a British style breed gaining 0.25 kg/day is 5.5DSE, but if the same weight of the same type of calf were gaining 0.75 kg/day, it would be measured at 8DSE. Cattle are not all the same, their DSEs can vary depending on breed, growth rates, weights, if it is a cow ('dam'), steer or ox ('bullock' in Australia), and if it weaning, pregnant or 'wet' (i.e. lactating).

In other parts of the world different units are used for calculating carrying capacities. In the United Kingdom the paddock is measured in LU, livestock units, although different schemes exist for this. New Zealand uses either LU, EE (ewe equivalents) or SU (stock units). In the US and Canada the traditional system uses animal units (AU). A French/Swiss unit is Unité de Gros Bétail (UGB).

In some European countries such as Switzerland the pasture (alm or alp) is traditionally measured in Stoß, with one Stoß equaling four Füße (feet). A more modern European system is Großvieheinheit (GV or GVE), corresponding to 500 kg in liveweight of cattle. In extensive agriculture 2 GV/ha is a common stocking rate, in intensive agriculture, when grazing is supplemented with extra fodder, rates can be 5 to 10 GV/ha. In Europe average stocking rates vary depending on the country, in 2000 the Netherlands and Belgium had a very high rate of 3.82 GV/ha and 3.19 GV/ha respectively, surrounding countries have rates of around 1 to 1.5 GV/ha, and more southern European countries have lower rates, with Spain having the lowest rate of 0.44 GV/ha.

This system can also be applied to natural areas. Grazing megaherbivores at roughly 1 GV/ha is considered sustainable in central European grasslands, although this varies widely depending on many factors. In ecology it is theoretically (i.e. cyclic succession, patch dynamics, Megaherbivorenhypothese) taken that a grazing pressure of 0.3 GV/ha by wildlife is enough to hinder afforestation in a natural area. Because different species have different ecological niches, with horses for example grazing short grass, cattle longer grass, and goats or deer preferring to browse shrubs, niche differentiation allows a terrain to have slightly higher carrying capacity for a mixed group of species, than it would if there were only one species involved.

Some niche market schemes mandate lower stocking rates than can maximally be grazed on a pasture. In order to market ones' meat products as 'biodynamic', a lower Großvieheinheit of 1 to 1.5 (2.0) GV/ha is mandated, with some farms having an operating structure using only 0.5 to 0.8 GV/ha.

The Food and Agriculture Organization has introduced three international units to measure carrying capacity: FAO Livestock Units for North America, FAO Livestock Units for sub-Saharan Africa, and Tropical Livestock Units.

Another rougher and less precise method of determining the carrying capacity of a paddock is simply by looking objectively at the condition of the herd. In Australia, the national standardized system for rating livestock conditions is done by body condition scoring (BCS). An animal in a very poor condition is scored with a BCS of 0, and an animal which is extremely healthy is scored at 5: animals may be scored between these two numbers in increments of 0.25. At least 25 animals of the same type must be scored to provide a statistically representative number, and scoring must take place monthly -if the average falls, this may be due to a stocking rate above the paddock's carrying capacity or too little fodder. This method is less direct for determining stocking rates than looking at the pasture itself, because the changes in the condition of the stock may lag behind changes in the condition of the pasture.

Fisheries

In fisheries, carrying capacity is used in the formulae to calculate sustainable yields for fisheries management. The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is defined as "the highest average catch that can be continuously taken from an exploited population (=stock) under average environmental conditions". MSY was originally calculated as half of the carrying capacity, but has been refined over the years, now being seen as roughly 30% of the population, depending on the species or population. Because the population of a species which is brought below its carrying capacity due to fishing will find itself in the exponential phase of growth, as seen in the Verhulst model, the harvesting of an amount of fish at or below MSY is a surplus yield which can be sustainably harvested without reducing population size at equilibrium, keeping the population at its maximum recruitment. However, annual fishing can be seen as a modification of r in the equation -i.e. the environment has been modified, which means that the population size at equilibrium with annual fishing is slightly below what K would be without it.

Note that mathematically and in practical terms, MSY is problematic. If mistakes are made and even a tiny amount of fish are harvested each year above the MSY, populations dynamics imply that the total population will eventually decrease to zero. The actual carrying capacity of the environment may fluctuate in the real world, which means that practically, MSY may actually vary from year to year (annual sustainable yields and maximum average yield attempt to take this into account). Other similar concepts are optimum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield; these are both harvest rates below MSY.

These calculations are used to determine fishing quotas.

Humans

Human carrying capacity is a function of how people live and the technology at their disposal. The two great economic revolutions that marked human history up to 1900—the agricultural and industrial revolutions—greatly ramped up Earth's human carrying capacity, from 5 to 10 million people 10,000 BCE to 1.5 billion in 1900. The immense technological improvements of the past 100 years—in applied chemistry, physics, computing, genetic engineering, and more—have further increased Earth's human carrying capacity, at least in the short term. Without the Haber-Bosch process for fixing nitrogen, modern agriculture could not support 8 billion people. Without the Green Revolution of the 1950s and 60s, famine might have culled large numbers of people in poorer countries during the last three decades of the twentieth century.

Recent technological successes, however, have come at grave environmental costs. Climate change, ocean acidification, and the huge dead zones at the mouths of many of world's great rivers, are a function of the scale of contemporary agriculture and the many other demands 8 billion people make on the planet. Scientists now speak of humanity exceeding or threatening to exceed 9 planetary boundaries for safe use of the biosphere. Humanity's unprecedented ecological impacts threaten to degrade the ecosystem services that people and the rest of life depend on—potentially decreasing Earth's human carrying capacity. The signs that we have crossed this threshold are increasing.

