Miracleman (originally known as Marvelman) is a British Golden Age comic book superhero appearing in comic books first published by  L. Miller & Son, Ltd. Created by Mick Anglo, the character first appeared in Marvelman #25 (February 1954). The character was subsequently revived in 1982 by Alan Moore and Garry Leach as the lead of Marvelman in the pages of Warrior. After that publication was cancelled the revival was continued as Miracleman by Eclipse Comics in 1985, with the character renamed accordingly, but went out of print following the company's demise in 1994.

After a 15-year hiatus brought on by a confused legal situation, the character was successfully brought back into print by Marvel Comics in 2010, initially reverting to the Marvelman name. From 2014 onwards Marvel began reprinting the revival material, once again using the Miracleman name, and in 2022 began continuing the story.

Concept and creation
Following Fawcett Publications' cessation of their superhero titles in 1953, British publisher L. Miller & Son were left with the prospect of having to cancel their popular Captain Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. weeklies due to a lack of material. Len Miller contacted Mick Anglo, whose Gower Street Studio had provided cover artwork and other material for Miller's titles, to create a replacement. Anglo modified Captain Marvel, changing his human identity from newsboy Billy Batson to copyboy Micky Moran. The character's superhuman form was changed from Captain Marvel to Marvelman, after consideration was given to naming the new character Captain Miracle and Miracleman - both names that would later be used by Anglo for further derivatives of Captain Marvel. Anglo took the opportunity to simplify the character's costume, eliminating Captain Marvel's cape and switching his lightning bolt to a simpler "MM" chest logo. To provide greater contrast Marvelman was given close-cropped blond hair and a predominantly blue colour scheme. Anglo considered giving the character a gravity belt but eventually decided to retain flight as an inherent ability of the superhero.

While Marvelman and (less frequently, despite debuting concurrently) Young Marvelman are occasionally called the first British superheroes this is not the case as the short-lived DC Thomson Dandy character The Amazing Mr. X debuted some ten years previously.

Publication history

1954-1963

Due to the backlog of Fawcett material Miller already had the company was able to prepare readers for the upcoming change. Captain Marvel #19, dated 19 December 1953, featured an in-character letter from 'Batson' to readers, telling them he planned to lead an ordinary life and would be handing over his duties to Marvelman; #24 featured the modified title Captain Marvel - the Marvelman and from #25 the title was renamed Marvelman, with the new character taking over. A similar process would take place on sister title Captain Marvel Jr., which would become Young Marvelman. The result was well-received by readers, and sales of Marvelman were actually larger than those of its predecessor. Anglo initially wrote and drew the strips himself; later other Gower Studio artists would work on the character, including James Bleach, Norman Light and Don Lawrence. Marvelman would also occasionally appear in the pages of Young Marvelman and later starred the additional monthly title Marvelman Family, which also featured Kid Marvelman. However by 1961 sales were declining as imported American comics began to arrive on the British market, featuring full-colour strips rather than the black-and-white adventures of Marvelman. Miller switched Marvelman to a monthly reprint title, causing Anglo to unsuccessfully attempt to set up his own Anglo Features label after turning down an offer to work for Miller's son Arnold on his own venture. Marvelman finally ended in 1963, and the character went into obscurity.

1982-1985

In 1981 Dez Skinn opted to revive the character for anthology Warrior. After his preferred choices turned him down, he became aware of Alan Moore's similar interest in reviving the character and requested a proposal. Impressed by the writer's ideas, Skinn commissioned Moore as writer for the strip, which debuted in the first issue of Warrior in March 1982. Moore would later relate that he was drawn to the character's resemblance of the concept of the Übermensch from the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, a concept that would be frequently drawn on in this revival. After others had demurred, Garry Leach was assigned to draw the strip. He modelled the revised Marvelman on actor Paul Newman and redesigned the chest insignia into a more modern style. Leach and Moore opted for a graceful look for the character in contrast to the more common musclebound superhero archetype.

The strip was a critical success, winning Favourite Comic Character (UK) at the 1984 Eagle Awards, and continued to be a success when Alan Davis took over as artist. Vintage Gower Street material would also be reprinted in the one-off Marvelman Special, with the conceit it presented imaginary adventures of the character. However, creative differences between Moore and Davis would lead to the strip stalling in 1985; while Grant Morrison was eager to take over Marvelman the dispute would prevent the strip from returning before Warrior was cancelled in 1985 after its losses became unsustainable for Skinn.

1985-1993
The story was eventually picked up by American publisher Eclipse Comics in 1985. To avoid legal attention from Marvel Comics the series and its leads were renamed Miracleman; Moore had previously suggested this as an alternate title in his original proposal as a substitute name should the editor decide against reviving Marvelman, and had also used it in print for the name of a proxy version of the character that had featured briefly in his parallel work on Marvel UK's Captain Britain strip. Those involved do not appear to have been aware of the name being previously considered by Anglo, or its use as the name given to a series of British reprints of the artist's Spanish-market Superhombre. Moore was initially resistant to the name change due to Marvelman having predated the establishment of Marvel Comics but eventually agreed, though he would air his dissatisfaction with the issue in an essay printed in the second issue of the title. Eclipse began by printing coloured, relettered versions of the Warrior material before Miracleman #7 (cover dated April 1986) saw the story continue with new material. The series continued its critical success, and was by Eclipse's standards a sizeable commercial success. Initially Chuck Austen (then using his birthname Chuck Beckum) drew the new adventures before Rick Veitch continued the work. From Miracleman #11, John Totleben became regular artist until #16, which was also the final issue of Moore's run.

Moore then passed over the title to Neil Gaiman, having completed the stories he had planned for the character. Gaiman and new artist Mark Buckingham planned three six-issue storylines for the character, and opted for an anthology approach for the initial arc. As such "The Golden Age" focused more on Miracleman's impact on Earth than the character himself, who was more felt than seen across Miracleman #17-22, largely featuring in cameos by various literary devices such as flashbacks, imaginary sequences and fictions-within-fictions. Meanwhile Gaiman found that numerous other creators were interested in working on the character; to harness this and expand their revenue, Eclipse produced the three-issue limited series Miracleman: Apocrypha, featuring contributions by the likes of Alex Ross, Kurt Busiek, Matt Wagner, James Robinson and Darick Robertson. Gaiman and Buckingham provided a framing story for the series which established it as a collection of imaginary stories. Miracleman returned to being more central in the creative team's second arc, "The Silver Age". However, after only two issues of the storyline had been published Eclipse went bankrupt; this also prevented the publication of another spin-off mini-series called Miracleman Triumphant, written by Fred Burke and drawn by Mike Deodato and taking place between Gaiman's first two arcs.

1995-2008

Gaiman mistakenly believed at the time he owned a one-third share of the rights to the Miracleman characters, with the other two-thirds residing with Eclipse. As such he reached an arrangement with Roger Broughton to continue the series once the Canadian publisher purchased Eclipse's rights. However at the 1996 liquidation auction Broughton was outbid by Todd McFarlane, who had collaborated with Gaiman on various Spawn spinoffs. Gaiman began legal action while McFarlane remained sure he owned the character, and produced Miracleman merchandise. A reimagined Mike Moran, now a principled journalist at the New York Daily Times, was added to the supporting cast of Hellspawn, a dark spin-off title of Spawn, in February 2001. Artist Ashley Wood released teaser images of Miracleman ahead of his planned debut in Hellspawn #12. However, Wood left the book after Hellspawn #11 and the storyline was abandoned when Gaiman sued McFarlane in 2002. In-universe, the appearances were subsequently ascribed to the character Man of Miracles, whose aspect is shaped by the perceptions of others.

2009-Present
Since 2001, Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada had been among the major industry figures to support Gaiman in the dispute. Marvel eventually discovered in 2009 that the rights to the Marvelman characters had resided with Anglo all along, having never been officially purchased by Skinn (who believed the character was in the public domain, and reached a private agreement with Anglo) in 1981. They licensed the characters from Anglo directly and in 2010 began a series of reprints of classic material under the Marvelman name. In 2014 after further legal rights were secured they began to reprint the revival material, now named Miracleman once again. Marvel published new material with the character in 2015, and Miracleman's logo was featured in the one-shot Timeless in 2021, foreshadowing his introduction to the Marvel Universe.

In October 2022, Gaiman and Buckingham continued The Silver Age storyline after a hiatus of nearly 30 years.

