Playmobil: The Movie is a 2019 animated adventure comedy film based on the German building toy Playmobil. The film was directed by Lino DiSalvo (in his feature directorial debut) from a screenplay by Blaise Hemingway, Greg Erb, and Jason Oremland. The film stars the voices of Anya Taylor-Joy, Jim Gaffigan, Gabriel Bateman, Adam Lambert, Kenan Thompson, Meghan Trainor, and Daniel Radcliffe. The plot follows a girl who tries to save her brother from a Playmobil world that the two are sucked into and becomes involved in the midst of a population-capturing scheme by Emperor Maximus.

Playmobil: The Movie premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 10, 2019, and was released in France on August 7,  in the United Kingdom on August 9, and in the United States on December 6. The film was panned by critics for being a perceived feature-length advertisement; most criticisms were directed to its poor storytelling, musical numbers, characters, tone, and worldbuilding problems, with several unfavourable comparisons to The Lego Movie (2014). It was also a box-office bomb, grossing $16.3 million on a $40–75 million budget, and in the United States had the worst opening weekend ever for a film playing in over 2,300 theaters.

Plot

Marla is a formerly free-spirited girl who has grown up to be responsible yet overprotective in order to care for her brother Charlie, who has grown lonely and disconnected from her after the death of their parents in a car accident. One night, Charlie sneaks out to visit a toy museum with a Playmobil exhibit. After Marla arrives and tells Charlie off for running away, a lighthouse illuminates them and transports them to the Playmobil world.

Marla and Charlie –who has been transformed into a Viking warrior– find themselves in the middle of a viking battle, and Charlie helps them until he is kidnapped by a group of pirates. Frantic to find her brother, Marla goes to the nearest town hoping to ask for help, and runs into Del, the driver of a food truck whose client refuses to pay him over pink hay that causes the town's horses to sprout wings. As Marla tries to form a posse to find Charlie, Del gets her out of trouble when she shows Viking gold to the whole town, and agrees to help Marla find her brother in exchange for the gold.

Marla and Del run into Rex Dasher, a secret agent and an old friend of Del. Rex explains that several characters have disappeared, and the group sneaks into a villainous spy headquarters to find information about the disappearances. Despite some issues, they successfully gather the data and escape, but Rex is later captured by the pirates. He is taken away to Constantinopolis and finds Charlie, who had been locked up with other characters by Emperor Maximus, who intends to have the prisoners fight to their deaths. Rex tells Charlie that Marla had been looking for him, which encourages Charlie to break away. However, he later allows himself to be recaptured so the other characters could escape.

Del recognizes that a device used by the pirates belongs to Glinara, an alien crime lord. After meeting with her in exchange for information, Del offers to pay twice as much as he owes her. Glinara agrees and reveals that she sold the device to Maximus. However, Del is unable to uphold his end of the bargain, as Marla only had two pieces of gold left. Angered, Glinara captures them and attempts to drop them into a portal, but they are spared by Glinara's robot servant Robotitron, who hacks the portal and drops the group into a forest. Del leaves the group, upset by Marla's deception. Marla and Robotitron get lost in the forest until Marla accidentally hits a fairy godmother, who encourages her to continue her search and sends her to Constantinopolis.

Arriving in the city, Marla reaches a coliseum where Charlie is about to fight a Tyrannosaurus rex. Charlie and Marla work together to fight off the T-Rex but to no avail. Del soon arrives with his food truck, and Marla uses the last of Del's pink hay to turn the T-Rex harmless. An enraged Maximus orders his guards to arrest them, but the guards reveal themselves to be Rex and the missing warriors, who then lock Maximus inside a cage. As everyone celebrates their victory, Marla and Charlie use the T-Rex to fly back to the lighthouse and return to the real world, where it is revealed that they were missing for only five minutes. On good terms, Marla promises Charlie that their relationship will be mended.

Cast
 Anya Taylor-Joy as Marla Brenner, Charlie's sister, who also voices Marla's Playmobil form. Director Lino DiSalvo cast Taylor-Joy for the "texture" of her voice, and described her performance as "believable and emotional"
 Gabriel Bateman as Charlie Brenner, Marla's brother, who also voices Charlie's Playmobil viking form. As DiSalvo explains, "when I met Gabriel, I totally saw a kid that Spielberg would cast"
Ryan S. Hill plays a 6-year-old Charlie
 Jim Gaffigan as Del, a food truck driver who supports himself with several side jobs and is Marla's best friend
 Daniel Radcliffe as Rex Dasher, a secret agent who helps Marla. While normally reluctant to play spy roles in films, Radcliffe accepted the part of Dasher because "there is something incredibly fun about playing an unbelievably confident, kind of to the point of being an oblivious, person who is constantly undercut by other characters who make him realise that maybe he's not as smooth as he thinks he is"
 Adam Lambert as Emperor Maximus, the tyrannical ruler of Constatinopolis. Lambert explained that he played the character as himself "on a really bad day"
 Kenan Thompson as Bloodbones, a pirate captain. In addition to the role's Broadway-level singing demands, the nasally-voiced Thompson also had to perform his lines in a guttural tone, which gave him a "headache"
 Meghan Trainor as The Fairy Godmother, a fairy godmother who Marla encounters in a forest. It was Trainor's childhood dream to play a fairy character, but also a very difficult task: "I've never smiled so hard in my life to make this girl happy and I was jumping up and down." Trainor's involvement in Playmobil: The Movie began while writing "Run Like The River" for her album Treat Myself. "I remember meeting someone who was like, this should be in the movie," explained Trainor; and a week later, she presented the song to DiSalvo: "It looked like it blew his mind"
 Lino DiSalvo as Robotitron, a robot who works for Glinara
 Maddie Taylor as Glinara, an alien crime lord
 Kirk Thornton as Ook Ook, a caveman
 Dan Navarro as Viking Leader
 Cindy Robinson as Nola, an alien bounty hunter
 Paloma Michelle as Valera, an Amazon warrior
 Spike Spencer as additional voices
 Benjamin Diskin as Seadog
 Kellen Goff as Salty
 Dino Andrade as Scurvy Pete

Production

Development

An animated feature film based on Playmobil figurines, produced by On Entertainment, Wild Bunch and Pathé, was announced in November 2014 and originally expected to be released at the end of 2017.

The film originally involved Bob Persichetti as director and screenwriter. The film would be the first in a trilogy of theatrical animated films based on Playmobil. Persichetti initially pitched the film to Sony Pictures Animation. Although Sony tried to buy the pitch, it fell through. He was eventually offered instead to direct the 2018 superhero film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.

The film was animated in On Animation's Canadian facilities. The film was also originally supposed to be distributed by Cross Creek Pictures.

ON Animation's producers acquired the rights for the film circa January 2016. On 9 February 2016, Lino DiSalvo came on board to direct the $75 million budgeted film, replacing Persichetti. Dimitri Rassam and Aton Soumache of On Animation Studios produced the film.

On 12 May 2016, Open Road Films acquired the US rights to the film, whose screenplay was written by Blaise Hemingway. It marks DiSalvo's directorial debut after spending 17 years at Walt Disney Animation Studios. Alexis Vonarb, Axel Von Maydell, and Moritz Borman also produced the film. Maydell was first associated with the Playmobil brand fifteen years before the film's release, when he was involved in producing interactive games for the company. Heitor Pereira's involvement was announced on 21 June 2017.

On 17 November 2017, it was reported that Wendi McLendon-Covey would star in the film. In June 2018, the film's production was underway and some details of the film were revealed, during a session at Annecy International Animated Film Festival. In October 2018, lead voice cast was announced which included Anya Taylor-Joy, Gabriel Bateman, Daniel Radcliffe, Jim Gaffigan, Meghan Trainor, and Adam Lambert, while Trainor and Lambert would also write and sing original songs for the film.

Writing
DiSalvo instantly got to work on animatics following Open Road's acquisition, completing five animatics in Los Angeles and Montreal before work on the assets began. The first 15 months of the film's production was spent in Los Angeles, with a crew of ten people. When the project moved to Montreal, 300 people ("more than half of the animation crew at a typical Disney movie") were involved. Both DiSalvo and Hemingway, long-time friends, re-watched their favorite 1980s films like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) in writing Playmobil; Hemingway explained that both the movie and the old-school films they referenced knew "how to find what is magical in the most mundane situations."

The producers wanted to capture a child's emotion of playing with toys with Playmobil, which meant DiSalvo had to research. He interviewed more than 200 fans of Playmobil from across the globe, finding that the toy series was mostly enjoyed for its role play element, where "they don't tell you who the hero is — the player defines who the hero is." Thus, he went for a role-playing vibe in writing the film's story. DiSalvo also revisited his childhood home to look at the toys he played with as a kid. The German Playmobil company also sent every Playmobil set ever released to the Los Angeles development location, and the writers used them to conceive characters. A food truck and a figure wearing a Hawaiian shirt, for instance, led to the creation of Del.

Initially, the writers planned Playmobil: The Movie to start with either a shot of an opening storybook or a narration, similar to most fairy tale movies. These ideas were rejected due to not being "organic" enough for the overall product. They finally chose to have opening and closing live-action sequences: "Marla, has lost touch with the child's point of view that she used to have. It felt right to show her in a live-action world where there is no magic. When she finds herself in a very magical situation — which is the entrance to the world of Playmobil, it becomes the catalyst for the whole movie."

Animation
Playmobil: The Movie was animated with Autodesk Maya. Julien Bocabeille supervised the film's animation team, which consisted of 56 animators. Being that Playmobil: the Movie was a story about wish fulfillment, the scale was one of the biggest priorities. According to production designer Rémi Salmon: "We see those toys from a kid's eyes, not what he has in front of him but what he imagines. The pirate in his hand has a stiff plastic cape, but when he plays, he sees the cape floating in the wind." The animators' biggest challenges came in the set designs and character animation. While each Playmobil universe varied in tone and lighting due to their differing styles, they had to have some consistencies with the Playmobil world. The Fifth Element and the works of J. J. Abrams were influences in designing the city of Glinara.

