Solomon Judah Löb HaKohen Rapoport (; June 1, 1786 – October 15, 1867) was a Galician and Czech rabbi and Jewish scholar.
Rapoport was known by an acronym "Shir", שי"ר occasionally שיל"ר, formed by the initial letters of his Hebrew name "Sh"elomo "Y"ehuda "R"apoport. Shir literally means "song" in Hebrew.
He was one of the founders of the new Wissenschaft des Judentums movement.

Life
He was born in Lemberg, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.
His father, Rabbi Aharon Hayim Rappaport was a renowned scholar, and his primary teacher.
Rappaport was also recognized as an illui.

In 1810, he married Franziska Freide Heller, the daughter of the well-known Aryeh Leib Heller. He died in Prague.

After various experiences in business, Rapoport became rabbi of Tarnopol (1837) and of Prague (1840). He had been "thrown upon his own resources" about 1817, and became the collector of the meat-tax on farmers.
Because of his work on Saadia Gaon, see below, he received recognition in the scholarly world and gained "many enthusiastic friends", especially S. D. Luzzatto, leading to his appointment as Rabbi.

Works
He was instrumental in publishing his father-in-law's work Avnei Miluim, writing the index, sources, and numerous comments.

His chief work was the first part of an (unfinished) encyclopaedia "Erekh Millin", 1852. Equally notable were his biographies of Saadia Gaon, Nathan ben Jehiel (author of the Arukh), Hai Gaon, Eleazar Kalir, and others.
His early writings were poems and translations.  Thereafter his publications showed "evidence of marked critical ability".
In 1824 he wrote an article for Bikkure ha-'Ittim on the independent Jewish tribes of Arabia and Abyssinia. His work on Saadia Gaon and his times was published in the same journal in 1829, the first of a series of his biographical works on the medieval Jewish sages.

Ten Sephirot as vowel sounds
Solomon Judah Löb Rapoport notes that according to the Masoretes there are ten vowel sounds. He suggests that the passage in the Sefer Yetzirah, which discusses the manipulation of letters in the creation of the world, can be better understood if the Sephirot refer to vowel sounds.  He posits that the word sephirah in this case is related to the Hebrew word  ("to retell"). His position is based on his belief that most Kabbalistic works written after Sefer Yetzirah (including the Zohar) are forgeries.

Footnotes

External links

Rabbis from Austria-Hungary
1786 births
1867 deaths
Age of Enlightenment
Austrian Orthodox rabbis
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Kohanim writers of Rabbinic literature
Orthodox rabbis from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Levites
Rabbis of Prague
Rabbis from Lviv
Clergy from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
19th-century biographers
Austrian biographers
Religious biographers
People of the Haskalah
Exponents of Jewish law

Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport


Agbassa na di nem of one of di two Urhobo kingdoms for Warri South Local Government, Delta State, Nigeria.  Di oda one na Okere-Urhobo. Oyinbo people wey bi British na dem form di name 'Agbassa' from him original nem wey be 'AGBARHA', wey dem still dey use till today. Di king wey dey on top throne for Agbassa kingdom presently be H.R.M Orhifi Ememoh II, (ovie Of Agbarha Kingdom Warri).

Communities Inside Di Kingdom
Na seven communities join together come make up Agbarha Kingdom (Agbassa):
Otovwodo ( Wey be traditional Headquarters)
Igbudu
Edjeba
Ogunu
Okurode (Okurode Urhobo)
Oteghele
Ukpokiti

For Agbassa, dem dey celebrate Iyerin,Esemor plus Iniemor festival every year. Another festival wey dem dey call Idju,  na him dem dey celebrate every two years for inside all the communities wey dey for Agbassa plus including Okere-Urhobo. This festival na him dem dey call Idju Owhurie Festival wey everybody sabi as Agbassa Juju wey get to do with the worship of Owurhie a god for Urhobo land.

Agbassa


Clara Amfo is a British radio broadcaster, television presenter, podcast host and voice-over artist. She is known for presenting her shows on BBC Radio 1.

Early life and education
Amfo was born in Kingston upon Thames, London to Ghanaian parents. She has five siblings. Her father, who died in 2015, was an NHS microbiologist, and her mother a hospital cleaner. After leaving high school, she went on to study media arts with professional and creative writing at St Mary's University College.

Career
Amfo started out as a marketing intern at Kiss FM. During her time there she became a presenter, starting out on early breakfast, weekend breakfast and left doing the drive time show. In September 2013, Amfo joined BBC Radio 1Xtra as host of the weekend breakfast show.

In 2015, Amfo became the host of The Official Chart on BBC Radio 1. In February 2015 it was announced she would be leaving 1Xtra to take over from Fearne Cotton as host of Radio 1's weekday mid-morning show – home of the Live Lounge – on 25 May 2015. During her time in the slot she interviewed Jay-Z, Dua Lipa, Kendrick Lamar and Ariana Grande.

Amfo has hosted premieres for No Time to Die, Black Panther, The Lion King and House of Gucci. Since February 2017, Amfo presented backstage at the BRIT Awards for ITV2.

In January 2020, Amfo launched her podcast 'This City' with famous Londoners exploring about their relationship with the capital. Guests included Louis Theroux, Akala, Jade Thirlwall, Mark Ronson and Ncuti Gatwa.

In June 2020, Amfo was widely praised for making a speech on her mid-morning show on BBC Radio 1 about George Floyd's murder, racism and its effect on her own mental health. On 20 April 2021, it was announced on Greg James' Radio 1 Breakfast show that Amfo would be taking over Annie Mac's Future Sounds show on Radio 1 from 30 July 2021, following Mac's announcement she would be leaving the station. It was also announced that Rickie, Melvin and Charlie would take over Amfo's current Live Lounge show.

In March 2021, Amfo was honoured with a Barbie 'Shero' doll.

In July 2021, Amfo recorded an hour long interview special in L.A. with Billie Eilish for BBC One.

Amfo was a contestant on the eighteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. She was partnered with Aljaž Škorjanec. She was eliminated in week 6 of the competition.

In June 2021, Amfo appeared alongside her brother, Andy, on the third series of Celebrity Gogglebox.

In December 2021, Amfo appeared on the revived series of The Weakest Link and won the competition in episode 1.

On 22 February 2022, she was a guest judge on the Snatch Game episode of RuPaul's Drag Race: UK vs the World.

References

External links

 Radio 1's Future Sounds (BBC Radio 1)
 Radio 1's Hottest Records of the Week (BBC Radio 1)

Living people
British radio presenters
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 1Xtra presenters
English radio personalities
Black British radio presenters
People from Kingston upon Thames
Alumni of St Mary's University, Twickenham
21st-century British women musicians
British women radio presenters
Year of birth missing (living people)

Clara Amfo


Raimundo Lida (1908–1979) was an Argentine philologist, philosopher of language, literary critic and essayist.  He specialised in Romance philology, aesthetics, the literature of the Spanish Golden Age and modernist literature. He taught at Harvard University from 1953, where he was chair of the department of Romance Languages.  The second of three children, his siblings were the hematologist Emilio Lida and María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, also a philologist.

Life
Lida was born to a Jewish family in Lemberg, the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Ukraine).  His parents took the family to Buenos Aires when he was a few months old. The family spoke Yiddish as a first language, but the children became assimilated. There he grew up and received a wholly secular education. His older brother Emilio became a hematologist and his younger sister Maria Rosa Lida also became a philologist.

In 1930 Lida became an Argentine citizen, after studying his high school at the Colegio Nacional Manuel Belgrano. He obtained a university degree in the Department of Philosophy and Literature at the University of Buenos Aires, where he graduated in 1931.  He became a philologist under the influence of Amado Alonso, his teacher and mentor. His interest in philosophy was influenced by Alejandro Korn and Francisco Romero. He gained his doctorate at the University of Buenos Aires with a dissertation on aesthetics and language of Santayana, published in book form in 1943, by the University of Tucumán Press.

In 1931 he began working with Alonso and Pedro Henríquez Ureña at the Instituto de Filología, and was Assistant Editor of the "Revista de Filología Hiispánica". He also collaborated with Victoria Ocampo in "Sur", and in other literary reviews. Lida taught aesthetics and literature at the National University of La Plata, and Literature at the Instituto Superior del Profesorado Secundario and at the Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores, in Buenos Aires.

In 1947, to escape the conditions under Juan Peron, he took his family into exile in Mexico. He was invited by Alfonso Reyes to  El Colegio de México, where he founded the foremost scholarly journal, Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, and the  Center for Linguistic and Literary Studies.

In 1953, Lida succeeded his former professor Amado Alonso, who had been teaching at Harvard University since 1946.  Lida became chair of the department of Romance Languages and held the Smith Chair. In addition to his own work, he published translations in Spanish of a range of scientific, philosophical and literary works, by such authors as Moritz Geiger, Karl Vossler, Helmut Hatzfeld, George Santayana, W. Dilthey and Leo Spitzer.

In 1958 he became a naturalized US citizen.

Marriage and family

Lida married Leonor García (1908–1999) in 1935.  They had two children: Fernando (b. 1936) and Clara Lida (b. 1941), both born in Buenos Aires. They divorced after moving to the United States.

He married a second time, to Denah Levy (1923–2007), a Spanish scholar at Brandeis University.  She wrote important works on B. Pérez Galdós and a collection of Sephardic proverbs.

Raimundo Lida died in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1979.

Legacy and honors
1939 and 1960, Guggenheim fellowships
1954, honorary MA by Harvard University
1968, Smith Professor, Smith Chair, Harvard University
1970, elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1975, elected to the Academia Argentina de Letras

Works
Introducción a la estilística romance, Buenos Aires, 1932.
With Amado Alonso, El impresionismo en el lenguaje, Buenos Aires, 1936.
El concepto lingüístico del impresionismo, Buenos Aires, 1936.
With Amado Alonso, El español en Chile, Buenos Aires, 1940.
Belleza, arte y poesía en la estética de Santayana, Tucumán, 1943.
Letras hispánicas, México, 1958 [reed.: 1981].
Condición del poeta, Lima, 1961.
Prosas de Quevedo, Barcelona,1980.
Rubén Darío. Modernismo, Caracas, 1984.
Estudios Hispánicos, México, 1988.

1908 births
1979 deaths
20th-century essayists
20th-century male writers
20th-century linguists
20th-century Argentine philosophers
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Literary critics of Spanish
Argentine literary critics
Argentine literary historians
Historians of Spanish literature
Argentine philologists
Linguists from Argentina
Argentine essayists
Jewish Argentine writers
Jewish historians
Jewish philosophers
Argentine male writers
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Argentina
Philosophers of language
20th-century philologists
Argentine Ashkenazi Jews
Naturalized citizens of Argentina
Yiddish-speaking people
People with acquired American citizenship
Writers from Buenos Aires

Raimundo Lida


Martiros Saryan (; ;  – 5 May 1972) was an Armenian painter, the founder of a modern Armenian national school of painting.

Biography
He was born into an Armenian family in Nakhichevan-on-Don (now part of Rostov-on-Don, Russia). In 1895 at the age of 15, he completed the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 studied at the Moscow School of Arts, including in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin. He was heavily influenced by the work of Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. He exhibited his works in various shows. He had works shown at the Blue Rose Exhibit in Moscow.

