Luigi Lavazza (; 24 April 1859 – 16 August 1949) was an Italian businessman. In 1895, he founded the Lavazza coffee company in Turin.

Biography
Lavazza was born in Murisengo, a small city in the province of Alessandria (Piedmont).

The origins of the Lavazza firm go back to 1895, when Luigi Lavazza purchased a little grocery store, Paissa Olivero, in the old commercial section of Turin (Northern Italy). The purchase was made for 26,000 Italian Lire, or about US$20.

In those times such stores operated as both retail and production outlets. The coffee, sold among thousands of other products, was bought raw, and then roasted and blended according to very personal recipes depending on the customers' requests. This activity soon attracted the interest of Luigi Lavazza, who had already demonstrated considerable knowledge and skills in the processing of blends, including both the quantities of the ingredients and the degree of roasting. The firm's expansion from retailing to wholesale trade (1910), the joining of Luigi's three sons Mario, Beppe and Pericle (during the First World War), and the progressive narrowing of the production range marked the first steps of an irresistible commercial growth, which enabled the company to acquire a notable position at regional level. The little grocery store became in 1927 the modern Luigi Lavazza S.p.A. that, after the forced stop caused by the League of Nations' economic sanctions, by the prohibition on the importation of coffee, and by the outbreak of the Second World War, finally came to specialize in the production of coffee. The first Lavazza logo was then created, and the annual production reached 1,000 tons.

In 1936 Luigi Lavazza retired and left the company to his children. He died in 1949.

Since his death his family, from generation to generation, has devoted its energy to coffee and today Lavazza is claimed to be the market leader of espresso in Italy (with almost 45% of the total coffee market in 2004) and is present in over 60 countries. It is still based in Turin and is controlled by the fourth generation of Lavazza's descendants.

See also

References

External links
www.lavazza.com

1859 births
1949 deaths
Italian drink industry businesspeople
Businesspeople from Turin
Businesspeople in coffee
People from the Kingdom of Sardinia
Lavazza

Luigi Lavazza


The Crossing is an independent, non-denominational church headquartered in Quincy, Illinois, associated with the Christian Churches in the Restoration Movement. The church oversees locations in Hannibal, Missouri, Jacksonville, Illinois, Keokuk, Iowa, Kirksville, Missouri, Lima, Illinois, Macomb, Illinois, Monmouth, Illinois, Mount Sterling, Illinois, Pike County, Illinois, and two locations in Quincy, Illinois and maintains an online presence.

The church was founded in 1970 as a daughter church of Madison Park Christian Church. Weekend church attendance exceeds 10,000 across its campuses and online viewership. The Crossing was listed as one of the fastest-growing churches in the United States, and the fastest-growing church in the U.S. state of Illinois.

Church History
Madison Park Christian Church, then located at 25th and High streets in Quincy, Illinois, gave 78 members on March 3, 1974, to form Payson Road Christian Church meeting at 2901 Payson Road also in Quincy. The new church experienced stagnation until 1998 when leadership decided to find an environment that would ideally reduce intimidation for attendees not accustomed to church meetings. The church soon became a mobile congregation and later changed its name to The Crossing Church.

Quincy Campus
The church began discussions with John Wood Community College about acquiring parts of the property, which later turned into a lease-purchase agreement for the entire property once the college's new building at 48th and Harrison streets in Quincy was finished. Members had a more permanent location to meet: The old college basketball gym. As the church's attendance grew, The Crossing had to hold up to four services per weekend to accommodate a large number of worshipers in the small gym. In 2005, The Crossing completed a 2,000 seat auditorium designed to accommodate current attendees and future expansion. They now have 3 services each week 6pm on Thursday night, 9am, and 10:45am on Sunday morning

Multi-Site Campus
The Crossing Church decided shortly after completing the new auditorium to open in multiple locations. Leadership wanted to focus on towns like Quincy—areas with stagnant population trends and relatively few options for churches that focused on young people and families. Many of the multi-site locations have the same ministries that Quincy has. Each campus has its own live band and staff. Sermons are streamed live across a high-speed Internet connection to satellite locations.

On October 7, 2007, the first multi-site location was opened in Macomb, Illinois. The Crossing purchased and renovated an abandoned grocery store, which quickly housed the largest congregation in Macomb with an average attendance of 700 in 2010 with its two Sunday morning services at 9 AM and 10:45 AM.

On November 2, 2008, The Crossing opened another multi-site location in Kirksville, Missouri. An abandoned shoe factory was purchased and renovated, much like Macomb's campus. Kirksville's campus has over 400 in weekly attendance at the two Sunday morning services at 9 AM and 10:45 AM.

February 2010, The Crossing introduced the "929 Campus." The campus, formerly owned by Unity Church and built-in 1874, is located at 929 Monroe Street in Quincy. It's designed to be a location that accommodates those who rely on public transportation or who prefer a smaller, more traditional church over the large congregation at 48th and Maine streets. The site houses a food pantry and addiction recovery ministries. The site has a live band; however, it plays a recording of the Saturday evening service to end in time for bus schedules. 929 averages about 300 per weekend.

February 20, 2011, the Pittsfield Campus launched. The first service witnessed about 350 attendees, and some had to stand outside. Since launch, the weekly attendance has leveled off to about 200. Located in Pittsfield, Illinois, in the JDL Building and formerly in the Pike County Senior Center, this campus was designed to serve Crossing members located in the Pittsfield area and to attract new attendees who may not have had many choices for family-friendly churches within a reasonable drive. Unlike all previously started campuses, the church leadership decided to start this campus and future campuses as a portable church, meaning all equipment is set before service and removed from the rented venue after service.  The church was moved to a permanent site and renamed the Pike County Crossing to represent access to the entire Pike County community several years later.

May 1, 2011 - The Hannibal, MO Campus currently meets at the historic Orpheum Theatre at 425 Broadway. The Crossing purchased this building and spent 5 months renovating it. A second service was added in September 2012.  The launch service on May 1, 2011, was held at the Hannibal YMCA and witnessed about 400 people.  Since moving to the permanent location On Broadway in April 2012, attendance continues to grow at a rapid pace. And they have also added a Thur. Night service

November 18, 2012 - The Crossing added a church location in Lima, located on the Northern edge of Lima, IL. The former Federated Church of Lima was suffering from very low attendance and was unable to stay open. In late 2012, the remaining FCL membership took a vote to dissolve the Church and hand the property over to The Crossing with a Right of First Refusal inserted into the deed. The final vote was 24-4 in favor. The building was built after a tornado leveled the old location and several surrounding homes on May 10, 2003. It features a newly remodeled 200 seat sanctuary, a basketball gym, a full kitchen, and several classrooms. Service is at 10:00am on Sunday.

Mt. Sterling, IL Campus -

Keokuk, IA Campus - The Crossing added a church location in Keokuk in 2015.  The church opened after the purchase and renovation of a large, vacant private school building.

Church plants
Two former children's ministers went home to Mossel Bay, South Africa, in 2008 after serving at The Crossing in Quincy to open a Crossing location there. The location was considered the second Crossing campus; attendance averaged about 75. Sermons were preached by the Campus Pastor until the Internet became available, then the Quincy sermons were streamed online. However, in October 2010, the elders for The Crossing received a letter from the pastor in Mossel Bay that the Mossel Bay campus no longer wished to be affiliated with The Crossing, and wanted to operate independently.

References and notes

External links
 Official web site
 Live Feed

Churches in Illinois
Christian organizations established in 1970
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Buildings and structures in Quincy, Illinois

The Crossing Church


Joseph Andrews is a 1977 British period comedy film directed by Tony Richardson. It is based on the 1742 novel Joseph Andrews by Henry Fielding.

With its rollicking comic plot, period costume and setting, ribald adventures and a dashing young hero, the film was an obvious attempt to follow in the line of such films as Tom Jones (1963), which was also directed by Tony Richardson.

Ann-Margret was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1978 for her performance in the film.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times explains the pretext of Henry Fielding's novel Joseph Andrews: The book "originated as Fielding's answer to what he saw as the hypocritical pieties of [British novelist] Samuel Richardson's Pamela. In Pamela, which was published in 1740, Richardson told the inspiring tale of Pamela Andrews, a serving girl who tenaciously held onto her virginity until her employer, the rich Mr. Booby, came across with a marriage license. Several years later, Mr. Fielding turned this story wildly upside down in a novel about Pamela's brother, Joseph, a serving boy who is as innocent as his sister but not nearly as calculating, who must fight off all sorts of lewd advances and whose triumph is one of true virtue rather than greed."

Plot
Lady Booby alias "Belle", the lively wife of the fat landed squire Sir Thomas Booby, has a lusty eye on the attractive, intelligent villager Joseph Andrews, a Latin pupil and protégé of parson Adams, and makes him their footman. Joseph's heart belongs to a country girl, foundling Fanny Goodwill, but his masters take him on a trip to fashionable Bath, where spoiled society comes mainly to see and be seen. Sir Thomas really seeks relief for his sick foot, but drowns in the famous Roman baths. The all-but-grieving lady attempts to seduce Joseph, but on finding that his Christian virtue and true love are as immune to her passes as to those of the many ladies who fancy her footman, she fires him. On his way back home on foot, Joseph falls prey to highwaymen who rob him of everything, even the clothes on his back. He is found and nursed by an innkeeper's maid; lusts are stirred at the inn, once more challenging his honour, until he is found by the good parson. Meanwhile, the lady consents to her cousin marrying below his station, on learning that his fiancée is Joseph's sister, Pamela. The parson prevents an attempted rape by a squire, and barely escapes a wicked gentleman's totally unjust justice after being accused of it – he comes to learn of a significant child theft by gypsies. Meanwhile, the parson, Joseph and Fanny again fall prey to the squire's utter debauchery...

