Nigel Charles Ashley Stevenson (born 2 November 1958) is a former Wales international footballer.

Club career

Stevenson began his career at his hometown side Swansea City, making his debut in 1976 in a match against Southport. He quickly established himself in the first team and stayed with the team throughout their rise from Division Four to Division One and their subsequent fall back down to Division Four. After reaching a decade at the club he was awarded a testimonial against Spanish side Real Sociedad, managed by his former Swansea manager John Toshack. However soon after Stevenson found himself ousted from the side and he spent time on loan at Cardiff City and Reading.

After impressing in Cardiff's battle against relegation during his loan spell at the end of the 1985–86 season, he joined the side on a permanent basis at the end of the following year on a free transfer after making over 250 appearances for Swansea City. In his first season at Ninian Park, he helped the side to win promotion to Division Three and claim the Welsh Cup. He left the following year after making just over 70 appearances, moving into non-league football with Merthyr Tydfil. He later enjoyed spells at Llanelli, Maesteg Park and Haverfordwest County.

International career

During his career, Stevenson won four caps for Wales, making his international debut on 27 April 1982 in a 1–0 defeat against England. He made another three appearances in 1982, starting matches against Scotland, Northern Ireland and Norway.

Honours
Cardiff City

Division Four Runner-up: 1
 1987–88
Welsh Cup Winner: 1
 1987–88

References

External links
Welsh Premier League profile

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Swansea
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's under-21 international footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Merthyr Tydfil F.C. players
Llanelli Town A.F.C. players
Barry Town United F.C. players
Maesteg Park A.F.C. players
Haverfordwest County A.F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Cymru Premier players

Nigel Stevenson


American Ex-Prisoners of War is a service organization that aims to assist the surviving U.S. military and Civilian prisoner of war (POWs), particularly those who are elderly and those who have medical problems. Based in Arlington, Texas, the American Ex–Prisoners of War was founded in 1942. It received a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code in 1982. The group claims a membership of 12,000 members nationwide.

The group is open to former American POWs of all wars and their immediate families. Its service officers have assisted POW veterans in securing medical services and other entitlements. Former POWs may be eligible for special veterans benefits, including medical care in Veterans Affairs hospitals and disability compensation for injuries and diseases caused by internment. These benefits are in addition to regular veterans' benefits and services to which they are also entitled. Widows and minor children of former POWs may qualify for special benefits and compensation.

Notable members include Wilburn Snyder, James C. Spencer, and D. C. Wimberly.

References

External links

1942 establishments in the United States
American veterans' organizations

Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress

American Ex-Prisoners of War


Michael Lassell (born July 15, 1947; New York City) is a professional writer and editor.

Parents: Michael Joseph Lassell (1917-2006) and Catherine Lassell (1920-2015); no siblings
Education: Great Neck South High School (grad. 1965); Colgate University (B.A. 1969); California Institute of the Arts (MFA 1973); Yale School of Drama (MFA 1976).

Lassell has written extensively in the fields of design, travel, the arts (especially theater), and LGBT studies. His poetry, stories, essays, and reviews have appeared in newspapers, magazines, books, journals and anthologies in the U.S. and abroad, as well as numerous college and university textbooks. He has been most often anthologized for his poem, written at the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, "How to Watch Your Brother Die." His work has been translated into numerous languages, including French, Dutch, Spanish, German, Catalan, and Braille. His work behind the scenes on Broadway with Disney have been described as some of the most honest accounts of production life.

He served as features director of "Metropolitan Home" from 1992 until 2009. Prior to that, he served as managing editor of Interview and L.A. Style magazines, also as a theater critic for the Los Angeles Herald Examiner and L.A. Weekly.

Lassell currently resides in Los Angeles, California.

Bibliography

The Lion King: Twenty Years on Broadway and Around the World (2017)
Disney Aladdin: A Whole New World: The Road to Broadway and Beyond (2017)
Design 100: The Last Word on Modern Interiors (2010)
Glamour: Making It Modern (2009)
The Little Mermaid: From The Deep Blue Sea to the Great White Way (2009)
Tarzan: The Broadway Adventure (2007)
Mary Poppins: Anything Can Happen If You Let It (with Brian Sibley, 2007)
Decorate: Insider's Tips From Top Interior Designers (2005)
Celebration: The Story Of A Town (2004)
Disney on Broadway (ed., 2002)
Aida: Elton John & Tim Rice's AIDA: The Making Of The Broadway Musical (2000)
The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave (with Elena Georgiou, 2001)
Certain Ecstasies (1999)
Men Seeking Men (ed., 1998)
A Flame for the Touch That Matters (1998)
Two Hearts Desire: Gay Couples on Their Love (ed., with Lawrence Schimel, 1997)
Eros in Boystown: Contemporary Gay Poems About Sex (ed.,1996)
The Name of Love: Classic Gay Love Poems (ed., 1995)
The Hard Way (1994)
Decade Dance (1990)
Poems for Lost and Un-Lost Boys (1985)

Awards
 Lambda Literary Award for Poetry - Decade Dance (1990)
 Nomination: Lambda Literary Award for Poetry - A Flame for the Touch That Matters (1998), The World in Us: Lesbian and Gay Poetry of the Next Wave (2001)
 Society of American Travel Writers Foundation Lowell Award, Gold Medal

1947 births
Living people
American male poets
American short story writers
American non-fiction writers
American essayists
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
Colgate University alumni
People from Great Neck, New York
Lambda Literary Award for Gay Poetry winners
American gay writers
American LGBT poets
American male essayists
American male short story writers
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School alumni
Gay poets

Michael Lassell


The Boeing 757 is a short to medium range narrow-body commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was launched by Eastern Air Lines and British Airways to replace the Boeing 727 and entered service in 1983.  Production of the 757 ended on October 28, 2004 after 1,050 had been built. The final aircraft was delivered to Shanghai Airlines on November 28, 2005. As of July 2007, a total of 1,019 Boeing 757 aircraft were in airline service.

References

757

Boeing 757


Vestfjorden (West Fjord) is the inner, western branch of Wijdefjorden, between Andrée Land and the northern part of Dickson Land in Spitsbergen, Svalbard in Arctic Norway. It is 12 km long and 5 km wide at the inlet between Kapp Petermann, Ræstadholmen and Krosspynten. Continues on land as Vestfjorddalen to the south and later southwest. Silty rivers comes from Landingsdalen, Yggbreen and Angelbreen on the west, as well as Vestfjorddalen in the south, giving the fjord a reddish look in contrast to the green colour of Wijdefjorden.

 Norwegian Polar Institute Place Names of Svalbard Database

Fjords of Spitsbergen

Vestfjorden (Svalbard)


The Louis-Häfliger-Park in Oerlikon, Zurich, covers  and is embedded between the Regina-Kägi-Hof co-operative settlement, the existing production buildings for Oerlikon-Contraves AG, and new service buildings. It is a neighbourhood park allowing people who live or work here to relax and meet. The park is named after Louis Häfliger (1904–1993), "Saviour of Mauthausen". He saved the lives of about 40,000 inmates of the Mauthausen concentration camp.

Design

The project drafted by the project team Kuhn Truninger, Zurich / P. Wiedemann, Chur and C. Schubiger, Zurich and Hans H. Moser, Zurich was defined in a study assignment with preselection in 2000. Construction was started in 2002. Louis-Häfliger-Park was handed over to the population in an opening ceremony in 2003 after 10 months of construction. The design concept was based on the abolition of borders between the park, industry, and residential areas. The proposal by landscape architects Kuhn Truninger is therefore based on dissolving the boundaries between these elements. Similar to a patchwork quilt composed of different pieces, the various fields meet and are united into one whole. Different fields generate a diverse space. The park refers to its environment in its materialization, form, and size. The surprising proximity of the fields and the wingnut trees create locations with a special character. In heavy rain, precipitation water temporarily dams up above the flat retention hopper and builds reflecting surfaces. This indicates the high ground water level, which is only about 80 cm below the surface.

Eight grass pyramids in the lawn reveal aspects of the local history. They form the quasi pro-turbances of the conspicuous lawn funnels of the former ammunition huts. The park's patchwork is complemented with a band of play equipment for toddlers, a blue sports pitch for ball games and a timber stage.

Notes

References
 Yvonne Aellen, Ella Kienast: Parkanlagen in Neu-Oerlikon. Oerliker Park, MFO-Park, Louis-Häfliger-Park, Wahlenpark, Gustav-Ammann-Park. 2nd edition Zurich: Office of Parks and Open Spaces of Zurich, 2005. 22 p.
 Claudia Moll: Zürich, ein Begleiter zu neuer Landschaftsarchitektur. Edition Garten + Landschaft. München: Georg D. W. Callwey GmbH & Co. KG, 2006. 78 p.

External links
 Louis-Häfliger-Park in Oerlikon, official Website of the City of Zurich

Parks in Zürich

Louis-Häfliger-Park


Project Genoa II was a software project that originated with the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Information Awareness Office and the successor to the Genoa program. Originally part of DARPA's wider Total Information Awareness project, it was later renamed Topsail and handed over to the Advanced Research and Development Activity for further development.

Program synopsis
Genoa II was scheduled to be a five-year-long program. It followed up on the research initiated by the first Genoa project. While Genoa primarily focused on intelligence analyses, Genoa II was aimed towards providing means with which computers, software agents, policy makers, and field operatives could collaborate. Eleven different contractors were involved in its development.

Mission
The official goals of Genoa II were to develop and deploy the following:

1. Cognitive aids that allow humans and machines to "think together" in real-time about complicated problems

2. Means to overcome the biases and limitations of the human cognitive system

3. "Cognitive amplifiers" that help teams of people rapidly and fully comprehend complicated and uncertain situations

4. The means to rapidly and seamlessly cut across – and complement – existing stove-piped hierarchical organizational structures by creating dynamic, adaptable, peer-to-peer collaborative networks

History
In 2002, Tom Armour, a veteran of the Genoa project, was selected by John Poindexter to be the director of the new Genoa II program, a component of Total Information Awareness (TIA) effort. It was commissioned under the cost of $54 million.

In late 2003 TIA was officially shut down by Congress due to unfavorable views from the public. Most of its research was salvaged and its components were transferred to other government agencies for development. Genoa II was renamed Topsail and handed over to the National Security Agency's Advanced Research and Development Activity division for further work. In October 2005, the Science Applications International Corporation signed a $3.7 million contract for work on Topsail.