Fictional character biography

Original
Having discovered the keyword to the universe through his experiments, Mississippi-based astro-scientist Guntag Barghelt travels the world searching for a worthy recipient of this power. After young Micky Moran first attempts to return a dime Barghelt dropped and then defends the scientist from a trio of hoodlums, the scientist takes the youth to his laboratory. There further tests reveal Micky has absolute integrity and a well-defined discernment of good and evil, and treats him in his atomic machine. Micky is granted the power to turn into the superpowered Marvelman whenever he speaks the keyword "Kimota". After Marvelman thwarts an attempt by the villainous Herman Schwein to capture Barghelt's notes, the scientist withdraws to an asteroid in outer space, knowing Marvelman will protect good on Earth. Micky works for the Daily Bugle newspaper as a copyboy and keeps his superhero identity secret from the world while using his power to protect the innocent. To help him fight evil, Marvelman would later call on the scientist again when impressed by the courage of messenger boy Dicky Dauntless, and calls up Barghelt once again. The scientist gives Dicky an elixir that allows him to transform into Young Marvelman, who would become Marvelman's ally in the fight against evil. Marvelman later selected another youth, Johnny Bates, who was granted the ability to become Kid Marvelman.

Among his many victories, Marvelman prevented Boromanian spy Balco from using the experimental XB999 atomic bomber aircraft against Washington, prevented crooks from poisoning Oklabama's water supply with radium, and foiled an attempt by Professor Zargunza to use memory-loss gas on the world. Marvelman also crossed paths with mad scientist Dr. Gargzuna, thwarting his plan to use animated skeletons to intimidate a judge. Gargunza would however return with numerous other amoral plans, which Marvelman again defeated.

Other escapades Marvelman was involved in included preventing Boromanian attempts to sabotage Professor Jowik's new megabathysphere; stopping the ice cream-crazed Abominable Snowman and his Snowman minions; defeating super-computer the Electronic Brain,; foiling a Boromanian plot to use scientist Doctor Ramado's miniaturised hydrogen bomb to blow up a table tennis tournament; saving oblivious astronaut Professor Swivelhead from his own oblivious behaviour; clearing his name after circus strongman the Great Anvello framed him as a criminal; defeating scientist Cuprini's evil mirror image version of himself; preventing destruction of a United States Navy squadron by a two-headed kraken; dealing with an epidemic of insomnia brought on by the King of the Land of Nod sulking; using a demonstration of his formidable powers to cause Martian War Lords to abort a planned invasion of Earth; stopping jealous electrical genius Austin Amps and his attempts to sabotage rival Oswald Ohms' all-electric town Wattingham;
travelling back to 1588 and helping Royal Navy Captain Farnaby warn England about the Spanish Armada; ending the crime spree of Professor Coisson's Marvelman II, a robot double of the hero; foiling the attempt of unlicensed dentist Mr. Nook to use misery gas in revenge for being exposed as a quack by Moran; putting an end to Nazi Otto Gruber's attempt to create a Fourth Reich; beating wizard Wizzo the Wizard and his mirror-henchman namlevraM; capturing embezzler Charles Crank despite his attempts to hide out on the Moon}; thwarting the attempts of Menzari driver Heinz Vifter to beat rival Nevady driver Micky Desmond to the Golden Wheel via sabotage;
exposing pickpocketing clowns from a travelling circus; forestalling an invasion from underground hat-wearing giant ants; undoing disgruntled prop manager Eddie Gay's attempts to sabotage a documentary made by Peakpoint Films;
uncovering cargo cult-leading machine Klashna;
and halting elderly bad-luck projecting nuisance Irwin M. Trouble

He would also team up with Young Marvelman and Kid Marvelman as the Marvelman Family to face threats such as Garrer and his army of time-travelling renegades; a combined alliance of Marvelman's arch-enemy Doctor Gargunza and his nephew, Young Marvelman rogue Young Gargunza; the King of Vegetableland; invaders from the planet Vardica; would-be dictator Professor Batts and his speech-scramber; a crime boss intent on sinking Pacific City below the ocean; the cruel, slave-driving King Snop of Atlantis (which the story revealed would eventually become Australia); an attempt by Gargunza to declare himself King of the Universe; cruel 14th century knight Simon de Carton (clearing the name of Amadis of Gaul in the process); a monster accidentally collected from the planet Droon; and Professor Wosmine's shrinking ray

Revival
BOOK ONE: 'A Dream Of Flying'  - written by Alan Moore

Two decades later, Mike Moran is a middle-aged man working as a freelance journalist and happily married to Liz, but he is suffering from mid-life crisis and is plagued by headaches. He remembers nothing of his adventures as Miracleman, but has recurring dreams of flying and of the terrible fate that apparently befell the Miracleman family when they were caught in a nuclear explosion.

When a peaceful protest at an atomic power station is overtaken by terrorists, Moran is present and is taken hostage. In the throes of a migraine - he sees the 'magic word' (that has eluded him for decades but haunts his dreams) written on a glass door: 'Kimota'. When he speaks this aloud he transforms into Miracleman, incapacitates the terrorists and flies away.

Miracleman returns home to a startled Liz and attempts to explain his newly-remembered backstory. Liz is initially skeptical but eventually convinced, and they spend the night together.

Miracleman's appearance is noticed by Johnny Bates, who has become a very successful international businessman in the intervening decades. Bates invites Mike and Liz to his offices, and though they are initially convinced by his story Mike confronts Bates with his suspicions that he has become corrupted by his powers. These suspicions are confirmed when Kid Miracleman attacks. Transforming in Miracleman, Moran attempts to fight Kid Miracleman but is overpowered and only spared by Bates mistakenly speaking his 'magic word' and transforming back into a young boy. Miracleman and Liz escape, leaving the young Johnny Bates in the hands of the authorities.

As a result of their single night together, Liz becomes pregnant with Miracleman's child, an event that fuels Mike Moran's feelings of inadequacy in comparison to his superhuman alter-ego.

The 'Spookshow', a government agency, recruits Evelyn Cream to kill Moran. Cream instead kidnaps Moran and they agree to work together to discover Miracleman's real origins. This leads them to a hidden bunker in the countryside where Miracleman encounters various ineffectual traps and a deranged superhuman called Big Ben, who he subdues effortlessly.

Once inside the bunker, Miracleman is confronted with the true nature of his past: he is the result of an experimental program by the British government to create superhumans as an escalation of the Cold War arms race. The program is derived from alien technology discovered in the 1950s and adapted and overseen by Dr Emil Gargunza, an ex-Nazi scientist given shelter by the British government. It is revealed that his entire past has been a virtual reality fiction created to subdue him and the rest of the Miracleman Family and make them pliable as super-weapons. Enraged by this, Miracleman destroys much of the bunker and, once calmed by Cream, returns home.

BOOK TWO: 'The Red King Syndrome' - Written By Alan Moore

As the birth of her and Miracleman's child grows near Liz is kidnapped by Gargunza, now living in Paraguay, where Liz is taken. Whilst she is held captive Gargunza relates to her his life story, telling of how he worked on the Zarathustra Project, adapting the technology of a crashed spaceship and creating the Miracleman Family. He hopes to transfer his consciousness into the body of Miracleman's child, thus achieving immortality.

Miracleman and Cream travel to Paraguay and confront Gargunza. However, Gargunza has implanted another 'magic word' which changes Miracleman back into a defenceless Mike Moran for an hour. He then sets his 'Miracledog' - a monstrous, genetically altered super-animal - on Moran and Cream. Cream is killed and Moran is maimed but he remembers the 'magic word' Gargunza used on the dog and it reverts back to its harmless original form, whereupon Moran kills it and evades Gargunza's mercenaries until such time as he can change back to Miracleman. When he does, he slaughters Gargunza's guards, kills Gargunza and rescues Liz who then gives birth to a daughter, Winter - who can already speak.

Back in England, domestic tensions between Mike and Liz are exacerbated by Liz's mood swings - which she suspects are caused by Winter, who is developing at an unusually accelerated rate. Meanwhile two alien agents are tracking Moran, but are themselves being followed by a mystery woman.

BOOK THREE: 'Olympus' - Written By Alan Moore

The aliens - of the race The Qys - attack Moran, who becomes Miracleman and attempts to fight them off, but the aliens are able to change bodies in a manner similar to Moran / Miracleman himself and easily defeat him. Upon learning of Winter's existence, they turn their attention to Liz but are thwarted by the mystery woman, who reveals herself to be Avril Lear - Miraclewoman - and tells the story of her past as another of Gargunza's experiments.

The Qys take Miracleman and Miraclewoman to their homeworld where the future of the Miracleman Family - and Earth itself - is discussed by the ambassadors of the Qys and their mortal enemies the Warpsmiths. Miraclewoman convinces the assembly that Earth should be a neutral world wherein the two cultures can work together and hopefully achieve some form of understanding.

After returning to Earth Miracleman finds himself growing apart from his human ties as Liz leaves him and Winter [who is physically a small child but already beyond even Miracleman himself in terms of mental development] leaves Earth to find and learn from The Qys.

Mike Moran, his life turned upside down, commits a form of suicide by trekking into the wilderness and leaving a small memorial for himself to find when he transforms for a last time into Miracleman. Miracleman understands this gesture and never returns to his human form again.

With the help of Qys and Warpsmith agents including Aza Chorn, the initial alien/superhuman project is to gather together all the remaining superhumans on Earth and work in secret to begin to nudge Earth towards a more enlightened path. This is cut short, however, by the sudden re-emergence of Kid Miracleman.