The fact that degrading Earth's essential services is obviously possible, and happening in some cases, suggests that 8 billion people may be above Earth's human carrying capacity. But human carrying capacity is always a function of a certain number of people living a certain way. This was encapsulated by Paul Ehrlich and James Holdren's (1972) IPAT equation: environmental impact (I) = population (P) x affluence (A) x the technologies used to accommodate human demands (T). IPAT has found spectacular confirmation in recent decades within climate science, where the Kaya identity for explaining changes in  emissions is essentially IPAT with two technology factors broken out for ease of use.

This suggests to technological optimists that new technological discoveries (or the deployment of existing ones) could continue to increase Earth's human carrying capacity, as it has in the past. Yet technology has unexpected side effects, as we have seen with stratospheric ozone depletion, excessive nitrogen deposition in the world's rivers and bays, and global climate change. This suggests that 8 billion people may be sustainable for a few generations, but not over the long term, and the term 'carrying capacity' implies a population that is sustainable indefinitely. It is possible, too, that efforts to anticipate and manage the impacts of powerful new technologies, or to divide up the efforts needed to keep global ecological impacts within sustainable bounds among more than 200 nations all pursuing their own self-interest, may prove too complicated to achieve over the long haul.

Two things can be confidently asserted regarding Earth's carrying capacity, based on the Great Acceleration of energy and materials use, waste generation, and ecological degradation post-WW II. First, expansions in human carrying capacity have come at the expense of many other species occupying Earth today. Between 1970 and today, populations of wild vertebrates have declined 60%;  similarly sharp declines may have occurred among insects and vascular plants, although the evidence is sketchier. So our successful efforts to increase human carrying capacity have come at the expense of Earth's capacity to sustain other species. As we have converted habitat and resources to our own use, other species have sharply declined—to the extent that conservation biologists speak of an incipient mass species extinction.

Second, expansions in per capita wealth and the concomitant increases in per capita consumption, resource use and waste generation, tend to decrease the total number of people that can be sustained, long term. All else being equal, a richer population, living more luxuriously, has a lower carrying capacity than a poorer, more abstemious population. As affluence goes up, population must come down to remain within any theoretical carrying capacity, and vice versa.

Recent warnings that humanity may have exceeded earth's carrying capacity
Between 1900 and 2020, Earths' human population increased from 1.6 billion to 7.8 billion (a 390% increase) and the size of the global economy increased from about $3.5 trillion to about $90 trillion in current dollars (an increase of over 2500%). These successes greatly increased human resource demands, generating significant environmental degradation. Scientific evidence from many sources indicates that humans are probably living beyond Earth's human carrying capacity, given current levels of affluence and the technology being deployed to meet people's economic demands.

Millennium ecosystem assessment
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) of 2005 was a massive, collaborative effort to assess the state of Earth's ecosystems, involving more than 1,300 experts worldwide. Their first two of four main findings were the following. The first finding is:Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber, and fuel. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth.The second of the four main findings is:The changes that have been made to ecosystems have contributed to substantial net gains in human well-being and economic development, but these gains have been achieved at growing costs in the form of the degradation of many ecosystem services, increased risks of nonlinear changes, and the exacerbation of poverty for some groups of people. These problems, unless addressed, will substantially diminish the benefits that future generations obtain from ecosystems.According to the MEA, these unprecedented environmental changes threaten to reduce the Earth's long-term human carrying capacity. "The degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse during the first half of this [21st] century," they write, serving as a barrier to improving the lives of poor people around the world.

Ecological footprint accounting
Ecological Footprint accounting measures the demands people make on nature and compares them to available supplies, for both individual countries and the world as a whole. Developed originally by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, it has been refined and applied in a variety of contexts over the years by the Global Footprint Network (GFN). On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures how fast a population uses resources and generates wastes, with a focus on five main areas: energy use, land devoted to direct settlement, timber and paper use, food and fiber use, and seafood consumption. It converts these into per capita or total hectares used. On the supply side, national or global biocapacity represents the productivity of ecological assets in a particular nation or the world as a whole; this includes "cropland, grazing land, forest land, fishing grounds, and built-up land." Again the various metrics to capture biocapacity are translated into the single term of hectares of available land. As the Global Footprint Network (GFN) states:Each city, state or nation's Ecological Footprint can be compared to its biocapacity, or that of the world. If a population's Ecological Footprint exceeds the region's biocapacity, that region runs a biocapacity deficit. Its demand for the goods and services that its land and seas can provide—fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, wood, cotton for clothing, and carbon dioxide absorption—exceeds what the region's ecosystems can regenerate. In more popular communications, we also call this "an ecological deficit." A region in ecological deficit meets demand by importing, liquidating its own ecological assets (such as overfishing), and/or emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. If a region's biocapacity exceeds its Ecological Footprint, it has a biocapacity reserve.According to the GFN's calculations, humanity has been using resources and generating wastes in excess of sustainability since approximately 1970: currently we use Earth's resources at approximately 160% of capacity. This implies that humanity is well over Earth's human carrying capacity for our current levels of affluence and technology use. According to the GFN:In 2022, Earth Overshoot Day fell on July 28. Earth Overshoot Day marks the date when humanity has exhausted nature's budget for the year. For the rest of the year, we are maintaining our ecological deficit by drawing down local resource stocks and accumulating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We are operating in overshoot.The concept of 'overshoot' can be seen as equivalent to exceeding human carrying capacity. According to the most recent calculations from GFN, most of the world's residents live in countries in ecological overshoot (see the map on the right).
This includes countries with dense populations (such as China, India, and the Philippines), countries with high per capita consumption and resource use (France, Germany, and Saudi Arabia), and countries with both high per capita consumption and large numbers of people (Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States).

