Stand Against Fear (also called Unlikely Suspects) is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film starring Sarah Chalke as a cheerleader who takes action when she faces sexual intimidation from football players at her school. The film is a part of the Moment of Truth franchise and aired on NBC on December 16, 1996.

The film was based on a real-life incident, which occurred at Santa Clara High School in California.

Plot
Krista Wilson (Sarah Chalke) is a cheerleading captain at Centennial High School who, along with other members of her squad, is subjected to sexual harassment by members of her the varsity football team, particularly captain Josh Kelly (Munro) and his buddy Nelson Doyle. When Krista's best friend Ruth, boarding a football team bus to pass out bottled water, gets manhandled badly, Krista later finds out that most of the cheerleaders have been undergoing such treatment. She reports the incident to new coach Ron Peters, who lightly talks it over with Josh, but the team captain denies it all.

Undeterred, Josh and Nelson continue their campaign of harassment. The pair corner Krista in the girls' locker room. Josh pushes her against the lockers while Nelson holds her hands above her head, allowing Josh to freely run his hands all over Krista until Ruth intervened. A terrified Krista tells her mother Anne (Shanna Reed), who is also a counselor at the school, what happened, and she brings it to the attention of both Coach Peters and principal Vicky Cooke. A meeting is later scheduled to address the accusations, but after Krista presents her story, Josh counters by claiming that her accusations were just a form of retaliation because he supposedly resisted advances Krista made towards him. Siding with the football team, Ms. Cooke and Coach Peters decide to suspend the cheerleading squad for the remainder of the year.

Outraged by the injustice, Anne discusses the idea of legal action with her husband Ted (Josh Taylor). Despite his initial reluctance, Ted comes around and agrees, but emphasizes that Ruth's testimony is key if they want the charges to stick. Realizing this, Anne tries to convince Ruth's mother Mona to come forward about what she saw, but Mona is greatly concerned about Ruth jeopardizing her college scholarship by doing so. Meanwhile, Krista's brother Kyle, who was recently given a coveted spot on the football team, seems to agree with Josh's version of what transpired and dismisses his sister's charges as false.

Following Anne's directive, several detectives arrive at the school to bring Josh and Nelson in for questioning, but after being advised by Josh's lawyer father Alan not to speak, they decline to give a statement, and the pair are released. Alan later shows up at Ted's restaurant and tries to convince him to make Krista back down, but Ted refuses, stating he won't sell his daughter out.

After an incident at the homecoming dance in which Nelson spills punch on Ruth, Krista is able to convince her to testify before the school board. However, rather than backing her friend up, Ruth instead corroborates Josh's version of events and makes Krista out to be a liar. To make matters worse, Anne later receives a request for her resignation from the school district, claiming that allowing the police on campus was an abuse of her authority. Blaming his sister for the turmoil, Kyle erupts at her, but Anne sets him straight, reminding Kyle that despite his athletic success, family is far more important than popularity, while Ted assures Krista that no one blames her for anything, and that he and her mother will do whatever it takes to fight back.

Making good on his word, Ted secures the services of a well-known law firm, which hears Anne and Krista's argument and agrees to take the case, but warns them that it will be difficult to pursue without hard evidence. In the meantime, Josh makes another unwanted advance toward Ruth, but Kyle witnesses it (as does Josh's girlfriend Vanessa) and intervenes. Angry, Josh confronts Kyle, but their teammate Randy steps in before it turns physical.

Krista later confronts Ruth about her betrayal, who admits that she did so after being threatened with the loss of her scholarship by Ms. Cooke and Coach Peters. However, despite this setback, things turn around when Randy and Vanessa show up with some hard evidence: a "Slam Book" kept by Josh, critiquing the cheerleaders' physical attributes, as well as a drawing depicting the bus incident. Thanking her brother later for helping to get the book, Kyle expresses guilt towards Krista for his past behavior and apologizes for being a jerk.

Now that actual evidence has been brought to light, the attorney from the family's law firm is able to move forward with their case, causing the school grounds to be abuzz with reporters. Having been informed that she was named as a defendant in the lawsuit, Ms. Cooke angrily confronts Anne, but she stands firm, reminding Vicky that she failed to protect the girls in the name of possibly winning a football trophy. Vicky then reminds Anne that she was supposed to tender her resignation, but Anne informs her that as per the conditions of the suit, this cannot be done until after the issue has been resolved (by which time, as Anne points out, Centennial may have a new principal).

As news of the suit becomes public, the Wilsons soon become targets of an intimidation campaign, but they refuse to back down. The family later meets with the defense attorneys, who offer a settlement of $15,000 for each of the cheerleaders, as well as their reinstatement on the school squad, but inform them that doing so will absolve the school of any culpability in what happened to the girls. After being told that the rest of the cheerleaders have already accepted, Krista gives an impassioned speech to her squad on the importance of standing up against the football team, and the cheerleaders decide to fight back, Ruth even apologizing to Krista for her earlier betrayal.

Despite a subsequent offer of even more money from the district, all of the cheerleaders refuse, and each of them take the stand to tell their experiences over the course of the nearly four-week trial. In the end, the district is held accountable for allowing and attempting to cover up the sexual harassment, each of the girls are awarded $50,000 in damages, and both Josh and Nelson are barred from playing football for the rest of their high school careers.

Cast
Sarah Chalke as Krista Wilson
Shanna Reed as Anne Wilson
Lochlyn Munro as Josh Kelly
Brigitta Dau as Ruth Gayle
Josh Taylor as Ted Wilson
Gwynyth Walsh as Principal Vicky Cooke
Teryl Rothery as Lawyer
Garry Chalk as Coach Ron Peters
Malcolm Stewart as Supt. Emerson
Alandra as Mona Gayle
Gaetana Korbin as Vanessa
Terry David Mulligan as Alan Kelly
Kirby Morrow as Nelson Doyle
Jason Nash as Randy
Marcus Turner as Kyle Wilson

References

External links

1996 television films
1996 drama films
1996 films
American drama television films
NBC network original films
American films based on actual events
Films directed by Joseph L. Scanlan
1990s American films
1990s English-language films

Stand Against Fear


Andreas Dionysiou Liveras (1935 – 26 November 2008) was a Cyprus-born British businessman, who rose from modest means to own and run successful bakery and yacht charter companies. He held British and Cypriot citizenship and was killed during Mumbai attacks of November 2008.

Biography
Liveras was the first of nine children born to a shepherd in Kyrenia, Cyprus.

In 1963 Liveras immigrated with his family to the Kensington district of London, where he took a job selling pastries and driving a delivery truck at the Fleur de Lys bakery. He bought the company five years later, expanding it to become one of the largest frozen cake manufacturers in Europe, then sold it to Express Dairies in 1985. He spent his gain on yachts, among other things, starting Liveras Yachts, a company based in Monte Carlo that owns and rents boats for private charter.

In 1992 Liveras and his son Dionysios started Laurens Patisseries in London, later moving the company to Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire. The family built Laurens to become one of the largest cream-filled pastry producers in the UK. The company was bought in 2006 by the Icelandic Bakkavör Group for £130 million.

Liveras was killed by terrorists on 26 November 2008 at the Taj Mahal Hotel during the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, where he had gone for a meal, shortly after he gave an interview to the British Broadcasting Corporation. As of his death he had four children, and was ranked 265th on The Sunday Times Rich List of the wealthiest people in the United Kingdom.

A widower, he is survived by three daughters and a son, all of whom live in London.

