Baumkuchen () is a kind of spit cake from German cuisine. It is also a popular dessert in Japan. The characteristic rings that appear in its slices resemble tree rings, and give the cake its German name, Baumkuchen, which literally translates to "tree cake" or "log cake".

History
It is disputed who made the first Baumkuchen and where it was first baked. One theory is that it was invented in the German town of Salzwedel, which is further popularized by the town itself. Another theory suggests it began as a Hungarian wedding cake. In Ein neues Kochbuch (lit. "A New Cookbook"), the first cookbook written for professional chefs by Marx Rumpolt, there is a recipe for Baumkuchen. This publication puts the origin of Baumkuchen as far back at 1581, the year the cookbook was first published. Marx Rumpolt had previously worked as a chef in Hungary and Bohemia.

Characteristics

Traditionally, Baumkuchen is made on a spit by brushing on even layers of batter and then rotating the spit around a heat source. Each layer is allowed to brown before a new layer of batter is poured. When the cake is removed and sliced, each layer is divided from the next by a golden line, resembling the growth rings on a crosscut tree. A typical Baumkuchen is made up of 15 to 20 layers of batter. However, the layering process for making Baumkuchen can continue until the cakes are quite large. Skilled pastry chefs have been known to create cakes with 25 layers and weighing over .  When cooked on a spit, it is not uncommon for a finished Baumkuchen to be  tall.

Baumkuchen ingredients are typically butter, eggs, sugar, vanilla, salt, and flour. Baking powder is not considered a traditional ingredient. The ratio of flour, butter and eggs is typically 1:1:2 respectively (i.e., 100 grams of flour, 100 grams of butter and 200 grams of eggs). The recipe can be varied by adding other ingredients, such as ground nuts, honey, marzipan, nougat and rum or brandy, to the batter or filling. Additionally, Baumkuchen may be covered with sugar or chocolate glaze. With some recipes, the fully baked and cooled Baumkuchen is first coated with marmalade or jam, and then covered with chocolate.

Variations

Baumkuchenspitzen, German for "Tree Cake Points," are miniature versions of Baumkuchen; for these, the slices of the whole cake are cut into small pieces that are then typically coated in chocolate and packaged.

A simpler horizontally layered version of the cake called a "Schichttorte" also exists. It is baked without a spit and thus does not have circular rings but horizontal layers. The horizontally layered version results in a Baumkuchen that is more similar in shape to conventional cakes. It can also be baked in a conventional household oven that has a broiler inside, whereas the traditional spit version requires special equipment normally not available in an average household. However, unlike with the spit variant, the Schichttorte cross section is less reminiscent of tree rings.

Baumkuchen in Japan
Baumkuchen is one of the most popular pastries in Japan, where it is called . It is a popular return present in Japan for wedding guests because of its ring shape.

It was first introduced to Japan by the German Karl Joseph Wilhelm Juchheim. Juchheim was in the Chinese city of Qingdao during World War I, and when the war ended, the Japanese Army began invading China and moved him and his wife to Japan. Juchheim started making and selling the traditional confection at a German exhibition in Hiroshima in 1919. He might have baked Japan's first Baumkuchen before the exhibition on Ninoshima. Continued success allowed him to move to Yokohama and open a bakery-store, but it was destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, thus forcing him to move his operations to Kobe, where he stayed until the end of World War II. Some years later, his wife returned to help a Japanese company open a chain of bakeries under the Juchheim name that further helped spread Baumkuchen's popularity in Japan and is still in operation.

See also

 Layer cake

References

Japanese desserts and sweets
German cakes
Spit cakes

fr:Gâteau à la broche

Baumkuchen


Kaattu Kallan is a 1981 Indian Malayalam-language detective thriller film, directed by P. Chandrakumar and produced by T. K. Balachandran. The film stars Prem Nazir, Sukumaran, Seema and Jagathy Sreekumar in the lead roles. The film has a musical score by A. T. Ummer.

Cast

Prem Nazir as Balaram
Sukumaran as Ravindran
Seema as Vanaja & Jalaja
Jagathy Sreekumar as Mallan
V. T. Aravindakshamenon
Paulson
Prathapachandran as Eshwara Pillai
Achankunju as Sundaram
Ambalathara Mani
Dhanya
Harippad Soman
Kanakadurga
Laxmi
Poojappura Ravi as Kittunni Pillai
Ragini
Thuravur Chandran
Vanchiyoor Madhavan Nair
Vembayam Thampi

Plot

Balaram is an efficient police officer. He is assigned by his senior official to stop smuggling of valuable forest goods by a gang led by "Kaatukallan". Disguised as tourists coming for a leisure trip, Balram with two helpers reach the place. While searching for shelter, they find a hut where an old man stays with his young daughter. Balram stays there. During the night the daughter is dragged by a few gangsters, and Balram rescues her. However her father is shot dead in front of Balram. Balram reports the matter to police. Unfortunately police were not able to trace the corpse of the dead man and the daughter went missing. Balram continues his search for Kaatukallan, and he is informed that a youth named Ravindran is the Kaatukallan.

On the other side, Ravindran is in love with his customary bride Jajaja, who is the daughter of Eshwara Pillai, his guardian. Eshwara Pillai owns an estate in the middle of the forest. His wife is in mentally disturbed state. Ravindran visits Balaram to warn about Kaatukallan. Balaram's senior official calls and warns him as again goods were stolen from the forest, and that he will be forced to call him back. However Balaram assures that he is about to capture Kaatukallan. Balaram warns Eshwara Pillai about the mischief of his step-son Ravindran. Balaram also finds Eshwara Pillai's second daughter Vanaja under mysterious circumstances.

Vanaja is brutally beaten up by Eashwara Pilai. Balaram finds his driver in a beaten up state and then came to know that he is a spy of Kaatukallan. Vanaja is rescued by someone and dropped at Balarams house. Balaram offers shelter for her. On enquiring, Vanaja reveals how Eashwara Pillai, the then sub-ordinate of her father, who was an efficient police officer, had killed her father.

Vanaja is then taken by police as Easwara Pillai had lodged a missing case. Later Balaram come to know that it was fake police who had taken Vanaja, and follows them. He ultimately rescues Vanaja, however she is then shot. Raveendran then reveals himself as an official who was assigned to keep a watch on Balaram's activities. Eashwara Pillai is also revealed as assistant of Kaatukallan. The senior official of Balaram is revealed as Kaatukallan.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by A. T. Ummer and the lyrics were written by Mankombu Gopalakrishnan.

References

External links

1981 films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Films directed by P. Chandrakumar

Kaattu Kallan


An ancient underground quarry in the Jordan Valley was discovered in 2009 by University of Haifa archeologists. The quarry is located about 3 miles (5 km) north of Jericho, West Bank.

Description
The cave is located in the desert north of Jericho, 10 metres (40 ft) beneath the surface. It spans more than 1-acre (0.4-hectare) and its main hall is supported by 22 pillars. Various symbols, including Byzantine crosses, a zodiac-like symbol and Roman numerals are engraved upon the pillars. An etched Roman legion's pennant indicates that it was used by the Roman Army. The cave was dug around 2,000 years ago and served as a large quarry during the Roman era. The chamber's run as a quarry likely lasted approximately 400 to 500 years. It may subsequently have been used as a monastery and some believe it may have marked a biblical site which became sacred to ancient Christians. Others, while admitting the possibility that the cave could have been associated with monastic activity, claimed that the etched crosses alone cannot confirm the existence of a church, since they may have been made by random pilgrims which was a common phenomenon at the time.

Adam Zertal, who led the expedition, contends that the spot may mark the ancient site named Galgala. Referring to the Byzantine era Madaba map, he notes a site called Galgala is depicted next to an inscription that reads "Dodekaliton", which translates as "Twelve Stones". The place is marked at a distance from Jericho that matches the cave's distance from the city. The map shows a church next to Dodekaliton and today the remains of two ancient churches are located near the cave. Zertal suggests that the meaning of "Twelve Stones" relates to the biblical verses that describe the twelve stones that the Children of Israel placed in Gilgal and may be understood as a reference to the quarry that was dug in the place the Byzantines identified as Gilgal.

References

External links

Photographs
Underground Christian Cave From 1st Century A.D. Exposed Near Jericho

Media
'Largest' Holy Land cave found

Archaeological sites in the West Bank
Caves of the State of Palestine
Jordan River basin

Ancient underground quarry, Jordan Valley


Bonneval Abbey () was founded as a monastery of Cistercian monks in Le Cayrol, in the department of Aveyron, in the south of France. It is now inhabited by Trappistine nuns.

History
Bonneval Abbey was founded in 1147 by Cistercian monks from Mazan Abbey, in Rouergue. Its name means "good valley", a typical Cistercian name. Bonneval quickly became a rich and powerful abbey, owning extensive estates throughout the country.

