Jerry Izenberg (born September 10, 1930) is a sports journalist with The Newark Star-Ledger in Newark, New Jersey. He was born in Newark, New Jersey. His career with The Star-Ledger began in 1951 while he was still a student at Rutgers University, Newark, but was interrupted for several years during which he served in the Korean War. Izenberg has covered many memorable sporting events and figures of the late twentieth century, including Sonny Werblin's ownership of the New York Jets, the boxing career of Muhammad Ali, and the Loma Prieta earthquake which interrupted the 1989 World Series.

In addition to many magazine articles and newspaper columns, he has also written 13 books, including "Once There Were Giants: The Golden Age of Heavyweight Boxing". Izenberg has been the writer, narrator, or producer (sometimes all three) of 35 network television documentaries.  One of those shows, "A Man Called Lombardi," earned an Emmy nomination.

In 1997, Izenberg was inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame of New Jersey and in 2000 he won the Red Smith Award from the Associated Press Sports Editors. He was a 2000 inductee of the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame. In 2016, he was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame. In 2019, he was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.

To commemorate 55 years in journalism, Izenberg wrote an eight-part memoir for The Star-Ledger in 2006. He was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2016. Izenberg covered every Super Bowl from Super Bowl I in 1967 through Super Bowl LIII. He declined to attend Super Bowl LIV, bringing an end to his streak.

References

External links
ASPE article on Izenberg's Red Smith Award
Jerry Izenberg at The Star-Ledger
brief bio from New-York Historical Society website at  New-York Historical Society

1930 births
Living people
American sportswriters
Red Smith Award recipients
Rutgers University alumni
Jewish American journalists
21st-century American Jews

Jerry Izenberg


Red River () is a 2009 film starring Zhang Jingchu, Nick Cheung, Loletta Lee, Danny Lee Sau-Yin and is directed by Zhang Jiarui.

Plot
A Tao (Zhang Jingchu) living near Red River at the Vietnam/Chinese border, is a mentally handicapped Vietnamese girl due to witnessing the violent death of her father, who stepped on a land mine while recovering her kite.

After she has grown up, she moved to China to work as a cleaner for A Shui (Loletta Lee), who is her deceased father's sister and runs a massage parlor. A Shan (Nick Cheung), a former theatre actor, operates a road side karaoke in town and vaguely resembles A Tao's father. A Tao soon becomes attracted to him.

Boss Shaba (Danny Lee Sau-Yin), a regular big spender at Ah Shui's massage parlor, suffered injuries and lost his lower right leg during the Vietnam War. He has earned his money by parallel importing American cigarettes. Due to his temper and appearance, no massage girl wants to serve him. Shaba then asked for A Tao who did not know him and was not afraid. Shaba thus takes a liking to A Tao.

Upon discovering A Tao's singing and crowd pulling abilities, A Shan offered to take her off A Shui's hands, which Ah Shui agrees for 200 renminbi plus a temporary resident permit for A Tao. When Shaba found out that A Tao is no longer at the massage parlour, he sent his men to get her back for him.

Awards
"Red River" was selected as the Most Outstanding Film of the Competition Section of Chungmuro Film Festival.

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Mandarin-language films
2000s Vietnamese-language films
Films set in Vietnam
Films set in Yunnan
2009 romantic drama films
Chinese romantic drama films

Red River (2009 film)


Fish pie is a savory pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatoes over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie.

Related pages
Pot pie
Sweet potato pie

Other websites
Recipes for luxury fish pie and fisherman's pie  from BBC Food.

Savoury pies

Fish pie


Dietrich IX, Count of Mark (1374–1398) was the Count of Mark from 1393 until 1398.

Dietrich was the second son of Count Adolf III of the Marck and Margaret of Jülich.

His father had acquired the County of Cleves in 1368 and reserved this title for his eldest son Adolph to succeed him after his death. Dietrich already received the title of Count of Mark in 1393, when his father was still alive. When Dietrich fell in battle in 1398, he was succeeded by his elder brother Adolph, who had become Count of Cleves in 1394. Thus the County of Mark and the County of Cleves were reunited again.

Counts of the Mark
1374 births
1398 deaths

Dietrich IX, Count of Mark


Perceptual art is a form of art that can trace its roots to the art history concepts of perceptualism as well as to twentieth century inventions of conceptual art and performance art.

Perceptualism
The concept of perceptualism has been discussed in historical and philosophical explorations of art and psychology, thus it forms an innate relationship between the artist and philosopher.  Norman Bryson discussed perceptualism in terms of optical truth, as opposed to constructivist interpretations that take into account the social values of any given era's zeitgeist.  Ernst Gombrich discussed perceptualism in terms of universal perceptual and psychological responses that govern the reception of images across time and differences in culture. Jack Chambers discussed perceptualism, which he first called "Perceptual Realism," in terms of visual art that is a "profound reflection of primary sensory experience, not simply a reproduction of it."

Practice
In practice, perceptual art may be interpreted as the engagement of multi-sensory experiential stimuli combined with the multiplicity of interpretive meanings on the part of an observer.  Sometimes, the role of observer is obscured as members of the public may unwittingly or unknowingly be participants in the creation of the artwork itself.

Examples
In the late 20th century, visual artists such as Robert Smithson, with his massive land-based creation entitled Spiral Jetty, began to break down barriers between art medium and subjective interpretation.  Christo and Jeanne-Claude's wrapping of the Reichstag was another milestone in this succession. Jack Chambers used "sense combinations [to] complement one another to enrich perception" in paintings such as 401 Towards London No. 1. Andy Kaufman utilized television as his primary medium in the 1980s, creating intentionally unusual and sometimes confrontational situations that left viewers unsure of their nature and meaning (Sometimes Kaufman's intentions were even undisclosed to fellow performers).  A new generation of artists have continued stretching definitions and boundaries between performance, intent and meaning, such as Karen Finley, whose controversial performances were criticized by a U.S. senator, Joey Skaggs, who creates artificial news stories that are often reprinted by major media outlets, and Paul Rebhan who charges a fee for his friendship, smuggles his own paintings into museums, and hosts dating events where no one is allowed to speak.

References

Sources
Cheetham, Mark. Jack Chambers: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2013. E-Book .
Clayton, Richard, Anti-realism and Scepticism, Realism and Common Sense retrieved July 17, 2007
Chandler, Daniel, Visual Perception 3 retrieved July 17, 2007
Christo and Jeanne Claude: The Art of Christo and Jeanne-Claude retrieved July 17, 2007
karenfinly.net defunct July 17, 2007, see also: karenfinley.com retrieved July 17, 2007
JOEY SKAGGS retrieved July 17, 2007
Rebfile.com - portal to the projects of Paul Rebhan retrieved July 17, 2007

Visual arts genres

Perceptual art


Chief Mungo Martin or Nakapenkem (lit. Potlatch chief "ten times over"), Datsa (lit. "grandfather"), was an important figure in Northwest Coast style art, specifically that of the Kwakwaka'wakw Aboriginal people who live in the area of British Columbia and Vancouver Island. He was a major contributor to Kwakwaka'wakw art, especially in the realm of wood sculpture and painting. He was also known as a singer and songwriter.

Personal life
Martin was born in 1879 in Fort Rupert, British Columbia, to parents of the Kwakwaka'wakw Nation. He was the son of Yaxnukwelas, a high-ranking native from Gilford Island. His mother was Q'omiga, also known by her English name, Sarah Finlay, who was the mixed-race daughter of a Kwakwaka'wakw woman and a Scottish man working with the Hudson's Bay Company. Martin's father died when he was in his teen years. His mother married Yakuglas, also known in English as Charlie James. Martin's mother wanted her son to become a woodcarver and song maker, and held rituals to ensure this future.

While still young, Martin regularly participated in the rituals, songs, arts, and traditions of the local Kwakwaka'wakw and North Coastal culture. This formed the basis of his knowledge of the Northwest Coast style, and he applied it to design, carving, and painting and lifelong song making. Martin was raised in the potlatch tradition practiced by the Kwakwaka'wakw, and all aspects of their culture.

Martin was a promoter of the culture in his later years, convening with other noted artists, such as Tom Omhid, Willie Seaweed and Dan Cranmer, in order to prepare novices for Kwakwaka'wakw ceremonies. He provided Ida Halpern, a Canadian ethnomusicologist, with 124 songs to help preserve his traditions for new generations.

Martin became a commercial fisherman at one point to support himself financially.

He would later marry Abayah Martin, also an artist, who specialized in weaving ceremonial curtains and aprons.

All his life Martin made songs, sang them and recorded them with the Hawthornes and others.  He had an interest in music in general and in folksong. He learned and sang songs from other tribes, such as the Navajo, which he learned from his relative Bob Harris. The latter had met these other native peoples at the Chicago World Exhibition. Martin also learned Japanese folk songs from other Kwakwaka'wakw who had sailed to Japan on sealing vessels.

Professional life

As a boy Martin had been apprenticed as a carver to a paternal uncle. His stepfather Charlie James, a noted Northwestern artist, was his principal influence in honing his natural talent. Martin developed as one of the first traditional artists to adopt many types of Northwest Coast sculptural and painting styles. He carved his first commissioned totem pole in Alert Bay c1900, and titled it "Raven of the Sea."

Martin also restored and repaired many carvings and sculptures, totem poles, masks, and various other ceremonial objects. He gained fame for holding the first public potlatch since the governmental potlatch ban of 1885. He was awarded with a medal by the Canadian Council.