References

External links
 laurens.co.uk - Laurens Patisseries official site
 liverasyachts.com - official site

1935 births
2008 deaths
Cypriot emigrants to England
Deaths by firearm in India
British terrorism victims
20th-century British businesspeople
Victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom

Andreas Liveras


Camilla Pasini (6 November 1875 – 29 November 1935) was an Italian operatic soprano. Her sister Lina Pasini-Vitale was a well known Wagnerian soprano and her other sister, Enrica Pasini, had a short career as an operatic mezzo-soprano. Pasini studied at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome and made her professional opera debut in that city at the Teatro Quirino as Inez in Meyerbeer's L'Africaine. She most notably originated the role of Musetta in the original 1896 production of Puccini's La bohème at the Teatro Regio in Turin. She also sang that role at numerous other theaters including La Scala, the Teatro Costanzi in Rome, and in Brescia, Genoa, Trieste, and Asti among others. In 1904, Pasini traveled to South America where she performed on tour in many countries and cities. In 1905, Pasini married a lawyer with the surname of Muzi and promptly gave up her career for the next six years. She returned to the stage in 1911 in the premiere of the opera La Vigilia di Notte by Teofilo De Angelis at the Teatro Costanzi. She retired from the operatic stage somewhere around 1920.

Pasini spent almost her entire career in Italy. She performed in most of Italy's major opera houses including the Teatro Rossetti in Trieste, at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, and at the Teatro Comunale Fiume in Padua, Cremona, Milan and Rome.

Among the many roles she portrayed are Violetta in Verdi's La traviata, Desdemona in Verdi's Otello, Norina in Donizetti's Don Pasquale, the title role in Puccini's Tosca, Margherita in Boito's Mefistofele, the title role in Umberto Giordano's Fedora, the title role in Alfredo Catalani's La Wally, the title role in Catalani's Loreley, Suzel in Pietro Mascagni's L'amico Fritz, Elsa in Wagner's Lohengrin, and the title role in Jules Massenet's Grisélidis.

Sources
 Camilla Pasini biography from Operissimo.com (In German)
Laura Williams Macy - The Grove Book of Opera Singers

Italian operatic sopranos
1875 births
1959 deaths
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
19th-century Italian women opera singers
20th-century Italian women opera singers

Camilla Pasini


The climax is the part of a movie or story, with the most suspense or terrifying moment. It may be the main character is about to die or the villain is going to capture the heroes.

Climax is most often used when the author want you to be worried or frightened. They do this to make you continue reading the book or to make you continue watching the movie. Climax is normally found near the end of the story or movie. It is near the conclusion.

Related pages
 Literary element

References

Narratology
Fiction

Climax


Lagny-sur-Marne is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France. In 2019, 21,539 people lived there.

The commune is in the eastern suburbs of Paris,  from the center.

Football player Paul Pogba was born here.

Communes in Seine-et-Marne

Lagny-sur-Marne


Sun Sheng () (died December 21, 956), né Sun Feng (), known as Sun Ji () at one point, formally Duke Wenzhong of Lu (), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period states Later Tang, Wu, and Southern Tang, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Southern Tang's second emperor Li Jing.  When Southern Tang came under attack of its northern neighbor Later Zhou, Li Jing sent him as an emissary to Later Zhou to try to persuade Later Zhou's emperor Guo Rong to end his campaign, but Guo, after being unable to get Sun to give him secrets of the Southern Tang state, executed him.

Background
It is not known when Sun Sheng was born (under the name of Sun Feng), but it is known that he was from Gaomi.  He was also known as Sun Ji at one point, but later came to be named Sun Sheng.  In his young days, he was said to be studious and capable of writing, particularly at poetry.

Also during his youth, Sun passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class.  (It is unclear whether this was in the late Tang dynasty or early in its successor state Later Liang.)  At that time, however, the intelligentsia at then-capital Luoyang favored men who paid attention to details and appearance, and Sun did not pay attention to such things, and therefore was not regarded highly.  He thus left the capital scene and journeyed to Mount Lu to become a Taoist monk at Jianji Temple ().  However, his custom of hanging up a portrait of the Tang poet Jia Dao and offering sacrifices to the portrait caused fellow monks to believe that he was a sorcerer, and they chased him out of the temple.  He then changed back into the robes of a scholar, and went north to Later Liang's northern rival Jin, meeting Jin's prince Li Cunxu at Zhen Prefecture (鎮州, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), although it was not stated whether Li gave him any positions in the government at that time.

During Later Tang
In 923, Li Cunxu claimed imperial title of a new Later Tang, and shortly after destroyed Later Liang and took over its territory.  One of the chancellors he commissioned for his new imperial government was Doulu Ge.  Doulu had long known of Sun Sheng's capability, and he retained Sun to serve as a secretary to him, and Sun later received the title of Zhuzuo Zuolang (), as an assistant editor at the Palace Library.

As of 927, by which time Li Cunxu had died and been succeeded by his adoptive brother Li Siyuan as emperor, Sun was serving as a secretary to Zhu Shouyin the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan).  In winter 927, Li Siyuan suddenly announced that he was going to visit Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture () from the imperial capital Luoyang, leading to two rumors — either that he was intending to launch a major attack on Later Tang's southeastern neighbor Wu, or that he was going to act against one of the rebellious governors to the east.  Sun suggested to Zhu that he resist the emperor, and Zhu agreed, closing the city and preparing to defend it.  However, Li Siyuan's generals Fan Yanguang and Shi Jingtang quickly arrived at Bian before its defenses could be fully ready and began the siege, and when Li Siyuan himself shortly arrived thereafter and continued the siege in earnest, the people of Bian began to desert Zhu in droves.  Zhu committed suicide.

Sun, meanwhile, abandoned his wife and children, and hid himself in the region.  Li Siyuan's chief of staff An Chonghui hated him for encouraging Zhu's rebellion, and therefore put out reward posters for his arrest, but could not have him arrested, and therefore slaughtered his family.  Sun fled to Zhengyang (正陽, on the border of modern Fuyang and Lu'an, Anhui), on the border between Later Tang and Wu.  Before he could cross the Huai River into Wu territory, however, he was intercepted by suspicious Later Tang border guards.  He sat on the bank of the Huai and acted crazy by grabbing his clothes and eating the fleas thereon, so the guards ignored him.  He thereafter crossed the river into Wu territory.

During Wu
Upon entering Wu territory, Sun Sheng was taken in by the Wu military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Lu'an), Liu Jin ().  For reasons not explained in history, Sun pretended to be unable to speak when Liu spoke with him.  However, one day, when Sun went to pray at the temple of the Han dynasty prince Liu An, Liu Jin had someone hide under Liu An's statue to listen to Sun's prayers, and therefore found out more about him.  Liu Jin thereafter had him delivered to Jinling, where the headquarters of the Wu regent Xu Zhigao was.

At that time, Xu was trying to gather all kinds of talented people to serve on his staff, and was glad to have Sun added to his staff.  It was said that Sun spoke with a stutter, but once he had a chance to talk with people further, he communicated effectively and persuasively.  Xu favored him greatly and had him be in charge of drafting Xu's orders.  Xu also consulted him secretly on Xu's plans to eventually take over the Wu throne, and each time they spoke, they spoke for over two hours, but Sun was able to keep secrets and not reveal what Xu was talking with him about.  In 932, when Xu established a Lixian Hall at his headquarters with collections of books, where he would often spoke with his advisors, Sun and Chen Jue were frequent visitors to the hall.

During Southern Tang

During Li Bian's reign
In 937, Wu's final emperor Yang Pu yielded the throne to Xu Zhigao, ending Wu.  Xu Zhigao took the throne as emperor of a new state of Southern Tang, and shortly after changed his last name back to his birth last name of Li while taking a new personal name of Bian.  During Li Bian's reign as emperor, Sun Sheng successively served as Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人, a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng)), imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi), and Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau).  There was a time when the official Feng Yanji, a close associate of Li Bian's oldest son and heir presumptive Li Jing the Prince of Qi, joked with Sun, "What abilities do you have, Lord, that you get to be Zhongshu Shilang?"  Sun, who had long despised Feng, responded:

When Li Bian fell ill and then shortly after died in 943, Sun was concerned that Feng and his associates would become powerful, and therefore considered claiming that Li Bian left a will naming his wife Empress Song regent over the new emperor Li Jing.  However, when the imperial scholar Li Yiye () objected, pointing out that LI Bian himself had often spoken against the idea of female regents and that it would be unnatural for Li Jing, well into his adulthood, to have a regent in any case — going as far as stating that if the emperor will were published with the directions to name Empress Song regent that he would publicly tear the edict apart — Sun relented and did not forge such a will.  Li Jing shortly after took the throne as the new emperor.

