Joanne Larson holds the Michael W. Scandling Professorship at the University of Rochester Margaret Warner Graduate School of Education and Human Development . She is also chair of the Teaching, Curriculum, and Change department. In the past ten years, Larson has emerged as a leading scholar in the New Literacies Studies, the socioculturally situated study of literacy. Her work examines how language and literacy practices mediate social and power relations in elementary classrooms. Specifically, she studies urban schools and asks how do differences between access to participation in various literacy events affect student learning? Most recently, she has been using Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia and critical geography to think about the relation of space and literacy.

Her teaching includes courses on curriculum, diversity, qualitative research methods, discourse analysis, and literacy learning in elementary schools.

She earned her doctorate at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she studied under notable scholars such as Kris Gutierrez, Alessandro Duranti, Peter McLaren, and Elinor Ochs.

She has published articles in Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, Research in the Teaching of English, Linguistics and Education, Discourse and Society, Written Communication and co-authored articles in Harvard Education Review, Language Arts, Urban Education and International Journal of Educational Reform. Her edited book Literacy as Snake Oil: Beyond the Quick Fix addresses the problem of the commodification of literacy. She also co-edited the Handbook of Early Childhood Literacy. Her newest book is Making Literacy Real: Theories and Practices in Learning and Teaching, co-authored with Jackie Marsh.

Sources
Dr. Larson's Webpage
 Warner Graduate School of Education

1956 births
Living people
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies alumni
American education writers
Literacy advocates
American educational theorists
University of Rochester faculty

Joanne Larson


Johannes Pieter Roetert Tak van Poortvliet (born J.P.R. Tak) (21 June 1839, Engelen – 26 January 1904, The Hague), lord of the manor of Poortvliet and Cleverskerke, was a Dutch politician.

Biography
He was born in Engelen, North Brabant where his father, Adriaan Tak, was a Dutch Reformed minister. His father was a wealthy man, being the largest landowner in Zeeland. Johannes Tak studied law in Leiden (1857–1862), but he did not practise law. He entered the public service and was one of the secretaries (commies-griffier) of de House of Representatives, the lower house of the Dutch parliament. In 1868 he became the secretary of the State Commissioner for water management in Zeeland and he showed himself a skillful man.

Johannes Tak van Poortvliet was attracted to liberalism. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1870 and was a strong supporter of Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, the leader of the progressive liberals. In 1877 he entered the Kappeyne van de Coppello cabinet as Minister of Water Management and Trade. In 1878 his "Canal Act," intended to improve the Dutch waterways, mainly by adding some major canals, was rejected by the House of Representatives. Tak and the other ministers of the cabinet resigned.

Tak van Poortvliet returned to the House of Representatives in 1880 and became leader of the progressive liberals (Kappeynianen). From 1884 to 1888 he was a member of the Senate (upper house of parliament), but he returned in the House of Representatives in 1888. He was an ardent supporter of suffrage extension, an issue which strongly divided the Liberals. After the liberals won the parliamentary election in 1891, he was asked to become Minister of the Interior in the Van Tienhoven cabinet. However, he only wanted to join the cabinet if the question of suffrage extension would become the main priority. As Minister of the Interior, he proposed a bill which would extend the right to vote to the whole adult male population. However, the right, including the "old liberals", were opposed and his bill was rejected by a majority of the House of Representatives in 1894. He dissolved the House, and hoped that new elections would result in a progressive majority. However, the Takkianen (his followers) lost the elections. Although he returned in the House of Representatives, he had lost most of his influence. From 1901 to 1904 he was again a member of the Senate.

Johannes Tak van Poortvliet was also a Dijkgraaf of the water board of Delfland (1887–1891).

He died on 26 January 1904 in The Hague. At the time of his death he was a very rich man. His money was willed to his four children, one of whom, Marie, used it to become an art collector and patron.

Political functions
Leader of the Kappeynianen from February 1880 till 16 November 1884.
Member of the Party Executive of the Liberal Union (Liberale Unie).

Name
In 1874 his name was officially changed from Johannes Pieter Roetert Tak in Johannes Pieter Roetert Tak van Poortvliet. The latter part of his new last name refers to the Manor of Poortvliet (family property since the late 18th Century).

Family
Johannes Pieter Roetert Tak van Poortvliet was married to Louisa van Oordt (1850–1879). The couple had four children (3 daughters and 1 son). One of his daughters was Maria Tak van Poortvliet (1871–1936), a follower of Rudolf Steiner.

1839 births
1904 deaths
Dutch jurists
Leiden University alumni
Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands
Ministers of Transport and Water Management of the Netherlands
People from 's-Hertogenbosch
People from Middelburg, Zeeland

Johannes Tak van Poortvliet


Sir Des Champs (foaled 28 May 2006 – 18 May 2018) was a French-bred, Irish-trained AQPS racehorse. He competed in National Hunt races.

After winning only one of his five races in his native country, Sir Des Champs was transferred to Ireland and won seven races in succession including the Martin Pipe Conditional Jockeys' Handicap Hurdle, Greenmount Park Novice Chase, Killiney Novice Chase, Jewson Novices' Chase and Growise Champion Novice Chase. The 2012/2013 saw the emergence of a rivalry between Sir Des Champs and another Irish-trained chaser Flemenstar.

After beating his rival in the Hennessy Gold Cup, Sir Des Champs was regarded as a leading contender for the 2013 Cheltenham Gold Cup in which he finished second to Bobs Worth.

He suffered a fatal injury when competing in Point-to-point racing on 18 May 2018 at the age of 11.

References

2006 births
2018 deaths
Deaths in sport
Racehorses

Sir Des Champs


In auto racing, a privateer is usually an person or race team that enters a race on their own. They are not directly supported by an automobile manufacturer. Privateer teams often build and maintain their own vehicles.

In the early years of Formula One, privately-owned teams would race using a race car built by another team or constructor. Many privateer entrants compete for the enjoyment of the sport, and are not paid to be racing drivers.

The modern F1 Concorde Agreement now requires teams to build their own cars. In modern F1 terms, privateer is more often used to refer to a team  who are not at least part-owned by large corporations, such as WilliamsF1.

Related pages
Contrast: Factory-backed

References

Sports words

Privateer (motorsport)


Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, or simply Sister Location, is a survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the fifth installment of the main series of the game franchise Five Nights at Freddy's. The game was released on October 7, 2016. Throughout the game, the player interacts with a new cast of animatronic characters, central to which is an animatronic named Circus Baby.

In addition, Sister Location is the first core game in the series to feature professional voice acting and an original soundtrack.

The game received mixed to positive reviews from critics, praising the voice acting, soundtrack, and humor, while criticizing its plot inconsistencies and still-departure from the previous titles' gameplay.

References

2016 video games
Five Nights at Freddy's


Deadpan comedy, also known as dry humor or deadpan humor, is a comedic style characterized by a deliberate and emotionless delivery of jokes or absurd situations. It relies on a contrast between the deadpan delivery and the humor or absurdity of the content, creating a unique comedic effect that often catches the audience off guard. This essay will explore the origins, characteristics, and impact of deadpan comedy.

The origins of deadpan comedy can be traced back to vaudeville and silent film era, where comedians like Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin mastered the art of deadpan delivery. However, it gained prominence in the mid-20th century with comedians such as Jack Benny and Bob Newhart. Deadpan comedy became a defining characteristic of their acts, and it quickly gained popularity among audiences.

One of the key characteristics of deadpan comedy is the delivery. Comedians who employ this style maintain a stoic and expressionless demeanor while delivering jokes or performing absurd actions. They maintain a straight face, often using deadpan pauses and minimal gestures to enhance the comedic effect. This contrast between the serious delivery and the humorous content creates a sense of irony and surprise, eliciting laughter from the audience.

Deadpan comedy relies heavily on timing and subtlety. Comedians use precise pauses and deadpan reactions to build anticipation and deliver punchlines with maximum impact. It requires a high level of comedic skill to master the art of deadpan, as the success of the joke depends on the perfect balance between the delivery and the content. Too much emotion or exaggeration can ruin the deadpan effect, while too little can make the humor go unnoticed.

One of the strengths of deadpan comedy is its versatility. It can be used in a wide range of comedic situations, from one-liners and observational humor to satirical and absurd scenarios. Deadpan comedy often plays with the expectations of the audience, subverting traditional comedic tropes and challenging societal norms. It can be used to highlight the absurdity of everyday situations or to make social and political commentary in a subtle and thought-provoking manner.

Deadpan comedy has had a significant impact on the comedy landscape. It has influenced numerous comedians and comedic actors who have adopted the deadpan style in their performances. Comedians like Steven Wright, Mitch Hedberg, and Demetri Martin have achieved great success with their deadpan delivery, using it as a unique selling point in their acts. Television shows like "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation" have also popularized deadpan humor, with characters delivering lines with a straight face and deadpan delivery, often leading to hilariously awkward situations.

Furthermore, deadpan comedy has transcended cultural boundaries and gained international recognition. Comedians from different countries have embraced this style and adapted it to their own comedic traditions. The deadpan delivery has become a universal language of humor, allowing comedians to connect with audiences around the world through its understated yet effective approach.

In conclusion, deadpan comedy is a unique and influential comedic style that relies on a deliberate and emotionless delivery of jokes or absurd situations. It has its roots in vaudeville and silent film era but gained prominence in the mid-20th century. The deadpan delivery, precise timing, and subtle humor make it a versatile and impactful form of comedy. It has shaped the comedic landscape and continues to entertain and surprise audiences with its unexpected and ironic punchlines. Deadpan comedy is a testament to the power of understatement and the art of delivering laughter through a straight face.

