Sociology of the body is a branch of sociology studying the representations and social uses of the human body in modern societies.

Early theories
According to Thomas Laqueur, prior to the eighteenth century the predominant model for a social understanding of the body was the "one sex model/one flesh model". It followed that there was one model of the body which differed between the sexes and races, for example, the vagina was simply seen as a weaker version of the penis and even thought to emit sperm.

This was changed by the Enlightenment. In the sixteenth century, Europe began to participate in the slave trade and in order to justify this a large quantity of literature was produced showing the deviant sexuality and savagery of the African (Fanon, 1976). In the eighteenth century, the ideas of egalitarianism and universal and inalienable rights were becoming the intellectual norm. However, they could not justify the subordination of women within this theory.

To explain these the biology of incommensurability was created. This essentially claimed that different sexes and races were better adjusted for different tasks and could therefore show the necessity of discrimination and subordination. For example, craniometry was used to show people of African descent to be less evolved than those of European descent (Gould, 1981).

This was also combined with the technological developments which were taking place, leading to people seeing the body as a machine and therefore understandable, classifiable and repairable, one of the first examples of this was the work of William Harvey in the early seventeenth century.

Another early key area of development was the Cartesian Dichotomy. This saw the mind and the body as separated and led to the principle of interaction between the two being an accepted theory on the body until the development of the Structuralist approach in the twentieth century.

The importance of studying the body

Especially important within the sociology of the body tradition is the sociology of health and illness. This is because illness may obviously reduce the level of normal functioning of the body. Also, increasingly people in society believe that illness is prevented by fulfilling activities leading to a healthy body (thus changing one's lifestyle) such as dieting and exercise, as well as avoiding anything that can cause damage to the body, like smoking. Moreover, medical science is now able to alter our bodies through plastic surgery, transplanting organs, reproductive aids and even change in an unborn baby's genetic structure.
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Historical physical practices

Many researchers have worked on this topic in France. The first was probably Jean-Marie Brohm, writing a book titled Body and Politics in 1974 (Delarge), followed by numerous authors. Georges Vigarello wrote Le Corps redressé, in 1978, Christian Pociello Sports et Société in 1981, André Rauch Le souci du corps in 1983, Jacques Gleyse (fr) Archéologie de l'Education physique au XXe siècle en France, in 1995 and L'Instrumentalisation du corps, in 1997. He is specially working on the topic of links between words and flesh.
Various journals are publishing papers in this domain in France: STAPS International Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education, Corps & Culture, and Corps

Body image and related disorders

Sociology of the body has become deeply affected by society and the way in which society views one another, which in turn results in the way in which people, as individuals, view themselves. At one end of the spectrum, there are eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder, and on the other end, there is a growing epidemic of obesity, especially in the US. Both ideals have increased widely over the last few decades due in part to growing mass media coverage in which there are norms within society and the always growing pressure to either look and feel a certain way.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by the refusal to maintain a healthy weight due to the intense fear of weight gain, with the disturbance in perception of the individuals body shape and weight. This disorder is shown in severely underweight individuals who engage in purging, which includes self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, or preferring enemas. People who have anorexia nervosa often think about food/have an appetite however the fear of weight gain dominates the want for food leaving them starving. If these individuals do eat, they search for low calorie foods and also engage in excessive exercise.
Bulimia nervosa is marked by binge-eating, inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain with negative self-evaluation about body shape and weight. Binge-eating is eating a certain amount of food in a limited amount of time, that is typically too much for most people to eat in one sitting. This happens mostly in private and is triggered by low self-esteem, stress, and depression. After these binge-eating episodes, people purge (self-induced vomiting). People with this disorder are overweight or have a normal body weight.
Binge eating disorder is similar to bulimia nervosa in the way that people engage in binge-eating episodes, however they do not purge after as patients with bulimia nervosa do.
Body dysmorphic disorder is an obsessive-compulsive related disorder in which a person is constantly thinking negatively about one's body and engaging in repetitive behaviors to compare themselves to others. These thoughts and behaviors are unwanted, time consuming, and intrusive causing significant stress. This disorder affects men and women, typically starting in adolescents/ teenage years. This disorder may cause an individual to avoid social scenes and isolate themselves from others. People with this disorder often seek treatment such as surgery or skin treatments to approve their appearance.
All of these disorders are rooted in feelings of shame and desire to have control over one's body (Giddens, Duneier, Appelbaum, and Carr 2009). The individual feels inadequate and imperfect. They may have anxieties about how others perceive them which becomes a focus on feelings about their body. (Giddens, Duneier, Appelbaum, and Carr  2009).
Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health, according to the World Health Organization.    With a BMI ( body mass index) of over 25 is considered overweight, and 30 plus is considered obese. According to the global burden of disease, obesity has now become an epidemic with 4 million people dying each year with obesity being the cause in 2017.
Reasons thought to be behind obesity vary widely and are often debated. Some believe it has to do with the "population being a statistical artifact, some believe that childhood obesity is due to compositional factors, and then others believe that the problems are due to something called an "obesogenic environment"." Sociologists are perplexed mostly in the persistence of negative attitudes towards overweight and obese individuals.
From the sociological perspective the interactions that have been seen to show up between society and that of obese individuals is that persons of obesity are more likely to experience employment discrimination, discrimination by health care providers, and the daily experience of teasing, insult, and shame (Giddens, Duneier, Appelbaum, and Carr 2009).

People in or who influenced sociology of the body
 Philippe Ariès
 Alexandre Baril
 Susan Bordo
 Pierre Bourdieu
 Judith Butler
 Peter Conrad
 Mary Douglas
 Norbert Elias
 Frantz Fanon
 Mike Featherstone
 Michel Foucault
 Erving Goffman
 Donna Haraway
 Julia Kristeva
 Thomas W. Laqueur
 Deborah Lupton
 Maurice Merleau-Ponty
 Ann Oakley
 John O'Neill
 Susie Orbach
 Nikolas Rose
 Barbara Katz Rothman
 Dorothy E. Smith
 Bryan Turner

See also
 embodiment theory in anthropology
 sociology of health and illness, a subfield of sociology one of whose characteristics is that it interacts with sociology of the body more than medical sociology does

References

Body
Human body

Sociology of the body


A replica Eleanor Cross was erected in Sledmere, East Riding of Yorkshire, in 1896–98. The tall stone structure was constructed by the Sykes family of Sledmere. Engraved monumental brasses were added after the First World War, converting the cross into a war memorial.

Village cross
The  high cross was commissioned by Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet (1826–1913). His wealthy merchant family had moved to Sledmere in the early 18th century and resided at Sledmere House.

The cross was designed by the architect Temple Lushington Moore, as a village cross, closely modelled on the 13th-century Eleanor cross at Hardingstone, Northamptonshire, with two square tiers on two octagonal tiers, standing on a base with eight steps and a plinth that is inscribed with the words of the Lord's Prayer. It was built from limestone ashlars by the stonemasons Thompsons of Peterborough, with ornamental carving by John Barker of Kennington, and erected at the west side of the village, near the Church of St Mary, part of the Sykes Churches Trail.

The first tier has blind tracery panels separated by pillars with pinnacles, standing on a moulded base, with sixteen carved heraldic shields, representing the arms of England, Kingston upon Hull, Beverley, the Holy Trinity, the See of York, Archbishop William Maclagan, a Gallic cock, and the arms of families related to the Sykes family.  Between the first and second tier is a band with carved flowers and animals.

The second tier has four canopied open niches, each containing a different statue of Queen Eleanor designed by Moore; traces remain to indicate that these statues were originally painted.  The third stage has four blind tracery panels. The fourth tier of the cross in Hardingstone has been missing for many centuries, so Moore created his own design for the top tier of the cross in Sledmere, with four closed niches each housing a statue of the Virgin Mary. The cross is topped by a stone pinnacle and a jewelled bronze crucifix.

War memorial
The cross was redesigned as a war memorial in 1918 by Lt Col Sir Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet, to commemorate fallen officers of the 5th Battalion Yorkshire Regiment, the fallen from the Sledmere estate, and two other soldiers known to him, one who served in the 1st Battalion Cheshire Regiment and the other in Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.

Sykes added a bronze crucifix, and 22 engraved monumental brasses of the fallen soldiers made by Gawthorp and Sons of London. Some of the soldiers wear modern uniforms, but others (especially the officers) are in a 14th-century or Gothic Revival style, often presenting the soldiers as knights or with chivalric references. The brasses were installed over a period of time from 1918 onwards, with separate unveiling ceremonies, ultimately filling in seven of the eight blind panels on the first tier of the cross, with one panel left vacant.  They vary in size and presentation, with one panel containing six in three rows of two, and others containing one, two or three full-length figures.

Sykes attended the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 as an expert on the Middle East, as he was a signatory to the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, but he contracted Spanish flu and died in Paris in February 1919. The villagers of Sledmere commissioned one further figure of Sykes to fill the remaining eighth panel, depicting him as a knight with a shield bearing the Sykes arms and a scroll with the words "LAETARE JERUSALEM" ("Rejoice, Jerusalem").

The figure of Sykes was unveiled on 3 April 1921 at the same time as the last of the other brasses, at a ceremony attended by a guard of honour from the 5th Battalion, Green Howards, with which Sykes served in the Second Boer War and of which Sykes was the commanding officer when the First World War broke out in 1914.  The ceremony was attended by veterans from the 5th Battalion Yorkshire Regiment, and members of the Sykes family, including Mark's widow. The figure of Sykes was unveiled by Father Oswald Smith, Abbot of Ampleforth Abbey; that of Lt Col James Albert Raymond Thomson, commander of the 5th Battalion in 1918, was unveiled by Colonel Commandant George Dominic Price DSO.

