Jorge Bolivar Sosa (born April 28, 1977) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, and Florida Marlins. Sosa also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons and Yokohama DeNA BayStars.

Professional career

Minor leagues
Signed by the Colorado Rockies as an amateur free agent in , Sosa spent his first five minor league seasons as an outfielder, but was converted to a pitcher when it was discovered that his arm strength was superior to his batting abilities. He throws his fastball as high as 99 MPH, but usually resides in the mid-90s. He also throws a curveball, slider, and a changeup.

Sosa spent time in the minor league organizations of the Rockies, Seattle Mariners, and Milwaukee Brewers before heading to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays as a Rule 5 draft pick. Sosa was traded from the Devil Rays to the Atlanta Braves for infielder Nick Green just before the  season.

Major League Baseball

2005
Sosa enjoyed a breakout season with the Braves in 2005. After starting the year in the bullpen, he was moved to the rotation in June following a rash of injuries to Braves starting pitchers. Sosa was excited about having the opportunity to start, and responded by going 11-3 as a starter and giving the rotation a major shot in the arm for the season's stretch run. For the year, Sosa was 13-3 with an impressive 2.55 ERA. More impressive, however, was his 8-0 record on the road. This earned him a start in game three of the National League Division Series in Houston, Texas against the Houston Astros.

Sosa pitched well in his postseason debut, but was outdueled by Astros ace Roy Oswalt in an eventual Houston win, finally handing Sosa a defeat away from Turner Field in Atlanta. Still, if not for his performance, it's likely that Atlanta's consecutive string of division championships (which reached 14 before the 2006 season, when the Braves' run finally ended) would have been snapped.

During his strong 2005 season, Sosa earned a reputation for his extraordinary ability to get out of jams he created for himself, as opposing batters hit just .194 with runners in scoring position, and .063 with the bases loaded.

2006
Sosa signed a one-year contract worth $2.2 million with the Braves, and entered the  season back in the rotation. He had a poor start, going 2-9, and letting a high number of home runs. His struggles, coupled with the Braves' unstable bullpen, prompted manager Bobby Cox to try Sosa in relief. Sosa was ineffective in that role and was designated for assignment on July 30, 2006. He was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals for minor league pitcher Rich Scalamandre on July 31, 2006. Sosa compiled a 5.28 ERA in his short stint with the Cardinals and was not included on the postseason roster, missing the Cardinals' victory in the 2006 World Series. He was not offered a  contract, making him a free agent.

The pitcher hit his first career home run on April 6, 2006, off Jeff Fassero of the San Francisco Giants. The only other two hits Sosa recorded that season were also home runs. Sosa also pitched for the Dominican Republic in the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

2007

Sosa started the 2007 season with yet another one-year contract, this time for $1.25 million and as a member of the New York Mets, and playing for the Mets' Triple-A affiliate in New Orleans. One month into the season, Orlando Hernández suffered an injury, and Sosa was called up to take his place in the starting rotation while he was recovering.

On May 5, 2007, he made his season debut for the Mets, in a road game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. In a very solid performance, Sosa held the Diamondbacks scoreless for the first 6 innings of the game. After recording the first out in the 7th, he was pulled from the game when he allowed the next 2 men to reach bases. Both runners would eventually come around to score. However, the Mets bullpen allowed no further runs to be scored, securing a win for the Mets and for Sosa by the score of 6-2. Sosa's final stat line for his Mets debut was: 6 IP, 4 hits, 2 Runs, 2 ERs, 2 BBs, 3 Ks.

Sosa continued to pitch well in his games following his debut. In his first three starts with the Mets, he lasted more than 6 innings in every start and gave up no more than 2 runs in any of these appearances. As a result of his hot start, when the time came for Hernandez to come off the disabled list, the Mets chose to keep Sosa with the team and have him replace struggling rookie Mike Pelfrey in the starting rotation on a permanent basis.

On June 8, after pitching eight shutout innings, Sosa became the first Mets pitcher in team history to win six of his first seven starts with the team.

On July 2, The Mets placed Sosa on the 15-day disabled list, after he suffered a hamstring injury.

On July 17, Sosa returned from the DL to pitch well in a start against the San Diego Padres, giving up only 2 runs in 6 innings pitched. He ended up a hard-luck loser in the game as the Mets offense failed to provide him much run support, and the bullpen failed to keep the game close at the end. The Mets lost this game by a score of 5-1. Sosa made two starts after this game, but his performances in them were awful.

After July 31, Sosa was used as a relief pitcher instead of a starter, and pitcher Brian Lawrence replaced him in the starting rotation. Sosa performed well early on in this new role, posting a 1.69 ERA in the first 16 innings following his move to the bullpen. However, Sosa stumbled as a reliever in the final month of the season. His ERA in September was 6.57 in the 12 innings.

2008
Sosa began the  season as a member of the Mets bullpen. His late 2007 struggles as a reliever continued, as Sosa allowed 17 earned runs in 21.2 innings pitched. On May 13, a day after giving up 4 earned runs in one inning against the Washington Nationals, Sosa was designated for assignment by the New York Mets. On May 21, Sosa was released.

On May 28, Sosa signed a minor league contract with the Houston Astros, but was released in July. On July 25, he signed another minor league contract with the Seattle Mariners, and was assigned to the Triple-A Tacoma Rainiers.

On August 22, Jorge was suspended 50 games by major league baseball for using an amphetamine that is used as a performance-enhancing drug.

2009
On December 18, 2008, Sosa signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals. On September 8, 2009, the Nationals released Sosa.

2010
On January 15, 2010, Sosa signed a minor-league deal with the Boston Red Sox.  He was later released and signed with the Florida Marlins.  He was a member of the starting rotation for the AAA minor league affiliate of the Marlins, until he was promoted to the Marlins on July 21.

Nippon Professional Baseball

2012
Sosa signed a one–year contract with the Chunichi Dragons on February 5, 2012. Sosa posted a 5-1 record with 4 saves and a 1.85 ERA during 2012.

2013
Sosa signed a contract with the Yokohama DeNA BayStars on December 26, 2012. Sosa started as a set-up man but was soon moved to the closer role after Shun Yamaguchi struggled. He posted a 3-4 record with 19 saves and a 1.79 ERA in 55 appearances.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Atlanta Braves players
Chunichi Dragons players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic sportspeople in doping cases
Durham Bulls players
Everett AquaSox players
Florida Marlins players

Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
New Orleans Zephyrs players
New York Mets players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Orlando Rays players
Round Rock Express players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Washington Nationals players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players
World Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic
Yokohama DeNA BayStars players
2006 World Baseball Classic players

Jorge Sosa


Light and the Sufferer is a 2007 American science fiction film starring Paul Dano, Paz de la Huerta, Michael Esper, and Paul D'Amato and directed by Christopher Peditto. It is based on a short story by Jonathan Lethem.

The film is about two brothers who try to leave New York City for a new life in California, only to find their plans and lives changed forever by the appearance of a mysterious alien.

References

External links

2007 science fiction films
American science fiction films
Films based on short fiction
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Light and the Sufferer


Cyclops is a 2008 television monster film about the mythological cyclops. Here the cyclops is the last survivor of species who once fought the Roman Army and ends up in the Circus Maximus.

Plot
The film is set in Ancient Rome during the reign of Emperor Tiberius. In the countryside, a group of travelers come across some sheep and kill some for food. They are interrupted by their owner, a ferocious cyclops, the last of his kind, which kills them all but one who escapes back to Rome. There he sends word to the Emperor that a cyclops has been sighted. He sends his best commander Marcus Romulus (Kevin Stapleton) to capture the mankiller. Though it costs him some of his men, Marcus succeeds and takes the cyclops back to Rome. Emperor Tiberius needs a new beast for his circus. When he sees how much attention the cyclops attracts, the emperor decides to use him instead of expensive lions.

A group of defiant slaves learn they are about to become cyclops fodder. They flee but in spite of all efforts the fugitives are caught rather soon. Although Marcus leads the contingent which captures them, he is against slavery and argues with the emperor's main consultant Falco (Craig Archibald). The infuriated Tiberius Caesar punishes Marcus for his insubordination by sporting him as a gladiator. Marcus does well in the arena and discovers he can teach the cyclops words and simple ideas while the swift giant is in his cell. Finally, the emperor promises the cyclops freedom in return for killing Marcus. Yet the cyclops decides otherwise and kills the emperor, only to be killed in return by Falco. Marcus avenges the cyclops and becomes the liberator of Rome.

Cast
 Eric Roberts as Emperor Tiberius Caesar
 Kevin Stapleton as Marcus Romulus
 Frida Farrell as Barbara
 Craig Archibald as Falco
 Mike Straub as Gordian
 David McFarland as Severus
 Raicho Vasilev as Tarquin
 Dimitar Maslarski as Cyclops (Motion Capture)
 Harry Anichkin as Casca
 Velizar Binev as Cletus

See also
 Hydra (film)
 Sharktopus

References

External links

2008 television films
2008 films
2000s monster movies
American monster movies
Films based on classical mythology
Films set in ancient Rome
Films set in Rome
Films about gladiatorial combat
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films produced by Roger Corman
Films produced by Julie Corman
Syfy original films
Films set in the 1st century
2000s science fiction horror films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Declan O'Brien
2000s American films

Cyclops (2008 film)


Alfred James Broomhall (6 December 1911 – 11 May 1994), also known as Anthony James Broomhall, or A. J. Broomhall, was a British Baptist Christian medical missionary to China, and author and historian of the China Inland Mission (renamed as Overseas Missionary Fellowship in 1964, known today as OMF International based in Singapore).

Chinese roots
"Jim" Broomhall was born in Chefoo (now Yantai), Shandong, China, in 1911, the son of Benjamin Charles Broomhall and his wife Marion, missionaries to China with the Baptist Missionary Society. The Broomhalls were a missionary family, and Jim was the third generation to be involved in such work. His grandfather, Benjamin Broomhall, had been the general secretary of the China Inland Mission for 20 years and had married Amelia, sister of the founder of the agency, James Hudson Taylor. His uncle, Marshall Broomhall was the most famous of Benjamin's sons as a missionary and historian – a professional pattern repeated in Jim's life.

Commitment to service
Jim was educated in the city of his birth at the China Inland Mission Boy's Preparatory School (Chefoo School) at Yantai, and later at Monkton Combe School, Bath, England together with his older brother, Paul.  When Jim Broomhall was nineteen, he read a book about the Yi people (also called Nosu), an isolated people of the Liangshan mountains in China's Sichuan province. Intrigued, he made up his mind to tell them about Jesus. In preparation, like his great-uncle Hudson Taylor before him, he became a medical doctor receiving his training at the Royal London Hospital. After completing his courses, he joined the China Inland Mission (C.I.M.) and sailed for China in 1938.

