FM is a 1978 American comedy drama film about internal conflicts at an FM radio station directed by John A. Alonzo and starring Michael Brandon, Eileen Brennan, Alex Karras, Cleavon Little, Martin Mull and Cassie Yates. The screenplay was written by Ezra Sacks.

The film was produced by Universal Pictures and originally released to theaters in the spring of 1978. The film performed poorly at the box office, but its soundtrack was a Platinum-certified disc, selling over one million records.

Plot
Q-SKY program director and morning DJ Jeff Dugan builds a large fanbase by assembling a group of charismatic on-air personalities playing popular rock and roll.  He soon finds that corporate management expects Jeff to use the station's position atop the ratings to sell more advertising time, and does so with the aid of a newly-hired sales manager.

The new sales manager, Regis Lamar, presents him with the chance to advertise for the U.S. Army using a series of cheesy radio ads. When Jeff refuses to endorse the contract, Regis takes the issue to upper management. Jeff is then ordered to run the ads as provided by the Army and on the schedule specified in the advertising contract. Rather than comply, Jeff quits his job. All of the remaining DJs decide to take control of the station in a lock-in/sit-in/protest. They get listeners to gather in the street outside the station as a sort of protest while the DJs play music without any commercials.

Jeff Dugan wakes up to hear the DJs take control of the station. The crowd is already present when he arrives at the station. The DJs lift him up to the second story with a fire hose as they have already barricaded the front doors. The lock-in lasts only until the police get an injunction to remove the staff. A tow truck rips off the front doors and the police enter the building. The DJs battle back by using a firehose and throwing tapes and other office objects at the police.

The battle is resolved when Dugan finds himself fighting a policeman outside on an overhang. Jeff saves the policeman from falling off and decides that fighting is the wrong thing to do. He calms the crowd and announces that the DJs are coming out. Unknown to him, the company owner, Carl Billings, has watched from the crowd as the events unfolded. Billings insists that the DJs stay in the station, fires his management staff responsible for the advertising conflict, and then joins the DJs inside the station.

Cast

Production
The story unfolds across a background of concerts, broadcast music, appearances by various rock stars, and public appearances by the station's DJs. A minor sub-theme to the film is the competition between QSKY and another area radio station, KLAX. The major event of that sub-theme occurs when Jeff arranges to broadcast a live concert by Linda Ronstadt that is being sponsored by a competing radio station. Another minor sub-theme is the ongoing task of massaging egos of the various DJs to keep them happy and on the air.

Martin Mull appears in his feature film debut as an egotistical DJ Eric Swan. Rounding out the cast are Cleavon Little, who plays the Prince of Darkness, QSKY's overnight host (Little had previously played a disc jockey in the film Vanishing Point (1971)); Eileen Brennan as "Mother", the 40-something nighttime DJ; Alex Karras as "Doc Holiday", the midday DJ with the lowest ratings on the station who is eventually dismissed from the station; Cassie Yates as Laura Coe, who takes over Doc's midday slot; and Tom Tarpey as new sales manager Regis Lamar, the bane of the disc jockeys' existence. In addition, the film includes live appearances by Tom Petty and REO Speedwagon along with live performances by Linda Ronstadt and Jimmy Buffett. Steely Dan performed the title theme, which became a sizable hit. The Eagles, James Taylor, Bob Seger, Dan Fogelberg, Billy Joel, and Queen were featured on the Platinum-plus soundtrack album.

Record company executive Irving Azoff participated in the making of the film as executive producer, but he disowned it before release and asked that his name be removed from the credits, a request which Universal granted. Azoff said the film was "not an authentic representation of the music business" and that the studio reneged on its promise to allow him creative control over it, particularly regarding selections of music.

Reception
Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film "turns into a preposterously self-serving variation on 1960s' themes" and that the central problem in the plot "is certainly a real one, for rock radio stations everywhere. But Ezra Sacks's screenplay manages, by taking this crisis so very, very seriously, not to take it seriously at all." Variety called the film "the modern equivalent of the 1930s newspaper film, all break-neck dialog, quirky happenstances and behind-the-scenes drama transposed to a 1970s rock radio station. Unlike such classics as the original 'Front Page,' however, this Universal release goes nowhere with a potentially-fascinating set of plot elements." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and found "little reason to care" about the plot, as the sales manager "is a caricature that belongs on a TV variety show" and the "miserable deejays... do their best to make you want to switch stations. Unfortunately, you can't switch stations in a movie theater. All you can do is leave." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times declared it "Fairly Mediocre" and "such claptrap silliness that only the tender in years and soft in mind are apt to be enraptured." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post panned the film as "a shallow attempt at rabble-rousing comedy" which "flounders in smarmy virtue" and "tries to be hip in all the worst ways." John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the movie's central premise rests on the idea "that commercial, pop-music radio stations were not primarily created to generate advertising revenue, and that the people who put on the records and ad-lib between the jingles are folk heroes, free from the exigencies of the business world, members of that select cinematic breed of American independent professionals. Ezra Sacks' attenuated script, which alternates between episodes of jovial high jinks and moments of melancholy self-indulgence, fails to acknowledge the practical implications of this premise (namely that, without advertising, these 'creative' broadcasters would be out of work) and instead makes the army salesman a ludicrously over-drawn figure of fun and Regis Lamar a sycophantic yes-man."

Rolling Stone magazine considered the music heavily biased towards musicians who had been managed by Irving Azoff, the head of MCA Records at the time.

The film holds a score of 20% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews and was not successful at the box office.

Some reference books claim that the sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati was based on FM. The physical resemblance between Michael Brandon and WKRP lead actor Gary Sandy and the fact that their respective characters were both based upon KMET programming director Captain Mikey may have contributed to this speculation. However, WKRP series creator Hugh Wilson asserts that the sitcom was already in development when the film came out. He also states that he was "scared to death" when the film came out, afraid that it would eclipse the CBS sitcom, which made its debut in September 1978. Wilson was relieved when FM came and went from theaters quickly.

Soundtrack

Despite the poor performance of the film at the box office, the soundtrack sold over 1 million records. Steely Dan's "FM (No Static at All)" won engineers Al Schmitt and Roger Nichols the 1979 Grammy Award for Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical.

References

External links

1978 films
1978 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
American rock music films
1970s English-language films
Films about radio
Films about radio people
Films directed by John A. Alonzo
Films set in Los Angeles
1978 comedy films
1978 drama films
1978 directorial debut films
Workplace comedy films
1970s American films

FM (film)


Maria Krushevskaya (born 1984) is a virtuoso Russian harpist. She was the gold medalist of the 2007 USA International Harp Competition, where she was awarded the Jan Jennings Prize for best performance of Pierné's Concertstück for Harp and Orchestra, the Mary L. Ogg Prize for best performance of Küne's Fantaisie sur un theme de l'opera Eugene Onegin, and best performance of Alvars' Introduction and Variations on Themes from Bellini's Opera Norma.
Maria Krushevskaya was born in Moscow in 1984 in a family of musicians. She began to study music at the age of five. In 1992 she entered the Moscow Gnessin School of Music (class of Professor Milda Agazarian), graduating with distinction in 2002 and subsequently continued her studies at the Gnesins' Russian Academy of Music from which she also graduated with distinction in 2008.

During her studies at the school and the academy she took part in and won prizes at All-Russian and international competitions including the Classical Legacy competition (1994, diploma), the I Russian Youth Harp Competition (Moscow, 1996, 1st prize), the IV International Martine Géliot Competition (France, 1999, 4th prize and Special Prize), the IV Lily Laskine Harp Competition (France, 2002, 2nd prize) and the 6th International Harp Competition (USA, Bloomington, 2004, 5th prize). In 2007 she took 1st prize and the Gold Medal as well as three special prizes at the 7th USA International Harp Competition (USA, Bloomington). Maria Krushevskaya is currently the only Russian to have won this competition.
Her solo appearances include the Gargiles International Harp Festival in France, the  World Harp Congress in Amsterdam (2008) and the International Harp Academy Harp Masters in Switzerland (2012). In the summer of 2012 she was invited to take part in the Crystal Key Xenia Erdeli International Harp Competition in St Petersburg as a jury member.

Maria Krushevskaya appears in recital at major international venues including Carnegie Hall (New York), the Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Royal Academy of Music in London, the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatoire, the Mariinsky Theatre Concert Hall  and the National Concert Hall of Taipei. The musician also frequently tours throughout France, the US, Hungary, Lithuania, Switzerland and Russia. In addition to her recital activities, Maria Krushevskaya has recorded two CDs (2006 and 2011) featuring works by Johann Sebastian Bach, Elias Parish Alvars, Albert Zabel, Jacques Charpentier, Joseph Jongen, Mikhail Glinka-Mily Balakirev, Carlos Salzedo, Frédéric Chopin and Domenico Scarlatti as well as the world's first-ever recording of a harp version of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Concerto No 12.

Maria Krushevskaya has been a grant-recipient from the Vladimir Spivakov International Charitable Foundation, the Russian Cultural Foundation's New Names programme and the Russian Performing Arts foundation; has produced recordings for radio and television. A short film was released in 2010 in the USA about the International Harp Competition in Bloomington, while August 2012 saw the release of the film "Creating Music. The Harp" by Kultura TV involving Krushevskaya.

