The Ludovingians or Ludowingians () were the ruling dynasty of Thuringia and Hesse during the 11th to 13th centuries.

Their progenitor was Louis the Bearded who was descended from a noble family whose genealogy cannot be precisely determined. Like the related Reginbodo family, they had a close relationship with the Archbishopric of Mainz and also had estates on the Middle Main.

The male line of Ludovingians was extinguished on the death of Henry Raspe in 1247, leading to the War of the Thuringian Succession.

History
Around 1040 Louis the Bearded received a fief north of the Thuringian Forest and had the (now ruined) castle of Schauenburg near Friedrichroda. However these origins are legendary and based solely on unverifiable Reinhardsbrunn sources.

Around 1080, Louis' sons, Louis the Springer and Beringer of Sangerhausen, founded the Abbey of Kloster Schönrain in the land of their ancestors, Main Franconia. In a deed dated 1100 the brothers are named as the counts of Schauenburg.

In the period that followed, the Ludovingians expanded their possessions in Thuringia, for example around Sangerhausen, the estate of Cecilia, wife of Louis the Bearded (who died around 1080), and around estates on the River Unstrut, that Adelheid, that the widow of Count Palatine Frederick III, had left to Louis the Springer in her will. The latter built the castle of Wartburg (first mentioned in 1080) above Eisenach as his new seat of residence and in 1085 founded Reinhardsbrunn, henceforth the house monastery of the family.

In the stormy period of the Investiture Controversy, Louis the Springer was one of the leading opponents of Emperor Henry V. The distinct anti-imperial stance of the Ludovingians, their prominent political position and other factors led Wolfgang Hartmann vertretene to propose that, amongst the famous benefactors portrayed in Naumburg Cathedral, were the statues of the founder of the Wartburg, Louis and his wife Adelheid.

Even before 1122 the family's territory expanded under Louis' sons, Louis and Henry, acquiring estates near Marburg and Kassel, especially through the marriage of Louis I (d 1140) to Hedwig of Gudensberg, the daughter and heiress of the Hessian gaugrave ("gau count"), Giso IV, on the basis of which, after the death of Giso V in 1137, the vast inheritance of the House of Giso (Gisonen) and the counts of Werner in North Hesse was added to their domain. The link thus established between Thuringia and large parts of Hesse was not severed until the War of the Thuringian Succession. Until 1247, the Hessian estate of the Ludovingians was largely ruled by the younger brothers of the landgraves, who bore the title of Count of Gudensberg and of Hesse and in resided in Gudensberg and Marburg; they included Henry Raspe I, Henry Raspe II, Henry Raspe III and Conrad Raspe.

In 1131, Louis was elevated by Emperor Lothair (of Supplinburg) to the rank of landgrave and became Louis I. As a consequence, Thuringia, as an imperially immediate territory, left the Duchy of Saxony, and the Ludovingians took on a ducal-like status in Thuringia. Around the middle of the 12th century, the landgravial minting capital of Eisenach was established and, somewhat later, the Gotha Mint as the second mint owned by the Ludovingians. Under Louis II and Louis III the territory of the landgraviate was further expanded, whilst Hermann I sought to strengthen the position of his family politically, for example, through the marriages of his children. Prior to that, Hermann had to resist attempts by Emperor Henry VI, to turn the Landgraviate of Thuringia into a fiefdom following the death of Hermann's brother, Louis III.

Hermann's son, Louis IV, who married the subsequently beatified Elizabeth of Hungary, hoped that, through the guardianship of his nephews, Henry Margrave of Meissen and a minor, to gain the March of Meissen. In 1226 he was indeed promised the enfeoffment of the March, but died the same year before he was able to actually acquire it.

In 1241, following the death of Louis IV's son, the only 19-year-old Hermann II, Louis' brother, Henry Raspe, inherited the Landgraviate, which he had already ruled as regent during the minority of his nephew. A second brother, Conrad Raspe, ruled the Hessian estates of the family, but entered the Teutonic Order in 1234, soon becoming its Hochmeister. Henry Raspe, who in 1246 was elected as the German antiking, died in 1247. On his death the male line of the Ludovingians died out. In 1243, Henry Raspe had already arranged for his nephew, Henry, the Margrave of Meissen, to be enfeoffed with the Landgraviate of Thuringia. In 1249, Henry was able to secure his claims in Thuringia after military operations that ended in the Treaty of Weißenfels. These were not initially recognised, however, by his cousin Sophia of Brabant, the daughter of Louis IV. In 1259, she attempted, with the aid of Albert I of Brunswick, ab 1259 to gain a military foothold in Thuringia. After a heavy defeat at Besenstedt near Wettin in October 1263 she finally had to give up all claims to Thuringia in 1264, was successful in securing the claims of her son, Henry to the family's Hessian estate, which as the Landgraviate of Hesse became independent and, in 1291, an imperial principality.

List of reigning Ludovingians counts and landgraves
 1031–1056 Louis the Bearded (Count of Schauenburg)
 1056–1123 Louis the Springer (Count of Schauenburg)
 1123–1140 Louis I (1st landgrave, from 1131)
 1140–1172 Louis II the Iron
 1172–1190 Louis III the Pious
 1190–1217 Hermann I
 1217–1227 Louis IV the Saint
 1227–1241 Hermann II
 1241–1247 Henry Raspe

See also
 History of Thuringia
 List of rulers of Thuringia
 Babenbergs

Literature

 Josef Heinzelmann gemeinsam mit Manuel Aicher: Wolf cum barba. In: Archiv für Familiengeschichtsforschung. Vol. 6, 2002, pp. 19–23 (zur These von Armin Wolf, Ludwig der Bärtige stamme von Ludwig von Mousson).
 Josef Heinzelmann, Nachträge zu: Ludwig von Arnstein und seine Verwandtschaft, Zugleich ein Beitrag: Die frühen Ludowinger (Grafen in Thüringen). In: Genealogisches Jahrbuch Vol. 36, 1997, pp 67–73.
 Hans-Joachim Kessler, Konrad Kessler: Auf den Spuren der Thüringer Landgrafen. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt, 2010, .
 Tilo Köhn (ed.): Brandenburg, Anhalt und Thüringen im Mittelalter. Askanier und Ludowinger beim Aufbau fürstlicher Territorialherrschaften. Böhlau, Cologne-Weimar-Vienna, 1997, , pp. 241–294.
 Hans Patze und Walter Schlesinger: Geschichte Thüringens. Zweiter Band, erster Teil. Cologne, 1974, pp. 10–41,
 Jürgen Petersohn: Die Ludowinger. Selbstverständnis und Memoria eines hochmittelalterlichen Reichsfürstengeschlechts. In: Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte. Vol. 129, 1993, pp 1–39.
 Wilfried Warsitzka: Die thüringer Landgrafen. Verlag Dr. Bussert & Stadeler, Jena, 2003,
 Reinhard Zöllner: Die Ludowinger und die Takeda. Feudale Herrschaft in Thüringen und Kai no kuni Dieter Born, 1995,

External links
 genealogie-mittelalter.de

References

German noble families
Saxon nobility
History of Hesse
Eisenach
Thuringian Forest

Ludovingians


Woman of Antwerp or Dédée of Antwerp (French: Dédée d'Anvers ) is a 1948 French drama film directed by Yves Allégret that stars Bernard Blier, Simone Signoret, and Marcel Dalio. The film was released in English-speaking markets under the titles Dedee and Woman of Antwerp.

Plot
Forced to leave France, Dédée and her bullying pimp Marco have reached Antwerp, where she is one of the girls in René's bar and Marco is the doorman, doing drug deals on the side. Taking a stroll by the docks in the early evening, Dédée meets Francesco, sympathetic Italian captain of a cargo ship, who knows René. When he comes later to the bar, he discusses some secret deal with René and then takes Dédée to a hotel for the night.

The two have fallen for each other and he would like to take her away with him, but this would need the agreement of René and of Marco. René is happy to do a favour to Francesco, happy to free Dédée from the obnoxious Marco, who he throws out into the street, and says he is happy to drive Dédée to Francesco's ship once he has closed the bar for the night.

While Francesco is waiting on the jetty for Dédée to appear, Marco shoots him dead, drops his gun, and disappears. When René and Dédée arrive to find the body, they comb the nightspots of the city in search of Marco, eventually catching him at the railway station. At gunpoint they take him to a lonely spot where René, after knocking him out, runs the car over him.

Cast
 Bernard Blier as Monsier René
 Simone Signoret as Dédée
 Marcello Pagliero as Francesco
 Marcel Dalio as Marco
 Jane Marken as Germaine
 Marcel Dieudonné as smuggler
 Marcelle Arnold as Magda

References

External links

1948 films
Films directed by Yves Allégret
French black-and-white films
French drama films
1948 drama films
Film noir
1940s French films

Dédée d'Anvers


Manhunt: The Search for Bin Laden is a 2013 documentary film directed by Greg Barker that explores the Central Intelligence Agency's investigation of Osama bin Laden, starting from 1995 until his death in 2011. It premiered on HBO on May 1, 2013, two years after the mission that killed bin Laden. The documentary features narratives by many of the CIA analysts and operatives who worked over a decade to understand and track bin Laden, and includes archival film footage from across Washington, D.C., Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the Middle East. It also features extensive and rarely seen footage of Al-Qaeda training and propaganda videos, including video suicide notes from various terrorists who later worked as suicide bombers.

On release, the documentary was noted as a "less Hollywood-ized version" of the film Zero Dark Thirty (2012) and appreciated for showcasing "the nitty-gritty" of the decade-long search for bin Laden and the CIA analysts' jobs. It won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special in 2013.  It was acknowledged for putting "a human face on the secret world of intelligence gathering."

Synopsis

The Sisterhood
The first section of the documentary interviews a crew of female CIA analysts, known as the Band of Sisters, about their involvement in tracking down Osama bin Laden. They include Susan Hasler, Cindy Storer, Nada Bakos, Gina Bennett, a 25-year veteran of the agency, and Barbara Sude, a senior Al-Qaeda analyst. It also features John E. McLaughlin who oversaw the CIA analysts and worked for staff training. The documentary mentions that the CIA started the Bin Laden Issue Station in 1995 with the code name "Alec Station."