He first visited Armenia, then part of the Russian Empire, in 1901, visiting Lori, Shirak, Echmiadzin, Haghpat, Sanahin, Yerevan and Sevan. He composed his first landscapes depicting Armenia: Makravank, 1902; Aragats, 1902; Buffalo. Sevan, 1903; Evening in the Garden, 1903; In the Armenian village, 1903, etc., which were highly praised in the Moscow press.

From 1910 to 1913 he traveled extensively in Turkey, Egypt and Iran. In 1915, he went to Echmiadzin to help refugees who had fled from the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire. In 1916, he traveled to Tiflis (now Tbilisi) where he married Lusik Agayan. It was there that he helped organise the Society of Armenian Artists.

Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, he went with his family to live in Russia. In 1921, they moved to Armenia. While most of his work reflected the Armenian landscape, he also designed the coat of arms for the Armenian SSR and designed the curtain for the first Armenian state theatre. He also made a proposal for the flag of this independent Armenia based on the colours and designs of traditional Armenian fabrics and carpets, although his design was rejected.

From 1926 to 1928 he lived and worked in Paris, but most works from this period were destroyed in a fire on board the boat on which he returned to the Soviet Union. From 1928 until his death, Saryan lived in Soviet Armenia.

In the difficult years of the 1930s, he mainly devoted himself again to landscape painting, as well as portraits. He also was chosen as a deputy to the USSR Supreme Soviet and was awarded the Order of Lenin three times and other awards and medals. He was a member of the USSR Art Academy (1974) and Armenian Academy of Sciences (1956).

Saryan died in Yerevan on 5 May 1972. His former home in Yerevan is now a museum dedicated to his work with hundreds of items on display. He was buried in Yerevan at the Pantheon next to Komitas Vardapet.

His son Ghazaros (Lazarus) Saryan was a composer and educator. His great-granddaughter Mariam Petrosyan is also a painter, as well as a cartoonist and award-winning novelist.

Gallery

References

External links

 Martiros Sarian House-Museum
 About Martiros Sarian House-Museum
 M. Saryan: Biography, Gallery
 M. Saryan in The Color of Armenian Land
 Saryan, Minas, Parajanov

1880 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Armenian painters
20th-century Russian painters
Armenian portrait painters
Armenian still life painters
Burials at the Komitas Pantheon
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Arts
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Orientalist painters
Artists from Rostov-on-Don
People's Artists of the USSR (visual arts)
Russian people of Armenian descent
Russian male painters
Ethnic Armenian painters
Russian portrait painters
Soviet painters
20th-century Russian male artists

Martiros Saryan


1979 is a 2001 novel by the Swiss writer Christian Kracht. It is set in 1979 and tells the story of a homosexual young man who travels to Tehran with his ex-boyfriend at the time of the Iranian Revolution, where his co-traveller dies during a drug binge. He is then convinced to travel to Tibet to climb the sacred Mount Kailash, only to be captured by the Chinese army. The man is largely unaffected by the political events around him and pays more attention to art, music, food and furnishings. The original book cover was designed by Peter Saville, known for his record sleeves for artists associated with Factory Records.

Reception
Elke Heidenreich of Der Spiegel wrote: "It is a laconic novel about the lack of sense, of global ideas, it is the likewise laconic statement that you can do anything to a man, even subdue him to inhuman totalitarianism, because he has no capability for resistance whatsoever." The critic continued: "1979 is a novel about decadence — the decadence of western consumption and eastern doctrines of salvation, the decadence of prison camps and the decadence of drug parties, 'and suddenly, at once, I saw myself in my full disgracefulness'."

Translations
The novel has been translated into Bulgarian, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, Hebrew, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Romanian, Russian, Spanish and Swedish

Adaptation
Since 2004 a stage version of the novel, directed by Matthias Hartmann, has been performed in theatres in Zurich, Bochum, Hannover and Vienna.

References

External links
 1979 at the publisher's website

2001 novels
21st-century Swiss novels
German-language novels
Swiss novels adapted into plays
Novels by Christian Kracht
Novels set in the 1970s
Novels set in Iran
Novels set in Tibet
Postmodern novels
Kiepenheuer & Witsch books

1979 (novel)


Christopher Abani (born 27 December 1966) is a Nigerian-American and Los Angeles- based author. He says he is part of a new generation of Nigerian writers working to convey to an English-speaking audience the experience of those born and raised in "that troubled African nation".

Biography
Abani was born in Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. His father was Igbo, while his mother was of English descent.

Abani published his first novel, Masters of the Board, in 1985 at the age of 16. It was a political thriller, the plot of which was an allegory based on a coup that was carried out in Nigeria just before it was written. He was imprisoned for six months on suspicion of an attempt to overthrow the government. He continued to write after his release from jail, but was imprisoned for one year after the publication of his 1987 novel Sirocco. During this time, he was held at the infamous Kiri Kiri prison, where he was tortured. After he was released from jail this time, he composed several anti-government plays that were performed on the street near government offices for two years. He was imprisoned a third time and was placed on death row. However, his friends had bribed government officials for his release in 1991, and immediately Abani, his mother, and his four siblings moved to the United Kingdom, living there until 1999. He then moved to the United States, where he now lives.

Education and career
Abani holds a B.A. degree in English and Literary Studies from Imo State University, Nigeria; an M.A. in Gender and Culture from Birkbeck College, University of London, an M.A. in English from the University of Southern California; and a Ph.D. in Creative Writing and Literature from the University of Southern California.

Abani has been awarded a PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award, the 2001 Prince Claus Awards, a Lannan Literary Fellowship, a California Book Award, a Hurston-Wright Legacy Award and the Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award. Selections of his poetry appear in the online journal Blackbird. From 2007 to 2012, he was Professor of Creative Writing at the University of California, Riverside. He is currently a Board of Trustees Professor of English at Northwestern University.

His book of poetry, Sanctificum (2010) which was published by Copper Canyon Press, is a sequence of linked poems, bringing together religious ritual, the Igbo language of his Nigerian homeland, and reggae rhythms in a postracial, liturgical love song.

Abani's foray into publishing has led to the formation of the Black Goat poetry series, which is an imprint of New York-based Akashic Books. Poets Kwame Dawes, Christina Garcia, Kate Durbin, Karen Harryman, Uche Nduka, Percival Everett, Khadijah Queen and Gabriela Jauregui have all been published by Black Goat.

Abani's crime novel The Secret History of Las Vegas won the Edgar Award as Best Paperback Original in 2015.

In summer 2016, a broad selection of his works was published in Israel by the small independent publishing house Ra'av under the title Shi'ur Geografia (Hebrew for "Geography Lesson"), edited by Noga Shevach and the poet Eran Tzelgov. The collection received great reviews and offered Hebrew readers a first encounter with the poetry of Abani.

Published works
Novels
Masters of the Board (Delta, 1985)
GraceLand (FSG, 2004/Picador 2005)
The Virgin of Flames (Penguin, 2007)
The Secret History of Las Vegas (Penguin, 2014)

Novellas
Becoming Abigail (Akashic Books, 2006)
Song For Night (Akashic Books, 2007)

Poetry
Kalakuta Republic (Saqi, 2001).
Daphne's Lot (Red Hen Press, 2003)
Dog Woman (Red Hen Press, 2004)
Hands Washing Water (Copper Canyon Press, 2006)
There are no names for red (Red Hen Press, 2010)
Feed me the sun (Peepal Tree Press, 2010)
Sanctificum (Copper Canyon Press, 2010)
Smoking the Bible (Copper Canyon Press, 2022)

Essays
The Face (Restless Books, 2014)

Awards and honors
In 2001, Abani received a Middleton Fellowship from the University of Southern California. In 2003, he received the Lannan Foundation Literary Fellowship, as well as the Hellman/Hammet Grant from Human Rights Watch.

In 2006, Becoming Abigail was named an Editor's Choice book for The New York Times, and a Critic's Choice for Chicago Reader. It was also a book club selection for Essence Magazine  and Black Expressions.

In 2007, The Virgin of Flames and Song for Night were Editor's Choice picks for The New York Times. The Virgin of Flames was also a Barnes & Noble Discovery Selection, and Becoming Abigail was a New York Libraries Books For Teens Selection.

In 2008, Abani received a Distinguished Humanist Award from the University of California, Riverside.

In 2009, Abani received a Guggenheim Fellow in Fiction.

See also

 List of people from Ebonyi State
 List of TED speakers

References

External links

 The Chris Abani Bibliography
 Poems in Blackbird
 Poems in Narrative Magazine
 Biography from the International Literature Festival Berlin
 Chris Abani by Colm Tóibín Bomb

 Telling stories from Africa (TEDGlobal 2007)
 On humanity (TED2008)

1966 births
20th-century Nigerian novelists
21st-century Nigerian novelists
21st-century Nigerian poets
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Crime fiction writers
Edgar Award winners
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award winners
Igbo novelists
Igbo poets
Igbo-language writers
Imo State University alumni
Living people
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
Nigerian male novelists
Nigerian male poets
Nigerian people of English descent
Nigerian publishers (people)
Northwestern University faculty
People from Ebonyi State
Prisoners and detainees of Nigeria
University of California, Riverside faculty
University of Southern California alumni
African poets

Chris Abani


Björn Rosenström, born August 8, 1970, in the boroughs Tynnered in Gothenburg who resides in Bollebygd, is a Swedish songwriter who has performed as troubadour. Nowadays, he is a part of Det jävla bandet during concerts and on the latest records. In Det jävla bandet, his brother Mark Lindvall also plays.

In addition to being a songwriter and performer, he is also a lawyer; he has a Candidate of Law-degree from the University of Gothenburg. Rosenström studied law 1991-1996, while he was actively involved in the university's pub business, where he quickly became known for his ironic and humorous songs that he performed on guitar in various celebrations. He says that he is the person who likes to study others, especially in pub environments among drunk people.

When Björn Rosenström graduated in 1996, he went into a recording studio with his brother Jonas and started recording the album Låtar som är sådär. The disc took just one and a half days to do. Rosenström published 1,000 copies of the discs that he sold at his old university's pub and bookstore.

Jonas Rosenström was the cornerstone of Rosenström Musik and a member in Det Jävla bandet until the spring of 2011, when he decided to go for a new career.

During 2011, Rosenström toured with Det jävla bandet in Sweden.