From 2007 to 2013 Maria Krushevskaya was a soloist with the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra; from 2013 to 2019 she was a soloist with the Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra; since December 2019 she is a principal harpist with the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra

Maria Krushevskaya's official site: http://www.krushevskaya.com

References

Russian classical harpists
Living people
1984 births

Maria Krushevskaya


A side dish, sometimes referred to as a side order, side item, or simply a side, is a food item that accompanies the entrée or main course at a meal.

Common types

Side dishes such as salad, potatoes and bread are commonly used with main courses throughout many countries of the western world.  Rice and couscous have grown to be quite popular throughout Europe, especially at formal occasions (with couscous appearing more commonly at dinner parties with Middle Eastern dishes).

When used as an adjective qualifying the name of a dish, the term 'side' usually refers to a smaller portion served as a side dish, rather than a larger, main dish-sized serving.  For example, a "side salad" is usually served in a small bowl or salad plate, in contrast to a large dinner-plate-sized entrée salad.

A typical American meal with a meat-based main dish might include one vegetable side dish, sometimes in the form of a salad, and one starch side dish, such as bread, potatoes, rice, pasta, and french fries.

Some common side dishes include:

 Asparagus
 Baked beans
 Baked potatoes
 Broccoli
 Cabbage
 Cauliflower
 Coleslaw
 Dinner rolls or other breads
 French fries or steak fries
 Green beans
 Greens
 Macaroni salad
 Macaroni and cheese
 Mashed potatoes
 Mushrooms
 Pasta salad
 Potato salad
 Salad (often a "side" salad)
 Sautéed mushrooms
 Squash
 Tater tots

Some restaurants offer a limited selection of side dishes which are included with the price of the entrée as a combination meal.  In contrast, sometimes side dishes are ordered separately from an a la carte menu. The term may or may not imply that the dish can only be ordered with other food.

French fries are a common side dish served at fast-food restaurants and other American cuisine restaurants. In response to criticism about the high fat and calorie content of French fries, some fast-food chains offer other side dishes, such as salads, as substitutes for the standard French fries with their combination meals.

"On the side"
The related phrase on the side may be synonymous with "side dish" – as in "French fries on the side" – or may refer to a complimentary sauce or condiment served in a separate dish.  For example, a diner may request a salad be served with its dressing "on the side".

See also

 Banchan, Korean side dishes
 In a basket
 Platter (dinner)

References

Further reading

External links

Wikibooks Cookbook

Food and drink terminology
Serving and dining

Side dish


Johan Fredrik Höckert (26 August 1826 – 16 September 1866) was a well-known Swedish artist from Jönköping known for his colorful, dramatic oil paintings depicting historical events. He is one of the most famous nineteenth-century painters in Sweden, and one of the painters most often associated with Swedish national romanticism.

Höckert studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts from 1844 to 1845, and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Munich from 1846 to 1849. During the summer of 1850, he traveled throughout Lapland in the northern parts of Sweden. The scenery in this area became the inspiration for many of Höckert's upcoming paintings.

After moving to Paris in 1851, Höckert made his first painting that gained attention from a larger audience, Drottning Kristina och Monaldeschi (English: Queen Christina and Monaldeschi). It was awarded with a mention honorable at the Paris Salon in 1853. Höckert rose to fame two years later, in 1855, with Gudstjänst i Lövmokks fjällkapell (English: Worship service in Lövmokk's fell chapel). It was put on display at the 1855 World's Fair in Paris and was later bought by Napoleon III of France. At this time, Höckert became recognized as one of Sweden's foremost figure painters.

Höckert's success continued and he made several popular paintings during the subsequent years. He was hired as a professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in 1864. At this time, Höckert was working on the painting Slottsbranden i Stockholm den 7 maj 1697 (English: Castle fire in Stockholm on 7 Maj 1697), which was displayed at the 1866 Scandinavian art fair in Stockholm. It is today regarded as one of Sweden's foremost paintings. Höckert died soon thereafter, on 16 September 1866, after several years of health issues.

Early life

Höckert was born to his parents Gustaf Adolf Höckert and Sofia Elisabet Melinon on 26 August 1826 in Jönköping, Sweden. He received drawing lessons from teacher J. J. Ringdahl at the age of twelve. Ringdahl suspected already then that the young boy "would never become anything other than an artist". During his school years, Höckert became friends with Swedish painter Johan Christoffer Boklund, who he had met by coincidence. This led to Höckert quitting his normal school studies to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, where Boklund was a teacher. He studied at the school, which is located in Stockholm, from 1844 to 1845.

During his final year at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, Höckert went on a study tour through Sweden, primarily in Jönköping. In 1846, after graduating, Höckert traveled with Boklund to Munich for further studying at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. For three years he studied there with eagerness, exploring figure painting and genre works. Höckert's first oil painting, Två banditer, som dela rofvet (English: Two bandits, who shared the booty), was sent to Sweden and offered to Konstförening (English: The Art Association), but they did not buy it.

After completing his studies in Munich in 1849, Höckert returned to Sweden in 1850. During the summer of that year, he traveled extensively throughout Lapland in the northern parts of Sweden. Höckert chose Lapland because he had been inspired by the lively descriptions botanic Nils Johan Andersson had made about the nature and people there.

Career

Early career
While studying in Munich, Höckert realized his passion for historical painting. He moved to Paris in 1851, and brought with him several sketches he had made depicting events in Swedish history from the two past centuries. While living in Paris, Höckert painted his first painting that gained attention from a larger audience. It was called Drottning Kristina och Monaldeschi (English: Queen Christina and Monaldeschi), and pictured Christina of Sweden ordering her soldiers to kill Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi in Fontainebleau in 1657. The painting was awarded with a mention honorable at the Paris Salon in 1853. Höckert made a brief visit to Sweden in 1854 to display the painting there. It was praised by many and he was given the honorary title of agré by the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. Höckert was also given a travel scholarship by the Academy and he returned to Paris at the end of 1854.

Although Drottning Kristina och Monaldeschi was popular, Höckert rose to fame in 1855 with his painting Gudstjänst i Lövmokks fjällkapell (English: Worship service in Lövmokk's fell chapel). It was inspired by a sketch Höckert had made while traveling in Lapland, and he thought it would draw attention to itself. The painting was put on display at the 1855 World's Fair in Paris, and Höckert was awarded with a gold medal for it. French critics characterized it as a piece of French art, commenting that Höckert was most likely influenced by Eugène Delacroix and Thomas Couture. The painting was then bought by Napoleon III of France and was given to the art museum in Lille. Its current home is the National Museum of Arts in Sweden. At this time, Höckert became recognized as one of Sweden's foremost figure painters.

The inspiration for many of the paintings Höckert painted while living in Paris came from his earlier travels in Lapland, including Gudstjänst i Lövmokks fjällkapell (1855), Scen från Lappmarken (1856), and Det inre af en lappkåta (1857). While painting Gudstjänt i Lövmokks fjällkapell, which depicts a Lappish mother during a worship service in Lövmokk, Höckert hired an Italian woman named Luisiella as his model. He fell in love with her, but she died in his arms during one of their painting sessions. This later became the inspiration for Höckert's oil sketch Luisiellas död (English: Luisiella's death).

Höckert traveled to the Netherlands in 1856 to study Rembrandt. He returned to Paris the same year and made another popular painting: Det inre af en lappkåta (English: The inside of a goahti). This painting depicts a Lappish mother wagging her child in their goahti home. It was awarded with a mention honorable at the Paris Salon in 1857, and was bought by the Swedish government to be displayed at the National Museum of Fine Arts. In 1862, it was displayed at the World's Fair in London.

Return to Sweden
After leaving Paris and traveling in Belgium, the Netherlands, and England, Höckert returned to Sweden in 1857. He soon became vice-professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, and begun work on his next painting: Brudfärd på Hornavan. Höckert made this painting, depicting the lake Hornavan in Lapland, in a different style than he was used to. It featured brighter tones than his previous paintings, and depicted a more open landscape. Brudfärd på Hornavan was completed in 1858.

Höckert began traveling through Dalarna later in 1858 to further his studies. While traveling in this part of Sweden, Höckert used the scenery around him as inspiration for his paintings, including Gustav Vasa och Tomt Margit, which is now displayed at Utmelandsmonumentet in Mora, Dalarna. Other paintings set in Dalarna include: Kulla med psalmbok (1859–60), Höskörd vid Siljan, Rättvikskulla vid spiseln (1862), and Gudmors besök (1865).

Later career and death
Höckert left Sweden in 1861 and visited Spain, Italy, and Northern Africa. The following year, he participated at the World's Fair in London as a commissioner at the Swedish art section. Höckert returned to Sweden in 1862. That year he became one of the founding members of Sällskapet Idun, a men's association. He was hired as an art director at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm in 1863 and became a professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in 1864. Around this time, he completed the painting Bellman i Sergels atelier. From 1864 to 1865, Höckert also provided illustrations (and political caricatures) for the newly established magazine Ny illustrerad tidning.

In 1863, Höckert was commissioned by the count of Trolleholm Castle to paint a large painting (Slottsbranden i Stockholm den 7 maj 1697) depicting the fire that destroyed the castle Tre Kronor in 1697. The painting was large and time consuming, and Höckert made a break from it while making a trip to Hälsingland in 1865. During this trip, he made several sketches for paintings that he was planning on doing.