It bears an inscription: "THE NAMES INSCRIBED / ON THIS MEMORIAL ARE THOSE / OF OFFICERS AND MEN / OF THE 5 YORKSHIRE REGT / WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES / FOR THEIR KING AND / COUNTRY & THE LIBERTIES / OF MANKIND IN THE YEARS / OF THE GREAT WAR/LET YORKSHIRE MEN / CHERISH THE MEMORIAL/OF THIS HONOURABLE / COMPANY OF CITIZENS / WHO LEFT THEIR PEACE / (...) TO / UPHOLD JUSTICE PROTECT / THE WEAK AND DEFEND / THE RIGHT"; and then lists 24 names.

The cross was listed at Grade II in 1966, upgraded to Grade I in 2016.

Other local memorials
The Grade I listed Wagoners' Memorial, designed by Sir Mark Sykes, stands nearby. Some miles away at Cowlam is a tall stone memorial to Sir Tatton Sykes, 4th Baronet.

See also
Grade I listed war memorials in England

References

Further reading

External links
 5th. Batt. Yorkshire Rgt. Sledmere WW1 Cross, War Memorials Online
 5th Battalion Yorkshire Regiment – Sledmere – WW1 Cross, War Memorials Register, Imperial War Museum
 North Yorkshire  War Memorials – The Sledmere Cross

Grade I listed buildings in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Grade I listed monuments and memorials
World War I memorials in England
Monuments and memorials in England
Buildings and structures completed in 1898
British military memorials and cemeteries
Monumental crosses in England
Sledmere

Eleanor Cross, Sledmere


Acacia argyraea is a shrub belonging to the genus Acacia and the subgenus Juliflorae that is endemic to tropical parts of northern Australia.

Description
The silvery-grey shrub typically grows to a height of . It has smooth, grey to brown coloured bark with two or three angled branchlets covered in dense silky hairs. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The flat and evergreen phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic to elliptic shape with a length of  and a width of  and have three to six prominent longitudinal nerves present of the face if the phyllode. It blooms from April to July producing yellow flowers.

Distribution
It is native to an area of the Kimberley region of Western Australia, to the Northern Territory and north western Queensland north of around 20° in latitude, but is considered to be quite rare in Queensland. It is often in found around areas of shale, but also will grow in lateritic and sandy soils.

See also
List of Acacia species

References

argyraea
Acacias of Western Australia
Plants described in 1970
Taxa named by Mary Douglas Tindale

Acacia argyraea


The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949 was a law that was passed in South Africa in 1949. It was one of the first laws passed during an era known as Apartheid. It made it illegal for "white people" to marry "non-white people". One year later, another law required all people living in South Africa to register as one of four racial groups. The other groups were Black, Coloured and Asian. The law did not criminalize sexual relationships between people of the other groups.

The law was changed in 1968 and abolished in 1985.

According to a study by the South African Statistical Office, there were 1393 mixed-race marriages in 1987; this accounts for 2.1 percent of all marriages of that year.

Apartheid
1949
1940s in Africa


The Criminal Tribes Act was one of the many laws passed by the British colonial government that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification. The Criminal Tribes Act and its provisions used the term Tribes, which included castes within their scope. This terminology was preferred for various reasons, including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu, and preferred Tribes as a more generic term that included Muslims. The origins behind the creation of the act concerned Revolt of 1857 where many tribal chiefs as Dhan Singh Gurjar were labelled traitors and considered rebellious.

The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, expanded in scope through the 1920s, targeted numerous castes in colonial India. According to Simon Cole, a professor of Criminology, Law & Society, the law declared everyone belonging to certain castes to be born with criminal tendencies. They criminalized entire communities by categorizing them as habitual criminals. Because of this label, restriction on their movements was also imposed.

Adult male members of such groups were forced to report weekly to the local police.

Law of British India
History of colonialism
Human rights abuses in Asia

Criminal Tribes Act


Hirt's Gardens is a retail greenhouse located in Granger Township, Medina County, Ohio that sells seeds, seedlings, and mature plants.

Notable Media Coverage
Hirt's Gardens started as a small family business and is managed today by Matthew Hirt, the great-grandson of founder Sam Hirt, it has received national coverage. The Hirt family's greenhouses have received recognition in various historical and horticultural publications. Their greenhouse architecture was prominently featured in the book "Images of America: Strongsville" by Bruce M. Courey and has been noted in historical society books like "Strongsville: We Shape Our Destiny, 1968.".. Additionally, Hirt's Gardens is referenced as a valuable resource on Ohio State University's Horticulture and Crop Science Resource page.

History

Hirt's Gardens is a family business that has operated continuously since 1915 and is one of the oldest retail greenhouses in Ohio. Started by Sam and Anna Hirt, its early focus was on horseradish and vegetables, which Sam Hirt sold in Cleveland. It is believed that Sam intended to pass the business directly to his eldest son, Paul Hirt, but he tragically died in 1918 when the merchant ship he was on, the Otranto, sank off the coast of England." So Sam Hirt passed the business to some of his other sons, most notably Lawrence Hirt, Arthur Hirt, and Hobart Hirt. Lawrence and Arthur started Hirt's Wholesale, which supplied florists supplies, vegetable seedlings, and houseplants to the retail business run by Hobart and his wife, Onalee (née Baker). The retail business was initially called Strongsville Greenhouse and was located at 13867 Pearl Rd, Strongsville, Ohio.

The three children of Hobart and Onalee Hirt were Marie, Clare, and Alan. All worked at the greenhouse in the 1960s and 1970s, and the business was passed on to Clare and Alan in the mid-1970s, who were joined by a third business partner, Paul King, whom they had met at Ohio State University. By then, the greenhouses were known as Hirt's Greenhouse and Flowers. For a while, they operated small florists' outlets at two popular northeast Ohio malls, Great Northern Mall and Beachwood Place. Alan Hirt (along with his wife at the time, Karen Hirt) found great success appearing on local news and radio shows, where they answered common gardening questions. By the late 1990s, the successful business included a floral shop and 14 greenhouses wall-to-wall at the intersections of Pearl Road and Royalton Road, one of the busiest corners in Strongsville.

n 2004, the property was sold to developers, but the business continued. Clare Hirt assumed control of the floral division, renaming it Hirt's Flowers, and relocated it down the road from the original establishment to 14407 Pearl Rd. Hirt's Flowers was subsequently sold in 2014, and while it still bears the Hirt name, it is no longer under the management of the Hirt family. Meanwhile, Alan Hirt and his son, Matthew Hirt, took charge of the horticultural aspect of the business, which is now referred to as Hirt's Gardens and is situated at 4943 Ridge Rd. The original Strongsville greenhouses were demolished in 2005.

References

External links
 Hirt's Gardens Retail Web Site
 Hirt's Facebook Page
 Photographs of the Hirt Family and Their Greenhouses
 Article about Increasing Popularity of Growing Vegetables Featuring an Interview with Alan Hirt
 Article about Hirt's Gardens Sensitive Plants Appearing on CSI: New York
 Link to Images of America: Strongsville, featuring Hirt's Gardens
 Link to Hirt's Gardens appearance on Ohio State University's Horticulture and Crop Sciences Resource Page

Medina County, Ohio
Buildings and structures in Medina County, Ohio
Strongsville, Ohio

Hirt's Gardens


Peurise Teumaga or Peurise Lembaga is a shield originating from Aceh, Indonesia. This shield is very identical to the Peurise Awe, except that it is made of brass instead of rattan. The shield was also used by Acehnese warriors during the Aceh War against the Dutch colonials in the 19th century.

Description
The Peurise Teumaga is made of cast brass or bronze. The decoration often consists of concentric circles made on a lathe using a chisel. Common decorations of six hexagonal stars can also be found on this shield. A rope is attached behind the shield to function as the handle. The diameter of this shield is approximately .

See also

Baluse
Salawaku

References

Shields
Weapons of Indonesia

Peurise Teumaga


NONOTAK, also known as Nonotak Studio, is a collaborative installation and performance project founded by visual artist Noemi Schipfer and architect-musician Takami Nakamoto that was conceived in 2011 with a commission from architect Bigoni-Mortemard to create a mural in the lobby of a public housing building in Paris. Nonotak work with light & sound installations and performance pieces to create ethereal, immersive and dreamlike environments which are built to envelope, challenge and stagger the viewer capitalising on Nakamoto's approach to space & sound and Schipfer's experience with kinetic visual and complex, geometric illustrations. Nonotak are also known for using custom built technology in many of their pieces as well as using conventional technology in unconventional ways to generate a certain desired effect.

Nonotak's installation piece Daydream V2 was nominated for the Prix Cube in 2013  and they were awarded the Art Directors Club of New York (ADC) Young Guns award in 2016. Nonotak were also selected as part of Forbes 2016 30 Under 30 Europe for the Arts.

In 2013, Nakamoto and Schipfer collaborated with Hermès on a window display named Light Excursions shown at Hermès Istanbul  as well as an expanded version at the new Hermès flagship in Galeries Lafayette Paris. In June 2016, Nonotak conceived Hoshi,  their largest piece to date. Presented by Vice Media publication The Creators Project and Toyota, the piece was showcased at one off presentations in New York, Chicago and Los Angeles. A variation of the piece Highline was shown at Day For Night in Houston later that year  along with the projector based performance piece Shiro. Hoshi was also showcased in DJ Snake music video for his hit song "The Half" directed by Director X and that featured appearances by Young Thug, Swizz Beatz and Jeremih alongside DJ Snake.

In 2017 Nonotak collaborated with British film maker Sean Ellis and Stella McCartney on a short film that featured actor Cillian Murphy and music by Paul McCartney filmed over a single night in a forest outside London.