Having "a touch of richness and life" in the film's Playmobil world depended on not just the lighting being "pushed pretty far in a very cinematographic way"; but also the characters, particularly their movements and textures. While having plastic hair and skin, the toys were given "a 20 percent freedom to bend and stretch". The animators had to work with limits that came with moving the Playmobil figures, especially when it came to animating faces. The faces are 2D shapes mapped onto 3D heads, meaning that big parts of how human faces are expressed (cheekbones, nose, and jaws) are not present.

Coming up with a convenient workflow for animating 2D faces on 3D objects was another challenge, which Jeremy Ringard and Claude Levastre were responsible for. They first came up with the idea of modeling and rigging the features as 3D shapes, but this led to problems of Z-fighting, intersection, and "floating" appearances in close-up shots. They then thought of a "texture flipbook", where the animators chose from a set of facial features in order to keep the look of the movie consistent; however, they figured that it would disallow any variations to the expressions and be very expensive due to the amount of storage, texture resolution, and file management involved. Finally, they came up with a system where the animators used 3D-rig-controlled 2D shapes that were converted as a dynamic texture applied on the 3D head in the viewport, and the animation would be rendered in real-time through a shader free of resolution or sampling restrictions.

The car Dasher drives is a Porsche Mission E, the 2015 concept version of the Porsche Taycan; Playmobil is the Porsche's first appearance in a major film, and a remote-controlled Mission E toy was released as a movie tie-in.

Themes and style

According to DiSalvo, the moral of Playmobil: The Movie is, "The only rules that matter are the ones you set." As Nick Hasted of The Arts Desk categorized Playmobil, "it's a breezy B-movie in a genre aspiring to Mad comic satire and grand opera;" with an "unpretentious good nature" a la 1980s and 1990s after-school specials. Due to Playmobil being set in a world filled with different universes, the film caricaturizes and plays with the tropes of several genres, including western films, fantasy, science fiction, and musicals. In acknowledging inevitable comparisons to The Lego Movie, DiSalvo claimed, "The movie Lego relied a lot on comedy and wasn't so much driven by characters, while our film will follow more the Disney tradition of storytelling and is meant to appeal to girls as much as boys." According to Tito Ortiz, Playmobil is about the importance of forgiveness, tolerance, and unity in broken families.

DiSalvo also described Playmobil: The Movie as similar to the Tom Hanks film Big (1988), in that the main character has to think like a child to achieve her goal. Its premise of two siblings being sucked into a fantastical setting also garnered comparisons by journalists to  The Pagemaster (1994), the Jumanji films, and Pleasantville (1998); while the use of a live-action opening and a brother-and-sister relationship was also in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019). Some reviewers noted the shedding of gender roles in Playmobil, including Hasted: "When DiSalvo detours to Playmobil's girl-focused range with the arrival of Meghan Trainor's tattooed fairy godmother and pink flying horses, Marla's brisk bravery muddles gender stereotypes with similar irreverence." Caroline Siede honored the film's "Be anything you want to be" message for allowing Marla to be any type of character regardless of her gender, and Charlotte O'Sullivan of the Evening Standard called her a better Susan Pevensie: "Though interested in lipstick, and keen on being grown-up, she is never dismissed as silly or vain." One NBC News review noted Dasher's "pointed jabs about sexist archetypes."

Soundtrack
"Run Like the River" (sung by Meghan Trainor) was released as a promotional single from the film's soundtrack album on 26 July 2019; the album was released on 2 August 2019.

Release and promotion
Playmobil: The Movie premiered as the opener of the 2019 Annecy festival, which ran from 10 to 15 June 2019. As reported by Cartoon Brew, it "was widely criticized by festival attendees and caused large numbers of the audience to leave in the middle of the film." On 17 June, CineEurope presented a trailer and a clip of Playmobil.

Playmobil: The Movie had its first trailer released on 16 December 2018, with a release date set for 16 August 2019. The second trailer was released on 23 July 2019 with the release date changed to 22 November. Each trailer present a different premise: the first presented the film as focusing on Marla trying to save her brother in a Playmobil. while the second revealed the live-action segments and depicted it as being about Rex Dasher saving the Playmobil population from a secret organization. Ben Pearson of /Film noted that the marketing strategy "trie[d] to shield its actual plot." He also called the film's animation promising: "While the characters are clearly simplified to match the Playmobil toys that inspired them, the animation looks pretty slick and there's some interesting lighting going on in a few of the shots on display here."

Chris Evangelista of /Film wrote upon the first trailer's release, "It's pretty clear that Playmobil: The Movie is skewing to a young audience [...] And while this may seem like a cynical cash-grab, many people felt the same way before the first LEGO Movie came out until the final results proved to be surprisingly enjoyable. Maybe Playmobil will manage to do the same." CNET, also responding to the trailer, opined that "It looks fun and hopefully will boast the same universal appeal as the Lego Movie." Commenting on the second trailer, Screen Rant writer Mike Jones felt the humor had its "own charm and feel" despite being comparable to The Lego Movie: "there does appear to be a decent amount of fun, laughs and adventure on display." However, he also questioned the scheduling of "such a small scale" production being scheduled in a season having to compete with Jumanji: The Next Level and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker. Collider's coverage of the second trailer was ecstatic, noting its "fun" factor and opining it had the same meta humor style as The Lego Movie. Sarah El-Mahmoud of Cinema Blend summarized, "the trailer showcases tons of fun action sequences with fast car chases, dinosaurs, and scared squirrels. [...] One has to wonder if a connection to human kids will also be present in this movie as The LEGO Movie and Toy Story do." However, with the awareness that the film was trying to capitalize on the fame of The Lego Movie, she also had skepticism toward its success due to the weak box office of The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part. A PopSugar journalist claimed, "damn, it looks good," also showing enthusiasm for Radcliffe's appearance. According to Geekspin, "a few people already have a hunch that the Playmobil movie will flop at the box office," due to the superior popularity of LEGO over Playmobil, and the film's lack of intellectual properties, and star power.

Playmobil: The Movie was released in France by Pathé on 7 August 2019, on 610 screens, and was released in the US by STX Entertainment on 6 December 2019. It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States by Open Road Films on 18 January 2019, which was later delayed to 19 April 2019, Due to the bankruptcy of Global Road, STX bought the U.S. distribution rights to the film in early April 2019, and set the U.S. release date to 30 August 2019. On 5 August 2019, STX pushed the U.S. release date back once more to 6 December 2019, among other schedule changes of other films from STX that reportedly happened due to STX having limited cash flow, and wanting to pull their resources in to supporting Hustlers, although STX has denied that this was the case. Upon its release in the United States on 6 December, STX reportedly encouraged theaters to offer tickets to all showings of the film for just US$5, a significantly lower cost than most American movie tickets. The film news site Moviehole also gave away ten family passes of Playmobil.

In other territories, Playmobil was released to theaters in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland on 7 August 2019; Bolivia and Israel on 8 August 2019; the United Kingdom on 9 August 2019, Mexico and South Africa on 16 August 2019; Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Honduras, and Slovakia on 22 August 2019; Germany, Singapore, and Thailand on 29 August 2019; Poland on 23 August 2019; Austria, Indonesia, Spain, and Venezuela on 30 August 2019; Egypt and the Philippines on 4 September 2019; Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, the Dominican Republic, and the United Arab Emirates on 5 September 2019; South Korea on 11 September 2019; Czech Republic, Malaysia, Paraguay, and Uruguay on 12 September 2019; Iceland on 13 September 2019; Bulgaria and Sweden on 20 September 2019; Hungary on 26 September 2019; Finland and Romania on 27 September 2019; Portugal on 3 October 2019; Ecuador on 4 October 2019; Argentina on 10 October 2019; Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia on 25 October 2019; Colombia on 7 November 2019; and Australia on 12 December 2019. In Australia, Seven Network's show Sunrise promoted it with a giveaway where two winners received a Playmobil Prize Pack for both tickets to the film and toy sets. The Sunday Times ran a contest where five people could enter to win tickets, with one of them winning an Instax mini-camera in addition.

On 4 February 2020, Playmobil: The Movie VR Adventures, a virtual reality video game, was released on Steam.

Reception

Box office
Playmobil: The Movie grossed $1.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $14.3 million in other territories, totaling $15.4 million worldwide.

In France, Playmobil opened to 604 theaters before playing at a maximum of 683 in its third week; it opened at number five with an opening weekend gross of $963,910.  By the end of its seven-week run, it grossed a total of $2,627,246.

In the United States, Playmobil: The Movie opened in 2,300 theaters; industry experts predicted the film would have a three-day opening gross of around $905,000 and would likely become a box office bomb. Preview screenings on 4 December and 5 December were very low, with 4 December totaling around $40,000 and 5 December $230,000. As The A.V. Club summarized, "STX is dropping it into U.S. theaters the weekend after Thanksgiving without press screenings, giving it the authentic discount-bin appearance of a toy store going out of business."

The US marketing budget was limited to roughly $3 million, and RelishMix reported a lack of social promotion of any of its stars except for one tweet from Trainor. STX set the marketing money this low due to the film's poor international box office. Boxoffice Pro analyzed the film "would open just two weeks after Frozen II, one week before Jumanji: The Next Level, two weeks before Star Wars: The Rise of the Skywalker, and less than three weeks before Spies in Disguise — all of which are shoe-ins to attract young audiences and dwarf potential interest in Playmobil." According to STX president Kevin Grayson, "STX is a 52-week-a-year business and we were looking for an opportunity to utilize the early December play date."

According to Deadline Hollywood, Playmobil was released only weeks after Frozen II and used a variable pricing strategy where STX and many theater chains offered $5 tickets. Originally projected to gross $600,000–$800,000 on its opening day, Playmobil grossed just $167,000, making it the third-worst opening day of all time for a 2,000-plus theatre production, behind Delgo (2008) and The Oogieloves in the Big Balloon Adventure (2012); fourth if counting the 2014 re-release of Saw (2004) and 24th if also including films with between 1,000 and 1,999 theaters. It went on to gross $660,000 in its opening weekend (an average of $287 per-venue), the fourth-worst of all-time.

