Lee Jaemoo (the romanization preferred by the author according to LTI Korea) (born 1958) is a South Korean poet and educator. He was born in Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do. He graduated from Hannam University in Korean literature. He started writing by publishing works on Salmui Munhak, and Literature and Society. He is a lyrical poet that examines objects and inner sides with a subtle but solid voice. He won the 2nd Nango (Kim Satgat) Literature Prize, the Pyeonwoon Literature Prize, the 1st Yun Dongju Poetry Prize, and the Hannam Literature Prize. Currently he is working as a professor at Seoul Digital University.

Life
Lee Jaemoo (born 1958) is a South Korean poet and educator. He was born in Buyeo, Chungcheongnam-do. He graduated from Hannam University in Korean literature. He also completed a master's degree in Korean literature at Dongguk University. He began his literary career in 1983 as he published 5 poems including "Gwireul hubinda" (귀를 후빈다 I'm Picking My Ear) on a mook called Salmui Munhak. From 1993 to 1994, he was the deputy chairman of the poetry subcommittee of the Association of Writers for National Literature. In 1994 he was a representative of the Korean People's Artist Federation. He was awarded the 2nd Nango Literature Prize in 2002. He was awarded the 15th Pyeon-un Literature award in 2005. In 2006 he was awarded the 1st Yun Dongju Literature Award. He has published poetry collections Seotdalgeumeum (섣달그믐 New Year's Eve) (1987), Ondadeon saram oji ango (온다던 사람 오지 않고 The One Who Promised to Come Does Not) (1990), Beolcho (벌초 Mowing the Grass) (1992), Mom-e Pineun Kkot (몸에 피는 꽃 A Flower that Blossoms on the Body) (1996), Siganui geumul (시간의 그물 The Net of Time) (1 97), Widaehan siksa (위대한 식사 The Great Meal) (2002), Pureun gojib (푸른 고집 Blue Stubbornness) (2004), Nugunga nareul ulgo itdamyeon (누군가 나를 울고 있다면 If Someone is Crying Me) (2007), Jeonyeok 6 si (저녁 6 시 6 in the afternoon) (2007), Gyeongkwaehan yurang (경쾌한 유랑 Cheerful Wandering) (2011), and Seulpeume-ge mureupuel kkulda (슬픔에게 무릎을 꿇다 Succumbing to Sadness) (2014). He also published a poetry anthology Oraedoen nongdam (오래된 농담 An Old Joke) (2008), and a handwritten poetry collection, Jureumsoke nareul darinda (주름 속에 나를 다린다 Ironing Myself Among the Wrinkles) (2013), as well as poetry critique collection, Saramdeul sai-e kkot-I pindamyeon (사람들 사이에 꽃이 핀다면 If Flowers Blossomed Among People) (2005). He published an essay collection, Saengui byeonbang-eseo (생의 변방에서 At the Edge of Life) (2003), and Sesang-eseo jeil matitneun bab (세상에서 제일 맛있는 밥 The World's Tastiest Meal) (2010). He also co-authored Minjoksi-in Shin Kyeong-nim si-ineul chataseo (민족시인 신경림 시인을 찾아서 In Search of the National Poet, Shin Kyeong-nim), and compiled Daepyosi, Daepyopyeongron I, II (대표시, 대표평론 I, II Representative Poetry, The Theory of Critique I, II).  He taught poetry writing at Dongguk University graduate school, Hanshin University, Chugye University for the Arts, Chongju National College of Science and Technology, and Hannam University. He is currently the editor in chief of the seasonal journal, Sijak, and is also working as a professor at Seoul Digital University.

Writing
Lee Jaemoo's poetry is lyrical. With a sincere voice, he has expressed sympathy for those that have been excluded, love for the minority, reminiscence on nature and mother, and truthful examination on life and literature. Of course, even though he possesses such consistent critical mind, Lee Jaemoo's poetry has experienced changes according to the period. If his poetry can be divided into three periods, the first is from when he began his literary career and the publication of his first poetry collection Seotdalgeumeum (섣달그믐 New Year's Eve) until his third poetry collection Beolcho (벌초 Mowing the Grass); the second is from the time of his fourth poetry collection Mom-e Pineun Kkot (몸에 피는 꽃 A Flower that Blossoms on the Body); and the third is after he published his fifth poetry collection Widaehan siksa (위대한 식사 The Great Meal). During his first period, the poet, who comes from the countryside, reminisced about his family history and surrounding stories with a calm voice. In contrast, his second period was mostly of works that describes the suffering and conflict of people that moved from the countryside into the city and are leading life of hardship, as well as their longing and regret for their hometown. If the first period had a lot of works that showed memories of the past as they are, the second period can be said as a time where he expressed the frustration of the modern person who must lead life in the city, as well as the desire for return to home. Meanwhile, the third period showed how the poet himself is aware of the harsh reality that he must live as a city dweller, but also an image of how he dreams of returning to nature along with civilization.

Lee Jaemoo's poetry frankly shows the poet's adolescent experiences in the countryside, and he also often expresses rebuke for today's civilized society that have lost its innocence. He compares the lives of healthy countryside lifestyle, and the cold, dry life of modern people. These days, he is criticizing 'progress', an ideology of modernism, and is often writing works that argue for restoring the environment. Even when he does political criticism, he shows lyrical sensitivity, and he writes based on his own experiences. His works are rooted in ecological imagination, recovering life's virtues and values that have been lost by capitalism after the modern times. Which is why he is praised as one of Korea's major lyric poets who criticizes civilization.

Works

Poetry collections
 Seotdalgeumeum (섣달그믐 New Year's Eve), Cheongsa, 1987.
 Ondadeon saram oji ango (온다던 사람 오지 않고 The One Who Promised to Come Does Not), Moonji Publishing, 1990.
 Beolcho (벌초 Mowing the Grass), Silcheon Munhak, 1992.
 Mom-e Pineun Kkot (몸에 피는 꽃 A Flower that Blossoms on the Body), Changbi, 1996.
 Siganui geumul (시간의 그물 The Net of Time), Munhakdongne, 1997.
 Widaehan siksa (위대한 식사 The Great Meal), Segyesa, 2002.
 Pureun gojib (푸른 고집 Blue Stubbornness), Cheonnyeonui sijak, 2004.
 Nugunga nareul ulgo itdamyeon (누군가 나를 울고 있다면 If Someone is Crying Me), Hwanam Publishing, 2007.
 Jeonyeok 6 si (저녁 6 시 6 in the afternoon), Changbi, 2007.
 Gyeongkwaehan yurang (경쾌한 유랑 Cheerful Wandering), Moonji Publishing, 2011.
 Seulpeume-ge mureupuel kkulda (슬픔에게 무릎을 꿇다 Succumbing to Sadness), Silcheon Munhak, 2014.

Poetry anthologies
 Oraedoen nongdam (오래된 농담 An Old Joke), Bookin, 2008.
 Jureumsoke nareul darinda (주름 속에 나를 다린다 Ironing Myself Among the Wrinkles) ZMANZ, 2013.

Poetry critique collections
 Saramdeul sai-e kkot-I pindamyeon (사람들 사이에 꽃이 핀다면 If Flowers Blossomed Among People), Hwanam, 2005.

Essay collections
 Saengui byeonbang-eseo (생의 변방에서 At the Edge of Life) Hwanam,  2003.
 Sesang-eseo jeil matitneun bab (세상에서 제일 맛있는 밥 The World's Tastiest Meal), Hwanam, 2010.
 Jibchakeurobuteo-ui dopi (집착으로부터의 도피 Escape from Obsession), Cheonnyeonui sijak, 2016.

Awards
 2002 2nd Nango Literature Prize
 2005 15th Pyeon-un Literature Award
 2006 1st Yun Dongju Literature Award

Further reading
 Seong, Changgyu, "Imagination on the Ground: Reading Heaney and Lee Jaemoo With Bachelard's Reveries", The Journal of East-West Comparative Literature 22, 2010.
 Kwon, Seongwu, "The Beauty and Purity of a Wounded Poet: On Works of Lee Jaemoo", Sijak Quarterly, 2015.

References

External links
 "The Misconceptions and the Truth Surrounding the Genius 'Yi Sang'." Weekly DongA, accessed April 27, 2010

1958 births
Living people
People from Buyeo County
South Korean male poets
20th-century South Korean poets
21st-century South Korean poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers

Lee Jaemoo


Nerve compression syndrome, or compression neuropathy,  or nerve entrapment syndrome, is a medical condition caused by chronic, direct pressure on a peripheral nerve. It is known colloquially as a trapped nerve, though this may also refer to nerve root compression (by a herniated disc, for example). Its symptoms include pain, tingling, numbness and muscle weakness. The symptoms affect just one particular part of the body, depending on which nerve is affected. The diagnosis is largely clinical and can be confirmed with diagnostic nerve blocks. Occasionally imaging and electrophysiology studies aid in the diagnosis. Timely diagnosis is important as untreated chronic nerve compression may cause permanent damage. A surgical nerve decompression can relieve pressure on the nerve but cannot always reverse the physiological changes that occurred before treatment. Nerve injury by a single episode of physical trauma is in one sense an acute compression neuropathy but is not usually included under this heading, as chronic compression takes a unique pathophysiological course.

Syndromes
 Head

Upper limb

 Lower limb, abdomen and pelvis

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on whether the affected nerve contains motor and/or sensory fibers. Sensory nerve entrapment presents with paresthesias. These paresthesias may be painful, such as shooting pain, burning, or a dull ache. They may also be pain-free, such as numbness or tingling. Motor nerve entrapment may present with muscle weakness or paralysis for voluntary movements of the innervated muscles. Entrapment of certain pelvic nerves can cause incontinence and/or sexual dysfunction. Positive sensory symptoms are usually the earliest to occur, particularly tingling and neuropathic pain, followed or accompanied by reduced sensation or complete numbness. Muscle weakness is usually noticed later, and is often associated with muscle atrophy.