Humor

Deadpan


Judith Kyle Gillespie, CBE (born November 1962) is a retired senior police officer. She was the Deputy Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland between June 2009 and March 2014.

Early life and education
Gillespie was born and raised in North Belfast and was educated at Belfast Royal Academy She completed a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in public policy and administration in 1992. She went on to study for a master's degree in applied criminology at the University of Cambridge, which she completed in 2005.

Police career
Gillespie began her policing career when she joined the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in 1982 as a police constable. During her initial training at Enniskillen, she was awarded the Baton of Honour. She had previously been rejected by the RUC because of her gender. She spent her early career policing the Greater Belfast area. She was promoted to chief inspector in 1997, superintendent in 1999, and chief superintendent in 2002.

In 2003, she attended the Strategic Command Course at the Police Staff College, Bramshill. In 2004, she was appointed assistant chief constable. This made her the first female to reach chief officer rank in the Police Service of Northern Ireland. On 1 June 2009, she was promoted to deputy chief constable, becoming the second most senior police officer in Northern Ireland. She served as acting chief constable from August 2009 to September 2009. In March 2011, she was given the opportunity to retire early with a £500,000 severance package but chose to continue her career. She retired from the police on 31 March 2014.

A keen sportswoman, she played hockey and squash for the RUC. In 2013, when the World Police and Fire Games was held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, she served as the chair of the board.

Personal life
Gillespie is married and has two daughters.

She took up running after the death of the sister-in-law from cancer. She has completed the Belfast Marathon relay, Race for Life and the Great North Run, raising money for Marie Curie Cancer Care.

Honours
Gillespie was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for public service. In the 2014 Birthday Honours, she was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to policing and the community in Northern Ireland. In July 2012, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Queen's University Belfast.

References

External links

British police chief officers
Living people
Police Service of Northern Ireland officers
British women police officers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Police officers from Belfast
1962 births

Judith Gillespie


Holy Family University is a private Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1954 and has four schools: Arts & Sciences, Business & Professional Studies, Education, and Nursing & Health Sciences. Its main campus in Philadelphia is in the northeastern section of the city and it has a satellite location in Newtown, Bucks County. Holy Family enrolls 3600 students at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a sponsored ministry of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth.

History
Holy Family University was founded in 1954 by the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth as Holy Family Teacher Training School. During the early years, the college functioned as an affiliate of the Catholic University of America. The graduate programs in education were approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education in March 1990, followed by the Nursing and Counseling Psychology programs in 1997, and the Accelerated Business Administration program in 2003. The graduate program in Criminal Justice was approved in 2007. The graduate program in TESOL and Literacy was approved in 2008. The doctoral program in Educational Leadership and Professional Studies was approved in 2010.

Holy Family is the youngest of the four Catholic universities in the city of Philadelphia; the others are Saint Joseph's, La Salle, and Chestnut Hill College.

Presidents
 Neomisia Rutkowska (1954–1959)
 Aloysius Sabacinska (1959–1971)
 Lillian Budny (1971–1981)
 Francesca Onley (1981–2014)
 Maureen McGarrity (2014–2021)
 Anne M. Prisco (2021–present)

Academics
Holy Family University is divided into four schools:
Arts & Sciences
Business Administration & Professional Studies
Education
Nursing & Health Sciences

In January 2011, a doctoral program was introduced for those pursuing a Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership and Professional Studies. This was followed by a Doctor of Nursing Practice in 2017, and a Doctor of Psychology was introduced in 2019.

Athletics
Holy Family University has 17 varsity sports teams; nine women's, seven men's and one coed (Esports). Its nickname is the Tigers and their colors are blue and white.

HFU is a member of NCAA Division II and the Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference (CACC), which is composed of 13 colleges and universities located in Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.

Holy Family's women's teams are basketball, cross-country running, lacrosse, soccer, softball, indoor and outdoor track & field and volleyball. The HFU women have won a total of 22 CACC Championships, with women's basketball winning eight and women's soccer winning seven. Women's lacrosse (three) and volleyball (two) have also captured multiple championships.

Holy Family's men's teams consist of baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, and indoor and outdoor track & field. The men's basketball team won the CACC Championship in 2015-16.

References

External links

Official athletics website

Universities and colleges in Philadelphia
Universities and colleges established in 1954
Catholic universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
1954 establishments in Pennsylvania
Former women's universities and colleges in the United States
Northeast Philadelphia
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities

Holy Family University


New World barbets are near passerine birds from the family Capitonidae of the order Piciformes, which inhabit humid forests in Central and South America. They are closely related to the toucans.

The New World barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles that fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured and live in tropical forest.

These barbets are mostly arboreal birds, which nest in tree holes dug by breeding pairs, laying two to four eggs. They eat fruit and insects. These birds do not migrate.

Ecology
While most New World barbet species inhabit lowland forest, some range into montane and temperate forests, as well.  Most are restricted to habitats containing trees with dead wood, which are used for nesting.

The diet of barbets is mixed, with fruit being the dominant part. Small prey items are also taken, especially when nesting. Barbets are capable of shifting their diet quickly in the face of changing food availability. Numerous species of fruiting trees and bushes are visited; an individual barbet may feed on as many as 60 different species in its range. They also visit plantations and take cultivated fruit and vegetables. Fruit is eaten whole, and indigestible material such as seed pits is regurgitated later (often before singing). Regurgitation does not usually happen in the nest (as happens with toucans). Like their relatives, New World barbets are thought to be important agents in seed dispersal in tropical forests.

As well as taking fruit, they also take arthropod prey, gleaned from the branches and trunks of trees. A wide range of insects is taken, including ants, beetles, and moths. Scorpions and centipedes are also taken, and a few species take small vertebrates such as frogs.

Relationship with humans
New World barbets have little direct impact on humans. The loss of forest can have a deleterious effect on barbet species dependent on old growth, to the benefit of species that favor more disturbed or open habitat.

Three species of New World barbets are listed as threatened by the IUCN: The white-mantled barbet of Colombia is listed as endangered and the five-coloured barbet as vulnerable, the two having a relatively small range threatened by deforestation for the timber industry and to create space for agriculture (including coca and marijuana) and livestock, and mining. The quite recently discovered scarlet-banded barbet of Peru is considered vulnerable due to its small population size (estimated at under 1000 birds), although its remote habitat is not immediately threatened.

Systematics, taxonomy, and evolution

Fossil New World barbets have been found dating from the Miocene in Florida. The closest relatives of the barbets are the toucans, and these two families are also closely related to the honeyguides and woodpeckers (with which they form the order Piciformes).

Formerly, the barbets have been treated as one family. This has turned out to be paraphyletic, though, with regard to toucans; thus, only the New World true barbets are retained in the Capitonidae. The African barbets (Lybiidae) and the Asian barbets (Megalaimidae), as well as the two toucan-barbets from the Americas (Semnornithidae) are currently split from this family. Alternatively, the toucans, which evolved from a common ancestor shared with the American barbets, might be included in the traditional all-encompassing barbet family. As they have evolved characteristics that are unique to themselves, they are usually treated separately, thus the barbets are split up according to the four lineages.

Fossils
 'Genus Capitonides  (Early – Middle Miocene of Europe) (fossil)
†Capitonides europeus''

References

External links

Barbet videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Don Roberson's Bird Families of the World

Bird families
Birds of South America
Birds of the Americas
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte

New World barbet


John Francis Burns (November 15, 1933 – January 27, 2020) was an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, and producer. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

During the 1960s, he was part of two stand-up comedy partnerships, first with George Carlin and later Avery Schreiber. He was a writer and producer on such comedy series as The Muppet Show and Hee Haw. His television roles included The Andy Griffith Show and Animaniacs.

Burns died on January 27, 2020 in Los Angeles, California of respiratory failure caused by pancreatic cancer at the age of 86.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American television writers
American television producers
Actors from Boston
Writers from Boston
Comedians from Boston

Jack Burns


Charles-Philippe Ronsin (1 December 1751 – 24 March 1794) was a French general of the Revolutionary Army of the First French Republic, commanding the large Parisian division of l'Armée Révolutionnaire. He was an extreme radical leader of the French Revolution, and one of the many followers of Jacques-René Hébert, known as the Hébertists.

Life
Born in 1751 in Soissons, Aisne, a city northeast of Paris, Ronsin was son of a master cooper or barrel maker. At the age of seventeen, Charles-Philippe Ronsin joined the Parisian army. By 1772 he left the army with the position of corporal and soon became a playwright and a tutor. In these years he met the artist Jacques-Louis David and they became good friends.

Welcoming the Revolution, Ronsin became the bourgeois Guard Captain in the district of Saint-Roch in 1789. He presented several patriotic pieces in some of the theatres in the capital between the years 1790 and 1792. It was in this period that Ronsin became a club orator and joined the club of the Cordeliers.

Influences
In August and September 1792, the Executive Council entrusted him three missions. In November, the minister of war, Pache, named him commissioner-organizer in Belgium to the army of Dumouriez. In this post, Ronsin denounced the acts of violence of the suppliers to the armed forces, who were protected by the general.

Ronsin was named assistant of the minister of war of Bouchotte on 23 April 1793, without ever commanding a squadron. It is possible that Ronsin received that position thanks to his friendship with Chaumette and Hébert. In May, he left to Vendée, to help the provisioning armies. There was an incident in which Ronsin was upset that his plan for defeating the Vendeans was rejected, therefore, he decided to make sure that General Canclaux was defeated by the Vendeans, ensuring his own victory. He led his troops to Vihiers and Beaulieu and was eventually trapped at Coron. Because of Ronsin's decision the Vendeans took over Beaulieu and managed to convince the Committee to get rid of Canclaux.

