Bucket-wheel excavators (BWEs) are huge machines used for surface mining.

They are continuous digging machines in large-scale open cast mining operations. What sets BWEs apart from other large-scale mining equipment is their large wheel with a continuous pattern of buckets to scoop material as the wheel turns.

They are among the largest vehicles ever constructed. The biggest bucket-wheel excavator ever built, Bagger 293, is the largest terrestrial (land) vehicle in human history.

BWEs built since the 1990s, such as the Bagger 293, have reached sizes as large as 96 metres (314.9 feet) tall, 225 metres (738.2 feet) long, and as heavy as 14,200 metric tons (31.3 million lb). The bucket-wheel itself can be over 70 feet in diameter with as many as 20 buckets, each of which can hold over 15 cubic metres of material. BWEs  are now capable of operating in extreme climates. Many BWEs have been designed to operate in climates with temperatures as low as -45°C (-49°F).

References

Machines
Mining

Bucket-wheel excavator


Waterville is a city in Lucas County, Ohio, United States, along the Maumee River. A suburb of Toledo, the population was 6,003 at the 2020 census.

History
Waterville was platted in 1830 by settler John Pray on the west bank of the upper Maumee River opposite what was then known as Pray's Falls, a rapids on that stream. A post office called Waterville has been in operation since 1828.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.

The community is located on the Maumee River and was formerly on the Miami and Erie Canal route.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,523 people, 2,065 households, and 1,566 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 2,151 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White, 0.5% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 2,065 households, of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.2% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the city was 41.6 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 31.3% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,828 people, 1,726 households, and 1,322 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 1,809 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 97.91% White, 0.14% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.56% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.

There were 1,726 households, out of which 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the village the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $60,000, and the median income for a family was $71,027. Males had a median income of $49,489 versus $31,638 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,679. About 1.9% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Historic sites
The Interurban Bridge, also known as the Ohio Electric Railroad Bridge. is a historic interurban railroad bridge built in 1908 across the Maumee River joining Lucas and Wood counties near Waterville, Ohio. It is now located in Farnsworth Metropark. One of the bridge's supports is the Roche de Boeuf, a historic Indian council rock, which was partially destroyed by the bridge construction.
On June 19, 1972, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge has been abandoned for several years.

Built in 1828, John Pray constructed a house to serve as a trading post, tavern and hostel located in Waterville, OH. It became the centerpiece of the village. The place where locals and travelers alike escaped from the harsh Summers and Winters. Constructed from black walnut beams, it quickly transformed into a third-story structure containing a prison cell (for transit prisoners), a dressmaker's shop and doctor. Like many historic buildings, this one switched hands many times over the years, becoming a restaurant between 1943 and 1993.

Parks and recreation
Baer Park has a playground, baseball field, basketball courts, tennis courts, shuffleboard area, and walking path.

Government
The City of Waterville is organized as a Strong Administrator form of government.  The City Administrator is the CEO of the Municipal Corporation, overseeing the day-to-day operations of the city.  The mayor (currently Timothy Pedro) and City Council members (currently Barb Bruno, Anthony Bruno, Rodney Frey, Mary Duncan, Todd Borowski, and John Rozic) serve part-time.

Education
Anthony Wayne School District administers public schools in the city.

Waterville has a public library, a branch of the Toledo-Lucas County Public Library.

Infrastructure
The city has a full-time police department and public works department. The fire department is staffed by a full-time fire chief and deputy chief, and is supported by a combination of part-time and volunteer firefighters.

References

External links
 more Waterville, Ohio info from Toledo.com
 Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor, history of Waterville

Cities in Lucas County, Ohio
1830 establishments in Ohio
Populated places established in 1830
Cities in Ohio

Waterville, Ohio


Jeffrey Allen "Skunk" Baxter (born December 13, 1948) is an American guitarist, known for his stints in the rock bands Steely Dan and The Doobie Brothers during the 1970s and Spirit in the 1980s. More recently, he has worked as a defense consultant and advised U.S. members of Congress on missile defense. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Doobie Brothers in 2020.

Early life and education
Jeffrey Baxter was born in Washington, D.C., and spent some of his formative years in Mexico. He graduated from the Taft School in 1967 in Watertown, Connecticut, and was a self-described preppie. He enrolled at the School of Public Communication (now College of Communication) at Boston University in September 1967, where he studied journalism while continuing to perform with local bands.  His freshman roommate was blues musician James Montgomery.

Music career

Early years
Baxter joined his first band at age 11. At the Taft School, he played drums in a band called King Thunder and the Lightning Bolts. While still a high school student, he worked at Manny's Music Shop in Manhattan in 1966. At Manny's, Baxter met guitarist Jimi Hendrix, who was just beginning his career as a frontman. Later, Baxter claimed to have sat in with the Hendrix-led band Jimmy James and the Blue Flames, when the regular bassist could not make the show.  Moving to Boston to attend college, Baxter worked as a guitar technician and amplifier repairman at Jack's Drum Shop on Boylston Street.

Baxter first reached a wide rock audience in 1968 as a member of the psychedelic rock band Ultimate Spinach.

Baxter joined the band for Ultimate Spinach III, their third and final album. After leaving the band, he played with the Holy Modal Rounders and backed singer Buzzy Linhart. By this time, he was using the moniker "Skunk," although the nickname's origins have been kept secret by Baxter.

With Steely Dan
After the breakup of Ultimate Spinach, Baxter relocated to Los Angeles, finding work as a session guitarist.

In 1972, he became a founding member of the band Steely Dan, along with guitarist Denny Dias, guitarist-bassist Walter Becker, keyboardist-vocalist Donald Fagen, drummer Jim Hodder and vocalist David Palmer.

Baxter appeared with Steely Dan on their first three albums, Can't Buy a Thrill in 1972, Countdown to Ecstasy in 1973, and Pretzel Logic in 1974. He contributed the guitar fills and signature solo heard on the group's highest charting hit "Rikki Don't Lose That Number."

With The Doobie Brothers
While finishing work on Pretzel Logic, Baxter became aware of Becker and Fagen's intentions to retire Steely Dan from touring and work almost exclusively with session players. With that in mind, Baxter left the band in 1974 to join The Doobie Brothers, who at the time were touring in support of their fourth album What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits.

As a session man, he had contributed pedal steel guitar on Vices as well as "South City Midnight Lady" on its predecessor, The Captain and Me. Baxter's first album as a full member of the group was 1975's Stampede. He contributed an acoustic interlude ("Precis") and significant turns on slide and pedal steel guitar.

While preparing to tour in support of Stampede, Doobie Brothers founder Tom Johnston was hospitalized with a stomach ailment. To fill in for Johnston on vocals, Baxter suggested bringing in singer-keyboardist Michael McDonald, with whom Baxter had worked in Steely Dan. With Johnston still convalescing, McDonald soon was invited to join the band full-time. McDonald's vocal and songwriting contributions, as well as Baxter's jazzier guitar style, marked a new direction for the band. They went on to continued success with the 1976 album Takin' It to the Streets, 1977's Livin' on the Fault Line, and particularly 1978's Minute by Minute, which spent five weeks as the #1 album in the U.S. and spawned several hit singles; Baxter's work on the album includes an extended solo at the end of the closing track "How Do the Fools Survive?".

In early 1979, Baxter and co-founding drummer John Hartman left the band.

Later music career
Baxter has continued working as a session guitarist for a diverse group of artists, including Willy DeVille, Bryan Adams, Hoyt Axton, Eric Clapton, Gene Clark, Sheryl Crow, Freddie Hubbard, Tim Weisberg, Joni Mitchell, Ricky Nelson, Dolly Parton, Carly Simon, Ringo Starr, Gene Simmons, Rod Stewart, Burton Cummings, Barbra Streisand, and Donna Summer. He has worked as a touring musician for Elton John, Linda Ronstadt, and Billy Vera and the Beaters.

In 1982, he featured on Spirit's album Spirit of '84, released as The Thirteenth Dream outside of the US.

In 1984, Baxter played keyboards with Bobby and the Midnites' Bob Weir, Billy Cobham, Bobby Cochran, Kenny Gradney ("Tigger"), and Dave Garland at the Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey. That same year, he produced and played guitar and synthesizer on the band's album Where the Beat Meets the Street on Columbia Records.

In 1986, Baxter joined James Brown and Maceo Parker on guitar for several North American tour dates.

