The Alsek River (; Tlingit Aalseix̱' ) is a wilderness river flowing from Yukon into Northern British Columbia and into Alaska. It enters the Gulf of Alaska at Dry Bay.

Most of the Alsek River's basin is within protected wilderness areas and National Parks. The Alsek and its main tributary, the Tatshenshini River, are part of the Canadian Heritage Rivers System and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the year 2016, the Alsek River captured the flow of the Slims River due to the retreat of Kaskawulsh Glacier. Researchers attributed the change in flow to human-caused climate change; this was the first time human-caused climate change was implicated in the reorganization of a river.

Research indicates that in a few decades, Alsek River may further change its final course. The rapidly retreating Grand Plateau Glacier separates Alsek River and lake from nearby Grand Plateau Lake. Geologists predict that when the two lakes merge, Alsek River will abandon its current outlet in favour of the steeper way to the ocean through Grand Plateau Lake and a small embankment, moving its outlet some 17 miles (28 km) to the southeast, within the confines of Glacier Bay National Park.

Course

The Alsek starts at the confluence of the Dezadeash River and Kaskawulsh River in Kluane National Park and Reserve. After flowing south into the northwestern tip of British Columbia, it is joined by the Tatshenshini River in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park. Finally after passing through the glacier-fed Alsek Lake, it reaches the Pacific Ocean at Dry Bay, in the Gulf of Alaska, south of Yakutat, Alaska, close to the northern end of the Alaska Panhandle. Although the river is navigable by kayak or rubber raft in its northern reaches, it rapidly becomes unnavigable—for any but the most experienced and skilled kayakers—at Turnback Canyon.

On older maps, the Alsek river is labeled as the Kaskawulsh and The Tatshenshini as the Alsek. Some Yukon First Nation elders also refer to the river as the Kaskawulsh.

The river flows next to the Lowell Glacier which has sometimes blocked off the river and created a large lake behind it, "Neoglacial Lake Alsek." The last such blockage took place in 1850; its release created a massive flood, washing away everything in its path on the way to the Pacific.

The river carries a lot of silt from the Alsek lake/glacier, which contributes to the river's low temperature.

The Alsek and nearby East Alsek rivers were at one time connected, and the old river bed can still be made out on some maps.

The Alsek Glacier contacts the Grand Plateau Glacier, which faces the shoreline. Also in the same general area are the Doame foothills and Doame River.

History
The first known kayak descent of Turnback Canyon was by Walt Blackadar, who ran the canyon solo on August 25, 1971. He wrote about his trip for Sports Illustrated. "This has been a day!," he wrote in his journal. "I want any other kayaker or would-be expert to read my words well. The Alsek Gorge is unpaddleable!" Despite this sincere warning from a man who apparently felt lucky to be alive, groups of expert kayakers have successfully run Turnback Canyon since then. A prominent mountain which overlooks the Alsek was named Mount Blackadar in his honor.

The portion of the river inside Kluane National Park has been designated a Canadian Heritage River.

In 1958, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake centered near Lituya bay significantly changed the lay of the land. The earthquake caused the Doame River and East Alsek River to join together.

In the year 2016, after capturing the flow of the Slims River, the Alsek River's flow increased dramatically.

Fishing
The Alsek and East Alsek rivers are a part of the Yakutat area limited entry set gillnet fishery. Both rivers produce king, silver, and sockeye commercially. Chum and pink salmon can also be caught, but are not generally sought after due to their relative lack of worth/quality. These two rivers can be characterized as low volume fisheries, while the Alsek river in particular produces particularly high quality salmon due to its low temperature. The Alsek's silt content also prevents the sun from damaging the fish.

The area also supports subsistence and sport fishing. There are multiple local sport fishing, sight-seeing, hunting, and animal watching lodges

See also
List of rivers of Alaska
List of Yukon rivers
List of British Columbia rivers
List of rivers of the Americas by coastline

References

Further reading

Jettmar, Karen (2008). The Alaska River Guide: Canoeing, Kayaking and Rafting in the Last Frontier. Menasha Ridge Press.
Cassidy, Jim, and Dunlap, Dan (1999). World Whitewater: A Global Guide for River Runners. McGraw-Hill.
Embick, Andrew (1994). Fast and Cold: A Guide to Alaska Whitewater. Valdez Alpine Books. .
Lyman, Russ, et al. (2000). The Complete Guide to the Tatshenshini River Including the Upper Alsek River. Haines, Alaska: Cloudburst Productions.
Watters, Ron (1995). Never Turn Back: The Life of Whitewater Pioneer Walt Blackadar. The Great Rift Press.  (hardcover)  (paperback)

External links

Alsek River Description
 Canadian Heritage Rivers System: Alsek
 National Whitewater River Inventory: Alsek
 National Whitewater River Inventory: Tatshenshini
 First-person account of running the Alsek River
 Alsek River Rafting Information

Rivers of Alaska
Rivers of British Columbia
Rivers of Yukon
Canadian Heritage Rivers
Atlin District
Rivers of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska
International rivers of North America

Alsek River


Camarillo State Mental Hospital, also known as Camarillo State Hospital, was a public psychiatric hospital for patients with both developmental disabilities and mental illness in Camarillo, California. The hospital was in operation from 1936 to 1997.

The former hospital campus has been redeveloped and opened in 2002 as the California State University Channel Islands. The university has retained the distinctive Mission Revival Style architecture, and the bell tower in the South quad has been adopted as the symbol of the university.

Pre-history
When the United States took possession of California and other Mexican lands in 1848, it was bound by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to honor the legitimate land claims of Mexican citizens residing in those captured territories. The land upon which the former Camarillo State Hospital sat, once belonged to Isabel Yorba as part of an 1836 land grant, known as "Rancho Guadalasca."

In 1929, the California legislature initially appropriated $1,000,000 for the purchase of land and buildings to be utilized for a state hospital. Three years later, 1500 acres of the 8600 acre Lewis Ranch, owned by agriculturists Joseph P. Lewis and Adolfo Camarillo, located within the City of Camarillo, County of Ventura was acquired for $415,000.

History
Architectural plans for the new hospital were rushed to state architect, George McDougall, to begin the process to accommodate the initial 3000 patients for the first unit. The hospital was expected to cover 200 acres with supply wards, homes for the superintendent and officials, dormitories for employees and patients, commissaries, and storerooms. It was anticipated that the completed hospital would house 7000 patients and over 700 staff.

The first artist rendition of the hospital appeared in The Camarillo News on November 25, 1932. Fifty male patients arrived in Camarillo in March 1933, and were initially housed in the farm home on the Lewis Ranch. That number grew to over 100, in June 1934. A call for construction bids came from the State in May 1933 and during that same month, Camarillo State Hospital or "CAM" as it was named affectionately by its employees, received its official name. Camarillo State Hospital officially joined six other state institutions, with 16,000 patients between them, under the direction of Dr. J.M. Toner.

Units 1 and 5 of the initial section of the hospital were scheduled for the first construction. The WPA project began. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on August 15, 1933, with Josephine Lewis, Mr. and Mrs. Adolfo Camarillo, Governor Rolph, and Dr. Toner in attendance. The new hospital project was a direct result of an agreement between the Public Works Administration and the State of California. The total amount of the construction cost was approximately $10,000,000 and at completion, was the largest mental hospital in the world.

In April 1936, Thomas W. Haggerty, physician, surgeon, and psychiatrist was hired as the new Superintendent for the hospital. However, the hospital didn't officially open for people with mental disabilities until October of that year. The official opening brought Governor Frank Merriam, who made the dedicatory address; Adolfo Camarillo; Joseph McGrath; Ed Rains; Roy Pinkerton; and other local celebrities.

The first official hospital patients were adult men, who were housed in the Bell Tower (South Complex). In 1937, 300 women patients were transferred to Camarillo from other state hospitals. In fact, there were so many patient transfers from other overcrowded state hospitals, that a North Complex was initiated in 1939. The South Complex and the North Complex were then divided into male and female wards.

In 1947, Camarillo State Hospital opened a ward for the admission of children with Developmental disabilities. When this ward expanded, a Children's Treatment Center was constructed and occupied in January, 1955. The facility grew with a new Receiving and Treatment Center and an Administration Building in 1949. Staff population at this time was around 1518. In 1957, the patient population reached its peak, exceeding 7,000, the largest population that the hospital would see in its 60 years of existence.

Prior to 1959, adolescent males and females were housed with mentally disabled adults. In 1959, the adolescent females (including autistic patients) were separated from their adult counterparts. By 1968, the Adolescent Division was separated from the Children's Division and organized into four treatment units and a special school. In 1970, the units became co-educational.

The hospital began its double duty in 1967, when its role as a mental hospital for illnesses such as schizophrenia or manic depression, was widened to include a center for clients with developmental disabilities, such as organic brain disease, autism, and other birth defects that limit the ability to learn.

In 1969, the Lanterman Petris Short Act became effective, which eliminated the previous indefinite commitments of persons found by a court to be mentally disabled. The new law required an automatic judicial review of every decision to hospitalize a person involuntarily beyond a very limited time. The law also required annual reconsideration of involuntary treatment. State agencies encouraged outside placement of individuals under the Penal Code, which in turn, led levels of care or services at state hospitals to decrease, while costs of care increased.

In 1971, the Camarillo treatment staff was reorganized under a program management concept, which enabled the establishment of treatment programs for persons with similar needs. Each treatment program was headed by a program director/mental health professional. Later, in 1976, the reorganization of the hospital led to the establishment of an executive director, who appointed a Clinical Director, medical director, and Administration Services Director for the hospital. Discoveries regarding chemical barriers in the brain created a new generation of drugs, which enabled a mentally disabled person to live a normal life. After forty years, the "mental hospital" role of Camarillo dwindled.