In the mid-14th century it suffered from the Black Death and underwent much damage and loss during the Hundred Years' War, as the Rouergue was given to the English in 1360 by the Treaty of Brétigny. Towns and abbeys were looted, and Bonneval, although fortified, was unable to keep out the English troops and the bands of marauding French bandits.

A long period of decadence followed. Nevertheless, Bonneval was chosen in the 17th century to educate novices from every Cistercian abbey in southwest France. During the French Revolution, in 1791, the 13 remaining monks had to leave. The abbey and its goods were sold off, and the buildings subsequently quarried for stone.

Today
In 1875, Trappist nuns came to rebuild the abbey. They also opened a chocolate factory, and installed a turbine on the river to produce electricity. In 1902, they founded what is now known as Bon-Conseil Abbey, in Quebec, Canada.

Today, the community at Bonneval consists of 30 nuns, aged from 29 to 98. They still produce a well-known chocolate, but above all they endeavour to fulfill their vocation of prayer.

Notes

Sources/ External links

 Bonneval Abbey website
Abbayes en France: Bonneval
Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance official website (Trappists)
Main Reference: Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Bonneval, P.-A. Verlaguet ed., Rodez, Carrère, 1938.

1147 establishments in Europe
1140s establishments in France
1875 establishments in France
1791 disestablishments in France
Trappistine monasteries in France
Cistercian monasteries in France
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
19th-century Christian monasteries
Catholic Church in France
Monasteries destroyed during the French Revolution
Buildings and structures in Aveyron
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France

Bonneval Abbey (Aveyron)


Juan de Mena is a district of Cordillera Department in Paraguay. It is named after the Spanish Renaissance poet Juan de Mena, and is located 88 metres above sea level, surrounded by the lowlands of the Rivers Manduvira, Yhaguy, and Hondo.  General Lino Cesar Oviedo, military and politician, was born in this district.

Populated places in the Cordillera Department

Juan de Mena, Paraguay


Rudolf Wels (28 April 1882, in Osek near Rokycany, western Bohemia – 8 March 1944, in KZ Auschwitz) was a Czech architect active in western Bohemia and in Prague.

Rudolf Wels worked in the Karlovy Vary Region and also Prague. He designed glass for the Moser company and a designed film sets (including for the film Workers, Let's Go).
Wels was one of the most outstanding inter-war architects in Czechoslovakia. He studied at the Vienna Academy with Friedrich Ohmann. In Vienna he also attended courses given by Adolf Loos, who was to have a crucial influence on his future creative activity. From the early 1920s, Rudolf Wels worked in Karlovy Vary, where, in the period 1921-1922 he worked for the celebrated glass manufacturer Moser, refurbishing existing buildings and designing new ones. He also designed several sets of glasses for that company, as well as artistically-decorated vases, which received awards at the International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts held in Paris in 1925.

In 1923 he designed the Miners' Building at Falkenau (now Sokolov), where, a year later he was responsible for the design of two schools and other buildings. Among his many projects in Karlovy Vary, the most successful are the Health Insurance Building (now Polyclinic) on Náměstí Milady Horáková, the Bellevue spa hotel and the (now demolished) 6th Spa Pavilion. In the 1930s Rudolf Wels moved to Prague, where he opened a design studio jointly with the architect Guido Lagus. In 1934 Wels and Lagus were responsible for the art direction of four feature films, and in the subsequent years they designed a number of luxury apartment buildings.

In 1939, Rudolf Wels transcribed the memoirs of his father Šimon (né Wedeles) and added an afterword. The manuscript was published fifty years later as "U Bernátů"(At the Bernards').

In 1942, Rudolf Wels was interned with his wife Ida and son Martin at Terezín, from where they were sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp the following year. All three died when 7000 remaining inmates of the "family camp" were killed in the gas chambers in July 1944.

External links

 http://www.zapad.cz/fotos/2006/09/2734b_medium.jpg  - plaque from Rudolf Wels

1882 births
1944 deaths
20th-century Czech people
20th-century Czech architects
Czech Jews
Czech expatriates in Austria
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
Czech people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp
People from Rokycany District
Czechoslovak civilians killed in World War II

Rudolf Wels


Elizabeth I is a two-part 2005 British-American historical drama television serial directed by Tom Hooper, written by Nigel Williams, and starring Helen Mirren as Elizabeth I of England. The drama covers approximately the last 24 years of her nearly 45-year reign.  Part 1 focuses on the final years of her relationship with the Earl of Leicester, played by Jeremy Irons.  Part 2 focuses on her subsequent relationship with the Earl of Essex, played by Hugh Dancy.

The series originally was broadcast in the United Kingdom in two two-hour segments on Channel 4. It later aired on HBO in the United States, CBC and TMN in Canada, ATV in Hong Kong, ABC in Australia, and TVNZ Television One in New Zealand.

The series went on to win Emmy, Peabody, and Golden Globe Awards.

Plot

Part 1
In 1579, Elizabeth I refuses to marry. Her chief advisor, Lord Burghley, and her spymaster, Francis Walsingham, plan to have her wed the Duke of Anjou in order to cement an English-French alliance against Spain while her favourite, the Earl of Leicester, opposes the plan due to his own long-standing affections for her. Upon arriving in England, the Duke meets and courts Elizabeth, gaining her favour. She angrily banishes Leicester from court when she learns he is married and decides not to marry the Duke due to negative popular opinion towards the match.

Seven years later, Elizabeth welcomes Leicester back. Walsingham gathers evidence to prove that Elizabeth's Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots is plotting to have her killed. Elizabeth is reluctant to have Mary executed because of the war it might ignite between England and Spain. During a secret meeting at her prison, Mary gives Elizabeth her word that she does not want her dead. Elizabeth hesitantly gives Leicester command of the English campaign to assist the Dutch against Spain, which fails, giving Spain control of Holland.  Once it is proven that Mary has in fact been conspiring against Elizabeth's life, Mary is judged guilty of treason and executed.

After negotiations between England and Spain fail, a fleet of Spanish ships are sent for England.  Elizabeth gives Leicester command of the land forces and rides with him and his stepson the Earl of Essex to Tilbury, where they expect the Spanish to attempt a landing and where Elizabeth delivers a speech to the troops.  The Spanish Armada is ultimately defeated, but Leicester falls gravely ill just as they learn of the English victory.  Later, on his deathbed, Leicester bids Essex to take care of Elizabeth.

Part 2
By 1589, Elizabeth has made a favourite of Essex and falls in love with him.  She is openly outraged when he takes part in an English military expedition to Lisbon against her wishes, but she forgives him in spite of his failure to take the city from the Spanish.  She grants him 10 percent of a tax on sweet wines and a seat on the Privy Council, of which Lord Burghley's son Robert Cecil was also recently made a member.  Essex and Cecil develop a rivalry, as illustrated by the affair of Elizabeth's physician Dr. Lopez, who is hanged based on evidence brought forth by Essex of his participation in a Spanish plot against Elizabeth, evidence proven questionable after the fact by Cecil.

Essex's political ambitions begin to clash with his devotion and loyalty to Elizabeth.  As Elizabeth finds her young lover's behavior becoming increasingly worrisome, she draws closer to Cecil, who is named Secretary of State following the death of Walsingham.  Essex is publicly hailed upon his return to England after taking Cadiz from the Spanish, but his relationship with Elizabeth begins to deteriorate.  She and Cecil suspect Essex of secretly communicating with James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, a potential successor to the English throne.  After Burghley's death, Elizabeth sends Essex to Ireland to put down a rebellion but he instead makes a truce and returns to England alone.  Elizabeth puts Essex under house arrest.

Essex and his followers fail to start a rebellion in London and are captured.  At his trial, Essex accuses Cecil of collaborating with Spain but has no evidence to prove this, and he is found guilty of treason and beheaded.  Some time later, Elizabeth becomes listless, going for three weeks without eating before making her way to her bed and requesting a priest, saying she is minded to die.