In 1990, Baxter joined John Entwistle, Joe Walsh, Keith Emerson, Simon Phillips and relatively unknown vocalist Rick Livingstone in a supergroup called The Best.  The group released a live performance video in Japan before disbanding. He also produced two albums for the hard rock band Nazareth, and also produced albums for Carl Wilson, Livingston Taylor, The Ventures, and Nils Lofgren. He was producer on the 1982 Bob Welch album Eye Contact. In 1991 Baxter also produced a documentary video, "Guitar" (Warner Brothers VHS and LaserDisc), in which he travels the world and interviews guitarists he admires. In 1994 he performed on the video game Tuneland.

In 1997 Baxter scored the movie The Curse of Inferno.

Baxter continues to do studio work, most recently on tribute albums to Pink Floyd and Aerosmith. In 2012, he appeared on keyboardist Brian Auger's Language of the Heart, and The Beach Boys' That's Why God Made the Radio. He also occasionally plays in The Coalition of the Willing, a band comprising Andras Simonyi, Hungarian Ambassador to the United States; Alexander Vershbow, US Ambassador to South Korea; Daniel Poneman, formerly of the United States National Security Council and later the Obama Administration's Deputy Secretary of Energy; and Lincoln Bloomfield Jr., former United States Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs. On June 19, 2007, Baxter jammed with former White House Press Secretary Tony Snow's band Beats Workin' at the Congressional Picnic held on the White House South Lawn.

Other media
Baxter appeared on the TV sitcom What's Happening!! in the two-part episode "Doobie or Not Doobie" (1978) as a member of the Doobie Brothers.

Baxter worked on the animated TV series King of the Hill  in 1997, composing songs for three episodes: "Peggy the Boggle Champ", "Hank's Unmentionables Problem", and "Square Peg". Also in 1997, he worked on two other TV series as a composer: The Blues Brothers Animated Series and The Curse of Inferno. He composed for Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories TV series episode "Bootsie Barker Bites/Ruby the Copycat" in 1993, the Pee-wee's Playhouse episode "Tons of Fun"  in 1987, and the Beverly Hills, 90210 episode "The Green Room" in 1990. He is credited on the movie soundtrack for the feature film Roxanne (1987) as writer and producer for the songs "Party Tonight" and "Can This Be Love". Other credits include music for Class of 1984 (1982): "You Better Not Step Out of Line" and as a performer on "Suburbanite". He appeared in the film Blues Brothers 2000 and can be heard on the cast album.

Baxter has appeared in a number of documentaries, including Jan & Dean: The Other Beach Boys (2002), The History of Rock 'n' Roll (1995), American Bandstand's 40th Anniversary Special (1995), Emerson (2013), Turn It Up! (2013), Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who (2007), Overnight (2003), The Doobie Brothers: Let the Music Play (2012), The Making of 'Blues Brothers 2000'  (1998) and Guitar (1991).

Defense consulting career

Baxter fell into his second profession almost by accident. In the mid-1980s, his interest in music recording technology led him to wonder about hardware and software originally developed for military use, specifically data compression algorithms and large-capacity storage devices.

His next-door neighbor was a retired engineer who had worked on the Sidewinder missile program. This neighbor bought Baxter a subscription to Aviation Week magazine, provoking his interest in additional military-oriented publications and missile defense systems in particular. He became self-taught in this area, and at one point wrote a five-page paper that proposed converting the ship-based anti-aircraft Aegis missile into a rudimentary missile defense system.

He gave the paper to California Republican Congressman Dana Rohrabacher, and his career as a defense consultant began.
Baxter received a series of security clearances so he could work with classified information. In 1995, Pennsylvania Republican Congressman Curt Weldon, then the chairman of the House Military Research and Development Subcommittee, nominated Baxter to chair the Civilian Advisory Board for Ballistic Missile Defense.

Baxter's work with that panel led to consulting contracts with the Pentagon's Missile Defense Agency and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. He consults for the US Department of Defense and the US intelligence community, as well as defense-oriented manufacturers such as Science Applications International Corporation, Northrop Grumman Corp., General Dynamics, and General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. He has said his unconventional approach to thinking about terrorism, tied to his interest in technology, is a major reason the government sought his assistance.

"We thought turntables were for playing records until rappers began to use them as instruments, and we thought airplanes were for carrying passengers until terrorists realized they could be used as missiles," Baxter has said. "My big thing is to look at existing technologies and try to see other ways they can be used, which happens in music all the time and happens to be what terrorists are incredibly good at."

Baxter has also appeared in public debates and as a guest on CNN and Fox News advocating missile defense. He served as a national spokesman for Americans for Missile Defense, a coalition of organizations devoted to the issue.

In 2000, Baxter considered challenging Representative Brad Sherman for the 24th Congressional District seat in California before deciding not to run.

In April 2005, he joined the NASA Exploration Systems Advisory Committee.

Baxter was a member of an independent study group that produced the Civil Applications Committee Blue Ribbon Study recommending an increased domestic role for US spy satellites in September 2005.
This study was first reported by The Wall Street Journal on August 15, 2007. He is listed as "Senior Thinker and Raconteur" at the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, and is a Senior Fellow and Member of the Board of Regents at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.

Discography

With Richie Havens
 The End of the Beginning (A&M Records, 1976)
 Connections (Elektra Records, 1980)

With Steve Cropper
 Night After Night (MCA Records, 1982)

With Glen Campbell
 Somethin' 'Bout You Baby I Like (Capitol Records, 1980)

With Dolly Parton
 Heartbreaker (RCA Records, 1978)
 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (RCA Records, 1980)
 Heartbreak Express (RCA Records, 1982)

With Ringo Starr
 Time Takes Time (Private Music, 1992)
 Vertical Man (Mercury Records, 1998)

With Jackie DeShannon
 Quick Touches (Amherst Records, 1978)

With Livingston Taylor
 Man's Best Friend (Epic Records, 1980)

With Al Kooper
 Championship Wrestling (Columbia Records, 1982)

With Steely Dan
 Can't Buy a Thrill (ABC Records, 1972)
 Countdown to Ecstasy (ABC Records, 1973)
 Pretzel Logic (ABC Records, 1974)

With Rod Stewart
 Tonight I'm Yours (Warner Bros. Records, 1981)
 When We Were the New Boys (Warner Bros. Records, 1998)

With Dalbello
 Drastic Measures (Capitol Records, 1981)

With Judy Collins
 Hard Times for Lovers (Elektra Records, 1979)

With Carly Simon
 Carly Simon (Elektra Records, 1971)
 Playing Possum (Elektra Records, 1975)
 Another Passenger (Elektra Records, 1976)

With Leo Sayer
 Here (Warner Bros.Records, 1979)

With Joe Cocker
 Heart & Soul (EMI, 2004)

With Elton John
 Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Deluxe Edition - Live Concert, Wembley, June 21, 1975  (Island reissue, 2005)

With Deniece Williams
 I'm So Proud (Columbia Records, 1983)
 Let's Hear It for the Boy (Columbia Records, 1984)

With John Mellencamp
 Nothin' Matters and What If It Did (Riva Records, 1980)

With Albert King
 Red House (Essential Records, 1991)

With Dusty Springfield
 It Begins Again (Mercury Records, 1978)

With Barbra Streisand
 Wet (Columbia Records, 1979)
 Till I Loved You (Columbia Records, 1988)

With Tom Rush
 Ladies Love Outlaws (Columbia Records, 1974)

With Donna Summer
 Bad Girls (Casablanca Records, 1979)
 The Wanderer (Geffen, 1980)

With Cher
 Stars (Warner Bros. Records, 1975)

With Carl Wilson
 Youngblood (Caribou Records, 1983)

With Steve Goodman
 Hot Spot (Asylum Records, 1980)
 Unfinished Business (Red Pajamas, 1987)

With Joni Mitchell
 The Hissing of Summer Lawns (Asylum Records, 1975)

Solo albums
Speed of Heat (2022, BMG REcords)

References

External links

 Editor & Publisher article referencing the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association dinner
 Article and photos about the "Coalition of the Willing" band
 NASA Establishes Exploration Systems Advisory Committee, NASA.gov
 Interview on Today show (December 2005), MSNBC.com

 Jeff "Skunk" Baxter Interview at NAMM Oral History Library (2001)

American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Guitarists from Washington, D.C.
Pedal steel guitarists
American session musicians
The Doobie Brothers members
Taft School alumni
Boston University College of Communication alumni
1948 births
Living people
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition people
Songwriters from Washington, D.C.
Lead guitarists
Slide guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
The Holy Modal Rounders members
The Best (band) members

Jeff Baxter


Andrew James Edward Hibbert (born 17 December 1974) is a former English cricketer.  Hibbert was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.  He was born in Harold Wood, London.