The distribution of symptoms is highly specific to the nerve entrapped and the way the nerve courses and branches beyond the entrapment point. For a given entrapment neuropathy, symptoms will only present in the areas innervated by that nerve and distal to the entrapment point. The symptom distribution is highly dependent on a patient's neuroanatomy, which may mean that two patients can present differently despite having the same nerve entrapped.

The timing/duration of symptoms may be continuous, intermittent, and/or positional. This is dependent on the underlying cause of entrapment and the specific nerves involved. For example, pain while sitting is associated with inferior cluneal nerve entrapment, pudendal nerve entrapment, and anococcyeal nerve entrapment.

Causes
Certain occupations, postures, and activities can put prolonged pressure on a nerve. The term "Saturday night palsy" is used for a radial nerve injury caused by prolonged compression of the nerve at the spiral groove. The origin of the term is due to the association of the condition with a night spent in alcoholic stupor with the arm draped over a chair or bench. Mechanical compression of the radial nerve in the spiral groove can also occur as a result of the continuous use of crutches or prolonged kneeling in a "shooting" position. The so-called "cyclist palsy" is caused by prolonged grip pressures on handlebars, and has been postulated to be an entrapment neuropathy of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal of the wrist. Occupational exposure to forceful handgrip work and vibration, such as construction workers, increased the risk for surgical treatment of radial nerve entrapment. Posture induced common peroneal nerve (CPN) palsy is usually produced during the prolonged squatting or habitual leg crossing while seated, especially in Asian culture and is manifested by the onset of foot drop. One sport-related cause of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment is seen in scuba divers where the weight belt worn around the waist directly compresses the nerve. Prolonged periods of cycling can be associated with pudendal nerve entrapment, as there is often direct compression on the pudendal nerve between the nose of the bicycle seat and pubic bone. Tight fitting goggles can put pressure on the supraorbital nerve, also known as "swimmer's headache". Tight fitting handcuffs can compress the superficial branch of the radial nerve, known by several names such as Cheiralgia paresthetica, Wartenberg's syndrome, and handcuff neuropathy. The use of a thick wallet in the rear pocket can compress the sciatic nerve when sitting.

Nerve compression can be secondary to other medical conditions. Entrapment neuropathies are remarkably common in diabetes. A well defined lesion such as a tumor, hypertrophic muscle, cyst, hernia, hematoma, etc. can increase pressure on surrounding soft tissue, including nerves. Alternatively, there may be expansion of the tissues around a nerve in a space where there is little room for this to occur, as is often the case in carpal tunnel syndrome. This may be due to weight gain or peripheral oedema (especially in pregnancy), or to a specific condition such as acromegaly, hypothyroidism or scleroderma and psoriasis. There is increasing research that some forms of nerve entrapment, such as those in the hip/pelvis, can be secondary to abnormalities of the hip/spine leading to abnormal biomechanics. With abnormal biomechanics, even normal postures and activities can put pressure on nerves.

Entrapment can be caused by injuries. Surgical injuries can cause entrapment by the development of scar tissue around the nerve as well as the decreased ability of the nerve to glide, increasing strain during movements. Radial nerve entrapment is seen after fracture manipulation when the nerve is unknowingly entrapped between bone and an installed plate, compressed by a bone fragment or if excessive nailing of the bone occurs. Accidents are also associated with nerve entrapment as swelling puts pressure on the nerve and the development of scar tissue nearby may provide a hard surface for the nerve to be squeezed against.

Surgical and anatomic research has shed some light on the proximate causes of entrapment.  There are anatomical regions in which segments of peripheral nerves are vulnerable or predisposed to become trapped and suffer from chronic compression. Neural compression occurs especially in osteofibrous tunnels but may also occur at points of passage of the peripheral nerve through the muscles or near a band of fibrous tissue. In sciatic nerve decompression study, compromising structures were piriformis muscle, fibrovascular bundles, and adhesion with scar tissues. In another endoscopic neurolysis study, the presence of fibrovascular bands and bursal tissue was the most common cause, followed by musculotendinous structures.

Genetics may play a role in creating the necessary conditions for entrapment to occur. Previously, physicians thought repetitive wrist and hand motions were the only cause of carpal tunnel syndrome, especially in frequent computer users. But now doctors understand that the syndrome is probably a congenital predisposition in that some individuals have bigger carpal tunnels as compared to others. Gene variants associated with musculoskeletal growth and extracellular matrix architecture have been implicated in carpal tunnel syndrome. A rarer genetic cause is HNPP.

Pathophysiology
Acute and chronic compression of a nerve in a given area can lead to a cascade of physiological changes resulting in impaired function and then anatomical changes in the later stages. Specifically, increased pressure on a nerve compresses the neural microvasculature and alters the blood flow dynamics. Prolonged ischaemia and mechanical compromise may induce downstream effects such as inflammation, demyelination, scarring, and eventually axon degeneration. Neuroinflammation sensitizes injured and uninjured axons and nociceptors in target tissue, contributing to neuropathic pain initiation and maintenance. Focal demyelination is a hallmark of entrapment neuropathies, which are often characterized by nerve conduction slowing or block. The initial changes are a break-down in the blood nerve barrier, followed by sub-perineurial edema and fibrosis; localized, then diffuse, demyelination occurs, and finally Wallerian degeneration.

Animal models demonstrate that extraneural pressures as low as 20 to 30 mm Hg disrupt intraneural venous circulation. These pressures are often reached in patients with entrapment neuropathies. In several animal models, low magnitude, chronic nerve compression causes a biological response of: endoneurial edema, demyelination, inflammation, distal axon degeneration, extensive fibrosis, new axon growth, remyelination, and thickening of the perineurium and endothelium. Axonal degeneration was correlated with degree of endoneurial edema.

In a few case reports (surgical resection of nerve, autopsy with known disease) the nerve at the site of injury was compared to a site proximal or distal to the injury. In each case, the site of injury demonstrated thickening of the walls of the microvessels in the endoneurium and perineurium along with epineurial and perineurial edema, thickening and fibrosis. Myelin thinning was also noted along with evidence of fiber degeneration and regeneration. Experimental studies suggest a dose response curve such that the greater the duration and amount of pressure, the more significant is neural dysfunction.

Diagnosis

Clinical diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis can often identify compression neuropathy on signs and symptoms alone. While there are variations in how nerves course and branch, the anatomical territory of major nerves do not change from patient to patient. Some forms of nerve entrapment can have characteristic symptoms, such as sitting and pudendal pain. Pudendal neuralgia, for example, is diagnosed by the Nantes criteria with four out of five criteria being clinical.

Diagnostic nerve blocks
Diagnostic nerve blocks are very effective for identifying sensory entrapment points. Their strength is that they can directly measure whether a given nerve is contributing pain, or not. As successful blocks require accurate targeting of the nerve, this is done under image guidance such as fluoroscopy, ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Ultrasound is popular choice because of its soft-tissue contrast, portability, lack of radiation, and low cost, but is not good at depicting deeper structures like the deep pelvic nerves. For deeper structures, CT and MRI are more appropriate, although they are more expensive and require higher operator skill.

The challenge with diagnostic blocks is that there often not good information to indicate exactly where the entrapment point may be. Consequently, multiple blocks may need to be performed to find the correct area. A successful diagnostic block will lead to significant or complete resolution of symptoms for the duration of the anesthetic, and the pattern of numbness should reflect the distribution of symptoms.

Imaging studies
MR and ultrasound can be used for peripheral nerve imaging. Ultrasound is common for superficial nerves of the upper extremity such as carpal tunnel syndrome. MR imaging is not always reliable in that often the clinical assessment and imaging do not match for peripheral neuropathies. That is, there are false positives and false negatives which bring into question how reliable these scans are for diagnosis and surgical planning. There are known limitations of MR for the identification of nerve entrapment:

 Resolution limitations: Small nerves are fairly resistant to imaging and even structures like the sacrococcygeal plexus can't be seen with MR tractography.
 Dynamic nature of entrapment: Nerve entrapment can be dynamic where the symptoms can only be elicited with certain movements. MR imaging is done while the patient is lying still and may not be able to reproduce the conditions of entrapment.
 Focus on structural abnormalities: Nerve entrapment can sometimes result from problems that don't cause visual changes, such as inflammation or the tightness of surrounding tissues.
 Positional limitations: MRIs are done with the patient lying down. The geometry of the machine does not provide room for the patient to sit or stand during the scan where the symptoms may be reproducible. While sitting and standing MRIs exist, the resolution provided is significantly lower (0.6T vs 3.0T).
 Poor visibility of entrapping tissue types: MR visualizes soft tissue according to water content. Tissue types with low water content such as fibrotic tissue are resistant to imaging and yet may be highly clinically significant.

Despite these limitations, MR imaging studies can rule out certain causes of entrapment such as a mass lesion. Increasingly used are specialized forms of MRI such as MR neurography (MRN) and MR tractography (MRT). Of the two MRT is more effective as it has a high correlation with intraoperative findings.

Electrophysiology studies
The main electrophysiological studies are the nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography (EMG). The benefit of nerve conduction studies has not been proven beyond distal entrapment neuropathies (carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome). An EMG is limited to just providing information on motor nerves, and provides limited information on the location, extent, and etiology of nerve injury. Electrophysiology is not very useful in pelvic sensory neuropathies or for interrogation of the deep pelvic nerves.

The major limitation of extra-operative electrophysiology studies is that they do not have direct access to the nerve. In contrast, intra-operative electrophysiology studies can be done with direct access to the nerve, and this is a useful tool for nerve decompression surgery. During surgery the studies can be used to identify which nerves innervate given myotomes, identify which blood vessels are essential for a nerve, and to compare nerve conduction before and after decompression.

Treatment
When an underlying medical condition is causing the neuropathy, treatment should first be directed at this condition. Several systemic conditions have been implicated in the development of nerve compression syndromes, including diabetes, thyroid disease, heavy alcohol use, generalized edema, and systemic inflammatory disease. There is substantial evidence to support an association between certain work activities and carpal tunnel syndrome that involve repetitive motion. Certain recreational activities such as bicycling are associated with pudendal neuralgia due to increased pressure on Alcock's canal.