Since the inception of the project, Nonotak have performed and shown pieces at Tate Britain, Sónar Barcelona, Sónar Istanbul, TaicoClub, CTM Festival, Day For Night, STRP Biennial, Melbourne Music Week, Jerusalem Light Festival, MUTEK Montreal, MUTEK Mexico, MUTEK Colombia, Reuse KUwait, TodaysArt, Roppongi Art Night, Mapping Festival, Act Festival Korea, Notte Biancha and many more. The New York Times recently rated Nonotak performance piece Shiro as one of the top 15 performances of Sónar Barcelona 2017.

Schipfer is also a tattoo artist.

References

External links
 http://nonotak.com/

Installation art

Nonotak


Saxifraga paniculata is an alpine species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family, with native distribution in the temperate northern hemisphere. Common names include alpine saxifrage, encrusted saxifrage, lifelong saxifrage, lime-encrusted saxifrage, livelong saxifrage, white mountain saxifrage, and silver saxifrage.

Taxonomy and naming
Saxifraga paniculata was first formally described in the eighth edition of The Gardeners Dictionary by the Scottish botanist Philip Miller in 1768  and is placed in the genus Saxifraga (the saxifrages) and in the Saxifragaceae family. The generic name Saxifraga literally means "stone-breaker", from Latin  ("rock" or "stone") +  ("to break"). It is usually thought to indicate a medicinal use for treatment of urinary calculi (such as kidney stones), rather than breaking rocks apart.

Description

Saxifraga paniculata is a perennial and stoloniferous herbaceous plant with flowering stems 10–30 cm in height. The most easily identifiable feature is its highly dense basal rosette of leaves, which are leathery, flat and stiff. 1–3 cm long, the oblong to ovate leaves are densely toothed and have fine leaf margins; a lime-encrusted white pore is present at the base of each leaf. The rosettes produce erect flowering stems (though nothing might be produced for a few years), whilst the rosettes themselves grow at the end of runners (horizontal, long stolons).

The flowering stems have reduced and scattered leaves which terminate in a somewhat elongated cluster. The flowers are white, approximately 1 cm across and have dots which are either purplish or red. It flowers from mid-to-late June to early August, and produces perfect flowers (as it has both stamens and carpels). The flowers themselves have five petals, two styles, one inferior ovary and a two-beaked seed capsule. Warming (1909) noted that the flowers are protandrous, in the sense that even before the stigmas become receptive the flowers make and disperse pollen. However, as discussed in the 'Ecology' section below, the plant can self-pollinate.

Saxifraga paniculata can sometimes be mistaken for another plant in the same genus, Saxifraga tricuspidata (prickly saxifrage); whilst S. tricuspidata does grow in a similar range, it can be differentiated from S. paniculata by its lack of lime-encrusted pores and by its crowded and much narrower leaves, which apart from three terminating stiff spine-tipped teeth have otherwise smooth margins.

Distribution and habitat
Growing in the Circumboreal Region, Saxifraga paniculata can be found throughout Central Europe, Greenland, Iceland and Scandinavia, as well as in the Caucasus and in North America where it can be found in the northern Great Lakes region, New England and New York State. Only historical records document it in Maine, whilst it is present, though considered a rarity, in Vermont, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland Island, New Brunswick, Minnesota and Labrador.

Saxifraga paniculata is a calciphile, and hence is found in calcareous habitats: an example of which is in a crevice of a basic rock (including basalt and volcanic rock  conglomerates). Of the rock crevices or rock ledges it does grow on, S. paniculata prefers the shady ones.

Ecology
Its ability to close its leaf rosettes when undergoing deleterious environmental conditions such as excessive heat and droughts gives Saxifraga paniculata a very high resistance to sustained photoinhibition and irreversible dehydration; a paper published by Hacker and Neuner in 2006 found that S. paniculata was more resistant to cold induced photoinhibition in winter than any other evergreen subalpine species that the group had studied. Due to the short growing season and the possible lack of pollinators, S. paniculata (like many arctic plants) can self-pollinate - whilst usually avoided in plant species as there is no potential for genetic variation in offspring, it does still ensure in dire conditions that seed is produced and dispersed.

In the wild, Saxifraga paniculata has been observed with many associated species, including but not limited to: Trisetum spicatum, Polygonum viviparum, Polypodium virginianum, Sagina nodosa, Woodsia alpina, Campanula rotundifolia, Rubus pubescens, Aralia nudicaulis, Tortella tortuosa, Aquilegia canadensis, Carex eburnea and Woodsia glabella, as well as lichen cover.

Cultivation
Saxifraga paniculata is cultivated as an ornamental garden plant. Though hardy, it dislikes winter wetness and requires very sharp  drainage in an alkaline or neutral soil. It is therefore often to be found in a rock garden or alpine house. It has given rise to numerous hybrids and cultivars. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
'Lavagreana'
'Rosea'
'Venetia'

References

Flora of the United States
paniculata
Plants described in 1768
Flora of Europe
Flora of Canada
Flora of Greenland
Taxa named by Philip Miller

Saxifraga paniculata


is a Japanese free ad-supported streaming television (FAST). The service was first launched on April 11, 2016, under the name  It primarily functions as an online television network, featuring multiple channels including news, sports, entertainment, anime, and more. Most channels can be watched for free, with the option to become a premium member to view past programs on demand.

Abema is majority-owned by CyberAgent, with a 55.2% stake, and TV Asahi, with a 36.8% stake, while the remaining ownership belongs to various other companies, mostly in the media and entertainment industry.

In 2022, Abema made headlines by broadcasting all 64 matches of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, with all 380 matches of the Premier League starts 2022–23 season until 2024–25 season, which attracted a large audience. Abema continues to provide a popular option for Japanese viewers to watch a wide range of content online for free, while also generating revenue through advertising.

History

Established by CyberAgent and TV Asahi
CyberAgent and TV Asahi announced on March 31, 2015 that they would jointly establish a fixed-rate video distribution company called AbemaTV in April of that year. The company became subsidiaries of CyberAgent, and Shun Fujita, the President of CyberAgent, was appointed as the President of AbemaTV.

On April 11, 2016, CyberAgent and TV Asahi launched the free ad-supported streaming television service, AbemaTV. However, some channels were pre-released starting from March 1 of the same year. AbemaTV can be watched for free in real-time, like regular TV programming, but missed programs can only be watched by becoming a premium plan member, which costs 960 yen per month.

CyberAgent had previously used the brand Ameba, but chose not to use it for AbemaTV due to the existence of a Canadian service called Ameba TV. According to President Fujita, he wanted to convey that AbemaTV was a new and fresh service that was an extension of Ameba, which has been around for over 10 years. However, he also admitted that the name AbemaTV can be difficult to remember, pronounce, and often mistaken, stating that he himself occasionally misspeaks it.

Established position in Japan
On May 7, 2017, AbemaTV's live show Win 10 Million Yen if You Beat Koki Kameda set a new record with 14.2 million views, causing the service's servers to crash. AbemaTV offered the match footage for free on a special website. In December of the same year, AbemaTV announced that the 72 Hour Honne TV program featuring three former members of SMAP had garnered 74 million views. However, according to the financial statement as of September 30, 2017, AbemaTV recorded a net loss of 19.125 billion yen and a deficit of 28.38 billion yen in retained earnings. Despite this, CyberAgent plans to continue investing in AbemaTV in the fiscal year 2018 and expand into peripheral businesses such as radio channel launch and broadcast of shopping programs. The reason for disclosing the losses is to deter other companies from entering this field and also because the parent company, CyberAgent, is listed on the stock exchange and has a responsibility to explain to shareholders that the stagnant operating profit is due to the preemptive investment in AbemaTV, according to President Fujita.

In January 2019, CyberAgent disclosed that the paid service Abema Premium had 358,000 subscribers, a 4.5-fold increase from the previous year, and that AbemaTV's app had been downloaded 37 million times. The service had a record of 9.18 million weekly active users (WAU) during the New Year's holiday period. President Fujita explained that when AbemaTV started about three years ago, the plan was to create a linear TV service on the internet. However, almost all of the package content is available on-demand, with live streaming of news and sports being the only linear content. He also stated that AbemaTV's dramas are 95% on-demand. Fujita expressed his intention to strengthen the hybridization of linear and on-demand viewing in pursuit of user convenience.

On February 25, 2019, AbemaTV began a trial service for viewers outside Japan, with the ability to watch from the United States, Australia, Thailand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Brazil using the iOS/Android app.

In January 2020, CyberAgent announced its Q1 earnings for the 2020 fiscal year (October to December 2019), stating that the media division was boosted by AbemaTV, with a revenue increase of 6.9% to 12.2 billion yen, although there was an operating loss of 5 billion yen. The number of paid members for Abema Premium increased to 593,000.

AbemaTV reaching 50 million cumulative downloads on its smartphone app as of March 4, 2020 was announced by the company. When the station was launched in April 2016, its goal was to achieve 10 million weekly active users who could be monetized through advertising. In 2019, the company achieved this goal for the first time. After March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic acted as a tailwind, and the number of weekly active users reached a record high of over 14.9 million in early April.

In April 2020, AbemaTV changed its name to Abema due to the diversification of services beyond linear streaming to on-demand streaming and other offerings.

Invested in live sports streaming
On June 29, 2021, Abema announced that they would be live streaming 166 Major League Baseball games starting from July 1. The focus of the live streaming was on teams that included Japanese players, such as Shohei Ohtani's Los Angeles Angels. Out of the 166 games, 120 were available for free. On March 31, 2022, Abema announced that they would continue live streaming games for the 2022 season, starting from the opening game on April 8. They streamed a total of 324 games, including all games of the Los Angeles Angels, with 234 of them being available for free. On March 22, 2023, Abema further announced that they would continue live streaming 324 games for the 2023 season, starting from the opening game.