Downrange
This section of the documentary interviews Peter Bergen who has been reporting in Afghanistan for over 30 years and briefly mentions the insignificance of bin Laden in 1984.

An Analytic Judgement
Cindy Storer discusses the analysis work and conclusions built around the early intelligence related to the Jihad movement and mentions that she wrote the CIA's first warning to the President of the United States about bin Laden.

A Declaration of War
This section of the documentary covers interviews with bin Laden by Peter Bergen and Peter Arnett, after bin Laden had declared a war against United States, and includes clips of the interviews. Storer and McLaughlin mention that though the CIA paid enough attention to bin Laden's attack warnings, it failed to determine the date and timing of planned attacks. Storer notes that it was a "difficult" task because al-Qaeda was a "clandestine organization."

The Blame
Storer discusses the criticism and accusations of negligence made against the CIA by the United States Congress. The documentary also mentions an internal CIA investigation that cast blame on some of the original members of "Alec Station" for their failure to inform the FBI, which was also investigating al-Qaeda. Later, former FBI agent Ali Soufan narrates his experience of interrogating bin Laden's bodyguard.

Dismantlement
McLaughlin mentions the "World Wide Attack Matrix," a war declared by the U.S. against al-Qaeda. Philip Mudd, then deputy of the CIA's counter-terrorism center, notes the CIA's task was to understand al-Qaeda and then to "dismantle" it. He also discusses changes in "Alec Station" following the 9/11 attacks. Jose Rodriguez, who ran the CIA's counter-terrorism center, and Marty Martin, who ran spies in the Middle East and who led the CIA's war on al-Qaeda, discuss their involvement in the project. Martin describes how the CIA became "more aggressive" with its changed "rule-book." Rodriguez identifies the CIA's focus on capturing Abu Zubaydah and White House approval for "enhanced interrogations" involving twelve "defined" techniques.

Kill/Capture
One of the CIA officers indicates that some of the original members of "Alec Station" were moved to become "targeters" for bin Laden and were sent to war zones with elite military units. The documentary then interviews Stanley A. McChrystal who commanded U.S. Special Operations units and Michael Mullen who was the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff about their roles in the project.

The Breakthrough
Noting Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's interaction with bin Laden and the terrorist leader's association with Hassan Ghul, CIA agents then cite the importance of Abu Ahmed Al-Kuwaiti, a pseudonym for bin Laden's courier and his only point of contact to the outside world.

End Game
Michael Hayden, who became director of the CIA in 2006, notes his involvement in tracing bin Laden's courier and the person behind the pseudonym, Ibrahim Saeed. Joby Warrick, who covered the CIA for The Washington Post, mentions Humam al-Balawi, who was a doctor who treated the number-two leader of al-Qaeda, Ayman al-Zawahiri and his videotapes from meetings with Zawahiri. Al-Balawi was later shown in his final videotape before killing himself in a suicide bombing at a CIA post in Afghanistan, killing several CIA officers, including Jennifer Matthews.

The documentary ends with the video footage of bin Laden before his capture and Stanley A. McChrystal's question to the American people, "why is the enemy the enemy?"

Production
The director of the film, Greg Barker, noted that it was difficult to track down individuals who worked for the CIA but did not have any risk of exposure. He also mentioned that the CIA did not have any approval over the content of the film. Interviewees had to make sure that they did not reveal any classified information.

Credits

"The Sisterhood" analysts
 Susan Hasler
 Cynthia Storer
 Nada Bakos
 Gina Bennett
 Barbara Sude
 John E. McLaughlin
 Marty Martin
 Peter Bergen
 Peter Arnett
 Ali Soufan
 Jose Rodriguez
 Stanley A. McChrystal
 Michael Mullen
 Michael Hayden
 Joby Warrick

Reception

The documentary received generally positive feedback on release for "being well researched." Mother Jones noted that the documentary has "the pulse of a Michael Mann thriller." The New York Times lauded the film for its emphasis on the perspectives of the female CIA analysts working on the mission, and noted that it is "dense with information" and "occasionally a bit repetitive." The Wall Street Journal stated that the narratives of various CIA officers and operatives made the documentary "fascinating," noting that the film describes "the passion, the anger, the regrets and the fearful determination" of the CIA officers, who work in "the loneliest profession on earth." TV Guide described the documentary as a "less Hollywood-ized version" of the film Zero Dark Thirty (2012), and noted that the documentary "goes beyond the actual raid," exploring the CIA's culture of intelligence gathering and featuring various analysts and operatives.

The documentary was often compared with the film Zero Dark Thirty (2012) and the television film Seal Team Six: The Raid on Osama Bin Laden (2012). It was also said to have failed to give justification of claims made by various CIA agents, and was criticized for being "unclear" and a "frustrating viewing experience."

The documentary was selected for the 2013 Sundance Film Festival and was part of U.S. Documentary Competition. Three CIA analysts featured in the documentary—Marty Martin, Nada Bakos, and Cindy Storer—also attended the discussion about the documentary after its premier in the festival.

It won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special in 2013.

References

External links
 Manhunt: The Search for Bin Laden at HBO

Discussion with Bergen and director Greg Barker on Manhunt and the documentary film based on the book, July 18, 2013, C-SPAN

2013 films
2013 documentary films
HBO documentary films
Documentary films about terrorism
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Greg Barker
Works about Osama bin Laden
Films produced by John Battsek
2010s English-language films
2010s American films

Manhunt: The Search for Bin Laden


Mayra Lissette Conde (born January 28, 1969 in Guatemala City, Guatemala) is a professional Personal Trainer and mixed martial artist, who has also competed in bodybuilding, kickboxing and brazilian jiu-jitsu.

Biography
Conde hails from Guatemala City, where she grew up on her grandparents' farm. She has spoken fondly of her time there in interviews, as well as citing her grandfather as "my source of strength". However, at the age of nine when her younger brother was born, Conde moved with her parents to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, hoping for a better education.

Her early years as an immigrant were tough; "I was constantly picked on because I couldn't speak English and was very small". Conde succeeded academically and became bilingual, speaking both her native Spanish and adopted English. While still at school, Conde developed an interest in sports drinks and nutrition through her father, which led to her becoming a bodybuilder at the age of 16. Her muscular physique proved useful when she moved into construction work after high school. Earning a living as a welder, she would later become a foreman. Meanwhile, she continued to attend fitness seminars and read health-related books.

In 1993, she met Zee Vjesalicu a wrestler, hockey player and mixed martial artist who introduced Conde and her friend Olga Bakalapolous to Brazilian Jui Jitusu. For a short period of time Zee trained Conde. Conde's first grappling competition, she won.
In the summer of 1996, Conde moved to Los Angeles for the love of personal fitness training, and in search for something bigger and more challenging. She trained in Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the Beverly Hills Jiu Jitsu Club with such fighters including Mark Kerr and Bas Rutten. Learning from them and another trainer, Marcus Vinicius, she would later fight in the United States, Brazil and Greece and Japan, being part of the all-female "Hook N Shoot" Revolution promotion.

She was asked her to represent Team Canada at the 1st World Wide Pankration Championships on 11 November 2000, in Lamia, Greece. Despite a last minute notice and traveling at her own expense, she earned two gold medals. She was later invited to train with Coach Scott Miller and the Women's Wrestling Team at Pacific University in late 2002 and March 2003. Conde is a Purple Belt Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Instructor, having studied under 4th Degree Black Belt Master Marcus Vinicius and Bas Rutten at The Beverly Hills Jiu Jitsu Club.

Conde is now living and working in Frankfurt am Main, Germany as a professional personal trainer. According to German authorities (in Frankfurt), she is the only foreign self-employed personal trainer authorized to live and work in Germany, without the need of an employer at first, due to the fact that she is a high level certified martial artist, instructor and personal trainer.

Career
Mayra Lissette Conde started her Personal Training career in the 1990s, where she worked at The Workout in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

In 1996 Conde moved to Los Angeles to pursue her bodybuilding dream and to enhance her Fitness Training career.

On 2003 Conde moved to Europe, mainly to get away from the competitive world of Full Contact Sports. On 2005 Conde started working full-time as a Personal Fitness Trainer in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Mayra Lissette Conde has been known as Canadian bodybuilder, who at 26 entered the world of Full Contact Fighting.

These days Conde is known as an experienced Personal Fitness Trainer, Martial Arts Instructor, who shares her passions with her clients using most effective training techniques. Conde is known as a Body Sculpting Specialist with over 27 years experience, "Get In The Best Shape Of Your Life"  faster than you thought..." is her driven motivation.

 1st Place at the 3rd American International Championships, Grappling (148-160 lbs) Light Weight Division, Carson, CA, 9 December 2001
 1st Place at the 3rd American International Championships, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Women's Open Division, Carson, CA, 8 December 2001
 1st Place in the US Open Brazilian Jiu Jitsu CHAMPIONSHIPS, October 2001
 2001 Bronze Medalist in the World Wide Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Championships in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (July 26–29 )
 Double GOLD Medalist in 1st World Wide Pankration Championships on 11 November 2000, Lamia, Greece
 1st place winner in the Heavy weight & Open Division in the U.S. Open Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Championships in Santa Cruz, 5 November 2000
 Winner in NHB Bout at the Mark "The Cobra" Hall's Cobra Challenge Federation, in Anza CA on 3 June 2000
 1st Place winner in the California State Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Championships, 26 March 2000
 U.S. Open Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Heavy Weight and Overall Winner, Santa Cruz (White Belt), 5 November 2000
 Won Cobra Challenge NHB fight, 6 March 2000
 Women's Kick-Boxing Division Winner, September 1999
 Women's Heavy Weight Grappler's Challenge Champion, August 1999
 Winner by technical K.O. in Kick-Boxing Bout at the Bas Rutten Invitational in Littleton CO, 26 June 1999
 Winner in NHB/Vale Tudo Bout at the 1st Bas Rutten Invitational, 6 February 1999
 1st Place Women's Heavyweight Winner at the Grapplers Challenge in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on 8 August 1998
 Nite Magic Flexmania Ladies Overall (Bodybuilding), July 1996

See also
List of female mixed martial artists

References

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Loss
| align=center| 2-1-1
|Yuuki Kubota
|Submission (Armbar)
|Smackgirl - Third Season 1
|03/3/2003
|1
|2:20
|
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 2-0-1
|Angela Reestad
|
|HOOKnSHOOT - Revolution
|04/13/2002
|2
|5:00
|
|
|-
|Win
| align=center| 2-0
|Val Leota
|Submission (Choke)
|CFF - The Cobra Challenge 2000
|06/3/2000
|1
|1:00
|
|
|-
|Win
| align=center| 1-0
|Kelsey Beard
|TKO
|BRI 1 - Bas Rutten Invitational 1
|02/6/1999
|1
|N/A
|
|
|}

External links
 Official site
 Mayra Conde Awakening Fighters

1969 births
Canadian female bodybuilders
Canadian female mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Canadian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Female Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners
Living people
Exercise instructors
Guatemalan female bodybuilders
Guatemalan female mixed martial artists
Guatemalan practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu

Mayra Conde


Rosmarie Frick (born 26 December 1949) is a Swiss nurse and lecturer of a microsurgery course at the University Hospital of Zürich.