Johnny Bates, who has been kept at a children's home in England, has been attempting to keep his alter-ego at bay; but the brutal abuse he suffers at the hands of fellow inmates forces him to transform into a vengeful Kid Miracleman, who then destroys half of London in Miracleman's temporary absence and kills forty thousand people. When he is discovered, a battle ensues where Miracleman and his cohorts - with apparently little regard for human life - attempt to subdue him.

Kid Miracleman is only eventually defeated by a dying Aza Chorn and, mortally wounded, transforms back to Johnny Bates. Miracleman then kills Bates to prevent him ever becoming Kid Miracleman again. In the ruins of London, surrounded by thousands of dead and dying, Miracleman now realises the world can never be the same.

He and Miraclewoman reshape the world into a utopia. All the practical ills of human society are cured, and the offer of superhuman powers and children is gradually taken up by a humanity who regard the Miracleman Family as gods. The pantheon of new gods build Olympus, a huge temple in the ruins of Central London where they are worshipped by human acolytes. Despite having created a utopia, Miracleman is haunted by Liz's accusation that he has lost touch with his humanity.

BOOKS FOUR & FIVE: 'The Golden Age' & 'The Silver Age' - Written By Neil Gaiman with Mark Buckingham

After a series of short stories detailing the effects of this new society on ordinary humans and supporting characters from the series ['The Golden Age'], the main story picks up again in the year 2001 ['The Silver Age'], where Young Miracleman - Dickie Dauntless - is revived but has a great deal of trouble adjusting to the new world he finds himself in.

Miraclewoman convinces Miracleman that Dauntless is infatuated with him, and Miracleman attempts to kiss him to assuage his frustrations. This shocks and enrages Dauntless, whose attitudes towards sexuality and the world in general are still very much those of the 1950s. He leaves Olympus to discover himself in the changed world of 2001.

Powers and abilities
Miracleman can fly, has super-strength and is invulnerable. The source of his strength and durability is a forcefield, derived from Qys technology. He is able to tear open a bunker door without apparent effort, push his finger through a human chest without any sort of run-up, and clapping his hands together causes a concussive blast that deafens those within range. Miracleman survives being in the range of the Operation Dragonslayer nuclear bomb unscathed, only being forced into dormancy by the physical and mental damage done to Mike Moran, and is impervious to bullets, blades, rocket launchers and conventional explosives. He can survive without oxygen, and is able to singlehandedly carve Silence from subsea rock. Liz finds his speed cannot be measured by a stopwatch, estimating it as well over Mach 2. In the original, the character could fly around Earth fast enough to move backwards or forwards in time, an ability that has yet to be featured in the revival.

Reception

Critical reception
Timothy Adams of ComicBook.com called Miracleman a "classic superhero." Michael Doran of Newsarama included Miracleman in their "Best Marvel characters left to adapt to the MCU" list. Danilo Raul of MovieWeb ranked Miracleman 7th in their "Obscure Marvel Characters That Deserve Their Own Films" list.

Other versions
An alternate version of Miracleman is one of the heroes of Earth-238 that appears in the Captain Britain stories written by Moore and Alan Davis around the time of their work together on Marvelman for Warrior. A grave bearing the name is seen by Captain Britain shortly before he is killed by the Fury on the alternate world; the character's death at the hands of the symbiote was then shown in flashback during a nightmare experienced by
Linda McQuillan (the superhero Captain UK). Moore would later recall that they came up for the name for the Marvel appearances but it features in his original proposal for the Warrior strip as an alternate title, but it was the first use of the name in print. When asked, Moore could not recall if he remembered using it when settling on renaming Marvelman for Eclipse Comics.

Collected editions

Notes

References

Eclipse Comics superheroes
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman senses
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics superheroes
Miracleman

Miracleman (character)


Big Bertha  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun,  42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.

Name
Bertha's official name was the L/12 (the barrel was 12 calibre in length), or the M-Device.

Many sources say that Bertha is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire. However, not all accept this. During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device. 'Dicke', meaning fat or big in German, is apparently not a reference to the physical aspect of Ms Krupp.

The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun. This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun". Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is only applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.

Origin
Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre. Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.

In use
Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium. The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'. When used later during the German assault upon Verdun in February 1916, however, it proved less effective, as the fort, made of concrete reinforced with steel, could mostly withstand the large semi-armour-piercing shells of the Berthas. Only Fort Vaux was severely damaged during this event, destroying the water storage and leading to the surrender of the fort.

A total of 12 complete M-Devices were built; besides the two available when the war started, ten more were built during the war. This figure does not include additional barrels.

As the war ground on several Berthas were destroyed when their barrels burst due to faulty ammunition. Later in the Great War, an L/30 30.5-cm barrel was developed and fitted to a number of Bertha carriages in order to provide longer-range, though not quite as heavy fire.

References

German Empire
Howitzers
World War I

Big Bertha


The Carasso family (also spelled Karasu, Karaso, Karassu, Karsu, Karso , Carrasco and Karasso) was a prominent Sephardic Jewish family in Ottoman Selanik (modern Thessaloniki, Greece).  In the early 20th century, some members of the family were active in the Young Turks and others went on to found the modern yogurt industry.

Notable members of the family include:
Emmanuel Carasso or Emanuel Karasu (1862–1934) was a lawyer and politician, and prominent member of the Young Turks. His name was Turkified as Emanuel Karasu 'black water'.
Isaac Carasso (1874–1939) emigrated to Barcelona, where he founded the yogurt company that became Groupe Danone.
Daniel Carasso (1905–2009), Isaac's son, took over the family business in Spain and established Danone in France and the United States and built the company up to Groupe Danone.
Albert Karasu or Carasso (1885–1982), founder of the French-language Istanbul newspaper Le Journal d'Orient.

Jewish families
Sephardi families
Jews from Thessaloniki

Carasso family


Joanne Liu is a Canadian pediatric emergency medicine physician, Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Montreal, Professor of Clinical Medicine at McGill University, and the previous International President of Médecins sans Frontières (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders). She was elected president during MSF's International General Assembly in June 2013.

Early life and education
Joanne Liu was born on 4 November 1965, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, to a Chinese immigrant Liu family from Toishan, Guangdong. Her family ran a Chinese restaurant called China Garden. Dr Joanne Liu was the fifth child after David, a child stillborn, Anthony, and Margaret. When she was thirteen, she became fascinated by Et la Paix dans le monde docteur, a book about the experiences of a physician working with Doctors Without Borders during the Soviet–Afghan War. She dreamed of becoming "a doctor without borders" one day.

During junior college, Cegep Champlain St. Lawrence, Quebec City, she travelled to Mali with Canadian Crossroads International. Liu graduated from the McGill University Faculty of Medicine with the M.D., C.M. degree and completed pediatric specialty training at the Université de Montréal-affiliated Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine. She then completed a sub-specialty in pediatric emergency care at Bellevue Hospital Center of the New York University School of Medicine and an International Master's in Health Leadership degree at the McGill University Desautels Faculty of Management.

Career
Liu started her career with Médecins sans Frontières, in 1996 when she worked with Malian refugees in Mauritania. Since then she has provided support through the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami; assisted in controlling a cholera epidemic in Haiti; helped Somali refugees in Kenya; and offered medical assistance in many conflict zones, including Palestine, Central African Republic and Sudan's Darfur region. She has also helped to develop one of the first programs to offer comprehensive medical care for survivors of sexual violence in the Republic of the Congo.

From 1999 to 2002, Liu was a programs manager at the Paris office of MSF. She then went on to work as the president of the board of directors of MSF in Canada between 2004 and 2009. She has helped to create and currently co-manages the organization's telemedicine project, which connects MSF physicians in 150 remote sites with a platform of over 300 medical specialists across the globe. By communicating through the specialist network, MSF field doctors can receive critical diagnoses and treatment recommendations for their patients within hours.

From 2002 to 2013, Liu served as a full-time Pediatric Emergency Physician at Ste-Justine Hospital in Montreal and at the Health Travel Clinic of the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal. She is also an associate professor at the Université de Montréal.

From 2013 to 2019, Liu served as International President of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), in Geneva.

On 2 September 2014, Liu gave a briefing to the United Nations General Assembly, urging member states to mobilize against the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.

On 7 October 2015, Liu demanded an independent investigation of the American bombing of the MSF hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan. She denounced the bombing and suggested that it was a war crime.

From 2020 until 2021, Liu served as a member of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (IPPR), an independent group examining how the World Health Organization (WHO) and countries handled the COVID-19 pandemic, co-chaired by Helen Clark and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.