Non-surgical treatments includes rest and activity modification, physical therapy, ergonomic modifications, pain management, and steroid blocks. About 50% of the time, symptoms will improve only conservative measures. Opioids can provide short-term pain relief in highly selected patients. Steroid blocks can have a short-term benefit but have not shown to have long-term therapeutic benefit.

In select cases botox injections may also be an effective option, such as piriformis syndrome or migraines. The effectiveness of botox injections is predicated on muscular entrapment such that atrophying a muscle reduces pressure on a nerve.

The decision to proceed with surgical interventions is a matter of when the severity of subjective symptoms outweighs the potential risks and complications. With muscle wasting or electromyographic evidence of denervation, timely surgical decompression is clearly indicated.

Nerve decompression

Nerve decompressions aim to surgically access and explore some segment of nerve, removing any tissue that may be causing compression. In this way a nerve decompression can directly address the underlying cause of entrapment. A nerve decompression can either be done by open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. In some cases, like carpal tunnel syndrome, either approach is viable. For deeper nerves, a laparoscopic approach is the only choice. New laparoscopic techniques allow surgeons to get access to previously unreachable pelvic structures such as the sacral plexus. Nerve decompressions and resections are the only treatments with a known cure rate. It is a common clinical experience, that even chronic entrapments with longstanding muscle weakness and sensory disturbances sometimes show a very rapid reversibility of some or all of the symptoms after surgical decompression of the nerve.

A large number of nerve decompression surgeries achieve 25+% cure rate, and 75+% success rate. It is not known why separate surgeries would have similar outcomes.

Nerve Resection

Nerve resections aim to eliminate the dermatome entirely along with any positive sensory symptoms such as pain. While nerve decompression may be used on any nerve, nerve resection should only be used on purely sensory nerves when the loss of sensation is acceptable. The superior cluneal nerves, middle cluneal nerves, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve are all sensory and resection may simply be a more "complete" option, as nerve decompressions can't explore every part of the nerve and may miss some entrapment points. Outcomes for nerve resection is similar to nerve decompression. One disadvantage of nerve resections is that traumatic injury to the nerve is unavoidable, and a neuroma may form at the point of resection. There are surgical approaches to prevent neuroma formation such as targeted muscle reinnervation which have shown very good results, however the risk of neuroma formation is not completely eliminated.

Neuromodulation
Other surgical treatments include general neuromodulation treatments. Neuromodulation is symptomatic treatment and does not attempt to address the root cause of compression, but rather to alter the signals sent along the nerves to the brain. It can be a suitable choice when the source of compression has been removed, but the positive sensory symptoms such as pain aren't fully resolved. If neuromodulation is used without removing the source of compression, tissue injury might progress leading to worse outcomes when the source of compression is eventually removed. Better known neuromodulation treatments include the spinal cord stimulator and the intrathecal catheter. The disadvantage of these treatments is that they are not targeted for peripheral nerves (implantation is typically in the spinal cord), can only address sensory symptoms, can expose unrelated nerves to injury during implantation if placed in the spine, and have a high failure rate due to device migration. The spinal cord stimulator in particular has a very high complication rate, as high as 40%. Advancements have been made to move these devices closer to peripheral nerves such as peripheral nerve stimulation and the peripheral nerve catheter. A challenge with these new treatment is that peripheral nerves are highly mobile, and it is difficult to fix a wire or tube to something that's constantly moving.

Epidemiology
The prevalence of nerve entrapment is not known, however a rough bound can be determined by data on lower and upper estimates. A lower bound is the prevalence of the most common entrapment neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The prevalence is measured by sending screen questionnaires to a large random sample of a population, and giving the positive cases a full clinical and electrophysiological investigation. Studies in Sweden, Egypt, and the US have found the same general prevalence for CTS, of between 3.3% - 3.8%.  An upper bound is the prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics. Not all neuropathic pain is nerve entrapment, but all nerve entrapment will cause neuropathic symptoms. The most reliable studies have an estimated prevalence of between 6.9% - 10%.

History
The concept of nerve entrapment has gained acceptance in large part due to surgical research. The successful experimental treatment of previously intractable conditions necessitated an explanation for how these treatments worked. As pain and nerves are poorly understood, nerve decompression outcomes are some of the clearest evidence that neuropathic pain can be causally linked to nerve compression. Consequently our understanding of nerve entrapment is closely linked to advances in surgical research.

1764: Domenico Cotugno describes sciatica as a disease of nervous origin.

1881: Lasegue's sign is described for the diagnosis of sciatica.

1934: Theory that a spinal disc pressing on the spinal cord can cause sciatica is introduced.

1947: Piriformis syndrome is described as a cause of sciatica.

1950: Carpal tunnel syndrome is described as being due to medial nerve compression.

1987: Pudendal nerve compression is described in cyclists.

1990: Study using a nerve decompression to treat Meralgia Paresthetica

1992: Study positing nerve decompressions can treat diabetic polyneuropathy. Magnetic resonance neurography is invented.

1996: Study on microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia

2008: Nantes criteria introduced for clinical diagnosis of pudendal neuralgia.

2011: Study on endoscopic techniques to decompress the sciatic nerve

2014: Study on endoscopic technique to decompress the pudendal nerve

Circa 2015: Diffusion tensor imaging matures as a way to image peripheral nerves. There are literature reviews, and it is considered reliable and reproducible.

2015: Early study on endoscopic lumbosacral plexus decompression outcomes. Deep gluteal syndrome is introduced to describe sciatic nerve entrapment in the gluteal space. Neuropelveology is introduced to apply concepts from nerve entrapment to chronic pelvic pain.

See also

References

External links

Peripheral nervous system disorders
Syndromes affecting the nervous system

Nerve compression syndrome


Persona Humana is a document published by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1975. It is a declaration on certain questions concerning sexual ethics.

Persona Humana regards human sexuality as a central element of the person because it gives the person's life the principal traits that distinguish it. The exaltation of sex outside of marriage in contemporary society occasioned the CDF to clarify the Roman Catholic Church's position on sexual ethics. The line of thought of Persona Humana revolves around the observation that "Man has been made by God to participate in His Divine Law with the result that, under the gentle disposition of Divine Providence, he can come to perceive ever increasingly the unchanging truth. Since this Divine Law is accessible to our minds, we cannot make value judgments according to our personal whim in moral matters."

References

External links
 Persona Humana

Documents of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
Sexuality in Catholicism

Persona humana


Daniel H. Mudd (born 1958) is the former president and CEO of Fannie Mae, a post he held from 2005 to 2008, and more recently for  years, the CEO of Fortress Investment Group.

Education and early career
Mudd holds a B.A. degree in American history from the University of Virginia and an M.P.A. from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Mudd was an Officer in the United States Marine Corps and was decorated for his combat service in Beirut. After a tour in the Office of the Secretary of Defense, he left the service to get his M.P.A.

Mudd has been an advisor to Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and has served on boards of the Council on Foreign Relations, the National Building Museum, Hampton University, Local Initiatives Support Corporation The University of Virginia board of Trustees, and the Sidwell Friends School.

Early in his career, Mudd held positions in financial services and management consulting at the World Bank, Ayers Whitmore and Company, and Xerox Corporation. Mudd later worked at GE Capital in International Financing, European Fleet Services, and Business Development. At GE Capital, he became vice president for Business Development in 1991, was managing director for International Financing from 1993 to 1995, and became president and CEO for European Fleet Services in 1995. From 1996 to 1999, he was president of GE Capital Asia-Pacific. Mudd was previously president and CEO of GE Capital, Japan before he joined Fannie Mae in February 2000.

Fannie Mae
In February 2000, Mudd became a Director and Vice Chairman and Chief Operating Officer at Fannie Mae. He remained Chief Operating Officer until December 21, 2004. Mudd was named interim CEO of Fannie Mae in December 2004, after Franklin Raines stepped down after the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) found Fannie Mae had violated accounting rules. Mudd served as interim CEO of Fannie Mae until March 2005, and became the President and CEO of Fannie Mae on June 1, 2005.

Mudd was a Director at Ryder System, Inc from 2002 to 2007. In 2007, Mudd became a Director at Fortress Investment Group. Forbes ranked Mudd 182nd in executive pay in 2005, 323rd in 2006, 337th in 2007, and 202nd in 2008.

Subsequent career
Mudd, for  years to December 2011, was the CEO of Fortress, a hedge fund in New York City that has among other investments bought tax liens on delinquent property taxes from local governments.

Personal life

He is the son of former TV anchorman Roger Mudd. His family is indirectly related to Samuel Mudd, the doctor who was imprisoned for aiding and conspiring with John Wilkes Booth after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

In 2000 he and his spouse purchased a historical property in Washington dated back to 1927. At the time, it was valued at $5.15 million. It was put back on the market in 2009.

References

1956 births
Living people
University of Virginia alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Fannie Mae chief executive officers

Daniel Mudd


Conospermum nervosum is a shrub of the Proteaceae that is endemic to Western Australia.

The erect many-branched shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between May and February producing purple-pink-blue flowers. The variable leaves have a length of . The blue or sometime pale pink perianth is glabrous or slightly hairy.

The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meissner in 1855 as part of the work by William Jackson Hooker New Proteaceae of Australia as published in Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. There are four synonyms; Conospermum diffusum, Conospermum nervosum var. subspathulatum, Conospermum nervosum var. nervosum and Conospermum nervosum var. ovalifolium.

It is found on hill slopes and sand plains along the west coast to the north of Perth in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy soils. It is part of kwongan communities.

References

External links

nervosum
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1855
Taxa named by Carl Meissner

Conospermum nervosum


Conrad of Urslingen (died 1202) was the Duke of Spoleto on two occasions: first from 1183 to 1190 and then from 1195 to 1198.

Conrad began his career as count of Assisi, which was given him after its 1174 conquest by Christian of Mainz. Frederick Barbarossa, the emperor, invested Conrad as count and granted him the Rocca as his seat of power. During his countship, Saint Francis was born at Assisi.