On November 16, 2022, Abema announced that it would livestream for free all 64 matches, including the qualifiers, of the FIFA World Cup Qatar starting from November 21, 2022.

The broadcasting rights fees for the World Cup have been increasing every year, causing many private broadcasters to report losses since the South Africa tournament in 2010. As reported by the Asahi Shimbun on July 28, 2021, negotiations for the broadcasting rights for the Qatar tournament have hit a snag. The domestic broadcasting rights fee for the 1998 France tournament, which was purchased solely by NHK, was 550 million yen, but the amount offered for the Qatar tournament exceeded 20 billion yen, and an agreement could not be reached on the price. As a soccer enthusiast who was concerned that the World Cup might not be viewable in Japan, President Fujita decided to pursue the acquisition of broadcasting rights.

According to the official ranking of viewership by match that was announced, the "Japan vs. Croatia" match in the knockout stage on November 6th was the most watched, and the number of viewers immediately after the match exceeded 23 million. The second most watched match was the "Japan vs. Costa Rica" match in the group stage on November 17th, and the third was the "Japan vs. Spain" match in the group stage on December 2nd. Abema explained that the number of viewers was counted as the "unique browsers" that accessed the site on that day, meaning that even if the same person accessed the site multiple times using different browser apps, they were counted as one person.

On July 21, 2022, Abema announced a partnership with Spotv Now to stream the 2022-23 season of the Premier League. They will live stream approximately one-third of all league games, or 114 matches, on Abema Premier, with some games available for free. Additionally, on February 9, 2023, they announced a partnership with SKY PerfecTV! to live stream three games per match day for the remaining games of the Bundesliga this season on Abema Premier, with some games also available for free.

In 2023, Abema garnered a user base of 6.52 million people in February. According to the Mobile Society Research Institute's survey in the same year, it achieved a recognition rate of 69.4%. Additionally, the survey conducted by Dentsu DY Media Partners revealed that its usage rate stood at 34.4%.

List of channels

Other channels
These channels run on an inconsistent schedule
 Sports Live – Live sports competitions such as the Premier League
 Shogi Live – Live shogi competitions
 Mahjong Live – Live Mahjong competitions
 UFC – Live UFC matches and content (UFC rights was later carried by U-Next)
  – Live honbasho sumo matches and content
 Ultra Games – Live eSports competitions and video game related programs and content
 J.League on Abema (launched at 1 January 2024) - Streams every Live coverage of J2 League and J3 League (starts 2024 season).

See also
 Ameba (website)
 Internet TV

References

External links
  – AbemaTV Official Site
  – AbemaTV, Inc. Company Official site
  – coderzhub Official Site

2015 establishments in Japan
2016 software
Ameba (website)
Android (operating system) software
CyberAgent
Internet properties established in 2016
Internet technology companies of Japan
iOS software
Japanese companies established in 2015
Japanese entertainment websites
Mass media companies based in Tokyo
Mass media companies established in 2015
Online companies of Japan
TV Asahi

Abema


Shōtenrō Taishi (born 31 January 1982 as Nyamsuren Dagdandorj) is a former sumo wrestler from Khovd Province, Mongolia. He joined professional sumo in 2001 and was known as  Musashiryū Taishi until 2007. He made the top makuuchi division for the first time in 2009 and his highest rank was maegashira 2. He wrestled for Fujishima stable (formerly Musashigawa stable). He acquired Japanese citizenship in 2017 and retired shortly before the January 2018 tournament to become an elder of the Japan Sumo Association. As of June 2022 he is known as Nishikijima Oyakata.

Early life and sumo background
It has been reported that in his childhood in Ulan Bator he lived in the same apartment complex as future sumo contemporary Mōkonami, though they never met in person.  As an amateur, Dagdandorj took third place in the open weight division in the Junior World Sumo Championships in 2000. He began his professional career in March 2001, at the same time as Hakuhō. He was given the shikona of Musashiryū, the prefix being a common one at Musashigawa stable.

Career
His rise through the ranks was relatively smooth until he reached the third highest makushita division in January 2003, where an early injury put him out of action and dropped him back to the sandanme division.  He continued to struggle with his own sumo and injuries in these two divisions for the next five years, changing his shikona to Shōtenrō in 2007 in a bid to improve his fortunes. When he finally found his stride again, his steady rise to the top division was a stark contrast to his previous struggles; he reached makuuchi after winning two consecutive jūryō division championships, only the third post-war wrestler after Kushimaumi and Miyabiyama to achieve this feat. All in all, it had taken him 48 tournaments from his professional debut to reach the top makuuchi division, the third slowest at the time amongst foreign born wrestlers. In July 2009 he was awarded the Fighting Spirit Prize for his record of eleven wins and four losses. In the September tournament he won his first kinboshi, becoming the first maegashira in a year to defeat Hakuhō, but could win only one other match. A 9–6 score in the following tournament in November seemed to steady him, but he suffered a surprising slump in January 2010 and a poor 3–12 record saw him demoted to jūryō. He returned to the top division for the July 2010 tournament, and after slipping back to jūryō in September won promotion again for November 2010.

In 2011 he was one of several wrestlers investigated by the Sumo Association after his name was mentioned in a text message about match-fixing. The text, dating from May 2010, was sent by low ranker Enatsukasa, an alleged go-between, to jūryō wrestler Chiyohakuho and said, "the match with Shotenro is for real", implying that bouts with other wrestlers were being fixed. Shōtenrō vehemently denied any involvement in bout-rigging, and in April 2011 was found not guilty by the investigative panel.

He missed the November 2011 tournament after undergoing surgery for appendicitis, dropping to the jūryō division in January. Despite only making a bare majority of eight wins at jūryō 5, this was enough for an immediate return to makuuchi. He had a superb start to the March tournament, winning nine of his first ten matches, but he faded in the home stretch, losing his last five bouts as he was matched against higher ranking opponents. He remained a middle ranking maegashira for several tournaments before finally being demoted to the second division for the March 2014 tournament. He was unable to return to makuuchi, and in September 2015 he lost his sekitori status and was demoted to the makushita division. A 4–3 record at the rank of Makushita #1 in January 2016 was enough to earn promotion back to jūryō for the March tournament in Osaka, but he pulled out of that tournament with only three wins and was demoted back to makushita. This was to be his last appearance in jūryō.

Retirement from sumo
He acquired Japanese citizenship on August 18, 2017, and took the naturalized Japanese name of Matsudaira Shō. Japanese citizenship is a requirement for staying in the Japan Sumo Association as an elder, and with 25 tournaments fought in the top division he was eligible to coach after his retirement from active competition.

Shōtenrō sat out the July 2017 tournament, and was relegated to sandanme. It was disclosed on October 31 that he had been diagnosed with cancer during a health check-up prior to that tournament. At the meeting of the 70 sekitori held that day, all agreed to give Shōtenrō a cash donation as a mark of support. On December 28, 2017, Shōtenrō announced his retirement. He had spent 100 tournaments on the banzuke with a final career record of 494 wins against 484 losses, with a top division record of 164–196.

Shōtenrō has remained in sumo as a coach, originally under the elder name of Kasugayama Oyakata owned by Ikioi. In July 2019 he switched to the Kitajin elder name owned by Endō. In June 2022 he changed his elder name to Nishikijima; the name became vacant in June of the previous year following the resignation of former ōzeki Asashio.

Fighting style
He was an oshi-sumo specialist, preferring pushing and thrusting techniques. He was however also capable of fighting on the mawashi or belt, where he preferred a migi-yotsu (left hand outside, right hand inside) grip. His most common winning move was oshi-dashi (push out), followed by yori-kiri (force out).

Personal life
Shōtenrō married the sister of fellow Mongolian sekitori Kyokutenhō in 2011, and the reception was held in June 2012. As brothers-in-law, the two wrestlers could no longer meet in competition.

Career record

See also
List of sumo tournament second division champions
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers
List of sumo elders

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Mongolian sumo wrestlers

Shōtenrō Taishi


General eXchange Format (GXF) is a file exchange format for the
transfer of simple  and compound clips between television program storage systems.  It is a container format that can contain Motion JPEG (M-JPEG), MPEG, or DV-based video compression standards, with associated audio, time code, and user data that may include user-defined metadata.

GXF was developed by Grass Valley Group, then standardized by SMPTE as SMPTE 360M, and was extended in SMPTE RDD 14-2007 to include high-definition video resolutions.

GXF has a fairly simple data model compared with SMPTE MXF container format since it should be used for file transfers and not as a storage format with no editing capabilities. SMPTE RDD 14-2007 is only 57 pages long, compared with many hundreds of pages for the MXF standards.

Applications and tools

Applications
 The FFmpeg multimedia converter and VLC media player free video player support GXF;
 theScribe LITE is a GXF player that also supports MXF.

Parser and checker
 Grassvalley offers a win32-based tool "tstream", for parsing GXF files and checking to ensure the contents conform to spec.

Tools
 GXF::SDK is a C++ [SDK] that implements the GXF standard to ease the reading, creation, sub-clipping, merge and rewrap of GXF files. It supports: MPEG video, DV, PCM, AC3 and Dolby E audio, Timecode, AFD, VBI and ANC;
 GXFDShowFilter is a DirectShow filter that enables Windows MediaPlayer and other DirectShow-based applications to play back GXF files.

References

Broadcast engineering
Computer file formats
Film and video technology
SMPTE standards
Standards

General Exchange Format


In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge.  A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction).

Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose.