Other activities
 The New Humanitarian, Member of the Board of Directors (2020–present)
 Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Member of the Board (2018–present)
 Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDI), Member of the Board of Directors
 McGill School of Population and Global Health (SPGH), Member of the International Advisory Board

References

Médecins Sans Frontières
Living people
People from Quebec City
McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni
Officers of the National Order of Quebec
Canadian people of Chinese descent
1965 births
McGill University Faculty of Management alumni
Université de Montréal alumni

Joanne Liu


Yangdong Folk Village is a village in South Korea's North Gyeongsang Province.  It is inside the city of Gyeongju, which used to be the capital of Korea.  It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Yangdong was built in the 1400s by two important clans, Yeogang Lee and Wolseong Son.  Many of the people who live in Yangdong now are from these families.  Many members of these families who do not live in Yangdong come back a few times a year for special occasions.

Yangdong Folk Village is a World Heritage Site as part of a pair with Hahoe Folk Village.  Both places were built during the Joseon Dynasty and many of the buildings are still intact.  Some of the buildings have been rebuilt with modern materials, though.  Like Hahoe, Yangdong's layout shows influences from the Confucian way of thinking and the importance of the clan system in Korea at the time.  There are timber houses with tiled roofs for high-ranking people and mud houses with thatched roofs that were originally for low-ranking people. The village is on the sides of hills.  The buildings were built in specific places so their rooftops would match and complement the hillsides around them.  The buildings belonging to nobler or richer people are higher up on the hills.  One home once had 99 rooms.

There are two Confucian schools, Oksanseowon and Donggangseowon, near Yangdong Folk Village.

There are about 149 houses in Yangdong Folk Village and people still live in them.  Yangdong Folk Village has modern, paved roads, some modern bridges, and a railway.

Before it was declared a World Heritage Site around 2010, few people visited Yangdong.  After it was declared a World Heritage Site, many more came.  People worried about whether the extra visitors would damage the site. Tourists, including schoolchildren on field trips, often visit Yangdong.

Famous people from Yangdong include the Joseon era philosopher Lee Eon-jeok (1491-1553), nicknamed "Hoejae." Hojae is called one of the "Five Great Sages of the East."

References

Villages in Asia
Buildings and structures in South Korea
World Heritage Sites in South Korea

Yangdong Folk Village


Our Lady of Good Health is the name given to an apparition of the Virgin Mary believed to have appeared in the town of Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu, India. She is also known as Our Lady of Vailankanni and Holy Mother of Good Health. Her name in the Tamil language is  (Arokia Matha).

The Feast day of Our Lady of Good Health is on the same day as the birthday of the Virgin Mary (September 8).

The three miraculous events
Although there is no written record of these three events, the oral tradition is that there were three apparitions. Two were during the 16th century and one in the 17th century.

First appearance
The first apparition was in the town of Vailankanni, Tamil Nadu. It is said that a Hindu boy was resting under a banyan tree near a pond. While he was resting, a woman with an infant on her hand came to him and asked him for milk. The boy agreed and ran off to get the milk. When he came back, he apologized for his lateness and the reduced amount of milk due to an accident when he was coming back with the milk. However, on inspection the boy found the pot of milk to be full and was convinced a miracle happened. Together a man, also a Hindu, and the boy went back to the pond where the apparition had occurred. Again, the Lady appeared with her child. On learning that it was the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus who appeared to the boy, the residents of the local Roman Catholic community became ecstatic and renamed the pond  (Our Lady's Pond).

Second appearance
Later towards the end of the 16th century, it is believed the Virgin Mary appeared to a crippled boy (and also a son of a widow) in a place called Thittu, once again in the same town of Vailankanni. The boy is said to have offered buttermilk to the Virgin Mary and then he was cured of his illness. The boy was then commanded by Mary to tell a Catholic gentleman in the nearby town of Nagapattinam. The first shrine was built by this Catholic gentleman.

Third appearance
The third appearance of the Virgin Mary was in the 17th century. A Portuguese merchant vessel was sailing from Macau in China to Colombo in Sri Lanka. When the vessel was sailing, it was caught in a storm in the Bay of Bengal. The sailors vowed to build a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary if they could reach land safely. The legend claimed that the sea became quiet and they reached safety on the shore of Vailankanni on the Virgin Mary's birthday, September 8. Because of their vow to the Virgin Mary, the Portuguese sailors put up a chapel at Vailankanni by transforming the last small shrine built by the last Catholic gentleman.

Catholicism
History of Tamil Nadu
Marian apparitions

Our Lady of Good Health


Anna Victoria Wood (27 May 1980 – 24 October 1995) was an Australian teenager who died after consuming an ecstasy tablet at a rave party in inner Sydney. Her cause of death was hypoxic encephalopathy, following acute water intoxication secondary to ingestion of MDMA.

Wood's death was covered widely in the news media, produced debate on drug use among adolescents and inspired the memoir Anna's Story (1996) by Bronwyn Donaghy.

Events leading up to death
Wood had recently left The Forest High School after completing Year 10 to pursue a career in beauty therapy at a salon near her home in Sydney's North Shore. On 21 October 1995, Wood and a group of school friends attended an "Apache" rave dance party at the Phoenician Club on Broadway in Ultimo, in inner-city Sydney. She had told her parents that she was going to a friend's house to have a sleepover. Wood and her friends bought and consumed ecstasy tablets from a female friend outside the club prior to entering. At approximately 5:00a.m. on 22 October, Wood began feeling unwell inside the club and was seen rushing to the toilets, where she was found vomiting. Her friends drove her back to one of their homes in Belrose where she was put to bed. Wood's symptoms showed no signs of improving: there were continued episodes of dry retching, intermittent sleep, confusion and possible convulsion-like movements, followed by a lapse into unconsciousness. At 10:00a.m. Wood's parents were informed, who called for an ambulance and had her taken to the Royal North Shore Hospital in St Leonards. Wood remained in a coma throughout the period and did not regain consciousness; she died on Tuesday, 24 October 1995 after her life support was turned off following the declaration that she was brain dead.

Coroner's report
The subsequent coroner's report determined that the cause of death was a cerebral edema caused by water intoxication (hyponatraemia) secondary to use of MDMA. Hyponatraemia occurs when excessive fluid consumption dilutes sodium levels in the blood supply, leading to water absorption in the body's cells. Absorption of too much water causes cell swelling, which in the brain can cause irreparable damage as the human skull leaves little room for expansion inside. The brain's functions are also disrupted by cell swelling, resulting in respiratory arrest among other symptoms. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion (SIADH) that occurs in some users of MDMA can compound hyponatraemia by disrupting the body's normal response of releasing excess water by excretion.

The coroner recommended improved drug education information stressing the need for immediate medical attention if a user of MDMA became ill under its influence. J. A. Henry, a British physician from the Medical Toxicology Unit at Guy's Hospital, noted that British recommendations for appropriate water consumption for MDMA users stressed the different needs of users who were dancing strenuously and those who were not.

Aftermath and media coverage
Wood's death was widely reported in the media and represented a change in how ecstasy-related stories were covered. Whereas previous ecstasy-related incidents had received minimal coverage and were reported in the context of crime, delinquency and secrecy, Wood's "girl next door" image, and death, was extensively covered and turned into a warning against illicit drug-use in society. It was initially put forward in the media that the ecstasy tablet taken by Wood was probably laced with heroin or morphine, the purported cause of her death, but the coroner's report determined that only MDMA was present in Wood's body.

Wood's funeral took place on 1 November 1995 at the Northern Suburbs Memorial Gardens.

The initial coverage of the event was soon followed by media stories ranging from concerns about drug use in Australian teenagers to attacks on techno music and raves for their corrupting influence on youth. The Phoenician Club in particular was singled out, with calls to have the venue closed down, a move endorsed by the then-NSW Premier, Bob Carr. In the event, the club was allowed to continue to run but it had to abandon hosting dance parties. The death of Anna Wood also fuelled perceptions that drug-taking was a serious problem among Australian teenagers, even though a NSW AMA report from the time established that only 3% of 14- to 19-year-olds had used ecstasy. Rave culture in Australia and Wood's death was documented on the popular Australian television news program 60 Minutes in 1996, creating further debate.

The intensity of the media coverage can be explained to a degree by Wood's appearance as an average, middle-class "good girl" whose life had been tragically taken from her. She did not fit the stereotype of the street-living junkie and so was turned into an object of sympathy instead. She was the child that "everyone could relate to", and, as a result, was used as a warning to prevent incidents. Wood's death was sympathetically covered by Bronwyn Donaghy in a book on the event entitled Anna's Story in 1996. It raised similar concerns in the media that drug-taking was a problem among youth and argued against drug decriminalisation as a response to Wood's death.

While her death renewed calls for a more hardline approach to be taken on drugs in the media and by politicians, Jack Marx of The Age pointed out that this "zero tolerance" approach may have scared Wood's friends into not taking her immediately to a hospital where her life could have been saved.