Hibbert made his first-class debut for Essex against Cambridge University in the 1995 season.  From 1995 to 1998, he represented the county in 7 first-class matches, the last of which came against Hampshire.  In his 7 first-class matches, he scored 236 runs at a batting average of 21.45, with a single half century high score of 85.  In the field he took 5 catches.  With the ball he took 3 wickets at a bowling average of 16.33, with best figures of 3/16.

It was for Essex that he made his debut in List A cricket, which came against Leicestershire in the 1996 AXA Equity League.  From 1996 to 1998, he represented the county in 8 List A matches, the last of which came against the touring South Africans.

Hibbert later played List A cricket for the Essex Cricket Board, making his debut against Ireland in the 1999 NatWest Trophy.  From 1999 to 2001, he represented the Board in 4 List A matches, the last of which came against Suffolk in the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy.  In his career total of 12 List A matches, he scored 170 runs at an average of 17.00, with a single half century high score of 59.  In the field he took 3 catches.

References

External links
Andrew Hibbert at Cricinfo
Andrew Hibbert at CricketArchive

1974 births
Living people
People from Harold Wood
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Havering
Cricketers from Greater London
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
Essex Cricket Board cricketers

Andrew Hibbert


Hans-Joachim Mack (30 March 1928 – 6 April 2008) was a German general of the Bundeswehr and Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) from 1984 to 1987.

Biography
Mack was born in Bischofsburg, East Prussia, Weimar Germany (today Biskupiec, Poland). At the end of World War II he served as a Flakhelfer.

Mack joined the Bundesgrenzschutz in 1952 and the Bundeswehr tank troops as an officer cadet in 1956. He attended his General Staff Training Course at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in 1962 – 1964 and served in several position in the Panzertroops.

He was promoted to Colonel and became the commander of the Panzerbrigade 14 in 1972. As a Brigadier-General he commanded the Armoured Corps Training Centre (Kampftruppenschule 2) and the Fachschule des Heeres für Erziehung from 1975 to 1978. Until 1979 he was the commander of the 6. Panzergrenadierdivision and served at NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe until 1983. From 1983 to 1984 he commanded the Bundeswehr's III Korps. On 2 April 1984 Mack was promoted to Deputy Commander Supreme Allied Command Europe, a position he held until his retirement in 1987.

References

1928 births
2008 deaths
People from Biskupiec
Military personnel from East Prussia
Generals of the German Army
Bundeswehr generals
NATO military personnel
Luftwaffenhelfer
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Hans-Joachim Mack


Crusinallo, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy). It was an independent town until 1928. The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno. The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla.

Settlements in Verbano-Cusio-Ossola

Crusinallo


J Strother Moore (his first name is the alphabetic character "J" – not an abbreviated "J.") is a computer scientist. He is a co-developer of the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm, Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm, and the Boyer–Moore automated theorem prover, Nqthm. He made pioneering contributions to structure sharing including the piece table data structure and early logic programming. An example of the workings of the Boyer–Moore string search algorithm is given in Moore's website. Moore received his Bachelor of Science (BS) in mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970 and his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in computational logic at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland in 1973.

In addition, Moore is a co-author of the ACL2 automated theorem prover and its predecessors including Nqthm, for which he received, with Robert S. Boyer and Matt Kaufmann, the 2005 ACM Software System Award. He and others used ACL2 to prove the correctness of the floating point division operations of the AMD K5 microprocessor in the wake of the Pentium FDIV bug.

For his contributions to automated deduction, Moore received the 1999 Herbrand Award with Robert S. Boyer, and in 2006 he was inducted as a Fellow in the Association for Computing Machinery. Moore was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2007 for contributions to automated reasoning about computing systems. He is also a Fellow of the AAAI. He was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2015.

He is currently the Admiral B.R. Inman Centennial Chair in Computing Theory at The University of Texas at Austin, and was chair of the Department of Computer Science from 2001–2009.

Before joining the Department of Computer Sciences as the chair, he formed a company, Computational Logic Inc., along with others including his close friend at the University of Texas at Austin and one of the highly regarded professors in the field of automated reasoning, Robert S. Boyer.

Moore enjoys rock climbing.

See also
Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm

References

External links

"My" Best Ideas (from J Strother Moore's home page)
Boyer–Moore fast string search algorithm
Machines Reasoning about Machines, talk by J Strother Moore given at EPFL in 2011, providing an overview of some of his work

American computer scientists
Formal methods people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering

J Strother Moore


Someone smoking a pipe or a cigarette will exhale tobacco fumes. People who are physically close to the smoker will inhale these fumes. This is called passive smoking.  Even though passive smokers don't some themselves, they are still affected by the smoke. The effects of inhaling tobacco smoke are similar to those of smoking. These effects were first studied in the 1970s. Since then, many countries have made laws that limit who is allowed to smoke, and where smoking is allowed. As an example, many countries made laws that forbid smoking in restauarants, to protect the staff against the effects of passive smoking.

Smoking

Passive smoking


Heskestad is a village in Lund municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The village is located in the western part of Lund, along the European route E39 highway and the Sørlandet Line, about  northwest of the village of Moi. Heskestad Station is a now-closed railway station located in the village.

Heskestad is also a parish in the Church of Norway.  Heskestad Church, dating back to 1904, is located in the village and it is the church for the parish, serving the western part of Lund.

Heskestad was the administrative centre of the municipality of Heskestad which existed from 1838 until 1965.

References

Villages in Rogaland
Lund, Norway

Heskestad


Choc-Ola is an American chocolate beverage that was formulated in the 1940s by Harry Normington, Sr. from Pennsylvania.

Choc-Ola was based out of Indianapolis from 1944 until 1977, when Normington sold the brand to Moxie Industries. The Indianapolis plant had a large, white and black spotted cow on a white pole, located at the south end of the main parking lot. This was to inform the public that their product was milk-based. After Moxie, Choc-Ola was owned by various companies, the last of which was Dr Pepper Snapple Group in 2009, which retired the product.

In early 2010, Dan Iaria, the owner of the Rock-Cola '50s Café in Indianapolis, secured the trademark, and began selling Choc-Ola again. On March 21, 2011, it was announced that an agreement was made with Prairie Farms to produce and distribute Choc-Ola through South Bend, Indiana-based Martin's Super Markets, a regional 21-store chain. Prairie Farms announced later that year that they planned to eventually distribute Choc-Ola in 17 states in individual-sized bottles and half-gallon jugs, primarily at grocery stores and convenience stores.

Pete Rose partnership
In 1978, Pete Rose, a well-known sports figure of his era, contacted Choc-Ola in an attempt to partner with them. Rose and Choc-Ola launched a separate chocolate beverage, officially endorsed by Rose, called "Pete", assuming that his popularity at the time would make a Rose-endorsed beverage a successful business venture. However, per Rose's contract, he was prohibited from making any unauthorized advertising reference to the Cincinnati Reds, including being shown in his Reds ball cap. This hindered the success of the Pete beverage, and the drink was shelved almost as quickly as it was conceived.

References

External links
 choc-ola.com

Chocolate drinks
American drinks

Choc-Ola


Method acting is sometimes employed by certain actors to evoke realistic emotions into their performance by drawing on personal experiences. Raymond Hamden, a clinical and forensic psychologist, defines the purpose of method acting as "compartmentalizing their own feelings while playing another character [so] they could bring the emotions of that personal feeling to cry if they needed to with that character."

However, when these emotions are not compartmentalized, they can encroach on other facets of life, often seeming to disrupt the actor's psyche. This occurs as the actor delves into previous emotional experiences, be they joyful or traumatic. The psychological effects, like emotional fatigue, comes when suppressed or unresolved raw emotions are unburied to add to the character, not just from the employing personal emotions in performance. The question becomes whether the actor calls up resolved or unresolved emotions in their acting.