Cast
Eight actors receive billing in the opening credits of one or both parts of Elizabeth I:
 Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth I
 Jeremy Irons as Earl of Leicester
 Hugh Dancy as Earl of Essex
 Toby Jones as  Robert Cecil
 Patrick Malahide as Sir Francis Walsingham
 Ian McDiarmid as Lord Burghley
 Barbara Flynn as Mary, Queen of Scots
 Ewen Bremner as King James VI

The full cast of characters of each part is listed in the closing credits of each part.  Apart from those receiving star billing, those in Part 1 include:

 Jérémie Covillault as Duke of Anjou
 Simon Woods as Gifford
 Diana Kent as Lady Essex
 Toby Salaman as Dr Lopez
 Geoffrey Streatfeild as Sir Anthony Babington
 David Delve as Sir Francis Drake
 Martin Marquez as Don Bernardino de Mendoza
 Rimantas Bagdzevicius as Howard of Effingham

Apart from those receiving star billing and Salaman as Dr Lopez, those in Part 2 include:

 Will Keen as Francis Bacon
 Eddie Redmayne as Southampton
 Ben Pullen as Sir Walter Raleigh
 Charlotte Asprey as Frances Walsingham

Production
According to director Tom Hooper, Mirren "came onboard before the script was written because the feeling was that it was only worth doing if she would play it."   Hooper and Mirren had previously worked together on the police procedural drama Prime Suspect 6 (2003).  The project on Elizabeth I was originally going to be two hours and focus on her relationship with the Earl of Essex, but Mirren "felt that there should be more politics" according to writer Nigel Williams.  The series was filmed in Vilnius, Lithuania, where the massive sets were constructed inside a sports arena that was abandoned in the 1970s.   The Whitehall Palace set was constructed to scale from original plans.

Reception

Critical response
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Elizabeth I received an average score of 81% based on 21 reviews.

David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that Mirren's performance "is powerful enough to shatter your television screen, not to mention any notion you might have had that if you've seen one Elizabeth—Bette Davis, Glenda Jackson or Cate Blanchett, for example—you've seen them all."  He added that Irons, who he felt "has sometimes settled into craggy self-parody in lesser films [...] invests Leicester with as much depth and complexity as he can, and he is every bit Mirren's equal onscreen."

Brian Lowry of Variety felt that the second part was better than the first, praised Mirren's performance and wrote that "[director] Tom Hooper, who previously directed Mirren in Prime Suspect 6, indulges [writer Nigel] Williams' penchant for long, theatrical monologues, which require a little getting used to in the slow early going. Gradually, however, as with the best British costume drama, the narrative becomes absorbing."

Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times wrote that Mirren is "one of the few actresses working today who can actually convincingly play a historical figure in her 40s" and that Elizabeth I was more historically accurate than Elizabeth (1998), though she felt that "[the miniseries'] interpretation, like so many others, wallows in the painful self-pity of a powerful, aging woman who craves true love".  While the miniseries is visually "no match for the 1998 movie" to Stanley, she concludes that Elizabeth I offers "a richly drawn portrait of a powerful woman who is both ruthless and sentimental, formidable and mercurial, vain and likable."

Accolades

References

External links

 HBO Films: Elizabeth I

2005 American television series debuts
2005 British television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2005 British television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2000s American television miniseries
2000s British drama television series
2000s British television miniseries
American biographical series
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners
Channel 4 television dramas
Films set in 16th-century Tudor England
Films about Elizabeth I
Films about Mary, Queen of Scots
Cultural depictions of James VI and I
Cultural depictions of Francis Drake
Cultural depictions of Walter Raleigh
Francis Bacon
English-language television shows
British films based on actual events
Films shot in Lithuania
HBO original programming
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries winners
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television series by All3Media
Television series set in 16th-century Tudor England
Works by Tom Hooper
American films based on actual events

Elizabeth I (2005 TV series)


Gray Gordon, born Jerome Rohkar (May 4, 1904, Freeport, Illinois – July 18, 1976, New York City) was an American saxophonist and big band leader active in the 1930s and 1940s.

Gordon first led a band called the Pretzel Five when he was still in high school. He moved to Chicago in the mid-1920s, where he played with the Seattle Harmony Kings and Elmo Mack's Purple Derby Orchestra. He led a band which played the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago. In 1936 he relocated to New York City, where he founded his first professional band, taking the stage name Gray Gordon during a touring engagement at the Hotel Chase in St. Louis.

Gordon called his band the Tic Toc Rhythm, based on the distinct clock-like rhythmic figure played on temple blocks by his percussionist Frank Adams. This was often accompanied by a trombone figuration prior to the beginning of songs, which helped identify the band to listeners during radio performances. For several years from 1939, he held a six-month engagement at the Hotel Edison in New York, whose performances were broadcast nightly on radio, and toured the other half of the year. His group started as a smaller ensemble – three brass instruments, three saxophones, and three rhythm instruments – but in 1940 he expanded it to twelve musicians or more, plus vocalists. He recorded several times for Bluebird and Victor during the period 1940–41; he also recorded four sound films in 1941 playing swing jazz. One of his signature songs, "I Am an American", was a popular tune at war bond rallies during World War II. He married dancer Noel Carter in 1941; they divorced in 1949.

Gordon dissolved his band in 1945 and later worked in artist and repertory in the music business, including for Les Paul, Mary Ford, and King Guion. He also worked in public relations for hotels in Miami. He was living in New York City in 1976 when he died of cancer at St. Luke's Hospital. He is buried at Oakland Cemetery in his home town of Freeport.

References

1904 births
1976 deaths
American bandleaders
Musicians from Illinois
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

Gray Gordon


Southwestern Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It covers from the Bruce Peninsula in the north to Lake Erie in the south. From east to west, it goes from Guelph to Windsor. London is the largest city in the region.

In 2011 the population of the region was 2,504,878. Agriculture and auto manufacturing are a large parts of the region's economy. Much of Canada's trade with the eastern and midwestern United States passes through southwestern Ontario.

Regions of Ontario

Southwestern Ontario


John Frith (b. c. 1760 – fl. 1791) was an Englishman who believed himself to be St Paul.

On 21 January 1790, Frith threw a stone at King George III's coach as it travelled to the State Opening of Parliament. As in an earlier case of assault against the King, that of Margaret Nicholson, Frith had sent multiple petitions to Parliament regarding his constitutional rights. He believed that he had been illegally deprived of his livelihood as a lieutenant in the army after he had been forcibly retired by Jeffrey Amherst, who had "fabricated evidence of insanity against him". Frith claimed that Amherst had sent "supernatural agents" to whisper in his ear. As his petitions were ignored, Frith may have lobbed the stone in an attempt to gain the attention that he felt he deserved.

During questioning, Frith denied wanting to harm the King, and claimed he was trying to draw attention to his cause. However, he also claimed that people saw him as a messiah, and that when the moon was in the south its effects were so strong that he was unable to sleep near heavy buildings. He was arraigned at Newgate Prison, but after attempting to explain that his "Christ-like powers" had helped him to defeat the voices in his ear, he was declared unfit to plead by reason of insanity. He was discharged on the condition that he be committed to an asylum, but he remained at Newgate suffering occasional "fits of rage" until December 1791, when he was moved to Bethlem Royal Hospital.

As in the earlier Nicholson case, the King was portrayed as treating an insane person accused of a crime with forgiveness and forbearance.

References

George III of the United Kingdom
People acquitted by reason of insanity
Failed regicides

John Frith (assailant)


Nino Pio Ricci (born 1959) is a Canadian novelist who lives in Toronto, Ontario. He was born in Leamington, Ontario to Italian immigrants, Virginio and Amelia Ricci, from the province of Isernia, Molise.

Ricci received a B.A. in English literature from York University, Toronto in 1981 and a Master's in Creative Writing from Concordia University, Montreal in 1987. Ricci has travelled in Europe and Africa, where, in Nigeria, he taught English literature and language in a high school for two years.

Ricci's first novel Lives of the Saints was a critical and commercial success.  It won the Books in Canada First Novel Award, the 1990 Governor General's Award for Fiction and a Betty Trask Award. It forms a trilogy with Ricci's next two novels, In a Glass House (1993) and Where She Has Gone (1997).

Ricci served as one of the directors of PEN Canada from 1990 to 1996, and as president during 1995–96. He was the writer-in-residence at the University of Windsor for the 2005–06 academic year.

Awards and nominations
1990 Governor General's Award for Fiction for Lives of the Saints
1990 Books in Canada First Novel Award for Lives of the Saints
1997 Giller Prize (shortlist for Where She Has Gone)
2002 Trillium Book Award (co-winner for Testament)
2006 Alistair MacLeod Award for Literary Achievement
2008 Giller Prize (longlist for The Origin of Species)
2008 Governor General's Award for Fiction for The Origin of Species
2011 Member of the Order of Canada

Works

Novels
Lives of the Saints (1990) (inspiration for a  TV miniseries directed by Jerry Ciccoritti)
In a Glass House (1993)
Where She Has Gone (1997)
Testament (2002)
The Origin of Species (2008)
Sleep (2015)

Non-Fiction
Roots and Frontiers (essays and memoir) (2003)
Pierre Elliott Trudeau (biography) (2009)

References

External links
Official Web site

1959 births
Canadian male novelists
Canadian people of Italian descent
Living people
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Leamington, Ontario
Writers from Ontario
York University alumni
Concordia University alumni
Amazon.ca First Novel Award winners

Nino Ricci


Moore Township is a township in Stevens County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 252 at the 2000 census.