During Li Jing's reign
After Li Jing took the throne, at the urging of his younger brother Li Jingda (), who apparently did not like Sun Sheng, Sun was sent away from the imperial administration to serve as the military governor of Yongtai Circuit (永泰, headquartered in modern Anqing, Anhui).  It was said that Sun governed the circuit's army with strict discipline.  In 944, when the official Xiao Yan () offended Li Jing by comparing his palace to that of the Chen dynasty's last emperor Chen Shubao, Li Jing had Xiao exiled to Yongtai's capital Shu Prefecture ().  Sun subsequently sent guards to put Xiao under strict guard.  Xiao met him and rebuked him for doing so, while pointing out that Sun himself had nearly disrupted the proper imperial succession.  Sun, humbled, withdrew the guards.  At one point, two soldiers at Yongtai, apparently resenting Sun for his discipline, entered headquarters and wanted to assassinate Sun.  However, Sun happened to be not at the headquarters at that time, so they assassinated the officer Li Jianchong () and then escaped.  As a result of this incident, Sun was demoted to be the minister of palace supplies (光祿卿, Guanglu Qing).  However, Li Jing, who had respected Sun, did not further punish him, and later made him You Puye (右僕射, one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng)).

In 952, Li Jing named Sun, along with Feng Yanji and Xu Jingyun (), chancellors with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().  When hearing of this, Sun, who had long disrespected Feng, made the comment, "Is it that gold goblets and jade bowls are going to contain dog feces?"

At the time that Sun, Feng, and Xu became chancellors, Southern Tang had just destroyed its southwestern neighbor Chu, but was in effective control of only one of the three main circuits of Chu — Wu'an (武安, headquartered at Chu's formal capital Changsha, Hunan); the other two main circuits, Wuping (武平, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan), and Jingjiang (靜江, headquartered in modern Guilin, Guangxi), remained out of Southern Tang's effective control, with Wuping effectively under the control of the warlord Liu Yan, and Jingjiang's having been seized by Southern Han when Chu fell to Southern Tang.  Li Jing initially did not want to carry out further campaigns over Chu territory, and therefore considered effectively letting Southern Han retain Jingjiang and bringing Wuping under only formal and not actual control by issuing a commission to Liu, allowing him to retain Wuping.  Sun agreed with this idea, but Feng opposed, believing that this would cause Southern Tang's conquest effectively meaningless.  Under Feng's advice, Li Jing maintained the campaigns to take Jingjiang and Wuping, but those campaigns were unsuccessful, and, in winter 952, Liu attacked Changsha and took control of it, effectively chasing Southern Tang out of the former Chu territory.  Hearing of the defeat, Feng and Sun submitted petitions blaming themselves and asking to be relieved from their posts.  Li Jing initially declined, but upon Sun's insistence, removed them from their chancellorships and leaving them as Puyes.

During the more than two decades that Sun served under Li Bian and Li Jing, he accumulated great wealth.  It was said that each time at dinner, Sun did not use dinner tables; rather, he had his servant girls each hold a vessel of food and surround him (and perhaps dinner guests), calling them "fleshy dining tables."  The rich people of the Southern Tang realm much imitated this style.

By 956, Southern Tang was under serious attack by its northern neighbor Later Zhou.  Faced with this great crisis, Li Jing bestowed the grand title of Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies) on Sun, and sent him with the minister Wang Chongzhi () as emissaries to Later Zhou's emperor Guo Rong, offering to formally submit as a vassal and offering gifts, begging Guo to stop his attack.  (It was said that before departing on the mission, Sun believed that he would not return alive, and stated to Feng, "While this mission should have belonged to the Zuo Xiang [(左相, an alternative way of referring to Zuo Puye)], if I, Sun Sheng, do not go, I would be neglectful in my duties to the deceased emperor."  The instructions that Li Jing gave him were to offer to Guo the terms of 1) Li Jing would no longer refer to himself as an emperor and become a vassal; 2) cede six prefectures to Later Zhou; and 3) offer yearly tributes of gold and silk — the same instructions that Li Jing had given earlier emissaries Li Deming () and Zhong Mo ().

After Sun and Wang arrived at Guo's camp — with Guo then sieging the major Southern Tang border city of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern Lu'an), Guo had Sun taken to just outside Shou's walls to show him to Shou's defender Liu Renzhan () the military governor of Qinghuai Circuit (清淮, i.e., the circuit formerly named Fengguo), to try to persuade Liu to surrender.  When Liu saw Sun, he bowed in his armor.  Sun, however, stated to him, "You, sir, had received great grace from the state.  You shall not open your gates to welcome the bandits [(i.e., the Later Zhou army)]."  When Guo heard what happened, he was angry with Sun, but Sun stated to him, "I, your subject, is a chancellor of Tang.  How can I teach a military governor to defect?"  Guo thus did not punish him.

However, the terms that Li Deming and Zhong, and later Sun and Wang, offered Guo on their emperor's behalf, was not sufficient enticing to Guo, with his generals repeatedly prevailing over Southern Tang forces, causing him to want to take control of all of Southern Tang territory north of the Yangtze River, so he refused Li JIng's offer.  Li Deming, concerned about Later Zhou advances, requested to return to Li Jing's court to persuade Li Jing to yield all of the territory north of the Yangtze.  Guo agreed, and, at Sun's request, allowed Li Deming and Wang to return to Southern Tang's capital Jinling.  Upon their arrival in Jinling, Li Deming reported to Li Jing the capabilities that Guo had as well as the strength of the Later Zhou army, advocating increasing the Southern Tang offer, to cede all territory north of the Yangtze.  However, the chancellor Song Qiqiu opposed any cession of territory.  With Chen Jue, then chief of staff, and his deputy Li Zhenggu (), long disliking Li Deming and Sun, Chen and Li Zhenggu enticed Wang into giving a different report than Li Deming.  Chen and Li Zhenggu then accused Li Deming of selling the state out.  Li Jing, in anger, executed Li Deming.

Subsequently, Southern Tang forces, under the overall command of the general Zhu Yuan (), made much gains on their counterattack, taking back several prefectures that Later Zhou forces had taken.  Guo decided to return to his capital Kaifeng to reorganize his attack, while leaving the matters of the front to his generals, one of which was his cousin Li Chongjin (the son of the sister of his adoptive father, Later Zhou's founding emperor Guo Wei).  Guo took Sun and Zhong with him back to Kaifeng, and initially treated them with respect.  However, news came that Li Jing had tried to entice Li Chongjin into rebelling against Later Zhou by sending him letters that were much accusatory against Guo — letters that Li Chongjin then submitted to Guo.  (Sun had previously, in his attempts to try to persuade Guo to accept peace, claimed that Li Jing was very respectful and fearful of Guo.)  Seeing the letters, Guo angrily confronted Sun and accused him of lying.  Sun did not beg for his life, instead responding with dignity and asking for death.  Guo then asked Sun to give him secrets of the Southern Tang state, and Sun refused.  When Guo subsequently had his general Cao Han () again ask Sun to do so, Sun also refused Cao's overtures.  Cao then stated to Sun, "The Emperor issued an edict, granting death to you, Lord Chancellor."  Hearing of this, Sun's expression did not change.  He asked for his shoes and dressed with formality, bowing to the south (toward Southern Tang), stating, "I, your subject, now will repay the state with my death."  He was then killed, as were over 100 of his attendants.  Guo then exiled Zhong.  However, he then regretted killing the faithful Sun and recalled Zhong.  Meanwhile, hearing of Sun's death, Li Jing wept, and gave him the posthumous honors of Taifu () and Duke of Lu, and he gave much wealth to Sun's family.

Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 27.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 276, 277, 283, 290, 291, 293.

