Jorge Fernando Branco de Sampaio  (; 18 September 1939 – 10 September 2021) was a Portuguese lawyer and politician who was the 18th President of Portugal from 1996 to 2006. Sampaio was a member of the Socialist Party, a party which he led between 1989 and 1992. He served as the Mayor of Lisbon from 1990 to 1995 and High-Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations between 2007 and 2013.

Sampaio was an opponent to the dictatorship of Estado Novo. He participated in the student crisis in the 1960s and worked as a lawyer for political prisoners. During his presidency, Portugal relinquished its last colony Macau, which was handed over to China, and Sampaio played an important role in the 1999 East Timorese crisis.

Early life
Sampaio was born in Lisbon on 18 September 1939 into a middle-class family. The Sampaio family lived in the United States and the United Kingdom for some years due to the professional activity of his father Arnaldo de Sampaio (1908–1984), a physician who was recognized for promoting the National Vaccination Program. Jorge Sampaio's mother was Fernanda Bensaúde Branco (1908–2000), daughter of Shara Bensliman Bensaúde, who was a Sephardi Jew from Morocco and died in 1976. Sampaio's maternal grandfather Fernando Branco (1880–1940) was an officer of the Portuguese Navy and later served as Foreign Minister of Portugal, and his maternal great-granduncle was the businessman  (1835–1922). Sampaio did not consider himself a Jew and was agnostic.

In an interview for the daily newspaper Público, Sampaio said he recalled his parents "putting tapes on the windows, because it was feared that Hitler would come down that way [to Portugal]". His brother is psychiatrist and academic  (born 1946).

Sampaio grew up in a manor house in Sintra, where he attended Queen Elizabeth School. In the 1947–1948 school year, the Sampaio family—except Daniel—moved to the United States and settled in Baltimore, where his father taught at Johns Hopkins University. Sampaio enrolled at the YMCA, where he practiced boxing and swimming; he also attended piano lessons at the Peabody Institute and participated in its orchestra. At the end of the school year, Sampaio returned to his aunt's and uncle's house in Lisbon, and soon after to Sintra when his parents returned from the US. In 1949, Jorge Sampaio wanted to enter Colégio Militar, but failed, so he enrolled at Pedro Nunes High School. After finishing the fifth grade, Sampaio chose a set of subjects that gave access to the Law course at Liceo Passos Manuel.

Political career
Jorge Sampaio started his political career as a student of the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon. Sampaio had a key role in student resistance and the 1960s academic crisis protesting against the fascist Estado Novo regime, and led the Lisbon students union between 1960 and 1961. Following his graduation in 1961, Sampaio started a career as a lawyer before entering politics following his father's advice, and often defended political prisoners. He was in charge of the defense of the accused in famous cases such as the assault on Beja Barracks and those arrested during the  protest. In his office were the documents that opposed the exile of Mário Soares, who Sampaio would later succeed in the presidency of the Republic. He also worked as a director for the Portuguese Bar Association.

Carnation Revolution and political beginnings
On 25 April 1974, during the Carnation Revolution, Sampaio was awakened by a friend's telephone call; he went to his office to gather information but returned home when the Armed Forces Movement ordered via radio no-one should leave their homes. Sampaio originated the slogan "25 de Abril, sempre!" ("Always the 25 of April!").

In May 1974, Sampaio co-founded the Movement of Socialist Left ("Movimento de Esquerda Socialista (MES)") but soon after abandoned the political project when, in the first MES congress in December, he strongly opposed its Marxist-Leninist ideology. On 28 September 1974, Sampaio participated in the barricades to prevent the arrival of citizens at a demonstration in support of General António de Spínola, then-president of the Republic, in an act known as the "demonstration of the silent majority".

After the failed communist coup of 25 November 1975, Sampaio founded Intervenção Socialista (IS) (Socialist Intervention) in an attempt to unify the left but with little success. In 1978, IS was absorbed by the Partido Socialista (PS) ("Socialist Party") and Sampaio joined that party, where he was associated with its left-most wing.

Sampaio was first elected to the Assembly of the Republic in the 1979 legislative election as a deputy for Lisbon, an office he successively held until 1991. Between 1979 and 1984, Sampaio was the first Portuguese member of the European Commission for Human Rights of the Council of Europe. Between 1986 and 1987, he was president of the parliamentary bench of the PS. On 18 November 1988, Jorge Sampaio became a candidate for Secretary General of the PS, and on 16 January 1989, after defeating Jaime Gama, he succeeded Vítor Constâncio, who resigned. Sampaio led the PS until 1992, when António Guterres defeated him by winning the primaries, after being presented as an alternative following the party's poor results in the 1991 legislative election.

Mayor of Lisbon
Also in 1989, Sampaio was elected the 62nd Mayor of Lisbon with a left-wing coalition the PS led after winning 49.1% of the vote against PSD candidate Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. This alliance was the first between the PS and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) after the Carnation Revolution, and was joined by the PEV, the UDP, the MDP/CDE and the PSR, and inaugurated a policy of municipal alliances with the PCP at Sampaio's initiative,  which the PS did not support.

Sampaio's mandate as mayor of Lisbon saw the conclusion of the Plano Estratégico e do Plano Diretor Municipal (PDM) and of the Plano Especial de Realojamento (PER), the consolidation and inauguration of Lisbon as European Capital of Culture in 1994, the reconstruction of Chiado district that burned down in 1988, and the opening of the Chido and Music museums.

Sampaio was re-elected for a second term as mayor in 1993. In February 1995, he announced his intention to run for the following year's presidential election, which he confirmed in July. Due to his candidacy, Sampaio resigned from his mayoral post and was succeeded by João Soares on 15 November, the day he presented his candidacy before the Constitutional Court.

Presidency

First term: 1996–2001
The electoral campaign began on 31 December 1995; throughout the campaign, polls favored Sampaio over the other candidate,  former Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva. Sampaio won the election with 3,035,056 votes (53.91%) and was sworn in on 9 March 1996 in a ceremony at the Assembly of the Republic, succeeding Mário Soares. There was also a historic coincidence: it was the first time the sitting president and prime minister were members of the same political party.

On 13 April, Sampaio was admitted to Lisboan Hospital de Santa Cruz to undergo heart surgery and was discharged 12 days later. On 27 July, he was again admitted to the hospital for open heart surgery. Due to this, Sampaio requested leave for a temporary impediment at the Constitutional Court; it was the first-such incident. Sampaio was replaced by the President of the Assembly Almeida Santos.

On 19 May 1996, during the 1996 Taça de Portugal Final at Estádio Nacional, a S. L. Benfica cheerleader laucnhed a rocket that killed a Sporting CP fan. Sampaio called for an emergency meeting at halftime in which he tried to cancel the second half of the match. In May 1998, Sampaio inaugurated Expo '98 in Lisbon.

In 1998, Sampaio became the first president to call referenda: the first was held on 28 June about abortion and the second was held on 8 November about regionalization.

East Timorese struggle

Upon becoming president in 1996, Sampaio and the government of António Guterres began to work on the independence of East Timor, which was then a province of Indonesia. In Oslo in 1999, in a CNN debate on the situation in Timor with Nobel Peace Prize winners José Ramos-Horta and bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo, Sampaio's intervention had international repercussions due to his confrontation with the Indonesian ambassador to the United Nations (UN) Nugroho Wisnumurtio. Sampaio supported the independence of East Timor.

After the resignation of Indonesia's President Suharto in 1998 and the succession of B. J. Habibie, Portuguese and international diplomacy led to the holding in East Timor of an independence referendum for the province.The plebescite was held on 30 August 1999 and was followed by a campaign of extreme violence and terror by pro-Indonesian militias, and Portugal put pressure on the international community, especially the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton, to take a position. A crisis cabinet was convened at Belém Palace. Sampaio and the Portuguese government made contacts for an international peacekeeping force to enter the territory. On 15 September 1999, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1264 was adopted and the International Force East Timor was established.

Former President of East Timor José Ramos-Horta said Sampaio "was a great defender of the East Timorese cause and played a crucial role in the political and diplomatic solution that led to independence". Sampaio visited East Timor for the first time in February 2000; he was the first Portuguese head of state to do so but his visit was shortened when he learned of the death of his mother. Sampaio returned to East Timor in 2002 following the country's Independence with Xanana Gusmão as president. East Timor was also the destination for Sampaio's last official trip in 2006.

End of Portuguese sovereignty over Macau

In 1999, negotiations for the transfer of sovereignty over Macau to China came to an end and on 19 December, the transfer was completed with the Chinese president Jiang Zemin. Shortly before midnight, Sampaio made a farewell speech, ending 442 years of Portuguese colonialism in Macau. Sampaio's participation in the ceremony was doubtful in March of that year because Sampaio refused to take part without the resolution of questions about the territory's future.

Second term: 2001–2006

On 19 October 2000, Sampaio announced his candidacy in the 2001 presidential election. Sampaio won the election, defeating Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral with 2,401,015 votes (55.55%).

In 2001, while the September 11 attacks on the U.S. cities New York and Washington, D.C., were underway, Sampaio was having lunch with a guest at Belém Palace and had to immediately cancel. In early September 2002, discussions about a possible invasion of Iraq began; from that moment, as Sampaio acknowledged in an interview in 2016, he did not agree with Durão Barroso's position Portugal should participate and was strongly opposed to sending troops to Iraq. Sampaio thought the Azores summit would have the objective of avoiding war, according to the prime minister, but as president, Sampaio was not competent to decide on foreign policy.

The defeat of the Socialist Party in the municipal elections of 2001 ended the government of António Guterres, who resigned. Instead of appointing the new leader of the PS Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues as head of government, after a round of consultations with the parliamentary parties, Sampaio dissolved the Assembly and called elections for March 2002. José Manuel Barroso won the legislative election and Sampaio nominated him as the new prime minister.

In February 2002, in an interview for the BBC, Sampaio said Portugal would hold a new referendum to decriminalize abortion. In the same interview, he defended the government's decision to decriminalize the use of certain drugs, a proposal several European leaders criticized. Sampaio also stated Europe should commit itself more energetically to resolve the crisis in the Middle East, and that the Palestinians and Israelis should return to negotiations.

On 4 April 2002, Sampaio said he welcomed the peace accords that ended the Angolan Civil War, saying it "opens the way to reconciliation among Angolans and general elections".