Moore Township bears the surname of an early settler.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.3 square miles (91.5 km), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 252 people, 81 households, and 69 families residing in the township.  The population density was 7.1 people per square mile (2.8/km).  There were 83 housing units at an average density of 2.4/sq mi (0.9/km).  The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White.

There were 81 households, out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.7% were married couples living together, 1.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.6% were non-families. 8.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the township the population was spread out, with 31.7% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.0 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $44,583, and the median income for a family was $47,500. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,001.  About 2.9% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty five or over.

References

Townships in Stevens County, Minnesota
Townships in Minnesota

Moore Township, Stevens County, Minnesota


Comhar (; "partnership") is a prominent literary journal in the Irish language, published by the company Comhar Teoranta. It was founded in 1942, and has published work by some of the most notable writers in Irish, including Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Seán Ó Ríordáin, Máirtín Ó Direáin, Máire Mhac an tSaoi and Brendan Behan. Comhar also publishes books in Irish (around three a year).

Comhar has as its stated aims to be a journal of first choice for writers, scholars, critics and readers of Irish, to publish the best of new writing in Irish, to be a high-quality forum for analysis and discussion of current affairs, to provide intellectual stimulation and be a platform for debate.

Comhar has had a number of editors, including the well-known journalist and novelist Breandán Ó hEithir. It was clear by the beginning of 2008, however, that its readership was declining steeply, and the funding body Foras na Gaeilge decided to give no more money to the journal as it stood. This led to the reconstitution of the board and the appointment of a new editor.

Selections from Comhar are now available on-line. It continues to fulfil its traditional function of publishing new writing and providing cultural and social commentary.

Editors

1942
Seán Ó Buachalla, Máirtín Ó Flathartaigh, Tomás Ó Floinn, Tomás de Bhaldraithe, Séamus Ó Néill, Dáithí Ó hUaithne, Seán Mac Réamoinn, Proinsias Mac Cana, Caoimhín Ó Góilidhe, Helen Beaumont, Mícheál Ó Cíosóig

1952
Riobard Mac Góráin, Gearóid Mac Niocaill, Mícheál Ó Riain, Eibhlín Ní Bhriain, Breandán Ó hEithir

1962
Breandán Ó hEithir (1960-1963; 1965–1966), Caoimhín Ó Marcaigh, Eoghan Ó hAnluain, Mícheál Ó hUanacháin, Piaras Ó Gaora

1972
Seán Ó hÉalaithe, Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, Cathal Mac Giolla Coille, Treasa Ní Ógáin, Rhoda Uí Chonaire, Proinnseas Ní Dhorcaí, Anna Heussaff

1982
Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, Mícheál Ó Cearúil, Seosamh Ó Murchú, Éamonn Ó Dónaill

1992
Editor: Tomás Mac Síomóin

Sub-editor: Vivian Uíbh Eachach

Literary Editor: Siobhán Ní Fhoghlú (January–July); Gréagóir Ó Dúill (August–December)

1993/1994
Editor: Tomás Mac Síomóin

Sub-editor: Vivian Uíbh Eachach

Literary Editor: Gréagóir Ó Dúill

1995
Editor: Tomás Mac Síomóin (January–September); Vivian Uíbh Eachach (February–December)

Sub-editor: Vivian Uíbh Eachach (January)

Literary Editor: Gréagóir Ó Dúill (January–September); Liam Prút (October–December)

1996/1997
Editor: Vivian Uíbh Eachach

Literary Editor: Liam Prút

1998
Editor: Pól Ó Muirí (January–July, September–November); Antain Mac Lochlainn (guest editor, August); (editor, December)

Literary Editor: Antain Mac Lochlainn (November)

1999
Editor: Antain Mac Lochlainn

2000
Editor: Antain Mac Lochlainn (January–March); Vivian Uíbh Eachach (April); Alex Hijmans (May–December)

2001
Editor: Alex Hijmans (January–June); Úna Ní Chonchúir (July/August–December)

2002
Editor: Úna Ní Chonchúir (January–September); Mícheál Ó hUanacháin (October–December)

2003-2007
Editor: Mícheál Ó hUanacháin

2008
The magazine was not published: January–September, 2008

Editor: Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh (October–November); Pól Ó Muirí (Christmas)

2009-2010
Editor: Pól Ó Muirí; Ríona Nic Congáil (guest editor, September)

2011
Editor: Ian Ó Caoimh

Literary Editor: Aifric Mac Aodha

2012
Editor: Ian Ó Caoimh (January–March); Aifric Mac Aodha (April-present)

Literary Editor: Aifric Mac Aodha (January–March)

Assistant Editor: Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí (April-present)

Table of Editors

LeabhairCOMHAR
LeabhairCOMHAR was re-established in 2010 in an effort to further develop Irish-language literature. This publishing company aims to recruit and nurture new writers. To date, LeabhairCOMHAR has published more than 45 books. Its range includes history books, academic biographies and novels for adults, with the following six series in development:

 Guth Nua (fiction for adults written by new writers);
 Doras Feasa (historical and informative books);
 An Saol Óg (picture books and children's literature);
 Saol agus Saothar (academic biographies);
 Téad na Filíochta (thematic collections of poetry from recognised poets) and
 Foghlaimeoir Fásta (novels for adults who are learning Irish).

Books published by LeabhairCOMHAR can be found on its online bookshop: www.iriscomhar.com.

Foghlaimeoir Fásta
 Gaeilgeoir Grámhar by Alan Desmond, 2011.
 Samhradh an Chéasta by Catherine Foley, 2010.
 An Foghlaimeoir Fásta by Alan Desmond, 2006.
 Croí na Ceiste by Pól Ó Muirí, 2007 (out of print).
 Gaeilge agus Grá by Alan Desmond, 2007 (out of print).
 Míle Murdar! by Mícheál Ó Ruairc, 2005..
 Paloma by Pól Ó Muirí, 2000 (2002) (out of print).
 Sorcha sa Ghailearaí by Catherine Foley, 2005 (out of print).
 Teach na gColúr by Aisling Ní Leidhin and Liam Mac Amhlaigh, 2006 (2010).
 Teifeach by Pól Ó Muirí, 2002 (2005).

Books published between 2010 and 2012
 Codladh Céad Bliain: Cnuasach Aistí ar Litríocht na nÓg by Ríona Nic Congáil, from the series An Saol Óg, 2012.
 An Ghaeilge i gCéin: Pobal agus Féiniúlacht Idirnáisiúnta, edited by Siún Ní Dhuinn, from the series Guth Nua, 2011.
 Annála by Gréagóir Ó Dúill, from the series Téad na Filíochta, 2011.
 Saol an Mhadra Bháin by Ríona Nic Congáil, from the series An Saol Óg, 2011.
 Rún an Bhonnáin by Proinsias Mac a' Bhaird, from the series Guth Nua, 2010.
 Uachtaráin na hÉireann by Eithne Nic Eoin, 2010.

Books published before 2010
 An bhfaca tú Dracula? Dialann Thrasalvánach by Aodh Ó Canainn, 1997 (out of print).
 An Cailín Rua by Catherine Foley, 2004 (out of print).
 An Chaint sa tSráidbhaile, articles and short stories by Breandán Ó hEithir, edited by Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, 1991 (out of print).
 An Dá Mháirtín by Diarmaid Ó Gráinne, 1990.
 An Deoir sa Bhuidéal by S.E. Ó Cearbhaill, 1998.
 An Ród seo Romham by Liam Mac Uistín, 2006.
 An Spealadóir Polannach by Peter Huchel, translated from the German, 1994.
 An Stad – Croí na hAthbheochana by Seán Ó Cearnaigh, 1993.
 Ar Bhruach na Laoi by Liam Ó Muirthile, 1995 (out of print).
 Bás i mBaile an Ghorta by Mícheál Ó Ruairc, 2003 (out of print).
 Bás san Oirthear by Lorcán S. Ó Treasaigh, 1992.
 Brocairí Bhedlington agus Scéalta Eile by Gearailt Mac Eoin, 1996.
 Caithfear Éisteacht!, collected articles of Máirtín Ó Cadhain, edited by Liam Prút, 1999.
 Cion Fir: Aistí Thomáis Uí Fhloinn, edited by Liam Prút, 1997.
 Clann na nÉan / Ríocht na Cailce by Gabriel Rosenstock, 2005 (out of print).
 Comhar: Innéacs 50 bliain by Máire de Grás, 1992 (out of print).
 Dlíthe an Nádúir by Pól Ó Muirí, 2001 (out of print).
 Géaga Trí Thine by Gabriel Rosenstock, 2006 (out of print).
 Máire de Buitléir: Bean Athbheochana by Mairéad Ní Chinnéide, 1993.
 Ó Chómhargadh go hAontas by Maolmhaodhóg Ó Ruairc, 1994.
 Oileán Rúin agus Muir an Dáin by Micheál Mac Craith, 1993.
 Plumaí by Liam Prút, 1997.
 Pónairí ar Thósta: Dialann Mic Léinn Ollscoile by Mícheál Ó Ruairc, 2007.
 Ríomh-Scéalta Chuig Bilí by Liam Mac Uistín, 2007 (2010).
 Scríbhneoirí na Gaeilge 1945-1995 by Seán Ó Cearnaigh, 1995.
 Seal sa Pholainn by Alan Desmond, 2007.
 Seán agus a Chamán by Pádraig ó Giollagáin and Mike McCarty, 2001 (out of print).
 Seo Linn go Tóiceo by Iarla Mac Aodha Bhuí, 2000.
 Tréigean na Cúise by Iarla Mac Aodha Bhuí, 1999.
 Trasna na dTonnta by Mícheál Ó Ruairc, 2001 (out of print).
 Trioblóid (book and CD) by Colmán Ó Drisceoil, 2005 (out of print).
 Turas in Éadan na Gaoithe, poems by Peter Härtling, translated from German into Irish by Máire Mhic Eoin, 2002 (out of print).