Members in the band
Björn Rosenström – guitar & singer
Johan Strömberg – bass
Markus Netterlid Lindvall – drums
Fredrik Lidin – guitar, mandolin & choir
Pär Edwardson – guitar & choir
Håkan Svensson – guitar & choir
Nicklas Arlevall – sound engineer & tour manager
Robert Ölund och Jonas Hedlund – backline engineer
Jonas Rosenström – honorary member)

Discography
Låtar som är sådär (1996)
Någorlunda hyggliga låtar (2000)
Glove Sex Guy (2001)
Var får jag allt ifrån? – En så kallad samling (2003)
Pop på Svenska (2004)
Syster Gunbritts hemlighet (2006)
Ett jubileum som är sådär – 10½ år med Björn Rosenström (2007)
Älska Hestrafors (singel) (2009)
Swingersklubb in the Radhuslänga (2010)
Olämpliga låtar (2012)
Vad Tänkte Jag Med? (singel) (2012)
Jul i Göteborg (singel) (2013)
Tuff pipa (2015)
Cuatro Klamydias (singel) (2016)
30 dårar (singel) (2021)
Torskarna (singel) (2022)

References

External links
Official Website

1970 births
Living people
Swedish male musicians

Björn Rosenström


Anton Pann (; born Antonie Pantoleon-Petroveanu , and also mentioned as Anton Pantoleon or Petrovici; 1790s—2 November 1854) was an Ottoman-born Wallachian composer, musicologist, and Romanian-language poet, also noted for his activities as a printer, translator, and schoolteacher. Pann was an influential folklorist and collector of proverbs, as well as a lexicographer and textbook author.

Biography

Early years
Pann was born sometime between 1794 and 1798, in Sliven, Rumelia (in today's Bulgaria). According to some accounts, his mother, Tomaida, was an ethnic Greek, while his father, Pantoleon Petrov, was Bulgarian; it is known that he worked as a coppersmith bucket-maker. There is a commonly held view by Romani community activists, who consider Pann among the most prominent Romani artists. This view is also accepted by some Romanian authors. Various other interpretations state that Pantoleon Petrov, who died during Anton Pann's childhood, was Bulgarian, Aromanian, or Romanian. The writer, who was the youngest of Petrov and Tomaida's three sons, eventually adopted the family name Pann, as a colloquial contraction of his father's given name.

After he began primary education at the communal school in Sliven, the Petrovs fled the region during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812 and settled in Chișinău, Bessarabia, where Anton was first employed by a Russian Orthodox choir. His two brothers were killed in the skirmishes around Brăila, as volunteers on the Imperial Russian side. Moving with his mother to Bucharest in 1810-1812, Pann would spend most of his life in the city.

Anton Pann carried on with his choral activities in Wallachia, was employed as a sexton by the Romanian Orthodox Olari and Sfinților Churches, before being tutored by the Greek musician Dionysios Foteinos (1777–1821) and allowed to attend the religious music school founded by Petros Ephesios (d. 1840). Perfecting his craft, he came to the attention of Metropolitan Dionisie Lupu, who appointed him on a commission charged with translating liturgical works from Slavonic to Romanian. The memoirist Ion Ghica later recounted that Pann attended the Saint Sava College, but this remains disputed. In 1820, he first married Zamfira Azgurean, in what was to be the first of his unhappy romantic liaisons.

Midlife

In 1821, when Tudor Vladimirescu's rebellious forces occupied the city, Pann fled to the Transylvanian city of Kronstadt (part of the Austrian Empire), and was employed as a cantor by the Saint Nicolas Church in the ethnic Romanian neighborhood of Șchei. This temporary refuge over the Southern Carpathians mirrored that of other cultural and religious figures of the day, his fellow musician Macarie Ieromonahul among them.

He also spent time in Râmnicu Vâlcea (1827), where he was a teacher at the Orthodox seminary and, in parallel, lectured on religious music to the nuns of the . A scandal erupted after Pann used his position at the latter institution to seduce Anica, the mother superior's 16-year-old niece. Unsuccessfully offering her legal guardians to marry Anica in church, he eloped with her back to Șchei. While there, he became friends with the writer Ioan Barac, whom he had probably met earlier, and who, according to Pann's own testimony, gave him lessons in meter. According to some sources, he also took a trip to Buda. The literary critic Tudor Vianu attributes to Barac and Vasile Aaron, whose work constituted an adaption of various chanson de geste themes, the merit of having inspired Pann to pursue a literary career.

Returning to Râmnicu Vâlcea in 1828, he was officially expelled from his teaching position, and, in 1828, he returned to work as a cantor for the Bucharest school on Podul Mogoșoaiei. Over the following decade, Pann authored a large panel of musical and literary works, including Noul Doxastar, which, adapted and partly recreated from Dionisie Fotino's version, assembled all officially-endorsed pieces of Christian music, and which he prefaced. According to his own testimony, this had required a major financial effort, one which almost caused his bankruptcy.

In 1837, he separated from Anica, with whom he had fathered a son (Gheorghiță) and a daughter (Tinca). Anton Pann married a third and final time in 1840, to Catinca (the more common name of Ecaterina). All three of his wives survived his death; his son by Zamfira, Lazăr, was to become an Orthodox priest.

From 1842 to 1851, with support gained from Metropolitan Neofit, Pann was employed as a music teacher by the main seminary in Bucharest (in parallel, he continued to sing at the ). During those years, he began associating with famous lăutari of his day, and regularly attended the lively social gatherings held in the gardens and orchards of Mitropoliei Hill. A passionate collector of classical-Ottoman and Romani music, which formed the staple of the  repertory ever since the Phanariote period, Pann later printed some of the earliest manele tablatures. This was matched by his interest in other musical traditions: in his churchly practice, he endorsed the tradition of Byzantine hymns and removed modulations of Levantine inspiration, while he was among the first of his generation to use modern notation and Italian markings for tempo.

In 1843, Pann established a printing press inside the Olteni Church, which published works by several authors of his day, as well as a long series of almanacs. He later confessed that this enterprise had drained his economies, and that he had relied on support from various benefactors. Upon Neofit's request, he also began the translation of various religious texts. Pann's comprehensive and innovative textbook for music,  ("The Theoretical and Practical Basis of Church music or the Melodic Grammar"), was officially endorsed by the Metropolitan and taught at the seminary after 1845 and became a template for similar works; in addition, his printing shop sold cheap copies of popular novels, such as the Alexander Romance, the Book of 1001 Nights, the Book of Til Owl-Mirror, and the Story of Genevieve of Brabant. In March 1847, Anton Pann authored an account of the Great Fire of Bucharest. During the latter disaster, his printing shop was heavily damaged, and he was only able to salvage the presses. He resumed his activities only in 1849, when he moved the business to a house owned by Catinca Pann on Taurului Street.

Later years

In 1848, he published a lexicon of words and expressions in Romanian, Russian, and Ottoman Turkish. Later in the same year, Pann sided with the liberal revolutionaries in their action against Prince Gheorghe Bibescu, was a supporter of the new Wallachian Provisional Government, participating in popular rallies in Craiova and Râmnicu Vâlcea (see 1848 Wallachian revolution). The following year, after falling severely ill, he wrote down the first version of his testament in verse (Adiata), in which he asked to be buried in  (where he hoped that his wife Catinca would become a nun). After a series of other satirical works, Pann produced a collection of writings centered on the figure of Nastratin Hogea and owing inspiration to Balkan folklore at large (first published in 1853).

In autumn 1854, Pann fell ill with typhus and the common cold during a visit to Râmnicu Vâlcea, dying soon after at his Bucharest residence; he was buried in the Lucaci Church of Bucharest, although, in his second will of August, he had asked for his final resting place to be the hermitage of Rozioara (this failure to comply was attributed to the difficulties in transportation). Catinca Pann remarried soon after this. During the early 1900s, Lucaci Church became home to a monument in Pann's honor, donated by the General Association of Church Singers — an institution presided over by .

Literature

Pann's literary creation was noted for its reliance on a vast oral tradition, which he claimed to have codified, thus drawing comparisons to his predecessors François Rabelais, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Miguel de Cervantes. The Romanian literary critic George Călinescu drew a direct comparison between Pann and his contemporary, the Wallachian Jewish peddler Cilibi Moise, who, without producing any written works, was made famous by a series of bitter puns in which he referred to himself in the third person (such as "For a few years now, Cilibi Moise has been begging Poverty to leave his house, at the very least for as long as it takes him to get dressed").

Together with Ion Creangă and Petre Ispirescu, Pann was among the first major interpreters of Romanian folklore in 19th-century literature. Appealing primarily to a semi-educated audience, his creations have been celebrated for their familiar tone and use of plain Romanian, during a period when literary language was beginning to rely on formalism and a large number of neologisms. The writer himself made frequent excuses to the more educated of his readers for any flaws they were to find in his texts, specifying that he lacked in formal training. In the final decades of his life, several of his printed works, especially  and the manele lyrics collection , came to be appreciated by a younger generation of boyars. The Moldavian poet Vasile Alecsandri noted, in an 1872 letter quoted by Garabet Ibrăileanu: "Anton Pann has not yet been appreciated to his full value, and moreover, in Wallachia his merits are even being held in contempt by most modern men of letters".

Pann's poetic language often relies on elaborate successions of images, metaphors, or maxims. According to Călinescu, "the fundamental method" used by Pann is "the almost monstrous accumulation of aphorism, around an initial idea and through a very wide [process of] association", amounting to "a burlesque effect". He illustrated this view with a sample of proverb-lyrics:

Almost all of Pann's work drew on recent or ancient sources, which he reinterpreted to suit the tastes of his public. In the 1880s, the scholar Moses Gaster revealed that one of Pann's major works,  ("The Wise Archir and His Nephew Anadam"), made ingenious use of an old and much-circulated biography of Aesop. In researching various fables which Pann had used to expand on his proverbs, Gaster noted that they echoed obscure medieval material (including the Gesta Romanorum, Giulio Cesare Croce's , and even Siberian Turkic folklore). One of his main pieces, the fable of the mouse who pictures himself king of all animals, originated with the Panchatantra. Tudor Vianu indicated that, in writing his book on morals (), Pann integrated text from Desiderius Erasmus' Adagia.

As an original element, Anton Pann used the diverse sources of his work to complement his own view of the world; according to Vianu, the latter's main traits were Pann's religious tolerance and fervor, as well as his Levantine outlook on social matters. Călinescu defined  as "a false collection of folklore, given that Pann does not abide by peasant authenticity, but embellishes popular language with the cultured one, often obtaining an amazing chromatic effect". While commenting on Pann's focus on social developments of his time as "the completely mechanical ease with which current issues are put into verse", Călinescu noted that  contained "advices which presume a state of supreme animality". In drawing the latter conclusion, he cited a stanza in which Pann asked people not to touch their genitalia in public.

, believed to be one of Pann's most accomplished works, is written as an epic frame story in verse, and constitutes a satire of life in mid-19th century Wallachia. Reflecting the perspective of simple folk, the poem is marked by sarcastic remarks on social contrasts, Westernization, superstition, as well as tensions between estate lessors and workers (with the former stereotypically depicted as Greeks). Its final part, a denouement, went unpublished.  was also noted for the lengthy and meticulously detailed conclusions to each story, which evidenced a style borrowed from traditional storytelling. Vianu argued that the poem stands as a Romanian equivalent to The Decameron, Till Eulenspiegel, or Simplicius Simplicissimus. The text itself later became a source for aphorisms: the colloquial expression  ("it is either trimmed or razed"), which Pann originally made in reference to an irrelevant debate over the state of an orchard, has survived as a tongue-in-cheek view of arbitrary conclusions.

