In alternative investments, operational due diligence (ODD), is an investigation (due diligence) into operational factors of alternative investment entities such as a hedge fund, private equity fund, or infrastructure fund.

ODD has gained prominence over the past years due to the failure of hedge funds such as Amaranth Advisors and the Bayou Hedge Fund Group. Also contributing to the increase of interest in this field were the actions of alleged rogue traders such as Brian Hunter and alleged Ponzi schemers such as Arthur Nadel, Jérôme Kerviel and Bernard Madoff.

Operational risks are the risks arising from execution of the business functions of any entity, for example an alternative investment fund, and these are distinct from its investment functions.

An ODD exercise does not include within its scope the investment functions of an alternative investment fund and therefore generally does not include the gathering, analysis and verification of information relating to the historic actual or future expected investment performance of such funds, the variance or future expected variance of the returns of such funds, or the appropriateness of the stated strategy of such funds as a (potential) constituent part of the investor's wider portfolio, except insofar as these investment functions are or could themselves be adversely influenced by operational risks.

However, a separate "Investment Due Diligence" (IDD) exercise is often carried out by or on behalf of (potential) investors to consider investment functions. In fact, historically, it can be said that it has been more common for an IDD to be performed than for an ODD to be performed, despite strong academic arguments and empirical evidence that overall risk (i.e., investment risk and operational risk) is best capable of being understood and mitigated where both an IDD and an ODD are performed.

Importance

The historical position is somewhat odd given the prevalence of operational risk failures in, for example, hedge fund scandals and closures over the years. As early as 2003, a study by Christopher Kundro and Stuart Feffer of Capco indicated that operational risk failings were the sole reason for 50% of all hedge fund failures (with operational risk failings being a contributing factor in other failures as well), rather than bad investment decisions alone (38%), and anecdotal evidence seems to imply that (i) the impact of operational risk is at least as pervasive in other (non-hedge fund) types of alternative investment funds, and (ii) that the impact of operational risk failings has not decreased since the Capco study.

For example, a May 2009 derivative lawsuit relating to a feeder fund invested in a managed account that was exposed to Madoff's split strike conversion strategy noted that "the Madoff story bristled with red flags that a financial professional firm performing an evaluation [ODD] and subsequent management and oversight, in good faith, could not have missed."

The clear implication of this statement is that in the absence of detailed and robust pre-investment and on-going ODD, investors simply missed the operational risks inherent in the structure.

Purpose

The purpose of an ODD exercise is to gather, analyse and (to a degree) verify information relating to operational risks to:
 allow an investor in a specific alternative investment fund to form a considered view as to whether to remain invested or to divest, or
 allow a potential investor in a specific alternative investment fund to form a considered view as to whether to invest or not, and
 (ideally) identify conditions which the investor or potential investor may seek to negotiate to reduce the overall level of operational risk associated with a new or existing investment in such specific alternative investment fund.

A small sample of the items which may be included within the scope of an ODD is outlined below:
 mark to market valuation techniques, and related processes/controls and disclosures
 business continuity and disaster recovery planning
 fraud risk and other irregularities
 behavioral analysis of individuals (e.g. fund directors and employees/principals of the manager of the alternative investment fund) and outsourced service providers, including their incentivisation
 liquidity mechanisms ("lock-ins" and "gates")
 security of assets
 legal review, covering (amongst other things) design and establishment of the legal structure, advice taken by the alternative investment fund and its manager, material contracts, investment terms, indemnifications and insurances (although this may be performed as a separate legal due diligence)
 review of the controls and processes employed by the fund through its main outsourced service providers (investment manager, fund administrator, transfer agent, etc.) over the management of fund assets to establish whether these are fit for purpose and being followed
 review of the operating processes and record-keeping supporting tax relating to maintaining beneficial tax treatment or "keeping the fund offshore".

Comparison to operational risk considerations in the context of banks' prudential capital requirements

Much of the literature associated with ODD, particularly the academic literature, is based on an underlying definition of operational risk that was originally designed in the context of the banking industry and contained within the Basel Accords, which holds that operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.

The banking industry is, in most economies, subject to regulation by a national financial services supervisory body, for example the Financial Services Authority in the UK, with the regulatory regime including a requirement for banks to hold at least minimum levels of capital designed to withstand the likely incidence of various risks, including operational risks. The capital held by banks for the purpose of meeting the requirements of the relevant regulator(s) is referred to as their capital requirement or prudential capital.

The imperative of considering operational risk in the context of banks is to ascertain an amount in currency which, if maintained by the bank as capital, should (in theory at least) fully compensate for the expected impact of crystallization of the operational risks faced by the bank. When this "operational risk requirement" is added to the other elements of a bank's prudential capital requirement (relating to non-operational risks faced by the bank), the resulting total gives the bank's "total capital requirement".

The problem with adopting a banking-style approach to ODD

Some forms of ODD fit neatly within the banking paradigm as described above, in that they look at a discrete number of operational factors, assign probabilities, co-relations between factors and estimated losses (generally based on extrapolations of historic data) and eventually come up with a single metric (analogous to the "operational risk requirement" of a bank) which is then compared to a pre-set threshold to give a simple binary answer to the invest / don't invest or remain invested / divest question.

Despite according neatly with the theory, such forms of ODD have severe limitations; for example such forms:

• tend to incentivise "window-dressing" behaviours by the manager of the alternative investment fund  (as a checklist-based approach is often employed with the majority of the questions being easily foreseeable by the manager of the alternative investment fund);

• often utilise less-experienced personnel without the experience to ask the right follow up questions or "smell a rat";

• tend not to react (or not to react quickly enough) to new or developing risks which are industry-wide or to risks that are specific to the alternative investment fund in question or pertinent to the specific investor;

• tend to apply weightings to the risk factors addressed that are static and based on historical data, whereas in reality future likelihood of risk crystallisation and quantum of expected loss on crystallisation are dynamic variables;

• tend to apply correlation factors to separate risks that are static and based on historical data, whereas in reality correlation factors are dynamic variables; and

• tend to give binary results without identifying conditions which the investor or potential investor may seek to put in place (via negotiation with the manager of the alternative investment fund) to reduce the overall level of operational risk associated with a new or existing investment.

Increased compliance focus during operational due diligence reviews

Operational due diligence reviews performed by ODD analysts and investors have increasingly devoted significant portions of the overall reviews towards compliance related matters, which result from increased complexity and volume of global compliance regulations related to alternative investments. It has also been suggested that this trend will continue as changes in established regulations, such as Dodd-Frank, are being considered in the U.S. Investors are increasingly performing operational due diligence reviews on other types of alternative investments, including private equity funds.

Governance  considerations in an operational due diligence context

Analyzing considerations related to the concept of hedge fund governance have increasingly been considered by investors during the context of operational due diligence reviews.

For hedge funds, traditional notions of governance in an ODD context have focused around the Board of Directors of offshore (i.e. - non-US) based vehicles often domiciled in places such as the Cayman Islands.

Recent developments in ODD
Madoff Effect and Operational Drag

A 2010 study shows that frauds such as Madoff have created a so-called Madoff Effect by which investors tend to tailor their operational due diligence around recent frauds while minimizing certain other operational risks.

Other recent developments:

Where a more nuanced approach to ODD is taken, the benefits accruing to the recipients of the ODD report generally include:

 a team with the experience to ask the right follow up questions and "smell a rat" and the professional credibility to be able to get the right information out of interviewees, interpret this and bring to bear experience of common and best practice;
 quality advice as to the relative negotiating power of the (potential) investor and the manager of the relevant alternative investment fund;
 detailed recommendations regarding conditions which the investor or potential investor may wish to consider negotiating with the manager of the alternative investment fund to reduce the overall level of operational risk associated with a new or existing investment;
 consideration of new and developing risks which are industry-wide, and risks that are specific to the alternative investment fund in question or pertinent to the specific investor;

Choosing an ODD provider

Investors may perform operational due diligence themselves or they may work with consultants to either outsource operational due diligence reviews entirely, or to complement their own internal efforts. The general consensus is that the forms of ODD which provide greatest benefit for investors are those characterized by:

• not relying on a checklist approach so that the investigation is bespoke for the investor's specific interests and tailored to the target alternative investment fund;

• offering multi-disciplinary solutions to legal, financial and accounting, tax, regulatory and compliance, risk management, corporate governance and internal control concerns (as opposed to skills in one particular area such as accounting);

• the involvement of a team with the breadth and depth of experience to clearly and succinctly identify "red flags" and propose practical recommendations for risk mitigation and monitoring;

• transparency of detailed findings to the end investor – note that managers of funds of alternative investment funds (e.g. fund of hedge funds managers) typically do not provide full transparency to their investors of the findings of their ODD, with investors simply becoming aware, after the fact, that an investment in an "underlying" fund has been made or that a divestment has occurred;

• succinct written responsibilities and scope, as well as clear legal liability of those performing the ODD for the quality of their work;

• individuals and organizations involved in the performance of the ODD being subject to professional requirements on ethics, independence, minimum levels of professional indemnity insurance and Continuing Professional Development of an appropriate professional body or institute, with underlying work performed as part of the ODD subject to oversight and Quality Assurance reviews by that body or institute.

• being paid for directly by the end user (i.e., the investor) rather than by the alternative investment fund or its manager (due to the conflict of interest created if the fund or its manager is the "client") or bundled as part of a wider service (for example as is the case with a fund of funds).

See also
Operational risk management
Operational risk

References

External links
 The Importance of Being Diligent - Hedge Fund Fraud Case Studies

Investment
Operational risk

Operational due diligence (alternative investments)


Anagni () is an ancient town and comune in the  province of Frosinone, Latium, in the hills east-southeast of Rome. It is an historical and artistic centre of the Latin Valley.

Geography

Overview

Anagni still maintains the appearance of a small medieval hill town (424 m above sea level), with small twisting streets and steep lanes. It is built inside Roman boundary walls.

History

Prehistory and ancient era

The first human settlements date back to more than 700,000 years, according to the dating of some Palaeolithic hand-made fragments recently recovered. Several objects made of bone and flint stone and also two human molars and incisors belonging to fossil Homo erectus have been found in Fontana Ranuccio.

The people who lived in the area were the Hernici who migrated from the Aniene valley and descended from the Marsi (Marsians) (or from the Sabines), at least according to the ethnical term deriving from the Marsian herna ("stone"), that is: "Those who live on the stony hills". Only two words remain of their language: Samentum, a strip of sacrificial skin, and Bututti, a sort of funeral lament.