In October 2003, Sampaio invited the presidents of Finland and Germany, and the soon-to-be EU members Hungary, Latvia, and Poland to Arraiolos to discuss the consequences of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and plans for a Constitution for Europe.

In 2004, Sampaio refused to hold an early election following the resignation of Social Democratic Party Prime Minister Durão Barroso. Sampaio's refusal was met with protests from all left-wing parties and the resignation of socialist leader Ferro Rodrigues. Sampaio appointed Pedro Santana Lopes as Prime Minister on 9 July 2004. On 30 November, Sampaio said the new cabinet was not achieving the desired stability and he dissolved the Parliament and called another election for February 2005. Following the PS's absolute majority in this election, Sampaio appointed José Sócrates Prime Minister.

Sampaio's successor was chosen in the presidential election on 22 January 2006. Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who Sampaio defeated in 1996, succeeded him on 9 March 2006. During his ten years in office, Sampaio convened the Portuguese Council of State 22 times, mainly to manage the Macau issue. , it is the highest number of conventions of any Portuguese president.

Post-presidential career

As a former President, Jorge Sampaio became a member of the Portuguese Council of State in 2006. He was also member of the Club de Madrid, an organization of more than 80 former democratic statespersons.

In May 2006, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Sampaio as his first Special Envoy for the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis. On 26 April 2007, new UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon designated Sampaio as High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, a position he held until February 2013, when Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser succeeded him.

In 2010, Sampaio participated in the jury for Fondation Chirac's Conflict Prevention Prize. From 2013, he led the Global Platform for Syrian Students to boost the academic training of young people in Syria after the outbreak of the country's civil war and refugee crisis. On 26 August 2021, in an article in the newspaper Público, Sampaio announced the Global Platform for Syrian Students was creating academic training for female Afghan students amid the Taliban's seizure of power in Afghanistan.

Personal life
Jorge Sampaio married twice. In 1967, he married Karin Schmidt Dias, a physician and daughter of anthropologist  and German-born pianist  (née Schmidt), with whom he had no children. The couple divorced in 1971.

On 6 April 1974, Sampaio married , with whom he had two children: Vera Ritta de Sampaio was born in April 1974 and André Ritta de Sampaio was born in 1981.

Sampaio played piano from childhood and was a member of Sporting CP, in which his membership number was 3,109. He supported bullfighting, and collected records and paintings. He was shy, cried easily, was discreet, had a poor temper, and was altruistic. He also had a British accent and red hair he inherited from a paternal great-grandfather.

Death and funeral

In August 2021, while on vacation in Algarve, Sampaio began to feel unwell and was transferred by helicopter to Lisbon. On 27 August, he was admitted to Santa Cruz hospital, where he died of respiratory failure on 10 September 2021, eight days before his 82nd birthday. On that day, the Council of Ministers decreed three days of national mourning would begin on 11 September. The next day, the funeral procession transited Lisbon City Hall, where the mayor Fernando Medina received him. The final destination was the Royal Riding Arena of the National Coach Museum, where the mortuary chapel was installed and his coffin was flanked with wreaths of red carnations.

On Sunday 12, September, Sampaio's state funeral was held at Jerónimos Monastery and was attended by the highest national institutions, including UN Secretary-General and former Prime Minister António Guterres. Also present were foreign leaders such as the King of Spain Felipe VI, the Prime Minister of Cape Verde Ulisses Correia e Silva, the President of the Parliament of East Timor Aniceto Guterres Lopes, and delegates of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Later, in a private ceremony, Sampaio was buried at Alto de São João Cemetery, Lisbon.

Honours and awards

In 2004, Sampaio received the Charles V European Award. In 2009, Sampaio was awarded the North–South Prize of the Council of Europe. In 2015, he, along with Dr. Helena Ndume, was a recipient of the Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Prize  in recognition of his role in the campaign for the restoration of democracy in Portugal, the pro bono defense of political prisoners, and for raising awareness of tuberculosis as the UN Secretary-General's first Special Envoy to Stop Tuberculosis.

National honours
  Grand Collar of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword (9 March 2006)
  Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry (5 April 2018)
  Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (9 March 2006)
  Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders (9 March 2006)
  Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry (3 August 1983)

Foreign honours
Source:

: Collar of the National Order of Merit (1 December 2004)
: Collar of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (12 December 2001)
: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (9 October 2000)
:
 Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (9 December 1997)
 Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (22 August 1991)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco (25 July 1996)
: First Class of the Amílcar Cabral Order (26 March 2001)
:
 Collar of the Order of Merit (30 September 2001)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (5 March 1993)
: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Cyprus (30 September 2001)
: Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (30 August 2009)
:
 Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (27 June 2003)
 First Class of the Order of the White Star (29 March 2006)
:
 Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (6 February 2003)
 Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland (8 March 1991)
: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (29 November 1999)
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star (8 January 2002)
:
 Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (17 May 1999)
 Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (15 October 1996)
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (10 December 1999)
: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Boé Hills (2 July 1996)
:
 Grand Cross with Chain of the Hungarian Order of Merit (23 September 2003)
 Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit (22 April 1999)
: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (4 December 2001)
: Commander Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of the Three Stars (8 May 2003)
: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (27 June 2003)
: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (15 June 2010)
: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (14 May 1999)
: Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (27 July 1995)
: First Class of the Order of Friendship and Peace (12 May 1997)
: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (25 March 1992)
: Grand Cross of the Order of St Olav (24 June 2004)
: Collar of the National Order of Merit (4 January 2006)
: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle (9 October 1997)
: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania (15 March 2000)
: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Double Cross (30 June 2003)
: Gold Medal of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia (31 March 2000)
:
 Collar of the Order of Charles III (11 September 2000)
 Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (3 March 1998)
:
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic (12 July 1994)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of 7th November (10 May 2000)
: First Class of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (13 April 1998)
:
 Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (23 September 2002)
 Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (12 July 1994)
:
 Collar of the Order of the Liberator (24 February 1999)
 Grand Cross of the Order of Francisco de Miranda (24 June 2002)

Honoris causa
Honoris causa from the University of Aveiro (2008)
Honoris causa from the University of Coimbra (2010)
Honoris causa from the University of Lisbon (2010)
Honoris causa from King's College London (2014)
Honoris causa from the University of Porto (2015)

See also
 History of Portugal
 Politics of Portugal

Footnotes and references

External links

 Dr. Jorge Sampaio website
 Official website of the President of the Republic

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1939 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Portuguese politicians
21st-century Portuguese politicians
Deaths from respiratory failure
Presidents of Portugal
Mayors of Lisbon
Portuguese agnostics
20th-century Portuguese lawyers
Portuguese people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Socialist Party (Portugal) politicians
University of Lisbon alumni

Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry
Grand Collars of the Order of Liberty

Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana
Recipients of the Order of the Star of Romania
Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class

Jorge Sampaio


The Joel N. Cornish House is located in South Omaha, Nebraska. The 1886 construction is considered an "excellent example of the French Second Empire style." The house was converted into apartments after the Cornish family moved out in 1911.

Architecture
The house is a three-story mansion with a full basement with an addition was constructed in 1911. The wooden roof consists of tongue and groove joint construction, with the floor made of mosaic tile. A broad central concrete stairway leads up to the front doors, and the exterior walls are load-bearing brick. The brick walls of the addition are broken up by small, evenly spaced, double hung windows in vertically parallel rows. The foundation is also brick, in places faced with rough-hewn sandstone blocks.

Two notable features of the house are the porches. The porch on the east facade is supported by triple wooden corner columns. The wooden porch on the south facade has been established as an original part of the building by a family photograph. Its ornate carving embellishes the tongue and groove joint construction in the floor and ceiling. French doors provided access to the house.

The slate mansard roof, with arched dormer windows is accentuated by cornices at its base and top. The slates are several different patterns set in rows of three; the central east facade of the roof is crowned by a wooden cupola with windows and a spire. Double hung arched windows are arranged in horizontally and vertically parallel double rows equally spaced around the house. Two porches rise the entire height of the rectangular, three story addition to the original house.

Several alterations have altered the original appearance of the exterior. Some of the changes include the removal of a wrought iron fence crowning the entire roof and the small roof of the cupola. A small balustrade that was once located above the east porch between the two bay windows of the second floor was removed, as well. Several onion shaped ornaments no longer cap the dormer on the third story and the round windows in the roof of the cupola. Also, a small unornamented service porch on the south side of the southwest corner, has been removed, although the door still remains.

History
In the late 1800s, the original "Gold Coast" area of Omaha lay south of the business district, roughly from Pierce to Dorcas between 8th & 11th Streets. Within the borders could be found the most elegant homes of many of Omaha's most successful citizens. Much of the land which had once belonged to the estate of Adolph Kountze and had been subdivided into the fashionable new Forrest Hills addition. It was here that Colonel Joel Northrop Cornish selected a site at 1404 South 10th Street for his home in Omaha. Colonel Cornish came to Omaha in 1886 from Hamburg, Iowa but he was an easterner by birth, and his new mansion was to reflect much of that taste.

The Cornish house was built in a period when Omaha was witnessing an influx of cultured eastern families who brought with them wealth and professional skills. Homes in this period were often designed by eastern architects who transplanted design forms of European origins. They added American touches of more elaborate millwork in the exterior detailing. The almost pure French Second Empire Cornish house was such a structure, but the front veranda shows a clear manifestation of the American taste in residential architecture. Each member of the family had his own sitting room attached to his bedroom suite. The fifteen-room mansion with its thirteen-foot ceilings, beautiful floors bordered with parquet woodwork, and four fireplaces, was the showplace of an already elegant neighborhood. The third floor ballroom echoed with music and parties which included Henry Fonda.

Colonel Cornish died June 7, 1908, at the age of 82. The family continued to maintain the house for a while, but soon plans were drawn to convert the mansion to apartments. The huge kitchen with its pantries was partitioned off  into smaller rooms. The first floors lavish rooms were converted into two separate apartments. Over the years an addition was constructed at the rear of the original home. There was no attempt to follow the style of the original architecture. The high ceilings in the main house were retained. the original Cornish house remained with the Cornish heirs until June 13, 1956, when Virginia Cornish Fischer sold it to Carl Meyers. On September 15, 1958, the house became the property of the Grace Bible Institute and is now used as apartments.