When Höckert returned from his trip, the count of Trolleholm Castle did no longer want the Slottsbranden i Stockholm den 7 maj 1697 painting. As a result, Höckert made a quick effort to get it finished for the 1866 Scandinavian art fair in Stockholm instead. The painting was displayed and, despite its uncompleted state, made a large impression. The judges at the fair awarded Höckert with one of the six gold medals. Slottsbranden i Stockholm den 7 maj 1697 is today regarded as one of Sweden's foremost paintings. The painting was later displayed in Paris and Philadelphia in 1867, before being bought by Höckert's heirs in 1883 and given to its current home at the National Museum of Fine Arts in Sweden.

During the 1860s, Höckert was experiencing health issues. He spent the summer of 1866 in Marstrand, and while returning home to Stockholm, he had to stop in Gothenburg because of his illness. Höckert died in Gothenburg on 16 September 1866. Following his death, he has become one of the most famous nineteenth-century painters in Sweden, and he is one of the painters most often associated with Swedish national romanticism. The authors of Nordisk familjebok write that Höckert's work has influenced many Swedish artists since then.

References

 This article incorporates text from Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon and Nordisk familjebok, two publications now in the public domain.

19th-century Swedish painters
Swedish male painters
1826 births
1866 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People from Jönköping
19th-century painters of historical subjects
19th-century Swedish male artists

Johan Fredrik Höckert


Terrorism in Italy is related to political and subversive terrorism activities, carried out by various groups and organizations with different and sometimes conflicting methods, motivations and interests. This article is primarily about late 20th-century and early 21st-century terrorism.

Since the late 1960s, terrorism became a more serious issue in Italy. In the early part of this period, it was known as "opposed extremisms", later the media renamed this period as the "Years of Lead," inspired by Die bleierne Zeit, or Anni di piombo, a film by German director Margarethe von Trotta that won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1981. The "Years of Lead" period ended at the close of the 1980s decade.

At the end of the 1990s, a fresh wave of political terrorism, consisting of severe yet sporadic episodes, broke out again in Italy. Episodes occurred until the early 2000s.

In addition to political terrorism, which was widespread during the Cold War in order to contribute to the "strategy of tension", Mafia-linked terrorism was active in Sicily. The main criminal organizations that operated in that period were the Cosa Nostra, Camorra, 'Ndrangheta and Sacra Corona Unita.

Years of Lead
Several scholars have to analyze and understand the causes during the longlasting periods of terrorism. Italy has suffered more from such political terrorism than most other European countries, with the exception of Northern Ireland and the Basque Country in Spain. In the early 21st century, political scientist Ernesto Galli della Loggia analyzed the issue of the Italian peculiarity, concluding that Italian society is characterized by a trace of violence. This interpretation was controversial, with opinions arising on both sides.

Giovanni Fassanella and Giovanni Pellegrino also addressed the issue of terrorism in their book titled "La Guerra civile" (The Civil War), which explores the fact that Italy has been threatened by outbreaks of civil war, or terrorist events, for more than fifty years. This instability has prevented the normal development of Italy.

There has been widespread suspicion among some analysts that part of the Italian 1970s history was influenced by the activity of members of Secret Services and extra Parliamentary political groups, which had their own interests in destabilizing the Italian political system and influencing political choices.

Terrorism did not succeed in overthrowing the state. The several Marxist-Leninist far-left groups were ultimately defeated, and their energy faded.

At the same time, far-right groups, the same who wanted to change the political formula of the previous twenty five years, the same who terrorized the public opinion in order to underline the incapacity of the democratic system to guarantee the public order and in order to underline the need of an authoritarian regime, were defeated too.

The analysis and the debate of this complex historical period are still open. Part of the community associate those years with "left terrorism", others with "right terrorism", others with "state terrorism." Another part of the community believe that "there is only a partial, confused and often contradictory legal truth".

Major incidents
 April 1969 Milan bombing: on April 25, 1969, a bomb exploded at the Fiat pavilion of Milan fair - wounding six people - and a second bomb was found unexploded at the Central Station currency exchange office. This episode is considered by many to be the beginning of the so called "strategy of tension".
 Piazza Fontana bombing: on December 12, 1969, a bomb exploded in Milan, killing seventeen people and injuring eighty-eight; a second (unexploded) bomb was found at Piazza della Scala the same day, while other three bombs exploded in Rome in different locations, causing some wounded.
 Gioia Tauro massacre: on July 22, 1970, a train derailed due to a previous bomb sabotage, killing six people.
 Peteano massacre: on May 31, 1972, the explosion of a car bomb prepared by Ordine Nuovo militants killed three Carabinieri.
 Milan police headquarters bombing: on May 17, 1973, a grenade attack by the anarchist Gianfranco Bertoli killed four people and injured fifty-two others.
 Piazza della Loggia bombing: on May 28, 1974, a bomb exploded in Brescia, killing eight people.
 Padova MSI headquarter attack: on June 17, 1974, the Brigate Rosse killed two Missini supporters.
 Italicus Express bombing: on August 4, 1974, a bomb exploded on the Italicus train, killing twelve people and injuring forty-eight others.
 Via Fani massacre: on March 16, 1978, Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Brigate rosse, who killed five bodyguards. On May 9, 1978, the Brigate Rosse killed Moro.
 Guido Rossa assassination: on January 24, 1979, the Brigate Rosse killed the union official Guido Rossa in Genova.
 Bologna massacre: on August 2, 1980, a bomb exploded at the Bologna Centrale railway station, killing eighty-five people and wounding more than two hundred others.

Political terrorism in the 1980s
The end of the "Years of Lead" is conventionally associated with the liberation of the United States General James Lee Dozier through a bloodless NOCS operation that took place in Padua on 28 January 1982. Actually, in 1988, the tenth anniversary of the kidnapping of Aldo Moro, there was the assassination of the Christian Democrat senator Roberto Ruffini, who is considered by the Brigate Rosse the successor of Aldo Moro.

Over the decade, the number of violent episodes waned, partially due to the loss of support of the Brigate Rosse as a result of the assassination of the communist worker Guido Rossa in 1979.

The idea that the armed struggle could lead to the changing of the constitutional order progressively became weak, and, according to some scientists, at the same time, there was the growth of the capitalist wave which transformed productivity and economic competition into values, considering them as the only progress indexes.

The following political terrorism, in particular the "red" one, restricted its objectives, trying to condition social and political processes and to maintain a certain pressure on the democratic freedom of decision. This third wave of political terrorism, despite being extremely irregular and uneven, reaped victims until the beginning of the 21st century.

One of these episodes was the 1988 Naples bombing, when American servicemen were targeted by Japanese far-left terrorists.

Palestinian terrorism in the 1980s
During the Years of Lead, a Palestinian terrorist commando attacked Fiumicino airport killing 30 people. The attackers were thought to be members of the group Black September Organization.

In 1982, a commando of five Palestinian terrorists, part of the revolutionary council Abu Nidal Organization, caused the death of Stefano Gaj Tachè (2 years old) and the injury of 37 more people at the synagogue of Rome.

Separatist terrorism in South Tyrol
The terrorism period in South Tyrol begins in the second half of the 1950s. Aim of the terrorists was the independence from Italy or the annexation to Austria. The first attacks can be ascribable to the Stieler group, but the most important illegal organization was the Committee for the Liberation of South Tyrol (Befreiungsausschuss Südtirol). Its first remarkable action was the so called "Night of Fire", in 1961, when terrorists blew up several trellis using 350 explosive devices, with the intention of drawing international attention on the South Tyrol question. In the following years, there was the radicalization of this kind of terrorism and it started targeting Italian police forces.

The bloodiest attacks by the group were Cima Vallona ambush in 1967, which resulted in the death of four Italian officers and the wounding of another and the 1966 Malga Sasso barracks bombing which killed three Guardia di Finanza guards and wounded four others.

Among the most wanted member of South Tyrol terrorism there are Sepp Kerschbaumer, Georg Klotz, whose daughter Eva Klotz is considered the current leader of the South Tyrol independence movement.

Although the 1970s were relatively a "soft" period, the 1980s were characterized by the reappearance of the South Tyrol terrorism as a Neo-nazi criminal organization, Ein Tirol, which was responsible for several dynamite attacks.

As regard the analysis of the South Tyrol terrorism from the 20 September 1956 to the 30 October 1988, there were 361 attacks, 21 dead, 15 police officers, two civilians and four terrorists, killed by their own explosive devices, 57 wounded, 24 police officers and 33 civilians.

Political terrorism in Sardinia
The season of political terrorism, initiated in Italy at the beginning of the post-war period, spread across the island of Sardinia in the second half of the 1960s and it came to an end in the 1980s, as it happened in Italy.

Contacts between local outlaws and militants belonging to the Italian far left organizations, such as Brigate Rosse and Nuclei Armati Proletari, were partially facilitated by the detention of extreme Left supporters in the maximum security prisons of the island, as it happened with the southern Italian mafiosi who were kept in prison in Northern Italy, conditioning the birth of "Mala del Brenta".

The most famous terrorist and paramilitary groups in Italy were Barbagia Rossa, Movimento Armato Sardo e Comitato di Solidarietà con il Proletariato Prigioniero Sardo Deportato, most of them were loyal to the communist and separatist ideology; within a decade, they claimed several attacks, assassinations and kidnappings.

Among the main supporters of the subversive and secessionist cause, there was Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, who tried several times to make contact with numerous organizations in order to make Sardinia independent from Italy, helped by some separatist militant groups, and in order to establish a communist government based on the model proposed by Fidel Castro in Cuba.

The election of Graziano Mesina as the leader of the rebels, the most famous outlaw of the Sardinian criminal organization, were supported by both the local groups, as shown by several contacts with them, and the deviate secret services.