Politicians from Weifang
Poets from Shandong
Generals from Shandong
Southern Tang poets
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Taoists
Later Tang government officials
Yang Wu government officials
Southern Tang jiedushi
Southern Tang chancellors
Executed Southern Tang people
People executed by Later Zhou
956 deaths
Executed people from Shandong
Jin (Later Tang precursor) people
Year of birth unknown
Writers from Weifang

Sun Sheng (Southern Tang)


Philip Koch (born 30 March 1948) is professor emeritus at the Maryland Institute College of Art and an American realist painter whose landscapes are heavily influenced by the work of Edward Hopper. Since 1983, Koch has spent summers in residency at Hopper's studio on Cape Cod.

Art museums all over the US hold Koch's work in their permanent collections and he has had seventeen solo museum exhibitions, most recently at the Ogunquit Museum of American Art.

References

1948 births
Living people
21st-century American academics
American painters

Philip Koch


The Ife Empire was the first empire in Yoruba history. It was founded in what is now southwestern Nigeria and eastern Benin. The Ife Empire lasted from 1200 to 1420. The empire was formed by Odùduwà, and became well-known for its sophisticated art pieces. Although Yoruba was the main language of the empire, there were also various spoken dialects and languages. It rose to power through trade with Sahelian and  forest states. Its capital city, Ilé-Ife, was one of the largest urban centers in 14th century West Africa.

History

Formation and early history
The Ife region began as a small collection of house societies in mid-first millennium, which over time grew to become "mega houses", or mini-states, due to competition for resources. Over time, as managing resources, population, and conflicts presented opportunities for new organizational structures, several of the mega-houses started organizing themselves into confederacy-like associations. The most prominent of these was the Ife "confederacy". Conflicts over resources continued however, exacerbated by the aridity and a rising population.

During said conflicts, a group of people led by a leader named Odùduwà emerged, who apparently came from Oke Ora, a hilltop settlement to the east, building a large perimeter wall between the 10th to 11th centuries. Measuring about  in circumference and  in diameter, this wall would soon become the core urban center of Ilé-Ifè. The building of the wall led to a massive conflict between the Odùduwà group and another mega-house, led by a man named Obatálá. The Odùduwà group ended up winning the conflict.

Leaders such as Odùduwà and Obatálá would later be deified after death, becoming core members of the Yoruba traditional religion pantheon of divinities.

According to  oral traditions, a conference was soon held at Ita Ijero, a town in Ilé-Ifè following the triumph of the Odùduwà group in the Obatálá-Odùduwà conflict. At the end of the conference, each of the princes present left to establish his or her own kingdom such as Benin and Oyo, with the promise that they would all keep in touch as siblings and support one another in times of trouble.

Benin, one such of the kingdoms under Ife, was brought under Ife's rule when Oranmiyan, a Yoruba prince, was invited by Benin kingmakers to overthrow the former Benin ruling dynasty, the Ogiso dynasty, and establish a new one, the Oba dynasty. Modern scholars place this event as happening between ca. 1200 and ca. 1250. It was under Oranmiyan that the country received a new name: Ile-Ibinu (from its former name of Igodomigodo), which would later be corrupted to "Benin".

Classical Period (1000–1420 AD)

Once the Obatálá-Odùduwà conflict ended, a new era began, known as the Classical period. The sociopolitical outcome of the following instability was qualitatively different from that of the preceding era. The hallmarks of the Classical period include the development of an urban capital with concentric embankments. There were also life-size terracotta and copper or brass sculptures with detailed, idealized naturalism.

Craft specialization defined everyday economic life in which the production of high-value crafts, such as glass-bead production, featured prominently. Ife grew to have a robust industry in metals, producing high-quality iron and steel.

As the population grew, a second wall was built in the capital city Ilé-Ife during the thirteenth century and the construction and pavement of several major roads began as well. The occurrence of potsherd pavements in virtually every part of the area within the Inner and Outer Walls and beyond indicate that the city was densely populated. It is estimated that the city of Ilé-Ifè had a population of 70,000–105,000 during the mid-fourteenth century.

Ife's prominence grew so much that it was even possibly mentioned on a 1375 Catalan trade map known as the Catalan Atlas, and the Castilian Book of All Kingdoms under the name Rey de Organa or Kingdom of Organa. The name Organa alludes to the title of first dynasty of Ife rulers, i.e. Ógáne (Óghéné, Ógéne̩). The same name is referenced in a Portuguese account from the 1480s about an inland ruler who played a central role in Benin royal enthronements.

At its zenith in the 14th century, the Ife empire stretched across around three hundred kilometers or one hundred eighty-six miles, and encompassed Owu, Jebba, Tada, and Oyo in the north and Benin and Ijebu in the south. However Ife's cultural influence spanned westward all the way to southwestern Togo.

As Ife grew, it became more ethnically diverse, with the northern parts of Ife around the Niger river and in Oyo having multiple other ethnic groups living with the Yorubas; the Nupe, Ìbàrìbá, and various Songhai peoples of which the Djerma were the most prominent. These various ethnic groups all migrated to Ife for commercial and resource opportunities. The Djerma, or Zarma, were the main carriers of Yoruba goods into the Sahel during the Classical period, and showed a good amount of political and religious influence.

Trade

The Ife Empire was one of the oldest trading empires in West Africa and an early partner in the trans-Saharan trade. One of Ife's earliest trade routes was up the Niger to Gao, the route became active as early as the ninth century.

Glass beads were one of the most sought after items in West Africa during this time and Ife had a near monopoly of this market. Ife was likely the third place in the world glass was indigenously invented. Dichroic glass beads from Ilé-Ifè have been found at Kissi in Burkina Faso, Diouboye in Senegal, Gao Ancien, Essouk in Mali, and Koumbi Saleh in Mauritania, all in twelfth- to fourteenth-century contexts. Ilé-Ifè was the only known industrial center for HLHA glass production. Glass beads were used as a form of currency in Ife, and strings and other standard measremnts of Segi beads were used for purchasing high value products and services.

Ife's fame spread far and wide; In 1352, Ibn Battuta was informed during his visit to Mali about a powerful black Pagan kingdom to the south called Yufi, which he described as "one of the most considerable countries of the Sudan, and their sultan, one of the greatest sultans". He goes on further calling Yufi as a country that "no white man can enter . . . because the negroes will kill him before he arrives",  "White man" probably meaning Arabs or Berbers. Ife was almost certainly Yufi, Akinwumi Ogundiran writes. He continues

The Bead Road is the name given by Akinwumi Ogundiran of the trade route which stretched from Ilé-Ifè to the Moshi-Niger area and as far as the Niger Bend in present-day Mali. Another possible mention of Ife are the records of 11th to 14th century Arab scholars that reveal trade in blue dichroic West African glass beads. Items traded to Ife were Saharan copper and salt, Mediterranean and Chinese silk and other clothing materials, they entering the region from across the Niger by the eleventh or twelfth century. In exchange, Ife would trade sundry rain forest goods, of which glass beads and ivory were the most highly prized.

Ife was also likely a part of the Silk Trade on the Silk Road between the twelfth through fifteenth centuries, with long-distance trade routes going up all the way to Nubia from Kanem during the 1300s. Evidence for this are coptic cross motifs found on objects, burial sites, and statues in the Ife Empire region. Historic Ife ritual contexts also suggest possible early Coptic Christian contact through long distance trade. There is also likely Ife regalia modeled on an ancient Nubian shield ring that probably reached the area between the twelfth through fourteenth Century era through trade.

Evidence also shows that during Ife's time period, Yorubaland was involved in trade with southwestern Cameroon.

Architecture

Dwellings had a clay terrace and wooden columns to hold up the roof. Floors were paved with potsherd tiles, ceramic tiles, and cobblestone. The walls and columns of elite buildings were decorated with ceramic disks. Most of the potsherd tiles were arranged linearly in herringbone patterns, and colored sherds were arranged in geometric mosaics.  It appears that between the
13th and 14th centuries, potsherd pavements had become  pan-regional architectural style and nearly every state in the Ife Empire had Paved flooring, even as far as modern day Togo.  Leo Frobenius, a 20th-century archeologist who visited Nigeria, also noted that the foundations of historical buildings at Ile-Ife were built of burnt bricks. By the early 20th century, he said Ife's architecture has greatly regressed from what it reached in antiquity. The capital Ile Ife was surrounded by two concentric walls, which were around 15 feet high and 6 feet thick. Remains of impluvia, paved with Potsherds and Quartz stone, have been revealed through archaeological work. The impluvia were drained by clay or grindstone pipes underneath the floor.