Anagni was an important city and spiritual centre of the Hernici. The town was located on the acropolis (the north-east zone comprising the Cathedral, Tufoli gate, and Piazza Dante) and partially defended by walls in opus quasi-quadratum (almost squared work).

Recent archaeological discoveries have revealed cultural and economic relationships between the Hernici and the Etruscans around the 7th century BC.

Roman Period

In 307 BC, the Hernici, with the exception of Aletrium (Alatri), Verulae (Veroli), and Ferentinum (Ferentino) declared war on Rome. After suffering setbacks the Hernici offered unconditional surrender. In 306 BC the towns which had not joined the war remained independent, while "Anagnia and such others as had borne arms against the Romans were admitted to citizenship without the right to vote. They were prohibited from holding councils and from intermarrying, and were allowed no magistrates save those who had charge of religious rites." Anagni preserved her religious autonomy and strategic importance.

Under Roman domination the town expanded and the so-called Servian walls were modified at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.

In Imperial times, many emperors spent their summers in Anagni to escape the heat of Rome, the most notable ones being Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Commodus, and Caracalla. The large imperial villa in the vicinity at Villa Magna was owned by Marcus Aurelius.

The city was the seat of temples and sanctuaries including the temple of Ceres on which the Cathedral was built. In the 2nd century AD, many linen codices containing sacred Etruscan texts were still well-conserved, according to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. There is a sole survivor of these texts, the Liber Linteus.

By the end of the Roman Empire, a crisis caused a collapse of Anagni's population; the lower parts of the city were abandoned.

Middle Ages

Anagni was a diocese, the seat of a bishop, since the 5th century. In the 9th century, the first Cathedral was built on the ruins of the temple dedicated to the Goddess Ceres. This cathedral, including a hospice, was rebuilt in the 11th century through the effort of bishop Peter of Anagni, who convinced the Byzantine Emperor Michael VII Doukas to provide funds and craftsmen. The agricultural reconquest, begun in the 10th century, was supported by the ecclesiastic power, which allowed the secular lords to exploit the land and to build fortified settlements for their peasants, favouring new economic and demographic growth. The boundary walls were subjected to rebuilding and restoration in the course of the first millennium AD; but the major re-arrangement took place in the 16th century.

During the 10th and the 11th centuries, the city strengthened its link with the papal court: In fact, the popes began to consider the old capital city of the Hernici a safer and healthier spot compared to Rome, which was the place of frequent epidemic diseases. For this reason, even if the presence of factions inside the town could not be prevented, Anagni remained faithful to the Roman Church, becoming one of the favourite residences of the popes, in the 12th and 13th centuries.

As a result, several events connected with the struggle between Papacy and Empire took place in the city, including some of the most important political events in these two centuries.  In 1122, Callistus II promulgated the basic Bull of the Concordat of Worms; in 1159, Pope Adrian IV received in Anagni, during the siege of Crema, the legates of Milan, Brescia, and Piacenza (the building of the Civic Palace was assigned to the Ambassador of Brescia, Architect Jacopo da Iseo); Adrian died here later the same year. In 1160, Alexander III excommunicated the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in the Cathedral; in 1176, after the Battle of Legnano, the same pope received the imperial legates, with whom he elaborated the Pactum Anagninum ("Anagni's Agreement"), premise to the peace, which was achieved in Venice in 1177.

The 13th century was the golden age of the city. In one hundred years, Anagni produced four popes, three of them members of the Conti family. The first one to ascend to the papal throne was Lotarius Conti, who, as Innocent III (1198–1216), was one of the outstanding personalities of his century, together with Frederick II of whom he favoured the coronation as Emperor of Germany and Saint Francis whose first Rule he approved. Innocent III is credited with the elaboration and the most complete expression of the theocratic doctrine, the principle according to which absolute rule over every earthly power is ascribed to the Pope. He died in 1216, leaving the Church at the historical peak of its power.

Innocent III's efforts were taken up by Gregory IX, who belonged to the powerful Family of Conti di Anagni. On September 29, 1227 in Anagni's Cathedral he excommunicated Emperor Frederick II, who had abandoned the Crusade that the Emperor himself had proclaimed. The suggestive ceremony took place by the lights of the torches, firstly shaken, then thrown on the ground and finally blown out by the prelates.

In September 1230, after the reconciliation, Gregory IX received Frederick II in Anagni, who in the meantime had been able to conquer, without bloodshed but by means of his great diplomatic ability, both Jerusalem and Nazareth.

During his pontificate, Alexander IV (1254–1261), Gregory IX's relative and Anagni's third pope, had to face the heated ecclesiological dispute raised by the University of Paris against the Mendicant Orders. The leader of this dispute, William of Saint-Amour, had published an anti-mendicant pamphlet, De periculis novissimorum temporum (On the Dangers of the Last Days) between the fall of 1255 and spring of 1256.  Alexander officially condemned the work in Anagni on October 5, 1256. In 1255 Clare of Assisi was officially canonized in Anagni.

In 1265 a provincial Chapter at Anagni of the Roman province of the Dominican Order assigned Thomas Aquinas as regent master thereby transforming the existing studium conventuale at the Roman convent of Santa Sabina into the Order's first studium provinciale featuring as an innovation the study of philosophy (studia philosophiae).  This studium is the forerunner of the 16th century College of Saint Thomas at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum

Outrage of Anagni
Anagni is connected to the events in the life of Boniface VIII, the fourth Pope to be born in the city, and a member of the powerful Caetani Family. He was elected after the abdication of Celestine V, but opposed by French Cardinals and by the powerful Colonna Family.

In 1300, Boniface VIII, set up the first Jubilee and founded the first Roman university, but also began a feud with the King of France, Philip the Fair, who had arrogated the right to tax the French clergy. In response, in 1302 Boniface delivered the Bull Unam Sanctam, which proclaimed absolute papal supremacy over the earthly power of kings.  In anger, Philip organized an expedition to arrest and remove the pope.

In 1303, the king's advisor Guillaume de Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna led a band of two thousand mercenaries on horse and foot. They joined locals in an attack on the palaces of the pope and his nephew at Anagni. The Pope's attendants and his nephew Francesco all soon fled; only the Spaniard Pedro Rodríguez, Cardinal of Santa Sabina, remained at his side. The palace was plundered and Boniface was nearly killed (Nogaret prevented Sciarra Colonna from murdering the pope). Still, Boniface was held prisoner and starved of food and drink for three days. This incident is called the Outrage of Anagni. According to a legend, during the imprisonment, the Pope was slapped by Sciarra Colonna with his gauntlet, called the Schiaffo di Anagni (Slap of Anagni). The imprisonment of the Pope inspired Dante Alighieri in a famous passage of his Divine Comedy (Purgatory, XX, vv. 85-93), the new Pilate has imprisoned the Vicar of Christ.

The people of Anagni rose against the invaders and released Boniface. The pope pardoned those captured. He returned to Rome in1303.

Despite his stoicism, Boniface was clearly shaken by the incident. The old pontiff, already infirm, developed a violent fever and died in Rome on 11 October 1303. In A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century, Barbara Tuchman states that his close advisors would later maintain that he died of a "profound chagrin".

After the death of Boniface VIII, both the splendor of Anagni and the dreams of power of the Caetani Family collapsed and the doctrine of ultimate papal suzerainty was weakened.

The transfer of the papal court to Avignon marked for Anagni the beginning of a long decline lasting through the entire 15th century. The town was sacked by the troops of Duke Werner von Urslingen in 1348, and depopulated.

Later History

In 1556, Anagni became a battlefield in the conflict between Pope Paul IV and King Philip II of Spain, when it was besieged by the Spanish army under the Duke of Alba. After a bombardment by the Spanish, the papal troops abandoned their positions and the Spanish put the town to the sack on 15 September.

The damage suffered by the town, in particular by the town walls, were accentuated by the fortifying works carried out in 1564 under Pope Pius IV.  Around 1579 a short period of reflourishing began, thanks to Cardinal Benedetto Lomellino, bishop and governor of the city.

The great architectonic and urbanistic reconstructions began around 1633. The ancient noble mansions embellished by magnificent portals were restructured and, toward the end of the 19th century, also the cultural level of the city rose again, thanks to the growing welfare. Other institutions and congregations were born, which, together with the constitution of various schools, made Anagni an important centre of study thanks to its long cultural tradition.

In 1890, in the presence of the Queen, the Queen Margaret's National Boarding-house for the education of the orphan-girls of grammar school teachers was opened.

In 1897, the Jesuit Collegio Leoniano, entitled to the pontiff Leo XIII, was also opened.  Finally, in 1930, the Prince of Piedmont's Boarding-house was built for the sons of local body personnel.

Since World War II, the territory of Anagni has become an important industrial settlement.

Anagni was also the summer residence of the popes until recently. It was similar to what Castel Gandolfo in the Alban Hills is to today's popes.

Main sights

Anagni Cathedral

The Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was built in Romanesque style during the years 1071–1105, with Gothic-style additions in the mid-13th century. The crypt contains the tombs of St Magnus of Anagni, the patron of the city, and of St Secundina of Anagni. The frescoes covering all the walls and ceiling are among the best preserved examples of Romanesque/Byzantine art in Italy, and form a single iconographic scheme, which includes natural philosophy, saints, the Apocalypse, and the Old Testament Ark of the Covenant. The unrestored Cosmati floor is in excellent condition.

On the same level as the crypt is the Oratory of Saint Thomas (Becket), with less well preserved frescoes.  The museum possesses a Becket reliquary chasse (one of around four dozen still around) and what is claimed to be a Becket miter.  The western wall has a contemporary statue of Pope Boniface VIII looking out over the Piazza Innocenzo III.

Other
The Papal Palace (or Boniface VIII's Palace), the scene of the "Anagni slap".
The Communal Palace, built by the Brescian architect Jacopo da Iseo in 1163. It is made up of two pre-existing edifices connected by a portico supporting the large Sala della Ragione ("Reason Hall"). The façade sports the coat of arms of the Orsini and Caetani families.
Casa Gigli, a mediaeval edifice restored in the 19th century by the Swedish painter Albert Barnekow.
Sant'Andrea, a medieval church
Madonna di Loreto, a medieval church
San Giacomo, a church built in the 13th century under the papacy of Pope Innocent IV, and dedicated to St James and St Lucy
Sant'Agostino, a 16th century church

To the south of the town is the imperial Villa of Villa Magna built by Antoninus Pius, still called Villamagna, where a consortium comprising the University of Pennsylvania, the British School at Rome and the Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici del Lazio initiated its first campaign of excavation in 2006. These excavations, which continued in 2007 and 2008, have begun to reveal a large and highly decorated building devoted to wine production as well as the remains of the monastery of S. Pietro in Villamagna.