An attempt was the dynamite attack in August 2004, in Porto Rotondo, Sardinia, against the Chairman of the Italian Council Silvio Berlusconi during the visit of the English Prime Minister Tony Blair; the attack was claimed by the so called secessionist movements Organizzazione Indipendentista Rivoluzionaria (Oir) and Nuclei Proletari per il Comunismo (Npc).

Present political terrorism
Toward the end of the 1990s, few years later the politically-motivated assassinations, there was the reappearance on the extra-parliamentary environment of the so called Left insurgent terrorism, which led to the reconstruction of subversive organisms dissolved at the end of the "Years of Lead", such as "Nuove BR".

According to this perspective, there was the assassinations of the consultants for the Ministry of Employment Massimo D'Antona, on 20 March 1999, and Marco Biagi, on 19 March 2002, both claimed by the reborn Brigate Rosse, with the aim to put pressure on the socio-political scenario, like the "Years of Lead". The last victim, Emanuele Petri, agent of the Polfer, killed on 2 March 2003 during a fire fight on a train on which the new leaders of the subversive organization, Nadia Desdemona Lioce and Mario Galesi, was travelling.

In 2003, the group was officially dissolved as consequence of the arrest of Nadia Lioce, the death of Mario Galesi and the arrests of the other members of the group. In 2005, Nadia Lioce is sentenced to spend the rest of her life in prison.

Deportation of foreign suspects have been the cornerstone of Italy's counter-terrorism strategy and from January 2015 to April 2018, 300 individuals were expulsed from Italian soil.

Anarchist terrorism
Toward the end of the 1990s and for all the 2000s, a permanent subversive activity related to insurgency anarchist terrorism has been carried out. Those anarchist terrorist actions were characterized by the usage of explosives. The FAI (Anarchic Informal Federation), was the organization that claimed most part of those attacks.

An anarchic organization known as "Solidarietà Internazionale" led a series of attacks from 1998 to 2000 in Milan. In the summer of 1998 several letter bombs were sent to different politicians, journalists, magistrates and police officers, following the death of the anarchists Maria Soledad Rosas and Edoardo Massari. These activists, known as "Sun and Flash", died by suicide in a detention facility where they were falsely imprisoned for eco-terrorism. It was later discovered that the charge that accused them of being responsible of these actions, was a jurisdictional stunt.

In October 1998 an attack took place in the police station. In Summer 1999 two bombs were found, but for a fluke they did not burst. The foiled attack was claimed by "Solidarietà Internazionale". On 28 June 2000; incendiary bottles were thrown in Sant'Ambrogio basilica by the members of the same group, during the ceremony for the penitentiary police, but they did not explode.

In September 2001 the investigations of 14 different inter-regional prosecutors, led to a maxi raid at national level, that investigated about 60 people linked to the organization and charged with "criminal conspiracy with intent to commit a terrorist attacks and a subversion of democracy". The group had several contacts with subversive associations in Greek and England, and their aim was the fight for anarchic prisoners in Spain who were under strict regime prison.

On 1 December 2000 a worker noticed a bag hidden between the fourth and the third steeple of Milan's dome. The bomb was defused but it was programmed to explode at 3 a.m. of the following night, loaded with more than one kg of explosive.

In the night of 16 December 2009, an improvised explosive device partially exploded inside the Bocconi University of Milan. The bomb was placed in order to demand for the closure of the Identification and Expulsion Centers, and it was claimed by the FAI in a flier signed by "Nucleo Maurizio Morales" delivered  to the newspaper office of Libero. About that, the FAI declared that it wasn't its responsibility and reported a defamatory usage of the acronym.

Islamic terrorism

By the early 1990s, various jihadist networks in Italy with their roots in North Africa had been investigated by Italian authorities. Among these were the Islamic Cultural Institute (ICI) in Milan which operated in the global jihadist movement during the Bosnian War. ICI operations diminished after a number of counter-terrorist measures.

After the attacks of the 9/11, Islamic terrorism came back into the public debate. The reports written by Italian and foreign security agencies, showed that several Islamic cells were placed in Italy; they were related to each other and waiting for calls and tasks. In 2001 the American embassy in Rome closed during New Year's Eve, for fear of possible attacks.

In the mid-2000s, Italy did not experience an increase in jihadist attacks like several other major European countries. Italian authorities found that the number of "homegrown" jihadists who had been born in Italy was low and this was due to demographics: mass immigration of Muslims didn't start until the late 1980s and therefore second-generation Muslims had barely entered adulthood.

In December 2008, Rachid Ilhami and Albdelkader Ghafir, two Moroccan citizens, were arrested in Giussano, on the charge of planning attacks in their home town. The two men had planned three attacks in areas nearby Giussano: in the Esselunga Supermarket in Seregno, in the big parking close to the supermarket and at the local police station.

On October 12, 2009, the first suicide attack, with the high potential of causing a massacre, was carried out by a Libyan man in Milan, against a police station. The level of explosive used by the perpetrator was not high enough to cause extensive damages, and the bomber himself did not die, but he was injured together with a soldier who tried to stop him. A report to the Parliament about this event, formulated the hypothesis that the perpetrator was not connected to proper extremist organizations, but he was just a "lone wolf".

Despite Italy having several factors which could have made it a hub of jihadist activity such as proximity to the Middle East and North Africa, relatively porous borders and a large influx migrants from Muslim majority countries, Italy has not experienced the same surge in radicalization as other European countries. While 125 individuals with "ties" to Italy, a minority of whom are Italian citizens, left Italy to join the civil war in Iraq and Syria, this is a small number considering that Belgium had 470 and Sweden had 300 such individuals despite both having much smaller populations. Since the September 11 attacks in 2001, there have been a small number of plots either thwarted or failed. Two individuals born in Italy have been involved in 2010s terrorist attacks, Youssef Zaghba one of the trio of attackers in the June 2017 London Bridge attack while ISIS sympathizer Ismail Tommaso Hosni attacked soldiers at Milan's Central station in May 2017.

In the 2010s, Italy, like other European countries, experienced an increase in jihadist activities but on a lesser scale.

In July 2018, a 31-year-old Tunisian was deported from Naples due to ties to extremists. He was the 300th deportee due to extremism and the 63rd since the start of 2018.

Fugitive terrorists
At the beginning of 2007, during a Parliamentary question, the Minister of Justice Clemente Mastella and the Interior Minister Giuliano Amato made public a list of fugitive terrorists "wanted for terrorist organization, armed gang or subversive organization", in which are stated "113 suspects, 59 belong to Left terrorist groups, 11 to Right terrorist group, 43 to international terrorist groups". Over the last few years, European arrest warrant has made extradition and processes for terrorists living abroad easier.

Omissis and state secrecy
On November 7, 1977, Law 801 came into force and it imposed secrecy on "acts, documents, news, activities and anything else whose circulation might result in damages to the integrity of the democratic State". In April 2008, a government decree stated that classified documents cannot be kept secret for more than 30 years, giving accessibility to documents that had been made secret more than 30 years before. The end of the State secrecy "does not automatically lead to the revocation or disclosure of classified documents"

Use of state secrecy
 During the investigation on White coup d'ètat, the State secrecy was imposed by the Government, but, according to Edoardo Sogno, the secrecy was not on the coup d'ètat, it was instead on a Hungarian revolution memorandum and other documents     concerning Mario Scelba.
 In 1985, the Chairman of the Italian Council Bettino Craxi imposed secrecy on documents about Augusto Cauchi, black terrorist exiled by the SID in 1974, during the Italicus Express bombing process.
 In 1988, State secrecy was imposed to the judge Carlo Mastelloni who was investigating on the fall of a Sismi military airplane, Argo 16, exploded in 1973, killing the whole plane crew.

Terrorism of Mafia associations

Cosa Nostra
The Italian mafia's association Cosa Nostra tried to influence the political and judiciary events also by resorting to violence, through the usage of explosives in order to spread terror. On December 23, 1984, mafia boss Giuseppe Calò organized the Train 904 bombing, together with some members of Camorra and with members of Neo-fascist groups. This massacre caused the death of 17 people and injured 267, for the purpose of catching the eye of authorities and distracting them from the investigations of anti-mafia pools and from the declarations of the cooperating witnesses Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno.

In 1992–93 Cosa Nostra returned to terrorist activities, as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "Maxi trial", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992 two major dynamite attacks killed the judges Giovanni Falcone (23 May in the Capaci bombing) and Paolo Borsellino (19 July in the Via D'Amelio bombing).

One year later (May–July 1993), after the arrest of mob boss Salvatore Riina, the Mafia furthered their campaign of terrorism on the Italian mainland. Tourist spots were attacked, such as the Via dei Georgofili in Florence, Via Palestro in Milan, and the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the Uffizi Gallery. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.

References

Italy
Italy
Human rights abuses in Italy

Terrorism in Italy


Childhood is the period between birth and puberty.  Childhood ends when a human being begins puberty. The state or period of being a child is called childhood.  In many places, childhood ends at puberty, or legally at a fixed age of majority.  The child becomes an adult, sometimes with a rite of passage.  Another word for teenagers and adolescents is "youth".

Childhood


Religious nationalism are the relations of nationalism attached to a particular religious belief system, dogma, or an affiliation of some kind.

There are two parts of religious nationalism: Religion becoms more political. and it has a bigger influence on politics.

Examples for religious nationalism can be the Eastern Orthodox Churches: Usually, there is one such church per county, and there is one heas of the church by country.