In 1947, Martin was hired by the Museum of Anthropology at UBC for restoration and replica work. During this time, Martin lived on the university campus, and continued to paint and carve small works during the night.
[[File:Gwaxwiwe' hamsiwe' (mask of the raven man-eater).jpg|thumb|Gwaxwiwe' hamsiwe''' (mask of the raven man-eater) by Mungo Martin at the Seattle Art Museum]]

Later, Martin was hired in 1952 by the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria, British Columbia, to create works of Northwest Coastal Art as display pieces and examples. The final result was a huge totem pole, carved out of cedar, standing 160 feet tall. It was raised in 1956 and remained standing until 2000. He also constructed  Wawadit'la, a Kwakwaka'wakw "big house", at Thunderbird Park in front of the museum. During this time he and American anthropologist Bill Holm became fast friends and Martin designed a Kwak'waka'wakw big house on the coast in Washington State.

Martin was also the designer and principal carver of the famous Totem Pole in Windsor Great Park in the United Kingdom. The Totem Pole was a gift from the people of Canada to HM The Queen in June, 1958. Standing 100 feet high, there is one foot for every year, and marks the centenary of British Columbia, which was named by Queen Victoria and proclaimed a Crown Colony on November 19, 1858. It is now the Pacific Coast Province of Canada.
The figures on the pole reading from the top are, Man with large hat, Beaver, Old Man, Thunderbird, Sea Otter, The Raven, The Whale, Double headed Snake, Halibut Man and Cedar Man. Each figure represents the mythical ancestor of a clan.
The pole was carved from a single log of Western Red Cedar and weighs 27,000 pounds. It was cut from a tree 600 years old from the forests of Haida Gwaii, 500 miles north of Vancouver.

When Martin went to work for the museum in Victoria, his son David and his family, and relatives Henry and Helen Hunt(Helen was Martin's wife's granddaughter) and their family joined him in living in James Bay near Thunderbird Park and the focus of the work to be done. His son David, and Henry Hunt, and even Henry's son Tony who was only twelve when the families engaged in this undertaking, became apprentices. Martin trained his son David in his craft but David died in 1959. Henry's sons Stanley Hunt and Richard Hunt are also professional carvers.

It's rumoured Martin also instructed the famed Haida sculptor Bill Reid although it's more likely they spent time together on some project at MOA at U.B.C. and the association was then a limited one. Doug Cranmer, who became an artist of some considerable note, a unique approach to his craft added to his knowledge of things traditional placing him permanently on a level of talent Mungo would be proud of, spent time with his old relative too; Doug was the grandson of Martin's wife Abaya'a, and was the son of Martin's first cousin, and so brother, Dan Cranmer.  Mungo was also a mentor to the artist Godfrey Stephens, (painter and sculptor) whom he first met in Victoria in the 1950s.

Later work and death

Mungo Martin continued to work on his carvings in his later years.

Martin was significant in the Northwest Coastal Art scene for his vast amount of work and actual sculpting.

He died on August 16, 1962, at the age eighty-three in Victoria and was taken on a Canadian Navy ship to be buried in Alert Bay. His wife Abaya'a died in the following year.

See also

Kwakwaka'wakw
Willie Seaweed
Ellen Neel
Ida Halpern

Notes

References

Macnair, Peter L., Alan L. Hoover, and Kevin Neary (1984) The Legacy: Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art.  Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & McIntyre.
Hawthorn, Audrey. (1988). Kwakiutl Art. University of Washington Press. .
Cranmer, Barb. Mungo Martin a slender thread: The legacy''
About Martin
Ask Art Biography
Windsor Great Park Totem Pole

1879 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
20th-century First Nations sculptors
Canadian male painters
First Nations musicians
First Nations painters
Kwakwa̱ka̱'wakw woodcarvers
Northwest Coast art
Totem pole carvers
20th-century Canadian male artists

Mungo Martin


A DNS zone is a specific portion of the DNS namespace in the Domain Name System (DNS). It is managed by a specific organization or administrator. A DNS zone allows for more control of the DNS components, such as authoritative nameserver.

The DNS is broken up into many different zones. They are distinctly managed areas in its namespace. However, a DNS zone can contain several subdomains. Multiple DNS zones can exist on the same server.

A DNS zone is implemented in the configuration system of a domain name server. Historically, it is defined in the zone file, an operating system text file that starts with the special DNS record type Start of Authority (SOA) and contains all records for the resources described within the zone.

Internet

DNS zone


The parish of Christ Episcopal Church in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, was founded in 1858.  A wooden building was erected that served the early parish well, but by 1868 it was felt that the growth of the parish made the building of a larger church a necessity.

In the autumn of that year work began on the new building, constructed in Gothic Revival style following plans furnished by New York architect Henry C. Dudley.
 D.C. Hill was contracted to do the basic carpentry work; George H. Davis provided the finished carpentry (seats, columns, tracery, wainscoting; all of butternut finished in oil).
 G.A. Carlson carried out the stonework with magnesian limestone from his quarries.
 The windows were furnished by a "Mr. Sharpe from New York."

The cornerstone was laid June 24, 1869 and the new church was consecrated by Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple on December 19, 1871.  (Due to concerns about the foundations, the steeple was not added until 1897.)

The church is now a contributing property to the Red Wing Mall Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links

 Christ Episcopal Church (Red Wing, MN)

Churches in Goodhue County, Minnesota
Episcopal church buildings in Minnesota
Historic district contributing properties in Minnesota
Red Wing, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Goodhue County, Minnesota
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota

Christ Episcopal Church (Red Wing, Minnesota)


The Voice Kids is a British singing competition television series. Created by John de Mol, it premiered on ITV during the summer television cycle on 10 June 2017. The series was based on the original The Voice of Holland. It was part of the The Voice franchise. It has aired four series. It aims to feature young aspiring singers. The winners receive a money prize and a family trip, courtesy of Norweigan Airlines. Winners of the four series have been: Jess Folley, Daniel Davies, Sam Wilkinson and Justine Afante.

The series employs a panel of four coaches. They critique the artists' performances and guide their teams of selected artists through the remainder of the series. They also compete to ensure that their act wins the competition, thus making them the winning coach. The original panel featured will.i.am, Danny Jones and Pixie Lott; the panel for the fifth series will feature will.i.am, Jones, Lott and Melanie C. Other judges from previous series include Jessie J and Paloma Faith.

The fifth series will start in 2021.

The Voice Kids UK (2019)

British television series
ITV television programmes
2017 television series debuts
Reality television competitions

The Voice Kids (British TV series)


Modesty Blaise is a 1966 British spy-fi comedy film directed by Joseph Losey, produced by Joseph Janni, and loosely based on the popular comic strip Modesty Blaise by Peter O'Donnell, who co-wrote the original story upon which Evan Jones and Harold Pinter based their screenplay. It stars Monica Vitti as "Modesty", opposite Terence Stamp as Willie Garvin and Dirk Bogarde as her nemesis Gabriel. The cast also includes Harry Andrews, Michael Craig, Alexander Knox, Rossella Falk, Clive Revill (in a dual role), and Tina Aumont. The film's music was composed by Johnny Dankworth and the theme song, Modesty, sung by pop duo David and Jonathan. It was Vitti's first English-speaking role.

The film's production saw creative clashes between director Losey and Blaise creator O'Donnell over the vision of the final film, Losey wanting to create a "pop art"-inspired spoof of the spy movie craze prevalent at the time, in contrast to the relatively serious and grounded tone of the source material. As a result, the film heavily diverged from O'Donnell's comics and story outline in many ways, and includes a number of non sequitur elements including avant garde-inspired editing and production design, musical numbers, and deliberate continuity errors.

Modesty Blaise was entered into the Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Palme d'Or. General critical reception was far more muted, with critics praising the visual style and off-beat tone, but criticizing the divergences from the source material, convoluted plot, and perceived "style over substance" direction. Critical reception continues to be mixed decades after release, but the film has gained a cult following.

Plot

After the assassination of one of their agents in Amsterdam, British Secret Service chief Sir Gerald Tarrant recruits former criminal mastermind Modesty Blaise to protect a shipment of diamonds en route to Abu Tahir, the Sheikh of a small Middle Eastern kingdom. The shipment has also attracted Gabriel, the head of a criminal organization that includes his accountant McWhirter and bodyguard Mrs. Fothergill. Modesty believes that Gabriel, who maintains a compound in the Mediterranean, is dead, but he reveals himself to her.

In exchange for an exclusive discount on the kingdom's oil exports, the British government delivers periodic diamond shipments to the Sheikh. Blaise, who enjoys an ongoing love-hate relationship with law enforcement, is recruited not only for her competence, but because she is the Sheikh's adopted daughter and thus trusted by him implicitly. Modesty agrees to the arrangement, on the condition that she is given total immunity by the British government and complete freedom to deliver the diamonds how she sees fit.

With Sir Gerald monitoring her from afar, Modesty travels to Amsterdam, where she reunites with her former lover Paul Hagen, a Secret Service agent and aide to Sir Gerald. She calls upon her longtime partner, Willie Garvin, who is reuniting with an old flame, Nicole, who may have information on Gabriel through her employer, an illusionist associated with him. Modesty narrowly survives several attempts on her life by Gabriel's assassins, whose failure leads to their swift execution by the ruthless Mrs. Fothergill. Modesty continually toys with Hagen, first seducing him before stealing his gun and disappearing.

When Gabriel learns that Nicole is working with Modesty and Willie, he orders her assassinated. The illusionist sends thugs to have her killed, and they succeed when Modesty and Willie fail to intervene in time. Modesty and Willie set themselves up as live bait to draw Gabriel out, but find themselves pursued by Tarrant and a jilted Hagen, being briefly arrested before quickly escaping with the help of some smoke bombs. When Modesty attempts to identify and infiltrate the boat being used by Gabriel for the planned diamond theft, she is lured into a trap and captured. Gabriel reveals his true plan, to use Modesty as leverage to force Willie to steal the diamonds for him.