Properties
The complete graph on  vertices is denoted by . Some sources claim that the letter  in this notation stands for the German word , but the German name for a complete graph, , does not contain the letter , and other sources state that the notation honors the contributions of Kazimierz Kuratowski to graph theory.

 has  edges (a triangular number), and is a regular graph of degree .  All complete graphs are their own maximal cliques. They are maximally connected as the only vertex cut which disconnects the graph is the complete set of vertices. The complement graph of a complete graph is an empty graph.

If the edges of a complete graph are each given an orientation, the resulting directed graph is called a tournament.

 can be decomposed into  trees  such that  has  vertices. Ringel's conjecture asks if the complete graph  can be decomposed into copies of any tree with  edges. This is known to be true for sufficiently large .

The number of all distinct paths between a specific pair of vertices in  is given by

where  refers to Euler's constant, and

The number of matchings of the complete graphs are given by the telephone numbers
 1, 1, 2, 4, 10, 26, 76, 232, 764, 2620, 9496, 35696, 140152, 568504, 2390480, 10349536, 46206736, ... .

These numbers give the largest possible value of the Hosoya index for an -vertex graph. The number of perfect matchings of the complete graph  (with  even) is given by the double factorial .

The crossing numbers up to  are known, with  requiring either 7233 or 7234 crossings. Further values are collected by the Rectilinear Crossing Number project. Rectilinear Crossing numbers for  are
0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 9, 19, 36, 62, 102, 153, 229, 324, 447, 603, 798, 1029, 1318, 1657, 2055, 2528, 3077, 3699, 4430, 5250, 6180, ... .

Geometry and topology

A complete graph with  nodes represents the edges of an -simplex.  Geometrically  forms the edge set of a triangle,  a tetrahedron, etc.  The Császár polyhedron, a nonconvex polyhedron with the topology of a torus, has the complete graph  as its skeleton. Every neighborly polytope in four or more dimensions also has a complete skeleton.

 through  are all planar graphs.  However, every planar drawing of a complete graph with five or more vertices must contain a crossing, and the nonplanar complete graph  plays a key role in the characterizations of planar graphs: by Kuratowski's theorem, a graph is planar if and only if it contains neither  nor the complete bipartite graph  as a subdivision, and by Wagner's theorem the same result holds for graph minors in place of subdivisions.  As part of the Petersen family,  plays a similar role as one of the forbidden minors for linkless embedding. In other words, and as Conway and Gordon proved, every embedding of  into three-dimensional space is intrinsically linked, with at least one pair of linked triangles.  Conway and Gordon also showed that any three-dimensional embedding of  contains a Hamiltonian cycle that is embedded in space as a nontrivial knot.

Examples
Complete graphs on  vertices, for  between 1 and 12, are shown below along with the numbers of edges:

See also
 Fully connected network, in computer networking
 Complete bipartite graph (or biclique), a special bipartite graph where every vertex on one side of the bipartition is connected to every vertex on the other side

References

External links

Parametric families of graphs
Regular graphs

Complete graph


Yvette Cauquil-Prince (10 July 1928 – 1 August 2005) was a Belgian-born weaver and master craftswoman who created tapestries in direct collaboration with renowned 20th-century artists and/or their estates.  She is best known for her association with the artist Marc Chagall, which resulted in over 40 tapestries, but she also created tapestries of art works by Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Roberto Matta, Paul Klee, Fernand Léger, Pierre Wemaëre, Wassily Kandinsky, Brassai, Alexander Calder, Niki de Saint Phalle,  and others.

Cauquil-Prince attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts (ARBA) in Belgium, but her mastery of tapestry weaving was largely self-taught, inspired by her study of Coptic textiles and tapestries from the Renaissance and Middle Ages.

She established her first studio in Paris in the late 1950s and later worked in Corsica.  In 1963 Marie Cuttoli engaged Cauquil-Prince to weave Picasso tapestries, under the condition that she would remain in the background and never meet the artist personally.  One of these tapestries, La Fermière, is now in the Picasso Museum at Antibes.

Cauquil-Prince was awarded the Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite in 1977 by the French government.

Collaboration with Chagall
Cauquil-Prince was introduced to Chagall by Madeleine Malraux, wife to the French minister of Culture, André Malraux, shortly after Chagall had created tapestries for the Israeli Knesset in the mid-1960s.  Chagall and Cauquil-Prince formed a close personal as well as professional relationship which lasted until Chagall's death in 1985.

"I am like a conductor," she told an interviewer, "and Chagall is the music.  I must understand the work of Chagall so profoundly that I myself do not exist." Chagall called her "the Toscanini of tapestry," and declared that "there will never be a tapestry by Chagall without you."

In the early 1970s Chagall's wife, Vava, became jealous of her husband's special relationship with his collaborator (Chagall made it a point to tell everyone that Yvette Cauquil-Prince was his "petite fille" and spiritual daughter").  Shortly after executing commissions from the  Jewish Museum Milwaukee and the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago for what would be the first Chagall tapestries in America, Yvette was prevented from working with Chagall for a decade. During this period she developed her association with Max Ernst.

Shortly before Chagall's death Vava relented and Cauquil-Prince resumed their collaboration.  Chagall made Cauquil-Prince promise to continue to translate his works into tapestries, which she did with Vava's blessings and later with Chagall's children and grandchildren with whom she remained very close.

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions
1971, Galerie Verrière, Paris, France
1975, Chapelle des Cordeliers, Sarrebourg, France
1976, Exposition Marc Chagall, Hongrie et Pologne
1976, Exposition Max Ernst, Arles, France
1976, Exposition Max Ernst, USA
1976, Exposition Max Ernst, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Bruxelles, Belgique
1976, Exposition Max Ernst, Arts Center Museum, Philadelphia, PA
1976, Exposition Max Ernst, Art Center, Milwaukee, WI
1976, Exposition Max Ernst, Art Center Museum, Los Angeles, CA
1976, Galerie Dario Boccara, Paris, France
1979, Musée de Heidelberg, Allemagne
1979, Musée de Céret, Catalogne, France
1981, Centre Teschigahara, Tokyo, Japan
1983, Abbaye de l'Epau, France
1985, Musé de l'Athénée, Geneva, Switzerland
1991, Musée de Heidelberg, Germany
1992, Exposition Yvette Cauquil-Prince, Tampere, Finland
1993, Exposition Yvette Cauquil-Prince, Veruela Abbey, Spain
1993, Exposition Yvette Cauquil-Prince, Zaragoza, Spain
1994, Inauguration of Chagall tapestry La Paix, Sarrebourg, France
1996, Three Japanese Museums, Musée Mercéan à Kannùzuwa, (April 2—October 2)
1996, Exposition Yvette Cauquil-Prince (December 2—January 10, 1997), Marseille, France
1997, Exposition Yvette Cauquil-Prince (March 27—May 25), Musée de Liège, Belgium
1997, Musée du Mans, France (July 1—September 2)
1998, Heidelberg, Germany
1998, New York, NY
1998, Minsk, Belarus
2005, Musée du Pays de Sarrebourg (May 13—September 3), France

Group exhibitions

1971, Biennale de Lausanne, Switzerland
1972, Museum of Edinburgh, Scotland
1973, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Charleroi, Belgium
1975, Exposition Paul Klee, Galerie Flinker, Paris, France
1975, Biennale de Menton, France
1976, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, France
1977, Exposition Marc Chagall, Tokyo, Kyoto, Nagoya, Kumamoto, Japon
1980–1981, Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération, Paris, France
1986, Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohana, Kyoto, Japan
1992, Exposition Marc Chagall, Barcelona, Spain
1992, Exposition Marc Chagall, Mexico City, Mexico
1995, Exposition Marc Chagall, Linz, Austria
1995, Exposition Marc Chagall, Saint-Paul-de-Vence and Nice-Cimiez, France
1996, Retrospective in Japan
2000, Exposition Chagall, Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa
2000, Exposition Chagall, Minsk, Belarus
2004, Jewish Museum, Frankurt-am-Main (Chagall), Germany

Selected art fairs
Exhibited by the Jane Kahan Gallery:
2001–2003, Art Miami
2007, Haughton Art and Design Fair New York
2007–2008, Los Angeles Art Show
2008, Moscow World Fine Art Fair
2010, Los Angeles Art Show
2010, Haughton Art Antiques London
2010, International Fine Art and Antique Dealers Show New York
2011, Haughton Art Antiques London

References

1928 births
2005 deaths
French weavers
Women textile artists
Belgian emigrants to France

Yvette Cauquil-Prince


Rudolf de la Vigne (23 December 1920 in Česká Lípa – January 2004) was a German footballer. He holds the record for having made the most appearances for VfR Mannheim in the Oberliga Süd, with whom he won the German championship in 1949.

War and imprisonment
De la Vigne, whose family name comes from his Huguenot heritage, grew up in the Sudetenland and spent his youth years playing for Deutschen Sportverein Böhmisch-Leipa, a club which, at that time, was based in nearby Nový Bor (which was annexed from Czechoslovakia in September 1938 as part of the Munich Agreement). He agreed to sign for Warnsdorfer FK, champions of the newly created Gauliga Sudetenland who had already qualified for the final round of the German Championship, for the 1938–39 season, but he could not prevent the club from losing their four preliminary group matches against Dresdner SC and Schweinfurt 05.

Following the outbreak of war in 1938, aged 18 or 19, de la Vigne was called up to the Wehrmacht and joined the Fallschirmjäger, however was captured in May 1940 and held captive in Rotterdam until the end of the Battle of France. He was then moved to Canada, where he was held as a Prisoner of War in the British-controlled Camp 133 internment camp. There he met a group of Mannheim footballers; Henninger, Jöckel, Langlotz, Müller and Senck, who were all captured fighting in North Africa. Here he gained the nickname "Bella", which would stay with him throughout his career. In February 1946, after six years in Camp 133, de la Vigne was released in the north of Germany, at the Münster detention camp Truppenübungsplatz Münster, which was under British control. A return to the Czech Sudetenland was, for a German, undesirable, given the intense animosity as a result of the annexation of Czechoslovakia, and for de la Vigne was neither personally attractive as his family no longer lived there. This led de la Vigne to move north to Mannheim, of which over 80% had been destroyed during the War, where he was reunited with those footballers he was imprisoned with in Canada. As he joined VfR Mannheim, the team gained the nickname "The Canadians."