Psychological effects

The psychological effects of method acting vary in intensity from individual to individual. Some common effects include:
Fatigue
Fear
Anxiety
Shame
Irritability
Sleep deprivation
Personality changes
Psychotic disorders

Fatigue, or emotional fatigue, comes mainly when actors "create dissonance between their actions and their actual feelings". A mode of acting referred to as "surface acting" involves only changing one's actions without altering the deeper thought processes. Method acting, when employed correctly, is mainly deep acting, or changing thoughts as well as actions, proven to generally avoid excessive fatigue. Surface acting is statistically "positively associated with a negative mood and this explains some of the association of surface acting with increased emotional exhaustion." This negative mood that is created leads to fear, anxiety, feelings of shame and sleep deprivation. A big but overlooked effect can be changing your personality to the character. You may find yourself not trying to method acting but act like the character. If you find yourself doing that try to refrain from method acting so much or pretend you are portraying yourself.

Raw emotion or unresolved emotions conjured up for acting may result in a sleep deprivation, anger, depression, anxiety and the cyclical nature of the ensuing side effects. Sleep deprivation alone can lead to impaired function, causing some individuals to "acute episodes of psychosis". Sleep deprivation initiates chemical changes in the brain that can lead to behavior similar to psychotic individuals. These episodes can lead to more lasting psychological damage. In cases where raw emotion that has not been resolved, or traumas have been evoked before closure has been reached by the individual, the emotion can result in greater emotional instability and increased sense of anxiety, sadness, fear or shame.

The main psychological problems seen in method acting come from two facets of the emotional acting technique. The most well-known issue stems from the inability of actors to compartmentalize the emotions of the character from their own in daily life. Actors can sometimes have difficulty separating their role from reality when they dive deeply into the psyche of their character. The second problem seen in method acting occurs by way of the technique itself. Actors are tasked with reflecting upon personal emotional events from their past in order to establish the emotional response required by the specific scene in question. When these intense emotions are elicited by recollecting personal experiences of pain, anger, fear, or love, etc, but there is no therapist or counselor to help the individual process, compartmentalize and ultimately heal from those personal experiences, actors can experience a number negative reactions, including generalized anxiety, situational anxiety/fear, depression, episodic anger and post-traumatic stress disorder, among others.

Generally, the actors who suffer personality changes and psychotic disorders as a result of their difficulty separating role from reality already have some psychotic tendencies or are emotionally unstable. Those who have dissociative identity disorder "can't recognize that the role isn't theirs" and, even though these individuals appear normal, they have psychotic disorders that sometimes take months to identify.   Dissociative identity disorder is a chemically based disorder that results from "high stress and trauma." What these individuals experience psychologically can further detriment their chemical and physiological makeup.

One factor that is rarely discussed when observing the emotional effects of method acting is that the individuals who practice method acting may already be emotionally unstable. Hamden notes that "many actors have had a traumatic life, [and] acting gives [them] the opportunity to be someone else." These individuals are already emotionally unstable and so the effects of method acting are more severe for them. It is only a minority of people, about 32%, that will have extreme traumatic experiences.

Management
In the professional acting field, most companies have a psychoanalyst that consults on films to give analysis and characteristics for characters. Their responsibility lies in aiding actors in understanding how the character would act. These professionals help when actors cannot relate. Their responsibility is to draw connections and pull raw emotions from the actor to connect with the character.

Under professional supervision, method acting proves safe and effective. Many actors find the practice of method acting cathartic, similar to psychiatrist Jacob L. Moreno's psychodrama. In this technique, a professional aids in keeping the individual in alignment while they achieve closure for traumatic emotional damage. The harmful situations in method acting arise when there is no professional supervising the process, such as in "cult-like" weekend courses provided by unqualified individuals that cannot monitor the individuals and keep them in alignment psychologically.

This would be evident in weekend courses where the instructor promises to instruct method acting to a large public class. The instructor would then be incapable of meeting the psychological needs of each individual in the class after their scene has ended, before the next can begin. Harmful psychological effects arise "when control of necessary skill falls short, [and] the balance [shifts] to the negative." This occurs "because the [psychological] risks are in fact greater than anticipated, or because unanticipated obstacles or hurdles arise." The acting situation then becomes threatening and results in the unpleasant feelings of fear, anxiety or shame.

Correlation between acting and physiology
It is commonly believed that there is a strong correlation between acting and the physiological reaction to acting. According to the task-emotion theory, "the positive emotions of the actor should be coupled with a specific physiological activation. In particular, excited physical reactions were expected to co-exist with task-emotions such as tension, excitement, and challenge." The emotion-task theory proposes that "the 'action tendencies' in characters occupy a special place and differ somewhat from [the] impulses in general behavior." However, studies have been done that show that the correlation between emotions and physical reactions are moderately weak.

The danger comes when control precedence "manifests itself by sudden interruptions of behavior, changes in behavior or by persistence of [character's] behavior." "Control precedence" by emotions is the "feelings, thoughts, impulses, actions or activation going along with aroused emotion that takes precedence over other planned or half executed thoughts, feelings, impulses, etc." Control precedence is the main concern for method acting. It proves a challenge for actors to come out of character after employing method acting techniques, sometimes altering their behavior, urging them to follow impulses that would be foreign to their own personal nature. This difficulty of returning to one's own behavior is the common concern linked with method acting.

Notes

References

Drama
Acting techniques
Psychological effects
Cause (medicine)

Psychological effects of method acting


Allen's, earlier A. W. Allen Limited, is an Australian brand of confectionery products produced by Nestlé. Allen's is the top brand of sugar confectionery in Australia. It is best known for Minties, a soft chewable mint-flavoured confectionery, and their varieties of 'Party Mix' lollies.

History
Allen's was founded by Alfred Weaver Allen (1870–1925), a Melbourne confectioner. Originally employed by MacRobertson's, he commenced confectionery production in 1891 at his Fitzroy confectionery shop. By 1909, Allen's was the third largest confectionery business in Melbourne, after those of MacRobertson and Abel Hoadley. It launched as a public company in 1922. It moved from an adjacent site to a vast factory built to the design of prominent Melbourne architect Joseph Plottel in South Melbourne on the banks of the Yarra River (which had formerly housed Holden's first Australian plant and Kraft Walker Foods),  in the 1950s. Its animated neon sign was a local landmark up to its demise in 1987.

Allen's abandoned chocolate production after World War II, however it became Australia's largest confectionery company. Allen's was purchased by UK-based Rothmans Holdings in 1985. Two years later it was sold to Nestlé.

Products and brands

Current

 Fantales –
 Jaffas
 Minties
 Sherbies
 Milko
 Red Ripperz
 Bananas
 Classic Party Mix
 Party Mix
 Retro Party Mix
 Chew Mix
 Fruits & Cream
 Jelly Beans
 Killer Pythons
 Kool Mints
 Kool Fruits
 Snakes Alive
 Frogs Alive
 Cheekies
 Strawberries & Cream
 Pineapples
 Freckles
 All About Red
 Jungle Stretchies
 Sea Stretchies
 Milk Bottles
 Ice Pops
 Sorbet Cones
 Ripe Raspberries
 Spearmint Leaves –
 Black Cats
 Bites Mini Chocolate Raspberries
 Bites Mini White Choc Raspberries
 Bites Mini Chocolate Black Cat
 Bites Mini Chocolate Bananas
 Oak Flavoured Milk Bottles and Oak Iced Coffee Milk Bottles
Sourz Snakes Alive
 Sourz Tangy Randoms
 Sourz Frogs Alive
 Sherbies Sour Fizz Chews

Former

 Ace chewing gum
 Cobbers
 Bursting Bees
 Butter menthols
 Cure-em-quick (later Check-em-quick)
 Irish Moss gum jubes
 Jelly Tots – First introduced in 1998, discontinued in 2004; temporarily reintroduced in 2015
 Q. T. fruit drops
 Steamrollers
 Tangy Tots
 Green Frogs – Discontinued in 2015 due to poor sales
 Kool Chocs – Discontinued in 2015
 Racing Cars
 Spearmint
 Oddfellows
 Marella Jubes – Discontinued in 2018 due to poor sales
 Grubs – Part of Allen's reduced sugar range
 Strawbs – Part of Allen's reduced sugar range
 Frog Family
 Peaches & Cream
 Drumstick
 Frosty Fruits

Adjustments to product lines
In October 2014, Allen's reduced the size of the 'Killer Python' product in order to reduce its portion size. It shrunk from 47 grams (630kJ) to 24 grams (336kJ). The price of the snake was also adjusted accordingly.