Tools from the program were utilized in the war in Afghanistan and in other efforts as part of the War on Terror.

In early 2006 a spokesman for the Air Force Research Laboratory said that Topsail was "in the process of being canceled due to lack of funds." When inquired about Topsail in a Senate Intelligence Committee hearing that February, both National Intelligence Director John Negroponte and FBI Director Robert Mueller said they didn't know about the program's status. Negroponte's deputy, former NSA Director Michael V. Hayden said, "I'd like to answer in closed session."

References

External links
 Genoa II Presentation DARPAtech 2002

DARPA
Mass surveillance
Military computers
Counterterrorism in the United States
National Security Agency
Privacy in the United States
Surveillance

Project Genoa II


Adalbert I (died after 28 February 929) was the margrave of Ivrea, the second of the Anscarid dynasty, from the late 890s until his death. In the intermittent civil war which affected Italy from 888 into the 930s, Adalbert initially strove to remain neutral, but from 901 on he sided sequentially with every claimant to the Italian throne.

He was a son of Margrave Anscar I, originally from Oscheret in Upper Burgundy. He succeeded his father at Ivrea between 896 and 900. He initially refused to take sides after King Louis of Provence invaded Italy in 900, but after Louis's imperial coronation in 901 he recognised his authority. After Louis was defeated by his rival, Berengar I, in 902, Adalbert changed sides. Shortly thereafter, by 903 at the latest, he married Gisela of Friuli, Berengar's daughter, which was possibly the price of his allegiance. Although Adalbert is not recorded as being related to the king in any of Berengar's charters down through 14 August 908 and his marriage is not explicitly referenced before 13 June 910, it must have taken place some fifteen years before he and Gisela's eldest son was sent was granted a county and a missaticum in 918. With Gisela he had two children: Berengar, who succeeded him as margrave, and Bertha, who became abbess of Modena.

Between 913 and 915 Gisela died and Adalbert married Ermengarde of Tuscany (901 – 29 February 931/932), daughter of Margrave Adalbert II of Tuscany. From this marriage he had a second son, Anscar, later Duke of Spoleto. In 916–917 his primary concern was Saracen raids. In 920–921 he joined those noblemen, many of Burgundian origin like him, who supported the candidature of King Rudolf II of Burgundy for the Italian throne. Adalbert, with Lambert, Archbishop of Milan, and Count Gilbert of Bergamo, assembled a force in the mountains outside Brescia with the intention of marching on Verona and capturing Berengar there. When the latter got wind of the plan, he sent a troop of Magyar mercenaries to circle the conspirators and attack them from behind. In the midst of defeat, Adalbert swapped clothing with one of his soldiers and paid his own ransom at a low price. By late 921 Rudolf had entered Italy and been recognised as king in the march of Ivrea and the archdiocese of Milan. Although Adalbert made a few appearances at Rudolf's court in the early days, he never frequented it as often as did his wife and his two sons.

After his relative Hugh ascended the Italian throne, Adalbert appearances in the records are sparse. He apparently played no role in Rudolf's deposition and Hugh's acclamation. He was probably gravely ill, since Liutprand of Cremona, writing in 924–25, already thought him dead. His last recorded action, probably shortly before he died, was a donation to the church of Saint Andrew in Turin, which was witnessed by King Hugh on 28 February 929.

References

Sources
Fasoli, Gina, "Adalberto d'Ivrea". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, 1. Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960.
Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000. London: MacMillan Press, 1981.

Anscarids
Margraves of Ivrea

9th-century births
10th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death missing

Adalbert I of Ivrea


Identity threat detection and response (ITDR) is a cybersecurity discipline that includes tools and best practices to protect identity management infrastructure from attacks. ITDR can block and detect threats, verify administrator credentials, respond to various attacks, and restore normal operations. Common identity threats include phishing, stolen credentials, insider threats, and ransomware.

ITDR adds an extra layer of security to identity and access management (IAM) systems. It helps secure accounts, permissions, and the identity infrastructure itself from compromise. With attackers targeting identity tools directly, ITDR is becoming more important in 2023 : according to Gartner, established IAM hygiene practices like privileged access management and identity governance are no longer enough.

ITDR can be part of a zero trust security model. ITDR is especially relevant for multicloud infrastructures, which have gaps between cloud providers' distinct IAM implementations. Closing these gaps and orchestrating identity across clouds is an ITDR focus.

Functionalities
ITDR enhances identity and access management (IAM) by adding detection and response capabilities. It provides visibility into potential credential misuse and abuse of privileges. ITDR also finds gaps left by IAM and privileged access management (PAM) systems. ITDR requires monitoring identity systems for misuse and compromise. It uses lower latency detections than general security systems. ITDR involves coordination between IAM and security teams.

ITDR uses the MITRE ATT&CK framework against known attack vectors. It combines foundational IAM controls like multi-factor authentication with monitoring. ITDR prevents compromise of admin accounts and credentials. It modernizes infrastructure through standards like OAuth 2.0.

Organizations adopt ITDR to complement IAM and endpoint detection and response. ITDR specifically monitors identity systems and user activity logs for attacks. It can isolate affected systems and gather forensic data. Adoption requires budget, training, and buy-in. Organizations can start with IAM fundamentals like multi-factor authentication and role-based access control.

ITDR tools can find misconfigurations in Active Directory. Strategies can update firewalls, intrusion systems, and security apps. ITDR integrates with SIEM tools for threat monitoring and automated response. An ITDR incident response plan handles compromised credentials and privilege escalation. Awareness training teaches users to spot identity-based attacks.

History
ITDR emerged as a distinct cybersecurity segment in 2022. The term was coined by Gartner.

ITDR Vendors
According to Gartner, ITDR vendors include Authomize, CrowdStrike, Gurucul, Microsoft, Netwrix, Oort, Proofpoint, Semperis, SentinelOne, and Silverfort.

Difference between ITDR and EDR
While EDR detects issues on endpoints, ITDR concentrates on monitoring and analyzing user activity and access management logs to uncover malicious activity. It gathers data from multiple identity and access management (IAM) sources across on-premises and cloud environments. Together they give a more complete picture to improve detection and response to sophisticated attacks involving lateral movement and identity deception.

References

See also

 Red team
 Breach and attack simulation
 Security orchestration

Security software

Identity threat detection and response


A fracton is a collective quantized vibration on a substrate with a fractal structure.

Fractons are the fractal analog of phonons. Phonons are the result of applying translational symmetry to the potential in a Schrödinger equation. Fractal self-similarity can be thought of as a symmetry somewhat comparable to translational symmetry. Translational symmetry is symmetry under displacement or change of position, and fractal self-similarity is symmetry under change of scale. The quantum mechanical solutions to such a problem in general lead to a continuum of states with different frequencies. In other words, a fracton band is comparable to a phonon band. The vibrational modes are restricted to part of the substrate and are thus not fully delocalized, unlike phonon vibrational modes. Instead, there is a hierarchy of vibrational modes that encompass smaller and smaller parts of the substrate.

References

External links
 The 'Weirdest' Matter, Made of Partial Particles, Defies Description

Fractals
Quasiparticles

Fracton


Athenodorus (Greek: Ἀθηνόδωρος), also known as Athenogenes (Greek: Ἀθηνογένης), (? – 148) was Bishop of Byzantium from 144 until 148. During his years of office, when the city was administered by Zeuxippus, there was a significant increase in the Christian population. Athenodorus commissioned the construction of a second cathedral in Elaea, which was later renovated by Emperor Constantine I, who wanted to be buried there. Eventually, he was not buried there, as it was deemed improper for Emperors to be buried outside Byzantium. The cathedral was devoted to the martyrdoms of Eleazar and of the seven children in 2 Maccabees.

References

2nd-century Romans
2nd-century Byzantine bishops
Bishops of Byzantium

Athenodorus of Byzantium


Everipedia () is a for-profit, wiki-based online encyclopedia founded in December 2014. The site was launched in 2015 as a fork of Wikipedia. The company is headquartered in Westwood, Los Angeles, California. In 2017, Everipedia was the largest English-language encyclopedia by number of pages.

On December 6, 2017, the company said they were going to start using EOS.IO blockchain technology and work on a cryptocurrency token called IQ to encourage generating information.

Origins

Everipedia was co-founded by Sam Kazemian, Theodor Forselius, Travis Moore, Mahbod Moghadam, George Beall, and Christian Deciga. It started as a small project of Sam Kazemian and Theodor Forselius in Kazemian's college dormitory room at UCLA in December 2014. In December 2017, the site announced that co-founder of Wikipedia Larry Sanger had joined as chief information officer. On October 18, 2019, Sanger announced that he had resigned from his position at Everipedia and returned his stock holdings in Everipedia without compensation in order to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and develop the website Encyclosphere. Explaining the venture, Sanger said, "We need to do for encyclopedias what blogging standards did for blogs: there needs to be an 'Encyclosphere.' We should build a totally decentralized network, like the Blogosphere—or like email, IRC, blockchains, and the World Wide Web itself."

Article development

Anyone can contribute to a page by making an account. Everipedia allows users to create any page on anything as long as the content is cited and neutral, even on non-notable topics. Startups, celebrities and other contributors are permitted to create their own articles, as long as the content is sourced.

Critical view

Mistakes will inevitably be introduced into articles because Everipedia is a wiki, according to Moghadam in 2017 in Paste. The site has been criticized for presenting false information in wiki pages on breaking news topics.

References

Other websites

Entertainment websites
Wikis

Everipedia


Henry Whitmore (13 October 1813 – 2 May 1876) was an English Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1852 and 1870.

Whitmore was the son of Thomas Whitmore of Apley Park near Bridgnorth and his wife Catherine Thomasson, daughter of Thomas Thomasson of York. His father was Member of Parliament (MP) for Bridgnorth from 1806 to 1831. Whitmore was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He was a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Shropshire.
  He served as cornet in the South Salopian Yeomanry Cavalry in 1845.

At the 1852 general election, Whitmore was elected MP for Bridgnorth in succession to his brother Thomas Charlton Whitmore. A petition was lodged against his election, but ultimately dismissed. He was Lord of the Treasury and keeper of the Privy Seal to the Prince of Wales from March 1858 to June 1859. Whitmore served as the Conservative party whip for many years until 1869.