Shortly after the weekend, Grayson responded that STX would use variable pricing in their future projects: "we have already learned from this experiment. And we will continue to learn more and will tweak it for the future so it can be the benefit to the industry that we know it can be." While the film's several worldwide distributors recouped TV sale money, they also financed it via pre-sales and thus face losses. Rebecca Rubin, a Variety writer, attributed the low box office to the Playmobil brand being far less popular than Lego.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of  based on  reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Much like the toys it advertises, Playmobil: The Movie seems sadly destined to be regarded as a superficially similar yet less desirable alternative to the competition." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an average 1.5 out of 5 stars, with 36% saying they would definitely recommend it. In the PostTrak grade, adult audiences made up 31% of poll, children under 12 69%; the adult gave the film an average 2.5 stars, the kids under 12 around 3.5 to four stars.

The New Zealand online publication Stuff named it "a strong contender for the worst film of 2019." Reviewers primarily criticized Playmobil: The Movie for being more of an advertisement than a compelling story that practiced its moral about being bold and adventurous. In a Rotten Tomatoes editorial, the site said critics generally called it "a regrettably mediocre outing that offers little aside from a barrage of colorful images and a brisk but ultimately generic and uninspired story." As Entertainment.ie, calling it "the worst animation of the year so far," put it, "the story is boring, the characters are utterly unlikeable [...] one is increasingly struck by the lack of anything new or interesting in the film whatsoever. Its lack of imagination or creativity is painful." A couple of reviews viewed it as part of a major problem of poorly-done toy films from Hollywood. Several reviews made negative comparisons to The Lego Movie, such as a Variety review by Day Lodge that summarized Playmobil: The Movie as The Lego Movie "but without that blockbuster's dizzy, self-aware wit and visual invention."

Nell Minow wrote that "it does not even work as a commercial, never showing us why these toys could be especially fun to play with," and called the settings and toys "bland and generic." Some critics found it way too safe for a film about imagination, including Katherine McLaughlin of The List: "The references are simply too familiar to excite, as it coasts along on nostalgia and a well-worn formula." According to The Observer, "Playmobil shamelessly steals ideas. This eyesore of a cash-in lifts plot elements from Thor and Jumanji, then thinly threads them together with a few songs and shrill mantra about the need for adventure."

Multiple errors in worldbuilding were spotted by critics, such as its odd mixture of replications of historical and fictional settings; and the overly-realistic textures and movements of the Playmobil figures. As Minow explained, "After a whole scene establishing the limited mobility of the Playmobil characters, they suddenly switch to being able to have human-like joints and range of motion." Clariss Loughrey asked, "Shouldn't everything be plastic? Then why do the horses have fur?" Yolanda Machado noted, "Marla can't figure out how to walk without the use of knees and yet, a minute later, she's running." Maryann Johanson noticed even more issues with the figure movements: "A big joke is made out of how Marla, in her Playmobil body, can't walk because she has no knees... and then knees inexplicably appear and she can walk fine. Everyone has elbows, too, which the toy figures also don't have. And everyone is stuck with those clamshell hands, yet are still able to manipulate chopsticks." As Paul Whitington felt, "the themed kingdoms they visit only seem to have been chosen because Playmobil do toys based on these scenarios: sometimes, as in the wild west sequence, they are passed through virtually without comment." The live-action sequences also garnered some derision; one reviewer opined it felt "like something out of an '80s movie," while another panned the sequence's stiff direction.

Salt Lake City Weekly called all of the film's concepts "all pointlessly random and head-smackingly dumb, even when it sounds on paper like it might be funny." According to Machado, Playmobil: The Movie suffered from storytelling "whiplash," using the "mishmash of odd characters" and the sudden death of the main characters' parents as examples. The A.V. Club criticized the choppy plot and erratic pace, reasoning it made Playmobil: The Movie "poorly conceived at every story turn, unable to even stick to a particular generic message to make up for its extremely basic humor." The film's hurried speed also came up in a Radio Times review that stated it "never stops long enough to make its story memorable." Lodge wrote the film had so little amusement it was absent of sight gags, while Minow bashed the inclusion of parental death as too dark for a kid's film. An RTÉ.ie review called its emotional moments "heavy-handed and forced," and criticized the parents' death as "solely a plot device for the sake of plot device." The songs were also called forgettable, generic, and "terrible" by several journalists; one wrote that they "have remarkably little melodic staying power," and another analyzed, "there's no chorus and the characters simply just say things to a tune." However, some reviewers did highlight Taylor-Joy's singing on the opening number.

Playmobil: The Movie wasn't without supporting reviewers. Siede was appreciative towards the "low-key, non-judgmental" writing of the film, praising it for being more "heartfelt and earnest" than other "crass and cheap" offerings usual for children's flicks. O'Sullivan summarized, "for a movie so clearly doubling as product placement, it's also fun, a cartoon (bookended by live-action sequences) which allows talented actors to riff on unexpected themes." She called the characters of Del and Rex "properly funny." Most admirations came towards the characters and performances, especially Radcliffe's voice-acting, the campy villain Emperor Maximus, and Taylor-Joy's acting. Hasted opined, "Taylor-Joy's tendency towards introverted, perhaps dangerous outsiders [...] finds little outlet in mostly mild Marla, but still makes her harassed heroine warmly sympathetic."

Home media
Playmobil: The Movie was released to Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 2 December 2019, France on 7 December 2019, Germany on 27 December 2019, Australia on 25 March 2020, and Canada on 30 June 2020. DVDs were released in the United Kingdom on 2 December 2019 and the United States on 3 March 2020. The film was released digitally in France on 7 December 2019, Denmark on 6 January 2020, and the United States on 3 March 2020.

References

Works cited

External links

2019 films
2019 comedy films
2019 computer-animated films
2019 directorial debut films
2010s French animated films
2010s children's adventure films
2010s children's comedy films
2010s children's animated films
2010s adventure comedy films
2010s science fiction adventure films
2010s science fiction comedy films
2010s spy comedy films
2010s English-language films
French computer-animated films
French children's films
French adventure comedy films
French animated science fiction films
French musical comedy films
French spy comedy films
Playmobil
English-language French films
Films about parallel universes
Animated films based on toys
Animated films about siblings
Animated films about orphans
Animated films about sentient toys
Animated films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City
Films shot in Montreal
Films with live action and animation
Films directed by Lino DiSalvo
Films scored by Heitor Pereira
StudioCanal films
StudioCanal animated films
Pathé films
Method Animation films
STX Entertainment films
French films set in New York City
2010s American films
2010s British films
English-language adventure comedy films

Playmobil: The Movie


Haji Khan Larik was born in 1895, and the date of his death still remains unknown. He was born in Moulehdino Larik, a village in Naushahro Feroze, Sindh, Pakistan. He received his secondary education at Naushahro Madrasa 1909 and was awarded the "Principal's Medal". He joined the Sindh Madrasatul Islam, in Karachi in the year 1913 and passed the Matriculation and school final examination in 1914.

Larik joined F. Y. Arts at Bahauddin College, Junagadh in 1915 and passed the intermediate arts examination in 1917 with mathematics as his elective subject. In the intermediate class he won an essay prize open to a class of 80 students. He received his Bachelor of Arts, 2nd class with honors in English in 1919.

While living in Junagadh he was the President of the Sindh Muslim Association. Larik was directly taken as Mukhtiarkar (Tehsildar) in which capacity he served for three years. He joined the legal profession in 1923, focusing on civil and criminal practice in Mehar Taluka in the Larkana and Dadu districts. He was offered the title of 'Sir' by the British but refused.

He was a nominated member on the District Local Board in Dadu during 1937 to 1938. Do to the work Larik did the Dadu District's Local Board nominated him to a seat on the Sindh Madressah board. Larik was elected to be the vice-chairman of the Dadu District School Board due to his interest in Muslim education. He was also a member of the All-India Muslim League and was also a Freedom Fighter.

References

1895 births
Year of death missing
People from Sindh

Haji Khan Larik


Analog forestry is an approach to ecosystem restoration that considers the process of forest formation and the functioning of forest services to be critical in establishing a sustainable ecosystem characterised by a high biodiversity to biomass ratio. Analogue forestry uses a synthesis of traditional and scientific knowledge to optimize the productive potential of the restoration design rather than maximise the production of one crop, and maximise ecosystem services  by increasing the volumetric mass of the photosynthetic component.

Analogue forestry draws design input not only from traditional models but also from the natural forest successional dynamics. When an ecosystem is designed to be analogous to the indigenous climax state, the efficiency and dynamics of the natural processes can be replicated. These quasi-natural forests are designed to mimic the structural and functional aspects of indigenous forests and are referred to as analog forests. In addition to their ecological characteristics, analog forests are also designed to provide economic benefits. However, it is not until all the ecological requirements of the location are satisfied that economic values of species are considered. Therefore, an analog forest may comprise natural and exotic species in any proportion, the contribution to structure and function being the overriding factor that determines its use.

The theoretical  underpinnings began in 1978 in San Diego and Guatemala. It was first implemented in Sri Lanka around 1981 by Ranil Senanayake as an alternative to monocultures of Pinus and Eucalyptus and has spread to India, Vietnam, Philippines, Australia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Canada, Kenya and Zimbabwe at present.

The International Analog Forestry Network (IAFN) is currently hosted in Costa Rica.

Analog forestry is a system of silviculture that seeks to design, plan and manage ecosystems dominated by woody perennials. It has been primarily employed in tropical or subtropical areas, but can be used in temperate areas too. The design seeks to mimic the architectural structure and ecological function of the preexisting climax vegetation of the area, and can be designed to provide economic, social and environmental benefits.

Analog forestry always considers the inclusion of non-crop native species to be considered in the design and thus addresses the inclusion of native biodiversity in the design. As analog forestry also requires the inclusion of long-lived species of trees in the design it has the capacity to sequester carbon for a longer time than plantation forestry. Analogue forestry has the potential to produce very high values of photosynthetic biomass as its design calls for the inclusion of all the growth forms that occupy the three-dimensional space of the mature indigenous forest. By including many species of crops in one area analog forestry helps spread the risk of market failure on a single crop.

See also

 Forest gardening

References
 Senanayake, R. 1987. Analog Forestry as a Conservation Tool, Tiger Paper, vol XIV no2 PP25–29  FAO, Bangkok

External links

Both ENDS Analog Forestry Information Package

Sustainable forest management
Sustainable agriculture
Forestry in Sri Lanka

Analog forestry


The 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup final was a football match to determine the winners of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the 10th and last edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup, a quadrennial international men's football tournament organised by FIFA. The match was held at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on 2 July 2017, and was contested by the winners of the semi-finals, Chile and Germany.