Planetary Boundaries Framework
According to its developers, the planetary boundaries framework defines "a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system." Human civilization has evolved in the relative stability of the Holocene epoch; crossing planetary boundaries for safe levels of atmospheric carbon, ocean acidity, or one of the other stated boundaries could send the global ecosystem spiraling into novel conditions that are less hospitable to life—possibly reducing global human carrying capacity. This framework, developed in an article published in 2009 in Nature and then updated in two articles published in 2015 in Science and in 2018 in PNAS,  identifies nine stressors of planetary support systems that need to stay within critical limits to preserve stable and safe biospheric conditions (see figure below). Climate change and biodiversity loss are seen as especially crucial, since on their own, they could push the Earth system out of the Holocene state: "transitions between time periods in Earth history have often been delineated by substantial shifts in climate, the biosphere, or both."

The scientific consensus is that humanity has exceeded three to five of the nine planetary boundaries for safe use of the biosphere and is pressing hard on several more. By itself, crossing one of the planetary boundaries does not prove humanity has exceeded Earth's human carrying capacity; perhaps technological improvements or clever management might reduce this stressor and bring us back within the biosphere's safe operating space. But when several boundaries are crossed, it becomes harder to argue that carrying capacity has not been breached. Because fewer people helps reduce all nine planetary stressors, the more boundaries are crossed, the clearer it appears that reducing human numbers is part of what is needed to get back within a safe operating space. Population growth regularly tops the list of causes of humanity's increasing impact on the natural environment in Earth system science literature. Recently, planetary boundaries developer Will Steffen and co-authors ranked global population change as the leading indicator of the influence of socio-economic trends on the functioning of the Earth system in the modern era, post-1750.

See also
 Tourism carrying capacity
 Inflection point
 Overpopulation in wild animals
 Overshoot (population)
 Population ecology
 Population growth
 r/K selection theory
 Toxic capacity
 ecological footprint and biocapacity

Further reading
Kin, Cheng Sok, et al. "Predicting Earth's Carrying Capacity of Human Population as the Predator and the Natural Resources as the Prey in the Modified Lotka-Volterra Equations with Time-dependent Parameters." arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05002 (2019).

References

Demographics indicators
Ecological metrics
Population ecology
Economic geography
Ecological economics
Environmental terminology

Carrying capacity


Fuji Rock Festival es un festival de rock anual realizado en Japón en las ciudades de Naeba.

Presentaciones
Algunos artistas que se han presentado son:

2009

Oasis, Paul Weller, Patti Smith, Lily Allen, Doves, White Lies, Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra, Franz Ferdinand, Kiyoshiro Imawano Special Message Orchestra, Ben Harper and Relentless7, Jet, UA, Seun Kuti & Egypt 80, The Birthday, Weezer, Fall Out Boy, Brahman, Jimmy Eat World, Kenichi Asai, Street Sweeper Social Club, Cobra Starship, y Basement Jaxx.

2008
Adrian Sherwood, Asian Dub Foundation, Bettye Lavette, Bill Laswell presents Method of Defiance, Bloc Party, Bootsy Collins Tribute to the Godfather of Soul, The Breeders, The Courteeners, The Cribs, The Cro-Magnons, CSS, Dan le sac vs Scroobius Pip, The Death Set, Denki Groove, Dóberman, Ellegarden, Erol Alkan, Feeder, Flower Travellin' Band, Foals, The Futureheads, The Go! Team, Gogol Bordello, Gossip, Grandmaster Flash, Hard-Fi, Hocus Pocus, Ian Brown, Jamie Lidell, Jason Mraz, Kasabian, Kate Nash, Lee Scratch Perry, Ling Tosite Sigure, My Bloody Valentine, Mystery Jets, Ozomatli, The Presidents of the United States of America, Primal Scream, Princess Superstar, Quruli, Richie Hawtin, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Ryukyudisko, Seasick Steve, Sparks, Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks, Travis, Tricky, Underworld, The Vines, The Whigs, White Lies, Yura Yura Teikoku, The Zutons, Uri Nakayama

2007
Ash, The Ataris, Battles, Beastie Boys, The Bird and the Bee, Blonde Redhead, !!!, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, The Chemical Brothers, The Cure, Feist, Fountains of Wayne, Friction, G. Love & Special Sauce, Gov't Mule, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Groove Armada, Iggy Pop & The Stooges, Jarvis Cocker, The John Butler Trio, Jonathan Richman, Joss Stone, Juliette and the Licks, Justice, Kaiser Chiefs, Kemuri, Kings of Leon, Kula Shaker, Less Than Jake, Mika, Money Mark, Muse, Ocean Colour Scene, The Omar Rodriguez-Lopez Group, Peter Bjorn and John, Ratatat, The Shins, Toe, Simian Mobile Disco, Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra y Yo La Tengo.

2006
Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Happy Mondays, Jet, The Raconteurs, Sonic Youth, Wolfmother, Snow Patrol, The Hives, Dirty Pretty Things, KT Tunstall, Jason Mraz, The Cooper Temple Clause, Madness, Mogwai, Scissor Sisters, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Super Furry Animals, Gnarls Barkley, The Zutons, Flogging Molly, The String Cheese Incident, Donavon Frankenreiter, Tommy Guerrero, Roger Joseph Manning, Jr., The Cribs, Kula Shaker, 2manydjs, Junior Senior, Tristan Prettyman, Broken Social Scene, The Automatic, Killing Joke, Haruomi Hosono, Denki Groove, Asian Kung-Fu Generation

2005

Foo Fighters, Coldplay, Fatboy Slim, Beck, New Order, Primal Scream, The Beach Boys, Asian Dub Foundation, Charlotte Hatherley, Kaiser Chiefs, The Music, Cake, The Pogues, Röyksopp, Mylo, Night Snipers, Simple Plan, The Longcut, Laurent Garnier, Prefuse 73, Moby, Lisa Loeb, The Beautiful Girls, Eddi Reader, Maxïmo Park, Los Lobos, Dinosaur Jr., Gang of Four, Juliette and the Licks, Mercury Rev, Bill Laswell, United State of Electronica, Ryan Adams and The Cardinals, My Morning Jacket, Sigur Rós, The Mars Volta, The Go! Team, Doves, The Coral, Soulive, The John Butler Trio, The Magic Numbers, Athlete

2004

The Chemical Brothers, Franz Ferdinand, Jamie Cullum, Jet, Lou Reed, The Stills, The Streets, Ben Kweller, Santos, Sikth, Pixies, Courtney Love, The Killers, Dizzie Rascal, PJ Harvey, Primus, The White Stripes, Haven, Basement Jaxx, The Blind Boys of Alabama, The X-Ecutioners, Ozomatli, The Zutons, Snow Patrol, Jimmy Eat World, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Jack Johnson, Donavon Frankenreiter, Belle & Sebastian, The Charlatans, Cosmic Rough Riders, Graham Coxon, !!!, Keller Williams, múm, Simple Kid, Ash, Keane, moe., The Libertines, Asian Kung-Fu Generation, Hifana and many more.