In 1865 Whitmore lost the seat in the election to John Dahlberg Acton (who became Lord Acton in 1869), but successfully petitioned and had the result overturned. The reinstated Whitmore was a Lord of the Treasury from July 1866 to December 1868, when the Conservatives lost power after implementation of the Reform Act 1867 and William Ewart Gladstone first became Prime Minister. In 1868, representation for Bridgnorth was reduced to one member, but Whitmore was returned (again defeating John Dahlberg Acton) and held the seat until 1870. In 1870, a by-election was held, and William Henry Foster elected to the seat, which he in turn held until its abolition in 1885.

Whitmore married Adelaide Anna Darby, daughter of Francis Darby of Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, in 1852.  He died in 1876, at the age of 62.

References

External links

1813 births
1876 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Shropshire Yeomanry officers
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Deputy Lieutenants of Shropshire

Henry Whitmore


Alan N. Trefler (born March 10, 1956) is an American billionaire businessman and chess master best known as the chief executive officer (CEO) of Pegasystems, a multinational software company he founded in 1983. Prior to Pegasystems, in 1975 Trefler tied for first place in the World Open Chess Championship with grandmaster Pal Benko, afterwards working as a software engineer for Casher Associates and TMI Systems. Founding Pegasystems at the age of 27, he took the company Public in 1996, with Trefler remaining clerk and president until 1999 and afterwards becoming CEO. With a 52 percent ownership stake in Pegasystems, his net worth surpassed $1 billion in 2013 and in March 2017 he appeared on the Forbes Billionaire's List for the first time. In 2014 he authored the book Build for Change, which addresses changing consumer markets. Involved in philanthropy, in 1997 he established the Trefler Foundation.

Early life and education
Alan Trefler was born to a Jewish family in 1956 in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Dorothy (née Pugatch) and Eric Trefler. Trefler was raised in Brookline, Massachusetts with his brother Leon. His mother, a daughter of immigrants from Eastern Europe, worked as a schoolteacher. His father, a Holocaust survivor who came to the United States from Poland after World War II, owned and operated Trefler's, a restorer of art and furniture. This business is still family owned and operating as of 2021. Working at his family's store while young and starting to play chess around the age of seven, Trefler would later become high school chess champion of Massachusetts and win various regional competitions. He graduated from Brookline High School in 1973. Trefler went on to Dartmouth College, where he studied economics and computer science and remained active in chess. At the age of 19, in 1975 he tied for first place in the World Open Chess Championship in New York with grandmaster Pal Benko. Also at Dartmouth, he was the winner of the John G. Kemeny prize in computing. He graduated with a BS in 1977.

Business career

Software engineering
Although he attained the level of chess master and considered going professional, after Trefler graduated from Dartmouth he moved into software engineering instead. In the early 1980s he developed computer systems that could play chess, later applying the same business techniques to teaching computers how to process business rules. Between 1978 and 1980 Trefler was a senior project manager for Casher Associates Inc., a business process management company in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. He then worked at TMI Systems, where he led the development of their funds transfer product from 1980 to 1983.

Founder of Pegasystems
He founded Pegasystems in April 1983, taking on the roles of CEO and chairman at the age of 27. Expressing frustration with the "primitive" computer systems available for companies such as banks and insurance companies, he states that "when I started Pega, it was with the vision that we could create a set of metaphors –an intermediate visual language that would enable business people to more directly instruct the machine... [and] get the computer to really understand how business people wanted things to work.... And it turns out to be a fairly hard problem to solve." Basing the company in Cambridge, Massachusetts with Citibank as his first client, during the company's early years Trefler focused on providing case management for companies such as American Express.

The company went public in 1996 on NASDAQ. Inventing a number of patents for use in Pegasystems' software architecture, in 1998 Trefler was granted a United States patent for Pegasystems' distinctive rules-based architecture, which provides the framework for Pegasystems' business process management (BPM) solutions. Trefler remained clerk of Pegasystems Inc. until June 1999, and president until October 1999. He remained CEO and chairman of the company's board of directors.

Recent work at Pegasystems
In 2009 Trefler won the Stevie Award for Computer Software CEO of the Year at the American Business Awards. In March 2010, Pegasystems acquired Chordiant for around $161.5 million, which gave Pegasystems access to new markets such as telecommunications and healthcare. The Massachusetts Technology Leadership Council named him their Public Company CEO of the Year in 2011. With a 52 percent ownership stake in Pegasystems, his net worth surpassed $1 billion on November 25, 2013. His Pegasystems salary was $751,526 in 2014. That year, Business Insider ranked him the eighth lowest paid CEO in the tech industry.

In 2014 he authored and published Build for Change, a book focused on the management of customers and business processes. A Forbes contributor related that the book made "a convincing argument" that companies needed to prepare for changes in customer behavior, or face negative repercussions.

Pegasystems had 3,000 employees, 30 offices, and "more than half a billion dollars in revenue" by early 2015. In 2015, courts ruled in Trefler's and Pegasystems' favor in a copyright infringement suit filed by YYZ, a company the press described as a patent troll. Trefler has been recognized by the Babson College Academy of Distinguished Entrepreneurs, and he speaks publicly on business and software topics at various events and conferences. Among other publications, he has appeared in Barron's, the BBC,  Forbes, Fortune, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Reuters, and Bloomberg Television. Trefler made the Forbes Billionaire's List in March 2017.

Chess career
A master-level chess player who had been playing chess since his childhood, Trefler competed in the 1975 World Open Chess Championship in New York City. Still a college student at Dartmouth, he entered the tournament with a 2075 Elo rating, 125 points below the lowest master-rated player, ranking him 115th overall in the tournament. He went on to be crowned co-champion along with International Grandmaster Pal Benko, who was rated at 2504. Trefler also placed ahead of Grandmasters such as Walter Browne and Nicolas Rossolimo, as well as future Grandmaster Michael Rohde. Trefler competed in a charity chess tournament in 2010 alongside grandmasters such as Garry Kasparov and Boaz Weinstein.

Philanthropy
Trefler and his wife donated $1 million to Dorchester High School in Dorchester, Boston in 1995. They established The Trefler Foundation in 1997, which seeks to improve urban public education in the Boston area. The Treflers were early supporters of the nonprofit Year Up, and in 2015 they founded Union & Fifth, where proceeds raised from donated clothes benefit various charities.

Personal life
Trefler married his wife Pamela Reinhard in 1992, who at the time was working as an investment banker. The couple reside in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Publishing history

References

External links
Trefler's Profile at Pegasystems
Trefler Foundation
Trefler's & Sons Antique Repair since 1921

1956 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Boston
American chess players
American philanthropists
American technology chief executives
Dartmouth College alumni
American billionaires
Brookline High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

Alan Trefler


The Shipwreck Museum is an independent charitable museum in the historic Old Town of Hastings, UK. The museum has artefacts from many ships wrecked in the English Channel from the Goodwin Sands in Kent to Pevensey Bay in East Sussex, including the Amsterdam, a Dutch East Indiaman of 1749, and the Anne of 1690,  a warship of Charles II. There are also exhibits of fossils found in the local area.

References

Museums in East Sussex

Shipwreck Museum


Susan Island is an island in the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. To its west is Finlayson Channel; to its east Mathieson Channel. Roderick Island lies to its north and Dowager Island to its south. James Johnstone, one of George Vancouver's lieutenants during his 1791-95 expedition, first charted its west and east coasts in 1793.

References

Islands of British Columbia
North Coast of British Columbia
Range 3 Coast Land District

Susan Island


Catch and release is a practice in sport fishing for conservation of the various species. Once caught, the fisherman carefully and quickly removes the hook from the fish's mouth. Then, without causing any harm, returns the fish alive to the water. Weighing and measuring of the fish, if done, are often done in the water. Using barbless hooks, it is often possible to release the fish without removing it from the water (a slack line is frequently sufficient).

Catch and release is an ethical decision by fishermen but it is not for every situation. the Snakehead fish, for example, is an invasive species. It is illegal in many places to return them to the water. The Muskellunge is a highly prized game fish in many places. But, in a few places it is seen also as an invasive species and should not be returned to the water.

Debates

Debates continue over the practice of catch and release. In Canada, many First Nations peoples feel strongly that fish should only be taken as needed for food. That "playing with the fish" is not showing proper respect. Sportsmen point out that catch and release is respectful since they take only what they need and release the rest.

Animal protection advocates have raised concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. A fish hooked in the gills or stomach usually has a very high Mortality rate. Hooks with no barbs or using hooks that dissolve in a short time (and are not removed from the fish) minimize harm to fish. But catch and release exposes a fish to being caught several times by multiple fishermen. Handling a fish several times may not be good resource management or humane.

Even sportsmen have raised concerns over catch and release. The argument is that once caught, a fish is no longer wild. Who would want to catch the same trout others have caught?

But the practice remains popular among many fishermen and among fish and game department biologists. Those in favor of catch and release quote Lee Wulff: "A trout is too valuable to be caught only once." Studies on the mortality of released fish shows a very low rate of from 2 to 5 percent—when caught on artificial lures. When using live bait, the mortality rate is about 50 percent. This indicates that using artificial bait is a strong part of catch and release.

Notes

References

Fishing

Catch and release


Cowleds Landing is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the east coast of the Eyre Peninsula overlooking Spencer Gulf about  north-west of the state capital of Adelaide and about  south-west of the municipal seat of Whyalla.

Its boundaries were created in December 2011.  The name is derived from Cowleds Landing Shack Site whose site is located within the locality's boundaries.  The name was attributed in 1945 to a "Mr Cowled" who developed a landing for small vessels to collect produce and deliver goods on the coast of what is now the locality during the 19th century.

As of 2015, Cowleds Landing consists of a strip of land along the coast of an unnamed bay and contains a settlement consisting of a street of low-rise dwellings.  The majority of the locality is zoned for conservation purposes with the view of providing limited built development intended principally for recreational and tourism uses, which has a minimal impact and where provided, complements the environment of the locality.

Cowleds Landing is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Giles and the local government area of the City of Whyalla.