Early life and education
Frick was born in Bazenheid. She was the daughter of peasants in Oberbüren, and decided to become a nurse when her parents were forced to sell their farm. She studied nursing at the Viktoria-Hospital in Bern, completing her placement at the Hospital at Flawil. This was a time of rising interest in neurosurgery in Zürich and, notably, Gazi Yaşargil performed such surgery to treat the cerebral vessels of a stroke sufferer.

Research and career
Frick joined Gazi Yaşargil's team and learnt how to perform neurosurgery. Frick went on to work in several hospitals, including those in Zurich, Olten and Bern. She taught the neurosurgical microsurgery laboratory at the University Hospital of Zürich from 1979 until 2013. Over a career spanning more than 30 years, she has taught microsurgery in many countries, including Taipei, China, Italy, Turkey and Switzerland, Pakistan and Poland. She has taught thousands of young surgeons, including many vascular surgeons.

Her story has been documented by the Swiss public radio and broadcast television company SRF. She earned an honorary doctorate from Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, in 2017.

References

Swiss nurses
Women surgeons
Swiss women scientists
Academic staff of the University of Zurich
1949 births
Living people

Rosmarie Frick


Reuven "Ruvi" Rivlin ( ; born 9 September 1939) is an Israeli politician and lawyer who served as the tenth president of Israel between 2014 and 2021. He is a member of the Likud party. Rivlin was Minister of Communications from 2001 to 2003, and subsequently served as Speaker of the Knesset from 2003 to 2006 and 2009 to 2013. On 10 June 2014, he was elected President of Israel. His term ended on 7 July 2021.

Rivlin argues for a Greater Israel that would embrace all people and give the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza full Israeli citizenship. He is also a strong supporter of minority rights, particularly for Arab Israelis. He supports the one-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Early life
Reuven Rivlin was born in Jerusalem during the Mandate era to the Rivlin family, which has lived in Jerusalem since 1809. He is a descendant of students of the Vilna Gaon. His parents were Rachel "Ray" Rivlin and Yosef Yoel Rivlin. Yosef created the first Hebrew edition of the Quran and was a candidate for president of Israel in 1957 before withdrawing in favor of the incumbent Yitzhak Ben-Zvi.

Rivlin attended Gymnasia Rehavia high school, and served in the Intelligence Corps of the Israel Defense Forces. During the Six-Day War, he fought with the Jerusalem Brigade and accompanied the Paratroopers Brigade as an intelligence officer. After military service, he studied law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Before entering politics, Rivlin served as legal advisor of the Beitar Jerusalem Sports Association, manager of the Beitar football team, and chairman of the association; member of the Jerusalem City Council; member of the El Al Board; Chairman of the Israel Institute for Occupational Safety and Hygiene; a board member of the Khan Theater, and board member of the Israel Museum.

Political career
He was first elected to the 12th Knesset in 1988, and served as Likud chairman from 1988 to 1993. He lost his seat in the 1992 elections, but returned to the Knesset following the 1996 elections. Re-elected in 1999, he was appointed Minister of Communications in March 2001, serving until February 2003, when he was elected Knesset Speaker following the 2003 elections. During his term as Speaker, he was criticized for breaking the tradition of political neutrality of the post; he was one of Ariel Sharon's harshest critics regarding the disengagement plan, and had a public confrontation with Aharon Barak, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, concerning the court's authority to declare legislation illegal.

Rivlin was re-elected in 2006 and 2009. He ran in the 2007 election for President as the Likud candidate. He withdrew after the first round of voting when it became clear that Kadima MK Shimon Peres had sufficiently broad support to inevitably win in a run-off.

On 30 March 2009, the Knesset elected Rivlin as Speaker with a majority of 90 votes out of 120.

For his first official visit as Knesset Speaker, he chose the Arab-Israeli town of Umm al-Fahm, just south of the Galilee. He was accompanied by MKs Uri Orbach (The Jewish Home) and Afu Agbariyah (Hadash), a resident of the city.

Since 1999, Rivlin has employed Rivka Ravitz, a Haredi woman, first as his bureau chief and campaign advisor, and, upon his election to President, as his chief of staff. Ravitz is credited with managing Rivlin's successful campaigns for Knesset Speaker and President of Israel, and often accompanies him on his local appearances, as well as visits to foreign heads of state.

President of Israel

Rivlin was elected as the 10th President of Israel on 10 June 2014, receiving the support of 63 MKs in a runoff vote against MK Meir Sheetrit. In his bid to become President, he won support from both Arab legislators who appreciated his courtesy, and from right-wingers like Naftali Bennett and Danny Danon, who joined him in a desire to make the West Bank a part of Israel proper.

Rivlin was sworn in on 24 July 2014, succeeding Shimon Peres. Upon his election as President, he immediately ceased being a member of the Knesset.

On 25 March 2015, Rivlin, in his role as President, officially chartered incumbent Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu with the assignment of forming a new government following elections the previous week. In his remarks during the ceremony, Rivlin noted that the first priority of the new government should be to mend the frayed relationship Israel's government has with the United States, and he expressed his disapproval of Netanyahu's election day exhortation that Arab voters were being bused to polling booths by NGOs and were voting "in droves". "One who is afraid of votes in a ballot box will eventually see stones thrown in the streets", said Rivlin.

Other critical issues he recommended the new government address included establishing greater stability to avoid early elections and "healing the wounds, mending the painful rifts, which have gaped open in the past years, and widened further in the course of this recent election".

In July 2015, following Rivlin's condemnation of the firebombing of a Palestinian home by suspected Jewish extremists that resulted in the death of a Palestinian toddler, Rivlin received death threats. Rivlin labelled those who committed the violence as "terrorists", lamenting that his own people had "chosen the path of terror", and that Israel was lax in confronting Jewish religious terrorism.

On 6 April 2019, following inconclusive elections, Rivlin gave Netanyahu, the head of the larger bloc, the first opportunity to pull together a coalition. When Netanyahu was unable to do so, the Knesset was dissolved, and a new election were called for September of the same year. the September election was inconclusive, and on 25 September 2019, Rivlin gave Netanyahu the opportunity to form a government, as he was again the head of the larger bloc. Netanyahu was again unable to form a coalition. as a result, Rivlin gave the opportunity to Benny Gantz. On 21 November 2019, Rivlin gave formal notice to Knesset Speaker Yuli Edelstein that Gantz's mandate to form a government had drawn to a close and the mandate to create a governing coalition would now lie with the Knesset, where any MK would have 21 days to garner a Knesset Majority to form a government. This was the first time in Israel's history that the Knesset had been tasked with doing so, and its subsequent failure to do so led to a third election being scheduled for March 2020.

The 2020 election was inconclusive, leading Rivlin to give Gantz the mandate a second time on 16 March 2020. Gantz was unable to form a government, but reached a deal with Netanyahu to form a unity government. with the two rotating the position of Prime Minister after 18 months. as a result, Rivlin gave Netanyahu the mandate on 9 May, leading to the formation of a new government. the government collapsed in December 2020 following a failed budgetary vote, leading to new elections in March 2021. The election was inconclusive, and Rivlin gave Netanyahu the mandate to form a government on 6 April 2021. Netanyahu failed to form a government, and Rivlin handed the mandate to Yair Lapid on 5 May. Lapid entered negotiations with Naftali Bennett, Mansour Abbas, and other politicians to form a new government, where Lapid and Bennett would rotate the position of Prime Minister. On 2 June, an hour before his mandate was set to expire, Lapid informed Rivlin that he could form a new government. That day, Isaac Herzog was elected to succeed Rivlin as President. the new government was formed and sworn in on 13 June. Rivlin's term ended on 7 July with Herzog's inauguration.

Views and opinions

Although considered a nationalist and hawkish on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Rivlin is a supporter of minority rights, particularly those of the Arab-Israelis. As speaker of the Knesset, Rivlin made his first official visit to the Arab-Israeli city of Umm al-Fahm, often portrayed as a locus of anti-state and pro-Palestine sentiment and agitation.

In June 2010, Rivlin ignored calls to remove Balad MK Haneen Zoabi for joining the Gaza flotilla. Rivlin's actions in defending the parliamentary rights of Zoabi were criticized by some, but others praised his courage in defending Israeli democracy. The same year, a group of rabbis on government payroll called on Jewish Israelis to not rent apartments to non-Jews. Rivlin protested this declaration, saying, "In my opinion, their statement shames the Jewish people. If such a thing were said in relation to Jews anywhere on the globe, a hue and cry would be raised in Israel on the need to stand up against anti-Semitism."

When asked about conditions for African refugees in Israel Rivlin stated, "As a democrat and a Jew, I have a hard time with concentration camps, where people are warehoused." In 2013, Rivlin slammed Beitar Jerusalem F.C. fans who chanted anti-Arab slogans when two Muslim players were added to the team. Rivlin told a gathering of academics: "Israeli society is sick, and it is our duty to treat this disease."

In November 2014, Rivlin cancelled a scheduled performance of Amir Benayoun after the singer released an anti-Arab song. In 2016, Rivlin forbid Balad MK Jamal Zahalka to enter the presidential residence ("Beit HaNassi"), after Zahalka and other MKs of Balad met with the families of Palestinians who were killed while attacking Israeli civilians.