2003

Asian Dub Foundation - Anthrax - Björk - Coldplay - El Gran Silencio - Elvis Costello - Evanescence - Iggy Pop - Massive Attack - Mogwai - Primal Scream - Underworld - Yo La Tengo - Macy Gray - The Music - The Libertines - Sugar Ray - Ben Harper - Sly and Robbie with Michael Rose - Danko Jones - Death in Vegas - Prefuse 73 - G. Love & Special Sauce - Dirty Dozen Brass Band - Steve Winwood - John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers - Vincent Gallo - The Orb - Lemon Jelly - The Jeevas and many more.

2002
The Chemical Brothers - Ian Brown - Pet Shop Boys - The Prodigy - Red Hot Chili Peppers - Sonic Youth - Muse - The Music - Midtown - The Get Up Kids - Cornelius - The Cooper Temple Clause - Jane's Addiction - Alec Empire - The Jeevas - George Clinton - The Skatalites - Manu Chao - Black Rebel Motorcycle Club - Television - Patti Smith - The White Stripes - Trik Turner - The Cinematic Orchestra - DJ Shadow - X-Press 2 - Queens of the Stone Age - Spiritualized - The String Cheese Incident - Doves - Supercar and many more.

2001
Asian Dub Foundation - Alanis Morissette - Alec Empire - Eminem - Manic Street Preachers - Neil Young & Crazy Horse - New Order - Oasis - System of a Down - Squarepusher - Boredoms - The Cooper Temple Clause - Tool - Feeder - Stereo MCs - Echo & the Bunnymen - Stereophonics - Travis - Patti Smith - Juno Reactor - Brian Eno - Coldcut - Mos Def - Unkle - Mogwai - Xzibit and many more.

2000
Asian Dub Foundation - Blankey Jet City - The Chemical Brothers - Ian Brown - Primal Scream - MDFMK - Yo La Tengo - Foo Fighters - Elliott Smith - Placebo - The Killer Barbies - Fishbone - Johnny Marr - Sonic Youth - Ozomatli - Rammstein - Run-D.M.C. - Mogwai - Super Furry Animals - Moby - Stereolab - Leftfield - Gomez - G. Love & Special Sauce - Elastica - Fila Brazillia and many more.

1999
Todos Tus Muertos - Rage Against the Machine - ZZ Top - Blur - Underworld - Phish - The Black Crowes - The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion - The Chemical Brothers - Limp Bizkit - Ray Davies - Ash - Ocean Colour Scene - Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros - Femi Kuti - Tricky - Happy Mondays - Lee "Scratch" Perry - Mishka - Fountains of Wayne and many more.

1998
Björk - Asian Dub Foundation - Beck - Ian Brown - Iggy Pop - Primal Scream - The Brian Jonestown Massacre - The Prodigy - Ben Folds Five - Korn - Garbage - Elvis Costello - Blankey Jet City - Thee Michelle Gun Elephant - Sonic Youth - Goldie - Tomoyasu Hotei - Shonen Knife and more.

1997
Beck - Green Day - Foo Fighters - The Prodigy - Rage Against the Machine - Red Hot Chili Peppers - Southern Culture on the Skids - The High-Lows - The Yellow Monkey - Summercamp and more.

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Festivales de rock de Japón

Fuji Rock Festival


The Hollywood blacklist was a system of denying employment to Hollywood actors, producers, screenwriters, directors, and other people in entertainment who were suspected of undesirable political connections or other undesirable associations. Communist sympathies and homosexual tendencies were two of the connections considered most undesirable. It mostly occurred through the middle of the 20th century, in the 1940s and 1950s.

Discrimination
Movie industry
20th century in the United States

Hollywood blacklist


Darlene Rodriguez (née Pomales)  is an American journalist and co-anchor of Today in New York on WNBC. Rodriguez became co-anchor of the show in July 2003 after serving as a reporter for WNBC and then co-anchor of Weekend Today in New York.

Rodriguez has also served as a fill-in newsreader for Ann Curry and later, Natalie Morales on The Today Show on NBC. Prior to working for WNBC, she was a general assignment reporter for WCBS Newsradio 88 for four years, and worked as a reporter for the BronxNet cable television network.

Rodriguez, who is of Puerto Rican ancestry is a native of the Bronx. She is a 1988 graduate of Christopher Columbus High School in that borough, and a 1992 graduate of the University of Miami with a degree in broadcast journalism and political science. While in college, Rodriguez was instrumental in creating various local cable news programs which focused on cross-cultural cuisines.  Her passion for cooking and crocheting (which she learned as a child) still occupy most of her free time. She lives currently in Croton-on-Hudson, New York.

See also
 New Yorkers in journalism

References

External links
Darlene Rodriguez on NBC New York

Darlene Rodriguez Photo from zimbio

Living people
NBC News people
Television anchors from New York City
People from the Bronx
University of Miami alumni
American journalists of Puerto Rican descent
American reporters and correspondents
Puerto Rican journalists
People from Croton-on-Hudson, New York
1970 births

Darlene Rodriguez


George F. Lewis (June 7, 1828 – May 30, 1890) was a nineteenth-century American journalist and proprietor of several newspapers. He helped in the printing of the first time news of presidential election results were published. He was involved in determining there was copper ore in Michigan to be mined. He was also mayor of Saginaw, Michigan.