Nationalism

Religious nationalism


Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk (5 June 1804 – 11 March 1865) was a German-born explorer for Great Britain who carried out geographical, ethnological and botanical studies in South America and the West Indies, and also fulfilled diplomatic missions for the United Kingdom in the Dominican Republic and Thailand.

Life and career
Schomburgk was born at Freyburg, Prussian Saxony, a son of Johann Friedrich Ludwig Schomburgk, a Protestant minister. In 1820, whilst staying with his uncle, he learnt botany from a professor.

Commercial career
He entered commercial life and, in 1828, went to the United States, where he worked for a time as a clerk in Boston and Philadelphia.
In 1828, he was requested to supervise a transport of Saxon sheep to the American state of Virginia, where he lived for a time. In the same year, he became a partner in a tobacco factory at Richmond. The factory was burned down, and Schomburgk was ruined. He suffered further setbacks on the Caribbean island of St. Thomas, where he lost all his belongings in a fire. Consequently, he ceased his business activities.

Geographic and exploration career
In 1830, he left for Anegada, one of the Virgin Isles, notorious for its shipwrecks. Although he did not possess the special knowledge that is required for such work, he surveyed the island at his own expense and sent to the Royal Geographical Society (London) a report which created such an impression that, in 1835, he was entrusted by that body with conducting an expedition of exploration of British Guiana.

He fulfilled his mission (1835–1839) with great success, incidentally discovering the giant Victoria Regia water lily in 1837 and many new species of orchids, one genus of which, Schomburgkia, was named for him. He also laid to rest the persistent myth of Raleigh's Lake Parime by proposing that the seasonal flooding of the Rupununi savannah had been misidentified as a lake. In 1841, he returned to Guiana, this time as a British Government official to survey the colony and fix its eastern and western boundaries. The result was the provisional boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela, known as the "Schomburgk Line", and the boundary with the Dutch colony of Surinam.
He also made further geographical and ethnological observations and was joined there by his brother, Moritz Richard. He repeatedly urged fixing the boundary with Brazil, motivated by his encounters with Brazilian enslavement of local Indian tribes, most of which no longer exist. Schomburgk's survey later played a role in the arbitration of the southern boundary between British Guiana and Brazil, with arbitration by the King of Italy in 1904.

On the brothers' return to London in June 1844, Schomburgk presented a report of his journey to the Geographical Society, for which he was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1845, and continued in other official capacities. In 1846, he was stationed in Barbados, where he gathered information to compile a geographical and statistical description of the island, later to be published as the History of Barbados published in 1848 by Cass as a library series of West Indian studies.

Diplomatic career
In 1848, he was appointed British consul to the Dominican Republic. In 1850, he signed an advantageous commercial treaty for Great Britain and also secured a truce from Soulouque on behalf of the Dominican government. During the following years, he contributed valuable papers about the physical geography of the island to the journal of the Royal Geographical Society. For example, he became the first recorded person in history to climb Hispaniola's (and the entire Caribbean's) highest mountain, Pico Duarte, in 1851, naming it "Monte Tina" and almost measuring its height correctly at . In 1857, he was promoted to the position of British Consul-General of Siam, where Britain exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction through consular courts over British subjects. In a letter to his cousin William, Schomburgk notes, "In order to get an insight into the English summary police court proceedings, I was, before I left London, obliged to attend police courts there for some time, also to acquaint myself with these proceedings by the study of books. Based in Bangkok, he also continued his geographical surveys. The letter gives a short account of his visit to the semi-independent kingdom of Chiang Mai in 1859–60, and thence by elephant across the mountain range to Moulmein on the Bay of Bengal, returning to Bangkok after a trip of 135 days and approximately 1000 English miles.

Death
He retired from the public service in 1864, hampered by health problems, and died in Schöneberg on 11 March 1865.

Recognition

Schomburgk was a member of various European, American, and Asiatic learned societies, and was a knight of the Legion of Honour and of the Prussian Order of the Red Eagle.

Schomburgk's deer  (Rucervus schomburgki) was named after him.

The South American fishes Mylesinus schomburgkii (Valenciennes, 1850), Polycentrus schomburgkii (Müller & Troschel, 1849) and Myloplus schomburgkii (Jardine, 1841) are named after him.

Many special of Neotropical plants are named for him:
Harperocallis schomburgkiana (Oliv.) L.M.Campb. & Dorr

His botanical collection is at Kew and his ethnographical collection from Guyana is at the British Museum.

Works
 Voyage in Guiana and upon the Shores of the Orinoco during the Years 1835–'39 (London, 1840; translated into German by his brother Otto, under the title Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoco in den Jahren 1835–'39, Leipsig, 1841, with a preface by Alexander von Humboldt)
 Researches in Guiana, 1837–'39 (1840)
 Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical (London, 1840)
 Views in the Interior of Guiana (1840)
 Baubacenia Alexandrine et Alexandra imperatris (Brunswick, 1845), monograph on plants discovered in British Guiana
 Rapatea Frederici Augusti et Saxo-Frederici regalis (1845), monograph on plants discovered in British Guiana
 History of Barbadoes (London, 1847)
 The Discovery of the Empire of Guiana by Sir Walter Raleigh (1848)
 Peter Rivière (ed.), The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk 1835–1844, 2 vols (Aldershot: Ashgate for the Hakluyt Society, 2006).

Notes

References
 Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 1 (two chapters on Schomburgk in Thailand). Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012.
Peter Rivière (ed.), The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk 1835–1844, 2 vols (Aldershot: Ashgate for the Hakluyt Society, 2006).
Otto A. Schomburgk (ed.), Robert Hermann Schomburgk's Travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco During the Years 1835–1839 (Georgetown: The Argosy Company, 1931).
Robert Schomburgk, A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical (London, 1840).
Walter E. Roth (ed. and trans.), Richard Schomburgk's Travels in British Guiana 1840–1844, 2 vols (Georgetown: Daily Chronicle Office, 1922, 1923).
Gibney, Eleanor.About Robert H. Schomburgk…The Artist Responsible for our Cover Image, St. John Historical Society. Retrieved 26 February 2013.

Attribution

External links
Biographical information. "Robert Schomburgk and the Flower of the Empire" Royal Geographical Society of South Australia.
Review. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society; 3rd series, no. 17) Royal Geographical Society of South Australia.
Review. Twelve views in the interior of Guiana / from drawings executed by Mr. Charles Bentley, after sketches taken during the expedition carried on in the years 1835 to 1839, under the direction of the Royal Geographical Society of London, and aided by Her Majesty's government ; with descriptive letter-press, by Robert H. Schomburgk. London : Ackermann and Co., 1841 Royal Geographical Society of South Australia.
Review. Journal of an expedition from Pirara to the upper Corentyne, and from thence to Demerara : executed by order of Her Majesty's Government, and under the command of Mr. Robert H. Schomburgk. London : Printed by John Murray, 1845 Royal Geographical Society of South Australia
Sketch Map of British Guiana by Robert Schomburgk

'

1804 births
1865 deaths
People from Freyburg, Germany
German expatriates in the United Kingdom
German expatriates in the United States
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Thailand
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Dominican Republic
British explorers
British Guiana people
History of the Colony of Barbados
19th-century British botanists
19th-century German botanists
Fellows of the Royal Society

Robert Hermann Schomburgk


Theodoor Cornelis (Theo) van Boven (born 16 May 1934, Voorburg) is a Dutch jurist and professor emeritus in international law.

In 1977, he was appointed director of the United Nations' Division for Human Rights, a precursor of the UN Human Rights Office.

From 1986 to 1991, he was the UN's Special Rapporteur on the Right to Reparation to Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and, from 2001 to 2004,  Special Rapporteur on Torture. He is also a member of the International Commission of Jurists. From February 1994 to December 1994, he was the first registrar of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

In 1985, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "speaking out on human rights abuse without fear or favour in the international community", in 2004, the Wateler Peace Prize and in 2013, the Light of Truth Award. From 1995 to 2016 he was jury member of the Nuremberg International Human Rights Award.

On 16 December 2005, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the resolution 60/147, titled 'Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law'. These principles are largely inspired from the work of Van Boven and Cherif Bassiouni and are known as the Van Boven/Bassiouni Principles.

In November 2009, he was given a doctorate honoris causa from the University of Buenos Aires.

Van Boven has stated his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.

Documentary film
He is starring the documentary film The Subversives. The plot centers about his job as director of UN Human Rights affaires of the late 70s and early 80s. The film tells his commitment for the many thousands of disappearances and refugees, his actions against military dictatorships and his facing with UN Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.

Further reading
Introductory note on the General Assembly resolution 60/147 of 16 December 2005 (Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law) in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

Report of the special rapporteur on the question of torture, Theo van Boven, on his visit to Spain Published February 2004.

References

External links
BASIC PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON THE RIGHT TO A REMEDY AND REPARATION FOR VICTIMS OF VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW ("Van Boven Principles")
The Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Historic Archives of the  UN Audiovisual Library of International Law, with an introductory note by Theo van Boven
Prof. mr. dr. T.C. van Boven, 1934 - at the Amsterdam University Album Academicum

1934 births
Living people
Dutch jurists
United Nations Special Rapporteurs on torture
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
Academic staff of Maastricht University
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia officials
People from Voorburg
People from Leidschendam-Voorburg
Dutch officials of the United Nations

Theo van Boven


Ejike Ebenezer Obumneme Aghanya (27 November 1932 – 3 July 2020) was a Nigerian military officer and electrical engineer. He was in the Nigerian Army and the Biafran Armed Forces, retiring as a Colonel.