In 1983, an innovative approach to treatment for the mentally disabled was initiated at CAM. Activity centers allowed adult patients to be placed in a day treatment location, away from the living units. Patients were allowed to leave their living units at various times of the day and evening to attend therapy groups, activity groups, and educational programs. These programs were refined to include the latest biopsychosocial treatment approaches developed by U.C.L.A. at the Camarillo State Hospital Research Center. The scheduling of patients into groups, based on their needs and strengths, allowed for the most individualized treatment available in the history of the facility.

In 1985, a new vision and role for the hospital was imagined:  "Enhancing Independence Through Innovation". Camarillo evolved from a locked, lifetime institution for the severely mentally ill into a facility which provided innovative and successful treatment modalities for drug and alcohol abusers, as well as programs that stabilized the mentally and developmentally disabled and successfully returned them to society. For many years, the hospital remained independent and autonomous from the outside world, with its own gardens, ice house, dairy, butcher, fire and police departments, hospital, beauty parlors, petting zoo, clothing store, swimming pool, and bowling alley. It even housed staff on its grounds. With its accreditation ratings consistently high in the 1980s and 1990s, the hospital seemed destined to last forever.

Closure

The end of the institution came due to economic challenges and a changing outlook on mental health treatment. In 1967, Governor Ronald Reagan signed the bi-partisan Lanterman-Petris-Short Act, which greatly affected state hospital populations, forcing many to close immediately.

Another contributing factor was in 1996, when Governor Pete Wilson empowered a special task force to research reasons for and against the closure of the Camarillo State Hospital and Developmental Center. The task force cited that the facility, which housed as many as 7,266 patients in 1954, had only 871 clients in 1996. The hospitals per capita costs had risen to nearly $114,000, second highest in the state mental health system. These factors prompted the initial closing of one-quarter of the facility's 64 units and later, on June 30, 1996, the hospital officially and permanently closed.

California State University Channel Islands

Originally the state intended to turn Camarillo into a prison, but community opposition in part and interest from the California State Universities led to its conversion into a university, California State University Channel Islands (CSUCI). The school had its first classes in Fall 2002. Some of the buildings of Camarillo have been preserved and revitalized, including many of the original 1930s mission-style buildings.

In popular culture
Due to the hospital's proximity to the media center of Los Angeles, it has been referred to in movies, television, and music. Some famous persons with mental illnesses, tuberculosis, or detoxing from drugs or alcohol stayed there to recover in Ventura County's mild climate. Jazz musician Charlie Parker's "Relaxin' at Camarillo", written while he was detoxifying after a heroin addiction, is a tribute to the facility. Other patients included the actor/performer Oscar Levant and the jazz pianist Phineas Newborn Jr.

The song "Camarillo" by punk outfit Fear also refers to the hospital. The band Ambrosia released a song called "Ready for Camarillo" on their 1978 Life Beyond L.A. album. It has been rumored that the Eagles' 1977 "Hotel California" was a reference to Camarillo State Mental Hospital.
 Exteriors for the 1948 film The Snake Pit, starring Olivia de Havilland, were filmed at Camarillo.
 The 1972 slasher movie Pigs, distributed by Troma, had scenes shot here.
 In the 1975 film Farewell, My Lovely (set in 1941), Philip Marlowe (played by Robert Mitchum) is given the information that Velma Valento "went nuts" and is in Camarillo.
 The punk band The Screamers, led by front man and artist Tomata du Plenty, gave a gig at Camarillo State Mental Hospital, inside the premises, for the benefit of the patients, on 23 March 1978.
 The opening scene from the Wes Anderson film Bottle Rocket was filmed at the Camarillo State Mental Hospital.
 'N Sync's mental hospital-set video for "I Drive Myself Crazy" was filmed at Camarillo.
 After it closed, Camarillo was a popular destination for ghost hunters alleging that the hospital is haunted.
 During the dénouement of some television episodes of the Dragnet series, there were references to captured criminals being sentenced to Camarillo State Hospital.
 The pop/rock band Ambrosia recorded the song "Ready for Camarillo" in 1980, in which the singer laments his state of confusion and lack of identity.
 Scenes from The Ring and Buffy the Vampire Slayer were filmed at and around the hospital's grounds.
 Season 4 of the TV show The Biggest Loser was filmed in 2007 when the site was CSU Channel Islands.
 Jonathan Kellerman's 2012 thriller Victims modeled its Ventura State Hospital after Camarillo State Hospital.
 In the Magnum, P.I. season three episode, "...By Its Cover", Magnum's old friend from the Navy, "Hot" Rod Crysler, says he served eighteen months at Camarillo for a marijuana possession charge.
 In The Big Bang Theory season 4 episode 14, "'The Thespian Catalyst", Sheldon Cooper says to Penny the following: "Yes. I see a sign. It says 'Camarillo State Mental Hospital'" during their lesson of improvisation acting.
 In the 1971 film The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant, serial killer Manuel Cass escapes from the hospital.
 Horror-Punk band Murderdolls filmed their video "Dead in Hollywood", and shot photos for the album Beyond the Valley of the Murderdolls at Camarillo in 2002.
 Frank Zappa's Camarillo Brillo details a romantic encounter with an eccentric woman whose hair resembles that of a patient who just underwent shock therapy.

References

External links
 Camarillo State Hospital Historical Site Current photos and historical information about Camarillo State Mental Hospital
 Camarillo State Hospital Archive Camarillo State Archives, run by California State University Channel Islands, the institution currently on site

Hospital buildings completed in 1936
Psychiatric hospitals in California
Buildings and structures in Camarillo, California
Hospitals in Ventura County, California
California State University Channel Islands
History of Ventura County, California
1997 disestablishments in California

Camarillo State Mental Hospital


The 2009 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Bulldogs were led by fifth year head coach Kevin Higgins and played their home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium. They played as members of the Southern Conference, as they have since 1936.

Schedule

References

Citadel
The Citadel Bulldogs football seasons
Citadel Bulldogs football

2009 The Citadel Bulldogs football team


Kerak Castle () is a large medieval castle located in al-Karak, Jordan. It is one of the largest castles in the Levant. Construction began in the 1140s, under Pagan and Fulk, King of Jerusalem. The Crusaders called it Crac des Moabites or "Karak in Moab", as it is referred to in history books. It was also colloquially referred to as Krak of the Desert.

History

Crusader period
Pagan the Butler was also Lord of Oultrejordain and Kerak Castle became the centre of his power, replacing the weaker castle of Montreal to the south. Because of its position east of the Dead Sea, Kerak Castle was able to control bedouin herders as well as the trade routes from Damascus to Egypt and Mecca. His successors, his nephew Maurice and Philip of Milly, added towers and protected the north and south sides with two deep rock-cut ditches (the southern ditch also serving as a cistern). The most notable Crusader architectural feature surviving is the north wall, into which are built immense arched halls on two levels. These were used for living quarters and stables, but also served as a fighting gallery overlooking the castle approach and for shelter against missiles from siege engines.

In 1176 Raynald of Châtillon gained possession of Kerak Castle after marrying Stephanie of Milly, the widow of Humphrey III of Toron (and daughter-in-law of Humphrey II of Toron). From Kerak Castle, Raynald harassed the trade camel trains and even attempted an attack on Mecca itself. In 1183 Saladin besieged the castle in response to Raynald's attacks. The siege took place during the marriage of Humphrey IV of Toron and Isabella I of Jerusalem, and Saladin, after some negotiations and with a chivalrous intent, agreed not to target their chamber while his siege machines attacked the rest of the castle. The siege was eventually relieved by Baldwin IV of Jerusalem.

Saladin besieged Kerak again in 1184. Saladin attempted to fill the ditches that prevented siege engines from getting in range of the castle wall. However, just like the first siege of Kerak, Saladin and his men left before a reinforcing crusader army could come to the castle's aid. This siege only lasted four weeks.

The last siege of the 12th century was led by Sa'd Al-Din, Saladin's nephew, in 1188. Unlike the sieges before it, the Muslim army was not under the threat of crusader reinforcements. The year before Saladin had defeated an outnumbered crusader army at the Battle of Hattin and therefore the crusaders could not gather enough troops to reinforce Kerak. The Muslim army cut off supplies to the castle, and Kerak surrendered several months after. When the castle had fallen, it is believed that it was due to lack of arms, not a lack of food. With the fall of Kerak, the Castle of Montreal, which had been replaced as the centre of the lordship by Kerak, surrendered soon afterward.

Ayyubid period
Under the Ayyubid Dynasty, Kerak served as the administration centre for all of the regions of Jordan. When Saladin's brother, al-'Adil was awarded control of the castle, he made it the site of one of his treasuries. Kerak would continue to serve as the home of a royal treasury for the remainder of the Ayyubid Dynasty. During some internal conflict by members of the Ayyubid Dynasty in the 1230s and 40s, Kerak was one of the three princedoms that was able to remain independent. The castle was retaken by the Egyptian Sultan al- Salih Ayyub in 1249. Kerak was so important to the Ayyubids that it is recorded that only the governors of Kerak and Damascus were allowed to carry their official correspondences on red paper.

Under An-Nasir Dawud, much of the defenses of Kerak were expanded and improved in 1244-45. In 1227, the Sultan of Damascus al-Mu'azzam 'Isa, commissioned the construction of a tunnel that ran from the castle into the town.

Mamluk period
By 1263, Kerak was under the rule of the Mamluk Sultan Baybars. In 1263, the Mamluk sultan Baibars enlarged and built a tower on the northwest corner. Under the Mamluks, Kerak continued to remain an important administrative centre. Ibn 'Abd al-Zahir stated that the castle held four ministries: the ministry of the army, the ministry of finance, the ministry of Kerak and the chancery. Due to the castle's importance, it also maintained a significant military force, which under the rule of al-Mughith, contained at least 700 horsemen.

Ottoman period

During the Ottoman Empire, it played an important role due to its strategic location on the crossroads between the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt and Greater Syria.

In 1834, the leaders of the peasants' revolt in Palestine took refuge in Kerak. Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt besieged the castle, and destroyed much of its fortifications in the process.