Early life
Lewis was born in Harvard, Massachusetts, on June 7, 1828. He had a sister and a brother. In 1835, Lewis moved with his family to Mount Clemens, Michigan.

Business career
Lewis was a newspaper delivery person for the Mt. Clemens Patriot when he was ten years old. As a pioneer journalist, he helped set the printing of the Macomb Statesman newspaper in 1838, when it was first published at the printing office of John N. Ingersoll, the proprietor and editor.

In 1845, when he was seventeen years old, Lewis made a four-week trip to the Lake Superior region of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan with General John Stockton, a government mineral agent. On the return trip, Lewis took specimens of copper ore to Boston and New York City for examination of value. Lewis again traveled to Upper Michigan in mid-1847 to obtain samples of copper ore. On his return trip to New York City he met Horace Greeley of the New-York Tribune on journalism matters.

Lewis returned to Copper Harbor in Michigan's Lake Superior region in early 1847 and remained there until the November. When he returned, Thomas M Perry of the Mt. Clemens Patriot hired him as an apprentice journalist. Lewis stayed with Perry until mid-1848, when he took a job in July at the Detroit Daily Commercial Bulletin, a newspaper that had started two months earlier. Lewis helped set up the printing of the news of the presidential election victory of  General Zachary Taylor in 1848 – the first time news of a presidential win had been transmitted by telegraph. Lewis worked in Michigan's government printing office at the state capital for Munger & Pattison during the winter of 1848 to 1849. He started the weekly newspaper Macomb County Herald in 1849 and worked there until 1851.

Lewis started the Port Huron Commercial newspaper in 1851, and continued publishing it until April 1855. He bought the Peninsular Advocate newspaper of Mt. Clemens in September of that year; the weekly newspaper was published under his complete control until 1863, when he partnered with Major E. W. Lyon in its publication and their partnership continued until 1867. That year, B. M. Thompson became another partner and the three of them ran the publication. The Saginaw Daily Courier was then started in March 1868 by Lewis, Lyon, Thompson and Joseph Leeman. In December, Thompson bought out all the partners of the newspaper and he subsequently sold it to the Saginaw Enterprise Publishing Company.

Lewis started several other Michigan newspapers including the Saginairian in 1869, the Mt Pleasant Journal in 1880, and the Bay City Daily Morning Call in 1881.

Personal life
Lewis was one of the Deputy Marshals of Macomb County, Michigan, when he took the census of eight towns in 1850. He had helped his father take the 1845 Michigan census so he had experience in this task.

Lewis was a historian of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan, and served as mayor of Saginaw from 1877 to 1879. He died in Saginaw of heart disease on May 30, 1890.

References

Citations

Bibliography

1828 births
1890 deaths
People of the Michigan Territory
Businesspeople from Michigan
19th-century American politicians
People from Mount Clemens, Michigan
Mayors of Saginaw, Michigan
People from Harvard, Massachusetts
Editors of Michigan newspapers
19th-century American businesspeople

George F. Lewis


The Imperial Legislative Council (ILC) was the legislature of British India from 1861 to 1947. It was established under the Charter Act of 1853 by providing for the addition of 6 additional members to the Governor General Council for legislative purposes. Thus, the act separated the legislative and executive functions of the council and it was this body within the Governor General's Council which came to known as the Indian/Central Legislative Council. In 1861 it was renamed as Imperial Legislative Council and the strength was increased.

It succeeded the Council of the Governor-General of India, and was succeeded by the Constituent Assembly of India and after 1950, was succeeded by Parliament of India.

During the rule of the East India Company, the council of the Governor-General of India had both executive and legislative responsibilities. The council had four members elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated. In 1858, the British Crown took over the administration from the East India Company. The council was transformed into the Imperial Legislative Council, and the Court of Directors of the Company, which had the power to elect members of the Governor-General's Council, ceased to have this power. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.

Predecessors
The Regulating Act of 1773 limited the influence of the Governor-General of India and established the Council of Four, elected by the East India Company's Court of Directors. Pitt's India Act of 1784 reduced the membership to three, and also established the India Board.

1861 to 1892
The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council's composition. The council was now called the Governor-General's Legislative Council or the Imperial Legislative Council. Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. (The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869.) The viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members. The five individuals appointed by the Indian Secretary or Sovereign headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Governor-General debated and voted on legislation.

Indians in the Council
There were 45 Indians nominated as additional non-official members from 1862 to 1892. Out of these 25 were zamindars and seven were rulers of princely states. The others were lawyers, magistrates, journalists and merchants. The participation of the Indian members in the council meetings was negligible.