He was accused of being part of the 1966 Nigerian coup d'état. He was arrested and imprisoned without trial until the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War where he worked in key jobs in the Biafran Armed Forces. He was the head of the Biafran Agency for Research and Production (RAP).

Later he was the Chief of Staff of the Biafran Organisation of Freedom Fighters (BOFF) which was the guerrilla warfare and special operations arm of the Biafran Armed Forces.

He also was Battalion Commander, 44th Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Battalion Biafran Army and later Brigade Commander of the 58th Brigade of 12th Infantry Division Biafran Army during the war.

Aghanya died on 3 July 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 87.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Nigerian military people

Ejike Obumneme Aghanya


Hans Ditlev Franciscus (Frants) von Linstow (4 May 1787 – 10 June 1851) was a Danish/Norwegian architect who designed the Royal Palace in Oslo and much of the surrounding park and the street Karl Johans gate.

Background
Hans Ditlev Franciscus von Linstow was born in Nordsjælland, Denmark. His parents  were Hartvig Christoph von Linstow (1740–1823) and Charlotta Benedicta Eleonora von der Lühe (1753–1837). Linstow belonged to a noble family from Mecklenburg who were naturalized in Denmark. He grew up in Hirschholm Castle (Hirschholm Slot) in Hørsholm. He matriculated in 1805 and earned a law degree at Copenhagen University in 1812. He first studied painting and drawings at the Art Academy in Copenhagen, Denmark, while he at the same time studied law.

Career
After finalizing these studies in 1812, he went to Kongsberg, Norway (which then was united with Denmark) and studied in 1812–1814 at the so-called Bergakademiet, which educated military engineers. He did not, however, complete this military education, but studied architecture at the same time. He worked at the Danish Royal Court in 1814, but at the dissolution of the union between Denmark and Norway the same year, he went to Norway and worked in 1815–1820 as a military lawyer at the cavalry. In 1818, he was one of the initiators of the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in Christiania.  He taught, first plaster, and later building construction until he took his leave in 1840.

In 1823, he was commissioned to design the new Royal Palace (Det Kongelige Slott) in Christiania and create the surrounding park, where he also drew the guards' house. He also helped his friend, the writer Henrik Wergeland in constructing his new house Grotten in the outskirts of the park. Both these buildings are examples of his early use of the Swiss chalet style in his drawings.

Since the Royal Palace was erected outside the main city area, Linstow proposed a plan in 1838 to connect the palace to the city. The main parts of this plan were realized in what is now the main boulevard and tourist area, the Karl Johans gate. In 1828–1835, Linstow worked on a set of standard drawings for Norwegian churches. About seventy different churches were erected all over Norway based on these drawings.

Legacy
In 1885, a street Linstows gate in Christiania was named for him.

Selected works
 Grue Church in Solør, 1823–28
 Royal Palace in Oslo, 1823–48
 Atrå Church in Tinn, 1828–36
 Flekkefjord Church in Vest-Agder, 1831–33
 Kvinesdal Church in Vest-Agder, 1835–37
 Vikøy Church, Kvam in Hardanger, 1838
 Lyngdal Rectory in Vest-Agder, 1838

References

1787 births
1851 deaths
Danish neoclassical architects
Academic staff of the Oslo National Academy of the Arts
Danish emigrants to Norway
Norwegian people of German descent
Danish people of German descent
University of Copenhagen alumni
19th-century Norwegian architects

Hans Linstow


A discharge is a type of sentence imposed by a court whereby no punishment is imposed.

An absolute discharge is an unconditional discharge whereby the court finds that a crime has technically been committed but that any punishment of the defendant would be inappropriate and the case is closed. In some jurisdictions, an absolute discharge means there is no conviction on the defendant's record, despite the plea of the defendant.

A conditional discharge is an order made by a criminal court whereby an offender will not be sentenced for an offence unless a further offence is committed within a stated period. Once the stated period has elapsed and no further offence is committed then the conviction may be removed from the defendant's record.

Australia
In Australia, offenders can be discharged without being convicted, with or without being placed on a good behaviour bond (or other conditions). The sentencing options vary from state to state. Note that defendants can be discharged without conviction even if they plead guilty to the alleged crime.

Canada
In Canada, a discharge is a sentence passed in criminal court whereby an individual is found guilty of an offence but is deemed not to have been convicted. Although a discharge is not considered a conviction, a record of an absolute or conditional discharge is kept by Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC) and by the charging police agency and is purged from the individual's police record after a period of time: one year in the case of an absolute discharge, three years for a conditional discharge. The Criminal Records Act states that except in exceptional circumstances, if the discharge is conditional, no record may be disclosed after three years. No conviction occurs, but the offender is required to fulfill certain conditions as part of the sentence. The offender is put on probation for a period of up to three years.

In the case of a conditional discharge, an offender who fails to meet the conditions of the probation or commits another criminal offence during the probation period may be returned to court, have the discharge to be cancelled, and receive a criminal conviction and sentence for both the original offence and breach of probation. If the conditions of the discharge are met, it becomes an absolute discharge.

A court may grant a conditional or absolute discharge only for offences with no minimum penalty and a maximum penalty of less than fourteen years.

Malaysia
Malaysia's Criminal Procedure Code allows for a magistrate in a summary trial to make a discharge amounting to an acquittal under section 173(g) if the court considers the charge to be groundless. In contrast, the public prosecutor may apply to the court for discharge not amounting to an acquittal (DNAA) under section 254. In the latter case proceedings on the charge are stayed but the accused may be charged again with the same offence in the future.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, offenders can be "convicted and discharged" (a criminal record is received but no other punishment) or "discharged without conviction" (no punishment and no criminal record). Defendants can be discharged without conviction even if they plead guilty to the alleged crime, usually in cases that the negative impacts of a conviction far outweigh the crime committed. For example, if a high-end businessman is caught in possession of a small quantity of marijuana, the small nature of the crime compared to the effects a conviction, without a sentence, would have may cause him to discharged without conviction.

United Kingdom

England and Wales
In England and Wales, a conditional discharge is a sentence vitiating the finding of guilt in which the offender receives no punishment if in a period set by the court (not more than three years), no further offence is committed. If an offence is committed in that time, the offender may also be re-sentenced for the offence for which a conditional discharge was given. Pursuant to section 82(2) of the Sentencing Act 2020 and R v Patel [2006] EWCA Crim 2689 the conditional discharge does not constitute a conviction unless the individual breaches the conditional discharge and is resentenced. The end of the rehabilitation period under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 is the day when the conditional discharge order ends, or immediately for an absolute discharge. Then, the offence is treated in law for most purposes (such as in court proceedings, employment, and insurance) as if the offender had not committed it.

An absolute discharge is a lesser sentence imposed by a court in which no penalty is imposed at all. Exceptionally, however, a court occasionally grants an absolute discharge for a very serious offence when presented with extenuating circumstances (the signalman in the Thirsk rail crash, who was found guilty of manslaughter, is an example). That usually signifies that while a crime may technically have been committed, the imposition of any punishment would, in the opinion of the judge or magistrates, be inappropriate. In 2015, Hubert Chesshyre was found to have sexually abused a choirboy, but a stroke and the onset of dementia made the court find that he was deemed unfit to plead and he was granted an absolute discharge. An initial request in 2015 to have Chesshyre stripped of his honours was denied. In 2018, after an appeal to the victim's Member of Parliament he was stripped of most of his honours and a review into the honours system has been called for.

A court passing a discharge may still order the defendant to pay compensation to a victim, pay a contribution towards the prosecution's costs, or be disqualified from driving. A court may grant a discharge only if it is "inexpedient to inflict punishment" and may not do so where a mandatory sentence applies, including certain firearms offences and "three strikes" offenders. The law on discharges is set out in Part 5 of the Sentencing Act 2020.

In 2008, 9,734 offenders were given absolute discharges (0.7% of sentences) and 87,722 offenders were given conditional discharges (6% of sentences).

Scotland
In Scots law, there is no conditional discharge similar to that in England and Wales, but admonition has a similar effect with a conviction recorded although there is no punishment. However, section 246 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995 provides that in dealing with cases other than where the sentence is fixed by law (such as murder):

In cases on indictment, if it appears to the court, having regard to the circumstances including the nature of the offence and the character of the offender, that it is inexpedient to inflict punishment and that a probation order is not appropriate it may instead of sentencing him make an order discharging him absolutely.
In summary cases, if the court is satisfied that the person committed the offence, and it is of the opinion, having regard to the circumstances including the nature of the offence and the character of the offender, that it is inexpedient to inflict punishment and that a probation order is not appropriate may without proceeding to conviction make an order discharging him absolutely.

Section 247 further provides that an absolute discharge shall be deemed not to be a conviction for any purpose other than the purposes of the proceedings in which the order is made and of laying it before a court as a previous conviction in subsequent proceedings for another offence, and shall in any event be disregarded for the purposes of any enactment which imposes any disqualification or disability upon convicted persons, or authorises or requires the imposition of any such disqualification or disability. However, courts can consider previous absolute discharges in the same way as they consider previous convictions.

United States
 The meaning of absolute or conditional discharge does not exist as such in United States law. However, different jurisdictions within the United States have a variety of analogues. The most direct is the suspended sentence or sentencing to "time served", meaning time spent in custody until sentencing. Many or most states also have alternative forms of adjudication for which a defendant may apply. Such measures are typically available only to first offenders facing non-felony charges and typically exclude certain types of charges, depending on the state. Such possibilities often include a guilty plea followed by a special form of probation, successful completion of which seals the public record of the case and expunges the offender's criminal record.