Cast

 Ann-Margret as Lady Booby
 Peter Firth as Joseph Andrews
 Michael Hordern as Parson Adams
 Jim Dale as the Pedlar
 Beryl Reid as Mrs. Slipslop
 Natalie Ogle as Fanny Goodwill
 John Gielgud as the Doctor
 Hugh Griffith as Squire Western
 Peter Bull as Sir Thomas Booby
 Karen Dotrice as Pamela
 Peggy Ashcroft as Lady Tattle
 James Villiers as Mr. Booby
 Timothy West as Mr. Tow-Wouse
 Wendy Craig as Mrs. Tow-Wouse
 Ronald Pickup as Mr. Wilson
 Penelope Wilton as Mrs. Wilson
 Kenneth Cranham as The Wicked Squire
 Norman Rossington as Gaffer Andrews
 Patsy Rowlands as Gammer Andrews
 Vernon Dobtcheff as Fop
 Tim Pigott-Smith as Cornet
 Brian Glover as Gaoler

Production
Paramount announced the film in May 1976.

Filming locations
The movie was filmed on location at Broughton Castle, Banbury, Oxfordshire, England, at the Roman Baths in Bath, Somerset, England, and at the Royal Crescent in Bath, Somerset, England, the George Inn, Norton St Philip and in other locations in England.

Music
The ballads were sung by Jim Dale who plays the gypsy in the movie.

Release

Critical reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times was impressed with the film: "Joseph Andrews contains more great (and more greatly funny) character performances than any film I've seen in years. It's one of the few movies around now that truly lifts the spirits, not only because it is so good-humored but also because the humor is laced with so much wit and wisdom. ...(Ann-Margret) looks great and she is enchantingly funny, but so is almost everyone else in a cast so big I really don't know where to begin, since I'm sure to leave out someone important. It's one of those films in which even the smaller roles are as beautifully and as memorably done as the larger ones. ...The film is ... an almost perfect blending of beauty, romance and adventure, of landscapes too lovely to believe alternating with the kind of gritty period detail that prompts one character (Squire Thomas) to say of a street jam in the resort city of Bath, 'The only things that move here are the bowels of the horses.'"

Filmink said Ann-Margret "stole the show".

John Addison's score was well received. The period costumes by Michael Annals are extraordinarily flamboyant. David Watkin's cinematography was praised as clever and particularly reflective of the period depicted, demonstrating a "painterly quality" and an artistic use of lighting.

Awards
 Nominee Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe award (Ann-Margret)
 Nominee Best Costume Design BAFTA award (Michael Annals, Patrick Wheatley)

References

External links

1977 films
1970s adventure films
1970s historical films
British adventure films
British historical films
1970s comedy thriller films
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by Henry Fielding
Films directed by Tony Richardson
Films scored by John Addison
Paramount Pictures films
United Artists films
1977 comedy films
1970s English-language films
1970s British films

Joseph Andrews (film)


Pearson is an unincorporated community in the town of Ainsworth, Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. Pearson is  west of Pickerel and  north-northeast of Antigo, the county seat of Langlade County. The community is situated on Pickerel Creek near its confluence with the Wolf River. County Highway T runs through Pearson; the closest state highway to the community is Wisconsin State Highway 55 in Pickerel. Pearson had a post office, which closed on May 4, 1996; ZIP code 54462 still serves the community. The Northeast Illinois Council of the Boy Scouts of America runs a summer camp, Ma-Ka-Ja-Wan Scout Reservation, in Pearson.  The Pickerel Volunteer Fire Department Station is located east of the community on Johnson Road.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Langlade County, Wisconsin

Pearson, Wisconsin


The Ford SAV (an acronym for Sports Activity Vehicle, not to be confused with BMW's term for SUVs) is a seven-seater large MPV concept car developed by Ford Europe. It was first displayed to the public at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show and was intended as a styling exercise to show the new direction for Ford's designs in the European market. Ford introduced this model one year later as the Ford S-MAX with slight modifications for mass production. The S-MAX is sportier than the Ford Galaxy and feels closer to the large family car Ford Mondeo.

Being larger than the Mondeo and smaller than the Galaxy, it was designed with flexibility of use in mind. The seating uses the "Business Class" flexible rear seating design first seen on the Ford Focus C-MAX; electric motors allow easy rearrangement of the rear seating for passenger comfort or adjusting them to permit for more cargo room. Exterior, the design was intended to bring a more aggressive feel to the current Ford design philosophy. It has a steeply sloped windscreen and an arching roofline that blurs the line between minivan and sport utility vehicle.

References

SAV

Ford SAV


Josie and the Pussycats was a 1970s girl group designed to be the real-life incarnation of the eponymous fictional band in the Archie comic book and Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning cartoon series. The group was made up of Cathy Douglas (also known as Cathy Dougher, and whose real name was Kathleen Dougherty), Patrice Holloway, and Cherie Moor (later known as Cheryl Ladd).

Their bubblegum pop album of the same name was released by Capitol Records with Danny Janssen's La La Productions. The group also released six singles in 1970 and 1971. All of the songs were re-released on a 2001 compilation, Stop, Look and Listen – The Capitol Recordings.

Background
In preparation for its upcoming cartoon series, Hanna-Barbera Productions began working on putting together a real-life "Josie and the Pussycats" girl group, which was to provide the singing voices of the girls in the cartoons and also cut an album.

The "Josie and the Pussycats" recordings were produced by La La Productions which included producer-songwriter Danny Janssen (who had written for Bobby Sherman and the Partridge Family), his business partner Bobby Young, and songwriters Austin Roberts, Sue Steward (now known as Sue Sheridan) and Bobby Hart (formerly one of the producer-songwriters for the Monkees). They held a talent search to find three girls who would match the three girls in the comic book in both looks and singing ability, and, after interviewing over 500 finalists, settled upon casting Dougher as Josie, Moor as Melody, and Holloway as Valerie.

African-American with part-Hispanic background, Holloway was the younger sister of Motown legend Brenda Holloway. Having signed with the label as a solo artist in 1965, she was the only one of the three finalists with prior ties to Capitol Records (the label that released the Pussycats' album and singles). Her early Capitol singles, all highly collectible, include "Ecstasy," "Stay With Your Own Kind," and "Stolen Hours" (released between 1965 and 1967). Most were produced by Hollywood-based writer-producers Billy and Gene Page.

Cheryl Jean Stoppelmoor had come to Hollywood from her native South Dakota with a country and western band that broke up and went back home almost immediately upon arrival. Shortening her unwieldy last name and now going as Cherie Moor, she decided to stay and try her luck as a singer, dancer and actress on television. After marrying David Ladd, she went on to replace Farrah Fawcett in Charlie's Angels prior to the filming of its second season in 1977. She also released a Gold album and a top-40 single ("Think It Over") on Capitol the following year.

Janssen presented the newly formed band to William Hanna and Joseph Barbera to finalize the production deal, but was in for a major surprise. Hanna-Barbera wanted Janssen to recast Holloway, as they had decided to portray "Josie and the Pussycats" as an all-White trio, altering Valerie's character to make her Caucasian. Janssen refused to recast Holloway, whose voice he felt he needed for the soul-inspired bubblegum pop songs he had written, and threatened to walk away from the project. After a three-week-long stand-off between Janssen and Hanna-Barbera, Hanna-Barbera finally relented, allowed Janssen to keep Holloway, and changed Valerie back to being an African-American. Valerie had been introduced in the "Josie" comic book in late 1969, and the character had been African-American from the start.

Word quickly spread around Los Angeles about the stand that Janssen had taken. To show their gratitude, a number of the most notable soul session players in the city offered their services to La La Productions and the Josie album at a fraction of their regular fees. Among them were Elvis Presley's drummer Ronnie Tutt, Elvis' bassist Jerry Scheff, keyboardist Clarence MacDonald, flutist Wilton Felder, and guitarist Mike Stewart.

Overview
The Josie and the Pussycats sound is modeled after the late 1960s Detroit acts such as Motown's the Jackson 5 and Hot Wax Records' Honey Cone. A cover of the Jackson 5's "I'll Be There" was featured on the soundtrack album while co-lead vocalist Holloway mimicked young Michael Jackson's singing style. Holloway also sings lead on the Josie and the Pussycats theme song, which was written by Hanna-Barbera musical director Hoyt Curtin, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. The theme itself is based on a recurring score cue from the Jetsons.

Other lead vocals were performed by Cherie Moor. Although she was cast as the singing voice of Josie, Kathleen Dougherty only sings partial lead vocals on "If That Isn't Love" and "I'll Be There." Also present on the album are covers of Bobby Sherman's "La, La, La (If I Had You)", the Carpenters' "(They Long To Be) Close To You", and Bread's "It Don't Matter to Me".

Although Janssen used strings, horns, keyboards, and oscillators (electronic synthesizers) to create the band's sound, the on-screen cartoon band featured the trio of Josie on guitar, Valerie on tambourine, and Melody on drums.

Josie and the Pussycats: From the Hanna-Barbera TV Show was released on December 15, 1970, by Capitol Records. Six 45 RPM singles were released, four of which contained non-album songs and were available only as part of a Kellogg's mail-order promotion. None of the singles charted, resulting in poor sales and a shelved national tour. Hanna-Barbera contracted producer Jimmie Haskell and a group of anonymous session singers to perform the music for Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space, and La La Productions' Josie and the Pussycats group was officially disbanded. Janssen and Holloway worked together on several songs after the demise of the band ("Black Mother Goose" and "Evidence," both issued in 1971), and Sue Sheridan (as Sue Steward) cut two solo singles for Capitol under Janssen and Young's supervision. Several years later, Sheridan wrote a few songs for Ladd's self-titled 1978 debut album, also released on Capitol Records.

The album, plus several singles and alternate takes, were collected in a limited edition digitally remastered set entitled Josie and the Pussycats: Stop Look and Listen: The Capitol Recordings, released by Rhino Handmade on October 5, 2001. Rhino pressed 5000 copies of the album. Earlier that same year, Babyface produced a new Josie and the Pussycats album as the soundtrack for the motion picture released by Universal Pictures that same year. This new reincarnation of the Pussycats had a harder, punk-rock sound, as opposed to their Motown 1970 counterparts. Letters to Cleo vocalist Kay Hanley performed all lead vocals.