Wood's death nevertheless raised awareness about ecstasy use in the general community, which until that time had been less well known in Australia. Her death was seen as unusual because in 1995 the number of people who had died from ecstasy use was very low. The raised awareness of ecstasy use led to the Australian state governments instituting new laws in the running of dance venues. In NSW, the Code of Practice for Dance Parties was passed in 1997, which made the provision of chill rooms and free water compulsory for clubs to obtain their licence. This was seen as an acknowledgement of the reality of ecstasy use in the dance scene and the need for pragmatic legislation by governments to prevent further deaths. The coroner's report into Wood's death had also recommended public advice on ecstasy use and water intake to avoid further water intoxication fatalities.

The notoriety of Wood's death saw it continue to surface in the public after the turn of the century. It was referred to during the 2007 NSW state election, for instance, when NSW Opposition Leader Peter Debnam used it and some other youth deaths to claim the state government was not doing enough to prevent further tragedies. Her death often resurfaces in the Australian media when other Australian teenagers die after taking ecstasy. In November 2015 (after the death of a Sydney woman at the Stereosonic music festival),  Wood's father stated that "[he] hoped Anna's death would make a difference, but we are not making progress against drugs. I think the pro-legalisation lobby has a lot to answer for. They keep on about harm reduction. They say just take the stuff safely. But there is no safe way. You just don't know what will happen when you take drugs."

See also
 Illegal drug trade
 Death of Leah Betts, a similar case
 Rachel Whitear
 Responsible drug use
 War on drugs

References

External links

1980 births
1995 deaths
1995 in Australia
Australian children
Drug-related deaths in Australia
Illegal drug trade
People from the Gold Coast, Queensland
People from Sydney

Anna Wood (born 1980)


The Gasparilla Open was a golf tournament on the PGA Tour from 1932 to 1935. It was played at the Palma Ceia Golf and Country Club in Tampa, Florida. The tournament was played at match play in 1932 and at stroke play thereafter. Up until 1935, The Gasparilla Open was the top money PGA tournament in the United States with an average purse of $4,000. The tournament was discontinued after 1935. The tournament resumed as an amateur event in 1956, The Gasparilla Invitational.

The winner in 1932 was PGA Hall of Fame member Paul Runyan (29 PGA wins, 2 majors). He won 3 and 1 in the 36-hole final over Willie Macfarlane.

In 1933 and 1934, the tournament was won by Denny Shute (16 PGA wins, 3 majors) in medal competition. In 1933, Shute beat Willie Macfarlane in a sudden-death playoff. After his 1933 Gasparilla victory, Shute went on that year to win the Open Championship on the Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland. In 1934, Shute beat Horton  Smith in an 18-hole playoff.

The winner in 1935 was Walter Hagen, then the holder of 43 PGA tournament titles and 11 majors. Hagen was recognized as the greatest professional golfer of his era, but at age 42 he had not won a PGA tournament in 2 years. In his autobiography chapter entitled Gasparilla, Hagen recounts how at dawn on the morning of the first round of the tournament, he found himself across the Bay at the Belleview-Biltmore Hotel, still attired in his tuxedo after an all-night party. To prepare for his upcoming play, he sent his chauffeur into a field beside the hotel to retrieve a few practice shots. After topping three shots in a row, he decided that was enough practice, and headed off to Tampa, briefly interrupted by a flat tire. Just two minutes before his 9:00 tee time, Hagen sauntered up to the first tee to play without a single practice swing or putt. He then proceeded to shoot a course record 64 to take the first day's lead. In the final round of the tournament, Hagen stepped onto the par-3 17th tee one stroke behind the clubhouse leader, Clarence Clark, and appeared likely to lose, especially after his tee shot landed 45 feet from the pin. However, as the New York Times reported the next day, he "nonchalantly" holed the long birdie putt before a cheering crowd to tie for the lead. He then birdied 18 with an up and down from the bunker to capture his final PGA individual victory.

Winners
1932 Paul Runyan
1933 Denny Shute
1934 Denny Shute
1935 Walter Hagen

References

External links
Gasparilla Open history

Former PGA Tour events
Golf in Florida
Sports in Tampa, Florida
Recurring sporting events established in 1932
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1935
1932 establishments in Florida
1935 disestablishments in Florida

Gasparilla Open


In particle physics, a stop squark, symbol , is the superpartner of the top quark as predicted by supersymmetry (SUSY).  It is a sfermion, which means it is a spin-0 boson (scalar boson).  While the top quark is the heaviest known quark, the stop squark is actually often the lightest squark in many supersymmetry models.

Overview
The stop squark is a key ingredient of a wide range of SUSY models that address the hierarchy problem of the Standard Model (SM) in a natural way. A boson partner to the top quark would stabilize the Higgs boson mass against quadratically divergent quantum corrections, provided its mass is close to the electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale. If this was the case then the stop squark would be accessible at the Large Hadron Collider. In the generic R-parity conserving Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) the scalar partners of right-handed and left-handed top quarks mix to form two stop mass eigenstates. Depending on the specific details of the SUSY model and the mass hierarchy of the sparticles, the stop might decay into a bottom quark and a chargino, with a subsequent decay of the chargino into the lightest neutralino (which is often the lightest supersymmetric particle).

Evidence
Many searches for evidence of the stop squark have been performed by both the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC but so far no signal has been discovered. In January 2019, the CMS Collaboration published findings excluding stop squarks with masses as large as 1230 GeV at 95% (2σ) confidence level.

References

Quarks
Supersymmetric quantum field theory
Theoretical physics
Bosons
Subatomic particles with spin 0

Stop squark


Moving Pictures is the eighth album by Canadian rock band Rush. It was released on February 12, 1981. The band started to write and record songs for this album in August 1980 with co-producer Terry Brown. The album had shorter songs than their earlier albums.  Rolling Stone called Moving Pictures Rush's biggest album.

Music critics in the 1980s liked Moving Pictures.  Music critics from later periods liked it too. It also made money for the record company, reaching number one in Canada and number 3 in the United States and the United Kingdom. It is Rush's highest-selling album in the United States.  "Limelight," "Tom Sawyer" and "Vital Signs" were released as single songs during 1981, and the instrumental "YYZ" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental. Rush then did a tour for the album from February to July 1981.

References

1981 albums
Rush albums
Rock albums

Moving Pictures (album)


Mouthparts is a general term used in animal biology (zoology). It means the various bits and pieces around the opening of the alimentary canal (mouth). These mouthparts are used by animals to help get their food organised before they swallow it.

All animals have mouthparts except those which absorb their food through their epidermis. The main variations are chewing, sucking and dissolving

Anatomy
Animal anatomy

Mouthparts


Albert Thomas Fancher (January 18, 1859 in Leon, Cattaraugus County, New York – March 20, 1930 in South Carolina) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of Capt. William Fancher (died 1862). He attended Chamberlain Institute. Then he engaged in the oil business, and was President of the National Oil and Gas Company, with operations in Ohio and Indiana.

Fancher was Supervisor of the Town of Leon from 1882 to 1885; Clerk of Cattaraugus County from 1886 to 1888; and a member of the New York State Assembly (Cattaraugus Co., 2nd D.) in 1899, 1900, 1901 and 1902.

He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1903 to 1908, sitting in the 126th, 127th, 128th, 129th (all four 50th D.), 130th and 131st New York State Legislatures (both 51st D.).

Fancher became known as the "Father of Allegany State Park" which was created in 1921, and was Chairman of the Allegany Park Commission until his death.

Fancher was a presidential elector in the 1924 presidential election.

He died on March 20, 1930, on a train near Charleston, South Carolina, while returning from a winter vacation in Florida; and was buried at the Salamanca Cemetery in Salamanca.

References

Sources
 Official New York from Cleveland to Hughes by Charles Elliott Fitch (Hurd Publishing Co., New York and Buffalo, 1911, Vol. IV; pg. 340f, 343, 345 and 365f)
 The New York Red Book by Edgar L. Murlin (1903; pg. 75)
 ALBERT T. FANCHER DIES ENROUTE HOME in The Cuba Patriot on March 27, 1930
 EX-SENATOR FANCHER DIES ON A TRAIN in NYT on March 21, 1930 (subscription required)

1859 births
1930 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Cattaraugus County, New York
1924 United States presidential electors

Albert T. Fancher


The Daintree Rainforest is a tropical rainforest in Queensland, Australia. At around 1200 square kilometres the Daintree is the largest continuous area of tropical rainforest on the Australian mainland. It is named after Richard Daintree, an Australian geologist and photographer.

The Daintree Rainforest is a main part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. These are some of its ancient flora:
 some of the earliest land plants: the whisk ferns and the club mosses;
 seven ancient families of true ferns;
 the ancient, fern-like cycad Bowenia spectabilis (zamia fern) and other cycads, including Cycas, and the giant Lepidozamia hopei (zamia palm);
 ancient conifers such as Podocarpus (plum pine or brown pine), Prumnopitys (brown pine or southern yew), Araucaria (hoop and bunya pines), and Agathis (kauri) which are living counterparts of Jurassic-age fossils (i.e., age of the dinosaurs);
 12 primitive angiosperm (flowering plant) families: relict angiosperm plant families that are known as fossils from the Cretaceous including Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and Syzygium or lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae and families of angiosperms to represent the longest continuous history associated with the Gondwanan landmass.