References

Apartment buildings in Omaha, Nebraska
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha Landmarks

Joel N. Cornish House


Eglonaspididae is a family of extinct amphiaspidid heterostracan agnathans whose fossils are restricted to Lower Devonian marine strata of Siberia near the Taimyr Peninsula.  In life, all of the amphiaspidids are thought to be benthic animals that lived most of their lives mostly buried in the sediment of a series of hypersaline lagoons. Amphiaspids are easily distinguished from other heterostracans in that all of the plates of the cephalothoracic armor are fused into a single, muff-like unit, so that the forebody of the living animal would have looked, in the case of elgonaspidids, very much like a hot water bottle with or without a pair of small, degenerated eyes and a simple, slit-like mouth positioned at the anteriormost portion of the cephalothoracic armor.

Taxonomy

Eglonaspis
Eglonaspis has a flattened, triangular-shaped cephalothoracic shield with large, crenulated fringes at the posteriolateral ends, and an elongated, tube-like head.  Unlike most of its close relatives, has no trace of eyes, nor preorbital openings whatsoever (though, none of the other eglonaspidid genera have preorbital openings, either).  The head of Eglonaspis has degenerated into a tube-like mouth which, according to researchers, is hypothesized to have permitted the living animal to filter-feed particles in the water column just above the surface of the substrate while the animal stayed buried beneath the substrate.

Gerronaspis
Gerronaspis was originally described as a species of Putoranaspis, as "Putoranaspis dentata," by Obruchev in 1964.  In 1971, Novitskaya reappraised the species and separated it into a new genus. Gerronaspis has an oval-shaped cephalothoracic shield with crenulated fringes near the posteriolateral ends.  The head is short, and has small orbital openings, albeit that are quite large when compared to the orbital openings of other eyed eglonaspidids like Empedaspis.

Lecanaspis
Lecanaspis is very similar in anatomy to Eglonaspis, that is, it has a triangular, plate-like cephalothorax.  Although the head is missing in the holotype, later, more complete specimens show that, like Eglonaspis, Lecanaspis had an elongated, tubular head with no eyes.

Empedaspis
Empedaspis is thus far known only from a large fragment of the anterior portion of a large cephalothoracic shield.  Enough of the fragment permits researchers to hypothesize that the complete cephalothorax would have been shaped like a hot water bottle, possibly with crenulated lateral wing-like extensions, and would have had a small tab-shaped head with small eyes.

Pelurgaspis
Pelurgaspis is known from an incomplete cephalothoracic shield that is triangular in shape.  The intact shield may have been shaped like a corn kernel or a guitar pic.  The small eyes of Pelurgaspis are positioned at the anterior-most end of the small head.

References

Amphiaspidida
Devonian jawless fish
Early Devonian fish
Prehistoric jawless fish families
Fauna of Siberia
Fossils of Russia
Early Devonian first appearances
Devonian extinctions

Eglonaspididae


Georgian art () grew along with the development of the Georgian statehood, starting from the ancient kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia and flourishing in the Middle Ages during the Kingdom of Georgia. Because of Georgia's location at the intersection of continents and numerous civilizations, over the centuries the country attracted travelers, merchants, missionaries and conquerors of all kinds and creeds, all of which left marks on the country's cultural and artistic environment throughout its history. Georgian art tradition has thus experienced influences from Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Greek, Persian, Roman and Byzantine art throughout antiquity. It has further grown within the framework of Christian ecclesiastical and middle-eastern art of the Middle Ages, and ultimately it has evolved in the context of European and Russian art from the 19th century onwards.

Notable Georgian artists

 Levan Songulashvili
 David Alexidze
 Elene Akhvlediani
 Gia Bugadze
 Gigo Gabashvili
 Irakli Gamrekeli
 Lado Gudiashvili
 Gia Gugushvili
 Levan Lagidze
 David Kakabadze
 Shalva Kikodze
 Sergo Kobuladze
 Mamuka Japharidze
 Ucha Japaridze
 Temo Javakhi
 Irakli Parjiani
 Niko Pirosmani
 Dimitri Shevardnadze
 Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi
 Oleg Timchenko
 Zurab Tsereteli
 Avto Varazi

See also
 History of Georgia
 Culture of Georgia

References

External links

 Contemporary Georgian Art Portal - Ministry of Culture of Georgia
 Tiflis Avenue Art Center Official Website

Georgia

Georgian art


The Frankfort Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located on East Main Street in Frankfort, Kentucky. The cemetery is the  burial site of Daniel Boone and contains the graves of other famous Americans including seventeen Kentucky governors and a Vice President of the United States.

The cemetery is built on a bluff overlooking the Kentucky River with views of the Kentucky State Capitol, the Kentucky Governor's Mansion, downtown Frankfort, south Frankfort, and the Capitol District.

History
The cemetery was created by Judge Mason Brown, son of statesman John Brown, inspired by a visit to Mount Auburn Cemetery in Boston. Brown enlisted other Frankfort civic leaders and on February 27, 1844, the Kentucky General Assembly approved the cemetery's incorporation. The  property, then called Hunter's Garden, was purchased in 1845 for $3,801. Additional land was purchased in 1858 and in 1911 for a total of .

Brown hired Scottish-born landscape architect Robert Carmichael to design the cemetery. The cemetery is laid out in a style similar to Mount Auburn, with curving lanes, terraces and a circle of vaults. Carmichael imported and planted trees and flowering shrubs from the mountains of Kentucky, intending the cemetery to double as an arboretum in a time when residents could not easily travel to see mountain plants not native to the region. Carmichael is also buried in the cemetery.

There are numerous monuments and memoria in the cemetery. A central feature is the State Mound, featuring a Kentucky War Memorial designed by Robert E. Launitz and inscribed with the names of officers killed in numerous wars. During the American Civil War, Frankfort Cemetery was used for the final resting place of soldiers on both sides of the conflict. Corporal, Lyman B. Hannaford of the 103rd Ohio Infantry notes in his letter dated April 2, 1863, "They are planting (as soldiers term it) a good many soldiers here—almost one per day. That is a good many for the number of troops here."

Interments

Kentucky Governors

Seventeen Kentucky governors are buried there:

Other notable people
Other notable people buried at Frankfort Cemetery include:
 Rufus B. Atwood, president of Kentucky State University
 Bland Ballard, soldier and statesman
 William T. Barry, member of the United States Senate and United States Postmaster General
 George M. Bibb, U.S. Senate and United States Secretary of the Treasury
 Daniel Boone, American pioneer
 Rebecca Boone, American pioneer and the wife of Daniel Boone
 John Brown, lawyer, statesman
 Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr., U.S. Army general, World War II
 Johnson N. Camden Jr., U.S. Senator
 Henry Clay, Jr., soldier and statesman
 Henry Crist, Kentucky pioneer, member of the Kentucky General Assembly and the United States House of Representatives
 George Bibb Crittenden, Confederate Army general
 Thomas Leonidas Crittenden, Union Army general
 Anthony Crockett, Revolutionary War soldier and politician
 John Milton Elliott, judge, murdered
 Thomas Y. Fitzpatrick, U.S. Representative, County Judge, County Attorney
 Gilbert Genesta, magician, drowned
 Martin D. Hardin, politician
 Parker Watkins Hardin, politician, Attorney General of Kentucky 1879–1888
 Joel Tanner Hart, sculptor
 Elizabeth Ann Hulette, professional wrestling manager
 Willard Rouse Jillson, Kentucky historian, geologist
 Richard Mentor Johnson, Vice President of the United States
 William Lindsay, U.S. Senate
 Humphrey Marshall, U.S. and Confederate States Congressman, Confederate Army general
 Thomas Francis Marshall, lawyer, politician, Kentucky House of Representatives
 John Calvin Mason, attorney, U.S. Representative
 Silas B. Mason, construction contractor who built the Grand Coulee Dam, racehorse owner/breeder who won the 1933 Preakness Stakes
 Samuel McKee, law, U.S. Representative
 Presley O'Bannon, U.S. Marine credited as first to raise the American flag over foreign soil in 1805 at the Battle of Derna.
 Theodore O'Hara, poet, newspaperman, soldier
 Lucy Phenton Pattie, 1842–1922, the only honorary initiated female member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity
 Thomas H. Paynter, U.S. Senate
 Paul Sawyier, Kentucky artist
 Solomon P. Sharp, Attorney General of Kentucky murdered in the Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy
 John Simpson, soldier, member of the Kentucky General Assembly, Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, and Congressman-elect
 Daniel Weisiger Swigert, 1883–1912, Thoroughbred racehorse breeder, owner of Elmendorf Farm
 Isham Talbot, U.S. Senate
 Landon Addison Thomas, businessman and member of the Kentucky General Assembly from Frankfort, Kentucky
 Thomas Todd, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
 South Trimble, Kentucky House of Representatives, U.S. Representative, Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
 Emily Harvie Thomas Tubman, businesswoman and philanthropist from Frankfort, Kentucky, was an early supporter of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
 John White, served in the Kentucky House of Representatives and in the U.S. House, where he served as Speaker of the House

Gallery

References

External links

 Frankfort Cemetery Map & Photos

 Daniel Boone's Grave

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Frankfort, Kentucky
Protected areas of Franklin County, Kentucky
Rural cemeteries
Cemeteries established in the 1840s
1844 establishments in Kentucky

Frankfort Cemetery


Nataliya Resh (; 27 September 1980, Nezhin, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian lawyer, television presenter, entrepreneur and philanthropist. She is the founder of the Open Culture Foundation.

Early life

Nataliya Resh was born in Nezhin, Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine.

In 1999, she entered the 3rd year of the Financial University in Rostov-on-Don, specializing in "Financier". In 2002—2005, she received her 2nd higher education in Moscow, at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN). She graduated with a red diploma in civil law.

In 2007, Nataliya entered the Moscow State Art and Culture University, in "Faculty of General Arts Branding and Psychology". She graduated with a red diploma, having received the specialization "Image-maker-Psychologist".

In 2008, Nataliya Resh completed an intensive course at the Institute for Continuing Education for Media Broadcasting in Moscow. She qualified as a "TV and radio host".