Germany won the final 1–0 via a 20th-minute goal from Lars Stindl to claim their first and only FIFA Confederations Cup title. It was the last FIFA Confederations Cup match.

Background
The match was Chile's first Confederations Cup final in their inaugural participation in the tournament, having qualified by winning the Copa América in 2015 for the very first time. For Chile, this was also their first ever final in a FIFA-sanctioned competition. This achievement meant Chile is the fifth South American country, after Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Venezuela, to have reached the final of any FIFA competitions.

The match was also Germany's first Confederations Cup final, having qualified for the tournament by winning the FIFA World Cup in 2014 for their fourth title. The tournament was their third appearance in the Confederations Cup. In 1999, Germany qualified by winning UEFA Euro 1996, and finished third in their group. In 2005, Germany qualified as hosts, and finished third in the tournament. Germany were also invited to the tournament in 1992 as 1990 FIFA World Cup winners, in 1997 as UEFA Euro 1996 winners, and in 2003 as 2002 FIFA World Cup runners-up, but declined to participate on all occasions.

Chile and Germany had faced each other on eight occasions prior, four of which were friendlies and four of which were competitive matches. Germany had won a total of five matches, with Chile winning two, and one match finishing as a draw. Of the competitive matches between them, Germany remained undefeated with a record of three wins and one draw. West Germany won the first meeting 2–1 in a 1960 friendly. A year later in 1961, Chile won 3–1 in another friendly. The sides faced each other competitively for the first time another year later at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, which Chile hosted, with West Germany winning 2–0 in the group stage. The sides met again in a friendly in 1968, with Chile winning 2–1. At the 1974 FIFA World Cup, hosts West Germany beat Chile 1–0 in the first round. They met again at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, with West Germany winning the first round match 4–1. After 32 years, the two faced each other again in a friendly, with Germany winning 1–0. Their latest meeting took place in the group stage of the tournament, finishing 1–1, the first draw between the two sides.

For the third time, teams from the same group faced again in the final, previously occurring in 1997 (Brazil and Australia) and 2009 (United States and Brazil). The final was a record-equalling fourth consecutive with a South American country, and a record-equalling second consecutive with a European country. This was the eighth time a South American country had made the final, including an all-South American final in 2005 between rivals Argentina and Brazil. On the other six occasions, the South American team won four times (Argentina in 1992, Brazil in 1997, 2009, and 2013), and lost twice (Argentina in 1995, Brazil in 1999). This was the fifth time a European country had made the final, with three wins (Denmark in 1995, France in 2001 and 2003), and one loss (Spain in 2013). This was the third final between a South American and European country, with both continents having one win each. The South American country, Brazil, defeated Spain in 2013, and the European country, Denmark, defeated Argentina in 1995.

For the first time since 2003, a different champion was to be declared, as Brazil, the defending champions who won the last three editions, failed to qualify (for the first time since 1995) following their loss on penalties to Paraguay in the quarter-finals of the 2015 Copa América. For the first time since France in 2001, a new country would win the competition, which would be the sixth overall winner. A total of two South American teams (Argentina and Brazil) and two European countries (Denmark and France) had previously won the Confederations Cup. If Chile were to have won, they would extend South America's record number of consecutive finals won to four, and overall finals won to six. If Germany were to have won, they would extend Europe's number of finals won to four, ranking second only behind South America's five wins.

Route to the final

Match

Summary

Chile started the final the better of the two sides, and had a clear goal scoring opportunity inside four minutes which was well saved by Marc-André ter Stegen from Arturo Vidal. Chile continued to pressure Germany with several goal attempts, including a wayward shot from Eduardo Vargas and a long range effort from Vidal which was also well saved by Ter Stegen. Germany would take the lead, against the run of play in the 20th minute when Timo Werner capitalized on a mistake by Marcelo Díaz, easily passing the ball to Lars Stindl for him to tap the ball into an empty net. The goal proved to be important as Germany gained confidence in attack, leading to efforts from Leon Goretzka and Julian Draxler going just wide of the goal. Just before half time, Germany had their best chance to double their lead as Draxler intercepted the ball from Gonzalo Jara, but after giving the ball to Goretzka his shot was well saved by Claudio Bravo.

The second half started with Germany continuing to attempt to double their lead, but towards the later parts of the second half Chile began to exert pressure on the German goal, leading to several missed chances. There was also a moment of controversy as Jara was judged to have elbowed Werner in the face, and VAR system had to be called into play. After review, the referee awarded Jara a yellow card for this action. Germany managed to hang on to their one-goal advantage to win the FIFA Confederations Cup for the first time in their history.

Details

Statistics

See also
 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup knockout stage
 2018 FIFA World Cup

References

External links

 Official site
 Official Documents and Match Documents (archived)
 Photos (archived)
 Match highlights (archived)
 MatchCast (archived)

Final
2017
Chile national football team matches
2017
2016–17 in Russian football
Sports competitions in Saint Petersburg
July 2017 sports events in Russia
2017 in Saint Petersburg
Chile–Germany relations
Football in Saint Petersburg

2017 FIFA Confederations Cup final


The Perineum is the area of the human body found between the lower end of the vagina and the anus (in females); and the scrotum and the anus (in males). When a person reaches puberty, the size of the perineum is about one inch in length. During puberty, hair will grow around and on the perineum to protect it.

Inside the perineum-area are specialized muscles that perform functions of sexuality, erection and excretion.

Torso

Perineum


Judith Deena Edelman(Satumba 23,1923 - Oktoba 4,2014)yar asalin Amurka ce.Ta tsara ayyuka iri-iri a New York tare da kamfaninta Edelman Sultan Knox Wood/Architects. Mace ce, ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ci gaban mata a fannin gine-gine kuma ta jagoranci Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Amirka ta farko a kan mata.
Articles with hCards

Rayuwar farko
An haifi Edelman Judith Hochberg a Brooklyn a 1923.Iyayenta sun kasance bakin haure daga Gabashin Turai. Ta kasance mai sha'awar gine-gine tun tana matashi bayan ta ziyarci ofishin gine-gine a matsayin dalibin sakandare.Ta halarci Kwalejin Connecticut,Jami'ar New York da Jami'ar Columbia,ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a Columbia a shekarar 1946.

Sana'a
Edelman was a frequent campaigner for the advancement of women architects and insisted that women should become involved in the American Institute of Architects(AIA)although it was"an exclusive gentleman's club". She was the first woman to be elected to the executive committee of the AIA's New York chapter in 1972. In 1972,she founded the Alliance of Women in Architecture,an organization to promote the advancement of women architects. The next year,she was a co-author of "Status of Women in the Architectural Profession",a resolution for the AIA that encouraged the institute to adapt to the "climate of change"brought about by the feminist movement of the time.At the AIA national convention in 1974,she gave a presentation about the fact that only 1.2 percent of American registered architects were women,claiming that the only industries with a smaller proportion of women were coal mining and steel work.After the presentation, she was recruited to lead the AIA's first task force on women, and came to be called "Dragon Lady"at AIA headquarters.She was the inspiration for Gloria and Esther Goldreich's 1974 children's book titled What Can She Be?An Architect.

Tare da kamfanin da ta fara,Edelman ya yi aiki a kan ayyuka iri-iri a birnin New York, gami da ayyukan gidaje masu araha da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shi ne Phelps House,rukunin gidaje tare da cibiyar jama'a don tsofaffi,wanda aka kammala a cikin shekarar 1983.A cikin 1960s ta yi aiki a kan zane don canza gidaje tara na dutsen launin ruwan kasa a Upper West Side zuwa ginin guda ɗaya yayin da suke kiyaye facades;ginin yanzu 9G Cooperative Apartments. Tsarinta ya sami lambobin yabo daga AIA, Municipal Art Society da City Club na New York, kuma ita da mijinta sun sami lambar yabo ta Andrew J. Thomas Pioneer a Housing daga babin AIA na New York a cikin shekarar 1990.

Rayuwa ta sirri
Ta auri Harold Edelman a 1947.Suna da 'ya'ya biyu,Marc da Joshua da jikoki takwas.Ta mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 4 ga Oktoba,2014.

Nassoshi

Haifaffun 1923

Judith Edelman ne adam wata


Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada, is famous for its fossils dating to the Pennsylvanian 'Coal Age' of Earth history. On July 7, 2008 a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List.

The dating of this site has been debated, with dates from 320 million years ago (mya) to 305 mya being suggested.p39 It is now settled as 314.5–313.4 mya +/- 1.1 million years.p40

Joggins Fossil Cliffs
The dramatic coastal exposure of the Coal Age rocks, known as the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, are continually hewn and freshly exposed by the actions of the tides in the Cumberland Basin. Geologists were first attracted to this locality in the late 1820s. A little later, the first student party studied Joggins in 1835

However, the true fame of Joggins dates from the visits in 1842 and 1852 by Charles Lyell, the founder of modern geology and author of Principles of Geology. In his Elements of Geology (1871), Lyell called the Joggins exposure of Coal Age rocks and fossils "the finest example in the world". The fossil record at Joggins figures in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, and played a role in the 1860 Oxford evolution debate between Thomas Huxley and Bishop Wilberforce.
"Mssrs. Lyell and Dawson found carboniferous beds 1400 feet thick in Nova Scotia, with ancient root-bearing strata, one above the other, at no less than 68 different levels..." Charles Darwin 1859. On the Origin of Species, p296.

Much of the early work to document the fossil record at Joggins was by Nova Scotian geologist William Dawson (1820–1899), who had a close personal and working relationship with his friend and mentor Charles Lyell. Much of Dawson's collection is in the Redpath Museum of McGill University.

In 1852 Lyell and Dawson made a celebrated discovery of tetrapod fossils entombed within an upright tree at Coal Mine Point. Subsequent investigations by Dawson led to the discovery of one of the most important fossils in the history of science, Hylonomus lyelli, which remains the earliest known reptile in the history of life, but not the earliest known amniote. In 2002, Hylonomus lyelli was named the provincial fossil of Nova Scotia.

Trackways are preserved at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs. The tree-like lycopod Sigillaria is preserved in situ.

