Attercliffe is an industrial suburb of northeast Sheffield, England on the south bank of the River Don. The suburb falls in the Darnall ward of Sheffield City Council.

History

The name Attercliffe can be traced back as far as an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 - Ateclive – meaning "at the cliff", a small escarpment that lay alongside the River Don. This cliff can be seen in images from the 19th century, but is no longer visible.

Westforth or Washford Bridge, at the Sheffield end of the village, was first recorded in a will of 1535. It was rebuilt in wood in 1608 and 1647, then in stone in 1672, 1789 and 1794.

Historically a part of the parish of Sheffield, Attercliffe Chapel was built in 1629 as the first place of worship in the settlement. The Town School was built in 1779, and Christ Church was built in 1826 but destroyed during the Second World War.

In 1686, Richard Frankland set up a dissenting academy at Attercliffe Hall. Three years later, it was taken over by the nonconformist minister Timothy Jollie, who educated students including John Bowes, Nicholas Saunderson and Thomas Secker. Secker, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was frustrated by Jollie's poor teaching, famously remarking that he lost his knowledge of languages and that 'only the old Philosophy of the Schools was taught there: and that neither ably nor diligently. The morals also of many of the young Men were bad. I spent my time there idly & ill'.

In the early 19th century, Attercliffe remained a rural community known for its orchards, windmill, and large houses including the Old Hall, New Hall and Carlton House. New Hall was later converted into pleasure gardens, with a cricket ground, racecourse, bowling green, maze, lake and depictions of famous cities. It was known for its concerts and firework displays.

Small-scale manufacture of pen knives and pocket knives developed in the early 19th century, The suburb became more accessible with the construction of first a turnpike road from Sheffield to the terminus of the River Don Navigation at Tinsley, then the opening of the Sheffield Canal, running to the south of the village. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a frequent proposal to widen this to form a Sheffield Ship Canal, to terminate in a basin at Attercliffe.

Attercliffe railway station opened in August 1871 and closed on 26 September 1927.

Attercliffe has long been an industrial area, but by the early 20th century, there was also a large residential population and high class shops, John Banner's department store (Banner's), which opened in 1934, in particular. The area declined after the Second World War as Victorian housing was cleared and not replaced, causing schools to close, followed by most of Attercliffe's shops. Banner's closed in 1980 and was converted into offices. Some of the local industries closed or moved to larger sites further out of Sheffield.

Adelphi Cinema

The Adelphi was an art deco cinema on Vicarage Road, built in 1920 by architect William C. Fenton. It is Grade II listed. The cinema closed in 1967, and the building was then used as a bingo hall under the name "Adelphi Bingo Club" and a nightclub. It is currently disused. In November 2022 Sheffield Council announced plans to redevelop the building for community use.

Attractions

Its location on the Sheffield Supertram route, the completion of the Five Weirs Walk and construction of the Don Valley Stadium and Sheffield Arena in the 1990s brought some life back to the area. As part of the area's regeneration, new house building started in 2002. Don Valley Stadium was demolished in 2013, but other entertainment venues bring visitors to the area, including Hollywood Bowl & Cineworld. This has changed Attercliffe from its previous seedy element to an area for outer city entertainment with the introduction of Valley Centertainment.

It is home to one of the highest concentrations of sporting facilities in the UK with the Olympic Legacy Park, incorporating iceSheffield and the English Institute of Sport.

Politics
Attercliffe falls within the Darnall Ward. Sheffield Attercliffe was the name of one of Sheffield's parliamentary constituencies from 1885 to 2010, when it was renamed Sheffield South East.

References

External links

 Pictures of the Adelphi Cinema
 Sources for the History of Attercliffe Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives

Suburbs of Sheffield

Attercliffe


Robert Baird "Bob" McClure  OOnt FRCS (Edin.) FICS (November 23, 1900 – November 10, 1991) was a Canadian physician, medical missionary to China, Taiwan, Gaza, India, and Borneo, and the 23rd Moderator of the United Church of Canada, the first unordained lay person to hold that position.

Early life
Robert McClure's father, Dr. William McClure, was born in Lachute, Quebec, and earned a medical degree under William Osler at McGill University. William's wife, Margaret (nee Baird) McClure, was born in Pennsylvania. Together, the two became missionaries at a Presbyterian mission in Wuhan, China in 1888. The Boxer Rebellion of 1900 forced the McClures and their two young daughters to evacuate to the port of Shanghai, although Margaret was three months pregnant. From Shanghai, they parted ways. William joined the medical unit of HMS Centurion under the command of  Captain John Jellicoe, which was headed for Beijing as part of the Seymour Expedition. Margaret and her daughters sailed to North America on the SS Shinano Maru, landing at Portland, Oregon, where her son Robert was born on November 23, 1900. By 1901, the Boxer Rebellion had been suppressed, and the McClures were reunited in Weihui, where the Presbyterian Church had established a new mission.

Robert McClure grew up in the Weihui compound, and due to his friendships with Chinese playmates, could speak both English and Mandarin by an early age. In 1910, William took a two-year sabbatical and returned with his family to North America, staying with Margaret's relatives in Wooster, Ohio. In 1912, when William was scheduled to return to Weihui, the family made the decision that William and 11-year-old Robert would return to China, while Margaret would stay in North America with her daughters as they completed their primary and high school studies.

After three more years in China, William returned with Robert to North America for another sabbatical, and the family reunited in Toronto, where Robert's two sisters were enrolled at school, Janet at the University of Toronto, and Margaret at Harbord Collegiate Institute. Robert was also enrolled at Harbord, and during his first summer in Toronto, he worked at the Russell Motor Car Company, making munitions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force fighting in the First World War. The next summer, he worked on a farm as part of the "Soldiers of the Soil" program.

University
In the fall of 1917, Robert enrolled in medicine at the University of Toronto, working evenings and weekends as a stevedore at the Toronto docks or a baggage handler at Union Station to earn enough to pay his tuition. He also attended Bloor Street Church, where he was greatly influenced by the sermons of Dr. George C. Pigeon, who would go on to become the first Moderator of the United Church of Canada in 1925.

In 1920, Robert met Amy Hislop and the two started to date. In 1922, McClure graduated with his medical degree, and was planning to do post-graduate surgical work at Harvard University before joining the British Colonial Service. He was approached by George Pidgeon, who asked McClure if he would instead consider travelling to Qinyang, China to replace the doctor at the Presbyterian mission hospital who had been killed by bandits. When McClure pointed out that he needed a year of surgical training, Pidgeon arranged for McClure to work with Dr. Kenneth Perfect at Western Hospital in Toronto for a year.

China missionary
McClure arrived in China in early 1924. Since he could speak Mandarin but could neither read nor write Chinese characters, he enrolled in Chinese language school for several months.  McClure then travelled to Qinyang to take up his post as mission doctor at the Menzies Memorial Hospital. The following year, with the formation of  the United Church of Canada from the union of the Presbyterian, Methodist and Congregationalist Churches, the hospital and mission became a United Church charge.