Willie reluctantly agrees to the arrangement, successfully stealing the diamonds from under Tarrant and Hagen's noses. He and Modesty are subsequently taken to Gabriel's island fortress, where they are promptly thrown into prison cells. Gabriel offers Modesty to join forces, but she refuses. Willie and Modesty manage to escape and kill Mrs. Fothergill, and signal their location to the Sheikh's forces. The Sheikh leads his army to the island, leading to an all-out battle with Gabriel's forces and ending in his capture and the diamonds reaching their intended owner.

In his desert camp, the Sheikh leaves Gabriel tied up outside to dehydrate. McWhirter suddenly appears in Highland dress to free his employer, though no one seems to notice or care. When the Sheikh asks Modesty what he can do for her, she asks for the diamonds. He responds by laughing boisterously and she seems to go along with it, but suddenly breaks the fourth wall by looking directly at the camera as the film ends in a  freeze-frame shot.

Cast

 Monica Vitti as Modesty Blaise, a criminal mastermind with a love-hate relationship with the British Secret Service, who occasionally employ her and grant her immunity due to her immense talents.
 Terence Stamp as Willie Garvin, Modesty's loyal Cockney sidekick with whom she has a "will they or won't they" relationship that ends in mutual (possibly sarcastic) marriage proposals. Their relationship differs from the source material, where it is purely platonic.
 Dirk Bogarde as Gabriel, another criminal mastermind and Modesty's equal, defined by camp mannerisms and a sensitivity to violence in spite of his ruthlessness.
 Harry Andrews as Sir Gerald Tarrant, the chief of the British Secret Service who has a begrudging respect for Modesty and acts as her liaison to the government.
 Michael Craig as Paul Hagen, a straight-laced agent of the British Secret Service and former lover of Modesty's. He is an original character created for the film.
 Clive Revill as McWhirter & Sheik Abu Tahir, the former is Gabriel's loyal and dogged Scottish accountant, and the latter is the once-deposed ruler of a small Middle Eastern kingdom and the informal foster father of Modesty, whom he calls his 'son'. The latter character takes the role of Modesty's mentor "Lob" from the original comics, and is otherwise an original character.
 Alexander Knox as The Minister, an anxious government bureaucrat tasked with protecting the Sheikh's diamonds, a task is largely unsuited to and leaves to his subordinates.
 Rossella Falk as Mrs. Clara Fothergill (credited as Rosella Falk), Gabriel's Amazonian bodyguard and chief of security, a psychopath who enjoys killing people to cure her boredom. She is loosely based on the more tough, muscular and thuggish character of the same name in O'Donnell's source novel.
 Tina Aumont as Nicole (credited as Tina Marquand), Willie's old flame now working as a magician's assistant in Amsterdam. She becomes embroiled in her former lover's schemes due to her employer's connections to Gabriel. She is an original character created for the film.
 Michael Chow as Weng, Modesty's loyal Chinese butler.
 Scilla Gabel as Melina
 Joe Melia as Crevier
 Saro Urzì as Basilio
 Oliver MacGreevy as Tattooed Man
 Jon Bluming as Hans
 Roberto Bisacco as Enrico
 John Karlsen as Oleg
 Robin Hunter as Pilot
 Robin Fox as Desmond
 Silvan as the illusionist

Production
In 1965, Mim Scala of the Scala Browne Agency saw O'Donnell's strip and acquired the film rights to the character. Scala had the idea of casting Barbara Steele as Modesty with Michael Caine as Willie and Sidney Gilliat directing, but he sold the rights to produce the film to Joseph Janni, who had Monica Vitti and Joseph Losey as his clients. Caine would ultimately star in Alfie, a role intended for his friend and former flatmate Terence Stamp, who wound up playing Willie.

Modesty Blaise was released at the height of two cinematic trends: The popularity of James Bond had spawned a number of similarly themed films. Some were intended as serious spy adventures, others as parodies or pastiches of Bond and his genre. Director Joseph Losey and the screenwriters chose to follow the latter approach, by making Modesty Blaise a campy, sometimes surrealistic comedy-adventure. Playwright Harold Pinter made uncredited contributions to the final script.

The film was shot on location in London, Amsterdam, and Naples. Interiors were filmed at Shepperton Studios. Gabriel's island fortress was filmed at Castello di Sant'Alessio Siculo in Sicily.

Joseph Losey found it difficult to work with Monica Vitti, as she would invariably be accompanied on the set by director Michelangelo Antonioni, in whose movies she had become famous. Antonioni would often whisper suggestions to her, and she would take direction from him rather than Losey. Eventually, Losey asked Antonioni, whom he greatly admired, to keep away from the studios during filming. Antonioni complied. Dirk Bogarde likewise disliked working with her, saying in a radio interview years later that she was the only one of his leading ladies whom he had actively disliked.

Modesty Blaise includes a metafictional element during one sequence where Blaise, while visiting a friend's apartment, comes across several newspapers with the Modesty Blaise comic strip, which are shown in close-up;  artist Jim Holdaway's work is prominently shown, as is Peter O'Donnell's name. During the sequence, Vitti briefly dons a brunette wig and dresses up in a close approximation of how Holdaway depicted Modesty in the comic strips (images from this scene are often used to represent the film, including the cover of the first Pan Books paperback edition of O'Donnell's novelization). Supporters of the film suggest this indicates that the film is not intended to take place in the same "universe" as the comic strip.

Comparison to source material
O'Donnell's original screenplay went through a large number of rewrites by other people, and he often later complained that the finished movie retained only one line of his original dialogue. O'Donnell states this in some of his introductions to reprints of his comic strip by Titan Books. As a result, although the basic plotline and characters are based on the comic strip, such as Willie killing a thug in an alley, many changes were made.

Some are cosmetic — Vitti appears as a blonde for most of the film, except for one sequence in which, as noted above, she actually dresses up like a real-life version of the comic strip character. The film also prominently focuses on a large leg tattoo the film version of the character sports; no such tattoo is ever referenced in the comic strip or later novels. Also, while the comic strip established early on that Modesty considered herself to be English, her actual ethnic background was left ambiguous beyond her being vaguely from the Middle East region; no attempt was made to disguise Vitti's strong Italian accent, making it apparent that her version of Blaise was from Italy.

Likewise, Stamp initially appears in a blond wig (giving him a similar appearance to the comic strip character) and subsequently reverts to his natural dark hair; in the film Modesty and Willie acknowledge the hair color change with each other. Other changes are more profound. For example, as the film progresses, Willie and Modesty fall in love and decide to get married, proclaiming the same during a sudden musical production number that pops up during a lull in the action. Even though the comic strip was only a few years old at this time and no novels had yet been published, this plot point nonetheless breaks a cardinal rule set out by O'Donnell when he created the characters: They would never have a romantic relationship in the traditional sense; the writer stayed true to this right up to the end of the comic strip in 2001.

The character of Sheikh Abu Tahir fills the function of Lob, Modesty's adoptee father and mentor, who gives her the name "Modesty Blaise". The Sheikh is otherwise an original character with no equivalent character in the source material. Other original characters include Paul Hagen, Mrs. Fothergill, McWhirter, and Nicole, though O'Donnell would later incorporate several of these into later original novels.

Novelization
Prior to the release of the film, O'Donnell novelised his version of the screenplay as a novel titled Modesty Blaise. This book was a critical and sales success, resulting in O'Donnell alternating between writing novels and writing the comic strip for the next 30 years. O'Donnell's version of the screenplay was also used as the basis for a late-1990s Modesty Blaise graphic novel published by DC Comics.

Release
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $5,800,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,825,000, meaning it lost money.

Critical reception
Modesty Blaise was a moderate success at the time of its original release, Bosley Crowther, writing in The New York Times, characterised the film as "a weird film, all right. Maybe, if the whole thing were on a par with some of its flashier and wittier moments, or were up to its pictorial design, which is dazzling, it might be applauded as a first-rate satiric job." According to Crowther: "The scenery, a few pop-art settings and a gay, nonchalant musical score are indeed, about the only consistently amusing things about this whacky color film."

Modesty Blaise was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or, but lost to A Man and a Woman and The Birds, the Bees and the Italians.

Two more serious attempts at adapting the comic strip for the screen occurred in 1982 with a Modesty Blaise starring Ann Turkel as an apparently American version of Blaise, and again in 2003 with My Name Is Modesty, a prequel starring Alexandra Staden in the title role and omitting the Willie Garvin character entirely.

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Scala, Mim. Diary of a Teddy Boy: A Memoir of the Long Sixties. Surrey, UK: Goblin Press, 2009. .
 Walker, Alexander. Hollywood UK: The British Film Industry in the Sixties. London: Stein and Day, 1994. .

External links

 Modesty Blaise at the British Film Institute

1966 films
British spy comedy films
1960s spy comedy films
Films based on works by Peter O'Donnell
Films based on British comics
Films based on comic strips
Films directed by Joseph Losey
Films set in Amsterdam
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films set on islands
Films set in London
Films set in England
Films set in Naples
Films shot in Amsterdam
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in London
Films shot in Naples
Films shot in Surrey
Girls with guns films
Live-action films based on comics
1966 comedy films
Films scored by John Dankworth
Parody films based on James Bond films
1960s English-language films
Modesty Blaise

Modesty Blaise (1966 film)


Ekaterine (Eka) Tikaradze (; b. 3 March 1976) is a Georgian politician who is Minister of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories of Georgia, Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia since 18 June 2019.