 Raja Sir Deo Narayan Singh of Benaras (Jan 1862–1866)
Maharaja Narinder Singh of Patiala (Jan 1862 – Nov 1862)
Dinkar Rao (Jan 1862–1864)
Yusef Ali Khan, Nawab of Rampur (Sep 1863–1864)
 Maharaja Sir Mirza Gajapati Viziaram, Raj Bahadur of Vizianagram (Jan 1864–1866)(Apr 1872–1876)
 Bir Bar Raja Sir Sahib Dayal of Kishen Kot (Jan 1864–1866)
 Mahtabchand Bahadur, Raja of Burdwan (Nov 1864–1867)
 Kalb Ali Khan, Nawab of Rampur (Jan 1867-)(1878–1887)
 Khwaja Abdul Ghani, Nawab of Dacca (Dec 1867–1869)
 Prasanna Coomar Tagore (Dec 1867–1873)
 Raja Sheoraj Singh of Kashipur (Jan 1868–1870)
 Ram Singh II, Maharaja of Jaipur (Aug 1868–1870) and (Aug 1871–1875)
 Digvijay Singh, Raja of Balrampur (Oct 1868–1870)
 Ramanath Tagore (Feb 1873–1875)
 Raja Shamsher Parkash of Sirmur
 Ishwari Prasad Narayan Singh, Maharaja of Benaras (1876)
 Sir Narendra Krishna Deb (1876)
 Muhammad Faiz Ali Khan, Nawab Bahadur of Pahasu (Dec 1877)
 Syed Ahmad Khan (1878–1882)
 Jatindramohan Tagore (Bengal Zamindars) (1880–1881)
 Raghubir Singh of Jind (1880)
 Raja Sivaprasad of Benaras
 Durga Charan Laha, Maharaja of Shyampukur (1882-1889)
 Kristo Das Pal (1883)
 Syed Ameer Ali (1883–1885)
 Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik (1884–1887)
 Lakshmeshwar Singh (1885-1888)
 Peary Mohan Mukherjea (1885-1888)
 Syud Ameer Hossain (1886-1889)
 Mohammad Amir Hasan Khan (1886)
 Sir Shankar Bakhsh Singh (1886-1888)
 Dinshaw Maneckji Petit (1886-1888)
 Nawab Nawazish Ali Khan (Jul 1887-Sep 1888)
 Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (1888-1889)
 Muhammad Ali Khan (1889-1891)
 Khem Singh Bedi (1889)
 Khwaja Ahsanullah (1890-1892)
 Sir Romesh Chandra Mitra (1890-1891)
 Krishnaji Lakshman Nulkar, Bombay (1890–1891)
 Udai Pratap Singh of Bhinga (1891-1892)
 Rashbihari Ghosh (1892)
 P. Chentsal Rao (1892)

1892 to 1909
The Indian Councils Act 1892 increased the number of legislative members with a minimum of ten and maximum of sixteen members. The Council now had 6 officials, 5 nominated non-officials, 4 nominated by the provincial legislative councils of Bengal Presidency, Bombay Presidency, Madras Presidency and North-Western Provinces and 1 nominated by the chamber of commerce in Calcutta. The members were allowed to ask questions in the Council but not allowed to ask supplementaries or discuss the answer. They were however empowered to discuss the annual financial statement under certain restrictions but could not vote on it.

Indians in the Council
Pherozeshah Mehta, Bombay (1893–1896) (1898–1901)
Lakshmeshwar Singh, Bengal (1893–1898)
Khem Singh Bedi, Punjab nominated (1893–1897), Punjab (1897–1905)
Udai Pratap Singh of Bhinga (1893)
Fazulbhai Vishram, Bombay nominated (1893–)
Gangadhar Rao Chitnavis, Central Provinces nominated (1893–1909)
Mir Humayun Jah Bahadur (1893–)
Rashbihari Ghosh (1894–1908)
Babu Mohini Mohan Roy (1894)
P. Ananda Charlu, Madras (1895–1903)
Rahimtulla M. Sayani, Bombay (1896–1898)
Nawab Amiruddin Ahmad Khan of Loharu (1897)
Balwant Rao Bhuskute, Central Provinces (1896–1897)
Pandit Bishambar Nath (1897)
Joy Gobind Laha (1897)
Nawab Faiyaz Ali Khan, Nawab Bahadur of Pahasu, North-West Provinces (1898–1900)
Rameshwar Singh Bahadur, Bengal nominated (1899–1904), Bengal (1904–)
Apcar Alexander Apcar, Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1900–1903)
Syed Hussain Bilgrami (1902–1908)
Raja Surindar Bikram Prakash Bahadur of Sirmur (1902–1907)
Aga Khan III, nominated (1903)
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Bombay (1903–1909)
Ernest Cable, Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1903–)
 Rai Sri Ram Bahadur, United Provinces (1903–)
Bipin Krishna Bose, Central Provinces (1903–)
  Wadero Ghulam Kadir M.B.E Nominated Ratodero Larrkanao(1913)
Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur, Madras (1903–1909)
Nawab Fateh Ali Khan Kazilbash, Punjab (1904)
R. G. Bhandarkar (1903)
Ripudaman Singh (1906–1908)
Nawab Khwaja Salimullah (1908)
Asutosh Mookerjee (1908)
Munshi Madho Lal, United Provinces (1907–1909)
Theodore Morison (1908)
Maing Ba Tow (1908)

1909 to 1920
The Indian Councils Act 1909 increased the number of members of the Legislative Council to 60, of whom 27 were to be elected. For the first time, Indians were admitted to membership, and there were six Muslim representatives, the first time that such representation had been given to a religious group.

The composition of the Council was as follows:
 Ex-officio members from the Viceroy's Executive Council (9)
 Nominated officials (28)
 Nominated non-officials (5): Indian commercial community (1), Punjab Muslims (1), Punjab Landholders (1), Others (2)
 Elected from provincial legislatures (27)
 General (13): Bombay(2), Madras(2), Bengal(2), United Provinces(2), Central Provinces, Assam, Bihar & Orissa, Punjab, Burma
 Landholders (6): Bombay, Madras, Bengal, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar & Orissa
 Muslim (6): Bengal (2), Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar & Orissa
 Commerce (2): Bengal Chamber of Commerce (1), Bombay Chamber of Commerce

Indians in the Council (1909–20)

Nominated Officials
Kiran Chandra De Mahesh

Nominated Non-Officials
 Surendranath Banerjee (1913–1920), Raja Piari Mohan Mukherjee (1915), Sir Fazalbhoy Currimbhoy Ebrahim (−1920), Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (1920)