See also
Whyalla - Cowleds Landing Aquatic Reserve

References

Towns in South Australia
Eyre Peninsula

Cowleds Landing, South Australia


The LGM-35 Sentinel, also known as the Ground Based Strategic Deterrent (GBSD), is a future American land-based intercontinental ballistic missile system (ICBM) currently in the early stages of development. It is slated to replace Minuteman III missiles, currently stationed in North Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, and Nebraska from 2029 through 2075. In 2020 the Department of the Air Force awarded defense contractor Northrop Grumman a $13.3 billion sole-source contract for development of the LGM-35 after Boeing withdrew its proposal. Northrop Grumman's subcontractors on the LGM-35 include Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, Bechtel, Honeywell, Aerojet Rocketdyne, Parsons, Textron, and others.

Name
According to the United States Air Force website, the L in LGM is the Department of Defense designation for silo-launched; G means surface attack; and "M" stands for guided missile.

History
In 2010, the ICBM Coalition, legislators from states that house nuclear missiles, told President Obama they would not support ratification of the New START treaty with Russia unless Obama agreed to revamp the US nuclear triad: nuclear weapons that could be launched from land, sea, and air. In a written statement, President Obama agreed to "modernize or replace" all three legs of the triad.

A request for proposal for development and maintenance of a next-generation nuclear ICBM was made by the US Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center in July 2016. The GBSD would replace the Minuteman III, which was first deployed in 1970, in the land-based portion of the US nuclear triad. The new missiles, to be phased in over a decade from the late 2020s, are estimated over a fifty-year life cycle to cost around $264 billion. Boeing and Northrop Grumman competed for the contract.

In August 2017, the Air Force awarded three-year development contracts to Boeing and Northrop Grumman for $349 million and $329 million, respectively. One of these companies was to be selected to produce a ground-based nuclear ICBM in 2020. In 2029, the GBSD program is expected to enter service and remain active until 2075.

On 25 July 2019, Boeing announced it would not place a bid for the program, citing Northrop's recent acquisition of Orbital ATK (now Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems), Boeing's supplier of solid rocket motors. Northrop signed an agreement to firewall Boeing's proprietary data after acquiring Orbital ATK. The Air Force subsequently halted funding for the Boeing project, leaving Northrop Grumman as the sole bidder for the contract by October 2019.

In December 2019, it was announced that Northrop Grumman won the competition to build the future ICBM. Northrop won by default, as their bid was the only one left to be considered for the GBSD program. The Air Force said that they would "proceed with an aggressive and effective sole-source negotiation" in reference to Northrop's bid.

On 8 September 2020, the Department of the Air Force awarded Northrop Grumman a $13.3 billion contract to develop the GBSD intercontinental ballistic missile. Work on the GBSD missiles will be done in Roy and Promontory, Utah; Huntsville and Montgomery, Alabama; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Bellevue, Nebraska; San Diego and Woodland Hills, California; Vandenberg Space Force Base, California; Chandler, Arizona; Annapolis Junction, Maryland; and other locations.

In April 2022, the GBSD's official designation was announced: The LGM-35A Sentinel. In April 2023, the USAF formally began seeking vendor information preliminary to issuing a request for proposal (RFP) for the Next-generation reentry vehicle (NGRV).

Warhead
In March 2019, the W87 Mod 1 (W87-1) thermonuclear warhead was selected for GBSD, replacing the W78 warhead currently used on the Minuteman III. It is planned for GBSD to deploy in 2028, with W87-0 warheads initially being fitted to the system and W87-1 warheads being fitted from 2030 onward. This affords the Air Force a small amount of flexibility if the W87-1 is delayed.

Testing
GBSD testing would occur mainly at Hill Air Force Base, Utah, and at Vandenberg Space Force Base (VSFB), California, with missile launches from VSFB over the Pacific Ocean. Additional testing would be conducted at U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, U.S. Army Garrison–Kwajalein Atoll and within the territorial waters of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

On 7 July 2022, a Minotaur II+ rocket launched from Vandenberg TP-01 for a suborbital reentry vehicle (Mk21A reentry vehicle belonging to AFNWC) demonstration mission for the future LGM-35A Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile. The rocket exploded 11 seconds after launch.

Debate

Pro
Supporters of the GBSD include the Heritage Foundation, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin, former Secretary of Defense Ash Carter and members of Congress in the "ICBM Coalition." They argue that the current ICBMs, first introduced in the 1970s, have had their life extended long enough and need to be replaced with a modular system in which components are easier to replace or update. In defending the importance of land-based missiles, supporters say they are the least expensive leg of the nuclear triad because they do not necessitate large maintenance crews or incur expensive refueling costs, like nuclear-powered submarines. Additionally, they argue land-based missiles are visible reminders that the US can strike back in the event of a nuclear attack, thus making them essential to nuclear deterrence.

In its annual 2021 Threat Assessment, the US Intelligence community said China was planning to double its arsenal of nuclear weapons over the next ten years in "the most rapid expansion in its history." It also warned that Russia may expand and modernize its nuclear arsenal.

One of the main supporters of the GBSD is Senator Jon Tester (D-MT), Chair of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense. In a March 21, 2021, interview with Defense News, Tester said, "As of right now, I think it's important that we move forward with the GBSD because I believe there's still an important deterrent." Jennifer Granholm, Secretary of Energy in the Biden administration, told the press on April 9, 2021, "We have to keep and maintain the stockpile to make sure that it is safe and effective, and we will continue to do that to ensure that we can deter nuclear aggression from other countries."

Con
GBSD critics include former Secretary of Defense William Perry; Daniel Ellsberg, Pentagon Papers whistleblower and author of The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner; the Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL); the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS); the Federation of American Scientists (FAS); and Peace Action. They argue that the new missiles would be not only costly, but also dangerous, increasing the risk of accidentally launching a nuclear war. Critics say that ICBMs, which are supposed to act like a sponge drawing enemy fire to deplete Russia's nuclear power, could result in the deaths of more than 10 million people. Ellsberg and author Norman Solomon argue that peace groups must oppose not only the GBSD but also the entire land-based leg of the nuclear triad to reduce the threat of an accidental nuclear war.

Physicist David Wright, former co-director of the UCS Global Security Program, in his report Rethinking Land-Based Nuclear Missiles, writes that submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) are as accurate, if not more, than land-based missiles, and are "virtually undetectable," making the ICBMs not only obsolete but also sitting ducks in the five states that house ICBMs. Wright concludes that the vulnerability of ICBMs has prompted the Air Force to keep them on high alert, which is dangerous and could trigger a nuclear war. According to William Hartung, author of Prophets of War: Lockheed Martin and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex, a president would have only minutes to decide whether to launch ICBMs in a crisis so that the missiles would not be destroyed in a first strike.

Polling
In 2020, the Program for Public Consultation at the University of Maryland, issued a report entitled Common Ground of the American People, which was a compilation of studies conducted over the previous five years, collecting data from nearly 86,000 individuals who were polled on the GBSD. Sixty-one percent of Americans–including both Democratic and Republican majorities–said they supported phasing out the United States' 400 land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Another 2020 poll conducted by the Federation of American Scientists and ReThink Media found a majority of both Republicans and Democrats favored alternative solutions to the GBSD, including extending the life of the Minuteman III ICBM. Over 800 registered voters were surveyed, with an oversampling of 200 registered voters in ICBM states: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming. When respondents were asked, "What do you think the government should do about ICBMs?", 30 percent favored updating existing ICBMs rather than replacing them, 26 percent supported the GBSD, 20 percent preferred eliminating the ICBMs and 10 percent supported abolishing all nuclear weapons.

According to a 2021 survey commissioned by the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, an organization funded by the top weapons manufacturers, the majority of voters believe that nuclear deterrence capability should be one of the highest priorities for the Department of Defense, with a majority also supporting modernization efforts. The survey asked more than 2,000 voters for their views on national security and nuclear arms. Eighty-one percent of survey respondents preferred the security benefits of the United States' ground-based nuclear capabilities more than the cost savings of removing these capabilities. When told the current Minuteman III ICBM system is over 50 years old, the majority of respondents said the ICBMs should be replaced by a modern system, compared to 23 percent who said the ICBMs should be refurbished to extend their current life. Just five percent indicated an opinion that they should be eliminated entirely. When informed that Russia and China have modernized their nuclear arsenals, support for replacing Minuteman III with a modern ICBM system rose to 65 percent, compared to only 15 percent in favor of refurbishing.

ICBM Coalition
The ICBM Coalition in Congress, which lobbies for the GBSD, was able to limit the reduction of deployed land-based missiles to 50 in the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). As of May 2021, membership in the coalition included senators from states that will either house or develop the proposed GBSD missiles: Co-Chair, Sen. John Hoeven (R-ND); Co-Chair, Sen. Jon Tester (D-MT); Sen. John Barrasso (R-WY); Sen. Steve Daines (R-MT); Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT); Sen. Mike Rounds (R-SD).

Tester serves as Chair of the Senate Appropriations defense subcommittee. During a spring 2021 event hosted by the Washington, D.C.-based Advanced Nuclear Weapons Alliance, Tester said he was committed to keeping the GBSD "on track" though added there will be debate about the proposed new missiles during the 2022 defense appropriations process.

According to the Arms Control Association, Caucus Senators received the following contributions from military contractors from 2012-2020: Romney ($645,000); Tester ($102,360); Barasso ($89,000); Daines ($85, 948); Enzi ($68,500); Cramer ($49,593). In total, military contractors have donated $1.2 million to the current members of the Senate ICBM Coalition and more than $15 million to the 64 members of the influential committees, the Senate and House Armed Services strategic forces subcommittees and the Senate and House Appropriations defense subcommittees, that can decide the fate of ICBM legislation. ICBM contractors are also engaged in lobbying representatives in Congress, with corporate backers of GBSD employing 380 lobbyists, according to the Arms Control Association.

References

External links
 Defense Primer: GBSD Capabilities (Congressional Research Service)
 GBSD Information from manufacturer

Embedded systems
Intercontinental ballistic missiles of the United States
Nuclear weapons of the United States
MIRV capable missiles

LGM-35 Sentinel


Cabhair () is an organisation which supports Continuity IRA prisoners.

The organisation was founded in early 1987 following the split in the republican movement in 1986 when Republican Sinn Féin and the Continuity IRA broke away from the Provisional IRA and Sinn Féin. It claims to be "solely dependent" on those who donate to it.