Biography
Born in 1976 on March 3, Tbilisi . 1993 - 1998 she passed the qualification of Tbilisi State Medical University . In 2005 she received a certificate of general profile dentist. 2006 - 2008 he was the Foundation "Dentists Without Borders" Project Development Manager. 2008 - 2013 she worked in Switzerland, was a tertiary hospital and the countries of the insurance sector development consultant. 2007 – 2008 years she has completed a full course in maxillofacial implantation at the Ludwigshafen Academy of Practice and Science. 2015 - 2016 he completed the course in Munster, Germany, and received a management competence in the hospitality sector. 2009 - 2015 she was a legal entity "Dostakari" ( Sachkhere ) Dental Clinic Manager conceptual issues. 2015 – 2019 years JSC General Director of Sachkhere District Hospital Polyclinic Association. 2015 - 2019 she was a legal entity "Dostakari" ( Sachkhere ) Executive Director. 2016 - 2019 she has become a Master of Management and Business Administration.

Personal life
She has a husband and two children. Fluent in Georgian, English, German and Russian .

Other websites
 Ekaterine Tikaradze's biography on official site of Goverment of Georgia

1976 births
Government ministers of Georgia (country)
Living people

Ekaterine Tikaradze


Arceuthobium americanum is a species of dwarf mistletoe known as American dwarf mistletoe and lodgepole-pine dwarf mistletoe. It is a common plant of western North America where it lives in high elevation pine forests. It is a parasitic plant which lives upon the Lodgepole Pine, particularly the subspecies Pinus contortus ssp. murrayana, the Tamarack Pine. This pine subspecies is most common in the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada. The American dwarf mistletoe is a yellow-green coral-shaped structure above the surface of the tree's bark, while most of the parasite is beneath the bark. The seeds mature in late summer and disperse to nearby trees.  This species has been found to explosively-disperse its seeds through thermogenesis.

The parasitic plant is dioecious, meaning that it has separate male and female parts. Studies of pine needles from infected trees have shown decreased starch content in the needles of infected trees. Furthermore, differences have been found in the positioning of the vascular bundles between female infected pine trees and male infected pine trees.

References

Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery
Arceuthobium americanum infection

americanum
Plants described in 1850

Arceuthobium americanum


Michael Tyler Hensley (born July 30, 1993) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. Hensley was a first round selection of the New York Yankees in the 2012 Major League Baseball draft.

Early life and amateur career
Hensley lived in Tulsa, Oklahoma, before his family moved to Lawrence, Kansas. He was set to attend Lawrence Free State High School. However, strict rules about how many games he could play for the high school baseball team led the family to move to Oklahoma, which allows for a longer high school baseball schedule. He attended Edmond Santa Fe High School in Edmond, Oklahoma, where he played for the baseball team as a pitcher and catcher and for the American football team as a quarterback. Hensley stopped playing football as a senior in order to focus on baseball. In his senior year, Hensley compiled a 10–0 win–loss record, a 1.52 earned run average (ERA) in  innings pitched with 111 strikeouts and was named the Gatorade Player of the Year for his state.

Hensley was recruited by numerous college baseball programs, and the University of Kansas recruited him to play college baseball and college football. He narrowed down his choices to three finalists: the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), the University of Texas, and Arizona State University. After spending the summer of 2011 playing for the United States 18-and-under national baseball team with Gavin Cecchini and Stryker Trahan, who had committed to Ole Miss to play for the Ole Miss Rebels baseball team, Hensley also chose to commit to Ole Miss.

Professional career

New York Yankees
The New York Yankees selected Hensley in the first round, with the 30th overall selection, of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft. Though the Yankees and Hensley agreed on a $1.6 million signing bonus, a physical examination discovered an abnormality in the shoulder of his pitching arm. As a result, the Yankees reduced the offered bonus to $1.2 million; Hensley agreed to the reduced bonus and signed with the Yankees rather than attend Ole Miss.

After signing, Hensley made his professional debut in Minor League Baseball with the Gulf Coast Yankees of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League. He pitched 12 innings for the Gulf Coast Yankees, striking out 14. He suffered an abdominal muscle strain while pitching in the Dominican Republic during the offseason. Though he rehabilitated the injury, he felt pain in his hip during spring training in 2013, which was diagnosed as a hip impingement. He required surgery to repair both hip labrums. He developed an infection from the surgeries, and had an allergic reaction to the antibiotics he was prescribed. Hensley missed the entire 2013 season. He required a minor abdominal surgery to reattach the muscle to the bone before the 2014 season, and pitched for the Gulf Coast Yankees and the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League in 2014. Between the two levels, he had a 2.93 ERA and 40 strikeouts in  innings pitched across 11 appearances.

Hensley began experiencing discomfort in his arm during spring training in 2015. An MRI and arthrogram found a bone calcification inside a torn ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow. He underwent Tommy John surgery and missed the 2015 season. While rehabilitating, the Yankees announced that Hensley would need a second Tommy John surgery in May 2016. He missed the 2015 and 2016 seasons due to injury.

Tampa Bay Rays
At the 2016 Winter Meetings, the Tampa Bay Rays selected Hensley from the Yankees in the minor league phase of the Rule 5 draft. He missed the 2017 season after a screw had to be inserted to reconnect the bone in his elbow. The Rays released
Hensley in April 2018.

Evansville Otters
Hensley signed with the Evansville Otters of the Frontier League, an independent baseball league, in May 2018. With Evansville, he pitched to a 6.61 ERA with 31 strikeouts and 41 walks in 11 appearances.

Utica Unicorns
In 2019, Hensley pitched for the Utica Unicorns of the United Shore Professional Baseball League. On August 6, 2020, Hensley threw a no-hitter for Utica against the Eastside Diamond Hoppers.

Milwaukee Milkmen
On January 28, 2021, Hensley signed with the Milwaukee Milkmen of the American Association. Hensley did not make an appearance for Milwaukee before he was released by the team on August 27, 2021.

Personal life
Hensley's father, Mike, played for college baseball for the Oklahoma Sooners and for the St. Louis Cardinals' organization in Minor League Baseball. After Mike's career ended due to an injury, he worked as a pitching coach for Oral Roberts University and Kansas State University. Hensley has a brother, J. R., who also pitches and plays left tackle for the football team.

Following the 2014 season, Hensley was assaulted and seriously injured in a town near his home. Anthony Morales, an American football linebacker who played college football for Weber State University, allegedly attacked Hensley, kicking him in the head, when they argued about signing bonuses, and Hensley refused to tell Morales how much he received in his signing bonus. Hensley lost consciousness and suffered a broken jaw. He spent several days at INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center. Morales was charged with aggravated assault and battery, but later acquitted of the crimes.

See also
Rule 5 draft results

References

External links

Living people
1993 births
Sportspeople from Edmond, Oklahoma
Baseball players from Oklahoma
Baseball pitchers
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Staten Island Yankees players
Minor league baseball players
Evansville Otters players

Ty Hensley


The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (or simply Hague Adoption Convention), provides certain protections to children. It guarantees the protection of children from child trafficking. It also guarantees them safe adoption and a quick adoption process.

History
In May 1993 the proposal was presented at the seventeenth session of The Hague Convention. It became effective in 1995. The United States ratified the Hague Adoption Convention in December 2007. Forty-six countries had ratified the treaty as of May 2002. Thirteen more had yet to ratify it. Many countries which have not ratified the Convention do not permit foreign adoptions of their children nor adoptions of foreign children. For example, Muslim countries do not permit foreign adoptions.

Concerns
Adopting children from one country into a family from another is a relatively new idea. It developed after World War II. By the 1970s it became a fairly common event. But it was soon recognized this was creating a number of legal and human problems. There were few domestic and international laws that adequately protected children's rights. The Hague Adoption Convention of 1993 addressed these concerns. The Convention gave the responsibility of providing the protection against child trafficking, safe adoption and a quick adoption process to the countries and to adoption agencies.

The convention also raised several ethical concerns. In a normal domestic adoption the child loses connections and identification with their biological family. In an international adoption a child may also lose identification with their nationality and ethnicity. Adoptions that span countries should be considered only after all efforts to place adopted children within their own country. UNICEF, by comparison, does not encourage international adoptions. They encourage nations to adopt within their own country.

The Future for international adoptions
There has been a sharp decline in international adoptions in the last few years. Romania, for one, has ended all foreign adoptions. Belarus and the Ukraine closed foreign adoptions for 2007. The 5000 adoptions from China in 2005 dropped to 4000 in 2006. Wars and natural disasters were the reasons for massive adoptions from the affected countries in the past. But the international community is no longer in favor of this as a solution. Adoptions from Africa are increasing, however. The number of Orphans from Liberia and Ethiopia have increased from 2006–2008. But the costs to adopt a child from another country have risen. This is due in part to the steps taken by the convention to prevent abuse of the system.

References

Other websites
 Intercountry Adoption
 Child Welfare Information Gateway
 Countries in force with Australia
 Children's Rights: Germany

1995 establishments
International law
Children
1990s in law

Hague Adoption Convention


Napa cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis or Brassica rapa Pekinensis Group) is a type of Chinese cabbage originating near the Beijing region of China that is widely used in East Asian cuisine. Since the 20th century, it has also become a widespread crop in Europe, the Americas and Australia. In much of the world, it is referred to as "Chinese cabbage". In Australia it also is referred to as "wombok".

Names

The word "napa" in the name napa cabbage comes from colloquial and regional Japanese, where nappa () refers to the leaves of any vegetable, especially when used as food. The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai (), a Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese name (), literally "white vegetable". The Korean name for napa cabbage, baechu (), is a nativized word from the Sino-Korean reading, , of the same Chinese character sets. Today in Mandarin Chinese, napa cabbage is known as dàbáicài (), literally "big white vegetable", as opposed to the "small white vegetable" that is known in English as bok choy.  Other names include Chihili or Michihili.