See also
 List of Irish-language media
 Modern Literature in Irish
 Feasta

References

External links
 Comhar's website
 The Editor of Comhar being interviewed by BBC Northern Ireland

Literary magazines published in Ireland

Comhar


A dog show judge, sometimes dog judge, is a person that is qualified to evaluate dogs at a conformation show. At small shows, there might be only one judge for all breeds and classes.  At larger shows, there might be several judges, with each responsible for only certain breeds or classes.

Qualifications
Because dogs are judged based on how well they conform to their breed's breed standard, a judge must be intimately familiar with the particular breed's standard and must be able to analyze the qualities of the dog to determine its relative quality.

Usually a license as a dog judge is granted by either a breed association or a kennel club.  The license specifies the different breeds over which the judge is qualified to officiate.  Judges may study and, over time, apply for a license to judge a single breed, multiple breeds, or all recognized breeds.  A judge who has successfully completed the requirements for judging all of the dog groups is known as a group judge. A judge who is licensed to judge all breeds is often referred to as an "all-rounder".

In some cases the qualification and membership of a National-based organisation is the criteria as to how a judge might operate.  A few international groups and accreditation also exist

Travelling judges
Judges are most commonly licensed specifically to the registry with which they are affiliated (for example, American Kennel Club judges judge AKC shows). However, some registries choose to recognize licensed judges from other registries and organizations. Judging outside of one's country or registry is often an indication of a particular appreciation of that judge's skills and knowledge.

Famous judges
Some judges who are regulars at the larger English or American dog shows become well known among dog show participants and breeders and gain respect from large audiences for their ability to recognise good examples of the breeds that they judge.  The reputations of the founder of Our Dogs, Theo Marples and his son J.W. Marples are examples of a family of well known judges

Notes

Dog-related professions and professionals
Dog shows and showing
Dog judges

Dog show judge


The time from about 1852 to 1870 is known as Second Empire in French history. Napoléon III was the emperor.  First he had an authoritarian style of ruling, but there was a lot of opposition. Like with many other countries, industrialization (and the industrial revolution) started during his reign. France also became one of the most powerful counties in Europe. It collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871 during the Unification of Germany by Otto von Bismarck to create the German Empire in 1871 .
19th century in France

Second French Empire


Just Behind You is a collection of nineteen horror stories by Ramsey Campbell, originally published by PS Publishing in 2009. A paperback edition was published by Drugstore Indian Press in 2013.

In his review of the collection for the British Fantasy Society, Paul Campbell described the book as "superb", and explained of Campbell "……the reason he's the best living horror writer today is because he has the ability – unequalled by any other practitioner – to imbue his prose with a sense of foreboding and menace. On every single line. Of every single paragraph. On every single page. The story lines themselves are enough to haunt, but combined with his (in the strictest dictionary definition of the word) unique style causes the reader's arms to run cold with gooseflesh."   Publishers Weekly noted,   "British horror master Campbell (Told by the Dead) displays his gift for the unsettling in this collection of 18 recent short stories."

Contents

The stories included are:

 "Fear the Dead" (2003)
 "Digging Deep" (2007)
 "Double Room" (2008)
 "The Place of Revelation" (2003)
 "The Winner" (2005)
 "One Copy Only" (2002)
 "Laid Down" (2004)
 "Unblinking" (2005)
 "Breaking Up" (2004)
 "Respects" (2008)
 "Feeling Remains" (2003)
 "Direct Line" (2004)
 "Skeleton Woods" (2005)
 "The Unbeheld" (2002)
 "The Announcement" (2005)
 "Dragged Down" (2008)
 "Raised by the Moon" (2001)
 "Just Behind You" (2005)
 "Safe Words" (2009)

References

2009 short story collections
British short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Horror short story collections
PS Publishing books

Just Behind You


Philipp Wolfgang (31 July 1595, Bouxwiller () – , Bouxwiller) was a count of Hanau-Lichtenberg. He ruled the county from 1625 until his death.

Youth
Philipp Wolfgang was a son of Count Johann Reinhard I of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1569–1625) and his wife Countess Maria Elisabeth of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim (1576–1605). He attended the University of Strasbourg. His Grand Tour took him via Germany to France, Italy and England.

Government
The focus of the government of Count Philipp Wolfgang were the problems caused by the Thirty Years' War. It is reported that he mostly led the government personally and consequently had to travel a lot. This is inconsistent with the later references, which report that he was frequently ill.

His father had initiated a relatively successful policy of neutrality. He tried to continue this policy, but failed. In 1631, the war hit the district of Babenhausen, where imperial troops occupied and looted the city and Babenhausen Castle. One year later, a Swedish army led by Wolf Heinrich von Isenburg invaded the district. Between 23 February and 28 March 1635, the city was (unsuccessfully) besieged by the imperial army, led by Philipp von Mansfeld. In 1636, the Archbishopric of Mainz occupied Babenhausen.

The Hanau-Lichtenberg possessions in the Alsace and at the Upper Rhine were also hit. The imperial troops looted and pillaged numerous villages there, too. Philipp Wolfgang's army captured imperial redoubts at Drusenau and Lichtenau. But overall, his limited means meant that he stood little chance of asserting himself successfully in this conflict. In 1633, the Swedish troops reached the Upper Rhine part of the county. They fought battles and looted in Hanau-Lichtenberg and neighbouring territories. In Pfaffenhofen, for example, only two families survived the war. Bouxwiller, "capital" of the county, was ransacked by Croat troops in 1638. The Swedes formed an alliance with the French, who then occupied Pfaffenhofen, Bouxwiller and Ingweiler. The French occupation force was attacked by imperial troops under Field Marshal Matthias Gallas. The city of Woerth was sacked twice. The next wave of incoming soldiers was the Protestant army under Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, who established his headquarters in Brumath. Bernhard of Saxe-Weimat was a competent military leader, but did not possess his own territory. It was rumoured that he intended to create a separate territory from areas he had conquered in the Alsace. This brought him into conflict with France, which wanted to annex the Alsace to itself. So Philipp Wolfgang placed himself under the protection of the French king and spent much of his time at his residence in Strasbourg for security reasons. All cities and villages in his territory were affected by the war. Like his predecessor, Philipp Wolfgang did not participate in witch hunts, which were spreading rapidly, so these were rare in Hanau-Lichtenberg.

Death
In his will, Philipp Wolfgang named his eldest son Friedrich Casimir as his sole heir. His younger sons received residences, but no sovereignty. Johann Philipp received the district of Babenhausen; Johann Reinhard received Lichtenberg.

Philipp Wolfgang died on  in Bouxwiller. He was buried in Lichtenberg.