In 2000, Rivlin supported legislation that would make it illegal for women to wear prayer shawls. The law was not passed, but Rivlin's position on the issue led to estrangement with his American-Israeli feminist cousin, Lilly Rivlin. In 2008, the Knesset choir sang the "Hatikva" at a welcoming ceremony without the female members of the choir. Rivlin admitted that as Knesset speaker, he was careful not to invite women to sing so as not to create a conflict with Orthodox Jews.

Rivlin has voiced support for a version of a one-state solution, and remains a staunch supporter of Jewish settlement in the West Bank. In 2010, he said that he "would rather accept Palestinians as Israeli citizens than divide Israel and the West Bank in a future two-state peace solution".

According to Rivlin, Israel's fight is not with the Palestinian people or Islam, but against terrorism. He pointed out that Palestinians could not be expected to accept a two-state solution where "one state is an invincible superpower, and the other is sub-autonomous", while declaring that, "West Bank settlements are as Israeli as Tel Aviv". He told Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, "Israel is working and trying to bring an end to the tragedy with the Palestinians. We must respect the idea (of a Palestinian state) because they're here, and they must recognize the idea that the Jewish nation has returned to its homeland. These are difficult challenges when there is no trust between nations."

Although not Orthodox himself, Rivlin has been critical of non-Orthodox movements in Judaism. In 1989, Rivlin referred to Reform Jews as "idol worshippers", and refused to call Reform Jewish rabbis by their title. Prior to becoming President, he opposed granting equal status to Reform or Conservative Judaism. In 2014, Rivlin said that if non-Orthodox conversion standards were adopted, Jewish status would be based on "a civic definition rather than a religious definition", echoing a Knesset speech he gave in 2006 when he declared: "I have no doubt, and my positions are known, that the status of Judaism according to halachah (Jewish law) is what has kept us going for 3,800 years."

In November 2014, however, Rivlin welcomed at his residence over 50 Reform leaders on the Board of Governors of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion and told them, "We are one family and the connection between all Jews, all over the world, is very important to the State of Israel." In 2015, he did not allow a Conservative rabbi to officiate at a bar mitzvah service at his residence for disabled children who attended a program run by the Conservative movement, but later hosted representatives of the Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox Jewish communities for a joint study session at the President's Residence.

Rivlin once campaigned for Israel to recognize the Armenian genocide. In 2012, he said, "It is our moral duty to remember and remind of the tragedy that befell the Armenian people, who lost more than a million of its sons during the First World War, and we must not make this a political issue. I am aware of the sensitivity of this issue. But let us be clear: This is not an accusation of Turkey today or of the current Turkish government." As president, he has been less vocal on this issue. Concerned about the negative reaction of Turkey if Rivlin signed the petition, unnamed officials of the Foreign Ministry welcomed what they called his "statesmanship".

In February 2018, the Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki stated that "there were Jewish perpetrators" of the Holocaust, "not only German perpetrators." Rivlin condemned his words: "Saying that our people collaborate with the Nazis is a new low...today, more than ever, we must work to educate the world, even some of the leaders, about that dark time."

Rivlin took part in the March of the Living in Poland on 12 April 2018. In the meeting with Polish President Andrzej Duda, he said: "There is no doubt that there were many Poles who fought the Nazi regime, but we cannot deny that Poland and Poles had a hand in the extermination."

Personal life
He was married to Nechama Rivlin from 1971 until her death in 2019, and has four children. Rivlin has been a vegetarian since the late 1960s. Rivlin has been a supporter of the Beitar Jerusalem football club since the age of seven, when he attended his first game. He is fluent in Arabic.

Controversy
According to the Jerusalem Post Rivlin gave a speech in 2017 that criticized Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus government, saying he had witnessed a "continued effort to weaken the gatekeepers of Israeli democracy" and speaking also about the role of the judiciary in Israeli democracy:

There is an abyss between the responsible and courageous attempt to define, after years, the relations between the legislative and judicial branches, to draw borders for judicial criticism, ask questions about appointments, aim for a more varied and representative group of judges – and the attempt to terrorize the [Supreme] Court, weaken it as an institution and invite the public to undermine its authority and rulings.

A few days after the speech graffiti in Bnei Brak appeared calling Rivlin a "Nazi apostate from Judaism". Police were called to investigate the incident.

References

External links

 Reuven Rivlin on the official Rivlin family website
 Rabin eBook, Foreword by President Reuven Rivlin - Fathom Journal

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1939 births
Living people
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli lawyers
Likud politicians
Members of the 12th Knesset (1988–1992)
Members of the 14th Knesset (1996–1999)
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Members of the 16th Knesset (2003–2006)
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Politicians from Jerusalem
Presidents of Israel
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Beitar Jerusalem F.C.
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Quran translators
Articles containing video clips

Reuven Rivlin


Roanoke Island Festival Park is a North Carolina state historic site located at the end of NC 400 in Manteo, North Carolina on Roanoke Island. The park includes a recreated 16th-century sailing ship, living history demonstrators, a museum, and a variety of performing and visual arts.  Admission includes the main attractions and is valid for two days.

Features

Roanoke Adventure Museum
The Roanoke Adventure Museum is an interactive museum about the history of Roanoke Island and the Outer Banks.  Exhibits include the colonial-era English settlers and Native Americans, ships and maritime history, Civil War history including the local Freedmen's Colony, and a 1900s era general store display. Many displays include hands-on activities for children.

Elizabeth II ship
The Elizabeth II is a full-size representative 16th-century sailing ship that was designed and named after one of the seven ships used by Sir Walter Raleigh's fleet when he first brought colonists to Roanoke Island in 1587.  The ship is a square-rigged bark with three masts, and 69 feet long, 17 feet wide and draws 8 feet of water. Guides dressed in period clothing portray the seamen and colonists who traveled to Roanoke with the fleet.

The ship was commissioned to be part of the 400th anniversary celebration of founding of Roanoke and America.  Launched in 1983, she presented to the state as a State Historic Site on July 13, 1984 during ceremonies to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the arrival of the first English ships to the North Carolina Outer Banks.

Settlement Site
Costumed interpreters at the Settlement Site portray the colonists living and working as they did when the island was settled.  Visitors can try blacksmithing, woodworking and colonial games, and see how the colonists lived, farmed and cooked.  Soldiers display the weapons and armor they used to protect themselves. Other trade crafts include shoemaking, carpentry, leatherworking and canvas works.

The Legend of Two Path
The "Legend of Two Path" is a 50-minute docu-drama film that portrays the views of the Algonquians about the arrival of the English colonists.  The film was produced by the School of Film Making at University of North Carolina School of the Arts, and is shown several times a day in the 242-seat Film Theater.

American Indian Town

Also on the grounds is a recreation of an American Indian settlement which would have been typical of the time period, such as that of the Croatan people who were native to the area when Roanoke Colony was founded.

Outer Banks History Center
The Outer Banks History Center, located in Manteo across from Roanoke Island, is a public research facility focused on the history of the Outer Banks.  The Center features permanent and changing exhibits of local history, and is open on weekdays.  The Center is operated by the North Carolina Division of Archives & History as a regional component of the North Carolina State Archives, and houses many archival historic materials including books, magazines, journals, microforms, personal and organizational papers, manuscripts, photographs, maps, oral history tapes and ephemera.

The Pavilion at Roanoke Island Festival Park
The Outdoor Pavilion at Roanoke Island Festival Park is unmatched in its scenic beauty, modern technology and exciting entertainment. Roanoke Sound's water surrounds the 3,800 square foot stage and provides a consistently charming backdrop for concerts, weddings and performances. The expansive lawn (2 acres) provides seating for up to 3,500 people.

References

 http://roanokeisland.com/default.aspx - Roanoke Island Festival Park Official Web Site

 http://roanokeisland.com/AmericanIndianTown.aspx - American Indian Town

External links

 http://roanokeisland.com/default.aspx - Roanoke Island Festival Park Official Web Site
 http://roanokeisland.com/AmericanIndianTown.aspx - American Indian Town

North Carolina-related ships
Open-air museums in North Carolina
North Carolina State Historic Sites
Protected areas of Dare County, North Carolina
Museums in Dare County, North Carolina
Maritime museums in North Carolina
Historic Albemarle Tour
Festival venues in the United States
Roanoke Island

Roanoke Island Festival Park


George Frederick Will (born May 4, 1941) is an American libertarian conservative writer and political commentator, who writes regular columns for The Washington Post and provides commentary for NewsNation.

In 1986, The Wall Street Journal called him "perhaps the most powerful journalist in America." Will won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1977.

A former member of the Republican Party, Will was a close ally of Ronald Reagan during his presidential campaign in 1980. He assisted Reagan with debate preparation, and was later falsely accused by former President Jimmy Carter of providing Reagan with a top secret briefing book in a scandal known as Debategate, in an allegation Carter later retracted.

In later years, he became a critic of Republican politicians, including Sarah Palin, Newt Gingrich, and Donald Trump. Will's disapproval of Trump's presidential campaign led him to become an independent in 2016, and he subsequently voted for Joe Biden in 2020.

Early life and education
Will was born on May 4, 1941, in Champaign, Illinois, to Louise (née Hendrickson) and Frederick L. Will. His father was a professor of philosophy, specializing in epistemology, at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Will attended University Laboratory High School of Urbana, Illinois, where he graduated in 1959.

After high school, Will went to Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, graduating in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in religion. He then went to England and attended Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied philosophy, politics and economics and received a bachelor's degree (promoted to a master's per tradition). Will then did doctoral study in political science at Princeton University, receiving a PhD in 1968 with a dissertation entitled "Beyond the Reach of Majorities: Closed Questions in the Open Society", alluding to a famous phrase from Justice Robert H. Jackson's majority opinion in the landmark 1943 Supreme Court case West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette.

From 1970 to 1972, he served on the staff of Republican Senator Gordon Allott of Colorado. Will then taught political philosophy at the James Madison College of Michigan State University, and at the University of Toronto. He taught at Harvard University in 1995 and again in 1998.