In 1183, Frederick appointed him duke of Spoleto. In 1190, he was chased from Spoleto by the ascendant Guelph powers, but he regained his duchy in 1195. He briefly sheltered the young Emperor Frederick II at the Rocca and acted as the vicar of the Kingdom of Sicily, but in 1198 he was ordered to render Spoleto to the Pope and during his absence, Assisi rebelled and declared a commune.

His son was Rainald of Urslingen, Duke of Spoleto from 1223 to 1230.

The military imperial career of Conrad I is significantly coterminous with the incipient and aggressive assertion of power by the "communes" of Italy (and European lands generally) and his chaotic biography as an imperial representative, symbolic of the decline of trans-national imperium within Italy and Europe overall, communes self-appointing "militias" across Christendom to overthrow the loyal local upholders of the idea of the Sacrum Imperium - thus paving the way for modern nationalism indirectly.

Sources
Jordan, E. Les origines de la domination Angevine en Italie. Paris, 1909.

Dukes of Spoleto
12th-century births
1202 deaths
Year of birth unknown

Conrad I, Duke of Spoleto


Lee Richard McEvilly (born 15 April 1982) aka 'The Sheriff' is a retired footballer who played as a striker. Although born in England, he won one cap for the Northern Ireland national team in 2002 and also played for Northern Ireland at under-21 and under-23 levels.

McEvilly had a journeyman career, starting with non-League side Burscough, rising through their youth ranks to the senior side, where he made 49 league appearances, scoring 28 goals. In December 2001, Third Division club Rochdale signed him for £20,000. From 2004 to 2009 he had spells in the Conference National and League Two with Accrington Stanley, Cambridge United and Wrexham. McEvilly subsequently struggled with injuries, and in the second half of his career he had brief spells at numerous non-league clubs in England and Wales, as well as a brief period at League of Ireland side Sligo Rovers in 2010.

Club career

Early career
McEvilly started his career at Burscough rising through the youth ranks, making his senior debut against Southport in the Liverpool Senior Cup final in August 1999. He went on to play 49 Northern Premier League games for Burscough, scoring 28 goals over two seasons. Rochdale manager John Hollins signed McEvilly in December 2001, for the Third Division club for a fee believed to be around £15,000 plus a sell-on clause. He made his debut for Rochdale in the Third Division against Kidderminster Harriers on 26 December in the 4–1 away defeat, replacing Clive Platt as a substitute in the 69th minute. McEvilly scored his first Football League goal, and his first for Rochdale against York City in their 5–4 home win on 5 February 2002. During McEvilly's first season with Rochdale, 2001–02, they reached the playoffs finishing fifth place. Rochdale were defeated by Rushden & Diamonds in the playoff semi-finals 4–3 on aggregate over two legs. During the first leg away at Nene Park, McEvilly scored in the 2–2 draw. He made a total of 18 appearances in the Third Division, scoring four goals. The following season, 2002–03, McEvilly played 37 games in the Third Division scoring 15 goals.

He started the 2003–04 season at Rochdale, making 16 appearances and scoring five goals in League Two. Rochdale's new manager Steve Parkin criticised McEvilly's fitness level to play and had described him as "too heavy", and that he needed "to get his physique down to an acceptable weight where he can get around the pitch". Conference National club Accrington Stanley signed McEvilly on a one-month loan in January 2004, making his debut in their 3–0 home win against Tamworth on 20 January. Despite playing out of position in wide right, McEvilly commented; "I was playing out of position but it was okay". He went on to describe the drop in level he said; "I have never played in the Conference but, from what I have seen, it is no different to Division Three." After a month at Accrington and making three appearances scoring one goal, his loan was extended in February for a further month, with manager John Coleman praising him as "a great acquisition to the squad". McEvilly went on to make a further three appearances, scoring once more before returning to Rochdale. On his return to Rochdale, he scored a further one goal in 14 appearances. At the end of the season, McEvilly was released by Rochdale on 10 May, signing a dater for Accrington Stanley on a permanent basis after a previous loan spell. On 13 November 2004, McEvilly scored a hat-trick in Accrington's 5–0 home victory over Northwich Victoria. During the 2004–05 season he made 39 appearances in the Conference National, scoring 15 goals.

Wrexham
Accrington Stanley accepted an undisclosed bid from Wrexham in July 2005, which included a sell-on clause and a bonus if he returned to play international football. He scored on his debut in a friendly against UEFA Champions League winners Liverpool in the 4–3 defeat after he came on as a substitute. McEvilly suffered a stress fracture in a metatarsus bone on his right foot in the 1–1 home draw with Notts County on 11 December, although he declared himself fit to play their following game against Carlisle United, he was substituted after 45 minutes after receiving a mouth injury which had required temporary dental surgery the same evening. His foot injury was later operated on and he received further dental treatment. His return to the Wrexham team following his injury was on 9 April 2006, in their 2–1 home defeat to Shrewsbury Town when he came on as a substitute replacing Matt Crowell in the 45th minute. He made a further three appearances scoring one goal, before breaking the same bone again in mid-April sidelining him until the end of the season. During the 2005–06 season, McEvilly made a total of 23 appearances for Wrexham, scoring seven goals in League Two.

In June 2006, McEvilly was set to join for Bradford City on a free transfer after agreeing a contract with the club. Despite McEvilly passing a medical, the move fell through as he was unwilling to train with Bradford during their pre-season without guarantee of a contract. Bradford City manager Colin Todd explained; "We were concerned about an old injury to his foot which has resulted in it being pinned and we are not prepared to take a risk with him". McEvilly opted to sign a new two-year contract with Wrexham. During pre-season with Wrexham, McEvilly broke his other foot, having previously broke the same bone twice in four-months during the previous season. His first appearance of the 2006–07 season, was on 25 November at home against Lincoln City in the 2–1 win in League Two, when he came on as a substitute for Kevin Smith in the 80th minute. McEvilly went on to make 28 appearances in League Two, scoring eight goals and a further two appearances in the FA Cup, scoring once against Championship side Derby County in their 3–1 defeat at Pride Park on 6 January. His contract was cancelled by mutual consent at the end of the season. Wrexham manager Brian Carey said that they are "well covered in terms of strikers" and "he is some way down the pecking order".

Return to Stanley
Accrington Stanley re-signed McEvilly on a one-year contract following his departure from Wrexham. On his return to Accrington he commented; "I am back here because I feel I have unfinished business. I played well for a year here and I want to do the same again". He had played 10 games in League Two and one game in the League Cup failing to score, and picking up a red card for violent conduct after a stamp on Peterborough United winger Jamie Day in their 2–0 home loss on 1 September. However, McEvilly struggled to hold down a regular place in the Accrington side and was loaned out to former club, Rochdale in November 2007. On his return to Spotland Stadium, he scored the only goal of Rochdale's 1–0 win over Mansfield Town on 24 November, with a shot from the edge of the penalty area. McEvilly made a total of seven appearances for Rochdale scoring three goals, before returning in January 2008. He made one more appearance for Accrington, coming on as a substitute in the 73rd minute for Paul Mullin in the 2–0 defeat to Stockport County on 12 January, before joining Cambridge United on loan on 18 January. McEvilly made 14 appearances and scored three goals for Cambridge, helping them finish second place in the 2007–08 Conference National, securing a place in the playoffs. In Cambridge's playoff semi-final first leg, they drew 2–2 with Burton Albion away at the Pirelli Stadium with McEvilly scoring both Cambridge's goals. Cambridge were 2–0 down and McEvilly came on as a substitute for Mark Beesley in the 74th minute. Paul Hurst was deemed to have handled in the penalty area, and four minutes later McEvilly converted the penalty four minutes after coming off the bench. He scored his second goal from a direct free kick. In the following leg, McEvilly started the game and had a shot within the opening 30 seconds which Rob Wolleaston managed to score from the rebound, before being replaced by Leo Fortune-West in the 77th minute. McEvilly played in the final, in which Exeter City defeated Cambridge 1–0 at Wembley Stadium.

Cambridge United

McEvilly signed a permanent two-year deal with Cambridge the following 2008–09 season, after being released on a free transfer from Accrington Stanley. On 10 October, he was sent off in the 87th minute of Cambridge's 1–0 win over Weymouth, for violent conduct after the referee deemed a tackle to be dangerous. He went on to make 18 appearances for Cambridge scoring eight goals in the Conference National, before returning to the Football League to rejoin Rochdale, initially on loan in November, with the possibility of a permanent transfer in January. McEvilly stated he was glad to be back "home" at Rochdale.

Return to Rochdale
He made five appearances, scoring twice on loan at Rochdale before signing permanently on an 18-month contract on 1 January 2009. McEvilly made 10 more appearances, starting just once and scoring three goals, before joining Barrow on loan in March, citing his friendship with joint-manager David Bayliss as a key reason for his move. He scored seven his debut on 21 March at home against Lewes, which finished as a 2–0 victory. In Barrow's next match on 29 March, he was sent off against Weymouth for the second time that season after he received two yellow cards in the 3–0 away win, picking up the first for kicking the ball away in the first half and then a second in the 69th minute for a foul on Gavin Hoyte, resulting his dismissal. He made six appearances in the Conference National for Barrow, scoring once. On 2 May, McEvilly made one last appearance for Rochdale in their 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham, replacing Adam Rundle as a substitute in the 75th minute. Rochdale terminated his contract by mutual consent at the end of the season.

Non-league career
At the start of the 2009–10 season, McEvilly signed for Grays Athletic along with eight other players, turning down offers from Northern Premier League Premier Division club Marine and Maltese Premier League club Hibernians. McEvilly picked up a long-term shin injury delaying his debut for Grays, and he was eventually released by the club in November without making a single appearance. In January 2010, Marine announced that McEvilly had signed for the club. Marine chairman Paul Leary described McEvilly as a "massive signing" for the club. He played six matches during his spell in Crosby, scoring twice, before leaving to rejoin Barrow on a short-term contract until the end of the 2009–10 campaign. In the 2010 FA Trophy Final against Stevenage Borough, he replaced Gregg Blundell in the 72nd minute before scoring with his first touch to level the match at 1–1. Barrow went on to win the game 2–1 after extra time, but it proved to be the end of McEvilly's spell at Holker Street as he was released at the end of the season.