Marriage and issue

Wolfgang Philipp married twice:
 15 November 1619 Countess Johanna of Oettingen (born: 30 August 1602; died: 17 September 1639 in Strasbourg, initially buried in St. Peter in Strasbourg, then transferred to Bouxwiller ( and buried with Philipp Wolfgang). In this marriage were born:
 Johann Ludwig (born: 14 June 1621 in Strasbourg; died: 30 January 1623 in Bouxwiller), buried in the City Church in Bouxwiller
 Anna Elisabeth (born: 19 May 1622 in Bouxwiller; died: 21 May 1622 in Bouxwiller), buried in the City Church in Bouxwiller
 Friedrich Casimir (born: 4 August 1623; died: 30 March 1685)
 Dorothea Elisabeth (* November 19, 1624 in Bouxwiller, died: 21 November 1624), buried in the City Church in Bouxwiller
 Johann Philipp (born:  in Bouxwiller; died: 18 December 1669 in Babenhausen)
 Johanna Juliane (born: 4 January 1627 at Bouxwiller; died: 4 September 1628, in Bouxwiller)
 Johann Reinhard II (born:  in Bouxwiller; died: 25 April 1666 in Bischofsheim am hohen Steg)
 Sophie Eleonore (13 April 1630 in Bouxwiller; died: in La Petite-Pierre, buried in Bouxwiller), unmarried, lived with her sister Agatha Christine. A funeral sermon was published at her funeral.
 Agatha Christine (born: 23 September 1632; died: 5 December 1681), married to Leopold Louis, Count Palatine of Veldenz-Lützelstein
 Christian Eberhard (born:  in Strasbourg, died: 4 May 1636, in Strasbourg, buried in Bouxwiller). At his funeral, a funeral sermon was published.
 After 17 May 1640 Wild- and Rhinegravine Dorothea Diana of Salm (born: 25 July 1604 in Criechingen, died: 19 December 1672 in Wörth), widow of Count Ludwig Philipp of Rappoltstein (died: 19 December 1672). She was buried in Bouxwiller. A funeral sermon was published by Günther Heiler, Superintendent and Consistory Councillor of the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

Ancestors

References
 Reinhard Dietrich: Die Landesverfassung in dem Hanauischen, Hanauer Geschichtsblätter, vol. 34, Hanau 1996,
 M. Goltzené: Aus der Geschichte des Amtes Buchsweiler, in: Pay d'Alsace, issue 111/112, p. 64 ff
 Wilhelm Morhardt: Hanau alt's – in Ehren b'halt's – Die Grafen von Hanau-Lichtenberg in Geschichte und Geschichten, Babenhausen einst und jetz, vol. 10, Babenhausen, 1984
 Fritz Roth: Restlose Auswertung von Leichenpredigten und Personalschriften für genealogische und kulturhistorische Zwecke, vol 6, Boppart, 1970
 Reinhard Suchier: Genealogie des Hanauer Grafenhauses, in: Festschrift des Hanauer Geschichtsvereins zu seiner fünfzigjährigen Jubelfeier am 27. August 1894, Hanau, 1894
 Georg Wittenberger: Stadtlexikon Babenhausen, Babenhausen, 1995
 Ernst J. Zimmermann: Hanau Stadt und Land, third edition, Hanau, 1919, reprinted 1978.

Footnotes

Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg
1595 births
1641 deaths
17th-century German people

Philipp Wolfgang, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg


Sourav Pal (born in 1955) is an Indian theoretical chemist and former professor of chemistry at IIT Bombay, and former director of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. He was a director of the CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory in Pune and an adjunct professor at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune.

He has made contributions in the field of coupled cluster-based methods of quantum chemistry. His major scientific accomplishments include the rigorous development of expectation value as well as extended coupled-cluster functional and development of the response properties to multi-reference coupled cluster (MRCC) theory.  He has developed a non-iterative approximation to coupled-perturbed Kohn-Sham density functional theoretic equations to calculate non-linear properties, which is implemented in the developers' version of the deMon code.

He has also made contributions in the area of reactivity descriptors, highlighting the conditions of validity of the principle of maximum hardness, deriving the qualitative relation of hardness with polarizability, establishing Hirshfeld population in the calculation of condensed Fukui functions, and developing the local hard-soft-acid-base principle for molecular recognition. Further, among his major scientific contributions is the study of anti-aromaticity in metal clusters using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), the study of structure, electron localization functions, and magnetic ring currents. He has addressed the theoretical incorporation of Sn-into Beta Zeolites theoretically using AIMD and is actively engaged in the computational study of the hydrogen storage properties of materials.

Academic background
He obtained his master's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology (Kanpur) in 1977 and his doctorate from the University of Calcutta, working at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), supervised by Debashis Mukherjee. He was subsequently a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Florida with Rodney J. Bartlett in 1986.

Awards and honours

Sourav Pal is a recipient of various awards and honors.

 Recipient of the first SASTRA-CNR Rao Award for excellence in chemistry and material science in 2014.
  Recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize in Chemical Sciences, 2000.
  Recipient of JC Bose National Fellowship of DST, 2008.
  Recipient of Chemical Research Society of India Silver Medal, 2009.
  Elected as a Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, 2003.
  Elected as a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Allahabad, 1998.
  Elected as a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 1996.
  Received Dr. Jagdish Shankar Memorial Lecture of the Indian National Science Academy, 2006.
  Recipient of Bimla Churn Law Memorial Lecture Award of IACS, Kolkata, 2005.
  Dai-Ichi Karkaria Endowment Fellow of UICT, 2004–05.
  Recipient of the Chemical Research Society of India medal, 2000.
  Elected as a Fellow of the Maharashtra Academy of Sciences, 1994.
  Recipient of the NCL Research Foundation Scientist of the Year (1999) award.
  Recipient of the P.B. Gupta Memorial Lecture Award of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta for 1993.
  Received Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Young Scientist award in Chemical Sciences for 1989.
  Received Indian National Science Academy (INSA) medal for Young Scientist 1987.
  Received NCL Research Foundation Best Paper Award in Physical Sciences for the year 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002.
  Delivered Prof. R. P. Mitra Memorial Lecture, Delhi University, 2010.

Membership of Editorial Boards of Journals / Societies
  Chosen as a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences from 2000.
  Member Advisory Editorial Board, Current Physical Chemistry, Bentham Science from 2010.
  Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Chemical Sciences, published by the Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore from 2004.
  Member, Editorial Board, Proc. Indian National Science Academy, from 1 January 2006.
  Member, Editorial Board, International Journal of Applied Chemistry, from 2005.
  Elected as a Life Member of the Society for Scientific Values.
Member, American Physical Society, USA

Notable research
He has made contributions to the field of theoretical chemical physics and has focused on the application of methodological and conceptual development to chemical problems. Following are the specific areas and details of his work.

Frontier theoretical development on molecular electric properties
Theories have been developed by taking into account the complex, correlated motion of electrons in molecules for the description of non-linear electric properties. Theories using many-body coupled-cluster methods are based on the evaluation of derivatives of energy with respect to external fields in an analytic manner. He carried out extensive development of these theories for molecules with closed shell configurations. The codes developed by him have potential use in the description of non-linear molecular materials, with possible applications in electronic devices.

At the next stage, the more demanding cases of open-shell systems, which are marked by a high degree of quasi-degeneracy, were addressed by him
. This creates physical problems that are theoretically difficult to address. Using a multi-determinant description of reference space, which can adequately address this quasi-degeneracy, a coupled-cluster analytic derivative was formulated to compute accurate non-linear properties. This general-purpose analytic derivative formulation is the first one based on the multi-reference coupled-cluster method and is a significant development in quantum chemistry. He has implemented the theory to study the properties of radicals and excited states.

Theoretical investigation of hard-soft acid-base relation
His early contributions involved an extensive ab initio verification of the principle of maximum hardness. He has studied various properties of hardness and softness in relation to molecular properties, like polarizability.  Seminal contributions were made by him in developing new local descriptors for intra- and intermolecular reactivities. Using the local hard-soft-acid-base principle, he has calculated interaction energies with the help of only local descriptors of the interacting systems. He has recently identified "Bond Deformation Kernel" (BDK) correlating with interaction-induced shifts in O–H frequencies in halide-water clusters. Central to his model is the use of local polarization, which can be described by Normalized-Atom-Condensed Fukui Functions (NFF), which is the normal condensed Fukui Function multiplied by the number of atoms. Using the NFF and charge transferred to water from a halide ion, a BDK has been defined, which appropriately describes the shift in OH frequency.

Study of electron-molecule scattering
Sourav has also made a study in identifying the exchange effects as dominant contributions to the correlated static exchange (CSE) potential of the molecule in electron-molecule scattering. The properties of CSE were studied extensively in relation to their use in the scattering of electrons by molecules. Recently, his group used the complex-scaling method within the coupled-cluster method to describe the electron-atom resonance. A complex absorbing potential and an approximation to this based on the multi-reference coupled-cluster method to calculate the resonance of molecular anions have also been developed by his group. The procedure is based on the analytical continuation method. The advantage of the analytical continuation of the Hamiltonian in the complex plane, which gives direct access to the resonance parameters, is that they can be represented by using the L2 wave function. The essential idea underlying the complex absorbing potentials used to calculate the resonances is to introduce an absorbing boundary condition in the exterior region of the molecularly scattered target that results in a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian, one of the square-integrable eigenfunctions of which corresponds to the resonant state. The associated complex eigenvalue then gives the position and width of the resonance, or the auto-ionizing state. The important relaxation and correlation effects are included in the coupled-cluster method.