Foundation

In 2014, the Open Culture Foundation was founded and registered in the United Kingdom by Nataliya Resh. The foundation's positioning is based on the idea of supporting and popularizing projects in the field of culture and art. Art also highlights the world's current issues, including environmental protection. Nataliya Resh takes an active position in helping the environment and promoting ecophilosophy in her projects and everyday tasks.

The Open Culture Foundation participated in the preparation of a major exhibition of Young British Artists in the framework of cultural exchange between the United Kingdom and Russia, he was a Member of the Board of the Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, he was a Member of Council at the Institute of Contemporary Art, and provided general support for the draft International film festival for people with peculiarities of mental and motor vehicles.

In September 2014, he participated in the Internatinal Film Festival on Disabilities, Cannes.

In 2015—present, the foundation works with the Better World Forum.

In September 2019, he held events at the climate change summit in New York. In September 2020, he was a partner at a charity event at the Venice Film Festival and Better World Forum.

References

Other websites

Living people
1980 births
People from Chernihiv Oblast

Nataliya Resh


Ben Hur is a 2003 American-Canadian animated drama film based on the 1880 novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, by Lew Wallace. It is the fourth film adaptation of the novel, the prior three of which were the 1907 silent short film, the 1925 silent film, and the Academy Award-winning 1959 film.

Charlton Heston's production company, Agamemnon Films (in association with GoodTimes Entertainment), produced this direct-to-video animated version of the story, with Heston himself reprising his role as the title character. It would prove to be his final film role before his death in 2008.

Synopsis
The animated version tells the same story as the 1959 film, with some differences. The story begins with Balthazar waiting in the desert for the two other wise men for a journey to Bethlehem. The story of Ben-Hur begins 30 years after the birth of Christ.

In contrast to the 1925 and 1959 versions, the face of Jesus is shown and his words are heard in this film.

The character of Messala is different from the 1959 film. Appearing lame, he approaches Ben-Hur for forgiveness, and joins Ben-Hur's family and Balthazar to witness the passion of Jesus. Ben-Hur gives water to Jesus on the way to Calvary. As Jesus dies, Ben-Hur and his family, with Balthazar, Messala, and  Esther, clasp their hands in prayer. Miracles occur when Jesus heals Ben-Hur's family of leprosy, and enables Messala to walk again. He comes near the cross thanking Jesus for the miracle.

At the film's end, Mary Magdalene sees Jesus emerge from the tomb and he ascends into heaven, giving the promise to the apostles to preach the gospel. Ben-Hur, now married to Esther, shares with his children his story and faith in Jesus.

Voice cast
 Charlton Heston as Judah Ben-Hur
 Scott McNeil as Jesus, Number 59, Art Instructor
 Gerard Plunkett as Pontius Pilate, Mystic, Bystander #2
 Duncan Fraser as Messala, Melchior, Herod Antipas, Innkeeper, Bystander #1
 Tabitha St. Germain as Miriam, Woman, Young Woman, Woman #2
 Kathleen Barr as Esther, Female Angel, Mary Magdalene, Woman #1
 Willow Johnson as Tirzah, Mary
 Long John Baldry as Balthazer, Roman Captain, Roman Citizen, Leading Soldier, Citizen
 French Tickner as Gaspar, Jewish Man, Doctor
 Dale Wilson as Sheik Ilderim, Angel Gabriel, Scientist
 Mackenzie Gray as Rabbi, Priest, Soldier #1
 Richard Newman as Quintus Arrius, Shepherd #1, Merchant
 Ian James Corlett as Gesius, Andrew, Another Man
 Michael Dobson as Joseph, Soldier #2
 Lee Tockar as Judas, Shepherd #2, Guard, Slave
 Rob Court as Peter, Man, Leper
 Russell Roberts as Roman Merchant, Archery Instructor
 William Samples as Roman Soldier

References

External links

2003 direct-to-video films
2003 animated films
GoodTimes Entertainment
Animated films about Christianity
Christian animation
Portrayals of Jesus in film
Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film
Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
Ben-Hur films
Animated films based on American novels
Canadian animated feature films
Canadian direct-to-video films
2003 drama films
2003 films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films

Ben Hur (2003 film)


Chloracidobacterium is a genus of the Acidobacteriota. It is currently assigned to the family Acidobacteriaceae, but phylogenetic evidence suggests that it belongs in Blastocatellia.

This is a group of photosynthetic bacteria were discovered in 2007 and their identification extends the number of bacterial phyla that can carry out chlorophyll-based photosynthesis from five to six.

"Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum"
The organism "Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum" was initially detected through the bioinformatics analyses of metagenomic sequence data from the microbial mats collected from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. It was later isolated after the inhibition of Synechococcus species in the microbial mats samples, leading to a co-culture C. thermophilum, Anoxybacillus species, and Meiothermus species. C. thermophilum was plated on Midnight Medium (CTM) media to culture it for pure isolation. Genomic sequencing of the bacterium revealed that it did not contain genes for the enzymes to reduce sulfate, yet it was dependent on a reduced sulfur source. The researchers likely speculated that it shared a mutualistic relationship with the cocultures of Meiothermus species and Anoxybacillus species for access to reduced sulfur sources. In addition, the bacterium was determined to be aerophilic, moderately thermophilic, anoxygenic and photoheterotrophic. Ultimately, they found that it is dependent on a reduced sulfur source, bicarbonate, L-lysine, and vitamin B12 for pre culture isolation.

Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

See also
 List of bacterial orders
 List of bacteria genera

References

Acidobacteriota
Bacteria genera
Acidophiles

Chloracidobacterium


François-Isidore Gagelin (10 May 1799 – 17 October 1833) was a French missionary of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in Vietnam. He died a martyr, and became the first French martyr of the 19th century in Vietnam. He was born in Montperreux, Doubs. He left for Vietnam in 1821. In 1826, when Emperor Minh Mạng ordered all missionaries to gather at the capital Huế, he fled to the south to Đồng Nai in Cochinchina. He was captured once and released.

On 6 January 1833, a new edict of prohibition was promulgated by Minh Mạng and immediately put in application. Churches were destroyed, and missionaries had to live in hiding. Gagelin surrendered in August 1833, and he was brought to Huế. He was killed by strangulation on 17 October 1833, which is the date of his feast.

He was beatified in 1900, and canonized in 1988 by Pope John Paul II.

Notes

External links
 Archives of the Paris Foreign Missions Society

Paris Foreign Missions Society missionaries
19th-century executions by Vietnam
1833 in Vietnam
1799 births
1833 deaths
French Roman Catholic saints
Vietnamese Roman Catholic saints
People executed by strangulation
French people executed abroad
People from Doubs
Executed people from Franche-Comté
French expatriates in Vietnam
Roman Catholic missionaries in Vietnam

François-Isidore Gagelin


Edgar McPhail Smith (December 9, 1857 – March 8, 1938) was an American writer and lyricist for musicals in the early decades of the 20th century. He contributed to some 150 Broadway musicals. Weber and Fields starred in many of his works.

Early life and career
Smith was born in Brooklyn, New York. After attending Pennsylvania Military Academy, Smith began his career as an actor.

His first play was a comedy-drama, Love and Duty (1879), written for Dickson's Sketch Club, a touring company that he had joined. His first musical piece was a burlesque, Little Lohengrin (1886), adapted for Alice Harrison and the Chicago Casino from the original English version. Smith wrote the song "Once in a Thousand Years" to be interpolated into The Pyramid (1887) in Boston. He became the dramaturg at New York's Casino Theatre, from 1887 to 1893, helping to adapt European operettas, and sometimes playing supporting roles, such as Dimoklos in Apollo; Grog in La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein; Clampas in The Drum Major; Notary in The Marquis; and Nowalksy in Der arme Jonathan (1890). In the American premiere of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Yeomen of the Guard, he played the 1st Citizen.

After leaving the Casino, Smith appeared as Dusty Rhodes in a touring burlesque, Tabasco, composed by George Whitefield Chadwick, which had a run on Broadway in 1894. The same year, Smith wrote a sequel, The Grand Vizier; a parody revue, The Merry World; and an extravaganza, Miss Philadelphia, which was a hit in the title city.

Weber and Fields and later years
By the mid-1890s, Smith became a writer for Weber and Fields; often collaborating with fellow writer Louis De Lange. For more than six years, he wrote sketches and scenes for their revues, burlesques (usually of current Broadway musicals) and vaudeville entertainments, often collaborating with composer John Stromberg. One of their best known songs was "Ma Blushin' Rosie". At the same time, for E. E. Rice, he adapted for American audiences Edwardian musical comedies such as The Gay Parisienne (as The Girl from Paris (1896), including lyrics to new songs by Nat. D. Mann), The French Maid and Harry Greenbank's Monte Carlo. He also adapted Maurice Ordonneau's vaudeville-opérette L'Auberge du Tohu-bohu. His other musicals and farces during the late 1890s were less successful.

Weber and Fields dissolved in 1904, and Smith continued to write, for a few years, for Weber's Music Hall. Two pieces there with composer Victor Herbert were Dream City and another Lohengrin burlesque, The Magic Knight (both in 1906). Separately, for Fields, he played Henry Pecksniff in, and adapted, The Girl Behind the Counter (1907). In 1910 he wrote the lyrics to "Heaven Will Protect the Working Girl", from Fields's production of Tillie's Nightmare, which became his most enduring song.

Weber and Fields reunited in 1912, and Smith wrote new shows for them: Hokey-Pokey, Hanky-Panky and Roly Poly. Beginning in 1915, many of his shows were for the Shubert family, adapting European musicals for American audiences. His last work was an American version of Das Land des Lächelns in 1930.

Smith died at age 80 at his home in Brooklyn.

Notable books and libretti
Whoop-Dee-Doo 1903 (also lyrics)
 Higgledy-Piggledy 1904
Dream City 1906 (also lyrics)
The Magic Knight 1906 (libretto)
The Girl Behind the Counter 1907 (freely adapted and reconstructed by Smith)
Hip! Hip! Hooray! 1907
La Belle Paree 1911
The Blue Paradise 1915
Robinson Crusoe, Jr. 1916
The Whirl of New York 1921 (also lyrics)

References

Sources

External links

1857 births
1938 deaths
American dramatists and playwrights
American musical theatre librettists
American musical theatre lyricists
Musicians from New York City

Edgar Smith (librettist)


Cemlyn Bay is a bay on the northwest coast of Anglesey, North Wales, approximately 2.5 km west of Wylfa nuclear power station, within the community of Cylch-y-Garn.