Language and dialect

The language, or dialect, of Anagni (called Anagnino) can be categorized as a Central Italian dialect, within the Central-Northern Latian area. The definite articles (the) are Ju-masculine singular (pronounced like the English word you), La-feminine singular, Ji-masculine plural (pronounced Yee), and Le-feminine plural (pronounced like the English word Lay). The indefinite articles (a, an) are nu-for masculine words and na for feminine words. The final vowel is always pronounced in the plural form and usually in the singular form (this is in comparison with Southern Laziale and Neapolitan where the final vowel of a word is usually slurred, unaccented). For those who know Italian, the Anagnino dialect preserves the u's found in Latin; for example instead of the Italian con (with), the people of Anagni use cu from the Latin cum. There are many other differences between the Italian and Anagnino. Some examples include the deletion of some n's, l's, and r's commonly found in Italian. For linguistic historians, the dialect is especially important for studying pre-Roman Italic languages and also the formation of Italian. Like Latin, the v's are pronounced like u's; for example vino (wine in Italian) is uino in Anagnino. Today's Standard Italian is influenced by German, French, Arabic, Greek, and Spanish, while the dialect of Anagni and the others of central Italy (south of Rome, west of the Apennines, and north of Campania) are relatively considered solely Latin and pre-Italic, due to the limited settlement of foreign people in the area.

Twin towns - sister cities
Anagni is twinned with:
 Gniezno, Poland
 L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, France

Notable people

Andrea dei Conti (1240-1302), Order of Friars Minor Catholic priest

References

Sources

Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopaedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Anagnia (Anagni), Italy"

External links

Official website
City of Anagni
William of Hundleby's contemporary pamphlet, 'The Outrage'
 Ferdinand Gregorovius' Walks - Anagni
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace – Anagni, Innocent III and Boniface VIII

Cities and towns in Lazio
Roman sites in Lazio

Anagni


The Apollo 11 goodwill messages are statements from leaders of 73 countries around the world on a disc about the size of a 50-cent piece made of silicon that was left on the Moon in 1969 by the Apollo 11 astronauts.

The disc also carried names of the leadership of the Congress, the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for legislation related to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and NASA's top management, including past administrators and deputy administrators.

At the top of the disc is the inscription: "Goodwill messages from around the world brought to the Moon by the astronauts of Apollo 11." Around the rim is the statement: "From Planet EarthJuly 1969". The collected letters were given to the GCA Corp in Burlington MA which used a reduction camera to make a negative photomask containing all the letters plus an inscription around its edge at its final size. This mask was given to Sprague Electric Company of North Adams, Massachusetts which imaged it onto a silicon wafer and etched the pattern into the wafer. NASA head Thomas O. Paine proposed the idea to the U.S. State Department, and corresponded with world leaders to solicit their messages. These were enshrined by being photographed and reduced to 1/200 scale ultra microfiche silicon etching. The disc rests in an aluminum case on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility.

The disc was in a package in Buzz Aldrin's suit shoulder pocket along with some other memorial items. He was reminded about the package by Neil Armstrong while ascending the ladder of the Lunar Module Eagle to finish their EVA. He then dropped it to the surface. Later Houston requested and received confirmation they had placed it.

Countries represented in the messages

See also
 List of time capsules
 Lunar plaque
 List of artificial objects on the Moon

References

External links
 Goodwill Messages at NASA
 Lunar Litter: A short film about things left behind on crewed Moon missions, includes the goodwill message disc

Goodwill
1969 in the United States
1969 in spaceflight
Time capsules
Apollo program hardware
Message artifacts

Apollo 11 goodwill messages


The title of Baron Grey de Rotherfield was created once in the Peerage of England. On 25 August 1338 Sir John de Grey was summoned to parliament. He was invested as Knight of the Order of the Garter ten years later. On the death of the fourth baron in 1388, the barony became dormant.

However, the estate reaches back farther to the Grey family's ancestor, the Norman knight Anchetil de Greye, who is specifically mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as the lord of the Rotherfield estate or manor.

The principal estate of the Lords Grey was Greys Court located in Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire. They were also feudal barons of Shabbington in Buckinghamshire and Bedale in Yorkshire.

Barons Grey de Rotherfield (1338)
John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield (–1359)
John de Grey, 2nd Baron Grey de Rotherfield (1320–1375)
Bartholomew de Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Rotherfield (1351–1376)
Robert de Grey, 4th Baron Grey de Rotherfield (d. 1388) (dormant 1388)

See also
House of Grey

References

1338 establishments in England
Dormant baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1338

Baron Grey of Rotherfield


The Katsina Ala (or Katsina-Ala) is a river in central Nigeria, located within its Middle Belt. It serves as a major tributary of the Benue River in Nigeria. The source of the river is found in the Bamenda highlands in northwestern Cameroon. It flows  northwest in Cameroon, crossing the Nigeria–Cameroon border into Nigeria.

Katsina Ala river iin Benue state. While katsina ala community has an area of 2,402 km[sup 2] with a population of about 224,718 at the 2006 national census, a significant tributary of the Benue River and are environment-delicate regions that are generally powerless against climate change in Benue State. Decreased rainfall, evaporating of the river and other surface water bodies, flooding, disintegration, irritation and infection invasion and land.

Location
The River Katsina Ala is found mainly in Benue State of Nigeria, after crossing the border between Nigeria and Cameroon, before emptying its contents into the Benue River. Its lies between longitude 9° 15′ and 9° 56′ East and Latitude 6° 55′ and 7° 36′ North

Towns
Katsina-Ala is the capital and major town of Katsina Ala local government in Benue State, Nigeria. It is found along the course of river Katsina Ala with numerous hamlets and villages along the road. It has a central market that holds every Thursdays of the week.

Pollution
The River Katsina-ala is slightly polluted; heavy metal content from abattoir effluents upset the physicochemical balance of the river; bioaccumulation and bio-magnification of heavy metals may result from prolonged use of the river water for drinking; and it is recommended that the abattoir effluent be treated before discharge into the river to reduce environmental and health risks.

References

Rivers of Cameroon
Rivers of Nigeria
International rivers of Africa

Katsina Ala River


Nicholas IV, Lord of Werle[-Goldberg], nicknamed Poogenoge ("Pig's eyes") (born: before 1331; died: between 14 March and 13 November 1354) was from 1350 to 1354 to Lord of Werle-Goldberg.

Biography
He was the son of John III and Matilda of Pomerania (born: abt. 1304, died: 1331).  He allegedly received his nickname from the shape and the look in his eyes.

He initially ruled the dominion Werle-Goldberg jointly with his father John III and from 1350 alone.  He still signed a peace treaty on 14 March 1354, but is no longer mentioned after 13 November of that year.

He was married to Agnes (died after 1361).  Presumably, she was a daughter of daughter of Ulrich II of Lindow-Ruppin.  After Nicholas' death, she married John I of Mecklenburg-Stargard.

Issue
Nicholas had at least three children:
 John IV succeeded him as Lord of Werle-Goldberg
 Matilda (died: before 17 December 1402) married Lorenz of Werle
 Agnes married  John VI of Werle-Waren

External links
 Genealogical table of the House of Mecklenburg
 Biographical information on Nicholas at emecklenburg.de

Lords of Werle
House of Mecklenburg
14th-century births
1354 deaths
Year of birth uncertain

Nicholas IV of Werle


Ingrain (or wood-chip) wallpaper is a decorating material. It consists of two layers of paper with wood fibre in between; different kinds of ingrain wallpaper are distinguished by the size and form of the fibre pieces.

Ingrain wallpaper was invented by German pharmacist Hugo Erfurt in 1864; marketed by the company his grandfather founded, it was first used as a decoration for shop windows, but began seeing use as a wallpaper from the 1920s on as well.

Ingrain wallpaper is the most commonly used type of wallpaper in Germany. It was also commonplace in the United Kingdom from the 1960s onwards.

It can also be very difficult to remove, especially when several coats of paint have been applied.

References

Paper products
Wallcoverings
German inventions
1864 introductions
1864 in Germany

Ingrain wallpaper


Karl Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Moritz von Hirschfeld (4 July 1790 in Halberstadt – 13 October 1859 in Coblenz), Prussian general, got his schooling in a military academy.  In 1806, he entered into his father's regiment and participated in the unhappy campaign of that year. In 1809, he participated with his older brother Eugen in an uprising against the French occupation forces. This ended in their fleeing to England in 1809. Both joined the Spanish dragoons in their struggles against the French. His brother was killed in battle in 1811. Lieutenant Moritz received severe wounds two times in battle, and ended in French captivity. He escaped in 1813, under very dangerous circumstances. His 15 wounds made him barely recognizable when he received a medal for his actions. In 1814 he participated in the campaign in France as a lieutenant colonel in the Spanish army.

Hirschfeld returned to the Prussian army in 1815, and in the succeeding peaceful years climbed the ranks in the military.  1849 found him commander of the 15th division of the Prussian army under the command of the Prince of Prussia. He participated in the battles which drove the rebel army out of the Palatinate and into the arms of the [Baden] forces under Mieroslawski.  After relieving the Landau fortress, which was in the hands of the officers who had not gone over, he led two divisions against Mieroslawski.  At Waghäusel, he obligated that numerically far greater force to retreat. Then he participated in the battle at the Murg which obligated the rebel army to disperse and resulted in the collapse of the uprising.

References
Leopold von Eltester, "Hirschfeld, Karl Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Moritz von" in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 12 (Leipzig, 1880), S. 473–474.
Kurt von Priesdorff, Soldatisches Führertum, vol. 5, Hanseatischen Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg o.J. (1937), p. 404–407 (Nr. 1619).
Carl Schurz, Reminiscences (3 volumes), New York: The McClure Company, 1907.  In Chapter VIII of Volume One, Schurz mentions a notice of 30 September 1849, signed by von Hirschfeld as commanding general, advising the public of the commutation of Gottfried Kinkel's sentence to fortress imprisonment to that of imprisonment in a reformatory for common criminals.  Kinkel had actively participated in the Baden revolt.