In 1926, Robert asked a colleague travelling to Toronto to present Amy Hislop with his marriage proposal; Amy said yes, and the two met later that year in Tianjin to be married. Robert returned to Qinyang with his new bride, but less than a year later full civil war broke out between the Kuomintang, Communists and Nationalists, forcing Robert and his pregnant wife to flee to Tianjin. McClure relocated to a Presbyterian mission hospital in Taipei on the island of Taiwan, which was occupied by Japan at the time. There he worked with Dr. George Gushue-Taylor, a highly respected  English surgeon who in 1917 had co-authored a Taiwanese-language nursing manual, Lāi-goā-kho Khàn-hō͘-ha̍k. In addition to his medical work, McClure started to learn the Amoy dialect so he could speak directly with his patients, and he also learned some rudimentary Japanese for his dealings with local authorities. Two children were born to the McClures during their time in Taiwan.

Prodded by Gushue-Taylor, McClure made the decision to earn his FRCS degree, and in 1930, travelled to the UK to commence his studies. After surgical training and study at Chelsea Hospital, McClure failed the FRCS exam. He rejoined his family in Canada and studied surgery at Toronto General Hospital then re-took the FRCS exam in Toronto in the spring of 1931 but for a second time, he failed. He immediately travelled to Edinburgh to sit for the summer exam, and this time, he passed.

During his studies in Edinburgh, McClure had learned about the use of radium in cancer treatments. At the time, radium was very expensive, costing £15,000 per gram. In preparation for a return to the mission hospital at Qinyang, McClure raised enough money to buy a few micrograms of radium. One of his donors was diplomat Vincent Massey. McClure was the second missionary doctor in the world to buy radium (the first being the Canadian doctor William James Wanless for the Miraj Medical Centre in India.)

The family moved back to Qinyang in late 1931. In the next two years, the McClure family expanded with the arrival of two more children. In 1934, McClure travelled to Europe for five months to study the latest developments in the use of radiation treatments for cancer.

In 1937, McClure became the Field Director for the International Red Cross (IRC), and in this role, tried to convince all the factions vying for control of central China to allow for the free movement of medical supplies and treatment of wounded soldiers. During one of these attempts, he was detained by Japanese soldiers as a spy, and was only saved from immediate execution by the intervention of a Japanese officer who had worked with McClure on rural reconstruction.

On February 23, 1938, McClure crossed paths with fellow Canadian doctor Norman Bethune, who was travelling to join Communist forces at Shanxi. McClure biographer Munro Scott characterized the meeting as unpleasant, saying, "Dr. McClure had found Dr. Bethune to be very anti-Canadian, paranoic about his thoracic work, too militantly communist, and bitter." It was the only meeting of the two Canadian doctors — 18 months later Bethune would die from blood poisoning contracted while performing combat surgery.

Later that spring, McClure had to abandon attempts to negotiate with the Japanese forces in China when he learned they had placed a bounty of US$50,000 on his head. Through his work with the IRC, he did meet Soong Mei-ling, wife of Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek. McClure developed a friendship with both of them, and a few months later Soong Mei-Ling asked McClure to travel to England to speak at a World Red Cross Conference on behalf of the Kuomintang's Central China Committee.

With the situation in China deteriorating, McClure was unable to return to his work, so he reunited with his family in Toronto and filled his time doing fundraising tours of the United States and Europe for the IRC before attending a world missionary conference in Madras, India. While there, McClure was told about the Burma Road that had just been completed by the British to connect Rangoon, Burma to Kunming, China. Seeing this as a potential way to get medical supplies into China for the IRC while bypassing Chinese ports blocked by warring factions, McClure decided to test it, and became only the third person to drive a car the length of the road. McClure set out to organize regular relief convoys along the road.

In late 1939, McClure was pinned between two trucks, suffering several serious injuries, and travelled back to Canada to convalesce. While there, he made several public speeches in which he accused the Canadian government of allowing nickel to be exported through various clandestine channels to Japan, which was then using it for war munitions against China. On December 7, 1940, McClure was summoned to a meeting in Ottawa with the prime minister, William Lyon MacKenzie King. Although King admitted to McClure that Canadian nickel was making its way to Japan in greater amounts than even McClure had suspected, King ordered McClure to recant his speeches or face arrest for subversive activities under the Defence of Canada Regulations and the War Measures Act. Realizing he could not help China or the IRC from prison, McClure unhappily sat down with Under-secretary of State Norman Robertson to craft a letter of apology.

In April 1941, McClure was approached by the Quaker organization Friends' Ambulance Unit (FAU) to move medical supplies and surgical teams into China along the Burma Road while evacuating wounded. McClure immediately left for Asia, and quickly set up what became known as the "China Convoy."

By 1942, McClure's abilities, knowledge of the Chinese people and friendship with Chiang Kai-shek came to the attention of Vincent Massey, previously one of McClure's donors of funds for radium, and at the time Canada's High Commissioner in the UK. Massey sent a telegram to Norman Robertson in Ottawa suggesting McClure would be an ideal candidate as "Canadian Minister to China." But Roberston reminded Prime Minister King of the "thoroughly unsatisfactory business" they had experienced with McClure two years previous, and King noted "I wouldn't consider him."

In addition to his organizational work, McClure also handled surgery at the hospital at Baoshan. The issue of how to rescue injured Allied pilots who had been forced to land in remote Himalayan valleys came to the attention of McClure. He had learned how to parachute in Toronto, and several times parachuted into remote locations in order to give first aid and organize transportation of injured pilots out to the Burma Road, where they could be evacuated.

During this time, McClure's friendship with Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling came to end when Soong Mei-ling demanded that medical supplies coming up the Burma Road not be used on wounded Communist soldiers, which McClure refused to consider.

In 1945, as the Japanese withdrew from northern China, McClure organized medical relief operations for the province of Hunan. In June 1946, with the wartime FAU morphing into the peacetime Friends Service Unit, McClure opened a United Church mission hospital in Hankou and spent two years there.

In 1948, the Communist faction under Mao Zedong swept across China, driving the Kuomintang off-shore to Taiwan. Although McClure was willing to stay in China during the Communist takeover and try to negotiate his medical services with the new regime, he was suddenly called back to Canada due to the critical illness of one of his daughters. By the time she recovered, the Communist takeover of China was complete, and McClure found himself locked out of China due to his former friendship with Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling.

Gaza
Following his return to Canada, McClure spent 18 months as surgeon and gynaecologist in a group practice in Toronto, which he recalled as "a dull life" after his adventures in China and Burma. In 1950, the Church Missionary Society sent him to the Gaza Strip to run a mission hospital. His one-year appoinment dragged on to four years because the Church Missionary Society was unable to locate a replacement surgeon. Finally McClure jokingly suggested they sell the hospital, and to his surprise, they did agree to allow McClure to sell the hospital to another mission society.

India
Almost immediately, the United Church of Canada sent McClure to the Ratlam Christian Hospital at Ratlam, India. The hospital had only been used for minor surgery before his arrival, but now he set out to make it a centre of major surgery as well as a treatment centre for bone fractures. McClure also set up a medical lab, and started a program to train people as basic lab technicians. After four months of training, each technician was sent back to their village able to handle basic lab procedures such as blood counts and slide smears.