In March 2017 Cabhair and Republican Sinn Féin who have been described as the political wing of the Continuity IRA and the IRPWA became involved within a dispute. They accused the IRPWA of poaching for members after they "bullied" a prisoner supported by Cabhair and he refused to be a part of the IRPWA.

References

1987 establishments in Ireland
Irish republican organisations
Organizations established in 1987
Prisoner support

Cabhair


Tirez Tirez was an American rock band led by composer/performer Mikel Rouse, the band's only constant member.  The group was active from 1978 through 1988, and had a new wave/art rock sensibility that was strongly influenced by minimalism.

History

Founding and early years (1978-83)
Tirez Tirez was founded by Missouri native Mikel Rouse, and gave its first performance as the opening act for the rock band Talking Heads at a 1978 concert in Kansas City, Missouri.  The band's initial line-up was Rouse (vocals/guitar), Rob Shepperson (drums) and Jeff Burk (bass).

Tirez Tirez issued two very rare self-released LPs in their earliest days: No Double Bagging Necessary (1978) and Rush & Dissonance (1979).  All three members of the group subsequently moved to New York City in 1979, and self-released their debut single ("Scattered"/"Scenery") in November of that year.

The band's third album (1980's Etudes) was recorded in New York City, but it did not initially see a US release, and was at first only picked up for distribution by the tiny British independent label Object Music.  The LP went on to sell a very respectable 2,000 copies in the UK, and US indie Aura Records later issued in the album in the US in late 1981.  Aura also issued "Razorblades", a single taken from the album.

Bassist Burk left Tirez Tirez in 1982, and was replaced by James Bergman.  Philip Johnston (keyboards/woodwinds) was also added to the group at about the same time.  This line-up (Rouse/Shepperson/Bergman/Johnston) recorded 1983's Story Of The Year, which was released only in Europe via Belgian label Les Disques Du Crépuscule.

Although he had left Tirez Tirez, original band member Burk would continue to contribute finished artwork to future Tirez Tirez album and single releases after his 1982 departure; the same would be true of original drummer Shepperson after his departure in early 1984.

Creation of Broken Consort (1984-85)
In 1984, Rouse would begin recording more minimalist work with his instrumental "chamber orchestra" Broken Consort.  From this point forward, Tirez Tirez and Broken Consort often featured identical memberships, although each group had a distinctly different repertoire. For the first album credited to "Mikel Rouse Broken Consort" (1984's Jade Tiger) the band line up of Rouse/Shepperson/Bergman/Johnston was exactly the same as that of Tirez Tirez's Story Of The Year.

In 1984, Tirez Tirez released the Europe-only non-LP 12" single "Under The Door" / "Sleep".  The only credited musicians on this release were Rouse (guitars/keyboards/synthesizers/percussion/vocals) and, on the A-side only, Blaine L. Reininger (violin/bass programming).   In 1985, bassist Bergman re-joined the fold in time for the Broken Consort LP A Walk In The Woods.  The same year, the Rouse/Bergman duo (augmented by saxophonist Ellery Eskelin) also recorded the Broken Consort album A Lincoln Portrait, although it was not released until 1988.

Major label releases and break-up (1986-93)
In 1986, Tirez Tirez (now officially a duo of Rouse and Bergman) issued the non-LP 12" "Set The Timer" / "Uptight" on Sire Records.  This was their first US release in five years, and their first release to receive major label distribution.

Shortly after the release of "Set The Timer", the group found a permanent US home with the IRS label.  For their fifth album (1987's Social Responsibility), the band was still a duo of Rouse and Bergman, with Rouse performing all instruments except bass.

The band expanded to a quintet for a subsequent tour, and for their final studio release, 1988's Against All Flags, Tirez Tirez's line-up consisted of Rouse (vocals/guitar), Bergman (bass), and new members Bill Tesar (drums), Rave Tesar (keyboards) and Mark Lampariello (guitar).

According to Mikel Rouse's web site, one further Tirez Tirez album was recorded after 1988, but it was never released.  Rouse slowly phased out Tirez Tirez over the next few years, while continuing to work with many of the same musicians; in addition to Rouse, the 1993 line-up of his Broken Consort ensemble consisted of Tirez Tirez players James Bergman (bass), Bill Tesar (drums), and Mark Lampariello (guitar), along with non-Tirez member Dale Kleps (woodwinds).  Tirez Tirez was still listed as a going concern in the liner notes to the 1993 Broken Consort release Soul Menu, but both groups wound down shortly thereafter.

Rouse continues to live in New York City, and since 1994 has performed and recorded as a solo artist.

Albums

Albums credited to Tirez Tirez
No Double Bagging Necessary (1978)
Rush & Dissonance (1979)
Etudes (1980)
Story Of The Year (1983)
Social Responsibility (1987)
Against All Flags (1988)

Albums credited to Mikel Rouse Broken Consort
"Mikel Rouse Broken Consort" featured all the members of Tirez Tirez, playing more experimental, instrumental music.

Jade Tiger (1984)
A Walk In The Woods (1985)
A Lincoln Portrait (1988)
Soul Menu (1993)

Singles
"Scattered" / "Scenery" (1979)
"Razorblades" / "Hair" (1981)
"Under The Door" / "Sleep" (1984)
"Set The Timer" / "Uptight" (1986)

See also
Mikel Rouse

External links
Tirez Tirez information from Trouser Press site

Rock music groups from Missouri
American new wave musical groups
Musical groups established in 1978
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
Musical groups from Kansas City, Missouri

Tirez Tirez


The first BRDC International Trophy meeting, formally titled the Daily Express International Trophy, was held on 20 August 1949 at the Silverstone Circuit, England. It was the first race meeting to only use the former airfield's perimeter roadways, rather than the main runways. The event was held over two heats of 20 laps and one final of 30 laps of the Grand Prix circuit. The final was won by Italian Alberto Ascari, who would go on to win the World Championship of Drivers twice. In addition to the main Formula One-regulation competition, the meeting also contained events for 500 cc racing cars and production cars. The race meeting was attended by over 100,000 people, but was marred by the death of St. John Horsfall in an accident on the 13th lap of the final race.

Results

Final

Heats

References

Citations

Other sources
Results and other data drawn from:

BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy

1949 BRDC International Trophy


The Piano Lesson depicts the living room of Henri Matisses home in Issy-les-Moulineaux, with his younger son, Pierre, at the piano, the artist's sculpture Decorative Figure (1908), at bottom left, and, at upper right, his painting Woman on a High Stool. Matisse began with a naturalistic drawing, but he eliminated detail as he worked, scraping down areas and rebuilding them broad fields of color. The painting evokes a specific moment in time—light suddenly turned on in a darkening interior—by the triangle of shadow on the boy's face and the rhyming green triangle of light falling on the garden. The artist's incising on the window frame and stippling on the left side produce a pitted quality that suggests the eroding effects of light or time, a theme reiterated by the presence of the metronome and burning candle on the piano.

This painting, The Moroccans (1915), and Bathers by a River (1909–10, May–November 1913, and early spring 1916–October (?) 1917) were all painted at the time of the Battle of Verdun.

See also
 List of works by Henri Matisse

References

1916 paintings
Paintings by Henri Matisse
Musical instruments in art

Piano Lesson (Matisse)


Robert D. Richards is a Canadian-born space entrepreneur. He is co-founder and CEO of Moon Express, Inc., a U.S. company partnered with NASA and developing robotic spacecraft to provide low cost access to the Moon for science, exploration and commerce. He is also the founder and former CEO of Odyssey Moon Limited, an Isle of Man based commercial lunar enterprise and the first official contender in the $30M Google Lunar X PRIZE competition.  From 2002-2009 he was the founding Director of the Space Division at Optech Incorporated, providing advanced lidar systems for spacecraft operations and planetary exploration, including NASA's Mars Phoenix Lander and OSIRIS-REx missions.

In 1987 Robert Richards founded the International Space University (ISU) together with Todd B. Hawley and Peter Diamandis and he served as the university's first Associate Administrator for Strategic Planning and chaired the board's administrative and strategic planning committees during ISU's first phase of development. In 2005 Robert Richards received a Doctorate of Space Achievement (honoris causa) from the International Space University for "distinguished accomplishments in support of humanity's exploration and use of space."

As a student in the 1980s Robert Richards co-founded the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS) together with Todd B. Hawley and Peter Diamandis. After coining the term "Space Generation", symbolizing a common bond among people born since the beginning of the space age, Robert Richards also co-founded the Space Generation Foundation with Hawley and Diamandis, now succeeded by the Space Generation Advisory Council.

In 2008 Robert Richards joined Peter Diamandis, Ray Kurzweil and others in the founding of Singularity University, an institution based at the NASA Research Park in Silicon Valley, California, focused on graduate and executive level education about exponentially advancing technologies.  Robert Richards remains an active supporter of these organizations.

External links
Robert D. Richards' personal website

Living people
Canadian aerospace engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)

Robert D. Richards


The Constitution of India is the supreme law in India . A Constitution is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country. The constitution of India is the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. It is also the longest constitution in the world. Originally, it consisted of 395 Articles arranged under 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. As of 2023, after many amendments it has 470 Articles, 12 schedules, and 25 Parts with 5 appendices and 98 amendments. The original constitution was written on 26 November 1949, and was made the center of law on 26 January 1950.

History
India had to face many problems after independence. Rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan, merging the princely states, maintenance of law and order were the major challenges. Sardar Patel successfully achieved the merger of the princely states and provinces with the Union of India.  Even the challenge of framing a constitution in order to enable govern the country was also fulfilled.

The recommendations of the Motilal Nehru Committee and the decisions taken by the meeting of National Congress at Karachi prepared for the formation of a Constituent Assembly.

The first meeting of the new Constituent Assembly was conducted on 9th of December, 1946. The next meeting conducted in 11th of December, 1946 under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Participants included Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Sarojini Naidu. Dr. Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, is often called the father of the Indian Constitution.

The Constituent Assembly, which came into existence on 11th of December 1946, had 145 meetings and framed a draft constitution.  During these discussions, the various laws proposed by the British Government in 1909, 1919 and 1935, the British Parliamentary system, the American Bill of Rights, the Social Directive Policies of Ireland were studied and some parts of those were written in the Constitution.  Finally, the Indian Constitution was approved  on 26th of November, 1949 and came into effect on 26th of January, 1950.  This day (January 26) is celebrated as the 'Republic Day' in India.