1791 births
1859 deaths
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Halberstadt
Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt

Moritz von Hirschfeld


The retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are vitamers of vitamin A or are chemically related to it. Retinoids have found use in medicine where they regulate epithelial cell growth.

Retinoids have many important functions throughout the body including roles in vision, regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, growth of bone tissue, immune function, and activation of tumor suppressor genes.

Research is also being done into their ability to treat skin cancers. Currently, alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) may be used topically to help treat skin lesions from Kaposi's sarcoma, and tretinoin (all-trans- retinoic acid) is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Types
Retinoids are divided into four generations based on their molecular structure and receptor selectivity.

Structure
The basic structure of the hydrophobic retinoid molecule consists of a cyclic end group, a polyene side chain and a polar end group. The conjugated system formed by alternating C=C double bonds in the polyene side chain are responsible for the color of retinoids (typically yellow, orange, or red). Hence, many retinoids are chromophores. Alternation of side chains and end groups creates the various classes of retinoids.

First and second generation retinoids are able to bind with several retinoid receptors due to the flexibility imparted by their alternating single and double bonds.

Third generation retinoids are less flexible than first- and second-generation retinoids and therefore, interact with fewer retinoid receptors.

Fourth generation retinoid, Trifarotene, binds selectively to the RAR-y receptor.  It was approved for use in the US in 2019.

Absorption
The major source of retinoids from the diet are plant pigments such as carotenes and retinyl esters derived from animal sources. Retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen to yield free retinol and the corresponding fatty acid (i.e. palmitate or stearate). After hydrolysis, retinol is taken up by the enterocytes.  Retinyl ester hydrolysis requires the presence of bile salts that serve to solubilize the retinyl esters in mixed micelles and to activate the hydrolyzing enzymes

Several enzymes that are present in the intestinal lumen may be involved in the hydrolysis of dietary retinyl esters. Cholesterol esterase is secreted into the intestinal lumen from the pancreas and has been shown, in vitro, to display retinyl ester hydrolase activity. In addition, a retinyl ester hydrolase that is intrinsic to the brush-border membrane of the small intestine has been characterized in the rat as well as in the human.  The different hydrolyzing enzymes are activated by different types of bile salts and have distinct substrate specificities.  For example, whereas the pancreatic esterase is selective for short-chain retinyl esters, the brush-border membrane enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes retinyl esters containing a long-chain fatty acid such as palmitate or stearate.  Retinol enters the absorptive cells of the small intestine, preferentially in the all-trans-retinol form.

Uses
Common skin conditions treated by retinoids include acne and psoriasis. Retinoids are used in the treatment of many diverse diseases and are effective in the treatment of a number of dermatological conditions such as inflammatory skin disorders, skin cancers, such as bexaroten for mycosis fungoides, disorders of increased cell turnover (e.g. psoriasis), photoaging, and skin wrinkles.

Isotretinoin was originally a chemotherapy treatment for certain cancers, such as leukemia.

Toxicity
Toxic effects occur with prolonged high intake. The specific toxicity is related to exposure time and the exposure concentration. A medical sign of chronic poisoning is the presence of painful tender swellings on the long bones. Anorexia, skin lesions, hair loss, hepatosplenomegaly, papilloedema, bleeding, general malaise, pseudotumor cerebri, and death may also occur.

Chronic overdose also causes an increased lability of biological membranes and of the outer layer of the skin to peel.

Recent research has suggested a role for retinoids in cutaneous adverse effects for a variety of drugs including the antimalarial drug proguanil. It is proposed that drugs such as proguanil act to disrupt retinoid homeostasis.

Systemic retinoids (isotretinoin, etretinate) are contraindicated during pregnancy as they may cause CNS, cranio-facial, cardiovascular and other defects.

The PRAC, based on its review, confirmed that taking oral retinoids during pregnancy can have harmful effects on the baby. The use of acitretin, alitretinoin and isotretinoin should be prohibited in women of childbearing age unless they take measures to prevent pregnancy. The use of topical retinoids should also be excluded during pregnancy and in women planning pregnancy.

What's important, many lotions that claim to prevent or treat stretch marks contain retinol, which is not an ingredient that is safe for pregnant women.That's why the Association of the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends that pregnant women consult a health care provider before trying any lotions or oils for stretch mark prevention.

See also
 Hypervitaminosis A

References

 The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th Edition, Goodman & Gilman.
 Clinical Pharmacology, P.N. Bennett & M.J. Brown.

External links

Retinoid


Cintra House is a heritage-listed villa at 23 Boyd Street, Bowen Hills, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1863 to 1890s. It is also known as Cintra. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.

History
The original Cintra, a two-storeyed Georgian influenced stone house, was built in 1863-64 for George Dudley Webb to a design by Benjamin Backhouse. It comprised four rooms on each level, surrounded by a ground floor verandah.

In 1877 the property was bought by Boyd Dunlop Morehead, a successful pastoralist and businessman who was Premier of Queensland 1888–1890. He was also the uncle of P.L. Travers who is best known as the author of the Mary Poppins series of children's books. To accommodate his growing family, Morehead extended the house to the south. This extension now forms a separate residence. A rear service wing is thought to have been built in the 1870s. Possibly about 1890 he added the faceted bay on the eastern side. The old verandah was replaced with two-storeyed verandahs along the northern and western sides.

Morehead died in 1905 and in 1912 Cintra was acquired by railway contractor and businessman Acheson Overend. In 1925 he sold Cintra which was then divided into two, the connection to the southern extension being dismantled. The southern extension eventually, with alterations and additions, became the Cintra Nursing Home.

Cintra House became Our Lady of Victories Convent in 1927. During World War II the American army used the bungalow (but not the main house) as a photographic laboratory. From 1966 to 1973 it was the headquarters of the Queensland Motor Sporting Club. In 1973 it was purchased by Noel Kratzman and refurbished. It then became Cintra House Galleries until 1987 when it returned to its original use as a family home.

Description

Cintra House is a two-storeyed masonry house dating from the 1860s, with double-storeyed verandahs on two sides and with a corrugated metal roof. A gabled service wing extends off the rear. The eastern elevation features a double-storeyed faceted bay (possibly 1890). The present two-storeyed verandah running along the northern and western sides, has cast-iron balusters, double posts, and frieze. On the lower level, the latticed valance replaced an earlier scalloped tongue and groove valance at the time of refurbishment. The capitals to the lower level posts were removed at the same time. A small verandah above the entrance porch is of similar design and materials as the main verandah.

Internally the house has been renovated with little of the earlier fabric surviving. It now consists of two reception rooms and a dining room on the ground floor and five bedrooms upstairs. A modern kitchen is located in the service wing.

The house is situated in a prominent hillside position with good views of the Brisbane River. The sweeping north lawn is lined with a row of mature palm trees.

Heritage listing
Cintra House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.

A large "villa" residence which embodies structural and stylistic changes from the 1860s, reflecting changing affluent lifestyle and tastes.

The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.

Its landmark quality as one of Brisbane's most commanding hilltop residences.

The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.

Its association with Boyd Morehead.

References

Attribution

Further reading
  — discusses 4 historic homes in the district, including Cintra

External links

  — newspaper article about Cintra House by Florence Eliza Lord

Queensland Heritage Register
Heritage of Brisbane
Bowen Hills, Queensland
Houses in Queensland
Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Houses completed in 1864
Benjamin Backhouse buildings

Cintra House


"Dolores", subtitled "Notre-Dame des Sept Douleurs", is a poem by A. C. Swinburne first published in his 1866 Poems and Ballads.  The poem, in 440 lines, regards the figure of the titular "Dolores, Our Lady of Pain", thus named at the close of many of its stanzas.

Themes
The speaker of the poem is the voice of a besotted lover, faced with, and lamenting, Swinburne's particular ruthless and grim representation of the sacred feminine, embodied here as the Lady of Pain.  In these respects, the poem shares its central themes with "Satia te Sanguine" from the same 1866 collection, as does it similarly share its sadomasochistic imagery with that poem and many others within Swinburne's corpus.

Meter
The poem's meter is a fairly regular anapestic trimeter with some use of iambs and the final line of each stanza containing only two feet.  It uses an eight line stanza with the rhyme scheme ABABCDCD and regularly uses feminine rhyme for the A and C rhymes, often rhyming the name "Dolores".  A considerable quantity of catalexis is present, but this is fairly regular in its application.  The poem, like a number of others by Swinburne, is notable for its use of anapestic verse to create a serious and somber mood rather than the comic effect for which anapests are more commonly encountered in English, as in the limerick.

Controversial aspects
The poem demonstrates most of the controversial themes for which Swinburne became notorious.  It conflates the cruel yet libidinous pagan goddess figure of Dolores, the Lady of Pain with Mary, Mother of Jesus and associates the poem itself, through its parenthetical titular text (Notre-Dame des Sept Douleurs, i.e., "Our Lady of Seven Sorrows") with the Seven Dolours of the Virgin.  It laments the passing of the worship of classical deities in favour of Christian morality (277 What ailed us, O gods, to desert you | For creeds that refuse and restrain?), a theme more fully elaborated in Swinburne's "Hymn to Proserpine".  Finally, sadomasochistic themes and characteristics are attributed to the Lady of Pain throughout (397 I could hurt thee — but pain would delight thee, etc.)

Related works
The poem was parodied in 1872 by Arthur Clement Hilton, then a student at Cambridge, in his poem "Octopus", which substitutes the character of the Lady of Pain for that of the titular mollusc.  Where Swinburne begins his poem, in describing the Lady of Pain, "Cold eyelids that hide like a jewel | Hard eyes that grow soft for an hour", Hilton begins "Strange beauty, eight-limbed and eight-handed, | Whence camest to dazzle our eyes?".

The Planescape campaign setting of Dungeons & Dragons features a character called the Lady of Pain, which may have been inspired by the poem's central character.

The short comics story "How They Met Themselves", by Neil Gaiman (originally published in Vertigo: Winter's Edge #3, reprinted in Absolute Sandman Volume III, pp. 510-519), tells how Swinburne wrote the poem after meeting Desire, who only told him that its name begins with a "D".

In his book Dylan's Visions of Sin, literary critic Christopher Ricks shows many parallels and a possible influence on Bob Dylan's song "Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands".

The fourth stanza of the poem was read by the character Persephone in a cinematic in the MMORG The Matrix Online.