Journalism career

Will originally had left wing political views, but his views shifted toward conservatism during his studies at Oxford, especially after visiting Communist-controlled East Berlin in the mid-1960s.  Will served as an editor for National Review from 1972 to 1978. He joined  The Washington Post Writers Group in 1974, writing a syndicated biweekly column, which became widely circulated among newspapers across the country and continues today.  his column is syndicated to about 450 newspapers. In 1976 he became a contributing editor for Newsweek, writing a biweekly backpage column until 2011.

Will won a Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for "distinguished commentary on a variety of topics" in 1977. Often combining factual reporting with conservative commentary, Will's columns are known for their erudite vocabulary, allusions to political philosophers, and frequent references to baseball.

Will has also written two bestselling books on the game of baseball, three books on political philosophy, and has published eleven compilations of his columns for The Washington Post and Newsweek and of various book reviews and lectures.

From 2013 to 2017, Will was a contributor for Fox News. Prior to joining Fox News, beginning in the early 1980s, Will was a news analyst for ABC News and was a founding member on the panel of ABC's This Week with David Brinkley in 1981, now titled This Week with George Stephanopoulos. Will was a panelist on This Week until his departure from ABC News. Will was also a regular panelist on television's Agronsky & Company from 1977 through 1984. On Sunday, March 19, 2017, Meet the Press moderator Chuck Todd welcomed Will back as a panelist, stating he had been absent from the program since 1981 and that his return would mark his 52nd appearance.

On May 8, 2017, Will was announced as an MSNBC and NBC News political contributor, in which he provided regular political input on shows such as Today, Morning Joe, and The 11th Hour.

On December 3, 2020, Will received the National Society for Newspaper Columnists 2020 Ernie Pyle Lifetime Achievement Award, in partnership with the Society of Professional Journalists.

Since January, 2022, Will has been a senior political contributor at NewsNation.

1980 Ronald Reagan presidential campaign

Will helped Ronald Reagan prepare for his 1980 debate against Jimmy Carter. Immediately after the debate, Will—not yet a member of the ABC News staff—appeared on ABC's Nightline. He was introduced by host Ted Koppel, who said: "It's my understanding that you met for some time yesterday with Governor Reagan", and that Will "never made any secret of his affection" for the Republican candidate. Will did not explicitly disclose that he had assisted Reagan's debate preparation, or been present during it. He went on to praise Reagan's "thoroughbred" performance, saying his "game plan worked well. I don't think he was very surprised."

In 2004 and again in 2005, Carter accused Will of giving the Reagan campaign a top-secret briefing book stolen from Carter's office before the 1980 debate. In a 2005 syndicated column, Will called his role in Reagan's debate preparation "inappropriate" but denied any role in stealing the briefing book. In response to Will's column, Carter wrote a letter to The Washington Post retracting his accusations. Carter apologized to Will for "any incorrect statement that I have ever made about his role in the use of my briefing book... I have never thought Mr. Will took my book, that the outcome of the debate was damaging to my campaign or that Mr. Will apologized to me."

2009 global sea ice level
In a Washington Post column that expressed doubt over the effects of global warming, Will stated that: "According to the University of Illinois' Arctic Climate Research Center, global sea ice levels now equal those of 1979." This and several other claims attracted the attention of environmentalists, such as British author and activist George Monbiot. Asked to respond, the website of Arctic Climate Research at the University of Illinois states that: "We do not know where George Will is getting his information, but our data shows that on February 15, 1979, global sea ice area was 16.79 million sq. km and on February 15, 2009, global sea ice area was 15.45 million sq. km. Therefore, global sea ice levels are 1.34 million sq. km less in February 2009 than in February 1979." Will responded in a column that he accurately reported the Center's information and the challenge was mistaken. This drew a second response from Monbiot, who insisted Will had not accurately reported the Center's information. The debate continued in several forums, including a subsequent op-ed by Chris Mooney published in The Washington Post challenging Will's assertions.

Column regarding campus assaults
Will's June 6, 2014, newspaper column about "the supposed campus epidemic of rape" was widely criticized, with Democratic U.S. senators and feminists highly critical of the article. Will wrote, "...when [colleges and universities] make victimhood a coveted status that confers privileges, victims proliferate." Will's column sparked an outcry on Twitter, with professed rape victims recounting their stories of sexual assault and violence. In The Guardian, Jessica Valenti wrote: "It takes a particular kind of ignorance to argue that people who come forward to report being raped in college are afforded benefits of any kind." In an open letter to Will, Senators Richard Blumenthal, Dianne Feinstein, Tammy Baldwin and Bob Casey wrote:

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch dropped Will's column from its pages as a result of the column. Editor Tony Messenger wrote: "The column was offensive and inaccurate; we apologize for publishing it." Will responded to the senators in his blog, saying his article was based on "simple arithmetic involving publicly available reports", and that sexual assault "should be dealt with by the criminal justice system, and not be adjudicated by improvised campus processes."

Political views

Foreign policy and national security
Will once proposed that the United States withdraw all troops from Afghanistan and defended Barack Obama's response to the uprisings after the 2009 elections in Iran. He also criticized the Bush administration for engaging in warrantless surveillance, and supported trials for detainees at the Guantanamo Bay prison camp. On immigration, Will supports tighter border security and a "path to citizenship" for illegal immigrants.

Social issues
Will argued that the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision caused a "truncation of democratic debate about abortion policy." On crime, Will is opposed to the death penalty. He thinks that higher incarceration rates make the populace safer. Additionally, Will is generally skeptical of affirmative action programs. Will favors the legalization of drugs.

Economic issues
Will is a libertarian-style conservative who supports deregulation and low taxes as he thinks these stimulate economic growth and are more morally fair. He was opposed to both George W. Bush and Barack Obama's stimulus plans. Will supports abolishing the minimum wage and creating voluntary personal retirement accounts in order to reduce the federal cost of Social Security. In February 2013, Will wrote in support of a proposal by "relentlessly liberal" Sherrod Brown to break up consolidated banks and finance industry conglomerates, ending "too big to fail" by restoring the Glass-Steagall Act.

Campaign finance reform
Will opposes attempts to regulate campaign funding, arguing that any such legislation is unconstitutional and would unfairly favor incumbent politicians. Additionally, he contends that spending money is a form of free speech and political participation. By giving the government power to regulate speech, Will believes that this will make the government "even bigger." Instead, he believes that we need "more speech, advocating less government" in order to reduce the importance of politics in our lives, thus indirectly reducing political spending.

Criticism of Republican politicians
While identified with conservative politics, Will has criticized a number of individuals and policies associated with the Republican Party and American conservatism. He was among the first to oppose President George W. Bush's nomination of Harriet Miers to the United States Supreme Court.

Will was hawkish in the run-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, and he expressed reservations about Bush administration Iraq policies. He eventually criticized what he said was an unrealistically optimistic set of political scenarios. In March 2006, in a column written in the aftermath of the apparently sectarian bombing of the Askariya Shrine in Samarra, Will challenged the Bush administration—and U.S. government representatives in Iraq—to be more honest about the difficulties the United States faced in rebuilding and maintaining order within Iraq, comparing the White House's rhetoric unfavorably to that of Winston Churchill during the early years of World War II. Will described the optimistic assessments delivered from the Bush administration as the "rhetoric of unreality." He criticized the Bush Iraq policy, and broader White House and congressional foreign and domestic policy making, in his keynote address for the Cato Institute's 2006 Milton Friedman Prize dinner.

Will was also a harsh and early critic of both Sarah Palin and John McCain's 2008 election campaign. He criticized Palin's understanding of the role of the Vice President and her qualifications for that role. In late 2011, as the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries approached, Will said that frontrunner Newt Gingrich "embodies almost everything disagreeable about modern Washington", and described him as "the classic rental politician". In a 2013 interview with Reason writers Nick Gillespie and Matt Welch, Will said his views have gradually but steadily become more libertarian.

Will criticized Donald Trump several times during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, calling him a "one-man Todd Akin", and urged conservative voters to "help him lose 50 states—condign punishment for his comprehensive disdain for conservative essentials." In turn, Trump criticized Will and brought attention to the fact that his wife Mari Maseng Will was an advisor to Scott Walker's presidential campaign. Will criticized Trump again, saying Trump was a bigger threat than Hillary Clinton. In June 2016, citing his disapproval of Trump, Will told journalist Nicholas Ballasy in an interview that he had left the Republican Party and was registered as an unaffiliated voter.

In June 2019, Will asserted that the Republican Party had become a cult. In July 2020, Will announced he would vote for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.

Personal life

Family
Will has three children—Victoria, Geoffrey, and Jonathan—with his first wife, Madeleine; their eldest child, Jonathan, was born in 1972 with Down syndrome, which Will has written about in his column on occasion. In 1989, he and Madeleine divorced after 22 years of marriage.

In 1991, Will married Mari Maseng. They have one child, a son named David, born in 1992, and live in Chevy Chase, Maryland, an affluent suburb of Washington, D.C. Maseng is a political consultant and speechwriter who was in charge of communications for the Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign, and most recently worked on Scott Walker's 2016 presidential campaign. She earlier worked on Michele Bachmann's 2012 presidential campaign, and offered her services to the Mitt Romney 2012 campaign. She previously worked for Ronald Reagan as a presidential speechwriter, deputy director of transportation, and Assistant to the President for Public Liaison. She also was a former communications director for Senator Bob Dole.

Religious beliefs
Will is a self-described "amiable, low-voltage atheist".  He was for quite a number of years a fairly active member of the Episcopal Church.

Interests

Will, a Chicago Cubs fan, has written extensively on baseball, including his best-selling book Men at Work: The Craft of Baseball. He was one of the interview subjects for Ken Burns's PBS documentary series Baseball.

References in popular culture
Will was occasionally lampooned in the comic Doonesbury, particularly in a December 1980 sequence of strips in which several characters attend a party hosted by Will for the Reagans.

Will was lampooned in a skit on an April 1990 episode of the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. Dana Carvey played Will as the host of the fictional baseball trivia game show George F. Will's Sports Machine, in which the answers are all highflown literary metaphors that leave the contestants befuddled; the exasperated contestants finally get Will to try to throw a baseball, which he is unable to do.

In the Seinfeld season 6 episode "The Jimmy", Kramer mentions that he finds George Will attractive.