In 1893, the Ottoman authorities reestablished control over the area by appointing a mutasarrıf (governor) resident in Kerak Castle with a garrison of 1400, including 200 cavalry. Parts of the castle were reused. Some of the destruction that had occurred to the structure was due to locals removing stones containing potassium nitrate ("saltpetre"), which is used to make gunpowder. Medieval historian Paul Deschamps studied Crusader castles in the 1920s. Amongst the important research done by Deschamps, in 1929 he and architect Francois Anus created the first accurate plans of Kerak Castle.

Jordan
On December 18, 2016, the castle was the site of a terrorist attack. Fourteen people were killed and 34 were injured, the majority being Jordanian security forces and local civilians. A Canadian tourist was also killed.

Architecture

Type and fortification
Kerak Castle is an example of one of the first castles built by the Franks that used a fortified tower structure and is a notable example of Crusader architecture, a mixture of west European, Byzantine, and Arab designs. Many early Frankish castles that predate Kerak were merely towers built along the crusader states during the early years of crusading. In the second half of the twelfth century, the growing Muslim threat made crusaders update their castle design and prioritize defensive elements.

While Kerak Castle is a large and strong castle, its design is less sophisticated than that of concentric crusader castles like Krak des Chevaliers, and its masonry is comparatively crude. Many of its defenses were destroyed and rebuilt during its conquest by the Ayyubids and Mamluks.

Kerak Castle is a prime example of a spur castle, a castle built on top of a mountain to take advantage of the natural topography, as it is built on the southern end of a plateau surrounded on three sides by steep hills. This had the advantage during a siege of concentrating an attack on only one side of the castle, so the defenders could locate most of their manpower there.

The castle also used man-made fortifications, including ditches and thick stone walls. Because Muslim armies started to move with siege weapons such as siege engines, Frankish castles started adapting by building thicker and more solid walls. A "Byzantine ditch", a ditch or moat to keep siege engines at a safer distance, was constructed near the castle. There is another ditch near the town which is much deeper but less wide, to the west of the castle (now almost completely filled-in). It also has a glacis, an artificial slope made of steep, slippery masonry at the base of the walls that hindered attackers in their attempt to climb the walls and kept them exposed for longer to the defenders.

Stonework
The crusaders used rough-shaped volcanic stone to build large walls around the perimeter of the castle. After Sa'd al-Din captured Kerak, the Muslims used limestone from nearby quarries to repair and expand the castle. Both the Muslim and Christian stonework show signs of draft masonry, stone blocks which are smooth on the edges, but the centre portion is left rough and raised.

Towers
The castle walls are strengthened with rectangular projecting towers, pointing to the fact that it was one of the earlier castles constructed by crusaders, it was only later on in the crusades that the transition to round towers in the curtain wall was made to help with visibility. At Kerak, the towers are much closer together than at other castles, theoretically to help with visibility problems. The towers were also placed at regular points along the wall; this is called the Byzantine tower structure—the square towers at Kerak are identical to the ones used by the Byzantine empire.

Chapel
A chapel was built on the east side of the castle, about half-way along the length of the curtain wall.

Present day

While Kerak Castle had historically been used to protect the assets of crusader states in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, today its job is much more mundane. The city bordering on Kerak Castle is home to roughly 170,000 people and is a "lively tourist destination." Many people travel along the ancient King's Highway to stop at Kerak on their way to other tourist sites. in 1985 the World Heritage Committee decided that Kerak should not be an UNESCO site as there were "more representative examples of crusader castles". This is in part because the castle is not in the best condition and there are multiple examples of crusader castles in the Transjordan that are in better repair.

In December 2016, Kerak was the target of a terrorist attack that left 14 dead, including two civilians and a Canadian citizen. It is said that after clashing with police, the terrorists withdrew into the castle and held civilian hostages. There are not many references to Kerak Castle in popular-culture today, however it did play a large role in the 2005 film Kingdom of Heaven.

The nearby Al Karak Archaeology Museum introduces the local history and archaeology of the region around Kerak Castle – the land of Moab – from prehistory until the Islamic era. The history of Crusaders and Muslims at Kerak Castle and town is introduced in detail. Originally located in the castle's Lower Court, the museum moved in 2019 to an historic Ottoman building just outside the castle and facing the main castle wall.

Gallery

See also
Wu'ayra Castle (li Vaux Moysi), an outpost of Montreal near Petra

Notes

References

Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
Buildings and structures completed in 1263
Castles in Jordan
Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Tourism in Jordan

hu:Kerak

Kerak Castle


Caroline Garcia (, born 16 October 1993) is a French professional tennis player. She has a career high ranking of world No. 4 in singles and world No. 2 in doubles. Garcia is the reigning WTA Finals singles champion.

She is also a two-time major champion in doubles, having won the French Open women's doubles title in 2016 and 2022 partnering Kristina Mladenovic. The pair were also runners-up at the 2016 US Open, and reached the semifinals at the 2017 Australian Open. Garcia reached her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 2 in October 2016, and has won eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour, including the 2016 Madrid Open. She has also qualified for the WTA Finals on two occasions, and alongside Mladenovic was voted the 2016 WTA Doubles Team of the Year.

In singles, Garcia has won eleven WTA Tour singles titles, including three at the WTA 1000 level: the 2017 Wuhan Open, 2017 China Open and 2022 Cincinnati Open. She achieved her career-high singles ranking of world No. 4 in both September 2018 and November 2022, the latter after winning the WTA Finals.

Garcia has represented France in the Billie Jean King Cup since 2013, and was part of the team that won the title in 2019. She won a Fed Cup Heart Award in 2016 for her role in leading France to its first final in eleven years. She has also twice competed for France at the Olympics.

Personal life
Caroline Garcia was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the Yvelines , but moved with her family to Bron, a suburb of Lyon, shortly after. She is the only child of Mylène and French Algeria-born Louis-Paul Garcia, a former sales manager whose grandparents originate from the Spanish Costa Blanca region,

Until 2021, Garcia was trained by her father Louis-Paul.

In 2023, Garcia opened up about her struggles with bulimia nervosa following a foot injury and a loss of form. She stated that conversations with family and friends, as well as a break from tennis, helped her to overcome bulimia, and to develop a healthy relationship with food once again.

Career

Juniors
As a junior, Garcia reached the semifinals of the Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon, and the finals of the US Open, losing to Grace Min, all in 2011. She reached her highest junior ranking of 5, on 12 December 2011.

2011
At the Australian Open, she earned a wild card and beat Varvara Lepchenko in the first round in her first appearance in the main draw of a WTA tournament. However, she lost to Ayumi Morita in the second round.

Garcia made entry into the French Open as a wildcard. She played Zuzana Ondrášková and defeated her in straight sets. In the second round, she had a 6–3, 4–1, 15–0 lead against former No. 1, Maria Sharapova, who then won eleven games in a row. Garcia garnered a lot of respect for her talent. Andy Murray said the following via his Twitter account: "The girl Sharapova is playing is going to be number one in the world one day... what a player".

2013

At the Australian Open, Garcia lost in the first round to No. 47 Elena Vesnina. She then beat qualifier Yuliya Beygelzimer, before losing to eventual champion, Serena Williams, at the French Open. She qualified for Wimbledon. This marks the first Grand Slam for which she qualified; she received a wild card for the previous five. Caroline beat Zheng Jie in the first round, before losing again to Serena Williams in the second round.

She was ranked high enough to gain direct entry to the main draw of the US Open, and beat American wild card Shelby Rogers in the first round, before losing to 30th seed Laura Robson of Great Britain. Her first round win meant that Garcia reached the world's top 70 for the first time.

2014: first WTA Tour titles
At the Sony Open, Garcia was the only player to win a set against Serena Williams, as Williams was on her way toward winning her seventh title and setting the record for the most titles held by a man or woman at the tournament. At the Copa Claro Colsanitas in Bogotá, Colombia, Garcia won her maiden WTA Tour singles title, beating the defending champion and former world No. 1, Jelena Janković, winning in straight sets.

At the Madrid Open in May, Garcia reached the quarterfinals of any Premier event for the first time, defeating Angelique Kerber in the first round after the German retired with a lower back injury, receiving a walkover from Maria Kirilenko after the Russian withdrew with a wrist injury, and then defeating tenth seed Sara Errani in three sets in the third round. She eventually lost to third seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the quarterfinals in three sets. Garcia lost in the first round of the French Open to Ana Ivanovic.

Garcia made the third round of the Wimbledon, eventually losing to Ekaterina Makarova. She lost early at the US Open to American Nicole Gibbs. Garcia rebounded at the Wuhan Open, defeating Venus Williams and Agnieszka Radwańska back to back, in final-set tiebreaks. She also defeated American CoCo Vandeweghe in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, where she was defeated by eventual champion Petra Kvitová. Despite the loss, Garcia moved up to a career high of No. 36 in the rankings.

2015: two WTA singles finals
Garcia began her season at the Brisbane International where she lost in the first round to No. 3 seed Angelique Kerber. She then played at the Australian Open where she beat No. 27 seed Svetlana Kuznetsova and Stefanie Vögele before losing to Eugenie Bouchard in the third round. After her campaign, Garcia joined France's Fed Cup team for their tie against Italy. Despite losing to Sara Errani, Garcia managed to grab a win as she beat Camila Giorgi in three sets as her country advanced to the semifinals.

At the Dubai Tennis Championships, Garcia lost in the second round to Agnieszka Radwańska after beating qualifier Arina Rodionova in straight sets. She followed that with a run to the finals at the Mexican Open, receiving a walkover from Maria Sharapova in the semis as the Russian withdrew due to illness. She then lost to Timea Bacsinszky. Garcia also reached the finals of the Monterrey Open where she also was a runner-up to Bacsinszky. She grabbed her first win over former world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, en route.

After receiving a first round-bye at Indian Wells, Garcia beat qualifier Polona Hercog before grabbing her second straight win over Ivanovic in three sets. She then lost to eventual semifinalist Sabine Lisicki.