On September 1, 1966, the Canadian Broadcasting Company aired a television special "Dr. Bob McClure: medical missionary" about his life and his work in Ratlam. It was only the second colour program to air on CBC-TV. During the program, McClure talked about the reason he sought missionary work: "One of the great motivations in missionary work is the spirit of adventure. I would define adventure as being risk with a purpose, as distinct from simply risk of weaving at high speed through crowded traffic. That sort of risk with purpose gives you adventure and a good feeling, a thrill... and a very good feeling when it is all over." In terms of the suffering he saw around him, McClure said, "Sure there are things you meet that make you feel very deeply, but emotionalism must be expressed in long-term determination, not in fluffy sentimentality."

McClure stayed at Ratlam for 13 years. In 1967, at the age of 66, he declared that he was retiring, and returned to Canada.

Moderator
In 1967, the United Church, with a million adult members, was the largest Protestant denomination in Canada. Since its inception in 1925, the spiritual head of the church, the moderator, had always been an ordained minister. But in the late 1960s, discontent was starting to ripple through the church. Canadian author Pierre Berton, in his 1966 book The Comfortable Pew, called the hierarchy of the mainline denominations in Canada too staid, the clergy too interested in liturgy rather than engagement with issues of social justice. At the 23rd General Council of the United Church in 1968, delegates were looking for a new voice, and elected the forthright and plain-spoken Bob McClure as moderator, the first layperson to hold that office. As McClure admitted, "In appointing a layman as a Moderator in a General Council with probably 50 expert theologians present, it's obvious the United Church didn't want theological views. They appointed a layman as Moderator presumably because they wanted a clear view of the relationship of the Canadian citizen to the needs of a very shrinking world."

During his three-year term, McClure was not afraid to espouse controversial viewse not supported by church policy, admitting in an interview three months after his election "my tongue has already gotten me in a little hot water." Some of the items McClure supported such as legalized abortion and the acceptance of American draft dodgers were not church policy, but the United Church came to support them in the years after his term ended.

Retirement
After his term as moderator ended, McClure's "retirement" became an opportunity to travel the world and use his medical skills on a voluntary basis. The 70-year-old first travelled to Southeast Asia as an OXFAM volunteer to do a family planning survey. He then accepted a medical position at a Methodist mission hospital in Malaysia. In 1975, he travelled to the Amazon Basin of Peru to inoculate river communities. In 1977, he worked as a volunteer surgeon in Kimpese, Zaire. In 1978, as his last medical work, he treated patients at a United Church clinic in Fort Simpson, British Columbia.

In 1979, at age 78, he settled down in Toronto, but was a frequent public speaker, averaging 15 speeches a month. He also led annual tourist groups to some of his former locations in China, India, the Burma Road, and Borneo.

At age 90, he was diagnosed with inoperable pancreatic cancer, and died on November 9, 1991.

Awards and recognition
Companion of the Order of Canada, 1971. "For his services to humanity, particularly as a medical missionary."
Member of the Order of Ontario, 1990.
On December 7, 1978, with Bob and Amy McClure in the visitors' gallery, the Ontario Legislature unanimously passed a resolution, "That this House recognizes the outstanding achievements of Dr. Robert McClure whose life of service at home, in China and elsewhere in the world exemplifies the most commendable aspects of the human spirit."
Man of the Year Peace Award of the Lester B. Pearson Peace Park, 1985.
Two United Churches in Canada are named for McClure:
McClure United Church in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. (An intermediate care facility built next to the church in 2005 was named Amy McClure House after Bob McClure's wife.)
Robert McClure United Church in Calgary, Alberta

References

Further reading
McClure, Robert G., Vintage McClure; (with Diane Forrest), , Welch Publishing, Burlington, Ontario 1988.
Scott, Munroe, McClure: The China Years (1977) and McClure: Years of Challenge (1979)

1900 births
1991 deaths
University of Toronto alumni
American expatriates in China
Canadian nuclear medicine physicians
Companions of the Order of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
Moderators of the United Church of Canada
Physicians from Portland, Oregon
Protestant missionaries in Palestine (region)
Christian medical missionaries
Canadian Protestant missionaries
Members of the United Church of Canada
Protestant missionaries in China

Robert Baird McClure


Jeanne Bice (July 20, 1939 – June 10, 2011) was an entrepreneur, businesswoman and television personality. Bice was the founder of the Quacker Factory clothing line, which led to frequent appearances on QVC beginning in 1995. Her company, Quacker Factory, has grossed more than $50 million in sales, as of March 2011. She was also a frequent guest on The Soup, appearing opposite host Joel McHale.

Early life
Bice was born on July 20, 1939, in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, where she was also raised. She later moved to the nearby town of Ripon, Wisconsin as an adult. Bice and her husband, Arlow "Butch" Bice Jr., had a son and a daughter, Tim and Lee. She opened her first store, a women's apparel and gift shop called The Silent Woman, with friend Maryanne Diedrich, as a hobby. Her original store, which was bankrolled by both of their husbands, was located at Ransom and East Fond du Lac Streets in Ripon.

The Quack and QVC
Bice's husband, Butch Bice, died of a sudden heart attack in 1981 at the age of 42, leaving her a widow with two children to support. Now a widowed housewife at 40 years old, Bice needed a source of income and had few career skills at the time. Bice, with the help of business partner Maryanne Diedrich, who divorced around the same time, and other friends from Ripon, began creating a seasonal clothing line which she designed and decorated. The clothing line would become Quacker Factory. In 2007, Bice elaborated on the early days of her business with the Palm Beach Post, "I never wanted to be in business. Mary Ann and I went into business on an absolute lark, and the result became the mainstay and support of our lives. Our shop was truly a gift from God. Mary Ann and I helped raised each other's kids, and helped each other figure out where we were going and how to get there."

Bice relocated to Florida in 1983, but continued to work on the Quacker Factory line and its eventual parent company, The Quack, Inc. She made her first appearance in QVC, a home shopping network based in Pennsylvania, on February 4, 1995. Her QVC debut proved a financial success, with her entire product line selling out in a few minutes while the show was still on the air. The first show created a sixteen-year relationship with QVC and led to Bice's numerous appearances on the network. Viewers began watching her QVC not only for her products, but also for Bice's stories as well. Bice was known on-air for her trademark headbands and sequined, decorated clothing. Her partnership with QVC transformed Quacker Factory from a small company into a multimillion-dollar business, grossing more than $50 million as of March 2011.

Bice's appearances on QVC and her Quacker Factory line made her a cult figure to her fans. Her core group of more than two million fans and customers call themselves "quackers." She frequently filmed guest appearances on The Soup and kept a Soup Award given to her by Joel McHale in her office, according to a 2011 interview with the Huffington Post.

Death
Jeanne Bice died of complications from uterine cancer on June 10, 2011, at the age of 71. She was a resident of Boca Raton, Florida.

In popular culture
Nicole Parker portrayed Bice in three comedy sketches lampooning Quacker Factory during seasons 11 and 12 of Mad TV.

References

1939 births
2011 deaths
American women television personalities
American fashion designers
American women fashion designers
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Businesspeople from Florida
People from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
People from Ripon, Wisconsin
People from Boca Raton, Florida
QVC people
20th-century American businesswomen
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
Television personalities from Florida

Jeanne Bice


Otto III ( – 19 June 1248), a member of the House of Andechs, was Count of Burgundy from 1231 and the last duke of Merania (numbered Otto II) from 1234 until his death.