Return to China
Before he arrived, China was at war with Japan. The Japanese were already in control of much of China and travel in the country was difficult. Undaunted, he and some fellow missionaries went to Hong Kong where they bought station wagons which they then drove through French Indochina and back over the Chinese border to Chongqing, Sichuan. Jim decided to stay in China to face the difficult times alongside the Chinese people. During this wartime, Jim practiced medicine in Sichuan at the mission hospital.

Jim married Theodora Janet Churchill (born 13 June 1913; died November 2000) in 1942 in China. They had four daughters. The couple began pioneering work among the Nosu tribe in 1943, they traveled among them giving medical aid and making friends. But a Japanese advance forced them to leave, still not having reached Jim's target—the Liangshan mountains. The family had to flee to India for safety.

Although thwarted, Jim told everyone

Return to the Nosu
After the war, Broomhalls returned to China in 1946 and Broomhall went to Nosuland, leaving his wife and two daughters at Luoshan, southwest China, for a while. In the end the Broomhalls spent four more years among the Nosu and established a clinic before the arrival of the Communists. In 1947 Jim finally arrived at the place he had dedicated his life to serve, a region in southwestern Sichuan where he could minister again to the Yi people. He had traveled the thousand miles from Lanzhou to Liangshan. Supported by British missionaries, Ruth Dix and Joan Wales, he opened a clinic to help the sick and to spread the Gospel at the same time. He was greatly loved by the local people. In order to dispel the misunderstanding and fear the public had for people with leprosy, he invited a leper to live in his house for a year. The Yi were appalled when Jim took in a leper. The two shared a room and ate the same food. The villagers were so outraged that the leper would endanger Jim this way that they wanted to kill him, but his condition improved, although the irreversible damage could not be undone. Jim often traveled far and wide by donkey to treat patients in remote mountain areas for free.

Jim rode a mule along the river banks, treating patients and inviting them to a clinic that he had established. On one occasion he removed a young man's festering arm (it had been damaged in a dynamite explosion) and replaced it with an artificial limb, much to the joy of the boy's family. One summer he rode his mule up into remote mountain villages, tending the sick.

Without even the aid of an x-ray machine, Jim performed two operations on a girl with a crippling bone disease and gave her a new life. As a medical doctor, Broomhall performed these operation hundreds of times, and became much respected among the local Yi people.

In 1951 the Broomhalls spent several months under house arrest, at the end of which they were expelled from China by the Communists with their four daughters. Many local Yi came to bid farewell to the missionary family.

New focus
Broomhall's investigations as to whether the CIM could undertake medical work in Thailand led to three hospitals being founded there; also a pioneering missionary among the Mangyan people of the island of Mindoro in the Philippines for 11 years from 1953 until he retired.

Writing career
When he retired as a doctor, putting down his surgical knives, he started picking up his pen to record history. He spent over a decade going through the vast range of records regarding Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission. Consequently, he wrote the most comprehensive and reliable biography of Hudson Taylor. Broomhall subsequently held a number of positions in the OMF's national office at Newington Green, London.

Last visit to China
In 1988, although in ill health, he obtained permission to visit the Yi again. He returned to the region in Sichuan where he had first ministered to the Yi people. He left in tears, declaring he wanted to return again in two years. By then he was deaf and paralyzed along one side of his body, but people ran to tell each other that Dr. Broomhall was back. A woman knelt before him with a ring, given to her by her mother.  During a subsequent return in 1991, he donated US$20,000 worth of medical equipment to the local hospital.  Knowing he could never return again, the teary-eyed doctor picked up a clod of earth to take home with him. Three years later Jim died on 11 May 1994. He was 82. His work lives on in the Christian lives he left behind and in the several books he wrote about the Yi.

Published works
 Strong Tower (1947)
 Strong Man's Prey (1953)
 Fields for Reaping (1953)
 Time for Action (1965)
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume One: Barbarians at the Gates; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1982
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume Two: Over the Treaty Wall; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1982
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume Three: If I Had a Thousand Lives; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1982
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume Four:: Survivors' Pact; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1983
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume Five: Refiner's Fire; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1984
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume Six: Assault on the Nine; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1988
 Hudson Taylor & China's Open Century Volume Seven: It Is Not Death To Die; Hodder and Stoughton and Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1989

See also
 Baptist Christianity in Sichuan

References

Further reading
 Ronald Clements. Point Me to the Skies: The Amazing Story of Joan Wales. Monarch Books. 2007.

1911 births
1994 deaths
Christian medical missionaries
20th-century British medical doctors
Baptist writers
British humanitarians
British sinologists
British Baptist missionaries
Baptist missionaries in China
British expatriates in China
Baptist missionaries in the Philippines
Baptist missionaries in Thailand
Protestant missionaries in Sichuan
Alumni of the London Hospital Medical College
People educated at Monkton Combe School
Writers from Yantai
20th-century English historians
British biographers
20th-century Baptists
Baptist Christianity in Sichuan

Alfred James Broomhall


Saint Pelinus or Pelinus of Brindisi () (c. 620 – 5 December 662) was a Basilian monk, later bishop of Brindisi in Italy, martyred at Corfinio and made a saint in 668.  His feast day is Dec. 5.

Life
Pelinus was a native of Dyrrachium. After becoming a Basilian monk, he opposed the Monothelite heresy which spread from Byzantium during the reigns of Heraclius (610-641) and Constans II (641-668), and for that reason moved to Brindisi with his disciples Gorgonius, Sebastius and Cyprius. Relations between Rome and Byzantium worsened to the point that Pope Martin I excommunicated the Patriarch Sergius and the Monothelite heretics, but was arrested, deported to Constantinople and eventually exiled to Cherson in Crimea where he died in 655. In Brindisi, the unyielding loyalty of Pelinus in the circle around the bishop Proculus likewise brought him to breaking point in his relations with the court of Constantinople. On the death of Proculus, Pelinus was designated bishop of Brindisi, but functionaries of the Byzantine empire deported him to Corfinio, where he was condemned to death and executed with his disciples on 5 December, probably in 662.

Cult
The canonisation of Pelinus took place in 668 (after the death of Constans II) by the agency of Cyprius, his successor as bishop of Brindisi. On this occasion a "Life" was composed, quite possibly also by the agency of Cyprius in order to promote Brindisi as the centre of the cult of his predecessor. For centuries he was the patron saint of Brindisi together with Saint Leucius.

In 1771 an altar was dedicated to him in Brindisi Cathedral showing his martyrdom, painted by Oronzo Tiso.

He is patron of the diocese of Sulmona-Valva. The former Corfinio Cathedral, now a basilica, is dedicated to him, and his cult in the Marsica area is attested by the name of the small town of San Pelino, a frazione of Avezzano, where he is said to have passed by on his return from a journey to Rome.

The Roman Martyrology places Pelinus in the 4th century, on the basis of a local tradition that Pelinus was the successor of the first bishop of Brindisi, Leucius: "At Corfinio (Pentima) in Abruzzo, Saint Pelinus bishop of Brindisi, who (after the Temple of Mars had collapsed thanks to his prayers) under Julian the Apostate having been sorely beaten and wounded with eighty-five wounds by the priests of the pagan temples, earned the crown of martyrdom".

Notes and references

Bibliography
 Vita e miracoli del glorioso martire S. Pelino vescovo di Brindesi e protettore di Pentima cavata e tradotta da un ecclesiastico dalla lingua latina nell'idioma italiano, Chieti 1737
 Giuseppe Celidonio, La diocesi di Valva e Sulmona, in part.: Le origini cristiane: S.Pelino V. e M. nella leggenda e nella storia, S.Panfilo V. e patrono di Sulmona nella leggenda e nella storia, S.Feliciano di Foligno in Sulmona, Propagazione del cristianesimo nei Peligni Casalbordino 1909
 Bernardino De Silvestri, Esame apologetico su la vita e passione di S. Pelino Martire Arcivescovo di Brindisi e protettore di Valva, Prato 1886

Sources and external links
 Santiebeati.it: San Pelino

Bishops of Brindisi
620 births
662 deaths
7th-century Christian saints
Basilian saints

Pelinus


Thomas Alexander Lacey (1853–1931), was an English Anglican Divine known as an advocate of the re-union of the Church of England with Rome.

Lacey was born in Nottingham. Educated at a Nottingham Grammar School, Lacey obtained a scholarship to Balliol College, University of Oxford aged seventeen. While a student, he became friends with Charles Gore and was a contemporary at Oxford with future Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. Following university, he worked first as a teacher at Wakefield Grammar School, and was ordained a deacon by the Bishop of Ripon in 1876. Two years later the Bishop raised him to the priesthood. He was made Canon of Worcester in 1918.

Sources

Lacey, Thomas Alexander in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Ed. F. L. Cross, London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Thomas Alexander Lacey, in Lead, Kindly Light: Studies of Saints and Heroes of the Oxford Movement, Desmond Morse-Boycott, New York: Macmillan, 1933. (online at: http://anglicanhistory.org/bios/kindly/lacey.html)

1853 births
1931 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
20th-century English Anglican priests

Thomas Alexander Lacey


Amelia Reid (November 13, 1924 – March 3, 2001) was a pilot, flight instructor, businesswoman, airshow performer, and airport advocate.

In 1960, Reid founded Amelia Reid Aviation, a flight school at Reid-Hillview Airport in San Jose, California.  She ran the business out of her 1959 Ford and, later, out of two trailers.  She mortgaged her home and constructed a permanent hangar and office building in 1967, from which she operated her flight school for the rest of her life.

Reid logged over 55,000 flight hours and trained more than 4,000 pilots.  She flew in countless airshows, her last at age 75 in a Cessna Aerobat.  She won the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Lawrence P. Sharples Award and was inducted into the National Association of Flight Instructors Hall of Fame.

Reid's students include noted airshow performer Sean D. Tucker, aviation author and speaker Rod Machado, aerospace engineer and author H. Paul Shuch (whose recurring fictional character Avalon Eden  is based in part on Reid), and Jason Dahl, the captain on United flight 93 on September 11, 2001.

References

External links
 AeroDynamic Aviation, formerly Amelia Reid Aviation

1924 births
2001 deaths
Aerobatic pilots
Businesspeople from California
American women aviators
American flight instructors
American women flight instructors
Aviators from California
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American women

Amelia Reid


The saw chain, or cutting chain, is a key component of a chainsaw. It consists of steel links held together by rivets, and superficially resembles the bicycle-style roller chain, although it is closer in design to a leaf chain. Its key differences are sharp cutting teeth on the outside of the chain loop, and flat drive links on the inside, to retain the chain on the saw's bar and allow propulsion by the engine or motor.

Saw chains (and chainsaws generally) are used for cutting wood. This may be for harvesting trees for pulp or timber, for tree surgery, or for processing firewood.

Whether for hand-held chainsaws, mechanical timber harvesters or chain mortisers, the saw chain has undergone dramatic development since its invention. Modern chains designed for high power, high-speed sawing applications will vastly outperform older designs, while allowing a far greater degree of safety and reliability in use.