In June 2015, the 'Spearmint Leaves' and 'Green Frogs' product lines were discontinued as they were not selling well, although 'Spearmint Leaves' were reintroduced in 2020. Spokesperson for Allen's parent company Nestlé, Margaret Stuart, has said that the 'Red Frogs' "outsell the green 10 to one".

In June 2023 Allen's announced that production of an Australian favourite, Fantales, was to be discontinued due to declining sales.

Notes

See also

List of oldest companies in Australia

References

External links

1891 establishments in Australia
Australian companies established in 1891
Products introduced in 1891
Australian brands
Australian confectionery
Brand name confectionery
Nestlé brands

Allen's


Robert Uno Normann (27 June 1916 – 20 May 1998) was a Norwegian guitarist and considered a jazz guitar pioneer.

Career
Normann was an autodidact performer on the accordion and tenor saxophone, and eventually on the guitar as his main instrument. He was one of the swing era's most sought guitar soloists in Norway, and was also a pioneer of electric guitar. His first electric guitar was enabled in 1939 by constructing a pickup of copper wire, magnets and pitch, stolen from public phones, Normann told in an interview with Jon Larsen.

Background
Normann began his musical career as a wandering street and backyard musician at age 12. He was a professional musician in 1937. On Oslo jazz scene he performed in several swing jazz groups. He played with Freddy Valier in 1938, String Swing in 1939–42, Gunnar Due in 1939–41, and simultaneously led his own quartet. In this period he also played tenor saxophone and was with the Pete Brown Big Band from 1945 and various random jazz groups. He played concerts with his own solo section and could be heard at the revue theaters "Edderkoppen" and Chat Noir for several years. He also played with Frank Ottersen, and later Willy Andresen. He got several career offers from international artists, including from Benny Goodman and Barney Kessel, that he turned down. In 1988 the jazz recordings of Normann were for the first time collected and reissued on the label Hot Club Records (produced by Jon Larsen, who also wrote biographical articles about Normann). After his death, the old recordings were taken over by his family (Normann Records).

Style of play
Normanns play can mislead people into thinking that Django Reinhardt was the inspiration, but by his own account he never listened recordings with the French guitarist, but to American musicians Teddy Wilson and Leon Chu Berry, and various accordionists. From 1955, he was less active in the jazz context, for example because of significant alcohol problems.

Television recordings
Normann was one of the first that started with trick recordings in Les Paul style. In his repertoire you find concertos for accordion, arranged and performed on guitar. Normann was presented for the Norwegian audience through break programs produced for NRK in 1971 and 1974. As a studio musician Normann is currently registered with the participation of close to 1300 productions, and in the period from 1968 to 1982 he was responsible for several musical productions for Riksteatret. He has composed music to multiple folk texts, among others by Alf Prøysen, and has also composed music for film and theater and small pieces of music inspired by jazz and traditional Norwegian folk music.

Retirement
Normann retired as an active musician in 1982, and devoted his time to small scale farming and inventions. Inspired by the re-release of his recordings by Hot Club Records, produced by guitarist Jon Larsen, Normann entered the studio again in 1992, for the last time with the music he called "Syv stubbær for én gitar og trommer" (Seven pieces for the guitar and drums). His latest bass player Håkon Nilsen was deceased, and Normann replaced him by placing a microphone oktavboks of the three lowest guitar strings. The one time so wital giant withdrew gradually from the outside world, and lived his last years in isolation in Kvastebyen, Skjeberg, Østfold, hence the characteristic "the jazz version of Greta Garbo" by Knut Borge.

The organization Friends of Robert Normann
Robert Normanns Venner (Friends of Robert Normann) was founded in 1999 with the purpose of collecting and disseminating information about Normann's artistic work. The association was previously located in Sarpsborg, Østfold, but is currently under Normann Records, operated by the Normann family with Wenche Normann as manager.

Plays on Riksteatret

1968 Venner og elskere
1975 Fugleelskerne
1976 Frieriet
1976 Gjete kongens harer
1976 En sommernattsdrøm
1976 Tobakkens uheldige virkninger
1976 Bjørnen
1976 Jeppe på Bjerget
1976 Østenfor sol og vestenfor måne
1977 Victoria
1977 Troll kan temmes
1977 Revisoren
1978 Kameliadamen
1978 Tor med hammer'n
1978 Geografi og kjærlighet
1979 Det hendte i Riga
1979 Landet hvor alt er annerledes
1982 Balladen om Robin Hood

Discography

Solo recordings
Recordings with different early jazz groups are released on the label Jazz Hot & Swing – Jazz in Norway 1920–1940
2001: Sigarett stomp – Jazz in Norway 1940–1950
1988: Robert Normann vol. 1 – String Swing (1938–1941)
1988: Robert Normann vol. 2 – Sigarett Stomp

Later radio recordings of small groups and his own solos
1990: Robert Normann vol. 3 – Tricky Fingers (1959–89)
1988: Robert Normann vol. 4 – Perpetuum mobile and other rare recordings 1959–1974
1996: The Best of Robert Normann (1941–1989)

Collaborations
With Inger Jacobsen with Robert Normanns Kvartet
1956: På En Bar I Rio Single (Columbia Records)

With Alf Prøysen
 – Alf Prøysen Single (Philips)

With Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa
1963: Plays Norwegian Dances 1 Single (RCA Victor)

References

External links

Robert Normann Biography by Johs Bergh on Store Norske Leksikon
Robert Normanns Venner
Extended biography with photo on Norsk Musikkinformasjon
Robert Uno Normann Biography by Jon Larsen on NRK

Norwegian jazz guitarists
Norwegian jazz composers
Spellemannprisen winners
Musicians from Sarpsborg
1916 births
1998 deaths
Hot Club Records artists
20th-century guitarists
20th-century jazz composers

Robert Normann


Samuel Moses "Moe" Hurwitz (January 28, 1919 – October 28, 1944) DCM, MM, was a Canadian soldier. He was the most highly decorated non-commissioned member of the Canadian Grenadier Guards during the Second World War and may have been the most decorated Jewish Canadian soldier of the war. Hurwitz was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as one of thirteen children, most of whom served in the war. He was, prior to enlisting, a Golden Gloves boxer and a very talented hockey player. In fact, the Boston Bruins invited him to try out for them, but he chose, instead, to enlist in the Canadian Army when war broke out.

Earning the Military Medal

Hurwitz was awarded the Military Medal for extraordinary heroism and leadership in his first major action in France, on the afternoon of August 4, 1944, during the epic Battle for the Falaise Road.  Reginald Roy of the Canadian War Museum described it as "one of the most swiftly successful troop actions by Canadian tanks in the entire Normandy Campaign".  Moe was then second-in-command of #4 Troop, #3 Squadron of the 22nd Canadian Armoured Regiment (Canadian Grenadier Guards).  Although missing one of its usual four Sherman tanks, and without infantry support, the group of 15 Grenadiers assaulted the flank of the main enemy defensive position in front of the village of Cintheaux.  In little over ten minutes, they destroyed 11 German anti-tank guns, including six 88's, and forced two others to withdraw.  The Grenadiers also killed at least 15 Germans, captured 31 others, and opened a kilometer-wide gap in the German front line, against a loss of only one Guardsman killed and one wounded.

The citation which accompanied the Military Medal read as follows:

On August 4, 1944, during the heavy fighting, Sgt Hurwitz, Canadian Armoured Corps, was ordered to cover by fire his troop leader's assault on an enemy position. On arriving at the position it was found necessary to dismount and attack on foot. During the fight a burning enemy self-propelled gun blew up, and killed and wounded a number of men of the troop. Sgt Hurwitz was pinned under a tree by the explosion, but managed to extricate himself, and although burned from the blast and slightly wounded, he picked up a Bren gun and with his officer led the assault on the enemy position. The position which was a strong one and had been holding up the entire squadron, was taken. Thirty-one prisoners were captured, and a number of enemy killed. Sgt Hurwitz displayed a fine degree of leadership and offensive spirit, and by this action was largely responsible for the subsequent capture of the town of Cintheaux itself.

Hurwitz was awarded the Military Medal on August 8, 1944.