Outside of Asia, this vegetable is also referred to as Chinese cabbage or sometimes celery cabbage. It is also known as siu choy (Cantonese ), wombok in Australia and wong bok or won bok in New Zealand, all corruptions of wong ngaa baak (Cantonese ). In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as Chinese leaf or winter cabbage, and in the Philippines as petsay (from Hokkien, ) or pechay baguio.  Another name used in English is petsai or pe-tsai. In Russia it is called pekinskaya kapusta (), and in Poland - kapusta pekińska, literally "Beijing cabbage". In Sweden it is known as salladskål (sallad cabbage) or sometimes kinakål (china kabbage).

Origin
The first records of napa cabbage cultivation date back to the 15th century in the Yangtze River region in China. From China it later spread to Korea and Japan. Beginning in the 19th century with the Chinese diaspora, it was distributed to the rest of Asia, Europe, America as well as Australia. During the 19th century napa cabbage was first introduced to America from Europe and the supply of seed materials from Europe continued until World War I. After the blockade of the European seed supply, US government research institutes and the seed industry developed new seed stocks for vegetable crops. Oregon and California were the cabbage seed production areas during that time. Today it is cultivated and eaten throughout the world.

Napa cabbage might have originated from natural hybridization between turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) and pak-choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). Artificial crosses between these two species, as well as molecular data, strengthen this suggestion.

Description
The leaves, which are the harvested organ, lay side by side densely, are lime green coloured with white leaf veins and have a smooth surface. The vegetable has an oval form and weighs . The leaves are organized in basal rosettes. The flowers are yellow and have a typical Brassicaceae cross-linked arrangement, hence the name Crucifereae, which means "cross-bearing". Because the plant is harvested in an earlier stage than flowering, normally the flowers are not visible on the field.

It develops similar to other head-forming leaf vegetables, for example cabbage lettuce. The chronological stages on the BBCH-scale are germination, leaf formation, vegetative growth (head-forming), appearance of the sprout that bears the flowers, flowering, fruit development, seed ripening and senescence.

Napa cabbage is an annual plant that reaches the generative period in the first year. It must be consumed in its vegetative period, so there is a challenge in cultivation not to reach the stadium of flowering. The stadium of flowering can be initiated by cold temperatures or the length of the day. Napa cabbage reproduces mainly by allogamy. Napa cabbage produces more leaves, bigger leaves and a higher biomass under long day conditions than under short day conditions.

Uses

Culinary

Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild. The plant grows to an oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly, thick, light-green leaves with prominent white veins. Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color.

Napa cabbage belongs to the family Brassicaceae, commonly called the mustard or cabbage family. As a cruciferous plant it is closely related to species of Brassica like broccoli, bok choy and cauliflower.

Napa cabbage is widely used in China, Japan, and Korea. Napa cabbage is used as a sign of prosperity in China, and often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures.  The Jadeite Cabbage sculpture of Taiwan's National Palace Museum is a carving of a napa cabbage variety. It is also found in North American and Australian cities after Asian immigrants settled in the regions.

Fermented Napa cabbage (suan cai/sauerkraut) is a traditional food in Northeast China.

In Korean cuisine, napa cabbage is the main ingredient of baechu-kimchi, the most common type of kimchi, but is also eaten raw as a wrap for pork or oysters, dipped in gochujang.  The outer, tougher leaves are used in soups. It can be used in stir-fry with other ingredients, such as tofu, mushroom and zucchini. It is also eaten with hot pot meals. Napa cabbage is particularly popular in South Korea's northern Gangwon Province. In European, American and Australian kitchens, it is more common to eat it cooked or raw as salad.

The vegetable is rich in vitamin C (26 mg/100g) and has a fair amount of calcium (40 mg/100g). It tastes mildly aromatic.

Cultivation
Napa cabbage can be cultivated in many different areas of the world, the main area of diversification represents Asia.

Soil requirements
Napa cabbage requires deeply loosened medium heavy soil. There must not be any compaction due to plowing. The crop achieves particularly high yields on sandy loam. Extremely sandy or claylike soils are not suitable.
The crop prefers a pH range from 6.0 to 6.2, a high organic matter content and good moisture holding capacity of the soil. Lower pH or droughty soil can lead to calcium or magnesium deficiency and internal quality defects.

Climate requirements
Napa cabbage needs much water during the whole growth period. Often an irrigation system is needed, especially for August and September. The required amount of water depends on the stage of crop growth, weather conditions, and soil type. The most critical stage after establishment is when the head is forming. Inadequate water at this time will result in reduced uptake of calcium. This condition causes dead leaf tips within the head which makes it unmarketable. During head formation,  of water per week is needed to maintain sustained growth rates.

Temperature requirements are low. Temperatures below  are tolerated for short time periods; persistent frosts below  are not endured. Too low temperature can induce premature bolting. The plants perform best under temperatures between , but depending on the cultivar.

Seedbed requirements & sowing
Napa cabbage has very small seeds with a thousand kernel weight of about 2.5 to 2.8 g. For professional cultivation it is recommended to use disinfected seeds to prevent onset diseases. With the single-grain sowing technique, about 400 to 500 g of seeds per hectare is required; with the normal sowing technique, about 1 kg per hectare. If the normal sowing technique is used, the seedlings must be thinned out after two to four weeks. The seeds should be deposited  deep, with a row width of  and  distance between the seeds.

The seedlings can be grown in the greenhouse and then transplanted into the field after two to three weeks. Earlier harvest can be achieved with this method. Seventy thousand to 80,000 seedlings per hectare are required. The transplanting method is normally used for the spring crop and the seeding technique for the fall crop.

Fertilization, field management
The nutrient removal of napa cabbage is high:

 150–200 kg N per hectare
 80–120 kg P2O5 per hectare
 180–250 kg K2O per hectare
 110–150 kg Ca per hectare
 20–40 kg Mg per hectare

Fertilizer recommendations are in the range of the nutrient removal. Organic fertilizer must be applied before sowing due to the short cultivation time of napa cabbage and the slow availability of organic fertilizers. Synthetic N fertilizer should be applied in three equal doses. The last application must happen before two thirds of the cultivation time is over to avoid quality losses during storage.

Weeds should be controlled mechanically or chemically.

Harvest, storage and yield

Napa cabbage can be harvested 8–12 weeks after sowing. The harvest work is mostly done by hand. The plant is cut  above the ground. It is usual to harvest several times per field to achieve consistent cabbage quality. Cabbages will keep in good condition for three to four months in cool stores at  and 85 to 90 percent relative humidity. Napa cabbage achieves a yield of 4 to 5 kg/m2.

Breeding
Brassica rapa species are diploid and have 10 chromosomes. A challenge for breeding of napa cabbage is the variable self-incompatibility. The self-incompatibility activity was reported to change by temperature and humidity. In vitro pollination with 98% relative humidity proved to be the most reliable as compared to greenhouse pollination.

A lot of work has already been done on breeding of napa cabbage. In the 21st century, 880 varieties of Napa cabbage were registered by the Korea Seed and Variety Service.

Breeding of napa cabbage was started by the Korean government research station of horticultural demonstration in 1906 to overcome starvation. As napa cabbage and radish are the main vegetables for kimchi, research focused on increasing yield. The most important person for this process was Dr. Woo Jang-choon who bred hybrid cultivars with self-incompatibility and contributed to commercial breeding by developing valuable materials and educating students. The main purpose of the hybrid cultivar was high yield and year-round production of napa cabbage after 1960.

To enable year round production of napa cabbage, it has to be modified to tolerate high and low temperatures. Normally, sowing in the late summer and harvesting in late autumn can produce high quality vegetables. As an example, a summer cultivar called "Nae-Seo-beak-ro"  was developed 1973 by a commercial seed company. It tolerates high temperatures, could endure high humidity in the monsoon, and showed resistance to viral disease, soft rot and downy mildew. The low temperature in early spring reduces the quality of the vegetable and it cannot be used for kimchi. In the 1970s the developing of winter cultivars started. The majority of new cultivars could not endure the cold winter conditions and disappeared. The cultivar "Dong-Pung" (meaning "east wind") was developed in 1992 and showed a high resistance to cold temperature. It is mostly used in Korea, where fresh napa cabbage is nowadays cultivated year round.

In the 1970s, one seed company developed the rose-shape heading variety while other seed companies focused on the semi-folded heading type. As a result of continuous breeding in the commercial seed companies and the government research stations, farmers could now select what they wanted from among various high quality hybrids of Chinese cabbage. The fall season cultivar 'Yuki', with white ribs and tight leaf folding, gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit (AGM) in 2003.

In 1988, the first cultivar with yellow inner leaf was introduced. This trait has prevailed until today.

A very important breeding aim is to get varieties with resistance to pests and diseases. There exist varieties with resistance to turnip mosaic virus but as mentioned above, there exist numerous other diseases. There have been attempts to breed varieties with clubroot resistance or powdery mildew resistance but the varieties failed due to bad leaf texture traits or broken resistances.