Density functional response approach for molecular properties
A computationally viable alternative to the full analytic response to the Kohn-Sham density functional theoretic (DFT) approach, which solves coupled-perturbed Kohn-Sham (CPKS) procedure in a non-iteratively has been formulated by Sourav. In the above procedure, the derivative of the KS matrix is obtained using the finite field, and then the density matrix derivative is obtained by a single-step CPKS solution followed by the analytic evaluation of properties.  He has implemented this in deMON2K software and used it for the calculation of electric properties.

Development and application of molecular dynamics
He developed ab initio molecular dynamics using Gaussian basis sets and Born-
Oppenheimer approximation to study reactions of finite-sized molecules.  His study on the structure and electron localization function of mixed metal clusters has led to novel evidence of anti-aromaticity in metal clusters.
Sn-beta zeolite has attracted recent interest due to its better catalytic behavior compared to Ti-Beta zeolite. Al-free Sn-beta zeolite has been recently synthesized, and it has been shown by another group to have efficient catalytic activity in Beyer-Villeger oxidation reactions in the presence of H2O2.  The structure, bonding, and acidity of Sn-beta zeolite have been studied using periodic DFT and it has been demonstrated that the incorporation of Sn in BEA framework reduces the cohesive energy and is an endothermic process.  A computational study of hydrogen storage materials, like magnesium hydrides using Born Oppenheimer molecular dynamics has been made. In particular, studies of hydrogen desorption and the effects of dopants, Al and Si have been made.

References

External links

Living people
20th-century Indian chemists
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science
Indian computational chemists
Scientists from West Bengal
1955 births

Sourav Pal


Abutilon menziesii, known as Kooloaula in Hawaiian, is an endangered species of flowering shrub in the mallow family, Malvaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii.

Description
It is a sprawling shrub that can reach up to 10 feet in height.  The leaves, which range from an inch in width to about five inches, vary in their shapes. They have a velvety feel to them.  The small hibiscus-shaped flowers generally hang downward. Though charming up close, the flowers can be hidden by the much larger leaves and not often visible at a distance. Although the Hawaiian name ʻula refers to the more commonly seen red color, koʻoloa ʻula flowers are known in a range of colors: pink, pink and white, pale red, maroon, deep purplish-red (wine), salmon, and blond or butter. The center or staminal column is yellowish.

The plant is typically propagated by seeds. The seed capsules are pale brown, fuzzy, and about 3/8" long, typically containing 18-24 small, dark brown seeds.

It inhabits dry forests on the islands of Lānai, Maui, Oahu and Hawaii. It is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List; only about 450–500 plants remain in fewer than ten naturally occurring populations throughout the islands. The rarity of this plant can be attributed to the alteration of its habitat for agricultural and urban development, overgrazing by livestock and feral animals, and competition from invasive weeds. A conservation plan is being implemented by federal and state agencies to protect remaining habitat, establish new populations, and conserve genetic material in seed banks and botanical gardens.

References

External links

United States Botanic Garden
Abutilon menziesii information from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)

menziesii
Plants described in 1865
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Critically endangered flora of the United States
Taxa named by Berthold Carl Seemann

Abutilon menziesii


The Volvo B9RLE was a 9.4-litre engined tri-axle low-entry single-decker bus and double-decker bus chassis manufactured by Volvo between 2010 and 2013. The double-decker can be built as either closed top or open top. It was introduced as an interim replacement for the soon to be discontinued B12BLE in the short gap of years before they had the Euro VI compliant B8RLE ready. At the same time they introduced a tri-axle variant of the B7RLE, but in Volvo's home markets the 290 bhp that the D7E produces is considered way too little for a 15-metre bus.

The most likely reason for introducing the B9RLE a whole year before the end of production for the B12BLE was probably for the introduction of the first prototypes of the Volvo 8900LE in late 2010, which was also the body that most B9RLE received. Some were also bodied as open top double-decker sightseeing buses with the Unvi Urbis 2.5 DD body.

In Sweden a total of 145 were built as 8900LE low-entry city buses to various customers, like Nettbuss and Nobina Sverige, and 7 Unvi-bodied sightseeing buses. In Norway Boreal Transport received 10 as 8900LE for Stavanger and Nobina Norge received 27 (including a prototype from 2010) for Tromsø. Also a Unvi-bodied open top sightseeing bus was delivered to Oslo.

Engines

D9B, 9364 cc, in-line 6 cyl. turbodiesel (2010-2013)
 D9B380 - 280 kW (380 bhp), 1700 Nm, Euro V

References

External links

Volvo B9 Range brochure Volvo Buses

Vehicles introduced in 2010
B9RLE
Low-entry buses
Double-decker buses
Open-top buses
Tri-axle buses
Bus chassis

Volvo B9RLE


Pig is a jeopardy (risk) dice game played with one die.  In jeopardy dice games, a player decides to roll or hold (stop rolling).  A player that rolls risks a turn total, and may gain a higher turn total or score nothing.  A player that holds scores the turn total.

John Scarne wrote about Pig as a common dice game in 1945.  Optimal (perfect) play has been computed.
Teachers often use Pig for fun lessons.

Rules
On a player's turn, a player can roll or hold:
roll: The player can roll a die.
When a player rolls a 1 (called a "pig"), the turn ends and the player score does not change.
When a player rolls a 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, the turn continues and the player adds the roll to the turn total.
hold: The player says "hold" and gives the die to the next player.
When a player "holds", the turn ends and the player adds the turn total to the score.

The first player to score 100 or more points wins.

Example Play

For example, Ann begins a turn with a roll of 5.  She could hold and score 5 points, but she decides to roll again.  Next, Ann rolls a 2.  She could hold with a turn total of 7 points (2 + 5 = 7), but she decides to roll again.  Next, Ann rolls a 1 ("pig").  She must end her turn.  Her score does not change.  She hands the dice to the next player, Bob.

Bob rolls a 4, 5, 3, 5, and 5.  He then decides to hold.  Bob adds 4 + 5 + 3 + 5 + 5 = 22 points to his score.

References

Other websites
 The Game of Pig website
 Pig applet

Dice games

Pig (dice)


Manomet is a seaside village of Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. It is named for the Wampanoag village of Manomet located among the Manomet Ponds (the later site of the Manomet Ponds Praying Town). Manomet has a Post Office in the business district whose ZIP code is 02345. Residents and businesses in this village that are non-Post Office box holders use Plymouth's ZIP code of 02360.

Manomet is also home to Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, a global conservation and sustainability nonprofit organization.

Activities and recreation

Today, Manomet is known for its Independence Day celebrations, which actually take place one day early, on the 3rd of July. The celebrations usually consist of private bonfires, fireworks, and a typically family oriented crowd. Manomet's July 3 celebration of Independence Day extends back to the 1800s, when residents burned scrap and driftwood on the beach. Tradition dictates that these bonfires be extinguished by the rising tide, so depending on the moon, the festivities may extend well into the night, or end relatively early. The 3rd of July celebrations are featured in a song called "Manomet (On The 3rd Of July)" written by longtime Manomet resident Tedd Rodman.

Neighborhoods and beaches
Manomet consists of the following neighborhoods:

 Manomet Heights
 Manomet Bluffs (strictly private)
 Fisherman's Landing (strictly private)
 Churchill Landing (strictly private)
 Indian Bluffs Improvement Association (CCA) (strictly private)
 Shallow Pond Estates
 Cedar Bushes (strictly private)
 Manomet Beach (strictly private)
 Indian Brook (strictly private)
 Ocean Aire (strictly private)
  White Horse Beach (public beach/private parking)
 Priscilla Beach (strictly private)

Landmarks
Manomet landmarks include:
 Coast Guard Station Manomet Point, a former United States Coast Guard station which although no longer there has a stone memorial to deceased surfmen
 Stage Point

See also
 Neighborhoods in Plymouth, Massachusetts

References

External links
 History of Manomet
 The Manomet Current

Villages in Plymouth, Massachusetts
Villages in Massachusetts

Manomet, Massachusetts


Han Zheng (Chinese: 韩正; born 22 April 1954) is a Chinese politician serving as the current Vice President of the People's Republic of China since 2023. He previously served as Senior Vice Premier of the State Council from 2018 to 2023. He has also been Leader of the Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs since April 2018. From 2017 to 2022, he served as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Han served as Deputy Party Secretary and Mayor of Shanghai between 2003 and 2012. In November 2012, he was promoted to become the Party Secretary of Shanghai, the top political post in the city, and also gained a seat on the CCP Politburo. On March 10 2023, Han Zheng who left the politburo standing committee in 2022, became the vice president of China.

Other websites
 Vitae

1954 births
Living people
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
Politicians from Shanghai

Han Zheng


The Bristol 188 is a British supersonic research aircraft built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the 1950s. Its length, slender cross-section and intended purpose led to its being nicknamed the "Flaming Pencil".