References

Punishments
Law of Canada
English law
Sentencing (law)

Discharge (sentence)


An Internet Relay Chat operator known also as IRCop or oper, is one who controls the server.  There are many types of operators.

IRC operators are separated into local and global operators. The local operators are only in control of the server they connect to. Global operators can do things to all users on the network. In order to do what they have to do, IRC operators usually have the right to:

Remove users.
Ban (K-line or G-line) users from the network.
Change network routing by removing (squitting) or connecting (adding) servers.

Operator types
In many IRC networks, operators have many types of access on a network. These types often depend upon the IRCd software used, though a few access rights remain about the same across the different servers.  Access rights can also be set per operator.

Other websites
 IRC Operators Guide

References

Operator

Internet Relay Chat operator


Rokantiškės Castle () ruins are in Naujoji Vilnia elderate of Vilnius, Lithuania.

The castle was located east of Vilnius on a high hill near the Vilnia River. The first castle was built in the 12th century. In the 16th century, it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and has been the seat of the Olshanski family. Alexander Olshanski, Yuri Olshanski and the last family member Pawel Olshanski have lived there. After his death the castle was inherited by Bona Sforza and later passed to the Pac family. The Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania Stefan Pac was visited here by the King of Poland and Grand duke of Lithuania  Władysław IV Vasa on July 15, 1636.

The castle was burnt down by Cossacks on August 7, 1655, during the Russo-Polish War and fell in ruins. Today there are the only visible medieval castle ruins in Vilnius.

See also
List of castles in Lithuania

References

Former castles in Lithuania
Buildings and structures in Vilnius
Ruins in Lithuania
Naujoji Vilnia
Tourist attractions in Vilnius

Rokantiškės Castle


Kiai Sadrach (born in 1835 in Jepara – died in Purworejo, 14 November 1924) was an evangelist in Central Java, in Indonesia.

Early Introduction to Christianity
His birth name is Radin. When he studied in a Moslem cleric school in Jombang, he changed his name to Radin Abas. He then moved to Semarang and met an evangelist named Hoezoo. Later on Radin Abas studied Christianity (catechetical) with Hoezoo. Within the class session, he was being introduced to a senior namely Kiai Ibrahim Tunggul Wulung who is already being a Christian and is also coming from the same region, Bondo, Jepara. Radin eventually determined to be the follower of Tunggul Wulung.

Baptized
Tunggul Wulung and Radin went to Batavia where Radin was finally baptized on 14 April 1867 and was part of Zion Church of Batavia of Hervormd denomination. He was 26 when he was baptized. He got his Christian name Sadrach. Ever since being baptized, he has a duty of delivering Christian brochures and books among the residences of Batavia.
Afterwards, He then went to Semarang where he met Kiai TUnggul Wulung who has already established Christians villages such as Banyuwoto, Tegalombo and Bondo in Jepara.
Sadrach became the leader of the Bondo congregation as Tunggul Wulung traveled to gain more followers. When Tunggul Wulung went back to Bondo, Sadrach, in the age of 35, set out to Kediri and later on to Purworejo.

In Purworejo Sadrach met and adopted by a priest, Stevens-Philips, in 1869. A year later he moved on to Karangjasa, 25 km to the South of Purworejo.
His decision to leave Steven-Philips is a signature of any kiai behavior at that time, where they are confident and they want to be more independent and confident.
Kiai Ibrahim is the first person to be christened followed by Kiai Kasanmetaram who is quite famous in that period. The method that is being used by Sadrach is by debate which last for a few days.

Since then, the kiais didn't continue catechetical with Steven-Philips, and had it with Sadrach instead. However, the relationship between Sadrach and Stevens-Philips continued as Steven-Philips is considered to be his formal caretaker with the Colonial ruler. Also, all Sadrach's students were being baptized by Steven-Philips.

Later life
Sadrach became an influential leader, not only for his ability in public debate but also for his ability to overcome dark magic. The Dutch ruler once captured him in fear of his potential political power within the local natives. He was only detained for 3 months for lacking of evidence.
He continued his work without any challenges. He later use javanese symbols as method of his teaching such as broom which was distributed to his 80 followers. which means that they have to stick together and being united by Jesus.
On 14 November 1924, Radin Abas Sadrach Supranata died.

References

Sources

1835 births
1924 deaths
Evangelists
Indonesian former Muslims
Indonesian Christians
Javanese people

Kyai Sadrach


Christina Loukas (born December 19, 1985) is an American diver. She competes in the 3 meter springboard event.

Loukas is of Greek origin, and was born and grew up in Riverwoods, Illinois, where she studied gymnastics, swimming, and diving from an early age, before switching to diving exclusively at age twelve. She attended Deerfield High School in Deerfield, Illinois and competed in the off season with the Coho Swim Club. She later moved to Bloomington, Indiana and lives in The Woodlands, Texas.

Collegiate career
She attended Indiana University and dived for the Indiana Hoosiers, where she was an eight-time NCAA All-American. Loukas won all three diving events at the conference championships, and was one of only four Big Ten divers to accomplish that feat. She graduated in May 2009.

Competitive Diving
Loukas placed fourth at the 2008 FINA Swimming World Cup. She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, placing ninth, and in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, placing eighth.

See also
 Diving at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 3 metre springboard
 Diving at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Women's 3 metre springboard

References

External links
 Christina Loukas biography from NBC Olympics site

Divers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Divers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic divers for the United States
1985 births
Indiana University alumni
American people of Greek descent
People from Riverwoods, Illinois
Sportspeople from Lake County, Illinois
Sportspeople from Bloomington, Illinois
Living people
American female divers
Universiade medalists in diving
Universiade silver medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 2007 Summer Universiade
21st-century American women

Christina Loukas


Per Willy Guttormsen (born 11 June 1942) is a former Norwegian speed skater and cyclist. He was among the world's best long distance skaters in the 1960s.

Guttormsen's international breakthrough was his 6th place in the 1964 World Speed Skating Championships, at age 21. That year he was just outside the Norwegian three-man quota on the long distances at the 1964 Winter Olympics. He participated however in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics, and in the 1968 Winter Olympics he won 4th places in both the 5000 m and 10000 m.

Guttormsen held three world records in the course of his skating career. These lasted for 12.7 seconds, for about twenty minutes, and for ten and a half months, respectively.

The first of these was set in the allround big combination samalogue pointsum event at Madonna di Campiglio at 13–14 January 1968, where the world record to attack was Kees Verkerk's 178.058, set at Bislett in Oslo 11–12 February 1967. After skating 42.5, 7:28.7, 2:10.4 at the three first distances, it was clear that Guttormsen would break Verkerk's record if he could skate the 10000 m in 15:44.4 or better. Guttormsen managed to achieve this very time of 15:44.4, and thereby broke the samalogue world record by the slimmest of margins (in itself a world record at the time), with a pointsum 178.056. However, his pairmate Svein-Erik Stiansen had skated the three first distances faster than Guttormsen, who lost his first world record when Stiansen crossed the finishing line in 15:57.1, achieving a pointsum of 176.982. Guttormsen's second world record was the 10000 m result 15:25.9, set during the European Championships at Bislett 28 January 1968, breaking Fred Anton Maier's 15:29.5 from Horten a week earlier. However, Maier set the record straight with 15:20.3 in the following pair. Guttormsen's third and most long-lived world record was again on the 10000 m, with 15:16.1, skated in Inzell 10 March 1968. It lasted until Kees Verkerk's legendary 15:03.6 on 26 January 1969.

He skated for Norway in each of the World Speed Skating Championships from 1964 to 1972, apart from 1970, and in these he was ranked 6, 12, 4, 7, 9, 8, 8, 13, respectively. Guttormsen's personal records are 41.2, 1:24.9, 2:04.6, 4:18.9, 7:14.9, 15:13.7. The affectionate and collectively used nickname for Guttormsen was Bettong, as in hard as concrete.

As a cyclist, he participated and finished the 1963 Peace Race.

Guttormsen has been engaged in Sami politics, and has represented the political party Sámit Mátta/Lulli-Norggas.