The Daintree Rainforest itself meets all four natural criteria on the Criteria for Selection to be a World Heritage Site, though it is just part of the Wet Tropics site. The Wet Tropics are one of only twelve natural World Heritage Sites in the world which meet all four criteria. The Daintree area is next to another World Heritage site, the Great Barrier Reef. This makes it the only place in the world where two natural World Heritage Sites meet.

The Daintree Rainforest contains 30% of the frog, marsupial and reptile species in Australia, and 65% of Australia's bat and butterfly species. 18% of bird species in the country can be found in this area. There are also over 12,000 species of insects. All of this diversity is contained within an area that takes up 0.2% of Australia.

The Daintree Rainforest is extremely ancient; it is thought to be over one hundred and thirty-five million years old. About 430 species of birds live among the trees. The primitive flowering plants Austrobaileya scandens and Idiospermum australiense are also endemic to the Daintree.

The forest is north of Mossman, Queensland, on the coast, north of Cairns in the tropical far north of Australia. Part of the forest is protected by the Daintree National Park and drained by the Daintree River.

The Daintree Rainforest is loosely defined as the area between the Mossman Gorge and the Bloomfield River. The roads north of the Daintree River wind through areas of lush forest, and have been designed to minimize damage to the forest.

The Daintree Region is home to a number of rare and endangered species, including the southern cassowary and Bennett's tree-kangaroo. It is listed as an important bird area, but might just as well be listed for its fungi, which are said to be astonishing. Animals include the saltwater crocodile and the musky rat-kangaroo.

The rainforest also holds many ancient plants which have survived from the southern supercontinent Gondwana.

References

Geography of Queensland
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Rainforests
Forests of Australia

Daintree Rainforest


Palazzo dell'Antella (also Palazzo Atellesi) is a palace with a frescoed façade located on Piazza Santa Croce, Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy.

History
Of medieval origins, it was first enlarged in the late 16th century with the addition of a top floor. In the early 17th century it was acquired by Niccolò dell'Antella, together with a nearby one: he commissioned the repainting of the two façades, executed in 1619-1620 by a group of artists (including Domenico Passignano, Matteo Rosselli, Ottavio Vannini and others) under the direction of Giovanni da San Giovanni, and the design of architect Giulio Parigi.

The painted decoration consists of a series of panels with allegorical representations, puttos, flowers, vegetable motifs and arabesques. At the centre is the bust of Cosimo II de' Medici.

As they become closer to the church of Santa Croce, the windows are nearer to each other, in order to provide an illusory enlargement of the façade. The internal garden once housed a marble fountain and a statue of "Youth" by Giambologna, now disassembled in the Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg and the Victoria and Albert Museum of London.

Today, the ground floor is used by restaurants and shops, and the upper floors are luxury apartments.

References

Sources

Antella
Houses completed in 1620
1620 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1620 establishments in Italy

Palazzo dell'Antella


George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville (163620 May 1707) was a Scottish peer and politician who was active during the reign of William III and Mary II. In 1643, he succeeded his father as Lord Melville.

Career

After the Stuart Restoration, Melville was a moderate Whig and Presbyterian who whilst serving under the Duke of Monmouth in his suppression of the Covenanters in 1679 had tried to persuade the insurgents (Whig extremists) to lay down their arms peacefully.

Exile
The turning point in his career came in 1683 when Melville and his son David Leslie-Melville, the Earl of Leven, were accused of complicity in the Rye House Plot. a Whig conspiracy to assassinate King Charles II and his brother the Duke of York (the future James VII).
To escape arrest Melville, together with his son, fled to the Netherlands where they joined the band of British Protestant exiles at the court of Prince William of Orange. Here Melville became one of the chief Scots supporters of William of Orange.

Return

After the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 Melville played a prominent part in Scots and English politics, most notably in the Convention Parliament which offered the crown of Scotland to William of Orange and his wife, Mary, daughter of the deposed James VII. In 1689 William made him sole Secretary of State for Scotland and in 1690 he was created Earl of Melville, Viscount Kirkaldie, and Lord Raith, Monymaill and Balwearie (all in the Peerage of Scotland).

Although Melville's appointment as Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland in 1693 was a political demotion he enjoyed substantial emoluments, the more so after 1696 when he became President of the Privy Council of Scotland at an annual salary of £1,000 sterling. He was however deprived of his offices when Anne became queen in 1702.

In fiction
It is possible that details of Melville and his son's lives were used by Sir Walter Scott in this novel Old Mortality to lend authentic sounding biographical detail to the hero Henry Morton.

In the novel Morton – like Melville a moderate Whig who desires peace and religious tolerance whilst supporting the Stuart monarchy – is reluctantly involved in the Covenanter uprising of 1689 (albeit on the Rebel side) and attempts to negotiate a peaceful end to the conflict between his brother Calvinists and the Anglican Royalists.

Later Morton is forced to flee to the Netherlands where (living under his mother's name of Melville) he becomes one of William of Orange's supporters, before returning to Britain in the wake of the Glorious Revolution.

References

An Historical Account of Melville House, John Gifford

1636 births
1707 deaths
Scottish politicians
Earls in the Peerage of Scotland
Scottish Presbyterians
Whig (British political party) politicians
Scottish soldiers
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
People of the Rye House Plot
17th-century Scottish peers
17th-century Scottish politicians
Lords High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1689

George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville


Michael Tye (born 1960) is a mosaic artist specialising in the design, fabrication and installation of unique mosaic and decorative tilings. He also works as a community artist and has worked on community mosaic projects throughout South Australia.

Starting out as a graphic designer, Michael spent a few years in the printing and advertising industry before moving onto ceramic design. From 1990 to 1996 he ran a pottery studio, making a range of wheelthrown and sculptural ceramic objects, including functional tableware. In 1993 he created a unique ceramic artwork for the entrance to St. Andrew's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.

In 2004 Michael received the most outstanding project award from the Australian Tile Council for the mosaic artwork at the entrance of the Unley Civic Centre Library.

Since 1999 Michael has worked regularly with Carclew Youth Arts on public art projects. In these projects he mentors young artists in the creation of mosaic artworks. These artworks can be found throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area and in regional areas of South Australia.

Michael continues to work with communities across South Australia and enjoys helping them create mosaic artworks to enhance their local environment and to recognise significant events or features of their area. He also continues to explore and improve his own skills as an artist with self-directed work.

References
Unley Life, Spring 2005, magazine of the Unley City Council
Berri Barmera Council Minutes, 20/12/2005
Country Arts SA Regional Funding Newsletter for projects commencing 1/1/2006
Carclew Youth Arts Centre, website, www.carclew.com.au

External links
 http://www.michaeltye.com.au Michael Tye's official website

Mosaic artists
Australian artists
Living people
1960 births

Michael Tye (artist)


Hurrem Sultan (), also known as Roxelana (1502/10/27 - 15 April 1558), was one of the most popular Slavic  women. She was important both for Turkey and Slavic nations. She was taken by the Tatars and was brought as a gift to Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Then she became part of his harem and later his wife. Her real name and place of birth are unknown. Polish state her name was Alexandra, but in Ukrainian literature she is presented as Anastasia.

People say different things about her personality. Some think she was patriotic and did a lot for her nation. Others are sure she was mean and selfish.

Origin
Roxelana was born in Rohatyn located in western Ukraine.

According to Samuel Tvardovskyi's poem "The Great Embassy" (written between 1621 and 1623, published in 1633), she was the daughter of an Orthodox priest from Rohatyn (his last name - Lisovskyi- appeared later in artistic works).
According to the version of the Polish poet Mauritsius Goslavskyi, Roksolana comes from the town of Chemerivtsi (Khmelnytskyi region in Ukraine).

During the reign of Selim I (between the 1510s to 1520), Crimean Tatars took her during one of their Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe. In Istanbul, she was chosen as a gift for Suleiman. Later Hurrem became a favorite of Suleiman in the Ottoman imperial harem.

Personality

Hurrem was described as a attractive woman, who was different from everybody else because of her red hair. She also was intelligent and had a pleasant personality. She loved poetry very much. It is considered it was one of the reasons why Suleiman liked her more. He also admired reading poems.

Hurrem was also known for being generous. She built a lot of religious, cultural and resting places for pilgrims travelling to the Islamic city of Mecca. Her greatest charity work was the Great Wall of Jerusalem, a large soup kitchen that fed the poor.

Critics also state that Hurrem was a selfish, manipulative and angry woman who would kill anyone who stood in her way. Even despite her charity, many people still believe she was not kind.

Pavlo Zahrebelnyi described Hurrem as "an intelligent, kind, understanding, openhearted, candid, talented, generous, emotional and grateful woman who cares about the soul rather than the body; in short, a perfect woman".