Principles of saw chain operation
Saw chains operate by being propelled around a guide bar, removing material from the kerf by cutting chips from the side and bottom. In order to operate properly, the depth to which each tooth cuts must be limited to avoid it binding in the wood. Scratcher chain, like the teeth on a hand saw, simply uses a multitude of teeth to prevent individual teeth from sinking too far in without undue pressure on the bar. Chipper chain, and all subsequent designs, incorporate a depth gauge (also known as a "raker") on each cutter link to limit depth of cut on each tooth. This has two distinct advantages over scratcher chain it enables the use of fewer cutters per unit length of chain, which allows for shorter downtime for sharpening, and produces a more "open" chain layout, allowing far better clearance of chips and debris from the kerf. Individual depth gauges on each tooth also enable the use of skip chain. Skip or semi-skip chain has a further reduction in the number of teeth and is used for applications where much debris is produced, such as ripping or cross-cutting very large sections of wood. Skip chain also absorbs less power from the motor per unit length of chain than full-complement chain, allowing the use of a longer bar/chain combination on any given motor.

Early saw chain designs

Scratcher teeth

Very early chainsaws used tooth configurations very similar to conventional hand saws. These were very simple saw teeth following a wave pattern (left, centre, right, centre) with no depth gauges as such, relying purely on bar pressure to limit the cutting rate. They were inefficient and slow in use, and were soon superseded by chipper chain. They required great skill and a lot of time to sharpen in the field leading to extended downtime between sessions.

Chipper teeth
Chipper chain invented by Joseph Cox improved dramatically on the performance of scratcher chain. Chipper used a tooth that was curled over the top of the chain, with alternate teeth pointing left and right. Ahead of the tooth was a depth gauge, which allowed for good clearance around the tooth for chip clearing while limiting the depth of cut and preventing grabbing or overloading. Chipper chains are sometimes used for dirty work, since their very large working corner allows the cutter to retain its effective sharpness for a long time in abrasive conditions.

Modern tooth designs

Modern chains for general use in forestry, tree surgery and firewood cutting come in three basic configurations: the full chisel, the semi-chisel, and the chipper chain.

Full chisel saw chains

The full chisel chain has square-cornered teeth, splitting wood fibers easily in the cut for fast, efficient cutting in clean softwood. Chisel chains have a high kick-back risk due to missing safety chain elements and are more sensitive against dirt. These chains are available for semi-pro (also called pro-sumer) and professional saws.

Semi-chisel saw chains

The semi-chisel chain has teeth with rounded corners formed by a radius between the top and side plates. While slower than full chisel in softwood, it retains an acceptable cutting sharpness longer, making it the preferred choice for dirtier wood, hard or dry wood, frozen wood or stump work, all of which would rapidly degrade full chisel chain.  They are similar to semi-chisel design but have a small 45 degree chamfer between the plates rather than a radius. Performance is similar to good semi-chisel. Semi chisel chains have a lower kick-back risk. These chains are available for consumer, semi-pro and professional saws.

Low-profile chains

Low-profile chains are chains with low teeth and safety elements between teeth. These chains are used on consumer and small professional saws for non-experienced operators. These chains are more insensitive against dirt, but require more frequent sharpening.

Chipper chains

The chipper chain is similar to the semi-chisel chain. The key differences between are the size of the radius at the working corner. In cross-section a chipper tooth looks like a question mark, having a full radius over the whole cutting portion of the tooth, whereas a semi chisel design is more like a number "7" with the top-right corner slightly rounded.

Chain arrangements
There are also different arrangements of teeth on the chain.

Full complement chain

Chain has a left cutter, drive link, right cutter, drive link arrangement and is used for most applications.

Skip chain

Has a left cutter, drive link, drive link, right cutter arrangement.  It has one-third fewer cutting teeth and is generally used on long bars (≥) for added chip clearance or when a bar longer than ideal for a given power head is used.  Fewer teeth require less power to operate.

Semi-skip chain

Alternates having one or two drive links between pairs of cutters, for performance in between that of full complement and skip arrangements.

The terms used to describe chain arrangements can be confusing. Most modern chains do not have only cutter teeth and drive links. There are tie straps which separate the cutters from each other.

Chain specifications and dimensioning
Cutting chain comes in a large number of configurations, but these are reduced to a few key dimensions for replacement or specification purposes.

Gauge

The gauge of the chain is the thickness of the drive links, and is dictated by the gauge of the bar on which it is to be run. Usual gauges are . Chain and bar gauge must match; a chain that is too large will not fit, one that is too small will fall sideways and cut poorly.

Pitch

The pitch of the chain is the average distance between two rivets. As the distance between rivets varies, the pitch can be measured by measuring between three rivets and dividing this distance by two. Typical pitches are . The  pitch is used for harvester applications, and very rarely for handheld cutting. The pitch of the chain must match the drive sprocket, and the nose sprocket (if fitted). Sprocket and rim can be in one unit or separated.

Length

A chain loop must be of an appropriate length in order to run safely. This is described by the number of drive links. This number is determined by the length and type of bar, the sprocket size and the overall configuration of the saw. For replacement purposes, simply count the drive links on the old chain.

Dulling of a chain

Chains will naturally dull over time with use. The friction cause by cutting wood gradually wears the chain's teeth down. However, the technique of use can also contribute to a chain dulling quickly. Cutting at too sharp an angle, cutting into dirt, and cutting frozen wood can prematurely dull your chain.

Life time of a chain

The teeth of a chain come with a certain length. Wear and sharpening cause the teeth to become shorter. End-of-life is reached when the top of the head is too short.

Interval between sharpenings

A saw chain must be sharpened when the saw starts to vibrate or cuts poorly. The operator can  feel the vibrations in the handles and the engine runs harder while cutting.

Identification of the chain

The length, gauge and number of drive links is punched on the side of the saw bar. This information can be found near the saw head. Since the saw bar should be turned 180 degrees between sharpenings, the punched information can be towards the saw power head or outside. It is also often found on a identification label under the handle depending on your brand of chainsaw.

Identification of a suitable chain

Consult the saw's manual to determine which chain/bar combinations are compatible with the saw. A given saw will usually accept a number of different bars and chains.

Specialised chains

A number of very specialised chain types have emerged over recent years. These include chains made of steel alloys optimised for cutting in extremely cold conditions, chains with tungsten carbide teeth for very dirty conditions and rescue work, ripping chains with altered blade geometry for making ripping cuts, and milling chains for chainsaw mills.

Chain mortisers, used to cut the mortice of large mortice and tenon timber framing, use a number of chains, riveted side-by-side. They are used with a vertical tip-first plunge. Owing to the difficulty of resharpening the multiple teeth, these are usually made of long-lasting tungsten carbide.

Joining chain
Chains are usually bought ready-joined to length, to suit a particular bar. All chainsaws have adjustable bar mounts to allow their chain tightness to be adjusted, allowing for any wear in the chain linkages. There is no requirement to remove links to shorten worn chains, chains will wear out on their cutting teeth before wear in their pivots becomes a problem. The adjustment also permits enough slack to allow a chain to be installed, so there is no need for a "split link" when fitting, as for bicycles.

Large scale operators and retail shops may buy bulk chain on reels. This must then be cut and joined to length which is done by inserting rivet pins. These non-reusable pins are usually supplied already installed into a half-link and must be peened over against a half-link on the other side. As this peening is done with a bench-mounted rotary tool, rather than hammering, it is referred to as "rivet spinning". The tool is usually hand-cranked, or may be electrically powered for mass production.

See also
 Joseph Buford Cox, inventor of chipper saw chain.
 Chainsaw safety features
 Chainsaw safety clothing

References

External links

Chainsaws
Logging
Saws

Saw chain


Al-Baqarah, ("The Heifer" or "The Cow"), is the second and longest chapter (surah) of the Quran. It consists of 286 verses (āyāt).

Summary
 1-20 Unbelievers and hypocrites reproved
 21-38 Exhortation to the worship of the true God
 39-102 Jews and Christians urged to accept the claim of Muhammad to be a prophet of God
 102-112 The opposition of Jews and Christians  to Muhammad's prophetic pretensions combated
 113 The doctrine of abrogation enunciated
 115 A Qibla declared to be redundant
 116-141The Jews denounced and the religion of Abraham declared to be the true Islam
 142-153 The Jews finally abandoned and the Arabs accepted by the adoption of Makkah as the Qibla of Islam
 154-163 The Bereaved friends of those slain at the Battle of Badr comforted
 164-172 Makkans exhorted to faith in God, and directed to observe the law respecting forbidden meats
 173-176 Law concerning lawful and unlawful food (delivered at Madina)
 177 The sum of Muslim duty
 178-179 The law of retaliation
 180-182 The law concerning bequests
 183-185 The law concerning fasting
 186-187 The fast of Ramadan
 188-202 The pilgrimage to Makkah and war for the faith
 203-206 Hypocrites and true believers contrasted
 207-208 Exhortation to a hearty acceptance of Islam
 209 The doom of infidels pronounced
 210-212 The Jews reproached
 213 Suffering to be patiently endured
 214-242 Sundry laws relating to  almsgiving, war, wine, orphans etc.
 243-253 The duty of warring in defence of religion enjoined by precept, and illustrated by the history of former prophets
 255 The Throne Verse
 256-257 Laa ikraha fid deen.
 258-260 The doctrine of the resurrection illustrated
 261-274 Exhortation and encouragement to almsgiving
 275-277 Usury forbidden
 278-283 Debts in Islam including the longest verse in the Quran
 284-286 The three verses of Paradise.

References

Other websites

 Q2:30, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
 "The Cow", a manuscript, dating from the 13th-century, of the al-Baqarah via the World Digital Library
 Qur'anic Verses, a manuscript for al-Baqarah from the 13th-century

Cattle
Chapters in the Quran

Al-Baqarah


Khadja Nin (born 27 June 1959) is a Burundian singer and musician.

Nin was born in Burundi, the youngest of a family of eight. Her father was a senior diplomat and Minister of the Interior of the Kingdom of Burundi. She studied music at an early age like most of her brothers and sisters. With her exceptional singing voice, at the age of seven she became one of the lead vocalists in the Bujumbura choir and performed in the local cathedral. She left Burundi for Zaire in 1975 and married in 1978. In 1980 she emigrated to Belgium with her two-year-old son. In 1985 she obtained a contract with BMG. Her second album, a 1994 release entitled Ya Pili, was critically acclaimed.

Her breakthrough came in 1996 with her widely popular album Sambolera, which was sung in Swahili, Kirundi, and French. In 1997 she performed the song "Sailing" in a duet with Montserrat Caballé on the album Friends For Life. She successfully used a blend between African rhythms and modern pop to create her own unique brand of music. One of her most popular songs is Sina Mali, Sina Deni, a translated cover version of Stevie Wonder's song Free.