Pann's influential taste for  and their sentimental lyrics, as exemplified in his  and other printed brochures, has been the target of criticism ever since the early 20th century. Tudor Vianu stressed that these works showed the influence of "the trivial popular music of his day", while Călinescu dismissed them as "lamented vulgarity and eroticism".

Legacy

Pann is generally believed to have authored the music to Deșteaptă-te, române!, Romania's national anthem. His associate Gheorghe Ucenescu is known to have arranged the melody to the lyrics of Andrei Mureșanu, but Pann's direct implication in the creative process was allegedly not confirmed by sources. According to one account, Ucenescu had used a romanza composed by Pann in 1839, in turn complementing the lyrics of Grigore Alexandrescu. It has also been argued that the music was that of a popular lied, and first published in one of Pann's  collections. The ethnographic research carried out by Dimitrie Gusti confirmed that the same melody was being sung as a folk song by Southern Dobrujan ethnic Turks in the 1930s.

Mihai Eminescu, one of Romania's most influential poets, made a reference to Pann in his poem Epigonii (1870), which, in its opening verses, traces the development of early literature and the impact of Romanticism. Cited alongside Dimitrie Cantemir, , Vasile Cârlova, Ienăchiță Văcărescu, Alexandru Sihleanu, Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Cezar Bolliac and others, Pann is referred to as the son of Pepelea, the witty hero of folk literature, and complimented with the words "as clever as a proverb". During the interwar period, the works of Anton Pann were reflected and complimented in the modernist poetic art of Ion Barbu. Barbu's  uses Pann's main character to tragic effect, depicting, in willing contrast to the proverbial setting, Nastratin's violent self-sacrifice. George Călinescu noted that Pann's "mix of buffoonery and seriousness" present in the works of poet Tudor Arghezi, came "in the line of Anton Pann".

In 1945, Lucian Blaga authored a three-act play named Anton Pann, centered on the poet's Șcheii Brașovului period. A museum of the life and activity of Anton Pann exist in Râmnicu Vâlcea, and, since 1990, a public theater in the same city bears his name.

Works

Literary works
 ("Musical Lyrics")
 ("Various Poems or Worldly Chants")
 ("The Correction Instrument for Drunks")
 ("Hristoitia or the School of Morals")
 ("The New Erotokritus")
 ("March of the Spring")
 ("A Memoir of the Great Fire")
 ("Collection of Proverbs or the Story of the Word")
 ("Testament")
 ("Archir the Wise and His Nephew Anadam")
 ("The Hospital of Love or the Singer of Longing")
 ("A Countryside Gathering or Father Albu's Trip")
 ("Lyrics or Songs to the Stars")
 ("The Poet of Drunkenness. Comprising the Names of Drunks and All Deeds Caused by Drunkenness")
 ("The Triumph of Drunkenness or the Testament Left by a Penitent Drunk to His Son")
 ("The Mischiefs of Nastratin Hogea")
 ("Versified Stories and Anecdotes")
 ("[Sayings] Gathered from Folk and Returned to Folk")

Textbooks
 ("The Theoretical and Practical Basis of Church music or the Melodic Grammar")
 ("Dialog in Three Languages: Russian, Romanian and Turkish")
 ("Concise Musical Grammar, Theoretical and Practical")

References

Relevant Literature
Munteanu, Luminița. Being Homo Balkanicus  Without Knowing It: The Case of Anton Pann. INTERNATIONAL BALKAN ANNUAL CONFERENCE (IBAC): BOOK SERIES (4)-- A HISTORY OF PARTNERSHIP AND COLLABORATION IN THE BALKANS, pp. 123–138.
Șendrescu, Ileana. "THE EXPRESSIVITY OF THE POPULAR LANGUAGE IN THE POETRY OF ANTON PANN." LIMBA ȘI LITERATURA–REPERE IDENTITARE ÎN CONTEXT EUROPEAN 20 (2017): 85-91.

External links

 Anton Pann, Despre învăţătură / Anda' o siklipe' , translated into Romani by Sorin-Aurel Sandu, illustrated by Eugen Raportoru, UNICEF Romania, 2005
The Anton Pann Memorial House, at Cimec.ro
The Anton Pann Theater in Râmnicu Vâlcea
 Anton Pann, Bazul Teoretic, PDF scan of a print from Bucharest, 1847

1790s births
1854 deaths
19th-century translators
19th-century male writers
Writers from Sliven
Musicians from Sliven
Romanian people of Bulgarian descent
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
19th-century Romanian writers
People of the Revolutions of 1848
Romani in Romania
Romanian composers
Romanian fabulists
Romanian folklorists
Romanian musicologists
Romanian philologists
Romanian poets
Romanian male poets
Romanian printers
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian textbook writers
Romanian translators
Aphorists
National anthem writers
Deaths from typhus
Infectious disease deaths in Romania
19th-century musicologists

Anton Pann


RPM was a Canadian music magazine that had song and album charts for Canada. It was started by Walt Grealis in February 1964 and printed with the help of Stan Klees who owned a record label. RPM was printed until November 2000.

RPM stood for "Records, Promotion, Music". Sometimes the magazine was also called RPM Weekly and RPM Magazine.

Magazines of Canada

RPM (magazine)


The Paradesi Synagogue aka Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue (Malayalam: പരദേശി ജൂതപള്ളി) is a synagogue located in Mattancherry Jew Town, a suburb of the city of Kochi, Kerala, in India. It was built in 1568 A.D. by Samuel Castiel, David Belila, and Joseph Levi for the flourishing Paradesi Jewish community in Kochi. Cochin Jews were composed mainly of the much older Malabari Jews and the newly arrived Sephardic refugees from the Portuguese religious persecution of Jews in Spain and Portugal. It is the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations. Paradesi is a word used in several Indian languages, and the literal meaning of the term is "foreigners", applied to the synagogue because it was built by Sephardic or Portuguese-speaking Jews, some of them from families exiled in Aleppo, Safed and other West Asian localities.

The synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin known as Jew Town, and is the only one of the seven synagogues in the area still in use, though the Kadavumbhagam Synagogue (1544 A.D) and Thekkumbhagam Synagogue (1647 A.D) (extinct) are much older and are the three synagogues in Mattancherry. The complex has four buildings. It was built adjacent to the Mattancherry Palace temple on the land given to the community by the Raja of Kochi, Rama Varma. The Mattancherry Palace temple and the Mattancherry synagogue share a common wall.

History

The Malabari Jews or Yehudan Mappila (also known as Cochin Jews) formed a prosperous trading community of Kerala, and they controlled a major portion of worldwide spice trade. In 1568, Paradesi Jews constructed the Paradesi Synagogue adjacent to Mattancherry Palace, Cochin, now part of the Indian city of Ernakulam, on land given to them by the Raja of Kochi. The first synagogue in India was built in the 4th century in Kodungallur (Cranganore) when the Jews had a mercantile role in the South Indian region (now called Kerala) along the Malabar coast. When the community moved to Kochi in the 14th century, it built a new synagogue there.

The Malabari Jews' or the Yehudan Mappila first synagogue in Cochin was destroyed in the 16th century during the Portuguese persecution of the Jews and Nasrani or Suriyani Mappila or Syriac (Aramaic) Mappila people. The second, built under the protection of the Raja, in Mattancherry, in 1558, during the Portuguese rule of Cochin, is the present synagogue, which is still in use for worship and can attract a minyan. It is called Paradesi synagogue because it was built by Spanish speaking Jews (Paradesi Jews); this contributed to the informal name: paradesi synagogue or "foreign" synagogue. In addition, a new Jewish group had immigrated to Kochi, Sephardim from the Iberian Peninsula. They and the Malabari Jews or Yehudan Mappila shared many aspects of their religion, and the newcomers learned the Judeo-Malayalam dialect, but the Sephardim also retained their own culture and Spanish language at least for three centuries. By 1660 the Dutch ruled the Kochi area, calling it Dutch Malabar. In later years, the Paradesi Synagogue was used primarily by the Sephardim (who were also referred to as Paradesi) and their descendants, and later European exiled Jews.

The Paradesi Synagogue had three classes of members:
White Jews were full members. The White Jews, or Paradesi Jews, were the recent descendants of Sephardim from Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands.
Black Jews, or Malabari Jews, were allowed to worship but were not admitted to full membership. These Cochin Jews were the original Jewish settlers of Cochin.
Meshuchrarim, a group of freed slaves and their descendants brought by the Sephardim, they had no communal rights and no synagogue of their own. They sat on the floor or on the steps outside. In the first half of the 20th century, Abraham Barak Salem, a meshuchrar, successfully campaigned against this discrimination.

In 1968, the 400th anniversary of the synagogue was celebrated in a ceremony attended by Indira Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister.

Present

As is customary for Orthodox Jewish or Yehudan Mappila synagogues, the Paradesi Synagogue has separate seating sections for men and women.

Today the Paradesi Synagogue is the only functioning synagogue in Kochi with a minyan (though this minyan must be formed with Jews from outside Kochi, as the number who still reside there is not sufficient). In conformity with the Hindu, St Thomas Christian or Syrian Mappila and Muslim Mappila traditions of Kerala, the worshippers are required to enter the Paradesi Synagogue barefoot. Other facets which are unique to the Cochin Jewish community, and which are results of Hindu influence, include special colours of clothing for each festival, circumcision ceremonies performed at public worship, and distribution of grape-soaked myrtle leaves on certain festivals. In addition, the current Rabbi at the Paradesi synagogue placed by Midrash Sephardi is Rabbi Yonaton Francis Goldschmidt.

The synagogue is open for a fee to visitors as a historic attraction. The ticket-seller, Yaheh Hallegua, is the last female Paradesi Jew of child-bearing age. The synagogue is closed on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays and also on Jewish holidays. As of April 2016, only 5 Jews live in Fort Kochi.. Timing to visit the Mattanherry Synagogue is from 10:00 a.m to 1:00 p.m and then it again opens from 5:00 p.m to 7:00 p.m. There is a strict dress code for both men and women. Men have to wear full shirts and trousers and women have to wear skirts below knee length .

Objects of antiquity
The Paradesi Synagogue has the Scrolls of the Law, several gold crowns received as gifts, many Belgian glass chandeliers, and a brass-railed pulpit. It houses the 10th-century copper plates of privileges given to Joseph Rabban, the earliest known Cochin Jew. These two plates were inscribed in Old Malayalam by the ruler of the Malabar Coast. The floor of the synagogue is composed of hundreds of Chinese, 18th-century, hand-painted porcelain tiles, each of which is unique. A hand-knotted oriental rug was a gift from Haile Selassie, the last Ethiopian emperor. The synagogue has an 18th-century clock tower, which, along with other parts of the complex, was restored between 1998 and 1999 by the architect Karl Damschen under the direction of the World Monuments Fund.

A tablet from the former Kochangadi Synagogue (1344) in Kochangadi, south of Jew Town in Kochi was installed on the outer wall of the Paradesi synagogue. The inscription states that the structure was built in 5105 (in the Hebrew calendar) as "an abode for the spirit of God.". This tablet was initially discovered inserted in the wall of the Kadavumbhaagam Mattanchery Synagogue during restoration work.