Return to football
VfR Mannheim competed in the Oberliga Süd from the 1945–46 season until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1962 (See History of German football#The Formation of the Bundesliga), and de la Vigne was one of the few players to make his professional debut at the highest level aged 26. He played his first game on 1 June 1947, in the 33rd match of the season – a derby match against local rivals SV Waldhof Mannheim –  but could not prevent the team losing 3–0. He did not wait long for his first victory, however, which came 14 days later in another derby – this time a 3–1 win against VfL Neckarau.

On paper, de la Vigne was a striker, but he operated more as a playmaker than a target man and was known for having good technique, and his playing style was described as having an "aesthetic" quality. Until 1948, Mannheim did not perform outstandingly in their league – they finished in 14th 12th and 8th place in the years prior – but in de la Vigne's first full season with the club, 1948–49, he finished fifth in the goalscorers rankings, with 21 goals.

References

External links

1920 births
2004 deaths
People from Česká Lípa
German men's footballers
VfR Mannheim players
Fallschirmjäger of World War II
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Men's association football outside forwards
Sudeten German people
Czechoslovak men's footballers
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by the Netherlands
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Footballers from Mannheim
West German men's footballers
Footballers from the Liberec Region

Rudolf de la Vigne


The Makuleke are a Tsonga tribe living in the Pafuri Triangle of South Africa at the confluence of the Luvuvhu river and Limpopo river in what is now the Kruger National Park. The Tsonga-speaking agricultural and fishing tribe settled the area in the seventeenth century with decentralized homesteads.  When the park was created they were exiled outside the gates, but had title to their lands restored as part of post-apartheid restitution laws. There are about 12,000 members of the clan and they are part of an eco-tourism economic development with the land they received from the park.

The Makuleke tribe are part of the Maluleke Clan (Tsonga) who also include the Mhinga, Xikundu, Mulamula, Xigalo, Hlaniki and others. Historical records show that these people have been in the area of Phafuri and the other parts around the Kruger National Park well over a thousand years. These tribes, who have been living in parts of Mozambique and the Kruger National Park since arriving from the central parts of Africa around AD200, today form a majority among the Tsonga people of South Africa.

History
The history of the Makuleke tribe (Maluleke) can be traced to the time of the Bantu expansion between 100AD and 200AD when African tribes experienced attacks from Arabs from the North of the Great Lakes. The Beja Tonga tribes migrated from those parts and re-established themselves in countries such as Tanzania, Zambia, and Mozambique. The Maluleke tribe is one of the first of the Beja Tonga tribes which emerged at around 500AD and formed part of the first Chopi and Tsonga Valenge groups in Mozambique and South Africa.
The Makuleke tribe, together with their near-relatives, finally settled at the Limpopo river and parts of South Africa led by their tribal leader King Mashakadzi between the 1500s and middle 1600s. Harries (1987) indicates that the Makuleke tribe settled at the Kruger National Park which had not been claimed by any other African tribe and was outside the scope of European settlement throughout history; but by the 1890s their territory was incorporated into the European-led Transvaal Republic. This led to the Makuleke tribe being forcefully removed from the Kruger National Park by the Apartheid regime to make way for the establishment of the conservation area in 1969.

Game Reserve Management
Under the new democracy of South Africa, the Makuleke tribe were afforded an opportunity to reclaim the land and filed a land-restitution claim which they won. They negotiated with the South African National Parks organization and reached a settlement under the Land Claims Court which they were given membership to the eco-tourism management of the area under the Makuleke Communal Property Association in 1998. The court order to recognize the Makuleke tribe as the rightful inhabitants of the land made this the first successful settlement of a land
restitution claim involving a South African national park. The land restitution agreement includes the provision that the land of the Makuleke Region will be managed under a 20 to 50 year contractual agreement and thus it became the Makuleke Contractual Park. According to the contractual agreement, after the 20 years have elapsed either of the signatories can request for the Makuleke Region to be excluded from the demarcation of the Kruger National Park.

References

Tsonga

Makuleke tribe


Clyde Ellsworth "Buzzy" Wares (March 23, 1886 – May 26, 1964) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop during the second decade of the 20th century and a longtime coach in the Majors. Born in Newberg Township, Michigan, Wares attended Kalamazoo College. He stood  (178 cm), weighed 160 pounds (72.6 kg), and threw and batted right-handed.

Wares played only one month and one full season of Major League ball. He came to the St. Louis Browns of the American League late in the 1913 campaign, and stayed through 1914. He appeared in 90 games, and batted .220 in 250 at bats, with 55 hits, no home runs and 24 runs batted in. His manager, however, was Branch Rickey, and when Rickey was the general manager of the St. Louis Cardinals of the National League, he hired Wares as a coach in 1930. Wares would remain on the Redbirds' staff through 1952, a string of 23 consecutive seasons, during which time St. Louis won seven NL pennants and five World Series. Wares worked under eight different Cardinal managers in that span.

During his minor league playing career (1905–20), Wares twice led his league in fielding percentage, although he did commit a league-leading 107 errors in 224 games played for Oakland of the Pacific Coast League in 1910. That season, however, Wares led the PCL with 790 assists, and had 1,287 total chances, for a fielding percentage of .917.

Buzzy Wares died at age 78 in South Bend, Indiana.

See also
 List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches

References
Spink, J.G. Taylor, ed., The Baseball Register. St. Louis: The Sporting News, 1949.

External links

1886 births
1964 deaths
Baseball coaches from Michigan
Baseball players from Michigan
Hancock Infants players
Houghton Giants players
Little Rock Travelers players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Minor league baseball managers
Montgomery Rebels players
Oakland Oaks (baseball) players
People from Cass County, Michigan
St. Louis Browns players
St. Louis Cardinals coaches
Seattle Rainiers players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Wichita Witches players
Zanesville (minor league baseball) players
Zanesville Infants players

Buzzy Wares


JWH-051 is an analgesic drug which is a cannabinoid agonist. Its chemical structure is closely related to that of the potent cannabinoid agonist HU-210, with the only difference being the removal of the hydroxyl group at position 1 of the aromatic ring. It was discovered and named after John W. Huffman.

JWH-051 retains high affinity for the CB1 receptor, but is a much stronger agonist for CB2, with a Ki value of 14nM at CB2 vs 19nM at CB1. It was one of the first CB2-selective ligands developed, although its selectivity for CB2 is modest compared to newer compounds such as HU-308.

It has similar effects to other cannabinoid agonists such as sedation and analgesia, but with a relatively strong antiinflammatory effect due to its strong activity at CB2.

References

JWH cannabinoids
Benzochromenes
Primary alcohols

JWH-051


Resource Unit (RU) is a unit in OFDMA terminology used in 802.11ax WLAN to denote a group of 78.125 kHz bandwidth subcarriers (tones) used in both DownLink (DL) and UpLink (UL) transmissions. With OFDMA, different transmit powers may be applied to different RUs. There are maximum of 9 RUs for 20 MHz bandwidth, 18 in case of 40 MHz and more in case of 80 or 160 MHz bandwidth. The RUs enables an Access Point station to allow WLAN stations to access it simultaneously and efficiently.

Description

In the older WLAN standard (802.11ac) only single-user station is allowed to transmit (uplink transmission) at one point in time, although multi-user downlink (DL-MU-MIMO) from AP to Non-AP stations has been supported through MIMO beamforming.  The more stations active in the network, the longer the stations need to wait before allowed to transmit, hence the overall wireless traffic gets slower.

802.11ax WLAN is the first WLAN standard to use OFDMA to enable transmissions with multiple users simultaneously (it is called High Efficiency Multi Users [HE-MU] Access). In OFDMA, a symbol is constructed of subcarriers where the total number defines a Physical Layer PDU bandwidth. Each user is assigned different subsets of subcarriers to achieve simultaneous data transmission in MU (Multi-Users) environment.  The more subcarriers are used, the longer their symbol rate is, which means that the overall rate of information remains the same.   For example, in 20 MHz OFDMA bandwidth there is a total of 256 subcarriers (tones) which are grouped in sub-channels (or Resource Units).

There are three subcarrier types used in OFDMA WLAN:

 Data subcarrier; used for actual data transmission
 Pilot subcarrier; used for phase information and parameter tracking
 Unused subcarrier which is neither data nor pilot subcarrier.  This includes DC, Guard band and null subcarriers.

There are a few RUs currently defined: 26-tone RU, 52-tone RU, 106-tone RU, 242-tone RU (primary channel), 484-tone RU, 996-tone RU and 2x996-tone RU. For example, for basic 20 MHz bandwidth, nine 26-tone RUs can be used, but only four with 52-tone RUs.
For example, when an AP supports 52-tone RUs for its 20-MHz bandwidth, four users can transmit and/or receive simultaneously to the AP (each uses 52-tones, but the total bandwidth for all users must be less than or equal the whole 20-MHz full allocated bandwidth).  This scheme increases efficiency, compared to older method (802.11ac) where only a single user can transmit (uplink transmission) at a time (it uses the whole allocated 20 MHz bandwidth), while the rest must wait their turn.  When there is only one user in the network, if necessary it can still use the whole 20-MHz bandwidth by operating at 242-tone RU to reach higher data rate.