Structure

Below is a list of all articles in chronological order of the constitution.

 Preamble
 Part I – Union and its Territory
 Part II – Citizenship.
 Part III – Fundamental Rights.
 Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy.
 Part IVA - Fundamental Duties.
 Part V – The Union.
 Part VI – The States.
 Part VII – States in the B part of the First schedule(Repealed).
 Part VIII – The Union Territories
 Part IX – The Panchayats.
 Part IXA - The Municipalities.
 Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
 Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States.
 Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
 Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
 Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States.
  Part XIVA - Tribunals.
 Part XV – Elections
 Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes.
 Part XVII – Languages
 Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
 Part XIX – Miscellaneous
 Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
 Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
 Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutionalism

References
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution
Features of the Indian Constitution
•

Other websites
Indian Constitution at Wikisource

Law of India
India
1950
1950s in India
B. R. Ambedkar

Constitution of India


Omm'A Givens (born 1975) is an American former professional basketball player. A high school basketball All-American, he was a center for the UCLA Bruins on their 1995 national championship team.

High school
Givens attended high school in Aberdeen, Washington, where he was a highly touted college basketball recruit. In his junior year he averaged 18.4 points and 8.8 rebounds per game, while in his senior year he improved his scoring average to 23.4 points per game. He was selected to the McDonald's All-American Team in his senior year, was the Washington state Gatorade Player of the Year, and was twice selected as a Parade All-American. He broke the tournament scoring record for boys high school basketball in Washington State.

College
Givens joined UCLA in 1994–95, and won a national championship with the team that season. He opted out of his UCLA scholarship in 1996 after having spent the 1995–96 season as a reserve with 20 appearances (0 starts and 11.6 minutes per game) and transferred to Pepperdine University. He was suspended for two games by Pepperdine's coach Lorenzo Romar in January 1998 after punching and breaking the jaw of teammate Aaron Butler at practice. After being briefly reinstated he was suspended by the school for the rest of the season later that month. He left the Pepperdine basketball team after the season and passed up his final season of eligibility.

Professional career
Givens played for Magic City Snowbears in the International Basketball Association during the 1998–1999 season, averaging 12.9 points and 7.8 rebounds, leading the team to home-court advantage in the IBA playoffs. In 2001 he joined Roanoke Dazzle of the National Basketball Development League. In 23 games during the 2001–2002 NBDL season, Givens averaged 3.0 points and 2.1 rebounds in 11.4 minutes per game.

References

External links
NCAA stats
NBA D-League stats
EuroBasket.com profile
Puerto Rican League stats
CBA stats

1975 births
Living people
Basketball players from Washington (state)
Baloncesto Superior Nacional players
La Crosse Bobcats players
Fort Wayne Fury players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Pepperdine Waves men's basketball players
Roanoke Dazzle players
UCLA Bruins men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Forwards (basketball)

Omm'A Givens


Jeanna Petyarre (b. 1950), also known as Jeannie Petyarre, is a member of a family of artists that includes Kathleen Petyarre, Ada Bird Petyarre and Emily Kame Kngwarreye. Jeanna Petyarre is from the Utopia district of Central Australia.  Her works feature in a number of collections including the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, and the Holmes à Court Collection in Perth, as well as many private collections.

Exhibitions
Exhibitions include:

 1989 Utopia Women's Paintings the first works on canvas
 1990 A Picture Story exhibition of 88 works on silk from the Holmes a Court Collection by Utopian artists which toured Eire and Scotland
 1993 Central Australian Aboriginal Art and Craft Exhibition, Araluen Centre, Alice Springs; 2005 Cicada Trading, Illayda, Istanbul, Turkey
 2005 Cicada Trading, Milan, Italy
 2006 Cicada Trading, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2006 Cicada Trading, Annual Clear Lake Exhibition of Aboriginal Paintings, Houston, USA
 2006 Cicada Trading, Paris, France
 2006 Cicada Trading, Bahrain Art Society, the Kingdom of Bahrain
 2006 Cicada Trading, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

References

1950 births
Living people
Artists from the Northern Territory
Australian Aboriginal artists
20th-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian artists
20th-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian women artists

Jeanna Petyarre


Anna Beer is a British author and lecturer, primarily known for her work as a biographer.

Her particular interests as a biographer are "the relationship between literature, politics and history,"[4] (which was the basis for her life of John Milton, 2008) and the rediscovery of neglected lives, the motivation both for her book about Bess Throckmorton, the wife of Sir Walter Ralegh (2004) and her exploration of the lives and work of female composers Sounds and Sweet Airs: the forgotten women of classical music which was published by Oneworld Publications in 2016 and shortlisted for the Royal Philharmonic Society Awards in 2017 for Creative Communication.

She was Lecturer in Literature at the Department for Continuing Education at the University of Oxford between 2003 and 2010, and remains a Fellow of Kellogg College.

Peter Ackroyd described Beer's biography of Milton as "a persuasive reading of the power and complexity of Paradise Lost," while former Poet Laureate Andrew Motion esteems it "a reliable guide to nonspecialists" and "the anniversary present he [Milton] deserves." Philip Pullman called it 'a beautifully clear account of a richly complex life...Fascinatingly vivid...It's the best narrative I've read of the life of our greatest public poet'.

Bibliography
 Ackroyd, Peter. "Peter Ackroyd examines the legacy of Milton." The Times. 22 February 2008. (accessed April 6, 2010).
 Beer, Anna. Bess: the Life of Lady Ralegh, Wife to Sir Walter. Constable and Robinson. 2004.
 Beer, Anna. Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer and Patriot. 1st Edition. St Ives Printing and Publishing Company: Bloomsbury, 2008.
 Beer, Anna. John Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer and Patriot. Lecture. Produced by Oxford University Department for Continuing Education. Performed by Anna Beer. 2008.
 Beer, Anna. Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music. Oneworld Publications. Forthcoming 2016.
 Crown, Sarah, and Anna Beer. "Anna Beer on her new biography of poet John Milton." The Guardian Books Podcast. 2008. Podcast.
 guardian.co.uk. "Anna Beer." guardian.co.uk. 6 April 2010. (accessed April 6, 2010).
 Motion, Andrew. "The mystery of genius." The Guardian''. 19 January 2008. (accessed April 6, 2010).

Notes

English biographers
British women biographers
English literary critics
British women literary critics
John Milton
Fellows of Kellogg College, Oxford
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Anna Beer


Listen... Amaya is 2013 Hindi drama film directed by Avinash Kumar Singh, and starring Farooq Shaikh, Deepti Naval and Swara Bhaskar as leads. The film also marks the return of popular lead pair of the 1980s, Farooq Shaikh and Deepti Naval, in films like, Chashme Buddoor (1981), Saath Saath (1982), Katha (1983), together again on screen after 25 years. This was also their last film together as Farooq Shaikh died several months after the film's release.

Plot
The film is set in Delhi, where a widowed mother, Leela, runs library cafe " Book a Coffee." Here she makes a new friend, a widowed photographer, Jayant "Jazz", and soon finds their friendship growing. However, Leela's daughter Amaya, a budding writer, feels insecure about the relationship when she finds out about it. While she collaborates with Jazz on producing a coffee table book about the bazaars of Old Delhi, when her mother takes her relationship with Jazz further, she is unable to accept it. The journeys of all the principal characters and a subtle twist at the end make up the narrative of the film.
..

Cast
 Farooq Shaikh as Jayant Sinha
 Deepti Naval as Leela Krishnamoorthy
 Swara Bhaskar as Amaya Krishnamoorthy
 Amala Akkineni as Sujata
 Siddhant Karnick as Raghav
 Shadab Khan as Tariq
 Oroon Das as Abhay
 Kriti Panth as Devika
 Vidya Bhushan as Rizwaan bhai
 Viren Basoya as Rahmat

Production
The film was shot mostly in Delhi, with a schedule of the filming of the lead pair shot in Delhi in September 2011. A song sequence, featuring Swara Bhaskar and Siddhant Karnick and based on a re-rendition of Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhaagi Si, was filmed in Mumbai.
Listen... Amaya was filmed on the Arri Alexa digital camera system and was shot in 29 days, including all the songs. Except for some grips, all the equipment and crew on the film were from Mumbai.

External-location filming on the film ranged from shooting in Chandni Chowk over two days, outside Priya Cinema complex, in Hauz Khas village, in Khan Market in South Delhi, on streets of South Delhi, in an air-conditioned DTC bus service, on inside and main roads of Sundar Nagar, as well as in Pathways world school.

The picturisation of the song in Mumbai was choreographed by Longiness Fernandez and was shot over two days on sets erected in a studio in Mumbai.

Release
The film released theatrically across India on 1 February 2013.

It has also screened at the New York Indian Film Festival (NYIFF), London Asian Film Festival (Tongues on Fire), Chicago South Asian Film Festival (CSAFF), New Jersey Independent South Asian Cine Fest (NJISACF), India International Film Festival (IIFF) of Tampa Bay, the Washington DC South Asian Film Festival (DCSAFF), the Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival (MISAFF) in August 2013, as part of the Indian Panorama section of the 44th International Film Festival of India in Goa during the month of November 2013. and the Honolulu Bollywood Film Festival in January 2014.

Listen... Amaya was screened at the NCPA Mumbai to a full house on 21 June 2013 as part of the Fresh Pix series.

Listen... Amaya was also screened for the Bimal Roy Foundation in Mumbai on 17 August 2013.

The film was released to DVD on 10 June 2013 by MAGNA Home Video. Subsequent to the release, the agreement between Magna Home Video and the producers was terminated after the Bombay High Court ruled in favour of the producers, due to Magna Publishing having violated the terms of agreement between both parties.

It is also available across a wide variety of Inflight entertainments on a number of Domestic and International airlines.

Music

The soundtrack of the film was released by the label Saregama. The music director of the film is Indraneel Hariharan and the lyrics were written by his wife Punam Hariharan.

The soundtrack has a total of 5 songs on it, with a re-rendition of the popular yesteryear hit, Ek ladki bheegi bhaagi si, sung by Kunal Ganjawalla. Kunal Ganjawalla also sang another track on the film titled Kashmakash. Vidhi Sharma lent her voice to the song Mann ki Patang, which was also rendered in an acoustic version, sung by the composer himself under the end titles of the film. Hey Hey Hey Mrs K is the first song on the soundtrack sung by Ankur Sabharwal, Vidhi Sharma, Jeetendra Singh Jamwal and Indraneel Hariharan.
The music reviews were good, with the consensus being that Mann ki Patang was the pick of the album.