Ronsin's support among the Cordeliers and the ministry allowed him to cross the rank of captain to that of brigadier general in the army of the coasts of Rochelle. In September, 1793, he becomes chief general of the revolutionary army of Paris. Ronsin had a violent character and was very outspoken. He, however, proved to be a good leader. Ronsin was witty and clever when dealing with his different functions. However, thanks to his quick ascent and his character Ronsin acquired numerous enemies, particularly Pierre Philippeaux and Fabre d'Eglantine.

Ronsin created a bill that was posted in Paris after his return from Lyon that stated that there were one hundred and forty thousand people living in Lyon, fifteen hundred of which had nothing to do with the rebellions. Ronsin stated that before the end of September, all of the people who were guilty would die. On 17 December Fabre d'Eglantine denounced Ronsin for being an ultra-revolutionist. Ronsin was arrested along with François-Nicolas Vincent, who was another member of the Cordeliers Club.

Last days
While in prison the Cordeliers wrote a petition in favor of both Vincent and Ronsin, stating that they were great patriots and that Ronsin should not be punished for attacking Dumouriez, Custine, and Brissot. Among those who were defending Ronsin was Collot d'Herbois, who was also part of the Committee. Collot d'Herbois defended Ronsin, saying that while fighting in the South along with all of the other patriots of the Revolution, Ronsin showed great determination in enforcing respect for the republic.

With the help of Fouquier-Tinville, Ronsin was believed to be working on a military conspiracy to replace the revolutionary government with a military dictatorship. Fouquier-Tinville called him one of the "new Cromwell".

Ronsin was finally arrested along with Hébert, Momoro, and Vincent. While in prison Ronsin is quoted with saying these words to his co-accused: "...you will be condemned. When you should have acted, you talked. Know how to die. For my part, I swear that you shall not see me flinch. Strive to do the same."
Some of his final words before his death were, "Liberty undone!...because a few paltry fellows are about to perish! Liberty is immortal. Our enemies will fall in their turn, and liberty will survive them all!" On 24 March 1794, five carts full of condemned Hébertists were taken to the guillotine, Charles-Philippe Ronsin among them. Their death of was a sort of carnival, a pleasant spectacle according to Michelet's witnesses. Ronsin stayed true to his words in prison: as Thomas Carlyle relates the event, he alone among the Hébertists went to the scaffold with an "air of defiance", still maintaining a steely "eye of command". Within a week of his death, Ronsin's army (l'Armée Révolutionnaire de Paris) was disbanded.

References

Adolphe Thiers, Frederic Shoberl, The History of the French Revolution (France,1866).
Henri Martin, Abby Landgon Alger, A popular History of France from the First Revolution to the Present Time (France, 1877).
Paul R. Hanson, Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution (Scarecrow Press, 2004).
Albert Soboul (dir.), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Quadrige/PUF, 1989, article « Ronsin, Charles Philippe » de Raymonde Monnier

1751 births
1794 deaths
People from Soissons
Hébertists
French newspaper founders
Newspaper editors of the French Revolution
French atheism activists
French atheists
French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution
French male essayists
18th-century French essayists
18th-century French male writers

Charles-Philippe Ronsin


Islam is the state religion of the Afghanistan. About 99.7% of the Afghan population is Muslim. About 80-89% practice Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi Islamic law school. 10-19% are Shi'a, most of whom follow the Twelver branch with smaller numbers of Ismailis.

Afghanistan
Afghanistan

Islam in Afghanistan


"The Little Black Bag" is a science fiction novelette by American  Cyril M. Kornbluth, first published in the July 1950 edition of Astounding Science Fiction. It won the 2001 Retroactive Hugo Award for Best Novelette (of 1951) and was also recognized as the 13th best all-time short science fiction story in October and November 1971 Analog Science Fact & Fiction poll, The Reference Library review article, tied with "Microcosmic God" by Theodore Sturgeon. It was among the stories selected in 1970 by the Science Fiction Writers of America as one of the best science fiction short stories published before the creation of the Nebula Awards. As such, it was published in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929–1964.

It was the basis of episodes (using the same title) in three television series: Tales of Tomorrow in 1952, Out of the Unknown in 1969 (which now only exists partially), and Night Gallery in 1970.

Plot summary
In the future, a "physicist" goads his minder into giving him specifications for a time machine. The faux physicist builds it, using it to send a "doctor" friend's automated medical kit—the titular black bag—into the past, where it is found by Dr. Full, an alcoholic physician who no longer practices medicine.  At first attributing it to advances made since he last practiced, he uses it to heal a seriously injured young child. The patient's eighteen-year-old sister, Angie, discovers the patent application date on one of the instruments (2450 A.D.) and grasps the financial opportunities. She blackmails Full into taking her on as a partner.

The responsibility helps Full recover from alcoholism. He is soon running a clinic with the help of Angie, although his patients are blindfolded during procedures. While Full is content to simply treat injuries and illnesses, Angie wants to specialize in the more lucrative plastic surgery. When Angie learns that Full intends to turn the bag over to the medical establishment for the good of humanity, she grabs it and tries to leave. In the ensuing scuffle, the instruments spill out. Without thinking, Angie stabs Full with a surgical knife meant for amputations, killing him. Initially shocked, she quickly recovers and disposes of the body. Full had taught Angie how to use the kit, so she proceeds to treat rich patients.

Her first patient sees the sharp instruments and balks at the surgery. To reassure her, Angie demonstrates their safety by running a scalpel through her arm without harm. Unconvinced, the client requests another test. Meanwhile back in 2450 A.D., a technician notes the bag has been used for murder and deactivates it. Angie runs what has just become an ordinary scalpel across her own throat, with fatal results.

References

External links

 "The Little Black Bag"—episode of Tales of Tomorrow, aired 30 May 1952.
 "The Little Black Bag"—episode of Out of the Unknown, aired 25 February 1969.
 "Room with a View/The Little Black Bag/The Nature of the Enemy"—episode of Night Gallery, starring Burgess Meredith, aired 23 December 1970.

1950 short stories
Hugo Award for Best Novelette winning works
Short fiction about time travel
Short stories by Cyril M. Kornbluth
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact

The Little Black Bag


The Palaeontological Museum in Germany (Paläontologisches Museum München), is a German national natural history museum located in the city of Munich, Bavaria. It is associated with the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität. It has a large collection of fossils of animals and plants such as Mesozoic reptiles, early elephants and saber-toothed cats. The paleontological and geological institute which houses the museum is formally called the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology (Bayerische Staatsammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, BSPG), which itself is one of several institutions which make up the Bavarian Natural History Collections (Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, SNSB).

One of its highlights is the specimen of the early bird Archaeopteryx discovered in 1861. The museum is also interesting because of the architecture of its building, the former urban college of arts and crafts.

See also
List of museums in Germany
List of natural history museums

External links

 Paleontology museums in Munich
BSPG homepage (in German)
BSPG on the SNSB homepage

Museums in Munich
Munich
Fossil museums

Palaeontological Museum, Munich


The economic history of the Republic of Turkey may be studied according to sub-periods signified with major changes in economic policy:

 1923–1929, when development policy emphasised private accumulation;
 1929–1945, when development policy emphasised state accumulation in a period of global crises;
 1950–1980, a period of state guided industrialisation based on import substituting protectionism;
 1980 onwards, opening of the Turkish economy to liberal trade in goods, services and financial market transactions.

However one distinct characteristic between 1923–1985, in large part as a result of government policies, a backward economy developed into a complex economic system producing a wide range of agricultural, industrial, and service products for both domestic and export markets the economy grew at an average annual rate of six percent.

Since 1820, Turkey has experienced economic growth and human development at average levels (compared to the rest of the world) but at higher rates than other developing countries.

From World War I to World War II

At the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire (see Economy of the Ottoman Empire) during World War I and the subsequent birth of the Republic, the Turkish economy was underdeveloped: agriculture depended on outmoded techniques and poor-quality livestock, and Turkey's industrial base was weak; the few factories producing basic products such as sugar and flour were under foreign control as a result of the capitulations.

After the establishment of the Turkish Republic, the new government committed itself to a relatively moderate economic policy. The basic direction of Turkey's economic development has been preliminarily determined, namely, the development of modern national industries, protection of customs duties, encouragement of private investment and absorption of foreign investment. At the same time, Economy Minister Mahmut Esat Bozkurt as representative of the "new Turkish economics" illustrates the basic economic policies of the Turkish government in the 1920s, the principle of nationalism and liberalism dual economy, the state-owned economy and non-state economy coexist and mixed structure of national capital and foreign capital, to raise tariffs and restrict imports, to protect national industry, emphasizing the countries in the credit and dominant position in the field of industry.

The first President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk announced that foreign companies and foreign businessmen would be allowed to invest in Turkey within the framework of the law in 1921. At the beginning of the Republic of Turkey, foreign capital played an important role in Turkey's economic life, with finance, railways, and mining under the control of foreign capital.

From 1923 to 1926, agricultural output rose by eighty-seven percent, as agricultural production returned to pre-war levels. Industry and services grew at more than nine percent per year from 1923 to 1929; however, their share of the economy remained quite low at the end of the decade.

In 1927, Anglo-French controlled Ottoman Banks provided about half of Turkey's production credit and even the right to issue notes.