Family
Otto was the only son of Duke Otto I of Merania and Countess Beatrice II of Burgundy. He succeeded his mother as the count of Burgundy on her death in 1231, and his father as the duke of Andechs and Merania on his death in 1234. In the same year, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Count Albert IV of Tyrol. The marriage remained childless.

Rule
Still a minor, Otto remained under the tutelage of his Andechs relative Bishop Ekbert of Bamberg until 1236. When he came of age, he left the administration of the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) to King Theobald I of Navarre to engage in the struggle around his Bavarian possessions against the ducal House of Wittelsbach. He lost his position as a vogt of Tegernsee Abbey as well as the ancestral seat in Andechs, but retained the possession of Innsbruck, which he elevated to a town in 1239 and put under the administration of his father-in-law Count Albert IV of Tyrol. In 1242 he gave Franche-Comté in pawn to Duke Hugh IV of Burgundy.

In his later years, Otto concentrated on his family's estates in Franconia. In the fierce controversy between Emperor Frederick II and Pope Innocent IV, he sided with his feudal lord, the bishop of Bamberg, which earned him an Imperial ban and a large-scale loss of his possessions. Like his Andechs ancestors, he benefitted the Cistercian abbey in Langheim, Franconia, where he was buried upon his death in 1248. He also had vested neighbouring Lichtenfels with city rights in 1231. Childless, he was succeeded in Burgundy by his sister Adelaide and her husband Count Hugh of Chalon, while the Duchy of Merania expired. With the death of Otto's uncle Patriarch Berthold of Aquileia in 1251, the House of Andechs became extinct.

House of Andechs
Counts of Burgundy
1208 births
1248 deaths

Otto III, Count of Burgundy


Dunblane is a cathedral city in Stirlingshire, Scotland.  It is built on the banks of the Allan Water, a tributary of the River Forth.

By 2011 it had a population of 8811. It is commonly used for transport and commuting, with a railway station in the middle of its high street. It is most well-known as the location of the Dunblane Massacre, the only school shooting in British History, and tennis champion Andy Murray's hometown.

It has three primary schools (Newton Primary School, Dunblane Primary School and St Mary's Primary School), one high school (Dunblane High School) and Queen Victoria School for Army Children. It has churches of different Christian denominations. Dunblane Cathedral is Church of Scotland.

There is a Golden Postbox which marks Andy Murray's Olympic Gold Medals. It has an amatuer football club called Dunblane Soccer Club

Towns in Scotland
Stirling

Dunblane


A phasor is a tool in mathematics. It is used to show numbers in a different coordinate system.  Certain electronic components have models that can be described more easily by the use of phasors.  Inductors add a +90º "phase", while capacitors add -90º "phase". Both elements work on the imaginary axis.  Resistors have 0º "phase", and are considered real.

Engineering

Phasor


Gerard Chittocque Brandon (September 15, 1788March 28, 1850) was an American political leader who twice served as Governor of Mississippi during its early years of statehood. He was the first native-born governor of Mississippi.

Early life and education
Gerard Brandon was the son of an Irish immigrant, Gerard Chittocque Brandon, who established and ran the Selma Plantation in Adams County, Mississippi, and Dorothy Nugent, the daughter of Irish immigrants Matthew Nugent and Isabel MacBray. The couple moved to Mississippi from South Carolina sometime in 1785.

Brandon was born September 15, 1788, in Natchez, in the Territory of Mississippi, the second child and first son of the family. He was educated at Princeton University and the College of William & Mary and served in the War of 1812. He later practiced law at Washington, Mississippi and was a successful planter, following his father's footsteps, in Adams County, Mississippi.

He married Margaret Chambers on January 18, 1816, in Bardstown, Kentucky. In 1817 Gerard Brandon bought Windy Hill Manor. At his death, Windy Hill Manor was inherited by his daughter, Elizabeth, who married William Stanton. Elizabeth and William's descendants lived at Windy Hill Manor until the 1940s. The last in the line were three unmarried sisters, Elizabeth, Maude, and Beatrice. When the last sister died in 1945, the house sat abandoned until 1965, when it was demolished.

After Margaret Chambers's death in June 1820, Gerard Brandon married Betsy Stanton on July 12, 1824, in Adams County, Mississippi. The governor had a total of eight children with his two wives.

Brandon died at 61 on March 28, 1850, and was buried in a private family cemetery at his Columbian Springs Plantation in Wilkinson County, Mississippi.

A slaveholder himself, he said he considered slavery an evil; his son, however, possessed a fortune in human property, including the kidnapped Henrietta Wood.

Political life
Brandon, a delegate to the constitutional conventions of 1817 and 1832, also helped draft Mississippi's first two constitutions. He served in the Mississippi Legislature and was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1822.

Brandon became governor of Mississippi for the first time upon the death of Walter Leake, serving from Leake's death on November 17, 1825, until January 7, 1826, when David Holmes, the last territorial governor and first governor of the State of Mississippi was again inaugurated as governor.

Brandon became acting governor of Mississippi again on July 25, 1826 when Governor David Holmes resigned due to ill health. Brandon served until January 9, 1832, being reelected in 1827 and 1829.

Gerard Brandon served as governor during an era known as the "Flush Times," an era of expanded settlement and development in Mississippi and the surrounding areas. During his administration, the finalization of two Indian land sessions opened millions of acres of land to settlement, beginning the development of the cotton industry that would define Mississippi's economy in the coming years. Governor Brandon oversaw the expansion of transportation in the infrastructure to connect the new agricultural land, as well as the construction of public schools and the chartering of Mississippi's first railroad.

During Brandon's administration, political and economic changes, including the creation of several new counties (Washington, Madison, Rankin, and Lowndes) and the expansion of suffrage to all white males, induced the populace to vote in favor of a constitutional convention to replace Mississippi's Constitution of 1817.

After his term as governor ended, Brandon served as a delegate to the 1831 Constitutional Convention for Adams County. He would then live as a private citizen until his death in 1850.

Brandon, Mississippi, the county seat of Rankin County, is named after Gerard Brandon.

References

The Brandon Children Specifically Governor Gerard Chittocque Brandon

1788 births
1850 deaths
College of William & Mary alumni
Democratic Party governors of Mississippi
People from Natchez, Mississippi
Princeton University alumni
American military personnel of the War of 1812
Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Mississippi lawyers
19th-century American politicians
People from Washington, Mississippi

Gerard Brandon


The Jimenez Novia W16 is a French one off sports car built in 1995 by Ramon Jimenez, a French motorcycle racer from Vaucluse. It reportedly cost £600,000 ($855,000) and took ten years to develop. It features an aerodynamic body with center locking wheels, scissor doors and carbon fiber parts which Jimenez developed himself.

History
Jimenez built the Novia as a tribute to the Porsche 917 race car, starting work in 1985 with the help of a small team of engineers in his workshop in Avignon. France. Before building the car, Jimenez acquired the materials needed to fabricate his own carbon fiber composite panels from scratch. The Novia was finished in 1995 at the cost of . Jimenez continued to test and develop it, planning additional performance upgrades. He hoped to enter the car for the 24 Hours of Le Mans under the then current GT1 rules, and put the car into serial production with an expected asking price of . However, he wasn't able to as the French government mandated that a separate chassis be made for the purpose of crash testing. It is reported that Jimenez was also working on a possible off road version of the Novia for production at the time.