After leaving Barrow, McEvilly began training with Sligo Rovers of the League of Ireland Premier Division in June 2010. He made only one league appearance for the side, coming on as a substitute in the 2–1 defeat to Shamrock Rovers on 2 July 2010. In November 2010, he returned to his first senior club Burscough, signing a permanent contract with the Northern Premier League outfit. He made his debut on 11 December 2010 as a second-half substitute in the 3–2 loss against Bradford Park Avenue. Three weeks later, he got on the scoresheet for the first time during his second spell at the club, scoring both Burscough goals in the 4–2 defeat to Kendal Town. McEvilly went on to stay at Victoria Park for three months before transferring to Conference North side Droylsden along with goalkeeper Sean Lake in March 2011.

McEvilly signed for Garry Flitcroft's Chorley at the start of the 2011–12 season. He scored his first goal in a 6–0 home victory over Frickley Athletic and went on to play 12 league games for the club, scoring four times. However, on 13 October, McEvilly was released after failing to hold down a first team spot. He subsequently joined Colwyn Bay on 27 October 2011. He signed for AFC Fylde in February 2012 to work with Dave Challinor again, but was released at the end of the campaign. In August 2012, McEvilly signed for Warrington Town, the fourteenth different club of his career. After being released by Warrington in December 2012 he spent time training with Barrow and officially joined the club on non-contract terms on 31 January 2013—the start of his third spell with the Cumbrian outfit. After 6 matches he dropped down a division, signing for Droylsden, leaving after the club was relegated from the Northern Premier League Premier Division at the end of the 2012–13 season.

After leaving Droylsden, McEvilly's career is not documented, but he is presumed to have continued playing in amateur football. In July 2018, he signed as a player-coach for Litherland REMYCA in the North West Counties Football League Premier Division. The manager who had hired him, James Olsen, left Litherland in December 2018, and it is unknown how much longer McEvilly stayed at the club.

International career
Sammy McIlroy called McEvilly up to the Northern Ireland squad to face Spain in an international friendly on 17 April 2002 at Windsor Park, Belfast. He earned his first cap, replacing Warren Feeney as a substitute in the 63rd minute in the 5–0 defeat to Spain. He went on to play for Northern Ireland under-21, gaining nine caps scoring three goals between September 2002 and October 2003. On 27 April 2004, McEvilly played for Northern Ireland under-23 team in the 0–0 home draw against Serbia & Montenegro. McEvilly was called up to the Northern Ireland national squad again in May 2006, to face United States but he failed to make an appearance.

Playing style
Rochdale assistant manager David Hamilton described McEvilly saying; "He's strong, powerful, can shoot with both feet and can score goals. He has good all-round ability and is tremendously tenacious". His aggressive and robust playing style earned him the nickname "Evil".

Personal life
Prior to playing professional football for Rochdale, McEvilly worked at McDonald's fast food restaurant. He was born in Liverpool, Merseyside, and is an Everton supporter.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
British people of Irish descent
English men's footballers
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Burscough F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Marine A.F.C. players
Sligo Rovers F.C. players
Droylsden F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
Colwyn Bay F.C. players
AFC Fylde players
Warrington Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
League of Ireland players

Lee McEvilly


Operation Chess was a British Commando raid during the Second World War. It was carried out by 17 men of No. 12 Commando commanded by a Second Lieutenant Pinckney over the night of 27/28 July 1941.

The target for the raid was Ambleteuse, Pas-de-Calais, France. The raiding party were towed across the English Channel in two Landing Craft by a Motor Launch, which cast them off two miles from the Slack River near Ambleteuse. They remained ashore for one hour, no prisoners were taken.

Cdr. Sir Geoffrey Congreve Bt DSO died of his wounds received during the raid.

References

Conflicts in 1941
World War II British Commando raids
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
1941 in France
C
Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom

Operation Chess


Maurice Anthony Biot (May 25, 1905 – September 12, 1985) was a Belgian-American applied physicist. He made contributions in thermodynamics, aeronautics, geophysics, earthquake engineering, and electromagnetism. Particularly, he was accredited as the founder of the theory of poroelasticity.

Born in Antwerp, Belgium, Biot studied at Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium where he received a bachelor's degrees in philosophy (1927), mining engineering (1929) and electrical engineering (1930), and Doctor of Science in 1931. He obtained his Ph.D. in Aeronautical Science from the California Institute of Technology in 1932 under Theodore von Kármán.

In 1930s and 1940s Biot worked at Harvard University, the Catholic University of Leuven, Columbia University and Brown University, and later for a number of companies and government agencies, including NASA during the Space Program in the 1960s. Since 1969, Biot became a private consultant for various companies and agencies, and particularly for Shell Research and Development.

Biot's early work with von Kármán and during the World War II working for the US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics led to the development of the three-dimensional theory of aircraft flutter. During the period between 1932 and 1942, he conceived and then fully developed the response spectrum method (RSM) for earthquake engineering. For irreversible thermodynamics, Biot utilized the variational approach and was the first to introduce the dissipation function and the minimum dissipation principle to account for the dissipation phenomenon, which led to the development of thermoelasticity, heat transfer, viscoelasticity, and thermorheology. Biot's interest in the non-linear effects of initial stress and the inelastic behavior of solids led to his mathematical theory of folding of stratified rocks. In the period between 1935 and 1962 Biot published a number of scientific papers that lay the foundations of the theory of poroelasticity (now known as Biot theory), which describes the mechanical behaviour of fluid-saturated porous media.

Biot is a recipient of the Timoshenko Medal (1962) and the von Kármán Medal (1967). He was an Honorary Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, a member of the US National Academy of Engineering [37, 46], and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He died in his Brussels apartment aged 80.

To honor Biot's pioneering contributions, a Maurice A. Biot Medal was established by the Engineering Mechanics Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers. A Biot Conference on Poromechanics was established and was held at Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium (1998), Universite Joseph Fourier, France (2002), University of Oklahoma, USA (2005), Columbia University, USA (2009), and Technical University of Vienna, Austria (2013).

References

External links
 Poronet - PoroMechanics Internet Resources Network

1905 births
1985 deaths
Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) alumni
Belgian emigrants to the United States
20th-century Belgian engineers
Brown University faculty
California Institute of Technology alumni
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University staff
Scientists from Antwerp
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America

Maurice Anthony Biot


Prada is an Italian fashion company (also known as a "fashion label" or "fashion house"). It has shops and products around the world.

History
The company, originally named Prada Brothers, was started in 1913 by Mario Prada in Milan, Italy. Mario Prada did not believe that women should have a role in business and prevented any female family members from joining his company.

However when he died in 1958, his son had no interest in running the company so his daughter, Luisa Prada, took over and ran the company until 1978.

Miuccia Prada, Luisa's daughter, took over then and has been running the company since. Miuccia made the company bigger by giving it a more bohemian style.

Miu Miu is a second clothing, which is often simpler, and fits with the 'high' image of vintage items. Miu Miu is the nickname of Miuccia Prada when she was a child. After, Prada Sport 'Linea Rossa' was made.

Today, Prada is seen as one of the most important clothing designers in fashion.

Buying and Joining with other companies
After many other fashion companies started to buy or join with many other fashion companies, Prada tried to do the same thing. It went into debt so that it could buy Fendi in the early 1990s. Fendi was not making much money, and needed help. Prada could not help Fendi, so it sold it to LVMH. Prada is still in debt after buying Fendi. In 1999, the company bought "Church's", an English company that makes quality shoes. More recently 45% of "Church's" has been sold to Equinox.

Other big buys by Prada in the 1990s were Helmut Lang and Jil Sander. However, by 2006, Prada had sold both. Jil Sander was sold to 'Change Capital Partners', which is run by Luc Vandevelde (the chairman of Carrefour). Helmut Lang is now owned by Japanese fashion company 'Link Theory'.

Products made with other companies
In May 2007, Prada and mobile phone maker LG Electronics worked together to make the LG Prada (KE850) phone. The phones were sold for $800 each.

Prada Foundation
The Prada Foundation () is a foundation  dedicated to contemporary art and culture. It was founded in 1993. It is run by Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli. The foundation promotes art exhibitions and movie festivals.

The main site of the foundation is in Milan on Largo Isarco. The foundation also has a special gallery for photographs in the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan and a site in Venice at the Palazzo Corner della Regina,

Buildings

Architects
Prada has paid for several famous architects, the most famous are Rem Koolhaas and Herzog & de Meuron, to make their shops around the world.

Prada Marfa
In 2005, near the West Texas towns, Valentine and Marfa, two Scandinavian artists, Emily Milne and Zoe Brown, opened 'Prada Marfa', a sculpture of a Prada mini-boutique. The sculpture is on U.S. Highway 90 and is a long way from any other buildings. Prada helped pay for the building, which is 15 by 25-foot. The building does not actually sell clothes, but there are clothes in the window, as this is just for art.

Prada boutiques and megastore

Prada has 9 small shops and 2 big stores in the USA

Small shops in the USA:
New York (Fifth Avenue & Madison Avenue)
Chicago
San Francisco
Bal Harbour
Las Vegas
Ala Moana Center
Waikiki
Aspen
Manhasset, NY
Boston (June 2008)

Big shops in the world:
New York (SoHo)
Beverly Hills
Tokyo

Prada in media
A book named The Devil Wears Prada was made in 2003, about an 'evil' boss who is selfish and vain, wearing designer clothes, like Prada.
A movie, The Devil Wears Prada (movie) was made from the book.
There is also a band named 'The Devil Wears Prada'.

Related pages
Fashion
LG Prada

Similar brands:
Gucci
Versace
Fendi
Giorgio Armani
Dolce & Gabbana

References

Italian fashion houses
1913 establishments in Italy

Prada


Phoebe Hesketh (29 January 1909 – 25 February 2005) was an English poet from Lancashire notable for her poems depicting nature.