Separated from the bay by a shingle beach is a brackish lagoon, which is fed by a number of small streams. A weir at the western (Bryn Aber) end of the beach regulates the lagoon's water level.

The site was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1957, and is currently part of the Anglesey Heritage Coast and the Isle of Anglesey  Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Cemlyn estate is owned by the National Trust; the lagoon and its immediate surrounds comprise Cemlyn Nature Reserve (25.2 ha in extent, set up in 1971 and leased by the North Wales Wildlife Trust). The Anglesey Coastal Path passes through it.

Birds
On islands at the western end of the lagoon, there is an important tern colony, with the only breeding Sandwich terns in Wales. The numbers of breeding Sandwich terns have increased to around 1,500 pairs in recent years, making Cemlyn the third-largest colony in the United Kingdom. Arctic and common terns breed here regularly in smaller numbers but roseate tern now only occasionally. For this reason Cemlyn has been designated as part of the Ynys Feurig, Cemlyn Bay and The Skerries Special Protection Area along with two other nearby sites, Ynys Feurig and The Skerries, and all three are also classed by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. Birds interchange regularly between all three sites, and form part of a larger Irish Sea tern population together with birds at sites in Ireland such as Rockabill Island. The tern colony is wardened from May to August.

Other breeding birds found at Cemlyn include black-headed gull, ringed plover, oystercatcher and shelduck. The site is locally important for wintering wildfowl, with wigeon, shoveler and teal.

Cemlyn has attracted a number of vagrant birds. It is famous among twitchers as the site where a bridled tern spent several weeks in July 1988, and where the similarly rare (in a British context) sooty tern was present on and off in July 2005. Both species had at these times been seen by only a very small number of birders in Britain. More recently, a squacco heron was present in June 2015.

Other biological interest
The shingle ridge supports a maritime plant community; species present here include sea kale, sea beet, sea campion, thrift and yellow horned poppy. Around the edges of the lagoon, saltmarsh plant communities are present, with species such as sea aster, sea purslane, Danish scurvygrass and saltmarsh oraches. Grey mullet are found in the lagoon.

Gallery

References

External links

 North Wales Wildlife Trust
 seafishingandwalking.co.uk website - Sandwich Terns and Six Spot Burnet Moths

Nature reserves in Anglesey
Lagoons of Wales
Sites of Special Scientific Interest on Anglesey
Important Bird Areas of Wales
Cylch-y-Garn
Bodies of water of Anglesey

Cemlyn Bay and lagoon


Dixie Bull (or Dixey Bull) was an English sea captain, and the first pirate known to prey on shipping off the New England coast, especially Maine.

Biography
Born in Huntingdon about 1611, he was apprenticed Skinner to his elder brother, Seth, in 1627 for a period of nine years, but did not complete his indentures until 1648, when he was granted freedom of the city of London in the Worshipful Company of Skinners. He emigrated to Boston, Colony of Massachusetts Bay, in 1632, having been granted a patent of land, and started sailing the Maine coast with a small vessel, trading with the Indians, largely for furs, especially beaver. The Skinners were the livery company whose business was the trade in skins and furs, so he may have been acting as agent for his brother in London. In 1632, traveling in the Penobscot Bay area, he was attacked by a roving band of French in a small pinnace; or possibly he was present in Castine Harbor when a French force attacked the trading post there. Whatever the details, his ship was captured and all his trade goods and provisions confiscated.

Fired with revenge, he traveled back to Boston, assembled a crew of around 25 men, and entered upon a career of piracy to recoup his losses. Ironically, he did not target French shipping, probably because the English traders were wealthier.

His fame as "the dread pirate" derived from his attack in 1632 on the settlement of Pemaquid, which was then center of the lucrative fur trade in Maine. Few pirates had the temerity to attack a defended town.  Sailing into the harbour, with what is said to be three ships, he opened fire on the stockade there, and sacked the town. The booty seized is variously said to have been £55 or $2,500.

Some stories say he joined the French, others that he returned to England, and others that he was hanged in Tyburn. Legend says that he buried treasure on Damariscove Island and Cushing Island in Casco Bay, Maine. The fact of his being admitted as a Skinner in 1648 shows that he did survive his piratical career and return to England. Administration of his estate was granted to his sister Susan Kendricks née Bull in Huntingdon in 1656.

The legend of Dixie Bull was soon enshrined in ballads, the most famous of them being "The Story of Dixie Bull" and "The Slaying of Dixie Bull". This ballad describes a duel between Dixie Bull and a fisherman from Pemaquid, Daniel Curtis, on an island near that town, in which Dixie Bull was killed, saving the town.

References

1610s births
Year of death unknown
Year of birth uncertain
Criminals from London
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
English pirates
American pirates
American folklore
People of colonial Maine
People from colonial Boston
17th-century pirates

Dixie Bull


Floorfillers is a dance album compilation brand by All Around the World Records (in association with UMTV) that has evolved from a range of separate compilations that AATW used to compile for a number of Northern radio stations in Emap's Big City Hits network. Even though these albums would feature many of the same tracks (by acts such as Porn Kings and N-Trance), each one would be tailored for the local market and would be branded under the station name (such as Radio City 96.7, Key 103 or Red Rose Rock FM) and in association with the region's premiere discotheque.

The first album, Floorfillers – 40 Massive Hits from the Clubs, was released in March 2004. It went to number one on the official UK Albums Chart. The second, Floorfillers 2 followed in late September 2004 and peaked at number three. Two more, Floorfillers 3 and Floorfillers 4, were released in 2005. Floorfillers – Club Classics was released in 2006, Floorfillers Anthems in 2007, Floorfillers 08 in October 2008, and Floorfillers 2010 was released on November 30, 2009.

External links
 UMTV website

2000s compilation albums
Compilation album series

Floorfillers


Caraga is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is also known as Region XIII. It is on the northeastern part of the island of Mindanao. Butuan is the regional administrative center.

There are five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur,  Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur.

References

Regions of the Philippines

Caraga


Samuel "Mad Sam" DeStefano (September 13, 1909 − April 14, 1973) was an American mobster who was associated with the Chicago Outfit. He was one of the organization's most notorious loan sharks and sociopathic killers. Chicago-based Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents, such as William F. Roemer Jr., considered DeStefano to be the worst torture-murderer in the history of the United States. The Outfit used the mentally unstable and sadistic DeStefano for the torture-murders of Leo Foreman and Arthur Adler, the murder of DeStefano's younger brother, Michael DeStefano (an Outfit enforcer), and many others. However, due to DeStefano's deranged mental state, the Outfit never let him become a made man. At least one Outfit insider, Charles Crimaldi, claimed DeStefano was a devil worshipper.

Early years
Samuel DeStefano Jr. was born in Streator, Illinois, into the Italian-American family of Samuel DeStefano Sr. and Rosalie DeStefano (née Brasco), both of whom had been born in Italy and had immigrated to the United States in 1903. Destefano Sr. was a laborer and, later on in life, a grocer and real estate salesman who died of natural causes in 1942, at age 77. Rosalie was a housewife, who throughout her life was supported by the contributions of her children. She died in October 1960. In all, the DeStefanos had seven children, three sons and four daughters. Not long after his birth, Sam DeStefano and his family moved to Herrin, Illinois, where his father worked in the local coal mine. After the labor-related turmoil surrounding the Herrin Massacre, the DeStefano family moved north to Chicago's Little Italy.

One of the earliest reports on DeStefano is from September 12, 1926, when he was arrested in Chicago and turned over to the Niles Police Department as a fugitive for breaking out of jail. On July 1, 1927, several hundred Westside gang members showed up threatening violence against a police sergeant for arresting DeStefano and shooting DeStefano's associate Harry Casgrovi.

In November 1927, DeStefano and fellow gang member Ralph Orlando were in court on charges of assaulting a 17-year-old girl. The prosecution claimed that on August 19, 1927, the girl was forced into an automobile and driven to a garage where she was sexually assaulted by seven men. Orlando and DeStefano were both found guilty of rape; Orlando was sentenced to ten years while DeStefano was sentenced to three.

In 1930, DeStefano joined the Forty-Two Gang, an infamous Chicago street gang led by future Outfit boss, Salvatore "Sam" Giancana. DeStefano soon became involved in bootlegging and gambling. In 1932, he was wounded by a policeman during a grocery store robbery. In August of that year, DeStefano appeared at a hospital on Chicago's West Side with bullet wounds, which he refused to explain.

In 1933, DeStefano was convicted of a bank robbery in New Lisbon, Wisconsin and sentenced to 40 years in prison. His sentence was commuted by Governor Julius Heil in December 1942 and he was released in December 1944. DeStefano returned to prison in June 1947 for possessing counterfeit sugar ration stamps.

While in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in the 1940s DeStefano met Outfit members Paul Ricca and Louis Campagna. Later in 1947, DeStefano was released and obtained a civil service job in Chicago as a garbage dump foreman. In 1952, city officials discovered DeStefano had omitted his criminal record from his Civil Service application; however, they chose not to prosecute him.

Crimes

Political fixing
During the early 1950s, DeStefano became one of the most prominent loan shark operators in Chicago. Using stolen money from his days as a bank robber, DeStefano began investing in Chicago real estate. He bought a 24-suite apartment building and used the rent money as legitimate income to bribe local aldermen and other politicians.

By the mid-1950s, DeStefano's influence extended to city officials, prominent judges, and law enforcement officers. DeStefano would brag "there wasn't any case he couldn't 'fix,'" and began offering his services accordingly. His fees ranged from $800 for fixing a robbery case to $1,500 for an assault case. DeStefano allegedly fixed a first-degree murder case for $20,000. DeStefano's arrangements became so routine, corrupt police officers would escort suspects to DeStefano's house. After DeStefano paid off the cops, the suspects would be "put on the juice" to DeStefano in exchange for his assistance.