See also

 Poems and Ballads
 Decadent movement
 "Hymn to Proserpine"
 "The Triumph of Time"

External links
 Text and Commentary
Hilton's "Octopus"

British poems
1866 poems
Poetry by Algernon Charles Swinburne

Dolores (Notre-Dame des Sept Douleurs)


Moosburg () is a market town in the Klagenfurt-Land district in the Austrian state of Carinthia.

Geography
It is located in the Klagenfurt Basin on the B 95 Turracher Straße federal highway, northwest of the  state capital. In the south, Moosburg borders the municipalities of Pörtschach and Krumpendorf, both popular bathing resorts on the northern shore of Lake Wörth. The nearby Süd Autobahn (A2) can be reached via the Pörtschach and Krumpendorf junctions. The Old High German name moos ("mire") refers to several swamps and ponds around the settlement, remnants of the last glacial period and today a protected area.

The municipal area comprises the cadastral communities of Bärndorf, Gradenegg, Kreggab, Moosburg, Sankt Peter, Seigbichl (Žihpolje), Tigring (Tigrče), and Tuderschitz (Tudrešiče).

History

The area had at least been settled since Roman times, when it was part of the Noricum province; documented by preserved sections of Roman roads and tombstones, as well as by excavations of an ancient villa rustica near the village of Tigring.

Moosburg proper is the site of the Arnulfsfeste, a hill castle first mentioned in an 879 deed. It was then located in the former Slavic principality of Carantania, which had become a Frankish march by the end of the 8th century. Arnulf of Carinthia, the Carolingian king of East Francia and Holy Roman Emperor, grew up here and used the castle as a  Kaiserpfalz residence.

Part of the Duchy of Carinthia from 976, the Moosburg estate was later held by the noble House of Gorizia (Görz) which finally lost their remaining Carinthian possessions to the Habsburg emperor Frederick III about 1460. In the 16th century, the former Carolingian fortress was replaced by nearby Moosburg Castle and decayed.

The Gothic Sts Michael and George parish church was first mentioned in a 1368 deed, it was rebuilt after demolitions by Ottoman forces in 1479. A Baroque east facade was added in the late 18th century.

The present-day municipality was constituted in 1850, it has obtained the status of a market town in 1997.

Politics

Seats in the municipal assembly (Gemeinderat) as of 2015 local elections:
 Austrian People's Party (ÖVP): 11
 Liste GEMA (independent): 5
 Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ): 4
 Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ): 2
 The Greens: 1

Twin towns

Moosburg is twinned with:
  Maintal, Germany, since 1976
  Moosburg an der Isar, Germany, since 1991
  Katerini, Greece, since 1996

References

External links

Cities and towns in Klagenfurt-Land District

Moosburg, Austria


The CBC Museum was dedicated to the preserving the physical heritage and archival materials relating to the history of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). It was located in the Canadian Broadcasting Centre at 250 Front Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The museum collection began by at least 1960, the current display space opened in 1994, and closed on December 22, 2017.

The museum featured a number of interactive exhibits where people can call up excerpts from famous CBC television shows, including children's series, news and sport events.

History

Early collecting

"The men in the promotion department" at CBC assembled a museum collection by at least 1960. In 1961, The Globe and Mail mentioned a museum "at this point stored in an out-of-the-way CBC building." At the time, it included "exhibits which take broadcasting from the crystal-set stage to the transistor radio and portable TV." The majority of items were gathered from collectors. One highlight was a 1000 lbs Blattnerphone steel tape audio recorder, believed by staff to be the only complete model in North America.

Around 100,000 people in Aylmer, Ontario saw an exhibit of some of the artifacts in October 1960.

Jack Brickenden, a CBC publicist, is said to have "dreamed out loud" of establishing a museum, in the early 1970s, but network management was unenthusiastic. Nevertheless, in 1971, employee Ivan Harris is credited for founding the modern museum collection. (Harris also helped establish the Whitchurch-Stouffville Museum and York-Durham Heritage Railway.)

A museum was operated by the CBC in one of its many Toronto building for some duration of time, closing shortly before 1991. The introduction to an article about "exotic" museums in the City of Toronto noted that it was "a victim of federal cutbacks." This display wasn't mentioned in 1994 coverage of the new facility.

New facility

The 16,000 square foot museum opened as part of the corporation's larger Canadian Broadcasting Centre. Prior to its construction, the CBC was spread out in two dozen buildings in 18 locations in Toronto.

The facility was initially operated by volunteers, including retired CBC employee Ivan Harris, its curator. (Harris maintained a curatorial role as of 2002, when he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II on her visit to the building.)

The initial displays included a mock living room offering clips from 24 1950s CBC television series, a listening station with clips from CBC Radio's first decade, photos of CBC personalities, additional audio stations with Lorne Greene, Barbara Frum, and Foster Hewitt, and screens offering clips of television series from the 1960s through 1980s. Physical artifacts included broadcasting equipment, as well as outfits worn by Juliette, Tommy Hunter, Bob Homme, and Cross-Canada Hit Parade.

The CBC sent a VIA train on a nationwide tour for their 50th anniversary in 2002, complete with artifacts on loan from the CBC Museum.

Staff redundancy, controversy

Museum curator Faye Blum and another employee were deemed "redundant" in 2007, leaving that October. Blum assumed that the museum would be closing, and met with Richard Stursberg, head of CBC's English service. As the Canada Science and Technology Museum agreed to take the collection, and Blum asked for an extension to make sure the items were catalogued for their transfer. Stursberg denied the request, but assured Blum he'd oversee the process.

Concerned, Blum contacted those loaning artifacts, offering their return. The family of The Friendly Giant actor Bob Homme agreed to let the museum continue its loan of Rusty and Jerome, puppets from the series.

Later in October 2007, the CBC aired the 2007 Gemini Awards, which included a segment about a retirement home for children's television characters. Rusty and Jerome were used without the family's permission, contrary to their terms of loan. Other characters in the comedy segment, about a retirement home for children's television characters, were other puppets were depicted having oral sex, smoking, and drinking.

The family contacted the CBC on November 2, and it was said that the employee newly responsible for the museum was unaware of loan agreements. A month after the segment aired, Richard and Ann Homme, children of the late Bob Homme, retrieved the puppets from the museum. A CBC spokesperson offer a non-apology apology, in part saying that they "regret that they feel any trust was breached." They hinted at exhibiting them at an unspecified location. The castle wall and window that Friendly would lean over to talk to Jerome and Rusty, however, remained in the museum.

Closure

In 2017, in the wake of the Gemini Awards segment, the CBC noted on-going plans to redevelop the main floor of the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. They intended to "include displays, artifacts and information that will represent CBC's rich history, its programs and its people."

Toronto Star columnist Shawn Micallef noticed that "for years" before the closure, there were displays "falling apart" and broken monitors. The museum was named by the Toronto Star in 2011 as one of the "museums you never knew existed."

Little advanced warning was given of the closure, announced in an internal email to staff.

Exhibits

 CBC War Effort was an interactive exhibit running from at least February to December 15, 1996, timed to coincide with larger plans for the network's 60th anniversary. The exhibit looked at the creation of their overseas unit, their news service, and programming on the homefront.
 Show & Tell: Growing Up Canadian (started January 27, 1999 to at least September 30, 2000) included artifacts from Chez Hélène, The Friendly Giant, Maggie Muggins, Mr. Dressup, and Razzle Dazzle. A "Club House" allowed children to try puppetry on camera. The exhibit included workshops, storytelling and crafts the last Saturday of every month. The exhibit included Rusty and Jerome from The Friendly Giant.
 A Canadian Document (ca. July to September 3, 2001) Photography from Richard Harrington, Rosemary Gilliat, Wolf Koenig, and Yousuf Karsh.
 Ballet From Stage to Screen (January 28 or earlier to February 28, 2003) was an exhibit about the "art of televising ballet".
 Growing Up with CBC (ca. 2003–2017): props, puppets, photos, and video clips from two CBC children's shows Mr. Dressup, Sesame Park, The Friendly Giant, and the Neighborhood Trolley from the CBC version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. The display of Sesame Park puppets included Basil, Louis, Dodi, Katie, and Chaos.
 CBC Radio Sound Effects (ca. 2003–2017): displays many of the objects and equipment used by the sound effects department at the CBC for many years. (Harris was hired to the CBC in 1960 as a special effects artist.)

In addition, the museum has an interactive video area where clips from various documentary and news programs over the years can be viewed, as can exhibits of vintage recording equipment, cameras and microphones.

The exhibits extend beyond the museum, with Casey and Finnegan's treehouse from Mr. Dressup located across from the entrance, and additional exhibits of memorabilia and photographs in display cases around the CBC lobby.

An exhibit in the museum offered visitors to cue up news clips, circa 2002.

Outside the main gallery

The Ivan Harris Gallery was located on the lower level of the building, down a set of elevators, en route to the PATH. The space included a window into visible storage, multiple display cases, and a variety of artifacts behind stanchions. A display case of awards received by the broadcaster was located behind a set of stairs.

An exhibit about radio show The Happy Gang, including "fan letters, scrapbooks, photos and more" began in 2005.

The space was updated in 2006 by Perna Siegrist Design.

The treehouse from Mr. Dressup was added in the building lobby.

Adjacent theatre
Adjacent to the museum is the Graham Spry Theatre, a 40-seat venue projects video onto a screen made to look like a giant version of a 1950s era wooden television set. It displayed a loop of selected CBC television shows. (When the space opened, it offered bench seating for 32 people.)

Shows generally rotated on a monthly basis. On opening, the area featured an eight-minute rotation of clips of ballets and musicals staged by Norman Campbell. As of 2001, selections were from the 1940s to 1960s.

Selections included episodes from such series as Peppiatt & Aylesworth, The Tommy Hunter Show, The Frantics, 4 on the Floor, and The Kids in the Hall.

Plans for a pay-per-view station of old programs at the CBC Archives in spring 1995 are not believed to have materialized.

Public access
The museum was open weekdays from 9 am to 5 pm. It was closed on statutory holidays. The facility was wheelchair accessible.

On opening in 1994, the facility was open daily from 10 am to 3 pm, with guided tours at opening and 2:30 pm, and daily availability for school tours. As of 1996, the museum was open weekdays from 10 am to 4 pm. By 2001 or earlier, hours changed to weekdays, 9 am to 5 pm, Saturdays, noon to 4 pm. Saturdays continued until at least 2003.