In 1930, the Turkish government established the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, which was responsible for the formulation of monetary policies and the regulation of money supply. At the same time, it recovered the right to issue notes and purchased foreign enterprises and railways and ports operated by foreign capital. The degree of nationalization of the national economy was significantly improved.

In the 1930s, the Turkish government abandoned the relatively moderate liberal economic policies and promoted the radical nationalist economic policies, vigorously developed the state-owned economy, emphasized the principle of giving priority to industrial development, and expanded government intervention and investment in industrial production, aiming at accelerating the process of industrialization. Coping with the negative impact of the western economic crisis from 1929 to 1933 on the Turkish economy is the direct cause of the implementation of the nationalist policy in Turkey. The government stepped in during the early 1930s to promote economic recovery, following a doctrine known as statism. Growth slowed during the worst years of the depression, except between 1935 and 1939 when it reached six percent per year. During the 1940s, the economy stagnated, in large part because maintaining armed neutrality during World War II increased the country's military expenditures while almost entirely curtailing foreign trade.

Post 1950
In the 1950s, the Turkish government emphasized the liberal economic policies, encouraged private capital and foreign capital to invest in the industrial sector, and established the Turkish industrial development bank to provide loans to private entrepreneurs who invested in industry.

In 1954, the Turkish government promulgated the Foreign Investment Act (Act no. 6224), offering many preferential conditions to foreign investors, opening up the domestic market and attracting foreign investors. With investors from the US, West Germany, France and Italy the following suit, the modern industrial sector is the preferred investment for foreign investors.

After 1950 the country suffered economic disruptions about once a decade; the most serious crisis occurred in the late 1970s. In each case, an industry-led period of rapid expansion, marked by a sharp increase in imports, resulted in a balance of payments crisis. Devaluations of the Turkish lira and austerity programs designed to dampen domestic demand for foreign goods were implemented in accordance with International Monetary Fund guidelines. These measures usually led to sufficient improvement in the country's external accounts to make possible the resumption of loans to Turkey by foreign creditors. Although the military interventions of 1960 and 1971 were prompted in part by economic difficulties, after each intervention Turkish politicians boosted government spending, causing the economy to overheat. In the absence of serious structural reforms, Turkey ran chronic current account deficits usually financed by external borrowing that made the country's external debt rise from decade to decade, reaching by 1980 about US$16.2 billion, or more than one-quarter of annual gross domestic product. Debt-servicing costs in that year equaled 33 percent of exports of goods and services.

During this period, the number and size of private enterprises have shown a trend of substantial growth. According to statistics, there were 660 private enterprises with more than 10 employees in 1951, 1,160 in 1953 and 5,300 in 1960. At the same time, the average number of workers employed by the private sector increased from 25 to 33.

Since the 1960s, the Turkish government take a series of positive measures, including tax rebates for private entrepreneurs in the emerging industry investment and preferential tariffs on imported equipment imported industrial tariffs and private companies to provide low-interest loans, to encourage the development of private enterprises, private enterprises accelerate the pace of development, production of private enterprises the soaring, the industrial structure of the private enterprises are also changing accordingly. The constitution promulgated in 1961 emphasizes the common development of the private economy and state-owned economy, the organic combination of market economy and planned economy, and the leading position of the state in the financial field. Investment in the state-owned economy is mainly concentrated in large enterprises that are capital – and technology-intensive, such as infrastructure construction and metallurgy and chemical industry. The investment sector of the private economy is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises that produce daily consumer goods such as food processing and textiles.

In this period, the mixed economic structure of state-owned organizations and private business coexisted for a long time, and state-owned companies and private enterprises were divided equally. State-owned organizations were few in numbers but large in scale; The number of business that owned by privates was huge, but the scale was small. Enterprises which owned by the state had advantages in capital, technology and production scale, and private enterprises had higher production efficiency and market competitiveness than state-owned enterprises. The input-output ratio of national enterprises was lower than the private sectors. The size of organizations owned by the state and their proportion in the total value of industrial output showed a trend of a gradual decline, while the size of private enterprises and their proportion in the total industrial output value showed an increasing trend. Still, the state sector had long dominated Turkey's industrial production.

By the late 1970s, Turkey's economy had perhaps reached its worst crisis since the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Turkish authorities had failed to take sufficient measures to adjust to the effects of the sharp increase in world oil prices in 1973–74 and had financed the resulting deficits with short-term loans from foreign lenders. By 1979 inflation had reached triple-digit levels, unemployment had risen to about 15 percent, the industry was using only half its capacity, and the government was unable to pay even the interest on foreign loans. It seemed that Turkey would be able to sustain crisis-free development only if major changes were made in the government's import-substitution approach to development. Many observers doubted the ability of Turkish politicians to carry out the needed reforms.

Reforms under Özal
In the 1980s, the Turkish government abandoned the import-important industrial development model, formulated new economic development strategies, encouraged private investment, expanded the market economy, established a free trade zone, and emphasized the competitiveness of the international market in the context of globalization. The export-oriented economic model has gradually matured. In January 1980, the Demirel government announced a new economic reform program, abandoning the industrialization strategy of inward-looking import substitution, reducing direct government intervention, reducing import tariffs, implementing liberalized economic policies, and formulating export-oriented and market-adjusted Economic strategy is a turning point in the history of Turkey's economic development model. Furthermore, Turgutz Özal was appointed as the deputy prime minister to oversee economic affairs. In the year after the military coup, Özal's economic recovery plan was initially implemented, and the inflation rate fell from 140% to 35%. The government's fiscal revenues and expenditures gradually became balanced.

After Özal was elected prime minister in 1983, he increased the implementation of new economic policies, devalued currencies, raised interest rates, frozen wages, encouraged private investment, attracted foreign investment, encouraged exports, relaxed import and export trade and currency restrictions, and increased export competitiveness. To alleviate the trade deficit, improve fiscal revenue and expenditure, and curb inflation. At the same time, the government is committed to transforming state-owned enterprises and promoting the privatization of state-owned enterprises. Since 1984, the government has abolished the preferential and subsidy policies enjoyed by state-owned enterprises, implemented fair competition between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, and sold privately owned enterprises' securities and stocks to privately, canceled private investment restrictions, and expanded private investment.

The Özal strategy called for import-substitution policies to be replaced with policies designed to encourage exports that could finance imports, giving Turkey a chance to break out of the postwar pattern of alternating periods of rapid growth and deflation. With this strategy, planners hoped Turkey could experience export-led growth over the long run. The government pursued these goals by means of a comprehensive package: devaluation of the Turkish lira and institution of flexible exchange rates, maintenance of positive real interest rates and tight control of the money supply and credit, elimination of most subsidies and the freeing of prices charged by state enterprises, reform of the tax system, and encouragement of foreign investment. In July 1982, when Özal left office, many of his reforms were placed on hold. Starting in November 1983, however, when he again became prime minister, he was able to extend the liberalization program.

The liberalization program overcame the balance of payments crisis, reestablished Turkey's ability to borrow in international capital markets, and led to renewed economic growth. Merchandise exports grew from US$2.3 billion in 1979 to US$8.3 billion in 1985. Merchandise import growth in the same periodfrom US$4.8 billion to US$11.2 billiondid not keep pace with export growth and proportionately narrowed the trade deficit, although the deficit level stabilized at around US$2.5 billion. Özal's policies had a particularly positive impact on the services account of the current account. Despite a jump in interest payments, from US$200 million in 1979 to US$1.4 billion in 1985, the services account accumulated a growing surplus during this period. Expanding tourist receipts and pipeline fees from Iraq were the main reasons for this improvement. Stabilizing the current account helped restore creditworthiness on international capital markets. Foreign investment, which had been negligible in the 1970s, now started to grow, although it remained modest in the mid-1980s. Also, Turkey was able to borrow on the international market, whereas in the late 1970s it could only seek assistance from the IMF and other official creditors.

The reduction in public expenditures, which was at the heart of the stabilization program, slowed the economy sharply in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Real gross national product declined 1.5 percent in 1979 and 1.3 percent in 1980. The manufacturing and services sectors felt much of the impact of this drop in income, with the manufacturing sector operating at close to 50 percent of total capacity. As the external-payments constraint eased, the economy bounced back sharply. Between 1981 and 1985, real GNP grew 3 percent per year, led by growth in the manufacturing sector. With tight controls on workers' earnings and activities, the industrial sector began drawing on unused industrial capacity and raised output by an average rate of 9.1 percent per year between 1981 and 1985. The devaluation of the lira also helped make Turkey more economically competitive. As a result, exports of manufactures increased by an average rate of 4.5 percent per annum during this period.

The rapid resurgence of growth and the improvement in the balance of payments were insufficient to overcome unemployment and inflation, which remained serious problems. The official jobless rate fell from 15 percent in 1979 to 11 percent in 1980, but, partly because of the rapid growth of the labor force, unemployment rose again, to 13 percent in 1985. Inflation fell to about 25 percent in the 1981–82 period, but it climbed again, to more than 30 percent in 1983 and more than 40 percent in 1984. Although inflation eased somewhat in 1985 and 1986, it remained one of the primary problems facing economic policy makers.

Rapid economic growth in the 1990s
The new economic policy implemented in the 1980s accelerated the development of the Turkish economy. The annual growth rate of GDP was 3.3% in 1983, 5.1% in 1985, and 7.5% in 1987. In contrast, the rate of economic development in the 1990s, except 1991 and 1994, generally exceeded the 1980s (annual growth in GDP, 9.4% in 1990 and 0.3% in 1991). In 1992, it was 6.4%, in 1993 it was 8.1%, in 1994 it was 6.1%, in 1995 it was 8%, in 1996 it was 7.1%, and in 1997 it was 8%).