Loan sharking
By the early 1960s, DeStefano was a leading loan shark for the Outfit. DeStefano's loan shark victims included politicians, lawyers and small-time criminals; by the end of the decade, DeStefano was charging 20% to 25% a week in interest. DeStefano would accept very high-risk debtors, such as drug addicts or business men who had already defaulted on previous debts. The reason was simple: DeStefano enjoyed when debtors did not pay on time, since he could then bring them to the sound-proof torture chamber he'd built in his basement. Other gangsters said the sadistic DeStefano would actually foam at the mouth while torturing his victims. From time to time, DeStefano would also kill debtors who owed him small sums just to scare other debtors into paying their bigger debts.

DeStefano would give his loan shark victims presents, such as a gold watch with his name engraved on the back, so that if he had to kill his victim and the police accused him he could use the watch as proof of how close he was to the victim and why he could never have killed him. He wore thick black rimmed glasses, making people believe he couldn't see without them, when in truth he could see everything that was going on and would take mental notes on how people operated.

Under normal circumstances, the Outfit would have distanced itself from DeStefano due to his sadistic, irrational behavior. However, the bosses tolerated DeStefano because he earned them a great deal of money. DeStefano was such a successful earner, Giancana and Tony Accardo invested some of their own money in DeStefano's loansharking operations.

Following a negative report in the Chicago Tribune by reporter William Doherty, DeStefano assaulted Doherty, chased him with a gun, threatened his family and finally broke the windows on Doherty's nearby parked car.

Acts of violence
In November 1963, DeStefano had a violent argument with Leo Foreman, a real estate agent and one of DeStefano's "juice-loan" collectors, in Foreman's office. DeStefano was physically ejected by Foreman from his office, and then he went into hiding. Later on, DeStefano underlings Tony Spilotro and Chuck Crimaldi contacted Foreman and said DeStefano wanted to let "bygones be bygones". Foreman was lured to DeStefano's brother's house and was murdered soon after.

In another incident, Peter Cappelletti, a collector for DeStefano, fled Chicago with $25,000 from a loan shark victim. DeStefano's men located Cappelletti in Wisconsin and brought him back to Chicago. DeStefano chained Cappelletti to a radiator and tortured him for three days. While a banquet was going on, Cappelletti was secretly being tortured in the back of the restaurant. "Kill me man, please, I'm on fire!" Cappelletti implored, to which DeStefano replied "Then we need to put the fire out" before having his men drag the severely burned Cappelletti into the dining area and forcing the man's family to urinate on him in unison. Following the banquet, the family quickly paid back the stolen money.

Behavior

In 1962, DeStefano was arrested after he tried to represent Vito Zaccagonini in a forgery trial in Rockford, Illinois. He later demanded the names of all employees in the state's attorney's and sheriff's offices so that they could be called as witnesses at his subsequent trial.

FBI Agent William F. Roemer wrote of going to DeStefano's house to question him about mob business, saying that several times, DeStefano would walk down the stairs in his pajamas, exposing himself. Often DeStefano's wife would serve the agents coffee and the agents would comment that the coffee had a unique taste to it. DeStefano would claim that the coffee was made from special Italian coffee beans that his wife brewed. Months later Roemer found out DeStefano had been urinating in the coffee before serving it to the agents. Roemer wrote that he could never drink coffee again.

DeStefano's partner in the drug dealing business was rogue cop Tommy Dorso. Dorso said he once saw DeStefano roll on the floor, with spit running from his mouth, begging Satan to show him mercy and screaming over and over again, "I'm your servant; command me."

Once, while riding in his car, DeStefano saw a man walking down a Chicago street. He forced the man into his car at gunpoint, took the man to his house and forced the man and his own wife to have sex with each other, all for some real or imagined grievance that DeStefano had with his wife. Afterward, the man was so mortified that he would be accused of rape, he went to the nearest police station and reported the incident.

One informant who was close to DeStefano described him as a highly emotional, temperamental individual, extremely egotistical and concerned with his personal appearance. The walls of his home were lined with mirrors and as DeStefano talked to people, he constantly watched his reflection in the mirrors as he walked across the room. He was described as being of such a temperament that he could be crying at one moment and laughing the very next. DeStefano would often state that if he had not been framed for rape at age 17, he would have become President of the United States.

Later life
In 1965, DeStefano was convicted of conspiracy and sentenced to three to five years in prison. On February 22, 1972, DeStefano was sentenced to three and one half years in prison for threatening the life of a witness, mobster turned informant Charles Crimaldi, an accomplice in the Foreman murder. DeStefano had encountered Crimaldi in the elevator of the Chicago Dirksen Federal Building and threatened him. Later in 1972, DeStefano was indicted on federal charges for illegal possession of firearms by a felon.

DeStefano and his associates were eventually indicted for the Foreman murder. As in his previous trials, DeStefano had raised a large amount of public interest with his bizarre behavior. He made demands to represent himself, dressed in pajamas, shouted through bullhorns, and rambled incoherently. DeStefano then started displaying similar behavior in the Foreman trial. The Outfit bosses began to worry DeStefano was not only jeopardizing his own defense, but also the defenses of his other crew members. In a secret meeting, the boss of the Chicago Outfit, Tony Accardo, gave DeStefano's crew permission to kill him.

On April 14, 1973, it was presumed that DeStefano was to have met with his brother, Mario Anthony DeStefano, and associate Tony Spilotro in the garage of his Galewood neighborhood home, in the 1600 block of North Sayre Avenue. Before the meeting began, Spilotro allegedly entered the lot and shot DeStefano twice with a shotgun, hitting him in the chest and tearing his left arm off at the elbow, instantly killing him. The murderer was never brought to trial.

DeStefano was buried at Queen of Heaven Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

See also
 List of organized crime killings in Illinois

References

Bibliography
Devito, Carlo. Encyclopedia of International Organized Crime. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005.
Kelly, Robert J. Encyclopedia of Organized Crime in the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Sifakis, Carl. The Mafia Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 2005.
Dark, Tony.  A Mob of His Own: Samuel Mad Sam DeStefano and the Chicago Mob's Juice Rackets, H.H. Productions, Chicago, 2008.
McCluskie, Norma. "Decade of Fear", Lulu.com, LaVergne, Tennessee, 2010.

Further reading
A Report on Chicago Crime Chicago: Chicago Crime Commission Reports, 1954-1968.
Chiocca, Olindo Romeo. Mobsters and Thugs: Quotes from the Underworld. Toronto: Guernica Editions, 2000.

External links
"Mad Sam" DeStefano: The Mob's Marquis de Sade (Part 1) by Allan May
The Free Information Society - Sam DeStefano Biography  by Jonathan Dunder
FindAGrave.com - Sam "Mad Sam" DeStefano
Mad Sam by John William Tuohy

1909 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American Satanists
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Deaths by firearm in Illinois
Fratricides
Mafia hitmen
Male murder victims
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
People from Herrin, Illinois
People from Streator, Illinois
People murdered by the Chicago Outfit
People murdered in Illinois
Torture in the United States

Sam DeStefano


A charlatan (also called a swindler or mountebank) is a person practicing quackery or a similar confidence trick in order to obtain money, power, fame, or other advantages through pretense or deception. One example of a charlatan appears in The Pardoner's Tale, with the Pardoner who tricks sinners into buying fake religious relics.  Synonyms for charlatan include shyster, quack, or faker. Quack is a reference to quackery or the practice of dubious medicine, including the sale of snake oil, or a person who does not have medical training who purports to provide medical services.

Etymology
The English word comes from French , a seller of medicines who might advertise his presence with music and an outdoor stage show. The best known of the Parisian charlatans was Tabarin, whose skits and farces were influenced by commedia dell'arte inspired Molière. The word is also similar to Spanish , an indiscreetly talkative person, a chatterbox. Etymologists trace charlatan ultimately from Italian, either from , to chatter or prattle; or Cerretano, a resident of Cerreto, a village in Umbria, known for its quacks in the 16th century, or a mixture of both.

Usage

A distinction is drawn between the charlatan and other kinds of confidence tricksters. The charlatan is usually a salesperson of a certain service or product, who has no personal relationship with his "marks" (customers or clients), and avoids elaborate hoaxes or roleplaying con-games. Rather, the person called a charlatan is being accused of resorting to quackery, pseudoscience, or other knowingly employed bogus means of impressing people in order to swindle victims by selling them worthless nostrums and similar goods or services that will not deliver on the promises made for them. One example of a charlatan is a 19th-century medicine show operator, who has long since left town by the time the people who bought his "snake oil" or similarly named "cure-all" tonic realize that it was a scam. A misdirection by a charlatan is a confuddle, a dropper is a leader of a group of conmen, and hangmen are conmen that present false checks. A gaff means to trick or con and a mugu is a victim of a rigged game.

In reported spiritual communications, a charlatan is a person who fakes evidence that a spirit is "making contact" with the medium and seekers. Notable people who have successfully debunked the claims of purported supernatural mediums include magician/scientific skeptic James Randi, Brazilian writer Monteiro Lobato and magician Harry Houdini.

Infamous individuals

 Albert Abrams, the advocate of radionics and other similar electrical quackery who was active in the early twentieth century.
 John R. Brinkley, the "goat-gland doctor" who implanted goat glands as a means of curing male impotence, helped pioneer both American and Mexican radio broadcasting, and twice ran unsuccessfully for governor of Kansas.
 Alfredo Bowman, who claimed to cure all disease with herbs and a unique vegan, alkaline diet.
 Alessandro Cagliostro, (real name Giuseppe Balsamo) who claimed to be a count.
 Billie Sol Estes, a famous Texas conman.
 Elizabeth Holmes, who defrauded investors and misled US government regulators by falsely claiming her health technology company, Theranos, had invented a new blood-testing method.
 Gustavus Katterfelto, a Prussian conjurer who used a solar microscope which he claimed could detect disease.
 Ivar Kreuger, the Swedish "Match King", who ran a worldwide Ponzi scheme in the 1920s.
 Bernard Madoff, an American stockbroker who ran the world's largest Ponzi scheme, defrauding investors out of $18 billion.
 Elisha Perkins, the inventor of his own quack therapy that utilized "tractors".
 John Henry Pinkard, Roanoke businessman and purveyor of quack medicines.
 Charles Ponzi, for whom the "Ponzi scheme" is named, a scam that relies on a "pyramid" of "investors" who contribute money to a fraudulent programme, typically where monies from later investors are used to pay unusually high returns to earlier investors, thus allowing and promoting the growth of the scheme.
 Gert Postel, a German fraud who feigned experience in the field of psychiatry and became a senior physician, despite having no training.
 Grigori Rasputin, a self-proclaimed holy man and healer who gained considerable influence on the family of Tsar Nicholas II and was involved in the political turmoil on the brink of the Russian Revolution.