The first album was released in 1992, sung in Swahili. But it is best known in France in 1995 with the tube Sambolera mali sound, a title of the second album, Ya Pili (The second). The third album is a compilation of old and new titles. Jeanne Moreau makes the clip illustrating her song Mama, where she talks about her mother, on her fourth album Ya ... . The texts of this album are in Swahili or Kirundi (for the chorus of the title Mama). The album also includes a cover of a piece by Gabonese musician Pierre Akendengué, Africa Obota, and a song by Stevie Wonder, "Free" that she renamed "Sina mali, sina deni" (I am neither rich nor indebted). Another piece pays tribute to Nelson Mandela, and a song calls for easing the embargo imposed on Burundi.

In January 2000, she sang at AccorHotels Arena (at the time Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy) with Sting and Cheb Mami. She remarried in 2006 with Belgian racing driver Jacky Ickx, and they settle in Monaco. In this marriage, she has had a son who lives in Belgium.

In 2018, she was a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival, under the presidency of Cate Blanchett, alongside actresses Léa Seydoux and Kristen Stewart, director Ava DuVernay, actor Chang Chen and directors Robert Guédiguian, Denis Villeneuve and Andrey Zvyagintsev.

Discography
  1992 – Khadja Nin
  1994 – Ya Pili
  1996 – Sambolera
  1998 – Ya ...

References

External links
 Khadja Nin, France Culture

1959 births
Living people
Burundian women singers
Swahili poetry

Khadja Nin


Translators of Homer
Samuel Butler
George Chapman  (Iliad, 1611; Odyssey, 1614–15)
Albert Spaulding Cook
William Cowper (complete, 1791)
Robert Fagles
Robert Fitzgerald
Martin Hammond
Judith Kazantzis
Andrew Lang and Samuel Henry Butcher (complete, in prose, 1879)
Richmond Lattimore
T. E. Lawrence
Stanley Lombardo
George Herbert Palmer
Alexander Pope (Iliad, 1715–1720; Odyssey, 1725-6)
E. V. Rieu
W.H.D. Rouse
Emily Wilson (Odyssey, 2017)

Translators of Herodotus' The Histories
Henry Francis Cary
A. D. Godley
David Grene
G. C. Macaulay
Enoch Powell
George Rawlinson
Aubrey de Sélincourt
Robin Waterfield

Translators of Sophocles
George Adams
Robert Bagg
Theodore Alois Buckley
Kelly Cherry
Richard Claverhouse Jebb
Peter Constantine
John Dryden
Robert Fagles
Ruth Fainlight
Thomas Francklin
George Garrett
David Grene
Richmond Lattimore
Peter Meineck
Robert Potter
Paul Roche
Thomas Sheridan
David R. Slavitt
Isaac William Stuart (1809–1861)
Lewis Theobald (1688–1744)
Paul Woodruff
Theodore Dwight Woolsey
Eduard Wunder

Translators of Thucydides
Walter Blanco
Richard Crawley
Thomas Hobbes
Benjamin Jowett
William Smith
Rex Warner

Translators of Plutarch
Arthur Hugh Clough – revised Dryden's version in the nineteenth century
John Dryden and others – Lives of Noble Grecians and Romans
Philemon Holland – Plutarch's Moralia (1603)
Sir Thomas North – translated Plutarch's Parallel Lives via the French of Jacques Amyot. This was the version Shakespeare used as a source for his Roman plays.
Rex Warner

Translators of Lucretius

NB: His only work was De rerum natura.

Thomas Creech (complete version, 1682)
John Dryden (selected passages)
William Ellery Leonard (complete version, 1916)
Lucy Hutchinson

Translators of Virgil
Frederick Ahl
Cecil Day-Lewis (complete works)
Patrick Dickinson
Gavin Douglas (the Aeneid into Scots)
John Dryden (complete works)
Robert Fagles
Robert Fitzgerald
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (two books of the Aeneid into blank verse)
Rolfe Humphries
W. F. Jackson Knight
Stanley Lombardo
Allen Mandelbaum
Clyde Pharr
C. H. Sisson

Translators of the Sangam literature
A. Dakshinamurthy
Kausalya Hart
George L. Hart
Hank Heifetz
P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri – translated the Tolkappiyam
Vaidehi Herbert

Translators of Ovid's Metamorphoses

John Dryden
Arthur Golding
Horace Gregory
Rolfe Humphries
Allen Mandelbaum
Charles Martin
George Sandys
David R. Slavitt

Translators of Lucan
Robert Graves (prose version)
Christopher Marlowe – translated Book One of Lucan's Bellum Civile
Nicholas Rowe – produced a complete translation (1718)

Translators of Juvenal
John Dryden (Satires 1,3,6,10 and 16)
Peter Green (The 16 Satires)
Robert Lowell (Satire 10)

Translators of Martial
Peter Porter

Translators of the Tirukkural

 V. V. S. Aiyar
 K. M. Balasubramaniam
 A. Chakravarti
 S. N. Srirama Desikan – also a translator of the work into Sanskrit
 S. M. Diaz
 V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar
 William Henry Drew
 Francis Whyte Ellis
 Charles E. Gover
 K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar
 Nathaniel Edward Kindersley
 John Lazarus
 S. M. Michael
 George Uglow Pope
 Herbert Arthur Popley
 Edward Jewitt Robinson
 Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
 P. S. Sundaram
 G. Vanmikanathan
 Emmons E. White

Translators of other famous Classical authors
Willis Barnstone
Robert Graves – translated Apuleius and Suetonius
Thomas Heath – translator of works of Euclid of Alexandria, Apollonius of Perga, Aristarchus of Samos, and Archimedes of Syracuse
Philemon Holland – translations of Livy (1600), Pliny the Elder (1601), Suetonius (1606), Ammianus Marcellinus (1613) and Xenophon's Cyropaedia (1632)
Stephen MacKenna – translator of Plotinus
Robert Potter – translator of Aeschylus and Euripides
Betty Radice
Ian Scott-Kilvert
Gerald Toomer – translator of the Almagest of Ptolemy
Phillip Vellacott
Rex Warner – translator of Thucydides
E. F. Watling

Translators of The Qur'an

Translators of Medieval and modern literature into English

Translators of Icelandic and other Scandinavian classics
George Borrow
Paul Edwards
Lee M. Hollander
George Johnston
Gwyn Jones – also Welsh
Magnus Magnusson
Aubertine Woodward Moore
Hermann Palsson

Translators of Anglo-Saxon
Kevin Crossley-Holland
Seamus Heaney
Albert Stanburrough Cook

Translators of The Arabian Nights or The Thousand and One Nights
Richard Francis Burton – also translated from other Oriental languages, including Sanskrit
Edward William Lane and Stanley Lane-Poole
Andrew Lang
Edward Powys Mathers
John Payne

Translators of Omar Khayyam
Edward FitzGerald
Robert Graves
John Heath-Stubbs

Translators of Dante's Divine Comedy

Laurence Binyon
John Ciardi
Robert M. Durling
Anthony M. Esolen
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Allen Mandelbaum – also a translator of Latin
W. S. Merwin
Mark Musa
Robert Pinsky
Dorothy L. Sayers
C. H. Sisson

Translators of Montaigne's Essays
 Charles Cotton
 John Florio
 Donald M. Frame
 Wyatt Mason
 M. A. Screech

Translators of Rabelais
J. M. Cohen
Donald M. Frame
Samuel Putnam
Burton Raffel
M. A. Screech
Thomas Urquhart and Pierre Antoine Motteux

Translators of Cervantes' Don Quixote
J. M. Cohen – also a translator of French
Alexander J. Duffield
Edith Grossman (2003)
John D. Rutherford (also a translator of Galician)
Charles Jervas
Pierre Antoine Motteux
John Ormsby (later revised by Joseph R. Jones and Kenneth Douglas)
Samuel Putnam
Burton Raffel (1995) – also a translator of Old English, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese
Thomas Shelton
Tobias Smollett
Walter Starkie
Henry Edward Watts

Translators of Goethe
Walter W. Arndt – also a translator of Russian
W. H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer
Eric A. Blackall and Victor Lange
Louise Bogan
Thomas Carlyle
Michael Hamburger
Michael Hulse
Albert George Latham
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Louis MacNeice
Christopher Middleton
Burton Pike
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Bayard Taylor

Translators of Dostoyevsky
Ignat Avsey – The Village of Stepanchikovo 1983, The Brothers Karamazov 1994, A Gentle Spirit 1996, Humiliated and Insulted 2008, The Idiot 2010
Henry and Olga Carlisle
Ann Dunnigan
Constance Garnett
David Magarshack
David McDuff
Alan Myers
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky
Michael Scammell
Frederick Whishaw

Translators of Tolstoy
Peter Constantine
Ann Dunnigan
Rosemary Edmonds
Constance Garnett
David Magarshack
Louise Maude and Aylmer Maude
Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky

Translators of Prus
Jeremiah Curtin
Christopher Kasparek
David Welsh

Translators of Mann
Peter Constantine
H. T. Lowe-Porter
Herman George Scheffauer
John E. Woods

Translators of Kafka
Anthea Bell
Susan Bernofsky
Mark Harman
Breon Mitchell
Willa Muir and Edwin Muir
Joachim Neugroschel
Malcolm Pasley

Translators of Musil
Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser
Sophie Wilkins and Burton Pike

Translators of Proust
Scott Moncrieff, Stephen Hudson, Terence Kilmartin and D. J. Enright
Joachim Neugroschel
Christopher Prendergast, with Lydia Davis, Mark Treharne, James Grieve, John Sturrock, Carol Clark, Peter Collier, and Ian Patterson

Translators of Flaubert
Lydia Davis
Francis Steegmuller

Translators of Borges
Norman Thomas di Giovanni
Andrew Hurley
Suzanne Jill Levine
Robert Mezey
Alastair Reid
Eliot Weinberger
Esther Allen

Other French to English translators
Gilbert Adair
Robert Baldick
David Bellos
Mary Ann Caws
Patricia Claxton
Peter Constantine
Charles Cotterell
Robert Fills
Sheila Fischman – translator of Quebec literature
Grace Frick – translator of Marguerite Yourcenar
Stuart Gilbert
Roland Glasser
Arthur Goldhammer
Daniel Hahn
Richard Howard
Tina Kover
Wyatt Mason
Sarah-Jane Murray – medieval French
Curtis Hidden Page
R. B. Russell – translator of Alain-Fournier
Francis Steegmuller
Sarah Elizabeth Utterson – translator of Fantasmagoriana
Louise Varèse
Barbara Wright
Frank Wynne – translator of Michel Houellebecq

Other German to English translators
Thomas Carlyle – translated Jean Paul
Michael Hamburger – translated Hölderlin, Celan
Mary E. Ireland – translated Bertha Clement, Elise von Fernhain, Nikolaus Fries, Elizabeth Halden, John J. Messmer, Karl Gustav Nieritz, Otto Nietschmann, Emma Von Rhoden, Richard Roth, Emma Seifert
Ralph Manheim – translated Günter Grass, Bertolt Brecht and many others
Stephen Mitchell – translated Rilke and others
Natias Neutert  – translated Gottfried Benn, Eichendorff, Ringelnatz and others
Daniele Pantano – translator of Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Georg Trakl, Robert Walser
Herman George Scheffauer- translated Rosa Mayreder, Georg Kaiser and others
Edward Snow – translated Rilke
Jean Starr Untermeyer – translated Broch
Leila Vennewitz – translated Boll, Jurek Becker and others
C. V. Wedgwood – translated Canetti
Shaun Whiteside – translated Freud, Marlen Haushofer, and Bernhard Schlink