On the other hand, the implementation of the new economic policy has led to a rapid increase in import and export trade. Along with the growth of import and export trade, the structure of export commodities has undergone significant changes; the export volume of industrial products has continued to rise, which constitutes a prominent phenomenon in the rapid development of the export-oriented economy in the 1990s. In 1990, Turkey's total exports increased to 13 billion U.S. dollars, of which the proportion of agricultural products in total exports fell to 25.5%, and the proportion of industrial products in total exports rose to 67.9%. In 1997, Turkey's total exports reached US$26.2 billion, of which agricultural products accounted for only 20.8% of total exports, and industrial products accounted for 74.9% of total exports.

Late 20th century
With limited access to the Persian Gulf, Iraq also came to depend heavily on Turkey for export routes for its crude oil. Iraq had financed two pipelines located next to one another from its northern Kirkuk oilfields to the Turkish Mediterranean port of Yumurtalık, slightly northwest of İskenderun. The capacity of the pipelines totaled around  (bpd). Not only did Turkey obtain part of its domestic supplies from the pipeline, but it was paid a sizable entrepôt fee. Some sources have estimated this fee at US$300 million to US$500 million.

Turkey's economy was battered by the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The UN embargo on Iraq required the ending of oil exports through the Kirkuk-Yumurtalık pipelines, resulting in the loss of the pipeline fees. In addition, the economy may have lost as much as US$3 billion in trade with Iraq. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) moved to compensate Turkey for these losses, however, and by 1992 the economy again began to grow rapidly.

Turkey's impressive economic performance in the 1980s won high marks from Wall Street's credit-rating agencies. In 1992 and 1993, the government used these ratings to attract funds to cover its budget deficits. International bond issues over this period amounted to US$7.5 billion. These capital flows helped maintain the overvalued exchange rate. In a market economy, a high level of government borrowing should translate into higher domestic interest rates and even possibly "crowd out" private-sector borrowers, thereby eventually slowing economic growth. But the government's foreign borrowing took the pressure off domestic interest rates and actually spurred more private-sector borrowing in an already overheated economy. Sensing an easy profit opportunity during this period, commercial banks borrowed at world interest rates and lent at Turkey's higher domestic rates without fear of a depreciating currency. As a result, Turkey's foreign short-term debt rose sharply. External and internal confidence in the government's ability to manage the impending balance of payments crisis waned, compounding economic difficulties.

Disputes between Prime Minister Tansu Çiller (1993–1996) and the Central Bank governor undermined confidence in the government. The prime minister insisted on monetizing the fiscal deficit (selling government debt instruments to the Central Bank) rather than acceding to the Central Bank's proposal to issue more public debt in the form of government securities. The Central Bank governor resigned in August 1993 over this issue. In January 1994, international credit agencies downgraded Turkey's debt to below investment grade. At that time, a second Central Bank governor resigned.

Mounting concern over the disarray in economic policy was reflected in an accelerated "dollarization" of the economy as residents switched domestic assets into foreign-currency deposits to protect their investments. By the end of 1994, about 50 percent of the total deposit base was held in the form of foreign-currency deposits, up from 1 percent in 1993. The downgrading by credit-rating agencies and a lack of confidence in the government's budget deficit target of 14 percent of GDP for 1994 triggered large-scale capital flight and the collapse of the exchange rate. The government had to intervene by selling its foreign-currency reserves to staunch the decline of the Turkish lira. As a result, reserves fell from US$6.3 billion at the end of 1993 to US$3 billion by the end of March 1994. Before the end of April, when the government was forced to announce a long-overdue austerity program following the March 1994 local elections, the lira had plummeted by 76 percent from the end of 1993 to TL41,000 against the United States dollar.

The package of measures announced by the government on April 5, 1994, was also submitted to the IMF as part of its request for a US$740 million standby facility beginning in July 1994. Measures included a sharp increase in prices the public-sector enterprises would charge the public, decreases in budgetary expenditures, a commitment to raise taxes, and a pledge to accelerate privatization of state economic enterprises (SEEs). Some observers questioned the credibility of these measures, given that the tax measures translated into a revenue increase equivalent to 4 percent of GDP and the expenditure cuts were equivalent to 6 percent of GDP.

The government actually succeeded in generating a small surplus in the budget during the second quarter of 1994, mainly as a result of higher taxes, after running a deficit of 17 percent of GDP in the first quarter. The slowdown in government spending, a sharp loss in business confidence, and the resulting decline in economic activity reduced tax revenues, however. The fiscal crisis resulted in a decline in real GDP of 5 percent in 1994 after the economy had grown briskly in 1992 and 1993. Real wages also fell in 1994: average nominal wage increases of 65 percent were about 20 percent below the rate of consumer price inflation.

Analysts pointed out that despite the fragility of the macroeconomic adjustment process and the susceptibility of fiscal policy to political pressures, the government continued to be subject to market checks and balances. Combined with a stronger private sector, particularly on the export front, the economy was expected to bounce back to a pattern of faster growth.

A comprehensive research in Journal of Developing Economies which was authored by Mete Feridun of University of Greenwich Business School, report statistical evidence that currency crises in Turkey during this period are associated with global liquidity conditions, fiscal imbalances, capital outflows, and banking sector weaknesses

A more recent research by Mete Feridun which was published in Emerging Markets Finance and Trade investigates the hypothesis that there is a causal relation between speculative pressure and real exchange rate overvaluation, banking-sector fragility, and the level of international reserves in Turkey shedding more light on Turkey's economic history of 1990s.

Consequences of the new economic policy
As a result of the rapid growth of population and the rapid progress of industrialization, Turkey's urbanization has also led to corresponding changes in the social structure, shaping a new social class.

The consequences of the new economic policy are the violent fluctuations in the economic field, the intensification of the polarization between the rich and the poor, which has a wide-ranging social influence and profound political influence. It is the historical background for the emergence of Islamism in the Turkish political arena. The inflation rate was lower than 40% in the early 1980s, 70% in 1987, and 120.1% in 1992. In 1987, 20% of the rich had a 49.8% income; in 1994, 20% of the rich had a 50% income.

On the one hand, modern industrial workers have gradually emerged and become important social forces; on the other hand, the shanty towns where rural immigrants live have expanded year by year, and the urban poor have expanded dramatically. The 1950s was the fastest stage of urbanization. In the 1980s, the number of shanty towns around the city, the number of people living in the city, and the proportion of the urban population showed a significant upward trend. With the expansion of shanty towns around the city and the rapid expansion of the urban poor, the opposition between the rich and the poor in urban society has become increasingly prominent, and the collapse of the traditional order has led to the state of helplessness and serious unemployment in the lower classes moving from rural to urban areas, providing radical forces and soils that are highly inclined to breed.

Early 21st century

In the 21st century, the economy of Turkey has prospered thanks to a long period of steady economic growth, well above the average of the 1990s. It has become one of the world's emerging economies and one of the fastest growing countries in the world with a strong industrial base caused by an economic boom in the 2000s. In addition, Turkey's economic situation was relatively prosperous during the 2008 global financial crisis. The Turkish government has developed a series of macroeconomic policies in accordance with the new economic plan and the Turkish government has used the new government structure and cooperated with the International Monetary Fund, which has led to some good effects, including reducing the unemployment rate, higher education level, and increasing life expectancy. As a result, real GDP growth made Turkey one of the fastest growing countries in the 2000s. Turkish geopolitical strategy and geography are extremely important as it is the crossroads connecting Europe and Asia. Turkey is a founding member of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, a member of the G20 and the NATO, and a candidate for the European Union.

Turkey's location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East has made it a strategic hub for trade and investment, but also a vulnerable target for economic turmoil. In this article, we will examine the major trends and challenges that have shaped the Turkish economy from 2003 to 2023.

Since the early 2000s, Turkey has experienced a period of high economic growth, averaging 5.4% annually until 2018. This growth was largely driven by a series of structural reforms initiated by the AKP government, including the privatization of state-owned enterprises, deregulation of key sectors, and improvements in fiscal and monetary policies. These reforms also helped to reduce inflation from double digits to single digits and increase foreign direct investment in the country.

Turkey's economy has undergone a significant structural transformation, with the share of agriculture declining from 27% to 8% of GDP, and the share of industry and services increasing to 31% and 61% respectively. The country has become a major exporter of automobiles, textiles, and electronics, while the tourism industry has also been a significant contributor to GDP. However, the reliance on a few key industries has made the economy vulnerable to external shocks, as seen in the aftermath of the 2016 coup attempt and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Inflation has been a persistent challenge for the Turkish economy, with rates fluctuating between 6% and 25% in the last two decades. The depreciation of the Turkish lira has been a major factor contributing to inflation, as well as external factors such as fluctuations in oil prices and global trade tensions. The lira has also experienced significant depreciation against major currencies, leading to a rise in foreign debt and a decline in purchasing power for Turkish citizens.

Current economic status and future economy
According to data released by the Turkish Statistical Institute, gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 2.4% in the fourth quarter of 2017, which was the second consecutive quarter of economic decline after the third quarter contracted by 1.6%. Affected by the deterioration of the relationship between Turkey and the United States, the exchange rate crisis in Turkey. For the whole of last year, the Turkish lira fell by 30% against the US dollar. Due to the sharp depreciation of the lira, the cost of corporate debt repayment has increased, and many companies have filed for bankruptcy. In addition, Turkey is also facing high inflation problems. In October 2018, the consumer price index (CPI) rose by 25% year-on-year, a record high in 15 years.