Design and development
The aircraft had its genesis in Operational Requirement 330 for a high speed (Mach 3) reconnaissance aircraft, which eventually developed into the Avro 730. As the 730 was expected to operate at high speeds for extended periods of time, more data was needed on high speed operations, leading to Operational Requirement ER.134T for a testbed capable of speeds greater than Mach 2. The aircraft was expected to run at these speeds for extended periods of time, allowing it to study kinetic heating effects on such an aircraft. The aircraft was expected to spend a considerable amount of time with a skin temperature around 300 Celsius.

Several firms took interest in this very advanced specification and the eventual contract (6/Acft/10144) was awarded to Bristol Aircraft in February 1953.

Bristol gave the project the type number 188, of which three aircraft were to be built, one a pure test bed and the other two (constructor numbers 13518 and 13519) for flight testing. Under contract number KC/2M/04/CB.42(b) serial numbers XF923 and XF926 were given on 4 January 1954 to the two that would fly. To support the development of the Avro 730 Mach 3 reconnaissance bomber, another three aircraft were ordered (Serial Numbers XK429, XK434 and XK436). The follow-up order was cancelled when the Avro 730 programme was cancelled in 1957 as part of that year's review of defence spending. The 188 project was continued as a high speed research aircraft.

The advanced nature of the aircraft meant that new construction methods had to be developed. Several materials were considered for construction and two specialist grades of steel were selected: a titanium-stabilized 18-8 austenitic steel and a 12%-Cr steel used in gas turbines (Firth-Vickers Rex 448). These had to be manufactured to better tolerances in sufficient quantities for construction to start. The 12% chromium stainless steel with a honeycomb centre was used for the construction of the outer skin, to which no paint was applied. Riveting was a potential method for construction but the new arc welding technique using an argon gas shield known as puddle welding was used. There were long delays with the method, which was less than satisfactory. The W. G. Armstrong Whitworth company provided substantial technical help and support to Bristol during this period; they produced major sections of the airframe as a subcontractor. North American used the same methods of argon welding of stainless steel honeycomb sheet metal for the XB-70 Valkyrie bomber.

A fused-quartz windscreen and canopy and cockpit refrigeration system were designed and fitted but were never tested in the environment for which they had been designed.

The specification for the aircraft required engine installations which permitted the fitting of different air intakes, engines and propelling nozzles. The 188 was originally intended to have Avon engines  but the half ton lighter each Gyron Junior was substituted in June 1957, necessitating the engines mounted further forward with longer nacelles and jet pipes.

The Gyron Junior was then under development for the Saunders-Roe SR.177 supersonic interceptor and incorporated a fully variable reheat, which achieved a smooth variation in thrust between dry and full reheat, so being one of the first in the world to give continuous variation in thrust from idle to max reheat. This choice of powerplant resulted in the 188 having a typical endurance of only 25 minutes, not long enough for the high-speed research tests that were required. Chief Test Pilot Godfrey L. Auty reported that while the 188 transitioned smoothly from subsonic to supersonic flight, the Gyron Junior engines were prone to surging beyond that speed, causing the aircraft to pitch and yaw.

In order to solve the aerodynamic and flutter problems, a large number of scale models were tested. Some, mounted on converted rocket boosters, were launched from RAE Aberporth, for free-flight investigation.

Operational history

In May 1960, the first airframe was delivered to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough for structural tests, both heated and unheated, before moving on to RAE Bedford. XF923 undertook the first taxiing trials on 26 April 1961, although due to problems, the first flight was not until 14 April 1962. XF923 was intended to remain with Bristol for its initial flights and evaluation before turning it over to the MoA. XF926 had its first flight, using XF923s engines, on 26 April 1963. XF926 was given over to RAE Bedford for its flying programme. Across 51 flights, it reached a top speed of Mach 1.88 (1,440 mph : 2,300 km/h) at 36,000 ft (11,000 m). The longest subsonic flight lasted only 48 minutes, as 70% of its fuel was needed to reach its operational altitude.

The first prototype made its first public appearance in September 1962 when it was displayed on the ground and in the air at that year's Farnborough Air Show.  In the same year the aircraft was seen in the film Some People.

Measurements collected during testing were recorded onboard and transmitted to the ground station for recording. The flight information transmitted meant that a "ground pilot" could advise the pilot.

The project suffered a number of problems, the main being that the fuel consumption of the engines did not allow the aircraft to fly at high speeds long enough to evaluate the "thermal soaking" of the airframe, which was one of the main research areas it was built to investigate.  Combined with fuel leaks, the inability to reach its design speed of Mach 2 and a takeoff speed at nearly , the test phase was severely compromised. Nonetheless, although the 188 programme was eventually abandoned, the knowledge and technical information gained was put to some use for the future Concorde program. The inconclusive nature of the research into the use of stainless steel led to Concordes being constructed from conventional aluminium alloys with a Mach limit of 2.2. Experience gained with the Gyron Junior engine, which was the first British gas turbine designed for sustained supersonic operation, additionally later assisted with the development of the Bristol (later Rolls-Royce) Olympus 593 powerplant which was used on both Concorde and the BAC TSR-2.

The announcement that all development was terminated was made in 1964, the last flight of XF926 taking place on 12 January 1964. In total the project cost £20 million. By the end of the programme, considered the most expensive to date for a research aircraft in Great Britain, one aircraft had to be "cannibalised" in order to keep the other airframe flightworthy.

Surviving aircraft
In April 1966, both 188 fuselages were transported to the Proof and Experimental Establishment at Shoeburyness, Essex to act as targets for gunnery trials, but during 1972, XF926 was dismantled and moved to RAF Cosford (without its engines) to act as instructional airframe 8368M, and is preserved at the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in Shropshire.  XF923 was subsequently scrapped at Foulness.

Operators

 Royal Aircraft Establishment

Specifications (Bristol 188)

Notable appearances in media
Bristol 188 XF923 was prominently featured in Some People (1962), a feature film primarily shot in Bristol.

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Butler, Phil. "The Bristol 188". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria, Spring 2004, Vol. 30, Issue 116. pp. 11–14.
Buttler, Tony and Jean-Louis Delezenne. X-Planes of Europe: Secret Research Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946-1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2012.
 King, H. F., Technical Editor. "Bristol 188: A Versatile Research Aeroplane." Archive: Flight International, 3 May 1962, pp. 695–703, 705. via flightglobal.com.
 Winchester, Jim. The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. .

External links

 Bristol Type 188 (ER.134)8
 Royal Air Force Museum Bristol Type 188
 Extract from footage of Type 188 tests

1960s British experimental aircraft
188
Aircraft first flown in 1962

Bristol 188


The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1630 refers to the schutterstuk painted by Hendrik Gerritsz Pot for the Cluveniers, St. Adrian, or St. Hadrian civic guard of Haarlem, and today is considered one of the main attractions of the Frans Hals Museum there.

Unlike Hals' previous schutterstuk for this company, The Banquet of the Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1627, in which all officers are seated at a banquet, here the men are standing outside on the steps of their meeting hall holding their weapons that display their rank. Ensign Salomon Colterman (with afro hairstyle) holds the flag and displays a lovely cut sleeve jacket with coloured brocade. Colonel Pieter Jacobsz Olycan is wearing an orange sash and holding his commander's staff, and the other officers are holding their spontoons.

Officers were selected by the council of Haarlem to serve for three years, and this group had just finished their tenure and celebrated their end of service with a portrait. Frans Hals painted them in 1627 in a banquet setting, and after Pot painted them outside here in 1630, Hals painted them outside again in 1633, and included Pot himself (who posed in his role as Lieutenant) on the right with a book.

The men featured are from left to right Captain Pieters Maertensz Oudewaagh, Colonel Pieter Jacobsz Olycan, Captain Dirck Herculesz Schatter, Captain Jonas de Jongh, Lieutenant Jan Willemsz Beelt, Lieutenant Florens Pietersz van der Hoeff, Ensign Salomon Colterman, Sergeant Nicolaes Olycan, Kastelein (concierge) Willem Ruychaver, Sergeant Hendrick Claesz Everswijn, and Sergeant Jacob Buttinga.

St. Adriansdoelen

The painting previously hung with others in the old "Doelen" hall, which is today part of the Haarlem Public Library.  The paintings by Pot, Hals and others that formerly hung in this hall have been since transferred to the Frans Hals Museum. This painting hung in the Doelen until 1820 when it was moved to the city hall, and in 1962 it was given to the museum as part of the 100 anniversary celebration of the Haarlem municipal museum.

References

De Haarlemse Schuttersstukken, by Jhr. Mr. C.C. van Valkenburg, pp. 117–125, Haerlem : jaarboek 1960,

History of Haarlem
Militia group portraits
Collections in the Frans Hals Museum