Performance
The Novia is powered by a mid mounted 4.1L W16 engine that was made by combining four Yamaha FZR1000 1.0 liter 4 cylinder motorcycle engines. It has 4 rows of cylinders with 4 cylinders in each row and a total of 80 valves (5 valves per cylinder). It also uses two crankshafts, unlike the W16 found in the Bugatti Veyron. Some sources argue however that the layout of the powerplant with four rows of cylinders arranged in two Vs wasn't a true W engine as it didn't fit the "broad arrow" layout of other W engines. The finished engine produces 417.6 kW (567 PS, 560 bhp) at 10,000 rpm and 432 nm (318.6 lb ft of torque), with power sent to the rear wheels through a 6-speed manual transmission. During a speed run on a section of the A7 highway in France that had been closed by local officials, the Novia reached a verified top speed of 380 km/h (236 mph). The car can reportedly accelerate from 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.1 seconds and complete a 1000 meter sprint in 19 seconds. Notably, the Novia was one of the first cars to be powered by a W16 engine, preceding the Veyron's use of one by ten years.

Specifications
The Novia uses an aluminium honeycomb monocoque chassis, with a custom carbon fiber body designed to pay tribute to the first iteration of the Porsche 917K race car. The interior is accessed via scissor doors and features cream-colored Connolly leather, twin bucket seats with racing harnesses, radio/cassette player, ashtray and air conditioning. It also features electronic traction control and adjustable hydraulic suspension.

References

Sports cars
Concept cars
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars of France
Cars introduced in 1995

Jimenez Novia


Wave Twisters is a 2001 American animated film directed by Eric Henry and Syd Garon and based on DJ Q-Bert's album of the same name.  It is known as the first turntablism-based musical. It is a mix of live-action, computer graphics, and cel animation.

Plot
A crew of heroes is determined to save the lost arts of hip hop: break dancing, graffiti, MCing, and DJing from total extinction. The lost arts are being oppressed throughout inner-space by lord Ook and his evil minions the Chinheads. DJ and dentist The Dental Commander, graffiti artist Honey Drips, robotic MC Rubbish, and breakdancer Grandpa have a series of adventures, synchronized to the music. Armed with the ancient relic known as the Wave Twister (a small turntable/wristwatch, the only weapon powerful enough to defeat the enemies), they travel to the far ends of inner-space for a final confrontation with the sinister army of oppressors. The film ends with the team teaching the liberated the lost fundamentals of hip hop.

Cast
 DJ Q-Bert as Darth Fader
 Yogafrog as Turbo Frog
 D-Styles as Wax Fondler
 Flare as Butchwax
 Buckethead as himself

Production
The film is entirely scripted to match the DJ Q-Bert recording. It was produced digitally using Adobe After Effects and a relatively small team of animators, who used Apple PowerMac G3 computers.  The film spent three years in production.  DJ Q-Bert wanted to make videos for his music without sacrificing his street influences.  At the same time, he wanted to highlight the underground elements in hip hop culture.  Sources for the images used in the film include NASA and old cartoons.  Other influences include Shaft, Star Trek, Bullitt, and Lost in Space.

Release
The film has had several different premieres, each of which debuted a new cut of the film.  After the showing at Sundance Film Festival, DJ Q-Bert self-distributed the film and released it on home video without any copy protection.

Reception
Vibe called it "a Saturday-morning cartoon gone street".  Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote, "A dazzling sensory-overload goof, animated featurette Wave Twisters pays parodic homage to sci-fi actioners in terms as densely layered as its visual and sonic textures."  Harvey states that more staid audiences may not get the film, but it will appeal highly to the MTV generation.

References

External links

2001 films
2000s musical films
American musical films
2000s hip hop films
American animated featurettes
2001 animated films
2000s American animated films
2000s English-language films

Wave Twisters


Built to Rule is a building blocks toyline from Hasbro that is compatible with such leading brands as Lego. These sets were released from 2003 to 2005. Sets are usually based upon existing toys and characters from the Hasbro brand, such as Tonka, G.I. Joe and Transformers: Armada.

G.I. Joe
Built To Rule was marketed as "Action Building Sets". All sets came with one set of building blocks you could build into a full sized vehicle, and one specially designed 3 3/4 G.I. Joe figure. The forearms and the calves of the figures sport places where blocks could be attached.

2003
The 2003 Built To Rule followed the G.I. Joe: Spy Troops story line.
 Armadillo Assault with Duke
 Depth Ray with Wet Suit
 Forest Fox with Frostbite
 Locust with Hollow Point
 Raging Typhoon with Blowtorch
 Rock Crusher with Gung-Ho
 Cobra Moccasin with Cobra Moray
 Cobra Raven with Wild Weasel

2004
Some of the figures in 2004 featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint.
 Ground Striker with Flint
 Patriot Grizzly with Hi-Tech
 Rapid Runner with Chief Torpedo
 Rising Tide with Barrel Roll
 Sledgehammer with Heavy Duty
 Headquarters Attack with Snake Eyes - Includes Cobra Firebat with A.V.A.C.
 Cobra H.I.S.S. with Cobra Commander
 Cobra Night Prowler with Shadow Viper
 Cobra Sand Snake with Firefly
 Cobra Venom Striker with Firefly

2005
 Freedom Defense Outpost with Duke

Transformers
Transformers Built to Rule toys were predicted by some groups to be big sellers in 2003. A small number of Transformers: Energon Built to Rule sets had a limited, test market release, but the entire line performed poorly, so it was dropped in its entirety in 2004.

There are some significant differences between the Armada and Energon sets, though both are based on the same basic premise. Each Transformers kit is centered on a "Trans-Skeleton", a very simple humanoid body that folds up for vehicle mode without dis-assembly. From there, extra parts are added to the Trans-Skeleton for either mode. For Armada, the Trans-Skeleton was a very broad, flat solid plate with thin, stick-like limbs attached to it, which led to very awkward-looking robot modes. The structure of the Trans-Skeleton was changed for the Energon characters, to a much more solid skeleton with larger, blockier limbs. This led to much more solid, stable and sturdy-looking robot modes.

Transformers: Armada sets
 Demolishor & Blackout
 Demolishor & Blackout (Night Attack)
 Hot Shot & Jolt
 Jetfire & Comettor
 Megatron & Leader-1 (with Cyclonus & Crumplezone)
 Optimus Prime & Sparkplug
 Red Alert & Longarm
 Smokescreen & Liftor
 Starscream & Swindle
 Thundercracker & Zapmaster

Transformers: Energon sets
 Ironhide
 Optimus Prime
 Skyblast
 Inferno
 Starscream

See also
 Kre-O
 Lego clone

References

Construction toys
2000s toys
G.I. Joe
Transformers (toy line)

Built to Rule


XF-73 (Exeporfinium chloride) is an experimental drug candidate. It is an anti-microbial that works via weakening bacteria cell walls. It is a potential treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and possibly Clostridium difficile. It is being developed by Destiny Pharma Ltd.

Structurally, it is a dicationic porphyrin.

It has completed a phase I clinical trial for nasal decolonisation of MRSA—being tested against 5 bacterial strains. It seems unlikely to cause MRSA to develop resistance to it.