Bengal
 General: Sachchidananda Sinha (1910–12), Bhupendra Nath Bose (1911–19), Lalit Mohan Chatterjee, Rai Sita Nath Ray Bahadur (1916–19)
 Muslims: Syed Shamsul Huda (1911–15), A. K. Ghuznavi (1911), Maulvi Abdul Rahim (1916–1919), Nawab Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury (1916–20)
 Landholders: Bijoy Chand Mahtab (1909–12), Manindra Chandra Nandy (1916–19)

Bihar & Orissa
 General: Sachchidananda Sinha (1912–20), Madhusudan Das (1913), Rai Bahadur Krishna Sahay (1916–1919)
 Muslims: Mulana Mazharul Haque (1910–11), Syed Ali Imam (1912) Quamrul Huda (1915), Mohammad Yunus (1916)
 Landholders: Rajendra Narayan Bhanja Deo Raja of Kanika (1916–1920)

Bombay
General: Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1909–1915), Vithalbhai Patel (1912), Dinshaw Edulji Wacha (1916–1920), Lallubhai Samaldas Mehta, Pheroze Sethna, Sir Vithaldas Thackersey
 Muslim: Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1910–1911) and (1916–1919), Ghulam Muhammad Bhurgri (1911–1912), Ibrahim Rahimtoola (1913–1919), Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto
 Landholders: Sir Sassoon David, 1st Baronet (1910), Wadero Ghulam Kadir Dayo 1913 1914, Khan Bahadur Saiyed Allahondo Shah (1916–1919)

Burma
 General: Maung Mye (1915), Maing Ba Tu (1911–1920)

Central Provinces
 General: Sir Maneckji Byramji Dadabhoy (1911–1917), Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar (1911–1912), V. R. Pandit, General (1915), Ganesh Shrikrishna Khaparde (1918–1920), Rai Sahib Seth Nath Mal
Landholders: Sir Gangadhar Rao Chitnavis (1893–1916), Pandit Bishan Dutt Shukul (1916–1919)

East Bengal & Assam
 General: Kamini Kumar Chanda (1920)
 Landholders: Pramathanath Roy, Raja of Dighapatia (1911–1915)

Madras
 General: N. Subba Rao Pantulu (1910–1913), C. Vijayaraghavachariar (1913–1916), V. S. Srinivasa Sastri (1916–1919), B. N. Sarma (1916–1919), Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu (1920), T. Rangachari, M. Ct. Muthiah Chettiar
 Muslim: Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan (1910–1913), Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur (1909–1919), Khan Bahadur Mir Asad Ali (1916–1919)
 Landholders: Veerabhadra Raju Bahadur (1912), Raja of Panagal (1912–1915), K. V. Rangaswamy Iyengar (1916–1919)

Punjab
 General: Raja Sir Daljit Singh (1913–1915), Sir Runbhir Singh (1915), Dewan Tek Chand (1915–1917), Sundar Singh Majithia (1917–1920)
 Muslims: Sir Zulfikar Ali Khan (1910–1920), Muhammad Shafi (1917)
 Landholders: Pratap Singh of Kapurthala (1910–1911), Col. Raja Jai Chand, Sir Malik Umar Hayat Khan (1911–1920)
 Chiefs : Sultan Karam Dad Khan of Pharwala (1918)

United Provinces
 General: Madan Mohan Malaviya (1911–1919), Bishan Narayan Dar (1914–1920), Tej Bahadur Sapru (1916–1919)
 Muslims: Sir Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan Raja of Mahmudabad (1909–1912), Nawab Abdul Majid (1912), Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan
 Landholders: Raja Sir Rampal Singh of Kurri Sudauli

1920 to 1947

Under the Government of India Act 1919, the Imperial Legislative Council was converted into a bicameral legislature with the Imperial Legislative Assembly (also known as the Central Legislative Assembly) as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and the Council of State as the upper house, reviewing legislation passed by the Assembly. The Governor-General nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defence" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies". He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber co-operated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Governor-General; the Central Legislative Assembly elected its own President, apart from the first, but the election required the Governor-General's approval.

Under the Indian Independence Act 1947, the Imperial Legislative Council and its houses were dissolved on 14 August 1947 and was replaced by the Constituent Assembly of India and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.

See also
 Council of India
 Council of State (India)
 Viceroy's Executive Council
 Central Legislative Assembly
 Interim Government of India

References

External links
 History of Assembly (Old Secretariat) at Legislative Assembly of Delhi website

1861 establishments in British India

Imperial Legislative Council


Karl Helling (10 August 1904, Luckenwalde, Brandenburg – 15 August 1937, Berlin) was a German chess master.

In 1928, he shared 1st with Kurt Richter in the Berlin City Chess Championship, and won a play-off match for the title against him (2 : 0).
He also won the Berlin-ch in 1932.
Helling represented Germany in the 4th Chess Olympiad at Prague 1931.

In other tournaments, he tied for 7-10th at Chemnitz 1925, tied for 5-6th in the Berlin-ch 1927 (Berthold Koch won), took 5th at Berlin (BSG) 1928 (Aron Nimzowitsch won); tied for 2nd-3rd, behind Richter, at Wiesbaden 1928; tied for 5-6th at Leipzig 1928 (Max Blümich won), took 9th at Berlin (Kaffee König) 1928 (Efim Bogoljubow won), tied for 4-7th at Duisburg 1929 (DSB Congress, Carl Ahues won). Helling won, ahead of Salo Flohr, at Zwickau 1930; won ahead of Ehrhardt Post and Richter, at Berlin 1930; and took 2nd, behind Isaac Kashdan, at Berlin 1930 (Quadrangular).

In 1931, he lost a short match to Gösta Stoltz (0.5 : 1.5) in Berlin, tied for 2nd-4th, behind Herman Steiner, in Berlin, tied for 4-6th at Swinemünde (27th DSB Congress, Bogoljubow and Ludwig Roedl won), and took 4th in Berlin (BSG, Ludwig Rellstab won). Then he took 5th at Berlin 1932 (Mokadoro), took 3rd in the Berlin-ch 1933, took 10th at Bad Aachen 1933 (Bogoljubov won), and tied for 5-9th at Bad Pyrmont 1933 (1st German Chess Championship, Bogoljubow won). He tied for 8-9th at Dresden 1936 (Alexander Alekhine won), took 4th in the Berlin-ch 1937 (Rellstab won), and tied for 6-7th at Berlin 1937 (BSG, Fritz Sämisch won).