Other Italian to English translators
William Arrowsmith
William Aylesbury – translator with Charles Cotterell of Enrico Caterino Davila's Istoria delle guerre civili di Francia
Keith Botsford
Peter Constantine – translator of Niccolò Machiavelli
Richard Dixon
Jonathan Galassi
Louis J. Gallagher
Raymond Rosenthal – translator of Levi
William Weaver
Shaun Whiteside – translator of Wu Ming
Beryl de Zoete – translator of Svevo
Ann Goldstein – translator of Elena Ferrante, Primo Levi

Other Spanish to English translators

Harriet de Onís -- translator of Alejo Carpentier, Ricardo Güiraldes, Fernando Ortiz, Ernesto Sábato, Ricardo Palma and several other Latin American writers.
Margaret Jull Costa – translator of Fernando Pessoa, Javier Marías
Lucia Graves – translator of Zafón and daughter of Robert Graves
Edith Grossman – translator of Miguel de Cervantes, Luis de Góngora, Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez, Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa, Mayra Montero, Álvaro Mutis, Antonio Muñoz Molina and many other major Latin American and Spanish writers
Andrew Hurley – translator of Arenas, Borges, Valdés and several other Latin American writers
James Mabbe -- early translator of Cervantes and Mateo Alemán.
Anne McLean – translator of Enrique Vila-Matas and Julio Cortázar
Margaret Sayers Peden – translator of Horacio Quiroga, Pablo Neruda, Carlos Fuentes, Juan Rulfo and several other Latin American writers
Gregory Rabassa – prolific translator of Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar and several others
Frank Wynne – translator of Tomás Eloy Martínez, Arturo Pérez-Reverte
Esther Allen – translator of Antonio Di Benedetto, Felisberto Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Javier Marías and several other Latin American writers.

Other Russian to English translators
Mirra Ginsburg
John Glad
Michael Glenny
Max Hayward
Ronald Hingley
Alan Myers
Vladimir Nabokov

Other Polish to English translators
Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus Heaney – produced a version of the Laments of Jan Kochanowski
John and Bogdana Carpenter – translated Zbigniew Herbert
Louis Iribarne –  translated Stanisław Lem as well as Witkiewicz
Michael Kandel – translated novels by Stanisław Lem
Czesław Miłosz – translated Zbigniew Herbert
Jennifer Croft – translated Olga Tokarczuk
Jane Zielonko — translated The Captive Mind by Czesław Miłosz

Irish to English translators
Seamus Heaney – Sweeney Astray is a version of the medieval poem Buile Suibhne
Kenneth Jackson – translated A Celtic Miscellany
Thomas Kinsella – translated the epic Táin Bó Cúailnge
Frank O'Connor – translated Brian Merriman's Midnight Court

Nepali to English translators
Abhi Subedi
Mahesh Paudyal
Suman Pokhrel

Welsh to English translators
Charlotte Guest – produced the first retelling of the Mabinogion
Kenneth Jackson – translated A Celtic Miscellany
Gwyn Jones – translated the Mabinogion

Other Korean to English translators
Don Mee Choi
Bruce and Juchan Fulton

Other Japanese to English translators
Nancy Andrew – translator of Ryū Murakami's novel, Almost Transparent Blue
Donald Keene
Ian Hideo Levy – translator; one of the first Westerners to write a novel in Japanese
Don Philippi – translator of Japanese and Ainu; translated the Kojiki; also a noted technical translator
Alexander O. Smith – professional translator who worked on translations of different media, but is most famous for the English localizations of video games like Final Fantasy X, Ace Attorney, and Vagrant Story
Lucien Stryk and Takahashi Ikemoto
Royall Tyler – translator of The Tale of Genji as well as various Japanese folklore and Noh plays

Other Chinese to English translators
 Jane English
 Howard Goldblatt — translator of contemporary Chinese fiction
 Nicky Harman
 David Hawkes — translator of the Chinese classic Story of the Stone or Dream of the Red Chamber, by Cao Xueqin
 Arthur Waley
 Helen Wang — translator of contemporary Chinese literature, especially fiction for children

Serbian to English translators
 Dejan Stojanović – writer and translator of Circling: 1978–1987, The Sun Watches the Sun, The Sign and Its Children, The Creator, and The Shape

Other Yiddish to English translators
 Curt Leviant – translator of Sholom Aleichem, Chaim Grade, and Isaac Bashevis Singer

Other Persian to English translators
A. J. Arberry
Dick Davis, translator of Attar and Ferdowsi (collaborating with Afkham Darband)
Edward FitzGerald, translator of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Attar
Sir William Jones
 Rebecca Gould and Kayvan Tahmasebian, translator of Bijan Elahi, Hasan Alizadeh, and various other works
 Wheeler Thackston, translator of Saadi Shirazi, and others
 Sara Khalili, translator of Shahriar Mandanipour, Goli Taraghi, Shahrnush Parsipur, Parinoush Saniee and others
 Niloufar Talebi, translator of Ahmad Shamlou, and several contemporary Iranian poets and writers
 M.R. Ghanoonparvar, translator of Moniro Ravanipour, and classical works
 Elizabeth T. Gray Jr., translator of Hafez, Forugh Farrokhzad, and Simin Behbahani
 Kaveh Bassiri, translator of Roya Zarrin (for which he won a National Endowment for the Arts Literature Translation Fellowship), and various other poets
 Desmond Patrick Costello, translator of Sadegh Hedayat's The Blind Owl
 Naveed Noori (pen name), translator of Sadegh Hedayat's The Blind Owl
 Ahmad Nadalizadeh and Idra Novey, translators of Garous Abdolmalekian
Sholeh Wolpe, translator of Forugh Farrokhzad, Attar, and various 20th and 21st century poets

Translators of multiple languages into English
Anthea Bell – French, German, Danish, Polish
Edward Dundas Butler - Hungarian, Finnish, Romanian
Peter Constantine – Russian, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Modern Greek, Ancient Greek, Albanian
George Godfrey Cunningham – German, Italian, French
Will Firth – Russian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian
Michael Henry Heim – Russian, Czech, German, Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian
Ralph Manheim – German, French
W. S. Merwin – Ancient Greek, Spanish, Italian, Old English
Joachim Neugroschel – French, Spanish, German, Hebrew, Russian, Yiddish
Ewald Osers – translator of Czech, German
Burton Raffel – Old English, Indonesian, German, Ancient Greek, Spanish, French, Old French, Middle High German, Latin
Abraham Regelson – award winning poet and translator of Hebrew and Yiddish
Douglas Robinson – Finnish, Russian
C. J. Stevens – Dutch, Flemish
John Sturrock – French, Spanish
Wangui wa Goro – Gikuyu, French
Adolf Zytogorski – German, French, Russian

Other translators into English
Geoffrey Chaucer
Musharraf Ali Farooqi – translated the Indo-Islamic classic Hamzanama and Urdu poet Afzal Ahmed Syed into English
Jerzy Ficowski – translator of Polish, especially Bruno Schulz
Alamgir Hashmi
Victor G. Kiernan
Charles Muller
Reynold A. Nicholson
Cecil Parrott – translator of The Good Soldier Svejk
Taufiq Rafat – translated classical Punjabi poetry into English
David H. Rosenthal – translator of Tirant Lo Blanc from Catalan
Nina Salaman – translator of medieval Hebrew poetry
Frederik L. Schodt
Lazarre Seymour Simckes – translator from Hebrew to English
Rabindranath Tagore
Thomas Wyatt – translator of Petrarch

Philosophy

Translators of Ancient Chinese classics
Thomas Cleary
David Hinton
James Legge
Harold D. Roth
Burton Watson
Richard Wilhelm

Translators of Ancient Indian classics
Annie Besant
Musharraf Ali Farooqi
Juan Mascaro: Sanskrit and Pali
Barbara Stoler Miller
Monier Monier-Williams
Max Mueller
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Arthur W. Ryder
Andrew Schelling

Translators of Hellenistic and Roman philosophers
Jonathan Barnes
John M. Cooper
F. M. Cornford
E. R. Dodds
G. M. A. Grube
W. K. C. Guthrie
Benjamin Jowett
C. D. C. Reeve
W. H. D. Rouse

Translators of Augustine
Henry Chadwick
Edward Bouverie Pusey

Translators of Aquinas
Ralph McInerny

Translators of Descartes
John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff and Dugald Murdoch
Elizabeth Haldane, G. R. T. Ross

Translators of Spinoza
Andrew Boyle
George Eliot

Translators of Leibniz
Peter Remnant and Jonathan Bennett

Translators of Vico
Thomas Goddard Bergin and Max Harold Fisch

Translators of Kant
Mary J. Gregor
Allen Wood and Paul Guyer
Max Mueller
Norman Kemp Smith

Translators of Schopenhauer
 R. B. Haldane

Translators of Kierkegaard
Alastair Hannay
Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong
David F. Swenson

Translators of Nietzsche
Thomas Common
R. J. Hollingdale
Walter Kaufmann
Shaun Whiteside

Translators of Heidegger's Being and Time
Joan Stambaugh

Translators of Derrida
Geoffrey Bennington
Peggy Kamuf
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

Other translators
Elizabeth Anscombe – Ludwig Wittgenstein
Andrew Bowie – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Friedrich Schleiermacher
Michael Dummett – Gottlob Frege
J. N. Findlay – Edmund Husserl
Colin Smith – Maurice Merleau-Ponty

Other
List of Arabic-English translators
List of Chinese-English translators
E. A. Wallis Budge – translated The Egyptian Book of the Dead

References

Lists of people by occupation
Translation-related lists

List of translators into English


The Book of Nahum is a book in the Bible's Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh.

We don't know much about who Nahum was. His name means "comforter", and he was from the town of Elkosh or Alqosh (Nahum 1:1), which may have been a town of northern Galilee. He was a Hebrew and may have written from Jerusalem a short time before the downfall of Assyria

Nahum wrote about the final destruction of Nineveh, the capital of the great Assyrian empire. Ashurbanipal the king was at the height of his glory. Nineveh was a large city, and was then the center of the civilization and trade of the world. Jonah had given a warning, and Nahum was followed by Zephaniah, who also told about (Zephaniah 2:4–15) the destruction of the city. The book of Jonah shows us that God had a loving concern for the people of Nineveh, while Nahum tells about the righteousness and justice of God. He says God will punish the Assyrians because of "their cruelty" (Nahum 3:19). Nineveh was burned by fire around 625 BC, after which the Assyrian empire soon came to an end. That made big changes in the political and commercial fate of many in Asia.

Chapter one shows the majesty and might of the LORD God and His goodness and severity.