Earning the Distinguished Conduct Medal

Six weeks later, Hurwitz was in command of #4 Troop.  On September 12, 1944, assisted by three anti-aircraft Crusader tanks and C Company of the Algonquin Regiment (Motor Infantry), the Troop seized the railway station at Philippine, the Netherlands, thus sealing off the German forces in the Breskens Pocket, during the Battle of the Scheldt.  That morning, again with a lack of infantry support, Hurwitz dismounted and undertook the actions that would earn him the Distinguished Conduct Medal, the second highest award that a non-commissioned member could earn at the time.  Armed only with a pistol and accompanied by two Guardsmen, Hurwitz personally attacked two German machine guns and captured 25 enemy soldiers.  He later helped knock out another 88mm anti-tank gun.  In all, the little force took 150 prisoners at Philippine.

The citation which accompanied the Distinguished Conduct Medal read as follows:

On September 12, 1944, No.3 Squadron, Canadian Armoured Regiment, with one rifle company and a carrier scout platoon of the Algonquin Regiment under command, was ordered to seize and hold the railroad station at Sluiskil. A force made up of one infantry platoon, one section of three carriers, and a tank troop commanded by Sgt Hurwitz, was ordered to assault an intermediate strong point which consisted of slit-trenches, ditches, and a number of houses on the road to the station. Upon reaching the objective the enemy were found to be in strength, and a fierce close quarter combat ensued in deep ditches and houses where tanks could not be used to advantage. Sgt Hurwitz quickly appreciated that more men were needed on the ground and leaped from his tank, taking with him two crew members. Under covering fire from his tank, Sgt Hurwitz and the two men with him cleared three buildings, and elaborate trench systems. Sgt Hurwitz then personally charged two machine-gun posts. His only weapon was a pistol, but his daring and determination unnerved the machine-gun crews, and the positions were silenced. A total of twenty-five prisoners were taken by him, and his crew. This determined and gallant action by Sgt Hurwitz enabled his troop to move into a dominating fire position which covered the objective of the main force, and enabled it to move forward and seize the railroad station where an additional one hundred fifty prisoners were taken, and a large amount of valuable equipment captured.

Sgt Hurwitz was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal on September 20, 1944.

Capture, death, and epilogue

After three weeks, on October 24, 1944, the Troop was leading a frustrating night attack over difficult terrain against the enemy's elite 6th Parachute Division at Wouwsche-Plantage near Bergen-op-Zoom, the Netherlands.  Hurwitz' tank was advancing to the objective when the tank to his rear was knocked out, blocking the rest of the Canadian vehicles from advancing with him.  The regiment fought hard and suffered other losses in a bid to reach him, but were foiled through a combination of bad luck, impassable ground, and dogged resistance from the Germans.  Hurwitz' last stand began with a radio message that he was surrounded by enemy infantry and anti-tank weapons on all sides.  The Sherman returned fire until it was knocked out, at which point the five-man crew dismounted and continued to fight on the ground until all were casualties.

Hurwitz, severely wounded, was captured by the Germans, and, as an unofficial prisoner of war, died of his wounds in a German hospital near Dordrecht, the Netherlands, on October 28, 1944, aged 25. His death was not known to the regiment until months later. He was buried in a Canadian military cemetery at Bergen-op-Zoom.

In Duguid's history of the Canadian Grenadier Guards the following is written: "Lost to the Regiment was its most purposeful and persistent soldier whose deeds of gallant leadership were to be an inspiration to those who succeeded him in the battles that were to follow" (p. 305).

In February 1948, a memorial to Sgt Hurwitz was unveiled by his surviving comrades. Beneath his photograph were mounted the ribbons of his citations, and are to this day displayed on the east wall of the Canadian Grenadier Guards' Sergeants' Mess.

On Remembrance Sunday, November 9, 2014, younger generations were reminded of Sgt Hurwitz's heroism when a re-dedication of his medals and tribute meal were held at the Canadian Grenadier Guards armoury in Montreal. In attendance was one of Moe's two surviving brothers, Harry Hurwitz (himself a survivor of the sinking of  and subsequently a prisoner of war), and his family.

References

Secondary sources
<small>

1919 births
1944 deaths
Canadian Jews
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian military personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Montreal
Canadian recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal
Canadian recipients of the Military Medal
Jews from Quebec
Canadian prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Canadian Grenadier Guards soldiers

Moe Hurwitz


Cage Rage Championships, also known as Cage Rage, was a United Kingdom-based, mixed martial arts promotion that premiered on 7 September 2002 in London. Cage Rage went into liquidation and is now no longer trading. Cage Rage had been owned and managed by Elite XC until that company ceased operating, and the British promoters behind Cage Rage formed a new organization and withdrew all the old Cage Rage titles.  Matchmaker and on-screen personality Dave O'Donnell was also a minority shareholder in the company. Fellow on-screen personality and co-promoter Andy Geer also owned a minority stake until he left the promotion in 2008. Cage Rage events were replayed on Nuts TV, along with their own weekday show on The Fight Network (UK & Ireland) until these channels closed down.  Every Cage Rage event and bout is now archived as part of the UFC Fight Pass library.

History
Cage Rage started when Dave O'Donnell and Andy Geir set out to raise money by promoting a small mixed martial arts show, to provide new mats for their martial arts school. The first Cage Rage event in Elephant and Castle, London was a success, which led to fans and fighters asking for a follow-up show, leading to further shows and promotion as it exists today.

In March 2007, after the purchase of PRIDE Fighting Championships by Frank Fertitta III and Lorenzo Fertitta from Dream Stage Entertainment, Cage Rage were announced as members of a promotional alliance instigated by ProElite and FEG, the parent companies of EliteXC and Hero's respectively, along with Strikeforce, BodogFight K-1 and Spirit MC.

However, this working relationship barely lasted a month. When Cage Rage signed K-1 star Bob Sapp to a main event in London for their show on 21 April 2007, K-1 stopped Sapp from fighting on the card. This left a desperate Geer and O'Donnell scrambling for a new main event on just days notice with aged veteran Tank Abbott eventually stepping in.

Due to the closeness of the two promotions, ProElite purchased the majority shareholding in Cage Rage in September 2007 from Cage Rage's silent partner John Faraday.

Andy Geer Left the group he founded in April 2008, and was replaced by former King of the Cage boss Christopher Cordeiro.

In May 2008, Sky Sports said in a statement they would no longer be airing Cage Rage events on their channels. The official line was that they could not continue with Cage Rage as a fighter (Paul Daley) had sworn on live TV on a previous show. However, this was thought to be an excuse as the incident (where Daley used several sexual curse words) took place well after the 9pm "watershed". Much more likely Sky was disappointed with the average 19,000 viewers Cage Rage was getting.

Since the closure of Cage Rage, Dave O'Donnell created Cage Rage UK, the parent company of another Mixed Martial Arts promotion, Ultimate Challenge MMA (UCMMA).

Rules
Cage Rage's rules were based upon the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts that were originally established by the New Jersey State Athletic Control Board and modified by the Nevada State Athletic Commission. These rules were adopted across the US in other states that regulate mixed martial arts. As a result, they became the standard de facto set of rules for professional mixed martial arts across the US and for cage-based MMA worldwide.

At Cage Rage 13, amendments to the Unified Rules were made, most notably
the "Open Guard" rule and the banning of elbow strikes to a downed opponent.

Rounds
All Cage Rage fights were contested over three, five-minute rounds, with a one-minute rest period in-between rounds.

Weight divisions
Cage Rage had six weight classes:

Cage
Cage Rage used an eight-sided caged arena to stage bouts similar to the UFC's trademarked Octagon, though it was smaller in size. It had foam padding around the top and between each of the eight sections, with two entry/exit gates on opposite sides. Unlike a UFC cage where the side-walls are made of vinyl-coated fencing, the Cage Rage cage used nylon netting as its barrier. The canvas was marked with a line a metre away from the fence at all points.

Attire
As per the Unified Rules of MMA, Cage Rage only allowed competitors to fight in approved shorts, without shoes or any other sort of foot padding. Fighters used approved light gloves (4-6 ounces) that allow fingers to grab.