Children
She had 6 children with Suleiman — 5 sons and a daughter, Mihrimah.

 Mehmed (31 October 1522 – 6 November 1543): the first son born in 1521 at Istanbul
Mihrimah (c.1523 – 25 January 1578): the only daughter
Abdullah (c.1523 – 1526)
Selim (30 May 1524 – 12/15 December 1574)
Bayezid (1525 – 25 September 1561)
Cihangir (9 December 1531 – 27 November 1553)

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death missing
Ottoman people

Hurrem Sultan


Cape Capricorn Light is an active heritage-listed lighthouse located on Cape Capricorn, a coastal headland on the northeast point of Curtis Island, in Gladstone Region, Central Queensland, Australia. The lighthouse, constructed in 1964, is the third at this site, following a timber frame lighthouse constructed in 1875 and a concrete lighthouse constructed around 1937. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 August 2001.

History

First lighthouse
The separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wale took place with the signing of Letters Patent by Queen Victoria in 1859. The need for pilot assistance accessing the mouth of Fitzroy River and the Port of Rockhampton necessitates the construction of a pilot station on Curtis Island. The first permanent station was established on Cape Capricorn as early as 1861. Though it was moved to Grassy Hill three years later, the need for a lighthouse at Cape Capricorn remained a priority.

Plans for a lighthouse and cottages were prepared in early 1874 by the office of F. D. G. Stanley, Queensland Colonial Architect, with an estimated cost of  for the lighthouse and cottages. The lighthouse, a typical Queensland timber-framed and iron clad structure, was to be prefabricated and built in Brisbane. However, the only response to the first tender was an overpriced offer of . The second tender was more successful, the winning offer being by James Midson for . The construction was completed sometime in October 1874, and an additional contract was granted to Midson for the erection of the structures on the site for the sum of . Quite remarkably, a last minute change in the order of the lantern from England meant that no lamp room was ordered. An urgent request for an additional  was made by Stanley for construction of a lamp room from timber framing with iron plating, instead of the planned cast iron one. The lighthouse was operational around late July 1875. The original light source was an oil wick burner. An 1895 survey also reports two additional auxiliary lights on Cape Capricorn, to the north and southeast of the main lighthouse.

Supplying the station was done from Rockhampton, and was quite a difficult task. Supplies were brought to the base of the hill by steamboat and then manually winched up over  on a tramway. An assessment made by Commander Brewis in 1912 recommended increasing the power of the light, adjusting the eastern auxiliary light, renovating the dwellings, repairing the tramway and supplying steam winches. However, this recommendation was to be followed very slowly and partially. However, in July 1915 the lighthouse was transferred to the control of the federal government, and it took eight more years until in 1923 the light source was finally replaced with a  incandescent vapourised kerosene mantle. In January 1936 plans were prepared for electrification of the light. However, it is not clear if this change was made, as in the same year it was decided to replace the tower.

Second lighthouse

In 1936 the Commonwealth government decided to replace the tower with a new concrete block lighthouse, and plans were prepared in September 1937.

The new tower was a  square structure, with an adjoined powerhouse. The tower was topped by a cantilevered circular balcony and a small circular lantern. At the same time the residences and service buildings were also replaced with timber-framed asbestos clad structures. The new lighthouse was made operative with electric power in 1938. However, from undetermined reasons this lighthouse was to be short-lived, surviving only 26 years more to be replaced by a new structure in 1964.

Third lighthouse

Plans for a new powerhouse and lighthouse were made in January 1962 and July 1963 respectively. By 1964 construction was complete and the new light was operational. It was the first of a group of seven concrete towers erected between 1964 and 1979, followed by New Caloundra Light, Point Danger Light, New Burnett Heads Light, Fitzroy Island Light, Point Cartwright Light and Archer Point Light. In 1968 the light source was converted to 240 V AC operation.

Since its construction and until 1978, Cape Capricorn lightstation served as the base radio station for a network of lighthouses in the area including North Reef Light, Lady Elliot Island Light, Pine Islet Light and Dent Island Light. On 18 December 1978 this role was transferred to Bustard Head Light.

On 8 December 1983, the House Standing Committee on Expenditure tabled its report on the inquiry into lightstations entitled "Lighthouses: Do we keep the keepers?". The report recommended the demanning of 24 lightstation, including Cape Capricorn. In 1988 the station was finally converted to solar power (and presumably demanned). The lantern has been removed, and a self-contained beacon was installed. Ownership of the station was transferred to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in 1991, back to the Australian Maritime Safety Authority in 1995 and then to the Queensland Government in July 1997, which employs a caretaker at one of the residences. The rest are privately leased.

Current display
The light characteristic shown is one flash every five seconds, white/red depending on sector (Fl.W.R. 5s). White is shown 005°-307°, visible for . Red is shown 307°-005°, visible for . The light source is a 120 Volt tungsten-halogen lamp, fed from diesel alternators.

Structures
The current tower is  high, constructed of concrete blocks in a square plan with chamfered corners, with a small porch at the base. A round gallery surrounded with a metal rail overhangs the tower. A self-contained beacon is installed on top of the gallery.

The keeper's residence includes two cottages, timber-framed, clad with asbestos cement sheets and timber battens, painted white. The gabled roofs are clad with corrugated iron, painted green. Other similarly constructed structures at the premises include a store, the old powerhouse and a winch house, all mounted on high concrete foundations. The new powerhouse, constructed in 1964, is constructed of concrete blocks, painted white. It includes a large main room and an adjoined porch, both with projecting flat concrete roofs. There are also other sheds of small to medium size on the site, mostly timber-framed with corrugated iron walls and roof.

Also notable is the still functional rail line, a cement pathway with steel rails going down to the beach. It includes a trolley of timber on a metal base, a metal rope, a winch and a motor. There is also a cement helipad close by.

There are also some remains in the area. These include two nonoperational auxiliary leading lights, the western light timber-framed clad with fibro and the eastern one made of concrete. The remains of the previous lighthouses are in a gully north of the station

Site operation and visiting

The light is operated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority. The site manager is the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, as part of the Curtis Island National Park. The island is accessible only by boat or helicopter. The tower is closed to the public,
but accommodations are available at the site, including two homesteads and two cabins. The original lens used is currently on display at the Townsville Maritime Museum.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Australia

Notes

References

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1964
Lighthouses in Queensland
Queensland Heritage Register
Queensland places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Central Queensland
1964 establishments in Australia
Francis Drummond Greville Stanley buildings

Cape Capricorn Light


Shapland Hugh Swinny (30 January 1857, Dublin – 31 August 1923, London) was an Irish economist and Comtean positivist.

Shapland Hugh Swinny was born in Dublin in 1857, the son of Captain Shapland Swiny. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1880 and M.A. in 1884.

He joined the London Positivist Society immediately after graduating from Cambridge and succeeded Edward Spencer Beesly as President of the London Positivist Society (1901–1923). He also was editor of the Positivist Review .

He was the Chairman of the Council of the Sociological Society from 1907 to 1909.

He was a co-founder of the Church of Humanity, together with Philip Thomas.

Swinny was a personal friend of several Indian nationalists, including Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

Shapland Hugh Swinny died in 1923.

Works
 1890 – The history of Ireland: Three lectures, given in Newton Hall -, London 1890
 Edward Spencer Beesly & Shapland Hugh Swinny – The Positivist Review, Volumes 13–14 -, BiblioBazaar, 2010,
 Frederic Harrison & Shapland Hugh Swinny & Francis Sydney Marvin – The New Calendar of Great Men: Biographies Of The 559 Worthies Of All Ages And Nations In The Positivist Calendar Of Auguste Comte

References

1857 births
1923 deaths
20th-century Irish economists
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
19th-century Irish economists

Shapland Hugh Swinny


Zagai Mamund .

Zagai Mamund
Zagai is the 2nd largest town in Mamund district Bajaur.

Population
Zagai Village have 45678 population in 2017.

History
Zagai have a great history in depeats british in 1857.

Education
Zagai town have 4 government schools.