Chapters two and three tell about the final fall of Nineveh, which took place in 612 BC. Nahum tells about a war and how Nineveh's army tries to stop the invaders. Nahum uses poetry to write as if he were in the battle, giving commands to the soldiers. He uses irony by mentioning the lion as an Assyrian symbol of power; Nineveh is the strong lion with a den full of dead prey but will become weak like the lion hiding in its den. The book ends with a song about the soon destruction of Nineveh and the death of the Assyrian people and end of the once great Assyrian rulers.

Nahum shows God to be slow to anger, but that God will by not ignore the guilty but will bring them to justice. God is presented as a God who will punish evil, but will protect those who trust in Him.

Books of the Hebrew Bible
Old Testament books
7th-century BC books

Book of Nahum


Linda D. Addison (born September 8, 1952) is an American poet and writer of horror, fantasy, and science fiction.  Addison is the first African-American winner of the Bram Stoker Award, which she won five times. The first two awards were for her poetry collections Consumed, Reduced to Beautiful Grey Ashes (2001) and Being Full of Light, Insubstantial (2007). Her poetry and fiction collection How To Recognize A Demon Has Become Your Friend won the 2011 Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in a Poetry Collection. She received a fourth HWA Bram Stoker for the collection The Four Elements, written with Marge Simon, Rain Graves, and Charlee Jacob. Her fifth HWA Bram Stoker was for the collection The Place of Broken Things, written with Alessandro Manzetti. Addison is a founding member of the CITH (Circles in the Hair) writing group.

Early life

Addison was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 8, 1952. She is the eldest of nine children born to Janet Marie Webster (née Warrick) and J. Decarsta Webster.  From an early age, Addison was inspired by the power of storytelling. Janet, a homemaker who never graduated from high school, nightly entertained her children with self-authored stories and tales, inserting her children as characters in her fantastical fables. The stories always ended on a note of mystery and intrigue, inspiring young Linda to further explore the mysterious and magical, light and dark, eventually she began to journal her feelings, stories and experiences laying the groundwork for her eventual career as a writer.

Addison attended Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1970 to 1975, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics.

She moved to New York City in 1975 with fiancé Ken Addison, and started working in the Foreign Royalty Accounting Department at RCA Records. The couple married in 1975 and their son Brian was born in 1982.

Career

In 1996, Addison's short story "Little Red in the Hood" was published in Tomorrow Speculative Fiction and was listed as an Honorable Mention in the annual Year's Best Fantasy and Horror anthology (1997).

During her time at Carnegie Mellon, Addison became a fan of science-fiction author Isaac Asimov and began regularly submitting short stories for publication to Asimov's Science Fiction magazine. At the New York Is Book Country, she met influential science fiction author and editor Frederik Pohl. As their discussion turned to publication, Pohl advised that in order to get published in science fiction "everyone has to write a how the dinosaurs died story." Addison took the advice and from a short story drafted a poem entitled "Why the Dinosaurs Died"; it was published in Asimov's Science Fiction in 1997. She went on to be published four times in Asimov's magazine between 1997 and 1999.

In 1997, she published her first science fiction, fantasy and horror collection of short stories, journal entries and poetry entitled Animated Objects, which features an introduction by science fiction and fantasy writer Barry N. Malzberg.

African-American editor Sheree Thomas put the call out for African-American speculative fiction writers to submit for a collection that became the groundbreaking anthology: Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction From the African Diaspora. Addison's work was featured along with that of Octavia E. Butler, Samuel Delaney, Tananarive Due and Walter Mosley. Addison went on to be included in Dark Dreams and Dark Thirst.

Inspired by transformation, a forced reevaluation of her core belief system following the breakdown of her marriage, like a phoenix Addison created the Bram Stoker Award-winning poetry collection Consumed, Reduced to Beautiful Grey Ashes. Addison was the first African American to win this prestigious award. The first book signing for this collection was held on September 11, 2001, at the Barnes & Noble at Rockefeller Center. The first poem in the collection is entitled "Fire/Fight," although the collection came from Addison's personal journals and reflections previous to the events of 9/11, critics and fans of the book could not help but connect certain themes to current events, like loss, devastation in conjunction with rebirth, rebuilding and the resilience of the human spirit.

In 2007, her third book of poetry and second Bram Stoker Award-winning collection was released: Being Full of Light, Insubstantial. This emotional tour de force was inspired by events beyond Addison's control. Her beloved mother Janet was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and Addison felt strangely pulled to her office on January 1, 2007. She describes the experience "as something she had never felt before, it was as if a voice came to her in meditation and gently whispered... 100 poems." The collection that poured from her was an amalgamation of reprints and new poetry. Addison completed her "100th poem" on March 14, 2007.

Addison is a member of the Horror Writers Association (HWA) and annually attends the Northeastern Writers' Conference (Camp Necon) and has participated in panels with Harlan Ellison, Jack Ketchum and L. A. Banks.

Addison was "Poet Guest of Honor" at The World Horror Convention in 2005.

Her writing has been featured in Essence Magazine, and she is currently poetry editor for Space and Time Magazine.

Addison has participated in Ellen Datlow's Fantastic Fiction Reading Series at KGB Bar in New York City.

In March 2012, Addison won her third Bram Stoker Award for How To Recognize A Demon Has Become Your Friend, a collection of reprints, new poems and short stories.

In 2013, she won her fourth HWA Bram Stoker for The Four Elements, a collection of poetry inspired by the four elements released in 2012, and published by Bad Moon Books. The book was inspired by a discussion between Addison and Houarner about female Bram Stoker Award-winners. Addison contacted three Bram Stoker Award-winning female authors and asked them to choose their "element." Marge Simon (Earth), Rain Graves (Water), Charlee Jacob (Fire) and Addison (Air).

In 2020, she won her fifth HWA Bram Stoker for The Place of Broken Things, a collection of poetry written with Alessandro Manzetti released in 2019, and published by Crystal Lake Publishing.

Personal life

Addison separated from Ken Addison in 1992, and her divorce was finalized in 1995. Addison started a relationship with horror fiction writer Gerard Houarner in 1995; they married in 2004 but separated in 2010 and legally divorced in 2015.

Addison is an avid practitioner of T'ai chi.

She currently resides in the Tucson, Arizona, area.

Current projects

Her story, Shadow Dreams, was published March 2021 by Titan Books in the anthology Black Panther: Tales of Wakanda.

Influences

Addison has cited numerous creative influences throughout her life including Edgar Allan Poe, William Shakespeare, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Gil-Scott Heron, Langston Hughes, and David Lynch.

Awards
 Five-time winner of the HWA Bram Stoker Award.
 In 2018, she was given the Horror Writers Association's Lifetime Achievement Award for 2017.
 In 2020, she was designated SFPA Grand Master of Fantastic Poetry.

Partial bibliography
 Animated Objects (1997)
 Consumed, Reduced to Beautiful Grey Ashes (2001), Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection
 Being Full of Light, Insubstantial (2007), Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection
 How To Recognize A Demon Has Become Your Friend (2011), Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection
 Dark Duet (2012), written with Stephen M. Wilson, finalist for Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection
 The Four Elements, written with Marge Simon, Rain Graves, Charlee Jacobs (2013), Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection
 Sycorax's Daughters (2017), co-edited with Kinitra Brooks PhD and Susana Morris Phd, finalist for Bram Stoker Award for Best Anthology.
 The Place of Broken Things, written with Alessandro Manzetti (2019), Bram Stoker Award for Best Poetry Collection

References

External links

Complete bibliography

1952 births
American horror writers
African-American poets
American women short story writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American poets
20th-century American poets
21st-century American short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
American women poets
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
American science fiction writers
Living people
Poets from Pennsylvania
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Women horror writers
Black speculative fiction authors

Linda Addison (poet)


Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba is a Meitei language literary work of the first half of the eighteenth century AD. It is one of the rarest instances of the conjugal love set in the region of Ancient Moirang kingdom. The first page of the text mentions that the book was written during the period of King Garib Niwaj (Pamheiba) of Medieval Manipur. The story reflects the then society of Ancient Moirang. It is, in a sense, the reverse of the Nongban Pombi Luwaoba (Nungpan Ponpi Luwaopa).

Story
Thangwai Koting Ahanpa (Thangwai Koding Ahanba) (337 AD-387 AD) was the ruler of Ancient Moirang and Leima Thamoilembi (Thamoilengpi), his queen. For sometime, the latter felt quite happy as she was with child, but suffered a shock as it disappeared through a natural abortion. However, Salailen (Soraren), the God of Heaven, sent the child back to her womb with the instruction that he should be born to the Queen as her son, but should not live long with her to attain the age of any rite of passage. Five months went by. Salailen (Soraren) appeared in her dream and told her that the child she was carrying was His own and that when born he should not be brought up on any propane food or drink. After she was delivered of the child, the God again appeared in her dream, reminded her of His relation with the child and expressed His desire to call him "Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba". Then the boy grew up and soon attained the grace and vigor of a youth. As human memory, by nature, is short, his parents had completely forgotten the divine dictates. Meanwhile, Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba, one day, chanced to see Sunulembi, the daughter of Thongnang Loikemba (of Cachari origin) and was instantly head over heels in love with her. Through a formal engagement, the two were married in a grand manner. But God's will is irrevocable and the young man had overstepped what was set for him. So, Salailen came in person and reminded during his sleep of what was enjoined on his parents. While awake, Sunulembi, his lady found him in tears enquired whether he had any secret love. At last, he came out with what to take place within five days and the same was conveyed in the early morning to his parents, friends and relatives. On the appointed day, Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba, prinked up in his best clothes with the help of his wife, and was now prepared for the heavenly journey. But Sunulembi, his lady too offered herself to keep her husband company to the land of the leal. None could restrain her and leaving all the near and dear ones thrown into an abyss of sorrow, the young couple ascended towards the sky, the progress of which was being watched by all on the ground with bated breath and by shading the eyes with their palms.

Soon afterwards, they were on the threshold of another sphere which was under deep waters of flood. The gate of heaven was thrown open and the guard posted there instantly prepared a bridge to which only the husband was granted entry. But on the earnest insistence of Sunulembi, both were allowed to cross. They went up to another hemisphere where their passage was blocked by a swarm of snakes. This time, on the request of her husband to the poisonous creatures, Sunulembi was allowed to proceed. On reaching the precincts of Salailen's abode, they were forbidden access as no couple could lead a worldly life in heaven. At last, the all-powerful God directed Sunulembi to return to earth and feed the man only with heavily victuals. But Sunulembi resisted it with all her might and with eyes bathed with tears, kept her husband tightly held in her arms. She also threatened of ending her life there from thirst and starvation. Hearing this, Salailen was flummoxed and immediately sent a ferocious wild boar as big as a bull to cause harm to the bewailing woman. But Sunulembi was the least awed by it and unflinchingly was ready to die the painful death. Next, a dreadful tiger was sent on her which too could not terrify her. Thirdly, she could easily withstand the surging waves of a devastating flood. Fourthly, the scorching flames of a wild fire left her untouched. Lastly, the god engaged a hill kite to snatch her away, which too miserably failed.