The museum was free, but as of 2011 had a donation box.

Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with: Canadian Museums Association,  Canadian Heritage Information Network, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

Since at least 1996, large equipment has been sent to the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa.

References

External links
CBC Museum
 Archive.org backup of the website, 1999-2017

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Museums established in 1994
Museums disestablished in 2017
Museums in Toronto
Defunct museums in Toronto
Telecommunications museums
1994 establishments in Ontario
2017 disestablishments in Ontario
Defunct museums in Canada

CBC Museum


Veronika Dmitrievna Polyakova (, born March 3, 1999, in Irkutsk, Russia) is a Russian group and former individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2014 Russian Junior National all-around silver medalist.

Career

Junior
Polyakova has competed both as an individual and in group gymnastics. She was born in Irkutsk, hometown of former World Champion Oxana Kostina and 2012 Olympic all-around silver medalist Daria Dmitrieva. Polyakova appeared in international competition at the 2012 Irina Deleanu Cup with teammate Aleksandra Soldatova. She competed in her first Junior nationals at the 2012 Russian Junior Championships finishing 29th in all-around

In 2013 Season, Polyakova finished 10th in all-around at the 2013 Russian Junior Championships. She competed in the junior division at the Grand Prix in Moscow and World Cup Series. She won the all-around gold and event finals at the 2013 Singapore Gymnastics Open. She won the all-around silver medal at the Junior Grand Prix in Brno with a total of 63.049 behind Olesya Petrova.

In 2014, she won the all-around silver at the 2014 Moscow Grand Prix behind Yulia Bravikova. She competed in the World Cup series in Lisbon winning gold in team, bronze in ribbon, in Pesaro winning Team gold for Russia and gold in event finals for hoop. At the 2014 Minsk World Cup she won gold in Team, hoop and ribbon. She won the all-around silver medal at the 2014 Russian Junior Championships. At the 2014 European Junior Championships, Polyakova together with teammates (Irina Annenkova, Yulia Bravikova and Olesya Petrova) won Russia the Team gold. She competed in 2 apparatus, hoop and ribbon but did not qualify to the event finals with Bravikova and Annenkova placing ahead of her in qualifications for the finals in the 1 gymnast per country junior rule. She competed at the 2014 Junior World Cup in Sofia where she won the all-around silver behind Irina Annenkova. Following the leg injury of Yulia Bravikova, both Polyakova and Annenkova flew to Nanjing, there Annenkova was selected by Irina Viner as the final representative of Russia at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, China. On October 17–19, Polyakova traveled in Tokyo for the 2014 Aeon Cup, representing team Gazprom (together with senior teammates Margarita Mamun and Yana Kudryavtseva) won the team gold. She won the All-around junior title ahead of Belarus' Mariya Trubach.

Senior
In 2015 season, Polyakova debuted as a senior competing at the 2015 Moscow Grand Prix finishing 6th in the all-around finals. On March 21–22, Polyakova competed at the 2015 Thiais Grand Prix finishing 9th in the all-around, she qualified to 3 event finals. On April 3–5, Polyakova competed at the Irina Deleanu International tournament and won the all-around gold medal ahead Irina Annenkova. She took 4th place in the all-around at the 2015 Russian Championships. Polyakova competed at the 2015 Holon Grand Prix finishing 8th in all-around. Polyakova finished 9th in all-around at the 2015 Grand Prix Berlin and qualified to event final in ball. She won the all-around gold at the 2015 EWUB Luxembourg Trophy. Polyakova competed as an HC (Out of Competition) at the MTK International Tournament in Budapest and Dundee Cup International in Sofia. Polyakova unexpectedly suffered a leg injury before the end of the 2015 season. In 2016, she spend half of the season in rehabilitation from her surgery.

In 2017, Polyakova relocated to St. Petersburg for her university studies and switched to group rhythmic gymnastics.

Routine music information

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
Russian rhythmic gymnasts
Sportspeople from Irkutsk

Veronika Polyakova


Cycas bifida (syn. Cycas rumphii var. bifida) is a species of cycad plant in the genus Cycas, native to southern China (southern Guangxi and eastern Yunnan), and northern Vietnam (Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn and Tuyên Quang provinces).

The stems are largely subterranean, 20–60 cm in diameter and up to 20 cm above ground level, and bear three to eight leaves. The leaves are 2–4 m long and 40–80 cm broad, dark green and glossy, bipinnate, with 27-44 pairs of leaflets, each leaflet dichotomously divided (split in two), linear, 10–38 cm long and 1.5–3 cm broad, papery to leathery in texture; the leaf petiole is 0.5–2 m long, armed with spikes.

The female cones are closed, the sporophylls 8–12 cm long, with deep red-brown tomentose down, and 6-8 ovules on an ovate lamina, with yellow to yellow-brown sarcotesta. Ovoid and flattened sclerotesta. The male cones are solitary and erect, spindle shaped and cylindrical 15-23 long and 4–6 cm broad, with light yellow tomentose down and an erect apical spine with 1.2–2 cm sporophylls with 1-3 minute teeth per side.

The species is named after its dichotomously divided leaflets, a character shared with a few other related species. It has been extensively confused in literature with the related species Cycas multifrondis and Cycas micholitzii (K. D. Hill, Cycad Pages); in the Flora of China, it is treated as Cycas micholitzii, a species restricted by Hill to plants from central Vietnam and Laos.

Cycas longipetiolula, which is often considered synonymous with Cycas bifida but may have hybridized with Cycas multipinnata, is only found in cultivation in Jinping County, Yunnan.

Habitat
It is native to areas of dense bamboo woodlands or mixed deciduous forest near limestone outcroppings. Some of its native locations are on the site of various clashes over the border of Vietnam and China, and still contains numerous land mine fields, protecting the species from poaching. The Longgang Nature Reserve in Longzhou, Guangxi, China was established for the protection of this cycad, of which the Chinese populations are considered endangered. It is rarely found in cultivation.

References

Cycad Pages: Cycas bifida
Flora of China (as C. micholitzii auct. non Dyer)

bifida
Flora of Vietnam
Flora of Yunnan
Flora of Guangxi
Vulnerable flora of Asia
Plants described in 2004

Cycas bifida


The Macquarie parakeet (Cyanoramphus erythrotis), also known as the Macquarie Island parakeet, is an extinct parrot from subantarctic Macquarie Island, an outlying part of Tasmania, Australia, in the Southern Ocean.

Taxonomy
The Macquarie parakeet was previously considered to be a subspecies of the red-fronted parakeet C. novaezelandiae, which it resembled in appearance, but was later lumped with Reischek's parakeet from the Antipodes Islands in a 2001 paper by Wee Ming Boon and others following an examination of the molecular systematics of the genus which found that many of the red-crowned parakeet subspecies should be elevated to full species.  However, subsequently the provenance of Boon et al.'s supposed Macquarie Island material was shown to be mistaken, originating from the Antipodes Islands instead.

History
When Macquarie Island was discovered in 1810 the parrots were widespread in tussock grassland and abundant on the shoreline, feeding on invertebrates in beach-washed seaweed.  Despite the introduction of dogs and cats to the island by 1820, as well as being hunted for food by sealers, the parrots remained common there until about 1880.

The transition from abundance to extinction took little more than a decade.  The critical events leading to the extinction of the parrot were the introductions of both wekas and European rabbits to the island in the 1870s and their subsequent spread during the 1880s.  Until then winter, with the seasonal absence of burrow-nesting petrels and breeding penguins, was a period of food scarcity for terrestrial predators, which served to keep their numbers low.  The presence of rabbits provided a year-round food supply for cats and wekas and allowed their numbers to expand, leading to increased predation on the parrot, the last sighting of which was in 1891.

References

External links

Cyanoramphus
Extinct birds of Australia
Bird extinctions since 1500
Birds described in 1832
Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler
Extinct birds of subantarctic islands
Macquarie Island
Species made extinct by human activities

Macquarie parakeet


The Battle of Yeavering (or Battle of Geteryne) was fought in 1415 between English and Scottish forces near Yeavering in Northumberland.  A small English force consisting of 440 men led by the Earl of Westmoreland defeated 4000 Scots.  Fought in the same year as the Battle of Agincourt, which famously demonstrated the efficacy of the longbow against cavalry, it is notable that the English side at Yeavering consisted mostly of archers.

The site is marked by a battle stone, probably originally a Bronze Age standing stone.

See also
 Battle of Humbleton Hill

References

Yeavering
1415 in England
Yeavering
Yeavering
1415 in Scotland
Kirknewton, Northumberland

Battle of Yeavering


is a Japanese documentary made in 1975 by Noriaki Tsuchimoto. It is the fourth in a series of independent documentaries that Tsuchimoto made of the mercury poisoning incident in Minamata, Japan.

Film content
Four years after Minamata: The Victims and Their World, Tsuchimoto's camera focuses on the everyday lives of the victims of mercury poisoning. Fisherman still knowingly catch and eat the mercury-laden fish caught in the beautiful Shiranui Sea because that is what they have always done and that is how they relate to nature. Some patients who received significant compensation from Chisso, the polluter, may now live in good houses, but without doing work their lives seem somehow empty. The real victims remain the children, who are now getting older and in some cases increasingly conscious of the fact they are different from other children.

Reception
The film scholar Justin Jesty wrote that The Shiranui Sea is "the crowning achievement of Tsuchimoto's first five years of engagement with mercury poisoning. The film is a long and powerful meditation on the depth and breadth of the tragedy." The documentarist Makoto Satō called The Shiranui Sea "the ultimate masterpiece" of Tsuchimoto's Minamata films; and the filmmaker John Gianvito selected it as one of the ten best films of all time in the 2012 Sight and Sound poll.

References

External links

1975 films
1975 in the environment
1975 documentary films
Documentary films about environmental issues
Documentary films about health care
Japanese documentary films
1970s Japanese-language films
1970s political films
Mercury poisoning
Films directed by Noriaki Tsuchimoto
1970s Japanese films

The Shiranui Sea


This is a list of notable fictional materials from the science fiction universe of Star Trek. Like other aspects of stories in the franchise, some were recurring plot elements from one episode or series to another.