World records

Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com

References

 Bal, Rien and Van Dijk, Rob. Schaatskampioenen, alles over het seizoen 68–69 (Speedskating Champions, all about the season 68–69) . Amsterdam, the Netherlands: N.V. Het Parool, 1969. (Dutch)
 Bestebreurtje, Ger. Heya Keessie – Verkerk vertelt. Deventer, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij N.Kluwer N.V., 1969.
 Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 – 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.
 Froger, Fred R. Topsporters: Ard Schenk * Kees Verkerk (Elite  Athletes: Ard Schenk * Kees Verkerk). Bussum, the Netherlands: Van Holkema  & Warendorf, 1967. (Dutch)
 ___  Winnaars op de schaats (Victors on Skates), Een Parool Sportpocket. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: N.V. Het Parool, 1968. (Dutch)
 Koomen, Theo. 10 Jaar Topschaatsen (10 Years Elite Speedskating). Laren (NH), the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Luitingh, 1971. . (Dutch)
 _ Topschaatsen 1972 (Elite Speedskating 1972). Laren (NH), the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Luitingh, 1972. . (Dutch)
 _ Topschaatsen 3 (Elite Speedskating 3). Laren (NH), the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Luitingh, 1973. . (Dutch)
 Maaskant, Piet. Flitsende Ijzers, De geschiedenis van de schaatssport (Flashing Blades, the History of Dutch Speedskating). Zwolle, the Netherlands: La Rivière & Voorhoeve, 1967 (Second revised and expanded edition). (Dutch)
 _ Heya, Heya! Het nieuwe boek van de Schaatssport (Heya, Heya! The New book of Dutch Speedskating). Zwolle, the Netherlands: La Rivière & Voorhoeve, 1970. (Dutch)
 Peereboom, Klaas. Van Jaap Eden tot Ard Schenk (From Jaap Eden till Ard Schenk). Baarn, the Netherlands: De Boekerij, 1972. . (Dutch)
 Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 – 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989. (Norwegian)
 Van Eyle, Wim. Een Eeuw Nederlandse Schaatssport (A Century of Dutch Speedskating). Utrecht, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, 1982. . (Dutch)
 Witkamp, Anton and Koning, Dolf (eds.). Schaatsgoud '72 (Speedskating Gold '72). Bussum, the Netherlands: Teleboek NV, 1972. . (Dutch)

External links
 Per Willy Guttormsen at SpeedSkatingStats.com

1942 births
Living people
Norwegian male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Norway
Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1972 Winter Olympics
World record setters in speed skating
Norwegian Sámi politicians
Sportspeople from Narvik

Per Willy Guttormsen


Johnson Valley is a small unincorporated community in San Bernardino County in Southern California between Victor Valley and Morongo Basin areas of the High Desert region of California. It is north of Highway 247 in the Mojave Desert, and north by northwest of Yucca Valley.  It is bordered by the San Bernardino Mountains to the south, Lucerne Valley to the west, and Landers to the east.

Geographically, Johnson Valley is the eastern portion of Lucerne Valley (referring to the geographical valley formation rather than the unincorporated town), opening up to the Homestead Valley in the southeast to the communities of Flamingo Heights, Landers, and Yucca Valley.

Population
Defined as a ZCTA (ZIP-Code Tabulation Area, 92285), the combined population of Landers plus Johnson Valley (which share the zip code) is approximately 2,200 residents as of 2013.

Points of interest
Johnson Valley, famous for the Chemihuevi Native Indian "Willie Boy" incident in 1909, is home to desert areas such as Rock Corral and a number of indigenous petroglyphic sites in the northernmost areas of Chaparral Desert landscapes south of Pisgah Crater. Johnson Valley is bordered by Landers to its south, and is the western gateway to Big Bear Lake, California.

Recreation
Johnson Valley OHV (Off Highway Vehicle) area is a tract of BLM-managed land set aside for recreational use by residents and off-highway enthusiasts.  The OHV area is bordered by Interstate 40 at its northernmost point, at Highway 247's northern leg to Barstow at its western border, and at Emerson Dry Lake/US Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center at its easternmost border.  Off-Road Enthusiasts participate in a course known as "The Hammers", a triangular off-road track at Bessemer Mine Road at the southern point of Soggy Lake. King of the Hammers, an off-road desert race, utilizes trails found in "The Hammers". Expansion plans of the US Marine Corps AGCC Base include annexing parts of the OHV area, which may permanently close access to the track.

References

External links
 Official Johnson Valley Website
 Johnson Valley Weather Underground
 Johnson Valley Weather Webcam
 Johnson Valley Off-Highway Vehicle Area - BLM

Populated places in the Mojave Desert
Valleys of the Mojave Desert
Unincorporated communities in San Bernardino County, California
Unincorporated communities in California
Valleys of California
Valleys of San Bernardino County, California

Johnson Valley, California


Phone Companion is a discontinued app advertising and file transfer utility included with Windows 10 and available for Windows 10 Mobile. It provided a partial list of Microsoft apps that are available on Android, and Windows 10 Mobile. In order to use the Phone Companion, users had to sign in with a Microsoft Account, which would sync installation progress across devices. It was replaced by the Phone Link app in the October 2018 Update, but can still be accessed on prior versions.

App advertising
The first screen allows users to choose a type of mobile device that they own. Once the user has chosen, a second screen presents the user with information on some of the available apps. Under the listing for Windows phones, there is a link to view available devices.

On the Windows 10 Mobile screen, users are shown a list of apps that are already built-into their phone's system: Cortana, Photos, Groove, Movies & TV, OneNote, Skype, "Office" (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint only in this listing), and Outlook. Clicking on an icon in the list provides a description of what the app does. It is not clear why OneNote, Outlook, Sway, Delve, and Office Lens are not included in the Office category.

If the user selects the Android or the iOS screen, they will see a list of apps available for that mobile operating system, all of which support Microsoft account sign-ins: Cortana, OneDrive, Groove, OneNote, Skype, "Office", and Outlook. There is a Get Started button below each. Clicking on one will lead the user to a series of steps with a description of the app or bundle, spot for emailing a link to the app on the mobile device's store, and button for marking that the app has been downloaded onto a mobile device.

Microsoft does not list its cross-platform apps for Xbox, Solitaire Collection, Money, Sports, News, Weather, Sway, Delve, Office Lens, GroupMe, or Bing on the Phone Companion.

File transfer
Phone Companion can detect when a phone or tablet is plugged into the PC and displays the name of the device and manufacturer. When a phone is plugged in, Phone Companion links to the transfer activity in Photos or the phone's storage location in File Explorer.

Because File Explorer and Photos can handle file transfers on their own, Phone Companion is not required for file transfers. What it offers users is a visible shortcut to the transfer activities, of which users may have been unaware previously.

Due to the security policies of iOS, it is not possible to transfer files from a PC to an iPhone or an iPad using File Explorer.

References

External links

Windows components
Universal Windows Platform apps

Phone Companion


Muktar Edris (born 14 January 1994) is an Ethiopian professional long-distance runner who competes in track and cross country races.

Career
Muktar made his first international appearances in 2011, taking seventh place in the junior race at the 2011 IAAF World Cross Country Championships (sharing the team silver medal) and finishing fourth in the 10,000 metres at the 2011 African Junior Athletics Championships with a time of 28:44.95 minutes.

He began to raise his profile in 2012 with two prominent wins on the junior stage. First he defeated Kenyan opposition to win at the 2012 African Cross Country Championships, and then he went on to take the 5000 metres gold medal at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. He performed well in the 5000 m that year, taking the Ethiopian national title (in the absence of many established runners). He won over the distance at the Meeting Lille Métropole and competed on the Diamond League for the first time, setting a best of 13:04.34 minutes at the Meeting Areva in Paris. He had podium finishes on the Italian road circuit towards the end of the year, coming third at the Giro di Castelbuono and close to victory at the BOClassic, where he recorded the same time as winner Imane Merga.

He performed well in cross country at the start of 2013, winning the Campaccio, Cross della Vallagarina and Cinque Mulini races. He followed this up with a bronze in the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships in the junior race behind compatriot Hagos Gebrhiwet. In his first road outing of the year he won the Giro Media Blenio race.

In Stockholm, 21 August 2014 he recorded the fastest time in the world so far that year with 12:54.83.

On 12 August 2017, he won the 5000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics 2017 London beating Mo Farah in his last track race at the world championships. The Gold medal was the second for Ethiopia in London 2017 enhancing its world ranking to number 4 on the day.

On 30 September 2019, he won the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha on the 5000m race at a time of 12:58.85.

Personal bests
3000 metres: 7:30.96 minutes (2021)
5000 metres: 12:54.83 minutes (2014)
10,000 metres: 27:17.18 minutes (2015)
10 km road: 27:57 minutes (2019)

Major competitions

References

External links

Living people
1994 births
Ethiopian male long-distance runners
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ethiopia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Ethiopia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships winners
21st-century Ethiopian people

Muktar Edris


Philip Reed Scowen (June 13, 1931 – May 28, 2020) was a Canadian business executive, author and politician, living in Quebec.

Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Scowen graduated from Bishop's University in Quebec's Eastern Townships, and later took a degree in administration from Harvard University. In 1972 he attended the London School of Economics

For 18 years Scowen was President and General Manager of the Canadian paper company, Perkins. He served on the Boards of a number of public companies.

From 1974 to 1978 he worked for the Canadian federal government in Ottawa as Executive Director of the Price Control Program (AIB) and the Task Force on Canadian Unity.

Scowen was a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1978 to 1987, representing the electoral district of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. He later acted as an economic adviser to former Premier Robert Bourassa, and as delegate general for Quebec in London, New York and Washington.

Scowen was actively involved in the issue of Quebec's place in Canada. He was Chairman of anglophone civil rights group Alliance Quebec. He favored official bilingualism for the City of Montréal.

He was the author of two books on Canadian politics and was a regular columnist on business and economic matters for the Montreal Gazette.

In May 2011 Scowen was awarded the Honorary Degree - DCL Honoris causa - at Bishop's University for services to Quebec and the University

His son Peter Scowen has worked for CanWest Global's National Post newspaper and the Globe & Mail. Reed died in Toronto in May 2020 at the age of 88.

Publications

 Réflexions sur l'avenir de la langue anglaise au Québec  (1979)
 A Different Vision: the English in Quebec in the 1990s (1991)
 Le temps des adieux — Plaidoyer pour un Canada sans le Québec,  V.l.B. (1999)
 Time to Say Goodbye: Building a Better Canada Without Quebec (second edition, 2007)

References

External links

1931 births
2020 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Bishop's University alumni
Businesspeople from Sherbrooke
Harvard Business School alumni
Politicians from Sherbrooke
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs

Reed Scowen