References

External links
 The chess games of Karl Helling at www.chessgames.com

1904 births
1937 deaths
Sportspeople from Luckenwalde
German chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
20th-century chess players

Karl Helling


"Peter's Two Dads" is the tenth episode of the fifth season of Family Guy. It was first shown on television on February 11, 2007 on the Fox network. 7.97 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television.

In the episode, Peter travels to Ireland to find his biological father after he accidentally kills his stepfather at his daughter's birthday party. While this happens, Lois hits Stewie and Stewie wants Lois to hit him more. The episode was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for it's song "Drunken Irish Dad," at the 59th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.

Plot

Meg wants to have a birthday party at the house with a band playing, but Peter and Lois do not know how old she is. She calls them jerks because they bought sixteen candles instead of seventeen, her age. She sees that her birthday party has games like Pin the Tail on the Donkey.

Peter dresses up as a clown named "Pee Pants the Inebriated Hobo Clown" He shows Meg scarves coming out of his mouth, but he accidentally swallowed some of them and vomits. He also vomits a pair of long johns. Meg asks Lois if she can open her gifts, but Lois sees Stewie opening them. Peter gets drunk and tries to ride a unicycle down the stairs but falls off and crushes his father, Francis Griffin. Francis dies in the hospital and calls Peter "a fat stinking drunk" as his last words.

Peter is sad that his father did not like him, so he stops drinking and starts doing crack. Brian tells Peter that doing crack is just as bad as drinking. Peter goes to a hypnotist and learns that Francis was not his biological father. Peter asks his mom, Themla Griffin, and she reveals she had an affair with an Irish man named Mickey McFinnigan and that Mickey is Peter's biological father.

Brian and Peter travel to a village in Ireland to find Mickey and learn that he is the town drunk. Being a town drunk is thought to be an honorable position by the people in Ireland. When Peter finds Mickey, Mickey does not believe that Peter is his son.

Peter goes outside and sees the ghosts of Yoda, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Francis and Hayden Christensen. Francis calls him "a fat stinking drunk" again and gives Peter an idea. Peter challenges Mickey to a drinking contest. Peter wins the contest and Mickey is surprised. He now then believes that Peter is his son because no one but a member of his family could beat him in a drinking contest.

Brian says that Francis may not have been Peter's biological father, but he raised him like his own son, Francis did love Peter. Peter accepts this, but still wants to have Mickey as a biological father. Peter, Mickey, and an Irish crowd start singing and dancing to a song called "Drunken Irish Dad."

Subplot

Lois sees Stewie opening Meg's presents and figures out he is going through a "mine" phase. She later finds Stewie with her jewelry. When she tells Stewie to stop messing with her jewelry, he snaps a pearl necklace of hers. Lois spanks Stewie, causing Stewie to run off and cry. However, he starts to enjoy the thought of being hit, so he causes trouble around the house. Lois does not want to hit him again and Stewie stops when he learns he hears himself begging too much.

Feedback

A reviewer on Boxxet said "when I checked the schedule and saw the title of this episode was 'Peter's Two Dads,' I was a little torn." He also says that the episode "left me with something of a mixed reaction." and called the episode "well constructed." Seth MacFarlane, creator of Family Guy, said that this episode was one of his favorites, along with "PTV" and "Road to Rhode Island."

References

2007 television episodes
2007 in American television
Family Guy (season 5) episodes
Television episodes about birthdays

Peter's Two Dads


The Perpetual Diet of Regensburg or the Eternal Diet of Regensburg, () also commonly called in English the Perpetual Diet of Ratisbon, from the city's Latin name, was a session of the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) of the Holy Roman Empire that sat continuously from 1663 to 1806 in Regensburg in present-day Bavaria, Germany.

Previously, the Diet had been convened in different cities but, beginning in 1594, it met only in the town hall in Regensburg. On 20 January 1663, the Diet convened to deal with threats from the Ottoman Empire (the Turkish Question). Since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Holy Roman Emperor had been formally bound to accept all decisions made by the Diet. Hence, out of fear that the Emperor would disregard the Diet's role by not calling sessions, it never dissolved and became a perpetual diet. Therefore, no final report of its decisions, known as a Recess, could be issued, and that of the preceding diet, issued in 1654, was dubbed the . From 1663 until the 1684 Truce of Ratisbon (a former name of Regensburg in English), the diet gradually developed into a permanent body.

In addition to envoys who represented the Imperial Estates in the Diet, Regensburg had around 70 representatives (Komitialgesandtern or Comitia) from foreign states. The Emperor was represented by a Principal Commissioner (Prinzipalkommissar), a position that accrued to the Thurn und Taxis family from 1748.

In its early years, the Perpetual Diet was a tool for consolidation of Habsburg power in the empire. However, by the middle of the 18th century, it was largely "dysfunctional" and a "mere congress of diplomats" that produced "no important legislation in political and constitutional matters".  The weak institution has been called "a bladeless knife without a handle", and, during the Diet's existence, the Empire increasingly became nothing more than a collection of largely independent states.

The last action of the Diet, on 25 March 1803, was the passage of the German Mediatisation, which reorganized and secularized the Empire.  Following the approval of that final constitutional document, the Diet never met again and its existence ended with the dissolution of the Empire in 1806.

List of imperial principal commissioners

See also

List of Reichstag participants (1792)

Notes

References

External links

Regensburg
Regensburg
17th century in the Holy Roman Empire
18th century in the Holy Roman Empire
1663 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire

Perpetual Diet of Regensburg