Pests and diseases

Fungal diseases
Alternaria diseases are caused by the organisms Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria japonica. Their English names are black spot (not to be confused with midrib 'pepper spots' which are physiological in origin and often result from improper storage), pod spot, gray leaf spot, dark leaf spot or Alternaria blight. The symptoms can be seen on all aboveground plant parts as dark spots. The infected plants are shrivelled and smaller than normal. Alternaria diseases infect almost all brassica plants, the most important hosts are oilseed brassicas.
The fungus is a facultative parasite, what means that it can survive on living hosts as well as on dead plant tissue. Infected plant debris is in most circumstances the primary source of inoculum. The spores can be dispersed by wind to host plants in the field or to neighbouring brassica crops. This is why cross infections often occur in areas where different brassica crops are cultivated in close proximity. The disease spreads especially fast when the weather is wet and the plants have reached maturity.
Alternaria brassicae is well adapted to temperate regions while Alternaria brassicicola occurs primarily in warmer parts of the world. Temperature requirement for Alternaria japonica is intermediate.
There exist some wild accessions of Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis with resistance to Alternaria brassicae but not on commercial cultivars. These resistances should be included to breeding programmes. Alternaria epidemics are best avoided by management practices like at least 3 years non-host crops between brassica crops, incorporation of plant debris into the soil to accelerate decomposition and usage of disease-free seeds.

Anhracnose is a brassica disease caused by Colletotrichum higginsianum that is especially damaging on napa cabbage, pak choi, turnip, rutabaga and tender green mustard. The symptoms are dry pale gray to straw spots or lesions on the leaves. The recommended management practices are the same as for Alternaria diseases.

Black root is a disease that infects mainly radish, but it also occurs on many other brassica vegetables inclusively napa cabbage. It caused by the fungus Aphanomyces raphani. The pathogen can persist for long times in the soil, therefore crop rotations are an essential management tool.

White leaf spot is found primarily in temperate climate regions and is important on vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape. The causal organism is Mycosphaerella capsellae. The symptoms are white spots on leaves, stems and pods and can thus easily be confused with those of downy mildew. The disease spreads especially fast with rain or moisture and temperature is between .

Yellows, also called Fusarium wilt, is another Brassica disease that infects oilseed rape, cabbage, mustards, Napa cabbage and other vegetable brassicas. It is only a problem in regions with warm growing seasons where soil temperatures are in the range of 18 to 32 °C. The causal organism is Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conlutinans. Napa cabbage is relatively tolerant to the disease; mostly the only external symptoms are yellowing of lower, older leaves. The disease is soil borne and can survive for many years in the absence of a host. Most cruciferous weeds can serve as alternate hosts.

Damping-Off is a disease in temperate areas caused by soil inhabiting oomycetes like Phytophthora cactorum and Pythium spp. The disease concerns seedlings, which often collapse and die.

Other diseases that infect napa cabbage:

 black leg or phoma stem cancer: Leptosphaeria maculans
 clubroot: Plasmodiophora brassicae
 Downy mildew: Hyaloperonospora brassicae
 Powdery mildew: Erysiphe cruciferarum
 Rhizoctonia solani
 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Bacterial diseases
Bacterial soft rot is considered one of the most important diseases of vegetable brassicas. The disease is particularly damaging in warm humid climate. The causal organisms are Erwinia carotovora var. carotovora and Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis. The rot symptoms can occur in the field, on produce transit or in storage.
Bacteria survive mainly on plant residues in the soil. They are spread by insects and by cultural practices, such as irrigation water and farm machinery. The disease is tolerant to low temperatures; it can spread in storages close to 0 °C, by direct contact and by dripping onto the plants below.
Bacterial soft rot is more severe on crops which have been fertilized too heavily with nitrogen, had late nitrogen applications, or are allowed to become over-mature before harvesting.

Black rot, the most important disease of vegetable brassicas, is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.

Virus diseases
source:
 Cucumber mosaic virus
 Radish mosaic virus
 Ribgrass mosaic virus
 Turnip crincle virus
 Caradamine chlorotic fleck virus
 Turnip mosaic virus
 Turnip yellow mosaic virus

Insect pests
source:
 large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae)
 cabbage root fly (Delia radicum)
 cabbage seed weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis)
 cabbage looper
 diamondback moth
 small white butterfly (Pieris rapae)
 aphids
 cucumber beetles
 stink bugs
 Vegetable weevils
 Mole crickets
 cutworms

Other pests and diseases
Aster yellows is a disease caused by a phytoplasm.

Nematodes are disease agents that are often overlooked but they can cause considerable yield losses. The adult nematodes have limited active movement but their eggs contained within cysts (dead females) are readily spread with soil, water, equipment or seedlings.

Parasitic nematode species that cause damage on napa cabbage:
 Heterodera schachtii
 Meloidogyne hapla
 Nacobbus batatiformis
 Rotylenchulus reniformis

See also
 Nabemono

References

External links

Asian vegetables
Brassica
Chinese cuisine
Leaf vegetables

Napa cabbage


In stereochemistry, an asymmetric carbon is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms. The four atoms and/or groups attached to the carbon atom can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images of each other, and which lead to so-called left-handed and right-handed versions (stereoisomers)  of the same molecule. Molecules that cannot be superimposed on their own mirror image are said to be chiral; as the asymmetric carbon is the center of this chirality, it is also known as a chiral carbon.

As an example, malic acid () has 4 carbon atoms but just one of them is asymmetric. The asymmetric carbon atom, bolded in the formula, is the one attached to two carbon atoms, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom. One may initially be inclined to think this atom is not asymmetric because it is attached to two carbon atoms, but because those two carbon atoms are not attached to exactly the same things, there are two different groups of atoms that the carbon atom in question is attached to, therefore making it an asymmetric carbon atom:

Knowing the number of asymmetric carbon atoms, one can calculate the maximum possible number of stereoisomers for any given molecule as follows:
 If  is the number of asymmetric carbon atoms then the maximum number of isomers =   (Le Bel-van't Hoff rule)
This is a corollary of Le Bel and van't Hoff's simultaneously announced conclusions, in 1874, that the most probable orientation of the bonds of a carbon atom linked to four groups or atoms is toward the apexes of a tetrahedron, and that this accounted for all then-known phenomena of molecular asymmetry (which involved a carbon atom bearing four different atoms or groups).

A tetrose with 2 asymmetric carbon atoms has 22 =  4 stereoisomers:

An aldopentose with 3 asymmetric carbon atoms has 23 =  8 stereoisomers:

An aldohexose with 4 asymmetric carbon atoms has 24 =  16 stereoisomers:

References

Stereochemistry
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

de:Asymmetrisches Kohlenstoffatom

Asymmetric carbon


Mike James Kirkland (born 1949 in Yazoo City, Mississippi) is an American R&B singer. He began his recording career in 1965, as leader of Mike & The Censations, a quartet which included his brother Robert, their sister and her husband. He was also half of the duo Bo and Ruth on Claridge Records who achieved a U.K. Top 20 single with their release of "You're Gonna Get Next To Me" (credited to Bo Kirkland and Ruth Davis) in the summer of 1977.

Biography
Mike James Kirkland grew up singing gospel and doo wop in Mississippi in a local gospel act, The Seven Seals, with his two brothers, Walter and Robert. He began his recording career as leader of the group Mike & The Censations in 1965. After the Censations folded, Kirkland and his brother Robert moved to California where they started a record label, Bryan Records, so they could release love songs and soul music that Kirkland was working on. They released two albums, Hang on in There (1972) and Doin' it Right (1973), following the style and social comment of artists like Marvin Gaye and Curtis Mayfield. In 1975, Kirland began issuing solo recordings under the name Bo Kirkand. Also a Bo, he recorded an album as a part of duo with Ruth Davis.

The reputation of the albums slowly grew and spread over the following years, culminating with reissues in the '90s by Luv N Haight.

In 2010, John Legend & The Roots released an album that includes a cover of one of Kirkland's songs, "Hang On In There."

Discography
Albums:
Hang on in There 1972, reissued 1999
Doin' it Right 1973, reissued 1999

Singles:
 "Victim of Circumstance", Mike & the Censations  1965 - Top 50 R&B
 "There is Nothing I Can Do About It", Mike & the Censations - Top 50 R&B
 "Together" / "The Prophet", Mike James Kirkland 1971

References

1949 births
Living people
American rhythm and blues singers
Revue Records artists

Mike James Kirkland


Austin Sean Healey (born 26 October 1973 in Wallasey (now part of Merseyside, formerly Cheshire), is a former English rugby union player who played as a utility back for Leicester Tigers, and represented both England and the British & Irish Lions.

He has 51 England caps and 2 Lions caps. He played for England at scrum half, fly-half, fullback and wing, and was often used as a replacement (or substitute) because of his versatility. He is a famously competitive and "outspoken" character, gaining the nickname "The Leicester Lip".

Since retiring he has worked in the media.

Early life and education

Austin attended Bidston Avenue Primary School in Claughton, Birkenhead, during his primary years.  He passed the entrance exam and attended St Anselm's College, Birkenhead (Edmund Rice Trust) then Leeds Polytechnic.

His Youth Rugby was with Birkenhead Park FC where he returned with His Big Tackle Programme in 2009 which featured Park's Junior Colts.

Rugby career

Early career
Healey played for England U21 in 1992 and went on to represent England A and the Barbarians '96 tour of Japan. After spells at Waterloo and Orrell, Healey initially signed for Leicester as a scrum half, having played at wing and outside centre for Orrell. He made his full England début against Ireland during the 1997 Five Nations tournament, and toured with the British Lions in 1997, making two appearances.

He has played in  Five/Six Nations tournaments ('98-'02) and in the 1999 World Cup. In the 1999/00 season he was voted both Leicester Tigers' and Allied Dunbar's Player of the Season.

Leicester coach Bob Dwyer switched him to the wing to accommodate Fijian Waisale Serevi at scrum half. Healey was then selected on the wing for England.

After an injury to Tigers' South African fly-half Joel Stransky, and the unsuitability of others such as Pat Howard and Andy Goode to fill the role, Healey was switched to fly-half. In this position, however, he was unable to make much of an international impression, his sole appearance at fly-half coming in the 2000 tour to South Africa in the first test, after Jonny Wilkinson fell victim to food poisoning.