See also
 Economy of Turkey

References

Further reading
 Aşık, Güneş; Karakoç, Ulaş; Pamuk, Şevket (2023). "Regional inequalities and the West–East divide in Turkey since 1913". The Economic History Review. 76 (4): 1305–1332.

External links
 https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2013/september/the-turkish-2000-01-banking-crisis/
 Turkey: From Empire to Revolutionary Republic; The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present

Economic history of Turkey


This list of literary awards from around the world is an index to articles about notable literary awards.

International awards

All nationalities & multiple languages eligible (in chronological order)
 Nobel Prize in Literature – since 1901
 Golden Wreath of Struga Poetry Evenings – since 1966
 Neustadt International Prize for Literature – since 1970
 International Botev Prize – since 1972
 The Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year – since 1978
 Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service – since 1979
 America Award – since 1994
 Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award – since 1997
 Franz Kafka Prize – since 2001
 Sense of Gender Awards – since 2001
 Ovid Prize – since 2002
 Dayton Literary Peace Prize – since 2006
 European Union Prize for Literature – since 2009
 Jan Michalski Prize for Literature – since 2009
 Paris Literary Prize – since 2010
 KONS International Literary Award – since 2011
 Grand Prix of Literary Associations (English, French, and Spanish) – since 2013
 Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award – since 2013
 Europese Literatuurprijs (European Literature Award) – since 2011

Awards by language

Arabic

 Etisalat Award for Arabic Children's Literature
 International Prize for Arabic Fiction
 Katara Prize for Arabic Novel
 King Faisal International Prize for Arabic language and literature
 Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature
 Sheikh Zayed Book Award

Bengali

 Rabindra Puraskar
 Bankim Puraskar
 Ananda Puraskar
 Sahitya Akademi Award to Bengali Writers
 Bangla Academy Award

Chinese

Mao Dun Literature Prize
 Lu Xun Literary Prize
 Lao She Literary Award
 Dream of the Red Chamber Award
 Shi Nai'an Literary Prize
 Newman Prize for Chinese Literature
 Bing Xin Children's Literature Award

English

 International Dublin Literary Award
 Goldsmiths Prize
 Next Generation Indie Book Awards
 Booker Prize
 The Warwick Prize for Writing
 International Rubery Book Award
 Montreal International Poetry Prize
 Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes
 Caine Prize
 Queen Mary Wasafiri New Writing Prize
 International Booker Prize
 Warwick Prize for Women in Translation

German

 Georg Büchner Prize – for the overall literary oeuvre
 Sigmund Freud Prize – for scientific prose
 German Book Prize – for the best German language novel of the year
 Leipzig Book Fair Prize – in three categories: fiction, non-fiction, and translation
 Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
 Aspekte-Literaturpreis (Aspekte Literature Prize) – for the best debut novel written in German
 Kleist Prize – (first awarded in 1912)

Gujarati

 Kumar Suvarna Chandrak
 Narmad Suvarna Chandrak
 Premanand Suvarna Chandrak
 Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak
 Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar
 Yuva Gaurav Puraskar (conferred to young authors)

Hebrew

 Bialik Prize
 Sapir Prize
 Tchernichovsky Prize (for translation)

Italian

 Strega Prize
 Premio Campiello
 Premio Bancarella
 Bagutta Prize
 Urania award (Science Fiction)

Kannada
 Rashtrakavi
 Nrupatunga Award
 Kanaka Shree
 Pampa Award

Malayalam

 Edasseri Award
 Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
 Kerala Sahitya Academy Award
 Muttathu Varkey Award
 Odakkuzhal Award
 Padmarajan Award
 Vallathol Award
 Vayalar Award

Marathi
 Vinda Karandikar Jeevan Gaurav Puraskar

Meitei (Manipuri)

 Sahitya Akademi Award for Meitei
 Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize for Meitei
 Yuva Puraskar for Meitei

Odia
 Odisha Sahitya Academy Award

Portuguese

 Camões Prize
 Prémio Leya
 Portugal Telecom Prize for Literature (from 2007 onwards)
 São Paulo Prize for Literature

Spanish

 Miguel de Cervantes Prize
 Rómulo Gallegos Prize
 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize – female authors
 Premio Planeta
 Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja
 Premio Iberoamericano Planeta-Casa de América de Narrativa – since 2007
 Joaquín Gallegos Lara National Fiction Prize

Tamil
 Vishnupuram Award

Awards by region

African

 Babishai Niwe Poetry Foundation
 Brunel University African Poetry Prize
 Caine Prize
 Etisalat Prize for Literature
 Golden Baobab Prize
 Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire
 Lotus Prize for Literature (discontinued)
 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (discontinued)
 Tchicaya U Tam'si Prize for African Poetry
 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa

Asian

 Man Asian Literary Prize
 DSC Prize for South Asian Literature
 SAARC Literary Award
 Kiriyama Prize – for books about the Pacific Rim and South Asia; 1996–2008

Caribbean literature
 Casa de las Américas Prize
 OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature

Commonwealth

 Booker Prize – winners and shortlisted authors
 Commonwealth Short Story Prize
 Commonwealth Writers' Prize (discontinued)
 Encore Award – since 1990
 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize

European Union
 European Union Prize for Literature
 European Book Prize

Nordic

 Nordic Council's Literature Prize

Awards by country

American literature

 Aga Khan Prize for Fiction
 Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry
 Ambassador Book Award
 American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals in Belles Lettres, Criticism and Essays
 American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Drama
 American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction, Novels, Short Stories
 American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry
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 Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence in Fiction and Nonfiction
 Arab American Book Award
 Arthur Rense Prize
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 The Best American Poetry series
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 Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry
 Bollingen Prize
 Bram Stoker Award
 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize
 Christopher Hewitt Award
 Colorado Book Award
 The Dana Award
 Donna J. Stone National Literary Awards
 Dos Passos Prize
Drue Heinz Literature Prize
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 Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence
 Fabri Literary Prize
 Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction
 Frost Medal
 Goldsmith Book Prize
 Gotham Book Prize
 Gregory Kolovakos Award
 Harold Morton Landon Translation Award
 Helen and Kurt Wolff Translator's Prize
 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award
 Hispanic Heritage Award for Literature
 Hopwood Award
 Hugo Award
 James Duval Phelan Award
 James Jones First Novel Award
 James Laughlin Award
 Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize
 Jackson Poetry Prize
 The John Esten Cooke Fiction Award
 Joseph Henry Jackson Award
 Kate Tufts Discovery Award
 Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award
 Lambda Literary Award
 Lannan Literary Awards
 Los Angeles Times Book Prize
 Mary Tanenbaum Award for Nonfiction
 Michael Braude Award for Light Verse
 Minnesota Book Award
 National Book Award
 National Book Critics Circle Award
 National Hispanic Cultural Center Literary Award
 National Jewish Book Award, Jewish Book Council
 National Outdoor Book Award
 National Poetry Series
 National Translation Award
 Native Writers' Circle of the Americas
 Nebula Award for Science Fiction
 Newbery Medal
 The New Criterion Poetry Prize
 O. Henry Awards (for short stories)
 Oregon Book Award
 Outstanding Latino/a Cultural Award in Literary Arts or Publications
 Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award
 PEN Award for Poetry in Translation
 PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize
 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
 PEN/Malamud Award (for short stories)
 PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award (for diversity and multi-cultural work)
 PEN/Open Book Award (formerly PEN/Beyond Margins, for writers of color)
 PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation
 PEN Translation Fund Grants
 Poets' Prize
 Premio Aztlán Literary Prize – emerging Chicana/o writers
 Publishing Innovation Award – ebooks and related technology
 Pulitzer Prize for
 History
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 Pushcart Prize
 Quill Awards
 Raiziss/de Palchi Translation Awards
 Reference and User Services Association awards
 Robert Olen Butler Prize
 Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize
 Scott Moncrieff Prize
 Sherwood Anderson Foundation Award
 Short Story Award
 Sophie Brody Award
 Spur Award
 St. Francis College Literary Prize
 St. Louis Literary Award
 Stone Award for Lifetime Literary Achievement
 Stonewall Book Award
 The Story Prize
 Tomás Rivera Mexican American Children's Book Award
 Wallace Stevens Award
 Walt Whitman Award
 William Faulkner – William Wisdom Creative Writing Competition
 Whiting Awards
 Willis Barnstone Translation Prize

Australian literature

 Aurealis Award – awarded annually for Australian science fiction, fantasy and horror fiction
 The Australian/Vogel Literary Award – for unpublished manuscripts by writers under the age of 35
 Miles Franklin Award – for the best Australian published novel or play portraying Australian life in any of its phases
 New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards
 Patrick White Award
 Queensland Premier's Literary Awards
 Tasmanian Premier's Literary Prizes
 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards
 Victorian Premier's Literary Award

Austrian literature

 Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
 Feldkircher Lyrikpreis
 Erich Fried Prize
 Franz Kafka Prize
 Austrian State Prize for European Literature
 Anton Wildgans Prize

Bangladesh literature

 Bangla Academy Award

Botswana literature

 Bessie Head Literature Awards

Brazilian literature

 Prêmio Jabuti
 Prêmio Machado de Assis
 São Paulo Prize for Literature

British literature

 Author's Club First Novel Award
 Betty Trask Award
 Booker Prize
 British Book Awards – the "Nibbies"
 Chancellor's Gold Medal
 Commonwealth Short Story Prize
 Commonwealth Writers' Prize
 Dundee International Book Prize
 Duff Cooper Prize
 Forward Prize
 Hawthornden Prize
 Hessell-Tiltman Prize
 International Rubery Book Award
 James Tait Black Memorial Prize
 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize
 Meyer-Whitworth Award
 Newdigate Prize
 Orange Prize for Fiction
 Orwell Prize
 Samuel Johnson Prize
 SI Leeds Literary Prize
 Somerset Maugham Award
 T. S. Eliot Prize
 Waverton Good Read Award
 Costa Book Awards (discontinued in 2021)
 Marsh Biography Award – awarded biennially for the best biography written by a British author first published in the UK during the two preceding years.
 Marsh Award for Children's Literature in Translation – recognises the best translation of a children's book from a foreign language into English and published in the UK.