See also
 Cerreto di Spoleto
 Confidence trick
 Fraud
 Impostor
 Poseur
 Pseudoscience
 Quackery

References

Further reading
 Brock, Pope. (2009). Charlatan: The Fraudulent Life of John Brinkley. Phoenix.
 Humbertclaude, Éric. Récréations de Hultazob Paris: L'Harmattan 2010,  (sur Melech August Hultazob, médecin-charlatan des Lumières Allemandes assassiné en 1743)
 Riordan, Timothy B. (2009). Prince of Quacks: The Notorious Life of Dr. Francis Tumblety, Charlatan and Jack the Ripper Suspect. McFarland.
 Porter, Roy. (2003). Quacks: Fakers and Charlatans in Medicine. NPI Media Group.
Stratmann, Linda. (2010). Fraudsters and Charlatans: A Peek at some of History's Greatest Rogues. The History Press.

External links

Deception
Pseudoscience

Charlatan


The 2010 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco was the second round of the 2010 World Touring Car Championship season and the second running of the FIA WTCC Race of Morocco. It was held at the Marrakech Street Circuit in Marrakech, Morocco on 2 May 2010. The two races were won by Gabriele Tarquini for SR-Sport and Andy Priaulx for BMW Team RBM, but both races were heavily affected by safety car periods.

Background
After the first round in Brazil, Chevrolet driver Yvan Muller was tied at the top of the drivers' standings with SR-Sport's Tarquini. Scuderia Proteam Motorsport's Sergio Hernández was leading the Yokohama Independents' Trophy.

Swiss team Maurer Motorsport joined the grid for Morocco, running a pair of Chevrolet Lacettis for local drivers Ismaïl Sbaï and Youssaf El Marnissi.

Report

Testing and free practice
Zengõ-Dension Team driver Norbert Michelisz was fastest in Friday's test session, with SR-Sport driver Tom Coronel second Chevrolet's Robert Huff third. The session was red flagged when Sbaï put his Lacetti into the wall, while Maurer Motorsport teammate El Marnissi stopped with technical problems. Chevrolet factory driver Alain Menu also crashed during the session on the dusty track, hitting a wall and causing considerable damage to his car.

Tarquini topped the first practice session on Saturday morning, ahead of BMW driver Priaulx and SR-Sport teammate Tiago Monteiro. Franz Engstler was the fastest independent driver. Wiechers-Sport's local driver Mehdi Bennani crashed at turn four on his first flying lap.

Tarquini stayed on top in free practice two with Friday pace setter Michelisz second and Chevrolet driver Muller third. Having crashed in the morning session, Bennani was the fastest independent by setting the twelfth fastest time.

Qualifying
Yvan Muller was the early pacesetter in Q1, before Chevrolet teammate Menu crashed into the wall on the exit of Turn 14, bringing out the red flags. When the session was restarted, SR-Sport driver Tarquini moved to the top of the timesheets, before being demoted by Zengő–Dension Team's Michelisz. However, the Hungarian crashed at Turn 3 after setting his fastest lap, bringing out the red flag again, this time ending the session early. BMW Team RBM drivers Augusto Farfus and Priaulx dropped out of the top ten just before the session was stopped.

Q2 was halted after five minutes due to oil on the track at Turn 2 left by Engstler after the independent BMW driver had hit the wall. After the green flag, Tarquini set a quick time to move into P1. The session was stopped once again when Michel Nykjær crashed at Turn 10. The session did not restart, giving Tarquini pole position ahead of Huff, Jordi Gené, Monteiro, Muller, Nykjær and Coronel. Fredy Barth started eighth, ahead of Engstler and Michelisz. El Marnissi did not participate in qualifying or the races for personal reasons.

Warm-Up
SR-Sport filled the top three places in Sunday morning warm–up with Coronel setting the fastest time. The highest placed BMW of Farfus was fourth and the quickest Chevrolet of Huff was seventh.

Race One
It took three attempts at the rolling start for the first race, where all drivers must be lined-up in a two-by-two order before the race director allows the race to start. Once they finally got underway, pole sitter Tarquini led the field through the first chicane. Fellow SEAT driver Nykjær ran wide as he was battling for third position with the SEAT of Gené, resulting in both drivers dropping down the field. The main beneficiary of this was Fredy Barth who moved up from eighth to third in the opening lap. The Swiss driver made a move on second-placed Huff on the second lap, nudging the Chevrolet driver into a slide, which he did well to control and keep his position. Monteiro took advantage to take third from Barth. Further back, Priaulx passed Menu for eighth position and pole position for the second race.

The safety car was deployed halfway through the race after Andrei Romanov crashed his Liqui Moly Team Engstler BMW 320si at Turn 15, and Moroccan local Ismaïl Sbaï appeared to spin his car on his own oil. The marshals struggled to remove the stricken car of Romanov from the circuit and so the safety car remained out for the next ten minutes, until the end of the race, allowing Tarquini to lead Huff and Monteiro to victory. Barth, Tom Coronel, Yvan Muller, Norbert Michelisz, Priaulx, Menu and Augusto Farfus rounded out the top 10.

Race Two
Pole sitter Priaulx made a good start to Race 2, but drama unfolded behind as fellow front-row starter Michelisz stalled his car. As other cars moved to avoid him, Huff and Barth made contact once again, this time causing Huff to spin into the pit wall. Tarquini also got caught up with the spinning Huff, but got away with minor bodywork damage. Darryl O'Young swerved to avoid Huff's stricken Chevrolet and hit Bamboo Engineering teammate Harry Vaulkhard and then Scuderia Proteam Motorsport driver Hernández. Vaulkhard and Hernández joined Huff in retiring, while O'Young was able to retreat to the pits and rejoin the race after repairing the damage. The safety car was called into action and stayed out until lap seven of 13.

After the restart, Menu attempted to pass Farfus around the outside of Turn 4, but the pair tangled and both veered into the wall on the outside. Farfus limped back to retire in the pits, but the safety car was deployed again to remove the stranded Chevrolet of Menu and clear up the debris from the accident.

The safety car returned to the pits with just one lap of racing to go, with Priaulx fighting hard to keep Muller behind him, resulting in Priaulx brushing the wall at Turn 4. He held on though to win from Muller, Coronel, Monteiro, Barth and Tarquini. Local hero Bennani dropped from seventh to ninth on the final lap, finishing behind Nykjær and Gené. Michelisz recovered from his stall at the start to finish tenth.

Results

Qualifying

Race 1

Bold denotes Fastest lap.

Race 2

Bold denotes Fastest lap.

Standings after the event

Drivers' Championship standings

Yokohama Independents' Trophy standings

Manufacturers' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of drivers' standings.

References

Results Booklet PDF at MST Systems

Morocco
FIA WTCC Race of Morocco
FIA WTCC Race of Morocco

2010 FIA WTCC Race of Morocco


Blair David Sturrock (born 25 August 1981) is a former Scottish footballer who played as a forward. His previous clubs include Dundee United, Brechin City, Plymouth Argyle, Kidderminster Harriers, Rochdale, Swindon Town, AFC Bournemouth, Torquay United, Mansfield Town, Southend United. His father, Paul Sturrock, a former player who was a Scotland international was also the Manager of Southend United signing Blair and then ultimately releasing him.

Career

Dundee United
Sturrock started off as a trainee for Dundee United before briefly going on loan to Brechin City in the 2000–01 season.

Plymouth Argyle
He then moved to Plymouth for three years and made 64 appearances for the club during the years 2001–2004, but mostly as a substitute. He scored two goals in his time at Plymouth.

Kidderminster Harriers
He then moved to Kidderminster Harriers in 2004 where he spent nine months, playing 22 games and scoring five goals.

Rochdale
Nine months after signing for Kidderminster he signed for Rochdale for the 2005–06 season where he made 33 appearances, scoring six goals in 15 starts for the club. He later got a knee injury that ended his spell at the club and was released. After being released by Rochdale, Sturrock had a short trial with Wrexham in July.

Swindon Town
In November 2006, Sturrock signed for Swindon Town the club his father was the manager of. Having overcome a groin injury, he made 25 appearances for the Wiltshire club in his first season scoring five goals, with 12 starts. Sturrock made his debut as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 defeat at Macclesfield Town on 23 December, his first goal coming in mid-January, when he netted within seconds of coming on to wrap up a 3–1 win at Boston. He then later signed a contract extension to take him through to the end of the 2008–09 season. He was released by Swindon in May 2009.

Mansfield Town
On 1 September 2009, Blair signed for Conference National outfit Mansfield Town after leaving Torquay United, signing on the first transfer deadline day of the 2009–10 football season. He made his debut as a substitute in the 1–1 draw with Grays Athletic on 5 September 2009.

Southend United
Sturrock signed for Southend United during the summer of 2010, the fourth time he has signed for a club managed by his father, Paul Sturrock. On 7 August, he made his debut, coming off the bench to score the equaliser in the fifth minute of injury time against Stockport County, in the 1–1 draw. On 25 September, Sturrock scored in a 3–1 win over Hereford United, and again in Southend's 1–0 win over Rotherham on 30 October. Sturrock scored a consolation goal in Southend's 3–1 defeat against Burton Albion. On 31 June 2011, Sturrock extended his contract with Southend until the end of the 2011–12 season.

On 18 May 2012, Sturrock was one of eleven players to be released at the end of their contract.

After Southend
On 16 October 2012 Blair signed for Conference North side, Bishop's Stortford. Following his spell at Bishop's Stortford, Sturrock joined Essex Senior League side Basildon United as Assistant Manager.  For the 2013 summer season, Blair signed for the Victoria Highlanders of the North American USL PDL league, moving to Canada to be a player-coach for the club.