In 2001 he made the break during the Heineken Cup final that resulted in the winning try - Healey had started the match at scrum half with Andy Goode at 10, but was switched to fly-half in the closing minutes. He also scored the second and decisive try against Munster when Tigers retained the cup the following year.

His form for Tigers during the 2001 season, was rewarded with a call up to England's starting line-up during the Six Nations, and selection for the British & Irish Lions squad to tour Australia, where he put in some good performances for the mid-week team but missed out on further caps due to injury.

However, for many people the abiding memory of this tour will be the controversy caused by his comments on Wallaby lock Justin Harrison in his column in the Guardian. The comments backfired after Harrison was selected to make his debut for the Third and deciding test of the series, and stole a crucial lineout - sealing the series victory for Australia. There was some suggestion that Healey's comments had served as motivation for the Wallabies team.

On his return from Australia he played in every game for England until he was rested for the summer 2002 tour to Argentina, showing his versatility by starting at fullback, scrum half, and wing and came on twice as a replacement.

He returned to international action appearing as a replacement in all three of the following season's autumn internationals when England recorded a series of victories over Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

Healey flew out to Australia as injury cover for the victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup, however he was never officially added to the squad after certain players recovered, meaning he was unable to pick up a medal for the success despite flying out to Australia.

2004/2005 season

In the 2004/05 season Healey hit form again, and with the failings of the England backline, there were calls for him to be reinstated to ignite it. England coach Andy Robinson humoured the press that there was a chance of a recall, but it never came. Instead Healey turned his attention to the 2005 Lions' tour. He was included in the long list, but not the tour party (having not played international rugby for 3 years). He wrote a column for the Guardian on the tour, which included the quote 'Have you heard the latest from the Lions' camp? Clive's sending Andy Robinson to a fancy dress party tonight. He's going as a pumpkin, they're hoping when it gets to midnight he'll turn into a real coach!'

2005/2006 season
Tigers finished top of the league. A notable performance for Healey was Away at Wasps, where he scored in the last minute to steal a draw. However, Wasps hammered Tigers in the final.
In the 05/06 season, Healey was handed club vice-captaincy and regularly captained the team from scrum half and fly half during the international period. He looked back to near his best form and pressed both Harry Ellis and Andy Goode out of their respective regular slots of 9 and 10 at different times throughout the season. Leicester made the premiership final again and were beaten by Sale Sharks, Healey claims to have thrown his silver medal away in disgust at the end of the game, claiming that he didn't do 'losers medals'.

Retirement
Following retirement from Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2005/6 season, Healey planned to start a new career as a banker with Credit Suisse and to also continue working as a BBC analyst.

Television appearances
Healey competed in the sixth series of the BBC competition series Strictly Come Dancing with professional dancer Erin Boag. He was eliminated in week 12 of the competition to come 4th overall.

He joined Gary Lineker on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Christmas Special, on 23 December 2008. Together they won £50,000 for their chosen charity - Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation.

Healey presented The Big Tackle on ITV in March 2009, aimed at promoting and assisting rugby clubs around the country. In January 2009, he obtained his basic coaching qualifications, in order to put him in a better position from which to advise clubs. During the filming, he returned to his roots and visited his former local club, Birkenhead Park. Some of the other teams that he coached on the series included; Bristol Barbarians, Witney Angels RFC, Rosslyn Park, and University of Sussex.

He competed on show one of the new series of Beat the Star in April 2009. He won 4/8 games, and ended up with 22 points overall, beating his opponent; Factory Manager, Glenn Clarke, who had 14 points overall.

Healey appeared as one of the team captains for the second series of Hole in the Wall along with ex-EastEnders star Joe Swash.

Austin is the host of the ITV gameshow The Fuse, which began on 13 July 2009.

He also appeared on BBC gameshow, Mastermind, on 4 January 2013. His specialist subject was Everton Football Club.

Autobiography
Healey's autobiography, Lions, Tigers and Roses, was published by Oxford University Press in 2001.

See also
 List of top English points scorers and try scorers

References

External links
Leicester profile
Lions profile
Sporting Heroes profile

BBC News Austin Healey retires
BBC News The world according to Healey
Bishop's Stortford Observer - National hero becomes a local hero

1973 births
Living people
Alumni of Leeds Beckett University
Birkenhead Park FC players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Leicester Tigers players
Orrell R.U.F.C. players
People educated at St. Anselm's College
Sportspeople from Wallasey
Rugby union players from Merseyside
Rugby union scrum-halves
Waterloo R.F.C. players
1999 Rugby World Cup players

Austin Healey


Prisoners is a 2013 American  thriller film directed by Denis Villeneuve and written by Aaron Guzikowski. The film has an ensemble cast including Hugh Jackman, Jake Gyllenhaal, Viola Davis, Maria Bello, Terrence Howard, Melissa Leo, and Paul Dano.

The film follows the abduction of two young girls in Pennsylvania and the subsequent search for the perpetrator by the police. After police arrest a young suspect and release him, the father of one of the daughters takes matters into his own hands. The film was a financial and critical success, grossing US$122 million worldwide. It was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2013, and at the 86th Academy Awards, Roger Deakins was nominated for Best Cinematography.

Plot

In Conyers, Pennsylvania, the Dover and Birch families celebrate Thanksgiving together. After dinner, the families' daughters Anna Dover and Joy Birch go missing after playing in a parked RV. Detective Loki responds to a police call about an RV matching the description and arrests the man inside, Alex Jones. During interrogation, Loki realizes Alex's diminished IQ prevents him from planning a kidnapping and learns that his RV contains no forensic evidence of the missing girls. Loki runs down leads on local pedophiles and finds a corpse in the house of Priest Patrick Dunn. Dunn admits to killing him after the man confessed to murdering sixteen children for his "war on God".

The police captain releases Alex to his aunt, Holly. Convinced of Alex's guilt, Keller Dover, the father of one of the missing girls, assaults him outside the police station, where Alex whispers to him, "They didn't cry 'til I left them." After Loki finds no proof of this, Keller kidnaps Alex, and begins to torture Alex for information about his daughter, in an empty building Keller owns.

At a vigil for the girls, Loki approaches a suspicious man who flees. Loki releases a sketch of him to the community. The suspect sneaks into the Birch and Dover houses. Grace, Keller's wife, hears him and calls Loki, who learns while responding that Keller spends his nights away from home. He tails Keller to the empty building, where Keller claims he goes to drink, but Loki doesn't find Alex. Loki tracks down the suspect, Bob Taylor, at his house. The walls are covered in maze drawings and Loki opens crates filled with snakes and bloody children's clothes. Loki shows Keller and the Birch parents photos of the bloody clothes, and they identify several as Joy's and Anna's. As Taylor draws detailed mazes, Loki assaults him and demands the location of the girls. Taylor grabs an officer's gun and kills himself.

Keller continues torturing Alex for the location of the girls, and Alex cryptically talks about escaping from a maze. Keller visits Holly, learning that Alex's stuttering comes from a childhood accident involving snakes her husband kept. While devoutly religious, Holly and her husband lost their faith after their son died of cancer, and they adopted Alex as a way to cope. Loki matches the maze pattern in Taylor's drawings to a necklace worn by the corpse in Dunn's house. At Taylor's house, Loki is informed that most of the bloody clothes are store-bought and soaked with pig blood. Below a window outside the Dover house, Loki finds Taylor's footprints and a sock matching Anna's, which Keller had earlier identified.

The drugged Anna and Joy attempt to escape, but only Joy gets away and is found and hospitalized. When Keller questions a woozy Joy, she remembers little, but tells him, "You were there." He immediately rushes out. Loki gives chase and arrives at Keller's building expecting to find him, but instead finds Alex. Keller goes to Holly's to find Anna. They talk for a while and then Holly pulls a gun. She explains that before her husband disappeared, they abducted children as part of their war on God to avenge their son's death, and to create demons out of the traumatized parents. Alex was their first abduction, Taylor was their second. Holly imprisons Keller in a hidden pit in her yard, where he finds his daughter's whistle.

Loki enters Holly's house to inform her that Alex has been found, but instead finds a photo of her late husband wearing the maze necklace. Realizing that Holly is the kidnapper, he searches and finds her giving Anna an injection. In a shootout, Loki kills Holly but is grazed in the head. He rushes Anna to the hospital while fighting unconsciousness.

A recuperating Anna and Joy visit a bandaged Loki in his hospital room to thank him. Later, Loki wanders the crime scene at Holly's house, when he faintly hears a whistle blowing.

Cast

 Hugh Jackman as Keller Dover
 Jake Gyllenhaal as Detective Loki
 Viola Davis as Nancy Birch
 Maria Bello as Grace Dover
 Terrence Howard as Franklin Birch
 Melissa Leo as Holly Jones
 Paul Dano as Alex Jones
 Dennis Christopher as Mr. Jones
 Dylan Minnette as Ralph Dover
 David Dastmalchian as Bob Taylor
Brad James as Officer Carter
 Zoë Soul as Eliza Birch
 Erin Gerasimovich as Anna Dover
 Kyla-Drew Simmons as Joy Birch
 Wayne Duvall as Captain Richard O'Malley
 Len Cariou as Father Patrick Dunn
 Jeff Pope as Elliot Milland
 Gavin Octavien as Prison Guard

Production
Aaron Guzikowski wrote the script for the 2009 Annual Black List, and based on a short story he wrote, involving "a father whose kid was struck by a hit-and-run driver and then puts this guy in a well in his backyard". That short story was partially inspired by Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart".

After he wrote the spec, many actors and directors entered and exited the project, including actors Christian Bale and Leonardo DiCaprio and directors Antoine Fuqua and Bryan Singer.