2016: French Open champion in doubles

Garcia represented France at the 2016 Hopman Cup alongside Kenny de Schepper. She was undefeated in her singles matches, beating Heather Watson, Sabine Lisicki, and eventual champion Daria Gavrilova. Garcia and de Schepper were beaten in all of their mixed doubles matches. At the Sydney International, Garcia defeated Kristina Mladenovic, but lost in three sets to eventual semifinalist Simona Halep. She then fell short in the first round of the Australian Open, losing to Barbora Strýcová in straight sets.

At the Fed Cup, however, Garcia rebounded and helped France in their tie against Italy, earning singles wins over Sara Errani and Camila Giorgi. In her next tournament, the Dubai Tennis Championships, she lost her singles semifinal match, defeating Anna Karolína Schmiedlová, Carla Suárez Navarro and Andrea Petkovic en route. Two weeks later, she reached her second WTA Tour singles semifinals of the year at the tournament in Monterrey, losing her semifinal match to Heather Watson. Garcia then lost in her opening match in Indian Wells to Christina McHale. Her next tournament was the Miami Open, where she beat Mirjana Lučić-Baroni and Andrea Petkovic before losing in three sets to eventual finalist Svetlana Kuznetsova.

She then played in Charleston, losing her first-round match to Irina-Camelia Begu. However, Garcia won the doubles title alongside Kristina Mladenovic.

Playing for France in the Fed Cup semifinal, Garcia lost her first match against Kiki Bertens in straight sets, but managed to beat Arantxa Rus. France eventually won the tie after the doubles match, in which Garcia once again played with Mladenovic. Her next tournament was the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, where, despite another first-round defeat in the singles to Monica Niculescu, she won another title in doubles with Mladenovic after beating top-seeds Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza in the final.

In May, Garcia won her first Premier Mandatory/Premier-5 doubles title at the Madrid Open, partnering Mladenovic. In the same month, Garcia won the Internationaux de Strasbourg singles title by defeating Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in straight sets in the final, becoming only the third Frenchwoman to win that title since it became a WTA event in 1987.

At the French Open, Garcia won the women's doubles event partnering Mladenovic, beating Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in the final. It was the first Grand Slam women's doubles crown for Garcia and Mladenovic and they became the first all-French pair to win the French Open women's doubles title since Gail Chanfreau and Françoise Dürr in 1971.

On 19 June, Garcia won her second WTA singles title of 2016 and her first on grass by beating Anastasija Sevastova in straight sets in the final of the inaugural Mallorca Open. She had defeated a pair of former Wimbledon singles semifinalists in Ana Ivanovic and Kirsten Flipkens to reach the final. On 20 June, she returned to No. 32 of the singles rankings and replaced Kristina Mladenovic as the French singles No. 1.

Garcia participated in both the women's singles and women's doubles of the 2016 Summer Olympics. Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, seeded No. 2, lost in the first round of the women's doubles.

At the US Open, Garcia was seeded No. 25 in singles. She reached the third round of the draw, defeating Kiki Bertens and Kateřina Siniaková before falling to the fourth-seeded Agnieszka Radwańska. As a result, Garcia reached a career-high ranking of 24. In the doubles event, Garcia yet again partnered with Mladenovic. The Frenchwomen were the No. 1 seed of the event. They reached the final, where they were defeated by Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová. As a result of reaching the final, Garcia and Mladenovic qualified for the WTA Finals as second doubles team.

Garcia kicked off the Asian swing at the Wuhan Open. She was scheduled to play singles at the Guangzhou Open one week earlier, but withdrew before the tournament started. In Wuhan, Garcia played in both singles and doubles. In singles, she was defeated in the second round by No. 8 seed Madison Keys. In doubles, Garcia and Mladenovic, the No. 1 seeds, lost their opening second round to Christina McHale and Peng Shuai. Next, at the China Open, Garcia reached the third round of the singles draw, before falling to Daria Gavrilova. In doubles, she was once again top-seeded with Mladenovic. The French team fought their way to the final, defeating third-seeds, Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan, in the semifinals. This was Garcia and Mladenovic's eighth final together. They would end up losing to Mattek-Sands and Šafářová, the US Open champions.

Garcia ended her run in Asia at the Hong Kong Open, where she was seeded No. 5 in singles. She passed the first round before losing to her doubles rival, Bethanie Mattek-Sands, in the second round.
She also played singles at her last regular-season tournament of the year, the Luxembourg Open, where she was seeded fourth. She had a hard-fought match against Anett Kontaveit, and just barely won. She was then defeated by Andrea Petkovic.

Garcia and Mladenovic received the WTA Award for Best Doubles Team of the Year shortly before the start of the WTA Finals. Garcia also won the Heart Award for the Fed Cup World Group semifinals stage. At the Finals, Garcia and Mladenovic started strong, defeating Julia Görges and Karolína Plíšková in the quarterfinals. However, in the semifinals, they were once again defeated by their rivals, Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová. Garcia and Mladenovic missed the chance to become the WTA year-end doubles world number-ones.

Garcia made a last-minute appearance at the WTA Elite Trophy. She was originally one place short of qualifying, but was able to join the tournament when Venus Williams withdrew. She played in the Azalea Group against Johanna Konta and Samantha Stosur. Garcia won her first match against Stosur, but lost her second match against Konta, the top-seed, and thus did not reach the semifinals. However, she walked away with a year-end ranking of 23, her best ranking yet.

In the Fed Cup final in November against the Czech Republic, Garcia defeated two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová, then upset US Open finalist and Czech No. 1, Karolína Plíšková. Unfortunately, Garcia and Mladenovic then lost their doubles rubber against Pliskova and Strýcová, which meant that the Czech won the Fed Cup final 3–2.

In December, Garcia and Mladenovic were named the doubles ITF World Champions of 2016.

2017: French Open quarterfinal, Asian Premier double champion, top 10
During the off-season, Garcia announced that she would not play in the 2017 Fed Cup, explaining that she wanted to focus on her singles career.

Garcia's first tournament of the year was the Australian Open, in which she was the 21st seed. In the first round of the singles event, she defeated Kateryna Bondarenko in straight sets. In the second round, she faced countrywoman Océane Dodin. Garcia lost the first set, but rallied back to win the match. She then lost in the third round to Barbora Strýcová. In the doubles event, Garcia paired up with Kristina Mladenovic, the French duo being the top seeds of the tournament. The pair won their first three matches to advance to the quarterfinals, in which they defeated Ashleigh Barty and Casey Dellacqua. Garcia and Mladenovic then lost in the semifinals to Andrea Hlaváčková and Peng Shuai.

Garcia moved on to the Taiwan Open, in which she was seeded No. 3. She won her opening match against Marina Erakovic, setting up an encounter with Mandy Minella in the second round, to whom she lost in straight sets. At the Qatar Open, Garcia won her first round match against qualifier Madison Brengle before falling to No. 2 seed Karolína Plíšková in straight sets in the second round. At the Dubai Tennis Championships, Garcia was seeded No. 15. She defeated Johanna Larsson in the first round, but lost to the 2016 Olympics singles gold medalist Monica Puig in the second round. Garcia's poor form continued in Kuala Lumpur, where seeded No. 3, she lost in the first round to the Russian qualifier Anna Kalinskaya.

Wanting to focus on her singles success, Garcia ended her partnership with Mladenovic. However, she still played doubles at the Indian Wells Open, partnering Karolína Plíšková instead. In the BNP Paribas Open singles, Garcia received a bye into the second round, as she was seeded No. 21. She defeated lucky loser Evgeniya Rodina, upset No. 11th seed Johanna Konta in the third round before losing to eventual finalist Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round. Prior to the Miami Open, Garcia lost her status as the top-ranked Frenchwoman in singles to Mladenovic. In that tournament, Garcia was seeded No. 21 and lost her opening match to Peng Shuai in the second round. As the No. 3 seed at the Monterrey Open, Garcia reached the semifinals where she lost to eventual champion Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.

Garcia began her clay season at the Madrid Open where she lost in the first round to the qualifier Wang Qiang. She also had an early exit at her next event, falling in the second round of the Italian Open to Daria Gavrilova, having beaten Donna Vekić in the first round. She was also beaten by Gavrilova in the semi-finals of the Internationaux de Strasbourg.

At the French Open, Garcia beat Nao Hibino, Chloé Paquet, Hsieh Su-wei and Alizé Cornet to reach her first Grand Slam singles quarterfinal, where she lost to the No. 2 seed Karolína Plíšková. Garcia reached a career-high ranking of No. 21 in the singles rankings.

Garcia continued her good form at Wimbledon by reaching the fourth round for the first time, where she lost to the No. 6 seed, Johanna Konta, in three tight sets. She then reached the singles semifinals in Mallorca and Båstad and the singles quarterfinals at the Rogers Cup and Pan Pacific Open.

Garcia won her first career Premier-5 singles title at the Wuhan Open. It was the biggest singles title won by any French female player since Marion Bartoli won Wimbledon in 2013. At Wuhan, the unseeded Garcia defeated the No. 12 seed Angelique Kerber in the first round, registered her first victory of 2017 over a player ranked in the top 10 of the WTA singles rankings by beating the No. 7 seed Dominika Cibulková in the third round, and went on to defeat the unseeded Ashleigh Barty in three sets in the final. Garcia reached a career-high of No. 15 in the WTA singles rankings.

At the China Open, Garcia progressed to the quarterfinals after defeating Elise Mertens and Cornet. She then saved a match point in her three-set victory over the third seed Elina Svitolina to reach the semifinals. She defeated Petra Kvitová in straight sets to reach her second consecutive WTA final, where she beat the newly crowned No. 1, Simona Halep, in straight sets, to win her first Premier-Mandatory title, becoming the first WTA player to win the Wuhan and China Open in the same year. After Johanna Konta pulled out of the Kremlin Cup, Garcia was confirmed to be the final qualifier for the WTA finals. Garcia lost her first match in the WTA Finals to Halep in straight sets, but then beat both Svitolina and Caroline Wozniacki in three sets to reach the semifinals, where she was defeated by Venus Williams.