Metals for starship construction
The fictional metals duranium and tritanium were referred to in many episodes as extremely hard alloys used in starship hulls and hand-held tools. The planet-killer in "The Doomsday Machine" had a hull made of solid neutronium, which is capable of withstanding a starship's phasers. Neutronium is considered to be virtually indestructible; the only known way of stopping the planet-killer is to destroy it from the inside via the explosion of a starship's impulse engines. Federation ships in the 32nd century also used this material in their construction. The NX-01 Enterprise partly consists of horonium, an element that is rare to find but can be synthesised. It is also used to power a time portal on Krulmuth-B.

Transparent aluminum
Star Trek technical manuals indicate that transparent aluminum is used in various fittings in starships, including exterior ship portals and windows. It was notably mentioned in the 1986 film Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. Ultra-strong transparent panels were needed to construct water tanks within their ship's cargo bay for containing two humpback whales and hundreds of tons of water. However, the Enterprise crew, without money appropriate to the period, found it necessary to barter for the required materials. Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott exchanges the chemical formula for transparent aluminum for the needed material. When Dr. Leonard McCoy informs Scott that giving Dr. Nichols (Alex Henteloff) the formula is altering the future, the engineer responds, "Why? How do we know he didn't invent the thing?" (In the novelization of the film, Scott is aware that Dr. Marcus "Mark" Nichols, the Plexicorp scientist with whom he and McCoy deal, was its "inventor," and concludes that his giving of the formula is a predestination paradox/bootstrap paradox.) The substance is described as being as transparent as glass while possessing the strength and density of high-grade aluminum. It was also mentioned in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "In Theory".

The series' science consultant, André Bormanis has concluded that the material would not be a good conductor of electricity.

Real-life transparent substances composed of some aluminum

An aluminum windowpane, "of glass-like transparency" was reported from Germany in 1933.

Sapphire (Al2O3) is transparent and is widely used in commercial and industrial settings. It has a hardness of 9 Mohs, making it the third hardest mineral after diamond and moissanite.

Aluminium oxynitride ((AlN)x·(Al2O3)1−x) is a transparent ceramic which has a hardness of 7.7 Mohs, and has military applications as bullet-resistant armour, but is too expensive for widespread use. It was patented in 1986.

Pure transparent aluminum was created as a new state of matter by a team of scientists in 2009. A laser pulse removed an electron from every atom without disrupting the crystalline structure. However, the transparent state lasted for only 40 femtoseconds, until electrons returned to the material.

A group of scientists led by Ralf Röhlsberger at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany, succeeded in turning iron transparent during research in 2012 to create quantum computers.

Trellium-D

Trellium-D, shown in Star Trek: Enterprise, was an alloy used in the Delphic Expanse as a protection against spatial anomalies there. It had unusual effects on Vulcan physiology, causing a loss of emotional control, and became a recurring plot element in the third season of Star Trek: Enterprise, exploring the theme of drug addiction.

Other materials were occasionally mentioned in the scripts, such as nitrium, a radiation-resistant material.

Energy sources

Dilithium

Dilithium crystals, in all Star Trek series, were shown to be an essential component for a starship's faster than light drive, or warp drive, since they were necessary to regulate the matter-antimatter reactions needed to generate the required energy. Dilithium was frequently featured in the original series as a scarce resource. By the time the later series were set, dilithium could be synthesized.

Trilithium

Trilithium is a material used in a star-destroying weapon in Star Trek Generations, and an explosive in "The Chute" (VOY). This is due to the fact that trilithium is termed a "nuclear inhibitor," which is believed to be any substance that interferes with nuclear reactions. In the film, trilithium is known to be capable, when used to its full potential, of stopping all fusion within a star, thereby collapsing the star and destroying everything within its solar system via a shock wave. Trilithium resin is a toxic byproduct of warp engines, and can be used as a powerful, and quite unstable, explosive (see "Starship Mine", the 18th episode of the sixth season of Star Trek: The Next Generation). It is not known whether this is related to the nuclear inhibitor.

Precious materials
Latinum featured in many episodes of Deep Space Nine as a medium of exchange used by Ferengi and others
because it is impossible to replicate. A liquid in its natural state, it was enclosed for convenience (Jadzia Dax joked "probably someone got tired of making change with an eyedropper") in gold casings of standardized size (called slips, strips, bars, and bricks), known as "gold-pressed latinum". The Ferengi, who had earlier considered gold a valuable commodity, came to consider it worthless once gold-pressed latinum came into use.

Tholian silk was a valuable fabric mentioned in multiple series.

Bio-mimetic gel is a volatile substance with medical applications. It is also highly sought after for use in illegal activities, such as genetic experimentation and biological weapons development. As such, its use is strictly regulated by the United Federation of Planets, and sale of the substance is prohibited. The substance was first mentioned in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and was used as a plot element in several episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Propulsion
Verterium cortenide is a usually synthetically generated compound, the only known substance to be capable of generating warp fields, when supplied with energy, in form of plasma, from the warp core. Warp coils are made of this material.

Benamite is a rare and unstable form of crystal required to construct a quantum slipstream drive. According to "Timeless" (VOY), benamite is extremely difficult to synthesize and creating enough for one slipstream drive can take years.

Minerals
Kironide is a mineral by which, upon consuming plants containing the mineral, the Platonians (the inhabitants of the planet Platonius) acquire telekinetic powers, including the ability to levitate, in the original series episode "Plato's Stepchildren".

Pergium is a substance mined in "The Devil in the Dark", and fictionally given the atomic number 112 as a chemical element in a non-canon Star Trek medical manual publication.

Drugs
Cordrazine, introduced in "The City on the Edge of Forever" is a powerful stimulant used to revive patients in an emergency. Overdoses cause hallucinations, madness and death.

Felicium, a highly addictive narcotic produced on the planet Brekka, but misrepresented as a medicine for a plague impacting the planet Ornara. It was introduced in the episode Symbiosis.

Venus drug, introduced in "Mudd's Women", causes women to appear much lovelier and more exciting.

Inaprovaline, introduced in "Transfigurations". Helps resuscitate the neurological and cardiovascular systems by reinforcing the cell membranes. It is also frequently used as an analgesic.

Ketracel-White, introduced in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, is a narcotic stimulant drug intravenously taken among the Jem'Hadar soldiers of The Dominion. The Jem'Hadar were created by the Founders – a shape-shifting species in the Gamma Quadrant – with a genetic predisposition for addiction to the drug. This was done to ensure their loyalty to the Founders. The drug is synthetically manufactured and refined at guarded facilities throughout Dominion space. Ketracel-White is stored as a liquid in glass vials locked in portable cases held by Vorta field supervisors. A Vorta must dispense the drug among the unit they command at regular hourly intervals, otherwise the Jem'Hadar will suffer withdrawal leading to death. A vial of White is inserted into a dispensing mechanism embedded in the soldier's chest armor, and automatically pumped through a tube inserted into the common carotid artery.

Retinax-5, introduced in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, a drug that corrects vision problems.

Unstable substances
Protomatter is a key component of the Genesis Device prototype—an experimental terraformation device introduced in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. Protomatter is presented as an unstable substance that, due to its instability, is considered unethical for usage in scientific research. The substance is used as a plot device to compare David Marcus with his father, James T. Kirk, both of whom, in Lieutenant Saavik's words, "changed the rules"—David Marcus by using the forbidden protomatter, and James T. Kirk by "cheating" to win the Kobayashi Maru test. The inclusion of protomatter ultimately results in both the accelerated maturation of the regenerated Spock during his stay on the Genesis planet, and the planet's subsequent explosion into an asteroid belt.

In the Deep Space Nine episode "By Inferno's Light", Protomatter was used by a Dominion changeling in a bomb plot that, if successful, would have destroyed the Bajoran sun and the forces of the Alpha Quadrant.

Protomatter is also mentioned in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Mortal Coil", where it is said, "Protomatter's one of the most sought-after commodities. The best energy source in the quadrant."

The Omega Molecule is a highly unstable molecule believed to be the most powerful substance known to exist. If not properly disposed of, it may destroy subspace and render warp travel impossible. In Star Trek: Voyager, during the episode The Omega Directive, Voyager encounters Omega particles and Captain Janeway must comply with the Omega Directive and destroy the particles. Later in the episode, they spontaneously stabilize for a brief moment before they are destroyed.

Other
Red matter is a red liquid material introduced in Star Trek (the 2009 film) that is able to create a black hole when not properly contained. Spock attempts to use it to stop a massive supernova, but the resulting black hole causes his own ship and a Romulan mining vessel to travel back in time. Later in the film, the antagonist Nero uses it to destroy the planet Vulcan. Shortly after, the future Spock's ship containing the red matter is used to destroy Nero's Romulan mining vessel.

Fictional substances within Star Trek
Corbomite was named by Captain Kirk in a bluff in "The Corbomite Maneuver" as a material and a device that prevents attack, because if any destructive energy touches the vessel, a reverse reaction of equal strength is created, destroying the attacker. This bluff was also used in "The Deadly Years" to escape the Romulans.

Archerite was named by Commander Shran also in a bluff in "Proving Ground" as a material that his ship was looking to mine, during an encounter at the test site of the Xindi planet killer weapon.

See also
 List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and subatomic particles

References

External links

Materials
Star Trek

List of Star Trek materials


Orpheus is a hero in Greek mythology. When he played his lyre the world would sway to the music. It was noted he could charm mortals, Gods and even stones with his music. He was the son of a Muse. He was a companion of Jason and the Argonauts.

Orpheus was married to a dryad named Eurydice. In one version of the myth, while trying to get away from a satyr Eurydice was bitten by a snake and went to Hades. Orpheus rode the ferry across the river Styx to bring her back from the underworld. He played his lyre to make Cerberus fall asleep, and moved the wife of Hades, Persephone, with his music. She said he could take Eurydice back to the upper world if he didn't look back at Eurydice until they both got back up to the land of mortals. Racked by doubt, he did look back just before reaching the upper world, and so she was returned to the realm of Hades forever. He was killed by a group of Maenads when they became tired of his mournful music over Eurydice, and his head was cast into the sea.

Related pages
Orphism

Greek gods and goddesses

Orpheus


William Allison Sweeney (July 27, 1851 – 1921) was an American newspaper writer, editor, and owner, poet, and author of a history of Afro-American soldiers in World War I.

Early life
Sweeney was born in Superior Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan, on July 27, 1851, to William Jacob and Aurilla (Day) Sweeney. He was married twice. He was first married to Rene Clark, with whom he had two children; and then second to Roberta Lomax Erskine. He died in 1921.