In 2014, a phase 1 clinical trial for nasal administration was run.

, another phase 1 clinical trial (for nasal administration) completed recruiting in 2016 but no results have been posted.

References

Antimicrobials
Tetrapyrroles

XF-73


Rudolf Leonhard (27 October 1889, in Lissa, German Empire (today Leszno, Poland) – 19 December 1953, in East Berlin) was a German author and communist activist.

Life
Leonhard came from a family of lawyers and studied law and Philology in Berlin and Göttingen.  In 1914 he volunteered for the German military effort in World War I, but quickly converted to pacifism and was brought before a military court for his convictions.

In 1918 he joined the USPD (Independent German Social Democratic Party) and fought alongside Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in the 1918 revolution.  In 1919, he joined the KPD (Communist Party of Germany), but left that party in favor of the left-communist KAPD (German Communist Workers' Party), which he also left after a year.  In 1918 he married the author Susanne Köhler, but was divorced from her after one year. However, Susanne had a son Wladimir Leonhard in 1921 (later called Wolfgang), for whom the presumed father was Rudolf.

In the early 1920s he married Frieda Gertrud Riess, a prominent Berlin portrait photographer.

From 1919 onwards he was a freelance author for the publication Die Weltbühne, and from the summer of 1922 he worked for the publishing house Verlag Die Schmiede as a lector and as the editor of a series of books,  "Außenseiter  der Gesellschaft".  In late November 1925, he began and led the Gruppe 1925 which counted Bertolt Brecht, Alfred Döblin, Albert Ehrenstein, Leonhard Frank, Walter Hasenclever, Walter Mehring and Kurt Tucholsky among its members.  After a difference of opinion, Leonhard left the group in 1927.

In March 1928, he moved to Paris at the invitation of his friend Walter Hasenclever and lived with him until 1934.  In April 1933, Leonhard took part in the foundation of the "Ligue des Combattants de la Paix" and was co-president of the German sector alongside Albert Einstein.  After the "Schutzverband Deutscher Schriftsteller" was taken over by the "Reichsverband deutscher Schriftsteller", he successfully founded the "Schutzverband Deutscher Schriftsteller im Ausland" and became leader of the French section.  He describes his experiences in the Spanish Civil War in his collection of stories "Der Tod des Don Quijote".  From 1939 until 1944, he was detained.  First he was held in Le Vernet, then he was transferred to Castres.  He fled, was recaptured, and eventually fled again, living in underground Marseille until the end of the war.

He returned to Paris in 1944.  In 1947 he took part in the first Congress of German Authors.  In 1950 he returned to Germany and took up residence in East Berlin.  He was very ill at this point.  Because he was seen as an immigrant from the West and due to his son's activities, he was only granted a small place on the East German literary scene.
He died in 1953.

Selected works
His works include plays, poems, novels, and political essays:
 Angelische Strophen (1913)
 Der Weg durch den Wald (Poems) (1913)
 Barbaren (Ballads) (1914)
 Über den Schlachten (Poems) 1914)
 Äonen des Fegefeuers (Aphorisms) (1917)
 Bemerkungen zum Reichsjugendwehrgesetz (1917)
 Beate und der große Pan (Novel) (1918)
 Katilinarische Pilgerschaft (Poems) (1919)
 Kamp gegen die Waffe (Speech) (1919)
 Briefe an Margit (Poems) (1919)
 Das Chaos (Poems) (1919)
 Die Vorhölle (Tragedy) (1919)
 Poems about "Mother" (1920)
 Alles und Nichts! (Aphorisms) (1920)
 Spartakus-Sonette (1921)
 Die Ewigkeit dieser Zeit. Eine Rhapsodie gegen Europa (1924)
 Segel am Horizont (Drama) (1925)
 Das nackte Leben (Poems) (1925)
 Das Wort (ein sinnliches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 1932)
 Der Tod des Don Quijote (Poems from the Spanish Civil War, 1938)
 Le Vernet (Gedichtzyklus, entstanden 1939–1944)
 In derselben Nacht (dream journal from his time in Le Vernet, written 1939–1944)
 Geiseln (Tragedy, 1945, dt. 1946)
 Unsere Republik (Essays and Poems, 1951).
 Selected Works in Four Volumes (1961 ff)

References

This article was initially translated from the German Wikipedia entry)

External links

1889 births
1953 deaths
People from Leszno
People from the Province of Posen
Jewish German politicians
Jewish writers
Jewish socialists
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Communist Workers' Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany politicians
German-language poets
German male poets

Rudolf Leonhard


Sychnant Pass (Welsh: Bwlch Sychnant, "Dry-stream Pass") in Conwy County Borough, Wales, links Conwy to Penmaenmawr via Dwygyfylchi. Much of the pass is in Snowdonia National Park, and a large area of land within it has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
At the bottom is the village of Capelulo, which lends its name to the community of Penmaenmawr.

Before the coming of the railway to the North Wales coast, the road through Sychnant Pass was the route of choice for mail coaches at high tide, when the faster and safer route along the sands was unusable. After leaving Conwy, the route runs westward through the valley on the south side of Mynydd y Dref (Conwy Mountain), which is topped by the hillfort of Castell Caer Seion. There are parallel tracks and footpaths (including the North Wales Path) on Mynydd y Dref for most of the way.

Also Allt-Wen () and Penmaenbach () can be climbed from here.

At the western end of the valley, the Sychnant Pass Road runs between the stone walls of the Pensychnant estate and through a narrow gap in the surrounding hills before descending steeply to the valley floor at Capelulo, reputedly the site of an early medieval chapel of Saint Ulo. Here there are two inns, a restaurant and a bistro, and in the ravine behind the inns is Nant Ddaear-y-llwynog (the Fairy Glen), a Victorian nature trail. From Capelulo it is an easy walk or short drive to the coast at Penmaenmawr.

External links
 Conwy's secret - the Sychnant Pass

Conwy
Penmaenmawr
Mountain passes of Conwy County Borough
Mountain passes of Snowdonia
Roads in Conwy County Borough
Roads in Snowdonia
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Gwynedd

Sychnant Pass


The Bundesarbeitsgericht or Federal Labour Court is the German federal supreme court of appeals for cases of labour law.  This includes "individual" labour law (mostly about contracts of employment) and "collective" (more than one) labour law (e.g. cases about strikes and collective bargaining). The court hears cases from the Landesarbeitsgerichte (Superior State Labour Courts), which, in turn, are the courts of appeals against decisions of the Arbeitsgerichte (ordinary State Labour Courts).

The Bundesarbeitsgericht is in the city of Erfurt.

Other websites

Official homepage

Erfurt

Bundesarbeitsgericht


Ella Rose Emhoff (born May 29, 1999) is an American model, artist, and fashion designer. As the daughter of U.S. Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff and stepdaughter of U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris, she is a member of the Second Family of the United States.