Military and Conflicts
One of Ife's northernmost provinces, Owu, controlled the trade connecting the rest of Ife and western Sudan, where Ifè glass beads passed into the Middle Niger valley. With control of the trade and profit they began buying horses from the Wasangari, Mossi, Mandé, and Songhai in the early 14th century, and became the first cavalry state in Ife. Owu's newfound power expanded rapidly with the use of calvary and Òwu began to undermine the commercial and political interests of Ifè, and eventually declared war on Ife, starting a civil war.

Evidence also shows Ife was likely dealing with Islamic expansions during the 14th century. A group of rock carvings found around nine miles south of Ife show carved images including hands holding a sword, bound arms, a decapitated man, another sword, two clusters of spears, a tortoise, a snake, what seems to be a leopard, and a Muslim prayer board. The carving seems to depict a battle. Since the carving shows Obatala linked animals and a Muslim prayer board it likely implies that the battle that took place involved people from local and foreign religions (Islam). The battle seems all the more significant considering the interest shown in providing evidence of it. The Muslim prayer board offers evidence that the wars that were taking place in the Ife area, as with regions to the north and east in this era (from modern Chad to Mali), involved local populations in contestation with Islamic troops.

Sculptures give insight to what the military of the Ife Empire looked like during the 14th century. They were equipped with a range of gear and weapons. A copper sculpture from Jebba Island portrays an archer wearing an armor tunic made of strip leather, a kinfe hilt secured in the tunic's front, along with a quiver and throwing stick on their back. The armor is similar to coat of mail worn by populations in Bornu.

Portrayals of weaponry in Ife art hint at historical changes in armament forms in this era. Hausa style knives and sheathes were said to have been found at Ita Yemoo, a site at Ile-Ife. This may relate to oral traditions that says the forces of Oranmiyan that gave rise to his a new dynasty may have employed new weaponry forms such as long-bladed metal battle knives.

Decline
Many factors led to Ife's ultimate demise by 1420. These included long spells of drought that kicked off around 1380 across West and East Africa, political disturbances in Western Sudan like the collapse of the Mali Empire, internal crisis within the Ife Empire, and an epidemic that was most likely smallpox. or the black death.

References

History of Nigeria
Ife
Yoruba history

Ife Empire


Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is a 2009 fantasy movie directed by David Yates. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 2005 novel of the same name. The movie, which is the sixth one in the Harry Potter movie series.

It stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger.

With a budget of $250 million, it is one of the most expensive movies ever made. At the time, it was the most expensive movie in the Harry Potter movie series.

Plot
Lord Voldemort gives Draco Malfoy the task of killing Professor Dumbledore. Draco's mother, Narcissa makes a deal with Severus Snape that he must kill Dumbledore if Draco cannot. Meanwhile, Harry Potter and Dumbledore recruit Professor Slughorn to work as the new potions teacher at Hogwarts school.

As the school year begins, Harry's friend Ron Weasley falls in love with Lavender Brown, making Hermione Granger upset. Harry finds a potions and spellbook written by a former Hogwarts student who called themselves the "Half-Blood Prince". A half-blood is a wizard who has one magical parent and one non-magical parent. Pure-bloods have two magical parents while muggle-borns have two non-magical parents. Voldemort wants rid of all wizards who are not pure-bloods.

Dumbledore and Harry look into Professor Slughorn's memories and find out that Slughorn taught Voldemort when he was at school. Slughorn told Voldemort about Horcruxes, objects which an evil wizard can put his soul inside of so he can be immortality. Dumbledore realises that Voldemort has been using Horcruxes to survive after death. Two of them have already been destroyed.

Harry and Dumbledore go on a mission to retrieve another Horcrux. They are successful and return to Hogwarts. Draco Malfoy uses a magical cabinet to let a group of Death Eaters into the school. Draco and the Death Eaters corner Dumbledore but Draco cannot kill him. Snape arrives and kills Dumbledore. Snape reveals to Harry that he is the Half-Blood Prince. Harry, Ron and Hermione agree to leave Hogwarts to search for the remaining Horcruxes.

References

2009 fantasy movies
Harry Potter 6
Movies based on books
Harry Potter 6
Movies composed by John Williams

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)


The Centro Svizzero () is an early skyscraper and a landmark in Milan, Italy. Built in 1949-51 to replace the Hotel Cavour, it was Milan's highest building until 1954, when it was overtaken by the so-called "Breda Tower".

The tower is situated at Via Palestro 2-4, near the center of Milan, and has a height of 20 stories (80 m). Its construction by architects Armin Meili and Giovanni Romano was initiated by the Swiss Association of Milan as a replacement of their former headquarters that were destroyed by a 1943 bombing raid. Nowadays, it also houses among others the Swiss General Consulate, the Swiss Institute of Culture and the Swiss Chamber of Commerce, as well as offices of Switzerland Tourism and Swiss TV and Radio. The building is owned by the Swiss Federal Authorities.

References

 Skyscraper page entry

External links
 The center's website

Skyscraper office buildings in Milan
Office buildings completed in 1951

Centro Svizzero


John Emlyn Jarman (4 February 1931 – 21 October 2009) was a Welsh footballer and coach.

As a player, Jarman began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers, but never played for the club, in part because of a serious knee injury. He was sold to Barnsley in 1950 for an £8,000 transfer fee. In six years at Oakwell, he played 47 games and scored two goals. He later moved to Walsall as player-coach. In 1958, he retired as a player because of injuries.

In 1962, Jarman became chief coach at West Bromwich Albion. Five years later, he joined the Football Association as a regional staff coach with responsibility for the Midlands, and subsequently held a similar job for the Football Association of Ireland. He returned to club football in 1977, when he rejoined Wolverhampton Wanderers, and held a senior coaching role serving under managers John Barnwell, Sammy Chung and Ian Greaves.

In March 1983, following Ian Greaves' appointment as manager of Mansfield Town, Jarman was named the club's assistant manager. Greaves and Jarman worked together at Field Mill for the next six years, which are widely regarded as one of Mansfield's most successful periods in the club's history, winning promotion in 1985–86, and winning the Associate Members' Cup at Wembley the following season.

Jarman left Mansfield Town in September 1988, and later worked for Derby County, where he helped to establish the Rams Soccer Academy in the early 1990s. In his later years, he settled in Forest Town near Mansfield, and helped out coaching youngsters at his local football club Forest Town Welfare until 2008. He died in October 2009, aged 78.

References

1931 births
2009 deaths
Welsh men's footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Men's association football wing halves
English Football League players
Derby County F.C. non-playing staff
West Bromwich Albion F.C. non-playing staff

John Jarman (footballer)


"The Unsuccessful Self-Treatment of a Case of 'Writer's Block'" is a humorous academic article by psychologist Dennis Upper about writer's block. It contains no content except for a title, journal formatting elements, and a humorous footnote.

Published in 1974 in a peer reviewed journal, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, it is recognized as the shortest academic article ever and a classic example of humor in science, or at the very least among behavioral psychologists.  It has been cited more than 100 times.

The article received a humorous positive review which was published alongside the article.

The article has led to at least five similarly humorous and peer-reviewed, published replication studies, and several similar papers and scholarly articles.

More seriously, the paper is said to be a case reinforcing the image of a writer's block as a "blank page", and encouraging brevity in writing. It has been also used as an example that humor can indeed be found in academic publishing.

References

External links

1974 documents
Humour in science
Social sciences literature

The Unsuccessful Self-Treatment of a Case of "Writer's Block"


Ice is the common name for frozen water. Other liquids, such as ammonia or methane or milk,  are called 'milk ice', for instance, instead of just 'ice'. Liquid water becomes solid ice when it is very cold. The freezing point is 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit or 273 kelvin).