Recent work
There has been a surge in interest in Joggins over the past 20 years. A thesis by Mike Rygel significantly advanced understanding of the site's history, stratigraphy, sedimentology and biota after the century of neglect which followed Dawson's death in 1899.

Important fossil
A vital early tetrapod fossil has been found here, the earliest synapsid, Protoclepsydrops, which is actually earlier than Hylonomus.

World Heritage Site
In 2007, a 15 km length of the coast comprising the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was nominated by Canada to UNESCO as a natural World Heritage Site. It was officially inscribed on the World Heritage List in on July 7, 2008.

References

World Heritage Sites in Canada
Nova Scotia
Lagerstätten

Joggins


Brian John Duffy (26 August 1938 – 6 December 2022), known professionally as Jet Black, was an English drummer and founding member of punk rock/new wave band The Stranglers. He last performed with the band in 2015, and officially retired in 2018.

Early life
Brian John Duffy was born in Ilford, Essex on 26 August 1938. He was a successful businessman up until the mid-1970s, owning a fleet of ice cream vans, and an off-licence in Guildford, called 'The Jackpot'. This establishment was the base for the early Stranglers. He was also the owner of one of the earliest home brewing equipment companies, at a time when home brewing was in vogue.

Career

Duffy was known as Jet Black when he became a full-time professional musician in the mid-1970s and met Hugh Cornwell of the band Johnny Sox after reading an advertisement in the Melody Maker magazine. Cornwell joined Black in the Stranglers in 1974.

His style was usually simple and jazz-influenced, although "Duchess" and "Down in the Sewer" are examples of Stranglers songs that feature more frantic drumming. In the mid-1980s, Black elected to cease playing acoustic drums in the recording studio and used a Simmons kit triggered by pick-ups, most notably on the Feline and Aural Sculpture albums. Black performed with the Stranglers until 2015, with his retirement confirmed by 2018. His name is frequently chanted by the crowd at concerts.

Black said he was particularly fond of The Raven album because it was "the first time the Stranglers got major critical approval in the newspapers."

Black had no contact with Hugh Cornwell after he left the band in 1990. According to Cornwell's 2004 autobiography, when he telephoned Black to say he was leaving The Stranglers, Jet's larconic response was "OK, fine." In 2014, Black confirmed in a newspaper interview with the Oxford Times that he did not keep in touch with Cornwell.

He wrote a short book, Much Ado About Nothing, which detailed the riots in France which were blamed on The Stranglers' presence in 1981, and also wrote a book in 2010 titled Seven Days in Nice about the same subject.

During a long career in music, Black (like many drummers) became aware of the practical limitations inherent in design of the basic kit. Black addressed one issue with his patented 'Jet Black Power Bass Drum Pedal' which enables the bass drum to be placed anywhere and yet remain playable.

Health issues

In March 2007, it was announced on the Stranglers' website that Black was suffering from atrial fibrillation and consequently refrained from appearing with the band until he had recovered. He returned to playing with the band in June, but he permanently retired from performing outside of the United Kingdom due to health issues associated with lengthy travel. During Black's absences, his temporary replacement was his full-time drum technician Ian Barnard (born 1983).

In mid-2008, he was again absent from several Stranglers gigs. It was shortly thereafter announced that he was suffering from chest problems and was "not rushing back to work" on the advice of his doctor. In September 2008, he returned to full rehearsals and began touring with the band on 13 October.

During the Stranglers' 2010 and 2011 UK tours, Black performed at every gig. He played the full sets, which were approximately 90 minutes in length.

On 12 March 2012, Black was taken to hospital after "falling ill" shortly before a Stranglers concert at the O2 Academy Oxford. He was again replaced by Barnard during the gig. The Stranglers announced the following day that he had been taken to hospital via ambulance after feeling unwell shortly after the band's soundcheck. It was confirmed that the illness was a "severe chest infection" but that Black intended to rejoin the tour when he was "fit and able"; however, he did not rejoin the tour due to a slow recovery.

The Stranglers' annual tour began in March 2013, with Black playing the second half of the opening night set, drumming on 10 songs beginning with the distinctive Genetix drum intro. Drummer Jim Macaulay played the first half of the set on a separate, smaller drum kit. He had also by this time completely refrained from travelling outside of the UK with the band. Black did not feature at some subsequent gigs, but played half of the band's set at others where stage space would allow for the positioning of two drum kits. Jean-Jacques Burnel said ahead of the band's Leeds gig: "He's had a few health problems in recent years, but he's really up for the tour, although he probably won't be at every gig, or doing the full set."

His appearances during the 2014 Ruby Anniversary tour were sporadic. When present, his playing was restricted to the encore only. During the tour, he was quoted as saying: "I'll carry on until I'm incapable of doing it. I am going to have to stop one day, but I expect the band will carry on." However, bassist Jean-Jacques Burnel said during the same period: "When he can [no] longer contribute – and I don't think that's long – then there will be no more Stranglers." He remarked that Black was "on oxygen" even after drumming on slower numbers like "Golden Brown". In 2014, Black said of the Stranglers: "This is the best band in the world — and we'll carry on until we can't any more. Though we are not thinking about that." He was absent from the Stranglers' UK festival appearances and associated warm-up gigs in mid-2014.

In January 2015, Stranglers guitarist Baz Warne told the Louder Than War website: "Jet will do what he can when he can. He's a massive hard worker and he's never shirked away from anything but with the best will in the world you just can't cheat old age. He told Classic Rock Magazine that he has given us his blessing to carry on without him, he's sort of ready to hand over the baton to Jim, our new drummer who's been really welcomed by the fans. I know a lot of the old fans say it's not the same without Jet, and they're absolutely right but there comes a time when you have to ask yourself a simple question; do you want to see The Stranglers without Jet or just accept that you'll never see them again?" In an interview with BBC Breakfast on 30 January, he said: "I've had a bit of trouble but I'm still playing gigs". During early dates on the tour, he relieved The Stranglers' touring drummer Jim Macaulay mid-set, playing approximately four songs including "Genetix". However, these appearances were limited to venues which had stages large enough for two drum kits. His appearances ceased regardless of venue size before the end of the tour with his final appearance on stage with the Stranglers being at the Cambridge Corn Exchange on 20 March 2015.

Retirement
Jean-Jacques Burnel confirmed, in a December 2015 interview, that Black would not take part in the band's 2016 tour. He said when questioned as to whether Black would be touring: "He can't. We tried that last year and I don't want him to become a freak show either. The most important thing for me is his health. If he can live a bit longer then that's a great thing. Physically he is in not a good place at all." Although he did not play with the band during their 2016 Black and White album tour, he continued to travel with the band, signing vinyl editions of the band's 1978 album, which were sold at gigs.

Shortly after his 78th birthday, Black said: "You find you just can't do some of the stuff you used to, and so the past seems so much more agreeable than the future ever could be. Something I guess we all get to know in time."

A promotional image released for the band's 2017 'Classics Collection' tour did not feature Black, and marked drummer Jim Macaulay's appearance in such an image for the first time. Black's departure from the band was officially confirmed in 2018 at the age of 79.

Personal life
His second wife, Helena, left him following several arguments over the Stranglers rehearsing in their home during the early days of the band.  In the 1990s, he lived in Tetbury, Gloucestershire, where he spent time designing and building wooden furniture.

In 2008, an online petition on the British Government website campaigning for him to be included in the next list of honours attracted 477 signatures and was mentioned in the national press.

Death
Black died from respiratory problems at his home in Wales on 6 December 2022, at the age of 84. Reacting to the news, Cornwell said: "We shared a special period of our lives when we strived to become professional musicians. We were immediately drawn to one another, he had a singular sense of purpose that I identified with. The Stranglers' success was founded on his determination and drive."

References

Further reading
 The Great Rock Discography – 5th Edition –
 Guinness Rockopedia –

External links
 Jet Black interview for The Burning Up Times Issue 3 at www.strangled.co.uk
 The Stranglers officials website
  as Brian Duffy
  as Jet Black

1938 births
2022 deaths
The Stranglers members
English rock drummers
Musicians from Ilford
People from Tetbury
Musicians from Gloucestershire
English punk rock drummers

Jet Black


Maneswar is a town in Sambalpur district, Odisha, India, situated  from Sambalpur. The postal code of Maneswar 768005. Nearby villages of this town are Sindurpank (3.6 km), Jhankarpali (4.2 km), Gunderpur (4.2 km), Kabrapali (7.3 km), Batemura (7.8 km), chhatabar (6.0 km) Ghenupali (8.0 km).

There is a temple dedicated to Shiva on the banks of the Malti Jore at Maneswar. The Maneswar High School is  located on Dhama road.

References

Villages in Sambalpur district

Maneswar


Yomo & Maulkie were an American hardcore hip hop duo from Los Angeles, California, composed of rappers Yomo (born Yomo Smith) and Maulkie (born Mark Eric Green). They were signed with Ruthless Records, the label owned by Eazy-E. Their discography consists of one studio album, which spawned three singles.

The duo first worked with Eazy-E in 1989 when they provided additional vocals to The D.O.C.'s debut album No One Can Do It Better. They were associated with the members of N.W.A., although the duo was not a gangsta group. Instead, its lyrics hewed more toward Public Enemy's political style. In 1991, Eazy worked with them again as executive producer for their only full-length album Are U Xperienced?, which was distributed by Atco/Atlantic Records. The album's name is derived from Jimi Hendrix's 1967 album Are You Experienced?. The group found little commercial success with their single "Glory" from the album, which peaked at number 7 on the Hot Rap Songs. The song "For the Love of Money" off of the album was reused on the Bone Thugs-n-Harmony single "Foe tha Love of $" from the 1994 album Creepin on ah Come Up. Maulkie later joined Ice Cube's protégé group Da Lench Mob on their sophomore effort Planet of da Apes.

Discography
Studio album
1991: Are U Xperienced?
Singles
 "Mama Don't" (1991)
 "Mockingbird" (1991)
 "Glory" / "Are U Xperienced" (1991)

References

Hip hop duos
Atco Records artists
Musical duos from California
Hip hop groups from California
Ruthless Records artists
African-American musical groups
Musical groups from Los Angeles
1989 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1992

Yomo & Maulkie


Sung-Hi Lee (Korean:이승희) is a South Korean model and actress based in North America. She has been featured in Playboy magazine as well as in many other magazines and some commercial advertising.