Early life
Emhoff was born to Douglas Emhoff, an entertainment lawyer, and Kerstin Emhoff (née Mackin), a film producer. She was named after the jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald. Although her father is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, a spokesperson for Emhoff clarified that Ella does not identify as Jewish. She has an older brother, Cole. Her parents divorced in 2008. In August 2014, her father married Kamala Harris, a lawyer who was then serving as the Attorney General of California. Emhoff and her brother coined the term "Momala" for their stepmother. Emhoff, whose family are members of the Democratic Party, was raised around politics. She and her family, as supporters of same-sex marriage in California, were active in fighting against the 2008 California Proposition 8. In 2016, her stepmother was elected to the United States Senate, representing California. In 2021, she became a member of the second family when her stepmother was sworn in as the Vice President of the United States.

Emhoff graduated from Wildwood School, where she was a member of the swimming and basketball teams, in 2018. She was a student at the Parsons School of Design in New York City, where she majored in fine arts with a concentrated focus in apparel and textiles, and she graduated in May 2021.

Career
In 2014, Emhoff made a cameo in the music video for Bo Burnham's song "Repeat Stuff".

Emhoff designs jackets, hats, coats, and knitted shorts, which she sells from her Instagram account and her website. She also sells ceramics, paintings, and drawings from her website.

In January 2021, Emhoff was signed with IMG Models worldwide, an international modelling agency based in New York City. She has gained attention from the BBC and the New York Times for having tattoos and refusing to shave her armpit hair. The agency announced her contract on Twitter. Earlier, she was featured in an editorial for the independent fashion magazine Buffalo Zine. Viola, her modeling agent, signed her to his agency in September 2019.

She is a member of The 3% Movement, an organization focused on increasing the number of women creative directors in the United States.

Personal life and public image

Emhoff lives in Bushwick, Brooklyn and has been called "The First Daughter of Bushwick". Her family has homes in Brentwood, Los Angeles; South of Market, San Francisco; and West End, Washington, D.C.

She is a supporter of LGBT rights, particularly as an advocate for the rights of transgender people. In 2020, she announced she would support the organization For the Gworls, a black, transgender-led collective that fundraises money to help black transgender people pay for rent, gender affirming surgery, travel, and medical care.

Emhoff spoke in the broadcast of the 2020 Democratic National Convention in August 2020.

On January 20, 2021, Emhoff attended the 59th U.S. Presidential Inauguration in Washington, D.C., where her stepmother was sworn in as the 49th Vice President of the United States , Emhoff is dating GQ editor Sam Hine.

Fashion
Emhoff received international media attention at the inauguration due to her outfits, including a dress she co-designed with Batsheva Hay, and a jewel-encrusted Miu Miu coat. Vogue said that Emhoff's inauguration outfit "perfectly married her signature Brooklyn quirk with the solemnity of the occasion" and stated that "[Emhoff] wouldn't be hewing to any outdated notions of what a White House-adjacent young woman should dress like." After the inauguration, Emhoff's Instagram following increased from 50,000 followers to over 300,000 in less than a week. Fashion retailer Lyst reported that, after footage of Emhoff went viral on Twitter and TikTok, Miu Miu saw a 455% increase in internet searches six hours after the inauguration. She had also received attention for her skirt, tie, and Thom Browne coat she wore to the National COVID-19 Memorial in Washington, D.C., the night before the inauguration.

References

External links

1999 births
Activists from Los Angeles
American fashion designers
American people of Jewish descent
American women fashion designers
Artists from Los Angeles
Children of vice presidents of the United States
Harris family
IMG Models models
American LGBT rights activists
Living people
Female models from Los Angeles
Parsons School of Design alumni
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles

Ella Emhoff


Tekla Juniewicz (born as Tekla Dadak; 10 June 1906 – 19 August 2022) is the oldest Polish person ever titleholder. She is also the oldest validated person ever from Eastern Europe.

She become the oldest living person in Poland after the death of Jadwiga Szubartowicz on 20 July 2017. In 2019, she met Polish prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki.

On 23 February 2022, Juniewicz surpassed Dina Manfredini's final age to become the oldest validated emigrant ever. Until her death at the age of 116 years and 70 days, she was the second oldest living person in the world behind Lucile Randon for 4 months, upon the death of Kane Tanaka.

Tekla's record of the oldest validated emigrant ever was surpassed less than a year after her death by Maria Branyas Morera.

References

1906 births
2022 deaths
Polish supercentenarians

Tekla Juniewicz


When Helping Hurts: Alleviating Poverty Without Hurting the Poor. . . and Yourself is a 2009 non-fiction book by Steve Corbett and Brian Fikkert. The book was first published on June 24, 2009 through Moody Publishers and explores and dissects common perceptions on poverty and the means to relieve it, from a Christian perspective. In 2012, Moody published a revised, second edition. By June 2015, When Helping Hurts had sold more than 300,000 copies and been translated into 5 languages.

Synopsis
When Helping Hurts uses the Bible and the Great Commission to state that the church's mission should be to help the poor and the desolate. Corbett and Fikkert state that the definition of poverty will change depending on who is defining it, with the poor defining it through the psychological and social scope while more wealthy churches emphasize the lack of material things or a geographical location. The authors emphasize that this can cause a harmful cycle where North American churches provide material resources and evangelism to the poor, which reinforces the poor people's sense of inferiority and lack of self-esteem, which in turn increases the original problem. Corbett and Fikkert give several hypothetical scenarios to illustrate this cycle and then offer several solutions that they say can alleviate poverty. They promote the use of asset-based community development as a strategy, arguing that focusing on what resources and abilities that the community already has is often more helpful and more empowering than focusing on what the community doesn't have. This prevents paternalism where outside workers provide the "only" answer.

Structure
The book was originally divided into three parts: the mission of the church and the Christian view of poverty, discussion on poverty and examples of harmful poverty alleviation, and strategies for addressing poverty. The second edition added a fourth part that gave additional resources to bring about real change in church and community.

Christian view of poverty (according to the authors)
According to the authors, the Christian view of poverty comes from a proper understanding of why Jesus came to earth, namely, to bring healing to the entire cosmos and be supreme over all the universe. They cite a model Bryant L. Myers develops in Walking with the Poor: Principles and Practices of Transformational Development that describes humans as being in relationship with God, Self, Others, and the Rest of Creation. This comes from the concept that God originally designed humans in His image, and therefore as relational beings. This contrasts with a view that Jesus came only to save mankind from their sin so they could go to heaven. Referring to Colossians 1, they say Jesus came not only to save souls, but also to reconcile all things to God, or "to put into right relationship all that He created". They quote Bryant Myers, "Poverty is the result of relationships that do not work, that are not just, that are not for life, that are not harmonious or enjoyable. Poverty is the absence of shalom in all its meanings." Lesa Engelthaler in Christianity Today wrote that the premise of the book is that, "in one way or the other, every human being is poor."

Shame. Fear. Unhappiness. Depression. Inferiority. Powerlessness. Dissatisfaction. Voicelessness.  No one wants these attributes in their daily lives but this is what a person in poverty feels every day. From, not only a Christian view, but from the view of any person whether they are well off or have to live from day to day, understand that no human should live in poverty whether it be in physical, emotional, or spiritual poverty. Unfortunately, when people think of the word poverty their mind immediately thinks of material things or money. "Poverty is not just a lack of money. It is not just hunger and need for shelter or clothing. Many poor people are plagued with social and spiritual poverty, and their view of their value is also affected." For Christians, poverty alleviation stems from the Bible, first and foremost, and the key is to bring people to Jesus Christ while also providing necessary help. For many, especially in the western world, poverty is seen as a lack of material things. Lack of housing, food, water, clothes etc., but for people and organizations that base themselves in Christianity it is more than just providing the basic necessities but also, as it says in 'When Helping Hurts' by Steve Corbett and Brian Fikkert, "Poverty is rooted in broken relationships, so the solution to poverty is rooted in the power of Jesus' death and resurrection to put all things into right relationship again".