2018: Two Major fourth rounds, world No. 4
After starting her season in Brisbane, Garcia played at the Australian Open. The eighth seed, she advanced to the fourth round for the first time in her career before losing to Madison Keys.

Garcia reached the fourth round of her home Slam at the 2018 French Open.
She also reached the quarterfinals in Dubai and Doha, semifinals in Stuttgart and Madrid, as well as quarterfinals in Rome, Montreal, New Haven, and Tokyo. She reached a career-high ranking of world No. 4 on 10 September 2018 following her third round showing at the 2018 US Open (tennis).

She finished the year ranked No. 19 in the singles rankings.

2019: Fed Cup champion
Garcia helped France win the 2019 Fed Cup. She reunited with Mladenovic to clinch the final doubles match against Ashleigh Barty and Sam Stosur of Australia.

2020: Mixed results, French Open fourth round
Garcia began the 2020 tennis season with average results, losing in the second round of the Australian Open to Ons Jabeur. However, at the US Open, Garcia reached the third round, beating top-seeded Karolína Plíšková in the second round.

She also achieved positive results at the postponed French Open, beating 17th seed Anett Kontaveit, Aliaksandra Sasnovich, and 16th seed Elise Mertens en route to the fourth round. Garcia was defeated by third seed Elina Svitolina in the fourth round. Garcia's best performance of 2020 was a quarterfinal finish at the Lyon Open, losing to the fifth seed Alison Van Uytvanck, in straight sets.

2021: Loss of form, out of top 70

Garcia started her 2021 season at the first edition of the Gippsland Trophy. Seeded 12th, she reached the third round where she lost to seventh seed and eventual champion, Elise Mertens. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the second round by third seed, 2019 champion, and eventual champion, Naomi Osaka. Seeded 10th at the first edition of the Phillip Island Trophy, she was eliminated in the first round by Misaki Doi. In Adelaide, she was beaten in her first-round match by Anastasija Sevastova.

Seeded third at the Lyon Open, Garcia lost in the second round to qualifier and eventual finalist, Viktorija Golubic. At the Dubai Tennis Championships, she beat Angelique Kerber in the first round. She was defeated in the third round by tenth seed Elise Mertens. In Miami, she faced third seed Simona Halep in the second round. She pushed Halep to three sets but ended up losing the match.

In May 2021, Garcia announced her new coach as Gabriel Urpí, thus ending a partnership with her father and long-time coach Louis-Paul Garcia. She started her clay-court season at the Italian Open. She was eliminated in the second round by Veronika Kudermetova. Seeded eighth at the first edition of the Emilia-Romagna Open in Parma, she reached the quarterfinals where she was beaten by Kateřina Siniaková. At the Internationaux de Strasbourg, she lost in the second round to fifth seed and eventual champion, Barbora Krejčíková. At Roland Garros, she beat last year quarterfinalist, Laura Siegemund, in the first round. She was defeated in the second round by Polona Hercog.

Kicking off her grass-court season at the Birmingham Classic, Garcia lost in the second round to eighth seed Marie Bouzková.

Her last match was at the Indian Wells Open in the beginning of October where she lost to Coco Gauff in the second round. She finished the season ranked No. 74 in the singles rankings.

She started working with a new coach Bertrand Perret in December.

2022: WTA Finals champion, US Open semifinal, return to world No. 4
At the French Open, she reached the final as a wildcard pair with compatriot Kristina Mladenovic.
She won her second French Open defeating Jessica Pegula and Coco Gauff in the final.

She secured her eighth career singles title in the lead up to Wimbledon at the Bad Homburg Open in the two longest matches of the tournament, over Alizé Cornet in the semifinals (2:45) and Bianca Andreescu in the final (2:42).
At Wimbledon, she reached the fourth round only for a second time at this major.

At the Poland Open, Garcia upset the world No. 1, Iga Świątek, in the quarterfinals for her first win against a world No. 1 in ten attempts, ending Swiatek's 18 match win streak on clay in the process. She went on to win the tournament, defeating Ana Bogdan, in straight sets in the final, for her ninth title and second in two months.

At the Cincinnati Open, she reached the quarterfinals of a WTA 1000 for the first time in four years, since the Canadian Open in 2018, as a qualifier, defeating world No. 3 Maria Sakkari, her second top-3 win of 2022 and Elise Mertens. Next she defeated world No. 8 and seventh seed Jessica Pegula to reach her first WTA 1000 semifinal since Madrid in 2018, becoming the first qualifier to advance to the semifinals at this tournament since Akgul Amanmuradova in 2007. With her win over sixth seed Aryna Sabalenka she became the first qualifier to ever advance to a WTA 1000 final since the tier was created in 2009. She won her tenth title defeating Petra Kvitová in straight sets. As a result, she moved back into the top 20, at world No. 17.

Garcia entered the US Open as the 17th seed, on an eight-match winning streak dating back to the first round of qualifying in Cincinnati. She defeated lucky loser Kamilla Rakhimova, Anna Kalinskaya, 2019 champion Bianca Andreescu, and Alison Riske-Amritraj in the first four rounds to advance to the quarterfinals for the first time in her career at the US Open and the second time at a major. She defeated 12th seed Coco Gauff in the quarterfinals, but lost to fifth seed Ons Jabeur in straight sets in her first major semifinal, snapping a 13-match winning streak. As a result, she re-entered the top 10 in singles on 12 September 2022. In doubles, she reached the quarterfinals with compatriot Mladenovic.

She qualified for the WTA Finals by defeating Rebecca Marino in the first round of Guadalajara Open. One week before the start of WTA Finals, Bertrand Perret quit being her coach. Seeded sixth, she was placed in Group Tracy Austin of the WTA Finals. She defeated Maria Sakkari in the semifinal in straight sets. She proceeded to win the biggest title of her career defeating Aryna Sabalenka also in straight sets and moved back to her career-high world No. 4 in the singles rankings.

2023: Major quarterfinal in doubles, WTA 1000 semifinal and two finals in singles
She was the top seed at the Lyon Open and the Monterrey Open but lost in the final respectively to Alycia Parks and Donna Vekić.

At the 2023 French Open she reached the quarterfinals in doubles with Luisa Stefani.

At the WTA 1000 2023 Guadalajara Open Akron she reached the semifinals defeating tenth seed Viktoria Azarenka.

Playing style
Garcia is an offensive baseliner, with consistent and powerful groundstrokes, and a strong service game. Her forehand is her stronger wing, and she can hit many clean winners off it. She also possesses a consistent and strong two-handed backhand. She also has a strong first and second serve, known for its accuracy. She served the ninth most aces in 2016, with 218. Her doubles success means she also has a solid net game, although this isn't frequently seen in her singles game. She has good movement and footwork around the court, which help her with hitting her groundstrokes effectively.

Endorsements
Garcia is sponsored by Yonex for her clothing, by New Balance for her shoes, and by Yonex for her racquets. She uses the Yonex VCORE SV 100 racquet. Garcia is also a spokeswoman for Sothys, a French cosmetics company.

Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timelines

Singles

Doubles

Grand Slam finals

Doubles: 3 (2 titles, 1 runner-up)

Year-end championship finals

Singles: 1 (1 title)

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
French female tennis players
French people of Spanish descent
Hopman Cup competitors
Tennis players from Lyon
Sportspeople from Saint-Germain-en-Laye
French Open champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
Olympic tennis players for France
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
ITF World Champions
21st-century French women

Caroline Garcia


Jane Menken (born 1939), née Golubitsky, is an American sociologist and demographer known for her work in sociology in public and international affairs, population studies, social statistics.

Menken has published a co-authored book Mathematical Models of Conception and Birth(1973), and is co-editor of Natural Fertility (1979), Teenage Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing (1981), World Population and U.S. Policy: The Choices Ahead (1986), and Aging in Sub-Saharan Africa (2006). In addition, Menken was a founding member of the editorial board of two academic journals in the demography discipline: Demographic Research and Southern African Journal of Demography.

Education and career
After completing her undergraduate work at the University of Pennsylvania in 1960, Menken continued on to complete a masters in Biostatistics from Harvard University's School of Public Health in 1962 before taking a position as a mathematical statistician at the National Institute of Mental Health from 1964 to 1966. Menken then took a position as a research associate in biostatistics at Columbia University's School of Public Health and Administrative Medicine (1966-1969) until moving to Princeton in 1969, where she held a research position in its Office of Population Research, and then Research Demographer while she completed her Ph.D. in Sociology and Demography in 1975, and began as Assistant to the Associate Director from 1978 to 1987.

In 1977, Menken became Associate Professor of Sociology at Princeton, and then full Professor from 1980 to 1987 before moving to the University of Pennsylvania in 1987 and later, the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1997, where she has been part of the Institute of Behavioral Science since 2001.

Recognition
In 1977 she was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1985 she was elected president of the Population Association of America.

References

External links
 Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder

1939 births
Living people
American women sociologists
American sociologists
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
20th-century American scientists
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Princeton University alumni
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
Members of the National Academy of Medicine

Jane Menken


Mary Ranken Jordan (1869–1962) was a prominent American philanthropist and an advocate of many charitable organizations. Mary Ranken was born in Ireland in 1869 and moved to the United States in 1885 to join her uncles in St Louis. Ranken came from a prosperous Irish Presbyterian family. Many of which founded or were involved in civic and charitable affairs. Ranken's uncle, David Ranken Jr. was the founder of the David Ranken Jr., School of Mechanical Trades, which is now known as Ranken Technical College.

At the age of 36, she married a St. Louis merchant, Clay E. Jordan.  She and her husband became strong supporters of the community and are best known for establishing The Ranken-Jordan Home for Convalescent Crippled Children on April 9, 1941, in what is now Maryland Heights, Missouri.  She was also the president of the St. Louis Women's Christian Association and the Memorial Home for the Elderly. Mary Ranken Jordan left a legacy of support for many charitable and cultural organizations before her death at the age of 93.