Fictional Personnel
Josie McCoy – lead vocals, guitar
Valerie Brown – bass, backing vocals
Melody Valentine – drums, percussion, backing vocals

Discography
All songs written and composed by Josie McCoy and other collaborators.

Original 1970 album (Capitol/EMI ST-665)

Side 1
 "Every Beat of My Heart"
 "La, La, La (If I Had You)"
 "Stop, Look and Listen"
 "Hand Clapping Song"
 "I'll Be There"

Side 2
 "You've Come a Long Way Baby"
 "(They Long to Be) Close to You"
 "Roadrunner"
 "Lie Lie Lie"
 "It Don't Matter to Me"

Stop, Look and Listen – The Capitol Recordings (Rhino Handmade/Atlantic RHM2 7783)
CD compilation released in 2001, featuring all original album tracks plus the following:
 "Every Beat of My Heart" [single version]
 "It's Alright With Me"
 "Stop, Look and Listen" [single version]
 "You've Come a Long Way Baby" [single version]
 "Letter to Mama"
 "Inside, Outside, Upside Down"
 "Josie"
 "With Every Beat of My Heart"
 "Voodoo"
 "If That Isn't Love"
 "I Wanna Make You Happy"
 "It's Gotta Be Him"
 "Lie Lie Lie" [Alternate Mix]
 "You've Come a Long Way Baby" [alternate mix No. 1]
 "You've Come a Long Way Baby" [alternate mix No. 2]
 "Together"
 "Dreammaker"
 "Time to Love"
 "Josie and the Pussycats" (original theme, hidden track)

Commercial singles
"Every Beat of My Heart" b/w "It's All Right With Me" (Janssen, Steward; non-album) — Capitol 2967, 1970
"Stop, Look And Listen" b/w "You've Come a Long Way Baby" — Capitol 3045, February 1971

Kellogg's mail order singles from 1970
"Inside, Outside, Upside-Down" (Janssen, Steward) b/w "A Letter to Mama" (Curtin, Hanna, Barbera) — Capitol Creative Products CP-58
"Josie" (Curtin, Hanna, Barbera) b/w "With Every Beat of My Heart" (Janssen, Steward)—Capitol Creative Products CP-59
"Voodoo" (Janssen, Steward) b/w "If That Isn't Love" (Hoyt Curtin, William Hanna, Joseph Barbera) — Capitol Creative Products CP-60
"It's Gotta Be Him" (Curtin, Hanna, Barbera) b/w "I Wanna Make You Happy" (Janssen, Steward) — Capitol Creative Products CP-61

Other recordings
These songs appeared in the show and have not been released for consumer purchase. "Clock on the Wall", "I Love You Too Much" and "Dreaming" were not included on the Rhino reissue.  "Dreaming" has never been heard in its entirety.
 "Dreammaker" (Janssen, Steward)
 "Clock on the Wall" (Janssen, Roberts)
 "Together" (Janssen, Steward)
 "The Time to Love" (Janssen, Roberts)
 "I Love You Too Much" (Janssen, Steward)
 "Dreaming" (Janssen, Steward)

Cartoon Network remade the original theme song in a short called Musical Evolution, in which the theme song, sung by Christina Fincher, goes through several changes in style, including disco, punk, country, heavy metal, and techno.

References

Citations

General references
 Charles, Don (March 2003). "Long Tails and Ears for Hats: The Story of Josie and The Pussycats". Cool & Strange Music #28.
 Josie and the Pussycats: Stop Look and Listen: The Capitol Recordings [CD set]. Burbank: Rhino Handmade.

External links
[ The Josie and the Pussycats page at allmusic.com]

Josie and the Pussycats
Capitol Records artists

Josie and the Pussycats (1970s band)


The Subterraneans is a 1960 American drama movie directed by Ranald MacDoougall and based on the 1958 novel of the same name by Jack Kerouac. It stars George Peppard, Leslie Caron, Janice Rule, Jim Hutton, Roddy McDowall, Anne Seymour and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Other websites

1960 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books

The Subterraneans


Paco Cepero (born 6 March 1942) is a Spanish flamenco guitarist.  In addition to accompanying numerous artists, he has released several solo albums, including Corazón y Bordón and De Pura Cepa.

Beginnings

Paco Cepero was born on March 6, 1942, in Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz Province). At the age of 16 he made his debut as a professional in the Grand Theatre Falla in Cadiz.

In 1963 he arrived in Madrid and started work in the tablao "Los Canasteros" (owned by Manolo Caracol). From then until now he has travelled the world with his guitar, alone or accompanying numerous singers.

Awards

Evidence of his status as flamenco guitarist are the numerous awards he has won throughout his career; Premio Nacional de Jerez in 1975, Premio Nacional de Córdoba in 1977 and Castillete de la Unión, in addition to the Yunque Oro of the city of Ceuta, the prize Melchor de Marchena Accompaniment and Cabal Silver Circle of Fine Arts for the year 1999. Paco Cepero has played and recorded with figures of incomparable singing including Manolo Caracol, Camaron de la Isla, Tio Borrico, Terremoto, El Lebrijano and El Turronero.

Besides his work as a guitarist, his renown extends to include his work as a composer of numerous successful flamenco and popular songs for such singers as Isabel Pantoja, Julio Iglesias,  and Chiquetete.

References
 Paco Cepero at De Flamenco (Spanish language)
 Paco Cepero: Nuestro guitarrista más universal at La Voz Digital (Spanish language)

External links
 Pace Cepero entry at Jerez Siempre (Spanish language)

1942 births
Living people
People from Jerez de la Frontera
Spanish flamenco guitarists
Spanish male guitarists
Musicians from Andalusia
Spanish composers
Spanish male composers
Flamenco guitarists

Paco Cepero


Extinction Rebellion (abbreviated as XR) is a UK-founded global environmental movement, with the stated aim of using nonviolent civil disobedience to compel government action to avoid tipping points in the climate system, biodiversity loss, and the risk of social and ecological collapse. Extinction Rebellion was established in Stroud in May 2018 by Gail Bradbrook, Simon Bramwell, and Roger Hallam, along with eight other co-founders from the campaign group Rising Up!

Its first major action was to occupy the London Greenpeace offices on 17 October 2018, which was followed by the public launch at the "Declaration of Rebellion" on 31 October 2018 outside the UK Parliament. Earlier that month, about one hundred academics signed a call to action in their support. In November 2018, five bridges across the River Thames in London were blockaded as a protest. In April 2019, Extinction Rebellion occupied five prominent sites in central London: Piccadilly Circus, Oxford Circus, Marble Arch, Waterloo Bridge, and the area around Parliament Square. In August 2021, the Impossible Rebellion targeted London.

Citing inspiration from grassroots movements such as Occupy, the suffragettes, and the civil rights movement, Extinction Rebellion aims to instill a sense of urgency for preventing further "climate breakdown", as well as the ongoing sixth mass extinction. A number of activists in the movement accept arrest and imprisonment, similar to the mass arrest tactics of the Committee of 100 in 1961. The movement uses a stylised, circled hourglass, known as the extinction symbol, to serve as a warning that time is rapidly running out for many species.

Extinction Rebellion has been criticised as alienating potential supporters. Extinction Rebellion's 2019 protests cost the Metropolitan Police an extra £7.5 million. Activists identifying with the movement have also defended causing property damage, such as smashing windows. Extinction Rebellion has said such tactics are sometimes necessary and that they are careful not to put anyone at risk. In a YouGov poll of 3,482 British adults conducted on 15 October 2019, 54% "strongly opposed" or "somewhat opposed" Extinction Rebellion's actions of disrupting roads and public transport to "shut down London" in order to bring attention to their cause, while 36% "strongly supported" or "somewhat supported" these actions.

Stated aims and principles

Aims
Extinction Rebellion's website, at the time of the group's inception in the UK, stated the following aims:

 Government must tell the truth by declaring a climate and ecological emergency, working with other institutions to communicate the urgency for change.
 Government must act now to halt biodiversity loss and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2025.
 Government must create, and be led by the decisions of, a citizens' assembly on climate and ecological justice.

When the movement expanded to the United States, a further demand was added to that group's list: "We demand a just transition that prioritizes the most vulnerable people and indigenous sovereignty; establishes reparations and remediation led by and for Black people, Indigenous people, people of colour and poor communities for years of environmental injustice, establishes legal rights for ecosystems to thrive and regenerate in perpetuity, and repairs the effects of ongoing ecocide to prevent extinction of human and all species, in order to maintain a livable, just planet for all."

Principles
XR on its website lists as its principles:
 We have a shared vision of change—creating a world that is fit for generations to come.
 We set our mission on what is necessary—mobilising 3.5% of the population to achieve system change by using ideas such as "momentum-driven organising" to achieve this.
 We need a regenerative culture—creating a culture that is healthy, resilient, and adaptable.
 We openly challenge ourselves and this toxic system, leaving our comfort zones to take action for change.
 We value reflecting and learning, following a cycle of action, reflection, learning, and planning for more action. Learning from other movements and contexts as well as our own experiences.
 We welcome everyone and every part of everyone—working actively to create safer and more accessible spaces.
 We actively mitigate for power—breaking down hierarchies of power for more equitable participation.
 We avoid blaming and shaming—we live in a toxic system, but no one individual is to blame.
 We are a non-violent network using non-violent strategy and tactics as the most effective way to bring about change.
 We are based on autonomy and decentralisation—we collectively create the structures we need to challenge power. Anyone who follows these core principles and values can take action in the name of Extinction Rebellion.

Organisation

Structure

Extinction Rebellion is a loosely networked, decentralised, grassroots movement, with largely autonomous local groups - which often collaborate on actions - forming the bulk of the movement's organisational capacity. A local group is generally based around a specific geographical locality such as a suburb, city or in some cases a larger region. The movement also organises around largely autonomies affinity groups.

Anyone who takes action in pursuit of "XR's three goals and adheres to its ten principles, which includes non-violence, can claim to do it in the name of XR."

The Economist identified the group as using the tenets of holacracy to operate more effectively given strong state opposition.