Life and writing
Phoebe Hesketh was born in Preston, Lancashire. Her father was the pioneer radiologist Arthur E. Rayner; her mother was a violinist in the Hallé Orchestra. Among her aunts was the suffragette Edith Rigby. She was educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College, but left at the age of 17 to care for her ill mother. She married Aubrey Hesketh, the director of a mill, in 1931 when she was 22 and they lived in Rivington, Lancashire. Her first collection, Poems, was published in 1939 by Sherratt & Hughes, Manchester, although she later disowned the work to some  extent.

During World War II Hesketh worked as the woman's page editor of the Bolton Evening News. In 1948 she published her second volume of poetry, Lean Forward, Spring!, (London: Sidgwick and Jackson), which earned her widespread acclaim amongst the literary community, including from Siegfried Sassoon. During her career she produced sixteen books and, although she never achieved popular success, was championed by several well-known figures including Sassoon, Roy Campbell, and Al Alvarez.

After the war she was a freelance lecturer, poetry teacher and journalist, producing many articles for journals and scripts for the BBC. Her collected poems were gathered together in Netting the Sun: new and collected poems (Petersfield: Enitharmon Press, 1989). Her poetry for younger readers was published in A Song of Sunlight (Chatto, 1974) and in Six of the Best (Puffin, 1989). She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1956, and a Fellow of the University of Central Lancashire in 1990.

For almost all her life she lived in Lancashire, in a landscape frequently described in her poetry, and in her semi-autobiographical prose books Rivington: the story of a village (1972) and Village of the Mountain Ash (1990). From her marriage until she was widowed she lived at Rivington, and afterwards at Heath Charnock. She wrote a biography of her aunt Edith Rigby that was published in 1966. The Heskeths had three children. One of her poems describes the death of her young son. She died on 25 February 2005.

Separately published works
1939: Poems. Manchester: Sherratt & Hughes
1948: Lean Forward, Spring!. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. (Poems)
1952: No Time for Cowards. London: Heinemann. (Poems)
1954: Out of the Dark. London: Heinemann. (Poems)
1956: Between Wheels and Stars. London: Heinemann. (Poems)
1958: The Buttercup Children. London: Hart-Davis. (Poems)
1966: My Aunt Edith. London: Peter Davies. (Biography)
1966: Prayer for Sun. London: Hart-Davis. (Poems)
1972: Rivington: the story of a village. London: Peter Davies. (Partly autobiography, partly history.)
1974: A Song of Sunlight. London: Chatto & Windus. (Poems)
1977: Preparing to Leave.  London: Enitharmon Press. (Poems)
1980: The Eighth Day. London: Enitharmon Press. (Poems)
1985: A Ring of Leaves. Birmingham: Hayloft Press . (Poems: "Limited ed. of 300 copies, published to celebrate the poet's 75th birthday")
1985: What can the Matter Be?. Penzance: United Writers. (Prose)
1986: Over the Brook. Leicester: Taxus. (Poems)
1989: Six of the Best. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. (Poems)
1989: Netting the Sun: new and collected poems. Petersfield: Enitharmon Press
1990: Rivington: village of the mountain ash. Preston: Carnegie. (Partly autobiography, partly history.)
1992: Sundowner. London: Enitharmon Press. (Poems)
1994: The Leave Train. London: Enitharmon Press. (Poems)
1997: A Box of Silver Birch. London: Enitharmon Press. (Poems)

References

External links
  Phoebe Hesketh correspondence at Senate House Library, University of London

1909 births
2005 deaths
English women poets
People associated with the University of Central Lancashire
Writers from Preston, Lancashire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
20th-century English poets
20th-century English women writers

Phoebe Hesketh


Pavani (pronounced pāvani, meaning the purifier) is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is the 41st melakarta rāgam in the 72 melakarta rāgam system of Carnatic music. It is called Kumbhini in Muthuswami Dikshitar school of Carnatic music.

Structure and Lakshana

It is the 5th rāgam in the 7th chakra Rishi. The mnemonic name is Rishi-Ma. The mnemonic phrase is sa ra ga mi pa dhi nu. Its  structure is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
:
:

The notes used in this scale are shuddha rishabham, shuddha gandharam, prati madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham and kakali nishadham. It is a sampurna rāgam – a rāgam that has all seven swaras (notes). It is the prati madhyamam equivalent of Manavati, which is the 5th melakarta scale.

Film Song

Language:Tamil

Janya rāgams
Chandrajyoti is a janya rāgam (derived scale) that is associated with it, in which Thyagaraja has composed couple of songs. See List of janya rāgams for a full list of Pavani's janyas.

Film Song in Ragam Chandrajyoti

Language:Tamil

Compositions

Sachidanandamaya by Muthuswami Dikshitar
Anjaade by Koteeswara Iyer
Jaya Dhanada Sakha by M. Balamuralikrishna

Related rāgams
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Pavani's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam does not yield any other melakarta. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam.

This is obvious for the 6 Rishi chakra rāgams (Salagam, Jalarnavam, Jhalavarali, Navaneetam and Raghupriya being the other 5), as they have 3 missing notes between G1 and M2. Since no other swara pair in rules of melakarta rāgams have a 3 note gap, Graha bhedam yields only invalid scales within those rules.

Film Song in Ragam Pavani

Language:Tamil

Notes

References

Melakarta ragas

Pavani (raga)


Typecast (foaled April 10, 1966) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse noted for her ability to win races at both short and very long distances.

Background
Bred by Nuckols Bros. of Midway, Kentucky, she was out of the mare Journalette and sired by Prince John, a son of the very important sire Princequillo. Purchased and raced by Westerly Stud Farms of  Santa Ynez, California, Typecast was conditioned for racing by Tommy Doyle.

Racing career
A late developer, Typecast began to show contending form in 1971 at age five when she ran second in both the Beverly Hills and Ramona Handicaps and  won the Las Palmas Handicap. She was six years old when she had her Champion season in which she won at both short and very long distances.  In 1972, she won important races at her home base in California including the Gamely, Milady and Santa Monica Handicaps, all run at distances between seven and eight and a half furlongs. However, Typecast had stiff competition that year in California's filly ranks from the 1971 U.S. Champion 3-year-old filly Turkish Trousers, who beat her in the Santa Maria and Santa Margarita Handicaps, plus from Convenience, who beat her in the 1972 Vanity Handicap. With much talk by racing fans and the media as to who was the best filly, on June 17, 1972, a 1⅛ mile Match race was held at Hollywood Park Racetrack. With a $250,000 winner-take-all purse at stake, 53,575 spectators watched Typecast and Bill Shoemaker lose to Convenience and Jerry Lambert by a nose.

Typecast then won over colts in the 1½ mile Hollywood Invitational Turf Handicap and defeated colts again at two miles in the Sunset Handicap. Her handlers also sent her to New York where she took on the colts again, finishing second in the Manhattan Handicap and winning the prestigious Man o' War Stakes.

Honors
Typecast's 1972 performances earned her American Champion Older Female Horse honors, but Westerly Stud Farms' owner Fletcher Jones  did not live to see it. The forty-one-year-old co-founder of Computer Sciences Corporation died on November 7, 1972, when the plane he was piloting crashed into a hillside near the farm in Santa Ynez, California.

Breeding record
Typecast, and all the other bloodstock at Westerly Stud Farm, was sold at an estate dispersal auction in early 1973. She served as a broodmare in Japan from 1973 through 1980 before being shipped to a breeding farm in Ireland. Her first mating was to Sir Ivor. Of the seven other foals that followed, her second mating in 1975 was the most successful, with the filly Pretty Cast earning 1980 Champion Older Mare honors in Japan.

References

 Video at YouTube of the June 17, 1972 Match Race between Typecast and Convenience at Hollywood Park Racetrack

1966 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 13-c
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Eclipse Award winners

Typecast (horse)


The Chanda (Malayalam: ചെണ്ട, [tʃeɳʈa]) is a cylindrical percussion instrument used widely in the state of Kerala, Tulu Nadu of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in India. In Tulu Nadu (Coastal Karnataka), it is known as chende. It is greatly identified as a cultural element in Kerala.

Sound
This instrument is famous for its loud and rigid sound. A Chenda has two sides, the left side called "Edamthala" (ഇടം തല)(Left Head) and the right side "Valamthala" (വലം തല)(Right Head). The "Edamthala" is made of only one/two layer of cow skin and the "Valamthala" will have a five/seven layer skin, so as to have a bass sound. The skin are dried in the shade and fastened on wooden rings (Chenda Vattam, ചെണ്ട വട്ടം) made of the trunk of a locally available palm tree (Eeranpana) or bamboo, using a gum prepared from the seed of a tree called "pananchi maram". The circular frame is kept in a vessel, boiled for an entire day and then bent in the form of circle and dried. The body of the Chenda which is 1 ft in diameter and 1.5 inches thickness is made of the soft wood of the jackfruit tree (വരിക്ക പ്ലാവ്) (Varikka Plavu). The thickness is again reduced by 0.25 inches, at simultaneous points separated by 4 inches. This is done in order to produce highly resonating sound. Only the wooden rings with the skin (Chenda Vattam) is replaced once the quality of the sound is not up to the mark. For regular Chenda artists an average of 15 rings are required every year.

Usage
The Chenda is mainly played in Hindu temple festivals and as an accompaniment in the religious art forms of Kerala. The chenda is used as an accompaniment for Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Kannyar Kali, Theyyam and among many forms of dances and rituals in Kerala. It is also played in a dance-drama called Yakshagana (Tenku Thittu) which is popular in Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. There is a variant of this instrument used in northern school of Yakshagana called Chande. It is traditionally considered to be an Asura Vadyam ((demonic instrument)) which means it cannot go in harmony. Chenda is an inevitable musical instrument in all form of cultural activities in Kerala.

Making
In Kerala the craft of making Chenda is now associated with some few "Perumkollan" (smith) families at Peruvembu, Nemmara, Lakkidi, Vellarkad and Valappaya villages. Many famous Chenda percussionists in Kerala make their Chendas from Vellarkad village for it is famous for the quality of the instrument.