Thekkumbhagom synagogue
The Thekkumbhagom synagogue, located on Jews Street in the Ernakulam area of Cochin, was built in 1580 and renovated in 1939.

See also
 List of Synagogues in Kerala
 Paradesi Jews
 Cochin Jews
 Kochi, India
 Synagogues in India
 Oldest synagogues in the world
 Luso-Indian

Notes

References
Paradesi Synagogue, Frommer's Review, New York Times
Cochin Jews, Overview Of World Religions, Philtar, St Martin's College (UK).

External links

WMF – Paradesi Synagogue, Cochin archived 14 February 2005 on the Internet Archive

16th-century synagogues
Cochin Jews
Orthodox Judaism in India
Orthodox synagogues
Paradesi Jews
Sephardi Jewish culture in India
Synagogues in Kerala
Buildings and structures in Kochi
Religious buildings and structures in Ernakulam district
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1568
1568 establishments in India
Mattancherry

Paradesi Synagogue


Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert de Fontenille (8 March 1736, La Chapelle-en-Juger, near Saint-Lô, Manche – 18 April 1794, Puigcerdà) was a French general of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Life

Ancien Régime
Descended from a noble family, Dagobert de Fontenille was major of the bataillon de chasseurs royaux du Dauphiné in 1788. Sous-lieutenant in the régiment de Touraine, he served in the Seven Years' War as an officer in Le Royal-Italien, and remained in that unit for the Corsican campaign of 1769. Whilst on Corsica he came into direct contact with the Bonaparte family.

By his marriage on 8 August 1780 to Jacquette Pailhoux de Cascastel (daughter of a Conseiller souverain of Le Roussillon), he became master of the forges and formed a company to exploit the mines at Les Corbières and Le Razès under the jurisdiction of the abbey of Lagrasse with his cousin, Jean-Pierre François Duhamel, correspondent of the Académie des sciences and commissaire of Louis XVI for mines and forges.

Under the French Revolution
In 1789, he and Louis-Philippe d'Orléans, grand-maître of the Grand Orient de France, rallied to the revolutionary cause. He was made colonel in May 1792, at the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition, and sent to the Army of the Var, in which he had many successes. Moved to the Army of Italy under d'Anselme and Biron, he distinguished himself before Nice and at the col de Negro.

War against Spain
When the French National Convention declared war on Spain on 7 March 1793, de Fontenille moved to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, under general de Flers, and commanded an entrenched camp of 8,000 men. He repulsed a Spanish attack on this position on 19 May but was still forced to abandon it, though he then stopped an enemy column of 6,000 men marching on Perpignan. Made commander in chief of the Armée centrale des Pyrénées after de Flers was removed from this post, he seized Puycerda on 29 August 1793 and the whole of the Spanish Cerdagne within 24 hours, before defeating the Spanish again on 4 September 1793 at Mont-Louis, capturing 14 cannon and recapturing part of Le Roussillon.

Made commander in chief of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees in September after Barbantane's removal, he renounced this position after his defeat on 27 September at Truillas by the Spanish general Antonio Ricardos.

Fall from and return to favour
He was discharged for this defeat and returned to Paris to give an account of his conduct. He was imprisoned, then released and returned to his previous post at the head of the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees. Arriving back at Perpignan in March 1794, he could not obtain some battalions from Dugommier (12,000 infantry and 600 cavalry in total) which had been put at his disposal. He nevertheless invaded Spain, where he removed several enemy positions and won various victories, taking Urgel on 10 April 1794, before dying of illness at Puigcerdà in April 1794. The Convention decided to engrave his name on the raised column at the Panthéon.

Family
François-Gilles Dagobert, a cousin of Dagobert de Fontenille via a cadet (and Breton) branch of the family, took up the revolutionary torch in 1793 at the time of the War in the Vendée.

Sources
"Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert", in Charles Mullié, Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850, 1852

Bibliography
 Le général Dagobert by Arthur Chuquet 1913
 Campagne de la Révolution française dans les P-O by J.-N. Fervel, chef de bataillon du Génie
 Nouveaux Lundis Tome 2 by Sainte-Beuve - 1864
 Notes et histoire de la Famille Dagobert by Mme Destors, née Hayaux du Tilly (1962) non édité
 Le Roi Dagobert. Histoire d'une famille et d'une chanson 1990, prix d'histoire de la société Académique de Nantes et de Loire-Atlantique
Le général Dagobert by Christian Laroze - 2000

1736 births
1794 deaths
French generals
People from Manche
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe

Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert


A quorum is the minimum number of members of an organization who must be present in order for their meeting to be legal or official. The word is often used in legislative assemblies, corporations and societies who make official decisions. The by-laws of an organization will usually say how many members make up a quorum.

In the case of legislatures and government bodies, the requirements for a quorum are often set by statute or in their constitution. Some bodies use a fixed number for a quorum while others use a percentage of the members. It is usually the responsibility of the chairperson to make sure there is a quorum present. If there is not a quorum at a meeting, then in most cases the only business that can be discussed is taking steps to obtain a quorum, to decide on a time when to adjourn the meeting and to adjourn the meeting.

The noun quorum is the plural of the Latin word qui, meaning "of whom."

A similar term, "quorum-busting", is a tactic used by members of a group when they know they will lose a vote. If enough members do not show up for a meeting, a vote cannot take place if there is no quorum. It is a delaying tactic similar to a filibuster. Both are used in the hopes that if a vote is delayed long enough, it may not take place at all.

References

Legal terms

Quorum


The Montana State Bobcats football program competes in the Big Sky Conference of the NCAA's Division I Football Championship Subdivision for Montana State University. The program began in 1897 and has won three national championships (1956, 1976, and 1984). It is the only college football program in the nation to win national championships on three different levels of competition, NAIA, NCAA Division II, and NCAA Division I-AA (now FCS). Through the 2022 season, the Bobcats had played in 1,049 games with an all-time record of 525–492–32.

The first championship came in Montana State's last season in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference, which moved to NAIA in 1952. The national championship was the first ever for the RMAC and was also the first time the NAIA had a football champion. The Bobcats were members of the RMAC from 1917 to 1956, after being an independent from 1897 to 1916. MSC rejoined the NCAA (College Division) in 1957, and had one of its most successful runs as an independent from 1957 to 1962 with six straight winning seasons, including an 8–2 mark in 1957 and 8–1 in 1958. In 1963, Montana State became a charter member of the Big Sky Conference and has since won two national championships.

Montana State has won 22 conference titles, including 17 in the Big Sky Conference and five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference. The Bobcats have won conference titles in eight of the past nine decades and have won multiple conference titles in seven of the last eight decades. MSU finished the 1926 season undefeated in RMAC conference games, but was not awarded a conference title. They have qualified for the NCAA playoffs thirteen times, once (1976) as a Division II member and eleven times (1984, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022) as a Division I-AA/FCS member.  Through the 2016 season, the Bobcats are 13–9–2 in postseason play.

Their primary rival are the Montana Grizzlies, whom they meet in the annual Brawl of the Wild, more commonly referred to as the Cat-Griz game by MSU students, alumni and supporters.

History

1946
Before World War II, Montana State football tasted success often, but in small doses. The Bobcats did not record a winning season between 1931 and 1941, MSC's last pre-war squad. The 'Cats were 1–10 in that stretch against Montana, and were shut out for eight consecutive years. In 1946, however, things began to change. Composed of war-hardened veterans, Clyde Carpenter and the Bobcats rolled up a 5–3–1 regular season record, impressive enough to land the team its first-ever bowl bid. The Bobcats tied New Mexico, 13–13. Although it would be seven more seasons until Montana State would again win more than it lost, that season helped chart the course into what would become an unbelievably successful period in Montana State's football history as the Bobcats would take 22 of the next 30 games from 1956 to 1985 from the Grizzlies and would win all three of their national championships during that same span.

The 1946 team was special for more than its accomplishments, however. When it reassembled following World War II, its special mission was to carry the Bobcat banner after 14 members of Montana State's previous team, the 1941 squad, were killed during World War II. The only pre-war regular to play in the Harbor Bowl was Bill Zupan, whose brother Al was among those 'Cat gridders making the ultimate sacrifice. Others were Orin Beller, Newell Berg, Dana Bradford, John Burke, Bernard Cluzen, William Coey, Karl Fye, John Hall, Joseph McGeever, John Phelan, Richard Roman, Wendell Scabad and Alton Zempel, according to the outstanding centennial history of MSU, "In the People's Interest".

1956
In 1956, the Bobcats, led by freshman captain and two-way (center and middle linebacker) starter Sonny Holland, won a share of the NAIA title at the Aluminum Bowl in Little Rock, Arkansas, playing to a scoreless tie with the Pumas of St. Joseph's College from Rensselaer, Indiana.  The game was nationally aired on CBS television and radio.  It was played on a rain-soaked field that thwarted MSU's offense, which had run for an average of 323.1 yards rushing and 31.2 points per game. The championship was the first for the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference and the 1956 Montana State football team is a member of the RMAC Hall of Fame. The 1956 Bobcats of head coach Tony Storti were the fourth, and last, Montana State football team to go undefeated. The game is the only blemish on the record of the team as it finished at 9–0–1.

1964
Behind head coach Jim Sweeney in 1964, Montana State won the NCAA Western Regional College Division Championship, which existed from 1964 to 1972, with a 28–7 win over Sacramento State in what was also known as the Camellia Bowl. The NCAA Western Regional was one of four regionals that led up to the selection of the NCAA College Division champion by poll. However, neither MSU nor any of the other regional winners—Northern Iowa (Midwest), Middle Tennessee State (Mideast), or East Carolina (East)—were awarded the national championship. That distinction went in split fashion to Los Angeles State (UPI/Coaches) and Wittenberg (AP). Upon the establishment of Division II in 1973, a full playoff system was introduced to determine the national champion. MSU is one of three Big Sky Conference schools, along with Boise State and North Dakota, to win a Camellia Bowl game. The Bobcats finished the 1964 season at 7–4.

1976
Montana State won the 1976 NCAA Division II championship at the Pioneer Bowl in Wichita Falls, Texas, beating the Akron Zips 24–13. The Bobcats were led by head coach Sonny Holland and sophomore quarterback Paul Dennehy. MSU led 17–0 in the third quarter before Akron cut the lead to 17–13. Running back Tom Kostrba scored from seven yards out in the fourth quarter to seal the win.

The Bobcats advanced to the championship game with a 17–16 quarterfinal win over the New Hampshire in Bozeman. The extra-point attempt to tie the game with seven minutes remaining missed wide right, and the remainder of the game was scoreless. That was followed by a 10–3 semifinal win in the Grantland Rice Bowl over North Dakota State, after trailing 3–0 at halftime on the road in Fargo.  Kostrba ran for 100 yards in both playoff games and Don Ueland ran for 94 in the championship game. Montana State finished the 1976 season with ten consecutive wins and a 12–1 record; the lone loss at Fresno State came in September.