References

American philanthropists
1869 births
1962 deaths
Irish emigrants to the United States

Mary Ranken Jordan


And Chaos Died (1970) is a science fiction novel by American writer Joanna Russ, perhaps the genre's best-known feminist author. Its setting is a dystopian projection of modern society, in which Earth's population has continued to grow, with the effects somewhat mitigated by advanced technology. The novel was nominated for, but did not win, the 1970 Nebula Award.

Plot introduction

On the grossly-overpopulated planet, remnants of "nature" exist only in the isolated areas not covered by housing, industry and industrial farming. Creativity and individuality are suppressed and channeled into rigid social formats. A powerful bureaucracy/police state oversees the acts of all citizens. Its purpose is to maintain control for the planetary elite, and to that end it is prepared to resort to any method, however ruthless.

In contrast to all this, the author introduces another planet on which human development has followed a diametrically opposite path: the natural world is respected; population is limited; and each individual is encouraged to develop uniquely. On this other world, human beings are known to be basically "spiritual", and immortal in nature. Telepathy and telekinesis are developed as much and as rapidly as possible.

As the narrative progresses, a confrontation develops between these different systems.

Reception
James Blish praised the novel, saying "The totality is impressive not only for its inventiveness and the brilliance of its technique, but because the fantastic central assumption has been used to tell you real things about the real human psyche." Modern readers have been less welcoming, though: Lee Mandelo, writing for Tor.com, called And Chaos Died "a strange, psychedelic book that, in many ways, doesn't age well," citing in particular the apparent curing of the main character's homosexuality as a problematic element.

References

Sources
 Samuel R. Delany, The Order of "Chaos" (review), in Science Fiction Studies 6, 3 (November 1979).

External links

 And Chaos Died at Fantastic Fiction

1970 American novels
Dystopian novels
Feminist science fiction novels
1970 science fiction novels
Overpopulation fiction
Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon
Ace Books books
Works by Joanna Russ

And Chaos Died


Credo BC 11 is of Hungarian minibus production from 1999 to 2001 with a length of 9.5 m and 10.7 m. Buses were equipped with 176 kW Iveco Tector engines. They had drum brakes of the Rába 501 type at the front of the vehicle and the Rába 106 at the rear. There was no low-floor version of these buses. The bus is very similar to the Credo EC 11 type bus, both externally and internally. It differs only in the number of doors. There are one single-leaf door in the front and rear of the vehicle and one double-leaf door in the middle of the vehicle. They started to be delivered to Bratislava at the end of 1999 under the name SOR B9.5.

Description
The body of the bus is panel and semi-self-supporting, its skeleton is made of steel and is welded to the bus chassis. There is one single-leaf door in the front and rear of the vehicle and one double-leaf door in the middle of the vehicle for boarding and alighting passengers, which are also used for boarding with stroller or wheelchair. The door operates on a pneumatic drive from ISAF. The interior of the bus is covered with a non-slip floor. Ventilation is provided by ceiling fans and heating by hot water radiators.

All vehicles have the BUSE information system installed to report stops with a red LED display. The first three series of this bus were equipped with a digital clock in the driver's cab, but their time was distorted, as the clock was not connected to the on-board computer. Since the fourth series, all buses have been equipped with yellow bands in the front of the bus, which defined the forbidden space for passengers to stay. Since the sixth series, all buses have been equipped with a stop reporting system. From the seventh series, the buses began to be equipped with another folding seat in place for a stroller.

Buses in Bratislava
The bus operated in Bratislava on the lines: 23, 30, 35, 41, 42, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 65, 69, 75, 79, 90, 123, 144, 201 (ZV), 203 (ZV), N37, N44, N47, N56 a N72

References

Buses

Credo BC 11


Stuart Cameron (born 12 February 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy and Melbourne in the Victorian/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL).

Cameron came to Melbourne from Minyip, in the Wimmera Football League. He played just 13 senior games for Fitzroy, nine of them coming in the second half of the 1987 season.  After not making an appearance in 1989, Melbourne selected him in the Pre-Season Draft. He played five games for Melbourne in 1990.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Fitzroy Football Club players
Melbourne Football Club players
Minyip Football Club players

Stuart Cameron (footballer)


S. H. (Samuel Henry) Ervin, (21 January 1881 – 29 October 1977), wool broker, collector and philanthropist, was born on 21 January 1881 at Monkland, Queensland. Generally known as Harry, Ervin was the youngest son of Samuel Ervin and his wife, Matilda. His father died in the same year. His mother later remarried and, during his youth, Harry used his stepfather's surname, Rohde.

The Rohde family moved to Mosman, a Sydney suburb, and Ervin attended Sydney Church of England Grammar School (Shore).

After he left school, Ervin went to Europe where he worked in woollen mills, before returning to Australia. During World War I he took over Lothringer & Co., a firm in which his brother-in-law Karl Lothringer was involved and, in 1927, established S. H. Ervin Limited, wool brokers.

In World War II Ervin contributed to the war effort as a wool appraiser. His firm later benefited from the post-war wool boom.

Philanthropy
Due to his association with artists at Sirius Cove, Ervin purchased works by a number of artists, including Norman Lindsay, Tom Roberts and Arthur Streeton.

In the 1960s Ervin became a substantial benefactor. In 1962 he gave his collection of paintings to the Australian government and encouraged the erection of a national art gallery. In 1971 he donated $50,000 to the New South Wales branch of the National Trust of Australia to purchase Norman Lindsay's home at Faulconbridge, New South Wales and, in 1974, donated $200,000 to restore two buildings at Observatory Hill, Sydney as an art gallery and museum. The buildings were named the S. H. Ervin Gallery.

Ervin Place in the Canberra suburb of Conder is named in his honour.

Personal life

On 7 April 1926 Ervin married 38-year-old Muriel Beatrice Gray, nee Appel, who had two daughters from her previous marriage. The Ervins lived at Glanworth, Darling Point, and later at The Astor, Macquarie Street, Sydney.

Ervin outlived his wife and stepdaughters and died on 29 October 1977.

See also
 S. H. Ervin Gallery

References

1881 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Australian philanthropists

S. H. Ervin


Violet Mersereau (October 2, 1892 – November 12, 1975) was an American stage and film actress. Over the course of her screen career, Mersereau appeared in over 100 short and silent film features.

Early life
Mersereau was born in New York City and had a younger sister, Claire (18941982). Her father died when she was 9 years old. Her maternal grandmother, Mme. Luzanzie, had been a noted stage actress in France. While Mersereau's own mother had acting aspirations, she never pursued a career in acting but decided to allow her children to begin acting.

Career
At the age of 8, she played juvenile parts in repertory theatre. She toured with Margaret Anglin and portrayed the role of "Flora" in the original company of The Clansman. The play continued to show for three years. During her time as a stage actress she was given the nickname "The Child Wonder." She also starred on the touring production of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm and then became a screen actress.

In 1908, she made her first film for the Biograph Company. She stayed with the company until 1911. She then signed with Independent Moving Pictures where she appeared in ingenue roles. She found success with these roles and was often cast as innocent young helpless girls which was a popular staple in films at the time. When Independent Moving Pictures and several other studios merged to form Universal Pictures she continued working for Universal. During this time, she appeared in several short films alongside William Garwood (who often directed the films).

In 1916, Carl Laemmle decided to open one of his eastern United States studios for Mersereau's own productions. Laemmle engaged Oscar A. C. Lund to direct her in these features. Mersereau had always exhibited a distinct preference for working in the East, and disliked California. Among her most successful ventures for Blue Bird and Universal include The Boy Girl (1917), Morgan's Raiders (1918), Little Miss Nobody (1917), Susan's Gentleman (1917), The Honor of Mary Blake (1916), Souls United (1917), Autumn (1916), and The Little Terror (1917).

The most acclaimed project of  her final period was Nero (1922), directed by J. Gordon Edwards, grandfather of Blake Edwards.  she continued in motion pictures into the 1920s with her final film being The Wives of the Prophet (1926), in which she had the role of Alma.

Personal life
Mersereau died on November 12, 1975 in Plymouth, Massachusetts, at the age of 83.

Selected filmography

 The Feud and the Turkey (1908)
 The Test of Friendship (1908)
 The Cricket on the Hearth (1909)
 The Lonely Villa (1909)
 His Lost Love (1909)
 His Trust (1911)
 His Trust Fulfilled (1911)
 The Spitfire (1914)
 On Dangerous Ground (1915)
 The Stake (1915)
 The Supreme Impulse (1915)
 Wild Blood (1915)
 The Adventure of the Yellow Curl Papers (1915)
 Uncle's New Blazer (1915)
 Destiny's Trump Card (1915)
 You Can't Always Tell (1915)
 Larry O'Neill (1915)
 Thou Shalt Not Lie (1915)
 Driven by Fate (1915)
 Billy's Love Making (1915)
 The Wolf of Debt (1915)
 The Unnecessary Sex (1915)
 Getting His Goat (1915)
 The Great Problem (1916)
 The Doll Doctor (1916)
 His Picture (1916)
 Broken Fetters (1916)
 The Gentle Art of Burglary (1916)
 Susan's Gentleman (1917)
 The Raggedy Queen (1917)
 The Little Terror (1917)
 The Girl by the Roadside (1917)
 The Boy Girl (1917)
 Little Miss Nobody (1917)
 The Midnight Flyer (1918)
 Proxy Husband (1919)
 Finders Keepers (1921)
 Out of the Depths (1921)
 Nero (1922)
 The Shepherd King (1923)
 Her Own Free Will (1924)
 Lend Me Your Husband (1924)
 The Wives of the Prophet (1926)

References

Additional sources
 Iowa City, Iowa Citizen, Violet Mersereau, Tuesday, October 1, 1918. Page 5.
 Lincoln, Nebraska Sunday Star, Answers To Movie Fans, March 18, 1917, Page 3.
 Lincoln Sunday Star, Answers To Movie Fans, March 25, 1923, Page 15.
 Biography and Filmography of Violet Mersereau at KinoTV.com

External links

Portrait of Violet Mersereau

1892 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of French descent
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
People from Plymouth, Massachusetts

Violet Mersereau


Patricia McCormack (born Patricia Ellen Russo   August 21, 1945) is an American actress with a career in theater, films, and television.