Early life and education
Born in Gija-chon, Eunpyeong District of Seoul, Lee moved to the United States in 1978. She attended Ohio State University on a scholarship for three years.

Career
Lee has worked as an actress, appearing in films such as A Night on the Water (1998), Error in Judgment (1998), Chain of Command (2000), Nurse Betty (2000), This Girl's Life (2003), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation 2: Cousin Eddie's Island Adventure (2003), and as Ferrari in The Girl Next Door (2004). She has also appeared on television, in the Queen of Swords episode "The Dragon" (2001) and landing roles such as DC Comics villain Lady Shiva in 2002's Birds of Prey and the waitress Sophie on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. She also starred on The King of Queens in the 2002 episode "Holy Mackerel". In 2007 she played Tricia Tanaka in the Lost episode "Tricia Tanaka Is Dead" and also appeared in the series premiere of the FOX sitcom Back to You. In 2009, Lee appeared in the action film The Art of War III: Retribution (2009) as Sun Yi, and as Crystal in the comedy Tripping Forward (2009).

Lee has also had a career in modeling, ranging from high-profile adult magazines such as Playboy (in which she was the first Asian model to feature on the cover) to advertisements for Acer Computers, Chrysler, Brut, Miller Beer, Mountain Dew, Maxwell House and Sunkist Juice.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
American actresses of Korean descent
American models of Korean descent
Ohio State University alumni
Miss Hawaiian Tropic delegates
South Korean emigrants to the United States
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean female models
21st-century American women
Models from Seoul
Actresses from Seoul

Sung-Hi Lee


Felling is the process of cutting down trees, an element of the task of logging. The person cutting the trees is a lumberjack.  A feller buncher is a machine capable of felling a single large tree or grouping and felling several small ones simultaneously.

Methods

Hand felling

In hand felling, an axe, saw, or chainsaw is used to fell a tree, followed up by limbing and bucking in traditional applications. In the modern commercial logging industry, felling is typically followed by limbing and skidding.

Feller buncher

A feller-buncher is a motorized vehicle with an attachment which rapidly cuts and gathers several trees in the process of felling them.

In cut-to-length logging a harvester performs the tasks of a feller-buncher, additionally doing the delimbing and bucking. When harvesting wood from a felled tree, the recommended methods should be followed in order to maximize wood recovery. The suggested trend is to make deeper cuts and smaller openness when performing undercuts.

Types of cut

The undercut or notch cut is the guiding or aiming slot for the tree and is a V-shaped notch placed on the side of the tree in the direction of intended fall.

The back cut or felling cut is made on the opposite side of the tree of the undercut and is cut through the
base of the tree severing the "hinge" holding the tree up.

The Tongue and Groove cut is a type of cut that uses the tree as its own guide for where it will fall. This is commonly used by loggers when they need precision in their drop.

Boom-corridor experiment
This was an experiment conducted regarding felling trees and the continuous felling of trees in boom-corridors which might lead to an increase in harvester productivity. An efficient way to do this would be to use felling heads which would increase efficiency and fall time.

Gallery

References

Logging
Lumberjack sports

Felling


Centuria (, plural centuriae) is a Latin term (from the stem centum meaning one hundred) denoting military units originally consisting of 100 men. The size of the century changed over time, and from the first century BC through most of the imperial era the standard size of a centuria was 80 men.

Roman use

Political
In the political context the centuria was the constituent voting unit in the assembly of the centuries (Latin comitia centuriata), an old form of popular assembly in the Roman Republic, the members of which cast one collective vote.

Its origin seems to be the homonymous military unit. The comitia centuriata elected important magistrates like consuls and praetors.

Military

History
The centuria dates all the way back to the earliest armies of the Roman Kingdom being described in Plutarch's account of the life of Romulus, however it is only mentioned in passing as a subdivision of Romulus' force. It is speculated that in this period a century may have referred to a Phalanx block and was perhaps the main tactical unit on the battlefield.

After the adoption of the manipular Roman army in 340 BC the centuria took a backseat to the maniple as the main military unit used by the Roman army. In Livy's The History of Rome and Polybius' Histories, centuria do not appear by name but both writers do mention subdivisions of the maniple of around 60 men that centurions commanded. The only point of disagreement between the two was the number of these units in a maniple; Livy says 3 while Polybius says 2. Livy is writing of a time 150 years before Polybius so the number of men in this unit may have changed over that period.

Leadership and organization
A century was commanded by a centurion, who was assisted by an optio and  tesserarius. It had a banner or signum which was carried by a signifer. Also, each century provided a buccinator, who played a buccina, a kind of horn used to transmit acoustic orders.

On the battlefield, the centurion stood at the far right of the first row of men next to the signifer, while the optio stood at the rear, to avoid, if necessary, the disbanding of the troops and ensure the relay between typical closed order lines used by the Roman army.

The centuria originally consisted of a hundred soldiers; later 80 distributed among 10 contubernia, with support staff making up the remainder of the 100 men. Each contubernium (the minimal unit in the Roman legion) consisted of eight soldiers who lived in the same tent while on campaign or the same bunk room in barracks.

In the imperial period, but likely not the republican period, the first cohort  was twice the size of the other cohorts. Each of its five centuriae was a double centuria of 160 men (rather than 80). The first cohort thus consisted of 800 men. Centurions of these first-cohort double centuriae were called primi ordinis ("first rank"), except for the leader of the first centuria of the first cohort, who was referred to as primus pilus (first file).

Other uses

The term centuria was later used during the Spanish Civil War to describe the informal bands of local militiamen and international volunteers that sprang up in Catalonia and Aragon in October–November 1936 and also today in Ukraine.

References

See also
Hundertschaft
Roman empire
Roman military history
Tactics of the Roman century in combat
Sotnia

Infantry units and formations of ancient Rome
Roman legions

Centuria


Baptism of Christ is a tempera painting on panel by Giovanni Bellini, dating to 1500–1502, and now located in the Chiesa di Santa Corona in Vicenza. It is signed IOANNES / BELLINVS on a rock in the lower left.

Description and style
The work is among the first produced by the artist to show an immersive tranquility of the figures in the space that surrounds them, across the light and atmosphere. These elements suggest that the painter was possibly helped by a young Giorgione, or perhaps another student close to Bellini, at least according to the information provided by Vasari.

The painting depicts the baptism of Christ in a fairly traditional composition, with Jesus at the center turned toward the viewer, while John the Baptist, at left, baptizes him on a cliff and at right three angelic figures with gaudy dress (allegories of the three theological virtues) await. On high, the figure of God the Father appears among cherubs and seraphim, which sends forth the dove of the Holy Spirit.

The three feminine figures are also recall the angelic figures that are placed at the side of the baptized Christ, in traditional icons. The gilt line of the early dawn on the bottom semantically marks the desired territory of the divine. The man who is not the ordered center of the universe commands but constitutes all that lives in harmony.

Some have attributed the angel in red to the hand of Giorgione. The hut on high and to the right symbolizes the Old Testament; at left, on the summit of the hills, the castle symbolizes the New Testament.

As in traditional iconography, the water of the river stops at the feet of Christ, to avoid depicting his reflection (in icons, reflections aren't emitted from divine figures). Another symbolic element is the little red parrot, symbol of the Passion of Christ.

An extraordinary part of the altarpiece is the exceptional smoothness of tones that tie together the landscape and the sky, that muffles the surroundings of the enveloped figures, in a surprising anticipation of the tonalism that later paintings of Giorgione and Tiziano Vecellio would display. That same luminous modulation—now incidental, now tenuous, now little present—emphasizes the divine axis that goes from the sculptural figure of Jesus to the figure of eternity, that does not reflect his pose and appearance.

The landscape is ample and reposed. From the sky falls a warm light that suggests the valleys around the River Jordan. The wonderful result is a secure capture of the atmospheric perspective and the impasto-ed colors throughout. As has been said, "The colors obtain the density of a breath that comes from the depths". "The personalities, in natural dimensions, pull the spectator into the scene, miraculously in equilibrium between the spectacle of nature and the contemplation of mystery".

References

Bibliography
 Simona Ciofetta, Il "Battesimo di Cristo" di Giovanni Bellini in Santa Corona a Vicenza. Patronato e devozione privata, in "Venezia Cinquecento", 2, 1992, pp. 61–88. ISSN 1825-4799
 Pierluigi De Vecchi ed Elda Cerchiari, I tempi dell'arte, volume 2, Bompiani, Milano 1999.

1502 paintings
Paintings by Giovanni Bellini
Vicenza
God the Father in art
Paintings of the Baptism of Christ

Baptism of Christ (Bellini)


Amphetamine is a synthetic drug. The drug is a stimulant: it can help people keep the focus and stay awake. It also decreases appetite and fatigue. Chemically, it is similar to methamphetamine. These drugs increase the level of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can create euphoria. The class of drugs containing amphetamine includes prescription drugs commonly used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also used to treat symptoms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the daytime drowsiness symptoms of narcolepsy, amongst others. Initially, amphetamine was more popularly used to reduce appetite and to control weight.

Sometimes, the drug is used for fun or to boost performance.  Many different names are used for amphetamines.  They include Benzedrine and speed.  The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports the typical retail price of amphetamine in Europe varied between €3 and €15 ($4 to $21.55 USD) a gram in half of the reporting countries. The name amphetamine is derived from its chemical name: alpha-methylphenethylamine.

References

Other websites

 Amphetamine -Citizendium

Psychoactive drugs
Organonitrogen compounds

Amphetamine


WVKR-FM (Independent Radio) is a college radio station owned by and primarily staffed by students of Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. The station broadcasts on 91.3 MHz at 3,700 watts ERP from a tower in Milton, New York with a directional signal to the south. The station also streams on the web.

History

When Vassar College became a co-educational institution in 1969, the school began plans to launch a campus radio station to serve both the campus and the nearby communities. Originally, the college planned to apply for a low-power license, however plans soon changed to a full-power licence when the tower site of WEOK-FM was donated to Vassar College after the construction of a new tower in Illinois Mountain in Marlboro. WVKR signed on from this tower on a test basis in December 1971 with full operations commencing after upgrades to the tower were made in March 1972.