If this is the Christian view on poverty, then material things are not going to be able to provide what is really needed. Not only may this be the wrong approach but you may end up doing more harm than good. Material things are not always the answer to everything. Most westerners consciously or unconsciously believe that in order to alleviate poverty, material things must be given, or money must be given in order to obtain those material things like when you see an ad on TV asking to feed the poor in some 'third world' country.   Your first thought may be something like this, "If I donate, this money will be used for food, water, clothes…" Of course there's nothing wrong with that, It's Great!. But is that really what they need when a family has just been killed? No, they need emotional support like any other person. When your government is collapsing, you don't need money (necessarily) you need a good person, a smart person, in a position of power to move in the right direction.

The giving of material things isn't bad, but it isn't always good. In the book 'When Helping Hurts,' poverty alleviation is described as, "....the ministry of reconciliation: moving people closer to glorifying God by living in right relationship with God, with self, with others, and with the rest of creation". Poverty alleviation is not just the giving of material things it is about taking care of the whole human being: the social, emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual aspects of the person.  To be able to alleviate poverty properly, the right mindset is needed. Believing that money or material things can solve your problems will instead cause poverty to be elevated instead of being alleviated. A first step to alleviating poverty is changing the mindset of those who want to help and those who need help. Material things aren't everything. This is a step that every organization, spiritually based or not, needs to take if they are to aid the poor. You must not look at just the surface but on the inside as well. Looks can be deceiving and if you don't consider every aspect of the human being then you will be doing more harm than good. Poverty isn't just a lack of material things but also a lack of what makes a person human. Pride. Self-esteem. Courage. Happiness. These are things that money can't buy and that money cannot give you.

Reception
Reception for When Helping Hurts has been positive, with World Magazine's Joel Belz calling it "solid stuff". Mission Studies gave a positive review for When Helping Hurts, saying it was "based on good theological premises" and "is a very useful and accessible contribution to Christian relief and development". Charity organization Children of the Nations cited it as one of their "favorite books" and as a recommended read.

Criticism
When asked if he has regrets about the book, Fikkert said that he has found many people stop helping for fear that it is causing unintended hurt, saying some call it "When Helping Hurts paralysis". He said this misses the point, "The point was a pause and some redirection." In the Preface of the second edition, they address this, saying Christians should multiply their efforts, while considering their methods of helping the poor.

References

External links

2009 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Economic development
Christian literature
Moody Publishers books
Books about poverty

When Helping Hurts


Melaleuca ericifolia, commonly known as swamp paperbark, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and the genus Melaleuca, native to south-eastern Australia. It is a rather variable species and some specimens resemble Melaleuca armillaris but its papery bark and smaller, more prolific flower heads distinguish it from that species. It often grows in swampy areas and the draining and clearing of these has reduced the numbers of the species, especially around Port Philip Bay near Melbourne. It is also similar to Melaleuca pustulata, a Tasmanian endemic, but that species only grows in dry heath.

Description
Melaleuca ericifolia is a tall, dense shrub, sometimes a tree growing to a height of  with pale white or brownish papery bark. Its leaves are arranged alternately, sometimes in whorls of three. The leaves are dark green, linear in shape,  long and  wide.

The flowers are creamy-white in colour, arranged in heads or spikes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. The spikes are up to  in diameter and  long and contain 10 to 40 individual flowers. The petals are  long and fall off as the flowers age. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing 7 to 14 stamens. Flowers appear from October to November in the species' native range and are followed by fruit which are woody capsules  long and  diameter, arranged in oblong cylinders along the stems.

Taxonomy and naming
Melaleuca ericifolia was first formally described by English botanist James Edward Smith in 1797 in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The variety Melaleuca ericifolia var. erubescens which was described by botanist George Bentham in Flora Australiensis  in 1867 is currently regarded as a synonym of Melaleuca diosmatifolia. The specific epithet (ericifolia) is a reference to the apparent similarity of the leaves of this species to those of Erica in the family Ericaceae.

Distribution and habitat
Swamp paperbark occurs in near-coastal areas of New South Wales south of Port Macquarie to Port Philip Bay in Victoria. It is also found on the islands of Bass Strait and is common near the coast in the north, north east and west of Tasmania. It grows beside streams and in coastal swamps in heath and dry sclerophyll forest. Draining of swamps and land clearance have significantly reduced the numbers of this species in Victoria.

Ecology
This melaleuca has fragrant flowers which attract birds. It is a clonal species and efforts have been made to use this characteristic to increase the efficiency of rehabilitating swampy areas with this species.

Uses

Traditional use
Aboriginal people used the bark of this tree for paintings, blankets, and roofing for shelters. The wood was used for spears, clubs and digging sticks. Oil from the leaves was used for medicine and nectar from the flowers was used to make sweet drinks.

Horticulture
This species is a very hardy, fast-growing screen plant. It is able to withstand permanently wet soil, salt, coastal exposure, shade and moderate frost. Plants may be pruned to maintain them at a more compact size.

Essential oils
Melaleuca ericifolia leaves have been analysed for their oil content and found to contain mostly 1,8-cineole (Eucalyptol) but also significant amounts of α-pinene. The aromatic oil in the leaves has been used for dental and medical preparations and in scented soaps.

Other uses
The foliage of this species has been used for brushwood fencing and in aviaries for nesting sites for species such as finches.

Gallery

References

ericifolia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Myrtales of Australia
Garden plants of Australia
Ornamental trees
Plants described in 1797
Taxa named by James Edward Smith

Melaleuca ericifolia


The Long Beach Public Library (LBPL) is an American public library system located in Long Beach, California.

Main Library

The Main Library's first building was funded by a $30,000 donation from Andrew Carnegie and $4,000 of city funds. The Library opened in 1909 within Pacific Park, now known as Lincoln Park, downtown on Pacific Avenue at Broadway.  When the building site was condemned for construction of a New Main Library and City Hall building in the late 1970s, the library was moved to a building located on Ximeno Avenue, for a period of about 18 months.

In 2015, the Long Beach Public Library became the first library in California to begin circulating zines publicly in its collection. Now the main branch houses a few hundred zines to take home.

In January 2019, the Main Library was permanently closed in lieu of the new location, which reopened on September 21, 2019, as the Billie Jean King Main Library, with King attending the ribbon-cutting ceremony herself. The building occupies a first floor and lower level at 101 Pacific Avenue, at the intersection of Ocean Boulevard and Pacific Avenue, across the park from its former location.

The library displays nine murals titled "9 Children's Stories" by artist Suzanne Miller, created with the support of the Federal Art Project and Works Progress Administration.

Branches

The Alamitos branch was constructed by the Works Progress Administration in 1938.

References

Libraries in Los Angeles County, California
Organizations based in Long Beach, California
 Library
Federal depository libraries
Public libraries in California

Long Beach Public Library