Ice can be made in a home refrigerator or freezer. If water is put in a freezer and left for a while, the water gets very cold and will freeze solid, creating ice. Water can be placed into a copper (or other metal) container to cause it freeze into ice faster. Water can freeze faster than in a plastic ice tray.

How ice is formed
Unlike other liquids, water expands as it freezes to become ice. It floats on water because ice has less density than water. This is very unusual  most liquids gets more dense as they cool: water ice is an exception. Liquid water expands by about 9% as it becomes ice – it takes up more space. This is because the water molecules are actually farther apart instead of being closer together. The molecules in an ice crystal are arranged in a way that makes it less dense than liquid water.

If water in plumbing freezes, it can burst the water pipe. Water in glass bottles can make them explode when it freezes. Water freezing in rock cracks can expand enough to split hard rocks apart; this is an important geological weathering process that can wear down mountains and make rock into soil.

Salt water
Salt water needs a lower temperature to freeze than pure water. Most of the salt does not enter the ice, so the resulting ice is less salty than the water. This fact has sometimes been used for desalination. Salty ice is not as strong as frozen pure water. Salt that is added to ice melts it, if it's not too cold: the salt progressively eats into the ice, forming brine which does not freeze at that temperature.

Geography of ice
Because ice floats, even large bodies of water which freeze, like some oceans, only form ice on the surface. Most lakes never freeze to the bottom. Even the coldest oceans, like the Arctic Ocean, only freeze on the top, leaving liquid ocean circulating below. Because of this the Earth's oceans are able to redistribute heat. The climate of the Earth has less extremes of heat and cold than it would otherwise. A solid ocean would not circulate heat. But because ice floats on the surface the water beneath can continue to circulate. Ice on the surface stays exposed and readily melts when the temperature rises.

Big bodies of ice on land are called glaciers. Antarctica has most of the world's ice.

Ice ages
Climate change happens all the time. When it is cold it is called an ice age. During ice ages large areas of the Earth are covered in ice, snow and glaciers. The causes of ice ages are complex, and not entirely known, but see Milankovic cycle. Global warming is currently affecting the Earth's ice resources and its causes are also very complex.

Dry ice

There is also 'dry ice'; it is frozen carbon dioxide. Dry ice exposed to normal air gives off carbon dioxide gas that is odorless and colorless. The gas is so cold that when it mixes with air it cools the water vapour in the air to fog, which looks like a thick white smoke. It is often used in the theatre to make fake fog or smoke.

Basic English 850 words
Chemical compounds
Water

Ice


In typography, a column is one or more vertical blocks of content positioned on a page, separated by gutters (vertical whitespace) or rules (thin lines, in this case vertical). Columns are most commonly used to break up large bodies of text that cannot fit in a single block of text on a page. Additionally, columns are used to improve page composition and readability. Newspapers very frequently use complex multi-column layouts to break up different stories and longer bodies of texts within a story. Column can also more generally refer to the vertical delineations created by a typographic grid system which type and image may be positioned.  In page layout, the whitespace on the outside of the page (bounding the first and last columns) are known as margins; the gap between two facing pages is also considered a gutter, since there are columns on both sides.  (Any gutter can also be referred to as a margin, but exterior and horizontal margins are not gutters.)

In some cases, column numbers are provided to improve  specifying the in-source location in addition to or in absence of page numbers in serial publications, legal documents and patents. Historically, column designations were abbreviated "c" (singular) or "cc" (plural), i.e. "c130" or "cc130–136".

Typographic style

Column width is traditionally called measure by typesetters. For best legibility, typographic manuals suggest that columns should be wide enough to contain roughly 60 characters per line.  One formula suggests multiplying the point size of the font by 2 to reach how wide a column should be in picas — in effect a column width of 24 ems. Following these guidelines usually results in multiple narrow columns being favored over a single wide column. Historically, books containing predominantly text generally have around 40 lines per column. However, this rule of thumb does not apply to more complex text that contain multiple images or illustrations, footnotes, running heads, folios, and captions.

Column contrast refers to the overall color or greyness established by the column, and can be adjusted in a number of ways. One way is to adjust the relationship between the width and height of the column. Another way is to make adjustments to the typeface, from choosing a specific font, to adjusting weight, style, size and leading. Column contrast can be used to establish hierarchy, to balance the page composition, and to visually activate areas of the page.

Web layout
In web design, columns are often used to separate primary content from secondary and tertiary content. For example, a common two column layout may include a left column with navigation links, and a right column for body text. One method of creating columns for the web is to place text within an HTML table element, often with the border set to zero. However, this method is considered outdated and inaccessible to some. Another method includes using CSS to either float or position the corresponding text. These methods were not as straightforward as using HTML tables, which made a tableless three column layout a sort of holy grail once these techniques were discovered in the early 2000s. More recent levels of CSS have addressed column behaviors, and web browser support for these behaviors continues to improve.

See also
 Column inch
 stick, roughly  of a column
 Characters per line, referring to monospaced text
 Line length

Notes

References

 Carter, Rob. Day, Ben. Meggs, Philip. Typographic Design: Form and Communication 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons: 1993. pp. 51–53, 90–91.

 Romano, Frank J. The TypeEncyclopedia. R. R. Bowker Company: 1984. pp. 86–86.

Typography
Page layout

Column (typography)


Stephen Schiffer (born 1940) is an American philosopher and currently Silver Professor of Philosophy at New York University. He is a specialist in the philosophy of language.

Education and career

Schiffer was awarded a B.A. in philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Oxford University in 1970. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley, University of Arizona, and City University of New York before moving to NYU.  He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007.

Philosophical work

He has specialized in the philosophy of language, and is the author of three significant works concerning semantic meaning: Meaning (OUP, 1972), Remnants of Meaning (MIT Press, 1987), and The Things We Mean (OUP, 2003).

References

External links
 Schiffer's homepage

1940 births
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Philosophers of language
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
University of California, Berkeley faculty
University of Arizona faculty
City University of New York faculty
New York University faculty

Stephen Schiffer


Crook & Chase is an American television talk show hosted by Lorianne Crook and Charlie Chase, focusing primarily, but not exclusively, on country music.

The pair had first worked together on the weekly syndicated program "This Week In Country Music," which was later titled Crook & Chase Countdown and distributed by Premiere Radio Networks.

The series originally aired on The Nashville Network in primetime from 1986 to 1996, then called The Nashville Record Review (later presented by Katie Haas and Bill Cody). It was called Crook and Chase from 1986 to 1993, and then became known as Music City Tonight when Crook and Chase replaced the popular show Nashville Now after its host Ralph Emery retired.  Crook and Chase moved to daytime syndication from 1996 to 1997.  After their syndicated show was canceled, they returned to host their own show on The Nashville Network where they stayed until it was canceled in 1999 (as part of TNN's overhaul into a more male-oriented general interest channel, which eventually was renamed Spike, which is now known today as Paramount Network).

During the early 1990s, they hosted "The Nashville Record Review with Crook and Chase", which was a weekly countdown of the Top 40 country hits of the week, on radio under the name of TNNR (The Nashville Network Radio)

The series often featured guests from various backgrounds. Famous con man Steve Comisar appeared on Crook & Chase as a fraud prevention expert, under the name Brett Champion.

After a nine-year hiatus, the show was revived for nearly three years on RFD-TV beginning January 17, 2008. In fall 2010, the show started airing in weekly syndication, and archive reruns of the series air in various timeslots on Luken Communications' digital subchannel networks, My Family TV and the Retro Television Network. The show's spinoff is Music City Tonight, which aired from 1993 to 1995 on TNN, with reruns airing until 2000. Music City Tonight airs in reruns on Heartland, also owned by Luken.

References

External links

Crook & Chase web site
Crook & Chase at RFD-TV

1986 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
2008 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
1980s American television talk shows
1990s American television talk shows
2000s American television talk shows
2010s American television talk shows
American country music radio programs
Television series by CBS Studios
English-language television shows
The Nashville Network original programming

Crook & Chase


Lucy Nicole Schwartz (born December 7, 1989) is an American singer and songwriter from Los Angeles, California. She has become well known for writing and performing original songs for film and TV, including songs for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1, Nashville, Parenthood, Shrek Forever After and What Maisie Knew.