For its entire existence, WVKR has been a primarily student-run station with a core staff of community volunteers running some programs on the station. Key programming on the station includes
blues, jazz, hip hop, vintage rock, polka music, world music, classical, Cajun/Zydeco, talk, and indie rock, among others.

One of the longest running programs on the station, "Pete Clark's Orphanage of Rock and Roll," features rare rock and pop from the 60s 70s and 80s. It has run on WVKR for close to two decades on Friday afternoons from 3pm to 5pm.

Doug Price and his Friday night Blues After Hours have been known and loved by Blues fans throughout Dutchess County since the late 1980s.

WVKR also streams its broadcast on the internet, accessible through its website, thus serving not only the Vassar College and Hudson Valley communities, but also anyone else in the world who chooses to listen to the webcast.

Through its history WVKR has had several notable disk jockeys (DJs) who went on to further success in the music field; these include:
 Pete Clark (major market DJ and programmer, currently also doing a Sunday show at WPDH)
 Mark Ronson (DJ, Musician, Producer)
 DJ Ayres (Noted Club DJ)
 John Conway (Member The Bravery)
 DJ Mr. Vince (DJ/Co-host of internationally syndicated radio show "Full Throttle Radio World Wide" Hosted By Fatman Scoop & Mixshow DJ On 96.1FM WPKF)

External links
Official website

Official WVKR Blog
WVKR's Live-Updated Playlists on Radioactivity

Vassar College
VKR-FM
VKR-FM
Radio stations established in 1971

WVKR-FM


Jerome Bonaparte Robertson (March 14, 1815 – January 7, 1890) was a doctor, Indian fighter, Texas politician, and a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was noted for his service in the famed Texas Brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia.

Early life and career
Robertson was born in Woodford County, Kentucky, the son of Scottish immigrant Cornelius Robertson and his wife Clarissa Hill (Keech) Robertson. When Robertson was only four years old, his father died, leaving his mother almost penniless. Unable to properly support her family, she apprenticed young Robertson four years later to a hatter, who moved with the boy in 1824 to St. Louis. After studying medicine at Transylvania University in Kentucky, Robertson graduated in 1835. With the Texas Revolution emerging as a national topic, Robertson joined a company of Kentucky volunteers as a lieutenant and made plans to travel to Texas. However, they were delayed in New Orleans and did not arrive in the Republic of Texas until September 1836. There, he joined the Army of Texas and was commissioned as a captain.

In 1837, with Texas Revolutionary hostilities essentially ended, Robertson resigned his Texas commission and returned to Kentucky, where he married Mary Elizabeth Cummins. He returned with his wife and several relatives to Texas in December 1837, buying land and settling in Washington-on-the Brazos. He established a medical practice, and became known on the frontier as an Indian fighter through six years of sporadic campaigning. Furthermore, he also served in the military forces that helped repel two invasions by the Mexican army in 1842. After stints as the town's coroner, mayor, and postmaster, Robertson built a home in Independence in 1845. By this time, the Republic of Texas was on the verge of becoming the State of Texas. Robertson was elected in 1847 to the Texas House of Representatives and in 1849 to the Texas State Senate.

He and his wife Mary had three children, one of whom died in infancy. His son Felix Huston Robertson eventually became a brigadier general in the Confederate army.

Civil War
Robertson was a delegate to the state Secession Convention in January 1861, and subsequently raised a company of volunteers for the Confederate army and was elected as its captain when it became a formal part of the newly raised 5th Texas Infantry Regiment in the brigade of John Bell Hood. In November 1861, Robertson was elevated to lieutenant colonel, and then on June 1, 1862, to colonel and command of the regiment. He was in the Peninsula Campaign, serving with distinction during the Seven Days Battles and leading his regiment in a successful charge during the Battle of Gaines' Mill that split the Union lines.

Robertson became popular with his soldiers due to his unusual concern for their welfare, giving rise to his nickname, "Aunt Polly." He served in the Northern Virginia Campaign and the Maryland Campaign, where his health was failing due to months of steady campaigning. During the Battle of South Mountain, he was overcome by exhaustion and had to be carried from the field. He did not rejoin his regiment until after the subsequent Battle of Antietam. However, by then his reputation as a fighter had been noted, and with the promotion of Hood to division command, Robertson was named as his successor and was promoted to brigadier general on November 1, 1862. He saw his first action as a brigade commander during the Battle of Fredericksburg.

Gettysburg and after
In the summer of 1863, Robertson led his brigade into Pennsylvania during the Gettysburg Campaign. Hood's Division arrived too late for the first day's fighting during the Battle of Gettysburg, but they played a prominent role on the second day, where Robertson led his brigade in a series of hard-hitting, but ultimately unsuccessful, attacks on Little Round Top. Those attacks culminated with the fight for Devil's Den, during which his 1st, 4th, and 5th Texas regiments, as well as his 3rd Arkansas Infantry, took heavy casualties that ultimately resulted in their taking their objective, despite being greatly outnumbered by Union forces. Robertson was wounded along with several of his officers during that action, which he later described as "one of the hottest contests I have ever witnessed."

In September, along with the rest of Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, Robertson and the Texas Brigade were moved to Tennessee to reinforce the Army of Tennessee, fighting with distinction at Chickamauga. However, Robertson's performance in the subsequent East Tennessee campaign invoked the wrath of both Longstreet and division commander Micah Jenkins. Longstreet filed formal court-martial charges against General Robertson, alleging dereliction of duty and accusing him of pessimistic remarks. Shortly before, Robertson had joined the other brigadiers in the division in support of Evander M. Law over Longstreet's protégé Jenkins as division commander, which undoubtedly influenced Longstreet, who was in a bitter argument with Law. Robertson was reprimanded, replaced as commander of the Texas Brigade, and transferred to Texas, where he commanded the state reserve forces until the end of the war.

Postbellum career
Following the collapse of the Confederacy and the surrender of the remaining Texas forces, Robertson returned to his home in Independence and resumed his medical practice, a period marked by mourning when his wife died in 1868. He re-entered politics in 1874, being named as superintendent of the Texas Bureau of Immigration for two years. Two years later, he served as passenger and emigration agent for the Houston and Texas Central Railroad. Robertson married a widow, Mrs. Hattie Hendley Hook, in 1878 and relocated to Waco a year later. There, he continued to promote railroad construction in west Texas.

He held several high Masonic offices, including deputy grand master of the Third Masonic District and of the Twenty-ninth Masonic District. He was an organizer of the Hood's Texas Brigade Association, which he served as president many times.

He was initially buried at Independence next to his first wife and his mother. In 1894 his son had all three bodies moved to Oakwood Cemetery (Waco, Texas).

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

External links

Brigadier Gen. J.B. Robertson after action report, Devil's Den
3rd Arkansas at Gettysburg, under Brig. Gen. J.B. Robertson

1815 births
1890 deaths
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Waco, Texas)
People from Woodford County, Kentucky
Texas state senators
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
People of Texas in the American Civil War
Texas Brigade
Transylvania University alumni
19th-century American politicians
People from Independence, Texas
People from Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas

Jerome B. Robertson


KDDX-class destroyer (KDX-IV) is a next generation stealth guided-missile destroyer under development by Hyundai Heavy Industries for ROK Navy, to be launched after 2025. Displacement of the class is set to be about 8,000 tons, length 155 meters, breadth 18.8 meters and draft 9.5 meters. Will feature KVLS to  launch Hyunmoo-3C land-attack cruise missiles and SSM-700K anti-ship missiles. At 8000 tons displacement, it will be lighter than Sejong the Great-class destroyers, but with more advanced sensors and stealth characteristics and lower operating costs. The ships will have advanced missile defense.  The  size  of  this  new  destroyer  would  be  between  that  of  the  currently operating 4,200-ton KDX-II and the Aegis Destroyer KDX-III, and would be assigned to a naval task force. The total cost of developing and producing the six vessels is expected to top $6.2 billion.

See also
 Korean Destroyer eXperimental

References

Destroyers of the Republic of Korea Navy
Proposed ships

KDDX-class destroyer


Wang Xiaotong (王孝通) (AD 580–640), also known as Wang Hs'iao-t'ung, was a Chinese mathematician, calendarist, politician, and writer of the early Tang dynasty. He is famous as the author of the Jigu Suanjing (Continuation of Ancient Mathematics) one of the Ten Computational Canons.

He presented this work to Li Yuan, the first emperor of the Tang dynasty, along with a brief biography.

According to this autobiography, he became interested in mathematics at a young age. After a study of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art and particularly Liu Hui's commentary on it, Wang became a teacher of mathematics, and later deputy director of the Astronomical Bureau.

It was known that the Chinese calendar at that time was in need of reform since, although only in operation for a few years, already predictions of eclipses were getting out of step. In 623, together with Zu Xiaosun, a Civil Servant, he was assigned to report on problems with the calendar—although only recently adopted, it was already out of step with the eclipses. In fact, Wang did not approach this in a sophisticated way; he proposed to ignore the irregularity of the sun's motion and also the precession of the equinoxes—both had already been incorporated in calendar calculations by Zu Chongzhi in the fifth century.

Jigu Suanjing

His major contribution was the Jigu suanjing ("Continuation of Ancient Mathematics" 缉古算经), written before year 626. Jigu Suanjing  became a text for the imperial examinations; it was included as one of the Ten Computational Canons when reprinted in 1084.

The book contains 20 problems based mostly on engineering construction of astronomic observation tower, dike, excavation of a canal bed etc.  and right angled triangles, but which in essence deal with the solution of cubic equations, the first known Chinese work to deal with them.

In Jigu Suanjin, Wang established and solved 25 cubic equations of the form:

, along with 2 quadratic equations and 2 double quadratic equations.

Wang's work influence later Chinese mathematicians, but it is said that it was his ideas on cubic equations which influenced the Italian mathematician Fibonacci after transmission via the Islamic world.

Sources
 J-C Martzloff, A history of Chinese mathematics (Berlin-Heidelberg, 1997).
 J-C Martzloff, Histoire des mathématiques chinoises (Paris, 1987).
 Y Mikami, The Development of Mathematics in China and Japan, chapter 8 Wang Hsiao-Tung and Cubic Equations, pp 53–56, reprint of 1913 ed (New York, 1974).
 B Qian (ed.), Ten Mathematical Classics (Chinese) (Beijing, 1963).
 Y Ruan, Biographies of Mathematicians and Astronomers (Chinese) 1 (Shanghai, 1955).
 K Shen, J N Crossley and A W-C Lun, The nine chapters on the mathematical art : Companion and commentary (Beijing, 1999).