A 52-Tone RU consists of 48 data subcarriers and 4 pilot subcarriers.  106-tone RU consists of 102 data subcarriers and 4 pilot subcarriers, while A 242-tone RU consists of 234 data subcarriers and 8 pilot subcarriers. A 484-tone RU consists of 468 data subcarriers and 16 pilot subcarriers, A 996-tone RU consists of 980 data subcarriers and 16 pilot subcarriers and A 2x996-tone RU consists of two 996-tone RUs, each located at each half of the PPDU bandwidth for 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz HE PPDU formats.

For backward compatibility, when a 802.11ax-capable station communicates with non-802.11ax-capable station both stations can only use 242-Tone-RU (the entire primary channel). To achieve that, both management and control frames must still be transmitted over standard OFDM subcarriers of the entire primary channel as well by both stations.

Resource Units allocation is also used in MIMO transmission to enable multiple users to use MIMO at the same time.

Uplink Transmission
A new mechanism for uplink transmission (UL) from multiple Non-AP stations simultaneously to AP station is introduced in 802.11ax which is called Triggered Uplink Access (TUA). This new mechanism relies on a new type of 802.11 MAC frame called Trigger Frame sent by AP station.

An HE-enabled AP station first solicits a trigger frame to non-AP HE-enabled stations to initiate OFDMA or MU-MIMO transmissions before other non-AP stations start sending. This frame identifies non-AP stations participating in the UL MU transmissions and assigns RUs to these stations. Each non-AP station receiving the trigger frame sends  its own HE TB (Trigger-Based) PPDU back to AP using the assigned RUs.  They may send Null-Data frames if there is no actual data to send at the moment.

Downlink Transmission
AP station holds the RU allocation information for every peer Non-AP station associated with it, so it simply sends frames using downlink MU-MIMO (using multiple antennas with the signal beamformed to a specific station), DL OFDMA (RU allocations) technique or combination of the two techniques.

See also
 Frequency-division multiple access
 Single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), a.k.a. linearly precoded OFDMA (LP-OFDMA)

References

External links

 IEEE 802.11 working group
 Official timelines of 802.11 standards from IEEE

Computer-related introductions in 1997
Local area networks
Wireless networking standards
IEEE 802.11

Resource Unit


Tympanocryptis tetraporophora, also known as Eyrean earless dragon or long-tailed earless dragon, is one of a documented species of a relatively small dragon belonging to the genus Tympanocryptis. Tympanocryptis is differentiated from other genera within the family Agamidae by a tympanum covered with scales and a missing phalange in the fifth toe of the rear foot.
T. tetraporophora is a ground dwelling dragon inhabiting semi arid regions of central New South Wales, arid regions of South Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and tropical grasslands of Northern Queensland.

Etymology
Named because of the presence of four pores, two pre-anal and two femoral.

Description
T tetraporophora has been described as a slender medium-sized Tympanocryptis with a distinct neck and a blunt roundly shaped snout with the nostril been closer to the eyes then to the end of the snout. The limbs are slender and somewhat moderately long and the tail tapers into a rounded tip. They have four pores, two are preanal pores; and two femoral pores, one on each side.
Its colour and pattern can be variable with a red-brown to brown base colour with four to six broken dark cross bands on body and a pale ventral stripe that may not be very visible. Typically have dark brown bands on legs and tail. However, in mature females there can be next to no patterning.

Distribution and Habitat
T tetraporopho distribution covers a large area, some of which is disjunct and or continuous which includes four states South Australia, the Northern Territory, New South Wales and Queensland. T tetraporophora distribution overlaps with other Tympanocryptis including T cephalus, T lineata, T intima and T pentalineata. T tetraporophora can be identified from the former three species by the presence of four pores and by the latter T pentalineata sp. nov with the absence of five longitudinal body stripes. T tetraporophora habitat is indicative of its wide and varied distribution, from the semi-arid to arid regions encompassing gibber plains, grassland and shrub land associated with stoney plains and hills, hiding in cracks of dried out river floodplains and overflows. Its extensive range also includes tropical savannah grasslands in the Gulf region of northern Queensland.

Thermoregulation
T tetraporaphora  has been likened to tiny meerkats, due to the way in which they position themselves to gain the maximum benefit from the sun. They stand erect balancing themselves on their hind limbs and tail with their back facing the sun gaining heat, conversely by aligning their pale underside towards the sun they are able to prevent overheating, therefore been able to regulate their body temperature.

Sexual Reproduction and Dimorphism
T tetraporophora are oviparous meaning they lay eggs. Breeding occurs between early spring and mid autumn. Females become sexually mature at a Mean Snout Vent Length(SVL) around 46mm and males are sexually active at about 42mm SVL.  Mature females can range from 46 to 72mm SVL the average been around 58mm. Clutch sizes can vary from between 1 and 14 eggs, there is a positive association with the size of the female and how many eggs are laid.
As a female matures they tend to lose the stripes and dark blotches and become totally without any pattern at around 55mm SVL. Mature  Males on the other hand do not lose their stripes or blotches.

References

tetraporophora
Endemic fauna of Australia
Agamid lizards of Australia
Reptiles described in 1895
Taxa named by Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas
Taxa named by Charles Frost (naturalist)

Tympanocryptis tetraporophora


Augusto Goemine Thomson, who adopted the pseudonym Augusto d'Halmar (April 23, 1882 – January 27, 1950) was a Chilean writer who earned the National Prize for Literature in 1942.

D'Halmar was the son of Auguste Goemine, a French navigator, and Manuela Thomson. He was born in Santiago de Chile, although he himself claimed to have been born in Valparaiso. He became widely known in Chile by his adopted nom de plume, Augusto d'Halmar, in honour of his maternal great grandfather the Swede Baron de d'Halmar. His paternal great grandfather was the Scotsman Alexander Cross. Augusto was left an orphan at the age of 10 and he was reared by his stepsisters. He was a pupil in the Miguel Amunátegui Liceum from 1896 until he was interned in a Seminary which he abandoned in 1896 in order to devote himself entirely to literature. Good insights to Augusto's early life and family history can be read in "La Colonia Tolstoiana" by Fernando Santivan.

Literary works
Juana Lucero, novela (1902); en 1934 se publicó con el nombre de La Lucero.
Vía crucis, (1906)
Al caer la tarde, teatro, (1907)
La lámpara en el molino, novela (1914).
Los Alucinados, novela (1917).
La Gatita, novela corta, (1917).
La sombra del humo en el espejo, novela, (1918).
Nirvana, poesía (1918)
Mi otro yo, poesía (1920).
Cuatro evangélicos en uno, edición de lujo (1922).
Vía Crucis, edición ilustrada (1923).
Pasión y muerte del cura Deusto (1924)
La Mancha de Don Quijote (1934)
Capitanes sin barco, tres novelas, novela (1934).
Catita y otras narraciones, cuentos (1935).
Amor, cara y cruz, novela y cuentos (1935).
Lo que no se ha dicho sobre la actual revolución española, poesía (1936).
Rubén Darío y los americanos en París (1941) ensayo.
Palabras para canciones, poesía (1942).
Mar, novela poemática, (1945).
Carlos V en Yuste y Castilla (1945).
Cristián y yo, cuentos (1946).
Los 21, ensayo (1948)
Cursos de oratoria, (1949).
Recuerdos olvidados, poesía (1975).

References

1882 births
1950 deaths
Chilean male novelists
Chilean male poets
Chilean people of French descent
Chilean people of Scottish descent
Chilean people of Swedish descent
Gay poets
Gay novelists
Chilean LGBT poets
Chilean LGBT novelists
Chilean gay writers
Modernismo
Writers from Valparaíso
National Prize for Literature (Chile) winners
20th-century Chilean poets
20th-century Chilean male writers
20th-century Chilean novelists

Augusto d'Halmar


Ali Khalil Kanso (1948 – 4 July 2018) was a Lebanese politician. He was Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs in the second cabinet of Saad Hariri. He was the president of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and he served as minister of state in Najib Mikati government and minister of labor in the cabinet of Rafik Hariri. He was born in Doueir.

Qanso died of cancer on 4 July 2018 at the age of 70.

References

1948 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cancer
Lebanese politicians

Ali Qanso


The Osa Peninsula () is a peninsula located in southwestern Costa Rica, in the Puntarenas Province, with the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Golfo Dulce to the east. The peninsula was formed geologically by a faulting system that extends north into California.

The peninsula is home to at least half of all species living in Costa Rica. The main town on the peninsula is Puerto Jimenez, which has its own airport and provides access to Corcovado National Park as well as the coastal villages of Cabo Matapalo and Carate.
A large part of the peninsula is a wildlife/forest preserve that is protected: the Osa Conservation Area.

See also
 Coronado Bay, northwest of Osa Peninsula
 Drake Bay, located on the north side of the peninsula
 Golfito
 Osa Wildlife Sanctuary

References

External links

Peninsulas of Costa Rica
Geography of Puntarenas Province

Osa Peninsula


Marcos A. "Turín" Irizarry Pagán (born March 17, 1954) is a Puerto Rican politician and was the mayor of Lajas (1997–2009, 2013–2021). Irizarry is affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) and has served as mayor for two separate instances. He first served from 1997 to 2009, and was reelected again in 2013. Marcos Irizarry has an associate degree at the level of master's degree in mathematics at the University of Phoenix holds 30 credits at the level of master's degree in administration and Supervision. Until 1987, Irizarry served as Professor and supervisor of mathematics of the District School of Lajas, while teaching several courses at the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, San German campus.