Organisation and roles

Extinction Rebellion has a decentralised structure. Providing that they respect the 'principles and values', every local group can organise events and actions independently. To organise the movement, local groups are structured with various 'working groups' taking care of strategy, outreach, well-being, etc.

Wings

Doctors for XR

A group of health professionals named 'Doctors for Extinction Rebellion' supports XR actions and organises demonstrations on their own, warning about the effects of climate change on human health. They are notably present in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.

XR Youth

A youth wing—XR Youth—of Extinction Rebellion had formed by July 2019. In contrast to the main XR, it is centered around consideration of the Global South and indigenous peoples, and more concerned with climate justice. By October 2019 there were 55 XR Youth groups in the UK and another 25 elsewhere. All XR Youth comprise people born after 1990, with an average age of 16, and have been as young as 10.

Christian Climate Action
Believing humans to be God's stewards of the earth, XR's Christian wing, the Christian Climate Action, has been involved in numerous direct action campaigns and other protests to bring awareness of climate change and the climate crisis. It has called for churches in the UK to help alleviate poverty and inequality caused by climate change and has also written to Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, over the Church of England's lack of support for the group.

It has a membership of over 1000 (with around 150 taking direct action). It is associated with Camino to Cop26, a women-run faith group that walked 500 miles to the COP26 conference in Glasgow to protest world leader's lack of action on climate change. Other groups such as Marcha a Glasgow, the Pilgrimage for Cop26 and the Young Christian Climate Network also walked to the conference; they have described the journey as a pilgrimage.

History

Extinction Rebellion originated in the United Kingdom at a meeting of activists including Gail Bradbrook, Roger Hallam and Simon Bramwell in April 2018, at which they drew up a number of goals. About one hundred academics signed a call to action in their support in October 2018, and XR was launched on 31 October by Hallam, Bradbrook, Simon Bramwell, and other activists from the campaign group Rising Up!

Grassroots movements such as those of Occupy, Gandhi's Satyagraha, the suffragettes, Gene Sharp, Martin Luther King Jr. and others in the civil rights movement have been cited as sources of inspiration In seeking to rally support worldwide around a common sense of urgency to tackle climate breakdown, reference is also made to Saul Alinsky. His "Pragmatic Primer," Rules for Radicals (1972), is seen as offering insights as to "how we mobilise to cope with emergency", and "strike a balance between disruption and creativity". Roger Hallam has been clear that the strategy of public disruption is "heavily influenced" by the community-organizing tactician: "The essential element here is disruption. Without disruption, no one is going to give you their eyeballs".

A number of activists in the movement accept arrest and imprisonment, similar to the mass arrest tactics of the Committee of 100 in 1961.

On 9 December 2018, a second open letter of support signed by another hundred academics was published.

Extinction Rebellion has taken a variety of actions since 2018 in the UK, United States, Australia and elsewhere.

On 5 October 2021, the group blocked streets in Zurich, Switzerland, demanding that the Swiss government take measures to address climate change in the country.

On 4 November 2021, Extinction Rebellion demonstrators blocked the Schlumberger Gould Research Centre in west Cambridge to oppose the research into fossil fuel extraction by an American corporation. The demonstration was scheduled to coincide with the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, which is focusing on energy.

In April 2022, activists from Extinction Rebellion blocked key bridges across London, among them two Olympic athletes. Protestors had been arrested after climbing oil tankers, anchoring themselves to structures, or blocking roads at oil depots.

Offshoots: Insulate Britain and Just Stop Oil

In Britain in 2021 some campaigners considered that XR was being ignored by government (except for legislating against protests) and no longer had the effect needed to create real change, so other groups were formed with the idea of using mass disruption and arrest to draw attention to a very specific demand. Insulate Britain was set up to demand that the government implement measures to fit all homes with improved insulation by 2030 to improve energy efficiency thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Just Stop Oil from 2022 protested against fossil fuels. Both groups carried out disruptive protests, blocking traffic and seeking to be arrested.

Arrest as a tactic

Extinction Rebellion uses mass arrest as a tactic to generate attention to their cause by wasting police time and disrupting others. Extinction Rebellion's founders researched the histories of "the suffragettes, the Indian salt marchers, the civil rights movement and the Polish and East German democracy movements", who all used the tactic, and are applying their lessons to the climate crisis. Co-founder Roger Hallam has said "letters, emailing, marches don't work. You need about 400 people to go to prison. About two to three thousand people to be arrested."

In June and July 2019 some of the Extinction Rebellion supporters arrested that April appeared in court in the UK. On 25 June a 68-year-old protester was convicted of breaching a section 14 order giving police the power to clear static protests from a specified area, and given a conditional discharge. On 12 April over 30 protesters appeared in court, each charged with being a public assembly participant failing to comply with a condition imposed by a senior police officer at various locations on various dates. Some pleaded guilty, and were mostly given conditional discharges. The trials of those who pleaded not guilty are to take place in September and October.

In London's April 2019 protests 1130 arrests were made, and during the two-week October 2019 actions in London as part of "International Rebellion", 1832 arrests were made. This included the Green Party Member of European Parliament for the West Midlands, Ellie Chowns, as well as Green Party co-leader and Leader of the opposition on Lambeth Council, Jonathan Bartley.

Support and funding
During the 'International Rebellion', which started on 15 April 2019, actions and messages of support arrived from various sources, including a speech by actress Emma Thompson, a planned visit by school strike leader Greta Thunberg, and statements from former NASA scientist James Hansen and linguist and activist Noam Chomsky.

A study conducted during the first two days of the mid-April London occupation, polling 1539 participants, found that 46% of respondents supported the rebellion; however, an opinion poll of 3482 British adults in October 2019 found that support was lower and that 54% of respondents strongly or somewhat opposed actions aiming to "shut down London" The protests on 17 April had blocked access to means of transport including buses, alienating travellers.

In May 2019, Roger Hallam and eight others stood as candidates in the European Parliament elections in the London and the South West England constituencies as Climate Emergency Independents. Between them, they won 7,416 out of the 3,917,854 total votes cast in the two constituencies.

In June 2019, 1,000 healthcare professionals in the UK and elsewhere, including professors, public health figures, and former presidents of royal colleges, called for widespread non-violent civil disobedience in response to "woefully inadequate" government policies on the unfolding ecological emergency. They called on politicians and the news media to face the facts of the unfolding ecological emergency and take action. They supported the school strike movement and Extinction Rebellion.

In July 2019 Trevor Neilson, Rory Kennedy and Aileen Getty launched the Climate Emergency Fund (CEF), inspired by Greta Thunberg and Extinction Rebellion protesters in the UK in April. It donated almost half a million pounds to Extinction Rebellion groups in New York City and Los Angeles and school strike for climate groups in the US. In September 2019 Getty pledged $600,000 (£487,000) to the Fund.

Christopher Hohn gave £50,000 to the group and the charity he co-founded, The Children's Investment Fund Foundation, has donated more than £150,000.

In October 2019, the Financial Times commented: "The new funds bring Extinction Rebellion's total fundraising to just over £2.5m in the past 12 months."

Michael Stipe is a supporter; all profits from his debut solo single, "Your Capricious Soul", will go to Extinction Rebellion.

On 6 February 2020, the environmental organization Mobilize Earth debuted Guardians of Life, the first of twelve short films that highlight the most pressing issues facing humanity and the natural world. Funds raised by the project will go to Amazon Watch and Extinction Rebellion.

In September 2021, YouGov asked 3,296 British adults for their opinions on Extinction Rebellion, of which 19% were "fairly positive" or "very positive", and 49% were "very negative" or "fairly negative".

Criticism

Diversity
Ben Smoke, one of the Stansted 15, writing in The Guardian, criticised XR's tactic of mass arrest. He wrote for XR to casually speak of imprisonment undermines the negative experiences of incarceration on Black, Asian and minority ethnic people in the UK. He also wrote that for XR to be supporting peoples' court cases risks drawing significant "resources, time, money and energy" from the environmental movement, from the individuals involved, and which could otherwise be directed towards people most affected by climate change. Smoke instead recommended tactics that are not only the preserve of those able to afford the expense and time of arrest. He also wrote that though mass arrests may be intended to cause government to focus more on tackling climate change, it might instead cause government to increase anti-protest legislation.

The critique of XR's middle class white privilege, that its mass arrest tactic does not consider that people of colour will not be treated as leniently by the system as white people, was also highlighted in an open letter from Wretched of the Earth, an environmental group that focuses on black, brown and indigenous voices, to XR. The group responded to this critique with a thank you, pointing out their solidarity and commitment to diversity of membership as well diversity in styles of engagement (for example, one does not need to volunteer for a prison term in order to be an active member of XR).

Some in Extinction Rebellion have also called attention to Martin Luther King Jr. (one of XR's guiding inspirations) in this regard, noting that his call for civil disobedience to end segregation was a call directed toward all who were willing and able, regardless of race or colour.

When the movement expanded to the US, a fourth demand was added to that group's list of demands: for a "just transition that prioritises the most vulnerable and indigenous sovereignty [and] establishes reparations and remediation led by and for black people, indigenous people, people of colour and poor communities for years of environmental injustice."

Class
Karen Bell, senior lecturer in human geography and environmental justice at the University of West of England, Bristol, wrote in The Guardian that environmental groups such as Extinction Rebellion are not strongly rooted in working-class organisations and communities, which she said is a problem because building the broad-based support necessary for a radical transition to sustainability requires contributions from all strands of environmentalism, especially working class. Labour Party shadow cabinet member Lisa Nandy criticised the organisation in The Guardian in October 2019, saying "calls for individual action can't just be modelled on the lifestyles of middle class city dwellers".

George Monbiot has also written in The Guardian that "Extinction Rebellion is too white, and too middle class."  The Canning Town protest, in which two activists scaled a train at Canning Town station, then kicked working class commuters who attempted to remove them from the train before being dragged onto the platform and mobbed, focused attention on class issues and led to an apology from an XR spokesman.