External links

7th-century Chinese mathematicians
Medieval Chinese mathematicians
Sui dynasty government officials
Sui dynasty writers
Tang dynasty government officials
Tang dynasty science writers

Wang Xiaotong


Georgism is a way of thinking about economics and land use. It is based on the ideas of Henry George, an American economist and social philosopher. Georgists believe that people should have equal access to the benefits of land, which is a natural resource. They argue that the value of land comes from the community, and that this value should be shared equally among all members of society.

Georgism proposes a system of taxation that is based on the value of land. This is called a "land value tax" or "single tax". The idea is that people should pay a tax on the value of the land they own, but not on any improvements they make to the land. This would discourage land speculation and encourage the efficient use of land. Georgists believe that this would also promote social justice, by reducing inequality and poverty.

Georgism has been influential in many areas of economics and social policy. It has been used to support environmental conservation, urban planning, and social welfare programs. Georgists have also been involved in political movements, such as the Progressive movement in the United States and the Social Credit movement in Canada.

Critics of Georgism argue that it would be difficult to implement in practice, and that it could lead to unintended consequences, such as a reduction in the supply of land for productive use. They also question the idea that the value of land is created solely by the community, and suggest that individuals also play a role in creating value.

Despite its critics, Georgism remains an important idea in economics and social policy. It continues to be studied and debated by scholars and policymakers around the world, as they search for ways to create a more just and equitable society.

Economics
Political movements

Georgism


Ebenezer Rhodes (1762–1839) was an English topographer, publisher, master cutler and artist. He became a prominent historian of Derbyshire.

Life
Born in Masborough near Rotherham, in 1762, Rhodes served a seven-year apprenticeship in the cutlery trade from 1777, despite a strong interest in reading and the theatre. He became a senior partner in David Champion, a firm making scissors, to which razors were added later.

Rhodes was elected in 1808 head of Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire and became a master cutler. In August, the members gave their president a gold cup to acknowledge his public services in establishing the Institution.

Rhodes started to become associated with debating societies, one being called The Society of the Friends of Literature, which met in a public house in Sheffield. Rhodes became a conspicuous speaker and Jacobin politician. The groups also included the Rev. John Pye Smith, a theological writer, and James Montgomery, a Christian poet and philanthropist. The groups were eventually suspected of sedition and proscribed.

Peak scenery
Rhodes made many excursions with James Montgomery, to Monsal Dale, Millers Dale and other parts of Derbyshire. He spent days sketching in Dovedale with his fellow artist Thomas Christopher Hofland.

In 1818 Rhodes published the first part of a folio edition of his Peak Scenery, or the Derbyshire Tourist, dedicated to the Duke of Devonshire and illustrated by F.L.Chantrey. This was followed by the first part of Yorkshire Scenery, although other parts were never published. In 1837 Rhodes issued a small Derbyshire Tourist's Guide and Travelling Companion. All his books involved him in financial loss, but his Peak Scenery remains a standard work. Apart from these ventures, he turned his attention to journalism, and for several years edited the Sheffield Independent.

Bankruptcy
Meanwhile his business failed and he became a bankrupt. A fund was raised for his support, to which Montgomery subscribed £100, while Chantrey privately gave Rhodes £50 a year. Thereafter he still made a small income preparing steel plates for engravers by a novel process. He died a poor man, on 16 December 1839, at his home in Victoria Street, Sheffield.

Publications
Essay on the Manufacture, Choice and Management of a Razor, by E Rhodes Cutler, Sheffield, 1809
Peak Scenery, or the Derbyshire Tourist, dedicated to the Duke of Devonshire and illustrated by F.L.Chantrey, 1824
Yorkshire Scenery, Part 1, London, 1826
Derbyshire Tourist's Guide and Travelling Companion, 1837
The Poets of Yorkshire (Rhodes was included), by William Cartwright Newsam, 1845

References

Further reading
E. D. Mackerness, "The harvest of failure: Ebenezer Rhodes (1762–1839)", Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 101 (1981), pp. 107–18,

1762 births
Writers from Yorkshire
1839 deaths
People from Rotherham
Master Cutlers
People educated at Dinnington High School

Ebenezer Rhodes


Nico (known as Nicholas in most non-Spanish-speaking countries) is a 2001 Spanish animated television series produced by BRB Internacional, Televisión Española and the National Organization of the Spanish Blind. The title character, Nico, is a boy that is blind. Blind people in the cartoon are usually referred to as "visually impaired" (invidente) regardless of how severe, or otherwise, their blindness is.

The series raised awareness of progresses being made in cities as they became more blind-friendly.  It also educated children about blind people.

Characters
Nico is initially introduced as moving to a new school, where the rest of the main characters, his classmates, are introduced.  In the first episode, he states that he progressively lost his sight, and was therefore integrated into a school for visually impaired people for the last few years.  This is later retconned to him being blind from birth: This was expressed explicitly in one episode, a supermodel tells him that has recently lost her sight that it is best to have been able to see once, than to never have seen like him. He is voiced by Vincent Canales in the English dub.

Other characters include:
 Tom, Nico's guide dog who every now-and-then makes side-comments to the audience. He is voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch in the English dub.
 Patty, Nico's neighbor, classmate, and best friend. She always ties her blonde hair in a pony tail.
 Oscar, a classmate that perpetually chews bubble gum, who always tried to trick Nico or Tom into tripping or getting into trouble. He feels that Nico is stealing his popularity. He is voiced by Jason Griffith in the English dub.
 Flappy (so named because he wiggles his ears too much), Oscar's dim-witted and good-hearted, yet only, henchman. He is a bit egocentrical, believes he has psychokinetic powers, and has a short stature. He is voiced by Muhammed Cunningham in the English dub.
 Aisha, Nico's classmate of African descent who perpetually is trying to invent something. Seems to be allergic to Flappy.
 Tábata/Tabitha, Nico's baby sister. She is voiced by Vibe Jones in the English dub.
 Boris, Nico's family's ever-hungry pet chameleon, who more than changing color, changes his shape. Always seen chasing a bug. He is voiced by Dan Green in the English dub.
 Charlie, Nico's classmate of Japanese descent. He loves small creatures in general and carries a different insect or rodent around in his pocket in each episode hoping to care for it, much to the dislike of the creature in question. The creature always ends up escaping near the end of the episode, usually after interacting with Boris or Tom.
 Caifás, Nico's elderly, ill-humored, and very rich neighbor. He hates children in general, but he hates blind ones even more so. On one occasion, for example, he built a robotic bat for the sole purpose of bothering Nico.
 Nico's teachers
Victoria: Nico's homeroom teacher.
Chef Purée: the cook at Nico's school. He has a heavy French accent.
 Max: Nico's clumsy gym teacher.
Minor characters:
Kiko: a partially sighted boy with retinitis pigmentosa.
 Lucy: A female dog. She appeared in Episode 2. She is voiced by Evelyn Lanto in the English dub.
 Thunder: A black-colored dog who is mean towards Tom. He is voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas in the English dub.
 Termix: A gold-colored dog who speaks in a Southern accent. He appeared in Episode 2. He is also voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas in the English dub.

Episode guide
A list of episodes

Episodes
 Episode 1  - The New Kid has Arrived
 Episode 2  - The Test
 Episode 3  - The Asphalt Jungle
 Episode 4  - Your Voice Sounds Familiar
 Episode 5  - Six dots to Move the World
 Episode 6  - In the Mist
 Episode 7  - Hearts of Gold
 Episode 8  - With Permission
 Episode 9  - Orange at three o'clock
 Episode 10 - The Fountain of Perception
 Episode 11 - White Christmas
 Episode 12 - Do touch, Please
 Episode 13 - Things I Once Saw
 Episode 14 - Binary Sensations
 Episode 15 - Pirates
 Episode 16 - Blind Date
 Episode 17 - The Ghost Story
 Episode 18 - A Flea-bitten Dog
 Episode 19 - Tomorrow When it Dawns
 Episode 20 - Team Tactics
 Episode 21 - Nice sense of smell, mate
 Episode 22 - You don't see me, you don't hear me
 Episode 23 - Historical Guides
 Episode 24 - The Age of Discoveries
 Episode 25 - A Wonderful Cast
 Episode 26 - A future for all of us

Duration
Each of the 26 episodes lasts 26–30 minutes.

Episode structure
The episodes usually showed a modern city, but frequently featured improbable plots (one episode, for example, included a time machine that took a handful of characters to the past). Usually, there was a background story involving the animal characters Tom and/or Boris.

Many episodes happening in a believable scenario featured a reduction in visibility (e.g. smoke from a building on fire) where Nico would save the day by quickly telling people how to "see" without using their eyes, enabling them to, in the above case, escape the building before the fire spread.

Closure
Each episode closed with a "Watch Out!" (¡Cuidado!) segment narrated by Tom.  It consisted of stating a little-known fact of what blind people can now do.  Each segment typically started out with something along the lines of "You think someone that is visually impaired can't go skiing?" and then proceeded to explain, in the given example, that blind people can ski if a guide skis in front of them with a speaker on his/her backpack to shout warnings at the skier, and the blind person following the sound of his/her guide's skis sliding on the snow.  The example would then be followed by some sort of more or less comical note, to which Tom winked at the audience.  (In the above case, Tom commented that crossing the path between a blind skier's guide and the blind skier can lead to accidents, while the accident depicted on screen isn't particularly that of the blind skier, but of the person who got in the way.) Often, these "Watch Out!" notes were a show of a much later episode.

Immediately afterwards, Nico's voice would give an advance of what the next episode would be about, while brief images of that episode appeared on screen.

During the credits, a comical sequence where Boris chased a dragonfly was shown.

See also
 Blindness and education
 Blindness in literature
 BRB Internacional
 ONCE

References

2001 Spanish television series debuts
2001 Spanish television series endings
Spanish children's animated television series
Fictional blind characters
RTVE shows
Television shows about blind people

Nico (TV series)