Match outcome
Matches usually end via:
Submission: a fighter taps on the mat or his opponent three times (or more) or verbally submits.
Knockout: a fighter falls from a legal blow and is either unconscious or unable to immediately continue.
Technical Knockout: stoppage of the fight by the referee if it is determined a fighter cannot "intelligently defend" himself or by ringside doctor due to injury.
Judges' Decision: Depending on scoring, a match may end as:
unanimous decision (all three judges score a win for one fighter),
split decision (two judges score a win for one fighter with the third for the other),
majority decision (two judges score a win for one fighter with one for a draw),
unanimous draw (all three judges score a draw),
majority draw (two judges score a draw).
split draw (the total points for each fighter is equal)

A fight can also end in a technical decision, technical draw, disqualification, forfeit or no contest.

Judging criteria
The 10-point must system was used for all Cage Rage fights; three judges score each round and the winner of each receives ten points, the loser nine points or less. If the round is even, both fighters receive ten points. The decision is announced at the end of the match but the judge's scorecards are not announced.

Fouls
The following are considered fouls in Cage Rage:

 Butting with the head.
 Eye gouging of any kind.
 Biting.
 Hair pulling.
 Fish hooking.
 Groin attacks of any kind.
 Putting a finger into any orifice or into any cut or laceration on an opponent. (see Fish-hooking)
 Small joint manipulation.
 Striking to the spine or the back of the head. (see Rabbit punch)
 Striking downward using the point of the elbow. (see Elbow (strike))
 Throat strikes of any kind, including, without limitation, grabbing the trachea.
 Clawing, pinching or twisting the flesh.
 Grabbing the clavicle.
 Kicking the head of a grounded opponent, unless an open guard has been called (as of 10 September 2005).
 Kneeing the head of a grounded opponent, unless an open guard has been called (as of 10 September 2005).
 Stomping a grounded opponent, unless an open guard has been called (as of 10 September 2005).
 Elbow strikes to a grounded opponent (as of 10 September 2005).
 Kicking to the kidney with the heel.
 Spiking an opponent to the canvas on his head or neck. (see piledriver (professional wrestling))
 Throwing an opponent out of the ring or fenced area.
 Holding the shorts or gloves of an opponent.
 Spitting at an opponent.
 Engaging in an unsportsmanlike conduct that causes an injury to an opponent.
 Holding the ropes or the fence.
 Using abusive language in the ring or fenced area.
 Attacking an opponent on or during the break.
 Attacking an opponent who is under the care of the referee.
 Attacking an opponent after the bell has sounded the end of the period of unarmed combat.
 Flagrantly disregarding the instructions of the referee.
 Timidity, including, without limitation, avoiding contact with an opponent, intentionally or consistently dropping the mouthpiece or faking an injury.
 Interference by the corner.
 Throwing in the towel during competition.

When a foul is charged, the referee in their discretion may deduct one or more points as a penalty. If a foul incapacitates a fighter, then the match may end in a disqualification if the foul was intentional, or a no contest if unintentional. If a foul causes a fighter to be unable to continue later in the bout, it ends with a technical decision win to the injured fighter if the injured fighter is ahead on points, otherwise it is a technical draw.

Match conduct
The referee has the right to stop the fighters and stand them up if they reach a stalemate on the ground (where neither are in a dominant position nor working toward one) after a verbal warning.

Defunct rules

The "Open Guard" rule
Cage Rage was the home of a unique rule in the world of cage-based MMA; the "open guard" rule. Designed to prevent stalling on the ground, it allowed a standing fighter to use strikes on a downed opponent that would otherwise be fouls.

If a downed fighter was at least a meter away from the cage, on his back and able to avoid or defend against attacks, the referee would raise his arm and call "open guard". Once an open guard was called, the standing fighter could use the following attacks on their opponent:
stomps,
kicks or knees to the head
flying attacks

Unless an open guard has been called, these strikes were fouls.

This rule was introduced at Cage Rage 13 and was designed to prevent a fighter from laying in an open guard where his opponent can only throw leg kicks or drop to initiate grappling. However, due to their ongoing desire to standardise rules across the UK and work with a potential MMA board of control, this rule was scrapped.

Events

The first Cage Rage event featured top British fighters, such as Matt Ewin and Robbie Olivier, and international fighters, such as Chute Boxe Academy-trained Jean Silva. This formula has continued down the years since the first show, with such top domestic fighters like Ian Freeman and Michael Bisping appearing, as well as internationally-known fighters like Murilo Rua and Anderson Silva.

Cage Rage 26 was the first main Cage Rage show to be held outside London.

Cage Rage Contenders
In early 2006, Cage Rage Championships launched Cage Rage Contenders, a secondary-level show for up-and-coming fighters to showcase their skills. Trying to conjure up the feel of early Cage Rage shows, these shows take place in a nightclub setting with VIP tables surrounding the cage.

Cage Rage also aimed to franchise the Contenders name to other promoters across the country, the first promoter of which was Jay Gilbey of Intense Fighting in Peterborough.

Since then, Contenders shows have been expanded to Ireland, Wales and Nottingham.

Final champions

Notable fighters

Champions
The following fighters (in alphabetical order) have won titles in Cage Rage and are well known in the world of MMA.

Mostapha al-Turk
Vitor "The Phenom" Belfort
Michael "The Count" Bisping
Paul "Semtex" Daley
Ian "The Machine" Freeman
Zelg "Benkei" Galešić
Masakazu "Ashikan Judan" Imanari
Chris "Lights Out" Lytle
Melvin "No Mercy" Manhoef
Che "Beautiful" Mills
Brad "One Punch" Pickett
Vítor Ribeiro
"Relentless" Paul Taylor
Anderson "The Spider" Silva
Antônio "Bigfoot" Silva
Mark "the Wizard" Weir

Other fighters
Non-titleholders who have competed in other top-level promotions.

Tank Abbott
John Hathaway
Travis Lutter
Evangelista "Cyborg" Santos
Jason Barrett
Jorge Rivera
Murilo "Ninja" Rua
Babalu Sobral
Lee Hasdell
Eric 'Butterbean' Esch
Gary Turner
Ken "The World's Most Dangerous Man" Shamrock
Herb Dean
Alex Reid
Tom "Kong" Watson
James "The Colossus" Thompson
Mark "The Smashing Machine" Kerr
Marius "Whitemare" Zaromskis
Lee Murray
Cyrille "The Snake" Diabate
Matt "The Law" Lindland
Gesias Cavalcante
Dave Legeno
Akira "Mr. Pride" Shoji
Daijiro Matsui
Michael McDonald
Ross "The Gladiator" Pointon
James "The Hammer" McSweeney
Mario Sperry
Neil "Goliath" Grove
Elvis "The King of Rock and Rumble" Sinosic
Drew Fickett
Phil "The New York Badass" Baroni
Ronnie "Iron" Mann
Rob "The Bear" Broughton
Dan "The Beast" Severn
Chris Brennan
Rodney "The Silent Assassin" Glunder

References

2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2008 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Mixed martial arts organizations
Organizations disestablished in 2008
Sports organizations established in 2002
Recurring events disestablished in 2008
Recurring events established in 2002

Cage Rage Championships


An extrinsic  semiconductor is one that has been doped; during manufacture of the semiconductor crystal a trace element or chemical called a doping agent has been incorporated chemically into the crystal, for the purpose of giving it different electrical properties than the pure semiconductor crystal, which is called an intrinsic semiconductor.  In an extrinsic semiconductor it is these foreign dopant atoms in the crystal lattice that mainly provide the charge carriers which carry electric current through the crystal.  The doping agents used are of two types, resulting in two types of extrinsic semiconductor.  An electron donor dopant is an atom which, when incorporated in the crystal, releases a mobile conduction electron into the crystal lattice.  An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons.   An electron acceptor dopant is an atom which accepts an electron from the lattice, creating a vacancy where an electron should be called a hole which can move through the crystal like a positively charged particle.  An extrinsic semiconductor which has been doped with electron acceptor atoms is called a p-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are positive holes.

Doping is the key to the extraordinarily wide range of electrical behavior that semiconductors can exhibit, and extrinsic semiconductors are used to make semiconductor electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductor lasers, LEDs, and photovoltaic cells.  Sophisticated semiconductor fabrication processes like photolithography can implant different dopant elements in different regions of the same semiconductor crystal wafer, creating semiconductor devices on the wafer's surface.   For example a common type of transistor, the n-p-n bipolar transistor, consists of an extrinsic semiconductor crystal with two regions of n-type semiconductor, separated by a region of p-type semiconductor, with metal contacts attached to each part.