At long last, being moved her irrepressible spirit and devoted love, the God gave her husband back and over and above that the sceptre of the kingdom of Ancient Moirang was bestowed on Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba with a blessing of long and plentiful reign with his wife. As they descended straight alive and with radiant joy from heaven in broad daylight, the people of the kingdom were taken by surprise. But they were overjoyed at seeing the couple and instantly made Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba (387 AD-447 AD) the king.

Pantheon
Presently, Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba is also venerated as a serpentine dragon deity in Meitei mythology and religion.

References

Other websites
 Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba

Puya
18th-century books

Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba


Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized 17 December 1770 in Bonn – 26 March 1827 in Vienna; pronounced LUD-vig vahn BAY-TOH-ven) was a German composer. He wrote classical music for the piano, orchestras and different groups of instruments. His best-known works are his third (Eroica), fifth, sixth (Pastorale) and ninth (Choral) symphonies, the eighth (Pathetique) and fourteenth (Moonlight) piano sonatas, two of his later piano concertos, his opera Fidelio, and also the piano piece Für Elise. Beethoven lived when the piano was still a new instrument, and when he was a young man, he was a talented pianist. Beethoven was popular with the rich and important people in Vienna, Austria, where he lived.

However, in 1801, he began to lose his hearing. His deafness became worse. By 1817, he was completely deaf. Although he could no longer play in concerts, he continued to compose. During this time he composed some of his greatest works. He is said to be one of the greatest classical composers who has ever lived. When Beethoven died, he was surrounded by friends on his death bed. His funeral was held at the Church of the Holy Trinity. Between 10,000 and 30,000 people are estimated to have attended. Franz Schubert was a pall bearer at his funeral, even though the two were never close.

Early years

Very little is known about Beethoven's childhood. He was baptized on December 17, 1770 and was probably born a few days before that. Beethoven's parents were Johann van Beethoven (1740 in Bonn – December 18, 1792) and Maria Magdalena Keverich (1744 in Ehrenbreitstein – July 17, 1787). Magdalena's father, Johann Heinrich Keverich, had been Chief at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier at Festung Ehrenbreitstein fortress opposite to Koblenz. His father was a fairly unimportant musician who worked at the court of the Elector of Cologne. This court was in Bonn and it was here that he lived until he was a young man. His father gave him his first lessons in piano and violin. Beethoven was a child prodigy like Mozart, but while Mozart as a little boy was taken all over Europe by his father, Beethoven never traveled until he was 17. By that time, his piano teacher was a man called Neefe who had learned the piano from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, the son of Johann Sebastian Bach. Neefe said to the Elector that the young Beethoven should be given the chance to travel, so he was allowed to go to Vienna. There, he might have had one or two lessons from Mozart, but then Beethoven got a letter saying that his mother was dying, so he hurried back to Bonn. Soon his mother died, and Beethoven had to help to look after the family because his father had become an alcoholic. Beethoven played the viola in the orchestra of the Elector, he started to compose, and made many friends. Some of these friends were musicians and others were very important people, many of them were aristocrats who would be able to help him in his career.

In 1792, the Elector let Beethoven travel to Vienna again. They expected him to return after a while. However, Beethoven never left Vienna. He stayed there for the rest of his life. He would have loved to have had some more composition lessons from Mozart, but Mozart had just died, so he had lessons from Haydn instead. Haydn was a good teacher, but a year later, he went off to England. Therefore, Beethoven took lessons from a man called Albrechtsberger who was not famous like Haydn. He was a good teacher too, and he made him write lots of technical exercises. He showed him how to write advanced counterpoint and fugues. This helped him to be a great composer.

Beethoven wanted to become famous as a pianist and composer, so he started to get to know important, aristocratic people. Some of these people had already heard him in Bonn when they had traveled there, so his name was becoming known in Vienna.  It also helped that he could say he was the pupil of the famous Joseph Haydn. There were a lot of aristocratic people in Vienna who liked music, and many had their own private orchestras. Some of them started to give Beethoven places to live when the Elector of Bonn stopped sending him money in 1794. Beethoven started to perform in private houses, and he became known for his improvisations. In 1795 he performed one of his piano concertos at a concert. He also had his first publication (his opus 1). This was a group of three Piano Trios. Haydn had heard them at a private concert a year before and had advised Beethoven not to publish the third one. However, he did publish it, and that was the one which became the most successful. His opus 2 was a group of three piano sonatas which he played at the court of his friend Prince Lichnowsky. When he published them, he dedicated them to Haydn.

Beethoven was starting to become famous, travelling to places like Prague and Pressburg. He wrote much chamber music. He was, perhaps, a little jealous of the success that Haydn had with his latest symphonies he had written for London. In 1800 he gave his first public concert with his own music. He conducted his First Symphony as well as the Septet. By now several publishers were trying to persuade him to let them publish his new works. Beethoven was becoming famous as a composer. And during this period Beethoven produced his most famous piano sonata: No. 14, in C sharp minor, nicknamed, "Moonlight". This was written for his girlfriend, 16-year-old Giulietta Guicciardi. However, he was far from happy because he realized that he was starting to become deaf. And when he asked for Giulietta's marriage, her parents refused and married her to another 20-year-old man instead.

Middle period
Beethoven seems to have tried to forget these bad thoughts by working very hard. He composed a lot more music, including his Third Symphony, called the Eroica. Originally he gave it the title Bonaparte in honour of Napoleon whom he admired. But when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804, Beethoven began to think that he was just a tyrant who wanted a lot of power. He went to the table where the score of the symphony was lying and tore up the title page. Beethoven stayed in Vienna that year, working hard at an opera and giving piano lessons to Josephine von Brunsvik to whom he wrote passionate letters. She was a young widow with four children. It is impossible to know quite what her feelings were for Beethoven, but socially she belonged in higher society and probably thought that a wild musician was not a suitable husband. In the end she married a Baron, but this marriage, like her first one, was not happy either.

In 1805 Beethoven wrote his only opera. The next spring it had two performances but was then not performed again for another eight years. Beethoven had made several changes to the opera which became known as Fidelio. The overture that he had written for the 1806 performance is now known as Leonore 3 and is usually performed separately at concerts. The opera is a "rescue" opera, a typical French kind of opera describing a man who is imprisoned and rescued by his lover who disguises herself as a man and manages to get into the prison.

Beethoven continued to write compositions: a Violin Concerto, symphonies, piano concertos, string quartets and chamber music. Two of his greatest symphonies were produced in 1806: Symphony No. 5 and Symphony No. 6 "Pastorale". The first one was known for its dark and deep tone, especially in its first movement. The second was famous for its depiction of the countryside. He also wrote Piano Concerto No. 4 and Piano Concerto No. 5 "Emperor". He earned money by pleasing the aristocrats, dedicating works to them in return for fees, and by selling his music to publishers. Occasionally he earned money from concerts. It was not a regular income. He would have liked the job of Kapellmeister to the emperor. He was not able to get this, but in 1809 three rich aristocrats: the Archduke Rodolph, Prince Lobkowitz and Prince Kinsky gave him an income for the rest of his life on condition that he stayed in Vienna. This meant that Beethoven did not have to worry so much about money. He was asked to write music for Egmont, a play by Goethe. The overture is very often performed as a concert piece. Beethoven very much wanted to meet Goethe. The two great men met in Teplitz. Goethe later described Beethoven as a rather wild-mannered man who made life difficult for himself by his cross attitude to the world. Beethoven admired several women, including one to whom he wrote a passionate letter. She is known as the "Immortal Beloved", but no one knows who she was. Beethoven seems to have become deeply depressed because he never found true happiness in love.

Deafness
In a letter dated June 29, 1801, Beethoven told a friend in Bonn about a terrible secret he had for some time. He knew that he was becoming deaf. For some time, he had spells of fever and stomach pains. A young man does not expect to become deaf, but now he was starting to admit it to himself. He was finding it hard to hear what people were saying. Just at the moment when he was starting to become known as one of the greatest of all composers, it was a terrible blow to realize that he was losing his hearing. In 1802, he stayed for a time in Heiligenstadt which is now a suburb of Vienna but at that time it was outside the city. There he wrote a famous letter which is known as the Heiligenstadt Testament. It is dated October 6 and told about his rising frustration at his deafness. He asks people to forgive him if he cannot hear what they are saying. He said that he had often thought of suicide, but that he had so much music in his head which had to be written down that he decided to continue his life. This very emotional letter was found amongst his papers after his death. He never sent it to anyone.

Later life

By 1814, Beethoven had reached the height of his fame. The Viennese people thought of him as the greatest living composer, and he was often invited by royal people to their palaces. It was the year in which he played his famous Piano Trio Op. 97 The Archduke. That was the last time he played the piano in public. His deafness was making it impossible to continue.

Beethoven had many problems when his brother Caspar Carl died, leaving a 9-year-old son. The boy's mother may have been incapable of looking after him, but Beethoven had to prove this in a court of law. For several years he looked after his nephew, but it was a difficult relationship and it involved a lot of legal letters and quarrels with people. In 1826, Karl tried to shoot himself. He survived, but people persuaded Beethoven to stop being his guardian. Karl went into the army.

The last years were unhappy years for Beethoven. During this time he composed very little. Then, in 1817, he recovered and wrote his last two symphonies, a mass called Missa Solemnis, his last five piano sonatas, and a group of string quartets which were so modern and difficult that very few people at the time understood the music. Nowadays, people think they are the greatest works ever written for string quartet.

His Ninth Symphony is called the Choral Symphony because there is a choir and soloists in the last movement. At the time people did not understand this either, because a symphony is normally a work for orchestra, not a work with singers. Beethoven chose the words of a poem by the German poet Friedrich Schiller: An die Freude (Ode to Joy). It is all about living together in peace and harmony, so that it sends an important message to people. This is why it has been chosen in recent years as the National Anthem for the European Union. The Ninth Symphony was performed at a concert on May 7, 1824. After the scherzo movement the audience applauded enthusiastically, but Beethoven could not hear the applause and one of the singers had to turn him round so that he could see that people were clapping.

Beethoven died on March 26, 1827. About 20,000 people came onto the streets for his funeral. The famous poet Franz Grillparzer wrote the funeral speech. One of the torchbearers was Franz Schubert. Schubert died the next year. In 1888 Beethoven's and Schubert's remains were moved to another cemetery in Vienna and were placed side by side.

Regarding the instruments, that the composer was using throughout his life, there was a variety of pianos (fortepianos). After moving to Vienna, Beethoven purchased a piano from Streicher. As recalled by his student, Carl Czerny, he also had a Walter piano. Beethoven's last instrument was a fortepiano from a Viennese piano builder Conrad Graf. After the composer's death, it was sold to Wimmer family and now is displayed at the Beethovenhaus in Bonn.