Career
In 2010, Schwartz released her second album, Life in Letters.

In 2011, she had a duet with Aqualung on The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn and released the EP, Keep Me.

Schwartz has toured with Lilith Fair, with Sarah McLachlan and Sheryl Crow, and opened for the Weepies, Brandi Carlile, the Civil Wars, Agnes Obel, Toad the Wet Sprocket, A Fine Frenzy, Joshua Radin and the Belle Brigade.

Her songs have been used in over a dozen television programs, including Grey's Anatomy, Army Wives and The Good Wife. Schwartz wrote the international theme song for NBC's show, Parenthood, and she has written original songs for numerous films, including Twilight, Shrek Forever After, Mother and Child, Post Grad, Monte Carlo, Adam and the Meg Ryan comedy, The Women.

Her single, "Boomerang", appeared in the closing credits of the fourth season finale of the television series Arrested Development, for which her father, David Schwartz, composed the soundtrack. She had previously performed the vocal recordings "Mr. F" and "For British Eyes Only" in a faux-English accent for the series.

Schwartz guest starred in the second season premiere of House of Lies, playing the role of a waitress dressed as a bumblebee and singing the Carpenters's song, "Close to You".

"Black Roses", a song written by Schwartz, is sung by the character of Scarlett O'Connor (portrayed by Clare Bowen) in the TV show Nashville. It peaked at number 29 on the US Country chart.

She has worked with the charities Heifer International, CHOC Children's Hospital, Rock 'n' Roll Camp for Girls, Songs of Love for Japan, and Symphony of Hope: The Haiti Project.

Discography

Albums and EPs
 Winter in June (2007)
 Help Me! Help Me! EP (2010)
 Life in Letters (2010)
 Keep Me EP (2011)
 Timekeeper (2013)

Original songs in movie soundtracks
"Beautiful" — The Women (opening song) (2008)
"Count On Me" — The Women (end title song) (2008)
'"Paper Plane" — Center Stage 2: Turn it Up (2008)
"Little One" — Mother & Child (end title song) (2009)
"Turn Back Around" — Post Grad (2009)
"Gone Away" — Adam (2009)
"Darling I Do" (with Landon Pigg) — Shrek Forever After (2010)
"I Want The Sky" — Monte Carlo (2011)
"Cold" (with Aqualung) — The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn (2011)
"Feeling of Being" — What Maisie Knew (2012)
"I Don't Know a Thing" — Remember Sunday (2013)
"Blue Sky" — Remember Sunday (2013)

TV theme songs
"When We Were Young" — Parenthood (international theme song) (2010)
Rutherford Falls (with David Schwartz and the Halluci Nation) (2021)

References

External links
 Lucy Schwartz website

1989 births
Living people
American women singer-songwriters
Singers from Los Angeles
Occidental College alumni
Singer-songwriters from California
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American women singers

Lucy Schwartz


In enzymology, a 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol + NAD+  17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one + NADH + H+

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one, NADH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3alpha(or 20beta)-hydroxysteroid:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include cortisone reductase, (R)-20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, dehydrogenase, 20beta-hydroxy steroid, Delta4-3-ketosteroid hydrogenase, 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3alpha,20beta-hydroxysteroid:NAD+-oxidoreductase, NADH-20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 20beta-HSD. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis and c21-steroid hormone metabolism.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .

References

EC 1.1.1
NADH-dependent enzymes
Enzymes of known structure


Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop music singer. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey. Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music.

She released her first album which produced by Sezen Aksu, Sakin Ol (Calm Down) in August 1992. Her debut song "Sakin Ol" became greatly popular. Next album Lal (Ruby) released in October 1994. Lal was important for her career, because songs in the album such as "Rüya" (Dream), "Sevdam Ağlıyor" (My Love is Crying), "Mecbursun" (You Have to), "Gel Barışalım Artık" (Let's Make Peace) and "Lal" became hit quickly.

In May 1997, Sertab released her third album, Sertab Gibi (Like Sertab). She stopped working with Sezen Aksu and she worked with Demir Demirkan in this album. Although album's sales were very low, album is the favorite album of fans. "Aşkolan Aşktır" (Love Matters), "Seyrüsefer" (Navigation) and "İncelikler Yüzünden" (Because of the Niceties) were the important songs from the album. Sertab Erener released self-titled fourth album in March 1999. Albums hit were "Yanarım" (I Burn), "Zor Kadın" (Hard Woman) and Vur Yüreğim (Hit, My Heart). Vur Yüreğim's video clip was including real scenes from shocking and afflictive events such as martyr funerals, atomic bomb and natural disasters.

In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song Every Way That I Can.

Sertab's victory at Eurovision became a real breakthrough in the musical world of Europe. On the wave of success, when the song "Everyway That I Can" occupied the leading lines of the European charts, Sertab Erener recorded the English-language album "No Boundaries", released in 2004.

References

1964 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musicians from Istanbul
Turkish pop singers

Sertab Erener


Terbium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tb on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 65 which means it has 65 protons in an atom. Its compounds fluoresce green in ultraviolet light. The metal can burned in air to form an oxide. It is a lanthanide and, along with yttrium, erbium, and ytterbium, is one of the four elements to be named after the town of Ytterby in Sweden, all of which are rare earth elements.

Lanthanides

Terbium


The Corniche des Crêtes is a picturesque and narrow coastal road in the south of France, winding from Cassis to La Ciotat along the Mediterranean shore.

The road was opened to traffic in 1969 and it leads along the Falaises (high cliffs) up to Cap Canaille, a cape 362 metres above the sea, and the highest cliff in France. From there it continues to Grande Tête, an elevation which is 399 metres high.

The Corniche des Crêtes is about 15 km long and offers magnificent views of the sea, as well as the town of Cassis and the Calanques.

1969 establishments in France
Bouches-du-Rhône
Roads in France
Transport in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Massif des Calanques

Corniche des Crêtes


The Kalinga War fought between the Mauryan Empire and the state of Kalinga, an important kingdom that controlled the trade routes with Southeast Asia. Ashoka, the Mauryan king, wanted to capture Kalinga and so his huge army went
there in 262 BC.

According to Megasthenes, the Greek historian at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, the ruler of Kalinga had a powerful army comprising infantry, cavalry and elephants. After the year, 150,000 men and women were deported from Kalinga and forced to work in clearing the wasteland for future settlements, and they were forbidden from ever returning to their old homeland. The descendants of the Kalinga people migrated later to Sindh. From there, they migrated to Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Europe. Their descendants might be the Roma of Europe.

Although he won the war, Ashoka realized the futility of war. He saw the bloodshed and suffering of the soldiers' families and vowed never to fight again. He converted to Buddhism and he dedicated his later life to help his subjects. He stopped conquering after he won a war. He wrote inscriptions for wanting that his son and grandson also never to think about war. He decided to observe Dhamma, a common code of conduct and was also inspired by the teachings of Buddha. He sent many Buddhist scholars to distant lands to propagate Dharma. It is said that one lakh people died in this war. Many pillar and rock edicts were written on the guilt that he felt after seeing the bloodshed.

For the last 30 years of his life, there were no more wars. He gave up the policy of DIGVIJAY (conquest of territories) and adopted DHARMAVIJAY(conquest by dharma). It is said Ashoka became a follower of Buddhism under the influence of Upagupta, a Buddhist teacher.
Wars involving Asia
260s BC
Ancient India

Kalinga War


Michael Alan Burton (born 18 December 1945, in Maidenhead) is a former English rugby union footballer, who won a reputation as an uncompromising prop forward for Gloucester, England and the British and Irish Lions.

Club career

Burton arrived at Kingsholm from the local club Longlevens RFC and made his debut in the Gloucester front row at the age of 18 on 14 November 1964. He went on to make 366 appearances before retiring in 1978.