Mann Ki Patang (rendition) composed and sung by Indraneel Hariharan is nominated at the prestigious Global Indian Music Awards, GiMA 2013, for Best Debut as a Music Composer.

Awards
Best Film (NJISACF)
Best Director (NJISACF)
Best Director (DCSAFF)
Best Actress (NYIFF)

Reception
The film received good reviews, including CNN-IBN which called the film "enormously heartwarming", while giving the film a 3 out 5 rating.
Oneindia also praised the film, stating, "Kudos to Avinash Kumar Singh for handling such a sensitive topic so brilliantly. The movie is neither too preachy nor too over dramatised."
Madhureeta Mukherjee gives it 3 out of 5 stars for the Times of India, stating "Avinash Kumar Singh has sensitively handled a strong subject textured with social and psychological complexities. His characters peel layers of emotions, without over-dramatizing scenes, or amplifying the issue. It is subtle and sincere."

References

External links

Indian drama films
Films shot in Delhi
2013 directorial debut films
2013 films
Films set in Delhi
2013 drama films
2010s Hindi-language films
Hindi-language drama films

Listen... Amaya


Alain Fournier (1943–2000) was a computer graphics researcher.

Biography
Alain Fournier was born on November 5, 1943, in Lyon, France. He was married twice, first to Beverly Bickle (married 1968, divorced 1984) and later to Adrienne Drobnies, with whom he had one daughter, Ariel.

Fournier's early training was in chemistry, culminating in a B.Sc. from INSA, France, in 1965. After emigrating from France to Montreal, Quebec, Canada in the 1970s, he co-wrote a textbook on chemistry, and taught the subject in Quebec. His career in computer graphics spanned only about 20 years. In 1980 he received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Texas at Dallas under the supervision of Zvi Meir Kedem, and with Donald Fussell and Loren Carpenter reported the results of his Ph.D. work on stochastic modelling in a seminal paper in 1980. He then went on to an outstanding academic career, first at the University of Toronto as part of the Dynamic Graphics Project and subsequently at the University of British Columbia. He has contributed to ACM Transactions on Graphics as an author, as co-guest editor of a special issue in 1987, and, from 1990 to 1992, as an associate editor.

Fournier made contributions to computer graphics dealing with modelling of natural phenomena.  He advocated a methodology that required validation against real visual phenomena. He once called his approach impressionistic graphics and it both revolutionized the field and drove it forward.  An example is his beautiful paper (with Bill Reeves) on the depiction of ocean waves. His subsequent work dealt with illumination models, light transport, rendering, and sampling and filtering.

Fournier died of lymphoma in the early hours of August 14, 2000, in Vancouver.

The SIGGRAPH 2001 Proceedings were dedicated to Fournier.

The first Alain Fournier Award for the best Canadian doctoral dissertation in computer graphics was awarded to Michael P. Neff on June 8, 2006, at the Graphics Interface 2006 conference in Quebec City.

Publications
Fournier published 32 scholarly papers about computer graphics.

Bibliography for Alain Fournier

Photo
http://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/imager-web/Dedications/Alain/AlainExpress.gif

1943 births
2000 deaths
Scientists from Lyon
Computer graphics professionals
Computer graphics researchers
French computer scientists
Canadian computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
University of Texas at Dallas alumni
French emigrants to Canada
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia

Alain Fournier


Court Square in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, is a park and historic district in the heart of Springfield's urban Metro Center neighborhood. Court Square is the City of Springfield's only topographical constant since its founding in 1636. It is bounded by Court Street, Main Street, State Street, East Columbus Avenue, and features Elm Street and a scenic pedestrian-only walkway from the courthouse toward Springfield's historic Old First Church.

Springfield's Old First Church has been located in Court Square since the 17th century. It was the twentieth parish formed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and was gathered in 1637, the year after Springfield was founded. The first meetinghouse was erected just east of this site in 1645. The current Old First Church (b. 1819) is the fourth building on this site, built by a Northampton architect, Isaac Damon. The rooster weathervane on the steeple was crafted by a Coppersmith in London, England, and brought to this country in 1750. Here inventor Thomas Blanchard and abolitionist John Brown worshipped; Daniel Webster spoke; and Jenny Lind sang.

In 1902, the year of the city's golden jubilee, $100,000 was raised in public donations to fund a project extending Court Square to the Connecticut River, spurred by a donation of $10,000 by the estate of the late Tilly Haynes, one of Springfield's most active citizens. In the late 1950s, Haynes' contribution was undermined when Court Square was separated from the Connecticut River by the construction of the elevated Interstate 91, and a 1,754 car parking lot beneath it.

The ornate, gothic stone Court House – now the juvenile court house – to the left of the church, was designed by renowned architect H.H. Richardson and built in 1909. To the right of the church, the Springfield Municipal Group was erected in 1911-13, and dedicated by United States President William Howard Taft in December 1913. In his dedication speech, President Taft praised the Springfield Municipal Group as "one of the most distinctive civic centers in the United States - and indeed, the world." The Municipal Group features a 300 ft. tall Italianate Campanile, which until the early 1970s, was the tallest building in Springfield (as per moratorium on skyscrapers in Springfield by the Massachusetts State Legislature.)

In 2010, UMass Amherst located its Urban Design Program to the Byers Block, across Main Street from the MassMutual Center. 3-7 Elm Street, part of the historic Byers Block, was constructed for James Byers in 1835 by architect Simon Sanborn. This remaining part of the Block constitutes the oldest commercial building still standing in Springfield. The building has served several functions throughout the years. These range from the Elm Street Tree Shop (which occupied the ground floor from 1866–1906) to the offices of several notable Springfield citizens, including George Bancroft, George Ashmun, Reuben Chapman, 12 Springfield judges and 7 Springfield mayors.

West of the Byers Block, the Romanesque Revival Court Square Building was originally a hotel and a renowned theater. A sixth floor was added to the building in 1900, including a tower that graces the elevator penthouse at the eastern end. The hotel became offices by the 1930s; however, the Court Square Playhouse remained the city's premier live theater until its surprise demolition in 1957. The Court Square Building features a brown brick exterior relieved with details of brownstone, terra-cotta, and granite. The Byers building was reconstructed by Architect Ben Schenkelberg in 2003, his goal was to preserve the history of the Byers Building. Ben won an Award on the Byers Building for outstanding restoring and preservation.  #BMSarchitect #The historic district encompassing Court Square and its surrounding buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Springfield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Neighborhoods in Springfield, Massachusetts
Parks in Springfield, Massachusetts
Urban public parks
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Springfield, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Massachusetts

Court Square


Unanimity is agreement by all people in a given situation.

Unanimous may also refer to:
Unan1mous, a 2006 Fox game show
Unanimous (British TV series), a 2006 Channel 4 game show, based on the Fox series

Unanimous (disambiguation)


John Patton Erwin (1795–1857) was an American Whig politician. He served as the Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee from 1821 to 1822, and from 1834 to 1835.

Early life
John Patton Erwin was born on January 8, 1795, in Wilkes County, North Carolina. His father was Col. Andrew Patton Erwin, a land speculator, and his mother, Jane Patton. He had nine siblings. His brothers-in-law included John Williams, U.S. Senator from Tennessee, Lewis Williams, a U.S. Representative from North Carolina, and Thomas Lanier Williams, Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court.

Career
In 1817, he became an alderman in Nashville and in 1820 he was admitted to the bar. He served as Mayor of Nashville from 1821 to 1822. He also served as Principal Clerk of the Tennessee House of Representatives as well as editor of the Nashville Whig. He was opposed to Andrew Jackson. In 1826, President John Quincy Adams appointed him United States Postmaster in Nashville.

In 1827, he described David Crockett as, "not only illiterate, but he is rough & uncouth, talks much & loudly, and is by far, more in his proper place when hunting a Bear" yet also "independent and fearless & has a popularity at home that is unaccountable."

Later, he served as Cashier at the Yeateman, Woods Bank. In 1830, he became Justice of the Peace for two terms. From 1834 to 1835, he served as Mayor of Nashville a second time.

Personal life
He married Frances Lanier Williams (1796–1872), a member of the Lanier family, in 1815. They had four daughters, Ellen, Mary Caroline, Rebecca and Amelia. In his last years, he was paralyzed. In 1831, he bought the "Buena Vista" mansion.

Death and legacy
He died on August 27, 1857, and he is buried in the Nashville City Cemetery. After his death, his widow sold them "Buena Vista" mansion to the Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia.

References

1795 births
1857 deaths
People from Wilkes County, North Carolina
Tennessee Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Mayors of Nashville, Tennessee
Burials in Tennessee

John Patton Erwin


Robert McAfee Brown (1920–2001) was an American Presbyterian minister, theologian, and activist.

Life
Born on May 28, 1920, in Carthage, Illinois, Brown was the son of a Presbyterian minister and the grandson of theologian and Presbyterian minister Cleland Boyd McAfee. He earned a bachelor's degree from Amherst College in 1943 and was ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1944. Brown earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Union Theological Seminary in 1945, and served as a United States Navy chaplain from 1945 to 1946. The recipient of a Fulbright grant, Brown studied at the University of Oxford before completing a doctorate in the philosophy of religion at Columbia University in 1951. He married Sydney Thomson, and had four children.

Initially, Brown taught at his alma mater, Union Theological Seminary, before accepting an appointment as Professor of Religion at Stanford University in 1962. There he became an international leader in civil rights, ecumenical and social justice causes. Brown campaigned against US involvement in the Vietnam War and was a co-founder of the group Clergy and Laity Concerned About Vietnam. He was also a Protestant observer at the Second Vatican Council.

Brown left Stanford in 1975 to return to Union as Professor of World Christianity and Ecumenism, but quickly found his new post unfulfilling. He resigned and moved back to the Bay Area, where he taught at the Pacific School of Religion in Berkeley, California, until his retirement in 1984. Brown was the author of 29 books, and his papers are now held at the Graduate Theological Union. Brown died on September 4, 2001, in Greenfield, Massachusetts, survived by his wife Sydney Thomson Brown, three sons, Peter, Mark and Tom and a daughter, Alison Ehara-Brown. A lecture series is named in his honor.