Conduction in semiconductors
A solid substance can conduct electric current only if it contains charged particles, electrons, which are free to move about and not attached to atoms.   In a metal conductor, it is the metal atoms that provide the electrons; typically each metal atom releases one of its outer orbital electrons to become a conduction electron which can move about throughout the crystal, and carry electric current.  Therefore the number of conduction electrons in a metal is equal to the number of atoms, a very large number, making metals good conductors.

Unlike in metals, the atoms that make up the bulk semiconductor crystal do not provide the electrons which are responsible for conduction.  In semiconductors, electrical conduction is due to the mobile charge carriers, electrons or holes which are provided by impurities or dopant atoms in the crystal.   In an extrinsic semiconductor, the concentration of doping atoms in the crystal largely determines the density of charge carriers, which determines its electrical conductivity, as well as a great many other electrical properties.  This is the key to semiconductors' versatility; their conductivity can be manipulated over many orders of magnitude by doping.

Semiconductor doping
Semiconductor doping is the process that changes an intrinsic semiconductor to an extrinsic semiconductor.  During doping, impurity atoms are introduced to an intrinsic semiconductor.  Impurity atoms are atoms of a different element than the atoms of the intrinsic semiconductor.  Impurity atoms act as either donors or acceptors to the intrinsic semiconductor, changing the electron and hole concentrations of the semiconductor. Impurity atoms are classified as either donor or acceptor atoms based on the effect they have on the intrinsic semiconductor.

Donor impurity atoms have more valence electrons than the atoms they replace in the intrinsic semiconductor lattice.  Donor impurities "donate" their extra valence electrons to a semiconductor's conduction band, providing excess electrons to the intrinsic semiconductor.  Excess electrons increase the electron carrier concentration (n0) of the semiconductor, making it n-type.

Acceptor impurity atoms have fewer valence electrons than the atoms they replace in the intrinsic semiconductor lattice.  They "accept" electrons from the semiconductor's valence band.  This provides excess holes to the intrinsic semiconductor.  Excess holes increase the hole carrier concentration (p0) of the semiconductor, creating a p-type semiconductor.

Semiconductors and dopant atoms are defined by the column of the periodic table in which they fall.  The column definition of the semiconductor determines how many valence electrons its atoms have and whether dopant atoms act as the semiconductor's donors or acceptors.

Group IV semiconductors use group V atoms as donors and group III atoms as acceptors.

Group III–V semiconductors, the compound semiconductors, use group VI atoms as donors and group II atoms as acceptors.  Group III–V semiconductors can also use group IV atoms as either donors or acceptors.  When a group IV atom replaces the group III element in the semiconductor lattice, the group IV atom acts as a donor.  Conversely, when a group IV atom replaces the group V element, the group IV atom acts as an acceptor.  Group IV atoms can act as both donors and acceptors; therefore, they are known as amphoteric impurities.

The two types of semiconductor

N-type semiconductors

N-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron donor element during manufacture.  The term n-type comes from the negative charge of the electron.  In n-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the minority carriers.    A common dopant for n-type silicon is phosphorus or arsenic.  In an n-type semiconductor, the Fermi level is greater than that of the intrinsic semiconductor and lies closer to the conduction band than the valence band.

Examples: phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, etc.

P-type semiconductors

P-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with an electron acceptor element during manufacture.  The term p-type refers to the positive charge of a hole. As opposed to n-type semiconductors, p-type semiconductors have a larger hole concentration than electron concentration.   In p-type semiconductors, holes are the majority carriers and electrons are the minority carriers.   A common p-type dopant for silicon is boron or gallium.  For p-type semiconductors the Fermi level is below the intrinsic semiconductor and lies closer to the valence band than the conduction band.

Examples: boron, aluminium, gallium, etc.

Use of extrinsic semiconductors
Extrinsic semiconductors are components of many common electrical devices.  A semiconductor diode (devices that allow current in only one direction) consists of p-type and n-type semiconductors placed in junction with one another.  Currently, most semiconductor diodes use doped silicon or germanium.

Transistors (devices that enable current switching) also make use of extrinsic semiconductors.  Bipolar junction transistors (BJT), which amplify current, are one type of transistor.  The most common BJTs are NPN and PNP type.  NPN transistors have two layers of n-type semiconductors sandwiching a p-type semiconductor.  PNP transistors have two layers of p-type semiconductors sandwiching an n-type semiconductor.

Field-effect transistors (FET) are another type of transistor which amplify current implementing extrinsic semiconductors. As opposed to BJTs, they are called unipolar because they involve single carrier type operationeither N-channel or P-channel. FETs are broken into two families, junction gate FET (JFET), which are three terminal semiconductors, and insulated gate FET (IGFET), which are four terminal semiconductors.

Other devices implementing the extrinsic semiconductor:
 Lasers
 Solar cells
 Photodetectors
 Light-emitting diodes
 Thyristors

See also
 Intrinsic semiconductor
 Doping (semiconductor)
 List of semiconductor materials

References

External links
 Howstuffworks:  How Semiconductors Work

Semiconductor material types

Extrinsic semiconductor


14th Street is a local station on the IND Sixth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 14th Street and Sixth ftAvenue (Avenue of Americas) in Manhattan, it is served by the F train at all times, the M train on weekdays, and by the <F> train during rush hours in the peak direction. This station and 23rd Street Station are only two local stations on the Sixth Avenue Line.

The 14th Street Station of the IND Sixth Avenue Line shares the entrance with 14th Street station of the PATH, which is located in between this station's two side platforms. This station is for F and M trains.

Sometimes, E trains and other trains enter this station via 6th Avenue to World Trade Center or Jamaica Center or other stations .

After this station, the next stations will be 23rd Street and West 4th Street Washington Square .

References

New York City Subway stations
Manhattan

14th Street/Sixth Avenue station


Dreamland Japan is a 1996 book by Frederik L. Schodt published by Stone Bridge Press that was intended as a "sequel" to Schodt's 1983 book Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics. It includes information on several major manga magazines (including eight full-color pages of magazine covers) and manga writers and artists, including many who are little-known outside Japan.  The book also includes an extensive chapter on manga "god" Osamu Tezuka and information on developments in manga that took place since the publication of Manga! Manga!, such as the use of manga as propaganda by the Aum Shinrikyo cult, the evolution of "otaku" culture, and the role of computers in manga creation.

External links
 Stone Bridge Press page with an excerpt from the book

1996 books
Books about manga
Stone Bridge Press books

Dreamland Japan


Buck Owens Crystal Palace (also known as the Crystal Palace and The Palace) is a music hall located in Bakersfield, California. It was constructed by Buck Owens, and was opened in 1996. Primarily it is a performance venue for country western music, although other music genres have been heard there. It is also the home of the Buck Owens Museum, which contains items related to his career (some of the items are also available for viewing online). Although it is classified in this article as a music hall, it is also a nightclub, bar, restaurant, and museum.

The Crystal Palace is designed in the Western Revival style, a style that resembles buildings from the 19th-century American Old West. The interior resembles an American western town from that same period. The museum is located in display cases around the first floor, which resemble the windows to the building.

History
The idea for the Buck Owens Crystal Palace originated in the mid-1980s. Buck spent most of his early career performing in small, smoke-filled bars and "honky-tonks" around the country. He wanted a high-class place for country-western music to be performed. Buck also wanted a place where he could be himself.

Construction started in the mid-1990s. Buck was closely involved with the project. He approved 135 change orders, several costing over $100,000. He also did not visualize from plans as well as seeing the actual construction. According to Jim Shaw (Buck Owens's right-hand man), on some occasions, he would see something constructed, and have it reconstructed larger and moved to a different location.

The cost of the project would eventually reach $7.4 million. Also, the large number of change orders would delay the opening over a year. The Crystal Palace was opened in 1996, and shortly became a Bakersfield landmark.

See also
 List of music museums

References

External links
Buck Owens Crystal Palace

Buildings and structures in Bakersfield, California
Landmarks in Bakersfield, California
Theatres in California
Tourist attractions in Bakersfield, California
Museums in Kern County, California
Owens, Buck
Music museums in California
Music venues completed in 1996
Theatres completed in 1996

Buck Owens Crystal Palace