Timescale
According to the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, which supports XR's course of strong action and demands, the time frame being urged by XR is "an ambition that technically, economically and politically has absolutely no chance of being fulfilled." Due to the inaction of governments in the past, it would be difficult to achieve net zero in such a short time frame. It said that one way to go net zero by 2025 would include the scrapping of flying and 38 million petrol and diesel cars would need to be removed from the roads. Twenty-six million gas boilers would need to be disconnected in six years. The Rapid Transition Alliance and the Centre for Alternative Technology are more positive about the date specified.

Alleged extremism
A report called "Extremism Rebellion" by Policy Exchange, a UK-based conservative think tank, said that Extinction Rebellion is an extremist organisation seeking the breakdown of liberal democracy and the rule of law, and called for the criminalisation of the group; the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 was based on the 2019 report by Policy Exchange, which received in 2017 a $30,000 donation by US-based oil and gas corporation ExxonMobil, to target Extinction Rebellion.

In 2019, the South East Counter Terrorism Unit police authority listed Extinction Rebellion, alongside neo-Nazi and Islamist terrorist groups, as a threat in a guide titled "Safeguarding young people and adults from ideological extremism". After media inquiries, they recalled and disavowed this guide, saying the presence of Extinction Rebellion was an error. Priti Patel, who advocated for the aforementioned policing bill, defended the decision to designate Extinction Rebellion as an extremist group after the guide was disavowed.

Politics and ideology

Extinction Rebellion's third demand ("Government must create and be led by the decisions of a Citizens' Assembly on climate and ecological justice") has been summarised by its leadership as a demand to "go beyond politics". This demand has been criticised by socialists, including individuals who have participated in the movement's action. Writing for The Independent in April 2019, Natasha Josette, an anti-racist activist and member of Labour for a Green New Deal, critiqued Extinction Rebellion both for marginalising ethnic minorities and for not recognising that "the climate crisis is the result of neoliberal capitalism, and a global system of extraction, dispossession and oppression". Also writing for The Independent, Amardeep Dhillon argued that XR's narrow focus on net zero carbon emissions meant that it ignored extractivism and the threat to the environment posed by companies in the extractive sector using greenwashing to defend and advance their economic interests, suggesting that XR's position "threatens to give carte blanche to governments and corporations who are happy to shift the burden of climate destruction onto poor and indigenous communities of colour in the global South".

In October 2019, Erica Eisen, an XR participant, wrote an article for Current Affairs in which she linked the movement's "beyond politics" slogan not only to the demand for a citizens' assembly but also to a refusal to take stances on issues beyond the environment, in order to gain as broad a base of support as possible, highlighting the movement's ban on organising community groups based on political identity. She argued that "our current economic system is [not] compatible with continued life on this planet. It is unrealistic and irresponsible to pretend that a proposed climate solution which keeps capitalism intact is any kind of solution at all." In her view, failing to articulate an anti-capitalist position undermined the movement's credibility by "lend[ing] tacit support" to large companies responsible for environmentally destructive behaviour. She also suggested that failing to embrace leftist positions would give space for far right groups to piggyback and exploit environmentalist rhetoric, citing the examples of the Christchurch mosque shootings and 2019 El Paso shooting, both of whose perpetrators left manifestos which mentioned environmental concerns. Writing for i-D in December 2019, Nathalie Olah drew parallels between XR and earlier decentralised protest movements such as the events of May 68 in France and the Occupy movement, suggesting that a shared lack of clarity in concrete demands had stunted the political impact of the latter two movements and arguing that climate change and class politics were "inextricable" as "a small minority are responsible for a high proportion of emissions, and because the poorest stand to face the worst repercussions".

Cult allegations
Extinction Rebellion has been accused of being a cult by the media, environmental activists as well as several former senior XR members.  Sherrie Yeomans, coordinator of XR blockades in the English city of Bristol accused the group of being a manipulative cult and former XR spokeswoman Zion Lights accused Roger Hallam of creating a cult by fear-mongering such as when he forced her to claim that 6 billion would die by the end of the century due to climate change and further claimed that he compared himself to a prophet. Hallam had compared climate change to the Holocaust and claimed that the climate crisis would lead to mass rape and has called for the overthrow of governments even if it results in deaths resulting in him being accused of fostering a death cult. German Green Party politician Jutta Ditfurth accused it of being a doomsday cult with members blindly following esoteric gurus.

Media coverage
Analysis of the October 2019 "International Rebellion" indicates that "the movement was mentioned more than 70,000 times in online media reports. Of these, 43.5% of online coverage was in the UK followed by 15.2% from Germany, 14.6% in Australia and 12.1% in the US."

Bibliography

Publications
 This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook. London: Penguin, 2019. .
Our Fight. By Juliana Muniz Westcott. 2019. .
The Hourglass. Issue 1. September 2019. Newspaper. Edited by Zion Lights. 110,000 copies were printed.
The Hourglass. Issue 2. October 2019. Newspaper. Edited by Zion Lights.

Films
 Conscientious protectors: a story of rebellion against extinction.  Fulllength documentary.  London release 25July 2022.
 My extinction.  Apersonal film by Josh Appignanesi, released 30June 2023, on his experiences becoming active, including withXR.

See also

 Climate movement
 Ende Gelände
 Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom
 Global Climate March
 Individual action on climate change
 People's Climate March
 School Strike for Climate
 Scientist Rebellion
 Sunrise Movement
 The Climate Mobilization
 World Scientists' Warning to Humanity

References

Further reading

External links

 XR Declaration – The Extinction Rebellion "Declaration of Rebellion" live from Parliament Square with Greta Thunberg, Donnachadh McCarthy, George Monbiot, Molly Scott and Dr Gail Bradbrook – 31 October 2018

Climate change organizations
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Climate change protests
Environmental protests in the United Kingdom
Radical environmentalism
Direct action
2018 protests
2019 protests
2020 protests
2021 protests
2018 establishments in the United Kingdom

Extinction Rebellion


KLVX (channel 10) is a PBS member television station in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. It is the flagship outlet of the KLVX Communications Group, a subsidiary of the Clark County School District. KLVX's studios are located at the Vegas PBS Educational Technology Campus in Paradise, and its transmitter is located atop Black Mountain, near Henderson (southwest of I-515/US 93/US 95).

History

In 1964, following the authorization of federal matching grants for the construction of non-commercial educational television facilities, the Clark County School Trustees proposed a state network of educational television stations offering television programming originating in Las Vegas. The proposal was vigorously opposed by educators in other communities, and in 1966, the school trustees gave up the proposal of a statewide service. The Trustees then sought and received Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approval to construct a single educational station in Las Vegas. The channel 10 allocation was originally assigned to Bakersfield, California; KERO-TV occupied channel 10 from its sign-on in September 1953 until it was moved to channel 23 in the summer of 1963 after the FCC decided to make the Bakersfield and Fresno markets all-UHF via the deintermixture process.

KLVX first signed on the air as Nevada's first educational station on March 25, 1968; this made the Las Vegas market the smallest market in the nation at the time to have five television stations. The state would not receive another educational station until Reno's KNPB signed on in 1983. Channel 10 originally operated from two converted classrooms located at the Southern Nevada Vocational Technical Center in Las Vegas. Students were involved in all engineering and production operations as part of a vocational training program of the School District.

In September 1968, the station activated four Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS) channels which offered live instructional television programs produced by the station covering foreign language, math and fine arts. Between 1978 and 1996, sixteen other ITFS channels were activated to provide 67,000 hours a year of instructional television programming, career professional development, college courses and staff orientations serving schools in the communities of Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas, Boulder City and Pahrump. In 1971, Charlotte Hill convened a group of community leaders who eventually founded Channel 10 Friends, a 501(c)3 non-profit corporation established to raise private support for KLVX's non-instructional programs, and encourage community viewing of channel 10. The organization renamed itself Southern Nevada Public Television in 2002 when the group assumed leadership of a $64 million campaign to fund digital television conversion and a new building for the station's studio facilities.

Expansion of KLVX's viewing area continued through the 1970s and 1980s throughout Clark, Lincoln, Nye and White Pine counties with construction of a network of 19 translator stations that repeat KLVX's programming for viewers in a four state,  service area. Some translators are operated by the station, but others are operated by counties or rural translator districts that rely on voluntary support.

In 1976, CCSD School Superintendent and future Nevada Governor Kenny Guinn proposed that a new building be constructed to house KLVX's operations. The proposal was adopted by the School Trustees and the Murray Peterson Public Television Center was dedicated in 1978. The new facility was located at 4210 Channel 10 Drive on  of desert land sold by the Bureau of Land Management for $1,200 at the "eastern edge of urban development". The facility was designed for 35 employees and student vocational training using "state of the art" film production and development processes.

In 2004, KLVX became the first station in the United States to demonstrate what digital television has to offer in times of emergency. That demonstration and the follow on technology led to the Digital Emergency Alert System (DEAS). During 2007, using $1.2 million, KLVX installed equipment to broadcast DEAS data, including the ability to do so for up to seven days without external power. The grant also covers the installation of digital television data receivers in 120 Clark County School District Police Department vehicles.

In September 2006, KLVX rebranded as "Vegas PBS" to reflect its current multiple-channel offerings and diversified multimedia services provided to the Las Vegas metropolitan area and statewide schools, in addition to its regular programming on its main channel. In 2009, KLVX moved its operations from the Channel 10 Drive building to the  Vegas PBS Educational Technology Campus. The new facility houses the KLVX studios, the Clark County School District's Virtual High School and Educational Media Center and the Homeland Security and Emergency Response support system. The facility is also the first in the United States to meet the Media Security and Reliability Council's guidelines.

Technical information

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

KLVX also operates two additional services, Vegas PBS Rewind and Vegas PBS Jackpot!, as cable-only channels, in addition to distributing the World Channel in the market in the same manner. As of June 1st, 2022, both Vegas PBS Rewind and Vegas PBS Jackpot! have been removed on cable.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KLVX shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 10, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 11, using virtual channel 10.