Published works
 P. T. Forsyth: Prophet for Today (1952)
 The Bible Speaks to You (1955, new ed. 1985)
 The Spirit of Protestantism (1961)
 Observer in Rome: A Protestant Report on the Vatican Council (1964)
 The Collect'd Writings of St. Hereticus (1964)
 The Ecumenical Revolution: An Interpretation of the Catholic-Protestant Dialogue (1973)
 Religion and Violence: A Primer for White Americans (1973)
 Is Faith Obsolete? (1974)
 Frontiers for the Church Today (1974)
 Theology in a New Key: Responding to Liberation Theology (1978)
 The Hereticus Papers: (being Volume II of "The Collect'd Writings of St. Hereticus") (1979)
 Gustavo Gutierrez: An Introduction to Liberation Theology (1980)
 Making Peace in the Global Village (1981)
 Unexpected News: Reading the Bible with Third World Eyes (1984)
 Saying Yes and Saying No: On Rendering to God and Caesar (1986)
 The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses (1986)
 Spirituality and Liberation: Overcoming the Great Fallacy (1988)
 Elie Wiesel: Messenger to All Humanity (1989)
 Persuade Us to Rejoice: The Liberating Power of Fiction (1992)
 Liberation Theology: An Introductory Guide (1993)
 Dark the Night, Wild the Sea  (1998)
 Reflections over the Long Haul: A Memoir (2005)

References

External links
http://www.csec.org/csec/sermon/mcafee_3309.htm
http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/speakout/brown.html

American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
American anti–Vietnam War activists
American Presbyterian ministers
United States Navy chaplains
Amherst College alumni
20th-century Christian clergy
People from Carthage, Illinois
1920 births
2001 deaths
United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America ministers
20th-century American clergy
Military personnel from Illinois
People in Christian ecumenism

Robert McAfee Brown


Henry M. "Hammering Hank" Toczylowski (February 2, 1919 – October 10, 1982) was an American football player and coach.

A graduate of Lynn Classical High School and St. John's Preparatory School he played college football at the quarterback position for the Boston College Eagles football team and was selected as a first-team player on the 1940 College Football All-America Team. He played on the B.C. team that defeated Tennessee 19–14 in the 1941 Sugar Bowl. During the game, Toczylowski threw a crucial block that allowed Mickey Connolly to score a game-tying touchdown.

Toczylowski was selected by the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1941 NFL Draft and offered a $75 a game contract. He instead accepted a $2,200 a year job as a teacher and head football coach at Saugus High School. After the Dodgers had lost a number of players to military service he was offered a $6,200 contract by the Dodgers, but chose to fulfill his contract and remain at Saugus High until he was called into active service with the United States Navy in May 1942. Toczylowski was released from military service in 1943 and was offered contracts by the Dodgers and the Washington Redskins, but instead chose to become a geometry teacher and head football coach at Beverly High School. In 1944 he moved on to Arlington High School, where he was head football and basketball coach. Toczylowski's 1949 team won the Class A championship and received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl schoolboy classic. He was succeeded as head football coach by Eddie Burns in 1955 but remained at AHS as a house dean and business teacher.

Toczylowski was inducted into the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame in 1974. He was also inducted into the High School Football Coaches Hall of Fame. He died on October 10, 1982, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital following a stroke.

References

1919 births
1982 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Boston College Eagles football players
High school football coaches in Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Lynn, Massachusetts
Players of American football from Essex County, Massachusetts
United States Navy personnel of World War II

Henry Toczylowski


Gilde Norsk Kjøtt is a defunct Norwegian red meat processing company organised as an agricultural cooperative.  The company was by far the largest processor in the country when it merged with Prior Norge in 2006 to create Nortura. The company had gradually grown together as the slaughter cooperatives in the country had merged. It was not until 2000 that the company fully merged into one legal entity. Before this it had been an association between various local slaughterhouses.

History
The first farmer owned slaughterhouse in Norway was Hamar Slagteri AS founded in 1904. Seven years later Fellesslakteriet was founded in Oslo as the first slaughter cooperative. 1930 sees the Trade Act that secured stable prices for both farmers and consumers. The background for this was overproduction that had forced down the produce prices and bankrupt many farmers. The next year Norges Kjøtt og Fleskesentral (NKF) is established as a membership organisation for all slaughterhouses in Norway. In 1958 NKF reorganised creating 17 district organisations to manage the processing and the following year Gilde is launched in Northern Norway.

In 1990 the name of the company changed to Norsk Kjøttsamvirke BA that was kept until 2004 when it took the name Gilde Norsk Kjøtt BA. But not until 2000 is the company actually completely merged so the mother company owns all the processing plants. The company merged with Prior Norge to create Nortura in 2006.

Branding
The Gilde brand name was taken into use nationally in 1964, after it had been used at first in Northern Norway since 1959. In 1971 Gilde made an agreement with Norges Kooperative Landsforening to create the common brand Goman that was to deliver meat to the cooperative stores. The company also adapted a separate organic food brand as under the Gilde brand during the 2000s. These products were exclusively distributed through the Coop and Norgesgruppen stores. In 2001 Gilde launched the brand Alfathi that made Norwegian cuisine meats following the Muslim rules of halal. Other minor brands included the smoked meat Eldhus. Gilde also produced a number of frozen and canned food under the brand Terina.

References

External links

Agricultural cooperatives in Norway
Defunct companies of Norway
Food and drink companies of Norway
Food and drink companies disestablished in 2006
1931 establishments in Norway
2006 disestablishments in Norway
Food and drink companies established in 1931

Gilde Norsk Kjøtt


Pauling's rules are five rules published by Linus Pauling in 1929 for predicting and rationalizing the crystal structures of ionic compounds.

First rule: the radius ratio rule

For typical ionic solids, the cations are smaller than the anions, and each cation is surrounded by coordinated anions which form a polyhedron. The sum of the ionic radii determines the cation-anion distance, while the cation-anion radius ratio  (or ) determines the coordination number (C.N.) of the cation, as well as the shape of the coordinated polyhedron of anions.

For the coordination numbers and corresponding polyhedra in the table below, Pauling mathematically derived the minimum radius ratio for which the cation is in contact with the given number of anions (considering the ions as rigid spheres). If the cation is smaller, it will not be in contact with the anions which results in instability leading to a lower coordination number.

The three diagrams at right correspond to octahedral coordination with a coordination number of six: four anions in the plane of the diagrams, and two (not shown) above and below this plane. The central diagram shows the minimal radius ratio. The cation and any two anions form a right triangle, with , or . Then . Similar geometrical proofs yield the minimum radius ratios for the highly symmetrical cases C.N. = 3, 4 and 8.

For C.N. = 6 and a radius ratio greater than the minimum, the crystal is more stable since the cation is still in contact with six anions, but the anions are further from each other so that their mutual repulsion is reduced. An octahedron may then form with a radius ratio greater than or equal to 0.414, but as the ratio rises above 0.732, a cubic geometry becomes more stable. This explains why  in NaCl with a radius ratio of 0.55 has octahedral coordination, whereas  in CsCl with a radius ratio of 0.93 has cubic coordination.

If the radius ratio is less than the minimum, two anions will tend to depart and the remaining four will rearrange into a tetrahedral geometry where they are all in contact with the cation.

The radius ratio rules are a first approximation which have some success in predicting coordination numbers, but many exceptions do exist. In a set of over 5000 oxides, only 66% of coordination environments agree with Pauling's first rule. Oxides formed with alkali or alkali-earth metal cations that contain multiple cation coordinations are common deviations from this rule.

Second rule: the electrostatic valence rule

For a given cation, Pauling defined the electrostatic bond strength to each coordinated anion as , where z is the cation charge and ν is the cation coordination number. A stable ionic structure is arranged to preserve local electroneutrality, so that the sum of the strengths of the electrostatic bonds to an anion equals the charge on that anion.

where  is the anion charge and the summation is over the adjacent cations. For simple solids, the  are equal for all cations coordinated to a given anion, so that the anion coordination number is the anion charge divided by each electrostatic bond strength. Some examples are given in the table.

Pauling showed that this rule is useful in limiting the possible structures to consider for more complex crystals such as the aluminosilicate mineral orthoclase, , with three different cations. However, from data analysis of oxides from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD), the result showed that only 20% of all oxygen atoms matched with the prediction from second rule (using a cutoff of 0.01).

Third rule: sharing of polyhedron corners, edges and faces
The sharing of edges and particularly faces by two anion polyhedra decreases the stability of an ionic structure. Sharing of corners does not decrease stability as much, so (for example) octahedra may share corners with one another.

The decrease in stability is due to the fact that sharing edges and faces places cations in closer proximity to each other, so that cation-cation electrostatic repulsion is increased. The effect is largest for cations with high charge and low C.N. (especially when r+/r- approaches the lower limit of the polyhedral stability). Generally, smaller elements fulfill the rule better.

As one example, Pauling considered the three mineral forms of titanium dioxide, each with a coordination number of 6 for the  cations. The most stable (and most abundant) form is rutile, in which the coordination octahedra are arranged so that each one shares only two edges (and no faces) with adjoining octahedra. The other two, less stable, forms are brookite and anatase, in which each octahedron shares three and four edges respectively with adjoining octahedra.

Fourth rule: crystals containing different cations

In a crystal containing different cations, those of high valency and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedron elements with one another. This rule tends to increase the distance between highly charged cations, so as to reduce the electrostatic repulsion between them.

One of Pauling's examples is olivine, , where M is a mixture of  at some sites and  at others. The structure contains distinct  tetrahedra which do not share any oxygens (at corners, edges or faces) with each other. The lower-valence  and  cations are surrounded by polyhedra which do share oxygens.

Fifth rule: the rule of parsimony
The number of essentially different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small. The repeating units will tend to be identical because each atom in the structure is most stable in a specific environment. There may be two or three types of polyhedra, such as tetrahedra or octahedra, but there will not be many different types.

Limitation
In a study of 5000 oxides, only 13% of them satisfy all of the last 4 rules, indicating limited universality of Pauling's rules.

See also
 Goldschmidt tolerance factor
 Octet rule

References

Molecular geometry
Crystals
Atomic radius
Coordination chemistry
Empirical laws
Eponymous chemical rules

Pauling's rules