Sweeney was primarily known as a newspaper man. His career began in 1879. He contributed to both black and to white newspapers; an example of the latter is The Herald, in Indianapolis. He edited and published The People (Wheeling West Virginia, 1885–6), The National People (Detroit, 1886–7); was editor and manager of The Freeman (Indianapolis, 1890–8); and editor and part owner,  Chicago Leader (1905–6). At The Freeman, Sweeney was associated with R. W. Thompson, who would later suggest to Booker T. Washington that Sweeney's work at The Chicago Conservator receive a subsidy from Washington to support its continued publication.

Sweeney's most famous newspaper association was as editor of the Chicago Conservator. The Conservator was in the center of a political power struggle whose sides were associated with W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. Sweeney was in the Washington camp and became editor of the Conservator in 1904. Sweeney exhibited some ineptness as a manager and businessman while there, as he often missed publication dates for considerable periods of a time.

As a poet, Sweeney was considered to be one of the "Chicago poets" and thought to have written the first poem by a black man employing the technique of free verse. The list of poems below is from Mather.

Sweeney was the first black to serve on a jury in West Virginia (1885).

Criticism

While Sweeney has been called "the 'dean' of the Chicago press corps", who was "idolized by younger journalists", his "essays full of impassioned pleas and profuse in flowery language" can be seen to epitomize "a departing style of black journalism that was giving way to modern techniques of reporting the rising commodity of race news".

Works

Books
 History of the American Negro in the Great World War: His Splendid Record in the Battle Zones of Europe, Including a Resume of His Past Services to His Country in the Wars of the Revolution, of 1812, the War of the Rebellion, the Indian Wars on the Frontier, the Spanish–American War, and the Late Imbroglio with Mexico (1919)

Poems
 "The Other Fellow's Burden"
 "A Certain American Beauty at the President's Levee"
 "A Name among the Princely Few"
 "Baby"
 "Lincoln"
 "No Chance for the Negro?"

References

External links

1851 births
1921 deaths
African-American non-fiction writers
American non-fiction writers
African-American poets
American poets
Writers from Michigan
Journalists from Chicago
Poets from Chicago
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
20th-century African-American people

W. Allison Sweeney


Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen is a United States Coast Guard Air Station located at the Rafael Hernandez International Airport (formerly Ramey Air Force Base), in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.

History
United States Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen is the direct descendant of the former Coast Guard Air Station San Juan, which was located at the former Naval Air Station Isla Grande.  In November 1971, the Air Station relocated to its present location at what was then Ramey Air Force Base, a Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-52 bomber and KC-135 aerial refueling aircraft base in Aguadilla, and became known as Coast Guard Air Station Puerto Rico. Two years later the United States Air Force discontinued its operation at Ramey AFB, turning the facilities over to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the United States Navy Naval Station Roosevelt Roads West Annex.  The Coast Guard assumed the host role in July 1976, when the Navy vacated the station.  It was then that the unit was designated Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen.  The Air Station originally utilized three HU-16E Albatross amphibious seaplanes and two HH-52A Sea Guard helicopters to effect its search and rescue missions. In March 1973, three HH-3F Pelican helicopters replaced these aircraft.

The need for increased range for law enforcement and search and rescue resulted in the addition of four HU-25A Falcon jets to the Air Station's inventory in late 1983 and early 1984. In 1985, four new HH-65A Dolphin short-range rescue helicopters replaced the three HH-3F Pelicans, giving the Air Station a shipboard deployment capability. The HU-25As were replaced in 1987 by three HC-130H Hercules aircraft that provided long range search and surveillance capability until their departure in June 1996.  Due to the increased tempo of operations in the Caribbean, the Air Station again added four HU-25As to the inventory from July 1999 until September 2001. The Air Station currently operates with 4 MH-65D Dolphin helicopters while also supporting a variety of other forward deployed aircraft.

Operations
U.S. Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen is under the operational control of Commander, Coast Guard Sector San Juan located in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Its main operation is search and rescue missions, Secondary missions include: law enforcement, aerial support for ATON, and logistic support. Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen also provides support for U.S. Coast Guard vessels and aircraft, and other United States Department of Homeland Security agencies such as the CBP Air and Marine Operations and the United States Border Patrol Ramey Sector nearby the Air Station Borinquen.

The number of personnel at U.S. Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen is made of 170 enlisted personnel, 35 officers and 150 civilians.

Base Facilities
 Coast Guard Housing Area
 Hangar for U.S. Coast Guard Aircraft and adjacent facilities
 U.S. Coast Guard Recruiting Office
 MWR Guest Cottages
 Child Development Center
 Community Center - The Pelican Pub
 E-Lounge located on School Road next to the LaPlaza Building
 Ray Park
 Boys and Girls Club
 Coast Guard Exchange & Gas Station (Located on 91 Wing Road)
 DoDEA Ramey Unit School (Located on 201 Arch Road)
 ID Card Office
 Post Library
 Base Chapel
 Borinquen Fitness Center
 Tennis Courts and Basketball Court
 Recreation Gear Locker
 Swimming Pool
 Air Station Borinquen Health Clinic
 Dental Clinic

References

External links
 Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen Home Page

United States Coast Guard Air Stations
United States Coast Guard Aviation
Buildings and structures in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
1971 establishments in Puerto Rico
Military installations of the United States in Puerto Rico

Coast Guard Air Station Borinquen


Wilhelm Raabe (; September 8, 1831November 15, 1910) was a German novelist. His early works were published under the pseudonym of Jakob Corvinus.

Biography
He was born in Eschershausen (then in the Duchy of Brunswick, now in the Holzminden District). After attending gymnasia in Holzminden and Wolfenbüttel, he entered a bookstore in Magdeburg as apprentice in 1849. He used this opportunity for wide reading and enriched himself with the tales and folklore of his own and other countries.  He remained an apprentice until 1854.

Tiring of the routine of business, he then studied philosophy at Berlin (1855–1857). While a student at that university, under his pseudonym he published his first work, The Chronicle of Sparrow Lane (1857) (German: Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse). This book, which contains sketches of life among the German bourgeoisie, quickly became popular.

With this encouragement, Raabe gave up his studies and devoted himself entirely to literary work.  He returned to Wolfenbüttel, and then lived (1862–1870) in Stuttgart. Then he again returned to Brunswick and remained active until the end of the century, publishing upwards of 30 novels and a number of short stories and sketches. He died in 1910 and was buried in Braunschweig Main Cemetery.

Work

Raabe's life work may be divided into three periods. During the first, he wrote with a light touch, producing a series of pictures of German life from the abundance of his imagination and experience, among which are:
 Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse (1856)
 Die Kinder von Finkenrode (1859)
 Unser Herrgotts Kanzlei (1862)

The influence of the pessimism of Schopenhauer is evident during the second period. Representative works of this period are:
 Der Hungerpastor (1864)
 Abu Telfan (1867)
 Der Schüdderump (1870)
These three works are sometimes referred to as a trilogy. While they are independent of each other in substance, they do represent a distinct epoch in the life of Raabe.

During the third period of the novelist's life his works no longer show this pessimistic strain. A genial humor pervades them, reminiscent of Dickens, though they frequently deal with serious subjects. Horacker (1876) perhaps best represents this tendency, and has been cited as his masterpiece. Der Dräumling (1872), and Deutscher Mondschein (1873), also come under this head. Of his numerous later works Das Odfeld (1889) and Die Akten des Vogelsangs (1895) seemed to be most read. Kloster Lugau (1894) and Hastenbeck (1899) also belong to this period.

Raabe's early works were influenced to some extent by Jean Paul. Later he shows evidences of having read Dickens and Thackeray.

His estimation by the German people was especially shown at the celebration of his 70th birthday in 1901. Beginning in 1965, the critical edition of Raabe's complete works was published as Sämtliche Werke (Braunschweiger Ausgabe) commissioned by the Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft and edited by Karl Hoppe.

Works

Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse, 1856
Ein Frühling, Der Weg zum Lachen, 1857
Die alte Universität, Der Student von Wittenberg, Weihnachtsgeister, Lorenz Scheibenhart, Einer aus der Menge, 1858
Die Kinder von Finkenrode, Der Junker von Denow, Wer kann es wenden? 1859
Aus dem Lebensbuch des Schulmeisterleins Michel Haas, Ein Geheimnis, 1860
Auf dunkelm Grunde, Die schwarze Galeere, Der heilige Born, Nach dem großen Kriege, 1861
Unseres Herrgotts Kanzlei, Das letzte Recht, 1862
Eine Grabrede aus dem Jahre 1609, Die Leute aus dem Walde, Holunderblüte, Die Hämelschen Kinder, 1863
Der Hungerpastor, Keltische Knochen, 1864
Else von der Tanne, Drei Federn, 1865
Die Gänse von Bützow, Sankt Thomas, Gedelöcke, 1866
Abu Telfan; oder Heimkehr aus dem Mondgebirge, 1867
Theklas Erbschaft, 1868
Im Siegeskranze, 1869
Der Schüdderump, Der Marsch nach Hause, Des Reiches Krone, 1870
Der Dräumling, 1872
Deutscher Mondschein, Christoph Pechlin, 1873
Meister Autor oder Die Geschichten vom versunkenen Garten, Höxter und Corvey, 1874
Frau Salome, Vom alten Proteus, Eulenpfingsten, 1875
Die Innerste, Der gute Tag, Horacker, 1876
Auf dem Altenteil, 1878
Alte Nester, Wunnigel, 1879
Deutscher Adel, 1880
Das Horn von Wanza, 1881
Fabian und Sebastian, 1882
Prinzessin Fisch, 1883
Villa Schönow, Pfisters Mühle, Zum wilden Mann, Ein Besuch, 1884
Unruhige Gäste, 1885
Im alten Eisen, 1887
Das Odfeld, 1888
Der Lar, 1889
Stopfkuchen, 1891
Gutmanns Reisen, 1892
Kloster Lugau, 1894
Die Akten des Vogelsangs, 1896
Hastenbeck, 1899
Altershausen (fragment, 1902; published 1911)

Raabe the painter

Raabe also had a less known talent for painting. Approximately 600 of his works exist, partially in private ownership of his descendants or with the Braunschweig Museum.

Notes

External links

 Works by Raabe at Projekt Gutenberg-DE

1831 births
1910 deaths
19th-century German novelists
People from Holzminden (district)
People from the Duchy of Brunswick
German male novelists
19th-century German male writers

Wilhelm Raabe