Kerala
Percussion instruments

Chenda


The Jindandao incident was a rebellion by a Han Chinese secret society called Jindandao (), who rose in revolt in Inner Mongolia in November 1891 and genocidally massacred 150,000–500,000 Mongols before being suppressed by government troops in late December.  The revolt devastated Mongol communities in the southeastern borderland and forced many Mongols to take refuge in northern banners.  This massacre was later dubbed an incident by Chinese officials.

Background
The areas involved were the Josutu and Juu Uda Leagues of Inner Mongolia during the Manchu Qing Dynasty. They were located at the southern end of the Mongol land and faced devastating floods of Han colonization. While early migrants were insignificant in number and quickly assimilated into the Mongol society, Han farmers from northern Hebei later settled en masse and outnumbered the indigenous Mongols. Large-scale agriculturalization made the Mongols unable to continue pastoralism. The Mongols became agricultural farmers and adopted the Han system of land ownership.

The presence of the large number of Han within Inner Mongolia resulted in a complex administrative system. The Han came under the jurisdiction of Han prefectures and counties, which were set up as enclaves within the Mongol lands. Mongol banners nominally retained the land ownership and ceaselessly fought over various rights over the Han settlers. As the Qing dynasty gradually lost the ability to maintain social order, the Han began to challenge the rule of the minority Mongols. Han tenants delayed or even refused land tax payment, and obstructed land surveys by Mongol authorities with force. Another main conflict between the indigenous and immigrant populations involved access to natural resources. Mongols strictly forbade the Han from cutting timbers on Mongol lands mainly for religious reasons. Violators were punishable by extrajudicial death by banner lords with acquiesce of prefecture and county official. This fueled Han hostility toward Mongols.In addition, newly arrived Han immigrants had been frequently harassed by Mongols, where "the haughty ones mounted bands of 3~5, armed with sabers, broke into Han households, demanded wine, meat and money, assaulted women and men, robbed livestock until empty".

Little is known about the Jindandao (literally meaning to Golden Elixir Way). Also known as the Red Turban (Улаан малгайтан), the Jindandao was a secret society and considered to be an offshoot of the White Lotus sect, which had previously risen in revolt at various times in China Proper. Another sect involved was named Zaili. It was a religious sect popular in Northern China and had a confirmed connection with the White Lotus sect.

Rebellion
The outbreak of the rebellion took place in November 1891 when rebels attacked the government office of the Aukhan Banner. They slaughtered the jasagh (head) of the banner, Prince Daghchin, who was concurrently the head of the Juu Uda League and vandalized his ancestral tomb. They quickly rampaged southward into the Ongniud banners (and Chifeng County within them), and then into the Kharachin Left Banner. Around the same time, another group of rebels captured Chaoyang County within the Tümed Right Banner, the Josutu League. They moved into the neighboring Tümed banner and two Kharachin banners while annihilating Mongol communities. They openly employed anti-Mongol and anti-dynastic slogans including "Defeat the Qing and wipe of the Hu (barbarians)" () and "Kill Mongols in revenge" ().

In response, Li Hongzhang, Governor-General of Chinese Zhili Province, dispatched Ye Zhichao, Commander-in-chief of Zhili, to suppress the rebels. The Zhili forces crossed the Great Wall and marched from the south and southwest. On the eastern front, troops detached from Fengtian played a role in the encircling operation. The modernized army, communicating through telegraph, sending soldiers by the railway and armed with modern firearms, quickly crushed rebels in December. The rebel leader Yang Yuechun was executed in Tianjin.

Local Han population also suffered at the hands of the joint forces of the Qing army and  vengeful Mongol tribesmen. General Ye sided with the rebels by reporting to the imperial court in Beijing that the Mongol banner army killed innocent Chinese, a claim that Prince Vangdudnamjil, the jasagh of the Kharachin Right Banner, challenged in a detailed report.

Massacre of Mongols
The rebels killed tens of thousands of Mongols, burned many Tibetan Buddhist temples, and devastated Mongol communities. The imperial court tried in vain to ease ethnic tensions, paying relief money to both the Mongols and the Han and forbidding further revenge. Beijing decided to make Chinese prefecture and county authorities collect tax from Han tenants on behalf of Mongol nobles. It also decided to put Mongol-Han conflicts under the jurisdiction of Chinese authorities. This further weakened the power of Mongol banners.

The ethnic tension remained high throughout the first half of the 20th century. The situation was further worsened by Han warlords in the Republican era. In 1930s Mongol leaders pressed Manchukuo to stop and roll back the tide of Han migration. After the collapse of Manchukuo in 1945, Mongols felt somewhat relieved as the power vacuum was filled by troops from the Mongolian People's Republic and Soviet troops instead of Chinese armies.

More than one hundred thousand Mongol refugees fled northward to the pastoral areas south of the Khinggan mountains. This resulted in rapid agriculturalization of the Jirim and Juu Uda Leagues in the early 20th century.

The massacre by the Han no doubt strengthened Mongolian nationalism and movements for independence, autonomy and self-determination. Prince Gungsangnorbu, who succeeded Prince Vangdudnamjil of the Kharachin Right Banner, started just a few years later to modernize Mongol education and military training. Khaisan, who later played an important role in the Mongol independence movement, then worked for the Kharachin Right Banner and got involved in the disturbance. The impact of the massacre was not limited to Inner Mongolia. In July 1911, Bogd Gegen of the Khalkha (Outer Mongolia), who soon became the head of state of Mongolia, referred to the incident in his letter  to the Russian emperor asking for support for the independence of Mongolia.

Interpretations
Mongols consider the incident as an ethnic conflict between Mongols and Chinese. Given the impact on the Mongol society, Borjigin Burensain thought that the incident marked the beginning of modern Mongolian history while according to the official Chinese view,  the Opium War marked the beginning of modern Chinese history. Another ethnic Mongol historian and ethnologist Yang Haiying saw the incident as a prelude of the much larger-scale persecution of Mongols by the Chinese during the Cultural Revolution.

Contemporary Western sources were only interested in Christian persecution in these areas. From this point of view, this incident can be called the Rehe Persecution (). The Chinese rebel sects burnt Catholic churches and Chinese converts in Jianchang County within the Kharachin Left Banner and Pingquan Prefecture within the Kharachin Right Banner. The number of casualties varies greatly from 170 to 1200. Borjigin Burensain argued that Christians were not the main target of the insurgence. The proclamations of the Jindandao made no mention of the Western religion while they were full of anti-Mongol slogans.

The interest of Sinologists lies in the characteristics of the secret societies involved, especially in their relationships with the preceding White Lotus rebellions and the subsequent Boxer Rebellion. Borjigin Burensain pointed out a Chinese bias in historical sources used. Sinologists only investigated official archives that contain reports from the Chinese armies, in addition to Western accounts on Christian persecution. Reports from Mongol banners stored at the Lifanyuan were supposedly lost during the Boxer Rebellion.

Official publications of the People's Republic of China have appraised this massacre as a "peasant uprising" against "imperialism" and "feudalism." As an "anti-foreign, anti-imperialist uprising," they emphasis on the attacks against Christians while the Mongol princes and lamas and Manchu officials are treated as feudal rulers to be overthrown. The communists have intentionally concealed the ethnic conflict dimension in the evaluation of the insurgence. As an example of such distortion, Borjigin Burensain pointed to the authoritative Brief History of the Mongol Nationality (, 1986), which altered Jindandao slogans "Defeat the Qing and Wipe out the Mongols" () to "Defeat the Qing and Destroy the Westerners" (), and "Kill Mongols in revenge" () to "Kill Mongol nobles in revenge" (). Mongols in the PRC see such an evaluation as the justification the slaughter of the Mongols. In 1990s Mongols from the Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County (the former Tümed Left Banner) protested against newspapers that glorified the Jindandao incident.

References

1891 in China
Chinese secret societies
Christian missions in China
Conflicts in 1891
Genocidal massacres
Genocides in Asia
History of Inner Mongolia
Massacres in China
Massacres in the 1890s
Massacres of ethnic groups
November 1891 events
Persecution of Mongols
Rebellions in the Qing dynasty

Jindandao incident


Ron Waller (February 14, 1933 – December 16, 2018) was an American football player and coach.  He played in the National Football League (NFL) as a running back for the Los Angeles Rams from 1955 through 1958 and for the American Football League's Los Angeles Chargers in 1960. He was the interim head coach of the NFL's San Diego Chargers for the final six games of the 1973 season, and held the same position with the Philadelphia Bell of the World Football League (WFL) in 1974. Waller was also the head coach of the Wilmington Clippers and the Norfolk Neptunes of the Atlantic Coast Football League.

Prior to his professional career, Waller played for Laurel High School in Laurel, Delaware and the University of Maryland, College Park.  He was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in 1977. Waller died in Delaware on December 16, 2018 at the age of 85.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

1933 births
2018 deaths
American football running backs
Los Angeles Chargers players
Los Angeles Rams players
Maryland Terrapins football players
Philadelphia Bell coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Laurel, Delaware
People from St. Johns County, Florida
Players of American  football from Delaware
Players of American football from Florida
San Diego Chargers head coaches

Ron Waller


The Gemini name was used on a series of Formula Junior racing cars built by Chequered Flag Engineering of London between 1959 and 1963.

Mk 1
In 1959, Graham Warner, the principal of The Chequered Flag Car Sales, purchased the  Moorland Mk 2, a Formula Junior car which had been constructed by Leslie Redmond in early 1959 from drawings supplied by Len Terry . The car was renamed the Gemini Mk 1 and won on debut at Brands Hatch in September 1959.

Mk 2

Having acquired the design rights, jigs and moulds for the Moorland, along with Redmond's services as designer, Warner formed a new company, Chequered Flag Engineering. The Gemini Mk 2 was subsequently produced  and was first raced in a Formula Junior event at Brands Hatch in October 1959.

It is believed that thirty Mk 2s were built, four powered by Ford Cosworths and all others by BMC A Series engines.

Mk 3 & Mk 3A
The rear engined Gemini Mk 3 was introduced during 1960 and met with success in the hands of Tony Maggs, Geoff Duke and Peter Ashdown. The Mk 3A of 1961 proved to be the only challengers to Cooper and Lotus in that year. A total of  eight Mk 3As were built in addition to the one prototype Mk 3.