1984
Eight years later, the Bobcats defeated Louisiana Tech 19–6 in the Division I-AA Championship Game in Charleston, South Carolina, for their third national championship.  Led by second-year head coach Dave Arnold, MSU was seeded third in the twelve-team playoffs, which meant a first-round bye and a home game in the quarterfinals, in which the Bobcats rallied from a 0–14 deficit to eliminate Arkansas State 31–14.

In the semifinals, also in Bozeman, Montana State trailed second-seeded Rhode Island 12–20 entering the fourth quarter, then scored twenty unanswered points to win 32–20. MSU took the lead on a 97-yard interception return for a touchdown by safety Joe Roberts Jr. Quarterback Kelly Bradley threw for over 300 yards in each playoff game and had eight touchdown passes in the postseason. Tight end Joe Bignell hauled in 10 passes for 130 yards and two touchdowns in the championship game.

After a 2–2 start, the Bobcats won ten straight to end at 12–2 in 1984, which followed a 1–10 season in 1983, and preceded a 2–9 record in 1985.

Three Titles in three divisions
Montana State holds the distinction of being the only college football program with national championships in three levels of college football.  The Bobcats of head coach Tony Storti claimed a share of the 1956 NAIA title when it finished in a scoreless tie with St. Joseph's (Indiana). In 1976, Sonny Holland's MSU team downed Akron 24–13 for the NCAA Division II championship, and the Bobcats won the NCAA Division I-AA (FCS) championship in 1984 under Dave Arnold with a 19–6 win over Louisiana Tech.

10,000 passing; 1,000 rushing quarterbacks
In the history of college football, including the NAIA, there have been just 11 quarterbacks that have gone over 10,000 yards passing and 1,000 yards rushing for their career. Two of those quarterbacks were produced by Montana State. Travis Lulay accomplished the feat in 2005 when he finished with 10,746 passing and 1,459 rushing. DeNarius McGhee hit those milestones on consecutive weeks in 2013 when he went over 1,000 rushing against Northern Arizona, then hit 10,000 passing against Weber State. He finished his career with 1,133 yards rushing and 11,203 yards passing. Both quarterbacks began playing their freshman season at Montana State. Lulay started the sixth game of his freshman year against Idaho State. After a 2–4 start, he led the Bobcats to the Big Sky regular season championship and their first trip to the playoffs in 18 years. McGhee started the first game of his frosh season and has only missed two games – both in his senior year. He led MSU to Big Sky titles and the FCS playoffs the first three years of his career.

Back-to-back Bucks
MSU is one of just three schools to have repeat winners of the Buck Buchanan Award, which is given out annually by The Sports Network to the most outstanding defensive player in the Football Championship Subdivision.

In 2012 Caleb Schreibeis became the first Bobcat to win the award followed by Brad Daly in 2013. Both players manned the defensive end (Bandit) position for MSU and racked up big numbers playing in defensive line coach Bo Beck's system.

The two players took completely different routes to the award as Schreibeis, a walk-on out of Billings West, didn't get on the list until the last week of the season and Daly, a highly touted prospect out of Helena Capital, was on the list all season.

The Miracle in Missoula
On November 17, 2018, at approximately 3:19 in the afternoon at Washington-Grizzly Stadium in Missoula with Montana State clinging to a 29–25 lead after rallying from a 22–0 deficit and rival Montana sitting within one foot of the Bobcats goal line with 14 seconds to play, defensive tackle Tucker Yates of Colstrip, Mont. jarred the ball loose from UM's Adam Eastwood and Grant Collins of Bozeman, Mont. sent the ball rolling into the UM backfield where Derek Marks of Belgrade, Mont. pounced on the ball to seal the win for the Bobcats.  MSU's other defensive tackle Chase Benson of Helena, Mont. knocked his man so far into the UM backfield that Eastwood had to alter his course causing him to collide with Yates. Bobcat fans have since referred to the play as The Stuff or The Montana Stuff in reference to the four Montana natives who played key roles in the play.

Earlier in the quarter Collins had forced and recovered a fumble in UM territory to set up the go-ahead touchdown. The Bobcats trailed by 15 points in the fourth quarter and outscored the Grizzlies 29–3 after falling behind 22–0.  The overall comeback is the greatest in Cat-Griz Game history and the fourth quarter comeback matched the comeback from a 24–9 deficit by the 1968 Bobcats, which ended in a 29–24 win over UM.

Conference affiliations
 Independent (1897–1916, 1957–1962)
 Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (1917–1956)
 Big Sky Conference (1963–present)

Championships

National championships

Conference championships
Montana State has won 22 (five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (per RMAC website); 17 in the Big Sky Conference) conference championships through the 2022 season.

† Co-champions
‡ Montana and Montana State tied for the 2011 championship, which Montana subsequently vacated

Postseason results

Bowl results

NCAA Division II playoff results

NCAA Division I FCS playoff results
NCAA Division I FCS playoff results (known as "Division I-AA" from 1978 through 2005)

Montana State is 14–11 all time in the FCS playoffs and has won the national championship once, in 1984.

† 1984 final game held on neutral site at Johnson Hagood Stadium in Charleston, South Carolina. 2021 final game held on neutral site at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas.

Head coaches

Rivalries

Montana

The Brawl of the Wild is the game between MSU and their primary rival, the University of Montana Grizzlies. Both teams play for The Great Divide Trophy. As of 2016, Montana holds a healthy 73–42–5 lead in the series, but the series has been tight since 1956 with UM holding just a 33–32 lead; however, there was a notable losing record in the 1990s where MSU failed to win a single game.

The series has three distinct periods. From 1897 to 1916 the teams didn't belong to a conference and at times would play twice per year.  Early seasons had seven games or less with one season seeing the Grizzlies play just one game. Four of the five ties in the series came during this era. Montana won 12 games to Montana State's 7.

In 1917 Montana State joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference and in 1924 Montana joined  the Pacific Coast Conference, the predecessor of today's Pac-12.  The RMAC included several teams that would become Mountain West members. When MSU joined the RMAC it included Colorado, Colorado State, Utah, Utah State, and Brigham Young. The RMAC would drop down to the small college division of NCAA football in 1939 and remained there until 1952 when it joined the NAIA.

UM joined the PCC after spending 22 years as part of the Northwest Intercollegiate Athletic Association with league members Washington, Oregon, Washington State, Oregon State, Idaho and Wittman College in 1924. By then the PCC included Stanford, California, UCLA, USC, Oregon, Oregon State, Washington, Washington State, and Idaho.  The Bobcats remained in the RMAC through 1956, while the Grizzlies continued in the PCC through 1949 and joined the Skyline (aka Mountain States) Conference, which also competed in the NCAA University (large) Division, from 1951 to 1961. MSU was a NAIA independent from 1957 to 1962 and UM was an NCAA University Division (large) independent in 1950 and 1962. During this period UM enjoyed a 30–8–1 edge in Cat-Griz games.

Both schools entered the Big Sky Conference as charter members in 1963 with Montana holding a 42–15–2 series lead, but the Bobcats winning five of the previous seven. From 1963 to 1985 Montana State enjoyed its most successful period of the Cat-Griz rivalry. MSU won 17 games to just six for UM. Following that Montana started "The Streak" when it won 16 straight games from 1986 to 2001. MSU ended the drought by winning three of four, MSU (as of 2022) leads the series 10–9 * after "The Streak."  The Big Sky era shows Montana with a 31–28 lead.

Since MSU won its first national championship in 1956, the series shows UM with a 33–32 edge. Prior to that UM had a 40–10–5 advantage.

Bobcat Stadium

The Bobcats play their home games at Bobcat Stadium, located at the south end of campus in Bozeman.  The stadium and area around the stadium have been under vast renovations and improvements with approximately $14.3 million invested over the past five years.

In 2013, the stadium's parking lots were paved, landscaped, and had lighting installed to enhance the pre-game tailgating experience. During and following the 2011 season, stadium lighting was added and its first night game was in 2012 against Chadron State on Thursday, August 30. MSU renovated the south end zone in 2011, adding 5,277 seats to bring the official seating capacity to 17,777. The Cat-Griz game against Montana in 2022 set a stadium record with an attendance of 22,047. The new end zone seating holds over 7,200 fans. Included in the 2011 upgrades were an 18' x 37' LED video board, two scoreboards, and sound system. In 2008, the natural grass playing surface was replaced with FieldTurf. In the late fall of 2011, Montana State raised funds for stadium lighting in order to extend the hours it can practice and play night games. Seven light standards were erected around the stadium. MSU currently has plans to renovate the east grandstand to include matching sky suites of the west grandstand and erect seating in the north end zone. These additions would increase seating capacity to approximately 24,000. Fund-raising isn't expected to go public until 2015.

Prior to the 2011 addition, Bobcat Stadium was renovated in 1997 when the west grandstand was removed and replaced with a new grandstand with luxury sky suites, indoor stadium seating, press box, and club room. The north bleachers were also removed at this time and replaced with locker rooms for visitors, game officials, and an auxiliary locker room for the Bobcats. The name of the stadium was changed from Reno H. Sales Stadium to Bobcat Stadium at this time. The stadium capacity dropped from 15,000 to 12,500 due to the reconfiguration.

Reno H. Sales Stadium was erected in 1973 and replaced Gatton Field. Through the 1971 football season, the Bobcats played home games for four decades at Gatton Field. It was located directly south of the Romney Gym, across Grant Street and northeast of the Brick Breeden Fieldhouse, which opened in 1957. The playing field ran east–west and had lighting as far back as the 1940s. It was razed in early 1972 and is the site of the Marga Hosaeus Fitness Center, opened in 1973. Bobcat Stadium is approximately a half mile (0.8 km) due south.

The field was named for Cyrus J. Gatton (1894–1918), a former Montana State football player from 1913 to 1916. A native of Iowa who was raised in Bozeman, Gatton enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Service during World War I and was killed while flying for the French on November 4, 1918, just a week before the Armistice. The class of 1917 voted in 1920 that when the school built a new football field it should be named for Cyrus Gatton, and the request was honored ten years later.

MSU played its 1972 season at Bozeman High School's Van Winkle Stadium, with expanded temporary seating. Despite the temporary relocation, the Bobcats still won the Big Sky Conference title that season.

National Award Winners

AFCA Coach of the Year
Dave Arnold (1984) Division I-AA

Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year
Rob Ash (2011) FCS

First Team All Americans
Montana State has seen 29 players receive First Team All-America recognition, with 22 of those earning consensus All-America status based on being selected to the first team of three or more recognized All-America teams.

In 1954, Jim Argeris became the first player selected as a first team All-America. Center Sonny Holland is the only three-time honoree and running back Don Hass the only two-time honoree. MSU had seven first team selections from 2009 to 2012, which is the most of any four-year span in school history.

In 2012 quarterback DeNarius McGhee, outside linebacker Jody Owens, and defensive end Caleb Schreibeis were selected to one or more of the various 2012 All-America first teams. McGhee is the first quarterback, Owens is the third linebacker, and Schreibeis the fifth defensive end in MSU history to receive the honor.  2012 marked the second time that MSU has had three All-America selections in one season.  The other time it occurred was when 1984's national championship team saw defensive end Mark Fellows, punter Dirk Nelson, and offensive tackle Bill Schmidt selected.