McCormack began her career as a child actress. She is perhaps best known for her performance as Rhoda Penmark in Maxwell Anderson's 1956 psychological drama The Bad Seed. She received critical acclaim for the role on Broadway and was nominated for an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Mervyn LeRoy's film adaptation.  Her acting career has continued with both starring and supporting roles in film and television, including Helen Keller in the original Playhouse 90 production of The Miracle Worker, Jeffrey Tambor's wife Anne Brookes on the ABC sitcom The Ropers, and as Pat Nixon in Frost/Nixon (2008).

She also appeared in the November 11, 1982, season 3 episode 8..."Foiled Again" of Magnum, P.I. with Tom Selleck. She was also cast and appeared as Adriana La Cerva's mother in The Sopranos.

Life and career

McCormack was a child model at the age of four, and began appearing on television at the age of seven. She made her motion-picture debut in Two Gals and a Guy (1951) and appeared as Ingeborg in the television series Mama with Peggy Wood from 1953 to 1956. Her Broadway debut was in Touchstone (1953), and the following year, she originated the role of Rhoda Penmark, an eight-year-old psychopath and fledgling serial killer, in the original stage version of Maxwell Anderson's The Bad Seed (1954) with Nancy Kelly. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film version (1956). She portrayed Helen Keller in the original 1957 Playhouse 90 production of William Gibson's The Miracle Worker opposite Teresa Wright.

In 1957, she was cast by Orson Welles in his film adaptation of Don Quixote, but filming had to be abandoned for budgetary reasons, and was never fully completed. When a version was edited together in 1992, some years after Welles's death, it did not include any of McCormack's scenes, though they had been central to the framing of the plot. In 1959 she was in an episode of One Step Beyond called "Make Me Not a Witch". She had the role of a pampered child star in the 1958 comedy Kathy O' and recorded the title song for Dot Records. McCormack briefly starred in her own series, Peck's Bad Girl, with Marsha Hunt and Wendell Corey in 1959, and had a leading role in MGM's remake of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with Eddie Hodges. In the early 1960s, she starred in a series of popular teenage delinquent films, including The Explosive Generation with William Shatner and The Young Runaways. In 1962, she portrayed Julie Cannon in the Rawhide episode "Episode of the Wolves"; she appeared on the show again the following year, playing Sarah Higgins in the episode "Incident at Paradise".

She married restaurateur Bob Catania in 1967, and the couple had two children before their marriage was dissolved. After a half-dozen teen roles during the 1960s, her film career gradually declined, but she continued to work in television. In 1970, she played Linda Warren on the soap opera The Best of Everything. She guest-starred on The Streets of San Francisco, season two, episode "Blockade". She also portrayed a San Francisco paramedic on the season-seven Emergency! series episodes "What's a Nice Girl Like You Doing...?" and "The Convention". She resumed her cinema career with Bug in 1975.  She played advertising executive Beth Donaldson in "The Little People" episode of "The Love Boat" S2 E10 which aired on 11/24/1978.

McCormack held several recurring roles in popular television series, including Dallas, Murder, She Wrote, and The Sopranos. McCormack also starred as Anne Brookes, the wife of Jeffrey P. Brookes III (played by Jeffrey Tambor) on the ABC television series The Ropers, a spin-off of Three's Company starring Norman Fell and Audra Lindley, from 1979 to 1980. When Kathryn Hays left the CBS soap opera As the World Turns for an extended period, McCormack took Hays' role until she returned. She starred as a psychotic mother in the cult thriller Mommy and its 1997 sequel Mommy 2: Mommy's Day. In 2008, McCormack played First Lady Pat Nixon in the feature film Frost/Nixon. McCormack continues to work regularly and she costarred in the 2012 series Have You Met Miss Jones?. A recent film appearance is in the 2014 release Chicanery and she guest-starred in a 2013 episode of the series Hart of Dixie. Her most notable recent work was in the Paul Thomas Anderson film  The Master.

In April 2018, it was announced that McCormack would join the cast of General Hospital temporarily replacing Leslie Charleson in the role of Monica Quartermaine due to injuries Charleson sustained in a fall. In September 2018, McCormack portrayed Dr. March, the child psychiatrist consulted in the 2018 television remake of The Bad Seed.

Awards
McCormack was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for The Bad Seed. On March 20, 1956, she received the Milky Way "Gold Star Award" as the most outstanding juvenile performer, in which Sal Mineo was placed third and Tommy Rettig second.

Her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is at 6312 Hollywood Boulevard. She received the star in 1960 aged 15, making her the youngest honoree on the Walk.

McCormack was a guest for the 2009 Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention, where her films were screened, and she received an award during the closing ceremonies.

Selected filmography

Two Gals and a Guy (1951) Fay Oliver
Here Comes the Groom (1951) Orphan (uncredited)
There's No Business Like Show Business (1954) Little Laughing Girl (uncredited)
The Bad Seed (1956) Rhoda Penmark
The Snow Queen (1957) Angel, the Robber Girl (voice in 1959 English version)
All Mine to Give (1957) Annabelle Eunson
Kathy O' (1958) Kathy O'Rourke
Peck's Bad Girl (1959) Torey Peck
Wagon Train (season 2, episode 12: "The Mary Ellen Thomas Story"; 1959) Mary Ellen Thomas
Alcoa Presents: One Step Beyond (episode: "Make Me Not a Witch"; 1959) Emmy Horvath
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1960) Joanna Wilkes
Route 66 (season 1, episode 1: "Black November"; 1960) Jan Emerson and Jenny Slade
The Explosive Generation (1961) Janet Sommers
Rawhide (1960) Julie
Jacktown (1962) Margaret
The New Breed (1962) Karen Kegler
Maryjane (1968) Susan Hoffman
The Mini-Skirt Mob (1968) Edie
The Young Runaways (1968) Deanie Donford
Bug (1975) Sylvia Ross
The Ropers (1979-1980) Anne Brookes (as Patricia McCormack)
Magnum, P.I. (1982) Carol Baldwin
Invitation to Hell (1984) Mary Peterson
Saturday the 14th Strikes Back (1988) Kate Baxter
Murder, She Wrote (1987) (Episode: "No Accounting for Murder") Lana Whitman
Murder, She Wrote (1988) (Episode: "Wearing of the Green") Det. Kathleen Chadwick
Mommy (1995) Mommy
Mommy's Day (1997) (aka Mommy 2: Mommy's Day) Mrs. Sterling
The Sopranos (2000-2006) Liz La Cerva
Acceptable Risk (2001) Lois
The Kiss (2003) Priscilla Standhope
Target (2004) Maysie
Shallow Ground (2004) Helen Reedy
 Mystery Woman (2004) Barbara Somers "Snapshot"
Cold Case (2004) (Episode: "Greed") Mavis Breen
Gone, But Not Forgotten (2004) Andrea Hammerhill
Heart of the Beholder (2005) Helen
Criminal Minds (2005) - Marcia Gordon
Frost/Nixon (2008) Pat Nixon
Private Practice (2009) Cynthia
Desperate Housewives (2010) Teresa Pruitt
Supernatural (2012) Eleanor Holmes and Betsy
The Master (2012) Mildred Drummond
Scandal (2012) Anne Pierce
Hart of Dixie (2013) Sylvie Stephens-Wilkes
The Bad Seed (2018) Dr. March
Barking Mad (2018) Joan Carvell
Home Abduction (Lifetime) (2018) Sylvia Holmes
Cookie Run: Kingdom (2021) Dark Enchantress Cookie
The Bad Seed Returns (2022) Dr. March

Radio appearances

See also
 List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees

References

Further reading
 Rigdon, Walter (ed.) The Biographical Encyclopedia of Who's Who of the American Theatre. New York: James H. Heineman, Inc. c1966.
 Best, Marc. Those Endearing Young Charms: Child Performers of the Screen, South Brunswick and New York: Barnes & Co., 1971, pp. 171–175.
 Dye, David. Child and Youth Actors: Filmography of Their Entire Careers, 1914-1985. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., pp. 138–139.
 "Patty McCormack." Biography Resource Center. Thomson Gale. February 15, 2005.

External links

Patty McCormack at the American Film Institute Catalog
Interview, July 19, 2014, Ames Tribune

20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American child actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American women singers
Dot Records artists
1945 births
Living people
Actresses from Brooklyn
New Utrecht High School alumni

Patty McCormack


Schwa or Ay (Ә ә; italics: Ә ә) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, derived from the Latin letter schwa. It is currently used in Abkhaz, Bashkir, Dungan, Itelmen, Kalmyk, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur and Tatar. It was also used in Azeri, Karakalpak, and Turkmen before those languages switched to the Latin alphabet.

Cyrillic letters

Schwa (Cyrillic)


Joseph Alexander Cooper (November 25, 1823 – May 20, 1910) was an American farmer, soldier, and civil servant.  A Southern Unionist, he fought for the Union Army during the American Civil War, commanding units at Mill Springs, Stones River, Chickamauga, Franklin, Nashville, Bentonville, and in the Knoxville and Atlanta campaigns. He had achieved the rank of Brevet Major General by the time he was mustered out in early 1866.

After the war, Cooper commanded the Tennessee State Guard, a state militia organized by Governor William G. Brownlow to quell postwar violence across Tennessee.  He served as an internal revenue agent during the 1870s before moving to Kansas, where he spent the final decades of his life.