Translators
 Alamo, etc.
 Caliente
 Chloride, AZ
 Ely
 Ely & McGill
 Glendale
 Indian Springs
 Jean
 Laughlin
 Lund & Preston
 Mesquite
 Pahrump
 Panaca
 Pioche
 Ruth
 Ursine

References

External links

PBS member stations
LVX
Television channels and stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Nevada
Clark County School District

KLVX


Armadillo is a 2010 Danish documentary film about Danish soldiers in the War in Afghanistan directed by Janus Metz. The film follows a group of soldiers from the Guard Hussars Regiment who are on their first mission in Helmand Province at a forward operating base near Gereshk named FOB Armadillo. The film premièred at the Cannes Film Festival in 2010. It was awarded the Grand Prix de la Semaine de la Critique.

The Semaine de la Critique screening described the film as "a journey into the soldiers' minds and a unique film on the mythological story of man and war staged in its contemporary version in Afghanistan".

Synopsis
The film starts with the soldiers' last days in Denmark before leaving for Afghanistan. Scenes include their emotional goodbyes as well as a party with a striptease dancer.

They are posted for a six-month tour at FOB Armadillo, a forward operating base in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, where some 270 Danish and British soldiers are based.

The film shows the soldiers going out on patrol. They hand out candy and gifts to the children. They question a local man about the Taliban who declines to cooperate and they return to base without incident.

The film depicts them as dividing their leisure time between maintaining their equipment and working out, calling home, playing shooter games and watching pornographic videos amongst other things.

Later in the tour, the soldiers encounter armed resistance from the Taliban. In the ensuing battles, buildings are damaged and locals report livestock killed. Some locals receive compensations from the base.

A Danish commander becomes a victim of a roadside bomb and is evacuated to receive treatment for a skull fracture. He recovers and returns to Armadillo. Three Danish soldiers from a neighbouring camp die in an IED incident and the film records a memorial service for them. Directly following this there is a discussion over whether ambushing the Taliban will work and subsequently volunteers are recruited for a night patrol.

At dawn, civilians are seen fleeing the area. The patrol comes under fire and a soldier is hit. In the ensuing chaos the Taliban position is discovered to be directly in front of the patrol in a ditch only three metres away. A hand grenade is tossed into the ditch followed by the order to 'neutralize them' and subsequent sporadic gunfire is heard. Five Taliban are killed and there are graphic scenes of their bodies being pulled from the ditch and stripped of their weapons. It shows that the Taliban fighters were armed with a single RPG-7 rocket propelled grenade, two PK machine guns and one AKM. There is a subsequent air strike.

Back at base the patrol members congratulate each other on the morning's work and there is a debriefing with accounts of at least one Taliban fighter supposedly found alive but severely wounded in the ditch. There are further insinuations that any movement within the ditch would have represented a possible threat and that it was thus deemed necessary to spray the enemy fighters with another volley of bullets just to be sure.

Subsequently, it transpires that a soldier has called home discussing the episode with his parents and has given them the impression that wounded Taliban had been liquidated and that the soldiers had laughed about it at the debriefing. The parents contacted the Danish Command about it and the ranking officer addresses his men about the issues that raises. A discussion amongst the men ensues.

Later two of the soldiers on the patrol are awarded medals and the film concludes with scenes of jubilant homecomings and, for some, a return to civilian life. The final scene is a close-up shot of water streaming down onto the head and face of an introspective commander while he is taking a shower.

Reception

A number of critics have expressed concern that the film blurs the divide between fact and fiction. Writing in The Globe and Mail, Guy Dixon remarks "there's another controversy of the more cinematic kind: While the footage is expertly photographed, all the different uses of filters and postproduction colour correction (to say nothing of the superb sound) – which gives the film an almost Apocalypse Now quality at times – is disturbing when we're talking not about the mythology and madness of war, but about showing real, dead people in a ditch or actual children running from fighting."

Politiken journalist Carsten Jensen said, "After Armadillo, it will not be possible to talk about Afghanistan, in the same way as before."

The film was nominated in four categories for the 2012 News & Documentary Emmy Award, and won the Editing category.

Controversy
The film generated a brief political controversy in Denmark when the Danish Socialist People's Party accused the soldiers of deliberately breaking the rules of engagement during one of the firefights, and demanded an investigation. Following procedure, the Danish Defence Judge Advocate Corps conducted an independent investigation, and the soldiers were cleared of any wrongdoing.

See also
 Restrepo, a 2010 documentary about US soldiers stationed at an outpost in the Korangal Valley, Afghanistan
 Forward Operating Base Armadillo
 A War

References

External links

 Armadillo Review

2010 films
Danish documentary films
2010 documentary films
Documentary films about the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Afghanistan–Denmark military relations
Best Documentary Bodil Award winners
Best Documentary Robert Award winners
Films directed by Janus Metz Pedersen
2010s Danish-language films

Armadillo (2010 film)


Joseph Adam Frank Yovich (born 15 December 1976) is a New Zealand cricketer of Croatian descent.

Biography
A solid all-rounder for Northern Districts, he debuted in the 1994/95 season and went on to become the first player to take 100 wickets and score 1000 runs in List A one-day cricket for the team. One of few players to have played 100 first-class games for the side, by the end of the 2012/13 season he had 255 first-class wickets and 4839 runs, having converted himself to a top order batsmen in the latter years of his ND career. This makes him the only player in New Zealand cricket to have done both the List A 100 wickets/1000 runs double and the first-class 200 wickets/2000 runs double for a single Major Association team.

Born in Whangārei Yovich was part of the Whangārei Boys' High School 1st XI side which won the national secondary schools' competition, the Gillette Cup, in 1994, beating Auckland private school King's College in the final. A right-arm pace bowler and powerful left-hand batsman, he represented New Zealand at youth level, touring England with the New Zealand Under-19s and Australia with the New Zealand Under-20s in 1996; and represented New Zealand at the 2003 Hong Kong Sixes. He toured India and Australia with New Zealand A in 2001 and 2006 respectively, and was also named in the preliminary New Zealand squad for the 2003 World Cup.

In 2005–06 he and Mark Orchard added 322 for the sixth wicket against Central Districts in Napier for the sixth wicket record. He was named Northern Districts Cricketer of the Year twice, in 1999/2000 and 2005/06, and New Zealand Domestic Twenty20 MVP player of series in the 2008/09 season.

Yovich has also played for Northland in the Hawke Cup and was named Northland Sportsman on the Year in 2003.

Yovich is a founding member of the New Zealand Croatia cricket club, formed in 2013.

References

External links
 Interview by www.world-a-team.com with Richard Sherlock

1976 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Whangārei
New Zealand people of Croatian descent
People educated at Whangarei Boys' High School

Joseph Yovich


Concrete cover, in reinforced concrete, is the least distance between the surface of embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete (ACI 130). The concrete cover depth can be measured with a cover meter. The purpose of concrete cover is to protect the reinforcement from corrosion, fire, and other potential damage.

The required concrete cover depends on several factors, including the environmental conditions to which the structure will be exposed, the size of the reinforcing steel, the concrete strength, and the type of structure being constructed. Generally, larger diameter reinforcement bars require more concrete cover than smaller ones.

In most cases, local building codes and engineering standards specify the minimum required concrete cover for various types of structures. It is important to adhere to these requirements to ensure the safety and longevity of the structure.

Purpose of provision of concrete cover
The concrete cover must have a minimum thickness for three main reasons:
 to protect the steel reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to prevent their corrosion;
 to provide thermal insulation, which protects the reinforcement bars from fire, and;
 to give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed without slipping.

The premature failure of corroded steel reinforcements and the expansion of the iron corrosion products around the rebars are amongst the main causes of the concrete degradation. The carbon steel of rebars is protected from oxidation by atmospheric oxygen by the high pH of concrete interstitial water. Iron bar surface is passivated as long as the pH value is higher than 10.5. Fresh cement water has a pH of about 13.5 while evolved cement water pH ~ 12.5 is controlled by the dissolution of calcium hydroxide (portlandite). Carbon dioxide present in the air slowly diffuses through the concrete cover over the rebar and progressively reacts with the alkaline hydroxides (KOH, NaOH) and with calcium hydroxide leading to the carbonatation of the hydrated cement paste. As a result, the pH of the cement drops and when its value is below 10.5 – 9.5, steel surface is no longer passivated and starts to corrode. A sufficient thickness of concrete cover is thus required in order to slow down the carbonatation process towards the rebar. The minimum concrete cover will depend on the environmental conditions encountered and must be thicker when the concrete is also exposed to moisture and chloride (proximity to the sea, use of de-icing salt for bridges or roads, ...). A high quality concrete made with a low water-to-cement (w/c) ratio will have a lower porosity and will be less permeable to water and to the ingress of corrosive species (dissolved oxygen, chloride, ...). A thicker cover or a more compact concrete will also reduce the diffusion of CO2 in the concrete, protecting it better from carbonatation and maintaining a higher pH for a longer time period, increasing so the rebar service life.

Structural applications
Concrete covers are frequently used in the construction of commercial developments, homes, bridges, municipalities, curb forming, and other locations or projects requiring long-lasting, durability. Concrete and steel reinforcement bars combine to create strong, resilient structures in the following ways:
 Upon contact with each other, the cement paste and steel rebar form a non-reactive surface film preventing corrosion.
 Reinforcement bars or beams can be strategically set throughout the concrete to achieve the required support system.
 The bond created by utilizing rebar and concrete can also be attributed to the ridged rebar surface. This allows stresses to transfer from the concrete to the steel, and from the steel to concrete.
Concrete and steel have similar thermal expansion coefficients. Upon freezing or heating, they contract and expand in a similar manner, maintaining the structure needed.

Guidelines
National codes also specify minimum cover requirements based on their respective local exposure conditions.

Paradox
Large cover depths (50–75 mm) are required to protect reinforcement against corrosion in aggressive environments, but thick cover leads to increased crack widths in flexural reinforced concrete members. Large crack-widths (greater than 0.3 mm) permit ingress of moisture and chemical attack to the concrete, resulting in possible corrosion of reinforcement and deterioration of concrete. Therefore, thick covers defeat the very purpose for which it is provided. There is a need for judicious balance of cover depth and crack width requirements.