In 2013, Brad Daly became the seventh defensive lineman to earn All-America status. Daly joined Bill Kollar, Les Leininger, Mark Fellows, Neal Smith, Dane Fletcher, and Caleb Schreibeis. Daly also joined punter Matthew Peot as the only unanimous All-America selections in school history.

Notable players

First Team All-Americans

(*)unanimous selection

Other All-Americans
 Wayne Purdon, LB, 1966 (CP-2nd Team)

Retired numbers

Sonny Holland is considered the greatest Bobcat football player in school history. The Butte native joined the program in 1956, and starting at center as a true freshman, helped lead Montana State to its first national title when it tied St. Joseph's in the first NAIA championship game 0–0.  He would earn first team All-America honors in 1957, 1958 and 1959 and is the only MSU player to do so three times. As a player, his teams never lost to rival Montana beating the Grizzlies 33–14, 22–13, 20–6, and 40–6, with Holland manning both the center and middle linebacker positions in most of those games.

Holland returned to MSU as an assistant coach and became the head coach in 1971. After a disappointing 2–7–1 first season that included his only loss to Montana as a player or head coach, he went on to finish .500 or better in each of the next six years, and set a school record with 47 wins. After a humiliating 30–0 loss to UM in 1971, Holland's teams rattled off wins of 21–3, 33–7, 43–29, 20–3, 21–12, and 24–19 against their rivals. The highlight of his coaching career was the 1976 team, which won the NCAA Division II national championship with a 24–13 victory over the Akron Zips. In 11 games against Montana as a player and head coach Holland went 10–1 outscoring the Grizzlies 277–142. Holland's No. 52 football jersey is one of four retired by Montana State University.

A running back from 1964 to 1967 nicknamed the Iron Tumbleweed, Don Hass is one of only two players in MSU history to receive first team All-America status twice, and is the only MSU player to be named a first team NCAA All-America twice.  Hass set the game (298), season (1,460), and career (2,954) rushing records for the Bobcats during his four years. His 298 yards in a single game in 1966 against Weber State is still the top single game performance in school history.

While that game stands out, his best performances were against the Grizzlies.  He led them to wins in 1965 and 1966. In 1965, he ran for 100 yards for the first time in his career, and finished with 129 yards in a 24–7 win. In 1966 he ran for 142 yards in a 38–0 rout in Missoula.  He ran for a Cat-Griz record 209 yards against Montana in 1967, leading the Bobcats to a 14–8 win. All told he had 480 yards rushing in three games against Montana, all wins.

The Montana State football jersey with number 21 is retired in his honor and hangs inside Bobcat Stadium.

Dennis Erickson was a MSU quarterback from 1966 to 1968. He was also a head coach in college and professional football from 1982 to 2011.

In 1968, Erickson engineered the greatest comeback, in what is considered by many as the most exciting game in the Cat-Griz series. In all, 34 points were scored in the final quarter. Erickson, flanker Ron Bain, and running back Paul Schafer led the comeback, as the Bobcats clinched a tie for the Big Sky championship—their third straight. Bain's brother, Doug of the Grizzlies, gave Montana a 17–9 lead early in the quarter on a pass from Ray Brum. After another UM touchdown made the score 24–9 with just over 10 minutes to go it looked as if the Grizzlies would win going away, but the Bobcats weren't done. Schaefer scored on a short run with 8:15 to play and Erickson hit Bain for a touchdown with five minutes left cutting the lead to two at 24–22. The Grizzlies appeared to have the winning drive stopped at the MSU 32, but a facemask penalty gave the Cats new life on the 17.  Scoring 20 points in the last nine minutes, Montana State won 29–24 when Schafer, who had 58 carries for 234 yards in the game, dove into the end zone with 12 seconds left.

After Schafer's go-ahead touchdown with 12 seconds to play, the Grizzlies nearly spoiled things for MSU. After a touchback on the kickoff, UM takes over at the 20 with speedy receiver Ron Baines at quarterback. He gains 15, and another 15 are tacked on by an unnecessary roughness penalty to stop the clock with three seconds to go. Baines then makes a circus run of 37 yards from midfield before he's dragged down at the MSU 13 after time expires.

Bobcat QB Dennis Erickson was the difference. "Erickson killed us," UM head coach Jack Swarthout said.

Erickson led Montana State to three straight (1966, 1967, 1968) Big Sky Conference championships, and a spot in the 1966 College Division Western Regional (Camellia Bowl), where the Bobcats lost to the San Diego State Aztecs 28–7.

He went on to coach the Miami Hurricanes to two NCAA Division I-A national championships. He also had college head coaching stints with the Idaho Vandals, Wyoming Cowboys, Washington State Cougars, Oregon State Beavers and Arizona State Sun Devils. Professionally, he was the head coach of the NFL's Seattle Seahawks and San Francisco 49ers.

One Montana State Bobcat has been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Jan Stenerud. After coming to MSU from Norway on a ski jumping scholarship, Stenerud starred on the varsity team, having a then-NCAA record 59-yard field goal against rival Montana in 1965. Stenerud scored 82 points as a senior in 1965. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round of the AFL's 1966 draft.  In 1970, he kicked a then-Super Bowl record 48-yard field goal in Kansas City's 23–7 Super Bowl IV win. He would later go on to play for the Green Bay Packers and Minnesota Vikings earning seven All-Pro and three All-AFL selections, and four trips to the Pro Bowl in his 19 seasons as a professional. He was inducted in 1991 and is the only pure kicker in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Stenerud's name is in the Kansas City Chiefs' ring of honor, and he is one of just four MSU players to have his number, "78" retired.

Super Bowl players

Six Montana State graduates have played in a Super Bowl. The most recent is Mike Person. Dane Fletcher, who was a linebacker for the New England Patriots, in Super Bowl XLVI. The first was Stenerud in Super Bowl IV, followed by Ron East, who played defensive tackle the following year in Super Bowl V for the Dallas Cowboys. Sam McCullum was a wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX against the Oakland Raiders. Running back Tony Boddie played in Super Bowl XXII for the Denver Broncos. Travis Jonsen earned a Super Bowl ring as a practice squad player for Tampa Bay.

Travis Lulay
In 2011, quarterback Travis Lulay was named the Most Outstanding Player in the Canadian Football League and led the British Columbia Lions to the Grey Cup title, garnering the game's Most Valuable Player award in the 34–23 win over Winnipeg. The Lions started the season 0–5 before winning 13 of their last 15 games to win the championship. Lulay threw for a league-high 32 touchdowns and passed for 4,815 yards to finish with the second best passer rating in the CFL.  He also ran for 391 yards (8.3 per carry), which was good for 12th in the CFL and was the most by a quarterback.

Lulay was the quarterback at MSU from 2002 to 2005 leading the Bobcats to three Big Sky Conference titles and two NCAA Division I-AA playoff appearances. All three Big Sky Conference championships were taken in the last game of the season with wins over rival Montana.  As a true freshman, Lulay engineered MSU's 10–7 win over the Grizzlies in Missoula, ending UM's 16-game winning streak over the Bobcats, and was named the Big Sky Conference's Newcomer of the Year. Lulay led Montana State in rushing his senior year with 611 yards. He left with school records for career passing yards (10,746–11th in NCAA Division I-AA history), single-season total offense, and total offense in a career. He graduated with a 3.91 GPA.

He played briefly for the Seattle Seahawks and New Orleans Saints of the NFL and also played in the NFL Europa for two seasons.

Bill Kollar
In 1974 Kollar became the first small college (non-FBS) player to win the Senior Bowl MVP, and is one of only two (Portland State's Neil Lomax being the other) small college players to win the award in that game's history. Kollar became one of just four Big Sky Conference players ever selected as an NFL first round draft choice when he was taken by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1974. He went on to play eight seasons in the NFL, including five with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He has been an NFL defensive line coach since 1990 and currently coaches in that capacity for the Denver Broncos. He is a member of the Senior Bowl and MSU Hall of Fames, and his number "77" is one of only four football numbers retired by MSU. Don Haas, Holland and Stenerud are the others.

Caleb Schreibeis
Following the completion of the 2012 NCAA FCS regular season, Schreibeis was named the winner of Buck Buchanan Award given annually by The Sports Network to the most outstanding defensive player in the FCS. It was the first such distinction for a Montana State player. He was also a consensus All-America in 2012, the 20th Bobcat to attain that status.

Schreibeis came to Montana State as a walk-on in 2008, and after red-shirting for one season, eventually worked his way into a starting position for one game as a sophomore in 2010. He became a full-time starter in 2011 and was selected as an honorable mention to the All-Big Sky team.

The 2012 season was a breakout campaign for Schreibeis. In 10 regular-season games, the team captain collected 51 tackles and led the Big Sky with 12 sacks. He ranked first on his team in tackles for loss (14.5), quarterback hurries (seven) and forced fumbles (seven), which was also the top mark in the nation. The Bobcats also won their third straight Big Sky Conference title that season.

Brad Daly
Brad Daly garnered the 2013 Buck Buchanan Award and the FCS Athletics Directors Association Award, and is perhaps the best pure pass rusher in MSU history.  Along with the two defensive player of the year awards, he was also a finalist for the Ted Hendricks Award, given to the best defensive end in all divisions of college football. He finished fifth in the final voting.

He made an immediate impact as a true-freshman, despite playing sparingly, as he recorded two sacks and blocked two kicks, leaving observers to speculate that he would have a great career. Daly left football after that season, only to return a year later with a renewed vigor.

In his sophomore year, he proved his worth by leading the Big Sky Conference with 12.5 sacks as a situational pass rusher. As a junior he became a full-time defensive end, but suffered a severely sprained ankle, and dropped to just 5.5 sacks. A year later he bounced back, despite nagging injuries, to lead the nation in sacks with 14 sacks and 20.5 tackles for loss.

For his career Daly finished with 34 sacks. He was also a unanimous first team All-America selection and the Big Sky Conference defensive player of the year as a senior.  He was voted a team captain prior to his senior season, joining his father J and brother Bobby as MSU team captains and All-Americans.  Bobby Daly was sixth in the 2007 Buck Buchanan Award voting.