Mk 4 & Mk 4A
The Gemini Mk 4 was developed in 1962. The car was of advanced design and featured inboard suspension, inboard brakes and two small radiators on each side of the car. It was powered by a Cosworth modified Ford engine mated to a Renault Dauphine gearbox. In 1963 the project was handed over to George Henrotte as the Gemini Mk 4A and production ended in the same year.

References

British racecar constructors
Formula Junior cars

Gemini (racing car)


The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns
is a 1999 fantasy television miniseries. It stars Randy Quaid, Colm Meaney, Kieran Culkin, Roger Daltrey, Caroline Carver and Whoopi Goldberg. The miniseries contains two main stories that eventually intertwine: the first being the story of an American businessman who visits Ireland and encounters magical leprechauns and the second, a story of a pair of star-crossed lovers who happen to be a fairy and a leprechaun, belonging to opposing sides of a magical war. It contains many references to Romeo and Juliet, such as two lovers taking poison and feuding clans.

The film was first aired on November 7, 1999 on NBC. Emma Townshend's song "We Can Fly Away" was the theme song for the film.

Plot
Jack Woods is an American businessman on holiday in Ireland. During a hike, he sees Irish beauty Kathleen Fitzpatrick swimming naked. Kathleen catches him and chases him off, but Jack is smitten with her beauty. That evening, Jack saves Seamus Muldoon, a leprechaun, from drowning. In gratitude, Muldoon introduces Jack to his wife Mary and son Mickey and shows him the mystical world of the leprechauns. Jack gets used to the little people he shares the house with, because they help him to get to know Kathleen.

Meanwhile, Mickey falls in love with the fairy princess Jessica. They begin a relationship, which thrives even after Jessica finds out that Mickey is a leprechaun. Jessica's hot-headed cousin, Count Grogan opposes the marriage, as leprechauns and fairies are traditionally enemies. Tensions flare between Mickey and Grogan, leading to Mickey killing Grogan. After Jessica's parents learn that Mickey has killed Count Grogan, they send her to a hidden underwater castle. Mickey rescues her and flies with her to his uncle Sir Aloysius Jantee, the butter fairy. Jessica's parents think Mickey has kidnapped her and they start a war with the leprechauns.

Once the war begins, the fairies stop taking care of nature, causing the seasonal weather patterns to spiral out of control. Mickey and Jessica obtain poison from the butter fairies and threaten to take it unless the fighting stops. Their parents are unable to make peace, so they take the poison. Their bodies are brought before their parents, who become distraught. Jack convinces the warring parties to make peace. The Grand Banshee brings back not only Jessica and Mickey, but all of the lost leprechauns and fairies. Mickey and Jessica marry, Jack and Kathleen are reconciled, and the long-lasting war is finally over.

Production
The shooting took place in England and lasted 10 weeks. The scenes involving the leprechauns and main character Jack Woods had to be "digitally spliced together" later, because all characters were portrayed by "full-size actors".

Reception
The film was not well received. Variety and The Washington Post criticized the script and story, unfavorably noting the influence of Romeo and Juliet. New York Magazine spoke favorably of Whoopi Goldberg's performance as the Grand Banshee, but reviewer John Leonard admitted to being too preoccupied with current events to give a fair assessment.

Cast
 Daniel Betts as Mickey Muldoon
 Caroline Carver as Princess Jessica
 Colm Meaney as Seamus Muldoon
 Zoë Wanamaker as Mary Muldoon
 Roger Daltrey as King Boric
 Harriet Walter as Queen Morag
 Randy Quaid as Jack Woods
 Orla Brady as Kathleen Fitzpatrick
 Whoopi Goldberg as the Grand Banshee
 Phyllida Law as Lady Margaret
 Kevin McKidd as Jericho O'Grady
 Kieran Culkin as Barney O'Grady
 Stephen Moore as Sir Aloysius Jantee
 Tony Curran as Sean Devine
 Frank Finlay as General Bulstrode
 Jonathan Firth as Count Grogan
 Peter Serafinowicz as George Fitzpatrick

References

External links

1999 films
1999 fantasy films
1990s American television miniseries
Leprechaun films
Sonar Entertainment miniseries
Films set in Ireland
Films based on Romeo and Juliet
Films directed by John Henderson (director)
Television shows based on Romeo and Juliet

The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns


Karl Bushby (born 30 March 1969) is a British ex-paratrooper, walking adventurer and author, currently attempting to be the first person to completely walk an unbroken path around the world. Bushby's trek is known as the Goliath Expedition.

Early life
Bushby was born 30 March 1969 in Hull, England. He attended a local comprehensive school and joined the British Army at the age of 16. Bushby served with the 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment for 11 years.

Goliath Expedition

The Goliath Expedition is Bushby's attempt to walk around the world "with unbroken footsteps", from Punta Arenas, Chile, to his home in Hull, England. He began his journey on 1 November 1998 and originally expected to finish the over- trek in eight years, though numerous delays meant it has not yet been completed.

Bushby set off from Punta Arenas, Chile, on 1 November 1998, and had completed over  as of 2006, walking through South, Central, and North America. With over  to walk, and maintaining his current speed, he then estimated he would return home to Hull by 2012.

In March 2006, Bushby and French adventurer Dimitri Kieffer crossed the Bering Strait on foot, having to take a roundabout 14-day route across a frozen  section to cross the  wide strait from Alaska to Siberia. They were detained by Russian border troop officers while they were crossing the Russian border near the Chukotkan village of Uelen, for not entering Russia at a correct port of entry. They were threatened with being banned from Russia, which would stop the journey. It was announced on 5 May 2006 that the Russian appeal court had upheld Bushby's application and his walk would continue. This was reported to be the result of consultation between John Prescott, the then British Deputy Prime Minister (and MP in Bushby's home town of Hull), and Roman Abramovich, the then Governor of Chukotka.

On 16 March 2007, it was announced that Bushby had obtained the required permission from the Russian authorities, and began to prepare for the second half of his Goliath Expedition. Bushby would walk the first leg of this stage to Yakutsk, along with Kieffer. He had a struggle with the Russian authorities to get a visa and permit (the entire area is a military area, and a special visit permit is needed). During 2007, he managed to walk more than  from Uelen to Dvoynoye (not far from Bilibino), returning to Alaska when his visa ran out in November.

In 2008 he only walked for three weeks, reaching Bilibino. He started very late, since the visa approval was delayed, and when the snow disappeared in May he could not continue because the area is filled with swamps and rivers, impossible to penetrate on foot when not frozen. He was only allowed to be in Russia for 90 days out of every 180 days per visa, and had to leave the country before each visa expires.

From late 2008 to 2010, he spent his time in Mexico for cost reasons and was unable to travel to Russia. This was both because of trouble getting a visa and permits, and because of financial trouble; Bushby lost several of his sponsors as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.  After Bushby secured new sponsors in 2010, the Russian government issued him another visa, and he resumed walking across Russia in the spring of 2011.

In addition to the 90-day time restraint imposed by Russian visas, Bushby was hampered by the tundra conditions. Because his route took him through an area that can only be traveled on foot via frozen rivers and ice roads, he could only walk during the late winter and early spring.  On 25 April 2011, after walking approximately , Bushby reached the town of Srednekolymsk, completing his leg for 2011. Beginning his 2012 leg, he only needed to travel an additional  before reaching improved roads, meaning his travel would only be limited by the Russian visa rules. On 12 April 2012, Bushby reported on his site that the Russian authorities had denied him a visa for 2012.

In March 2013, Russia banned Bushby from re-entering Russia for five years.

Bushby walked over  from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C. His destination was the Russian Embassy. At the end of the adventure, Bushby's visa ban was overturned and he was granted a letter of invitation from the Russian government. He was granted a visa in 2014, at the embassy, marking the end of his year long journey.

Bushby crossed the Russia-Mongolia border in 2017, and on 8 August 2017 he was in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Bushby crossed into Uzbekistan early in June 2019, reaching the border between Turkmenistan and Iran a few months later where the voyage is currently on pause due to visa issues, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Giant Steps
Bushby wrote a book about his walk titled Giant Steps, first published in 2005. The latest edition (2007) includes events up to 31 March 2006, and his Bering Strait crossing. The book and the Bering Strait crossing also inspired a board game called Ice Flow.

See also
 List of pedestrian circumnavigators

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bushby, Karl. Giant Steps. Sphere.  (2nd ed.; 2007)

External links
Goliath Expedition home page
Goliath Expedition blog, 2009-2010
Latest update on Karl Bushby 2012 Interview with Karl Bushby 2011
Alone Around the World A long distance radio interview with Karl Bushby at Podstantsiya.ru
WideWorld Article Odyssey XXI, one man's 15 year trek across the globe
Men's Journal Article

1969 births
Living people
British Parachute Regiment soldiers
Pedestrian circumnavigators of the globe
Walkers of the United Kingdom
Military personnel from Kingston upon Hull

Karl Bushby


A tudun was a governor resident in a town or other settlement in the ancient Bulgar, Avar or Gokturk empires, particularly those of the Bulgars and the Khazars. The tudun was the personal representative of the imperial government and could function both as an administrator and a diplomat. At times, a tudun would be appointed for a town nominally under another power's control but de facto within the sphere of influence of the tudun's khagan.

History of the Turkic peoples
Khazar titles
Titles of the Göktürks

Tudun


Surf Pines is an unincorporated community in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. It is a private gated community, located three miles north of Gearhart, just west of U.S. Route 101.

The community was created in 1944 by developer Barney Lucas. Lucas and his partners developed lots in the Surf Pines area and these were sold beginning in the 1950s. The Surf Pines Association was created in 1969 to help pay for the upkeep of roads. Properties were added to the community in the 1980s and 1990s, and security gates were added in 1990.

References

Unincorporated communities in Clatsop County, Oregon
Oregon Coast
Gated communities in Oregon
1944 establishments in Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon

Surf Pines, Oregon


Themis is a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the titan of law and order. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. She is also featured in the game Golden Sun 2 as the famous and one of the weakest weapons around the game called the Themis Axe.

Titans

Themis