A possible economical solution for this paradox is the placing of a second layer of corrosion-resistant reinforcement like stainless steel rebars or meshes or FRP rebars in the concrete cover to distribute the cracks.

Methods of maintaining cover gallery

See also
 Corrosion of reinforcement bars
 Cover meter
 Formwork
 Rebar
 Reinforced concrete
 Steel fixer

References

Concrete
Concrete buildings and structures
Prestressed concrete construction

Concrete cover


Avraham Neguise (, born 10 February 1958) is an Israeli politician and activist for the Falash Mura community.

Biography
Avraham Neguise was born in the city of Gondar in northern Ethiopia, where he worked as a shepherd.  Neguise immigrated to Israel in 1985. He earned a BA and MA in social work at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, an LLB from Sha'arei Mishpat College, an MA in initiatives and renewal from the Swinburne University of Technology and  a PhD in education from the University of Sussex. Neguise is married with two children, and lives in the Pisgat Ze'ev settlement in East Jerusalem.

Political and social activism
Neguise founded and served as director-general of South Wing to Zion, an organisation representing Ethiopian immigrants, and is known for his role in leading the struggle to bring the rest of Ethiopian Jewry to Israel. In 2007, Neguise protested the end of Israel's programs in Ethiopia to support aliyah. He said that the remaining community of Ethiopian Jews had established a synagogue, that the reports he received on the community were distressing, and that the Falash Mura remaining in Addis Ababa should be allowed to immigrate to Israel as well.

He established the Atid Ehad (One Future) party, which contested the 2006 Knesset elections, but received only 0.4% of the vote and failed to win a seat. He subsequently joined the Jewish Home, and was placed eighth on its list for the 2009 elections. However, the party won only three seats and he did not become a Knesset member.

Political career
Prior to the 2013 elections he joined Likud, and was placed 48th on the joint Likud Yisrael Beiteinu list, again failing to win a seat when the alliance won only 31 seats. Prior to the 2015 Knesset elections he was placed 27th on the Likud list. He was elected to the Knesset as Likud won 30 seats. Neguise became the only Israeli of Ethiopian origin to be elected to the 20th Knesset.

As a Member of the Knesset, he focuses on social issues such as helping new immigrants integrate into Israeli society, providing support and education for youth in underprivileged neighborhoods.  "I want to make sure that laws passed in the Knesset are actually implemented, like the one requiring Ethiopian immigrants to be hired in government offices and government-owned companies," he said. Neguise expressed confidence that the diversity of the incoming Knesset was a positive development: "We have representatives of women, new immigrants and Arabs, and I think we can all work together in the Knesset." He has appealed to the Knesset not to wait until a coalition is formed to bring all Ethiopians Jews to Israel.

In April 2015, Neguise came to the defense of an Ethiopian-born soldier serving in the Israel Defense Forces who was beaten by a policeman in what was viewed as a racist attack which was caught on video. The soldier, Damas Pakedeh, was arrested on charges of attacking a police officer and then released. Pakada,  an orphan who arrived with his siblings in 2008, claims the incident was racially motivated and that if the video had not been taken, he would have been punished. Instead, the police officer and volunteer were suspended pending an investigation. Neguise called on National Police Chief Yohanan Danino to prosecute the police officer and volunteer, saying they engaged in  "a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us."

In a 2016 interview with an American Jewish student newspaper, Neguise explained  the value of Israel's Absorption Ministry: "It is responsible for absorbing new immigrants and helping them integrate into society. Be it is housing, employment, education, health and welfare. The government is ready to absorb millions of immigrants. I will tell you my story. I grew up as a shepherd in Ethiopia, I immigrated to Israel 31 years ago. I got an equal opportunity for education in Israel. While in Ethiopia I graduated from high school, here in Israel, I have five degrees, and I'm a legislator in Israel. I am one of the millions who settled here successfully."

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Academic Center for Law and Science alumni
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Black Jewish members of the Knesset
Ethiopian emigrants to Israel
Ethiopian Jews
Ethiopian Zionists
Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare alumni
Israeli activists
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent
Israeli settlers
Jewish activists
Jewish Israeli politicians
Leaders of political parties in Israel
Likud politicians
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
People from Gondar
Swinburne University of Technology alumni
Zionist activists

Avraham Neguise


The SC Bewegung XX was an Austrian football club from Brigittenau district in Austrias capital Vienna. Brigittenau is the 20th district of Vienna. From 1922 to 1946 the club played almost continuously for 22 seasons in the second highest league, the second class or II. Liga.

History
The club was was founded in 1913. They began to play in the championship after the end of the First World War. 1922 they were promoted to the 2nd class. The Bewegungs-XX-Platz was renovated and opened in April with a 1:4 against first division club Wiener Sport-Club. The team was able to play for promotion to the first class right from the start (1922/23 they finished second , 1923/24 third). An important member of the team was Friedrich Gschweidl. He played later for the Wunderteam.

1924  professionalism was introduced for the first two levels. Bewegung XX decided to go into the highest amateur league. After reaching the title there, they chose to return to the second league. The club took part in this league without interruption up to the 1936/37 season. In  April 1934 they changed the name to Brigittenauer AK. 1937 they were relegated but promoted again  in 1938. The BAK finally had to enter into a syndicate with SV Eis Wien in 1942  to continue playing.

After the end of the Second World War in the 1945/46 season they were relegated to the third division. They stopped playing championship soon after that.
Football clubs of Vienna

Austrian football clubs
Defunct football clubs

SC Bewegung XX


Tanika Ray is an American entertainment reporter. She was born in Washington, D.C., and raised in Los Angeles, California. Tanika Ray is a pop culture & lifestyle specialist with a holistic view of the cross-sections of culture.

Career
Ray began her career as a professional dancer with various artists such as Will Smith, the Backstreet Boys, Peter Andre, Brandy Norwood and late singer Aaliyah. She then started acting, guest starring in shows like The Wayans Bros., Living Single, NYPD Blue and Family Matters She also appeared on music oriented shows such as Soul Train,  Motown Live and the short-lived late night talk show based on Vibe.

She appeared as a motion capture character, providing the voice and body movements of "Cyber Lucy", the computer-animated hostess for the children's version of Wheel of Fortune, Wheel of Fortune 2000. During this period she was also the official voice of CBS Saturday Mornings. She then hosted various TV shows including Robotica co-hosted by Ahmet Zappa for TLC and Lifetime Now with Linda Dano for Lifetime TV. After multiple seasons of Lifetime Now, Ray hosted another show on Lifetime called Head2Toe.

In 2004, Ray became a New York correspondent for the entertainment magazine show Extra. After two years she was promoted to the host of its weekend edition Extra's Weekend Show and relocated to Los Angeles. In 2009 she left Extra. Ray next hosted TBS Weekend Extra on TBS and CWNOW on the CW. After leaving, she hosted For the Love of Ray J. 2 Reunion Special for VH1, a one-hour special on the movie Precious for TV Guide Network, and TV Guide's Oscar Pre-Show On the Red Carpet and a one-hour special on Sex and the City 2.

She frequently appears as a guest panelist on Showbiz Tonight on HLN (TV channel) and programs on CNN, MSNBC and Fox News Channel. She also hosted season seven of HGTV's Design Star.

In 2017, Tanika Ray rejoined Extra, and left for good two years later.

Television
Wheel of Fortune 2000 (1997–1998) as Cyber Lucy, the Hostess
Soap Center (2000–2004)
Robotica (2001)
Speaking of Women's Health (2001)
Head 2 Toe (2003–2005)
Extra (2004–2009, 2017–2019)
TBS Weekend Extra (since 2005)
Seacrest @ Night Pilot
Soap News Update
CW Now (2007–2008)
HSN Trendsetter (2008–present) Host
Basketball Wives (2010) Reunion Host
HGTV'D (2011–present) Host
HGTV Design Star (2011) Host
Oh Sit (2012–2013) Co-Host

Guest starring
Living Single (1996)
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (1996)Friends (TV series) (1997) (Un-credited role)The Wayans Bros. (1998)Family Matters (1998)Hyperion Bay (1999)All My Children'' (2006)

References

External links

Tanika's Bio on The Extra Website

American game show hosts
American television actresses
American infotainers
Actresses from Washington, D.C.
Actresses from Los Angeles
African-American actresses
Living people
Spelman College alumni
1972 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
New York University alumni
Entertainment journalists

Tanika Ray


Isoetharine is a selective short-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist. It can be called the "granddaughter of adrenalin" in the line of β2 agonists that gave quick relief for bronchospasm and asthma. Epinephrine (adrenalin) was the first of these, and next came isoprenaline (isoproterenol). Isoetharine was the third drug in this line, thus the third generation or granddaughter of the original.

In the western United States, it was the drug of choice in the late 1970s and early 1980s for nebulization ("breathing treatment") to relieve airway spasm. It generally gave sharp relief of shortness of breath, starting within two to five minutes after the patient began breathing the nebulized mist. This rapid onset is not as clearly present in later drugs.

All of the early β2 agonist catecholamines used for bronchospasm had strong side effects, with increase in heart rate as the most common and most problematic. This came because its "β2 effect" was not quite as selective as might be hoped. β1 receptors appeared to also be stimulated in some patients, causing cardiac and other CNS side effects. With isoetharine this effect tended to be transient and usually went away within a matter of minutes after the end of the treatment. Increase in blood pressure also occurred in a small but significant percentage of cases, but also was almost invariably transient.

By the late 1980s, isoetharine was largely replaced by orciprenaline (metaproterenol), which seemed to have slightly less cardiac side effect and lasted a couple of hours longer. Orciprenaline in turn was replaced by salbutamol (albuterol). Some practitioners still believe that these later aerosolized bronchodilators never gave quite as quick of relief from asthmatic shortness of breath as did isoetharine. Thus they see a continued specialty role in treatment of severe shortness of breath that does not improve in the first five minutes of salbutamol treatment.