Bulgarian literature

 Vick Prize

Canadian literature

 Arthur Ellis Award
 Atlantic Book Awards & Festival
 Booker Prize
 Burt Award for First Nations, Métis and Inuit Literature
 Canada Reads
 Canadian Jewish Book Awards
 Carol Bolt Award
 Commonwealth Writers' Prize
 Danuta Gleed Literary Award
 Dayne Ogilvie Prize
 Doug Wright Award
 Edna Staebler Award
 Geoffrey Bilson Award
 Gerald Lampert Award
 Griffin Poetry Prize
 Governor General's Award
 Herman Voaden Playwriting Competition
 Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction
 Innis-Gérin Medal
 John Glassco Translation Prize
 Journey Prize
 Kobzar Literary Award
 Lane Anderson Award
 Lorne Pierce Medal
 McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award
 McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award
 Matt Cohen Award: In Celebration of a Writing Life
 Milton Acorn People's Poetry Award
 Norma Fleck Award
 Pat Lowther Award
 Percy Janes First Novel Award
 Prix Anne-Hébert
 Prix Athanase-David
 Prix du Cercle du livre de France
 Prix Ringuet
 RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers
 ReLit Awards
 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize
 Ryerson Fiction Award (discontinued)
 Scotiabank Giller Prize. In 2005, the Giller prize was renamed to the Scotiabank Giller Prize.
 Shaughnessy Cohen Award
 Stephen Leacock Award
 Sunburst Award
 TD Canadian Children's Literature Award
 Thomas Head Raddall Award
 Trillium Award
 Vicky Metcalf Award for Children's Literature
 Winterset Award
 Wright Awards
 Writers' Trust Distinguished Contribution Award
 Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award

Chilean literature

 Chilean National Prize for Literature

Chinese literature

 Lu Xun Literary Prize
 Mao Dun Literature Prize
 Newman Prize for Chinese Literature

Costa Rican literature
 Premio Editorial Costa Rica

Croatian language

 Croatia rediviva: Ča, Kaj, Što - baštinski dani
 Nagrada Ksaver Šandor Gjalski
 Nagrada Matice Hrvatske

Czech literature

 Magnesia Litera Prize

Dutch literature
 Libris Literatuur Prijs

Ecuadorian literature

 Joaquín Gallegos Lara National Fiction Prize
 Premio Eugenio Espejo

Estonian literature

 Friedebert Tuglas short story award
 Juhan Smuul literary award

Finnish literature

 Finlandia Prize for literature
 Helsingin Sanomat Literature Prize
 Runeberg Prize for literature
 Thanks for the Book Award for literature

French literature

 Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
 Grand Prix de Littérature Policière
 Prix Alain-Fournier
 Prix Décembre
 Prix des Deux-Magots
 Prix Femina
 Prix Fénéon
 Prix de Flore
 Prix du roman Fnac
 Prix Goncourt
 Prix Interallié
 Prix Littéraire Valery Larbaud
 Prix Médicis
 Prix Mystère de la critique
 Prix de la Page 112
 Prix du Quai des Orfèvres
 Prix Renaudot
 Candide Preis (the only German-French Literary award)

Georgian literature

 Shota Rustaveli State Prize

German literature

 Bertelsmann-Preisausschreiben
 Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis
 Candide Preis – German-French literary award in memory of Voltaire's novella Candide – since 1995
 Carl Zuckmayer Medal – annual literary prize awarded by the state of Rhineland Palatinate in memory of Carl Zuckmayer
 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis
 Fontane Prize of the City of Neuruppin
 German Book Prize – awarded annually during the Frankfurt Book Fair for the best German language novel of the year
 Georg Büchner Prize – awarded annually by the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung in memory of Georg Büchner
 Goethe Prize – awarded triennially by the city of Frankfurt in memory of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; since 1927
 Hanseatic Goethe Prize
 Heinrich Heine Prize
 Hermann-Hesse-Preis
 Hans Fallada Prize – biennial literary prize in memory of Hans Fallada
 Heinrich Mann Prize
 Hermann Kesten Medal
 Ingeborg Bachmann Prize (Austrian)
 Kassel Literary Prize
 Kleist Prize
 Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis – annual science fiction award in memory of Kurd Laßwitz, inspired by the American Nebula Award
 Leipzig Book Fair Prize
 Nelly Sachs Prize
 Roswitha Prize
 Schiller Memorial Prize
 Toucan Prize

Hungarian literature

 Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award – for poets and translators; since 1997
 Baumgarten Prize
 Kossuth Prize

Icelandic literature

 Icelandic Literary Prize

Indian literature

 Jnanpith Award
 Sahitya Akademi Award
 Pampa Award
 Saraswati Samman
 Yuva Puraskar (conferred to young authors)
 Vinda Karandikar Jeevan Gaurav Puraskar
 Jibanananda Das Award
 Tagore Award
 Assam Valley Literary Award
 All India Poetry Prize

Indonesian literature

 Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition

Iranian literature

 Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards
 Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award

Irish literature

 Irish Book Awards
 The Francis MacManus Award

Israeli literature

 Bialik Prize
 Geffen Award
 Jerusalem Prize – since 1963
 Sapir Prize
 Yitzhak Sadeh Prize

Italian literature

 Bagutta Prize
 Premio Bancarella
 Premio Campiello
 Premio Strega
 Premio Urania
 Viareggio Prize
 Flaiano Prize

Japanese literature

 Akutagawa Prize
 Bungei Prize
 Dazai Osamu Prize
 Edogawa Rampo Prize
 Honkaku Mystery Award
 Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature (Izumi Kyōka Bungaku Shō)
 Kikuchi Kan Prize (Kan Kikuchi Shō)
 Mishima Yukio Prize
 Mystery Writers of Japan Award
 Naoki Prize (Naoki Sanjūgo Shō)
 Noma Prize for Literature
 Ōe Kenzaburō Prize
 Tanizaki Prize
 Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize
 Yomiuri Prize for Literature

Luxembourgian literature

 Batty Weber Prize
 Servais Prize

Malaysian literature

Malaysia Premier's Literary Award
Malaysian National Laureate

Mexican literature

 Premio Nacional de Lingüística y Literatura
 Xavier Villaurrutia Award
 FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages

Nepalese Literature
 Madan Puraskar

New Zealand literature

 Esther Glen Award – for children's literature
 Joy Cowley Award – for children's literature
 Sir Julius Vogel Award – for science fiction and fantasy
 New Zealand Post Book Awards
 Ngaio Marsh Award
 Margaret Mahy Award
 Prime Minister's Awards for Literary Achievement

Nigerian literature

 Nigeria Prize for Literature
 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa
 9mobile Prize for Literature
 Engineer Mohammed Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing – for works in the Hausa language

Norwegian literature

 Halldis Moren Vesaas Prize
 NBU-prisen
 Norwegian Academy Prize in memory of Thorleif Dahl
 Norwegian Academy of Literature and Freedom of Expression
 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature

Philippine literature

 Palanca Award
 Philippine National Book Awards

Polish literature

 Angelus Award
 Found in Translation Award
 Gdynia Literary Prize
 Janusz A. Zajdel Award for science fiction
 Kościelski Award
 Nautilus Award
 Nike Award
 Paszport Polityki for Literature
 Ryszard Kapuściński Award for Literary Reportage
 Silesius Poetry Award
 Śląkfa Award
 Wisława Szymborska Award

Portuguese literature

 Prémio Camões

Russian literature

 Solzhenitsyn Prize
 Russian Booker Prize
 Pushkin Prize
 Yasnaya Polyana Literary Award

Serbian literature

 Isidora Sekulić Award
 NIN Award

Singaporean literature

 Epigram Books Fiction Prize
 Singapore Literature Prize

Slovene literature

 Fabula Award
 Jenko Award
 KONS International Literary Award
 Kresnik Award
 Levstik Award
 Prešeren Award
 Prešeren Foundation Award
 Rožanc Award
 Veronika Award
 Vilenica Prize

South African literature

 Alan Paton Award
 Alba Bouwer Prize
 Amstel Playwright of the Year Award
 ATKV Prose Prize
 Barry Ronge Fiction Prize
 C.P. Hoogenhout Award
 Central News Agency Literary Award
 David Higham Prize for Fiction
 Dinaane Debut Fiction Award
 Exclusive Books Boeke Prize
 Eugène Marais Prize
 Hertzog Prize
 Ingrid Jonker Prize
 M-Net Literary Awards
 Maskew Miller Longman Literature Awards
 Media24 Books Literary Awards
 Olive Schreiner Prize
 Percy FitzPatrick Award
 Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation
 South African Literary Awards
 Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards
 The Cape Tercentenary Foundation
 Thomas Pringle Award
 University of Johannesburg Prize
 W.A Hofmeyr Prize