Bobcats in the pros

National Football League
Ken Amato, Carolina Panthers (2002–2003), Tennessee Titans (2003–2011)
 Troy Andersen, Atlanta Falcons (2022– )
 Bob Banaugh, Minnesota Vikings (1972)
 Tony Boddie, Denver Broncos (1986–1987)
 Jon L. Borchardt, Buffalo Bills (1979–1984), Seattle Seahawks (1985–1987)
 Ron East, Dallas Cowboys (1967–1970), San Diego Chargers (1971–1973), Cleveland Browns (1975), Atlanta Falcons (1976), Seattle Seahawks (1977)
Dane Fletcher, New England Patriots (2010–2014, 2015) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014)
 Daniel Hardy, Los Angeles Rams (2022), Chicago Bears (2023)
Sean Hill, Miami Dolphins (1994–1996), Detroit Lions (1997)
Travis Jonsen, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2020–2021) Detroit Lions (2021)
 Kevin Kassis, Seattle Seahawks (2022)
 Lewis Kidd, New Orleans Saints (2022), Indianapolis Colts (2023)
 Bill Kollar, Cincinnati Bengals (1974–1976), Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1977–1981)
Sam McCullum, Minnesota Vikings (1974–1975, 1982–1983), Seattle Seahawks (1976–1981)
 Lance McCutcheon, Los Angeles Rams (2022), Houston Texans (2023), New York Jets (2023)
 Mark McGrath, Seattle Seahawks (1980–1981), Washington Redskins (1983–1985)
Zach Minter, Chicago Bears (2013), Cincinnati Bengals (2014), Dallas Cowboys (2014)
Ty Okada, Seattle Seahawks (2023)
Mike Person, San Francisco 49ers (2011, 2018–2020), Indianapolis Colts (2012, 2017–2018), Seattle Seahawks (2012–2013), St. Louis Rams (2013–2014), Atlanta Falcons (2015–2016), Kansas City Chiefs (2016–2017), Indianapolis Colts (2017–2018)
Frosty Peters, Providence Steam Roller (1930), Portsmouth Spartans (1930), Brooklyn Dodgers (1931) and Chicago Cardinals (1932)
Larry Rubens, Green Bay Packers (1982–1983), Chicago Bears (1986–1987)
Beau Sandland, Carolina Panthers (2016), Green Bay Packers (2016–2017), Arizona Cardinals (2018), Oakland Raiders (2019)
Alex Singleton, Seattle Seahawks (2015), New England Patriots (2015), Minnesota Vikings (2015), Philadelphia Eagles (2019 – 2021, 2021 team captain), Denver Broncos (2022- )
 Jan Stenerud, Kansas City Chiefs (1967–1979), Green Bay Packers (1980–1983), Minnesota Vikings (1984–1985)
 Joey Thomas, Green Bay Packers (2004–2005), New Orleans Saints (2005), Dallas Cowboys (2007), Miami Dolphins (2008–2009), Oakland Raiders (2010)
 Corey Widmer, New York Giants (1992–1999)
Travis Lulay, Seattle Seahawks (2006, 2008), New Orleans Saints (2008)
Mike McCleod, Green Bay Packers (1984–1985)

NFL Europe

 Travis Lulay, Berlin Thunder (2007)

American Football League
 Bob Cegelski, C Denver Broncos (1962)
 Curt Farrier, DT Kansas City Chiefs (1963–1965)
 Cliff Hysell, OT Denver Broncos (1966)
 Ron Warzeka, DT Oakland Raiders (1960)

United States Football League
 Tony Boddie, RB Los Angeles Express (1983–1985)
 Phil Bruneau, DT Oklahoma Outlaws (1984), Arizona Outlaws (1985)
 Jim Kalafat, LB San Antonio Gunslingers (1983)
 Larry Rubens, C Memphis Showboats (1985)

World Football League
 Ron East, DT The Hawaiians (1974)

United Football League

 Bob Cegelski, C Louisville Raiders (1962)

Canadian Football League
 Reggie Carthon, Shreveport Pirates (1995), BC Lions (1996, 1999), Winnipeg Blue Bombers (1997–1998)
Les Kaminski, Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1984), Calgary Stampeders (1984)
 Bob Lubig, Calgary Stampeders (1978–1981, 1982–1985), Toronto Argonauts (1981), Montreal Alouettes (1986)
 Travis Lulay, BC Lions (2009–2018)
 Mike McCleod, Edmonton Eskimos (1980–1984)
 Zach Minter, BC Lions (2015), Calgary Stampeders (2016), Saskatchewan Roughriders (2017–present)
Dakota Prukop, Toronto Argonauts (2017–2019), Calgary Stampeders (2020), Edmonton Elks (2021–present)
 Alex Singleton, Calgary Stampeders (2016–2018)
 Brian Strong, Calgary Stampeders (1983–1985), Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1986)
 Tre Webb DB BC Lions (2023)
 Al Wilson, BC Lions (1972–1986)
 Harvey Wylie, Calgary Stampeders (1956–1964)

XFL
 Travis Jonsen, San Antonio Brahmas (2023)
 Kevin Kassis, Seattle Sea Dragons (2023)
 Cam Sutton, Las Vegas Vipers (2023)
 Callahan O'Reilly, St Louis Battlehawks (2024)

Hall of Fame inductees

Pro Football Hall of Fame

One Montana State Bobcat has been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame; this was Jan Stenerud. After coming to MSU from Norway on a ski jumping scholarship, Stenerud starred on the varsity team with a then-NCAA record 59-yard field goal against rival Montana and 82 points scored as a senior in 1965. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round of the AFL's 1966 draft. Stenerud scored 11 points, including a then-Super Bowl record 48-yard field goal, in Kansas City's 23–7 Super Bowl IV win in 1970. He would later go on to play for the Green Bay Packers and Minnesota Vikings earning four trips to the Pro Bowl in his 19 seasons as a professional. He was inducted in 1991 and is one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the other being Morten Andersen. Stenerud's name is in the Kansas City Chiefs' ring of honor and he is one of just four MSU players to have his number "78" retired.

Canadian Football Hall of Fame
Al Wilson
Wilson was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame on September 20, 1997, following a long career as an offensive lineman with the British Columbia Lions. The guard and center was awarded All-Western All-Star and All-Canadian All-Star honors for seven years, 1975–81. He was voted the Schenley Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman in 1977. He played in two Grey Cup games (1983 and 1985), and was a key member of B.C.'s 1985 championship team.

Harvey Wylie
Wylie was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame on May 24, 1980. The former Bobcat All-America was a standout defensive back and kick return specialist for nine years with Calgary. He played for the Calgary Stampeders from 1956 to 1964, and for five straight years was an All-Western All-Star and twice was an All-Canadian All-Star.

Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of December 7, 2022

References

External links

1897 establishments in Montana
American football teams established in 1897

Montana State Bobcats football


Mark Perry McCahill (born February 7, 1956) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer. He has developed and popularized a number of Internet technologies since the late 1980s, including the Gopher protocol, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), and POPmail.

Career

Mark McCahill received a BA in chemistry at the University of Minnesota in 1979, spent one year doing analytical environmental chemistry, and then joined the University of Minnesota Computer Center as a programmer.

Internet pioneer

In the late 1980s, McCahill led the team at the University of Minnesota that developed POPmail, one of the first popular Internet e-mail clients. At about the same time as POPmail was being developed, Steve Dorner at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed Eudora, and the user interface conventions found in these early efforts are still used in modern-day e-mail clients.

In 1991, McCahill led the original Gopher development team, which invented a simple way to navigate distributed information resources on the Internet. Gopher's menu-based hypermedia combined with full-text search engines paved the way for the popularization of the World Wide Web and was the de facto standard for Internet information systems in the early to mid 1990s.

Working with other pioneers such as Tim Berners-Lee, Marc Andreessen, Alan Emtage and Peter J. Deutsch (creators of Archie) and Jon Postel, McCahill was involved in creating and codifying the standard for Uniform Resource Locators (URLs).

In the mid 90s, McCahill's team developed GopherVR, a 3D user interface for the Gopher protocol to explore how spatial metaphors could be used to organize information and create social spaces.

He is said to have coined or popularized the phrase "surfing the Internet". However, prior to McCahill's first use of the phrase in February, 1992, the analogy was used in a comic Book, The Adventures of Captain Internet and CERF Boy, published in October, 1991 by one of the early Internet Service Providers, CERFnet.

Later work
In April 2007, McCahill left the University of Minnesota to join the Office of Information Technology at Duke University as an architect of 3-D learning and collaborative systems. A major focus of his later work has been virtual worlds, and he was one of six principal architects of the Croquet Project.

Virtual worlds
In February 2010, Mark McCahill was revealed by the philosopher Peter Ludlow (also known by the pseudonym Urizenus Sklar) to be the Internet persona Pixeleen Mistral, a noted "tabloid reporter" covering virtual worlds who was the editor of Ludlow's newspaper The Alphaville Herald. In a 2016 interview with Leo Laporte, McCahill said that his involvement with developing the Croquet Project had led him into contact with Second Life and that he had become interested in the sociology of virtual worlds. As Pixeleen Mistral, he was a prominent reporter on Second Life, and a celebrity inside the game, although his real identity was not known by anyone for many years.

References

External links

1956 births
Gopher (protocol)
20th-century American inventors
Internet pioneers
Living people
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Duke University alumni

Mark P. McCahill


The Frost Band of the Hour, sometimes abbreviated as simply Band of the Hour, is the marching band at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.

The band plays at all home Miami Hurricanes football games and selected away games. It also travels to post-season football bowl games in years that the football team plays at one. The band's name originated during the 1948 Orange Bowl halftime show, when Henry Fillmore announced that the "Man of The Hour" march was being played by the "Band of the Hour". The band decided to keep the name.

The band was founded in 1933 by Walter E. Shaeffer, who had served with the United States Marine Band as a musician and concertmaster. During the 1950s, composer Henry Fillmore became a major patron of the band. He provided funding for the construction of Henry Fillmore Band Hall, the band's home base.

Fred McCall was director of bands from 1948 until 1971 when he became director emeritus. William B. Russell was director of bands from 1972 to 1991. Michael Mann served as the band's director as well as associate director of bands from 1991 to 2000. In 1993, Gary D. Green took office. Michael B. Dressman was director of the Band of the Hour from 2000 to 2004. C. David Ragsdale served as interim director in 2004–2005. Phillip Clements was associate director of bands and director of the Band of the Hour until the summer of 2008 when Thomas Keck became director of the Band of the Hour and associate director of bands. Charles Damon is the assistant director of programs.

Under Keck's administration, the band began to focus on the music it played in the stands. Emphasis was placed on popular music since many home-grown members had come from high schools that followed the marching traditions of historically black colleges. In an attempt to play to South Florida's significant Hispanic culture, the band also began playing more Latin music both in the stands and during field shows.

Keck set a goal of increasing the band's size to 200, and the band has increased. In September 2009, band membership reached 179, due in part to including members of the Florida International University band, which was dissolved due to budget cuts. The band also includes students from Miami Dade College and other schools. In 2009, Mario Cruz set a record of playing with the band for 10 years.

In Fall 2014, Jay Rees took over as the director of the Band of the Hour and director of athletic bands at the University of Miami. Under the direction of Professor Jay C. Rees, nationally recognized for his progressive approach and cutting-edge style, the Frost Band of the Hour became an ensemble of student members from all fields of study, performing challenging custom musical arrangements and contemporary, drum corps-style drill design. Since 2014, the band has sought a new vision of professionalism and excellence. Some marching band shows performed under Rees include music from artists such as Daft Punk, Rihanna, and Gloria Estefan.

Since 1993, the Band of the Hour is supported by the Band of the Hour Association, an alumni group. The association maintains a hall of fame for the band. Alumni also play or march with the band during homecoming football games.

See also
University of Miami Alma Mater

References

External links

University of Miami alma mater sheet music at Band of the Hour Association

Atlantic Coast Conference marching bands
University of Miami
Musical groups established in 1933
1933 establishments in Florida

Band of the Hour