Legacy
Beethoven's music is usually divided into three periods: Early, Middle and Late. Most composers who live a long time develop as they get older and change their way of composing. Of course, these changes in style are not sudden, but they are quite a good way of understanding the different periods of his composing life.

His first period includes the works he wrote in his youth in Bonn, and his early days in Vienna up to about 1803. His middle period starts with the Eroica Symphony and includes most of his orchestral works. His last period includes the Ninth Symphony and the late string quartets.

Beethoven is probably the most famous of all composers, and the most written about. He had a wild personality and this was something that the Romantics in the 19th century always expected from great artists. The Romantics thought that the artist was somehow a person with exaggerated qualities who was not like normal people. Beethoven had a very strong personality. He lived in the time of the French Revolution and had strong views on independence and ways of living free from tyranny. This made him a hero in many people's eyes.

His music was so famous that many composers in the 19th century found it quite hard to compose because they thought they would be compared to him. For example, Johannes Brahms, took a long time to write his First Symphony. He thought that everyone was expecting him to be the next Beethoven. It was only towards the end of the 19th century that Gustav Mahler wrote several symphonies which include singing, although he does this very differently to Beethoven.

References

Further reading

  ISBN 1-904341-03-9 (h). ISBN 1-904341-00-4 (p).

  ISBN 0-393-04020-8 (hc). ISBN 0-393-31712-9 (pb).

  ISBN 0-521-58074-9 (hc). ISBN 0-521-58934-7 (pb).

Other websites
 English homepage of big Beethoven website
 Beethoven's Personality and Music: The Introverted Romantic
 nhdbeethoven

1770 births
1827 deaths
Child prodigies
Classical era composers
18th-century German composers

Musicians from Bonn
Romantic composers
German Roman Catholics
19th-century German composers

Ludwig van Beethoven


Charlie Patton (April 1891 (probable) – April 28, 1934), more often spelled Charley Patton, was an American Delta blues musician and songwriter. Considered by many to be the "Father of the Delta Blues", he created an enduring body of American music and inspired most Delta blues musicians. The musicologist Robert Palmer considered him one of the most important American musicians of the twentieth century.

Patton (who was well educated by the standards of his time) spelled his name Charlie, but many sources, including record labels and his gravestone, use the spelling Charley.

Biography
Patton was born in Hinds County, Mississippi, near the town of Edwards, and lived most of his life in Sunflower County, in the Mississippi Delta. Most sources say he was born in April 1891, but the years 1881, 1885 and 1887 have also been suggested.  Patton's parentage and race also are uncertain. His parents were Bill and Annie Patton, but locally he was regarded as having been fathered by former slave Henderson Chatmon, several of whose children became popular Delta musicians, as solo performers and as members of groups such as the Mississippi Sheiks. Biographer John Fahey described Patton as having "light skin and Caucasian features."

Patton was considered African-American, but because of his light complexion there has been much speculation about his ancestry over the years. One theory endorsed by blues musician Howlin' Wolf was that Patton was Mexican or Cherokee. It is generally agreed that Patton was of Black and Native heritage. Some believe he had a Cherokee grandmother; however, it is also widely asserted by historians that he was between one-quarter and one-half Choctaw. In "Down the Dirt Road Blues", Patton sang of having gone to "the Nation" and "the Territo'", referring to the Cherokee Nation's portion of the Indian Territory (which became part of the state of Oklahoma in 1907), where a number of Black Indians tried unsuccessfully to claim a place on the tribal rolls and thereby obtain land.

In 1897, his family moved  north to the  Dockery Plantation, a cotton farm and sawmill near Ruleville, Mississippi. There, Patton developed his musical style, influenced by Henry Sloan, who had a new, unusual style of playing music, which is now considered an early form of the blues. Patton performed at Dockery and nearby plantations and began an association with Willie Brown.  Tommy Johnson, Fiddlin' Joe Martin, Robert Johnson, and Chester Burnett (who went on to gain fame in Chicago as Howlin' Wolf) also lived and performed in the area, and Patton served as a mentor to these younger performers. Robert Palmer described Patton as a "jack-of all-trades bluesman", who played "deep blues, white hillbilly songs, nineteenth-century ballads, and other varieties of black and white country dance music with equal facility". He was popular across the southern United States and performed annually in Chicago; in 1934, he performed in New York City. Unlike most blues musicians of his time, who were often itinerant performers, Patton played scheduled engagements at plantations and taverns. He gained popularity for his showmanship, sometimes playing with the guitar down on his knees, behind his head, or behind his back. Patton was a small man, about 5 feet 5 inches tall (1.65m), but his gravelly voice was reputed to have been loud enough to carry 500 yards without amplification; a singing style which particularly influenced Howlin' Wolf (even though Jimmie Rodgers, the "singing brakeman", has to be cited there primarily).

Patton settled in Holly Ridge, Mississippi, with his common-law wife and recording partner, Bertha Lee, in 1933. His relationship with Bertha Lee was a turbulent one. In early 1934, both of them were incarcerated in a Belzoni, Mississippi jailhouse after a particularly harsh fight. W. R. Calaway from Vocalion Records bailed the pair out of jail, and escorted them to New York City, for what would be Patton's final recording sessions (on January 30 and February 1).  They later returned to Holly Ridge and Lee saw Patton out in his final days.

He died on the Heathman-Dedham plantation, near Indianola, on April 28, 1934, and is buried in Holly Ridge (both towns are located in Sunflower County). His death certificate states that he died of a mitral valve disorder. The death certificate does not mention Bertha Lee; the only informant listed is one Willie Calvin. Patton's death was not reported in the newspapers.

A memorial headstone was erected on Patton's grave (the location of which was identified by the cemetery caretaker, C. Howard, who claimed to have been present at the burial), paid for by musician John Fogerty through the Mt. Zion Memorial Fund in July 1990. The spelling of Patton's name was dictated by Jim O'Neal, who also composed the epitaph.

Recognitions
Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton, a boxed set collecting Patton's recorded works, was released in 2001. It also features recordings by many of his friends and associates. The set won three Grammy Awards in 2003, for Best Historical Album, Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package, and Best Album Notes. Another collection of Patton recordings, The Definitive Charley Patton, was released by Catfish Records in 2001.

Patton's song "Pony Blues" (1929) was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006. The board annually selects recordings that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

In 2017, Patton's story was told in the award-winning documentary series American Epic.  The film featured unseen film footage of Patton's contemporaries and radically improved restorations of his 1920s and 1930s recordings. Director Bernard MacMahon observed that "we had a strong feeling that the music of Patton and his peers reflected the local geography, and I was struck by the extent to which that belief was already shared by people who were living in the Delta back then, when it was a center of musical innovation. Listening to interviews with H. C. Speir, who owned a furniture store in Jackson in the 1920s and was responsible for virtually all the recordings of early Delta blues, he clearly linked the music to its surroundings." Patton's story was profiled in the accompanying book, American Epic: The First Time America Heard Itself.

In May, 2021, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame posthumously inducted Patton into the 2021 class as an Early Influence.

Historical marker
The Mississippi Blues Trail placed its first historical marker on Patton's grave in Holly Ridge, Mississippi, in recognition of his legendary status as a bluesman and his importance in the development of the blues in Mississippi. It placed another historic marker at the site where the Peavine Railroad intersects Highway 446 in Boyle, Mississippi, designating it as a second site related to Patton on the Mississippi Blues Trail. The marker commemorates the lyrics of Patton's "Peavine Blues", which refer to the branch of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad which ran south from Dockery Plantation to Boyle. The marker notes that riding on the railroad was a common theme of blues songs and was seen as a metaphor for travel and escape.

Discography

Paramount recordings

≠ Vocals and guitar by Patton, with Henry "Son" Sims on fiddle.

† Willie Brown on accompanying guitar

1929; Henry "Son" Sims (vocals), Patton accompanying guitar

Vocalion recordings

‡ Vocal duet with Bertha Lee

1934; Bertha Lee (vocals), Patton accompanying guitar

Citations

References

Relevant literature
Sacré, Robert, ed. Charley Patton: Voice of the Mississippi Delta.  2018. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi

External links

 History of Charley Patton recording on Paramount Records
 Charley Patton by R. Crumb
 [ Charley Patton Biography] (Allmusic)

 The bluesman – Charley Patton (by Cub Koda)
 Charley Patton – Delta Blues
 Charley Patton Profile

 1980 Induction into Blues Foundation Hall of Fame
 Milestone Charley Patton recordings at Three Perfect Minutes

1890s births
1934 deaths
20th-century Native Americans
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
American street performers
American people who self-identify as being of Cherokee descent
American people who self-identify as being of Choctaw descent
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Country blues musicians
Delta blues musicians
Gennett Records artists
Gospel blues musicians
Mississippi Blues Trail
People from Sunflower County, Mississippi
Paramount Records artists
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Mississippi
People from Hinds County, Mississippi
People from Lula, Mississippi
Third Man Records artists
African-American guitarists
20th-century African-American male singers

Charley Patton


The Thundermans is an American comedy television series created by Jed Spingarn. It aired on Nickelodeon from October 14, 2013 to May 25, 2018. The series stars Kira Kosarin, Jack Griffo, Addison Riecke, Diego Velazquez, Chris Tallman, Rosa Blasi, and Maya Le Clark. It also features the voice of Dana Snyder as Dr. Colosso.

Plot
The series revolves around the Thundermans, a family with superpowers who try to live normal lives in the fictional town of Hiddenville. Phoebe dreams of being a superhero and using her powers for good, while her twin brother Max wants to be the next big supervillain and use his powers for evil. Parents Hank and Barb attempt to live normal lives and not use their superpowers – albeit not very successfully – while Nora and Billy enjoy using theirs whenever possible. A former supervillain named Dr. Colosso has been transmogrified into a rabbit and lives in Max's lair in the basement, offering him advice on becoming a villain.

At the end of the second season, Chloe is introduced as the baby sister.

3rd season
During the third season, Phoebe starts training to become a superhero, while the master super villain, Dark Mayhem, trains Max to become a villain. At the end of the season, Dark Mayhem (Jamieson Price) asks Max to prove he is a villain by taking away Phoebe's powers. However, Max chooses his family and becomes a superhero instead by helping them take down Dark Mayhem.

4th season
During the fourth season, Max and Phoebe, under their Thunder Twins team-up, are selected as candidates for membership to the elite Hero League team called the Z-Force. Halfway through the season, Phoebe accidentally absorbs Dark Mayhem's powers, which turn her evil, but her family saves her. At the end, Phoebe and Max become the new Z-Force leaders and enroll the Thundermans as members.

Cast and characters
 Kira Kosarin as Phoebe Thunderman
 Jack Griffo as Max Thunderman
 Addison Riecke as Nora Thunderman
 Diego Velazquez as Billy Thunderman
 Chris Tallman as Hank Thunderman
 Rosa Blasi as Barb Thunderman
 Maya Le Clark as Chloe Thunderman (recurring, season 3; main, season 4)

Series overview

2010 American television series debuts

The Thundermans