In the 30 Rock season 1 episode "Jack-Tor", Tracy Jordan remarks while reading a newspaper that George Will "just gets more and more conservative."

Honorary awards and recognition
In addition to more than 16 honorary degrees:
 1977: Pulitzer Prize for Commentary
 1978: Headliner Award for consistently outstanding feature columns
 1979: Finalist for National Magazine Award in essays and criticism
 1980: Silurian Award for editorial writing
 1991: Silurian Award for editorial writing
 1991: First Place in Interpretive Columns: Clarion Awards from Women in Communications
 1991: Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism., Arizona State University
 1992: Madison Medal Award, Princeton University
 1993: Honoris Causa initiate of Omicron Delta Kappa at Washington and Lee University
1993: William Allen White Award, William Allen White School of Journalism at the University of Kansas
 2003: Walter B. Wriston Lecture Award, The Manhattan Institute
 2005: Bradley Prize, The Bradley Foundation
 2006: Champion of Liberty Award, Goldwater Institute
On May 18, 2019, The Lincoln Academy of Illinois granted Will the Order of Lincoln award, the highest honor bestowed by the State of Illinois.

Works
 The Pursuit of Happiness and Other Sobering Thoughts. Harper & Row, 1978.
 The Pursuit of Virtue and Other Tory Notions. Simon & Schuster, 1982.
 Statecraft as Soulcraft: What Government Does. Simon & Schuster, 1983.
 "New business initiatives for public policy", In: Craig E. Aronoff, John L. Ward, dir. "The Future of Private Enterprise", Vol 1, Atlanta: Georgia State University, pp169–180
 The Morning After: American Success and Excesses, 1981–1986. Free Press, 1986.
 The New Season: A Spectator's Guide to the 1988 Election. Simon & Schuster, 1987.
 Men at Work: The Craft of Baseball. Macmillan, 1990.
 Suddenly: The American Idea Abroad and at Home. Free Press, 1990.
 Restoration: Congress, Term Limits and the Recovery of Deliberative Democracy. 1992.
 The Leveling Wind: Politics, the Culture and Other News, 1990–1994. Viking, 1994.
 The Woven Figure: Conservatism and America's Fabric: 1994–1997. Scribner, 1997.
 Bunts: Pete Rose, Curt Flood, Camden Yards and Other Reflections on Baseball. Simon & Schuster, 1997.
 With a Happy Eye But...: America and the World, 1997–2002. Free Press, 2002.
 One Man's America: The Pleasures and Provocations of Our Singular Nation. Crown Publishing Group, 2008.
 A Nice Little Place on the North Side: Wrigley Field at One Hundred. Crown Archetype, 2014.
 The Conservative Sensibility. Hachette Books, 2019.
 American Happiness and Discontents. Hachette Books, 2021.

Notes

References
 Alterman, Eric. Sound and Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy (1999) pp. 87–105 online edition
 Hoeveler, J. David, Jr. (1991) Watch on the Right: Conservative Intellectuals in the Reagan Era, chapter on Will.

  (Carter alleges Will's role in briefing book theft, about 28:30 into the interview)
  (Will's column rebutting briefing book allegation)

 Carter Letter

External links

 Column archives  at The Daily Beast
 Column archives at The Washington Post
 Column archives at Jewish World Review, October 1999 to August 2006

1941 births
20th-century American journalists
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George Will


Walter Schimana (12 March 1898 – 12 September 1948) was an Austrian functionary in the German SS during the Nazi era. He was SS and Police Leader in the occupied Soviet Union in 1942 and Higher SS and Police Leader in occupied Greece from October 1943. Responsible for numerous war crimes and atrocities in the occupied territories, Schimana was arrested by the Allies after the war and died by suicide while awaiting trial.

SS career

Schimana became an early member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP), on 7 December 1926 (Party-Nr. 49042), and joined the paramilitary SA in Munich. After the Nazis came to national power, in 1934 he joined the uniformed Protection Police (Schutzpolizei) with the rank of captain. In 1936, Schimana was transferred to the Gendarmerie as a major. After the Anschluss, he was transferred to the Police Headquarters at Vienna as Commander of the motorized Gendarmerie for Austria. On 15 August 1939, he joined the SS with the rank of Standartenführer. At the outbreak of the war in Europe, he took over command of a field gendarmerie battalion in Poland, France then General Government (Poland) up to 1940. He held command of various schools of the motorized gendarmerie then staff duties into Main Office for the Order Police from 1940 to 1941.

World War II and atrocities

On 4 September 1941, he was appointed SS and Police Leader (SSPF) for the Saratov area, and later attached to the staff of the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) for Central Russia until July 1942, taking part in rear-security operations. From 21 July 1942 to 15 July 1943 he was SSPF of Belarus, with headquarters at Minsk. Reporting to Friedrich Jeckeln, he was responsible for the formation of the Schutzmannschaft (collaborationist police) battalions. Subsequently, he underwent training as a divisional commander and was appointed commander of the newly formed SS Division Galicia until October 1943.

On 18 October, Schimana was appointed HSSPF for Greece, in replacement to Jürgen Stroop, a position he held until the withdrawal of German forces from the country in September–October 1944. He became actively engaged in carrying out the persecution of Greek Jews and the campaign against the Greek Resistance movement. In this capacity, he was instrumental in the formation of the infamous "Security Battalions". After the German withdrawal, he was appointed HSSPF of the Danube Sector, which had its headquarters in Vienna. He remained in that position until the German capitulation.

Arrest and suicide
After Germany's capitulation, Schimana was arrested by the Allies. He died by suicide before he was brought to trial.

See also
Bandenbekämpfung

References

1898 births
1948 suicides
1948 deaths
German occupation of Greece during World War II
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
Sturmabteilung officers
SS and Police Leaders
Holocaust perpetrators in Russia
Holocaust perpetrators in Ukraine
Holocaust perpetrators in Belarus
Holocaust perpetrators in Greece
People from Austrian Silesia
People from Opava
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Nazis who committed suicide in Austria
Waffen-SS personnel
SS-Gruppenführer
Police of Nazi Germany
20th-century Freikorps personnel

Walter Schimana


In January 2017, scientists announced the possible discovery of mud cracks in Gale Crater on Mars. The Curiosity Rover imaged what may be the first mud cracks (desiccation cracks) ever found on Mars. They may have been formed from drying mud. The site, called "Old Soaker," was within an exposure of Murray formation mudstone on lower Mount Sharp.

It is hypothesized that these cracks formed more than 3 billion years ago and then were buried by more sediment. All this material eventually turned into rock. Later wind erosion removed the layers that covered the cracked layer. The cracks were filled with material which was resistant to later erosion. This erosion resistant material formed raised ridges, as some of the surrounding layer was removed.

This is the first sighting of mud cracks. Previously, Curiosity has examined cracks and ridges of different shapes that were made by groundwater carrying minerals, such as calcium sulfate. Cracks for this process were caused by the pressure of overlying sediments fracturing rock.

Gale Crater held ancient lakes that varied in depth and area over time, and sometimes disappeared. Mud cracks show that there were dry times when lakes disappeared. Besides this evidence of mud, Curiosity has found evidence of ancient lakes in older layers and also in younger mudstone. Nathan Stein, a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology led the investigation.

See also
 Aeolis quadrangle
 Geology of Mars
 Impact crater
 Water on Mars

References

Geology of Mars

Mud cracks on Mars


Hayes & Yeading United Football Club is an association football club based in Hayes, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, England. The club was formed in 2007 from a merger of Hayes Football Club (founded in 1909) and Yeading Football Club (founded in 1960). It currently competes in the  and plays its home matches at the Skyex Community Stadium.

History

Hayes & Yeading United Football Club was formed on 18 May 2007 after Conference South clubs Hayes F.C. and Yeading F.C. merged. The club's badge features the Middlesex crest and the colours from both the former sides; the emblem also features the motto Porro Simul: Latin for forward together.

They played their first season in the Conference South in 2007–08 as both former teams did the previous season, registering a 13th-place finish, in the FA Cup they reached the Fourth Qualifying Round, and in the FA Trophy they were knocked out in the First Round. In their second season, 2008–09, they finished fourth, securing a place in the play-offs; they beat Eastleigh 6–4 on aggregate in the semi-final coming back from 4–2 down in the first leg (after being 4–0 down just after half-time). In the play-off final they defeated Hampton & Richmond 3–2 thanks to an opener from Scott Fitzgerald and a brace from Steven Gregory, which brought them back from 2–1 down. This secured a place in the Conference National for the following season, in the FA Cup they were once again knocked out in the Fourth Qualifying Round, however they reached the Second Round of the FA Trophy.

Their first season at the top tier of non-league was a success; whilst many had tipped them for the drop they survived quite comfortably in the end and were in with a chance of a top-half finish until April, when a bad late run of form saw them slide to 17th place at the season's end. For the third consecutive season they were eliminated in the Fourth Qualifying Round of the FA Cup, whilst they lost out in the First Round of the FA Trophy. The 2009–10 season was the merged club's first at the highest level of non-league football. Hayes previously spent six years at this level before their relegation in 2002, while Yeading had not competed at this level before.

For the 2010–11 season, Hayes & Yeading turned fully professional. They reached the final of the Middlesex Senior Cup, where they lost 2–1 to Staines Town. In this season Hayes & Yeading also reached the First Round Proper of the FA Cup, playing against League 1 Wycombe Wanderers; the club lost 2–1 to a stoppage-time winner from Gareth Ainsworth. The tie was played at Church Road in front of a crowd of 1,426. They once again failed to progress beyond the First Round of the FA Trophy. On 19 April 2011 Hayes & Yeading played their last match at Church Road, beating Gateshead 3–1; despite having spent most of the season in and around the bottom four, this proved enough to allow them to finish 16th in their fourth season, representing a continuous improvement in final league positions since the merger. Hayes & Yeading began a groundshare at Kingfield Stadium, home of Woking, while a new stand was built on the site of Yeading's old ground, The Warren.

On 28 May 2011 Garry Haylock resigned as the first team manager of Hayes & Yeading United, and on 16 June 2011 Nas Bashir was appointed the new manager. In the 2011–2012 season, whilst playing at Kingfield, consistently poor league form meant that the club was relegated back into the Conference South, despite beating the odds to win a relegation six-pointer at Lincoln City, registering a 21st-place finish. They failed to repeat the previous season's FA Cup success, falling in the Fourth Qualifying Round, whilst for the third consecutive season they were eliminated in the First Round of the FA Trophy.