References

Further reading

Phenylethanolamines
Beta-adrenergic agonists
Catecholamines
Isopropylamino compounds

Isoetarine


Shaq Fu is a 2D fighting game published by Electronic Arts for the Sega Genesis and Super NES on October 28, 1994. It was developed by the now-defunct Delphine Software International. Versions for the Game Gear, Game Boy, and Amiga followed in 1995. Former professional basketball player Shaquille O'Neal stars as the player character.

Shaq Fu was met with mixed responses from critics upon release, though it has since come to be considered one of the worst video games ever made. A sequel, Shaq Fu: A Legend Reborn, was released in 2018.

Plot
In the game's storyline, Shaquille O'Neal walks into a dojo while heading to a charity basketball game in Tokyo, Japan. After speaking with Leotsu, a martial arts master, Shaq goes to another dimension, the Second World, where he must rescue a young boy named Nezu from the evil mummy Sett Ra.

Ports

The Genesis version of Shaq Fu has five more playable characters (Auroch, Colonel, Diesel, Leotsu, and Nezu) and three more stages (The Lab, The Wasteland, and Yasko Mines) than the Super NES version, thus the Genesis version has a longer story mode. The North Gate/South Gate stage is accessible in the SNES version with a cheat code, whereas the Genesis version has the North Gate/South Gate stage available by default. The Amiga version contains the same content as the Genesis version (it keeps the text "Licensed by Sega Enterprises, LTD" left over from that version on the title screen), though the backgrounds have no animation. It also only has three tunes; there is no background music during the fights.

The Game Boy version has the same seven characters as the Super NES version, whereas the Game Gear version only has six characters (Shaq, Leotsu, Mephis, Rajah, Kaori, and Sett Ra). Both the Game Boy and Game Gear versions lack a tournament mode and in-game voices.

Both the Genesis and SNES versions of the game contained a hidden button sequence that would initiate a "blood code" in the spirit of Mortal Kombat. The blood effects were subdued and minor which kept the game at its "MA-13" (known by modern rating standard as "T") rating. However, the blood code gave access to finishing moves within the game that were triggered by striking the opponent in a certain way to end the match. The finishing moves were not gory as those depicted in the fatalities of Mortal Kombat but were considerably more violent when performed against monster-type characters in the game, rather than humans. Some of the finishing moves that have been discovered include the following examples:
 Sett Ra, when struck with a high attack toward his head, would drop to his knees as his head caught fire. The body of Sett Ra would then dissolve, the wraps falling to the ground and the smoldering shoulder armor tumbling forward.
 Mephis, when struck with a mid-range attack, would shatter into ghost-like shards which fade away into the air, leaving his decrepit robe behind.
 Genesis-exclusive character Auroch would turn to stone and explode if struck with a mid-range attack.

Reception

Shaq Fu received mixed reviews at the time of its release. GamePro gave the SNES version a positive review, saying that the unusually small size of the sprites is balanced out by the incredibly fast game speed. They also praised the "ultra sharp" controls and impressive digitized graphics. They reviewed the Genesis version as superior to the SNES version due to its additional characters and improved controls, and concluded that the game is "fun once you get used to the small, fast sprites". One Electronic Gaming Monthly reviewer scored the game as a 6/10, while another gave it a 4/10. It received a grade of D from Entertainment Weekly. GamesMaster gave the Genesis and SNES versions 81% and 83% respectively. Mean Machines Sega Magazine gave the Genesis version 79%. Next Generation reviewed the Genesis version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "Shaq Fu includes everything a good fighting game needs, with the exception of good fighting". In contrast to their positive reactions to the SNES and Genesis versions, GamePro panned the Game Boy release, saying it dumbs down the gameplay, loses so much graphical detail that the characters are unrecognizable, and makes the music far too pervasive.

Retrospective criticism of the game has been generally negative. GameTrailers rated it number 4 Worst in their "Top Ten Best and Worst Video Games". In the September 1997, Nintendo Power had 12 staff members vote in a list for the top 100 games of all time. This list also included a 10 worst games of all-time list voted by the staff, which placed Shaq Fu at 3rd worst place on their list. The article stated that it was "not possible to come up with a worse idea than this". The same year, Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked it number 10 on their "Top 10 Worst Games of All Time". In response to the negative feedback to the game, Levi Buchanan from IGN stated it was undeserved as a result of collective exaggerations.

Sequel

A sequel, Shaq Fu: A Legend Reborn, was released on June 5, 2018 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, iOS and Android.

See also
Barkley Shut Up and Jam!
Michael Jordan: Chaos in the Windy City
Slam City with Scottie Pippen

References

External links

1994 video games
Amiga games
Amiga 1200 games
Electronic Arts games
Delphine Software International games
Game Boy games
Game Gear games
Sega Genesis games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in France
Shaquille O'Neal
Video games set in Tokyo
Sports fiction
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Fighting games
Video games based on real people
Cultural depictions of basketball players
Tiertex Design Studios games
Ocean Software games
Video games featuring black protagonists
Black Pearl Software games
Unexpected Development games

Shaq Fu


Colin "Col" Campbell (30 October 1933 – 23 August 2012) was a presenter on Gardening Australia, a TV show on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He was also a presenter on Brisbane radio station 4BC as the "Gardening Guru" of weekend mornings, in which he answered a wide range of questions from callers. Campbell began his radio career in 1983, television in 1985 and newspaper in 1991.

Early life
Campbell was born in New Zealand in 1933. His post school years involved a number of different jobs: grocer's assistant in a small country town in New Zealand, sales representative, stock and station agent, and auctioneer. Eventually employed by a fertiliser company, he gained experience with plants through his time spent conducting fertiliser trials and involvement with farmers' meetings.  Throughout this period he studied as a mature student at Lincoln College, then part of the University of Canterbury, receiving a Diploma in Horticulture. Subsequent studies included a Certificate in Journalism, a Diploma in sales management, and experience gained from a public speaking course.

"Gardening Australia"
A longtime presenter of Queensland-specific plants and their gardening techniques, Colin Campbell was a most popular Gardening Australia celebrity. Colin typically reported on topics such as growing Anthuriums, heliconias, cordylines, grevilleas, and drought resistant plants, used a friendly and humorous style of presentation.

Common questions usually involved worries about 'yellowing leaves' (Nitrogen deficiency) or 'funny white fluffy stuff' (mealybug). Colin's patience, humour, and down to earth explanations made his show very popular as its longevity shows; it had a loyal following in Southeast Queensland. He also regularly contributed to Brisbane printed media.

Colin was a great advocate of gardeners' rights.  Although this may seem ambiguous, there was a feeling amongst many gardeners in Australia that they are being wrongly targeted as the culprits behind Southeast Queensland's (and wider Australia's) water shortage problems. Colin was advocating the health benefits that gardening has to offer people of all ages, especially the elderly, and that there are "water wise"" ways to garden. Colin in particular took it upon himself to stand up for gardeners.  His goal was to show the inequities of blaming gardeners for water shortages whilst allowing other members of society such as some irresponsible members of the industrial and commercial sectors to get away with their continued abuses of the system. These views were expressed in many of his presentations and speeches and for this he was very popular with thousands of gardeners who feel vilified.

Awards and Accolades
 1991 and 2002: Nursery and Garden Industry Association Certificate of Recognition for service to the Nursery Industry.
 1994: Appointed a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Horticulture.
 2004: Minister for Primary Industries Award for Continued Outstanding Service to an Industry Sector.
 2006: Meritorious Achievement Award for outstanding service and support to the Queensland Nursery Industry
 2006: Inducted into Hall of Fame by Landscape Queensland Inc, formerly Queensland Association of Landscape Industries.
 2007: Awarded the Order of Australia Medal (OAM) for service to horticulture, particularly as a contributor to a range of gardening related television and radio programmes and publications.
 Varieties of hibiscus, daylily and clivia have been named in his honour.
 Patron of the Hibiscus Society of Queensland, the Queensland Herb Society, the Brisbane Daylily Society, the International Tropical Foliage and Garden Society, the Buderim Garden Club
 Member of the Maleny Garden Club and the Royal Horticultural Society (Queensland).
 Nominee for Queenslander of the Year and Australian of the Year.

The Brisbane Agricultural Exhibition
Colin attended the Brisbane Agricultural Exhibition (Ekka) every year as he presented from 4BC's booth in the Gardening Exhibition area. He was easily spotted in his trademark Akubra hat and was very popular with many of the members of the various gardening clubs, having an excellent memory for people's names and their previous gardening enquiries.

Family
He was married with four sons from a previous marriage, Ian, James, Grant and Stuart. He was Grandfather to Stacy-Ann, Sara, Ashley, Grant and Helen. He died from cancer on 23 August 2012, aged 78.

References

External links
 Interview
 Conference

2012 deaths
Australian gardeners
Lincoln University (New Zealand) alumni
Gardening television
1933 births
Australian horticulturists

Col Campbell


The 2000 Central Michigan Chippewas football team was an American football team that represented Central Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Mike DeBord, the Chippewas compiled a 2–9 record (2–6 against MAC opponents), finished in last place in the MAC's West Division, and were outscored by their opponents, 376 to 137. The team played its home games in Kelly/Shorts Stadium in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, with attendance of 94,949 in five home games. The team set a single season school record with 90 punts, and Brian Brandt set a school record with 87 punts.

The team's statistical leaders included Derrick Vickers with 1,059 passing yards, Vince Webber with 458 rushing yards, and David Hannah with 411 receiving yards. Senior defensive back Brian Leigeb set a single game school record with 26 tackles against Northern Illinois on November 18, 2000, totaled 147 tackles for the season, set a school record with 490 career tackles, and was selected as the team's most valuable player.

On December 1, 1999, Mike DeBord was hired as Central Michigan's head football coach. He had previously served as Michigan's offensive coordinator. DeBord was given a four-year contract with an annual base salary of $120,000.

Schedule

References

Central Michigan
Central Michigan Chippewas football seasons
Central Michigan Chippewas football