He was captain of Gloucester in the 1975 season and played 50 times at provincial level for Gloucestershire including 39 appearances in the County Championship, winning it four times and leading the county pack in a crushing 62-10 victory over Japan at Kingsholm in September 1976. It was with Gloucestershire that he made his third tour of South Africa in the same year.

He won the RFU National Cup (then the John Player Cup) with Gloucester at Twickenham in 1972 against Moseley and again in 1978 against Leicester.

In between those important championship wins, in 1977 Burton was honoured with an invitation to play for a "World XV" at the Parc des Princes stadium in Paris against the Grand Slam champions France.

The World XV was assembled to celebrate the 75th Anniversary of the Federation Francaise de Rugby and Burton was one of only three English international players included. The others were hooker Peter Wheeler and Number 8 Andy Ripley.

In October 1972, Burton scored a famous try for the Western Counties against the touring All Blacks at Kingsholm and played for the same regional team in the 15–14 win over Australia at Bath a year later.

Burton was also a member of the Gloucester squad that toured the US in 1977 and returned home with an unblemished record.

International career

Burton made his England debut in 1972 against Wales and toured South Africa for the first time with an undefeated England side that year as a member of the test team that beat the Springboks 18-9 at Ellis Park.

A broken leg, sustained during an England training session at Twickenham in November 1972, saw him miss the autumn international against the All Blacks and the Five Nations matches in the early part of 1973 but he fought his way back to fitness and recovered well enough to be included in the England squad to tour Fiji and New Zealand later that year.

He toured Australia with England in 1975 where he became the first Englishman to be sent off at international level.

In the second Test against Australia ("The Battle of Brisbane") Burton was sensationally dismissed after just three minutes by local Queensland referee Bob Burnett for a late tackle on the Australian winger Doug Osborne.

In 1974 Burton toured South Africa for a second time, this time as a member of Willie John McBride's invincible British and Irish Lions team. He played 28 times for England in all, 17 times in Tests, and represented the Barbarians on eight occasions.

Post career

After retiring from rugby, Burton became a successful businessman in the field of corporate hospitality, specialist sports travel and player representation. His business interests took him around the world and he had a short spell playing recreational rugby in Canada for Toronto Lions.

He gave a great deal back to the game in later years by dedicating his time and business experience to the Barbarian FC as an influential member of the club's management board and also serving on the Board of Governors at Gloucester's successful rugby nursery Hartpury College.

External links
 http://www.mikeburton.com/
 http://www.lionstour.com/
 http://www.englandrugbytravel.com/
 http://www.sporting-heroes.net/rugby-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=453
 http://www.sporting-heroes.net/rugby-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=1602
 http://en.espn.co.uk/timeline/rugby/player/7873.html
 http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk

1945 births
Living people
Barbarian F.C. players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
English rugby union players
Gloucester Rugby players
Gloucestershire County RFU players
Rugby union players from Maidenhead
Rugby union props

Mike Burton (rugby union)


Henderson Investment Limited () (), the subsidiary company of Henderson Land Development, involves the development, investment and leasing of the properties in Hong Kong and Mainland China. Other activities include operations and management of department stores, investment in infrastructure projects, provision of cleaning and security guard services, and other investment holdings.

History
1970: Henderson Investment was established in 1970, named Wing Tai Development Limited ().

1972: It was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

1975: Lee Shau Kee, the founder of Henderson Land Development, took control of Wing Tai.

1985: Henderson acquired control of Wing Tai, and was renamed as Henderson Investment Limited.

1988: Henderson Land spun off its other holdings and investments, which were placed into Henderson Investment.

1989: It established its department store chain, Citistore.

1992: It acquired Miramar Hotel in Kowloon.

1995: It established a security management company, Megastrength Security Services Company.

1996: It established its property management company, Well Born Real Estate Management.

1996–2005: It was one of the Hang Seng Index Constituent Stocks (blue-chip stock).

2000: It moved into the information technology sectors through a subsidiary, Henderson Cyber.

2007: Henderson Land acquired assets from Henderson Investment, mainly consisting of the stakes of Hong Kong Ferry (Holdings) Company Limited and Miramar Hotel and Investment, and later Hong Kong and China Gas.

2018: Henderson Land acquired assets from UNY (HK) Limited department store chain, UNY

References

External links
Henderson Investment Limited

Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Conglomerate companies of China
Real estate companies established in 1970
Henderson Land Development
Former companies in the Hang Seng Index
Conglomerate companies of Hong Kong
1970 establishments in Hong Kong

Henderson Investment


Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to know, understand, and manage emotions. People with high EI know their own emotions and the emotions of other people, and they are able to use emotions to think and live better. This thought model claims that high EI helps people to be successful in life.There are several different models that disagree about the exact definition of the term. Even though there does not seem to be an exact definition, the model itself can be applied in various ways, across different domains.

Nowadays, there are 3 main models of EI:
 Ability Based EI Models
 Knowing emotions – the ability to know emotions in faces, pictures, voices, etc. including the ability to know one's own emotions.
 Using emotions – the ability to use emotions to improve thinking and problem-solving.
 Understanding emotions – the ability to understand different emotions, the relationships among emotions, and how and why emotions change.
 Managing emotions – the ability to manage emotions in ourselves and in others. Therefore, a person with high EI can use emotions, even negative ones, to achieve goals.
 Mixed Models of EI
 Self-awareness – the ability to know what one is feeling and thinking.
 Self-regulation – the ability to control and manage feelings in a healthy way.
 Social skills – skills that help us relate to others so that we can have good relationships with them.
 Empathy – the ability to share or understand the feelings of another person, especially to help make good decisions.
 Motivation – knowing what makes us want and desire to do something, like reach our goals.
 Trait EI Models

EI is often measured as an Emotional Intelligence Quotient (EQ).

Psychology
Life skills

Emotional intelligence


The Death of Empedocles () is an unfinished drama by Friedrich Hölderlin. It exists in three versions written from 1797 to 1800, the first of which is the most complete. The third version was published by itself in 1826, but all three did not appear in print together until 1846, three years after Hölderlin's death.

The play is about the final days of pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Empedocles, who, according to legend, threw himself into Mount Etna. Hölderlin's main source of the story was Diogenes Laërtius's Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. The first act sees Empedocles take leave of Agrigentum, and the second is set entirely at Etna.

In popular culture
In the 1979 film "A Little Romance", Daniel and Lauren discuss the philosopher Martin Heidegger's fascination with Hölderlin's drama, decrying it as "terrible in any language."

Scottish musician Momus wrote and sang the song "The Death of Empedokles" for his 2016 album Scobberlotchers.

The 1987 film Der Tod des Empedokles by Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet, is a film adaptation of the Hölderlin play.

References

1826 plays
1846 plays
18th-century German literature
Plays set in ancient Greece
German-language plays
Works by Friedrich Hölderlin

The Death of Empedocles


A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

Music can be divided into genres in varying ways, such as into popular music and art music, or religious music and secular music. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some genres may overlap. Academic definitions of the term genre itself vary.

References

Further reading

සංගීත ගණය


The Associação Brasileira de Culturas Inglesas (Culturas Inglesas Brazilian Association), widely known simply as Cultura Inglesa (English Culture) is an English-teaching franchise founded in 1934 and with branches present in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Goiânia and their surroundings. There are also branches in other states of Alagoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Bahia and Espírito Santo.

There, it is possible for its students to take the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, including the KET (Key English Test), the PET (Preliminary English Test), the FCE (First Certificate in English), the CAE (Certificate in Advanced English) and the CPE (Certificate of Proficiency in English).

In 2009, it has been elected by the Great Place to Work Institute (GPTW) as the 25th best company to work in Brazil In 2012, it was again featured on the list, but in no specific position.

Besides teaching and applying examinations, the company also promotes cultural events focusing on British culture, such as music festivals, which have brought bands such as Franz Ferdinand and The Horrors.

References

External links
 Official website

Schools of English as a second or foreign language
Educational institutions established in 1934
Schools in Brazil
1934 establishments in Brazil

Cultura Inglesa