Details
Zagai Mamond is a manifestation of national unity
 Apart from the plains, Bajaur has a large population at the confluence of mountains and hills.  Zagai is a historical village located at the foot of Mira Ali Baba, the historic hill of Mamond, which is home to Malakhel and Yusuf Khel.  Two young IT experts Ziauddin Khan Mamund and Engineer Shakeel Ahmad Khan had repeatedly invited me to visit this historic village.  Don't get tired of talking about modern conveniences.  It would not be out of place to call Zagai Mamond, the home of Maulana Fazal Mehmood Makhfi, a great freedom fighter, a village or a town equipped with modern facilities.  The population of Zagai is between 30,000 and 40,000.  An invaluable thing about Zagai Mamond is that there are three big mosques here, Miki Masjid, Bilal Masjid, Madina Masjid. All three are located at a distance of one or two meters from each other.  People from far and wide of the village pray to him in mosques.  There is no restriction on anyone praying in the mosque.  In all mosques, prayers are offered at intervals of five minutes so that no one is deprived of praying in congregation.  The first is the Mukki Mosque and the historic mosque in which Fakhr Afghan Bacha (may Allah have mercy on him) stayed on the occasion of his visit to Bajaur.  It is mentioned many times in history.  The Bilal Mosque is a masterpiece of ancient architecture.  Its beams are of real size and it weighs a lot. Seeing this, one wonders how it was brought and installed here.
 The educational ratio in Zagai is about 80%.  The 18-room primary school here is probably a record in itself.  The people here are mostly educated and well versed.  There are 4 government schools.  The foundation stone of Madrasa Nashr-ul-Uloom in Zagai was laid in 1972.  Who is busy lighting the candle of knowledge of religion.
 One of the features of Zagai Mamond is the Malakhel Welfare Committee consisting of the youth here who have been engaged in welfare work since 2016.  Helping the poor on every sad occasion, Eid and other important occasions and these same youths have set up the best sewerage system of the village like this town.  The streets of the entire village were often paved by the same committee while the rest of the work was done by Ziauddin Khan Mamund with the help of MNA Gul Zafar Khan.  Nowhere in the whole village will you see dirty water flowing in the streets.
 Another feature of this village is that all the mosques and houses here have 24 hours fresh water from springs.  In this village, solar lights are installed at a distance of 9, 10 yards in every street which keeps the whole village lit up in the darkness of night.  There is also a bazaar for women in the main streets of this village where all kinds of shopping for women are available.  The greatest feature of this village is that there is no enmity in this whole village, all the people are peaceful and in each other's hands.  Another feature of this village is that there are people of only one problem, there is no difference.  The mountains of this village are rich in natural minerals, there are precious stones in its mountains.  The British have also been living on the hill of this village for a long time. Their remains are found during excavations.  There are a lot of tourism opportunities in this village.  More conveniences for the people of this village have been created since the time when Dr. Hamid-ur-Rehman of PTI carried out the work of Link Road towards Mena Mamond some time ago.
 The modern village, the manifestation of harmony and love, continued to shine brightly.

Manazarta

Shuka

Zagai


The Camlin Hotel is an historic hotel in Downtown Seattle, Washington. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

History

Design
The architect for the Camlin was Carl L. Linde of Portland, a one time brewery builder, who had built the edifice to resemble an Italian castle.  The 94 apartments had all of the latest conveniences, such as "shower baths" and dinettes and kitchenettes.  The penthouse comprised the entire 11th floor.

On October 31, 1926, the Camlin Apartment Hotel had its official opening.  The Seattle Times at the time stated,

the exterior effect of the Camlin is such as to make it stand out from all parts of the city.  Instinctively, the thought is born of the magnificent view of the Sound and Olympics which is to be had from the lofty windows in the rear of this edifice.  Nothing has been spared in the way of expense in its construction.  The Camlin stands as a monument to Seattle's development, a mark which equals anything to be found anywhere on the Pacific Coast.

Finance problems
The building of the Camlin Hotel was sponsored by Adolph Linden and Edmund W. Campbell, the President and Vice-President/Secretary of the Puget Sound Savings & Loan. However, in May, 1926, the month of the hotel's opening, a bank employee had noticed some questionable withdrawals, and had brought them to the attention of the bank's board.  The withdrawals included $866,000 to finish the Camlin Hotel.

The State Supervisor of Savings and Loans, Mr. W.L. Nicely, after meeting with the board and looking at the evidence stated,

This resulted in the meeting of the officers and directors with the supervisor October 2, when it was decided, with my advice and concurrence, that instead of closing the institution, the interests of the shareholder would be better served by securing an agreement with Linden and Campbell to make restitution as far as possible by turning over to the association all of their personal and other holdings, including the Camlin Apartment Hotel, under a trust agreement, and that, under the direction of the supervisor an endeavor would be made to restore the impairment of the capital of the association, the same officers and directors to continue in office, and the completion of the Camlin Apartment Hotel, which is under construction, to be carried out.

It took a year for this trust to be finalized and put on record.  It was valued at $1.75 million, and included everything that Campbell and Linden owned.  The agreement was not made public at the time.

Sale
Before the Puget Sound Savings and Loan went under in 1931, the Camlin had been sold to the Vance Lumber Company, which already owned Seattle's Vance Hotel.

Building modifications

In 1942, Vance proposed the addition of a cocktail lounge to the top floor of the Camlin.  The penthouse, which had never been as successful as hoped, would be converted into the Cloud Room.  At the same time, fifty new rooms were added, by cutting down the size of the original rooms.

The Cloud Room
In the ensuing years, the Cloud Room hosted numerous famous faces, among them Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Elvis Presley, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Bonnie Raitt, John Lee Hooker, and Elvis Costello. The Cloud Room had the smoky atmosphere of a speakeasy, with the comforts of a four star restaurant.  Live entertainment was the main idea, and several acts got their start there.  In the 1950s, the Camlin also housed the studios and offices of radio station KVI AM 570.

With the recent purchase of the hotel by Trendwest, the Cloud Room was closed and replaced by penthouse units. It can still be seen in the film The Fabulous Baker Boys, (although it was not, as is commonly rumored, the location of the famous scene where Michelle Pfeiffer sings the song Makin' Whoopee while sitting on a piano. That scene was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles).

Cabana units
In 1960, in preparation for the 1962 World's Fair, 52 cabana units were added, along with a pool and a sun deck for a total cost of $2 million.

Other uses
After 1960, the Camlin was home to the Italian Consulate.  In one promotional device, a  yacht floating in the pool, was housed inside the hotel.   When the boat's bilge pump malfunctioned, and it started taking on water, it was even more of an advertisement: "Boat sinks in Downtown Seattle."

In the late 1960s, the Camlin Hotel hosted performers for the legendary Sky River Rock Festival in Sultan, Washington.

Changes of ownership
In the late 1980s and 1990s, the Camlin went through many owners. One owner, in 1990, was planning to sell all the antique furniture, but was stopped only when the Washington State Attorney General's office slapped a lien on it for tax evasion.

In 2003 the Camlin was bought by Trendwest Resorts, to become the jewel in the crown of their properties worldwide. After more than a year, and $21 million in remodeling, the Camlin was reopened and it is now known as "Worldmark Seattle: The Camlin."

References

External links

 HistoryLink Essay: Linden Records: Seattle's "lost" post-war music company
 Eccentric Seattle by J. Kingston Piece

History of Seattle
National Register of Historic Places in Seattle
Hotels in Seattle
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Carl L. Linde buildings
Hotel buildings completed in 1926
1920s architecture in the United States
1926 establishments in Washington (state)
Downtown Seattle

Camlin Hotel


, also written as Kimmei, was the 29th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 540 and ended in 571. Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kinmei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Kimmu-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

Traditional history
Emperor Kinmei's father was Emperor Keitai and his mother was Emperor Ninken's daughter, .  He was the third son; and his older brother was Emperor Senka.

Kinmei had six wives and 25 Imperial children (16 sons and 9 daughters).

Events of Kinmei's life
 539: Emperor Senka died from old age in 539, and the succession was received by his younger brother, who would become known as Emperor Kinmei.

 540: Kinmei accepted his role as monarch (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 572: In the 32nd year of Kinmei's reign, he died; and his second son became his successor.

Kinmei established his court at  in Yamato.

Kinmei's reign was marked by the introduction of Buddhism in Japan.  The King of Kudara in Korea sent the emperor gifts of Buddhist scripture and a statue of the Buddha.

In this reign, the emperor's chief ministers were:
 Soga no Iname, also known as  Soga no Iname no Sukune.  The Soga clan were supporters of Buddhism.
 Mononobe no Okoshi, also known as Monotobe Okoshi no Muraji.  The Mononobe clan opposed the introduction of Buddhism.
 Nakatomi no Kanamura, also known as Ōtomo Kanamura Maro.  The Nakatomi clan opposed the introduction of Buddhism.

After his death
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kinmei.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun).  Kinmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Kimmei Seamount

References

509 births
571 deaths
Emperors of Japan

Emperor Kinmei


Pontianak Kota (Pontianak town in English) is a district (Indonesian:kecamatan) of the city of Pontianak. It lies on the south bank of the Kapuas Besar River and covers an area of 15.98 km2. It had a population of 110,111 at the 2010 census; the latest official estimate of population (as at mid 2019) is 1227,700. This is the location of Pontianak's main civic administrative offices.

List of famous places in Pontianak Kota:
 Dwikora Harbour, main harbour of Pontianak
 Pontianak Major Office
 Inter-district ferry dock (connects North Pontianak and Pontianak Kota)
 Matahari Shopping Mall
 Kebon Sajoek Stadium, home of the city football club Persipon Pontianak

References

Pontianak
Populated places in West Kalimantan

Pontianak Kota