South Korean literature

 Dong-in Literary Award
 Hyundae Munhak Award
 Manhae Prize
 Yi Sang Literary Award
 So-Wol Poetry Prize
 Park Kyung-ni Prize
 Ho-Am Prize in the Arts

Spanish literature

 Miguel de Cervantes Prize
 Premio Nadal
 Premio Planeta
 Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja
 Rómulo Gallegos Prize
 Premio Nacional de Literatura
 Premio Azorín
 Premio de la Crítica
 Premi Prudenci Bertrana
 Prince of Asturias Awards – since 1981

Sri Lanka

 Gratiaen Prize
 State Literary Award

Swedish literature

 Augustpriset
 De Nios Stora Pris
 Best Swedish Crime Novel Award – awarded by Swedish Crime Writers' Academy

Swiss literature

 Max Frisch Prize
 Solothurner Literaturpreis
 Swiss Book Prize

Thai literature

 S.E.A.Write Award
 Sriburapha Award

Turkish literature

 Erdal Oz Literature Award
 Sedat Simavi Literature Award

Ukrainian literature

 Shevchenko National Prize – since 1961

Venezuelan literature

 Adriano González León Biennial Novel Prize

Zimbabwean literature
 National Arts Merit Awards

Awards by genres

Children's literature

 Newbery Medal and Newbery Honor (USA) – since 1922
 Carnegie Medal (UK) – since 1936
 Caldecott Medal and Caldecott Honor (USA) for illustration – since 1938
 Children's Book Council of Australia Awards (Australia) – since 1946
 Governor General's Award for English language children's literature (Canada) – since 1949
 Jane Addams Children's Book Award (USA) – since 1953
 Children's Literature Legacy Award (USA) – since 1954, formerly the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal
 Hans Christian Andersen Award (international) – since 1956
 Kate Greenaway Medal for illustration (UK) – since 1956
 Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award (USA) – since 1957
 Nienke van Hichtum-prijs (Netherlands) – since 1964
 Guardian Award (UK) – since 1967
 Sydney Taylor Book Award for Jewish children's and teen literature – since 1968
 Coretta Scott King Award for African-American Literature (USA) – since 1970
 Tir na n-Og Awards (Wales, UK) – since 1976
 Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (UK) – 1985–2007
 Prix Sorcières (France) – since 1986
 Governor General's Award for French language children's literature (Canada) – since 1987
 CBI Book of the Year Awards (Ireland) – since 1990
 Gelett burgess children's book award (USA) – since 2010
 Anne V. Zarrow Award for Young Readers' Literature (USA) – since 1991
 The Eilis Dillon Award (Ireland) – since 1995
 Angus Book Award (UK) – since 1996
 Pura Belpré Award for Latino literature (USA) – since 1996
 Marsh Award for Children's Literature in Translation (UK) – since 1996
 Children's Laureate (UK) – since 1999
 Michael L. Printz Award for young adult literature (USA) – since 2000
 Sibert Medal for informational books (USA) – since 2001
 Mildred L. Batchelder Award (USA)
 Super Dash Novel Rookie of the Year Award (Japan) – since 2001
 Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award (international) – since 2003
 NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature – since 2003

Food and drink

 Langhe Ceretto Prize (international) – since 1991

History

 Cundill Prize for historical non-fiction – since 2008
 Duff Cooper Prize — since 1956
 Wolfson History Prize – since 1972

Horror fiction

 Bram Stoker Award – for superior achievement in horror writing, since 1987
Shirley Jackson Award – for outstanding achievement in the literature of psychological suspense, horror and the dark fantastic, since 2007.
 Lord Ruthven Award – for the best fiction on vampires and the best academic work on the study of the vampire figure in culture and literature – since 1989

Military fiction and military history

 Colby Award for a first work of fiction or non-fiction – since 1999
 Pritzker Military Literature Award for Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing – since 2007
 W.Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction – since 1997

Mystery: crime fiction and detective fiction

 Agatha Award
 Agatha Christie Award (Japan)
 Anthony Award
 Arthur Ellis Awards by the Crime Writers of Canada
 Ayukawa Tetsuya Award
 Barry Award
 Best Swedish Crime Novel Award – awarded by Swedish Crime Writers' Academy
 Crime Writers' Association awards:
 Cartier Diamond Dagger
 Dagger in the Library
 Dagger of Daggers
 Duncan Lawrie International Dagger
 Gold Dagger
 Ian Fleming Steel Dagger
 Short Story Award
 Davitt Award
Glass Key award
 Grand Prix de Littérature Policière
 Hammett Prize
 Honkaku Mystery Award – awarded by Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan
 Japan Adventure Fiction Association Prize
 Left Coast Crime awards
 Lefty award
 The Bruce Alexander Memorial Historical Mystery
 Macavity Award
 Martin Beck Award
 Mephisto Prize
 Mystery Writers of America awards:
 Edgar Award
 Mystery Writers of Japan awards:
 Mystery Writers of Japan Award
 Edogawa Rampo Prize
 Ned Kelly Awards
Shamus Award
 Staunch Book Prize
 Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award

Romance Fiction
 RITA Award
 RoNa Award

Speculative fiction (science fiction and fantasy)

 Hugo Award – since 1955
 Nebula Award – since 1965
 Ditmar Award (Australia) – since 1969
 BSFA award – since 1970
 Seiun Award – since 1970
 Locus Award – since 1971
 Mythopoeic Awards – awards for the best of mythic fantasy, following in the tradition of J. R. R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis – since 1971
 Prix Tour-Apollo Award – since 1972
 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel – since 1973
 John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in Science Fiction – since 1973
 World Fantasy Award – since 1975
 Paul Harland Prize (Netherlands) – since 1976
 Prometheus Award – best Libertarian SF – since 1979
 Nihon SF Taisho Award – since 1980
 Prix Aurora Award (Canada) – since 1980
 Prix Rosny-Aîné (France) – since 1980
 Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis (Germany) – since 1981
 Philip K. Dick Award – since 1982
 Compton Crook Award – best first time novel in genre in a year, since 1983
 Janusz A. Zajdel Award (Poland) – since 1984
 Writers of the Future – contest for new authors, since 1985
 Tähtivaeltaja Award (Finland) – since 1986
 Arthur C. Clarke Award – since 1987
 Japan Fantasy Novel Award – since 1989
 Sir Julius Vogel Award (New Zealand) – since 1989
 Urania Award (Italy) – since 1989
 SFRA Pioneer Award – best critical essay-length work, since 1990
 Tiptree award – since 1991
 Chandler Award (Australia) – since 1992
 Sidewise Award for Alternate History – since 1995
 Aurealis Award (Australia) – since 1995
 Thomas D. Clareson Award for Distinguished Service – promotion of SF teaching and study, etc., since 1996
 Endeavour Award (Pacific Northwest) – since 1999
 Nautilus Award (Poland) – since 2003
 WSFA Small Press Award – since 2007
 Tähtifantasia Award (Finland) – since 2007
 Kitschies (UK) – since 2009
 Le PLIB (France) – promotion of Science Fiction and Fantasy by Literary Influencers, since 2018

Sports

General
 William Hill Sports Book of the Year (UK)
 British Sports Book Awards (UK)
 PEN/ESPN Award for Literary Sports Writing (US)

Baseball
 CASEY Award (US)
 Jerry Malloy Book Prize (US)
 Seymour Medal (US)
 Dave Moore Award (US)

Biography

 Marsh Biography Award – awarded biennially for the best biography written by a British author and first published in the UK during the two preceding years.

Miscellaneous
 Goodreads Choice Awards

Awards for literary translation

 Gregory Kolovakos Award – PEN America : U.S. literary translator, editor, or critic whose work ... extends Gregory Kolovakos's commitment to the richness of Hispanic literature and to expanding its English-language audience
 PEN Translation Prize – awarded annually for a translation from any language into English.
 Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize – awarded annually for a book-length translation from any language into English.
 Rossica Translation Prize – awarded biennially by Academia Rossica to a translation from Russian into English.
 National Book Award for Translated Literature – awarded annually for a fiction or non-fiction translation from any language into English by the National Book Award
 National Translation Award – annual prize awarded by the American Literary Translators Association
 Popescu Prize – awarded biennially for a translation of poetry from a European language into English. Awarded by the Poetry Society.
 Willis Barnstone Translation Prize – annually awarded to a translation of a poem from any language into English.
 Scott Moncrieff Prize – awarded annually for French to English translation.
 Banipal Prize for Arabic Literary Translation – awarded annually for Arabic to English literary translation.
 Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation – awarded for a translation of prose or poetry into English from any other of the South African official languages.
 Rossica Young Translators Prize – open to submissions from translators aged under 25, awarded annually for the translation of a passage of contemporary fiction from Russian into English.
 Harvill Secker Young Translators Prize – open to submissions from translators aged between 18 and 34, awarded annually, focusing on a different language every year.
 International Dublin Literary Award – since 1996
 Helen and Kurt Wolff Translator's Prize – since 1996
 Warwick Prize for Women in Translation

Awards for literary criticism
 Nona Balakian Citation for Excellence in Reviewing – awarded annually for literary criticism as one of the National Book Critics Circle Awards.
 Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism – awarded annually for literary criticism by the University of Iowa on behalf of the Truman Capote Literary Trust.
 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Literary Criticism – awarded to Malayalam language literary criticism, as a category of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award

See also
 List of poetry awards
 List of comics awards
 List of Australian literary awards
 List of literary awards honoring women
 List of the world's richest literary prizes

References

 Literary

Awards
Poetry awards
Children's literary awards

List of literary awards