On 4 February 2013 Nas Bashir left the club by mutual consent, with Director of Football Tony O'Driscoll taking temporary charge of first-team affairs before his permanent appointment was confirmed on 25 February 2013. Following a 7–1 away defeat to relegation rivals Staines Town on 4 April, O'Driscoll resigned to retake his role as Director of Football; first team coaches Tristan Lewis and Delroy Preddie were appointed to take charge as joint managers for the remaining six games of the season. Hayes & Yeading registered their lowest-ever league finish, clinching 17th place in the Conference South. Their poor cup form continued, as they lost out once again in the Fourth Qualifying Round of the FA Cup, and their below-par FA Trophy form continued as, for the fourth consecutive season, they were knocked out in the First Round of the FA Trophy.

On 9 May 2013 the club announced Phil Babb (former defender for Republic of Ireland, Bradford City, Coventry City, Liverpool, Sporting CP and Sunderland) as their new manager.

Hayes & Yeading United were relegated at the end of the 2013–14 season, but because of Hereford United's expulsion from the Conference Premier, both Hayes & Yeading and Chester earned relegation reprieves. The club's cup fortunes continued to stagnate: they were knocked out in the Second Qualifying Round of the FA Cup and for the fifth consecutive season lost out in the First Round of the FA Trophy.

In the 2014–15 season, Hayes & Yeading narrowly avoided relegation, finishing 19th despite a promising start to the campaign, winning their two opening games. Their woeful cup form persisted with their second consecutive Second Qualifying Round exit in the FA Cup, and remarkably, for the sixth season in a row, they were knocked out in the First Round of the FA Trophy.

The 2015–16 season saw the club's worst ever league campaign: they finished second from bottom in the National League South despite the reappointment of Garry Haylock as manager, resulting in relegation to the Southern Football League Premier Division. For the third consecutive season the club were knocked out of the FA Cup in the Second Qualifying Round, and their very poor FA Trophy form continued: they failed even to reach the First Round, by losing in the Third Qualifying Round.

Former Oxford United coach Mickey Lewis took the manager's reins for the 2016–17 season in the Southern League, but dropped down to youth team duties in October after a poor run of form. Paul Hughes and Ritchie Hanlon were appointed as joint managers in November, joining from Kings Langley. In the cups, Hayes & Yeading were knocked out of the FA Cup by Worthing in the 2nd Qualifying round, while their FA Trophy hopes were dashed at the first hurdle by Hitchin Town. They were then relegated from the 2016–17 Southern League Premier Division – to complete their 3rd relegation in 5 seasons – despite winning the Southern League Challenge Cup at St Ives Town on penalties.
In their first season at Step 4 of the football pyramid playing in the Southern League Eastern Division, the club narrowly missed out on automatic promotion scoring 103 goals in 42 games. A third-place finish saw them qualify for the Play-offs but they lost in the semi-final by a single goal to Cambridge City
At the end of the 2017–18 season the club were transferred to the South Central Division of the Isthmian League. After leading the Division for much of the season they secured the club's first title as a merged club with three games still to play, once again topping 100 league goals to win the Isthmian League South Central Division.

Ground
The club initially played at Hayes's former ground, Church Road. This was sold to fund the demolition and building of a new ground at Yeading's former home, The Warren. Church Road closed in 2011, and the club spent many years ground sharing with Woking (2011–14) and Maidenhead United (2014–16) as construction of the new ground took longer than anticipated.

The SkyEx Community Stadium finally opened in 2016, however safety concerns saw the ground close temporarily, and the club spent the remainder of the 2016–17 season sharing at Beaconsfield Town, before moving in permanently at the start of the 2017–18 season.

The comedy TV show Ted Lasso uses the SkyEx to depict the training ground and offices of fictional Premier League team AFC Richmond.

Players

First-team squad

Non-playing staff
As of 23 November 2022

Honours
Conference South
 Play-off winners: 2008–09
Isthmian League
South Central Division champions: 2018–19
Southern League
Challenge Cup winners: 2016–17
Middlesex Senior Cup
 Winners: 2022-23
 Runners-up: 2010–11

References

External links

 Official website

Football clubs in England
Sport in the London Borough of Hillingdon
National League (English football) clubs
Football clubs in London
Association football clubs established in 2007
2007 establishments in England
Isthmian League clubs
Southern Football League clubs

Hayes & Yeading United F.C.


Altrincham Grammar School for Girls, also known as Altrincham Girls Grammar School (AGGS) is a girls' grammar school with academy status in Bowdon, Greater Manchester, England. With about 1,250 students aged 11 to 18, it is the biggest single-sex grammar school in England.

History
Altrincham Grammar School for Girls was founded in 1910. With many other schools, it was a product of the Education Act 1902, which set out to build new schools to provide enhanced education for girls. Originally dual schools for girls and boys were envisaged for the site, which had been occupied by a substantial derelict house with spacious grounds, Bowdon Lodge. However, it was finally agreed that there was insufficient space for both, and the girls' school was built there and Altrincham County High School for Boys, now Altrincham Grammar School for Boys, was built elsewhere.

The building was designed to accommodate one hundred and eighty children, thirty of whom were at nursery age, and the school was opened on Monday, 4 July 1910. In September 1910, the school was eventually populated by sixty pupils. Three full-time and five part-time staff were employed. In 1931, the school's 21st anniversary, it lost most of its preparatory department. The headmistress for the first twenty-three years of AGGS was Miss Mary Howes Smith; she retired in 1933.

The school motto, which can still be seen on an illuminated light-oak board in the main hall, is Fortiter, Fideliter, Feliciter: Bravely, Faithfully and Cheerfully.

During the late 1960s the school expanded further, across Cavendish Road and into a large Victorian Villa known as 'Breeze Hill'. The villa had extensive grounds, which the school put to good use with a number of Portakabin like classroom structures. The rooms within the villa were also made into classrooms including a large art room which benefited from the light from the large Victorian windows. The difficulty came as the pupils had to cross Cavendish Road, sometimes a number of times each day, and the road was fairly busy, causing safety issues.

The school has undergone much building work. In 1983, Fairlie was built on the opposite side of Cavendish Road. The school has seen developments to the Main school building as well, beginning with the science block at the East Wing was built, and continuing with a new reception area and Dining room, plus a new science staffroom and four new science labs. The West wing, with a new library, was added in 2003. It features a floating first floor with a stainless steel staircase in the middle. The most recent addition to AGGS is the new Breeze Hill, replacing an older building of the same name and including three Geography and History rooms and an ICT suite as well as a Training Room, where courses and conferences for teachers from around the North-West are held.

In 2010 the school celebrated its centenary year; a centenary garden was built in commemoration.

In 2011, the headmistress from 1997 onward, Dame Dana Ross-Wawrzynski, set up the 'Bright Futures Educational Trust'. This is a partnership between AGGS and disadvantaged schools around East Manchester which attempts to help failing schools improve their performance. It began with Cedar Mount High School, now Cedar Mount Academy, which is located in Gorton, Manchester. Teachers from AGGS were sent on a temporary post to help teachers at Cedar Mount to improve their techniques. Heading the Trust became such a large job for Ross-Wawrzynski that she decided to hand over the management of Altrincham Grammar school for Girls to her Deputy, Mrs Mary Speakman, at the start of the school year beginning 2012. Speakman has since retired and the new head, Miss Stephanie Gill, took over her role at the start of the school year beginning 2014.

In December 2017, the school announced it was introducing a gender-neutral policy in communications for the sake of transgender and gender-questioning students, and would transition away from describing pupils as "girls".

The school site has been used by many production companies; the BBC used the Main Hall for the CBBC show All at Sea and it was later used by Netflix.

Results
AGGS is one of the highest achieving schools in England and has gained status as a language college. In 2000 Ofsted found it to be "an extremely effective school that sets very high standards and achieves these through high quality teaching and excellent management and leadership". Most recently it has had excellent results in national GCSE exams with all students achieving an A*-C grade (a 100% pass rate) and with 80% of these students achieving at least a B. In 2007 it was listed fourth by The Independent among grammar schools with excellent A-level results. In 2008, At A2-Level, over 80% of students achieved all Bs or As, a high result nationally.

Feminist society controversy
In the 2010s students started a feminist society and engaged with a national campaign called Who Needs Feminism, which involved posting pictures online of themselves holding placards with statements about their feminist convictions. After students received threats and abuse online in response to the pictures, school management, which had initially been supportive, asked that they be taken down. One of the students then published an op-ed in The Guardian accusing the school of failing to protect its students. The school's statement in response said that they only "recommend[ed]" that the pictures be removed. The students' campaign has since gone national after coverage on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour.

References

External links
Altrincham Grammar School for Girls website

Educational institutions established in 1910
Grammar schools in Trafford
1910 establishments in England
Altrincham
Academies in Trafford
Girls' schools in England

Altrincham Grammar School for Girls


Organic chemistry is the study of chemical compounds that contain carbon. Carbon has the ability to form a chemical bond with a wide variety of chemical elements and other carbon atoms. This allows a nearly unlimited number of combinations, called organic compounds. The subject of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry because all known organisms, or living things, are made up of water and carbon compounds. Organic chemistry largely involves the synthesis, or formation, of organic products by chemical reaction using different reactants and reagents, the substances used up during a reaction. Several different areas of chemistry expand on the concepts and principles of organic chemistry, including biochemistry, microbiology, organometallic chemistry and medicine.

History
The term organic originates from Jons Jacob Berzelius, a 19th century Swedish scientist, who used the term to refer to substances present in living things. During Berzelius' time, the vital force theory was popular. This theory stated that a life force was needed to produce the organic compounds found only in living things. The vital force theory began losing support after an 1828 experiment conducted by Friedrich Wöhler. His work showed that urea, an organic compound, could be created from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound.

Hydrocarbons

The study of hydrocarbons is a very large part of organic chemistry.  Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen in the form of chains.  Hydrocarbons can be classified into two categories based on the presence of a benzene ring, a circular type of hydrocarbon.  Aliphatic hydrocarbons do not contain a benzene ring and aromatic hydrocarbons do.