References

Living people
Mayors of places in Puerto Rico
Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
People from Lajas, Puerto Rico
1954 births

Marcos Irizarry


Benson's Wild Animal Farm was a private zoo and amusement park in Hudson, New Hampshire, United States. It opened to the public in 1926 and closed in 1987, after having been renamed New England Playworld for its final year. The state of New Hampshire acquired the property in 1989 and transferred it to the town of Hudson in 2009. It has been redeveloped as a public park and nature area.

History
The zoo was founded by John Benson in 1924 as an animal-training center, and was opened to the public in 1926 with animal exhibits, a miniature train, games and exhibits.

Benson was born in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire, England, circa 1871; he immigrated to the United States as a young man. His career started at Lexington Park in Lexington, Massachusetts, in the early 1900s. Although he was not the owner, he ran the amusement park, which was filled with all sorts of exotic animals, a theater, a women's resting building and other facilities. The women's resting house remains and is now a home. At the time trolleys took Bostonians from Massachusetts Avenue to Bedford Street and dropped them off at the park's entrance, located on the Lexington and Bedford town line. The park finally closed in 1921.

Benson then went to New Hampshire to open his own animal park. After opening to the public in 1926, Benson's was expanded in 1932–33 with the addition of a permanent Wild Animal Circus. A special "Jungle Train" ran from Boston to Hudson on Sundays, with admission to Benson's included in the ticket price. By 1934 the parking lot could accommodate 5,200 cars. In 1940, animal trainer Joe Arcaris began his association with the zoo, performing acts with lions and other animals till the late 1970s.

Benson died in September 1943, and the following year the property was purchased by a syndicate from Boston consisting of Boston Garden-Arena Corporation executives Raymond Lapham, Walter A. Brown, Charles I. Keene, and Harry G. Collier. The farm was managed by Collier, who had previously worked for Ringling Brothers and the Brockton Fair. The park was closed to the public during World War II and re-opened in 1945. Starting in the 1960s, it went into a period of decline in maintenance and attendance. It was sold in 1979 to Arthur Provencher, who reversed its decline for a while with an influx of money. However, the farm remained unprofitable.

Toward the end of its existence as a zoo, it had a wide variety of animals, including trained lions, bears of several different species, llamas, a gorilla, elephants, monkeys, and many kinds of birds. With declining finances in the 1980s, the park added features to add family interest. After an unsuccessful association with outside investors, Provencher filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1985. In 1987, he changed it to an amusement park, whose full name was "New England's Playworld Amusement Park and Zoo", notable for a huge statue of Mighty Mouse. This change failed to stem the decline, and the park went out of business at the end of the 1987 season.

In April 2002, three buildings at Benson's were added to the New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places; the Bush Hill Road Barn, the Office and Kitchen, and the Hudson Center Railroad Station. The Hudson Center Railroad Station was moved to Benson's by the town of Hudson from its original location on Greeley Street.

Colossus the Gorilla
"Colossus", a  silverback who reportedly was one of the largest gorillas ever held in captivity, was a resident at Benson's Wild Animal Farm for approximately 20 years from the 1960s through 1987. Colossus, whose real name was Tony, once ran for president in the New Hampshire primary as a publicity stunt. He was included among serious candidates and past presidents on a collection of presidential primary trading cards authorized by the New Hampshire State Library, where he was listed as "Colossus G. Benson". Colossus moved to the Cincinnati Zoo in 1993, after spending some time at the Gulf Breeze Zoo in Florida. He died April 11, 2006, at age 40, while under anesthesia during dental work.

Revival

Benson's Wild Animal Farm reopened in May 2010 as a town park for recreational use. There is no admission fee. The Old Woman's Shoe, the elephant house, gorilla house and other structures are being repaired after decay and vandalism. An official grand opening and re-dedication was held September 2010.

9/11 memorial
On September 11, 2011, a memorial was dedicated to the tragic events of September 11, 2001. A piece of steel from the World Trade Center was placed at the site of the memorial. There are also markers showing a timeline of the events of that fateful day. The pathway through the memorial is shaped to replicate the flight path of Flight 175.

References

Further reading
 Goldsack, Bob. Remembering Benson's Wild Animal Farm. Nashua, Midway Publications. 1998. .
 Jasper, Laurie. Images of America-Hudson, NH. Arcadia Publishers, 1999.

External links
 Benson's Animal Farm (Bensons Animal Park) web site and message board
 Friends of Benson Park, Inc.
 Facebook page for the new Benson Park
 Trail map for Benson's Park, published by Town of Hudson

Landmarks in New Hampshire
Defunct amusement parks in the United States
Hudson, New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Amusement parks in New Hampshire
1925 establishments in New Hampshire
1987 disestablishments in New Hampshire
Amusement parks closed in 1987
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1985
New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places

Benson's Wild Animal Farm


The Redington Museum or Redington House is a historic house and museum in Waterville, Maine that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The museum is the headquarters of the Waterville Historical Society.  Built in 1814, it is one of the best-preserved houses of the period in the city.  It has served since 1924 as the museum and headquarters of the Waterville Historical Society, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

The museum is listed on the official website of the Maine Office of Tourism.

Location
The museum is open between Memorial Day and Labor Day from Tuesday to Saturday.  Visitors are supposed to enter during the tour times, which are at 10 a.m., 11 a.m., 1 p.m. and 2 p.m.  In practice, they may allow admission other times.  Therefore, one should be prepared to visit as if they had an appointment for a specific time although the curators may allow other visitors to enter.  There is an admission charge of $5 for adults 18 and older. Children 17 and younger are free when accompanied by an adult.

The museum is located at 62 Silver Street about 2 blocks south of downtown Waterville, about one block south of the funeral home.

Exhibits
The Redington Museum offers a comprehensive view of life in New England and Waterville, Maine during the past two centuries.  There are collections of furniture, accessories, household artifacts, toys, tools, and weapons as well as historical papers and diaries.  The main building is designed in the Federal-style of architecture.  The museum is maintained by the Waterville Historical Society.

The museum is essentially a historic house that has period furniture and exhibits about the Waterville area as well as a replica pharmacy building near the site where the original building once stood.  The curators are a couple who live on the premises.

The museum is a two-story white shingled house built in 1814.  The exhibits include old furniture and curios from the 1800s.  The museum opened in 1927.  It is part of the National Register of Historic Places.

The Waterville Historical Society keeps its collection of books and manuscripts at the museum.  There is a collection of rare old maps of the area available for scholarly research.

Description and history
The Redington House stands on the southeast side of Silver Street (Maine State Route 137) in central Waterville, between Western Avenue and Silver Place.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, two interior brick chimneys, clapboard siding, and granite foundation.  The front facade is five bays wide, with the outer bays closely spaced but offset from the center.  The entrance, at the center, is sheltered by a single-story porch which extends across the center three bays, and is supported by fluted Ionic columns with an ornate wooden railing above.  Most of the windows are sash, but that above the entrance is flanked by sidelights.  The interior retains original period finishes.  Extending to the rear of the main block are later wood frame additions.

The museum is housed in a two-story home built in 1814 by pioneer Waterville settler Asa Redington, a veteran of three enlistments in the American Revolutionary War and a member of George Washington's elite Honor Guard.  After the victory against the English, he developed the water rights at Ticonic Falls and with his sons, Samuel and William, established a thriving flour mill on the banks of the Kennebec River.  The father of six sons and three daughters, Asa built this substantial home for his son William.  Fashioned of great hewn timbers, all hand pegged, it still features the original spiral staircase, fireplaces with period woodwork, and floors of wide pumpkin pine. The newel post in the entrance exhibits the "contractor's peace stone," a small smooth polished stone signifying in Colonial times that the project had been completed to both the owner's and builder's satisfaction.  Today, five rooms are furnished with antiques of the late 18th and early 19th centuries from the Redington family, the family of pioneer attorney Timothy Boutelle, the family of revolutionary war veteran Jabez Mathews, and from other early local families. It remained in the hands of Redington's descendants until 1924, when it was given to the Waterville Historical Society by Mrs. William Redington.  The society now uses it as its headquarters and museum.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kennebec County, Maine

References

External links
 Museum website, with photographs of the exterior and inside rooms

Historic house museums in Maine
Museums in Kennebec County, Maine
Houses in Kennebec County, Maine
Buildings and structures in Waterville, Maine
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Kennebec County, Maine
Federal architecture in Maine
Houses completed in 1814
Waterville, Maine

Redington Museum


Allopoiesis is the process whereby a system produces something other than the system itself. One example of this is an assembly line, where the final product (such as a car) is distinct from the machines doing the producing. This is in contrast with autopoiesis. Allopoiesis is a compound word formed from allo- (Greek prefix meaning other or different) and -poiesis (Greek suffix meaning production, creation or formation).

References
 Allopoiesis, Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007.

Systems theory

Allopoiesis


Pablo Antonio Pozo Quinteros (born March 27, 1973) is a former Chilean football referee. In 2008 Pozo refereed in the Beijing Olympics and the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan.

In the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa Pozo became the first Chilean to referee a World Cup since Mario Sanchez Yanten participated in the 1998 World Cup in France. He was originally scheduled to take charge of the first-round match between Algeria and Slovenia in Johannesburg on Sunday, 13 June, but suffered an injury several days beforehand. FIFA named Carlos Batres of Guatemala as his replacement.

On June 18, FIFA designated him as the referee for the Group G match between Portugal and Korea DPR in Cape Town Stadium, Cape Town on Monday, June 21. Three days later he officiated in a Group E game between Cameroon and the Netherlands at the same venue.

His last game as a referee was a match between Audax Italiano and Unión Española on December 19, 2010.

Personal life
Both his father, Juan, and his younger brother, Nicolás, was/is professional referees. His older brother, Mauricio, is a former Chile international footballer.

References

1973 births
Living people
People from Cachapoal Province
Chilean football referees
2010 FIFA World Cup referees

Pablo Pozo