Early life
Cooper was born on a farm in Whitley County, Kentucky, near Cumberland Falls, on November 25, 1823. He was the son of John Cooper, a War of 1812 veteran, and Hester (Sage) Cooper.  He and his parents moved to Campbell County, Tennessee, the following year, where they settled on a farm along Cove Creek,  south of Jacksboro. Growing up in Campbell County, Cooper became a deacon in the Longfield Baptist Church in 1839, and married Mary J. Hutson in April 1846.

During the Mexican–American War, Cooper enlisted as a private in the 4th Tennessee Infantry in September 1847.  He remained with this unit until he was mustered out in August 1848, having spent several months in Mexico City.  After the war ended he returned to Campbell County, and was involved in farming.  While not a major landholder, he nevertheless saw a threefold increase in his personal estate from 1850 to 1860.

Cooper became more politically active during the secession crisis that preceded the Civil War.  A Whig, he supported Constitutional Union candidate John Bell in the 1860 presidential election.  He attended both the Knoxville and Greeneville sessions of the East Tennessee Convention, which sought to create a new Union-aligned state in East Tennessee. He represented Campbell County on the Convention's powerful business committee at the Greeneville session. He initially supported a set of resolutions submitted by T.A.R. Nelson that called for violent measures to be taken if the Convention's demands were not met, but gradually came to favor a more moderate set of resolutions offered by Knoxville attorney Oliver Perry Temple.

Civil War service

While in Greeneville, Cooper made a secret pact with several other East Tennessee Convention delegates, including Richard M. Edwards and Robert K. Byrd, to return to their respective homes and begin recruiting and drilling men to defend the region against a Confederate invasion. Returning to Campbell County, Cooper began rallying Unionists, farming by day, and recruiting at night.  By August, he had recruited over 500 men.  He drilled the recruits at King Field, a remote highland meadow near Jacksboro.

Upon the approach of Confederate forces, Cooper and his new unit fled to Kentucky.  He was mustered in as captain of Company A of the 1st Tennessee Infantry on August 4, 1861.  He took part in operations around Cumberland Gap, and was present at the Battle of Mills Springs in January 1862. In March of the same year, Cooper's company attacked and broke through Confederate defenses at Big Creek Gap, a key mountain pass in northern Campbell County. In May 1862, Cooper was promoted to colonel and placed in command of the 6th Tennessee Infantry, which he organized and recruited.  In July 1862, Cooper and his regiment attacked a Confederate force at Wallace's Crossroads (near modern Andersonville, Tennessee), killing five soldiers and capturing several others.

Cooper retreated with Union forces northward to the Ohio River in late September 1862, to regroup. In December 1862, he joined Union forces in Nashville.  During the Battle of Stones River in early January 1863, Cooper and the 6th accompanied a supply train from Nashville to the front lines in Murfreesboro, and repulsed an attempt by Joseph Wheeler to capture the supplies. Cooper skirmished with Confederate forces on Lookout Mountain during the latter phases of the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863, and took part in the Knoxville Campaign in late 1863 and early 1864.  In April 1864, Cooper commanded the 3rd brigade at the Battle of Resaca in Georgia, where his unit suffered a 30% casualty rate. He afterward took part in General William T. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.

Cooper was promoted to brigadier general on July 30, 1864. He commanded a brigade of the 2nd Division of the XXIII Corps from June 4, 1864. At the Battle of Utoy Creek he led two brigades in a charge and flanking movement of Armstrongs Dismounted Cavalry Brigade of Bates Division along the Sandtown Road, on August 6, 1864.  He temporarily obtained divisional command following the Battle of Jonesborough.

Cooper was again in command of his brigade, and intermittently commanded the 2nd Division during the Franklin-Nashville Campaign. Marching to relieve Nashville, which was threatened by General John B. Hood in November 1864, Cooper was forced to proceed beyond the city to Clarksville to avoid capture, and returned to the city after resting for a day, marching over  in six days.  Upon reaching the front, he helped thwart Hood's assault on the city, charging and capturing two artillery pieces and a number of Confederate soldiers.

In January 1865, Cooper led the 2nd Division to North Carolina, where he took part in the Battle of Bentonville. In March 1865, he was appointed a brevet major general in the Union Army for his service throughout the war, in particular for his actions at Nashville. He was mustered out on January 15, 1866.

Tennessee State Guard

After the war, Cooper moved to Knox County and engaged in politics.  When a rift developed between Governor William "Parson" Brownlow and President Andrew Johnson over how to deal with freedmen and former Confederates, Cooper supported Brownlow, who sought to extend civil rights to former slaves and disfranchise ex-Confederates.  Cooper publicly denounced Johnson, and was described by one newspaper as Johnson's "most violent enemy." In August 1865, Cooper ran for the 2nd district seat in Congress.  Though he placed second, ahead of fellow Union officer Robert K. Byrd and future congressman Leonidas C. Houk, he was still well behind the winner, Horace Maynard.  He rejected subsequent calls to run for the state legislature.

Brownlow's hardline stance toward former Confederates created widespread unrest among Rebel vigilante groups across the state, most notably the Ku Klux Klan.  Brownlow initially sought the assistance of the federal army, but its commanders were reluctant to get involved in what was deemed a civil matter.  To quell the rising violence and maintain order in the August 1867 elections, Brownlow and his allies in the state legislature created a new state militia, known as the Tennessee State Guard, in January 1867.  Brownlow appointed Cooper commander of the State Guard, with the rank of brigadier general, on June 7, 1867.

Cooper quickly formalized the Guard's structure, dividing its 1,900 recruits into two regiments, each containing an equal number of companies from each of the state's three grand divisions.  Many of the company captains were former Union Army officers.  The Guard also included a number of black soldiers.  Along with formalizing the Guard's structure, Cooper also resolved various supply and logistics issues.  Twenty-one companies were deployed in troubled spots across the state, mostly in Middle and West Tennessee.  One week before the August 1867 elections, Cooper declared the Guard ready.

In the election, Brownlow easily defeated his Conservative opponent, Emerson Etheridge.  Conservatives criticized the State Guard for using ruthless tactics to harass voters, and appealed to President Andrew Johnson for help.  Conservative newspapers assailed the State Guard as tyrannical, and Guardsmen were often portrayed as overly aggressive and undisciplined.  Nashville mayor William Matt Brown, who had clashed with Cooper in July 1867, was one of the Guard's most vehement critics.  Brown declared that the State Guard did not have the authority to police municipal elections, and formed a special police force to oversee the city's local elections in September 1867.  In response, Cooper dispatched a battalion of State Guardsmen to the city, and Brown eventually backed down.  By the end of September, most Guardsmen had been mustered out, and the remaining companies consolidated into a "special command" to continue to pursue vigilantes.  Cooper relinquished command on October 11, declaring the Klan threat contained.

Toward the end of his gubernatorial tenure in January 1869, Brownlow, citing another rise in Klan violence, reactivated the State Guard, and reappointed Cooper its commander.  Using powers granted him earlier that year by the state legislature, Brownlow declared martial law in nine Tennessee counties, and ordered the Guard deployed to these counties.  Cooper declared that any Klansmen captured would be hanged, and warned local authorities in non-affected counties that martial law would be imposed on them, as well, if they did not aid in the fight against the Klan.  In late February 1869, however, Brownlow's successor, Dewitt Clinton Senter, softened the martial law decree, and afterward began demobilizing the Guard.  Cooper relinquished command for the second time on May 22, 1869.

Historians in the late 19th century were often critical of the State Guard, describing it as an instrument of oppression, and going so far as to compare it to Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army of 17th-century England.  However, historian Ben H. Severance argues the State Guard was actually a "responsible defender of both the Reconstruction process and the civil rights of the freedmen."  He suggests that in spite of sporadic reports of drunkenness and violence, the Guard was unusually well-behaved, and cites Cooper's leadership and emphasis on discipline as the reason for this.

Later life

In October 1867, Cooper was among the candidates considered for the soon-to-be-vacant U.S. Senate seat of David T. Patterson, but the legislature elected Brownlow. In May 1869, Cooper attended the contentious state Republican Party convention, which was wrought with consistent infighting between supporters of Senter and supporters of William B. Stokes. When Alfred Cate, Roderick R. Butler, and Thomas H. Pearne scuffled over the chairman's gavel, a frustrated Cooper restored control and convinced the delegates to adjourn for the day in order to cool off. He told the delegates, "Go, and drink less bad whiskey and you will be more capable of doing business."  Later that year, President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Cooper internal revenue collector for the Knoxville District.  He held this position until 1879, when he was removed following an intraparty power struggle.

In 1880, Cooper moved to Stafford County, Kansas, where he became involved in farming, and supported local Republican Party candidates.  Shortly after his arrival in Stafford County, he was appointed moderator of the South Central Baptist Association of Kansas, a position he held until 1909.  On April 3, 1891, he was injured in the city of Larned in Pawnee County when he was struck by a railroad car, though he recovered. He died at his home near St. John on May 20, 1910.  His body was returned to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was interred in the Knoxville National Cemetery.

See also

Samuel P. Carter
James G. Spears
List of American Civil War generals (Union)

Notes

References

 Bishop, Randy, "Joseph Alexander Cooper," Civil War Generals of Tennessee, Pelican Publishing Company, 2013.
 Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
 Severance, Ben H., Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction, University of Tennessee Press, 2005.
 Temple, Oliver Perry, and Temple, Mary Boyce (ed.), " General Joseph A. Cooper," Notable Men of Tennessee, Cosmopolitan Press, 1912.

 Welsh, Jack D., "Joseph Alexander Cooper," Medical Histories of Union Generals, Kent State University Press, 2005.

External links
General Joseph Alexander Cooper

1823 births
1910 deaths
People from Whitley County, Kentucky
People from Campbell County, Tennessee
People from St. John, Kansas
Baptists from Tennessee
Union Army generals
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
American militia generals
Tennessee Whigs
19th-century American politicians
Tennessee Republicans
Baptists from Kentucky
19th-century Baptists

Joseph Alexander Cooper