Honours

Plymouth Argyle
 2001–02 Division Three Champions
 2003–04 Division Two Champions

Swindon Town
 2006–07 League Two 3rd Place – Promotion

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Dundee
Men's association football forwards
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Dundee United F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Torquay United F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Bishop's Stortford F.C. players
Basildon United F.C. players
Victoria Highlanders FC players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
USL League Two players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Canada

Blair Sturrock


Filippo Smaldone  (27 July 1848 – 4 June 1923) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and the founder of the Salesian Sisters of the Sacred Hearts. Smaldone is best known for his extensive work with the deaf during his lifetime. Smaldone was a gifted preacher known for his commitment to proper catechesis and to the care of orphans and the mute, which earned him civic recognition.

Smaldone's sainthood cause commenced in 1964 and in 1995 he became titled as Venerable under Pope John Paul II who soon after beatified him in mid-1996. Pope Benedict XVI canonized him as a saint of the Catholic Church on 15 October 2006 in Saint Peter's Square.

Life
Filippo Smaldone was born in Naples in 1848 as the first of seven children to Antonio Smaldone and Maria Concetta De Luca. He made his First Communion in 1858 and received his Confirmation in 1862.

He almost failed the examination for minor orders because he did not want to abandon his apostolate for his studies. He returned to Naples in 1876 – with the permission of the Cardinal Archbishop of Naples Sisto Riario Sforza – after a period of education in the Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati. He was made a subdeacon on 31 July 1870 and ordained a deacon on 27 March 1871.

Smaldone was ordained to the priesthood on 23 September 1871. During his studies he began efforts to help the deaf of Naples and also did work with the sick. But at one stage he grew depressed, being frustrated over his mute students. He asked to give up teaching in favor of going to the foreign missions. But his spiritual director convinced him to remain and to continue his work. Smaldone almost died of cholera when it struck the area in 1884, and he credited his survival to the Madonna. In 1885 he founded an institution for the deaf and for the mute at Lecce on 25 March 1855 with the assistance of Lorenzo Apicella and several nuns that he had under his care. He opened several other branches of his order in 1897 in both Rome and Bari. On 18 December 1912, his order was aggregated to the Order of Friars Minor. . The order went on to receive the decree of praise from Pope Benedict XV on 30 November 1915 and full papal approval from Pope Pius XI after Smaldone's death on 21 June 1925.

Smaldone founded both the Eucharistic League of Priest Adorers and the Eucharistic League of Women Adorers to promote the Eucharist and he also served for a brief period of time as the superior of the Missionaries of Saint Francis de Sales. The civic authorities commended and recognized him for his work as did religious authorities who made him a canon of the Lecce Cathedral. In 1880 he was sent to Milan as an expert at a conference of teachers for the deaf.

He died on 4 June 1923 at 9:00 pm from diabetes-related complications combined with heart difficulties. His remains were later relocated in 1942 to the order's motherhouse. In 2005 there was a total of 40 houses with 398 religious in nations such as Rwanda and Moldova.

Sainthood
The canonization cause commenced in an informative process that opened in 1964 under Pope Paul VI and concluded its business sometime after this. The introduction to this process titled him as a Servant of God. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated this process in Rome on 23 May 1989 and received the Positio in 1989 which allowed for theologians to approve it on 3 February 1995 and the C.C.S. to likewise approve the cause on 16 May 1995. Pope John Paul II declared Smaldone to be Venerable on 11 July 1995 after the pope confirmed that the priest had indeed lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.

The miracle needed for beatification was investigated and then validated on 7 May 1993 while a medical board later approved it on 1 June 1995. Theologians also assented to this miracle on 27 October 1995 as did the C.C.S. on 12 December 1995. John Paul II issued formal assent needed and deemed that the healing was a miracle attributed to Smaldone's intercession on 12 January 1996, and presided over Smaldone's beatification on 12 May 1996. The process for a second miracle spanned from 2000 to 2002 at which point it received validation on 4 April 2003 before receiving the assent of the medical board on 3 February 2005; theologians assented to it on 17 May 2005 as did the C.C.S. on 17 January 2006. Pope Benedict XVI approved this on 28 April 2006 and canonized Smaldone in Saint Peter's Square on 15 October 2006.

References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Saints SQPN
 Catholic Forum
 Salesian Missions

1848 births
1923 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Christian saints
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Christian saints
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Deaths from diabetes
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Italian Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Neapolitan people
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

Filippo Smaldone


The Corn Belt is the part of the Midwestern United States. It is where corn has been predominant crop, since the 1850s. Corn replaced native tall grasses there. The area includes southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and part of Missouri and Kentucky. The whole of Iowa, Indiana and Illinois are also included. This region consists of relatively level land and deep fertile soils.

Midwestern United States

Corn Belt


In English, the word damage has different, but related meanings:

 If physical force is applied to an object, this may change the object. It is possible that the object or tool does no longer work the same way as it did before. The force that was applied, caused damage. Making the object work again is called repairing it or mending it.
 If a living thing suffers damage, people usually talk about an injury.
 In the sense of the law, damage can also mean that someone can no longer pursue an economic interest, because of something that happened. Depending on the circumstances, the one who caused the damage may be required to repair it.

Basic English 850 words

Damage


Eremophila lanceolata is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a low, spreading shrub with foliage which is shiny when young, angular branches and lilac to purple flowers and which grows in the north-west of Western Australia.

Description
Eremophila lanceolata is a spreading shrub which grows to a height of  with branches that are mostly glabrous, sticky and shiny when young, due to the presence of resin. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are  long,  wide, elliptic to lance-shaped, mostly glabrous, sticky and shiny when young. The margins of the leaves often have distinct teeth.

The flowers are usually borne singly in leaf axils on an S-shaped stalk, usually  long. There are 5 overlapping, green, lance-shaped, sepals which are mostly  long. The petals are  long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is deep lilac to purple on the outside and white with dark purple spots on the inside. The outside of the petal tube is hairy, but the inside surface of the lobes is glabrous while the inside of the tube is filled with woolly hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from March to October and the fruits which follow are oval to almost spherical, dry with a hairy, papery covering and are about  long.
Eremophila lanceolata (flower).jpg

Taxonomy and naming
The species was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The specific epithet (lanceolata) is a Latin word meaning "lance-like".

Distribution and habitat
Eremophila lanceolata occurs in wide area of the Pilbara and south to Karalundi and between Newman and Mount Augustus in the Gascoyne, Gibson Desert, Little Sandy Desert and Pilbara biogeographic regions.

Conservation status
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

Use in horticulture
This eremophila is an attractive small shrub which will grow well in a container and thrive in areas like Sydney or the coast of Victoria. It can be propagated from cuttings or by grafting, prefers a well-drained soil but will grow in either full sun or a partially shaded position. It is drought tolerant, although may need occasional watering if grown in a container but needs protection from frost.

References

Eudicots of Western Australia
lanceolata
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Plants described in 2007
Taxa named by Robert Chinnock

Eremophila lanceolata


The Blackwall Rock was a reef in the River Thames in East London. The rock provided a useful shelter for moored vessels, but also proved a hazardous obstruction to river navigation. It was removed in the early 19th century following the opening of the adjacent West India Docks.

Description
Blackwall Rock was located a short distance upriver of Blackwall Stairs, the southern end of a causeway from Poplar High Street which crossed extensive marshland, between the entrances of the West and East India Docks. The rock was always a hazard to river traffic, as it sometimes lay less than  below the surface at low tide. The entrance to the West India Docks, just to the south-west of the rock, was substantially obstructed by the reef upon the docks' opening in 1802. In 1803, in his Strictures on the Alarming Progress of the Blackwall Rock in the River Thames, Robert Edington wrote that he surveyed the rock under the direction of the Corporation of the City of London's harbourmaster, Captain John Raymond Snow. Prior to his survey, Edington was under the impression that the rock was ; Abraham Rees's Cyclopædia, published shortly before Edington's survey, had given these measurements. Rees asserted that newspaper reports of one of Thomas Boddington's West Indiaman vessels being wrecked on the rock were incorrect, and that the relatively recent installation of piling and booms prevented ships from coming near the reef.

Edington's subsequent measurements gave the rough dimensions as . He surmised that the cost of the rock's removal—even with the use of prison labour—would be £50,000, and was surprised by some contract tenders who proposed fees of little more than £1,000. He gathered specimens of the rock, and said that it was not a "natural stone". He stated that he had been told the rock was first discovered in the early 18th century when an Indiaman was wrecked upon it—possibly retelling the story refuted by Rees in 1802. Edington described the rock's composition as "a strong cemented iron stone, formed by an elective attraction of the lapidious or earthly basis, to the very numerous metallic particles always suspended in the river".

Most sources give the rock's dimensions as , and an 1846 report by the Tidal Harbours Commission described it as an outcrop of plum-pudding stone.

Removal
The opening of the West and East India Docks in 1802 and 1803 respectively necessitated the removal of the rock, which obstructed safe navigation to their entrances. Edington proposed the use of prison labour; he recommended that "a hulk with 200 convicts be moored near adjoining the rock, where these convicts should be employed, with proper instruments in drilling and blasting it up". He then recommended the use of ordnance; his proposal employed an iron caisson to create a dry working area, with explosives being driven into a  hole. The system would ensure that the explosion would drive the force through the rock, breaking it, rather than forcing the explosive charge back through the drilled hole. He conceded that the resulting explosion might blow the caisson "to atoms, and probably be the death of some of the poor men".

Early attempts to break the rock with explosives were largely unsuccessful. William Jessop was engaged by Trinity House to undertake the rock's removal; he subcontracted Ralph Walker as a consultant and James Spedding as engineer. Labourers from Trinity House undertook the physical work. It is also possible that Richard Trevithick worked on the project at some time.

Jessop's proposal used a chisel, operated from a barge much as with pile driving. This method successfully reduced the height of the rock by , after which a cylindrical coffer dam (also described as being like a diving bell) was employed to allow workers' access to remove rubble. The works lasted from 1804 to 1808, and cost £42,000. Of this, Spedding's contract was £26,000.

The removal of the rock caused nearby sandy shoals to disappear. John William Norie's Sailing Directions for the River Thames, published in 1847, makes no mention of a navigational hazard in the area of the former rock.

References

Shoals of the United Kingdom
Blackwall, London
Geography of the River Thames
History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Blackwall Rock


Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of the 6th President of the United States, John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the president of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.

She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the US and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the US, was her father-in-law.

In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the US in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France.

She died in 1852, aged 77. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts.

1775 births
1985 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
John Quincy Adams

Louisa Adams