Reactions
Organic chemistry reactions happen because electrons are not shared evenly in a chemical bond. Some atoms or molecules, like oxygen, nitrogen, and negatively charged anions, are nucleophilic because they have extra electrons and want to be around positive charges. Others, such as H+ and other positively charged cations, are electrophilic and want to be around negative charges. When an organic molecule has a positive charge, it is called a carbocation. It is also an electrophile. When nucleophiles and electrophiles mix, a reaction can occur.

Common reaction mechanisms
A reaction mechanism is a series of smaller reactions that form an overall reaction. Two basic mechanism types are substitution and elimination reactions. They are very important in the study of organic chemistry mechanisms because many more complicated mechanisms use them.

Substitution Reactions (SN1 & SN2)
Nucleophilic substitution occurs when an atom or group of atoms detaches from an organic molecule and is replaced by another. If the leaving and adding happens at the same time, it is called a SN2 reaction. If the leaving group breaks away from the organic molecule and forms a carbocation before substitution occurs, it is called an SN1 reaction.

Elimination Reactions (E1 & E2)
Elimination occurs when two groups are broken off of an organic molecule by a strong acid and the resulting charges form a double bond. Usually one of the groups is a nucleophile and the other is a hydrogen atom.  If both groups are pulled off at the same time, it is called an E2 reaction. If one group is pulled off first and forms a carbocation before the second group is removed, it is called an E1 reaction.

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry is the study of molecules in space. It looks into the arrangement of atoms inside of molecules in space relative to one another and how they will interact. Molecules that have the same chemical make up but are arranged differently are called isomers. Famous chemist Louis Pasteur was an early researcher of stereochemistry.

A central part of the study of sterochemistry is chirality. Put simply, chirality looks at the symmetry in chemical molecules. If an object cannot be superimposed onto its mirror image, then it is a chiral object. If it can, it is called achiral.

Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interactions between light energy and matter. We are able to see colors because of energy absorption by organic and inorganic compounds. When a plant undergoes photosynthesis, it traps energy from the sun, and this is an example of an interaction between energy and organic compounds.

Spectroscopy is used to identify organic molecules in unknown compounds. There are many types of spectroscopy, but most important to organic chemistry are infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

References

Other websites

Portal site on Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Help!
Organic Chemistry: An Introduction
MIT.edu, OpenCourseWare: Organic Chemistry I
HaverFord.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text
Journal of Organic Chemistry (subscription required) (Table of Contents)
Organic Letters (Pubs.ACS.org, Table of Contents)
Thime-Connect.com , Synlett
Thieme-Connect.com , Synthesis
Organic-Chemistry.org, Organic Chemistry Portal - Recent Abstracts and (Name)Reactions
Orgsyn.org, Organic Chemistry synthesis journal
Ochem4free.info, Home of a full, online, peer-reviewed organic chemistry text
CEM.MSU.edu , Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Resources WorldWide - A collection of Links
Organic.RogerFrost.com, Roger Frost's Organic Chemistry - mechanisms and animation for teaching and learning, typically for ages 15–19
ChemHelper.com, Organic chemistry help
Organic-Chemistry-Tutor.com, Organic Chemistry Tutor
ACDlabs.com , Chemical Freeware
Chemaxon.com , Chemical Freeware from ChemAxon.
AceOrganicChem.com ,
OrgChemInfo.8k.com , A collection of Organic chemistry Resources
Benzylene.com , Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms, and Problems
Beilstein-Journals.org, Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry (Open Access)
Study-Organic-Chemistry.com, Resources for Success in Organic Chemistry

Branches of chemistry

Organic chemistry


What If God Were the Sun? is a 2007 American television film directed by Stephen Tolkin and starring Lacey Chabert and Gena Rowlands. Written by Janet Dulin Jones and Jamie Pachino, based in part on a novel by John Edward, the film is about a dedicated nurse whose life is disrupted by her father's death. After losing her job, she finds comfort and inspiration in caring for a terminally ill woman with a quick wit and strong faith. What If God Were the Sun? was originally broadcast by Lifetime Television on May 14, 2007.

Plot
Jamie is an ER nurse preparing for her upcoming wedding. When her policeman father unexpectedly dies in a hospital room adjacent to the one in which she's caring for a patient, her grief consumes her life, severely affecting her job performance and her relationship with her fiancé. Not until she meets Melissa, who is facing death from cancer with a sunny outlook and an unwavering faith in God, does Jamie begin to cope with her feelings and question her religious beliefs, including her conviction that the afterlife doesn't exist.

Cast

 Lacey Chabert as Jamie Spagnoletti
 Gena Rowlands as Melissa Eisenbloom
 Sam Trammell as Jeff
 Sarah Rafferty as Rachel Eisenbloom
 Klea Scott as Carmen
 Amanda Brugel as Lupe
 Diana Reis as Katherine
 Kim Roberts as Maricela
 Maria Ricossa as Alma
 Illya Torres-Garner as Raul
 Ernesto Griffith as Captain Herbert
 Yogesh Chotalia as Dr. Browning
 David Stuart Evans as Michael
 Robert Marshall as Orlando
 Jan Skene  as Dr. Greenberg

Critical reception
In her review in Variety, Laura Fries said, "Rowlands is easily the best thing about the pic, and faces its many challenges, including cliches and colossally bad dialogue, with her reputation fairly unscathed . . . ultimately even [her] presence can't save the film from its own overwrought emotions and preposterous posthumous allusions. Perhaps the dead are always with us, but they would surely be grateful to miss this one."

Marilyn Moss of The Hollywood Reporter observed, "Its parts don't always mesh or make sense - storywise and otherwise - but anyone who stays with the characters long enough won't come away empty-handed . . . the story [wants] to be too many things and encase too many issues and events. Still, who cares about such small matters if it means getting to watch Gena Rowlands on the screen?"

Nominations
Gena Rowlands was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie for her performance.

References

External links

2007 television films
2007 films
2007 drama films
Lifetime (TV network) films
2000s English-language films

What If God Were the Sun?


The 52nd Grey Cup was hosted at CNE Stadium in Toronto, Ontario on November 28, 1964. The BC Lions defeated the Hamilton Tiger-Cats 34–24, the first Grey Cup victory for BC.

Bill Munsey on offence and defence
BC player Bill Munsey scored two touchdowns in the third quarter, one on offence and another on defence. Having replaced injured running back Bob Swift, he took a handoff from quarterback Joe Kapp, and broke over right guard for an 18-yard touchdown. Later in the quarter, at the BC 35-yard line, Hamilton quarterback Bernie Faloney lateraled to halfback Johnny Counts, who dropped the ball. In the ensuing scramble for the fumbled ball, Munsey picked it up and ran 71 yards for another touchdown. Bob Swift, Willie Fleming and Jim Carphin also scored TDs for the Lions, the latter on a pass from Pete Ohler on a botched field goal attempt.

Video

External links

Grey Cup
Grey Cup
Canadian football competitions in Toronto
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
BC Lions
1964 in Toronto
1964 in Canadian television
November 1964 sports events in Canada

52nd Grey Cup


Castle Ravenloft Board Game is a board game published in 2010 by Wizards of the Coast. It was the first game released in the Dungeons & Dragons Adventure System board game series.

Overview
In Castle Ravenloft Board Game, the players control Heroes who have come to Barovia to discover the secrets of Castle Ravenloft, and must work as a team to succeed in the adventures within the castle. It features multiple scenarios and quests.

Gameplay
Castle Ravenloft Board Game is a co-operative game for 1-5 players.  Each player selects a Hero, and can choose from the Dragonborn Fighter, Human Rogue, Dwarf Cleric, Eladrin Wizard, and Human Ranger.

Contents
Castle Ravenloft Board Game includes 40 plastic heroes and monsters, 13 sheets of interlocking cardstock dungeon tiles, 200 encounter and treasure cards, a rulebook, a scenario book, and a 20-sided die.

Reception
David M. Ewalt of Forbes comments: "Count Strahd von Zarovich and Castle Ravenloft — stars of a beloved Dungeons & Dragons setting — make their board game debut. It's like playing fourth edition D&D, but without a dungeon master or most of the rules. Anyone can play, even if they don't know D&D. It's cooperative, challenging and fun."

Scott Taylor of Black Gate comments: "I have to give the designs props for creating a fresh version of an old concept and if you're looking to have a few hours of fun on a weekend night".

Castle Ravenloft won the Origins Award for Best Board Game of 2010.

Castle Ravenloft Boardgame received the gold ENnie Award for Best RPG Related Product.

References

Board games introduced in 2010
Dungeons & Dragons board games
ENnies winners
Origins Award winners

Castle Ravenloft (board game)


Alan Sanford Prince (born 1946) is a Board of Governors Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at Rutgers University-New Brunswick.  Prince, along with Paul Smolensky, developed Optimality Theory, which was originally applied to phonology, but has been extended to other areas of linguistics such as syntax and semantics.

Biography
Prince went to high school in Fairfax, Virginia, got his BA with "great distinction" from McGill University, and received his PhD from MIT in 1975. Before coming to Rutgers, he was a professor of linguistics at Brandeis University and at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 2010 Prince was named the Rutgers Board of Governors Professor of Linguistics. He became an Emeritus Professor at Rutgers in 2015 upon his retirement. The "Short 'schrift for Alan Prince" was assembled for this occasion, and presented to him at the 2015 Rutgers Typology Workshop.

Prince is married to Jane Grimshaw, who is a Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at Rutgers University.

Awards
In 1998, Prince was named a fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

Key Publications
A. Prince, P. Smolensky. 2008. Optimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar

J.J. McCarthy, A. Prince. 1995. Faithfulness and reduplicative identity.

J.J. McCarthy, A. Prince. 1993 Generalized alignment. Springer.

S. Pinker, A. Prince. 1988.  On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition
Cognition.

A. Prince, 1983. Relating to the grid. Linguistic Inquiry.

M. Liberman, A. Prince. 1977. On stress and linguistic rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry

References

External links
 Homepage at Rutgers

Linguists from the United States
American phonologists
1946 births
Living people
People from Fairfax, Virginia
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society

Alan Prince