Ultimately Guzikowski would credit producer Mark Wahlberg for getting the project on its feet, stating, "He was totally pivotal in getting the film made. That endorsement helped it get around." Principal photography began in Georgia in February 2013.

Release

MPAA rating
Prisoners premiered at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival and was released theatrically in Canada and the United States on September 20, 2013. It was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA "for substantial disturbing violent content and explicit images"; after being edited, it was re-rated R "for disturbing violent content including torture, and language throughout".

Box office
Prisoners opened in North America on September 20, 2013, in 3,260 theaters and grossed $20,817,053 in its opening weekend, averaging $6,386 per theater and ranking #1 at the box office. After 77 days in theaters, the film ended up earning $61,002,302 domestically and $61,124,385 internationally, earning a worldwide gross of $122,126,687, above its production budget of $46 million.

Reception

Critical response
On review aggregator web site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 253 reviews, with a rating average of 7.30/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Prisoners has an emotional complexity and a sense of dread that makes for absorbing (and disturbing) viewing." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Christopher Orr of The Atlantic wrote: "Ethical exploration or exploitation? In the end, I come down reservedly on the former side: the work done here by Jackman, Gyllenhaal, and especially Villeneuve is simply too powerful to ignore." Ed Gibbs of The Sun Herald wrote: "Not since Erskineville Kings, in 1999, has Hugh Jackman appeared so emotionally exposed on screen. It is an exceptional, Oscar-worthy performance." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that Gyllenhaal was "exceptional" and that "Villeneuve takes his unflashy time building character and revealing troubled psyches in the most unlikely of places."

The film was a second runner-up for the BlackBerry People's Choice Award at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, behind Philomena and 12 Years a Slave. Gyllenhaal received the Best Supporting Actor of the Year Award at the 2013 Hollywood Film Festival for his "truly compelling, subtly layered" performance as Detective Loki.

Not all reviews were positive, however. Writing in The New Republic, David Thomson declared that the film was "weary after ten minutes" and furthermore "hideous, cruel, degrading, depressing, relentless, prolonged, humorless, claustrophobic, and a mockery of any surviving tradition in which films are entertaining". A mixed review came from Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com, who gave the film 2.5 stars out of a possible 4. She wrote that Jackman's performance grew "monotonous" and that the film sometimes verged on pretentiousness, but was redeemed by a few excellent suspense sequences and Gyllenhaal's performance, whose "subtlety is welcome considering all the teeth gnashing going on in other performances".

Audiences
Audiences polled by CinemaScore initially gave the film a grade "B+" on an A+ to F scale, but Warner Bros asked for a recount by the service and later said the film received a grade "A−".

Top ten lists

Prisoners was listed on various critics' top ten lists.
 1st – Nigel M. Smith, Indiewire
 2nd – Rex Reed, The New York Observer
 5th – Justin Robar, BridgewatersFinest
 6th – Kyle Smith, New York Post
 7th – James Berardinelli, Reelviews
 7th – Barbara Vancheri, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
 9th – Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly
 Top 10 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) –  Calvin Wilson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Accolades

Soundtrack
The Prisoners soundtrack, composed by Jóhann Jóhannsson, was released on September 20, 2013.

See also
 The Secret in Their Eyes (2009), an Argentine-Spanish film which includes a theme of suspect kidnapping

References

External links

2010s American films
2010s English-language films
2010s vigilante films
2013 films
2013 crime drama films
2013 crime thriller films
2013 psychological thriller films
Alcon Entertainment films
American crime drama films
American crime thriller films
American films about revenge
American psychological thriller films
American vigilante films
Films about child abduction in the United States
Films about father–son relationships
Films about missing people
Films directed by Denis Villeneuve
Films scored by Jóhann Jóhannsson
Films set in 2013
Films set in Pennsylvania
Films shot in Atlanta
Lionsgate films
Summit Entertainment films
Warner Bros. films

Prisoners (2013 film)


Saad Eddin Ibrahim (, ) (31 December 1938 – 29 September 2023) was an Egyptian sociologist and author. He was one of Egypt's leading human rights and democracy activists and a strong critic of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Biography
Born in Bedeen, Mansoura, Egypt, Ibrahim was credited with playing a leading role in the revival of Egypt's contemporary research-based civil society movement. For most of his professional career, Ibrahim was a professor in the American University in Cairo's (AUC) Department of Sociology, having previously taught sociology at Indiana's DePauw University from 1967 to 1974. He was a visiting professor at UCLA in Los Angeles in the spring of 1979, and on leave from AUC to serve as Secretary General of the Arab Thought Forum, chaired by Crown Prince Hassan of Jordan from 1984 to 1989. He founded both the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies in Cairo and the Arab Organization for Human Rights. He was married to Barbara Ibrahim, the director of the Gerhart Center for Civic Engagement and Philanthropy in Cairo; they have two children, Randa and Amir Ibrahim, and four grandchildren, Lara and Seif (through Randa) and Adam and Gebriel (through Amir).

Well before his confrontations with the Egyptian government in the early 2000s, Ibrahim had become a controversial figure in Egypt. He reversed his earlier criticism of Anwar Sadat for his peace initiative with Israel. He gained the respect of Egypt's human rights and civil society community for championing different causes, including Copts, Bahá'ís. and other minorities at a time of rising sectarian tensions.

Ibrahim was arrested, imprisoned and prosecuted in 2000 for using European Union funds for election monitoring, and for allegedly defaming Egypt's image abroad. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. His defence team countered that the real motive behind the government's prosecution of Ibrahim and his assistants was his outspoken criticism of President Hosni Mubarak and his administration. He was tried twice on the same charges in State Security Courts, winning each time on appeal. During a third trial before the highest civil court in 2003, he was cleared of all charges and released, but not before a storm of international protest had put the Mubarak regime on the defensive.
The High Court ruling was 35 pages long and makes for important reading. It stated that as a public intellectual, Ibrahim's writing and other civic activities were protected. It also ruled that the executive branch of Egypt's government had overstepped its bounds in repeatedly prosecuting the case.
As an independent-minded intellectual, Ibrahim has supported fair elections when they were viewed as incompatible with Egyptian politics, promoted international democratic alliances, and accepted NGO funding from any source that shares peaceful and democratic values, including those in the US. He was attacked in the official press for calling on the U.S. Congress to condition its military aid to Egypt on improvements in the country's human rights record and the freeing of political prisoners.

In 2006 Ibrahim was awarded the Ion Ratiu Democracy Lecture Prize at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he previously had been a public policy scholar. He has won over 20 other international and regional awards for his scholarly and human rights work.

In 2007 Ibrahim went into voluntary exile when he learned of Mubarak's renewed fury over organizing a regional Conference on Arab Democracy in Qatar, and for speaking briefly about Egypt to President George Bush when both addressed a conference of global Freedom Fighters organized in Prague by Vaclav Havel. He lived and taught abroad from 2007 until Mubarak's fall from power in February 2011. In exile, Ibrahim was invited to teach graduate courses for two semesters at Istanbul Culture University, then in 2008-2009 he was a visiting professor at Indiana Law School and then a visiting scholar at Harvard University, Center for Middle East Studies. Drew University hosted him as Visiting Wallerstien Scholar at the Center on Religion, Culture and Conflict from 2009 to 2011.

While living in exile he retired from 34 years on the Sociology faculty at American University in Cairo and was made Emeritus Professor. He continued to write a widely syndicated weekly column for El Masry el Youm newspaper and to host a weekly open seminar in Cairo at the Ibn Khaldun Center for Development Studies (IKDS).

Saad Eddin Ibrahim died on 29 September 2023, at the age of 84.

Sentence
On 2 August 2008, an Egyptian court sentenced Ibrahim to two years of prison for 'defaming Egypt'. He was granted a bail of £E10,000 (US$1,890) and his lawyer expressed his will to appeal. He was reportedly living in exile outside of Egypt, to avoid probable arrest upon his return.

Sources close to Ibrahim reported a further 17 court cases were filed against him in 2008 and therefore he faced certain arrest if he returned to Egypt. On Wednesday, 5 August 2010, Ibrahim  returned to Cairo for a visit with his family. He was allowed to enter and leave, while many of the spurious court cases against him had been dismissed in court. He returned permanently to Cairo on 12 February 2011, within hours of Mubarak's departure from office and to celebrate the short-lived fruits of the 25 January revolution.

See also

 Asmaa Mahfouz
 Kefaya
 Ayman Nour - an Egyptian opposition leader, founder of the Tomorrow Party
 Nonviolent resistance
 2011 Egyptian Revolution
 April 6 Youth Movement

References

External links
 UNESCO profile
 Democracy Now! program 20-minute broadcast interview by Amy Goodman; audio and video files plus print transcript (October 2007).
 "Campaign Against Torture"
 The Prospect for Democracy in the Middle East A Conversation with Saad Eddin Ibrahim
 [ Long interview of Ibrahim] by Professor Alan Johnson of Edge Hill University conducted in February 2007

 Drew Magazine profile of Saad Eddin Ibrahim
 Drew University Center on Religion, Culture & Conflict
 Receives Honorary Doctoral Degree from DePauw University; May 23, 2004
 Saad Eddin Ibrahim  Freedom Collection interview

1938 births
2023 deaths
DePauw University faculty
Egyptian democracy activists
Egyptian dissidents
Egyptian human rights activists
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
Academic staff of The American University in Cairo
Indiana University faculty
Harvard University staff
Free speech activists
Egyptian writers
Egyptian sociologists
Egypt
Egyptian revolutionaries
2011 in Egypt
2011 riots
Politics of Egypt
People from Dakahlia Governorate

Saad Eddin Ibrahim